bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BBIS: Beacon Bus Information System
Authors: Kasim Shahreen , Hafit Hanayanti , Juin Kong Pei , Afif Zehan Afizah , Hashim Rathiah , Ruslai Husni , Jahidin Kamaruzzaman , Arshad Mohammad Syafwan
Published: December 2016

Lack of bus information for example bus timetable, status of the bus and messy advertisement on bulletin board at the bus stop will give negative impact to tourist. Therefore, a real-time update bus information bulletin board provides all information needed so that passengers can save their bus information searching time. Supported with Android or iOS, Beacon Bus Information System (BBIS) provides bus information between Batu Pahat and Kluang area. BBIS is a system that implements physical web technology and interaction on demand. It built on Backend-as-a-Service, a cloud solution and Firebase non relational database as data persistence backend and syncs between user client in the real-time. People walk through bus stop with smart device and do not require any application. Bluetooth Beacon is used to achieve smart device's best performance of data sharing. Intellij IDEA 15 is one of the tools that that used to develop the BBIS system. Multi-language included front end and backend supported Integration development environment (IDE) helped to speed up integration process.
High Frequency of Variants of Candidate Genes in Black Africans with Low Renin-Resistant Hypertension
Authors: Jones Erika S. , Spence J. David , Mcintyre Adam D. , Nondi Justus , Gogo Kennedy , Akintunde Adeseye , Hackam Daniel G. , Rayner Brian L.
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVES

Black subjects tend to retain salt and water, be more sensitive to aldosterone, and have suppression of plasma renin activity. Variants of the renal sodium channel (ENaC, SCNN1B) account for approximately 6% of resistant hypertension (RHT) in Blacks; other candidate genes may be important.

METHODS

Six candidate genes associated with low renin-resistant hypertension were sequenced in Black Africans from clinics in Kenya and South Africa. CYP11B2 was sequenced if the aldosterone level was high (primary aldosteronism phenotype); SCNN1B, NEDD4L, GRK4, UMOD, and NPPA genes were sequenced if the aldosterone level was low (Liddle phenotype).

RESULTS

There were 14 nonsynonymous variants (NSVs) of CYP11B2: 3 previously described and associated with alterations in aldosterone synthase production (R87G, V386A, and G435S). Out of 14, 9 variants were found in all 9 patients sequenced. There were 4 NSV of GRK4 (R65L, A116T, A142V, V486A): at least one was found in all 9 patients; 3 were previously described and associated with hypertension. There were 3 NSV of SCNN1B (R206Q, G442V, and R563Q); 2 previously described and 1 associated with hypertension. NPPA was found to have 1 NSV (V32M), not previously described and NEDD4L did not have any variants. UMOD had 3 NSV: D25G, L180V, and T585I.

CONCLUSIONS

A phenotypic approach to investigating the genetic architecture of RHT uncovered a surprisingly high yield of variants in candidate genes. These preliminary findings suggest that this novel approach may assist in understanding the genetic architecture of RHT in Blacks and explain their two fold risk of stroke.
Survey Experiments
Authors: Krupnikov Yanna , Findley Blake
Published: December 2016

In recent years more and more scholars have turned to survey experiments. These studies randomly assign treatments in a survey context, which allows a researcher to balance both internal and external validity considerations. Although survey experiments carry with them numerous benefits, these studies are not without their costs. Pivotal to the costs and benefits of survey experiments are the types of participants recruited to take part in a study and the types of tasks these participants are asked to perform. This chapter explores the conditions under which survey experiments can live up to the promise of greater generalizability and considers those under which this type of experimental design is superior to other experimental approaches.
Promoting Biculturalism in Order to Prevent Behavioral and Mental Health Problems in Immigrant Families
Authors: Bacallao Martica , Smokowski Paul Richard
Published: December 2016

Many immigrants experience acculturation stress, which can result in an increased risk for antisocial behavior and psychopathology. Psychodrama is one intervention that has been found to result in positive changes such as increased empathy and relationship quality and decreased aggression, depression, and anxiety, suggesting that it could be a useful modality in decreasing acculturation stress and ensuing mental health symptoms. Following an explanation of psychodrama, this chapter provides an overview of acculturation-based prevention and intervention programs that informed the creation of Entre Dos Mundos (EDM), an acculturation-based intervention that uses psychodrama techniques to decrease acculturation stress among immigrant adolescents and their parents. An example of an EDM group session illustrates the application of psychodrama techniques and their utility in decreasing acculturation stress and promoting biculturalism. In addition, a review of the literature documenting the success of EDM is provided.
Global Governance Networks
Authors: Eilstrup-Sangiovanni Mette
Published: December 2016

This chapter analyzes the dynamics and political consequences of an ongoing proliferation of global governance networks in areas such as global environmental protection and sustainable development. The chapter begins by clarifying the theoretical concept of networked governance. It discusses how actors within global governance networks relate to one another, how different network structures serve to empower or disempower particular actors, and how different types of global governance networks—or differently structured networks—may vary in terms of performance and outputs. The theoretical discussion is illustrated by drawing on empirical examples from global governance networks in the fields of sustainable development, maritime conservation, and environmental protection broadly speaking.
The Future of Strategy Implementation
Authors: Hitt Michael A. , Jackson Susan E. , Carmona Salvador , Bierman Leonard , Shalley Christina E. , Wright Douglas Michael
Published: December 2016

Little systematic research has been done on strategy implementation, yet there is a body of work providing guidance for implementation efforts. The authors examine three basic collections of work on resources and governance, managing human capital, and accounting-based control systems, explaining how these issues have implications for strategy implementation. Although the chapters in this Handbook provide many useful insights concerning issues that must be addressed in order to effectively implement firms’ strategies, there is need for more and systematic work. The purposes of this final chapter are to identify promising future research directions and to serve as a catalyst for the creation of additional collections of work that can enhance our understanding of strategy implementation. The five specific topics for which more work on strategy implementation is needed are innovation and entrepreneurship, marketing strategies and services, managing operations, managing financial assets and human capital, and strategies (international, acquisitions, differentiation).
Who was the ‘New Woman’?
Authors: Richardson Angelique
Published: December 2016

This chapter explores the history of the term ‘New Woman’ and its use by women writers and their supporters and detractors in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Drawing on periodicals and the work of novelists, short story writers, and playwrights from Schreiner to Shaw, it considers the various positions embraced by the term and relates the motivations and approaches of the men and women who wrote about the New Woman to wider social and political concerns. Exploring the treatment of the New Woman in the novel, her pivotal role in the development of the short story, her presence on the stage, and popular representations, the chapter also examines the Edwardian sharpening of questions of class, labour, and suffrage and the ways in which this informed expressions of feminism. The chapter concludes by positioning the New Woman in relation to both modernism and a more pragmatic aesthetic.
Naturalism, Realism, and Impressionism
Authors: Parkes Adam
Published: December 2016

Beginning with the legacy of nineteenth-century realism, this essay traces the emergence of specifically literary notions of naturalism and Impressionism in British and Irish writing of the long fin de siècle. While noting theoretical differences between naturalism and Impressionism, special attention is paid to how often they overlap in the literary practice of such authors as Henry James, George Moore, John Galsworthy, Virginia Woolf, Ford Madox Ford, Jean Rhys, and James Joyce. Impressionists and naturalists often use the same metaphors and settings; some works usually associated with Impressionism are governed by naturalistic plots. At the same time, realism never really dissolves; it persists and renews itself even in some of modernism’s most experimental narratives.
Super-Niches?
Authors: Glover David
Published: December 2016

The close of the Victorian era is often regarded as marking the inception of the modern system of popular genres. But an examination of some conspicuous anomalies in recent histories of the nineteenth-century literary field suggests that the emergence of the kinds of generic labels by which readers oriented themselves to the market for popular fiction was a messy, uneven, and never fully completed process. Tracing the pivotal role played by Robert Louis Stevenson in the modernization of romance novels, particularly his influence on the rise of the single volume imperial adventure story, this chapter looks at the latter’s eclipse by two overlapping yet frequently rival domestic subgenres: the spy thriller and the detective story. Genres seldom comprise neat self-contained narrative structures, but are best understood as loose clusters of literary devices, branching off in a variety of competing directions, and creating what critic Franco Moretti has called ‘super-niches’.
Spirit Worlds
Authors: Kontou Tatiana
Published: December 2016

In 1882 the Society for Psychical Research was established to examine phenomena such as ‘spirit communication’, ‘thought transference’, ‘hypnosis’, and ‘haunted houses’. Psychical researchers were eager to remove the connotations of sensational, gothic, or supernatural genre writing from their reports and framed their experiments within contemporary scientific and technological developments. The empirical terminology employed by the SPR, for example its re-categorizations of ‘ghosts’ as ‘phantasms’ and ‘mediums’ as ‘sensitives’, fuelled the period’s literary imagination. ‘Spirit Worlds’ examines the complicated relationship between genre writing and psychical research. By drawing on the SPR’s proceedings, reports in spiritualist and popular magazines and fictional psychical research accounts I argue that psychical research gave rise to a new literary phenomenon, the psychic detective
Cityscapes
Authors: Scott Laurence
Published: December 2016

This chapter expands the concept of the urban by bringing it in relation to hyperspace (the idea of a fourth dimension) and hypostatization (the process of converting abstractions into physical objects), showing how these notions inflected literary representations of the metropolis and gave them ‘a precarious physicality’. London by the end of the century was ‘an ambiguous site, at once abstract and material’, as shown by writers like Wells, Conrad, Madox Ford, Edwin A. Abbott, Arthur Morrison, Arthur Machen, and Thomas Burke. Taking London as its main example, the chapter seeks to draw a connection between late-Victorian interest in the fourth dimension and contemporaneous literary representations of the cityscape, as writers repeatedly show a troubling concern about the failures of permanent escape through time travel to other dimensions and ultimately reveal ‘the seemingly inevitable solipsism of transcendence’.
Medievalism and Modernity
Authors: Waithe Marcus
Published: December 2016

The poignant, ‘out-worn time’ suggested by Yeats’s Celtic Twilight pervades the reception not just of Celticism, but of several other historicist and antiquarian movements active in the late nineteenth century. The image of a ‘twilight’ suggests the last romantic glow of a dying day, and of a world whose vanishing is somehow heightened, or self-conscious. This essay questions the logic in assigning contemporary art movements to ‘the past’. Focusing in particular on medievalism, it argues that this multifarious tendency should be regarded not as a sentimental reversion, but as a distinctive outgrowth of modernity, and an influence on modernism. The essay revisits Nikolaus Pevsner’s influential claim that the Bauhaus derived its insistence on functional form from the example of Morris, Ruskin and Pugin. It also attempts to reconstitute the ‘modernity’ of those who believed that the future—whether architectural, political, or the poetic—must in some degree be ‘medieval’.
Theatre and the Sciences of Mind
Authors: Watt-Smith Tiffany
Published: December 2016

This chapter investigates scientists’ attempts to understand the workings of the mind through an exploration of mimicry, the near-universal urge to imitate, which has natural affinities with the stage. It explores the relationship between the scientific interest in mimicry during 1890‒1914 and the practices and problems of theatre, showing how scientific experimentation and theatrical performance mutually informed one another. At this time, psychologists ventured forth from their laboratories into music halls, circuses, and other theatrical venues, interviewed actors, and adopted performance techniques in their own experiments, while theatre itself was assimilating and reflecting scientific ideas about the processes of mind and thought. Tracing the connections running back and forth between theatre and scientific psychology at the fin de siècle, it is argued that, despite increased codification and professionalization, the sciences of mind remained embedded in their wider cultural context.
The Theatre of Hands
Authors: Das Santanu
Published: December 2016

The chapter explores a varied body of First World War writing—from the poetry of Owen, Rosenberg, and Thomas to the nursing memoirs of Borden and Bagnold, to the short stories of civilian writers such as D. H. Lawrence and Claire Goll—through the trope of the hand. Going back to the Victorian and Decadent obsession with hands, it traces through close investigative readings the wartime lives and intensities of meaning of the hand—as symbol, signifier, archival trace, or sentient flesh—in trenches, hospitals, and private rooms. Testimony, trauma, agency, sexuality, pain, resilience, resistance, vulnerability, violation, and tenderness are ideas that surface in this chapter as it explores how our selves are made and unmade through the most intimate and communicative of body parts.
Intersexions
Authors: Funke Jana
Published: December 2016

The chapter examines late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century literary and scientific constructions of ambiguously and cross-gendered figures, such as the New Woman and the New Man, the male and female dandy, the cross-dresser and transvestite, and the sexual invert. Exploring the shifting relation between literature and sexual science across the period from 1880 to 1920, it highlights frequently overlooked continuities between fin-de-siècle and modernist understandings of gender and sexuality. It challenges previous scholarship in demonstrating that the scientific and medical views that increasingly shaped literary production in the first decades of the twentieth century did not result in more rigid or limiting understandings of gender and sexuality. On the contrary, scientific and medical debates emerged in tandem with literary writing and, in turn, shaped modernist understandings of the gendered and sexual self, subjectivity, and creativity.
Reading Aestheticism, Decadence, and Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Mendelssohn Michèle
Published: December 2016

This chapter traces the development of cosmopolitan and transnational sensibilities later emphasized by twentieth-century writers such as Joseph Conrad and E. M. Forster. Ranging from Anglo-American aesthetes including Oscar Wilde, Henry James, Walter Pater, and Michael Field to French Decadents like Charles Baudelaire and Joris-Karl Huysmans, the chapter demonstrates the Zeitgeist’s dependence on what Conrad called ‘the latent feeling of fellowship with all creation’. Style, synaesthesia, and ekphrasis were among the tools writers employed to emphasize the multivalent nature of their politics and aesthetics. In doing so, however, they hearkened back to the politicized aesthetics underscored earlier in the nineteenth century in the works of John Ruskin, Karl Marx, and Friedrich Engels. Current critical practice shares many of the concerns of these writers: it is therefore necessary to preserve modes of reading that attend to stifled, marginalized voices because of the salutary socio-political lessons they can teach our discipline.
The Coming Of Cinema
Authors: Marcus Laura
Published: December 2016

At the end of the nineteenth century, the coming of the cinema had a powerful impact not only on a number of writers but also on broader conceptions of literary representation. Connections with the turn-of-the-century short story were particularly marked, as in works by Rudyard Kipling, and H. G. Wells, and by less familiar writers, such as the American author J. Brander Matthews, whose story ‘The Kinetoscope of Time’ was published in 1895, the year in which the Lumière brothers gave the first public exhibition of their Cinématographe. This chapter explores early commentaries on the new medium of film as well as the entry of cinema into literary texts, including those by Wells, Joseph Conrad, and Virginia Woolf.
Electricity, Telephony, and Communications
Authors: Halliday Sam
Published: December 2016

This chapter charts material and conceptual relationships between the three things named within its title, both as these appear historically and as these are represented in literary texts. It shows how the telephone and other electrical technologies are part of ‘media ecologies,’ some of which are older than and extrinsic to electrical technology itself. Among the authors looked at who reveal how media technologies both enable and impede communications are D. H. Lawrence, Bram Stoker, and Henry James. In addition to these figures, the chapter looks at telephony’s depiction by Theodore Dreiser, Wyndham Lewis, Mark Twain, Ford Madox Ford, and Robert Frost, and the theory of ‘communication’ advanced in 1894 by American sociologist Charles Horton Cooley. The chapter concludes with analyses of postal and other communications in novels by James and E. M. Forster, and in Oscar Wilde’s De Profundis.
Death Drives
Authors: Evangelista Stefano
Published: December 2016

This article argues that Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of the death drive in Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920) is in dialogue with a set of aesthetic and philosophical principles that inform literary Decadence around the turn of the century. It starts from an analysis of August Weismann’s scientific studies of evolution and mortality, developed in the late nineteenth century, which were influential with Freud. It then studies the features of a perverse desire for death that are found in the works of a number of key writers associated with Decadence, including Charles Baudelaire, Michael Field, A. E. Housman, Walter Pater, A. C. Swinburne, Oscar Wilde, and W. B. Yeats. Particular attention is paid to the connection between death and sexual desire and identity.
Cultures of the Avant-Garde
Authors: Hadjiyiannis Christos
Published: December 2016

This essay considers the early twentieth-century London avant-garde, concentrating specifically on the early poetics of T. E. Hulme, Ezra Pound, and their circle. In calling for experimentation with ‘regular’ forms and a new modern mode of composition, these avant-gardistes sought to capture the changing ‘spirit’ of their time, which, they felt, existing forms and techniques could no longer accommodate. What unites the different avant-garde practices of the time is the belief that poetry (art in general) ought to spearhead all means of communication. This conviction underlies the avant-garde distinction between ‘prose’ (or conventional language) and ‘poetry’ (direct, immediate, language), an opposition which, in turn, at least in the case of Hulme and Pound, carries severe ideological implications.
Emerging Poetic Forms
Authors: Sullivan Hannah
Published: December 2016

This chapter fastens on the ‘first moment in literary history when poetry was not expected to follow fixed, inherited, generically specific rules about scansion, line length, syllable weight, or rhyme’—a moment when poetry blossomed in a remarkable efflorescence of prosodic and musical experiment, as represented by Eliot, Dobson, Dowson, Pound, Whitman, and others. The First World War invigorated the writing and reading of poetry but it also had a recursive effect on form and diction. By the 1920s, it is contended, poetry was at a three-way stand-off between modish vers libre, the consoling traditional poetic forms of the soldier poets, and the increasingly complex experiments and pastiches of the avant-garde.
Buddhism in Africa
Authors: Clasquin-Johnson Michel
Published: December 2016

Some Africans were aware of Buddhism at a very early stage in history—indeed, some of the earliest evidence for Western knowledge of Buddhist traditions comes from Northeast Africa—yet today Africa is the least Buddhist of the inhabited continents. This chapter charts the complex history of Buddhist traditions in Africa and sketches the current distribution of these traditions on the continent. Inevitably, legacies of colonial occupation have affected the distribution of Buddhist traditions in Africa. In South Africa there is an overwhelmingly white (Caucasian) convert community that barely interacts with small ethnic Buddhist traditions. Only in recent years has a new approach to Buddhist traditions arisen, a service-oriented approach that sees Africa not as a potential source of converts, but as a field for the practical application of compassion.
Buddhism, Race, and Ethnicity
Authors: Cheah Joseph
Published: December 2016

This chapter argues that race and ethnicity have been central factors in the development of US Buddhism. It begins with a construction of North American convert Buddhism, whose antecedent goes back to a process of Orientalism initiated by Brian Houghton Hodgson, Eugene Burnouf, and other founding figures of Western Buddhism. Then it examines the term “ethnic Buddhist” as a problematic and unstable category, an assimilationist underpinning in the theories employed by many investigators of US Buddhism that treats ethnicity as an extension of race, the employment of racial formation theory in the study of US Buddhism, the limitation of totalizing teleology and the use of Gramscian theory to transcend the limits of teleology, and the pivotal role that human agency has played in the adaptation of Buddhist practices and beliefs by Asian immigrant Buddhists to the US context.
Buddhism, Conflict, and Peace Building
Authors: Jerryson Michael
Published: December 2016

This chapter traces the Buddhist valences toward conflict and peace building. The first section reviews Buddhist roles in conflicts. Buddhists have been involved in conflict as far back as written accounts of Buddhist activity. Prior to the 1800s, conflicts were steeped in millenarian and revolutionary rhetoric, but this tendency has changed over the last century. The next section focuses on the postcolonial period. As nation-states formed and transnational influences increased, Buddhist-inspired conflicts became more influenced by issues such as nationalism and identity conflicts. The last section examines notable contributions by Buddhists toward peace building in the contemporary period. Many leaders of these peace-building efforts model their work on scriptural examples of the Buddha’s conflict-resolution strategies, and some drew inspiration from Mohandas Gandhi’s philosophy of satyagraha (true-force) and advocacy of nonviolence.
Buddhism and Media Technologies
Authors: Grieve Gregory Price , Veidlinger Daniel
Published: December 2016

Buddhism is flourishing on the Internet and digital media. However, the form and usage patterns of Buddhist media technologies have varied considerably from the earliest oral texts to the latest online versions of the Buddhist canon. Do such media transformations merely transmit the old dharma in a new bottle, or do they change Buddhism’s message? Are these changes to be welcomed or shunned? This chapter explores how various media technologies tend to promote particular aspects of Buddhism, and also how different Buddhist worldviews shape how these media are used. First, it sketches a short genealogy of Buddhist media technologies. Second, it concentrates on contemporary digital media, briefly describing Buddhist bulletin boards, email lists, websites, computer apps, virtual worlds, and video games. Third, the chapter explains digital media’s procedural, participatory, encyclopedic, and spatial affordances. Finally, it illuminates how digital media affordances are shaped by the technological worldview of convert Buddhism.
Contemporary Sri Lankan Buddhist Traditions
Authors: Deegalle Mahinda
Published: December 2016

This chapter introduces the longest surviving living Buddhist tradition in the world. It outlines specific features of historical developments of the Sri Lankan Theravada Buddhist heritage. Dramatic historical and contemporary adaptations, made in response to the realities of political and social changes, are discussed by taking into account vernacular sources and archaeological research. A wide range of doctrinal and sociopolitical perspectives, along with Buddhist beliefs and practices, is examined by considering the incorporation of Hindu deities and Mahayana cultural elements. It notes European/Western encounters that produced radical developments in lifestyle and Buddhist ideology. The impact of civil war is briefly discussed, along with Marxist political groups such as the Janatha Vimukti Peramuna (JVP). Contemporary political and renewal movements within the tradition, such as the Jathika Hela Urumaya (JHU) and the Bodu Bala Sena, are investigated on the basis of primary sources. Challenges that living traditions face in the face of modernity, globalization, and secularism are examined by highlighting that Buddhism still inspires and guides for human flourishing.
Contemporary Cambodian Buddhist Traditions
Authors: Thompson Ashley
Published: December 2016

Attentive to the oxymoron of its title, this chapter looks for insight into the contemporary moment through an extended examination of traditions, or symptoms, rooted in the past. Accordingly, the chapter explores a series of transformative periods of Cambodian history as a means of sketching a description of the distinctive traits of contemporary Cambodian Theravada Buddhist traditions. These include the assimilation of Buddhism with the state embodied by the monarch, (dis)investment in language, temples as sites of sociopolitical organization or disruption as it were, and the recurrent denaturing of Buddhism even, though not only in attempts to restore the religion’s supposed authenticity.
Contemporary Korean Buddhist Traditions
Authors: Nathan Mark A.
Published: December 2016

This chapter looks closely at key events and noticeable patterns of contemporary Korean Buddhist traditions over the past three decades. After a brief historical background on Korean Buddhism prior to the twentieth century, it turns to early twentieth-century changes under Japanese colonial rule and the postcolonial period in South Korea that set the stage for a series of overlapping trends beginning in the 1980s. These show how the contemporary period has produced more opportunities for lay Buddhists to practice and worship in Korea, to learn and study, to volunteer their time for various causes and help spread the Dharma, and even to experience temporarily the daily routines and forms of practice that were once reserved for monastics. The reorientation of the tradition toward greater social outreach and active involvement in social and political affairs, together with a sharp increase in Buddhist orders and organizations, is also discussed.
Buddhism in Contemporary India
Authors: Geary David , Mukherjee Sraman
Published: December 2016

This chapter presents an overview of contemporary Indian Buddhism, broadly conceived, highlighting several historical developments, transregional influences, and Indo-centric adaptations within the colonial and postcolonial context. As the “homeland” of Buddhism and central to various contemporary revitalization movements, two themes are of particular analytical importance to this chapter: the recovery and reconfiguration of Buddhist material objects and the importance of reinvention among a range of Western and Asian Buddhist actors. After situating Indian Buddhism within the context of Indian historiography and discussions around the decline of Buddhism, this chapter examines various ways Indian Buddhist sites, artifacts, and structures are reimagined and reconfigured under colonization, nation-building, and changing socioeconomic interests. Also covered are Buddhist movements within India such as the Ambedkar-inspired New Buddhism, the role of Tibetan Buddhist refugees, and how the valorization of India’s Buddhist pilgrimage geography intersects with state goals toward tourism development and heritage diplomacy in Asia.
Imagining Technology and Environmental Law
Authors: Fisher Elizabeth
Published: December 2016

Understandings of environmental law and technology are often co-produced as part of distinctive sociotechnical imaginaries. This essay explores this phenomenon by showing how Hardin’s famous essay, the ‘Tragedy of the Commons’, is capable of being interpreted in two different ways, which provide divergent visions of the potential role of environmental law and technology in addressing environmental problems. The first, and more popular, interpretation characterizes law and technology as instruments for bringing about shifts in morality in light of limited resources. A different reading of Hardin’s essay portrays law and technology in more constitutive terms. Identifying these different characterizations provides a starting point for a richer and more nuanced debate about the interaction between environmental law and technology. This is illustrated by an example from chemicals regulation.
Parental Responsibility, Hyper-parenting, and the Role of Technology
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: December 2016

This chapter explores the impact of technology on parenthood. It draws out some of the themes raised by the genetic enhancement debate, arguing that they reflect some of the current themes in contemporary parenthood. Particularly pertinent is the phenomenon of hyper-parenting, which itself often relies on technology to enable surveillance of children. It is argued that this practice reflects the political and popular rhetoric around conceptions of parental responsibility, which has been picked up and reinforced in the law. The chapter concludes by arguing against an overemphasis on the power that parents have over children to train them to be good citizens and argues for a relational vision of parenthood, recognizing also the power that children have over adults and the way that children can shape parents.
Great Debates in Organizational Identity Study
Authors: Gioia Dennis A. , Hamilton Aimee L.
Published: December 2016

Historically speaking, there have been a number of great debates in the organizational identity literature. Undoubtedly the most basic still is, “Is there such a thing as organizational identity?” This debate might best be characterized as an ontological debate. A second debate has to do with what can be known about the phenomenon. This epistemological debate has pitted various “camps” against each other. The three most prominent camps are the social actor, social construction, and institutional theory views on organizational identity. We suggest a conceptual pathway for reconciling these apparently competing views and furthering the research agenda for organizational identity. This chapter argues that despite the debated differences among these views, each largely depicts identity as “entitative.” Our proposed reconciliation centers on a fourth “processual” view on identity, that is, identity-as-flow.
Re-Membering
Authors: Suddaby Roy , Foster William , Trank Christine Quinn
Published: December 2016

We explore and extend an emerging interest in understanding the relationship between language and history in organizational identity work. Recent research has focused attention on the role of “temporal talk” in creating identity—that is, how discourse about the past, present, and future constructs identification. These studies understate the degree of agency in temporal talk and fail to capture the importance of history as a competitive resource. We introduce the term “rhetorical history” to draw attention to the high degree of deliberate and strategic use of persuasive language to construct historical identity narratives in corporations. We also elaborate the understanding, within organizations, of history as critical resource that can be deployed to manage membership with a broad range of organizational stakeholders.
Organizational Identity and Institutional Forces
Authors: Besharov Marya L. , Brickson Shelley L.
Published: December 2016

The existing literature offers divergent perspectives on the intersection between organizational identity (OI) and institutional forces. Some studies suggest that OI is socially constructed by organizational members, while others describe OI as highly constrained by institutional forces. Still others imply that OI serves as a filter influencing how members interpret institutional forces. We review and strive to integrate these varied perspectives. To do so, we distinguish between the content and structure of both OI and institutional forces. We suggest that the degree to which the content of institutional forces influences the content of OI resides along a continuum between institutional constraint and member agency. Further, we suggest that structural features of OI and institutional forces may act as filters that influence where along this continuum OI construction falls. Beyond integrating existing literature, this approach opens up new directions for research at the intersection of OI and institutional theory.
Organizational Identity, Culture, and Image
Authors: Ravasi Davide
Published: December 2016

The concept of organizational identity is often confused with similar concepts such as organizational culture or organizational image. This confusion depends in part on the inconsistent use that scholars have made of these terms in the past. This chapter reviews the literature that has discussed how these concepts differ and how they are interrelated, and proposes an integrative framework that summarizes the most widely accepted definitions. It focuses in particular on research on dynamic interrelations between organizational identity and culture. It argues that apparently contradictory perspectives—conceiving of culture as a referent for identity vs. identity as facilitating contextual understanding for cultural norms—can be reconciled by acknowledging the dual nature of organizational identity as being constituted by social categories and organization-specific features, and the temporal dynamism that characterizes the relationship between culture and identity.
Hybrid and Multiple Organizational Identities
Authors: Pratt Michael G.
Published: December 2016

While it is common to talk about an “organizational identity,” since its first formal conceptualization over 30 years ago, scholars have suggested that an organization may have more than one collective answer to the question “who are we?” I review two major conceptualizations of organizational identity plurality that have developed in the past few decades: (1) hybrid and (2) multiple organizational identities. Specifically, I summarize the major theoretical and empirical research in each of these conceptualizations, delineate the major differences between them, and discuss potential avenues for future research. I conclude the chapter with a discussion of whether and how unified conceptualizations of “who we are” as an organization can exist alongside organizational identity plurality.
Organizational Identity Work
Authors: Kreiner Glen E. , Murphy Chad
Published: December 2016

Research on identity work has burgeoned in the management literature, but has focused primarily at the individual level of analysis (e.g., work identity and professional identity). The chapter therefore applies what has been discovered in individual-level identity work research to organizational identity. Similarly, research has blossomed on other forms of “work” that are related to identity work (e.g., institutional work, boundary work). The chapter therefore shows how research on these other forms of agentic work might inform future investigations of organizational identity work. The chapter also offers suggestions for studying issues of consciousness and emotions as applied to organizational identity work.
Organizational Identity and Organizational Identity Work as Valuable Analytical Resources
Authors: Watson Tony J.
Published: December 2016

“Organizational identity” is best understood, not as a phenomenon that exists in the social and organizational world, but as a concept—a tool which social scientists use to improve human beings’ understanding of how the social and organizational world “works.” Pragmatist methodological thinking is applied to the development of a formal new conceptualization of the notion of organizational identity and a concept of organizational identity work which may help future researchers, either directly or indirectly. The new apparatus builds on existing thinking and is developed in a way which avoids the metaphor-influenced tendency of organizational identity research to treat organizations in too unitary or personified a manner—a tendency which does not do justice to the fluidity, conflict, and contestation which is inherent in organizations, and arises in managerial efforts to manipulate organizational identities.
Application of the Expectancy Concept to Substance Use
Authors: Peterson Sarah J. , Smith Gregory T.
Published: December 2016

This chapter provides an introduction to, and overview of, substance use expectancy theory, which offers one framework to explain why individuals approach and engage in substance use behaviors. We begin with an overview of basic behavioral science models of expectancy, noting that the capacity to anticipate outcomes of behaviors, and hence choose to engage in behaviors from which one expects benefits or rewards, is central to adaptive functioning. We note the importance of the insight that this anticipation/expectancy principle can be applied to substance use. We then review models of the development of learned anticipations or expectancies of reward from substance use and consider factors that influence substance use expectancy development. We observe that longitudinal data, documenting expectancies’ prediction of subsequent addictive behaviors, and experimental data, documenting reductions in both drinking and eating disorder symptoms following expectancy reduction, speak to the functional role of expectancies in addictive behaviors.
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Harkins Stephen G. , Williams Kipling D.
Published: December 2016

The study of social influence has been central to social psychology since its inception. In fact, research on social influence began in the 1880s, predating the coining of the term social psychology. However, by the mid-1980s, interest in this area had waned. Now the pendulum is swinging back, as seen in growing interest in non-cognitive, motivational accounts. Our hope is that the publication of this volume will aid this movement. The chapters, written by leading scholars, cover a variety of topics in social influence, incorporating a range of levels of analysis (intrapersonal, interpersonal, and intragroup) and both source and target effects. The book also includes chapters on theories that are most relevant to social influence, as well as a set of chapters on social influence in applied settings. Finally, we include a section that considers the future of social influence in social psychology.
The Economics of Male Sex Work
Authors: Logan Trevon D.
Published: December 2016

This chapter examines the economics of male prostitution as practiced in the United States. It begins with an overview of some basic features and organization of the online market for male sex work. It then considers the unique social circumstances that occur in male prostitution and how they inform the economic analysis. It also reviews two empirical economic issues that have been analyzed in the literature: the role of asymmetric information and the geographic distribution of male-sex-worker services. The results show that male sex workers typically attempt to signal their reliability to potential male customers by providing detailed information about their identity ex ante so as to credibly implicate themselves if there is any ex post negative outcome. Furthermore, male sex workers appear to have a nontrivial number of heterosexually identified male clients, which can help explain why credible signals by male sex workers are so important in this market.
Economic Theories and Empirics on the Sex Market
Authors: Peng Handie
Published: December 2016

This article presents a number of testable predictions from Edlund and Korn’s (2002) theoretical model. In their seminal study, Edlund and Korn propose a model that sees prostitution as an alternative to marriage. According to the them, women can only choose between marriage and prostitution, and “prostitution is low-skill, labor intensive, female, and well paid.” Because prostitution has such an unusual combination of attributes, traditional labor theories might not be able to explain the wage differential of this profession. The Edlund and Korn (EK) model offers “a marriage market explanation to this puzzle.” The critical assumption is that prostitutes need to be compensated for the forgone marriage market opportunities. This chapter tests three unique predictions from the EK model: (1) that there exists a wage differential for the sex worker, (2) that prostitution falls with female wage and male income, and (3) that foreign prostitutes should have a lower wage, ceteris paribus. These predictions are examined using two new datasets of Internet-mediated prostitution. The chapter finds evidence for the first two predictions but not for the third.
Demographic Change, Prostitution, and Sexually Transmitted Infection Rates in China
Authors: Ebenstein Avraham , Sharygin Ethan J.
Published: December 2016

China has experienced an explosion in the sex ratio at birth, with 25 million more men than women younger than 20 (2005 census). This chapter examines the implications of large numbers of men failing to marry on the supply-and-demand dynamics of sex work, with a focus on how this affects the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The chapter begins with a history of prostitution in China and describes the massive increase in sex work following economic reforms in the late 1970s. It then analyzes the current dynamics of demand and supply for sex work in China, using national census data and detailed microdata on sex workers. The authors find a clear link between high-population sex ratios, the prevalence of sex work, and STI rates. The analysis concludes with projections for the future and a discussion of policy responses in light of an anticipated increase in sex work.
Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Legal Status on Versatility and Efficiency in Prostitution Markets
Authors: Cameron Samuel
Published: December 2016

This chapter examines the impact of legal status on versatility and efficiency in prostitution markets. Focusing on the massage-parlor sector of the prostitution market in the northwest of England, it considers heterogeneity in consumer preferences and whether there exists a perfectly competitive market model with homogeneous sellers. It first provides an overview of the economics of prostitution before discussing the role of variety seeking in the demand for prostitution services. Drawing on consumer-oriented data from massage parlors in the northwest of England, it argues that economies-of-scope conditions have failed to develop to satisfy demand for variety in the area. It also sees the predominant concentration of massage-parlor sex work in England to be of low quality, reflecting a declining influence of the traditional firm-based sex work there.
The Details Are in the Fine Print
Authors: Sahni Rohini , Shankar V. Kalyan
Published: December 2016

This chapter examines some of the existing definitional problems in qualifying and tapping sex workers in India. Drawing on research notes and data from the First Pan-India Survey of Sex Workers, it discusses the diversity of practices under “sex work” and highlights multiple overlaps across the variables both in sites and in occupational identities, which can lead to confounding results. Based on the results, the chapter calls for more nuanced typologies addressing grassroots operational realities, particularly where sex work interacts with other forms of informal labor. It argues that such definitional clarity would be essential for constructing the universe of sex workers during surveys and for more balanced representations. It also looks at the implications of incorporating heterogeneity into analyzing sex markets for social-scientific research both in terms of developing useful models (e.g., monopolistic competition) and in regard to sample selection.
Police Use of Body Cameras
Authors: Birds Jonathan M. , Sousa William H.
Published: December 2016

Body worn cameras (BWCs) are small video/audio devices worn by police officers that are designed to record police-citizen interactions and other officer activities. BWCs offer several potential advantages in terms of enhancing the quality of policing. They may increase transparency and accountability for police, reduce police use of force and complaints of police misconduct, provide protection for officers and citizens, and improve evidence gathering and case processing. However, BWCs also present some challenges and concerns, including financial costs, policy development issues, and concerns over citizen privacy. This essay provides an overview of BWCs and their use, explores their most commonly discussed benefits and concerns, and describes the current state of research on the technology.
Social Consequences of Mass Reentry
Authors: Barrick Kelle , Lattimore Pamela K. , Huffman Amanda
Published: December 2016

This chapter examines the broader social implications of mass incarceration and reentry. It first considers the characteristics of the communities that are most affected by high rates of incarceration and, thus, likely high rates of reentry. In particular, it cites evidence showing that the burden of incarceration and reentry is disproportionately experienced by poor, urban communities and that mass reentry may actually increase crime. It then discusses research that addressed the impact of incarceration/reentry on collective efficacy and social organization as well as public safety, noting that prison admissions/releases, the two components of coercive mobility, lead to social disorganization. That is, reentering offenders cause residential instability that makes it difficult to self-regulate and to exercise informal social control in the community. The article suggests directions for future research and practice with an eye toward a better understanding of the correlations among crime, incarceration, reentry, and community characteristics.