bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevention of Enamel Caries by Low Power Dye Assisted He-Ne Laser: an In Vitro Study
Authors: Rajab Dr. Muthenna Sh.
Published: August 2022

The objective of this study aimed to assess the carieslike lesion preventive potential of low power dye assisted He-Ne laser.Enamel of extracted human premolar teeth were painted with methylene blue dye and irradiated with 5 mW of He-Ne laser, which emitted laser with 632.8 nm in wavelength. Another group were irradiated without dye application, and the third group was served as control (without laser irradiation). All samples were subjected to carieslike lesion formation by 3.5 pH lactic acid for 21 days. The crowns after that were sectioned into ground cross sections and the lesion depths were measured under a polarizing microscope.According to this study, successful carieslike lesion inhibition could be achieved to 29% extent, by using low power dye assisted He-Ne laser irradiation.
Effect of Water Cinnamon Extract on Mutans Streptococci , in Comparison to Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Zac (In Vitro and In Vivo Study)
Authors: Rashad Dr. Jinan Mohammed
Published: August 2022

Background:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of water cinnamon extract on growth of mutans streptococci, in comparison to chlorhexidine gluconate (0.2%), Zac [0.12% chlorhexidine with 0.05% sodium fluoride (Maleh Chemical products, Syria)] and deionized water in vitro and viability counts of mutans streptococci among a number of volunteers.Material and Methods:Stimulated saliva was collected from six healthy looking students aged (22-24) from which mutans streptococci were isolated. Sensitivities of mutans streptococci according to Agar Well Technique showed that mutans streptococci were more sensitive to chlorhexidine and Zac compared to water cinnamon extract. The effect of these agents on the viability counts of mutans streptococci in comparison to the control in vitro were studied, a significant reduction in the counts of bacteria at concentrations 20% of water cinnamon extract was illustrated (P<0.05), at higher concentrations water cinnamon extract showed a highly significant reduction in the counts of bacteria(P<0.001), concerning chlorhexidine, and Zac there was a highly significant reduction in the counts of bacteria in comparison to the control after 24 hour(P<0.001). The study involved one in vivo experiment to test the effect of water cinnamon extract (20%) against salivary mutans streptococci in comparison to 0.2% chlorhexidine, Zac and deionized water. Stimulated saliva was collected from 20 subjects (22-25), they were divided into four groups, each group rinse once with either chlorhexidine, Zac, cinnamon extract or deionized water. A non significant difference was found between cinnamon and chlorhexidine compared to deionized water in the counts of bacteria after thirty minute. There was a highly significant difference between Zac and deionized water, rinsing with Zac resulted in a highly significant reduction in the count of bacteria within this time followed by chlorhexidine which was not significantly difference from cinnamon, deionized water showed a slight reduction in the counts of bacteria. The same result was shown after one hour, within this time chlorhexidine resulted in a highly significant reduction in the counts of bacteria compared to deionized water. After two hours of rinsing there was no significant difference between cinnamon and deionized water in the counts of bacteria.Conclusion:Cinnamon would be a useful compound for development of antibacterial agents against mutans streptococci although its effectiveness was less than chlorhexidine but it may has potential for use in mouthwash for preventing dental caries.
Dental Caries and Salivary Mutans Streptococci Level among a Group of Mothers and their Children in Relation to Feeding
Authors: El-Shamari Dr. Nuha Sh. , Al-Obaidi Dr. Wesal A.
Published: August 2022

Dental caries is the most prevalent oral disease among children and young adults which is caused mainly by mutans streptococci. The relation of dental caries and salivary mutans streptococci between children and their mothers according to the type of child feeding was controversies.A sample of 56 child-mother pairs with age range for children 3-4 year old and 25-30 year old for their mothers were examined. Dental caries was recorded following the WHO (1987) criteria. The Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin Agar was used for the cultivation of mutans streptococci.None significant difference was found in dental caries and salivary mutans streptococci between the breast and bottle fed children (P>0.05). The percentage of caries free breast fed children was higher than that of the bottle fed children. Highly significant positive strong correlations were found between both groups of children and their mothers regarding dental caries experience and salivary mutans streptococci count.The mother plays an important role in transferring salivary mutans streptococci and as a results dental caries to her child regarding both type of child feeding.
Ear lobes as facial landmarks for determining the occlusal plane
Authors: Khalaf Dr. Bayan S.
Published: August 2022

Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to introduce ear lobes as alternative landmarks for the interpupillary line during orientation of the occlusal plane. Also, the other aim was to compare the ear lobes with the pupils of the eyes to verify that they were indifferent as anatomical landmarks.Method: The alternative landmarks, ear lobes, were presented and the method for orienting the occlusal plane with these landmarks was introduced. Digital pictures of 30 subjects, who participated in the study, were analyzed to compare the parallelism of the interpupillary line with the ear lobes.Results: The results of this study showed that the interpupillary line was parallel with the line drawn between both ear lobes for the same subject.Conclusion: The ear lobes were reliable and dependable alternative landmarks for the orientation of the occlusal plane and could be used with less effort than that of the conventional method utilizing the interpupillary line.
Effects of co-administered dexamethasone and diclofenac sodium on pain, swelling and trismus following third molar surgery
Authors: Y. H Dr. Taha Y. H
Published: August 2022

Background:The synergism between the action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) and steroids suggest that co-therapy may provide beneficial inflammatory and pain relief in the absence of side effects. The aim of the study was to compare the effect of co-administered dexamethasone and diclofenac sodium (diclofenac Na) with diclofenac Na alone on the postoperative pain, swelling and trismus after surgical removal of third molars.Methods:A prospective randomized study was conducted at the clinic of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dentistry College/ Mustansirya University. A total of 30 patients were randomly divided into two treatment groups, the first were given dexamethasone (30 minutes preoperative 8 mg and postoperative 4 mg IV 6 hours postoperatively in two doses) and oral dose of diclofenac Na 50 mg 30 minutes before and after surgery, while the second group were given 50 mg diclofenac Na orally alone 30 minutes before and after surgery (as with first group). The overall analgesic effect of the drug was assessed postoperatively by determination of pain severity using a category rating scale. Facial swelling was measured using a tape measure placed from tragus to gonion to tragus, while interincisal mouth-opening of patients was measured using a calibrated vernier pre-operatively and post-operatively.Results:Co-administration of dexamethasone and diclofenac Na was significantly superior to diclofenac alone for the relief of pain (P < 0.05), and facial swelling up to 48 hour postoperativly (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference for trismus relief between the two medication protocols (P > 0.05).Conclusion:This study shows enhanced effects of co-administered dexamethasone and diclofenac Na on short-term post-operative pain and swelling, compared to diclofenac sodium alone in third molar surgery
Pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary glands: a retrospective study of 40 cases.
Authors: Shebeeb Dr. Adil H.
Published: August 2022

Forty cases of pleomorphic adenoma( PA) presented in this study were diagnosed in the department of the Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry , Baghdad University covering the period 1982-1992. The tumours were distributed according to age, gender and site of occurrence. Patients ranged in age from 11 to 80 years. The age group 41-50 years was most frequently affected by PA 12 cases (30%) followed by 3rd and 4th decades 9(22.5%) 7(17.5%), respectively .It is evident in this study that PA was more frequently seen in females 24 (60%) than males16 (40%).It was observed from results that the palate was the most common site for occurrence of PA 32(80%), followed by the parotid gland 3(7.5%). Most of the results were comparable to the data of the literatures.
Evaluation of permanent premolars intended for endodontic treatment in term of root number & form, condition of periapical area and state of lamina dura (Radiographic survey).
Authors: Al-obiedy Dr. Amer Al-obiedy
Published: August 2022

The radiographic film serves an extremely important need in detecting disease process that affects the tooth and its surrounding structures. The aim of the present study is to take a radiographic view to determine root number and form, condition of the periapical area and state of the lamina dura for permanent premolar teeth intended for root canal therapy. One hundred ninety radiographs representing the step of working length determination for permanent premolars intended for root canal therapy were selected from a number of private clinics in Baghdad. Results of this study shows that 52.1 % of the endodontically treated teeth having curvature free roots, while 47.9 % of them were presented with curved roots, most of teeth 94.2% were free of periapical lesions and lamina dura was absent in 65.8 % of the teeth.
An evaluation of the Effect of Surface Treatment On Amalgam Repair
Authors: Zaidan Dr.Baidaa M. , Al-Azzawi Prof. Dr. Abdul Karim J.
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments on shear bond strength of repaired amalgam using two types of amalgam. 120 acrylic blocks (2.7cm diameter by 2.0cm high) were constructed from cold cure resin, each one contained cylindrical hole (7mm diameter by 2mm high) on its circular face that filled with amalgam. The samples were divided into immediate repair group and delayed repair group, which was stored and incubated at 37C0 for one month. After aging the amalgam surface of delayed repair was finished with carbide bur and polished with abrasive rubber cup then divided into three groups according to the surface treatment that include group with out surface treatment, group roughened with diamond bur and the last group was abraded with aluminum oxide (50m) particles size, both immediate and delayed repair were further subdivided according to the type of amalgam used into three subgroups. The repair procedure was done by using a Teflon split mold which containing an opening (3mm diameter by 5mm high) then all the samples were storage and incubated at 37C0 for one week prior to testing.Testing was done by applying shear force at the interface between the initial and repair amalgam with special designed chisel shape rod by using Zwick testing machine at across head speed of 5mm/min.Analysis of the results showed that the shear bond strength in immediate repair were significant higher than of delayed repair and the group roughened with diamond bur is higher than group treated with aluminum oxide and untreated group.The shear bond strength of delayed repair of amalgam is less than that of immediate repair, the surface produced by roughening the samples with a diamond bur will give best strength than the surface treated by aluminum oxide and untreated surface (smooth surface) and the same types of amalgam restorations used in amalgam repair gave better result than different type of amalgam.
Effect of water Clove Extract on Streptococci and Mutans Streptococci, in Comparison to Chlorhexidine Gluconate (A Comparative In Vitro and In Vivo Study)
Authors: Rashad Dr.Jinan Mohammed
Published: August 2022

Recently, in many parts of the world there is a rich tradition in the use of natural products for the treatments of many infectious diseases; many herbal remedies have been used because of their antibacterial, anti- inflammatory, cytostatic, antifungal and antiviral. Stimulated saliva was collected from four healthy looking females aged (20-21) from which mutans streptococci were isolated. Sensitivities of mutans streptococci according to Agar Well Technique showed that water clove extract was effective in the inhibition of these bacteria, mutans streptococci were more sensitive to chlorhexidine compared to water extract as indicated by the wider zones of inhibition on the Mueller Hinton Agar. An in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of these agents on acid formation by mutans streptococci, the result showed that chlorhexidine gluconate and water clove extract were effective in retardation of acid formation. The study involved one in vivo experiment to test the effect of water clove extract (10%) against salivary streptococci and mutans streptococci in comparison to 0.2% chlorhexidine and deionized water. Stimulated saliva was collected from 18 volunteers aged (24-27 years) they were divided into three groups each group rinsed once with either chlorhexidine, deionized water or clove water extract for one minute. The counts of bacteria were recorded at different time points (one minute prior to the rinse, 30 minutes after rinsing, one hour and two hours). No significant difference in the counts of streptococci was found between deionized water and water clove extract for all time points, rinsing with any one of these agents resulted in a slight decreased in the counts of these bacteria, chlorhexidine showed a sharp reduction in the counts of bacteria which was highly significant (P<0.001). For mutans streptococci, a highly significant differences were found between the three mouth rinses (P<0.001) in the counts of bacteria in the following time points (after thirty minute, after one hour). Within these times chlorhexidine was shown to be the most effective in reducing the counts of these bacteria followed by water clove extract. The result of the present study showed the effectiveness of clove especially against mutans streptococci, although it was less than chlorhexidine, but it can be use as effective anticaries agent. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of water clove extract in comparison to chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% and deionized water on growth, acidogenicity of mutans streptococci in vitro and viability counts of streptococci and mutans streptococci among a number of volunteers.
Effect of Siwak Extract on the Microhardness and Microscopic Feature of Initial Caries-Like Lesion of Permanent Teeth, Compared to Fluoridated Agents
Authors: AL-Obaidy Dr. Nibal Mohammed , EL – Samarrai Dr. Sulafa K. , Majeed Dr. Ahlam H.
Published: August 2022

Siwak is a chewing stick used to clean the teeth and message the gum. Theirroutine use was shown to be associated with the reduction in severity of dental caries.This study aimed to test the effect of water Siwak extract on the microhardness andmicroscopic features of artificially initiated carious lesion of the outer enamel surface,in comparison to stannous fluoride and sodium fluoride. Upper first premolars wereextracted and subjected to pH cycling procedure. Teeth immerged individually in 20ml of selected agents for four minutes then rinsed by de ionized water. Agentsinvolved were 5% and 10% water Siwak extract, 8% stannous fluoride and 0.05%sodium fluoride. Samples were subjected to Vickers microhardness test andmicroscopic examination before and after the pH cycling and following insertion inthe agents. Water Siwak extract, stannous fluoride and sodium fluoride were found toincrease the microhardness values of de mineralized enamel surfaces, this werestatistically highly significant for Siwak extract and stannous fluoride (P< 0.01) andsignificant for sodium fluoride. However none of the mentioned agents was able toincrease the micro hardness to approximate the original values of the sound enamel.Under polarized light results revealed that water Siwak extracts and stannous fluorideproduce the best remineralization surface zone. Water Siwak extracts is very effectivein remineralization of initial carious lesion.
dentification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates from Odontogenic Abscesses
Authors: Abdulla Dr. Ahmad Hayder , Omar Dr. Lukmman F. , Hassan Dr. Haween T.
Published: August 2022

Objective: The purpose of the study was to identify the bacterial composition of the microbiota from odontogenic abscesses and their antimicrobial susceptibilities.Study Design: An aspirate of pus from 37 patients with odontogenic abscesses was obtained by needle aspiration and processed aerobically and under anaerobic conditions. Bacteria were isolated and identified by standard Laboratory methods. Then antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated bacteria was determined by using disc diffusion method.Results: Out of 37 aspirates, 100% yielded positive culture, 34 aspirates contained a mix of microorganisms. A total of 90 strains of bacteria were isolated.Out of 90 strains, 63 strains were anaerobes and 27 strains were aerobes and facultative anaerobes. The mean number of strains per sample was 2.4, two samples were purely anaerobes, 9 samples were mixed anaerobes, 2 samples were purely facultative anaerobes, no purely aerobic, 17 had mixed growth of anaerobes and facultative anaerobes, and 7 samples had mixed growth of aerobes and facultative anaerobic bacteria. Out of 90 isolates, 42 (46.67%) were Gram-positive cocci, 25 (27.78%) were Gram-positive bacilli, 21 (23.33%) were Gram-negative bacilli, and 2 (2.22%) were Candida albicans. The genera of bacteria most frequently isolated were viridans group streptococci, Peptostreptococcus spp., Eubacterium spp., and Prevotella spp. Invitro antibiotic sensitivity of isolated microorganisms were tested for Penicillin, Amoxillin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid, Erythromycin, and Metronidazole by disc diffusion method. All isolates were sensitive to Amoxillin+ clavulanic acid: 27/27(100%), followed by Ampicillin: 24/27(88.89%), Amoxillin: 23/27(85.19%), Penicillin: 22/27(81.48%), Erythromycin: 12/27(44.44%), and metronidazole: 10/27(37.04%).Conclusions: The present results confirm the existence of mixed infection with predominance of anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria in odontogenic abscesses. Penicillin still possesses antimicrobial activity against the majority of bacteria isolated from odontogenic infections. However, if penicillin therapy has failed to be effective, the combination of penicillin with ampicillin or amoxillin with clavulanic acid is recommended.
The effect of Light Emitting Diode and Sandwich technique on Pulp Temperature during Polymerization of Composite resin
Authors: Salih Dr. Shatha Abdullah
Published: August 2022

This in vitro study evaluated the effect of glass ionomer liner in limiting temperature rise during composite curing with Light Emitting Diode (LED cure unit) compare it with Conventional visible light-cure lamp.Twenty sound upper premolar teeth were used & on the buccal and palatal surfaces of them, a standardized class V cavity was prepared, 1mm occlusal to the cemento-enamel junction. Cavity dimensions of occluso-gingival height 1.5mm, mesio-distal width of 3mm. The depth of the cavity was 2mm and was calibrated by measuring with a pre marked periodontal probe. The teeth were randomly divided into four groups according to the cure mode and filling teqnique. Each group consist of 5 teeth (10 cavities); Group I; each cavity filled with 2mm (micro-hybrid resin composite) and cured with Quartz Tungsten Halogen light unit (QTH), Group II; the same as Group I but cured with Light Emitting Diod (LED cure unit), Group III; each cavity filled with glass ionomer lining of 0.5mm and 1.5mm (micro-hybrid resin composite), and cured with Quartz Tungsten Halogen light unit (QTH), & Group IV; each cavity filled with glass ionomer lining of 0.5mm and 1.5mm (micro-hybrid resin composite) but cured with Light Emitting Diod (LED cure unit). Temperature was measured before light curing of the composite resin & immediately after it. Then the Temperature was measured by a type K thermocouple.The results revealed that there were significant differences between the groups at p<0.01 with in favor of the group filled with composite resin & cured with LED with glass ionomer lining.The use of sandwich restorations with LED curing unit produced lesser temperature degrees toward the pulp space.
Antibacterial Effect of Ozonated Water on Adherent Mutans Streptococci (In Vitro)
Authors: Habeeb Dr. Hasanain M , Al-Mizraqchi Dr. Abbass Al-Mizraqchi , Ibraheem Dr. Adel Farhan
Published: August 2022

To evaluate the antibacterial efficiency of ozonated water against adherent bacteria (in vitro). Ten dentin samples per group were inoculated with bacterial suspension and treated as follows: (I) untreated served as –ve control, (II) sterile distilled water for 10 seconds served as +ve control, (III) 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (Sultan-USA) for 10 seconds, (IV) 0.2% chlorhexidine (Corsodyle®, England) for 10 seconds, and (V) 4mg/L ozonated water (Ozonesolution-Enaly, USA) for 10 seconds. Swab taken from all samples and an inoculum was spread on the selective medium MSB (HiMedia, India). Count of bacteria was recorded expressed in colony forming unit (CFU) taking in consideration the dilution factor.There was high significant reduction in viable count of adherent M.S treated with ozonatd water 4mg/L compared with the other groups at P<0.01 level.According to the circumstances of this study, ozonated water was very potent antibacterial agent against mutans streptococci
Chief complaint, treatment need and factors Affect Late Attendance to Dental Clinic in a Sample Collected from Iraqi Patients
Authors: Ali Dr. Warkaa M.
Published: August 2022

This study conducted on (470) subjects attending dental clinic in Baghdad. Information was collected from all patients regarding their age, sex and chief compliant at the time of presentation. This was followed by clinical examination. Chief complaint of the majority of patients was toothache (47.02%) while the rest were come for various reasons. All of the patients examined were in need of some type of treatment. (56.60%) of patients needed conservative treatment, (14.89%) extraction, (5.79%) prosthodontic treatment, (8.64%) periodontal treatment, (2.34%) fixation of bridge, (0.2%) surgical operation and only medication were (5.74%).The factors that affect the delay attendance of dental patients to the clinic were studied after direct question to the patients who gave nearly the same causes mentionened in other previous similar studies which reflect the great need to dental health education and improvement of the dentist-patient interaction
An Orthopantomographic study of hypodontia in permanent teeth of Iraqi patients
Authors: Al-Ajwadi Dr. Shahbaa A.Mohammed
Published: August 2022

The congenital lack of one or more permanent teeth is a common anomaly in man .By definition, congenitally missing teeth are those that fail to erupt in the oral cavity and remain invisible in a radiograph, which implies this caused by disturbance during the early stages of tooth development.389 orthopantomograms of healthy patients were used the number of males were 194 and the number of females were 195.The patients has visited the hospital of college of dentistry of Baghdad university between 2006 and 2008.Thy were aged between 13 and 27years at the time the OPGs were taken .All OPGs were analyzed by viewer .The congenitally missing teeth were identify first clinically and confirm by the OPGsThe hypodontia mostly seen in upper lateral incisors, and lower second premolar, flowed by lower central incisors, upper central incisors, and lastly the lower lateral incisor, there were gender difference in hypodontia, but both genders show high percentage of upper lateral incisors hypodontia, 60.31%for males, and 72.30%for females. The hypodontia of lower second premolar in males 18.56%,and in females 14.5%.The hypodontia of upper central incisors in males 2.577%,and 0%in females. The hypodontia for lower central incisor in males 12.89%, and 13.3%in females. The hypodontia for lower lateral incisors in males 5.67%, and in females 0%.From these percentages it was clear that there were difference in hypodontia of upper and lower arches.To evaluate the frequency of hypodontia and compare its appearance between males and females and between upper and lower jaw.
Fluoride Ions Release Study Of Different GIF Materials
Authors: Salman Dr. Raid Fahim
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare & measure the release of fluoride ions from set tested materials, CGI (Pro-med), MGI (Ketac molar), and LCGI (Vitremer).The tested materials were made as molds with certain dimensions and each mold was placed in vial containing 100 ml. of DDW. Every 24 hrs, 5 ml. of the solution was transferred into smaller tubes to measure the fluoride release using spectrophotometer. This procedure was repeated every 24 hrs. for 14 days.The results revealed that the CGI (conventional glass ionomer) had higher release over other materials, then the MGI (modified glass ionomer) material, and finally the LCGI (light cure glass ionomer) with significant differences between them at P< 0.05.The MGI material had higher fluoride ions release concentrations over the LCGI. However, the CGI had higher fluoride ions release concentrations over other materials.
An evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Five Endodontic Sealers on three bacterial species. (In vitro study)
Authors: Muhammed Dr. Amer Abbass , Al-Azzawi Dr. Abdul-Kareem Jasim , Al-Mizraqchi Dr. Abbas Sabri
Published: August 2022

To evaluate the antimicrobial action of five endodontic sealers after 24 hr and 48 hr.The sealers studied were Canason, Acroseal, Epiphany, AH-Plus and MTA, while the microorganisms used were Streptococcus viridans, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Agar diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar was employed; fourty five petriplates with 25 ml of Muller Hinton agar were inoculated with 0.1 ml of the experimental suspension. Five cavities , each one measuring 5 ml in diameter and 4 ml in depth , were made in each agar plate using cork poorer and then completely filled with the product to be tested .Canason containing eugenol and formaldehyde proved to be the most effective against all microorganisms tested. This was followed by Epiphany, Acroseal and AH-Plus which showed antibacterial activity on all tested microorganisms higher than that of MTA which showed the least action on all tested microorganisms. No antimicrobial activity was seen after 48 hrs.All the sealers evaluated in this study showed different inhibitory effect against all bacterial
The Effect of Two Demineralizing Agents on Apical Sealing of Retrograde Filling Materials (In Vitro Study)
Authors: Amin Dr. Bassam Karem , Dayem Dr. Raad Niama , Salman Dr. Raid Fahim
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of using two different demineralizing agents on the micro-leakage of different retro-grade filling, the sealing ability of the MTA, & to compare the sealing ability of the three different retro-grade fillings.Seventy roots were selected, & the canals then instrumented utilizing crown down technique using pro-taper rotary files. All roots were obturated with non standardized gutta-percha master cones using the lateral condensation technique, apical root resections were made & root-end cavities were prepared.The prepared roots were randomly divided into seven experimental groups with 10 specimens in each; three groups demineralized by 17% EDTA, each group of them was filled with different retrograde filling materials either MTA , Resin-modified glass ionomer cement, or amalgam. The other three groups were demineralized by 35% phosphoric acid & each group of them was filled with the same different retrograde filling materials. The seventh group which is the control was filled with MTA without demineralization agent. The specimens were then placed in 2% methylene blue solution at (37°C, & pH 7) for 72 hours. To evaluate the depth of dye penetration, each root was sectioned longitudinally in a crown-apex direction. Linear dye penetration was measured using a stereomicroscope.Statistical analysis of the results revealed that the MTA had less leakage than the amalgam & the glass ionomer cement, & the difference was highly significant (p>0.01) for EDTA. In addition, the using of phosphoric acid had higher leakage than EDTA for MTA & GIC groups , however, the difference was non significant (p>0.05).MTA retro-filling material had better sealing ability than other materials used and the demineralizing agents may have effect on the quality of the micro-leak
Morphological relationship of face form in lateral and frontal planes of young Iraqi adults (18-25) years in mosul city
Authors: Al-Jwarry Dr. Enas T. M. , Sabah Dr. hakam H.
Published: August 2022

To determine the face type of young Iraqi adults in Mosul city and to find out the possible relationship of the face form in frontal and lateral planes.The sample subjects were normal class I molar and canine relationship, all subjects were following special criteria. The sample included: 60 Iraqi young adults (30 males and 30 females), aged (18-25) years. All subjects were radiographic with lateral and frontal cephalometric and the films were traced. The tracing is done including the external and internal contour of cranium, pituitary fossa, nasomaxillary complex and the mandible and it's out lie. The result was subjected to the descriptive statistics, to T-student test and to chi-square test to investigate the sex difference of facial type and means between the two sexes.All the linear measurements are significantly differ with the males having the large value. From the lateral view, the majority of the sample (60,9%) having mesofacial type with no significant difference between the two sexes, followed by dolichofacial type (34,4%) with the females having significantly large value than males, and the least brachyfacial type (4,7%) with the females having significantly large value.From the frontal view, the majority of the sample (84, 4%) having leptoprosopic type with no significant difference, followed by mesoprosopic type (15, 6%) with the females having significantly large value than males.The most frequent facial pattern, of this present sample in lateral view is mesofacial followed by dolichofacial and the least is brachyfacial, while in frontal view is leptoprosopic followed by mesoprosopic type. There is good correlation between facial type in frontal and lateral planes.
Maxillary Dental Arch Dimensions in a Sample of Iraqi Children at the Mixed Dentition Stage
Authors: AL-Dulayme Dr. Dunia A.
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this study was to estimate the maxillary arch dimensions in a selected sample of Iraqi children from Baghdad city at the mixed dentition stage, aged 8 – 9 years. Measurements were picked out from 50 study models for the whole selected sample using Auto sketch computerizing program, then The data collected were subjected to a statistical analysis. The results show that the mean values of maxillary arch dimensions of Iraqi children represent a median between North American and Indian samples. The mean values for both maxillary arch lengths and widths for the children of the present study shows lower values than that estimated from previous Iraqi studies done on older age groups, the findings of this study can be used as a basis for future Iraqi studies in other cities of Iraq rather than the capital for the same age group.
Changes in Third Molar Angulations After First Premolar Extractions During Fixed Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Mahmood Dr. Ala'a Dawood
Published: August 2022

To evaluate the effects of first premolar extraction on third molar angulation during fixed orthodontic treatment.Panoramic radiographs of 40 patients treated orthodontically by fixed appliances were evaluated for change in third molar angulation. Twenty patients were treated by extraction of first premolars, whereas the other 20 patients were treated nonextraction. The change in upper and lower third molars angulation, relative to the occlusal plane and adjacent second molars, were obtained by subtracting post- treatment from pre- treatment values.Statistically significant change in the angulation of both upper and lower third molars, relative to the occlusal plane and second molars, were found in the extraction group as compared to nonextraction group.The extraction of first premolars during orthodontic treatment significantly improved the angulation of third molars toward uprightening.
The Impact of Thalassemia Major on Dental Integrity and Development
Authors: Al-Raheem Dr. Yousif A. , Abdul Hussein Dr. Mohammed Abdul Hussein , Al-Ani Dr. Raad Salih , Al-Rubayee Dr. Mehdi Abdul Hadi
Published: August 2022

Thalassemia major is no longer a disease of childhood. Life expectancy of these patients has increased as a result of the dramatic change in medical management of thalassemia major in the past two decades. As patients with thalassemia major become older, their needs also are changed. Patients now face new issues, such as having families, obtaining higher education, and securing employment, which need more care and attention for their appearance in general and dental health in special.The aim of this study was to compare the dental maturity and integrity of a group of patients with β thalassaemia major with age and sex matched healthy controls in Baghdad.For this cross sectional study, a convenient sample of 100 (72 males and 28 females) thalassemic patients who were attending the thalassemia centers in AL-Karama and Ebin-AL Balady hospital was involved. The age of the patients ranged from 6 to15 years. A similar number, of healthy individuals matching with age and gender, was selected as control.Plaque, calculus, and gingival indices as well as decayed, missed and filled surfaces indicator are significantly different in thalaessaemic patients in comparison to control group. The thalaessaemic patients also demonstrated a delay in the development of their dentition.The thalassemic patients demonstrated a delay in the development of their dentition. The mean difference between chronologic and dental age was found to be statistically significant
The Effect of Pepsi Cola Beverage on Surface Roughness of Two Composite Resins (In Vitro study)
Authors: Al-Taie Dr. Lamis A. , Al-Aubaydi Dr. Anas FM , Al-Shamma Dr. Abdulla MW
Published: August 2022

An acidic environment causes surface changes of resin composites. Filler particlesize and filler distribution also have a direct effect on these surface changes. This invitro study evaluated the influence of Pepsi Cola drink on the surface roughness ofComposan LCM and Composan Ceram over time. Sixteen disc shaped specimens(10mm diameter, 2mm thickness) of each resin composite were fabricated, therebyforming two groups (n= 8). Surface roughness (Ra) was analyzed after 24 hrs beforeexposure to beverage. The specimens were submitted to a five minutes immersion inPepsi Cola three times daily interrupted by immersion in deionized distilled water (37C˚). Surface roughness measurements were done at 10, 30, and 60 days intervals. Datawere submitted to paired t-test. There was a statistically highly significant (p <0.001)increase in surface roughness values of the tested composites after 30 days and 60days immersion in Cola drink. Composan LCM exhibited a significantly (p <0.05)higher surface roughness values than Composan Ceram.The surface roughness of the composite materials are significantly affected byexposure to acidic drink over time, highly filled micro hybrid composites with smallfiller particle size are significantly more resistant to acid erosion.
Microleakage of Dyract AP compomers in class V preprations of deciduous teeth after air-dried versus not dried salivary contamination at the occlusal wall (in vitro study)
Authors: Abud Al-Sheed Dr. Mohammed I.
Published: August 2022

This in vitro study was conducted to asses the affect of salivary contamination incase of air dried or not dried (kept moist) before the application of the bonding agent(prime and bond NT) on the microleakage of Dyract AP compomers (advanceperformance) in primary molars at the occlusal wall of class V preparations andcompare it to the standardized technique of application.Sixty class V cavities were prepared in 30 teeth (exfoliated primary molars), thecavities were prepared in the middle third of the buccal and lingual surface of eachcrown and randomly divided into three groups (each group consists of 20 cavities)Group (I): air-dried after salivary contamination, Group (II): not dried after salivarycontamination (kept moist), Group (III): with out salivary contamination. After theteeth were filled, stored in distilled water for 24 hours, thermocycled, stained withbasic fuchsin dye, sectioned to record the extend of dye penetration understereomicroscope. Results revealed that there is no difference in the linearmicroleakage among groups at the occlusl wall. Although the differences were notstatistically significant, greater microleakage was found in group (I) indicating that ifsalivary contamination occur, it is better to leave the preparation moist rather thancomplete air dryness.
The effects of local pulsed magnetic field with intraosseous implant on clotting time and calcium level
Authors: Omar Dr. Lukman Fawzi , Al- Barzenji Dr. Hassan A.
Published: August 2022

Background: Many researches indicated that magnetic field had effect on clottingtime and serum calcium level when it was used for stimulation of bone healingand growth. This in vivo study was carried out to evaluate the effect of localpulsed magnetic on clotting time and serum calcium level when used forstimulation of intraosseous implant.Materials and Methods: Forty eight oryctologus cuniculus male rabbits were used inthis study, they divided into two controlled groups and two experimental groupsand each group consist of 12 animals, all experimental groups exposed to (50gauss) pulsed magnetic field strength. Clotting time and calcium level measured atintervals of time (2, 4, 6and 8) weeks of healing periods.Results: the result indicated that theirs no significant differences between thecontrolled group and other groups for (50 Gauss) pulsed magnetic field whichindicate no harmful effect of magnetic field on clotting time and calcium level.Conclusion: The use of (50 Gauss) pulsed magnetic field show no noticeable affecton serum calcium level and clotting time.
Incidence of Cleft Lip and Palate in Erbil City
Authors: Nouri Dr. Muyesser Abdulkarem , Hamad Dr. Shehab Ahmed , Rasheed Dr. Nazdar Ezzaddin
Published: August 2022

Aims: This study was conducted to assess the epidemiology and some of the possiblerisk factors causing cleft lip and palate in Erbil city.Materials and Methods: the data were obtained from the records of Raparinpaediatric and maternity hospital in the center of Erbil city. The file records oflive births during a period from January 2000 to January 2008 were reviewed forthe occurrence of cleft lip and palate. The cleft cases were evaluated for site andtype of cleft and sex of the infant. and some risk factors.Results: 121 cleft lip and/or palate cases out of 60418 live births were registered. Theoverall incidence was 2:1000 live births. The percentage of cleft lip and palate,cleft palate only, cleft lip only was 55%, 30%, and 15% respectively. The ratioswith respect of left or right or bilateral cleft was approximately 4.5:2:1.The infantsex and site of family residence showed no significant influence on the incidenceof clefting. Maternal age of more than 30 years, maternal smoking, and positivefamily history of clefts, consanguineous marriage and low infant birth weightsignificantly increased the incidence of cleft lip and palate. About 7.4% of cleftcases were associated with other congenital anomalies, most frequentlycongenital heart disease.Conclusion: The incidence of cleft lip and/or cleft palate is 2:1000 births. Theincidence of cleft lip and palate is two times greater than cleft palate alone, andthree times than cleft lip alone. Cleft lip was two times greater on the left sidethan on the right side. The incidence of clefts was greater in males than females.
Chronic periodontitis chief complaints: gender and age distribution; their correlation with plaque index and probing pocket depth
Authors: Abd ulkareem Dr. Ali Abbas , Mohammed Dr. Ayser Najah
Published: August 2022

To determine the most common chief complaints of chronic periodontitis patientsto assess the public awareness about this disease symptoms, their distribution amongmales & females and their correlation with age and some of periodontal parameters(PLI & PPD).Chief complaints of 1115 (641 males & 474 females) chronic periodontitispatients attending the College of Dentistry/ University of Baghdad seeking treatment.The age range was from 23 to 67 years; the mean age was 46.1. The patients dividedaccording to age groups & according to gender.The majority of patients expressing symptoms of chronic periodontitis weremainly between 40 and 60 years old. A highly significant difference between malesand females in referral and bleeding (P value= 0.001), a significant difference inmobility, altered gingival appearance, and pain (P value= 0.004, 0.022, and 0.002respectively); the other chief complaints (pathologic tooth migration and malodor)showed no significant differences between the two groups (males & females)(Pvalue= 0.909, and 0.872). The highest complaint was bleeding (about 31%) followedby referred patients (19.6%), while the malodor was the least reported chiefcomplaints (5.5%). An obvious correlation between chief complaints and age withPPD and PLI for all chief complaints groups.This study showed that there is an ignorance of the nature of periodontal diseaseson a community level which calls for more education programs to be carried out bydental team members concerning the proper oral hygiene measures instruction andmotivation to reverse or at least minimize the effect of periodontal disease(s).
Effect of Selected Metal Salts on the Microscopical Feature of Initial Carious - Like Lesion of Permanent Teeth (AN IN VITRO STUDY)
Authors: AL Anni Dr. Maha Jamal , EL Samarrai Dr. Sulafa K. , Garib Dr. Balkees Taha
Published: August 2022

This study was designed to assess the microscopical changes of the enamel surfacebefore and following the treatment with different concentration of metal salts,involving zinc, strontium, magnesium, in addition to stannous fluoride and de-ionizedwater as the control.Microscopic examination was conducted on teeth samples before and followingpH-cycling procedure and following the treatment with the selected metal salt underpolarized microscope (100X).The best obvious remineralization was found following treatment with stannousfluoride, followed by zinc chloride. Samples treated with strontium chloride showedrather poorly mineralized surfaces. No signs of mineralization were observed forsamples treated with magnesium chloride.Although stannous fluoride was the best in the remineralization of initial caries,results for other metals seem to be promising if used for prevention of dental caries
Evaluation of dental health and thickness of mandibular inferior cortex among menopaused Iraqi cigarette smokers sample by the aid of using digital panoramic radiography
Authors: Al-Nakib Assist. Prof. Dr. Lamia H. , Al-Abboushi Dr. Dujanah S.
Published: August 2022

Smoking is linked to osteoporosis through its anti-estrogenic effect in womenwhich results in premature menopause in smokers and increased bone resorption iscorrelated with estrogen loss in menopause women. The aim of this study is toevaluate the effects of smoking and hormonal changes on the thickness of mandibularinferior cortex and the dentition status in both maxilla and mandible (DMFT) inmenopausal females and to estimate the value of panoramic radiographic findings inassessing the possibility of latent osteoporosis. Panoramic images for 80 healthy,median stature, smokers and non-smokers Iraqi female subjects aged (20-35) yearspremenopausal and (45-60) years menopause was done, then the thickness ofmandibular inferior cortex and (DMFT) was evaluated. The results showed thatpanoramic radiographic measurements are considered as indicator of bone turnoverand the dentist is able to identify smokers and non-smokers postmenopausal femaleswith increase risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis by using dental panoramicradiography which is a simple valuable screening tool.
Sealing Ability of the Formed Apical Calcified Bridge in Open Apex Roots
Authors: Jawad Dr. Mohammed M. , AbdulQader Dr. Sarah T.
Published: August 2022

A successful endodontic treatment requires that the apex of the treated tooth becompletely and densely sealed with root canal filling material. One of the mostdifficult endodontic problems is the management of necrotic immature tooth due tothe blunderbuss apex and the difficulty in achieving a tight seal between the root canalsystem and the external surface of the tooth. The aim of this study was to evaluate thesealing ability the apical calcified bridge formed by calcium hydroxide paste, whiteMTA or gray MTA during apexification procedure.Thirty premolars with single root canals were prepared to simulate an open apex.These roots were divided into 3 groups as follow: Group A: 10 roots filled withCa(OH)2 paste, Group B: 10 roots filled with white MTA, and Group C: 10 rootsfilled with gray MTA. Each root was placed in a polyethylene vial containing 25 m1of synthetic tissue fluid (STF) and incubated at 37°C for 3 months. After 3 monthsand the formation of calcified bridge, each root was immersed in 2% freshly preparedMethylene blue dye in 5 ml plastic vial for seven days. After the leakage period, theroots were removed from the dye and the leakage in all roots was examined bymeasuring the linear extent of dye penetration from the apical end of the canalpreparation to the coronal direction by means of a light stereomicroscope at (40 X)magnification with calibrated grid.Ca(OH)2 paste group has the highest mean value of apical dye penetrationfollowed by WMTA, while GMTA group shows the lowest mean value of apical dyepenetration. There was a highly significant difference in the apical dye penetration(p<0.01) among these groups, statistically a high significant difference is found(p<0.01) between Ca(OH)2 group and WMTA group, and between Ca(OH)2 groupand GMTA group; whereas, significant difference is found (p<0.05) between WMTAgroup and GMTA group.The apical calcified bridge formed by GMTA has the best sealing ability followedby that formed by WMTA. While the apical calcified bridge formed by Ca(OH)2 pastehas the lowest sealing ability as compared with that formed byWMTA and GMTA.
Dental Caries severity between students in AL-Mustansiria University / College of Dentistry
Authors: Mahmoud Dr. Mohammed K. , AL-Ubaidi Dr. Rand S.
Published: August 2022

The aim of this study is to estimate the severity of dental caries among dentalschool students.Dental caries severity was conducted among 19-23 years old students in all classesin Al- Mustansiria University / college of dentistry. The total sample composed of 150students 30 students from each class (75 males total and 75 females total).Dental caries diagnosis was according to criteria of WHO(1).Results of the this study showed that none of the examined students were cariesfree; in another word, caries percentage was found to be 100%, DMFS valuesdecrease with advancing class level with on significant difference between all classesand increase in Fs values with a significant difference between females in all classesthis is attributed to the higher awareness regarding prevention of dental diseasesamong finish dental students.