bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How do middle school girls of color develop STEM identities? Middle school girls’ participation in science activities and identification with STEM careers
Authors: Kang Hosun , Calabrese Barton Angela , Tan Edna , D. Simpkins Sandra , Rhee Hyang‐yon , Turner Chandler
Published: December 2018

This study explores ways to support girls of color in forming their senses of selves in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) during the middle school years. Guided by social practice theory, we analyzed a large data set of survey responses (n = 1,821) collected at five middle schools in low‐income communities across four states in the United States. Analyses focus on the extent to which key constructs that inform girls’ development of senses of self and relations among those indicators of STEM identities varied by their race/ethnicity. Though the means of indicators sometimes varied across racial/ethnic groups, multigroup structural equation modeling analyses indicate no significant racial/ethnic differences in the relations of STEM identities, suggesting that similar supports would be equally effective for all girls during the middle school years. Girls’ self‐perception in relation to science was the strongest predictor of their identification with STEM‐related careers, and this self‐perception was positively and distinctively associated with their experiences with science at home, outside of school, and in school science classes. This study argues for strategically expanding girls’ experiences with science acrossmultiplesettings during middle school in a way that increases their positive self‐perception in and with STEM.
Is there any more room on the Ark? An analysis of space allocation in four mammalian taxa
Authors: McCann Colleen , Powell David M.
Published: December 2018

Zoos select species for exhibition to meet goals of recreation, education, research, and conservation. However, many zoo populations are not sustainable and institutional collection plans (ICPs) come under criticism for their lack of conservation importance. We explore the species selection process with two main questions. First, are zoos doing all they can with their available space to maintain sustainable populations? And second, are the species recommended for management in Regional Collection Plans (RCPs) important for conservation? To answer the former, we assessed how much space is allocated to recommended species versus non‐recommended species in four mammalian taxa in ICPs of 36 zoos and whether species occur in populations that are minimally robust (n = 100) or robust (n > 250) for meeting viability goals. To examine whether RCPs recommend species of conservation concern we assessed the number of species and individuals occupying available space and their IUCN category of threat. Across taxa, zoos largely incorporate recommended species into their ICPs, but very few species populations occur in sizes we consider minimally robust or robust. For Old World monkeys and antelopes, the majority of species recommended are of lower IUCN status. These results illustrate that while there is good adherence to RCPs, it could be improved and different approaches will have to be employed to reach sustainable population sizes for the recommended species. We argue that the conservation relevance of zoo populations lies not only in threat status but may be impacted by other characteristics, for example their flagship character.
Disillusionment and Dilemma
Authors: Park Jong-Dae
Published: December 2018

In this chapter, the author sets out on a journey to unlock the mystery behind Africa’s development by putting this complex issue in perspective. He traverses history and zooms in on the great ‘African paradox’, the persistent discrepancy between Africa’s perceived goals and the non-conformant reality: nation-building vs. a weak sense of nation; development vs. dependency; globalization vs. lack of industrial development. Using an illustration that conceptualizes Africa’s paradoxical development path, the chapter elaborates on the nature and consequences of the dilemmas as well as the international dynamics involved.
Engineering Rural Development for Africa
Authors: Park Jong-Dae
Published: December 2018

The key word in this chapter is ‘change’. Here the author stresses that ‘change’ in the mindset and behaviour of the people, as well the leaders, is quintessential for Africa’s development. How can such change best be effected given Africa’s situation? The answer lies in the Saemaul Undong or the New Village Movement, which served as a powerful vehicle to engender mindset change and rural development in Korea. This chapter takes a detailed look at the Saemaul Undong and highlights Uganda’s Saemaul Undong programmes as a rare case study of the Saemaul Undong in Africa. And finally, a comprehensive Saemaul Undong scheme for Africa, consisting of various pragmatic measures, is proposed.
Re-setting the Priorities
Authors: Park Jong-Dae
Published: December 2018

The two mottos epitomizing this chapter are ‘realizing the nature of the problems’ and ‘shifting focus to attitudes and ethics’. The underlying logic here is that because Sub-Saharan African countries have not really grasped the nature of their problems and hence have gotten their policy priorities wrong, it is imperative that this be corrected by resetting the priorities and policy measures. Given their circumstances, the author argues that there is a particularly pressing need for African countries to forcefully push for enhancement of both moral ethics and work ethics.
Enacting Bold but Harmonious Change
Authors: Park Jong-Dae
Published: December 2018

This concluding chapter touches on the following themes: ‘recapping the fundamentals (of development)’; ‘moving from economic dualism to a medium-building approach’; the question of ‘aid-versus-business’; and the ‘last word’, the conclusion within a conclusion. The key points made here is that since the nature of Africa’s continued plight is not about means or resources, but rather is a managerial issue, ‘development as a way of life’ must be pursued. Among the ideas newly put forth, perhaps what is most significance is the medium-building approach that is a revision of John Lewis’ dual-sector theory.
Assessing the Role of Foreign Aid, Donors and Recipients
Authors: Park Jong-Dae
Published: December 2018

This chapter focuses on the role of foreign aid and takes issue with the intellectual circles’ habit of criticizing aid and blaming donors. In order to get to the heart of the matter, the author asks a simple but a thought-provoking question: ‘Who is to be blamed?’ He moves beyond the pros and cons of aid to highlight the real dynamism that underlies this issue, to make plain that, while the limitations of foreign aid are obvious, aid is only a means to an end. Concepts like ‘reciprocal compliance’ are used to show the interactive nature of foreign assistance in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Reasons for Optimism and the Tasks at Hand
Authors: Park Jong-Dae
Published: December 2018

In this chapter, the author offers much-needed positivity in the discourse on Africa’s development by elaborating on the reasons to be optimistic and hopeful. But this is conditional and the message is clear: African nations must have objective views of themselves and work on their advantages and potentials. The author stipulates seven reasons to be positive in this regard. Here, various physical, natural conditions and ‘human factors’ are assessed and put in perspective. The rationale behind the argument is that in essence, Africa’s problems are fundamentally human in nature rather than structural; hence, these can be overcome with efforts. The tasks of donors are also examined in view of their relevance to Africa.
Modeling of the Heat-Affected and Thermomechanically Affected Zones in a Ti-6Al-4V Inertia Friction Weld
Authors: Turner R. P. , Perumal B. , Lu Y. , Ward R. M. , Basoalto H. C. , Brooks J. W.
Published: December 2018

Inertia friction welding has been used across the aerospace, automotive, and power-generation industries for the fabrication of complex axisymmetric components for over forty years. The process involves one axisymmetric piece being held stationary and another piece being brought into contact set to rotate about its axis of symmetry by a flywheel with the system under an applied load across the joint. Plasticization at the joint interface through the frictional heating sees the two pieces bond together. The titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V has been widely studied for inertia welding applications. A successful selection of processing parameters (flywheel energy and mass, applied load) allows an inertia welding process which produces a very high-integrity weld, with a minimal heat-affected zone (HAZ) and thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ), formed as a narrow band at the interface and extending further into the material. The width of this narrow band of heated material is dependent upon the process parameters used. A series of experimental inertia friction welds were performed using Ti-6Al-4V, and a finite element (FE) modeling framework was developed using the FE code Deform in order to predict the widths of the HAZ and TMAZ at the weld interface. The experimentally observed HAZ boundaries were correlated with the thermal fields from the FE model, while TMAZ boundaries were correlated with the Von Mises plastic strain fields.
The mediating role of borderline personality features in the relationship between childhood trauma and psychotic-like experiences in a sample of help-seeking non-psychotic adolescents and young adults
Authors: Sengutta Mary , Gawęda Łukasz , Moritz Steffen , Karow Anne
Published: December 2018

Objective:

Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) often occur across different non-psychotic disorders in adolescent and young adult population and are related to early trauma. However, the mechanisms of how exposure to early trauma shapes the risk of PLEs are unclear. In our study, we investigated whether borderline personality features and further non-psychotic symptoms, i.e. factors related to both PLEs and childhood trauma, may mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and PLEs.

Methods:

Two hundred inpatients aged 16–21 years who were treated due to non-psychotic disorders were included. PLEs were assessed with the Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ-16). Childhood Trauma was assessed with the Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire (ACE). Borderline personality features were assessed by using the Borderline-Symptom Checklist (BSL-23). Presence and frequency of depressive symptoms and anxiety were assessed by Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-7).

Table 1

Clinical characteristics (n = 200).

Mean (SD)Male/female67/133Age18.72 (1.85)Clinical diagnosisDepressive disorder (F32.1, F32.2, F33.0, F33.1, F33.2)167 (83.5%)Anxiety disorder (F40.1, F41.0, F41.1, F41.2)51 (25.5%)ComorbiditiesPTSD26 (13.0%)Personality disorders (F60.30, F60.31, F60.4, F60.6, F60.7, F60.8, F61)124 (66.5%)Eating disorder (F50.0, F50.1, F50.2)19 (9.5%)Others (F42.1, F42.2, F45.1, F44.5, F90.0)33 (16.5%)

Measures: The Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) (SCID-I) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders II (SCID-II) were used to identify the clinical diagnoses.

Results:

A significant relationship between childhood trauma (ACE total score) and PLEs was found (ß = 0.30, 95% CI 0.247--0.659). In particular, emotional neglect (r = 0.298, p < 0.001) and sexual abuse (r = 0.264, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with PLEs. Borderline personality features fully mediated the relationship of childhood trauma and PLEs (ß = 0.12, 95% CI: -0.019--0.370). Anxiety and Depression showed a significant, but partial mediation of the relationship.

Conclusion:

Borderline personality features seem to be an important mediator of the relationship between childhood trauma and PLEs in adolescent patients with different non-psychotic psychiatric disorders. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
Low-dose radiotherapy for extranodal marginal zone B lymphoma of the lip
Authors: Bianco Lavinia , Solla Salvatore Dario , Parvis Guido , Gino Eva , Bollito Enrico , Filippi Andrea Riccardo , Massa Francesca , Redda Maria Grazia Ruo
Published: December 2018

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) of the lip is extremely rare. It is usually indolent and in early stages a local approach is often indicated. We present a case report of a patient with extranodal NHL of the lip treated with chemotherapy and low-dose radiation treatment (RT). The patient was affected by B-cell NHL of the marginal zone, Stage IAE. After a few months of observation with progressive disease, the patient was submitted to two cycles of chemotherapy with no response. Therefore, he was treated with very low-dose RT consisting of two fractions of 2 Gy. Complete response was observed and after 1-year follow-up, persistent complete response was recorded. In cases of localized disease, especially in patients with comorbidities of poor performance status (PS), low-dose RT can be an appropriate approach with excellent outcomes in terms of effectiveness and low risk of toxicity.
Towards a finite-time singularity of the Navier–Stokes equations Part 1. Derivation and analysis of dynamical system
Authors: Moffatt H. K. , Kimura Yoshifumi
Published: December 2018

The evolution towards a finite-time singularity of the Navier–Stokes equations for flow of an incompressible fluid of kinematic viscosity$\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$is studied, starting from a finite-energy configuration of two vortex rings of circulation$\pm \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}$and radius$R$, symmetrically placed on two planes at angles$\pm \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$to a plane of symmetry$x=0$. The minimum separation of the vortices,$2s$, and the scale of the core cross-section,$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$, are supposed to satisfy the initial inequalities$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}\ll s\ll R$, and the vortex Reynolds number$R_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$is supposed very large. It is argued that in the subsequent evolution, the behaviour near the points of closest approach of the vortices (the ‘tipping points’) is determined solely by the curvature$\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F})$at the tipping points and by$s(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F})$and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F})$, where$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}=(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}/R^{2})t$is a dimensionless time variable. The Biot–Savart law is used to obtain analytical expressions for the rate of change of these three variables, and a nonlinear dynamical system relating them is thereby obtained. The solution shows a finite-time singularity, but the Biot–Savart law breaks down just before this singularity is realised, when$\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}s$and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}/\!s$become of order unity. The dynamical system admits ‘partial Leray scaling’ of just$s$and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}$, and ultimately full Leray scaling of$s,\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}$and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$, conditions for which are obtained. The tipping point trajectories are determined; these meet at the singularity point at a finite angle. An alternative model is briefly considered, in which the initial vortices are ovoidal in shape, approximately hyperbolic near the tipping points, for which there is no restriction on the initial value of the parameter$\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}$; however, it is still the circles of curvature at the tipping points that determine the local evolution, so the same dynamical system is obtained, with breakdown again of the Biot–Savart approach just before the incipient singularity is realised. The Euler flow situation ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}=0$) is considered, and it is conjectured on the basis of the above dynamical system that a finite-time singularity can indeed occur in this case.
The Invention of Taxation in the Inka Empire
Authors: Urton Gary , Chu Alejandro
Published: December 2018

Several khipus—Inka knotted-string recording devices—were recently excavated at a storage facility at the Peruvian south coast site of Inkawasi, found buried under agricultural produce (i.e., chili peppers, peanuts, and black beans). These khipus contain a formulaic arrangement of numerical values not encountered on khipus from elsewhere in Tawantinsuyu (the Inka Empire). The formula includes first, a large number, hypothesized to record the sum total of produce included in a deposit, followed by a “fixed number,” and then one or more additional numbers. The fixed number plus the additional number(s) sum to the original large number. It is hypothesized that the fixed number represents an amount deducted from the deposit to support storage facility personnel. As such, it represented a tax assessed on deposits, the first evidence we have for a system of taxation on goods in the Inka Empire. It is proposed that the size and complexity of the storage facility at Inkawasi prompted the “invention” of a kind of financing instrument—taxation—not known previously from Inka administration. We also consider, but provisionally set aside, the alternative hypothesis that the fixed values recorded on the Inkawasi khipus could have represented amounts of seeds set aside from deposits for the next year's planting.
The effects of skeletal asymmetry on interpreting biologic variation and taphonomy in the fossil record
Authors: Hedrick Brandon P. , Schachner Emma R. , Rivera Gabriel , Dodson Peter , Pierce Stephanie E.
Published: December 2018

Biologic asymmetry is present in all bilaterally symmetric organisms as a result of normal developmental instability. However, fossilized organisms, which have undergone distortion due to burial, may have additional asymmetry as a result of taphonomic processes. To investigate this issue, we evaluated the magnitude of shape variation resulting from taphonomy on vertebrate bone using a novel application of fluctuating asymmetry. We quantified the amount of total variance attributed to asymmetry in a taphonomically distorted fossil taxon and compared it with that of three extant taxa. The fossil taxon had an average of 27% higher asymmetry than the extant taxa. In spite of the high amount of taphonomic input, the major axes of shape variation were not greatly altered by removal of the asymmetric component of shape variation. This presents the possibility that either underlying biologic trends drive the principal directions of shape change irrespective of asymmetric taphonomic distortion or that the symmetric taphonomic component is large enough that removing only the asymmetric component is inadequate to restore fossil shape. Our study is the first to present quantitative data on the relative magnitude of taphonomic shape change and presents a new method to further explore how taphonomic processes impact our interpretation of the fossil record.
Supernova lightCURVE POPulation Synthesis I: Including interacting binaries is key to understanding the diversity of type II supernova lightcurves
Authors: Eldridge J. J. , Xiao L. , Stanway E. R. , Rodrigues N. , Guo N.-Y.
Published: December 2018

We present results of a supernova lightcurve population synthesis, predicting the range of possible supernova lightcurves arising from a population of progenitor stars that include interacting binary systems. We show that the known diversity of supernova lightcurves can be interpreted as arising from binary interactions. Given detailed models of the progenitor stars, we are able to the determine what parameters within these stars determine the shape of their supernova lightcurve. The primary factors are the mass of supernova ejecta and the mass of hydrogen in the final progenitor. We find that there is a continuum of lightcurve behaviour from type IIP, IIL, to IIb supernovae related to the range of hydrogen and ejecta masses. Most type IIb supernovae arise from a relatively narrow range of initial masses from 10 to 15 M⊙. We also find a few distinct lightcurves that are the result of stellar mergers.
Visions of Disaster in theUnlucky Voyage of the ShipBatavia, 1647
Authors: Lydon Jane
Published: December 2018

This article examines the illustrated pamphletOngeluckige voyagie, van’t schipBatavia (Unlucky voyage of the shipBatavia) and its representation of a 1629 shipwreck off the coast of western Australia, followed by mutiny and the massacre of many survivors. The pamphlet was published in Amsterdam in 1647, and included fifteen (six full-page) fine copper engravings. It was very popular, helping to shape a new genre of shipwreck narrative and expressing the preoccupations of contemporary visual culture. The pamphlet’s illustrations translated new conceptualisations of space emerging from the period’s unique collaboration between cartography and art into popular form within a booming Dutch print culture. Through innovative techniques of montage and vignette these engraved images conveyed the narrative’s drama and affirmed principles of morality, honour, and order. While the era’s spectacular violence now seems very far away, these historical images effectively communicate the contemporary relish of the disaster to modern audiences. This “earliest of Australian books” is sometimes offered as an alternative Australian foundation myth, and theBataviadisaster continues to grow in cultural significance. Now as then, these illustrations provide a vivid counterpoint to its audience’s comfortable lives.
Between Litigation and Arbitration: Administering Legal Pluralism in Eighteenth-Century Bombay
Authors: Hodges Leonard
Published: December 2018

This article uses the records of the Bombay Mayor’s Court (1728–1798) to explore the ways in which an ostensibly English court of law attempted to administer law in a way that was acceptable to a cosmopolitan cast of litigants. I show how, due to the Court’s popularity with Indian litigants, and the difficulties of its hybrid jurisprudence, the Court eventually moved to a model of formalised arbitration. In this arrangement, local Indian elites exercised considerable autonomy, while British judges gained an illicit commission. As such, the evidence from the Mayor’s Court points to a novel iteration of legal pluralism in which ill-defined legal regimes came to blur and blend with each other in a single forum. I argue that this forces us to reconceptualise solely jurisdictional definitions of legal pluralism, which must be complimented with the study of a court’s ‘jurispractice’.
COMBINING INSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE DATA TO ASSESS HOSPITAL COSTS FOR PATIENTS RECEIVING VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICES
Authors: Prichard Roslyn , Kershaw Louise , Davidson Patricia M. , Newton Phillip J. , Goodall Stephen , Hayward Christopher
Published: December 2018

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to describe patient level costing methods and develop a database of healthcare resource use and cost in patients with AHF receiving ventricular assist device (VAD) therapy.

Methods:

Patient level micro-costing was used to identify documented activity in the years preceding and following VAD implantation, and preceding heart transplant for a cohort of seventy-seven consecutive patients listed for heart transplantation (2009–12). Clinician interviews verified activity, established time resource required for each activity, and added additional undocumented activities. Costs were sourced from the general ledger, salary, stock price, pharmacy formulary data, and from national medical benefits and prostheses lists. Linked administrative data analyses of activity external to the implanting institution, used National Weighted Activity Units (NWAU), 2014 efficient price, and admission complexity cost weights and were compared with micro-costed data for the implanting admission.

Results:

The database produced includes patient level activity and costs associated with the seventy-seven patients across thirteen resource areas including hospital activity external to the implanting center. The median cost of the implanting admission using linked administrative data was $246,839 (interquartile range [IQR] $246,839–$271,743), versus $270,716 (IQR $211,740–$378,482) for the institutional micro-costing (p = .08).

Conclusions:

Linked administrative data provides a useful alternative for imputing costs external to the implanting center, and combined with institutional data can illuminate both the pathways to transplant referral and the hospital activity generated by patients experiencing the terminal phases of heart failure in the year before transplant, cf-VAD implant, or death.
Newsround
Authors: Smith David Michael , Vlanti Alexandra Daphne
Published: December 2018

Newsround’ offers a platform for new data which do not appear within the specialist contributions of this year's Archaeological Reports but which nevertheless warrant emphasis, either as a result of their particular characteristics or for the contribution they make to broader archaeological narratives. This section is not intended to be exhaustive, but is designed, rather, to highlight recent discoveries in a way which complements digital content made available through Archaeology in Greece Online (https://chronique.efa.gr). The very varied nature of this material has meant that, for the most part, it has proved preferable to organize this section chronologically, although dedicated sections are provided for the inclusion of both marine archaeology and archaeological survey.
Interdisciplinary approaches to the prehistory of Keros
Authors: Renfrew Colin , Boyd Michael , Margaritis Evi
Published: December 2018

First investigated archaeologically in 1963, it is only with the recent publication of the 2006–2008 excavations that the nature of the Early Bronze Age sanctuary and settlement on Keros is becoming clear. Further investigations – a survey in 2012–2013 and excavations in 2016–2018 – have expanded our knowledge of the sanctuary. This paper sets out the interdisciplinary nature of the research on Keros, highlighting the contribution of a panoply of environmental techniques built into the project methodology from its inception, with all sampling taking place during the excavation itself. In addition, compositional and microscopic analyses of materials such as ceramics, metals and marble contribute to understanding their manufacture and provenance. Finally, taphonomic analyses include micromorphological and soil-chemistry studies, both of which are the largest of their kind yet undertaken in the Aegean. The reflexive contribution of all these specialisms to the ongoing study and publication of the site is described.
A survey of Late Bronze Age funerary archaeology over the last 25 years in the central and southern Aegean
Authors: Galanakis Yannis
Published: December 2018

This contribution offers a brief survey of funerary archaeology undertaken in the central and southern Aegean over the course of the last 25 years. Major construction projects and salvage and systematic excavations have brought to light some 1,700 new Late Bronze Age tombs (i.e. 27% of the extant corpus). Despite these discoveries, however, very few tombs have received a final publication and few of these projects are context driven. New data are and will continue to be desirable – but it is the quality of the recording of these data, our research questions and the careful application of new methodologies, during and after excavation, that will open up new interpretative avenues and debates. With the number of secure archaeological contexts dwindling fast, not least because of the constant threat of looting, developing new approaches (for example understanding site formation and episodes of use) is crucial if we are to recover as much as possible and advance our knowledge of the multivalent roles played by burials within ancient societies.
Coroplastic studies: what’s new?
Authors: Muller Arthur
Published: December 2018

This overview discusses the recent scholarly literature on Greek terracottas of the first millennium BC. Figurative terracottas, once seen as meaningless trinkets, are now given their full meaning through rigorous study and anthropological approaches. Perhaps the most explicit and universal source on the piety of a great number of people, they now contribute decisively to the archaeology of religion, particularly in the field of votive and funerary practices. At the same time, research on figurative terracottas, renewed by a technological approach, reveals a craft that is surprisingly modern in its manufacturing and distribution processes.
High prevalence of prediabetes and metabolic abnormalities in overweight or obese schizophrenia patients treated with clozapine or olanzapine
Authors: Larsen Julie R. , Svensson Camilla K. , Vedtofte Louise , Jakobsen Mathilde Lund , Jespersen Hans Søe , Jakobsen Michelle I. , Koyuncu Kamuran , Schjerning Ole , Nielsen Jimmi , Ekstrøm Claus T. , Holst Jens J. , Correll Christoph U. , Vilsbøll Tina , Fink-Jensen Anders
Published: December 2018

Objective

To assess the prevalence of prediabetes and metabolic abnormalities among overweight or obese clozapine- or olanzapine-treated schizophrenia patients, and to identify characteristics of the schizophrenia group with prediabetes.

Methods

A cross-sectional study assessing the presence of prediabetes and metabolic abnormalities in schizophrenia clozapine- or olanzapine-treated patients with a body mass index (BMI) ≥27 kg/m2. Procedures were part of the screening process for a randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluating liraglutide vs placebo for improving glucose tolerance. For comparison, an age-, sex-, and BMI-matched healthy control group without psychiatric illness and prediabetes was included. Prediabetes was defined as elevated fasting plasma glucoseand/orimpaired glucose toleranceand/orelevated glycated hemoglobin A1c.

Results

Among 145 schizophrenia patients (age = 42.1 years; males = 59.3%) on clozapine or olanzapine (clozapine/olanzapine/both: 73.8%/24.1%/2.1%), prediabetes was present in 69.7% (101 out of 145). While schizophrenia patients with and without prediabetes did not differ regarding demographic, illness, or antipsychotic treatment variables, metabolic abnormalities (waist circumference: 116.7±13.7 vs 110.1±13.6 cm,P= 0.007; triglycerides: 2.3±1.4 vs 1.6±0.9 mmol/L,P= 0.0004) and metabolic syndrome (76.2% vs 40.9%,P<0.0001) were significantly more pronounced in schizophrenia patients with vs without prediabetes. The age-, sex-, and BMI-matched healthy controls had significantly better glucose tolerance compared to both groups of patients with schizophrenia. The healthy controls also had higher levels of high-density lipoprotein compared to patients with schizophrenia and prediabetes.

Conclusion

Prediabetes and metabolic abnormalities were highly prevalent among the clozapine- and olanzapine-treated patients with schizophrenia, putting these patients at great risk for later type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. These results stress the importance of identifying and adequately treating prediabetes and metabolic abnormalities among clozapine- and olanzapine-treated patients with schizophrenia.
A systematic review of iodine deficiency among women in the UK
Authors: Jiang Huiqing , Powers Hilary J , Rossetto Giulia S
Published: December 2018

Objective

The present study reviewed the literature on iodine status among women of childbearing age and pregnant women in the UK. Particular attention was given to study quality and methods used to assess iodine status.

Design

A systematic review was conducted to examine the literature and critically evaluate study design.

Setting

Studies were identified in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Ovid MEDLINE databases, as well as from secondary references.

Participants

Women of childbearing age or pregnant, living in the UK.

Results

Fifty-seven articles were identified and twelve articles were selected, including a total of 5283 women. Nine studies conducted urinary iodine assessments, three studies conducted dietary assessments only, and seven studies classified their target population as iodine deficient according to WHO criteria.

Conclusions

No single study from the selected articles could produce nationally representative results regarding the prevalence of iodine deficiency among the female population in the UK. Consideration of the evidence as a whole suggests that women of childbearing age and pregnant women in the UK are generally iodine insufficient. Further large-scale research is required for more accurate and reliable evidence on iodine status in the UK.
Nonlocal Effects Dominate the Global Mean Surface Temperature Response to the Biogeophysical Effects of Deforestation
Authors: Winckler Johannes , Lejeune Quentin , Reick Christian H. , Pongratz Julia
Published: December 2018

Deforestation influences surface temperature locally (“local effects”), but also at neighboring or remote regions (“nonlocal effects”). Observations indicate that local effects induce a warming in most locations, while many climate models show a global mean cooling when simulating global deforestation. We show that a nonlocal cooling in models, which is excluded from observations, may strongly contribute to these conflicting results. For the MPI‐ESM, the globally averaged nonlocal cooling exceeds the globally averaged local warming by a factor of three, for global deforestation but also for realistic areal extents and spatial distributions of deforestation. Furthermore, the globally averaged nonlocal effects dominate the local effects in realistic scenarios across a range of climate models. We conclude that observations alone are not sufficient to capture the full biogeophysical effects, and climate models are needed to better understand and quantify the full effects of deforestation before they are considered in strategies for climate mitigation.
P Wave Azimuthal Anisotropic Tomography in Northern Chile: Insight Into Deformation in the Subduction Zone
Authors: Huang Zhouchuan , Tilmann Frederik , Comte Diana , Zhao Dapeng
Published: December 2018

Based on a large data set of local body wave travel times, we determined the first 3‐D model of azimuthal P wave anisotropic tomography of northern Chile in order to study the deformation in the subduction zone. Our results indicate different deformation patterns in the overriding lithosphere, mantle wedge, and the subducting Nazca slab as well as significant along‐arc variations. Radiating fast velocity directions (FVDs) around the rupture zone of the 2014 Iquique earthquake (Mw 8.2) are notable in the crust, which may reflect the specific crustal extension induced by a point‐like stress source in the form of a fully locked asperity at the plate interface. In most of the study region, FVDs in the mantle wedge are trench normal, which we interpret to have resulted from mantle wedge flow driven by the oceanic plate subduction. However, trench‐parallel FVDs are found beneath the northern segment, which may imply the occurrence of B‐type olivine fabrics in the cold forearc mantle. Strong along‐arc variations are also observed in the subducting slab, which may reflect intraslab heterogeneity and change in the slab geometry. In the northern segment, slab bending induces generally trench‐normal extension and leads to trench‐normal FVDs in the upper part of the slab. In contrast, in the southern segment, flat slab subduction and thus slab unbending dominate, producing trench‐normal compression and trench‐parallel FVDs instead. Along the subducting slab interface, FVDs change from trench‐parallel to trench‐normal in the downdip direction, which may indicate the first‐order transition from compression in the locking area to dominant shear in the decoupling area along the slab interface.
Reliable Real‐Time Seismic Signal/Noise Discrimination With Machine Learning
Authors: Meier Men‐Andrin , Ross Zachary E. , Ramachandran Anshul , Balakrishna Ashwin , Nair Suraj , Kundzicz Peter , Li Zefeng , Andrews Jennifer , Hauksson Egill , Yue Yisong
Published: December 2018

In earthquake early warning (EEW), every sufficiently impulsive signal is potentially the first evidence for an unfolding large earthquake. More often than not, however, impulsive signals are mere nuisance signals. One of the most fundamental—and difficult—tasks in EEW is to rapidly and reliably discriminate real local earthquake signals from all other signals. This discrimination is necessarily based on very little information, typically a few seconds worth of seismic waveforms from a small number of stations. As a result, current EEW systems struggle to avoid discrimination errors and suffer from false and missed alerts. In this study we show how modern machine learning classifiers can strongly improve real‐time signal/noise discrimination. We develop and compare a series of nonlinear classifiers with variable architecture depths, including fully connected, convolutional and recurrent neural networks, and a model that combines a generative adversarial network with a random forest. We train all classifiers on the same data set, which includes 374 k local earthquake records (M3.0–9.1) and 946 k impulsive noise signals. We find that all classifiers outperform existing simple linear classifiers and that complex models trained directly on the raw signals yield the greatest degree of improvement. Using 3‐s‐long waveform snippets, the convolutional neural network and the generative adversarial network with a random forest classifiers both reach 99.5% precision and 99.3% recall on an independent validation data set. Most misclassifications stem from impulsive teleseismic records, and from incorrectly labeled records in the data set. Our results suggest that machine learning classifiers can strongly improve the reliability and speed of EEW alerts.
Fructosamine and diabetes as predictors of mortality among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white breast cancer survivors
Authors: Connor Avonne E. , Visvanathan Kala , Boone Stephanie D. , Rifai Nader , Baumgartner Kathy B. , Baumgartner Richard N.
Published: December 2018

Epidemiologic studies have found that elevated insulin levels and chronic hyperglycemia among breast cancer (BC) survivors are associated with poor prognosis; few of these studies have included Hispanic women in whom diabetes is highly prevalent. We examined the associations between circulating fructosamine-a biomarker of hyperglycemia and blood glucose control, self-reported diabetes, and risk of BC-specific and all-cause mortality among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white (NHW) women diagnosed with invasive BC. A total of 399 BC survivors (96 Hispanic, 303 NHW) contributed baseline data and plasma samples. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models. After a median follow-up time of 13 years, a total of 134 deaths occurred, of which 56 deaths were from BC. Diabetes was associated with BC-specific (HR, 2.89; 95% CI 1.27–6.60) and all-cause (HR, 2.10; 95% CI 1.24–3.55) mortality. Associations were stronger among women with clinically high fructosamine levels (>285 µmol/L) (BC-specific: HR, 4.25; 95% CI 1.67–10.80; all-cause: HR, 2.32; 95% CI 1.30–4.14) compared to women with normal levels (≤285 µmol/L). In mediation analysis, fructosamine explained 47% of the association between diabetes and all-cause mortality and 41% of BC-specific mortality; the largest attenuation was among Hispanics for all-cause mortality (56%). Our results demonstrate that poor glycemic control explains a large extent of the relationship between diabetes and mortality among women with invasive BC, particularly among Hispanic women. The associations we observed for BC mortality should be confirmed in larger studies of ethnically diverse BC patients.
Laser-induced hierarchical carbon patterns on polyimide substrates for flexible urea sensors
Authors: Mamleyev Emil R. , Heissler Stefan , Nefedov Alexei , Weidler Peter G. , Nordin Nurdiana , Kudryashov Vladislav V. , Länge Kerstin , MacKinnon Neil , Sharma Swati
Published: December 2018

Thermochemical decomposition of organic materials under heat-treatment in the absence of oxygen, known as the pyrolysis process, is often employed to convert micro and nano patterned polymers into carbon structures, which are subsequently used as device components. Pyrolysis is performed at ≥900 °C, which entails substrate materials with a high thermal stability that excludes flexible, polymeric substrates. We use optimized laser radiation to pattern graphitic carbon structures onto commercially available polyimide (Kapton) sheets in the micrometer to millimeter scale by inducing a localized, rapid pyrolysis, for the fabrication of flexible devices. Resulting laser carbon films are electrically conductive and exhibit a high-surface area with a hierarchical porosity distribution along their cross-section. The material is obtained using various combinations of laser parameters and pyrolysis environment (oxygen-containing and inert). Extensive characterization of laser carbon is performed to understand the correlation between the material properties and laser parameters, primarily fluence and power. A photothermal carbonization mechanism based on the plume formation is proposed. Further, laser carbon is used for the fabrication of enzymatic, pH-based urea sensors using two approaches: (i) direct urease enzyme immobilization onto carbon and (ii) electrodeposition of an intermediate chitosan layer prior to urease immobilization. This flexible sensor is tested for quantitative urea detection down to 10−4 M concentrations, while a qualitative, color-indicative test is performed on a folded sensor placed inside a tube to demonstrate its compatibility with catheters. Laser carbon is suitable for a variety of other flexible electronics and sensors, can be conveniently integrated with an external circuitry, heating elements, and with other microfabrication techniques such as fluidic platforms.
Relative contributions of adipose-resident CD146+ pericytes and CD34+ adventitial progenitor cells in bone tissue engineering
Authors: Wang Yiyun , Xu Jiajia , Chang Leslie , Meyers Carolyn A. , Zhang Lei , Broderick Kristen , Lee Min , Peault Bruno , James Aaron W.
Published: December 2018

Pericytes and other perivascular stem/stromal cells are of growing interest in the field of tissue engineering. A portion of perivascular cells are well recognized to have MSC (mesenchymal stem cell) characteristics, including multipotentiality, self-renewal, immunoregulatory functions, and diverse roles in tissue repair. Here, we investigate the differential but overlapping roles of two perivascular cell subsets in paracrine induction of bone repair. CD146+CD34−CD31−CD45−pericytes and CD34+CD146−CD31−CD45−adventitial cells were derived from human adipose tissue and applied alone or in combination to calvarial bone defects in mice. In vitro, osteogenic differentiation and tubulogenesis assays were performed using either fluorescence activated cell sorting-derived CD146+ pericytes or CD34+ adventitial cells. Results showed that CD146+ pericytes induced increased cord formation in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo in comparison with patient-matched CD34+ adventitial cells. In contrast, CD34+ adventitial cells demonstrated heightened paracrine-induced osteogenesis in vitro. When applied in a critical-size calvarial defect model in NOD/SCID mice, the combination treatment of CD146+ pericytes with CD34+ adventitial cells led to greater re-ossification than either cell type alone. In summary, adipose-derived CD146+ pericytes and CD34+ adventitial cells display functionally distinct yet overlapping and complementary roles in bone defect repair. Consequently, CD146+ pericytes and CD34+ adventitial cells may demonstrate synergistic bone healing when applied as a combination cellular therapy.
Optogenetic control of integrin-matrix interaction
Authors: Baaske Julia , Mühlhäuser Wignand W. D. , Yousefi O. Sascha , Zanner Sebastian , Radziwill Gerald , Hörner Maximilian , Schamel Wolfgang W. A. , Weber Wilfried
Published: December 2018

Optogenetic approaches have gathered momentum in precisely modulating and interrogating cellular signalling and gene expression. The use of optogenetics on the outer cell surface to interrogate how cells receive stimuli from their environment, however, has so far not reached its full potential. Here we demonstrate the development of an optogenetically regulated membrane receptor-ligand pair exemplified by the optically responsive interaction of an integrin receptor with the extracellular matrix. The system is based on an integrin engineered with a phytochrome-interacting factor domain (OptoIntegrin) and a red light-switchable phytochrome B-functionalized matrix (OptoMatrix). This optogenetic receptor-ligand pair enables light-inducible and -reversible cell-matrix interaction, as well as the controlled activation of downstream mechanosensory signalling pathways. Pioneering the application of optogenetic switches in the extracellular environment of cells, this OptoMatrix–OptoIntegrin system may serve as a blueprint for rendering matrix–receptor interactions amendable to precise control with light.
Reactivity improvement by phenolation of wheat straw lignin isolated from a biorefinery process
Authors: Zhang Fangda , Jiang Xiao , Lin Jian , Zhao Guangjie , Chang Hou-min , Jameel Hasan
Published: December 2018

This work describes an effective phenolation process to improve wheat straw biorefinery lignin reactivity.
Silver nanoparticles with pH induced surface charge switchable properties for antibacterial and antibiofilm applications
Authors: Qiao Zhuangzhuang , Yao Yan , Song Shaomin , Yin Meihui , Luo Jianbin
Published: December 2018

Silver nanoparticles with pH induced surface charge transform activities were prepared which showed an enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm efficiency while demonstrated reduced cytotoxicity to mammalian cells.
Benzothiadiazole-based bolaamphiphiles: synthesis, self-assembly and white-light emissive properties
Authors: Xiao Yulong , Zhang Ruilin , Gao Hongfei , Zhao Hongmei , Cheng Xiaohong
Published: December 2018

The first BTD-based D–A–D bolaamphiphiles featuring double walled square honeycomb LC phases, red fluorescent gels and white light emissive properties have been reported.