bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vul-Mixer: Efficient and Effective Machine Learning–Assisted Software Vulnerability Detection
Authors: Grahn Daniel , Chen Lingwei , Zhang Junjie
Published: June 2024

Recent Machine Learning–Assisted Software Vulnerability Detection (MLAVD) research has focused on large-scale models with hundreds of millions of parameters powered by expensive attention- or graph-based architectures. Despite increased model capacity, current models have limited accuracy and struggle to generalize to unseen data. Additionally, the computational resources required to train and serve the models further reduce their usefulness. We argue this is caused by a misalignment between how human brains process code and how MLAVD models are designed. In this paper, we study resource-efficient approaches to MLAVD with the goal of maintaining or strengthening generalizability while reducing computational costs such that the model may be run on an economy developer machine. Our contributions are as follows: (1) We perform the first known study of resource-efficient MLAVD, showing such models can be competitive with strong MLAVD baselines; (2) We design Vul-Mixer, a resource-efficient architecture inspired by how the human brain processes code; and, (3) We demonstrate that Vul-Mixer is efficient and effective by maintaining 98.3% of the state-of-the-art generalization ability using only 0.2% of the parameters and 173 MB of memory.
Constrained Spectral–Spatial Attention Residual Network and New Cross-Scene Dataset for Hyperspectral Classification
Authors: Li Siyuan , Chen Baocheng , Wang Nan , Shi Yuetian , Zhang Geng , Liu Jia
Published: June 2024

Hyperspectral image classification is widely applied in several fields. Since existing datasets focus on a single scene, current deep learning-based methods typically divide patches randomly on the same image as training and testing samples. This can result in similar spatial distributions of samples, which may incline the network to learn specific spatial distributions in pursuit of falsely high accuracy. In addition, the large variation between single-scene datasets has led to research in cross-scene hyperspectral classification, focusing on domain adaptation and domain generalization while neglecting the exploration of the generalizability of models to specific variables. This paper proposes two approaches to address these issues. The first approach is to train the model on the original image and then test it on the rotated dataset to simulate cross-scene evaluation. The second approach is constructing a new cross-scene dataset for spatial distribution variations, named GF14-C17&C16, to avoid the problems arising from the existing single-scene datasets. The image conditions in this dataset are basically the same, and only the land cover distribution is different. In response to the spatial distribution variations, this paper proposes a constrained spectral attention mechanism and a constrained spatial attention mechanism to limit the fitting of the model to specific feature distributions. Based on these, this paper also constructs a constrained spectral–spatial attention residual network (CSSARN). Extensive experimental results on two public hyperspectral datasets and the GF14-C17&C16 dataset have demonstrated that CSSARN is more effective than other methods in extracting cross-scene spectral and spatial features.
Bud-YOLOv8s: A Potato Bud-Eye-Detection Algorithm Based on Improved YOLOv8s
Authors: Liu Wenlong , Li Zhao , Zhang Shaoshuang , Qin Ting , Zhao Jiaqi
Published: June 2024

The key to intelligent seed potato cutting technology lies in the accurate and rapid identification of potato bud eyes. Existing detection algorithms suffer from low recognition accuracy and high model complexity, resulting in an increased miss rate. To address these issues, this study proposes a potato bud-eye-detection algorithm based on an improved YOLOv8s. First, by integrating the Faster Neural Network (FasterNet) with the Efficient Multi-scale Attention (EMA) module, a novel Faster Block-EMA network structure is designed to replace the bottleneck components within the C2f module of YOLOv8s. This enhancement improves the model’s feature-extraction capability and computational efficiency for bud detection. Second, this study introduces a weighted bidirectional feature pyramid network (BiFPN) to optimize the neck network, achieving multi-scale fusion of potato bud eye features while significantly reducing the model’s parameters, computation, and size due to its flexible network topology. Finally, the Efficient Intersection over Union (EIoU) loss function is employed to optimize the bounding box regression process, further enhancing the model’s localization capability. The experimental results show that the improved model achieves a mean average precision (mAP@0.5) of 98.1% with a model size of only 11.1 MB. Compared to the baseline model, the mAP@0.5 and mAP@0.5:0.95 were improved by 3.1% and 4.5%, respectively, while the model’s parameters, size, and computation were reduced by 49.1%, 48.1%, and 31.1%, respectively. Additionally, compared to the YOLOv3, YOLOv5s, YOLOv6s, YOLOv7-tiny, and YOLOv8m algorithms, the mAP@0.5 was improved by 4.6%, 3.7%, 5.6%, 5.2%, and 3.3%, respectively. Therefore, the proposed algorithm not only significantly enhances the detection accuracy, but also greatly reduces the model complexity, providing essential technical support for the application and deployment of intelligent potato cutting technology.
Metro-Passive Optical Network Convergence: 400 Gbps Fully Coherent Transmission Using Pre-Commercial Transceivers
Authors: Casasco Mariacristina , Rizzelli Giuseppe , Pagano Annachiara , Riccardi Emilio , Ferrero Valter , Gaudino Roberto
Published: June 2024

The capacity of passive optical networks (PONs) is continuously increasing, and it has been standardized up to 50 Gbit/s. The two main standardization organizations, IEEE and ITU-T, are actively working on the next-generation PON, which appears to be a 100G-PON still based on intensity modulation. Even though direct detection would be preferred for its cost and simplicity, the choice of coherent detection seems inevitable when the bit rate reaches 200–400 Gbit/s, specifically to guarantee the optical power budget requirement of an access network. The introduction of coherent systems in the PON scenario, allowing high-power-budget performances, should encouragetelecom operators to merge the metro and access networks into a single domain. This paper analyzes the mentioned metro + PON convergence scenario with experimental results focusing on a 400 Gbit/s fully coherent transmission (50 GBaud PM-16QAM). We characterize three different transceivers, two of which are pre-commercials. We perform experimental demonstrations, with real urban fiber and laboratory set ups, of the metro–access convergence network in terms of the minimum OSNR value of the metro path, producing an acceptable optical power budget within the access network. Our work demonstrates feasibility of merging the metro–access network by using currently coherent optical transceivers for PON applications.
Impact of Multi-Energy System and Different Control Strategies on a Generic Low-Voltage Distribution Grid
Authors: Kneiske Tanja M.
Published: June 2024

The rising electricity costs, cost of space heating, and domestic hot water end up driving consumers toward reducing expenses by generating their electricity through devices like photovoltaic systems and efficient combined heat and power plants. When coupled with thermal systems via an energy management system (EMS) in a Multi-Energy System (MES), this self-produced electricity can effectively lower electricity and heating bills. However, MESs with EMSs can serve various purposes beyond cost reduction via self-consumption, such as reacting to variable electricity prices, meeting special grid connection conditions, or minimizing CO2 emissions. These diverse strategies create unique prosumer profiles, deviating significantly from standard load profiles. The potential threat to the power grid arises as grid operators lack visibility into which consumers employ which control strategies. This paper investigates the impact of controlled MESs on the power grid compared to average households and answers whether new control strategies affect the planning strategies of low voltage grids. It proposes a comprehensive four-step toolchain for the detailed simulation of thermal–electrical load profiles, MES control strategies, and grid dynamics. It includes a new method for the grid impact analysis of extreme and average bulk values. As a result, this study identifies three primary factors influencing distribution power grids by MESs. Firstly, the presence and scale of photovoltaic (PV) systems significantly affect extreme values in the grid. Secondly, MESs incorporating combined heat and power (CHP) and heat pump (HP) units impact the overall grid performance, mainly reflected in bulk values. Thirdly, the placement of an MES with heating systems, especially when concentrated in one feeder, plays a crucial role in grid dynamics. Despite the three distinct factors identified as impactful on the power grid, this study reveals that the various control strategies, despite leading to vastly different grid profiles, do not exhibit divergent impacts on buses, lines, or transformers. Remarkably, the impact of MESs remains consistently similar across the range of control strategies studied. Therefore, different control strategies do not pose an additional challenge to the grid integration of MESs.
Breastfeeding, Walking Onset, and Abdominal Obesity Are Determinants of Physical Fitness among Latin American and Spanish Schoolchildren: A Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Andrade-Lara Karina E. , Cabrera Linares José Carlos , Párraga Montilla Juan Antonio , Mayanquer-Lara Alexander , Lucena Zurita Manuel , Latorre Román Pedro Ángel
Published: June 2024

Objective: To comp+are levels of physical fitness between Ecuador and Spain and identify whether breastfeeding period, walking onset, and abdominal obesity are determinants of physical performance in schoolchildren from Ecuador and Spain. Methods: a total of 352 schoolchildren (6–12 years old) from Ecuador (n = 176) and Spain (n = 176) joined in this study. Anthropometric measures, socio-demographic characteristics, and physical fitness were evaluated. Results: Spanish schoolchildren showed better performance in handgrip strength, standing long jump, and 25 m sprint (p = 0.021; p < 0.001; p < 0.001; p < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, Spanish children showed better cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.001) and a higher VO2 max (p = 0.002) with regards to their peers. In addition, children from Ecuador and Spain showed an influence of breastfeeding period (p ranged from <0.001 to 0.043) and walking onset (p ranged from <0.001 to 0.032) on physical performance. Moreover, physical fitness components were protective factors of abdominal obesity in Ecuadorian and Spanish schoolchildren (p ranged from =0.001 to 0.049). Conclusions: Our findings revealed the influence of the infancy period and the onset of walking on children’s physical performance, highlighting the importance of these factors in motor development during early childhood and also their influence in middle childhood and throughout adulthood.
Antimicrobial and Ecological Potential of Chlorellaceae and Scenedesmaceae with a Focus on Wastewater Treatment and Industry
Authors: Ilieva Yana , Zaharieva Maya Margaritova , Kroumov Alexander Dimitrov , Najdenski Hristo
Published: June 2024

A complex evaluation of antimicrobial activities of microalgae, including those relevant to wastewater treatment (WWT), in light of the integrated biorefinery concept, is performed. An example of this concept is linking a commercial microalgal system to plants, factories, or farms that emit polluted wastewater (WW). The microalgae would not only metabolize the pollutants—such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)—from the WW, thus fueling their biomass, but they would exert an antibacterial effect against the pathogenic bacteria there. The biomass then could be harvested and used for biofertilizers, biofuels, and bioplastics and might possibly be utilized as animal feed, antimicrobial and other pharmaceutical agents. A large amount of the research on the antimicrobial activity and WWT potential focuses on the families Chlorellaceae and Scenedesmaceae, which are also some of the most commercially used strains of microalgae. For that reason, they are the species chosen for the current review. Furthermore, the increasing antimicrobial resistance necessitates the search for antibiotic alternatives, and the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Chlorellaceae and Scenedesmaceae is very promising. Microalgae are rich in antibacterial compounds like polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), polysaccharides, carotenoids, proteins, etc., and for that reason, their extracts possess antimicrobial effects. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of Chlorellaceae and Scenedesmaceae families has varied in a broad range from low to strong activity or no effect. Several strains have fulfilled the criteria for outstanding and high activity, especially C. vulgaris and other Chlorellaceae spp., with an effect equal to or better than the control antibiotics. There were several strains with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) below 80 µg/mL and even 10 and 1.5 µg/mL; some species also had inhibition zones (IZ) over 30 mm, even as high as 48 mm. In vivo results are also promising but scarce, and all this warrants further in vivo and in situ studies—from animal models to clinical and environmental trials. Altogether, important data in the light of the circle economy, the urgent necessity to decrease CO2 emissions to fight climate change, and to curb the harmful influence of future pandemics are presented. This review paves the way for further utilizing the total potential of a microalgal system.
State-to-State Rate Constants for the O(3P)H2(v) System: Quasiclassical Trajectory Calculations
Authors: Pelevkin Alexey V. , Arsentiev Ilya V. , Kadochnikov Ilya N. , Zubrilin Ivan A. , Filinov Evgeny P. , Yakushkin Denis V.
Published: June 2024

The rate constants of elementary processes in the atom–diatom system O(3P)+H2(v), including the processes of vibrational relaxation and dissociation, were studied using the quasiclassical trajectory method. All calculations were carried out along the ground potential energy surface (PES) 3A″ that was approximated by a neural network. Approximation data were obtained using ab initio quantum chemistry methods at the extended multi-configuration quasi-degenerate second-order perturbation theory XMCQDPT2 in a basis set limit. The calculated cross-sections of the reaction channels are in good agreement with the literature data. A complete set of state-to-state rate constants was obtained for the metathesis reaction, the dissociation and relaxation of the H2 molecule upon collision with an O atom. According to these data, Arrhenius approximations over a wide temperature range were obtained for the thermal rate constants of considered processes. Data obtained on the dissociation constants and VT relaxation of vibrationally excited H2 molecules can be used in constructing kinetic models describing the oxidation of hydrogen at high temperatures or highly nonequilibrium conditions.
Phosgene Inhalation in Fire-Related Deaths: A Case Report of Two Lovers Burnt in a Travelling Carousel
Authors: Callegari Enrica , Mazzobel Enrico , Zancaner Silvano , Fais Paolo , Viel Guido , Cecchetto Giovanni
Published: June 2024

Fire deaths present several diagnostic challenges for the forensic examiner, the most significant of which is the identification of the cause of death and the evaluation of the morphological consequences of heat injuries in the ante-mortem and post-mortem periods. Here, we describe the case of two young lovers found dead inside a travelling carousel destroyed by a fire. Circumstantial evidence of disputes between families running the town fair raised the suspicion of intentional arson. Comparative analysis of crime scene investigation, radiological, autoptic, histological, and toxicological findings revealed signs of vitality (i.e., presence of soot deposits inside the respiratory and digestive tracts, heat damage to the respiratory mucosa) and identified fatal asphyxia from haemorrhagic pulmonary oedema as the cause of death. Since the experimental burning of plastic samples collected from a similar carousel demonstrated the significant production of phosgene, the death of the two lovers was attributed to the probable inhalation of this gas. The case presented here underlines the importance of a multidisciplinary approach of any fire-related death, providing an insight into circumstantial and forensic (autopsy, toxicological, and immunohistopathological) elements useful in raising suspicion of possible toxic gas inhalation. In the presence of high levels of PVC materials at the fire scene and pulmonary oedema at the autopsy, with no alternative causes of death, the forensic pathologist must suspect a fatal exposure to phosgene.
Enigmatic Discoid and Elliptical Structures from Brioverian (Ediacaran-Fortunian) Deposits of Brittany (Armorican Massif, NW of France)
Authors: Néraudeau Didier , Poujol Marc , Loi Alfredo , Charrondière Jules
Published: June 2024

The Ediacaran–Cambrian deposits of Brittany (Brioverian series) contain both a few isolated pluricentimetric discoid structures, dome-shaped or “donut”-shaped, and a multitude of centimetric to infracentimetric more or less elliptical fossils or pseudofossils. The discoid and elliptical Brioverian structures are compared to similar fossils and pseudofossils found worldwide, and interpreted considering both sedimentary and biological hypotheses. This synthesis of more or less enigmatical fossils from the Ediacaran–Fortunian deposits of Brittany completes the previous descriptions of more well-known discoid and elliptical Brioverian structures such as Nimbia-like and Chuaria-like fossils. It provides a better understanding of the diversity of the Brioverian fossils and original sedimentary structures.
Certain Properties and Characterizations of Two-Iterated Two-Dimensional Appell and Related Polynomials via Fractional Operators
Authors: Zayed Mohra , Wani Shahid Ahmad
Published: June 2024

This paper introduces the operational rule for 2-iterated 2D Appell polynomials and derives its generalized form using fractional operators. It also presents the generating relation and explicit forms that characterize the generalized 2-iterated 2D Appell polynomials. Additionally, it establishes the monomiality principle for these polynomials and obtains their recurrence relations. The paper also establishes corresponding results for the generalized 2-iterated 2D Bernoulli, 2-iterated 2D Euler, and 2-iterated 2D Genocchi polynomials.
Morphology Behavior of Polysulfone Membranes Made from Sustainable Solvents
Authors: Kluge Steven , Hartenauer Karla , Tutuş Murat
Published: June 2024

In a previous study, we demonstrated a change in membrane morphology and gas separation performance by varying the recipe of a casting solution based on polysulfone in a certain solvent system. Although all results were reproducible, all used solvents were harmful and not sustainable. In this study, the solvents tetrahydrofuran (THF) and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) are replaced by the more sustainable solvents 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran (2M-THF), N-butyl pyrrolidinone (NBP) and cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME). The gas permeation performance and, for the first time, morphology of the membranes before and after solvent replacement were determined and compared by single gas permeation measurements and SEM microscopy. It is shown that THF can be replaced by 2M-THF and NBP without decreasing the gas permeation performance. With CPME replacing THF, no membranes were formed. Systems with 2M-THF as a THF alternative showed the best gas permeation results. Permeances for the tested gases oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) were 5.91 × 10−2, 8.84 × 10−3, 4.00 × 10−1 and 1.00 × 10−2 GPU, respectively. Permselectivities of those membranes for the gas pairs O2/N2, CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 were 6.7, 38.3 and 34.0, respectively. When also replacing DMAc in the solvent system, no or only porous membranes were obtained, even if the precipitation procedure was adjusted. These findings indicate that a complete replacement of the solvent system without affecting the membrane morphology or gas permeation performance is not possible. By varying the temperature of the precipitation bath, the formation of mechanically stable PSU membranes is possible only if THF is replaced by 2M-THF.
Can We Steer Nursing Home Residents Away from Loneliness? A Qualitative Study of Cycling without Age
Authors: Lange Sara Kruse , Stig Maiken Hauge , Eghøj Martin , Petersen Christina Bjørk
Published: June 2024

Background: Loneliness among nursing home residents is an increasing public health issue and consists of a combination of social, emotional, and existential loneliness. Cycling Without Age (CWA) involves taking nursing home residents on trishaw rides pedaled by trained volunteer ‘pilots’. This study aims to explore nursing home residents’ lived experiences of CWA and whether participation in CWA can mitigate experiences of loneliness. Methods: A qualitative phenomenological design was used. We conducted three observations and eight interviews: semi-structured interviews (n = 5) and informal interviews (n = 3) with passengers in CWA. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Three themes were developed: 1. creating meaningful communities (related to the social mechanism connected to participating in CWA), 2. breaking the monotony of everyday life (related to how the passengers experience CWA as a meaningful activity), and 3. reconnecting to oneself (related to the meaningful experience the passengers have when they are connected to their local communities and reminiscence). Conclusion: Taking part in CWA may mitigate loneliness, as passengers perceive it as being meaningful. These results strengthen the notion that participating in meaningful activities hold the potential to mitigate feelings of loneliness among nursing home residents.
Physical Performance, Body Composition, and Oral Health in Community-Residing Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Irigoyen-Camacho Maria Esther , Velazquez-Alva Maria Consuelo , Zepeda-Zepeda Marco Antonio , Lazarevich Irina , Castano-Seiquer Antonio , Flores-Fraile Javier
Published: June 2024

Physical activity is essential for healthy aging. This study aimed to identify an association between physical performance, body fat percentage (%BF), and the perception of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in independent older adults. Method: A group of active older adults was selected from a government-sponsored reunion center in Mexico City. OHRQoL was assessed using the General Oral Health Index (GOHAI), and nutritional status was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) tool. A short physical performance battery (SPPB) was applied, and, for body composition, DXA (dual X-ray absorptiometry) was conducted. Data were analyzed using logistic regression models, and marginal probabilities were obtained. Results: This study involved 366 participants; their mean age was 73.9 (±6.2) years, and 24.9% had type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). OHRQoL information revealed that pain or discomfort in the oral cavity was perceived by 63.9% of the older adults during the previous three months. The SPPB score was low in 159 (43.44%) participants. The logistic regression model revealed that age (OR = 1.13, p < 0.001), T2DM (OR = 2.10, p = 0.009), the risk of malnutrition/malnutrition (OR = 1.76, p = 0.047), high %BF (OR = 1.09, <0.001), and poor OHRQoL (OR = 1.96, p = 0.009) were associated with deteriorated physical performance. Conclusion: OHRQoL self-perception, excess body fat, and nutritional status impacted physical performance. Aging well requires a comprehensive approach.
Body Mass Index: An Unreliable Adiposity Indicator for Predicting Outcomes of Liver Transplantation Due to Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Czarnecka Kinga , Czarnecka Paulina , Tronina Olga , Bączkowska Teresa , Durlik Magdalena
Published: June 2024

Obesity is a well-documented risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the general population. The applicability of these findings to liver recipients is uncertain, and the results of available data have not been unanimous. The objective of the current study was to investigate the impact of the pre-operative body mass index (BMI) on oncological outcomes of liver transplantation due to HCC. Methods: This observational retrospective study enrolled all patients with histologically confirmed HCC who underwent liver transplantation from a deceased donor in our centre between 2008 and 2018. Results: Overall, 83 patients were enrolled and were subsequently stratified according to their pre-operative BMI into three groups: patients with normal body weight (n = 53), patients with overweight (n = 23), patients with obesity (n = 7). Overall tumour recurrence was 12%. BMI failed to predict the 5-year recurrence-free survival (p = 0.55), risk of tumour recurrence (p = 0.314) and overall 5-year survival (p = 0.19) in liver recipients. Conclusions: BMI was proven to be an unreliable surrogate measure of obesity for predicting oncological outcomes among liver recipients. Other obesity indices should be referenced to assess cancer-related prognosis more accurately in these groups of patients.
Diagnostic Accuracy of the Recognizing Acute Delirium as Part of Your Routine (RADAR) Scale for Delirium Assessment in Hospitalized Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Fabrizi Diletta , Rebora Paola , Spedale Valentina , Locatelli Giulia , Bellelli Giuseppe , Di Mauro Stefania , Ausili Davide , Luciani Michela
Published: June 2024

Delirium is highly prevalent among hospitalized older adults and is associated with unfavorable outcomes. However, delirium often remains undiagnosed in the hospital context. Having a valid, simple, and fast screening tool could help in limiting the additional workload for healthcare professionals, without leaving delirium undetected. The aim of this study was to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of the Recognizing Acute Delirium As part of your Routine (RADAR) scale in an Italian hospital. An observational cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 150 patients aged ≥70 years were enrolled. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) criterion-defined delirium as the gold standard were plotted to evaluate the performance of the RADAR scale. The cut-off suggested by previous research was used to estimate the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the RADAR scale. The involved patients were mostly females (60%; n = 90), with a median age of 84 years (I–III quartiles: 80–88). According to the CAM and the RADAR scale, 37 (25%) and 58 (39%) patients were classified as experiencing delirium, respectively. The area under the ROC curve of the RADAR scale was 0.916. Furthermore, the RADAR scale showed robust sensitivity (95%), specificity (80%), and positive (60%) and negative predictive values (98%). The RADAR scale is thus suggested to be a valid tool for screening assessment of delirium in hospitalized older adults.
Malnutrition Prevalence in Australian Residential Aged Care Facilities: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: O’Shea Marie-Claire , Bauer Judy , Barrett Clare , Corones-Watkins Katina , Kellett Ursula , Maloney Stephen , Williams Lauren T. , Osadnik Christian , Foo Jonathan
Published: June 2024

Long-term or residential services are designed to support older people who experience challenges to their physical and mental health. These services play an important role in the health and well-being of older adults who are more susceptible to problems such as malnutrition. Estimates of the significance of malnutrition require up-to-date prevalence data to inform government strategies and regulation, but these data are not currently available in Australia. The aim of this study was to collect malnutrition prevalence data on a large sample of people living in residential aged care facilities in Australia. A secondary aim was to examine the relationship between malnutrition and anthropometry (body mass index (BMI) and weight loss). This prevalence study utilised baseline data collected as part of a longitudinal study of malnutrition in 10 Residential Aged Care facilities across three states in Australia (New South Wales, South Australia, and Queensland). The malnutrition status of eligible residents was assessed by dietitians and trained student dietitians using the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) with residents categorised into SGA-A = well nourished, SGA-B = mildly/moderately malnourished, and SGA-C = severely malnourished. Other data were extracted from the electronic record. Of the 833 listed residents, 711 residents were eligible and had sufficient data to be included in the analysis. Residents were predominantly female (63%) with a mean (SD) age of 84 (8.36) years and a mean (SD) BMI of 26.74 (6.59) kg/m2. A total of 40% of residents were categorised as malnourished with 34% (n = 241) categorised as SGA-B, and 6% (n = 42) SGA-C. Compared to the SGA, BMI and weight loss categorisation of malnutrition demonstrated low sensitivity and high specificity. These findings provide recent, valid data on malnutrition prevalence and highlight the limitations of current Australian practices that rely on anthropometric measures that under-detect malnutrition. There is an urgent need to implement a feasible aged care resident screening program to address the highly prevalent condition of malnutrition in Australia.
Undergraduate Achievement Disparities between Demographic Subgroups in English Universities
Authors: Banerjee Pallavi , Eryilmaz Nurullah
Published: June 2024

In this paper, we report a comprehensive analysis of the disparities in undergraduate degree achievements across different demographic groups in English universities. The focus is on the “degree achievement gap”, which refers to the variation in the rates of students from diverse backgrounds obtaining First- or Upper Second-Class degrees. The significance of this gap lies in its profound impact on graduates’ future opportunities, particularly in terms of access to advanced studies and professional trajectories. Recognising the critical nature of this issue, the Office for Students (OfS) has emphasised the need for higher education institutions to actively work towards bridging this gap to enhance equity and social mobility. To map how far the call for bridging this gap has been effective, our research examines trends and patterns by age, ethnicity, disability, and gender over a five-year period from 2017/2018 to 2021/2022. Methodologically, this paper employs a detailed descriptive analysis. Our findings highlight a persistent and significant gap for Black students, who are consistently less likely to achieve a First- or Upper Second-Class degree when compared to their White peers. Based on the analysis, literature review, and policy mapping exercise, we make recommendations for the implementation of targeted support, student engagement, revisiting curriculum designs, and the promotion of a more inclusive campus culture. The insights and proposed strategies will be of interest to educators and policymakers.
Nutritional Value, Major Chemical Compounds, and Biological Activities of Petromarula pinnata (Campanulaceae)—A Unique Nutraceutical Wild Edible Green of Crete (Greece)
Authors: Dimitriadis Kyriakos Michail , Karavergou Sofia , Tsiftsoglou Olga S. , Karapatzak Eleftherios , Paschalidis Konstantinos , Hadjipavlou-Litina Dimitra , Charalambous Despina , Krigas Nikos , Lazari Diamanto
Published: June 2024

The Mediterranean diet is mostly based on high intakes of olive oil, vegetables, legumes, and fruits, with limited amounts of red meat and sweets, and is related to lower risk of cardiovascular diseases, mainly due to the health benefits of antioxidants of wild greens, fruits, and vegetables. Petromarula pinnata (L.) A. DC. is a unique (monotypic) and threatened local endemic wild edible green of Crete which is consumed raw in salads or cooked as an ingredient of the Mediterranean (Cretan) diet. In this study, we aimed to examine the nutritional value of P. pinnata with reference to wild-growing material; moreover, we investigated its chemical composition with 1H NMR spectra and its in vitro total phenolics and flavonoids (TPC, TF assays), and we evaluated the antioxidant (TAC, DPPH, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation), antimicrobial (MIC), and anti-inflammatory (inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase) in vitro activity during two different developmental stages (winter and summer collections), all referring to ex situ cultivated material (air-dried or frozen in liquid nitrogen). Our results showed that P. pinnata has good nutritional value, being rich in terpenoids and poor in phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Furthermore, the extracts showed high antioxidant activity for TAC and DPPH and some of the extracts had higher antioxidant activities than the standard compounds. The summer plant materials had higher antioxidant activity than the winter ones. The methanol/water extracts were the strongest inhibitors of the lipid peroxidation, and the methanol extracts were not found to be active. None of the extracts inhibited the soybean lipoxygenase, and thus they were devoid of anti-inflammatory activity. Finally, the extracts showed a moderate to strong bacterial inhibition. These findings consolidate that P. pinnata has a novel nutraceutical interest with high nutritional value and high antioxidant activity combined with bactericidal effect, thus updating the evaluation of its exploitation potential in the medicinal sector from below average (37%) to high (67%).
Intraspecific Chemical Variability and Antioxidant Capacity of Siparuna guianensis Aubl. Essential Oil from Brazil
Authors: Santos Daniel B. , de Figueiredo Raphael O. , Mourão Rosa Helena V. , Setzer Willian N. , Silva Joyce Kelly R. da , Figueiredo Pablo Luis B.
Published: June 2024

Siparuna guianensis Aubl. is an essential-oil-producing plant with diverse ethnopharmacological uses and bioactive potential. This study aims to evaluate the intraspecific variation in the yield, chemical composition, and antioxidant capacity of S. guianensis essential oil (EO). The specimens (SG-1 to SG-6) were collected in June, five in the district of Outeiro and one in the Salvaterra municipality (Brazil). EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation. The chemical compositions were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The DPPH radical scavenging tests and inhibition of β-carotene oxidation by linoleic acid were carried out to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of EOs. Principal components analyses were performed to verify the interrelationships between the studied specimens’ oil yields, chemical composition, and antioxidant capacity. Regarding chemical constituents, all studied samples showed the occurrence of spathulenol with an average concentration of 25.6 ± 15.6%. The samples that presented the highest amounts of this constituent were SG-5 (43.3%) and SG-1 (41.8%); the spathulenol amounts in other samples were 33.2% (SG-4); 13.8% (SG-2); 11.5% (SG-6) and 9.8% (SG-3). Moreover, there was no significant variability in yield and antioxidant capacity using DPPH and β-carotene/linoleic acid; both tests found insignificant values. This species presents a notable intraspecific chemical variability. Despite notable antitumor activities, the plant presents intraspecific chemical variability in composition, which suggests new studies to evaluate the impacts on bioactive compounds.
A Modified Xinanjiang Model for Quantifying Streamflow Components in a Typical Watershed in Eastern China
Authors: Wu Kaibin , Hu Minpeng , Zhang Yu , Zhou Jia , Chen Dingjiang
Published: June 2024

An accurate quantification of flow components and an understanding of water source dynamics are essential for effective water resource and quality management. However, the complexity of hydrological processes and the interference of intensive human activities pose significant challenges in precisely separating water discharge into distinct components such as surface runoff, interflow, and groundwater. The Xinanjiang (XAJ) model, a conceptual watershed hydrological model, has been developed and successfully implemented for rainfall–runoff simulations and hydrograph separations across various Chinese watersheds. While the model framework is robust, it fails to account for agricultural irrigation water withdrawals and the variations in in-stream water travel times across different hydrological regimes, introducing considerable uncertainty in simulating low-flow conditions. This study introduced modifications to the XAJ model by allowing parameter adjustments across different flow regimes and incorporating irrigation withdrawals into the runoff routing process. Utilizing a decade of hydrometeorological data (2013–2022) from the Yongan River watershed in eastern China, the modified model demonstrated improved efficiency metrics in low- and medium-flow regimes compared to the original model, with a Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient improvement from −4.43~−0.49 to 0.40~0.46, R2 from 0.21~0.36 to 0.53~0.63, and BIAS reduction from 7.60~89.08% to 2.06~12.71%. Furthermore, the modified XAJ model provided a more accurate estimation of the spatial and temporal distribution of streamflow components across sub-watersheds. The original model tended to overestimate groundwater contributions (13%) and underestimate interflow (14%), particularly in low-flow conditions. The enhanced XAJ model, thus, offers a more effective tool for identifying streamflow components, providing essential insights into hydrological processes for better management decisions.
Reference Evapotranspiration in Climate Change Scenarios in Mato Grosso, Brazil
Authors: Sabino Marlus , da Silva Andréa Carvalho , de Almeida Frederico Terra , de Souza Adilson Pacheco
Published: June 2024

Our understanding of spatiotemporal variability in reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and its long-term trends is of paramount importance for water cycle studies, modeling, and water resource management, especially in the context of climate change. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to critically evaluate the performance of various CMIP5 global climate models in simulating the Penman–Monteith reference evapotranspiration and its associated climate variables (maximum and minimum air temperature, incident solar radiation, relative humidity, and wind speed). This evaluation is based on data from nine climate models and 33 automatic meteorological stations (AWSs) in the state of Mato Grosso, spanning the period 2007–2020, within the areas of the biomes Amazon and Cerrado and around the Pantanal biome. The statistical metrics used for evaluation include bias, root mean square error, and Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients. The projections of the most accurate model were then used to analyze the spatial and temporal changes and trends in ETo under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) of 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 scenarios from 2007 to 2100. The HadGEM2-ES model projections indicate static averages similar to current conditions until the end of the century in the RCP 2.6 scenario. However, in the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, there is a continuous increase in ETo, with the most significant increase occurring during the dry period (May to September). The areas of the Amazon biome in the north of Mato Grosso exhibit the largest increases in ETo when comparing the observed (2007–2020) and projected (2020–2100) averages. The trend analysis reveals significant changes in ETo and its variables across the state of Mato Grosso in the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. In the RCP 2.6 scenario, significant trends in ETo are observed only in the northern Amazon areas. Despite not being observed in all AWSs, the trend analysis of the observed data demonstrates more intense changes in ETo and the existence of the evapotranspiration paradox, with an increase in the Cerrado areas and reductions in the Pantanal and southern Amazon areas.
From Signaling to Stress: How Does Plant Redox Homeostasis Behave under Phytophagous Mite Infestation?
Authors: Wurlitzer Wesley Borges , Labudda Mateusz , Silveira Joaquim Albenisio G. , Matthes Ronice Drebel , Schneider Julia Renata , Ferla Noeli Juarez
Published: June 2024

Plants are directly exposed to several biotic factors. Among these, mite species belonging to the superfamilies Eriophyoidea and Tetranychoidea stand out due to their ability to injure or even transmit viruses to their host plants. In response to infestations by these organisms, reactive oxygen species (ROS), regulated by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants (homeostasis), can act as signaling molecules to induce defenses or even acclimatization in attacked plants. However, depending on the severity of the stress, there can be an imbalance between ROS and antioxidants that can result in oxidative stress, leading to membrane damage by lipid peroxidation, organelle inactivation, and even cell death. In this review, we outline for the first time the current state of understanding regarding the role of cellular processes in ROS metabolism, such as signaling, the potential damage induced by ROS, and the defense role of enzymatic antioxidant systems involved in the plant–mite relationship. Furthermore, we identify several gaps between redox metabolism and plant defense against phytophagous mites.
Validity Evidence for Using the Situational Motivation Scale to Assess Pre-Clerkship Medical Student Motivation
Authors: Wasicek Brian , McHugh Douglas
Published: June 2024

Motivation is essential in education, with highly motivated learners engaging more deeply with content and more ably transferring knowledge to new contexts. However, the validity of scales to measure motivation has been underexplored in pre-clerkship medical education. This study evaluates the validity of the Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS) for measuring motivation among pre-clerkship medical students in post-situational and short-term contexts. Using a sample of n = 156 students from the Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, SIMS was tested to construct validity, with attention paid to content, response process, internal structure, relationships to other variables, and consequences of use evidence. Small modifications from present to past tense in English were made for clarity following focus-group feedback, and content validity was ensured via expert consultation. The SIMS demonstrated strong internal consistency, with a satisfactory Cronbach’s alpha for all subscales and anticipated patterns of correlations. The factor analysis confirmed appropriate factor loadings, with a stronger model fit for the short-term context, and no observed adverse effects on student engagement. These findings support the robustness of the SIMS in capturing intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in pre-clerkship medical students, highlighting its applicability for short-term and situational motivational assessment.
Building Information Modelling in Hydropower Infrastructures: Design, Engineering and Management Perspectives
Authors: Wangchuk Jigme , Banihashemi Saeed , Abbasianjahromi Hamidreza , Antwi-Afari Maxwell Fordjour
Published: June 2024

Building Information Modelling (BIM) has emerged as a transformative force in the construction industry, gaining traction within the hydropower sector. This study critically examines the adoption and application of BIM throughout the entire lifecycle of hydropower projects, addressing a notable gap in existing research, to encompass a holistic approach to the management and resilience of these critical infrastructures. The objective is to delineate the comprehensive range of BIM applications, use cases, and adoption, integrating technologies including Digital Twin, UAV, GIS, and simulation tools, across components of hydropower projects. Employing a systematic search paired with a critical review of the selected literature, this study meticulously evaluates significant contributions in this domain. Through thematic analysis, the multifaceted utility of BIM in hydropower structures, including an in-depth evaluation of its current adoption within the industry, is presented. This encompasses an analysis of both benefits and challenges inherent in BIM implementation for hydropower infrastructures. This study is a significant contribution to understanding how BIM can be leveraged to enhance the resilience of hydropower infrastructures. It provides a comprehensive view of BIM’s applications, challenges, and future potential, guiding stakeholders in adopting strategies that ensure these structures withstand, adapt, and recover from disruptions while maintaining sustainable and efficient operations.
Correction: Raiola et al. Imaging Approaches and the Quantitative Analysis of Heart Development. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2023, 10, 145
Authors: Raiola Morena , Sendra Miquel , Torres Miguel
Published: June 2024

In the published publication [...]
Epirubicin and Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Treatment: A Systematic Review
Authors: Chiujdea Sever , Ferro Matteo , Vartolomei Mihai Dorin , Lucarelli Giuseppe , Bekku Kensuke , Matsukawa Akihiro , Parizi Mehdi Kardoust , Klemm Jakob , Tsuboi Ichiro , Fazekas Tamas , Mancon Stefano , Shariat Shahrokh F.
Published: June 2024

(1) Background: Intravesical chemotherapy is the standard of care in intermediate-risk non-muscleinvasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Different agents are used across the world based on availability, cost, and practice patterns. Epirubicin (EPI), one of these agents, has been used by many centers over many decades. However, its true differential efficacy compared to other agents and its tolerability are still poorly reported. We aimed to assess the differential efficacy and safety of intravesical EPI in NMIBC patients. (2) Methods: This study aimed to systematically review the efficacy and safety profile of Epirubicin (EPI) in the management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) compared to other adjuvant therapies. A systematic search of the PUBMED, Web of Science, clinicaltrials.gov, and Google Scholar databases was conducted on 31 December 2023, using relevant terms related to EPI, bladder cancer, and NMIBC. The inclusion criteria targeted studies that evaluated patients treated with EPI following the transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT) for NMIBC and compared oncological outcomes such as recurrence and progression with other adjuvant therapies, including Mitomycin C (MMC), Gemcitabine (GEM), and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Additionally, studies investigating the safety profile of EPI administered intravesically at room temperature and under hyperthermia, as well as oncological outcomes associated with hyperthermic intravesical EPI administration, were included. (3) Results: Eleven studies reported adverse events after adjuvant intravesical instillations with EPI; the most frequently reported adverse events included cystitis (34%), dysuria, pollakiuria, hematuria, bladder irritation/spasms, fever, nausea and vomiting, and generalized skin rash (2.3%). Nine studies compared EPI to BCG in terms of recurrence and progression rates; BCG instillations showed a lower recurrence rate compared to EPI, with limited or non-significant differences in progression rates. Two studies found no significant differences between EPI and MMC regarding progression and recurrence rates. One study showed statistically significant lower recurrence and progression rates with GEM in high-risk NMIBC patients. Another study found no significant differences between EPI and GEM regarding recurrence and progression. (4) Conclusions: EPI exhibits similar oncological performances to Gemcitabine and Mitomycin C currently used for adjuvant therapy in NMIBC. Novel delivery mechanisms such as hyperthermia are interesting newcomers.