bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Bronchial Thermoplasty on Asthma-Related Quality of Life and Controller Medication Use
Authors: Seeley Eric J. , Alshelli Ihab , Canfield James , Lum Mendy , Krishna Ganesh
Published: May 2019

Background: Despite an improved understanding of the pathophysiology of asthma, severe asthma sufferers continue to experience a poor quality of life (QOL). Bronchial thermoplasty (BT) utilizes thermal energy to reduce airway smooth muscle. In industry-sponsored trials, BT improves QOL and reduces severe exacerbations; however, the impact of BT on asthma-related QOL and medication use in non-industry-sponsored trials is less clear. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the impact of BT on asthma QOL measures (mini-AQLQ) and asthma controller medication use during the year following treatment with BT. Methods: We performed a prospective study of the impact of BT in 25 patients with severe persistent asthma. Our primary outcome was change in asthma-related QOL score (mini-AQLQ) 1 year after BT treatment. Our secondary outcome was change in asthma medication use 1 year after BT. Results: BT led to an improvement in mini-AQLQ score from a baseline of 3.6 ± 0.3 before therapy to 5.6 ± 0.3 1 year after the final BT procedure. Overall, 88% percent of patients showed a clinically significant improvement in mini-AQLQ at 1 year. Patients treated with BT showed a reduction in the use of montelukast and omalizumab 1 year after BT. Conclusion: In patients with severe persistent asthma and low asthma-related QOL scores, BT leads to an improvement in asthma-related QOL and a decrease in asthma medication use when measured 1 year after the final BT treatment.
Comparison of Frequency- and Time-Domain Autoregulation and Vasoreactivity Indices in a Piglet Model of Hypoxia-Ischemia and Hypothermia
Authors: Govindan Rathinaswamy B. , Brady Ken M. , Massaro An N. , Perin Jamie , Jennings Jacky M. , DuPlessis Adre J. , Koehler Raymond C. , Lee Jennifer K.
Published: May 2019

Introduction: The optimal method to detect impairments in cerebrovascular pressure autoregulation in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is unclear. Improving autoregulation monitoring methods would significantly advance neonatal neurocritical care. Methods: We tested several mathematical algorithms from the frequency and time domains in a piglet model of HIE, hypothermia, and hypotension. We used laser Doppler flowmetry and induced hypotension to delineate the gold standard lower limit of autoregulation (LLA). Receiver operating characteristics curve analyses were used to determine which indices could distinguish blood pressure above the LLA from that below the LLA in each piglet. Results: Phase calculation in the frequency band with maximum coherence, as well as the correlation between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and near-infrared spectroscopy relative total tissue hemoglobin (HbT) or regional oxygen saturation (rSO2), accurately discriminated functional from dysfunctional autoregulation. Neither hypoxia-ischemia nor hypothermia affected the accuracy of these indices. Coherence alone and gain had low diagnostic value relative to phase and correlation. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that phase shift is the most accurate component of autoregulation monitoring in the developing brain, and it can be measured using correlation or by calculating phase when coherence is maximal. Phase and correlation autoregulation indices from MAP and rSO2 and vasoreactivity indices from MAP and HbT are accurate metrics that are suitable for clinical HIE studies.
Development and Internal Validation of a Prediction Model to Estimate the Probability of Left-Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Stable Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients without Clinical Heart Failure
Authors: Sun Linlin , Ji Yongqiang , Wang Yanzhe , Zhu Dingyu , Chen Fuhua , Zhang Nan , Shen E , Wang Xiaoxia
Published: May 2019

Objective: To develop and internally validate a multivariable prediction model based on simple clinical record data and laboratory tests and to estimate the probability of left-ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) in stable maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients without clinical heart failure. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting and Participants: In all, 181 patients on MHD without clinical heart failure were eligible from the dialysis center of Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine between October 2017 and September 2018. Outcomes: LVDD detected by echocardiography. Measurements: We performed multivariable logistic regression using demographic, clinical, and laboratory data to identify predictors of LVDD with internal validation by using 200 bootstrap replications. Results: Overall, 78 out of 181 (43.1%) patients were affected by LVDD. Predictors included in the LVDD Model were high-sensitive cardiac troponin T (OR 5.91 per 1-ln unit; 95% CI 2.17–16.13), B-type natriuretic peptide (OR 2.35 per 1-ln unit; 95% CI 1.14–4.86), and dialysis vintage (OR 1.04 per 1-month; 95% CI 1.01–1.07). The area (AUC) under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the Model was 0.871 (95% CI 0.811–0.932, p < 0.001). The calibration plot showed good agreement between predicted and observed probabilities with a calibration slope of 1.023 and intercept of –0.010. After internal validation, the Model maintained excellent discrimination (AUC 0.858, 95% CI 0.798–0.919) and good calibration (slope of 1.079, 95% CI 1.058–1.097 and intercept of –0.120, 95% CI –0.142 to –0.093). LVDD Model <0.23 can be used to rule out (sensitivity = 87.3%, negative likelihood ratio = 12.7%) and ≥0.44 can be used to rule in (specificity = 87.6%, positive likelihood ratio = 12.4%) echocardiography diagnosed LVDD. Limitation: External validation of the Model will be required. Conclusions: A model using routinely available simple clinical record data and laboratory tests can accurately predict the risk of LVDD in stable MHD patients. The Model and its cutoff values may be useful for early diagnosis and intervention of LVDD.
Relentless Placoid Chorioretinitis: A Case Series of Successful Tapering of Systemic Immunosuppressants Achieved with Adalimumab
Authors: Asano Shotaro , Tanaka Rie , Kawashima Hidetoshi , Kaburaki Toshikatsu
Published: May 2019

Background: Adalimumab, a human anti-tumor necrosis factor-ɑ monoclonal antibody, was recently reported to be effective in lowering the risk of recurrence of noninfectious uveitis. This is the first case series of adalimumab administrations for relentless placoid chorioretinitis (RPC) patients. Case Presentation: We report 2 cases of RPC where successful treatments were achieved with adalimumab. A 34-year-old woman developed conjunctival hyperemia, mild iridocyclitis, and multiple atrophic retinal lesions, along with exudative changes that were widespread from the posterior pole to peripheral retina in both eyes. The diagnosis of RPC was made based on the characteristic recurrences of choroiditis despite systemic corticosteroid and cyclosporine. Adalimumab therapy was introduced to the patient, and thereafter no recurrence was observed while tapering the immunosuppressive agents. The second case was a 22-year-old man with visual deterioration in both eyes who exhibited widespread multiple chorioretinal atrophic lesions. We diagnosed the case as RPC based on characteristic clinical findings and recurring chorioretinitis during tapering of systemic corticosteroids. Adalimumab therapy was administrated, and immunosuppressant dosage was successfully reduced without any recurrences. Conclusions: In the current two RPC cases, adalimumab was quite effective and useful to reduce the dosages of systemic immunosuppressants. Further study is necessary to confirm the effectiveness of adalimumab in RPC patients.
Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Resection of a Todani Type II Choledochal Malformation
Authors: ten Hove Anneke , de Kleine Ruben H.J. , Nijkamp Maarten W. , Gouw Annet S.H. , Koopman Timco , Klaase Joost M.
Published: May 2019

Choledochal malformation (CM) comprise various congenital cystic dilatations of the extrahepatic and/or intrahepatic biliary tree. CM is classified into five different types. Our case describes a 58-year-old man presenting with acute abdominal pain. Further examination showed a Todani type II CM. Treatment for type II is complete cyst excision without the need for an extrahepatic bile duct resection. A robot-assisted laparoscopic resection of the CM was performed and the patient recovered without complications. Pathology results showed a Todani type II malformation in which complete squamous metaplasia has occurred. In this paper, we report, to the best of our knowledge, the first description of a robot-assisted laparoscopic resection of a type II CM.
Corrie Health Digital Platform for Self-Management in Secondary Prevention After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Spaulding Erin M. , Marvel Francoise A. , Lee Matthias A. , Yang William E. , Demo Ryan , Wang Jane , Xun Helen , Shah Lochan , Weng Daniel , Fashanu Oluwaseun E. , Carter Jocelyn , Sheidy Julie , McLin Renee , Flowers Jennifer , Majmudar Maulik , Elgin Eric , Vilarino Valerie , Lumelsky David , Bhardwaj Vinayak , Padula William , Allen Jerilyn K. , Martin Seth S.
Published: May 2019

Background:

Unplanned readmissions after hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction are among the leading causes of preventable morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Digital health interventions could be an effective tool in promoting self-management, adherence to guideline-directed therapy, and cardiovascular risk reduction. A digital health intervention developed at Johns Hopkins—the Corrie Health Digital Platform (Corrie)—includes the first cardiology Apple CareKit smartphone application, which is paired with an Apple Watch and iHealth Bluetooth-enabled blood pressure cuff. Corrie targets: (1) self-management of cardiac medications, (2) self-tracking of vital signs, (3) education about cardiovascular disease through articles and animated videos, and (4) care coordination that includes outpatient follow-up appointments.

Methods and Results:

The 3 phases of the MiCORE study (Myocardial infarction, Combined-device, Recovery Enhancement) include (1) the development of Corrie, (2) a pilot study to assess the usability and feasibility of Corrie, and (3) a prospective research study to primarily compare time to first readmission within 30 days postdischarge among patients with Corrie to patients in the historical standard of care comparison group. In Phase 2, the feasibility of deploying Corrie in an acute care setting was established among a sample of 60 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Phase 3 is ongoing and patients from 4 hospitals are being enrolled as early as possible during their hospital stay if they are 18 years or older, admitted with acute myocardial infarction (ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction or type I non–ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction), and own a smartphone. Patients are either being enrolled with their own personal devices or they are provided an iPhone and/or Apple Watch for the duration of the study. Phase 3 started in October 2017 and we aim to recruit 140 participants.

Conclusions:

This article will provide an in-depth understanding of the feasibility associated with implementing a digital health intervention in an acute care setting and the potential of Corrie as a self-management tool for acute myocardial infarction recovery.
Obesity-Stroke Paradox Exists in Insulin-Resistant Patients But Not Insulin Sensitive Patients
Authors: Xu Jie , Wang Anxin , Meng Xia , Jing Jing , Wang Yilong , Wang Yongjun ,   on behalf of the investigators for ACROSS-China†, Dong Qiang , Cui Liying , Zhou Shengnian , Yu Fengchun , Zhao Xingquan , Wang Chunxue , Zheng Huaguang , Jia Qian , zhou Yong , Liu Liping , Liu Gaifen , Wang Zhijiang , Wu Haibo , Sun Yuheng , Yu Fengchun , Sun Huashan , Li Jinying , Li Guozhong , Guo Li , Cao Yibin , Yuan Xiaodong , Li Juntao , Wu Yiping , Zhang Jiewen , Xu Yuming , Zhou Shengnian , Li Guanglai , Guo Minxia , Li Shuguang , Sun Shenggang , Wang Wei , Xiao Bo , Huang Renbin , Chen Kangning , Wu Xiaoping , Bai Qingke , Sun Xiaojiang , Li Xin , Gu Dexiang , Luo Benyan , Zheng Rongyuan , Cai Yefeng , Mo Xuean , Gao Li , Gao Xiaoping , Qi Chunbo , Gao Lianbo , Niu Jianping , Wu Yi , Shan Yimin
Published: May 2019

Background and Purpose—

The underlying mechanisms of stroke-obesity paradox are still not fully understood. This study aims to investigate the contribution of insulin resistance to the association between body mass index and stroke outcomes.

Methods—

Patients with ischemic stroke without history of diabetes mellitus in the Abnormal Glucose Regulation in Patients With Acute Stroke Across-China registry were included. Overweight or obese was defined as body mass index ≥23, and the median of homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance index was chosen as cutoff to define insulin resistance. Cox or logistic regression model was used to assess the interaction between body mass index and homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance on 1-year prognosis (all-cause mortality and poor functional outcome defined as modified Rankin Scale score 3–6).

Results—

Of 1227 study participants, the median homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance was 1.9 (interquartile range, 1.1–3.1) and 863 (70.3%) patients were classified as overweight or obese. Among insulin-resistant patients, overweight/obese patients experienced one-half of the risk of death after stroke than their low/normal weight counterparts (9.42% versus 17.69%, unadjusted hazard ratio, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.31–0.82), while among insulin-sensitive ones, no significant difference of mortality risk was found (7.58% versus 6.91%, 1.07; 0.57–1.99). Similar trends were observed for poor functional outcome. Results were similar after adjustments for confounders. There were significant interactions between body mass index and homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance on the risks of mortality (
P
=0.045) and poor functional outcome (
P
=0.049).

Conclusions—

We observed the obesity paradox for mortality and functional outcome in insulin-resistant patients but did not find the obesity paradox in insulin-sensitive patients. Insulin resistance may be one of the mechanisms underlying the obesity paradox of the outcome in patients with ischemic stroke.
Ischemic Diffusion Lesion Reversal After Endovascular Treatment
Authors: Yoo Joonsang , Choi Jin Wook , Lee Seong-Joon , Hong Ji Man , Hong Jeong-Ho , Kim Chang-Hyun , Kim Yong-Won , Kang Dong-Hun , Kim Yong-Sun , Hwang Yang-Ha , Ovbiagele Bruce , Demchuk Andrew M. , Lee Jin Soo , Sohn Sung-Il
Published: May 2019

Background and Purpose—

Several studies have reported partial reversal of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesions after acute stroke reperfusion treatment. However, factors associated with DWI reversal have not yet been systematically investigated. We evaluated the factors associated with DWI reversal after endovascular treatment (EVT).

Methods—

We retrospectively analyzed consecutively encountered patients with acute ischemic stroke who underwent EVT at 3 comprehensive stroke centers in Korea from January 2011 to February 2016. Patients who received EVT within 24 hours of anterior circulation infarction and had both baseline and follow-up DWIs were included. DWI reversal was defined as a decrease in DWI volume from baseline to follow-up. We compared the characteristics and outcomes between patients with and without DWI reversal and assessed independent factors associated with DWI reversal.

Results—

Of 720 patients encountered during the time period, 404 patients (56.1%) met the study criteria, with 63 patients (15.5%) showing DWI reversal after EVT. The mean time interval between baseline and follow-up DWI was 4.7±2.4 days. Mean baseline DWI volumes of patients with and without DWI reversal were 30.1±36.7 versus 22.0±30.7 mL (
P
=0.106), and follow-up DWI volumes were 17.8±24.9 versus 68.7±77.5 mL (
P
<0.001). Patients with DWI reversal showed better functional outcomes at 3 months than those without DWI reversal (modified Rankin Scale [interquartile range], 1 [0–3] versus 2 [1–4];
P
=0.001). In a multivariate analysis, complete reperfusion (odds ratio, 1.954; 95% CI, 1.063–3.582) and shorter time from baseline DWI to final reperfusion (odds ratio, 0.991; 95% CI, 0.983–0.998) were independently associated with DWI reversal.

Conclusions—

Complete reperfusion and shorter imaging time to recanalization were independently associated with DWI reversal among patients with acute ischemic stroke who received EVT.
Two new species of Nolina (Nolinoideae: Asparagaceae) endemic to Western Mexico
Authors: RUIZ-SANCHEZ EDUARDO , CARRILLO-REYES PABLO , HERNÁNDEZ-SANDOVAL LUIS GERARDO , SPECHT CHELSEA D.
Published: May 2019

Nolina in Mexico is represented by 26 described species, 18 of them are endemic. Previous molecular and ecological studies indicated that populations of Nolina parviflora from Jalisco and Zacatecas may be genetically and ecologically distinct from the described N. parviflora and therefore merit delimitation as a separate species. A detailed morphological study of samples from Jalisco and Zacatecas and a review of existing herbarium collections confirmed the existence of two new Nolina species, which are here described and illustrated as Nolina caxcana and Nolina rodriguezii. Both species are endemic to Mexico.
Two new species of Cotoneaster (Rosaceae, subgen. Chaenopetalum) for the flora of Iran
Authors: RAEI NIAKI NEMAT ALLAH , ATTAR FARIDEH , SHEIDAI MASOUD , MAROOFI HOSSEIN , JOHARCHI MOHAMMAD REZA , ULLAH FAZAL
Published: May 2019

Cotoneaster nima-yushiji and C. mazandaranicus (sect. Chaenopetalum), two new species of the genus Cotoneaster (Rosaceae) from northern Iran, are described and illustrated. Cotoneaster nima-yushiji is closely related to C. discolor Pojark. (1954: 16) but differs by larger leaves, indumentum of leaves, number of flowers per inflorescence, longer inflorescence, dark red and succulent fruit (vs. light red and non-succulent). C. mazandaranicus is morphologically similar to C. multiflorus C. A. Mey. (1831: 171), but is distinguished by foliar lamina with base narrowly cuneate to cuneate, shape and size of leaves, indumentum of leaves, color of leaves and fruit.
Impacts of Small-Scale Urban Encroachment on Air Temperature Observations
Authors: Leeper Ronald D. , Kochendorfer John , Henderson Timothy A. , Palecki Michael A.
Published: May 2019

A field experiment was performed in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, with four instrumented towers placed over grass at increasing distances (4, 30, 50, 124, and 300 m) from a built-up area. Stations were aligned in such a way to simulate the impact of small-scale encroachment on temperature observations. As expected, temperature observations were warmest for the site closest to the built environment with an average temperature difference of 0.31° and 0.24°C for aspirated and unaspirated sensors, respectively. Mean aspirated temperature differences were greater during the evening (0.47°C) than during the day (0.16°C). This was particularly true for evenings following greater daytime solar insolation (20+ MJ day−1) with surface winds from the direction of the built environment where mean differences exceeded 0.80°C. The impact of the built environment on air temperature diminished with distance with a warm bias only detectable out to tower B′ located 50 m away. The experimental findings were comparable to a known case of urban encroachment at a U.S. Climate Reference Network station in Kingston, Rhode Island. The experimental and operational results both lead to reductions in the diurnal temperature range of ~0.39°C for fan-aspirated sensors. Interestingly, the unaspirated sensor had a larger reduction in diurnal temperature range (DTR) of 0.48°C. These results suggest that small-scale urban encroachment within 50 m of a station can have important impacts on daily temperature extrema (maximum and minimum) with the magnitude of these differences dependent upon prevailing environmental conditions and sensing technology.
Relating the Diffusive Salt Flux just below the Ocean Surface to Boundary Freshwater and Salt Fluxes
Authors: Nurser A. J. George , Griffies Stephen M.
Published: May 2019

We detail the physical means whereby boundary transfers of freshwater and salt induce diffusive fluxes of salinity. Our considerations focus on the kinematic balance between the diffusive fluxes of salt and freshwater, with this balance imposed by mass conservation for an element of seawater. The flux balance leads to a specific balanced form for the diffusive salt flux immediately below the ocean surface and, in the Boussinesq approximation, to a specific form for the salinity flux. This balanced form should be used in specifying the surface boundary condition for the salinity equation and the contribution of freshwater to the buoyancy budget.
Detection of Ground Clutter for Dual-Polarization Weather Radar Using a Novel 3D Discriminant Function
Authors: Golbon-Haghighi Mohammad-Hossein , Zhang Guifu
Published: May 2019

A novel 3D discriminant function is introduced as part of a ground clutter detection algorithm for improving weather radar observations. The 3D discriminant function utilizes the phase fluctuations of the received signals for horizontal and vertical polarizations and the dual-scan cross-correlation coefficient. An optimal decision based on the 3D discriminant function is made using a simple Bayesian classifier to distinguish clutter from weather signals. For convenience of use, a multivariate Gaussian mixture model is used to represent the probability density functions of discriminant functions. The model parameters are estimated based on the maximum likelihood using the expectation–maximization (ML-EM) method. The performance improvements are demonstrated by applying the proposed detection algorithm to radar data collected by the polarimetric Norman, Oklahoma (KOUN), weather radar. This algorithm is compared to other clutter detection algorithms and the results indicate that, using the proposed detection algorithm, a better probability of detection can be achieved.
Association between 25-OH-vitamin D and C-reactive protein as a marker of inflammation and cardiovascular risk in clinical practice
Authors: Hernández-Álvarez Elena , Pérez-Barrios Clara , Blanco-Navarro Inmaculada , Pérez-Sacristán Belén , Donoso-Navarro Encarnación , Silvestre Ramona A , Granado-Lorencio Fernando
Published: May 2019

Background

C-reactive protein is an acute phase response marker and, in an epidemiological context, a predictor of cardiovascular risk. 25-Hydroxy-vitamin D is the best indicator for vitamin D status, but it can be altered by the presence of acute phase response. Our aim was to evaluate the association between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and C-reactive protein to assist the interpretation of vitamin D status in a clinical context.

Methods

We evaluated retrospectively 5076 patients ( n = 4087 women) assessed for 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and C-reactive protein simultaneously. Subjects were classified according to the origin as hospitalized patients ( n = 410) and outpatients ( n = 4666). Outpatients included patients from specialized ( n = 3943) and primary ( n = 723) care. Serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D was determined by using liquid chromatography and serum C-reactive protein by using immunoturbidimetry.

Results

Concentrations of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and C-reactive protein were significantly different between hospitalized subjects and outpatients but not for specialized and primary care settings. Serum concentrations of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D decreased as C-reactive protein increased. Hospitalized patients with C-reactive protein concentrations >30 mg/L showed a significant reduction of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D. In outpatients with C-reactive protein within the reference range (≤10 mg/L), C-reactive protein concentrations were not significantly different for serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentrations >37.5 nmol/L.

Conclusions

Our data question the reliability and usefulness of assessing 25-hydroxy-vitamin D status as a biomarker of nutritional status in patients displaying acute phase response, especially at concentrations of C-reactive protein >30 mg/L. In addition, the present study shows that in subjects displaying C-reactive protein values within the reference range, serum concentrations of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D >37.5 nmol/L were not associated with lower concentrations of cardiovascular risk (as assessed by C-reactive protein concentrations).
Identification of Child Maltreatment-Related Emergency Department Visits in Connecticut, 2011 to 2014
Authors: Hunter Amy A. , Bernstein Bruce
Published: May 2019

Child maltreatment identified by medical professionals is poorly represented in records of child protection. International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes may better represent the burden of maltreatment treated in clinical settings. Using emergency department (ED) discharge data from 2011 to 2014, we enumerated presentations of maltreatment treated in Connecticut EDs for children under 10 years. Of 790 080 discharges, child maltreatment was explicitly documented in 265 (0.03%) unique ED visits, consistent with prior studies. Sexual maltreatment was most prevalent. A total of 3634 visits included an ICD-9-CM code suggestive of maltreatment. Children with these codes were significantly younger, more likely to be of white race, and use private insurance. Use of ICD codes in child maltreatment surveillance may elucidate characteristics of maltreatment not captured by child welfare data. Combining ICD codes for explicit and suggestive maltreatment will aid in understanding the extent of this problem.
Communalism Versus Race/Ethnicity: Which Predicts What Pedagogical Strategies Will Be Culturally Relevant? Or Do You Need Both?
Authors: Hurley Eric A. , Leath Seanna C. , Hurley Shelva P. , Pauletto Elettra
Published: May 2019

Research on Culturally Relevant Pedagogy claims that culture drives students’ attitudes and behaviors to determine what learning contexts best scaffold learning but operationalizes race/ethnicity. This study extends the developmental range of this work and compares race/ethnicity and self-reported group orientation as predictors. In total, 138 high school (Study 1) and 118 college (Study 2) students completed a math task after a learning session. Race/ethnicity alone was not predictive. High group orientation students performed best after communal learning, while low scorers did best after competitive learning in both studies. This was true for Black participants only. More nuanced examination of these issues is needed.
New rail transit stations and the out-migration of low-income residents
Authors: Delmelle Elizabeth , Nilsson Isabelle
Published: May 2019

This article tests the hypothesis that low-income residents disproportionately move out of neighbourhoods in close proximity to new rail transit stations. This transit-induced gentrification scenario posits that the development of rail transit will place an upward pressure on land and housing values and that higher-income residents will outbid low-income residents for this new amenity. The most transit-dependent population may therefore be displaced from the most accessible locations, forming a paradox in the investment in new transit systems. We test this hypothesis using the Panel Study on Income Dynamics (PSID) dataset to trace the out-migration of residents across the United States from census tracts within five years of the opening of a new station, between 1970 and 2014. We find that low-income individuals are more likely to move, regardless of their neighbourhood. However, we do not find significant evidence that low-income individuals are more likely to move out of transit neighbourhoods, after controlling for both individual and other neighbourhood characteristics. The odds of moving out of a transit neighbourhood for low-income residents is statistically insignificant. In other words, they do not have a heightened probability of leaving new transit neighbourhoods compared with other residents. Our results are robust across decades, when examining renters alone, for different time spans and for varying definitions of transit neighbourhoods. We further find that those living in transit neighbourhoods are not more likely to live in a crowded dwelling. Our results therefore suggest that, on average, across the nation, low-income residents do not disproportionately exit new transit neighbourhoods.
The Disaster Artist of the long eighteenth century
Authors: Moores D. J.
Published: May 2019

This essay is a discussion of three anonymous novels about happiness from the long eighteenth century – The Vale of Felicity (1791), Benignity (1818) and Edward (1820) – all of which seem to be written by the same author, as they exhibit striking similarities not only in subject matter but also in their aristocratic perspective on happiness, one wholly dependent upon pecuniary means. What is more, they exhibit the same artistic deficiencies, particularly in wooden characters and the rather poor handling of pacing, plotting, obtrusive didacticism and complication. The opening discussion situates the novels in the context of the abundant eighteenth-century literature on happiness, while the body of the essay is a critical analysis of the three narratives in terms of their various genres (epistolary, sentimental, didactic, Bildungsroman, circular journey, identikit, picaresque) and eighteenth-century ideas on Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Christian charity. The peroration and conclusion are a reflection upon the notion of happiness itself and how it has been ill-received in literary studies. The essay represents the first analysis of its kind, since there is no extant, substantial criticism on any of these novels.
Gender and the politics of decolonization in early 1960s French cinema
Authors: Sharpe Mani
Published: May 2019

In a recent monograph, Todd Shepard has implored us to examine the ways in ‘which the Algerian War modified the form and the content of debates surrounding contemporary sexuality in France’, from the nationalist revolution spearheaded by the FLN in Algeria, to the sexual paradigm shift of May ’68 (2017: 21). An important injunction, undoubtedly. But also an injunction that, as I will show, could also be inverted to examine how, in the world of cinema, the radicalization of identity politics catalysed by decolonization found itself similarly distorted by a tendency among male directors to imagine the war through the lens of their own androcentric preoccupations, fantasies and anxieties: anxieties that, in the case of Jacques Rivette’s Paris nous appartient (1961), Louis Malle’s Le Feu Follet (1963), and Jacques Dupont’s Les Distractions (1960), ricochet erratically between masochistic and misogynistic tales of impotence and carnal retribution; anxieties that subtly twist the dynamics of the decolonial debate into strange shapes, places and meanings.
Static and Dynamic Assessment of Violence Risk Among Discharged Forensic Patients
Authors: Hogan Neil R. , Olver Mark E.
Published: May 2019

This study evaluated the predictive validity of structured instruments for violent recidivism among a sample of 82 patients discharged from a maximum security forensic psychiatric hospital. The incremental predictive validity of dynamic pre–post change scores was also assessed. Each of the Historical-Clinical-Risk Management-20 Version 3 (HCR-20V3), Psychopathy Checklist–Revised, Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability, Violence Risk Scale (VRS), and Violence Risk Appraisal Guide–Revised was rated based on institutional files. The study instruments significantly predicted community-based violent recidivism (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.68-0.85), even after controlling for time at risk using Cox regression survival analyses. Dynamic change scores computed from the HCR-20V3 Relevance ratings and from the VRS also demonstrated incremental predictive validity, controlling for baseline scores. The findings provided support for the use of the study instruments to assess violence risk and for the consideration of dynamic changes in risk—provided that valid means of assessment are employed.
Theologies of the New Testament in Twentieth-Century Francophone Scholarship: An Assessment of an (Absent) Tradition
Authors: Butticaz Simon
Published: May 2019

Anyone interested in theologies of the New Testament in twentieth-century francophone scholarship is likely to be disappointed. In effect, few French-speaking biblical scholars have produced synthesizing works that explore the theological depth and cohesion of the entire New Testament corpus. How are we to explain the lack of interest in this literary genre? Is it strictly a matter of chance, or does it reflect more fundamental considerations and scholarly criteria? Has francophone exegesis simply abandoned the approach, or has the theological study of the writings of nascent Christianity manifested itself in different exegetical forms? These are questions to which this study attempts to provide answers.
Acceleration Approximating Science and Technology Studies: On Judy Wajcman’s Recent Oeuvre
Authors: Vostal Filip
Published: May 2019

This essay considers Judy Wajcman’s book Pressed for Time: The Acceleration of Life in Digital Capitalism and an edited volume by her and Nigel Dodd entitled The Sociology of Speed: Digital, Organizational, and Social Temporalities. The essay claims that the two books challenge the one-dimensional and somewhat deterministic notion of a blanket, all-encompassing social acceleration dynamic, purportedly enveloping the whole of modernity, by offering new conceptual insights and empirical illustrations. Not only do the currently fashionable perspectives on acceleration in the social sciences overlook the nuances in temporal experience and the inextricable link between “fast” and “slow,” they also neglect the emerging temporal divisions inherent in the expansive nature of new information and communication technologies. Both books, in addressing such nuances and divisions, represent key landmarks in the sociology of time/speed and contribute significantly to the emerging social study of temporal transformation.
Comparing situated and simulated learning approaches to developing culturally responsive music teachers
Authors: Abril Carlos R. , Robinson Nicole R.
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of two distinct learning approaches to preparing culturally responsive music teachers. In this article we will describe the two different learning experiences, one in a graduate-level course and another as part of a preservice music teacher professional development session, and interpret the impact of these two approaches on music teachers’ observations and thinking regarding others, themselves, sociocultural issues, and teaching practice. Preservice and experienced music teachers were asked to reflect on their experiences resulting from one of two learning experiences—simulated or situated. We analyzed their reflections using grounded theory techniques. Five themes emerged from this analysis: (a) observations of diversity and difference; (b) awareness of intersections; (c) awareness of macro structures of power; (d) feelings of “otherness” and empathy; and (e) social agency and application. Despite the differing learning approaches applied, both experiences moved teachers beyond singular and simplistic notions of culture and diversity, towards understandings of intersections, structure, and power, as well social action and agency.
The Psychology of Shoplifting: Development of a New Typology for Repeated Shoplifting
Authors: Nadeau Miranda M. , Rochlen Aaron B. , Tyminski Robert
Published: May 2019

Despite the damaging effects of shoplifting on individuals, the current literature offers little guidance for changing shoplifting behavior. One limitation in this area of research has been the failure to use empirically and theoretically sound methodologies to identify individuals’ diverse characteristics and motivations. The present study addressed these limitations by developing an empirically and theoretically supported typology of the varied individuals who shoplift. Participants included 202 community individuals who reported repeated shoplifting and provided information about their shoplifting behavior, motivations, mental health, ethical attitudes, personal histories, and life circumstances. Cluster analyses revealed that the sample could be divided into six discrete groups. These clusters comprise a typology of shoplifting, including Loss-Reactive (28% of the sample), Impulsive (20%), Depressed (18%), Hobbyist (18%), Addictive–Compulsive (9%), and Economically Disadvantaged (7%) types. Each type comprises a unique pattern of shoplifting with unique needs. This research establishes a promising foundation for treating the diverse individuals who shoplift.
Who Can Get More Benefits? Effects of Mindfulness Training in Long-Term and Short-Term Male Prisoners
Authors: An Yuanyuan , Huang Qi , Zhou Yucheng , Zhou Yuyang , Xu Wei
Published: May 2019

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a 6-week mindfulness training program on mental health, anxiety, depression, aggression, sleep quality, mood states, total mood disturbance, and perceived stress among male Chinese prisoners, and to explore whether the intervention effects differed in long-term and short-term prisoners. Eighty-three male prisoners completed the study, including 39 in the mindfulness training group and 44 in the waitlist control group. Results showed that, compared with the waitlist control group, mindfulness training group showed a significant improvement in mindfulness level ( p < .0l), Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90; p < .00l), aggression ( p < .05), sleep quality ( p < .05), and total mood disturbance ( p < .0l). Moreover, compared with the short-term prisoners, mindfulness training was more effective on the long-term prisoners in mindfulness level ( p < .05), SCL-90 ( p < .001), anxiety ( p < .05), depression ( p < .05), aggression ( p < .05), total mood disturbance ( p < .0l), and perceived stress ( p < .0l). Given the study’s innovation, we discussed its significance and limitations.
The literate environment in Kenya: Re-conceptualizing the value of text
Authors: Shannon Brooke M.
Published: May 2019

Understanding how a society values reading beyond the educational setting is currently described in terms of a reading culture. Shifting the focus from a reading culture to a literate environment, which comprises all the ways people interact with text in their everyday lives, is an alternative way to capture the value of the written word. This study examines the extent to which a literate environment, to include a reading culture, exists in Kenya. The data was drawn from an exploratory study of the information practices of women attending university in Kenya. Findings show that a literate environment existed and extended beyond campus. Although not widely generalizable, evidence of a reading culture was also apparent. This case demonstrates how assessing the literate environment provides a broader understanding of how people engage with text that would otherwise be missed. A broader concept will lead to better strategies to enhance engagement with text.
Bayesian Survival Approach to Analyzing the Risk of Recurrent Rail Defects
Authors: Ghofrani Faeze , He Qing , Mohammadi Reza , Pathak Abhishek , Aref Amjad
Published: May 2019

This paper develops a Bayesian framework to explore the impact of different factors and to predict the risk of recurrence of rail defects, based upon datasets collected from a US Class I railroad between 2011 and 2016. To this end, this study constructs a parametric Weibull baseline hazard function and a proportional hazard (PH) model under a Gaussian frailty approach. The analysis is performed using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation methods and the fit of the model is checked using a Cox–Snell residual plot. The results of the model show that the recurrence of a defect is correlated with different factors such as the type of rail defect, the location of the defect, train speed limit, the number of geometry defects in the last three years, and the weight of the rail. First, unlike the ordinary PH model in which the occurrence times of rail defects at the same location are assumed to be independent, a PH model under frailty induces the correlation between times to the recurrence of rail defects for the same segment, which is essential in the case of recurrent events. Second, considering Gaussian frailties is useful for exploring the influence of unobserved covariates in the model. Third, integrating a Bayesian framework for the parameters of the Weibull baseline hazard function as well as other parameters provides greater flexibility to the model. Fourth, the findings are useful for responsive maintenance planning, capital planning, and even preventive maintenance planning.
Reliability Analysis for Roadway Curves with Horizontal Sightline Obstructions
Authors: Cook Daniel J. , Harwood Douglas W. , Potts Ingrid B. , Donnell Eric T. , Hamadeh Bachir
Published: May 2019

Objects on the inside of a horizontal curve may limit the stopping sight distance (SSD) available to drivers. Crash analysis shows that SSD-related crashes on horizontal curves are limited in number and difficult to quantify. As an alternative, a reliability analysis model was developed to quantify the number of drivers per year who may encounter a stopped vehicle in a sight-restricted area, creating an opportunity where an SSD-related crash might occur on a roadway with a sight obstruction on the inside of a horizontal curve. The model considers roadway alignment in three dimensions. The model formulation is documented and an analysis of the sensitivity of crash opportunities to traffic volume and offset to a sight obstruction is performed. A sensitivity analysis of the reliability analysis model shows that the percentage of vehicles that may encounter a crash-involved vehicle or a queue of stopped vehicles over the course of a year can range from essentially zero to a value approaching 1% of the total yearly flow. The reliability analysis model is a flexible tool that can be used by planners and designers to compare, in a relative sense, the need for sight distance improvements on specific horizontal curves.
Sharing norms and adapting habits. The eating practices of immigrants and immigrants’ children from Malian and Moroccan origins in France
Authors: Calandre Natacha , Ribert Evelyne
Published: May 2019

This article presents the results of a comparative study conducted in France, Mali, and Morocco, and it seeks to understand the food cultures of immigrants and immigrants’ children, as well as their evolution across space and time. This survey shows that, according to the context, children reproduce certain of their parents’ norms, representations, and practices, as well as some that are dominating in the country of origin, which are also transformed on a local and on a global scale. There is no transition to a model that would break with the old one and would superimpose on that of the society of residence. The various eating styles of immigrants, as well as of immigrants’ children, fashion themselves and are transformed according to the evolution of family situations, socio-cultural characteristics, and economic resources. Individuals adapt to different social and commensal situations, shifting from a cultural register to another.
Provider–Patient Communication and Involvement in Physical Activity Programs Among Patients Receiving Physical Therapy Services: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Kava Christine M. , Fishleder Sarah , Steinman Lesley , Petrescu-Prahova Miruna , Schrodt Lori , Harris Jeffrey R.
Published: May 2019

Objectives: To describe how physical therapy providers and their patients interact and communicate about physical activity (PA), and explore the barriers and facilitators to patient involvement in PA programs. Method: We conducted 39 direct observations of patient visits with physical therapy providers and 30 telephone interviews with physical therapists (PTs). We conducted a thematic analysis of observation field notes and interview transcripts. Results: PTs and patients engaged in several behaviors to build rapport, discussed PA type and frequency, and exchanged advice and information about PA. Barriers to patient participation in PA programs included low instrumental support, physical limitations, lack of motivation and confidence, and lack of knowledge about available programs. Facilitators included emotional support from friends, peers, and family, and encouragement and information-sharing from providers. Discussion: PTs play an important role in improving older adult PA and could be instrumental in reducing barriers to PA participation.
Police Body-Worn Cameras: Development of the Perceived Intensity of Monitoring Scale
Authors: Adams Ian , Mastracci Sharon
Published: May 2019

Body-worn cameras (BWCs) are the latest and perhaps most tangible answer to complex social questions regarding the use of force, state legitimacy, and the proper role of police in a liberal democracy. How do officers experience heightened monitoring? This article pursues two objectives via two studies. In the first study, we establish a valid and reliable scale to measure police officer perceptions of the risks posed to them by the recording and distribution of BWC footage, conceptualized as Perceived Intensity of Monitoring (PIM). Based on a survey of 617 police officers, we evaluate an 11-item questionnaire and assess internal consistency and construct validity, perform exploratory factor analysis, and derive a PIM Scale composed of three factors measuring officer perceptions of discretion, disapproval, and distribution effects. In the second study, we evaluate the PIM Scale’s ability to predict officer emotional exhaustion, discriminating between BWC and non-BWC equipped officers. This study contributes to evolving work in BWC research by developing a useful measure for police administrators and practitioners charged with making decisions related to BWC implementation and policy. Further, the PIM Scale is applicable across professions other than policing, as surveillant workplace monitoring and technologies of accountability continue to expand to other contexts.
Changes in Physical Assault Among Adults Moving Into Permanent Supportive Housing
Authors: Petering Robin , La Motte-Kerr Wichada , Rhoades Harmony , Wenzel Suzanne
Published: May 2019

People experiencing homelessness experience high rates of physical assault. While this high risk for victimization is well established, there is no research that examines whether victimization rates change over time as persons transition into permanent supportive housing (PSH). Data are from a longitudinal study of adults moving into PSH in the Los Angeles, CA area. Interviews were conducted prior to or within 5 days of moving in, with follow-up interviews at 3, 6, and 12 months after move-in ( n = 370 participants completing all four interviews). Each interview assessed characteristics of past 3-month physical assault. Analyses examined change in rates of assault over time and differences by demographic subgroups. We also present findings on the most common locations and perpetrators of assault. Overall, rates of physical assault decreased after participants entered PSH. Statistically significant differences by subgroups varied by time point. Differences identified include higher rates of physical assault among Latino/a respondents, lower rates among African Americans, and higher rates of physical assault among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) respondents. The most frequent location of assault was outside at baseline, 3- and 6-month time points. Strangers were the most common perpetrator at all time points. Rates of perpetration by neighbors nearly doubled from baseline to the 12-month time point, and inside locations for assault were most common at this time point as well. While PSH is an effective intervention in reducing chronic homelessness, it is important to consider other risks to overall health and well-being, such as physical victimization.