bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ESTIMATION OF SHEAR-WAVE VELOCITY STRUCTURE USING MICROTREMOR MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Tumurbaatar Zorigt , Miura Hiroyuki
Published: March 2020

Due to the recent construction boom in Ulaanbaatar city (UB), Mongolia, newly urban areas are rapidly expanded to the surrounded area of the city. According to the previous researches and reports, the thickness of the sedimentary basin in UB reaches 120m at the maximum in the area along the Tuul river. Therefore, the evaluation of site amplification is one of the essential parts of the estimation of earthquake hazard in this area. In this paper, the shear-wave velocity (Vs) structures in UB are estimated from single microtremor observations with the existing microtremor array observations. We carried out the microtremor observations at 50 sites and computed horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) spectral ratios. Inversion analysis is performed to the observed H/V spectral ratios based on the diffuse field approach (DFA) to determine the Vs structures. The site characterizations are evaluated from the amplification factors of the Vs structures.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF SOIL REINFORCEMENTS IN UNPAVED ROAD
Authors: Salim Nahla
Published: March 2020

In this study, a series of 24 laboratory tests were conducted on a footing resting on crushed stone with 17.68 kN/m3 dry unit weight overlying sandy soils of two relative densities corresponding to (60% and 80%). The subbase layer is of crushed stone with a thickness of 5, 7.5 and 10 cm. Ten tests were conducted under static load with and without geogrid. All the other 14 model tests were carried out under harmonic load which was applied in a sequence determined prior (40% of static load). Tests were conducted at (2) Hz frequency according to the loading value. The process of the loading was continued until the number of cycles reached 104. The results indicated that, for static load and with the inclusion of the geogrid, as the thickness of the subbase layer increases, the percentage of increase in bearing capacity was reduced. In general, using geogrid reinforcement with subbase thickness of 7.5 and 5 cm causes an increase in bearing capacity approximately 1.5 to 2 times greater than for unreinforced respectively. This means that by using geogrid reinforcement, the thickness of subbase can be reduced which causes a reduction in construction cost.
EXPLORING APPLICATIONS OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Authors: Shojaei Alireza
Published: March 2020

Blockchain provides a secure decentralized information management system that can solve many common problems facing the construction industry. The loose structure of the construction industry, the way that public and private projects are tendered, and the supply chain system it uses for material and service delivery provide unique challenges and problems. New information technology management systems such as BIM and RFID are used to address some of these issues, though not completely. Blockchain technology can be used to further improve the information management systems in construction, provide more automation and mitigate many possible legal conflicts by default. Implementation of blockchain technology in the construction industry can also result in the use of smart contracts with fewer administrative struggles, improve the flow of the project, material, and service delivery, and increase the security and currentness of BIM or project documents. This study aims to explore the applications of blockchain technology in improving the construction industry's information management systems. It is concluded that not only the blockchain technology has potential in addressing some of the common problems in the construction industry but also it is adaptable to the construction industry structure and the way it is practiced. Thus, blockchain technology is a viable option for adaptation in the construction industry.
FLEXURAL DUCTILITY OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO LIMITED CYCLES OF REPEATED LOADING
Authors: Oukaili Nazar , Khattab Mohammed
Published: March 2020

For structural concrete members that may expose to serious earthquake, overload or accident impact, the design of ductility must be given the same importance as the flexural strength. The aim of this investigation is to study the change in ductility of structural concrete flexural members during their exposure to limited cycles of repeated loading. Twenty full-scale beam specimens have been fabricated in to two identical groups; each group consisted of ten specimens. The first group was tested under monotonic static loading to failure and regarded as control beams, while the specimens of the second group were subjected to ten cycles of repeated loading with constant load interval, which ranged between 40% and 60% of ultimate load. Specimens in each group were categorized as follows: two traditional reinforced concrete specimens with different intensity of tension reinforcement; three partially prestressed specimens with bonded strands; three partially prestressed specimens with unbonded strands; and two fully prestressed concrete specimens. The main variable, which was considered for all specimens was the partial prestressing ratio (PPR). It was observed that, the ductility of reinforced concrete beams was insignificantly increased during subjecting to limited repeated loading. For fully prestressed and partially prestressed concrete beams with high level of PPR, the ductility was significantly enhanced, while, it was decreased for specimens with small level of PPR.
IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE USING DATA MINING TECHNIQUES
Authors: Fan Su-Ling , Chai Chang-Saar , Vikram Kumar
Published: March 2020

Critical Infrastructure (CI) is a term used to describe important national assets for producing or distributing a continuous flow of essential goods or services. They are marked by immense complexity, characterized predominantly by strong intra and interdependencies as well as hierarchies. These interconnections take many forms, including flows of information, shared security, physical flows of commodities, and others. Previous research has illustrated the relationship between the physical impacts of natural disasters and the social and economic factors on CI. Some research emphasized more the role of CI interdependencies and their importance and influence over the functioning of industries while others have looked the impacts due to disruption of CI after disasters. Nowadays comprehensive identification of all interdependency relationships of CI remains a challenge. As the complexity and interconnectedness of a country's CI evolve, threats and vulnerabilities increase. Thus, investigating how a set of CI interacts and identification of criticality of CI becomes an important topic. This research has made utilization of data mining techniques and proposes a method to identify the criticality of Critical Infrastructure so that to develop better disaster protection and prevention management.
ACCURATE MODELING OF CURVED STEEL I-GIRDER BRIDGE
Authors: Zhu Yifan , Xu Chaoran , Fu Chung C.
Published: March 2020

A curved and/or skewed steel I-girder bridge, in addition to the basic vertical shear and bending effects, will be subjected to torsional and warping effects. Thus, simplified hand calculation and line girder methods, might not be enough when bridges are to be analyzed. Refined methods, termed by AASHTO, have to be adopted. This paper has investigated the closeness and difference between curved bridge finite element models using 2-D gird and 3-D shell elements of I-girders, both are part of AASHTO refined method. Moreover, the results are calibrated by comparing analysis result with various two-dimensional and three-dimensional computations with varied curvature effects. It is concluded that when introducing torsional effects to finite element models, the modified torsional constant J with consideration of warping effect should be taken into the 2-D grid model as a refined model. When using 3-D shell elements as the refined model, stiffeners and connection plates play an important role of global model stiffness and should not be ignored, especially for sharp curved steel I-girder bridges.
IMPROVEMENT OF REINFORCEMENT METHOD OF R/C CYLINDRICAL SHELL WITH OPENING
Authors: Hara Takashi
Published: March 2020

Reinforced concrete (R/C) chimney with a hole is prone to decrease the strength. Therefore, the particular reinforcements have been placed around the hole. Both meridional and hoop reinforcements have been placed additionally equivalent to the loss amount of reinforcements at the hole and the diagonal reinforcements have been placed to prevent the corner failures as well. Diagonal reinforcements in the shell were curved shape. It is the laborious work to place them. In this analysis, the improved reinforcement method was proposed instead of placing the conventional diagonal reinforcements. In the proposed methods, only the hoop and the meridional reinforcements were arranged around the corners instead of diagonal reinforcements. FEM analyses were done to evaluate the proposed reinforcing method. Numerical model was the cylindrical panel with a rectangular opening. From the numerical analyses, it was concluded that the R/C panel with proposed reinforcement method showed the same behavior as that with conventional reinforcement method.
Restoring landscapes through Trees Outside Forests: a case from Nepal's Terai Region
Authors: Bhattarai S. , Pant B. , Laudari H.K. , Timalsina N. , Rai R.K.
Published: March 2020

Deforestation and forest degradation due to unsustainable forest products harvesting and encroachment has adverse socio-ecological impacts in the Southern part of Nepal, the Terai. Urbanization and migration from the hill region is increasing the demand for forest products. Despite
the communities' involvement in forest management, the gap between demand and supply of forest products remains huge. In this context, growing trees outside the forests particularly in public and institutional land could be an appropriate strategy both to reduce the pressure on natural forests
and bridge the demand and supply gap of forest products. This study assesses how and to what extent Trees Outside Forests addresses these issues. Data were collected through focus group discussion, key informant interview and household survey. The results suggest that Tree Outside Forests
have provided access to forest products, improved institutional capacity and increased income of local communities. However, insecure land tenure and unclear legal provisions are drawbacks of growing trees in public lands.
Effect of microstructure on the properties of polystyrene microporous foaming material
Authors: Guo Anfu , Li Hui , Xu Jie , Li Jianfeng , Li Fangyi
Published: March 2020

The performance of Polystyrene microporous foaming (PS-MCF) materials is influenced by their microstructures. Therefore, it is essential for industrializing them to investigate the relationship between their microstructure and material properties. In this study, the relationship between the microstructure, compressive property, and thermal conductivity of the PS-MCF materials was studied systematically. The results show that the ideal foaming pressure of PS-MCF materials, obtaining compression performance, is around 20 MPa. In addition, the increase of temperature causes the decrease of sample density. It effects that the compression modulus and strength increase with the decrease of foaming temperature. Because the expansion rate and cell diameter of the PS-MCF materials reduce the thickness of cell wall, they are also negatively correlated with their mechanical properties. Moreover, there is a negative linear correlation between the thermal conductivity and cell rate, whereas the cell diameter is positively correlated with the thermal conductivity.
Domestic Spanish handbooks: Language and labor in the American home
Authors: Divita David
Published: March 2020

In this article I analyze artifacts that teach domestic Spanish, a register of the language meant to facilitate communication between Anglo employers and their Spanish-speaking employees. Comprising a limited range of features, including imperatives, second-person pronouns, and lexical items, domestic Spanish provides its users with a means to overcome the “language barrier” that often characterizes relationships in the domestic sphere. Drawing on the concepts of raciolinguistic ideologies and indexical field, I show how domestic Spanish ultimately works to maintain asymmetrical relationships by constricting the range of social meanings that its use can activate; I also shed light on the ambivalent and often conflicting notions among employers about the Spanish language and its speakers. My analysis lays bare the possible disjuncture between the intention of those who use domestic Spanish and the effect it may have on the relationships that it mediates – a disjuncture that enables its speakers to misrecognize their efforts as benevolent, ignoring the ways that language functions in practices of racial discrimination and social control.
The CITE architecture (CTS/CITE) for analysis and alignment
Authors: Blackwell Christopher W. , Smith Neel
Published: March 2020

Documenting text-reuse (when one text includes a quotation or paraphrase of, or even allusion to another text) is one example of the problem of analysis and alignment. The most clever analytical tools will be of no avail unless their results can be cited, as scholarly evidence has been cited for centuries. This is where the CITE Architecture can help. CITE solves several problems at once. The first problem is the endless possible number of analyses (by which we mean “desirable ways of splitting up a text”): do we choose to “read” a text passage-by-passage, clause-by-clause, word-by-word, or syllable-by-syllable? The second, related to the first, is that of overlapping hierarchies: The first two words of the Iliad are “μῆνιν ἄειδε,” but the first metrical foot of the poem is “μηνιν α”; the first noun-phrase is “μῆνιν οὐλομένενην”, the first word of the first line, and the first word of the second line, and nothing

i
n

in

between. All of these issues are present when documenting text-reuse, and especially when documenting different (and perhaps contradictory) scholarly assertions of text-reuse. In our experience, over 25 years of computational textual analysis, no other technological standard can address this problem as easily.
THE IMPACTS OF DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA ON THE PRACTICE OF SECOND LANGUAGE DYSLEXIC TEACHERS
Authors: Fay de Azevedo Aline , Da Cruz Gafforelli Gabriela
Published: March 2020

Dyslexia is a learning disorder and a neurobiological condition, which means it affects areas of the brain that process language. Dyslexic teachers carry the struggles caused by dyslexia with them to the workplace. Despite the fact that dyslexia may not be considered a positive characteristic, dyslexic teachers show more empathy towards their pupils with learning disabilities and make use of creative coping strategies, which help them overcome their own learning disability in the classroom. Taking these aspects into consideration, the present article was developed with the purpose of throwing light on dyslexic teachers and the impacts of dyslexia in their practice. The aim of this theoretical study was to define dyslexia and to present an overview of this learning disability. Furthermore, we intended to investigate through bibliographical research how dyslexia affects second language teachers in their classroom practice and workplace. To present some strategies teachers can use to cope with dyslexia. Lastly, to design a pamphlet to be used as a guideline for dyslexic teachers.Keywords: dyslexia; dyslexic teachers; foreign language learning; learning disabilities.
AN INSTRUMENT FOR ENGLISH MEDIUM INSTRUCTION (EMI) CLASSROOM OBSERVATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION
Authors: Martinez Ron , Fogaça Francisco , Diniz de Figueiredo Eduardo Henrique
Published: March 2020

AbstractClasses taught through English in higher education (in countries where English is not an official language) is a growing phenomenon worldwide. In Brazil the trend has only emerged in the last decade, and has faced some resistance on many fronts, including among professors.  One of the concerns raised by professors is related to their identity: essentially, are instructors who teach through a foreign language delivering a class that is qualitatively different?  For example, are they as able to interact with the students in the same way they would in their L1?  In order to move beyond mere conjecture regarding these and related questions, the present study describes the development and validation of a classroom observation instrument designed to be used (or adapted for use) by researchers wishing to investigate issues surrounding, especially, interactivity in English Medium Instruction in higher education settings.Key words: EMI, classroom interaction, bilingual education, internationalization ResumoAulas ministradas no ensino superior por meio de língua inglesa (em países onde o inglês não é um idioma oficial) é um fenômeno crescente no mundo acadêmico. No Brasil, a tendência só surgiu na última década e tem enfrentado certa resistência em muitas frentes, inclusive entre os professores. Uma das preocupações levantadas por docentes é relacionada à identidade: isto é, será que os professores que ensinam através de uma língua estrangeira ministram uma aula qualitativamente diferente? Por exemplo, será que eles conseguem interagir com os alunos da mesma maneira que eles conduzem uma aula na primeira língua? Para ir além da mera conjectura sobre essas e outras questões relacionadas, o presente estudo descreve o desenvolvimento e a validação de um instrumento de observação de aula projetado para ser usado (ou adaptado para uso) por pesquisadores que desejam investigar questões relacionadas, principalmente, à interatividade didática quando em contextos de Inglês como Meio de Instrução em inglês no âmbito do ensino superior.Palavras chave:EMI, Inglês como Meio de Instrução, ensino bilingue, internacionalização
MEDIAÇÃO, COLABORAÇÃO E REFLEXÃO COMPARTILHADA EM TELETANDEM:APONTAMENTOS SOBRE OS DIFERENTES TIPOS DE MEDIAÇÃO NO TELETANDEM DA UNESP/FCLAr
Authors: Matiola Vanessa
Published: March 2020

O Teletandem é modalidade da prática de aprendizagem de línguas em Tandem, que coloca aprendizes de línguas estrangeiras em pares para que conversem um com o outro usando as línguas em que são fluentes. No Teletandem, os parceiros conversam por meio de recursos que permitam o uso de câmera, microfone, mensagens instantâneas, dentre outras ferramentas. Durante os encontros, as conversas entre os participantes devem ser divididas em duas partes, de forma que ambos possam praticar sua língua-alvo. No Projeto Teletandem Brasil, além do momento de interação com o parceiro, os aprendizes brasileiros também participam de uma sessão de mediação, na qual irão relatar suas impressões a um mediador, que procurará fazer com que reflitam de acordo com o que foi falado. No Teletandem da Faculdade de Ciências e Letras da Unesp de Araraquara (UNESP/FCLAr), as sessões de mediação já foram feitas por meio de diários reflexivos e rodas de conversa. Com esses dois tipos de mediação, notou-se que há mudanças na maneira como os participantes relatam suas experiências e como pensam sobre elas. Com isso, o modo de o mediador lidar com a mediação também se modifica. Portanto, neste trabalho, procuraremos analisar como a configuração da sessão de mediação molda o jeito como os participantes fazem seus relatos, como refletem sobre eles e como o mediador lida com isso.Palavras-chave: Aprendizagem colaborativa; tecnologia e aprendizagem; aprendizagem de línguas; teletandem; mediação.
Circuit and Cellular Mechanisms Facilitate the Transformation from Dense to Sparse Coding in the Insect Olfactory System
Authors: Betkiewicz Rinaldo , Lindner Benjamin , Nawrot Martin P.
Published: March 2020

Transformations between sensory representations are shaped by neural mechanisms at the cellular and the circuit level. In the insect olfactory system, the encoding of odor information undergoes a transition from a dense spatiotemporal population code in the antennal lobe to a sparse code in the mushroom body. However, the exact mechanisms shaping odor representations and their role in sensory processing are incompletely identified. Here, we investigate the transformation from dense to sparse odor representations in a spiking model of the insect olfactory system, focusing on two ubiquitous neural mechanisms: spike frequency adaptation at the cellular level and lateral inhibition at the circuit level. We find that cellular adaptation is essential for sparse representations in time (temporal sparseness), while lateral inhibition regulates sparseness in the neuronal space (population sparseness). The interplay of both mechanisms shapes spatiotemporal odor representations, which are optimized for the discrimination of odors during stimulus onset and offset. Response pattern correlation across different stimuli showed a nonmonotonic dependence on the strength of lateral inhibition with an optimum at intermediate levels, which is explained by two counteracting mechanisms. In addition, we find that odor identity is stored on a prolonged timescale in the adaptation levels but not in the spiking activity of the principal cells of the mushroom body, providing a testable hypothesis for the location of the so-called odor trace.
Konsep Kepemimpinan Menurut Al-Ghazālī
Authors: Hakim Masykur
Published: March 2020

According to al-Ghazālī, the presence of the leader is very important in a country or in a community for keeping peace, comfort and orderly in the society. It is a religious obligation for Muslims or their representative to choose the capable leader in order to gain the common interests of the people and the instructions of religion coukd running well suited to their expectations. Even he allowed the Muslim cleric to participate in the politics practically or become members of the House in order the all programmes of the government are implemented smoothly. If the Muslim intellectuals of the country could not criticize the indisciplines of the government to Islamic laws or its disobidiences to the regulations preferablely they take the opposition side and become the real opposant. Still more of his Islamic political thoughts are interested to be elaborated deeper in this paper.
Analisa Mekanisme Pasar Kalangan Pada Masyarakat Islam Melayu Di Kecamatan Gandus Palembang
Authors: Meriyati Meriyati , Choiriyah Choiriyah , Mulyawisdawati Richa Angkita
Published: March 2020

Abstract The market is a mechanism of exchange of products in the form of goods and services that are natural and have been going on since the beginning of human civilization. Islam places the market at an important position in the economy, a meeting place between sellers and buyers and transactions of goods or services, is a natural mechanism of exchange of goods and services and has been going on since the beginning of human civilization. In Islam the market is very important in the economy. The market had taken place during the time of the Messenger of Allah and Khulafaur Rashidin and became the sunatullah that had lived for centuries. Keywords; Mechanism, Market, Malay Islam Abstrak Pasar adalah sebuah mekanisme pertukaran produk baik berupa barang maupun jasa yang alamiah dan telah berlangsung sejak peradaban awal manusia. Islam menempatkan pasar pada kedudukan yang penting dalam perekonomian, tempat bertemunya antara penjual dan pembeli dan melakukan transaksi barang atau jasa, merupakan sebuah mekanisme pertukaran barang dan jasa yang alamiah dan telah berlangsung sejak awal peradaban manusia. Dalam Islam pasar sangatlah penting dalam perekonomian. Pasar telah terjadi pada masa Rasulullah dan Khulafaur Rasyidin dan menjadi sunatullah yang telah dijalani selama berabad-abad. Kata Kunci; Mekanisme, Pasar Kalangan, Islam Melayu
Hermeneutics on Hadith; Study on Muhammad Iqbal Thought
Authors: Khasanah Nur , Hamzani Achmad Irwan , Aravik Havis
Published: March 2020

This study discussed the thoughts of Muhammad Iqbal about the study of hermeneutics in hadith. The study aimed to find out how Muhammad Iqbal's thought about the study of hermeneutics in hadith. The study is a qualitative study based on the library (library research). The approach used is descriptive qualitative which aimed to illustrate or describe the reality that exists or what is happening or the actual reality of the object under the study. The result of this study showed that Muhammad Iqbal's thought about hermeneutics studies in a hadith is Muhammad Iqbal's thought in the hadith which was originated on an assumption that hadith as a second source that did not miss the contradictions of the people both the truth of the content (matan) and the chain of transmission (sanad) and it became wild critiques by the orientalists from the past time till now on. Iqbal suggested that an in-depth study of the hadith literature by directing the Prophet Muhammad himself as a person who has the authority to interpret his revelations. it is all because the Prophet was the one who  knew the true purpose of the message conveyed by Allah SWT well.Keywords; Muhammad Iqbal, Hermeneutika, Hadith
THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE PROCESS OF TEACHING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN THE PRIMARY SCHOOLS OF KAZAKHSTAN
Authors: Iztleuova Zhanna
Published: March 2020

The article discusses the concept and the role of Information and Communication Technology in the primary schools of Kazakhstan in the process of teaching a foreign language. The article describes a number of advantages of using information technologies and their effectiveness during the foreign language lessons, both for primary school pupils and a foreign language teacher. The article also touches on the innovative concept of multilingual education, which deserves no less important attention in the modern educational system of Kazakhstan.
Slavic Antiquities and Forgeries as Means for the Shaping of Canons
Authors: Kiss Szemán Róbert
Published: March 2020

The study deals with the role of Slavic antiquities in the age of national revivals and with the forging of such antiquities. It discusses the subject of Slavic antiquities and forgeries in Central Europe, bringing in the cultural context of Western Europe as well.

‘Antiquity’ is understood to mean a kind of medium that conveyed textual or visual information. The collecting of antiquities became fashionable during the first decades of the 19th century and led to the need for antiquities to be described and categorized. In turn, antiquities served as corpuses for the shaping of modern national cultural canons. It contends that these artefacts, authentic and forged alike, played an important role in moulding the cultural canons of the Slavic nations in Central Europe.

An antiquity's canonical value stemmed from its age most of all and an antiquity needed to be linked as specifically as possible to the history and culture of a given nation. The worth of an antiquity was further boosted when it could be connected with historical personages of great significance. Finally, the more mysterious the history of an antiquity, the greater the degree of speculation permissible in regard to interpretations of it.

A forged antiquity is basically an objectification informed by the forger's thinking and imagination. A forgery bears not just marks characteristic of past times but also marks of the forger and those of the time in which the forgery was made. It is something which calls an entire system into question, thereby causing bewilderment. From this perplexity, only one phenomenon can derive benefit, namely, the national culture. Important among the motives for the forging of Slavic antiquities was the circumstance that framers of canons felt that the structures of their national cultures were incomplete. Researching the reasons for the forging, the study points out structural gaps in the canons in Central Europe as well as traumas stemming from forgeries. Using four examples taken from Kollár's oeuvre (the Poison Tree of Java, the Slavic idols of Prillwitz, the Queen's Court and Green Mountain manuscripts and Derzhavin's poem God in Japanese and Chinese translation) it presents the most common motives behind Slavic forgeries along with the kinds of fake most frequently encountered; it also shows the processes by which forgeries were exposed for what they were.

These examples show that when Kollár worked with antiquities and fake antiquities, playing the imposter and pecuniary advantage were very far from him. On the other hand, as a philologist he became a prisoner of contemporary national canonical and emblematic structures.
Індоєвропейські витоки обрядовості слов’янського епосу
Authors: НАЗАРОВ НАЗАРІЙ А.
Published: March 2020

Was there a goddessSlavain Slavic pagan antiquity? Though there have been voices that it was possible, the analysis of Slavic folklore texts proved the issue to be more complex.

The present paper shows that Ukrainian folklore as well as the folklore of other Slavic peoples may have preserved stable compositional clichés that can be traced back to Indo-European prototypes. In their turn, these clichés may be explained as the verbal reflections of ritual practices and sacred etiquette. It is stated that the final parts of Ukrainiandumas, Russianbylinas, and Serbian heroic songs that contain praise (slava) of natural forces can be regarded as remnants of pagan beliefs with strongly proved Indo-European background. The common motives ofslavain different Slavic epic traditions give us important insights into the Slavic pagan religion.

At the end of dumas, bylinas, and South Slavic heroic songs, there is a distinct part in which the singer, apart from the main story, blesses the audience and the universe. This part had preserved the composition scheme comparable to that of Old Indianstutihymns, Pindaric, and Vedic poetry: 1) an invocation to the deity or a person with higher social rank; 2) a recounting of the previous (semi)mythological precedent; 3) a request.

The obligatory lexical element of the final part of Slavic eposes isslava. As it is mentioned in the context of mourning over the dead or calming the natural forces, it is very likely that the concept was connected to the cult of ancestors and natural forces - one of the most archaic forms of religion. It is proved by two non-neighbouring cognate folklore sources. In Hutsul funerals up to the beginning of the 20th century,slavaused to serve as a taboo name of the soul of the deceased. Meanwhile, at least up to 19th century, the Serbs preserved the holiday ofslavathat is interwoven with the cult of the dead (e.g.,kolyvowas eaten during the rite).

Thus, though we cannot claim the existence of the personified goddess namedSlava, we have strong evidence about the notion ofslava(praise, fame) that could have been current in Common Slavic religion. It is even more likely due to the underlying Indo-European tradition, in which the notion of fame was not personified though crucial for the ideology of warring elites (like in Pindar's lyric).

Such evasive notion ofslavathat was not always personified though praised comforts very well to the picture of ancient Slavic religion handed down to us by Procopius of Caesarea. He claimed that ancient Slavs praised natural forces, rivers, and forests. Likewise, in the fragments preserved in some of Ukrainian dumas and songs from Kirsha Danilov's collection, the praise (slava) was sung not only to the heroes but also to rivers and fields.
Towards a closed steel eco-cycle - conjoint analysis as a decision tool
Authors: Alriksson Stina , Öberg Tomas
Published: March 2020

The Swedish steel industry has over the past 20 years made substantial efforts to promote energyefficiency and environment protection. However, the dominant part of these investments has beendirected to the individual production sites, most of which today have 'solved' their own acuteenvironmental problems. The focus has therefore switched to the properties and performance ofthe steel products where the evaluation of environmental performance is a complex task thatoften requires simultaneous consideration of many different attributes.Conjoint analysis is commonly used in marketing research, to evaluate how consumers appreciatespecific attributes in products. It has also been widely used in health care, traffic planning andquality management. Conjoint analysis has also been applied to environmental issues such asenergy, recreation, environmental valuation, ecosystem management, consumer preferences toproducts, public preferences to industrial projects, waste management, and environmental policydevelopment. This previous research has shown that the method is well suited for evaluatingenvironmental issues.Here we briefly present the methodology and review some papers on environmental applications.It is our intention to use this approach as a tool to integrate environmental considerations intoboth process and product development within the steel industry.
Problems of solid waste management for recreation zones of St Petersburg
Authors: Zakrzhevsky Vladimir , Konga Andrey
Published: March 2020

More than 1.5 million city dwellers spend every summer in their garden houses in the sitesaround St Petersburg. Really it is a land of the Leningrad region. Total amount of solid wastefrom them is about 72.1 thousand ton per year. It is about 20% of total amount of waste frompermanent habitants of these places. Besides 724.6 ton of waste per year is from short-termrecreants who visit forests, lakes, rivers and other places for rest. The morphological structureof solid waste from the recreants essentially differs from structure of city waste: shares ofmetals and plastics are much more.The most problem is that there is no a legal solid waste management system for recreants.One of the reasons is that recreants use territories outside places of living for permanentinhabitants. As a result numerous landfills have been appeared during last years. Dangerouscontamination of surrounded soil and water is obvious. No special control from localauthorities is existed. There is an urgent task to develop local legislation for recreant solidwaste management. Unfortunately the Leningrad region has rather aged solid wastemanagement. Practically only landfilling is used for solid waste. In the case of using onlylandfilling for recreant waste it is needed at least 4 7 ha of lands for new landfills.The most reasonable alternative is a joint solid waste management for both permanenthabitants and recreants. It will allow reducing cost of the whole system. In this case it will beeasier to attract investment for introducing the appropriate system basing on modemtechnologies. Experience of Finland when neighboring municipalities combine their resourcesfor solving this problem is the best way also for St Petersburg. In this case different methodsof waste processing can be used: compost digesting, incineration, recycling and landfilling forthe rest waste.
Blast furnace slag and pine bark as potential filter media for metal sorption from landfill leachate
Authors: Johansson Westholm Lena
Published: March 2020

Heavy metals are commonly occurring in landfill leachate and in order to achieve theenvironmental goal about a non-toxic environment adopted by the Swedish Parliament, theleachate must be treated before being discharged into a nearby surface or groundwater body.There are several technical treatment options based on chemical, biological or physicalprocesses. Examples of these techniques are the SBR technique, oxidation and membranefiltration. These treatment methods are not always suitable at all landfill sites due toeconomical and/or technical constraints. Other treatment methods have therefore attractedattention. These methods, often natural based such as constructed wetland systems, are moreadapted to small landfill sites where high-tech and cost-demanding alternatives are not anoption. One natural based method that has attracted attention for leachate treatment in recentyears is the filter technique. It is based on the passage of a polluted water flow through a filtermedia with properties suitable for retention of heavy metals or other pollutants. A largenumber of different filter materials have been investigated with regard to their metal sorptioncapacity. The majority of these studies have been carried out in laboratory experiments ofdifferent kinds. Industrial by-products such as blast furnace slag and pine bark are filtermaterials that have been considered interesting for metal removal from landfill leachate. Aseries of laboratory experiments carried out as batch tests have therefore been conducted inorder to learn more about the potential of these filter materials to remove heavy metals fromlandfill leachate.
Biodegradation of anionic surfactants in the bioremediation of oil-polluted soil
Authors: Selberg Aare , Budashova Jana , Uiga Kalev , Tenno Toomas
Published: March 2020

Surfactants are applied as emulsifiers or solubilizers by treatment of polluted soil. Theproblem of secondary pollution has arisen as result of the surfactant-enhanced remediation ofa polluted soil contaminated with hydrophobic organic compounds. Several studies haveshown that the surfactants are biodegradable in aerobic conditions and the biodegradabilitydepended on the chemical properties and concentration of surfactant. A study of the leachingof surfactants from the soil is important, as it is difficult to identify the reason for thereduction of concentration of pollutants in the soil: is it degradation or leaching? Theexperiments were carried out with a fine sandy soil in column tests and CaCO3 was added toincrease soil pH. The soil was treated twice with the bioremediation agent SR-100. The soilpH, the concentrations of anionic surfactant and petroleum hydrocarbons at the differentdepths of soil were determined. The microbial activity of soil fractions was evaluated byrespirometer. The concentration of surfactants was determined colorimetrically as MethyleneBlue active substances (MBAS). The concentration of anionic surfactants decreased in theupper layer of the columns, but it increased in the lower layers. It indicated the leaching ofthe anionic surfactants from soil during experiments of 60 days. The amounts of residualsurfactants were lower in the samples of polluted soil in comparison with unpolluted soil. Thesamples of lower soil fractions had higher microbial activity in comparison with upperfractions. Soil pH was measured as pHH20, pHKcl and pHcac12 instead of the pH of soilsolution, because soil was too dry. The pH of fine sandy soil was 5.8 and during theexperiment the value of pH increased in the lower layer of soil till pHH20 = 7.5.
Sewage sludge treatment for fertilizer production using biotechnologies: perspectives for the Bezludivka wastewater treatment plant, Kharkiv
Authors: Svirenko Lidija , Suchkova Natasha
Published: March 2020

Complex "Dikanivka" & "Bezludivka" wastewater treatment plant (WWTP, Kharkiv) is oneof the biggest in Ukraine. Mixture of industrial and domestic wastewater is treated on thestation. Great volume of sewage sludge has been produced and accumulated for forty years ofthe plant operation, Environment of the region has been affected rather seriously in result ofout-of-date sludge dewatering system exploitation and heaps of dewatered sludge on theterritory of the plant Environment stabilization in the area of sludge treatment is an urgentproblem of the region, Phytoremediation as a promising natural technology for the purpose isdiscussed in the article.Sewage sludge is rich in organic matter and nutrient elements (nitrogen and phosphates)therefore it could be applied for soil fertilization. On the other hand, due to high heavy metals(Cd, Ni, Cu, Cr) concentration in sludge, contamination with enteric parasites, pH less than5,5 there is restriction for sludge application in agricultural production,Willow (Salix spp,) is discussed as a plant for phytoremediation of the territory and forsubstratum properties melioration because of its availability to accumulate heavy metals,regulate concentration of nutrients, high biomass production and high environmentaltolerance.Experiment in situ has to be carried for the plant-remediater selection and for investigation ofsludge agricultural properties dynamic.
Impact of phytoremediation and bioaugmentation on microbial community in oil shale chemical industry solid waste
Authors: Truu Jaak , Juhanson Jaanis , Heinaru Eeva , Vedler Eve , Merimaa Merike , Heinaru Ain
Published: March 2020

Field and laboratory experiments were carried out in order to estimate the suitability ofphytoremediation and bioaugmentation for oil shale chemical industry solid waste (semicoke) dump area remediation as well as influence of plants and laboratory selecteddegradative bacterial strains on the microbial communities in semi-coke, Field test plots (each50 m2) were established at semi-coke depository in July 200 I and samples for microbiologicaland chemical analysis were collected in October 2002 and 2003, Microbial communities insemi-coke were · analysed using both culture-based and molecular methods, Changes inmicrobial community structure and activity occurred in semi-coke as a result ofphytoremediation and bioaugmentation, Phytoremediation increased the number of oildegrading bacteria and diversity of microbial community in semi-coke as well as microbialbiomass. A comparison of 16S rRNA gene-based DGGE fingerprints of semi-coke samplesusing multivariate analysis showed variation between the bacterial community profiles fromdifferent treatments. Degradation rates of pollutants did not differ significantly between plotswith vegetation except for sod, showing negligible effect of soil amendment typeonbiodegradation activity. Our results indicate that increased biodegradation activity was due toproliferation of specific microbial groups, changes in taxonomic and metabolic diversity ofbacterial community and shifts in the structure of catabolic genes, Based on our findings weconclude that phytoremediation and bioaugmentation could be considered as an alternativemanagement option for remediation of oil shale solid waste.
Thermal-detoxification equipment and utilization of heat from cokebattery smokestack gases
Authors: Danilin Ewgen , Lobov Alexander
Published: March 2020

Kotloenergoprom Stock Co. has developed new technology of thermal rendering harmless andwaste recovering of heat of flue gases from coke-oven batteries in one unit.In 2000, Kotloenergoprom Stock Co. had executed the design of the first in the world Unit ofthermal rendering harmless and waste recovering of heat of flue gases from the coke-oven batteryNo. l installed in "Zaporozhkoks" (65 furnaces, H = 7.0 m, V = 41.6 m3).The complex "Coke-oven battery - Unit" operates in the special mode using automatic processcontrol system. Introduction the above Unit in 2002 had ensured: decrease of NOx contents influe gases from coke-oven battery in 1.5+2 times and CO on 90+ I 00 % with providinginternational norms of ejections; rebuming solid carbon inclusions and combustible components(H2, CH4, CmHn) in flue gases; stabilization of hydraulic mode of coke-oven battery operation;non-shock putting coke-oven battery into operation directly to chimney stack in case of scheduledor accident stopping the Unit; waste recovery of heat of flue gases from coke-oven battery inquantity up to 6.0 Gkal/h; producing up to 85 tph of steam with energetic parameters at additionalcombustion of coke-oven gas (without building new chimney stack), that lets to produceadditionally 6 MWt of electric power;Standard scheme of producing heat and electric power at by-product coke plants applying usualboiler houses and power stations is irrational. The more effective is to apply the scheme ofproducing heat and electric power with simultaneous rendering harmless and waste recovery ofheat of flue gases from coke-oven batteries in the special Units using existing chimney stacks ofcoke-oven batteries.Cost of building the Unit is not more than cost of usual boiler house or power station with equalcapacity.
Surface activity of humic substances depending on their origin
Authors: Purmalis Oskars , Klavins Maris
Published: March 2020

Humic substances are a general category of naturally occurring, biogenic, heterogeneousorganic substances that can be characterised as being yellow to black in colour, of highmolecular weight and refractory. Surface tension measurement defined humic substances assurface active substances. Unless micellar structural model of humic substances has beensuggested, in the same time there are only a few studies about the factors that affect thesurface activity of humic solutions. The objective of this study was to study changes insurface activity depending on the origin and properties of humic substances.The surface tension-pH curves of humic substances featured a minimum for all solutions,declining steeply from higher and lower pH values. The decrease in surface tension withdecreasing pH reflects the gradual neutralization of acidic sites, which created amphiphilicspecies that migrated to the surface. Surface tension of solutions of humic substancesdecreased with increasing concentration, as well as in presence of metal salts. Manyindustrially produced humic materials demonstrated no or insignificant impact on surfacetension of their solutions, but humic substances isolated from natural environments (water,soil, peat, sediments) demonstrated significant impact of surface tension of their solutions.Thus there exist direct links between origin, structure of humic substances and their ability toinfluence surface tension of aquatic solutions.
Pathogenetic features of formation of experimental preeclampsia-like condition
Authors: Reznik Vitaly A. , Ivanov Dmitry O. , Bagrov Aleksej Ya. , Ruhlyada Nikolaj N. , Tapilskaya Natal’ya I.
Published: March 2020

Objective. To study the pathogenesis of clinical and laboratory syndromes of preeclampsia-like condition and the possibility of influencing them through the introduction of specific antibodies to marinobufagenin.

Materials and methods. 36 pregnant rats were used in the experiment. 24 rats from 12 to 19 days of pregnancy were prescribed a 1,8% NaCl solution to simulate a preeclampsia-like condition. Subsequently, this sample was divided into 2 groups. In one group (12 animals, the second group), preimmune rabbit serum was administered intraperitoneally as an immune agent. In another group (12 animals, the third group), a single intraperitoneal administration of polyclonal anti-marinobufagenin antibodies was performed. After the antibody injection, a comprehensive clinical and laboratory evaluation was performed.

Results. Against the background of a hypersol diet, an increase in systolic blood pressure was found, as well as the concentration of marinobufagenin in blood plasma. The introduction of antibodies to marinobufagenin caused a decrease in blood pressure. In addition, the formation of a preeclampsia-like condition showed an increase in endoglin and sFlt1 in the placenta, as well as an increase in sFlt1, collagen-1 and a decrease in Fli-1 in the thoracic aorta. The appointment of antibodies to marinobufagenin led to an increase in the content of Fli-1 to the level in the control group.

Summary. In the formation of a preeclampsia-like condition, an increase in the level of marinobufagenin in blood plasma leads to an increase in the content of antiangiogenic factors in the placenta and in the thoracic aorta. Intraperitoneal administration of antibodies to marinobufagenin contributes to a significant increase in the content of Fli-1.