bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Red Cell Hydrolases
Authors: Bosmann H. Bruce
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Human erythrocyte plasma membranes solubilized in 0.1% Triton X‐100, with tritium‐labeled 5‐acetamido‐3,5‐dideoxy‐l‐arabino‐2‐heptulosonic acid fetuin as substrate, were found to contain considerable neuraminidase activity. The enzyme was purified 470‐fold, with 17% recovery, by centrifugation and gel chromatography on Sephadex G‐100 and Sephadex G‐150. The highest activity of the purified enzyme was at pH 4.2, but the neuraminidase was active over a broad pH range. No cofactors were necessary for neuraminidase activity; the enzyme was inhibited by 0.05 m Ca acetate, 0.1 m CuSO4, 0.01 m FeCl3, 0.01 m FeCl2, 0.01 m HgCl2, and 0.005 m p‐chloromercuribenzene sulfonate. The purified enzyme had maximal activity at 30–40 °C, and a linear relationship was demonstrated for activity versus time and for activity versus amount of enzyme.

Using the Eadie‐Hofstee plot and a fetuin molecular weight of 48,000, a Vmax of 4.5 × 104 cpm ? h−1 ? mg−1, and a Km of 9 × 10−6 m were calculated. On whole‐cell electrophoresis, it was demonstrated that purified human erythrocyte plasma membrane neuraminidase, like Clostridium perfringens neuraminidase, could cause release of terminal sialic acid residues from the external surfaces of intact human erythrocytes.
Immunocompetent Lymphocytes in Previously Frozen Washed Red Cells1
Authors: Crowley James P. , Skrabut Eugene M. , Valeri C. Robert
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Most of the leukocytes were removed from red cells during glycerolization, frozen storage at – 80 °C, and washing. Residual lymphocytes that were isolated from the washed red cells were found to be responsive to phytohemagglutinin stimulation. Since phytohemagglutinin‐responsive lymphocytes appear to mediate the graft‐versus‐host reaction, it is imperative that freeze‐preserved red cells be handled with the same precautions as other blood products before transfusion to patients with immunologic deficiencies.
Molecular Basis of Tn‐Polyagglutinability1
Authors: Dahr W. , Uhlenbruck G. , Gunson H. H. , Van Der Hart M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Spectrophotometric and gas‐liquid chromatographic analyses on the carbohydrate moiety of tryptic erythrocyte glycopeptides from persons with Tn‐syndrome reveal a selective lowering of the galactose and sialic acid content, the degree being dependent on the percentage of polyagglutinable cells. Alkaline borohydride specifically releases N‐acetylgalactosaminitol, and the amount is correlated to the percentage of pathological erythrocytes. It is concluded that the alkali‐labile carbohydrate chains of Tn‐polyagglutinable red cells solely consist of N‐acetylgalactosamine linked to serine or threonine. Experiments with heterophile agglutinins whose specificity is known are in line with the above‐mentioned results. As judged from SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the three major membrane glycoproteins are affected to a different extent by the defect.
Biochemical and Immunological Studies on Salivary Blood Group Substances1
Authors: Kwak Kun Se , Sturgeon Phillip
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Salivas with various phenotypes were analyzed for chemical components and blood group activity after ultracentrifugation. Active blood group substances were isolated from saliva in the pellet form by sedimentation. Both the supernatant and the pellet suspended in original volume were studied for content of fucose, total hexose, protein, and sialic acid and the presence of blood group activity. Paper chromatography of these saliva pellets after acid hydrolysis demonstrated fucose, galactose, glucosamine and galactosamine. A Lewis negative non‐secretor showed decreased fucose on the paper while a non‐secretor Lewis positive Le(a + b – x+) saliva showed less fucose on chemical analysis.

Immunodiffusion studies with the lectin Dolichos biflorus showed precipitation lines with A substance from saliva and with purified A blood group substance.

Goat anti‐Lea and goat anti‐Leb serum produced two precipitin lines against Lea substance and one line against Leb substance present in non‐secretor and secretor salivas, respectively. In addition, there was a line of identity among Lea saliva, purified Lea substance from saliva and purified Lea substance from ovarian cyst fluid.
An Immune Hemagglutination Procedure with Very High Sensitivity Applied to the Detection of Hepatitis B Antibody and Antigen and Immune Complex1
Authors: Pert J. H. , Verch R. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An immune agglutination procedure is described in which red cells are coated with antigen and agglutination is observed after a short incubation with antibody in reagent serum. Conversely, the cells may be coated with antibody and used to test for the presence of antigen. Treatment of the reagent serum with cobra venom factor results in inhibition, and there is a marked loss of sensitivity with cells pretreated with formalin or chromic chloride, suggesting that C3 and some type of reactive sites on the cells are required. The distinctive features of the new procedure are that incubation time is very short, sensitivity is several orders of magnitude higher than with other related tests, and, within some limitations, bovine (steer) red cells with bovine serum can be used as an alternative to human red cells with human serum. It is necessary to remove an inhibitor from the reagent serum, human or steer. While the mechanism of the procedure needs further elucidation, the findings reported here suggest that it ought to be sufficiently sensitive to detect hepatitis B antigen if present in virtually any blood sample. With appropriate modifications it should be useful for blood donor screening, diagnosis, and for studying many other antigen‐antibody systems.
ADA7 ‐ A New Allele
Authors: Berg K. , Cleve H. , Hofmann G. , Schwarzfischer F. , Wendt G. G. , Wischerath H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new ADA phenotype which is particularly susceptible to phenotypic changes following storage was observed. Family studies indicate that this type may be due to a new allele, ADA7. The phenotype observed was classified as ADA 7–1.
Confirmation of K11 and K17 as Alleles in the Kell Blood Group System
Authors: Sabo B. , McCreary J. , Gellerman M. , Stroup M. , Neale S. P. , Bell C. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Tests of three new unrelated K:‐11 people and their relatives confirm that K11 is allelic to K17(Wka) and belongs to the Kell system.
Glucose‐6‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Blood Transfusion
Authors: McCurdy P. R. , Morse E. E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract.Seven White American male blood donors with Italian surnames were found to have red cell glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐6‐PD) deficiency among 1,285 with Greek or Italian surnames screened. Five different genetic variants were found: G‐6‐PDs Mediterranean (2), ‘Athens‐like’ (2), San Juan, Columbus and ‘Canton‐like’. Clinical evaluation of 23 patients who received 24 units of G‐6‐PD‐deficient blood (G‐6‐PD A‐) failed to reveal any deleterious effects. Screening of Black donors for G‐6‐PD deficiency is believed unnecessary; further data are needed before a recommendation can be made concerning screening for non‐Black donors.
Hepatitis B Antigen and Prevention of Post‐Transfusion Hepatitis B
Authors: Iwarson Sten , Hermodsson Svante , Lindholm Annika , Magnius Lars
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Screening for hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) in the serum of blood donors and exclusion of antigen‐positive blood units have reduced the frequency of post‐transfusion hepatitis but several cases of hepatitis B still occur in association with transfusions. One explanation for this is probably that HBsAg is not an indicator of infectivity. Thus healthy carriers of the antigen seem to have low infectivity while carriers with chronic liver disease as well as donors incubating hepatitis B probably present a great risk.
Erythrocyte Polyagglutination Showing Properties of Both T and Tk, Probably Induced by Bacteroides Fragilis Infection
Authors: Inglis G. , Bird G. W. G. , Mitchell A. A. B. , Milne G. R. , Wingham June
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new type of polyagglutination is described in which the T and Tk receptors are both exposed on the erythrocyte membrane. It is suggested that there may be an association between this type of polyagglutination and infection by Bacteroides fragilis.
A Family with One Child of Phenotype Am Providing Further Evidence for the Existence of the Modifier Genes Yy
Authors: Ducos J. , Marty Y. , Ruffie J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The study of the Bod. family seems to show the existence of a gene Yy controlling the synthesis of A factor on the red cell. The mother is A1 and the father A2. Four of the five children were studied: one is O, two are A1 and the fourth is Am. The existence of an O child implies that both parents are heterozygous at locus ABO (A1O, A20). Thus, the appearance of an Am subject suggests that, in this specific case, this phenotype is not due to a mutation at ABO locus, but rather to a recessive y gene carried by an independent locus, and which would inhibit the normal synthesis of A on the red cell. This y gene would be heterozygous in each parent (Yy) and homozygous in an Am child; this could explain the inhibition of A factor on the red cell of the subject.
Cold Lymphocytotoxins
Authors: Mayer S. , Hauptmann G. , Tongio M. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A chromatographical study was made of eight antisera containing either anti‐HL‐A antibodies, cold lymphocytotoxins, or a mixture of both types of antibodies. The results vary according to the sera obtained. Usually cold lymphocytotoxins are sited in the IgM peak and anti‐HL‐A antibodies in the IgG peak, but there are some sera where anti‐HL‐A reactivity is IgM and cold lymphocytotoxic reactivity is IgG.
Reevaluation of the Polyvinylpyrrolidone Sedimentation Test in the Diagnosis of ABO Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Authors: Shilo R. , Gutman R. , Ascari D. , Schwartz J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The rate of cord erythrocytes sedimentation in 1.5% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution was investigated. Of 70 infants showing accelerated sedimentation rate, 49 had signs of hemolytic disease. Rh incompatibility did not affect the sedimentation rate. Infectious diseases might cause a slight increase in the rate of sedimentation. The test was found to be very sensitive. It could detect ABO incompatibilities even in absence of marked bilirubinemia. Furthermore, positive identification of incompatibilities were obtained in ABO‐HDN cases where both direct and indirect Coombs tests were negative. High correlation was noted between anti A and B titer of maternal sera and the accelerated sedimentation of newborn red blood cells. The erythrocytes sedimentation test in PVP (PVP‐ESR test) is recommended for the early detection of cases in which the red cells are affected by IgG anti‐A or anti‐B.
The H Specificities of Butanol Extracts of Human Erythrocytes1
Authors: Lambert R. M. , Zelenski S. K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A previous report of other researchers that aqueous phase fractions of erythrocyte stromata of secretors contained more ABH blood group activity than similar fractions of non‐secretors was confirmed. The recovery of H activity in the butanol phase extracts of both secretors and non‐secretors, which had not been seen previously, is reported here for the first time. Three H specificities were present when the aqueous and butanol phases of group 0 secretor stromata were examined in inhibition of agglutination studies with anti‐H of group Oh and group A1 sera and three lectins. The anti‐H (group Oh) sera were inhibited by both aqueous and butanol fractions. Anti‐H serum (group A1) and the lectin Ulex europaeus were inhibited by the aqueous fraction only. The lectins Laburnum alpinum and Lotus tetragonolobus were not inhibited by either the aqueous or butanol phase extracts.
Study of Antigenic Varieties of Group A Red Cells, Platelets and Lymphocytes Using Liquid Phase Electrophoresis1
Authors: Stoltz J. F. , Raffoux C. , Janot C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The authors attempt to study the presence of subgroups of the phenotype A on lymphocytes and platelets with the help of liquid phase electrophoresis.

The results show that anti‐A of B serum reduces the electrophoretic mobility of red cells, platelets and lymphocytes of group A but leaves unchanged the mobility of group O or B cells. The same variations are observed in red cell lymphocytes and platelets. The authors suppose that the distribution of antigenic sites is identical in these elements.
Red Cell Ageing and Death
Authors: Ganzoni A. M. , Barras J. P. , Marti H. R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. To obtain red cell populations of increasing mean age erythropoiesis was arrested through continuous actinomycin treatment or maintained transfusion polycythemia in mice and rats respectively. The parameters studied included cell indices, enzyme activities and rheological characteristics. Further, the life‐span of aged cells was compared to normal, and the sequestration site was determined.

Mice erythrocytes, like those of rats, experienced a continuous decrease in MCV1, an early rise in MCHC, and late MCH reduction. In ageing rat erythrocytes the activities of HK, GR and 6‐PGD did not fall below the normal range during the first nine tenths of the potential life‐span. On the other hand, a borderline reduction of PK activity was found, and the activity of G‐6PD underwent a steady though unimpressive decrease to 70% of the physiological average. Aged erythrocytes, forced through 15‐μm capillaries differed in apparent viscosity from reticulocytes and normal cells by a factor of 1.31 and 1.16, respectively. Destruction of senescent cells was predominantly confined to the spleen, and prolonged erythrocyte survival followed splenectomy.
More Salvia Agglutinins
Authors: Bird G. W. G. , Wingham June
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Six further examples of haemagglutinins from Salvia are reported; one is anti‐T and five are anti‐Tn.
High Frequency of IgG Anti‐A and ‐B Antibody in Old Age
Authors: Baumgarten A. , Kruchok A. H. , Weirich F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The titer of anti‐A and ‐B IgM antibody was tested in 57 sera from patients aged 65 years or more. 31 of these sera were also titered for the occurrence and titer of IgG antibody. All sera were found to have a low titer (2–64) of IgM antibody but 14 sera contained IgG antibody. However, only two of 12 sera with a higher IgM antibody titer (16–64) exhibited the IgG antibody in contrast to 12 of 19 sera with a low titer of IgM antibody (2–4). The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.014).
Anti‐K14: an Antibody Specificity Associated with the Kell Blood Group System1
Authors: Wallace M. E. , Bouysou C. , de Jongh D. S. , Mann J. M. , Teesdale P. , Øyen R. , Marsh W. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The San serum (anti‐K14) recognizes a high‐frequency red‐cell antigen that is related to the Kell blood group system. The antibody reacts with the red cells of all of more than 600 random blood donors, but red cells of Ko phenotype are nonreactive. Cells having null phenotypes in other blood group systems are incompatible. The reactive antigen is thus related to the Kell system, but our investigation has established it to be different from the known high‐frequency antigens related to this blood group. The antibody caused mild hemolytic disease of the newborn in two of the proposita's children.
Exchange Transfusions with Frozen Blood
Authors: Kreuger Anders
Published: March 2009

Abstract. On 15 newborn infants, 31 exchange transfusions were performed, 11 with previously frozen red blood cells resuspended in albumin‐electrolyte‐glucose solution, 4 with previously frozen red blood cells resuspended in fresh frozen plasma and 16 with ACD blood.

Good clinical effects were obtained in all cases and no untoward clinical reactions were noticed. More pronounced decreases in vB pH and vB standard bicarbonate were noted after exchange transfusions with frozen blood than after ACD blood transfusions. Small and unimportant changes of plasma electrolytes were recorded following exchange transfusions with frozen blood. The P‐haemoglobin concentrations were higher in the frozen blood than in the ACD blood, resulting in an increase of P‐haemoglobin following exchange transfusion with frozen blood.

The wash‐out effect of the frozen blood was indicated by a reduction of platelets, fibrinogen and IgG during the exchange transfusions to 20% of the original value. Furthermore, a decrease in coagulation capacity was observed as revealed by considerable changes in TT and APTT values.

For newborn infants with suspected or manifest coagulation disorders and for newborn infants needing more than one exchange transfusion, frozen, thawed and washed red blood cells should be resuspended in fresh or fresh frozen plasma when used as transfusion blood.
T Cell Deficiency in Patients with Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (‘Warm Type’)1
Authors: KRÜGER J. , RAHMAN A. , MOGK K.‐U. , MUELLER‐ECKHARDT C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 19 patients with chronic ‘warm type’ autoimmune hemolytic anemia were studied for abnormalities of cellular immune reactions. Evidence was obtained for a reduction of rosette‐forming cells (RFC). Lymphocytotoxic antibodies were present in only 8 patients and correlated, with only one exception, with a reduced number of RFC. No significant deviation from normal ranges of the three major immunoglobulin classes in the patients' sera were found. C3 and C4 complement components were also, with one exception, within normal limits. In 18 of 19 patients no apparent association existed between the type or the amount of autoantibodies and/or complement components fixed on red cells and the levels of the respective immunoglobulins or complement in the sera.
Radioelectroimmunoassay of Anti‐D Immunoglobulin on Agarose Plates Containing Whole Red Cells
Authors: ERIKSSON OLLE , ENELL BIRGITTA
Published: March 2009

Abstract. By incorporating whole Rh(+) red cells in an agarose plate and adding a small amount of purified 125I anti‐D immunoglobulin as a tracer to standards and samples, a radioelectroimmunoassay (REIA) of anti‐D immunoglobulin was possible. The results by this method agree with those obtained by the direct method.

The coefficient of variation (within plate precision) is less than 9% and the reproducibility is 12% (coefficient of variation for a plasma sample assayed on six occasions during 1 month).

The International anti‐D serum was compared with the WHO standard preparation 68/419 on five occasions and found to contain 11; 11; 10; 9 and 11 μg per ampoule.
Genetics of the HL‐A System in a Venezuelan Heterogeneous Population
Authors: LAYRISSE Z. , DE RODRÍGUEZ M. PULIDO , RODRÍGUEZ‐ITURBE B. , GARCÍA E. , STOIKOW Z. , SALAS G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. HL‐A antigen and gene frequencies of 206 unrelated adults living in the cities of Caracas and Maracaibo have shown that this heterogeneous Venezuelan population sample possess 11 specificities of the first (LA) HL‐A series and 15 specificities of the second (Four) series. HL‐A2, HL‐A9, HL‐A5 and W5 showed frequencies higher than those observed in Caucasoid populations. The most frequent haplotypes were 2, W5; 2, 5; 9, 12; 2, 12 and 2, X2. No outstandingly high value for gametic association between the alleles of the 2 HL‐A series was observed, but haplotypes formed by antigens with dissimilar frequencies in Caucasoids, Negroids and American Indian tribes have shown statistically significant D values. Genetic distance calculated using the HL‐A system alone showed that this population is closer to the average Caucasoid and Negroid populations tested at the 5th International Histocompatibility Workshop than to 2 American Indian tribes living in the same country.
Unusual Delayed Haemolytic Transfusion Reaction Characterised by Slow Destruction of Red Cells
Authors: MOLLISON P. L. , NEWLANDS MARION
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In a delayed haemolytic transfusion reaction due to an apparently typical complement‐binding IgG anti‐Jka, it was possible to show that transfused Jk (a+b+) cells were destroyed progressively over a period of about 3 weeks. The slow destruction may have been due partly to the fact that the patient had been splenectomised.
A Study of the Ag Factors in a British (West Midland) Population
Authors: Walton K. W. , Valente A. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 168 sera from a British (West Midlands) population of normal blood donors were typed for the factors Ag (x, y, a1, d, t, c, g and h). The results were compared with the published data from other populations. The 8 factors were found in 27 different phenotypic combinations including a single instance of the combinanation Ag (y‐h+) not previously reported. The occurrence of this phenotype is discussed in relation to the theoretical models of the genetic control of the Ag system.
Km (1) [Inv (1)] Typing of Saliva and Semen
Authors: Davie M. J. , Kipps A. E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Km(1) [formerly called Inv(1)] typing of 115 matched serum and saliva samples and of 31 matched serum and semen samples is reported. The use of freezing and thawing to reduce the viscosity of the saliva, which would otherwise cause non‐specific aggregation of the red cells used in the test, is described. Problems of antiserum selection and of semen and saliva samples which do not respond to the freezing and thawing treatment are discussed.
Expression of Red Cell Bga Antigen in Children: Lack of Correlation with Previous EB Virus Infection
Authors: Morton J. A. , Hill F. G. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The red cell Bga antigen and the presence of EB virus antibody were determined in a group of children of mixed ages. Evidence of previous infection with EB virus does not correlate with the degree of expression of the Bga antigen on red cells.
Effect of Fragmentation of Tetanus Immune Globulin (Human) on Neutralization of Tetanus Toxin
Authors: Kneapler David , Cohen Pinya
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The effect of fragmentation produced by plasmin digestion of tetanus immune globulin (human) on the neutralization of tetanus toxin was determined. Based on a mouse test, there was a significant reduction in neutralizing potency when fragmentation to 3.5 S material reached or exceeded 20% suggesting a threshold for antibody fragmentation beyond which the resulting decrease in antibody potency would result in serious disease. Because this threshold is not known for man, the use of fragmented globulin for the prevention or treatment of tetanus should be avoided until additional data are available on its neutralizing potency and efficacy.
Mitogenic Effect of Syngeneic Peritoneal Fluids and their Relation to Lymphocyte Trapping
Authors: Frost Philip
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Syngeneic peritoneal fluids, i.e. tumor ascitic fluid (TAF); peritoneal exudate fluid (PEF) or normal peritoneal washouts, induce a mitogenic effect in the spleens and lymph nodes of syngeneic animals. Fractions of TAF and PEF of MW less than 1,000 are also effective mitogenic stimulators. The mesenteric lymph nodes, thymus and nonlymphoid tissues, i.e. lung, kidney and liver, are not stimulated. The mitogenic effect peaks at day 3 with a second minor peak at day 7 and disappears by day 9. The mitogenic effect is unrelated to the ability of TAF and PEF to abrogate lymphocyte trapping.
The Use of IgM Anti‐D Coated Cells in the Deliberate Immunisation of Rh‐Negative Male Volunteers
Authors: Lee D. , Flowerday M. H. E. , Tonilinson J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Attempts to produce anti‐D in rhesus‐negative men using reconstituted frozen rhesus‐positive cells were unsuccessful. The use of cells coated with IgM anti‐D for immunisation stimulates anti‐D production, and a comparison between two groups, one having cells coated with IgM anti‐D, and the other having identical cells without coating suggests that there is an enhancement of the immune response when IgM‐coated cells are used.
‘VA’, a New Type of Erythrocyte Polyagglutination Characterized by Depressed H Receptors and Associated with Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: Serological I. , Graninger W. , Rameis H. , Fischrr K. , Poschmann A. , Bird G. W. G. , Wingham J. , Neumann E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This report describes a case of persistent polyagglutinability restricted to the red blood cells, and associated with hemolylic anemia in a 20‐year‐old male. Anemia was first noted at the age of 5 months and has persisted up to the present time with normal intervals. His red blood cells were weakly agglutinated by almost all adult sera. No autoagglutination was noted and the direct antihuman globulin test was negative. Polyagglutinability of his red blood cells was clearly distinguishable from T, Tn and Tk. No reaction was noted with Dolichos biflorus and peanut extracts. The cells differed from normal erythrocytes in their positive reactions with various snail agglutinins and their weak reaction with a range of anti‐H reagents. There was normal aggregation by Polybrene. MN determinants were normally expressed. The symbol ‘VA’ is proposed for this type of polyagglutination.
High Prevalence of e Antigen among Healthy Blood Donors Carrying Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Japan
Authors: Tachibana Clara F. , Baba Kiyoshi , Fukuda Masako , Imai Mitsunobu , Miyakawa Yuzo , Mayumi Makoto
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected by an immune adherence haemagglutination method in the serum samples of 292 voluntary, apparently healthy blood donors at four regional blood centres in Japan. Their serum samples were concentrated 3‐fold and tested for e antigen (e Ag) and antibody to e (anti‐e) by immunodiffusion. The e Ag was found in 41 samples (14.0%) and anti‐e in 57 (18.6%). When 100 randomly selected serum samples containing HBsAg were tested as they were (unconcentrated), and at 3‐ and 5‐fold concentrations, e Ag was detected in 3,16 and 27, respectively, and anti‐e in 10,21 and 26. Subtypes of HBsAg were similar in carriers with e Ag and with anti‐e. There is a high prevalence of e Ag in healthy individuals in Japan. There are also high rates of vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus from mothers to children, as well as a high incidence in the past of post‐transfusion hepatitis. This is a further evidence that e antigen is a marker for the infectivity of hepatitis B virus in carriers.
Anti‐Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin For Clinical Use
Authors: Combridge B. S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Anti‐hepatitis B immunoglobulin, prepared by a method which involves the initial removal of the fibrinogen fraction, has been reported to lack certain antibodies and fail to detect certain hepatitis B surface antigens when used as a detector reagent in counter‐immunoelectrophoresis. The possibility exists that any passive immunity conferred by the immunoglobulin might not protect against these antigens. Anti‐hepatitis B immunoglobulin prepared from plasma by a modified technique which omitted the precipitation of the fibrinogen fraction reacted against these antigens in gel precipitin tests. It is suggested that such a method is preferable for the production of anti‐hepatitis B surface immunoglobulin.
Development of Rh‐Specific Maternal Autoantibodies Following Intensive Plasmapheresis for Rh Immunisation during Pregnancy
Authors: Isbister James P. , Ting Amy , Seeto Kit Ming
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two cases of autoantibody formation following large volume plasmapheresis for rhesus immunisation during pregnancy are described. In each case the autoantibody was directed against the Rh complex but showed a preference for G‐positive cells. It is postulated that repeated plasmapheresis in the presence of persistent antigenic stimulation has removed a feedback inhibition of the immune response. The specificity of the alloantibody has broadened resulting in cross‐reactivity against self‐antigens. The possible implications of these cases in relation to autoimmunity are discussed.
Effect of Centrifugation and Subsequent Storage on Red Blood Cells
Authors: Ladd D. J. , Silva V. , Riggio J. J. , Miller W. V.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Blood drawn into CPD solution from 33 normal donors was divided into four groups: (I) centrifuged (at 5,000 g for 7 min) after 7 days of storage, (II) centrifuged after 14 days storage, (III) centrifuged after 21 days storage and (IV) uncentrifuged. After 21 days of storage, aliquots of all units were labeled with chromium‐51, reinjected into the donor from which they were drawn and erythrocyte survival was measured. Red blood cell recovery and survival for all four groups was essentially the same; 24‐hour recovery was 85%; TVi was 28.2–31.6 days. Our results suggest that blood can be centrifuged and stored at any time during its 21‐day shelf life without detrimental effect on erythrocyte survival.
Anti‐Fab‘ Antibodies in Human Sera
Authors: Vos G. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The present study was undertaken to determine whether a relationship could be found between Fab' antibodies and the occurrence of C‐reactive protein, rheumatoid and anticomplementary factors in the serum of patients with malignancies and other illnesses. The findings argue against the possibility that Fab' antibody activity is associated with a single disease entity. The very frequent occurrence of Fab' antibodies in hospital patients as opposed to healthy blood donors implies that their function is probably indirectly related to other immunological events. There is evidence to suggest that Fab' antibodies may serve as a mechanism for clearing immune complexes.
Results of a Multicentre Clinical Trial of the Solid‐Phase Enzyme Immunoassay for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
Authors: Kaĉaki J. , Wolters G. , Kuijpers L. , Stulemeyer S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The results obtained in a multicentre clinical trial of an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (65,451 sera tested) have demonstrated that this new test has a significantly higher sensitivity than a reversed haemagglutination test (rHA). In a part of the trial, EIA was also compared with radioimmunoassay (RIA). Only a small number of discrepant results was obtained with these two tests, indicating similar sensitivities. No definite conclusion about a difference in sensitivities could be drawn from these results. Although the specificity of the EIA screening test is lower than that of rHA and RIA, the mean percentage of false positives was 2.2% of the total number of donor samples screened. Presumptive positives in EIA were subjected to a confirmatory test based on neutralization with human antibodies to HBsAg. After elimination of false positives in EIA screening, there was excellent agreement between EIA and RIA results.
Thrombogenicity of Factor IX Concentrates: in vitro and in vivo (Rabbit) Studies
Authors: Cash J. D. , Owens Rosemary , Dalton R. G. , Prescott R. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The reproducibility and correlation between the NAPTT, TGt50 in (vitro) tests and the Wessler (rabbit) stasis thrombus (in vivo) model have been studied using 10 different factor IX concentrates. The TGt50 test was more reproducible than the NAPTT and the overall reproducibility of the rabbit model was poor. The low reproducibility of the rabbit model appeared to be largely confined to those factor IX concentrates which showed a poor correlation between the NAPTT and TGt50 results. The TGt50 test emerged as the in vitro test which correlated most closely with the in vivo (rabbit) test. It is concluded that the NAPTT and TGt50 test are measuring different thrombogenic moieties in factor IX concentiates and that further studies are required to elucidate this phenomenon.
Lack of Linkage between Hereditary Angioedema and the A and B Loci of the HLA System1
Authors: Blumenthal M. N. , Dalmasso A. P. , Roitman B. , Kelly J. , Noreen H. , Emmy L. , Mendell N. R. , Yunis E. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A large, 81 member, four‐generation black family with hereditary angioedema is reported with regards to its clinical course and the association with the histocompatibility system. No mortality was seen related directly to the disease. Assuming that this trait is autosomal dominant it appeared to have no linkage with the histocompatibility system as noted by an estimated recombination rate in males and females of 0.5 and a maximum lod score of 0.0. Further evidence of no linkage is given by the fact that lod scores below 3.0 were observed for values of 0 less than 0.5.
Radioimmunossay for the Detection of the Antibody against Hepatitis‐B‐Core Antigen (Anti‐HBc)
Authors: Hess G. , Shih J. W. K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In this paper we describe a new sensitive solid phase radioimmunoassay for the detection of anti‐HBc. This test was shown to be more sensitive than the widely used immune adherence hemagglutination test (IAHA) and at least as sensitive as the radioimmunoassay using the blocking principle. The new test system appears to be very useful to screen larger groups of individuals (e.g. blood donors) for the presence of anti‐HBc.
Serological Studies of the H Activity of Oh Red Cells with Various Anti‐H Reagents
Authors: Dodd B. E. , Lincoln P. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Several examples of Oh cells have been investigated with various anti‐H reagents. After enzyme treatment of the cells with either papain or neuraminidase, very high titres were obtained, particularly with some preparations of Ulex europeus. Fractionation of anti‐H Ulex showed that the anti‐H component inhibitable by L‐fucose required papain treatment of the Oh cells for optimal activity whereas the component not inhibitable by L‐fucose agglutinated preferentially Oh cells treated with neuraminidase. The anti‐H lectin Cytisus sessifolius which is not inhibitable by L‐fucose gave no reaction with papain‐treated Oh cells but reacted well when the Oh cells were treated with neuraminidase. Normal O cells were almost equally well agglutinated by the lectins when treated by either of the two enzymes. That the various lectin components activated by enzymes had H specificity was shown by the fact that their activity was inhibited by purified H substance, partially inhibited by L‐fucose and 2‐fucosyllactose and not at all by purified Lea substance and non‐secretor salivas.

In spite of the high titres obtained with Oh cells by the enzyme technique, the amount of H present on the red cells, judged by inhibition tests, in comparison with normal group O cells was very small.
Maintenance of 2, 3‐DPG and ATP Levels in Blood Stored for 30 Days at a Constant pH Obtained by Variation of CO2
Authors: de Mendonca M. , Appel M. , Bidault J. , Masson‐Pierre D. , Terrier E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A novel procedure for storing blood at a controlled pH consists in collecting blood in a pH 8.20, Tris‐CPD solution and storing it in a special recipient including a gas permeable membrane under a CO2 atmosphere. The recipient is placed in an atmosphere of variable CO2 content, so that the initial alkalinity of the preservative is balanced by dissolved CO2, the proportion of which is diminished when lactate production increases with storage. 2, 3‐DPG and ATP were studied at three different pH levels of approximately 7.25, 7.45, and 7.65 at 4°C. The best pH for the simultaneous maintenance of 2, 3‐DPG and ATP was 7.65. Under these conditions, 2, 3‐DPG is maintained at its initial level and ATP at 55% of its initial level at the 30th day. Lactate production is linear and hemolysis moderate.
Lectin Studies
Authors: Bhalla V. , Gaur V. , Bhatia K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Extracts of seeds from 79 plant species were tested for agglutinating and lytic activity with the red cells of ten vertebrate species (man, monkey, rabbit, rat, goat, sheep, guinea pig, horse, fowl, dog). Of these extracts, 24 were hemagglutinating and 15 were hemolytic. The results suggest that some lectins can serve as useful diagnostic reagents in distinguishing the blood of one animal species from that of another.
An Example of Anti‐Jra Causing Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn and Frequency of Jra Antigen in the Japanese Population
Authors: Nakajima H. , Ito K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An example of anti‐Jra which caused hemolytic disease of the newborn is reported. Two other examples of the antibody were detected in random screening of Japanese donors. In testing 19, 298 unrelated Japanese, 5 Jr(a‐) individuals were found, i.e. an incidence of 0.0003 (0.03%); the corresponding gene frequencies were Jra 0.984 and Jr 0.016.
An Example of Naturally Occurring Anti‐Kell (K1) in a Japanese Male
Authors: Mukumoto Yoshiki , Konishi Hitomi , Ito Kazuhiko , Seno Taiko , Okubo Yasuto
Published: March 2009

Abstract. “Naturally occurring” anti‐Kell (K1) was found in a Japanese male who has never received a transfusion. The antibody agglutinated K:1 cells suspended in saline at 4 and 22°C as well as cells suspended in albumin and treated with proteolytic enzymes.
Serological, Immunochemical and Immuoncytological Properties of Granulocyte Antibodies
Authors: Verheugt F. W. A. , von dem Borne A. E. G. K. , van Noord‐Bokhorsl J. C. , van Elven E. H. , Engelfriet C. P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The immunochemical characteristics of granulocyte allo‐ and autoantibodies can easily be studied with indirect immunofluorescence techniques. The correlation of these properties with the serological behavior of the antibodies and the clinical condition in which they were found was studied. The investigations included the determination of immunoglobulin class, subclass, light‐chain composition, as well as optimal temperature of activity. Complement fixation in vitro was also investigated.

Striking differences were found between IgG and IgM antibodies in their serological properties, especially in the granulocytotoxicity and leukoagglutination tests at different temperatures. Differences in light‐chain and IgG subclass compositions of the antibodies did not seem to play a role.

In studying the distribution of granulocyte‐specific antigens on normal granulocytes and granulocytes in all stages of development, it was found that, while NA1, NA2 and ND, are present in the same quantity on the cells of an individual, the NB1 antigen is unequally distributed, both over ripe granulocytes and granulocyte precursors.
Serological Studies of Seromucoids from Normal Subjects and Patients with Malignant and Non‐Malignant Diseases
Authors: Klatzow David J. , Vox Gerard H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. During investigations of serum from patients with carcinoma, elevated levels of two proteins were observed. The larger (MW˜44,000) was identified as (α‐acid glycoprotein. The smaller MW˜20,000) has not yet been identified. Further investigation of α‐acid‐glycoprotein‐containing seromucoid showed that many red blood cell and tissue antigens were present, for example, I, i, P1 Tja (P + P + Pk), H, A, B, Len, Lebl, M and N. Differences in antigen content between normal serum and serum from carcinoma patients could be demonstrated quantitatively and qualitatively. Seromucoid preparations from patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma inhibited phytohaemagelutinin‐induced lymphocyte transformation more often than seromucoid preparations from normal subjects.
Micromethods in Blood Group Serology
Authors: Warlow A. , Tills D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A micromethod is described that can be used for typing red cells by saline, albumin and anti‐human globulin techniques and that can also‐be used for Gm and Inv typing. It has the advantage that very small amounts of seia can be used, 4 μl for saline and albumin methods and 10 μl for the anti‐human globulin technique. The system enables one method to be applied to all techniques, and as the prepared plates with their antisera can be stored frozen it is ideal for large scale testing.
Recovery of Albumin from HBsAg‐Positive Plasma
Authors: Viljoen Mike
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A simple method is described for the removal of HBsAg from plasma to produce a paste that may be fractionated by standard techniques.
Local Shwartzman‐Like Phenomenon Prepared with Haptoglobin‐Hemoglobin Complex and Provoked with Prostaglandin
Authors: Shim Bong‐Sop , Kim In‐Kyung
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Intradermal injection of haptoglobin‐hemoglobin (Hp‐Hb) complex followed by intravenous injection of prostaglandin (PG) F2α or E2 produced a local Shwartzman‐like phenomenon (LSLP) in rabbits, whereas PGEj has no provoking action. Intradermal injection of hemoglobin or erythrocytes also produced LSLP when provoked with endotoxin or PGF2α. The provoking action of endotoxin in the local Shwartzman reaction may not be entirely mediated through PG8.
Posttransfusional Immunologic Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Soulier Jean‐Pierre , Patereau Claude , Gobert Nicole , Achach Pierre , Muller Jean‐Yves
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A case of posttransfusional immunologic thrombocytopenia is reported in a 75‐year‐old PlA1‐negative woman. This was the second episode of postoperative and post‐transfusion thrombocytopenia in the same patient who had had only one pregnancy. Both thrombocytopenic episodes were subclinical and discovered by systematical hematologic study. A potent anti‐PlA1 antibody (titer 1/128) was demonstrated by the platelet‐indirect radioactive Coombs test which appeared more sensitive than other platelet immunological assays used. The very long duration of the thrombocytopenia is discussed as well as the therapeutic possibilities in such cases.
A New Case of Gamma Heavy Chain Disease: Clinical, Immunochemical and Structural Characterization
Authors: Carbonara A.O. , Paolino W. , Malavasi F. , Levis A. , Stramignoni A. , de Lange G. , van Loghem E. , Franklin E. C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new case of gamma heavy chain disease (γHCD) is described in a 77‐year‐old woman. The serum and urine contain an M‐component with electrophoretic, antigenic and ultracentrifugal properties resembling those of the Fc fragment of IgG globulin. Analysis on SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugal studies show that γHCD protein is present in the serum as a dimer with a molecular weight of 58,000 daltons. Analysis of isotypic and allotypic markers along with the structural studies show that this HCD protein belongs to the IgGl subclass and that deletion includes the total VH and CH1 regions with sequence starting at residue 225 in the middle of the hinge region.
Human IgE Response to the Administration of Blood Components
Authors: Ropars C. , Geay‐Chicot D. , Cartron J.P. , Doinel C. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 43 adults from a renal dialysis unit staff have received regularly spaced γ‐globulin administrations for hepatitis B prophylaxis. Several blood samples were collected over a prolonged period of time (160 days). Following γ‐globulin administration, anti‐immunoglobulin antibodies of the IgE class were detected in 80% of this population, a fortnight after the first injection using serum absorptions on polymerized γ‐globulins or a specific inverse RAST method. The reactivity pattern of these IgE anti‐immunoglobulin antibodies was similar to that observed for the anti‐immunoglobulin antibodies with ‘limited specificity’ detected by passive hemagglutination, in that they reacted with only one of the immunoglobulins of the panel used for their detection. A decrease of the overall IgE levels was observed in 62% of the subjects for a prolonged period of time following γ‐globulin administration. This suggests a feedback regulation mechanism for the reagin production in man, as it has already been observed in animals. A high incidence of anti‐immunoglobulin antibodies of various classes was observed in this study. However, only a small number (4/43) of adverse reactions appeared following γ‐globulin administration. For some of these subjects, the presence of specific IgE anti‐immunoglobulin, detected by the inverse‐RAST technique, suggests a possible role of such antibodies in some intolerance reactions to γ‐globulin administration.
Distribution of Four IgG Gm Antigens in Different Experimental IgG Samples1
Authors: Nikolič Vladislava , Miloševič‐Jovčič Nadežda , Sušakovič Nudeida , Miletič V.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The distribution of four Gm antigens was determined in rivanol‐soluble as well as in chromatographically obtained human IgG preparations. In rivanol‐soluble IgG, enrichment in IgG3 carrying Gm5 antigen was demonstrated and, in a preparation fractionated by DEAE‐Sephadex chromatography, molecules with a predominantly Gml‐expressed antigen were shown to be present.
Production of Antibodies to Human Immunoglobulins in a Gibbon
Authors: van Loghem Erna , Socha W. W. , de Lange Gerda
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Immunization of a chimpanzee, a gibbon, a baboon and a rhesus monkey with human globulins gave different results. While chimpanzees did not produce any anti‐human antibodies, baboon and rhesus monkey responded by producing anti‐human IgG antibodies that did not show subclass or allotype specificity. In the gibbon antiserum, on the other hand, six different antibodies were demonstrated with a specificity against one or more of the four human IgG subclasses, including one allotype.

Comparative investigations of non‐human primate species sera showed that one of the specificities detected by these antibodies, i.e., the allotype Glm(f), was restricted to man; the other five antibodies reacted with man and with two or more genera of apes. Lower primates did not share any of these antigenic determinants. The extent of immunological distance is parallel to the taxonomic classification. The gibbon shows that there are more similarities between man and chimpanzee or pygmy chimpanzee than between man and gorilla or orangutan.
Current Problems and Results in Testing Microaggregate Filters
Authors: Eisert W.G. , Eckert G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Most in vitro studies on microaggregate filters focus on the mechanical retention of microparticles. Data are based on bulk techniques such as differential dry weight and screen filtration pressure measurements or single‐particle counting using resistance measurement (Coulter principle). Errors in measurements may result from various steps in sample handling, interaction of the sample with the environment and inborn errors of different techniques. High‐speed laser cytometry has been applied and was found to diminish the number of possible errors. The results of these measurements are compared with conventional techniques.
Chronic Autoimmune Neutropenia Due to Anti‐NA1 Antibody
Authors: Valbonesi M. , Campelli A. , Marazzi M. G. , Cottafava F. , Jannuzzi C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A 12‐month‐old child neutropenic since the age of 8 months, was referred to our institute for a sepsis from Candida albicans. On exploring the cause of neutropenia, an anti‐NA1 antibody could be detected in the patient's serum. This antibody seemed to be responsible for the neutropenia because the child's PMN type was NA1+. The reactivity of the autoantibody with the patient's own granulocytes was confirmed by direct and indirect immunofluorescence studies performed on blood and marrow cells. A reduced number of T lymphocytes with poor PHA responsivity has been interpreted as the possible cause of the autoimmune disease. Steroid therapy did not cure the neutropenia but the child's general condition improved.
On the Problems of Efficacy of Separation of IgM and IgG by Different Methods
Authors: Sugg U. , Schneider W. , Frosner G. G. , Schmidt K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Using ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, and ion exchange, an attempt was made to completely separate immunoglobulin IgM and IgG present in pooled human serum of blood group O. The quality of separation was studied by testing IgG fractions for the presence of IgM by a sensitive detection method. It is demonstrated by rheophoresis that small amounts of IgM always remain detectable in the IgG fraction. This is of clinical importance because conclusions on the presence of specific antibody of different Ig classes are usually drawn under the assumption of complete separation. The control of the efficacy of the separation process using a sensitive detection method for Ig of different classes is recommended.