bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel smart composite: from self-powered sensors to multi-responsive shape memory actuators
Authors: Li Yuqi , Xie Xi , Zhu Qixuan , Lu Shaorong , Bai Yongkang
Published: September 2022

A novel smart composite shows tunable functional applications from self-powered hydrogel sensors to multi-responsive shape memory actuators.
Synthesis of aza-BODIPYs with barrier-free rotation of the –tBu group at 3-site and enhancement of photothermal therapy by triggering cancer cell apoptosis
Authors: Zhao Junzhu , Wang Huan , Zhang Dongxiang , Shen Yue , Zhang Shan , Ren Junyi , Wang Zhan , Sun Ya-nan , Du Jianjun , Jiang Xin-Dong , Wang Guiling
Published: September 2022

Development of aza-BODIPY with barrier-free rotation of the –tBu group at 3-site provided a strong platform for the design of a photothermal therapy agent for cancer treatment by apoptosis.
Boosting photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants through enhanced piezoelectricity in free-standing nanofibril pyridyl-functionalized conjugated microporous polymer/poly(vinylidene fluoride–trifluoroethylene) hybrids
Authors: Meng Nan , Zhang Yu , Liu Yongsheng , Shi Yu , Jiang Ruyu , Wu Jiyue , Liao Yaozu
Published: September 2022

Nanofibril m-PCMP/PVDF–TrFE with an enhanced piezo-response of PVDF–TrFE and a tilted energy band of m-PCMP showed superb performance of piezo-photocatalytic dye degradation.
Equal‐area criterion and analytical model for transient stability assessment of hybrid AC–DC transmission system using voltage sourced converter
Authors: Wang Peng , Kuschke Maren , Strunz Kai
Published: September 2022

An analytical model for transient stability assessment of hybrid AC–DC transmission systems is formulated, implemented, and validated. The equal‐area criterion, as known from the transient stability analysis of AC power systems, is redeveloped for AC–DC power systems using high‐voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission based on the voltage sourced converter and in particular the modular multilevel converter (MMC). Through the proposed analytical solution, the critical clearing angle and the critical clearing time are obtained through symbolic calculations for the most severe DC and AC short‐circuit faults. The assumptions made to enable the formulation of the analytical solution are conservative with respect to the assessment of transient stability. Since the analytical solution is a function of main system parameters and prefault active power flows, it offers an answer to an entire set of problems. It so yields a direct method of transient stability assessment that provides an in‐depth and educational insight into the parameters influencing transient stability. As an illustrative application, the impact of scheduled power flows on DC versus AC lines on the transient stability is analysed. In the performed validation involving the comparison with a computationally more expensive numerical solution, the assumptions underlying the analytic solution were  justified.
Measurement quality of a software defined radio system for medical diagnostics
Authors: Zeng Xuezhi , Orozco Laura Guerrero
Published: September 2022

The measurement quality of a software defined radio system was investigated and discussed for medical diagnostics in the frequency band of interest 500 MHz–2 GHz. A calibration approach was proposed in order to deal with the random phase problem, and the obtained performance was evaluated and benchmarked against a vector network analyser. The results suggest that the measurement quality of the software defined radio system is mainly limited by the signal leakage from the transmitter to the receiver. Good agreement between the measurement data obtained with the software defined ratio system and the network analyser was achieved when the transmission loss is less than 70 dB. With some a priori knowledge of the measured object, the software defined radio system is able to perform accurate measurement when the transmission loss is even higher.
Number characteristics of information granules in information tables
Authors: Kong Qingzhao , Chang Xue'er
Published: September 2022

According to certain rules, some information granules are often induced from the information table, and then the corresponding granular computing models are established to deal with many kinds of data problems. Rough set is a kind of granular computing model which has been deeply studied, and its effectiveness in data processing has been widely proved. From the perspective of digital description, in this paper, the number of information granules, the base and dimension of information granule space induced from information table, is studied. In addition, the number of rough sets, the base and dimension of rough set space, and the accuracy of information granules are discussed.
Large magneto-thermoelectric effect on the verge of metal–insulator and topological transitionsin pyrochlore iridates
Authors: Ueda Kentaro , Fujioka Jun , Kanazawa Naoya , Tokura Yoshinori
Published: September 2022

We investigate the Seebeck and Nernst effects of pyrochlore iridium oxides (Nd1−xPrx)2Ir2O7 across the thermally induced and magnetic field-induced metal–insulator and topological transitions. Nd2Ir2O7 exhibits the salient temperature dependence of the Seebeck coefficient accompanied by the enhancement of the Nernst effect in the vicinity of the thermal magnetic transitions. Moreover, the Seebeck coefficient shows a remarkable magnetic field hysteresis with the differential magnitude reaching as large as 110 μV/K, as the conductive magnetic domain walls are generated/annihilated by the external field. For x = 0.5, the Nernst signal increases rapidly across the field-induced metal–insulator transitions, exceeding the values reported in existing ferromagnetic oxides. These findings indicate that the thermoelectric effects increase significantly near the topological electronic phase transitions in strongly correlated systems, providing a new guideline for thermoelectric material design.
Measurement of longitudinal nuclear spin relaxation time in NMR gyroscope by real-time monitoring
Authors: Zhang Yang , Zheng Jintao , Yu Zaiyang , Xiong Zhiqiang , Wang Zhiguo , Luo Hui
Published: September 2022

In the atomic cell of a nuclear magnetic resonance gyroscope, a transverse bias field is applied to enable the in situ alkali magnetometer to sense the variations in the longitudinal magnetic field. During a single relaxation process of the noble gas, the longitudinal relaxation time is obtained by monitoring and fitting the signal of the magnetometer in real-time. The relaxation times measured using our method are nearly identical to those obtained using the conventional delayed pulse method, but in contrast, our method saves ∼90% of the time. By using the new method, fast and accurate batch testing for a large number of atomic cells can be achieved to optimize the manufacturing of the cells, which is helpful in speeding up the development of gyroscopes.
Mind the gap
Authors: Rico Celia
Published: September 2022

Has post-editing changed the nature of translation? Are these tasks two sides of the same coin? These are some of the questions that recent developments in machine translation have brought to translation studies. The quality of the texts rendered by the new neural engines is good enough to challenge the traditional role of the human translator. Some voices even question whether there might be any place left for translators if, in the near future, their role is finally superseded by that of the post-editor. This paper offers a comprehensive view of the many aspects of post-editing with a view to shedding some light on the nature of this task. I first explore how the progress in machine translation has turned post-editing into an essential activity. Then, I present a proposal for a categorization of research areas in post-editing within the framework of translation studies. The central discussion of this paper revolves around three key ideas: (1) the conceptualization of post-editing as more than a simple, fast and inexpensive task; (2) the framing of post-editing as a dynamic process; and (3) the claim that defining quality in machine translation post-editing is not as straightforward as it may seem. The ultimate goal of this paper is to lay the foundations for further discussion into what it is that post-editing means for translation studies.
An E-band CMOS frequency quadrupler with 1.7-dBm output power and 45-dB fundamental suppression
Authors: Liao Xiaofei , Zhao Dixian , You Xiaohu
Published: September 2022

This paper presents an E-band frequency quadrupler in 40-nm CMOS technology. The circuit employs two push–push frequency doublers and two single-stage neutralized amplifiers. The pseudo-differential class-B biased cascode topology is adopted for the frequency doubler, which improves the reverse isolation and the conversion gain. Neutralization technique is applied to increase the stability and the power gain of the amplifiers simultaneously. The stacked transformers are used for single-ended-to-differential transformation as well as output bandpass filtering. The output bandpass filter enhances the 4th-harmonic output power, while rejecting the undesired harmonics, especially the 2nd harmonic. The core chip is 0.23 mm2 in size and consumes 34 mW. The measured 4th harmonic achieves a maximum output power of 1.7 dBm with a peak conversion gain of 3.4 dB at 76 GHz. The fundamental and 2nd-harmonic suppressions of over 45 and 20 dB are achieved for the spectrum from 74 to 82 GHz, respectively.
RF characterization of InP double heterojunction bipolar transistors on a flexible substrate under bending conditions
Authors: Wu Lishu , Dai Jiayun , Kong Yuechan , Chen Tangsheng , Zhang Tong
Published: September 2022

This letter presents the fabrication of InP double heterojunction bipolar transistors (DHBTs) on a 3-inch flexible substrate with various thickness values of the benzocyclobutene (BCB) adhesive bonding layer, the corresponding thermal resistance of the InP DHBT on flexible substrate is also measured and calculated. InP DHBT on a flexible substrate with 100 nm BCB obtains cut-off frequency f
T = 358 GHz and maximum oscillation frequency f
MAX = 530 GHz. Moreover, the frequency performance of the InP DHBT on flexible substrates at different bending radii are compared. It is shown that the bending strain has little effect on the frequency characteristics (less than 8.5%), and these bending tests prove that InP DHBT has feasible flexibility.
Growth and characterization of β-Ga2O3 thin films grown on off-angled Al2O3 substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Zhang Yabao , Zheng Jun , Ma Peipei , Zheng Xueyi , Liu Zhi , Zuo Yuhua , Li Chuanbo , Cheng Buwen
Published: September 2022

Beta-gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) thin films were deposited on c-plane (0001) sapphire substrates with different mis-cut angles along <

> by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The structural properties and surface morphology of as-grown β-Ga2O3 thin films were investigated in detail. It was found that by using thin buffer layer and mis-cut substrate technology, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the (

) diffraction peak of the β-Ga2O3 film is decreased from 2° on c-plane (0001) Al2O3 substrate to 0.64° on an 8° off-angled c-plane (0001) Al2O3 substrate. The surface root-mean-square (RMS) roughness can also be improved greatly and the value is 1.27 nm for 8° off-angled c-plane (0001) Al2O3 substrate. Room temperature photoluminescence (PL) was observed, which was attributed to the self-trapped excitons formed by oxygen and gallium vacancies in the film. The ultraviolet–blue PL intensity related with oxygen and gallium vacancies is decreased with the increasing mis-cut angle, which is in agreement with the improved crystal quality measured by high resolution X-ray diffraction (HR-XRD). The present results provide a route for growing high quality β-Ga2O3 film on Al2O3 substrate.
Hyperdoped silicon: Processing, properties, and devices
Authors: Tong Zhouyu , Bu Mingxuan , Zhang Yiqiang , Yang Deren , Pi Xiaodong
Published: September 2022

Hyperdoping that introduces impurities with concentrations exceeding their equilibrium solubility has been attracting great interest since the tuning of semiconductor properties increasingly relies on extreme measures. In this review we focus on hyperdoped silicon (Si) by introducing methods used for the hyperdoping of Si such as ion implantation and laser doping, discussing the electrical and optical properties of hyperdoped bulk Si, Si nanocrystals, Si nanowires and Si films, and presenting the use of hyperdoped Si for devices like infrared photodetectors and solar cells. The perspectives of the development of hyperdoped Si are also provided.
Towards modified bimetric theories within non-product spectral geometry
Authors: Bochniak Arkadiusz
Published: September 2022

We discuss a class of doubled geometry models with diagonal metrics. Based on the analysis of known examples we formulate a hypothesis that supports treating them as modified bimetric gravity theories. Certain steps towards the generic case are then performed.
Self-avoiding walks contained within a square
Authors: Guttmann Anthony J , Jensen Iwan , Owczarek Aleksander L
Published: September 2022

We have studied self-avoiding walks contained within anL×Lsquare whose end-points can lie anywhere within, or on, the boundaries of the square. We prove that such walks behave, asymptotically, as walks crossing a square (WCAS), being those walks whose end-points lie at the south-east and north-west corners of the square. We provide numerical data, enumerating all such walks, and analyse the sequence of coefficients in order to estimate the asymptotic behaviour. We also studied a subset of these walks, those that must contain at least one edge on all four boundaries of the square. We provide compelling evidence that these two classes of walks grow identically. From our analysis we conjecture that the number of such walksCL, for both problems, behaves as

CL∼λL2+bL+c⋅Lg,

where (Guttmann and Jensen 2022J. Phys. A: Math. Theor.)λ= 1.744 5498 ± 0.000 0012,b= −0.043 54 ± 0.0005,c= −1.35 ± 0.45, andg= 3.9 ± 0.1. Finally, we also studied the equivalent problem for self-avoiding polygons, also known as cycles in a square grid. The asymptotic behaviour of cycles has the same form as walks, but with different values of the parametersc, andg. Our numerical analysis shows thatλandbhave the same values as for WCAS and thatc= 1.776 ± 0.002 whileg= −0.500 ± 0.005 and hence probably equals−12.
Direct probing of strong magnon–photon coupling in a planar geometry
Authors: Kaffash Mojtaba T , Wagle Dinesh , Rai Anish , Meyer Thomas , Xiao John Q , Jungfleisch M Benjamin
Published: September 2022

We demonstrate direct probing of strong magnon–photon coupling using Brillouin light scattering (BLS) spectroscopy in a planar geometry. The magnonic hybrid system comprises a split-ring resonator loaded with epitaxial yttrium iron garnet thin films of 200 nm and 2.46 μm thickness. The BLS measurements are combined with microwave spectroscopy measurements where both biasing magnetic field and microwave excitation frequency are varied. The cooperativity for the 200 nm-thick YIG films is 1.1, and larger cooperativity of 29.1 is found for the 2.46 μm-thick YIG film. We show that BLS is advantageous for probing the magnonic character of magnon–photon polaritons, while microwave absorption is more sensitive to the photonic character of the hybrid excitation. A miniaturized, planar device design is imperative for the potential integration of magnonic hybrid systems in future coherent information technologies, and our results are a first stepping stone in this regard. Furthermore, successfully detecting the magnonic hybrid excitation by BLS is an essential step for the up-conversion of quantum signals from the microwave to the optical regime in hybrid quantum systems.
Principles of tractor atom interferometry
Authors: Raithel Georg , Duspayev Alisher , Dash Bineet , Carrasco Sebastián C , Goerz Michael H , Vuletić Vladan , Malinovsky Vladimir S
Published: September 2022

We present principles and possible design concepts for a tractor atom interferometer (TAI) based on three-dimensional confinement and transport of ultracold atoms. The confinement reduces device size and wave-packet dispersion, enables arbitrary holding times, and facilitates control to create complex trajectories that allow for optimization to enable fast splitting and recombination, to suppress detrimental nonadiabatic excitation, and to cancel unwanted sensitivity. Thus, the design allows for further advancement of compact, high-sensitivity, quantum sensing technology. In particular, we focus on the implementation of quantum-enhanced accelerometers and gyroscopes. We discuss TAI protocols for both spin-dependent and scalar trapping potentials. Using optimal control theory, we demonstrate the splitting of the wave function on a time scale two orders of magnitude shorter than a previous proposal using adiabatic dynamics, thus maximizing the time spent at full separation, where the interferometric phase is accumulated. The performance estimates for TAI give a promising perspective for atom-interferometry-based sensing, significantly exceeding the sensitivities of current state-of-the-art devices.
Space matters: reducing energy disparity in Nepal through spatially equitable renewable energy subsidies
Authors: Bharadwaj Bishal , Pattanayak Subhrendu K , Ashworth Peta
Published: September 2022

Affordability is a major barrier to the adoption of clean energy technologies in low-income countries, which is partly why many governments provide subsidies to offset some of the upfront (installation) costs. However, simple administrative rules might not fully account for economic geography, resulting in lower subsidies for remote areas. Using regression analysis on a rich dataset of adoption, cost and subsidy for about 4000 Nepalese Village Development Committees over 22 years, we show that administratively determined lumpsum subsidies disproportionately hurt remote communities. Simulations show that adjusting the subsidy spatially to reflect the geographic cost of living, can increase clean technology adoption. Thus, spatial targeting of subsidies is key to accelerating energy access in remote settings such as the Hindu Kush Himalaya.
Social network heterogeneity benefits individuals at the expense of groups in the creation of innovation
Authors: Zarei F , Ryckebusch J , Schoors K , Rocha L E C
Published: September 2022

Innovation is fundamental for development and provides a competitive advantage for societies. It is the process of creating more complex technologies, ideas, or protocols from existing ones. While innovation may be created by single agents (i.e. individuals or organisations), it is often a result of social interactions between agents exchanging and combining complementary expertise and perspectives. The structure of social networks impacts this knowledge exchange process. To study the role of social network structures on the creation of new technologies, we design an evolutionary mechanistic model combining self-creation and social learning. We find that social heterogeneity allows agents to leverage the benefits of diversity and to develop technologies of higher complexity. Social heterogeneity, however, reduces the group ability to innovate. Not only the social structure but also the openness of agents to collaborate affect innovation. We find that interdisciplinary interactions lead to more complex technologies benefiting the entire group but also increase the inequality in the innovation output. Lower openness to interdisciplinary collaborations may be compensated by a higher ability to collaborate with multiple peers, but low openness also neutralises the intrinsic benefits of network heterogeneity. Our findings indicate that social network heterogeneity has contrasting effects on microscopic (local) and macroscopic (group) levels, suggesting that the emergence of innovation leaders may suppress the overall group performance.
Gradients should stay on path: better estimators of the reverse- and forward KL divergence for normalizing flows
Authors: Vaitl Lorenz , Nicoli Kim A , Nakajima Shinichi , Kessel Pan
Published: September 2022

We show how to use the path-wise derivative estimator for both the forward reverse Kullback–Leibler divergence for any practically invertible normalizing flow. The resulting path-gradient estimators are straightforward to implement, have lower variance, and lead not only to faster convergence of training but also to better overall approximation results compared to standard total gradient estimators. We also demonstrate that path-gradient training is less susceptible to mode-collapse. In light of our results, we expect that path-gradient estimators will become the new standard method to train normalizing flows for variational inference.
Identification of a Golgi-localized peptide reveals a minimal Golgi-targeting motif
Authors: Navarro Alexandra P. , Cheeseman Iain M.
Published: September 2022

We serendipitously identify a Golgi-localized peptide that is hiding within the mRNA for a centromere component, providing a valuable tool for the live-cell imaging of Golgi dynamics.
Process
Authors: Zelden Charles L.
Published: September 2022

This chapter walks the reader though a typical judicial proceeding—both criminal and civil—outlining the steps in a legal dispute from triggering events to the hiring of a lawyer, pleadings and pretrial motions, and jury selection, to oral arguments, and closings, followed by the issuing of a final verdict, ruling, and posttrial motions. It also notes the differences and similarities between civil and criminal legal procedures and process.
Winter at Koltushi
Authors: Todes Daniel P.
Published: September 2022

Pavlov spent his final winter at his favorite place—his science village in Koltushi, just outside Leningrad. There he struggled to complete two manuscripts—an article on the physiology of psychological processes and a letter to Joseph Stalin’s right-hand man, Vyacheslav Molotov, about the relationship between science, Communism, and Christianity. These manuscripts expressed his lifelong quest to replace uncertainty and chance with scientific certainty. A talented experimenter and driven truth seeker, Pavlov’s scientific style and career were shaped by his personality, the exciting scientific developments of his time, and his biographical trajectory through turbulent times for his beloved Russia. That distinctive scientific style took form in his Nobel Prize–winning studies of digestion and the three decades of research on conditional reflexes that made him a famous, though widely misunderstood, symbol of twentieth-century science.
Noise
Authors: Katz Mark
Published: September 2022

This chapter reveals how noise is inextricably connected with the tools and systems that create, reproduce, and disseminate sound. Whether in the form of instruments, recording gear, or playback equipment, music technology is inescapably noisy. Noise typically has negative connotations. It is often meant to be abated, blocked, canceled, or dampened. It can be a form of pollution and regarded as ugly, offensive, or violent. But noise can also be gentle, nuanced, soothing, and beautiful. Noise may form the basis of new works, performance practices, and genres. Case studies focus on musical practices and genres that embrace noise; the racist and sometimes violent conflation of hip hop, a musical tradition rooted in Black culture, and noise; and the use of music—as noise—in torture, especially as an outcome of state-sanctioned interrogations of prisoners of war.
Blood-derived exosomes released after the oral administration of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis activate immunity
Authors: Matsuo Tomoe , Nakao Koji , Hara Kosuke , Kawaguchi Susumu
Published: September 2022

We aimed to examine the mechanism of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis (HkEf) immunostimulatory effect when orally administered. Immunocompetent splenocytes from mice orally administered HkEf were assessed using flow cytometry. Immunocompetent cells were determined by culturing splenocytes with serum or blood derived-exosomes. In vitro studies evaluated the reaction between mouse splenocytes and exosomes purified and isolated from mice bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) treated with HkEf. Levels of dendritic cells, red pulp macrophages, and inactive NK cells were significantly higher in the HkEf-treated group. Red pulp macrophages and inactive NK cells were increased in splenocytes cultured with blood-derived exosomes from mice administered HkEf. Further, mouse splenocytes cultured with the HkEf-stimulated BMDMs-derived exosomes group had significantly higher levels of red pulp macrophages. Thus, HkEf was involved in host immunostimulation and exosomes were identified as mediators in immune response signaling. Further verification of the mechanism would be needed to fill in the gap between the present results and conclusions.
Machine learning-based tumor-infiltrating immune cell-associated lncRNAs for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in patients with glioblastoma
Authors: Zhang Hao , Zhang Nan , Wu Wantao , Zhou Ran , Li Shuyu , Wang Zeyu , Dai Ziyu , Zhang Liyang , Liu Zaoqu , Zhang Jian , Luo Peng , Liu Zhixiong , Cheng Quan
Published: September 2022

Long noncoding ribonucleic acids (RNAs; lncRNAs) have been associated with cancer immunity regulation. However, the roles of immune cell-specific lncRNAs in glioblastoma (GBM) remain largely unknown. In this study, a novel computational framework was constructed to screen the tumor-infiltrating immune cell-associated lncRNAs (TIIClnc) for developing TIIClnc signature by integratively analyzing the transcriptome data of purified immune cells, GBM cell lines and bulk GBM tissues using six machine learning algorithms. As a result, TIIClnc signature could distinguish survival outcomes of GBM patients across four independent datasets, including the Xiangya in-house dataset, and more importantly, showed superior performance than 95 previously established signatures in gliomas. TIIClnc signature was revealed to be an indicator of the infiltration level of immune cells and predicted the response outcomes of immunotherapy. The positive correlation between TIIClnc signature and CD8, PD-1 and PD-L1 was verified in the Xiangya in-house dataset. As a newly demonstrated predictive biomarker, the TIIClnc signature enabled a more precise selection of the GBM population who would benefit from immunotherapy and should be validated and applied in the near future.
Overcoming the limits of natural computation in biological evolution toward the maximization of system efficiency
Authors: Igamberdiev Abir U
Published: September 2022

The goal-directedness of biological evolution is realized via the anticipatory achievement of the final state of the system that corresponds to the condition of its perfection in self-maintenance and in adaptability. In the course of individual development, a biological system maximizes its power via synergistic effects and becomes able to perform external work most efficiently. In this state, defined as stasis, robust self-maintaining configurations act as attractors resistant to external and internal perturbations. This corresponds to the local energy–time constraints that most efficiently fit the integral optimization of the whole system. In evolution, major evolutionary transitions that establish new states of stasis are achieved via codepoiesis, a process in which the undecided statements of existing coding systems form the basis for the evolutionary unfolding of the system by assigning new values to them. The genetic fixation of this macroevolutionary process leads to new programmes of individual development representing the process of natural computation. The phenomenon of complexiﬁcation in evolution represents a metasystem transition that results in maximization of a system’s power and in the ability to increase external work performed by the system.
Achievements of primary prevention targets in individuals with high risk of cardiovascular disease: an 8-year follow-up of the Tromsø study
Authors: Hagen Amalie Nilsen , Ariansen Inger , Hanssen Tove Aminda , Lappegård Knut Tore , Eggen Anne Elise , Løchen Maja-Lisa , Njølstad Inger , Wilsgaard Tom , Hopstock Laila Arnesdatter
Published: September 2022

Aims

To study change over 8 years in cardiovascular risk, achievement of national guideline-based treatment targets of lipids, blood pressure (BP) and smoking in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), medication use, and characteristics associated with target achievement among individuals with high CVD risk in a general population.

Methods and results

We followed 2524 women and men aged 40–79 years with high risk of CVD attending the population-based Tromsø study in 2007–08 (Tromsø6) to their participation in the next survey in 2015–16 (Tromsø7). We used descriptive statistics and regression models to study change in CVD risk and medication use, and characteristics associated with treatment target achievement. In total, 71.4% reported use of BP- and/or lipid-lowering medication at second screening. Overall, CVD risk decreased during follow-up, with a larger decrease among medication users compared with non-users. Treatment target achievement was 31.0% for total cholesterol <5 mmol/L, 27.3% for LDL cholesterol <3 mmol/L, 43.4% for BP <140/90 (<135/85 if diabetes) mmHg, and 85.4% for non-smoking. A total of 9.8% reached all treatment targets combined. Baseline risk factor levels and current medication use had the strongest associations with treatment target achievement.

Conclusion

We found an overall improvement in CVD risk factors among high-risk individuals over 8 years. However, guideline-based treatment target achievement was relatively low for all risk factors except smoking. Medication use was the strongest characteristic associated with achieving treatment targets. This study has demonstrated that primary prevention of CVD continues to remain a major challenge.
The Associations of Individual and Subclasses of Nonesterified Fatty Acids With Disability, and Mobility Limitation in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study
Authors: Ahiawodzi Peter D , Buzkova Petra , Lichtenstein Alice H , Matthan Nirupa R , Ix Joachim H , Kizer Jorge R , Tracy Russell P , Arnold Alice , Newman Anne B , Siscovick David , Djousse Luc , Mukamal Kenneth J
Published: September 2022

Background

We sought to determine the associations between individual nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and disability and mobility limitation.

Methods

We studied 1 734 participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), an ongoing population-based cohort study of community-living older American adults. We measured 35 individual NEFA species in fasting serum samples obtained at the 1996–1997 clinic visit. Using yearly assessments of activities of daily living and self-reported mobility, we identified participants with incident disability or mobility limitation during 15 years of follow-up. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to determine the associations between per SD increment in the individual NEFAs and incident disability and mobility limitations with adjustment for potential confounding factors.

Results

Higher concentrations of total and a broad range of individual NEFA species were associated with risk of disability and mobility limitation (disability: HR per SD of total NEFA [SD = 174.70] = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.04–1.18, p = .001; mobility limitation: HR per SD of total NEFA = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.02–1.16, p = .01). Among individual saturated NEFAs (SFAs), myristic (14:0) and palmitic (16:0) acids were significantly associated with higher risk of both disability and mobility limitations, but longer-chain FAs were not. Most individual monounsaturated (MUFA), n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and trans FAs were positively significantly associated with higher risks of both disability and mobility limitation. In contrast, most n-3 PUFA species were not associated with disability or mobility limitation.

Conclusions

Higher risks of disability and mobility limitation were observed for proinflammatory intermediate-chain SFAs, MUFAs, n-6 PUFAs, and trans FAs. Our findings indicated no significant association for anti-inflammatory n-3 PUFAs.
Climate-induced habitat changes in commercial fish stocks
Authors: Bell Richard J , Grieve Brian , Ribera Marta , Manderson John , Richardson Dave
Published: September 2022

Climate change is altering the distribution and abundance of fish species in ways not anticipated by current management policy. We created spatially explicit, dynamic models of marine habitats that can inform stock assessments for 25 commercial species on the US Northeast Shelf. The habitat models integrated substrate and seabed features along with the dynamic properties of the ocean. Changes in climate-mediated habitat can affect the survey results by altering the availability component of catchability. Changes in availability were examined (1980–2014) by combining species distribution models with hindcast ocean models. Three patterns in availability were evident: (1) the availability for most species varied over time with no trend; (2) for a number of estuary-dependent species, availability varied with no trend and then dropped dramatically in 2009 when the federal trawl survey changed vessels; and (3) for a set of mid-depth, non-estuary dependent species, availability showed a continuous decline over time. There were few changes in dynamic habitat as the bottom water temperature did not exhibit a strong trend over the time-period studied, resulting in little climate-attributed changes in catchability. Changes in survey design can also have dramatic impacts on catchability, highlighting the method’s ability to detect both climate driven and survey driven changes in catchability.
Decrease in recreational fisher compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic: the case of Rockfish Conservation Areas
Authors: Ban Natalie C , Miltner Chessi , Matthews Charlotte , Ankenman Madeleine , Stelte Sarah , Haggarty Dana , Davies Hailey L , Venturelli Paul A , Juanes Francis
Published: September 2022

Little is known about the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on recreational fisheries compliance. Starting in 2015, we monitored recreational fishing activity in Rockfish Conservation Areas (RCAs) with trail cameras overlooking RCAs around Galiano Island, Canada. We also carried out in-person surveys with recreational fishers at marinas and docks to assess recreational fisher compliance with RCAs. Questions included asking fishers whether they had accidentally or intentionally fished inside RCAs with prohibited techniques in the past two years. The number of suspected or confirmed angling incidents that we observed on the trail cameras declined steadily from 2015 to 2019, and then increased significantly during the pandemic to the highest levels seen during our eight years of data collection. The number of fishers who admitted to intentionally or accidentally fishing in RCAs in the past two years with prohibited gears did not change during the pandemic, although there was an apparent but not statistically significant increase in the number of respondents who personally knew someone who intentionally fished in RCAs. Our study corroborates other research that showed a response of pandemic lockdowns on illegal activities. High non-compliance highlights the ongoing need for education, outreach, and increased enforcement.
Role of linear ubiquitination in inflammatory responses and tissue homeostasis
Authors: Sasaki Katsuhiro , Iwai Kazuhiro
Published: September 2022

Polyubiquitination is a post-translational modification involved in a wide range of immunological events, including inflammatory responses, immune cell differentiation, and development of inflammatory diseases. The versatile functions of polyubiquitination are based on different types of ubiquitin linkage, which enable various UBD (ubiquitin binding domain)-containing adaptor proteins to associate and induce distinct biological outputs. A unique and atypical type of polyubiquitin chain comprising a conjugation between the N-terminal methionine of the proximal ubiquitin moiety and the C-terminal glycine of the distal ubiquitin moiety, referred to as a linear or M1-linked ubiquitin chain, has been studied exclusively within the field of immunology because it is distinct from other polyubiquitin forms: linear ubiquitin chains are generated predominantly by various inflammatory stimulants, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and act as a critical modulator of transient and optimal signal transduction. Moreover, accumulating evidence suggests that linear ubiquitin chains are of physiological significance. Dysregulation of linear ubiquitination triggers chronic inflammation and immunodeficiency via downregulation of linear ubiquitin-dependent nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling and by triggering TNF-α-induced cell death, suggesting that linear ubiquitination is a homeostatic regulator of tissue-specific functions. In this review, we focus on our current understating of the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which linear ubiquitin chains control inflammatory environments. Furthermore, we review the role of linear ubiquitination on T cell development, differentiation, and function, thereby providing insight into its direct association with maintaining the immune system.
Revolt and Rule: Learning about Governance from Rebel Groups
Authors: Loyle Cyanne E , Braithwaite Jessica Maves , Cunningham Kathleen Gallagher , Huang Reyko , Huddleston R Joseph , Jung Danielle F , Rubin Michael A
Published: September 2022

Recent work in international relations has problematized state-centric assumptions of governance to explore variations in authority by a range of nonstate actors (e.g., nongovernmental organizations, criminal syndicates, gangs). This forum centers on the phenomenon of rebel group governance during civil wars and leverages the concept to advance our understanding of current theories and conceptualizations of governance. The nature of rebel organizations provides a unique opportunity for researchers to expand the state-centric focus on governance because rebel actors differ from states in their comparative position within the global state system, the contexts in which they operate, and their lack of legitimizing principles that permit consistent membership as a class of political actors. These differences allow for meaningful extensions of how we theorize and conceptualize governance beyond the state. Furthermore, variation across these differences allows our findings in the study rebel governance to speak directly to the broader literature in international relations on governance by state actors. In our introduction to this forum, we detail the ways in which rebel groups have chosen to address the central components of governance through a variety of governance strategies. We then devote three essays in the forum to the concepts of legitimacy, capacity, and territorial control. In each of the three essays, authors discuss the ways in which rebel governance problematizes and advances these concepts for the broader study of governance. In the conclusion, this forum synthesizes extant and emerging work in the field of rebel governance in order to raise new questions of the governance and state building literatures. In this way, we show how investigating governance by rebel groups in particular advances our understanding of governance more broadly.
4 Evaluating the Use of Leukocyte Coping Capacity as a Measure of Acute Stress in Growing Pigs During a Cycling Heating Period
Authors: Kasakamu Mary L , Young Jennifer M , Byrd Christopher J
Published: September 2022

The study objective was to evaluate leukocyte coping capacity (LCC) as a measure of acute heat stress in growing pigs. The LCC method utilizes an artificial challenge procedure on whole blood samples to mimic the leukocyte respiratory burst that is typically observed in response to pathogen exposure. A reduction in respiratory burst size, measured in relative light units (RLU) by chemiluminescence, indicates less LCC and greater physiological stress. Forty pigs (mean 66.7 kg BW; range: 54.9-87.5 kg) were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments, 1) thermoneutral (TN; n = 20), where pigs were maintained under thermoneutral conditions (range: 18.9-23.7 °C), or 2) heat stress (HS; n = 20), where pigs were exposed to a cycling heating period (range: 19.5-28.6 °C) for 48 h. Over each 24 h period, HS housing temperatures rose gradually from 0800-1200 h, were maintained at a maximal level until 1600 h, and gradually returned to thermoneutral temperatures by 1800 h. Blood (2 mL) was collected from each pig at 0 (0800 h), +4, +8, +24 and +48 h relative to the start of the experiment. Whole blood samples were challenged with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate to induce a respiratory burst, which was measured using a portable luminometer. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4. An hour effect was observed (P < 0.001), where RLU values increased linearly throughout the experimental period. However, RLU did not differ between TN and HS pigs (57.9 ± 4.1 vs. 55.4 ± 4.1 RLU, respectively; P = 0.67). Additionally, no treatment by hour interaction was observed at any timepoint (P = 0.48). Overall, a cycling heating period did not alter LCC in growing pigs. Future studies should evaluate whether LCC is effective for measuring additional properties of heat stress, such as greater temperatures or chronic periods of exposure.
94 The Present and Future of Nasem Beef Nutrient Requirement Modeling
Authors: White Robin R
Published: September 2022

The precise and accurate prediction of animal nutrient requirements, feed intake, water intake, environmental impacts, and production efficiency is an essential function of nutrient requirement models when leveraged as tools to enhance the sustainability of livestock production systems. Historically, the legal standard for determining nutrient requirements of livestock within the United States has leveraged the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) nutrient requirement series (formerly referred to as the National Research Council (NRC) models). The objective of this work is to review the present advantages and future needs for the NASEM Beef Nutrient Requirement Models. Due to current production conditions prevalent within the United States beef industry, the adequate prediction of performance outcomes in commercial cattle in group feeding situations is arguably of the greatest importance. However, as the climate changes and interest in new genetics, production strategies, and feeding approaches expand, there will be an increasing need to additionally provide precise and accurate predictions of individual animals based on genetic potential, production system, and climate conditions. The NASEM 2016 Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle presented a stepwise improvement in model sophistication and customizability though the inclusion of a number of individually adjustable constants to adapt model predictions to animal performance in production settings, and through the expanded use of mechanistic solutions in estimating nutrient requirements. Another major advancement of this model release was the opportunity to push model updates and fixes as users identify challenges or issues with the model. The capacity to update nutrient requirement models in a more agile manner greatly contributes to the long-term need for more adaptable and flexible ration formulation tools. Although these improvements may enhance usability of the NASEM models, there are some additional opportunities for future iterations, including better capacity to explore individual animal requirements, leverage precision livestock farming technologies, and design rations to adapt animals to climate change.
130 The raw Truth: Feeding zoo-Housed Carnivores
Authors: Kerr Katherine , Brooks Mathew
Published: September 2022

Health and wellness of animals in our care is inexorably linked to their feeding experience (i.e., what and how food is offered). Usage of raw meat-based diets is longstanding and widespread in US zoos and aquaria, with a movement towards increased proportions of the diet from whole prey. Pet food industry has seen a steep rise in number and diversity of commercially available raw meat-based products for pets in recent decades, whereas the number of suppliers and products for zoo markets remain low. Budgetary constraints of zoos equate to lower quality ingredients than those in the premium pet food market. Zoo markets have not been immune to supply chain issues during the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic, resulting in the challenges of higher cost and decreased supply. Advances to the well-being of our animals could be achieved by leveraging findings from pet food research to include value-added nutrients such as probiotics, natural antioxidants, and Omega-3 enriched oils. In cases where animal needs differ from nutrition provided by commercial products (e.g., medical cases, enhancing feeding experience), zoo nutritionists rely on in-house formulations to provide additional support. Often these cases require creative formulation leveraging items from the human-food market and other unconventional sources. Examples and practical applications of individualized formulations for zoo and aquaria will be discussed.
158 Predicting Intake and Digestibility of Nutrients in Beef Cattle fed High Forage Diets Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (Nirs) of Feces and Internal Markers
Authors: Peters Jenilee F , Swift Mary Lou , Penner Gregory B , Lardner Bart , McAllister Timothy A , Ribeiro Gabriel O
Published: September 2022

Objectives of this study were to determine the potential of near infrared-spectroscopy (NIRS) scanning of feces to predict diet digestibility and intake in beef cattle fed high forage diets, and to investigate the use of acid detergent lignin (ADL) and undigestible neutral detergent fiber (uNDF) as internal markers to determine digestibility. Beef heifers were fed 12 different forage-based diets ( > 95% forage dry matter basis) in 3 total collection studies, resulting in individual fecal samples and related spectra (n = 135) corresponding to apparent total tract digestibility (aTTD) and intake data. Dried and ground fecal samples were scanned using a FOSS DS2500 scanning monochromator (FOSS, Eden Prairie, MN). Modified partial least squares (MPLS) regression was performed to develop equations to predict digestibility [dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), NDF, and nitrogen (N)], and intake [DM, OM, NDF, N, uNDF]. Digestibility prediction equations for DM, OM, NDF, and N resulted in R2CV or 0.72, 0.65, 0.74 and 0.69, respectively, and standard error of cross validation (SECV) between 2.20 to 2.82. Intake calibrations for DM, OM, N, NDF, ADL and uNDF resulted in R2CV values between 0.59 and 0.91, SECV for intake (kg/d) of 1.12, 1.10, 0.02, 0.69, 0.06, 0.24, respectively, SECV for intake % body weight (BW) between 0.00 and 0.16; and SECV for g/kg BW0.75 between 0.60 and 0.86. Significant correlations (P < 0.01) were identified between NDFD determined by aTTD and by the internal marker ADL (r = 0.72) or uNDF (r = 0.57). Developed calibrations predicting marker calculated digestibility resulted in R2CV(SECV) values of 0.85(2.70) and 0.80(2.46) for lignin and uNDF, respectively. We confirm the potential of NIRS to predict digestibility and intake of cattle fed high forage diets. Future steps include further validation of the intake calibration equations using internal marker and energetics modeling.