bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching Abolition Medicine: Best Practices for Centering Criminalized Communities in Medical Education
Authors: Mitchell Mackenzie A. , Thomas Mary , Linder Micaela , Truglio Joseph
Published: November 2024

Abstract: Mass incarceration is a significant structural determinant of health, affecting incarcerated individuals, their families, and communities, with profound racial disparities. Health care professionals have an opportunity to reduce these inequities through abolition medicine. Abolition in health care means rewriting how doctors relate to patients labeled as criminal and is not a new checklist that can be imposed on the existing curriculum. Beyond changing individual clinical practice, abolition medicine also provides a critical framework for dismantling unjust policies. However, published medical education curricula lack an in-depth component on how to identify and disrupt medical practices designed to perpetuate inequities, and few report development alongside individuals with lived experience. In this article we explore the current state of medical education curricula as they pertain to health, incarceration, and abolition. We propose best practices for reducing health inequities for criminalized individuals grounded in our work alongside individuals with lived experience of incarceration.
Urban Banditry in Pre-Protectorate Morocco: The Case of Muḥammad al-Ghālī in Fes
Authors: Cigar Norman
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT: This study examines the career of Muḥammad al-Ghālī, a bandit in Fes in the early 12th/18th century, within the context of the city’s political and social environment, addressing his motivation, operational organization and practice, and society’s response, which can shed light on the broader phenomenon of urban banditry in Morocco. The analysis tests the theory of ‘social bandits’ as heroes of the downtrodden as proposed by Eric Hobsbawm and that of the bandits’ transformation into a state as proposed by Mancur Olson, and suggests the inapplicability of both models and the need for modifications based on the experience in Fes.
Impact of atmospheric turbulence on the signal intensity of the laser ranging echo of space debris
Authors: Wang Jie , Zhao Yongzhi , Geng Baocun
Published: November 2024

Based on the research of laser atmospheric transmission theory, this paper derives the laser radar ranging equation under the influence of turbulence under the condition of slant path transmission, and simulates and analyzes the changes in the number of debris laser ranging (DLR) echo photons under different parameters. The results show that the number of echo photons is inversely proportional to the intensity of atmospheric turbulence and proportional to the relative angular spread. The greater the elevation angle, the more echo photons; among them, under strong, weak atmospheric turbulence, and no turbulence conditions, the ratio of the number of echo photons is approximately between 1/500 and 4/5. The success rate of the DLR system detecting effective echo signals under different turbulence intensities is comparatively analyzed. Finally, based on the comparison of the experimental results of the 700 mm DLR system and the simulation results of the corrected model, the average relative error is found to be 13.43%.
Twin-field-based multi-party quantum key agreement
Authors: Abhignan Venkat , Srikanth R.
Published: November 2024

Quantum key distribution (QKD) can secure cryptographic communication
between two distant users, as guaranteed by the laws of quantum
mechanics rather than computational assumptions. The twin-field
scheme, which employs counter-propagated weak coherent light pulses,
doubles the secure distance of standard QKD without using quantum
repeaters. Here, we study a method to extend the twin-field key
distribution protocol to a scheme for multi-party quantum key
agreement. We study our protocol’s security using a minimum error
discrimination analysis and derive the asymptotic key rate based on
the entanglement-based source-replacement scheme. We also simulate it
on the ANSYS Interconnect platform with optical components to study
the protocol’s performance in certain practical situations.
Air-spaced virtually imaged phased array with 94 MHz resolution for precision spectroscopy
Authors: Sadiek Ibrahim , Lang Norbert , Van Helden Jean-Pierre H.
Published: November 2024

We report on an air-spaced virtually imaged phased array (VIPA) spectrometer that resolves the modes of a mid-infrared frequency comb with a repetition rate of 250 MHz, without an optical filter cavity. With a record spectral resolution of 94 MHz for VIPA, the spectrometer enables precision molecular spectroscopy with high resolution, broad spectral coverage and fast data acquisition. We demonstrate the capabilities of the spectrometer by measuring the absorption spectra of molecular species generated in plasmas. Using plasmas of a mixture of nitrogen, hydrogen, and methane at a low pressure of 1.5 mbar, we obtained high-resolution spectra of methane, around 3017 cm–1, as well as hydrogen cyanide and ammonia, around 3240 cm–1, demonstrating a wide spectral coverage over 290 cm–1 (equivalent to 8.7 THz). The spectrometer performance in terms of Allan-Werle deviation and noise-equivalent absorption is discussed. The air-spaced VIPA concept offers a compact and practical spectrometer that harnesses the full potential of a stabilized frequency comb, making it suitable for a wide range of high-precision spectroscopic applications.
Dynamic laser protection window based on a topological state photonic crystal of a nonlinear LiNbO3 interface
Authors: Xu Guichuan , Lu Zhengang , Yuan Jing , Tan Jiubin
Published: November 2024

The accelerated advancement of high-energy laser technology has resulted in an increased necessity for multifunctional laser protection. Herein, we present an investigation into a static visible and dynamic 1064 nm laser protection window. Through studying the photonic crystal energy band structure and topological interface state properties, both 66.49% average visible light transmittance and 84.01% low-energy 1064 nm laser transmittance are achieved. The combination of a large third-order nonlinear effect of LiNbO3 and strong light field localization of a topological interface state enables a 27.54 mJ/cm2 protection threshold below that of traditional materials. This study offers what we believe to be new avenues for the development of multifunctional optical windows and novel optical elements.
Single-distance nano-holotomography with coded apertures
Authors: Nikitin Viktor , Carlsson Marcus , Mokso Rajmund , Cloetens Peter , Gürsoy Doğa
Published: November 2024

High-resolution phase-contrast 3D imaging using nano-holotomography
typically requires collecting multiple tomograms at varying
sample-to-detector distances, usually 3 to 4. This multi-distance
approach limits temporal resolution, making it impractical for
operando studies. Moreover, shifting the sample
complicates reconstruction, requiring precise alignment, registration,
and interpolation to correct for shift-dependent magnification on the
detector. In response, we propose and validate through simulations a
novel, to the best of our knowledge, single-distance approach that
leverages coded apertures to structure beam illumination while the
sample rotates. This approach relies on a joint reconstruction scheme,
which integrates phase retrieval with 3D tomography, ensuring data
consistency and achieving artifact-free reconstructions from a single
distance, unlocking dynamic experiments.
Tailoring the pulse characteristics of LiB3O5-based femtosecond optical parametric oscillators by temperature tuning
Authors: Qin Mengke , Yu Songyin , Yang Zhenyu , Zhang Zhaowei
Published: November 2024

We show that the phase mismatch in LiB3O5 (LBO) crystals is approximately proportional to the temperature deviation from the phase-matching temperature of crystals. Moreover, a fixed temperature deviation would result in approximately the same amount of phase mismatch over a large range of wavelengths. Based on this, we demonstrate that the pulse characteristics of LBO-based femtosecond optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) can be tailored by simply tuning the crystal temperature. Experimentally, at a temperature deviation of 10°C, nearly transform-limited optical pulses were obtained over a tuning range of 780–910 nm, and at a temperature deviation of −9°C, linearly chirped pulses with broadened spectra were obtained, which were de-chirped to be nearly transform-limited ones outside the cavity. The capability of generating femtosecond pulses with different pulse characteristics and at various wavelengths would benefit many applications, including spectroscopy and Raman microscopy.
Alignment of polarization volume gratings using semi-circular arc patterns via nanofabrication technology
Authors: He Qing , Kan Yanhui , Wang Wenqi , Xia Jun
Published: November 2024

Polarization volume gratings have the potential for future applications such as AR due to their high single-order diffraction efficiency and large angular and wavelength response range. However, the preparation method of photo alignment, which is currently employed, presents challenges to the application of PVGs due to issues of poor uniformity and difficulty in preparing large sizes. To promote the application, a scheme for fabricating the alignment layer of PVGs by nanofabrication technology is proposed. The alignment structure, where the basic unit is a semicircular arc, was designed. We prepared the structure using EBL and spin-coated a layer of chiral liquid crystals (CLC) on top of it. The dispersion effect in white light indicates that the designed alignment structure imparts lateral periodicity to the CLC. The device could efficiently reflect specific right-polarized light and efficiently transmit specific left-polarized light. Therefore, the diffraction performance of the device can be considered to be consistent with the photo-alignment PVGs within the error allowance. This work provides what we believe to be a novel scheme for the alignment of PVGs, creating a new platform for mass production and multifunctional integrated design of PVGs.
Multi-Milliwatt Average Power Two-Colour Air-Plasma Terahertz Source at 100 kHz Repetition Rate
Authors: Löscher Robin , Schroeder Malte , Vogel Tim , Omar Alan , Hasso Adam , Hoberg Claudius , Havenith-Newen Martina , Saraceno Clara
Published: November 2024

Ultrafast THz transients with large spectral bandwidths are commonly generated in the two-colour air-plasma scheme, typically driven by high-pulse-energy laser sources, operating at low repetition rates up to a few kHz. The low repetition rate of these sources is a strong limiting factor to reach high dynamic ranges in measurements involving long integration times or multi-dimensional scans. The advent of high-power Yb-based laser sources in combination with nonlinear temporal compression schemes opens the door to air-plasma THz sources at significantly higher repetition rates up to hundreds of kHz and beyond. In this study, we investigate for the first time repetition rate scaling in the two-colour filament plasma scheme at repetition rates ranging from 1 kHz up to 100 kHz. We study the influence of repetition rate on THz yield and observe a correlation between the decrease of the optical-to-THz conversion efficiency and the gas density depletion in the filamentation region, that we measure using interferometry. The experimentally observed optical-to-THz conversion efficiencies are in approximate agreement with a simple one-dimensional photocurrent model we developed. These findings set the foundation for future repetition rate scaling experiments towards the MHz region, using the broadband and affordable two-colour air-plasma scheme. At 100 kHz, we generate THz radiation with a maximum average power of 2.8 mW and peak electric fields reaching 165 kV/cm. Using electro-optic sampling, we detect frequencies up to 23 THz showing the broadband nature of the source. This source is a promising alternative both for future linear and nonlinear ultra-broadband spectroscopic investigations at greatly accelerated measurement times.
Optimizing Re-staining Techniques for the Restoration of Faded Hematoxylin and Eosin–stained Histopathology Slides: A Comparative Study
Authors: Lorsuwannarat Natcha , Kaewsanit Apisit , Charoenpitakchai Mongkon , Ruangpratheep Chetana , Arnutti Pasra , Nimmanon Thirayost
Published: November 2024

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides inevitably deteriorate over time, frequently becoming unreadable. Reutilizing these slides can reduce the need for additional serial sections, particularly when the target region is no longer available in the tissue block. This study aims to develop efficient protocols for recycling faded H&E-stained slides, providing benefits for future research on stored samples. Seventy-one faded slides, representing a variety of tissue types and pathologies, were randomly divided into two groups. Slides were de-stained and re-stained using the conventional procedure and a modified Tris and HCl procedure. Three observers independently assessed all slides based on predefined parameters. The stability of the re-stained slides was re-assessed in 6 months. The modified Tris and HCl method yielded significantly higher scores compared to the conventional method for crispness of staining, nuclear staining, cytoplasmic staining, and vibrancy of staining ( p < 0.05), as well as greater durability, as evidenced by minimal score reduction 6 months after staining. Thus, incorporating a Tris and HCl step into the process effectively enhances and restores faded H&E slides, offering a valuable technique for revitalizing histology slides for future research and educational purposes.
Stakeholders’ perceptions of personal health data sharing: A scoping review
Authors: Alam Prima , Bolio Ana , Lin Leesa , Larson Heidi J.
Published: November 2024

The rapid advancement of digital health technologies has heightened demand for health data for secondary uses, highlighting the importance of understanding global perspectives on personal information sharing. This article examines stakeholder perceptions and attitudes toward the use of personal health data to improve personalized treatments, interventions, and research. It also identifies barriers and facilitators in health data sharing and pinpoints gaps in current research, aiming to inform ethical practices in healthcare settings that utilize digital technologies. We conducted a scoping review of peer reviewed empirical studies based on data pertaining to perceptions and attitudes towards sharing personal health data. The authors searched three electronic databases–Embase, MEDLINE, and Web of Science–for articles published (2015–2023), using terms relating to health data and perceptions. Thirty-nine articles met the inclusion criteria with sample size ranging from 14 to 29,275. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines for the design and analysis of this study. We synthesized the included articles using narrative analysis. The review captured multiple stakeholder perspectives with an up-to-date range of diverse barriers and facilitators that impact data-sharing behavior. The included studies were primarily cross-sectional and geographically concentrated in high-income settings; often overlooking diverse demographics and broader global health challenges. Most of the included studies were based within North America and Western Europe, with the United States (n = 8) and the United Kingdom (n = 7) representing the most studied countries. Many reviewed studies were published in 2022 (n = 11) and used quantitative methods (n = 23). Twenty-nine studies examined the perspectives of patients and the public while six looked at healthcare professionals, researchers, and experts. Many of the studies we reviewed reported overall positive attitudes about data sharing with variations around sociodemographic factors, motivations for sharing data, type and recipient of data being shared, consent preference, and trust.
Synthetic data and ELSI-focused computational checklists—A survey of biomedical professionals’ views
Authors: Wagner Jennifer K. , Cabrera Laura Y. , Gerke Sara , Susser Daniel
Published: November 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) tools are now proliferating in biomedical contexts, and there is no sign this will slow down any time soon. AI/ML and related technologies promise to improve scientific understanding of health and disease and have the potential to spur the development of innovative and effective diagnostics, treatments, cures, and medical technologies. Concerns about AI/ML are prominent, but attention to two specific aspects of AI/ML have so far received little research attention: synthetic data and computational checklists that might promote not only the reproducibility of AI/ML tools but also increased attention to ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) of AI/ML tools. We administered a targeted survey to explore these two items among biomedical professionals in the United States. Our survey findings suggest that there is a gap in familiarity with both synthetic data and computational checklists among AI/ML users and developers and those in ethics-related positions who might be tasked with ensuring the proper use or oversight of AI/ML tools. The findings from this survey study underscore the need for additional ELSI research on synthetic data and computational checklists to inform escalating efforts, including the establishment of laws and policies, to ensure safe, effective, and ethical use of AI in health settings.
Patterns of vascular access among chronic kidney disease patients on maintenance hemodialysis at Muhimbili National Hospital. A single centre cross-sectional study
Authors: Msilanga Daniel , Shoo Jacqueline , Mngumi Jonathan
Published: November 2024

Hemodialysis vascular access profoundly impacts the quality of care for chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients worldwide, with arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) preferred for superior outcomes. Despite global guidelines, Sub-Saharan Africa, including Tanzania, faces challenges, by still relying on non-tunneled central venous catheters (CVCs) due to accessibility and financial constraints. We aimed to describe the pattern of vascular access use among CKD patients on maintenance hemodialysis at Muhimbili National Hospital. A cross‑sectional study to describe the pattern of vascular access among patients with CKD on maintenance hemodialysis therapy. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the baseline characteristics and patterns of vascular access. Our study received ethical clearance from the Muhimbili National Hospital Research Ethics Committee (Ref: MNH/IRB/VOL.1/2024/005). All consent forms were written and provided in English or Swahili. We analysed 200 study participants, with a mean age of 53.3 (14.5) years. Almost all participants initiated hemodialysis with nontunneled central venous catheters (95.5%). A substantial portion continued to use non-tunneled CVCs (25.5%) with mean duration of 7.1 (2.1) months, some transitioning to tunneled CVCs (39.5%) or AVFs (35%). Among patients with multiple nontunneled catheters, catheter dislodgement was the main indication for catheter replacement. Our study highlights the prevalent use of nontunneled central venous catheters (CVCs) as the primary vascular access method for CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis at Muhimbili National Hospital, Tanzania. These findings underscore the urgent need for analysis of the cost associated with non-tunneled catheter reliance and interventions to improve access to AVFs and enhance vascular access management, ultimately optimizing patient outcomes in resource-limited settings.
Cross-border use of health services: An exploratory mixed-methods project at the Mexico-Guatemala border
Authors: Bojorquez Ietza , Arévalo Marcel , Chávez Ana L. , Gómez-Osorio Rosa N. , Rodríguez-Chavez César , Leyva René , Gittinger Rachel , Bustamante Nirma D.
Published: November 2024

Cross-border use of health services has been studied mainly as travel from high- to low- and middle-income countries (“medical tourism”). The movement between low- and middle-income countries has been less studied. The objectives were; 1) to describe the frequency, types of services used, and health needs associated with cross-border utilization of health services at the Mexico-Guatemala border; 2) to explore the drivers of cross-border use among people living in this area. We conducted a mixed-methods study. The quantitative component was a probability survey of border crossers (March to April 2023, analysis sample n = 4,733, weighted n = 74,228). The qualitative component consisted of 28 semi-structured interviews with users and providers of health services living close to the international border (May-June 2023). Descriptive results were obtained separately and triangulated. 3.8% (CI 95% 3.1,4.7) in the sample were crossing the border for the purpose of seeking health care or purchasing medicines, 7.4% (CI 95% 5.9,9.2) had crossed the border in the past year to seek care, and 21.8% (CI 95% 18.8,25.1) to purchase medicines. According to quantitative and qualitative results, those living in Mexico were more likely to cross the border to seek care than those living in Guatemala, independent of country of birth, while crossing to Mexico to buy medicine was more common than crossing to Guatemala for the same reason. Public and private services were accessed in similar proportions, the former mostly for preventive care (vaccination) and the latter for specialized care. Qualitative results showed that the main drivers of cross-border health care use were perceived quality and geographical availability. The main drivers of cross-border buying of medicines were affordability and perceived quality. The use of private services can benefit the local economy. The use of public services for preventive purposes can be an asset for health promotion.
The Zooarchaeology of ancient whaling practices in Portugal: A review and a new Roman Republican contribution at Castelo Velho de Safara
Authors: Nabais Mariana , Soares Rui , Hurk Youri van den
Published: November 2024

The identification of archaeological cetacean specimens to the species level often presents challenges, primarily due to the frequent fragmentation of their remains. This limitation hampers our ability to comprehensively understand the spatiotemporal distributions of cetaceans in the past and constrains our knowledge of early whaling activities. To address this issue, a systematic zooarchaeological review was conducted, encompassing published literature and reports that compile available data related to cetaceans retrieved from archaeological contexts in Portugal, spanning from the Middle Palaeolithic to the 18th century. Furthermore, this study introduces a new discovery of a cetacean specimen from the Roman Republican levels at Castelo Velho de Safara, which has been incorporated into the aforementioned dataset. The taxonomic identification of this specimen was accomplished using Zooarchaeology by Mass-Spectrometry (ZooMS). The study confirms that cetacean remains have been present in Portuguese waters since the Middle Palaeolithic, with higher concentrations in the southern and central regions of the country. ZooMS analysis confirmed the presence of the North Atlantic right whale at the inland site of Castelo Velho de Safara, which supports whale product trading during the Roman Republican period in Portugal. Evidence of cetacean exploitation continues to the Medieval and Modern periods, reflecting a strong cultural link between Portuguese ancient culture and whaling practices.
High pertussis circulation among infants, children and adolescents in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Soumahoro Man Koumba , Noel Gaëlle , Campana Florence , Koné Constant Joseph , Rajabizadeh Mahdi , Sévédé Daouda , Ait Ahmed Mohand , Kouassi Kan Stéphane , Kangah Yves Landry , Deme-Dramé Mariam , N’Dri Kouamé Mathias , Ouattara-Abina Marie-Pierre , Tano Narcisse , Sylla Fadima , Cardenat Melissa , Macina Denis , Guiso Nicole , Taieb Fabien
Published: November 2024

Background

Whooping cough due to Bordetella pertussis (BP) and/or B. parapertussis (BPP) is a highly contagious infection sometimes fatal for infants. Africa accounts for the largest share of cases and deaths worldwide. To evaluate pertussis circulation, we conducted a hospital-based prospective study (PS) including household contact-cases investigation (CCS) and a sero-epidemiological cross-sectional study (SECS).

Methods

The PS, in which Bordetella diagnostics (qPCR) were performed, included infants aged ≤6 months presenting with ≥5 days of cough associated with one pertussis-like symptom. CCS was performed using qPCR and serology regardless of clinical signs. In the SECS, serology was performed in children aged 3–15 years with primary pertussis immunization.

Results

Study took place in Abidjan between April 2019 and July 2021. In the PS, 187 infants with median age of 2.8 months were enrolled. A total of 42 (22.5%) were confirmed as positive, including 29 (15.5%), 4 (2.1%) and 9 (4.8%) of BP, BPP and BP/BPP coinfections respectively. Age <3 months, low BMI, apnea and inclusion period were identified as risk factors of infection. In the CCIS, 36 households were investigated, representing 158 people with median age of 21.4 years. BP and/or BPP infection was confirmed for 77/157 (49.0%). Twenty-nine households (81%) had at least one positive case. Sixty-seven (42.7%) contact cases were categorized as possibly contaminated, mainly siblings older than five years (25.4%). Twenty-seven contact cases were considered as possible contaminators, primarily mothers (26%). In the SECS, 444 people were enrolled. Two hundred and thirty-eight (53.6%) and nine (2.0%) children had received one and two boosters, respectively. A positive serology was observed in 96 (21.7%) of children and adolescents.

Conclusion

Our study highlighted high circulation of pertussis. Barriers to accessing boosters recommended by WHO need to be overcome. Laboratory capacities are key at individual level and to build an effective surveillance system.
Enhancing childhood immunization coverage in Mozambique and Malawi: Study protocol of a mixed methods evaluation of the ‘Let’s talk about vaccines’ multisite community-based participatory project
Authors: Shuro Linda , Lawrence Emily , Knight Lucia , Schneider Helen , Tabana Hanani
Published: November 2024

Background

Full coverage of childhood vaccines is a persistent challenge in low- and middle-income countries, suggesting the presence of specific contextual barriers. The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic further worsened the situation. The complementary use of community-based participatory research (CBPR) and human-centered design (HCD) approaches has the potential to effectively create tailored interventions for improving public health outcomes. This protocol provides examples of methods to evaluate the use of these novel approaches in low- and middle-income countries. The ‘Let’s talk about vaccines’ project is a multisite community-based participatory project by VillageReach that uses the CBPR and HCD approaches to identify the barriers and co-create interventions/solutions to address under two routine immunization access and uptake in Malawi and Mozambique.

Methods

Guided by the Reach Effectiveness Adoption Implementation Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework, this evaluation prospectively evaluates the effectiveness (on under-two immunization coverage and related outcomes) of VillageReach’s co-created interventions and processes of implementation (reach, adoption, implementation and maintenance) in two districts in Mozambique and two in Malawi. This paper will also describe the theory of change for VillageReach’s project. Thematic analysis will be used to analyze the qualitative data, and interrupted time series analysis used to analyze the co-created interventions’ effectiveness on specific under two immunization outcomes. The analysis will integrate complex systems thinking and constructs inherent in health systems strengthening.

Discussion

This evaluation is an opportunity to share the use of novel and best practices, opportunities and challenges for improved community-responsive programming in routine immunization. It will be fundamental in providing evidence on the impact of interventions, evidence on mechanisms behind improvements in under- two immunization outcomes due to codesigned community-driven solutions and informing their scalability in similar contexts. Findings will inform the development of a comprehensive framework to guide the scalability of community-based approaches on childhood immunization uptake and access into similar contexts.
Distinct fecal microbiome between wild and habitat-housed captive polar bears (Ursus maritimus): Impacts of captivity and dietary shifts
Authors: Lu Jing , Petri Renee , McCart Dylan , Baxendell-Young Amy , Collins Stephanie Anne
Published: November 2024

Understanding the gut microbiome of polar bears can shed light on the effects of climate change-induced prolonged ice-free seasons on their health and nutritional status as a sentinel species. The fecal microbiome of habitat-housed captive polar bears who had consumed a high protein diet long-term was compared with that of the wild population. Individual differences, season, year and dietary inclusion of a brown seaweed (Fucus spiralis; part of the natural diet of wild polar bears), as a representation for nutritional change, were investigated for their effects on the fecal microbiome of captive polar bears. Microbial variations among fecal samples from wild and captive polar bears were investigated using 16s rRNA gene based metataxonomic profiling. The captive bears exhibited more diverse fecal microbiota than wild bears (p<0.05). The difference was due to significantly increased Firmicutes, Campilobacterota and Fusobacteriota, decreased Actinobacteriota (p<0.05), and absent Bdellovibrionota and Verrucomicrobiota in the captive bears. Compared with other factors, individual variation was the main driver of differences in fecal microbial composition in the captive bears. Seaweed consumption did not alter microbial diversity or composition, but this did not rule out dietary influences on the hosts. This is the first study, to the best of our knowledge, comparing the fecal microbiota of captive and wild polar bears and it reveals distinct differences between the two groups, which could result from many factors, including available food sources and the ratio of dietary macronutrients. Our findings provide preliminary insights into climate-change induced dietary shifts in polar bears related to climate-associated habitat change.
Conflict between cattle ranching and the conservation of jaguar (Panthera onca) and puma (Puma concolor) in the Amazon arc of deforestation
Authors: Díaz-Vaquero Vanessa , Negrões Nuno , Fonseca Carlos , Silveira Leandro , Jácomo Anah Tereza , Quevedo Mario , Revilla Eloy
Published: November 2024

Livestock predation constitutes the primary source of conflict between humans and large carnivores. Moreover, human factors, such as attitudes and emotions, can affect people’s tolerance towards carnivores, exacerbating the conflict. Such conflicts often lead to retaliatory killing of carnivores, which not only poses significant threats to species conservation but also to ecosystem functioning and services. Therefore, mitigating human-carnivore conflicts is essential to promote both species conservation and human well-being. Here, we studied the conflict between extensive cattle ranching and the conservation of jaguars (Panthera onca) and pumas (Puma concolor) in 129 ranches located in the Amazon arc of deforestation. We interviewed ranchers about livestock management procedures, livestock mortality, approaches to reduce predation in the area, and attitudes regarding carnivores and conservation. Our results revealed that ranchers did not perceive carnivore attacks as the primary cause of cattle mortality. However, they exhibited a significant lack of tolerance towards these incidents, partially explained by economic reasons. They also showed negative attitudes towards big cats, which were mainly associated with social factors, such as low educational background. As a consequence, jaguar and puma were frequently killed in retaliation. Ranches showed different vulnerability to attacks depending on cattle management (cattle density, calves) and landscape (forest cover inside the ranch, distance to national parks). Our findings suggest that the conflict between cattle ranching and big cats conservation in the Amazon deforestation frontier is trigger by livestock predation, but perpetuated by limited knowledge about carnivores, the lack of support from the government to mitigate livestock losses, and the perception that conservation laws conditioned the viability of cattle ranching. Forthcoming mitigation strategies should focus on interventions designed to increase people’s tolerance towards jaguars and pumas (e.g. improving knowledge about ecosystem services provided by large carnivores).
Investigating the effect of green hybrid fibre on toughening and mechanical properties of iron-tailing sand concrete
Authors: Shi Huawang , Shi Zhenyao , Zhang Bo , Chen Huilin
Published: November 2024

To improve the brittleness and susceptibility to cracking of iron tailings sand concrete, fibre blending was employed to toughen and resist cracking in the material. In this study, two inexpensive and environmentally friendly fibre materials were used: recycled tire steel fibre (RTSF) and coconut fibre (CF). The two fibre materials were blended and the resulting mixture was subjected to a series of performance tests, including compressive, tensile, flexural, impact, and bending tests. The effects of the fibre doping method and amount on the toughness and mechanical properties of iron tailings sand concrete were investigated in terms of the law of effect of the blended fibre admixture on the toughness and mechanical properties of iron tailings sand concrete. The results show that adding two types of fibres can effectively improve the toughness and mechanical properties of the specimen, and the hybrid fibre has a more obvious effect. Compared with the blank control group (Non), the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, bending strength, impact strength, and bending peak load of the concrete with 0.75 % RTSF and 0.2 % CF increased by 20.8 %, 42.9 %, 40.4 %, 92.4 %, and 37.5 %, respectively. Combined with the theory and fracture surface morphology analysis, it was shown that recycled tire steel fibres play a major role in cracking resistance, while coconut fibres play a toughening role.
Analysis of fall accidents from scaffolding in the construction industry
Authors: Yalçın Esra
Published: November 2024

Falls caused by scaffolding are one of the most common causes of construction accidents. This study aims to represent the primary causes of scaffolding accidents, clarify the characteristics of the incidents, and explore the type of work or action during scaffolding accidents within the construction industry. In this study, 280 reports obtained from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) that occurred during scaffolding accidents between 2019 and 2023 were examined, and the results were analysed using Pareto-Lorenz analysis. Accidents were classified according to the primary causes (employee, equipment, and environment), tasks or activities of victims at the time of the accident, falling distance, time of accidents, occupation, and age of the victims. Results: The most common factors associated with falls from scaffolding were lost balance (employee), scaffold brace failure, scaffold collapse (equipment), and employee falls from scaffolding due to any object falling or hitting the employee (environmental).
Monomorphic Epitheliotropic Intestinal T-Cell Lymphoma of the Duodenum
Authors: Babbar Shaili , Cerezo Juan , Williams Renee
Published: November 2024

Monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphomas (MEITLs) are rare neoplasms that carry a poor prognosis. MEITLs originating in the duodenum are uncommon. There are only 3 published case reports of primary duodenal MEITLs. They are typically found in the jejunum or ileum because these parts of the small bowel have more lymphoid tissue. We present a 41-year-old man with weight loss and abdominal pain for 2 months. Imaging showed a heterogeneous duodenal mass, and subsequent endoscopy demonstrated a fungating, ulcerative mass with stigmata of recent bleeding in the duodenal sweep. Pathology from the biopsy revealed an MEITL.
Genetic variability appraisal: Identifying potential chilli Capsicum annuum genotypes through detailed phenotypic analysis for breeding under drought prone regions in Tamil Nadu
Authors: Srividhya S , Jamuna E , Usha Nandhini Devi H , Thilagam P , Swetha B , Deivamani M , Deepana K
Published: November 2024

Genetic diversity provides a broader genetic pool from which a breeder can select varieties that are resistant to climate change-related challenges. Diverse chilli genotypes are more likely to possess genes that confer resistance to emerging diseases and pests, reducing the need for chemical interventions. This study focused on identifying elite chilli genotypes suitable for rainfed conditions in the North-Western zone of Tamil Nadu, an area prone to dry spells during the growing season. Forty-two chilli genotypes were evaluated for growth and yield parameters, revealing significant variability among them. Genotypes, such as Sidlagatta local (SDL local), Japoni Longi and S2 local, exhibited superior performance in terms of fresh fruit yield, number of fruits per plant, individual fruit weight, fruit length and dry fruit yield. Correlation analysis indicated strong relationships between yield and various fruit characteristics, validating their importance for crop improvement. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) highlighted key traits contributing to genetic variance, such as plant height, number of primary branches and fruit dimensions, aiding in genotype selection for future targeted breeding programs. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes based on genetic similarity, suggesting potential strategies for hybridization to harness genetic diversity effectively. These findings emphasize the significance of genetic exploration and trait-based selection in enhancing chilli productivity under rainfed conditions amidst changing climatic scenarios.
Force monitoring reveals single trial dynamics of motor control in a stop signal task
Authors: Ramawat Surabhi , Marc Isabel B. , Di Bello Fabio , Bardella Giampiero , Ferraina Stefano , Pani Pierpaolo , Brunamonti Emiliano
Published: November 2024

The Stop Signal Task (SST) has been the benchmark for studying the behavioral and physiological basis of movement generation and inhibition. In our study, we extended the scope beyond physiological findings related to muscle activity, focusing our analysis on the initial biomechanical state of the effector. By incorporating a force sensitive resistor (FSR), we continuously monitored the force applied by the effector (here, the index finger) during a button release version of the SST. This modified task design allowed us to examine both the baseline force before the relevant Go signal was presented and during the covert state of movement preparation. Notably, variations in force over time in response to the Go signal revealed differences across trials where movement was either generated or successfully inhibited, depending on the amount of force during the baseline period. Specifically, higher baseline force was associated with a delayed movement generation, which, simultaneously slowed down the force release, facilitating successful inhibition when requested. Our results highlight the influence of biomechanical variables in movement control, which should be accounted for by the models developed for investigating the physiology of this ability.
Investigating the relationships of writing behaviours to linguistic complexity and accuracy in independent and integrated writing task performance
Authors: Lu Xiaojun , Révész Andrea , Michel Marije , Kourtali Nektaria , Lee Minjin , Borges Lais
Published: November 2024

In this study, we examined the extent to which fluency, pausing, and eye-gaze behaviours relate to linguistic complexity and accuracy in L2 independent and integrated writing task performance. Sixty Chinese L2 users of English performed two independent and two integrated TOEFL iBT tasks over two sessions. Their keystrokes and eye movements during task performance were captured. The written outputs were analysed in terms of linguistic complexity and accuracy. Linear mixed effects regression analyses revealed stronger relationships of fluency and pausing behaviours to linguistic complexity and accuracy for independent than integrated writing, while stronger relationships of eye-gaze behaviours to linguistic complexity and accuracy were identified for integrated than independent writing. In addition, we found that greater accuracy in writing was linked to shorter pause duration between words for independent writing and shorter forward saccades for integrated writing, writing behaviours associated with more automated linguistic encoding processes.
Comparison of capillary finger stick and venous blood sampling for 34 routine chemistry analytes: potential for in hospital and remote blood sampling
Authors: Doeleman Martijn J.H. , Koster Anne-Fleur , Esseveld Anouk , Kemperman Hans , Swart Joost F. , de Roock Sytze , Tiel Groenestege Wouter M.
Published: November 2024

Objectives

This study examined the comparability of venous and capillary blood samples with regard to routine chemistry analytes.

Methods

Venous and capillary blood samples were collected from adult patients to assess comparability of alanine transaminase, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, apolipoprotein B, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, calcium, chloride, creatin kinase, creatinine, C-reactive protein, ferritin, folic acid, free T4, gamma glutamyltransferase, glucose, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, iron, lipase, lipoprotein a, magnesium, phosphate, postassium, prostate specific antigen, sodium, total cholesterol, total protein, transferrin, triglycerides, thyroid stimulating hormone, urate, urea, vitamin B12 and 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3. Furthermore, hemolysis-icterus-lipemia Index (HIL-Index) was measured for all samples. All measurements were performed using the Siemens Atellica® CH or IH Analyzer. Deming regression analysis and mean relative differences between venous and capillary measurements of each analyte were contrasted with the desirable total allowable error (TEa) and Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) 2024 proposed acceptance limits for proficiency testing.

Results

Deming regression and mean relative differences demonstrated excellent comparability between venous and capillary samples for most measured analytes.

Conclusions

Capillary and venous samples showed comparable results for almost all studied chemistry analytes. Of the 33 studied analytes for which TEa criteria where available, 30 met TEa criteria. CLIA 2024 criteria where available for 29 of the studied analytes of which only glucose did not meet the criteria. In conclusion, capillary blood draw is a suitable alternative for venous blood sampling for measuring most of the investigated analytes. This benefits patients with fear of needles and might pave the way for remote self-sampling.
Reconfigurable frequency selective surface based absorber realized using interlocking blocks
Authors: Chaitanya Gaurav , Chawda Pratik , Peshwe Paritosh , Ghosh Saptarshi , Kothari Ashwin
Published: November 2024

A reconfigurable frequency selective surface (FSS) based absorber structure has been designed using a novel, cost-effective, simple to operate and easy to fabricate 3D printed interlocking blocks. Four different topologies have been investigated and validated through simulation and experimental studies. The basic geometry comprises a 3D printed mounting board, on which different blocks can be attached using interlocking studs. The frequency reconfigurability has been obtained by mechanically changing various resonating blocks on the board, which results in four distinct absorption frequencies at 4.89 GHz, 4.02 GHz, 2.92 GHz and 2.25 GHz achieving the absorptivities of 98.92 %, 96.52 %, 99.3 % and 99.5 % respectively in S and C bands. The absorption characteristics are further justified by evaluating the surface current distribution and impedance responses. The prototypes have been fabricated and tested, and they have attained a good agreement with the simulated responses. The absorption characteristics and operational frequencies remain the same, for all four cases during variations in the polarization angle for oblique incidence for both TE and TM polarizations up to 45°, as studied in the simulation. These have been experimentally verified up to 30° for TE polarization, thereby demonstrating the polarization-independent and angularly stable responses.
The application of the “PICO” teaching model in clinical research course for medical students
Authors: Ma Shuai , Pan Pei , Xu Gang , Yang Wenyi , Li Dong , Shen Tian , Wang Zhichao , Cai Yong , Yao Min
Published: November 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the “PICO”, which stands for Patient, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome, teaching model with traditional didactic teaching in clinical research education.

Methods

90 eight-year clinical medicine students participated in the study, with 45 students randomly assigned to the PICO group and 45 students to the Didactic group. The PICO group received instruction using the “PICO” teaching model, while the Didactic group received instruction using traditional teaching methods. Final grades, course satisfaction, and clinical research competencies were assessed through questionnaires.

Results

The PICO group achieved higher final grades compared to the Didactic group. Within the PICO group, there was a positive correlation between theoretical knowledge scores and group study and mock defense scores. Students in the PICO group reported greater satisfaction with the course design, particularly in meeting their learning needs and improving clinical research thinking and skills. The PICO group also had higher self-assessment scores in knowledge integration, practical application, and research literacy.

Conclusions

The findings highlight the advantages of using the “PICO” teaching model in clinical research education. It leads to improved theoretical knowledge, higher satisfaction levels, and enhanced clinical research competence among medical undergraduates.
Tackling Hate Speech in the Digital Space: Germany’s Plans on an Act Against Digital Violence and its Impact on Ethno-Cultural Minorities
Authors: Topidi Kyriaki , Malkmus Moritz
Published: November 2024

The increasing significance of online communication services is not yet matched by adequate protections for particularly vulnerable groups, such as minorities, who are disproportionately affected by various forms of digital violence. This article examines a legislative initiative introduced by the German government in 2023, which aims to supplement the EU’s Digital Services Act (DSA) and address certain enforcement gaps in safeguarding individual rights. The analysis reveals that the initiative still faces substantial legal challenges, especially given the harmonizing nature of the DSA, which may require a more refined approach to its ambitious goals. However, a review of European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case law concerning the state’s obligation to protect individuals from hate speech suggests that the primary issues outlined in the draft should continue to be pursued. The article contextualizes the initiative within the socio-technical environment where ethno-cultural minorities are targeted online, particularly through hate speech. By situating the initiative within the current socio-legal framework and incorporating a comparative perspective – drawing on regulatory models from Canada, the UK, and Australia – it highlights key challenges that lie ahead.