bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A COMPARISON OF VARIOUS FORMS OF REINFORCEMENT WITH AND WITHOUT EXTINCTION AS TREATMENT FOR ESCAPE‐MAINTAINED PROBLEM BEHAVIOR
Authors: Carter Stacy L.
Published: March 2011

The present investigation compared the effects of reinforcing compliance with either positive or negative reinforcement for a participant who displayed escape‐maintained problem behavior. The results indicated that positive reinforcement in the form of a highly preferred edible or leisure item produced higher levels of compliance and lower levels of problem behavior when compared to negative reinforcement in the form of escape from demands. In addition, an extinction procedure was unnecessary to achieve high levels of compliance.
USE OF PEER‐MEDIATED INTERVENTION IN CHILDREN WITH ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
Authors: Grauvogel‐MacAleese Alicia N. , Wallace Michele D.
Published: March 2011

The present experiment extended and replicated the use of functional analysis and a peer‐mediated intervention to decrease disruptive behavior displayed by children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in an afterschool program. After determining that the participants displayed off‐task behavior maintained by peer attention via a functional analysis, peer‐implemented differential reinforcement of other behavior with extinction was effective in reducing participants' off‐task behaviors. The use of peers as behavior‐change agents is discussed, as are avenues for future research.
ASSESSING THE VALUE OF CHOICE IN A TOKEN SYSTEM
Authors: Sran Sandeep K. , Borrero John C.
Published: March 2011

Responding of 4 children was assessed under conditions in which (a) no programmed contingencies were arranged for target behavior, (b) responding produced tokens that could be exchanged for a single highly preferred edible item, and (c) responding produced a token that could be exchanged for a variety of preferred edible items. After assessing the effects of these contingencies, the preferences of 3 participants were assessed using a concurrent‐chains schedule. Preference for the opportunity to choose from the same or qualitatively different edible items varied across participants, and findings were generally consistent with those of Tiger, Hanley, and Hernandez (2006).
REVIEW OF SCHREIBMAN'S: THE SCIENCE AND FICTION OF AUTISM
Authors: Leblanc Linda A. , Losowski‐Sullivan Sheryl , Riley Andrew R.
Published: March 2011

Although the awareness of autism in the general public has increased significantly over the past 20 years, much of the widely disseminated information is not fully grounded in scientific fact. In The Science and Fiction of Autism (2005), Laura Schreibman addresses a series of debates and controversies in areas ranging from diagnostic practices and etiological theories to effective clinical practices. This book provides an overview of the field of autism that is suitable for well‐educated parents and new professionals in the field.
INFLUENCE OF ASSESSMENT SETTING ON THE RESULTS OF FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES OF PROBLEM BEHAVIOR
Authors: Lang Russell , Sigafoos Jeff , Lancioni Giulio , Didden Robert , Rispoli Mandy
Published: March 2011

Analogue functional analyses are widely used to identify the operant function of problem behavior in individuals with developmental disabilities. Because problem behavior often occurs across multiple settings (e.g., homes, schools, outpatient clinics), it is important to determine whether the results of functional analyses vary across settings. This brief review covers 3 recent studies that examined the influence of different settings on the results of functional analyses and identifies directions for future research.
Rockshelters in Behavioral Context: Archaeological Perspectives from Eastern North America
Authors: Burns Jonathan A. , Raber Paul A.
Published: March 2011

Rockshelters are widespread features of prehistoric settlement. Eastern North America is well-supplied with rockshelters and caves that have been used in a variety of ways. We review and assess traditional archaeological approaches to the study of rockshelters in the region and consider the potential for new directions in the anthropological study of rockshelters. We summarize the articles presented in this volume and offer a perspective for future research.
Moments in Time: Differential Site Use Patterns at Meadowcroft Rockshelter (36WH297)
Authors: Adovasio J. M.
Published: March 2011

Meadowcroft Rockshelter (36WH297) currently manifests the longest, if explicitly episodic, occupational sequence in the Americas. Interestingly, despite the long persistence of an essentially stable seasonal visitation pattern which is centered upon latest summer through mid- to late-fall site use, the intensity of rockshelter utilization (measured in length of visitation interval and/or persons per visit) is highly variable. Prior to and after Late Archaic/Transitional and Early Woodland times (ca. 4000–100 B.C. uncalibrated), the pattern of site visitation by any index is rather light. During the Late Archaic/Transitional and Early Woodland intervals, site utilization is much heavier based on all available lines of evidence. The spatial and temporal patterns of site use at Meadowcroft during the Holocene are detailed and related to broader patterns of Cross Creek Drainage-wide prehistoric visitation. Several potential explanations are offered for the heavier pattern of site use documented for the Late Archaic/Transitional and Early Woodland periods.
The Intensification of Rockshelter Use in the Late Woodland/Late Prehistoric Period
Authors: Raber Paul A.
Published: March 2011

The latest periods of prehistory in the Middle Atlantic witnessed a marked and widespread increase in the use of rockshelters. Archaeologists have noted the phenomenon but failed to provide a convincing explanation. I examine several possible reasons why Late Woodland/Late Prehistoric peoples may have spent more time at rockshelters, propose a link with the deteriorating climate of the Little Ice Age and consequent subsistence risk, and present a case study from the Mykut Rockshelter, 36Hu143, in central Pennsylvania.
Upland Rockshelters and Late Woodland Communities in the Hocking Valley, Southeastern Ohio
Authors: Black Staci E. Spertzel
Published: March 2011

More than 50 years of studies in the southeastern region of Ohio confirm an intensification of the use of rockshelters as specialized task localities during the Late Woodland period. This article addresses rockshelters within the broader community organization of the Late Woodland landscape involving hunting and lithic resource procurement activities. In the Hocking Valley, settlement studies have shown a transition from dispersed Early to Middle Woodland household hamlets situated along the upper tributaries of Monday and Sunday creeks to Late Woodland nucleated household villages along the main stem of the Hocking River proper. Facing Monday Creek Rockshelter is offered as an example of the Late Woodland community's use of the region's many upland rockshelters. I propose that the Late Woodland exploitation of upper tributary rockshelter settings for the hunting and gathering of target resources was fundamental to the larger residential farming settlements situated in the alluvial valley.
Late Archaic Site Use at Sachsen Cave Shelter, Upper Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee
Authors: Franklin Jay D. , Beck Chase W. , Walker Renee , Hays Maureen A.
Published: March 2011

Upland regions have typically received short shrift in archaeology. We present preliminary results of archaeological testing at Sachsen Cave Shelter, a “rock house” on the Upper Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee (UCP). Interpretations thus far indicate that the site was used repeatedly as a residential base camp for small family groups over a long period of time during the Late Archaic Period (ca. 6-3000 BP) by prehistoric hunter gatherers who lived year round in the uplands of Southern Appalachia. These activities include butchering and cooking of large mammals on site, nut processing and cooking, and hide processing and sewing. These activities appear to have been concentrated in the fall of the year. However, it is likely that site function depended upon seasonal exploitation of local resources, because faunal elements were recovered that indicate use during the spring and summer months. It may also be that the site was used year round. We support these hypotheses with technological, use-wear, faunal, and archaeobotanical studies.
Linear Combination Test for Hierarchical Gene Set Analysis
Authors: Wang Xiaoming , Dinu Irina , Liu Wei , Yasui Yutaka
Published: March 2011

Gene-set analysis (GSA) aims to identify sets of differentially expressed genes by a phenotype in DNA microarray studies. Challenges occur due to the salient characteristics of the data: (1) the number of genes is far larger than the number of observations; (2) gene expression measurements, especially within each gene set, can be highly correlated; and (3) the number of gene sets that can be examined is large and increasing rapidly. These challenges call for gene-set testing procedures that have both efficiency in computation for large GSAs and high power in the presence of the high correlation.

We propose a new GSA approach called Linear Combination Test (LCT), incorporating the covariance matrix estimator of gene expression into the test statistic. The proposed LCT and two other GSA methods, a mod-ification of Hotelling’s T2 using a shrinkage covariance matrix and our SAM-GS (Dinu et. al. 2007), the two methods that have been reported by Tsai and Chen (2009) to perform best in terms of power, are evaluated in simulation studies and a real microarray study. The LCT method is more computationally efficient than the modified Hotelling’s T2 and approximates the superb power of the modified Hotelling’s T2. LCT is slightly faster than SAM-GS, but more powerful, due to incorporating the covariance matrix estimator. An extra step to enhance the interpretation of GSA results is also proposed in the form of a hierarchical LC (HLC) testing procedure, providing scientists useful hierarchical information on gene sets that LCT identified as differentially expressed.

Availability: A free R-code to perform LCT-GSA and HLC test is available at http://www.ualberta.ca/~yyasui/homepage.html.
Evaluation of Two Mathematical Models Applied to Soybean Hydration
Authors: Coutinho Mônica Ronobo , Omoto Edilson Sadayuki , dos Santos Conceição Wagner André , Andrade Cid Marcos Gonçalves , Jorge Luiz Mario Matos
Published: March 2011

The predictions of the Hsu model of soybean hydration are compared with simulation results of the distributed parameter phenomenological model (DPP) that was developed in this study. The models were developed based on the same mass balance with one volume differential element of the Hsu model; however, the Hsu model admits an exponential variation of concentration while the DPP model admits equal diffusion and convection fluxes at the solid-fluid interface. The models are represented by a partial second order differential equation in relation to the radial position and a first order equation in relation to time, which were solved and numerically fitted using MATLAB routines and experimental data obtained from the hydration assays in the temperature range from 10 to 50 °C. The Hsu model has a smaller quadratic deviation; however, it employs three fitting parameters while DPP uses only one.
Optimization of Twin-Screw Extrusion Process to Produce Okara-Maize Snack Foods Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Shi Cong , Wang Li-jun , Wu Min , Adhikari Benu , Li Li-te
Published: March 2011

Okara-maize flour blends were extruded in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder in order to assess their suitability as snack foods. Response surface methodology (RSM) using a central composite design was used to evaluate the effects of process variables (extrusion temperature (120-180°C), screw speed (100-180 rpm) and feed composition (20-40 percent ww) and moisture content (14-22 percent ww)). Multiple regression equations were developed to describe the effects of each variable on product responses. The product characteristics such as bulk density, expansion index, appearance (colour, porosity), flavor (aroma, grittiness and off-odor), texture (hardness, crispness and brittleness) and overall acceptability were determined through experiments and sensory analyses. Through superimposed RSM contour map, it was found that the feed composition with 30 percent okara content, 14.5-19.3 percent moisture content and the extrusion temperature 120.0-171.2°C and screw speed of 140 rpm, respectively to be the optimum extrusion conditions. The sensory tests showed that the products extruded at the optimized condition had the best appearance, taste, texture and overall acceptability. These results show that the okara-maize blends can be extruded into acceptable snack foods.
The Effect of Competition on Physical Activity: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Johannesson Magnus , Östling Robert , Ranehill Eva
Published: March 2011

Recent literature in economics has highlighted that competition and symbolic awards can provide non-monetary incentives. In this paper, we report on a step contest that we carried out at a large Swedish workplace in order to test whether competition for symbolic awards can be used to promote physical exercise. Each individual was equipped with a pedometer and registered the number of steps daily during a four week period. Participants competed both in teams and individually and the winning team and individual received symbolic prizes. To evaluate the effect of the competition, we randomized teams into a control group and two treatment groups. We found that the step contest significantly increased both the fraction of subjects that completed the step contest and the number of steps. The number of steps was about 1,000 steps higher in the main treatment group than in the control group (an increase by about 10 percent). This is a conservative estimate as the dropouts on average walked fewer steps than individuals completing the study. In an additional treatment, we also included a daily step goal in the contest. The step goal had no additional significant effect on the number of steps, which may be due to the relatively low step goal used (7,000 steps per day).
A Real-Options Approach to Post-Hurricane Loss Valuation of Damage Property: Rebuild or Repair?
Authors: Kumazawa Risa , Query J. Tim , Yanochik Mark A.
Published: March 2011

In this paper, we investigate the rebuild or repair decision that property owners face after damages caused by catastrophic hurricanes such as Katrina in New Orleans. In particular, we consider how the degree of risk aversion and uncertainty affect the decision-making process. A theoretical model is developed using the real-options framework of Dixit and Pindyck (1994). According to the model, the decision to rebuild a property is reached much later when there is a high degree of uncertainty over future social costs and a high discount rate. We demonstrate these effects using simulations with actual numbers from Hurricane Katrina.
History of Insurance, Market Development and Regulation in Seven Least Developed Countries in Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Nepal
Authors: Kwon W. Jean
Published: March 2011

This paper examines the history of market development and regulation in the insurance markets of seven Least Developed Countries in Asia. Historical analysis shows that most of the markets were first developed to service expatriates and the interests of expatriates then operating in those countries but disappeared or were nationalized soon after their independence as a sovereign state. All countries have adopted or are in the process of adopting market-oriented economic policies and insurance business has begun to re-emerge. Findings from the investigation of insurance regulation and supervision show that all governments apparently apply principle of national treatment in the markets, but the application is not perfect as they commonly not only impose no statistically justified rules but also apply politics-oriented guidelines and unclear capital, investment and accounting regulations on licensed companies. The reinsurance markets are either undeveloped or are subject to compulsory cession to government insurer or its designee. They also lack clear exit (insolvency) regulation and policyholder protection guidelines.
A Case of Declining Gross Margins
Authors: Clayton Penny R. , Ellison Larry D.
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT: Based on the facts of an actual fraud investigation and utilizing dialog to creatively present materials that will hold the student’s interest, this case introduces students to financial statement fraud and highlights the internal controls of inventory and sales for a private business. It provides students the opportunity to complete financial statement analysis relating to gross margins, and students are asked to identify weaknesses in the company’s internal control system. Students are also asked to make recommendations for improvement in the form of a written memo. The case is simple but can be used to introduce the concept of fraud investigation and can stimulate lively classroom discussion concerning student perceptions of whether fraud is, in fact, taking place. It can be used with either introductory-level financial accounting classes or more highly developed accounting courses such as auditing or fraud examination.
Tasteless Tea Company: A Comprehensive Revenue Transaction Cycle Case Study
Authors: Premuroso Ronald F. , Hopwood William S. , Bhattacharya Somnath
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT: It is challenging for students taking the introductory accounting information systems (AIS) course to envision how to apply the topics and concepts learned during the course in real-world situations. The motivation for this case study is to have groups of students apply the many topics and concepts learned in the first AIS course to a hypothetical real-world company situation, with particular emphasis on developing a proposed new and improved system for the revenue transaction cycle. The study is also designed to help meet several of the competencies listed under the AICPA’s Core Competency and Framework for Entry into the Accounting Profession.

The case study involves analyzing three different types of revenue cycle transactions—sales by a direct sales force, retail store sales, and e-commerce website sales. Each student group is required to prepare a system analysis and design report, including addressing a list of requirements encompassing topics covered during the introductory AIS course. The requirements include preparation of data flow diagrams or system flowcharts using Microsoft Visio®, a balanced scorecard report, and the design of specification of internal controls appropriate to the revenue transaction cycle. Each group makes a presentation at the end of the semester to the class of their system recommendations using PowerPoint®. Each group also submits a written report containing their system recommendations, including responses to a list of case study questions and requirements posed by the instructor.

The experiential learning process and benefits of using such a case in the introductory AIS course are discussed. Teaching methods, including Teaching Notes on how to administer the case, and suggested answers for the case study questions and requirements (both summarized and in detail) are presented. Evidence of teaching effectiveness of the case is also included.
The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global World of Taxation: Teaching Multi-Jurisdictional Taxation
Authors: Muehlmann Brigitte W. , Burnaby Priscilla A.
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT: A creative and useful solution for teaching multi-jurisdictional taxation was found and successfully implemented. The revised course pedagogy better meets the needs of a student body with wide-ranging differences in prior business experience and preparation for the course when the 150-hour requirement resulted in an influx of five-year full-time graduate students. The new course methodology incorporates Pietra Rivoli’s award-winning documentary The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy. The author tells the life story of a T-shirt, beginning with the cotton grown for the shirt’s manufacture in a field in Texas and concluding with the shirt’s sale in a secondhand market in Tanzania. Course evaluations improved in all dimensions after the addition of the auxiliary text in spite of a perception of increased difficulty.
Online Homework versus Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Pedagogical Support for Transaction Analysis and Recording
Authors: Phillips Fred , Johnson Benny G.
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT: Prior research demonstrates that students learn more from homework practice when using online homework or intelligent tutoring systems than a paper-and-pencil format. However, no accounting education research directly compares the learning effects of online homework systems with the learning effects of intelligent tutoring systems. This paper presents a quasi-experiment that compares the two systems and finds that students’ transaction analysis performance increased at a significantly faster rate when they used an intelligent tutoring system rather than an online homework system. Implications for accounting instructors and researchers are discussed.
Specificity of a canine pancreas-specific lipase assay for diagnosing pancreatitis in dogs without clinical or histologic evidence of the disease
Authors: Neilson-Carley Shannon C. , Robertson Jane E. , Newman Shelley J. , Kutchmarick David , Relford Roberta , Woosley Kristen , Steiner Jörg M.
Published: March 2011

Objective—To evaluate the specificity of a canine pancreas-specific lipase (cPSL) assay for diagnosing pancreatitis in dogs without clinical or histologic evidence of the disease.

Animals—20 dogs from another study with macroscopic evidence of pancreatitis and 44 dogs surrendered for euthanasia or expected to die.

Procedures—Prior to death, physical examination of each dog was performed and blood samples were collected for serum biochemical, serum cPSL, and hematologic analyses. After death, the pancreas was removed, sectioned in 1- to 2-cm slices, and evaluated by a pathologist. Dogs were classified by whether they had clinical or macroscopic pancreatitis. Each pancreatic section was histologically examined, and mean cumulative scores (MCSs) were assigned for 8 histologic characteristics. For each characteristic, comparisons were made between dogs with and without pancreatitis to establish histologic criteria for lack of evidence of pancreatitis.

Results—For all histologic characteristics except lymphocytic infiltration, the median MCS differed significantly between dogs with and without pancreatitis. Dogs were categorized as having no histologic evidence of pancreatitis when the MCSs for neutrophilic infiltration, pancreatic necrosis, peripancreatic fat necrosis, and edema were 0.0. On the basis of these criteria, 40 dogs were classified as having no evidence of pancreatitis. The cPSL concentration was within reference limits in 38 of these 40 dogs and was less than the cutoff value for diagnosing pancreatitis (400 μg/L) in 39 of the 40 dogs, resulting in a specificity of 97.5% (95% confidence interval, 86.8% to 99.9%).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The cutoff cPSL value used in this study may be useful for diagnosing pancreatitis in dogs with a lack of histologic lesions consistent with pancreatitis and for which pancreatitis is not considered a major differential diagnosis.
In vitro antimicrobial properties of caprylic acid, monocaprylin, and sodium caprylate against Dermatophilus congolensis
Authors: Valipe Satyender Rao , Nadeau Jenifer Ann , Annamali Thirunavukkarasu , Venkitanarayanan Kumar , Hoagland Thomas
Published: March 2011

Objective—To determine antimicrobial effects of caprylic acid and its derivatives, monocaprylin and sodium caprylate, on Dermatophilus congolensis and to determine effects of caprylic acid on the ultrastructure of D congolensis by use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Sample—3 strains of D congolensis (33411, 33413, and 14639).

Procedures—Strains of D congolensis were incubated separately under anaerobic conditions at 37°C for up to 48 hours in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth that was supplemented with various concentrations of caprylic acid (7.5, 12.5, 15, 17.5, or 20mM), monocaprylin (2.5, 5, 7.5, or 10mM), or sodium caprylate (15, 50, 60, 70, 100, or 120mM) or contained no antimicrobial treatment. After incubation, bacterial counts were determined by means of plating in triplicate on BHI-agar plates. Caprylic acid-treated or untreated D congolensis samples were embedded in epoxide resin for TEM; cross sections were examined for structural damage.

Results—Minimum inhibitory concentrations of caprylic acid, monocaprylin, and sodium caprylate against D congolensis were 7.5, 2.5, and 15mM, respectively. Minimum bactericidal concentrations of caprylic acid, monocaprylin, and sodium caprylate against D congolensis were 15, 5, and 70mM, respectively. Examination via TEM revealed that a 15-mM concentration of caprylic acid disintegrated the plasma membrane of D congolensis.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that caprylic acid, monocaprylin, and sodium caprylate could potentially be used to treat D congolensis infections. However, in vivo studies should be undertaken to determine whether these compounds can be considered as treatment options.
Time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography of the canine brain at 3.0 Tesla and 7.0 Tesla
Authors: Martin-Vaquero Paula , da Costa Ronaldo C. , Echandi Rita L. , Tosti Christina L. , Knopp Michael V. , Sammet Steffen
Published: March 2011

Objective—To evaluate the ability of 2-D time-of-flight (ToF) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to depict intracranial vasculature and compare results obtained with 3.0- and 7.0-T scanners in dogs.

Animals—5 healthy Beagles.

Procedures—2-D ToF-MRA of the intracranial vasculature was obtained for each dog by use of a 3.0-T and a 7.0-T scanner. Quantitative assessment of the images was obtained by documentation of the visibility of major arteries comprising the cerebral arterial circle and their branches and recording the number of vessels visualized in the dorsal third of the brain. Qualitative assessment was established by evaluation of overall image quality and image artifacts.

Results—Use of 3.0- and 7.0-T scanners allowed visualization of the larger vessels of the cerebral arterial circle. Use of a 7.0-T scanner was superior to use of a 3.0-T scanner in depiction of the first- and second-order arterial branches. Maximum-intensity projection images had a larger number of vessels when obtained by use of a 7.0-T scanner than with a 3.0-T scanner. Overall, image quality and artifacts were similar with both scanners.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Visualization of the major intracranial arteries was comparable with 3.0- and 7.0-T scanners; the 7.0-T scanner was superior for visualizing smaller vessels. Results indicated that ToF-MRA is an easily performed imaging technique that can be included as part of a standard magnetic resonance imaging examination and should be included in the imaging protocol of dogs suspected of having cerebrovascular disease.
Evaluation of the electroencephalogram in young cats
Authors: Lewis Melissa J. , Williams D. Colette , Vite Charles H.
Published: March 2011

Objective—To characterize the electroencephalogram (EEG) in young cats.

Animals—23 clinically normal cats.

Procedures—Cats were sedated with medetomidine hydrochloride and butorphanol tartrate at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks of age, and an EEG was recorded at each time point. Recordings were visually inspected for electrical continuity, interhemispheric synchrony, amplitude and frequency of background electrical activity, and frequency of transient activity. Computer-aided analysis was used to perform frequency spectral analysis and to calculate absolute and relative power of the background activity at each age.

Results—Electrical continuity was evident in cats ≥ 4 weeks old, and interhemispheric synchrony was evident in cats at all ages evaluated. Analysis of amplitude of background activity and absolute power revealed significant elevations in 6-week-old cats, compared with results for 2-, 20-, and 24-week-old cats. No association between age and relative power or frequency was identified. Transient activity, which consisted of sleep spindles and K complexes, was evident at all ages, but spike and spike-and-wave discharges were observed in cats at 2 weeks of age.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Medetomidine and butorphanol were administered in accordance with a sedation protocol that allowed investigators to repeatedly obtain EEG data from cats. Age was an important consideration when interpreting EEG data. These data on EEG development in clinically normal cats may be used for comparison in future studies conducted to examine EEGs in young cats with diseases that affect the cerebral cortex.
Association of periodontal disease with systemic health indices in dogs and the systemic response to treatment of periodontal disease
Authors: Rawlinson Jennifer E. , Goldstein Richard E. , Reiter Alexander M. , Attwater Daniel Z. , Harvey Colin E.
Published: March 2011

Objective—To determine whether severity of periodontal disease (PD) was associated with systemic health indices in dogs and whether treatment of PD altered systemic health indices.

Design—Prospective cohort study.

Animals—38 dogs.

Procedures—Healthy dogs with clinical signs of PD were included in the study. Physical examination, serum biochemical analysis, a CBC, urine evaluati on, measurement of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration, and a microalbuminuria test were performed prior to treatment of PD. All tooth roots were scored for gingivitis and attachment loss, and appropriate treatment of PD was performed. Laboratory data were obtained 4 weeks after treatment. The Spearman rank correlation and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used for statistical analysis.

Results—Analyses of the correlation of several variables with attachment loss or gingivitis or of differences before and after treatment revealed significant results for several variables. After applying Bonferroni corrections for family-wise error rate, significant rank correlations were found between attachment loss and platelet number (r = 0.54), creatinine concentration (r = −0.49), and the within-dog difference in CRP concentrations before and after treatment (r = 0.40). The BUN concentration was significantly higher after treatment than before treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increasing severity of attachment loss was associated with changes in systemic inflammatory variables and renal indices. A decrease in CRP concentration after treatment was correlated with the severity of PD. The BUN concentration increased significantly after treatment of PD. There is a need for continued research into the systemic impact of PD.
Long-term evaluation of the use of Ahmed gonioimplants in dogs with primary glaucoma: nine cases (2000–2008)
Authors: Westermeyer Hans D. , Hendrix Diane V. H. , Ward Daniel A.
Published: March 2011

Objective—To evaluate the outcome and describe the complications associated with use of an Ahmed gonioimplant in the treatment of glaucoma in dogs.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—9 client-owned sighted dogs (median age, 9 years) with primary glaucoma.

Procedures—Medical records of dogs with primary glaucoma that underwent unilateral gonioimplant placement (in 2000 through 2008), during which a temporalis muscle fascia graft (n = 8) or porcine intestinal submucosa (1) was used to cover the implant tube as it exited the globe, were reviewed. All dogs were treated with mitomycin C in the conjunctival pocket intraoperatively and with tissue plasminogen activator immediately after surgery; 1% prednisolone acetate was applied to the implanted eye daily until failure of the implant. Medical intervention or additional surgery was performed when intraocular pressures (IOPs) were > 20 mm Hg or progressively increasing values were detected.

Results—After gonioimplant placement, IOP was controlled for a variable period in all dogs. Subsequently, IOP exceeded 20 mm Hg in 7 dogs (median postoperative interval, 326 days). Median interval to vision loss despite interventional surgery was 518 days (range, 152 to 1,220 days). Surgical intervention was necessary in 4 dogs to maintain satisfactory IOP. Implant extrusion attributable to conjunctival dehiscence or necrosis occurred in 4 dogs. At 365 days after surgery, 8 dogs retained vision, and 5 dogs retained vision throughout follow-up.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In dogs with medically refractory primary glaucoma, placement of a gonioimplant appears to be effective in maintaining vision.
Ecological and sociological spectrum of Ostericum palustre at new localities in central Poland
Authors: Michalska-Hejduk Dorota , Kopeć Dominik
Published: March 2011

Ecological and sociological spectrum of Ostericum palustre at new localities in central Poland

The paper presents new data on the distribution of Ostericum palustre (a strictly protected vulnerable species) in central Poland. In the period of 2008-2009, new population of this species were found in the north-eastern part of Łódź Province. Ostericum palustre was present in the described localities in meadow, herb, peat bog and reed bed communities. The species was most numerous in well preserved purple moor-grass meadows. New localities of Ostericum palustre described in the article are instrumental in the protection of this species in central Poland.
Terrestrial and aquatic flora along a mesotrophic lake shore remaining under increasing human impact: a case study of Lake Powidzkie (Poland)
Authors: Stachnowicz Wojciech
Published: March 2011

Terrestrial and aquatic flora along a mesotrophic lake shore remaining under increasing human impact: a case study of Lake Powidzkie (Poland)

Floristical investigations were carried out in 2009 in both terrestrial and littoral zones along the NW shore of the mesotrophic Lake Powidzkie (a Natura 2000 site: PLH300026). The results comprise: a general comparison of aquatic vs. terrestrial species richness; a census of 296 species of vascular plants and 7 species of charophytes; the taxonomical, biological (life forms) and geographical-historical (native vs. alien taxa) structure of vascular flora. Distribution of nationally and regionally threatened and legally protected species is presented on maps which illustrate that most of these taxa are concentrated in Lake Powidzkie and in its neighbourhood. The ongoing synanthropization of the flora is assessed and discussed considering localities of chosen alien species and their occurrence within natural plant communities: 21 of 27 aliens were recorded at least once in natural vegetation, whereas 4 of them (Aster lanceolatus, Elodea canadensis, Impatiens parviflora and Rhus typhina) formed their own, xenospontaneous communities. The main conclusion is that while the area still abounds in regionally valuable components of native biodiversity, it simultaneously is more and more threatened by increasing anthropopressure, which has already been manifested by the presence of many potentially invasive alien species.
Orobanche purpurea on its newly discovered site near Zatoń Dolna (NW Poland): the problem of protection of a threatened parasitic plant species
Authors: Prajs Bożena
Published: March 2011

Orobanche purpurea on its newly discovered site near Zatoń Dolna (NW Poland): the problem of protection of a threatened parasitic plant species

A newly discovered local population of Orobanche purpurea in NW Poland is described. It was composed of 141 specimens when first found in 2007 on fallow land near the village of Zatoń Dolna. However, the size and distribution of this population changed considerably during the last three growing seasons. The remarkable decline in population size is probably due to competition of other species with the host plant, Achillea millefolium, and the effect of the parasite itself, which weakens its host.
Nonsurgical Treatment of Acetabular Labrum Tears: A Case Series
Authors: Yazbek Paula M. , Ovanessian Vanessa , Martin Robroy L. , Fukuda Thiago Y.
Published: March 2011

Study Design

Case series.

Background

While the literature has emphasized surgical treatment of acetabular labrum tears, there is a lack of information regarding conservative treatment. The purpose of this case series was to describe a nonsurgical program for those with clinical evidence of an acetabular labrum tear, that emphasized hip and lumbopelvic stabilization, correction of hip muscle imbalance, biomechanical control, and sport-specific functional progression.

Case Description

The 4 patients in this series had clinical evidence and magnetic resonance imaging confirmation of an acetabular labrum tear and underwent a similar treatment protocol consisting of 3 phases. Phase 1 emphasized pain control, education in trunk stabilization, and correction of abnormal joint movement. Phase 2 focused on muscular strengthening, recovery of normal range of motion (ROM), and initiation of sensory motor training. And phase 3 emphasized advanced sensory motor training, with sport-specific functional progression. ROM, flexibility, pain, special tests, and level of function were assessed, and strength was measured with handheld dynamometry.

Outcomes

All patients demonstrated decreased pain, functional improvement, and correction of muscular imbalance. Increased muscle strength, primarily for the hip flexors (1%–39%), abductors (18%–56%), and extensors (68%–139%) was also noted.

Discussion

All patients responded well to our program. This case series suggests that patients with clinical evidence of an acetabular labral tear confirmed with MRI can show meaningful improvement with nonsurgical intervention.

Level of Evidence

Therapy, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(5):346–353, Epub 18 February 2011. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3225
Associations Between Disordered Eating, Menstrual Dysfunction, and Musculoskeletal Injury Among High School Athletes
Authors: Thein-Nissenbaum Jill M. , Rauh Mitchell J. , Carr Kathleen E. , Loud Keith J. , McGuine Timothy A.
Published: March 2011

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Objectives

To determine the prevalence of, and association between, disordered eating (DE), menstrual dysfunction (MD), and musculoskeletal injury (MI) among high school female athletes.

Background

Female athlete triad (Triad) syndrome is the interrelatedness of DE, MD, and low bone mass. Few studies have examined 2 or more Triad components simultaneously, or their relationship to injury, among female high school athletes.

Methods

The subject sample consisted of 311 female high school athletes competing on 33 interscholastic high school teams during the 2006–2007 school year. Athletes completed the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and Healthy Wisconsin High School Female Athletes Survey (HWHSFAS). Athletes were classified by sport type as aesthetic (AES), endurance (END), or team/anaerobic (T/A).

Results

Of those surveyed, 35.4% reported DE, 18.8% reported MD, and 65.6% reported sustaining a sports-related musculoskeletal injury during the current sports season. Athletes reporting DE were twice as likely to be injured compared to those reporting normal eating behaviors (odds ratio [OR], 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4, 4.0). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that athletes who reported a history of DE (OR, 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.9) or prior injury (OR, 5.1; 95% CI: 2.9, 8.9) were more likely to be injured during the sports season.

Conclusion

A high prevalence of DE and MD exists among high school female athletes. Additionally, athletes with DE were over 2 times more likely to sustain a sports-related injury during a sports season. Screening and intervention programs designed to identify and decrease the prevalence of DE should be implemented with high school females.

Level of Evidence

Prognosis, level 2b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(2):60‱69, Epub 22 October 2010. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3312
Cross-cultural Adaptation and Validation of the VISA-P Questionnaire for German-Speaking Patients With Patellar Tendinopathy
Authors: Lohrer Heinz , Nauck Tanja
Published: March 2011

Study Design

Clinical measurement study.

Objectives

To cross-culturally adapt and validate the Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment Patellar Tendinopathy Questionnaire (VISA-P) for German-speaking patients.

Background

Like most questionnaires, the VISA-P was developed for English-speaking patients. There is a need to adapt the scale for German-speaking patients and thereby add to the total body of psychometric evidence relating to this instrument.

Methods

The VISA-P questionnaire was translated and cross-culturally adapted into German (VISA-P-G) in 6 steps: translation, synthesis, back translation, expert committee review, pretesting, and advisory committee appraisal. The psychometric properties of the VISA-P-G were determined using 23 patients with patellar tendinopathy and 57 active healthy persons (32 sport students and 25 basketball players). Reliability was evaluated by applying the questionnaire twice within a week to all 80 participants. Known group validity was calculated using a 1-way analysis of variance. Additionally, VISA-P-G results were correlated with the Blazina classification system for patellar tendinopathy, using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. VISA-P-G ratings from the present study groups were further compared with respective data published in the original English, Dutch, and Swedish versions by a 2-sample t test. Internal consistency for the individual items of the questionnaire was determined within the patient group using a Cronbach alpha.

Results

Test-retest revealed excellent reliability for the patient and the asymptomatic control group (ICC = 0.88 and 0.87, respectively). Internal consistency for the patients was 0.88. Concurrent validity was almost perfect (ρ = -0.81; P<.001).

Conclusion

The VISA-P-G is a reliable and valid questionnaire for the self-assessment of pain, symptoms, and function in German-speaking patients with patellar tendinopathy. Its psychometric properties are comparable with the original English and international adaptations (Swedish, Dutch, and Italian). J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(3):180–190, Epub 2 February 2011. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3354
Muscle Activation of Selected Shoulder Muscles During Unilateral Wall and Bench Press Tasks Under Submaximal Isometric Effort
Authors: Tucci Helga T. , Ciol Marcia A. , De Araújo Rodrigo C. , De Andrade Rodrigo , Martins Jaqueline , McQuade Kevin J. , Oliveira Anamaria S.
Published: March 2011

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Objective

To assess the activation of 7 shoulder muscles under 2 closed kinetic chain (CKC) tasks for the upper extremity using submaximal isometric effort, thus providing relative quantification of muscular isometric effort for these muscles across the CKC exercises, which may be applied to rehabilitation protocols for individuals with shoulder weakness.

Background

CKC exercises favor joint congruence, reduce shear load, and promote joint dynamic stability. Additionally, knowledge about glenohumeral and periscapular muscle activity elicited during CKC exercises may help clinicians to design protocols for shoulder rehabilitation.

Methods

Using surface electromyography, activation level was measured across 7 shoulder muscles in 20 healthy males, during the performance of a submaximal isometric wall press and bench press. Signals were normalized to the maximal voluntary isometric contraction, and, using paired t tests, data were analyzed between the exercises for each muscle.

Results

Compared to the wall press, the bench press elicited higher activity for most muscles, except for the upper trapezius. Levels of activity were usually low but were above 20% maximal voluntary isometric contraction for the serratus anterior on both tasks, and for the long head triceps brachii on the bench press.

Conclusions

Both the bench press and wall press, as performed in this study, led to relatively low EMG activation levels for the muscles measured and may be considered for use in the early phases of rehabilitation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(7):520–525, Epub 2 February 2011. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3418
Individuals with Low Back Pain Breathe Differently Than Healthy Individuals During a Lifting Task
Authors: Hagins Marshall , Lamberg Eric M.
Published: March 2011

Study Design

Case control, repeated-measures, experimental laboratory study.

Objective

To determine if, during a whole-body lifting task, individuals with low back pain (LBP) breathe differently than age-matched controls.

Background

Breath control may be optimized to provide increased intersegmental control of the lumbar spine through the generation of intra-abdominal pressure. Consequently, impairments in respiratory and trunk muscle coordination during lifting tasks may contribute to the occurrence or maintenance of LBP.

Methods

Participants without LBP (n = 30) were matched by gender and age with those presenting with chronic mechanical LBP (n = 32) of at least 1 year in duration. Participants completed a total of 8 self-paced lifts of a crate from the floor to a table, with the crate empty during 4 of the lifts and loaded to 25% of the participant's body weight during 4 of the lifts. The amount of volume in the lungs, measured as a percentage of the individual's vital capacity (%VC), was identified at 9 points during the lifting task. A 2 × 2 × 2 × 9 (group by gender by load by time) mixed-model analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with age as the covariate, was used to identify differences among conditions and groups of %VC used during the lift.

Results

Individuals with LBP performed the lifting task with more volume in their lungs (48.2 %VC) than healthy peers (40.9 %VC). Age significantly affected %VC used during the lift: with increasing age, participants with LBP increased inspired volume and participants without LBP decreased inspired volume.

Conclusions

Individuals with LBP performed a lifting task with more inhaled lung volume than individuals without LBP. These findings are consistent with the theoretical link between breath control, intra-abdominal pressure, and lumbar segmental control. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(3):141–148, Epub 4 January 2011. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3437