bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of social frailty domains and related adverse health outcomes in the Asia-Pacific: a systematic literature review
Authors: Hamid Tengku Aizan , Salih Sarah Abdulkareem , Zillah Abdullah Siti Farra , Ibrahim Rahimah , Mahmud Aidalina
Published: March 2024

Background

Frailty is a significant healthcare challenge worldwide, increasing interest in developing more assessment tools covering for frailty. Recently, there has been a growing awareness of a correlation between social variables and frailty in older people. However, there is a lack of understanding of the social domains of frailty and the related adverse outcomes, particularly in the Asia-Pacific settings. This study aimed to characterize the social frailty domains and their health outcomes by overviewing the frailty screening tools in older people living in the Asia-Pacific region.

Methodology

A systematic review, using the PRISMA guideline, was conducted on articles published between 2002 and 2023 from three electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. A manual search was conducted for the references of the included articles using Google Scholar. Included articles must be in English and were based on empirical evidence published in peer-reviewed journals and focus on the assessment of domains of social frailty in older people aged 60 or over in the Asia-Pacific (East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania).

Result

A total of 31 studies were included in the thematic analysis, from which 16 screening tools measuring six social domains were reviewed. The six domains were: social networks, followed by social activities, social support, financial difficulties, social roles, and socioeconomic, arranged in four categories: social resources, social needs, social behaviors (or social activities), and general resources. The six social domains predicted mortality, physical difficulties, and disability incidence. Other adverse health outcomes were also associated with these social domains, including cognitive disorders, mental illness, and nutritional disorders (n = 5 domains each), dementia (n = 4 domains), and oral frailty, hearing loss, obesity, and chronic pain (n = 3 domains each).

Conclusion

Overall, social frailty is a complex construct with multiple dimensions, including the frailty of social and general resources, social behaviors, and social needs, leading to several health disorders. The findings contribute to understanding the conceptual framework of social frailty in older people and its related health outcomes. Therefore, it could facilitate professionals and researchers to monitor and reduce the risks of adverse health outcomes related to each domain of social frailty, contributing to a better aging process.
The role of temperature on the development of circadian rhythms in honey bee workers
Authors: Giannoni-Guzmán Manuel A. , Perez Claudio Eddie , Aleman-Rios Janpierre , Diaz Hernandez Gabriel , Perez Torres Melina , Melendez Moreno Alexander , Loubriel Darimar , Moore Darrell , Giray Tugrul , Agosto-Rivera Jose L.
Published: March 2024

Circadian rhythms in honey bees are involved in various processes that impact colony survival. For example, young nurses take care of the brood constantly throughout the day and lack circadian rhythms. At the same time, foragers use the circadian clock to remember and predict food availability in subsequent days. Previous studies exploring the ontogeny of circadian rhythms of workers showed that the onset of rhythms is faster in the colony environment (~2 days) than if workers were immediately isolated after eclosion (7–9 days). However, which specific environmental factors influenced the early development of worker circadian rhythms remained unknown. We hypothesized that brood nest temperature plays a key role in the development of circadian rhythmicity in young workers. Our results show that young workers kept at brood nest-like temperatures (33–35 °C) in the laboratory develop circadian rhythms faster and in greater proportion than bees kept at lower temperatures (24–26 °C). In addition, we examined if the effect of colony temperature during the first 48 h after emergence is sufficient to increase the rate and proportion of development of circadian rhythmicity. We observed that twice as many individuals exposed to 35 °C during the first 48 h developed circadian rhythms compared to individuals kept at 25 °C, suggesting a critical developmental period where brood nest temperatures are important for the development of the circadian system. Together, our findings show that temperature, which is socially regulated inside the hive, is a key factor that influences the ontogeny of circadian rhythmicity of workers.
HDL Synthesis, Inference and Technology Mapping Algorithms for FPGA Configuration
Authors: Wang Nuocheng
Published: March 2024

This paper introduces the logic control flow of Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The process from analyzing a digital circuit description to component mapping on FPGA is described thoroughly. This transforming process is partitioned into three major stages: combinational logic synthesis, sequential logic inference, and technology mapping. Specific algorithms are discussed for each stage.
La infracción a normas reguladoras de la prueba en juicios de responsabilidad extracontractual
Authors: Banfi del Río Cristián , Carbonell Bellolio Flavia
Published: March 2024

Este ar tículo identifica y analiza críticamente los argumentos que justifican el abrumador rechazo de los recursos de casación en el fondo en los que se ha alegado infrac- ción a las normas reguladoras de la prueba por parte de la sala civil de la Corte Suprema de Chile en juicios de responsabilidad civil extracontractual fallados entre 1995 y 2023. Para ello, se abordan algunos aspectos referidos a la manera en que la Corte delinea las reglas re- guladoras de la prueba como causal de casación en el fondo a partir de ciertos conceptos pro- batorios, luego se exponen y justifican posibles razones adicionales, subyacentes a los motivos explícitos para rechazar esos recursos, y se concluye con algunas preguntas cuya respuesta exige mayor investigación.
La sentencia del caso Isapres: un análisis jurídico sobre su alcance
Authors: Izquierdo Serrano Tomás
Published: March 2024

La sentencia del “caso Isapres”, que extiende una solución particular a una serie amplia de casos, ha generado controversia jurídica y política. La crítica jurídica ha estado en- focada en el incumplimiento de máximas generales, pero parece importante analizar el fallo en su propia lógica. Al identificar su matriz argumental y cotejarla con un patrón modélico, se denotan sus deficiencias que permiten calificar la fundamentación de la sentencia como un ejercicio jurisdiccional impropio.
Los costos de la industria pornográfica. Reflexiones sobre la reparación a las víctimas en la segunda sentencia argentina de trata bajo la modalidad de pornografía infantil
Authors: Ramallo María De Los Ángeles , Quiroz Agostina , Fracchia Lucrecia
Published: March 2024

En este ar tículo realizaremos un comentario a la segunda sentencia dictada en Argentina de trata de personas configurada mediante la promoción, facilitación y comercia- lización de pornografía infantil. Destacaremos la importancia de que en los fundamentos del fallo se haga hincapié en la modalidad de explotación, en las condiciones del delito y en el daño específico producido en las víctimas. Sin embargo, evaluaremos críticamente la parte resolutiva de la sentencia, en tanto si bien el tribunal explica que la explotación para la pro- ducción de pornografía es particularmente dañina por la distribución y permanencia de las imágenes producidas en el contexto de explotación en la web, no establece mecanismos para su eliminación. En tercer lugar, reflexionaremos sobre el impacto que esta sentencia pueda te- ner en la forma de considerar a la industria pornográfica, teniendo en cuenta la falta de datos sobre la persecución de la producción de pornografía en condiciones de explotación.
Oportunidades e fragilidades no fornecimento de alimentos em uma cidade mineradora da Amazônia brasileira
Authors: Loureiro João Paulo Borges de , Santos Marcos Antônio Souza dos , Martins Geany Cleide Carvalho , Lopes Maria Lúcia Bahia , Santos Wânia Mendonça dos , Oliveira Gilmara Maureline Teles da Silva de , Oliveira Eder Silva de
Published: March 2024

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo demonstrar como a mineração é capaz de gerar oportunidades e ao mesmo tempo enfraquecer a agricultura, assim comprometendo a produção local de alimentos. Para isso, a cidade de Parauapebas, maior município minerador da Amazônia brasileira, foi utilizada como objeto de estudo. A pesquisa foi realizada com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, sendo que primeiramente foram realizadas 1016 entrevistas com habitantes da cidade para descobrir o valor do mercado local de alimentos. Posteriormente foram realizadas 32 entrevistas com gestores de empresas do seguimento de alimentos e 20 lideranças de produtores da zona rural do município. Por último, foram consultados relatórios e séries estatísticas oficiais para demonstrar o grau de investimentos públicos e privados na agricultura da cidade. Foi possível concluir que, a partir dos recursos advindos da mineração, a cidade conta com um grande fomento público e privado à agricultura, entretanto a atividade segue tendo pouca expressão na representatividade do Produto Interno Bruto do município. O mercado consumidor local possui elevada demanda e alguns alimentos têm o consumo acima da média nacional, porém na maioria das vezes a zona rural da cidade não consegue representar nem 10% do montante total de compra de alimentos pelas empresas locais. A quantidade produzida e a qualidade dos produtos são os principais problemas na visão dos compradores e a falta de organização dos produtores em associações e cooperativas é a principal fraqueza do ponto de vista das lideranças da zona rural.
Clinicopathological Study of CD34 Antigen Expression in Benign and Malignant Breast Lesions: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Singh Raghavendra , Mishra Tarun , Agarwal Pooja , Prakash Shikha , Kumar Lalit , Pathak Surendra , Kaushik Nupur , Singh Rajdeep
Published: March 2024

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among women. The CD34 immunohistochemical antigen serves as a tool in differentiating between benign and malignant breast lesions. It has been suggested that CD34 may be related to invasive potential. Aim: To evaluate the expression of the CD34 antigen in the stroma of benign and malignant breast lesions using the Immunohistochemistry (IHC) method. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pathology in collaboration with the Department of Surgery at Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India over a period of 18 months (from January 2021 to June 2022), involving a total of 50 histopathologically confirmed cases of benign and malignant breast lesions. Postsurgical specimens, including biopsies and mastectomies, were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. The initial diagnosis was made by Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)- stained tissue sections. Sections from the same block were subjected to IHC staining using a monoclonal antibody to the CD34 antigen, and the intensity of expression in stromal cells was graded from 0 to 3+ based on nuclear positivity: up to 5% stromal cells immunoreactive (grade-0), >5% and up to 25% (grade-1), >25% and up to 50% (grade-2), and > 50% (grade-3). The data was entered into Microsoft Excel 2007 and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical software version 19.0. The inferential statistics included the use of the Chi-square test. Results: Out of the total 50 cases evaluated, 25 (50%) were categorised as benign, and rest 25 (50%) were categorised as malignant lesions. Among the benign lesions, the most common lesion was fibroadenoma, accounting for 9 (36%) cases, followed by benign phyllode tumour, with 6 (24%) cases. Among malignant lesions, the most common lesion was Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC), accounting for 23 (92%) cases. The intensity of CD34 expression was found to be significantly higher in benign as compared to malignant breast lesions. Out of the 25 benign breast cases, the maximum number of cases (19) showed Grade-3+ positivity, 5 cases showed Grade-2+, and 1 case showed Grade-0 positivity. However, among malignant lesions, maximum cases (23, 92%) showed Grade-0 on CD34 immunostaining. Conclusion: This study was undertaken to evaluate the CD34 expression in benign and malignant breast lesions which might be able to distinguish between the benign and malignant breast lesions. The most benign breast lesions express CD34 in the stroma, while it is almost totally lost in all malignant neoplasms. Loss of CD34 is associated with the tumour’s capacity for invasion. However, to determine its function as a therapeutic target in cases of breast cancer, additional research can also be done.
Macrodactyly Lipomatosa in the Left Index Finger and Thumb: A Radiological and Clinical Perspective
Authors: Santra Shreyosi , Khanna Vivek , Chumber Shishir , Vani Kavita
Published: March 2024

Macrodystrophia Lipomatosis (MDL) is a rare congenital, non-hereditary, and benign form of gigantism characterised by the overgrowth of adipose tissue in a specific area of the body, usually affecting the hand or foot in the distribution of the median and plantar nerves, respectively. Here, the authors present a case of a 21-year-old male patient, who presented to the Surgical Outpatient Department (OPD) with the gradual, progressive enlargement of the left index finger and thumb over the last six months, experiencing difficulty in holding objects and maintaining grip. This case highlights the importance of radiological imaging in diagnosis and treatment planning. Macrodystrophia lipomatosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for hypertrophic digits, even in adult patients.
Ballots and Padlocks: Building Digital Trust and Security in Democracy through Information Governance Strategies and Blockchain Technologies
Authors: Olaniyi Oluwaseun Oladeji
Published: March 2024

This research explores the integration of Information Governance (IG) strategies and Blockchain Technologies (BT) in enhancing digital trust and security within democratic processes. Amid concerns about the integrity and vulnerability of electoral systems in the digital era, this study examines how these technologies can collectively safeguard democracy. Utilizing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), bootstrapping analysis for mediation effects, and the Fornell-Larcker Criterion for discriminant validity, the analysis was conducted on data from 934 participants involved in the electoral process. Key findings demonstrate that IG strategies significantly impact digital trust, indicating the importance of robust data management, legal compliance, and privacy measures for public confidence in electoral systems. Blockchain Technologies positively affect the security of democratic processes due to their decentralized and immutable characteristics. Furthermore, digital trust is identified as a critical mediator between IG strategies, BT, and the security of democratic processes, highlighting the importance of trust in the effectiveness of these technologies. Based on the insights gained, three actionable recommendations are proposed: Electoral authorities should adopt comprehensive IG frameworks to enhance data integrity and transparency; Pilot blockchain projects should be expanded to refine and understand the broader implementation implications for election security; Efforts should be increased to foster digital literacy and trust among the electorate, emphasizing the role of these technologies in securing electoral integrity.
Comparative Analysis of Technical and Operational Characteristics of Controllers Used to Automate the Operation of Rod Depth Pumps
Authors: Khamis Hashimov Khanlar , Alasgar Allahverdiyev Vugar
Published: March 2024

The paper examines the technical and economic characteristics of the most common controllers from popular manufacturers in the United States, designed to automate the operation of rod depth pumps installed in oil-producing pumping machines.   The main functional components, including sensors and actuators, are presented. A comparative analysis of the functionality is made, namely, the operating modes of the automation systems for switching on and off electric motors of rod pumps.

The main distinguishing features of the presented controllers is that some of them lack any sensors and in which the dynamograms are controlled in the function of currents and voltages. In addition, there are also types that use radio communication with the main control and control panel, which greatly simplifies wiring diagrams, eliminates the need to install relatively long cable networks.
Forensic DNA Profiling: Legal and Ethical Considerations
Authors: Smith JH , Singh M
Published: March 2024

Forensic DNA analysis is vital in criminal investigations, posing intricate legal and ethical dilemmas. This emphasises the need to balance DNA technology benefits with individual rights, prioritizing privacy, consent, and ethical practices. Stringent regulation of DNA data management is essential to prevent misuse and ensure privacy protection. Advances like probabilistic genotyping software improve interpretation accuracy, addressing complexities in mixture analysis. Responsible DNA use also requires navigating emerging technologies like next-generation sequencing while upholding ethical standards. Establishing transparency, accuracy, and ethical conduct throughout the analysis process is crucial for building public trust. Regulatory oversight and accountability mechanisms are necessary to address errors and maintain fairness in DNA data management. Through continuous dialogue and adherence to ethical standards, the forensic community can uphold scientific integrity and preserve public confidence in DNA analysis.
Parasitological, Bacterial and Fungal Evaluation of Some Ready-to-Eat Foods Sold by Vendors in Port Harcourt, Rivers State
Authors: Eze Chinwe N  , Ovutor Owhoeli , Goodhead Dakuru A  , Nwankwo, FC
Published: March 2024

Aims: To determine the prevalence and distribution of gastrointestinal parasites, bacteria and fungi in Date, Wet Tiger nut, Dry Tiger nut, Kuli-kuli and kola nuts sold by roadside vendors in nine locations in Rivers State.
Study Design: A total of 270 samples were procured randomly from roadside sellers.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Animal and Environmental Biology [parasitology unit), University of Port Harcourt, between March and July 2022.
Methodology: The 270 samples were examined for gastrointestinal parasites using direct wet preparation and sedimentation techniques, while 135 of the samples selected based on type and location were examined for bacteria and fungi using standard microbial techniques.
Results: Out of the 270 samples examined, 124(49.9%) were positive for gastrointestinal parasites as follows; Ascaris lumbricoides 52(19.3%), Ancylostoma spp 39(14.4%), Trichuris trichiura 19(7.0%) and Giardia lamblia 14(5.2%). dry Tiger nut recorded the highest prevalence 39(72.2%) and Kola nut 11(20.4%) had the least prevalence. Aluu had the highest prevalence 21(70.0%) while Rumuokoro recorded the least 3(10.0%) p=05. Of the 135 samples, 96(71.1%) was positive for bacteria while 19(14.1%) was positive for Candida species (fungi). The bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli 48(35.5%), Klebsiella species 32(23.7%) and Staphylococcus aureus 16(11.9%). Kola nut recorded the highest bacterial contamination 26(96.3%) and Date the lowest 10 (37.0). Samples from Choba had the highest bacterial contamination 12(80%) while Alakahia had the least bacterial contamination 7(46.7%) p=05. Dry Tiger nut 12(44.4%) and Wet Tiger nut 7(25.9%) were the only sample types with fungal contamination.
Conclusion: Vendors and consumers should be educated on the possible health implications of poorly handled RTE foods, and government should implement and enforce sanitary rules to preserve the environmental quality of areas where RTE foods are being processed and sold.
Cracks in the Self: A Poetry Collection Exploring Narcissism and Its Coping Mechanism in Youth
Authors: Margaretha Chintya , Limanta Liem Satya
Published: March 2024

When a girl grows up with an authoritarian parent, the trauma causes her to develop narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) in her young adult years, disrupting her ability to form healthy relationships with her mother, friends, and especially herself. To escape any emotional discomfort, she turns to non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) as a coping mechanism. This narrative poetry explores the progression of Renee's life from childhood to her struggle with NPD in young adulthood. It highlights how dangerous NPD is when Renee resorts to NSSI to deal with the negative reactions from others. This creative work underscores the seriousness of NPD since it may lead to a harmful coping mechanism called NSSI.
The Transformers: The Conflicts between Humans and Cyborgs and the Resulting Discrimination
Authors: Christian Calvin
Published: March 2024

In this study, I want to analyze a movie that came from a series made by Hasbro, which is titled Transformers. In my study, I found out that the conflict between the human characters and the cyborg characters in the movie revolve around discrimination which is caused by  the conflict itself. I would also like to explore what are the kinds of discrimination within the movie so that I can determine the cause of it and with the research, to learn about not to discriminate. For the analysis of my study, I will use the theory of Posthumanism by Cary Wolfe, which implies that the process of Posthuman transformation includes cyborg enhancements to improve the capabilities of human beings. I also found that from these so-called cyborg enhancements, comes discrimination from the people who think negatively towards the process of the enhancements, and thus discriminate against them.
Rhetorical Devices Used by Mark Zuckerberg in His 2007 Harvard Commencement Speech
Authors: Lauw Calvin , Gunawan Samuel
Published: March 2024

This research analyzed the rhetorical devices used by Mark Zuckerberg in his 2007 Harvard commencement speech. The findings show Mark Zuckerberg’s speech used six out of eleven rhetorical devices in figurative language such as simile, catachresis, synecdoche, personification, allusion, and transferred epithet. The most frequent rhetorical device he used is catachresis. The other frequent rhetorical device he used is the transferred epithet. The least used of rhetorical devices in his speech simile, personification and synecdoche. From the findings, the writer concludes the rhetorical devices as the language method to improve the speaker's ability in delivering speech. Rhetorical devices affect in a positive way to improve the speaker's communication skill. The present research has some limited scope, which was based on a Mark Zuckerberg speech, further research would need to improve the knowledge about function and the use of rhetorical devices in a speech. The other research using different types of speech would also be recommended.
Supporting Children with Speech, Language and Communication Needs: Finnish Early Childhood Special Education Teachers’ Views
Authors: Staffans Eva , Ström Kristina , Björklund Siv
Published: March 2024

In today’s society, the need for functional communication is essential from an early age. However, many children struggle with speech, language, and communication during their time in early childhood education and care (ECEC). This paper examines early childhood special education teachers’ (ECSETs) views on how children with speech, language and communication needs are supported in regular ECEC. The empirical data comprised four focus group interviews with 14 itinerant ECSETs. A thematic analysis was used to examine the teachers’ support strategies. The following four themes related to the research question were identified after an iterative process of coding and close reading of data: (a) cooperation and professionalism as prerequisites for providing support; (b) processes and procedures for providing support; (c) consultation for personnel enabling support for children in a group; and (d) adjusting support based on each child’s individual needs. The study provides insight into providing support for children with speech, language and communication needs and related challenges. The results indicate several areas that work well in providing support during specific activities and for certain group compositions. However, potential pitfalls include ECSETs’ workload and lack of knowledge and motivation among personnel to support children in need of support.
Inside Front Cover: Excimer‐Based White Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with Nearly 100 % Internal Quantum Efficiency (Adv. Mater. 2/2007)
Authors: Williams E. L. , Haavisto K. , Li J. , Jabbour G. E.
Published: January 2007

By combining the monomer and excimer/aggregate emission of FPt, a white OLED can be obtained. Incorporating the novel host material 26mCPy and engineering the charge balance properties, Jabbour and co‐workers used FPt to demonstrate, for the first time, nearly 100% internal quantum efficiency in white OLEDs (as shown in the image). The work is reported on p. 197.
Spintronik: eine Herausforderung für Materialwissenschaften und Festkörperchemie
Authors: Felser Claudia , Fecher Gerhard H. , Balke Benjamin
Published: January 2007

Spintronik ist ein multidisziplinäres Forschungsfeld zwischen Physik, Material‐ und Ingenieurwissenschaften, aber auch ein neuer Forschungsbereich der Festkörperforschung. Für die verschiedensten Anforderungen müssen unterschiedlichste Materialien gefunden werden. Die Suche nach ferromagnetischen Halbleitern und stabilen halbmetallischen Ferromagneten mit Curie‐Temperaturen höher als Raumtemperatur ist immer noch eine zentrale Aufgabe für die Festkörperchemie. Ein allgemeines Verständnis der Struktur‐Eigenschafts‐Beziehungen ist eine notwendige Voraussetzung für das Design neuer Materialien. In diesem Aufsatz werden die wichtigsten Entwicklungen im Bereich der Spintronik aus der Perspektive des Materialwissenschaftlers dargestellt.
Spintronics: A Challenge for Materials Science and Solid‐State Chemistry
Authors: Felser Claudia , Fecher Gerhard H. , Balke Benjamin
Published: January 2007

Spintronics is a multidisciplinary field involving physics, chemistry, and engineering, and is a new research area for solid‐state scientists. A variety of new materials must be found to satisfy different demands. The search for ferromagnetic semiconductors and stable half‐metallic ferromagnets with Curie temperatures higher than room temperature remains a priority for solid‐state chemistry. A general understanding of structure–property relationships is a necessary prerequisite for the design of new materials. In this Review, the most important developments in the field of spintronics are described from the point of view of materials science.
Studies on Interfacial Tension of Crystal‐impure Solution Interface Using One‐layer Adsorption Model
Authors: Dhanasekaran R. , Ramasamy P.
Published: January 2007

From the chemical potential of the components in the adlayer of crystal‐impure solution interface in one layer adsorption model based on the Bragg‐William approximation with empty sites, an equation for the variation of interfacial tension connecting the amount of adsorbed solute and impurity molecules and the interaction energies between the adsorbed molecules is derived. It is shown that the amount of impurity molecules and the interaction energies play an important role in the variation of interfacial tension.
Differential Thermal Analysis Studies on the Crystallization of Strontium Tungstate from Sodium Tungstate Melts Thermodynamic and Kinetic Parameters
Authors: Roy B. N.
Published: January 2007

From the estimated diffusion rate‐constants (kD1) of strontium tungstate crystal growth from sodium tungstate melts in platinum crucibles, energy (E), enthalpy (ΔHa), entropy (ΔSa) and free‐energy (ΔGa) of activation and the pre‐exponential factor (k0) for the process were estimated using an ordinary Arrhenius equation kDl = k0e−E/RT. These thermodynamic parameters were virtually unaffected by the changes in crystallization temperatures (T0) and cooling rates (R)T. The distance (r12), between a diffusing species and its host necesary for a successful diffusion, increased with T0 and TT but there was no direct correlation.
An Experimental Study of the Recrystallization of Potash Alum Suspension in a Double Crystallizer
Authors: Žáček S. , Hostomský J. , Skřivánek J.
Published: January 2007

Experimental results of the development in time particle size distribution pertataining to a KAl(SO4)2· 12 H2O suspension being recrystallized at 25 °C in a laboratory double crystallizer are presented. The technique used represents a suitable means for studying the dependence of the intensity of recrystallization on experimental conditions, particularly on the frequency and amplitude of the temperature cycling, to which the suspension is exposed in the apparatus.
Structural Defects in Type I Diamonds
Authors: Moriyoshi Y. , Kamo M. , Sato Y. , Setaka N.
Published: January 2007

Natural gem diamonds of Type I single crystals were observed with an ultra high voltage transmission electron microscope in order to characterize structural defects such as dislocation, dislocation loops, and platelets. The results of analyses indicated that edge dislocations with Burgers vector 1/2 [0111] and 60° dislocations which were inclined at an angle of 60° to 〈011〉 directions were present in the diamonds. Dislocation loops were concluded to be in interstitical character. It was speculated that an impurity associated with the platelets was silicon and dislocation loops were formed by dislocation motion.
Quantitative Phase Analysis of Fine Crystalline Substances
Authors: Pučálka V.
Published: January 2007

The present paper contents the Alexander's and Klug's equation arranged for quantitative phase analysis of fine crystalline substances.
Water Vapour Adsorption on the Iron(111) Surface Studied by LEED and WFC
Authors: Müssig H.‐J. , Arabczyk W.
Published: January 2007

In a sample isolation and gas inlet system for aggressive gases saturation states of adsorption as a function of water vapour pressure were generated on the Fe(111)‐surface at room temperature and analyzed quantitatively under ultra‐high vacuum conditions using the methods LEED and WFC. There is a random adsorption layer emerging passing over into a p(1 × 1) structure when heated between 200°C and 400°C. This structure is more resistent to heat and oxygen treatment than an oxygen adsorption or oxide layer, respectively. The adsorption velocity for oxygen on the p(1 × 1)–H2O structure amounts to only about 15% of the adsorption velocity on the p(1 × 1)–O structure. The adsorption isotherm measured can be described through a theoretical model.
Growth Bands in InSb‐NiSb Eutectic
Authors: Modrzejewski A. , Ślepowroński M. , Warchol S.
Published: January 2007

The InSb‐1.8 wt% NiSb eutectic alloys were directionally solidified using the vertical Bridgman‐type method, under the imposed temperature gradients from 15 to 150 °C/cm. The drive velocity of samples was 5 mm/h. Three kinds of the microstructure faults were observed: single‐phase growth bands, two‐phase growth bands and rapid changes in the needle spacing. The aligned structure free of growth bands was obtained in the sample for the imposed temperature gradient 150 °C/cm.
Interface Breakdown in Heavily Doped Germanium Single Crystals Grown from the Melt
Authors: Vidal J. , Romero R.
Published: January 2007

CZ growth of high Gallium content Germanium single crystals has proven that smooth solid‐liquid interfaces may discrupt into broken line contours. It is suggested that this occurs as a consequence of homogeneous nucleation within the melt having constitutional supercooling allow for the driving force. It has been found that the abnormal segregation that follows from irregular interface shapes gives way to second phase precipitates and to solute trails. Rough interface broakdown has been seen preceded by interface oscillations of the Mullins‐Sekerka kind.
On the Growth Morphology of K2Cr2O7 (KBC) Crystals
Authors: Szurgot M. , Sangwal K.
Published: January 2007

The morphology of potassium dichromate (KBC) crystals grown under different conditions by solvent evaporation method is investigated. Observations of the examination of asgrown surfaces and inclusions, and of the realtion between dislocations and inclusions are presented. The results indicate that the change in the morphology of KBC crystals can be associated with the dislocation structure in the crystal.
Influence of Microdefects on the Generation of Dislocations in Homoepitaxial Gallium Phosphide Layers Grown on LEC Substrates
Authors: Wagner G. , Gottschalch V. , Pasmann M.
Published: January 2007

GaP LEC substrates doped with sulphur (ND – NA roughly (3–7) × 1017 cm−3) were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. This material was found to contain microdefects such as perfect perismatic dislocation loops, and spherical precipitates. Cross‐sectional TEM investigations perfomed have shown that above all perfect dislocation loops lying directly at the substrate/layer interface are sources for the formation of extended dislocations propagating through the epitaxial layer. Using the methods of selective photoetching and AB‐etching on (110) cleavage faces this phenomenon was observed, too.
Structures of Azomethine Imines of the Pyrazolidone‐(3)‐type (I). The Structure of 1‐(4‐Nitrobenzylidene‐pyrazolidone‐(3)‐betaine
Authors: Kulpe S. , Seidel I. , Geissler G. , Tomaschewski G.
Published: January 2007

1‐(4‐Nitrobenzylidene)‐pyrazolidone‐(3)‐betaine crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with eight molecules per unit cell. The lattice parameters are a = 11.025 Å; b = 22.995 Å; c = 7. 677 Å. With X‐ray diffraction data, collected on a automatical four circle diffractometer, the crystal structure was solved by direct methods and refined to an R‐value of 0.047 for 1516 symmetrically independent reflections. The structure determination has been performed to contribute to the explanation of the photochromic behaviour of this special class of azomethine imines.
Preparation and structure of CdGeP2
Authors: Süss B. , Hein K. , Buhrig E. , Oettel H.
Published: January 2007

The production of CdGeP2 through vapour transport was studied. Proceeding from thermodynamic observations on the possibility of Ge‐transport in the form of chloride an optimisation of the parameters in volved in the process was achieved through systematic variation of the transport conditions. The produced crystals were characterized through main component chemical analysis, microhardness measurements, microprobe analysis and X‐ray phase analysis.
The crystal and molecular structure of the nematogenic compound 4′‐cyanophenyl‐4‐n‐pentylcyclohexanoate
Authors: Baumeister U. , Hartung H. , Jaskólski M.
Published: January 2007

The crystal and molecular structure of the title compound with the formula C5H11– –C6H10–COO–C6H4–CN (CPPCH) has been determined by X‐ray diffraction methods. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with two molecules in a unit cell of dimensions a = 5.774 Å, b = 9.150 Å, c = 16.878 Å, α = 93.05°, β = 97.19°, γ = 93.58°. The structure has been solved by direct methods and refined to an R value of 0.059.

The CPPCH molecule adopts a considerably stretched form. The planar bridging carboxylic group is inclined to the benzene ring by 67.3° and by 39.9° to a plane bisecting the cyclohexane ring through its 1 and 4 positions. In the crystal structure a parallel imbricated packing mode with antiparallel neighbouring molecules is approached.
Induction periods and mechanism and kinetics of nucleation of barium tungstate crystal growth from sodium tungstate melts in platinum crucibles
Authors: Roy B. N. , Roy M. R.
Published: January 2007

Induction periods (t) and mechanism and kinetics of nucleation in barium tungstate crystallization from sodium tungstate melts in platinum crucibles were studied. A theoretical relation has been developed to express the dependence of t on the cooling rates (RT) and the rate (Rc) of development of excess solute concentration. At any crystallization temperature the average rate‐constant (kn) for heterogeneous nucleation was related to Rc by (kn/p)1/(p+1) = 1/(tRcγ), where γ is a constant and p is the average number of particles in the critical nuclei. The critical temperature (T), critical supersaturation (S) and γ values were estimated.
Photoelectron spectroscopic and thermodynamic studies of the formation of iron boride layers on pure iron substrates in powder boriding
Authors: Than E. , Wagner W. , Bochmann G. , Marx G.
Published: January 2007

In‐situ studies of chemical reactions and transport processes occurring in powderous rection media during the production of refractory layers on metallic substrates are impossible. However, results of the studies of the layers formed by means of suitable surface analyses, e.g. ESCA, combined with thermodynamic estimations permit these processes to be deduced.

Element distribution and bonding states in the boundary region of the surface as determined from the photoelectron spectra of powder‐borided high grade iron samples correlate with the occurrence of thermodynamically possible gaseous intermediate compounds which may be formed from the components of a certain boriding powder. This permits a closed model of the processes in the reaction media and at the surface of the sample during boriding to be discussed.
Dislocations in silicon observed by high‐voltage, high‐resolution electron microscopy
Authors: Hiraga K. , Hirabayashi M. , Sato M. , Sumino K.
Published: January 2007

Dislocations in deformed silicon crystals have been studied by high‐resolution electron microscopy with the axial illumination along the [110] direction using a 1 MV electron microscope. Extended 60 dislocations, Z‐shape faulted dipoles and stacking fault tetrahedra were observed in atomic level. The results demonstrated the potentiality of highvoltage, high‐resolution electron microscopy for the study of atomic configurations of structural defects.
A crystallizer for single crystal growth from solution
Authors: Krasinaski M. , Sokolsowski T. , Wojciechowski B.
Published: January 2007

The theoretical basis and the construction of the new type of the two‐vessel WALKER‐KOHMAN crystallizer adequate for the optical observations of single crystals growing from solution is described.
On some problems of the characterization of GGG (Gd3Ga5O12) substrates for memory elements
Authors: Meier D. , Michalowsky L.
Published: January 2007

Causes for defects in crystal growth and those due to preparation are described with regard to requirements to GGG substrates used in bubble memory chips. Origin, proof, and avoidance of said defects are discussed.
Comparative structural investigations of mechanically treated mgo‐powders (ii) type of strain: impact
Authors: Kretzschmar U. , Ebert I. , Steinike U. , Hennig H. P.
Published: January 2007

Under the applied conditions the treatment by impact (jet mill) results only in relative small effects of pulverizing and in insignificant lattice disorders investigated by X‐ray diffraction. By investigations of electron spin resonance strong and weak disturbances of cubic symmetry of crystal field are detected. Impact generates increased concentrations of point defects and few dislocations in the bulk of the grains of the powder.
Thermodynamic functions of (InP)x(InAs)1‐x from 5 to 300 K
Authors: Sirota N. N. , Antyukhov A. M. , Novikov V. V. , Fyodorov V. A.
Published: January 2007

Temperature dependence of the heat capacity of the solid solutions (InP)x(InAs)1‐x has been investigated over the temperature range from 5 to 300 K. Solid solution samples with x = 1; 0.8; 0.6; 0.4; 0.2; 0.1; 0 produced by means of crystallization from the melt the following annealing and diffusion in the powder at temperature close to solidus have been studied. The absolute values of enthalpy H, entropy S, Gibbs free energy Z as well as their deviations from the additive values have been obtained for the (InP)x(InAs)1‐x system from the analysis of the thermodynamic properties of the solid solutions of the III–V compounds at low temperatures. The curves for the characteristic temperatures (T) of the solid solutions studied show that the change of the character of the phonon spectrum is negligible, the thermodynamic functions are close to additive, the influence of the enthalpy and entropy of mixing on the deviations from the additive enthalpy and entropy of the alloys is insignificant.
Periodic crystallisation of magnesium hydroxide: effect of additives and gel
Authors: Ambrose S. , Kanniah N. , Gnanam F. D. , Ramasamy P.
Published: January 2007

Effect of additives on the periodic crystallisation of magnesium hydroxide is investigated. The dependence of the concentration ageing and pH value of the gel on periodic crystallisation of magnesium hydroxide is also investigated. Velocity constant, spacing coefficient, and the flocculation value are reported. The experimental observations have been accounted.
Anomalous stratification of copper carbonate in agar Gel
Authors: Krishnan S. , Gnanam F. D. , Ramasamy P. , Laddha G. S.
Published: January 2007

During the periodic precipitation of copper carbonate in agar gel it is observed that the spacing law of Jablczynski is not obeyed if the rings have to occupy all the positions of the series. Instead, if it is assumed that there may be discontinuities in the observed pattern which indicate that the rings of corresponding orders might not have been formed, the geometric law is faithfully obeyed. These discontinuities disappear if thiourea is added as an impurity along with the inner electrolyte. For different pH values of gel the pattern splits up into a number of groups, each exhihibits a revert type Liesegang phenomenon in which the last group contains revert followed by direct ring. The Liesegang phenomenon of this system has been explained on the basis of coagulation theory.
On the codeposition of silicon and boron (I)
Authors: Bartsch K. , Wolf E.
Published: January 2007

The influence of the conditions of deposition on the distribution of boron between gaseous and solid phase has been calculated thermodynamically. The results of the experimental investigations in a system for deposition on rods agree with the thermodynamically calculated dependences up to concentrations of boron in deposited silicon of nearly 5 × 1016 cm−3. At lower concentrations of boron a significant decrease of the incorporation of boron is found which cannot be explained by the thermodynamic model.
Generation of etch pits on sectional planes of unidirectionally solidified cd‐zn eutectic samples
Authors: Rost J. , Schneider H. G.
Published: January 2007

A series of experiments were carried out for generating defined etch pits on various sectional planes of unidirectionally solidified Cd‐Zn eutectic samples. This was done as preliminaries of real structure investigations. For that purpose chemical, electrolytic, and ion beam procedures were tested.
Chemical etching of sapphire
Authors: Marasina L. A. , Malinovsky V. V. , Pichugin I. G. , Prentky P.
Published: January 2007

The results on etching of sapphire substrates with different orientation are discussed. High temperature etching in hydrogen stream and etching in the mixture of H3PO4 and H2SO4 were used in experiments. The relation of etching rates for different sapphire orientations were established in both cases. The conditions of nonselective etching were determined.
The crystallisation of alkaline‐earth metal tungstates from metal chloride melts: solubility – temperature phase diagram studies
Authors: Packter A.
Published: January 2007

The solubility vs temperature phase diagrams, for magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium tungstate solutions in lithium, sodium, potassium chloride melts and in the alkalineearth metal chloride melts, have been analysed. The solution in the alkali metal chloride melts are pseudo‐binary reciprocal ternary mixtures; the more soluble barium tungstate systems show small deviations from ideality, while the less solube magnesium tungstate systems show marked deviations from ideality, especially in sodium and potassium chloride melts. These deviations are related to electrostatic effects in solution, that depend on some function of reciprocal solute and solvent cation radii.

The solutions in the alkaline‐earth metal chlorids melts are binary mixtures with no solvate formation; these systems show some from ideality at low mole fractions (x = 0.1 to 0.25) but they are practically ideal at mole fractions from 0.25 to 0.6.
Kinetic of potash alum crystallisation
Authors: Karpinaski P. , Nyavlt J.
Published: January 2007

Metastable zone width of potash alum in aqueous solutions has been measured as function of the cooling rate in absence as well as in presence of seed crystals. From these data, the effective nucleation rate was calculated. Growth rate of potash alum crystals has been measured in a fluidized bed. Overall growth rate coefficient, kG, was then used for determination of the mass transfer coefficient, kD, and the rate constant of the intergration step kr. The dependence of kD on hydrodynamic conditions is discussed.
A p‐AlxGa1‐xAs‐p‐GaAs‐n‐GaAs concentrator solar cell design without a collection grid
Authors: Romero R.
Published: January 2007

A concentrator solar cell is designed without a front contact collact collection grid. Its p‐AlxGa1–xAs‐p‐GaAs‐n‐GaAs epitaxial structure on a p‐GaAs substrate allows for collection of the carriers generated in the p region through the substrate while carriers generated in the n region are collected through an edge ring contact.

Although cell efficiency depends on specific cell design, it has been found that such a device may work efficiently at over 100 sun incident radiation levels.
On the Binding Energy of Clusters with a Small Number of Lithium Atoms and Varying Scope of Interaction Between the Atoms. Hückel Molecular Orbital Approximation
Authors: Delineshev S.V.P.
Published: January 2007

The effect of the scope of interaction between the atoms in two‐dimensional and threedimensional clusters containing 6, 7, 9, 10, 15 and 16 lithium atoms, upon the binding energy (BE) of the clusters has been investigated. BE of the clusters was calcuated by the HÜCKEL Molecular Orbital (HMO) method.

It has been established that for clusters with the same number of atoms BE has its maximum value when the interaction of each atom of the cluster with the atoms of its first and second coordination spheres in the lithium lattice are taken into account. After the maximum BE decreases and tends to a constant value which is attained when the interaction of each atom of the cluster with the atoms of its six coordination spheres is taken into account.

The reasons for the above result should be looked for in the limits of applicability of the calculation procedure based on the HMO method to the study of properties of various models of clusters containing a small number of metal (e.g. lithium) atoms.
Apparatus for Selfcontrolled Growth of Hg2Cl2 Single Crystals
Authors: Barta Č. , Koštál E. , Tříska A.
Published: January 2007

The device for growth process and quality of the growing calomel (Hg2Cl2) single crystals studying is described. The function of the apparatus is based on the analysis of the information modulated on the poychromic light beam passed through the growing crystal. By means of this method the device determinates the temperature and the quality of the growing crystal. In the second part of this paper the special TV equipment is described. By means of that an information about the temperature and quality distribution in the whole growing crystal is obtained.