bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lehramt-Studienwahlmotivation sagt Zielorientierungen vorher, pädagogisches Wissen und selbst eingeschätzte Kompetenz aber nur teilweise
Authors: Leichner Nikolas , Prestele Elisabeth , Matheis Svenja , Weis Susanne , Schmitt Manfred , Lischetzke Tanja
Published: May 2022

Zusammenfassung. In Studie 1 wurde die Validität des Fragebogens FEMOLA (Fragebogen zur Erfassung der Motivation für die Wahl des Lehramtsstudiums) durch Überprüfung der internen Struktur untersucht. Hierzu wurden anhand von Daten von N = 1467 Lehramtsstudierenden zwei in der Literatur vorgeschlagene Faktorenstrukturen verglichen, wobei sich zeigte, dass eine Lösung mit sieben Faktoren besser zu den Daten passte als die ursprünglich vorgeschlagene Lösung mit sechs Faktoren. Anschließend wurde die Messinvarianz über nach angestrebter Schulform gebildete Gruppen von Lehramtsstudierenden (Grundschule, Förderschule, Sekundarstufe I und Gymnasium) untersucht; hier konnte schwache Invarianz (gleiche Faktorladungen) festgestellt werden. In Studie 2 wurde anhand von Längsschnittdaten ( N = 442) untersucht, ob pädagogisches Wissen und selbst eingeschätzte Unterrichtskompetenz bei Lehramtsstudierenden anhand der Studienwahlmotivation und Zielorientierungen (Lernziele, Annäherungs- und Vermeidungs-Leistungsziele sowie Arbeitsvermeidung) vorhergesagt werden können. Dabei wurde mittels eines Strukturgleichungsmodells u.a. die Annahme geprüft, dass die Effekte der Studienwahlmotivation durch die Zielorientierungen vermittelt werden; der Einfluss von Intelligenz wurde kontrolliert. Erwartungskonform war die Studienwahl aus intrinsischer Motivation mit einer höheren Lernzielorientierung und einer niedrigeren Tendenz zur Arbeitsvermeidung verbunden; die Studienwahl aus extrinsischer Motivation hingegen mit höheren Ausprägungen von Annäherungs- und Vermeidungs-Leistungszielen sowie einer stärkeren Tendenz zur Arbeitsvermeidung. Die durch die Zielorientierungen vermittelten Pfade von den Studienwahlmotivations-Faktoren zu den Kriterien erwiesen sich jedoch weitgehend als nicht signifikant. Beide Kriterien waren zudem nur schwach miteinander korreliert und für Intelligenz ergab sich nur mit dem pädagogischen Wissen ein signifikanter Zusammenhang. Ursachen für diese Befunde und Abweichungen von vorliegenden Studien werden diskutiert.
Familiäre Unterstützung als Schutzfaktor für Jugendliche während der COVID-19-Pandemie
Authors: Eickels Rahel L. van , Zemp Martina , Grütter Jeanine
Published: May 2022

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Die Familie stellt in Krisen einen zentralen Schutzfaktor für Jugendliche dar. Fragestellung: Diese Studie untersuchte die Zusammenhänge zwischen familiärer Unterstützung, der Sorge um die Gesundheit anderer und der psychischen Belastung von Jugendlichen. Methode: Daten einer Online-Studie zum Ende des 1. Lockdowns 2020 in Österreich und der Schweiz wurden mittels eines Strukturgleichungsmodells analysiert. Ergebnisse: Familiäre Unterstützung hing positiv mit der Sorge um die Gesundheit anderer und negativ mit psychischer Belastung zusammen. Die Schweizer Jugendlichen berichteten höhere Sorge um die Gesundheit anderer sowie eine geringere psychische Belastung. Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung: Die familiäre Unterstützung spielt eine wichtige Rolle im Befinden und Erleben von Jugendlichen während der Pandemie.
Effect of the Grell‐Freitas Deep Convection Scheme in Quasi‐Uniform and Variable‐Resolution Aquaplanet CAM Simulations
Authors: Jang Jihyeon , Skamarock William C. , Park Sang‐Hun , Zarzycki Colin M. , Sakaguchi Koichi , Leung L. Ruby
Published: May 2022

The Grell‐Freitas deep convection scheme (GF) has been implemented in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) with the nonhydrostatic Model for Prediction Across Scales dynamical core. Aquaplanet simulations have been performed with a global quasi‐uniform resolution mesh with ∼120 km grid spacing and a variable resolution mesh employing a circular refined region with ∼30 km grid spacing centering at the equator and ∼120 km elsewhere. GF produces overall patterns of the general circulations comparable to those of other aquaplanet experiments, including those produced using the default Zhang‐McFarlane convection scheme (ZM) in CAM Version 5.4. GF alleviates the overestimated occurrence of weak intensity precipitation characteristic of ZM due to GF's different closure methods and deep‐convection trigger conditions. Compared to ZM, the GF characteristics of the equatorial Kelvin waves are closer to observations. GF also better simulates precipitation at variable resolution, with no unrealistic wave distortion by the refinement. Overall, GF shows less sensitivity of convective precipitation and heating/moistening tendencies to changes in horizontal resolution compared to ZM. However, vertically overlapped total cloud fraction simulated with GF in the tropics is more sensitive to the resolution than ZM due to the larger resolution‐sensitivity of high‐level cloud fraction in the tropics.
Generalized Rayleigh‐Taylor Instability: Ion Inertia, Acceleration Forces, and E Region Drivers
Authors: Huba J. D.
Published: May 2022

A linear theory of the generalized Rayleigh‐Taylor instability (GRTI) is derived which includes ion inertia and acceleration forces, as well as E region drivers: the zonal neutral wind and plasma drift. This is in contrast to the F region drivers (aside from gravity): the meridional neutral wind and the meridional/vertical plasma drifts. Both a local theory and a flux‐tube integrated theory are presented with application to the onset of ionosphere irregularities associated with equatorial spread F. Inertia and acceleration forces do not affect the growth rate of the GRTI for nominal ionospheric conditions, but the E region zonal drifts can significantly increase or decrease the growth rate of the GRTI in the equatorial and mid‐latitude ionosphere depending on their direction.
Deep Learning‐BasedH‐κMethod (HkNet) for Estimating Crustal Thickness andVp/VsRatio From Receiver Functions
Authors: Wang Feiyi , Song Xiaodong , Li Jiangtao
Published: May 2022

The teleseismic receiver function (RF) is commonly used to determine major interfaces of the Earth. If the crustalVpis known approximately, the Moho convertedPsphase and crustal multiple reverberations can be used to determine the thickness (H) and averageVp/Vsratio (κ) of the crust. A widely used method for this isH‐κstacking (Zhu & Kanamori, 2000,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900322), which uses grid search and superposition to find the maximum coherent energy of the MohoPsand its reverberated multiples phases. However, this method assumes a homogeneous isotropic crust and a flat Moho. Furthermore, it is affected by the reference crustalVp. Improved methods, such as theH‐κ‐cmethod for anisotropic media and inclined interfaces (J. Li et al., 2019,https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB016356), help alleviate the problem. In this paper, we propose a new method that uses deep learning to estimateHandκ. Our method is divided into two steps. The first step employs a denoise architecture (the DenoiseNet) to reduce the noise level of the RFs and restore missing back‐azimuthal information. In the second step, our new deep learning network (the HkNet) is used to estimateHandκ. Deep learning has the inherent ability to automatically extract complex features from RFs, which allows us to estimate the parameters in complex media with different crustalVp. Synthetic data tests show that the proposed method achieves better accuracy than theH‐κandH‐κ‐cmethods. Applications to real data show that the proposed method is robust and reliable in a wide range of geological settings.
Long‐Term Evolution of Particulate Nitrate Pollution in North China: Isotopic Evidence From 10 Offshore Cruises in the Bohai Sea From 2014 to 2019
Authors: Zong Zheng , Tian Chongguo , Sun Zeyu , Tan Yang , Shi Yajun , Liu Xiaohuan , Li Jun , Fang Yunting , Chen Yingjun , Ma Yuhao , Gao Huiwang , Zhang Gan , Wang Tao
Published: May 2022

Atmospheric nitrate (NO3−) pollution has become an obstacle to efforts to further reduce fine particulate (PM2.5) concentration in North China. However, there have been limited long‐term measurements of NO3− and isotopic knowledge (δ15N, δ18O) on the driving factors during NO3− changes. Here, we report observations of 10 voyages from 2014 to 2019 conducted in the Bohai Sea, a typical background area in North China. The results show that the average proportion of NO3− in PM2.5 increased from 0.08 to 0.16 over the study period. The δ15N–NO3− ranged from −4.1‰ to +20.5‰, with a significant annual decline (p < 0.01), especially in winter. The average δ18O–NO3− was +72.6 ± 13.5‰, and a Monte Carlo calculation revealed that the contribution of the •OH pathway in the NO3− formation declined by 27.4% in winter, implying an increase in O3 pollution. Coal combustion remained the most important contributor to NO3− (46.6 ± 15.9%), but its contribution showed a significant downward trend (p < 0.01), consistent with the control of disperse coal use in North China. Enhancement of atmospheric oxidation and the unexpected large increase in contribution of microbial processes were found to be the main causes of the increasingly serious NO3− pollution in North China. In addition, a spike in the contribution of coal combustion in 2018 indicates that the coal‐control policy needs to be reinforced.
Si nanowire Bio-FET for electrical and label-free detection of cancer cell-derived exosomes
Authors: Zhao Wenjie , Hu Jiawei , Liu Jinlong , Li Xin , Sun Sheng , Luan Xiaofeng , Zhao Yang , Wei Shuhua , Li Mingxiao , Zhang Qingzhu , Huang Chengjun
Published: May 2022

Exosomes are highly important in clinical diagnosis due to their high homology with their parental cells. However, conventional exosome detection methods still face the challenges of expensive equipment, low sensitivity, and complex procedures. Field effect transistors (FETs) are not only the most essential electronic component in the modern microelectronics industry but also show great potential for biomolecule detection owing to the advantages of rapid response, high sensitivity, and label-free detection. In this study, we proposed a Si nanowire field-effect transistor (Si-NW Bio-FET) device chemically modified with specific antibodies for the electrical and label-free detection of exosomes. The Si-NW FETs were fabricated by standard microelectronic processes with 45 nm width nanowires and packaged in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic channel. The nanowires were further modified with the specific CD63 antibody to form a Si-NW Bio-FET. The use of the developed Si-NW Bio-FET for the electrical and label-free detection of exosomes was successfully demonstrated with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2159 particles/mL. In contrast to other technologies, in this study, Si-NW Bio-FET provides a unique strategy for directly quantifying and real-time detecting exosomes without labeling, indicating its potential as a tool for the early diagnosis of cancer.
Graphene nanoribbons initiated from molecularly derived seeds
Authors: Way Austin J. , Jacobberger Robert M. , Guisinger Nathan P. , Saraswat Vivek , Zheng Xiaoqi , Suresh Anjali , Dwyer Jonathan H. , Gopalan Padma , Arnold Michael S.
Published: May 2022

Semiconducting graphene nanoribbons are promising materials for nanoelectronics but are held back by synthesis challenges. Here we report that molecular-scale carbon seeds can be exploited to initiate the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) synthesis of graphene to generate one-dimensional graphene nanoribbons narrower than 5 nm when coupled with growth phenomena that selectively extend seeds along a single direction. This concept is demonstrated by subliming graphene-like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules onto a Ge(001) catalyst surface and then anisotropically evolving size-controlled nanoribbons from the seeds along $$\left\langle 110\right\rangle$$

110

of Ge(001) via CH4 CVD. Armchair nanoribbons with mean normalized standard deviation as small as 11% (3 times smaller than nanoribbons nucleated without seeds), aspect ratio as large as 30, and width as narrow as 2.6 nm (tunable via CH4 exposure time) are realized. Two populations of nanoribbons are compared in field-effect transistors (FETs), with off-current differing by 150 times because of the nanoribbons’ different widths.
Ultrafast kinetics of the antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic phase transition in FeRh
Authors: Li G. , Medapalli R. , Mentink J. H. , Mikhaylovskiy R. V. , Blank T. G. H. , Patel S. K. K. , Zvezdin A. K. , Rasing Th. , Fullerton E. E. , Kimel A. V.
Published: May 2022

Understanding how fast short-range interactions build up long-range order is one of the most intriguing topics in condensed matter physics. FeRh is a test specimen for studying this problem in magnetism, where the microscopic spin-spin exchange interaction is ultimately responsible for either ferro- or antiferromagnetic macroscopic order. Femtosecond laser excitation can induce ferromagnetism in antiferromagnetic FeRh, but the mechanism and dynamics of this transition are topics of intense debates. Employing double-pump THz emission spectroscopy has enabled us to dramatically increase the temporal detection window of THz emission probes of transient states without sacrificing any loss of resolution or sensitivity. It allows us to study the kinetics of emergent ferromagnetism from the femtosecond up to the nanosecond timescales in FeRh/Pt bilayers. Our results strongly suggest a latency period between the initial pump-excitation and the emission of THz radiation by ferromagnetic nuclei.
Stochastic expression of invasion genes in Plasmodium falciparum schizonts
Authors: Tripathi Jaishree , Zhu Lei , Nayak Sourav , Stoklasa Michal , Bozdech Zbynek
Published: May 2022

Genetically identical cells are known to exhibit differential phenotypes in the same environmental conditions. These phenotypic variants are linked to transcriptional stochasticity and have been shown to contribute towards adaptive flexibility of a wide range of unicellular organisms. Here, we investigate transcriptional heterogeneity and stochastic gene expression inPlasmodium falciparumby performing the quasilinear multiple annealing and looping based amplification cycles (MALBAC) based amplification and single cell RNA sequencing of blood stage schizonts. Our data reveals significant transcriptional variations in the schizont stage with a distinct group of highly variable invasion gene transcripts being identified. Moreover, the data reflects several diversification processes including putative developmental “checkpoint”; transcriptomically distinct parasite sub-populations and transcriptional switches in variable gene families (var,rifin,phist). Most of these features of transcriptional variability are preserved in isogenic parasite cell populations (albeit with a lesser amplitude) suggesting a role of epigenetic factors in cell-to-cell transcriptional variations in human malaria parasites. Lastly, we apply quantitative RT-PCR and RNA-FISH approach and confirm stochastic expression of key invasion genes, such as,msp1,msp3,msp7, eba181andama1which represent prime candidates for invasion-blocking vaccines.
Trans-crustal structural control of CO2-rich extensional magmatic systems revealed at Mount Erebus Antarctica
Authors: Hill G. J. , Wannamaker P. E. , Maris V. , Stodt J. A. , Kordy M. , Unsworth M. J. , Bedrosian P. A. , Wallin E. L. , Uhlmann D. F. , Ogawa Y. , Kyle P.
Published: May 2022

Erebus volcano, Antarctica, with its persistent phonolite lava lake, is a classic example of an evolved, CO2-rich rift volcano. Seismic studies provide limited images of the magmatic system. Here we show using magnetotelluric data that a steep, melt-related conduit of low electrical resistivity originating in the upper mantle undergoes pronounced lateral re-orientation in the deep crust before reaching shallower magmatic storage and the summit lava lake. The lateral turn represents a structural fault-valve controlling episodic flow of magma and CO2 vapour, which replenish and heat the high level phonolite differentiation zone. This magmatic valve lies within an inferred, east-west structural trend forming part of an accommodation zone across the southern termination of the Terror Rift, providing a dilatant magma pathway. Unlike H2O-rich subduction arc volcanoes, CO2-dominated Erebus geophysically shows continuous magmatic structure to shallow crustal depths of < 1 km, as the melt does not experience decompression-related volatile supersaturation and viscous stalling.
Towards universal neural network potential for material discovery applicable to arbitrary combination of 45 elements
Authors: Takamoto So , Shinagawa Chikashi , Motoki Daisuke , Nakago Kosuke , Li Wenwen , Kurata Iori , Watanabe Taku , Yayama Yoshihiro , Iriguchi Hiroki , Asano Yusuke , Onodera Tasuku , Ishii Takafumi , Kudo Takao , Ono Hideki , Sawada Ryohto , Ishitani Ryuichiro , Ong Marc , Yamaguchi Taiki , Kataoka Toshiki , Hayashi Akihide , Charoenphakdee Nontawat , Ibuka Takeshi
Published: May 2022

Computational material discovery is under intense study owing to its ability to explore the vast space of chemical systems. Neural network potentials (NNPs) have been shown to be particularly effective in conducting atomistic simulations for such purposes. However, existing NNPs are generally designed for narrow target materials, making them unsuitable for broader applications in material discovery. Here we report a development of universal NNP called PreFerred Potential (PFP), which is able to handle any combination of 45 elements. Particular emphasis is placed on the datasets, which include a diverse set of virtual structures used to attain the universality. We demonstrated the applicability of PFP in selected domains: lithium diffusion in LiFeSO4F, molecular adsorption in metal-organic frameworks, an order–disorder transition of Cu-Au alloys, and material discovery for a Fischer–Tropsch catalyst. They showcase the power of PFP, and this technology provides a highly useful tool for material discovery.
Highly heterogeneous epitaxy of flexoelectric BaTiO3-δ membrane on Ge
Authors: Dai Liyan , Zhao Jinyan , Li Jingrui , Chen Bohan , Zhai Shijie , Xue Zhongying , Di Zengfeng , Feng Boyuan , Sun Yanxiao , Luo Yunyun , Ma Ming , Zhang Jie , Ding Sunan , Zhao Libo , Jiang Zhuangde , Luo Wenbo , Quan Yi , Schwarzkopf Jutta , Schroeder Thomas , Ye Zuo-Guang , Xie Ya-Hong , Ren Wei , Niu Gang
Published: May 2022

The integration of complex oxides with a wide spectrum of functionalities on Si, Ge and flexible substrates is highly demanded for functional devices in information technology. We demonstrate the remote epitaxy of BaTiO3 (BTO) on Ge using a graphene intermediate layer, which forms a prototype of highly heterogeneous epitaxial systems. The Ge surface orientation dictates the outcome of remote epitaxy. Single crystalline epitaxial BTO3-δ films were grown on graphene/Ge (011), whereas graphene/Ge (001) led to textured films. The graphene plays an important role in surface passivation. The remote epitaxial deposition of BTO3-δ follows the Volmer-Weber growth mode, with the strain being partially relaxed at the very beginning of the growth. Such BTO3-δ films can be easily exfoliated and transferred to arbitrary substrates like Si and flexible polyimide. The transferred BTO3-δ films possess enhanced flexoelectric properties with a gauge factor of as high as 1127. These results not only expand the understanding of heteroepitaxy, but also open a pathway for the applications of devices based on complex oxides.
Polycomb repressive complex 2 shields naïve human pluripotent cells from trophectoderm differentiation
Authors: Kumar Banushree , Navarro Carmen , Winblad Nerges , Schell John P. , Zhao Cheng , Weltner Jere , Baqué-Vidal Laura , Salazar Mantero Angelo , Petropoulos Sophie , Lanner Fredrik , Elsässer Simon J.
Published: May 2022

The first lineage choice in human embryo development separates trophectoderm from the inner cell mass. Naïve human embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass and offer possibilities to explore how lineage integrity is maintained. Here, we discover that polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) maintains naïve pluripotency and restricts differentiation to trophectoderm and mesoderm lineages. Through quantitative epigenome profiling, we found that a broad gain of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) is a distinct feature of naïve pluripotency. We define shared and naïve-specific bivalent promoters featuring PRC2-mediated H3K27me3 concomitant with H3K4me3. Naïve bivalency maintains key trophectoderm and mesoderm transcription factors in a transcriptionally poised state. Inhibition of PRC2 forces naïve human embryonic stem cells into an ‘activated’ state, characterized by co-expression of pluripotency and lineage-specific transcription factors, followed by differentiation into either trophectoderm or mesoderm lineages. In summary, PRC2-mediated repression provides a highly adaptive mechanism to restrict lineage potential during early human development.
Ab initio phasing macromolecular structures using electron-counted MicroED data
Authors: Martynowycz Michael W. , Clabbers Max T. B. , Hattne Johan , Gonen Tamir
Published: May 2022

Structures of two globular proteins were determined ab initio using microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) data that were collected on a direct electron detector in counting mode. Microcrystals were identified using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and thinned with a focused ion beam (FIB) to produce crystalline lamellae of ideal thickness. Continuous-rotation data were collected using an ultra-low exposure rate to enable electron counting in diffraction. For the first sample, triclinic lysozyme extending to a resolution of 0.87 Å, an ideal helical fragment of only three alanine residues provided initial phases. These phases were improved using density modification, allowing the entire atomic structure to be built automatically. A similar approach was successful on a second macromolecular sample, proteinase K, which is much larger and diffracted to a resolution of 1.5 Å. These results demonstrate that macromolecules can be determined to sub-ångström resolution by MicroED and that ab initio phasing can be successfully applied to counting data.
Label-free nanofluidic scattering microscopy of size and mass of single diffusing molecules and nanoparticles
Authors: Špačková Barbora , Klein Moberg Henrik , Fritzsche Joachim , Tenghamn Johan , Sjösten Gustaf , Šípová-Jungová Hana , Albinsson David , Lubart Quentin , van Leeuwen Daniel , Westerlund Fredrik , Midtvedt Daniel , Esbjörner Elin K. , Käll Mikael , Volpe Giovanni , Langhammer Christoph
Published: May 2022

Label-free characterization of single biomolecules aims to complement fluorescence microscopy in situations where labeling compromises data interpretation, is technically challenging or even impossible. However, existing methods require the investigated species to bind to a surface to be visible, thereby leaving a large fraction of analytes undetected. Here, we present nanofluidic scattering microscopy (NSM), which overcomes these limitations by enabling label-free, real-time imaging of single biomolecules diffusing inside a nanofluidic channel. NSM facilitates accurate determination of molecular weight from the measured optical contrast and of the hydrodynamic radius from the measured diffusivity, from which information about the conformational state can be inferred. Furthermore, we demonstrate its applicability to the analysis of a complex biofluid, using conditioned cell culture medium containing extracellular vesicles as an example. We foresee the application of NSM to monitor conformational changes, aggregation and interactions of single biomolecules, and to analyze single-cell secretomes.
Human magnetic sense is mediated by a light and magnetic field resonance-dependent mechanism
Authors: Chae Kwon-Seok , Kim Soo-Chan , Kwon Hye-Jin , Kim Yongkuk
Published: May 2022

Numerous organisms use the Earth’s magnetic field as a sensory cue for migration, body alignment, or food search. Despite some contradictory reports, yet it is generally accepted that humans do not sense the geomagnetic field. Here, we demonstrate that a magnetic field resonance mechanism mediates light-dependent magnetic orientation in men, using a rotary chair experiment combined with a two-alternative forced choice paradigm. Two groups of subjects were classified with different magnetic orientation tendencies depending on the food context. Magnetic orientation of the subjects was sensitive to the wavelength of incident light and was critically dependent on blue light reaching the eyes. Importantly, it appears that a magnetic field resonance-dependent mechanism mediates these responses, as evidenced by disruption or augmentation of the ability to orient by radiofrequency magnetic fields at the Larmor frequency and the dependence of these effects on the angle between the radiofrequency and geomagnetic fields. Furthermore, inversion of the vertical component of the geomagnetic field revealed a non-canonical inclination compass effect on the magnetic orientation. These results establish the existence of a human magnetic sense and suggest an underlying quantum mechanical magnetoreception mechanism.
Municipal biowaste treatment plants contribute to the contamination of the environment with residues of biodegradable plastics with putative higher persistence potential
Authors: Steiner Thomas , Zhang Yuanhu , Möller Julia N. , Agarwal Seema , Löder Martin G. J. , Greiner Andreas , Laforsch Christian , Freitag Ruth
Published: May 2022

Biodegradable plastics (BDP) are expected to mineralize easily, in particular under conditions of technical composting. However, the complexity of the sample matrix has largely prevented degradation studies under realistic conditions. Here composts and fertilizers from state-of-the-art municipal combined anaerobic/aerobic biowaste treatment plants were investigated for residues of BDP. We found BDP fragments > 1 mm in significant numbers in the final composts intended as fertilizer for agriculture and gardening. Compared to pristine compostable bags, the recovered BDP fragments showed differences in their material properties, which potentially renders them less prone to further biodegradation. BDP fragments < 1 mm were extracted in bulk and came up to 0.43 wt% of compost dry weight. Finally, the liquid fertilizer produced during the anaerobic treatment contained several thousand BDP fragments < 500 µm per liter. Hence, our study questions, if currently available BDP are compatible with applications in areas of environmental relevance, such as fertilizer production.
Acidified drinking water attenuates motor deficits and brain pathology in a mouse model of a childhood neurodegenerative disorder
Authors: Kovács Attila D. , Langin Logan M. , Hernandez Jose L. Gonzalez , Pearce David A.
Published: May 2022

We recently demonstrated that HCl-acidified drinking water, which is widely used in laboratory animal facilities, had some beneficial effects in the Cln3−/− mouse model of juvenile Batten disease, a neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder1. Here we tested if acidified drinking water has therapeutic effects in Cln1R151X nonsense mutant mice, a model of the infantile form of Batten disease. In Cln1R151X mice, acidified drinking water received from weaning prevented the impairment in pole climbing ability measured at 3 and 6 months of age. Histopathological analysis of the brain at 6 months showed that acidified drinking water decreased the amount of lysosomal storage material, reduced astrocytosis in the striatum and somatosensory barrelfield cortex, and attenuated microglial activation in the thalamus. Compared to wild-type mice, the gut microbiota of Cln1R151X mice was markedly different. Acidified drinking water significantly altered the gut microbiota composition of Cln1R151X mice, indicating a contribution of gut bacteria to the therapeutic effects of acidified water. Our results in Cln1R151X mice suggest that acidified drinking water may have beneficial effects for patients with infantile Batten disease. This study also verifies that acidified drinking water can modify disease phenotypes in mouse models, contributing to the inter-laboratory variations in neurological and pathological findings.
Carotenoid binding in Gloeobacteria rhodopsin provides insights into divergent evolution of xanthorhodopsin types
Authors: Chuon Kimleng , Shim Jin-gon , Kang Kun-Wook , Cho Shin-Gyu , Hour Chenda , Meas Seanghun , Kim Ji-Hyun , Choi Ahreum , Jung Kwang-Hwan
Published: May 2022

The position of carotenoid in xanthorhodopsin has been elucidated. However, a challenging expression of this opsin and a complex biosynthesis carotenoid in the laboratory hold back the insightful study of this rhodopsin. Here, we demonstrated co-expression of the xanthorhodopsin type isolated from Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421-Gloeobacter rhodopsin (GR) with a biosynthesized keto-carotenoid (canthaxanthin) targeting the carotenoid binding site. Direct mutation-induced changes in carotenoid-rhodopsin interaction revealed three crucial features: (1) carotenoid locked motif (CLM), (2) carotenoid aligned motif (CAM), and color tuning serines (CTS). Our single mutation results at 178 position (G178W) confirmed inhibition of carotenoid binding; however, the mutants showed better stability and proton pumping, which was also observed in the case of carotenoid binding characteristics. These effects demonstrated an adaptation of microbial rhodopsin that diverges from carotenoid harboring, along with expression in the dinoflagellate Pyrocystis lunula rhodopsin and the evolutionary substitution model. The study highlights a critical position of the carotenoid binding site, which significantly allows another protein engineering approach in the microbial rhodopsin family.
Ultrafast transient infrared spectroscopy for probing trapping states in hybrid perovskite films
Authors: El-Zohry Ahmed M. , Turedi Bekir , Alsalloum Abdullah , Maity Partha , Bakr Osman M. , Ooi Boon S. , Mohammed Omar F.
Published: May 2022

Studying the charge dynamics of perovskite materials is a crucial step to understand the outstanding performance of these materials in various fields. Herein, we utilize transient absorption in the mid-infrared region, where solely electron signatures in the conduction bands are monitored without external contributions from other dynamical species. Within the measured range of 4000 nm to 6000 nm (2500–1666 cm−1), the recombination and the trapping processes of the excited carriers could be easily monitored. Moreover, we reveal that within this spectral region the trapping process could be distinguished from recombination process, in which the iodide-based films show more tendencies to trap the excited electrons in comparison to the bromide-based derivatives. The trapping process was assigned due to the emission released in the mid-infrared region, while the traditional band-gap recombination process did not show such process. Various parameters have been tested such as film composition, excitation dependence and the probing wavelength. This study opens new frontiers for the transient mid-infrared absorption to assign the trapping process in perovskite films both qualitatively and quantitatively, along with the potential applications of perovskite films in the mid-IR region.
Field-induced Bose-Einstein condensation and supersolid in the two-dimensional Kondo necklace
Authors: Tu Wei-Lin , Moon Eun-Gook , Lee Kwan-Woo , Pickett Warren E. , Lee Hyun-Yong
Published: May 2022

The application of an external magnetic field of sufficient strength to a spin system composed of a localized singlet can overcome the energy gap and trigger bosonic condensation and so provide an alternative method to realize exotic phases of matter in real materials. Previous research has indicated that a spin Hamiltonian with on-site Kondo coupling may be the effective many-body Hamiltonian for Ba2NiO2(AgSe)2 (BNOAS) and here we study such a Hamiltonian using a tensor network ansatz in two dimensions. Our results unveil a phase diagram which indicates the underlying phases of BNOAS. We propose, in response to the possible doping-induced superconductivity of BNOAS, a fermionic model for further investigation. We hope that our discovery can bring up further interest in both theoretical and experimental researches for related nickelate compounds.
Slow magnetic relaxation in a Dy3 triangle and a bistriangular Dy6 cluster
Authors: Wang Wen , Shang Tao , Wang Juan , Yao Bin-Ling , Li Li-Cun , Ma Yue , Wang Qing-Lun , Zhang Yuan-Zhu , Zhang Yi-Quan , Zhao Bin
Published: May 2022

Utilizing two different Schiff base ligands, a Dy3 triangular 1 and a Dy3 + Dy3 compound 2 were obtained. The obvious transverse anisotropy and the larger dipole–dipole interactions induce the poor slow magnetic relaxation of 2.
Changes in the rumen microbiota community in ketosis cows during propylene glycol treatment
Authors: Xiang Kaihe , Li Shuang , Tuniyazi Maimaiti , Mu Ruiying , Wang Ying , Zhang Naisheng , Hu Xiaoyu , Fu Yunhe
Published: May 2022

Ketosis, a common metabolic disorder in dairy cattle, occurs during early lactation and leads to higher concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), and is generally believed to be caused by excessive negative energy balance (NEB).
Engineering cell-based microstructures to study the effect of structural complexity on in vitro bioaccessibility of a lipophilic bioactive compound
Authors: Lu Yixing , Rai Rewa , Nitin Nitin
Published: May 2022

This study develops a bottom-up approach to investigate the effect of food microstructures on the bioaccessibility of curcumin, enabling innovations in food structures to control the release of micronutrients.
Mixing of acoustic and optical excitations in Ru/Co based multilayers
Authors: Ntetsika P. , Mitrikas G. , Litsardakis G. , Panagiotopoulos I.
Published: May 2022

Mixing of Acoustic and Optical mode in Ru/Co based multilayers as a result of the inhomogeneous magnetization profile along their thickness.
Synthesis of UV-curable polyurethane-acrylate hybrids with tuneable hardness and viscoelastic properties on-demand
Authors: Romero-Sabat Guillem , Granda Luis Angel , Medel Sandra
Published: May 2022

Graphical representation of the presented work. By a careful selection of the building block types and composition, it was possible to generate a set of transparent photocuring polymers with tuneable softness and viscoelastic behaviour.
Domino reaction of bindone and 1,3-dipolarophiles for the synthesis of diverse spiro and fused indeno[1,2-a]fluorene-7,12-diones
Authors: Liu Dan , Liu Xueyan , Sun Jing , Han Ying , Yan Chao-Guo
Published: May 2022

Base promoted domino reaction of bindone ([1,2′-biindenylidene]-1′,3,3′-trione) with common 1,3-dipolarophiles showed interesting molecular diversities.
RhodiumIII-catalyzed remote difunctionalization of arenes assisted by a relay directing group
Authors: Sun Lincong , Zhao Yuyao , Liu Bingxian , Chang Junbiao , Li Xingwei
Published: May 2022

Rhodium-catalyzed twofold C–H bond activation of para-olefin-tethered arenes has been realized using diverse unsaturated reagents. The overall reaction represents C–C or N–C difunctionalization of arenes with the generation of diverse 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans.
Correction: Site-specific DNA functionalization through the tetrazene-forming reaction in ionic liquids
Authors: Ishizawa Seiya , Tumurkhuu Munkhtuya , Gross Elizabeth J. , Ohata Jun
Published: May 2022

Correction for ‘Site-specific DNA functionalization through the tetrazene-forming reaction in ionic liquids’ by Seiya Ishizawa et al., Chem. Sci., 2022, 13, 1780–1788, https://doi.org/10.1039/d1sc05204g.
Study of the thermal stability and decomposition behaviour of Lu(NH4)(C2O4)2·2H2O
Authors: Bao Xinjun , Fang Xiekai , Luo Fengxiang , Zhou Rong , He Bin , Zhou Hengshu , Zhou Debi
Published: May 2022

Lu(NH4)(C2O4)2·2H2O has been successfully fabricated by the improved oxalate precipitation method. Its thermal stability and decomposition behaviour were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy, thermalgravimetric‐differantial scanning calorimetry and in situ high temperature X‐ray diffraction measurements. Despite substantial removal of oxide, carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen elements, the scanning electron microscopy images clearly revealed that the precursor calcined Lu2O3 products maintained well the morphology properties of the precursor. Moreover, TG‐DSC analysis demonstrated that the peak temperatures of the precursor to Lu2O2CO3 and Lu2O2CO3 to Lu2O3 were 400°C and 630°C, respectively. Finally, and most importantly, the in situ XRD results exhibited that the ‘Lu(NH4)(C2O4)2’, ‘Lu2O2CO3’ and ‘Lu2O3’ crystal structures formed by heating the Lu (NH4) (C2O4)2·H2O at 25∼220°C, 400∼680°C and 680∼980°C, respectively. The experimental results provided an interesting fact that Lu(NH4)(C2O4)2·H2O has been completely decomposed into cubic phase Lu2O3 crystal at 680°C, which is nearly 200°C lower than that of lutetium oxalate tetrahydrate prepared by traditional oxalic acid precipitation process.
Probing the shape of the Milky Way dark matter halo with hypervelocity stars: A new method
Authors: Gallo Arianna , Ostorero Luisa , Chakrabarty Sankha Subhra , Ebagezio Stefano , Diaferio Antonaldo
Published: May 2022

We propose a new method for determining the shape of the gravitational potential of the dark matter (DM) halo of the Milky Way (MW) with the galactocentric tangential velocities of a sample of hypervelocity stars (HVSs). We compute the trajectories of different samples of HVSs in a MW where the baryon distribution is axisymmetric and the DM potential either is spherical or is spheroidal or triaxial with radial-dependent axis ratios. We create ideal observed samples of HVSs with known latitudinal components of the tangential velocity,vϑ, and azimuthal component of the tangential velocity,vφ. We determine the shape of the DM potential with the distribution of |vϑ| when the Galactic potential is axisymmetric, or with the distribution of |vϑ| and of a function, $ \bar{v}_{\varphi} $, ofvφwhen the Galactic potential is non-axisymmetric. We recover the correct shape of the DM potential by comparing the distribution of |vϑ| and $ \bar{v}_{\varphi} $ of the ideal observed sample against the corresponding distributions of mock samples of HVSs that traveled in DM halos of different shapes. We use ideal observed samples of ∼800 HVSs, which are the largest samples of 4M⊙HVSs ejected with the Hills mechanism at a rate ∼10−4yr−1, currently outgoing, and located at more than 10 kpc from the Galactic Center. In our ideal case of galactocentric velocities with null uncertainties and no observational limitations, the method recovers the correct shape of the DM potential with a success rateS ≳ 89% when the Galactic potential is axisymmetric, andS > 96% in the explored non-axisymmetric cases. The unsuccessful cases yield axis ratios of the DM potential that are off by ±0.1. The success rate decreases with decreasing size of the HVS sample: for example, for a spherical DM halo,Sdrops from ∼98% to ∼38% when the sample size decreases from ∼800 to ∼40 HVSs. Accurate estimates of the success rate of our method applied to real data require more realistic samples of mock observed HVSs. Nevertheless, our analysis suggests that a robust determination of the shape of the DM potential requires the measure of the galactocentric velocity of a few hundred HVSs of robustly confirmed galactocentric origin.
XMM-NewtonandSwiftobservations of supergiant high mass X-ray binaries
Authors: Ferrigno C. , Bozzo E. , Romano P.
Published: May 2022

Wind-fed supergiant X-ray binaries are precious laboratories not only to study accretion under extreme gravity and magnetic field conditions, but also to probe the still highly debated properties of massive star winds. These include clumps, originating from the inherent instability of line driven winds, and larger structures. In this paper we report on the results of the last (and not yet published) monitoring campaigns that our group has been carrying out since 2007 with bothXMM-Newtonand theSwiftNeil Gehrels observatory. Data collected with the EPIC cameras on boardXMM-Newtonallow us to carry out a detailed hardness-ratio-resolved spectral analysis that can be used as an efficient way to detect spectral variations associated with the presence of clumps. Long-term observations with the XRT on boardSwift, evenly sampling the X-ray emission of supergiant X-ray binaries over many different orbital cycles, are exploited to look for the presence of large-scale structures in the medium surrounding the compact objects. These can be associated either with corotating interaction regions or with accretion and/or photoionization wakes, and with tidal streams. The results reported in this paper represent the outcomes of the concluded observational campaigns we carried out on the supergiant X-ray binaries 4U 1907+09, IGR J16393−4643, IGR J19140+0951, and XTE J1855−026, and on the supergiant fast X-ray transients IGR J17503−2636, IGR J18410−0535, and IGR J11215−5952. All results are discussed in the context of wind-fed supergiant X-ray binaries and ideally serve to optimally shape the next observational campaigns aimed at sources in the same classes. We show in one of the Appendices that IGR J17315−3221, preliminarily classified in the literature as a possible supergiant X-ray binary discovered by INTEGRAL, is the product of a data analysis artifact and should thus be disregarded for future studies.
Pseudostreamer influence on flux rope evolution
Authors: Sahade A. , Cécere M. , Sieyra M. V. , Krause G. , Cremades H. , Costa A.
Published: May 2022

Context. A highly important aspect of solar activity is the coupling between eruptions and the surrounding coronal magnetic field topology, which determines the trajectory and morphology of the ejected plasma. Pseudostreamers (PSs) are coronal magnetic structures formed by arcs of twin loops capped by magnetic field lines from coronal holes of the same polarity that meet at a central spine. PSs contain a single magnetic null point in the spine, immediately above the closed field lines, which potentially influences the evolution of nearby flux ropes (FRs).

Aims. Because of the impact of magnetic FR eruptions on space weather, we aim to improve current understanding of the deflection of coronal mass ejections (CMEs). To understand the net effect of PSs on FR eruptions, it is first necessary to study diverse and isolated FR–PS scenarios that are not influenced by other magnetic structures.

Methods. We performed numerical simulations in which a FR structure is in the vicinity of a PS magnetic configuration. The combined magnetic field of the PS and the FR results in the formation of two magnetic null points. We evolve this scenario by numerically solving the magnetohydrodynamic equations in 2.5D. The simulations consider a fully ionised compressible ideal plasma in the presence of a gravitational field and a stratified atmosphere.

Results. We find that the dynamic behaviour of the FR can be categorised into three different classes based on the FR trajectories and whether it is eruptive or confined. Our analysis indicates that the magnetic null points are decisive in the direction and intensity of the FR deflection and their hierarchy depends on the topological arrangement of the scenario. Moreover, the PS lobe acts as a magnetic cage enclosing the FR. We report that the total unsigned magnetic flux of the cage is a key parameter defining whether or not the FR is ejected.
Weak evidence for variable occultation depth of 55 Cnc e with TESS
Authors: Meier Valdés E. A. , Morris B. M. , Wells R. D. , Schanche N. , Demory B.-O.
Published: May 2022

Context.55 Cnc e is in a 0.73 day orbit transiting a Sun-like star. It has been observed that the occultation depth of this super-Earth, with a mass of 8M⊕and radius of 2R⊕, changes significantly over time at mid-infrared wavelengths. Observations withSpitzermeasured a change in its day-side brightness temperature of 1200 K, possibly driven by volcanic activity, magnetic star-planet interaction, or the presence of a circumstellar torus of dust.

Aims.Previous evidence for the variability in occultation was in the infrared range. Here we aim to explore if the variability also exists in the optical range.

Methods.The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) observed 55 Cnc during sectors 21, 44, and 46. We carefully detrended the data and fitted a transit and occultation model for each sector in a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) routine. In a later stage, we used the leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validation statistic to compare with a model of constant occultation for the complete set and a model with no occultation.

Results.We report an occultation depth of 8 ± 2.5 ppm for the complete set of TESS observations. In particular, we measured a depth of 15 ± 4 ppm for sector 21, while for sector 44 we detected no occultation. In sector 46 we measured a weak occultation of 8 ± 5 ppm. The occultation depth varies from one sector to the next between 1.6 and 3.4σsignificance. We derived the possible contribution on reflected light and thermal emission and set an upper limit on the geometric albedo. Based on our model comparison, the presence of an occultation is favoured considerably over no occultation, and the model with varying occultation across sectors takes most of the statistical weight.

Conclusions.Our analysis confirms a detection of the occultation in TESS. Moreover, our results weakly lean towards a varying occultation depth between each sector, while the transit depth is constant across visits.
Zystennieren: Genetische Testung und richtige Einordnung klinisch-therapeutisch zunehmend bedeutsam
Authors: Bergmann Carsten
Published: May 2022

Was ist neu?

Autosomal-dominante polyzystische Nieren-Erkrankungen Zystische Nierenerkrankungen sind klinisch und genetisch zunehmend heterogen, auch für die häufigste Form ADPKD wurden kürzlich neue Gene identifiziert. Das Verständnis zu Genotyp-Phänotyp Korrelationen hat sich dabei in den letzten Jahren deutlich verbessert und es macht einen Unterschied für Patient und Familie welcher genaue Genotyp vorliegt. In jedem 4. Fall geht die klassische ADPKD ohne positive Familienanamnese einher (meist aufgrund von Neumutationen). Bei diesen sporadisch imponierenden Fällen und bei Mutationen in autosomal rezessiven Genen kann die restliche Familie in der Regel entlastet werden.

Differenzialdiagnose mit ADPKD-ähnlichen Phänotypen Differenzialdiagnosen mit Mutationen in anderen Genen können zudem klinisch wie ADPKD oder ADPKD-ähnlich imponieren. Dies gilt auch für Tumorsyndrome wie die von Hippel-Lindau Erkrankung, tuberöse Sklerose oder das Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrom sowie die rezessiven Zystennieren (ARPKD) und andere Ziliopathien, die ebenfalls wie isolierte Zystennieren erscheinen können. Eine Differenzierung ist aufgrund der unterschiedlichen klinischen Verläufe und anderer Therapieoptionen sehr wichtig.

Welchen Unterschied für die Klinik macht eine genetisch gesicherte Diagnose? Die genaue genetische Einordnung hat große Bedeutung für Patient und Familie. Eine gezielte genetische Beratung mit Angabe von Risiken ist nur mit Kenntnis des Genotyps möglich. Assoziierte Komorbiditäten und organübergreifende Komplikationen können zudem frühzeitig detektiert und gezieltes Screening und Monitoring ermöglicht werden. Dank deutlich verbesserter technischer Möglichkeiten kommt der genetischen Diagnostik im Rahmen der Risikostratifizierung und medikamentös-therapeutischer Optionen ein zunehmend hoher Stellenwert zu. Ein maßgeschneiderter NGS-basierter Ansatz mittels Multi-Gen Panel ist kosteneffizient und in Anbetracht der Vielzahl und Komplexität in Betracht zu ziehender Gene die Methode der Wahl. Hiermit lässt sich die Ätiologie meist klären.