bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of adjunctive therapies for the neurological manifestations of AIDS: dementia and painful neuropathy
Authors: Lipton Stuart A , Gelbard Harris A
Published: November 2023

Although cognitive impairment has been recognized as a major complication of HIV infection, it has been difficult to perform clinical trials for HIV-associated dementia. There is only one published double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial for HIV-associated dementia. This trial was started more than 10 years ago and reports the benefit of high-dose zidovudine (formerly called AZT) in patients with established HIV-associated dementia. This trial of approximately 30 patients was significantly smaller than planned and it took a longer time than expected to reach this level of enrollment. Subsequent clinical trials planned by the AIDS Clinical Trial Group and other multicenter organizations have found recruitment of patients to therapeutic trials slow and difficult. Part of the difficulty has been in achieving a consensus about the definition of HIV-associated dementia and the difficulty in finding demented patients who can tolerate the fairly rigorous neuropsychological assessments that have become standard elements of these trials.
Clinical–neuropathological correlation in HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Ellis Ronald J , Merdes Annette , Masliah, Eliezer , Langford T D
Published: November 2023

This 34-year-old man with 16 years of education worked as a waiter and as a piano teacher. His first positive HIV test was in June 1989. His primary HIV risk factor was sex with men. He used alcohol and cannabis recreationally. At his first visit to the HNRC in August 1990, the patient was taking monotherapy (zidovudine), and was feeling well with a CD4 count of 391 celsls/fll and an undetectable CSF HIV RNA viral load. On physical examination, the examiner found oral hairy leukoplakia and lymphadeno-pathy. The neurological examination was normal, as was the brain MRI. NP testing showed overall mild impairment, with specific deficits in the areas of learning, memory, and motor functioning.
Algebraic posets, algebraic cpo’s and models of concurrency
Authors: Mislove Michael W
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we develop the theory of algebraic posets: partially ordered sets in which each element is the directed supremum of compact elements. We show that each such poset can be completed into an algebraic cpo in a natural way, so that the completion has exactly the same set of compact elements as does the underlying algebraic poset. We use the spectral theory of locally compact sober spaces to construct this completion, which is also known as the sobrification of the underlying algebraic poset in the Scott topology.
Totally bounded spaces and compact ordered spaces as domains of computation
Authors: Smyth Michael B
Published: November 2023

We argue that, in searching for ‘the’ category of domains of computation, the complete totally bounded quasi-metric spaces, along with certain closely related categories, are worthy of consideration. The computational examples help to clarify the basic theory of quasi- metric spaces.
An algebraic axiomatization of linear logic models
Authors: Marti-Oliet Narciso , Meseguer Jose
Published: November 2023

There are many notions of type in computing. The most classical notion is ‘types as sets’, which has been extended to cover many features of modern programming languages. This chapter shows that such features are handled perhaps even more naturally by an extension of the ‘types as algebras’ notion to a ‘types as theories’ notion. This notion naturally supports object-oriented concepts, including inheritance and local state, as well as generic modules and dependent types. Moreover, it explains why polymorphic operations are natural transformations and provides a systematic foundation for a powerful form of programming in the large. This chapter also suggests a new semantics for dependent types based on strict fibrations.
A Historical Introduction to Substructural Logics
Authors: Došen Kosta
Published: November 2023

The common denominator of several important non classical logics is that in their sequent formulation they reject or restrict some of Gentzen’s structural rules, whereas rules for logical constants need not differ from rules that may be given for classical logic. It is as if the structural part of logic were more fundamental: to change logic, we have to change this part. Logical constants are in principle secondary: they are invariant, they play the same role in different structural contexts.
The Semantics of Pretopologies
Authors: Sambin Giovanni
Published: November 2023

The notion of pretopology, introduced in [S2], may be used as a basic tool to obtain a complete semantics for several sub structural logics. The present paper is a short and partial survey of what is known at the moment on pretopologies, with particular attention to the completeness proofs. Some suggestions for further work are also given.
Field techniques for birdwatching
Authors: Mackinnon John , Phillipps Karen
Published: November 2023

Birdwatching is an absorbing pastime, and the broader the bird-watchers’ experience, the better and more acute their observations become. Birdwatchers are the scientists’ eyes and ears for monitoring the state of our planet. Their bird lists and observations are very important to scientists in indicating any deterioration of the environment. This book is designed to help birdwatchers make their observations more accurate, meaningful and, indeed, useful when submitted to the relevant body. Watching birds in tall forests is not easy. You may walk for an hour without seeing anything then suddenly be surrounded by so many twittering birds you cannot focus on any. A bird may be so high up and so obscured by foliage that you cannot get a good view. In the rain, water on your lenses may blur your vision. The newcomer to the forest should first get to know the common forest-edge species by walking along roads and wide trails through forest. Observation conditions are better, and the birds appear more numerous because the light falling sideways on the forest edge creates a very rich feeding zone. Some of the true forest-canopy birds can be seen along roads, and where forest roads cut through mountains you may have excellent side views into the canopy that you may never get when walking on narrow trails.
Denmark
Authors: Nygaard E
Published: November 2023

A thick Chalk sequence is present beneath most of Denmark (Fig. 10.1). It comprises Upper Cretaceous and Palaeocene limestones, composed of coccolitic micrites (chalk proper), bryozoan limestones, calcarenitic greensands and marls. The Upper Palaeocene greensands and marls will be discussed only briefly. Chalk is assumed to have been originally deposited throughout the Danish area. However, over the Scandinavian high, north-east of a major tectonic feature, the Tornquist Line (Fig. 10.2), it has been eroded and is preserved only locally where it has been downfaulted. Such occurrences are found on the Island of Bornholm.
Chemistry of B12 Derivatives Related to their Roles in Bacterial Carbon Dioxide Fixation
Authors: Kräutler Bernhard
Published: November 2023

Vitamin B12 derivatives play several central roles in the metabolism of micro organisms (Friedrich 1988; Dolphin 1982; Golding and Rao 1987), which are also believed to possess the capacity unique in nature to build up the B,2 structure. Corrinoids related to vitamin B12 appear to have a particularly essential function in some methanogenic, acetogenic, sulphur- and sulphate-reducing bacteria, where they have been assigned a role in the fixation of carbon dioxide via the recently discovered acetyl coenzyme A pathway (Fuchs 1986; Wood et al.1986; Thauer 1988; Ragsdale et al. 1990).
Sexual selection
Authors: Dugatkin Lee Alan , FitzGerald Gerard J
Published: November 2023

sexual or epigamic traits. As Darwin (1871) noted, this process ‘depends on the advantage which certain individuals have over other individuals of the same sex and species, in exclusive relation to reproduction’. Unlike traits that have evolved via natural selection, epigamic traits enhance an animal’s mating success, even though they may reduce its chances for survival. Classic examples of such traits are the peacock’s, Pavo cristatus, bright colours and elaborate tail, both of which Darwin (1871) believed evolved as a consequence of female mate choice.
Cladistic Biogeography
Authors: Humphries Christopher J , Parenti Lynne R
Published: November 2023

The distribution and classification of life on earth has long been of interest to biological theorists, as well as to travellers and explorers. Cladistic biogeography is the study of the historical and evolutionary relationships between species, based on their particular distribution patterns across the earth. Analysis of the distributions of species in different areas of the world can tell us how those species and areas are related, what regions or larger groups of areas exist, and what their origins might be. The first edition of Cladistic Biogeography was published in 1986. It was a concise exposition of the history, methods, applications of, and prospects for cladistic biogeography. Well reviewed, and widely used in teaching, Cladistic Biogeography is still in demand, despite having been out of print for some time. This new edition draws on a wide range of examples, both plant and animal, from marine, terrestrial, and freshwater habitats. It has been updated throughout, with the chapters being rewritten and expanded to incorporate the latest research findings and theoretical and methodological advances in this dynamic field.
A Wood of Our Own
Authors: Evans Julian , Evans John , Stephen White , Titchmarsh Alan
Published: November 2023

In 1985 the author fulfilled for himself every forester's ambition - ownership of a woodland to manage and enjoy exactly as he thought fit. With his brother-in-law, he bought a neglected woodland in Hampshire and, with the help of family and friends, has brought it back to a working woodland, employing a combination of ancient and modern rural skills. A Wood of Our Own tells the story of all that has happened since the idea germinated: making the purchase, replanting, encounters with people and animals, the drama of two great gales, unravelling the history of the wood, and selling the timber. Julian Evans, forester for twenty-five years, author of two professional forestry books, and currently Chief Research Officer for the Forestry Commission, combines anecdote, natural history, and professional wisdom in a gripping story. The factual account of the purchase and management of the wood runs alongside an entertaining description of the people, events, and incidents associated with it. Fine cameo line drawings by John White, artist and forester, accompany the text.
Discovering Evolutionary Ecology
Authors: Mayhew Peter J
Published: November 2023

Why are some kinds of organism species-rich and others species-poor? How do new species arise and why do some go extinct? Why do organisms grow and behave the way they do? This book provides an introduction to evolutionary ecology, the science that brings ecology and evolution together to help understand biological diversity. In a concise, readable format, Peter Mayhew covers the entire breadth of the subject, from life histories and the evolution of sex, to speciation and macroecology. Many emerging fields are also introduced, such as metabolic ecology, the evolution of population dynamics, and the evolution of global ecology. Discovering Evolutionary Ecology highlights the connections between these different subject areas, and for the first time paints a picture of a truly integrated field. It illustrates the research tools utilized, and demonstrates how advances in one area can spur on developments elsewhere when scientists combine evolutionary and ecological knowledge. To maximize accessibility, the book assumes only a basic knowledge of biology, includes a comprehensive glossary, and contains almost no maths. Each chapter provides suggestions for further reading, and there is also an extensive reference list. Ideal as an introduction to evolutionary ecology for undergraduates, this book will also interest established researchers, providing a broad and up-to-date context for their work.
Phenotypic correlates of blood parasitism in the common grackle
Authors: Kirkpatrick Carle E , Robinson Scott K , Kitron Uriel D
Published: November 2023

In a novel hypothesis, Hamilton and Zuk (1982) suggested that the susceptibility of North American passerine birds to infections by haemotropic parasites is associated with the expression of secondary sexual characteristics. They further suggested that the expression of these characteristics may influence mate choice. This hypothesis has stimulated an enormous amount of research on the relationships of parasite infections to plumage brightness both between species (Read 1987; Zuk, Chapter 16, this volume) and within species (e.g. in this volume: M0ller, Chapter 17; Burley et al. Chapter 19; Johnson and Boyce, Chapter 20; Spurrier et al., Chapter 21).
Agricultural Marketing
Authors: Barker John
Published: November 2023

This volume presents the changes which have taken place in agricultural marketing - particularly the market support arrangements offered through the Common Agricultural Policy - since the publication of the first edition in 1981. Describing the place of marketing in British agriculture as 1992 approaches, this book provides an updated discussion of EEC support for agricultural markets, marketing channels used by farmers acting in unison, and the marketing of agricultural inputs. It also presents new material covering the background and current role of Food from Britain.
Building Stalinism 1929–1941
Authors: Siegelbaum Lewis
Published: November 2023

The 1930s have long represented a watershed in the grand narratives of Soviet history. According to the Marxist-Leninist version, de rigueurin the Soviet Union until the late 1980s, it was the decade of ‘socialist construction’. Under the leadership of I. V. Stalin (or in the post-1956 de-Stalinized variant, the Communist Party), the Soviet people confounded sceptics, both domestic and foreign, by rapidly and enthusiastically constructing gigantic factories and dams, transforming backward villages into collective farms, and in the process becoming citizens of a genuinely socialist society.
From Perestroika Towards A New Order 1985–1995
Authors: Mccauley Martin
Published: November 2023

Mikhail Gorbachev, a gifted politician, became the most revolutionary leader since Lenin. After his election as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in March 1985, he set in train a process so radical in conception that the whole edifice of Soviet communism came tum- bling down.
Explanation
Authors: Culicover Peter W
Published: November 2023

The goal of this book is to investigate the properties that the learning mechanism for language must have by investigating the properties of language itself as bounding conditions on such a mechanism. In this first chapter I summarize the relationship between these two investigations, a relationship that has been at the core of much linguistic theorizing over the past forty years, especially in the domain of syntax. I will argue that the learning mechanism for language must be capable not only of accommodating the general, the exceptionless, and the ubiquitous in language. It must also be capable of accommodating the irregular, the exceptional, the marked, and the idiosyncratic. Such a learning mechanism is unquestionably required for the acquisition of knowledge about the lexicon; this book as a whole constitutes an argument that a similar mechanism is required for the acquisition of syntax.
Constructions
Authors: Culicover Peter W
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I consider a range of syntactic constructions that possess a certain degree of idiosyncrasy. These constructions might normally be taken in linguistic theory to be fully general constructions, that is, components of ‘core’ grammar in some sense, whose properties should follow from general principles with a minimum of stipulation. What we find is that these constructions are actually subject to a degree of lexical idiosyncrasy. Hence it follows that there are aspects of these constructions that cannot be derived from universal principles, but must be determined by the learner on the basis of positive experience.
Rebellions and Revolutions
Authors: Gray Jack
Published: November 2023

To Europeans of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment the Chinese Empire seemed to show the possibility of a polity based on reason without hereditary privilege or religious authority, ruled by a philosopher-king counselled by philosophers. Yet by the start of the next century, China had come to symbolize almost the opposite: a polity stifled by the power of a self-perpetuating élite who were both the guardians of a quasi-religious tradition and the servants of an arbitrary despot.
A New History of Spanish Writing 1939 to the 1990s
Authors: Perriam Chris , Thompson Michael , Frenk Susan , Knights Vanessa
Published: November 2023

A New History of Spanish Writing, 1939 to the 1990s explores the diversity of some sixty years of imaginative writing by Spaniards, its interactions with Spains peculiarly dramatic history since the end of its Civil War, and its wider thematic significance. It covers the famous and canonical texts of the most recent in Modern Spanish literature but also explores areas less well-known outside Spain (essays and editorials, queer narrative, new poetry, comics, and texts of the militant and reactionary Right). More space than is usual in literary histories is allowed for commentary on famous texts, but the book also makes room for the marginalized and for socially contextualized explorations of the interconnectedness of various forms of writing. The overall structure is not chronological but thematic, dealing with abstract and topical issues such as silence, the family, or realism.
A Critical Decade: India-Empire or Nation?
Authors: Brown Judith M
Published: November 2023

Written into the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms was provision for an inquiry into their operation after ten years: but in 1927 Britain’s Tory government appointed a Commission of inquiry under Sir John Simon earlier than scheduled, to keep its composition out of the hands of the less conservative politicians who might replace them at the next General Election. The all white Simon Commission provoked widespread political protest in India. Its members encountered hostile black-flag demonstrations as they perambulated the country taking evidence in the provinces. The work of the Commission, its reception and its report indicated that British and Indian alike recognized that the imperial bid for a new order on the subcontinent had failed. Although the 1939-45 war is commonly seen as the great upheaval out of which the subcontinent emerged politically independent yet agonizingly divided, the decade until India was engulfed in it was critical for the nature of British dominion, and for the development on the subcontinent of senses of public identity, particularly for a sense of Indian nationhood.
Epilogue: India’s Democratic Experience
Authors: Brown Judith M
Published: November 2023

India’s ability to sustain democratic forms of government and politics through the second half of this century is in sharp contrast to the experience of her Asian neighbours, and of most former colonies in Africa. There have been no military bids for power, and even Mrs Gandhi’s months of ‘Emergency Rule’ (which many thought perilously close to dictatorship) were ended by the electors’ verdict in 1977. Despite phases of acute domestic strain and violence, the assassination of two Prime Ministers, and a number of armed conflicts with neighbours, she has also remained a stable, independent regional power.
Town and country
Authors: McPhee Peter
Published: November 2023

The northernmost province of Old Regime France was Cambrésis, part of the French kingdom only since 1677. Near the cathedral town of Cambrai was Montigny, a rural community of about 600 people in 1789. During the eighteenth century, large owners and tenants succeeded in monopolizing its land, increasingly specializing in corn, while poorer peasants instead found spinning and weaving linen the answer to poverty. They were part of a ﬂourishing if vulnerable rural industry based on merchants ‘putting out’ spinning and weaving to rural households. In the Cambrésis, suggests its historian Liana Viardi, ‘one could even argue that it is in the eighteenth-century countryside that one encounters entrepreneurship in its purest, most unregulated, form’.
State and society, 1901-1922
Authors: Corner Paul
Published: November 2023

The two decades which straddle the year 1900 present remarkable contrasts in Italy. Before the turn of the century, Italy had seen banking and corruption scandals in which government was directly implicated, disastrous and humiliating colonial adventures in Africa, continued acute civil unrest culminating in the Milan bread riots of 1898 (ruthlessly suppressed by artillery), an assault on the functions of parliament when it seemed for a while as though Italy’ s fragile democratic structure might succumb to an authoritarian backlash, and finally, in 1900, the murder of King Umberto I at the hands of an anarchist.
Fascism: ideology, foreign policy, and war
Authors: Knox Macgregor
Published: November 2023

Fascism emerged from a great war and perished a quarter-century later in that war’ s far greater second act-which it sought fervently to bring about. Its trajectory from war in 1915-18 to ruin in 1940-5 was no accident. And the force that propelled it along that path was above all the force of ideas.
Italian society under Fascism
Authors: Wanrooij Bruno P F
Published: November 2023

While Fascism has often presented itself as revolutionary, its relationship with modernity has been ambiguous. The regime promoted technological innovation, but at the same time wanted to preserve the values of traditional rural society. Thus, within the ongoing process of transformation of Italian society, Fascism tried to check developments which could be a threat to those values. While it favoured progress in a more general sense, it welcomed the emergence of mass society and acknowledged the consequent need for mass organization; on the other hand, it opposed changes in gender relations and strongly disliked the advance of urbanization and its corollary of secularization and cosmopolitanism.
Artificial Intelligence and Scientific Method
Authors: Gillies Donald
Published: November 2023

Artificial Intelligence and Scientific Method examines the remarkable advances made in the field of AI over the past twenty years, discussing their profound implications for philosophy. Taking a clear, non-technical approach, Donald Gillies focuses on two key topics within AI: machine learning in the Turing tradition and the development of logic programming and its connection with non-monotonic logic. Demonstrating how current views on scientific method are challenged by this recent research, he goes on to suggest a new framework for the study of logic. Finally, Professor Gillies draws on work by such seminal thinkers as Bacon, Gödel, Popper, Penrose, and Lucas to address the hotly contested question of whether computers might become intellectually superior to human beings.
The lnductivist Controversy, or Bacon versus Popper
Authors: Gillies Donald
Published: November 2023

The aim of this book is to examine the interaction between theories of scientific method (including logic) and developments in the field of artificial intelligence (Al) which have taken place in the last twenty to thirty years. The first topic I will discuss is the relationship between a long-standing dispute concerning scientific method (the inductivist controversy) and some recent results in machine learning. The present chapter will give an account of the debate between the inductivists, conveniently represented by Sir Francis Bacon, and the anti-inductivists, conveniently represented by Sir Karl Popper. It is a strange coincidence that this intellectual dual should be conducted between two English knights! As far as the present chapter is concerned, I will expound the controversy using the standard methods of history and philosophy of science.1 In the next chapter (Chapter 2), I will give an account of some relevant results from the development of machine learning in the Turing tradition. Then, in Chapter 3, I will consider how these results affect the inductivist controversy.
Machine Learning in the Turing Tradition
Authors: Gillies Donald
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 1 we examined a long-standing controversy in the philosophy of science, that between inductivism (as represented principally by Bacon) and falsijicationism (as represented principally by Popper). The method adopted for discussing this debate was also fairly traditional. We considered how well the two models of scientific method accounted for two examples from the history of science-namely, Kepler’s discovery of the laws of planetary motion and the discovery of the sulphonamide drugs. These examples did not agree entirely with either Bacon or Popper. Kepler seems to have used some kind of inductive reasoning (in agreement with Bacon rather than Popper), but this was an intuitive induction involving human insight and creativity and so distinct from the kind of mechanical induction advocated by Bacon.
How Advances in Machine Learning Affect the lnductivist Controversy
Authors: Gillies Donald
Published: November 2023

Having given an account of some advances in machine learning in the Turing tradition, I will now tum to the question of how these affect the inductivist controversy. There can be no doubt that the results described tend, on the whole, to support Bacon and undermine Popper. I have already quoted Popper’s emphatic statement: ‘Induction, i.e. inference based on many observations, is a myth. It is neither a psychological fact, nor a fact of ordinary life, nor one of scientific procedure’ (Popper 1963: 53).
God: Causation and Dependence
Authors: Stoneham Tom
Published: November 2023

This chapter is about a puzzle that is produced by the introduction of God into Berkeley’s metaphysics. The Inference to the Best Explanation (IBE) discussed in the last chapter, while certainly endorsed by Berkeley, is not his official argument for the existence of God.
Knowledge and its Limits: Epistemology
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

There is a branch of philosophy nowadays called epistemology: the inquiry into what can be known, and how we can know it. We all have many beliefs on many topics; which, if any of them, can count as real knowledge? What is the mark of genuine knowledge and how does it differ from mere belief? Is there a reliable way to acquire knowledge of the truth to eliminate false beliefs that are mere seemings? These questions occupied the attention of Greek thinkers from an early stage. Parmenides might well claim to be the founder of epistemology: at least he is the Worst philosopher to make a systematic distinction between knowledge and belief. At the beginning of his great poem a goddess promises that he will learn all things, both reliable truth and the untrustworthy opinions of mortals. The poem is in two parts: the way of truth and the way of seeming. The way of truth sets out Parmenides’ theory of Being, which we will consider in Chapter 6 on metaphysics.
Freedom, Reason, and Human Goods
Authors: Finnis John
Published: November 2023

Aquinas is well aware of sceptical doubts. ‘Since one is in charge of oneself {dominus sui}, it seems at first glance that, when one’s actions affect only oneself, one is morally free to do whatever one likes.’ Indeed, what does it matter if my actions do affect others? Many think that we neither can nor should be really concerned about the well-being of others.
Distribution, Exchange, and Recompense
Authors: Finnis John
Published: November 2023

Aquinas’ discussions of justice are illuminated, but also confused, by his adherence to Aristotle’s framework for discussing it, and by the structure of the Summa Theologiae.
The State: Its Government and Law
Authors: Finnis John
Published: November 2023

The government and laws of a state are the central case of government and law, and the most articulated form of human coordination. In reflecting on them, one is considering certain modes and forms of practical reason’s directiveness towards common good. For practical reason—the propositional content of the practical understanding, reasoning, judging, choosing, and self-directing of practically reasonable persons—is brought to its most articulate and complex forms in the public reason of people who have reasonably judged themselves to be morally responsible for governing the civitas.
Well-Being and Virtue
Authors: Kraut Richard
Published: November 2023

This much has emerged from our rejection of subjectivism in Chapter 2: if our aim is to improve our beliefs about well-being, and thereby to improve our lives, a reasonable first step is to begin with what we know-or, at any rate, with what we think we know. As a working hypothesis, we can say that misery, physical incapacitation, humiliation, pain, hunger, and loneliness are in themselves bad; and that friendship, pleasure, understanding, health, and humor are good. Those who have experienced these things so regard them, and their opinion should not be lightly dismissed.
Politics I: Nature, Political Animals, and Civic Priority
Authors: Kraut Richard
Published: November 2023

Aristotle realizes that the city did not always exist. In Politics I.2 he tells a story about how it arose: although human beings have never lived in total isolation from each other, there has been a gradual development of increasingly complex social organizations. House holds (composed of a man, a woman, children, and slaves) came together to form villages, which in turn grew to become cities. These changes occurred because people perceived that it was easier to survive and secure the necessities of life by forming larger and more complex units. The city, as Aristotle says, came into existence for the sake of life (1252b29-30). But once this more complex mode of social organization was established and the necessities of life were secured, the polis took on a new dimension: it began to provide not merely the resources for survival but also the opportunity to live well (b30), though this larger role had not been envisioned by those who made the transition from the pre-political period to the polis.
Thyroid disease
Authors: Vanderpump Mark P J , Tunbridge W Michael G
Published: November 2023

In the past decade, there has been increasing recognition of thyroid diseases as a common health problem. While there have been few major new advances in treatment, there is much greater understanding of why thyroid disorders occur and the long-term health effects of thyroid disease. As people with thyroid disease begin to know more about their disorder, they are able to co-operate better with treatment and their anxieties about the problem can be significantly reduced. This fourth edition of Thyroid Disease: The Facts provides a reader-friendly source of information and reassurance for those people with thyroid disorders and their families. The book covers the wide range of conditions associated with thyroid dysfunction, from simple goitre to more complex disorders such as Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. This edition also includes several completely new chapters, including one specifically devoted to thyroid disorders in infants, children and adolescents. Each chapter concludes with a useful Question and Answer section.
The thyroid gland
Authors: Vanderpump Mark P J , Tunbridge W Michael G
Published: November 2023

Normally the thyroid gland lies in the front of the neck just below the Adam’s apple (Fig. 1.1). The gland is shaped like a bow tie or a butterfly and consists of two lobes joined together in the middle. The left and right lobes, each about the size and shape of half a plum cut vertically or about the size of the top segment of a person’s thumb, lie on either side of the windpipe (trachea) and are connected by a bridge of thyroid tissue, known as the isthmus, which runs across the front of the windpipe.
Subacute viral thyroiditis
Authors: Vanderpump Mark P J , Tunbridge W Michael G
Published: November 2023

This condition, also known as de Quervain’s thyroiditis after the Swiss physician who first described it, is not uncommon. For every 10 people with Graves’ disease, a thyroid specialist may see only one with viral thyroiditis. Because viral thyroiditis runs a self-limiting course, people with a mild illness may never seek medical advice and there can be no doubt that even in those with a more severe illness the correct diagnosis is often overlooked.
Textbook of Evolutionary Psychiatry: The Origins of Psychopathology
Authors: Brüne Martin
Published: November 2023

In the past couple of decades studies investigating the genetic background of psychiatric disorders have mushroomed. Research into brain mechanisms and the regions of the brain involved in certain dysfunctions have greatly improved our knowledge of the relationship between brain pathology and psychopathology. By contrast, we know far less about 'why' certain individuals remain vulnerable to psychiatric disease at all, and whether the causes of disease were selected by evolutionary forces or simply by-products of other species-specific characteristics. This book presents a new integrative approach to understanding psychopathological conditions - an approach that embraces cognition, emotion, behaviour, and their nature-nurture interactions. Central to this approach is the introduction of human evolution into the psychiatric model - psychiatrists need to know why the human mind and brain evolved in the way it did. In three parts, this book presents a comprehensive account of human brain evolution in terms of physical features and function, showing how these relate to our current understanding of psychopathology. Accessibly written, this book shows how a consideration of evolutionary factors in psychiatry can improve our understanding and treatment of specific disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, and others.
General survey results
Authors: Mielke Jeff
Published: November 2023

Models with innate distinctive features assert that the phonological behavior of segments is predicted by their features, while in emergent feature theory, sound change and generalization provides the opportunity for segments to be grouped with sounds that are similar along some dimension, and therefore the behavior (and feature specification) of a segment can only be determined by observing the behavior. Quite a bit is known about what groupings are especially likely, as a result of innate feature theory work. Innate features and emergent features make very different predictions about the results of the survey of phonologically active classes, and it will be seen below that the results generally support emergent features over innate ones.
The Camp
Authors: Duberly Frances Isabella , Kelly Christine
Published: November 2023

News of the death of Tsar Nicholas (on 2 March) reached the Crimea in mid-March, prompting hopes for an end to hostilities; these were crushed when his successor Alexander II declared that he ‘would rather perish than surrender’. Nicholas was widely believed to have died of chagrin soon after learning that the formidable mid-February Russian assault on Eupatoria, led by Menshikov, had been repulsed by the newly arrived Turkish commander-in-chief, Omar Pasha. (Allied control of Eupatoria threatened the Russian supply route to Sebastopol via the Sea of Azov and Simpheropol; see map, p. 328.) Leaving Turkish troops to garrison the port, Omar Pasha and a combined Turkish-Egyptian force of some 20,000 men moved south to Balaclava in preparation for the Allied spring offensive.
The Lisbon Process and Economic Reform: Learning by Benchmarking?
Authors: Marcussen Martin
Published: November 2023

A set of Europe-wide reform discourses underpins the institutions and policies that comprise European economic governance.1 One major example is the stabilization discourse promoting the European stabilization state (Dyson 2002b: 251ff). A key element of this discourse is a perceived division of function between the market and the state. By engaging in excessive or misdirected intervention, so the argument goes, state actors risk destabilizing market balances. Therefore, measures should be taken to shelter markets from what is seen to be short-term- and narrow-minded politicians. These measures include de-politicizing key policy areas by establishing autonomous regulatory agencies that help to ensure long-term stability, foster credibility on the financial markets, and guarantee regularity in the private sector’s planning environment. Indeed, certain policy areas and functions are entirely privatized. In policy content, this discourse argues for stability-oriented macroeconomic policies based on sound money (low inflation and stable exchange rates), sound finances (budget surplus and low external debt), and sound institutions (independent central banks). Clearly, the German-inspired, ECB-centric EMU project with its convergence criteria, Stability and Growth Pact, and inbuilt asymmetry between monetary and economic policymaking fits well with the overall thrust of the stabilization discourse (see Dyson’s Chapter 7 and Chapter 3 by Umbach and Wessels).
Welfare Reform
Authors: Wincott Daniel
Published: November 2023

Convergence is a keyword of European monetary union. At least since the Maastricht ‘convergence criteria’, EMU’s sponsors have pressed for national economic policies and performance to become more similar across Europe. Moreover, EMU seemed to rest on convergence towards a particular substantive orthodox vision, focused on stable, sustainable public finances and sound money, with the welfare state typically depicted as burden. In contrast, Martin Rhodes’s striking and provocative ‘welfare state’ chapter for European States and the Euro suggested that EMU might prove ‘good’ for the welfare states, emphasizing EMU’s (perhaps paradoxical) potential to strengthen both states’ welfare capacities (focusing particularly on ‘social pacts’) and EU-level policy coordination, thereby ‘re-embedding’ European liberalism rather than imposing neo-liberalism. Rhodes (2002: 309) also hinted that today’s welfare state was best understood from a revisionist perspective on post-war embedded liberalism, or the ‘Keynesian welfare state’. Particularly in its third section, this chapter re-addresses these questions in the light of the implementation and operation of EMU—as well as EU enlargement—and asks whether this subsequent experience has caused European welfare states to converge.
Minimalism versus Contextualism in Semantics
Authors: Borg Emma
Published: November 2023

I think it is fair to say that not so long ago in philosophy of language formal semantic theories occupied the central ground: not everyone pursued a formal approach to theories of meaning, but lots of people did.¹ These days, the natural descendant of the formal approach, known as minimalism, has been consigned to the margins: not everyone rejects minimalism, but lots of people do. Minimalism is rejected in favour of contextualism: roughly, the idea that pragmatic effects are endemic throughout truth-evaluable semantic content. In Insensitive Semantics (henceforth IS) Herman Cappelen and Ernie Lepore (henceforth CL) try to redress this balance by presenting a robust defence of minimalism. I agree with lots of what they write: I too would like to defend minimalism against the contextualist hoard and I think, as do CL, that the way to do it is to reject things like the contextualist’s context-shifting arguments. Furthermore, I think the reasons for rejection are, broadly speaking, the reasons CL give. So, it might seem that there is little for me to say in this chapter. Unfortunately, however, even though advocates of minimalism are thin on the ground and even though I believe we ought to present a united front to the opposition, I do have some concerns about the way in which CL frame the debate.² So, in this chapter I’m going to suggest that CL fail to locate the core of the debate between the two semantic programmes and that, as a result, the kind of minimalism they end up advocating concedes too much to the contextualist camp. However, despite the negative aims of this chapter, it should be remembered that, overall, I believe CL are on the right side in semantics.
John Ruskin
Authors: Hewison Robert
Published: November 2023

Definitive, concise, and very interesting... From William Shakespeare to Winston Churchill, the Very Interesting People series provides authoritative bite-sized biographies of Britain's most fascinating historical figures - people whose influence and importance have stood the test of time. Each book in the series is based upon the biographical entry from the world-famous Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
The rise of Darwinism
Authors: Desmond Adrian , Moore James , Browne Janet
Published: November 2023

The Origin of Species was applauded by Lyell, Hooker, Huxley, and others, and it impressed many younger men of science. Huxley’s secular professionals and the literary radicals welcomed its thoroughgoing naturalism. For these reformers the Origin provided a dynamic biology to replace the old static, creationist hierarchy, while its progress through open competition defied Anglican–Oxbridge privilege.
Darwin’s legacy
Authors: Desmond Adrian , Moore James , Browne Janet
Published: November 2023

Agnostic scientists, Liberal politicians, and broad- churchmen joined in paying homage to one who, though an unbeliever, symbolized Britain’s success in conquering nature and civilizing the globe during Victoria’s reign. They consolidated Darwin’s most enduring image. In their speeches, sermons, and memoirs, the Kentish squire and patriarch became the iconic scientist—detached, objective, a lone seeker after truth, released by personal wealth and stoic dedication in the face of long-continued illness to bestow priceless truths on humanity.
Benjamin Disraeli
Authors: Parry Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Definitive, concise, and very interesting From William Shakespeare to Winston Churchill, the Very Interesting People series provides authoritative bite-sized biographies of Britain’s most fascinating historical figures—people whose influence and importance have stood the test of time. Each book in the series is based upon the biographical entry from the world-famous Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
The Grammar of Goodness
Authors: Foot Philippa
Published: November 2023

Dhilippa Foot was born in 1920 and was educated mainly at home before going to Somerville College, Oxford in 1939 to study Politics, Philosophy, and Economics. She graduated in 1942 and worked as a government economist during the remainder of the Second World War, before returning to Somerville to take her M.A. In 1949, she became a Fellow of the college. In the 1960s and 1970s, she was an itinerant philosopher, holding visiting professorships at Cornell, MIT, UCLA, Berkeley, and the City University of New York, before settling at UCLA in 1976. She is now an Honorary Fellow of Somerville.
Really Seeing Another
Authors: Velleman David
Published: November 2023

Love is a puzzling emotion. We want to be loved and, in being loved, we want to be treasured for who we are and regarded as irreplaceable. But a puzzle arises when we ask what the basis for such love is. People who want us to feel loved say they love us because ‘we’re special’ and because ‘there is no one quite like us’; they also say they love us for particular characteristics: for our red hair, for our quirky sense of humour, for ‘being the baby of the family’, and so on. It might seem natural to conclude that others’ love of us is based on our uniquely valuable personal characteristics.
The Emergence of Pidgin and Creole Languages
Authors: Siegel Jeff
Published: November 2023

This book provides explanations for the emergence of contact languages, especially pidgins and creoles. It assesses the current state of research and examines aspects of current theories and approaches that have excited much controversy and debate. The book answers questions such as: How valid is the notion of a pidgin-creole-postcreole life cycle? Why are many features of pidgins and creoles simple in formal terms compared to other languages? And what is the origin of the grammatical innovations in expanded pidgins and creoles - linguistic universals, conventional language change, the influence of features of languages in the contact environment, or a mix of two or more factors? In addressing these issues, the author looks at research on processes of second language acquisition and use, including simplification, overgeneralization, and language transfer. He shows how these processes can account for many of the characteristics of contact languages, and proposes linguistic and sociolinguistic constraints on their application in language contact. His analysis is supported with detailed examples and case studies from Pidgin Fijian, Melanesian Pidgin, Hawai'i Creole, New Caledonian Tayo and Australian Kriol, which he uses as well to assess the merits of competing theories of language genesis. Professor Siegel also considers his research's wider implications for linguistic theory.
Introduction
Authors: Siegel Jeff
Published: November 2023

When people who speak different languages come into sustained contact, new varieties of language sometimes emerge. These are called ‘contact varieties’. This book deals primarily with contact varieties that have emerged in the Australia-Pacific region within the last 150 years as the result of colonialism. Although the focus is on two particular types of contact varieties, pidgins and creoles, other types are mentioned as well, including ‘indigenized varieties’ and ‘language shift varieties’. Since all these terms are used in a variety of ways in the literature on language contact, I begin with some definitions.
Morphological Simplicity and Expansion in Creoles
Authors: Siegel Jeff
Published: November 2023

Although there is no consensus on a precise definition of creole languages, most creolists would agree on the following points. First, creoles like pidgins emerge as a result of language contact. Second, as opposed to pidgins, they have communities of native speakers. And third, they are more complex grammatically than pidgins. Despite the third point, however, the assumption still exists that creoles in general are overall ‘simpler’ than other languages, as reported by Muysken and Smith (1995: 9) and DeGraff (2001a : 57). As already mentioned, this position has been explicitly taken up by McWhorter (2001, 2003), the title of his 2001 article saying it all: ‘The world’s simplest grammars are creole grammars.’ In opposition to McWhorter, DeGraff (2001a , 2001b) has argued vigorously that Haitian Creole is not simpler than other languages, by demonstrating, for example, the existence of extensive derivational morphology. What leads to the impression that creoles are so simple? And can creoles be said to be simpler overall than other languages? The answers to these questions are considered in the first two sections of this chapter. The third section goes on to discuss the process of morphological expansion that leads to creoles being more complex than pidgins.
Multiple Party Identifications
Authors: Schmitt Hermann
Published: November 2023

Party identification (PID) is a central concept in many models of voting behavior. The basic and now classic notion is from the American Voter in which partisanship was conceived as individuals’ psychological identification with, or affective orientation toward, an important group object in their environment (Campbell et al. 1960: 121). This “psychological party membership” was thought to be acquired through primary political socialization (i.e. parental transmission), and to crystallize into stable alignments as a consequence of growing electoral experience (i.e. repeated voting for the same party; Converse 1969, 1976).