bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT (r) AND DRY MATTER DEGRADABILITY OF SOME FICUS SPECIES USING IN SACCO TECHNIQUE
Authors: NJIDDA A. A. , BELLO B. , BELLO B. , AL-HABIB I. K.
Published: December 2024

Dry matter (DM) degradation of Five Ficus species forages was determined using the in sacco degradability technique. Samples were incubated in situ for 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. In sacco DM degradation kinetics were described using the equation y = a + b (1-e). The result showed that all ficus species leaves studied have high dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) acid detergent lignin (ADL) and low total condensed tannin and phenolics. The soluble but degradable fraction (a), rate of degradation (c) of insoluble fraction b, lag t and effective degradability (ED) were generally low for all the Ficus species forage. DM disappearance was high at 72 h (above 50%) for all the browse species. Correlation coefficient (r) shows both positive and negative relationships. Negative but significant relationship was observed between CP and DM disappearance at 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h incubation period. NDF, ADF, ADL, TCT and PHE show weak relationship with incubation time and fementation characteristics. In conclusion, the browse species forages can used as dry season feed because of the high level of CP content and low level of anti-nutritive substances.
GROWTH PERFORMANCE NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY AND COST/BODY WEIGHT GAIN ANALYSIS OF GUINEA FOWL KEETS FED VARYING INCLUSION LEVELS OF BOILED Senna occidentalis MEAL.
Authors: KUDU Y. S. , AYANWALE B. A. , AREMU A. , ABDULMAJEED I. T. , IBRAHIM M. J. , MALIK A. A.
Published: December 2024

A total of one hundred and twenty guinea fowl keets were used in the experiment. The birds were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups. Boiled Senna occidentalis meal (MSOM) was included at 0.0%, 6.5%, 13.0% and 19.5% and designated as T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in all the parameters measured, which included feed intake, final weight, FCR, water intake, protein efficiency ratio, energy efficiency ratio and feed cost/weight gain. Although the cost of feed/kilogram tends to decrease as the inclusion level of MSOM increases this does not translate into higher weight gain but rather the feed cost/body gain tends to increase, from the result of the experiment, boiled Senna occidentalis meal tends not to have positive effect on the growth performance of guinea fowl keets.
ASSESSMENT OF TRADITIONAL PRODUCTION SYSTEM (HOUSING, FEEDING, AND MARKETING) OF DOMESTIC CHICKEN WITHIN ZARIA METROPLIS
Authors: ABDULRASHID M. , OLUTUNMOGUN A. K. , DAUDA J. , ANOSIKE F. U.
Published: December 2024

This study was conducted to assess the traditional production system of domestic chicken within Zaria metropolis in Kaduna State. The survey involved random distribution of questionnaires to fifteen (15) different households in seven areas which include Shika, Bomo, Sabongari, Samaru, Gaskiya, Tudun- jukun and Gelleysu. The households were chosen on the basis that they practice traditional method of domestic chicken production. One hundred and nine (109) questionnaires distributed and seventy one (71) were retrieved. The data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics. The result shows that majority of the respondents (69.01%) involved were female, while 64.8% respondents were civil servants. Also 40.8% of the respondents had five years experience in domestic chicken production. Most of the respondents (69.0%) practiced the semi-intensive system of production. Majority of the farmers sell their bird at adult stage (29.6%). Furthermore most of the farmers (32.4%) sold their birds during festivities, while 32.4% do not have specific period for sales of their birds. In conclusion, the productivity of the chickens was sub-optimal and under small scale production meaning that people are leaving the domestic chicken production to the females who only prefer to sell at adult stage with some kept for family consumption.
CAMEL (Camelus dromedarius) PRODUCTION IN NORTHERN NIGERIA: AN APPEAL TO THE NIGERIAN INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL SCIENCE (NIAS)
Authors: GHUDE M. I. , MAIGANDI S. A. , ALKALI H. A. , ADAMU S. H.
Published: December 2024

The study was aimed at exploiting the potentialities of one humped camel production and its importance to the rural dwellers in the arid and semi-arid zones of Nigeria. However, Nigerian Institute of Animal Science (NIAS) would be in the right position considering its mandate on repositioning animal science practices to integrate camel production into modern practices for optimum utilization. Camel production is known in supplying protein to man such as meat and milk, agricultural practices, transportation of goods in tones from one place to another, camel racing among others. The hardy nature of camels made it to survive where other breeds of livestock such as cattle, sheep and goat may not survive or their production potentials may be low. However, camel production does not need much capital to invest due to its hardy nature and simplicity. Modern ways of improving animal production if applied on camel will boost the production potentials.
DIGESTIBILITY AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILER CHICKENS FED GRADED LEVELS OF BAOBAB (Adansonia digitata L.) SEED MEAL
Authors: ABDULAZEEZ H. , ADAMU S. B. , MUHAMMAD A. I.
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the effect of replacing soyabean meal with baobab seed meal (BSM) on digestibility and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. BSM replaced soyabean at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%levelsin the diets; Each treatment was replicated thrice with 15 birds per replicate in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Significant difference (p<0.05) existed amongst the treatment for digestibility, birds on 75% BSM recorded the highest dry matter (69.00%), crude protein (72.34%) and crude fiber (36.99%) digestibility than other groups. There were no significant difference (P>0.05) in carcass parameters except in dressing percent, head, shank and gizzard weights. It can be concluded that BSM can replace soyabean in the diets of broiler chickens upt o 100% without deleterious effect.
GROWTH INDICES OF BROILER CHICKS FED DIFFERENTLY PROCESSED FULL FAT SOYABEAN
Authors: MAIDALA A. , DOMA U. D. , MEGBO L.
Published: December 2024

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance and economics of broiler chickens production fed diets containing differently processed full fat soybean. Five diets were formulated in which differently processed full fat soybean containing sprouted, salt treated, cooked and roasted with raw soyabean as control. Two hundred and fifty (250) Anak 2000 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments replicated five times in a completely randomized block design (CRBD). Results showed that daily feed intake (49.51-67.23g), daily weight gain (21.79-33.44g), feed conversion ratio (1.66-2.67), feed efficiency ratio (0.37-0.63g) and survivability (94.00-100% were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the different processing methods. It can be concluded that cooked soybean was more efficient in enhancing growth performance of broiler chicks.
POULTRY WELFARE AT LOCAL MARKETS DURING THE HOT-DRY CONDITIONS: THE ODDS AND NORMS. A CASE STUDY OF KADUNA STATE
Authors: NDAZO S. M. , JOSEPH O. A.
Published: December 2024

The aimed of the study was to evaluate poultry welfare, based on handling and transportation methods, traumatic injuries and mortality, sustained by birds at local markets in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Ten different villages within Kaduna State were visited twice each during market days in the hot-dry season. During the visits, the methods by which the birds were handled and the means of transportation, traumatic injuries and mortality rate sustained by the birds at the markets were assessed and photographs were taken. The results showed that of the 1200 birds observed at the markets, 95% were shackled, 90% were held upside down, 10% were held by the wings, and only 10% were held upright in a normal position. Ninety percent of the birds at the local markets were tied by the legs in clusters of 5 to 10 birds. Forty five percent of the birds were transported using motorcycles, while 30% were transported in cars. Visible traumatic injuries were observed on the legs (25%), wings (12%), and head and neck (10% each). Mortality rate and fracture were recorded in only 6% and 5%, respectively of the birds. Chickens transported and sold at various local markets in Kaduna State were poorly, unethically and inhumanely handled, and transported by means not specifically meant for poultry transportation. In conclusion, the welfare of the birds in all the markets visited was compromised, which may adversely affect the their health, productivity and meat quality, and, consequently, increase economic losses incurred by farmers.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING MILK YIELD OF SAHEL GOATS IN SEMI-ARID ZONE OF BORNO STATE
Authors: ALIYU J. , KOLO U. M. , MOHAMMED G. , ABBATOR F. I. , HARUNA E.
Published: December 2024

The study was carried out to assess some factors affecting milk yield of Sahel goats raised under semi- intensive management system in the semi arid condition of Borno State. Milk was collected from (201) lactating Sahel goats by hand and the data were subjected to analysis of variance (Anova). The effects of season, year and stage of lactation on average daily milk yield were determined. The result showed an overall mean of 161.40±7.04g of Average Daily Milk Yield (ADY). Seasons were found to be significant on ADY (p<0.05) where the highest yield was obtained in the dry cold (188.37±19.62g) and the lowest (145.08±22.17g) in the dry hot season. Year also had a significant influence on ADY (p<0.05) where the highest was in 1990 (193.43±23.20g) than in 1991(155.78±7.15g). Week of lactation had a significant influence on ADY (p<0.05) highest peak was reached (212.44±32.36g) in the second week of lactation and declined thereafter. There is a need to exploit Sahel goat milk potential in the tropics. It can be deduced that goats kept for milk should be raised under appropriate management system.
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS AND HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES OF BROILER FINISHER BIRDS FED DIFFERENT INFUSION LEVELS OF NEEM LEAF EXTRACT.
Authors: OLABODE A. D. , AGU C. I. , UGWUOWO L. C. , UDOKU J. , OBAJI F. , OFORBUIKE U. N.
Published: December 2024

A research study was carried out in a 21 days experiment to determine the performance characteristics and haematological indices of broiler birds fed different infusion levels of neem leaf extract. The diets contain equal composition of feed ingredients at finisher phase for all treatment. Eighty "fidan" breed of unsexed day old chicks were randomly distributed into five treatment group of sixteen birds each into which neem leaf extract was incorporated at levels of 0, 25, 35, 45 and 55ml/litre of drinking water representing T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. Birds on the 55ml/litre of neem leaf infusion had significantly (p<0.05) superior values in terms of average final body weight, average daily weight gain, average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio. The haematological indices studied showed that treatment effect was significantly (p<0.05) different among dietary groups, with treatment 5 having the highest value of white blood cell (WBC) and hemoglobin. While values for packed cell volume (PCV) and red blood cell (RBC) showed no significant (p>0.05) difference among treatments.
WATER CONSUMPTION AND FAECAL PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN COCKERELS FED DIETARY INCLUSION LEVELS OF FERMENTED CASSAVA TUBER WASTES (FCTW)
Authors: Aro S. O. , Aro S. O.
Published: December 2024

Water consumption and faecal physical characteristics of cockerels fed fermented cassava tuber wastes (FCTWs) were investigated in a-sixteen-week study. The FCTWs were inoculated with two Lactobacilli (L. delbrueckii and Lcoryneformis) and a fungus (Aspergillus fumigatus) for their protein enrichment and fibre degradation. Seven experimental diets (control diet and Six (FCTW-based diets) designated as: D1 (Control Diet), D2, D3 and D4 (diets with inclusion of 20%, 40% and 60% Microbially Fermented Cassava peel [MFCP]) and D5, D6 and D7 (diets with inclusion of 20%, 40% and 60% Microbially Fermented Cassava Starch Residue [MFCSR] respectively), were fed to the cockerel birds. Daily water consumption of the birds was recorded for both the starter and finisher phases. Faecal parameters like consistency, volume, output and density were also determined for the two growth phases. The results showed that the total water intake (TWI) and the average water intake of the starter phase were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the experimental diets with T2 (3412.50 46.03ml) and T6 (3012.30+95.76ml) having the highest and least total water intake respectively. Water comsumption at the finisher phase was however highest (10264.00+1198.70ml) in T7 and lowest(7631.40±838.08ml) in T4. The water intake decreased as the inclusion rate of FCTWs increased i.e from T1 T4 and also from T5 T6. Faecal physical characteristics were only significantly (P<0.05) influenced in terms of fresh faecal weight, faecal dry matter and faecal volume which were relatively higher in the CTW diets than in the Control at both the starter and finisher phases. The weight of the faecal dry matter increased with increasing dietary levels of the CTW. The faecal volume and density did not follow a particular trend with dietary treatments applied. This experiment showed that cassava tuber wastes could be incorporated into the diets of cockerel birds without deleterious effects on the water consumption and faecal physical characteristics but a tendency towards decrease in water consumption with increasing dietary levels of fermented CTW and a corresponding increase in faecal dry matter was observed.
EFFECTS OF VARYING CALCIUM/PHOSPHORUS RATIOS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF LIGHT BREED EGG-TYPE CHICKS IN A SEMI ARID ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Adamu S. B. , Mohammed G. , Mohammed L. D. , Igebuike J. U. , Kolo U. M. , Kolo U. M.
Published: December 2024

This study attempted to establish an optimum dietary Ca:P ratio for egg type chicks under a semi arid condition using 150 day old chicks. They were reared on five isocaloric-isonitrogeneouss diets of varying Ca:P ratios ad libitum for a period of eight weeks. The chicks were randomly assigned to the five dietary groups of 30 birds made up of three replicates of 10 birds each. Feed intake varied significantly (P<0.05) among the five groups with a definite trend of decrease in feed intake as Ca:P ratio increases. FCR (4.47) of 2:1 group was significantly (P<0.05) better than all the other diets (6.48-9.62). The group on 6:1 Ca:P ratio showed 6.67% incidence of leg deformity. The study concluded that dietary Ca:P ratio of 2:1 was best for egg type chicks, while, higher Ca:P ratios than 3:1 results in reduced feed intake, poor FCR and possible leg deformity.
NUTRIENTS, ANTI-NUTRIENTS DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN RETENTION BY WEST AFRICAN DWARF RAMS FED Panicum maximum SUBSTITUTED WITH Gliricidia sepium AND Acacia nilotica tomentosa
Authors: FAJEMISIN A. N. , OMOTOSO O. B. , AYELOTAN T. A.
Published: December 2024

A study that involved five (5) West African Dwarf (WAD) rams aged 2-3 years with an average live- weight of 24.40kg were used to evaluate the dietary value of Panicum maximum substituted with varying levels of Gliricidia sepium and Acacia nilotica tomentosa. The rams were housed individually in metabolic cage in a 5 x 5 Latin Square Design and the experiment lasted 70days. Five diets were formulated such that Panicum maximum was substituted with Acacia nilotica tomentosa and Gliricidia sepium forages as follows; 100% Panicum maximum (A), 100% Acacia nilotica tomentosa (B), 100% Gliricidia sepium (C), 50% Panicum maximum + 50% Acacia nilotica tomentosa (D) and 50% Panicum maximum +50% Gliricidia sepium (E) respectively. Diet B (100% Acacia nilotica tomentosa forage) had the highest recorded value of 21.06% CP and 18.60% CF. Nutrients, anti-nutrients digestibility and nitrogen retention were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the treatments. The highest value of dry matter (232.43g/day) and crude fibre (43.21g/day) intake was observed in rams fed diet B. The crude protein were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by the treatment. Though, the rams fed diet D had the best recorded crude protein (45.50g/day) compared to 40.59g/day observed in rams fed diet B. All the diets were adequately digested and utilized. Hence, the diets were palatable, acceptable and tolerable to the rams without a sign of ill-health. Rams fed diets B and C had the best nitrogen utilization of 2.21 and 2.62g/day. Thus, Acacia nilotica tomentosa could be a good source of protein and fibre that would enhance nutrient utilization by ruminants (especially rams) and promote preservation of the forage till dry season for ruminant' feeding.
NUTRIENTS, ANTI-NUTRIENTS DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN RETENTION BY WEST AFRICAN DWARF RAMS FED Panicum maximum SUBSTITUTED WITH Gliricidia sepium AND Acacia nilotica tomentosa
Authors: Fajemisin A. N. , Omotoso O. B. , Ayelotan T. A.
Published: December 2024

A study that involved five (5) West African Dwarf (WAD) rams aged 2-3 years with an average live- weight of 24.40kg were used to evaluate the dietary value of Panicum maximum substituted with varying levels of Gliricidia sepium and Acacia nilotica tomentosa. The rams were housed individually in metabolic cage in a 5 x 5 Latin Square Design and the experiment lasted 70days. Five diets were formulated such that Panicum maximum was substituted with Acacia nilotica tomentosa and Gliricidia sepium forages as follows; 100% Panicum maximum (A), 100% Acacia nilotica tomentosa (B), 100% Gliricidia sepium (C), 50% Panicum maximum + 50% Acacia nilotica tomentosa (D) and 50% Panicum maximum +50% Gliricidia sepium (E) respectively. Diet B (100% Acacia nilotica tomentosa forage) had the highest recorded value of 21.06% CP and 18.60% CF. Nutrients, anti-nutrients digestibility and nitrogen retention were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the treatments. The highest value of dry matter (232.43g/day) and crude fibre (43.21g/day) intake was observed in rams fed diet B. The crude protein were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by the treatment. Though, the rams fed diet D had the best recorded crude protein (45.50g/day) compared to 40.59g/day observed in rams fed diet B. All the diets were adequately digested and utilized. Hence, the diets were palatable, acceptable and tolerable to the rams without a sign of ill-health. Rams fed diets B and C had the best nitrogen utilization of 2.21 and 2.62g/day. Thus, Acacia nilotica tomentosa could be a good source of protein and fibre that would enhance nutrient utilization by ruminants (especially rams) and promote preservation of the forage till dry season for ruminant' feeding.
NUTRIENT INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS FED Persea americana LEAVES AS SUPPLEMENT TO Panicum maximum
Authors: Fadiyimu A. A. , Fajemisin A. N. , Folorunso O. R. , Adeyeye S. A. , Sule K.
Published: December 2024

The objective of this experiment was to determine the nutrient intake and digestibility of diets consisting of basal Panicum maximum and supplementary Persea americana leaves. Fifteen (15) growing WAD goats (initial BW = 8.0 kg) were assigned to five treatments: A-100% P. maximum (control); B-75% P. maximum+25% P. americana; C-50% P. maximum+50% P. americana; D-25% P. maximum+75% P. americana; E-100% P. americana. Animals on treatment E had the highest DM and CP intake of 187.9 and 23.9 g day respectively as compared with the least values of 125.1 and 20.35 g day1 respectively recorded for treatment A. Nutrients digestibility were significantly higher in treatment E than treatments A, B and D. Nitrogen balance parameters were best in the treatment containing 100% P. americana leaves. The results showed that P. americana leaves are palatable and acceptable to goats and when fed as a supplement to guinea grass led to increased DM intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilization.
GROWTH AND FAECAL EGG COUNT RESPONSE OF SHEEP GRAZING NATURAL PASTURE TO CASSAVA LEAVES AND PEELS SUPPLEMENTATION
Authors: FASAE O. A. , OWODUNNI A.
Published: December 2024

This project explores the unlimited availability of cassava wastes in Nigeria by conducting experiments as to the efficacy of cassava leaves and peels in promoting growth and eradicating worm burden in sheep. Sheep (n= 24) grazing natural pastures made up of the West African dwarf breed aged 18-24 months with average weight of 17.96±0.89kg were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments of varying levels of cassava leaves (CL) and cassava peels (CP) namely: 100% CL, 100% CP, 75% CL/25% CP, 25% CL/75% CP, 50% CL/50% CP, and natural pasture (0% CL/0% CP), in a complete randomized design. Results showed that weight gain (g/day) varied (P<0.05) across treatments from 23.21 to 44.64 with sheep supplemented with 75CL/25CP having the highest (P < 0.05) weight gain and least values observed in sheep supplemented with 100% CPwhich was statistically the same with the control treatment. There were reduction highest (P<0.05) in faecal egg count of identified nematodes namely Moneiza spp., Eimeria steidai and Trichostrongyle spp. in sheep fed the CL supplemented diets. It was therefore concluded that weight gain with a reduction in faecal egg count in sheep grazing natural pasture could best be enhanced through the supplementation of cassava leaves and peels with dietary levels of 75% CL/25% CP.
PERFORMANCE OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF (WAD) GOATS FED GAMBA GRASS (Andropogon gayanus) SUPPLEMENTED WITH DIET CONTAINING TREATED AND UNTREATED SWEET ORANGE (Citrus sinensis) PEELS
Authors: Oloche J. , Oluremi O. I. A. , Shaapera S. S.
Published: December 2024

A total of nine male grower West African Dwarf (WAD) goats of about 7-9 months, weighing between 9.60-10.33kg were used to evaluate the performance of WAD goats fed Gamba grass and supplemented with diets containing 70% unfermented and 70% fermented sweet orange peel meal. The peels after collection were divided into two, one part was immediately sun-dried, while the other was fermented for 24 hours before sun-drying, thereafter, were separately crushed and used to compound three diets. These were T1, T2 and T, to contain 0% sweet orange peel meal (SOPM), 70% unfermented sweet orange peel meal (UFSOPM) and 70% fermented sweet orange peel meal (FSOPM) respectively. These were used to feed the animals in a completely randomized design. Results showed that there were no significant differences (p>0.05) among the treatments in all the parameters measured. Since there was no any particular advantage between treated and untreated sweet orange peels, any of the treatments could be used as supplement for goats on forage.
GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND LINEAR BODY MEASUREMENT OF RED SOKOTO GOATS FED CONCENTRATE PARTIALLY REPLACED WITH Piliostigma thonningii FORAGE
Authors: OLAFADEHAN O. A. , SALIHU S. O. , ABUBAKAR G. S.
Published: December 2024

Fifteen Red Sokoto bucklings of about 6-7 months, with an average initial body weight (BW) of 6.6 ± 0.71 kg, were used to study the effects of concentrate partially replaced with Piliostigma thonningii forage on the growth performance and linear body measurement in a 70-day experiment. The bucklings, balanced for their BW, were distributed into three groups of five animals in a completely randomized design experiment. The bucklings in group I received 100% concentrate (PTO), group 2 received 25% of concentrate replaced with Piliostigma foliage (PT25) and group 3 received 50% concentrate replaced with P. thonningii forage (PT50). The diets were fed at the goats' 5% BW while the basal diet, threshed sorghum head (TSH) was provided ad-libitum. Intakes of dry matter, TSH, crude protein and average daily gain were not significantly (p > 0.05) affected by the diets. Intakes of concentrate, organic matter and ash were significantly (p < 0.05) different among the treatments. Linear body measurements were positively significantly correlated (p < 0.0001) with final BW. It is concluded that P. thonningii forage can replace 50% concentrate when bucklings are fed a basal diet of TSH.
EVALUATION OF NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION AND SECONDARY PLANT COMPOUNDS OF FIVE PLANTS IN KABBA, KOGI STATE
Authors: OLAIYA O. , FAJEMISIN A. N. , ALPHONSUS C. , BABAWALE-OLAYINKA O. I.
Published: December 2024

The study was conducted to evaluate the proximate, minerals composition and secondary plant compounds of five plants (Ficus thonningii, Vitellaria paradoxa, Vitex doniana, Spondia mombin, and Pterocarpus echinatus,) as potential feed for ruminants. Proximate composition (dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), Acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), hemicelluloses, cellulose and ash), energy, minerals composition (Na, K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn and) and anti-nutritional composition (tannin, phenol, oxalate, phytate, alkaloid and saponin) were analyzed. The results showed that the CP content of F. thonnigii (20.41%). V. doniana (20.45%), P.echinatus (19.60) were higher than V.paradoxa (14.38%), and S. mombin (15.34%). The CF was significantly (P<0.05) different with F.thonningii having the highest value (23.41%) while P.echinatus had the least value (12.68%). The energy content of the forages ranged from 1388.8KJ/100gdm- 1745.50KJ/100gdm. The minerals constituents of the forages were statistically (P>0.05) similar except K, P and Mg. The anti-nutrients levels of the forages were all within the range that ruminant's animals could utilize. The study revealed that the investigated plants had inherent potentials that can be used for feeding ruminant animals.
NUTRITIONAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF MELON (Citrullus vulgaris) SEED HUSKS
Authors: OLUKOTUN O. , ISHOLA B. F. , ODIDI O. D. , MORGAN V. O.
Published: December 2024

The nutritional and phytochemical screening of melon (citrullus vulgaris) seed husks was investigated. The nutritional analyses involve proximate analyses and anti-nutrient composition. The phytochemical parameters carried out were alkaloids; saponin and tannin. the proximate analyses showed that the sample has high level of carbohydrate 61.98%, high amount of crude fibre and ash 11.75 and 8.84%, respectively and appreciable amount of protein content 5.95% and crude fat 4.50%. Also a considerable level 6.98 % of moisture was shown. This composition shows that the sample could be a good source of carbohydrate, dietary fibre and protein. The anti-nutrient composition presents are in negligible amount. The parameters are oxalate (0.19 %), phytate (1.28 %) and cyanide (0.02 %). The result also shows a high level of tannin (4.09 %), moderate level of saponin (1.45 %), alkaloids were present in considerable amount 0.54 %. This showed that melon seed husks can be used for compounding livestock diets without having any deleterious or lethal effect on the animals
EFFECT OF FREQUENCY OF ADMINISTRATION OF NEEM (Azadirachta india) LEAF AQUEOUS HEAT TREATED EXTRACT ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKS
Authors: NWORGU F. C. , AJAYI J. O. , OLONA J. F. , IDOWU E. O.
Published: December 2024

One hundred and fifty one week old broiler chicks (Arbor acres) were weighed and randomly distributed to five dietary treatments A,B,C,D, and E in a completely randomized design and each treatment was replicated three times on deep litter. The birds in treatment A were given vaccination and conventional drugs required for broiler chicks production without neem leaf aqueous extract (NLAE) (control). Birds in treatment B were given vaccination and 10ml of NLAE in 4 days interval without conventional drugs, while birds in treatments C,D and E were given 10ml of NLAE at 4,5 and 6 days interval, respectively with required vaccination and conventional drugs. The birds in all the treatments were fed the same broiler starter diet ad-libitum. The experiment lasted for five weeks. Data generated were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and errors were calculated as standard errors of mean and significance accepted at 0.05 level of probability. The results showed that the birds in treatment A had the best final live weight (FLW) of 700.00g/bird, while birds in treatments B and E had the lowest FLW of 655.55 and 658.33g/bird, respectively. The feed conversion ration was best on birds placed on treatment B (3.37), unlike those placed on treatments A (3.54) and E (3.75). Cost of feed per kilogramme live weight gain (CFPKLWG) was best on the birds in treatments B and D (₦349.92- ₦350.53/kg). The administration of NLAE at 10ml/250ml of water at 4 days interval was not toxic to the birds as only 2 birds died in treatment B at starter phase (6.90% mortality). Broiler chicks can be reared with the administration of 10ml of NLAE in 250ml of water at 4 days interval without the use of conventional drugs, although this resulted to a weight loss of 6.35% with reference to control.
PERFORMANCE OF FOUR COMMERCIAL BREEDS OF BROILER CHICKENS UNDER THE SAME ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION
Authors: JOACHIM C. O. , OLUSEYIFUNMI I. W. , ADU O. A. , AYENI A. O.
Published: December 2024

The study evaluates the environmental tolerance among some breeds of broiler chickens. Four hundred (400) broiler chickens were used for the trial. The four breeds of the commercial broiler chickens in Nigeria (Ross, Hubbard, Marshal and Anak) were used with hundred (100) birds in each of the breeds separated into sexes, for sex response to the environment. Optimum environmental condition for broiler production was maintained during the brooding and growing periods. Birds were fed the same diet adlibitum and were allowed to run on deep litter system with adequate litter management. The initial weight, feed intake and weekly weight changes of the birds were recorded. At the end of the trial, haematological parameters as well as carcass and organs parameters were evaluated. The performance of the different breeds of commercial broilers in Nigerian market revealed similar production capacity with observed numerical variation in the values of the parameters such as final weight gain. feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Mortality was noticed in some breeds than the other, with Ross (34.62 %) breed having the highest mortality rate for the period of observation. Marshall (1.10) had the best FCR among others; Anak breed (42.00±3.44) had the highest lymphoid cells. It could therefore be concluded that environment influences the mortality among the breeds as well as their final weight.
PERFORMANCE, GUT MICROBIAL POPULATION AND HISTOLOGY OF BROILER CHICKENS FED PROBIOTICS AND ORGANIC ACID SUPPLEMENTED DIETS
Authors: OMIDIWURA B. R. O. , AGBOOLA A. F.
Published: December 2024

This study evaluated the effects of sodium acetate and probiotics on performance, gut histology and intestinal microbiota of broiler chickens. Two hundred and forty, one-day old Arbor Acre broiler chicks were randomly allotted to one of the four treatments: Negative control(basal), positive control (antibiotics), sodium acetate and probiotics with six replicates of ten birds each in a study that lasted for 42 days. Feed intake was not affected at starter phase. The body weight gain (BWG) of birds fed sodium acetate (648.63g/bird) was higher (P<0.05) compared to 463.58g/bird (negative control), 460.32g/bird (positive control), and 461.81g/bird (probiotics). At finisher phase, the feed conversion ratio of birds were not affected. The body weight gain of birds fed the different feed additives showed significant (P<0.05) differences. It was observed that birds fed sodium acetate had higher (P<0.05) BWG (965.83g/bird) compared to control (721.43g/bird), antibiotics (762.44g/bird) and probiotics (770.77g/bird) supplemented diets. Sample sectioning of the ileum of birds fed the control diet showed no observable lesion, poor section and a thinned villi. However, birds that fed with diet containing probiotics showed moderate villi atrophy, while birds fed sodium acetate diet showed no observation lesion. Lactobacillus count in birds fed sodium acetate (13.15) and probiotics (15.27) were higher (P<0.05) compared to other treatments. However E. coli, Salmonella and fungi population did not differ (P>0.05) significantly in birds fed different dietary treatments. The total bacteria count (TBC) observed in birds fed the negative control (basal) was higher (P<0.05) than TBC of birds in other diets. A healthy gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens was achieved using sodium acetate and probiotics.
SEMEN CHARACTERISTICS AND HAEMATOLOGY OF NIGERIAN LIGHT ECOTYPE CHICKEN FED DIETARY INCLUSIONS OF ETHIOPIAN PEPPER (Xylopia aethiopica) FRUIT MEAL
Authors: UZOCHUKWU I. E. , AMAEFULE B. C. , FOLENG H. N. , EZEKWE M. , OBETA C. N.
Published: December 2024

A 56 days study was done to evaluate the effect of Ethiopian pepper fruit meal (EPFM) on the semen quality and haematology of Nigerian indigenous local cocks. Thirty mature cocks were obtained and randomly assigned to five groups of six cocks each in a completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated three times with two cocks per replicate. Birds in treatments 1,2,3,4 and 5 (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 respectively) were fed basal diets containing EPFM at 0,2,4,6 and 8g/kg diet respectively. Standard management practices were observed throughout the experimental period. Semen was collected after two weeks of treatment at intervals of four days for a period of six weeks. At the 8th week of the study, blood samples were also collected for haematology analysis. Data collected. were subjected to analysis of variance. Results showed that the physical semen characteristics: semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility, percentage live and normal sperm cells and sperm count were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the treatment. The semen quality characteristics were observed to improve (P<0.05) up to 4g of EPFM (T3) compared to the control. At and above 6g/kg diet, EPFM was observe to significantly reduce (P<0.05) the semen quality. Total sperm per ejaculate for cocks in T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were 1.28, 1.61, 1.44, 0.87 and 0.73 respectively. The result of the haematological parameters showed no significant (P>0.05) difference among the different treatment groups in the PCV, RBC, WBC, HB, neutrophils, and lymphocyte. It was concluded that EPFM could be used to improve semen quality of cocks up to 4g/kg diet without detrimental effects.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOAT MILK ON VARYING PASTEURIZATION TEMPERATURES
Authors: SAFIYU K. K. , OLADOSU O. J. , ODUTAYO O. J. , SOGUNLE O. M.
Published: December 2024

Raw West African Dwarf goat milk (800 ml) was purchased to determine its physical and chemical properties after undergoing varying pasteurization temperatures. The milk sample was divided on the basis of pasteurization temperatures into four treatments (0, 65, 75 and 85 °C) containing 200 ml of milk each. Each treatment was further sub-divided into four replicates containing 50 ml each. After heating, milk samples from each replicates were cooled and physical and chemical analyses were determined. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance in a completely randomized design. The results revealed a pH range of 6.21 to 6.33; viscosity and total solids were significantly (p<0.05) highest in milk samples heated at 85 °C (270.00 (m2/s) and 30.38%, respectively) than 107.67 (m2/s) and 15.64%, respectively recorded at 0 °C. Also, the value of titratble acidity of milk samples was highest at 65°C (0.59). In addition, moisture, crude protein and ash contents were significantly (p<0.05) highest (84.36, 0.47 and 2.26%, respectively) at 0 °C and lowest (69.62, 0.27 and 0.66%, respectively) at 85 °C. However, Ether Extract and calcium contents of heated milk were significantly (p<0.05) highest (16.32% and 552.53 mg/L, respectively) at 85 °C and lowest (8.90% and 310.43 mg/L) at 0 °C. It was concluded that West African Dwarf goat milk pasteurized at 65 °C had better milk pH and acidity.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PALM KERNEL SHELL ASH (PKSA) AS A POTENTIAL MINERAL SUPPLEMENT IN LIVESTOCK NUTRITION
Authors: OHANAKA A. U. C. , DURUANYIM V. O. , ETUK I. F. , UCHEGBU M. C. , OKOLI I. C.
Published: December 2024

The aims of this study were to determine the physico-chemical composition of palm kernel shell ash (PKSA) as a potential mineral supplement in livestock nutrition. Properties such as bulk density, water holding capacity, specific gravity, ash yield percentage and pH of the PKSA were evaluated. The mineral content was also assayed to ascertain its concentrations of minerals. Results obtained showed that PKSA had 92.68% dry matter, 0.8206 g/cm3 bulk density, 0.8977 g water/g feed water holding capacity, 0.8149 specific gravity and was mildly alkaline (8.39). The order of mineral elements in PKSA were K>Mg> Ca> P> Na Fe> Mn> Zn> Cu. A calcium/phosphorus ratio of 1.01 and sodium/ potassium ratio of 0.15 was also calculated for PKSA. Thus, PKSA can serve as a mineral supplement in livestock feeding.
EFFECT OF DIETS FORMULATED ON THE BASIS OF CRITICAL ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS AT EACH LEVEL OF CRUDE PROTEIN ON BROILER CHICKS REARED UNDER TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT
Authors: OPOOLA E. , OGUNDIPE S. O. , BAWA G. S. , ONIMISI P. A.
Published: December 2024

An experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of diets formulated on the basis of essential amino acid at varying levels of crude protein on blood parameters and blood serum biochemical indices of broiler chicks. Four broiler starter diets containing different levels of crude protein (20, 21, 22 and 23%) were formulated. The diets were formulated to be isocaloric and met or exceeded the NRC (1994) nutrient requirements for all the essential amino acids. One hundred and ninety two day old unsexed Abor Acres broiler chicks were assigned to the four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design of three replicates each and 16 chicks per replicate. Haematological parameters (PCV, Hb, RBC, WBC, MCH, MCV and MCHC) and blood serum (albumin, total protein, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, uric acid, aspartate amino-transferase, alanine amino- transferase, alkalin phosphatase and creatine kinase) indices were measured at 28d. PCV, Hb, RBC, WBC, uric acid, glucose, ALT, ALP and cholesterol were significantly (P<0.05) affected by dietary treatments. It was generally observed that most of the values for the haematological and blood serum parameters fell within the normal values except for WBC which was extremely high. It can be concluded from this study that even up to the lowest level of crude protein tested the haematological parameters and blood serum indices were not adversely affected.
ASSESSMENT OF BACTERIAL LOAD OF BEEF VISCERAL IN IBADAN NORTH LOCAL GORVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE
Authors: OLADELE-BUKOLA M. O. , OMOTOSO S. O. , MORAKINYO O. A. , OLORUNGBOHUNMI T. O. , OMODELE T.
Published: December 2024

The study was carried out to identify the bacteria counts and percentage occurrence of fresh beef visceral organ collected from four major markets in Ibadan North Local Government. Sixteen strains of bacteria were isolated and identified based on metabolic and physiological features. Results showed that, total bacterial counts of beef visceral in all the markets were highest in the liver (3.24x105), followed by the lungs (2.48x105), and lowest (1.22x105) in the heart. Among the markets, total bacterial counts in beef visceral samples were highest (3.01x105) at Bodija market and lowest (1.97x105) in Agbowo market. The bacterial isolated showed that Escherichia coli had the highest percentage occurrence of 13.64%, followed by Aerobacter aerogenes (10.61%), and least (0.05%) of Micrococcus viridians. Zoonotic bacterial was not implicated in any of the organs. Hence, presence of these organisms is an indication of contaminants due to unhygienic meat processing and handling methods.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CO-FERMENTATION PRODUCT OF SOYMILK PROCESSING BY-PRODUCT (OKARA) AND PALM KERNEL CAKE FOR POULTRY FEED IMPROVEMENT
Authors: ALADI N. O. , OGUAMANAM S. C. , OKOLI I. C. , OKEUDO N. J.
Published: December 2024

The production of soymilk generates large quantities of a byproduct 'okara' which are often improperly disposed in a manner that constitutes an environmental hazard. This experiment was designed to evaluate the feasibility of producing a nutritionally enhanced poultry feedstuff by co- fermenting a mixture of okara and palm kernel cake. About 300 g of okara was mixed with 100 g of PKC and then subjected to solid state fermentation for 0, 3, 6 and 9 days and thereafter sundried. This was replicated four times for each period of fermentation. The products were analyzed for physicochemical characteristics such as bulk density (BD), specific gravity (SG), water holding capacity (WHC) and particle size distribution (PSD), pH, trypsin inhibitor (TI) level and proximate composition (PC). The results showed that the physical characteristics and proximate composition of the product did not vary with period of fermentation, however the trypsin inhibitor levels decreased significantly (P<0.001) from 206.11 mg/kg on day 0 of fermentation to 36.38 mg/kg after 6 days of fermentation.
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE FREQUENCY AND POPULATION STABILITY AMONG BREEDS OF NIGERIAN GOAT.
Authors: SHOYOMBO A. J. , AKPA G. N. , IZEBERE J. , ANIMASHAHUN R. A. , AJIDE S. O. , MUSA A. A. , YAKUBU H. , AKINSOLA O. M. , MUHAMMAD H. , OGUNNIYI E. O.
Published: December 2024

Using 900 goats of the three breeds in Nigeria from Borno, Sokoto and Ogun States with equal number across breed, blood was collected from each animal by means of jugular venipuncture and placed in heparinized tubes to prevent coagulation. It was then refrigerated at 8°C for two hours and thereafter carried into the laboratory. Carbonic anhydrase polymorphism from blood plasma and blood hemolysate were analysed by the method of starch gel electrophoresis using direct current electric source Multidrive XL. Gene, genotypic frequencies, allelic frequencies and genetic distance among the breeds were estimated for this locus. Carbonic anhydrase presented two alleles, Ca-S and Ca-F. The (Ca-F) was the predominant alleles in all the studied breeds. West African Dwarf breed recorded the highest frequency (0.9900) for (Ca-F) while the least value (0.9868) for (Ca-F) was observed in Red Sokoto goat. Considering the pattern of genotype within the sample population for carbonic anhydrase, it was observed that the average heterozygosity for all the breeds was 0.0000. This is a marker that the population has high level of homozygosity for carbonic anhydrase. UPMGA cluster showing relationship between populations at CA locus indicated similar distance value (0.0000) for the populations. It was recommended from observed result that the high level of homozygosity observed for this locus indicates that it is not a suitable candidate for selection and breeding purposes.
PROXIMATE COMPOSITION AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF WATER LETTUCE (Pistia stratiotes) AS PHYTOBIOTIC ADDITIVE IN POULTRY FEEDS
Authors: SERIKI O. A. , MARI M. , ADUA M. M. , OGAH D. M. , OKUNSEBOR S. A.
Published: December 2024

This study aimed at evaluating the proximate composition and phytochemical constituents of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes). Water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) was harvested, cleaned and oven dried and grinded. 100 grams sample of the powdered whole water lettuce (leaves, stem and roots) was subjected to proximate and phytochemical analysis. The results obtained showed that moisture content, ash, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), and nitrogen free extract (NFE) have the following values expressed as of 100grams (15.21, 39.9, 14.1, 2.05, 2.37 and 26.36 %) respectively, while the phytochemical screened showed (saponins, steroids, cardiac glycosides and flavonoides) are positively present (+) while (tannins, anthraquinone, alkaloids and terpenes) where negative (-). It was concluded that water lettuce can be utilized as a phytobiotic additive in poultry diets.
FISH HANDLING AND WELFARE: A SUSTAINABLE WAY OF IMPROVING FISH PRODUCTION IN AQUACULTURE
Authors: ADESINA B. T. , MOYEBI T. , EZEONYEGUBARA C. E. , OKIKIOLA B. T.
Published: December 2024

Fish is one of the most important aquatic animals of protein source to every household in Nigeria. Most of the fishes produced in Nigeria come from aquaculture. Behavioural and physiological status of fish handling and welfare are crucial in farmed fish. Thus, handling and welfare of fish becomes an issue of public concern. Aquaculture production practices such as movement of fish from place to place normally exposes fish to a lot of stressors, reducing rate of feeding and increasing mortality. Proper handling of fish in aquaculture practices will promote biosafety of food consumed in our environment if the source of fish and materials used in transporting fish is known. There is need for fish to be provided with proper animal management practices such as good water quality, adequate stocking density, good quality feed, protection from diseases, predation, poaching, and adequate materials for fish transportation. Therefore, the paper reviewed the effects of fish handling and welfare on varying areas of fish production and practices, and ways of ensuring effective fish handling and welfare for improved fish production.
ACCEPTABILITY AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SHEEP FED VARYING PROPORTIONS OF OIL PALM SLURRY AND CASSAVA PEEL MIXTURES
Authors: ABIOLA-OLAGUNJU O. , MAKO A. A. , OGUNWOLE O. A.
Published: December 2024

It is eminent that the amount of conventional feed stuff produced in Nigeria is not in adequate supply to meet the nutritional needs of both man and animals. Utilization of a mixture of Oil Palm Slurry (OPS) and Cassava Peel (CaP) which are alternative feed sources can enhance animal production. Coefficient of preference and Apparent digestibility by WAD sheep fed varying proportion of OPS and CaP was investigated. One litre OPS was mixed with 1Kg, 2Kg, 3Kg, 4Kg, 5Kg (Diets A - E) of Cap, respectively while 6Kg (Diet F) of CaP only served as the control. Result revealed that the Coefficient of preference (COP) was highest (1.41) for animals on diet C, while animals on diet F recorded least values of (0.75). Apparent digestibility of nutrients varied significantly. Crude protein digestibility ranged from 4.05 11.51 g/100 g DM in animals on diet F and Diet C respectively. Same trend was observed for digestibilities of crude fire, ether extract, nitrogen free extract and total digestible nutrients. The result showed that optimum digestibility was attained when 3.0kgCaP was fermented with 1.0 litre of OPS.
MILK YIELD, UDDER AND TEAT DIMENSIONS BEFORE AND AFTER MILKING OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF DOES AT EARLY LACTATION AND AT FIRST PARITY
Authors: ADEWUMI O. O. , OSUNLAJA O. S. , TONA G. O. , IDOWU S. T.
Published: December 2024

Udder dimensions before and after milking was studied from 72 weekly records of 12 lactating West African goats. Positive and significant (P<0.0001) phenotypic correlations were observed between udder circumference before milking and distance between teat before milking. A study on the comparative evaluation of udder dimensions before and after milking was carried out using twelve (12) lactating WAD does for six weeks of lactation. The dams were milked once in week after isolation of their respective kid(s) for 15hr (5.00pm to 8.00am). Udder circumference before milking had positive and significant correlations with distance between teat before milking (0.61; P<0.0001), udder circumference before milking and udder circumference after milking (0.35; P<0.001), udder circumference before milking and udder length before milking (0.32;P<0.001), udder circumference before milking and distance between teat after milking (0.25; P<0.01) but negative correlation with teat length after milking (-0.25; P<0.01). Udder circumference (P<0.0001), udder length (P<0.0001), distance between teat (P<0.01) and height of teat from the ground (P<0.01) reduced significantly after milking while udder width, teat circumference and teat width remained unchanged after milking. Therefore, these traits should be taken into consideration when selecting for milk production in West African goats.