bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment of inconclusives in the AFTE range of conclusions
Authors: Hofmann Heike , Carriquiry Alicia , Vanderplas Susan
Published: February 2021

In the past decade, and in response to the recommendations set forth by the National Research Council Committee on Identifying the Needs of the Forensic Sciences Community (2009), scientists have conducted several black-box studies that attempt to estimate the error rates of firearm examiners. Most of these studies have resulted in vanishingly small error rates, and at least one of them (D. P. Baldwin, S. J. Bajic, M. Morris, and D. Zamzow. A Study of False-Positive and False-Negative Error Rates in Cartridge Case Comparisons. Technical report, Ames Lab IA, Performing, Fort Belvoir, VA, April 2014.) was cited by the President’s Council of Advisors in Science and Technology (PCAST) during the Obama administration, as an example of a well-designed experiment. What has received little attention, however, is the actual calculation of error rates and in particular, the effect of inconclusive findings on those error estimates. The treatment of inconclusives in the assessment of errors has far-reaching implications in the legal system. Here, we revisit several black-box studies in the area of firearms examination, investigating their treatment of inconclusive results. It is clear that there are stark differences in the rate of inconclusive results in regions with different norms for training and reporting conclusions. More surprisingly, the rate of inconclusive decisions for materials from different sources is notably higher than the rate of inconclusive decisions for same-source materials in some regions. To mitigate the effects of this difference we propose a unifying approach to the calculation of error rates that is directly applicable in forensic laboratories and in legal settings.
Biases in demographic modelling affect our understanding of recent divergence
Authors: Momigliano Paolo , Florin Ann-Britt , Merilä Juha
Published: February 2021

Testing among competing demographic models of divergence has become an important component of evolutionary research in model and non-model organisms. However, the effect of unaccounted demographic events on model choice and parameter estimation remains largely unexplored. Using extensive simulations, we demonstrate that under realistic divergence scenarios, failure to account for population size (Ne) changes in daughter and ancestral populations leads to strong biases in divergence time estimates as well as model choice. We illustrate these issues reconstructing the recent demographic history of North Sea and Baltic Sea turbots (Schopthalmus maximus) by testing 16 Isolation with Migration (IM) and 16 Secondary Contact (SC) scenarios, modelling changes in Ne as well as the effects of linked selection and barrier loci. Failure to account for changes in Ne resulted in selecting SC models with long periods of isolation and divergence times preceding the formation of the Baltic Sea. In contrast, models accounting for Ne changes suggest recent (<6 kya) divergence with constant gene flow. We further show how interpreting genomic landscapes of differentiation can help discerning among competing models. For example, in the turbots data islands of differentiation show signatures of recent selective sweeps, rather than old divergence resisting secondary introgression. The results have broad implications for the study of population divergence by high-lighting the potential effects of unmodeleld changes in Ne on demographic inference. Tested models should aim at representing realistic divergence scenarios for the target taxa, and extreme caution should always be exercised when interpreting results of demographic modelling.
Imaging inorganic nanomaterial fate down to the organelle level
Authors: Deniaud Aurélien
Published: February 2021

Nanotoxicology remains an important and emerging field since only recent years have seen the improvement of biological models and exposure setups toward real-life scenarios. The appropriate analysis of nanomaterial fate in these conditions also required methodological developments in imaging to become sensitive enough and element specific. In the last 2–4 years, impressive breakthroughs have been achieved using electron microscopy, nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence microscopy, or fluorescent sensors. In this review, basics of the approaches and application examples in the study of nanomaterial fate in biological systems will be described to highlight recent successes in the field.
The Japanese Judiciary
Authors: Ramseyer J. Mark
Published: February 2021

This article surveys the state of (and the research into) the Japanese judiciary. Japan operates a largely honest and meritocratic judiciary. The court’s administrative office (and indirectly, the majority party) has the ability to reward and punish judges for the quality of the work they do. For the most part, the administrative office uses that capacity to reward good work. It can also use the capacity to punish opposition politics—but self-selection into the judiciary seems to keep the (perceived) need for that political intervention to a minimum.
Japanese Trade Policy
Authors: Davis Christina L.
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines Japanese trade policy to explain how economic interests and domestic political institutions have supported the resilience of free trade policies in Japan. The mercantilist ideas and the reactive state model of past years have been replaced by strong support of free trade and Kantei diplomacy to lead in setting rules for the trade regime complex. Once dependent on the United States and mired in bilateral trade friction, Japan has emerged as an active supporter of engagement with China and the pursuit of free trade agreements, alongside continued commitment to the multilateral rules. Japanese-style trade adjustment and the slow path to liberalization served to balance economic efficiency with political stability as the government has supported narrow interests along with long-term trade strategies for economic growth.
Kōmeitō
Authors: Klein Axel , McLaughlin Levi
Published: February 2021

This chapter surveys the history, operation in coalition, support base, and key policies of Kōmeitō (the Clean Government Party). It begins with an overview of party typologies and argues that Kōmeitō is not easily placed in any comparative political science category. The chapter then delves into the party’s history, detailing its origins in 1964 as an outgrowth from Sōka Gakkai, an influential Japanese lay Buddhist organization. It discusses Kōmeitō’s increasing institutional disaggregation from Sōka Gakkai after its formal separation in 1970, its role in changing Japan’s political system in the 1990s, and its entrée into governmental coalition with the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) from 1999. The analysis extends to the present and draws on elections data, party publications, interviews with Kōmeitō politicians, ethnography within Sōka Gakkai, and other sources to track ways the party has relied on Gakkai vote-gatherers to secure a pivotal position within Japanese politics, even as its adherent supporters have become increasingly diverse and liable to critique the party their religion founded. It concludes by considering challenges Kōmeitō faces from within Sōka Gakkai, from the LDP, and from Japan’s demographic, political, and societal shifts.
Traumatic Stress Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Authors: La Greca Annette M. , Zimmerman Cortney Taylor , Herge Whitney M. , Danzi BreAnne A.
Published: February 2021

Youth’s exposure to natural disasters, acts of violence, motor vehicle accidents, and other injuries, interpersonal violence, and life-threatening medical illnesses often leads to significant psychological distress. Although most youth are resilient, a significant minority experience symptoms of acute stress disorder (ASD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or other psychological difficulties that interfere with their adjustment and functioning. This chapter provides a framework for understanding ASD and PTSD in children and adolescents. The chapter first reviews the most well-studied types of traumatic events and describes key components of trauma exposure. This is followed by a review of ASD and PTSD, with particular attention to diagnostic issues and major changes in the conceptualization of these diagnoses. Then, after reviewing the prevalence and course of PTSD across different types of traumatic events, the chapter addresses important developmental issues, issues of comorbidity, and key risk factors that play a role in the development or maintenance of trauma-focused diagnoses in youth. The chapter concludes with key issues for future research that will enhance our understanding of ASD and PTSD in youth.
The Coming of the Dingo
Authors: Balme Jane , O'Connor Sue
Published: February 2021

The dingo, or native dog, arrived in Australia with people traveling on watercraft in the Late Holocene. By the time Europeans colonized the continent, dingoes were incorporated into the lives of Indigenous Australians, integrated into their kin systems and songlines, and used for a variety of purposes, including as companion animals, as guards, and as a biotechnology for hunting. Women, in particular, formed close bonds with dingoes, and they were widely used in women’s hunting. The incorporation of dingoes into Indigenous societies would therefore have had a significant impact on people’s lives. The greater contribution of meat to the diet would have allowed increased sedentism, improved fecundity, and therefore population growth. Such changes are hinted at in the archaeological record and indicate that more analysis of subsistence evidence could identify when and how the dingo–human relationship formed and how it varied in different environments across Australia.
The Early Republic and Santa Anna
Authors: Tenenbaum Barbara A.
Published: February 2021

When Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821, it inherited a declining silver economy, and an ever-expanding northern neighbor that already had begun its industrial revolution with an abundance of immigrants eager to seize the future. Mexico struggled to stay independent. When Spanish troops invaded in 1829 and in 1838 when French sailors seized the wealthy port of Veracruz, General Antonio López de Santa Anna defeated them and became a national hero even though he lost part of his leg battling the French. He could not defeat, however, the better-equipped volunteers from the north. By the conclusion of the Mexican-American War (1846–1848) and a subsequent land sale, Mexico had lost 55 percent of the territory it had possessed in the 1820s. Internally, Mexico limped along with an underfunded treasury and enormous debts. Although Santa Anna was the most successful of all Mexico’s generals, he was not the only one eager for power and glory. Generals and politicians wanted Mexico to protect the Church and the army as the colony had, or construct a more secular government with Church funds and a variety of state militias. Of course, women benefitted little from any of this. Until railroads were built in the 1880s, Mexico continued as a democratic republic funded by moneylenders risking their fortunes to support the government and perhaps make huge profits for themselves.
The Mexican Revolution
Authors: Ristow Colby
Published: February 2021

Beginning in 1930, Frank Tannenbaum pioneered what came to be known as a populist (or post-revisionist) interpretation of the Mexican Revolution, arguing that the mass mobilization of the revolutionary decade (1910–1920) forced state builders and intellectuals to find a place in political life for the poor and indigenous of the periphery. Although not a wholesale reversal of the “effects of the Conquest” that Tannenbaum claimed it to be, this “new attitude toward the Indian” represented a national (if unevenly experienced) cultural revolution. More mosaic than monolith, this Revolution was not imposed by a unified state but negotiated in the conflict between high and low politics.

The call for democratic restoration through armed revolution liberated a multitude of disparate political groups that had previously been controlled through the political system, particularly the rural masses, and brought them into the political sphere in distinctly undemocratic terms, through violent direct action. Rather than a unified movement with a clearly defined political program, popular mobilization during the revolutionary decade (1910–1920)—characterized by localized and disparate revolts only nominally bound to a national program—represented a cultural awakening and a broad, collective demand for class and often ethnic inclusion. The collapse of the state in 1914 forced revolutionary state-builders to recognize this demand and negotiate pacts with collectively organized and identified local and regional groups of rebels. In so doing, the revolutionary state constructed a national imaginary capable of integrated Mexico’s indigenous heritage.
The Minded Body in Technology and Disability
Authors: Shew Ashley
Published: February 2021

This chapter critically examines futuristic and transhumanist rhetoric about cyborg bodies, exoskeletons, and prostheses in the context of traditional philosophical accounts of the nature of mind and body. Finding that these whiz-bang accounts of future tech and the nature of body and mind mutually reinforce each other, this chapter then argues that a critical lens from disability studies provides better ways to talk about the experience of mind and body, and that the affirmation of cyborg expertise is crucial to reconsidering and re-forming both a philosophy of bodyminds and of our technological futures. Cast as first-adopters while also being imagined away (with the idea that technologies will make us nondisabled), technologized disabled people (or cyborgs) have ideas about bodies and technology that don’t match the technological dreams of elite designers and technology leaders. Relying on the testimony and experiences of disabled people helps us reimagine our technological futures.
From Black Consciousness to Consciousness of Blackness
Authors: Mangcu Xolela
Published: February 2021

This essay argues for a revision of Black Consciousness philosophy to make it more consistent with the requirements of South Africa’s constitutional democracy and relevant to the aspirations of young people in South Africa and the Global South. The philosophy was founded within an oppressive racist society, and while it defined blackness in terms of the legal oppression of Black people, those conditions no longer exist in South Africa. On the contrary, the South African constitution adopted both the inclusive view of Black people as Africans, Indians, and Coloureds, and expressly forbids racial or other forms of discrimination. The new political and constitutional setting thus demands a new articulation of blackness as a set of historical values that emanate from the experience of oppression. These values were expressed by Black intellectuals during self-reliant development and struggles against racism and can form the basis for reshaping racial identities in the Global South.
Islamic Finance and Development in Malaysia
Authors: Apaydin Fulya
Published: February 2021

From a historical perspective, Islamic economic institutions have not been conducive to capital accumulation in Muslim societies (Kuran 2004, 2011). This has been further hampered by a lack of trust among different faith communities, where Muslims were historically charged higher interest rates by non-Muslim financiers (Kuran and Rubin 2018). Despite these institutional legacies, Islamic banking and finance has grown rapidly in the Muslim world over the past few decades. In some countries, Islamic finance is no longer considered a niche field, as the total volume of halal exchanges constitute a substantial share in the overall amount of financial transactions. This chapter focuses on the role of Islamic finance in development and argues that this relationship is further influenced by the conditions under which private money creation occurs. In particular, the case of Malaysia is a good example that showcases how the building of market institutions is not enough to stimulate equitable development: while an extensive network of Islamic finance institutions attract domestic and international investors, much of the loans extended by these banks finance real-estate and consumer-durables purchases. Islamic banks are less willing to extend credit to small and medium-sized businesses on the grounds of perceived high risk. The key beneficiaries of the Islamic financial industry are large financial corporations that raise capital via issuing Islamic equity, and governments that diversify their debt composition using shariʿa-compliant bills and bonds.
Regime Types, Regime Transitions, and Religion in Pakistan
Authors: Nelson Matthew J.
Published: February 2021

How does religion shape regime types, and regime transitions, in Muslim-majority states? Focusing on Pakistan, this chapter examines the limited role of religious groups and religious ideas in driving political transitions between military and civilian-led regimes. Since the partition of India and the formation of Pakistan in 1947, civilian-led regimes have been removed in three military coups (1958, 1977, 1999); only one of these (1977) was framed in religious terms. Protesters later helped to oust Pakistan’s military regimes in 1969–1970, 1988, and 2007–2008. Again, these protests stressed nonreligious more than religious demands. Within Pakistan, ostensibly “democratizing” transitions have typically preserved separate domains (e.g., the security sector) for military decision-making; these reserved domains have limited the scope of democracy. This chapter, however, moves beyond military to ostensibly religious limitations on democracy, noting that, while nonreligious protests often figure in transitions away from authoritarian rule, religious constitutional provisions diminishing the rights of non-Muslims have produced what scholars of hybrid regimes call an “exclusionary” or “illiberal” democracy.
Islam and Economic Development: The Case of Non-Muslim Minorities in the Middle East and North Africa
Authors: Saleh Mohamed
Published: February 2021

This chapter investigates a long-standing puzzle in the economic history of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: why do MENA’s native non-Muslim minorities have better socioeconomic (SES) outcomes than the Muslim majority, both historically and today? Focusing on the case of Coptic Christians in Egypt, the largest non-Muslim minority in absolute number in the region, and employing a wide range of novel archival data sources, the chapter argues that Copts’ superior SES can be explained neither by Islam’s negative impact on Muslims’ SES (where Islam is defined as a set of beliefs or institutions) nor by colonization’s preferential treatment of Copts. Instead, the chapter traces the phenomenon to self-selection on SES during Egypt’s historical conversion from Coptic Christianity to Islam in the aftermath of the Arab Conquest of the then-Coptic Egypt in 641 CE. The argument is that the regressivity-in-income of the poll tax on non-Muslims (initially all Egyptians) that was imposed continuously from 641 to 1856 led to the shrinkage of (non-convert) Copts into a better-off minority. The Coptic-Muslim SES gap then persisted due to group restrictions on access to white-collar and artisanal skills. The chapter opens new areas of research on non-Muslim minorities in the MENA region and beyond.
Clientelism, Constituency Services, and Elections in Muslim Societies
Authors: Corstange Daniel , York Erin
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines the prevalence and implications of clientelism and patronage in elections in Muslim societies. The authors use cross-national evidence to show that, while clientelism is common in the Muslim world, its presence is linked more to political and economic factors than to cultural attributes. They use case evidence from within the Arab world to examine the use of clientelism in practice, and find that this linkage strategy is especially advantageous for ruling parties, but also disadvantages poor and rural communities with its transactional nature and poor public goods provision. Finally, the authors argue that clientelism is not the only successful strategy for vote-seeking politicians, even in patronage-oriented settings, as political outsiders successfully use institutionalized constituency service to attract electoral support.
Systemic Luxury Strategy
Authors: Hoffmann Jonas
Published: February 2021

The current world of luxury business is globalised, networked, uncertain, and turbulent. This chapter integrates insights from the socioecological approach to strategy, service-dominant logic, and institutional theory to conceptualise a systemic luxury strategy approach. By highlighting the link between forces in the contextual environment and their consequences in the luxury ecosystem, this approach presents how luxury actors (1) design and institutionalise systems for value cocreation (micro-level), (2) reshape the luxury ecosystem (meso-level), and (3) dynamically assess and influence developments in the contextual environment (macro-level). Systemic luxury strategy is understood as a learning journey to iteratively reconfigure the landscape and reframe mental maps. The chapter concludes by exploring how engaged scholars and practitioners can enact systemic luxury strategy.
Research That Engages Community and Patient Partners
Authors: Anderson Emily E. , Spellecy Ryan
Published: February 2021

This chapter will review ethical issues relevant to various approaches to engaging different stakeholder communities in biomedical, public health, and social science research. The chapter will provide a history of community and patient stakeholder engagement in research, explicate the ethical basis for engaging communities in research, provide an overview of the unique ethical issues and challenges that arise in academic–community partnerships, and outline the obligations of academic and community partners as well as best practices for ensuring protection of research participants in community-engaged research. To illustrate these issues, examples will be provided from across a variety of approaches, disciplines, and settings.
Psychiatric Research Ethics
Authors: Sisti Dominic , Smith William R.
Published: February 2021

Psychiatric research often poses special ethical concerns. This chapter first provides historical context, including scandals that stoked public concern about psychiatric research and led to the promulgation of canonical documents and bioethics scholarship, and then explores issues related to the decision-making capacity and safety of participants—including the use of placebos and washout periods, the design of suicide prevention studies, and research in emergency psychiatry. The chapter then describes how shifting models of psychiatric nosology have precipitated conflicts in the determination of research priorities. Finally, the chapter attends to emerging issues related to research in psychedelic psychiatry and the use of artificial intelligence and social media by investigators.
The Ethics of Pediatric Research
Authors: Shah Seema K.
Published: February 2021

This chapter will provide an overview of the major ethical issues arising in the context of research with children, in both clinical and social science research. In addition to addressing ongoing debates and controversies, it will include timely examples, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cure research in children and pediatric research on vaccines to address the COVID-19 pandemic. The history, current standards, controversies, and recent developments related to pediatric research will be addressed in six sections: 1) when to start research in children; 2) acceptable risk–benefit ratios; 3) interpretation of minimal risk; 4) justification for non-beneficial research; 5) informed consent, assent, and dissent; and 6) emerging issues. The chapter will close by pointing to future areas of potential controversy and continued growth in pediatric research ethics.
Independent Review, Data Safety Monitoring, and Research Oversight
Authors: Schonfeld Toby L.
Published: February 2021

Independent review, data monitoring, and general oversight of human subjects research provide systematic mechanisms for ensuring that investigators implement best practices to minimize risks, maximize benefits, and ensure justice in the conduct of research. This chapter describes how successful partnerships between research teams and oversight groups have focused on the shared goals and commitments of the research enterprise and how each constitutive piece combines with structure, function, and purpose to facilitate the conduct of ethical research. The author argues that collaborative work toward ensuring not just fidelity to rules and regulations but also attention to the underlying ethical foundations for these mechanisms will foster meaningful conversations about how to ensure high-quality research that places the safety of human subjects at its core.
Illuminating Time: The Visibility of Temporality in Prehistory
Authors: Higginbottom Gail , Mom Vincent
Published: February 2021

Using the astronomical animation software of Stellarium, this chapter will demonstrate how time was ‘staged’ by prehistoric people at particular periods during the solar and lunar years. It will show how they ‘choreographed’ night- and day-lighting and landscape shadowing effects, along with the appearance and travels of other celestial phenomena in relation to the monuments and their horizons. It was this staging of natural lighting through illumination, brightness, luminescence, shine, gleams, glows, glare, and small points of light, and the opposites of all of these, that enabled their concepts of time to be experienced, shared, and acknowledged by prehistoric peoples.
Zen Therapy
Authors: Brazier David
Published: February 2021

This chapter explores the application of Buddhism as psychotherapy. Buddhism is primarily a religion or Dharma that has inspired the arts, social life, architecture, and foundational aspects of the cultures where it has become established. In considering it as psychotherapy, this chapter similarly applies principles and images springing from its religious root. Buddhism is also a transmitted living tradition, passing from master to disciple. This chapter examines that crucial mind-changing relationship, considering it as a medium of psychotherapy, and goes on to work through fundamental elements of Buddhist theory, substantially derived from meditation experience, showing their application to consoling, resolving, and liberating the troubled mind. It shows how meditation provides an amplifying and deepening dimension to this process of mental change.
Neuroscience and Meditation
Authors: Purser Ronald E. , Lewis David J.
Published: February 2021

In recent years a style of thought has emerged that privileges molecular biology, in the form of cognitive neuroscience, as the preferred or even only valid foundation for the scientific study of mind and mental life. Despite the lack of progress and honest positive prognosis, neuroscience has managed to create a false but pervasive sense of achievement and meaning that dominates debate not only in scientific circles, but also in the popular domain. This chapter examines how this has happened and spells out the limitations of this approach. It analyzes how neuroscience communications, including popular fMRI brain imaging, function as persuasive discursive formations giving rise to a popular conception that mind is simply a function of brain activity. The implications for meditation practice are considered using the example of Madhyamaka Buddhism. This analysis makes use of concepts developed in post-modernism, especially in the thought of Michel Foucault. Post-modernism has some parallels with and differences from Madhyamaka, and these are explored. It is arguable that the neuronal-self concept strengthens the sense of ultimate materiality of mind and self and thereby impedes meditative realization of emptiness.
Islam and Meditation
Authors: Kugle Scott
Published: February 2021

In the Islamic tradition, diverse meditative practices expand on elements of the ritual prayer. Sufi Muslims explore their potential as independent practices to introspect, uncover the delusion of the ego, and purify the heart. There is no single term meaning “meditation.” Dhikr or remembrance consists of repeating phrases from Qurʾan or names of God. Focusing on God’s presence without words is called muraqaba or contemplation. More embodied practices use music or motion as meditative tools, known as samaʿ or ecstatic listening. Supplication, benediction, and recitation of litanies have meditative qualities. All these meditative practices have the single aim of waging the “greater jihad” against selfishness and egoistic delusion.
Aesthetics of Dance
Authors: Calvo-Merino Beatriz
Published: February 2021

How does the brain see and experience dance? Performing arts have captured the attention of empirical aesthetics and neuroaesthetics. In this chapter, the author reviews studies from cognitive neuroscience and experimental psychology that have contributed to our understanding of the brain mechanisms for dance perception. The author introduces the concept of sensorimotor aesthetics, the process whereby the observer evokes an internal simulation of the perceived action of a dance performance, during its emotional and aesthetic experience. The author proposes an embodied aesthetics framework, in which the perception of the dancer’s body, the dance movement, and the expressed emotion are significantly influenced by an observer’s prior experience. Finally, the author discusses potential avenues for enhancing interactions between the science and artistic communities in pursuit of a deeper understanding of the aesthetics of dance.
Cognitive neuroscience of dyscalculia and math learning disabilities
Authors: Menon Vinod , Padmanabhan Aarthi , Schwartz Flora
Published: February 2021

Dyscalculia and mathematical learning disability (MD) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by difficulties in reasoning about numbers. Children with MD lag behind their typically developing peers in a broad range of numerical tasks, including magnitude judgement, quantity manipulation, arithmetic fact retrieval, and problem-solving. This chapter reviews current theories and knowledge of MD and its neurobiological basis from a systems neuroscience perspective. The chapter shows that MD involves processing deficits and aberrancies in multiple neurocognitive systems associated with non-symbolic and symbolic quantity judgment, visuo-spatial working memory, associative memory, and cognitive control. Convergent evidence from task and resting-state fMRI, along with morphometric and tractography studies, is used to demarcate distributed brain circuits disrupted in MD. The chapter examines neural mechanisms underlying intervention and remediation of deficits in MD, highlighting links between brain plasticity and response to treatment. The view that emerges is of a multi-component neurodevelopmental disorder, arising from aberrancies at one or more levels of the numerical information processing hierarchy.
Rights and Social Inclusion
Authors: Goodale Mark
Published: February 2021

Anthropological research played an important role in tracing the ethnographic contours of the rise and transformation of rights in the post-Cold War period. This chapter surveys some of the most important currents in the anthropology of rights as an enduring context for the wider field of anthropology and law. First, the chapter examines key developments in the anthropology of human rights, which served as a methodological and conceptual anchor for the post-Cold War anthropology of rights more generally. The chapter then turns to another category of rights with which anthropologists have been closely associated, both as researchers and as engaged scholars: Indigenous Peoples’ rights. Next, the chapter examines anthropological research that has revealed the importance of what might be called non-liberal categories of rights, that is, rights that are not based, historically or conceptually, in the development of liberal rights within the Western philosophical and political tradition. The chapter concludes by looking to the future: how will the anthropology of rights evolve in the coming years, both in preserving certain core concerns and in moving in new directions?
Love, Morality, and Alienation
Authors: Driver Julia
Published: February 2021

Is love incompatible with morality? A popular criticism of standard moral theories such as consequentialist theories and Kantian ethics—any theory that holds that the reasons of morality are impartial—is that such theories cannot accommodate the reasons of love. Either the reasons of love are not moral reasons, yet outweigh moral reasons in many situations, or they are moral reasons that are partial, not impartial. Many moral theorists try to retain both impartiality and the special moral nature of partial reasons for close relationships by presenting approaches that justify partial norms on the basis of impartial reasons. These writers are divided on the issue of whether or not such approaches need to be self-effacing. For those who argue that the indirection need not be self-effacing, and that people should be able to step back and evaluate all of their normative commitments, a problem is raised by writers such as Susan Wolf who argue that even considering the possibility of violating a close relationship norm for the sake of morality is problematic to the relationship in question. This article challenges this view of Wolf’s, arguing that, in effect, we can provide justifications for “silencing” when it really is practically appropriate in standard moral theories that do not threaten good relationships.
Terrorism as Third Front
Authors: Terhoeven Petra
Published: February 2021

Which factors were responsible for the radicalization of the 1968 protest movement? Why did Germans and Italians develop such a fascination with the notion of guerilla warfare? And why were the terrorist organizations that developed there so long-lived? The reasons are partly to be found in unresolved problems of postfascist societies. New Left activists criticized the lack of domestic democracy and idealized the “anti-imperialist” fighters in the global south. But as this chapter shows, radicalization also developed through transnational interaction in the European public spheres, specifically through a mixture of solidarity and rivalry between the Red Army Faction and the Red Brigades. The history of German and Italian left-wing terrorisms was, therefore, closely connected by multiple symbolic ties from the first shootings to the final showdown of the kidnapping and murder of Hanns-Martin Schleyer during the German Autumn of 1977 and of Aldo Moro just a few months later.
DOSE CONVERSION COEFFICIENTS FROM MONOENERGETIC NEUTRONS COMPUTED WITH THE MCNP6.2 CODE IN THE VIP-MAN PHANTOM
Authors: McHale Stephen R , Walker Erin R
Published: February 2021

Computational estimates of dosimetric quantities from external exposures to neutron fields are valuable to ongoing radiation protection studies that are of interest to US defense-focused organizations. Conversion coefficients for fluence-to-absorbed dose and fluence-to-effective dose were computed using version 6.2 of the Monte Carlo N-Particle® code (MCNP6.2) in the visible photographic man (VIP-Man) numerical model for 45 monoenergetic neutron fields between 10−9 and 20 MeV under six irradiation geometries. Comparisons to the formative VIP-Man study by Bozkurt et al. revealed excellent agreement. The mean relative difference between our VIP-Man/MCNP6.2-computed and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) 116-published absorbed dose conversion coefficients in 14 organs and remainder tissues under all geometries was 4.7%, which is within ICRP-reported variations. The effective dose coefficients computed with VIP-Man/MCNP6.2 were strongly similar to ICRP 116 values in all geometries except for posterior–anterior, where the difference was attributed to shielding of anterior organs by the relatively fatty composition of the VIP-Man phantom.
“I Don’t Have Time to Be Sad”: Experiences and Perceptions of Sadness among Latina Mothers
Authors: Pineros-Leano María , Yao Laura , Simonovich Shannon D , Piñeros-Leaño Natalia , Huang Hsiang
Published: February 2021

Maternal depression affects 10 percent to 17 percent of mothers in the United States. Women of color, particularly Latina women, may be at an elevated risk for adverse consequences of maternal depression. However, scant research addresses cultural experiences and perceptions of maternal depressive feelings. This study included interviews with 30 Latina immigrant mothers who were living in rural or small towns in the Midwest. Data were analyzed in Spanish using a thematic network approach. Authors identified three themes in relation to the experiences that Latina immigrant mothers described around sadness and depressive feelings: (1) normalization of feelings of sadness, (2) lack of social support that exacerbates feelings of isolation and sadness, and (3) traditional gender roles that compromise disclosure of feelings. The results from this study indicate that it is critical to increase support, provide culturally grounded discussions around mental health among Latina immigrant women, and continue these conversations beyond the perinatal period.
Coordinated variation in stem and leaf functional traits of temperate broadleaf tree species in the isohydric–anisohydric spectrum
Authors: Chen Zhicheng , Zhang Yongtao , Yuan Weijie , Zhu Shidan , Pan Ruihua , Wan Xianchong , Liu Shirong
Published: February 2021

Stomatal regulation serves as an important strategy for plants to adapt to drought. However, the understanding of how complexes of plant-functional traits vary along the continuum from isohydry to anisohydry remains insufficient. In this study, we investigated a proxy of the degree of iso/anisohydry—the water potential at stomatal closure—and a series of functional traits of leaves and branches in 20 temperate broadleaf species planted in an arid limestone habitat in northern China. The results showed that the water potential at stomatal closure was significantly correlated with many functional traits. At the anisohydric end of the spectrum, species had a higher leaf carbon content and vein density, a greater stomatal length, a thicker lower leaf epidermis, higher embolism resistance, higher wood density, a greater Huber value, a greater ratio of fiber wall thickness to xylem lumen diameter, a larger proportion of total fiber wall area to xylem cross-sectional area, a lower water potential at the turgor loss point (TLP), a smaller relative water content at the TLP, a lower osmotic potential at full turgor and a smaller specific leaf area. It is concluded that a continuum of coordination and trade-offs among co-evolved anatomical and physiological traits gives rise to the spectrum from isohydry to anisohydry spanned by the 20 tree species, and the anisohydric species showed stronger stress resistance, with greater investment in stems and leaves than the isohydric species to maintain stomatal opening under drought conditions.
A new rhinoceros clade from the Pleistocene of Asia sheds light on mammal dispersals to the Philippines
Authors: Antoine Pierre-Olivier , Reyes Marian C , Amano Noel , Bautista Angel P , Chang Chun-Hsiang , Claude Julien , De Vos John , Ingicco Thomas
Published: February 2021

Rhinoceroses are among the most endangered mammalian species today. Their past diversity is well documented from the Eocene onward, although their evolutionary history is far from being fully understood. Here, we elucidate the systematic affinities of a Pleistocene rhinoceros species represented by a partial skeleton from 709 ± 68 kya archaeological deposits in Luzon Island, Philippines. We perform a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis, including all living species and a wide array of extinct rhinocerotid species. We confirm the early split between Elasmotheriinae and Rhinocerotinae at c. 35.5 Mya and constrain the divergence between recent Asian and African rhinoceroses at c. 24 Mya, with contrasting phenotypic evolutionary rates in Diceroti and Rhinoceroti. Dental features reveal the existence of an unsuspected Asian Pleistocene clade, referred to as Nesorhinus gen. nov.. It includes the rhinoceros from the Philippines and another extinct species from Taiwan, N. hayasakai. Nesorhinus is the sister-group to a cluster comprising Dicerorhinus and Rhinoceros. Our phylogenetic results strongly suggest an island-hopping dispersal for Nesorhinus, from the Asian mainland towards Luzon via Taiwan by the Late Miocene or later, and Pleistocene dispersals for representatives of Rhinoceros. Nesorhinus philippinensis would be the first perissodactyl species supporting the island-rule hypothesis, with decreased body weight and limb-bone robustness.
Removing Barriers: A Confidential Opt-Out Mental Health Pilot Program for Internal Medicine Interns
Authors: Major Ajay , Williams John G. , McGuire W. Cameron , Floyd Eleanor , Chacko Karen
Published: February 2021

Problem

There are significant barriers for resident physicians seeking mental health care, including lack of time, cost, and concerns about confidentiality. The authors sought to improve access to mental health resources by addressing these barriers through the development of a confidential opt-out mental health pilot program for interns and to assess the feasibility, acceptability, and resident satisfaction with the program.

Approach

All internal medicine and internal medicine-pediatrics interns in the 2017–2018 residency class at the University of Colorado were enrolled in the confidential opt-out mental health program. Each intern was provided with an additional half-day off during their continuity clinic week, during which a mental health screening appointment at the campus health center with an in-network mental health provider was scheduled. All costs were covered by the residency program. An anonymous follow-up survey was sent to all interns to assess participation in the program and its perceived impact on their wellness.

Outcomes

Appointments were made for 80 interns: 23 (29%) attended the appointment, 45 (56%) opted out in advance, and 12 (15%) were no-shows. The total cost of the program was $940 or $11.75 per intern. Of the 41 interns who responded to the survey, 35 (85%) agreed the program should continue next year. The majority of interns felt the program positively affected their wellness regardless of whether they attended the appointment. Of the 16 interns who attended the appointment and completed the survey, 4 (25%) reported receiving additional mental health referrals or follow-up appointments.

Next Steps

This confidential opt-out mental health pilot program for interns was feasible, relatively low cost and simple to implement, and had positive impacts on self-reported wellness. Further study of interventions that remove barriers to accessing mental health care for residents is urgently needed.
Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics 13 Years After the First Board Certification: Evolving Subspecialty
Authors: Roizen Nancy J. , Ruch-Ross Holly S. , Bauer Nerissa S. , Nielsen Britt A. , DeBattista Anne , Paul Linda B. , Bridgemohan Carolyn
Published: February 2021

Objective:

To examine and define the evolving subspecialty of developmental-behavioral pediatrics (DBP) by analyzing workforce surveys presubspecialty and postsubspecialty certification.

Methods:

In 2015, an electronic workforce survey was sent to the members of the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on DBP and Council on Children with Disabilities and the Society for DBP. Answers from the 1998 survey for respondents with subspecialty fellowship training were compared.

Results:

Compared with the 1998 group of 265 DBPs, the 368 DBPs in the 2015 group were older, more female, and more diverse. In both groups, ≥80% evaluated and treated autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and developmental delays, but significantly (p < 0.001) fewer cared for children with physical disabilities (e.g., cerebral palsy [58% to 41%], multihandicapped [53% to 39%], neonatal follow-up [47% to 31%], and spina bifida [26% to 13%]) and other disorders (e.g., failure to thrive and obesity/eating disorders [27% to 15%]). Time for new patient and return visits remained the same (1.5 hours and 0.7 hours). Pediatric generalists and family practice physicians initiated most referrals; fewer 2015 DBPs (p < 0.001) reported school districts (83% to 70%) and more reported pediatric subspecialty (57% to 77%; p < 0.001) referrals. Acknowledgment of the need for more community DBP specialists increased from 66% to 80% (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Survey data indicated that the workforce is aging and changing. ADHD, ASD, and developmental delays are solidifying as the defining clinical focus of DBP. Current trends can identify training needs, facilitate recruitment, and advocate for system change to support the DBP workforce to respond to the great need.
Older Spousal Dyads and the Experience of Recovery in the Year After Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Chhuom Tiffany W. , Thompson Hilaire J.
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND: Significant others of older persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI) may be more likely to face increased caregiving responsibilities, leading to increased relationship challenges. Relatively little is known about this cohort. The study aimed to describe the impact of experiencing a mild/moderate TBI on the older adult as well as the significant other in the year post injury. DESIGN AND METHODS: This is a multiple-case study using data from a larger parent study. Qualitative content analysis of interviews conducted at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post injury with 3 dyads was performed (24 interviews) and included cross-case and cross-time comparisons. RESULTS: Dyads that included persons 65 years and older with a mild-moderate TBI and their significant others were enrolled (N = 3/6 individuals). The identified themes were struggling to accept limitations and acceptance, gratitude, fear and concern, frustration/anger/guilt/resentment, broader social support, emotional coping, and the presence or absence of broader social support. CONCLUSIONS: Feelings of hope, gratitude, and acceptance serve as vital ways for couples to continue toward a path of recovery and healing. Lack of social support was a stressor, creating a barrier to recovery. Significant others tended to focus on others versus self-care needs. Nurses should integrate social support and self-care into the assessment of the spousal dyad after TBI. These findings can also inform the development of support groups and case management models for both patients after TBI and their significant others.