bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a simple and efficient method for robust optimization
Authors: Jung Do Hyun , Lee Byung Chai
Published: October 2002

Robust optimization problems are newly formulated and an efficient computational scheme is proposed. Both design variables and design parameters are considered as random variables about their nominal values. To ensure the robustness of objective performance, we introduce a new performance index bounding the performance together with a constraint limiting the performance variation. The constraint variations are regulated by considering the probability of feasibility. Each probability constraint is transformed into a sub‐optimization problem by the advanced first‐order second moment (AFOSM) method for computational efficiency. The proposed robust optimization method has the advantages that the mean value and the variation of the performance function are controlled simultaneously and rationally and the second‐order sensitivity information is not required even in case of gradient‐based optimization process. The suggested method is examined by solving three examples and the results are compared with those for the deterministic case and those available in the literature. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extracting edge flux intensity functions for the Laplacian
Authors: Yosibash Zohar , Actis Ricardo , Szabó Barna
Published: October 2002

The solution to the Laplace operator in three‐dimensional domains in the vicinity of straight edges is presented as an asymptotic expansion involving eigenpairs with their coefficients called edge flux intensity functions (EFIFs). The eigenpairs are identical to their two‐dimensional counterparts over a plane perpendicular to the edge. Extraction of EFIFs however, cannot be obtained in a straightforward manner over this two‐dimensional plane. A method based on L2 projection and Richardson extrapolation is presented for point‐wise extraction of EFIFs from p‐finite element solutions and illustrated by examples. A similar but more efficient method, based on ‘energy projection’, for extracting EFIFs is proposed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An approach to multi‐start clustering for global optimization with non‐linear constraints
Authors: Tu W. , Mayne R. W.
Published: October 2002

This paper describes a multi‐start with clustering strategy for use on constrained optimization problems. It is based on the characteristics of non‐linear constrained global optimization problems and extends a strategy previously tested on unconstrained problems. Earlier studies of multi‐start with clustering found in the literature have focused on unconstrained problems with little attention to non‐linear constrained problems. In this study, variations of multi‐start with clustering are considered including a simulated annealing or random search procedure for sampling the design domain and a quadratic programming (QP) sub‐problem used in cluster formation. The strategies are evaluated by solving 18 non‐linear mathematical problems and six engineering design problems. Numerical results show that the solution of a one‐step QP sub‐problem helps predict possible regions of attraction of local minima and can enhance robustness and effectiveness in identifying local minima without sacrificing efficiency. In comparison to other multi‐start techniques found in the literature, the strategies of this study can be attractive in terms of the number of local searches performed, the number of minima found, whether the global minimum is located, and the number of the function evaluations required. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A FEM model for the active control of curved FGM shells using piezoelectric sensor/actuator layers
Authors: He X. Q. , Liew K. M. , Ng T. Y. , Sivashanker S.
Published: October 2002

In this paper, a generic finite element formulation is developed for the static and dynamic control of FGM (functionally graded material) shells with piezoelectric sensor and actuator layers. The properties of the FGM shell are graded in the thickness direction according to a volume fraction power‐law distribution. The proposed finite element model is based on variational principle and linear piezoelectricity theory. A constant displacement and velocity feedback control algorithm coupling the direct and inverse piezoelectric effects is applied in a closed‐loop system to provide feedback control of the integrated FGM shell structure. Both static and dynamic control of FGM shells are simulated to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed active control scheme within a framework of finite element discretization and piezoelectric integration. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topology optimization of resonating structures using SIMP method
Authors: Tcherniak Dmitri
Published: October 2002

The present paper is concerned with the layout optimization of resonating actuators using topology optimization techniques. The goal of the optimization is a maximization of the magnitude of steady‐state vibrations for a given excitation frequency. The problem formulation includes an external viscous damper at the output port which models a working load on the structure. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation between clinicopathological features and karyotype in 100 cartilaginous and chordoid tumours. A report from the Chromosomes and Morphology (CHAMP) Collaborative Study Group
Authors: Tallini Giovanni , Dorfman Howard , Brys Peter , Dal Cin Paola , De Wever Ivo , Fletcher Christopher D. M. , Jonson Kjell , Mandahl Nils , Mertens Fredrik , Mitelman Felix , Rosai Juan , Rydholm Anders , Samson Ignace , Sciot Raf , Van den Berghe Herman , Vanni Roberta , Willén Helena
Published: October 2002

The evaluation of chondroid lesions requires full integration of clinical, radiographic, and pathological data; tumour typing is often a challenge for the diagnostic pathologist. Although a variety of chromosomal abnormalities have been documented in chondroid lesions, the potential usefulness of cytogenetic analysis remains unclear. This study has critically reviewed and analysed 117 karyotyped samples from 100 patients with cartilaginous and chordoid tumours. Cases were selected based on successful chromosomal analysis and adequacy of clinical, radiographic, and pathological information. To ensure objective evaluation, the cytogenetic results were correlated in a double‐blind setting with consensus diagnoses independently determined on each case, after complete review of the histological, radiographic, and clinical findings. Karyotypic aberrations were identified in 41/92 cartilaginous tumours (5/11 osteochondromas, 2/3 chondromyxoid fibromas, 0/4 chondroblastomas, 11/29 chondromas, 0/3 chondroid tumours of undetermined malignant potential, 22/40 chondrosarcomas and 1/2 miscellaneous cartilaginous lesions) and 5/8 chordomas. Complex karyotypic changes were a feature of malignant tumours (chondrosarcoma and chordoma) and of chondrosarcoma among cartilaginous tumours, where they correlated with high tumour grade. Among primary well‐differentiated cartilaginous lesions of bone, the finding of an abnormal karyotype was consistently associated with a grade 1 chondrosarcoma diagnosis. Among karyotypically abnormal cartilaginous tumours, loss of distal 8q was associated with osteochondroma, +5 with synovial chondroma/chondromatosis and parosteal or soft tissue chondroma, alterations of chromosome arm 6q with chondromyxoid fibroma, +7 with bone chondrosarcoma, and 17p1 alterations with grade 3 chondrosarcoma. Alterations involving 12q13 characterized synovial chondroma/chondromatosis in the chondroma group and myxoid chondrosarcoma of bone in the chondrosarcoma group. In conclusion, cytogenetic abnormalities in chondroid lesions are common and are not randomly distributed. They are associated with malignancy/tumour grade as well as with specific diagnoses in many cases, and can therefore be of potential value for tumour typing. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of HIF‐1α by human macrophages: implications for the use of macrophages in hypoxia‐regulated cancer gene therapy
Authors: Burke Bernard , Tang Ngai , Corke Kevin P. , Tazzyman Dean , Ameri Kurosh , Wells Michael , Lewis Claire E.
Published: October 2002

Large numbers of monocytes extravasate from the blood into human tumours, where they differentiate into macrophages. In both breast and prostate carcinomas, these cells accumulate in areas of low oxygen tension (hypoxia), where they respond to hypoxia with the up‐regulation of one or more hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIFs). These then accumulate in the nucleus and bind to short DNA sequences called hypoxia‐response elements (HREs) near or in such oxygen‐sensitive genes as that encoding the pro‐angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This stimulates gene expression and could explain why, in part, macrophages express abundant VEGF only in avascular, hypoxic areas of breast carcinomas. It also suggests that macrophages could be used to deliver HRE‐regulated therapeutic genes specifically to hypoxic tumour areas. A recent study suggested that hypoxic macrophages accumulate HIF‐2 rather than HIF‐1, prompting the search for HRE constructs that optimally bind HIF‐2 for use in macrophage‐based gene therapy protocols. However, the present study shows that human macrophages accumulate higher levels of HIF‐1 than HIF‐2 when exposed to tumour‐specific levels of hypoxia in vitro; that macrophages in human tumours express abundant HIF‐1; and that expression from HRE‐driven reporter constructs in the human macrophage‐like cell line MonoMac 6 correlates more closely with HIF‐1 than with HIF‐2 up‐regulation under hypoxia. Taken together, these findings suggest that HIF‐1 may be the major hypoxia‐inducible transcription factor in macrophages and that HIF‐1‐regulated constructs are likely to be effective in macrophage delivery of hypoxia‐regulated gene therapy to human tumours. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oestrogen receptor β in breast cancer: good, bad or still too early to tell?
Authors: Speirs Valerie
Published: October 2002

Two oestrogen receptors (ERs), ERα and ERβ, have been identified. ERα is by far the better characterized and is an established predictive marker in breast cancer which influences decisions on whether or not to give adjuvant anti‐oestrogens, such as tamoxifen. In contrast, the function of ERβ in breast pathobiology is unclear, partly because most studies have focused on its mRNA rather than the protein. In this review, the significance of ERβ in the human breast is reviewed with respect to recent literature and its possible implications are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequent phosphorylation at serine 392 in overexpressed p53 protein due to missense mutation in carcinoma of the urinary tract
Authors: Furihata Mutsuo , Kurabayashl Atsushi , Matsumoto Manabu , Sonobe Hiroshi , Ohtsuki Yuji , Terao Naotami , Kuwahara Morimasa , Shuin Taro
Published: October 2002

Post‐transcriptional modification of p53 by phosphorylation has been proposed to be an important mechanism of p53 stabilization and functional regulation. Phosphorylation of p53 Ser392, in particular, activates specific DNA binding functions by stabilizing p53 tetramer formation. This study evaluated the relationship between p53 Ser392 phosphorylation and various types of p53 missense mutation detected in urothelial transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs), with stratification ofthe mutations according to the functional domains elucidated by the crystal structure of the p53protein. Of 41 TCCs with missense mutations, 26 (63.4%) exhibited immunopositivity with Ser392 phospho‐specific p53 antibody. In comparison to structural mutations, the missense mutations at exon 7 (p=0.0307) or located in regions that affect direct DNA binding ability (p=0.0273) were significantly associated with Ser392 immunopositivity. No statistically significant relationship was found between Ser392 immunoreactivity and other different types of p53 mutation. The prevalence of cases exhibiting Ser392‐positive immunostaining was higher forhigh‐grade (p<0.0001) and advanced‐stage TCCs (p=0.0119) than for TCCs with wild‐type p53. No significant relationship was found between Ser392 immunoreactivity and apoptotic index in urothelial TCCs. These in vivo findings indicate that Ser392 phosphorylation frequently occurs in mutant form p53 in TCCs. Because mutant form p53 can act dominant‐negatively by hetero‐oligomerization with wild‐type p53, these findings also suggest that Ser392 phosphorylation might activate tetramer formation to promote the dominant‐negative effects of mutant form p53, andthereby contribute to proliferation of aggressive TCCs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced mRNA expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 (TIMP‐1) in breast carcinomas is correlated with adverse prognosis
Authors: Nakopoulou Lydia , Giannopoulou Ioanna , Stefanaki Kalliopi , Panayotopoulou Effie , Tsirmpa Ioanna , Alexandrou Paraskevi , Mavrommatis John , Katsarou Sophia , Davaris Panagiotis
Published: October 2002

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 (TIMP‐1) has emerged as a multifunctional protein with the contrasting activities of inhibiting tissue‐degrading enzymes and promoting cellular growth. In an attempt to elucidate the clinical significance of TIMP‐1 in breast cancer, the expression of TIMP‐1 mRNA was evaluated in 117 invasive breast carcinomas by mRNA in situ hybridization, in correlation with clinicopathological parameters, immunohistochemical prognostic factors (Ki‐67, c‐erb‐B‐2, bcl‐2) and clinical outcome. TIMP‐1 was detected in stromal cells in areas within the tumours and at the tumour margin. High TIMP‐1 mRNA expression in the marginal portion of the tumours was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (p<0.05) and c‐erbB‐2 expression (p<0.05). On the other hand, increased TIMP‐1 mRNA expression within the tumours showed a statistically significant correlation with ER detection (p<0.01). Multivariate analysis revealed worse survival for patients with high TIMP‐1 mRNA expression in the marginal portion of the tumours; the subgroup of these patients co‐expressing high levels of TIMP‐1 mRNA within the tumours as well had even worse survival (p=0.042). In conclusion, our data support the multifunctional role of TIMP‐1, particularly its growth‐promoting activity, on the basis of its significant correlation with lymph node metastasis and adverse prognosis. In addition to the latter property, a probable association of TIMP‐1 with tumour cell differentiation is suggested by its topographical correlation with ER detection. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FK409 inhibits both local and remote organ damage after intestinal ischaemia
Authors: Kalia Neena , Brown Nicola J. , Hopkinson Kay , Stephenson Tim J. , Wood Richard F. M. , Graham Pockley A.
Published: October 2002

In addition to localized tissue injury, intestinal ischaemia–reperfusion (I/R) leads to remote organ damage, in particular to the lungs. Given that nitric oxide (NO) can attenuate I/R‐induced tissue injury in many situations, this study evaluated the effects of the NO donor, FK409, on leukocyte adhesion in the microcirculation of the intestinal villus and also assessed pulmonary tissue damage after intestinal I/R injury. PVG rats were subjected to 30 min intestinal ischaemia and a sub‐group of animals received the NO donor FK409 (10 mg/kg; i.v.) both 30 min prior to ischaemia and 30 min post‐reperfusion. The intestinal mucosal surface was visualized via an incision made in an exteriorized ileal segment and leukocyte adhesion in the villous microcirculation was determined by in vivo microscopy. Total and differential leukocyte counts from peripheral blood were evaluated. Lungs were removed at the end for histological assessment. Six out of ten untreated I/R animals failed to survive the 2 h reperfusion period, whereas all ten FK409‐treated animals survived. I/R induced a significant increase in villous leukocyte adhesion of untreated I/R animals (p<0.001) and this was significantly decreased by FK409 treatment (p<0.001). The total leukocyte count was significantly decreased in untreated I/R animals (p<0.001) and this primarily resulted from a reduction in circulating neutrophil numbers. This effect was not observed in FK409‐treated animals. Collapsed alveoli, thickened interstitial walls, and a dense neutrophilic infiltrate were apparent in the lungs of untreated I/R animals, whereas lung histology was normal in FK409‐treated animals. In conclusion, FK409 prevented mortality, significantly reduced villous leukocyte adhesion, maintained circulating leukocyte numbers, and prevented pulmonary tissue injury following intestinal I/R. FK409 may therefore be of value in reducing both local and remote tissue damage and improving outcome in situations where intestinal I/R injury is obligatory, such as small bowel transplantation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spitz naevi may express components of the plasminogen activation system
Authors: Ferrier Cilia M. , van Geloof Winny L. , Straatman Huub , van de Molengraft Fred J. J. M. , van Muijen Goos N. P. , Ruiter Dirk J.
Published: October 2002

The plasminogen activation (PA) system is involved in the process of invasion and metastasis. Its major components are urokinase (uPA) and tissue‐type plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activation inhibitor type 1 and 2 (PAI‐1 and PAI‐2) and a receptor for urokinase (uPAR). In this study, the expression of plasminogen activation components in Spitz naevi was compared with that in common and dysplastic naevi on the one hand and primary cutaneous melanomas on the other. Spitz naevi had melanocytic positivity for uPA in 0% (0/36), tPA in 30% (6/20), PAI‐1 in 10% (3/35), PAI‐2 in 40% (8/21) and uPAR in 60% (13/21) of cases. This far exceeded the expression found in common (n = 25) and dysplastic (n = 15) naevi, which only showed melanocytic positivity for PAI‐2 (20% and 15% respectively) and in one dysplastic naevus also for uPAR. This was much (for most components significantly) less than the proportion of primary melanomas with tumour cell positivity, which was 30% (11/38) for uPA, 80% (19/24) for tPA, 75% (28/38) for PAI‐1, 80% (19/24) for PAI‐2 and 80% (19/24) for uPAR. The main findings of this study are that Spitz naevi, firstly, may express plasminogen activator (tPA), inhibitors and the receptor of the PA system, but in a much smaller proportion than cutaneous melanomas; and secondly, do not express urokinase, whereas some of the melanomas do. uPA positivity may therefore be suggestive of melanoma. However, overlapping staining results imply that the PA system has limited value in the differential diagnosis between Spitz naevus and primary melanoma. As serine protease components are expressed, Spitz naevi may use this proteolytic machinery to accomplish matrix degradation, although in a more restricted, possibly transient manner than melanomas. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neuropilin‐2 is a novel marker expressed in pancreatic islet cells and endocrine pancreatic tumours
Authors: Cohen Tzafra , Herzog Yael , Brodzky Asia , Greenson Joel K. , Eldar Samuel , Gluzman‐Poltorak Zoya , Neufeld Gera , Resnick Murray B.
Published: October 2002

Neuropilin‐2 (NP‐2) is a cell surface transmembrane protein originally characterized as a receptor for the type 3 semaphorins, and more recently for a number of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) isoforms. NP‐2 expression has been recently localized to a subset of neuroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to define the expression pattern of NP‐2 in normal pancreatic islets and to determine the utility of NP‐2 expression as a diagnostic marker of pancreatic endocrine tumours. Paraffin‐embedded tissue sections from 30 endocrine pancreatic tumours (EPTs) and from normal pancreas were immunostained with a rabbit polyclonal antibody generated towards NP‐2. Nineteen of the tumours were hormonally functional (nine insulinomas, nine gastrinomas, and one glucagonoma). The NP‐2 staining pattern was correlated with islet cell hormone expression. In addition, NP‐2 expression was evaluated in other normal neuroendocrine tissues and neuroendocrine neoplasms. In normal pancreas, NP‐2 stained a distinct subset of islet cells situated primarily at the islet periphery. Double immunohistochemical staining revealed co‐localization with glucagon‐expressing cells. Moderate to strong NP‐2 staining was present in 27 of 30 EPTs. Serial staining of the pancreatic tumours with insulin, gastrin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) or somatostatin did not reveal a distinct pattern of co‐localization. NP‐2 expression was not detected in neuroendocrine cells outside the gastroenteropancreatic system, or in their corresponding neoplasms, except for focal staining in one bronchial carcinoid tumour. In conclusion, the vast majority of EPTs examined expressed NP‐2, suggesting its utility as a diagnostic marker for these tumours. The function of NP‐2 in islet cell biology or tumourigenesis remains to be elucidated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of hyperglycosylated hCG in trophoblast invasion and the prediction of subsequent pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Bahado‐Singh R. O. , Oz A. U. , Kingston J. M. , Shahabi S. , Hsu C. D. , Cole L.
Published: October 2002

Objective

Hyperglycosylated hCG (HhCG) is the predominant form of chorionic gonadotrophin in states characterized by aggressive trophoblast invasion such as early pregnancy or choriocarcinoma. Pre‐eclampsia may be the result of failed or inadequate trophoblast invasion. We investigated whether low levels of maternal urine HhCG levels would predict subsequent pre‐eclampsia.

Study design

Mid‐trimester urine (14–21 weeks) was collected and frozen from non‐hypertensive women undergoing genetic amniocentesis. Inclusion criteria were: normal singleton pregnancies without a prior history of pre‐eclampsia, hypertension, diabetes or other vascular disorders. The specimens were subsequently thawed, and HhCG levels standardized to urine creatinine were measured. Maternal charts were reviewed after delivery to determine the development of pre‐eclampsia. There were a total of 568 study subjects.

Results

Pre‐eclampsia developed in 26 (4.6%) women. There was a significant correlation between low urine HhCG and subsequent pre‐eclampsia (Mantel–Haenszel test of linear association: Chi‐square 10.52, p=0.001). The mean HhCG level (ng/mg creatinine) was significantly greater in normals than in those destined to develop pre‐eclampsia: 42.7 versus 20.3, p=0.002 (Mann–Whitney U‐test). There was a progressive increase in the risk of subsequent pre‐eclampsia as HhCG levels fell: HhCG ≤0.9 MoM RR (95% CI)=1.51 (1.15–1.98) compared with ≤0.1 MoM 10.42 (2.0–54.3).

Conclusion

Low maternal mid‐trimester urine HhCG predicted subsequent pre‐eclampsia. This appears to support the view that pre‐eclampsia results at least in part from poor trophoblast invasion. Thus, HhCG may play a role in trophoblast invasion and measurement of this in urine identifies women at high risk for developing pre‐eclampsia. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor‐induced urinary incontinence
Authors: Movig K. L. L. , Leufkens H. G. M. , Belitser S. V. , Lenderink A. W. , Egberts A. C. G.
Published: October 2002

Purpose

Irrespective of its cause, urinary incontinence is a medical condition seriously affecting quality of life and is increasingly recognized. In this study, we examined the association between the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and urinary incontinence.

Methods

A retrospective follow‐up study among starters with an SSRI was performed to estimate the relative and absolute risk for urinary incontinence associated with SSRI use. Data came from the PHARMO database, which includes information on drug dispensing for approximately 450 000 residents living in eight Dutch cities. All patients initially using an SSRI between 1994 and 1998 were selected. The frequency measures for urinary incontinence were estimated by using prescription sequence analysis, where initiation of spasmolytic drugs or absorbent products was used as a measure for urinary incontinence. Besides crude incidence density calculations, Andersen–Gill's model was used in order to control for possible confounding factors and time varying covariates.

Results

A total of 13 531 were identified as first time users of an SSRI. Compared to non‐exposure, the incidence density ratio for urinary incontinence during SSRI exposure was 1.75 (95% CI 1.56–1.97). Overall, compared to baseline, SSRI use caused 14 extra cases of urinary incontinence per 1000 patients treated per year; the elderly were more at risk resulting in 60 extra cases per 1000 patients per year. The adjusted relative risk for urinary incontinence due to SSRI use was 1.61 (95% CI 1.42–1.82); the risk for sertraline users was 2.76; 95% CI 1.47–5.21.

Conclusions

Exposure to SSRIs is associated with an increased risk for developing urinary incontinence, which can be explaned pharmacologically. Approximately 15 out of 1000 patients treated per year with an SSRI developed urinary incontinence. The elderly and users of sertraline are at the highest risk. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moderate alcohol consumption and adverse drug reactions among older adults
Authors: Onder Graziano , Landi Francesco , Della Vedova Cecilia , Atkinson Hal , Pedone Claudio , Cesari Matteo , Bernabei Roberto , Gambassi Giovanni ,   on behalf of Investigators of the GIFA Study
Published: October 2002

Purpose

To assess the effect of moderate alcohol consumption on Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) among older adults admitted to acute care hospitals and to examine the consistency of this effect across gender and age groups.

Methods

We used the GIFA (Italian Group of Pharmacoepidemiology in the Elderly) database, which includes information on patients admitted to 81 medical centers in Italy. For this study we examined exclusively the ADRs detected at hospital admission that were classified as definite or probable based on the Naranjo algorithm.

Results

Among 22 778 participants, 894 were found to have one or more ADRs (3.9%). Gastrointestinal complications (n = 210; 0.9% of the population) were the most frequent ADRs, followed by metabolic/endocrine (n = 156; 0.7%), dermatological/allergic (n = 102; 0.4%) and arrhythmic (n = 78; 0.3%) complications. Diuretics were the most frequent culprit drugs, followed by NSAIDs and digoxin. An ADR was recorded in 383/10 427 (3.7%) non‐drinkers and in 511/12 351 (4.1%) moderate drinkers. After adjusting for potential confounders, moderate alcohol consumption was associated with a 24% increased risk of ADRs (OR 1.24; 95%CI: 1.08–1.43). This effect seemed more evident among women (OR 1.30; 95%CI: 1.09–1.55), than men (OR 1.14; 95%CI: 0.90–1.43), while it was similar across different age groups (< 65 years OR 1.28; 95%CI: 0.99–1.66; 65–79 years OR 1.22; 95%CI: 0.98–1.52; ≥80 years OR 1.20; 95%CI: 0.93–1.56). Considering the most common ADRs, moderate alcohol users presented a significantly higher risk of drug‐related headache (OR 3.89; 95%CI: 1.43–10.61) and metabolic/endocrine complications (OR 1.67; 95%CI: 1.19–2.33).

Conclusions

Moderate alcohol intake is associated with an increased risk of ADRs; this effect seems more evident among women than men, and it does not differ across age groups. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multicentre evaluation of prescribing concurrence with anti‐infective guidelines: epidemiological assessment of indicators
Authors: Fijn Roel , Chow Man‐Chie , Schuur Pauline M. H. , De Jong‐Van den Berg Lolkje T. W. , Brouwers Jacobus R. B. J.
Published: October 2002

Purpose

To assess indicators for anti‐infective prescribing not concurrent with regional pharmacotherapeutic treatment guidelines (PTGs) on infectious diseases.

Methods

A retrospective explorative cohort study based on hospital‐wide anti‐infective prescription data of a 2‐month cross‐sectional period (n=1037). Risk rates (absolute risks: AR), risk rate ratios (relative risks: RR) and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated for patient, disease, drug, and prescriber variables considered to be potential indicators. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed.

Findings

Non‐concurrence existed of non‐indicated prescribing of (particular) anti‐infectives (24.3%) and prescribing of non‐first choice anti‐infectives (55.2%). Non‐concurrent durations of treatment and dosing issues accounted for 17.2% and 16.2% respectively. Non‐concurrence was associated with empirical therapy, with certain diagnoses, such as skin and soft tissue, urinary, and osteoarthrological infections, and with prescriptions involving topical dosage forms, cephalosporins, macrolides and lincosamides, and quinolones. There was also an association with certain hospitals and with prescribing by geriatricians, surgeons, pulmonologists, and urologists and, in general, junior clinicians in training.

Conclusions

Other hospitals could use our epidemiological framework to identify their own indicators for non‐concurrent prescribing. Our findings suggest tailor‐made enforcement of PTG adherence for certain prescribers while conversely, adaptation of the PTGs will be required for some infectious diseases. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prebiotic synthesis of sequential peptides on the Hadean beach by a molecular engine working with nitrogen oxides as energy sources
Authors: Commeyras Auguste , Collet Hélène , Boiteau Laurent , Taillades Jacques , Vandenabeele‐Trambouze Odile , Cottet Hervé , Biron Jean‐Philippe , Plasson Raphaël , Mion Louis , Lagrille Olivier , Martin Hervé , Selsis Franck , Dobrijevic Michel
Published: October 2002

Addressing the still open question of the prebiotic origin of sequential macromolecules (peptides, nucleic acids) on the primitive Earth, we describe a molecular engine (the primary pump), which works at ambient temperature and continuously generates, elongates and complexifies sequential peptides. This new scenario is based on a cyclic reaction sequence, whose keystep is the activation of amino acids into their N‐carboxyanhydrides (NCA) through nitrosation by NOx. This process could have taken place on tidal beaches; it requires a buffered ocean, emerged land and a nitrosating atmosphere. With the help of geochemical studies and computer simulations of atmosphere photochemistry, we show that the primitive Earth during the Hadean may have satisfied all these requirements.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry.
Polymerization of acrylonitrile catalyzed by single yttrium tris(2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methyl phenolate)
Authors: Zheng Hao , Zhang Yifeng , Shen Zhiquan
Published: October 2002

Polymerization of acrylonitrile was carried out using yttrium tris(2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl 4‐methyl‐phenolate) (Y(OAr)3) as single component catalyst for the first time. The effects of concentrations of the monomer and catalyst, kinds of rare earth element and solvent, as well as temperature and polymerization time were investigated. The overall activation energy of polymerization inn‐hexane and THF mixture is 18.3 kJ mol−1. Polyacrylonitriles (PANs) obtained by using Y(OAr)3inn‐hexane and THF mixture at 50 °C are predominantly atactic, while yellow PANs obtained in DMF under the same conditions have a syndiotactic‐rich configuration (>50%), and their highly branched and/or cyclized structures have also been found.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Interactions of novel phenanthridinium–nucleobase conjugates with complementary and non‐complementary nucleotides in aqueous media
Authors: Tumir Lidija‐Marija , Piantanida Ivo , Novak Predrag , Žinić Mladen
Published: October 2002

A series of novel phenanthridine–nucleobase conjugates were prepared and studied by spectroscopic methods. An analysis of 1H NMR, UV–Vis and fluorescence spectra in aqueous media revealed intramolecular aromatic stacking interactions between the phenanthridinium unit and the nucleobase, due to the conformation of the molecules. Fluorimetric titrations showed that phenanthridinium–nucleobase conjugates 8, 10 and reference phenanthridine compound 12 form 1:1 non‐covalent complexes with nucleotides in water with binding constants ranging from 10 to 100 mol−1 dm3. Interestingly, compounds 9 and 11 form intercalative‐type 1:1 complexes with the nucleotide aromatic unit inserted between phenanthridinium and covalently attached nucleobase, yielding binding constants of 103–104 mol−1 dm3. Aromatic ππ stacking interactions were found to be dominant in complexes with nucleotides of all compounds studied. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New bifunctional initiator for use in anionic polymerizations
Authors: Alberty Kurt A. , Chen Rong , Hogen‐Esch Thieo E.
Published: October 2002

The synthesis is described of narrow distribution polystyrenes initiated by the 2,7‐dimethyl‐3,6‐diphenyl‐octane dianion (DDO2−). DDO2− was synthesized via electron transfer from lithium or potassium metal to 3‐methyl‐2‐phenyl‐1‐butene (MPB) in tetrahydrofuran at temperatures between −78 and −100 °C. In contrast to the analogous α‐methyl styrene, there was no evidence of MPB polymerization. The structure of DDO2− was demonstrated by 1H and 13C NMR, as well as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry characterization of the DDO2− protonation and methylation products. In addition, kinetic studies were performed by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry for the determination of the stability of this anion in comparison with other similar species. The initiation of styrene by DDO2− led to narrow molecular weight polymers, as shown by size exclusion chromatography. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2108–2115, 2002
On the propagation rate constants of cationic polymerizations
Authors: Plesch Peter H.
Published: October 2002

The concepts employed to explain polymerizations by ionizing radiations are used for a critical examination of the concepts involved in interpreting the kinetics of chemically initiated cationic polymerizations. It is explained how the interactions of the propagating carbenium ions with the solvent, monomer, and anion can result in the formation of up to six distinct unpaired species and several kinds of ion pairs; therefore, the consumption of the monomer can be governed simultaneously by many rate constants. Only one of these can have any general theoretical use, and suggestions are made for how it can be measured. For the first time, it is shown that the ion‐pairing process must involve a ligand displacement and so resembles the amination of the Ag+ ion, for example, in an aqueous solution by NH3, rather than an association of inert ions of unchanging identity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2537–2544, 2002
Use of blowing catalysts for integral skin polyurethane applications in a controlled molecular architectural environment: Synthesis and impact on ultimate physical properties
Authors: Madkour Tarek M. , Azzam Rasha A.
Published: October 2002

Polyurethane elastomers of a controlled molecular architecture were synthesized using a two‐step polymerization technique. The building blocks of the elastomeric materials included urea–urethane prepolymers end‐capped with diisocyanate groups and had an exact number of urea groups at both ends. Two‐dimensional bifurcated hydrogen‐bonding networks incorporating the urea groups were, with differential scanning calorimetric and dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer techniques, responsible for the increase in the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) of the hard block and sharp interface morphology between the pure “hard” domains and pure “soft” domains. The higher extent of the phase separation between the two phases contributed to higher elastic moduli for the hard blocks and higher tensile strength for the elastomeric samples. Higher elongation values were attributed to the liberation of the elastomeric chain ends that otherwise would have been constrained in the interface region. The higher Tg values of the hard blocks corresponded to an increase in the hardness values and a decrease in the tear‐strength values. The increase in the amount of urea groups within the hard segments, as a result of the increased amount of water and blowing catalyst, resulted in elastomeric foams with higher open‐cell content. This resulted in lower resilience values as measured using the pendulum rebound test and was attributed to the ability of the open cells to absorb and dissipate energy. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2526–2536, 2002
Synthesis of thioether derivatives of brominated poly(isobutylene‐co‐isoprene): Direct coupling chemistry for silica reinforcement
Authors: Parent J. Scott , White Greg D. F. , Whitney Ralph A.
Published: October 2002

Thioether derivatives of brominated poly(isobutylene‐co‐isoprene) (BIIR) were prepared through base‐mediated nucleophilic substitution reactions of the elastomer with thiolate ions formed in situ from thiols. The characterization of the reaction products was accomplished with studies of a model compound, brominated 2,2,4,8,8‐pentamethyl‐4‐nonene, the reactivity of which was shown to be consistent with that of the polymer. The reaction of aliphatic thiols with the allylic bromide functionality of BIIR required a strong base, and base‐catalyzed air oxidation of the thiol to disulfide operated concurrently to reduce the yield of the desired substitution products. An efficient and direct method of coupling BIIR to silica with (3‐mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane improved filler dispersion, thereby overcoming problematic agglomeration of reinforcing siliceous fillers in these compounds. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2937–2944, 2002
Polymerizable benzophenone derivatives for labeling vinyl acetate‐butylacrylate latex particles
Authors: Oh Jung Kwon , Wu Jun , Winnik Mitchell A. , Craun Gary P. , Rademacher Jude , Farwaha Rajeev
Published: October 2002

We describe the synthesis and characterization of three new polymerizable benzophenone derivatives [2‐acryloxy‐5‐methyl benzophenone (8), 4′‐dimethylamino‐2‐acryloxy‐5‐methyl benzophenone (9), and 4′‐dimethylamino‐2‐(β‐acryloxyethyl)oxy‐5‐methyl benzophenone (10)]. We show that these monomers can successfully be incorporated into vinyl acetate (VAc) copolymer latex particles. These particles were prepared by semicontinuous emulsion polymerization and mini‐emulsion polymerization of VAc with butylacrylate (BA) for VAc/BA = 4/1 by weight. The two monomers 9 and 10 bearing the 4′‐dimethylamino group satisfy the important spectroscopic criteria required of a dye to serve as an acceptor chromophore for nonradiative energy transfer from phenanthrene (Phe) as the donor. Their UV absorption spectra suggest significant overlap with the emission spectrum of Phe, which can be incorporated into P(VAc‐co‐BA) latex through copolymerization with 9‐acryloxymethyl Phe (2). In addition, these chromophores provide a window in their absorption spectra for excitation of the Phe chromophore at 300 nm. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3001–3011, 2002
Atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene in toluene/water mixtures
Authors: Sarbu Traian , Pintauer Tomislav , McKenzie Blayne , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof
Published: October 2002

The atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene in water/toluene mixtures was studied. A linear dependence of the molecular weight on conversion was observed, but the initiation efficiency decreased when the catalyst concentration increased. The variation of the amount of water in the system affected the control of the ATRP, indicating that the presence of the aqueous phase influenced the concentration of copper halides in the organic phase. The partitioning of copper halides resulted in almost complete migration of CuII into the aqueous phase, which assisted with catalyst removal after polymerization. For example, the amount of residual copper in the organic phase determined by inductively coupled plasma was less than 1 ppm when the polymerization mixture was exposed to air for 30 min. The ATRP of styrene in water/toluene mixtures occurred with the preservation of Br at the polymer chain end, as confirmed by successful block copolymerization. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3153–3160, 2002
Rheological properties of diblock copolymer/layered‐silicate nanocomposites
Authors: Mitchell Cynthia A. , Krishnamoorti Ramanan
Published: October 2002

The melt‐state viscoelastic properties of nanocomposites prepared with a symmetrical polystyrene–polyisoprene block copolymer and organically modified layered silicates are examined. Nanocomposites based on three thermodynamically equivalent organically modified layered silicates, primarily differing in lateral disk diameter (d), are studied with small‐amplitude oscillatory shear. The effects of the domain structure of the ordered block copolymer and the mesoscale dispersion of the layered silicates on the rheological properties are examined via a comparison of data for the nanocomposites in the ordered and disordered states of the block copolymer. Hybrids prepared with 5 wt % organically modified fluorohectorite (d ∼ 10 μm) and montmorillonite (d ∼ 1 μm) demonstrate a notable decrease in the frequency dependence of the moduli at low frequencies and a significant enhancement in the complex viscosity at low frequencies in the disordered state. This behavior is understood in terms of the development of a percolated layered‐silicate network structure. However, the viscoelastic properties in the disordered state with 5 wt % organically modified laponite (d ∼ 30 nm) and in the ordered state of the block copolymer for all layered silicates demonstrate only minor changes from those observed for the unfilled polymer. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1434–1443, 2002
Intrinsic birefringence of poly(trimethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Chuah Hoe H.
Published: October 2002

Highly oriented poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) fiber has a low birefringence that is unexpected for an aromatic polyester with a high refractive index. To explain this observation, the intrinsic birefringence Δn of PTT crystal was calculated from its bond polarizabilities to be 0.029. This Δn is almost an order of magnitude smaller than poly(ethylene terephthalate)'s value at 0.22, although both polymers have nearly identical crystal refractive indices. The small Δn is due to the arrangement of PTT's methylene groups in gauche conformations, causing the chain‐repeating unit to be tilted ∼53° away from the c axis toward the basal plane. Because of the small Δn, the crystalline‐phase orientation made only a small contribution to the overall birefringence despite the fiber's high crystallinity and orientation. To understand the effect of the number of methylene groups on polyester optical anisotropy, the Δn's of a series of poly(m‐alkylene terephthalates) with m = 2–5 were compared and correlated with ψ: an angle made by the normal of the benzene ring with the crystal's axis. As ψ′ decreases, Δn of the polyesters diminishes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1513–1520, 2002
Linear versus nonlinear determinations of equilibrium melting temperatures of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) and miscible blend with poly(ether imide) exhibiting multiple melting peaks
Authors: Wu Pi‐Ling , Woo E. M.
Published: October 2002

Multiple melting peaks in some semicrystalline polymers such as poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) have caused some difficulty in estimating accurately the equilibrium melting points. PTT forms a miscible blend with amorphous poly(ether imide) (PEI); for comparison purposes, a miscible system of a fixed composition (PTT/PEI of weight ratio = 9/1) was determined. PTT and its miscible blend both exhibited dual melting peaks (labeled as low and high peaks: Tm,L, Tm,H), and the first peaks (Tm,L), not the second peak (Tm,H), should be used for extrapolation. The equilibrium melting temperatures (T) of neat PTT and its blend PTT/PEI (9/1) were 245.2 and 242.4 °C, respectively, by the linear Hoffman–Weeks treatment using the corrected values of Tm,L (i.e., values obtained using a heating rate close to zero). Linear and nonlinear treatments led to a significant difference in estimated T, and the relative validity of these two methods is discussed. The nonlinear estimate yielded a higher value by about 27.3 °C for neat PTT and 23.1 °C for the PTT/PEI (9/1) blend, respectively (also the correction in Tm,L at the same condition mentioned previously). Results showed melting depression in miscible PTT/PEI (9/1). In addition, the T value of neat PTT was higher than that of PTT/PEI (9/1) owing to much thicker and more‐perfect crystals in neat PTT. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1571–1581, 2002
Effect of the interfacial interaction on the phase structure and rheological behavior of polypropylene/ethylene– octene copolymer/BaSO4 ternary composites
Authors: Li Zhen , Guo Shaoyun , Song Wentao , Yan Yan
Published: October 2002

In polypropylene (PP)/ethylene–octene copolymer (POE)/BaSO4 ternary composites, two different kinds of phase structures are assumed:(1) POE and BaSO4 filler are separately dispersed in the PP matrix and (2) POE‐encapsulated filler particles (core–shell structure) are dispersed in the matrix. This depends on the interfacial interaction of the composites. For the design of composites with different interfacial interactions, three routes for the preparation of BaSO4 master batches were developed. First, a mixture of BaSO4, POE, and maleic anhydride (MAH) in a certain ratio was extruded in the presence of dicumyl peroxide and then pelletized. In extrusion, MAH‐functionalized POE was in situ formed to enhance the interfacial interaction between POE and BaSO4. Second, a mixture of POE and BaSO4 was directly extruded and then pelletized. Third, after BaSO4 was treated with an organic titanate coupling agent, the treated BaSO4 and POE were blended in extrusion and then pelletized. Scanning electron microscopy observations showed that the core–shell structure in which POE encapsulates BaSO4 particles is formed through route 1, whereas POE and BaSO4 are separately dispersed into the PP matrix through routes 2 and 3. The rheological behavior of PP/POE/BaSO4 ternary composites was studied with a controlled stress rheometer. The results showed that the interfacial interaction in composites with core–shell morphology is the strongest. Interparticle interactions give rise to the formation of interparticle networks; the stronger the network is, the larger the shear yield stress is and the smaller the thixotropic loop area is. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1804–1812, 2002
Affected self‐respect and self‐value: the impact of breast cancer treatment on self‐esteem and QoL
Authors: Berterö Carina M.
Published: October 2002

There is a need to understand and explain the impact of breast cancer on women's self‐esteem and quality of life. The purpose of the present study was to identify and describe, from the perspective of the women's lived experiences, the impact of breast cancer on women's self‐esteem and elucidate its impact on their quality of life. Thirteen women diagnosed as having breast cancer were interviewed about these phenomena. The narrated interviews, tape‐recorded and transcribed verbatim were analysed and interpreted using a qualitative text analysis, based on the following question: What sense of satisfaction and importance is there with respect to the women's value and preferences? The findings were interpreted as affected self‐respect and self‐value, which were found to be important aspects affecting the quality of life of these women, within this lies the satisfaction of desire, to be respected and loved as the women they are. Concerns related to their quality of life seemed to be heightened when treatment has been completed, i.e. when the psychological effects of the treatment experience become a reality. Health professional need to be aware of how to recognise these women, in order to provide them with support to maintain a positive self‐esteem to enhance quality of life as a caring outcome. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.