bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuous pilot plant–scale immobilization of yeast in κ‐carrageenan gel beads
Authors: Decamps C. , Norton S. , Poncelet D. , Neufeld R. J.
Published: June 2004

A novel continuous two‐phase dispersion process was developed to produce κ‐carrageenan gel microspheres, using static mixers. It was shown that yeast‐loaded carrageenan beads, with controlled diameter and tight size distribution, can be produced on a continuous basis, in a scalable mixer, at production rates appropriate to both pilot plant–scale and, potentially, industrial‐scale operations. Immobilized yeast are intended to be used in continuous brewing operations. The effects of the static mixer diameter (D), the number of mixing elements (Ne), the fluid linear velocity (V), and the volumetric fraction (ϵ) of κ‐carrageenan, on the mean diameter and size distribution of the resulting gel microspheres, were studied. Image analysis showed that mean diameter was strongly influenced by the average linear fluid velocity through the mixer, and by the mixer diameter. The number of mixer elements and the mixer diameter governed bead size dispersion. A productivity of 10 L h−1of beads was attained using a 1.27‐cm‐diameter static mixer. Because the productivity is proportional to the mixer diameter squared, this process, although suited for the production of small‐size beads (down to 50 μm), would be technically and economically feasible for a large industrial immobilization process. However, because the coefficient of variability increased with mixer diameter, and thus with scale‐up, operational improvements are suggested, such as the use of smaller‐diameter mixers operating in parallel, to reduce the size dispersion. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1599–1605, 2004
Familial acromelic frontonasal dysostosis: Autosomal dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance
Authors: Hing Anne V. , Syed Nadia , Cunningham Michael L.
Published: June 2004

Acromelic frontonasal dysostosis (AFND) represents a subgroup of patients with frontonasal malformation with limb abnormalities including preaxial polydactyly and tibial hypoplasia. Previous case reports have suggested autosomal recessive inheritance, given parental consanguinity. However, no affected siblings have been described. Longitudinal clinical history is limited as many do not survive the first years of life. The molecular basis of AFND is not known. Previous investigators have proposed that AFND may result from a perturbation in the Sonic Hedgehog pathway. We present clinical and radiographic findings in two unrelated boys, ages 8 and 9 years, with AFND, one of whom has a family history suggesting dominant inheritance. A focused study of genetic marker data and candidate gene mutation analysis in this family is presented. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organische Photochromie
Authors: Dürr Heinz
Published: June 2004

Dieser technische Bericht ist eine allgemeine Einführung in die Photochromie organischer Verbindungen. Die Definition der Photochromie wird gemeinsam mit der anderer Fachtermini mit gleicher Endung, wie Thermo‐, Elektro‐, Piezo‐ und Tribochromie, gegeben. Wichtige Konzepte, z. B. Zwei‐Photonen‐Prozesse, gated und Dualmodus‐Photochromie sowie Chirochromie, werden behandelt. Das Konzept der Ermüdung (des chemischen Abbaus), die Ermittlung der wichtigsten Photochromieparameter (Zyklenzahl, Z50‐Wert, Halbwertszeit) sowie die spektrokinetischen und mechanistischen Aspekte werden diskutiert. Die wichtigsten Familien photochromer Moleküle (organische Verbindungen und biologische Rezeptoren) werden mit chemischen Formeln vorgestellt, und die verschiedenen Reaktionstypen, auf denen die photochromen Prozesse basieren (pericyclische Reaktionen, E/Z‐Isomerisierungen, Gruppentransfer etc.), werden zusammengefasst. Einige typische Anwendungsbeispiele dieser Prozesse werden anhand von Substanzen zur Begrenzung der Lichtstärke sowie lichtgesteuerten und photoschaltbaren Biomaterialien beschrieben.
Stable Cyclopentynes—Made by Metals!?
Authors: Rosenthal Uwe
Published: June 2004

Structural limitations in small cyclic hydrocarbons are a longstanding challenge to chemistry, leading to molecules with unusual geometric parameters and reactivity. For example, incorporation of CCCC or CCCC arrangements, which are normally linear in open‐chain compounds, into small carbocyclic rings results in enormous ring strain as a result of the angle deformation. Nevertheless, such uncommon structures have been realized by complexation of zirconocene fragments with butadiynes and butatrienes, giving five‐membered metallacyclocumulenes and metallacyclopentynes. The metal atom is essential for these molecules but complicates the simplified description because of internal interactions of the metals with the multiple bonds.
Changes in the biochemical composition of fat body stores during adult development of female crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus
Authors: Lorenz Matthias W. , Anand Anurag N.
Published: June 2004

Age‐dependent changes in the fat body composition and aspects of lipogenesis in the free abdominal fat body of female crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus, were studied. Lipid, protein, glycogen, and free carbohydrate content of the fat body, and fat body wet weight increased simultaneously and sharply from day 0 onwards and were doubled/almost doubled by day 2 after adult emergence. Lipogenic activity of the fat body, fat body weight, and the energy stores in the fat body peaked on day 2, except for free carbohydrate, which peaked on day 3. On day 2, the fat body was mainly comprised of lipid (53.8%) and protein (6.6%), while glycogen and free carbohydrate together contributed less than 1% of the fat body wet weight. After peaking, both lipogenesis and energy stores decreased in a synchronous manner. The depletion of the fat body energy stores and the consequent decrease in the fat body weight were concomitant with a fast and massive gain in ovary weight (day 2: 19.5 ± 1.5 mg; day 4: 332.8 ± 31.5 mg) due to the vitellogenic oocyte growth that started on day 2. Our data clearly underline the importance of the free abdominal fat body as a source of energy for reproduction in the cricket. Fat body fatty acid synthase activity coincided with lipogenic activity. Adipokinetic hormone inhibits lipid synthesis in the fat body, but treatment of the fat body with adipokinetic hormone in vitro showed no consistent effect on fatty acid synthase activity. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 56:110–119, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Type‐A allatostatins from the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda: Molecular cloning, expression and tissue‐specific localization
Authors: Abdel‐Latief Mohatmed , Meyering‐Vos Martina , Hoffmann Klaus H.
Published: June 2004

The gene encoding the Spodoptera frugiperda allatostatin type‐A peptide family (Y/FXFGL‐amides) was isolated from S. frugiperda brain cDNA. The gene encodes a precursor of 231 amino acids containing nine (or ten) Y/FXFGL‐a peptides that are tandemly arranged in three blocks. The comparison of the Spofr‐AST A precursor with the respective precursor genes from two other lepidopteran species, Helicoverpa armigera and Bombyx mori, shows high homology in size, sequence (84 and 57%, respectively), and organisation of the allatostatins. One‐step RT‐PCR analysis using a Spofr‐AST A‐6 to A‐9 probe shows that the gene is not only expressed as one transcript in the brain and midgut of larvae and adults in a time‐ and tissue‐specific manner, but also in the reproductive tissues of adult S. frugiperda. Data confirm the nature of the allatostatin type‐A peptides as brain/gut myoregulatory hormones, whereas their function(s) in ovaries, oviduct, and testes still have to be resolved. The cell‐specific localization of the preprohormone expression, as demonstrated by whole mount in situ hybridization, confirms the overall distribution of the Spofr‐AST A preprohormone as shown by RT‐PCR and supports the pleiotropic functions of the peptides. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 56:120–132, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cloning, characterization, and developmental expression of the ribosomal protein S21 gene of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata
Authors: Verras Meletis , Theodoraki Maria A. , Mintzas Anastassios C.
Published: June 2004

Ribosomal protein S21 (RpS21) belongs to a small group of ribosomal or ribosome‐associated proteins. Mutations in the RpS21 gene cause dominant Minute and recessive lethal tumorous phenotypes in Drosophila melanogaster. Studies in several organisms suggest that RpS21 is involved in the regulation of protein synthesis and cell growth. In this report, we used an RT‐PCR fragment of D. melanogaster RpS21 mRNA to clone a RpS21 cDNA from the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata. The isolated cDNA contained both 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions, and encoded a polypeptide of 83 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 9.1 kDa. The deduced protein sequence showed 91% amino acid identity to D. melanogaster RpS21 and strong homology with all known ribosomal S21 proteins. DNA blot hybridization indicated the existence of a single RpS21 gene in the Ceratitis capitata genome. Analysis of the 5′ untranslated region revealed the occurrence of a major oligopyrimidine tract at the 5′ end, which characterizes most mRNAs undergoing a growth‐dependent translational control. Study of the mRNA patterns during development suggested that the expression of Ceratitis RpS21 is temporally regulated at the level of transcription. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 56:133–142, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serial murder and the case of Aileen Wuornos: attachment theory, psychopathy, and predatory aggression
Authors: Arrigo Bruce A. , Griffin Ayanna
Published: June 2004

The extant research on female homicide has yet to offer any systematic assessment of why women murder serially. Part of the explanation is attributed to existing literature focusing on justifiable and excusable homicide, or women who kill their abusive partners because they have been battered, fear that their lives are in danger, or are otherwise victimized. Thus, predatory homicide perpetrated by women has not received extensive attention in the relevant literature. This article aims to address this deficiency by providing a detailed case study analysis of Aileen Wuornos, a convicted serial murderer executed at Broward Correctional Institution in Pembroke Pines, FL, on October 9, 2002. By linking the literature on attachment theory with the research on psychopathy and predatory aggression, this article argues that Aileen Wuornos was a cold blooded and calculated killer: a serial offender responsible for her delinquent and criminal behavior. Generalizing from the case of Aileen Wuornos, several tentative recommendations are proposed as linked to clinical and forensic prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as future research on women, psychopathy, and predatory serial homicide. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rorschach Oral Dependency in psychopaths, sexual homicide perpetrators, and nonviolent pedophiles
Authors: Huprich Steven K. , Gacono Carl B. , Schneider Robert B. , Bridges Michael R.
Published: June 2004

Rorschach Oral Dependency scores (Masling, Rabie, & Blondheim, 1967) were compared among nonsexually offending psychopaths (NSOPs, n = 32), sexual homicide perpetrators (SHPs, n = 38), and non‐violent pedophiles (NVPs, n = 39) as initially reported by Gacono, Meloy, and Bridges (2000). The aggressive special scores of Gacono and Meloy (1994; Gacono, unpublished doctoral dissertation, 1998) were also scored and compared with ROD scores. Consistent with theory and predictions, NVPs were found to have significantly higher levels of oral dependency scores than NSOPs or SHPs. Additionally, there was a high degree of association between oral dependency and aggression in the SHP and NSOP groups. These Rorschach differences support the validity of the ROD as an implicit measure of dependency and add to the understanding of the dynamics that fuel sexually deviant violence. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative analysis of North American adolescent and adult mass murderers
Authors: Meloy J. Reid , Hempel Anthony G. , Gray B. Thomas , Mohandie Kris , Shiva Andrew , Richards Thomas C.
Published: June 2004

Thirty adult mass murderers and 34 adolescent mass murderers in North America are compared on both offender and offense variables to delineate similarities and differences. Findings indicate a plethora of psychiatric disturbances and odd/reclusive and acting‐out personality traits. Predisposing factors include a fascination with weapons and war among many of the adolescents and the development of a “warrior mentality” in most of the adults. Precipitating factors indicate a major rejection or loss in the hours or days preceding the mass murder. Results are interpreted through the lens of threat assessment for targeted violence (Borum, Fein, Vossekuil, & Bergland1999), recognizing that a fact‐based, dynamic behavioral approach is most useful for mitigating risk of such an extremely low‐base‐rate violent crime. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association of serotonin transporter promoter gene polymorphism with violence: relation with personality disorders, impulsivity, and childhood ADHD psychopathology
Authors: Retz Wolfgang , Retz‐Junginger Petra , Supprian Tillmann , Thome Johannes , Rösler Michael
Published: June 2004

There is evidence that disturbances in central serotonin (5‐HT) function have a role in impulsive aggression, violence, and criminality. A deletion/insertion polymorphism within the 5‐HT transporter (5‐HTT) promoter gene (5‐HTT gene‐linked polymorphic region, 5‐HTTLPR) is thought to be associated with several psychopathological phenotypes related to disturbed impulse control, anxiety and depression. This study examined the association of the 5‐HTTLPR with violent behavior in a sample of 153 male Caucasians referred for a forensic psychiatric examination. We found a significant excess of the short (s) allele and the s/s genotype in patients characterized by recurrent and overt physical violent behavior. This genetic variance explained 5% of the variance of violent behavior. When controlled for the impact of several psychopathologies related to violent behavior, this association was observed in individuals with a history of childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)‐related symptoms, but not presenting with personality disorder or increased impulsiveness. In conclusion, the results (i) suggest an association between serotonergic dysfunction and violent behavior, (ii) provide evidence for an—at least partial—genetic regulation of violent behavior in a subgroup of male offenders, and (iii) suggest a significant role for 5‐HT transporter functionality for violent behavior. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serial murder in America: case studies of seven offenders
Authors: Beasley James O.
Published: June 2004

This article summarizes and compares information on seven interviewed serial killers in an ongoing project designed to study similarities and differences among these individuals. The aim of this article is to increase our collective knowledge of the dynamics of serial murder by examining the perpetrators' backgrounds, as well as the unique ways in which they view themselves and the world around them. Although qualitative interview research alone is not sufficient to fully understand such behavior, it is useful in many ways. Some of the information discussed based on the seven offenders interviewed is compared with broader epidemiological studies, and the strengths and limitations of each type of research are discussed. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma xanthine oxidase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and uric acid levels in severe and mild pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Yildirim Abdulkadir , Altinkaynak Konca , Aksoy Hulya , Sahin Y. Nuri , Akcay Fatih
Published: June 2004

The aim of the present study was to measure plasma uric acid (UA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities and to evaluate the relationship between these parameters and the severity of pre‐eclampsia. Twenty‐five pre‐eclamptic, 15 healthy pregnant and 15 non‐pregnant women were enrolled in this study. Increased mean plasma XO activity was found to be higher in both pre‐eclampsia groups than in the healthy pregnant group. Plasma UA levels were the highest in the severe pre‐eclampsia group among the study groups. SOD and GSH‐Px activities were significantly lower in both pre‐eclampsia groups than in the healthy pregnant group (p < 0.005 and p < 0.001, respectively). Increased XO and decreased SOD and GSH‐Px activities may contribute to the pathophysiological mechanisms of pre‐eclampsia and increased UA may serve a protective role responding to superoxide radicals arising from increased XO activity or other sources in pre‐eclampsia. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AP‐1 complexes mediate oxidized LDL‐induced overproduction of TGF‐β1 in rat mesangial cells
Authors: Wu Zhaolong , Zhou Qin , Lan Yang , Wang Yuancheng , Xu Xunhui , Jin Huiming
Published: June 2004

Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein (Ox‐LDL)‐induced overproduction of the prosclerotic cytokine transforming growth factor‐beta1 (TGF‐β1) has been implicated in the pathogensis of renal fibrosis and sclerosis. Because Ox‐LDL increases TGF‐β1 mRNA levels in rat mesangial cells, our investigation was designed to characterize these effects on the rat TGF‐β1 promoter activity. We transfected luciferase reporter gene constructs containing TGF‐β1 5′‐flanking sequence (from −1550 to +57 bp) into mesangial cells. By assaying progressively deleted mutations in the promoter, we found two regions that were responsible for the induction. One is a negative regulatory region (−422 to −629) which represses the transcription of the TGF‐β1 gene, the other is a positive regulatory region (−845 to −1550) which enhances the transcription unit efficiently. There is an activating protein‐1(AP‐1) binding site in the latter region. Mutagenesis in the AP‐1 binding sites abolished the Ox‐LDL effect. Furthermore, addition of the AP‐1 inhibitor curcumin obliterated the Ox‐LDL response. The Ox‐LDL‐induced TGF‐β1 promoter activation was also prevented by inhibitors of protein kinase C, but not by p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays with oligonucleotides containing AP‐1 binding sites showed that Ox‐LDL treatment significantly enhanced the binding activity of nuclear proteins of mesangial cells. Supershift assays demonstrated that c‐Jun was present in the protein–DNA complexes under stimulation of Ox‐LDL. The functional and structural results show that Ox‐LDL regulates rat TGF‐β1 gene expression through AP‐1 binding sites and gives rise to the involvement of protein kinase C in Ox‐LDL‐induced TGF‐β1 gene expression. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitric oxide levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in jaundices of premature infants
Authors: Kilic Mehmet , Turgut Mehmet , Taskin Erdal , Cekmen Mustafa , Aygun A. Denizmen
Published: June 2004

Free radicals are effective in the genesis of several diseases in the neonatal period. This study aimed to show the relationship between serum bilirubin levels and plasma nitric oxide and the activity of enzymes in the erythrocyte such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), and catalase (CAT) in premature infants. In the study, 20 premature infants with newborn jaundice were included and the control group was formed by 15 premature infants without jaundice. Venous blood samples were taken from all neonates in the study and control groups on the first day of hospitalization. Plasma nitric oxide levels and activities of SOD, GSH‐Px and CAT enzymes in the erythrocytes were investigated in these samples. Plasma nitric oxide and serum bilirubin levels were found to be significantly higher in the study group (47.4 ± 7.25 μmol l−1, 18.41 ± 3.28 mg dl−1, respectively) than those in the control group (33.46 ± 6.43 μmol l−1, 4.35 ±  0.60 mg dl−1, respectively; p < 0.001). In addition, erythrocyte SOD, GSH‐Px and CAT enzyme activities (724 ± 78.61, 673 ± 90.5, 63 ± 12.8 U g−1 Hb, respectively) were found to be significantly lower in the study group than those in the control group (1208 ± 129.04, 1097.6 ± 75.8, 99.06 ± 12.4 U g−1 Hb, respectively, p < 0.001). It was concluded that in the aetiology of hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal erythrocytes and nitric oxide reactions are affected differently and that erythrocyte haemolysis caused as a result of these effects may play a role in the aetiopathogenesis of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Haemolysis may also be seen because of the inadequacy of the protection by erythrocytes against the cytotoxic effects of free radicals resulting from the lack of antioxidant enzymes in these cells. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Partial Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene by Nanoscale Ruthenium Catalysts in Imidazolium Ionic Liquids
Authors: Silveira Edson T. , Umpierre Alexandre P. , Rossi Liane M. , Machado Giovanna , Morais Jonder , Soares Gabriel V. , Baumvol Israel J. R. , Teixeira Sergio R. , Fichtner Paulo F. P. , Dupont Jairton
Published: June 2004

The controlled decomposition of an Ru0 organometallic precursor dispersed in 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMI⋅PF6), tetrafluoroborate (BMI⋅BF4) or trifluoromethane sulfonate (BMI⋅CF3SO3) ionic liquids with H2 represents a simple and efficient method for the generation of Ru0 nanoparticles. TEM analysis of these nanoparticles shows the formation of superstructures with diameters of ≈57 nm that contain dispersed Ru0 nanoparticles with diameters of 2.6±0.4 nm. These nanoparticles dispersed in the ionic liquids are efficient multiphase catalysts for the hydrogenation of alkenes and benzene under mild reaction conditions (4 atm, 75 °C). The ternary diagram (benzene/cyclohexene/BMI⋅PF6) indicated a maximum of 1 % cyclohexene concentration in BMI⋅PF6, which is attained with 4 % benzene in the ionic phase. This solubility difference in the ionic liquid can be used for the extraction of cyclohexene during benzene hydrogenation by Ru catalysts suspended in BMI⋅PF6. Selectivities of up to 39 % in cyclohexene can be attained at very low benzene conversion. Although the maximum yield of 2 % in cyclohexene is too low for technical applications, it represents a rare example of partial hydrogenation of benzene by soluble transition‐metal nanoparticles.
Insights into CO/Styrene Copolymerization by Using PdII Catalysts Containing Modular Pyridine–Imidazoline Ligands
Authors: Bastero Amaia , Claver Carmen , Ruiz Aurora , Castillón Sergio , Daura Elias , Bo Carles , Zangrando Ennio
Published: June 2004

Continuing our studies into the effect that NN′ ligands have on CO/styrene copolymerization, we prepared new C1‐symmetrical pyridine–imidazoline ligands with 4′,5′‐cis stereochemistry in the imidazoline ring (5) and 4′,5′‐trans stereochemistry (6–10) and compared them with our previously reported ligands (1–4). Their coordination to neutral methylpalladium(II) (5 a–10 a) and cationic complexes (5 b–10 b), investigated in solution by NMR spectroscopy, indicates that both the electronic and steric properties of the imidazolines determine the stereochemistry of the palladium complexes. The crystal structures of two neutral palladium precursors [Pd(Me)2−nCln(NN′)] (n=1 for 8 a; n=2 for 9 a′) show that the PdN coordination distances and the geometrical distortions in the imidazoline ring depend on the electronic nature of the substituents in the imidazoline fragment. Density functional calculations performed on selected neutral and cationic palladium complexes compare well with NMR and X‐ray data. The calculations also account for the formation of only one or two stereoisomers of the cationic complexes. The performance of the cationic complexes as catalyst precursors in CO/4‐tert‐butylstyrene copolymerization under mild pressures and temperatures was analyzed in terms of the productivity and degree of stereoregularity of the polyketones obtained. Insertion of CO into the PdMe bond, which was monitored by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, shows that the N ligand influences the stereochemistry of the acyl species formed.
De Novo Design, Synthesis, and Function of Semiartificial Myoglobin Conjugated with Coiled‐Coil Two‐α‐Helix Peptides
Authors: Sakamoto Seiji , Ito Atsushi , Kudo Kazuaki , Yoshikawa Susumu
Published: June 2004

The introduction of a flavin chromophore on the myoglobin (Mb) surface and an effective electron‐transfer (ET) reaction through the flavin were successfully achieved by utilizing the self‐assembly of heterostranded coiled‐coil peptides. We have prepared a semiartificial Mb, named Mb‐1αK, in which an amphiphilic and cationic α‐helix peptide is conjugated at the heme propionate (Heme‐1αK). Heme‐1αK has a covalently bound iron–protoporphyrin IX (heme) at the N terminus of a 1αK peptide sequence. This sequence was designed to form a heterostranded coiled‐coil in the presence of a counterpart amphiphilic and anionic 1αE peptide sequence in a parallel orientation. Two peptides, Fla1‐1αE and Fla31‐1αE, both incorporating a 10‐methylisoalloxazine moiety as an artificial flavin molecule, were also prepared (Fla=2‐[7‐(10‐methyl)isoalloxazinyl]‐2‐oxoethyl). Heme‐1αK was successfully inserted into apomyoglobin to give Mb‐1αK. Mb‐1αK recognized the flavin‐modified peptides and a two‐α‐helix structure was formed. In addition, an efficient ET from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to the heme center through the flavin unit was observed. The ET rate was faster in the presence of Fla1‐1αE than in the presence of Fla31‐1αE or the equivalent molecule that has no peptide chain. These results demonstrate that the introduction of a functional chromophore on the Mb surface can be achieved by using specific peptide–peptide interactions. Moreover, the dependence of the ET rate on the position of the flavin indicated that the distance between the heme active site and the flavin chromophore was regulated by the three‐dimensional structure of the designed polypeptide.
Analysis of the 13C NMR Spectra of Molecules, Chiral by Isotopic Substitution, Dissolved in a Chiral Oriented Environment: Towards the Absolute Assignment of the pro‐R/pro‐S Character of Enantiotopic Ligands in Prochiral Molecules
Authors: Lesot Philippe , Lafon Olivier , Courtieu Jacques , Berdagué Philippe
Published: June 2004

We examined and discuss the proton‐ and deuterium‐decoupled carbon‐13 1D spectrum of a molecule, chiral by virtue of the isotopic substitution, dissolved in a chiral oriented medium which simultaneously exhibits chiral discrimination, enantiomeric enrichment and isotope effect. Using the 1‐deutero‐(2′,3′,4′,5′,6′‐pentadeuterophenyl)phenylmethanol orientationally ordered in a chiral nematic liquid crystal as illustrative example, we point out three important features. First, we demonstrate that the absolute assignment of the pro‐R/pro‐S character may be derived from the absolute configuration of the isotopically chiral analogue. Second, we report evidence that isotopic effect on 13C chemical shift anisotropy is negligible in a weakly orienting solvent. Third, we definitely establish that the molecular orientation of prochiral Cs symmetry molecules and their parent compounds that are chiral by virtue of the isotopic substitution is the same.
Ionic Liquid Analogues Formed from Hydrated Metal Salts
Authors: Abbott Andrew P. , Capper Glen , Davies David L. , Rasheed Raymond K.
Published: June 2004

A dark green, viscous liquid can be formed by mixing choline chloride with chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate and the physical properties are characteristic of an ionic liquid. The eutectic composition is found to be 1:2 choline chloride/chromium chloride. The viscosity and conductivity are measured as a function of temperature and composition and explained in terms of the ion size and liquid void volume. The electrochemical response of the ionic liquid is also characterised and it is shown that chromium can be electrodeposited efficiently to yield a crack‐free deposit. This approach could circumvent the use of chromic acid for chromium electroplating, which would be a major environmental benefit. This method of using hydrated metal salts to form ionic liquids is shown to be valid for a variety of other salt mixtures with choline chloride.
Does Hydrogen Bonding Matter in Crystal Engineering? Crystal Structures of Salts of Isomeric Ions
Authors: Angeloni Alessandro , Crawford Paul C. , Orpen A. Guy , Podesta Thomas J. , Shore Benjamin J.
Published: June 2004

The preparation and structure determinations of the crystalline salts [3,3′‐H2bipy][PtCl4] (2), [2,2′‐H2bipy][PtCl4] (3) and [1,4′‐Hbipy][PtCl4] (4) and [3,3′‐H2bipy][SbCl5] (6) and [1,4′‐Hbipy][SbCl5] (8) are reported. In addition a redetermination of the structure of the metastable salt [4,4′‐H2bipy][SbCl5] (5 b) in the corrected space group Pbcm is described. These structures are compared to those of the known salt [4,4′‐H2bipy][PtCl4] (1), the stable triclinic form of [4,4′‐H2bipy][SbCl5] (5 a) and [2,2′‐H2bipy][SbCl5] (7). In the case of the salts of the rigid [PtCl4]2− ion, structures 2, 3 and 4 are essentially isostructural despite the differing hydrogen‐bonding capability of the cations. Similarly, among the salts of [SbCl5]2− ions, structures 7 and 8 are essentially isostructural. Structure 6 differs from these in having a differing pattern of aggregation of the [SbCl5]2− ions to form polymeric rather than tetrameric units. It is evident that local hydrogen‐bonding interactions, although significant, are not the only or even the decisive influence on the crystal structures formed by these salts. These observations are not in good accord with the heuristic “sticky tecton” or supramolecular synthon models for synthetic crystallography or crystal engineering.
Cover Picture: Triisobutylaluminium and Diisobutylaluminium Hydride as Molecular Scalpels: The Regioselective Stripping of Perbenzylated Sugars and Cyclodextrins (Chem. Eur. J. 12/2004)
Authors: Lecourt Thomas , Herault Alexandre , Pearce Alan J. , Sollogoub Matthieu , Sinaÿ Pierre
Published: June 2004

The cover picture shows how diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL‐H), acting as a scalpel, is able to achieve a remarkably regioselective ablation of two benzyl groups out of the sixteen present in a fully benzylated α‐cyclodextrin molecule. This is assimilated in this pictorial attempt, created by Karine Leroy, to molecular surgery. Such a selective de‐O‐benzylating reaction is also applicable to perbenzylated carbohydrates. For more details about the accuracy of this unprecedented chemical operation, which delivers valuable alcohols in one step, see the article by M. Sollogoub, P. Sinaÿ et al. on p. 2960 ff.
Li2.5V2(PO4)3: A Room‐Temperature Analogue to the Fast‐Ion Conducting High‐Temperature γ‐Phase of Li3V2(PO4)3.
Authors: Yin S.‐C. , Strobel P. S. , Grondey H. , Nazar L. F.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structure and Magnetism of Ce5Pb3O.
Authors: Macaluso Robin T. , Moreno N. O. , Fisk Z. , Thompson J. D. , Chan Julia Y.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ring‐Like Nanosheets Standing on Spindle‐Like Rods: Unusual ZnO Superstructures Synthesized from a Flakelike Precursor Zn5(OH)8Cl2×H2O.
Authors: Liu Biao , Yu Shu‐Hong , Zhang Fen , Li Linjie , Zhang Qiao , Ren Lei , Jiang Ke
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ba2AuTl7: An Intermetallic Compound with a Novel Condensed Structure.
Authors: Liu Shengfeng , Corbett John D.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Monitoring of α‐Bi2Mo3O12 Catalyst Formation Using Thermo‐Raman Spectroscopy.
Authors: Ghule Anil , Tzing Shin‐Hwa , Chang Jia‐Yaw , Ghule Kalyani , Chang Hua , Ling Yong Chien
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
High‐Luminance Y2O3: Eu3+ Phosphor Synthesis by High Temperature and Alkali Metal Ion‐Added Spray Pyrolysis.
Authors: Shimomura Yasuo , Kijima Naoto
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structure—Property Relationships in the Nonlinear Optical Crystal KTiOPO4 Investigated Using NMR and ab Initio DFT Calculations.
Authors: Thomas P. A. , Baldwin A. , Dupree R. , Blaha P. , Schwarz K. , Samoson A. , Gan Z. H.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Resolved Spin‐Density Distribution in the Prussian‐Blue Precursors Cs2K[Fe(CN)6] and Cs2K[Mn(CN)6].
Authors: Koehler Frank H. , Lescouezec Rodrigue
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Thermal Evolution of the Crystallographic and Magnetic Structure in LuVO3: A Neutron Diffraction Study.
Authors: Munoz A. , Alonso J. A. , Casais M. T. , Martinez‐Lope M. J. , Martinez J. L. , Fernandez‐Diaz M. T.
Published: June 2004

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Ce—Ti—Ge System at 1170 K.
Authors: Morozkin A. V.
Published: June 2004

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Nanocrystalline Ag—Fe—Sn Anode Materials for Li‐Ion Batteries.
Authors: Yin Jingtian , Wada Masashi , Tanase Shigeo , Sakai Tetsuo
Published: June 2004

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Pore‐Wall Chemistry and Photocatalytic Activity of Mesoporous Titania Molecular Sieve Films.
Authors: Yu Jimmy C. , Wang Xinchen , Fu Xianzhi
Published: June 2004

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Photocatalytic Activity for Water Decomposition of RuO2‐Dispersed Zn2GeO4 with d10 Configuration.
Authors: Sato J. , Kobayashi H. , Ikarashi K. , Saito N. , Nishiyama H. , Inoue Y.
Published: June 2004

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Nanocrystalline CeO2 Increases the Activity of Au for CO Oxidation by Two Orders of Magnitude.
Authors: Carrettin Silvio , Concepcion Patricia , Corma Avelino , Lopez Nieto Jose M. , Puntes Victor F.
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis and Characterization of Single Phase LixBC (x = 0.5 and 1.0), Using Li Hydride as a Starting Material.
Authors: Nakamori Yuko , Orimo Shin‐ichi
Published: June 2004

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The First Amine‐Templated Layered Metal Selenates.
Authors: Udayakumar D. , Dan Meenakshi , Rao C. N. R.
Published: June 2004

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The Solid‐State Molecular Structure of W(NO)3Cl3 and the Nature of Its W—NO Bonding.
Authors: Hayton Trevor W. , Patrick Brian O. , Legzdins Peter , McNeil W. Stephen
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis and Characterization of AU2Se6 (A: K, Cs).
Authors: Chan Benny C. , Hulvey Zeric , Abney Kent D. , Dorhout Peter K.
Published: June 2004

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A Prussian‐Blue Type Ferrimagnet Na[MnCr(CN)6]: Single Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties.
Authors: Dong Wen , Zhu Li‐Na , Song Hai‐Bin , Liao Dai‐Zheng , Jiang Zong‐Hui , Yan Shi‐Ping , Cheng Peng , Gao Song
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis, Structure, and the Unusual Magnetic Properties of an Amine‐Templated Iron(II) Sulfate Possessing the Kagome Lattice.
Authors: Rao C. N. R. , Sampathkumaran E. V. , Nagarajan R. , Paul Geo , Behera J. N. , Choudhury Amitava
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis and Structural Evolution of RuSb3, a New Metastable Skutterudite Compound.
Authors: Smalley Arwyn L. E. , Jespersen Michael L. , Johnson David C.
Published: June 2004

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Enantioselective Suzuki Reactions: Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Compounds Containing Quaternary Carbon Centers.
Authors: Willis Michael C. , Powell Luke H. W. , Claverie Christelle K. , Watson Simon J.
Published: June 2004

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Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐(Heteroaryl)alkylamines by 1,2‐Addition of Lithiated Hetarenes to Aldehyde‐SAMP‐hydrazones.
Authors: Enders Dieter , Del Signore Giuseppe
Published: June 2004

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Highly Stereoselective Reduction of Haloketones Using Three New Yeasts: Application to the Synthesis of (S)‐Adrenergic β‐Blockers Related to Propranolol.
Authors: Martinez Lagos Fernando , Carballeira Jose D. , Bermudez Jose L. , Alvarez Emilio , Sinisterra Jose V.
Published: June 2004

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Direct Substitution of the Hydroxy Group in Alcohols with Silyl Nucleophiles Catalyzed by Indium Trichloride.
Authors: Yasuda Makoto , Saito Takahiro , Ueba Masako , Baba Akio
Published: June 2004

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Catalytic Addition of Metalo‐Aldehyde Enolates to Ketones: A New C—C Bond‐Forming Hydrogenation.
Authors: Koech Phillip K. , Krische Michael J.
Published: June 2004

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Catalytic Allylic Oxidation with a Recyclable, Fluorous Seleninic Acid.
Authors: Crich David , Zou Yekui
Published: June 2004

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Electrolytic Partial Fluorination of Organic Compounds. Part 71. Highly Diastereoselective Anodic Fluorination of Sulfides Having Oxygen‐Containing Heterocyclic Groups.
Authors: Suzuki Katsutoshi , Fuchigami Toshio
Published: June 2004

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A Silicon Tether Approach for Addition of Functionalized Radicals to Chiral α‐Hydroxyhydrazones: Diastereoselective Additions of Hydroxymethyl and Vinyl Synthons.
Authors: Friestad Gregory K. , Massari Sara E.
Published: June 2004

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Formaldehyde Encapsulated in Zeolite: A Long‐Lived, Highly Activated One‐Carbon Electrophile to Carbonyl‐Ene Reactions.
Authors: Okachi Takahiro , Onaka Makoto
Published: June 2004

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Palladium—Indium Iodide‐Mediated Allylation and Propargylation of Glyoxylic Oxime Ether and Hydrazone: The Role of Water in Directing the Diastereoselective Allylation.
Authors: Miyabe Hideto , Yamaoka Yousuke , Naito Takeaki , Takemoto Yoshiji
Published: June 2004

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The Sonogashira Coupling Reaction Catalyzed by Ultrafine Nickel(0) Powder.
Authors: Wang Lei , Li Pinhua , Zhang Yicheng
Published: June 2004

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Investigation of the Behavior of Arenediazonium Salts with Olefins in BmimPF6.
Authors: Kabalka George W. , Dong Gang , Venkataiah Bollu
Published: June 2004

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Ring‐Closing Olefin Metathesis and Radical Cyclization as Competing Pathways.
Authors: Schmidt Bernd , Pohler Michael , Costisella Burkhard
Published: June 2004

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Boric Acid Catalyzed Chemoselective Esterification of α‐Hydroxycarboxylic Acids.
Authors: Houston Todd A. , Wilkinson Brendan L. , Blanchfield Joanne T.
Published: June 2004

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Dialkylaminoacetonitrile Derivatives as Amide Synthons. A One‐Pot Preparation of Heteroaryl Amides via a Strategy of Sequential SNAr Substitution and Oxidation.
Authors: Zhang Zhongxing , Yin Zhiwei , Kadow John F. , Meanwell Nicholas A. , Wang Tao
Published: June 2004

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Selective ortho‐Cleavage of Methoxymethyl‐ and 4‐Methoxybenzyl Ethers.
Authors: Keith John M.
Published: June 2004

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Catalytic, Asymmetric Synthesis and Diastereoselective Aldol Reactions of Dipropionate Equivalents.
Authors: Calter Michael A. , Song Wei , Zhou Jianguang
Published: June 2004

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2,3‐Bifunctionalized Aziridines: Regioselective MgBr2‐Mediated Opening under “Chelation Controlled” Conditions.
Authors: Righi Giuliana , Catullo Simona
Published: June 2004

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Reactions of 2,2‐Dihydropolyfluoroalkylaldehydes with Amines: A Facile Synthetic Method for Fluoroalkyl Enaminoketones.
Authors: Yang Xian‐Jin , Liu Jin‐Tao , Zhao Fu‐Lu
Published: June 2004

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Concomitant Desulfurization and Transesterification of Alkyl Thionocarbamates.
Authors: Joshi Uday M. , Patkar Laxmikant N. , Rajappa Srinivasachari
Published: June 2004

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Preparation of Bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane‐2‐endo,7‐endo‐diols: 1,3‐Diols with a Chiral Rigid Backbone.
Authors: Peri Francesca , Binassi Enrico , Manetto Antonio , Marotta Emanuela , Mazzanti Andrea , Righi Paolo , Scardovi Neomi , Rosini Goffredo
Published: June 2004

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Potassium Phosphate Catalyzed Nitroaldol Reaction.
Authors: Desai Uday V. , Pore D. M. , Mane R. B. , Solabannavar S. B. , Wadgaonkar P. P.
Published: June 2004

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Molecular Complexes of Phenols with Dicyclohexylamine.
Authors: Komissarova N. L. , Vol'eva V. B. , Belostotskaya I. S. , Kurkovskaya L. N. , Starikova Z. A.
Published: June 2004

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Regioselectivity of Pd‐Catalyzed Additions of Organoboronic Acids to Unsymmetrical Alkynes.
Authors: Kim Nakjoon , Kim Ki Seong , Gupta Aruna Kumar , Oh Chang Ho
Published: June 2004

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Double‐Chelation‐Assisted Rh‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Hydroacylation Between Salicylaldehydes and 1,4‐Penta‐ or 1,5‐Hexadienes.
Authors: Imai Masanori , Tanaka Masakazu , Tanaka Keitaro , Yamamoto Yoichiro , Imai‐Ogata Naoko , Shimowatari Masato , Nagumo Shinji , Kawahara Norio , Suemune Hiroshi
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis and Cytotoxic Effect of Carbocyclic Potential Minor Groove Binders.
Authors: Bartulewicz Danuta , Anchim Tomasz , Dabrowska Milena , Midura‐Nowaczek Krystyna
Published: June 2004

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Phosphine Oxides as Efficient Neutral Coordinate‐Organocatalysts for Stereoselective Allylation of N‐Acylhydrazones.
Authors: Ogawa Chikako , Konishi Hideyuki , Sugiura Masaharu , Kobayashi Shu
Published: June 2004

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The Thiazolium‐Catalyzed Sila‐Stetter Reaction: Conjugate Addition of Acylsilanes to Unsaturated Esters and Ketones.
Authors: Mattson Anita E. , Bharadwaj Ashwin R. , Scheidt Karl A.
Published: June 2004

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Reactive Barium‐Promoted Reformatsky‐Type Reaction of α‐Chloroketones with Aldehydes.
Authors: Yanagisawa Akira , Takahashi Hiroshi , Arai Takayoshi
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis of Indans Through Coupling of Ethynylstyrene Derivatives with Carbene Complexes.
Authors: Zhang Lei , Herndon James W.
Published: June 2004

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Nickel‐Catalyzed Highly Chemoselective Cocyclotrimerization of Arynes with Allenes: A Novel Method for 10‐Methylene‐9,10‐dihydrophenanthrenes.
Authors: Hsieh Jen‐Chieh , Rayabarapu Dinesh Kumar , Cheng Chien‐Hong
Published: June 2004

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The First Fullerene—Heterofullerene Dyad.
Authors: Hauke Frank , Herranz M. Angeles , Echegoyen Luis , Guldi Dirk , Hirsch Andreas , Atalick Stefan
Published: June 2004

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Acetonitrile Derivatives as Carbonyl Synthons. One‐Pot Preparation of Diheteroaryl Ketones via a Strategy of Sequential SNAr Substitution and Oxidation.
Authors: Yin Zhiwei , Zhang Zhongxing , Kadow John F. , Meanwell Nicholas A. , Wang Tao
Published: June 2004

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Lewis Acid Promoted Carbon—Carbon Bond Cleavage of Aziridines: Divergent Cycloaddition Pathways of the Derived Ylides.
Authors: Pohlhaus Patrick D. , Bowman Roy K. , Johnson Jeffrey S.
Published: June 2004

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Bimetallic Reagents of Silicon: One‐Pot Synthesis of 2,3,5‐Trisubstituted Tetrahydrofurans by a Double Sakurai—Hosomi Reaction.
Authors: Sarkar Tarun K. , Haque Sk. Anwarul , Basak Arindrajit
Published: June 2004

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The Three‐Component Reaction of Dicarbomethoxycarbene, Aldehydes, and β‐Nitrostyrenes: A Stereoselective Synthesis of Substituted Tetrahydrofurans.
Authors: Nair Vijay , Mathai Sindhu , Varma R. Luxmi
Published: June 2004

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Regioselective Synthesis of 5‐Alkylidene and 5‐(Iodoalkylidene)‐pyrrol‐2(5H)‐ones by Halolactamization of (2Z,4E)‐Dienamides and (Z)‐Alk‐2‐en‐4‐ynamides.
Authors: Cherry Khalil , Thibonnet Jerome , Duchene Alain , Parrain Jean‐Luc , Abarbri Mohamed
Published: June 2004

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Anti‐HIV‐1 Activity of Pyrryl Aryl Sulfone (PAS) Derivatives: Synthesis and SAR Studies of Novel Esters and Amides at the Position 2 of the Pyrrole Nucleus.
Authors: Silvestri Romano , Artico Marino , La Regina Giuseppe , De Martino Gabriella , La Colla Massimiliano , Loddo Roberta , Colla Paolo
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Neutrophilic Inflammation Inhibitors.
Authors: Bruno Olga , Brullo Chiara , Arduino Nicoletta , Schenone Silvia , Ranise Angelo , Bondavalli Francesco , Ottonello Luciano , Dapino Patrizia , Dallegri Franco
Published: June 2004

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Addition of Carbon Nucleophiles to Cyclic N‐Acyliminium Ions in SDS/Water.
Authors: Camilo Nilton Soares , Pilli Ronaldo Aloise
Published: June 2004

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Cycloaddition Reactions of Polyfluoroalkylthioncarboxylic Acid Derivatives with Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD).
Authors: Rudnichenko A. V. , Timoshenko V. M. , Shermolovich Yu. G.
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis of Aryl‐ and Heteroaryl‐Substituted 3‐Benzyloxyisothiazoles via Suzuki and Negishi Cross‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Kaae Birgitte H. , Krogsgaard‐Larsen Povl , Johansen Tommy N.
Published: June 2004

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Practical Preparation of N‐(1‐Alkynyl)sulfonamides and Their Remote Diastereoselective Addition to Aldehydes via Titanation.
Authors: Hirano Shuji , Tanaka Ryoichi , Urabe Hirokazu , Sato Fumie
Published: June 2004

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The First 1‐Alkyl‐3‐perfluoroalkyl‐4,5‐dimethyl‐1,2,4‐triazolium Salts.
Authors: Xue Hong , Twamley Brendan , Shreeve Jean'ne M.
Published: June 2004

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Simple and Efficient Cleavage Reaction of the Boc Group in Heterocyclic Compounds.
Authors: Nadia Klai , Malika Berredjem , Nawel Khettache , MedYazid Belghit , Zine Regainia , Aouf Nour‐Eddine
Published: June 2004

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A Unified Synthesis of Bifunctional 4‐Substituted‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline Derivatives.
Authors: Bernabeu M. Carmen , Diaz Jose Luis , Jimenez Oscar , Lavilla Rodolfo
Published: June 2004

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New Methodology for Acridine Synthesis Using a Rhodium‐Catalyzed Benzannulation.
Authors: Belmont Philippe , Andrez Jean‐Christophe , Allan Charlotte S. M.
Published: June 2004

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New Straightforward Quinoline Synthesis from the Mannich Reaction of α‐Ketohydrazones.
Authors: Bailliez Vincent , El Kaim Laurent , Michaut Valerie
Published: June 2004

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Simple Synthesis of Some Diphenylsulfapyrimidine Acetates from Chalcones and Their Antimicrobial Activity.
Authors: Wasfy A. A. F. , Aly A. A.
Published: June 2004

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Microwave Assisted Aza‐Wittig Reactions of N‐Imidoyliminophosphorane with Aldehydes: A Convenient and Selective Route to Quinazolines.
Authors: Kumar Vipan , Sharma Ashwini , Mahajan Mohinder P.
Published: June 2004

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