bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASSESSMENT OF THE UTILITY OF USING INTRA‐ AND INTERVERTEBRAL MINIMUM SAGITTAL DIAMETER RATIOS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF CERVICAL VERTEBRAL MALFORMATION IN HORSES
Authors: HAHN CAROLINE N. , HANDEL IAN , GREEN SHERRIL L. , BRONSVOORT MARK B. , MAYHEW IAN G.
Published: August 2010

Cervical vertebral malformation is one of the most common causes of ataxia in horses. The most important factor in the diagnosis of cervical vertebral malformation is the identification of cervical vertebral canal stenosis, but published data for minimum sagittal diameter ratios in adult horses are only available for C4–C7 intravertebral sites. Intra‐ and intervertebral sagittal diameter ratios at C2–C7 were evaluated in 26 ataxic horses, for which a complete clinical and neuropathological evaluation was undertaken. Eight of these horses were diagnosed with cervical vertebral malformation. In these horses the majority of compressive lesions were intervertebral. The mean sagittal diameter ratios of horses with cervical vertebral malformation were significantly smaller than those of horses without cervical vertebral malformation, and for an individual horse in our study, the site with the smallest intervertebral sagittal diameter ratio was always the site at which the spinal cord was compressed. Mean sagittal diameter ratio intravertebral site measurements of horses with cervical vertebral malformation were smaller than those of horses without cervical vertebral malformation; however, the site of compression could not be predicted from the data. For our dataset, horses with a sagittal diameter ratio of ≤0.485 at any inter‐ or intravertebral site could be correctly classified as having cervical vertebral malformation, and sagittal diameter ratio measurements were an effective tool to identify at least one site of compression in an individual case.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE FEMORAL HEAD OF NORMAL DOGS AND DOGS WITH AVASCULAR NECROSIS
Authors: BOWLUS RACHEL A. , ARMBRUST LAURA J. , BILLER DAVID S. , HOSKINSON JAMES J. , KUROKI KEIICHI , MOSIER DEREK A.
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this study was to describe the appearance of the femoral head of normal, young, small breed dogs, and dogs with avascular necrosis using low‐field (0.3 T) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Images of the femoral heads were obtained in the dorsal plane, and included T1‐weighted spin‐echo, T2‐weighted fast spin‐echo, fast spin echo‐inversion recovery, and fluid attenuated inversion recovery pulse sequences. MR imaging features of the asymptomatic femoral heads and necks included uniform high signal intensity compared with muscle on T1‐ and T2‐weighted images. There was either uniform enhancement or no enhancement on postcontrast T1‐weighted images. The MR imaging findings of dogs affected with avascular necrosis differed from those of asymptomatic dogs. Typically, the affected dogs had inhomogeneous intermediate to low‐signal intensity within the femoral head and neck compared with muscle on T1‐weighted images, inhomogeneous enhancement of the femoral head and/or neck on postcontrast T1‐weighted images, and inhomogeneous low‐ to high‐ signal intensity within the femoral head and neck on T2‐weighted images.
CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE FELINE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Authors: NEWITT ANNA , GERMAN ALEXANDER J. , BARR FRANCES J.
Published: August 2010

Radiographs of vertebral segments from 200 cats were retrospectively assessed to determine the incidence of congenital axial skeletal abnormalities. The axial skeleton was divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal segments and the presence and types of congenital abnormalities present were recorded for each segment. A total of 598 axial skeletal segments were examined. Congenital abnormalities were found in 46 cats and involved 54 spinal segments. Block vertebrae were identified in three cats. No hemivertebrae or spina bifida were noted. Transitional abnormalities were most common, and were identified in 51 spinal segments. Abnormalities at the sacrocaudal junction were the most common of these; 19 examples were found. The second most common transitional abnormality was thoracicization of L1, with 18 such cats identified. Extra ribs on L1 were often smaller and fragmented and it may be possible for an inexperienced clinician to confuse these with rib fractures. The last rib(s) are also often used for anatomic localization of surgical procedures; the presence of a transitional lumbar vertebra with one or two extra ribs introduces the possibility of error or confusion about choice of surgical site.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF RESISTIVE INDEX AND GRAFT SIZE FOR EVALUATING CLINICAL FELINE RENAL ALLOGRAFTS
Authors: SCHMIEDT CHAD W. , DELANEY FERN A. , McANULTY JONATHAN F.
Published: August 2010

Ultrasonographic examination is a commonly employed technique for postoperative renal allograft evaluation after transplantation. Allograft size and resistive index (RI) are two objective ultrasonographic measures that may help establish a diagnosis and direct postoperative management for grafts with suboptimal function but their diagnostic efficacy has not been evaluated in clinical veterinary patients. Results of 69 feline renal transplant ultrasonographic examinations and RI determinations were studied. Based on clinical parameters at the time of the ultrasonographic examination, patients were grouped into six clinical/functional categories including evaluations of clinically normal grafts, delayed graft function, ureteral obstruction, uroabdomen, graft thrombosis, and rejection. RI, graft size (length, cross‐sectional area, and volume), cyclosporine A whole blood trough concentration, Doppler blood pressure, creatinine concentration, and days from transplantation were compared between these categories and associations with each other were examined. RI was of little value in differentiating among the clinical categories with the exception of graft thrombosis. Graft volume and time from transplantation were significantly greater in grafts with signs of rejection and ureteral obstruction compared to clinically normal ultrasound examinations. Graft volume, cross‐sectional area and length were generally associated. Cyclosporine A blood concentrations was associated with RI in both the pooled data and in the delayed graft function category. These results indicate RI should be used only as part of a larger clinical picture and in light of other factors including cyclosporine A concentration and the timing of the study relative to the implantation surgery for the diagnosis of postoperative transplantation complications. Graft volume may provide a more sensitive, albeit, nonspecific, indicator of allograft dysfunction.
ACQUISITION HARDWARE FOR DIGITAL IMAGING
Authors: WIDMER WILLIAM R.
Published: August 2010

Use of digital radiography is growing rapidly in veterinary medicine. Two basic digital imaging systems are available, computed radiography (CR) and direct digital radiography (DDR). Computed radiographic detectors use a two‐step process for image capture and processing. Image capture is by X‐ray sensitive phosphors in the image plate. The image plate reader transforms the latent phosphor image to light photons that are converted to an analog electrical signal. An analog to digital converter is used to digitize the electrical signal before computer analysis. Direct digital detectors provide digital data by direct readout after image capture—a reader unnecessary. Types of DDR detectors are flat panel detectors and charge coupled device (CCD) detectors. Flat panel detectors are composed of layers of semiconductors for image capture with transistor and microscopic circuitry embedded in a pixel array. Direct converting flat panel detectors convert incident X‐rays directly into electrical charges. Indirect detectors convert X‐rays to visible light, then to electrical charges. All flat panel detectors send a digitized electrical signal to a computer using a direct link. Charge coupled device detectors have a small chip similar to those used in digital cameras. A scintillator first converts X‐rays to a light signal that is minified by an optical system before reaching the chip. The chip sends a digital signal directly to a computer. Both CR and DDR provide quality diagnostic images. CR is a mature technology while DDR is an emerging technology.
HOSPITAL, RADIOLOGY, AND PICTURE ARCHIVING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Authors: ROBERTSON IAN D. , SAVERAID TRAVIS
Published: August 2010

Images generated during the course of patient evaluation and management are an integral part of the medical record and must be retained according to local regulations. Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) makes it possible for images from many different imaging modalities to be distributed via a standard internet network to distant viewing workstations and a central archive in an almost seamless fashion. The DICOM standard is a truly universal standard for the dissemination of medical images. Picture Archive and Communication System (PACS) refers to the infrastructure that links modalities, workstations, the image archive, and the medical record information system into an integrated system, allowing for efficient electronic distribution and storage of medical images and access to medical record data. This paper discusses the important elements to a successful PACS implementation in a practice, including how it interacts with other practice computing systems.
THE NETWORK AND ITS ROLE IN DIGITAL IMAGING AND COMMUNICATIONS IN MEDICINE IMAGING
Authors: BALLANCE DENNIS
Published: August 2010

The elements of a digital imaging system are bound together by the network, so careful attention must be paid to this essential component. Networking hardware and cable choice will affect the speed of image transmission between devices within a network. Wireless networking offers convenience at the expense of speed and potentially, security. If a facility allows its network to connect to the Internet, security precautions are essential. Firewalls prevent unauthorized and destructive access to the network; virtual private networks allow encrypted communication with the network; and email and web browser encryption allow data transmitted from the network to other users on the Internet safely. This article presents an overview of this broad array of technologies. Readers are encouraged to seek additional depth as needed to address individual networking needs.
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
Authors: LO WINNIE Y. , PUCHALSKI SARAH M.
Published: August 2010

Image processing or digital image manipulation is one of the greatest advantages of digital radiography (DR). Preprocessing depends on the modality and corrects for system irregularities such as differential light detection efficiency, dead pixels, or dark noise. Processing is manipulation of the raw data just after acquisition. It is generally proprietary and specific to the DR vendor but encompasses manipulations such as unsharp mask filtering within two or more spatial frequency bands, histogram sliding and stretching, and gray scale rendition or lookup table application. These processing steps have a profound effect on the final appearance of the radiograph, but they can also lead to artifacts unique to digital systems. Postprocessing refers to manipulation of the final appearance of the radiograph by the end‐user and does not involve alteration of the raw data.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RADIOGRAPHIC HILAR LYMPHADENOPATHY AND SEROLOGIC TITERS FOR COCCIDIOIDES SP. IN DOGS IN AN ENDEMIC REGION
Authors: CRABTREE AMANDA C. , KEITH DENNIS G. , DIAMOND HALISE L.
Published: August 2010

Hilar lymphadenopathy is a common radiographic finding in coccidioides infections. Serologic studies are used most often for the diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis in endemic areas, with IgG titers ≥1:8 considered positive for infection and lower IgG titers of <1:8 considered indicative of exposure and not necessarily related to organism presence. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of hilar lymphadenopathy to coccidioidomycosis titers for dogs in an endemic area. A positive association between these parameters would allow treatment to be initiated before obtaining titer results. Thoracic radiographs of 131 dogs from an endemic area were reviewed for evidence of hilar lymphadenopathy. These results were compared with serology results. There was a significant association between hilar lymphadenopathy and a positive serology result (P<0.001). With hilar lymphadenopathy as a predictor of a positive titer result, sensitivity was 28.0%, specificity was 91.5%, the positive predictive value was 43.8%; and the negative predictive value was 84.4%. There was no association between the titer result and gender, age, or weight. The radiographic finding of hilar lymphadenopathy appears to be a useful indicator of coccidioidomycosis infection in an endemic population of dogs supporting the treatment of patients for coccidioidomycosis when hilar lymphadenopathy is present and before obtaining serology results.
VIRTUAL CT OTOSCOPY OF THE MIDDLE EAR AND OSSICLES IN DOGS
Authors: EOM KIDONG , KWAK HYOSUNG , KANG HYEWON , PARK SANGHUN , LEE HAEBEOM , KANG HYUNGSUB , KWON JUNGKEE , KIM INSHIK , KIM NAMSOO , LEE KICHANG
Published: August 2010

Virtual otoscopy enables noninvasive 3D endoluminal imaging of the middle ear through postprocessing of computed tompgraphy (CT) data. A standardized imaging approach for the middle ear was established in six normal dogs in an attempt to optimize the clinical application and student education. High‐resolution CT data were obtained. Virtual otoscopic images of the middle ear cavity and ossicles were generated using commercially available software. The views of the four different directions (the ear canal, tympanic bulla, eustachian tube, and ossicular chain) were made for virtual otoscopy. The promontory, cochlea window, tympanic bulla, septum bulla, and auditory tube were distinguished easily and clearly. One of the ossicles, the malleus, was visualized accurately. However, small structures such as the incus and stapes always could not be seen. The main advantage of virtual otoscopy is not only to provide diagnostic information but also to enhance the quality and efficiency of student education, because it contributes to an understanding of the anatomy of the middle ear. We describe the normal topographical 3Dimages of the middle ear of the dog using virtual otoscopy.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF DISTAL SESAMOIDEAN LIGAMENT INJURY
Authors: SMITH SARAH , DYSON SUE J. , MURRAY RACHEL C.
Published: August 2010

Distal sesamoidean ligament injury is a recognized cause of lameness but diagnosis using ultrasonography is sometimes difficult. Herein, we describe the normal appearance of the distal sesamoidean ligaments on magnetic resonance (MR) images and the changes that occur when the ligaments are injured. The appearance of the distal sesamoidean ligaments on MR images from 66 control horses and 58 horses with distal sesamoidean desmitis were described and the cross‐sectional area and signal intensity of the ligaments measured. In control horses, the ligaments had a characteristic appearance and strong left–right symmetry, and the lateral oblique sesamoidean ligament was larger and had higher signal intensity than the medial ligament. Cross‐sectional area and signal intensity were significantly greater in injured straight sesamoidean ligaments compared with the controls. Signal intensity increased significantly with oblique sesamoidean desmitis compared with the controls. Lesions of the distal sesamoidean ligaments were considered the sole cause of lameness in only 2 of 58 horses. Eighty percent of lesions in the distal sesamoidean ligaments were not detected using ultrasonography.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF LUNG LOBE TORSION
Authors: SEILER GABRIELA , SCHWARZ TOBIAS , VIGNOLI MASSIMO , RODRIGUEZ DANIEL
Published: August 2010

The imaging features of lung lobe torsion in 10 dogs (nine complete, one partial torsion) acquired with a helical single‐slice computed tomography (CT) unit are described. Attenuation values of normal, rotated, and adjacent collapsed lung lobes before and after intravenous contrast medium administration were compared. Affected lung lobes were: left cranial (5), right middle (3), right cranial (1), and left caudal (1). CT findings in nine dogs with complete lung lobe torsion included pleural effusion and an abruptly ending bronchus. In eight of these dogs, enlargement, consolidation, emphysema of the affected lung lobe, and mediastinal shift to the contralateral side were present. Rotated lung lobes did not enhance, whereas adjacent collapsed and aerated lung lobes did (P<0.05). Apnea induced with hyperventilation or breath‐hold is essential to reduce motion artefacts and obtain a diagnostic study.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF RENAL PELVIC DILATATION ON ULTRASOUND IN DOGS AND CATS
Authors: D'ANJOU MARC‐ANDRÉ , BÉDARD AGATHE , DUNN MARILYN E.
Published: August 2010

Renal pelvic dilatation is often recognized sonographically in dogs and cats, but ranges of measurements expected with different urologic conditions remain unknown. Ultrasound images of 81 dogs and 66 cats with renal pelvic dilatation were reviewed, and six groups were formed based on medical records: (I) clinically normal renal function, and (II) clinically normal renal function with diuresis; (III) pyelonephritis; (IV) noninfectious renal insufficiency; (V) outflow obstruction; (VI) miscellaneous nonobstructive anomalies. Medians for maximal pelvic width (range) for group I was 2.0 mm (1.0–3.8) in 11 dogs, and 1.6 mm (0.8–3.2) in 10 cats; for group II, 2.5 mm (1.3–3.6) in 15 dogs, and 2.3 mm (1.1–3.4) in 16 cats; for group III, 3.6 mm (1.9–12.0) in nine dogs, and 4.0 mm (1.7–12.4) in seven cats; for group IV, 3.1 mm (0.5–10.8) in 33 dogs, and 2.8 mm (1.2–7.3) in 13 cats; for group V, 15.1 mm (5.1–76.2) in six dogs, and 6.8 mm (1.2–39.1) in 17 cats; and for group VI, 3.8 mm (1.2–7.6) in seven dogs, and 3.0 mm (1.3–7.5) in three cats. Pelvic width in group I was lower than in groups III–V (P=0.0001), but did not significantly differ from group II. Pelvic width ≥13 mm always indicated obstruction. While the proportion of bilateral pelvic dilatation was not different among groups, the difference in pelvic width (maximal–minimal) was greater in group V vs. groups I, II, and IV (P=0.0009). These results confirm that renal pelvic dilatation can be detected sonographically in dogs and cats with clinically normal renal function, and that it increases with renal insufficiency, pyelonephritis, or outflow obstruction. Nevertheless, renal pelvic width varies substantially within groups and should be interpreted with caution.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN HORSES WITH FOOT PAIN BUT WITHOUT RADIOGRAPHICALLY DETECTABLE OSSEOUS ABNORMALITIES
Authors: RABBA SILVIA , BOLEN GÉRALDINE , VERWILGHEN DENIS , SALCICCIA ALEXANDRA , BUSONI VALERIA
Published: August 2010

Foot pain is an important cause of lameness in horses. When horses with foot pain have no detectable radiographic abnormalities, soft‐tissue assessment remains a diagnostic challenge without magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Ultrasonography can provide an alternative to MR imaging when that modality is not available but the extent of changes that might be seen has not been characterized. We reviewed the ultrasonographic findings in 39 horses with lameness responding positively to anesthesia of the palmar digital nerves and without radiographically detectable osseous abnormalities. Thirty of the 39 horses had lesions affecting the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), 27 had abnormalities in the distal interphalangeal joint of which six had a visible abnormality in the collateral ligament. Ultrasonographic abnormalities were seen in the podotrochlear bursa in 22 horses and in the ligaments of the navicular bone in two horses. Abnormalities of the navicular bone flexor surface were detected in eight horses. In three of the 39 horses, only the DDFT was affected. The other 36 horses had ultrasonographic abnormalities in more than one anatomical structure. Based on our results, ultrasonographic examination provides useful diagnostic information in horses without radiographic changes.
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—CONGENITAL LOBAR EMPHYSEMA IN A DOG
Authors: RUTH JEFFREY , RADEMACHER NATHALIE , OGDEN DANIEL , RODRIGUEZ DANIEL , GASCHEN LORRIE
Published: August 2010

A 14‐week‐old female West Highland White Terrier developed acute dyspnea. Radiographically there was an enlarged, hyperlucent caudal portion of the left cranial lung lobe and a diffuse, severe interstitial‐to‐alveolar pattern in the remaining lung lobes that was accentuated caudodorsally. Computed tomography confirmed the presence of the emphysematous lobe and further showed it to have focal lobar bronchial collapse. Lung lobe resection was performed, and the diagnosis was congenital lobar emphysema secondary to bronchial cartilage hypoplasia.
Squamous cell carcinoma arising from long‐standing perianal fistula
Authors: Chandramohan K , Peter Mathew Arun , Muralee Madhu , Anila KR , Ramachandran K , Ahamed Iqbal
Published: August 2010

Perianal fistula is a very common problem in general population. Ninety percent of perianal fistulae arise from infected anal glands, and they often give rise to perianal abscesses. Very rarely perianal fistulae and abscesses undergo malignant transformation and give rise to carcinomas, mainly adenocarcinomas. We are reporting a case of squamous cell carcinoma arising from long‐standing perianal fistula and how we managed it surgically.
Uniformly bounded sufficient sets and quasi‐extreme social welfare functions
Authors: Campbell Donald E. , Kelly Jerry S.
Published: August 2010

The set of alternatives is infinite. If the social welfare function is transitive‐valued and minimal sufficient sets are uniformly bounded, then there are arbitrarily large finite subsets of the feasible set, and a rich sub‐domain of profiles, within which a reduction in the scope of someone's dictatorial power must be accompanied by an equal increase in the fraction of the pairs that are socially ordered without consulting anyone's preferences.
Evaluation of Urinary 8‐Hydroxydeoxyguanine inHealthy Japanese People
Authors: Kimura Shingo , Yamauchi Hiroshi , Hibino Yuri , Iwamoto Mieko , Sera Koichiro , Ogino Keiki
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The urinary concentration of 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanine (8‐OHdG), which is a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage, was measured in 248 healthy Japanese, and its correlations with life style, urinary metal elements, serum antioxidants, and other plasma or serum factors were investigated. The mean urinary concentration of 8‐OHdG was 15.2±5.71 ng/mg creatinine. Mean urinary 8‐OHdG was not significantly different in terms of age (<45, ≥45), gender, smoking (no, <20, ≥20), and alcohol consumption (no, occasionally, sometimes and usually). Moreover, multiple regression analysis showed a significant association between urinary 8‐OHdG and urinary arsenic (As) or chromium (Cr), and a tendency for association between the former and aluminum (Al) and nickel (Ni). Age, gender and plasma or serum factors including antioxidants, lipid peroxide, HbA1c, BUN, and iron did not show such an association. The present study suggests that natural exposure to toxic metal elements such as As, Cr, and Ni may influence oxidative DNA damage in healthy people under usual environmental management. Therefore, the measurement of urinary metals such as As, Ni and Cr is prerequisite for the study of the relationship between urinary 8‐OHdG and other variable factors.
Toxic Effect of Cyclophosphamide on Sperm Morphology, Testicular Histology and Blood Oxidant‐Antioxidant Balance, and Protective Roles of Lycopene and Ellagic Acid
Authors: Çeribaşi Ali Osman , Türk Gaffari , Sönmez Mustafa , Sakin Fatih , Ateşşahin Ahmet
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  In this study, the toxic effect of cyclophosphamide (CP) on sperm morphology, testicular histology and blood oxidant–antioxidant balance, and protective roles of lycopene (LC) and ellagic acid (EA) were investigated. For this purpose, 48 healthy, adult, male Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into six groups; eight animals in each group. The control group was treated with placebo. LC, EA and CP groups were given alone LC (10 mg/kg/every other day), EA (2 mg/kg/every other day) and CP (15 mg/kg/week) respectively. One of the last two groups received CP + LC, and the other treated with CP + EA. All treatments were maintained for 8 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, morphological abnormalities of sperm, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and glutathione (GSH) levels, and GSH‐peroxidase (GSH‐Px), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in erythrocytes, and testicular histopathological changes were examined. CP administration caused statistically significant increases in tail and total abnormality of sperm, plasma MDA level and erythrocyte SOD activity, and decreases in erythtocyte CAT activity, diameters of seminiferous tubules, germinal cell layer thickness and Johnsen’s Testicular Score along with degeneration, necrosis, immature germ cells, congestion and atrophy in testicular tissue. However, LC or EA treatments to CP‐treated rats markedly improved the CP‐induced lipid peroxidation, and normalized sperm morphology and testicular histopathology. In conclusion, CP‐induced lipid peroxidation leads to the structural damages in spermatozoa and testicular tissue of rats, and also LC or EA have a protective effect on these types of damage.
A PREVIOUSLY UNIMAGINABLE RISK POTENTIAL: SEPTEMBER 11 AND THE INSURANCE INDUSTRY
Authors: Dhooge Lucien J.
Published: August 2010

The attacks [of September 11 th] have revealed a previously unimaginable risk potential.1
Polymorphisms within exon 9 but not intron 8 of the vitamin D receptor are associated with the nephropathic complication of type‐2 diabetes
Authors: Nosratabadi R. , Arababadi M. K. , Salehabad V. A. , Shamsizadeh A. , Mahmoodi M. , Sayadi A. R. , Kennedy D.
Published: August 2010

The impact of several environmental and genetic factors on diabetes and its complications is well documented but there is an urgent need to understand more about genetic risk factors associated with this disease. The present study was aimed at examining the two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in intron 8 and exon 9 of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene in nephropathic and non‐nephropathic type‐2 diabetic patients. In this clinical study, peripheral blood samples were obtained from 100 type‐2 diabetic patients, 100 nephropathic type‐2 diabetic patients and 100 healthy controls. DNA was extracted and polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) was performed to examine two SNP polymorphisms within the VDR gene. Our results showed a significant difference in the Taq‐1 evaluated genotypes of exon 9 in the VDR gene of diabetic individuals with (P = 0.012) and without (P ≤ 0.001) nephropathy. Analysis of the Taq‐1 evaluated alleles of nephropathic (P = 0.917) and non‐nephropathic (P = 1.000) did not show a significant difference. We also evaluated the intron 8 Apa‐1 alleles in patients with (P = 0.480) and without nephropathy (P = 0.543) and determined there were no differences between these groups. Our results also showed that the frequency of Apa‐1 genotypes did not differ in nephropathic (P = 0.224) and non‐nephropathic (P = 0.236) diabetic patients. Based on our results, it can be concluded that VDR and its functional polymorphism in exon 9 may play an important role in pathogenesis of type‐2 diabetes and more investigations are required to clarify their role in nephropathy.
Consumer assessment of crispness of pressure fried chicken nuggets using nitrogen gas
Authors: Ballard Tameshia S. , Mallikarjunan Parameswarakumar , Duncan Susan E.
Published: August 2010

Forty untrained human subjects were used to determine if sensory differences exist between breaded chicken nuggets fried using three treatment combinations: (i) nuggets coated with 3% methylcellulose incorporated into the predust and fried using nitrogen gas; (ii) uncoated nuggets fried using steam, and (iii) uncoated nuggets fried using nitrogen gas. Chicken nuggets were fried in a modified restaurant‐type pressure fryer at 175°C and 163 kPa for 240 s. Samples were held under a heat lamp (60°C) for 15 min prior to evaluation. A nine‐point simple intensity scale was used to evaluate product attributes (crispness, juiciness, oiliness and flavor). A nine‐point hedonic scale was used to determine overall liking. No significant differences were found among samples as related to crispness, juiciness, oiliness and flavor. No one sample was preferred over the other. Although no statistical differences were found between treatments, there were advantages of frying using a nitrogen gas flow system.
Consumer‐driven development: coffee beverage mindsets for three commercial venues
Authors: Moskowitz Howard , Katz Rachel , Krieger Bert , Cappuccio Roberto
Published: August 2010

This paper presents results from part of a larger‐scale development study on coffee. The study deals specifically with new concepts of coffee beverages designed for three specific coffee venues: Burger King, Dunkin Donuts and Starbucks. The method used internet‐based conjoint measurement, where the rating scale was ‘appropriate’ for the specific venue. This ‘bottom‐up’ approach allows the researcher to identify which characteristics of a coffee beverage are suitable for a particular venue, and whether there exist segments that show different response patterns, even for a beverage designed for a particular venue. The results suggest modest differences in the features of a coffee beverage that would fit each venue, but with the existence of segments of individuals who want radically different products. These segments exist in all venues.
Physico‐chemical qualities of minimally processed carrot stored under vacuum
Authors: Rocha Ada M. C. N. , Mota Catarina C. A. R. , Morais Alcina M. M. B.
Published: August 2010

In the last decades, consumers have become more health conscious in their food choices, but they have also less time to prepare healthy meals. Increased consumer interest in fruits and vegetables as healthy foods in association with a modification of lifestyles has accelerated and increased efforts to find potential alternatives to the traditional consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables. This situation opens the possibility for new categories of products that are intended to be presented to foodservice operators conveniently peeled, cored or sliced in prepared packages, with fresh‐like quality; they are called minimally processed (MP). The use of vacuum packaging presents a potential alternative to achieve an inhibition of the progress of deterioration of foodstuffs. In this study, the physical qualities of MP carrots (cv. Nantes) stored under refrigeration and in vacuum packaging were evaluated. The beneficial effect of vacuum packaging was noticeable only in the colour, sugar content and phenolic compounds of carrots.
Silicone bakeware: does it deliver a better product?
Authors: Barber Nelson , Scarcelli Joe , Almanza Barbara A. , Daniel James R. , Nelson Doug
Published: August 2010

Current research on the effectiveness of silicone bakeware is extremely limited; trade journals, magazine articles and newspapers are the only available sources of information on this topic. This literature claims that silicone bakeware is nonstick with ease of product removal and cleaning and provides for even heat distribution. The purpose of this work is to evaluate these claims and to compare the quality of silicone‐baked items to similar items baked in standard bake pans using visual, physical and sensory evaluation techniques. The results of this study determine that cake products baked in traditional metal bakeware showed better crust color and texture development and delivered a moister product. The silicone bakeware produced a cake with greater volume.
An evaluation of ozonated water as an alternative to chemical cleaning and sanitisation of beer lines
Authors: Fielding Louise M. , Hall Andrew , Peters Adrian C.
Published: August 2010

A reduction in beer quality may arise from biofilm development in beer lines. Regular cleaning is, therefore, essential. A comparison between traditional chemical cleaner and ozonated water was made using a model dispense system, challenged with organisms isolated from a brewery (Enterobacter and yeast). The effect of each treatment on survival and biofilm formation at four sites in the model was investigated. Both systems reduced biofilm from initial levels by 3 (ozone) and 2.7 logs (chemical). Non‐recirculation of media mimicked the effect of biofilm formation upon the microbial load of dispensed beer. Ozonated water gave a significantly higher reduction than chemical cleaner. Ozonated water also resulted in a reduction in microbial counts, with the exception of the fob detector, during a dispense protocol that mimicked normal‐use conditions. Ozonated water has the potential for use as a cleaning and sanitisation agent for commercial beer lines as it leaves no residues, preventing possible product taint.
Assessing the potential of Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus transfer to foods and customers via a survey of hands, hand‐contact surfaces and food‐contact surfaces at foodservice facilities
Authors: DeVita Michael D. , Wadhera Rishi K. , Theis Monica L. , Ingham Steven C.
Published: August 2010

Streptococcus pyogenes is an important cause of throat infection that may be transmitted by food. Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of food intoxication. Both organisms can be transferred to foods or food‐contact surfaces via food handlers. Because both S. pyogenes and S. aureus are hemolytic, the potential for their transfer in a foodservice setting could be assessed by sampling hands, hand‐contact surfaces and food‐contact surfaces for hemolytic bacteria. We performed such a survey at four foodservice facilities from December 2005 to March 2006. Of the 189 total samples, hands (50%), cart handle (40%), pan bottom (38%), door handle (25%) and utensil wrapper (25%) were most often contaminated with hemolytic bacteria. Hand‐contact surfaces were more often contaminated than food‐contact surfaces. S. pyogenes was not isolated but the potential pathogen Streptococcus agalacticae was isolated from one door handle. S. aureus was isolated from a cart handle sampled during the same shift.
Utilising natural emulsifiers for formulation of low‐fat traditional Indian gravy mixes
Authors: Mahesh Purnima , Gowri Bindiganavale Srihari , Prakash Jamuna
Published: August 2010

The objective of the study was to formulate low‐fat gravy mixes for curries using oilseeds, which are known to function as natural emulsifiers, namely cashew nuts, and sesame, watermelon and poppy seeds. The functionality of oilseeds was determined in terms of water‐ and fat‐absorption capacities and emulsifying properties. These oilseeds were used as oil replacements in the preparation of vegetable‐ or legume‐based curries. Traditional oil‐based samples served as a control for comparison of quality. The prepared curries were analysed for fat content and sensory attributes. A part of the gravy mix was also frozen and used after 30 days for the preparation of legume‐based curry. Results revealed that the fat content of oilseeds ranged from 48 to 53%; protein content, 17–29%; emulsification capacity, 58–62%; and emulsion stability, 200–233%. Formulated gravy mixes resulted in 70–80% lesser oil in curries in comparison with the control. The sensory attributes of low‐fat vegetable curry were similar to those of the control; however, low‐fat legume‐based preparations were found to have significantly lower sensory quality. In curries made out of frozen curry mixes, the sensory attributes of cashew nut‐based curry were similar to those of the control. It can be concluded that natural emulsifiers or oilseeds can be used as oil replacements in the preparation of low‐fat gravy mix for Indian curries.
How clean is that cafe? Online hygiene inspection reports for consumers
Authors: Worsfold Denise , Worsfold Philip Mark
Published: August 2010

Scores on Doors is an information service on the hygiene reports of food businesses provided by some local councils in the UK. The usual channel for conveying this information is the local council website. Online information provided by four local councils on hygiene information of food premises was assessed to determine how user‐friendly and informative they were. It was found that these websites provided the consumer with relatively easy and quick access to information on the hygiene standards of the local restaurants. There was some difficulty in selecting the best search terms because of differences in the naming of the information schemes. All the websites provided information on inspection dates and gave a rating or score for the businesses together with some explanation on the meaning of the score in terms of the standard of hygiene it represented. Some websites gave information on risk ratings of premises. It remains to be seen how extensively consumers will use this channel of information to make informed choices when eating out.
Marketing nutrition through a corporate intranet*
Authors: Bruen Diana , Pollock J. Cara , Zirpolo Kathryn Kelley , Vieira Edward T. , Herbold Nancie
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of pop‐up messages promoting the consumption of fruits and vegetables in a corporate setting. Fun food facts and nutritional information about fruits and vegetables were marketed through electronic pop‐up messages attached to a corporate intranet menu. A Pearson's correlation, between total fruit sales and website hits during the test period, showed a moderately positive correlation. This, however, was weaker than the correlation found during the baseline period. No significant differences were found concerning total fruit sales between the pretest, baseline and test periods. Daily menu website at the beginning of the workweek had significantly lower hits than the previous year. The mean cafeteria menu website hits at the end of the workweek were higher during the intranet intervention. Results indicate that an intranet intervention implemented at the end of the workweek could effectively market healthful cafeteria food options to corporate employees.
Sensory evaluation of salted trans fat‐free french fries vs. salted trans fat french fries
Authors: Bordi Peter L. , Stokols Jennifer H. , Hack Danielle M. , Rager Michele D. , Hessert S. William
Published: August 2010

This sensory analysis study sought to determine consumer preferences of two fry oils and two types of french fries according to taste, texture and appearance characteristics. Specifically, the aim was to assess the acceptability of substituting trans fat‐free french fries and oil while focusing on the possible change in sensory characteristics. The fries were salted for testing in order for consumers to consume a fry product similar to what they would receive in a restaurant. Overall, the 94 taste panelists preferred the trans fat‐free fries to the regular version, and seemed to rate fries cooked in trans fat‐free oils higher on overall appearance, color, initial taste impression, texture, taste intensity and quality. Based on these findings, the industry might consider using the trans fat‐free versions of french fries and frying oils in order to reduce trans fats in foods and to lower heart disease in the American population.
How do silicone muffin pans compare to traditional metal pans?
Authors: Barber Nelson , Boyce Janice , Binkley Margaret , Broz Charles
Published: August 2010

Research on the efficiency of silicone bakeware is limited. Manufacturers claim that silicone bakeware is nonstick, has easy product release and even heat distribution. This study attempted to replicate consumer baking conditions through a comparison of muffins baked in silicone pans to muffins baked in nonstick, anodized aluminum dark‐colored metal pans (‘nonsilicone’). Using a consumer corn‐muffin mix, structured baking procedures and controlled tests were performed, such as measures of the top surface browning, texture, water activity and heat transfer coefficient of the pans. The results of the tests indicated that silicone muffin pans did not produce a better product; rather, they were moister, had greater volume, with top‐crust texture and color significantly less than muffins baked in nonsilicone muffin pans.
Sensory comparison of doughnuts fried in trans fat‐free oil to those fried in oil containing trans fats
Authors: Bordi Peter L. , Hack Danielle M. , Rager Michele D. , Hessert S. William
Published: August 2010

This sensory analysis study sought to determine consumer preferences of two doughnut frying oils for the same trans fat‐free yeast raised doughnut rings according to taste, texture, appearance, overall liking, color, moisture content and sweetness characteristics. Specifically, the aim was to indicate the acceptability of substituting trans fat‐free oil based on the sensory characteristics of untrained consumer panelists. The doughnuts were fried in a trans fat and trans fat‐free oil for testing, and the panelists were asked to rate each doughnut on various sensory attributes and indicate their preference of doughnut. There were no significant differences between the two doughnuts based on the appearance, taste, texture, sweetness, moisture content and overall liking. The doughnut fried in trans fat‐free oil rated significantly different based on color where the doughnut was perceived slightly lighter in color than the trans fat version. Overall, the 107 out of 197 taste panelists preferred the trans fat‐free doughnut to the regular version, while 18 out of 197 preferred both doughnuts equally. Based on these findings, the industry might consider using the trans fat‐free versions of frying oils for frying doughnuts, pastries and other bakery items in order to reduce trans fats in foods and to lower heart disease in the American population.
The appropriateness of ready meals for dinner
Authors: Prim Mia , Gustafsson Inga‐Britt , Hall Gunnar
Published: August 2010

Different meal contexts call for different meal solutions. With the aim of understanding how people reason when choosing what to eat for dinner and how ready meal solutions fit their demands in this meal situation, a focus group study was conducted. Although there is an image of the ideal dinner as being cooked and eaten together with the family, this often conflicts with reality and scarcity of time. The social setting was shown to be of utmost importance in the choice of cooking, place to eat and actual meal. Suggestions were given on how to improve the appropriateness of ready meals for consumption at dinner.
Implementation of Low‐Fat, Low‐Sugar, and Portion‐Controlled Nutrition Guidelines in Competitive Food Venues of Maine Public High Schools
Authors: Whatley Blum Janet E. , Davee Anne‐Marie , Devore Rachel L. , Beaudoin Christina M. , Jenkins Paul L. , Kaley Lori A. , Wigand Debra A.
Published: August 2010

Background:  The prevalence of childhood “overweight” and “at risk for overweight” has become a major public health concern. School food environments can affect key nutritional risk factors, especially in high schools where foods of poor nutrient value are pervasive in à la carte and vending programs. This study examines à la carte and vending programs in Maine public high schools at baseline and following implementation of low‐fat (defined as items ≤30% of total calories from fat), low‐sugar (defined as items ≤35% of sugar by weight), and portion‐controlled (LFLS) guidelines.

Methods:  Four high schools implemented LFLS guidelines and 3 made no changes to à la carte and vending programs for a period of 1 school year.

Results:  Findings revealed no significant change in food and beverage offerings in control schools. Whereas, in intervention schools, the proportion of items meeting the LFLS nutrient criteria increased from 32.8% to 81.8% in à la carte items, increased from 22.5% to 84.0% in snack vending, and increased from 48.0% to 98.9% in beverage vending from baseline to follow‐up. However, these increases were mitigated when LFLS portion size criteria were applied.

Conclusions:  These findings demonstrate the successful implementation of LFLS guidelines similar to recommendations recently proposed by numerous organizations. School food service personnel were identified as key stakeholders in the successful implementation of the LFLS guidelines. Furthermore, these findings emphasize an important role the food and beverage industry will have in providing foods and beverages that meet proposed nutrient and portion guidelines.
Ureteral sarcoma in a dog
Authors: Deschamps J.‐Y. , Roux F. A. , Fantinato M. , Albaric O.
Published: August 2010

A ureteral sarcoma was diagnosed in a nine‐year‐old Weimaraner dog with gross haematuria, severe unilateral hydronephrosis, and hydroureter. Treatment consisted of unilateral nephrectomy and ureterectomy. This case was compared with 14 other ureteral tumours reported in the veterinary literature. Only three previous reports concerned a malignant ureteral tumour. Urinary tract neoplasms mainly involve the bladder and the kidney, and more rarely the urethra. The purpose of this paper is to report a rare case of malignant ureteral tumour in a dog.
Morphology and correction of distal tibial valgus deformities
Authors: Jaeger G. H. , Marcellin‐Little D. J. , Ferretti A.
Published: August 2010

Objectives:To characterise distal tibial valgus deformities in dogs through physical examination and radiographic evaluation.

Methods:In a clinical study of 16 client‐owned dogs, twelve unilateral and four bilateral distal tibial valgus deformities were evaluated using palpation and radiographs. The origin and amplitude of angulation, rotation and length deficits if present were measured. Radiographically, fibular length and position in relation to the tibia was compared in affected and clinically normal limbs. The dimensions of the fibular physes were also compared between clinically normal and affected limbs.

Results:Rottweilers and Shetland sheepdogs were overrepresented. Valgus deformities ranged from 16° to 48° (median, 32°) in affected and from 0° to 13° (median, 6°) in contralateral, clinically normal limbs. Fibular length, fibular position relative to the tibia or physeal dimensions were not statistically different between affected and clinically normal limbs.

ConclusionandClinicalRelevance:Many distal tibial valgus deformities in dogs are a uniplanar deformity without concurrent craniocaudal or rotational changes or length deficits. A growth cessation in the fibula does not appear to be responsible for the development of the deformity.
Indications, outcomes and complications following lateral thoracotomy in dogs and cats
Authors: Moores A. L. , Halfacree Z. J. , Baines S. J. , Lipscomb V. J.
Published: August 2010

Objectives:Lateral thoracotomy is widely used for surgical management of thoracic diseases in small animals. The purpose of this paper is to describe the indications for lateral thoracotomy in dogs and cats and the associated outcomes and complications.

Methods:Medical records of animals undergoing lateral thoracotomy were reviewed and owners contacted regarding complications and survival. Relationships between signalment and treatment variables and outcome variables were investigated.

Results:Seventy dogs and 13 cats underwent lateral thoracotomy. Sixty‐two per cent of cats and 91 per cent of dogs survived to discharge. Survival to discharge was significantly lower in cats than dogs, for neoplastic than non‐neoplastic disease and in older animals. Survival to discharge was higher in animals undergoing patent ductus arteriosus ligation than in those undergoing lung lobectomy or oesophageal surgery. Survival to discharge was not related to surgeon experience. The incidence of complications was not related to species, age, disease, duration of surgery, surgeon experience or duration of thoracostomy tube placement. A low complication rate (5 per cent) was associated with thoracostomy tubes.

ClinicalSignificance:The approach of lateral thoracotomy has a minimal complication rate and animals with a disease requiring this approach have a high survival rate.