bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Associação entre carboidratos da dieta habitual e diabetes mellitus tipo 2: evidências epidemiológicas
Authors: Sartorelli Daniela S. , Cardoso Marly A.
Published: November 2006

A prevalência do diabetes tem se elevado vertiginosamente e a dieta habitual é um dos principais fatores determinantes passíveis de modificação na prevenção de doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis (DCNT). Evidências sobre o papel da qualidade dos carboidratos da dieta no risco para o diabetes tipo 2 têm sido consideradas inconsistentes. O presente estudo de revisão da literatura analisa evidências epidemiológicas da associação entre a qualidade dos carboidratos da dieta habitual e risco de diabetes em adultos. Embora alguns estudos indiquem um efeito de risco de dietas com elevados teores de índice glicêmico e pobre em fibras para o diabetes, os resultados são controversos e há indícios de um efeito mediado pelo magnésio contido na casca dos grãos, enfatizando-se a relevância da analise d consumo de alimentos em detrimento de nutrientes isoladamente em investigações sobre dieta e risco para DCNT. As evidências sugerem que uma dieta rica em cereais integrais e vegetais, em detrimento do consumo de cereais refinados, sacarose e frutose, possa exercer um papel protetor para o diabetes. Entretanto, um maior número de ensaios clínicos aleatorizados são necessários para o estabelecimento das hipóteses causais e plausabilidade biológica.
Avaliação clínica e da função muscular em pacientes com hipotireoidismo subclínico
Authors: Reuters Vaneska Spinelli , Buescu Alexandru , Reis Fabiola A. Aarão , Almeida Cloyra Paiva , Teixeira Patrícia F. dos S. , Costa Antônio J. Leal , Wagman Márcia Branco , Ferreira Márcia Martins , Castro Carmen Lucia N. de , Vaisman Mario
Published: November 2006

Alguns sintomas e sinais de hipotireoidismo, bem como alterações laboratoriais, podem estar presentes no hipotireoidismo subclínico (HS). Este trabalho avalia a prevalência de sintomas e sinais de hipotireoidismo e alterações músculo-esqueléticas em pacientes com HS (n= 57) comparado a um grupo controle sem disfunção tireoideana (n= 37). Baseado na presença de sintomas e sinais de hipotireoidismo, os participantes receberam pontuação específica (escore clínico). A força muscular foi aferida pelo teste muscular manual e por dinamômetro de cadeira e a força inspiratória por manovacuômetro. Os níveis de hormônios tireoideanos e enzimas musculares foram dosados. O grupo HS apresentou escore mais elevado (p< 0,01), maior freqüência das queixas de mialgia e fraqueza (p< 0,05) e redução de força das cinturas escapular e pélvica (p< 0,05). Os níveis médios de T4 livre foram menores no HS (p< 0,001). Os resultados sugerem que a presença de sintomas e sinais de disfunção tireoideana e níveis de T4 livre na faixa inferior da normalidade no HS possam estar relacionados e devem ser valorizados na decisão de iniciar LT4.
A colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica pode ser realizada com segurança em caráter ambulatorial
Authors: Marçal Mara Virginia Lellis , Thuler Fernanda Prata Borges Martins , Ferrari Angelo Paulo
Published: November 2006

RACIONAL: A colangiopancreatografia endoscópica retrógrada é técnica efetiva no manejo das doenças biliopancreáticas. A segurança da realização do exame em ambulatório tem sido alvo de estudo. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a segurança da realização da colangiopancreatografia endoscópica retrógrada em ambulatório e descrever as complicações do exame. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODO: Acompanharam-se, prospectivamente, pacientes ambulatoriais encaminhados para colangiopancreatografia endoscópica retrógrada durante o período de 2001 a 2003. Complicações foram definidas segundo critérios de consenso, incluindo todos os efeitos adversos relacionados ao exame. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídas 195 colangiopancreatografias endoscópicas retrógradas, 79 (40,5%) diagnósticas e 116 (59,5%) terapêuticas. O grupo incluiu 112 mulheres, com média de idade de 51 anos (±18,9). Os diagnósticos encontrados mais freqüentemente foram: cálculo biliar (30,2%), estenose benigna (13,8%), neoplasia (10,2%) e pancreatite crônica (10,2%). Obteve-se sucesso em 88,6% dos exames diagnósticos e 78,5% dos terapêuticos. Dos 195 pacientes, 10 (5,1%) necessitaram de observação, dentre os quais 7 (3,6%) foram internados, (2 pacientes com pancreatite aguda, 2 com perfurações, 1 com hemorragia, 1 com complicação cardiorespiratória e 1 com febre). Dos 188 casos liberados após o exame, 8 (4,2%) foram readmitidos (1 pancreatite aguda, 1 hemorragia, 1 perfuração, 3 colangite, 2 dor abdominal). Ao comparar o grupo das complicações identificadas imediatamente contra o segundo, não se encontrou diferença estatisticamente significante quanto à idade, sexo, diagnóstico e/ou grau de dificuldade do exame. CONCLUSÃO: O tamanho da amostra e os resultados negativos da análise estatística impediram a determinação de fatores de risco, independentes para complicações pós- colangiopancreatografia endoscópica retrógrada. Contudo, não houve nenhum óbito ou complicações com má evolução nos pacientes inicialmente liberados, confirmando a segurança na realização da colangiopancreatografia endoscópica retrógrada em ambulatório.
Benign obstruction of the common hepatic duct (Mirizzi syndrome): diagnosis and operative management
Authors: Waisberg Jaques , Corona Adriano , Abreu Isaac Walker de , Farah José Francisco de Matos , Lupinacci Renato Arioni , Goffi Fábio Schmidt
Published: November 2006

BACKGROUND: Mirizzi syndrome is a rare complication of prolonged cholelithiasis, characterized by narrowing of the common hepatic duct due to mechanical compression and/or inflammation due to biliary calculus impacted in the infundibula of the gallbladder or in the cystic duct. OBJECTIVES: To describe a series of eight consecutive patients with Mirizzi syndrome, at a single institution, submitted to surgical treatment and to comment on their aspects with emphasis on the diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: Four women and four men, with a mean age of 61.6 years (42 to 82 years), presenting Mirizzi syndrome were operated between 1997 and 2003. The following items were evaluated: clinical presentation, laboratory results, preoperative evaluation, operative findings, presence of choledocholithiasis, type of Mirizzi syndrome according to the classification by Csendes, choice of operative procedures, and complications. RESULTS: The most frequent symptoms were abdominal pain (87.5%) and jaundice (87.5%). All the patients presented altered hepatic function tests. The diagnosis of Mirizzi syndrome was intra-operative in seven (87.5%) patients, and preoperative in one (12.5%). Cholecystocholedochal fistula associated with choledocholithiasis was observed in three (37.5%) cases. Mirizzi syndrome was classified as Csendes type I in five (62.5%) patients, type II in one (12.5%), type III in one (12,5%) and type IV in another (12.5%). Cholecystectomy, as an isolated surgical procedure, was performed in four (50.0%) patients. One (12.5%) patient was submitted to partial cholecystectomy and closure of the fistulous orifice with the central part of the infundibula. Two (25.0%) patients were submitted to cholecystectomy and side-to-side choledochoduodenostomy and another (12.5%) to side-to-side choledochoduodenostomy remaining the gallbladder in situ. Seven (87.5%) patients had an uneventful recovery and were discharged in good conditions. One (12.5%) patient presented a postoperative sepsis due to a sub-hepatic abscess, and was reoperated. There was no operative mortality. CONCLUSION: The preoperative diagnosis of Mirizzi syndrome is difficult and an awarded suspicion is necessary to avoid lesions of the biliary tree. The problem may only become evident during the operation due to firm adherences around Calot's triangle. The success of the treatment is related to a precocious recognition of the condition, even at the time of surgery, and adapting the management considering to the individual characteristics of each case.
Mortalidade por câncer de cólon e reto nas capitais brasileiras no período 1980-1997
Authors: Neves Fabrícia Junqueira das , Mattos Inês Echenique , Koifman Rosalina Jorge
Published: November 2006

RACIONAL: No Brasil, os tumores de cólon e reto estão entre as cinco localizações anatômicas mais importantes em termos de mortalidade, para ambos os sexos. A etiologia dessa neoplasia é complexa e vários fatores estão envolvidos na sua gênese, entre estes os relacionados à dieta. Este país apresenta perfis alimentares heterogêneos nas suas regiões geográficas, que poderiam estar influenciando a distribuição das taxas de mortalidade por esses tumores. OBJETIVO: Descrever o padrão de mortalidade por câncer de cólon e reto nas capitais brasileiras, no período de 1980-1997. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados os dados de mortalidade do Subsistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde para os anos de 1980 a 1997, para indivíduos de ambos os sexos, residentes nas capitais dos Estados brasileiros, com exceção de Palmas, Tocantins. Foram considerados como óbitos por câncer de cólon e de reto aqueles cuja causa básica havia sido codificada como 153.0 a 153.9, 154.0 e 154.1, segundo a Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID) 9, no período 1980-95; C18.0 a C18.9, C19 e C20, segundo a CID 10, no período 1996-97. A tendência das taxas padronizadas de mortalidade por câncer de cólon e reto foi analisada com base em modelos de regressão linear. RESULTADOS: As maiores taxas padronizadas de mortalidade para câncer de cólon/reto foram observadas nas regiões sul e sudeste, variando entre 8,0 e 10,7/100.000 habitantes. Porto Alegre (11,9), São Paulo (10,8) e Rio de Janeiro (9,6) apresentaram as taxas de maior magnitude no período estudado.Na região Sul, Porto Alegre e Florianópolis apresentaram tendência crescente da mortalidade por essa neoplasia, sendo o mesmo comportamento observado para São Paulo e Vitória, na região Sudeste. Brasília e as capitais da região centro-oeste, com exceção de Goiânia, mostraram tendência de crescimento das taxas de mortalidade. Entre as capitais das regiões norte e nordeste, verificou-se tendência crescente da mortalidade em Rio Branco e Fortaleza. A análise isolada das taxas de mortalidade por tumores de cólon e de reto mostrou comportamento semelhante, com valores mais altos para câncer de cólon. CONCLUSÕES: As taxas de mortalidade padronizadas por câncer de cólon/reto apresentaram importantes diferenças regionais e entre as capitais brasileiras, observando-se taxas mais elevadas nas regiões sul e sudeste. Todas as regiões apresentaram tendência de incremento das taxas de mortalidade padronizadas por câncer de cólon/reto, no período 1980-1997.
Correlation between fertility and levels of protein, sugar and free amino acids in seminal plasma of Nelore bulls
Authors: Assumpção T.I. , Torres Júnior R.A.A. , Sousa M.V. , Ricart C.A.O.
Published: November 2006

Correlations between fertility and the concentrations of proteins, reducing sugars and 17 types of free amino acids in the seminal plasma of Nelore bulls were estimated. The samples were collected from 19 bulls that had high quality semen, according to physical and morphological analyses. The bulls had their fertility scores estimated based on the pregnancy of the females mated to them during three consecutive breeding seasons, either by artificial insemination or by natural breeding. A large variability in the concentrations of the molecules was observed among the samples and a significant correlation coefficient (r= 0.90) between levels of proteins and reducing sugars was estimated. None of the components showed a significant correlation with fertility.
Análise temporal da endogamia e do tamanho efetivo da população de eqüinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador
Authors: Costa M.D. , Bergmann J.A.G. , Resende A.S.C. , Fonseca C.G.
Published: November 2006

A partir de informações de 286.047 animais registrados na Associação Brasileira dos Criadores do Cavalo Mangalarga Marchador, desde a sua fundação, em 1949, até dezembro de 1999, verificaram-se o coeficiente de endogamia e o tamanho efetivo da raça Mangalarga Marchador. A média do coeficiente de endogamia para toda a população foi de 1,3% e diferente de zero para 22,6% dos animais. Considerando apenas os animais endogâmicos, o coeficiente médio de endogamia foi de 5,7%, mínimo de 0,001 e máximo de 46,9%. Observou-se que 50% da população endogâmica apresentou coeficiente de endogamia entre 0,0001 e 10%. Na população atual a média de endogamia foi 3,8%, enquanto a média nos pais foi de 7,3%. O tamanho efetivo da população variou entre os períodos bianuais de nascimentos, sendo de 9.174,24 animais para o período de 1998-1999. O valor máximo para a razão entre o tamanho efetivo e o número de animais da população foi quase sempre inferior a 0,50, variando de 0,39 em 1980-1981 a 0,79 em 1954-1955.
Azadirachtin from the neem tree Azadirachta indica: its action against insects
Authors: Mordue(Luntz) A. Jennifer , Nisbet Alasdair J.
Published: November 2006

The neem tree has long been recognized for its unique properties both against insects and in improving human health. It is grown in most tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world for shade, reforestation and for the production of row material for natural insecticides and medicines. Azadirachtin, a complex tetranortriterpenoid limonoid from the neem seeds, is the main component responsible for the toxic effects in insects. Six international conferences on neem and a vast scientific literature report both the antifeedant and physiological effects of neem. This article reviews the behavioral and physiological properties of azadirachtin, including effects on insect reproduction, direct and "secondary" antifeedancy, and the physiological effects measured as growth reduction, increased mortality and abnormal and delayed moults. These effects are here categorized in two ways: direct effects on cells and tissues and indirect effects exerted via the endocrine system. It also describes the work carried out to date to identify the mode of action of azadirachtin at the cellular level. The differential effects between animal phyla and over non-target organisms are discussed and point to its potential success as a safe insecticide.
Exigências térmicas e estimativa do número de gerações de Bonagota cranaodes (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) em regiões produtoras de maçã do Sul do Brasil
Authors: Botton Marcos , Nakano Octávio , Kovaleski Adalécio
Published: November 2006

As exigências térmicas da lagarta-enroladeira da macieira Bonagota cranaodes (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) foi determinada em laboratório, criando-se o inseto em dieta artificial nas temperaturas de 14, 18, 22 e 26ºC, umidade relativa 70±10% e fotofase de 14 horas. A temperatura base e a constante térmica para as fases de ovo, lagarta, pupa e ciclo-biológico (ovo-adulto) foram de 7,2 e 140; 7,1 e 410; 6,4 e 183; e 6,8ºC e 745 GD, respectivamente. Com base nas exigências térmicas, foi estimado que a praga completa de três a quatro gerações anuais. Nas três regiões, uma geração se desenvolve no inverno.
Relação interespecífica entre Dipetalogaster maximus Uhler (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) e a cepa y do Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae)
Authors: Badauy Renato C. , Silva Ionizete G. , Silva Heloisa H.G. , Dias Cassio M.S.
Published: November 2006

Realizou-se um estudo comparativo entre a biologia de Dipetalogaster maximus Uhler infectada com a cepa Y de Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas e não infectada, para se conhecer a relação interespecífica existente entre o inseto e o protozoário, pelo estabelecimento e permanência da infecção durante o ciclo de vida do triatomíneo. Esses dados são fundamentais para a constituição de um banco de cepas de tripanosomas a serem preservados no inseto vetor. Os triatomíneos foram criados (28±1ºC, 70% de umidade relativa e fotofase de 12h) e separados em grupos de 60 insetos para cada experimento. Num grupo, ninfas de 1º estádio de D. maximus foram infectadas com a cepa Y de T. cruzi, com aproximadamente 2,2x10(5) tripanosomas, no 10º dia após eclosão, com a finalidade de esclarecer a relação interespecífica existente entre o inseto hospedeiro e o protozoário parasito. A duração média da incubação dos ovos de D. maximus que deram origem aos triatomíneos infectados foi de 29,5 dias, e de 30,0 dias para os não infectados. O ciclo evolutivo teve duração média de 201,1 e 204,8 dias, respectivamente, para machos não infectados e infectados pelo T. cruzi, e de 202,5 e 204,2 dias, para fêmeas não infectadas e infectadas, respectivamente. A fecundidade média foi de 217,4 e 231,0 ovos, respectivamente, para fêmeas infectadas e não infectadas. A fertilidade média foi de 60,4% para fêmeas infectadas e de 66,3% para as não infectadas. O número médio de ovos por postura foi de 2,9 para fêmeas infectadas e de 2,7 para as não infectadas. A quantidade média de sangue necessária a D. maximus para completar o ciclo evolutivo foi de 4.970,4 e de 4.901,3 mg, respectivamente, para triatomíneos infectados e não infectados. A longevidade média de D. maximus foi de 513,5 e de 504,5 dias, respectivamente, para machos e fêmeas não infectados, e de 489,8 e 462,9 dias, respectivamente, para machos e fêmeas infectados. A interação biológica entre o D. maximus e o T. cruzi foi harmônica durante todo o ciclo de vida do triatomíneo.
Localização de presas à curta distância por Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae): o papel dos aleloquímicos dos ácaros fitófagos Panonychus ulmi (Koch) e Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) e da planta hospedeira, Malus domestica (Borkham)
Authors: Collier Karin F.S. , Eiras Álvaro E. , Albuquerque Gilberto S. , Blackmer Jacquelyn L. , Araújo Marilaine C. , Monteiro Lino B.
Published: November 2006

Para conhecer os estímulos olfativos à curta distância que Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) usa para encontrar seu alimento, isto é, os ácaros fitófagos Panonychus ulmi (Koch) e Tetranychus urticae Koch, estudaram-se as respostas deste ácaro predador em relação aos aleloquímicos voláteis oriundos tanto das duas espécies de presa como de sua planta hospedeira, Malus domestica (Borkham). Na extremidade de um braço da trilha em Y foi introduzido um disco de folha sadia de macieira (= controle) e na outra um dos oito tipos de estímulo (= tratamento) seguintes: 1) folha sadia, 2) folha sadia com a presa, 3) folha sadia com cairomônios da presa, 4) folha sadia com a presa e seus cairomônios, 5) folha atacada limpa, 6) folha atacada com a presa, 7) folha atacada com cairomônios da presa e 8) folha atacada com a presa e seus cairomônios. Para cada tratamento, observou-se a direção do deslocamento do ácaro predador e analisou-se sua porcentagem de resposta. Para localizar P. ulmi, N. californicus orientou-se pelos estímulos oriundos de folhas sadias com a presa e seus cairomônios (T4), folhas atacadas com cairomônios da presa (T7) e folhas atacadas com a presa e seus cairomônios (T8). Com relação a T. urticae, o ácaro predador respondeu significativamente aos estímulos oriundos de folhas sadias com cairomônios da presa (T3) e de folhas sadias com a presa e seus cairomônios (T4), assim como de todas as combinações com folhas atacadas (T5-8). Estes resultados demonstram que os voláteis emanados pelos ácaros fitófagos, por seus subprodutos e pela planta por eles atacada, em conjunto ou isoladamente, são importantes fontes de informação para N. californicus localizar T. urticae à curta distância. Por outro lado, somente a combinação de dois ou mais estímulos olfativos parece sinalizar a localização de P. ulmi para o ácaro predador, principalmente se os cairomônios de suas fezes, ovos e exúvias estiveram incluídos em tal mistura.
Effect of pirimicarb application on field ppulations of Myzus persicae (Sulz.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) with different esterase levels
Authors: Furiatti Rui S. , M. N. Lázzari Sonia
Published: November 2006

The frequency and intensity of Myzus persicae (Sulz.) resistance were studied using bioassays and biochemical tests in two potato crops in Ibicoara, Bahia. Both areas received several insecticide applications which failed to control M. persicae. By the end of the crop season, one of the areas received two applications of pirimicarb and the other was not sprayed. Six samples of 700 aphids each were randomly collected before and after the pirimicarb applications, with an interval of four days. Specimens of M. persicae were also collected from isolated potato plants. At the laboratory, the samples were characterized by the CL50 based on insecticide bioassays and by total esterase activity using colorimetric assays. After the pirimicarb applications, the susceptible (S), the moderate resistant (R1) and mixed S/R1populations presented decreasing resistance frequencies (from 36.6 to 9.9; 12,0 to 7.5 and 11.4 to 5.9%, respectively). On the other hand, high resistant individuals (R2), extremely resistant (R3), and mixed populations of R1/R2 had increasing frequencies (from 17.7 to 36.7%; 2.3 to 9.1%, and 20.0 to 30.8%, respectively). The survival of S individuals was probably due to their wandering behavior on the plants to avoid sprayed areas. All changes in frequency were reflected in the LC50 and in the resistance ratio (rr). In the pirimicarb untreated area, high frequencies of R2, R3 and R1/R2 were observed. High frequency and resistance intensity of M. persicae in areas under intensive insecticide applications can be related to the selection of resistant populations and due to the entrance of winged migrants from spontaneous plants, where the frequency of R2+R3 was 81.4%.
Detecção e monitoramento da resistência de Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) ao dicofol
Authors: Omoto Celso , Alves Everaldo B. , Ribeiro Paulo C.
Published: November 2006

Um método de bioensaio residual foi utilizado para caracterizar a resistência de Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) ao acaricida dicofol. Arenas confeccionadas com folhas de laranjeira foram pulverizadas com diferentes concentrações de dicofol com o auxílio da torre de Potter. Posteriormente, as arenas foram acondicionadas em placas de acrílico contendo uma solução a 2,3% de ágar-água. Após a transferência de ácaros adultos para a arena pulverizada, as placas foram mantidas a 25±1ºC, umidade relativa de 70±10% e fotofase de 14h. A avaliação da mortalidade foi realizada 24h após a infestação dos ácaros. As CL50s estimadas para as linhagens susceptível e resistente ao dicofol foram 7,44 µg de dicofol / mL de água destilada [ppm (I.A.)] (IC 95% 6,74 - 8,23) e 422,45 ppm (I.A.) (IC 95% 369,41 - 482,80), respectivamente; resultando numa razão de resistência de aproximadamente 57 vezes. Concentrações discriminatórias entre 32 e 100 ppm (I.A.) foram definidas para um programa de monitoramento da resistência de B. phoenicis ao dicofol. Resultados de um levantamento da susceptibilidade de populações de B. phoenicis coletadas em diversos pomares comerciais de citros do estado de São Paulo evidenciaram uma grande variabilidade entre as populações com relação à resposta ao dicofol.
Controle de lagartas dos frutos do tomateiro pelo ensacamento das pencas
Authors: Jordão Alexandre L. , Nakano Octávio
Published: November 2006

Visando o controle das pragas dos frutos Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) e Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), pencas de tomates, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., foram ensacadas com papel-manteiga. Além do efeito do ensacamento testaram-se dois repelentes, pastilhas desodorizantes e dentes de alho em pedaços de aproximadamente 90 mm³, colados no interior dos saquinhos. Foram realizados três ensaios com delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso. O primeiro e o segundo ensaios foram realizados em campo experimental, utilizando-se tomateiros da variedade Santa Clara. O terceiro ensaio foi realizado em campo comercial, utilizando-se o híbrido Carmen. Cada ensaio foi constituído por cinco tratamentos: saquinhos contendo pastilha desodorizante, saquinhos contendo dente de alho, saquinhos vazios, testemunha e controle químico com o inseticida metamidofós. A eficiência do ensacamento e dos repelentes foi verificada por meio do número médio de lagartas encontradas por tratamento. Os resultados demonstraram que o ensacamento, associado ou não aos repelentes de insetos, reduz o ataque das lagartas N. elegantalis e H. zea aos frutos. Entretanto, o ensacamento dos frutos não foi suficiente para protegê-los dos danos causados por T. absoluta, sendo necessária a integração do método com controle químico na época de maior infestação.
A bissexualidade no eixo da escuta psicanalítica: considerações teóricas acerca da clínica
Authors: Delouya Daniel
Published: November 2006

Para onde olhamos e o que escutamos na clínica? As diversas respostas refletem as dificuldades de comunicação entre os analistas. A de Freud sempre foi o complexo de Édipo (e a castração), elevado, entre 1923 e 1925, ao estatuto de estrutura. Esta se impõe ao sujeito como trama e roteiro a serem dissolvidos. No entanto, o que se processa é o substrato originário da bissexualidade. São, portanto, as peculiares transmutações nesta última que importam na análise. A exploração desta via coloca em relevo os elementos estruturais, quantitativos, afetivos e míticos, tornando-os passíveis de interlocução com outras concepções sobre a análise.
Começa tudo outra vez...
Authors: Kelner Gilda , Filgueira Norma , Boxwell Suzana , Bouwman Marcelo
Published: November 2006

O presente ensaio descreve três experiênciasclínicas do grupo Balint do Hospital das Clínicas da UFPE e do Hospital Barão de Lucena, onde os pacientes apresentam comprometimento corporal gravíssimo, expressando dor e incompetentes para expressar o sofrimento. Os autores relatam as dificuldades transferenciais destes pacientes e tentam articular sua estrutura com a estrutura melancólica.
Preocupa o teu próximo como a ti mesmo: notas críticas a modernidade e holocausto, de Zygmunt Bauman
Authors: Rabinovitch Gérard
Published: November 2006

Gérard Rabinovitch apresenta neste artigo uma leitura crítica do livro Modernidade e Holocausto de Zygmunt Bauman. Através desta leitura, Rabinovitch aborda a tese central do livro - que considera o Holocausto o efeito não de uma barbárie pré-moderna, mas da própria modernidade -, mostrando, por um lado, os aspectos que ficam excluídos da análise de Bauman, tal como o aspecto criminal do nazismo, e destacando, por outro, a presença, essencial, de um valor de pessimismo, que marca a originalidade deste texto.
The Platinised Platinum Interface Under Cathodic Polarisation
Authors: Simonet Jacques
Published: November 2006

Under the use of super-dry dimethylformamide containing tetraalkylammonium salts (TAAX with X = Cl, Br, I, ClO, BF4, etc.) platinised platinum layers may exhibit a reversible charging process that occurs at quite negative potentials (more negative than–2.2 V vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE)). The mode of reactivity of the electrolyte and the reversibility of the platinum charging of platinised layers (whatever the type of conducting substrate–gold and glassy carbon can also be used successfully) are discussed in terms of the nature of the salt. After cathodic charge and oxidation by air of samples removed from the cell, a huge change of morphology of the original platinised layer was observed. During repeated reduction/oxidation stages, the original amorphous platinised layer was progressively transformed, with a noticeable swelling of the original layer. This transformation, based essentially on cathodic swelling due to the peculiar reactivity of platinum in the presence of bulky tetraalkylammonium salts, is the precondition for a new kind of platinum interface.
Rhodium and Iridium in Organometallic Catalysis
Authors: Crabtree Robert H.
Published: November 2006

Work to extend the catalytic chemistry of rhodium and iridium, with particular emphasis on the great versatility of the former, is outlined and summarised. Topics addressed include the design of chelating N-heterocyclic carbene ligands, and the cyclisation of alkynes using rhodium and iridium phosphine compounds as reagents or catalysts. The work was carried out by Ph.D. students sponsored through the prize awarded by Johnson Matthey to the winner of their Rhodium Bicentenary Competition.
Reliability of Platinum-Based Thermocouples
Authors: Rushforth Roy
Published: November 2006

A series of articles in this Journal by Wilkinson on platinum-based thermocouples and their use (1–4) addressed most of the potential problems and performance-limiting factors. The author referred to the possibility of deterioration of thermocouple performance through contamination. This article expands on this, demonstrating that the prevailing atmosphere in which the thermocouple is operating can have a profound effect on its life and accuracy.
Predicting 2D ground movements around tunnels in undrained clay
Authors: Osman A. S. , Bolton M. D. , Mair R. J.
Published: November 2006

A new analytical method is introduced for calculating displacements due to tunnelling. This is conceived within the framework of the bound theorems of plasticity, but allowing for soil strain-hardening. The ground displacements due to tunnelling are idealised by a simple displacement mechanism of distributed shearing in the plane of the tunnel cross-section. The tunnel support pressure corresponding to a certain volume loss is calculated from energy balances of the work dissipated in distributed shear, the potential energy loss of soil flowing into the tunnel, and the work done by this soil against the tunnel support pressure. The calculations are carried out in steps of small volume loss accompanying small reduction in support pressure, after each of which the tunnel geometry is updated. In this way, each reduced tunnel support pressure is related to a complete ground displacement field. A simplified closed-form solution is also provided for the prediction of maximum surface ground settlement for the particular case of deep tunnelling. This closed-form solution is obtained by integrating the vertical equilibrium equation on the tunnel centreline from the tunnel crown up to the ground surface. These two analytical solutions have been validated against five previously published centrifuge tests.
Analysis of a rapid load test on an instrumented bored pile in clay
Authors: Brown M. J. , Hyde A. F. L. , Anderson W. F.
Published: November 2006

Rapid load testing methods for piled foundations are generally easier and quicker to mobilise than classic static tests, and are less complex to analyse than dynamic load tests. A recently developed rapid load pile testing method known as the Statnamic test is seeing greater use in the UK for the assessment of piles. For foundation design, it is necessary to derive the equivalent static load-settlement curve from the rapid load test data by eliminating inertial and damping effects. Existing methods of test analysis generally provide good correlation with static tests for sands and gravels, but overpredict pile capacities by up to 50% for clays. In order to gain an insight into the behaviour of rapid load pile testing in clays, a full-scale pile instrumented with accelerometers, strain-gauged sister bars and a tip load cell was tested in a glacial lodgement till near Grimsby, UK. The soil around the pile was also instrumented with radially arrayed buried accelerometers. The test pile was subjected to rapid loading tests, the results of which were compared with constant rate of penetration and maintained load static tests on the same pile. Results from the field testing have been analysed using non-linear viscous parameters obtained from laboratory model and element tests to represent rate-dependent clay shear resistance in the post-yield phase of loading. Shaft frictions derived from the strain-gauged reinforcement in the pile have been compared with shear strains and stresses derived from accelerations in the surrounding soil to give an insight into the load transfer mechanisms for a rapidly loaded pile in clay.
The undrained response of sands with additions of particles of various shapes and sizes
Authors: Georgiannou V. N.
Published: November 2006

As a natural deposit, sand is rarely found clean—that is, without fractions of silt or clay. The engineering behaviour of two different host sand gradations mixed with additions of particles of various shapes and sizes is compared with that of clean sand. Anisotropically consolidated specimens are sheared in triaxial compression and extension at their ‘loosest’ initial state resulting from the same depositional method, namely air pluviation. Additive materials at contents less than 2·5% by weight can dramatically change the undrained behaviour of the host sand. The addition of rotund particles (e.g. silt) should be distinguished from that of flat or platy particles of different size (e.g. kaolin, silt or sand-size mica). The importance of shape and location of additives in modifying the sand structure is not reflected in measures such as void ratio. Mixtures of both sands with silt-size mica exhibit the most unstable response, although these had the lowest values of void or granular void ratio. The undrained response of each sand mixed with different amounts of sand-size mica is also presented. An increase in mica content usually leads to more stable behaviour at contents above a certain threshold, depending on the grading of the sand. The shear response of the sands and most mixtures is much weaker and more contractive in triaxial extension than in triaxial compression. High anisotropy is also indicated by the stiffness measurements at small strains in both loading directions.
Use of an artificial neural network to capture the domain knowledge of a conventional hydraulic simulation model
Authors: Rao Zhengfu , Alvarruiz Fernando
Published: November 2006

As part of the POWADIMA research project, this paper describes the technique used to predict the consequences of different control settings on the performance of the water-distribution network, in the context of real-time, near-optimal control. Since the use of a complex hydraulic simulation model is somewhat impractical for real-time operations as a result of the computational burden it imposes, the approach adopted has been to capture its domain knowledge in a far more efficient form by means of an artificial neural network (ANN). The way this is achieved is to run the hydraulic simulation model off-line, with a large number of different combinations of initial tank-storage levels, demands, pump and valve settings, to predict future tank-storage water levels, hydrostatic pressures and flow rates at critical points throughout the network. These input/output data sets are used to train an ANN, which is then verified using testing sets. Thereafter, the ANN is employed in preference to the hydraulic simulation model within the optimization process. For experimental purposes, this technique was initially applied to a small, hypothetical water-distribution network, using EPANET as the hydraulic simulation package. The application to two real networks is described in subsequent papers of this series.
Challenges to managing water resources along the hydrological boundaries in Nigeria
Authors: Adeoti O.
Published: November 2006

At present, Nigeria is undertaking a broad reform program process of its water resources. In order to complement this effort, this paper examines the challenges to managing water resources along the hydrological boundaries in Nigeria. It reviews the present situation of participatory approach in Nigeria using official regulatory documents and other relevant materials and complements it with primary information sources. Findings indicate that: (1) there are no legal regimes or provisions for a river basin-based participatory approach in Nigeria and (2) there is/are no stakeholder management platform(s) that consist(s) of both government and non-government bodies in practice, but conditions do exist for the implementation of a participatory approach in Nigeria, which range from political willingness to socio-economic, environmental and sustainability issues. The paper closes with suggestions about possible interventions, which also stand as challenges on their own, to remedy the identified policy gaps in Nigeria.
Enumerating Salmonella in biosolids for compliance with pathogen regulations
Authors: Yanko William A. , Walker Alan S. , Jackson James L. , Libao Leticia L. , Garcia April L.
Published: November 2006

Recently adopted federal regulations (40CFR Part 503) for land use of biosolids set maximum bacterial limits based on fecal coliform or Salmonella and specified test methods to be used. The cited Salmonella methods were not evaluated for their suitability for compliance testing before inclusion in the regulation. This study evaluated the Part 503 Salmonella methods and two other Salmonella methods previously developed to test biosolids and compost. Ten samples each of activated sludge, anaerobically digested biosolids, and compost were analyzed by five different procedures. Statistical analysis (Kruskal‐Wallis one‐way analysis of variance) indicated there was a significant difference between methods (P < 0.001). Pairwise comparisons (Student‐Newman‐Keuls method) showed that the two methods that had been developed for testing biosolids were not significantly (P < 0.05) different and recovered significantly (P < 0.05) more salmonellae than the 503 cited methods. One 503 method failed to detect Salmonella in 43% of samples containing salmonellae. Only one of the three 503 specified Salmonella test methods appeared acceptable for compliance testing.
Water quality changes during soil aquifer treatment of tertiary effluent
Authors: Wilson L. G. , Amy G. L. , Gerba C. P. , Gordon H. , Johnson B. , Miller J.
Published: November 2006

This paper summarizes the results of field studies in Tucson, Arizona, to estimate the soil aquifer treatment (SAT) effectiveness of a 5.7‐ha (14‐acre) water spreading facility, the Sweetwater Underground Storage and Recovery Facility. Groundwater samples collected from the facility during 1989 to 1990 were analyzed for pathogens. A specific basin was selected during the 1990 to 1991, 1991 to 1992, and 1992 to 1993 recharge seasons for sampling source water (tertiary effluent), pore‐liquid samples from the vadose zone, and groundwater during recharge. These samples were analyzed for the nitrogen species, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and total organic halide (TOX). The results showed that the site provides effective SAT. Enteroviruses were completely removed during travel in the 37‐m (120‐ft) thick vadose zone. No Giardia were detected in any of the groundwater samples. The DOC and TOX were reduced by 92% and 85%, respectively. After leaching of indigenous nitrogen from the vadose zone, total nitrogen was reduced by approximately 47% during recharge. Near‐surface anaerobic conditions promote denitrification.
Sustained trichloroethylene cometabolism by phenol‐degrading bacteria in sequencing biofilm reactors
Authors: Segar Robert L. , De Wys Shelley L. , Speitel Gerald E.
Published: November 2006

Bench‐scale studies of a sequencing packed‐bed bioreactor were conducted for the treatment of waters contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE). The reactor contained a mixed‐culture biofilm grown aerobically on phenol; the biofilm cometabolized TCE in the absence of phenol. These studies focused on the effect of phenol‐feeding strategies in relation to sustaining high levels of TCE removal efficiency. The reactor was cycled between a rejuvenation stage, during which phenol at 5, 25, or 100 mg/L was supplied in a nutrient water, and a degradation stage, during which TCE was supplied as a contaminant at 100 μg/L in the absence of phenol. Two to three hours of rejuvenation per 24 hours of TCE degradation were required for stable operation. Pseudo‐first‐order rate constants for TCE degradation between 50 and 100 L/g volatile suspended solids·d were sustained for up to 29 days. The successful feeding strategies yielded average TCE removals between 70 and 90% at a packed‐bed hydraulic residence time of 14 minutes. Conceivably, a full‐scale sequencing reactor could operate indefinitely with the proper feeding strategy.
Stimulation of activated sludge cultures for enhanced heavy metal removal
Authors: Chang Duk , Fukushi Kensuke , Ghosh Sambhunath
Published: November 2006

The objective of this research was to investigate the feasibility of developing improved activated sludge cultures capable of removing heavy metals present in high concentrations. Bacterial acclimation and stimulation with special chemicals were employed to this end. Thus, cystine, peptone, and, β‐glycerophosphate stimulated heavy metal uptake without a drastic reduction in culture viability otherwise experienced in the absence of these special nutrients. Acclimated‐stimulated cultures substantially increased metal removal capabilities of aerobic cultures probably because of enhanced synthesis of metal‐complexing biopolymers in the presence of precursor chemicals. The lethal effect of heavy metals could also be reduced significantly by culture development in the presence of these nutrients. The peptone‐grown culture exhibited the highest removal of copper and cadmium of 0.65 and 0.68 mg/mg protein, respectively. This research shows that substantial improvements in the metal uptake capabilities of activated sludge cultures may be effected by including special nutrients (precursor biochemicals) with the process feed.
Effects of biosorption and dissolution on the biodegradation of di‐n‐butyl phthalate
Authors: Wang Xiaolan , Grady C. P. Leslie
Published: November 2006

The effects of biosorption and desorption on biodegradation were studied by using di‐n‐butyl phthalate (DBP) as a model pollutant of low solubility. Batch experiments were performed to measure the rate of DBP biodegradation in the presence and absence of sorptive biomass incapable of its biodegradation. When the initial concentration of DBP in a batch reactor was lower than the solubility limit, biosorption before biodegradation decreased the biodegradation rate by lowering the soluble DBP concentration. When the DBP concentration was higher than the solubility limit, biosorption before biodegradation increased the biodegradation rate because the desorption rate was much faster than the dissolution rate from the nonaqueous phase. An empirical model, which included a desorption/dissolution rate term, was successfully applied to describe the biodegradation data in the absence of significant biosorption. The model was incapable of describing the data in the presence of significant biosorption because of the growth of the degrader on products released by the sorptive biomass.
Development of EPA's new methods to quantify vector attraction of wastewater sludges
Authors: Farrell Joseph B. , Bhide Vinayak , Smith James E.
Published: November 2006

EPA's 1979 and 1993 sludge regulations require that sewage sludge be reduced in vector attraction before it can be applied to the land. In the 1979 regulation, satisfactory vector attraction reduction (VAR) could be demonstrated if treatment processes reduced the volatile solids content of sludge by 38%. The 1993 regulation adds two alternative test methods for aerobic sludges for determining whether VAR has been adequate. In the first method, specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) of the sludge must be <1.5 mg O2/hr/g total solids, and in the second method, the additional volatile solids reduction (AVSR) that occurs when the sludge is further digested for 30 days must be <15%. Experimentation with the new tests is described. Comparisons among the three methods showed that the 38% VSR requirement and the SOUR test were equivalent only near 20°C. The AVSR test was more conservative than either of the other tests.
Adsorption of fluoride, phosphate, and arsenate ions on lanthanum‐impregnated silica gel
Authors: Wasay S. A. , Haran Md. J. , Tokunaga S.
Published: November 2006

A lanthanum‐impregnated silica gel has been developed for the removal of fluoride, phosphate, and arsenate ions by adsorption. The interaction between silica gel and lanthanum ion was maximum at a final pH of 6. The removal of fluoride and arsenate ions by adsorption on the lanthanum‐impregnated silica gel was more than 99.9% at neutral pH from initial concentration of 0.55 and 0.2 mmol/L, respectively. The removal of phosphate ion was 95% at an initial concentration of 0.5 mmol/L at neutral pH. Arsenite ion was not adsorbed on the material. The rate of adsorption of the anions followed the first‐order reaction and fit in the Lagergren equation. The adsorption of each anion followed the Langmuir isotherm. Other anions such as Cl− Br−, I−, NO3−, and SO42− did not interfere with the adsorption. A column study was conducted for the removal of these anions at a fixed flow rate of 0.5 mL/min at pH approximately 7. These anions were removed by more than 99.9% at initial first or second fraction, and the column was regenerated at pH 8.5. The method was applied for the removal of these anions from synthetic and high‐tech industrial wastewaters.
Stripping volatile organic compounds and petroleum hydrocarbons from water
Authors: LaBranche David F. , Collins M. Robin
Published: November 2006

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and petroleum products are ubiquitous groundwater contaminants. Petroleum products, for example, diesel fuel, contain a wide array of volatile, semivolatile, and large‐chain hydrocarbon compounds. This research sought to determine whether air stripping can provide a site‐specific treatment solution for petroleum‐contaminated groundwaters and to document the abilities and limitations of tray‐type (ShallowTray™ air‐stripping technology. Full factorial experimental trials were conducted to determine the influence of inlet water flow rate and temperature on trichloroethylene (TCE), perchloroethylene (PCE), and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal. As expected, TPH removal controlled air stripper performance, and liquid temperature affected removal more than flow rate. The mass‐transfer rate of TCE and PCE from water to air was controlled by the compound's volatility, whereas the TPH mass‐transfer rate was controlled by the compound's concentration gradient. Results indicate that economical air stripping of VOC and TPH compounds can be achieved using low liquid flow rates (20 to 75 L/min), high air/water ratios (225 to 898), and medium liquid temperatures (16°C to 28°C) in tray‐type air strippers.