bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Catching the Urban Atmosphere of Taichung, Taiwan
Authors: Richard Theodoor A. M. , Pai Hui‐Chuan
Published: October 2023

This article proposes an ethno‐phenomenographic essay combining writing and photography to examine the contemporary atmosphere in Taichung, Taiwan. It explores the atmospheric effect of painted powerboxes. A selection of situations and atmospheric characteristics is described from different angles, and the history of the painting of these boxes is reflected upon, while themes and colorization of their peinture (painted image, my translation) are presented. Combined methods of photography and commented walk show an overall picture of this effect. The photographs illustrate how these boxes are present as people pass them by in their daily lives. Our comments sketch how these boxes and their environments weave themselves in and out of the perception of passers‐by to create a certain city atmosphere. We use photographs and writing in this way to support each other through dialogue. We contribute to the discussion of the phenomenology of the atmosphere through the use of visual anthropology.
Independent origins or single dispersal? Phylogenetic study supports early Cenozoic origin of three endemic Indo‐Sri Lankan Lygosomine skink genera
Authors: Ghosh Avrajjal , Sil Maitreya , Ukuwela Kanishka D. B. , Datta‐Roy Aniruddha
Published: October 2023

The Western Ghats‐Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot is home to three endemic Lygosomine (Reptilia, Scincidae) skink genera—Kaestlea, Ristella and Lankascincus. Phylogenetic reconstructions in the past have suggested a sister relationship between the Western Ghats endemic Ristella and the Sri Lankan endemic Lankascincus, while the placement of Kaestlea has been uncertain. We reconstruct a global, genus‐level, multi‐locus phylogeny of the sub‐family Lygosominae to ask if these endemic genera share an immediate common ancestor, that is, did they arise from a single dispersal event? Furthermore, to understand the possible centres of origin and dispersal routes of these three genera of Indo‐Sri Lankan skinks, we construct a time‐calibrated phylogeny and perform ancestral range evolution. We find that Kaestlea does not share an immediate ancestor with Ristella + Lankascincus. Therefore, their presence in the Indian subcontinent results from two independent colonization events. Both these dispersal events likely occurred during the late Palaeocene‐early Eocene from the Asian landmass. Our molecular dating and ancestral range evolution analyses add further evidence of probable transoceanic dispersal in skinks and early land connections between the Indian subcontinent and Asia. It also reveals that these skinks were some of the earliest lizards to disperse into the Indian subcontinent.
Methodological challenges in using human umbilical artery as a model for in vitro studies
Authors: Gajić Bojić Milica , Đukanović Đorđe , Marinković Sonja , Jovičić Sanja , Stojiljković Miloš P. , Djuric Dragan M. , Škrbić Ranko
Published: October 2023

Human umbilical artery (HUA) preparations are of particular importance for in vitro studies on isolated blood vessels because their sampling is not risky for the patient, and they can provide the closest possible impression of changes related to the uteroplacental circulation during pre‐eclampsia. Using organ bath techniques, useful experimental protocols are provided for measuring some pathophysiological phenomena in the vascular responses of HUAs. Several vasoconstrictors (serotonin, prostaglandin F and phenylephrine) and vasodilators (acetylcholine and minoxidil) were seleted for determination of their vasoactivity in HUAs. The role of L‐type voltage‐operated calcium channels and different types of potassium channels (KATP, BKCa and KV) were assessed, as was the impact of homocysteine. Serotonin was confirmed to be the most potent vasoconstrictor, while acetylcholine and phenylephrine caused variability in the relaxation and contraction response of HUA, respectively. The observed increase in serotonin‐induced contraction and a decrease in minoxidil‐induced relaxation in the presence of homocysteine suggested its procontractile effect on HUA preparations. Using selective blockers, it was determined that KATP and KV channels participate in the minoxidil‐induced relaxation, while L‐type voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels play an important role in the serotonin‐induced contraction. The presented protocols reveal some of the methodological challenges related to HUA preparations and indicate potential outcomes in interpreting the vascular effects of the investigated substances, both in physiological conditions and in the homocysteine‐induced pre‐eclampsia model.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE MAIN PARAMETERS OF A LATERAL FLOW ASSAY BASED ON THE RECOMBINANT Р32 ANTIGEN OF LUMPY SKIN DISEASE VIRUS
Authors: Tursunov K. , Tokhtarova L. , Kanayev D. , Mustafina R. , Mukantayev K.
Published: October 2023

Lumpy skin disease is a highly contagious infectious transboundary disease of cattle, resulting in significant economic losses. The wide and rapid spread of lumpy skin disease to new territories emphasizes the objective need to improve diagnostic methods. The article outlines the findings of lateral flow assay parameter optimization for lumpy skin disease detection using recombinant P32 antigen. It was found that the optimal amount of protein for immobilization on 20 nm colloidal gold particles was 20 µg/mL. Bovine serum albumin at a final concentration of 0.25% was used to stabilize the conjugate. The optimal dilution of the conjugate was 1:2, and the concentration of recombinant protein and anti-species antibodies for application to the membrane was 500 μg/ml and 250 μg/ml, respectively. The colloidal gold conjugate interacted with antibodies and specifically reacted with the recombinant protein. No cross-reaction with other proteins was noticed at the same time. The created express test allowed for the detection of antibodies from immunized animals when the serum was diluted up to 1:200, however, 1:50 was the ideal ratio. The conjugate remained active after 90 days of storage at room temperature. The findings demonstrate the express method's potential for use in serological research for the prevention and control of the spread of lumpy skin disease.
Friction Saturated Limit Cycle Oscillations—Test Rig Design and Validation of Numerical Prediction Methods
Authors: Schwarz Stefan , Reil Johannes , Gross Johann , Hartung Andreas , Rittinger David , Krack Malte
Published: October 2023

In this paper, an experimental test rig for friction saturated limit cycle oscillations is proposed to provide a validation basis for corresponding numerical methods. Having in mind the application of turbine blades, an instrumented beam-like structure equipped with an adjustable velocity feedback loop and dry frictional contacts is designed and investigated. After dimensioning the test rig by means of a simplified one-dimensional beam model and time domain simulations, the specific requirements of limit cycle oscillations for the design of the frictional contact, the velocity feedback loop and the excitation system are discussed and possible solutions are presented. Also appropriate measuring principles and evaluation techniques are assessed. After commissioning of the test rig, the influence of the negative damping and the normal contact force on the limit cycle oscillations is measured and the practical stability is investigated. The test rig shows linear dynamics for sticking contact and highly repeatable limit cycles. The measured results are discussed regarding the consistency with theory and compared to the predictions of a three dimensional reduced order model solved in frequency domain by the harmonic balance solver OrAgL. It is demonstrated that the numerical modeling strategy is able to accurately reproduce the measured limit cycle oscillations, which stabilized for different contact normal forces and self-excitation levels.
Motion Tracking of a High-Speed Multilink System Using Dynamic Measurements Fusion
Authors: Zhang Wei , Steckenrider J. Josiah , Furukawa Tomonari
Published: October 2023

This paper presents a technique for tracking the high-speed motion of a multilink system using inertial measurement units (IMUs) in a new sensor arrangement, an approach which is referred to as dynamic measurements fusion. The proposed technique incorporates accelerometers with traditional gyroscopes to measure joint angular velocities, while joint angles are measured with magnetometers. Comparative studies with conventional techniques show that the proposed technique tracks the motion of a multilink system accurately at both low (0.5 m/s) and high (5 m/s) speeds. Further analysis with different levels of measurement noise demonstrates the robustness of the proposed technique and its overall capability for tracking joint angular velocities and angles.
Reduced vowel space in video conferences via Zoom: Evidence from read speech
Authors: Belz Malte , Ebert Melissa , Müller Miriam , Sun Jianqi , Terada Megumi , Xia Qiang
Published: October 2023

This exploratory study compared vowel space area (VSA) in face-to-face situations and video conference situations using the software Zoom. Twenty native German participants read word lists recorded before and after spontaneous conversation. The overall VSA in Zoom was reduced significantly by 11.9%, with a more reduced VSA before and less reduction after the spontaneous conversation. Of nine peripheral vowels in German, /aː iː yː/ showed a significantly reduced Euclidean distance to the centroid of the vowel space. The observed hypoarticulation is discussed in light of the experimental setup, situational differences, and less involvement in Zoom than in face-to-face situations.
Sound absorption estimation of finite porous samples with deep residual learning
Authors: Zea Elias , Brandão Eric , Nolan Mélanie , Cuenca Jacques , Andén Joakim , Svensson U. Peter
Published: October 2023

This work proposes a method to predict the sound absorption coefficient of finite porous absorbers using a residual neural network and a single-layer microphone array. The goal is to mitigate the discrepancies between predicted and measured data due to the finite-size effect for a wide range of rectangular absorbers with varying dimensions and flow resistivity and for various source-receiver locations. Data for training, validation, and testing are generated with a boundary element model consisting of a baffled porous layer on a rigid backing using the Delany–Bazley–Miki model. In effect, the network learns relevant features from the array pressure amplitude to predict the sound absorption as if the porous material were infinite. The method's performance is quantified with the error between the predicted and theoretical sound absorption coefficients and compared with the two-microphone method. For array distances close to the porous sample, the proposed method performs at least as well as the two-microphone method and significantly better than it for frequencies below 400 Hz and small absorber sizes (e.g., 20 × 20 cm2). The significance of the study lies in the possibility of measuring sound absorption on-site in the presence of strong edge diffraction.
A Case-Study Examination of the Apologia and Antapologia of U.S. Track and Field Athlete Shelby Houlihan
Authors: Hoffman Robert , Corr Chris , Martin Christina L.L.
Published: October 2023

In June 2021, U.S. Track and Field athlete Shelby Houlihan announced that she had tested positive for the performance-enhancing drug nandrolone and would not be competing in the upcoming Olympic trials. Maintaining her innocence, Houlihan engaged in numerous defense strategies claiming that a contaminated pork burrito accounted for the positive test. Given the unique nature of Houlihan’s defense, the present case study sought to examine both Houlihan’s use of apologia to defend herself against doping allegations and the antapologia (i.e., response) to Houlihan’s attempts at image repair. Analysis of Houlihan’s apologia suggests that despite her status as a relatively unknown female athlete, the use of social media facilitated the implementation of image-repair tactics typically used by more recognizable athletes and other public figures. The investigation of antapologia implies both a new approach to antapologia and that less recognizable athletes’ attempts at image repair are taken less seriously.
Legionella pneumophila
inhibits type I interferon signaling to avoid cell-intrinsic host cell defense
Authors: Allen Charles N. S. , Banks Dallas A. , Shuster Michael , Vogel Stefanie N. , O’Connor Tamara J. , Briken Volker
Published: October 2023

The host type I interferon (IFN) response protects against
Legionella pneumophila
infections. Other bacterial pathogens inhibit type I IFN-mediated cell signaling; however, the interaction between this signaling pathway and
L. pneumophila
has not been well described. Here, we demonstrate that
L. pneumophila
inhibits the IFN-β signaling pathway but does not inhibit IFN-γ-mediated cell signaling. The addition of IFN-β to
L. pneumophila
-infected macrophages limited bacterial growth independently of NOS2 and reactive nitrogen species. The type IV secretion system of
L. pneumophila
is required to inhibit IFN-β-mediated cell signaling. Finally, we show that the inhibition of the IFN-β signaling pathway occurs downstream of STAT1 and STAT2 phosphorylation. In conclusion, our findings describe a novel host cell signaling pathway inhibited by
L. pneumophila
via its type IV secretion system.
Sequence basis for selectivity of ephrin-B2 ligand for Eph receptors and pathogenic henipavirus G glycoproteins
Authors: Narayanan Krishna K. , Amaya Moushimi , Tsang Natalie , Yin Randy , Jays Alka , Broder Christopher C. , Shukla Diwakar , Procko Erik
Published: October 2023

Ephrin-B2 (EFNB2) is a ligand for six Eph receptors in humans and functions as a cell entry receptor for several henipaviruses including the Nipah virus (NiV), a pathogenic zoonotic virus with pandemic potential. To understand the sequence basis of promiscuity for EFNB2 binding to the attachment glycoprotein of NiV (NiV-G) and Eph receptors, we performed deep mutagenesis on EFNB2 to identify mutations that enhance binding to NiV-G over EphB2, one of the highest affinity Eph receptors. The mutations highlight how different EFNB2 conformations are selected by NiV-G versus EphB2. Specificity mutations are enriched at the base of the G-H binding loop of EFNB2, especially surrounding a phenylalanine hinge upon which the G-H loop pivots, and at a phenylalanine hook that rotates away from the EFNB2 core to engage Eph receptors. One EFNB2 mutant, D62Q, possesses pan-specificity to the attachment glycoproteins of closely related henipaviruses and has markedly diminished binding to the six Eph receptors. However, EFNB2-D62Q has high residual binding to EphB3 and EphB4. A second deep mutational scan of EFNB2 identified combinatorial mutations to further enhance specificity to NiV-G. A triple mutant of soluble EFNB2, D62Q-Q130L-V167L, has minimal binding to Eph receptors but maintains binding, albeit reduced, to NiV-G. Soluble EFNB2 decoy receptors carrying the specificity mutations were potent neutralizers of chimeric henipaviruses. These findings demonstrate how specific residue changes at the shared binding interface of a promiscuous ligand (EFNB2) can influence selectivity for multiple receptors, and may also offer insight toward the development of henipavirus therapeutics and diagnostics.

IMPORTANCE

Ephrin-B2 (EFNB2) is a ligand for six Eph receptors in humans and regulates multiple cell developmental and signaling processes. It also functions as the cell entry receptor for Nipah virus and Hendra virus, zoonotic viruses that can cause respiratory and/or neurological symptoms in humans with high mortality. Here, we investigate the sequence basis of EFNB2 specificity for binding the Nipah virus attachment G glycoprotein over Eph receptors. We then use this information to engineer EFNB2 as a soluble decoy receptor that specifically binds the attachment glycoproteins of the Nipah virus and other related henipaviruses to neutralize infection. These findings further mechanistic understanding of protein selectivity and may facilitate the development of diagnostics or therapeutics against henipavirus infection.
DHA and EPA inhibit porcine coronavirus replication by alleviating ER stress
Authors: Suo Xiaoyi , Wang Jing , Wang Danping , Fan Guoqiang , Zhu Mingjun , Fan Baochao , Yang Xiaojing , Li Bin
Published: October 2023

The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) highlighted significant gaps in our mechanisms to prevent and control cross-species transmission of animal coronaviruses. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV) are common porcine coronaviruses with similar clinical features. In the absence of effective drugs and methods of prevention and control, outbreaks of these viruses have led to significant economic losses in the global pig industry. Here, we report the effect of five fatty acids against porcine coronaviruses: sodium butyrate, lauric acid, palmitic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). DHA and EPA reduced viral replication by attenuating the endoplasmic reticulum stress and inhibiting PEDV, TGEV, and PDCoV infections in vero cells, PK-15 cells, and LLC-PK1 cells
in vitro
, respectively. Additionally, DHA and EPA increased the host antioxidant levels and reduced inflammation. In conclusion, we report here for the first time the antiviral effects of DHA and EPA on porcine coronaviruses and provide a molecular basis for the development of new fatty acid-based therapies to control porcine coronavirus infection and transmission.

IMPORTANCE

Porcine epidemic diarrhea caused by porcine coronaviruses remains a major threat to the global swine industry. Fatty acids are extensively involved in the whole life of the virus. In this study, we found that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) significantly reduced the viral load of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV) and acted on the replication of the viruses rather than attachment and entry. We further confirmed that DHA and EPA inhibited PEDV replication by alleviating the endoplasmic reticulum stress. Meanwhile, DHA and EPA alleviate PEDV-induced inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and enhance the cellular antioxidant capacity. These data indicate that DHA and EPA have antiviral effects on porcine coronaviruses and provide a molecular basis for the development of new fatty acid-based therapies to control porcine coronavirus infection and transmission.
RsaL-driven negative regulation promotes heterogeneity in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
quorum sensing
Authors: Mellini Marta , Letizia Morgana , Caruso Lorenzo , Guiducci Alessandra , Meneghini Carlo , Heeb Stephan , Williams Paul , Cámara Miguel , Visca Paolo , Imperi Francesco , Leoni Livia , Rampioni Giordano
Published: October 2023

In its canonical interpretation, quorum sensing (QS) allows single cells in a bacterial population to synchronize gene expression and hence perform specific tasks collectively once the
quorum
cell density is reached. However, growing evidence in different bacterial species indicates that considerable cell-to-cell variation in the QS activation state occurs during growth, often resulting in coexisting subpopulations of cells in which QS is active (quorate cells) or inactive (non-quorate cells). Heterogeneity has been observed in the
las
QS system of the opportunistic pathogen
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not yet been defined. The
las
QS system consists of an incoherent feedforward loop in which the LasR transcriptional regulator activates the expression of the
lasI
synthase gene and
rsaL
, coding for the
lasI
transcriptional repressor RsaL. Here, single-cell-level gene expression analyses performed in
ad hoc
engineered biosensor strains and deletion mutants revealed that direct binding of RsaL to the
lasI
promoter region increases heterogeneous activation of the
las
QS system. Experiments performed with a dual-fluorescence reporter system showed that the LasR-dependent expression of
lasI
and
rsaL
does not correlate in single cells, indicating that RsaL acts as a brake that stochastically limits the transition of non-quorate cells to the quorate state in a subpopulation of cells expressing high levels of this negative regulator. Interestingly, the
rhl
QS system that is not controlled by an analogous RsaL protein showed higher homogeneity with respect to the
las
system.

IMPORTANCE

Single-cell analyses can reveal that despite experiencing identical physico-chemical conditions, individual bacterial cells within a monoclonal population may exhibit variations in gene expression. Such phenotypic heterogeneity has been described for several aspects of bacterial physiology, including QS activation. This study demonstrates that the transition of non-quorate cells to the quorate state is a graded process that does not occur at a specific cell density and that subpopulations of non-quorate cells also persist at high cell density. Here, we provide a mechanistic explanation for this phenomenon, showing that a negative feedback regulatory loop integrated into the las system has a pivotal role in promoting cell-to-cell variation in the QS activation state and in limiting the transition of non-quorate cells to the quorate state in
P. aeruginosa
.
Genome sequence of
Asaia bogorensis
strain SC1 isolated from an
Aedes aegypti
mosquito crop
Authors: Chakraborty Souvik , Benoit Joshua B. , Rowe Annette R. , Sackett Joshua D.
Published: October 2023

Understanding microbe-host interactions is key to combating disease transmission by mosquitoes. Here, we report the genome sequence of
Asaia bogorensis
strain SC1 isolated from a human-blood-fed
Aedes aegypti
mosquito crop. Metabolic pathway characteristics of aerobic respiration were present in the genome, along with multiple putative antibiotic resistance mechanisms.
Complete sequence of the genome-reduced
Escherichia coli
DGF-298
Authors: Matteau Dominick , Champie Antoine , Grenier Frédéric , Rodrigue Sébastien
Published: October 2023

We report the complete genome sequence and annotation of
Escherichia coli
DGF-298, a genome-reduced
E. coli
strain with interesting properties for systems and synthetic biology. DGF-298 has a single circular chromosome of 2,991,126 bp and 2,831 genes, including 2,691 coding sequences, with a mean G + C content of ~51%.
Simultaneous application of enzyme and thermodynamic constraints to metabolic models using an updated Python implementation of GECKO
Authors: Carrasco Muriel Jorge , Long Christopher , Sonnenschein Nikolaus
Published: October 2023

Genome-scale metabolic (GEM) models are knowledge bases of the reactions and metabolites of a particular organism. These GEM models allow for the simulation of the metabolism, for example, calculating growth and production yields—based on the stoichiometry, reaction directionality, and uptake rates of the metabolic network. Over the years, several extensions have been added to take into account other actors in metabolism, going beyond pure stoichiometry. One such extension is enzyme-constrained models, which enable the integration of proteomics data into GEM models containing the necessary
k
cat
values for their enzymes. Given its relatively recent formulation, there are still challenges in standardization and data reconciliation between the model and the experimental measurements. In this work, we present geckopy 3.0 (genome-scale model with enzyme constraints, using Kinetics and Omics in Python), an actualization from scratch of the previous Python implementation of the same name. This update tackles the aforementioned challenges, to reach maturity in enzyme-constrained modeling. With the new geckopy, proteins are typed in the Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) document, taking advantage of the SBML Groups extension, in compliance with community standards. In addition, a suite of relaxation algorithms—in the form of linear and mixed-integer linear programming problems—has been added to facilitate the reconciliation of raw proteomics data with the metabolic model. Several functionalities to integrate experimental data were implemented, including an interface layer with pytfa for the usage of thermodynamics and metabolomics constraints. Finally, the relaxation algorithms were benchmarked against public proteomics data sets in
Escherichia coli
for different conditions, revealing targets for improving the enzyme-constrained model and/or the proteomics pipeline.

IMPORTANCE

The metabolism of biological cells is an intricate network of reactions that interconvert chemical compounds, gathering energy, and using that energy to grow. The static analysis of these metabolic networks can be turned into a computational model that can efficiently output the distribution of fluxes in the network. With the inclusion of enzymes in the network, we can also interpret the role and concentrations of the metabolic proteins. However, the models and the experimental data often clash, resulting in a network that cannot grow. Here, we tackle this situation with a suite of relaxation algorithms in a package called geckopy. Geckopy also integrates with other software to allow for adding thermodynamic and metabolomic constraints. In addition, to ensure that enzyme-constrained models follow the community standards, a format for the proteins is postulated. We hope that the package and algorithms presented here will be useful for the constraint-based modeling community.
Comparative study of widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography in eyes with concomitant age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Finn Matthew , Baldwin Grace , Garg Itika , Wescott Hannah E , Koch Thomas , Vingopoulos Filippos , Zeng Rebecca , Choi Hanna , Sayah Diane , Husain Deeba , Patel Nimesh A , Kim Leo A , Miller Joan W , Wu David M , Vavvas Demetrios G , Miller John B
Published: October 2023

Background/aims

We sought to evaluate widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (WF SS-OCTA) among eyes with concomitant age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetes mellitus or diabetic retinopathy (DM/DR).

Methods

This cross-sectional, comparative study consisted of three study groups: eyes with (1) AMD and DM/DR, (2) AMD alone and (3) DM/DR alone. WF SS-OCTA (3×3, 6×6 and 12×12 mm) images were captured. Vascular metrics included foveal avascular zone (FAZ), vessel density (VD) and vessel skeletonised density (VSD). Mixed-effects multivariable regression models adjusted for age were performed by cohort and subgroup based on AMD and DR stages.

Results

Our cohort included 287 eyes from 186 patients with an average age of 64±14.0 years old. Results revealed significantly reduced vascular metrics in concomitant AMD and DM/DR eyes (N=68) compared with AMD-only eyes (N=71) on all angiograms but not compared with DM/DR-only eyes (N=148). For example, when compared with AMD-only eyes, AMD and DM/DR eyes had significantly reduced VD (β=−0.03, p=0.016) and VSD (β=−1.09, p=0.022) on 12×12 mm angiograms, increased FAZ perimeter (β=0.51, p=0.025) and FAZ area (β=0.11, p=0.015) on 6×6 mm angiogram, and reductions in all VD and VSD metrics on 3×3 and 6×6 mm angiograms. However, only 3×3 mm angiogram FAZ metrics were significantly different when comparing DM/DR eyes with concomitant AMD and DM/DR eyes.

Conclusion

WF SS-OCTA revealed significant reductions in retinal microvasculature metrics in AMD and DM/DR eyes compared with AMD-only eyes but not compared with DM/DR-only eyes.
Predictors and prognosis of population-based subjective cognitive decline: longitudinal evidence from the Caerphilly Prospective Study (CaPS)
Authors: Ball Harriet A , Coulthard Elizabeth , Fish Mark , Bayer Antony , Gallacher John , Ben-Shlomo Yoav
Published: October 2023

Objectives

To understand associations between the subjective experience of cognitive decline and objective cognition. This subjective experience is often conceptualised as an early step towards neurodegeneration, but this has not been scrutinised at the population level. An alternative explanation is poor meta-cognition, the extreme of which is seen in functional cognitive disorder (FCD).

Design

Prospective cohort (Caerphilly Prospective Study).

Setting

Population-based, South Wales, UK.

Participants

This men-only study began in 1979; 1225 men participated at an average age of 73 in 2002–2004, including assessments of simple subjective cognitive decline (sSCD, defined as a subjective report of worsening memory or concentration). Dementia outcomes were followed up to 2012–2014. Data on non-completers was additionally obtained from death certificates and local health records.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

The primary outcome measure was incident dementia over 10 years. Secondary outcome measures included prospective change in objective cognition and cross-sectional cognitive internal inconsistency (the existence of a cognitive ability at some times, and its absence at other times, with no intervening explanatory factors except for focus of attention).

Results

sSCD was common (30%) and only weakly associated with prior objective cognitive decline (sensitivity 36% (95% CI 30 to 42) and specificity 72% (95% CI 68 to 75)). Independent predictors of sSCD were older age, poor sleep quality and higher trait anxiety. Those with sSCD did not have excess cognitive internal inconsistency, but results suggested a mild attentional deficit. sSCD did not predict objective cognitive change (linear regression coefficient −0.01 (95% CI −0.13 to 0.15)) nor dementia (odds ratio 1.35 (0.61 to 2.99)) 10 years later.

Conclusions

sSCD is weakly associated with prior objective cognitive decline and does not predict future cognition. Prior sleep difficulties and anxiety were the most robust predictors of sSCD. sSCD in the absence of objective decline appears to be a highly prevalent example of poor meta-cognition (ie, poor self-awareness of cognitive performance), which could be a driver for later FCD.
Association between WeChat use and mental health among middle-aged and older adults: a secondary data analysis of the 2020 China Family Panel Studies database
Authors: Zhang Chong , Liang Xiaolin
Published: October 2023

Objective

This study focused on the association between WeChat use, the most popular social software in China, and the mental health of middle-aged and older adults.

Design

Nationwide cross-sectional study.

Setting

The China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) database.

Participants

The study sample included 11 127 middle-aged and elderly people aged 45 and above identified from the 2020 CFPS database.

Results

WeChat usage was negatively associated with depression (OR: 0.782, p<0.01), as was the WeChat Moments sharing (OR: 0.846, p<0.01). 10.310% of the relationship between WeChat usage and depression came from the effects of interpersonal relationships (5.720%) and social trust (4.590%), with significant indirect effects (B=−0.028, p<0.01). Sixteen per cent of the relationship between WeChat Moments sharing and depression came from the effect of interpersonal relationships (6.800%) and social trust (9.200%), and the indirect effect was also significant (B=−0.032, p<0.01).

Conclusions

WeChat use may empower middle-aged and elderly to maintain close social relationships and trust contributing to their mental health.
Professional stakeholders’ expectations for the future of community pharmacy practice in England: a qualitative study
Authors: Paloumpi Evgenia , Ozieranski Piotr , Watson Margaret C , Jones Matthew D
Published: October 2023

Objectives

To explore the views of professional stakeholders on the future of community pharmacy services in England. Specific objectives related to expectations of how community pharmacy services will be provided by 2030 and factors that will influence this.

Design

Qualitative, using semistructured interviews in person or via telephone/Skype. The topic guide was informed by a recent policy review that used the Walt and Gilson policy framework. Transcripts were analysed using inductive thematic analysis.

Setting

England.

Participants

External stakeholders were representatives of non-pharmacy organisations, including policy-makers, commissioners and representatives of healthcare professions. Internal stakeholders were community pharmacists or pharmacy organisation representatives. Interviewees were identified using stakeholder mapping

Results

In total, 25 interviews were completed (7 external stakeholders and 18 internal stakeholders, of which 10 were community pharmacists). Community pharmacy was recognised as having a key role in expanding health system capacity (‘…pharmacy is the obvious person to take on those roles…’), particularly for long-term condition management (eg, adherence, reducing polypharmacy, monitoring), urgent care (eg, minor illnesses) and public health (including mental health). For these contributions to be developed and optimised, greater integration and collaboration with general practices will be needed (‘…there is no room for isolationism in pharmacy anymore…’), as well as use of technology in a patient-centred way and full access to health records. These changes will require workforce development together with appropriate commissioning and contractual arrangements. Community pharmacy is currently undervalued (‘…the complete misunderstanding by senior Government officials is very scary’) and recent investment in general practice pharmacists rather than community pharmacy was seen as a missed opportunity.

Conclusions

Community pharmacy as a sector could and should be developed to increase health service capacity to address its current challenges. Numerous modifications are required from a range of stakeholders to create the environment in which these changes can occur.
Effectiveness of atosiban in women with previous single implantation failure undergoing frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Cai He , Liu Shan , Chen Lijuan , Xie Jinlin , Yang Chen , Li Wentao , Mol Ben W , Shi Juanzi
Published: October 2023

Background

Uterine contractions may interfere with embryo implantation in assisted reproductive technology. To reduce these contractions and improve success rates, the oxytocin antagonist atosiban has been suggested for administration during embryo transfer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of atosiban in increasing live birth rates among women who have previously experienced a single implantation failure and are scheduled for single blastocyst transfer.

Methods and analysis

We conduct a single-centre randomised controlled study comparing atosiban and placebo in women undergoing a single blastocyst transfer with a previous failed blastocyst transfer. Women with endocrine or systemic illnesses, recurrent miscarriages, uterine malformations or fibroids, untreated hydrosalpinx, endometriosis (stage III or IV) or uterine fibroids, as well as women undergoing preimplantation genetic testing, are ineligible. The primary outcome is live birth resulting from the frozen-thawed embryo transfer. Secondary outcomes include biochemical/clinical pregnancy, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, multiple pregnancies as well as maternal and perinatal outcomes. We plan to recruit 1100 women (550 women per group). This will allow us to demonstrate or refute an increase in live birth rate from 40% to 50%. Data analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. We will measure patterns of uterine peristalsis which will allow subgroup analysis for women with or without uterine peristalsis.

Ethics and dissemination

This study has been approved by the Institutional Review Board of Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital (No. SZ2019001). Written informed consent will be obtained from each participant before randomisation. The results of the trial will be presented at scientific meetings and reported in publications.

Trial registration number

ChiCTR1900022333.
Risk factors associated with elevated intraocular pressure: a population-based study in a rural community of Bangladesh
Authors: Sharfuddin Ahmed Md , Ullah ABM Yasin , Barman Nilima , Ratan Zubair Ahmed , Mostafa Subarna , Khaleque Abdul , Kabir Showkat , Khan Maruf Haque , Haque M Atiqul
Published: October 2023

Objective

High intraocular pressure (IOP) is one of the major modifiable risk factors for glaucoma. The objective was to examine socio-demographic and clinical factors related to IOP.

Methods and analysis

This study was conducted among 3097 adults residing in a rural area of Bangladesh, with all participants undergoing clinical and ophthalmological evaluations. The measurement of IOP was carried out using of a rebound Tonometer called Icare pro. Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to identify variables associated to IOP levels of 21 mm Hg or above. Adjusted OR (aOR) and 95% CI were reported.

Results

This study found that, in total, 9% of the study population had high IOP in one or both eyes. Elevated IOP was significantly associated with respondents who were service holders (aOR 2.52; 95% CI 1.48 to 4.31), had a lower education level (aOR 1.55, 95% CI 1.07 to 2.23), used biomass fuel (aOR 2.00; 95% CI 1.09 to 3.67), belonged to a higher socioeconomic position (aOR 1.55, 95% CI 1.07 to 2.23) and had obesity (aOR 2.00; 95% CI 1.07 to 3.73), hypertension (aOR 1.32; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.73) or history of diabetes (aOR 2.44; 95% CI 1.67 to 3.55), after adjusting for covariates including age, sex, marital status, light source and tobacco consumption, in a multiple regression analysis.

Conclusion

Chronic diseases, such as hypertension and diabetes, obesity and sociodemographic characteristics such as high socioeconomic status and use of biomass fuels, have all been linked to elevated IOP. Patients with chronic diseases should undergo for IOP testing regularly.
Implications of isolated white matter abnormalities on neonatal MRI in congenital CMV infection: a prospective single-centre study
Authors: Vande Walle Caroline , Keymeulen Annelies , Oostra Ann , Schiettecatte Eva , Dhooge Ingeborg Johanna , Smets Koenraad , Herregods Nele
Published: October 2023

Objective

Investigating the clinical implications of isolated white matter abnormalities on neonatal brain MRI in congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV).

Design

Prospective, observational.

Patients/interventions

Two paediatric radiologists, blinded to clinical data, independently scored the white matter in 286 newborns with congenital CMV. After assessing interobserver variability, mean score was used to categorise white matter (normal, doubtful or abnormal). Patients with other brain abnormalities were excluded.

Main outcome measures

Hearing and neuromotor evaluation.

Results

Cohen’s weighted kappa was 0.79 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.84). White matter was normal in 121 patients, doubtful in 62, abnormal in 28. Median clinical follow-up was 12.0 months (IQR 12.0–27.7 months). Neonatal hearing loss occurred in 4/27 patients (14.8%) with abnormal, 1/118 patients (0.8%) with normal and 1/62 patients (1.6%) with doubtful white matter (p<0.01). Impaired cognitive development was seen in 3/27 patients (11.1%) with abnormal, 3/114 patients (2.6%) with normal and 1/59 patients (1.7%) with doubtful white matter (p=0.104). Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) was below P75 in 21/26 patients (80.8%) with abnormal, 73/114 patients (64.0%) with normal and 36/57 patients (63.2%) with doubtful white matter (p=0.231). In a subgroup of patients with minimal clinical follow-up of 18 months, AIMS score was below P75 in 10/13 patients (76.9%) with abnormal, 13/34 patients (38.2%) with normal and 7/20 patients (35.0%) with doubtful white matter (p<0.05).

Conclusions

Abnormal white matter was associated with neonatal hearing loss and mild, lower motor scores. A tendency towards impaired cognitive development was seen. Patients with doubtful white matter did not show worse clinical outcome.
The ethics of coercion in mental healthcare: the role of structural racism
Authors: Faissner Mirjam , Braun Esther
Published: October 2023

In mental health ethics, it is generally assumed that coercive measures are sometimes justified when persons with mental illness endanger themselves or others. Coercive measures are regarded as ethically justified only when certain criteria are fulfilled: for example, the intervention must be proportional in relation to the potential harm. In this paper, we demonstrate shortcomings of this established ethical framework in cases where people with mental illness experience structural racism. By drawing on a case example from mental healthcare, we first demonstrate that biases in assessing whether the coercive intervention is proportional are likely, for example, due to an overestimation of dangerousness. We then show that even if proportionality is assessed correctly, and the specific coercive intervention would thus be regarded as ethically justified according to the standard framework, coercion may still be ethically problematic. This is because the standard framework does not consider how situations in which coercive measures are applied arise. If structural racism causally contributes to such situations, the use of coercion can compound the prior injustice of racist discrimination. We conclude that the ethical analysis of coercion in mental healthcare should consider the possibility of discriminatory biases and practices and systematically take the influence of structural discrimination into account.
Understanding genetic justice in the post-enhanced world: a reply to Sinead Prince
Authors: Rueda Jon
Published: October 2023

In her recent article, Prince has identified a critical challenge for those who advocate genetic enhancement to reduce social injustices. The gene–environment interaction prevents genetic enhancement from having equitable effects at the phenotypic level, even if enhancement were available to the entire population. The poor would benefit less than the rich from their improved genes because their genotypes would interact with more unfavourable socioeconomic environments. Therefore, Prince believes that genetic enhancement should not be used to combat social inequalities, since it can likely aggravate them. In this article, I raise various objections to this conclusion. I argue first that genetic enhancement need not necessarily magnify social injustices. I then show that genetic enhancement can play a modest but not insignificant role in the quest for social justice in the future. Finally, I conclude by arguing for the need to consider the complex interplay between the social lottery and the natural lottery in our aspirations for justice linked to genetic technologies.
Calculator for predicting the probability of faculty promotion in an academic medical centre
Authors: Yeo May May , Lim Shih-Hui , Kumar Anshul , Thompson Anne W
Published: October 2023

Objective

The academic medical centre (AMC), with over 2200 faculty members, annually manages approximately 300 appointments and promotions. Considering these large numbers, we explored whether machine learning could predict the probability of obtaining promotional approvals.

Methods

We examined variables related to academic promotion using predictive analytical methods. The data included candidates’ publications, the H-index, educational contributions and leadership or service within and outside the AMC.

Results

Of the five methods employed, the random forest algorithm was identified as the ‘best’ model through our leave-one-out cross-validation model evaluation process.

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the AMC. The developed model can be deployed as a ‘calculator’ to evaluate faculty performance and assist applicants in understanding their chances of promotion based on historical data. Furthermore, it can act as a guide for tenure and promotion committees in candidate review processes. This increases the transparency of the promotion process and aligns faculty aspirations with the AMC’s mission and vision. It is possible for other researchers to adopt the algorithms from our analysis and apply them to their data.
Home emergency response team for the seriously ill palliative care patient: feasibility and effectiveness
Authors: Deniau Nicolas , Shojaei Taraneh , Georges Alexandre , Danis Jean , Czapiuk Georges , Mercier Stephane , Maari Claudine , Pourchet Sylvain , Balladur Elisabeth , Leclaire Clement
Published: October 2023

Objectives

To characterise trajectories associated with a new team organisation combining critical care and palliative care approaches at home.

Methods

We describe the pattern of an emergency response team 24/7 directed to patients with advanced illness presenting a distressing symptom at home, who wanted to stay at home and for whom hospitalisation was considered inappropriate by a shared medical decision-making process in an emergency situation. To assess preliminary impact of this Programme, we conducted a descriptive study on all consecutive patients receiving this intervention during the first year (between 6 September 2021 and 5 September 2022).

Results

Among the 352 patients included, main advanced illnesses were cancer (41%), dementia (28%) or chronic organ failure (10%). They were critically ill with acute failures: respiratory (52%), neurological (48%) or circulatory (20%). Main distressing symptoms were breathlessness (43%) and pain (17%). Median response time from call to home-visit (IQR) was 140 (90–265) min. Median length of follow-up (IQR) was 4 (2–7) days. Main outcomes were death at home (72%), improvement (19%) or hospitalisation (9%) including three visits to emergency department (1%).

Conclusions

Our study supports that shared decision-making process and urgent care at home are feasible and might prevent undesired hospitalisations.
Does probiotic ingestion reduce the risk of preeclampsia? A systematic review
Authors: Valiati Nayara , Puel Esthela M. , Stefani Cristine M. , Lataro Renata M.
Published: October 2023

We aimed to systematically review the literature on the effects of probiotic consumption on the risk of preeclampsia (PE) development. Eight databases, clinical trial registries, and grey literature were searched until February 2022. Studies were included if they (1) were randomized clinical trials (RCTs), (2) included pregnant women aged ≥ 18 years old, (3) used probiotics products, and (4) were written in the Latin alphabet. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed using the risk ratio as the effect measure with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for PE. The search strategy identified 359 records, from which six RCTs were included. The six RCTs evaluated pregnant women with comorbidities and enrolled 593 women that received probiotics and 625 receiving placebo. None of the included RCTs analyzed healthy women. Probiotics increased by 12% the PE risk (RR 1.12, 95% CI, CI = 0.83–1.53, p = 0.46, χ2 = 3.31, df = 5 ( p = 0.65), I2 = 0%). The certainty of the evidence, evaluated through the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach, was rated as very low. In conclusion, probiotics supplementation may slightly increase PE rates in pregnant women with comorbidities. The risk may be higher in obese women and for periods of ingestion longer than eight weeks. However, the evidence certainty is very low. PROSPERO registration No.CRD42021278611.