bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Qualitative and Quantitative Knowledge of Results: Effects on Motor Learning
Authors: Kilduski Nancy C. , Rice Martin S.
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE. This study investigated the effects of qualitative and quantitative knowledge of results (KR) on the acquisition of a motor skill. It was hypothesized that there would be differences in performance during skill acquisition and retention, depending on the type of feedback given. Qualitative KR was in the form of verbal encouragement and quantitative KR was in the form of an algebraic number representing an error score.

METHODS. Seventy-seven adults were randomly assigned to one of four feedback conditions, Quantitative, Qualitative, Quantitative and Qualitative, and no feedback (Control). Participants learned an isometric force production skill. Data were collected during skill acquisition and retention phases. Computer hardware and custom software were used to collect data and administer the feedback conditions of the independent variable.

RESULTS. There was a statistically significant difference in the Acquisition Phase for the main effect of Condition F (3,73) = 6.35, p < .05, and for Block F (9,657) = 2.07, p < .05, but there was no statistically significant Condition X Block interaction F (27,657) = 1.02, p > .05. Pair-wise comparisons revealed statistically significant differences between conditions containing qualitative feedback and conditions containing no qualitative feedback (p < .05). The main effect of condition was significant F (3,73) = 3.00, p < .05 in the retention phase, however there were no significant pair-wise comparisons (p > .05).

CONCLUSION. The results of this study suggest that in a healthy adult population, qualitative feedback, by itself and when combined with quantitative feedback, resulted in superior skill acquisition, but not in the retention of that skill. The artificiality of the task along with differing modes of feedback (audible versus visual) are two potentially limiting factors to this study. Future research that controls for these factors may yield more definitive findings about the role that qualitative feedback has in improving motor performance and learning.
Perceptions Regarding School-Based Occupational Therapy for Children With Emotional Disturbances
Authors: Barnes Karin J. , Beck Alison J. , Vogel Kimberly A. , Grice Kimatha Oxford , Murphy Douglas
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this study was to identify the perceived appropriateness, extent, and types of services provided by occupational therapists to children with emotional disturbances in public schools. A nationally mailed survey was conducted of randomly selected school occupational therapists derived from the American Occupational Therapy Association School System Special Interest Section list. The sampling frame was 982 with a response rate of 48% (n = 476).

Eighty-seven percent of all respondents were supportive of school occupational therapy for students with emotional disturbances, although these students made up only a small proportion of their caseload. The therapists indicated that a variety of intervention approaches were used with most targeting educational areas, especially handwriting. The most commonly reported intervention was sensory integration.

Many respondents perceived that they could not provide effective interventions because they were not appropriately trained. Perceived lack of knowledge and confusion about occupational therapy’s role may lead to underutilization of occupational therapy for addressing the complex needs of children with emotional disturbances. Further research and discussion are needed in the profession to arrive at consensus regarding what approaches are most appropriate and effective in schools.
Adolescent Performance on the Allen Cognitive Levels Screen
Authors: Lee Sloane Nguyen , Gargiullo Audrey , Brayman Sara , Kinsey Jodi Coppage , Jones Hope Carroll , Shotwell Mary
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to provide information regarding the validity of using the Allen Cognitive Levels Screen (ACL-90 version) by comparing functional cognitive performance between adolescents living in the community and adolescents residing in mental health facilities.

METHOD. Sixty-three adolescents were assessed using the ACL-90: 32 adolescents living in the community, and 28 adolescents residing in residential mental health facilities.

RESULTS. Using a one-tailed t test, performance scores for adolescents residing in the community were statistically higher than those for adolescents living in residential mental health facilities (t (34) = 4.3, p < .001).

CONCLUSION. This study suggests the validity of the ACL-90 as an assessment to use for screening the cognitive functional performance of adolescents.
Children's experience of the Children Act 1989
Authors: Morgan Roger
Published: September 2010

This article sets out the views and experience of children and young people on selected major aspects of their lives which are governed by provisions in the Children Act 1989. It draws on extensive statutory consultations with children in care, receiving children's social care services, or otherwise living away from home, carried out over the past eight years by the Children's Rights Director for England. Two key themes from children are featured in particular: the extent to which the intentions of the Act are actually experienced by children in practice, and the extent to which delivery of the intentions of the Act is individualised according to each child's needs, wishes and feelings. Children's views, experiences and, in some cases, proposals for the future are explored in relation to ascertaining and taking into account children's wishes and concerns in decision‐making, selection of placements, support to care leavers, family contact, care planning and reviews, and complaints and representations. The issues of private fostering and the intentions and development of the role of the Independent Reviewing Officer are discussed from the child's perspective and in the light of the subsequent Children and Young Persons Act 2008.
Promoting and safeguarding the welfare of children: a bridge too far?
Authors: Tunstill Jane , Aldgate Jane , Thoburn June
Published: September 2010

This article describes the contrast between the clearly expressed and optimistic intentions of section 17 of the Children Act 1989, namely to produce a genuine service continuum that will promote and safeguard the welfare of children, and the reality of the post‐1989 implementation process. It shows how, over decades, perennial challenges have consistently skewed the balance between proactive family support services and reactive crisis‐driven responses in favour of the latter. Drawing on government‐commissioned evaluations, including two on out‐of‐home care and family centres respectively, the authors conclude that the Act has failed to change this balance for the better. Primary factors in this include inadequate funding and the risk‐averse responses of policy‐makers and politicians.
Disabled children and the Children Act 1989
Authors: Smith Peter
Published: September 2010

This article examines the impact on disabled children and their families of the Children Act 1989 from the author's perspective of close involvement in this area of policy from 1992 to 2005. It argues that the inclusion of disabled children explicitly for the first time in children's legislation marked a necessary step in seeing disabled children as children first. Two main areas of concern about the effectiveness of the Act's implementation are highlighted. First, provisions in the Act for disabled children living away from home in health and education establishments have been widely ignored and are now seen as inadequate. Second is whether the provisions regarding short breaks (respite care) have been effective in providing the sort of support that families need at the required levels. The article suggests that passing legislation may be insufficient in itself to have much impact on the lives of disabled children.
Impact of model resolution on chemical ozone formation in Mexico City: application of the WRF-Chem model
Authors: Tie X. , Brasseur G. , Ying Z.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The resolution of regional chemical/dynamical models has important effects on the calculation of the distributions of air pollutants in urban areas. In this study, the sensitivity of air pollutants and photochemical ozone production to different model resolutions is assessed by applying a regional chemical/dynamical model (version 3 of Weather Research and Forecasting Chemical model – WRF-Chemv3) to the case of Mexico City. The model results with 3, 6, 12, and 24 km resolutions are compared to local surface measurements of CO, NOx, and O3. The study shows that the model resolutions of 3 and 6 km provide reasonable simulations of surface CO, NOx, and O3 concentrations and of diurnal variations. The model tends to underestimate the measurements when the resolution is reduced to 12 km or less. The calculated surface CO, NOx, and O3 concentrations at 24 km resolution are significantly lower than measured values. This study suggests that the ratio of the city size to the threshold resolution is 6 to 1, and that this ratio can be considered as a test value in other urban areas for model resolution setting. There are three major factors related to the effects of model resolution on the calculations of O3 and O3 precursors, including; (1) the calculated meteorological conditions, (2) the spatial distribution for the emissions of ozone precursors, and (3) the non-linearity in the photochemical ozone production. Model studies suggest that, for the calculations of O3 and O3 precursors, spatial resolutions (resulting from different meteorological condition and transport processes) have larger impacts than the effect of the resolution associated with emission inventories. The model shows that, with coarse resolution of emission inventory (24 km) and high resolution for meteorological conditions (6 km), the calculated CO and O3 are considerably improved compared to the results obtained with coarse resolution for both emission inventory and meteorological conditions (24 km). The resolution of the surface emissions has important effects on the calculated concentration fields, but the effects are smaller than those resulting from the model resolution. This study also suggests that the effect of model resolution on O3 precursors leads to important impacts on the photochemical formation of ozone. This results directly from the non-linear relationship between O3 formation and O3 precursor concentrations. Finally, this study suggests that, considering the balance between model performance and required computation time on current computers, the 6 km resolution is an optimal resolution for the calculation of ozone and its precursors in urban areas like Mexico City.
Three-year observations of halocarbons at the Nepal Climate Observatory at Pyramid (NCO-P, 5079 m a.s.l.) on the Himalayan range
Authors: Maione M. , Giostra U. , Arduini J. , Furlani F. , Bonasoni P. , Cristofanelli P. , Laj P. , Vuillermoz E.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. A monitoring programme for halogenated climate-altering gases has been established in the frame of the SHARE EV-K2-CNR project at the Nepal Climate Laboratory – Pyramid in the Himalayan range at the altitude of 5079 m a.s.l. The site is very well located to provide important insights on changes in atmospheric composition in a region that is of great significance for emissions of both anthropogenic and biogenic halogenated compounds. Measurements are performed since March 2006, with grab samples collected on a weekly basis. The first three years of data have been analysed. After the identification of the atmospheric background values for fourteen halocarbons, the frequency of occurrence of pollution events have been compared with the same kind of analysis for data collected at other global background stations. The comparison with time series from other stations has also allowed to derive Meridional gradients, which are absent for long living well mixed species, while for the more reactive species, the gradient increases inversely with respect to their atmospheric lifetime. The effect of long range transport and of local events on the atmospheric composition at the station has been analysed as well, allowing the identification of relevant source regions the Northern half of the Indian sub-continent. Also, at finer spatial scales, a smaller, local contribution of forest fires from the Khumbu valley has been detected.
How does climate change affect mesoscale catchments in Switzerland? – a framework for a comprehensive assessment
Authors: Köplin N. , Viviroli D. , Schädler B. , Weingartner R.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Within the framework of this study we identify mesoscale catchments in Switzerland that exhibit sensitivity towards a change in climate with a focus on alterations of the water balance and peak flow conditions. For this study, the hydrological modelling system PREVAH is used, which is a semi-distributed and conceptual yet process-oriented model forced with hourly meteorological input on basis of a spatial resolution of 500×500 m2. We calibrate the model where measured discharge records are available and transfer the calibrated model parameters to ungauged catchments through regionalisation, to arrive at a comprehensive set of model parameters for the entire area of Switzerland. To assess future changes, we apply an extensive set of 16 Regional Climate Models (RCMs) to the catchments. The RCM data are downscaled to a dense network of meteorological stations for the period from 2021 to 2050 using the Delta Change Approach. This downscaling method incorporates a bias correction of the RCM output and provides change rates and values for precipitation and temperature. In the present paper we describe the application of a calibration and regionalisation procedure developed previously for Northern Alpine catchments to Southern catchments. The necessity to differentiate between a Northern and a Southern Alpine region, with their distinct climatologic and physiogeographic features, has proved true as the calibrated parameter sets show systematic differences between those regions, e.g. for the runoff forming parameters percolation rate (PERC) or storage time for quick runoff (KOH). For the Southern Alpine area, we calibrated two thirds of the available catchments, i.e. 23 out of 36, successfully for standard and flood conditions according to a combined model score of a linear and logarithmic Nash-Sutcliffe-Efficiency (NSE, NSEln) and a mean annual volumetric deviation (VDa). The rate of successfully calibrated catchments is rather small in comparison with the results for the Northern Alpine catchments, where 140 out of 159 calibrations have been successful, and the distribution of the Southern catchments is more irregular. However, as the median NSE and NSEln as well as the range of VDa show an overall good model fit, a successful regionalisation may be expected. Next steps are the regionalisation of the Southern Alpine model parameters and the application of climate scenarios to the complete set of catchments, i.e. about 200 Swiss mesoscale catchments with an average area of 150 km2. Thus we can identify process-based relationships between climate sensitivity and catchment characteristics and provide quantitative information on future water balance and peak flow conditions of Swiss mesoscale catchments.
Hydrological modelling of glacierized catchments focussing on the validation of simulated snow patterns – applications within the flood forecasting system of the Tyrolean river Inn
Authors: Schöber J. , Achleitner S. , Kirnbauer R. , Schöberl F. , Schönlaub H.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The catchment of the river Inn is located in the Swiss and Austrian Alps. In the frame of the flood forecasting system "HoPI" (Hochwasserprognose für den Tiroler Inn), the Austrian part of the river Inn and its tributaries are covered within a hybrid numerical model. The runoff from the glacierized headwaters of the south-western Inn tributaries is calculated using the Snow- and Icemelt Model "SES" which utilizes a spatially-distributed energy balance approach; within SES, the accumulation and melting processes for snow, firn, and ice are considered. It is of great importance that such a type of model is used in the simulation of alpine areas since in these regions stream flow is influenced by the accumulation and melt of snow and ice and snow-free glaciers have also the potential to increase or even induce flood flow. For a prototype of the forecast system, SES was calibrated using the snow depletion of a glacier, but later, following the first results during the operational mode, the model was recalibrated and validated using remotely-sensed data covering all 13 glacierized catchments. Using the final snow-parameter setting, a simulation run of 15 hydrological years without any state corrections achieved overall agreements between observed and simulated snow cover ranging from 68% to 88% for all individual catchments. Runoff was calibrated and validated using the data from three different gauges. A parameter set, including both validated snow and runoff parameters, was applied for the modelling of a fourth gauged catchment and also achieved accurate results. This final unique parameterization was transferred to the remaining, ungauged watersheds.
Greenhouse gas observations from Cabauw Tall Tower (1992–2010)
Authors: Vermeulen A. T. , Hensen A. , Popa M. E. , van den Bulk W. C. M. , Jongejan P. A. C.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Since 1992 semi-continuous in-situ observations of greenhouse gas concentrations have been performed at the tall tower of Cabauw (4.927° E, 51.971° N, −0.7 m a.s.l.). Through 1992 up to now, the measurement system has been gradually extended and improved in precision, starting with CO2 and CH4 concentrations from 200 m a.g.l. in 1992 to vertical gradients at 4 levels of the gases CO2, CH4, SF6, N2O, H2, CO and gradients at 2 levels for 222Rn. In this paper the measurement systems and measurement results are described for the main greenhouse gases and CO for the whole period. The automatic measurement system now provides half-hourly concentrations gradient with a precision better than or close to the WMO recommendations. The observations at Cabauw show a complex pattern caused by the influence of sources and sinks from a large area around the tower with significant contributions of sources and sinks at distances up to 500–700 km. The concentration footprint area of Cabauw is one the most intensive and complex source areas of greenhouse gases in the world. Despite this, annual mean trends for the most important greenhouse gases, compatible with the global values derived using the global network, can be reproduced from the measured concentrations at Cabauw over the entire measurement period, with a measured increase in the period 2000–2009 for CO2 of 1.90 ± 0.1 ppm yr−1, for CH4 of 4.4 ± 0.6 ppb yr−1, for N2O of 0.86 ± 0.04 ppb yr−1, and for SF6 of 0.27 ± 0.01 ppt yr−1; for CO no significant trend could be detected. The strong local sources and sinks reflect in the amplitude of mean seasonal cycles observed at Cabauw, that are larger than the mean Northern Hemisphere average; Cabauw mean seasonal amplitude for CO2 is 25–30 ppm (higher value for lower levels). CH4 seasonal amplitude observed is 50–110 ppb. All gases except N2O show highest concentrations in winter and lower concentrations in summer, N2O observations show two additional concentrations maxima in early summer and in autumn. Seasonal cycles of the day-time mean concentrations show that surface concentrations or high elevation concentrations alone do not give a representative value for the boundary layer concentrations, especially in winter time, but that the vertical profile data along the mast can be used to construct a useful boundary layer mean value. The variability at Cabauw in the atmospheric concentrations of CO2 on time scales of minutes to hours is several ppm and is much larger than the precision of the measurements (0.1 ppm). The diurnal and synoptical variability of the concentrations at Cabauw carry information on the sources and sinks in the footprint area of the mast, that is and will be used in combination with inverse atmospheric transport model to verify emission estimates and improve ecosystem models. For this purpose a network of tall tower stations like Cabauw is a very useful addition to the existing global observing network for greenhouse gases.
Ray tracing analysis of L mode pumping of the ionosphere, with implications for the magnetic zenith effect
Authors: Nordblad E. , Leyser T. B.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Using ray tracing of ordinary mode HF waves in an ionosphere with kilometre-scale field aligned density depletions, or ducts, we find that transmission across the plasma resonance becomes possible at new locations as rays are guided into the so-called L mode. Stronger transmitted fields are seen in some directions, notably at inclinations close to the vertical or the magnetic zenith (MZ). It is argued that the results could have implications for the magnetic zenith effect, i.e., the increased plasma response that has been observed around the MZ.
A simple method for solving the Bussian equation for electrical conduction in rocks
Authors: Glover P. W. J. , Ransford T. J. , Auger G.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. One of the most general and effective models for calculating the complex electrical conductivity and relative dielectric permittivity of rocks saturated with pore fluids is that of Bussian. Unlike most models, it is non-linear and cannot be solved algebraically. Consequently, researchers use reiterating numerical routines to obtain a solution of the equation, and then only for the real part of the solution. Here we present a different approach to the solution that uses conformal mapping in the complex plane, and implements it within MapleTM. The method is simple and elegant in that it requires, for example, only 3 lines of code in MapleTM 11 and little programming experience. The approach has been shown to be as precise as using the classical reiterating bisection method for real data implemented in C++ on an ordinary desktop computer to within a probability over 1 in 109. However, the conformal mapping approach is 52 times as fast. We show once more that the Bussian equation breaks down for low fluid conductivities, but recommend it (with the modified Archie's law) for use with rocks saturated with high salinity fluids when the matrix is conductive.
Antineoplastic Agents, 1. Nonhormonal
Authors: Kleemann Axel
Published: September 2010

This article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Alkylating Agents2.1.Nitrogen Mustard Analogues2.2.Alkyl Sulfonates2.3.Ethylene Imines (Aziridines)2.4.Nitrosoureas2.5.Other Alkylating Agents3.Antimetabolites3.1.Folic Acid Analogues (Folate Antagonists)3.2.Purine Analogues3.3.Pyrimidine Analogues4.Vinca Alkaloids and Derivatives5.Podophyllotoxin Derivatives6.Taxanes7.Other Natural Products and Derivatives8.Anthracyclines and Related Substances9.Other Cytotoxic Antibiotics10.Platinum Compounds11.Methylhydrazines12.Sensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy13.Protein Kinase Inhibitors14.Other Antineoplastic Agents
Lamps
Authors: van den Hoek Willem J. , Luijks Gerardus M. J. F. , Hoelen Christoph G. H.
Published: September 2010

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Light Generation

2.1.

Thermal Radiation from Solids

2.2.

Radiation from Gas Discharges

2.3.

Radiation from Semiconductors (LEDs)

2.4.

Modeling of Lamps

3.

Main Types of Lamps

4.

Lamp Chemistry

4.1.

General

4.2.

Transport Chemistry

4.2.1.

Principles

4.2.2.

Incandescent Lamps

4.2.3.

Halogen Incandescent Lamps

4.2.4.

Metal Halide Lamps

5.

Basic Lamp Materials

5.1.

Metals

5.2.

Glass

5.2.1.

Glass Composition and Glass Types

5.2.2.

Properties

5.2.3.

Glasses for Lamp Types

5.2.4.

Glass‐to‐Metal Seals

5.3.

Polycrystalline Alumina

5.4.

Fluorescent Powders

6.

Special Lamp Materials

6.1.

Getters

6.2.

Amalgams

6.3.

Emitters

6.4.

Cements and Marking Paints

7.

Coatings

8.

Lamp Production

9.

Economic Aspects and Uses
Drying of Solid Materials
Authors: Tsotsas Evangelos , Metzger Thomas , Gnielinski Volker , Schlünder Ernst‐Ulrich
Published: September 2010

The article contains sections titled:1.Theoretical Fundamentals of the Drying Process1.1.Concepts, Definitions1.2.Characteristics of Moist Solids1.3.Drying Curves for ConvectionDrying1.4.Drying Curves for Contact Drying1.5.Drying Curves and Moisture‐Composition Curves for Solids Wetted by Liquid Mixtures2.Drying Methods and Dryer Types2.1.Convection Drying2.1.1.Flowing Gas2.1.2.The Solid is Aerated2.1.3.Large‐Scale Agitation of the Solid2.1.4.The Solid Moves in the Drying Agent2.1.5.The Material is Sprayed2.2.Contact Drying2.2.1.Flat and Strip Materials2.2.2.Low‐Viscosity Materials2.2.3.Pasty Materials2.2.4.Granular Materials2.3.Radiant Heat or Infrared Drying2.4.Dielectric Heating2.5.Vacuum and Freeze Drying3.Selecting, Sizing, and Energy Requirements of Dryers3.1.Choosing the Type of Dryer3.1.1.The Role of the Material Properties of the Solid3.1.2.Production Rate3.1.3.Dryer Ventilation3.2.Sizing the Dryer3.2.1.Batch Dryers3.2.2.Continuous Dryers3.3.Heat and Driving Power Requirements
Sensor‐Based Sorting
Authors: Wotruba Hermann , Harbeck Hartmut
Published: September 2010

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Description of Functional Blocks

3.

Technology Fundamentals

3.1.

Scanning Techniques

3.2.

Sensor Techniques

3.3.

Detection System Parameters

4.

Applications

4.1.

Applications in Mineral Processing Stages

4.2.

Applications in Mineral Processing and Recycling
Weed Control, 2. Individual Herbicides
Authors: Müller Franz , Applebyki Arnold P.
Published: September 2010

The article contains sections titled:1.Properties of Herbicides1.1.Diphenyl Ethers1.2.Sulfonylureas1.3.Chloroacetanilides1.4.1,3,5‐Triazines1.5.Ureas1.6.2,6‐Dinitroanilines1.7.Imidazolinones1.8.Phenoxy Compounds1.9.Triazoles1.10.Uracils1.11.Pyridines1.12.(Thio)Carbamates1.13.Organophosphates1.14.Cyclohexene Oximes1.15.(Benzo)nitriles1.16.Triazinones1.17.Amides1.18.Anilides1.19.Benzoic Acids1.20.Quinolinecarboxylic Acids1.21.Benzoylcyclohexanediones1.22.Benzofurans1.23.Dicarboximides1.24.Dinitrophenols1.25.Aliphatic Compounds1.26.Inorganic Compounds1.27.Oxadiazolones1.28.Oxazoles1.29.Pyrazoles1.30.Pyridazines1.31.Pyridazinones1.32.Quaternary Ammonium Compounds1.33.Miscellaneous Compounds2.Toxicology2.1.Diphenyl Ethers2.2.Sulfonylureas2.3.Chloroacetanilides2.4.1,3,5‐Triazines2.5.Ureas2.6.2,6‐Dinitroanilines2.7.Imidazolinones2.8.Phenoxy Compounds2.9.Triazoles2.10.Uracils2.11.Pyridines2.12.(Thio)carbamates2.13.Organophosphorus Compounds2.14.Cyclohexene Oximes2.15.(Benzo)nitriles2.16.Triazinones2.17.Amides2.18.Anilides2.19.Benzoic Acids2.20.Quinolinecarboxylic Acids2.21.Benzoylcyclohexanediones2.22.Benzofurans2.23.Dicarboximides2.24.Dinitrophenol Herbicides2.25.Aliphatic Compounds2.26.Inorganic Compounds2.27.Oxadiazolones2.28.Oxazoles2.29.Pyrazoles2.30.Pyridazines2.31.Pyridazinones2.32.Quaternary Ammonium Compounds2.33.Miscellaneous Compounds
Trauma Within the Walls: Notes Towards a Philosophy of the City
Authors: Benjamin Andrew
Published: September 2010

Renowned philosopher and critical theorist Andrew Benjamin provides a framework for thinking about trauma and the city. He returns to Sigmund Freud's definition of trauma as repressed memory and to Aeschylus' formulation of the unmasterable as portrayed in mythical Athens in the Oresteia trilogy. This view of unaccustomed or unpredictable forces, such as civic strife, as ever present and integral to democracy, enables the maintenance of the urban project avoiding repression. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Space‐Time of Pre‐emption: An Interview with Brian Massumi
Authors: Rice Charles
Published: September 2010

The philosopher Brian Massumi is known for his explorations of experience, art, media theory and politics and has recently turned his attention to understanding the impact that sustained fear has on perception in a post‐9/11 world. In an interview with guest‐editor Charles Rice, Massumi defines threat by distinguishing it from real danger and how it manifests itself in both civil and military spaces of pre‐emptive action that are primed to the possibilities of attack. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making Dubai: A Process in Crisis
Authors: Reisz Todd
Published: September 2010

The world financial crisis of 2009 brought the onward march of property development in Dubai to a standstill. Todd Reisz describes how the city's PR community responded to the predicament with a cathartic call for honesty and transparency. Reisz, however, questions the consultants' understanding of the Dubai Dream, which though built out of no more than images, is also constructed out of the hopes of the Arab world. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
After the Event: Speculative Projects in the Aftermath
Authors: Spurr Samantha
Published: September 2010

Working on speculative architectural projects in the aftermath of traumatic events requires both fearlessness and sensitivity on the part of the designer. Samantha Spurr describes how architecture studios organised by the University of Technology, Sydney, held in Shenzhen, Berlin and Beirut, have brought students into direct contact with these issues and fragile sites. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post‐Apocalypse Now
Authors: Fisher Mark
Published: September 2010

In cinema, the post‐apocalypse has become a recurring theme offering endless opportunities to envisage and keep on reimagining the end of the world as we know it. Here Mark Fisher explores the post‐apocalyptic in Children of Men (2006), The Road (2006) and Terminator Salvation (2009), and asks whether these seminal films point towards a tendency to imagine the end of existence over the end of capitalism. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Eighth Day: God Created the World in Seven Days. This is The Eighth Day
Authors: Chakar Tony
Published: September 2010

Beirut‐born architect and writer Tony Chakar describes how the July 2006 Israeli attacks on Beirut prompted memories of the Lebanese War and provided the essential catalyst for producing his work The Eighth Day. Careful not to stipulate prescribed meanings, Chakar delivers the series of images as a lecture that provide luminosity in ‘the space of catastrophe’ where ‘language is undone’. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figures in the Sand
Authors: Hight Christopher , Robinson Michael
Published: September 2010

Coastal regions have become a magnet for recent development and globalisation, most conspicuously with the artificial islands off Dubai. This is a trend that has been offset by natural disasters, such as the tsunami and Hurricane Katrina. Christopher Hight and Michael Robinson describe how the Last Resort design studio at Rice School of Architecture has made its research focus Galveston Island, a nexus of natural, cultural and economic forces. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Urban Complex: Scalar Probabilities and Urban Computation
Authors: Burke Anthony
Published: September 2010

Guest‐editor Anthony Burke redefines complexity in relation to the city as ‘a dynamic and luminal organisational condition “growing at the edge of chaos”’ and in so doing shifts our understanding of urban trauma as an event intrinsic to the contribution of the metropolis rather than external to it. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy Territories
Authors: Burke Anthony
Published: September 2010

As typified by the Middle East, sites of high‐energy production, particularly oil, tend to be pressure points for conflict. Here, guest‐editor Anthony Burke underlines ‘the slow trauma’ or ‘catastrophe in waiting’ of the unsustainable energy‐consuming Australian suburbs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Architecture, Contingency and Crisis: An Interview with Slavoj Žižek
Authors: Lahoud Adrian
Published: September 2010

The current and popular image of natural disaster disseminated by mass media is one of one‐off catastrophe, the implied view being that these disasters have been exasperated if not instigated by climate change, which needs checking and balancing with sustainable measures. In his interview with Adrian Lahoud, the influential Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Žižek challenges this predominant view of nature as indomitable and temporarily imbalanced; and in so doing questions the fallacy that the ethical and material cost of consumerist lifestyles can be readdressed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On Message: An Interview with Michael Chertoff
Authors: Rice Charles
Published: September 2010

For governments, pre‐emptive strategies for handling communications and risk management have become essential for public perception, which plays such a significant part in structuring political responses to disaster and conflict. In an interview with guest‐editor Charles Rice, former US Secretary of Homeland Security Michael Chertoff highlights the importance of ‘lessons learnt’ and informed anticipation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rebuilding from Below the Bottom: Haiti
Authors: Merkel Jayne , Whitaker Craig
Published: September 2010

The devastation of Port‐au‐Prince, Haiti, on 12 January 2010 makes this issue of AD especially pertinent, and the subsequent earthquake in Chile shows that strategies to rebuild after each crisis must be very different. Jayne Merkel and Craig Whitaker argue that, although there is much to be learned from previous disasters, no single response pertains. In Haiti, international architectural talent and expertise are irrelevant ‐ even undesirable ‐ until the social, cultural and political factors that helped devastate this once verdant and prosperous land are better understood. It is important to move slowly at first in order to go faster later. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bone‐Like Elastomer‐Toughened Scaffolds with Degradability Kinetics Matching Healing Rates of Injured Bone
Authors: Chen Qi‐Zhi , Quinn Julian M.W. , Thouas George A. , Zhou Xian , Komesaroff Paul A.
Published: September 2010

Biomaterial scaffolds provide a potentially powerful means of creating precisely engineered bone tissue substitutes with appropriate architecture and mechanical properties. Despite many efforts, there are few satisfactory products available for clinical use, and significant challenges remain in the design of smart constructs, especially for mechanically functional scaffolds. For successful long‐term repair of bone, a scaffold must be strong yet have degradation kinetics matching the healing rate of remodeling bone. Here we report a new family of elastomer‐toughened composite scaffolds fabricated from poly(glycerol sebacate) and Bioglass®. These synthetic scaffolds have very similar mechanical properties to that of cancellous bone of the same porosity, and exhibit a mechanically steady state over an extended period in a physiologic environment. The second feature is of great importance to bone tissue engineering, where a lag phase of degradation following implantation is highly desirable in order to provide support to the damaged or fragmented bone tissue. This work shows that a mechanically smart construct with the three‐stage profile (lag, log, and plateau phases) of ideal degradation kinetics in mechanical function is achievable with synthetic biomaterials.
2‐tert‐Butylimino‐2‐diethylamino‐1,3‐dimethylperhydro‐1,3,2‐ diazaphosphorine Supported on Polystyrene (PS‐BEMP) as an Efficient Recoverable and Reusable Catalyst for the Phenolysis of Epoxides under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Zvagulis Artis , Bonollo Simona , Lanari Daniela , Pizzo Ferdinando , Vaccaro Luigi
Published: September 2010

2‐tert‐Butylimino‐2‐diethylamino‐1,3‐dimethylperhydro‐1,3,2‐diazaphosphorine supported on polystyrene (PS‐BEMP) is an efficient catalyst for the ring‐opening of epoxides with phenols (1.0 equiv.). Excellent yields have been obtained and in most of the cases the final products have been isolated in pure form without any additional purification step. E‐factors associated to this protocol are small and further improvements were obtained by setting a cyclic continuous‐flow reactor operating under solvent‐free conditions (SolFC) that allowed us to minimize waste and reduce the E‐factor by 95% compared to batch conditions. In addition the representative synthesis of a 2,3‐dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxepin‐5‐one has been realized. Optimization of this process was achieved by setting up an automated multi‐step continuous‐flow reactor based on a phenolysis process and a subsequent lactonization by thermal treatment of the reaction mixture. 3‐Phenoxymethyl‐2,3‐dihydrobenzo[e][1,4]dioxepin‐5‐one was isolated in pure form and on a multi‐gram scale in a very satisfactory 86% overall yield and an E‐factor of 1.47.
Processing, mechanical properties, and interfacial bonding of a thermoplastic core‐foam/composite‐skin sandwich panel
Authors: Pappadà S. , Rametta R. , Passaro A. , Lanzilotto L. , Maffezzoli A.
Published: September 2010

In this work, a thermoplastic sandwich panel was designed, produced, and tested for use in insulating walls of containers for food transportation. A sandwich construction comprising a poly(ethylene terephthalate) core and polypropylene/glass fiber skins was evaluated as possible replacement of systems consisting of polyurethane foam in combination with unsaturated polyester glass‐reinforced skins that are currently used for the manufacture of these structures. Factors were taken into account to satisfy the simultaneous need of thermal insulation and adequate mechanical properties that are required for the production of large flat panels 100‐mm thick. The influences of different manufacturing processes and skin‐core adhesion on the mechanical properties of this thermoplastic sandwich were investigated and are discussed in the text. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 29:137–145, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary. DOI 10.1002/adv.20186
Salivary alpha‐amylase and cortisol among pentecostals on a worship and nonworship day
Authors: Lynn Christopher Dana , Paris Jason , Frye Cheryl Anne , Schell Lawrence M.
Published: September 2010

Objectives

This investigation used a biomarker of sympathetic nervous system activity novel to biocultural research to test the hypothesis that engaging in religious worship activities would reduce baseline stress levels on a non‐worship day among Pentecostals.

Methods

As detailed in Lynn et al. (submitted for publication), stress was measured via salivary cortisol and α‐amylase among 52 Apostolic Pentecostals in New York's mid‐Hudson Valley. Saliva samples were collected at four predetermined times on consecutive Sundays and Mondays to establish diurnal profiles and compare days of worship and non‐worship. These data were reanalyzed using separate analyses of covariance on α‐amylase and cortisol to control for individual variation in Pentecostal behavior, effects of Sunday biomarkers on Monday, and other covariates.

Results

There was a significant decrease in cortisol and an increase in α‐amylase on a non‐worship day compared with a service day. Models including engagement in Pentecostal worship behavior explained 62% of the change in non‐service day cortisol and 73% of the change in non‐service day α‐amylase.

Conclusions

Engagement in Pentecostal worship may be associated with reductions in circulatory cortisol and enhancements in α‐amylase activity. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flexural behavior of methyl methacrylate modified unsaturated polyester polymer concrete beams reinforced with glass‐fiber‐reinforced polymer sheets
Authors: Yeon Kyu‐Seok , Kim Yong‐Seong , Kim Young‐Ik , Choi Yoon‐Sang
Published: September 2010

This study represents the behavior of flexural test of methyl methacrylate modified unsaturated polyester polymer concrete beam reinforced with glass‐fiber‐reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets. The failure mode, load–deflection, ductility index, and separation load predictions according to the GFRP reinforcement thickness were tested and analyzed. The failure mode was found to occur at the bonded surface of the specimen with 10 layers of GFRP reinforcement. For the load–deflection curve, as the reinforcement thickness of the GFRP sheet increased, the crack load and ultimate load greatly increased, and the ductility index was found to be the highest for the beam with the thickness of the GFRP sheet at 10 layers (6 mm) or 13 layers (7.3 mm). The calculated results of separation load were found to match only the experimental results of the specimens where debonding occurred. The reinforcement effect was found to be most excellent in the polymer concrete with 10 layers of GFRP sheet reinforcement. The appropriate reinforcement ratio for the GFRP concrete beam suggested by this study was a fiber‐reinforced‐plastic cross‐sectional ratio of 0.007–0.008 for a polymer concrete cross‐sectional ratio of 1 (width) : 1.5 (depth). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Contribution of molecular properties to extrapolation of the volume of distribution in human from preclinical animal species data
Authors: Sui Xiaofan , Sun Jin , Li Haiyan , Pan Yang , Wang Yongjun , He Zhonggui
Published: September 2010

This paper quantitatively investigated the contribution of molecular properties to the volume of distribution in human (Vd human) when extrapolated from preclinical animal data, and identified which molecular descriptors and animal species were essential or better for acquiring the optimal accuracy of extrapolation. First, several two‐dimensional molecular descriptors which can potentially contribute to Vd were selected to establish the model to predict Vd in humans. Then, several linear predictive models were constructed by partial least squares (PLS) using three or one animal data in combination with or without the molecular descriptors. Stepwise regression was performed to determine the important molecular descriptors. For comparison, the allometric method was also performed to estimate the Vd human from preclinical species (rat, dog and monkey) data. The predictive accuracy of PLS models was better than that obtained by the allometric method. Moreover, the predictive accuracy of these models was improved when the molecular descriptors were introduced. Interestingly, the common contributors selected were molecular weight (MW) and the negatively charged fraction value (fi‐) for any stepwise regression model concerning molecular descriptors. Additionally, the dog was a more suitable species for predicting Vd human during drug‐lead pharmacokinetic optimization. More importantly, the introduction of molecular properties could improve the predictive accuracy for the prediction of Vd human from the preclinical species, among which MW and fi‐ were the significant parameters and the latter was considered in the extrapolation process for the first time. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of saliva as a biological fluid in relative bioavailability studies: comparison and correlation with plasma results
Authors: Ruiz M. Esperanza , Conforti Paula , Fagiolino Pietro , Volonté M. Guillermina
Published: September 2010

The aim of the present study was to present new evidence supporting the use of saliva as a biological fluid in relative bioavailability studies. Carbamazepine was chosen as a model drug because of its suitability for salivary therapeutic drug monitoring and its well‐documented plasma bioavailability. A relative bioavailability study of four different immediate release carbamazepine products was performed. Stimulated saliva samples were collected by chewing on parafilm wax and by the spitting method. In vitro dissolution testing of formulations, using 900 ml of 1% sodium lauryl sulphate in water, was also carried out. The in vitro–in vivo correlations obtained in this salivary study were consistent with previous correlations assessed using plasma. These results support the suitability of saliva as the biological fluid in relative bioavailability studies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postnatal growth restriction and gene expression changes in a mouse model of fetal alcohol syndrome
Authors: Kaminen‐Ahola Nina , Ahola Arttu , Flatscher‐Bader Traute , Wilkins Sarah J. , Anderson Greg J. , Whitelaw Emma , Chong Suyinn
Published: September 2010

Growth restriction, craniofacial dysmorphology, and central nervous system defects are the main diagnostic features of fetal alcohol syndrome. Studies in humans and mice have reported that the growth restriction can be prenatal or postnatal, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown.

We recently described a mouse model of moderate gestational ethanol exposure that produces measurable phenotypes in line with fetal alcohol syndrome (e.g., craniofacial changes and growth restriction in adolescent mice). In this study, we characterize in detail the growth restriction phenotype by measuring body weight at gestational day 16.5, cross‐fostering from birth to weaning, and by extending our observations into adulthood. Furthermore, in an attempt to unravel the molecular events contributing to the growth phenotype, we have compared gene expression patterns in the liver and kidney of nonfostered, ethanol‐exposed and control mice at postnatal day 28.

We find that the ethanol‐induced growth phenotype is not detectable prior to birth, but is present at weaning, even in mice that have been cross‐fostered to unexposed dams. This finding suggests a postnatal growth restriction phenotype that is not due to deficient postpartum care by dams that drank ethanol, but rather a physiologic result of ethanol exposure in utero. We also find that, despite some catch‐up growth after 5 weeks of age, the effect extends into adulthood, which is consistent with longitudinal studies in humans.

Genome‐wide gene expression analysis revealed interesting ethanol‐induced changes in the liver, including genes involved in the metabolism of exogenous and endogenous compounds, iron homeostasis, and lipid metabolism. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.