bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ancestors at the Elections: Ancestral Portraits and Magisterial Office
Authors: Flower Harriet I
Published: November 2023

THE Roman political caste was a nobility of office which relied on repeated electoral successes to maintain its position of leadership. Yet nobilitas as a status was often described in terms of imagines. What then was the connection between ancestor masks and the elections, both characteristic features which defined Rome’s political elite? Meanwhile, the imagines were complemented by many other images of ancestors in various media to be found all over the city. Outside the home and tomb, both private domains in the eyes of the law, ancestral iconography appeared in public spaces in the city as a background to the life of all its citizens. These images rein-forced the effect of displays in the atria of the political families.
The Surveillance of Legitimacy (2): The Protection of the Wife from Extraneous Impregnation
Authors: Ogden Daniel
Published: November 2023

The surveillance of legitimacy in classical Athens can be looked at also from another perspective: not only was it necessary to maintain a watch over the origins and credentials of those seeking admission to various parts of the state in both its religious and secular aspects, it was also necessary to maintain a watch over access to citizen women themselves, to ensure that they were not illegitimately impregnated. This was ensured above all by the ideology of seclusion, and by the laws and customs relating to adultery and rape.
Bastardy and Citizenship
Authors: Ogden Daniel
Published: November 2023

The most fraught and most cherished issue in the tradition of scholarship on Athenian bastardy is the question as to whether those bastard children born of two Athenian parents that were not married were none the less entitled to citizenship after Pericles’ citizenship law. Such is the momentum of debate behind the issue that neither this book nor any other will have the authority to bring the matter to a dose. At the conceptual level, the question is indeed a very important one, far more important indeed than its usual treatment as a legal technicality suggests, since it is upon this question that the issue turns as to whether membership of the classical Athenian state was determined ultimately by marriage or by descent. At the practical level the question is less important, since it concerns the fate of a group of individuals that would have been extremely tiny, and possibly non-existent.
From Autochthony to Democracy
Authors: Ogden Daniel
Published: November 2023

Students of the citizenship law have been too reluctant to exploit in its interpretation the abundant evidence for the Athenians’ obsession with their autochthony (although Loraux has seen the relevance of the citizenship law for the issue of the Athenians’ conceptualization of autochthony). But the connection was perceived strongly by one famous mētroxenos, the Socratic philosopher Antisthenes, who defiantly defended his metroxeny in the following terms: ‘He himself deflated the Athenians, who puffed themselves up on the basis of being earthborn, by saying that they were no better born than snails and slugs’ (Diogenes Laertius 6. I ).
Aspects of the Lives of Athenian Bastards
Authors: Ogden Daniel
Published: November 2023

Athens’ laws of legitimacy and bastardy were very specific to the state, but actual attested disputes about bastardy in Athens often seem to have been occasioned not so much by the particular stipulations of Athenian law, as by the tensions inherent within Greek family structure. The structure that above all sowed discord in Greek families was the amphimetric one, i.e. that in which a man kept two women (ideally, but not necessarily, in tandem) and fathered lines of children from both. Inevitably, both women competed to be regarded as the ‘legitimate’ wife, and their respective lines of children competed for succession. Thus beneath legal disputes about legitimacy in which it is discussed as an absolute thing, there may often have lurked a more relative agenda.
Gortyn
Authors: Ogden Daniel
Published: November 2023

Neither nothos nor any other word that might denote or formulation that might define an effective status of bastardy appears in the code. However, the word gnēsios, which usually means ‘legitimate’, does feature in the code (at x. 41 and 44 and xi. 7), and scholars have consequently argued on the basis of this that there was a status of bastardy at Gortyn. 5 But the context in which it appears is that of the adoption law, and it stands clearly in opposition to the Gortynian word for ‘adopted’ (ampantos, the equivalent of Attic poiētos), and the word is used therefore without question in its other sense of ‘of the blood’ (these two complements of gnēsios are discussed in the lntroduction).
Hellenistic Egypt: The Chora
Authors: Ogden Daniel
Published: November 2023

Our most enlightening evidence for the legitimacy behaviour of expatriate Greeks towards each other and the indigenous barbarians derives from hellenistic Egypt. The evidence is for the most part that of practice rather than interdiction: some 100 papyrus contracts relating to marriage. Legal Systems In The Chora The cities of Alexandria, Ptolemais, and Naucratis were, in legal terms, exclusively ‘Greek’ communities (although non-Greeks could reside there); outside these, Greeks from all over the hellenistic world migrated into the open territory or chōra in the wake of the Macedonian invasion, many as members of Ptolemy’s army. They were generally organized into townships known as politeumata, but these were not autonomous states with defined memberships. So, despite the linguistic, cultural, and religious gulf between these Greeks and the Egyptians, there was no difference in citizenship status.
Some Theoretical Considerations
Authors: Fox Matthew
Published: November 2023

Cicero’s account of the regal period raises a number of theoretical issues which can be explored more thoroughly. They are issues concerning the nature of history and myth, the fluidity of this distinction, and the influence upon it of political reality. In the De Republica Cicero describes the need for political reform to rest upon a certain vision of history. This need is met by the recreation of mythical material in a historical guise in the reconstruction of the regal period. Although applying an ironic framework, Cicero hopes that by giving a historical account of the regal period, a basis can be found for political renewal. His ironic commentary emerges from the problem of historical truth and historical belief; the regal period is essentially legendary in character, and to reclaim it as historical is something he cannot do without equivocation. For the sake of his political message, however, he is clear that a historical recreation is necessary.
Introduction
Authors: Dench Emma
Published: November 2023

The enduring fascination of images of peoples of the Central Apennines may be seen in Salmon’s monograph of 1967, Samnium and the Samnites, a work that evokes the character of the Samnites by drawing heavily on images from Horace and Livy. It was not my intention to rewrite Salmon’s book: in particular, I have not set out here any comprehensive description of aspects of life in the Central Apennines, drawn together from material and literary evidence. This is partly because the sheer quantity of material evidence available today would render such a task even more ambitious than it was in 1967. More importantly, however, this is because my focus is on images of peoples of the Central Apennines, shifting according to the perspective of the observer.
Mountain Society
Authors: Dench Emma
Published: November 2023

In the present chapter, the first task is to identify what were really the preoccupations of ancient authors: for example, it will become clear that modern preoccupation with pastoralism in the Central Apennines is not echoed by ancient authors for our period. Ancient authors were, however, interested in the mountainous landscape of the Central Apennines, the social organization of the area, and in the effect of the environment on moral character. When peoples of the Central Apennines were incorporated within the Roman citizenship, it became possible for their ‘rough landscape’ to function as a moral ideal for the city of Rome. In the final sections of this chapter, I shall consider evidence which suggests that the social structure of the Central Apennines was rather different from that in the much more profoundly urbanized areas of Tyrrhenian Italy.
Urbanization and Rome: An Overview
Authors: Fear A T
Published: November 2023

‘Let wild beasts live in fields and woods, men ought to draw together into cities.’ This opinion of Cassiodorus, writing at the end of antiquity, can be seen as a summary of the constant belief of the classical world that civilization consisted in urban life. Aristotle, writing a millennium earlier than Cassiodorus, regarded the city-state as the natural end of man’s evolution; hence his now hackneyed statement that man is a political (i.e. a city-state dwelling) animal. For Aristotle the polis made not merely life, but the good life, possible. Plato held similar opinions. In the Laws, although some citizens of his theoretical Cretan state are to live in country villages rather than its main town, these villages too are to have the typical features of a classical city. Roman authors hold out a parallel ideal. Lucretius speaks of man’s evolution to the city-state, depicting the steps on the way in terms of Roman history. Tacitus too regards the touchstone of civilization as the fostering of cities, the ‘urbium cultus’. The same analysis of the good life was found even amongst the early Christians. Tertullian, arguing that all God’s works are acceptable, says the Christians live in a world of fora, macella, balnea, tabernae (town-squares, market-places, baths, and inns), and various other typical constituents of a city-state.
The State of Southern Spain in c.50 BC
Authors: Fear A T
Published: November 2023

The evolution of the south of Spain in the late republican period is a highly controversial topic. Nevertheless, if we are to understand the development of Baetica in the imperial period it is necessary to look closely at the area of Hispania Ulterior (Further Spain) out of which the province was formed in order to assess whether the region’s evolution, marked most notably by the grant of the ius Latii (Latin rights) to the peninsula by Vespasian, differed in scale or form in the imperial period from that which had taken place previously, or was simply a continuation of a process whose foundations had been firmly laid down in the earlier period.
The Coloniae of Baetica
Authors: Fear A T
Published: November 2023

The coloniae founded in the future provincia of Baetica at, and just after, the end of the Roman republic were the first large-scale settlements of Roman citizens in this area organized directly by the Roman state. As such they were of a markedly different character from previous Roman communities established in Hispania Ulterior, which had taken the form either of informal conventus, or possibly of individual settlement. In contrast to these ad hoc developments of the past, the new coloniae were established according to a firmly Roman model of what constituted a town. This model, to be used for coloniae of all provinces, was, not unnaturally, the city of Rome itself: Aulus Gellius calls coloniae ‘effigies parvae et simulacra’ (‘little copies and replicas’) of Rome.
Rome and Latium the Sixth Century
Authors: Smith Christopher John
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this final section is to try to combine the archaeological evidence which has been compiled in previous chapters with the literary and documentary evidence which exists for the sixth century BC. I wish to focus on three aspects, beginning with the social structure of Rome and Latium. It is clear enough that archaic Latium contained groups of different social status, and some of the tensions this created came to a head in the Struggle of the Orders from the fifth century on. Some of the social groupings can be identified, and their possible relevance to the archaeological record will be explored here. In the second place, we have reasonably good evidence for laws and treaties in the Latin world. Examining the legal evidence allows us to make hypotheses concerning. the status of the Latins. We may also try to gain a very basic understanding of patterns of land ownership as one of the most important structural aspects of Latin society. Finally, religion is prominent in the archaeological record because of the many temples that have been discovered; the combination of literary and antiquarian material can help to give an outline of the context of this religious activity. In other words, I wish to indicate the sorts of areas in which archaeological and literary evidence seem to come together fruitfully. In so doing, I shall not attempt to solve the many problems of the sixth century, but only to indicate broad areas of interest.
General Conclusions
Authors: Smith Christopher John
Published: November 2023

The aim of this book has been to present the available archaeological evidence for Rome and Latium Vetus from c.1000 toc.500 BC and to proceed from the evidence to some conclusions concerning the economy and society of the region. The archaeological discoveries of the past twenty or so years have allowed us radically to improve our understanding of the region, and at the same time to be more precise about its place in Central Italian and Mediterranean culture, as this too has become better known. The development of theoretical approaches in the study of ancient history and material culture usefully underpins our knowledge of both. The book should have indicated the generally homogeneous nature of Latium, from the early burial material to later urban development. It would not be right to suggest that one could define the boundaries of Latium at any time with accuracy, but the region does hold together as a cultural entity.
The Iliad
Authors: West M L
Published: November 2023

The Iliad’s title may suggest an epic about the Trojan War, or even the classic epic about the Trojan War. But although the tale is set at Troy during the war, and much fighting is described, the city’s fate remains in the background. It is not the real theme. The poem does not tell of the capture or sack of Troy, or of any major stage in the progress of the war. It is true that the death of Troy’s greatest defender, Hector, forms its climax. But this gain for the Achaeans’ cause was achieved at high cost, and it was soon to be cancelled out by the loss of their own supreme hero, Achilles.
Thracian Knights And The Macedonian Conquest
Authors: Archibald Z H
Published: November 2023

The Thracian Warrior Aristocracy Reached its apogee in the fourth century BC. Although some of its members continued to prosper under the Mace donian protectorate with the opening up of the Thracian Plain to more intensive commerce with the Aegean and Pontic coasts, and were honoured after death in elabor ate built tombs, the appearance of social continuity is deceptive. The imposition of Macedonian administration had a differential effect on the continuing elaboration of social distinctions, the growth of technological skills, and the nature of internal networks. Throughout the fourth century grave goods, whether native or imported, became more varied and less socially exclusive.
Introduction
Authors: Lowrie Michéle
Published: November 2023

‘Narrative’ is hardly the first word to come to mind when thinking about Horace’s Odes. Why is this? Because ostensibly the Odes are lyric, and narrative belongs to other genres. Because Horace speaks as a lyric ego, as if to persuade rather than inform or entertain his addressee (and his reader). Because the central didactic message of the Odes is carpe diem, a maxim that not only enjoins us to live in the present, but evokes the poetry of the present: its locus is the symposium (Davis 1991). Sympotic poetry entails conversation and song, but song that keeps to the moment, inscribes its own occasion, and does not go on at length about the events of the mythic past. Such is a simplified version of commonplace assumptions about the genre and philosophy of the Odes — assumptions that are reasonable, if not entirely correct. We may, however, raise objections: Horace does tell stories, and myth is central to epinician — to name only the most conspicuous of the lyric subgenres to contain extended narrative. Moreover, telling stories is one mode of discourse. And the digressions into myth hardly amount to an interest in the past per se, but rather aim to tell us something of present relevance.
History and Epic: The Roman Odes
Authors: Lowrie Michéle
Published: November 2023

The personal narratives discussed in the last chapter herald Something Big: the Roman Odes. These poems fly on the wings of a swan (C. 2. 20) over all of Horace’s self-imposed, loudly promulgated boundaries. The Ars Poetica states a problem: sectantem levia nervi / deficiunt animique; professus grandia turget (‘sinews and spirit fail the one who pursues levity; he who professes grandeur swells’, 26 – 7). The solution is for a professus levia (one who has professed levity) to show nervi animique (sinews and spirit). C. 3. 3, 3. 4, and 3. 5 embrace high style narrative, epic colouring, public moralizing, and praise of Caesar. Praise of Caesar? All three poems situate his name immediately before a mytho-historical exemplum. The urgent question facing my analysis is whether the struggle between lyric and narrative authority fragments the coherence of any possible praise-making. The answer will depend on what we mean by praise-certainly nothing direct, unmediated, unqualified. Lyric throws up discursive obstacles.
Introduction
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: November 2023

In the first book of his Histories Herodotus tells the story of Adrastus, the unfortunate exile who killed Croesus’ son by accident after promising to protect him. At three key points in the story –Adrastus’ arrival, Croesus’ request for help, and Adrastus’ appearance before the bereaved monarch — Herodotus switches from third-person narrative to direct speech, and the characters use vocatives to address one another.
Favorinus: The Man of Paradoxes
Authors: * Leofrance Holford-Strevens
Published: November 2023

Plato and Platonism, as Dr Sedley has reminded us, emerge none the worse from the institutional demise of the Academy; the name of ‘Academic’ (in Greek normally ‘AKα  δ  η  μ  α  їkós but in Latin Academicus) may stil1 be heard in the second century of our era, albeit less frequently than ‘Platonist’ (Π  λ αtwvikós, Platonicus).
The Soul of a Plutarchan Hero
Authors: Duff Tim
Published: November 2023

Before we begin our case studies of pairs of Lives in which moral values are explored and challenged, it is worth pausing to consider some aspects of the value-system which informs Plutarch’s work, the overall moral framework running through the Lives as a whole. This framework functions to reinforce certain key values which are implicit in all the Lives: transgression of, or adherence to, these norms both determines the moral status of the subject and reinforces the norms themselves. The value system implicit in the Lives can be related to Plutarch’s back ground in Platonic thought: in particular, Platonic conceptions of human psychology.
The Lives of Pyrrhos and Marius
Authors: Duff Tim
Published: November 2023

The first of our case studies of the moralism of the Parallel Lives consists of a pair of biographies in which there is a clear and largely unproblematic moral message. The Pyrrhos-Marius poses few problems of overall interpretation. A single moral theme runs through both Lives. Together they form an illustration and warning of the dangers of discontent. Though Plutarch never states this explicitly, Pyrrhos and Marius should most probably be seen as ‘ great natures’ : men with great natural endowments, and indeed of great achievements, but whose characters are perverted through a bad environment or bad education. They thus fulfil the function of negative examples of that rather specific kind to which Plutarch alludes in the prologue to the Demetrios-Antony.
Synkrisis and the Synkriseis in the Parallel Lives
Authors: Duff Tim
Published: November 2023

Synkritic modes of thought seem to have run deep in the Greek mentality. The tendency to conceive the world in polarized terms is strong in pre-Sokratic and Hippokratic writings; Hippokratic medical treatises, for example, conceive the body in terms of a series of opposites, such as hot and cold, wet and dry, which should be in balance for good health. The Greeks of the fifth and fourth centuries bc constructed their own identity by means of a set of mutually exclusive polarities: Greek-barbarian, male-female, citizen-alien, free-slave. Synkrisis became an important means of moral characterization.
Rams, Fleece, and Gold
Authors: Hoffmann Herbert
Published: November 2023

The kantharos-rhyton in Hamburg by Sotades (Figs. 21-3, Cat. LI) holds special interest because of the challenge it poses to an iconological approach. The pictures on its bowl yield little apparent sense even at the iconographic level, and the form of the vase is itself unusual: a powerful ram’s head attached to a flaring kantharos bowl. It is, in fact, a combination of two different shapes, a kantharos and a rhyton. The unusual conjunction of two vase forms in a single vessel is perhaps best understood through the analogy of Greek rhetoric, which employs duplication-or redundancy to emphasize a point.
Deep Play
Authors: Hoffmann Herbert
Published: November 2023

According to a fairly prevalent Greek view, instability and risk are the very essence of existence, or reality (hyparxis). Heroism is dangerous, but it is through danger that life ceases to be banal. Both tragedy and comedy depend on this insight for their substance and effect. In the following I shall draw on Athenian vase-painting and the evidence of Sophokles and three Presocratic philosophers to explore the Greek attitude to risk, a focal anthropological concept and culturally conditioned idea. My point of departure will be two joining bowl fragments of a Sotadean cup-skyphos in a Swiss private collection. As chance would have it, the two fragments preserve most of the vessel’s picture decoration (Fig. 79, Cat. C3).
The Urban Landscape
Authors: Mieroop Marc Van De
Published: November 2023

A modern-day traveller through the countryside of Mesopotamia does not see the remains of majestic stone temples and funerary monuments, as is the case in Egypt, but encounters nothing other than earthen mounds, distinguished from their surroundings only by their height. These mounds, usually referred to with the Arabic term tell, are the remnants of great and small cities, the accumulation through millennia of the debris of mud-brick houses, palaces, and temples. To recognize the layout of the ancient cities of Mesopotamia from these remains is not an easy task. Although aerial photographs can provide us with a map of their main features, this map will always be a palimpsest with details from many different eras. The collection of datable objects on the surface of the tell, usually pottery shards, permits to some degree the determination of when certain zones were occupied, but still in a very imprecise way. Only excavation guarantees the clear recognition of buildings and their date of occupation. It is, however, an extremely expensive and time-consuming procedure, and not a single urban site in Mesopotamia has been completely excavated. In fact, most excavations have uncovered only a very small percentage of the total area of the site under investigation.
Credit and Management
Authors: Mieroop Marc Van De
Published: November 2023

The most commonly recorded transaction in Mesopotamian con¬ tracts is the loan. Thousands of documents detailing the receipt of goods or silver and the obligation for their repayment, with or without interest, are preserved from the late third millennium on in Babylonia and Assyria. The format of the loan contracts varied enormously. The creditor could be an individual, several persons, an individual together with an institution, or an institution by itself. The debtor could be a single person or a group of people. The commodities loaned could be silver, consumables such as corn or dates, or a mixture of both. The loans could be repaid in kind, consumables could be given for silver, or silver could be paid for with agricultural produce.
Cities as Centres of Religion and Learning
Authors: Mieroop Marc Van De
Published: November 2023

It is something of a truism to state that the centres of culture in Mesopotamia were the cities, since I started this book by saying that Mesopotamian culture as known to us was an urban culture. Yet it is remarkable that there is no trace at all of an awareness or recognition of culture outside the cities. Non-urban people had a culture; oral tradition, religion, and art are found universally among villagers and nomads. In Mesopotamian tradition there is no acknowledgement of the fact that they had or could have influenced the urban culture. This is especially true with regard to religion and literacy, where the urban bias is absolute.
Prologue
Authors: Anderson Michael J
Published: November 2023

One of the most comprehensive visual representations of the Ilioupersis to survive from antiquity is found on a small Graeco-Roman relief plaque now in the Capitoline Museum, one of a group of such plaques known collectively as the Tabulae Iliacae (Cat. no. 1*-Fig. 1). Theodoros, as the artist identifies himself in an inscription, allotted approximately one-half of the tablet’s figured surface to the capture of Troy, represented in the form of a walled city, viewed from a nearby elevated perspective. The walls outline a roughly square area, within which the artist has distributed several familiar components of the myth among three horizontal registers, each demarcated by a significant architectural element. The trapezoidal precinct of Athena, framed by a three-sided colonnade embracing the goddess’s temple within, forms the uppermost of the three registers. Here stands the wooden horse, and directly in front of the temple Aias attacks the Trojan princess Kassandra. The middle register is defined by the royal palace and two flanking temples. In the courtyard of the palace King Priamsits in supplication at the altar of Zeus, under attack from Neoptolemos, and to the right of the palace Menelaos recovers his wife Helen at the temple of Aphrodite. The lower register of the city consists of an open area dominated by the massive Skaian gates.
Introduction
Authors: Anderson Michael J
Published: November 2023

Two remarkably similar human sacrifices are recorded within the Trojan epic poems. Before setting sail from Aulis, the Achaian army sacrifices Iphigeneia to Artemis, and after conquering Troy, they sacrifice Polyxene to the shade of Achilles. The victim in each case is the daughter of a commander: Iphigeneia is a child of Agamemnon, most powerful of the Achaian chieftains, and Polyxene is a daughter of Priam, king of Troy. Achilles plays a part in both sacrifices: Iphigeneia is lured to Aulis upon the pretext of marriage with the hero, and Polyxene is sacrificed upon his tomb to serve as his concubine in death. Furthermore, each sacrifice is performed as a pre requisite to the departure of the Achaian fleet: they must sacrifice Iphigeneia in order to sail to Troy, and they must sacrifice Polyxene in order to sail home. Finally, the two sacrifices stand at complementary positions within the saga: the sacrifice of Iphigeneia comes at the beginning of the war, that of Polyxene at the war’s conclusion.
Exile
Authors: Hutchinson G O
Published: November 2023

Cicero’s letters from exile have typically been viewed as extreme and somewhat embarrassing outpourings of emotion. The extremity has frequently been seen as betraying a peculiar and inadequate personality, or at any rate an unusual mental state. These reactions descend from the moral criticism of Cicero’s grief voiced in antiquity itself. A moral strain is often audible in modern comments on the letters; psychological categories are sometimes offered or imposed as explanations. Pervasive in most discussion is an assumption of the author’s passivity. It is as if weak Cicero, the unresisting slave of feeling, was driven simply to transcribe his emotions onto the page, unaffected by his addressee and unconcerned with any organization of his experience in words. The idea itself seems dubious on every level (how can one even write of one’s feelings without thought?); a careful look at the letters shows how little justice it does them. So the letters which seem most like pure self-expression also emerge as potent communication.
Consolation
Authors: Hutchinson G O
Published: November 2023

Advancing still further into the regions of gloom, we pass from exile to bereavement. In the last chapter we saw Cicero writing from within a terrible experience. In this chapter, we shall look at Cicero and others writing from outside a still more terrible experience to those within it; we shall see them attempting to handle, and to modify, strong emotion in others. The theme is intrinsically interesting, and the letters that treat it include some of the most impressive in the collection.

The subject of consolation enables comparisons between letters and between writers: we can observe Cicero consoling different people, and different people consoling Cicero. We have an opportunity to see how Cicero’s stylistic and personal manner, in this difficult situation, compares with that of contemporaries. The discussion will begin from two letters by Cicero, and proceed to two letters by others. The comparison between the letters, as we shall see, is by no means straightforward.
Humour
Authors: Hutchinson G O
Published: November 2023

Humour is one of the most attractive ingredients of Cicero’s letters. But it would be misguided to view it as a straightforward feature of artless conversation, which allows us to escape from the artificialities of premeditated expression. It would be misguided too to approach the humour in a void as disembodied jokes, without relation to the particular circumstances in which each letter originates. One must appreciate the importance of both an aesthetic and a personal dimension. The first section of this chapter will begin from the aesthetic aspect; it will then look at the personal aspect, and set the humour of the letters in the larger context of Cicero’s reuvre. The section is sadly protracted; but some unkind god has joined together, Z:mpacata consanguimtate, in ever-warring kinship, humour and explanation.
Introduction
Authors: Leigh Matthew
Published: November 2023

Lucan’s Pharsalia is a document of fundamental importance for students of the history and literature of Rome in the early imperial period. By taking as his theme the civil war sparked by Caesar’s invasion of Italy in 49 BC, Lucan engages with the coming of the autocratic political system under which Rome has lived for a century and of which his own family connections give him intimate experience.
Pharsalus-Wishing and Watching
Authors: Leigh Matthew
Published: November 2023

If the narrator of the Pharsalia is repeatedly subject to intense emotional involvement in the various crises of the Spanish campaign. there is nevertheless a discernible heightening of engagement as the ep1c reaches its decisive conflict, Pharsalus. One passage from the Pharsalus narrative, 7, 185-213, has already been discussed as a programme for Lucan’s anguished and involved narrative voice; two others, 7. 1-44 and 7. 647-711. provide the focus for investigation in the following chapter. The purpose of this chapter is to consider three further points in Book 7 where the narrator invades the world of the action, or the action that of the narrator. These are all analysed with a view to their complexity and reflexivity. Once again, the impassioned manner of the narrator is contrasted with an alternative perspective, that of the indolent spectator Jupiter.
Pompey-The View from the Hill
Authors: Leigh Matthew
Published: November 2023

The dissenting voice with which Lucan narrates the Phrasalia emphasizes the degree of its engagement by contrasting itself with others and deploring their inaction. Frequently the contrasting figure of disengagement is represented as simply watching the action, as a spectator. When that spectator is clearly the Jupiter of the Augustan poets, the refusal to intervene is testimony not just to a generalized apathy but actually to a culpable complicity with the politics of the regime Lucan detests. These are the principal conclusions to be drawn from the previous two chapters. As the three chapters that follow examine the enthusiasm of Caesar’s army to transform the civil wars into a show to be performed for the sake of their general, the ideological significance of spectacle will become ever more apparent Meanwhile the mentality to be examined in this chapter stands at a revealing point between the poles that have been established: a Republican general who can bear neither to watch a civil war nor to engage, and whose perspective on the civil war betrays his underlying bad faith; a Republiccan narrator whose instinct to praise that general can never be carried through with complete conviction.
Epilogue-Ecstatic Vision and the Tyrant’s Spectacle
Authors: Leigh Matthew
Published: November 2023

The last chapter closed with the kingly visions of Sulla and Caesar, two murderers feasting their eyes on the spectacle of Rome’s transformation. It is pertinent to pause longer on these scenes, to examine farther the mentality they depict.
Aeschines
Authors: Usher Stephen
Published: November 2023

The most celebrated, and possibly the most eloquent political opponent, forensic adversary, and personal enemy of Demosthenes, Aeschines also maintained a rival, or at least an alternative tradition in Greek oratory. He never wrote speeches for others to deliver and probably did not receive any form of systematic training, and his career became that of the non-professional (but not amateur) orator, whose speeches were concerned with his own affairs or his public career. Comparison with Andocides has often been made, and with reason, but Aeschines had a technical advantage over his predecessor: he was one of a number of actors who turned from the stage to the rostrum, bringing with them their natural gifts of stage presence, strong, clear voice, and good delivery. He could also draw on his experience in another job: he served for a short time as a junior secretary (hypogrammateus) to the Assembly. From the second of these early careers he acquired useful knowledge of laws and decrees,3 and how to present them in legal arguments-an ability which he needed in all three of the lawsuits for which he composed his surviving speeches.
Conclusion
Authors: Usher Stephen
Published: November 2023

The foundations of a flexible and sophisticated rhetorical system, embracing argument, interpretation of the law, and emotional appeal, were laid before the first extant practical oratory appeared shortly before 420 BC. Antiphon developed certain lasting techniques, notably the application of probability-argument to behaviour, the use ofhistorical examples, and addressing the jury in terms of earnest adjuration. Andocides, an enigmatic figure, opted initially to ignore some of the basic rules. Later he acknowledged their efficacy, but also gave rein to his natural talent as a raconteur, at some sacrifice of structural discipline. The establishment of narrative as a distinct and occasionally dominant part of the speech is seen for the first time in the oratory ofLysias, where it serves purposes other than the mere presentation of factual evidence. These include characterization, the creation of an atmosphere favourable to his client or unfavourable to his opponent, and stimulation of the jury’s sense of history and civic solidarity. While the literary form of oratory was thus shaped by Lysias, Isaeus is not only a major source for historians of inheritance law, but also introduces a new level of persistence and logical thoroughness into argumentation, and launches character-assaults with unprecedented vehemence.
Introduction
Authors: Too Yun Lee
Published: November 2023

The Idea of Ancient Literary Criticism is a book about an important episode in critical history stretching from the archaic Greek period to late antiquity. It is a study of literary criticism in antiquity as the collected, edited, anthologized, translated, historicized, and explicated body of ancient texts that supposedly helps us in understanding what the ancients thought art and literature were and that assists us consequently, as seems reasonable, in reading this literature.
Krisis and Agōn: The Etymology of Criticism
Authors: Too Yun Lee
Published: November 2023

In love with Tartarus through golden Aphrodite monstrous Gaia bore Typhon, her youngest [or ‘most capable of bearing arms’] child. The powerful god’s hands have works of strength and his feet are tireless; from his shoulders descend a hundred heads of a snake, of a terrible serpent, flashing with dark tongues; from the eyes of his wondrous heads fire flashes forth under his brow; from all of his heads fire burned as he looked around. In all his terrible heads were voices producing every manner of wonderous utterance. Sometimes they spoke as to be understood by the gods; at other times [they uttered] the voice of a bellowing, proud bull irrepressible in strength; at other times, of a lion which possesses an unabashed heart; at still other times, utterances like those of puppies, wondrous to hear; or sometimes he whistled and the long mountains rang out.
Dislocating States and the Sublimity of Criticism
Authors: Too Yun Lee
Published: November 2023

Where the previous chapter considered the way in which ancient authors and contemporary scholarship characterize the Roman empire as a space of repression that needs to be negotiated either through silence or through self-selecting discourses, my present concern is to see how another aspect of criticism in the Ruman period continues to negotiate the post-Aristotelian project of cultural discrimination and appropriation. The critical scenario I now consider is the privileged public discourse of rhetoric. The work of Ahl, Bartsch, and others has drawn attention to the ways in which discourse and authority are in conflict in imperial Rome in poetic and historical texts, and also to the ways in which rhetoric highlights this predicament. ‘. My particular concern in this chapter is to consider how one of the most tantalizing, if also one of the most puzzling and apparently idiosyncratic, texts about literature enacts criticism in the rhetorical domain.
Criticism m the Present Time?
Authors: Too Yun Lee
Published: November 2023

This study began by proposing that histories of literary criticism have by and large decontextualized, by insufficiently contextualizing, the writings that they perceive to constitute ancient literary criticism. It argues that they cite them out of context and hypostasize individual terms, such as mimēsis and the sublime, and so in turn deny the opportunity to consider in what ways critical discourses in antiquity respond to a concern that texts can do something good or bad to the individual and society.
Jews, Greeks, and Romans
Authors: Goodman Martin
Published: November 2023

How different from other people in the Graeco-Roman world were the Jews? The question is easily posed even if any answer must be cautious and nuanced. Jews in many ways shared in the surrounding political, social, and religious culture of the Hellenistic period and the early Roman empire, but in some crucial respects they were radically different. Difficulties in formulating a clear response should not prevent the question being tackled, for the consequences of even a cautious answer are considerable. If Jews lived lives much like others in their world, it would be appropriate to use the plentiful surviving evidence about Jews to help understand wider Greek and Roman culture to an extent rarely attempted by classicists; from the opposing perspective, it would be more or less impossible to study properly the history of the Jews in this period without constant recourse to non-Jewish evidence. By contrast, if Jews lived in a world politically, mentally, socially, and culturally distinct from other cultures and peoples in the Mediterranean world, it would be entirely reasonable to study the Jewish tradition more or less in isolation from other ancient evidence.
The Structure of the Jewish Community in Rome
Authors: Williams Margaret
Published: November 2023

Throughout the early Roman imperial period (i.e. the first three centuries CE), one of the largest concentrations of Jews to be found outside Judaea was at Rome itself. As early as the principate of Augustus they had come to number several thousands and possess a multiplicity of synagogues. And with the eclipse of Alexandrian Jewry after the Jewish revolt of u5-17 CE, they became the most important Diaspora community in the empire. How did they manage their affairs? Standard opinion nowadays has it that, throughout its long history, ancient Roman Jewry was organized along traditional Roman lines and in consequence structured differently from the Alexandrian Jewish community.
Honour and Influence in the Roman World
Authors: Lendon J E
Published: November 2023

No rich man am I, said the orator Dio Chrysostom to his townsmen. His father had relied upon his influence in managing the family’s financial affairs, trusting to it to ensure that no one would controvert his claims; on his father’s death Dio found it very difficult to reclaim money in other men’s hands. Dio’s admission transports his reader from a mental cosmos in which power depends largely on money to one where money depends as largely upon power, from New York to the Mafia’s Sicily. In the Roman world personal influence could be mobilized for the cheap purchase of a farm, for the return of a loan, for a roof over a traveller’s head far from home, for a post in the army, or even for the capture of a runaway, book-stealing slave; it pervaded the whole sphere of action. What a great man wanted, he frequently turned first to his influence to gain.
The Roman Army
Authors: Lendon J E
Published: November 2023

Ancient observers describe the Roman army as the third essential constituency of the imperial system, with the aristocracy and the Roman plebs. Perhaps, indeed, the army could somehow be imagined as the plebs of Rome in arms, conferring ideological legitimacy on the emperor at the senate’s side. But the army’s fundamental role in empire is perfectly clear: the Roman empire depended, in the last resort, upon violent force, and so, in the last resort, it depended upon the discipline and loyalty of the soldiers who exerted that force. Thus, finally, we turn to examine the role honour played in their lives.
Clothing In The Oresteia (1)
Authors: Macleod C W
Published: November 2023

No lacuna should precede line 1028. The asyndeton there is natural and proper since the goddess breaks off to address her π ρ, whereas before she was only speaking about them: it is analogous to the asyndeton which commonly goes with a command to servants in tragedy (e.g.A. Sept. 675; S. El. 1468, Ant. 760).
The Five Courts of Homicide
Authors: Carawan Edwin
Published: November 2023

If we set aside the Areopagite model that Demosthenes articulated and modern scholars have generally followed, and look instead to the direct evidence, we should conclude that the earliest homicide jurors were the ephetai; the jurisdiction of this body was not divided by intentionality or other criteria; ordinarily they made no ruling on the killer’s intent but only did so when special hearings were required for pardon by the phratry. It was Solon who first authorized the Areopagus council to determine malice aforethought, and it was this reform that led to the classical division of jurisdiction. In this chapter we proceed on this hypothesis to construct a new model of how homicide was divided among the five courts.
James Thomson’s Tragedies of Opposition
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona
Published: November 2023

In a quiet corner of Westminster Abbey, above Charlotte Bronte’s memorial, the sculpted image of James Thomson still leans on a pedestal decorated with rural figures symbolizing his most famous poem, The Seasons (see Fig. 4.1). This delicate cycle, with its innovative experiments in the description of nature, informed critical debates of the Romantic period and is now regarded as an important forerunner of Romantic aesthetics and sensibility. It impressed the critic Lessing, influenced the poets Coleridge and Wordsworth and the painter Turner, and, translated into German, provided the libretto for Haydn’s secular oratorio Die Jahreszeiten (1801).
Talfourd’s Ancient Greeks in the Theatre of Reform
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona
Published: November 2023

It is 26 May 1836. Covent Garden theatre is packed with prominent writers, including Charles Dickens, Robert Browning, Richard Hengist Horne, William Wordsworth, Walter Savage Landor, Mary Russell Mitford, and John Forster. Politics and high society are well represented-Lord Melbourne, Lord Chief Justice Den­ man, Lord Grey, Lady Blessington. One literary man realizes that the theatre is thronged ‘with an audience the like of which, in point of distinction’, he has ‘never seen in an English theatre’.
Lancelot and the Grail
Authors: Kennedy Elspeth
Published: November 2023

Lancelot and the Grail offers a new solution to a fascinating problem: how the tale of Lancelot's love for Guinevere came to be linked with the Grail. The first part of this book establishes the existence and coherence of a version of the French Prose Lancelot in which his love is presented as a source of his chivalric achievement. This romance contains no Grail Quest, but only allusions to one already achieved by Perceval. The second part studies the transformation of this 'Lancelot without the Grail' into an integral part of a Lancelot - Grail cycle, where the destructive element in Lancelot's relationship with Guinevere is recognized. Based on many years' work on the textual tradition of a romance copied and read over three centuries, Lancelot and the Grail raises questions of interest to all students of early European literature: the interplay between feudal relationships and literary structures, intertextuality, and the development of a text through time.
The Reconquest of Asia Minor: A Narrative (226-192)
Authors: Ma John
Published: November 2023

A stele found at modern Gordes, in ancient north-eastern Lydia, preserves the dedication of a Seleukid Eµ,wv, Arkesilaos, ‘in gratitude for the safety of Apollophanes, son of Apollophanes, of Seleukeia in Pieria’, the well-documented physician of Antiochos 111.1 The inference is that Apollophanes, no doubt at Antiochos’ side, passed though north-eastern Lydia or close enough to concern an officer stationed there-but when did this take place? Perhaps during Antiochos’ campaign in 216-213 BC to subdue the usurper Achaios; or the activity in 204-203, on his return from his eastern expedition; or the campaign of 197-196, which swept from Syria to the Straits; or a march to Thrace; or even the Seleukid-Roman War.2 By its very chronological incertitude, the stele directs attention to the history of Antiochos III as one of military movements across the Seleukid empire: Asia Minor ‘on the other side’ of the Taurus, the eastern satrapies, Syria and Kaile-Syria (tabulated in Schmitt 1964: 85).
Husbands and Wives in the Frontier-Zone
Authors: Cherry David
Published: November 2023

From at least the time of Claudius to that of Septimius Severus, soldiers were forbidden to marry or, it seems, to be married during their term of service The prohibition evidently did not apply to officers, however. And it did not prevent soldiers from forming stable and, in at least some cases, long-lasting unions with women whom they treated as their wives.