bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resistive switching behaviour of a tantalum oxide nanolayer fabricated by plasma oxidation
Authors: Tang G. S. , Zeng F. , Chen C. , Gao S. , Fu H. D. , Song C. , Wang G. Y. , Pan F.
Published: February 2013

We investigate the resistive switching behaviour of a tantalum oxide nanolayer‐based nonvolatile memory with Pt/TaO5–x/TaN structure, which was prepared at room temperature through a processing compatible with CMOS technology. The tantalum oxide nanolayer with thickness of about 5 nm was fabricated by plasma oxidation of TaN films. The switching mechanism can be explained by the modulation of the local oxygen‐deficient conduction channel resulting from oxygen ions drift. This Letter represents a cost‐efficient method for developing nanoscale restive switching nonvolatile memories. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fangchinoline Induces G1 Arrest in Breast Cancer Cells Through Cell‐Cycle Regulation
Authors: Xing Zhibo , Zhang Youxue , Zhang Xianyu , Yang Yanmei , Ma Yuyan , Pang Da
Published: February 2013

Fangchinoline, an alkaloid derived from the dry roots of Stephaniae tetrandrine S. Moore (Menispermaceae), has been shown to possess cytotoxic, anti‐inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. In this study, we used Fangchinoline to inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation and to investigate its underlying molecular mechanisms. Human breast cancer cell lines, MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231, were both used in this study. We found that Fangchinoline significantly decreased cell proliferation in a dose‐dependent manner and induced G1‐phase arrest in both cell lines. In addition, upon analysis of expression of cell cycle‐related proteins, we found that Fangchinoline reduced expression of cyclin D1, cyclin D3, and cyclin E, and increased expression of the cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, p21/WAF1, and p27/KIP1. Moreover, Fangchinoline also inhibited the kinase activities of CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6. These results suggest that Fangchinoline can inhibit human breast cancer cell proliferation and thus may have potential applications in cancer therapy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Robust Framework for Multi‐Response Surface Optimization Methodology
Authors: Yadav Om Prakash , Thambidorai Ganesh , Nepal Bimal , Monplaisir Leslie
Published: February 2013

A robust multi‐response optimization framework is proposed for simultaneously optimizing multiple conflicting quality characteristics. Unlike prior methods, the proposed approach is insensitive to subjective inputs like target specifications and improves optimization process for correlated responses. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated and compared with existing methods considering two examples from the literature. The proposed method yields similar results consistently for different assigned target values demonstrating repeatability of the model, hence demonstrating insensitivity to assigned subjective target values. Furthermore, the study also considers multiple correlated design characteristics issue to achieve better trade‐off during design optimization. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Armitage Lecture 2011: the design and analysis of life history studies
Authors: Lawless Jerald F.
Published: February 2013

Life history studies collect information on events and other outcomes during people's lifetimes. For example, these may be related to childhood development, education, fertility, health, or employment. Such longitudinal studies have constraints on the selection of study members, the duration and frequency of follow‐up, and the accuracy and completeness of information obtained. These constraints, along with factors associated with the definition and measurement of certain outcomes, affect our ability to understand, model, and analyze life history processes. My objective here is to discuss and illustrate some issues associated with the design and analysis of life history studies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantum Dot‐Based Thermal Spectroscopy and Imaging of Optically Trapped Microspheres and Single Cells
Authors: Haro‐González Patricia , Ramsay William T. , Maestro Laura Martinez , del Rosal Blanca , Santacruz‐Gomez Karla , del Carmen Iglesias‐de la Cruz Maria , Sanz‐Rodríguez Francisco , Chooi Jing Yuang , Sevilla Paloma Rodriguez , Bettinelli Marco , Choudhury Debaditya , Kar Ajoy K. , Solé José García , Jaque Daniel , Paterson Lynn
Published: February 2013

Laser‐induced thermal effects in optically trapped microspheres and single cells are investigated by quantum dot luminescence thermometry. Thermal spectroscopy has revealed a non‐localized temperature distribution around the trap that extends over tens of micrometers, in agreement with previous theoretical models besides identifying water absorption as the most important heating source. The experimental results of thermal loading at a variety of wavelengths reveal that an optimum trapping wavelength exists for biological applications close to 820 nm. This is corroborated by a simultaneous analysis of the spectral dependence of cellular heating and damage in human lymphocytes during optical trapping. This quantum dot luminescence thermometry demonstrates that optical trapping with 820 nm laser radiation produces minimum intracellular heating, well below the cytotoxic level (43 °C), thus, avoiding cell damage.
Avispa: a tool for analyzing software process models
Authors: Hurtado Alegría Julio A. , Bastarrica María Cecilia , Bergel Alexandre
Published: February 2013

Defining and formalizing the software development process is a common means for improving it. Software process modeling is often a challenging and expensive endeavor, because a well specified process may still include inefficiencies that are hardly detected before enacting it. Thus, assessing process quality is a relevant concern to improve several aspects such as conceptual integrity, correctness, usability, maintainability, and performance, among others. This paper describes Avispa, a graphical tool that allows analyzing the quality of SPEM 2.0 software processes models. Avispa identifies a series of error patterns and highlights them in different blueprints. A detailed description of the internals of Avispa is provided to show both its structure and its extensibility mechanisms. We also present an interactive mechanism to define new analysis scripts and to implement new patterns and blueprints. This paper illustrates the application of Avispa in an industrial case study where process engineers are assisted to analyze the quality of their process. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Telling Others How You Live—Refining Goffman's Stigma Theory Through an Analysis of Housing Strugglers in a Homeowner Nation
Authors: Vassenden Anders , Lie Terje
Published: February 2013

This article revisits Goffman's stigma theory from the perspective of housing studies. We elaborate on Goffman's approach by exploring how housing tenure can work as a proxy for moral character. We interviewed twenty‐seven people who are excluded from access to homeownership in two cities in Norway, which is a “homeowner nation.” These individuals are unable to enter the dominant “homeowner class” for different reasons, including drug‐dependency, mental illness, refugee background, low socioeconomic status; thus, they must access housing through other tenures; private renting or social housing. To many of them, housing becomes a stigma, in Goffman terms, an “undesired differentness.” Social housing is known to carry stigma in Norway. It was thus a paradox, that those with the softest differentness—private rental—were most likely to practice (Goffman:) “information control” over their housing situation. Goffman's theoretical apparatus, and his distinction between the discreditable and the discredited in particular, helped us make this paradox comprehensible. Through this analysis, refinements to Goffman's theory were discovered. We suggest that “multiple stigmas,” which was not seen clearly by Goffman himself, should be a key notion in stigma studies. We use this notion to distinguish between possible sub‐types to the discredited‐discreditable distinction.
Ferulic acid prevents cerebral ischemic injury‐induced reduction of hippocalcin expression
Authors: Koh Phil‐Ok
Published: February 2013

Intracellular calcium overload is a critical pathophysiological factor in ischemic injury. Hippocalcin is a neuronal calcium sensor protein that buffers intracellular calcium levels and protects cells from apoptotic stimuli. Ferulic acid exerts a neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemia through its anti‐oxidant and anti‐inflammation activity. This study investigated whether ferulic acid contributes to hippocalcin expression during cerebral ischemia and glutamate exposure‐induced neuronal cell death. Rats were immediately treated with vehicle or ferulic acid (100 mg/kg, i.v.) after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Brain tissues were collected 24 h after MCAO and followed by assessment of cerebral infarct. Ferulic acid reduced MCAO‐induced infarct regions. A proteomics approach elucidated a decrease in hippocalcin in MCAO‐operated animals, ferulic acid attenuates the injury‐induced decrease in hippocalcin expression. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses confirmed that ferulic acid prevents the injury‐induced decrease in hippocalcin. In cultured HT22 hippocampal cells, glutamate exposure increased the intracellular Ca2+ levels, whereas ferulic acid attenuated this increase. Moreover, ferulic acid attenuated the glutamate toxicity‐induced decrease in hippocalcin expression. These findings can suggest the possibility that ferulic acid exerts a neuroprotective effect through modulating hippocalcine expression and regulating intracellular calcium levels. Synapse 67:390–398, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High‐efficiency current‐doubler rectifier with low output current ripple and high step‐down voltage ratio
Authors: Tsai Cheng‐Tao , Shen Chih‐Lung
Published: February 2013

This paper presents a current‐doubler rectifier with low output current ripple and high step‐down voltage ratio. In the proposed rectifier, two extra inductors are introduced to extend the duty ratio of the switches, which in turn reduces the peak current through the isolation transformer as well as the output current ripple; two extra diodes are used to provide discharge paths for the two extra inductors. To highlight the merits of the proposed rectifier, its performance indexes, such as voltage gain function, secondary winding peak current of the isolation transformer, and output current ripple, are analyzed and compared with the conventional current‐doubler rectifier. In this paper, a zero‐voltage‐switching phase‐shift full‐bridge converter with the proposed rectifier with an input voltage of 400 V, output voltage of 12 V, and full load power of 500 W has been implemented and verified, and experimental results have shown that 90% conversion efficiency could be achieved at full load. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The influence of nitrate on the physiology of the yeast Dekkera bruxellensis grown under oxygen limitation
Authors: de Barros Pita Will , Tiukova Ievgeniia , Leite Fernanda Cristina Bezerra , Passoth Volkmar , Simões Diogo Ardaillon , de Morais Marcos Antonio
Published: February 2013

A previous study showed that the use of nitrate by Dekkera bruxellensis might be an advantageous trait when ammonium is limited in sugarcane substrate for ethanol fermentation. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the influence of nitrate on the yeast physiology during cell growth in different carbon sources under oxygen limitation. If nitrate was the sole source of nitrogen, D. bruxellensis cells presented slower growth, diminished sugar consumption and growth‐associated ethanol production, when compared to ammonium. These results were corroborated by the increased expression of genes involved in the pentose phosphate (PP) pathway, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and ATP synthesis. The presence of ammonium in the mixed medium restored most parameters to the standard conditions. This work may open up a line of investigation to establish the connection between nitrate assimilation and energetic metabolism in D. bruxellensis and their influence on its fermentative capacity in oxygen‐limited or oxygen‐depleted conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three Novel 3D Complexes Constructed by 1H‐Benzimidazole‐5, 6‐dicarboxylic Acid: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Luminescence
Authors: Gao Jin‐Ying , Xiong Xia‐Hua , Chen Chu‐Jun , Xie Wei‐Ping , Ran Xing‐Rui , Yue Shan‐Tang
Published: February 2013

Three novel compounds, {[Ln(Hbidc)(ox)0.5(H2O)]·H2O}n [Ln = Pr (1), Sm (2), Eu (3)] were synthesized by hydrothermal reaction of 1H‐benzimidazole‐5, 6‐dicarboxylic acid (H3bidc) and oxalate (ox) with Ln(NO3)3·6H2O in the presence of NaOH solution at 180 °C, and were structurally characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD). Single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis reveal that all the compounds are isomorphous, displaying 3D networks with 9‐connected topology based on the linkages of 2D layers and 1D zigzag chains. In addition, complex 3 exhibits strong luminescent property in the solid state at room temperature.
Role of Pre‐operative Multiple Gated Acquisition Scanning in Predicting Long‐Term Outcome in Patients Undergoing Elective Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair
Authors: Barakat Hashem M. , Shahin Yousef , Khan Junaid A. , McCollum Peter T. , Chetter Ian C.
Published: February 2013

Objective

To determine whether resting pre‐operative left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) estimated by multiple gated acquisition scanning (MUGA) predicts long‐term survival in patients undergoing elective abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair.

Methods

A retrospective study of MUGA scans which were performed to estimate pre‐operative resting LVEF in 127 patients [106 (83 %) males, mean age 74 ± 7.6 years] who underwent elective AAA repair over a period of 4 years from March 2007. We compared outcomes and long‐term survival between patients who had a pre‐operative LVEF ≤ 40 % (Group 1, n = 60) and LVEF > 40 % (Group 2, n = 67).

Results

Overall 19 (15 %) patients died during the follow‐up period (13 patients in group 1 and 6 patients in group 2). 30‐day mortality was 8 %. There was no significant difference between group 1 and 2 in terms of patients’ mean age or median length of hospital stay (8 days for both groups, p = 0.61). However, group 2 had more females than group 1(18 vs. 3, p = 0.001). Median survival for patients in group 2 was significantly higher than patients in group 1 (1,258 days vs. 1,000 days, p = 0.03). In a Cox regression model which included age, sex, smoking status and LVEF as covariates, only smoking status and LVEF predicted survival [Hazard ratio (HR) = 1.06, p = 0.04 and HR = 0.93, p = 0.00, respectively].

Conclusion

This study shows that there is a role for pre‐operative MUGA scan assessment of resting LVEF in predicting long‐term survival post elective AAA repair and that the lower the pre‐operative LVEF the poorer the long‐term outcome.
Dorsal Radiocarpal Dislocation in a Patient with Goldenhar Syndrome: Case Report
Authors: Bernard Johnathan A. , O'Daly Andres , LaPorte Dawn M.
Published: February 2013

Background

Fracture–dislocations of the carpus are rare, generally occurring after high-energy trauma. Goldenhar syndrome is among a group of genetic abnormalities associated with radial limb defects. We present a case of a dorsal radiocarpal dislocation in a patient with Goldenhar syndrome after a low-energy fall. To our knowledge, there has been no previous report of radiocarpal dislocation in the setting of Goldenhar syndrome.

Methods

This patient with Goldenhar syndrome had a dorsal radiocarpal dislocation in the setting of an absent scaphoid and dysplastic distal radius. A computed tomography scan, recognized as a useful modality to evaluate the wrist and scaphoid, was used to rule out any other osseous trauma or avulsion fractures.

Results

Closed reduction and 6 weeks of immobilization resulted in a successful treatment.

Conclusions

The incidence of radiocarpal dislocations in patients with Goldenhar syndrome and the appropriate long-term treatment for patients with Goldenhar syndrome with radiocarpal dislocations require further investigation.
Near-Net-Shape Production of Hollow Titanium Alloy Components via Electrochemical Reduction of Metal Oxide Precursors in Molten Salts
Authors: Hu Di , Xiao Wei , Chen George Z.
Published: February 2013

Metal oxide precursors (ca. 90 wt pct Ti, 6 wt pct Al, and 4 wt pct V) were prepared with a hollow structure in various shapes such as a sphere, miniature golf club head, and cup using a one-step solid slip-casting process. The precursors were then electro-deoxidized in molten calcium chloride [3.2 V, 1173 K (900 °C)] against a graphite anode. After 24 hours of electrolysis, the near-net-shape Ti-6Al-4V product maintained its original shape with controlled shrinkage. Oxygen contents in the Ti-6Al-4V components were typically below 2000 ppm. The maximum compressive stress and modulus of electrolytic products obtained in this work were approximately 243 MPa and 14 GPa, respectively, matching with the requirement for medical implants. Further research directions are discussed for mechanical improvement of the products via densification during or after electrolysis. This simple, fast, and energy-efficient near-net-shape manufacturing method could allow titanium alloy components with desired geometries to be prepared directly from a mixture of metal oxides, promising an innovative technology for the low-cost production of titanium alloy components.
Carbonation of Epoxidized Soybean Oil Improved by the Addition of Water
Authors: Mazo Paula , Rios Luis
Published: February 2013

Carbonated soybean oil was synthesized from epoxidized soybean oil and CO2 at atmospheric pressure and with tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr) as catalyst. Kinetic parameters, i.e., rate constants, activation energy and pre‐exponential factors were determined. The effects of catalyst concentration and water content were studied. The reaction followed first‐order kinetics with respect to epoxide at 100–140 °C. A steep increase in conversion (ca. 30 %) was obtained by increasing the amount of catalyst from 3 to 5 %. Further increasing the amount of catalyst to 7 % increased the conversion less than 10 %. The reaction proceeded faster when water was added; reaction times with water were ca. 70 % of the reaction times without water. Titration, FTIR and 1H‐NMR analyses indicated ca. 90 % conversion and ca. 88 % selectivity towards the carbonate after 70 h at 120 °C with 5 % mol TBABr and 1:3 molar ratio of water to epoxide.
Incidence and gender differences of slipped capital femoral epiphysis in the Netherlands from 1998–2010 combined with a review of the literature on the epidemiology of SCFE
Authors: Witbreuk M. M. , van Royen B. J. , Van Kemenade F. J. , Witte B. I. , van der Sluijs J. A.
Published: February 2013

Purpose

The incidence of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) among children living in the Netherlands has never been published.

Methods

The national hospitalization registration system of the Netherlands was searched for the incidence of surgical procedures for SCFE in the Netherlands among different pediatric age groups between 1998 and 2010. International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision codes were used.

Results and conclusion

The incidence of surgical procedures for SCFE during the last decade was 11.6 per 100,000 children aged 5 to 19 years. No statistical difference in the incidence of SCFE was found between boys and girls, although the incidence of SCFE did significantly increase in girls during the study period. Based on our analysis, the Netherlands appears to be the first country in which no difference in the incidence of SCFE among boys and girls has been reported. However, during the study period there has been a concomitant increase in the number of girls with SCFE.
Impact of experimental hypothyroidism on monoamines level in discrete brain regions and other peripheral tissues of young and adult male rats
Authors: Hassan Wafaa A. , Aly Mona S. , Rahman Taghride Abdel , Shahat Asmaa S.
Published: February 2013

The levels of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5‐HT) in different brain regions as well as in blood plasma, cardiac muscle and adrenal gland of young and adult male albino rats were measured following experimentally induced hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism induced by daily oral administration of propylthiouracil (PTU, 5 mg/kg body wt) caused a significant reduction in DA levels in most of the tissues examined of both young and adult rats after 21 and 28 days, in NE levels after all the time intervals studied in young rats, and after 21 and 28 days in adult rats. 5‐HT exhibited a significant reduction in the selected brain regions and blood plasma after 21 and 28 days and in cardiac muscle after all the time intervals in the two age groups of animals. It may be suggested that the changes in monoamine levels induced by hypothyroidism may be due to disturbance in the synthesis and release of these amines through the neurons impairment or may be due to an alteration pattern of their synthesizing and/or degradative enzymes.
How animal models of leukaemias have already benefited patients
Authors: Ablain Julien , Nasr Rihab , Zhu Jun , Bazarbachi Ali , Lallemand-Breittenbach Valérie , de Thé Hugues
Published: February 2013

The relative genetic simplicity of leukaemias, the development of which likely relies on a limited number of initiating events has made them ideal for disease modelling, particularly in the mouse. Animal models provide incomparable insights into the mechanisms of leukaemia development and allow exploration of the molecular pillars of disease maintenance, an aspect often biased in cell lines or ex vivo systems. Several of these models, which faithfully recapitulate the characteristics of the human disease, have been used for pre‐clinical purposes and have been instrumental in predicting therapy response in patients. We plea for a wider use of genetically defined animal models in the design of clinical trials, with a particular focus on reassessment of existing cancer or non‐cancer drugs, alone or in combination.
Genetically engineered mouse models of pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Guerra Carmen , Barbacid Mariano
Published: February 2013

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal types of human cancer for which there are no effective therapies. Deep sequencing of PDAC tumors has revealed the presence of a high number of mutations (>50) that affect at least a dozen key signaling pathways. This scenario highlights the urgent need to develop experimental models that faithfully reproduce the natural history of these human tumors in order to understand their biology and to design therapeutic approaches that might effectively interfere with their multiple mutated pathways. Over the last decade, several models, primarily based on the genetic activation of resident KRas oncogenes knocked‐in within the endogenous KRas locus have been generated. These models faithfully reproduce the histological lesions that characterize human pancreatic tumors. Decoration of these models with additional mutations, primarily involving tumor suppressor loci known to be also mutated in human PDAC tumors, results in accelerated tumor progression and in the induction of invasive and metastatic malignancies. Mouse PDACs also display a desmoplastic stroma and inflammatory responses that closely resemble those observed in human patients. Interestingly, adult mice appear to be resistant to PDAC development unless the animals undergo pancreatic damage, mainly in the form of acute, chronic or even temporary pancreatitis. In this review, we describe the most representative models available to date and how their detailed characterization is allowing us to understand their cellular origin as well as the events involved in tumor progression. Moreover, their molecular dissection is starting to unveil novel therapeutic strategies that could be translated to the clinic in the very near future.
Genetically engineered mouse models of PI3K signaling in breast cancer
Authors: Klarenbeek Sjoerd , van Miltenburg Martine H. , Jonkers Jos
Published: February 2013

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women. A substantial fraction of breast cancers have acquired mutations that lead to activation of the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway, which plays a central role in cellular processes that are essential in cancer, such as cell survival, growth, division and motility. Oncogenic mutations in the PI3K pathway generally involve either activating mutation of the gene encoding PI3K (PIK3CA) or AKT (AKT1), or loss or reduced expression of PTEN. Several kinases involved in PI3K signaling are being explored as a therapeutic targets for pharmacological inhibition. Despite the availability of a range of inhibitors, acquired resistance may limit the efficacy of single‐agent therapy. In this review we discuss the role of PI3K pathway mutations in human breast cancer and relevant genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), with special attention to the role of PI3K signaling in oncogenesis, in therapeutic response, and in resistance to therapy. Several sophisticated GEMMs have revealed the cause‐and‐effect relationships between PI3K pathway mutations and mammary oncogenesis. These GEMMs enable us to study the biology of tumors induced by activated PI3K signaling, as well as preclinical response and resistance to PI3K pathway inhibitors.
Cochlear implantation after selective vestibular nerve section
Authors: Martens C , Csillag A , Davies M , Fagan P
Published: February 2013

Introduction:

Vestibular nerve section is a highly effective procedure for the control of vertigo in patients with Ménière's disease. However, hearing loss is a possible complication. If hearing loss occurs after vestibular nerve section, magnetic resonance imaging should make it possible to establish the presence or absence of an intact cochlear nerve.

Method:

Case report and review of the world literature concerning cochlear implantation after vestibular nerve section.

Case report:

We present a patient who developed subtotal hearing loss after vestibular nerve section. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to verify the presence of an intact cochlear nerve, enabling successful cochlear implantation.

Conclusion:

To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of cochlear implantation carried out after selective vestibular nerve section. Given recent advances in cochlear implantation, this case indicates that it is essential to make every effort to spare the cochlear nerve if vestibular nerve section is required. If hearing loss occurs after vestibular nerve section, magnetic resonance imaging should be undertaken to establish whether the cochlear nerve is intact.
Chronic rhinosinusitis in ex-lepromatous leprosy patients with atrophic rhinitis
Authors: Suzuki J , Oshima T , Watanabe K , Suzuki H , Kobayashi T , Hashimoto S
Published: February 2013

Aim:

Rhino-sinus mucosal involvement is well documented in untreated lepromatous leprosy, but less understood in ex-leprosy patients (i.e. leprosy patients who have been treated and cured) with atrophic rhinitis.

Materials and methods:

Rhino-sinus abnormalities were investigated in 13 ex-lepromatous leprosy patients with atrophic rhinitis, using interviews enquiring about sinonasal symptoms, nasal endoscopy, nasal swab culture and computed tomography. Endoscopic sinus surgery had been performed in three patients. The clinical course, computed tomography findings and nasal biopsy results of these three patients were evaluated.

Results:

All patients had turbinate atrophy and 6 of the 13 (46.2 per cent) had septal perforation. Paranasal sinus involvement was noted in 9 of 12 examined patients (75 per cent). The most commonly affected sinus was the maxillary sinus (in 8 of 12; 66.7 per cent). All three patients treated by endoscopic sinus surgery experienced relapse and required further surgery. Maxillary sinus irrigation was effective for reduction of persistent symptoms such as postnasal discharge and crusts.

Conclusion:

Ex-lepromatous leprosy patients with atrophic rhinitis had various rhino-sinus abnormalities and persistent symptoms. These patients had chronic rhinosinusitis because of underlying atrophic rhinitis. These patients required repeated otolaryngological observations together with combined surgery and conservative treatment.
Mysore's Wembley? The Dasara Exhibition's Imagined Economies
Authors: NAIR JANAKI
Published: February 2013

Most scholarly works on exhibitionary practices of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have focused on the meaning and importance of display, and the cultural bases, and indeed biases, that supported various inclusions and exclusions. The exhibition has usually formed part of a larger narrative of new rituals that were enacted in the modern period to serve, variously, imperial, market or patriotic objectives. Can the persistence with which the Princely Mysore state organized its Dasara Exhibition from 1907 until well after independence be understood solely within these frames? In both its choice of location and its timing, the Dasara Exhibition was organized with dogged insistence, despite its obvious failures. This can only be understood in relation to the larger changes that were envisaged for the economy of the region, as the state attempted to build a supplement, even an alternative, to the princely splendour and pomp that was on conspicuous display. This paper looks at the subtle changes and shifts that occurred during the first half of the twentieth century in exhibitionary practices as they related to both real and envisaged changes within the economy that the Mysore bureaucracy was obliged to bring into being.
Militarised violences, basic training, and the myths of asexuality and discipline
Authors: WELLAND JULIA
Published: February 2013

In recent years numerous reports of prisoner abuse and other militarised violences by British troops stationed in Iraq and Afghanistan have emerged. Drawing on two such incidents – the abuse of detainees at Camp Breadbasket and the murder of Baha Mousa – this article seeks to locate such violences on a continuum that can be traced back to the ways in which British soldiers are trained. Following on from a burgeoning feminist literature on militarised masculinities, and using Avery Gordon's epistemology of ghosts and hauntings, I suggest a conceptual and methodological intervention into the subject that resists generalised stories and the mapping of ‘hard’ borders. Focusing on the myths of asexuality and discipline that emerge from, and reinforce, the gendered discourses of basic training, I conduct a ‘ghost hunt’ of the haunting spectres that have attempted to be exorcised from these myths. Making visible these ghost(s) and tracing their (violent) materialisations through multiple sites and across a continuum, militarised violences – in all their ranges – begin to be made explicable.
Multilingual interaction and minority languages: Proficiency and language practices in education and society
Authors: Gorter Durk
Published: February 2013

In this plenary speech I examine multilingual interaction in a number of European regions in which minority languages are being revitalized. Education is a crucial variable, but the wider society is equally significant. The context of revitalization is no longer bilingual but increasingly multilingual. I draw on the results of a long-running project on the ‘Added value of multilingualism and diversity in educational contexts’ among secondary school students, and show that there are interesting differences and similarities between the minority language (Basque or Frisian), the majority language (Spanish or Dutch) and English. The focus on multilingualism is applied inside and outside the school. The discussion demonstrates the complexity of everyday multilingual practices and the outcomes have implications for the gap between education and society and for further research into the linkages between language proficiency and actual language practices.
Structurally complex farms support high avian functional diversity in tropical montane Ethiopia
Authors: Gove Aaron D. , Hylander Kristoffer , Nemomissa Sileshi , Shimelis Anteneh , Enkossa Woldeyohannes
Published: February 2013

Of all feeding guilds, understorey insectivores are thought to be most sensitive to disturbance and forest conversion. We compared the composition of bird feeding guilds in tropical forest fragments with adjacent agro-ecosystems in a montane region of south-west Ethiopia. We used a series of point counts to survey birds in 19 agriculture and 19 forest sites and recorded tree species within each farm across an area of 40 × 35 km. Insectivores (~17 spp. per plot), frugivores (~3 spp. per plot) and omnivores (~5 spp. per plot) maintained species density across habitats, while granivores and nectarivores increased in the agricultural sites by factors of 7 and 3 respectively. Species accumulation curves of each guild were equal or steeper in agriculture, suggesting that agricultural and forest landscapes were equally heterogeneous for all bird guilds. Counter to most published studies, we found no decline in insectivore species richness with forest conversion. However, species composition differed between the two habitats, with certain forest specialists replaced by other species within each feeding guild. We suggest that the lack of difference in insectivorous species numbers between forest and agriculture in this region is due to the benign nature of the agricultural habitat, but also due to a regional species pool which contains many bird species which are adapted to open habitats.
Towards a New Sphere of Practices and Knowledge: The Militarization of Meteorology in Francoist Spain
Authors: Anduaga Aitor
Published: February 2013

Argument

This paper analyzes the concept ofmilitarizationin both senses of the word, that of mobilization for war and that of social control exercised by military forces. During the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), the role and nature of meteorology was transformed by the rebel band on the basis of the mythification of a Service model that was supported by victory and that would be projected as a paradigm for the postwar years. The newServicio Meteorológico Nacionalreflected the social control exerted by the Franco regime and its aeronautical and military interests. The “amphibianism” – or quality of being both civil and military simultaneously – is one of the main features of this transformation. Interestingly, this dual (civil and military) condition of meteorologist appears to be intrinsic to the construction of a new “sphere of practices and knowledge” in Francoist Spain.
Accommodating Climate Change Science: James Hansen and the Rhetorical/Political Emergence of Global Warming
Authors: Besel Richard D.
Published: February 2013

Argument

Dr. James Hansen's 1988 testimony before the U.S. Senate was an important turning point in the history of global climate change. However, no studies have explained why Hansen's scientific communication in this deliberative setting was more successful than his testimonies of 1986 and 1987. This article turns to Hansen as an important case study in the rhetoric of accommodated science, illustrating how Hansen successfully accommodated his rhetoric to his non-scientist audience given his historical conditions and rhetorical constraints. This article (1) provides a richer explanation for the rhetorical/political emergence of global warming as an important public policy issue in the United States during the late 1980s and (2) contributes to scholarly understanding of the rhetoric of accommodated science in deliberative settings, an often overlooked area of science communication research.
Biobricks and Crocheted Coral: Dispatches from the Life Sciences in the Age of Fabrication
Authors: Roosth Sophia
Published: February 2013

Argument

What does “life” become at a moment when biological inquiry proceeds by manufacturing biological artifacts and systems? In this article, I juxtapose two radically different communities, synthetic biologists and Hyperbolic Crochet Coral Reef crafters (HCCR). Synthetic biology is a decade-old research initiative that seeks to merge biology with engineering and experimental research with manufacture. The HCCR is a distributed venture of three thousand craftspeople who cooperatively fabricate a series of yarn and plastic coral reefs to draw attention to the menace climate change poses to the Great Barrier and other reefs. Interpreting these two groups alongside one another, I suggest that for both, manufacturing biological artifacts advances their understandings of biology: in a rhetorical loop, they build new biological things in order to understand the things they are making. The resulting fabrications condense scientific and folk theories about “life” and also undo “life” as a coherent analytic object.
From Unanimity to Proportionality: Assent Standards and the Parliamentary Enclosure Movement
Authors: Tennyson Robert
Published: February 2013

“Enclosure” has long been shorthand for describing the exchange of scattered strips of land and common rights for cohesive plots in premodern and modern England. Proprietors who farmed long strips of land throughout a village or released cattle on unused waste would receive at enclosure regular plots commensurate in value with earlier interests. The process of enclosure in a village could be gradual, as it predominantly was for much of the premodern period. Alternatively, as increasingly occurred in the modern era, the proprietors could enclose their lands in concert. Figure 1, two maps of Helmdon in Northamptonshire, depicts the vast change in holdings that could occur through enclosure.
Building Toward Major Policy Change: Congressional Action on Civil Rights, 1941–1950
Authors: Jenkins Jeffery A. , Peck Justin
Published: February 2013

The mid-1960s witnessed a landmark change in the area of civil rights policy in the United States. After a series of tortuous internal battles, with Southern legislators using all available procedural tools to maintain their states' discriminatory Jim Crow legal systems, the United States Congress adopted two statutes—the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965—which insured civil and political equality forallAmericans. The Acts of 1964 and 1965 were the culmination of a decade-long struggle by black Americans to secure the citizenship rights that had been denied to them for more than a half century. Beginning with theBrown v. Board of Education(1954) Supreme Court decision, the civil rights movement built momentum, as formal organizations like the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) grew in strength and informal (grass roots) organizations spread throughout the South and the Nation. As national public opinion shifted increasingly toward providing new civil rights guarantees for blacks, Congress responded with new legislation: the Civil Rights Act of 1957 (the first civil rights law since 1875), the Civil Rights Act of 1960, and a legislative proposal to prohibit the poll tax in 1962 (which would be ratified by three-quarters of the states in 1964 and become the 24th Amendment to the United States Constitution).
The People's Privilege: The Franking Privilege, Constituent Correspondence, and Political Representation in Mid-Nineteenth Century America
Authors: Hoyos Roman J.
Published: February 2013

In his bookThe Dignity of Legislation,Jeremy Waldron bemoans the lack of attention legal philosophers have paid to legislatures and legislation. This oversight, Waldron suggests, has impoverished our understanding of legislatures as legal institutions, and has led jurisprudes to see only the “indignity of legislation.” Legal historians have hardly been more attentive, preferring to leave legislatures to political historians and political scientists. So although we have myriad studies of roll call votes, for example, we lack a genuine understanding of the legal history of legislatures or legislation. Our failure to appreciate the role of legislatures and legislation is especially characteristic of studies of the pre-Civil War period, a period in which the state has been famously described as a “state of courts and parties,” and characterized by the legislature's “decline of authority.” Even those who have uncovered a rich governmental theory and practice in the nineteenth century have focused more on courts and statutory interpretation. Willard Hurst criticized this inattention to the legal history of legislatures years ago, noting the “tendency to identify legal history with the history of courts and court-made doctrine.” Our court-centered approach has left us with only a partial understanding of the role of law in American history. “In order to see law in its relations to the society as a whole,” Hurst continued, “one must appraise all formal and informal aspects of political organized power— observe the functions of all agencies (legislative, executive, administrative, or judicial) and take account of the interplay of such agencies with voters and nonvoters, lobbyists and interest groups, politicians and political parties. This definition overruns traditional boundaries dividing the study of law from study of political history, political science, and sociology.”
Distribution and dynamics of risk factors associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1
Authors: ZHANG L. , GUO Z. W. , BRIDGE E. S. , LI Y. M. , XIAO X. M.
Published: February 2013

Within China's Poyang Lake region, close interactions between wild migratory birds and domestic poultry are common and provide an opportunity for the transmission and subsequent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. We overlaid a series of ecological factors associated with HPAI to map the risk of HPAI in relation to natural and anthropogenic variables, and we identified two hotspots for potential HPAI outbreaks in the Poyang Lake region as well as three corridors connecting the two hotspot areas. In hotspot I, there is potential for migratory birds to bring new avian influenza (AI) strains that can reassort with existing strains to form new AI viruses. Hotspot II features high-density poultry production where outbreaks of endemic AI viruses are likely. The three communication corridors that link the two hotspots further promote HPAI H5N1 transmission and outbreaks and lead to the persistence of AI viruses in the Poyang Lake region. We speculate that the region's unevenly distributed poultry supply-and-demand system might be a key factor inducing HPAI H5N1 transmission and outbreaks in the Poyang Lake region.
Gene–environment correlation in developmental psychopathology
Authors: Knafo Ariel , Jaffee Sara R.
Published: February 2013

Modern research acknowledges that psychopathology and individual differences in normal development are the joint products of both biological and social influences. Although there have been numerous publications on Gene × Environment interactions in the past decade, gene–environment correlation is another important form of gene–environment interplay that has received less attention. This Special Section demonstrates, using a range of methodological approaches, the importance of gene–environment correlation in developmental psychopathology. Several types of gene–environment correlation are described, including passive, evocative, and active. Other studies highlight the potential for gene–environment correlation to obscure associations between risk exposures and child psychopathology. Future directions for gene–environment correlation research are discussed.
Examining the role of passive gene–environment correlation in childhood depression using a novel genetically sensitive design
Authors: Rice Frances , Lewis Gemma , Harold Gordon T. , Thapar Anita
Published: February 2013

Parental depression is associated with disruptions in the parent–child relationship, exposure to stressful family life events, and offspring depressive symptoms. Evidence suggests that intergenerational transmission of depression involves environmental and inherited contributions. We sought to evaluate the role of passive gene–environment correlation (rGE) in relation to depression, family life events that were due to parental behavior, and parental positivity in a sample where children varied in genetic relatedness to their rearing parents. Our study included 865 families with children born through assisted conception (444 related to both parents, 210 related to the mother only, 175 related to the father only, and 36 related to neither parent). Consistent with previous studies, the intergenerational transmission of depressive symptoms was largely due to environmental factors, although parent and child gender influenced results. Maternal and paternal depressive symptoms were associated with reduced positivity and increased parentally imposed life events regardless of parent–child relatedness. Results of path analysis were consistent with passive rGE for both maternal and paternal positivity in that positivity partially mediated the link between maternal/paternal depression and child depression only in genetically related parent–child pairs. Results also suggested passive rGE involving parentally imposed life events for mothers and fathers although passive rGE effects were smaller than for positivity.
Childhood temperament: Passive gene–environment correlation, gene–environment interaction, and the hidden importance of the family environment
Authors: Lemery-Chalfant Kathryn , Kao Karen , Swann Gregory , Goldsmith H. Hill
Published: February 2013

Biological parents pass on genotypes to their children, as well as provide home environments that correlate with their genotypes; thus, the association between the home environment and children's temperament can be genetically (i.e., passive gene–environment correlation) or environmentally mediated. Furthermore, family environments may suppress or facilitate the heritability of children's temperament (i.e., gene–environment interaction). The sample comprised 807 twin pairs (mean age = 7.93 years) from the longitudinal Wisconsin Twin Project. Important passive gene–environment correlations emerged, such that home environments were less chaotic for children with high effortful control, and this association was genetically mediated. Children with high extraversion/surgency experienced more chaotic home environments, and this correlation was also genetically mediated. In addition, heritability of children's temperament was moderated by home environments, such that effortful control and extraversion/surgency were more heritable in chaotic homes, and negative affectivity was more heritable under crowded or unsafe home conditions. Modeling multiple types of gene–environment interplay uncovered the complex role of genetic factors and the hidden importance of the family environment for children's temperament and development more generally.