bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Errors in Concept Identification
Authors: Chatfield Douglas C. , Van Dyke Bill F. , Powell M. Dean
Published: September 2011

216 Ss were given a concept-identification problem wherein Ss were required to make an overt button-pressing response, as an observing response, in order to view each dimension of an instance. On each trial, Ss were allowed to view any dimensions they desired with the constraint that they were allowed to view only half of the available dimensions. On those trials in which the one relevant dimension was not observed, Ss were given misinformative feedback. Three levels of misinformative feedback, designed to vary the probability of S's classification response being called correct ( p), were used. It was found that mean number of errors to solution was a function of problem difficulty and saliency but independent of variations in p as predicted by Trabasso and Bower (1968). The results did not support the strength theories in concept identification.
Latency to Leave an Elevated Platform, Activity in a Dark Chamber, and Weight in Aging Sprague-Dawley Rats
Authors: Thompson C. I. , Fitzsimons Thomas R.
Published: September 2011

Young adult, middle-aged, and old male Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 42) were compared for differences in step-down latency and activity in a darkened chamber. Ad libitum weights also were recorded. Latencies to leave a step-down platform increased about 400% from 4 to 9 mo. and then stabilized, suggesting that performance in this apparatus, commonly used in memory research, is very sensitive to age changes in rats less than 1 yr. old. Activity in the darkened chamber continued to decrease linearly from young adulthood to senility. Thus decreases in activity with age follow differing slopes, depending upon the task. Ad libitum weights increased linearly from 5 to 22.5 mo. A possible methodological implication for between-age comparisons of learning ability motivated by food was noted.
Effects of Outcome Valence and Severity on Attribution of Responsibility
Authors: Medway Frederic J. , Lowe Charles A.
Published: September 2011

The effects of severity (mild vs severe) and outcome (positive vs negative) on attributions of responsibility for equally probable events were investigated. In line with predictions derived from attribution theory, severity of outcome was found to influence attributions of responsibility. This influence was most pronounced for negative outcomes. Attributions of effort, a central component of personal causation, increased as the severity of positive outcomes increased and decreased as the severity of negative outcomes increased. Furthermore, evaluations of both actors' effort and ability were greater when they received positive than when they received negative consequences. These results support a cognitive rather than a motivational, e.g., self-defensive or self-enhancing, interpretation of attribution of responsibility. Finally, the meaningfulness of measures traditionally employed to assess attribution of responsibility, especially with regard to positive outcomes, was discussed
Effect of Social-Desirability Set in Responding to Questionnaires on Ethnic Stereotypes
Authors: Weiss Robert W.
Published: September 2011

Adjectives with negative favorability values, selected to describe Jews when the presented words are of equal favorability value, were paired with words of varying favorability that are not part of the Jewish stereotype. Paired comparisons were presented to 162 graduate students, with instructions to select the word in each pair more descriptive of Jews. There was a positive correlation ( tau = .89) between favorability value of non-relevant words and frequency selected. However, these words were not selected by a majority at any favorability level. Since these negative words, with one exception, have not been part of the Jewish stereotype in prior studies using a checklist with words of varying favorability value, this procedure may mask negative stereotypes.
Agonistic Postures Elicited by Subdermal Shock in Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans Rats
Authors: Duncan Sidney D. , Powell D. A.
Published: September 2011

Different agonistic postures were elicited by subdermal shock in Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats. 0-, 1-, 2-, and 3-mA shocks were used. All postures were reliably identified by independent observers at greater than chance levels, although absolute agreement between observers was relatively poor for several postures. Long-Evans rats engaged in more aggressive postures than Sprague-Dawley animals. Agonistic postures were more frequent with 2-mA shocks in Long-Evans rats, while 3-mA shocks elicited more agonistic postures in Sprague-Dawley rats. Subdermal shock appeared to produce less variability than has been reported in previous studies where grid shock was used.
Separating Measures of Learning and Incentive in Water Maze Experiments with Aging Inbred Strains of Mice
Authors: Elias Merrill F. , Eleftheriou Basil E.
Published: September 2011

Three age groups of DBA/2J and C57BL/6J mice (5, 10, and 16 mo.) were given reversal learning trials in a spatial water maze with water temperatures (incentive conditions) of 12, 22, 34, and 45°C. Swimming times to the choice point were used as the index of motivation while trials-to-criterion were used as a measure of learning. Age effects were nonsignificant. For both strains water temperatures of 12°C and 45°C resulted in increased swimming times relative to 34°C and 22°C, although the effect of incentive of water temperature was less pronounced in the DBA/2J strain. Increased swimming time (motivation) was not accompanied by a corresponding decrease in trials-to-criterion (learning). Data indicate the importance in water-maze experiments of separating measures of incentive and learning by the mouse for which effects of incentives on learning are of concern.
Distribution Characteristics as Predictors of Error in Intuitive Estimation of Means
Authors: Wolfe Mary L.
Published: September 2011

33 university students made intuitive estimates of the means of 27 lists of two-digit whole numbers. The lists varied independently with respect to length (3, 5 and 7 numbers), standard deviation (approximately 6, 12 and 24) and distribution shape (symmetrical, positively skewed and negatively skewed). Multiple regression analysis showed these three variables taken together to be a fairly efficient set of predictors of absolute estimation error. List standard deviation was the best predictor, with list-length and distribution-shape accounting for much smaller proportions of criterion variance.
An Applicant's Nonverbal Behavior and Student-Evaluators' Judgments in a Structured Interview Setting
Authors: Wexley Kenneth N. , Fugita Stephen S. , Malone Michael P.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effects of 5–6 min. of an applicant's nonverbal videotaped behavior on 78 student-evaluators' judgments in a simulated, structured loan interview. Three objective levels of the role-playing graduate student's suitability as an applicant (high, average, or low financial resources) and two levels of nonverbal “enthusiasm” (quantified as high or low amounts of eye contact, gesturing, smiling, and appropriate tone of voice) were manipulated in a 3 × 2 factorial design. Analysis of variance indicated significant main effects for both the applicant's suitability and “enthusiasm,” i.e., “enthusiastic” applicants were given higher evaluations by the students.
Longitudinal Study of Absenteeism of Hard-Core Unemployed
Authors: Beatty Richard W. , Beatty James R.
Published: September 2011

Hard-core unemployed absenteeism was studied over a 2-yr. period using variables to measure organization-wide, immediate work environment, job content, and personal factors as predictors. Results indicated that initial absenteeism of the hard-core unemployed (6 mo.) was predicted by organization-wide, immediate work environment, and personal factors while longitudinal (24 mo.) absenteeism was predicted by immediate work environment and job content factors. The implication is that the pattern of absenteeism of the hard-core unemployed, although initially influenced by total organizational and personal variables, is better predicted by the immediate social setting of the job and the job itself over time.
Eeg Alpha as an Index of Hysteroid and Obsessoid Personalities
Authors: Montgomery Penelope S.
Published: September 2011

Digitally analyzed EEG recordings were obtained from the left occipital to left high central areas of 76 adult subjects. EEG frequency, amplitude and an EEG index were compared with scores on the Self-description Questionnaire. Results supported the hypothesis that a difference existed in the EEG alpha of persons scoring below 24 on the questionnaire (O group) and those who scored 24 and above (H group). It was demonstrated that the group means were significant ( p.06) with respect to EEG amplitude and index but not EEG frequency. Implications of the established EEG-personality relationship were discussed.
Effects of Procedural Variations in Measuring Interpersonal Distance by Means of Representational Space
Authors: Tolor Alexander
Published: September 2011

To determine whether two commonly employed variations in the administration of personal space measures would significantly influence performance, 40 male and 40 female college students were administered the task under two conditions: placing a number of self figures in relation to fixed social objects and placing the same social objects in relation to fixed self figures. There were no significant differences in separation distances or in vertical positioning under the two conditions. The study also investigated the degree to which the selected personality dimensions of extraversion, neuroticism, and internal versus external control related to schematic space.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XXI. History of Rating of Eminence in Psychology Revisited
Authors: Zusne Leonard
Published: September 2011

The rating of eminence of 1040 individuals in the history of psychology was replicated. The elimination of certain biases and the change in the composition of the panel led to a different distribution of ratings that was more in accord with the theoretically expected shape. Methodological inadequacies of the original study are pointed out and corrective measures suggested.
A Computerized and Categorized Bibliography on Locus of Control
Authors: Thornhill Michael A. , Thornhill Gillian J. , Youngman Michael B.
Published: September 2011

Since the introduction of locus of control in 1954 by Rotter, interest in the dimension has expanded considerably. The present authors have categorized and put on computer over 1,200 published and unpublished references.
Genetic Analysis of Active Avoidance Performance in Mice
Authors: Stavnes Karen L. , Sprott Richard L.
Published: September 2011

Mice of two inbred strains, C57BL/6J and DBA/2J, and the F1 hybrid of a cross between them were trained in an active avoidance jump-up task under distributed practice conditions. Significant differences in the performance of mice of the two strains were observed, with relatively poor performance by DBA/2J mice and relatively good performance by C57BL/6 mice. The performance of F1 hybrid mice did not differ significantly from DBA/2J mice. Crosses were made to produce segregating generations of mice. Their performance supported a single-locus model of inheritance for active avoidance jump-up behavior. Under these experimental conditions the dominant allelle (Aapd) was associated with poor performance while homozygosity for the recessive allele (Aapb) was associated with superior performance.
Do We Really Need More Replications?
Authors: Hunt Karl
Published: September 2011

A plea is often made that psychologists should perform more replications and that replications should be granted more favorable consideration in publication decisions. The present article argues that, despite these assertions, replications are performed and published. Many psychologists apparently do not recognize them as such because they expect replications to be close copies of prior research designs. However, replications are often quite different from previous research; what is important is that they may replicate theoretical hypotheses, not research designs. In addition, the point is made that statistically significant results are more important than nonsignificant results and that many nonsignificant results are published, also contrary to popular wisdom. Thus, even if replications were in short supply, we would not be in great danger of falsely rejecting too many null hypotheses. The conclusion is reached that further complaints about the need for more replications should be based on better data than now are available and that we would better spend our time improving other aspects of the research process than in needless debate about and production of replications qua replications rather than tests of hypotheses.
The Politics of a Token Economy
Authors: Richards C. Steven
Published: September 2011

Success of a token economy program on a psychiatric ward depends more on interpersonal and institutional politics than on the esoteric fine points of therapy technique, theory, and intention. The more a token economy (or any other behavior modification program) is used as a vehicle for changing the institutional structure of mental hospitals, the more the political issue predominates. Before behavior therapists can determine the practicality of token economy programs, they must attend to the politics of institutional change.
Coding Efficiency and Mnemonic Transformations in Free Recall
Authors: Kulhavy Raymond W. , Haynes C. Rayfield , Dyer James W.
Published: September 2011

Verbal coding research suggests that many mnemonic processes can be explained in terms of the control transformations necessary to produce them. This experiment compared learning of a categorized noun list across both imagery and clustering instructional sets. Twelve control subjects received no instructions. In each instructional group ( N = 72, ns = 12), half of the subjects saw the category names before learning, and the alternate half did not see the names. Mnemonic conditions did not differ in words recalled, and the control subjects remembered significantly fewer words than either mnemonic group. Providing names before list learning did not affect the amount recalled. An analysis of organization scores essentially supported previous findings involving intermnemonic comparisons.
Job Motivations of Males and Females, an Empirical Study
Authors: Shapiro H. Jack
Published: September 2011

Data from 136 industrial employees were used to test and evaluate 25 different correlates of job motivation for 81 male and 45 female employees. The variables were tested to determine their relationship with job motivation. Approximately half of the variables examined showed statistically significant relationships with job motivation after partialling out the effects of job level. Actual pay earned in dollars per week before taxes ( r = 0.51) exhibited the strongest relationship with job motivation for the males, while total work experience measured in years worked ( r = 0.55) exhibited the strongest relationship with job motivation for females. The validity of the Herzberg two-factor theory of motivation is also discussed in light of these findings.
Extraversion and Neuroticism and Nicotine, Caffeine, and Drug Intake
Authors: Bartol Curt R.
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to test Eysenck's hypothesis regarding the relationships between extraversion, neuroticism, and smoking behavior. Contrary to Eysenck's predictions, results indicated that female extraverts are more likely to smoke under stressful situations, while female introverts prefer to smoke under non-stressful conditions. However, relatively high amounts of caffeine and stimulant and/or depressant drugs accompanied nicotine intake. These additional pharmacological variables may confound the unexpected smoking behavior.
Interviewing in Sinology: Observations on Methods and Fundamental Concepts
Authors: London Ivan D.
Published: September 2011

Observations, experientially and analytically based, are offered to maximize the contribution that the interview, as a research instrument, can make to sinology. Four major aspects of the interview as communication-in-depth are discussed: the linguistic, perceptual, attitudinal, and assumptive.
Convergent and Divergent Thinking in Black and White Children of High and Low Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Warden Paul G. , Prawat Richard S.
Published: September 2011

Two tests of divergent thinking ability, and three tests of convergent thinking ability were administered to 354 eighth graders, categorized as to race (black vs white) and socioeconomic status (high vs low). Consistent with previous studies, and with Rohwer's (1971) theory, neither ethnic nor social-class differences were obtained for the divergent thinking tests; both ethnicity and social class constituted significant sources of variance for the convergent thinking measures, with white and high-status youngsters performing significantly better than black and low-status youngsters on all three convergent thinking measures.
Serial Learning as a Function of Age and Part versus Whole Learning Procedures
Authors: Breen Michael J. , Jurek Joy M.
Published: September 2011

102 male and female students enrolled in Grades 7, 10, and first-year college were tested for recall of a nine-item serial list of CVC trigrams under two separate conditions. One-half of the subjects in each of the three age groups learned the list with repetitive-part learning and the other half of the subjects with the whole learning method. Seventeen subjects comprised each cell of the 3 × 2 design. The three hypotheses were (a) that learning the list as a whole would be more efficient than learning parts of the list and then combining the parts; (b) that the ability to recall serial items would be a function of age; and (c) that while the whole learning method would result in a standard serial-position curve, learning by a part method would result in a primacy effect with a steady regression to the end of the list. Hypotheses were supported.
Modification and Generalization of Verbal Behavior as a Function of Direct Verbal Intervention
Authors: Merbaum Michael , Osarchuk Michael
Published: September 2011

The generalization of verbal conditioning within a personal interview context for 24 male and 24 female college students was studied. During training, subjects were reinforced and directed to produce positive self-references in one group and negative self-references in another. The latter showed generalization but positive self-references did not change. These data suggest that this positive affect resists transfer and may account for the poor to mixed results of conventional psychotherapeutic situations where talking prevails.
Effects of Acth, Dexamethasone and Deoxycorticosterone on Aversive Threshold of Rats
Authors: Houser Vincent P.
Published: September 2011

The present study explored the effects of ACTH (4, 12, 24 units), dexamerhasone (.10, .50, 1.0 mg/kg) and deoxycorticosterone (.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg) upon the aversive threshold of the rat using the spatial preference technique. Both ACTH and dexamethasone reduced the mean aversive threshold during the initial presentation of the compound, but only dexamethasone produced decrements that were statistically reliable. Subsequent administration of these two substances, however, produced no reliable effects upon the aversive threshold. The various doses of deoxycorticosterone produced no consistent changes in the threshold to electric shock. None of the substances were able to reliably alter motor activity on this test. These results were interpreted to suggest that the above acute changes in adrenocortical activity have little prolonged effects upon the aversive threshold to grid shock in the rat.
Students' Expectations of Parents' Behavior following Children's Appropriate and Inappropriate Behavior
Authors: King Donald L. , Beatty Lula A.
Published: September 2011

College students (72 male, 72 female) expected that parents would be more likely to follow children's behaving as requested with contact comfort, smiling, and pleasant tone of voice than children's not behaving as requested. If students' expectations reflect reality, then the results, in combination with previous ones, suggest that parents instrumentally condition children to behave appropriately in part by following children's appropriate behaviors with conditioned reinforcers (smiling, pleasant tone of voice) and then a primary reinforcer (contact comfort). This reinforcement situation should be particularly conducive to both the acquisition of appropriate behaviors and the continued maintenance of these behaviors in the face of long delays of contact comfort.
Probability Matching through Vicarious and Direct Experience
Authors: Rosenthal Renate H. , White Glenn M. , Rosenthal Ted L.
Published: September 2011

Vicarious and direct exposure were compared on a binary probability learning task, using 204 volunteers. Control subjects performed 150 trials alone. Experimentals were run in dyads: the first subject performed 75 trials while his partner observed; then the observer performed individually on 75 trials. Observation established responding closely comparable to direct participation, and all groups were able to estimate closely the relative event probabilities. An associative view of probability learning was questioned because subjects approached the task with a strong problem-solving set, seeking order in the random sequences despite task directions to the contrary.
Social Interactions of a Group of Severely Retarded People with Staff and Peers in a Ward Setting
Authors: Harzem Peter , Damon S. G.
Published: September 2011

The social interactions of 13 severely retarded persons were observed with each other and with staff, in a small hospital. There were marked individual differences in susceptibility to social interaction. The frequency of peer interaction was very low. In terms of interaction with the staff, the subjects could be grouped as high, moderate and low scorers. Aversive behavior, such as hitting and scratching, was emitted spontaneously by some high scorers thereby achieving interaction from staff, and by the low scorers, in response to approaches from the staff, thereby decreasing the likelihood of such attempts at interaction.
Assessment of Memory for Remote Events
Authors: Squire Larry R. , Chace Paul M. , Slater Pamela C.
Published: September 2011

Two retrospective tests are described for the assessment of remote memory for past events. Both tests ask about former television programs broadcast for a single season from 1957 to 1972. One test asks about the plots of programs, and the other asks for judgments about their temporal order. The usefulness of such tests for experimental and clinical studies of memory is discussed.
Effect of Previous Exposure on Response Decrement Induced by an Olfactory Stimulus
Authors: Ades César , De Campos Rodrigues Maria Alice
Published: September 2011

Two experiments examined the influence of pre-exposure on the decrement produced in a trained running response by a novel odor. In Exp. 1, when first presented in the runway, the smell led to higher running times in a group of rats pre-exposed 72 hr. earlier and in a group with no pre-exposure than in a group pre-exposed 25 min. earlier. There was no significant difference between the first two groups. In Exp. 2, three groups of rats were pre-exposed, 25 min. before testing in the runway, in pre-exposure boxes which differed in degree of similarity to the runway. Their performance did not differ significantly on test sessions. Taken together, the results indicate that contact with a novel odor is sufficient to lessen its decremental effect even if it occurs outside the training situation and is not followed by reinforcement. The effects of pre-exposure dissipate with time and do not seem to depend strongly on contextual stimuli.
Residual Drive Effects and Stimulus Control of Eating
Authors: Wong Paul T. P. , Traupmann K. L.
Published: September 2011

Following extended food deprivation, High-drive rats ( n = 6) failed to form a go/no-go discrimination based on differential magnitudes of reward, while Low-drive rats ( n = 6) formed a reverse discrimination. Both groups exhibited appropriate differential responding only when S—was associated with nonreward. During satiated runway test after 30 days of rehabilitation, residual drive effects as indicated by a high probability of eating and a vigorous runway performance were equally robust in both groups; but the probability of eating in the presence of S+ was not higher than that in the presence of S—. The absence of stimulus control of eating was attributed to the overshadowing of the discriminanda by food-related cues.
Relationship of Two Tests of Creativity to Freshman English Grades, School Activities, and Number of Absences for Black College Students
Authors: Joesting Joan
Published: September 2011

Torrance's Creative Motivation Inventory and What Kind of Person Are You were administered to 133 black freshman English students (17 to 19 yr.). Creativity scores were weakly correlated with grades in freshman English (≤ .30).
Social-Class Bias in Clinical Judgment and Recommendation for Treatment Using the Biographical Vignette Technique
Authors: Schofield Leon J. , Oakes James D.
Published: September 2011

An autobiographical vignette technique was used with 14 mental hospital attendants and 14 college students rating the severity of emotional problems and recommending various forms of treatment for fictitious individuals. A social-class bias was observed; the lower-class individuals were seen as having a greater need for help than the middle-class individuals, particularly when both were given descriptions of psychotic behavior. However, the recommendation of treatment was not affected by the social class of the individuals. The results are not consistent with those of a recent study by Routh and King which showed middle-class individuals were rated as having a greater need for help than lower-class individuals using a similar vignette technique.
Mothers' Perceptions of Independent and Responsible Behaviors of Their Preschool Children
Authors: Hildebrand Verna
Published: September 2011

Twenty-seven tasks which are examples of independent and responsible behavior commonly learned during the preschool years were studied through a questionnaire completed by 242 mothers of 3-, 4-, and 5-yr.-old boys and girls. The mother assessed the age-appropriateness of each task for her child, reported whether her child did the task voluntarily, when told, or never, and whether she expected the task to be done or not. Multivariate analysis of variance yielded significant findings. Age differences were in the expected direction. Girls of each age did more tasks than boys of the same age. The children did “being-alone” tasks most, “care-of-the-physical-self” tasks second, and “helping-in-the-home” tasks least. Implications for parental education and day-care teachers are discussed.
In Pursuit of a Dogmatism Factor: Derogation or Alienation?
Authors: Steininger Marion
Published: September 2011

159 high school students, 125 introductory psychology students, and 59 senior psychology majors answered a questionnaire measuring dogmatism and derogation of others. Derogation was correlated with total dogmatism among the high school and introductory psychology students, and among all groups with 2 of the 6 dogmatism factors measured, “alienation” and belief in one truth. rs were low. Agreement with the items expressing mainly “aloneness” was the same among groups, while agreement with the mainly “derogatory” items tended to decrease with age and/or exposure to psychology. The dogmatism factor of “alienation” should more accurately be called “derogation and aloneness,” since it seems to measure the related tendencies to derogate others and feel alone.
Wais Performance of Neurologically Impaired Aged
Authors: Perez Francisco I. , Gay Joe R. A. , Taylor Ronald L.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the performance of patients with multi-infarct dementia, dementia due to Alzheimer's disease and vertebrobasilar insufficiency with dementia using the WAIS. Forty-two patients ranging in age from 45 to 85 yr. ( M, 66) were included. Significant differences in cognitive and intellectual performance were found between patients with dementia due to vertebrobasilar insufficiency and multiple-infarctions versus neuronal atrophy of the Alzheimer type. The group with Alzheimer's disease performed significantly and consistently lower on all measures. There were no significant differences between the two cerebrovascular disease groups, even though the multi-infarct dementia group performed consistently more poorly than the vertebrobasilar insufficiency group. A discriminant function analysis classified 74% of the patients correctly based on the individual WAIS scores. A step-wise regression analysis ranked Block Design and Similarities as the best discriminators.
Preferences for Sexual Symbols in the Genital Stage: A Replication
Authors: Forster Charles , Ross Robert J.
Published: September 2011

Freud's theory of sexual symbolism was tested with 61 twelfth grade students (33 females and 28 males). The students indicated their preferences for one figure in each of 15 figure pairs, some being from Cameron, some being new. The results were not consistent with Cameron's (1967) findings that adolescents preferred male phallic symbols. In the present study, genital stage females ( p < .01) and males ( p < .001) preferred female sexual symbols. The results may reflect the breakdown of the masculine-oriented culture during the 1960s and 1970s.
Fertility, IQ and School Achievement
Authors: Osborne R. T.
Published: September 2011

All Georgia children in Grades 4, 8, and 12 (250,000) were given mental ability and reading and arithmetic achievement tests in the Fall of 1971. Four demographic variables from the 1970 census, the educational expenditure per child, average daily attendance, and 12 test variables were inter-correlated. All correlations between mental ability and fertility ratios are negative. All are significant. Also, all correlations between fertility ratios and measures of school achievement are negative and significant. Per capita expenditure does not have a significant effect on school achievement at any grade level.
Comparing All Treatment Means with the Grand Mean: III. An Application to Pattern Analysis
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

A statistical procedure for comparing all treatment means with the grand mean is applied to the analysis of psychometric patterns.
Validity of College Students' Evaluations of Instructors' Competence
Authors: Battle James , Fabick Stephen
Published: September 2011

37 introductory psychology students evaluated the competence of two lecturers. One lecturer presented inaccurate information but acted warm and entertaining. The other lecturer presented accurate information but acted aloof and straightforward. The entertaining lecturer was rated significantly more competent.
Further Studies on Role of Repetition in Associative Learning
Authors: Brosgole Leonard , Neylon Ann
Published: September 2011

Several studies were run utilizing a single test for recall after the presentation of paired-associates. Three exposures of the pairs, prior to rest, produced significantly better recall than one exposure, with total time held constant. The facilitating effect of frequency was enhanced when the list was repeated as a block, compared to exposing each of the pairs three times in succession. In addition, the superior recall produced by such block presentation was not altered by either fixing or varying the order of the pairs within the list. Finally, the additional rehearsal time afforded by repetition positively affected learning of items but had no influence upon the associative process.
Clinical Judgment: A Search for Sex Differences
Authors: Zeldow Peter B.
Published: September 2011

Two studies investigated the effects of sex differences on clinical judgments. In Study I, 50 male and 50 female college students evaluated self-disclosing statements attributed to seriously disturbed psychiatric patients of both sexes. Judgments of emotional maladjustment were not influenced by sex of patient or judge. In Study II, 80 psychologically more knowledgeable judges read eight case studies and evaluated the patients in terms of degree of maladjustment, need for psychiatric intervention, and prognosis. Sex of patient had no effect on any of these judgments. Sex of judge frequently influenced judgments of need for intervention. No effect of Sex of Patient × Sex of Judge was observed. Discussion emphasized that sex-related bias in clinical judgments is not all-pervasive and that sex of patient rarely elicits bias by itself. The finding that women consistently perceive a greater need for intervention than do males is provocative but requires more precision in defining the types of intervention on which judges of both sexes differ.
Effects of “Neutral Hypnosis” on a Conditioned Physiological Response
Authors: Bender V. Lee , Navarrete Fernando J. , Nuttman Dennis
Published: September 2011

The objective of the present experiment was to determine whether hypnosis without explicit suggestion of analgesia would diminish physiological responses to an operationally defined painful shock stimulus. Muscle tension (EMG) was significantly lower during hypnosis than pre- or posthypnosis. Pulse rate remained stable throughout all conditions. Also, the question of whether a tone paired with shock might acquire some unique property because of that association was investigated. It was found that EMG response to the tone alone was significantly greater than to the tone-shock combination, in prehypnosis and posthypnosis, but not during hypnosis.
Effects of Sex, Birth Order, Target's Relationship and Target's Sex on Self-Disclosure by College Students
Authors: Lord Charles G. , Velicer Wayne F.
Published: September 2011

Jourard's Self-disclosure Questionnaire (Jourard & Lasakow, 1958) was administered to 145 college students. Females were significantly more self-disclosing than males and both sexes disclosed more to friends than to siblings, with preference for disclosure to siblings of the same sex but no discrimination by sex in disclosure to friends.
Relationship between Generalized Expectancies for Control and Experienced Control among Alcoholics
Authors: Donovan Dennis M. , O'Leary Michael R. , Schau Edward J.
Published: September 2011

The Locus of Control and Experienced Control scales were administered to 89 male alcoholics. Both correlational and difference data suggested an inverse relationship between alcoholics' perceived locus of control and the magnitude of control experienced in social situations. Alcoholics with an internal locus of control experienced a significantly greater magnitude of control over both interpersonal and intrapersonal sources of pressure or stress than did external alcoholics. The implications of these results with respect to psychosocial functioning and drinking behavior among alcoholic subgroups was discussed.
Psychoactive Drugs, Crime and Violence
Authors: Solursh Lionel P.
Published: September 2011

This study in progress examines drug-relatedness in violent crimes, primarily on the basis of a detailed history and examination. 17 pre-trial cases seen in private practice with reference to non-drug criminal charges are reported. A significant relationship with alcohol was noted in 70.6% of the cases. The unusually high relationship in this pre-trial sample between heavy alcohol use and immediately subsequent homicide-related charges (85.7%) at least supports previous findings, and in company with other post-conviction data suggests both a higher degree of relatedness than previously reported and the possibility that medico-legal maneuvers related to intoxication may be used to lessen the seriousness of the charge on which a conviction is finally obtained.
Effect of Non-Recognized Repetition in a Study of Directed Forgetting
Authors: Timmins W. K.
Published: September 2011

In a previous directed-forgetting experiment using a paired-associate probe technique, occasional paired associates which 11 female and 7 male undergraduates had been instructed to forget were repeated in the set which was to be remembered. The results suggested that subjects were aware of that repetition and concentrated their rehearsal capacity on those items, to the detriment of non-repeated ones. The present experiment was an analogue of the earlier one but utilized CCC trigrams rather than paired associates, and the data were scored as for free recall of three unrelated letters. It was reasoned that the repetition of a letter from one CCC to the next would not be recognized by subjects as repetitions. The results showed that, when a letter in a trigram the subject had been instructed to forget was repeated, it was recalled no better than were non-repeated letters. When a letter was repeated in a condition in which there was no instruction to forget, however, recall of the repeated letter improved. It was argued that in this experiment, the instruction to forget caused the repeated letter to be functionally differentiated in two trigrams, and earlier rehearsal did not benefit its retention. When there was no instruction to forget, the repeated letter was functionally identical in both trigrams, and the extra rehearsal improved its level of recall.
Effects of Novel Irrelevant Cues on Brightness Discrimination Reversal in Rats
Authors: Hartel Frank , Hafer Marilyn
Published: September 2011

Rats learned a brightness discrimination with irrelevant form cues present. Following overtraining, reinforcement contingencies were successively reversed with respect to brightness cues. Novel form cues were introduced at the first reversal and at each of two successive reversals for 20 rats; 20 experienced the same form cues throughout. The novel-cue group required significantly fewer trials to criterion than the same-cue group, over all phases. Implications of the facilitative effect of novelty along an irrelevant dimension are discussed.
Phenomenological and Operational Characterization of Factor-Analytically Derived Dimensions of Emotion
Authors: Bottenberg E. H.
Published: September 2011

Based on ratings of 30 emotions on 50 adjective scales, secured from 117 university students, factor analysis yielded 3 dimensions of emotion, phenomenologically characterized as pleasantness vs unpleasantness, activation, depth. Operational characterization resulted from the correlations of the dimensions with personality measures: pleasantness vs unpleasantness converged with extraversion vs introversion, ego strength vs ego weakness, field independence vs field embeddedness, activation converged with impulsivity and cognitive simplicity. Depth was associated with enhanced self-evaluation.
Culture-Fairness of Three Intelligence Tests and a Short-Form Procedure
Authors: Fletcher Jack M. , Todd John , Satz Paul
Published: September 2011

30 native Costa Ricans were administered three intellignce tests: Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices, the IPAT Culture-fair Intelligence Test, and a Spanish version of the WAIS. Results indicated that correlations among the three measures were high, particularly between the culture-fair scale and the WAIS. Comparing these two tests suggested a floor effect and positively skewed distribution of standard scores for the culture-fair scale but a normal distribution and no floor effect for the WAIS. Correlations of the three tests with various independent criteria were quite similar. This finding, in conjunction with the high intertest correlations, suggested that the floor effect with the culture-fair scale can be attributed to the absence of standardization in a Spanish culture.
Promiscuity as a Function of the Mother-Daughter Relationship
Authors: Gerson Allan
Published: September 2011

A 20-item semantic differential describing attitudes toward parents and personal sexual behavior was completed by 320 women nursing students who were categorized as promiscuous or not. Data showed a strong relation between some of the variables of the mother's rated behavior and S's later sexual behavior. Negative relationships were associated with promiscuity. Joint parental roles in upbringing were noted.
Dominance Testing in Rhesus Monkeys: Comparison of Competitive Food-Getting, Competitive Avoidance, and Competitive Drinking Procedures
Authors: Farres Albert G. , Haude Richard H.
Published: September 2011

Three general laboratory methods of dominance testing in rhesus monkeys (competitive food-getting, competitive avoidance, and competitive drinking) were compared to determine their respective reliabilities and their equivalence in terms of measuring the same attribute. The basic competitive food-getting procedure was modified into three additional procedures: (1) experimenter out of view; (2) experimenter out of view and 48-hr. deprivation; and (3) experimenter out of view, 48-hr. deprivation, and automated delivery of food items. All procedures, with the exception of the competitive shock avoidance, were reliable as reflected by significant intratest rank correlations and intratest mean variance measures. All procedures, with the exception of the competitive shock avoidance, were essentially equivalent in measuring the same attribute as reflected by interrank correlations. The competitive water drinking method, a group testing procedure, offered a practical advantage in reduced testing time, and the dominance hierarchies obtained were highly correlated with those obtained by the other methods in which all possible pairs of animals were tested in a round-robin fashion.
Affective vs Thinking Disturbance Related to Left-vs Right-Sided Brain Functioning
Authors: Templer Donald I. , Connolly Wayne
Published: September 2011

A WAIS index intended to assess left- vs right-sided brain integrity for 52 female and 113 male patients was not significantly related to an MMPI index intended to assess thinking vs affective disorders. Thus, our hypothesis based upon the premise that thought disorders tend to be associated with left-sided inferiority and affective disorders with right-sided inferiority was not borne out.
Toward a Competency-Based Taxonomy of Objectives in a Multi-Purpose Senior Center
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

A taxonomy of objectives was developed in a multi-purpose senior center in three domains, individualized services, group activities and community development. The system was based on the interplay between experience and theory in gerontology, and is used for monitoring need assessment and delivery of services to the elderly.
Questionnaire Measures of Affiliative Tendency and Sensitivity to Rejection
Authors: Mehrabian Albert
Published: September 2011

This paper reviewed evidence bearing on questionnaire measures of affiliative tendency and sensitivity to rejection (Mehrabian, 1970a). Subjects ( n = 916 undergraduates) who scored higher on the measure of affiliative tendency behaved in a more affiliative way, were more ingratiating and elicited greater relaxation from the strangers they met. They were less anxious, elicited more positive attitudes, judged themselves and were judged to be more self-confident, and perceived themselves as more similar to others. Subjects who scored higher on the measure of sensitivity to rejection were strikingly different. They were less reaxed, more anxious, and were judged less positively, more negatively, and as less confident, even though they had positive impressions of the strangers they met. It has been shown that Dependency is simply an equally weighted sum of affiliative tendency and sensitivity to rejection.
Derivation of a “Composite Small Animal” Score for the Fear Survey Schedule-III: Behavioral and Subjective Report Correlates
Authors: MacDonough Tomi S.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the usefulness of a composite score for small animals (derived from the Fear Survey Schedule-III) in predicting overt avoidance behavior. The animals included in the composite item are flying insects, stinging insects, crawling insects, mice and rats, worms, bats, spiders, and snakes. Data were from 110 female college students, ranging in age from 17 to 27 yr., who participated in a study designed to reduce their fear of snakes and filled out the Fear Survey Schedule-III prior to entering treatment. The composite small animal score was significantly correlated with an individual snake item score (.61) and an avoidance behavior measure for a nonpoisonous snake (–.35). The composite score may be useful in evaluating and selecting subjects with generalized fears of a variety of small animals, although it should be used along with other measures of fear.
Structure of Ethnic Identity of Arab-Israeli Students
Authors: Zak Itai
Published: September 2011

The main problems posed in this study were: What is the structure of the Arab-Israeli identity? What is the relation of ethnic identity to another self-referent scale? The Ethnic Identity and Self-esteem scales were administered in the summer of 1973–74 to 532 Arab-Israeli university students. Factor analysis of the items demonstrated that most of the common factor variance was appropriated by three factors, all of which were clearly recognized as already known constructs. Despite the peculiar situation of the Arab minority in Israel, two relatively orthogonal factors, an Arab identity and an Israeli identity, emerged while the other factor represented a self-esteem construct. These findings supported the conclusions of previous research on Jewish-American identity and raised questions about the notion that ethnic-majority identity forms a bipolar continuum. The ethnic identity is then discussed in relation to the broader concept of self-identity.
Personality and Behavioral Correlates of Cigarette Smoking: One-Year Follow-up
Authors: Reynolds Carl , Nichols Robert
Published: September 2011

The smoking behavior of 885 students in high school and 1 yr. later in college was correlated with scores on scales and factor scales of the California Psychological Inventory and of the Objective Behavior Inventory. The data were analyzed separately by sex, and groups of students who started and who quit smoking during the period of study were compared with those who continued either to smoke or to abstain. Smokers were less well-adjusted and more likely to engage in antisocial activities. These relationships were stronger among women than among men, and those who showed behavioral ambivalence toward smoking, i.e., started or quit, were intermediate between' smokers and nonsmokers with respect to personality and behavior. The results are interpreted as suggesting a direct relationship between personality and cigarette smoking.
Psi—Problems in Practice
Authors: Shepard Winifred O. , Popp Arthur
Published: September 2011

The paper describes practical problems encountered in teaching introductory psychology via personalized system of instruction. Difficulties with students' motivation, security of tests, and effectiveness of proctors are discussed.
Effect of Model's Method of Solution on Observer's Solution of Anagrams
Authors: Arenson Sidney J.
Published: September 2011

Female college subjects ( n = 80) observed a female confederate solve 15 five-letter anagrams which permitted either an order (32145) or a category solution (nature). Subjects were then tested on 10 anagrams which permitted only one of the solutions. Combinations of observed solutions and tests formed four conditions: Order—Order, Nature—Order, Nature—Nature, and Order—Nature. Subjects in the Order—Order condition solved the test anagrams significantly faster than subjects in the Nature—Order condition and subjects in the Nature—Nature condition solved significantly faster than subjects in the Order—Nature condition. The results suggest that observers may covertly imitate the model and acquire a method of solution that interferes with their subsequent performance.