bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uterine and Placental Alterations in Pregnant Sows Associated with the Porcine Epidemic Abortion and Respiratory Syndrome (PEARS)
Authors: Stockhofe‐Zurwieden N. , Camarro J. A. Navarro , Grosse‐Beilage E. , Chavez J. , Pohlenz J.
Published: May 2010

In the winter of 1990/91 a new, economically devastating disease occured in european pig breeding herds, characterized by late‐term abortion, stillbirth and a high morbidity and mortality of suckling piglets. Because of the clinical picture the disease was named porcine epidemic and respiratory syndrome (PEARS). In this study investigations were carried out in tissues of uterus and placentae of late gestational sows (107 to 112 days of gestation) in three different groups of animals: group I = control animals (n=2) group II = naturally infected sows (n=12) from farms, where PEARS recently had been introduced; group III = sows (n=2), experimentally inoculated with placental homogenates from animals of group II. Both in naturally infected as well as in experimentally infected sows a multifocal, lymphohistiocytic vasculitis and perivascular cell infiltration was observed in the endometrium and maternal part of the placenta, but not in the fetal one. In the fetomaternal unit there were multifocal microseparations of the epithelial layers present.

Transmission electron microscopically spherical or oval virus‐like particles of 45 to 75 nm in diameter were frequently found on the surface of endothelial cells of blood vessels in the maternal placenta, in a few cases in the intercellular channel system between uterine epithelial cells or on endothelial cells of capillaries in the fetal placenta. Serological results indicate, that an infection with Lelystad virus had occured in naturally and experimentally infected sows and that transplacental infection was present.
A Close Comparative Study on the Response of Sheep and Goats to Experimental Orf Infection
Authors: Housawi F.M.T. , Elzein E.M.E. Abu , Gameel A.A. , Alafaleq A.I.
Published: May 2010

A comparative experimental study of the clinico‐pathological and serological response of sheep and goats to orf infection was made. All infected animals depicted typical orf lesions and seroconverted. The clinical, serological, gross and histopathological responses were similar in both species. However, the disease span was longer in sheep than in goats. It was concluded that sheep could play an important role in maintenance of the virus in the environment.
Experimental Aspergillosis in Goats: Clinical, Haematological and Mycological Studies
Authors: Mandal P. C. , Gupta P. P.
Published: May 2010

Thirty‐one (including ten lactating) healthy goats were divided into 3 groups viz. intravenous (I/V), intratracheal (I/T) and intramammary (I/M) on the basis of route of inoculation of Aspergillus fumigatus spores. Two animals were kept as control for each group. Clinical aspergillosis developed and was more severe and fatal in consequence in I/V group than those of other groups. Respiratory symptoms appeared and persisted in both I/V and I/T groups. Acute mastitis developed in the right infected udder halves only with a brief and transitory illness in all goats of I/M group and marked discrepancy in size between right inoculated and left uninfected udder halves was observed. Haematological examination revealed significant decrease of haemoglobin concentration and significant increase in both TLC and DLC (neutrophilia) in I/V group but no marked haematological change was observed in I/T and I/M groups. Mycological isolation in pure culture, demonstration of fungus in the impression smears by lactophenol cotton blue staining and in histological sections by PAS and GSM methods were achieved in the lungs, kidneys, heart, liver, spleen and abomasum in I/V group, in the lungs and occasionally in the mediastinal lymph node and liver in I/T group and in the right infected udder halves and their milk/secretions in I/M group.
Natural Borna Disease in Domestic Animals Others than Horses and Sheep
Authors: Lundgren A.‐L. , Czech G. , Bode L. , Ludwig H.
Published: May 2010

In 24 cats (Uppsala, Sweden) with neurological signs of “staggering disease” and typical neuropathology, 44% had Borna disease virus (BDV)‐specific antibodies. In 173 cat sera (Berlin, Germany) of animals with unknown record, 7% were BDV positive. Out of 24 cats with undefined neurological disorders, 13% were BDV positive. Similarities in staggering disease of cats and Borna disease of horses and sheep suggest related etiological agents.
Diagnostic sérologique des salmonelloses aviaires: Mise au point d'un test ELISA utilisant des antigènes adsorbés à l'aide de sérums anticolibacillaires
Authors: Kles V. , Morin M. , Humbert F. , Lalande F. , Guittet M. , Bennejean G.
Published: May 2010

A serological ELISA test for diagnosis of avian salmonellosis infections with Salmonella typhimurium or enteritidis has been established. Plates were coated half with a negative antigen and half with a positive antigen. Both negative and positive antigens were adsorbed with a monovalent agglutinant anti Escherichia coli serum prior to being distributed into wells of the plates. Sera from SPF birds and from SPF birds vaccinated and/or inoculated with numerous viruses or bacteria, or sera from conventional birds bacteriologically free of any salmonellosis were tested and the percentage of false positive reactions was inferior than 1%. In groups of birds naturally infected or experimentally inoculated with Salmonella enteritidis or typhimurium the percentages of positive individuals were ranged from 15 to more than 90% according to the doses and routes of inoculation and the delay between contamination and sampling.

Un test sérologique pour le dépistage des salmonelloses aviaires à Salmonella typhimurium ou enteritidis a été mis au point. Les plaques étaient sensibilisées pour moitié avec un antigène négatif et pour moitié avec un antigène positif. Les deux antigènes positif et négatif étaient adsorbés avec un sérum agglutinant monovalent anti Escherichia coli avant d'être distribués dans les cupules. Des sérums d'oiseaux E.O.P.S., vaccinés et/ou inoculés avec différents virus ou bactéries ou non, ou des sérums d'oiseaux conventionnels bactériologiquement indemnes de salmonelles ont été testés. Moins de 1% de réactions positives ont été enregistrées. Parmi des lots d'oiseaux infectés naturellement ou expérimentalement inoculés avec Salmonella typhimurium ou enteritidis, les pourcentages d'individus positifs étaient compris entre 15 et plus de 90% selon les voies et doses d'inoculation et le délai entre la contamination et le prélèvement.
A Case of Bovine Mastitis caused byCampylobacter jejuni
Authors: Gudmundson J. , Chirino‐Trejo J. M.
Published: May 2010

ACampylobacter jejunimastitis in a Holstein cow, 60 days into the first lactation, is reported. This was characterized by a sudden onset, a pyrexia, painful quarter and pink milk with a few small clots present. There was good response to a treatment protocol of: parenteral oxytetracycline, frequent stripping and intramammary infusions of erythromycin. This organism has a zoonotic property.
Papovavirus‐Induced Trichogenous Tumours in Syrian Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)
Authors: Breuer W. , Hänichen T. , Mahnel H. , Hartmann G. , Hermanns W.
Published: May 2010

Tumorous, virus‐induced skin lesions in two golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were characterized macroscopically and by means of light‐ and electron‐microscopy. Evidence of a virus was demonstrated in the ultra‐thin sections and by the negative staining method. The morphological findings confirm the assumption that infections with papoviruses — probably of the polyomavirus genus — were involved.
Experimental Encephalomyocarditis Virus Infection in Pigs
Authors: Foni E. , Barigazzi G. , Sidoli L. , Marcato P. S. , Sarli G. , Salda L. Della , Spinaci M.
Published: May 2010

A field isolate of Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus was inoculated intravenously into 8 pigs. Four animals died at post inoculation day (PID) 2, the remaining being sacrificed at PID 5, 7, 11 and 15. Two control, in‐contact pigs were sacrificed at PID 19.

Virus was isolated from leucocytes and nasal swabs until PID 4, from rectal swabs until PID 2 and, in the pigs found dead at PID 2, from several organs. EMC virus was further isolated from brain and spleen of the pig sacrificed at PID 7. One of the 2 control pigs became infected: virus was isolated from nasal swabs at days 6 and 7 and from leucocytes at day 4 of the experiment. Serumneutralizing (SN) antibody was detected in the injected pigs starting from PID 4; two days later, it was also revealed in the infected, in‐contact control. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an experimental transmission of EMC virus infection in pigs by contact exposure.
Efficacy of Various Non‐Oily Adjuvants in Immunization Against the Aujeszky's Disease (Pseudorabies) Virus
Authors: Puentes E. , Cancio E. , Eiras A. , Nores M. V. , Aguilera A. , Regueiro B. J. , Seoane R.
Published: May 2010

Standard oil and various non‐oily adjuvants were compared for use in immunization against the Aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies) virus, both in mice and swine, and using either inactivated virions or purified glycoproteins as antigen. Mineral oil, sodium alginate, aluminium hydroxide, and saponin were assayed in mice as adjuvants for inactivated virions, saponin being the most efficient. The addition of Mab anti‐CD3 did not improve either immune response or protection achieved in mice using viral particles with oil or sodium alginate. When purified glycoproteins were used as antigens, the use of ISCOM greatly enhanced specific T‐cell responses and protection of mice. The incorporation of Mab anti‐CD3 into ISCOM conferred 100 % protection of mice. Surprisingly, when an ISCOM containing glycoproteins was assayed in swine in a single‐dose trial, no improvement on the protection conferred by the oily adjuvant was observed.
Comparison of the Use of UV Light and Nitrosoguanidine as Mutagenic Treatments in Aspergillus parasiticus
Authors: Garcia Marta‐E. , Suarez Guillermo
Published: May 2010

In the present work we study two different mutagenic methods in Aspergillus parasiticus: UV light and Nitrosoguanidine treatments.

With UV light we obtained more suitable results, with survival percentage around 1 % in many experiments. With Nitrosoguanidine our results were around 10 % survival rate. We suggest the use of UV light to obtain mutants from A. parasiticus.
Investigations on the Antibacterial Effect of Conifer Needle Oils on Bacteria Isolated from the Feces of Captive Capercaillies (Tetrao urogallus L., 1758)
Authors: Schales C. , Gerlach H. , Kösters J.
Published: May 2010

In winter, free‐living Capercaillies feed almost exclusively upon needles of various conifer species. An important part of the energy and protein requirements of captive Capercaillies, however, is supplied by food rich in starch and proteins. The fecal flora of captive Capercaillies is considerably different from the flora of free‐living Capercaillies. Bacterial diseases are frequent in captivity. The aim of the present study is to determine whether the essential oils from conifer needles possess antibacterial properties against several bacteria, some of which are facultatively pathogenic for Capercaillies. Needles of Pinus sylvestris contain few tannins, which could be a reason for the Capercaillies preference for these needles. The needles of Abies alba contain high amounts of tannins and essential oils, which could explain the refusal of Capercaillies to eat these needles. The antibacterial effect of commercially available essential oils on the bacteria is investigated with a filter paper disc method and in a liquid medium. The essential oils possess a bacteriostatic or a bactericidal effect against some of the tested bacteria. Feeding on natural forage plants may help prevent the colonization of the intestines by facultatively pathogenic bacteria. The authors discuss why Capercaillies, especially young birds that are to be released, should be fed with natural forage plants.
Oxygen Concentration and Asexual Development of Eimeria tenella in Cell Cultures
Authors: Wrede D. , Salisch H. , Siegmann O.
Published: May 2010

Primary chicken kidney cells in FlexipermR cultures were either inoculated with Eimeria tenella sporozoites or incubated as noninoculated controls. Oxygen concentration was reduced (10 or 15 vol% O2, 5 vol% CO2) or increased (25 or 30 vol% O2, 5 vol% CO2) in a triple gas incubator (Heraeus B 5061 EK/O2) and retained in a CO2‐air incubator (20 vol% O2, 5 vol% CO2) 24 hours post inoculation (hpi). Mature second generation schizonts (mS2) were counted microscopically at 120 hpi and numbers were compared either as mS2 or mS2/cm2 confluent cells. Asexual development of Eimeria tenella was neither stimulated nor inhibited by different oxygen concentrations, indicating that higher numbers of schizonts in cultures under reducing conditions reported earlier are probably a result of increased invasion rates of sporozoites.
Effect of Age on Serum Concentrations of the Third Component of Complement in Dogs
Authors: Molleda J. M. , Lucena R. , López R. , Novales M. , Moreno P. , Ginel P. J.
Published: May 2010

Single radial immunodiffusion was used to determine the concentration of the third component of complement (C3) in canine sera from 48 normal dogs in the following age groups: < 12 months, 12 to 24 months, and > 24 months. Mean serum C3 concentrations, expressed as the percentage of pooled reference sera from 20 dogs, showed a significant (P < 0.017) correlation with age in dogs less than 12 months old, while the character of this correlation was negative for dogs more than 24 months old (P < 0.056). Two‐way analysis of variance, for age and sex, revealed significant differences between C3 values from this two groups that were not present when compared with dogs aged between 12 and 24 months old. Sex had no effect on serum C3 concentrations.
Aerogene Immunstimulationen von Läuferschweinen gegen experimentell induzierte respiratorische Infektionen mit Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Müller G. , Köhler H. , Stache B. , Heilmann P. , Kludas K.‐H.
Published: May 2010

Aerogeneous immunostimulations of weaners against experimentally induced respiratory infections with Pasteurella multocida

The clearance of Pasteurella, Bordetella and Haemophilus from the lung of weaners was increased by aerogeneous immunostimulations using a lysate mixture consisting of 12 strains of 8 bacterial species, as well as live and inactivated temperature sensitive mutants of Pasteurella multocida. The severity of experimental pneumonias caused by Pasteurella has also been decreased by this treatment.

The effect of the lysate was shown to be unspecific and short, as antibody production against Pasteurella was not induced and no booster effect of subsequent aerogeneous immunizations with Pasteurella antigens could be detected.

Aerogene Immunstimulationen mit einem Lysatgemisch aus 12 Bakterienstämmen von 8 Spezies und mit temperatursensitiven Pasteurella‐multocida‐Mutanten lebend und inaktiviert steigern die Clearance von Pasteurellen, Bordetellen und Haemophilen aus der Lunge von Läuferschweinen und vermindern den Schweregrad experimentell induzierter Pasteurellen‐Pneumonien. Die Wirkung des Lysates ist unspezifisch und kurzzeitig. Es werden keine Antikörpertiter gegen Pasteurellen induziert und die Reaktionen lassen sich durch nachfolgende aerogene Immunisierungen mit Pasteurellenantigenen nicht boostern.
Relation between Serotype of Streptococci of Serological Group B and Growth Rate at Early Logarythmic Phase
Authors: Wibawan I. W. T. , Lämmler C.
Published: May 2010

Determination of growth rate of streptococci of serological group B at early logarythmic phase by measuring optical density of the growth medium and by measuring the change of conductivity of the culture fluid appeared to be closely related to the serotype of the respective cultures. Most of the human and bovine group B streptococci with type patterns Ia/c, II, III and IV exhibited clearly visible growth of the culture medium after 4 h incubation and changed the conductivity of the culture fluid to a point defined as time to detection within 4 h. No comparable growth could be observed with most of the cultures possessing type antigens R and X, either alone, or in combination with polysaccharide antigens. The importance of type specific capsule sialylation to the growth rate of the bacteria could be additionally shown with two group B streptococci of serotype III and their transposon mutagenized asialo capsular mutants. Both sialylated wild‐type group B streptococci grew much quicker than their asialo capsular mutants. The results from additional experiments revealed that the growth velocity seemed to be significantly related to the chain length of the bacteria, to growth patterns of the group B streptococci in fluid media and soft agar and to the surface hydrophobicity of the bacteria. Determination of growth rate at early logarythmic phase could be used to predict various degrees of capsular sialylation of group B streptococci. This might help to understand the pathogenicity of individual group B streptococcal isolates in clinical cases.
Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Differentiating Subpopulations of Porcine B Lymphocytes in Blood and Lymphoid Tissues
Authors: Archetti I. L. , Capucci L. , Saalmüller A. , Verardi R. , König M. , Amadori M.
Published: May 2010

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against various subclasses of immunoglobulin molecules are important reagents for the characterization and differentiation of serum immunoglobulins (Ig) generated during immune responses. Furthermore, Ig‐specific mAbs can be powerful tools for the detection of B lymphocytes in blood and lymphoid organs. Here we describe two mAbs generated in our laboratories, named 1G6 and 2E8, which react with distinct epitopes on porcine immunoglobulin molecules. MAb 1G6 recognizes an epitope of an immunoglobulin chain with apparent molecular mass of 25 Kd. This chain represents an immunoglobulin light chain and might be the porcine equivalent of the murine and human kappa chain. MAb 2E8 is directed against porcine IgM molecules, recognizing an epitope of the porcine μ chain. The use of these mAbs was shown to avoid some common disadvantages of anti‐Ig polyclonal antisera, like the high background staining of cells and tissue culture sections in immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the use of these mAbs in two‐color flow cytometry (FCM) versus a polyclonal anti‐porcine Ig antiserum enables distinct B‐lymphocyte subpopulations in blood and lymphoid organs to be detected. Our mAbs seem therefore to represent important and powerful reagents to identify and characterize porcine Ig isotypes and surface‐Ig positive porcine B lymphocytes; their discriminating power between distinct B lymphocyte subpopulations could prove useful in different fields of both applied and fundamental immunological research.
Prevalence of Antibodies to Streptococcus bovis Serotype 1 in Racing Pigeons
Authors: Herdt P. De , Haesebrouck F. , Devriese L. A. , Ducatelle R.
Published: May 2010

Indirect ELISA techniques for the detection of antibodies to S. bovis serotypes 1, 2 and 3 in pigeon plasma were developed. Whole formaldehyde‐inactivated bacteria were used as coating antigens. Bound antibodies were detected with peroxidase‐conjugated rabbit anti‐pigeon serum and OPD and H2O2 as chromogen and substrate, respectively. ELISA was used to determine the prevalence of antibodies to S. bovis serotype 1 in healthy Belgian racing pigeons. Antibodies were demonstrated in 83 (= 37 %) of 225 samples tested. Results indicate that pigeons may build up plasma antibodies in the absence of clinical signs resembling septicaemia.
Vaccination of Chickens with Live Fowl Pox (FP) Vaccine in Oil
Authors: Peleg B. A. , Samina I. , Brenner J.
Published: May 2010

Live fowl pox (FP) vaccine was adjuvanted in oil just prior to the subcutaneous (SC) vaccination of one day old chicks and adult chickens. The birds were challenged by the wing web (WW) method and absence of “takes” were considered as protection. On 21 day post challenge, 90 %–100 % of the chicks or chickens were protected while on day 9 post challenge 60 % were protected. Full protection of the live‐in‐oil adjuvanted vaccine is probably somewhat delayed as compared to protection endowed by the liquid vaccine. Incorporation of live FP vaccine in two different kinds of commercial Newcastle disease (ND) killed vaccine in oil, was shown to endow full protection following SC administration.
Role of Iron in Pathogenesis of Guinea Pigs Infected with Yersinia Enterocolitica 0:3
Authors: Nikolova S. , Vesselinova A. , Veljanov D.
Published: May 2010

Examined have been the pathogenesis of guinea pigs preliminarily overload with iron, and infected with Yersinia enterocolitica 0:3 in a logarithmic and stationary phase of development, cultivated at 25 °C and 37 °C. Dextrofer‐100 (Fedex‐100) medicine have been used as an iron source. The results show that in spite of the phase of development and cultivation temperature, the iron excess does not increase the bacterial virulence of the strain used so far. The morphological changes in the mesenterial lymphatic nodes, small intestines, spleen and liver of guinea pigs treated with iron, and then, infected with Y. enterocolitica, are more slightly expressed as compared with animals infected with Y. enterocolitica only.

The investigations suggested so far, have attested that Yersinia enterocolitica 0:3 does not contain a gene responsible for the synthesis of the protein participating in iron uptake.
Evolution of Histidine Decarboxylase Bacterial Groups during the Ripening of Spanish Semipreserved Anchovies
Authors: Rodriguez‐Jerez J. J. , Lopez‐Sabater E. I. , Roig‐Sagues A. X. , Mora‐Ventura M. T.
Published: May 2010

We have studied the count evolutions of total aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, psychrotrophic microorganisms, enterobacteria, faecal coliforms, sulphite‐reducing bacteria and vibrio in spanish semi‐preserved anchovies. These microorganisms are a sanitary index of the product and may produce high concentrations of histamine in both fresh and processed fish. The influence of NaCl concentration, redox potential, oxygen concentration and pH on bacterial growth have also been studied. With the exception of the sulphite‐reducers and vibrio, the counts of the different bacterial groups decreased during the first two weeks of ripening, but later stabilized. The faecal coliforms did not appear in the culture media after these first two weeks, and the enterobacteria, what initially did not appear after first two weeks too, are detected at final phases probably for the final manipulation of elaboration processes. The count of the sulfite‐reducers remained unchanged during the whole ripening process. Vibrio were not detected in any of the samples studied. NaCl and oxygen concentrations were the main factors influencing the decreasing bacterial counts. According to our results, the accumulation of high histamine concentrations in salted fish could be due to poor quality of the raw material, to inadequate handling or to other causes during its shelf life. The relationship with the histamine activity is probably due more to the presence of the halophilic or halotolerant microorganisms.
Effect of Partially PurifiedStaphylococcus aureusBeta‐Haemolysin on the Mammary Gland of the Mouse
Authors: Calvinho L. F. , Donnelly W. J. , Dodd K.
Published: May 2010

Partially purifiedStaphylococcus aureusBeta‐haemolysin and aS. aureusstrain (FGH28), isolated from a clinical case of bovine mastitis, known to producein vitroBeta‐, but neither Alpha‐ nor Delta‐haemolysins were each injected separately into the mammary gland of mice. Relative purity andin vitrobiological activities of this preparation were assessed. The effects of both the partially purified preparation and theS. aureusstrain injected were assessed in terms of mortality, clinical appearance, macroscopic and microscopic changes, recovery of organisms from the inoculated glands and biological acitivity in supernatants from ground mammary glands. When injected alone, partially purified Beta‐Haemolysin was not found to be an important virulence factor, being a diffuse infiltration of neutrophils into the alveoli the pathological effect observed following its inoculation. Vascular lesions were observed, in the most severe cases, following injection ofS. aureusFGH28.
Specificity of the Skin Delayed‐Type Hypersensitivity Test in Brucellosis Free Cattle Tested with aBrucellaAllergen
Authors: Bercovich Z. , Haagsma J. , van Lipzig J. H. H. , Taaijke R.
Published: May 2010

A study was conducted to determine possible nonspecific skin delyed‐type hypersensitivity (SDTH) test reactions in cattle tested with aBrucellaallergen.

Cattle (n = 14) experimentally inoculated with microorganisms known serologically to crossreact with Brucella and cattle (n = 549) fromBrucellafree herds were tested serologically and with the SDTH test. The increase in skinfold thickness at the injection site of the allergen was measured to the nearest mm with calipers 48 hours after injection.

The results show that none of the SDTH test reactions in cattle experimentally inoculated with microorganisms other thanBrucellaexceeded 2,0 mm. This indicates that an increase in skinfold thickness ≥ 2,0 mm can be considered a positive SDTH test reaction. When this norm was applied to cattle inBrucella freeherds 11/549 (2 %) cattle showed an increase ≥ 2,0.

It is concluded that infections with microorganisms other thanBrucellaare unlikely to cause sensitization that interferes with the SDTH test when used to detect brucellosis. Therefore, the SDTH test can be used to verify positive serologic tests results that might have been caused by microorganisms that serologically cross‐react withBrucella.
Encapsulation of Streptococci Isolated from Bovine Milk
Authors: Matthews K. R. , Oliver S. P.
Published: May 2010

Capsule expression was assessed by India ink staining in 95 streptococcal and enterococcal isolates representing 8 species. Organisms were evaluated after primary culture on blood agar and after storage in 10 % skim milk at −80 °C. Seventeen of 95 primary culture samples were positive for an unstained halo (capsule) by India ink. Only 3 isolates were positive for capsule after being maintained for an extended period of time. To confirm results of India ink tests, an unencapsulated and encapsulated strain of each species was observed by electron microscopy. Cells of encapsulated strains were surrounded by thread‐like fibers indicative of capsule, whereas cells of unencapsulated strains had a smooth surface. The importance of capsule in the pathogenesis of streptococcal mastitis is unknown. Studies on capsule expression by streptococci may facilitate investigations on the pathogenesis of streptococcal mastitis.
Unexpected Isolation of Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus from Commercial Embryonated Fowls' Eggs
Authors: Capua I. , Scacchia M. , Toscani T. , Caporale V.
Published: May 2010

The authors report a case of casual isolation of virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) from embryonated eggs. The virus was isolated from uninfected chicken embryo liver and fibroblast cultures prepared from commercial embryonated fowls' eggs. A serological and virological investigation carried out on the breeders which had laid those eggs showed high titres against NDV, and virus isolation from cloacal swabs. The virus was also isolated from the progeny of the same breeders which showed no clinical signs of ND, following episodes of mortality. Vertical transmission of the virus is discussed.
Effects of Interleukin‐1 and Interleukin‐2 on Mammary Gland Leukocyte Populations and Histology during the Early Nonlactating Period
Authors: Nickerson S. C. , Owens W. E. , Rejman J. J. , Oliver S. P.
Published: May 2010

Eight Jersey cows free of intramammary infection (IMI) with major mastitis pathogens were intramammarily infused with interleukin (IL)‐1, IL‐2, or phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) after the last milking prior to drying off. Rectal temperatures were monitored hourly through 6 hours after infusion and at 24‐hour intervals thereafter. Quarter secretions were collected 7 days prior to drying off, at drying off, and on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 14 of the nonlactating period. Cows were slaughtered and mammary tissues were collected at 7 (3 cows) and 14 (5 cows) days after treatment. The infusion of 10 μg of IL‐1 produced an elevation in rectal temperature that was significantly higher than that of cows receiving IL‐2 or PBS at 4, 5, and 6 hours after treatment, whereas cows receiving 1.0 mg of IL‐2 exhibited no change in rectal temperature. Somatic cell counts (SCC) in mammary glands infused with IL‐1 or IL‐2 remained significantly elevated over PBS‐infused control glands through day 4 after treatment. Neutrophils predominated in secretions of IL‐1‐treated glands, and macrophages and lymphocytes predominated in IL‐2‐treated glands. The mammary involution process was accelerated by IL‐2, and tissues exhibited reductions in alveolar epithelial and luminal areas and increases in connective tissue stroma and degree of leukocytosis compared with IL‐1 and control glands. Concentrations of plasma cells producing IgG1, IgG2, IgA, and IgM also were greatest following IL‐2 infusion. Results suggest that IL‐2 is superior to IL‐1 in stimulating an increase in mammary mononuclear cell populations and in accelerating involution during the early nonlactating period.
Composting of Cattle and Pig Manure
Authors: Forshell L. Plym
Published: May 2010

Studies of solid manure treatment on 83 Swedish dairy farms showed that no composting process occurred in the majority of cases while high temperatures could be found in the manure in 27 of 34 piglet producing farms. It was found that at least 2.5 kg of straw per cow and day must be used to get a manure that can be composted without forced aeration or turning of the material. It was also found that the straw should be given as bedding.
Microbial Contaminants Found in Low Egg Passage Rabies Vaccine Used in Nigeria
Authors: Adeyemi I. G. , Ikheloa J. O. , Ogundipe G. A. T.
Published: May 2010

Bacteriological and mycological examinations (cultural and biochemical characteristics) identified 4 pathogenic organisms as contaminants in 6 out of 7 LEP batch 20 rabies vaccines produced 1990 in Nigeria. Cryptococcus neoformans and Penicillium spp. were isolated from 5 vaccine samples, while one sample additionally also contained Rhizopus and Pseudomonas. One vaccine sample was negative for microbial contaminants. Improper conditions of vaccine production and storage are discussed.
Serological Studies on the Potential Synergism of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus and Influenza‐, Corona‐ and Paramyxoviruses in the Induction of Respiratory Symptoms in Swine
Authors: Groschup M. H. , Brun A. , Haas B.
Published: May 2010

Sera from 265 finishing pigs belonging to 70 herds, in which severe respiratory disorders were observed, were examined for antibody prevalence to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), influenza virus subtypes H3N2 and H1N1, porcine respiratory corona virus (PRCV) and a recently described porcine paramyxovirus (PPMV). By immuneperoxidase‐monolayer assay 69.1 % of these sera were positive for PRRSV. Hemagglutination inhibiting activity was found in 55.1 % of the sera for influenza virus subtype H1N1 (strain A/swine/Arnsberg/1/81). in 51.3 % for influenza virus subtype H3N2 (strain A/Hong Kong/1/68) and in 14.3 % for PPMV. PRCV specific antibodies, as determined by differential competitive blocking enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay were demonstrated in 192 of 236 (81.3 %) sera.

In order to reveal associations interspecific coefficients were calculated for antibody prevalence between PRRSV and the other viruses. Positive associations to PRRSV titres were found to PRCV, PPMV and influenza virus subtype H1N1 titres. χ‐square analysis showed the statistical significance of associations regarding PRCV and influenza virus subtype H1N1. Depletion of lung macrophages after PRRSV infection is discussed as a possible mechanism for the promotion of secondary infections.
Purification of Coxiella burnetii Antigen by Gelchromatography for Use in Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)*
Authors: Sting R. , Westphal K.
Published: May 2010

Cell wall antigens fromCoxiella burnetiiwere extracted by heat, ultrasonication, phenol, SDS or sodium deoxycholate. These antigens were subsequently purified by gelchromatography yielding molecular weights of 700 and 270 KD. Using gelchromatographical purification of antigens extracted by heat, ultrasonocation or phenolCoxiellaantigens nearly devoid of contaminations could be obtained. Of these highly purified antigens heat extracted antigen was treated with proteases, lysozyme or metaperiodate exemplaryly. These treatments did neither destroy nor chànge its antigenic activity, except for the treatment with metaperiodate reducing the antigenic activity significantly.

In further experiments heat extracted and gelchromatographically purifiedCoxiellaantigen was used for testing bovine sera in ELISA.
Pathogenesis of Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus Infection in Turkeys
Authors: Hussain I. , Choi C. U. , Rings B. S. , Shaw D. P. , Nagaraja K. V.
Published: May 2010

The pathogenesis of hemorrhagic enteritis was investigated in 4‐week‐old specific‐pathogen‐free (SPF) turkeys after oral administration of hemorrhagic enteritis virus. The virus antigen was detected and quantified in tissues at various days post‐infection (DPI) by an avidin‐biotin‐enhanced enzyme immunoassay and was located by a monoclonal antibody‐based immunoperoxidase (IP) staining technique. In the intestinal tract, low levels of viral antigen were detected from 1 to 3 and 9 to 15 DPI, whereas high antigen levels were found from 4 to 7 DPI. The bursa had viral antigen from 2 to 7 DPI. The plasma fraction of blood was positive for the antigen at day 1 PI and the cellular fraction of blood on day 3 PI. Antigen was first detected in the spleen at 2 DPI and reached a peak on day 6 PI. Initially, the viral antigen was present in a few reticular cells of the spleen and an increase in IP positive cells occurred with time. The maximum number of inclusion bodies in the spleen were found on day 6 PI. Following splenomegaly, viremia resulted in high levels of the virus appearing in the lamina propria of the small intestine. The lamina propria had numerous lymphoreticular cells positive for intranuclear viral inclusions from 5–7 DPI. It was at this time that intestinal congestion and hemorrhage were seen. The results suggest that HEV replicates first in the lymphoid cells of intestinal tract including the bursa, and then in those of the spleen with consequent HEV antigen widely distributed in the body. The time course of the high levels of HEV (mainly 4–7 DPI) in the lymphoid organs (cells), and occurrence of hemorrhagic enteritis (congestion, hyperemia) from 5 to 7 DPI and intestinal hemorrhage (5–8 DPI) appear to suggest that the intestinal lesion may be an immune‐mediated response.
Concentrations of 2,3‐Diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG) in Canine Blood (Healthy Dogs, Dogs with Cardiopulmonary Insufficiency and Dogs with Renal Insufficiency)
Authors: Rodriguez‐Franco F. , Tesouro‐Diez M.A. , Rodriguez‐Sanchez M.
Published: May 2010

This study deals with the determination of 2,3‐DPG concentrations in canine blood. The results obtained demonstrate the intraerythrocytic location of this organic phosphate as well as its equimolar relationship with the haemoglobin tetramers in blood obtained from clinically healthy dogs. The average value obtained for this group of healthy dogs (n = 93) was 5.81 ± 0.07 mmol of 2,3‐DPG/L of erythrocytes. In dogs with cardio‐pulmonary insufficiency (n = 12) and uraemic syndrome (n = 10), a greater concentration of 2,3‐DPG was observed, together with a loss of the equimolar relationship between this phosphate and the Hb tetramers. Furthermore, in the group of dogs with uraemic syndrome we observed a highly significant correlation between the blood values of urea and the concentration of 2,3‐DPG expressed in relation to the haemoglobin tetramers.
Demonstration of Sindbis Virus Antigen in Lowicryl‐Embedded Cultured Cells by Immunogold Staining
Authors: Booke A. , Drommer W. , Kaup F.‐J. , Robenek H. , Truyen U. , Greiser‐Wilke I. , Kaaden O.‐R.
Published: May 2010

Eight monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were tested for the use in immunogold staining of Sindbis virus (SIN) antigen in cultured Baby Hamster kidney (BHK) cells. The antibodies were directed against the capsid (C) protein (5) or against the glycoprotein E1 (3), respectively. Four out of five anti‐C MAbs and two out of three anti‐E1 Mabs reacted on frozen sections, whereas two of the anti‐C antibodies and none of the anti‐E1 antibodies reacted on Lowicryl K4M‐emedded cells. The MAbs reacting, in particular the anti‐C Mabs which react on Lowicryl K4M‐sections, will allow further studies of the pathogenesis and replication of alphaviruses on the cellular level. The results also confirm the conformation‐dependence of the glycoprotein epitopes.
Effects of Concurrent Oral Administration of Lead, Selenium or Monensin on Hepatic Porphyrin Levels in Broiler Chickens During Sub‐acute Toxicosis
Authors: Khan M. Z. , Szarek J.
Published: May 2010

Liver‐porphyrin levels were found to have increased during sub‐acute lead toxicosis. The presence of selenium or monensin in the diet of lead‐intoxicated birds resulted in a further increase of liver‐porphyrin levels. The results of this study indicate the presence of an interaction between lead and selenium or monensin in producing an increase in porphyrins in the liver tissue of broiler chickens.
A ‘Novel’ Infectious Bronchitis Strain Infecting Broiler Chickens in Italy
Authors: Capua I. , Gough R. E. , Mancini M. , Casaccia C. , Weiss C.
Published: May 2010

An outbreak of severe respiratory disease in flocks of broiler chickens was associated with the isolation of a ‘novel’ strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The isolate, designated 624/I, was isolated from 9 of the 11 flocks sampled. The results of cross neutralisation and haemagglutination‐inhibition tests showed isolate 624/I to be antigenically distinct from several European and American strains. In a serological survey carried out on affected flocks, specific antibodies to IBV strain 624/I and turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) virus were detected.
Prepartum Antibiotic Therapy with a Cephapirin Dry‐Cow Product Against Naturally Occurring Intramammary Infections in Heifers
Authors: Owens W. E. , Nickerson S. C. , Washburn P. J. , Ray C. H.
Published: May 2010

Intramammary infusion of a dry‐cow antibiotic preparation containing 300 mg of cephapirin benzathine into 18 Jersey heifers, 10–12 weeks prepartum, resulted in cure rates of existing intramammary infection (IMI) of 96 % (24/25), 100 % (4/4), and 90 % (28/31) forStaphylococcus aureus, Streptococcusspecies, andStaphylococcusspecies, respectively. Cure rates of IMI that had been treated with a lactating‐cow therapy containing 200 mg cephapirin benzathine at parturition were 62.5 % (15/24), 100 % (22/22), and 100 % (3/3) forStaphylococcus aureus, Streptococcusspecies, andStaphylococcusspecies, respectively. Initial somatic cell counts (SCC) of secretions from infected quarters were greater than from uninfected quarters. At 2 months postpartum, the SCC of milk from treated and cured quarters were reduced in comparison with quarters that remained infected. Cephapirin benzathine was present at detectable concentrations in 94, 80, 68, and 61 % of treated quarters at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after infusion of the cephapirin dry‐cow product, respectively. At parturition, 24 % of treated quarters were positive for antibiotic, however, no quarters remained positive for antibiotic at 5 days postpartum. An additional 40 heifers from a commercial herd were sampled and infused in all quarters with the cephapirin dry‐cow product at 16–20 weeks prepartum. Cure rates for the commercial herd were 94 % (29/31), 94 % (16/17), 100 % (44/44), and 100 % (3/3), respectively, for quarters infected byS. aureus, Streptococcusspecies,Staphylococcusspecies, and coliforms.
Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Jejunal and Ileal Peyer's Patches of Calves with Experimental Salmonella dublin Infection
Authors: Liebler E. M. , Press C. McL. , Landsverk T.
Published: May 2010

Changes of lymphocyte subpopulations in jejunal and ileal Peyer's patches (JPP and IPP) of six calves inoculated with Salmonella dublin were investigated at 9 hours, 1, 2, 3 and 7 days post inoculation (p.i.) using immunohistochemistry. Reactive areas and area percentages of B‐lymphocytes, as well as CD4 +, CD8+ and γδT‐lymphocytes within the different compartments of PP were estimated using computer‐assisted morphometric analysis. A significant, linear decline of the areas of lymphoid follicles and domes in JPP and IPP due to depletion of B‐lymphocytes was found. The rate of decline was similar in JPP and IPP, but more severe in lymphoid follicles than in domes. Intraepithelial cells in follicle‐associated epithelium changed from predominantly B‐lymphocytes in controls to CD8+ T‐lymphoytes in inoculated calves and clusters of B‐lymphocytes were observed above domes at days 1 and 2 p.i. Areas of CD4+ and CD8+ T‐lymphocytes within lymphoid follicles and domes were increased at 3 and 7 days p.i. resulting in decreased compartmentalization of the normally segregated T‐ and B‐lymphocyte populations. The increase of CD4+ and CD8+ T‐lymphocytes was, however, significant in lymphoid follicles in the JPP only. No significant changes in the amount and distribution of γδT‐lymphocytes were observed.
Antigenic Analysis of Rabies‐virus Isolates from Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Diaz Ana‐Maria , Papo Sara , Rodriguez Augusto , Smith Jean S.
Published: May 2010

A total of 288 rabies‐virus samples from 17 Latin American and Caribbean countries were reacted with an array of monoclonal antibodies. Identification of eight distinct antigenic variants among these samples permitted epidemiologic studies of the geographic distribution of different concentrations of rabies in the region and of the animal species serving as maintenance sources for rabies within a concentrated area. Two variants were broadly distributed and associated with enzootic disease in dogs and vampire bats. All isolates from cases of human rabies contained one of these two variants. Two variants had a limited distribution: an outbreak in Brazil, primarily affecting dogs and believed to be maintained by dog‐to‐dog transmission, and nine cases of rabies in cattle in Venezuela, animal reservoir unknown. A reservoir of rabies in insectivorous bats was identified and the associated variant was found in a rabid domestic cat. The remaining three rabies variants were found in single isolates only, but due to inference from antigenic‐typing data from North American samples, were believed to be maintained by reservoirs of rabies in hoary bats, foxes, and skunks.
Biochemical and Serological Characteristics ofRhodococcus equiIsolates from Animals and Humans
Authors: Bern D. , Lämmler Ch.
Published: May 2010

In the present study, 17Rhodococcus equiisolates from animals and 13R. equiisolates from humans were correctly identified by the use of the API Coryne‐test system. The biochemical characteristics revealed no significant differences between isolates from animals and humans. Heat extractions at acid pH or autoclave extractions of the bacteria and the use of monospecific antisera against type antigens 1–7 allowed the serotyping of the bacteria. The majority of theR. equiisolates reacted with serotype 1 and serotype 2‐specific antisera, extracts of two human isolates reacted with serotype 5 and serotype 6‐specific antisera, respectively. The determination of biochemical and serological properties ofR. equimight help to characterize individual cultures of this species. This might be useful in epidemiological studies.
Isolation of Serovar‐specific Leptospiral Antigens for use in an Enzyme‐linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Compared with the Microscopic Agglutination Test and Immunofluorescence
Authors: Sting R. , Dura U.
Published: May 2010

A total of 10 different detergents were used with the intention of extracting serovar‐specific antigens from eight leptospiral serovars for use in an ELISA. Extractions with 2 % sodium taurocholate at 50 °C proved to be best suited for this purpose. Taurocholate extracted antigens could be separated in SDS‐PAGE and antigenic activities demonstrated in immunoblotting.

In comparative studies on sera taken from cattle, pigs, horses and dogs, the self‐made ELISA proved to be more sensitive than the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and the immunofluorescence test (IFT). The IFT gave different results from those obtained using MAT or ELISA.
Access to the Abomasum of Sheep via a Rumen Fistula for Follow‐up Studies During Trichostrongylid Infections
Authors: Hertzber H. , Guscetti F. , Bödeker D. , Pospischil A. , Eckert J.
Published: May 2010

A technique is described for the examination of the abomasum of adult sheep via a rumen fistula. The size of the fistula allowed a manual exploration of the rumen which was necessary to achieve an access to the abomasum. In four adult sheep, two of them infected withHaemonchus contortus, fibreoptic endoscopy was used to investigate the abomasal mucosa macroscopically as well as histopathologically and ultrastructurally by means of mucosal biopsy specimen. The acidity of the abomasal contents was measured directly by introducing an electrode into the abomasum or indirectly in abomasal fluid which was obtained via a stomach catheter through the rumen fistula. The measured values in all four sheep ranged between pH 2 and 4. The fibreoptic examination of the abomasum did not influence the plasma pepsinogen and gastrin levels. The possibility of combining histological, serological and coprological data in follow‐up studies on the pathophysiology of trichostrongylid infections in the abomasum of individual sheep seems to be useful for the investigation of primary and secondary infections and may contribute to a reduction of the number of experimental animals in such studies.
Canine‐coronavirus (CCV) Characterization in Spain Epidemiological Aspects
Authors: Martin‐Calvo Mar , Marcotegui Miguel Angel , Simarro Isabel
Published: May 2010

In this paper the characterization of a canine‐coronavirus (CCV) strain isolated in Spain is reported. The CCV cellular‐infection cycle on A‐72 cells was studied using electron‐microscopy techniques. The isolate was found to have similar electrophoretic profile and antigenic properties to an American reference strain. Sera samples were obtained from several canine populations and tested for viral antibodies using two immunoenzymatic methods. Sera specificity was confirmed using immunoblot analysis. The agreement between both ELISA tests produced adequate results (kappa value = 0.64).