bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Children with Rare Skeletal Disorders: A Survey of Clinical Records
Authors: Zaffanello Marco , Piacentini Giorgio , Sacchetto Luca , Pietrobelli Angelo , Gasperi Emma , Barillari Marco , Cardobi Nicolò , Nosetti Luana , Ramaroli Diego , Antoniazzi Franco
Published: June 2018

Objective: Craniofacial disharmony in skeletal diseases is strongly associated with sleep-disordered breathing. This study was aimed at studying the sleep respiratory patterns in young children with rare skeletal disorders. Design: This retrospective study included children with achondroplasia (ACH), osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and Ellis van Creveld Syndrome. Our subjects underwent an in-laboratory overnight respiratory polygraph between January 2012 and April 2016. All medical records were reviewed and brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging was conducted on patients with ACH, nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx spaces. Patients: Twenty-four children were enrolled, 13 with ACH, 2 with spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, 1 with odontochondrodysplasia, 6 with OI and 2 with Ellis van Creveld Syndrome. Results: Children with ACH, who had adenotonsillectomy, showed fewer sleep respiratory involvement than untreated children. Among 13 patients with ACH, brain magnetic resonance imaging was available in 10 subjects and significant negative correlation was found between sleep respiratory patterns, nasopharynx and oropharynx space (p < 0.05). In 2 patients with spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, mild-to-moderate sleep respiratory involvement was found. Both subjects had a history of adenotonsillectomy. Mild sleep respiratory involvement was also observed in 4 out of 6 patients with OI. One patient with Ellis van Creveld syndrome had mild sleep respiratory disturbance. Conclusions: Sleep respiratory disturbances were detected in children with ACH, and with less severity also in OI and Ellis van Creveld syndrome. Adenotonsillectomy was successful in ACH in reducing symptoms. In light of our findings, multicenter studies are needed to obtain further information on these rare skeletal diseases.
A vida em arte de Maria Bachkírtseva: uma artista em expressão escrita e pictórica
Authors: Zwick Ludmila Menezes
Published: June 2018

Neste texto apresento alguns breves trechos do diário de Maria Bachkírtseva (1859-1884) e algumas de suas pinturas, de modo a colocar a expressividade dessa artista como um anseio sublime e ao mesmo tempo visceral de ser humanizada muito mais do que eternizada. Para apreciá-la como pintora, cabe perceber o quanto a obra escrita dessa artista é compatível com a obra pictórica, de modo a serem quase subordinadas uma à outra.
Eisenstein no Brasil: uma breve introdução
Authors: Notari Fabiola Bastos
Published: June 2018

Por que ver, ler e falar de Serguei M. Eisenstein hoje? Qual a importância deste cineasta para o público brasileiro? Neste artigo apresento de maneira breve e sucinta as discussões desenvolvidas na tese Eisenstein no Brasil. Estruturada em três partes fundamentais, a tese apresenta uma pesquisa inédita sobre a influência que a teoria e os filmes de Eisenstein tiveram sobre alguns acontecimentos histórico-culturais no Brasil, ou mais especificamente, sobre a atuação de determinados intelectuais e instituições que foram apoiadores, divulgadores e defensores da linguagem cinematográfica como expressão artística.
Inorganic Polyphosphate Amplifies High Mobility Group Box 1–Mediated Von Willebrand Factor Release and Platelet String Formation on Endothelial Cells
Authors: Biswas Indranil , Panicker Sumith R. , Cai Xiaofeng , Mehta-D’souza Padmaja , Rezaie Alireza R.
Published: June 2018

Objective—

Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is known to modulate coagulation, inflammation, and metabolic pathways. It also amplifies inflammatory responses of HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1) in endothelial cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of polyP on von Willebrand factor (VWF) release from endothelial cells with or without HMGB1.

Approach and Results—

EA.hy926 endothelial cells were treated with different concentrations of polyP
70
alone or in combination with different concentrations of HMGB1. VWF release was measured by an ELISA assay in the absence or presence of pharmacological inhibitors of the receptor for advanced glycation end products, P2Y
1
, and Ca
2+
. A flow chamber assay was used to monitor polyP
70
-mediated platelet recruitment and VWF-platelet string formation. PolyP
70
and HMGB1 induced VWF release from endothelial cells by a concentration-dependent manner. PolyP
70
amplified HMGB1-mediated VWF release from endothelial cells. This was also true if boiled platelet releasate was used as the source of polyP. Gene silencing or pharmacological inhibitors of receptor for advanced glycation end products, P2Y
1
, and Ca
2+
significantly inhibited VWF release. PolyP
70
and HMGB1 synergistically promoted VWF-platelet string formation in the flow chamber assay, which was inhibited by the anti-GPIbα (glycoprotein Ib alpha) antibody. VWF release by polyP
70
-HMGB1 complex required phosphorylation of Src and phospholipase C because inhibitors of Src, phospholipase C, and Ca
2+
signaling significantly decreased VWF secretion. The polyP
70
-HMGB1 complex also increased angiopoietin-2 release, indicating that Weibel-Palade body exocytosis is involved in the VWF release.

Conclusions—

PolyP
70
can promote thrombotic and inflammatory pathways by inducing VWF release and platelet string formation on endothelial cells.
Nbeal2
Deficiency Increases Organ Damage but Does Not Affect Host Defense During Gram-Negative Pneumonia-Derived Sepsis
Authors: Claushuis Theodora A.M. , de Stoppelaar Sacha F. , de Vos Alex F. , Grootemaat Anita E. , van der Wel Nicole N. , Roelofs Joris J.T.H. , Ware Jerry , van‘t Veer Cornelis , van der Poll Tom
Published: June 2018

Objective—

Nbeal2
−/−
mice, a model of human gray platelet syndrome, have reduced neutrophil granularity and impaired host defense against systemic
Staphylococcus aureus
infection. We here aimed to study the role of Nbeal2 deficiency in both leukocytes and platelets during gram-negative pneumonia and sepsis.

Approach and Results—

We studied the role of
Nbeal2
in platelets and leukocytes during murine pneumonia and sepsis by
Klebsiella pneumoniae
. Apart from platelet α-granule deficiency and reduced neutrophil granularity, also monocyte granularity was reduced in
Nbeal2
−/−
mice, whereas plasma levels of MPO (myeloperoxidase), elastase, NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin), and MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase 9), and leukocyte CD11b expression were increased.
Nbeal2
−/−
leukocytes showed unaltered in vitro antibacterial response and phagocytosis capacity against
Klebsiella
, and unchanged reactive nitrogen species and cytokine production. Also during
Klebsiella
pneumonia and sepsis,
Nbeal2
−/−
mice had similar bacterial growth in lung and distant body sites, with enhanced leukocyte migration to the bronchoalveolar space. Despite similar infection-induced inflammation, organ damage was increased in
Nbeal2
−/−
mice
, which was also seen during endotoxemia. Platelet-specific
Nbeal2
deficiency did not influence leukocyte functions, indicating that
Nbeal2
directly modifies leukocytes. Transfusion of
Nbeal2
−/−
but not of
Nbeal2
+/+
platelets into thrombocytopenic mice was associated with bleeding in the lung but similar host defense, pointing at a role for platelet α-granules in maintaining vascular integrity but not host defense during
Klebsiella
pneumosepsis.

Conclusions—

These data show that
Nbeal2
deficiency—resulting in gray platelet syndrome—affects platelets, neutrophils, and monocytes, with intact host defense but increased organ damage during gram-negative pneumosepsis.
Reading Camus Carefully?
Authors: Birchall Ian
Published: June 2018

Michel Onfray’sL’Ordre libertaireis a passionate defence of Camus as a philosopher, and an attempt to co-opt him as a representative of Onfray’s own Nietzschean, hedonistic, libertarian, atheist beliefs. But the account is far from successful. Onfray’s presentation is highly repetitive, and though he promises us a ‘careful reading’, in fact his work contains many errors and misrepresentations. His vituperative attacks on Marxism in general, and on Sartre in particular, are often based on serious inaccuracies. His attempt to defend Camusen blocmakes him frequently insensitive to the complexities and contradictions of Camus’s thought, and in particular of his political stance. The treatment of Camus’s views on the Algerian War in particular, and the role of violence in history in general, is equally unsatisfactory.
Mega-FTAs in the Asia-Pacific Region
Authors: Lukács Eszter , Völgyi Katalin
Published: June 2018

The emerging wave of mega-FTAs during the global economic crisis era has so far attracted considerable academic attention. This paper primarily investigates two of the mega-FTAs, namely TPP and RCEP, from the perspective of Japan. It focuses on Japan’s role and interests in the launch of mega-FTAs and how Japan tries to keep them on track, with protectionism on the rise worldwide (particularly on the US side).
Health-Seeking Nomads and Faith-Healing in a Medically Pluralistic Context in Mbeya, Tanzania
Authors: Gammelin Lotta
Published: June 2018

Abstract1

The popularity of faith-healing in sub-Saharan Africa has been widely acknowledged in research, but mostly treated as a phenomenon apart, instead of being viewed in relation to other modes of healing. In this article I focus on the reasons why believers choose faith-healing in a medically pluralistic situation and how they see other healing options available in a locally founded Charismatic church community, the Gospel Miracle Church for All People (GMCL), in the Southern Tanzanian city of Mbeya. I propose that, in order to see the medically pluralistic context in Tanzania through the journeys of health-seeking nomads, the focus must lie on two intertwined aspects of faith-healing: first, it is inevitably based on the need to be healed and speaks of a failure of biomedicine to explain illness and provide healing; and second, the long journeys that are made in search of healing mean traversing boundaries and switching between parallel healing systems: biomedicine, traditional healing, and faith-healing. While health seeking nomads are in many ways in a vulnerable position, I suggest that their ability to move from one healing option to another speaks of agency: not in the sense of full control over their life situations but, rather, as a way of coming to terms with their illness.
Flying to Fail: Costly Signals and Air Power in Crisis Bargaining
Authors: Post Abigail
Published: June 2018

Theories of crisis bargaining suggest that military mobilizations act as costly signals of resolve, increasing the credibility of coercive threats. In this article, I argue that air mobilizations, as a subset of military signals, demonstrate a lack of resolve during coercive bargaining for four reasons: they cost less in terms of human and financial resources (sunk costs), generate lower political costs (hand-tying), do not raise the risks of engagement (manipulation of risk), and do not significantly shift the balance of power—all compared with other military signals. Using new data that disaggregates military demonstrations into air, naval, and land signals during 210 cases of compellence, this article presents systematic evidence that air signals decrease the probability of coercive threat success compared with the alternatives. This finding holds important implications for theoretical and policy debates regarding the role of costly signals in international bargaining.
The Roles of Social Complexity Belief and Perceived Contact Characteristics in Cultural Intelligence Development Among Individuals Receiving Contact-Based Training
Authors: Alexandra Valerie
Published: June 2018

Contact-based cross-cultural training (CCT) is essential in cultural intelligence (CQ) development; however, little is known about how individual differences and training characteristics influence CQ development. This work argues that in the context of contact-based CCT, a participant’s social complexity belief predicts the perception of disconfirmation in culturally shaped expectations, and ultimately his or her CQ development. Furthermore, using person–situation interactionist research, this study explores the interaction of social complexity belief with perceived optimal contact characteristics: common goals, personalized contact, equal status, and support of authorities. The hypotheses were tested in a pre- and postdesign study involving 174 management students who participated in a multiweek contact-based CCT. The results reveal that social complexity belief is positively associated with CQ development and that the perception of disconfirmation mediates this relationship. The perception of common goals by a CCT participant during contact attenuates the positive effect of his or her social complexity belief on the perception of disconfirmation. These findings highlight the importance of considering individual differences and training characteristics in CCT design and selection.
Amalgam Alternatives: Cost-Effectiveness and Value of Information Analysis
Authors: Schwendicke F. , Göstemeyer G. , Stolpe M. , Krois J.
Published: June 2018

We aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of amalgam alternatives—namely, incrementally placed composites (IComp), composites placed in bulk (BComp), and glass ionomer cements (GIC). In a sensitivity analysis, we also included composite inlays (CompI) and incrementally placed bulk-fills (IBComp). Moreover, the value of information (VOI) regarding the effectiveness of all strategies was determined. A mixed public-private-payer perspective in the context of Germany was adopted. Bayesian network meta-analyses were performed to yield effectiveness estimates (relative risk [RR] of failure). A 3-surfaced restoration on a permanent molar in initially 30-y-old patients was followed over patients’ lifetime using a Markov model. Restorative and endodontic complications were modeled; our outcome parameter was the years of tooth retention. Costs were derived from insurance fee items. Monte Carlo microsimulations were used to estimate cost-effectiveness, cost-effectiveness acceptability, and VOI. Initially, BComp/GIC were less costly (110.11 euros) than IComp (146.82 euros) but also more prone to failures (RRs [95% credible intervals (CrI)] were 1.6 [0.8 to 3.4] for BComp and 1.3 [0.5 to 5.6] for GIC). When following patients over their lifetime, IComp was most effective (mean [SD], 41.9 [1] years) and least costly (2,076 [135] euros), hence dominating both BComp (40.5 [1] years; 2,284 [126] euros) and GIC (41.2 years; 2,177 [126] euros) in 90% of simulations. Eliminating the uncertainty around the effectiveness of the strategies was worth 3.99 euros per restoration, translating into annual economic savings of 87.8 million euros for payers. Including CompI and IBComp into our analyses had only a minimal impact, and our findings were robust in further sensitivity analyses. In conclusion, the initial savings by BComp/GIC compared with IComp are very likely to be compensated by the higher risk of failures and costs for retreatments. CompI and IBComp do not seem cost-effective. All alternatives are likely to be inferior to amalgam. The VOI was considerable, and future studies may yield significant economic benefits.
Does change of industrial structure affect energy consumption structure: A study based on the perspective of energy grade calculation
Authors: Hong Yang , Can Peng , Xiaona Yang , Ruixue Li
Published: June 2018

In this article, the grades of different kinds of energy sources are distinguished. Thus, we put forward an equivalent electric calculation method, which is compliant with the calculation of various energy resources that have different grades. Based on this aspect, we empirically analyzed the influence of industrial structure changing on energy consumption structure by analyzing panel data in 30 provinces of China from 2003 to 2013. Results showed that the calculated results of equivalent electric calculation method were more accurate because it considered the difference in grades between various energy sources. Industrial structure changing had a significant impact on energy consumption structure. The upgrading and rationalization of the industrial structure had a significant promotion on energy structure cleaning. In addition, technological progress was conducive to the clean development of energy structure, the decrease in energy price boosted energy structure cleaning, and the impact of economic level on energy consumption structure was not significant.
On Receiving Asylum Seekers: Identity working as a process of material-discursive interpellation
Authors: Hultin Lotta , Introna Lucas
Published: June 2018

This paper responds to recent calls to study how materiality is implicated in the process of subject positioning by grounding itself in a relational and performative ontology. By situating our analysis in Barad’s post-humanist view of discourse as material-discursive practice, and by drawing on the concepts of interpellation and hailing, we show how material-discursive practices at three different service sites of the Swedish Migration Board are profoundly constitutive of the manner in which asylum seekers and officers become hailed into various subject positions. In so doing, our study contributes to the development of a post-humanist understanding of how subject positions are enacted and governed within organizations. More precisely, we move beyond the conception of the intentional human and the non-intentional non-human in order to foreground the manner in which mundane material-discursive practices always and already condition (or govern) the possibilities for subjects (and objects) to be and to act, specifically and immanently. Thus we suggest that matter and soul are intertwined in ways that make their separation less convincing, if tenable at all.
Concetta De Iorio's Granddaughter Remembers/B. Amore's Journey into the Realm of Memory
Authors: Sciorra Joseph
Published: June 2018

But these flowers said remembering required effort and attention, because the pinpricks of our existence were so tiny and precious they could easily be erased by a passing wind.
Dexmedetomidine attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in neonatal rats by inhibiting TLR4 signaling
Authors: Cheng Jiangxia , Zhu Pengfei , Qin Han , Li Xia , Yu Hai , Yu Hui , Peng Xiaohong
Published: June 2018

Objective

The sedative dexmedetomidine plays a role in multi-organ protection by inhibiting toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 expression in ischemia/reperfusion injury. The present study investigated whether the neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine could be blocked by the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide.

Methods

We established a cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model in neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats through bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 20 minutes followed by a 2-hour reperfusion. Rats were assigned to four groups: Sham operation, ischemia/reperfusion, ischemia/reperfusion preceded by dexmedetomidine treatment (10 µg/kg), and ischemia/reperfusion preceded by dexmedetomidine (10 µg/kg) and lipopolysaccharide (500 µg/kg) treatments. Cerebral tissue injury was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and cerebral TLR4 expression was evaluated by real-time PCR and western blot.

Results

Pretreatment with dexmedetomidine reduced ischemia-induced morphological changes in the hippocampal CA3 region and downregulated TLR4 expression, but these neuroprotective effects were partially blocked by co-treatment with the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that inhibition of cerebral TLR4 expression is related to the neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine in this neonatal rat cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model.
Cultural diversity and employment growth: Moderating effect of the recent global financial crisis
Authors: Grillitsch Markus , Tavassoli Sam
Published: June 2018

This article analyses the effect of cultural diversity on employment growth, considering the recent global financial crisis (GFC) as a moderating factor. In doing so, we developed competing hypotheses based on Blau’s theory of heterogeneity versus an alternative perspective which combines the resource-based view (RBV) with social identity theory (SIT). We empirically test such theories using a unique longitudinal dataset comprising the population of all firms in Sweden between 2003 and 2012. We find support for the latter hypothesis, that is, the relationship between cultural diversity and employment growth is inverted U-shaped, which is even more pronounced during/after the GFC. We discussed the implications of these findings for other contexts.

JEL Classification: M14, M51, E24, G01
The Effect of Demographic Changes on Transit Ridership Trends
Authors: Driscoll Richard A. , Lehmann Kurt R. , Polzin Steven , Godfrey Jodi
Published: June 2018

Since 2013, there has been a noted overall decline in U.S. transit ridership despite continued growth in population. Transit ridership declines are not a new phenomenon, however. Since 1980, ridership has peaked and decreased seven different times. In the same time period, transit ridership per capita has decreased by nearly 15%. While economic considerations, fuel price, and changing modal choices are among the factors being evaluated in attempts to explain this decline, several unexplored causes share a strong relationship to ridership decline. Two demographic phenomena help to explain this dampening of transit usage and are the focus of this paper. First, the population is aging and there is a lower share of the population in the young age cohorts that have a higher propensity for transit use. Quantification of the impact of this phenomenon explains some of the ridership declines. Second, there has been a significant decline in the population in some of the counties with high-quality transit service and use. Simultaneously much of the population growth is occurring in counties with lower levels of transit service and use. Rapidly growing counties had half the rate of commuting to work by transit as did rapidly declining counties. In seeking to fully understand the factors that influence transit ridership trends, it is important that each of the many factors be fully understood so that policy makers and practitioners can respond and position transit accordingly.
Emergency Medical Service Response: Analyzing Vehicle Dispatching Rules
Authors: Amorim Marco , Ferreira Sara , Couto António
Published: June 2018

In an era of information and advanced computing power, emergency medical services (EMS) still rely on rudimentary vehicle dispatching and reallocation rules. In many countries, road conditions such as traffic or road blocks, exact vehicle positions, and demand prediction are valuable information that is not considered when locating and dispatching emergency vehicles. Within this context, this paper presents an investigation of different EMS vehicle dispatching rules by comparing them using various metrics and frameworks. An intelligent dispatching algorithm is proposed, and survival metrics are introduced to compare the new concepts with the classic ones. This work shows that the closest idle vehicle rule (classic dispatching rule) is far from optimal and even a random dispatching of vehicles can outperform it. The proposed intelligent algorithm has the best performance in all the tested situations where resources are adequate. If resources are scarce, especially during peaks in demand, dispatching delays will occur, degrading the system’s performance. In this case, no conclusion could be drawn as to which rule might be the best option. Nevertheless, it draws attention to the need for research focused on managing dispatch delays by prioritizing the waiting calls that inflict the higher penalty on the system performance. Finally, the authors conclude that the use of real traffic information introduces a considerable gain to the EMS response performance.
Experimental Study for Estimating the Passenger Space at Metro Stations with Platform Edge Doors
Authors: Seriani Sebastián , Fujiyama Taku
Published: June 2018

Platform edge doors (PEDs) are used in various metro stations to improve safety, comfort, and ventilation conditions; however, limited research has been done to estimate the passenger space (PS) in the boarding and alighting process when PEDs are installed. The objective of this paper is to estimate the PS needed for alighting at metro stations. For this purpose, laboratory experiments have been performed at University College London’s Pedestrian Accessibility Movement Environmental Laboratory. The experiments consisted of a mock-up of a carriage and the relevant portion of the platform, in which different load scenarios of boarding and alighting were conducted. The scenarios were based on a preliminary analysis observed at Westminster Station (with PEDs) and Green Park Station (without PEDs). To obtain the position of each passenger on the platform a tracking tool was used. The results show that the PS for alighting passengers can be represented as an asymmetrical ellipse, in which the longitudinal and lateral radii change according to the negotiations with other passengers alighting or waiting on the platform to board the train. Therefore, there is a relationship between the PS and the level of interaction, which suggests that passengers adjust their PS to avoid collision. This research can be used in pedestrian models by traffic engineers to estimate the PS of passengers boarding and alighting when PEDs are used. This in turn can help in designing the platform–train interface and platforms at transport infrastructures.
Getting off the Cartesian Clothesline
Authors: Martin John Levi
Published: June 2018

Most attempts to examine the relation between networks and events begin with what we should question—that it invariably helps us to imagine that our units fall neatly into “events” that occupy distinct points in Cartesian time. I show that the core insights that inspired contemporary network analysis come from a structuralist conception which is both far more theoretically generative than the Cartesian vision and does less violence to the nature of the sorts of empirical material that we usually have before us.
Pathways to Violence: Dynamics for the Continuation of Large-scale Conflict
Authors: Balian Hrag , Bearman Peter
Published: June 2018

This article identifies why large-scale multisided civil conflict lasts for so long. The simple answer is that groups engaged in such conflicts have opportunities to achieve coveted ends like dominance and/or revenge by killing members of other groups. We focus on killing events and their temporal ordering rather than on rates. From this perspective, we identify how purely endogenous dynamics lead to conflict continuity and more unusually, conflict failure, or peace. The empirical case we consider is the Northern Ireland “Troubles,” 1969–2001.
How to Read The Wealth of Nations (or Why the Division of Labor Is More Important Than Competition in Adam Smith)
Authors: Hearn Jonathan
Published: June 2018

This article challenges the idea that competition was central to Adam Smith’s thinking by scrutinizing the concept’s role in Smith’s work, particularly The Wealth of Nations. We will understand Smith’s perspective better if we avoid reading later developments of the concept, particularly in economics, back into Smith’s times and writings. Conversely, I argue that the division of labor is the governing idea providing the basic organizational structure of Wealth of Nations. Clarifying (and demoting) the role of competition in Smith’s thinking requires showing the centrality of the idea of the division of labor—the idea doing the major analytic work in his thinking. The argument contributes to recent reassessments of the scope and significance of Smith’s social theory and strengthens the view that his approach has more in common with historical and political sociology than with economics as currently configured.
Violent and Nonviolent Crimes Against Sex Workers: The Influence of the Sex Market on Reporting Practices in the United Kingdom
Authors: Connelly Laura , Kamerāde Daiga , Sanders Teela
Published: June 2018

Previous research has shown that sex workers experience extremely high rates of victimization but are often reluctant to report their experiences to the police. This article explores how the markets in which sex workers operate in the United Kingdom impact upon the violent and nonviolent crimes they report to a national support organization and their willingness to report victimization to the police. We use a secondary quantitative data analysis of 2,056 crime reports submitted to the U.K. National Ugly Mugs (NUM) scheme between 2012 and 2016. The findings indicate that although violence is the most common crime type reported to NUM, sex workers operating in different markets report varying relative proportions of different types of victimization. We also argue that there is some variation in the level of willingness to share reports with the police across the different sex markets, even when the types of crime, presence of violence, and other variables are taken into account. Our finding that street sex workers are most likely to report victimization directly to the police challenges previously held assumptions that criminalization is the key factor preventing sex workers from engaging with the police.
Exploring User Responses to Entertainment and Political Videos: An Automated Content Analysis of YouTube
Authors: Möller A. Marthe , Kühne Rinaldo , Baumgartner Susanne E. , Peter Jochen
Published: June 2018

On YouTube, videos are always presented together with additional user-generated information about those videos. This social information is presented in the form of number of views, (dis)likes, or comments. However, we know little about the characteristics of social information about entertainment videos. To fill this gap, the present study examined the amount and valence of online entertainment videos’ social information and compared this to the social information of online political videos. An automated content analysis of (dis)likes, views, and 39,602 comments presented alongside 463 videos showed that entertainment videos received more views and comments than political videos. Moreover, entertainment videos’ comments were more neutral than political videos’ comments. We also found that comments with a stronger positive or negative valence received more replies and likes, with the exceptions that the positive valence of political videos had no effect and that, for political videos, a stronger negative valence led to fewer likes. Finally, we found that as political videos received more comments, the positive valence of their comments became more consistent. Overall, these results show that the type of video influences the amount and valence of social information the video receives.
Are Religious People Really More Helpful? Public and Private Religiosity and Volunteering Participation
Authors: Yeung Jerf W. K.
Published: June 2018

Little research has investigated different religious dimensions, for example, public and private religiosity, in contribution to participation in different voluntary services and specific secular volunteering domains, and whether these dimensions have different effects on voluntary services and volunteering domains. Furthermore, this research has tested whether public religiosity is a mediator and/or a suppressor of the effects of private religiosity on volunteering. Of a representative sample of general adults, the current study found that public and private dimensions of religiosity significantly predicted more participation in different voluntary services and specific secular volunteering domains and public religiosity had stronger effects than did private religiosity. Irrespective of the dimension, religiosity was more strongly related to some voluntary services and volunteering domains than to others. Importantly, the effects of private religiosity on secular volunteering are significantly mediated and suppressed by public religiosity, but the reverse is not true. Implications for volunteerism for nonprofit organizations are briefly discussed.
Captive in Cycles of Invisibility? Prisoners’ Work for the Private Sector
Authors: Pandeli Jenna , Marinetto Michael , Jenkins Jean
Published: June 2018

This article critiques a case of modern prison-labour by exploring prisoners’ attitudes towards the prison-work they undertake while incarcerated. The study is based at a privatised male prison in the UK, assigned the pseudonym ‘Bridgeville’. Bridgeville contracts with private-sector firms in providing market-focused prison-work – so-called real work – for inmates in some of its workshops. In exploring prisoners’ perceptions of this privatised prison-work, it is found that it mainly comprises mundane, low-skilled activities typical of informalised, poor-quality jobs that are socially, legally and economically devalued and categorised as forms of ‘invisible work’. At Bridgeville, such privatised prison-work largely fails in engaging or upskilling inmates, leaving them pessimistic about its value as preparation for employment post-release. Its rehabilitative credentials are therefore questioned. The article contributes to the debate around invisible work more generally by problematising this example of excluded work and the cycle of disadvantage that underpins it.
Flow shop scheduling with low carbon emission and variable machining parameters
Authors: Lin Wenwen , Tian Guangdong , Li Zhiwu , Zhang Yuejun , Zhang Chaoyong
Published: June 2018

Synergistic improvement on low carbon manufacturing is not taken full consideration in flow shop scheduling in literatures. To fill the gap, this article extends a flow shop scheduling problem by considering low carbon emission and variable machining parameters. The difference between the extended scheduling problem and the traditional one is that the former investigates the comprehensive effects of machine and scheduling levels on production throughput and environmental impact. A mathematical model of the extended problem is formulated to find the Pareto frontier, which is the set of scheduling solutions that are all Pareto efficient. Moreover, two problem-specific scheduling methods are presented and their effects on the considered problem are proved. A novel multi-objective heuristic is developed to deal with the extended problem because it is a non-deterministic polynomial acceptable problem. An actual case is studied to demonstrate the feasibility and applicability of the proposed extended problem and two scheduling methods. These finds can be employed in manufacturing execution systems and do not require additional cost.
Flow mechanisms in axial turbine rim sealing
Authors: Chew John W , Gao Feng , Palermo Donato M
Published: June 2018

This paper presents a review of research on turbine rim sealing with emphasis placed on the underlying flow physics and modelling capability. Rim seal flows play a crucial role in controlling engine disc temperatures but represent a loss from the main engine power cycle and are associated with spoiling losses in the turbine. Elementary models that rely on empirical validation and are currently used in design do not account for some of the known flow mechanisms, and prediction of sealing performance with computational fluid dynamics has proved challenging. Computational fluid dynamics and experimental studies have indicated important unsteady flow effects that explain some of the differences identified in comparing predicted and measure sealing effectiveness. This review reveals some consistency of investigations across a range of configurations, with inertial waves in the rotating flow apparently interacting with other flow mechanisms which include vane, blade and seal flow interactions; disc pumping and cavity flows; shear layer and other instabilities; and turbulent mixing.
Trade union strategies in the age of austerity: The Romanian public sector in comparative perspective
Authors: Adăscăliței Dragoș , Muntean Aurelian
Published: June 2018

This article examines the impact of the economic crisis and its aftermath on collective bargaining, by comparing reactions to austerity policies of trade unions in healthcare and education in Romania. We develop an encompassing theoretical framework that links strategies used by trade unions with power resources, costs and union democracy. In a tight labour market generated by the massive emigration of doctors, unions in healthcare have successfully deployed their resources to advance their interests and obtain significant wage increases and better working conditions. We also show that in the aftermath of the crisis, healthcare trade unions have redefined their strategies and adopted a more militant stance based on a combination of local strikes, strike threats and temporary alliances with various stakeholders. By comparison, we find that unions in the education sector have adopted less effective strategies built around negotiations with governments combined with national-level militancy.
Modification of Glasgow‐Blatchford scoring with lactate in predicting the mortality of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in emergency department
Authors: Konyar Zeynep , Guneysel Ozlem , Dogan Fatma Sari , Gokdag Eren
Published: June 2018

Background:

Gastrointestinal bleeding is a commonly seen multidisciplinary clinical condition in emergency departments which has high treatment cost and mortality in company with hospital admission. Risk evaluation before endoscopy is based on clinical and laboratory findings at patient's emergency visit.

Objective:

The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of “Glasgow‐Blatchford scale + lactate levels” to predict the mortality of patients detected with gastrointestinal bleeding in the emergency department.

Methods:

A total of 107 patients with preliminary diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding included in the study after approval of the ethics committee were prospectively evaluated. Glasgow‐Blatchford scale scores were calculated and venous blood lactate levels were assessed. Need for blood transfusion in the follow‐up, the amount of transfusion, and mortality in the next 6 months were evaluated.

Results:

A statistically significant difference was found in mortality rates between the lactate and Glasgow‐Blatchford scale cohorts in our study (p = 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). The mortality rate was significantly higher in the lactate(+) GBS(+) cases compared to the lactate(–) GBS(+), lactate(+) GBS(–), and lactate(–) GBS(–) cases compared to the bilateral comparisons (p = 0.004, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, and p < 0.01, respectively). There was a statistically significant relationship between the rate of erythrocyte suspension replacement in the cases according to Glasgow‐Blatchford scale levels (p = 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). The incidence of erythrocyte suspension replacement was 7.393 times greater in patients with Glasgow‐Blatchford scale score of 12 and above.

Conclusion:

Glasgow‐Blatchford scale is highly sensitive to the determination of mortality risk and the need for blood transfusion in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Glasgow‐Blatchford scale with lactate evaluation is more sensitive and more significant than Glasgow‐Blatchford scale alone. This significance provides us to establish “modified Glasgow‐Blatchford scale.” In the future, studies which will use Glasgow‐Blatchford scale supported by lactate could be increased and the results should be supported more.
Regulating emotions in two languages: How do emotion regulation strategies relate to physiological reactivity in emotional contexts?
Authors: Quiñones-Camacho Laura E , Shih Emily W , Savage Scott V , Lamar Prieto Covadonga , Davis Elizabeth L
Published: June 2018

Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions:

Differences in how people regulate their emotions have been shown across cultures. Yet, whether bilinguals regulate emotions differently based on the language they are speaking is unknown, as is whether these regulatory choices relate to their physiology. The aim of this study was to assess whether self-reported use of emotion regulation strategies that promote emotional engagement would be associated with greater sympathetic arousal while describing emotional experiences for bilinguals.

Design/Methodology/Approach:

99 Spanish–English bilinguals ( M = 20.8 years; SD = 2.11; 73 women) were interviewed about times they felt sad and afraid in both Spanish and English, and described what they did to regulate those emotions. Sympathetic nervous system physiology (pre-ejection period; PEP) was assessed continuously. The within-person experimental design enabled exploration of differences in regulation and physiology that were associated with talking about negative emotions in different languages.

Data and Analysis:

Emotion regulation strategies that indexed emotional engagement (e.g. cognitive reappraisal) were reliably coded from participant interviews. PEP reactivity was calculated as the change from a resting baseline to each language context. We used hierarchical linear regressions to test our hypotheses.

Findings/Conclusions:

We found that using fewer engagement strategies was associated with decreased sympathetic arousal, but only for people who were more physiologically aroused when at rest and only when participants were speaking English.

Originality:

This study is the first to show that bilinguals’ emotion regulatory attempts have different consequences across languages, highlighting how emotional processing is colored by cultural-linguistic lenses.

Significance/Implications:

These findings align with growing evidence that bilinguals’ physiological reactions to emotional events depend on the language context. Knowledge generated by this investigation contributes to our understanding of cross-cultural differences in people’s physiological arousal and emotional processing by highlighting these patterns among the understudied population of bilingual speakers.
Wave-based planar motion and vibration control of under-actuated mass-spring arrays
Authors: Habibi Hossein , O’Connor William
Published: June 2018

This paper considers the problem of position control and active vibration damping of a planar, array (or grid) of masses and springs, by a single actuator, attached to one corner of the array, which is required to translate and rotate the entire system from rest to rest, through target linear and angular displacements, simultaneously. An obvious challenge is that the system has many degrees of freedom, with many undamped vibration modes, and is clearly highly under-actuated. The control technique is a development of “wave-based control,” whereby rapid and effective control of the entire system is achieved, robustly, using measurements made only at the actuator, of the actuator’s own motion and of the forces between the actuator and the attached flexible system. No detailed system model or system identification is needed. The actuator need not be ideal. The array does not have to be uniform, in its geometry or in the mass and spring values. The control strategy is simple to implement. The 2D array is of interest in itself as a benchmark control challenge, but it can also be considered a model of various lumped structures, or a discretisation of distributed systems.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for an Adolescent Female Presenting With Misophonia: A Case Example
Authors: Muller Darius , Khemlani-Patel Sony , Neziroglu Fugen
Published: June 2018

The case illustrates the effective assessment and treatment of misophonia in a 14-year-old adolescent female in which short-term cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) principles were utilized. Misophonia-related symptomology declined significantly during treatment, and partial gains were consolidated over time with the use of ongoing sporadic booster sessions to maintain reported improvements and to address the variable nature of the patient’s symptom expression. Significant tolerance of noise triggers occurred, both within and in between sessions, and the patient achieved concurrent behavioral changes and tolerated a marked reduction in relevant avoidance behaviors. Self-reported and observed psychological and physiological distress diminished when confronted with identified trigger noises, both during conducted in vivo exposures and, more broadly, in the patient’s home and school environments. The case serves as a contribution to the growing body of psychiatric literature recognizing misophonia as a distinct phenomenon, and offers anecdotal evidence regarding assessment treatment implications.
Context-specific proportion congruent effects: Compound-cue contingency learning in disguise
Authors: Schmidt James R , Lemercier Céline
Published: June 2018

Conflict between task-relevant and task-irrelevant stimulus information leads to impairment in response speed and accuracy. For instance, in the colour-word Stroop paradigm, participants respond slower and less accurately to the print colour of incongruent colour words (e.g., “red” printed in green) than to congruent colour words (e.g., “green” in green). Importantly, this congruency effect is diminished when the trials in an experiment are mostly incongruent, relative to mostly congruent, termed a proportion congruent effect. When distracting stimuli are mostly congruent in one context (e.g., location or font) but mostly incongruent in another context (e.g., another location or font), the congruency effect is still diminished in the mostly incongruent context, termed a context-specific proportion congruent (CSPC) effect. Both the standard proportion congruent and CSPC effects are typically interpreted in terms of conflict-driven attentional control, frequently termed conflict adaptation or conflict monitoring. However, in two experiments, we investigated contingency learning confounds in context-specific proportion congruent effects. In particular, two variants of a dissociation procedure are presented with the font variant of the CSPC procedure. In both, robust contingency learning effects were observed. No evidence for context-specific control was observed. In fact, results trended in the wrong direction. In all, the results suggest that CSPC effects may not be a useful way of studying attentional control.
An Individualized Music-Based Intervention for Acute Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Hospitalized Older Adults With Cognitive Impairment: A Prospective, Controlled, Nonrandomized Trial
Authors: Schroeder Ryan W. , Martin Phillip K. , Marsh Connie , Carr Susan , Richardson Tara , Kaur Jasmine , Rusk Jennifer , Jiwanlal Shiloh
Published: June 2018

Background: Neuropsychiatric symptoms are common features of dementia, and these occur in three fourths of patients on psychogeriatric inpatient units. These symptoms have traditionally been treated with pharmacological agents, but many medications are as likely to harm patients with dementia as to help them. As a result, nonpharmacological interventions are increasingly being investigated as ways to reduce these symptoms. Objective: The current study evaluated the impact of an individualized music-based intervention on agitation, negative mood, positive mood, compliance with care, need for one-on-one nursing staff intervention, and need for PRN medication. Method: Participants in this study were older adults who were admitted to a geriatric behavioral inpatient unit for acute agitation or behavioral disturbance. Twenty patients were in a treatment as usual group and 21 were in the individualized music group. Results: Agitation, negative mood, and positive mood all benefited from the music-based intervention, with resulting large effect sizes. Resisting care level also significantly benefited from the intervention, with a resulting medium effect size. Conclusion: These findings indicate that an easily implemented and reproducible music-based intervention, which is well tolerated and without adverse side effects, can be an effective way to reduce neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with dementia on a hospital unit.