bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The art of managing hepatitis C virus in special population groups: a paradigm shift
Authors: Elbadry Mohamed , Moussa Abdelmajeed M. , Eltabbakh Mohamed , Al Balakosy Amira , Abdalgaber Mohammad , Abdeen Nermeen , El Sheemy Reem Y. , Afify Shimaa , El-Kassas Mohamed
Published: November 2022

The first direct-acting antiviral (DAA) medications were approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) in 2011. Later, the appearance of novel DAAs had revolutionized the landscape of HCV treatment whose early treatment options were limited to interferon (IFN) either alone or in combinations. This review discusses the paradigm shift in legibility for treating different groups of patients with HCV after the introduction of DAAs, along with the consequent changes in treatment guidelines. IFN-based therapy was the firstly used for treating chronic HCV. Unfortunately, it exhibited many pitfalls, such as low efficacy in some patients and unsuitability for usage in lots of patients with some specific conditions, which could be comorbidities such as autoimmune thyroiditis, or liver related as in decompensated cirrhosis. Furthermore, IFN failed to treat all the extrahepatic manifestations of HCV. Nowadays, the breakthroughs brought by DAAs have benefited the patients and enabled the treatment of those who could not be treated or did not usually respond well to IFN. DAAs achieve a high success rate of HCV eradication in addition to avoiding unfavorable harms and, sometimes, adverse effects related to the previously used PEGylated IFN regimens.
Comparing Cohort Survival in Good Health: A Research Note on Decomposing Sex Differentials in the United States
Authors: Sauerberg Markus , Canudas-Romo Vladimir
Published: November 2022

We introduce a method for decomposing differences in healthy cross-sectional average length of life (HCAL). HCAL provides an alternative to the health expectancy (HE) indicator by including the health and mortality history of all cohorts present at a given time. While decompositions of HE differences account for contributions made by health and mortality, differences in HCAL are further disentangled into cohort-specific contributions. In this research note we illustrate the technique by analyzing the sex gap in health and mortality for the United States. We use the harmonized version of the Health and Retirement Survey data and define the health status in terms of activities of daily living. Our results suggest that the female advantage in cohort survival is partly compensated by women's lower cohort-specific health levels. At older ages, however, the sex differences in health are not large enough to compensate men's disadvantage in cohort survival.
Load Carriage and Physical Exertion Influence Soldier Emotional Responses
Authors: GILES GRACE E. , GRANDJEAN DA COSTA KELL , OLENICH SARA A. , POWELL KATE J. , HART-POMERANTZ HANNAH , ADELMAN MICHELLE J. , ELMORE WADE R. , CANTELON JULIE A.
Published: November 2022

Introduction

Regular aerobic exercise benefits psychological health, enhancing mood in clinical and nonclinical populations. However, single bouts of exercise exert both positive and negative effects on emotion. Exercise reliably increases emotional arousal. Its effects on emotional valence are thought to depend on an interplay between cognitive and interoceptive factors that change as a function of exercise intensity, as studied in clinical, healthy, and athlete populations. However, special populations, such as military, first responders, and endurance athletes, have unique physical exertion requirements that can coincide with additional cognitive, physical, and environmental stressors not typical of the general population. Load carriage is one such activity. The present study examined emotional valence and arousal during sustained, heavy load carriage akin to military training and operations.

Methods

Thirteen (one woman) active duty soldiers completed a V̇O2max test, a 2-h loaded (up to 50% body mass) and unloaded (empty rucksack) treadmill foot march (3 mph/4% incline) on separate days, during which they rated their exertion and emotional valence and arousal every 40 min. They also completed measures of positive and negative affect and anxiety before and every 20 min after the foot march.

Results

Two hours of loaded foot march led to elevated perceived exertion and less positive, more negative and anxious feelings. Higher rated exertion and more negative emotion were associated with higher percent HRmax and V̇O2peak at multiple time points.

Conclusions

These results support affect exertion models such as the Dual Mode Theory, whereby physical exertion becomes less pleasant with increasing intensity, and provide insights into how affective responses applied contexts may help predict time to fatigue or failure.
Low Regional Homogeneity of Intrinsic Cerebellar Activity in Ankle Instability: An Externally Validated rs-fMRI Study
Authors: XUE XIAO’AO , LU RONG , ZANG DI , LI HONG , ZHANG HUI , XU HANLIN , LI QIANRU , MA TENGJIA , TANG WEIJUN , CHEN SHUANG , WANG HE , HUA YINGHUI
Published: November 2022

Purpose

Joint deafferentation after post-ankle sprain ligament healing can disrupt sensory input from the ankle and induce maladaptive neuroplasticity, especially in the cerebellum. This study aimed to determine whether the regional homogeneity of intrinsic cerebellar activity differs between patients with ankle instability and healthy controls without a history of ankle injury.

Methods

The current study used a primary data set of 18 patients and 22 healthy controls and an external UK Biobank data set of 16 patients with ankle instability and 69 healthy controls for a cross-database, cross-sectional investigation. All participants underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to calculate their regional homogeneity (ReHo) value. Between-group comparisons of the sensorimotor-related subregions of the cerebellum were first performed in the primary data set to identify low cerebellar ReHo in patients with multiple comparison corrections, and the surviving subregions were then externally validated in the UK Biobank data set. Correlation analyses between the ReHo values and clinical features were also performed.

Results

The ReHo value of cerebellar lobule VIIIb was significantly lower in the ankle instability group than in the controls (0.170 ± 0.016 vs 0.184 ± 0.019 in the primary data set, 0.157 ± 0.026 vs 0.180 ± 0.042 in the UK Biobank data set). The ReHo values of this subregion showed a significant positive correlation with the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool scores in the ankle instability group (r = 0.553, P-corrected = 0.0348).

Conclusions

Patients with ankle instability had lower intraregional coherence in cerebellar lobule VIIIb than that of controls, which was also positively correlated with the intensity of self-reported ankle instability.
Επανορθωτική δικαιοσύνη και εμπειρική αξιολόγηση της συνδιαλλαγής κατά τη μεταχείριση των ανήλικων παραβατών στην Ελλάδα
Authors: Μαλλούχου Αφροδίτη
Published: November 2022

Η επανορθωτική δικαιοσύνη εισέρχεται ως μία εναλλακτική προσέγγιση στα πεδία της εγκληματολογίας και της θυματολογίας, προσδοκώντας να μεταβάλει το πλαίσιο του ποινικού δικαίου, προσφέροντας ένα νέο, ανθρωποκεντρικό πρότυπο αντεγκληματικής πολιτικής στον τομέα της παραβατικότητας ανηλίκων. Σε διεθνές επίπεδο τα ποινικά συστήματα, ειδικά όσα ασχολούνται με τη μεταχείριση των νεαρών παραβατών, διανύουν μια πορεία εκσυγχρονισμού υιοθετώντας τις συνεχώς εξελισσόμενες αποκαταστατικές πρακτικές και αμφισβητώντας τις κατασταλτικές, με το ενδιαφέρον να στρέφεται στην πρόληψη της παραβατικής δράσης και της θυματοποίησης. Στη χώρα μας, ο ν.3189/2003 αποτέλεσε μια καινοτομία για το ελληνικό δίκαιο. Η συνδιαλλαγή ανάμεσα στον ανήλικο δράστη και στο θύμα για έκφραση συγγνώμης και εν γένει για εξώδικη διευθέτηση των συνεπειών της πράξης, εισήχθη ως αναμορφωτικό μέτρο – μεταξύ άλλων – στο συγκεκριμένο νομοθέτημα, το οποίο και όρισε η διαμεσολάβηση να υλοποιείται από την Υπηρεσία Επιμελητών Ανηλίκων. Στην παρούσα διατριβή εξετάζεται το θέμα της νεανικής παραβατικότητας και της ποινικής μεταχείρισής της, παράλληλα με την προσέγγιση της επανορθωτικής δικαιοσύνης και διερευνώνται οι απόψεις λειτουργών/επαγγελματιών που υπηρετούν στο Σύστημα Ποινικής Δικαιοσύνης Ανηλίκων, σχετικά με τη μεταχείριση των ανήλικων παραβατών, εστιάζοντας στο αναμορφωτικό μέτρο της συνδιαλλαγής, καθώς και εμπλεκόμενων μερών που βίωσαν τη συγκεκριμένη διαμεσολαβητική διαδικασία. Μέσα στην αποκαταστατική οπτική το θύμα μιας άδικης πράξης αποκτά συγκεκριμένη υπόσταση και λαμβάνει φωνή σε ρόλο «πρωταγωνιστή», ενώ παράλληλα δίνεται μια μοναδική ευκαιρία στον ανήλικο δράστη να συνδιαλλαγεί συνειδητοποιημένα μαζί του σε μια οικειοθελή και βιωματικά αλληλεπιδραστική επαφή, αναλαμβάνοντας την ευθύνη να αποκαταστήσει τη βλάβη, το αίσθημα αδικίας και τον πόνο που προκάλεσε. Η έρευνα που υλοποιήθηκε συμβάλλει στη διερεύνηση της πραγματικότητας που συνοδεύει την εφαρμογή του μέτρου πανελλαδικά, στοχεύοντας αφενός στην άρση των δυσκολιών που δυσχεραίνουν τη μεταφορά του στην πράξη και αφετέρου στην εξασφάλιση και μεγιστοποίηση της ευεργετικής του δράσης, προκειμένου να επιστραφεί στον ανήλικο παραβάτη η δυνατότητα μιας ζωής με προοπτική σε μια ανοιχτή κοινωνία συμπερίληψης που θα του επιτρέψει να ονειρευτεί ξανά…
Selective Ablation in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells – analysis of different process regimes at sub-picosecond to nanosecond pulse duration.
Authors: Burn A. , Muralt M. , Witte R. , Frei B. , Nishiwaki S. , Buecheler S. , Romano V.
Published: November 2022

Recent achievements in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin film technology allow the industrial production ofhighly efficient solar modules. A large growth of the CIGS-based solar cell production volume can beexpected for the coming years thanks to some favorable properties inherent to this absorber type. A majordrawback of CIGS is the inefficient patterning process. Since CIGS is a particularly difficult material forlaser ablation there is still no industrial all-laser scribing solution available. Manufacturers fall back onmechanical needle scribing for the P2 and P3 scribing process and have to accept substantial broadeningof the electrical interconnects due to unpredictable chipping at the scribe borders. In the present study weexplored a large variety of possible processes for the P1-P3 scribing at different wavelengths and indifferent pulse duration regimes. Beside the direct ablation of CIGS with ultrashort pulses we alsoinvestigated more exotic processes like layer side lift-off variants. The resulting scribes were analyzedusing electron microscopy (EM), laser scanning microscopy (LSM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX) and electrical conductivity measurements. The most promising processes were selected forproducing functional mini-modules. Multiple optimization cycles allowed us to select the processes withthe best performance in the mini-module.
Avian influenza (H5N1) virus, epidemiology and its effects on backyard poultry in Indonesia: a review
Authors: Rehman Saifur , Effendi Mustofa Helmi , Witaningruma Adiana Mutamsari , Nnabuikeb Ugbo Emmanuel , Bilal Muhammad , Abbas Asghar , Abbas Rao Zahid , Hussain Kashif
Published: November 2022

Avian influenza (AI) is a zoonotic viral endemic disease that affects poultry, swine, and mammals, including humans. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is caused by influenza type A virus subtypes H5, and H7 which are naturally carried by a wild bird and often affect domestic poultry. Avian influenza (AI) is a major problem worldwide that causes significant economic losses in the poultry sector. Since 2003, the widespread H5N1 HPAI in poultry has led to high mortalities resulting in huge economic losses in the poultry sector in Indonesia. Domestic poultry is a key source of income that contributes to economic growth, both directly and indirectly, by reducing poverty among the people living in rural communities. Furthermore, in many developing countries, including Indonesia, rural people meet a portion of their food needs through backyard poultry. Nevertheless, this sector is strongly affected by biosecurity hazards, particularly in Indonesia by HPAI infections. Avian influenza (AI), subtype H5N1 has zoonotic significance, posing major risks to public health and poultry. Due to close interaction between wild migratory birds and ducks, the domestic poultry sector in Indonesia is directly affected by this virus. This virus continues to be ubiquitous in Indonesia as a result of the unpredictable mutations produced by antigenic drift and shift, which can persist from a few days to several years. In this review, the epidemiology and impact, of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 subtype virus infection on backyard poultry in Indonesia were discussed.
Design for sorting knitwear: Exploring blended textile wastes and the relationship between sorting, recovery, and recycled blending in yarn manufacture
Authors: Hall Cathryn Anneka , Goldsworthy Kate , Earley Rebecca
Published: November 2022

Background: The problem of difficult-to-recycle textile waste is an ongoing challenge.  One of the issues is the lack of exchange between the recovery sector and design/manufacture of recycled materials. This paper seeks to addresses the gap in knowledge between sorting (in recovery) and blending activities (in manufacture), expanding current design strategies towards textile recovery. To achieve this, the research explores sorting practices of wool/acrylic blends in the mechanical wool recycling industry and applies this knowledge to the design of new yarns.

Methods: A bricolage of methods was used to conduct this research in three parts. First, an overview of a previous study by Author1 is presented from which this research builds. Second, field research using conversation methods with the owner of a closed wool recycling company was conducted centring around their material archive. Thirdly, practice research was conducted in a spinning facility where Author1 applied knowledge from part 1 and 2 by designing four recycled yarns. This was supported by interviews with a sorter and recycler to expand on the findings.  

Results: Four methods of sorting and the sorting grades/thresholds that are found in the wool recycling industry are outlined, and five methods of recycled blending historically used in the wool recycling industry are established. This knowledge (sorting methods/grades and recycled blending techniques) were applied in practice and from the methods employed, the relationship between sorting in recovery and recycled blending in manufacture was established across three themes: fibre quality, fibre type and fibre colour.

Conclusions: The paper concludes that understanding the link sorting and blending provides the foundations for a ‘Design for Sorting’ methodology. When lessons from each theme (quality, type and colour) are combined, this enables fibre value to be retained in recovery and thus, provides a route for longevity of our textile fibres.
Na rozdrożu
Authors: Horzela Dobroslawa
Published: November 2022

Analizując relacje malarstwa witrażowego do innych sztuk wizualnych około roku 1300 Robert Suckale określił styl ówczesnego malarstwa, oparty na silnym kontraście barw i dominującej roli konturu, mianem „Glasstil”, zwracając uwagę na wiodącą, stylotwórczą rolę malarstwa witrażowego. Postawił też tezę, że rozpoczynający się ok. 1320–1330 zwrot w sztuce na północ od Alp, będący wynikiem impulsu płynącego z Italii, doprowadził najpóźniej około połowy XIV w. do zmiany dotychczasowych relacji między sztukami, w wyniku czego malarstwo witrażowe straciło swoją pozycję na rzecz malarstwa tablicowego. Odtąd to ono nadawać zaczęło ton rozwiązaniom w zakresie stylu. Teza Suckalego jest być może uproszczeniem, niemniej faktem jest, że w tym okresie twórcy witraży stanęli wobec ogromnego wyzwania stawianego przez przejętą z południa tendencję do realistycznego odtwarzania rzeczywistości.
Malarstwo witrażowe Europy Środkowej Witraż szczególnie dobrze nadaje się do egzemplifikacji powyższego zjawiska. Malarstwo końca XIV i początku XV wieku posługiwało się miękkim modelunkiem, którego przełożenie na medium witrażowe było wyzwaniem wymagającym sięgnięcia po nowe rozwiązania. Pytanie, na które postaram się odpowiedzieć w proponowanym artykule, brzmi: Jakie rozwiązania, w odniesieniu do techniki witrażowej, stosowali szklarze, aby zaspokoić potrzebę przełożenia na witraż walorów tonalnych nowego malarstwa, i skąd te rozwiązania się wzięły? Malarstwo tablicowe nie było w tym względzie odpowiednim wzorcem. O wiele bardziej odpowiednich strategii dostarczały, rozwijające się wówczas prężnie, techniki rysunkowe. Zamierzam przyjrzeć się bliżej tym zależnościom, biorąc za przykład sztukę stolicy Królestwa Polskiego.
Autobiografizm we wczesnych grafikach Teresy Jakubowskiej
Authors: Dembek Magdalena
Published: November 2022

Artykuł dotyczy pierwszego okresu twórczości graficzki Teresy Jakubowskiej, a konkretnie prac, będących zapiskami z prywatnego życia artystki, która sama mówi, że jej twórczość to pamiętnik jej osobistych przeżyć, przemyśleń i odczuć. Zasługują one na szersze omówienie, gdyż zarówno podejmowane problemy, sposób ich zobrazowania i rozwiązania formalne nie mają analogii w grafice polskiej tamtego okresu. Grafiki te zostały przedstawione w kontekście zagadnienia autobiografizmu w sztuce kobiet i szerzej autobiografizmu w literaturze i sztuce. Linoryty i drzeworyty Jakubowskiej zostały poddane analizie pod kątem praktyk autobiograficznych, wyłoniono obszary w zakresie tych praktyk, które można wyróżnić w grafikach artystki, oraz przedstawiono sposób w jaki je realizuje. Ponadto artykuł podkreśla pionierską postawę Teresy Jakubowskiej w sposobie ujęcia i przekazywania treści, oraz bezkompromisowość jej prac na gruncie polskiej grafiki polskiej po 1945 roku.
Trajectory of Machiavelli’s Concept of State in Early Modern Politics
Authors: Bates Clifford
Published: November 2022

This paper suggests that the trajectory that Machiavelli’s concept of the state took by later political thinkers active in reshaping the character of the political order they were working with fundamentally the shape and direction of the political development of Early Modern Europe.  Looking at how later thinkers used Machiavelli’s concept and reframed it for their given political traditions and contexts often lead to how the concept evolved over time.  This paper argues that there was a clear arch of how Machiavelli’s concept of the state was reformulated and repackaged by such key legal and political thinkers such as Gentile, Bodin, Grotius and finally Hobbes, whose reformation of Machiavelli’s state is it fundamentally alters it so it radically transformed from what Machiavelli coined.
Fathers’ emotional challenges and barriers to supporting breastfeeding initiation and duration
Authors: Buttery Julie , Mancz Gilly
Published: November 2022

Exclusive breastfeeding has significant health benefits for mother and child. Research highlights the important role of fathers in helping increase breastfeeding rates, but little is known about their emotional needs and how these affect breastfeeding decisions. This article aims to explore and identify the emotional challenges fathers experience, and how they affect initiation and duration rates. Eleven studies were included in the literature review and four themes were identified: Information/education; Decision making; Role/attachment; and Wellbeing. The findings suggest that fathers should be proactively involved in breastfeeding interventions and should recognise their own emotional needs to positively influence breastfeeding rates.
Diagnosis and treatment strategies of the multiligament injured knee
Authors: Makaram Navnit S. , Murray Iain R. , Geeslin Andrew G. , Chahla Jorge , LaPrade Robert F.
Published: November 2022

Aims

Multiligament knee injuries (MLKI) are devastating injuries that can result in significant morbidity and time away from sport. There remains considerable variation in strategies employed for investigation, indications for operative intervention, outcome reporting, and rehabilitation following these injuries. At present no study has yet provided a comprehensive overview evaluating the extent, range, and overall summary of the published literature pertaining to MLKI. Our aim is to perform a methodologically rigorous scoping review, mapping the literature evaluating the diagnosis and management of MLKI.

Methods

This scoping review will address three aims: firstly, to map the current extent and nature of evidence for diagnosis and management of MLKI; secondly, to summarize and disseminate existing research findings to practitioners; and thirdly, to highlight gaps in current literature. A three-step search strategy as described by accepted methodology will be employed to identify peer-reviewed literature including reviews, technical notes, opinion pieces, and original research. An initial limited search will be performed to determine suitable search terms, followed by an expanded search of four electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Web of Science). Two reviewers will independently screen identified studies for final inclusion.

Dissemination

We will map key concepts and evidence, and disseminate existing research findings to the wider orthopaedic and sports medicine community, through both peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed literature, and conference and in-person communications. We will highlight gaps in the current literature and determine future priorities for further research. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(11):894–897.
Surface integrity of laser-assisted turning of the GH4169 alloy
Authors: Kong Xianjun , Hu Guang , Wang Jin , Hou Ning , Zhao Ming
Published: November 2022

The unique properties of GH4169, such as low thermal conductivity, high strength at high temperatures, and work hardening characteristics, make it difficult to machine. As an effective way to improve the machinability of materials, laser-assisted machining (LAM) has the advantages of reducing the cutting force, restraining chatter, improving productivity, and prolonging tool life. This study investigates the surface integrity of GH4169 in LAM, including the surface roughness, surface defects, microhardness, residual stress, and white-layer formation. First, the depth of the heat-affected layer from 380 to 760 r/min was determined to ascertain the depth of cutting. Secondly, at different cutting parameters, the surface roughness was found to be significantly reduced. LAM leads to a more severe plastic deformation, producing a thicker hardened layer and higher surface hardness on the fabricated substrate, but its internal hardness is less than that of samples made by conventional machining (CM), owing to thermal softening. Both machining methods produce residual tensile stresses, which are larger in LAM. Thirdly, the results of a surface integrity experiment show that white-layer generation is a consequence of the combination of phase change, heat, and plastic deformation. Finally, a comprehensive fuzzy evaluation considering the surface roughness, surface defects, microhardness, residual stress, and thickness of the white layer is established, which verifies that LAM significantly improves the surface integrity of GH4169, setting up a theoretical foundation and technical reference for the laser-assisted turning of nickel-based superalloys.
Theoretical study of a four-level EIT-type system in the presence of structured coupling light for microwave field detection
Authors: Kumar Rohit , Manchaiah Dixith , Easwaran Raghavan K.
Published: November 2022

In this work, we have theoretically studied the four-level atomic system for the measurement of a microwave (MW) field. We employed the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) technique for finding the MW field in the presence of a Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beam as a coupling light. We have shown that, by the application of LG modes, narrower dips for the probe absorption spectrum can be generated, which can be easily identified and gives better resolution compared with the Gaussian mode. An exact location of dips in the probe absorption spectrum is found, and it is useful in the measurement of MW fields. We have estimated the FWHM of the probe absorption spectrum for Gaussian and LG coupling cases as

3.74
×

10
5

H
z

and

1.07
×

10
5

H
z

, respectively. Based on FWHM, we have found that minimum change in MW electric field in the order of

3.32

µ

V

c

m

−
1

will be detectable in the case of the LG mode as a coupling beam.
Flexible graphene-based metamaterial sensor for highly sensitive detection of bovine serum albumin
Authors: Xiao Meiyu , Lang Tingting , Ren Zhe , Hong Zhi , Shen Changyu , Zhang Jinhui , Cen Wenyang , Yu Zhenyu
Published: November 2022

A graphene-based metamaterial sensor working in the terahertz spectrum
is proposed, simulated, and experimentally verified by measuring
bovine serum albumin (BSA). Flexible, low-cost polyimide (PI) is used
as the substrate, and aluminum with periodic square rings is chosen as
the metal layer. Furthermore, the introduction of the graphene
monolayer interacts with the molecules through

π
−
π

stacking, resulting in the highly
sensitive detection of BSA by calculating the amplitude changes at the
resonance frequency. The sensor, which is a biosensor platform that
offers the advantages of a small size, high sensitivity, and easy
fabrication, is a promising method for THz biological detection.
Dispersion-engineered broadband diffractive optical elements with multilayer subwavelength structures
Authors: Zhu Jingyuan , Ning Yi , Xie Lingyun , Dong Siyu , Cheng Xinbin , Wang Zhanshan , Chen Yifang
Published: November 2022

Diffractive optical elements (DOEs) play an important role in modern
optical applications such as spectral and imaging systems, but it is
challenging to balance the diffraction efficiency with the working
bandwidth. The core issue is controlling the broadband dispersion of
all phase units to achieve achromatic 2π-phase modulation in the broadband
domain. Here, we demonstrate broadband DOEs utilizing multilayer
subwavelength structures with different materials, making it possible
to freely control the phase and phase dispersion of the structural
units on a much larger scale than monolayer structures. The desired
dispersion-control abilities arose due to a dispersion-cooperation
mechanism and vertical mode-coupling effects between the top and
bottom layers. An infrared design comprised of two vertically
concatenated TiO2 and Si nanoantennas separated by a SiO2 dielectric spacer layer was
demonstrated. It showed an average efficiency of over 70% in the
three-octave bandwidth. This work shows enormous value for broadband
optical systems with DOEs such as spectral imaging and
augmented reality.
Quadruple Fano resonances in MIM waveguide structure with ring cavities for multisolution concentration sensing
Authors: Liu Yajie , Tian He , Zhang Xinyi , Wang Mingyu , Hao Yu
Published: November 2022

In this paper, a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide structure is
proposed to produce quadruple Fano resonances, which is composed of a
side-coupled elliptical cavity, a half-ring cavity, a half-ring cavity
with an opening, and a bus waveguide with a circular barrier. The
simulation results show that the resonant wavelengths of the quadruple
Fano resonances can be almost independently tuned by changing the
structural parameters of the three cavities. The refractive index
sensing based on different cavities is discussed, and the maximum
sensitivity is 1048.6 nm/RIU with an excellent linear-sensing
relationship. Finally, the simultaneous multisolution concentration
sensing is demonstrated, and the sensitivities are

0.138

n
m

L

−
1

g

−
1

for the plasma concentration,

0.120

n
m

L

−
1

g

−
1

for the glucose solution
concentration, and

0.180

n
m

L

−
1

g

−
1

for the

N
H

4

C
l

solution concentration. The results
are conducive to promoting the applications of MIM waveguide
structures in integrated optical sensing.
Light-field microscopy with temporal focusing multiphoton illumination for scanless volumetric bioimaging
Authors: Hsu Feng-Chun , Lin Chun-Yu , Hu Yvonne Yuling , Hwu Yeu-kuang , Chiang Ann-Shyn , Chen Shean-Jen
Published: November 2022

A temporal focusing multiphoton illumination (TFMI) method is proposed for achieving selective volume illumination (SVI) (i.e., illuminating only the volume of interest) in light-field microscopy (LFM). The proposed method minimizes the background noise of the LFM images and enhances the contrast, and thus improves the imaging quality. Three-dimensional (3D) volumetric imaging is achieved by reconstructing the LFM images using a phase-space deconvolution algorithm. The experimental results obtained using 100-nm fluorescent beads show that the proposed TFMI-LFM system achieves lateral and axial resolutions of 1.2 µm and 1.1 µm, respectively, at the focal plane. Furthermore, the TFMI-LFM system enables 3D images of the single lobe of the drosophila mushroom body with GFP biomarker (OK-107) to be reconstructed in a one-snapshot record.
Virtualized PON based on abstraction, softwarization, and service chaining for flexible and agile service creations [Invited]
Authors: Suzuki Takahiro , Kim Sang-Yuep , Kani Jun-ichi , Yoshida Tomoaki
Published: November 2022

The specifications of passive optical network (PON) systems continue to evolve while access systems need to accommodate an ever-widening variety of new services. To deal with the various requests, virtualization is essential for optical access networks. So far, optical line terminal (OLT) abstraction technology, represented by software-defined-network-enabled broadband access, has been commercialized as a platform, but a remaining challenge is the softwarization of media access control and physical-layer (PHY) processing as OLT functionalities. However, in the virtualized PON, service chaining (SC) is also crucial to realize efficient access networks that meet user requirements by chaining the virtualized functions. In particular, no study, to our knowledge, has focused on PHY SC classification that supports adaptive coding and modulation. This paper reviews recent advances in PON virtualization techniques including abstraction and softwarization while showing our target optical access system, which is fully virtualized. Furthermore, it proposes an SC classifier adopting low-complexity modulation format identification (MFI). Experiments show that our proposed method achieves 100% identification accuracy if the bit error rate is within the forward error correction limit; real-time processing speed of 2.5 Gsymbols/s with 3% computation resource occupancy is achieved, as the proposal has much lower computation overheads than other MFI methods.
Coherent mode decomposition of multiple quantum well light emission
Authors: Nguyen Quang , Liang Kevin , Malhotra Tanya , Tyagi Anurag , Bonar James R. , Vamivakas A. N.
Published: November 2022

Developing a richer understanding of the various properties of light is central to the field of photonics. One often neglected degree of freedom (DOF) is the second-order correlation of the light field, known as coherence. To make proper use of this DOF, one needs to first obtain information about the field’s coherence, which may be characterized through the cross spectral density (CSD) function. We present a measurement of the CSD of a ubiquitous, partially coherent source: a multiple quantum well device in its near-field region, where a photonic structure would commonly encounter the emitted field. We show a departure from the coherence area that is expected from an incoherent source and demonstrate the application of coherent mode decomposition as a way to further analyze the measured results.
Dual-comb ranging method for simultaneously measuring the refractive index and surface spacing in a multi-lens system
Authors: Lin Chen , Zhou Siyu , Zhang Ruixue , Wu Guanhao
Published: November 2022

Precise determination of the refractive index and surface spacing in multi-lens system is essential for ultra-precision system performance, such as lithography objectives with strict requirements for each lens fabrication and assembly position. Generally, the nominal value of the refractive index at a given wavelength must be known before resolving the geometric thickness of multi-lens using conventional methods, which leads to inaccurate and inconvenient measurements. We propose a method to simultaneously measure the refractive index and surface spacing in multi-lens system based on dual-comb ranging method. The precision of the thickness measurement is better than 0.18 µm, and the refractive index is better than 1.6 × 10−4. This study provides a potential solution for realizing the real-time, fast, and precise measurement of the geometric thickness and assembly position of multi-lens in lithography objectives.
Independent component analysis for impairment mitigation in direct-detected Stokes vector modulation
Authors: Bnyamin Mario V. , Jiang Xin , Feuer Mark D.
Published: November 2022

In this paper we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate a novel adaptation of independent component analysis (ICA) for compensation of both cross-polarization and inter-symbol interference in a direct-detection link using Stokes vector modulation (SVM). SVM systems suffer from multiple simultaneous impairments that can be difficult to resolve with conventional optical channel DSP techniques. The proposed method is based on a six-dimensional adaptation of ICA that simultaneously de-rotates the SVM constellation, corrects distortion of constellation shape, and mitigates inter-symbol interference (ISI) at high symbol rates. Experimental results at 7.5 Gb/s and 15Gb/s show that the newly developed ICA-based equalizer achieves power penalties below ∼1 dB, compared to the ideal theoretical bit-error rate (BER) curves. At 30-Gb/s, where ISI is more severe, ICA still enables polarization de-rotation and BER < 10−5 before error correction.
Achromatic and wide field of view metalens based on the harmonic diffraction and a quadratic phase
Authors: Hongli Yu , Zhaofeng Cen , Xiaotong Li
Published: November 2022

Although metalens has made breakthroughs in various imaging applications due to its ultrathin, lightweight, and multi-functionality, simultaneously achieving wide field of view (WFOV) and achromatic imaging remains a challenge. Here, we demonstrate a harmonic metalens with a quadratic phase profile that enables WFOV imaging and achromatic imaging at certain discrete wavelengths. First, we quantitatively explain why the quadratic phase enables WFOV imaging using its Fourier Transform (FT). Second, we derive the complex-amplitude transmittance formula of a harmonic metalens. The derived formula integrating with the Angular Spectrum theory can calculate the transmitted field distributions of a harmonic metalens. Third, we propose an achromatic WFOV metalens based on the harmonic diffraction and quadratic phase at a large numerical aperture (NA=0.76), which enables achromatic imaging at wavelengths λ = 600 nm, 1200 nm with a wide field of view (FOV) of 100°. The proposed scheme will undoubtedly expand the applications of metalens in the imaging area.
Switchable trifunctional terahertz absorber for both broadband and narrowband operations
Authors: Zhuang Lingyun , Zhang Wenjing , Liu Jietao , Chao Minghao , Liu Qingsong , Cheng Bo , Xu Yun , Song Guofeng
Published: November 2022

In this paper, we proposed a multilayer terahertz absorber composed of hybrid graphene and vanadium dioxide (VO2). Based on electrical controlling of graphene and thermal tuning of VO2, three different switchable absorption states are achieved in one structure. When VO2 is in the metal phase and the Fermi level of graphene is set as 0eV, high-frequency broadband (bandwidth, 5.45THz) absorption from 4.5 to 9.95THz is demonstrated. While VO2 is switched to the insulator state, absorption states depend on the Fermi energy of graphene. As the Fermi level changes from 1eV to 0eV, the absorption can be switched from low-frequency broadband (bandwidth, 2.86THz) to dual-frequency absorption. The effect of geometric parameters and fabrication tolerance on the robustness of the absorption properties is explored. The proposed absorber has three switchable states through modulation of graphene and VO2, which is expected to realize potential applications in modulating, filtering, detecting, and other fields.
Adjustment-free two-sided 3D direct laser writing for aligned micro-optics on both substrate sides
Authors: Schmid Michael , Thiele Simon , Herkommer Alois , Giessen Harald
Published: November 2022

3D direct laser writing is a powerful and widely used tool to create complex micro-optics. The fabrication method offers two different writing modes. During the immersion mode, an immersion medium is applied between the objective and the substrate while the photoresist is exposed on its back side. Alternatively, when using the dip-in mode, the objective is in direct contact with the photoresist and the structure is fabricated on the objective facing side of the substrate. In this Letter, we demonstrate the combination of dip-in and photoresist immersion printing, by using the photoresist itself as immersion medium. This way, two parts of a doublet objective can be fabricated on the front and back sides of a substrate, using it as a spacer with a lateral registration below 1 µm and without the need of additional alignment. This approach also enables the alignment free combination of different photoresists on the back and front sides. We use this benefit by printing a black aperture on the back of the substrate, while the objective lens is printed on the front.
Unidirectional spintronic terahertz emitters with high efficiency
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqiang , Jiang Yunqing , Xu Yong , Liu Fengguang , Rui Guanghao , Wang Anting , Zhao Weisheng
Published: November 2022

Due to the high performance and low cost, spintronic terahertz emitters (STEs) have been a hot topic in the field of terahertz sources. However, most of the research focuses on the THz generation process and little attention has been paid to the control and modulation of the THz wave generated by the STE. In this Letter, a unidirectional spintronic terahertz emitter (USTE) integrating a common STE with a metal grating is proposed to manipulate the THz emission process. The dyadic Green’s function method and finite element method are adopted to survey the characteristics of the USTE. Simulations show that the metal grating not only has a transmission larger than 97% in the optical band, but also has a higher reflectivity larger than 99% in the THz band. As a result, the USTE has a unidirectional THz emission along the direction of the pump beam with a larger than 4-fold enhancement in intensity. Moreover, the USTE has the capability of tuning the central frequency and THz wave steering by adjusting the distance and angle between the STE and the metal grating. We believe that this USTE can be used in THz wireless communications and holographic imaging, especially in the field of THz bio-sensing, which needs some resonance frequencies to sense.
A Tale of Two “Chips” Acts
Authors: Wills Stewart
Published: November 2022

The years giant semiconductor legislative packages, viewed
through a photonic lens.
Seroprevalence, distribution, and risk factors for human leptospirosis in the United States Virgin Islands
Authors: Artus Aileen , Schafer Ilana J. , Cossaboom Caitlin M. , Haberling Dana L. , Galloway Renee , Sutherland Graham , Browne A. Springer , Roth Joseph , France Valicia , Cranford Hannah M. , Kines Kristine J. , Pompey Justine , Ellis Brett R. , Walke Henry , Ellis Esther M. ,   Leptospirosis Serosurvey Investigation Team
Published: November 2022

Background

The first documented human leptospirosis cases in the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) occurred following 2017 Hurricanes Irma and Maria. We conducted a representative serosurvey in USVI to estimate the seroprevalence and distribution of human leptospirosis and evaluate local risk factors associated with seropositivity.

Methodology/Principal findings

A stratified, two-stage cluster sampling design was used and consisted of three island strata and random selection of census blocks and then households. All eligible members of selected households were invited to participate (≥5 years old, resided in USVI ≥6 months and ≥6 months/year). Household and individual-level questionnaires were completed, and serum collected from each enrolled individual. Microscopic agglutination test serology was conducted, and bivariate and logistic regression analyses completed to identify risk factors for seropositivity.

In March 2019, 1,161 individuals were enrolled from 918 households in St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John. The territory-wide weighted seroprevalence was 4.0% (95% CI:2.3–5.7). Characteristics/exposures independently associated with seropositivity using logistic regression included contact with cows (OR: 39.5; 95% CI: 9.0–172.7), seeing rodents/rodent evidence or contact with rodents (OR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.1–5.9), and increasing age (OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.002–1.04); full or partial Caucasian/White race was negatively correlated with seropositivity (OR: 0.02, 95% CI: 0.04–0.7). Bivariate analysis showed self-reported jaundice since the 2017 hurricanes (pRR: 5.7; 95% CI: 1.0–33.4) was associated with seropositivity and using a cover/lid on cisterns/rainwater collection containers (pRR: 0.3; 95% CI: 0.08–0.8) was protective against seropositivity.

Conclusions/Significance

Leptospirosis seropositivity of 4% across USVI demonstrates an important human disease that was previously unrecognized and emphasizes the importance of continued leptospirosis surveillance and investigation. Local risk factors identified may help guide future human and animal leptospirosis studies in USVI, strengthen leptospirosis public health surveillance and treatment timeliness, and inform targeted education, prevention, and control efforts.
Prevalence and characteristics of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myocardial damage: A prospective observational study
Authors: Nishikawa Tatsuya , Inoue Takako , Otsuka Tomoyuki , Kuno Ikumi , Kukita Yoji , Nakamura Harumi , Ikeda Yoshihiko , Yasui Taku , Shioyama Wataru , Oka Toru , Honma Keiichirou , Hatakeyama Kinta , Miyata Hiroshi , Isei Taiki , Ishihara Ryu , Kumagai Toru , Nishimura Kazuo , Fujita Masashi
Published: November 2022

An increasing number of patients with cancer are being treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Consequently, the incidence of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myocarditis has been increasing. Nonetheless, the diagnostic criteria for the immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myocarditis have not been sufficiently established. Therefore, the real-world incidence or prevalence of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myocardial damage remains unknown. This was a single-center cohort study that included 100 patients admitted for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for any type of cancer. The patients underwent monthly measurement of cardiac troponin I and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels with electrocardiography. Additionally, echocardiography was performed every 3 months. Our protocol was continued until 6 months after the initiation of immune checkpoint inhibitors. We defined immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myocardial damage as an increase in cardiac troponin I levels by >0.026 ng/mL and/or a decrease in the left ventricular ejection fraction by >10% to <53% on echocardiography. The mean patient age was 64 years; 71% were men. The most commonly used immune checkpoint inhibitor was nivolumab (47%), followed by pembrolizumab (29%). Overall, 5% of patients received combination therapy. Among 100 patients, 10 (10%) were diagnosed with immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myocardial damage. Among them, five patients underwent endomyocardial biopsy. Of these patients, four were histopathologically observed to have lymphocyte infiltration in their myocardium. In conclusion, serial cardiac troponin I measurement during immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment could help detect early-phase myocardial damage. The prevalence of myocardial damage was much higher than previously expected.
Activating discipline specific thinking with adaptive learning: A digital tool to enhance learning in chemistry
Authors: Vincent-Ruz Paulette , Boase Nathan R. B.
Published: November 2022

In tertiary science education, students are encouraged to engage in discipline specific thinking, to learn their chosen subject. The challenge for educators is engaging all students equitably, despite their educational backgrounds and depth of discipline specific knowledge. Personalising learning in the context of large-scale tertiary courses can only be achieved by using digital technologies. In the context of chemistry education, this project has investigated how an adaptive learning technology can effectively and consistently engage students in discipline specific thinking, by personalising their learning pathway. Adaptive learning has been integrated into a foundational chemistry subject and through quantitative analysis there is empirical evidence to support the benefit adaptive learning has on outcomes, in both the short and long term. This study shows adaptive learning can equitably meet the needs for all students and can lead to improvements in educational behaviour beyond grades. The evidence supports adaptive learning as one critical tool for chemistry educators, and educators in other disciplines of science, to include in their suite of pedagogical strategies to meet the needs of all their students.
Apoptosis in platelets is independent of the actin cytoskeleton
Authors: De Silva Enoli , Paul Manoj , Kim Hugh
Published: November 2022

Homeostasis between platelet production and clearance is essential for human health. A critical facet of the balance that facilitates platelet clearance from the circulation is apoptosis (programmed cell death). The precise cellular mechanisms that underpin platelet apoptosis are not defined. In nucleated cells, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton is known to regulate platelet apoptosis. However, the role of the actin cytoskeleton in regulating apoptosis in platelets has not been extensively studied as they are anucleate and exhibit a distinctive physiology. Here, apoptosis was induced in washed human platelets using ABT-737, a BH3-mimetic drug. Mitochondrial depolarization was measured using the ratiometric dye JC-1; surface phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure was measured by annexin V binding; caspase-3 activation was measured by Western blotting. All three apoptotic markers were unaffected by the presence of either the actin depolymerizing drug cytochalasin D or the actin polymerizing drug jasplakinolide. Moreover, platelets were isolated from wild-type (WT) mice and mice deficient in gelsolin (Gsn), an actin-binding protein that is essential for normal cytoskeletal remodeling. In response to ABT-737, gelsolin-null (Gsn-/-) platelets initially showed accelerated PS exposure relative to WT platelets, however, both WT and Gsn-/- platelets exhibited similar levels of mitochondrial depolarization and caspase-3 activation in response to ABT-737. We conclude that ABT-737 induces established markers of platelet apoptosis in an actin-independent manner.