bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF RENAL SIZE IN DOGS WITH ACUTE ALLOGRAFT REJECTION
Authors: Nyland Thomas G. , Fisher Paul E. , Gregory Clare R. , Wisner Erik R.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine the best method to ultrasonographically monitor renal size changes associated with acute allograft rejection in dogs. Qualitative changes in renal cortical and medullary echogenicity were also evaluated, although this was not a major focus of the study. Four unrelated, mixed‐breed dogs underwent bilateral nephrectomies and heterotopic renal allograft transplantation. Ultrasound examinations of transplanted kidneys were initiated at 3 days after surgery and continued at 2–3 day intervals until death (38±2 days). Ultrasound measurements of kidney length, width, height, cross‐sectional area, and estimated volume were used to assess relative changes in renal size associated with transplantation and rejection. Transplanted kidneys had a rapid increase in volume and cross‐sectional area that averaged 103% and 83% above baseline levels, respectively, by 17 days after transplantation. The increased size was attributed to a combination of hypertrophy and acute rejection, the latter of which was confirmed at postmortem. Kidney volume decreased to approximately 35% above baseline volume by day 34 as rejection became more advanced. Qualitative changes associated with rejection included medullary enlargement with decreased echogenicity early in the study, followed by increased cortical thickness and echogenicity with poor cortical medullary definition in the latter stages of the survival period. It was concluded that relative changes in renal allograft size can be easily monitored with ultrasound. In regard to linear measurements, changes in renal width were more pronounced than changes in height or length with acute rejection. Therefore measurements that incorporate the width, namely volume or cross‐sectional area, appear to be the most sensitive for monitoring changes in allograft size. Renal cross‐sectional area measurements are preferred because they are simple to perform using the automated calculation capability of most newer ultrasound units.
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF THE PANCREAS IN HEALTHY COWS
Authors: Pusterla Nicola , Braun Ueli
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the normal bovine pancreas and to establish reference values for healthy cattle. Ultrasonographic examinations were performed on the right side of 20 healthy cows. Ultrasonographically the body and right limb of pancreas appeared as a triangle‐shaped structure associated with the liver, portal vein, right kidney, and duodenum. In comparison to normal liver, the pancreas appeared isoechoic or slightly more echogenic. The right lobe of the pancreas was evaluated from the right flank to the eleventh intercostal space, and the body of the pancreas was visualized from the twelfth to the tenth intercostal space. The left lobe of the pancreas could not be seen because of its dorsomedial location. In 9 cows, the accessory pancreatic duct was located near the right lobe of the pancreas and appeared as two parallel echogenic lines with a hypoechogenic area between them. The diameter of the accessory pancreatic duct varied from 6 to 8 mm. The pancreaticoduodenal vein was seen in 5 cows. The diameter of the pancreaticoduodenal vein varied from 3 to 4 mm. The ultrasonographic characteristics determined in this study may serve as a reference in the evaluation of cows with suspected pancreatic disease.
ADRENAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY CORRELATED WITH HISTOPATHOLOGY IN FERRETS
Authors: Neuwirth L. , Collins B. , Calderwood‐MAYS M. , Tran T.
Published: May 2005

The adrenal glands of twenty‐six, 12‐to 53‐month‐old, ferrets without clinical signs of adrenal disease were examined and measured by ultrasonography and the findings compared with those from gross examination and histopathology. Of 51 adrenal glands examined, 27 were normal, 23 had either nodular or diffuse cortical hyperplasia and 1 had an adenocarcinoma. There was no statistically significant difference between the sonographic nor gross size of normal adrenal glands and those with hyperplasia. Moderate correlation was found between gross and sonographic measurements of length for both right (r=0.783; p<0.0001) and left (r=0.609; p<0.001) adrenal glands; however, the sonographic measurements were less than the gross measurements. Correlation was found between the sex and weight of the ferret and adrenal gland length (p<0.01) and width (p<0.02). In female ferrets, the length, width, and depth of the right adrenal gland sonographically measured (mean±sd) 7.5±1.2 mm, 3.7±0.6 mm, 2.8±0.4 mm, respectively, and the left measured 7.4±1.0 mm, 3.7±0.4 mm, 2.8±0.4 mm; in males, the right adrenal measured 8.9±1.6 mm, 3.8±0.6 mm, 3.0±0.8 mm and the left measured 8.6±1.2 mm, 4.2±0.6 mm, 3.0±0.6 mm. Accessory adrenal tissue was not identified during the sonographic examination but was grossly found in 10 of the ferrets. It was associated with either the right, left or both adrenal glands.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF HEREDITARY MULTIFOCAL RENAL CYSTADENOCARCINOMAS IN GERMAN SHEPHERD DOGS
Authors: Moe Lars , Lium Bjørn
Published: May 2005

the purpose of the study was to characterize the renal lesions of hereditary renal cystadenocarcinomas in the German shepherd dog using computed tomography (CT), Fourteen dogs with renal cystadenocarcinomas and nodular dermatofibrosis, and two unaffected dogs were studied. There were nine dogs with spontaneous disease and seven dogs from a test mating. The characteristic renal CT findings of renal cystadenocarcinomas were bilateral multiple cysts and tumor masses of various sizes. The earliest change were detected between 4 and 5 years of age and the smallest cysts measured 2‐3 mm in diameter. Abdominal CT examination gives a wide field view and excellent anatomic images of the kidneys. It is easy to differentiate between cysts and solid tumors. CT examination is useful for the early detection of renal cystadenocarcinomas and for screening suspected carrier dogs before breeding.
RADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF DISTAL RADIAL PHYSEAL CLOSURE IN THOROUGHBRED HORSES
Authors: Vulcano Luiz C. , Mamprim Maria J. , Muniz Lucy M.R. , MOREIRA Alankardson F. , Luna Stelio P.L.
Published: May 2005

Monthly radiography was performed to study distal radial physeal closure in ten male and ten female Throughbred horses. The height, thoracic circumference and metacarpus circumference were also measured. Distal radial physeal closure time was sooner in females than males, and took 701 ± 37 and 748 ± 55 days respectively.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING APPEARANCE OF INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE SECONDARY TO CEREBRAL VASCULAR MALFORMATION IN A DOG
Authors: Thomas William B. , Adams William H. , McGavin M. Donald , Gompf Rebecca E.
Published: May 2005

A 14‐year‐old dog developed an acute onset of depression, disorientation, left hemiparesis, left hemianopia, left facial hypoesthesia, and a tendency to turn to the right. Based on these findings, a lesion affecting the right forebrain was suspected. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a mass within the right cerebral hemisphere resulting in compression of the right lateral ventricle and shifting the longitudinal fissure to the left. The lesion was hyperintense on T1‐weighted images and hyperintense with focal regions of hypointensity on proton density‐, and T2‐weighted images, consistent with a subacute hemorrhage. At necropsy, there was a hematoma in the parietal portion of the right cerebral hemisphere. The hemorrhage was surrounded by numerous thin‐walled veins, most likely a venous malformation. Magnetic resonance imaging of intracranial hemorrhage is reviewed.
DILATED CORONARY SINUS IN A DOG WITH PERSISTENT LEFT CRANIAL VENA CAVA
Authors: Del Palacio Ma JosefaFernandez , Bayon Alejandro , Agut Amalia
Published: May 2005

This paper describes the electrocardiographic, echocardiographic (two‐dimensional, M‐mode, contrast and Doppler) and non‐selective angiocardiographic features in a 3 year old female Beagle with dilated coronary sinus due to persistent left cranial vena cava. Negative P waves in leads III and aVR and a positive P wave in lead aVL were seen. Echocardiographically, a hipoechoic circular structure was seen between the left atrium and the pericardium in the area where the coronary sinus is located. A velocity pattern with two peaks was obtained, one systolic with velocity = 0.44 ± 0.05 m/sec and the other diastolic with velocity = 0.27 ± 0.01 m/sec. By M‐mode echocardiography, at level of the aorta and the left atrium, a linear structure was identified between the left atrium and the pericardium; this structure was characterized by phasic movements of the anterior wall during the cardiac cycle. Following a left cephalic vein injection of saline, bubbles were seen within the coronary sinus; when saline was injected into the right cephalic vein, bubbles were also seen within the coronary sinus and right atrium and ventricle. Non‐selective angiocardiography confirmed a dilated coronary sinus with persistent left cranial vena cava. The right cranial vena cava was absent. The dog was clinically normal and the unusual vessel was an incidental finding.
PARTIAL AVULSION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE CRANIAL CRUCIATE LIGAMENT IN A 4 YEAR‐OLD DOG
Authors: Williams Jamie , Fitch Randall B. , LEMARIÉ Rose J.
Published: May 2005

A four year‐old intact male Dalmatian was referred to the veterinary teaching hospital at Louisiana State University for acute, non‐weight‐bearing left hindlimb lameness of three weeks duration. Information supplied by the referring veterinarian indicated the lameness was first diagnosed and treated seven months previously, but recurred three weeks ago. External rotation of the left stifle, mild discomfort upon stifle flexion, mild to moderate muscle atrophy and palpable joint effusion were noted during physical examination. Slight cranial drawer movement with a soft end‐point was discovered during manipulation of the left stifle. A triangular bone fragment and thickened, confluent intracapsular soft tissues were observed on radiographs of the stifle. Radiographically, moderate degenerative changes suggested chronicity. This report describes the clinical and radiographic findings of a rarely reported partial avulsion of the origin of the cranial cruciate ligament in a skeletally mature dog.
UPPER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION IN A LLAMA CAUSED BY ABERRANT NASOPHARYNGEAL BOTS (CEPHENEMYIA SP.)
Authors: Mattoon John S. , Gerros Terry C. , Parker Jill E. , Carter Cathleen A. , LaMarche Rebecca M.
Published: May 2005

A 9 month old female llama was presented with inspiratory dyspnea. Radiographically, there was a large soft tissue mass nearly occluding the nasopharynx. During endoscopic examination three nasopharyngeal bots were identified embedded in the mass. The larvae were removed and the patient treated with ivermectin. The patient was discharged one week later free of clinical respiratory disease. In follow‐up radiographs made 6 weeks later, only residual radiopacity in the area of the mass remained.
SIDE LOBES AND GRATING LOBES ARTIFACTS IN ULTRASOUND IMAGING
Authors: Paul Y , Barthez DVM , Léveillé René , Peter V , Scrivani DVM
Published: May 2005

Side lobes and grating lobes are both unwanted parts of the ultrasound beam emitted off axis that produce image artifacts due to error in positioning the returning echo. The purpose of this study was to reproduce artifacts associated with side lobes and grating lobes in vitro using different transducer types and recognize these artifacts in vivo. A phantom, composed of a water bath, a metallic wire, and a wooden tongue depressor, was imaged using a linear array, a curved linear array, a vector array, and a sector mechanical transducer. When imaging the metallic wire in a transverse plane, an echogenic artifact was constantly seen on each side of the wire, with a shape and intensity variable with the transducer type. The artifact was curvilinear and concave (linear and curved linear arrays), or curvilinear and convex (vector array and the mechanical transducer). When the tongue depressor was imaged in a longitudinal plane, the artifact was a straight line (linear array), a curved convex line(curved array), a series of convex curvilinear echo (vector array) or a small convex curvilinear echo (mechanical transducer). In vivo situations similar to the phantom experiment were investigated using clinical patients. Artifacts produced in vitro were recognized in vivo when a highly reflective object (urinary bladder wall) was imaged adjacent to an anechoic region (urine). These artifacts corresponded to the principle of secondary ultrasound lobes, and were therefore interpreted as such.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC LOCALIZATION OF A CAUDAL VENA CAVA THROMBUS IN A DOG WITH LEISHMANIASIS
Authors: Font Artur , Closa Josep M.
Published: May 2005

A dog with visceral leishmaniasis developed rear limb edema, and distension of the caudal epigastric veins. Glomerular disease with nephrotic syndrome and hypercoagulable state was diagnosed. Sonographically there was massive thrombosis of the caudal vena cava.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF ORTHOTOPIC URETEROCELE IN A DOG
Authors: Takiguchi Mitsuyoshi , Yasuda Jun , Ochiai Kenji , Morita Yutaka , Hashimoto Akira
Published: May 2005

A three‐year‐old, intact male, Siberian husky was evaluated for a two day history of dysuria. Sonographically there was an anechoic cyst‐like structure in the urinary bladder. The abnormality appeared to be a‘cyst within a cyst', which is a characteristic ultrasonographic feature of ureterocele in humans. Ultrasonography may be a useful means of establishing a diagnosis of ureterocele in dogs.
RADIOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF PULMONARY METASTASIS IN 25 CATS
Authors: Forrest Lisa J. , Graybush Cheryl A.
Published: May 2005

Thoracic radiographs of 25 cats with pulmonary metastatic disease and confirmed primary tumors were reviewed retrospectively. Pulmonary patterns of metastasis were divided into three categories, described as well‐defined interstitial nodules, ill‐defined interstitial nodules or a diffuse pulmonary pattern. The latter consisted of an alveolar pattern with or without ill‐defined pulmonary nodules and/or pleural effusion. More cats presented with pulmonary metastatic disease in the category of either ill‐defined nodules (n = 10) or a diffuse pattern (n = 7). Within this group, the most commonly represented primary tumor was mammary gland adenocarcinoma.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF PRESUMPTIVE LUMBOSACRAL DISCOSPONDYLITIS IN A DOG
Authors: Kraft Susan L. , Mussman John M. , Smith Thomas , Biller David S. , Hoskinson James J.
Published: May 2005

A three‐year‐old male Boxer dog had hyperesthesia, symmetrical epaxial, gluteal and hind limb muscular atrophy and rear limb ataxia. Neurological deficits included decreased conscious proprioception of the left hind limb, decreased withdrawal and increased patellar reflexes of both hind limbs. The dog had a urinary tract infection with positive culture for Staphylococcus intermedius. On survey radiography of the lumbosacral spine there was active bone proliferation spanning the L7 S1 intervertebral disc space with an epidural filling defect at the ventral aspect of the vertebral canal on epidurography, On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), findings were similar to those described for human diskospondylitis including altered signal intensity and nonuniform contrast enhancement of the L7‐S1 intervertebral disc, adjacent vertebral end plates and epidural and sublumbar soft tissues. Although skeletal radiography is usually sufficient to reach a diagnosis of discospondylitis, MRI of this patient made it possible to reach a presumptive diagnosia of discospondyltis prior to development of definitive radiographic abnormalties.
FACIAL FIBROSARCOMA IN TWO COWS
Authors: Britt Lisa G. , Middleton Ohn R. , Valdez Reginlad A. , Tucker Russell L. , Parish Steven M. , Tyler Jeff W.
Published: May 2005

Fibrosarcoma is a common tumor affecting bone, but is uncommon in cows, Reported here are two bovine cases of facial fibrosarcoma that were very invasive.
AORTO‐CARDIAC FISTULAS IN SEVEN HORSES
Authors: Marr Celia M. , Reef Virginia B. , Brazil T.J. , Thomas W.P. , Knottenbelt D.C. , Kelly D.F. , BAKER J.R. , Reimer Johanna M. , Maxson Abby D. , Crowhurst J.S.
Published: May 2005

This report describes the history, clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings, treatment, outcome, and post‐mortem findings in seven horses with aorto‐cardiac fistula. Affected horses included 5 stallions, one gelding and one mare; 2 each of the Thoroughbred, Arabian and Standardbred breeds and one Thoroughbred‐cross with a mean ± s.d. age of 12 ± 4 years, range 6–18 years. The presenting sings were acute distress (four horses), exercise intolerance (two horses) and the lesion was detected during a routine examination in one horse. Five horses had monomorphic ventricular tachycardia on admission and one other had a history of this arrhythmia. Five horses had a characteristic continuous murmur loudes in the right fourth intercostal space. Echocardiography (six horuses) and/or post‐mortem examination (four horses) revealed the horses had aorto‐cardiac fistulas arising from the right aortic sinus in all five horses in which the site was recorded. Two horses had ruptured aneurysmall dilatations of the aortic wall at this site. Fistulas extended into the right ventricle in four horses; the right atrium in two horses, the left ventricle in one horse, and five horses had dissecting tracts in the septal myocardium. Horses survived for periods ranging from 24th to 4 years. Aorto‐cardiac fistula should be considered in the differential diagnosis for horses presenting with acute distress, bounding arterial pulse, a right‐sided continuous murmur and/or monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, particularly in middle‐aged or older stallions. Echocardiography is the technique of choice for confirming the diagnosis and demonstrating accompanying cardiac changes.
PULMONARY VENOUS FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AS ASSESSED BY TRANSTHORACIC PULSED DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN NORMAL DOGS
Authors: Schober Karsten E. , Fuentes Virginia Luis , Mcewan Joanna Dukes , French Anne T.
Published: May 2005

Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography was used to evaluate the technique of measuring and normal patterns of pulmonary venous flow in fourteen normal dogs. Polyphasic pulmonary venous flow profiles were obtained in all dogs, consisting of one (S) or two (SE and SL) systolic forward flow waves, one early diastolic forward flow wave (D), one reverse flow wave (R) related to atrial contraction, and one reverse flow wave (R2) observed after cessation of systolic flow. Pulmonary venous flow was laminar in 9 dogs (65%). Maximal flow velocity during systole (0.39 ± 0.14 m/sec) was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than in early diastole (0.56 ± 0.14 m/sec). During late diastole peak flow velocity was 0.20 ± 0.08 m/sec and maximum R2 velocity was 0.17 ± 0.05 m/sec. Duration of mitral A‐wave was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than R‐wave duration in all dogs (0.075 ± 0.10 vs 0.058 ± 0.012 sec). These results can be used for comparison with patterns found in disease states.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DETECTION OF ADRENAL GLAND TUMOR AND URETEROLITHIASIS IN A GUINEA PIG
Authors: Gaschen Lorrie , Ketz Cornelia , Lang Johann , Weber Urs , Bacciarini L. , Kohler Ingrid
Published: May 2005

A 5‐year‐old guinea pig was presented to the University of Berne Small Animal Radiology Department for an ultrasound examination of the abdomen to confirm a suspected diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. The patient had bilateral alopecia, was apathic and obese. Ultrasonographically, a tumor of the left adrenal gland, obstruction of the left ureter by an ureterolith, as well as hydronephrosis of the left kidney were detected. During surgery to relieve the ureteral obstruction the adrenal gland tumor was removed. The guinea pig died post‐operatively due to blood loss. The left adrenal gland tumor was found histopathologically to be an adenoma and the right adrenal gland also had multiple small adenomas, but grossly appeared normal. The ureterolith was analyzed and found by x‐ray diffraction to consist of calcium carbonate.
QUALITATIVE ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE LIVER IN OBESE CATS
Authors: Nicoll Robert G. , O'Brien Robert T. , Jackson Mark W.
Published: May 2005

A prospective study was undertaken to compare the relative echogenicity of the liver and the fat of the falciform ligament in two groups of clinically normal obese cats. In the first group of cats, four of eight normal weight cats were fed a high calorie diet ad libitum for a 12 week period at which time they were considered obese. The liver was hyperechoic when compared to the adjacent fat of the falciform ligament in the obese cats. In the second group of cats, the body condition of a group of eight clinically normal cats was subjectively graded. On ultrasonographic examination, the liver of those cats considered to be overweight were hyperechoic compared to the adjacent fat of the falciform ligament. Results from this study suggest that clinically normal obese cats may have a liver that is hyperechoic relative to the fat of the falciform ligament.
LOW‐FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF EARLY SUBCHONDRAL CYST‐LIKE LESIONS IN INDUCED CRANIAL CRUCIATE LIGAMENT DEFICIENT DOGS
Authors: Baird Debra K. , Hathcock John T. , Kincaid Steven A. , Rumph Paul F. , Kammermann John , Widmer William R. , Visco Denise , Sweet Donald
Published: May 2005

Six healthy adult male mongrel dogs underwent cranial cruciate ligament transection in the left stifle. Survey radiography of both stifles and low‐field (0.064 T) MRI of the left stifle were performed preoperatively and at 2, 6, and 12 weeks postoperatively. Focal changes in signal intensity were seen with MRI in the subchondral bone of the medial tibial condyle at 2 and 6 weeks postoperatively. At 12 weeks postoperative, a cyst‐like lesion was detected using MRI in the subchondral bone of the medial tibial condyle in 4 of 6 dogs and a less defined lesion at this site in the remaining 2 dogs. The cyst‐like lesion was spherical in shape and showed typical characteristics of fluid with low signal intensity on T1‐weighted images, high signal intensity on T2‐weighted images and high signal intensity on inversion recovery images. The lesion was seen in the subchondral bone of the caudal medial and/or middle region of the tibial plateau slightly cranial to the insertion of the caudal cruciate ligament. No subchondral cysts were seen in the tibia on radiographs. Histopathologically, the tibia was characterized by a loose myxomatous phase of early subchondral cyst formation.
CONTRAST RADIOGRAPHY OF THE LOWER URINARY TRACT IN THE MANAGEMENT OF OBSRUCTIVE UROLITHIASIS IN SMALL RUMINANTS AND SWINE
Authors: Palmer Jan L. , Dykes Nathan L. , Love Karen , Fubini Susan L.
Published: May 2005

Contrast radiographic visualization of the small ruminant and porcine lower urinary tract is an infrequently used modality for the evaluation and management of obstructive urolithiasis. The administration of contrast medium through a tube cystostomy catheter used to divert urine flow until the resolution of the obstruction may provide an easy method to evaluate the status of the urethral obstruction. Contrast fluoroscopy is utilized to monitor and visualize therapeutic flushing of the urethra. A review of 26 patients seen at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital suggested that among the radiographic techniques used, positive contrast normograde cystourethrography through the tube cystostomy catheter allowed the best visualization of the lower urinary tract structures and enabled assessment of the resolution of the obstructive lesion.
DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE OF LATERAL VENTRICULAR VOLUME AND RATIO IN BEAGLE‐TYPE DOGS UP TO 7 MONTHS OF AGE
Authors: Kii Sachie , Uzuka Yuji , Taura Yasuho , Nakaichi Munekazu , Inokuma Hisashi , Onishi Takafumi
Published: May 2005

Eighteen healthy Beagle‐type dogs were studied using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging from a few days after birth up to 7 months of age. We evaluated the onset of lateral ventricular expansion, the developmental change of lateral ventricular volume and the ratio of the largest to the smallest lateral ventricular volume. The onset of lateral ventricular expansion was defined as the day that the expansion by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was first visible in unilateral or bilateral lateral ventricles on the transverse images at the level of the intraventricular formen. It was found that the expansion of lateral ventricles were first detectable at 3–4 weeks. Lateral ventricular volume ratio varied most from the onset of lateral ventricular expansion to 75 days of age and stabilized after that, although absolute brain and lateral ventricular volumes continued to increase.
HYDROTHORAX SECONDARY TO A PERINEPHRIC PSEUDOCYST IN A CAT
Authors: Rishniw Mark , Weidman Joyce , Hornof William J.
Published: May 2005

Hydrothorax was identified in a 14‐year‐old Siamese cat with a pre‐existent perinephric pseudocyst. The pleural fluid was classified as a low‐protein transudate. Intrapseudocystic scintigraphy confirmed a direct communication between the pseudocyst and the pleural space. The hydrothorax resolved following pseudocystectomy and unilateral nephrectomy, demonstrating that the psendocyst caused the hydrothorax.
TRANSESOPHAGEAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE NORMAL CANINE MEDIASTINUM
Authors: St.‐Vincent Rachel S. , Pharr John W.
Published: May 2005

The mediastinum of eight normal research dogs was examined by transesophageal ultrasonography with a 5MHz frequency transducer to establish a baseline for future use of this new imaging modality as a diagnostic tool. Each examination consisted of 360 degree scans in both transverse and sagittal planes from the thoracic inlet to the esophageal hiatus. Dissections of four of these research dogs were then performed to confirm transesophageal ultrasonography findings. Transesophageal ultrasonography of the mediastinum was a good imaging modality for the evaluation of the heartbase, the major cranial mediastinal vessels, the descending aorta, and occasionally part of the azygos vein. Anatomic orientation was best obtained by beginning the examination at the heart base. Lymph nodes and smaller caliber vessels could not be distinguished from surrounding tissues; however, Doppler ultrasound was useful for identifying the smaller vessels. Although a 5 MHz frequency transducer is preferred for transesophageal echocardiography, a higher frequency transducer would improve the resolution of the images of small near‐field structures and may be more appropriate for mediastinal imaging.
PREVALENCE OF GALLBLADDER SLUDGE IN DOGS AS ASSESSED BY ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Authors: Brömel Catharina , Barthez Paul Y. , Léveillé Renée , Scrivani Peter V.
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonography of the gallbladder was performed in 3 groups of dogs: 30 clinically healthy dogs, 50 dogs with hepatobiliary disease, and 50 dogs with diseases other than hepatobiliary disease. The gallbladder was evaluated for the presence of sludge (echogenic material without acoustic shadowing). Maximal gallbladder length, width, height, and area were measured as well as the gallbladder wall thickness. The relative sludge area was calculated as the ratio of sludge area over gallbladder area on longitudinal images. No significant difference was found in the prevalence of gallbladder sludge among healthy dogs (53%), dogs with hepatobiliary diseases (62%), and dogs with other disease (48%). The mean age of dogs with sludge was higher than the mean age of dogs without sludge in dogs with hepatobiliary disease and dogs with other diseases (p ≤0.05). The mean relative sludge area did not differ significantly among the 3 groups. A trend to larger gallbladder dimensions in dogs with sludge compared to dogs without sludge was detected within the 3 groups. The gallbladder wall thickness was not different between dogs with and without sludge within the 3 groups. However, the gallbladder wall was more frequently isoechoic than hyperechoic to the liver in dogs with sludge than in dogs without sludge. The results of this study indicate that gallbladder sludge, in dogs, in not particularly associated with hepatobiliary disease and should be considered an incidental finding.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN 14 DOGS WITH ECTOPIC URETER
Authors: Lamb Christopher R. , Gregory Susan P.
Published: May 2005

To evaluate ultrasonography as an alternative to contrast radiography for diagnosis of ectopic ureter in dogs, ultrasonography of the urinary tract was performed prospectively in a series of urinary incontinent dogs anesthetized for contrast radiography. Fourteen dogs had ectopic ureter based on surgical, necropsy or unequivocal contrast radiographic findings. There were eight females and six males of a variety of breeds; five were Labrador retrievers. Mean (range) age at the time of diagnosis was 1.2 (0.2–4) years for females and 3.5 (0.3–5) for males (p < 0.05). Ectopic ureters were unilateral in five dogs (2 left; 3 right) and bilateral in nine dogs. Both ultrasound images and contrast radiographs were positive for 21 (91%) ectopic ureters; the same two ectopic ureters were not detected using either modality. The termination of each of the five normal ureters was visible on ultrasound images; two (40%) were visible on radiographs. Other ultrasonographic findings included dilatation of the ectopic ureter and/or ipsilateral renal pelvis in ten (43%) instances, evidence of pyelonephritis in two dogs (with enlargement of the contralateral kidney in one dog), and urethral diverticuli in one dog. Ultrasonography is a practical diagnostic test for ectopic ureter in dogs. In this series there was close correlation between the ultrasonographic and contrast radiographic findings for each ectopic ureter, but ultrasonography enabled more accurate determination of normal ureteral anatomy.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF OVARIAN TUMORS IN 10 DOGS
Authors: Diez‐Bru Natalia , Garcia‐Real Isabel , Martinez Elena M. , Rollan Eduardo , Mayenco Ana , Llorens Pilar
Published: May 2005

Signalment, clinical history, physical examination, clinicopathologic, readiographic and ultrasonographic findings of 10 female dogs with histologically confirmed ovarian neoplasms were reviewed. Ultrasonographic images and reports were reviewed for (1) location, size, outer margins, and echogenicity of the mass(es), (2) presence of free abdominal fluid, (3) evidence of uterine abnormalities, and (4) signs of metastatic disease. The masses were classified according to their ultrasonographic pattern in solid, solid with cystic component, and cystic. The masses were ultrasonographically reported as being of ovarian origin in eight dogs, and this origin was included in the list of differentials in the remaining two dogs. When present, abdominal effusions and uterine abnormalities were diagnosed by means of ultrasound.
A REVIEW OF IMAGING TECHNIQUES FOR CANINE CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME
Authors: Ramirez Oscar , THRALL Donald E.
Published: May 2005

There are many imaging modalities available for evaluating the canine lumbosacral region. These include conventional radiography, stress radiography, myelography, epidurography, transosseous and intravenous venography, discography, linear tomography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Myelography, epidurography and discography are commonly used, but often lack sensitivity. Myelography is of little value when evaluating the cauda equina because the dural sac is elevated from the vertebral canal floor and frequently ends before the lumbosacral junction. Epidurography will identify a ventrally located compressive lesion and discography can delineate the dorsal extent of the diseased disc; however, both are sometimes difficult to interpret. Therefore, more than one of these imaging techniques must be used in order to make a diagnosis. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have become valuable in evaluating the lumbosacral region in dogs. These modalities have proven to be both sensitive and specific for determining cauda equina compression in both humans and in dogs.
THE DURAL TAIL SIGN IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF MENINGIOMAS
Authors: Graham John P. , Newell Susan M. , Voges Andra K. , Roberts Gregory D. , Harrison Jay M.
Published: May 2005

In humans the dural tail is a sign seen on contrast enhanced T1 weighted magnetic resonance images. This finding is considered specific for meningioma. The purpose of this study was to determine how often the dural tail occurs in cats and dogs and whether it is a specific sign for meningiomas in these species. MR examinations for eighteen dogs and four cats with proven diagnoses were reviewed. Diagnoses included ten meningiomas (seven dogs and three cats), three gliomas, two pituitary tumors, single examples of two other tumor types and five patients with mass lesions due to inflammatory disease. Contrast enhanced T1 weighted images were evaluated independently by three of the authors for the presence of a dural tail, without knowledge of the diagnoses. The results were compared to the diagnosis for each patient and the performance of individual reviewers compared. When their results were averaged, the reviewers reported the presence of a dural tail in 6 of 10 (60%) meningiomas, although detection varied between observers from 40% to 80%. Each reviewer had one false positive result, two reported a dural tail with a chromophobe adenocarcinoma and one with a toxoplasma meningoencephalitis. When a dural tail is seen an associated mass is most likely a meningioma. It is uncertain whether the dural tail represents neoplastic infiltration beyond the margins of the meningioma. This should be considered when planning treatment.
IMAGE MAGNIFICATION IN DIGITAL FLUOROSCOPY
Authors: Rosenstein Diana S.
Published: May 2005

Image magnification is inherent in radiography. In digital fluoroscopy, the three components of magnification are geometric, electronic and photographic. In this study, the total magnification factor of a digital imaging system was determined by two methods, 1) comparison of measurements of a known object to its image and 2) calculation of geometric, electronic and photographic magnification from the imaging system specifications. Both methods were employed for various focal‐film distances, image intensifier tube modes and laser printer formats. Results of these two methods were different due to the detrimental effect of penumbra on image quality with increasing magnification. If a radiographic image is to be used to approximate object size, then a technique should be used that will minimize magnification. In digital fluoroscopy this is achieved with the shortest object‐film distance (assuming a fixed focal‐object distance), largest image intensifler mode and greatest number of images per sheet of film.
RADIOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF Pneumocystis carinii PNEUMONIA IN THE MINIATURE DACHSHUND
Authors: Kirberger Robert M. , Lobetti Remo G.
Published: May 2005

The thoracic radiographic changes ofPneumocystis cariniiin 7 miniature Dachshunds were reviewed. The dogs were 7–12 months old and presented with polypnea, exercise intolerance and clinical signs suggestive of immune‐incompetence.P. cariniipneumonia was diagnosed in all the dogs using transtracheal aspirate cytology and confirmed at postmortem in 3 dogs that died. Radiographically, diffuse pulmonary changes were present and varied from a mild interstitial and bronchial pattern to an alveolar pattern. Radiographic evidence of cor pulmonale was present in 1 dog. The most severe radiographic changes were seen in 2 of the dogs that died.
IMAGING A SPINAL FRACTURE IN A KOHAKU KOI (Cyprinus carpio): TECHNIQUES AND CASE HISTORY REPORT
Authors: Bakal Robert S. , Love Nancy E. , Lewbart Gregory A. , Berry Clifford R.
Published: May 2005

An ornamental pet fish was diagnosed with a spinal fracture and subluxation involving truncal vertebrae 5 and 6 (T5‐T6) using conventional radiography, nuclear scintigraphy, and computed tomography. Attempts to evaluate the dynamic nature of the lesion using conventional fluoroscopy in the unanesthetized, moving patient were unsuccessful. Adaptation of imaging techniques to accommodate a fish patient was not difficult and diagnostic images were obtained. The use of multiple imaging techniques was useful in the diagnosis and determination of the treatment plan of the spinal fracture in this patient.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS IN TRAINING COMPARED WITH NON‐TRAINING GREYHOUNDS
Authors: Lonsdale Rebecca A. , Labuc Robert H. , Robertson Ian D.
Published: May 2005

Echocardiographic parameters were compared between training and non‐training greyhound dogs. When indexed to body weight there was a statistically significant increase (p<0.05) in the interventricular septal thickness (systole) and when indexed to body surface area there were increased interventricular septal (systole) and left ventricular free wall measurements (systole) in training compared with non‐training greyhounds. When each gender was analyzed separately and echocardiographic parameters were indexed to body size, both genders had an increase in the interventricular septal thickness (diastolic in the female, systolic in the male) in the training compared with non‐training greyhounds. In male training greyhounds there was additionally an increase in the left ventricular internal dimension (systole) and free wall thickness (systole) when echocardiographic parameters were indexed to body surface area compared with non‐training greyhounds (p<0.05). The results indicate that certain training greyhound echocardiographic parameters are larger than non‐training greyhound echocardiographic parameters. The potential effects of training, body size and gender should be considered when interpreting echocardiographic parameters in populations of greyhounds.
DOPPLER ULTRASOUND OF THE PROSTATE IN NORMAL DOGS AND IN DOGS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC‐LYMPHOPLASMOCYTIC PROSTATITIS
Authors: Newell Susan M. , Neuwirth Lisa , Ginn Pamela E. , Roberts Gregory D. , Prime Linda S. , Harrison Jay M.
Published: May 2005

The prostate gland of 11 normal dogs and five dogs with histological confirmed chronic lymphocytic or lymphoplasmocytic prostatitis were imaged with grey‐scale and Doppler ultrasound. Three vessel types (prostatic artery, capsular artery and parenchymal artery) were identified with color Doppler and the resistive index and maximum and minimum velocities were measured with pulsed wave Doppler. No differences between normal dogs and dogs with prostatitis was identified in either grey‐scale ultrasound or in any Doppler parameters measured. Regardless of histologic diagnosis, acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg IV) caused a significant decrease in capsular artery maximum and minimum velocities and prostatic artery resistive index. This study establishes normal Doppler ultrasound parameters for the intact male canine prostate gland. Additional studies are necessary to further evaluate the clinical utility of Doppler ultrasound in canine prostatic diseases.
SONOGRAPHIC RENAL FINDINGS IN 20 DOGS WITH LEPTOSPIROSIS
Authors: Forrest Lisa J. , O'Brien Robert T. , Tremeling Megan S. , Steinberg Howard , Cooley A. Jim , Kerlin Roy L.
Published: May 2005

Abdominal ultrasound examinations of 20 dogs with confirmed leptospirosis were reviewed retrospectively for renal abnormalities. Three dogs had a normal ultrasound examination. The remaining 17 dogs had sonographic abnormalities of the kidneys. These abnormalities, seen either alone or in combination, included renalmegaly (n=10), pyelectasia (n=9), increased cortical echogenicity (n=15), perinephric effusion (n=5), and a medullary band of increased echogenicity (n=6). At our institution, the medullary band of increased echogencity has only been seen in dogs with leptospirosis and may therefore be a specific sonographic sign for this disease.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF CANINE GASTRIC EPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA
Authors: Penninck Dominique G. , Moore Antony S. , Gliatto John
Published: May 2005

Signalment, clinical and ultrasonographic findings from 16 dogs with histologically confirmed gastric epithelial neoplasia were reviewed. The most common clinical findings were vomiting, anorexia and weight loss. Hematemesis and melena were uncommon findings. Ten (10/16) dogs were female and there were four Chows. The most common ultrasonographic findings were transmural thickening of the gastric wall associated with altered wall layering. A poorly echogenic lining often was noted on the innermost and/or the outermost portions of the gastric wall, separated by a more echogenic central zone. The distribution of these changes was variable. This ultrasonographic feature, called pseudolayering, was present in 14 dogs. It was believed to most likely correlate to the unevenly layered tumor distribution noted histopathologically. The maximum wall thickening ranged from 1 cm to 2.7 cm. Regional lymphadenopathy was identified ultrasonographically in 15 dogs. Ultrasound‐guided fineneedle aspiration biopsy or automated microcore biopsy, endoscopic biopsy, surgical biopsy or necropsy resulted in the diagnosis of carcinoma in 15 dogs and of carcinoid tumor in one dog. The results of this study suggested that ultrasonography was a useful tool for the detection and diagnosis of canine gastric epithelial neoplasia. Furthermore, ultrasonography can assist in obtaining diagnostic samples and in clinical staging of the tumor.
B‐MODE AND DOPPLER ULTRASOUND IMAGING OF THE SPLEEN WITH CANINE SPLENIC TORSION: A RETROSPECTIVE EVALUATION
Authors: Saunders H. Mark , Neath Prudence J. , Brockman Daniel J.
Published: May 2005

The ultrasonographic appearance of splenic torsion has been described; the splenic parenchyma can be normal, hypoechoic or anechoic with interspersed linear echoes (coarse/“lacy” appearance). The ultrasonographic parenchymal appearance of 15 dogs in this report with splenic torsion varied: mottled hypoechoic regions (n=2), diffusely hypoechoic (n=11) and normal (n=2). Because splenic torsion causes vascular congestion due to splenic vein compression and eventual thrombosis, visible splenic vein intraluminal echogenicities compatible with thrombi were seen in 13 dogs using B‐mode. Using spectral Doppler and color Doppler imaging of the splenic veins, no measurable flow velocities were detected in any of the 15 dogs. The varied B‐mode ultrasonographic appearance of the splenic veins for intraluminal echoes and spectral or color Doppler evaluation for absent velocity flow.
HEPATIC ABSCESSES IN 13 DOGS: A REVIEW OF THE ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS, CLINICAL DATA AND THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS
Authors: Schwarz Leslie A. , Penninck Dominique G. , Leveille‐Webster Cynthia
Published: May 2005

Historical, physical examination, clinicopathologic, radiographic and ultrasonographic findings of 13 dogs with hepatic abscesses were reviewed. Liver abscessation was characterized by number, size, shape, echogenicity and location. Solitary lesions greater than 3 cm were more common than multiple ones. The abscesses were mainly poorly echogenic lesions, often with central cavitation. The shape of the lesion ranged from round to oval or irregular. Enhancement artifact, abdominal effusion, regional lymphadenopathy and hyperechoic perihepatic fat, were identified in several dogs. Ultrasound‐guided aspiration was performed in 10 of 13 dogs, and confirmed abscessation with cytologic and microbiologic evaluation. Ultrasound‐guided percutaneous drainage of abscesses was performed as an adjunct to medical management in four dogs.
RADIOGRAPHIC BONE LOSS CORRELATIONS AND TECHNETIUM‐99m‐MDP BONE UPTAKE IN LIGATURE‐INDUCED PERIODONTAL DISEASE IN THE BEAGLE
Authors: Holland Merrilee , Boring J. Gregg , Boyle Carolyn R. , Pickrum Harvey M. , Jeffcoat Marjorie K.
Published: May 2005

The goal of this study was to develop an animal model for the study of acute periodontal disease using silk ligatures in combination with a soft diet in eleven purebred beagle dogs. The silk ligatures were placed subgingivally on the mandible second and fourth premolar on one side of the mouth; the opposite side served as a control. Dogs were monitored during the 16–20 weeks of ligature placement, and for 48 weeks after ligature removal. Development of periodontal disease was evaluated by radiopharmaceutical uptake into bone, radiographic evidence of alveolar bone loss, attachment loss, gingival index and prostaglandin level. Bone loss occurred on the ligatured side during the ligature phase of the study. Radiopharmaceutical uptake was correlated with radiographic evidence of bone loss during the ligature phase. No significant bone loss occurred during the post‐ligature phase. Progressive periodontal disease was induced during ligature placement. However, a chronic less aggressive form was not sustained by soft diet alone after ligature removal.
VALIDATION OF DECONVOLUTIONAL ANALYSIS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF HEPATIC FUNCTION IN DOGS WITH TOXIC‐INDUCED LIVER DISEASE
Authors: Daniel Gregory B. , Denovo Robert , Schultze A. Eric , Schmidt Dorothy , Smith Gary T.
Published: May 2005

The extraction of the hepatobiliary radiopharmaceutical99mTc‐mebrofenin (Choletec) by the liver can be used to evaluate the severity of hepatocellular disease. The hepatic parenchymal cells extract mebrofenin from the blood by the same active transport mechanism as bilirubin. The ability of the liver to extract99mTc‐membrofenin is a measure of hepatic parenchymal cell function. In this study, we induced hepatocellular disease by administration of a hepatotoxic drug and compared a direct method of determining the hepatic extraction of99mTc‐membrofenin to hepatic extraction fraction derived from deconvolutional analysis. We also compared both methods of calculating the hepatic extraction of99mTc‐membrofenin to liver histopathology. Hepatic extraction fraction derived from deconvolutional analysis correlated very well to the direct measurement technique (R=0.922, p<0.001). Both methods of determining hepatic extraction correlated well to quantitative histopathology, having the same correlation coefficient and p values. (R=‐0.833, p=0.003). As the hepatic extraction99mTc‐membrofenin decreased, the severity of the histopathologic lesions of the liver increased in a linear fashion. There was a significant correlation of the hepatic excretion T1/2to quantititative histopathology (R=0.949, p<0.001). The hepatic excretion T1/2increased as the severity of the histopathologic lesions of the liver increased. Hepatic extraction (HEF) and excretion of99mTc‐membrofenin are good predictors of the severity of hepatocellular damage in toxic induced liver disease. This study helps validate the premise that HEF derived from deconvolutional analysis ois a good predictor of the actual first pass hepatic extraction of99mTc‐membrofenin.
IMAGING BASILAR SKULL FRACTURES IN THE HORSE: A REVIEW
Authors: Ramirez Oscar , Jorgensen Joan S. , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

Due to the complex nature of the anatomy of the equine head, superimposition of numerous structures, and poor soft tissue differentiation, radiography may be of limited value in the diagnosis of basilar skull fractures. However, in many horses radiographic changes such as soft tissue opacification of the guttural pouch region, irregular bone margination at the sphenoccipital line, attenuation of the nasopharynx, ventral displacement of the dorsal pharyngeal wall and the presence of irregularly shaped bone fragments in the region of the guttural pouches are suggestive of a fracture of the skull base. These findings in conjunction with physical examination findings and historical information may lead to a presumptive diagnosis of a fracture. When available and when the patient will accommodate the equipment, computed tomography may give a definitive diagnosis owing to its superior resolution and differentiation of soft tissue structures.