bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants and outcomes of change in physical activity in COPD
Authors: Kantorowski Ana , Wan Emily S. , Homsy Diana , Kadri Reema , Richardson Caroline R. , Moy Marilyn L.
Published: August 2018

Determinants of change in physical activity and outcomes of physical activity promotion are unclear. In this secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial of a physical activity intervention, we assess predictors of change in physical activity and the effects of increasing physical activity on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) measures.

Physical activity was promoted in 94 subjects with COPD using the Omron HJ-720ITC pedometer alone or the pedometer plus a website that provides goal setting, feedback, motivational and educational messages, and social support for 3 months. We assessed forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), 6-min walk test (6MWT) distance, depression, social support and markers of systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6). Data from both groups were combined and subjects categorised as responders (increased steps per day) or nonresponders (decreased steps per day). Linear regression models explored predictors of change in physical activity and assessed the effect of response on changes in COPD measures.

The cohort of responders (n=62) and nonresponders (n=32) had mean FEV11.89±0.64 L (63±22% predicted). Baseline steps per day, diagnosis of depression, social support, oxygen use and season significantly predicted change in daily step count. Responders had increases in physical activity (2038 steps per day), FEV1(308 mL) and 6MWT distance (43.6 m), and decreases in CRP (7.84 mg·L−1) and IL-6 (2.73 ng·mL−1) compared with nonresponders (p<0.0001–0.009).

History of depression, social support, oxygen use and season predict change in physical activity, and should be routinely assessed in exercise counselling. Increases in physical activity are associated with improvements in lung function, exercise capacity and systemic inflammation.
Feeding-Induced Cortisol Response in Newborn Infants
Authors: Kinoshita Masahiro , Iwata Sachiko , Okamura Hisayoshi , Tsuda Kennosuke , Saikusa Mamoru , Harada Eimei , Yamashita Yushiro , Saitoh Shinji , Iwata Osuke
Published: August 2018

Context

Understanding the biological rhythms and stress response in sick newborns is important to minimize the negative effects of intensive care. Salivary cortisol has been used as a noninvasive surrogate marker of adrenal function; however, understanding of its control variables is insufficient.

Objective

To investigate the presence of feeding-induced cortisol response and its control variables in newborns.

Design, Setting, and Patients

Fifty-three newborn infants, who were between 30 and 40 weeks’ corrected age and were on 3-hourly regular oral/enteral feeding, were recruited between January 2013 and June 2014.

Main Outcome Measure

Saliva samples were collected before and 1 hour after regular feeding. Dependence of cortisol levels (adjusted for postnatal age) and their feeding-related elevation on clinical variables was assessed by using generalized estimating equations.

Results

Higher cortisol levels were associated with corrected age ≥37 weeks and saliva samples collected after feeding (both P < 0.001). Oral feeding was associated with a greater feeding-induced cortisol response compared with exclusive enteral feeding (P = 0.034), whereas a prolonged feeding duration (≥30 minutes) was associated with a reduced cortisol response compared with brief feeding (<30 minutes) (P < 0.001). Gestational age, corrected age, antenatal/postnatal glucocorticoids, type of milk, and daily feeding volume had no effect on cortisol response.

Conclusions

Feeding-induced cortisol response was observed in newborns. The cortisol response was more prominent following oral feeding and was reduced with prolonged feeding. Future studies may investigate whether feeding-induced cortisol response plays a role in the acquisition of adrenal ultradian and diurnal rhythms.
The Migraine Postdrome
Authors: Bose Pyari , Karsan Nazia , Goadsby Peter J.
Published: August 2018

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The migraine postdrome is the least studied and least understood phase of migraine. This article covers the salient features of the migraine postdrome and provides insight into the history, clinical symptoms, and future implications of this phase of migraine.

RECENT FINDINGS

Prospective electronic diary studies have shown that patients are left disabled with various nonheadache symptoms in the migraine postdrome, and 81% of patients report at least one nonheadache symptom in the postdrome. Hence, it is important to understand this phase better and ensure that more effective treatments become available in the future to lessen the morbidity associated with this phase. Functional imaging shows widespread reduction in brain-blood flow in the postdrome, which explains the multitudes of symptoms experienced by patients.

The disability related to migraine is not exclusive to the headache phase but extends into the postdrome phase and is associated with several nonheadache symptoms that prolong the symptoms experienced by patients with migraine. Further research into the postdrome is crucial to improve our overall understanding of migraine mechanisms. This knowledge may also help to treat the concurrent nonheadache symptoms better in the future. Novel neuroimaging techniques provide a valuable noninvasive tool to push the frontiers in the understanding of migraine pathophysiology. These methods may help shed further light onto the possible links between key brain structures and networks that could be implicated in the pathophysiology of the various migraine phases.
Geomorphological, hydrographical and sedimentological processes at the Serres basin due to quaternary fault tectonics
Authors: ΨΙΛΟΒΙΚΟΣ Α. , ΒΑΒΛΙΑΚΗΣ Ε. , ΒΟΥΒΑΛΙΔΗΣ Κ. , ΠΑΠΑΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ-ΠΕΝΝΟΥ Ε.
Published: August 2018

On the S W foothills of Mt. Menikion and the NE part of Serres basin, four zones of composite alluvial fans have been formed. The upper zone of thick hard fanglomerates lies at altitudes of 280 to 600 m on Mt. Menikion schists and marbles. The high zone of loose fanglomerates, with red-brown sand matrix, lies at altitudes of 200 to 350 m on the neogene deposits. The intermediate zone of mixed coarse and fine elastics lies at altitudes of 80 to 140 m on neogene deposits. The lower zone of gravel, sand and silt deposits lies at altitudes of 10 to 60 m on quaternary terrace deposits. Each zone is approximately 13 - 17 km long and 1-2 km wide, with E/SE - W/NW trend, almost parallel to the main fault lines of the area. The fan zones were deposited along the slopes of Mt. Menikion and Serres basin, owing to the fault tectonics of the area. Several E/SE - W/NW trending parallel to each other listric faults, were formed on the basement on Mt. Menikion and the neogene deposits of Serres basin. Their blocks slided and turned downstream along the faults, so that their surface inclined backwards. Close to the faults, parallel valleys were formed. They filled up with quaternary deposits, brought down by activated torrents. The torrents flowed transversely to the fault blocks. At the inner parts of the blocks they deposited clastic material in the form of alluvial fans. In the outer – higher part of the blocks they were incised in the rocks or the neogene sediments, to form narrow valleys, with terraces along their walls. The staircase development of the relief finally resulted in a staircase development of the fan zones. The two zones, upper and high, seem to be Pleistocene in age and the torrents have already incised in the fan material. The two zones, intermediate and lower, seem to be Holocene in age and are still active. Tectonic activity seems to have been the main cause of sediment entrapment in the Serres basin and the low sediment delivery rate of the river Strymon during the Quaternary.
It’s the economy, stupid! When economics and politics override health policy goals – the case of tax reliefs to build private hospitals in Ireland in the early 2000s
Authors: Burke Sara A. , Brugha Ruairi , Thomas Stephen
Published: August 2018

Objectives: To analyse the policy process that led to changes to the Finance Acts in 2001 and 2002 that gave tax-reliefs to build private hospitals in Ireland.

Methods: Qualitative research methods of documentary analysis and in-depth semi-structured interviews with elites involved in the policy processes, were used and examined through a conceptual framework devised for this research.

Results: This research found a highly politicised and personalised policy making process where policy entrepreneurs, namely private sector interests, had significant impact on the policy process. Effective private sector lobbying encouraged the Minister of Finance to introduce the tax-reliefs for building private hospitals despite advice against this policy measure from his own officials, officials in the Department of Health and the health minister. The Finance Acts in 2001 and 2002 introduced tax-reliefs for building private hospitals, without any public or political scrutiny or consensus.

Conclusion: The changes to the Finance Acts to give tax-reliefs to build private hospitals in 2001 and private for-profit hospitals 2002 is an example of a closed, personalised policy making process. It is an example of a politically imposed policy by the finance minister, where economic policy goals overrode health policy goals.

The documentary analysis and elite interviews examined through a conceptual framework enabled an in-depth analysis of this specific policy making process. These methods and the framework may be useful to other policy making analyses.
Metaphors of History Teachers Candidates in Turkey on Teaching Profession
Authors: Bircan Tuba Sengul
Published: August 2018

The study aims to determine the reason for choosing the teaching profession identifying how history teacher candidates perceive the concepts of "teacher" and "teaching". The study was conducted with 115 history teachers enrolled in an initial teacher training programme in a university located in Turkey’s Central Anatolia Region in the 2014-2015 academic year. To investigate the candidate teachers’ perceptions of the teaching profession, the research participants filled in blank space from a questionnaire administered by the researchers. The collected data was analysed using the content analysis method and this gave rise to specific metaphors with associated categories. Thus, 19 metaphors and 6 categories for the teacher concept; 26 metaphors and 7 categories for teaching; 15 reasons and 3 categories for the reasons of choosing the teaching profession emerged. Research findings illustrate that the candidate history teachers’ perception of the teaching profession are positive. However, the participants used predominantly negative metaphors, in describing the difficulties history teacher candidates encounted regarding “teaching”. In relation to teaching profession choices, the most occurring reason was the love for the profession; other factors affecting the candidates’ preference were the reasons articulated in the categories of “need” and “responsibility”.
Obesity and central obesity in Indonesia: evidence from a national health survey
Authors: Harbuwono Dante S. , Pramono Laurentius A. , Yunir Em , Subekti Imam
Published: August 2018

Background: Obesity and central obesity have become serious public health problems in developing countries such as Indonesia. Although 10 years have passed since the largest national health survey was conducted in 2007, no further analysis and publication concerning obesity and central obesity in Indonesia have been conducted based on the survey. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of obesity and central obesity, and its association with sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidities in Indonesia.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted based on the National Basic Health Survey 2007 using total sampling method from 33 provinces. Obesity is defined as body mass index ≥25 according to the Asia-Pacific standard for obesity. Central obesity is defined as waist circumference >90 cm for men and > 80 cm for women according to the Asia-Pacific standard for central obesity.Results: The prevalence of obesity and central obesity in the Indonesian adult population are 23.1% and 28%, respectively. Both rates are higher in females than in males. Obesity and central obesity are associated with the risk of diabetes and hypertension.Conclusion: Prevalence of obesity and central obesity is high in the Indonesian adult population. Interventional programs are important to promote awareness of obesity and healthy lifestyle changes in the community.
The Effect of Long Term Service at Elevated Temperatures on Microstructure Degradation of Austenitic Reformer Tubes
Authors: Łabanowski J. , Jurkowski M. , Landowski M.
Published: August 2018

The paper analyses the relationship between an increase of the inner diameter of tubes made of Manaurite XM cast steel and transformations occurring in their microstructure due to long-lasting operation in methane reformer. Examinations included metallographic analysis with light microscope (LM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and microanalysis of the chemical composition of precipitates (EDX). It was indicated that there is a relationship between the microstructure degradation ratio, morphology of the precipitates and an increase of the inner diameter of the tubes.
Effect of Glass-Fabrics and High-Melting Powder Fillers on Thermal Protective Properties of Thermosetting Laminates
Authors: Kucharczyk W. , Żurowski W. , Gumiński R. , Przybyłek P. , Komorek A.
Published: August 2018

The present work investigates the ablative and thermal properties of phenol formaldehyde glass-fabrics laminates filled with mixtures of corundum Al2O3 and carbon C powders. The laminates specimens of dimensions 10x25x35 mm were treated with hot combustion gases having a temperature of more than 2800ºC. The carbonization of the thermosetting matrix was observed. Statistical methods for planning experiments were used, and the effect of components on the average rate of ablation, the maximum back side temperature of specimen and the average mass waste under intensive heat flow after 30 s of treatment with hot combustion gases was established. The best thermal protective properties were exhibited by the laminate containing 30% matrix, 25% fibre glass-fabric reinforcement, 9% corundum, and 36% carbon powder.
Design of a 1D phase-mask translational scanner for large-size spatially coherent grating printing
Authors: Parriaux Olivier , Jourlin Yves
Published: August 2018

Controlled translational displacement between a large-surface photosensitive planar substrate and a wide and short 1D grating phase-mask enables the printing of large-width, spatially highly coherent gratings of principally unlimited length, using a limited number of opto-mechanical control parameters. The phase-mask is illuminated by a temporally modulated exposure light sheet controlled by a displacement sensor. The proposed method is compared with existing techniques, and its functional elements and their combination are analyzed.
New Drugs - From Necessity to Delivery
Authors: Kedzierska Ewa , Dabkowska Lila , Krzanowski Tomasz , Gibula Ewa , Orzelska-Gorka Jolanta , Wujec Monika
Published: August 2018

How to get a new drug to market? How much time does it take to go from the idea to implementation? In this study we followed the path drugs take from synthesis to introduction to the market. In doing so, articles in the PubMed and the Google Scholar database have been analyzed using the keywords: drug development, drug design, lead compound, preclinical trials, clinical trials. The available literature was subjectively selected due to its usefulness in the topic. Based on the obtained articles, we presented the stages that a would-be drug takes on the way from the idea to marketing. Herein, it is underlined that the process of creating new drugs is long, extremely labor-intensive, and involves many restrictions in the context of the use of animals, as well as humans
Analysis and Identification of Polyphenolic Compounds in Green Foods Using a Combination of HPLC-ESI-IT-TOF-MS/MS
Authors: Škvára Pavel , Kezmanová Julia , Mišl’anová Csilla , Vojs Staňová Andrea
Published: August 2018

The beneficial effects of green foods on human health are well known. These benefits are mainly due to polyphenol content. The aim of this work was the development and utilization of an advanced mass spectrometry (MS) technique combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the analysis and identification of polyphenolic compounds in green foods. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analyses of selected extracts prepared from various types of green food (Urtica dioica L. and Allium ursinum L.) and their polyphenolic profiles were performed by an LCMS-IT-TOF analyzer equipped with electrospray ionization. HPLC separation was conducted by a Kinetex XB-C18 column (100µ2.1 mm; 2.6 µm) using gradient elution (water + 0.1% formic acid: acetonitrile + 0.1% formic acid) with a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The MS1-MS3 analyses were performed within a 50-1000 m/z range in both positive and negative ionization modes. The total analysis time was 20 minutes and injected volumes were 2 µL and 5 µL, respectively
Silica Monolithic Capillary Columns for Hilic Separations
Authors: Moravcová Dana , Planeta Josef
Published: August 2018

The monolithic capillary columns (0.1 mm x 150 mm) prepared by the acidic hydrolysis of tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and urea were modified by zwitterionic stationary phases and evaluated under HILIC separation conditions by employing a mixture containing nucleosides and nucleotides. The polymeric layer of zwitterions did not affect the high separation efficiency of the original silica monolith. The prepared zwitterionic columns exhibited high separation efficiencies in a range 61,000-289,000 theoretical plates/m for a 2- methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-based stationary phase and in a range 59,000-135,000 theoretical plates/m for a [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide-based stationary phase under optimal separation conditions. The grafted layer of zwitterions on the silica monolithic surface also significantly improved the separation selectivity to compounds of interest
Dependence of pea root mass distribution on weather conditions under varying levels of phosphorus application
Authors: Klimek-Kopyra Agnieszka , Rębilas Krzysztof
Published: August 2018

The aim of the study was to describe the distribution of pea root mass in the soil, over a three-year period, under varying weather conditions and at different levels of phosphorus application, by means of evaluating and comparing parameters of a mathematical model characterising cumulative root mass distribution. A two-factor experiment was conducted in Prusy, near Krakow: the first factor was the level of phosphorus application (0-70-140 kg P2O5 ha−1) and the second was the cultivars (six cultivars were tested). Experimental data produced using the model indicated that the root distribution was strongly differentiated by water availability in the years of the study. This appeared in some cases to be a more important factor than phosphorus application rates. The estimated soil depth at which 50% of the root mass was accumulated differed significantly for the dry and the wet year. In the wet year, only very high phosphorus application rates contributed to an increase in root mass distribution. The estimation of root mass distribution from the presented data can be used to improve phosphorus application depending on the amount of precipitation.
Multigoal-oriented error estimates for non-linear problems
Authors: Endtmayer Bernhard , Langer Ulrich , Wick Thomas
Published: August 2018

In this work, we further develop multigoal-oriented a posteriori error estimation with two objectives in mind. First, we formulate goal-oriented mesh adaptivity for multiple functionals of interest for nonlinear problems in which both the Partial Differential Equation (PDE) and the goal functionals may be nonlinear. Our method is based on a posteriori error estimates in which the adjoint problem is used and a partition-of-unity is employed for the error localization that allows us to formulate the error estimator in the weak form. We provide a careful derivation of the primal and adjoint parts of the error estimator. The second objective is concerned with balancing the nonlinear iteration error with the discretization error yielding adaptive stopping rules for Newton’s method. Our techniques are substantiated with several numerical examples including scalar PDEs and PDE systems, geometric singularities, and both nonlinear PDEs and nonlinear goal functionals. In these tests, up to six goal functionals are simultaneously controlled.
Controlling the Operation Process of the Unmanned Aerial System
Authors: Ułanowicz Leszek , Jóźko Michał , Szczepaniak Paweł
Published: August 2018

The development of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) encountered the problem of controlling the process of technical operation. The literature that is available to the authors lacks credible information concerning the principles of specifying the strategy and control of the process of UAS operation. Hence, it is necessary to recognise and interpret the basic UAS operation features. The purpose of the publication is to present the properties of the UAS as an object of operation and the mutual relation of the technical operation process with the UAS’ technical condition alteration process. We present the results of analyses in terms of functionality and the UAS’ utility potential. The publication pays special attention to the properties of the UAS as an object of operation. The paper includes the analysis of the UAS operation principles and the specification of the advantage and disadvantage of those principles, i.e. using a non-repairable UAS until damaged, using a repairable UAS until damaged, periodical technical servicing, continuous diagnostic operation. The proposals for the control models in the UAS operation system have also been included.
Evaluation of Seed Emergence, Seedling Vigor Enhancement of Some Populations from Satureja bachtiarica with Chemical, Mechanical and Physiological Treatment
Authors: Alizadeh M. A. , Arab H.A. , Tabaie R. , Nasiri M. , Jafari A.A.
Published: August 2018

The seeds of 3 populations from Satureja bachtiarica were collected from three native vegetation areas (Simirom2, Sharkord and Yazd). The different treatments including: cold stratification, gibberlic acid (50 and 100 ppm) Potassium nitrate (0.2 and 0.4 percent). Physical scarification (sand paper), chemical scarification (Ethylic alcohol %70) and distilled water (control) were used for breaking dormancy of the seed samples. For greenhouse experiment, the seed samples were treated with treatments and then were sown in pots using randomize design with three replications. Emergence percentage, emergence speed, length of root and shoot, seedling length, root/shoot length ratio, vigor index, seedling fresh and dry weight, dry/fresh weight ratio were evaluated during 45 days of experiment. Comparing of population Semirom2 form savory of Bachtiary was higher than other population. It was concluded that effect of gibberlic acid and potassium nitrate was higher than physical scarification and chemical scarification comparing with control.
Employment Prospects of Young Adults With Mental Disorders
Authors: Baumann Isabel , Altwicker-Hámori Szilvia , Baer Niklas , Frick Ulrich , Rüesch Peter
Published: August 2018

We examine how type of diagnosis, educational trajectories and educational qualifications affect the employment prospects of young adults with mental disorders. We draw on a novel dataset based on data from the Swiss Federal Social Insurance Office. Our analysis shows that individuals with mental disorders that typically have an onset in early childhood, those who experience educational trajectories including special needs education, and those attaining higher levels of qualification are more likely to be employed in early adulthood.
Parenthood and Later Life Health: An International Life Course Analysis of Parents and Childless Adults Aged 50 and Older
Authors: Reibling Nadine , Möhring Katja
Published: August 2018

This study investigates how women’s and men’s fertility history affect their health in later life and if this relationship varies across countries and cohorts. We use life history data and current health status of persons aged 50 and over from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) for 13 countries. Country-fixed effects regressions show that parenthood itself and the number of children have little impact on later life health, but fertility timing is important. Moreover, significant country and cohort differences show that the health implications of timing depend upon the socio-historic context.
Isotopeneffekte bei der photochemischen Umwandlung von Tritium-markiertem Uracil
Authors: Wacker Adolf , Kornhauser Andrija , Träger Lothar
Published: August 2018

Bei der UV-Bestrahlung von Uracil-[5.6-3H] bilden sich je nach eingestrahlter Energie dimeres Uracil und Uracil-Wasseranlagerungsprodukt [5.6-Dihydro-6-hydroxyuracil] als radioaktive Photoprodukte. Während bei der Synthese des Wasseranlagerungsproduktes ein beträchtlicher sekundärer Isotopeneffekt wirksam wird, verändert sich die Radioaktivität des dimeren Uracils gegenüber der des Ausgangsuracils kaum.

Wird das Wasseranlagerungsprodukt durch Erwärmen zu Uracil zurückgewandelt, so dehydratisiert das Molekül ebenfalls unter Mitwirkung eines Isotopeneffektes. Wird das Uracildimere zu Uracil rückgewandelt, so beobachtet man keinen Isotopeneffekt.

Bei der Bestrahlung von Uracil in Tritium-haltigem Wasser werden nur sehr geringe Radioaktivitäten in die Photoprodukte eingebaut. Der Isotopeneffekt beträgt ca. 8. — Durch Synthese der Photoprodukte aus spezifisch an C-5 oder C-6 Tritium-markiertem Uracil bzw. durch Bromierung von 5.6-Tritium-markiertem Uracil bzw. dessen Photoprodukten zu den 5-Brom-Derivaten erhält man Hinweise, daß der Geschwindigkeits-bestimmende Schritt der Wasseraddition an C-6 des Uracils verläuft. Die inversen sekundären Isotopeneffekte betragen für Tritium an C-6 etwa 0,65, für Tritium an C-5 dagegen nur 0,95.
Über Flechteninhaltsstoffe, XVII.
Authors: Huneck Siegfried
Published: August 2018

Nach massenspektroskopischen, NMR- und IR-Untersuchungen sowie dem Abbau erweist sich Planasäure als Dimethyläther-perlatolinsäure (I).
pKa-Werte von Ethidiumbromid und 7-Amino-9-phenyl-10- äthyl-phenanthridinium-bromid / pKa-Values of Ethidiumbromide and 7-Amino-9-phenyl-10-ethyl-phenanthridinium- bromide
Authors: Zimmermann Ingfried , Zimmermann Herbert
Published: August 2018

Ethidiumbromide (1) has two amino groups in 2-and 7-position which are protonated in acidic water solution. Both pKa-values of 1 are determined at 20 °C by means of the pH-dependence of the electronic spectra using a iterative calculating procedure, pKa1 = 0.713, pKa2 = 2.43. Acetylation of 1 and quantum mechanical calculations lead to the conclusion that the electronic density at the 7-amino group is greater than in 2-position. Therefore with decreasing pH preferably the 7-amino group is protonated (pKa2). followed by the protonation of the 2-amino group (pKa1).

The pKa of 7-amino-9-phenyl-10-ethyl-phenanthridinium-bromide in water solution at 20 °C is determined to pKa= 1 .2 5 .
Non-Equivalence and Inverse Allosteric Response of the α and β Chains in Haemoglobins. An Electron Spin Resonance Study of NO-Ligated Hb Kansas
Authors: Twilfer Hans , Gersonde Klaus
Published: August 2018

The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of 15NO- and 14NO-ligated Hb Kansas have been measured at 77 K in the range of pH 5 to 10. At low pH the ESR spectrum is the composite of a type I and a type II spectrum which changes to another composite of a type I and type II spectrum at high pH. For the definition of type I and type II spectra and the correlation of these types with two tertiary conformation states see Overkamp et al., Z. Naturforsch. 31 c , 524 [1976]. Both, the type I and the type II spectra observed at low and high pH respectively are different with regard to g-tensors and hyperfine-splitting constants. Therefore at intermediate pH values the ESR spectra of NO-Hb Kansas are the composites of four spectral components.

The assignments of the four spectral components to the a and the β chains are arrived at from the comparison of the ESR spectra of the α2
Mmet β2
NO and of the α2
MNO β2
NO species of Hb M Iwate. α and β chains are both characterized by a pH-dependent spectral transition from a type I to a type II spectrum. The chains are non-equivalent with regard to both the type I and the type II spectra. The type I spectra assigned to the a and the β chains are characterized by g*
zz = 2.0095 with a hyperfine splitting of a*
zz (15NO) = 2.36 mT and gzz = 2.0085 with a hyperfine splitting of a*
zz(15NO) = 2.41 mT respectively. The type II spectra assigned to the α and the β chains are characterized by g*′zz = 2.005 and a hyperfine splitting of a*′zz (15NO) = 3.07 mT and g′zz=2.005 and a hyperfine splitting of a′zz (15NO) = 3.31 mT.

The change of the hyperfine splitting at gzz during the transition from type I to type II corresponds to an increase of the spin density at the NO by about 25% in both types of chains. Comparison of type I spectra of the NO-ligated α and β chains respectively demonstrates that the spin density at the NO is larger in the β chains than in the oc chains.

The spectral types are correlated with functional states defined by the kinetics of NO-binding.

Binding of inositol hexaphosphate has no influence on the ESR spectra in the whole range of pH as it is expected if NO-Hb Kansas is in the quaternary T structure.
Organspezifische Applikation von pharmazeutisch aktiven Substanzen über zellulare Trägersysteme / Organ Specific Application of Drugs by Means of Cellular Capsule Systems
Authors: Zimmermann U , Pilwat G
Published: August 2018

It is suggested to use living cells (red blood cells, lymphocytes and leucocytes) as drug delivery systems for temporal and spatial drug administration in human therapeutics and diagnosis. The effectiveness of drug loaded cells is demonstrated for the drug methotrexate which is used in cancer treatment.

Red blood cells are loaded with methotrexate using the dielectric breakdown technique. Dielectric breakdown leads to a transient increase of permeability of the cell membrane. Red blood cells loaded with tritium-labelled methotrexate were injected into mice and the activity level was measured in several organs as a function of time. It is shown that with this drug delivery system more than 50% of the drug (after 10 min) can be accumulated in the liver and that a high activity level can be sustained in this organ for more than 3 hours. On the other hand, administration of this drug by injecting solutions in the usual manner leads only to an 25% accumulation of methotrexate (after 10 min) in the liver. The drug is excreted completely after 1 to 2 hours.

It is proposed to load red blood cells simultaneously with para-or ferromagnetic substances to obtain organ-specificity for any selected site of the body.
Influence of Weekly Workload on Physical, Biochemical and Psychological Characteristics in Professional Rugby Union Players Over a Competitive Season
Authors: Dubois Romain , Lyons Mark , Paillard Thierry , Maurelli Olivier , Prioux Jacques
Published: August 2018

Dubois, R, Lyons, M, Paillard, T, Maurelli, O, and Prioux, J. Influence of weekly workload on physical, biochemical and psychological characteristics in professional rugby union players over a competitive season. J Strength Cond Res 34(2): 527–545, 2020—This study aimed to (a) quantify the physical workload (P-WL) during training and games throughout the professional rugby season and (b) analyze the influence of the season period and weekly-WL, at short (acute) and moderate (chronic) terms, on physical, biochemical, and psychological responses during the season. Physiological (physical and biochemical) responses to P-WL were analyzed by examining changes in the individual Z score of the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (YYIRT), submaximal aerobic tests (5′/5′-test), strength tests, countermovement jump tests, blood sampling, and “recovery-stress” scores (RESTq) in 14 professional players (26.9 ± 1.9 years). Changes throughout the season were analyzed using a linear mixed model to identify changes in P-WL, whereas repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze changes in physiological responses across the season. The relationship between P-WL and physiological responses was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r). The results showed that the preseason period comprised the highest level of P-WL compared with all other blocks across the season (p < 0.001). The acute P-WL, acute competitive-WL, and number of impacts seemed to be the WL parameters, which most influenced the physiological responses (changes in testosterone [T], cortisol [C], T/C ratio, IGF-1/C ratio, strength, and RESTq index). The chronic P-WL, particularly conditioning-WL, induced positive changes in fitness characteristics (YYIRT and 5′/5′-test). Finally, this study provides information to players and coaches alike as to the influence of P-WL on as well as adaptations in physiological and psychological indices throughout a playing season. This information can greatly inform the training and preparation of future players in different levels.
Understanding Physical Literacy in Youth
Authors: Faigenbaum Avery D. , Rial Rebullido Tamara
Published: August 2018

THE JOURNEY OF PHYSICAL LITERACY CAN BE VIEWED ALONG A CONTINUUM THAT MAY BE INFLUENCED BOTH POSITIVELY AND NEGATIVELY BY LIFE EXPERIENCES AND INTERACTIONS WITH THE PHYSICAL WORLD. THE PROPOSED MODEL HIGHLIGHTS THE INTERRELATED COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL LITERACY THAT ARE DEPENDENT ON THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF INDIVIDUAL MODERATE TO VIGOROUS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY EXPERIENCES.
Chemogenetic Isolation Reveals Synaptic Contribution of δ GABAAReceptors in Mouse Dentate Granule Neurons
Authors: Sun Min-Yu , Shu Hong-Jin , Benz Ann , Bracamontes John , Akk Gustav , Zorumski Charles F. , Steinbach Joe Henry , Mennerick Steven J.
Published: August 2018

Two major GABAAreceptor classes mediate ionotropic GABA signaling, those containing a δ subunit and those with a γ2 subunit. The classical viewpoint equates γ2-containing receptors with IPSCs and δ-containing receptors with tonic inhibition because of differences in receptor localization, but significant questions remain because the populations cannot be pharmacologically separated. We removed this barrier using gene editing to confer a point mutation on the δ subunit in mice, rendering receptors containing the subunit picrotoxin resistant. By pharmacologically isolating δ-containing receptors, our results demonstrate their contribution to IPSCs in dentate granule neurons and weaker contributions to thalamocortical IPSCs. Despite documented extrasynaptic localization, we found that receptor localization does not preclude participation in isolated IPSCs, including mIPSCs. Further, phasic inhibition from δ subunit-containing receptors strongly inhibited summation of EPSPs, whereas tonic activity had little impact. In addition to any role that δ-containing receptors may play in canonical tonic inhibition, our results highlight a previously underestimated contribution of δ-containing receptors to phasic inhibition.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTGABAAreceptors play key roles in transient and tonic inhibition. The prevailing view suggests that synaptic γ2-containing GABAAreceptors drive phasic inhibition, whereas extrasynaptic δ-containing receptors mediate tonic inhibition. To re-evaluate the impact of δ receptors, we took a chemogenetic approach that offers a sensitive method to probe the synaptic contribution of δ-containing receptors. Our results reveal that localization does not strongly limit the contribution of δ receptors to IPSCs and that δ receptors make an unanticipated robust contribution to phasic inhibition.
Wild Cuisine and Canadianness: Creeping Rootstalks and Subterranean Struggle
Authors: Doonan Natalie
Published: August 2018

Canada is commonly depicted as a rugged wilderness. Defining the characteristics of its food as wild is a contributing factor in this narrative. While there may be some truth to this image, there are also overlooked implications in perpetuating links between the notion of Canada as a nation, and the trope of wilderness as its defining feature. In this article, I draw on visual analysis as well as theory from sensory studies to complicate the concept of “wild” food at the root of discourse on Canadian cuisine. The focus of this analysis is a case study of wild berries on the northeastern coast of Québec, Canada. Throughout the article I quote from interviews that I conducted with Anglophone, Francophone, and Innu locals of Québec's Lower North Shore. The intimate experiences of residents with the foods that grow in their home do not connect smoothly with representations of wilderness in promotional materials for wild berry products and tourism in the region. In fact, personal accounts of picking, preparing, and eating wild berries complicate master narratives of wild Canadian cuisine, thus enriching this country's national food culture through complexity. These stories show that wilderness is not a state of purity but a fiction that obscures the multifaceted natural-cultural negotiations among humans, plants, animals, climate, and more in the making of what we call “wild.”
Hypothyroidism conversion to hyperthyroidism: it’s never too late
Authors: Ahmad Ehtasham , Hafeez Kashif , Arshad Muhammad Fahad , Isuga Jimboy , Vrettos Apostolos
Published: August 2018

Primary hypothyroidism is a common endocrine condition, most commonly caused by autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s disease) while Graves’ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism is usually a permanent condition in most patients requiring lifelong levothyroxine treatment. Transformation from Hashimoto’s disease to Graves’ disease is considered rare but recently been increasingly recognised. We describe a case of a 61-year-old lady who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism approximately three decades ago and treated with levothyroxine replacement therapy. Approximately 27 years after the initial diagnosis of hypothyroidism, she started to become biochemically and clinically hyperthyroid. This was initially managed with gradual reduction in the dose of levothyroxine, followed by complete cessation of the medication, but she remained hyperthyroid, ultimately requiring anti-thyroid treatment with Carbimazole. This case highlights that there should be a high index of suspicion for a possible conversion of hypothyroidism to hyperthyroidism, even many years after the initial diagnosis of hypothyroidism. To our knowledge, this case illustrates the longest reported time interval between the diagnosis of hypothyroidism until the conversion to hyperthyroidism.

Learning points:

Occurrence of Graves’ disease after primary hypothyroidism is uncommon but possible.

In this case, there was a time-lapse of almost 28 years and therefore this entity may not be as rare as previously thought.

Diagnosis requires careful clinical and biochemical assessment. Otherwise, the case can be easily confused for over-replacement of levothyroxine.

We suggest measuring both anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies and TSH receptor antibodies (TRAB) in suspected cases.

The underlying aetiology for the conversion is not exactly known but probably involves autoimmune switch by an external stimulus in genetically susceptible individuals.
Gastric neuroendocrine neoplasm with late liver metastasis
Authors: Marques Bernardo , Martins Raquel G , Tralhão Guilherme , Couto Joana , Saraiva Sandra , Ferrão Henrique , Ribeiro João , Santos Jacinta , Martins Teresa , Cadime Ana Teresa , Rodrigues Fernando
Published: August 2018

Gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (GNENs) are classified into three types according to their aetiology. We present a clinical case of a female patient of 66 years and a well-differentiated (grade 2), type 3 GNEN with late liver metastasis (LM). The patient underwent surgical excision of a gastric lesion at 50 years of age, without any type of follow-up. Sixteen years later, she was found to have a neuroendocrine tumour (NET) metastatic to the liver. The histological review of the gastric lesion previously removed confirmed that it was a NET measuring 8 mm, pT1NxMx (Ki67 = 4%). 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT reported two LM and a possible pancreatic tumour/gastric adenopathy. Biopsies of the lesion were repeatedly inconclusive. She had a high chromogranin A, normal gastrin levels and negative anti-parietal cell and intrinsic factor antibodies, which is suggestive of type 3 GNEN. She underwent total gastrectomy and liver segmentectomies (segment IV and VII) with proven metastasis in two perigastric lymph nodes and both with hepatic lesions (Ki67 = 5%), yet no evidence of local recurrence. A 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT was performed 3 months after surgery, showing no tumour lesions and normalisation of CgA. Two years after surgery, the patient had no evidence of disease. This case illustrates a rare situation, being a type 3, well-differentiated (grade 2) GNEN, with late LM. Despite this, it was possible to perform surgery with curative intent, which is crucial in these cases, as systemic therapies have limited efficacy. We emphasise the need for extended follow-up in these patients.

Learning points:

GNENs have a very heterogeneous biological behaviour.

Clinical distinction between the three types of GNEN is essential to plan the correct management strategy.

LMs are rare and more common in type 3 and grade 3 GNEN.

Adequate follow-up is crucial for detection of disease recurrence.

Curative intent surgery is the optimal therapy for patients with limited and resectable LM, especially in well-differentiated tumours (grade 1 and 2).
УНІФІКАЦІЯ СИСТЕМ ФІНАНСОВОГО ТА УПРАВЛІНСЬКОГО ОБЛІКУ: КОГЕРЕНТНО-КОГЕЗІЙНА МОДИФІКАЦІЯ ПРОГРАМ ЕНЕРГОЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА
Authors: Klimchuk M.M.
Published: August 2018

Досліджено проблематику уніфікації управлінського та фінансового обліку  на основі концепту інтегрованої звітності через принцип цілісності економіко-аналітичного забезпечення реалізації програм енергозбереження підприємства. Визначено, що одним з основних факторів, який чинить значний вплив на рівень ефективності системи управління енергозбереженням підприємства є економіко-аналітичне забезпечення. Представлено когерентно-когезійна модель економіко-аналітичного забезпечення системи управління енергозбереженням на підприємстві, що надасть можливість створити спільний інформаційний простір для стейкхолдерів.
ВЗАЄМОЗВ’ЯЗОК ВВП ТА НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО БАГАТСТВА ЯК КЛЮЧОВИХ ІНДИКАТОРІВ РОЗВИТКУ ЕКОНОМІКИ КРАЇНИ
Authors: Fufalko I. Yu.
Published: August 2018

Стаття присвячена дослідженню економічного значення таких ключових показників Системи національних рахунків як Валовий внутрішній продукт (ВВП) та Національне багатство та їх ролі в процесі аналізу економічного стану країн. Проаналізовано взаємозв’язок та взаємозалежність між даними індикаторами економічного розвитку та визначено ключові чинники, що впливають на ефективність та продуктивність використання національного багатства як сукупності природного, виробничого (промислового) та людського капіталів у сто сорока країнах світу. 

Для розрахунку ефективності використання національного багатства країни використано такий економічний показник як ROE, що розраховується діленням ВВП на Національне багатство скориговане на величину чистих іноземних активів. Серед 140 країн світу середній рівень ефективності використання національного багатства у ТОП-10 найрозвиненіших країн становить 6,98%, у ТОП-40 – 7,08%. Середній рівень ефективності використання національного багатства у країнах із 40 по 90 рейтингове місце становить 7,92%, а у країн із 91 по 140 місце, тобто у найбідніших та найменш економічно розвинених країн – 5,37%.
Extra-sinus Zygomatic Implants To Avoid Chronic Sinusitis and Prosthetic Arch Malposition: 12 Years of Experience
Authors: Aleksandrowicz Paweł , Kusa-Podkańska Marta , Grabowska Katarzyna , Kotuła Lidia , Szkatuła-Łupina Anna , Wysokińska-Miszczuk Joanna
Published: August 2018

This report retrospectively at the 12-year follow-up results of the treatment and rehabilitation of edentulous maxillae, applying extra-sinus zygomatic implants alone or in combination with intra-sinus zygomatic implants. We recruited 22 patients with 35 zygomatic Brånemark system implants; 24 implants in the standard Brånemark protocol through the sinus and 11 extra-sinus implants outside the sinus. Additionally, 147 regular implants were placed. The minimum follow-up period was 50 months to a maximum of 152 months. The zygoma survival rate after 12 years was 97.15%. Chronic sinusitis occurred in 11.42% of patients. We lost 1 (2.85%) zygomatic implant placed through the sinus and none of those in the extra-sinus position. The survival rate of the regular implants was 93.87%. Chronic sinusitis occurred in 4 patients (11.42%) who received zygomatic implants using standard protocol through the sinus. None of the extra-sinus zygoma patients developed sinusitis. Peri-implantitis was detected with only 3 zygomatic implants. In the original P-I Brånemark zygoma protocol the implants were passing through the sinus, which resulted in chronic sinusitis in some patients and malposition of the prosthetic platform toward the palate. These complications can be avoided by the extra-sinus placement of zygoma implants as demonstrated in this study.
The First Nine Months of Editing Wittgenstein - Letters from G.E.M. Anscombe and Rush Rhees to G.H. von Wright
Authors: Erbacher Christian Eric , Krebs Sophia Victoria
Published: August 2018

The National Library of Finland (NLF) and the Von Wright and Wittgenstein Archives at the University of Helsinki (WWA) keep the collected correspondence of Georg Henrik von Wright, Wittgenstein’s friend and successor at Cambridge and one of the three literary executors of Wittgenstein’s Nachlass. Among von Wright’s correspondence partners, Elizabeth Anscombe and Rush Rhees are of special interest to Wittgenstein scholars as the two other trustees of the Wittgenstein papers. Thus, von Wright’s collections held in Finland promise to shed light on the context of decades of editorial work that made Wittgenstein’s later philosophy available to all interested readers. In this text, we present the letters which von Wright received from Anscombe and Rhees during the first nine months after Wittgenstein’s death. This correspondence provides a vivid picture of the literary executors as persons and of their developing relationships. The presented letters are beautiful examples of what the correspondence as a whole has to offer; it depicts – besides facts of editing – the story of three philosophers, whose conversing voices unfold the human aspects of inheriting Wittgenstein’s Nachlass. Their story does not only deal with editing the papers of an eminent philosopher, but with the attempt to do justice to the man they knew, to his philosophy and to his wishes for publication.