bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tissue Engineering of Vascularized Cardiac Muscle From Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Caspi Oren , Lesman Ayelet , Basevitch Yaara , Gepstein Amira , Arbel Gil , Habib Irit Huber Manhal , Gepstein Lior , Levenberg Shulamit
Published: January 2007

Transplantation of a tissue-engineered heart muscle represents a novel experimental therapeutic paradigm for myocardial diseases. However, this strategy has been hampered by the lack of sources for human cardiomyocytes and by the scarce vasculature in the ischemic area limiting the engraftment and survival of the transplanted muscle. Beyond the necessity of endothelial capillaries for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the grafted muscle tissue, interactions between endothelial and cardiomyocyte cells may also play a key role in promoting cell survival and proliferation. In the present study, we describe the formation of synchronously contracting engineered human cardiac tissue derived from human embryonic stem cells containing endothelial vessel networks. The 3D muscle consisted of cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells (ECs), and embryonic fibroblasts (EmFs). The formed vessels were further stabilized by the presence of mural cells originating from the EmFs. The presence of EmFs decreased EC death and increased EC proliferation. Moreover, the presence of endothelial capillaries augmented cardiomyocyte proliferation and did not hamper cardiomyocyte orientation and alignment. Immunostaining, ultrastructural analysis (using transmission electron microscopy), RT-PCR, pharmacological, and confocal laser calcium imaging studies demonstrated the presence of cardiac-specific molecular, ultrastructural, and functional properties of the generated tissue constructs with synchronous activity mediated by action potential propagation through gap junctions. In summary, this is the first report of the construction of 3D vascularized human cardiac tissue that may have unique applications for studies of cardiac development, function, and tissue replacement therapy.
Baseline Disease Activity, Hyperlipidemia, and Hypertension Are Predictive Factors for Ischemic Stroke and Stroke Severity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Mikdashi Jamal , Handwerger Barry , Langenberg Patricia , Miller Michael , Kittner Steven
Published: January 2007

Background and Purpose—To determine factors associated with ischemic stroke and stroke severity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Methods—Between 1992 and January 2005, 238 consecutive systemic lupus erythematosus patients with no history of stroke were followed-up longitudinally at the Maryland Lupus Clinic. Patients were monitored quarterly for a mean of 8 years after their systemic lupus erythematosus diagnosis, and 44 patients (19%) developed first-ever ischemic stroke. At the end of study, Cox proportional regression analyses were used to determine the effect of baseline clinical variables of systemic lupus erythematosus patients in relation to the subsequent occurrence of ischemic stroke and stroke severity after first-ever ischemic strokes. Severe stroke was defined as having a National Institute of Health Stroke Scale ≥6.

Results—Severe ischemic strokes occurred in 34 of 44 (77%) patients. Baseline predictors of ischemic strokes and severe ischemic strokes included disease activity, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension.

Conclusions—Severe ischemic strokes in systemic lupus erythematosus are not uncommon. Aggressive primary and secondary stroke prevention measures, particularly treatment of hyperlipidemia and hypertension, as well as vigorous treatment of clinical symptoms of active lupus, are needed to prevent serious morbidity and neurological disability.
Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System and Risk of Arrhythmias in Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy With Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)
Authors: Rufa Alessandra , Guideri Francesca , Acampa Maurizio , Cevenini Gabriele , Bianchi Silvia , De Stefano Nicola , Stromillo Maria L. , Federico Antonio , Dotti Maria T.
Published: January 2007

Background and Purpose—

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an inherited systemic microangiopathy with prevalently cerebral manifestations. Among the causes of death, sudden unexpected death seems to occur in a significant number of CADASIL patients. Because potential causes of sudden unexpected death may include cardiac arrhythmias and myocardial infarction, we evaluated risk factors for life-threatening arrhythmias, such as reduced heart rate variability, sympathetic overactivity and QT interval (QTc) prolongation, in 23 CADASIL patients. The relationship of these changes with brain MRI pattern was also investigated.

Methods—

Frequency domain measures of heart rate variability (10 minutes recordings) and QTc interval were recorded in 23 CADASIL patients (17 males, 6 females) and 22 healthy age- and sex-matched control subjects. The following heart rate variability spectral parameters were considered at rest during spontaneous and controlled breathing (Cb): total power, very-low-frequency component, low-frequency component, high-frequency component, low-frequency/high-frequency ratio, and Cb-total power, Cb–very-low-frequency component, Cb–low-frequency component, Cb–high-frequency component, Cb–low-frequency/high-frequency ratio. R-to-R wave and QTc interval were also analyzed. All data were statistically compared between CADASIL and control subjects. Conventional brain MRI was performed in patients with CADASIL and T1-weighted and T2-weighted lesion volumes, and were compared with each spectral component of the tachogram.

Results—

During spontaneous and controlled breathing, total power spectrum and all spectral components (very low frequency component, high-frequency component, low-frequency component) of heart rate variability were significantly reduced in CADASIL patients with respect to controls (
P
<0.05). The low-frequency/high-frequency component ratio was significantly higher in CADASIL patients than in controls. No significant correlation between heart rate variability spectral parameters and other variables including total brain T2-weighted and T1-weighted lesion volumes were observed in CADASIL subjects.

Conclusions—

We found a statistically significant reduction in all frequency domain parameters of heart rate variability associated with a higher low frequency/high frequency ratio for CADASIL patients with respect to normal subjects. These data are consistent with autonomic derangement and suggests that CADASIL patients may be at risk for life-threatening arrhythmias. This could at least in part explain their higher recurrence of sudden unexpected death and should be taken into account in planning therapy.
The Shiraz Arts Festival: Western Avant-Garde Arts in 1970s Iran
Authors: Gluck Robert
Published: January 2007

Iran in the 1970s was host to an array of electronic music and avant-garde arts. In the decade prior to the Islamic revolution, the Shiraz Arts Festival provided a showcase for composers, performers, dancers and theater directors from Iran and abroad, among them Iannis Xenakis, Peter Brook, John Cage, Gordon Mumma, David Tudor, Karlheinz Stockhausen and Merce Cunningham. A significant arts center, which was to include electronic music and recording studios, was planned as an outgrowth of the festival. While the complex politics of the Shah's regime and the approaching revolution brought these developments to an end, a younger generation of artists continued the festival's legacy.
ELIZA REDUX: A Mutable Iteration
Authors: Wortzel Adrianne
Published: January 2007

The author discusses her on-line interactive telerobotic work ELIZA REDUX, its sources and the emblematic use of the psychoanalyst/analysand relationship as a performative vehicle.
A New Art Form: Exploring Nature's Creativity with a Self-Organizing Medium
Authors: Steinberg Robert
Published: January 2007

The author describes a new art form that uses the self-organizing potential of a water-based medium to provide an ever-changing environment for interpretation and elaboration. The medium allows for little separation between plan and execution. The artist, nature and science interact on the “canvas” to create an art rich in novelty and surprise.
Case Study Methods in the International Relations Subfield
Authors: Bennett Andrew , Elman Colin
Published: January 2007

This article reviews the key role that case study methods have played in the study of international relations (IR) in the United States. Case studies in the IR subfield are not the unconnected, atheoretical, and idiographic studies that their critics decry. IR case studies follow an increasingly standardized and rigorous set of prescriptions and have, together with statistical and formal work, contributed to cumulatively improving understandings of world politics. The article discusses and reviews examples of case selection criteria (including least likely, least and most similar, and deviant cases); conceptual innovation; typo-logical theories, explanatory typologies, qualitative comparative analysis, and fuzzy-set analysis; process tracing; and the integration of multiple methods.
The Institutionalization of Knowledge in an Automotive Factory: Templates, Inscriptions, and the Problem of Durability
Authors: Lanzara Giovan Francesco , Patriotta Gerardo
Published: January 2007

This paper focuses on the process of institutionalization of technical and organizational knowledge in the work setting. Drawing on a rich qualitative study, we apply an inscription—delegation model to the analysis of knowledge dynamics in a greenfield automotive plant. In particular, we depict knowledge institutionalization as a recursive process that involves the progressive writing, enactment and reproduction of a generative template or code within a stable medium. We first reconstruct the chain of transformations by which agency and knowledge are embedded into a variety of technical and organizational artifacts, leading to the creation of a cognitive and institutional order. We then focus on the frictions and tensions that can emerge in the transformations, and we discuss problems of vulnerability and durability that may arise in the maintenance and reproduction of such order.
Effects of Initial Graft Tension on the Tibiofemoral Compressive Forces and Joint Position after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Brady Mark F. , Bradley Michael P. , Fleming Braden C. , Fadale Paul D. , Hulstyn Michael J. , Banerjee Rahul
Published: January 2007

Background

The initial tension applied to an anterior cruciate ligament graft at the time of fixation modulates knee motion and the tibiofemoral compressive loads.

Purpose

To establish the relationships between initial graft tension, tibiofemoral compressive force, and the neutral tibiofemoral position in the cadaveric knee.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

The tibiofemoral compressive forces and joint positions were determined in the anterior cruciate ligament-intact knee at 0°, 20°, and 90° of knee flexion. The anterior cruciate ligament was excised and reconstructed with a patellar tendon graft using graft tensions of 1, 15, 30, 60, and 90 N applied at 0°, 20°, and 90° of knee flexion. The compressive forces and neutral positions were compared between initial tension conditions and the anterior cruciate ligament-intact knee.

Results

Increasing initial graft tension increased the tibiofemoral compressive forces. The forces in the medial compartment were 1.8 times those in the lateral compartment. The compressive forces were dependent on the knee angle at which the tension was applied. The greatest compressive forces occurred when the graft was tensioned with the knee in extension. An increase in initial graft tension caused the tibia to rotate externally compared with the anterior cruciate ligament-intact knee (1.5° and 7.7° of external rotation when tensioned to 90 N at 0° and 90° of knee flexion, respectively). Increases in initial graft tension also caused a significant posterior translation of the tibia relative to the femur (0.9 and 5.3 mm of posterior translation when tensioned to 90 N at 0° and 90° of knee flexion, respectively).

Conclusion

Different initial graft tension protocols produced predictable changes in the tibiofemoral compressive forces and joint positions.

Clinical Relevance

The tibiofemoral compressive force and neutral joint position were best replicated with a low graft tension (1-15 N) when using a patellar tendon graft.
Biomechanical Analysis of Femoral Tunnel Pull-out Angles for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Bioabsorbable and Metal Interference Screws
Authors: Zhang Alan L. , Lewicky Yuri M. , Oka Richard , Mahar Andrew , Pedowitz Robert
Published: January 2007

Background

Fixation strength of metal and bioabsorbable interference screws has not been evaluated while varying the anterior cruciate ligament graft tension angle.

Hypothesis

There is no difference in fixation strength between 2 types of interference screws for anterior cruciate ligament graft fixation while the graft tension angle is varied relative to the femoral tunnel.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Forty-eight anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions were performed using immature porcine femurs stripped of soft tissue and doubled-over porcine flexor digitorum profundus tendon grafts. Specimens were randomized to bioabsorbable or titanium interference screw fixation. Specimens were randomized to one of three pull angles (0°, 30°, 60°) representing loading at different knee flexion angles (n = 8/group). Reconstructed ligaments were tensioned to 10 N followed by 200 loading cycles between 10 and 150 N and a final failure test. Construct elongation (mm) at 100 and 200 cycles and failure load (N) were analyzed using a 2-way analysis of variance (P < .05).

Results

Screw material interacted significantly with graft tension angle, as the bioabsorbable screw specimens demonstrated significantly greater fixation strength when tensioned at greater angles. Specimens fixed with bioabsorbable screws showed significantly less elongation at both 100 and 200 cycles and significantly greater failure load compared with titanium screws.

Conclusion

Bioabsorbable interference screws acutely have increased fixation strength compared with titanium interference screws for anterior cruciate ligament grafts loaded at greater tension angles.

Clinical Relevance

The strength of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction fixation increases with increasing divergence between the tension angle and femoral tunnel, a condition seen when the knee approaches full extension.
Undoing Gender
Authors: Deutsch Francine M.
Published: January 2007

“Doing Gender,” West and Zimmerman's (1987) landmark article, highlighted the importance of social interaction, thus revealing the weaknesses of socialization and structural approaches. However, despite its revolutionary potential for illuminating how to dismantle the gender system, doing gender has become a theory of gender persistence and the inevitability of inequality. In this article, the author argues that we need to reframe the questions to ask how we can undo gender. Research should focus on (1) when and how social interactions become less gendered, (2) whether gender can be irrelevant in interaction, (3) whether gendered interactions always underwrite inequality, (4) how the institutional and interactional levels work together to produce change, and (5) interaction as the site of change.
You Have to Show Strength
Authors: Beauboeuf-Lafontant Tamara
Published: January 2007

Investigating the possible overlap between depressed and presumably strong Black women, this article maintains that women's experiences of depression are both gendered and raced. A review of clinical and popular literatures examining Black women's experiences of depression as well as findings from an interview study with a nonclinical sample of 44 Black women suggest that the discourse of being strong may normalize a distressinducing level of selflessness and powerlessness among such women. Implications of this study include the need to consider the racially specific ways in which women are placed at risk for and experience depression.
Children's Attitudes Toward People With AIDS in Puerto Rico: Exploring Stigma Through Drawings and Stories
Authors: González-Rivera Milagritos , Bauermeister José A.
Published: January 2007

AIDS stigma refers to prejudice and discrimination directed at people or groups perceived to have HIV/AIDS (Herek, 1999). Although AIDS stigma has been found in adolescent and adult populations, few researchers have explored it among children. Misconceptions about people with AIDS (PWA) might lead to negative attitudes toward PWA and obstruct HIV prevention efforts. The authors assessed 110 Puerto Rican children's attitudes toward PWA using drawings ( n = 65) and stories ( n = 45). Although participants held stigmatizing attitudes toward PWA across both methods, the approaches captured different beliefs and attitudes. Drawings depicted PWA as physically deteriorated and performing socially condemned behaviors, whereas stories describing PWA highlighted children's fear of contagion and death. Stigma toward PWA was more pronounced than toward other illnesses (e.g., cancer). The study highlights the importance of assessing children's attitudes through creative data collection procedures.
Sexually Transmitted Disease and Gender Roles
Authors: Mackey Wade C. , Immerman Ronald S.
Published: January 2007

In the last 25 years of the 20th century, two events occurred that may affect cultural evolution into the foreseeable future. First, birth rates in a number of industrialized nations dropped below the level of population maintenance,and, second, the HIV/AIDS virus emerged, spread, and became embedded and endemic in many nations. The relationship between the spread of HIV/AIDS and several parameters of a nation's demography is empirically examined. Then, three distinct cultural responses to the incidence HIV/AIDS are examined in three regions of the world: Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, and a Muslim area stretching from Mauritania to Pakistan.
Modeling State Origins Using Cross-Cultural Data
Authors: Peregrine Peter N. , Ember Carol R. , Ember Melvin
Published: January 2007

The emergence of states has been a focal concern of archaeology for many years. Although comparative methods have played a significant role in these approaches, controlled comparisons employing large samples of cases and multivariate statistical methods of analysis have been rare. The authors follow up on a previous article by employing multivariate data coded for a large sample of archaeological cases and a variety of statistical methods to empirically examine state origins.
Mother-Adult Daughter Relationships Within Dementia Care
Authors: Ward-Griffin Catherine , Oudshoorn Abram , Clark Kristie , Bol Nancy
Published: January 2007

Evidence suggests that intergenerational caregiving between mothers and daughters will become increasingly common, and yet, we know very little about the specific relationships between adult daughters and their mothers with dementia. Guided by socialist-feminist theory and a life-course perspective, 15 mother-adult daughter dyads participated in two individual, semistructured interviews. Data analysis revealed four dynamic types of mother-daughter relationships: custodial, combative, cooperative, and cohesive. Custodial and cooperative relationships mainly focused on the provision of and receipt of tasks, whereas combative and cohesive are emotion focused. At the same time, custodial and combative relationships are based on deficits compared with strength based cohesive and cooperative relationships. In addition, certain contextual factors, such as expectations of care and levels of support, shaped the development of these relationships. Moreover, study findings highlight a number of implications for practice, policy, and research necessary to support individuals with dementia and their families.
A Longitudinal Examination of the Comparative Criterion-Related Validity of Additive and Referent-Shift Consensus Operationalizations of Team Efficacy
Authors: Arthur Winfred , Bell Suzanne T. , Edwards Bryan D.
Published: January 2007

Using a longitudinal design, the authors examined the criterion-related validity of two operationalizations of task-specific team efficacy that differed in their approximation to the level of analysis of the criterion, team performance. Data were obtained from 85 highly interdependent dyadic teams trained over a 2-week period to perform a complex perceptual-motor skill task. Results indicated that, as expected, the operationalization with a team-level referent (referent-shift consensus) was superior to the operationalization with an individual-level referent (additive) across all three data collection periods. For the referent-shift consensus operationalization, within-team agreement and the criterion-related validity improved between the first and second data collection periods but not between the second and third. However, for both operationalizations, despite the increased strength of the team efficacy and team performance relationships, efficacy ratings collected later in the study protocol did not explain unique variance in subsequent team performance once the effect of previous performance was statistically controlled.
A Strategic Perspective on Human Resource Development
Authors: Garavan Thomas N.
Published: January 2007

The problem and the solution. This article reviews the literature on strategic human resource development. It proposes a model of strategic Human Resource Development (HRD) which is multi-level and focuses on the interactions between context, HRD processes, stakeholder satisfaction, and characteristics of the HRD profession. The article discusses the implications of this model for both research and practice.
On Critical Theory in a Truth-Less World
Authors: O'Donnell David
Published: January 2007

The problem and the solution.Global problems require global solutions.The argument presented here at a global level of analysis is that we can learn something from modernism and postmodernism but that global problems are more adequately addressed and solutions more likely to emerge from critical theory and critical cosmopolitanism.
Hepcidin antimicrobial peptide transgenic mice exhibit features of the anemia of inflammation
Authors: Roy Cindy N. , Mak Howard H. , Akpan Imo , Losyev Grigoriy , Zurakowski David , Andrews Nancy C.
Published: January 2007

The anemia of inflammation is an acquired disorder affecting patients with a variety of medical conditions, and it is characterized by changes in iron homeostasis and erythropoiesis. Mounting evidence suggests that hepcidin antimicrobial peptide plays a primary role in the pathogenesis of the anemia of inflammation. To evaluate which features of this anemia can be attributed to hepcidin, we have generated mice carrying a tetracycline-regulated hepcidin transgene. Expression of the hepcidin transgene resulted in down-regulation of endogenous hepcidin mRNA. The transgenic mice developed a mild-to-moderate anemia associated with iron deficiency and iron-restricted erythropoiesis. Similar to the anemia of inflammation, iron accumulated in tissue macrophages, whereas a relative paucity of iron was found in the liver. Circulating erythrocytes in transgenic animals had normal survival rates, but transgenic animals had an impaired response to erythropoietin. Thus, hepcidin transgenic mice recapitulate each of the key features of anemia of inflammation in human patients and serve as a useful model of this prevalent disorder.
Transcriptional profiling of the LPS induced NF-κB response in macrophages
Authors: Sharif Omar , Bolshakov Viacheslav N , Raines Stephanie , Newham Peter , Perkins Neil D
Published: January 2007

Background

Exposure of macrophages to bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) results in activation of the NF-κB transcription factor, which orchestrates a gene expression programme that underpins the macrophage-dependent immune response. These changes include the induction or repression of a wide range of genes that regulate inflammation, cell proliferation, migration and cell survival. This process is tightly regulated and loss of control is associated with conditions such as septic shock, inflammatory diseases and cancer. To study this response, it is important to have in vitro model systems that reflect the behaviour of cells in vivo. In addition, it is necessary to understand the natural differences that can occur between individuals. In this report, we have investigated and compared the LPS response in macrophage derived cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) derived macrophages.

Results

Gene expression profiles were determined following LPS treatment of THP-1 cells for 1 and 4 hours. LPS significantly induced or repressed 72 out of 465 genes selected as being known or putative NF-κB target genes, which exhibited 4 temporal patterns of expression. Results for 34 of these genes, including several genes not previously identified as LPS target genes, were validated using real time PCR. A high correlation between microarray and real time PCR data was found. Significantly, the LPS induced expression profile of THP-1 cells, as determined using real time PCR, was found to be very similar to that of human PBMC derived macrophages. Interestingly, some differences were observed in the LPS response between the two donor PBMC macrophage populations. Surprisingly, we found that the LPS response in U937 cells was dramatically different to both THP-1 and PBMC derived macrophages.

Conclusion

This study revealed a dynamic and diverse transcriptional response to LPS in macrophages, involving both the induction and repression of gene expression in a time dependent manner. Moreover, we demonstrated that the LPS induced transcriptional response in the THP-1 cell line is very similar to primary PBMC derived macrophages. Therefore, THP-1 cells represent a good model system for studying the mechanisms of LPS and NF-κB dependent gene expression.
A procedure for the detection of linkage with high density SNP arrays in a large pedigree with colorectal cancer
Authors: Middeldorp Anneke , Jagmohan-Changur Shantie , Helmer Quinta , van der Klift Heleen M , Tops Carli MJ , Vasen Hans FA , Devilee Peter , Morreau Hans , Houwing-Duistermaat Jeanine J , Wijnen Juul T , van Wezel Tom
Published: January 2007

Background

The apparent dominant model of colorectal cancer (CRC) inheritance in several large families, without mutations in known CRC susceptibility genes, suggests the presence of so far unidentified genes with strong or moderate effect on the development of CRC. Linkage analysis could lead to identification of susceptibility genes in such families. In comparison to classical linkage analysis with multi-allelic markers, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays have increased information content and can be processed with higher throughput. Therefore, SNP arrays can be excellent tools for linkage analysis. However, the vast number of SNPs on the SNP arrays, combined with large informative pedigrees (e.g. >35–40 bits), presents us with a computational complexity that is challenging for existing statistical packages or even exceeds their capacity. We therefore setup a procedure for linkage analysis in large pedigrees and validated the method by genotyping using SNP arrays of a colorectal cancer family with a known MLH1 germ line mutation.

Methods

Quality control of the genotype data was performed in Alohomora, Mega2 and SimWalk2, with removal of uninformative SNPs, Mendelian inconsistencies and Mendelian consistent errors, respectively. Linkage disequilibrium was measured by SNPLINK and Merlin. Parametric linkage analysis using two flanking markers was performed using MENDEL. For multipoint parametric linkage analysis and haplotype analysis, SimWalk2 was used.

Results

On chromosome 3, in the MLH1-region, a LOD score of 1.9 was found by parametric linkage analysis using two flanking markers. On chromosome 11 a small region with LOD 1.1 was also detected. Upon linkage disequilibrium removal, multipoint linkage analysis yielded a LOD score of 2.1 in the MLH1 region, whereas the LOD score dropped to negative values in the region on chromosome 11. Subsequent haplotype analysis in the MLH1 region perfectly matched the mutation status of the family members.

Conclusion

We developed a workflow for linkage analysis in large families using high-density SNP arrays and validated this workflow in a family with colorectal cancer. Linkage disequilibrium has to be removed when using SNP arrays, because it can falsely inflate the LOD score. Haplotype analysis is adequate and can predict the carrier status of the family members.
Angiotensin II Receptor Type 1-Mediated Vascular Oxidative Stress and Proinflammatory Gene Expression in Aldosterone-Induced Hypertension: The Possible Role of Local Renin-Angiotensin System
Authors: Hirono Yuki , Yoshimoto Takanobu , Suzuki Noriko , Sugiyama Toru , Sakurada Maya , Takai Shinji , Kobayashi Naohiko , Shichiri Masayoshi , Hirata Yukio
Published: January 2007

Recently, aldosterone has been shown to activate local renin-angiotensin system in vitro. To elucidate the potential role of local renin-angiotensin system in aldosterone-induced cardiovascular injury, we investigated the effects of selective mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist eplerenone (EPL), angiotensin (Ang) II type 1 receptor antagonist candesartan (ARB), and superoxide dismutase mimetic tempol (TEM) on the development of hypertension, vascular injury, oxidative stress, and inflammatory-related gene expression in aldosterone-treated hypertensive rats. The increased systolic blood pressure and vascular inflammatory changes were attenuated by cotreatment either with EPL, ARB, or TEM. Aldosterone increased angiotensin-converting enzyme expression in the aortic tissue; its effects were blocked by EPL but not by ARB or TEM. Aldosterone also increased Ang II contents in the aortic tissue in the presence of low circulating Ang II concentrations. Aldosterone induced expression of various inflammatory-related genes, whose effects were abolished by EPL, whereas the inhibitory effects of ARB and TEM varied depending on the gene. Aldosterone caused greater accumulation of the oxidant stress marker 4-hydroxy-2-neonenal in the endothelium; its effect was abolished by EPL, ARB, or TEM. Aldosterone increased mRNA levels of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase components; their effect was abolished by EPL, whereas ARB and TEM decreased only the p47phox mRNA level but not that of p22phox or gp91phox. The present findings suggest that the Ang II-dependent pathway resulting from vascular angiotensin-converting enzyme up-regulation and Ang II-independent pathway are both involved in the underlying mechanisms resulting in the development of hypertension, vascular inflammation, and oxidative stress induced by aldosterone.
Tuning of Electronic Structures of Quasi-One-Dimensional Bromo-Bridged PdII–PdIV Mixed-Valence Complexes by Substituting Counter Anions
Authors: Arakawa Hisamitsu , Kawakami Daisuke , Takaishi Shinya , Kajiwara Takashi , Miyasaka Hitoshi , Sugiura Ken-ichi , Yamashita Masahiro , Kishida Hideo , Okamoto Hiroshi
Published: January 2007

New quasi-one-dimensional bromo-bridged PdII–PdIV mixed-valence complexes with long chain alkylsufonates [Pd(en)2][PdBr2(en)](CnH2n+1SO3)4·2H2O (en = ethylenediamine, n = 7, 8, 9, and 10) were synthesized. With increasing alkyl-chain length (n) of the counter anions, the PdII···PdIV distances decreased, indicating that the oxidation states of the Pd atoms are close to the PdIII state.
Externalizing shame responses in children: The role of fragile‐positive self‐esteem
Authors: Thomaes Sander , Stegge Hedy , Olthof Tjeert
Published: January 2007

When faced with shame, children can either respond in submissive ways to withdraw from their environment or in externalizing ways to oppose their environment. This study tested the hypothesis that fragile‐positive views of self predispose children to respond in externalizing ways to shame situations. Narcissism, actual and perceived social preference, global self‐worth and propensity towards externalizing shame responding were measured in 122 pre‐adolescent children. As expected, results revealed that narcissism, in contrast to global self‐worth, was associated with externalizing shame responding. In addition, actual but not perceived social preference was inversely related to externalizing shame responding, suggesting that the social self‐perceptions of children prone to employ externalizing shame responses may be inflated. Discussion focuses on the self‐regulatory function of externalizing shame responses.
Heat and mass transfer in wood composite panels during hot pressing: Part 3. Predicted variations and interactions of the pressing variables
Authors: Yu Changming , Dai Chunping , Wang Brad Jianhe
Published: January 2007

As a continuation of previous publications on a physical-mathematical model of heat and mass transfer and a structural model of mat permeability, this paper presents typical prediction results for 15 pressing variables for strand mats. A case study and complete solutions to the governing equations are provided. The results show how the heat and mass transfer is controlled by heat conduction and convection involving gas flow and phase change. The model predictions provide a comprehensive illustration of the temporal and spatial variations of basic pressing variables, including mat temperature, gas pressure, moisture control and resin curing rate. The model offers a powerful tool for simulating the effects of mat structure, pressing schedule and initial mat conditions.
Properties of piezoelectric voltage considering the microscopic structure of wood cell walls
Authors: Nakai Takahisa , Yamamoto Hiroyuki
Published: January 2007

The combined effects of the grain-angle (θ) and the microfibril angle (MFA) on the piezoelectric voltage (P) are discussed for a wood specimen subjected to unidirectional stress. The fiber axis of the specimen investigated was not parallel to the loading direction. A theoretical discussion is provided concerning fundamental elastic equations that predict the elastic strain field in the crystalline cellulose microfibril (CMF). It was assumed that an ideal wood specimen could be represented by a multi-tracheid model consisting mainly of the middle layer of the secondary wall. Experimental results revealed that plots of the piezoelectric voltage (P) versus the grain angle (θ) show concave curves with a maximum at θ=45°, regardless of MFA in the specimen. A similar tendency was obtained for the relationship predicted between the average shear strain along the CMF and θ. The results indicate that generation of a shear strain in the CMF positively contributes to the piezoelectric effect in wood.
A Quantitative Measure for Degree of Automation and Its Relation to System Performance and Mental Load
Authors: Wei Zhi-Gang , Macwan Anil P. , Wieringa Peter A.
Published: January 2007

In this paper we quantitatively model degree of automation (DofA) in supervisory control as a function of the number and nature of tasks to be performed by the operator and automation. This model uses a task weighting scheme in which weighting factors are obtained from task demand load, task mental load and using an experimental system. Based on controlled experiments using operators, analyses of the task effect on system performance, the prediction and assessment of task demand load, and the prediction of mental load were performed. Each experiment had a different DofA. The effect of a change in DofA on system performance and mental load was investigated. It was found that system performance became less sensitive to changes in DofA at higher levels of DofA. The experimental data showed that when the operator controlled a partly automated system, perceived mental load could be predicted from the task mental load for each task component, as calculated by analyzing a situation in which all tasks were manually controlled. Actual or potential applications of this research include a methodology to balance and optimize the automation of complex industrial systems.
Principles of Educational Multimedia User Interface Design
Authors: Najjar Lawrence J.
Published: January 2007

This paper discusses principles of educational multimedia user interface design. The purpose of these principles is to maximize the learning effectiveness of multimedia applications. The principles are based on the results of studies in psychology, computer science, instructional design, and graphics design. The principles help user interface designers make decisions about the learning materials, learners, tasks that the learners perform, and tests for measuring learning performance.
Automobile Seat Belts: Usage Patterns in Automatic Belt Systems
Authors: Schmidt Richard A. , Young Douglas E. , Ayres Thomas J.
Published: January 2007

Since the passage of mandatory passive restraint legislation (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208) in 1984, numerous investigators have examined patterns of use among the different types of restraint systems and user populations. In this paper, we review the available data on usage patterns in automatic shoulder belt and manual lap belt systems. The restraint systems involving automatic shoulder belts have generally been regarded as highly successful in increasing the use rates of shoulder belts for American drivers (frequently greater than 90%). At the same time, the use of the manual lap belt with automatic shoulder belts remains roughly similar to the use rate for manual three-point systems. We also review studies of driver's knowledge about the existence and importance of the elements of these automatic systems. These findings have potential application for the design of manual and automatic restraint systems in automobiles.
Quantitative analysis of somatostatin receptor subtype (SSTR1–5) gene expression levels in somatotropinomas and non-functioning pituitary adenomas
Authors: Taboada Giselle F , Luque Raul M , Bastos Wildebranham , Guimarães Renata F C , Marcondes Jorge B , Chimelli Leila M C , Fontes Rosita , Mata Paulo J P , Filho Paulo Niemeyer , Carvalho Denise P , Kineman Rhonda D , Gadelha Mônica R
Published: January 2007

Objective: It is believed that the variable effectiveness of somatostatin analogs in post-surgical management of somatotropinomas and non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA) may be due in part to variable expression of somatostatin receptor isoforms (SSTR1–5), within and between pituitary tumor types.

Design and methods: Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to compare absolute mRNA copy numbers for all five SSTR isoforms in 23 somatotropinomas and 19 NFPA.

Results: Somatostatin receptor subtype 5 mRNA was present at the highest level in somatotropinomas, followed by SSTR2>SSTR3≫SSTR1⋙SSTR4. In contrast, SSTR3 mRNA was present at the highest level in NFPA, followed by SSTR2, while SSTR1, SSTR4, and SSTR5 transcripts were only detectable in select tumors. Among somatotropinomas, a positive correlation was found between SSTR2 mRNA levels and the percent decrease of GH (%GH) after 3 and 6 months of therapy with octreotide long acting repeatable (LAR) (r=0.51 and r=0.66; P=0.05 and P=0.008). Also the percent decrease of IGF-I (%IGF-I) after 3 months of octreotide LAR was negatively correlated with SSTR5 and %IGF-I after 6 months of octreotide LAR was positively correlated with SSTR2.

Conclusions: The present report is a large series examining SSTR mRNA levels in somatotropinomas and NFPA. These initial findings suggest that detailed knowledge of the SSTR mRNA expression profile in somatotropinomas can help to predict the hormonal response to therapy with LAR. Also, it appears that SSTR3 in NFPA may be a potential target for SSTR3 preferential or universal ligands such as pasireotide.
Circulating ghrelin levels in girls with central precocious puberty are reduced during treatment with LHRH analog
Authors: Maffeis Claudio , Franceschi Roberto , Moghetti Paolo , Camilot Marta , Lauriola Silvana , Tatò Luciano
Published: January 2007

Decreased levels of ghrelin have been measured in growing children during puberty. No data are available for girls with central precocious puberty (CPP).

Aims: To explore ghrelin changes before, during, and after GnRH analog treatment in girls with CPP.

Subjects and methods: A sample of 20 Caucasian girls (8.08 ± 0.65 years of age) with CPP was recruited. Height and weight, bone age, LH, FSH, 17β estradiol (E2), and ghrelin were measured before starting treatment with GnRH analog, 18 months after therapy began and again 6 months after therapy discontinuation.

Results: LH and E2 serum levels decreased significantly during treatment (2.45 ± 2.03 vs 0.67 ± 0.49 UI/l, P < 0.01 and 28.17 ± 9.7 vs 15 pmol/l, P < 0.01 respectively), returning to baseline levels after the discontinuation of therapy (4.75 ± 1.66 UI/l and 29.23 ± 6.99 pmol/l respectively). LH peaked following LHRH stimulation significantly (P < 0.01) decreased during treatment (24.45 ± 14.17 vs 1.3 ± 0.18 UI/l) and then increased after therapy discontinuation (12.58 ± 6.09, P < 0.01). Ghrelin decreased significantly (P < 0.05) during treatment (1849 ± 322 vs 1207 ± 637 pg/ml), and increased, though not significantly (P = 0.09) after therapy withdrawal (1567 ± 629 pg/ml).

Conclusions: Contrary to what is expected in physiologic puberty, where ghrelin is progressively reduced, the prepubertal hormone milieau induced by GnRHa treatment in patients suffering from central precocious puberty (CPP) did not promote an increase in ghrelin circulating levels. Therefore, in CPP, ghrelin secretion seems to be independent from pubertal development per se. Concomitant estrogen suppression during treatment may play a potential role in the regulation of ghrelin secretion in these girls.
A Cassette System to Study Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation by Inducible RNA Interference
Authors: Wegmüller Daniel , Raineri Ines , Gross Brigitte , Oakeley Edward J. , Moroni Christoph
Published: January 2007

Although differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells is restricted by a hierarchy of transcription factors, little is known about whether post-transcriptional mechanisms similarly regulate early embryoid differentiation. We developed a system where small hairpin (sh)RNAs can be induced in embryonic stem (ES) cells from a defined locus following integration by Flp recombinase-mediated DNA recombination. To verify the system, the key transcription factor Stat3, which maintains pluripotency, was downregulated by shRNA, and the expected morphological and biochemical markers of differentiation were observed. Induction of shRNA specific for the post-transcriptional regulator Brf1 (Zfp36L1) amplified the cardiac markers with strong stimulation of cardiomyocyte formation within embryoid bodies. These findings identify Brf1 as a novel potential regulator of cardiomyocyte formation and suggest that post-transcriptional mechanisms are of importance to early development and, possibly, to regenerative medicine. The inducible RNA interference system presented here should also allow assignment of function for candidate genes with suspected roles in ES cell development.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Brain Transplantation of Immortalized Human Neural Stem Cells Promotes Functional Recovery in Mouse Intracerebral Hemorrhage Stroke Model
Authors: Lee Hong J. , Kim Kwang S. , Kim Eun J. , Choi Hyun B. , Lee Kwang H. , Park In H. , Ko Yong , Jeong Sang W. , Kim Seung U.
Published: January 2007

We have generated stable, immortalized cell lines of human NSCs from primary human fetal telencephalon cultures via a retroviral vector encoding v-myc. HB1.F3, one of the human NSC lines, expresses a normal human karyotype of 46, XX, and nestin, a cell type-specific marker for NSCs. F3 has the ability to proliferate continuously and differentiate into cells of neuronal and glial lineage. The HB1.F3 human NSC line was used for cell therapy in a mouse model of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) stroke. Experimental ICH was induced in adult mice by intrastriatal administration of bacterial collagenase; 1 week after surgery, the rats were randomly divided into two groups so as to receive intracerebrally either human NSCs labeled with β-galactosidase (n = 31) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (n = 30). Transplanted NSCs were detected by 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-d-galactoside histochemistry or double labeling with β-galactosidase (β-gal) and mitogen-activated protein (MAP)2, neurofilaments (both for neurons), or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (for astrocytes). Behavior of the animals was evaluated for period up to 8 weeks using modified Rotarod tests and a limb placing test. Transplanted human NSCs were identified in the perihematomal areas and differentiated into neurons (β-gal/MAP2+ and β-gal/NF+) or astrocytes (β-gal/GFAP+). The NSC-transplanted group showed markedly improved functional performance on the Rotarod test and limb placing after 2–8 weeks compared with the control PBS group (p < .001). These results indicate that the stable immortalized human NSCs are a valuable source of cells for cell replacement and gene transfer for the treatment of ICH and other human neurological disorders.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Regulate Angiogenesis According to Their Mechanical Environment
Authors: Kasper Grit , Dankert Niels , Tuischer Jens , Hoeft Moritz , Gaber Timo , Glaeser Juliane D. , Zander Desiree , Tschirschmann Miriam , Thompson Mark , Matziolis Georg , Duda Georg N.
Published: January 2007

In fracture and bone defect healing, MSCs largely drive tissue regeneration. MSCs have been shown to promote angiogenesis both in vivo and in vitro. Angiogenesis is a prerequisite to large tissue reconstitution. The present study investigated how mechanical loading of MSCs influences their proangiogenic capacity. The results show a significant enhancement of angiogenesis by conditioned media from mechanically stimulated compared with unstimulated MSCs in two-dimensional tube formation and three-dimensional spheroid sprouting assays. In particular, proliferation but not migration or adhesion of endothelial cells was elevated. Promotion of angiogenesis was dependent upon fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) signaling. Moreover, stimulation of tube formation was inhibited by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase blocking. Screening for the expression levels of different soluble regulators of angiogenesis revealed an enrichment of matrix metalloprotease 2, transforming growth factor β1, and basic fibroblast growth factor but not of vascular endothelial growth factor in response to mechanical stimulation. In conclusion, mechanical loading of MSCs seems to result in a paracrine stimulation of angiogenesis, most likely by the regulation of a network of several angiogenic molecules. The underlying mechanism appears to be dependent on the FGFR and VEGFR signaling cascades and might be mediated by an additional cross-talk with other pathways.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.