bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A REVIEW ON: RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Authors: Patel Saurabh
Published: February 2025

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic multisystem disease of presumed autoimmune etiology. Rheumatoid arthritis is characterised by persistent synovitis, systemic inflammation, and auto antibodies (particularly to rheumatoid factor and citrullinated peptide). The disorder is most typical in women and elderly people. Uncontrolled active rheumatoid arthritis causes joint damage, disability, decreased quality of life, and cardiovascular and other comorbidities. Disease-modifying anti rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), the key therapeutic agents, reduce synovitis and systemic inflammation and improve function. As with many other chronic conditions, early intervention can reduce the severity of the disease. Long-term remission induced by intensive, short-term treatment selected by biomarker profiles is the ultimate goal.
Changes in profession of pharmacy in India during last two decades
Authors: Patel Dr. L.D
Published: February 2025

The profession of pharmacy in India has been changed significantly during last two decades. Pharmacy has evolved from the practice of preparing, preserving, compounding, and dispensing of the drugs to a patient oriented practice of caring and counseling and clinical practice. The coming era will be of consumer or customer. Hence, the pharmacy student must be competent in pharmacy practice.
Nail Drug Delivery System-A Novel Approaches For Drug Delivery System
Authors: Bhowmik Debjit
Published: February 2025

Topical therapy is highly desirable in treating nail disorders due to its localized effects, which results in minimal adverse systemic events and possibly improved adherence. However, the effectiveness of topical therapies is limited by minimal drug permeability through the nail plate.Infections of foot and hand nails by fungi are a very common condition in millions of people. They account for about half of all nail disorders and are estimated to occur in over 10% of the population. Such infections may be difficult to treat, and currently prescribed oral antifungal medications may cause side effects ranging from skin rashes to liver damage. Other treatment modalities include the use of antifungal lacquers and topical medications. Topical trans-nail delivery of antifungal drugs is limited by several physicochemical and physiological factors. Use of chemical permeation enhancers has been a common approach for enhancing trans-nail delivery of drugs. The potential of physical permeation enhancement techniques has been found to be higher than the potential of chemical permeation enhancers in transdermal delivery of hydrophilic drugs and macromolecular therapeutic agents. However, application of physical permeation enhancement techniques has not been explored for trans-nail drug delivery. In the current work, iontophoresis was applied across human nail in vitro to assess its efficiency in enhancing drug delivery. This new therapy may reduce the need for hazardous systemic administration of oral antifungal drugs for nail infections. A novel ultrasound-mediated drug delivery system has been developed for treatment of a nail fungal disorder (onychomycosis) by improving delivery to the nail bed using ultrasound to increase the permeability of the nail. The slip-in device consists of ultrasound transducers and drug delivery compartments above each toenail. The device is connected to a computer, where a software interface allows users to select their preferred course of treatment.
SILK- BASED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Authors: Kumar B. Pragati
Published: February 2025

Silks are biodegradable, biocompatible, self-assembling proteins that can also be tailored via genetic engineering to contain specific chemical features, offering utility for drug and gene delivery. Silkworm silk has been used in biomedical sutures for decades and has recently achieved Food and Drug Administration approval for expanded biomaterials device utility. With the diversity and control of size, structure and chemistry, modified or recombinant silk proteins can be designed and utilized in various biomedical application, such as for the delivery of bioactive molecules. Silk proteins have been used successfully in the biomedical field as sutures for decades, and also explored as biomaterials for cell culture and tissue engineering,achieving Food and Drug Administration approval for such expanded utility because of their excellent mechanical properties, versatility in processing and biocompatibility.This topic focuses on the biosynthesis and applications of silk- based multi-block copolymer systems and related silk protein drug delivery systems.
POLYMERS : USED IN DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Authors: Singh Soumya
Published: February 2025

Now -a -days Polymers have extended use in the formulation of tablets and capsules. These are also used in targeted drug delivery systems. These are advantageous in drug targeting by prolonging drug release time. By targeting Pharmaceutical drugs using different polymers makes possible to guarantee local or systemic drug delivery to the site. Mostly, polymers are strongly hydrophilic in nature leading to premature drug release. To overcome this problem some polysaccharides, such as inulin, guar gum, pectin have been chemically modified to increase their hydrophobicity. These polymers play an important role in targeting the drugs to their specific site and used in tablets and capsules. The drug is released by losing strength and tensility of polymers when acted by different polysaccharides. Different microcapsules are also prepared by using selected polymers of cellulose, such as cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate phthalate and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate. The influence, of different drug, polymer ratios and combination of polymers, on particle size, yield, and release kinetics is imperative. Cellulose acetate is a non-toxic cellulose polymer and it is insoluble in acidic and alkaline fluids and having superior film forming properties. It is extensively used as a coating material and matrix binder for tablets and capsules. It has threshold pH of 6 and expected to use as a carrier in the colonic drug delivery of drugs.
Bioequivalence Study of Esomeprazole in Healthy Adults, Human Subjects, Under Fasting Conditions
Authors: Srivastav Atul Kumar
Published: February 2025

This is an open label, randomized, balanced, two treatment, two period, two-sequence, single dose, crossover bioequivalence study in twelve (12) healthy adults, human subjects, under fasting conditions. In each treatment period, subjects received a single dose of esomeprazole 40 mg capsule. Treatment periods separated by a washout period of at least 05 days. The bioequivalence of a single capsule formulation of esomeprazole 40 mg given individually assessed by the geometric mean ratios of the area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) and observed maximum plasma concentration (Cmax). ANOVA model performed on an untransformed and a natural log-transformed AUC0-t, AUC0-∞ and Cmax taking into account - sequence, subject (sequence), period and treatment as variables. 90% Confidence interval for the ratio of the geometric least square means of natural log transformed Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ of Test and Reference formulations are within 80.0% to 125.0%, hence bioequivalence is established.
MRI: A Magnificent Tool in the Diagnosis of Diverse Diseases
Authors: Kumar Suresh
Published: February 2025

Today, the use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners has grown tremendously. Doctors may order MRI scans to help diagnose multiple sclerosis, brain tumors, torn ligaments, tendonitis, cancer, strokes and a number of other ailments which a person come across in his daily life. An MRI scan is the best way to see inside the human body without cutting it open. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive way to take pictures of the body. Unlike X-rays and computed tomographic (CT) scans, which use radiation, MRI uses powerful magnets and radio waves. The magnetic field produced by an MRI is about 10 thousand times greater than the earth's magnetic field. Single MRI images are called slices and these images can be stored on a computer or printed on film. One exam produces dozens or sometimes hundreds of images. This review describes various aspects like principle, construction, working, applications of MRI which will be very beneficial for the researchers and health professionals.
Designing the first Proton Pump Inhibitor as a Delayed Release, Orodispersible Tablets for treatment of Peptic ulcer
Authors: Pandeya Rajat Kumar
Published: February 2025

Oral disintegrating tablets (ODTs) have received ever-increasing demand during the last decade, and the field has become a rapidly growing area in the pharmaceutical industry. Upon introduction into the mouth, these tablets dissolve or disintegrate in the mouth in the absence of additional water for easy administration of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The popularity and usefulness of the formulation resulted in development of several ODT technologies. This review describes various formulations and technologies developed to achieve fast dissolution/dispersion of tablets in the oral cavity. In particular, this review describes in detail FDT technologies based on lyophilization, molding, sublimation, and compaction, as well as approaches to enhancing the ODT properties, such as spraydrying, moisture treatment, sintering, and use of sugar-based disintegrants. In addition, taste-masking technologies, experimental measurements of disintegration times, and clinical studies are also discussed.
Clonal Variability Studies in ‘Alphonso’ Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) by Phenotypic Characters and Molecular Markers
Authors: Venkateswarlu Kambham
Published: February 2025

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is the most popular fruit crop in the orient particularly in India, where it is considered as the best choice among all indigenous fruits. It occupies relatively the same position as that enjoyed by apple in temperate America or Europe. It ranks first among all the fruits of India in area and production. This present review gives information about the clonal variability in alphonso mango
Driving Social Change: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Initiatives and Social Business Innovation in a Selected Multinational Company in China
Authors: Li Changlu , Li Zhengchun , Lorenzo Lorenzo C.
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and social innovation practices within a multinational company. Through a comprehensive analysis of survey data collected from employees, the study examines the profile of respondents across demographic categories, including sex, age, and years in service. Additionally, the assessment of CSR dimensions—accountability, transparency, competitiveness, and responsibility—is explored to understand the company's commitment to social and environmental stewardship. Furthermore, the extent of social innovation practices, encompassing social technology, innovation intermediaries, people who drive innovation, and openness, is evaluated to gauge the company's efforts in addressing social and environmental challenges through innovative approaches. The analysis reveals significant differences in CSR assessment and social innovation practices based on demographic factors, highlighting the importance of considering employee profiles in CSR and innovation initiatives. However, the study finds an insignificant correlation between CSR assessment and social innovation practices, suggesting the need for further research to understand the underlying dynamics. Overall, this study contributes to the growing body of literature on CSR and social innovation by providing insights into the intersection of these constructs within a corporate setting and informing strategies for fostering sustainable and inclusive business practices.
Pendampingan Perencanaan Fasilitas Wisata Pantai Pasir Putih di Kolaka Utara
Authors: Hidayat Arman , Puspaningtyas Retno , Masgode Muhammad Buttomi , Rustan Fathur Rahman , Ola Mursalim Ninoy La
Published: February 2025

Pasir Putih Beach in Kolaka Utara possesses considerable potential as a leading tourist destination. Nonetheless, insufficient infrastructure continues to pose a significant obstacle to attracting additional visitors. This community service initiative seeks to develop tourism infrastructure that meets the need of local populations and adheres to sustainable principles. The Participatory Action Research methodology was utilized to guarantee active community engagement in identifying demands, doing analysis, and planning facilities. The phases of the activity encompassed field observation, focus group discussions, planning, and community validation. The result of this action is a planning document that includes facility designs, cost estimates, implementation timelines, and management strategies. The proposed amenities comprise public restrooms, parking zones, seating arrangements, informational displays, and divided garbage receptacles. The transfer of the planning document to local authorities constitutes the preliminary phase of participatory implementation. This strategy not only produces facilities that address community requirements but also enhances awareness and cultivates a sense of ownership among residents concerning the stewardship of Pasir Putih Beach. This effort aims to foster sustainable tourism development, enhance tourist visitation, and yield economic advantages for the local community
Konkurencja w polskim sektorze transportu kolejowego
Authors:   Katedra Prawa Gospodarczego Publicznego, Wydział Prawa i Administracji, Uniwersytet Łódzki, Kraśniewski Marcin
Published: February 2025

Artykuł prezentuje najistotniejsze przepisy mające na celu zwiększenie konkurencyjności w sektorze
transportu kolejowego w Polsce. W pracy omówiono strukturę rynku i zaprezentowano tendencje
na nim zachodzące. Istotną częścią pracy jest unbundling, zasada dostępu stron trzecich oraz
niezależność regulatora w sektorze transportu kolejowego, jakim jest Prezes UTK. Autor wskazał
czynniki, z powodu których rozwój kolei następuje wolniej niż w innych konkurencyjnych rodzajach
transportu, zwłaszcza transportu drogowego. Artykuł przedstawia również bariery wejścia
na rynek.
Unijna polityka w zakresie zewnętrznych stosunków w dziedzinie lotnictwa
Authors: Bujnowski Marian
Published: February 2025

Artykuł dotyczy unijnej polityki w zakresie zewnętrznych stosunków w dziedzinie lotnictwa. Autor
przedstawia jej genezę, w tym prawne i ekonomiczno-polityczne implikacje orzeczeń Europejskiego
Trybunału Sprawiedliwości z dnia 5 listopada 2002 r. Omawia jej podstawowe cele, zasady i fi lary,
na których jest oparta. Charakteryzuje jej rozwój i współpracę lotniczą UE z kluczowymi partnerami
regionalnymi i światowymi oraz perspektywy jej rozwoju.
Akta w postępowaniu w przedmiocie zatwierdzenia stawek opłat jednostkowych za dostęp i korzystanie z infrastruktury kolejowej – między obowiązkiem udostępnienia informacji publicznej a ochroną tajemnicy przedsiębiorcy
Authors: Chudzinski Tomasz
Published: February 2025

W niniejszym artykule autor opisuje charakter prawny dokumentacji przedkładanej do wniosków
o zatwierdzenie stawek za dostęp i korzystanie z infrastruktury kolejowej oraz nakreśla spór
pomiędzy zarządcami infrastruktury oraz Prezesem UTK a przewoźnikami chcącymi uzyskać
dokumentację niezbędną do obliczenia wysokości szkód poniesionych w związku z błędną implementacją
dyrektywy PE i Rady nr 2001/14/WE.
Kryterium interesu konsumenta w sprawach z zakresu prawa konkurencji UE dotyczących transportu lotniczego – o potrzebie definicji
Authors:   Katedra Prawa Międzynarodowego i Europejskiego, Wydział Prawa, Administracji i Ekonomii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Kociubiński Jakub
Published: February 2025

Artykuł stanowi głos w dyskusji toczącej się w związku z opublikowaniem przez Komisję Europejską w grudniu 2015 roku dokumentu „Europejska strategia w dziedzinie lotnictwa” będącą w założeniu próbą wprowadzenia kompleksowej wizji rozwoju branży. Praca przedstawia zagadnienia związane z postrzeganiem interesu konsumentów jako jednej z determinant rozstrzygnięć postepowań z zakresu prawa konkurencji dotyczących koncentracji linii lotniczych i współpracy między przewoźnikami. Prezentowane jest stanowisko uznające potrzebę istnienia spójnego standardu oceny tytułowego kryterium dla wspomnianych rodzajów postepowań i postulujące uzupełnienie strategii dla lotnictwa o ten element.
Kaunas ir jo apylinkės XVII a. viduryje švedų karinėje kartografijoje
Authors: Bucevičiūtė Laima
Published: February 2025

Straipsnyje analizuojamas Kauno apylinkių vaizdavimas švedų karo kartografo Georgo von Schwengelno 1656 m. sudarytame scheminiame žemėlapyje. Žemėlapyje apimama teritorija abipus Nemuno krantų nuo Kauno iki dešiniojo intako Šventosios upės, įtekančios žemiau Jurbarko ir kairiojo intako Šešupės. Kaunas ir jo apylinkės kartografuotos detaliai, tačiau su didelėmis lokalizacijų paklaidomis. Eskize atskleista Nemuno upės hidrografinė aplinka. Kartografas pažymėjo 7 Nemuno abiejų krantų tiesioginius intakus, tik dalį jų įvardijo. Žemėlapyje taip pat pažymėta 15 gyvenamųjų vietovių abipus Nemuno krantų. Papildomos reikšmingos informacijos suteikia įvairūs užrašai, liudijantys Kauno apylinkių situaciją žemėlapio sudarymo laikmečiu. Žemėlapio turinys atskleidžia, kaip Kauną ir jo apylinkes matė švedų karo pareigūnai, kokia tiksline informacija disponavo ir kaip šis žemėlapis galėjo pasitarnauti galimos karinės invazijos atveju.
Kauno Švč. Sakramento bažnyčia: fasadų natūros tyrimų atradimai
Authors: Prikockienė Asta
Published: February 2025

Dabartinė Kauno Švč. Sakramento bažnyčia istorijos eigoje išgyveno itin daug transformacijų. 1990 m. pastatą sugrąžinus Kauno arkivyskupijai, nebuvo lengva nuspręsti, ką su juo reikėtų daryti. Klausimų ir problemų buvo gerokai daugiau nei atsakymų ir žinojimo, kaip elgtis. Pirmiausia reikėjo pažinti ir suprasti pastatą, kuris išorėje vis dar buvo cerkvė, viduje – kino teatras, o iš prigimties – dominikonų bažnyčia, kurios negalėjai nei pamatyti, nei pajausti. Straipsnyje supažindinama su Kauno dominikonų bažnyčioje 2000–2023 metais vykdytų natūros tyrimų atradimais. Pristatomas dominikonų bažnyčios atsiradimas, esminiai pastato raidos etapai, rekonstrukcijų metu įvykę pokyčiai, stiliaus ir funkcijos kaita, fiksuojami išlikę autentiški skirtingų laikotarpių elementai. Atliktų natūros tyrimų atradimai, apibendrinimai iliustruojami gausia vizualine medžiaga: schemomis, ikonografija, nuotraukomis, kartogramomis.
Dieviškosios Jėzaus Širdies pranciškonių kongregacijos namo likimas 1937–2024 m.
Authors: Kašiubaitė Akvilė
Published: February 2025

Straipsnyje analizuojama pastato Kaune, Žemaičių g. 85, kurį galime priskirti Kauno modernizmo architektūriniam paveldui, istorija. Nuo 1937 m., kai buvo pastatyti pranciškonių vienuolyno seserims priklausę namai, ne vieną kartą pasikeitė pastato paskirtis. Jame veikė pirmieji uždari rekolekcijų namai, neturtingų merginų bendrabutis, sovietmečiu – vaikų namai Nr. 1 ir Valstybinis pedagoginis muziejus, o 2002 m. jame vėl apsigyveno seserys vienuolės. Nepaisant turtingos praeities, pastato istorija nėra išsamiau nagrinėta. Šiame straipsnyje ji atskleidžiama pasitelkus nepublikuotus privačius Dieviškosios Jėzaus Širdies pranciškonių kongregacijos ir Lietuvos švietimo muziejaus fondų dokumentus, taip pat įvairaus laikotarpio Kauno regioninio valstybės archyvo bylas, publikuotus atsiminimus ir straipsnius spaudoje. Analizuojami 1989 m. „Kauno tiesoje“ publikuoti laiškai redakcijai, kurie padėjo išsaugoti pastato teritorijos vientisumą.
Analysis of the Represented Interior Space: Hermeneutic Study of the Peres Maldonado Ex-voto
Authors:   Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Mexico, de León Blanca Ruiz Esparza Díaz , Romo Héctor Omar Gonzaléz ,   Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Mexico
Published: February 2025

The paper demonstrates the application of Henri Lefebvre's postulates in the hermeneutical study of the Peres Maldonado Ex-voto, created in Aguascalientes in 1777. This piece, authored by an unknown artist, likely illustrates the first mastectomy performed in Mexican lands. This study employs an analytical framework that integrates the propositions made by the philosopher Henri Lefebvre and the experiential spatial systems proposed by the authors. The former formulates a conceptual foundation that unfolds the body in three spatial dimensions: mental, physical, and social. The unfolding could make possible the defragmentation of the painting's elements to analyse the concept of corporeality or total body, as mentioned by Lefebvre. Subsequently, the experiential spatial systems complement the spatial analysis through relational concepts consisting of body-mind, body-gestures, body-attire, body-objects, and body-interior/exterior envelope. The analysis offers some new insights into several components of the simulated pictorial space of the voting offering, including the principal female figure, the secondary characters, the gestures and postures, attire, objects, furnishings, and constructed interior environment. The findings contribute to the development of new methodologies for interpreting spatial configuration in artistic works and, consequently, offer significant advancements in the fields of interior architectural space design and art.
Protein absorption in the zebrafish gut is regulated by interactions between lysosome rich enterocytes and the microbiome
Authors: Childers Laura , Park Jieun , Wang Siyao , Liu Richard , Barry Robert , Watts Stephen A , Rawls John F , Bagnat Michel
Published: February 2025

Dietary protein absorption in neonatal mammals and fishes relies on the function of a specialized and conserved population of highly absorptive lysosome rich enterocytes (LREs). The gut microbiome has been shown to enhance absorption of nutrients, such as lipids, by intestinal epithelial cells. However, whether protein absorption is also affected by the gut microbiome is poorly understood. Here, we investigate connections between protein absorption and microbes in the zebrafish gut. Using live microscopy-based quantitative assays, we find that microbes slow the pace of protein uptake and degradation in LREs. While microbes do not affect the number of absorbing LRE cells, microbes lower the expression of endocytic and protein digestion machinery in LREs. Using transgene assisted cell isolation and single cell RNA-sequencing, we characterize all intestinal cells that take up dietary protein. We find that microbes affect expression of bacteria-sensing and metabolic pathways in LREs, and that some secretory cell types also take up protein and share components of protein uptake and digestion machinery with LREs. Using custom-formulated diets, we investigated the influence of diet and LRE activity on the gut microbiome. Impaired protein uptake activity in LREs, along with a protein-deficient diet, alters the microbial community and leads to increased abundance of bacterial genera that have the capacity to reduce protein uptake in LREs. Together, these results reveal that diet-dependent reciprocal interactions between LREs and the gut microbiome regulate protein absorption.
FtsK is Critical for the Assembly of the Unique Divisome Complex of the FtsZ-less Chlamydia trachomatis
Authors: Harpring McKenna , Lee Junghoon , Zhong Guangming , Ouellette Scot P , Cox John V
Published: February 2025

Chlamydia trachomatis
serovar L2
(Ct),
an obligate intracellular bacterium that does not encode FtsZ, divides by a polarized budding process. In the absence of FtsZ, we show that FtsK, a chromosomal translocase, is critical for divisome assembly in
Ct
. Chlamydial FtsK forms discrete foci at the septum and at the base of the progenitor mother cell, and our data indicate that FtsK foci at the base of the mother cell mark the location of nascent divisome complexes that form at the site where a daughter cell will emerge in the next round of division. The divisome in
Ct
has a hybrid composition, containing elements of the divisome and elongasome from other bacteria, and FtsK is recruited to nascent divisomes prior to the other chlamydial divisome proteins assayed, including the PBP2 and PBP3 transpeptidases, and MreB and MreC. Knocking down FtsK prevents divisome assembly in
Ct
and inhibits cell division and septal peptidoglycan synthesis. We further show that MreB does not function like FtsZ and serve as a scaffold for the assembly of the
Ct
divisome. Rather, MreB is one of the last proteins recruited to the chlamydial divisome, and it is necessary for the formation of septal peptidoglycan rings. Our studies illustrate the critical role of chlamydial FtsK in coordinating divisome assembly and peptidoglycan synthesis in this obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen.
Strikingly different neurotransmitter release strategies in dopaminergic subclasses
Authors: Dorrego-Rivas Ana , Byrne Darren J , Liu Yunyi , Cheah Menghon , Arslan Ceren , Lipovsek Marcela , Ford Marc C , Grubb Matthew S
Published: February 2025

Neuronal function is intimately tied to axodendritic polarity. Neurotransmitter release, for example, is usually the role of the axon. There are widespread exceptions to this rule, however, including many mammalian neuronal types that can release neurotransmitter from their dendrites. In the mouse olfactory bulb, closely related subclasses of dopaminergic interneuron differ markedly in their polarity, with one subtype lacking an axon entirely. These axon-bearing and anaxonic dopaminergic subclasses have distinct developmental profiles and sensory responses, but how their fundamental polarity differences translate to functional outputs remains entirely unknown. Here, we provide anatomical evidence for distinct neurotransmitter release strategies among these closely related dopaminergic subtypes: anaxonic cells release from their dendrites, while axon-bearing neurons release exclusively from their intermittently myelinated axon. These structural differences are linked to a clear functional distinction: anaxonic, but not axon-bearing dopaminergic neurons are capable of self-inhibition. Our findings suggest that variations in polarity can produce striking distinctions in neuronal outputs, and that even closely related neuronal subclasses may play entirely separate roles in sensory information processing.
Combined transcriptomic, connectivity, and activity profiling of the medial amygdala using highly amplified multiplexed in situ hybridization (hamFISH)
Authors: Edwards Mathew D , Yin Ziwei , Sueda Risa , Gubanova Alina , Xu Chang S , Lakner Virág , Murchie Megan , Lee Chi-Yu , Ng Kristal , Farrell Karolina , Faraway Rupert , Ganguly Subham , Jacobs Elina , Bintu Bogdan , Isogai Yoh
Published: February 2025

In situ transcriptomic technologies provide a promising avenue to link gene expression, connectivity, and physiological properties of neural cell types. Commercialized methods that allow the detection of hundreds of genes in situ, however, are expensive and therefore typically used for generating unimodal reference data rather than for resource-intensive multimodal analyses. A major bottleneck is the lack of a routine means to efficiently generate cell type data. Here, we have developed hamFISH (highly amplified multiplexed in situ hybridization), which enables the sequential detection of 32 genes using multiplexed branched DNA amplification. We used hamFISH to profile the projection, activity, and transcriptomic diversity of the medial amygdala (MeA), a critical node for innate social and defensive behaviors. In total, we profiled 643,834 cells and classified neurons into 16 inhibitory and 10 excitatory types, many of which were found to be spatially clustered. We then examined the organization of outputs of these cells and activation profiles during different social contexts. Therefore, by facilitating multiplexed detection of single molecule RNAs, hamFISH provides a streamlined and versatile platform for multimodal profiling of specific brain nuclei.
Challenges and conditions for reindeer husbandry in Norway, Sweden and Finland
Authors: Holand Øystein , Hannu Ulrika , Rasmus Sirpa , Åhman Birgitta
Published: February 2025

This report is based on the book "Reindeer Husbandry and Global Environmental Change - pastoralism in Fennoscandia". The book, which was published in 2022, brings together previous and new research compiled within a Nordic collaboration project, ReiGN (Reindeer husbandry in a Globalizing North), funded by NordForsk during the years 2016 – 2021. Grants from NordForsk also funded this report.
The report, published in Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish, North Sámi, and English summarizes some of the main results from the book. In nine chapters it describes how reindeer herding is affected by climate change, the continuous loss of reindeer grazing land and other external factors that together represent large challenges for reindeer, reindeer herders and the reindeer herding community as a whole. The report contains perspectives from many different research areas. Each chapter in the report has one or more references and links to chapters in the above mentioned book, which is freely available online (https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003118565).
The chapters in the report cover a range of different topics, like present and historical reindeer herding (Chapter 1), the genetic background of the semi-domesticated reindeer (Chapter 2), how reindeer ranges are used and how they are affected by climate change and expanding industrial development (Chapter 3), possibilities for adaptation to a warmer climate (Chapter 4), impact of large predators (Chapter 5), external and internal governance (Chapter 6), reindeer herding as subsistence (Chapter 7), the role of supplementary feeding (Chapter 8), and reindeer health and diseases in a climate perspective (Chapter 9). The report ends with some reflections over the present situation and future perspectives for reindeer herding.
The report is aimed at herders and managers, as well as other land users, authorities and policymakers who deal with natural resource management, climate and environmental issues or other matters related to reindeer herding and the use of land and water within the reindeer herding area.
Rangifer Report No 24 is the English version of the report. Reports in Swedish, Norwegian, North Sámi and Finnish have already been published as Rangifer Report No 16, No 17, No 21, and No 22 respectively.
Effect of Carbonation on Physicochemical Characteristics of Tomato Based Beverage
Authors: Dixit Ashish , Jaipal Manoj Kumar , V. Ramesh , G. Manju
Published: February 2025

Tomato based carbonated beverage was developed using optimization techniques of response surface methodology. Effect of carbonation on tomato-based beverage was also investigated. Three independent variables were taken into account: tomato juice (A; 10–30%), sugar solution (B; 12–18 0B), and carbonation concentration (C; 90–110 psi) for the optimization of tomato based carbonated beverage. Twenty experimental runs were carried out to determine the impact of independent variables, such as pH, acidity, vitamin C, and overall acceptability, on product responses. The ideal conditions were determined to be 30% tomato juice, 18 0B sugar solution, and 100 psi carbonation concentration. Changes in physicochemical properties of tomato based carbonated beverage during storage were also investigated. pH and vitamin-C content of the tomato based carbonated beverage sample were gradually decreased from 4.50 to 4.10 and 17.91 mg/100 g to 12.40 mg/100 g, respectively whereas titratable acidity gradually increased from 0.28 % to 0.39% during storage period.
Assessment of Combining Ability Across Different Environments in Diallel Crosses of Durum Wheat (Triticum Durum Desf.)
Authors: Dudhat Hilay , Valu M. G. , Mehta D. R. , Vekaria D. M. , Parmar M. J.
Published: February 2025

Combining ability analysis in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) using a half diallel of ten parents revealed the significance of both additive and non-additive genetic variances in controlling various traits. Ten parental lines, 45 hybrids and one standard check (GDW 1255) were evaluated in a Randomize Block Design with three replication at Wheat Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during Rabi 2022-23 over three environments created by different dates of sowing. However, the ratio of s2GCA/ s2SCA revealed preponderance of non-additive gene actions in all the traits. Parents MACS 3949, GW 1348 and NIDW 1158 were the good general combiners, whereas crosses MPO 1336 × RAJ 3307, NIDW 1158 × HD 4758 and WHD 965 × NIDW 1158 were found to be best specific combiners for grain yield per plant and some of the yield contributing traits over environments. However, on the basis of per se performance and significant SCA effects for grain yield per plant and some of its important components, hybrids MPO 1336 × RAJ 3307, GW 1348 × NIDW 1158 and NIDW 1158 × HD 4758 were considered to be most promising for further exploitation in breeding programmes.
Impact of Merger and Acquisition on Indian Banking: An Empirical Analysis of Allahabad Bank Merger with Indian Bank
Authors: Kumari Hailly
Published: February 2025

Consolidation of public sector banks (PSBs) in India has been critical area on the financial ecosystem. This research focuses on the merger of Allahabad Bank with Indian Bank, analyzing empirical impact on Indian banking sector investigates the rationale behind such mergers, including objectives like strengthening balance sheets, improving operational efficiency, and addressing non-performing assets (NPAs). The study provides valuable insights for policymakers, financial analysts, and banking professionals, contributing to the discourse on the effectiveness of mergers as a strategic tool for the restructuring and revitalization of PSBs in India by employing Paired T-test as statistical tool covering four years before the merger (2017–2020) and four years post-merger (2021–2024) to evaluates pre merger and post merger performance. Key findings highlight that the merger has led to cost synergies, enhanced capital adequacy, and improved risk management frameworks. However, challenges such as cultural integration, technological synchronization, and customer service disruptions are also observed. The research underscores the broader implications of bank mergers on financial inclusion, credit growth, and the stability of the Indian banking sector. This paper aims to facilitate a deeper analysis of mergers and acquisitions landscape, offers recommendations for optimizing future consolidation strategies.
Saba senegalensis (A.DC) Pichon (Apocynaceae): Treatment of Loperamide-induced Constipation in Mice
Authors: Mamadou Dosso , YaoYves Kouamé , Adama Coulibaly , Issouf Soro Gninnatchan
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to assess the laxative properties of an aqueous extract of Saba senegalensis leaves, an African medicinal plant, in mice. To this end, tests were carried out to assess the laxative activity of the aqueous extract of Saba senagalenisis leaves and its effect on intestinal motility. As regards the evaluation of its laxative activity, four batches of five mice, non-constipated and constipated with loperamide, were formed. Batch 1 served as a control, while batch 2 received Forlax, a reference osmotic laxative. Batches 3 and 4 were treated orally with Saba senegalensis with concentrations of 150 and 300 mg/Kg BW. Parameters such as the number of constipated and non-constipated mice that defecated were recorded, as were the moisture content and appearance of the faeces. As for the effect of Saba senagalenisis on intestinal motility, batches of non-constipated mice treated as above were given 0.2 mL of activated charcoal sixty minutes after treatment. Then, thirty minutes later, the intestine of the sacrificed mouse was sampled and the intestinal transit pathway of the activated charcoal was assessed.                   
The laxative activity assessment test revealed that Saba senegalensis with a dose of 150 mg/Kg BW had no significant effect in non-constipated mice. However, it slightly increased stool water content of constipated mice (P < 0.001). With a dose of 300 mg/Kg BW, Saba senegalensis, like Forlax, increased the number of non-constipated mice defecating and relieved constipation in loperamide-treated mice. It also softened the stools (P < 0.01-0.0001) and modified their appearance. The intestinal transit test showed that Saba senegalensis with 150 and 300 mg/Kg BW caused a dose-dependent increase in the intestinal transit of activated charcoal (P < 0.001), as did Forlax (P < 0.001).These findings support the Saba senegalensis laxative properties and its use in traditional medicine to treat constipation.
Chitosan Nanoparticles as Biocompatible Tool in Agriculture
Authors: Sreethu M. J. , Venugopal Vandana
Published: February 2025

Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) are gaining attention in agriculture due to their sustainable properties and multifunctional applications. Derived from chitin, a naturally abundant polymer found in the shells of crustaceans, these nanoparticles, exhibit biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antimicrobial activity, making them suitable for enhancing agricultural productivity while minimizing environmental impact. Production of chitosan from crustacean shell generally consists of four basic steps viz., demineralization, deproteinization, decolouration, and deacetylation. Coupling nanotechnology with chitosan enhances the efficacy and reduces wastage due to their small size and high surface area. When reduced to nanoparticle size, chitosan demonstrates enhanced bioactivity, making it an effective tool in sustainable agricultural practices. CNPs are utilized in various applications such as plant growth promotion, pest control, disease management, and soil health improvement.
Effects of Farmyard Manure, NPK Levels, and Foliar Nutrition on Chemical and Biochemical Parameters of True Indigo (Indigofera tinctoria L.)
Authors: Sugina P. , Sindhu P.V. , Beena C.
Published: February 2025

The use of plants as natural dyes in the textile industry has gained significant attention in recent years. Indigofera tinctoria L., a member of the Fabaceae family native to India, has emerged as a promising sustainable dye source. Beyond its applications in textiles, I. tinctoria also holds significance in herbal medicine, highlighting its multifaceted utility. A two-year field experiment (2022 and 2023) in split-split plot design was conducted at the College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, Kerala Agricultural University, to investigate the effects of farmyard manure (FYM) [5, 7.5, and 10 t ha-1], NPK levels [10:10:20, 20:10:40, 30:10:60, and 40:10:80 kg ha-1], and foliar nutrition [water spray, nano urea 0.4%, and seaweed extract 0.4%] on the indican content and nutrient content of indigo plants. The results showed that FYM [10 t ha-1] increased the indican content [by 8.73%], nitrogen [by 11.02%], phosphorus [by 9.9%], and potassium [by 11.27%]. NPK levels [30:10:60 kg ha-1 and 40:10:80 kg ha-1] showed similar effects on indican and nutrient content. Foliar application of seaweed extract [0.4%] increased indican and phosphorus content. The interaction between FYM, NPK levels, and foliar nutrition significantly affected the indican, nitrogen, and potassium contents. The study suggests that integrated use of FYM [10 t ha-1], NPK [30:10:60 kg ha-1], and foliar nutrition with seaweed extract [0.4%] can improve plant chemical and biochemical parameters.
Beneficial Soil Microorganisms in Enhancing Crop Productivity: A Review
Authors: Bisht Neha , Gangwar Rohit , Chaudhary Prajwal , Kumari Sweta , Chaudhary Shivani , Raj Anurag , Kumar Deepak
Published: February 2025

As the world's population grows, there is a greater need for food, which has made sustainable methods necessary to boost agricultural yields while preserving the environment. Rhizobacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, and actinomycetes are examples of beneficial soil microorganisms that are essential for increasing soil fertility, encouraging plant development, and strengthening crop resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The several molecular approaches utilized to characterize these microbes are highlighted in this study, with an emphasis on cutting-edge methods including arrays, stable isotopes, DNA-based molecular identification, integrated omics, etc. It also highlights the ways in which beneficial bacteria increase agricultural yield, such as through phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, phytohormone synthesis, and disease reduction via biocontrol. One sustainable way to lower chemical input and lessen environmental issues is to use beneficial soil microorganisms into precision farming and the creation of biofertilizer. This article offers a thorough grasp of molecular characterisation methods and how to use them to increase crop output by using soil microbial diversity, opening the door to sustainable farming methods.
Critical Examination of Potentials and Pitfalls of Genetically Modified Foods
Authors: Sant Akanksha , Shubham  , Parihar Preeti , Jindal Mohit , Kaur Simranpreet , Mangat Gurparneet Kaur
Published: February 2025

Although genetic engineering has revolutionised plant development through genetic modification (GM), humans have used artificial selection for thousands of years. Recombinant DNA technology was used to generate GM crops with better nutrition, insect and herbicide resistance, and other features. Successful examples of how GM crops can be used to solve agricultural issues include Indian cotton and Australian canola. Before GM crops are released, regulatory agencies such as the European Food Safety Authority and the U.S. EPA make sure they are safe. As demonstrated by Bt corn and cotton, GM crops can improve sustainability, food security, and the usage of pesticides. Nonetheless, worries regarding societal acceptance, environmental effects, and food safety continue. This analysis highlights the promise for sustainable, future agricultural practices by examining the current status of GM crop research, regulatory regulations, and hurdles. It seeks to foster consumer trust while assisting in the making of well-informed decisions regarding the role of GM crops in resolving global food issues.
Geo-informatics of Sedimentation in Indravati Reservoir, Odisha, India
Authors: Mishra Siba Prasad , Mishra Abhisek , Padhi Sonali
Published: February 2025

The Indravati Basin, in S-W Odisha, with catchment of 38306 Sq. Km.  houses the complex Upper Indravati Project (UIP) comprising of four dams, eight dykes, a power house (600MW) and caters irrigation to 227.62 Th. ha in severely drought prone Kalahandi district in Odisha has commenced operation from 1999. Two Link Channels is constructed to interlink the Godavari- the Mahanadi basin. The power House tailrace water is diverted for irrigation to 128,000 hectares via Hati barrage. To solve the necessity of electricity and water for irrigation it is necessary to evaluate sediment entry to the reservoir and lifespan of the project in remote inaccessible forests of Dandakaranya Hills.
Present work uses the remote sensing technology to estimate the sediment fill of the Indravati Reservoir. The base map was set taking help of Survey of India Toposheet 65/M/2; 65 N/1, 65I/14, 15, &165; and 65J/9,13 of high precision, georeferenced. Supervised classification and thematic map and DEM (from vector data) has been prepared using Earth resource data analysis system (ERDAS) and other image processing software and analysed. The sediment difference maps of 1996-2001, 2013-2017 and 2017-2021 maps are analysed and compared.
The inference is that the sedimentation in the Indravati reservoir is highest than other sub basins of the Godavari basin. The action for the catchment treatment plan needs study of the anthropogenic strategies which need prioritisation. Upstream Check dams, catchment treatment plans, and vegetation screens along the upstream of the rivers/drains can check the inflow of larger particles from the catchment to the reservoirs.
The Moderating Effect of Work Engagement in the Relationship between Occupational Stress and Job Performance
Authors: Chandrakanta Alka , Vats Aditi , Kwatra Seema , Kushwaha Govind , Singh S.B
Published: February 2025

Occupational stress has become a common concern in today's fast-paced workplace, frequently resulting in burnout, health issues, job discontent, and decreased productivity. Excessive levels of stress reduce the amount and quality of work produced, which hinders job performance. This study examines how work engagement—defined as vigor, dedication, and absorption—modifies the relationship between job performance and occupational stress. Data was collected from a sample of 516 police officers in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand using a purposive sampling technique, and regression analysis was conducted to explore the moderating role of work engagement. The moderation analysis revealed a significant increase in R-squared, indicating the quantitative significance of work engagement in mitigating the effects of occupational stress on job performance. The findings reveal that work engagement positively moderates this relationship, with the detrimental effects of occupational stress on job performance being lessened when employees are highly engaged. The implications of the study emphasize the importance of fostering work engagement through organizational interventions, such as training programs and stress management initiatives, to enhance job performance and resilience in high-stress environments.
Correlation and Path Analysis of Yield-attributing Traits in Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss.) Mutants and Non-mutants
Authors: Devi Salam Alisha , Barua P. K. , Phukan Aradhana
Published: February 2025

Twenty-nine genotypes of Indian mustard comprising of twenty-one M4-5 mutants of the parent varieties TM-2 and PM-27, five newly developed F6-7 lines and three check varieties (TM-2, NRCHB-101 and PM-27) were evaluated in a randomized block design during Rabi 2019-20 and Rabi 2020-21 to assess the correlation and path coefficients for seed yield and related traits. The genotypes were evaluated for fourteen quantitative characters. Seed yield per plant was positively correlated with number of siliquae on main shoot at the genotypic level. Number of siliquae on main shoot was positively correlated with plant height, main shoot length, siliqua density and 1000-seed weight. Path analysis based on genotypic correlations showed positive direct effects of number of siliquae on main shoot, number of primary branches and secondary branches per plant and seed yield per plant.
Rural Migration and Income Inequality in South Asian Countries: An Econometric Descriptive Analysis
Authors: Ahmad Jamil , Abukasim  , Hussain Abid
Published: February 2025

The United Nations projects that by 2050, over 64% of Asian regions would be urban. Moreover, during the last few decades, several nations and regions have seen a rise in economic disparity owing to migration. Others find a non-linear link between rural migration and income disparity and dependent on the level of growth. In this way, to find the extent of inequality in the developing countries, South Asian nations continue to be understudied. This article used a balanced panel dataset for eight South Asian nations from 1995 to 2022 to explore the correlation between rural migration and income inequality to determine the amount of inequality. The panel supports Kuznets' inverted-U hypothesis by showing a negative link between growth and income inequality. Additionally, econometric results display a negative relationship between income inequality and rural migration in all three models. Therefore, policy makers should focus on the public policy should prioritize to providing educational opportunities, health care, and other social amenities in rural communities.