bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cavarero, Kant, and the Arcs of Friendship
Authors: Battersby Christine
Published: September 2021

This etude considers the discussion between Adriana Cavarero, Judith Butler, and Bonnie Honig with regards to the role of Kant for a postural ethics: an engraved champagne glass is inscribed with the names of Kant and several of his English merchant and shipping friends, an English motto, and the date 30 August 1763—the time of a banking crash which economists have compared to that of September 1998. The motto emblematises an ideal of friendship across national borders, and the mutual dependence of one adult self on another in a time of crisis, panic, and military and economic instability. I will argue that, in our own dangerous times, there are merits to Kant’s ideal of relations modelled on friendship, rather than dependencies linked to maternity and vulnerability.
Nation/Qaum: The “Musalmans” of India
Authors: Khan Maryam Wasif
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the period of Muslim reform that came in the wake of the Mutiny of 1857. It argues that a second wave of literary invention takes place in North India which attempts to recast the once-aristocratic, culturally cosmpolitan Muslim as a compliant bourgeois cog in the colonial machinery. In particular, it examines how Muslim women are reinvented in the works of Nazir Ahmad, Altaf Hussain Hali, and Abdul Halim Sharar as the socio-religious reformers of an emergent qaum or nation. Above all, it argues how a modern Muslim identity is now located as originally foreign to India.
Earth Unbounded
Authors: Albernaz Joseph
Published: September 2021

This chapter engages German Romantic writers Friedrich Hölderlin and Karoline von Günderrode to show how their work imagines a concept of earth that refuses and undoes operations of hierarchical division, appropriation, and enclosure (what Carl Schmitt referred to as nomos). In dialogue with contemporaneous German idealist notions of universality and judgment, Hölderlin and Günderrode ultimately deflect from these maneuvers in order to affirm earth as being-in-common that precedes the universal. The general ecology implied in this Romantic thinking of earth unfolds in a political-theological key and registers new conceptual affiliations with important problematics in contemporary theory, especially with regard to political and ecological discourses on the common(s).
Kant with Sade with Hegel
Authors: Timofeeva Oxana
Published: September 2021

The chapter approaches Hegel’s idea of reconciliation with reality, focusing on the figure of enjoyment presented in the Preface to the Elements of the Philosophy of Right and the voice of reason as the source of an insight that elevates reason to the peak of enjoyment. The voice is theorized as what connects Hegel’s imperative of the enjoyment of reason with two other imperatives—the Kantian imperative of reason and the Sadean imperative of enjoyment. Hegel’s absolute freedom is interpreted as the form of consciousness where the opposites of Kant and Sade, i.e., moral and immoral, reason and enjoyment, intertwine. From this perspective, Hegel’s philosophy of the French Revolution and the revolutionary terror is considered as a turning point between the solitude of consciousness and the ethical community, or the “we” that creates a utopian horizon within the post-apocalyptic political-theological situation of the death of God and the end of the world.
The Art of Forgetting
Authors: Karaca Banu
Published: September 2021

Chapter 4 examines decivilizing moments that constitute silences in national art histories and yet are formative for the art world in Germany and Turkey. These silences include art collections that are historically related to the dispossession of minorities during the Holocaust in Germany and the Armenian genocide and subsequent discriminatory practices (e.g., the wealth tax for non-Muslims, 1942) in Turkey. The chapter traces the tensions that have arisen in Germany’s struggle to re-acquire modernist works purged from its institutions during the Third Reich, a process that has often been aided by capital that is itself of Nazi provenance. It shows how East Germany’s socialist art came to be seen as a deviation from the modern paradigm in a reunited Germany, so much so that it was declared aesthetically and morally bankrupt and equated to Nazi cultural production. It outlines similarly forgotten processes in Turkey, e.g., a series of works created during the Anatolian painting tours (1938–43). “Failing” to adequately represent Turkey’s modernization, they have been lost to this day. Discussing artistic interventions of Stih and Schnock (Berlin) and Dilek Winchester (Istanbul), it shows how artists break these silences on historical instances deemed unspeakable within the civilizing narrative of the state.
The Politics of Art and Censorship
Authors: Karaca Banu
Published: September 2021

Chapter 5 traces how art deemed outside of the state’s civilizing discourse is met with censorship. It expands the definition of censorship beyond explicit bans and suppressions of artworks by the state, as such bans have become technically speaking difficult to enforce and somewhat unnecessary. Instead, it highlights processes of (partial) silencing, including incentives for self-censorship and delegitimization as well as modes of foreclosure that authoritatively frame the production and reception of art. At the center of the chapter are the attempts to censor the exhibitions Regarding Terror, thematizing media perceptions of the Red Army Faction (Berlin, 2005), and Freekick (Istanbul, 2005), mainly featuring works on the “Kurdish question” and other instances of state violence. Under the shadow of the “global war on terror” and each country’s historical challenges with “security politics,” critics of both exhibitions construed arts and politics as incommensurable. Outlining how freedom of expression is circumscribed by official memory regimes in Turkey and Germany, the chapter analyzes different modes of censorship and the variety of actors engaged in it. It highlights that silencing efforts use the argument of the autonomy of art not to shield art from political intervention but to suppress political expression through the arts.
Instead of a Conclusion
Authors: Karaca Banu
Published: September 2021

The concluding chapter turns to more recent encounters between Turkey and Germany in the form of artist exchanges and “intercultural dialogue,” showing how these programs continue to feed into asymmetric perceptions. The chapter reiterates that analyzing the historical entanglements of Turkey and Germany through decivilizing moments unsettles the asymmetric perception between “Western” and “non-Western” art. It argues that the emancipatory potential of art lies in accounting for rather than trying to reconcile the contradictions in the workings of the art world discussed in the study. The postscript surveys some recent developments (2015–2020): the coup attempt, the surge of political violence and war, the curtailing of democratic structures and human rights in Turkey; and the rise of the far right and new museum mega-projects that aim to resurrect a glorious past with colonial collections of questionable provenance in Germany. These developments not only engender attacks on artistic memory but present new iterations of the sway that ideas of “national art” hold in politics. The cases of Istanbul and Berlin continue to provide insights into how—under the impetus of rising nationalism around the world—local formations of the global art world are being called back into the nation frame.
Impossible Hospitality
Authors: Kearney Richard , Fitzpatrick Melissa
Published: September 2021

With Chapter 5’s hermeneutic of Kantian hospitality in mind, this chapter will analyze the post-Kantian shift to philosophies of hospitality—in particular, Emmanuel Levinas’s philosophy of hospitality par excellence, but also briefly that of Hannah Arendt, who serves as a middle way between Kant and Levinas. This chapter will probe Levinas’s original account of who we are (exposed, vulnerable, for-others, hosts, hostages, substituting-for-the-other, infinitely responsible) in relation to what makes hospitality as first philosophy impossible—namely, that it is not (contra Kant) an act of the will or a decision we can make. I will end by turning to Arendt’s more explicitly political-practical-possible account of what I call “natal hospitality” as a continuation of, and response, to hospitality’s perceived impossibility.
Postscript
Authors: Kearney Richard , Fitzpatrick Melissa
Published: September 2021

While a full treatment of what an ethics of hospitality to nonhuman strangers might entail exceeds the scope of the current project—which has primarily focused on hospitality to the human other—we want to briefly mention how environmental other-than-human issues might be understood through the framework we present here. It seems clear that hospitality can work as a paradigm for ecological action, countering the way so many of us are able to hostilely look the other way in regard to environmental concerns because we are more interested in maintaining self-interested habits—not understanding ourselves as part of a fragile ecological web with the nonhuman world. Leaving nature alone—that is, respecting nature—is itself an act of hospitality that refuses hostile acts of exploitation and manipulation. Welcoming nature into our lives and letting nature welcome us back is another step yet to be taken.
Robinson Crusoe and the Inception of Speech
Authors: Ohi Kevin
Published: September 2021

Dwelling on the strange redundancies and formal excesses of Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe, this chapter traces in the novel’s paradoxically exorbitant consolidation of interiority the inception of the psychological novel. In the novel’s allegory, Crusoe is removed (by two shipwrecks) to his solitary island, where the social can be reconstituted and produced as a drama of one. The chapter explores several instances of the expropriating, anticipatory, self-grounding structure of character formation in the novel: the dream anticipating the appearance of Friday, whose language lessons are anticipated, in turn, by the speech of the parrot. Briefly considering J.M. Coetzee’s Foe, the chapter then turns to Jean-Claude Milner’s essay “Être-Seul,” which traces a paradoxical relation between the speaking subject and the social world of speech, one that rhymes with Defoe’s allegory of inception. The solitude of the speaking being, Milner suggests, is the ground of his speaking. Marooned by the very faculty of speech that would ostensibly allow us to address another or others, this solitude, however, portends a paradoxical form of community. We have it, paradoxically, in common, that we are each of us alone; Milner’s account of the solitude of speech thus illuminates the layered account of inception in Defoe.
“Epitaph, the Idiom of Man”
Authors: Ohi Kevin
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the intertwined power and impotence of human speech, starting from Eudora Welty’s story “Circe.” In “torment,” Circe seeks the secret of human grief; immortal, she finds that her words cannot reach the metaphors to which mortal speech has access. To explore this “frailty,” the chapter traces a passage from Ovid as it is cited by Shakespeare in The Tempest, Milton in Paradise Lost (at the crucial moment of Adam’s telling of his awakening into life), and then Wordsworth in the Immortality Ode. A layered confession of powerlessness is also, in each instance, an invocation of poetic power. The chapter isolates a particular phrase in Wordsworth as an index of its paradoxical formulation of the power of human frailty—“there is” of poetic positing—and then traces some of its appearances in elegiac poetry to link positing to “frailty”: in George Oppen’s “The Image of the Engine,” read as a rewriting of the Immortality Ode, and, briefly, in short poems by Mark Strand and Louise Glück. The chapter concludes by turning to the abyssal consideration of positing in a more monumental work in a different genre, albeit still in elegy: Gertrude’s speech announcing Ophelia’s death in Shakespeare’s Hamlet.
Introduction
Authors: Strouse A. W.
Published: September 2021

This introduction describes the surprisingly frequent invocation of circumcision and uncircumcision as a multifaceted metaphor from antiquity, through the medieval period, into modernity. Circumcision as a signifier of sacrality figures heavily in Jewish thought, while in classical and Hellenistic Greece, the presence of an intact foreskin signified self-control and the avoidance of excess. These conceptions influenced novel Christian theological and literary invocations of the prepuce throughout antiquity and the European Middle Ages, persisting down to the modern era, as in the notable case of Ezra Pound musing that he had gestated Eliot’s “The Waste Land” in his foreskin.
Saint Augustine and the Boy with the Long Foreskin
Authors: Strouse A. W.
Published: September 2021

Augustine—who in the Confessions echoes Moses in praying that God will “circumcise [his] physical and spiritual [lips] from all presumption and deceit”—deploys Paul’s allegorical reading of un/circumcision in his commentary on Genesis, De Genesi ad litteram. Here he relates the story of a boy whose “immoderately long” foreskin troubles him with fits and theological visions, during which he is directed to be circumcised and then baptized. Augustine uses this narrative to illustrate his theory of layered exegesis.
Nicking Sir Gawain
Authors: Strouse A. W.
Published: September 2021

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is shaped by numerous references to circumcision—the action temporally begins on the Feast of the Circumcision, major narrative turns are denoted by the cutting of flesh (including a non-lethal decapitation), and the form of the poem is marked by cuts and foreshortened scenes. Through this cutting, the poem interrogates and undermines chivalric masculinity, while the poem’s female figures challenge the gendering of the textual body as male. Through the resulting, queer reading, the poem can be read as a translation of the Pauline allegory of circumcision into the vernacular register (and the elevation of the chivalric vernacular to the spiritual).
THe Foreskin of Marriage
Authors: Strouse A. W.
Published: September 2021

Following a robust medieval tradition of theorizing the sacrament of marriage in terms of Paul’s “circumcision of the heart” in Romans 2, an early glossator of Chaucer’s Wife of Bath’s Tale describes wives (and thus the Wife) as “foreskins” for their husbands. The Wife—with her numerous husbands—vernacularizes and feminizes this preputial allegory in order to sacramentalize her heterodox approach to marriage.
Introduction
Authors: Sun Emily
Published: September 2021

The Introduction situates the book’s approach to comparative literature in relation to recent debates in the field over the status of “world literature.” It historicizes the notion of world literature in terms of the global disciplinary history of literary studies, contextualizing redefinitions of literature and efforts to write literary modernity in terms of connected yet heterogeneous epistemic shifts in eighteenth-century Europe and early twentieth-century China. It introduces the design of the book and offers chapter summaries. And it explains how efforts to write literary modernity in the asynchronous periods of Romantic England and Republican China constitute experiments also with new socio-political forms of life in different cultural contexts.
Shakespearean Retellings and the Question of the Common Reader
Authors: Sun Emily
Published: September 2021

Chapter 2 moves from the high register of the literary manifesto, with its claims to inaugurate and emancipate, to the middling register of the tale collection, whose aim is to enchant and entertain. The tale collection has long held popular appeal across cultures, serving as vehicle for the recounting of adventures in faraway places or supernatural events in everyday life. This chapter approaches Charles and Mary Lamb’s 1806 Tales from Shakespeare, a redaction of twenty plays by Shakespeare for children, as a variation on such a form. It studies translator Lin Shu’s 1904 translation of the Lambs’ Tales as Yinbian Yanyu, the first Shakespearean text of any sort to appear in China. It examines how each set of Shakespearean retellers manipulates the form of the tale collection to address and fashion an imagined “common reader”—that quintessentially nineteenth-century character of global literary and cultural history whose ascendancy in various locales is predicated on the spread of literacy and the increasing accessibility of printed matter.
Between the Theater and the Novel
Authors: Sun Emily
Published: September 2021

Chapter 4 investigates the domestic novel as a literary form in which the woman as protagonist and the site of the household come to the fore as subject and scene of modernity. It concentrates on novels by two of the form’s pre-eminent practitioners in English and Chinese, Jane Austen and Eileen Chang, who have drawn comparisons to each other for their clear, even cold-eyed, depictions of social and economic constraints on femininity and the complexity of feminine interiority. It reads together Austen’s 1814 Mansfield Park and Chang’s 1967 novels, Yuannü and The Rouge of the North, rewritings of her 1943 novella Jinsuo ji. These novels show how changes in the articulation of femininity in different historical and cultural contexts take place in correlation to redefinitions of the status of the household itself as site of modern life. Each novel incorporates the medium of theater to restage “woman” as modern agent and spectatorial subject on the plane of the ordinary.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 10, No. 7, 2021
Authors: Sun Susan
Published: September 2021

Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 10, No. 7, 2021
Position of the Board of Directors in Higher Education Institutions in Mongolia - Focusing on Analysis of Founder’s Representatives
Authors: Jargalsaikhan Jargalmaa
Published: September 2021

In 1995, during the process of democratization, Mongolia established a Law on Education and a Law on Higher Education. These laws positioned the board of directors as the ultimate decision-making body within each university and stipulated that the board’s membership include the representatives of the university’s founder, faculty members, students, parents, and alumni, enabling a wide range of people to participate in university governance. At the same time, it was stipulated that the representatives nominated by the founder would account for 51-60% of the board’s membership, giving them a majority that runs counter to the principle of introducing greater diversity into the board. This article examines the positioning of the board of directors in Mongolian higher education institutions through reviews of documents and the websites of existing higher education institutions. In particular, this article clarifies the position of the board of directors as the mainstay of governance systems in both national and private universities in Mongolia. These findings are expected not only to further understanding of Mongolian higher education but also to furnish new insights into the board of directors as an organ for both internal control and external connection. This study offers implications for future research in the field of comparative education on higher education’s governance reform in line with globalization and marketization.
Influencing Performance Measurements through Varying Packet Capacities of Queue Nodes - DRED
Authors: Ababneh Jafar
Published: September 2021

This paper explores the impact of changes to the packet capacities of queue nodes on the performance of congestion algorithms. The dynamic random early drop (DRED) algorithm is crucial in managing congestion, predicting it, and selecting the optimal packet number. Two performance measures were employed to evaluate the effect of varying packet capacities, namely throughput and average queuing delay. Plasticity and efficacy of varying capacities of queue nodes was examined, and varying packet capacities of queue nodes were compared to assess performance. The first queue node performed more effectively than the second queue node in terms of throughput, while the second queue node outperformed the third queue node on both measures.
Receiving healthcare for drug-resistant TB: a cross-sectional survey from Pakistan
Authors: Abbas S. , Denholm J. , Kermode M. , Xiaoguang Y. , Kane S.
Published: September 2021

OBJECTIVE: To describe and quantify patients’ self-reported experiences of receiving healthcare from Pakistan’s Programmatic Management of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (PMDT) model of care, and to understand these experiences within the broader context of Pakistan’s
health system.METHOD: This was a cross-sectional survey of patients attending three PMDT clinics in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province in Pakistan.RESULTS: The median consultation time at the PMDT clinics was 10 minutes. In their most recent visit to the PMDT clinic, 34.9% of
patients spent >40% of their monthly income to access treatment. To specify, 71% of patients reported spending out-of-pocket for ancillary medicines and 44.7% for laboratory tests. In 10.5% of cases, medicines for drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) were dispensed without the patient attending the
clinic. Only 43.7% of treatment supporters regularly accompanied patients to the clinic, and 6% supervised the patient’s intake of medicines. Disbursement of financial support was irregular in 98.6% of cases. Only 6.2% of patients received their daily injections from a public facility,
the rest went elsewhere.CONCLUSION: Several shortcomings in PMDT services, including hurried consultations, irregularities in financial support, and gaps in Pakistan’s broader health system undermined healthcare experience of patients with DR-TB. To improve health outcomes
and patients’ care experience these service gaps need to be addressed.
Does neuromonitoring affect voice quality in patients subjected to a complete thyroidectomy ?
Authors: Bryk Piotr , Głuszek Stanislaw
Published: September 2021

Voice dysfunction is the most common complication of thyroid surgery. The use of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) is to protect the recurrent laryngeal nerves, the damage of which causes voice dysfunction.

The aim of the study was to evaluate voice quality in patients who underwent complete thyroidectomy operated on with the application of IONM as well as a group of patients operated on with only macroscopic nerve visualization. In the analysis, clinical voice assessment was performed with particular focus on voice efficiency using the Voice Handicap Index (VHI), Vocal Tract Discomfort (VTD) and GRBAS scale.

The study group consisted of 205 patients operated on with IONM. The control group consisted of 162 patients subjected to surgery only with macroscopic visualization of recurrent laryngeal nerves, without IONM. During the follow-up period from 2 to 10 years after surgery, checkups were performed. Each patient who came for a checkup was subjected to perceptual voice evaluation with the use of the GRBAS scale, indirect laryngoscopy procedure and voice selfevaluation with two questionnaires (VHI and VTD).

The frequency of vocal fold palsy did not differ significantly statistically in the study group and the control group. Both in the study group and in the control group, patients with vocal fold paralysis had statistically significantly higher results in the VHI and VTD questionnaires as well as in the GRBAS study.

Patients with recurrent laryngeal nerve injury show significant differences in the scope of voice handicap, both in the voice quality assessment with the use of the GRBAS scale, and self-evaluation questionnaires: VHI and VTD. All voice disorders evaluated with self-assessment are medium voice disability.
Natural preparations supporting the treatment of coronary heart disease: a narrative review
Authors: Sidor Aleksandra
Published: September 2021

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is currently the most common cause of death in the world. Diet plays a significant role in the treatment of CHD. The purpose of this review is to present the current knowledge on
natural products, including soybeans, garlic, black coffee, tea, and monounsaturated fatty acids, as well as
components of the Mediterranean diet and Portfolio diet in supporting the treatment of CHD. A literature
search was carried out in a scientific search engine database. Combinations of the following terms were used:
“coronary heart disease”, “ischemic heart disease”, and “natural preparation of CHD”. Scientific publications
were systematically examined to identify both direct and indirect evidence that met the aims of this review.
Only articles that considered human subjects were included. After the selection process, a total of 28 articles were included in the review. The main findings were as follows: Garlic ameliorates the function of the
endothelium, blood pressure parameters, and lipid profiles. Coffee improves glucose metabolism and shows
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Tea ameliorates the lipid profile. Monounsaturated fatty acids
show antioxidant properties. The Mediterranean diet has antihypertensive and antioxidant properties and
reduces inflammation. The Portfolio diet shows lipid-lowering and antioxidant properties. Diet in CHD is an
extremely important factor supporting treatment and can significantly modify the parameters of cardiovascular risk. However, there is still a need for more research on the properties of natural products and their
health effects.
Revulsion and Abject Materiality
Authors: Mullins Paul R.
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the central scholarly concepts in a contemporary archaeology of revulsion. Labeling particular things revolting is a rhetorical device intended to bring them into contemplation, and the chapter examines how this notion of revulsion shapes the way we define archaeology, materiality, public scholarship, and dark heritage. The chapter argues for a broad notion of archaeology that focuses on primary archival resources and ethnohistorical evidence of material experience to narrate a particular range of difficult histories.
“All Those Things Desirable for a Map to Show”
Authors: Murray Robert
Published: September 2021

Chapter 2 examines the geographic and spatial logic that undergirded colonization. By occupying the “civilizing” space of Liberia, degraded American blackness was transformed into exotic, and “civilized,” whiteness. One of the keys to this transformation was to project Liberia as a tiny United States in which Americo-Liberians served as masters of their own “civilized” space. Critical to the perception of “civilized” white settlers and degraded black Africans was the requirement that “heathen” Africans be separate and beyond the limits of “civilization,” so as to not taint the space with their barbarity, while simultaneously projecting control over the black bodies of the African inhabitants. Cartography and maps of Liberia proved useful tools in this complex dance of establishing separation and togetherness, distance and control, simultaneously.
“The Effect Was Immediate”
Authors: Noyalas Jonathan A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on how the Shenandoah Valley’s African Americans reacted to John Brown’s raid and how enslavers in the region responded. Although throngs of enslaved people and free blacks from the Shenandoah Valley did not join Brown’s army of liberation in large numbers as Brown had hoped, this chapter illustrates that once the Valley’s enslaved learned of Brown’s attempt to strike a blow against slavery they employed various methods of resistance including arson and killing livestock to show their support for Brown’s actions, unnerving enslavers. This chapter examines the efforts of not only whites in the Valley to prevent Brown’s attack from sparking a broader insurrection through an increase in slave patrols but also enslavers’ attempts to downplay the events of Brown’s raid, advancing the notion that enslaved people in the Shenandoah Valley did not support Brown and remained loyal to their enslavers. At the epicenter of this particular discussion is the story of Heyward Shepherd, a free black man who became the raid’s first casualty.
“This Causes Great Excitement”
Authors: Noyalas Jonathan A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the experiences of African Americans in the Shenandoah Valley from the beginning of 1864 through the Civil War’s end in the spring of 1865. In addition to utilizing a recruiting mission of the 19th United States Colored Troops (USCTs) in early April 1864 to discuss the challenges USCTs confronted, including the decision to enlist and the contributions they made to the Union war effort, this chapter also highlights the continued contributions of the Valley’s African Americans to the Union war effort via non-combatant roles, especially espionage. Of particular note are the efforts of Thomas Laws, an enslaved man from Clarke County, Virginia, who played a significant role in intelligence gathering for Union general Philip Sheridan during the 1864 Shenandoah Campaign. Finally, this chapter concludes with an examination of the simultaneous joy and uncertainty which gripped African Americans when they learned of Union victory in the spring of 1865. Although Union military success meant slavery’s annihilation, this chapter illustrates that African Americans realized they would confront an entirely new set of challenges in the postwar period.
Small but Deadly
Authors: Walters Dale
Published: September 2021

This chapter looks at the first of several major diseases of cacao, black pod, which is responsible for huge losses in cacao production every year. It deals with the pathogens responsible, Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora megakarya, looking at their biology, and how understanding their biology and ecology can help in devising methods to control the disease and minimize its impact. The chapter takes us through the history of black pod research and the people involved in trying to understand this devastating disease. The need for vigilance is highlighted, since P. megakarya, which causes large losses in cacao production in West Africa, has not yet spread to other cacao-growing regions of the world.
Cacao, Shade, and Agroforestry
Authors: Walters Dale
Published: September 2021

In its natural habitat, cacao grows in the shade of larger trees. In fact, 70 percent of the world’s cacao is grown with some level of shade. This comes mostly from native forest trees, thinned out to provide space for cacao seedlings to be planted, or to a lesser extent, from trees specially planted to provide shade. This mixture of shade trees and shrubs creates a three-tier canopy, resulting in a multi-species system similar in structure and function to a forest, known as an agroforest. Cacao agroforestry systems include full-sun cacao, diversified-shade cacao, and specialized-shade cacao. Achieving an appropriate level of shading for cacao is important, since it affects yield and can influence pest and disease outbreaks. Shade in cacao also helps to maintain biodiversity, so getting shade right in cacao agroforestry is important. This chapter examines the benefits and problems associated with growing cacao with and without shade.
Chocolate
Authors: Walters Dale
Published: September 2021

More than half of the world’s chocolate comes from two countries in West Africa where it is produced by smallholders working just a few acres of land, and who have likely never tasted chocolate. Cacao is a cash crop, accounting for a large percentage of family income in many countries. These incomes are low and represent a fraction of the price of a bar of chocolate. Cultivating cacao is a family affair and in some countries, cacao farmers are too poor to not have their children working on the farm. But child labour on cacao farms can include more than children of the family—children from neighbouring areas or countries leave their homes in search of paid employment. Taken to farms with the promise of getting paid for their work, they find themselves working for no money and with barely adequate food and shelter. Although the use of child labor on cacao farms in West Africa was discovered nearly twenty years ago, the problem persists. This chapter examines the many challenges facing the global chocolate industry, including grower poverty and child labor, and the efforts being made to tackle these problems.
Theaterstadt Schleswig von 1945 bis 1950
Authors: Suttkus Arne
Published: September 2021

Im Jahr 1945 stand nicht nur Deutschland als politische Einheit an einer Schwelle der Ungewissheit, der oft beschworenen Stunde Null. Auch das Theaterwesen, das in den letzten Kriegsmonaten fast völlig zum Erliegen gekommen war, musste sich unter Auflagen der Besatzungsmächte und einer wirtschaftlich heiklen Lage neu ordnen.

Arne Suttkus erörtert unter Betrachtung vielfältiger Bühnenunternehmen den Weg Schleswigs in dieser Zeit des kulturellen Umbruchs bis zur Wiedereinrichtung des Nordmark-Landestheaters.
Ein lateinisches Weihnachtsgedicht für die Universität Leipzig
Authors: Harmes Christian
Published: September 2021

Am 1. Februar 1631 trug der Dichter Paul Fleming (1609–1640), seinerzeit Student, im Auditorium der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig sein »Jesu Christo Salvatori Natalitium« vor. Dieses Jugendwerk Flemings, zugleich sein längstes Gedicht, hat in der Forschung bisher keinerlei besondere Beachtung erfahren. In diesem Band wird es ediert, übersetzt und kommentiert. Hinzu tritt die Edition, Übersetzung und kurze Kommentierung des in den »Natalitium«-Drucken ebenfalls enthaltenen »Christo hodiè-nascenti hyporchema«, das von den fünf Exemplaren dieser manieristischen Kleingattung in Flemings lateinischem Œuvre das längste ist.
Gewohnheit und Verfassung
Authors: Tiefenthaler Veronika C.
Published: September 2021

Das Gewohnheitsrecht ist eine Erscheinungsform des ungeschriebenen Rechts. Die Einordung von ungeschriebenen Rechtsnormen in den Stufenbau der Rechtsordnung erweist sich häufig als schwierig, weil die wenigsten von ihnen explizit in den gesatzten Rechtsquellenkatalogen der Rechtsordnungen vorgesehen sind und auch nur wenige Eingang in die Judikatur der Höchstgerichte gefunden haben. Gegenstand dieser Studie ist die Frage, welche Rolle das Gewohnheitsrecht auf Verfassungsebene einnimmt.

Neben einem rechtstheoretischen Teil, der sich allgemein mit der Rechtsquelle Gewohnheitsrecht und der Frage nach ihrem Geltungsgrund beschäftigt, konzentriert sich das Werk auf zwei konkrete Rechtsordnungen, jene Österreichs und des Vereinigten Königreichs. In einer verfassungsvergleichenden Untersuchung werden die geltenden, ungeschriebenen Rechtsnormen beider Rechtsordnungen einander gegenüber gestellt und aus rechtlicher Sicht beurteilt.
Schutzmechanismen des öffentlichen Rechts für Menschen mit Behinderungen in institutioneller Unterbringung
Authors: Kirchmair Rainer
Published: September 2021

Die Gleichberechtigung von Menschen mit Behinderungen ist eines der großen Menschenrechtsthemen des 21. Jahrhunderts. Eine besondere Herausforderung in diesem Themenkomplex ist die Inklusion von Menschen, die in Einrichtungen der staatlichen oder privaten Behindertenhilfe untergebracht sind. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich deshalb mit den im öffentlichen Recht in Österreich vorgesehenen Sicherungsmechanismen der Rechte von Menschen mit kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen in institutioneller Unterbringung.

Nach einer detaillierten Analyse der Vorgaben zum Schutz von Menschen mit Behinderungen im Völker- und Unionsrecht wird die Rechtsschutzsituation in Österreich sowohl auf Bundes- als auch auf Landesebene dargestellt. Der Fokus der Untersuchung liegt auf der Umsetzungsrealität der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention und des OPCAT und den Auswirkungen auf das österreichische Verfassungs- bzw. Verwaltungsrecht. Von besonderem Interesse ist dabei die Qualität des Rechtsschutzes, der auf Bundes- und Landesebene von Ombudschaften bzw. Anwaltschaften öffentlichen Rechts angeboten wird.

Abschließend werden Reformvorschläge zur Umsetzung der völkervertraglichen Verpflichtungen aufgezeigt.
Europäische Einflüsse auf den Grundrechtsschutz im UK
Authors: Sanader Teresa
Published: September 2021

Das Vereinigte Königreich unterscheidet sich von den anderen Mitgliedstaaten des Europarats durch die rechtlichen Spezifika der Parlamentssouveränität, das Fehlen einer formellen Verfassung und durch seine common law-Tradition. Diese Unterschiede wirken sich auch maßgeblich auf das innerstaatliche Zusammenspiel der verschiedenen Rechtsquellen nationalen und europäischen Ursprungs im Grundrechtsbereich sowie auf die Rolle der nationalen Gerichte im Grundrechtsschutzsystem aus.

Vor diesem Hintergrund widmet sich die Untersuchung den europäischen Einflüssen und insbesondere der Rolle des Human Rights Act 1998, durch welchen die EMRK in nationales Recht inkorporiert wurde. Es wird unter anderem der Frage nachgegangen, ob aufgrund wachsender Euroskepsis im UK eine Re-Nationalisierung bzw. eine Rückbesinnung auf nationale Grundrechte wie jene des common law als Gegenreaktion auf die fortschreitende Europäisierung durch EMRK und GRC im Grundrechtsbereich beobachtbar ist.
Wirtschaftliche Bürgerbeteiligung
Authors: Weinke Daniel
Published: September 2021

The Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state legislature addresses the tension between the expansion of renewable energies on the one hand and acceptance problems on the other with a participation law on mandatory economic participation. This raises the question of compatibility with applicable law, in particular whether the state legislature has the power to legislate. Furthermore, the author shows the framework for a regulation and takes a position on possible encroachments on fundamental rights by such a regulation. The topicality of the study is demonstrated by the constitutional complaint pending against the law, as well as by the dynamic legislation - for example, Section 36g (5) of the Renewable Energy Sources Act now stipulates an opening clause for the federal states.
Social Media & Fake Facts
Authors: Greve Sophie
Published: September 2021

Sophie Greve shows, how conspiracy myths are beeing spread on Telegram, Twitter and Instagram, which role collective symbols take in digital propaganda and how we can face ‚Fake Facts’: through community management, debunking and counter speech. Currently nearly everyday we can find new headlines about conspiracy tales. In her book the author explains, why she uses the term ‚conspiracy myths’ and not ‚conspiracy theory’ and what kind of effects speech and pictures can make.
Nochems neue Namen
Authors: Czakai Johannes
Published: September 2021

Die Geschichte von Zuckerberg, Wiesenthal, Streisand, Ringelblum, Geizhals und anderen Familiennamen osteuropäischer Juden.

Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts nahmen hunderttausende Juden in den österreichischen Provinzen Galizien und Bukowina neu geschaffene deutsche Familiennamen an. Johannes Czakai legt nun die erste umfassende wissenschaftliche Studie vor zu diesem bis heute prägenden Kapitel jüdischer Geschichte, über das bislang nur Anekdoten bekannt waren.
Aufbauend auf zuvor unbekanntem Archivmaterial folgt der Autor dem Leben und den wechselnden Namen des jüdischen Kleinhändlers Nochem aus Lemberg und zeigt, wie die neuen Namen dazu beitrugen, die jüdische Lebenswelt in Ostmitteleuropa nachhaltig zu transformieren. Die Namensannahme stellt sich als widersprüchlicher Prozess dar, der vor allem der Ausbildung staatlicher Kontrollmechanismen diente. Juden waren jedoch keineswegs nur passive Empfänger dieser Politik, sondern verstanden es, die Zwangsmaßnahme für sich zu nutzen. Johannes Czakai ergründet die nicht nur teils verblüffende Geschichte hinter den neu kreierten Namen, sondern eröffnet zudem einen originellen Blick auf jüdisch-staatliche Interaktionen in der sich modernisierenden Habsburgermonarchie.

Ausgezeichnet mit dem Wissenschaftlichen Förderpreis des Botschafters der Republik Polen.
Kartographie und Weltanschauung
Authors: Meyer Philipp Julius
Published: September 2021

Landkarten als Wissensvermittler und Ware.

Landkarten sind vielseitige Medien: Mit ihnen werden Ressourcen erschlossen, militärische Operationen geplant, politische Forderungen symbolisiert, wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse präsentiert und Wohnungen geschmückt. Sie vermitteln stets eine bestimmte Sicht auf die Welt, die auch durch die Kartographen und deren visuelles Wissen geprägt ist. Bei der Analyse von Karten geraten diese Protagonisten der Weltbildproduktion jedoch oftmals in den Hintergrund.

Philipp Meyer stellt mit Hermann Haack (1872-1966) und Paul Langhans (1867-1952) zwei äußerst produktive Kartographen in den Mittelpunkt seiner Studie. Beide prägten in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts den zeitgenössisch renommiertesten deutschen Verlag kartographischer Erzeugnisse: Justus Perthes in Gotha. Anhand von Haack und Langhans untersucht Meyer, wie im Zeitalter von Kolonialbewegung und nationalistischen Diskursen völkische und rassistische Deutungsmuster in den Karten visuell übersetzt wurden.

Dabei wird die Beziehung von Politik und Kartographie im Hinblick auf den Zusammenhang von wirtschaftlichen Verlagsinteressen und der visuellen Gestaltung von Karten beleuchtet. Auf diese Weise erweitert Meyer die bisherige Forschung zu den politischen Kontexten von Kartographie um zentrale Aspekte.
Dante
Authors: von Müler Achatz
Published: September 2021

Der Dichter Dante Alighieri als Kristallisationsfigur der Imaginationen einer grenzenlosen Moderne, in der unsere Freiheiten und Hoffnungen ebenso wurzeln wie alle Schrecken und Ängste.

Dante Alighieri wurde schon von den Zeitgenossen als Visionär bewundert und gefürchtet. Er erlebte den Aufbruch Italiens in eine neue Epoche und gab dieser zugleich in seinen Briefen, philosophisch-politischen Abhandlungen sowie mit seiner monumentalen Dichtung »Die Göttliche Komödie« eine europäische Richtung.

Achatz von Müller zeigt anhand von Dantes Politik-, Sprach- und Geschichtstheorie den Dichter-Philosophen als Bezugspunkt der »Moderne«. In Dantes Texten schaffen methodische Vernunft, entgrenzte Subjektivität und säkularisierte Macht wunderbare Licht- und erschreckende Missgestalten: Gleichheit, Freiheit, Sicherheit, Schönheit, doch nicht weniger Gewalt, Gier, Unterdrückung, Massenmord. Als Imaginationskünstler dieser Widersprüche wird Dante seit der Romantik immer wieder literarisch in den Blick genommen - sowohl von poetischen Kritikern der Moderne von Jorge Luis Borges bis zu Mary McCarthy als auch von Diagnostikern von Benedetto Croce bis Hannah Arendt.
Präventive Normenkontrolle in Österreich
Authors: Sonntag Niklas
Published: September 2021

Das Buch beschäftigt sich umfassend mit der präventive Normenkontrolle in Österreich. Es behandelt alle Kontrollinstanzen, die in der präventiven Prüfung der Gesetzgebung auf Bundes- und Landesebene eine Rolle spielen und Gesetzesentwürfe oder -beschlüsse im Kontext verschiedenster Maßstäbe wie Verfassungskonformität, bundesstaatlicher oder legistischer Fragen beleuchten.

Die Arbeit umfasst neben klassischen verfassungsrechtlichen Instrumenten, wie dem Beurkundungsrecht des Bundespräsidenten und der präventiven Kompetenzfeststellung durch den VfGH, auch die primär einfachgesetzlich eingeräumten Begutachtungsrechte, den Verfassungsdienst des Bundeskanzleramtes wie auch neue Entwicklungen im Bereich der Gesetzesfolgenabschätzung und präventiven Normenkontrolle in Wechselwirkung mit dem Europarecht. Ein rechtsvergleichendes Kapitel behandelt schließlich Varianten präventiver Normenkontrolle im internationalen Vergleich.
Introduction
Authors: Schopp Susan E.
Published: September 2021

In the era of the Canton Trade (c. 1700–1842), China was the source of products and commodities that were avidly sought after by international traders and consumers alike. France, which was home to one of the three major East India companies, was a key participant in this trade, as well as one of the the eighteenth century’s two most important Western powers. Yet the French remain surprisingly underrepresented in Canton Trade scholarship. To ignore the French, or to dismiss them as simply “also-rans,” results in a skewed perception of the Canton System, a full and accurate understanding of which requires that all participating nations and ethnicities be included. Drawing on sources from other East India companies and archives as well as from those of France, Sino-French Trade at Canton, 1698–1842 rescues the French from the shadows, presents considerable new findings and corrects a number of misconceptions, and also makes available in English a wealth of information that was previously accessible only in French.
Commemorating the Dead
Authors: Denton Kirk A.
Published: September 2021

Chapter 3 explores the treatment of martyrs in various exhibitionary spaces in Taiwan. KMT forms of martyrdom are on display at the Taipei Martyrs Shrine (忠烈祠‎), which commemorates soldiers and political figures who sacrificed their lives for Nationalist causes (e.g., the 1911 Revolution and the suppression of Communists in the 1940s) in a mode that resonates with Confucian forms of martyrdom and that serves as an emotional hook for the sinocentric narrative of Taiwan history. The other two spaces discussed here—the Taipei February 28 Memorial Park and Memorial Museum (二二八和平公園和紀念館‎) and the National February 28 Memorial Museum (二二八國家紀念館‎)—commemorate martyrs of a very different sort: those who died at the hands of the KMT during the February 28 Incident of 1947. These martyrs bolster a nativist view of Taiwan history and identity.
KMT Martial Memory
Authors: Denton Kirk A.
Published: September 2021

The various war or war-related sites discussed in this chapter—the Zhongshan Hall (中山堂‎), the Armed Forces Museum (國軍歷史文物館‎), Chung-hsing New Village (中興新村‎), Military Dependents Villages (眷村‎), and Kinmen (金門‎)—suggest that blue camp historical memory is very much alive in Taiwan. The case of the Zhongshan Hall shows the difficulty faced by proponents to create a memorial space dedicated to the War of Resistance against Japan. The Armed Forces Museum exemplifies a static form of KMT historical memory that seems like a throwback to Cold War times, whereas the Military Dependents Villages and Kinmen attest to the plasticity of memorial sites and their capacity to take on new meanings in a changing world through state and nongovernmental interventions.
Imperial Temple in the New Learning
Authors: Cheung Hiu Yu
Published: September 2021

Chapter 5 deals with the general intellectual background where the ritual debates of the 1070s were rooted. It focuses on how Wang Anshi and his admirers in the name of New Learning scholars interpreted the Imperial Temple in their ritual commentaries. Among these scholars, the chapter devotes special attention to Wang Zhaoyu’s 王昭禹‎ and Chen Xiangdao’s 陳祥道‎ understandings of the Imperial Temple and categorizes them into two major conceptions of ritual relations between ancestors. The chapter also illustrates how Wang Anshi’s admirers as ritualists elaborated and revised Wang’s ritual theory, thereby contributing to the revival of ancient rituals under Emperor Huizong’s reign.
Introduction to Systematics
Authors: Brower Andrew V. Z. , Schuh Randall T.
Published: September 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of systematics, which is the science of biological classification. It embodies the study of organic diversity and provides the comparative framework to study the historical aspects of the evolutionary process. The chapter then explores the nature of systematics as an independent discipline and briefly surveys the literature sources most frequently used by systematists. It differentiates between evolutionary taxonomy, phenetics, and phylogenetics (cladistics). Ultimately, systematics is the most strongly comparative of all of the biological sciences, and its methods and principles transcend the differences between botany and zoology. It is also the most strongly historical field within biology, and as such provides the basis for nearly all inferences concerning historical patterns and processes. Among the earth sciences, systematics is directly comparable to historical geology, and indeed the two fields find integration in paleontology.