bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
European trauma guideline compliance assessment: the ETRAUSS study
Authors: Hamada Sophie Rym , Gauss Tobias , Pann Jakob , Dünser Martin , Leone Marc , Duranteau Jacques
Published: December 2015

Introduction

Haemorrhagic shock is the leading cause of preventable death in trauma patients. The 2013 European trauma guidelines emphasise a comprehensive, multidisciplinary, protocol-based approach to trauma care. The aim of the present Europe-wide survey was to compare 2015 practice with the 2013 guidelines.

Methods

A group of members of the Trauma and Emergency Medicine section of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine developed a 50-item questionnaire based upon the core recommendations of the 2013 guidelines, employing a multistep approach. The questionnaire covered five fields: care structure and organisation, haemodynamic resuscitation targets, fluid management, transfusion and coagulopathy, and haemorrhage control. The sampling used a two-step approach comprising initial purposive sampling of eminent trauma care providers in each European country, followed by snowball sampling of a maximum number of trauma care providers.

Results

A total of 296 responses were collected, 243 (81 %) from European countries. Those from outside the European Union were excluded from the analysis. Approximately three-fourths (74 %) of responders were working in a designated trauma centre. Blunt trauma predominated, accounting for more than 90 % of trauma cases. Considerable heterogeneity was observed in all five core aspects of trauma care, along with frequent deviations from the 2013 guidelines. Only 92 (38 %) of responders claimed to comply with the recommended systolic blood pressure target, and only 81 (33 %) responded that they complied with the target pressure in patients with traumatic brain injury. Crystalloid use was predominant (n = 209; 86 %), and vasopressor use was frequent (n = 171, 76 %) but remained controversial. Only 160 respondents (66 %) declared that they used tranexamic acid always or often.

Conclusions

This is the first European trauma survey, to our knowledge. Heterogeneity is significant across centres with regard to the clinical protocols for trauma patients and as to locally available resources. Deviations from guidelines are frequent, differ from region to region and are dependent upon specialty training. Further efforts are required to provide consensus guidelines and to improve their implementation across European countries.
Progenitor-like cells derived from mouse kidney protect against renal fibrosis in a remnant kidney model via decreased endothelial mesenchymal transition
Authors: Chen CL , Chou KJ , Fang HC , Hsu CY , Huang WC , Huang CW , Huang CK , Chen HY , Lee PT
Published: December 2015

Introduction

Pathophysiological changes associated with chronic kidney disease impair angiogenic processes and increase renal fibrosis. Progenitor-like cells derived from adult kidney have been previously used to promote regeneration in acute kidney injury, even though it remained unclear whether the cells could be beneficial in chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods

In this study, we established a CKD model by five-sixths nephrectomy and mouse kidney progenitor-like cells (MKPCs) were intravenously administered weekly for 5 weeks after establishing CKD. We examined the impact of MKPCs on the progression of renal fibrosis and the potential of MKPCs to preserve the angiogenic process and prevent endothelial mesenchymal transition in vivo and in vitro.

Results

Our results demonstrate that the MKPCs delayed interstitial fibrosis and the progression of glomerular sclerosis and ameliorated the decline of kidney function. At 17 weeks, the treated mice exhibited lower blood pressures, higher hematocrit levels, and larger kidney sizes than the control mice. In addition, the MKPC treatment prolonged the survival of the mice with chronic kidney injuries. We observed a decreased recruitment of macrophages and myofibroblasts in the interstitium and the increased tubular proliferation. Notably, MKPC both decreased the level of vascular rarefaction and prevented endothelial mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) in the remnant kidneys. Moreover, the conditioned medium from the MKPCs ameliorated endothelial cell death under hypoxic culture conditions and prevented TGF-β-induced EndoMT through downregulation of phosphorylated Smad 3 in vitro.

Conclusions

MKPCs may be a beneficial treatment for kidney diseases characterized by progressive renal fibrosis. The enhanced preservation of angiogenic processes following MKPC injections may be associated with decreased fibrosis in the remnant kidney. These findings provide further understanding of the mechanisms involved in these processes and will help develop new cell-based therapeutic strategies for regenerative medicine in renal fibrosis.
Genome sequence of a dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacterium Geobacter soli type strain GSS01T
Authors: Yang Guiqin , Chen Shanshan , Zhou Shungui , Liu Yongfeng
Published: December 2015

Strain GSS01T (=KCTC 4545=MCCC 1 K00269) is the type strain of the species Geobacter soli. G. soli strain GSS01T is of interest due to its ability to reduce insoluble Fe(III) oxides with a wide range of electron donors. Here we describe some key features of this strain, together with the whole genome sequence and annotation. The genome of size 3,657,100 bp contains 3229 protein-coding and 54 RNA genes, including 2 16S rRNA genes. The genome of strain GSS01Tcontains 76 predicted cytochrome genes, 24 pilus assembly protein genes and several other genes, which were proposed to be related to the reduction of insoluble Fe(III) oxides. The genes associated with the electron donors and acceptors of strain GSS01T were predicted in the genome. Information gained from its sequence will be relevant to the future elucidation of extracellular electron transfer mechanism during the reduction of Fe(III) oxides.
The Role of Scientific Communication Skills in Trainees’ Intention to Pursue Biomedical Research Careers: A Social Cognitive Analysis
Authors: Cameron Carrie , Lee Hwa Young , Anderson Cheryl , Byars-Winston Angela , Baldwin Constance D. , Chang Shine
Published: December 2015

Scientific communication (SciComm) skills are indispensable for success in biomedical research, but many trainees may not have fully considered the necessity of regular writing and speaking for research career progression. Our purpose was to investigate the relationship between SciComm skill acquisition and research trainees’ intentions to remain in research careers. We used social cognitive career theory (SCCT) to test a model of the relationship of SciComm skills to SciComm-related cognitive variables in explaining career intentions. A sample of 510 graduate students and postdoctoral fellows at major academic health science centers in the Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas, were surveyed online. Results suggested that interest in performing SciComm tasks, SciComm outcome expectations (SCOEs), and SciComm productivity predicted intention to remain in a research career, while SciComm self-efficacy did not directly predict career intention. SCOEs also predicted interest in performing SciComm tasks. As in other SCCT studies, SciComm self-efficacy predicted SCOEs. We conclude that social cognitive factors of SciComm skill acquisition and SciComm productivity significantly predict biomedical trainees’ intentions to pursue research careers whether within or outside academia. While further studies are needed, these findings may lead to evidence-based interventions to help trainees remain in their chosen career paths.
Hematologic Malignancies in Pregnancy: Management Guidelines From an International Consensus Meeting
Authors: Lishner Michael , Avivi Irit , Apperley Jane F. , Dierickx Daan , Evens Andrew M. , Fumagalli Monica , Nulman Irena , Oduncu Fuat S. , Peccatori Fedro Alessandro , Robinson Susan , Van Calsteren Kristel , Vandenbroucke Tineke , Van den Heuvel Frank , Amant Frederic
Published: December 2015

Purpose

The incidence of hematologic malignancies during pregnancy is 0.02%. However, this figure is increasing, as women delay conception until a later age. Systemic symptoms attributed to the development of a hematologic cancer may overlap with physiologic changes of pregnancy. A favorable prognosis is contingent upon early diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, a high index of suspicion is required by health care providers. Although timely, accurate diagnosis followed by appropriate staging is essential and should not be delayed due to pregnancy, management guidelines are lacking due to insufficient evidence-based research. Consequently, treatment is delayed, posing significant risks to maternal and fetal health, and potential pregnancy termination. This report provides guidelines for clinical management of hematologic cancers during the perinatal period, which were developed by a multidisciplinary team including an experienced hematologist/oncologist, a high-risk obstetrics specialist, a neonatologist, and experienced nurses, social workers, and psychologists.

Methods

These guidelines were developed by experts in the field during the first International Consensus Meeting of Prenatal Hematologic Malignancies, which took place in Leuven, Belgium, on May 23, 2014.

Results and Conclusion

This consensus summary equips health care professionals with novel diagnostic and treatment methodologies that aim for optimal treatment of the mother, while protecting fetal and pediatric health.
Lights, Camera, Police Action!
Authors: Jackson John L.
Published: December 2015

The piece discusses race and criminal justice in the context of recent videotaped cases of young black men dying at the hands of police officers.
A More Perfect Union: Black Freedoms, White Houses
Authors: Cobb Jasmine Nichole
Published: December 2015

President Barack Obama signifies both the power of the institutional presidency and the legacy of black freedom struggles. His post in the White House provides an opportunity to think through the process by which these themes became intertwined and the manner in which the US presidency became a site for resolving the black freedom struggle. This essay traces the routes through which the US state, in the form of the presidency, appropriated black images to suppress autonomous black freedom struggles and promote less threatening racial narratives. It critiques the production and reproduction of black freedom imagery for state utility. The materials investigated reveal the value of black visibility to state interests at key moments in US race relations—namely, during slavery, enfranchisement, and national elections.
The Revival of Reinhold Niebuhr: A Foreign Policy Fable
Authors: Horwitz Robert B.
Published: December 2015

Reinhold Niebuhr, the liberal Protestant theologian, occupied a prominent position in American public life during the middle decades of the twentieth century. A pillar of the post – World War II establishment, Niebuhr lent religious legitimation to American foreign policy during the Cold War. With international terrorism replacing the Soviet menace, his star has recently been revived. This essay explores the reasons for Niebuhr’s revival.
The Vertiginous Power of Decisions: Working Through a Paradox About Forced Migration
Authors: Steinberg Jonny
Published: December 2015

Based on two years of intensive fieldwork with Asad Abdullahi, a young itinerant Somali man, this article explores a paradox about forced migration. Asad, in his own words, has been “kicked around like a stone,” having had to flee several homes over the past two decades. And yet the course of his life has been shaped in no small part by his own decisions. This is precisely because circumstances have unmoored him from the sorts of firm and enduring institutions that shape human trajectories. Herein lies the paradox: a forced migrant’s life is often radically decisional. The argument is that Asad is acutely aware of this paradox and that his awareness thereof issues in a distinctive mode of action that is profoundly future orientated and yet dispenses with calculations of probability. The article explores the phenomenology of this nonactuarial thinking, the internal conflicts it engenders, and the conceptions of self that it embodies.
History without Chronology
Authors: Tanaka Stefan
Published: December 2015

This essay calls for historians to move beyond chronological time in the writing and understanding of history. It first shows that chronology and modern history are historical, not natural, and then offers some simple correctives, such as recognizing different timescales and writing histories using the dating system of that place or object. It then suggests that we invert the relation between stasis and mobility so that we do not unwittingly use anachronistic categories and considers how historians, by forgoing chronology, can be more precise and complex about questions of change. Finally, it invokes provocations from Norbert Elias and Michel Serres that call for new frameworks for thinking about history and pasts.
A Seniority Arrangement for Sovereign Debt
Authors: Chatterjee Satyajit , Eyigungor Burcu
Published: December 2015

A sovereign’s inability to commit to a course of action regarding future borrowing and default behavior makes long-term debt costly (the problem of debt dilution). One mechanism to mitigate this problem is the inclusion of a seniority clause in debt contracts. In the event of default, creditors are to be paid off in the order in which they lent (the “absolute priority” or “first-in-time” rule). In this paper, we propose a modification of the absolute priority rule suited to sovereign debts contracts and analyze its positive and normative implications within a quantitatively realistic model of sovereign debt and default. (JEL E32, E44, F34, G15, H63, O16, O19)
Media Influences on Social Outcomes: The Impact of MTV’s 16 and Pregnant on Teen Childbearing
Authors: Kearney Melissa S. , Levine Phillip B.
Published: December 2015

This paper explores the impact of the introduction of the widely viewed MTV reality show 16 and Pregnant on teen childbearing. Our main analysis relates geographic variation in changes in teen childbearing rates to viewership of the show. We implement an instrumental variables (IV ) strategy using local area MTV ratings data from a pre-period to predict local area 16 and Pregnant ratings. The results imply that this show led to a 4.3 percent reduction in teen births. An examination of Google Trends and Twitter data suggest that the show led to increased interest in contraceptive use and abortion. (JEL D12, J13, J16, L82, Z13)
SCIENCE TRADITIONS OF COMPARATIVE STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF THE INSTITUTE OF LEGISLATION AND COMPARATIVE LAW
Authors: Лафитский Владимир , Lafitskiy Vladimir
Published: December 2015

The article is devoted to the sources and development of comparativistic researches of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law, which had been initiated in 1930 —1940 in the works of M. N. Gernet, G. S. Gurvitch, A. I. Denisov, I. B. Novitsky, E. A. Fleishiz and which starting from the middle of the XX century have been brilliantly continued in the works of А. А. Tille, A. V. Tumanov, Y. A. Tikhomirov, other comparativists of the Institute. The article reveals the continuity of the comparativistic ideas of the scholars of the Institute of different generations, highlights the doctrinal approaches to elaborating the new and deepening traditional trends of comparative law researches.
THE SCIENTIFIC LEGACY OF COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL STUDIES
Authors: Кубанцев Сергей , Kubantsev Sergey , Власов Илья , Vlasov Ilya , Семыкина Ольга , Semykina Olga
Published: December 2015

The paper retrospectively reviews comparative studies in the fields of criminal law, criminology, penitentiary law, criminal procedure and judicial system conducted at the Institute since its formation in 1925, and which have maintained a high standard for over 90 years. The authors present the quintessence of the brightest and most global research of the Institute, conducted by such researchers of comparativism as M. N. Gernet, A. A. Herzensohn, M. M. Grodzinskiy, A. A.Zhizhilenko, M. M. Isaev, P. I. Lyublinskiy, A. I. Lubenskiy, B. S. Mankovskiy, I. B. Michaelovskaya, B. S. Nikiforov, N. N. Pashe-Ozerskiy, A. A. Piontkovskiy, F. M. Reshetnikov, A. A. Trainin, E. G. Shirwindt, A. Y. Estrin and others. The review indicates the tendency to further enrich the heritage of the criminal comparative studies by the strength of the Institute.
THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC LAW
Authors: Тиунов Олег , Tiunov Olyeg , Капустин Анатолий , Kapustin Anatoliy , Бальхаева Саяна , Balkhaeva Sayana
Published: December 2015

This article focuses on the establishment and development of the scientific school of international law in the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation. It is stated that the preconditions for the formation of the scientific school of international law dated back to the first half of the twentieth century. In this case, briefly reviewed the scientific legacy of the prominent members of the scientific school. A brief review of the main scientific publications is analyzed. It is proved that the study of contemporary issues such as sustainable economic growth, environmental wellbeing, combating international crime and corruption require to be engaged in concerted action the implementation of agreed actions and to develop mutually acceptable approaches and solutions. The development of scientific school of international law is based on the concept of maintaining a system of scientific ideas, representing a contribution to the development of several areas of modern international law and ensuring continuity in science.
IMPLEMENTATION PROBLEMS OF THE CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
Authors: Зорькин Валерий , Zorkin Valyeriy
Published: December 2015

The article is devoted to the problems of implementation into the domestic law of the provisions of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECPHRFF) and Convention-based decisions of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). The author notes that the complexity of the ECPHRFF provisions’ implementation process is caused by the lack of efficient legal remedies at the national level. Among the reasons for failure to execute or for the delay in execution of the ECPHRFF requirements and ECHR decisions, there are lack of coordination of actions between different government agencies and differences in approaches to ECPHRFF interpretation, political contradictions. The article justifies an important role of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in improving the Russian legislation and lawenforcement by means of implementation of the ECPHRFF provisions and ECHR case law. The author underlines that the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation activity is aimed at resolving two tasks: harmonization of the Russian legal system with the European legal framework and protection of own constitutional identity. The author considers the problem of “judicial activism” in the ECHR activity, that is aimed at extended interpretation of the ECPHRFF articles. The author pays special attention to the issue of application by the ECHR of the European consensus methodology which it used to determine the discretion of states in safeguarding conventional rights. At the same time the author points to the inconsistency of this concept in regard to the ECPHRFF basic principles. The author justifies the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation position, in accordance with which ECPHRFF and the ECPHRFF-based decisions of ECHR do not override the priority of the Russian Constitution for national constitutional courts and the Russian legal system in those cases when the Russian Constitution is capable to ensure better protection of human and civil rights and freedoms. The author draws the conclusion that cooperation of the European and Russian legal orders is not possible in the context of subordination; it is necessary to establish a dialogue between the legal systems which is a guarantee of the all-European law development.
PARADIGMS OF CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM
Authors: Хабриева Талия , Khabriyeva Taliya
Published: December 2015

The article deals with the theoretical aspects relating to reforms in the fundamental law of a State — Constitution. It is noted that the Constitution is a developing legal substance which is shaped by and dependent on the existing economic, political, social and even ideological situation; conservation of the basic law can cause both public tension, and also hamper the evolution of statehood. The author attends to the correlation of notions of “constitutional reform” and “change of the constitution”. Also analyzed are the approaches towards the definition of the term of constitutional reform which have been elaborated by the doctrine. It contains a detailed list of terminology which is used in the science of constitutional law and has a direct relevance to reformation of the constitution. Emphasis is made on the new trend in research in the science of constitutional law which reflects the two-sided approach — on the one hand, a factor of progress, and on the other hand, — may be viewed as a tool necessary to make public relations stable and dynamic. The article contains a list of model provisions for the present day constitution which potentially can be employed. It relates to the provisions of the constitution relating to the status of a person, also, economic, social and political systems, etc. Comparative law approach is applied to the contents of constitutional reforms of the XX and XXI centuries in various countries. It notes that a stable basic law of a country is a key symbol of a legal identity of a nation.
A SKETCH OF THE MAIN MODELS OF ADMINISTRATIVE JUSTICE
Authors: Марку Жерар , Marku Zherar
Published: December 2015

Administrative justice exists in most countries as a function in the State organization. But its scope and its forms differ widely among countries, in particular as regards the place of judicial review and the powers of judges. We can sort out three main models of administrative justice, based on judicial review institutions, from historical experience and main national systems. In Europe, the European Court of Human Rights had a significant influence on the evolution of administrative justice towards more judicial oversight upon administrative bodies. The expansion of these models gave rise to a number of variants based on national and political context. The first model is the council of State, joining judicial review and advisory functions for the government. Initially an ancillary body it turned to be an independant supreme administrative court, with broad competence, including contracts and torts, while exercising further advisory functions. Another model is based on a unique administrative supreme court, with exclusive judicial review functions of a narrower scope, although some exceptions can be found where judicial review was transferred from a former council of State. A last model, probably most widespread nowadays, can be characterised as judicial review by the general supreme court. Institutionally there no dualism. The judiciary is also vested with judicial review of administrative authorities. Typical of common law countries, this organization can be found also in countries of administrative law. In reality, there is dualism as regards procedures, substantial law and the powers of judges in administrative matters. In numerous cases administrative courts are organised inside of ordinary courts. Whatever the form of administrative justice it is essential to secure the independence of judges, to give them the capacity of substantial review of administrative acts, to facilitate the access to administrative judges and to guarantee the execution of courts decisions.
PUBLIC-LEGAL FORM OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
Authors: Чиркин Вениамин , CHirkin Vyeniamin
Published: December 2015

This article discusses some of the features of modern international regional associations of states that emerged in the last decades. In such alliances established for the economic, social and cultural integration in order to accelerate economic and social development of member-states, there are sometimes elements of political, public nature, a kind of germ unfinished and non-sovereign power vis-à-vis member states. In the European Union with a high degree of centralization, the boundary elements of its public authority organs include the state powers which, in accordance with the constitutions of the member states have voluntarily handed over to the EU; elements of the public power of its organs include the state authorities which, in accordance with the constitutions of the member states have voluntarily handed over by them to the EU; in the EU there is a possibility of imposing obligations on the member states by taking decisions by a majority of the members of its main institutions (major organs); in the constituent documents of the EU contains some political objectives, and some facts about EU activities are political in nature; on the territory of the EU, in parallel with the law of the member states acted superior, although incomplete (it does not include and cannot include some branches of law) supranational EU law which is created by its organs and without the following: interpellations and ratification such acts by ember states directly apply to natural and legal persons of the member states; the member states by the amendments in the constitutions voluntarily self-restricted some elements of its national sovereignty, but they retain their sovereignty, and the EU, not being a state, state sovereignty has not; in determining the structure of the organs of the EU, their authorities, relationships are widely used approaches the constitutional right, although all of these issues are essential features in the EU; in the EU there are elements of statehood, which naturally: the EU members are states that impose their imprint and the EU. The EU is a public law formation of special kind. Having said that, in determining the form of the EU could be in the categories of politology, science of state and the constitutional right to name the EU regional integrational international governmental (or regional integrational international similar state) public legal formation.
CORRUPTION AND LOBBYISM: THE DANISH EXPERIENCE
Authors: Хассельбальк Оле , Khasselbalk Ole
Published: December 2015

The presented article is devoted to the analysis of the results of the researches, arranged and held in order to discover the origin, the background, the consequences and the reasons for either the corruption or the lobbism in the modern Denmark. The author is eager to elaborate an essential attempt to separate these two phenomena from each other, underlining those their features, which, on one hand, show their familiarity, and on the other hand, display the difference. In the article there is the information, which is dedicated to the research of the historical, social and the other preconditions for the corruptional — lobbist manifestations in Denmark. It is quite obvious to say that there is no any doubt about the interest towards the presented data of different techniques, used by the corruption and lobbism performers, for gaining their mercenary targets. The article is provided with the discussable conclusions, aimed to demonstrate an extremely sophisticated way of solving this social problem. Besides the said, in the article there is the information, taken from the Annual Anti-Corruption Report of the European Commission to the European Council and to the European Parliament, composed and delivered in 2014. Looking through this information, the readers can get acquainted with the comparative corruption rate analysis throughout all the European countries. In the article it is indicated what the average level of the corruption among all the civil servants in Europe is, especially in such spheres of activity, as: state power, business and local authorities. The author considers this phenomenon comparatively. Moreover, the author gives his own estimation and interpretation of the newly inserted terminology, which has become a part of a contemporary juridical lexicon. These new terms are: “Good-Doing Industry”, “Legal Lobbyism” and some others. The doctrinal viewpoints of the well-known scientists on corruption and lobbyism are also highlighted in the article.
IMPROVEMENT OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF RIGHTS AND LEGITIMATE INTERESTS OF NATURAL AND LEGAL PERSONS, DERIVED FROM THE EAEU LAW, ON THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS
Authors: Василевич Григорий , Vasilevich Grigoriy , Василевич Сергей , Vasilevich Sergey
Published: December 2015

The article analyses the rights and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities in the context of interaction of the national law and integration law in the Eurasian association. The authors draw special attention to the fact that the interaction of states in the framework of regional integration structures requires the adoption of various legal instruments that can be non-regulatory or binding for participating countries. The authors justify the conclusion that not only government institutions but also private individuals must bear responsibility defined by national public authorities (courts), and at the same time they must have the right to file a lawsuit against the state, that violated the integration law.
SOME TRENDS IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN CIVIL LAW PROCESS: IMPACT OF THE DOCTRINE AND FOREIGN PRACTICES
Authors: Синицын Сергей , Sinitsyn Sergey
Published: December 2015

Codification of civil legislation is not a one-time random phenomenon in law; it is preceded by a long and meticulous work which in modern Russia pursues the aims of creating legislation sources’ system levels that ensure stable, large-scale and comprehensive legal regulation of market relations required by the turnover. Work on modernization and renewal of the Civil Code forms an integral part of codification, it shows dynamic development of the system of civil legislation. Objectives of the civil legislation codification in ХХ—ХХI involve elimination of contradictions in legislation, regulatory consolidation of new law doctrines, well-established in law enforcement practice, their structuring in the sources of civil legislation system, rationalization of legal regulations. Status of legislation and its evaluation predetermine the tendencies of its development in future, allow forecasting, designating possible risks and priorities of the law-making process.
ON THE CONCEPT OF CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
Authors: Цирин Артем , Tsirin Artem , Спектор Екатерина , Spyektor YEkatyerina , Севальнев Вячеслав , Sevalnev Vyacheslav
Published: December 2015

This research article, prepared for the 90th anniversary of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, reviews problems of conflict of interests prevention in the context of the search of the optimum definition which most fully reflects the whole range of its possible manifestations. On the basis of the etymological analysis of the “interest” concept, the authors of the article draw the conclusion that it is the combination of the subjective and objective aspects that most fully reflects the nature of interest. At the same time the authors note that the definition norms on the conflict of interests contained in the legislation on public service in many states, including Russia, do not fully meet the requirements of law-enforcement practice. The authors suggest ways of improvement of the “conflict of interests” concept which takes into account modern realities of this legal phenomenon development.
ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE WORK OF THE 103th PLENARY SESSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION)
Authors: Белялова Асия , Belyalova Asiya , Шведкова Ольга , Shvedkova Olga , Курбанов Рашад , Kurbanov Rashad , Демина Анна , Demina Anna
Published: December 2015

This article provides a brief overview of the activities of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission) during the 103th plenary session, where a number of conclusions regarding the legislation of the members of the Venice Commission.
Commodity production in Brazil: Combining zero deforestation and zero illegality
Authors: Azevedo Andrea A. , Stabile Marcelo C. C. , Reis Tiago N. P.
Published: December 2015

This article documents the degree of noncompliance of soy producers in the Amazon portion of Mato Grosso with Brazil’s Forest Code and addresses the importance of market demands in shifting agricultural production and land occupation towards zero deforestation. By using a sample composed of the boundaries of 9,113 properties (72.5% of soy in the region) we assessed: a) compliance with Forest Code legal reserve requirements (a percentage of the property must have its original vegetation kept undisturbed); and compared it to b) compliance with the zero deforestation criterion of the soy moratorium. We found that 82% of the sampled properties have not deforested since 2008, thus complying with the soy moratorium. However, approximately 65% out of these 82% are noncompliant with Forest Code legal reserve requirements. This situation is even worse in the Cerrado portion of Mato Grosso. Even though the soy moratorium criterion is only applicable to the Amazon biome, the Forest Code is applicable nationwide. Despite legal reserve requirements being much lower (35% of the property in the Cerrado, as opposed to 80% in the Amazon), almost 70% of sampled properties were noncompliant with the Forest Code. From this analysis we concluded that while there was a role for consumer-driven market demand for zero deforestation soy production, there is still a need (and opportunity) to implement purchasing and financing criteria to promote compliance with Forest Code requirements in regards to legal reserve deficits. We believe that if this succeeds, it will drive a process of restoration and compensation of Forest Code deficits, strengthening public policy as well as reducing economic distortions between those who have and have not complied with Forest Code requirements.
Comment on “Suburban watershed nitrogen retention: Estimating the effectiveness of stormwater management structures” by Koch et al. (Elem Sci Anth3:000063, July 2015)
Authors: Walsh Christopher J.
Published: December 2015

I reassess a recent analysis of uncertainty in estimates of nitrogen export from stormwater control measures, using structured expert judgment, which concluded that nitrogen export from a watershed in the Piedmont physiographic province of the Chesapeake Bay basin was an order of magnitude greater than from a watershed in the adjacent the Coastal Plain province. Re-analysis of expert responses suggests that hydrographic measurement error is a likely large source of uncertainty in N export from one of the watersheds. Mass-balance estimates of impervious runoff into stormwater drainage systems suggest that nitrogen export from the Coastal Plain watershed is an order of magnitude larger than estimated. This analysis highlights the importance of stormwater drainage infrastructure in driving the hydrology of streams in urban catchments by quarantining impervious runoff from watershed soils.
The principles of surgical care: intraoperative care
Authors: Peate Ian
Published: December 2015

The preoperative phase of the surgical journey or pathway provides the basis for the delivery of safe and effective care; an in-depth assessment of individual needs is required. The intraoperative phase of the pathway can bring with it a number of potential challenges, where the patient may be seen at their most vulnerable. If the healthcare assistant and assistant practitioner (HCA and AP), understand the issues and acknowledge the fear that some people may experience, this can help them to provide care that is safe, kind, considerate and compassionate. The thought of any kind of surgical intervention can instil a profound anxiety and distress in a number of people. Being able to explain the various processes and procedures and the myriad of activities that take place during the intraoperative period can alleviate this distress and anxiety. This article provides an overview of intraoperative care.
HIV and the HCA, 2/2: discussing with patients the options for HIV testing
Authors: Bard Brigette , Carpenter Gary
Published: December 2015

Public Health England (PHE) estimates there are more than 26 000 people with HIV in the UK who are unaware they have the virus; consequently, they are likely responsible for the majority of onward transmissions.

HIV testing with clinically approved devices is the only way to be sure if a person has contracted HIV, enabling people with the virus to seek the right medical intervention and treatment. However, stigma and lack of awareness prevent many people from coming forward for testing.

HIV Testing Week is a European movement designed to inform and empower healthcare professionals to encourage patients to know their HIV status and the healthcare assistant has a vital role to play in communication and education in a bid to eradicate HIV myths and encourage more people to present for testing.

Various HIV testing options are available to both healthcare professionals and the public, but it is vital that patients understand their options and choose the most appropriate test for themselves.
When Christmas comes around
Authors: Neville Sarah
Published: December 2015

The government has asked early years settings to promote British values; these lend themselves to various activities based on teaching children about the nativity story.
Fruit & Veg: V is for Vanilla…
Authors: Hammond Paula , Lillie Stephen
Published: December 2015

This month, we continue our extended adventure around the alphabetical vegetables and fruits of the world by taking a look at an expensive everyday luxury flavouring: vanilla!
Latest developments
Authors: Helme Tina
Published: December 2015

Send your letters, news stories or latest developments to: The Editor, Child Care, St Jude's Church, Dulwich Road, Herne Hill, London, SE24 0PB email: childcare@markallengroup.com
The dragon that walks the earth
Authors: Garner Lynne
Published: December 2015

This is the eighth article in a series exploring the world of apex animals, their lifestyles, and their place in storytelling, helping to bring these animals a little closer to our children.
Workload, behaviour, CPD and technology
Authors: Heavisides Brian , Ablewhite Dawn , Tiley Richard , Tasker Caroline
Published: December 2015

We ask three middle leaders and a former headteacher to share their advice across four vital areas for NQTs
Only 6 months until compulsory microchipping comes into force
Authors: Walsom Celia
Published: December 2015

With only 6 months to go until the microchipping of dogs becomes compulsory, it's time to take another look at the legislation and veterinary nurse's role in the lead up to April 2016.
A new species of Prionomastix Mayr (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae) from India
Authors: Anandhan Rameshkumar , Poorani Janakiraman
Published: December 2015

A new encyrtid species, Prionomastix orientalis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae), is described from Arunachal Pradesh, India. This is only the second species of Prionomastix reported from India and markedly differs from P. siccarius Annecke, the other species known from India.  Morphological features of the new species are illustrated and compared with related species.
The effects of reading well-written passages on students’ civic understanding and engagement
Authors: Chambliss Marilyn J. , Torney-Purta Judith , Richardson Wendy Klandl
Published: December 2015

Students report learning about civics from reading textbooks more than from any other instructional activity. The US textbooks are often poorly organized, unfamiliar and uninteresting, creating a comprehension challenge for adolescents who struggle to learn the content these books contain. This study explored whether adolescents could understand civics content from reading a passage prepared to be comprehensible, present challenging content contrasting direct with representative democracy and enhance their interest. We prepared three passages to inform, argue or explain, which are genres used by political scientists. A total of 168 15-year-olds read one of the three passages and answered items to measure their comprehension, understanding about democracy, motivation to take action and interest in both the passage and social studies. These adolescents tended to comprehend all three passages, understand the complex content about democracy and express motivation to take action. We consider whether these results could be extended to countries other than the United States.
Learning from text in an advanced government and politics course
Authors: Valencia Sheila W. , Parker Walter C.
Published: December 2015

We report a study of the literacy challenges faced by students and teachers in an advanced, project-based version of the US Government and Politics course. The study occurred in the current era of school reform when students of all abilities, not just well-prepared students, are encouraged to take advanced classes. As a result, classrooms contain individuals with a wide range of reading abilities and domain knowledge. Students in this study, when working with course texts, encountered densely constructed textbooks, challenging specialized vocabulary, and lack of teacher support for learning from text. Generally, they could read but not comprehend. Both teachers and students developed strategies to avoid learning from textbased resources. These strategies hindered students’ ability to learn course content and further disadvantaged students who needed more practice and support in learning from text. We end with two recommendations for supporting all students to effectively learn from civic-related texts.
Swedish students’ conceptual knowledge about civics and citizenship: An interview study
Authors: Arensmeier Cecilia
Published: December 2015

The background for this study is a model for civics knowledge and teaching that distinguishes conceptual knowledge, ability to identify social and political issues, and civic literacy. The study itself investigates challenges in civics teaching by focusing on students’ difficulties understanding the subject matter. In a think aloud interview, some of the most difficult questions from the IEA International Civic and Citizenship Education Study were presented to 29 eighth-grade students in a municipality fairly representative of average Swedish conditions. There were shortcomings in their conceptual knowledge and also in their understanding of social and democratic principles, highlighting the importance of reading skills for civic ability. The article suggests strategic work with conceptual learning and for civic teaching to include an explicit focus on reading comprehension. It suggests that the ability to reflect on complex civic issues is benefited by asking questions and discussing social and political principles from different perspectives.
O PROGRAMA BANDEIRA AZUL DE CERTIFICAÇÃO PARA PRAIAS NA PERCEPÇÃO DOS GESTORES NACIONAIS DOS PAÍSES PARTICIPANTES
Authors: Bernardi Leana Paula , Pires Paulo Dos Santos
Published: December 2015

O tema central deste estudo é o Programa Bandeira Azul de Certificação para praias, que desde 1987 promove melhores práticas na gestão costeira em países de todos os continentes. O programa de certificação ambiental Bandeira Azul é um modelo de grande importância para o turismo nacional, uma vez que coloca as praias certificadas em um patamar de excelência que as diferencia das demais. Com isso, o objetivo do estudo foi conhecer os benefícios ambientais, sociais e econômicos percebidos com a implantação deste programa nos países participantes. Adotou-se a pesquisa de nível exploratório e descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa de caráter não probabilístico. A pesquisa de campo ocorreu com a aplicação de questionários junto aos operadores nacionais dos países que desenvolvem o programa. A análise dos resultados foi conduzida pelos preceitos do Programa Bandeira Azul, no contexto da sustentabilidade no turismo, do gerenciamento costeiro e da certificação ambiental. Em meio ao conjunto dos resultados, constatou-se que os operadores nacionais mantêm uma visão positiva e entusiasta, pela qual, mesmo admitindo dificuldades, garantem que a certificação traz benefícios ambientais, sociais e econômicos importantes e que devem ser considerados pelos gestores municipais e possíveis patrocinadores do programa. Palavras chave: Turismo de sol e praia. Programa Bandeira Azul. Sustentabilidade do Turismo.
A ARTE DA OLARIA NO TURISMO DA REGIÃO ALGARVE, PORTUGAL
Authors: Santos Jean Carlos Vieira , Silva João Albino
Published: December 2015

Este artigo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de veicular uma abordagem e analisar um contexto em que a tradicional atividade popular oleira se mantém viva em território luso, preservando uma identidade associada ao turismo e aos seus negócios. Ela se tornou, aliás, potencialmente a ideia central que sustentou a escolha do tema: estudar a realidade contemporânea da olaria de Porches/Lagoa na região Algarve, sul de Portugal. Desse modo, a proposta deste texto tem, como ponto de partida de análise, um “modelo com os elementos que caracterizam as olarias e os oleiros do Algarve”, apresentando uma reflexão com possibilidades multidisciplinares de discussões inexauríveis. A construção deste estudo foi realizada por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, da aplicação de questionário e de trabalhos de campo e gabinete, permitindo uma aproximação dos pesquisadores com a realidade portuguesa investigada. Como resultado, o artigo mostra quem são os oleiros no destino turístico internacional: 50,2% são de origem algarvia, 33,2% são oriundos de outros países e 16,6% são do Alentejo. Tais indivíduos têm entre 50 e 65 anos, e 50,2% se formaram em escolas. Palavras-chave: Artista Estrangeiro. Olaria. Algarve. Cultura. Turismo.
DESTINOS TURÍSTICOS COMO TERRITÓRIOS DE INOVAÇÃO: ANÁLISE DOS VETORES DE COMPETITIVIDADE URBANA À LUZ DOS PRESSUPOSTOS SUGERIDOS PELA UNIÃO EUROPEIA, POR MEIO DO RELATÓRIO "STATE OF EUROPEAN CITIES"
Authors: Domareski-Ruiz Thays Cristina , Gândara José Manoel , Chim-Miki Adriana Fumi
Published: December 2015

Este artigo tem como objetivo principal apresentar e analisar os pilares propostos pelo State of European Cities Report (2007) para a competitividade urbana sob uma perspectiva de competitividade e inovação territorial, focalizando-os como base para que as cidades se desenvolvam como destinos turísticos. A metodologia utilizada no artigo foi um estudo exploratório, com pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, cruzando o marco teórico com a proposta europeia. Considerou-se inovação desde a proposta do Manual de Oslo, e entre os resultados do artigo, identificou-se que a inovação territorial pode ser uma estratégia para as cidades que desejam se tornar destinos turísticos, sendo adequado focalizar nos quatro pilares da competitividade territorial – talento, inovação, conectividade, empreendedorismo. O artigo contribui para expor uma estratégia utilizada pela União Europeia, a qual situa as cidades como territórios centros de convergências para o desenvolvimento local, refletindo em melhorias sistêmicas da competitividade urbana. Palavras-chave: Destino turístico. Competitividade de destinos. Inovação territorial. State of European Cities Report.