bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GAMBARAN KEBERHASILAN METODE PENERAPAN TOILET TRAINING PADA ANAK USIA 2-3 TAHUN DI DESA TEJA BARAT PAMEKASAN
Authors: A'yun Qurratul , Rusady Yulia Paramita
Published: April 2018

Toilet training berhubungan dengan perkembangan sosial anak dimana anak tersebut dituntut secara sosial untuk menjaga kebersihan diri dan menjadi awal terbentuknya kemandirian anak secara nyata, sehingga toilet training sangat penting untuk diterapkan pada anak yang dapat dimulai saat usia berkisar antara 18–24 bulan. Tetapi masih banyak orang tua yang tidak menerapkannya karena belum mengerti teknik atau metode penerapan toilet training. Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh di Desa Teja Barat dari 10 anak usia 2 sampai 3 tahun terdapat 7 anak (70%) tidak dapat menerapkan toilet training.

Jenis penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif. Berdasarkan waktunya menggunakan retrospektif. Populasinya adalah semua Ibu yang mempunyai anak usia 2-3 tahun. Variabel dalam penelitian ini adalah keberhasilan metode penerapan toilet training.

Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan sebagian besar Ibu tidak mengajarkan anak bagaimana melepas celana dan mendudukkan diatas toilet pada tehnik lisan, sebagian besar Ibu tidak memberi contoh cara duduk atau jongkok dihadapan anak sambil mengajak berbicara dan bercerita saat buang air kecil atau buang air besar pada tehnik modelling, hampir seluruh Ibu tidak memiliki jadwal buang air besar dan buang air kecil yang teratur untuk anak pada metode taiming dan sebagian besar Ibu tidak memberikan pujian kepada boneka misalnya karena celana dalamnya kering dan berhasil buang air besar dan buang air kecil) dan tidak memberikan pujian pada anak jika anak berhasil menirukan apa yang diajarkan oleh ibu pada metode boneka.

Upaya yang dapat dilakukan antara lain petugas kesehatan terutama bidan komunitas diharapkan lebih intensif lagi dalam rangka memberikan penyuluhan tentang metode penerapan toilet training.
HUBUNGAN ANTARA POLA MAKAN DENGAN STATUS GIZI BALITA USIA 1 – 5 TAHUN
Authors: Rusady Yulia Paramita , Eliyana Yayuk
Published: April 2018

Masalah gizi di Indonesia sudah menyebar ke berbagai pelosok di tanah air. Salah satunya adalah kasus malnutrisi yang terjadi di Pulau Madura tepatnya di Kabupaten Pamekasan. Timbulnya masalah gizi di Indonesia disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor salah satunya adalah pola pemberian makan. Penelitian ini ingin membuktikan apakah ada hubungan antara pola pemberian makan dengan status gizi balita di Polindes Tentenan Barat Kabupaten Pamekasan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui adanya hubungan antara pola pemberian makan dengan status gizi balita di Polindes Tentenan Barat Kecamatan Larangan Kabupaten Pamekasan tahun 2015.

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik korelasi dengan menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 32 anak usia 1 – 5 tahun dan seluruhnya diambil sebagai sampel. Variabel independen dalam penelitian ini adalah pola pemberian makan dan variabel dependen dalam penelitian ini adalah status gizi balita. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan angket dan di analisa menggunakan uji statistik spearman rank dengan tingkat kesalahan α : 0,05. Setelah dianalisis maka didapatkan hasil responden yang pola pemberian makannya kurang dan status gizinya baik yakni sebesar (43,8%) dengan (ρ= 0,000).

Dapat disimpulkan ada hubungan antara pola pemberian makan dengan status gizi batita. Untuk itu peneliti harus mengkaji lebih dalam tentang variabel yang digunakan serta kekuatan dari instrument dan uji yang dipakai dan tetap memberikan arahan dan meningkatkan pemahaman ibu pentingnya mengatur pola makan yang baik dan bergizi pada usia batita.
Analisis Cluster Average Linkage Berdasarkan Faktor-Faktor Kemiskinan di Provinsi Jawa Timur
Authors: Nafisah Qonitatin , Chandra Novita Eka
Published: April 2018

Analisis cluster merupakan salah satu teknik interdependensi yang dapat menggambarkan kedekatan jarak atau kemiripan antara objek dan variabel. Analisis cluster terbagi atas dua metode, yaitu hirarki dan nonhirarki. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan analisis cluster hirarki dengan metode average linkage. Metode ini diterapkan dalam pengelompokan kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Jawa Timur berdasarkan faktor-faktor kemiskinan. Dari 38 kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Jawa Timur diperoleh hasil metode average linkage sebanyak 3 kelompok, yaitu kelompok tingkat rendah, kelompok tingkat sedang, dan kelompok tingkat tinggi. Kelompok yang terbentuk di antaranya, kelompok tingkat rendah terdiri dari Kabupaten/kota Pacitan, Ponorogo, Trenggalek, Tulungagung, Blitar, Kediri, Malang, Lumajang, Jember, Banyuwangi, Bondowoso, Situbondo, Probolinggo, Pasuruan, Sidoarjo, Jombang, Madiun, Magetan, Ngawi, Bojonegoro, Tuban, Gresik, Sumenep, Kota Kediri, Kota Blitar, Kota Malang, Kota Probolinggo, Kota Pasuruan, Kota Madiun, Kota Surabaya dan Kota Batu. Kelompok tingkat sedang terdiri dari Kabupaten/kota Mojokerto, Nganjuk, Lamongan dan Kota Mojokerto. Kelompok tingkat tinggi terdiri dari Kabupaten/kota Bangkalan, Sampang dan Pamekasan.
Estimasi Harga Saham pada PT. ABC dengan Algoritma Kalman Filter
Authors: Katias Puspandam , Herlambang Teguh , Fidita Denis
Published: April 2018

Saham merupakan surat berharga sebagai bukti tanda penyertaan atau kepemilikan seseorang atau badan hukum dalam suatu perusahaan, khususnya perusahaan publik yang memperdagangkan sahamnya. Investasi dalam bentuk saham banyak dipilih para investor karena saham mampu memberikan keuntungan yang menarik. Dalam aktivitas perdagangan saham sehari-hari, harga-harga saham mengalami fluktuasi baik berupa kenaikan maupun penurunan. Dalam pemilihan investasi yang aman pada saham, investor memerlukan cara untuk menilai harga saham yang yang akan dibeli ataupun kemampuan saham tersebut memberikan deviden dimasa dating, sehingga bisa mengoptimalkan keuntungan. Cara yang benar dalam analisa akan mengurangi risiko bagi investor dalam berinvestasi adalah dapat mengestimasi harga saham. Salah satu metode untuk mengestimasi kenaikan dan penurunan harga saham, Estimasi dilakukan karena suatu masalah terkadang dapat diselesaikan dengan menggunakan informasi atau data sebelumnya yang berhubungan dengan masalah tersebut. Kalman filter merupakan suatu metode estimasi variabel keadaan dari sistem dinamik linear diskrit yang meminimumkan kovarian error estimasi. Maka dari itu pada penelitian ini diterapkan metode estmasi harga saham untuk high and low prize saham dengan metode Kalman Filter, sebagai bagan pertimbangan investor dalam berinvestasi.
Optimasi Besarnya Suhu pada Ladle untuk Baja Low Carbon dengan Metode Fuzzy– Mamdani (Studi Kasus PT. Ispatindo)
Authors: Ikhtisholiyah Ikhtisholiyah
Published: April 2018

Tenaga listrik merupakan sumber energi yang sangat penting bagi kehidupan manusia baik untuk kegiatan industri, kegiatan komersial maupun dalam kehidupan sehari-hari rumah tangga. Energi listrik dibutuhkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan penerangan dan juga proses produksi yang melibatkan barang-barang elektronik dan alat-alat/mesin industri. Mengingat begitu besar dan pentingnya manfaat energi listrik sedangkan sumber energi pembangkit listrik terutama yang berasal dari sumber daya tak terbarui keberadaannya terbatas, maka untuk menjaga kelestarian sumber energi ini perlu diupayakan langkah-langkah strategis yang dapat menunjang penyediaan energy listrik secara optimal dan terjangkau. Oleh karena itu, kerjasama dan partisipasi berbagai pihak sangat diperlukan untuk mengatasi krisis energi listrik ini. Misalnya saja pada perusahaan baja, dimana pada proses produksinya yakni pemanasan atau perubahan dari scrap ke cairan baja sangat bergantung pada energi listrik. Adapun langkah yang dapat dilakukan oleh sebuah perusahaan untuk menghemat energi tersebut adalah dengan cara mengoptimalkan suhu pemanasan sehingga didapatkan cairan baja dengan suhu yang tepat dan tidak memerlukan panas yang berlebihan. Pengaturan suhu juga sangatlah vital karena setelah berada di CCM liquid metal tidak dapat dikembalikan lagi. Metode fuzzy – mamdani dapat digunakan untuk menyelesaikan masalah optimasi suhu ladle pada baja low carbon. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapatkan suhu yang optimal untuk baja low carbon antara 15850C-15950C tergantung pada kandungan carbon dan liquid temperature setiap grade nya.
Penerapan Model Predictive Control (MPC) pada Desain Pengendalian Robot Mobil Beroda Empat
Authors: Maulana Dimas Avian
Published: April 2018

Robot mobil adalah salah satu contoh dari wahana nir awak (WaNA) yang dapat dikendalikan dari jauh atau memiliki sistem pengendali otomatis untuk bergerak dan berpindah haluan. Robot mobil menjadi salah satu sarana yang digunakan oleh pihak militer untuk untuk melakukan pengintaian, penjelajahan, dan pengawasan ke tempat-tempat yang berbahaya bagi manusia. Pada penerapannya ada beberapa lintasan yang dianggap berbahaya untuk dilalui, didefinisikan suatu lintasan terlebih dahulu agar robot mobil bergerak sesuai lintasan tersebut. Robot mobil tidak bisa mengikuti lintasan dengan baik tanpa diberi perintah terlebih dahulu dan dikendalikan. Untuk itu, diperlukan suatu metode untuk mengendalikan robot mobil agar dapat bergerak mengikuti lintasan dalam misinya untuk melakukan pengintaian, penjelajajahan dan pengawasan. Dari hasil simulasi diperoleh bahwa dengan mengambil horizon prediksi N=3, waktu sampling t=1s dan iterasi sebanyak 10 kali diperoleh nilai x(k) yang mendekati dengan nilai x_r(k)
Pengenalan Karakter Seseorang Melalui Bentuk Hidung dengan Metode Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ)
Authors: Faisol Faisol , Yulianto Toni , Suryani Suryani
Published: April 2018

Manusia sebagai makhluk sosial tidak pernah terlepas dari interaksi antar sesama. Interaksi tersebut dapat dilakukan dalam bentuk pertemanan, bisnis maupun asmara. Dalam suatu hubungan akan terjalin keseimbangan dan keserasian jika sudah saling mengenal, salah satunya dengan mengenali karakter. Ilmu psikologi banyak membahas tentang pengenalan karakter salah satunya melalui bentuk bagian wajah. Dalam penelitian ini difokuskan pada bentuk hidung dan data yang diinputkan berupa citra foto. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi karakternya menggunakan Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan yakni metode LVQ. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengenalan karakter menggunakan metode LVQ telah dihasilkan dari 20 citra latih terdapat 12 citra jenis hidung ke-4, 7 citra jenis hidung ke-5, dan 1 citra jenis hidung ke-6.
Enhanced a TCP security protocol by using optional fields in TCP header
Authors: Alaidi Abdul Hadi M.
Published: April 2018

The Transfer Control Protocol (TCP) itself does not guarantee the security of data that it transmits. However, under some circumstances, the security of TCP communication is required, e.g. the client-server communication in banking systems. Nowadays, the source socket layer (SSL) protocol is widely used; however, SSL is based on RSA (a public-key cryptographic algorithm) algorithm, which would require more computational resource. Therefore, an alternative faster solution utilizing symmetrical algorithm (AES) are proposed to achieve these goals: bidirectional authentication, encrypted data transmission and Integrity check. Moreover, use the optional fields in TCP header for carrying related information and introduced a new device SAM (Secure access module) which provides security-related functionalities: encryption, decryption, key-diversification etc
Plate Detection and Recognition of Iraqi License Plate Using KNN Algorithm
Authors: Alaidi Abdul Hadi M. , Ali Abd Alradha Alsaidi Saif , Hashim Yahya Omar
Published: April 2018

This paper presents an automated car license plate recognition system applied for Iraqi vehicle plate number that developed and applied to be used in control and law enforcement related applications. In this work, the proposed license plate recognition consists of three basic stages (preprocessing, license plate localization, license plate recognition). The license plate images are pre-processed through convert image to grayscale and apply morphological transformation filter not convert the result to binary image. Then, blurs the binary image using Gaussian filter and find all contour in image using OpenCV library. In the license plate localization KNN (k-Nearest Neighbors) algorithm are used to find all possible characters in the image. The last step is done by Crop the part of image with highest candidate license plate and apply the preprocessing and license plate localization again to find and recognize all part of license plate in the cropped image.
The Function of Repetition in Trump's Inaugural Address A discourse analysis study
Authors: Areef Al-Saeedi Habeeb M
Published: April 2018

Political speech might be one of the most problematic types of discourse because it is usually characterized by the use of different techniques and strategies that allow politicians to convey their political messages and persuade people of their ideologies and thoughts.    

            The American presidential inaugural addresses are a form of political discourse that shares the characteristics of both oral and written discourse. It is actually an ample area that worth to be studied to explore some of the features that characterize this type of discourse.  

            This paper is an attempt to investigate the function of repetition in Trump's Inaugural address from a discourse analysis perspective.

            The analysis revealed that repetition is used as a main strategy in Trump's address to reflect inclusiveness and create a shared responsibility with the audience.
Role of Drugs in Coronary Intervention
Authors: Ahsan Syed Ali , Mandal Mohammad Rayhan Masum
Published: April 2018

Abstract not availableUniversity Heart Journal Vol. 12, No. 2, July 2016; 59-60
Comparison of In-hospital Outcomes of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention between Young Male and Female Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Cader Fathima Aaysha , Rahman Afzalur , Nasrin Sahela , Haq M Maksumul , Amin Md Rasul , Rahman Mohammad Arifur , Alam Md Sarawar , Singha Chayan Kumar , Biswas Eshita , Azam MG
Published: April 2018

Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) among young people is increasingly prevalent. However, there is a scarcity of data on the gender differences of in-hospital adverse outcomes among ACS patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) among young Bangladeshis. This study was conducted to compare the in-hospital outcomes of PCI between young males and females presenting with ACS.Methods: This prospective observational study was done in the Department of Cardiology, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD) fromApril 2016 to March 2017. 190 young patients with ACS and undergoing PCI were enrolled. They were equally divided into two groups, group I (young females <55 years) and group II (young males <45 years).Results: The mean age of young females and males was 43.8±6.9 years and 40.1±4.3 years respectively. Young women had significantly higher risk factors of hypertension (62.1% vs 33.7%, p<0.0010) and diabetes (57.9% vs 31.6%, p<0.001) in comparison to young men. Young women had angiographically less severe coronary artery disease (CAD), with significantly higher numbers of ACC/AHA lesion type B2 (40% vs 25.3%, p=0.03) and C (20% vs 9.47%, p=0.03), and greater frequency of multivessel disease. Overall, young women experienced greater incidence of in-hospital adverse events in comparison to young men (13.7% vs. 6.3%, p=0.09) and had significantly higher rates of severe bleeding (6.3% vs 1.1%, p=0.04) and vascular access site complications (8.4% vs 2.1%, p=0.04). Major adverse cardiac events were higher among young females, in comparison to young males (2.1% vs 0%, p=0.47). Young females experienced significantly higher rates of short-term net adverse clinical events (NACE) than young males (10.5% vs 3.2%, p=0.04). Female gender (odds ratio [OR] 11.7), diabetes (OR 2.5), hypertension (OR 1.78), decreased ejection fraction (OR 1.41) and smaller stent diameter (OR 1.15) were identified as independent predictors of adverse in-hospital outcomes among young ACS patients undergoing PCI.Conclusion: Young women with ACS presented with significantly more risk factors and experienced more adverse in-hospital outcomes after PCI, despite angiographically less severe CAD. They had significantly greater NACE, largely driven by increased rates of major bleeding. Female gender was an independent predictor of adverse in-hospital outcomes among young ACS patients undergoing PCI.University Heart Journal Vol. 12, No. 2, July 2016; 61-67
Adrenocortical Malignancy and Hypercortisolism Manifested as Uncontrolled Hypertension : A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Hasan Md Nazmul , Rahman Md Atikur , Rahim Md Abdur , Ahmed Quazi Mamtaz Uddin , Islam Md Syedul
Published: April 2018

Adrenocortical carcinoma is one of the rare malignancies with worst prognosis. It presents with mass effects and less commonly with features of hormone excess (About 60% of all adrenocortical carcinoma’s). Hormonally active adrenocortical carcinomas most commonly secretecortisol while the co-secretion of multiple steroid hormones is rare.We report the case of a 47- year-old woman presenting with weakness of lower limbs, truncal obesity and growth of terminal hair on upper lip for one and half months. She was diagnosed Cushing Syndrome due to malignant adrenal tumour by abdominal CT scan and serum cortisol and ACTH. This case was inoperable and finally she received palliative chemotherapy.In cases of adrenocortical malignancy hormonal status should be investigated as the pattern of hormone secretion may be a clue to the malignancy of anadrenal lesion. In addition, more data are needed to clarify the clinical and prognostic significance ofthe combined production of all adrenocortical hormones affecting either the survival or the quality oflife of patients with adrenocortical malignancy.University Heart Journal Vol. 12, No. 2, July 2016; 95-97
Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection – A Case Report
Authors: Nahar Samsun , Begum Fatema , Momenuzzaman - , Khan KN
Published: April 2018

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a rather rare cause of myocardial infarction, chest pain, and sudden death.There are currently no known direct causes of this condition.Most of the reported dissections have occurred in the left anterior descending coronary artery.Herein, we report the case of a 58-year-old woman who presented at our institution with an acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction secondary to a spontaneous dissection of the right coronary artery. Primary PCIresolved the occlusion of the artery, and the patient was discharged from the hospital on medical therapy.University Heart Journal Vol. 12, No. 2, July 2016; 105-107
Technical Case Report of Deep Brain Stimulation: Is it Possible Single Electrode Reach to Both of Subthalamic Nucleus and Ventral Intermediate Nucleus in One Stage?
Authors: Kaptan Hülagu , Çakmur Raif
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND: The primary target of this operation is Ventral Intermediate Nucleus (VIM); however VIM - Subthalamic Nucleus (STN) were tried to be reached with one electrode, adjusting the angle well, the coronal section; medial of VIM can partially reach the STN. Using the properties of the electrode; we believe we could act on a wide area.METHODS: An analysis was performed on one patient who underwent VIM Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) in 3 periods (pre – peri - post-operation).RESULTS: A 53 – year - old woman diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease 8 years earlier including symptoms of severe tremor on the right than left underwent bilateral DBS VIM. Obtaining a satisfactory improvement of tremor, the patient did well, and postoperative complications were not observed. The patient was discharged from hospital on postoperative thirty dayCONCLUSIONS: It is certain that more research and experience are needed. However, we believe that the two targets can reach the same point and the second operations for another target can be avoided.We believe that this initiative is advantageous and promising regarding patient and cost.
Cigarette Smoking and Hyperglycaemia in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Sari Mutiara Indah , Sari Nisrina , Darlan Dewi Masyithah , Prasetya Raka Jati
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND: The incidence rate of diabetes mellitus has increased throughout the year. Various studies indicate that smoking may affect glucose metabolism and cause hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to compare the blood glucose and HbA1c level in diabetic smoking patients and non-smoking diabetic patients.METHODS: This study used the cross-sectional approach. The study population consisted of 30 diabetic smoking patients and 30 non-smoking diabetic patients. The diabetes history and the smoking status of the study population obtained by questionnaire-based interview, the blood glucose and HbA1c level were measured by hexokinase and immunoturbidimetry method using cobas 6000 analyser module c501  (Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland).RESULTS: The result in this study showed the fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, and HbA1c were higher by 23.64 mg/dl (p = 0.325), 58.00 mg/dl (p = 0.016), 0.39% (p = 0.412) in smoking diabetic patients compared to non-smoking diabetic patients. After statistical analysis, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) of postprandial glucose level between smokers group and non-smokers group, but the non-significant difference of fasting blood glucose and HbA1cCONCLUSIONS: This study concluded that there was a significant difference in postprandial glucose level between smokers group and non-smokers group but the non-significant difference of fasting blood glucose and HbA1c.
Serum Apelin: A New Marker of Early Atherosclerosis in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Sabry Rania N. , El Wakeel Maged A. , El-Kassas Ghada M. , Amer Ahmed F. , El Batal Wael H. , El-Zayat Salwa Refat , Abou-El-Asrar Mohamed
Published: April 2018

INTRODUCTION: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases in children that may be complicated by micro or macrovascular complications. Measurement of the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) allows the early detection of atherosclerotic alterations of blood vessels that may complicate T1DM.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This study is a case-control study. Participants were classified into two groups. The first group included 40 children with T1DM and the second group included 30 matched healthy controls. The studied cases were recruited from Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Pediatric Hospital, Ain Shams University. Serum apelin, cholesterol, TG, LDL were measured for every case. Also, albumin level was analyzed in urine. Measurement of the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) was done for all cases.RESULTS: Comparison between T1DM patients and controls revealed that serum apelin, cholesterol, TG, LDL and albuminuria were significantly increased in cases compared to controls. Significant positive correlations were detected between HbA1C, albuminuria and lipid profile with apelin in the diabetic group (p < 0.05). CIMT has significant positive correlation with serum apelin levels (r = 0.36, p = 0.05). Also, this study found positive correlations between CIMT and some variables as LDL, SBP z-score and duration of the illness.CONCLUSION: Increased levels of serum apelin in T1DM patients may be considered as predicting factor for the ongoing development of vascular sequels. This study highlighted the possible validity of apelin assay as an early predictor of atherosclerosis in T1DM children. Evaluating CIMT in these patients is of at most important for early detection of subclinical atherosclerosis.
Advanced Computational Methods in Bio-Mechanics
Authors: Al Qahtani Waleed M. S. , El-Anwar Mohamed I.
Published: April 2018

A novel partnership between surgeons and machines, made possible by advances in computing and engineering technology, could overcome many of the limitations of traditional surgery. By extending surgeons’ ability to plan and carry out surgical interventions more accurately and with fewer traumas, computer-integrated surgery (CIS) systems could help to improve clinical outcomes and the efficiency of healthcare delivery. CIS systems could have a similar impact on surgery to that long since realised in computer-integrated manufacturing. Mathematical modelling and computer simulation have proved tremendously successful in engineering.Computational mechanics has enabled technological developments in virtually every area of our lives. One of the greatest challenges for mechanists is to extend the success of computational mechanics to fields outside traditional engineering, in particular to biology, the biomedical sciences, and medicine. Biomechanics has significant potential for applications in orthopaedic industry, and the performance arts since skills needed for these activities are visibly related to the human musculoskeletal and nervous systems.Although biomechanics is widely used nowadays in the orthopaedic industry to design orthopaedic implants for human joints, dental parts, external fixations and other medical purposes, numerous researches funded by billions of dollars are still running to build a new future for sports and human healthcare in what is called biomechanics era.
Patterns of Antibiotic Prescription in Children: Tirana, Albania Region
Authors: Mihani Joana , Këlliçi Suela
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND: Antibiotics (abx) constitute the most prescribed therapeutic agent in the world. There is little data regarding antibiotic consumption by young children in Albania.AIM: This study aims to evaluate antibiotic prescription in children in quantitative and qualitative terms, and therefore, propose recommendations to improve overall clinical outcomes.METHODS: A retrospective, cross-sectional drug utilisation study was conducted based on unreimbursed prescriptions collected in 25 pharmacies, randomly selected within the district of Tirana, during the period beginning December 2015 to January 2016. They contain at least one antibacterial therapeutic agent prescribed for children 0-15 years old, for systemic use. The data were analysed using SPSS 20.RESULTS: A group of 904 prescriptions meet inclusion criteria, 54.1% patient were female, and 45.9% were male. The most exposed age group were 2-6 years old. The most common diagnosis was respiratory tract infections: bronchitis (59.2%), tonsillitis (17%) followed by bronchopneumonia (9.6%). The most prescribed antibiotic classes are Penicillins (33%), Cephalosporins (33.2%) and Macrolides (21,5%). Amoxicillin (19.4%), Azithromycin (14.7%), the combination of Amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid (13.5%) and Cefaclor (11.7%) were the most commonly prescribed. We observed short duration therapies, with a mean duration of 5.21 days and in 17.4 % of cases with a duration of ≤ 2 days.CONCLUSIONS: We observed a large use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for common respiratory tract infection in children less than 6 years old. We would recommend the creation of an electronic database of patient’s record in order to monitor the quality of prescription and education of the healthcare professionals and patient of risks related to antibiotic resistance.
The Alteration of Plasma Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Level after the Addition of Bromelin 500 mg to Standard Therapy of Acute Ischemic Stroke and Its Correlation with Outcome
Authors: Sinurat Puji Pinta , Sjahrir Hasan , Rambe Aldy S. , Ganie Ratna Akbari
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) expression due to ischemic cause spreading of brain damage. Previous studies have reported that Bromelin was beneficial as anti-inflammation and prevent brain tissue damage.AIM: This study aimed to determine the alteration of plasma MMP9 level after addition of Bromelin 500 mg to Standard therapy and its correlation with outcome in acute ischemic stroke.METHODS: This was a preliminary report of a prospective randomised, double-blind study with pre and post-test design, forty-six acute ischemic stroke patients were randomly allocated with Bromelin and Standard groups. Measurement of MMP9 and outcome were performed before and after 14-days treatment.RESULT: The Bromelin group showed a significant decrement of MMP9 level, from 6.02 ± 0.32 ng/ml before treatment to 5.50 ± 0.94 ng/ml after treatment (p = 0.028). There was a negative correlation between MMP9 level and mRS (r= -0.03; p = 0.905) and a positive correlation toward BI (r = 0.039; p = 0.859), while the Standard group showed increased MMP9 level from 5.82 ± 0.71 ng/ml to 5.91 ± 0.83 ng/ml (p = 0.616) which was correlated insignificantly to outcome.CONCLUSION: We concluded that the addition of 500 mg Bromelin to standard ischemic stroke therapy reduced MMP9 level significantly and correlated to outcome improvement. However, there is a tight statistical correlation.
Correlation between Lymphocyte CD4 Count, Treatment Duration, Opportunistic Infection and Cognitive Function in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV-AIDS) Patients
Authors: Fitri Fasihah Irfani , Rambe Aldy Safruddin , Fitri Aida
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is an epidemic worldwide, despite the marked benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ARV) in reducing severe HIV-associated dementia. A milder form of neurocognitive disorders are still prevalent and remain a challenge.AIM: This study aimed to determine the correlation between plasma cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) lymphocyte, duration of ARV treatment, opportunistic infections, and cognitive function in HIV-AIDS patients.METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 85 HIV-AIDS patients was conducted at Adam Malik General Hospital Medan, Indonesia. All subjects were subjected to physical, neurologic examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Indonesian Version (MoCA-INA) to assess cognitive function and measurement of lymphocyte CD4 counts.RESULTS: Out of the 85 subjects evaluated, the proportion concerning sexes include 52 males (61.2 %) and 33 females (38.8%). The mean age was 38.53 ± 9.77 years old. There was a significant correlation between CD4 lymphocyte counts and MoCA-INA score (r = 0.271, p = 0.012), but there was no significant correlation between duration of ARV treatment and MoCA-INA score. There was also no difference in MoCA-INA score based on the presence of opportunistic infection.CONCLUSION: Lymphocyte CD4 count was independently correlated with cognitive function in HIV-AIDS patients.
Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase II Deficiency (CPT II) Followed By Rhabdomyolysis and Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Gjorgjievski Nikola , Dzekova-Vidimliski Pavlina , Petronijevic Zvezdana , Selim Gjulsen , Dejanov Petar , Tozija Liljana , Sikole Aleksandar
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency (CPT II) is an autosomal recessive disorder and the most common inherited disorder of mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid oxidation, characterised by attacks of myalgia and myoglobinuria. The most common “classic” myopathic form occurs in young adults and is characterised by recurrent episodes of rhabdomyolysis triggered by prolonged exercise, fasting or febrile illness.CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of a 22-year-old Caucasian male admitted to our hospital with fever, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia and dark urine (brown-coloured). The symptoms appeared after viral infection followed by fever. Acute kidney injury (AKI) developed as a complication, and there was a need for treatment with hemodialysis. At the clinical presentation, the patient had plasma creatine kinase (pCK) level of 130.383 U/L and plasma myoglobin level over 5000 µg/L. Genetic testing (molecular analysis) confirmed the diagnosis of inherited rhabdomyolysis, a metabolic disorder of carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency. A previous episode with the same symptoms, the patient had four years ago but did not ask for medical treatment. The patient was discontinued from hemodialysis because of the resolution of acute kidney injury. The patient was discharged from the hospital in good condition, with a recommendation about his future lifestyle in order to prevent similar episodes.CONCLUSION: Every patient presenting with myalgia, dark urine (brown-coloured), high level of pCK and development of AKI requiring hemodialysis, should be explored for inherited rhabdomyolysis induced by CPT II deficiency.
Latent Tuberculosis Infection - Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Ilievska-Poposka Biljana , Metodieva Marija , Zakoska Maja , Vragoterova Cveta , Trajkov Dejan
Published: April 2018

INTRODUCTION: Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is defined as a state of persistent immune response to stimulation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens without evidence of clinically manifested active tuberculosis (TB). Diagnosis and treatment for LTBI are important for TB, especially in high-risk populations. Tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) are used to diagnose LTBI.AIM: The study aims to present the first results with IGRA test compared with TST in the screening of LTBI and the treatment results in the cases with LTBI in Macedonia.MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study 73 cases diagnosed and treated with LTBI in 2016 were included. For diagnosis of LTBI, we used TST RT -23 5T.U. and commercial IGRA test such as QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-IT).RESULTS: Out of 73 cases with LTBI, 61.64% were men, and 38.36% were women. Among all age groups, the most frequent were cases between 5 and 14 years old (54.79%). Among the evaluated risk groups for LTBI, the most frequent were children household contacts with pulmonary TB cases (61-83.65%), followed by people living with HIV (9-12.33%) and only 3 cases with other medical reasons. Positive TST had 34 cases (46.57%) and positive IGRA test 25 cases (34.25%). Regarding the treatment regimes, we use two regimes: 50 cases (68.44%) received 6 months daily regime with Isoniazid, and 23 cases (31.51%) received 3 months daily regime with Isoniazid and Rifampicin. Treatment outcomes showed that the most patients completed treatment regimes: 55 (75.34%) and only 10 (13.09%) interrupted the treatment.CONCLUSION: Despite the progress made in the last few years, several challenges remain to be addressed for better management of LTBI which will contribute to strength TB control in the country.
Pain Relief as an Integral Part of the Palliative Care
Authors: Sholjakova Marija , Durnev Vesna , Kartalov Andrijan , Kuzmanovska Biljana
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND: Palliative therapy represents active care for patients whose illness has such nature that is not responding to the curative treatment.  The palliative care aims to provide comfort and prevention from the suffering of the patients at the end of their life. Treatment of the pain presents an important integral part of palliative care.AIM: This article aims to discuss and answer to some of the analgesic regimes and therapeutic dilemmas.RESULTS: Pain control, in addition to the other treatments such as alleviation of psychological, sociological and spiritual problems, has a priority. The proper pain management can achieve a better quality of life for the patients and their families.CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that because of the different origin of the pain, the use of analgesic therapy should be individualised and adapted to the real need of every person. Finally, only a good organisation and institutionalisation of the palliative care in one society could permit better prevention of suffering at the end of the life.
The Effect of Diabetes Self-Management Education on Hba1c Level and Fasting Blood Sugar in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Primary Health Care in Binjai City of North Sumatera, Indonesia
Authors: - Rusdiana , Savira Maya , Amelia Rina
Published: April 2018

AIM: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of short-term diabetes self-management education (DSME) on Hba1and Fasting Blood Sugar in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending the Primary Health Care (PHC) in Binjai city of North Sumatera, Indonesia.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A quasi-experimental (pretest-posttest) study was conducted in 4 PHCs, involving 80 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The patients in received a 3-months intervention, including an 8 week education on self- management of diabetes mellitus and subsequent 4 weeks of practice of the self- management guidelines.The patients received standard advice on diet management.RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in Hba1c levels. The statistical analysis using t-test found that there was a significant difference of Hba1c value between pre and post education among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (p < 0.005).CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes self-management education in PHC of Binjai city can reduce the Hba1c level in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
Haemostasis in Oral Surgery with Blue-Violet Light
Authors: Veleska-Stevkoska Daniela , Koneski Filip
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND: The invasive dental procedures usually result in wounds accompanied by physiological bleeding. Even though the bleeding is easily manageable, it is still one of the major concerns of the patients and a reason for their subjective discomfort. Recently, a novel approach with light-emitting diode (LED) was introduced to control the bleeding. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the irradiation with blue-violet light LEDs on the haemostasis.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 40 patients with an indication for tooth extraction, divided into two groups: examination group (n = 30) and a control group (n = 10). The site of the extraction socket in the examination group was irradiated with LED (410 nm) until the bleeding stopped. The patients from the control group were treated by conventional gauze pressure to stop the bleeding (control group). The duration of irradiation and gauze pressure was measured and compared. The statistical analysis was performed with Student T-test.RESULTS:  The examination group showed the shorter duration of bleeding compared to the control group for 13.67 seconds and 156 seconds, respectively. The most of the cases in the examination group were irradiated in 10 seconds (70%), followed by irradiation of 20 seconds (23.3%) and 30 seconds (6.6%). In the control group, the average time to stop the bleeding by the conventional method was 156 second.CONCLUSION: The blue-violet LED light shortens the bleeding time from the extraction socket after tooth extraction and may be a promising method for achieving haemostasis.
Exploring the Gingival Recession Surgical Treatment Modalities: A Literature Review
Authors: Shkreta Mirsad , Atanasovska-Stojanovska Aneta , Dollaku Blerta , Belazelkoska Zlatanka
Published: April 2018

Gingival recessions present complex soft tissue pathology, with a multiple aetiology and a high prevalence which increases with age. They are defined as an exposure of the root surface of the teeth as a result of the apical migration of the gingival margin beyond the cementum-enamel junction, causing functional and aesthetic disturbances to the affected individuals. Aiming to ensure complete root coverage and satisfying aesthetic outcomes, a wide range of surgical techniques have been proposed through the decades for the treatment of the gingival recessions. The following literature review attempts to provide a comprehensive, structured and up-to-date summary of the relevant literature regarding these surgical techniques, aiming to emphasise for each technique its indications, its long-term success and predictability, its advantages and disadvantages about each other.
“Bladder Effect” - An Urodynamic Parameter to Distinguish Subtypes of Urinary Incontinence in Women
Authors: Stojchevski Sasho , Jovanovska Viktorija , Aluloski Igor , Tanturovski Mile , Sikole Aleksandar
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND: Urinary incontinence (UI) is defined by the International Continence Society (ICS) as the involuntary loss of urine that represents a hygienic or social problem to the individual. The aetiology is multifactorial. The diagnosis of UI is important because it can result in the application of appropriate therapy. Urodynamics is a golden standard, without which every UI diagnosis is insufficient.AIM: The goal of this study was, based on urodynamic results, to prove the existence of evident differences between the subtypes of UI.METHODS: Eighty patients with UI were evaluated (50 with urinary stress incontinence-USI and 30 with detrusor instability-DI) according to a standard evaluation protocol. Exclusion criteria were: mixed UI and diseases that simulated UI. All patients were 36-65 years of age (mean 56). The following parameters were measured: maximal and average flow, maximal and average voiding pressure. These parameters were compared between both groups, to determine the diagnostic significance of the parameter “Bladder Effect” (BE). It is a product of the urine flow and the pressure during voiding.RESULTS: The results showed a significant difference with a high confidence interval. Mean BEmax was 577 units in the patient group with USI, and 1014 in the DI group. Similarly, BEav was 313 units in the USI group, and 499 units in the DI group, with a significant difference and a high interval of confidence.CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the results of the study suggested that BE could be a useful diagnostic parameter to distinguish between USI and DI.
L’internement de sûreté allemand : chronique d’une dérive
Authors: Descamps Louise , Frinchaboy Jenny
Published: April 2018

L’internement de sûreté en Allemagne est au cœur de ce qui pourrait constituer une véritable négation des droits et libertés fondamentaux. Alors qu’elle avait été condamnée par la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme dans l’arrêt M. c. Allemagne, la mesure allemande semble renaître de ses cendres à la suite d'un revirement de jurisprudence malheureux dans les arrêts Bergmann et Ilnseher c. Allemagne. L’affaire Ilnseher a été renvoyée en Grande Chambre, nous permettant d’espérer une condamnation ferme de son régime actuel qui viole tant l’article 5 que l’article 7 de la Convention européenne de sauvegarde des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales.
Three Problems on Exponential Bases
Authors: De Carli Laura , Mizrahi Alberto , Tepper Alexander
Published: April 2018

We consider three special and significant cases of the following problem. Let $D\subset \mathbb{R}^{d}$ be a (possibly unbounded) set of finite Lebesgue measure. Let $E(\mathbb{Z}^{d})=\{e^{2\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}ix\cdot n}\}\text{}_{n\in \mathbb{Z}^{d}}$ be the standard exponential basis on the unit cube of $\mathbb{R}^{d}$. Find conditions on $D$ for which $E(\mathbb{Z}^{d})$ is a frame, a Riesz sequence, or a Riesz basis for $L^{2}(D)$.
A Corpus-Based Contrastive Study of Code Glosses Used in English Academic Articles Written by Authors of Politics and Applied Linguistics
Authors: Safari Ibrahim
Published: April 2018

In the field of academic writing, it is important to create a structurally and communicatively well-organized and coherent text. Metadiscourse is the way in which writers interact through their use of language in the form of writing with readers– is a widely used term in the field of pragmatics and language teaching. This research article aims to investigate using code glosses as a sub-category of metadiscourse in the introduction section of two different disciplines, politics and applied linguistics. The corpus consists of twenty research articles from the politics and twenty from applied linguistics. The model suggested by Hyland (2005) is used for analizing the selected corpus. These articles were investigated and the number of code-glosses in each group was counted and analyzed. The result of data analysis revealed that there is significant difference between the frequency count of using code glosses used by applied linguistics and politics authors. Politics authors used more code glosses in comparison with applied linguistics and both applied linguistics and politics writers used reformulations more than exemplifications. This study can have pedagogical implications for EAP course designers as well as academic writing instructors and students.
The distribution of the fathead sculpin species Cottunculus subspinosus Jensen, 1902
Authors: Byrkjedal Ingvar , Langhelle Gunnar , Christiansen Jørgen Schou , Karamushko Oleg V.
Published: April 2018

The range of the rarely caught fathead sculpin species Cottunculus subspinosus has been considered restricted to the waters off East Greenland and Northeast Iceland.  For the first time the species is recorded from the east side of the Norwegian Sea, and also it is found further north in the Greenland Sea than previously known. Mapping all the corroborated specimens known indicates that the species seems confined to the continental slopes of the Nordic Seas, where it is found in waters with a temperature below zero and a depth of more than 900 m. Depth distribution shows almost no overlap with the closely related sympatric Cottunculus microps, perhaps as a result of competitive exclusion.
The Interconnectedness Between Experience and Intelligence to English Language Teaching
Authors: Philominraj Andrew , Bertilla Maria , Ramirez-Munoz Bruno , Fuentealba Andrea
Published: April 2018

In today’s globalized world the importance of English language is beyond discussion. The thrust and focus of all the existing English language teaching theories, approaches and methods is to enable teachers and learners attain optimum success in the teaching and learning of English language. In spite of using all these resources in teaching, English language learning seems a difficult task to be mastered by learners. The contemporary models of communicative competence show that there is much more to the learning of a language and that include the vital component of learners cultural knowledge and awareness. Hence, this article by means of a qualitative descriptive approach aims to explore two concepts: intelligence and experience, and their interconnectedness, which opens new avenues to the teaching of English language.
The Role of the Forensic Accountant in the Detection of Tax Fraud in Financial Statements: A Survey Study in the Jordanian Accounting and Auditing Offices and Firms
Authors: Khersiat Ola Mohammad
Published: April 2018

This study aims to emphasize the need for a forensic accountant to detect the manipulation of financial statements and combat tax fraud, and to identify the tax fraud-detecting means used by the forensic accountant in Jordan. To this end, the researcher prepared a questionnaire which was distributed among 125 forensic accountants working in Jordanian accounting and auditing firms. After analyzing and testing the hypotheses using SPSS, the following outcomes were drawn: The forensic accountant has the qualifications, expertise and skills to detect tax fraud in financial statements as well as detect the manipulation of financial statements figures.