bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wet Twisting in Spinning for Rapid and Cost‐Effective Fabrication of Superior Carbon Nanotube Yarns
Authors: Zhao Xu , Kong Derui , Tao Jinlong , Kong Na , Mota‐Santiago Pablo , Lynch Peter A. , Shao Yanqiu , Zhang Jizhen
Published: February 2024

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising blocks for building advanced yarns with unique structural and functional attributes. However, the complexity of fabrication and high cost has hindered the widespread adoption of CNT yarns. In this study, a rapid and continuous twisting wet spun yarn strategy to produce highly densified CNT yarns is presented. The method involves effectively dispersing CNTs in the surfactant dispersion, swiftly removing the surfactant in the coagulation bath and twisting treatment to effectively improve the density of yarn and the orientation of CNT. Detailed characterizations on the influence of each spinning conditions reveal that twisting treatment significantly enhances the packing density of yarns, improves the orientation of CNTs, and mitigates the impact of impurities on conductivity. The resulting CNT yarns exhibit a remarkable tensile strength of 600 MPa, a Young's modulus of ≈40 GPa, and a high conductivity of 8990 S cm−1. When utilized as a yarn heater, the CNT yarn demonstrates an ultra‐fast electrothermal response of over 1000 °C s−1 at a low operating voltage of 5 V. Impressively, the mechanical properties of CNT yarns show good stability during heating. This study provides a perspective of structural engineering for the large‐scale preparation of high‐performance CNT yarns.
Hollow Porous Structures for Improving the Sensitivity of Colorimetric Array Gas Sensors
Authors: Bai Wanqiao , Wu Ruonan , Xue Zhenjie , Song Xiaomin , Xia Zeng‐ao , Zhang Kailin , Shao Kang , Li Yan , Wang Tie
Published: February 2024

Detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath is a promising research area for disease diagnosis. Mass transfer behavior plays a crucial role in determining the detection performance of VOCs. However, the high mobility of exhaled breath poses a substantial challenge for the mass transfer process. Here, the distinct mass transfer behavior of mobile gaseous molecules is discovered by employing the schlieren imaging technique to visualize gas flow. The results demonstrate that hollow porous structures exhibit a higher gas flow flux than solid film and microporous structures, thereby generating a sufficient probability of contact reactions for mobile gaseous molecules. The proposed colorimetric array sensors offer enhanced sensitivity and stability for detecting mobile gaseous molecules. The discovery will serve as a foundational milestone is anticipated in elucidating the behavior of gas mass transfer and promoting its potential application in disease detection through the analysis of human exhaled breath.
Wireless Bioelectronics for In Vivo Pressure Monitoring with Mechanically‐Compliant Hydrogel Biointerfaces
Authors: Lin Jingsen , Chen Xingmei , Zhang Pei , Xue Yu , Feng Yinghui , Ni Zhipeng , Tao Yue , Wang Yafei , Liu Ji
Published: February 2024

Recent electronics‐tissues biointefacing technology has offered unprecedented opportunities for long‐term disease diagnosis and treatment. It remains a grand challenge to robustly anchor the pressure sensing bioelectronics onto specific organs, since the periodically‐varying stress generated by normal biological processes may pose high risk of interfacial failures. Here, a general yet reliable approach is reported to achieve the robust hydrogel interface between wireless pressure sensor and biological tissues/organs, featuring highly desirable mechanical compliance and swelling resistance, despite the direct contact with biofluids and dynamic conditions. The sensor is operated wirelessly through inductive coupling, characterizing minimal hysteresis, fast response times, excellent stability, and robustness, thus allowing for easy handling and eliminating the necessity for surgical extraction after a functional period. The operation of the wireless sensor has been demonstrated with a custom‐made pressure sensing model and in vivo intracranial pressure monitoring in rats. This technology may be advantageous in real‐time post‐operative monitoring of various biological inner pressures after the reconstructive surgery, thus guaranteeing the timely treatment of lethal diseases.
Catalytic Synthesis of Atropoisomers via Non‐Canonical Friedel‐Crafts Reactions
Authors: Ye Xutong , Yu Xixiang , Deng Rui , Zhong Fangrui , Wu Guojiao
Published: February 2024

The Friedel‐Crafts reaction stands as a powerful synthetic tool for C−H functionalization of aromatic feedstocks, which is conventionally realized through electrophilic alkylation and acylation. The burgeoning interests in axially chiral compounds across diverse fields have spurred extensive exploration of this classic transformation for catalytic atroposelective synthesis. Consequently, the past decade has witnessed the rapid expansion of various non‐canonical Friedel‐Crafts reactions, including electrophilic arylation, alkenylation, halogenation, sulfenylation, and amination of aryl C−H bonds, thereby delving into new chemical spaces. A range of catalytic atroposelective synthetic methods have been devised for these significant arene C−H functionalization. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the cutting‐edge catalytic synthesis of atropoisomers through non‐canonical Friedel‐Crafts reactions, categorized into three parts based on the type of bond formation on the aromatics: C(sp2)−C(sp3) bond formations, C(sp2)−C(sp2) bond formations and C(sp2)−heteroatom bond formations. The richness of electrophiles and the modulation of atroposelectivity by diverse chiral organocatalysts, particularly chiral Brønsted acids, are elucidated. We anticipate that the repertoire of asymmetric Friedel‐Crafts reaction will continue to flourish and to be demonstrated in not only scientific researches but also industrial organic synthesis.
Ligand Relay Catalysis Enables Asymmetric Migratory Hydroarylation for the Concise Synthesis of Chiral α‐(Hetero)Aryl‐Substituted Amines
Authors: Zhou Junqian , He Yuli , Liu Zihao , Wang You , Zhu Shaolin
Published: February 2024

Complementary to the design of a single structurally complex chiral ligand to promote each step in transition‐metal catalysis, multiligand relay catalysis through dynamic ligand exchange with each step in the catalytic cycle promoted by its best ligand provides an attractive approach to enhance the whole reaction reactivity and selectivity. Herein, a regio‐ and enantioselective NiH‐catalyzed migratory hydroarylation process with a simple combination of a chain‐walking ligand and an asymmetric arylation ligand, producing high‐value chiral α‐(hetero)aryl‐substituted amines and their derivatives under mild conditions, is reported. The potential synthetic applications of this transformation are demonstrated by the concise synthesis of (S)‐nicotine and a CDK8 inhibitor.
CD38‐Specific Gallium‐68 Labeled Peptide Radiotracer Enables Pharmacodynamic Monitoring in Multiple Myeloma with PET
Authors: Sharma Ajay Kumar , Gupta Kuldeep , Mishra Akhilesh , Lofland Gabriela , Marsh Ian , Kumar Dhiraj , Ghiaur Gabriel , Imus Philip , Rowe Steven P. , Hobbs Robert F. , Gocke Christian B. , Nimmagadda Sridhar
Published: February 2024

The limited availability of molecularly targeted low‐molecular‐weight imaging agents for monitoring multiple myeloma (MM)‐targeted therapies has been a significant challenge in the field. In response, a first‐in‐class peptide‐based radiotracer, [68Ga]Ga‐AJ206, is developed that can be seamlessly integrated into the standard clinical workflow and is specifically designed to noninvasively quantify CD38 levels and pharmacodynamics by positron emission tomography (PET). A bicyclic peptide, AJ206, is synthesized and exhibits high affinity to CD38 (KD: 19.1 ± 0.99 × 10−9 m) by surface plasmon resonance. Further, [68Ga]Ga‐AJ206‐PET shows high contrast within 60 min and suitable absorbed dose estimates for clinical use. Additionally, [68Ga]Ga‐AJ206 detects CD38 expression in cell line‐derived xenografts, patient‐derived xenografts (PDXs), and disseminated disease models in a manner consistent with flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry findings. Moreover, [68Ga]Ga‐AJ206‐PET successfully quantifies CD38 pharmacodynamics in PDXs, revealing increased CD38 expression in the tumor following all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) therapy. In conclusion, [68Ga]Ga‐AJ206 exhibits the salient features required for clinical translation, providing CD38‐specific high‐contrast images in multiple models of MM. [68Ga]Ga‐AJ206‐PET could be useful for quantifying total CD38 levels and pharmacodynamics during therapy to evaluate approved and new therapies in MM and other diseases with CD38 involvement.
Arrays of Hierarchical Zincophilic Nanorods with Trapping‐and‐Leveling Deposition for Ultrastable Zn Metal Anodes
Authors: Tian Cong , Wang Hongfei , Xie Liyan , Zhong Yijun , Hu Yong
Published: February 2024

Rechargeable aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) are highly promising for large‐scale sustainable energy storage applications, but there remain serious problems such as Zn dendrites and side reactions that limit the cycling performance. Herein, arrays of core–shell nanorods on Cu foam are developed to stabilize zinc anodes, which have a hierarchical topological structure consisting of N‐doped carbon layers embedded with a zincophilic component of Cu5Zn8 alloy (Cu5Zn8@NC). It is found that the inner Cu5Zn8 alloys have minimized nucleation barriers and act as preferred nucleation sites, and the hierarchical arrays provide the protective layers to further accommodate the high‐capacity plating Zn, leading to a trapping‐and‐leveling process of Zn deposition. The as‐obtained Zn layers play an important role in homogenizing the interfacial ionic fluxes and reducing the local current densities. As a result, the optimized Cu5Zn8@NC host yields a superb Coulombic efficiency of 99.7% over 5000 plating/stripping cycles, and the corresponding symmetric cell delivers an ultralong dendrite‐free cycle life of 7000 h with a low overpotential of 16.5 mV at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2. The ZIB assembled with the zinc anode and a V2O5 cathode exhibits long‐term charging/discharging cycles as well, up to 89.2% capacity retention after 10 000 cycles.
Breast size in lactating women and the content of macronutrients in human milk
Authors: Babiszewska‐Aksamit Magdalena , Żelaźniewicz Agnieszka , Apanasewicz Anna , Piosek Magdalena , Winczowska Patrycja , Barbarska Olga , Ziomkiewicz Anna
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Although the primary function of a woman's breast is milk synthesis, only a few studies have evaluated the relationship between breast size and human milk composition, showing equivocal results. This study aims to test if breast size during fully established lactation is related to energy density and content of macronutrients in human milk.

Materials and Methods

Mothers of healthy, born‐on‐term infants at stage III of lactogenesis (N = 137) provided breast milk samples. Milk composition was analyzed using midinfrared transmission spectroscopy. The breast size index was calculated by dividing the breast by the circumference below the breast.

Results

Stepwise forward linear regression showed a negative association between breast size index and lactose concentration in breast milk (β = −.242, p = .003). The final model, which includes breast size index, feeding frequency, and maternal energy intake together explained around 13% of the variance in breast milk lactose content (R2adj = .126, p < .001). No statistically significant relationship was found between breast size index and milk's energy density, protein, and fat content.

Conclusion

This is the first study that shows a negative relationship between breast size during fully established lactation and lactose concentration in milk in a large sample size. No relationship between other macronutrients and breast size indicates that large breast size is not necessary for adequate milk production; however, it may contribute to an altered lactose concentration.
Speech and language in DDX3X‐neurodevelopmental disorder: A call for early augmentative and alternative communication intervention
Authors: Forbes Elana J. , Morison Lottie D. , Lelik Fatma , Howell Tegan , Debono Simone , Goel Himanshu , Burger Pauline , Mandel Jean‐Louis , Geneviève David , Amor David J. , Morgan Angela T.
Published: February 2024

Pathogenic variants in DDX3X are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Communication impairments are commonly reported, yet specific speech and language diagnoses have not been delineated, preventing prognostic counseling and targeted therapies. Here, we characterized speech and language in 38 female individuals, aged 1.69–24.34 years, with pathogenic and likely pathogenic DDX3X variants (missense, n = 13; nonsense, n = 12; frameshift, n = 7; splice site, n = 3; synonymous, n = 2; deletion, n = 1). Standardized speech, language, motor, social, and adaptive behavior assessments were administered. All participants had gross motor deficits in infancy (34/34), and fine motor deficits were common throughout childhood (94%; 32/34). Intellectual disability was reported in 86% (24/28) of participants over 4 years of age. Expressive, receptive, and social communication skills were, on average, severely impaired. However, receptive language was significantly stronger than expressive language ability. Over half of the assessed participants were minimally verbal (66%; 22/33; range = 2 years 2 months–24 years 4 months; mean = 8 years; SD = 6 years) and augmented speech with sign language, gestures, or digital devices. A quarter of the cohort had childhood apraxia of speech (25%; 9/36). Despite speech and language impairments, social motivation was a relevant strength. Many participants used augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), underscoring the need for early, tailored, and comprehensive AAC intervention.
Concentration‐Driven Evolution of Adaptive Artificial Ion Channels or Nanopores with Specific Anticancer Activities
Authors: Chen Zhiqing , Xie Xiaopan , Jia Chunyan , Zhong Qishuo , Zhang Qiuping , Luo Daoxin , Cao Yin , Mu Yuguang , Ren Changliang
Published: February 2024

In nature, ceramides are a class of sphingolipids possessing a unique ability to self‐assemble into protein‐permeable channels with intriguing concentration‐dependent adaptive channel cavities. However, within the realm of artificial ion channels, this interesting phenomenon is scarcely represented. Herein, we report on a novel class of adaptive artificial channels, Pn‐TPPs, based on PEGylated cholic acids bearing triphenylphosphonium (TPP) groups as anion binding motifs. Interestingly, the molecules self‐assemble into chloride ion channels at low concentrations while transforming into small molecule‐permeable nanopores at high concentrations. Moreover, the TPP groups endow the molecules with mitochondria‐targeting properties, enabling them to selectively drill holes on the mitochondrial membrane of cancer cells and subsequently trigger the caspase 9 apoptotic pathway. The anticancer efficacies of Pn‐TPPs correlate with their abilities to form nanopores. Significantly, the most active ensembles formed by P5‐TPP exhibits impressive anticancer activity against human liver cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 3.8 μM. While demonstrating similar anticancer performance to doxorubicin, P5‐TPP exhibits a selectivity index surpassing that of doxorubicin by a factor of 16.8.
Ring‐Opening Terpolymerisation of Elemental Sulfur Waste with Propylene Oxide and Carbon Disulfide via Lithium Catalysis
Authors: Gallizioli Cesare , Battke David , Schlaad Helmut , Deglmann Peter , Plajer Alex J.
Published: February 2024

Elemental sulfur, a waste product of the oil refinement process, represents a promising raw material for the synthesis of degradable polymers. We show that simple lithium alkoxides facilitate the polymerisation of elemental sulfur S8 with industrially relevant propylene oxide (PO) and CS2 (a base chemical sourced from waste S8 itself) to give poly(monothiocarbonate‐alt‐Sx) in which x can be controlled by the amount of supplied sulfur. The in situ generation of thiolate intermediates obtained by a rearrangement, which follows CS2 and PO incorporation, allows to combine S8 and epoxides into one polymer sequence that would otherwise not be possible. Mechanistic investigations reveal that alkyl oligosulfide intermediates from S8 ring opening and sulfur chain length equilibration represent the better nucleophiles for inserting the next PO if compared to the trithiocarbonates obtained from the competing CS2 addition, which causes the sequence selectivity. The polymers can be crosslinked in situ with multifunctional thiols to yield reprocessable and degradable networks. Our report demonstrates how mechanistic understanding allows to combine intrinsically incompatible building blocks for sulfur waste utilisation.
Sulfur in Waste‐Free Sustainable Synthesis: Advancing Carbon–Carbon Coupling Techniques
Authors: Shlapakov Nikita S. , Kobelev Andrey D. , Burykina Julia V. , Cheng Yuan‐Zheng , You Shu‐Li , Ananikov Valentine P.
Published: February 2024

This review explores the pivotal role of sulfur in advancing sustainable carbon‐carbon (C−C) coupling reactions. The unique electronic properties of sulfur, as a soft Lewis base with significant mesomeric effect make it an excellent candidate for initiating radical transformations, directing C−H‐activation, and facilitating cycloaddition and C−S bond dissociation reactions. These attributes are crucial for developing waste‐free methodologies in green chemistry. Our mini‐review is focused on existing sulfur‐directed C−C coupling techniques, emphasizing their sustainability and comparing state‐of‐the‐art methods with traditional approaches. The review highlights the importance of this research in addressing current challenges in organic synthesis and catalysis. The innovative use of sulfur in photocatalytic, electrochemical and metal‐catalyzed processes not only exemplifies significant advancements in the field but also opens new avenues for environmentally friendly chemical processes. By focusing on atom economy and waste minimization, the analysis provides broad appeal and potential for future developments in sustainable organic chemistry.
Research of aging test on high Tg colorless polyimide
Authors: Li Yulin , Jiang Sirui , Li Fu , Chen Cheng
Published: February 2024

For the past few years, colorless polyimide (CPI) has been drawn much attention for its application in transparent electronics. The high temperature (even to 450°C) process of the preparation of organic light‐emitting diode display (OLED) device may have huge challenges on the properties of CPI, so we designed a series of aging test experiments to study the influence of test temperature and atmosphere on the high transparency percentages (Tr%) of CPI films with structure of Glass/SiO2/CPI/SiO2. As the aging temperature increased from 430 to 450°C and then to 470°C, the Tr% of the film decreased significantly. Comparing with the sample without aging, the transmission losses were 0.22%, 1.42%, and 4.82% for the films aging with 430, 450, and 470°C in N2 atmosphere, respectively. Additionally, aging in nitrogen resulted in less Tr% loss (1.22%) compared with air (1.42%). This research offers insights into how to maintain the high Tr% of CPI films during high‐temperature processing. Furthermore, it supports the development of more durable and reliable CPI‐based components for OLED displays and other transparent electronic devices. This can lead to advancements in the performance of these devices, potentially extending their lifespan and broadening their range of applications.
A g‐C3N4/PANI S‐scheme heterojunction with face‐to‐face structure to improve the anticorrosion property on Q235 steel and enhanced mechanism study
Authors: Ma Yongning , Li Panpan , Wu Peihan , Guo Mingyuan , Yang Yuhao , Li Xiaolong
Published: February 2024

In photocatalytic anticorrosion perspective, the migration rate of excited electrons from surface layers to substrate steels restricted the performance of g‐C3N4 due to the high resistance between interface of g‐C3N4 layers and adhesive layers. Herein, an S‐scheme g‐C3N4/polyaniline (PANI) heterojunction with face‐to‐face structure was established by a secondary calcining method. The as‐prepared heterojunctions were applied to protect Q235 carbon steel, and the results showed that the anticorrosion performance of S‐scheme g‐C3N4/PANI heterojunction is much higher than that of g‐C3N4 and PANI coating layers according to salt spray test. Photocurrent intensity indicated that the optimum amounts of g‐C3N4 and PANI were 0.06 and 0.09 mL/cm2, which are benefit for the transport of excited electrons due to the optimum thickness of coating layers. Furthermore, the S‐scheme g‐C3N4/PANI heterojunction can promote the separation rate of charge carriers and suppress the recombination rate at the same time, which are inferred from photocurrent intensity, electrochemical impedance spectra, super‐depth‐of‐field microscope, and photoluminescence investigation. In the last, the enhanced anticorrosion performance of S‐scheme g‐C3N4/PANI heterojunction with face‐to‐face structure was deduced according to mentioned characterization.
Robust poly(p‐phenylene oxide) anion exchange membranes reinforced with pore‐filling technique for water electrolysis
Authors: Feng Zhiming , Gupta Gaurav , Mamlouk Mohamed
Published: February 2024

Mechanical robustness and durability are crucial for anion exchange membranes to guarantee the longevity and consistent performance of AEM water electrolysis (AEMWE) systems. In this study, a composite membrane based on the quaternized poly(p‐phenylene oxide) (QPPO)/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was developed. This membrane was fabricated by enhancing the QPPO‐based AEM through a pore‐filling technique within a porous PTFE structure. The tensile strength of the composite membrane was increased significantly from 16.5 to 31 MPa. The conductivity of the composite membrane was 6.25 mScm−1 lower than 30 mScm−1 of the QPPO‐based membrane at 20°C, resulting from the low volume fraction of QPPO in the composite membrane. At 40% RH, the net change mass of the composite membrane is 1.59%, much lower than that of QPPO‐based membrane (10.98%) at 40°C. The composite membrane demonstrated a significantly increased lifetime in the working electrolyzer (>200 h) compared with an otherwise identical electrolyzer assembled with a QPPO‐based membrane (50 h).
The modified boundary layer mechanism for the release between polyimide film and poly(ether ketone ketone) thermoplastics
Authors: Yang Zixuan , Dissevelt Tim , Li Nan , de Vries Erik , Grouve Wouter , Bao Ningzhong , de Rooij Matthijn , Akkerman Remko , Chu Liangyong
Published: February 2024

Sticking between the thermoplastic polymer and metal tool is a crucial issue, as it determines whether the manufactured part can be ejected from the metal mold. Polyimide (PI) release films have been widely used in the processing of fiber‐reinforced thermoplastic polymer composites. Compared with other release mediums such as release agents, PI release film has a higher release efficiency. However, the underlying release mechanism is still not well understood which is essential to improve their performance further and reduce the cost. In this paper, poly(ether ketone ketone) (PEKK) polymer was melted and cooled down between two PI films. The surface morphologies and chemical compositions of the PI film and PEKK were characterized both before and after release using atomic force microscope, x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, and confocal microscopy. It showed that a thin PI layer was transferred from the PI release film to the PEKK surface during the release process. Based on these experimental results, a modified boundary layer mechanism is proposed as a hypothesis to describe the release mechanism of PI films. Our results give a fundamental understanding of how PI film works for the release of thermoplastics with high processing temperatures and may help to improve the performance and reduce the costs of existing PI films and may give guidance to the design of new release media.
No identity connections without representation? Exploring associations between neighbourhood opportunities, ethnic–ideal alignment and well‐being in Black, Indigenous and other youths of colour in Canada
Authors: Debrosse Régine , Boatswain‐Kyte Alicia , David Syndie , Gooding Gregory , Vaval Pierreson , Lafortune Gina
Published: February 2024

In Canada, Black, Indigenous and other youths of colour often have high aspirations, but many are not sure that they are attainable. Context can signal what is in or out of reach to youths, particularly environments that send repeated and proximal signals, like neighbourhoods. Notably, the Social Identity Approach suggests that in neighbourhoods with people like them doing well socioeconomically or being well represented in leadership, youths may see a place for people similar to them, which in turn could benefit how they view their identities and experience well‐being. In this exploratory research, Black, Indigenous and other youths of colour in Montréal (n = 179) were surveyed about their neighbourhood, social and future identities and well‐being. Regressions suggest that youths' neighbourhoods predict the extent to which they perceive that opportunities are accessible to people like them. Youths who reported more opportunities for people similar to them in their neighbourhood tended to report higher alignment between their racial/ethnic and ideal future identities and higher flourishing. The findings highlight the connection between neighbourhood factors—such as cues about whether similar people are welcomed, valued, and have access to opportunities—and the identities and well‐being of Black, Indigenous and other youths of colour.
Relationship of market capitalization of the IBEX 35 to corporate social responsibility and transparency
Authors: Quesada Cristóbal Parra , Espada Manuela Cañizares
Published: February 2024

This paper seeks to determine whether the economic‐financial performance and value of the companies composing the IBEX 35 are related to the transparency with which these companies publish their economic and social data. Our goal is ultimately to establish the degree (if any) to which Spain's largest listed companies' commitments to transparency and CSR are related to their market capitalization volumes. We also evaluate the effectiveness—relative to the economic data and to each other—of the transparency and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) rankings prepared by Transparency International Spain and the Corporate Social Responsibility Observatory. The results indicate a high correlation of market capitalization to the transparency and CSR indexes, and a positive evaluation of using these tools for future lines of research in Spain.
A hybrid amplifier topology for low‐noise direct‐coupled front ends
Authors: Spinelli Enrique M. , Haberman Marcelo A. , Guerrero Federico N.
Published: February 2024

Hybrid amplifiers combine discrete transistors with operational amplifiers (OAs) achieving superior characteristics compared with commercially available OAs, while keeping simple structures and a reduced number of parts. A single‐ended amplifier topology based on a junction field‐effect transistor (JFET) is proposed as a means of achieving very low input noise levels, both in current and voltage. It is direct‐coupled and allows to place a high‐pass filter at its input to preserve input range, or at its output to optimize noise. The proposed topology results in a low input capacitance and low input‐current noise, making it suitable for applications where multiple amplifiers are connected in parallel to achieve ultra‐low noise levels. The amplifier's gain is set by a resistor ratio, being suitable for instrumentation front ends. The circuit analysis and design equations are provided to adapt it for different applications and, as an example, an amplifier with a gain of 40 dB and a bandwidth from DC to 1 MHz was designed, built, and tested. The dominant noise contribution of the amplifier was the JFET (a JFE2140 device), featuring an input noise voltage of
, that is reduced to
when two amplifiers are connected in parallel.
Sliding‐mode variational structure study of Cuk converter based on target holographic feedback
Authors: Li Jiyong , Chen Peiwen , Zhou Pengcheng
Published: February 2024

With the rapid advancement of new energy sources, distributed power supplies have gained widespread adoption in DC microgrid systems. The stability of the DC‐DC converter, serving as the central component for energy transfer between the distributed power supply and the DC bus, holds significant importance in ensuring the overall system performance. Due to the intricate nature of real‐world operating conditions, the DC bus voltage is frequently subject to uncertainties such as fluctuations in distributed power supplies and random variations in loads. As a consequence, the reliability of DC‐DC converters faces escalating demands, making it challenging for conventional linear controllers to ensure consistent operation of DC‐DC converters across a broad range. This study focuses on addressing this issue by investigating the Cuk converter, which serves as a representative example of a single‐input multiple‐output system. The operating characteristics and control challenges of the Cuk converter are analyzed, and a nonlinear control strategy based on target holographic feedback is proposed to enhance the system's stability. Considering the non‐minimum phase characteristics of the Cuk converter and its inability to be linearized through exact feedback, a sliding mode variable structure control approach is introduced, utilizing target holographic feedback. Through simulation and experimental analysis, the effectiveness of the model and the theoretical analysis are validated.
Testing detectability, attractivity, hedonic specificity, extractability, and robustness of colostrum odor—Toward an olfactory bioassay for human neonates
Authors: Klaey‐Tassone Magali , Soussignan Robert , Durand Karine , Roy Sarah Le , Damon Fabrice , Villière Angélique , Fillonneau Catherine , Prost Carole , Patris Bruno , Sagot Paul , Schaal Benoist
Published: February 2024

Human milk odor is attractive and appetitive for human newborns. Here, we studied behavioral and heart‐rate (HR) responses of 2‐day‐old neonates to the odor of human colostrum. To evaluate detection in two conditions of stimulus delivery, we first presented the odor of total colostrum against water. Second, the hedonic specificity of total colostrum odor was tested against vanilla odor. Third, we delivered only the fresh effluvium of colostrum separated from the colostrum matrix; the stability of this colostrum effluvium was then tested after deep congelation; finally, after sorptive extraction of fresh colostrum headspace, we assessed the activity of colostrum volatiles eluting from the gas chromatograph (GC). Regardless of the stimulus‐delivery method, neonates displayed attraction reactions (HR decrease) as well as appetitive oral responses to the odor of total colostrum but not to vanilla odor. The effluvium separated from the fresh colostrum matrix remained appetitive but appeared labile under deep freezing. Finally, volatiles from fresh colostrum effluvium remained behaviorally active after GC elution, although at lower magnitude. In sum, fresh colostrum effluvium and its eluate elicited a consistent increase in newborns’ oral activity (relative to water or vanilla), and they induced shallow HR decrease. Newborns’ appetitive oral behavior was the most reproducible response criterion to the effluvium of colostrum. In conclusion, a set of unidentified volatile compounds from human colostrum is robust enough after extraction from the original matrix and chromatographic processing to continue eliciting appetitive responses in neonates, thus opening new directions to isolate and assay specific volatile molecules of colostrum.
Local and regional‐scale effects of hedgerows on grassland‐ and forest‐associated bird populations within agroecosystems
Authors: de Zwaan Devin R. , Hannah Kevin C. , Alavi Niloofar , Mitchell Greg W. , Lapen David R. , Duffe Jason , Wilson Scott
Published: February 2024

Linear woody features (LWFs), like hedgerows along field edges, provide wildlife habitat and support biodiversity in agroecosystems. Assessments of LWFs usually focus on community‐level indices, such as species richness. However, effective conservation actions need to balance the contrasting habitat preferences of different wildlife species, necessitating a focus on population‐level effects in working landscapes. We assessed associations between LWFs and abundance for 45 bird species within an intensive agroecosystem in eastern Ontario, Canada. We used distance‐ and removal‐sampling methods across 4 years (2016–2019) to estimate local bird abundance in habitats representing a range of LWF densities. We also predicted abundance across a subset of the study region with and without LWFs to understand their contribution to regional population density. Associations between local bird abundance and LWFs were variable among species, but overall community effects were clearly positive, particularly for forest and shrubland species. At the site level, 20/45 species (44%) had higher densities associated with greater LWF presence on average, compared to 5/45 (11%) with negative associations. At the regional scale, LWFs had predicted benefits on total abundance for 31 species (69%), contributing to an estimated 20% increase on average. Positive effects were most pronounced in areas with greater agricultural land use (primarily field crops), suggesting LWFs may provide crucial habitat in heavily modified landscapes but have little to no additional benefit for the avian community in areas with greater existing heterogeneity and habitat retention. Species that responded negatively tended to be at risk with strong habitat preferences for intact forests or large, open grasslands and, thus, greater sensitivity to potential edge effects. With rapidly declining songbird populations and a global need for food security, conservation strategies that amplify biodiversity and enhance agricultural productivity through ecosystem services such as pest control, pollination, and water regulation are vital. We demonstrate the benefits of habitat heterogeneity in agroecosystems on songbird densities and highlight the need to integrate local and landscape‐level assessments in conservation planning. An effective, balanced strategy includes concentrating LWFs in areas of extensive arable crops, with habitat retention patches where possible, while maintaining heterogeneity through mixtures of natural habitats and pastoral farming in less intensive regions.
Feasibility and acceptability of a pilot studying investigating multi‐family parent‐only guided self‐help family‐based treatment for adolescent anorexia nervosa
Authors: Matheson Brittany E. , Van Wye Eliza , Whyte Aileen , Lock James
Published: February 2024

Objective

Family‐based treatment (FBT) is an efficacious treatment for adolescent anorexia nervosa (AN). A parent‐only guided self‐help version of FBT (GSH‐FBT) demonstrated preliminary efficacy in pilot investigations. To address challenges in access to care, we adapted GSH‐FBT into a parent‐only multi‐family group format (MF‐GSH‐FBT) delivered via videoconferencing.

Method

This report details the feasibility and acceptability of a parent‐only group‐based multi‐family GSH‐FBT (MF‐GSH‐FBT) for adolescent AN delivered virtually. The MF‐GSH‐FBT intervention consisted of 12 weekly 60‐min sessions facilitated by a clinician in addition to online FBT video content and recommended readings. Adolescents and parents completed assessments at baseline and post‐treatment. Parents reported their child's weight each week.

Results

A total of 13 adolescents (15.57 + 1.63 years; 92% female; 23% Hispanic) with AN and their parents enrolled and initiated treatment. Four consecutive cohorts of groups of 3–4 families were completed from April 2022 to April 2023. Across cohorts, parents attended 85% of sessions. Most parents rated the treatment sessions as helpful (79%; agree/strongly agree) and felt supported by the other group members (84%). All parents (100%) reported MF‐GSH‐FBT helped their child, and most (90%) reported their child had improved by end‐of‐treatment. On average, adolescents gained 3.53 kg (SD: 3.76) from pre‐ to post‐treatment, with percent estimated mean body weight increasing 5% on average. Parental self‐efficacy also increased from baseline to end‐of‐treatment.

Discussion

MF‐GSH‐FBT for AN appears feasible and acceptable to parents participating in this pilot study. Challenges with recruitment and adolescent data collection remain questions for future investigation.

Public significance

This study describes initial pilot testing of a virtual guided self‐help family‐based treatment for adolescents with anorexia nervosa delivered in a multi‐family group format. This treatment aims to enhance access to family‐based treatment for anorexia nervosa whilst providing additional support to parents.
Unprecedented and laborless polymer film of azorubin S for electrocatalytic sensing of nicotine in human serum and saliva
Authors: Liv Lokman
Published: February 2024

An accurate, disposable and cost‐effective determination, and monitoring of nicotine in human bodily fluids such as serum and saliva is significant due to the deleterious effects on humankind. In this paper, it was reported an electrocatalytic sensing platform for nicotine determination with poly azorubin s film modified pencil graphite electrode qualified by electroanalytical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electron beam based technique of scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray based techniques including photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The developed platform exhibited a 410 % signal increase compared to the bare pencil graphite electrode (280 % increase in current density over aPGE) for nicotine detection due to the improved charge transfer and conductivity characteristics of the polymer film. The oxidation peak at 700 mV was employed for nicotine detection with a good detection sensitivity of
, a remarkable detection limit of 89 nM, and wide linear ranges of 0.25–3 μM and 5–100 μM. Furthermore, the electrochemical sensor showcases superb stability, selectivity and accuracy for the determination of nicotine in real samples of human serum and saliva.
Analysis of the Hydrogen‐Filling Process of Fixed Station and Skid Station Based on Different Working Conditions
Authors: Wei Junying , Chang Wenwen , Zhang Chenrui , Yin Guangxian , Li Gang , Ren Jichao , Wang Jidai
Published: February 2024

Hydrogen energy is recognized as the most potential renewable energy in the 21st century due to the rising depletion of fossil fuels. Hydrogen refilling stations, as the infrastructure of hydrogen energy, are one of the key components of the entire hydrogen energy industry chain. Analyzing the filling process of hydrogen‐refueling stations (HRS) helps to promote the construction of HRSs. Thus, it promotes the construction of a clean, low‐carbon, safe, and efficient energy system and the high‐quality development of the hydrogen energy industry. In this article, gas cylinders with nominal working pressures of 35 and 70 MPa are filled using three different HRSs, such as single‐stage fixed station, three‐stage fixed station, and skid station. The filling end temperature, filling energy consumption, filling rate, and filling time during the filling process are compared and analyzed. In the results, it is shown that skid station has the advantages of lower filling end temperature and less energy consumption. Thus, in terms of reducing energy loss, the skid‐mounted HRSs can be promoted.
The benefits and costs of explainable artificial intelligence in visual quality control: Evidence from fault detection performance and eye movements
Authors: Müller Romy , Reindel David F. , Stadtfeld Yannick D.
Published: February 2024

Visual inspection tasks often require humans to cooperate with artificial intelligence (AI)‐based image classifiers. To enhance this cooperation, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) can highlight those image areas that have contributed to an AI decision. However, the literature on visual cueing suggests that such XAI support might come with costs of its own. To better understand how the benefits and cost of XAI depend on the accuracy of AI classifications and XAI highlights, we conducted two experiments that simulated visual quality control in a chocolate factory. Participants had to decide whether chocolate molds contained faulty bars or not, and were always informed whether the AI had classified the mold as faulty or not. In half of the experiment, they saw additional XAI highlights that justified this classification. While XAI speeded up performance, its effects on error rates were highly dependent on (X)AI accuracy. XAI benefits were observed when the system correctly detected and highlighted the fault, but XAI costs were evident for misplaced highlights that marked an intact area while the actual fault was located elsewhere. Eye movement analyses indicated that participants spent less time searching the rest of the mold and thus looked at the fault less often. However, we also observed large interindividual differences. Taken together, the results suggest that despite its potentials, XAI can discourage people from investing effort into their own information analysis.
The risk of vaginal, vulvar and anal precancer and cancer according to high‐risk HPV status in cervical cytology samples
Authors: Lindquist Sofie , Frederiksen Kirsten , Petersen Lone Kjeld , Kjær Susanne K.
Published: February 2024

High‐risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) is the cause of virtually all cervical cancers, most vaginal and anal cancers, and some vulvar cancer cases. With HPV testing becoming the primary screening method for cervical cancer, understanding the link between cervical hrHPV infection and the risk of other anogenital cancers is crucial. We assessed the risk of vulvar, vaginal and anal cancer and precancer (VIN2+, VaIN2+ and AIN2+) in a prospective cohort study including 455,349 women who underwent cervical hrHPV testing in Denmark from 2005 to 2020. We employed Cox proportional hazard models, adjusting for age, calendar year and HPV vaccination status, and estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). We used the Aalen Johansen estimator to calculate the absolute risks of VIN2+, VaIN2+ and AIN2+. In total, 15% of the women were hrHPV positive at baseline. A positive cervical hrHPV test was associated with increased incidence of vulvar, vaginal and anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Five‐year risk estimates of VIN2+, VaIN2+ and AIN2+ among hrHPV‐positive women (0.45%, 0.14% and 0.12%) were higher than among hrHPV‐negative women (0.14%, 0.01% and 0.05%). Particularly high risk was observed among the hrHPV‐positive women of the oldest age, with a history of anogenital precancer and those not HPV vaccinated. In conclusion, our study confirms the association between cervical hrHPV infection and non‐cervical anogenital precancers and cancers. Currently, no established risk threshold or guidelines for follow‐up. As HPV testing becomes the primary method for cervical cancer screening, future data will help define high‐risk groups and acceptable risk thresholds.
Stretchable spring‐sheathed yarn sensor for 3D dynamic body reconstruction assisted by transfer learning
Authors: Wu Ronghui , Ma Liyun , Chen Zhiyong , Shi Yating , Shi Yifang , Liu Sai , Chen Xiaowei , Patil Aniruddha , Lin Zaifu , Zhang Yifan , Zhang Chuan , Yu Rui , Wang Changyong , Zhou Jin , Guo Shihui , Yu Weidong , Liu Xiang Yang
Published: February 2024

A wearable sensing system that can reconstruct dynamic 3D human body models for virtual cloth fitting is highly important in the era of information and metaverse. However, few research has been conducted regarding conformal sensors for accurately measuring the human body circumferences for dynamic 3D human body reshaping. Here, we develop a stretchable spring‐sheathed yarn sensor (SSYS) as a smart ruler, for precisely measuring the circumference of human bodies and long‐term tracking the movement for the dynamic 3D body reconstruction. The SSYS has a robust property, high resilience, high stability (>18 000), and ultrafast response (12 ms) to external deformation. It is also washable, wearable, tailorable, and durable for long‐time wearing. Moreover, geometric, and mechanical behaviors of the SSYS are systematically investigated both theoretically and experimentally. In addition, a transfer learning algorithm that bridges the discrepancy of real and virtual sensing performance is developed, enabling a small body circumference measurement error of 1.79%, noticeably lower than that of traditional learning algorithm. Furtherly, 3D human bodies that are numerically consistent with the actual bodies are reconstructed. The 3D dynamic human body reconstruction based on the wearing sensing system and transfer learning algorithm enables excellent virtual fitting and shirt customization in a smart and highly efficient manner. This wearable sensing technology shows great potential in human‐computer interaction, intelligent fitting, specialized protection, sports activities, and human physiological health tracking.

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Multilayer ordered silver nanowire network films by self‐driven climbing for large‐area flexible optoelectronic devices
Authors: Yang Jianmin , Chang Li , Zhao Hongkai , Zhang Xiqi , Cao Ziquan , Jiang Lei
Published: February 2024

Silver nanowire (AgNW) networks hold great promises as next‐generation flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs) for high‐performance flexible optoelectronic devices. However, achieving large‐area flexible AgNW network electrodes with low sheet resistance, high optical transmittance, and a smooth surface remains a grand challenge. Here, we report a straightforward and cost‐effective roll‐to‐roll method that includes interface assembly/wetting‐induced climbing transfer, nanowelding, and washing processess to fabricate flexible ordered layered AgNW electrodes with high network uniformity. By manipulating the stacking number of the interfacially assembled AgNW monolayer, we can precisely tailor and balance the transparency and the conductivity of the electrodes, achieving an exceptional Figure of Merit (FoM) value of 862. Moreover, the ordered layered structure enhances surface smoothness, compared with randomly arranged structures. To highlight the potential of these ordered layered AgNW network electrodes in flexible optoelectronic devices, we successfully employ them as highly sensitive strain sensors, large‐area flexible touch screens, and flexible smart windows. Overall, this work represents a substantial advance toward high‐performance FTEs over large areas, opening up exciting opportunities for the development of advanced optoelectronic devices.

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