bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface Peat Mass and Carbon Balance in a Hypermaritime Peatland
Authors: Asada Taro , Warner Barry G.
Published: July 2010

Net primary production (NPP) and decomposition were measured in a suite of representative microsite types, and210Pb age was determined on near‐surface peat in a hypermaritime sloping peatland in British Columbia, Canada. Hummock and depression communities had significantly higher aboveground NPP, and were characterized by higher moss NPP than other communities. Mass loss of a standard litter material was significantly different among the microcommunities, possibly because of the differences in microsite oxic conditions and water movement. Incubated litter material lost C and gained N during the 2‐yr trial in all microcommunities, except for theSphagnum austiniihummock, where N was lost at shallow depth. Low N content in the livingSphagnumand further N depletion in hummocks suggest that the hummockSphagnumpeat is recalcitrant to decomposition. Peat accumulation was found to be faster in hummock than in lawn communities. The hummockSphagnumNPP and mass loss values were higher than published values for continental peatlands, possibly due to the wet and mild hypermaritime climate in this region. The recalcitrant nature of the litter and high NPP in hummocks likely account for rapid peat accumulation at the surface, whereas peat decomposition is most pronounced with depth, resulting in similar C sink strength as in hummocks in continental peatlands. Given that lawn community predominates, overall C sequestration capacity at the study site was estimated to be smaller than in continental peatlands. Possible range of C sink strength in sloping open peatlands in the hypermaritime region, therefore, is lower than or close to that in continental peatlands.
Solubility of Symplesite (Ferrous Arsenate): Implications for Reduced Groundwaters and Other Geochemical Environments
Authors: Johnston Richard B. , Singer Philip C.
Published: July 2010

Arsenic in drinking water represents a major public health concern globally, with tens of millions of people thought to be consuming unsafe amounts of As daily. Groundwater is particularly vulnerable to As contamination, and one geochemical environment conducive to natural mobilization of As is found in shallow alluvial Holocene aquifers. Bacterial consumption of organic matter in these aquifers creates anoxic conditions, leading to dissimulatory reduction of Fe oxides. In these environments, dissolved As and Fe often co‐occur. While As(III) is thermodynamically favored under these conditions, As(V) often is found as well. Concentrations of dissolved As(V) and Fe(II) can be constrained by the precipitation of ferrous arsenate solid phases such as symplesite [Fe(II)3(As(V)O4)2·8H2O]. We present a new solubility product for symplesite (pKso = 33.25) based on controlled laboratory precipitation experiments. Using this solubility product, we conducted equilibrium geochemical modeling using one of the most extensive groundwater data sets from Bangladesh to show that a number of water samples are oversaturated with a variety of solid phases, including siderite, calcite, rhodochrosite, vivianite, and symplesite. Symplesite or other ferrous arsenate solid phases could be a significant sink for As(V) and Fe(II) in Bangladesh and other countries with similar geochemical environments. Symplesite could also control As(V) solubility in extreme environments such as alkaline lakes or in brines used for regeneration of anion exchange resins.
Phosphate Sorption and Release in a Sandy‐Loam Soil as Influenced by Fertilizer Sources
Authors: Jiao You , Whalen Joann K. , Hendershot William H.
Published: July 2010

Soil phosphate (PO4–P) sorption and release is affected by reactions at the solution–soil surface interface. The objective of this study was to determine how the net negative surface charge and phosphate adsorption/desorption processes in a sandy‐loam soil were affected by cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer applications. The soil came from a field experiment where manure and triple superphosphate (TSP) were applied annually on an equivalent plant‐available P basis. After 4 yr, manured soils had 37% more negative surface charge in soil suspensions from pH 4 to 7 than TSP‐fertilized soils. Phosphate adsorption was 23% lower in soils receiving manure than TSP. The phosphate adsorption data (adsorption of added phosphate + native adsorbed phosphate) was modeled with the Langmuir 2‐surface equation, which revealed that the binding strength for phosphate, including native adsorbed phosphate, was about 50% less in the manured soils than the TSP‐fertilized soils. These results suggest that manure applications that increase the net negative surface charge also reduce the soil phosphate adsorption capacity. The cumulative desorbed phosphate was twofold greater from manured soils than TSP‐fertilized soils. This confirmed the results from phosphate adsorption isotherms showing that phosphate was weakly bound in manured soils, compared with TSP‐fertilized soils. We found that manuring not only decreased phosphate retention by the soil but also increased phosphate release into the soil solution, and thus may lead to greater transport of phosphate from agricultural land to waterways.
Excluding Organic Matter Content from Pedotransfer Predictors of Soil Water Retention
Authors: Zacharias Steffen , Wessolek Gerd
Published: July 2010

The majority of pedotransfer functions (PTFs) published for estimating water retention characteristics (WRC) use data on soil texture, bulk density, and organic matter content (OM) as predictors. For soil hydrological modeling on a regional scale, in particular the derivation of appropriate values for a PTF parameterization can be difficult where organic C data are missing. Assuming the indirect interdependency between OM and bulk density, a new PTF has been developed that estimates the WRC using only soil texture and bulk density data. To achieve a regression‐based reproduction of the correlations, a calibration was chosen that connects the parameters of the van Genuchten equation with the data on bulk density and soil texture, using linear and nonlinear relationships. More than 90% of the variability in measured soil water contents was explained by the new model. The validity of the PTF was tested with a data set of 147 measured WRCs (r2 = 0.94). Compared with another frequently used PTF model, which uses the organic C content as an additional predictor, the new model provided comparable or slightly better predictions of the WRCs.
Oxygen Effects on Carbon, Polyphenols, and Nitrogen Mineralization Potential in Soil
Authors: Zibilske L. M. , Bradford J. M.
Published: July 2010

Crop residue decomposition is affected by environmental factors and residue biochemical properties. These factors may contribute to management protocols that enhance soil organic matter accumulation in hot climates, which have characteristically high oxidation rates. The purpose of this experiment was to determine O2 effects on soil polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (PO), water‐soluble polyphenolics (WEP), arginine ammonification (ARG), and water‐extractable C (WEC). Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] residues in soil were incubated with headspace O2 concentrations of 0.5, 10, or 21% (ambient) for up to 110 d. The PPO and PO were negatively related to WEP and WEC, mostly at 10 and 21% (P < 0.05). The WEP and WEC were significantly (P < 0.05) and negatively related to O2 concentration. The WEP ranged from 0.5 mg kg−1 soil at 0.5% O2 to near 0 at 10 and 21% O2 The WEC ranged from about 350 mg C kg−1 soil at 0.5% O2 to <25 mg C kg−1 soil at 10 and 21% O2 The ARG rates were also negatively related to O2 level with cowpea, but not as strongly as with sorghum. The ARG and WEC were negatively correlated. The ARG ranged from 6 mg N kg−1 soil at 0.5% O2 to <0.5 mg N kg−1 soil at 21% O2 through 110 d. The WEC and WEP varied independently during incubation. Our results suggest that soil organic C accumulation may be stimulated by (i) using cover crops with higher polyphenolic content, which could slow C mineralization, and (ii) restricting soil O2 availability via reduced tillage.
Asymptomatic Carriage of Respiratory Pathogens: “The Wolf shall Dwell with the Lamb…and a Little Child shall Lead them” (Isaiah 11: 6)
Authors: Weiss-Salz Inbal , Yagupsky Pablo
Published: July 2010

The human respiratory mucosa becomes colonized by a wide array of bacterial species in early life. Residing microorganisms comprise commensal as well as potentially virulent bacterial species that have adapted to and co-evolved with their host. Because of the specific environmental conditions prevalent in the respiratory tract, colonizing organisms have developed functionally similar components that enable them to thrive on the mucosal surfaces and establish chains of person-to-person spread through droplet transmission. Members of the normal respiratory flora exhibit complex relations ranging from cooperation to mutual interference. This normal flora is maintained under strict control by the integrity of the respiratory epithelium and immunological phenomena, whereas residing bacteria show remarkable antigenic variability that guarantees survival of the species through a constant turnover of colonizing strains. The overall composition of carried organisms can be deeply affected by antibiotic exposure and use of conjugate vaccines. Although bacterial carriage is usually asymptomatic, contributory factors such as young age, primary or acquired immunodeficiencies, viral infections, and emergence of hypervirulent clones, may facilitate the development of mucosal or systemic disease.
Evaluation of Nitrogen Bioavailability Predictors for Poultry Wastes
Authors: Wood C. Wesley , Duqueza Maribeth C. , Wood Brenda H.
Published: July 2010

Long-term land application of manure, litter, and dead-bird compost generated during poultry (Gallus, gallus) production may oversupply nitrogen (N) and result in nitrate (NO3-N) contamination of groundwater. A barrier to judicious use of poultry waste as a fertilizer is the absence of management tools for prediction of waste-derived N released during the plant growing season. This study was conducted to establish an N extraction method for poultry wastes as a predictor of soil N release owing to land application of poultry waste. We correlated N released from 87 different poultry wastes in a 60-day incubation with seven bioavailability predictors. Bioavailability predictors included autoclave-calcium chloride (CaCl2) extraction, bicarbonate extraction, Walkley-Black (acid dichromate) digestion, acid permanganate digestion, pepsin digestion, protein extraction, and barium hydroxide extractable glucose. Results indicate that acid permanganate digestion (r=0.77) has the highest potential for predicting N mineralized from poultry wastes followed by sodium bicarbonate extraction (r=0.51). However, the relationships are not strong enough to indicate that these methods would be useful in a practical, predictive sense.
Granular Size Effect of Clinoptilolite on Maize Seedlings Growth
Authors: Trinchera Alessandra , Rivera Carlos Mario , Rinaldi Simona , Salerno Anna , Rea Elvira , Sequi Paolo
Published: July 2010

Clinoptilolite has been successfully used in growing media for containerized horticultural and floricultural
production. However, limited data exist on the effects and interaction between particle size and organic nutrient
enrichment of the clinoptilolite. One granular (1-3 mm) and micronized (< 30 µm) clinoptilolite was added
to quartz sand, an inert growing substrate, at two doses (0.1% and 3% v/v), without or with addition of wine vinasse as nutrient source at four concentrations (0 mgF×Lsubst-1, 10 mgF×Lsubst-1, 100 mgF×Lsubst-1 and 1000 mgF×Lsubst-1) to evaluate their effect on root growth for five days or the appearance of the second true leaf.

Root mucigel was produced in zones where clinoptilolite particles adhered to the root surface. Microscopic
analysis of isolated roots showed the increase of secondary roots and the proliferation of root hairs in maize
treated with both micronized and granular clinoptilolite, with the contemporary production of root mucigel in zones
where zeolite particles adhered to the root surface. It is hypothesized that the enhanced production of mucigel by
root cells can favour not only the penetration of roots into the inert substrate, but also the solubilization of
organic matter and nutrient availability, in particular when micronized clinoptilolite was present in the growing
medium. Therefore, micronized clinoptilolite behaved as a sort of a “physical stimulant” for roots
during seedlings, promoting, as a consequence, maize shoot development. Effectively, the highest increase in shoot
growth was observed at the highest dose (3% v/v) of micronized zeolite, with the optimal rate of organic
fertilizer (100 mgF×Lsubst-1).
“Join the Knitting Revolution”: Third-Wave Feminist Magazines and the Politics of Domesticity
Authors: Groeneveld Elizabeth
Published: July 2010

Abstract:

The mid-1990s saw the rise of a new sub-genre of political magazine in the United States: the “third-wave” feminist periodical. A key feature of these publications is that they promote reclaiming and repoliticizing activities traditionally associated with the domestic sphere, particularly knitting. This paper critically examines and historically contextualizes the discourses on the “new” knitting in the letters to the editor, editorials, articles, and advertisements of third-wave feminist periodicals and argues that contemporary feminist craft cultures sit at a politically ambiguous nexus of privilege, complicity, and resistance. By historicizing third-wave periodicals' promotion of knitting, this paper sheds light on changing ways in which the domestic sphere has figured within the broader history of US feminism and suggests that, despite their appeals to the “new,” these periodicals are very much in conversation with what is, to some extent, an imagined feminist “past.”
Using the unstable manifold correction in a Picard iteration to solve the velocity field in higher-order ice-flow models
Authors: Smedt Bert De , Pattyn Frank , Groen Pieter De
Published: July 2010

We address the usefulness of the unstable manifold correction (UMC) in a Picard iteration for the solution of the velocity field in higher-order ice-flow models. We explain under- and overshooting and how one can remedy them. We then discuss the rationale behind the UMC, initially developed to remedy overshooting, and how it was previously introduced in a Picard iteration to calculate the velocity field in higher-order models. Using a laminar-flow experiment with two higher-order model implementations, we demonstrate that it is not overshooting, but undershooting, that is the main problem when using a proper implementation for the calculation of the velocity field in higher-order models. We also consider a variant of the original UMC algorithm that often enables a relatively fast solution, but is theoretically less sound. Therefore, neither the variant nor the original algorithm is suited for these problems. We present a more appropriate, stable and simple relaxed Picard algorithm and demonstrate that, compared to the true Picard iteration and the variant of the original UMC algorithm, it results in a faster solution of the velocity field in higher-order models for problems with real data.
A three-dimensional calving model: numerical experiments on Johnsons Glacier, Livingston Island, Antarctica
Authors: Otero Jaime , Navarro Francisco J. , Martin Carlos , Cuadrado Maria L. , Corcuera Maria I.
Published: July 2010

Calving from tidewater glaciers and ice shelves accounts for around half the mass loss from both polar ice sheets, yet the process is not well represented in prognostic models of ice dynamics. Benn and others proposed a calving criterion appropriate for both grounded and floating glacier tongues or ice shelves, based on the penetration depth of transverse crevasses near the calving front, computed using Nye’s formula. The criterion is readily incorporated into glacier and ice-sheet models, but has not been fully validated with observations. We apply a three-dimensional extension of Benn and others’ criterion, incorporated into a full-Stokes model of glacier dynamics, to estimate the current position of the calving front of Johnsons Glacier, Antarctica. We find that two improvements to the original model are necessary to accurately reproduce the observed calving front: (1) computation of the tensile deviatoric stress opening the crevasse using the full-stress solution and (2) consideration of such a tensile stress as a function of depth. Our modelling results also suggest that Johnsons Glacier has a polythermal structure, rather than the temperate structure suggested by earlier studies.
Correction: Patil, A. et al. Hub Promiscuity in Protein-Protein Interaction Networks. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 1930-1943
Authors: Patil Ashwini , Kinoshita Kengo , Nakamura Haruki
Published: July 2010

We would like to change reference 56 on page 1942 of the article [1] from: [...]
Effect of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Full-Term Infants
Authors: Hadders-Algra Mijna
Published: July 2010

It takes more than 20 years before the human brain obtains its complex, adult configuration. Most dramatic developmental changes occur prenatally and early postnatally. During development, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) such as doxosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) are accreted in the brain. Since breastfeeding is associated with a better developmental outcome than formula feeding, and human milk in contrast to traditional standard formula contains LCPUFA, the question arose whether LCPUFA supplementation of infant formula may promote the neurodevelopmental outcome. The current paper reviews the evidence available in full-term infants. It concludes that postnatal supplementation of formula with LCPUFA is associated with a beneficial effect on short-term neurodevelopmental outcome. However, no evidence is available that LCPUFA supplementation enhances neurodevelopmental outcome in full-term infants beyond the age of four months. Nevertheless, it should be realized that very limited information is available on the effect of LCPUFA supplementation on neurodevelopmental outcome at school age or later. It is conceivable that effects of LCPUFA supplementation first emerge or re-emerge at school age when more complex neural functions are expressed.
Molecular Biosensing Mechanisms in the Spleen for the Removal of Aged and Damaged Red Cells from the Blood Circulation
Authors: Sugawara Yoshiaki , Hayashi Yuko , Shigemasa Yuki , Abe Yoko , Ohgushi Ikumi , Ueno Eriko , Shimamoto Fumio
Published: July 2010

Heinz bodies are intraerythrocytic inclusions of hemichrome formed as a result of hemoglobin (Hb) oxidation. They typically develop in aged red cells. Based on the hypothesis that hemichrome formation is an innate characteristic of physiologically normal Hb molecules, we present an overview of our previous findings regarding the molecular instability of Hb and the formation of hemichrome, as well as recent findings on Heinz body formation within normal human erythrocytes. Human adult Hb (HbO2 A) prepared from healthy donors showed a tendency to produce hemichrome, even at close to physiological temperature and pH. Recent studies found that the number of Heinz bodies formed in red cells increased with increasing temperature when freshly drawn venous blood from healthy donors was subjected to mild heating above 37 °C. These findings suggest that Hb molecules control the removal of non-functional erythrocytes from the circulation via hemichrome formation and subsequent Heinz body clustering. In this review, we discuss the molecular biosensing mechanisms in the spleen, where hemichrome formation and subsequent Heinz body clustering within erythrocytes play a key role in the removal of aged and damaged red cells from the blood circulation.
Senior Casino Gaming Motivation: Measurement Scale Development
Authors: Phillips Woomi J. , Jang Soocheong , Canter Deborah D.
Published: July 2010

Casino gaming is an emerging leisure activity for the senior population. Finding out what motivates older adults to spend time in casino gaming is fundamental to determining their future casino patronage intention. This study has explored a comprehensive inventory of senior casino gaming
motivations and then generated a scale development procedure to find five distinctive senior casino gaming motivation dimensions: winning and thrill, socialization, escape, enjoyment, and curiosity. Ultimately, confirmatory factor estimates supported model unidimensionality, reliability, and
validity while the measurement scale was parsimonious and captured various dimensions of senior casino gaming motivation.
Residents' Attitudes Towards Tourism Impacts: A Case Study of Shiraz, Iran
Authors: Aref Fariborz
Published: July 2010

This article investigates the residents' attitudes toward tourism impacts in Shiraz, Iran. The study demonstrates that there are broadly similar attitudes towards tourism impacts among the local leaders and residents. According to the results, the favorable attitudes are found to be
linked with its sociocultural impacts, while environmental and economic matters are found to be the least favorable in terms of the perceived impacts of tourism. The t-test analysis of the study indicates that there is no significant difference between the leaders' attitudes in both
districts of Shiraz. Results drawn from focus group discussion with the local residents also show that the residents have positive attitudes toward tourism impacts on their communities.
A quantitative and statistically robust method for the determination of xylem conduit spatial distribution
Authors: Mencuccini Maurizio , Martinez‐Vilalta Jordi , Piñol Josep , Loepfe Lasse , Burnat Mireia , Alvarez Xavier , Camacho Juan , Gil Debora
Published: July 2010

• Premise of the study: Because of their limited length, xylem conduits need to connect to each other to maintain water transport from roots to leaves. Conduit spatial distribution in a cross section plays an important role in aiding this connectivity. While indices of conduit spatial distribution already exist, they are not well defined statistically.

• Methods: We used point pattern analysis to derive new spatial indices. One hundred and five cross‐sectional images from different species were transformed into binary images. The resulting point patterns, based on the locations of the conduit centers‐of‐area, were analyzed to determine whether they departed from randomness. Conduit distribution was then modeled using a spatially explicit stochastic model.

• Key results: The presence of conduit randomness, uniformity, or aggregation depended on the spatial scale of the analysis. The large majority of the images showed patterns significantly different from randomness at least at one spatial scale. A strong phylogenetic signal was detected in the spatial variables.

• Conclusions: Conduit spatial arrangement has been largely conserved during evolution, especially at small spatial scales. Species in which conduits were aggregated in clusters had a lower conduit density compared to those with uniform distribution. Statistically sound spatial indices must be employed as an aid in the characterization of distributional patterns across species and in models of xylem water transport. Point pattern analysis is a very useful tool in identifying spatial patterns.
Embryonic inbreeding depression varies among populations and by mating system in Witheringia solanacea (Solanaceae)
Authors: Stone Judy L. , Wilson Emily E. , Kwak Andrew S.
Published: July 2010

• Premise of the study: Embryonic inbreeding depression is a key influence on mating system evolution and can be difficult to estimate in self‐incompatible species. A pollen chase experiment was used to estimate the magnitude of embryonic inbreeding depression in Costa Rican Witheringia solanacea, a species polymorphic for self‐incompatibility (SI). In a pollen chase experiment, bud self‐pollinations are followed after anthesis by outcross pollinations, with a comparable pair of outcross pollinations used as a control. Lowered seed set for the self‐precedence treatment indicates embryonic inbreeding depression.

• Methods: Embryonic inbreeding depression was assayed for self‐compatible (SC) individuals and for SI plants from two populations that differ quantitatively in the onset and enzymatic activity of their SI response. Microsatellite markers were used to assay the selfing rate of a sample of surviving progeny from the prior self‐pollination treatment.

• Key results: SC individuals showed no evidence of embryonic inbreeding depression. In SI plants, prior self‐pollination reduced seed number by 28–70%, depending on population. Microsatellite genotyping revealed that embryonic inbreeding depression was even more severe than estimated by the phenotypic data: for mature fruits resulting from self‐pollination precedence, the majority of the progeny were the result of outcross fertilization.

• Conclusions: Lineage‐specific purging of recessive lethals has accompanied the evolution of SC in this species. SI populations show contrasting levels of embryonic inbreeding depression, with nearly complete embryonic lethality upon selfing in the Monteverde population. In the face of high embryonic inbreeding depression, an increase in selfing rate can evidently occur only under severe pollen limitation.
Development and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae)
Authors: Wang Shu‐Zhen , Pan Lei , Hu Kan , Chen Chan‐You , Ding Yi
Published: July 2010

• Premise of the study: Polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for Momordica charantia L. to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure within and between M. charantia and its four related species (Cucurbita pepo L., Luffa cylindrical L., Lagenaria siceraria L., and Cucumis sativus L.).

• Methods and Results: Using the Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequence COntaining Repeats (FIASCO) method, 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci were identified in 36 individuals of M. charantia. Across all the M. charantia samples, the number of alleles per locus ranged from three to eight. Seven primers successfully amplified in the four related species.

• Conclusions: These markers will be useful to study population ecology and population differentiation among M. charantia species and its related species.
Idiopathic Infantile Arterial Calcification: A Rare Cause of Sudden Unexpected Death in Childhood
Authors: Guimarães Susana , Lopes José Manuel , Oliveira José Bessa , Santos Agostinho
Published: July 2010

Unexpected child death investigation is a difficult area of forensic practice in view of the wide range of possible genetic, congenital, and acquired natural and nonnatural causes. Idiopathic infantile arterial calcification (IIAC) is a rare autosomic recessive disease usually diagnosed postmortem. Inactivating mutations of the ENPP1 gene were described in 80% of the cases with IIAC. We report a case of a 5-year-old girl submitted to a forensic autopsy due to sudden death and possible medical negligence/parents child abuse. Major alterations found (intimal proliferation and deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite around the internal elastic lamina and media of arteries; acute myocardial infarct, stenotic and calcified coronary artery; perivascular and interstitial myocardial fibrosis; and subendocardial fibroelastosis) were diagnostic of IIAC. We reviewed IIAC cases published in the English literature and highlight the importance of adequate autopsy evaluation in cases of sudden child death.
Notes on Diagonal Coinvariants of the Dihedral Group
Authors: Boij Mats , Geramita Anthony
Published: July 2010

The bigraded Hilbert function and the minimal free resolutions for the diagonal coinvariants of the dihedral groups are exhibited, as well as for all their bigraded invariant Gorenstein quotients.
Elements in a Numerical Semigroup with Factorizations of the Same Length
Authors: Chapman S. T. , García-Sánchez P. A. , Llena D. , Marshall J.
Published: July 2010

Questions concerning the lengths of factorizations into irreducible elements in numerical monoids have gained much attention in the recent literature. In this note, we show that a numerical monoid has an element with two different irreducible factorizations of the same length if and only if its embedding dimension is greater than two. We find formulas in embedding dimension three for the smallest element with two different irreducible factorizations of the same length and the largest element whose different irreducible factorizations all have distinct lengths. We show that these formulas do not naturally extend to higher embedding dimensions.
The Age-Earnings Cycle – Earnings by Education
Authors: Dillman Everett G.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Valuation of Structured Settlements: Should a Life Annuity be Valued as Certain to Life Expectancy or Mortality Adjusted
Authors: Eck James R. , Baker W. Gary , Davis Reed W.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Hourly Wage Rates for Household Services: Time Series Data
Authors: Paul Harvey
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Success of Economic Defenses In Price Fixing Cases: An Analysis
Authors: Einhorn Henry A.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Toward a Utility-Based Theory of Loss in Wrongful Death Cases
Authors: Schwartz E. , Thornton R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Comment: Discount Rates
Authors: Wolfson Melville Z.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Estimating Economic Loss in the Case of a Death of a Child
Authors: Ward John O.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Work History in Female Earnings Loss
Authors: Capozza Dennis R. , Nakamura Alice , Bloss Gregory
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Converting Present Value Awards Into Periodic Payments
Authors: Formuzis Peter , Pickersgill Joyce
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Alternative Measures of Earnings Growth
Authors: Mullett Matthew J. , Nelson David M. , Patton Robert T.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Appraisal of Economic Loss: Mild Disability to Severe Disability
Authors: Wells Gary R. , Hofman C. A.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Emerging Industry of Forensic Economics: A Survey of NAFE Members
Authors: Brookshire Michael , Slesnick Frank , Lessne Robert
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Does FELA Repeal Belong on the Tort Reform Agenda?
Authors: Babcock Michael W. , Oldfather Michael
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Evaluation of Personal Injury Cases for the Purpose of Settlement
Authors: Hassan Kabir
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Valuing Life in the Courts: An Overview
Authors: Havrilesky Thomas
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Does fun work? The complexity of promoting fun at work
Authors: Owler Kathryn , Morrison Rachel , Plester Barbara
Published: July 2010

For some years now there has been growing enthusiasm amongst practitioners, managers and some academics about the value of promoting fun at work, resulting in a substantial body of managerial literature. As a result, the authors believe that fun at work deserves further research attention. In this paper the authors critically review the large body of practitioner and management literature promoting fun at work. We find this literature dependent on a number of untheorised, untested assumptions about the nature of fun, its desirability and usefulness to business. Utilising Schein’s organisational theory, alongside ethnographic research into fun at work, we highlight the complexity of implementing fun at work initiatives in practice. Drawing on organizational psychology we also make a short case study of the current use of fun at work as a job marketing tool by recruitment agencies in New Zealand. Our discussion does make it possible to come to some conclusions about fun at work. However, we also pose a series of research questions that emerge from our discussion that will provide a framework for ongoing research.
Research Review of Nongovernmental Organizations’ Security Policies for Humanitarian Programs in War, Conflict, and Postconflict Environments
Authors: Rowley Elizabeth , Burns Lauren , Burnham Gilbert
Published: July 2010

Objectives

To identify the most and least commonly cited security management messages that nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are communicating to their field staff, to determine the types of documentation that NGOs most often use to communicate key security messages, and to distinguish the points of commonality and divergence across organizations in the content of key security messages.

Methods

The authors undertook a systematic review of available security policies, manuals, and training materials from 20 international humanitarian NGOs using the InterAction Minimum Operating Security Standards as the basis for a review framework.

Results

The most commonly cited standards include analytical security issues such as threat and risk assessment processes and guidance on acceptance, protection, and deterrence approaches. Among the least commonly cited standards were considering security threats to national staff during staffing decision processes, incorporating security awareness into job descriptions, and ensuring that national staff security issues are addressed in trainings. NGO staff receive security-related messages through multiple document types, but only 12 of the 20 organizations have a distinct security policy document. Points of convergence across organizations in the content of commonly cited standards were found in many areas, but differences in security risk and threat assessment guidance may undermine communication between aid workers about changes in local security environments.

Conclusions

Although the humanitarian community has experienced significant progress in the development of practical staff security guidance during the past 10 years, gaps remain that can hinder efforts to garner needed resources, clarify security responsibilities, and ensure that the distinct needs of national staff are recognized and addressed. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;7:241-250)
Does cost–benefit analysis or self‐control predict involvement in two forms of aggression?
Authors: Archer John , Fernández‐Fuertes Andrés A. , Thanzami Van Lal
Published: July 2010

The main aim of this research was to assess the relative association between physical aggression and (1) self‐control and (2) cost‐benefit assessment, these variables representing the operation of impulsive and reflective processes. Study 1 involved direct and indirect aggression among young Indian men, and Study 2 physical aggression to dating partners among Spanish adolescents. In Study 1, perceived benefits and costs but not self‐control were associated with direct aggression at other men, and the association remained when their close association with indirect aggression was controlled. In Study 2, benefits and self‐control showed significant and independent associations (positive for benefits, negative for self‐control) with physical aggression at other‐sex partners. Although being victimized was also correlated in the same direction with self‐control and benefits, perpetration and being victimized were highly correlated, and there was no association between being victimized and these variables when perpetration was controlled. These results support the theory that reflective (cost‐benefit analyses) processes and impulsive (self‐control) processes operate in parallel in affecting aggression. The finding that male adolescents perceived more costs and fewer benefits from physical aggression to a partner than female adolescents did is consistent with findings indicating greater social disapproval of men hitting women than vice versa, rather than with the view that male violence to women is facilitated by internalized patriarchal values. Aggr. Behav. 36:292–304, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Starch‐grafted polypropylene: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Khanna N. Deepika , Kaur Inderjeet , Kumar Anil
Published: July 2010

Graft copolymerization of starch has been carried out onto preirradiated polypropylene (PP) in an aqueous medium using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the radical initiator. The maximum percentage of grafting (115%) of starch onto PP was obtained at optimum conditions of BPO concentration, 1.239 × 10−3 moles; temperature, 65°C; in 120 min. using 30 mL of water. Swelling studies were carried out in pure, binary, ternary and quaternary solvent systems comprising of water, ethanol (EtOH), dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), and N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) in different ratios. Maximum swelling is observed in DMSO and DMF, followed by EtOH and least in water for true graft. Water retention studies of pristine PP and PP‐g‐Starch (both composite and true graft) were investigated at different time periods, temperature and pH. The composite contains grafted PP, unreacted starch and unreacted PP whereas true graft is the product from which both unreacted polymers have been removed. Maximum % water retention of PP‐g‐Starch (composite) (110%) was observed in 8 h at 50°C in neutral medium (pH = 7). The graft copolymers were characterized by FTIR, DTG, DTA, TGA, and SEM. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Probe dependency of segmental interaction parameters in copolymers by inverse gas chromatography
Authors: Huang Jan‐Chan
Published: July 2010

Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) has been widely used to determine the Flory‐Huggins parameter, χ, between two polymers using a series of solutes as probes. Many studies showed that interaction parameters were probe dependent. In recent studies, it was proposed that the difference in interaction energy between functional groups of solutes and solvent mixtures could lead to an apparent solvent solubility parameter different from the volume average of the components. An equation was derived to relate the probe dependency to the deviation of the solubility parameter. By plotting ϕ2ϕ3RT(χ23/V2) vs. the solubility parameter of solutes, a straight line could be obtained with a slope proportional to the deviation of the solvent solubility parameter. The plot was shown to yield negative slopes for miscible polymer blends. When there was an unfavorable interaction between two solvents, an opposite situation would be observed. In this study, the method was tested in two copolymer systems, and the copolymers were considered as mixtures of two homopolymers. The plots showed straight lines with positive slopes when χ23 was positive. The technique was shown to apply to copolymer systems also. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis and characterization of phenolic resol resin blended with silica sol and PVA
Authors: Fang Zucheng , Suo Jinping
Published: July 2010

The phenolic resol resin (PF) has a wide application in industry, but its poor tensile ductility and insufficient mechanical strength have severely limited its application. To overcome these limitations, in this study, the mixtures of silica sol and poly(vinyl acohol) (PVA) were used to modify the PF. The structure, morphology, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of these hybrid materials were investigated by FTIR, SEM, tensile shear test (TSS), and TG. FTIR spectra indicated that the multiple reactive functional silanol group SiOH on the surface of SiO2 particles reacted with PVA and PF. Compared with pure PF, the composite 50‐50‐3% exhibited the maximum shear strength which increased by 158%, whereas the elongation at break increased by 63%. Morphological results agreed well with the mechanical properties. The TG results suggested that the composite material 50‐50‐3% and pure PF had almost the same thermal stability because silica sol and PVA had opposite effects on the heat resistance of the hybrid materials. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Mechanical and morphological properties of polycarbonate and montmorillonite filled epoxy hybrid composites
Authors: Bakar M. , Kostrzewa M. , Okulska‐Bożek M. , Jacewicz E.
Published: July 2010

This work investigates the effect of polycarbonate (PC) and montmorillonite (MMT) content on the properties and morphology of epoxy resin (EP). Izod impact strength (IS), flexural strength and critical stress intensity factor (KC) were estimated as function of modifiers content. The values of IS and KC parameters increased by respectively 150% and 90% with the addition of 5 wt % PC. Hybrid compositions containing 1 wt % MMT and 5 wt % PC exhibited the best mechanical properties. Indeed, the addition of 1 wt % MMT to EP modified with 5 wt % PC caused enhancement of IS values by 100% in comparison with neat EP. SEM micrographs revealed that the enhancement mechanism of mechanical properties might be due to extensive yielding of EP associated with the formation of stratified elongated structures. Moreover, differential scanning calorimetry analysis revealed that the addition of nanoclay to EP resulted in a decrease of the glass transition temperature. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Self‐oscillatory neck propagation in polymers
Authors: Bazhenov Sergey
Published: July 2010

The oscillatory neck propagation during cold drawing of PET was studied. The mechanism of self‐oscillations is heat instability of neck propagation. Oscillations are observed at high velocities when the draw stress increases with an increase in cross‐head speed. Neck propagation is described by three equations, which were solved numerically. The solution of these equations predicts appearance of oscillations at high elongation velocities in agreement with experimental observations. The necessary condition of appearance of oscillations in any polymer is existence of some interval of cross‐head speeds V, where the draw stress decreases with an increase in V. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
On the interpretation of metastable zone width in anti‐solvent crystallization
Authors: Sangwal K.
Published: July 2010

Considering nonlinear dependence of solute concentration on anti‐solvent–solvent composition a modified Nývlt‐like equation based on traditional power‐law relation between nucleation rate and developing supersaturation and a new equation based on the classical theory of three‐dimension nucleation are proposed to explain the dependence of anti‐solvent addition rate on metastable zone width defined as excessive anti‐solvent composition in anti‐solvent crystallization. The experimental data on the metastable zone width in anti‐solvent crystallization of benzoic acid are analyzed and discussed from the standpoint of these equations. It is found that the new approach based on the classical nucleation theory provides better insight into the processes involved in anti‐solvent crystallization. Analysis of the experimental results on anti‐solvent crystallization of benzoic acid [D. O'Grady, M. Barret, E. Casey, and B. Glennon, Trans. IChemE A 85, 945, (2007)] revealed that: (1) the value of metastable zone width for a solvent–anti‐solvent system is determined by the solute–solvent and solute–anti‐solvent interactions, (2) the dependence of the metastable zone width on stirring is associated with the enthalpy of mixing, and (3) the new approach predicts a threshold anti‐solvent addition rate associated with the setting up of an equilibrium between solvent and anti‐solvent and a maximum anti‐solvent addition rate connected with the induction period tind for the onset of crystallization. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Overdense Plasma Operation in the WEGA Stellarator
Authors: Otte M. , Laqua H.P. , Marsen S. , Podoba Y. , Preinhaelter J. , Stange T. , Urban J. , Wagner F. , Zhang D.
Published: July 2010

On WEGA stellarator electron Bernstein waves have been applied for plasma heating. The excitation of the electrostatic Bernstein waves was possible due to an efficient two‐step OXB mode conversion process from electromagnetic waves. Overdense plasma operation was reached in argon and helium and, rather surprisingly, a supra‐thermal electron component could be detected (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Apoptosis of mesenchymal stem cells induced by hydrogen peroxide concerns both endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial death pathway through regulation of caspases, p38 and JNK
Authors: Wei Hua , Li Zongwei , Hu Shengshou , Chen Xi , Cong Xiangfeng
Published: July 2010

Poor survival of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) compromised the efficacy of stem cell therapy for myocardial infarction. The increase of exogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) in infracted heart is one of the important factors that challenged the survival of donor MSCs. In the study we aimed to evaluate the effect of oxidative stress on the cell death of MSCs and investigate its mechanisms in order to help with the identification of new biological compounds to reduce donor cells damage. Apoptosis of MSCs were evaluated with Hoechst 33342 staining and flow cytometry analysis. The mitochondrial membrane potential of MSCs was analyzed with JC‐1 staining. Signaling pathways involved in H2O2 induced apoptosis were analyzed with Western blot. H2O2 induced apoptosis of MSCs in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. H2O2 induced apoptosis of MSCs via both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial pathways rather than extrinsic apoptosis pathway. H2O2 caused transient rather than sustained activation of p38 and JNK with no effect on ERK1/2 pathway. P38 was involved in the regulation of early apoptosis of MSCs while JNK was involved in the late apoptosis. P38 directed both ER stress and mitochondria death pathway in the early apoptosis. In conclusion, exogenous ROS was a major factor to induce apoptosis of MSCs. Both ER stress and mitochondria death pathway were involved in the apoptosis of MSCs. H2O2 activated p38 that directed the above two pathways in the regulation of early apoptosis of MSCs while JNK was involved in the late apoptosis of MSCs. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 967–978, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein kinase Cδ and caspase‐3 modulate TRAIL‐induced apoptosis in breast tumor cells
Authors: Yin Shuping , Sethi Seema , Reddy Kaladhar B.
Published: July 2010

This report describes that protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) overexpression prevents TRAIL‐induced apoptosis in breast tumor cells; however, the regulatory mechanism(s) involved in this phenomenon is(are) incompletely understood. In this study, we have shown that TRAIL‐induced apoptosis was significantly inhibited in PKCδ overexpressing MCF‐7 (MCF7/PKCδ) cells. Our data reveal that PKCδ inhibits caspase‐8 activation, a first step in TRAIL‐induced apoptosis, thus preventing TRAIL‐induced apoptosis. Inhibition of PKCδ using rottlerin or PKCδ siRNA reverses the inhibitory effect of PKCδ on caspase‐8 activation leading to TRAIL‐induced apoptosis. To determine if caspase‐3‐induced PKCδ cleavage reverses its inhibition on caspase‐8, we developed stable cell lines that either expresses wild‐type PKCδ (MCF‐7/cas‐3/PKCδ) or caspase‐3 cleavage‐resistant PKCδ mutant (MCF‐7/cas‐3/PKCδ mut) utilizing MCF‐7 cells expressing caspase‐3. Cells that overexpress caspase‐3 cleavage‐resistant PKCδ mutant (MCF‐7/cas‐3/PKCδmut) significantly inhibited TRAIL‐induced apoptosis when compared to wild‐type PKCδ (MCF‐7/cas‐3/PKCδ) expressing cells. In MCF‐7/cas‐3/PKCδmut cells, TRAIL‐induced caspase‐8 activation was blocked leading to inhibition of apoptosis when compared to wild‐type PKCδ (MCF‐7/cas‐3/PKCδ) expressing cells. Together, these results strongly suggest that overexpression of PKCδ inhibits caspase‐8 activation leading to inhibition of TRAIL‐induced apoptosis and its inhibition by rottlerin, siRNA, or cleavage by caspase‐3 sensitizes cells to TRAIL‐induced apoptosis. Clinically, PKCδ overexpressing tumors can be treated with a combination of PKCδ inhibitor(s) and TRAIL as a new treatment strategy. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 979–987, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.