bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Newly developed aircraft routing options for air traffic simulation in the chemistry–climate model EMAC 2.53: AirTraf 2.0
Authors: Yamashita Hiroshi , Yin Feijia , Grewe Volker , Jöckel Patrick , Matthes Sigrun , Kern Bastian , Dahlmann Katrin , Frömming Christine
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Aviation contributes to climate change, and the climate impact of aviation is expected to increase further. Adaptations of aircraft routings in order to reduce the climate impact are an important climate change mitigation measure. The air traffic simulator AirTraf, as a submodel of the European Center HAMburg general circulation model (ECHAM) and Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model, enables the evaluation of such measures. For the first version of the submodel AirTraf, we concentrated on the general setup of the model, including departure and arrival, performance and emissions, and technical aspects such as the parallelization of the aircraft trajectory calculation with only a limited set of optimization possibilities (time and distance). Here, in the second version of AirTraf, we focus on enlarging the objective functions by seven new options to enable assessing operational improvements in many more aspects including economic costs, contrail occurrence, and climate impact. We verify that the AirTraf setup, e.g., in terms of number and choice of design variables for the genetic algorithm, allows us to find solutions even with highly structured fields such as contrail occurrence. This is shown by example simulations of the new routing options, including around 100 North Atlantic flights of an Airbus A330 aircraft for a typical winter day.
The results clearly show that AirTraf 2.0 can find the different families of optimum flight trajectories (three-dimensional) for specific routing options; those trajectories minimize the corresponding objective functions successfully. The minimum cost option lies between the minimum time and the minimum fuel options. Thus, aircraft operating costs are minimized by taking the best compromise between flight time and fuel use.
The aircraft routings for contrail avoidance and minimum climate impact reduce the potential climate impact which is estimated by using algorithmic climate change functions, whereas these two routings increase the aircraft operating costs. A trade-off between the aircraft operating costs and the climate impact is confirmed. The simulation results are compared with literature data, and the consistency of the submodel AirTraf 2.0 is verified.
Understanding the mass, momentum, and energy transfer in the frozen soil with three levels of model complexities
Authors: Yu Lianyu , Zeng Yijian , Su Zhongbo
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Frozen ground covers a vast area of the Earth's surface and it has important ecohydrological implications for cold regions under changing climate. However, it is challenging to characterize the simultaneous transfer of mass and energy in frozen soils. Within the modeling framework of Simultaneous Transfer of Mass, Momentum, and Energy in Unsaturated Soil (STEMMUS), the complexity of the soil heat and mass transfer model varies from the basic coupled model (termed BCM) to the advanced coupled heat and mass transfer model (ACM), and, furthermore, to the explicit consideration of airflow (ACM–AIR). The impact of different model complexities on understanding the mass, momentum, and energy transfer in frozen soil was investigated. The model performance in simulating water and heat transfer and surface latent heat flux was evaluated over a typical Tibetan plateau meadow site. Results indicate that the ACM considerably improved the simulation of soil moisture, temperature, and latent heat flux. The analysis of the heat budget reveals that the improvement of soil temperature simulations by ACM is attributed to its physical consideration of vapor flow and the thermal effect on water flow, with the former mainly functioning above the evaporative front and the latter dominating below the evaporative front. The contribution of airflow-induced water and heat transport (driven by the air pressure gradient) to the total mass and energy fluxes is negligible. Nevertheless, given the explicit consideration of airflow, vapor flow and its effects on heat transfer were enhanced during the freezing–thawing transition period.
Vertical seismic profiling with distributed acoustic sensing images the Rotliegend geothermal reservoir in the North German Basin down to 4.2 km depth
Authors: Henninges Jan , Martuganova Evgeniia , Stiller Manfred , Norden Ben , Krawczyk Charlotte M.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. We performed vertical seismic profiling at the Groß Schönebeck site in order to gain more detailed information on the structural setting and geometry of the geothermal reservoir, which is comprised of volcanic rocks and sediments of Lower Permian age. During the four-day survey, we acquired data for 61 source positions with the novel method of distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), using hybrid wireline fiber-optic sensor cables deployed in two 4.3 km deep wells. We show that wireline cable tension has a significant effect on data quality. While most of the recorded data has a very good signal-to-noise ratio, individual sections of the profiles are affected by characteristic coherent noise patterns. This ringing noise is a result of how the sensor cable is mechanically coupled to the borehole wall, and it can be suppressed to a large extent using suitable filtering methods. After conversion to strain rate, the DAS data exhibits a high similarity to the vertical component data of a conventional borehole geophone. Upgoing reflections are nevertheless recorded with opposite polarity, which needs to be taken into account during further seismic processing and interpretation. We derived accurate time-depth relationships, interval velocities, and corridor stacks from the recorded data. Based on integration with other well data and geological information, we show that the top of a porous and permeable sandstone interval of the geothermal reservoir can be identified by a positive reflection event. Overall, the sequence of reflection events shows a different character for both wells, which is explained by lateral changes in lithology. The top of the volcanic rocks has a somewhat different seismic response, and no stronger reflection event is obvious at the postulated top of the Carboniferous. The thickness of the volcanic rocks can therefore not be inferred from individual reflection events in the seismic data alone. The DAS method has enabled measurements at elevated temperatures up to 150 °C over extended periods and has led to significant time and cost savings compared to deployment of a conventional geophone chain.
Dynamics of Large Pelagic Ice Crystals in an Antarctic Ice Shelf Water Plume Flowing Beneath Land-Fast Sea Ice
Authors: Stevens Craig , Robinson Natalie , O'Connor Gabby , Grant Brett
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Observations of boundary-layer processes and ice crystal behaviour in an outflow region from the Ross/McMurdo Ice Shelves are presented. From a fast ice field camp, we captured the kinematics of free-floating relatively large (many 10s of mm in scale) ice crystals that were advecting as well as aggregating in a depositional layer on the sea ice underside (SIPL, sub-ice platelet layer). Simultaneously, we measured the background oceanic temperature, salinity, currents and turbulence structure. At the camp location the total water depth was 536 m, with the uppermost 50 m being in-situ super-cooled. Tidal flow speeds had an amplitude of around 0.1 m s−1 and the resulting under-ice boundary layer sustained turbulent dissipation rates as large as ϵ = 10−6 W kg−1. Acoustic sampling (200 kHz) identified three classes of backscatter (1) large individual highly mobile targets, (2) echoes from large, individually identifiable suspended crystals and (3) a varying background, presumably of very small (frazil) crystals. This second class of backscatter was associated with crystal sizes far larger than typical, certainly larger than anything normally described as frazil, and some individuals at least were depositing close to fully grown. Measurement indicated crystal scales of the range 30–80 mm. The existence and settlement of this scale of crystal has implications for understanding SIPL evolution and the processes controlling the fate of Ice Shelf Water.
SST fronts along the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio affect the winter climatology primarily in the absence of cyclones
Authors: Tsopouridis Leonidas , Spengler Thomas , Spensberger Clemens
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The Gulf Stream and Kuroshio regions feature strong sea surface temperature (SST) gradients that influence cyclone development and the storm track. Smoothing the SSTs in either the North Atlantic or North Pacific has been shown to yield a reduction in cyclone activity, surface heat fluxes, and precipitation, as well as a southward shift of the storm track and the upper-level jet. To what extent these changes are attributable to changes in individual cyclone behaviour, however, remains unclear. Comparing simulations with realistic and smoothed SSTs in the atmospheric general circulation model AFES, we find that the intensification of individual cyclones in the Gulf Stream or Kuroshio region is only marginally affected by reducing the SST gradient. In contrast, we observe considerable changes in the climatological mean state, with a reduced cyclone activity in the North Atlantic and North Pacific storm tracks that are also shifted equator-ward in both basins. The upper-level jet in the Atlantic also shifts equator-ward, while the jet in the Pacific strengthens in its climatological position and extends further east. Surface heat fluxes, specific humidity, and precipitation also respond strongly to the smoothing of the SST, with a considerable decrease of their mean values on the warm side of the SST front. This decrease is more pronounced in the Gulf Stream than in the Kuroshio region, due to the amplified decrease in SST along the Gulf Stream SST front. Subdividing the winter climatology into dates with/without cyclones present in the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio regions, we find that cyclones play only a secondary role in explaining the mean states differences between the smoothed and realistic SST experiments.
Evaluation of tilt control for wind-turbine arrays in the atmospheric boundary layer
Authors: Cossu Carlo
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Wake redirection is a promising approach designed to mitigate turbine-wake interactions which have a negative impact on the performance and lifetime of wind farms. It has recently been found that substantial power gains can be obtained by tilting the rotors of spanwise-periodic wind-turbine arrays. Rotor tilt is associated to the generation of coherent streamwise vortices which deflect wakes towards the ground and, by exploiting the vertical wind shear, replace them with higher-momentum fluid (high-speed streaks). The objective of this work is to evaluate power gains that can be obtained by tilting rotors in spanwise-periodic wind-turbine arrays immersed in the atmospheric boundary layer and, in particular, to analyze the influence of the rotor size on power gains in the case where the turbines emerge from the atmospheric surface layer. We show that, for the case of wind-aligned arrays, large power gains can be obtained for positive tilt angles of the order of 30°. Power gains are substantially enhanced by operating tilted-rotor turbines at thrust coefficients higher than in the reference configuration. These power gains initially increase with the rotor size reaching a maximum for rotor diameters of the order of five boundary layer momentum thicknesses (for the considered cases) and decrease for larger sizes. Maximum power gains are obtained for wind-turbine spanwise spacings which are very similar to those of large-scale and very large scale streaky motions which are naturally amplified in turbulent boundary layers. These results are all congruent with the findings of previous investigations of passive control of canonical boundary layers for drag-reduction applications where high-speed streaks replaced wakes of spanwise-periodic rows of wall-mounted roughness elements.
Grid-forming control strategies for black start by offshore wind power plants
Authors: Jain Anubhav , Sakamuri Jayachandra N. , Cutululis Nicolaos A.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Large-scale integration of renewable energy sources with power-electronic converters is pushing the power system closer to its dynamic stability limit. This has increased the risk of wide-area blackouts. Thus, the changing generation profile in the power system necessitates the use of alternate sources of energy such as wind power plants, to provide black-start services in the future. However, this requires grid-forming and not the traditionally prevalent grid-following wind turbines. This paper introduces the general working principle of grid-forming control and examines four of such control schemes. To compare their performance, a simulation study has been carried out for the different stages of energization of onshore load by a high-voltage direct-current (HVDC)-connected wind power plant. Their transient behaviour during transformer inrush, converter pre-charging and de-blocking, and onshore block-load pickup has been compared and analysed qualitatively to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each control strategy.
“I’m Not a Number, I’m Someone to Them”: Supporting Commencing University Students’ Through Technology-Mediated Personalised Communication
Authors: Lewis Sally , Heath Georgina , Lim Lisa , Roberts Rosie
Published: October 2020

As universities offer more flexible delivery options there are parallel concerns about increasing levels of engagement. Withdrawal and disconnection from study is most common during the first year of university as students experience social, cultural and financial adjustments and attempt to understand the nuances of academic learning. This article reports on the impact of a technology-enabled support system delivering timely, personalised and actionable feedback on online activity and support emails at critical periods in two courses. Learning analytics data was used to identify appropriate engagement metrics for personalising feedback to students with results indicating an improvement in course grades. While the learning analytics approach provides a technology-mediated means for scaling personalised feedback and communicating with large cohorts of learners, the qualitative results indicated that students felt they were noticed as individual learners, were more willing to contact educators for support, and more motivated to engage with the online course learning materials.
The impact of tobacco smoking on treatment choice and efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Nicolaides Steven , Vasudevan Abhinav , Long Tony , van Langenberg Daniel
Published: October 2020

Smoking significantly increases the risk of developing and worsens Crohn’s disease (CD), yet protects against the development and reduces the severity of ulcerative colitis. It is less clear whether smoking impacts the efficacy of therapeutics in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We review the literature regarding the relationship between smoking and the efficacy of medical and surgical therapy in IBD. Smoking is associated with alterations in thiopurine metabolism and may affect time to disease relapse. The outcomes of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in active smokers appear neutral with data lacking for newer biologics. Smoking increases the risk of postoperative recurrence in those requiring resection for CD, likely attributable to perturbations of the gut microbiota although further implications of these for disease onset/progression and treatment efficacy remain unclear. Multiple lifestyle and psychosocial confounders are likely under-recognized cofactors in the association between smoking and IBD. Despite the widely promulgated risks associated with cigarette smoking in CD, more incisive data are required to further elucidate the actual relationship between smoking and disease pathways, while accounting for the several negative cofactors prevalent in smokers which cast uncertainty on the magnitude of the direct effect of smoking on disease pathophysiology and the efficacy of therapy.
University Students’ Perceptions of the Reasons for Success and Failure: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Bahadır Ferdi
Published: October 2020

This study aims to reveal the reasons for students’ success and failure based on their own perceptions. University students served as the participants of this study in which the phenomenological method was used. Data was collected with the listing questions, developed by the researcher, which took place in the semi-structured interview form. According to the results of the study, the factors that affect both success and failure the most are personal. In addition, findings suggest that success is a relative concept from one’s personal perspective. It is thought that monitoring students and organizing both learning and sheltering environments, in accordance with their interests and needs after they are placed in university, will boost their success. Further studies may provide different perspectives by focusing on the reasons for success and failure based on the opinions of families and academics.
New Public Management and Governance: Quo Vadis?
Authors: Andrikopoulos Vasilios P. , Ifanti Amalia Α.
Published: October 2020

This paper seeks to provide an overview of the literature regarding contemporary public management and administration. For this purpose, New Public Management and New Public Governance principles and methods are explored, since they remain the dominant approaches to public management and governance regime. A systematic examination of the relevant discourse was carried out. Data analysis revealed that the theoretical schemes continue to emphasize the priority of management over public service. As a result, the New Public Service approach is revisited focusing primarily on the reinterpretation and reorientation of public service provision. This study enriches our theoretical and practical understanding by providing important reflections and insights about the organizational conditions of public sector reform that is proceeding nowadays.
Experience of the Irish physician associate role: PA and supervising consultant perspectives
Authors: Hix Lea R. , Fernandes Susan M. , Joyce Pauline
Published: October 2020

Background: The physician associate/assistant (PA) role was introduced into the Irish healthcare system in 2015 when four PAs from North America were recruited to work in Ireland as part of a two-year pilot program. In parallel, the Royal College Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) began its own PA program in January of 2016 and has graduated 25 PAs. To date, there is little published on the few Irish-trained PAs. This study seeks to share initial experiences with the PA profession in Ireland.Methods: This descriptive phenomenological study explores the newly implemented PA role in Ireland through semi-structured, one-to-one interviews with five PAs and their supervising consultants in Dublin, Ireland. Questions centered on the PA scope of clinical practice, satisfaction with the role, acceptance by the medical team, and integration into the Irish healthcare system.Results: Six themes were identified from the interviews: continuity of patient care, flexible scope of practice, lack of role clarity, complementary to the medical team, regulation and prescribing challenges, and the emerging role of the PA.Conclusions: The development of the PA role is in its infancy in Ireland, but this study suggests that they fill an important role by providing continuity of care to both patients and the medical team. Currently, there are significant challenges imposed by a lack of regulation of the PA profession and the inability to prescribe. However, PAs in Ireland appear to enjoy their work and have great potential to expand throughout Irish healthcare and are valued by their team members.
The ductility of structural walls
Authors: Paulay T. , Goodsir W. J.
Published: October 2020

The behaviour of four approximately 1/4 full size reinforced concrete structural wall models, subjected to cyclic lateral shear load and variable axial compression, is reported. The primary aim of the study was to investigate the mechanism of out of plane instability and the adequacy of existing code provisions with respect to the confinement of critical parts of the flexural compression zones of wall sections that may be subjected during an earthquake to large inelastic displacements. While all units exhibited good energy dissipation properties, failure in the majority of cases occurred suddenly when concrete compression strains resulting from large ductility demands became excessive in the unconfined regions of the wall section. Failure by out of plane buckling was found to occur at a relatively small lateral load, after the buckled region has been subjected in a proceeding cycle to very large inelastic tensile strains. Recommendations are made for improved arrangement of the confining hoop reinforcement in the end regions of wall sections.
Word problems in different textbooks at the early stage of teaching mathematics comparative analysis
Authors: Szitányi Judit , Biró Fanni , Csíkos Csaba
Published: October 2020

In a previous research, Csíkos and Szitányi (2019) studied teachers’ views and pedagogical content knowledge on the teaching of mathematical word problems. While doing so, they reviewed and compared Eastern European textbooks of Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Croatia, and Hungary to see how world problem-solving strategies are presented in commonly used textbooks. Their results suggested that teachers, in general, agreed with the approach of the textbooks regarding the explicit solution strategies and the types of word problems used for teaching problem-solving. They also revealed that the majority of the participants agreed that a word problem-solving algorithm should be introduced to the students as early as in the first school year. These results have been presented at the Varga 100 Conference in November 2019. As the findings suggested a remarkable similarity between the Eastern European textbook approaches, in the current study we decided to conduct further research involving more textbooks from China, Finland, and the United States.

Subject Classification: 97U20, 08A50
Our digital education habits in the light of their environmental impact
Authors: Racsko Réka , Troll Ede Mátyás
Published: October 2020

With the increasing use of IT tools, the environmental impacts they generate have also increased. Education is increasingly relying on digital tools to become a major emitter of CO2 itself. Therefore, the task of education is to teach future generations how to use IT tools efficiently while being environmentally aware. In addition to some forms of green computing, we show the level and ratio of those teachers who have corresponding IT knowledge in the Hungarian education. In this study, we present the justification of the problem through a case study, which estimates the Internet traffic of a website streaming popular educational resources. In addition, we will examine the extent to which national and international educational organization and guidance documents address the development of digital environmentally aware thinking. Based on the content of this study, we suggest some considerations for content developers to decide if they really need to create the digital content.

Subject Classification: 97P99, 94-06, 94-02
A CLASS OF P-VALENTLY ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS WITH POSITIVE COEFFICIENTS
Authors: IRMAK HUSEYIN
Published: October 2020

Certain subclass of p-valently analytic functions with positive coeffi- cients is introduced, and some interesting properties belonging to the this class is obtained.
A note from the Editor-in-Chief
Authors: Tanaś Maciej
Published: October 2020

A note from the Editor-in-Chief, Introduction, IJPINT, Year 2020, Volume 7, No. 1
Digital World of Excess – Pedagogical Reflections on Students and Education Immersed in New Technologies
Authors: Borawska-Kalbarczyk Katarzyna
Published: October 2020

The article presents selected aspects of the process of cognitive functioning of the users of contemporary technologies and the Internet, with special consideration of the negative effects of being immersed in the digital culture. The introduction synthetically characterizes the digital world, focusing on the most active users of the virtual space. In the body of the text, the author analyzes the negative effects of an individual’s functioning in the Internet space, especially those related to the change in the way of information acquisition and processing. The conclusions refer to implementing educational postulates connected with helping students develop the culture of behavior in the virtual space, involving as major elements the ability to distance oneself from digital media, to engage in deep reflection, and to organize and sort the acquired information. These skills are treated as crucial, ensuring the rational use of digital technologies. Focusing educational activities on the formation of youths’ media competence offers them an opportunity of fuller intellectual development, the sense of security in the context of expansion of the media, and active participation in the information society by structuring the available information and the knowledge constructed on its basis.
Human Subjectivity in the Dawn of Digital Society (Industry 4.0)
Authors: Kiepas Andrzej
Published: October 2020

The article discusses problems connected with the perspective of social and cultural changes that result from the development of industry 4.0 and the formation of digital society. New relations between humanity and technology as well as the growing role of technical determinism lead to new demands regarding human subjectivity. In the article, the aforementioned demands are analysed in the context of questions concerning freedom ,trust in both technology and other people, as well as responsibility and the need for developing co-responsibility in various areas of contemporary human interaction.
Digital Knowledge Integration (DKI): When Transhumanism (H+) Meets Digital Humanities (DH)
Authors: Joseph Waliya, Yohanna
Published: October 2020

To a large extent, the world has come to embrace digitalization which currently permeates all human endeavors and life. However, the process of digitalizing human beings themselves, making them Transhuman and allowing the integration of the digital into every aspect of our daily life has made life both paradoxically appreciative and problematic as it increases the global nature of humanity and its endeavors, posing threats as well as benefits. Merging Transhumanism (H+) with the Digital Humanities (DH) may minimize those threats but the dual evolving human-technological thoughts have been hoofing at a distance to each other for decades whereas innately they share the same perceptions on the future of the digitalization and human beings. This paper is channeled towards breaking the barriers between the two through the help of the critical comparative lens from the conceptual theoretical framework called Digital Knowledge Integration (DKI) using hypothetic-deductive method of reading two e-literatures: Digital_Humanities by Anne Burdick, Johanna Drucker, Peter Lunenfeld, Todd Presner & Jeffrey Schnapp published in 2012 and The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science. Technology, and Philosophy of Human Future edited by Max More and Natasha Vita-More in 2013 including other literatures as we need them. This research is also aimed at integrating knowledge into singular model and raising scholarly debates on the new development.
Unheard Voices: Discourse Analysis of Press Representations of People with Disabilities and Their Caregivers in Postsocialist Poland
Authors: Grzelka Michalina
Published: October 2020

The article is devoted to the issue of disability, embedded in the Polish - post-socialist - reality. The author focused on presenting both the political situation in the country and the media discourse around disabled people and their keepers. The background of the ongoing public discussion on people with disabilities is the topic of abortion, also widely present in the Polish media. The analysis of the press discourse (Gazeta Wyborcza) carried out for the purposes of this article not only provides a bitter summary of the situation of this neglected social group, but is also an opportunity to show the real life problems faced by the weakest representatives of Polish society every day life.
The evidence for the effectiveness of family- and center-based early childhood education programs
Authors: Driessen Geert
Published: October 2020

Early Childhood Education (ECE) provides compensatory educational programs both in preschools and the early grades of primary school, and for parents at home. The aim of this policy is to prevent young children from disadvantaged backgrounds starting formal schooling with significant educational delays. In many countries ECE programs are in existence for several decades now. The search in this article is for the scientific evidence-base of this policy. While the focus is on the Netherlands, the findings probably also are valid for many other countries.
Educational Challenges in Family Resilience
Authors: Bzymek Agnieszka
Published: October 2020

The article addresses the notion of resilience in Polish educational and social setting. The study evolves around the core questions about individual stories of resilience, including events and reactions that people have experienced in different conditions. The article aims at discussing the parents’ influence in making children more resilient through their good example and demonstrating strong values. The study grounds on the findings from a narrative obtained from the Daily Care Home of the Local Support Center in Gdansk. Employing tool of a biographical narrative I look into psychological and educational consequences the resilience causes in family of low social-economic group.
Education and families experiencing the problem of domestic violence - between engagement and indifference
Authors: Sokołowska Jolanta
Published: October 2020

Discussions about the support system for children experiencing violence have been taking place both on an international forum as well as locally in Poland. (Zmarzlik, 2011; Wójcik, 2013; Jarosz, 2007; Jarosz, 2008; Jarosz, 2018; Dąbrowska, 2012). The questions about who should undertake tasks in this area and what their scope and type should be are still unresolved. Individuals who work with abused children agree that teachers may be an important link in the support system due to their role. The purpose of the current study is to examine the tasks of the school in the context of the experience of children growing up in a family with a problem of domestic violence.
In contemporary discourses on preventing domestic violence against children, the active participation of the children themselves in creating solutions in this area is increasingly emphasized. Due to the participatory and emancipatory character of the project, the current research represents the paradigm of qualitative methodology and, within it, the assumptions of radical humanism. The final result is a description which includes answers to the above research questions and an analysis of legal and statutory actions aimed at social emancipation through education and participation of individuals experiencing domestic violence.
In light of international standards of support for abused children, education can and should play a significant support role. Education and participation are considered significant factors in the social emancipation of children - victims of domestic violence - and their families. However, in the perception of individuals experiencing violence, schools do not effectively fulfill their role in this respect. It seems that the place a teacher will take in the process of supporting abused children and their families will depend largely on how the teachers themselves define their own role, as well as on the appropriate legislative solutions for their education. I think that the curricula of teachers’ studies should not only include obligatory exercises in cooperation procedures and communication skills workshops, but they should also address issues shaping active attitudes towards the situations the teachers will find themselves in over the course of their careers.
Die Gründergeneration des ostdeutschen Parlamentarismus . Teil 1: Persönlicher Hintergrund und Amtsverständnis
Authors: Patzelt Werner J.
Published: October 2020

What were the central characteristics of those members of parliament who rebuilt parliamentarism in Eastern Germany after reunification? A detailed picture emerges from surveys conducted in 1991/92 and in 1994 . All East German MPs were included in a paper-and-pencil interview, and in-depth-interviews were conducted with a random sample of MPs from Eastern Germany, West Berlin and West Germany . The results not only revealed similarities and dissimilarities between East and West German MPs but also changes in the role patterns of East German MPs during their first legislative term . In the first part of the analysis, published here, the focus lies on the political and vocational background of the first generation of East German MPs, their parliamentary learning processes, and their role orientations as well as their loyalty ties to their most important political “role partners” .
Die AfD in den Parlamenten – die „zweite Runde“
Authors: Rütters Peter
Published: October 2020

The AfD was successful in each of the six elections held in 2019/20 (European Parliament, Bremen, Hamburg, Brandenburg, Saxony, and Thuringia) . The right-wing party either renewed or in most cases managed to enlarge its parliamentary representation . These successful elections were accompanied by a new adjustment of AfD’s ideological performance since its split in 2015 . The result of this split was the dominance of right-wing and national conservative, right-wing populist as well as folkish-nationalist positions within the party . Whether and if so, how, those shifts are reflected in the reand newly elected AfD MPs is studied by analyzing their social profiles . Some of them strengthened the “movement oriented” and anti-parliamentary focus of the AfD factions: (1) Only some of the former MPs managed to get re-nominated . It was mostly these politicians who shaped the ideological changes, represent these and are now the politically and parliamentary experienced core of the parliamentary parties . (2) They are accompanied by new MPs, who had been in the staff of the party, the parliamentary party or a single MP before they were nominated as candidates; in that way they are part of the process of political professionalization and the party’s self-recruitment . (3) Some of the new MPs were nominated as candidates because of their former commitment to the AfD’s youth organisation (JA) . (4) Furthermore, some of the new AfD-MPs were members of rather small right-wing parties (i .e ., DSU, Die Freiheit) and gained their political experience especially in municipal councils . However, most of the new AfD-MPs - in particular of the three state parliaments (Brandenburg, Saxony, and Thuringia) and also of the EP - can be characterised as lacking political and parliamentary experience before becoming AfD members . As to constructive activities of a parliamentary party in the opposition, the AfD MPs are partly missing the political willingness, partly the parliamentary experience .
Aus für Thüringer Paritätsgesetz. Zum Urteil des Verfassungsgerichtshofs Thüringen vom 15 . Juli 2020 – VerfGH 2/20
Authors: Jutzi Siegfried
Published: October 2020

Thuringia’s electoral law stipulates a parity rule for its next state parliament election . Each political party’s electoral list should alternately be filled by female and male candidates . The Constitutional Court of Thuringia revoked the law . The Court ruled that the parity regulation compromised voters’ and candidates’ constitutional right to freedom and equality of choice as well as political parties’ right to freedom of action and equal opportunities . The ruling is commented approvingly in the result .
„1968“ in Schleswig-Holstein – „Ein Novum in der jüngeren deutschen Parlamentsgeschichte“. Die CDU und der Versuch einer parlamentarischen Untersuchung der „Unruhe in der Jugend“
Authors: Grau Andreas
Published: October 2020

In May of 1968 the CDU parliamentary party of Schleswig-Holstein’s parliament (Landtag) established a working group to analyze the “youth protests” taking place throughout Germany . In that summer the Landtag constituted a special committee to ascertain the reasons for the student protests . The special committee held several consultations with political youth associations and experts up until early 1970 and in its final report criticized not only the work of the Landtag, but also the work of the established parties . The reform proposals suggested in the final report are as relevant today as they were 50 years ago . The Schleswig-Holstein Landtag was the only German parliament that dealt with the youth’s criticism and situation . Whilst the parliamentary party of the CDU in the Landtag and the CDU Schleswig-Holstein appeared open and self-critical, the CDU’s national executive committee showed less understanding for the protests and saw no reason for reform .
Der Staat in Zeiten des Internets . Auf der Suche nach einer Legitimationsarchitektur für die digitale Kommunikationsgesellschaft – Ein Essay
Authors: Sarcinelli Ulrich
Published: October 2020

Thinking about the role of the state during the corona pandemic may seem like “carrying coals to Newcastle” . After all, times of crisis are considered to be times of the executive . What is needed more than ever, therefore, seems to be a strong state capable of acting . However, the architecture of statehood has already changed and political and social science research had begun addressing this long before the current crisis . In particular, it is digitization that drives international networking . This raises questions of the conditions of its legitimation because rule is increasingly associated with multilevel governance and a diffusion of political responsibility . Here, however, it is argued that even in the much-invoked “post-national constellation” the state remains an authority of legitimation, if not the decisive one . In order to maintain and further develop liberal democracy, a new regulatory policy for the digital communication society is required, in which the state is not less important than an active civil society .
Hydrocarbon Governance and Environmental Protection in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Makungu Ursil Lelo Di , Valentin Blaise Iyamba , Ular Augustin Bedidjo , Bolimia Daddy Bogole , Ntekenge Juvénal Madigo , Akemane Richard Mandandi , Zogi Martin Amisa , Chalachala Nadyne-Clémence , Lofongola Didier Okoto , Tshimpanga Ibrahim
Published: October 2020

The Congolese hydrocarbons sector is one of the key areas of the national economy and constitutes one of the main resources for financing the state budget. However, the uncontrolled exploitation of hydrocarbons can have consequences on the environment as a whole, which is a natural resource essential to human life and to terrestrial and marine biodiversity. To this end, the first principle of the Stockholm Declaration adopted by the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment states that “Man has a fundamental right to freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life, in an environment of a quality that permits a life of dignity and well-being. He has a solemn duty to protect and improve the environment for present and future generations”. From the above, the protection of the environment is part of the international commitments of States to promote, in particular, sustainable development. In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), on the other hand, the lack of an adequate policy on hydrocarbon exploitation and environmental protection has enormous repercussions and unfortunate consequences on the entire Congolese population despite the absolute poverty that the latter is already experiencing. This paper awaits the implementation of adequate proposals to enable policy makers to know where to start in order to ensure sound hydrocarbon governance and sustainable environmental protection in the DRC. It is also a question of demonstrating that sound governance of hydrocarbons and environmental protection requires, in particular, the participation and efforts of everyone: first of all a political will, then a strong involvement of the public authorities, of the companies which invest in the hydrocarbons sector, and a change in the mentalities of the citizens for the integral and sustainable development of the DRC in line with its hydrocarbon potential.
Zukunftsfähiger internationaler Rechtsrahmen für Investitionen in Afrika
Authors: Gramlich Ludwig
Published: October 2020

The future of sustainable development in Africa and for its growing population will depend on investments which might come mostly from abroad attracted by a favourable investment climate (or ecosystem). It is rather doubtful that the actual („old“) international legal framework for investment-related and investment-specific measures which does hardly create an adequate balance between the interests of all important public as well as private stakeholders would meet the requirement of today and tomorrow. But any alterations or improvements must start from the present state of things. So, this study looks at the different levels and various instruments dealing with traditional standards of investment and investor protection, e.g. BITs und TIPs, and at the activities of global, regional and sub-regional organizations (in particular EU and OHADA). Moreover, new developments at global and regional levels are discussed including trends showing a somewhat specific African approach to investment issues (“Africanization”). Finally, a very important topic, i.e. the relation between investment protection and human rights (of investors and of other people negatively affected by relevant activities), is described and assessed in more detail. A second part of the analysis will turn to elaborating on dispute settlement and enforcement issues since till today, there seems to be a sharp distinction between Investor-State- Dispute Settlement (ISDS) by way of mediation, conciliation and arbitration on the one hand and judicial redress by national courts (of home, host or third States) on the other.
Tax Competition: Global but Virgin under Rwandan Law
Authors: Habimana Pie
Published: October 2020

This paper’s foundation is the global character of (harmful) tax competition. While this phenomenon’s global existence is widely recognised alongside the global endeavours to fight against it, the situation in Rwanda seems not to be the same. That makes up the main purpose of this paper which aims to show how (harmful) tax competition constitutes a global issue, but with little attention under Rwandan law. In that regard, this paper calls the attention of Rwandan policymakers, academics, and researchers to dive deep in the matters of tax competition for the sake of making Rwanda stand on the safe side. This paper plays a role of a wake-up bell to step in other legal systems’ concerns in the regulation of (harmful) tax competition.
The Frequency of Pregnancy Associated Sleep Disorders Among Pregnant Mothers Who Referred to Rasoul-Akram Hospital for Prenatal Care 2018 - 2019
Authors: Mehdizadehkashi Abolfazl , Mobasseri Alireza , Chaichian Shahla , Tahermanesh Kobra , Haghighi Ladan , Hashemi Neda , Moshfeghi Maryam , Kashaninasab Fatemeh , Najmi Zahra , Allahqoli Leila , Ahmadi Pishkuhi Mahin
Published: October 2020

Background: Sleep, a physiological need, may be disturbed during pregnancy due to the psychological, anatomical, biochemical, hormonal, and emotional adaptations. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the frequency of morningness/eveningness, insomnia, and sleep disorders in pregnant mothers. Methods: All healthy pregnant women who referred to Rasoul-Akram Hospital in 2018-2019 for prenatal care without severe medical diseases were included in the study by census method. They were asked to fill their demographics, Morningness Eveningness questionnaire (MEQ), Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), and insomnia severity index (ISI) after signing their informed consent. The data were analyzed using SPSS V.21. Women who gave birth before the third trimester were excluded from analysis. Results: A total of 347 women completed the study; mean age: 31.46 ± 5.36 years, mean gestational age: 24.68 ± 9.62 weeks. The mean MEQ score was 48.77 ± 5.15; 8.1% were moderate evening type, 85.3% intermediate, and 2.6% moderate morning type. Mean ISI score was 16.92 ± 5.51; 91.9% had insomnia; 31.1% reported (rather or very) poor sleep quality. The frequency of insomnia (based on ISI scores) and sleep disorders (based on PSQI dimensions) were neither different among the three trimesters of pregnancy, nor between complicated and uncomplicated pregnancies (P > 0.05). The MEQ score (P = 0.008, OR = 4.275) was positively, and the academic degree was negatively (P = 0.005, OR = 0.202) associated with sleep disorder. Conclusions: The majority of pregnant mothers reported insomnia, and about one-third reported poor sleep quality, indicating the necessity of paying greater attention to the sleep disorders of pregnant women from the early trimester to prevent further complications.
The Severity of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Different Episodes of Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Shahkaram Homa , Lotfinia Shahab , Bakhshani Nour-Mohammad , Ghiasi Zahra
Published: October 2020

Background: The relationship between bipolar disorder (BD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is investigated in several studies. According to the reports, the comorbidity of these two-disorders is more than the general population. Objectives: The current study aimed to compare the severity of OCD in different episodes of BD. Methods: This cross-sectional (descriptive-analytic) study included 90 patients referred to Baharan Psychiatric Center affiliated to the Zahedan University of Medical Science in 2019 with a primary diagnosis of BD according to Semi-structured interview (SCID). The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive scale was used to measure the severity of OCD symptoms in different episodes of BD. Results: The severity of OCD symptoms in the depression group was significantly higher than the manic (P < 0.01) and remission groups (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Mood state influences the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Since the course of disorder in the comorbidity of these two disorders become chronic and diagnosis, and the OCD is difficult in the manic episode; it is necessary to be aware when diagnosing BD or OCD.