bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective Epitaxial Growth of Heavily Boron-Doped Silicon with Uniform Doping Depth Profile
Authors: Zhu Zuoming , Cong Zhepeng , Ramachandran Balasubramanian
Published: March 2013

Selective epitaxial growth (SEG) of boron-doped silicon (Si:B) has drawn increasing attention for capping layer application in SiGe-based microelectronic devices. In this paper, we study the low temperature selective epitaxy of boron-doped silicon as a function of various growth parameters and process schemes. The issues of facet growth and sloping boron doping profile on pattern wafers are addressed. The process methods of suppressing facet growth and achieving uniform high boron doping are presented.
High Tensile Strained In-Situ Phosphorus Doped Silicon Epitaxial Film for nMOS Applications
Authors: Ye Zhiyuan , Chopra Saurabh , Lapena Rubi , Kim Yihwan , Kuppurao Satheesh
Published: March 2013

In-situ phosphorus doped silicon epitaxial film with 2.8 X 1021cm-3 doping level is found to show high tensile stress comparable to carbon doped silicon with 1.8% substitutional carbon. As-grown samples show electrically activated dopant concentration of less than 2 X 1020 cm-3. The high tensile and low activation could be well explained by formation of a pseudocubic Si3P4 structure in silicon lattice. Film resistivity of 0.29 mOhm-cm could be obtained with 0.25 ms annealing at 1200 {degree sign}C, with slight reduction in tensile strain. Also, 0.23 mOhm-cm could be obtained by millisecond anneal at 1300 {degree sign}C, but with 30% reduction in tensile strain.
(Invited) Linear Magnetic Tape Heads and Contact Recording
Authors: Biskeborn Robert G , Czarnecki W. S. , Decad G. M. , Fontana Robert E. , Iben I. E. , Liang J. , Lo C. , Randall L. , Rice P. , Ting A. , Topuria T.
Published: March 2013

Linear tape recording heads, introduced in 1984, originally were cylindrical ferrite structures having shunt-biased magnetoresistive sensors. In 2000, heads transitioned to flat-lapped, ceramic wafers and anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) sensors fabricated in hard disk drive (HDD) facilities. In 2008, heads transitioned to giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensors. Engineering tape heads has meant dealing with problems related to the head-media interface. Examples include sub-nanosecond pulses in sensors having metal shields (ca. 1994), signal losses and telegraph noise caused by parasitic electrical connections and spacing due to deposits that form at low relative humidity. Wear management, especially with 'green' media, and stick-slip effects are on-going challenges. A strategy was created for protecting GMR tape heads, leading to the discovery of polycrystalline Al2O3 films.
(Invited) Electrochemical Deposition of Fe-Pt Magnetic Alloy Films with Large Magnetic Anisotropy
Authors: Liang Defu , Zangari Giovanni
Published: March 2013

Electrodeposited films of Fe-Pt with a compact morphology, small grain size and low oxygen content have been obtained from a slightly alkaline solution containing Pt2+ diamino-dinitrite and Fe3+ complexed by citrate/glycine. As-deposited films exhibit a FCC structure for Pt-rich compositions, while Fe-rich ones are BCC; all these alloys are magnetically soft. Upon thermal annealing of equiatomic films in forming gas, phase transformation to the ordered tetragonal L10 structure occurs in parallel with magnetic hardening; the temperature for the onset of transformation is lower for thicker films. In particular, for ~100nm thick films, hardening starts at 350¢ªC, and coercivity saturates already at 450¢ªC, yielding values up to 13 kOe. Bilayers comprised of 15nm equiatomic Fe-Pt on top of Fe 75at. % films (5nm to 50nm) facilitate the hardening process in thin films, yielding about 50% increase in coercivity with respect to a single Fe-Pt layer of similar thickness when annealing at 550¢ª-650¢ªC.
Development of Thin Film Technology for High-Density Magnetic Recording Media
Authors: Futamoto Masaaki
Published: March 2013

The paper briefly reviews the development of thin film technology of longitudinal and perpendicular magnetic recording media. Based on experimental results on current high-end perpendicular media, future possibilities are discussed. Limitations associated with granular-type media are reduced by introducing a new-type media, bit patterned media (BPM) with which the thermal stability, the resolution, and the signal to noise ratio of recorded bit information can be more easily maintained. The shift from granular media to BPM will take place at any areal density ranging between 1 - 6 Tb/in2. When a magnetic material with very high Ku is applied to BPM, an areal density of more than 60 Tb/in2 seems feasible.
Aqueous DC Electrodeposition and Mechanism of Magnetic SmCo Alloys
Authors: Wei J. C. , Schwartz M. , Nobe Ken
Published: March 2013

Electrodeposition of Sm-Co magnetic alloys have previously been investigated using Hull cells, DC and pulse methods from aqueous media. The basic electrodeposition solution had been selected as lM samarium sulfamate, 0.05M cobalt sulfate and 0.15M glycine. Solution temperatures ranged from 25oC to 60oC. Increased current density (CD) and temperatures increase deposit Sm content of metallic SmCo alloys. Deposit Sm contents were obtained, with appropriate heat treatment, to produce the intermetallics: SmCo3 (25.0 at %), Sm2Co7, (22.2 at %), SmCo5 (16.7 at %) and Sm2Co17 (10.5 at %). The present work investigates the DC electrodeposition of SmCo alloys in varying aqueous solution constituents, their composition and operating conditions and to consider the coordination chemistry of SmCo ions and aminocarboxylates (glycine). The hydrogen atoms generated at the cathode surface provide the electrons for the sequence of stepwise reduction of Sm and Co in the polymeric glycine complexes to deposit SmCo alloys.
(Invited) Magnetic Micro and Nano Actuator Systems
Authors: Gatzen Hans H.
Published: March 2013

Magnetic micro and nano actuators excel in robustness, achieve considerable travel at decent forces, and operate at low voltage. However, compared to electrostatic micro and nano actuators (their main competitors), they typically are more complex. Nevertheless, by now, there are substantial activities in the area of micro and nano actuator systems, many executed by universities. In the biomedical area, fluidic applications predominate. In the field of Computer and Communication Technology (CTT), the emphasis is in the area of MEMS RF switches/relays. In motion sensing, there are interesting activities in the area of yaw sensors, also called gyroscopes. Although sensing devices, they do require actuation. One of the fastest growing areas of magnetic MNEMS actuation is in the field of optics, with substantial activities in scanning mirrors.
Evaluation of the Effects of Electroplating Conditions on the Material Properties of Iron Cobalt Thick Films Using Design of Experiments
Authors: Patterson William C , Arnold David P.
Published: March 2013

The effects of electroplating conditions on the material properties of iron cobalt thick film alloys were investigated. Samples were prepared from sixteen different combinations of electrodeposition conditions (temperature, current density, pH, and bath composition) using a binary design of experiments. A parametric study was done to investigate the effects of the process variable interactions on the magnetic and material properties The results obtained show that FeCo films with superior magnetic saturation, magnetic permeability, and low film stress are electroplated from an aqueous bath under the following deposition parameters: a high temperature, a low pH, low current density, and a high iron to cobalt ratio.
Fabrication of Current-Perpendicular-to-Plane Junctions Based on Fe3Si/FeSi2 Multilayered Films by Lift-Off
Authors: Noda Yuta , Sakai Ken-ichiro , Sonoda Takayuki , Tsumagari Daiki , Takeda Kaoru , Yoshitake Tsuyoshi
Published: March 2013

Current-perpendicular-to-plane (CPP) junctions comprising Fe3Si/FeSi2 multilayers were prepared by a lift-off process combined with lithography techniques. The Fe3Si/FeSi2 multilayered films were grown on Si (111) substrates at room temperature by facing-targets direct-current sputtering. From the X-ray diffraction measurements, it was confirmed that the Fe3Si layers were epitaxially grown from the first layer on Si (111) up to the top layer across the FeSi2 layers with the same orientation relationship as that in the first layer. The CPP junctions, wherein ferromagnetic interlayer coupling across the FeSi2 spacer layers was induced, exhibited an obvious change in the electrical resistance for the current injection, which might be due to current-induced magnetization switching.
(Invited) Giant Magnetoelectric Effect in Thin Film Composites
Authors: Lage Enno , Piorra Andre , Kirchhof Christine , Yarar Erdem , Meyners Dirk , Quandt Eckhard
Published: March 2013

Si cantilevers with thin film ME 2-2 composites consisting of AlN as the piezoelectric phase and of amorphous magnetostrictive Metglas as the magnetostrictive phase show an extremely high ME coefficient of up to 1800 V/cmOe at mechanical resonance and about 3 V/cmOe out of resonance at a magnetic bias field of 6 Oe. Using an exchanged biased multilayer of the sequence Ta/Cu/Mn70Ir30/Metglas as the magnetostrictive phase the coefficient is approximately reduced by a factor of 2.5 (comparing the same resonance frequencies) but no magnetic bias field is needed any more.
Generation and Detection of a Pure Spin Current Using Co-Based Heusler-Alloy Spin Injector and Detector: Comparison of Co2MnSi and Co2FeSi
Authors: Oki Soichiro , Kawano Makoto , Tanikawa Kohei , Aoki Hiroshi , Yamada Shinya , Miyao Masanobu , Hamaya Kohei
Published: March 2013

We have demonstrated the electrical generation and detection of giant pure spin currents using lateral spin-valve devices (LSVs) with highly-ordered Co2FeSi (CFS) electrodes, where the CFS films were grown on Si(111) by low-temperature molecular beam epitaxy (LT-MBE). In this paper, we study the performance of LSVs with Co2MnSi (CMS) electrodes. Unlike CFS, we cannot obtain high-quality CMS films on Si(111) even in the same LT-MBE condition. As a result, it is difficult for CMS grown on Si(111) to generate a large pure spin current in LSVs because of a relatively poor crystal quality with low spin polarization compared with CFS grown on Si(111).
Low-Field Ac Magnetotransport in La0.6Bi0.1Sr0.3MnO3
Authors: Barik Sujit Kumar , Mahendiran Ramanathan
Published: March 2013

We report temperature and field dependence of ac resistance (Z') and reactance (Z") of La0.6Bi0.1Sr0.3MnO3 in the radio frequency range (f = 0.1-5 MHz) under low dc magnetic fields (H {less than or equal to} 1 kOe). While the Z' in zero field shows a weak peak around the ferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition (TC) for f {less than or equal to} 100 kHz, it shows an abrupt jump around the TC for f = 5 MHz. In contrast, the Z" shows an abrupt increase around the TC for all frequencies. We found a maximum ac magnetoresistance of -24.2% at f = 5 MHz and magnetoreactance of -19.6% at f = 0.1 MHz for ΔH = 500 Oe. In comparison to ac magnetoresistance, the dc magnetoresistance shows similar value for ΔH = 50 kOe. It is suggested that the huge ac magnetoresistance arises from the suppression of ac transverse permeability which results in enhanced electromagnetic skin depth under a magnetic field.
Deoxidation of Titania Foams
Authors: Krasicka-Cydzik Elzbieta
Published: March 2013

The electro-deoxidation of titanium dioxide foams in molten calcium chloride is presented. Studies performed with a three electrode cell, with cathodes of porous titania foams of different open porosity, a graphite anode and a wolframium pseudo-reference electrode. Experiments were carried out under cathodic potential control and at different applied potentials. By analyzing the compositions of samples prepared at different cathode potentials, and compared against the results from other studies it was revealed that within 16 h of the process oxygen contents may be lowered from 40 to 30wt.% in 1 mm thick surface layer of titania foam. It demonstrated that the current efficiency was low and that a barrier remains in the electroreduction of TiO2 to Ti. This communication identifies the anomalous electro-migration of oxygen vacancies in reduced TiO2 as an inherent feature and barrier to the solid-state reduction of TiO2 to Ti.
Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Monitoring of the Operation of an Inert Anode Utilized in a Cambridge FFC-Cell
Authors: Snook Graeme Andrew , Rowles Matthew R. , Styles Mark J. , McGregor Katherine , Madsen Ian C. , Urban Andrew J. , Scarlett Nicola V.Y. , Riley Daniel P.
Published: March 2013

In this work, we have used synchrotron X-ray diffraction phase-mapping combined with electrochemistry to examine the operation of an inert anode in a Cambridge-FFC type laboratory cell. Inert anodes usually function via interaction of the anode with the electrolyte (CaCl2) and the anode product (O2). Upon immersion of an anode in the bath, there is dynamic formation of an insulating oxide film at the anode surface. Such films must be thin enough to allow electronic conduction, but thick enough to protect the surface from further reaction. Utilising an in-situ energy dispersive X-ray diffraction technique on a custom-built furnace for synchrotron measurements incorporating the FFC-type cell, the group is able to monitor the evolution of such films on the anode and elucidate the eventual failure mechanism of this anode.
Room Temperature Ionic Liquid as Electrolyte for Lithium-Ion Battery
Authors: Fung Ying-Sing , Yang Yong , Zheng Jianming , Zhu Derong
Published: March 2013

Applicability of RTIL as electrolyte for lithium ion battery was assessed using coin-cells with Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 as cathode, metallic lithium foil as anode, Cellgard 2300 as separator and LiTFSI-Py14TFSI as electrolyte. Those with LiTFSI higher than 0.4 M showed a high initial discharge capacity (190 mAh/g at 0.2 C) and good cycling stability (> 98% coulombic efficiencies) after first cycle. Change upon cycling and storage was investigated by impedance measurement at open circuit potential (ca. 3 V) with results showing a relatively high resistance, 10 ~ 20 Ω for electrolyte resistance (Re) and 100 ~ 200 Ω for SEI and charge transfer resistance (Rsei + Rct). As the total resistance is stable after storage for 30 days, good stability of the cathode/IL electrolyte and Li/IL electrolyte interface is indicated. The use of Py14TFSI-added mixed electrolyte system to enhance current rating and reduce fire hazards were studied with results discussed.
Electrochemical Behavior of Vanadium Oxides in (NH2)2CO - KCl Melt
Authors: Savchuk Anastasia V. , Devyatkin Sergei Vladimirovich
Published: March 2013

The electrochemical behaviour of vanadium oxides in a carbamide- KCl melt at 1200C was studied by cyclic voltammetry. In the (NH2)2CO-KCl melt with additions of trivalent vanadium, an electrochemical process of oxidation of trivalent vanadium to pentavalent one was observed in the anodic region. V2O5 is irreversibly discharged in the (NH2)2CO-KCl melt with reactant adsorbed strongly.
Electrochemical Polishing Applications and EIS of a Novel Choline Chloride-Based Ionic Liquid
Authors: Wixtrom Alex Ian , Buhler Jessica E. , Reece Charles E. , Abdel-Fattah Tarek M
Published: March 2013

Minimal surface roughness is a critical feature for high-field superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities used to engineer particle accelerators. Current methods for polishing Niobium cavities typically utilize solutions containing a mixture of concentrated sulfuric and hydrofluoric acid. Polishing processes such as these are effective, yet there are many hazards and costs associated with the use (and safe disposal) of the concentrated acid solutions. An alternative method for electrochemical polishing of the cavities was explored using a novel ionic liquid solution containing choline chloride. Potentiostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to analyze the ionic polishing solution. Final surface roughness of the Nb was found to be comparable to that of the acid-polishing method, as assessed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). This indicates that ionic liquid-based electrochemical polishing of Nb is a viable replacement for acid-based methods for preparation of SRF cavities.
Electrochemical Deposition of Niobium onto the Surface of Copper Using a Novel Choline Chloride-Based Ionic Liquid
Authors: Wixtrom Alex Ian , Buhler Jessica E. , Reece Charles E. , Abdel-Fattah Tarek M
Published: March 2013

Recent research has shown that choline chloride-based solutions can be used to replace acid-based electrochemical polishing solutions. In this study niobium metal was successfully deposited on the surface of copper substrate via electrochemical deposition using a novel choline chloride-based ionic liquid. The niobium metal used for deposition on the Cu had been dissolved in the solution from electrochemical polishing of a solid niobium piece prior to the deposition. The visible coating on the surface of the Cu was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). This deposition method effectively recycles previously dissolved niobium from electrochemical polishing.
An Inverted Aluminum Electrolysis Cell Using a High Density Electrolyte and an Inert Anode - A Test of the Concept
Authors: Rolseth Sverre , Gudbrandsen Henrik , Thonstad Jomar
Published: March 2013

For the application of inert, oxygen-evolving anodes in low-temperature electrolytes for aluminum electrolysis, the dissolution rate of the raw material alumina may be critical. It may then be desirable to maintain a content of excess alumina in the electrolyte. Experiments were carried out in a fluoride electrolyte with density higher than that of liquid aluminum, whereby the metal produced collected on top of the electrolyte. The electrolyte composition in weight-% was: NaF: 18, AlF3: 48, CaF2: 16 and BaF2: 18. Fine-grained alumina was fed to the electrolyte in excess of the solubility limit. The excess alumina was kept in suspension by the gas-induced convection created by the oxygen gas generated at the anode. A vertically arranged slab of TiB2 was used as cathode, while platinum, tin oxide and nickel-ferrite were tested as inert, oxygen-evolving anode materials. In one day experiments, current efficiencies in the range of 72- 92 % were achieved.
Influence of Nonflammable Diluents on Properties of Phosphonium Ionic Liquids as Lithium Battery Electrolytes
Authors: Tsunashima Katsuhiko , Taguchi Hikaru , Yonekawa Fumihiro
Published: March 2013

The transport and electrochemical properties of lithium-binary phosphonium ionic liquid electrolytes containing a phosphazene compound as a diluent. It was found that the transport property (conductivity and viscosity) of lithiumi-binary phosphonium ionic liquid electrolytes were not reduced by addition of the phosphazene compound. Furthermore, a phosphazene-containing phosphonium ionic liquid electrolyte gave a large voltammetric response of the Li redox reaction.
(Keynote) Separation of Dy and Nd (La) Using Molten Salt and an Alloy Diaphragm
Authors: Konishi Hirokazu , Ono Hideki , Nohira Toshiyuki , Oishi Tetsuo
Published: March 2013

Cyclic voltammetry was conducted using a Ni electrode in molten LiCl-KCl-RECl3(RE=Dy, Nd) systems at 723 K. In cathodic scan, a cathodic current was observed from 1.00 V (vs. Li+/Li) due to the formation of Dy-Ni alloys in a molten LiCl-KCl-DyCl3 system. In contrast, a cathodic current was observed from 0.60 V due to the formation of Nd-Ni alloys in a molten LiCl-KCl-NdCl3 system. On the basis of these results, an alloy sample was prepared by potentiostatic electrolysis at 0.65 V for 1 h using a Ni plate cathode in a molten LiCl-KCl-DyCl3-NdCl3 system. The mass ratio of Dy/Nd in the alloy sample was found to be 72 by ICP-AES. Another investigation was conducted in a molten LiCl-KCl-DyCl3-LaCl3 system, with and without FeCl2 addition. Regardless of the presence of FeCl2, DyNi2 was selectively formed on a Ni plate cathode at 0.55 V.
Electrochemical Formation of RE-Ni (RE=Pr, Nd, Dy) Alloys in Molten Halides
Authors: Nohira Toshiyuki , Kobayashi Seitro , Kondo Katsuya , Yasuda Kouji , Hagiwara Rika , Oishi Tetsuo , Konishi Hirokazu
Published: March 2013

The electrochemical formation of RE-Ni (RE=Pr, Nd and Dy) alloys was investigated in molten LiF-CaF2-REF3 systems at 1123 K. Cyclic voltammetry and open-circuit potentiometry indicated the formation of several phases of RE-Ni alloys. The formations of RENi2, RENi3 and RENi5 were confirmed by XRD and SEM/EDX. The formation potential for each alloy phase has been determined. The maximum Dy/Nd atomic ratio in the alloy estimated by EDX was 5.6. In molten LiCl-KCl-RECl3 (RE=Nd and Dy) systems at 723 K, the maximum Dy/Nd mass ratio in the alloy determined by ICP-AES was 121, indicating a high potentiality for the new separation/recovery process of Nd and Dy.
Electrorefining of Zirconium from Zircaloy-4 Cladding Hulls in LiCl-KCl Molten Salts
Authors: Lee Chang Hwa , Kang Kweon Ho , Jeon Min Ku , Heo Chul Min , Lee You Lee
Published: March 2013

Zr electrorefining from Zircaloy-4 cladding hulls is demonstrated in LiCl-KCl-ZrCl4 molten salts at 500 oC. Cyclic voltammetric measurement for pure Zr reveals that multiple reduction/oxidation reaction processes are involved due to various valence states of Zr in chloride baths. An insoluble reduction reaction is found to occur at -1.15 V vs. Ag/AgCl, where the both ZrCl and Zr metallic phases are produced. Almost similar voltammetric response is evident for Zircaloy-4 tube anode with additional reduction peaks associated with alloy elements. The purity of Zr recovered at -1.15 V from Zircaloy-4 tube appears to be 99.94 wt% by ICP-AES.
Activity Coefficients and Solubility of Lanthanum and Praseodymium in Gallium-Indium Eutectic Alloy
Authors: Dedyukhin Alexander S. , Ivanov Viktor A. , Mel'chakov Stanislav Yu. , Shchetinskii Andrey V. , Volkovich Vladimir A. , Yamshchikov Leonid F. , Osipenko Alexander G. , Raspopin Sergey P. , Kormilitsyn Mikhail V.
Published: March 2013

Activity, activity coefficients, and solubility of lanthanum and praseodymium in Ga-In eutectic alloy (21.8 wt.% In) were determined between 573 and 1073 K employing the e.m.f. method. In addition activity of these metals was also determined in alloys with indium in the same temperature range.
Precipitation of Rare Earth Phosphates from NaCl-2CsCl Eutectic Based Melts
Authors: Volkovich Vladimir A. , Ivanov Alexander B. , Yakimov Sergey M. , Polovov Ilya B. , Vasin Boris D. , Griffiths Trevor R. , Chukin Andrey V. , Shtolts Aelita K.
Published: March 2013

The reaction between 15 rare earth chlorides (yttrium, lanthanum and all the lanthanides except for promethium) and sodium orthophosphate was studied in NaCl-2CsCl eutectic based melts between 550 and 750 oC under an inert atmosphere. Rare earth phosphates were precipitated from the melt and their composition determined from chemical analysis, vibrational spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction measurements. The effects of temperature and the initial phosphate-to-rare earth mole ratio in the melt on the phase composition of the precipitated phosphates was investigated Over 99.9% precipitation could be achieved and the mole ratio required varied between 2 and 6. The minimum excess of phosphate precipitant required for complete precipitation from the melt was determined.
Investigation of Oxidation State of the Electrodeposited Neodymium Metal Related with the Water Content of Phosphonium Ionic Liquids
Authors: Kondo Hitomi , Matsumiya Masahiko , Tsunashima Katsuhiko , Kodama Shun
Published: March 2013

The influence of the water content in the phosphonium ionic liquids, triethyl-pentyl-phosphonium bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)amide (P2225TFSA) was investigated for the electrodeposited neodymium metal. For this purpose, the viscosity and the electrical conductivity were firstly researched in Nd(III)/P2225TFSA with and without the water content and these correlations with temperature dependence showed a good linear relation based on Walden rule. These properties also revealed that the electrical conduction of the ionic liquid was mainly attributed to the mass transfer of Nd(III) complexes and ionic species even in the presence of water. In addition, from the electrochemical analysis, no cathodic peak related with the decomposition of water was observed in sufficiently dried Nd(III)/P2225TFSA. Furthermore, the cathodic current in the dried Nd(III)/P2225TFSA electrolyte was larger than that in undried electrolyte during the neodymium electrodeposition. Finally, the electrodeposits obtained by potentiostatic electrolysis on -3.1V at 150{degree sign}C were mainly consisted of the neodymium metallic state identified by XPS.
Polysaccharide Ecocomposite Materials: Synthesis, Characterization and Application for Removal of Pollutants and Bacteria
Authors: Duri Simon , El-Zahab Bilal , Tran Chieu D.
Published: March 2013

A novel, simple and totally recyclable method has been developed for the synthesis of nontoxic, biocompatible and biodegradable composite materials from cellulose and chitosan. In this method, [BMIm+Cl-], an ionic liquid (IL), was used as a solvent to dissolve and synthesize the [CEL+CS] composite materials. Since the IL can be removed from the materials by washing them with water, and recovered from the washed solution, the method is totally recyclable. XRD, FTIR, NIR and SEM were used to characterize the materials and to confirm that CEL and CS were successfully regenerated by the method without any chemical transformation. More importantly, we have successfully demonstrated that [CEL+CS] material can serve as an effective adsorbent for removal various endocrine disruptors including polychlorophenols and bisphenol A. This is because the composites have combined advantages of their components, namely superior chemical stability and mechanical stability (from CEL) and excellent adsorption capability for pollutants (from CS).
Electrospinning of Biopolymers from Ionic Liquid - Co-Solvent Systems
Authors: Brown Eva Kathryn , Haverhals Luke M. , Foley Matthew P , De Long Hugh , Trulove Paul C.
Published: March 2013

In the current work, solutions of cellulose dissolved in an IL, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMIAc), and a molecular co-solvent, were investigated for their ability to form spinnable fibers at room temperature without the use of controlled humidity or coagulation bath. The impact of polymer, IL and solvent concentration on fiber formation and characteristics has been investigated. Inclusion of nanomaterials into dopes and incorporation of electrospun fibers onto natural substrates was also explored.
Population Dynamics of Horse Mackerel (Trachurus Mediterraneus Ponticus) in the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast
Authors: Yankova Maria
Published: March 2013

The horse mackerel Trachurus mediterraneus is a commercially important pelagic fish species in the Black Sea fishery. The present investigation was carried out between May and December 2010 along the Bulgarian coast of the Black Sea. Population parameters of horse mackerel from the trawl and fishing nets catches were estimated from length frequency data, by using ELEFAN-I computer program. The ELEFAN-I analysis gave the following Von Bertalanffy Growth Function (VBGF) parameters: the asymptotic length  cm, growth coefficient value was , and the hypothetical age at which length is zero was . Based on these growth parameters, the total mortality coefficient () during the study period was estimated to be 2.99. The estimated value for natural mortality () was 1.08; hence, the fishing mortality coefficient () was 1.91. The estimated value for the exploitation rate () using the length converted catch curve was 0.64. The estimated sizes of T. mediterraneus at 25, 50, and 75 percent probabilities of capture were 16.80 cm, 18.72 cm, and 20.64 cm, respectively.
Time-Space Fractional Heat Equation in the Unit Disk
Authors: Ibrahim Rabha W. , Jalab Hamid A.
Published: March 2013

We will study a maximal solution of the time-space fractional heat equation in complex domain. The fractional time is taken in the sense of the Riemann-Liouville operator, while the fractional space is assumed in the Srivastava-Owa operator. Here we employ some properties of the univalent functions in the unit disk to determine the upper bound of this solution. The maximal solution is illustrated in terms of the generalized hypergeometric functions.
Hemodynamic Instability Induced by Superselective Angiography of the Ophthalmic Artery
Authors: Klumpp Stephan , Jorge Lydia M. , Aziz-Sultan Mohammed Ali
Published: March 2013

Retinoblastoma is one of the most common ophthalmic neoplasms affecting children worldwide. Since its recent introduction, superselective ophthalmic artery injection of chemotherapy with melphalan has significantly reduced the need for enucleation in patients with advanced disease and also shown to have minimal adverse effects on visual acuity as compared to the conventional therapy. Although no severe complications resulting in strokes or deaths have been reported, this treatment modality is not without difficulties. In this case discussion, we describe an event that has occurred to several pediatric patients undergoing superselective angiography of the ophthalmic artery that may be due to an oculopulmonary type reflex causing significant hemodynamic instability and hypoxemia.
Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Carbon Thin Film with Tungsten Interlayer Prepared by Ion Beam Assisted Deposition
Authors: Vlcak Petr , Cerny Frantisek , Tolde Zdenek , Sepitka Josef , Gregora Ivan , Danis Stanislav
Published: March 2013

Mechanical and tribological properties of the thin carbon film with tungsten interlayer were investigated. The carbon film (130 nm) and the tungsten interlayer (20 nm) were prepared by ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) method. Both layers were electron beam evaporated and were simultaneously irradiated by the beam of argon (Ar) or nitrogen (N) ions with energy of 700 eV. Mechanical properties of the thin carbon film with tungsten interlayer were investigated by the nanoindentation method. Concerning tribological properties the coefficient of friction was investigated by means of pin on disc tribometer. Phase composition was investigated by X-ray diffraction method (XRD), and bonding characterization of carbon thin film was characterized by Raman spectroscopy.
Local Lagrange Interpolations Using BivariateC2Splines of Degree Seven on Triangulated Quadrangulations
Authors: Luo Xuqiong , Du Qikui
Published: March 2013

A local Lagrange interpolation scheme using bivariateC2splines of degree seven over a checkerboard triangulated quadrangulation is constructed. The method provides optimal order approximation of smooth functions.
Case Report of Transverse Myelitis in a Patient Receiving Etanercept for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Defty Helen , Sames Edward , Doherty Teresa , Hughes Rodney
Published: March 2013

Etanercept is a monoclonal antibody targeted against Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-a) which is an effective treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and is in cases where conventional disease modifying agents such as methotrexate have failed. Neurological complications of treatment have been documented. We describe a case of transverse myelitis occurring in a 48 year-old lady with RA since 1994 who had been receiving etanercept for four years.
An Implementation Solution for Fractional Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Bertrand Nicolas , Sabatier Jocelyn , Briat Olivier , Vinassa Jean-Michel
Published: March 2013

The link between fractional differentiation and diffusion equation is used in this paper to propose a solution for the implementation of fractional diffusion equations. These equations permit us to take into account species anomalous diffusion at electrochemical interfaces, thus permitting an accurate modeling of batteries, ultracapacitors, and fuel cells. However, fractional diffusion equations are not addressed in most commercial software dedicated to partial differential equations simulation. The proposed solution is evaluated in an example.
Properties of the Parabolic Anderson Model and the Anderson Polymer Model
Authors: Cranston Michael
Published: March 2013

In this article we examine some properties of the solutions of the parabolic Anderson model. In particular we discuss intermittency of the field of solutions of this random partial differential equation, when it occurs and what the field looks like when intermittency doesn't hold. We also explore the behavior of a polymer model created by a Gibbs measure based on solutions to the parabolic Anderson equation.
Analysis of Over 10,000 Cases Finds No Association between Previously Reported Candidate Polymorphisms and Ovarian Cancer Outcome
Authors: White Kristin L. , Vierkant Robert A. , Fogarty Zachary C. , Charbonneau Bridget , Block Matthew S. , Pharoah Paul D.P. , Chenevix-Trench Georgia ,   for AOCS/ACS group;, Rossing Mary Anne , Cramer Daniel W. , Pearce Celeste Leigh , Schildkraut Joellen M. , Menon Usha , Kjaer Susanne Kruger , Levine Douglas A. , Gronwald Jacek , Culver Hoda Anton , Whittemore Alice S. , Karlan Beth Y. , Lambrechts Diether , Wentzensen Nicolas , Kupryjanczyk Jolanta , Chang-Claude Jenny , Bandera Elisa V. , Hogdall Estrid , Heitz Florian , Kaye Stanley B. , Fasching Peter A. , Campbell Ian , Goodman Marc T. , Pejovic Tanja , Bean Yukie , Lurie Galina , Eccles Diana , Hein Alexander , Beckmann Matthias W. , Ekici Arif B. , Paul James , Brown Robert , Flanagan James M. , Harter Philipp , du Bois Andreas , Schwaab Ira , Hogdall Claus K. , Lundvall Lene , Olson Sara H. , Orlow Irene , Paddock Lisa E. , Rudolph Anja , Eilber Ursula , Dansonka-Mieszkowska Agnieszka , Rzepecka Iwona K. , Ziolkowska-Seta Izabela , Brinton Louise , Yang Hannah , Garcia-Closas Montserrat , Despierre Evelyn , Lambrechts Sandrina , Vergote Ignace , Walsh Christine , Lester Jenny , Sieh Weiva , McGuire Valerie , Rothstein Joseph H. , Ziogas Argyrios , Lubiński Jan , Cybulski Cezary , Menkiszak Janusz , Jensen Allan , Gayther Simon A. , Ramus Susan J. , Gentry-Maharaj Aleksandra , Berchuck Andrew , Wu Anna H. , Pike Malcolm C. , Van DenBerg David , Terry Kathryn L. , Vitonis Allison F. , Doherty Jennifer A. , Johnatty Sharon E. , deFazio Anna , Song Honglin , Tyrer Jonathan , Sellers Thomas A. , Phelan Catherine M. , Kalli Kimberly R. , Cunningham Julie M. , Fridley Brooke L. , Goode Ellen L.
Published: March 2013

Background: Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death among women. In an effort to understand contributors to disease outcome, we evaluated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) previously associated with ovarian cancer recurrence or survival, specifically in angiogenesis, inflammation, mitosis, and drug disposition genes.

Methods: Twenty-seven SNPs in VHL, HGF, IL18, PRKACB, ABCB1, CYP2C8, ERCC2, and ERCC1 previously associated with ovarian cancer outcome were genotyped in 10,084 invasive cases from 28 studies from the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium with over 37,000-observed person-years and 4,478 deaths. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association between candidate SNPs and ovarian cancer recurrence or survival with and without adjustment for key covariates.

Results: We observed no association between genotype and ovarian cancer recurrence or survival for any of the SNPs examined.

Conclusions: These results refute prior associations between these SNPs and ovarian cancer outcome and underscore the importance of maximally powered genetic association studies.

Impact: These variants should not be used in prognostic models. Alternate approaches to uncovering inherited prognostic factors, if they exist, are needed. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(5); 987–. ©2013 AACR.
Temporal and Optic Pathway Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma Mimicking Dural-Based Lesion: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Edwards John R. , Kulwin Charles G. , Martin Sarah E. , Wilson Saul , Ho Chang Y. , Fulkerson Daniel H.
Published: March 2013

Pilomyxoid astrocytomas (PMAs) are low-grade tumors that share many common traits with pilocytic astrocytomas. However, PMAs have a more worrisome clinical course, with a higher recurrence rate, lower survival rate, and higher risk of leptomeningeal spread compared to pilocytic tumors. These tumors tend to occur in younger children and are typically located in the area of the optic chiasm or hypothalamus. There are few studies examining the radiographic appearance of these lesions. In this case report, the authors present an unusual radiographic appearance of a PMA in an 11-year-old child. Preoperative images suggested a dural-based, homogenously enhancing lesion coupled with an enlarged optic nerve. Surgery revealed an intraparenchymal lesion of the right temporal lobe. There was hyperintensity on T2 MRI sequences, suggesting infiltration of the tumor along the optic tracts.
Weight, Age and Coefficients of Variation in Renal Solute Excretion
Authors: Perry Guy M.L. , Scheinman Steven J. , Asplin John R.
Published: March 2013

Background: Homoscedasticity (constant variance over axes or among statistical factors) is an integral assumption of most statistical analyses. However, a number of empirical studies in model organisms and humans demonstrate significant differences in residual variance (that component of phenotype unexplained by known factors) or intra-individual variation among genotypes. Our work suggests that renal traits may be particularly susceptible to randomization by genetic and non-genetic factors, including endogenous variables like age and weight. Methods: We tested associ-ations between age, weight and intra-individual variation in urinary calcium, citrate, chloride, creatinine, potassium, magnesium, sodium, ammonium, oxalate, phosphorus, sulfate, uric acid and urea nitrogen in 9,024 male and 6,758 female kidney stone patients. Coefficients of variation (CVs) were calculated for each individual for each solute from paired 24-hour urines. Analysis of CVs was corrected for inter-measurement collection variance in creatinine and urine volume. CVs for sodium and urea nitrogen were included to correct for dietary salt and protein. Results: Age was positively associated with individual CVs for calcium and negatively associated with CVs for potassium, ammonium and phosphorus (pFDR < 0.01). Weight was associated with CVs for creatinine, magnesium and uric acid, and negatively associated with CVs for calcium, potassium and oxalate (pFDR < 0.05). Conclusion: Intra-individual variation changes over age and weight axes for numerous urinary solutes. Changing residual variance over age and weight could cause bias in the detection or estimation of genetic or environmental effects. New methodologies may need to account for such residual unpredictability, especially in diverse collections.
Is Repeat Head Computed Tomography Necessary in Children Admitted with Mild Head Injury and Normal Neurological Exam?
Authors: Dawson Emily C. , Montgomery Christopher P. , Frim David , Koogler Tracy
Published: March 2013

Background: Children admitted following mild head injury (MHI) often undergo repeat head computed tomography (HCT) to identify progression of injury, although there is little evidence to support this practice. Methods: From January 2007 to December 2009, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients aged 2 months to 18 years admitted with a diagnosis of MHI to a Level I Pediatric Trauma Center. Data including Glasgow Coma Scale, loss of consciousness, length of stay (LOS), and number and results of HCTs were analyzed. Results: A total of 507 patients were admitted with MHI and normal neurological exam; 389 had a normal and 118 had an abnormal initial HCT. The median LOS in the normal HCT group was 17.68 h (5.47-109.68) and in the abnormal HCT group 36.63 h (10.15-192.40). The median number of HCTs in the normal HCT group was 1 (1-2) and in the abnormal HCT group 2 (1-5). Conclusions: Children admitted with MHI, abnormal initial HCT and normal neurological exam had longer LOS and more HCTs compared with children with normal initial HCTs. No patient in either group had any change in their management based on HCT. Therefore, repeat HCT may be unnecessary for patients with MHI and normal neurological exam.
Effect of Time of Day on Prehospital Care and Outcomes After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Wallace Sarah K. , Abella Benjamin S. , Shofer Frances S. , Leary Marion , Agarwal Anish K. , Mechem C. Crawford , Gaieski David F. , Becker Lance B. , Neumar Robert W. , Band Roger A.
Published: March 2013

Background—

More than 300 000 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) occur each year in the United States. The relationship between time of day and OHCA outcomes in the prehospital setting is unknown. Any such association may have important implications for emergency medical services resource allocation.

Methods and Results—

We performed a retrospective review of cardiac arrest data from a large, urban emergency medical services system. Included were OHCA occurring in adults from January 2008 to February 2012. Excluded were traumatic arrests and cases in which resuscitation measures were not performed. Day was defined as 8
am
to 7:59
pm
; night, as 8
pm
to 7:59
am
. A relative risk regression model was used to evaluate the association between time of day and prehospital return of spontaneous circulation and 30-day survival, with adjustment for clinically relevant predictors of survival. Among the 4789 included cases, 1962 (41.0%) occurred at night. Mean age was 63.8 years (SD, 17.4 years); 54.5% were male. Patients with an OHCA occurring at night did not have significantly lower rates of prehospital return of spontaneous circulation compared with patients having daytime arrests (11.6% versus 12.8%;
P
=0.20). However, rates of 30-day survival were significantly lower at night (8.56% versus 10.9%;
P
=0.02). After adjustment for demographics, presenting rhythm, field termination, duration of call, dispatch-to-scene interval, automated external defibrillator application, bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and location, 30-day survival remained significantly higher after daytime OHCA, with a relative risk of 1.10 (95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.18).

Conclusion—

Rates of 30-day survival were significantly higher for OHCA occurring during the day compared with at night, even after adjustment for patient, event, and prehospital care differences.
Dapper-1 Induces Myocardial Remodeling Through Activation of Canonical Wnt Signaling in Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Hagenmueller Marco , Riffel Johannes H. , Bernhold Elmar , Fan Jingjing , Zhang Min , Ochs Marco , Steinbeisser Herbert , Katus Hugo A. , Hardt Stefan E.
Published: March 2013

Heart failure has an increasing contribution to cardiovascular disease burden and is governed by the myocardial remodeling process. The contribution of Wnt signaling to cardiac remodeling has recently drawn significant attention. Here, we report that upregulation of Dapper-1 in a transgenic mouse model activates the canonical/β-catenin–dependent Wnt pathway through dishevelled-2. These mice exhibited increased heart weight/tibia length ratio, myocyte cross-sectional area, and upregulation of hypertrophic marker genes compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, impairment of left ventricular systolic and diastolic function was observed in all indicating features of myocardial remodeling. Depletion of Dapper-1 and dishevelled-2 in cardiomyocytes demonstrated that Dapper-1 functions upstream of dishevelled-2 and that activity of both Dapper-1 and dishevelled-2 is essential for activating canonical Wnt signaling. Moreover, Dapper-1 depletion alleviated Wnt3a- and phenylephrine-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. These observations provide evidence that Dapper-1–mediated activation of canonical Wnt signaling is necessary and sufficient to induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Inhibition of this pathway may thus serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for alleviating cardiac hypertrophy.
Regeneration: Tissue Engineering, Maintenance, and the Time of Performance
Authors: Rafferty Kelly
Published: March 2013

As the Science Gallery of Dublin's Trinity College celebrates 10 years of art-science collaboration at SymbioticA, how are artists and critics articulating the politics of bioart? Recasting the Tissue Culture and Art Project's Pig Wings Project (2002) within a genealogy of feminist maintenance art highlights bioart's capacity to engage meaningfully with gender, race, and class in biotechnology.
Trust Me: Richard Foreman's Invitation to “Deep Trance Behavior”
Authors: Swettenham Neal
Published: March 2013

Deep Trance Behavior in Potatoland by Richard Foreman's Ontological Hysteric Theatre made extensive use of pre-filmed video. How did Foreman go about creating this video artwork, and to what effect was it used in the production?
The Cultural Intifada: Palestinian Theatre in the West Bank
Authors: Mee Erin B.
Published: March 2013

Three prominent Palestinian theatres use performance as a form of and forum for resistance to occupation. In the words of Juliano Mer Khamis, the murdered artistic director The Freedom Theatre, “We believe that the third intifada, the coming intifada, should be cultural, with poetry, music, theatre, cameras, and magazines.”
Reinventing Precarity
Authors:   Critical Art Ensemble
Published: March 2013

Critical Art Ensemble (CAE) transforms thought into action in this mini-manual on the appropriation and repurposing of precarity. Through tactical, ecological intervention, the collective attempts to contribute to a democratic biopolitics that helps to sustain the health and diversity of micro and macro ecosystems.
A Precarious Dance, a Derivative Sociality
Authors: Martin Randy
Published: March 2013

Derivatives are associated attributes of some underlying value that are deployed to manage risks but wind up generating volatility: they move forces of production into swirls of circulation. Finance lacks the means to register these mobilizing forces and their attendant principles of kinesthetic sovereignty, which become sensible in dance.
Tank Drama
Authors: Gilbert Jan , McCaffrey Kevin
Published: March 2013

In post-Katrina New Orleans, creative artists took responsibility for remembering the disaster and re-visioning the city. This collection of articles and photographs offers a glimpse into the still-emerging effort to think through the past and envision the future of life and art in New Orleans.
The Empty Chair Is Not So Empty: Ghosts and the Performance of Memory in Post-Katrina New Orleans
Authors: Jaksch Helen
Published: March 2013

The empty chairs found in photographs taken in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina are unfillable voids. This major natural disaster transforms the everyday object of the chair, magnified by the medium of photography, into an extraordinary place full of potentiality for the performance of memory, for haunting, and for ghosts.
Infraspecific variability of Amaranthus tricolor (Amaranthaceae) in India with a new variety
Authors: DAS SAUBHIK
Published: March 2013

Amaranthus tricolor (Amaranthus subgen. Albersia sect. Pyxidium) is a native species of tropical Asia. It shows high inter- and intra-population phenotipic variability that is poorly known at present. During the field survey in India (West Bengal area) a large number of plants were collected and studied from the morphological point of view. The results justify the recognition of three varieties, of which one is new for the science: var. tricolor, var. tristis and var. acutus var. nov.
A new species of Kosteletzkya (Hibisceae, Malvoideae, Malvaceae) and notes on a second species, both from eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: BLANCHARD, JR. ORLAND J. BLANCHARD, JR.
Published: March 2013

A new species, Kosteletzkya rotundalata, is described from northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. A second species, K. borkouana, originally characterized as endemic to northern Chad, is here documented from several localities in the Albertine Rift of eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.