bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEGURANÇA E SAÚDE DO TRABALHO NA CARCINICULTURA DO ESTADO DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE
Authors: Gondim Priscylla Cinthya , Morais Marcio Varela , Marques Sheyla Karolina , Moura Darcia Samia
Published: March 2015

Este trabalho descreve a história e a evolução da carcinicultura no Brasil e do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, mostrando suas estatísticas, as técnicas de criação do cultivo do camarão, realizando também paralelamente, uma avaliação no âmbito de segurança, saúde e meio ambiente das empresas desta atividade. O mesmo foi realizado através da aplicação de um questionário e formulários aplicados através de visitas técnicas a 10 empresas de carcinicultura localizadas no nosso Estado. Com base nestas visitas realizaram-se uma análise qualitativa, identificando as funções inerentes a esta atividade, setores/postos de trabalho e possíveis riscos. Para cada risco encontrado, identificaram-se o referido agente causador, o meio em que esse risco é propagado e os possíveis danos à saúde. Através dessas identificações são informadas sugestões de medidas de controle/prevenção para o risco encontrado, objetivando a redução ou eliminação dos riscos ambientas. Foram utilizadas como referências, as diversas normas regulamentadoras da Portaria 3.214/78 do Ministério do Trabalho, traçando assim um perfil das empresas observando nestas, a segurança, saúde e meio ambiente no local de trabalho.
REFRIGERAÇÃO UTILIZANDO PASTILHAS DE EFEITO PELTIER
Authors: Campos Antonio Luiz P. S. , Farias Aécio Vinícius Amorim , Fernandes Jainne Daniele F. S. , Braz Alailson De Freitas , Machado Ludmila Sayonara S. X. , Pimentel Edfranklin De Souza
Published: March 2015

Pastilhas de Peltier são dispositivos baseados no efeito Peltier e são aplicadas para produzir efeito refrigerador ou aquecedor. Este trabalho aborda conceitos envolvidos na fabricação e funcionamento desses dispositivos tais como: histórico do efeito Peltier e desenvolvimento de placas de efeito Peltier. É feito um estudo de eficiência da refrigeração de água utilizando uma placa de efeito Peltier existente no Campus Natal – Zona Norte. Para isso, é implementada uma estrutura de refrigeração de água e são feitas medições para determinar a eficiência de sistema. Por fim, são apresentadas conclusões sobre o estudo desenvolvido.
GERAÇÃO E DESTINO DOS RESÍDUOS ELETRÔNICOS DE INFORMÁTICA NAS INSTITUIÇÕES DE ENSINO SUPERIOR DE NATAL-RN
Authors: Andrade Ricardo Teixeira Gregório , Fonseca Carlos Sigmund , Mattos Karen Maria
Published: March 2015

Os produtos eletrônicos, hodiernamente tão imiscuídos em nosso cotidiano e cultura, e confeccionados para nos trazerem comodidade e conforto, são responsáveis por gerar severos prejuízos (econômicos, sociais, ambientais), desde a produção ao descarte, a despeito de sua aparente inofensibilidade. A expansividade do uso de equipamentos e as constantes trocas de versões, motivados pela febre de consumo imposta e obsolescência programada, geram um montante de resíduos colossal e praticamente imensurável. A destinação final incorreta destes materiais, os resíduos eletroeletrônicos (ou chamados ‘lixo digital’), pode em pouco tempo se agravar em grandes desastres ambientais, caso não sejam tomadas as providências necessárias. Na cidade de Natal, em similaridade ao contexto nacional, não existe ainda uma política de tratamento do lixo digital. O presente estudo objetiva traçar um breve e inicial panorama da geração e destinação dos resíduos eletrônicos de informática de algumas das principais instituições de ensino superior de Natal–RN. Os dados levantados, através de entrevistas e bancos de dados institucionais, evidenciam a parca consciência quanto ao lixo digital e quão incipiente ainda é a gestão desses resíduos, apesar de serem as instituições de ensino superior os grandes pólos geradores e distribuidores de conhecimentos científicos que possam criar/aplicar as soluções devidas à fiel execução sustentável dos processos produtivos.
Estudo da Viabilidade Técnica do Processo de Georremediação para Tratamento de Percolados de Aterros Sanitários (Chorume da ETP-Muribeca: Um Estudo de Caso)
Authors: Ramos José Beldson Elias , Menor Eldemar Albuquerque
Published: March 2015

A depuração de chorume nas ETP’s (Estações de Tratamento de Percolados) de aterros sanitários, envolve volumes consideráveis e, geralmente, constatam-se deficiências de performance no seu tratamento. Os resultados das pesquisas voltadas para remediação das suas características tóxicas, que variam de aterro para aterro, vêm conduzindo a propostas em que esse poluente, seja como produto residual líquido ou como pasta adensada (lodo), é sempre descartado na Natureza. Na tese de doutorado em foco apresenta-se uma metodologia alternativa (georremediação aditivada, GAD) para melhorar substancialmente a degradação da matéria orgânica recalcitrante contida no chorume, associada a uma redução significativa nas concentrações de alguns metais pesados do efluente. No processo GAD, se emprega um blend industrial caulínico, ativado com cal hidratada, atuando como agente depurador, através da preparação de uma polpa com o chorume bruto. Essa nova metodologia, que pode ser adotada em escala operacional, permite a recuperação das frações residuais sólida e líquidas após a performance depuradora. Ambas as frações podem ser industrialmente aproveitadas e/ou adequadamente descartadas. A viabilidade operacional é também sustentada por um reduzido tempo de reação (máximo de 15 minutos) e baixos custos.
COGNITIO: UM PROCESSO PARA REUSO DE REQUISITOS
Authors: Morais Ceres Germanna Braga , Basilio Jezmael De Oliveira , Silva Lyrene Fernandes da , Barbalho Thalles Robson de
Published: March 2015

Este artigo apresenta um processo de reuso de requisitos, denominado Cognitio, o qual busca fornecer ganhos na produtividade e qualidade dos softwares gerados, de forma que os stakeholders se sintam motivados tanto para desenvolver software com reuso quanto para o reuso. Para a formação do repositório, organizamos as informações relacionadas aos requisitos através da linguagem Q7, e apresentamos através do framework NFR como o nosso processo pode ser aplicado.
Migrant Health in Cancer: Outcome Disparities and the Determinant Role of Migrant-Specific Variables
Authors: Sze Ming , Butow Phyllis , Bell Melanie , Vaccaro Lisa , Dong Skye , Eisenbruch Maurice , Jefford Michael , Girgis Afaf , King Madeleine , McGrane Joshua , Ng Weng , Asghari Ray , Parente Phillip , Liauw Winston , Goldstein David ,   on behalf of the Psycho-oncology Co-operative Research Group Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) TEAM
Published: March 2015

Background.

Multiethnic societies face challenges in delivering evidence-based culturally competent health care. This study compared health-related quality of life and psychological morbidity in a hospital-based sample of first-generation migrants and Australian-born Anglo cancer patients, controlling for potential confounders related to migrant status. Further, it explored the relative contribution of ethnicity versus migrant-related variables.

Methods.

Eligible participants, recruited via 16 oncology clinics in Australia, included those over the age of 18, diagnosed with cancer (any type or stage) within the previous 12 months and having commenced treatment at least 1 month previously.

Results.

In total, 571 migrant patients (comprising 145 Arabic, 248 Chinese, and 178 Greek) and a control group of 274 Anglo-Australian patients participated. In multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, education, marital status, socioeconomic status, time since diagnosis, and type of cancer, migrants had clinically significantly worse health-related quality of life (HRQL; 3.6–7.3 points on FACT-G, p < .0001), higher depression and anxiety (both p < .0001), and higher incidence of clinical depression (p < .0001) and anxiety (p = .003) than Anglo-Australians. Understanding the health system (p < .0001 for each outcome) and difficulty communicating with the doctor (p = .04 to .0001) partially mediated the impact of migrancy. In migrant-only analyses, migrant-related variables (language difficulty and poor understanding of the health system), not ethnicity, predicted outcomes.

Conclusion.

Migrants who develop cancer have worse psychological and HRQL outcomes than Anglo-Australians. Potential targets for intervention include assistance in navigating the health system, translated information, and cultural competency training for health professionals.
Numerical prediction of the IJkDijk trial embankment failure
Authors: Melnikova Natalia , Jordan David , Krzhizhanovskaya Valeria , Sloot Peter
Published: March 2015

The paper analyses the experimental slope failure of a full-scale earthen dyke (levee) in Booneschans (Groningen, the Netherlands). The goals of the experiment were to develop efficient dyke-monitoring systems predicting various modes of failure well in advance of onset and to test the ability of numerical geotechnical models to predict the mode of failure and the time of collapse. Prior to the experiments, a special competition for the best prediction for all three planned tests had been announced. Several commercial corporations and scientific research organisations modelling dykes participated in the competition; the authors of this paper provided the best prediction for the macro-instability experiment, according to the decision of jury. The IJkDijk macro-instability test prediction has become the ultimate validation of the Virtual Dike simulation module, which is a functional part of the UrbanFlood early warning system for flood protection. Regarding sensor recordings, tilt measurements offered the simplest method of detecting the onset of slope failure. The early signs of progressing local instabilities in the dyke were registered by tilt sensors more than 4 d before the global collapse – a time that is sufficient for the dyke maintenance service to take necessary steps to reinforce the slope.
Sistemi elektronskih osebnih dokumentov in uporaba e-storitev v izbranih evropskih državah
Authors: Šušteršič Matevž
Published: March 2015

Elektronski osebni (e-osebni) dokumenti, ki se že uporabljajo v nekaterih državah Evropske unije, so osrednji predmet obravnave tega prispevka. Po uvodnih definicijah osnovnih pojmov ponujamo primerjalni pregled sistemov e-osebnih dokumentov v izbranih evropskih državah. Primerjava se osredotoča na uporabnost e-osebnih dokumentov v različnih državah glede storitev, ki jih lahko državljani z njimi opravljajo, oziroma v kolikšni meri so posamezne države izkoristile prednosti, ki jih lahko ti dokumenti prinesejo. V drugem delu članka raziskujemo, v kolikšni meri vpeljani sistemi e-osebnih dokumentov spodbujajo državljane k uporabi e-storitev, tako tistih, ki jih ponuja javni sektor, kot tudi tistih, ki jih ponuja zasebni sektor. Rezultati raziskave kažejo, da državljani v državah z vpeljanim sistemom e-osebnih dokumentov bolj pogosto uporabljajo storitve e-uprave ter e-storitve zasebnega sektorja kot pa v državah, kjer sistema e-osebnih dokumentov ne uporabljajo.
Prospects of Cross-Border Cooperation in Europe: Capacity-Building and the Operating Principle of “Horizontal Subsidiarity”
Authors: Beck Joachim
Published: March 2015

Based on a reflection of the seven central challenges which all cross- border territories in Europe are facing in practice, the article analyses how cross-border cooperation in Europe could be improved in the future. Two central fields are interpreted in this regard: training/facilitating and applied interdisciplinary research. The article suggests that a more effective cross-border policymaking of the future depends on a systemic capacity-building, based on the new operating principle of »horizontal subsidiarity«. For the moment being, cross-border cooperation is only a functional sub-system, created by and largely depending on contributions coming from the states involved. Horizontal subsidiarity, combined with new approaches such as territorial impact assessment, multi-level governance or joint interest representation would allow for a better development of an integrated cross-border policymaking, based on the real challenges and potentialities of a 360° perspective on the cross-border territory.
Neučinkovitosti upravnih sistemov v čezmejnem sodelovanju
Authors: Mulec Breda
Published: March 2015

Programi čezmejnega sodelovanja, ki so del evropskega teritorialnega sodelovanja (ETS) imajo za cilj integracijo obmejnih območij, vendar pa je dejanski učinek teh programov vprašljiv. Vzroki so v ekonomski neučinkovitosti evropskih institucij in evropske kohezijske politike, dodatno k temu pa nacionalni upravni sistemi za izvajanje teh programov vzpostavljajo vedno nove administrativne ovire in bremena, ki prispevajo k neučinkoviti porabi evropskih sredstev. Do katere točke so lahko ukrepi evropskih institucij in upravnih sistemov držav članic na področju izvajanja programov optimalno učinkoviti, lahko pokažejo instrumenti ekonomske analize.
Učinkovitost pobiranja prispevkov za socialno zavarovanje v Republiki Sloveniji
Authors: Vezjak Progar Karmen
Published: March 2015

Slovenski sistem socialnega zavarovanja se ne srečuje le s problemom čedalje slabšega razmerja med številom zavarovancev, za katere se plačujejo prispevki, in upravičencev, ki so prejemniki dajatev iz naslova socialnega zavarovanja, temveč tudi s problemom učinkovitega pobiranja in evidentiranja prispevkov za socialno zavarovanje. Na stabilnost financiranja namreč poleg neugodnih demografskih dejavnikov in gospodarskih razmer vplivajo tudi različne možnosti nevključenosti v sistem, ki omogočajo, da se v obvezno socialno zavarovanje ne vključi del sicer delovno aktivne populacije ter da zavezanci s prehodi med različnimi kategorijami zavarovanja ali pa s prirejanjem formalno izplačanih prejemkov lahko znižujejo osnovo za obračun in plačilo prispevkov. Čeprav uspešnosti delovanja sistema socialnega zavarovanja zaradi njegove zapletenosti in pogostega spreminjanja ni mogoče v celoti izmeriti s kazalniki učinkovitosti delovanja državnih organov ter statističnih podatkov, pa pričujoči članek utemeljuje, da je mogoče identificirati nekaj ključnih dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na učinkovitost pobiranja prispevkov. Ti dejavniki so različni in izvirajo tako iz sfere zavarovancev oziroma zavezancev za plačilo prispevkov, kot tudi državnih organov, širšega družbenega okolja in aktualnih gospodarskih razmer.
Nekatere značilnosti zaposlenih kot dejavniki tveganja za pojav prezentizma
Authors: Mlakar Petra , Stare Janez
Published: March 2015

Prezentizem oziroma prisotnost na delovnem mestu kljub bolezni ali slabemu počutju je relativno nov koncept na področju dela. Gre za pojav, ki ga v svetu intenzivneje spremljajo v zadnjem desetletju. Prezentizem, ki delavca (lahko) na različne načine ovira pri delu, je zaradi posledic, ki jih povzroča, že sam po sebi problem. Delodajalci mu namenjajo premalo pozornosti oziroma se ga pogosto sploh ne zavedajo. Večina delodajalcev je namreč prepogosto usmerjena k soočanju s problemom naraščajoče odsotnosti zaposlenih od dela zaradi bolezni (absentizem) in odpravljanju negativnih posledic, v prezentizmu pa (še ne) vidijo problema. V prispevku predstavljena raziskava se ukvarja z vprašanjem vpliva značilnosti zaposlenih na pojav prezentizma. Med značilnostmi so bile obravnavane ambicioznost zaposlenih, finančna preskrbljenost, varnost zaposlitve, bolniška odsotnost, ter fizično in psihično zdravje zaposlenih.
Some Characteristics of Employees as Risk Factors for Presenteeism
Authors: Mlakar Petra , Stare Janez
Published: March 2015

Presenteeism, or the act of attending work while sick or despite feeling unwell, is a relatively new concept in the sphere of work. It is a phenomenon that has begun to be monitored more intensively around the world in the last decade. Presenteeism can affect an employee’s work in various ways and its consequences mean that it is already a problem in itself. Employers devote too little attention to it or are frequently not even aware of it. The majority of employers are in fact too often focused on the growing problem of absence from work because of sickness (absenteeism) and on eliminating the negative consequences of absenteeism, and do not (yet) see presenteeism as a problem. The research presented in this article deals with the question of the impact of employee characteristics on the phenomenon of presenteeism. The characteristics considered included ambition, financial worries, job security, sick leave and the physical and mental health of employees.
The Social Cost-Benefit Analysis as Estimation Methodology: Case Study for Infrastructure Projects
Authors: Petohleb Černeha Samanta , Klun Maja , Devjak Srečko
Published: March 2015

Local public investments are financed by budget funds (state, county, local), debt funds (loans or credits, municipal obligations) and non-debt funds (users’ charges and methods and techniques of public-private partnership). In this paper some theoretical issues about cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and advantages and limitations in applying it are discussed. CBA is used in the public sector in making decisions where it is relatively easy to determine the costs, but the expected benefits can be difficult to express in monetary value. To ensure an equitable quantity of financial sources according to negative difference between inflows and outflows is one of the most important goals of the project. Based on theoretical framework about CBA, a calculation was made on social profitability of the project Public sewerage and water protection in the Region of Istria. The main conclusion of this paper is that if the project achieves the social profitability, net profit and high economic internal rate of return, it is possible to accept the realization of the project.
Comparison of Public and Private Home Care Services for Elderly in Gothenburg Region, Sweden 2013
Authors: Sobis Iwona
Published: March 2015

The purpose of this study is to compare and evaluate the public and private home care services for elderly given economic limitations after delegating them to municipality in the Gothenburg Region. The additional aim is to make politicians conscious about this development. The theoretical model of delegation and decentralization by Cristiano Castelfranchi and Rino Falcone (1998) and the Resource Dependency Theory by Pfeffer and Salancik (1978) constitute the theoretical reference frame. The study is based on an analysis of state regulation, policy documents and semi-structured interviews with the chief responsible for public and private home care services for elderly at the municipal level. This study reveals that the delegation of care for elderly to the municipalities faced some serious problems not to be solved until 2013 and surprisingly that these problems are especially seen where the recipients of such care don’t have a choice on their service provider. The lesson drawn from the research is that if politicians or other authorities take away the right from people to make their own decisions about their own lives, this inevitably results in dissatisfaction and subsequent reforms.
Creativity and Intangibles in the Public Sector: Sources and Socio-Economic Importance in Slovakia and Slovenia
Authors: Borseková Kamila , Petríková Katarína , Pevcin Primož
Published: March 2015

Development of creative and cultural sector, which is based on internal resources of the territory, can ensure competitive advantage; and several factors of competitive advantage based on resources can be defined. Those factors are human capital, tangible and intangible potential as well as financial resources. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the importance of creativity as competitive advantage factor and to assess unique resources (tangible, intangible potential, human capital, financial resources) potentially leading to innovation in two EU member states, Slovenia and Slovakia. The paper presents the case study analysis and comparison of current and potential future situation in creative and cultural industries in Slovakia and Slovenia. The results of the study suggest that the foundations for the development of the creative and culture sectors are quite different in those two countries, and Slovenia tends to exhibit stronger current and potential future position in those industries compared to Slovakia.
Vloga Evropskega sodišča za človekove pravice kot mednarodne organizacije za varstvo človekovih pravic v primeru Izbrisani
Authors: Trbič Jure
Published: March 2015

Prispevek obravnava pregled informacij v zvezi s primerom »izbrisani« v Sloveniji predvsem skozi prizmo sodelovanja mednarodnih organizacij za varstvo človekovih pravic. Pri tem avtor uvodoma predstavi ključne pojme in njihov pomen ter v nadaljevanju opiše problematiko izbrisa in nastop mednarodnih organizacij za varovanje človekovih pravic, predvsem pravne poti, pritožbe in posledično sodbe Evropskega sodišča za človekove pravice. V nadaljevanju opiše aktualno stanje primera in nakaže odprta vprašanja ter težave, ki še čakajo rešitev, nato pa v sklepnih besedah zaključi s povzetkom ugotovitev in upanjem na boljši jutri za vse vpletene.
Dispositional Instruments of Protection against Administrative Acts (not in Legal Force) and their Effectiveness
Authors: Kadečka Stanislav , Hejč David , Prokopová Klára , Venclíček Jiří
Published: March 2015

Public administration is often implemented through the issuing of public acts of a unilateral and binding character. Within public administration, however, legal instruments by which those for whom the administrative acts are binding can defend themselves against any illegality or irregularity of the mentioned administrative acts, are also (must be) provided. The existence and proper effectiveness of these legal instruments can be regarded as a necessary part (sine qua non) of the democratic rule of law. The paper is concerned with the so-called dispositional legal instruments of protection against the administrative acts which are not yet in legal force and their effectiveness. Article's major finding consists in fact, that the effectiveness of dispositional instruments of protection could be limited by absence of devolutive effect, or guarantee of independence in organizational arrangement between first and second instance administrative bodies.
Remonstrance against Decisions Made by Central Administrative Bodies in the Czech Republic
Authors: Skulová Soňa , Potěšil Lukáš , Hejč David
Published: March 2015

The remonstrance is traditional standard (ordinary) remedial measure which can be (only) applied after the first instance decision has been issued by central administrative body. The article is heading to verify the hypothesis whether the remonstrance does reflect the principle of two instances in entirety. As the finding of the research it can be pointed out that the remonstrance represents relative exclusion of the principle of two instances, which is applied only in a modified form, as the remonstrance is not decided by any higher, independent administrative authority, but by the identical central administrative body, namely by its head, not by its remonstrance committee, which issues „only“ recommendations/advices. We concluded that possible solutions are either transformation remonstrance committees into administrative bodies/tribunals, or rules providing the central administrative bodies do not make first instance decisions.
Legal Framework relating to Alternative Dispute Resolution in Belgian Public Law
Authors: Goes Pieter
Published: March 2015

The application of alternative dispute resolution is increasing in Belgian administrative law hand in hand with the move towards a more bilateral relationship between administration and citizens, characterized by reciprocity and dialogue. The specific character of public law is the cause of specific legal problems and limitations. This paper examines these restrictions and their opportunities as a contribution to the creation of a theoretical framework for alternative dispute resolution in administrative law and serves in an international context as an overview of this theme.
New Wine in Old Wineskins: General Administrative Procedure and Public Administration Reform in Croatia
Authors: Đulabić Vedran
Published: March 2015

In  2009,  Croatia  adopted  the  new  General  Administrative  Procedure  Act (GAPA),  which  introduced  several  novelties  in  the  regulation  of  general administrative procedure. The main research topic deals with the changes that the new GAPA, as an incentive for public administration reform in Croatia, has produced. The empirical data were collected within the EU funded IPA project “Support  for  the  implementation  of  the  General  Administrative  Procedure Act” (2012−2013) and interpreted on the basis of institutional theory. Despite changes to the legal text, the empirical data show that the new GAPA has not resulted in actual changes in everyday public administration.
An Archaeology of the Street: A Cinegraphic Analysis of Streets in Urbino, Italy
Authors: Blizard Mark
Published: March 2015

This article presents the issues, questions, and discoveries of an experimental design studio, conducted in Urbino, Italy during spring semester of 2013. Utilizing high definition video cameras and their digital ecosystem of hardware and software, the students focused on uncovering the identity, or genetic code, of the street by examining its spatial and temporal extension. An archaeological method composed of traditional spatial analysis, typological studies, and cataloging of elements provided the initial framework for a cinegraphic inquiry. What emerged was a sense that the street was an urban artifact––a place itself rather than merely a conduit or path between places––whose spatial and temporal characteristics informed our perception of the city. The street, perhaps only understood in our movement through its sequential elements and spaces, seems critical in shaping the city's identity. Traditional means of analysis by themselves are limited in that they only isolate fragments of a much more complex whole. Throughout the inquiry, we found that the digital analytical methods that were employed and the digital tools themselves provided new insight into the analytical process while expanding our understanding of the street and its relationship to the landscape and the larger urban fabric of Urbino. By extension, cinegraphic analysis may contribute to our ability to uncover the qualities and structure that constitute the identity of a city, or any place.
Sustainability and the Architectural History
Authors: Baweja Vandana
Published: March 2015

In this paper, I will address the challenges of incorporating the discourse of Sustainability into the architectural history curriculum and how Sustainability in the survey can be related to the Sustainability education the design studio. I argue that the inclusion of Sustainability into the architectural survey will necessitate the production of revisionist architectural histories that are written through an environmental paradigm and are able to establish a dialogue with Sustainability education in the design studio. These revisionist histories will occupy the disciplinary territory that is produced at the intersection of architectural and environmental histories
Graphic Ecologies
Authors: Muller Brook Weld
Published: March 2015

This essay describes strategic approaches to graphic representation associated with critical environmental engagement and that build from the idea of works of architecture as stitches in the ecological fabric of the city. It focuses on the building up of partial or fragmented graphics in order to describe inclusive, open-ended possibilities for making architecture that marry rich experience and responsive performance. An aphoristic approach to crafting drawings involves complex layering, conscious absence and the embracing of tension. A self-critical attitude toward the generation of imagery characterized by the notion of ‘loose precision' may lead to more transformative and environmentally responsive architectures.
Environmental Discourses and Rhetoric in the Conceptual Space of Architectural Education
Authors: Rider Traci Rose
Published: March 2015

This paper aims to investigate the current state and potential opportunity of strategic environmental discourses and rhetoric in architectural education. Because there is limited research completed on this specific focus, a grounded theory approach was used. In-depth interviews were held with twelve purposefully selected participants, each of whom are prevalently perceived as leaders in incorporating sustainability topics into architectural education. Through a cyclical coding process, larger themes about integrating environmental topics in formal architectural education emerged, with the importance of discourse and rhetoric as one of the primary sub-themes. Different discourses, emphasis on specific terminology, and the implications of each in the conceptual space of architectural educational are explored in the context of both program- and university-level structures. Breaking down the current environmental discourses in these specific contexts offers insight into opportunities to streamline the inclusion of sustainability themes in architectural education. This study concludes with possible avenues for further research regarding environmental discourse and rhetoric in architectural education, and suggestions for application in programs.
Creative Activism: a pedagogical and research tool
Authors: Morrow Ruth
Published: March 2015

Environmental activism has a long history in protest, addressing issues of degradation and segregation that threaten existing ecologies, social and built fabrics. Environmental activism is traditionally understood as a reaction, chiefly by groups of people, against a perceived external threat. In the 60's and 70's, an activist stance began to emerge in the work of some artists and architects, who used creative methods such as performances, happenings, temporary spatial interventions etc to convey their political/aesthetic messages. Some of this work engaged directly with communities but predominantly it was the production of one individual working ‘outside' society. However such actions demonstrated not only the power of the visual in conveying a political message but also the potential of conceptual creative approaches to reveal alternative values and hidden potentials. This marked a shift from activism as protestation towards an activism of reconceptualisation. Recently, activist groups have developed a more politically informed process. Whilst their ‘tools' may resemble work from the 60's and 70's, their methodologies are nontraditional, 'rhizomatic', pedagogical and fluid; working alongside, rather than against, the established power and funding structures. Such creative processes build new, often unexpected, stakeholder networks; offer neutral spaces in which contentious issues can be faced; and create better understanding of values and identities. They can also lead to permanent improvements and development in the physical fabric. This paper will discuss a pedagogical example of activism in architectural education. The event (www.fourdaysontheoutside.com) is in its fifth year of existence and as such has revealed a value and impulse beyond its learning and teaching value. The paper will discuss how the event contributes to the university's outreach programme and how its structure acts as a seedbed for potential research projects and partnerships. UK Universities talk extensively about applied research but have few actual strategies by which to generate it. Fourdaysontheoutside offers some potential ways forward.
Global Design and Building Practice: A Case Study of Hearst Headquarters, New York, NY
Authors: Schroepfer Thomas
Published: March 2015

This paper describes aspects of "Global Design and Building Practice”, a research started at the Harvard University Graduate School of Design in 2002. The objective of this investigation is to provide design and building professionals and researchers with a better understanding of the impacts of globalization on practice. In this research, the impacts of globalization on practice are examined both in breadth and depth. Processes involve qualitative analyses of interviews with design and building professionals and researchers, quantitative analyses of project data, and in-depth case studies of recent and current "global building projects”, i.e. projects for which spatial extensity of actors extends beyond the local. This paper presents a diversified analytic framework of four distinct global project types. It analyzes the principles behind the transformation of practice and demonstrates the correlations between different global project types and the impacts on practice based on "project DNA”, an innovative concept that acknowledges that it is not only the characteristics of each configuring actor that matters in a global project, but rather the configuration as a whole and the position of each actor within it that determines the its characteristics and impacts on practice. Both global project type and project DNA are illustrated with the summary of an in-depth case study of Hearst Headquarters, a recently completed global project in New York, NY.
"Pushing the Envelope” a modeling-based approach to the development of organic, responsive architectural form
Authors: Yearley David
Published: March 2015

This paper tests design procedures for the development of complex, organic architectural forms. It illustrates a postgraduate student design process, implementing a development sequence based on the intelligent manipulation of architectural envelopes using a variety of existing modeling tools and emerging digital techniques. These stages of development respond to imposed spatial and environmental constraints. The tests began with full-scale modeling of small segments. The major constraints at this stage were spatial requirements and the physical characteristics of materials. The forms derived from the bending properties of prestressed green timber and the dimensions of shingle cladding. This was followed by digital 3D modeling using common commercial applications. At this stage initial models were derived from a traditional space requirement brief. The envelopes for these activities were then manipulated to respond to the spatial limitations imposed by surrounding buildings. This digital modeling process metaphorically "pushed the limits” as vertices of the envelope model were stretched and shifted to achieve a perceived "fit” between the two sets of spatial dimensions. The spatially manipulated geometry was then imported into Ecotect, an environmental analysis package. As an example, the envelope's morphology and cladding material options on the acoustic qualities of the surrounding space were tested. The improved geometry was then imported into a Virtual Reality room, in which the spatial experience was simulated in presentations to the design team and potential occupants. This room utilized six projectors to create an immersive experience to users wearing stereoscopic goggles, and moving in a space surrounded by three large screens, creating a CAVE-like presentation space. Finally there was an attempt to complete the circle by returning from the simulated world to the physical worlds, by creating full-scale models from the digital geometry. This included low-cost techniques such as the generation of paper facets, and the use of more expensive rapid prototyping technology.
On dependencies between architecture and media: considering the remote work
Authors: Christenson Mike
Published: March 2015

To consider architecture as a communicative medium requires acknowledgment of the necessity of mediating artifacts suchas drawings, models, and photographs, insofar as these artifacts provide structure for communication and discourse. In this essay, I examine the criticality of mediating artifacts to architecture's communicative potential by proposing a tactical identity between the act of architectural design and the study of architectural precedent. In both situations, mediating artifacts incorporate decisions and assumptions about how architectural significance should be communicated.I propose two hypotheses as frames within which to discuss architecture's dependence on mediating artifacts. First, the Neutral Frame hypothesis suggests that significant attributesof a work of architecture are capable of disclosure regardless of the medium through which these attributes are "filtered.” By contrast, the Production Bias hypothesis holds that significant attributes of a work of architecture can be identified as unique to a medium of investigation, and furthermore, that in some cases it may not be possible to disclose a given attribute by any other means. By considering existing photographs of a completed work of architecture (Crown Hall in Chicago,Illinois) in two ways, first through computer-aided manipulation and second by diagramming superimposed fields-of-view of photographs from two distinct sources, I suggest that the Production Bias hypothesis is the better explanation of architecture's relationship to mediating artifacts.
Learning from Beirut: From Modernism to Contemporary Architecture
Authors: Haddad Elle G.
Published: March 2015

This paper will discuss the developments in architecture in Lebanon in the second half of the Twentieth century. Lebanon presents one of the interesting ‘laboratories' of the different tendencies and movements of this pastcentury, beginning with Modernism and its gradual assimilation, to Postmodernism and more current trends,in a context that presents a fertile field for experimentation. The questions of meaning, context, relations to place and tradition, have all played a part in the development ofarchitecture in Lebanon, without necessarily achieving their desired goals, especially in the current climate of globalization. The loss of material identity that many regions around the world have experienced is reflected in the case of Lebanon, exacerbated here by political and social conflicts. This paper argues that the attempts to reinject material forms with a measure of ‘communicative' symbols or forms fails in the end to answer to this perpetual desire for ‘identity'.
Introduction
Authors: Harder Ebbe , Fjeld Per Olaf , Mounayar Michel
Published: March 2015

This issue contains ten papers presented at the 2008 EAAE/ARCC International Conferenceheld in Denmark. The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture, inCopenhagen graciously and superbly hosted the EAAE/ARCC 2008 conference entitled"Changes of Paradigms in the Basic Understanding of Architectural Research. ArchitecturalResearch and the Digital World.” The papers that follow were selected from over fifty presentedat the conference. The moderators of each paper session and members of the conferenceorganizing committee selected these papers for special recognition. These papers werethen blind peer-reviewed and two papers were selected to receive the designation as ‘BestPaper', one represents the ARCC and one represents the EAAE.Excerpts from the 2008 Conference Introduction
Digital Gaming and Sustainable Design
Authors: Vassigh Shahin
Published: March 2015

The American building industry is one of the major consumers of energy. Buildings use 39% of thetotal energy consumed in the United States, significantly impacting national energy demand andcontributing to global warming. The vast majority of architectural practice in US leads to construction of buildings with a little concern to sustainability leading to environmental degradation. Although the bulk of architecture practice continues to produce unsustainable buildings, there is growing stream of exemplary models of sustainable design. Examining the success of suchpractices leads into two a two-folded finding; first that achieving sustainable design is closelylinked to "integrated Design”1 - a type of practice in which various disciplines involved in building design work together to achieve efficiency and other synergetic benefits. Second is that theadvances in computing and simulation algorithms are paving the way to achieve "integrateddesign”. These technologies are enabling the designers to collaborate, visualize, foresee, andmodify building performance with relatively high accuracy. They are increasing used to analyze complex systems to achieve streamlined structures, reduce dependence on mechanical systems, produce more effective construction processes, and reduce waste.If such practices were to become widespread, the architectural education needs to be restructured.The traditional American architectural curriculum that is based on a schism between"design” and "technology” is inherently in conflict with the principal of integration. Though largescalereform of architectural curricula is a complex, ongoing, and difficult debate; producing teaching tools that can simulate integrated design can impact and promote an understanding of sustainable practice in architecture. The proposed paper will present the progress of a multi-disciplinary team of faculty who arecollectively working on the completion, implementation and evaluation of a simulation softwarepackage in an interactive game format. The project teaches the concepts of "integrated design ”through immersing students in a virtual world that imitates the complexity of the real world of decision-making and material choices in design. The project accomplishes this by harnessingthe capabilities of simulation and dynamic modeling programs as well as powerful game engineswhile creating compelling and rewarding reasons for student's engagement in the learning process. The project is funded by the US Department of Education for the period of 2007-2010.
Affecting Change in Architectural Education
Authors: Bachman Leonard R. , Bachman Christine
Published: March 2015

Architecture concerns not so much an explicit body of transmittable knowledge and protocols as it does a set of implicit understandings, sensitivities and sensibilities. The education of an architect therefore concerns the mission of endowing candidates with those implicit traits. This is not to say that architects do not possess and wield prodigious amounts of explicit cognitive knowledge, because they certainly do. But that explicit component of architectural know-how is actually vested in and deployed by the architect not so much because the knowledge has been invented, discovered, or developed by architects; but rather because they have assimilated it from other disciplines in a special way that gives architects adductive and hermeneutic insight into vast, detailed, and complex design challenges. Engineers make better machines, artists make more meaningful artifacts, and psychologists provide better human environments; but architects are trained to see the underlying opportunity and potential celebration of how those constituent menus might become a feast. In any unresolved complex of space, material and form, architects grasp a unique essence in how they perceive the "happily ever after” of what it might be and how that vision might be made whole and concrete. By the time a student of architecture is fully indoctrinated, this grasp of an underlying ideal essence is so potent that it becomes the student's identity... and the purpose of that insight becomes an irresistible intention.
The Forces that will Change Architectural Education
Authors: Fisher Thomas
Published: March 2015

Rarely do architecture schools use the design skills of our own facultyand students to reshape architectural education itself. While many radical ideas about the world get proposed in design studios, it seems far too radical to suggest that these studios might meet some other time than Monday/Wednesday/Friday afternoon or that there might be a differentcomposition to studio than a dozen or so architecture students taught by one faculty member. The profoundly conservative structure andformat of architectural education stems, in part, from the conservativenature of universities generally, with their societal obligation to preserveknowledge of the past and to counter reckless change.But, we are in the midst of a transformation in our economy that willrequire an equally dramatic transformation of architectural education . . .
My view on change in architectural education
Authors: Hayes Richard L.
Published: March 2015

Architectural education should be a scholarly adventure exploring the artof proportion and order coupled with an administration that supports an enriched ecology of the human spirit.In order to accomplish desired change, there needs to be a continualpursuit by a vibrant, enjoyable learning community rallying to a core belief. This core belief must contain a common value such as that eachof us can make a difference. By teaching values, skills, and practices that underlie such a notion as making a difference, architecture learningenvironments are created that resonate. . .
Leadership in Architectural Research: Between Academia and the Profession
Authors: Rashed-Ali Hazem , Roff Shelley
Published: March 2015

Recent decades have witnessed a notable expansion of architectural research activities, with respect to both subject and methodology. This expansion can be mostly credited to an increase in government and private funding of primarily academic research initiatives. More recently, however, a noticeable increase in research activities within the architectural profession makes it possible to argue that it is the profession itself that is now taking leadership in the development of contemporary research agendas. This growing significance of architectural research, in both academia and the profession,is ultimately a response to the diverse challenges facing the profession; most notably, the issue of environmental sustainability, but also including the rapid pace of technological change, the increase ddiversity of users, and the growing complexity of architectural projects. Engaging research is an essential factor in facing these challenges as well as taking full advantage of the opportunities they offer. For this research to be most effective, however, a greater perspective and a clearer definition of its role and the goals it can aspire to, in both academia and the profession, are needed; and most importantly, the question becomes, how do we foster a more integrated research culture between academia and the profession?
Built leadership: women administrators in architectural education
Authors: Woosnam Margaret Dale
Published: March 2015

Of the 114 accredited architecture programs within colleges and universities across America, only 18 (or 16%) employed females at the highest administrative positions as deans, directors, chairs, or heads at the time this study was conducted. Despite this statistic, nearly 50% of all graduates from architecture programs are female. Little is known about women administrators in architectural education, perhaps because of the fact that there are so few. The central question that guided this research study is as follows: What personal and professional factors characterize 10 women employed as administrators in nationally accredited architecture programs, departments, schools, and colleges in American institutions of higher education? Additionally, this study identified the women's career paths, and obstacles they overcame andsacrifices they made in order to advance in their careers. The qualitative case study tradition was employed for this study. Ten women administrators of accredited architecture programs, departments, schools, and colleges within American institutions of higher education participated in the study. Interviews, documents, and observations were collected and included in the data analysis. While feminist leadership theories were used as a lens and guided the current research, themes emerged from the study that point toward a potentially new, emerging theoretical construct. This emerging construct requires that pioneering female leaders in male-dominated fields be characterized differently than female leaders in other contexts. Specifically, the conclusions drawn from this study require characterizing pioneering female leaders in male-dominated fields as built leaders or leaders who have systematically developed professionally as a result of unwavering ambition but who employa post-heroic style of leadership. In other words, these women fought their way to the top, but once there, use an up, down, and across hierarchical leadership style.