bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new Palaeocene albulid (Teleostei: Elopomorpha) from the Ouled Abdoun phosphatic basin, Morocco
Authors: CAVIN LIONEL , BARDET NATHALIE , CAPPETTA HENRI , GHEERBRANT EMMANUEL , IAROCHENE SIDI MOHAMED , SUDRE JEAN
Published: July 2002

A new albulid fish, Phosphonatator oxyrhynchus, based on a single large neurocranium, is
described from the deposits of the Ouled Abdoun phosphatic basin, Morocco. The matrix of the fossil
contains an elasmobranch assemblage indicating a Danian age (with some redeposited Maastrichtian
elements). P. oxyrhynchus is characterized notably by its elongated snout and by a reduced patch of
teeth on the parasphenoid. Up to now, fossil fishes from the Ouled Abdoun phosphatic basin were
mainly known by isolated remains, and the recovery of this specimen should be ranked equal to the
recent discovery of important, very well-preserved new material of vertebrates in the Sidi Daoui area.
LOYALTY, RELIGION AND STATE POWER IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND:

ENGLISH ROMANISM AND THE JACOBEAN OATH OF ALLEGIANCE
Authors: QUESTIER M. C.
Published: July 2002

This article explores the Jacobean oath of allegiance as an act

of government. It

suggests that historians have misread the intentions of the regime

in its formulation and enforcement

of the oath. Consequently they have underestimated the capacity of

the regime to enforce its will on

catholic nonconformists. An analysis of contemporary reaction to the

oath demonstrates that early

modern government could exert its power in ways which revisionist

historians have either missed or

denied. The oath should be understood as an exceptionally subtle and

well-constructed rhetorical essay

in the exercise of state power, and this we see in the devastating

effect it had on the structure of

Jacobean Romanist dissent. The evidence presented here suggests that

this statutory oath was not a

simple profession of civil allegiance to which English Romanist

dissenters responded with a

characteristic mixture of paranoia and politically illiterate

confusion. Rather it was an exceedingly

complex association of religious and political ideas, a diabolically

effective polemical cocktail, which

did not have to rely merely on the mechanics of a bureaucracy to work

its intended course against the

Romanist fraction within the English state.
Adjusting for fertility and competition in variety trials
Authors: DURBAN M. , CURRIE I. D. , KEMPTON R. A.
Published: July 2002

A joint model for plot yield in response to fertility trends and interplot competition is described. The
model combines the mixed model representation of a cubic smoothing spline to model fertility and
a regression model with auto-regressive terms to model competition. Estimation is based on a
generalization of residual maximum likelihood. The methods were applied to a series of 70 sugar beet
trials conducted by the Plant Breeding Institute, Cambridge, UK, and the results summarized.
MARRIAGE PATTERNS OF CALIFORNIA'S EARLY SPANISH-MEXICAN COLONISTS (1742–1876)
Authors: GARCIA-MORO CLARA , TOJA D. I. , WALKER PHILLIP L.
Published: July 2002

Marriage patterns of California's eighteenth and nineteenth century
Spanish-Mexican families are analysed using data from genealogies and mission
records. A shortage of women among the military based colonists led to an
unusual marriage pattern with a large age differential between husbands and
wives. The average age at marriage was 18·4 years for women and 28·4 years for
men. Spatial mobility was high for both sexes, particularly for men. More
husbands than wives were born in Mexico. The Monterey presidial district of
central California was the birthplace of a disproportionate number of husbands
and the southern California districts were a source of wives. The transition
between a founding population predominantly composed of Mexican immigrants and
a population of native-born Californians
occurred at the beginning of the
nineteenth century.
Relationships of growth hormone gene and milk protein
polymorphisms to milk production traits in Simmental cattle
Authors: FALAKI MOHAMMED , PRANDI ALBERTO , CORRADINI CESARE , SNEYERS MYRIAM , GENGLER NICOLAS , MASSART SERGE , FAZZINI UBERTO , BURNY ARSENE , PORTETELLE DANIEL , RENAVILLE ROBERT
Published: July 2002

The importance of milk proteins and the positive effect of administration

of growth hormone (GH) on milk production, and the presence in some dairy
cattle
lines of greater GH concentrations prompted us to examine the presence
of
restriction fragment length polymorphism at the GH gene using the restriction

enzyme TaqI and to investigate associations between this polymorphism
in
Simmental cows and bulls, as well as milk protein variants in Simmental
cows, and
milk production traits. Blood and milk were sampled from 279 Italian Simmental

cows and semen was collected from 148 bulls of the same breed. Two fragment
bands,
denoted A and B, of 6200 and 5200 bp respectively, were examined and three

patterns, AA, AB and BB, were found in both animal samples. All variants

previously reported in other studies, for κ, β, and
αs1-caseins, and β-lactoglobulin,
were found in the cows' samples. For the cows' samples, a BLUP
(Best Linear
Unbiased Predictor) analysis of results was performed using a REML (Restricted

Maximum Likelihood) program and known heritabilities, whereas for bulls
we have
performed a General Linear Model analysis. The effect of GH gene polymorphism,

using TaqI restriction enzyme, on milk production traits was
not significant, but
bulls of BB pattern had a higher breeding value for milk yield than AA
bulls
(P<0·05). For the κ-casein genotypic effects,

cows of AB genotype gave milk with
1·53±0·70 g/kg less fat than cows of
AA genotype. In addition, breeding values for
milk protein content were significantly higher in BB bulls, with
0·87±0·32 and
0·71±0·34 g/kg more milk protein than AA and
AB bulls respectively. Thus, our
results revealed a GH gene polymorphism and indicated significant effects
of milk
protein polymorphisms on milk production traits in the Italian Simmental
breed.
The degeneration of large-scale interfacial gravity waves in lakes
Authors: HORN D. A. , IMBERGER J. , IVEY G. N.
Published: July 2002

Mechanisms for the degeneration of large-scale interfacial gravity waves are identified
for lakes in which the effects of the Earth's rotation can be neglected. By assuming
a simple two-layer model and comparing the timescales over which each of these
degeneration mechanisms act, regimes are defined in which particular processes are
expected to dominate. The boundaries of these regimes are expressed in terms of two
lengthscale ratios: the ratio of the amplitude of the initial wave to the depth of the
thermocline, and the ratio of the depth of the thermocline to the overall depth of
the lake. Comparison of the predictions of this timescale analysis with the results
from both laboratory experiments and field observations confirms its applicability.
The results suggest that, for small to medium sized lakes subject to a relatively
uniform windstress, an important mechanism for the degeneration of large-scale
internal waves is the generation of solitons by nonlinear steepening. Since solitons
are likely to break at the sloping boundaries, leading to localized turbulent mixing
and enhanced dissipation, the transfer of energy from an initial basin-scale seiche to
shorter solitons has important implications for the lake ecology.
Direct numerical simulation of instabilities in a two-dimensional near-critical fluid layer heated from below
Authors: AMIROUDINE S. , BONTOUX P. , LARROUDÉ P. , GILLY B. , ZAPPOLI B.
Published: July 2002

An analysis of the hydrodynamic stability of a fluid near its near critical point –
initially at rest and in thermodynamic equilibrium – is considered in the Rayleigh–Bénard
configuration, i.e. heated from below. The geometry is a two-dimensional
square cavity and the top and bottom walls are maintained at constant temperatures
while the sidewalls are insulated. Owing to the homogeneous thermo-acoustic heating
(piston effect), the thermal field exhibits a very specific structure in the vertical
direction. A very thin hot thermal boundary layer is formed at the bottom, then a
homogeneously heated bulk settles in the core at a lower temperature; at the top, a
cooler boundary layer forms in order to continuously match the bulk temperature
with the colder temperature of the upper wall. We analyse the stability of the two
boundary layers by numerically solving the Navier–Stokes equations appropriate for
a van der Waals' gas slightly above its critical point. A finite-volume method is used
together with an acoustic filtering procedure. The onset of the instabilities in the
two different layers is discussed with respect to the results of the theoretical stability
analyses available in the literature and stability diagrams are derived. By accounting
for the piston effect the present results can be put within the framework of the stability
analysis of Gitterman and Steinberg for a single layer subjected to a uniform, steady
temperature gradient.
Intermittency and scaling of pressure at small
scales in forced isotropic turbulence
Authors: GOTOH TOSHIYUKI , ROGALLO ROBERT S.
Published: July 2002

The intermittency of pressure and pressure gradient in stationary isotropic turbulence
at low to moderate Reynolds numbers is studied by direct numerical simulation
(DNS) and theoretically. The energy spectra scale in Kolmogorov units as required by
the universal-equilibrium hypothesis, but the pressure spectra do not. It is found that
the variances of the pressure and pressure gradient are larger than those computed
using the Gaussian approximation for the fourth-order moments of velocity, and that
the variance of the pressure gradient, normalized by Kolmogorov units, increases
roughly as [Rscr ]1/2λ, where
[Rscr ]λ is the Taylor microscale Reynolds number. A theoretical
explanation of the Reynolds number dependence is presented which assumes that the
small-scale pressure field is driven by coherent small-scale vorticity–strain domains.
The variance of the pressure gradient given by the model is the product of the variance
of ui,juj,i,
the source term of the Poisson equation for pressure, and the square of
an effective length of the small-scale coherent vorticity–strain structures. This length
can be expressed in terms of the Taylor and Kolmogorov microscales, and the ratio
between them gives the observed Reynolds number dependence. Formal asymptotic
matching of the spectral scaling observed at small scales in the DNS with the classical
scaling at large scales suggests that at high Reynolds numbers the pressure spectrum
in these forced flows consists of three scaling ranges which are joined by two inertial
ranges, the classical k−7/3 range and a
k−5/3 range at smaller scale. It is not possible,
within the classical Kolmogorov theory, to determine the length scale at which the inertial
range transition occurs because information beyond the energy dissipation rate is required.
Steady finite-amplitude waves on
a horizontal seabed of arbitrary depth
Authors: CLAMOND DIDIER
Published: July 2002

From shallow-water gravity wave theories it is shown that the velocity field in
the whole fluid domain can be reconstructed using an analytic transformation (a
renormalization). The resulting velocity field satisfies the Laplace equation exactly,
which is not the case for shallow-water approximations. Applying the renormalization
to the first-order shallow-water solution of limited accuracy, gives accurate simple
solutions for both long and short waves, even for large amplitudes. The KdV and
Airy solutions are special limiting cases.
Intentions, Motives, and Causation
Authors: Scheer Richard K.
Published: July 2002

I criticize the ‘Humean’ view of reasons for actions, the view that the reasons for an action can be stated in terms of desires and beliefs. I point out that this view must ignore concepts which are central to our understanding of human actions, namely, intention, motivation and associated concepts such as decision. One can then see just how inadequate the Humean view is.
Self-monitoring dysfunction and the schizophrenic symptoms of alien
control
Authors: STIRLING J. D. , HELLEWELL J. S. E. , QURAISHI N.
Published: July 2002

Background. Frith & Done (1988) have proposed that

the experience of alien control symptoms in
schizophrenia is related to a failure by such individuals to monitor
effectively their own willed intentions, actions and thoughts.

Method. To examine this hypothesis, a heterogeneous group
of 35 patients, all carrying a DSM-III-R
diagnosis of schizophrenia (or schizophreniform psychosis) and 24 non-patient
controls,
completed a battery of neuropsychological and cognitive tests, which inter alia, included four
putative measures of self-monitoring. Patients took part in a detailed

clinical interview to assess current levels of symptomatology.

Results. Patients generally performed at a lower level on most

components of the test battery,
including the four self-monitoring tests. Moreover, patients currently
experiencing symptoms of
alien control tended to experience greater difficulty with each of the

self-monitoring tests; an effect
that was relatively independent of neuropsychological or general cognitive
function.

Conclusions. The relationship between poor self-monitoring
and
the presence of alien control
symptoms provides support for Frith & Done's account of the
origins of these symptoms in schizophrenia.
Is auditory imagery defective in patients with auditory hallucinations?
Authors: EVANS C. L. , McGUIRE P. K. , DAVID A. S.
Published: July 2002

Background. A variant of the ‘inner speech’ theory of auditory verbal hallucinations in
schizophrenia suggests that there is an abnormality of the relationship between the ‘inner voice’ and
‘inner ear’, such that hallucinators are unable to distinguish inner ‘imagined’ speech from real
external speech, and so misrecognize inner speech as alien.

Methods. Five experiments were carried out comparing 12 schizophrenic patients who were highly
prone to hallucinate, with seven patients who were not, on a series of auditory imagery tasks that
are differentially dependent on inner voice/inner ear partnership for successful performance:
parsing meaningful letter/number strings; the verbal transformation effect; phoneme judgements;
pitch judgements, and homophony and rhyme judgements.

Results. Contrary to our hypothesis, there was no evidence that the group with the propensity to
hallucinate were impaired on tasks requiring normal inner ear/inner voice partnership.

Conclusions. Together with previous work indicating no impairment of the phonological loop in
patients who hallucinate, these results suggest that inner speech and auditory verbal hallucinations
are not connected in a simplistic or direct way. Indeed, a reappraisal of psychological models of
hallucinations in general may be warranted.
The regional context of earlier African American speech:
Evidence for reconstructing the development of AAVE
Authors: WOLFRAM WALT , THOMAS ERIK R. , GREEN ELAINE W.
Published: July 2002

Despite extensive research over the past four decades,
a number of issues concerning the historical and current
development of African American Vernacular English (AAVE)
remain unresolved. This study utilizes a unique sociolinguistic
situation – a long-standing, isolated, biracial community
situated in a distinctive dialect region of coastal North
Carolina – to address questions of localized dialect
accommodation and ethnolinguistic distinctiveness in earlier
African American English. A comparison of diagnostic phonological
and morphosyntactic variables for a sample of four different
generations of African Americans and a baseline European
American group shows that considerable accommodation of
the localized dialect occurred in earlier African American
speech. Nonetheless, certain dialect features – e.g.,
copula absence and 3rd person verbal s marking
– were distinctively maintained by African Americans
in the face of localized dialect accommodation; and this
suggests long-term ethnolinguistic distinctiveness. Cross-generational
change among African Americans indicates that younger speakers
are moving away from the localized Pamlico Sound dialect
toward a more generalized AAVE norm. Contact-based and
identity-based explanations are offered for the current
trend of localized dialect displacement.
Piecewise expanding maps on the plane with singular ergodic properties
Authors: TSUJII MASATO
Published: July 2002

For $1\le r<\infty$, we construct a piecewise $C^{r}$ expanding map $F:D\to D$ on the domain $D=(0,1)\times (-1,1)\subset\mathbb{R}^{2}$ with the following property: there exists an open set $B$ in $D$ such that the diameter of $F^{n}(B)$ converges to $0$ as $n\to\infty$ and the empirical measure $n^{-1}\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\delta_{F^{k}(x)}$ converges to the point measure $\delta_{p}$ at $p=(0,0)$ as $n \to\infty$ for any point $x\in B$.
On the Bernoulli nature of systems with some hyperbolic structure
Authors: ORNSTEIN DONALD , WEISS BENJAMIN
Published: July 2002

It is shown that systems with hyperbolic structure have the Bernoulli property. Some new results on smooth cross-sections of hyperbolic Bernoulli flows are also derived. The proofs involve an abstract version of our original methods for showing that the geodesic flow on surfaces of negative curvature are Bernoulli.
L'induction ne donne pas toutes les mesures spectrales
Authors: DE LA RUE THIERRY
Published: July 2002

We show here that some finite measure on $[-\pi,\pi]$ can never be obtained as a spectral measure of a transformation induced by a rotation. For this, we propose a new way to build a Kronecker set, which leads to a non loosely Bernoulli Gaussian–Kronecker automorphism.

On montre ici qu'une certaine mesure finie sur $[-\pi,\pi]$ ne peut jamais être obtenue comme mesure spectrale d'une transformation induite par une rotation. On propose pour cela une nouvelle façon de construire un ensemble de Kronecker, qui permet de voir que certains systèmes dynamiques gaussiens–Kronecker ne sont pas lâchement Bernoulli.
Convex Hamiltonians without conjugate points
Authors: CONTRERAS GONZALO , ITURRIAGA RENATO
Published: July 2002

We construct the Green bundles for an energy level without conjugate points of a convex Hamiltonian. In this case we give a formula for the metric entropy of the Liouville measure and prove that the exponential map is a local diffeomorphism. We prove that the Hamiltonian flow is Anosov if and only if the Green bundles are transversal. Using the Clebsch transformation of the index form we prove that if the unique minimizing measure of a generic Lagrangian is supported on a periodic orbit, then it is a hyperbolic periodic orbit.

We also show some examples of differences with the behaviour of a geodesic flow without conjugate points, namely: (non-contact) flows and periodic orbits without invariant transversal bundles, segments without conjugate points but with crossing solutions and non-surjective exponential maps.
Contrasting legal conceptions of family
obligation and financial reciprocity in the
support of older people: France and England
Authors: TWIGG JULIA , GRAND ALAIN
Published: July 2002

This paper explores the way family obligation and reciprocity are
defined in
law in France and England. Focusing on the areas of inheritance and financial

support in relation to older people, it explores how these are contrasted
and
linked in the two societies. In France, families are legally obliged to
support
their kin through obligation alimentaire, but inheritance is secured
by law within
the family. In England by contrast there is no such legal obligation to
support
older relatives; nor is there any constraint on inheritance: testamentary

freedom is the legal principle. The paper discusses the significance of
these
differences and assesses how far they are modified by the operation of
the
welfare state and by embedded assumptions about family relations. It sets
the
differences within the context of different discourses of law and social
policy
in the two countries.
Rayleigh–Taylor turbulent mixing evolution under a
shock influence
Authors: KUCHERENKO Yu.A. , PYLAEV A.P. , MURZAKOV V.D. , POPOV V.N. , SAVEL'EV V.E. , TYAKTEV A.A. , KOMAROV O.R.
Published: July 2002

At the installation SOM, the experimental study of
the impulse acceleration influence on the behavior of
the turbulized layer obtained as a result of Rayleigh–Taylor
instability (RTI) action on the system of two different
density liquids with the density ratio n = 3,
has been performed. After application of impulse acceleration
the systems were moving according to inertia, and by using
the light method the coordinates of penetration of the
heavier liquid into the lighter one and vice versa
were determined. The liquids studied were placed inside
the ampoule that had internal working sizes (54 × 64
× 120) mm3. There were initial accidental
perturbations like a rough solid surface at the interface and the
width of the initial perturbation zone was L0
= 2.3 mm. The moving ampoule blow against metal plates created
the impulse acceleration. The relative impulse acceleration was
δg/g11 = 22.2–66.6 where
g11 is the ampoule acceleration before the
impact, the impulse duration was varied from 0.27 ms to 0.096 ms.
The results concerned with the turbulized layer extension after the
impulse acceleration action were obtained.
Hydrodynamic turbulence in unbounded shear flows
Authors: LOMINADZE J.G.
Published: July 2002

A new conception of subcritical transition to turbulence
in unbounded smooth shear flows is discussed. According
to this scenario, the transition to turbulence is caused
by the interplay between the four basic phenomena: (a)
linear “drift” of spatial Fourier harmonics
(SFH) of disturbances in wave-number space (k-space);
(b) transient growth of SFH; (c) viscous dissipation; (d)
nonlinear process that closes a feedback loop of transition
by angular redistribution of SFH in k-space; The
key features of the concept are: transition to turbulence
only by the finite amplitude vortex disturbances; anisotropy
of the process in k-space; onset on chaos due
to the dynamic (not stochastic) process. The evolution
of 2D small-scale vortex disturbances in the parallel flows
with uniform shear of velocity is analyzed in the framework
of the weak turbulence approach. This numerical test analysis
is carried out to prove the most problematic statement
of the conception—existence of positive feedback
caused by the nonlinear process (d). Numerical calculations
also show the existence of a threshold: if amplitude of
the initial disturbance exceeds the threshold value, the
self maintenance of disturbances becomes realistic. The
latter, in turn, is the characteristic feature of the flow
transition to the turbulent state and its self maintenance.
Direct numerical simulation of developed shear driven turbulence
Authors: NEUVAZHAYEV D.V. , ESKOV N.S. , KOZLOVSKIKH A.S.
Published: July 2002

The work is devoted to direct numerical simulation of
turbulent mixing by shear driven instability at an interface
of two plane-parallel gas flows. The work presents the
results obtained in 2D simulations of turbulence being
developed at the interface of two almost incompressible
gases using the MAX program package. Spatial and temporal
evolution of the turbulence zone resulted from shear driven
instability is studied. We calculated the constant of shear
driven turbulence mixing and investigated how the rate
of turbulence zone growth depended on density difference
of mixed fluids. Heterogeneity coefficient of the mixture
was calculated for all considered density differences.
Self-induced transparency in plasmas with sharp boundary
Authors: GOLOVIZNIN V.V. , SCHEP T.J.
Published: July 2002

We study fully relativistic nonlinear 1D fluid equations
describing steady-state solutions for an electromagnetic
wave interacting with plasma in the self-induced transparency
regime. In addition to the well-known solution that corresponds
to the transmission of the electromagnetic wave into plasma,
another steady-state solution is shown to exist in a certain
range of the amplitude of the wave. The latter one satisfies
the same boundary conditions but corresponds to the full
reflection of the incident wave. The co-existence of the
two solutions indicates a rich structure of the interface
between the opaque and transparent phases in ultraintense
laser interactions with near-critical and overdense plasmas—in
particular, one may expect hysteresis-like behavior when
a current state of the system depends on its history.
Electrostatic model of laser pulse absorption by thin foils
Authors: GRESCHIK F. , DIMOU L. , KULL H.-J.
Published: July 2002

The interaction of an intense laser field with a thin
foil is studied within the framework of a 1D capacitor
model with mobile negative point-charges. The model describes
the excitation of plane electrostatic oscillations, taking
into account the effects of particle–particle crossings
and the presence of vacuum boundaries. It is demonstrated
how vacuum excursions of particles cause wavebreaking within
the foil. From wavebreaking points, charge density discontinuities
are shown to propagate further along particle caustics.
Absorption is calculated as a function of laser intensity
and frequency. It is found that a thin overdense foil can
absorb about 5 times more energy than a corresponding surface
of an extended solid. This is explained by the doubling
of surface charges and by electron heating in the potential
well of the foil. A further absorption maximum is obtained
below the plasma frequency due to resonance absorption.
Heavy-ion-induced hydrodynamic motion in lead targets
Authors: STÖWE S. , NEUNER U. , BOCK R. , DORNIK M. , FORTOV V.E. , FUNK U.N. , GEISSEL M. , GOLUBEV S. , HOFFMANN D.H.H. , KULISH M. , MINTSEV V. , ROTH M. , SHARKOV B. , SHUTOV A. , SPILLER P. , STETTER M. , SÜSS W. , TAHIR N.A. , TAUSCHWITZ A. , YAKUSHEV V.
Published: July 2002

The hydrodynamic response of metal targets to volume
heating by energy deposition of intense heavy-ion beams
was investigated experimentally. Recent improvements in
beam parameters led to a marked increase in specific deposition
power: 2·101040Ar18+
ions of 300 MeV/u focused to a spot size of 300 μm
(σ) × 540 μm (σ) yield a specific deposition
energy in solid lead of approximately 1 kJ/g in the Bragg
peak, delivered within 250 ns [full width at half
maximum (FWHM)]. This value allowed us for the first
time to observe heavy-ion-beam-induced hydrodynamic expansion
of metal volume targets. Measurements comprise expansion
velocities of free surfaces of up to 290 ± 20 m/s,
surface temperatures of ejected target matter of 1600–1750
K, and pressure waves in solid metal bulk targets of 0.16
GPa maximum absolute value and 0.8 μs FWHM. The experimental
results agree well with the results of a 2D hydrodynamic
code. Inside the interaction zone, which can only be accessed
by simulation, maximum temperatures are 2800 K and maximum
pressures are 3.8 GPa.
Laser-Assisted Microtechnology, 2nd Edition,
S.M. Metev & V.P. Veiko. 1998. Springer Verlag (Berlin,
New York). 270 pp. $69.95. ISBN 3-540-63973-X.
Authors: Rizvi Nadeem
Published: July 2002

This monograph, updated from the first edition of 1994,
is a thorough and timely addition to the increasing set of
texts on microsystems technology (MST). It is valuable since
it concentrates on a vital area of development—laser
MST techniques—and presents a detailed overview of
many of the applications areas in this rapidly expanding
field.
Optics of Light Scattering Media: Problems and Solutions,
Alex A. Kokhanovsky. 1998. John Wiley & Sons. 228 pp. $75.00.
ISBN 0-471-97260-6.
Authors: Perelman Anri Ya.
Published: July 2002

The reviewed book deals with the scattering and
absorption of light by small particles as well as with
the radiative transfer process. These phenomena are fundamental
to the study of disperse systems of various natures. That
is why the results obtained are important in a very wide
range of applications in optics of atmosphere and ocean,
cell biology, colloidal chemistry, astrophysics, and astronomy.
The well-thought-out structure of the text, happy choice
of topics, precise definitions introduced preceding every
consideration, and numerous useful tables make it possible
to recommend the book for researchers in many fields.
Editor's Preface
Authors: Miley George H.
Published: July 2002

The editorial staff of Laser and Particle Beams
(LPB) is pleased to continue in this issue the
most successful tradition of publication of full papers
from the internationally recognized conference series,
the European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter
(ECLIM). Not all presentations at the conference
are included, but a large portion of them are, based on
the authors' willingness to submit the manuscripts
for peer review.
Design and performance of a diode laser spectrometer for
a stratospheric aircraft
Authors: TOCI GUIDO , MAZZINGHI PIERO , VANNINI MATTEO
Published: July 2002

We report the instrument description and the results
of the laboratory calibration and tests of a mid-infrared
tunable diode spectrometer for in situ trace gas
concentration measurements in the stratosphere operating
on a stratospheric aircraft. The spectrometer is dedicated
to the measurement of the HNO3 amount in the
stratospheric aerosols by means of gas-phase absorption
spectroscopy on molecular roto-vibrational lines in the
mid-infrared, using a tunable diode laser and a multipass
absorption cell. The instrument was specifically designed
for operation aboard of the stratospheric aircraft M55
Geophysica, in the frame of the Airborne Platform
for Earth observation (APE) project. The instrument is
part of a measurement package for the measurement of the
chemical content of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) and
other atmospheric aerosols. This system can be also used
as a stand-alone detector of molecular trace gases. Design
criteria include an efficient optical layout, with a very
low sensitivity to the vibration and thermal stresses and
a very small footprint, and a detection scheme based on
the sweep integration technique for fast data acquisition
and high signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio.
We report a new set of testing measurements on ammonia as
the calibration gas with one order of magnitude improvement
with respect to what we previously reported.
X-ray diagnostics of almost transparent Fe plasma of inverted
corona target
Authors: BESSARAB A.V. , BEL'KOV S.A. , GASPARYAN P.D. , ZHIDKOV N.V. , KUNIN A.V. , PINEGIN A.V. , SUBBOTIN A.N. , SUSLOV N.A. , TOKAREV V.A.
Published: July 2002

Measurements of spectral and energy X-ray characteristics
of almost transparent Fe plasma produced by laser radiation
inside the inverted-corona targets have been made at ISKRA-5
facility. The targets were spherical plastics cavities
with 2-mm diameter and 4.6-μm thickness covered from
inside with Fe layer 0.25-μm thickness. X-ray spectrum,
X-ray total energy, and the energy of a HeαFe
resonance line have been measured. Experimental data and
calculation results are collated.
Measurements of electron density in plasma disturbed by
strong transverse magnetic field
Authors: PISARCZYK T. , KASPERCZUK A.
Published: July 2002

We present results of studies of the behavior of
a laser-produced plasma in a strong external transverse
magnetic field of above 10 T in induction generated from
a flat teflon target at the laser power densities of about
1014 W/cm2. In the measurements of
plasma parameters, a two-channel automated interferometric
system (Pisarczyk et al. 1994) was applied. The
interferometric measurements have shown that the transverse
magnetic field induces an asymmetry of the plasma distinctly
apparent in the interferograms registered in two mutually
perpendicular directions. Due to the lack of axial symmetry
of the plasma, the Abel's transformation could not
be applied in quantitative processing of the interferograms.
To reconstruct a spatial distribution of electron density
in a plasma stream of disturbed axial symmetry, a methodology
prepared for this experiment was used. Analyzing the spatial
and temporal distributions of electron concentration obtained
in the transverse magnetic field, it has been proved that
the factor responsible for the disturbance of the axial
symmetry of the plasma is the Rayleigh–Taylor (R–T)
instability corresponding to the ion unmagnetization state.
Effect of crossed beams irradiation on parametric instabilities
Authors: LABAUNE C. , BALDIS H.A. , BAUER B.S. , SCHIFANO E. , MICHARD A.
Published: July 2002

Modification of the growth of scattering processes
in the case of multiple beam irradiation compared to single
beam irradiation has been investigated in a preformed plasma
using Thomson scattering of a short wavelength probe beam,
and spectral and temporal analysis of reflected and transmitted
light. First observations of the reduction of the amplitude
of ion acoustic waves associated with simulated Brillouin
scattering, amplification of the amplitude of electron
plasma waves associated with stimulated Raman scattering,
and transfer of energy between crossing beams with same
frequency in a flowing plasma under crossed beam irradiation
are reported.
Mathematical models for filling polymer shells with a real gas fuel
Authors: ALEKSANDROVA I.V. , BELOLIPETSKIY A.A.
Published: July 2002

A diffusion technique most commonly used for filling
targets with a gas fuel. The need to minimize the tritium
inventory in the fill station and to decrease the radiation
damage during the fill raises a question of its thorough
analyses to determine an efficient pressurization scheme
for single and multilayer polymer shells. In this report,
we present the results obtained in this area.
Numerical simulation of the effective input of laser energy
into a cavity through a hole
Authors: LEBO I.G. , GUS'KOV S.YU. , DEMCHENKO V.V. , NIKISHIN V.V. , TISHKIN V.F. , ZMITRENKO N.V. , ROZANOV V.B.
Published: July 2002

A possibility of input of high-power laser pulse into a
cavity through a hole was studied by means of 2D numerical
calculations. Such tasks appear in view of investigation
of the effective targets with internal input of energy
(Bessarab et al. 1992; Basov et al. 1998),
“cannon-ball” (Hogan 1989), “Greenhouse”
targets (Gus'kov et al. 1995).

We have used two Euler codes “NUTCY” and “FAKEL”
to model the problems of laser beam input into a cavity
through the holes.
Population dynamics of the marsupial Micoureus demerarae in small fragments of Atlantic Coastal Forest in Brazil
Authors: QUENTAL TIAGO BOSISO , DOS SANTOS FERNANDEZ FERNANDO ANTONIO , CORRÊA DIAS ANDRÉ TAVARES , SOUZA ROCHA FLÁVIA
Published: July 2002

Patterns of population fluctuation, reproductive activity and age structure were studied in populations of
the marsupial Micoureus demerarae occupying two small (7.0 and 8.8 ha) fragments of Atlantic Coastal Forest in
southeastern Brazil, from 1995 to 1998. Males, but not females, were observed to move between populations. Estimated
sizes of the populations in each fragment were very small, usually below 20 individuals. Breeding usually occurred
from September to April. Population peaks came mostly by the end of this season, the delay reflecting the time required
for the young to become trappable. In August 1997, the area was hit by a fire severely affecting the smaller fragment.
Populations were synchronous before the fire, although they became asynchronous after it, possibly in the short term
only. Small population sizes, synchrony and presumable male-biased migration are all likely to make the set of
populations more vulnerable to extinction than expected for a metapopulation.
Observations on the links between the architecture of a tree (Dicorynia guianensis Amshoff) and Cerambycidae activity in French Guiana
Authors: CARAGLIO YVES , NICOLINI ERIC , PETRONELLI PASCAL
Published: July 2002

The development of a given species in a natural forest depends on a multitude of factors. Insects are one of the factors
that have an important impact. We would like to present initial observations about the behaviour of longicorns of the
Onciderini tribe and their impact on the development of Dicorynia guianensis.

A study of the development of D. guianensis was conducted in French Guiana (5°18'N, 5°48'W), at the Paracou
silvicultural facility. We studied plots where the Dicorynia inventory was extended to trees 1 m tall or over. In order
to describe the impact of longicorn activity on a Dicorynia stand in which spatial distribution is aggregative (Kokou
1992), we chose trees (156 observed trees) in a control plot (plot 11, area: 17 500 m2). Height, trunk basal diameter
and DBH were measured on each tree. A precise morphological description was established for each tree. It was
during morphological description that the signs of longicorn attacks were sought. In all the species of the genus
Oncideres, the female girdles the tree by removing the bark and some of the wood using its mandibles. It then digs
deep into the wood above the cut and lays its eggs. The branch then breaks and falls to the ground (Hequet 1996). All
that is left on the tree is a stump with characteristic signs of insect activity (Figure 1a). When such signs were seen
on a plant, the type of structure (trunk, branch) was noted.
Second-hand beaux and ‘red-armed Belles’: conflict and the creation of fashions in England, c. 1660–1800
Authors: LEMIRE BEVERLY
Published: July 2002

Fashion, like luxury, has been largely conceived in terms of the elite
experience. Indeed, the European fashion cycle was noted first among the
aristocracy where the fashion system celebrated novelty over tradition,
highlighting the individual aesthetic even as it consolidated the group
identity of exquisitely garbed nobles. The counterpoints to the mutability
of style were the legal constraints designed to curb the fashion impulse,
bridling the sartorial ambitions of non-elites. Sumptuary legislation aimed
to enforce luxury codes. The right to extravagant inessentials, which
distinguished those of noble blood, was forbidden to lesser beings;
however, fashion was a contested concept whose influence permeated first
the middling and then even the labouring ranks. In this article I will
examine the competing forces at work within England as the dress of the
common people was transformed over the long eighteenth century.
Although sumptuary legislation came to an end in England in 1604,
government and moralists continued to claim the right to restrain material
expression within the lower ranks, but without success. I will assess the
challenge to a unitary hegemonic elite fashion, and explore the creation
and significance of the multiple expressions in dress within the varied
social ranks of England.
Constructive points of powerlocales
Authors: VICKERS STEVEN
Published: July 2002

Results of Bunge and Funk and of Johnstone, providing constructively
sound
descriptions of the global points of the lower and upper powerlocales,
are extended
here to describe the generalized points and proved in a way that displays
in a
symmetric fashion two complementary treatments of frames: as suplattices
and as
preframes. Also described here are the points of the Vietoris powerlocale.

In each of two special cases, an exponential $D
($ being the Sierpiński locale) is
shown to be homeomorphic to a powerlocale: to the lower
powerlocale when D is
discrete, and to the upper powerlocale when D is compact regular.
On the σ-class generated by open balls
Authors: JACKSON STEVE , MAULDIN R. DANIEL
Published: July 2002

We show that in the finite dimensional space ℝd
provided with a metric induced
by a norm, the collection of Borel sets is the smallest collection containing the open
balls and closed under complements and countable disjoint unions.
Phytogenic hillocks and blow-outs as ‘safe sites’ for plants in an oil-contaminated area of northern Kuwait
Authors: BROWN GARY , POREMBSKI STEFAN
Published: July 2002

Towards the end of the Gulf War in 1991, the retreating Iraqi forces destroyed numerous oil installations in Kuwait, causing widespread oil pollution to extended areas of the desert ecosystem. Vegetation development in an oil-contaminated area of northern Kuwait, where the natural vegetation is dominated by the dwarf shrub Haloxylon salicornicum, was studied seven years after the release of the oil. Some sites of the study area were largely unaffected, whereas others were contaminated to varying degrees by oil. Tar-like oil tracks accounted for the largest proportion of contaminated ground, and these remained largely unvegetated. However, a number of Haloxylon shrubs survived the oil contamination mainly due to the presence of phytogenic hillocks around their bases. These phytogenic hillocks provided ‘safe sites’ for a number of plant species. This also applied to blow-outs, former phytogenic hillocks on the oil tracks that had been subject to severe sand deflation in recent years. Species composition on both the phytogenic hillocks and in the blow-outs was very similar to that of the control area. Laboratory studies showed that the seed bank under the oil tracks had been annihilated. The number of seedlings emerging from soil samples was lower on the phytogenic hillocks and blow-outs than in the control areas. We conclude that recolonization of oil tracks will gradually take place as the hard surface of the tracks begins to disintegrate, or in part becomes covered by sand. The break-up of the track surface has already begun to a limited extent, mainly due to factors such as off-road driving, large herds of grazing animals, burrowing animals (lizards, rodents) and colonies of ants. It is suggested that a specific programme aimed at breaking up the hard surface and allowing it to become mixed with uncontaminated sand would probably greatly enhance recolonization.
Evaluation of 16S, map1 and pCS20 probes for detection of
Cowdria and Ehrlichia species
Authors: ALLSOPP M. T. E. P. , HATTINGH C. M. , VOGEL S. W. , ALLSOPP B. A.
Published: July 2002

A panel of 16S ribosomal RNA gene probes has been developed for the study of the
epidemiology of heartwater; five of these detect different cowdria genotypes, one detects five
distinct genotypes; one detects any Group III Ehrlichia
species other than Cowdria and one
detects any Group II Ehrlichia species. These probes have been used on PCR-amplified
rickettsial 16S rRNA genes from over 200 Amblyomma hebraeum ticks. Control ticks were
laboratory-reared and either uninfected or fed on sheep experimentally infected with different
cowdria isolates, field ticks were collected from animals in heartwater-endemic areas. All tick-derived DNA samples were also examined by PCR amplification and probing for two other
cowdria genes (map1 and pCS20) which have previously been used for heartwater
epidemiology. This paper describes the first direct comparison of all currently available DNA
probes for heartwater-associated organisms.
An ablative postposition in the Xining dialect
Authors: Dede Keith
Published: July 2002

This article describes a morphosyntactic feature
of the Xining dialect that is unique among all Chinese
dialects: that is, the use of a postposition to express
ablative nominal relationships. The postposition
[t[curly-tail lowercase c]ia] is invariably pronounced
in the neutral tone and has no cognates in either earlier
varieties of Chinese or among present Chinese dialects.
The morpheme's origin is shown to have come from a
neighboring non-Sinitic language. Moreover, the variations
within the syntactic expression of the ablative are correlated
with various sociolinguistic groups. These correlations suggest
an ongoing change in the dialect's morphosyntactic system
of a kind rarely observed among Chinese dialects. Finally, the
process of linguistic change is correlated with demographic
changes within the Xining region that show Xining is a place
where language contact and rapid linguistic change are likely
to be found.
The Human Soul's Individuation and its Survival after the Body's Death: Avicenna on the Causal Relation between Body and Soul
Authors: Druart Thérèse-Anne
Published: July 2002

As for Avicenna the human soul is a complete substance which does not inhere in the body nor is imprinted in it, asserting its survival after the death of the body seems easy. Yet, he needs the body to explain its individuation. The paper analyzes Avicenna's arguments in the De anima sections, V, 3 & 4, of the Shifā' in order to explore the exact causal relation there is between the human soul and its body and confronts these arguments with relevant passages in the Metaphysics. It argues that the causal relation between body and soul remains obscure and that, though Avicenna claims that there is a personal immortality and that the disembodied soul remains individuated, he does not provide a satisfactory ontological account for it.
Natural history and conservation of Brazilian Merganser Mergus octosetaceus at Serra da Canastra National Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Silveira Luís Fábio , Bartmann Wolf Dieter
Published: July 2002

Brazilian Merganser Mergus octosetaceus is considered to be one of the rarest and most threatened species in the Neotropical region, yet little is known about its distribution and life-history. We studied the population of Brazilian Merganser in and around Serra da Canastra National Park (SCNP) in Minas Gerais, Brazil, during 1996, with additional observations from 1997 to 2000. In this paper we report the sighting of previously undiscovered pairs and present some new behavioural data, including a description of calls performed by males and females, feeding behaviour, home ranges, parental care and population density. We also describe a previously unreported plumage of the young. A total of 39 individuals were recorded, comprising 12 adults (six pairs) and 27 young. Brood size ranged from two to four (mean 2.7), being smaller than in other Mergus spp. (e.g. Goosander Mergus merganser). Two pairs were located within the SCNP, and four on unprotected stretches of river outside. Home range was large compared with other Mergus spp., each pair using on average 9 km of river. Range size was thought to be related to the availability of suitable nesting and feeding sites. SCNP and its environs contain very little mature gallery forest with trees large enough to provide nest sites (most having been selectively logged in the past). There is also competition for nest sites with other birds and mammals. All suitable habitat surrounding the SCNP is now occupied by adult birds, leaving none for young birds. Further research is needed to determine the fate and dispersion routes of juveniles. Future conservation priorities for Brazilian Merganser in and around SCNP include the installation of nest boxes to test whether the availability of good quality nest sites limits breeding success. A captive breeding programme could be established using eggs from these nest boxes. This would help to ensure the survival of this species and to provide birds for future reintroduction programmes should they be deemed necessary. Further surveys, with subsequent establishment of reserves at key sites, are required throughout the Brazilian Merganser's range.
Intersection types and bounded polymorphism
Authors: PIERCE BENJAMIN C.
Published: July 2002

Intersection types and bounded quantification are complementary
extensions
of a first-order programming language with subtyping. We define a typed
λ-calculus combining these
extensions, illustrate its unusual properties, and develop basic proof-theoretic
and semantic results leading to algorithms for subtyping and typechecking.
A specification logic for concurrent object-oriented
programming
Authors: DELZANNO G. , GALMICHE D. , MARTELLI M.
Published: July 2002

This paper focuses on the use of linear logic as a specification language for the operational
semantics of advanced concepts of programming such as concurrency and
object-orientation. Our approach is based on a refinement of linear logic sequent calculi
based on the proof-theoretic characterization of logic programming. A well-founded
combination of higher-order logic programming and linear logic will be used to give an
accurate encoding of the traditional features of concurrent object-oriented programming
languages, whose corner-stone is the notion of encapsulation.