bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diskurzivní analýza Národních listů: národ vs. islám a Laclauův populistický matrix
Authors: Stulík Ondřej
Published: February 2017

This article deals with the phenomenon of populism and the form it takes in the context of the Úsvit – národní koalice party and the Blok proti islámu coalition. The methodology of the analysis is based on Laclau’s account of populism and includes a discursive analysis of the populist mentality as a tool to form a vague argument against “bad” Islam culture. These assumptions are tested by a summative content analysis and are contextualized by a metaphor analysis. The results confirm all assumptions: Úsvit and Blok create a specific populist mentality based on a negative perception of Islam, a positive (but empty) national identity, and a simplified critique of the current establishment framed as tool for spreading bad culture which is based on the ideology of Muslims and Islam.
The Complicated Relation Between News Frames and Political Trust: A Case Study of Romania
Authors: Botan Madalina , Corbu Nicoleta , Sandu Dani
Published: February 2017

This study tests through an experiment the hypothesis that heavy emphasis on conflicts in the news undermines political trust and has an impact on citizens’ cynicism and political participation. Findings do not support a uniform negative impact of the conflicts covered in the news but demonstrate a cumulative effect of their levels of intrusiveness and incivility. In addition, we found consistent evidence that personal characteristics influence people’s reactions to conflicts. For extrovert individuals, who are typically more assertive in public matters, have higher levels of political knowledge and feel more politically efficacious, exposure to conflict frames does not necessarily result in lower political trust.
Sociálně demokratické strany v ČR, Maďarsku a na Slovensku a jejich pozice k zavedení Evropského stabilizačního mechanismu
Authors: Janebová Pavlína
Published: February 2017

The article examines the positions of the Czech, Hungarian and Slovak social democratic political parties on the introduction of the permanent European Stability Mechanism as a means of addressing the economic and debt crisis in the EU. Using the categories of frames used by political parties in relation to the EU (utilitarian and cultural) introduced by Helbling et al., the political parties’ representatives’ speeches and written statements are analyzed. The analysis showed that all three of the parties use similar arguments and they tend to frame their opinions in both utilitarian and cultural terms with the category of “political efficiency” being the most frequent. While the most extensive debate about the issue was in Slovakia as the only Eurozone member of all three given countries, the Hungarian MSzP was able to conceive the topic in a broader context. The similarity of the positions of all three examined parties may indicate an ability of national political parties to constitute one of the key pillars in developing a supranational political system in the EU.
The first fossil wedge-shaped beetle (Coleoptera, Ripiphoridae) from the middle Jurassic of China
Authors: Hsiao Yun , Yu Yali , Deng Congshuang , Pang Hong
Published: February 2017

A new species of Ripiphoridae Gemminger & Harold, 1870, Archaeoripiphorus nuwa gen. et sp. nov., is described and illustrated from a well-preserved impression fossil from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation collected at Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, China, representing the oldest documented occurrence of the Ripiphoridae described from the Mesozoic era. It shares several characters belonging to two basal ripiphorid subfamilies (Pelecotominae and Ptilophorinae), but it cannot be attributed to either of them and is herein placed as Subfamily incertae sedis. An overall similarity between Archaeoripiphorus gen. nov. and Recent Pelecotominae and the occurrence of wood-boring beetles in the same Formation implies a similar parasitoid host preference in xylophagous beetles for A. nuwa gen. et sp. nov., putting a spotlight on a potential host-parasitoid relationship in the Mesozoic.
The negative knowledge of educational counselors: Forms, expertise-related differences, contextualization, and embeddedness in episodes
Authors: Gartmeier Martin , Papadakis Christina , Strasser Josef
Published: February 2017

We investigate the negative knowledge of educational counselors, its development over their professional careers, and its contextualization in episodes. As a result of experiential learning, negative knowledge is knowledge about how something is not or which strategies are inappropriate for use in solving certain problems. It is assumed that this kind of knowledge is of particular relevance for the professional development of counselors. Data were collected through using a structured interview technique with 31 educational counselors. Analyses revealed discriminative and self-reflective forms of negative knowledge. In addition, they provide insights into transformations in professionals’ knowledge through various stages of professional expertise.
Psychology, counseling psychology, and professional counseling: Shared roots, challenges, and opportunities
Authors: Brady-Amoon Peggy , Keefe-Cooperman Kathleen
Published: February 2017

Psychology, counseling psychology, and professional counseling are at a crossroad. The growing movement to establish professional counseling as a distinct profession, based on an increasingly narrow definition of professional identity, is particularly relevant to counseling psychologists and professional counselors and has implications for the broader field of psychology. A brief systematic historical analysis of these professional specialties in the U.S. provides the context to examine current challenges, including proposed restriction of master’s level training, licensure or other authorization to practice, and employment to graduates of programs accredited by the Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). These restrictions reduce services to the public and threaten the viability of counseling psychology and professional counseling in the U.S. These challenges also have significant implications for counseling psychologists in Europe and internationally given similar efforts. Going beyond a call to action, the article concludes with recommendations for counseling psychologists and allied professionals to address shared challenges, maximize shared opportunities, and foster enhanced intra- and inter-professional collaboration and cooperation.
History of the English Word Melancholy
Authors: Fraser Alec Ian
Published: February 2017

Melancholy, a very dynamic word, has in fact grown more abstract with time to the point where now, many may find it hard to separate from depression or sadness. While melancholy is of course very related to depression, its meaning nowadays can mean anything from somberly introspective to nostalgic. Different from the modern day use of depression to describe the psychological illness, melancholy in both its early days and now is often used to denote a specific personality characteristic of someone, but to see how this came about, it is important to look at the word's earliest beginning in ancient Greek.
Handelsordbøger
Authors: Lauridsen Ole
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
Medicinske ordbøger
Authors: Pilegaard Morten
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
Foredrag den 28. august 1997
Authors: Möller Gitte , Voigt Andrea
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
Traducir, editar, evangelizar: el discurso jesuita del “siglo cristiano en Japón” desde la perspectiva de la modernidad-colonialidad (siglo XVI)
Authors: Hoyos Hattori Paula , Gavirati Miyashiro Pablo
Published: February 2017

The Jesuit mission in Japan began in 1549. It was a historic experience that is becoming increasingly important in academic research. This article uses discourse analysis to analyze it in connection with the formation of the world-system in early modernity by studying the Jesuit Epistolario published in Évora in 1598 from a double perspective. First, it synthesizes translation as the productive grammar of the Jesuit discourse of evangelization in Japan. Then it interprets the edition as the grammar of recognition of the information that had arrived from Japan for European society. Finally, it concludes with the concept of circulation in order to highlight the semiotic productivity of the Jesuit network.
Conditional Clemency after the Golpe de Melo of 1854: Constitutionalism and Tradition in Early Republican Colombia
Authors: Rosenthal Joshua M.
Published: February 2017

This article examines indultos after the Golpe de Melo of 1854. While the government hoped that these acts of clemency would erase all traces of the rebellion, a flood of appeals for indultos ensured that the post-war reckoning went on longer than the war itself. Drawing on archival and published material documenting this phenomenon, the article documents post-war politics in New Granada. The tension between popular ideals concerning pardonable behavior and the dispassionate constitutionalism promoted by the government documents the limits of the early republican project.
Conflictos campesinos e indígenas en el sur de Chile (la provincia de Cautín, 1967-1973)
Authors: Redondo Cardeñoso Jesús-Ángel
Published: February 2017

This article presents a study of the conflict between the campesinso and the indigenous (Mapuche) population that took place in the province of Cautín (Chile) during the cycle of social conflictivity the country experienced between 1967 and 1973. The objective is to review the traditional views that have prevailed on this topic in Chilean historiography, based on monolithic perspectives of the rural conflict. Through archival and journalistic documentation of the regional environment, it analyzes diverse manifestations of said conflict, from traditional expressions of campesino rebelliousness (cuatrerismo) to modern forms of collective mobilization (agrarian trade unionism), which makes it possible to observe the diversity, complexity and heterogeneity of said conflicts and their leading actors.
­Genomic data mining of the marine actinobacteriaStreptomycessp. H-KF8 unveils insights into multi-stress related genes and metabolic pathways involved in antimicrobial synthesis
Authors: Undabarrena Agustina , Ugalde Juan A. , Seeger Michael , Cámara Beatriz
Published: February 2017

Streptomycessp. H-KF8 is an actinobacterial strain isolated from marine sediments of a Chilean Patagonian fjord. Morphological characterization together with antibacterial activity was assessed in various culture media, revealing a carbon-source dependent activity mainly against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureusandL. monocytogenes). Genome mining of this antibacterial-producing bacterium revealed the presence of 26 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for secondary metabolites, where among them, 81% have low similarities with known BGCs. In addition, a genomic search inStreptomyces sp. H-KF8 unveiled the presence of a wide variety of genetic determinants related to heavy metal resistance (49 genes), oxidative stress (69 genes) and antibiotic resistance (97 genes). This study revealed that the marine-derivedStreptomycessp. H-KF8 bacterium has the capability to tolerate a diverse set of heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, mercury, chromate and nickel; as well as the highly toxic tellurite, a feature first time described forStreptomyces. In addition,Streptomycessp. H-KF8 possesses a major resistance towards oxidative stress, in comparison to the soil reference strainStreptomyces violaceoruberA3(2). Moreover,Streptomycessp. H-KF8 showed resistance to 88% of the antibiotics tested, indicating overall, a strong response to several abiotic stressors. The combination of these biological traits confirms the metabolic versatility ofStreptomycessp. H-KF8, a genetically well-prepared microorganism with the ability to confront the dynamics of the fjord-unique marine environment.
A Mediastinoscopic Approach With Bilateral Cervicopneumomediastinum in Radical Thoracic Esophagectomy
Authors: Tokairin Yutaka , Nakajima Yasuaki , Kawada Kenro , Hoshino Akihiro , Okada Takuya , Ogou Taichi , Okuda Masafumi , Kume Yuichiro , Nakajima Yutaka , Matsui Toshihiro , Kawamura Yudai , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Nagai Kagami , Akita Keiichi , Kawano Tatsuyuki
Published: February 2017

We previously reported the performance of “mediastinoscopic esophagectomy with lymph node dissection” (MELD) under pneumomediastinum using a transcervical and transhiatal approach, as a method of radical esophagectomy. The procedure included the dissection of the left tracheobronchial lymph nodes (106tbL). We described our technique for dissecting the upper mediastinal lymph nodes. We revealed that the 106tbL lymph nodes were almost completely retrieved but that the upper thoracic paraesophageal lymph nodes (105) and the right recurrent nerve lymph nodes (106recR) were not completely retrieved. We are therefore of the opinion that a right cervical pneumomediastinal approach is necessary to achieve total dissection. We herein describe a case that was surgically treated using a bilateral cervicopneumomediastinal approach. A 68-year-old male patient was referred to our institution to undergo treatment for lower thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The right recurrent nerve was first identified using an open approach. Pneumomediastinum was then initiated to allow for the 105 and 106recR lymph nodes to be completely dissected along the right mediastinal pleura, the right vagus nerve, the proximal portion of the azygos vein, and the right bronchial artery. The left recurrent nerve lymph nodes (106recL) and 106tbL lymph nodes were dissected as described previously. In order to perform bilateral upper mediastinal lymph node dissection and esophagectomy, a bilateral cervicopneumomediastinal approach is needed.
Composition law of oblique anhysteretic remanent magnetization and its relation to the magnetostatic interaction
Authors: Sato Masahiko , Mochizuki Nobutatsu , Watanabe Minako , Tsunakawa Hideo
Published: February 2017

The basic properties of oblique anhysteretic remanent magnetization (OARM) acquired in a weak and steady magnetic field with an arbitrary angle to the alternating field direction were studied. OARM and rock‐magnetic experiments were conducted on samples of basalt, granite, and sediment containing noninteracting single domain (SD), interacting SD, pseudo‐single‐domain, and multidomain low‐Ti titanomagnetites. The intensity of OARM (MOARM) systematically increased or decreased with increasing angle between alternating and steady field directions (θSF), while the angle between alternating field and OARM directions (θOARM) increased with increasing θSF for all samples. During stepwise alternating field demagnetization, the OARM vector shows a single component parallel to the steady field direction for θSF = 0° (ARMǁ) and 90° (ARM⊥). The median destructive field of ARM⊥ is larger than that of ARMǁ. For intermediate angles (θSF = 30°, 45°, and 60°), the OARM vector did not parallel the applied steady field but gradually increased θOARM with higher coercivity. These experiments indicate that the OARM vector is approximately given by the sum of two orthogonal magnetizations coinciding with ARMǁ and ARM⊥, respectively. Thus, the OARM vector can be determined by acquisition efficiencies of ARMǁ and ARM⊥ in an individual sample. Based on these experiments and associated rock‐magnetic measurements, noninteracting SD samples show lower ARM⊥/ARMǁ ratios, compared to other samples. This result suggests that OARM can be used as a useful tool to detect noninteracting SD particles in the paleomagnetic samples.
Mars thermosphere as seen in MAVEN accelerometer data
Authors: Zurek R. W. , Tolson R. A. , Bougher S. W. , Lugo R. A. , Baird D. T. , Bell J. M. , Jakosky B. M.
Published: February 2017

The Mars thermosphere (above approximately 120 km) has been probed in situ for one Mars year using accelerometers on board the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft. This region is affected by radiation and energy deposition from the Sun and by energy and momentum from the lower atmosphere. Densities derived from measurements made during the nominal science orbits (periapsis > 140 km) show consistent trends with solar zenith angle and Sun‐Mars distance, reflecting direct and indirect heating of the thermosphere, although orbit‐to‐orbit variability is still significant. The six Deep Dip campaigns that MAVEN has conducted (with periapsis dropping below ~135 km) significantly extend the vertical profiles of the densities derived from accelerometer data. These show complex structure and high variability, both dependent on season, local time, location, and lower atmosphere activity, including dust storms and wave propagation from a dynamic lower atmosphere. In particular, the terminators are a region of convoluted structure and high variability, which may be greatest in the postmidnight, predawn hours of the sol. This space‐time regime was not sampled by previous orbiters at Mars. While initial comparisons with thermospheric general circulation modes show broad areas of agreement, these terminator transition regions are not simulated well by current models. Judicious choice of the timing of these Deep Dip campaigns during the remaining MAVEN mission, as periapsis continues to precess through local time, latitude, and longitude in both hemispheres and in different seasons, should help clarify the processes at work in this complicated region.
Evolution of structure and permeability of normal faults with clay smear: Insights from water‐saturated sandbox models and numerical simulations
Authors: Kettermann Michael , Urai Janos L. , Vrolijk Peter J.
Published: February 2017

Clay smear is difficult to predict for subsurface flow applications and would benefit from an improved understanding of the processes controlling clay smear. We present water‐saturated sandbox experiments with large clay smear surfaces (~500 cm2) that couple cross‐fault fluid flow measurements with structural analysis of excavated clay smears. We compare measured flow data to numerical flow simulations to develop a tool to evaluate the evolving fault structure. Results show diagnostic relationships between fault structures and cross‐fault flow. In experiments with one or two clay layers and a cumulative thickness of 10 mm at 100 mm displacement, normally consolidated clay in a structural domain of graben faulting initially yields hybrid brittle/ductile failure with early breaching of the clay layer and increased cross‐fault flux. This is followed by fault backstepping, formation of clay smears, and reworking of clay fragments within the fault. Early formed holes remain open during the evolution of the faults. Fault zones are segmented by fault lenses, breached relays, and clay smears in which sand and clay mix by deformation. Experiments with two clay layers show that holes rarely form at the same position on the fault plane, producing a layered sand‐clay fault rock with greater flow path tortuosity and lower permeability than in one‐layer experiments. We compare our results with observations of faults in nature and discuss progress toward models with sufficient detail and understanding to allow prediction of flow across evolving faults, first in laboratory models and then in the subsurface.
Semidiurnal internal tide energy fluxes and their variability in a Global Ocean Model and moored observations
Authors: Ansong Joseph K. , Arbic Brian K. , Alford Matthew H. , Buijsman Maarten C. , Shriver Jay F. , Zhao Zhongxiang , Richman James G. , Simmons Harper L. , Timko Patrick G. , Wallcraft Alan J. , Zamudio Luis
Published: February 2017

We examine the temporal means and variability of the semidiurnal internal tide energy fluxes in 1/25° global simulations of the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and in a global archive of 79 historical moorings. Low‐frequency flows, a major cause of internal tide variability, have comparable kinetic energies at the mooring sites in model and observations. The computed root‐mean‐square (RMS) variability of the energy flux is large in both model and observations and correlates positively with the time‐averaged flux magnitude. Outside of strong generation regions, the normalized RMS variability (the RMS variability divided by the mean) is nearly independent of the flux magnitudes in the model, and of order 23% or more in both the model and observations. The spatially averaged flux magnitudes in observations and the simulation agree to within a factor of about 1.4 and 2.4 for vertical mode‐1 and mode‐2, respectively. The difference in energy flux computed from the full‐depth model output versus model output subsampled at mooring instrument depths is small. The global historical archive is supplemented with six high‐vertical resolution moorings from the Internal Waves Across the Pacific (IWAP) experiment. The model fluxes agree more closely with the high‐resolution IWAP fluxes than with the historical mooring fluxes. The high variability in internal tide energy fluxes implies that internal tide fluxes computed from short observational records should be regarded as realizations of a highly variable field, not as “means” that are indicative of conditions at the measurement sites over all time.
High‐resolution projections of 21st century climate over the Athabasca River Basin through an integrated evaluation‐classification‐downscaling‐based climate projection framework
Authors: Cheng Guanhui , Huang Guohe , Dong Cong , Zhu Jinxin , Zhou Xiong , Yao Y.
Published: February 2017

An evaluation‐classification‐downscaling‐based climate projection (ECDoCP) framework is developed to fill a methodological gap of general circulation models (GCMs)‐driven statistical‐downscaling‐based climate projections. ECDoCP includes four interconnected modules: GCM evaluation, climate classification, statistical downscaling, and climate projection. Monthly averages of daily minimum (Tmin) and maximum (Tmax) temperature and daily cumulative precipitation (Prec) over the Athabasca River Basin (ARB) at a 10 km resolution in the 21st century under four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) are projected through ECDoCP. At the octodecadal scale, temperature and precipitation would increase; after bias correction, temperature would increase with a decreased increment, while precipitation would increase only under RCP 8.5. Interannual variability of climate anomalies would increase from RCPs 4.5, 2.6, 6.0 to 8.5 for temperature and from RCPs 2.6, 4.5, 6.0 to 8.5 for precipitation. Bidecadal averaged climate anomalies would decrease from December‐January‐February (DJF), March‐April‐May (MAM), September‐October‐November (SON) to June‐July‐August (JJA) for Tmin, from DJF, SON, MAM to JJA for Tmax, and from JJA, MAM, SON to DJF for Prec. Climate projection uncertainties would decrease in May to September for temperature and in November to April for precipitation. Spatial climatic variability would not obviously change with RCPs; climatic anomalies are highly correlated with climate‐variable magnitudes. Climate anomalies would decrease from upstream to downstream for temperature, and precipitation would follow an opposite pattern. The north end and the other zones would have colder and warmer days, respectively; precipitation would decrease in the upstream and increase in the remaining region. Climate changes might lead to issues, e.g., accelerated glacier/snow melting, deserving attentions of researchers and the public.
Development of a self‐consistent lightning NOx simulation in large‐scale 3‐D models
Authors: Luo Chao , Wang Yuhang , Koshak William J.
Published: February 2017

We seek to develop a self‐consistent representation of lightning NOx (LNOx) simulation in a large‐scale 3‐D model. Lightning flash rates are parameterized functions of meteorological variables related to convection. We examine a suite of such variables and find that convective available potential energy and cloud top height give the best estimates compared to July 2010 observations from ground‐based lightning observation networks. Previous models often use lightning NOx vertical profiles derived from cloud‐resolving model simulations. An implicit assumption of such an approach is that the postconvection lightning NOx vertical distribution is the same for all deep convection, regardless of geographic location, time of year, or meteorological environment. Detailed observations of the lightning channel segment altitude distribution derived from the NASA Lightning Nitrogen Oxides Model can be used to obtain the LNOx emission profile. Coupling such a profile with model convective transport leads to a more self‐consistent lightning distribution compared to using prescribed postconvection profiles. We find that convective redistribution appears to be a more important factor than preconvection LNOx profile selection, providing another reason for linking the strength of convective transport to LNOx distribution.
Source characterization of volatile organic compounds in the Colorado Northern Front Range Metropolitan Area during spring and summer 2015
Authors: Abeleira A. , Pollack I. B. , Sive B. , Zhou Y. , Fischer E. V. , Farmer D. K.
Published: February 2017

Hourly measurements of 46 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory in Erie, CO, were collected over 16 weeks in spring and summer 2015. Average VOC reactivity (1.2 s−1 in spring and 2.4 s−1 in summer) was lower than most other U.S. urban sites. Positive matrix factorization analysis identified five VOC factors in the spring, corresponding to sources from (1) long‐lived oil and natural gas (ONG‐long lived), (2) short‐lived oil and natural gas (ONG‐short lived), (3) traffic, (4) background, and (5) secondary chemical production. In the summer, an additional biogenic factor was dominated by isoprene. While ONG‐related VOCs were the single largest contributor (40–60%) to the calculated VOC reactivity with hydroxyl radicals (OH) throughout the morning in both spring and summer, the biogenic factor substantially enhanced afternoon and evening (2–10 P.M. local time) VOC reactivity (average of 21%; maxima of 49% of VOC reactivity) during summertime. These results contrast with a previous summer 2012 campaign which showed that biogenics contributed only 8% of VOC reactivity on average. The interannual differences suggest that the role of biogenic VOCs in the Colorado Northern Front Range Metropolitan Area (NFRMA) varies with environmental conditions such as drought stress. Overall, the NFRMA was more strongly influenced by ONG sources of VOCs than other urban and suburban regions in the U.S.
Nonresponse in Sample Surveys
Authors: Andridge Rebecca , Lemeshow Stanley
Published: February 2017

Sample surveys are designed to efficiently and accurately estimate population parameters. For such estimates to be unbiased, sample subjects must be carefully selected and appropriately weighted. In addition, features of the sample design, such as stratification and clustering, must be accounted for in the estimation process. Nonresponse is present in all sample surveys and dealing with this failure to obtain data for all sampled subjects is vitally important to the ability of the survey to produce valid results. This article addresses the issue of nonresponse in sample surveys, quantifying bias in the face of nonresponse, and briefly discussing methods for dealing with nonresponse.
A
randa‐
O
rdaz,
F
rancisco
J
.
Authors: Grajales Carlos A. G.
Published: February 2017

Francisco Aranda‐Ordaz was a Mexican statistician, who died tragically in 1991. He studied in Mexico City and collaborated with Sir David Cox for his PhD thesis, entitled “On two families of transformations to additivity for binary response data,” in which he proved that the linear and logistic transformations of probabilities are special cases of a common family of transformations. Besides his contributions to generalized linear models, he also published on topics such as Proportional Hazards Models and applying statistical methods in many different fields such as pathology, neurology, and epidemiology. He was an editor in many different publications not only in Mexico but also in different nations, as he was always devoted to promoting statistical knowledge in Latin America.
The Well‐Being of Nations
Authors: Allin Paul
Published: February 2017

By 2015, there was universal commitment to developing broader measures of progress to complement gross domestic product (GDP). Such measures seek to capture the well‐being of a nation beyond how its market economy and public services are performing. There is a history of calls for such wider measures and of their production, including social indicators and sustainable development indicators. However, these have not yet been widely used in policy or in public discourse. There can be no single definition of the well‐being of a nation: rather, pragmatic definitions are required, which simultaneously define what is being measured and describe how to measure it. An example is the Measuring National Well‐being programme of the UK Office for National Statistics. The emphasis is on measuring what matters to people and the measurement framework includes subjective as well as objective indicators. How measures that go beyond GDP are to be used in policy, business, and everyday life is still evolving.
Rational Decision Making
Authors: Herrmann Jeffrey W.
Published: February 2017

Rational decision making requires executing an appropriate decision‐making process to select the best alternative. This can be challenging when information is uncertain or when time is limited. This article describes three important perspectives on decision making: (i) the problem‐solving perspective, (ii) the decision‐making process perspective, and (iii) the decision‐making system perspective. This article describes important concepts from these three perspectives, including rationality, multicriteria decision making, group decision making, decision making under uncertainty, game theory, contexts for decision making, decision‐making processes, and techniques for modeling and improving decision‐making systems. Understanding and applying these concepts can improve decision making. The article will first consider the challenge of selecting the best alternative, which is the problem‐solving perspective. Then, the article will discuss the decision‐making process perspective: how people make decisions. Finally, the article will describe decisions from the decision‐making system perspective by considering the decision‐making behaviors and information flow within organizations and how to improve those decision‐making systems. This article also provides numerous references to sources that provide additional details about rational decision making.
Rutile TiO2 Inverse Opal Anodes for Li‐Ion Batteries with Long Cycle Life, High‐Rate Capability, and High Structural Stability
Authors: McNulty David , Carroll Elaine , O'Dwyer Colm
Published: February 2017

Rutile TiO2 inverse opals provide long cycle life and impressive structural stability when tested as anode materials for Li‐ion batteries. The capacity retention of TiO2 inverse opals (IOs) is greater than previously reported values for other rutile TiO2 nanomaterials, and the cycled crystalline phase and material interconnectivity is maintained over thousands of cycles. Consequently, this paper offers insight into the importance of optimizing the relationship between the structure and morphology on improving electrochemical performance of this abundant and low environmental impact material. TiO2 IOs show gradual capacity fading over 1000 and 5000 cycles, when cycled at specific currents of 75 and 450 mA g−1, respectively, while maintaining a high capacity and a stable overall cell voltage. TiO2 IOs achieve a reversible capacity of ≈170 and 140 mA h g−1 after the 100th and 1000th cycles, respectively, at a specific current of 75 mA g−1, corresponding to a capacity retention of ≈82.4%. The structural stability of the 3D IO phase from pristine rutile TiO2 to the conductive orthorhombic Li0.5TiO2 is remarkable and maintains its structural integrity. Image analysis conclusively shows that volumetric swelling is accommodated into the predefined pore space, and the IO periodicity remains constant and does not degrade over 5000 cycles.
Real gas transport in tapered noncircular nanopores of shale rocks
Authors: Xu Jinze , Wu Keliu , Yang Sheng , Cao Jili , Chen Zhangxin , Pan Yi , Yan Bicheng
Published: February 2017

A model for gas transport in tapered noncircular nanopores of shale rocks with integrating real gas effect, molecular kinetic, and transport behavior was presented. The proposed model is well validated with experimental and simulation data, including six kinds of gases, under different pressures, and temperatures. Results show that neglect of real gas effect results in the misleading transport conductance. The adsorbed gas transport ratio and the ratio of area occupied by adsorbed gas increase along the length of nanopore. Pore proximity induces the faster gas transport and omitting pore proximity leads to the enlargement of the adsorbed gas‐dominated region. Increasing taper ratio (ratio of inlet size to outlet size) and aspect ratio weakens real gas effect and lowers free gas transport. Moreover, it lowers the total transport capacity of the nanopore, and the tapered circular nanopore owns the greatest transport capacity, followed by tapered square, elliptical, and rectangular nanopores. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3224–3242, 2017
Factors of influence and social correlates of parturition in captive Campbell's monkeys: Case study and breeding data
Authors: Lemasson Alban , Jubin Ronan , Bec Philippe , Hausberger Martine
Published: February 2017

How nonhuman primates deal with birth, at the moment of delivery, and during the following days, remains poorly explored because of the unpredictability of this event, particularly for forest‐dwelling arboreal species. Available studies highlight intra‐ and interspecific variation which suggest flexibility of the timing of delivery, of behavior associated with labor contractions and parturition, and the social context and ambient noise surrounding delivery. Here, we present the findings of a two‐decade survey of reproduction in a population of captive Campbell's monkeys. Analysis of 34 births (with a female‐biased sex ratio) showed that deliveries occurred systematically at night and more frequently during week‐ends and in fall (September–November). This suggests the existence of both circadian and infradian biological rhythms. We present the first detailed description of a birth for this species and its short‐term social consequences. In line with previous findings for other monkeys and apes, labor (estimated by unusual stretching postures) and parturition were rapid, and delivery occurred in a clear social and vocal context. During the following days, the new mother became the center of attention of for young (kin and non‐kin) females and rose through the hierarchy. We discuss socio‐ecological factors, notably captivity conditions and the high degree of tolerance in the species’ social system, and confirm the existence of both “rigidity” and “flexibility” in the primates’ adaptive reproductive strategies.
People choose to run at their optimal speed
Authors: Rathkey Joseph K. , Wall‐Scheffler Cara M.
Published: February 2017

Objectives

The purpose of this article is to test whether people choose to behave in a manner that reduces the amount of energy they use to travel a given distance. While this has been shown consistently for walking, it has never been tested with human running.

Materials and Methods

We collected energetic data and lower limb anthropometrics on nine men running at six different running speeds. We collected on all six speeds on 3 different days and took the average of the energetic values for each speed. On each day we also asked the participants to choose the speed at which they could comfortably run for an hour, and we took the average of these preferred speeds. We then fit a 2nd order polynomial to the energetic data and compared the speed at which the minimum cost of transport (SpMinCoT) occurred with their preferred running speed.

Results

All participants showed a curvilinear relationship between speed and their cost of transport (CoT). Additionally, the preferred speed was not significantly different than the speed at the minCoT (p = 0.215), and the best fit line between the minCoT and the CoT at the preferred speed was y = x (R2 = 0.994).

Discussion

Humans are able to preferentially identify the speed which minimizes energy expenditure during running, as well as in walking. Over long distances, energy conservation during running would be particularly crucial so further investigations should focus on the mechanisms by which people are able to detect their ‘optimal’ running speeds.
Enzyme‐Initiated Free‐Radical Polymerization of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanogels on a Solid Phase with an Immobilized Radical Source
Authors: Daoud Attieh Mira , Zhao Yi , Elkak Assem , Falcimaigne‐Cordin Aude , Haupt Karsten
Published: February 2017

An enzyme‐mediated synthetic approach is described for the preparation of molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (MIP‐NPs) in aqueous media. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to initiate the polymerization of methacrylate or vinyl monomers and cross‐linkers by catalyzing the generation of free radicals. To prevent entrapment of the enzyme in the cross‐linked polymer, and to enable it to be reused, HRP was immobilized on a solid support. MIPs based on 4‐vinylpyridine and 1,4‐bis(acryloyl)piperazine for the recognition of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) and salicylic acid were synthesized in an aqueous medium. MIPs for the protein trypsin were also synthesized. MIP nanoparticles with sizes between 50 and 300 nm were obtained with good binding properties, a good imprinting effect, and high selectivity for the target molecule. The reusability of immobilized HRP for MIP synthesis was shown for several batches.
Synthesis of Enantiopure C3‐Symmetric Triangular Molecules
Authors: Miura Tomoya , Nakamuro Takayuki , Stewart Scott G. , Nagata Yuuya , Murakami Masahiro
Published: February 2017

An asymmetric synthesis of C3‐symmetric triangular macrocycles is reported. 1‐Methylsulfonyl‐4‐(4‐vinylphenyl)‐1,2,3‐triazole undergoes a rhodium(II)‐catalyzed cyclotrimerization to establish an enantiopure C3‐symmetric triangular macrocycle motif. This method can be applied to the synthesis of an enantiopure hydrocarbon, which owes its chirality to asymmetric distribution of H/D atoms on the benzene rings.
Oxygen Activated, Palladium Nanoparticle Catalyzed, Ultrafast Cross‐Coupling of Organolithium Reagents
Authors: Heijnen Dorus , Tosi Filippo , Vila Carlos , Stuart Marc C. A. , Elsinga Philip H. , Szymanski Wiktor , Feringa Ben L.
Published: February 2017

The discovery of an ultrafast cross‐coupling of alkyl‐ and aryllithium reagents with a range of aryl bromides is presented. The essential role of molecular oxygen to form the active palladium catalyst was established; palladium nanoparticles that are highly active in cross‐coupling reactions with reaction times ranging from 5 s to 5 min are thus generated in situ. High selectivities were observed for a range of heterocycles and functional groups as well as for an expanded scope of organolithium reagents. The applicability of this method was showcased by the synthesis of the [11C]‐labeled PET tracer celecoxib.
Preparation and characterization of trilayer core–shell polysilsesquioxane–fluoroacrylate copolymer composite emulsion particles
Authors: Xu Wei , Wang Sha , Hao Lifen , Wang Xuechuan
Published: February 2017

Polysilsesquioxane–fluoroacrylate copolymer [poly(methyl methacrylate)–butyl acrylate–dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate)] (FPSQ) composite latex particles with a trilayer core–shell morphology were manufactured by seeded emulsion polymerization, where PSQ latex particles bearing reactive methacryloxypropyl moieties were first produced by the hydrolysis‐condensation of (3‐methacryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, and then they were utilized as seeds, with methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate as the inner and outer shell monomers. Fourier‐transform infrared spectra and 1H‐NMR confirm the structure of the FPSQs. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy demonstrate that the obtained composite emulsion particles emerge with the trilayer core–shell pattern. Due to the anchoring of PSQ nanoparticles, the thermal stabilities of the FPSQ films are strengthened, and the resistance to heat is gradually improved along with the increase of the fluoroacrylate dose in the polymer matrix composite. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and hydrophobicity investigations indicate that the fluorinated chain segments tend to concentrate at the film–air two‐phase interface. In addition, the AFM result denotes that importing more fluorine into the FPSQ hybrid material will engender greater phase separation and enrichment of the fluoroalkyl segments and a rougher morphology. Thus, the water contact angle of the FPSQ film can ultimately reach 121.4°. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44845.
Biodegradable films based on chitosan, xanthan gum, and fish protein hydrolysate
Authors: de Morais Lima Maria , Bianchini Daniela , Guerra Dias Alvaro , da Rosa Zavareze Elessandra , Prentice Carlos , da Silveira Moreira Angelita
Published: February 2017

The aim of this study was to develop films based on chitosan, xanthan gum, and protein hydrolysate of Whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri), evaluating their antioxidant activity and also their mechanical, physical, structural, morphological, thermal, and barrier properties. The mixture of xanthan gum and protein hydrolysate promoted some changes in chitosan films. The addition of xanthan gum increased tensile strength and changed the color parameters of films. The addition of Whitemouth croaker protein hydrolysate increased the antioxidant activity of the films. However, higher concentrations of hydrolysate tend to increase moisture and decrease their tensile strength. All films had homogeneous structure, with no phase separation and fissures. Significant differences in water solubility and water vapor permeability were not observed by the addition of xanthan gum and protein hydrolysate. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44899.
High‐performance carboxylate superplasticizers for concretes: Interplay between the polymerization temperature and properties
Authors: Tajbakhshian Alireza , Saeb Mohammad Reza , Jafari Seyed Hassan , Najafi Farhood , Khonakdar Hossein Ali , Ayoubi Mohammadreza , Asl Farzaneh Hassanpour
Published: February 2017

Polycarboxylate superplasticizers based on acrylic acid (AA) and maleic anhydride (MAn) were synthesized via free‐radical copolymerization with an ethylene glycol monomer and characterized. The copolymerization temperature (ranging from 50 to 90 °C) appeared to be the key operating factor governing the chemical structure of the superplasticizers. The chemical structures of the products were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography, whereas an optimized sample was further analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H‐NMR. Superplasticizers of the AA and MAn classes were then incorporated into concrete, and their performances were measured by slump and slump loss tests, where a large dependency of the microstructure on the synthesis temperature was recognized. The optimum temperatures were found to be 50 and 80 °C for the AA and MAn modifiers, respectively. At their own optimum temperatures, the AA and MAn superplasticizer revealed slump losses from 23 to 4 cm and 15 to 5 cm, respectively, after 45 min. The chemical structures of the plasticizers were patterned illustratively to speculate the performance of each superplasticizer according to changes that took place in the backbone length and side‐chain density. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44908.
Vermiculite/polyacrylamide copolymers microspheres for profile control in oilfields
Authors: Ma Guoyan , Shen Yiding , Wang Xiaorong , Guo Xing , Wu Zhe
Published: February 2017

Polyacrylamide copolymers (PAMVT) microspheres were prepared through inverse emulsion polymerization by using acrylic acid (AA), 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) as functional monomers, N,N′‐methylene bis‐acrylamide (MBA) as crosslinker and modified vermiculite (MVMT) with the single‐factor experiments. The initial and swelled particle sizes were tested through the dynamic light scattering (DLS). The swelled particle size under the optimum conditions could be 1.98 μm. The structure was characterized through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), which indicated that vermiculite has successfully modified and the polymerization reaction was completed. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that MVMT was evenly filled with PAM copolymers. The water absorption capacity can be up to 80.2%. The recovery efficiency of the water flooding was increased from 69.33% to 77.56%. All these results indicated that the microspheres emulsions could be used as profile control agent to enhance the recovery efficiency. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44918.
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of new 3‐hexyl‐2,5‐diphenylthiophene: Phenylene vinylenes copolymers as colorimetric sensor for iodide anion
Authors: Mansha Muhammad , Sohail Manzar , Ullah Nisar
Published: February 2017

Four new conjugated copolymers P1‐P4 have been prepared by the Horner‐Emmons and Knoevenagel polymerization reactions. P1‐P4 were characterized by NMR, FTIR, cyclic voltammetry (CV), diffuse reflectance UV–vis spectroscopy (DR UV–vis), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The optical band gaps of these polymers, calculated from the onset absorption edge, were found between 2.15 and 2.34 eV. The band gaps calculated by CV were ranged between 1.94 and 2.57 eV. The presence of nitrile moiety on the phenylene vinylene unit is believed to influence the optical properties of these polymers, i.e., P3 and P4 have shown lower band gaps than P1 and P2. All polymers possess good iodide anion sensing property over a wide range of other anions (F−, Cl−, Br−,
, CN−), indicating their promise in fabricating selective iodide sensors. The initial colorless solution of polymers in THF changed to deep yellow upon the addition of aqueous solution of iodide salts along with significant changes in the UV–vis spectra of the polymers. The limit of detection (LOD) for P1‐P4 were found between 0.43 and 2.54 mM. These polymers constitute long alkoxy and alkyl side chains, bearing excellent solubility in most common organic solvents which warrants their suitability for photovoltaic devices application. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44948.
Hydrogen bonds prevent obtaining high molar mass PHUs
Authors: Blain Marine , Cornille Adrien , Boutevin Bernard , Auvergne Rémi , Benazet Dominique , Andrioletti Bruno , Caillol Sylvain
Published: February 2017

Poly(hydroxyurethane)s (PHUs) are desired to replace PolyUrethanes (PUs) which are synthesized using harmful isocyanates. Nevertheless, the synthesis of PHUs starting from cyclocarbonates and amines displays two major drawbacks: the low reactivity observed during the opening of (poly)cyclocarbonates by (poly)amines and the low molar masses of polymers obtained. Currently, intensive work is carried out in order to increase the efficiency of the aminolysis of cyclocarbonates reaction but very few is dedicated to explaining the limitations of molar masses of PHUs. This article aims at demonstrating that the low molar masses can be explained by the existence of side reactions and the incomplete conversion of monomers during the polymerization. These conclusions were obtained after complete DSC and NMR studies that evidence that the incomplete conversion of monomers and therefore the low molar masses are caused mainly by hydrogen bonding and partly by the formation of urea. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44958.