bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mediastinoscopic Subaortic and Tracheobronchial Lymph Node Dissection With a New Cervico-Hiatal Crossover Approach in Thiel-Embalmed Cadavers
Authors: Tokairin Yutaka , Nagai Kagami , Fujiwara Hisashi , Ogo Taichi , Okuda Masafumi , Nakajima Yasuaki , Kawada Kenro , Miyawaki Yutaka , Nasu Hisayo , Akita Keiichi , Kawano Tatsuyuki
Published: April 2015

The use of mediastinal surgery for minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) has been proposed; however, this method is not performed as radical surgery because it has been thought to be impossible to perform complete upper mediastinal dissection, including the left tracheobronchial lymph nodes (106tbL). We herein describe a new method for performing complete dissection of the upper mediastinum. We developed a method for performing complete mediastinoscopic esophagectomy as radical surgery via the bilateral transcervical and transhiatal approach in 6 Thiel-embalmed human cadavers. The lower and middle mediastinal lymph nodes are dissected via the transhiatal approach. The dorsal side of the left recurrent nerve is dissected up to the aortic arch and left recurrent nerve lymph nodes (106recL) are dissected under pneumomediastinum. Next, the right recurrent nerve lymph nodes (106recR) are dissected. The cartilage of the left main bronchus is dissected and pushed downward, thereby obtaining a good view between the aortic arch and left main bronchus via the transhiatal approach. The 106tbL lymph nodes are dissected until the aortic arch is reached. Simultaneously, the lymph nodes are dissected via a right cervical incision. This method is termed the “cross-over technique.” We herein demonstrated that the upper mediastinal lymph nodes, including the 106tbL nodes, can be dissected using the bilateral transcervical and transhiatal approach under pneumomediastinum and named this method “mediastinoscopic esophagectomy with lymph node dissection” (MELD). MELD is therefore considered to be a useful modality based on our experience with Thiel-embalmed human cadavers.
Seismic source functions from free‐field ground motions recorded on SPE: Implications for source models of small, shallow explosions
Authors: Rougier Esteban , Patton Howard J.
Published: April 2015

Reduced displacement potentials (RDPs) for chemical explosions of the Source Physics Experiments (SPE) in granite at the Nevada Nuclear Security Site are estimated from free‐field ground motion recordings. Far‐field P wave source functions are proportional to the time derivative of RDPs. Frequency domain comparisons between measured source functions and model predictions show that high‐frequency amplitudes roll off as ω− 2, but models fail to predict the observed seismic moment, corner frequency, and spectral overshoot. All three features are fit satisfactorily for the SPE‐2 test after cavity radius Rc is reduced by 12%, elastic radius is reduced by 58%, and peak‐to‐static pressure ratio on the elastic radius is increased by 100%, all with respect to the Mueller‐Murphy model modified with the Denny‐Johnson Rc scaling law. A large discrepancy is found between the cavity volume inferred from RDPs and the volume estimated from laser scans of the emplacement hole. The measurements imply a scaled Rc of ~5 m/kt1/3, more than a factor of 2 smaller than nuclear explosions. Less than 25% of the seismic moment can be attributed to cavity formation. A breakdown of the incompressibility assumption due to shear dilatancy of the source medium around the cavity is the likely explanation. New formulas are developed for volume changes due to medium bulking (or compaction). A 0.04% decrease of average density inside the elastic radius accounts for the missing volumetric moment. Assuming incompressibility, established Rc scaling laws predicted the moment reasonable well, but it was only fortuitous because dilation of the source medium compensated for the small cavity volume.
Mesoporous Siloxane Films Through Thermal Oxidation of Siloxane–Carbon Nanocomposites
Authors: Zuber Kamil , Evans Drew R. , McClure Stuart , Murphy Peter J.
Published: April 2015

The emerging interest in porous materials in devices and products drives the need for easier and faster synthetic and material processing methods. Mesoporous films presented in this work have been synthesised from precursor nanocomposites of carbonaceous particles in a siloxane matrix deposited via a one‐step atmospheric plasma process. After thermal oxidation of these nanocomposites, they became transparent, ceramic, silica‐like mesoporous thin films. Characterisation of the materials before and after thermal oxidation via scanning electron microscopy presents an easy way to differentiate between solid and porous coatings. Also, in an extension, this method can be used to differentiate solid particles, core shell structures and hollow particles. New methods presented in this work create possibilities in design and applications of multifunctional porous films, and their structural analysis via electron microscopy.
High‐Performance Thermally Stable Organic Phototransistors Based on PSeTPTI/PC61BM for Visible and Ultraviolet Photodetection
Authors: Qi Zhe , Cao Jiamin , Li Hui , Ding Liming , Wang Jizheng
Published: April 2015

Phototransistors are three‐terminal photodetectors which usually have higher photosensitivity than photodiodes due to the presence of gate electrode. In this report, organic phototransistors (OPTs) based on a donor material, namely, poly{2,5‐selenophene‐alt‐2,8‐(4,10‐bis(2‐hexyldecyl))thieno[2′,3′:5,6]­pyrido[3,4‐g]thieno[3,2‐c]isoquinoline‐5,11(4H,10H)‐dione} (PSeTPTI), are fabricated and intensively studied. As unipolar p‐type organic semiconductor usually has plenty of electron traps in the bulk to impede electron transporting, most of photogenerated electrons will fill the traps in PSeTPTI and this process can prolong the response time. By introducing [6,6]‐phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester on top, the p–n heterojunction can produce most of the photocurrent and eliminates the influence from the process of trapping electrons. This mechanism improves the photoresponsivity and response speed. Since ultraviolet (UV) detection is very important in some fields including military, aerospace, and biology, the OPTs are characterized under UV illumination besides the visible light and they present high sensitivity. Furthermore, organic semiconductors often have bad stability in harsh conditions and meanwhile some devices need to work in these environments. At high temperature even up to 200 °C, our OPTs can work normally and show very high stability, indicating the potential of the devices in applications of high‐temperature environments.
Regioselektive Ringöffnungspolymerisation einer Polyhydroxycarbonsäure zu einem nanoskaligen Trägermaterial mit pH‐abhängiger Stabilität und verzögerter Wirkstofffreisetzung
Authors: Ewe Alexander , Jansen de Salazar Anita , Lemmnitzer Katharina , Marsch Michael , Aigner Achim , Geyer Armin
Published: April 2015

Synthetische Polyester sind aus Monohydroxycarbonsäuren aufgebaut, um das Problem der Regioselektivität der Veresterung bei der Ringöffnungspolymerisation zu vermeiden. Im Unterschied dazu trägt der lineare Polyester BICpoly gleich vier sekundäre OH‐Gruppen pro Monomer und ist trotzdem nur über eine davon regioselektiv verestert. Sowohl bei der Synthese des tricyclischen Monomers als auch bei der Ringöffnungspolymerisation wird auf Schutzgruppen verzichtet, was BICpoly zu einem attraktiven neuen biokompatiblen Polymer macht. BICpoly‐Nanopartikel können mit niedermolekularen Wirkstoffen beladen werden oder lassen sich auch als dünne Filme auf Oberflächen abscheiden. Die Freisetzung immobilisierter Substanzen macht BICpoly zu einem attraktiven Depot zur Wirkstofffreisetzung, wie wir anhand der Beladung von BICpoly mit Farbstoffen oder dem Zytostatikum Doxorubicin zeigen. Die charakteristische pH‐Abhängigkeit des Abbaus unterscheidet BICpoly von anderen bekannten Polymeren.
C‐H‐Alkenylierungen mit Alkenylacetaten, ‐phosphaten, ‐carbonaten und ‐carbamaten durch Cobalt‐Katalyse bei 23 °C
Authors: Moselage Marc , Sauermann Nicolas , Richter Sven C. , Ackermann Lutz
Published: April 2015

Preisgünstige Cobalt‐Katalysatoren mit N‐heterocyclischen Carbenliganden ermöglichten direkte Aren‐Alkenylierung mit einfach zugänglichen Alkenyl‐Acetaten durch regioselektive C‐H‐/C‐O‐Funktionalisierung in einer stereokonvergenten Reaktion. Der vielseitige Cobalt‐Katalysator zeigte breite Anwendbarkeit und ermöglichte somit auch die effiziente Umsetzung von Alkenylphosphaten, ‐carbonaten und ‐carbamaten bei Umgebungstemperatur.
Composite Polymer/Oxide Hollow Fiber Contactors: Versatile and Scalable Flow Reactors for Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Moschetta Eric G. , Negretti Solymar , Chepiga Kathryn M. , Brunelli Nicholas A. , Labreche Ying , Feng Yan , Rezaei Fateme , Lively Ryan P. , Koros William J. , Davies Huw M. L. , Jones Christopher W.
Published: April 2015

Flexible composite polymer/oxide hollow fibers are used as flow reactors for heterogeneously catalyzed reactions in organic synthesis. The fiber synthesis allows for a variety of supported catalysts to be embedded in the walls of the fibers, thus leading to a diverse set of reactions that can be catalyzed in flow. Additionally, the fiber synthesis is scalable (e.g. several reactor beds containing many fibers in a module may be used) and thus they could potentially be used for the large‐scale production of organic compounds. Incorporating heterogeneous catalysts in the walls of the fibers presents an alternative to a traditional packed‐bed reactor and avoids large pressure drops, which is a crucial challenge when employing microreactors.
The Addition of Nitriles to a Molecular Digermene: Reversible Addition and Comparison to Surface Reactivity
Authors: Hardwick Julie A. , Baines Kim M.
Published: April 2015

The addition of acetonitrile, propionitrile, and acrylonitrile to tetramesityldigermene was investigated and compared to the addition of acetonitrile and acrylonitrile to germanium dimers on the Ge(100)‐2×1 surface. In each case, a 1,2,3‐azadigermetine was formed as the major product. As on the surface, the addition of nitriles to digermenes was found to be reversible, providing the first example of a reversible cycloaddition of a ditetrelene. No evidence for a six‐membered cyclic ketenimine was observed as noted in the surface chemistry, suggesting that the surface ketenimine might only form between two adjacent dimers rather than on a single dimer. The comparative chemistry provides important insights that are not possible by the independent study of each system.
Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube/Metalloporphyrin Composites for the Chemiresistive Detection of Amines and Meat Spoilage
Authors: Liu Sophie F. , Petty Alexander R. , Sazama Graham T. , Swager Timothy M.
Published: April 2015

Chemiresistive detectors for amine vapors were made from single‐walled carbon nanotubes by noncovalent modification with cobalt meso‐arylporphyrin complexes. We show that through changes in the oxidation state of the metal, the electron‐withdrawing character of the porphyrinato ligand, and the counteranion, the magnitude of the chemiresistive response to ammonia could be improved. The devices exhibited sub‐ppm sensitivity and high selectivity toward amines as well as good stability to air, moisture, and time. The application of these chemiresistors in the detection of various biogenic amines (i.e. putrescine, cadaverine) and in the monitoring of spoilage in raw meat and fish samples (chicken, pork, salmon, cod) over several days was also demonstrated.
Catalytic Enantioselective Intramolecular Aza‐Diels–Alder Reactions
Authors: Min Chang , Lin Chih‐Tsung , Seidel Daniel
Published: April 2015

A readily available chiral Brønsted acid was identified as an efficient catalyst for intramolecular Povarov reactions. Polycyclic amines containing three contiguous stereogenic centers were obtained with excellent stereocontrol in a single step from secondary anilines and aldehydes possessing a pendent dienophile. These transformations constitute the first examples of catalytic enantioselective intramolecular aza‐Diels–Alder reactions.
2D Zeolite Coatings: Langmuir–Schaefer Deposition of 3 nm Thick MFI Zeolite Nanosheets
Authors: Rangnekar Neel , Shete Meera , Agrawal Kumar Varoon , Topuz Berna , Kumar Prashant , Guo Qiang , Ismail Issam , Alyoubi Abdulrahman , Basahel Sulaiman , Narasimharao Katabathini , Macosko Christopher W. , Mkhoyan K. Andre , Al‐Thabaiti Shaeel , Stottrup Benjamin , Tsapatsis Michael
Published: April 2015

Stable suspensions of zeolite nanosheets (3 nm thick MFI layers) were prepared in ethanol following acid treatment, which partially removed the associated organic structure‐directing agent. Nanosheets from these suspensions could then be dispersed at the air–water interface and transferred to silicon wafers using Langmuir–Schaefer deposition. Using layer‐by‐layer deposition, control on coating thickness was demonstrated. In‐plane X‐ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the deposited nanosheets contract upon calcination similar to bulk MFI crystals. Different methods for secondary growth resulted in preferentially oriented thin films of MFI, which had sub‐12‐nm thickness in certain cases. Upon calcination, there was no contraction detectable by in‐plane XRD, indicating well‐intergrown MFI films that are strongly attached to the substrate.
Methylene Blue as a Photosensitizer and Redox Agent: Synthesis of 5‐Hydroxy‐1H‐pyrrol‐2(5H)‐ones from Furans
Authors: Kalaitzakis Dimitris , Kouridaki Antonia , Noutsias Dimitris , Montagnon Tamsyn , Vassilikogiannakis Georgios
Published: April 2015

A highly efficient and general singlet‐oxygen‐initiated one‐pot transformation of readily accessible furans into 5‐hydroxy‐1H‐pyrrol‐2(5H)‐ones has been developed. The methodology was extended to the synthesis of other high‐value α,β‐unsaturated γ‐lactams. This useful set of transformations relies not only on the photosensitizing ability of methylene blue, but also on its redox properties: properties that have until now been virtually ignored in a synthetic context.
Intermolecular CH Bond Activation by a Cationic Iridium(III) Dichloride Phenanthroline Complex
Authors: Swift Christopher A. , Gronert Scott
Published: April 2015

It is demonstrated that a cationic iridium(III) dichloride phenanthroline complex is capable of CH activation and H/D exchange. It can cleave benzylic and unactivated secondary CH bonds, but exhibits unique selectivity when compared to similar systems that have been studied in the condensed phase. Gas‐phase rate constants and kinetic isotope effects are reported for a variety of substrates and the analysis is supported by DFT calculations at the M06/QZVP level.
High Catalytic Activity of Heteropolynuclear Cyanide Complexes Containing Cobalt and Platinum Ions: Visible‐Light Driven Water Oxidation
Authors: Yamada Yusuke , Oyama Kohei , Gates Rachel , Fukuzumi Shunichi
Published: April 2015

A near‐stoichiometric amount of O2 was evolved as observed in the visible‐light irradiation of an aqueous buffer (pH 8) containing [RuII(2,2′‐bipyridine)3] as a photosensitizer, Na2S2O8 as a sacrificial electron acceptor, and a heteropolynuclear cyanide complex as a water‐oxidation catalyst. The heteropolynuclear cyanide complexes exhibited higher catalytic activity than a polynuclear cyanide complex containing only CoIII or PtIV ions as C‐bound metal ions. The origin of the synergistic effect between Co and Pt ions is discussed in relation to electronic and local atomic structures of the complexes.
Selective Formation of a Trisubstituted Alkene Motif by trans‐Hydrostannation/Stille Coupling: Application to the Total Synthesis and Late‐Stage Modification of 5,6‐Dihydrocineromycin B
Authors: Rummelt Stephan M. , Preindl Johannes , Sommer Heiko , Fürstner Alois
Published: April 2015

Countless natural products of polyketide origin have an E‐configured 2‐methyl‐but‐2‐en‐1‐ol substructure. An unconventional entry into this important motif was developed as part of a concise total synthesis of 5,6‐dihydrocineromycin B. The choice of this particular target was inspired by a recent study, which suggested that the cineromycin family of antibiotics might have overlooked lead qualities, although our biodata do not necessarily support this view. The new approach consists of a sequence of alkyne metathesis followed by a hydroxy‐directed trans‐hydrostannation and a largely unprecedented methyl‐Stille coupling. The excellent yield and remarkable selectivity with which the signature trisubstituted alkene site of the target was procured is noteworthy considering the rather poor outcome of a classical ring‐closing metathesis reaction. Moreover, the unorthodox ruthenium‐catalyzed trans‐hydrostannation is shown to be a versatile handle for diversity‐oriented synthesis.
Multiscale Modeling of the Active Site of [Fe] Hydrogenase: The H2 Binding Site in Open and Closed Protein Conformations
Authors: Hedegård Erik Donovan , Kongsted Jacob , Ryde Ulf
Published: April 2015

A series of QM/MM optimizations of the full protein of [Fe] hydrogenase were performed. The FeGP cofactor has been optimized in the water‐bound resting state (1), with a side‐on bound dihydrogen (2), or as a hydride intermediate (3). For inclusion of H4 MPT in the closed structure, advanced multiscale modeling appears to be necessary, especially to obtain reliable distances between CH‐H4MPT+ and the dihydrogen (H2) or hydride (H−) ligand in the FeGP cofactor. Inclusion of the full protein is further important for the relative energies of the two intermediates 2 and 3. We finally find that hydride transfer from 3 has a significantly higher barrier than found in previous studies neglecting the full protein environment.
Pharmacokinetic characterization of BMS‐936561, an anti‐CD70 antibody‐drug conjugate, in preclinical animal species and prediction of its pharmacokinetics in humans
Authors: Wang Haiqing , Rangan Vangipuram S. , Sung Mei‐Chen , Passmore David , Kempe Thomas , Wang Xiaoli , Thevanayagam Lourdes , Pan Chin , Rao Chetana , Srinivasan Mohan , Zhang Qian , Gangwar Sanjeev , Deshpande Shrikant , Cardarelli Pina , Marathe Punit , Yang Zheng
Published: April 2015

CD70 is a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐like type II integral membrane protein that is transiently expressed on activated T‐ and B‐lymphocytes. Aberrant expression of CD70 was identified in both solid tumors and haematologic malignancies. BMS‐936561 (αCD70_MED‐A) is an antibody‐drug conjugate composed of a fully human anti‐CD70 monoclonal antibody (αCD70) conjugated with a duocarmycin derivative, MED‐A, through a maleimide‐containing citrulline‐valine dipeptide linker. MED‐A is a carbamate prodrug that is activated by carboxylesterase to its active form, MED‐B, to exert its DNA alkylation activity. In vitro serum stability studies suggested the efficiencies of hydrolyzing the carbamate‐protecting group in αCD70_MED‐A followed a rank order of mouse > rat > > monkey > dog ~ human. Pharmacokinetics of αCD70_MED‐A was evaluated in mice, monkeys, and dogs after single intravenous doses. In mice, αCD70_MED‐A was cleared rapidly, with no detectable exposures after 15 min following dosing. In contrast, αCD70_MED‐A was much more stable in monkeys and dogs. The clearance of αCD70_MED‐A in monkeys was 58 mL/d/kg, ~2‐fold faster than that in dogs (31 mL/d/kg). The human PK profiles of the total αCD70 and αCD70_MED‐A were predicted using allometrically scaled monkeys PK parameters of αCD70 and the carbamate hydrolysis rate constant estimated in dogs. Comparing the predicted and observed human PK from the phase I study, the dose‐normalized concentration‐time profiles of αCD70_MED‐A and the total αCD70 were largely within the 5th‐95th percentile of the predicted profiles. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving polyglucan production in cyanobacteria and microalgae via cultivation design and metabolic engineering
Authors: Aikawa Shimpei , Ho Shih‐Hsin , Nakanishi Akihito , Chang Jo‐Shu , Hasunuma Tomohisa , Kondo Akihiko
Published: April 2015

Photosynthetic microorganisms, such as cyanobacteria and microalgae, are currently being investigated as alternative biomass resources for bioethanol production, owing to their benefits, including high‐photosynthetic activity and whole‐year cultivation without utilization of arable land. Polyglucans comprise the major carbohydrate content of these organisms. Polyglucans can be utilized as a carbon source for microbial fermentation. Although polyglucan production has so far been promoted by nutrient limitation, it must be further enhanced to accommodate market demand. This review focuses on the recent progress in the production of α‐polyglucans such asglycogen and starch in cyanobacteria and green microalgae via cultivation design, including modifying the nutrient supply and replacing the growth medium. The control and manipulation of polyglucan metabolism necessitates the elucidation of the polyglucan production mechanism. We reviewed gene expression and metabolite accumulation profiles of cyanobacteria and green microalgae during nutrient limitation‐stimulated α‐polyglucan accumulation. We also focus on the enhancement in cyanobacterial glycogen production via the genetic engineering of glycolysis, CO2 concentration mechanism, and photosynthetic light‐harvesting protein based on the polyglucan accumulation mechanism. The combined strategies of cultivation design and genetic engineering should be considered for further enhancement of polyglucan productivity for bioethanol production.
Effect of LSKL peptide on thrombospondin 1-mediated transforming growth factor β signal activation and liver regeneration after hepatectomy in an experimental model
Authors: Kuroki H , Hayashi H , Nakagawa S , Sakamoto K , Higashi T , Nitta H , Hashimoto D , Chikamoto A , Beppu T , Baba H
Published: April 2015

Background

A strategy for accelerating liver regeneration after hepatectomy would offer great benefits in preventing postoperative liver failure and improving surgical outcomes. Transforming growth factor (TGF) β is a potent inhibitor of hepatocyte proliferation. Recently, thrombospondin (TSP) 1 has been identified as a negative regulator of liver regeneration by activation of local TGF-β signals. This study aimed to clarify whether the LSKL (leucine–serine–lysine–leucine) peptide, which inhibits TSP-1-mediated TGF-β activation, promotes liver regeneration after hepatectomy in mice.

Methods

Mice were operated on with a 70 per cent hepatectomy or sham procedure. Operated mice received either LSKL peptide or normal saline intraperitoneally at abdominal closure and 6 h after hepatectomy. Perioperative plasma TSP-1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in patients undergoing hepatectomy.

Results

Administration of LSKL peptide attenuated Smad2 phosphorylation at 6 h. S-phase entry of hepatocytes was accelerated at 24 and 48 h by LSKL peptide, which resulted in faster recovery of the residual liver and bodyweight. Haematoxylin and eosin tissue staining and blood biochemical examinations revealed no significant adverse effects following the two LSKL peptide administrations. In the clinical setting, plasma TSP-1 levels were lowest on the first day after hepatectomy. However, plasma TSP-1 levels at this stage were significantly higher in patients with subsequent liver dysfunction compared with levels in those without liver dysfunction following hepatectomy.

Conclusion

Only two doses of LSKL peptide during the early period after hepatectomy can promote liver regeneration. The transient inhibition of TSP-1/TGF-β signal activation using LSKL peptide soon after hepatectomy may be a promising strategy to promote subsequent liver regeneration.Surgical relevanceAlthough the mechanisms of liver regeneration after hepatectomy have been explored intensively in vivo, no therapeutic tools are thus far available to accelerate liver regeneration after hepatectomy in the clinical setting. Recently, the matricellular protein thrombospondin (TSP) 1, a major activator of latent transforming growth factor (TGF) β1, has been identified as a negative regulator of liver regeneration after hepatectomy.In this study, the inhibition of TSP-1-mediated TGF-β signal activation by LSKL (leucine–serine–lysine–leucine) peptide in the early period after hepatectomy accelerated liver regeneration without any adverse effects. In addition, continuous high plasma TSP-1 levels after hepatectomy were associated with liver damage in humans.The transient inhibition of TSP-1/TGF-β signal activation using LSKL peptide in the early period after hepatectomy could be a novel therapeutic strategy to accelerate liver regeneration after hepatectomy.
A new era of global surgery
Authors: Smith M D
Published: April 2015

Global health care must have strong surgical input
Net neutrality and the FCC: An information policy primer
Authors: Blumenthal Karl‐Rainer
Published: April 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

Net neutrality, a set of telecommunications industry standards, would deliver equal service levels for all who contribute to and use broadband Internet. The issue has been embroiled in controversy between the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and Internet service providers, with content providers and users caught in the middle. The core of the dispute is classification under the Communications Act of 1934, to group broadband Internet as a common carrier service regulated by the FCC or to view it as an enhanced information service, ambiguously included in a 1996 amendment to the act. The FCC reinforced a regulatory framework through its Open Internet Order of 2010, stressing equity and transparency under the agency's authority. Service providers have sought to limit the FCC's control and to permit selective limiting, slowing or blocking of service to customers. The FCC's own concessions and subsequent court decisions have trimmed the agency's authority, refueling the drive to reclassify broadband Internet as a utility under the FCC's control, ensuring a telecommunications infrastructure that provides fair and equal Internet access.
Cybersecurity in the federal government: Failing to maintain a secure cyber infrastructure
Authors: Lino Christine
Published: April 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

Since the first cyber‐attack in 1988, online viruses have proliferated through personal, organizational and government computers worldwide with devastating consequences. Concern was raised in 1999 regarding potential effects on the nation's poorly protected nuclear weapons, and further reports have highlighted flaws in the country's information infrastructure that put national security, public safety and personal privacy at risk. A 2014 report revealed the alarming frequency of attacks on government systems and agencies, gaps in awareness and response and minimal disclosure. Software protections are often nonexistent, ineffective or simply unused and insufficient to match rapidly advancing technology. Lack of leadership, expertise, funding, time and other resources adds to the challenge. Creation and implementation of cybersecurity policy standards have been thwarted by conflict over public and private sector roles, capabilities and inaction, and compliance with existing standards is negligible and ineffective. Joint pressure from the public and government will be needed for meaningful action.
Buying and selling information
Authors: Gruenberg Michael L.
Published: April 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

While some individuals prefer to think they make decisions independently, uninfluenced by any salesperson, few major decisions are made without input from others. Considering another's suggestion requires trust in the person, and selling products, including information products to libraries, depends on a trusting relationship between the buyer and seller. With limited budgets, libraries must be selective in choosing subscription‐based products. Yearly renewals of a product depend not only on the quality and fit of the product but on a positive working relationship with the representative. Sales meetings demand careful preparation, with understanding of the organization's long‐ and short‐term goals and priorities. Efficient and professional meeting management and open communication demonstrate respect and reinforce trust, boosting sales and customer satisfaction.
The ASIS&T oral history program: An interim report
Authors: Williams Robert V.
Published: April 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

As part of the 75th anniversary celebration of ASIS&T, an oral history program was started to document the background, significant events and careers of outstanding individuals in information science and technology. The ongoing project takes a cue from oral histories of the Medical Library Association and the Chemical Heritage Foundation and captures individuals' experiences and decisions in their personal and professional lives, reflecting the development of the association itself. With seed funding from the ASIS&T SIG Special Projects Fund and help from graduate classes and Special Interest Group/History and the Foundations of Information Science, the initiative has relied on volunteers to identify and visit with interviewees and to record, transcribe and prepare materials for deposit in the ASIS&T archives at the University of Michigan Library. Interviews illustrate the leaps in telecommunications influencing personal careers and helping the Association in its early years, the expansion of centers for information retrieval science, bureaucratic challenges and the interplay of personalities. The ASIS&T oral history project is an important documentation of the growth of the field, capturing recordings, photos and biographies of key contributors.
Ready, engage! outreach for library data services
Authors: Mannheimer Sara
Published: April 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

The demand for data management planning and archiving is expanding, largely prompted by funding agencies, with researchers turning to librarians for help. The Montana State University library is responding with a three‐part strategy to promote data management services, focusing on partnerships, social media use and simple marketing messages. The library has partnered with university stakeholders in research development, information technology and data management, clarifying roles and integrating related efforts. Overlapping goals become points of collaboration. Social media is a growing channel for building community engagement, relying on Twitter, Facebook and a blog. Streamlined and artistically designed promotional materials highlight concise bullet points with content related to researchers' career goals.
President's page
Authors: Hirsh Sandy
Published: April 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

Plans to mobilize the goals of Association president Sandy Hirsh have been put into place with feedback from focus groups and 2014 Annual Meeting attendees and the formation of several task forces. The primary goal is to develop a strategic plan for the Association, ensuring that resources align with the group's mission and members' needs. As the second goal, member attraction, engagement and retention efforts will promote membership among practitioners as a new membership category recognizing applied information science, as well as students and international members. The 2016 Annual Meeting planned for Copenhagen is an expression of the Association's global view. The third goal is for ASIS&T to advocate for the information professions, expanding understanding of professionals' diverse activities and value. ASIS&T members are encouraged to participate in these initiatives designed to strengthen the Association.
ASIS&T's social media presence: Where do we go from here?
Authors: Pennington Diane Rasmussen
Published: April 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

As part of ASIS&T's renewed attention to social media, the author extended her professional expertise with the communication channel to serve as the Association's social media manager, joining five contributors in examining members' practices and possible future directions. The Association maintains multiple social media outlets, including a listserv, accounts on Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn, and a blog, and uses third party tools for metrics and analytics. An August 2014 survey garnered responses from 76 individuals, 58% of whom were members. Respondents clearly favored Facebook, followed by LinkedIn and Twitter, and used the services for networking and sharing resources and organizational announcements. Engaging topics are most likely to motivate participation. Responses revealed clear differences of opinion about ASIS&T's online offerings, while 26% were unaware of ASIS&T social media outlets. With the overhauled ASIS&T website, social content is prominently displayed and easy to engage with. Further strategic planning by Association president Sandy Hirsh will guide future social media activity. The author offers assistance to SIGs, chapters and committees to develop their social media presence and invites members to contribute to The ASIS&T Blog and mention ASIS&T in tweets and in Facebook and LinkedIn comments.
Mapping science introduction: Past, present and future
Authors: Börner Katy , Theriault Todd N. , Boyack Kevin W.
Published: April 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

From early cartography to modern science maps, visual presentations facilitate understanding of large amounts of data. A traveling exhibit entitled Places and Spaces: Mapping Science has presented outstanding maps illustrating different designs and applications since 2005. The 10th year of the exhibit focuses on the future of science mapping and features five maps described in this special section of the Bulletin. Topics include the history of physics and key contributors, the development of the Internet and the structure of fields and topics in science and technology. Each emerged from latent relationships among elements in large volumes of data, made clear through visualization in an easily understandable format. Given high quality data, processing tools, design and analysis expertise and research funding, science mapping can be expected to expand in application and usefulness. Key challenges include insufficient numbers of experts, lack of sophisticated tools, low literacy in data visualization and absence of design standards.
Mapping the linguistic context of citations
Authors: Bertin Marc , Atanassova Iana , Larivière Vincent , Gingras Yves
Published: April 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

Scientific papers are routinely structured in sections for introduction, methods, research and discussion, a standard since the 1970s. Citations originating within each section serve different purposes and can be meaningfully classified according to position, shedding light on an author's purpose for the citation. Furthermore, words near the citations in the various sections differ, providing the basis for lexical and semantic analysis of citation contexts. Approximately 50,000 scientific papers from seven PLOS journals published between 2009 and 2012 were analyzed for citation use within the identifiable document structure and for verbs used in the context of the citations. Frequencies of verbs in the four section types demonstrate the predominant use of certain words by section. Introduction sections showed greater variety of verbs, while a more limited range of verbs was seen in Methods sections. The lexical distribution process may be applied to other contexts supporting text processing based on XML format.
Archivist! data librarian! asset manager! do the differences really matter?: Reflecting on breakout discussions at the society of American archivists 2014 annual meeting
Authors: Hagenmaier Wendy , Lamparello Dana M. , Baker Karen S. , Mueller Janina , Varner Stewart
Published: April 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

Prompted by proliferating titles for those charged with managing digital data, archivists, embedded data managers, data librarians and data users explored terminology at the 2014 Annual Meeting of the Society of American Archivists. Digital data creation may originate with a submission to a repository, copies ingested at different locations or even reassembly of existing data. Contrary to conventional concepts for archives, data is not complete but may represent one version, a level in a process or point in a workflow. Data must be accessible throughout versions and stages and often across a network of locations. Additional discussions focused on data ownership and responsibility for stewardship, the need for a common vocabulary to support interoperability by managers in varied roles, and the reincarnation of data as it is reused. The session made evident the critical need to reframe communications among those involved with data management to overcome barriers rising from vocabulary differences.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Heck Coupling of Cyclic Enones with Simple Arenes by CH Activation
Authors: Chung Leung Gulice Yiu , Juwaini Nur Asyikin Binte , Seayad Jayasree
Published: April 2015

A simple catalyst system consisting of Pd(OAc)2 and 3‐nitropyridine for the aerobic oxidative Heck coupling of cyclic enones, in particular challenging unsubstituted cyclic enones, with simple arenes by CH activation was investigated. This novel method was applied to various functionalized arenes and cyclic enones and allowed the synthesis of β‐aryl cyclic enones in modest to high yields.
Metrics of Quality Care in Veterans: Correlation Between Primary‐Care Performance Measures and Inappropriate Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
Authors: Winchester David E. , Kitchen Andrew , Brandt John C. , Dusaj Raman S. , Virani Salim S. , Bradley Steven M. , Shaw Leslee J. , Beyth Rebecca J.
Published: April 2015

Background

Approximately 10% to 20% of myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) tests are inappropriate based on professional‐society recommendations. The correlation between inappropriate MPI and quality care metrics is not known.

Hypothesis

Inappropriate MPI will be associated with low achievement of quality care metrics.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cross‐sectional investigation at a single Veterans Affairs medical center. Myocardial perfusion imaging tests ordered by primary‐care clinicians between December 2010 and July 2011 were assessed for appropriateness (by 2009 criteria). Using documentation of the clinical encounter where MPI was ordered, we determined how often quality care metrics were achieved.

Results

Among 516 MPI patients, 52 (10.1%) were inappropriate and 464 (89.9%) were not inappropriate (either appropriate or uncertain). Hypertension (82.2%), diabetes mellitus (41.3%), and coronary artery disease (41.1%) were common. Glycated hemoglobin levels were lower in the inappropriate MPI cohort (6.6% vs 7.5%; P = 0.04). No difference was observed in the proportion with goal hemoglobin (62.5% vs 46.3% for appropriate/uncertain; P = 0.258). Systolic blood pressure was not different (132 mm Hg vs 135 mm Hg; P = 0.34). Achievement of several other categorical quality metrics was low in both cohorts and no differences were observed. More than 90% of clinicians documented a plan to achieve most metrics.

Conclusions

Inappropriate MPI is not associated with performance on metrics of quality care. If an association exists, it may be between inappropriate MPI and overly aggressive care. Most clinicians document a plan of care to address failure of quality metrics, suggesting awareness of the problem.
Influence of Olive Oil Mill Waste Amendment on Fate of Oxyfluorfen in Southern Spain Soils
Authors: Calderón María Jesús , Real Miguel , Cabrera Alegría , Koskinen William C. , Cornejo Juan , Hermosín Mari Carmen
Published: April 2015

Oxyfluorfen herbicide residues have been previously reported in surface and ground water in the Guadalquivir river basin in Spain. Soil factors and processes (sorption, dissipation, and leaching) influencing the potential offsite transport of oxyfluorfen to surface and ground water were characterized in laboratory experiments for two soils from Southern Spain. The influence of olive‐oil mill waste amendment on the soil processes was also determined. Oxyfluorfen sorption in unamended soils was not significantly affected by soil active components (organic matter and clay fraction). However, a significant increase in soil sorption of the herbicide was observed upon amendment. Laboratory half‐life values for oxyfluorfen in unamended sandy clay loam and silty clay soils at 40% moisture content and 25°C were 29 and 19 days, respectively, and it increased by a factor of four upon amendment. Oxyfluorfen's mobility along soil profile increased with the amendment in leaching studies at 25°C, suggesting that dissolved organic matter of amendment can play an important role enhancing soil vertical movement of the pesticide. The increase in soil adsorption and persistence observed with olive‐oil mill waste amendment can promote its losses by runoff following winter application, whereas vertical movement of oxyfluorfen can be enhanced following spring application when olive‐oil mill waste amendment is also applied.
Measuring Biomarker Progress
Authors: Wagner JA , Atkinson AJ
Published: April 2015

A biomarker has been defined as “a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biologic processes, pathogenic process, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention.” This comprehensive definition of biomarkers arose from the April 1999 US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)/National Institutes of Health consensus conference on “Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints: Advancing Clinical Research and Applications,” and emphasized that biomarkers are medical measurements, including physiological measurements, blood tests, molecular analyses of biopsies, genetic or metabolic data, and measurements from images. Research on biomarkers—organized and propelled by this definition—has skyrocketed, with over 200,000 PubMed citations in the last five years.
Dynamic programming‐based pico base station sleep mode control in heterogeneous networks
Authors: Wu Gang , Dong Liang , Qin Zhenting , Xu Zhikun
Published: April 2015

In this paper, a sleeping mode control for low power wireless node, that is, pico base station (PBS) in heterogeneous networks, is proposed to save energy cost with adaptation to the time‐varying traffic load. By formulating the sleep mode control problem into the framework of a standard 0/1 knapsack problem, then a dynamic programming scheme for solving the sleeping on/off mode for PBS in heterogeneous networks was investigated. The complexity of the proposed scheme is only in linear order instead of exponential complexity with conventional scheme. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm is verified in dynamic traffic environment, which consists of two kinds of hot‐spot area covered by PBSs. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can effectively save the system energy consumption during the period of low traffic load. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pyrolysis of drugs of abuse: a comprehensive review
Authors: Bell Suzanne , Nida Corey
Published: April 2015

This review summarizes the literature to date relating to pyrolysis and heated vapour ingestion of drugs of abuse. In this context, heating is referred to as smoking or pyrolysis, but these are generic descriptors that encompass numerous methods of vapour generation and inhalation. Depending on the amount of drug used, diluents and contaminants present, heating conditions, and the oxidative/reductive environment, many thermal decomposition products can be formed. In addition to the recognized hazard of rapid onset of pharmacological effects of the parent drug, thermal decomposition products may be pharmacologically active as well as acutely/chronically toxic. For example, several published reports have linked heroin smoking to a form of brain encephalopathy and to the development of movement disorders. Early qualitative studies focusing on the thermal decomposition of drugs have evolved into more complex investigations employing mass spectral identification, confirmation, and elucidation of formation mechanism. In most cases, thermal decomposition begins with cleavage of the weakest bond (often C‐N) to generate free radicals that then form the most stable sterically favoured products. Several reports of rearrangements at higher temperatures have been identified and hint at an underlying complexity that arises from the variety of smoking methods and conditions. Given that many designer drugs such as synthetic cannabinoids are ingested primarily through smoking, this issue has taken on new importance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Timing of flowering and intensity of attack by a butterfly herbivore in a polyploid herb
Authors: König Malin A. E. , Wiklund Christer , Ehrlén Johan
Published: April 2015

Timing of plant development both determines the abiotic conditions that the plant experiences and strongly influences the intensity of interactions with other organisms. Plants and herbivores differ in their response to environmental cues, and spatial and temporal variation in environmental conditions might influence the synchrony between host plants and herbivores, and the intensity of their interactions. We investigated whether differences in first day of flowering among and within 21 populations of the polyploid herb Cardamine pratensis influenced the frequency of oviposition by the butterfly Anthocharis cardamines during four study years. The proportion of plants that became oviposited upon differed among populations, but these differences were not related to mean flowering phenology within the population in any of the four study years. Attack rates in the field were also not correlated with resistance to oviposition estimated under controlled conditions. Within populations, the frequency of butterfly attack was higher in early‐flowering individuals in two of the four study years, while there was no significant relationship in the other 2 years. Larger plants were more likely to become oviposited upon in all 4 years. The effects of first flowering day and size on the frequency of butterfly attack did not differ among populations. The results suggest that differences in attack intensities among populations are driven mainly by differences in the environmental context of populations while mean differences in plant traits play a minor role. The fact that within populations timing of flowering influenced the frequency of herbivore attack only in some years and suggests that herbivore‐mediated selection on plant phenology differs among years, possibly because plants and herbivores respond differently to environmental cues.