bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving the Angular Resolution of the Buckland Park Air Shower Array
Authors: Meyhandan R. , Clay R. W.
Published: July 2016

Air showers initiated by primary cosmic rays and gamma rays produce shower fronts which are curved. However, the arrival directions of air shower events have normally been fitted assuming a planar shower front. We present a technique which takes the average shower front shape into account to assign an improved shower direction after a first analysis assuming a plane front. We then examine the resulting angular resolution of the Buckland Park array.
Radio Continuum around NGC 7538–IRS 1
Authors: Akabane K. , Inoue M. , Kawabe R. , Ohashi N. , Kamaya O. , Ishiguro M. , Sofue Y.
Published: July 2016

We report continuum observations of the NGC 7538–IRS 1, 2 and 3 regions made with the NRO 45-metre dish between 43 and 90 GHz, and present a brief interpretation.
Spectral imaging of η Carinae
Authors: Allen David , Hillier John
Published: July 2016

We have secured spectra at high signal/noise ratio in a grid of points across the entire Homunculus Nebula surrounding the peculiar, massive star η Carinae. The data cover the wavelength range 420–1000 nm. Included are parts of the outer nebulosity dating from a prehistoric ejection episode. At a spatial resolution of about 1 arcsec we find dramatic differences in emission Ime ratios and profiles, sometimes in adjacent resolution elements.
IRAS Colours of Young Stellar Objects
Authors: Suters M. , Zealey W.
Published: July 2016

The effects of including low quality IRAS flux data in colour-colour diagrams is investigated, with a view to identifying Young Stellar Objects from the IRAS database. Colour criteria to perform this task are derived.
The Diameter of (9) Metis from the Occultation of SAO 190531
Authors: Kissling W. M. , Blow G. L. , Allen W. H. , Priestley J. , Riley P. , Daalder P. , George M.
Published: July 2016

The observations in this paper were carried out as part of a program co-ordinated by the Occultation Section of the Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand.

On 6 August 1989 minor planet (9) Metis occulted the magnitude 8.7 star SAO 190531. The occultation was observed by two visual observers in Tasmania, and at one photoelectric and two visual sites in New Zealand. From the five chords obtained we have deduced an average cross-sectional diameter for this minor planet of 173.5 km at the time of the occultation. This is in good agreement with previous radiometric and polarimetric results.
A Possible Cause for Umbral Oscillations
Authors: Yun H. S. , Lee J. W. , Moon Y-J.
Published: July 2016

An attempt has been made to examine the nature of 3-minute umbral oscillations in order to identify their origin. For this purpose we have calculated, on the basis of Musielak and Rosner (1987), the fast-mode energy spectra generated in a typical sunspot convection zone (Yun 1968). The computed energy spectrum is fed into the lower boundary of the sub-photospheric resonant cavity to examine the characteristics of the wave propagation through the SS umbral atmosphere (Avrett 1981). The upward velocity spectra computed at various heights are presented and their behaviour compared with observations.
PKSCAT90: the Southern Radio Source Database
Authors: Otrupcek Robina E. , Wright Alan E.
Published: July 2016

The PKSCAT90 database consists of radio and optical data for 8264 radio sources. It covers all the sky south of declination +27 degrees. Most of the galactic plane and the Magellanic Cloud regions are excluded from this catalogue but have been the subject of other specialised surveys. A few data errors in the initial PKSCAT90 version 1.00 released in March 1990 have been corrected in the current version 1.01 edition.
IUCAA’s Role in Astronomy Education in India
Authors: Dadhich Naresh
Published: July 2016

This paper summarises the function of the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics in India.
Coulomb Interactions between Cosmic Rays and Charged Dust Grains
Authors: Byleveld S.E. , Melrose D.B. , Cram LE.
Published: July 2016

The transfer of kinetic energy between cosmic rays and charged dust grains is investigated. The time required for heating of the dust grains due to Coulomb interactions is estimated and compared with the heating time due to ionisation losses by the cosmic rays. Heating of dust grains by cosmic rays is examined in connection with the FIR–radio correlation in galaxies: even for the most favorable conditions, including a high energy density in low-energy, ≲ 100 keV, cosmic rays, the conclusions are equivocal.
Preliminary Results from the Edinburgh-Cape Bright QSO Survey (ECBQS)
Authors: Savage A. , Cannon R.D. , Stobie R.S. , Kilkenny D. , O'Donoghue D. , Chen An-Le
Published: July 2016

The Edinburgh-Cape Bright QSO Survey is a very small sub-set of the Edinburgh Cape Blue Object Survey, which is a major survey to discover blue stellar objects brighter than B~18 in the southern sky. It will cover an area of sky of 10,000 square degrees with |b|>30 and dec <0. The blue stellar objects are selected by automatic techniques from U and B pairs of UK Schmidt Telescope plates scanned with the COSMOS measuring machine. Follow-up photometry and spectroscopy is being obtained with the SAAO telescopes to classify the types of objects brighter than B=16.5, with some of the more stubborn objects being subjected to AAO service spectroscopy. Some preliminary results for the 6% QSO minority are presented in this paper and comparison is made with the Palomar-Green QSO Survey in the north, which we find to be at least a factor of two incomplete.
Propagation Effects on the Cyclotron Maser Mechanism for Solar Microwave Spike Bursts
Authors: Kuncic Z. , Robinson P.A.
Published: July 2016

The loss-cone-driven electron cyclotron maser instability is widely believed to be responsible for millisecond bursts of intense microwave emission often observed during solar flares. However, the maser radiation is strongly absorbed as it propagates outward from the corona and existing analytical models predict that this absorption should be sufficiently strong to prevent observable levels of the radiation from escaping, except under highly restrictive conditions. In order to address the problem of how microwave spike bursts can be observed at all, we present a numerical ray-tracing analysis which incorporates emission, propagation and absorption of fundamental cyclotron maser radiation in a realistic model of a coronal flux loop. It is found that the radiation can escape to a potential observer and that the physical conditions under which escape occurs are more restrictive for fundamental emission in the extraordinary (x)-mode than in the ordinary (0)-mode. Escaping radiation in the x-mode is found to be highly directional and chiefly observable toward the center of the solar disk, while escaping 0-mode radiation is found to emerge from the corona over a much wider range of directions, with some cases corresponding to observable radiation near the solar limb.
IRIS: an Infrared Imager and Spectrometer for the Anglo-Australian Telescope
Authors: Allen David A. , Barton John R. , Burton Michael G. , Davies Helen , Farrell Tony J. , Gillingham Peter R. , Lankshear Allan F. , Lindner Paul L. , Mayfield Donald J. , Meadows Vikki S. , Schafer Gordon E. , Shortridge Keith , Spyromilio Jason , Straede John O. , Waller Lewis G. , Whittard Denis L.
Published: July 2016

We describe a versatile infrared camera/spectrograph, IRIS, designed and constructed at the Anglo-Australian Observatory for use on the Anglo-Australian Telescope. A variety of optical configurations can be selected under remote control to provide several direct image scales and a few low-resolution spectroscopic formats. Two cross-dispersed transmission echelles are of novel design, as is the use of a modified Bowen-Burch system to provide a fast f/ratio in the widest-field option. The drive electronics includes a choice of readout schemes for versatility, and continuous display when the array is not taking data, to facilitate field acquisition and focusing.

The linearity of the detector has been studied in detail. Although outwardly good, slight nonlinearities prevent removal of fixed-pattern noise from the data without application of a cubic linearising function.

Specific control and data-reduction software has been written. We describe also a scanning mode developed for spectroscopic imaging.
3C 273: The Hazards of Publication
Authors: Haynes Raymond F. , Haynes Roslynn D.
Published: July 2016

In March 1963 a paper by Hazard, Mackey and Shimmins in Nature, announced an accurate position for the radio source 3C 273. This was subsequently identified as the first known quasar. Through an innocent editorial mistake, the affiliation of the first author was wrongly attributed. This caused long-term animosity between the Physics Department of the University of Sydney and the CSIRO Division of Radiophysics.
Comparison and Coordination of Time Scales
Authors: Luck J. McK.
Published: July 2016

A time scale may be defined as a system for dating events. A clock is a device for interpolating between observations of the time scale. From antiquity, time scales have been based on the earth’s rotation; even today, the atomic-based time scale Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) is adjusted annually, or when necessary, to keep it in time with the rotating earth. However, the continual search for greater accuracy in time keeping has led to the adoption of time scales based on other phenomena, so that there are now four classes of time scales in use, as summarised in Table I.
A New Test of the Theory of General Relativity
Authors: Crawford D. F.
Published: July 2016

It has been recently suggested (Crawford 1979) that there is an interaction between a photon and curved space-time that can be observed as a redshift of the photon frequency. Since the amount of the redshift is a function of the curvature it may be used to discriminate between gravitational theories. This is easily done using the parametrized post-Newtonian (PPN) limit fully described in the review article by Will (1972).
The Tearing Mode Instability in a Partially Ionized Plasma
Authors: Cramer N. F. , Donnelly I. J.
Published: July 2016

The resistive tearing mode instability is a mechanism that in some cases will render unstable a magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium of a plasma that is ideally stable, i.e. stable if no dissipative oiesses are taken into account. There is much experimental evidence that this instability is the cause of the current disruptions observed in laboratory plasma devices (von Goeler et al. 1974). In the astrophysical context, the instability has been invoked in connection with the solar flare energy release mechanism (Coppi and Friedland 1971) and the problem of the disconnection of the protostar matter from the interstellar magnetic field during star formation (Mestel 1966). In the latter problem the tearing instability gives rise to a much smaller timescale for magnetic reconnection than does ordinary resistive diffusion.
Position and Polarization of Solar Drift Pair Bursts
Authors: Suzuki S. , Gary D. E.
Published: July 2016

Reverse drift pairs were first described by Roberts (1958) and later by Ellis (1969) and de la Nòe and Moller-Pedersen (1971). Figure 1 shows a 10-min section of the spectrograph record and the corresponding section of the polarimeter record. The figure contains several reverse drift pairs and illustrates the main features of RDPs, namely: (1) frequency drift rate of about 4 MHz s-1 (i.e. a factor of ~50 faster than Type lis and a factor of ~2 slower than type Ills); (2) drift to higher frequencies (i.e. opposite to that of Type II and III bursts, hence the name ‘reverse’); and (3) an apparent ‘echo’ of the burst some 1 to 2 s later to form a pair. On 1979 February 17/18 a noise storm consisting of Type 1 bursts, Type III bursts and an underlying continuum was observed with the Culgoora spectropolarimeter, spectrograph, and radioheliograph. During this noise storm, the spectrograph record showed several hundred RDP bursts, and about fifty FDPs. Here we report new results on the polarization-of drift pair bursts, present further data on RDP positional and frequency characteristics, and then comment on existing theories concerning RDPs.
Evidence for a Peak in the Number of Isolated Type III Bursts prior to Large Solar Flares
Authors: Jackson B. V. , Sheridan K. V.
Published: July 2016

Most if not all metre-wave Type III bursts appear to be associated with solar active regions (e.g. Duncan 1977). There is a well-known association of Type III bursts and flares within a few minutes of the onset of the brightenings seen in Hα (Wild et al. 1954). Early descriptions of these observations were given by Malville (1961) (or see Kundu (1965) for review). More recently Jackson et al. (1978) have reported the occurrence of a broad maximum of Type III bursts 10 to 5 h prior to mass ejection transients seen by the white light coronagraph on Skylab.
Comparison of Radioheliograph, Coronagraph and K-Coronameter Observations of a Coronal Streamer
Authors: Jackson B. V. , Sheridan K. V. , Dulk G. A.
Published: July 2016

We compare observations of a large coronal streamer made with the 80 MHz Culgoora radioheliograph, the Kcoronameter on Mauna Loa and the white light coronagraph on Skylab. The various measurements are not in agreement, and this raises fundamental questions about the nature of the corona and wave propagation through a streamer structure. The comparisons also indicate how precise data from the heliograph may contribute to a better understanding of these processes.
Hubble Constant in the Local Region
Authors: Visvanathan N.
Published: July 2016

One of the important discoveries of the present century is that the Universe expands. Two important parameters which define the dynamics of the Universe and can be obtained at the telescope are the rate of expansion zhqо, and change of this rate with time qо, It is difficult to derive a value for Hо because accurate distances of farther galaxies are needed. This involves identifying the luminous objects, such as brightest stars, HII regions, globular cluster, supernova etc., in the Local Group galaxies as well as in the external galaxies. Once the absolute magnitudes of these objects are calibrated with the known distances of the Local Group galaxies, distances to the external galaxies can be derived.
On the Spectrum of VV Puppis
Authors: Wickramasinghe D. T. , Visvanathan N.
Published: July 2016

Since the discovery of variable circular and linear polarisation in VV Puppis (Tapia 1977), several investigators have observed the system. The new observations particularly of polarisation (Liebert et al. 1978, Liebert and Stockman 1979 have ruled out the standard dwarf nova (accretion disc — hot spot) model previously used to interpret the light curve of VV Puppis.
A Survey for Sharply Pulsed Emissions
Authors: Cole T. W. , Ekers R. D.
Published: July 2016

The discovery of pulsars in 1967 marked the watershed of interest in short-time-scale phenomena in radio astronomy. Ionospheric scintillation on time scales of seconds, interplanetary scintillations at tenths of seconds and solar bursts of similar duration had already been studied. But with pulsars individual pulses contained subpulses of width about 10 ms, and later observations of microstructure were to show that structure with scales of 10—100 μs were present. In other areas searches for the 10—100 ms radio pulses expected to accompany the gravitational wave events resulting from stellar collapses were made, and more recently searches have been made for the radio pulse accompanying the explosion of small black holes (Rees 1977). Work in this area is summarized by O’Sullivan et al. (1978) and Phinney and Taylor (1979).
The Australia Telescope Project: Going Along Nicely, Thank You!
Authors: Whiteoak J . B.
Published: July 2016

Abstract: The Australia Telescope is an advanced radio astronomy facility planned to satisfy the major research requirements of Australian scientists. The construction project, begun in 1983, is now well along the way to completion as an Australian Bicentennial activity. The civil works at the main Culgoora site are complete. The construction of the seven 22-m antennas has begun: the first will be handed over in November 1986, the last a year later. Most other areas of the project – feed construction, receiver construction, computer development etc. are on schedule.
Simultaneous infrared and optical photometry of the Eclipsing Dwarf Nova V2051 Ophiuchi
Authors: Watts D. J. , Watson R. D.
Published: July 2016

A complete orbital light-curve of V2051 Oph in the IR H band is presented, together with a second eclipse in the J band. Simultaneous Rc band data were obtained. Eclipse depths in Rc, J and H are 1.8 mag, 1.0 mag and 0.8 mag respectively. No evidence for ellipsoidal variations due to the secondary was seen and constraints on the secondary are discussed.
The Active Radio Star HD 36705
Authors: Slee O. B. , Nelson G. J. , Innis J . L. , Stewart R. T. , Vaughan A. , Wright A. E.
Published: July 2016

The single G8V active chromosphere star HD36705 (AB Dor) was observed at 8.4 GHz with the Parkes 64 m telescope during three observing sessions involving a total of 21 days in the interval 1985 December to 1986 February. Subsequent photometric observations were made of the star with the 0.25 m and 0.45 m telescopes of the Monash Observatory in 1986 March-April. Two strong radio flares, each lasting three days, were detected; they yielded peak radio powers ofP8.4≈4×109W Hz-1, comparable with the microwave power emitted by the RS CVn binaries. Significant circular polarization of 13% left-hand was measured on only one of the six active days. The 8.4 GHz flux density showed smooth variation over an interval of several hours, consistent with the flare source being partly occulted by the stellar disk as the star rotated. When all the radio data was phase-binned using the known rotation period of 0.514 day we found two radio maxima corresponding to radio sources at stellar longitudes ~180° apart. The subsequent photometric data showed intensity variations that were consistent with the starspots at the same approximate longitudes. We thus interpret our radio curve as showing the presence of comparatively small (<0.5 D*) radio sources in the corona above the star spots. The upper limit to source diameter gives a peak brightness temperature ≥2×l010K, which can be achieved by gyro-synchrotron emission only if the source is optically thick and the electrons, with average energy ~ 2 MeV, have a hard energy spectrum. The observed radiation can be due only to very high harmonics of the gyro-frequency, leading to an estimate for the magnetic field strength of ~30G.
Astronomical Coordinates at the Parkes Radio Telescope
Authors: McConnell D.
Published: July 2016

The Parkes radio telescope has been fitted with a new control system. Part of this system is a computer for transforming position requests into commands to the telescope drive. The high computing power coupled with a new control for the master control unit has allowed modes of telescope control not previously available. These new capabilities include scanning the telescope in any astronomical coordinate system, the definition and use of beams offset in azimuth and elevation from the telescope’s optical axis and the definition of arbitrary coordinate frames which may move with respect to standard reference frames. The new control system fully supports the new standard epoch of J2000.0 and uses the newly adopted constants for Earth axis precession and nutation.
John Tebbutt’s Observations of Halley’s Comet in 1910
Authors: Röser Siegfried , White Graeme L.
Published: July 2016

The Windsor amateur astronomer, John Tebbutt, had a ceased observing in 1907. However, in 1909, at the age of 75, he came out of retirement to observe Halley’s comet and his astrometric positions were published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. These data were used, together with most published observations from the 1835 and 1910 apparitions, for the computation of Halley’s orbit for ESA’s Halley intercept spacecraft, Giotto. A detailed analysis of the observations have shown minor imperfections that, when corrected, gave rms errors of 3''.5 arc in right ascension and 2''.8 in declination. His systematic errors are negligible at the 0''.2 level.
Two Globular Clusters
Authors: Menzies J. W.
Published: July 2016

The globular clusters 47 Tuc (NGC 104) and NGC 6723 both belong to the group of clusters which have late-type integrated spectra and which appear to be only slightly metal deficient with respect to the stars in the Hyades.
Political Order in Pre-Modern Eurasia: Imperial Incorporation and the Hereditary Divisional System
Authors: MUNKH-ERDENE LHAMSUREN
Published: July 2016

Comparing the Liao, the Chinggisid and the Qing successive incorporations of Inner Asia, this article is prepared to argue that the hereditary divisional system that these Inner Asian empires employed to incorporate and administer their nomadic population was the engine that generated what scholars see either as ‘tribes’ or ‘aristocratic order’. This divisional system, because of its hereditary membership and rulership, invariably tended to produce autonomous lordships with distinct names and identities unless the central government took measures to curb the tendency. Whenever the central power waned, these divisions emerged as independent powers in themselves and their lords as contenders for the central power. The Chinggisid power structure did not destroy any tribal order; instead, it destroyed and incorporated a variety of former Liao politico-administrative divisions into its own decimally organizedminqansand transformed the former Liao divisions into quasi-political named categories of populace, theirgens, stripping them of their own politico-administrative structures. In turn, the Qing, in incorporating Mongolia, divided the remains of the Chinggisid divisions, thetümensandotogs, intokhoshuuand transformed them into quasi-politicalayimaqs. Thus, it was the logic of the imperial incorporation and the hereditary divisional system that produced multiple politico-administrative divisions and quasi-political identity categories.
Buddhism, Human Rights and Constitutional Reform in Thailand
Authors: Harding Andrew
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this article is to address the relationship between Buddhism, constitutional reform and human rights in Thailand. It poses the questions: To what extent is the Thai state Buddhist in character? How are we to describe the relationship between Buddhism and the state? Can and should human rights be supported or presented as being supported by Buddhism, or interpreted according to Buddhist ideas? The historical relationship between the state and the sangha is examined, in which the state used religion to bolster the state's legitimacy. The place of Buddhism, human rights and the Human Rights Commission under the 1997 constitutional reforms is then addressed, in the context in particular of the problem of insurgency in the Southern provinces. It is concluded that the constitution-makers rightly refused to make Buddhism the state religion but that attempts to disseminate human rights understanding in Buddhist terms are justified, provided inter-faith dialogue is part of this process.
Law of Apostasy and Freedom of Religion in Malaysia
Authors: Adil Mohamed Azam Mohamed
Published: July 2016

The right to freedom of religion is one of the fundamental rights guaranteed in Islam. This is emphasised in verse 256 of Sura al-Baqara: “Let there be no compulsion in religion”. However, the majority of classical Muslim jurists opine that the right to freedom of religion is not applicable to Muslims, that Muslims who intend to leave the Islamic faith or who have apostatised should be condemned to the death penalty. In reality, punishment for apostasy is not prescribed in the Qur'an and had not been practised by the Prophet (S.A.W.). Instead, the Prophet (S.A.W.) had imposed the death penalty upon apostates because their acts were contemptuous of, and hostile towards, Islam. Muslims who merely renounced the Islamic religion were only required to undergo a process of repentance (tawba). The right to freedom of religion is guaranteed in Article 11(1) of the Federal Constitution of Malaysia. However, as Islamic matters belong to the state jurisdictions, most provisions in relation to apostasy are under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Shari'a Courts. Apostates are subject to punishments such as fine, imprisonment and whipping. This article makes an in-depth study of the right to freedom of religion and the issue of apostasy from the Islamic law perspective, and argues that Muslims who intend to leave the Islamic faith are only required to undergo a process of repentance (tawba), and any punishment prescribed for apostasy is contrary to the right to freedom of religion.
The Yogyakarta Local Ombudsman: Promoting Good Governance through Local Support
Authors: Crouch Melissa A.
Published: July 2016

The Yogyakarta Ombudsman was established in 2005 as the first Local Ombudsman in Indonesia. Its introduction forms part of the democratic reforms aimed at tackling the problem of corruption within the bureaucracy. This article examines the Local Ombudsman's first year of operation, and asks whether it is addressing corruption and promoting good governance as hoped.
Ideology and Law: The Impact of the MIB Ideology on Law and Dispute Resolution in the Sultanate of Brunei Darussalam
Authors: Black Ann
Published: July 2016

Since 1984, the Sultanate of Brunei Darussalam has chartered its post-independence course through its proclaimed ideological compass of MIB (Melayu, Islam, Beraja). All three pillars of MIB - Malay culture, the religion of Islam, and the institution of an absolute Monarchy - are traditional, long standing Bruneian features, which have been expertly crafted in the last two decades to act as the filter by which modernisation and development can occur. As the ideology is all-encompassing, law has not only been one of the vehicles for implementation, but is being shaped to accord with the tenets of MIB. This can be seen in legislation, legal institutions and processes for dispute resolution with the promotion of a more distinctive Malay character as well as a discernible Islamization agenda. The paper explores each of these as well as processes of enacting laws in this Sultanate where, in the absence of an elected democratic parliament, all law emanates from the monarch.
China, India, and the Law of the World Trade Organization
Authors: Qin Julia Ya
Published: July 2016

This article seeks to assess the respective contributions of China and India to the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and to gain from a comparative perspective a better understanding on the potential impact of China on the WTO system. It observes that, although China's share in world trade is more than four times as large as that of India, China has played a much less significant role than India in both WTO rulemaking and adjudicatory processes. To date the major impact of China on WTO law stems from the special terms of its accession, many of which depart from the basic norms and principles of the WTO. India, on the other hand, has been one of the most active contributors to the development of WTO law and jurisprudence. The author suggests that the divergence in WTO legal practices of the two countries is attributable to a number of factors and that the presence of these factors will continue to influence their behavior within the WTO system.
Reconceptualising the Relationship between the Mainland Chinese Legal System and the Hong Kong Legal System
Authors: Chan Cora
Published: July 2016

It has been more than a decade since China began her experiment of “One Country, Two Systems” in Hong Kong (HK). It is now generally assumed that the relationship between the legal systems of these two jurisdictions is monistic. Analysing post-Handover constitutional case law in HK, including a recent landmark decision on sovereign immunity,FG Hemisphere Associates LLC v. Democratic Republic of Congo,this article challenges this assumption and argues that the relationship between the two legal systems is best conceptualized as a form of legal pluralism found in the European Union.
The Enigma of Enforceability of Investment Treaty Arbitration Awards in India
Authors: Ranjan Prabhash , Raju Deepak
Published: July 2016

This paper critically discusses the issue of enforceability of investment treaty arbitration (ITA) awards against India under the Indian domestic law on arbitration. In this regard, the paper discusses the relevant provisions of the Indian arbitration law and its interpretations by the Indian judiciary to understand their ramifications for the enforcement of ITA awards against India. The paper also discusses the proposed amendments to the Indian arbitration law and its ramifications on ITA. The issue of enforcement of ITA awards in India has become important due to India's gigantic international investment treaty programme where each treaty allows for investor-state treaty arbitration to settle disputes between investors and India. This issue has also become important in light of the growing observation that enforcement of foreign commercial arbitral awards in India is extremely difficult especially after the Venture Global engineering case. Thus, India is endeavouring to change the arbitration law so as to alter this perception. This paper argues that in spite of these proposed changes; enforcement of ITA awards may still face problems. Thus, the paper suggests that India should address the issue of enforceability of ITA awards given its gigantic investment treaty programme aimed at attracting foreign investment.
Revisiting the Role of the President during Caretaker Government in Ensuring Credible Free Elections in Bangladesh
Authors: Haque Masudul
Published: July 2016

The holding of free, fair, and credible elections in Bangladesh remains a big challenge. In an effort to ensure credible, free and fair elections, the Constitution was amended, known as the Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment) Act 1996. This provided some extraordinary powers to the titular President without mechanisms of proper accountability. This paper critically analyses the provisions of this amendment, particularly the role of the President. We argue that this innovation in holding election is itself unconstitutional. In light of the experiences from the events leading to the declaration of emergency, the role of the President during the caretaker mode needs to be re-examined. It argues that formal provisions of the constitution through important but successful enforcement of constitutional provisions, including holding free and fair elections, largely depends on political culture and the willingness of the political parties, including civil society, to abide by those formal provisions along with their spirit.
Review of Law and Legal Institutions of Asia: Traditions, Adaptations and Innovations
Authors: Pejovic Caslav
Published: July 2016

Caslav Pejovic reviews Law and Legal Institutions of Asia: Traditions, Adaptations and Innovations.
Towards A Comparative Rhetoric of Argument: Using the Concept of “Audience” as a Means of Educating Students about Comparative Argument
Authors: Whalen-Bridge Helena
Published: July 2016

Are Asian law schools adequately preparing law students to handle problems raised by cross-border disputes? Preparation has generally been limited to courses in conflicts of law, international law and comparative law, but the successful presentation of a legal position in a foreign legal system arguably requires more than an understanding of legal rules. Studies in legal culture suggest that participants in different legal systems think about the law in radically different ways. Comparative examples from the criminal justice systems of the United States and Japan demonstrate that some knowledge of a comparative rhetoric of argument - which arguments are appropriate in different legal systems - is required. Legal Writing Programmes can play a role in teaching comparative argument by expanding the concept of “audience” to include foreign legal systems.
The Importance of Understanding and Teaching Islamic Law in Asia
Authors: Mahmod Nik Ahmad Kamal Nik
Published: July 2016

This paper will deal with the need to understand Islamic Law in the context of a number of prevailing misconceptions about it. It then discusses the place and importance of Islamic Law in the LL.B. (Bachelor of Law) programmes in Malaysia and elsewhere in Asia. The focus will be on what courses are to be taught, and how they are to be taught. The paper also attempts to shed some light on the possible ways to harmonise Islamic Law with concurrent secular (or civil) law, and offers a vision of the future of Islamic legal education.
Legal Education in Asia
Authors: Tan Cheng Han , Bell Gary , Dang Xuan Hop , Kim Joongi , Teo Keang Sood , Thiruvengadam Arun , Vijayakumar V. , Wang Jiangyu
Published: July 2016

This article starts off by providing an overview of the historical and structural aspects of legal education in selected representative jurisdictions in Asia. It then proceeds to tackle what the authors feel to be the most serious challenges faced by Asian law schools today - the need to balance legal education and inter-disciplinary perspectives, to provide sufficient comparative material, to reform teaching and assessment methodology, and to juggle competing needs with very limited resources.
Die Hepatitis-C-Epidemiologie in der Schweiz und die Rolle der Grundversorgung
Authors: Bruggmann Philip
Published: July 2016

Zusammenfassung. In der Schweiz sterben jährlich mehr Personen an den Folgen von Hepatitis C als an jenen von HIV. Schätzungsweise 83 000 Menschen sind mit dem Hepatitis-C-Virus infiziert. Mehr als die Hälfte von ihnen ist nicht getestet und hat somit keine Chance, von den neuen, hochwirksamen Hepatitis-C-Medikamenten zu profitieren. Mit einer Heilung dieser systemischen Infektionskrankheit, die mit den neuen Medikamenten in über 90 % der Fälle erreicht werden kann, kann sowohl die leberbedingte als auch die extrahepatische Morbidität und Mortalität stark gesenkt werden. Mit der Vision der Elimination von Hepatitis C bis 2030 plant und implementiert die Schweizerische Hepatitis-Strategie Massnahmen auf allen Ebenen zur Bekämpfung dieser folgenschweren Epidemie.
Das «Refeeding-Syndrom» beim internistischen Patienten
Authors: Felder Susan , Friedli Natalie , Stanga Zeno , Schuetz Philipp
Published: July 2016

Zusammenfassung. Das Refeeding-Syndrom umfasst lebensbedrohliche, akute Mängel an Mikronährstoffen, Flüssigkeits- und Elektrolytstörungen, sowie Störungen der Organfunktion und der Stoffwechselregulation, die aus einer zu schnellen oder einer unausgewogenen Nahrungszufuhr bei schwer mangelernährten Patienten resultieren. Innerhalb dieses Übersichtsartikels diskutieren wir das aktuelle pathophysiologische Verständnis des Refeeding-Syndroms und geben praktische Hinweise bezüglich Überwachung von Risikopatienten und möglichen therapeutischen Interventionen.
Wenn eine neue Brille nichts nützt – ausgeprägte Sehstörung trotz normalem Visus
Authors: Bühler Marco M. , Rüegger-Frey Brigitte , Ciurea-Löchel Annette , Beck Sacha
Published: July 2016

Zusammenfassung. Wir stellen den Fall einer 65-jährigen Frau vor mit seit wenigen Jahren bestehenden Sehstörungen bei unauffälligem ophthalmologischem Befund. Die neuropsychologische Untersuchung ergab eine komplexe Agnosie mit deutlichen Einschränkungen in visuell-konstruktiven und visuell-perzeptiven Leistungen bei nur leichten Defiziten in der Mnestik. Die Befunde passen zu einer posterioren kortikalen Atrophie. Der Störung liegt eine Neurodegeneration zugrunde, meist als Folge einer Alzheimerkrankheit. Da die Patienten über ein ausgeprägtes Störungsbewusstsein verfügen, sind eine gute Aufklärung sowie das Entwickeln geeigneter Kompensationsstrategien sehr wichtig.
Tiny, Deep Quakes Increase on San Andreas as Tides Tug on Fault
Authors: Coombs Amy
Published: July 2016

When the gravity of the Sun and Moon causes Earth's crust to bulge every 2 weeks, slow-moving earthquakes proliferate in the lower reaches of the San Andreas, a new study finds.
Quantification of heterogeneity in lung disease with image-based pulmonary function testing
Authors: Stahr Charlene S. , Samarage Chaminda R. , Donnelley Martin , Farrow Nigel , Morgan Kaye S. , Zosky Graeme , Boucher Richard C. , Siu Karen K. W. , Mall Marcus A. , Parsons David W. , Dubsky Stephen , Fouras Andreas
Published: July 2016

Computed tomography (CT) and spirometry are the mainstays of clinical pulmonary assessment. Spirometry is effort dependent and only provides a single global measure that is insensitive for regional disease and as such, poor for capturing the early onset of lung disease, especially patchy disease such as cystic fibrosis lung disease. CT sensitively measures change in structure associated with advanced lung disease. However, obstructions in the peripheral airways and early onset of lung stiffening are often difficult to detect. Furthermore, CT imaging poses a radiation risk, particularly for young children and dose reduction tends to result in reduced resolution. Here, we apply a series of lung tissue motion analyses, to achieve regional pulmonary function assessment in β-ENaC-overexpressing mice, a well-established model of lung disease. The expiratory time constants of regional airflows in the segmented airway tree were quantified as a measure of regional lung function. Our results showed marked heterogeneous lung function in β-ENaC-Tg mice compared to wild-type littermate controls; identified locations of airway obstruction and quantified regions of bimodal airway resistance demonstrating lung compensation. These results demonstrate the applicability of regional lung function derived from lung motion as an effective alternative respiratory diagnostic tool.
Correction: Corrigendum: Quantification of topological features in cell meshes to explore E-cadherin dysfunction
Authors: Mestre Tânia , Figueiredo Joana , Ribeiro Ana Sofia , Paredes Joana , Seruca Raquel , Sanches João Miguel
Published: July 2016

Scientific Reports 6: Article number: 25101; published online: 06 May 2016; updated: 27 July 2016. In the original version of this Article, Affiliation 1 was incorrectly given as “Institute for Systems and Robotics, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal”. The correct Affiliation is listed below:
High chance that current atmospheric greenhouse concentrations commit to warmings greater than 1.5 °C over land
Authors: Huntingford Chris , Mercado Lina M.
Published: July 2016

The recent Paris UNFCCC climate meeting discussed the possibility of limiting global warming to 2 °C since pre-industrial times, or possibly even 1.5 °C, which would require major future emissions reductions. However, even if climate is stabilised at current atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations, those warming targets would almost certainly be surpassed in the context of mean temperature increases over land only. The reason for this is two-fold. First, current transient warming lags significantly below equilibrium or “committed” warming. Second, almost all climate models indicate warming rates over land are much higher than those for the oceans. We demonstrate this potential for high eventual temperatures over land, even for contemporary GHG levels, using a large set of climate models and for which climate sensitivities are known. Such additional land warming has implications for impacts on terrestrial ecosystems and human well-being. This suggests that even if massive and near-immediate emissions reductions occur such that atmospheric GHGs increase further by only small amounts, careful planning is needed by society to prepare for higher land temperatures in an eventual equilibrium climatic state.
Water droplet impact on elastic superhydrophobic surfaces
Authors: Weisensee Patricia B. , Tian Junjiao , Miljkovic Nenad , King William P.
Published: July 2016

Water droplet impact on surfaces is a ubiquitous phenomenon in nature and industry, where the time of contact between droplet and surface influences the transfer of mass, momentum and energy. To manipulate and reduce the contact time of impacting droplets, previous publications report tailoring of surface microstructures that influence the droplet - surface interface. Here we show that surface elasticity also affects droplet impact, where a droplet impacting an elastic superhydrophobic surface can lead to a two-fold reduction in contact time compared to equivalent rigid surfaces. Using high speed imaging, we investigated the impact dynamics on elastic nanostructured superhydrophobic substrates having membrane and cantilever designs with stiffness 0.5–7630 N/m. Upon impact, the droplet excites the substrate to oscillate, while during liquid retraction, the substrate imparts vertical momentum back to the droplet with a springboard effect, causing early droplet lift-off with reduced contact time. Through detailed experimental and theoretical analysis, we show that this novel springboarding phenomenon is achieved for a specific range of Weber numbers (We >40) and droplet Froude numbers during spreading (Fr >1). The observation of the substrate elasticity-mediated droplet springboard effect provides new insight into droplet impact physics.
Dynamics of mtDNA introgression during species range expansion: insights from an experimental longitudinal study
Authors: Mastrantonio V. , Porretta D. , Urbanelli S. , Crasta G. , Nascetti G.
Published: July 2016

Introgressive hybridization represents one of the long-lasting debated genetic consequences of species range expansion. Mitochondrial DNA has been shown to heavily introgress between interbreeding animal species that meet in new sympatric areas and, often, asymmetric introgression from local to the colonizing populations has been observed. Disentangling among the evolutionary and ecological processes that might shape this pattern remains difficult, because they continuously act across time and space. In this context, long-term studies can be of paramount importance. Here, we investigated the dynamics of mitochondrial introgression between two mosquito species (Aedes mariae and Ae. zammitii ) during a colonization event that started in 1986 after a translocation experiment. By analyzing 1,659 individuals across 25 years, we showed that introgression occurred earlier and at a higher frequency in the introduced than in the local species, showing a pattern of asymmetric introgression. Throughout time, introgression increased slowly in the local species, becoming reciprocal at most sites. The rare opportunity to investigate the pattern of introgression across time during a range expansion along with the characteristics of our study-system allowed us to support a role of demographic dynamics in determining the observed introgression pattern.
Stronger enhancer II/core promoter activities of hepatitis B virus isolates of B2 subgenotype than those of C2 subgenotype
Authors: Qin Yanli , Zhou Xueshi , Jia Haodi , Chen Chaoyang , Zhao Weifeng , Zhang Jiming , Tong Shuping
Published: July 2016

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype C causes prolonged chronic infection and increased risk for liver cancer than genotype B. Our previous work revealed lower replication capacity of wild-type genotype C2 than B2 isolates. HBV DNA replication is driven by pregenomic RNA, which is controlled by core promoter (CP) and further augmented by enhancer I (ENI) and enhancer II (ENII). DNA fragments covering these regulatory elements were amplified from B2 and C2 isolates to generate luciferase reporter constructs. As ENII is fully embedded in CP, we inserted HBV DNA fragments in the sense orientation to determine their combined activities and in the antisense orientation to measure enhancer activities alone. Genotype B2 isolates displayed higher ENI+ENII+CP, ENII+CP and ENII activities, but not ENI or ENI+ENII activity, than C2 isolates. The higher ENII+CP activity was partly attributable to 4 positions displaying genotype-specific variability. Exchanging CP region was sufficient to revert the replication phenotypes of several B2 and C2 clones tested. These results suggest that a weaker ENII and/or CP at least partly accounts for the lower replication capacities of wild-type C2 isolates, which could drive the subsequent acquisition of CP mutations. Such mutations increase genome replication and are implicated in liver cancer development.
Ribonuclease H1-dependent hepatotoxicity caused by locked nucleic acid-modified gapmer antisense oligonucleotides
Authors: Kasuya Takeshi , Hori Shin-ichiro , Watanabe Ayahisa , Nakajima Mado , Gahara Yoshinari , Rokushima Masatomo , Yanagimoto Toru , Kugimiya Akira
Published: July 2016

Gapmer antisense oligonucleotides cleave target RNA effectively in vivo, and is considered as promising therapeutics. Especially, gapmers modified with locked nucleic acid (LNA) shows potent knockdown activity; however, they also cause hepatotoxic side effects. For developing safe and effective gapmer drugs, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity is required. Here, we investigated the cause of hepatotoxicity derived from LNA-modified gapmers. Chemical modification of gapmer’s gap region completely suppressed both knockdown activity and hepatotoxicity, indicating that the root cause of hepatotoxicity is related to intracellular gapmer activity. Gene silencing of hepatic ribonuclease H1 (RNaseH1), which catalyses gapmer-mediated RNA knockdown, strongly supressed hepatotoxic effects. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of a target mRNA did not result in any hepatotoxic effects, while the gapmer targeting the same position on mRNA as does the siRNA showed acute toxicity. Microarray analysis revealed that several pre-mRNAs containing a sequence similar to the gapmer target were also knocked down. These results suggest that hepatotoxicity of LNA gapmer is caused by RNAseH1 activity, presumably because of off-target cleavage of RNAs inside nuclei.
High-contrast X-ray micro-radiography and micro-CT of ex-vivo soft tissue murine organs utilizing ethanol fixation and large area photon-counting detector
Authors: Dudak Jan , Zemlicka Jan , Karch Jakub , Patzelt Matej , Mrzilkova Jana , Zach Petr , Hermanova Zuzana , Kvacek Jiri , Krejci Frantisek
Published: July 2016

Using dedicated contrast agents high-quality X-ray imaging of soft tissue structures with isotropic micrometre resolution has become feasible. This technique is frequently titled as virtual histology as it allows production of slices of tissue without destroying the sample. The use of contrast agents is, however, often an irreversible time-consuming procedure and despite the non-destructive principle of X-ray imaging, the sample is usually no longer usable for other research methods. In this work we present the application of recently developed large-area photon counting detector for high resolution X-ray micro-radiography and micro-tomography of whole ex-vivo ethanol-preserved mouse organs. The photon counting detectors provide dark-current-free quantum-counting operation enabling acquisition of data with virtually unlimited contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Thanks to the very high CNR even ethanol-only preserved soft-tissue samples without addition of any contrast agent can be visualized in great detail. As ethanol preservation is one of the standard steps of tissue fixation for histology, the presented method can open a way for widespread use of micro-CT with all its advantages for routine 3D non-destructive soft-tissue visualisation.