bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Antigenicity of Proteoses
Authors: Stull Arthur , Hampton Stanley F.
Published: January 2023

Proteoses have been found to be active antigens. In the previous study (1) the commercial proteoses known as “Berna” and “Witte” peptone sensitized 18 out of 19 guinea pigs. In this study, the secondary proteose of chicken, the primary proteose of whey, the primary proteose of casein, the primary and secondary proteoses of beef and of beef fibrin were antigenic and showed specificities differing from the original material as determined by the Dale test. The degree of antigenicity seemed to depend upon the source of the proteose and any variation in the experimental condition would probably produce varying results. The primary proteose of egg-white, the primary proteose of chicken and the secondary proteose of casein as well as both proteoses of gliadin failed to sensitize the animals injected. The sensitization induced by the secondary proteose of egg-white and the secondary proteose of milk whey may have been due to the native protein since the Dale test with these proteoses showed no difference in specificity from the native protein.

The beef proteoses prepared by autoclaving showed no antigenic relationships to the proteoses prepared by peptic digestion, and they failed to produce sensitivity in the five animals injected.
Strain-Specificity of Complement-Fixation with Sera of Mice Immune to the Virus of Influenza A and Swine Influenza
Authors: Eaton Monroe D.
Published: January 2023

The sera of mice immunized with human and porcine strains of influenzal virus exhibit strain-specificity by complement-fixation in that the titer is almost always higher with the homologous antigen.

The antigen-antibody curves for human and porcine influenzal antigens prepared from infected mouse-lungs and tested against immune mouse serum differ in form.

The strain-specificity observed with complement-fixation is less definite than that found by neutralization tests with the same samples of mouse serum.

The serum of human beings convalescent from influenza does not show strain-specificity by complement-fixation.
Chemo-Therapeutic and Immuno-Therapeutic Testing of Eberthella Typhosa in the Developing Chick Embryo
Authors: Weil A. J. , Gall L. S.
Published: January 2023

The developing chick embryo is highly susceptible to infection with E. typhosa. The experimental possibilities of the chick-embryo method for experimentation with typhoid bacilli are exemplified in quantitative tests demonstrating: (a) protection by an anti-typhoid rabbit immune serum, (b) effect of sulfathiazole, (c) cumulative effect of combinations of sub-optimal amounts of both antibody and drug.
Cross Protection Between Heterologous Agglutinogenic Types of Beta Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Evans Alice C.
Published: January 2023

A study was made of 43 strains of Lancefield's group A which when first tested failed to ferment lactose or fermented it slightly. Some of these strains later developed the ability to ferment lactose. The sub-group is designated “lactose deficient.”

A correlation was found between lactose-deficiency and serologic grouping in type 18.

A high degree of virulence was readily attained by all 5 lactose-deficient strains passed through mice.

Protective serums prepared with lactose-deficient strains of types 14, 15, 18, and 19 all protected mice against infection with strains of heterologous types. The serum prepared with strain 654 of type 15 showed the broadest range, protecting mice against infection with 7 out of 10 heterologous strains tested.
Quantitative Studies on the Group-Specific Substances in Human Blood and Saliva
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Kosofsky Isidore
Published: January 2023

With the quantitative technic described in a previous paper comparative studies were carried out on the group-specific substance A in human blood and saliva using human group-B serum and anti-A immune-rabbit serum. From the reactions of the blood of A1 and A2 individuals, the presence in the human serum of two isoagglutinins, α and α1, was readily confirmed; on the other hand, the behavior of the anti-A immune serum indicates that it contains but one sort of alpha antibody, which reacts more intensely with A1 than with A2 blood. In contrast to the reactions of the blood, only slight differences were detected between the group substances in the salivas of individuals of the two subgroups, A1 and A2. In fact, in one test it was not even possible to distinguish the saliva of an A3 individual, by its reactions, from A1 and A2 salivas. While definite differences were found in the reactivities of salivas from two A2B individuals as compared with salivas of group A, these were much smaller than the differences between the corresponding bloods. These observations indicate that the A substances in saliva and blood are different. Further evidence of the difference between the group-substance A in saliva and blood was furnished by comparing the reactions with human-B serum and anti-A immune-rabbit serum, the former giving higher titers with saliva than with blood, the latter acting more intensely with blood than with saliva, at least in the case of subgroup A1. As had been previously found for the saliva of group-B individuals, so also for group-A individuals there was not much variation in the concentration of the group-substance in saliva not only in the same individual at different times, but also among different individuals.

Some practical applications in forensic medicine of the examination of secretions for their content of group-specific substances are briefly discussed.
The Development of the Agglutinogens M and N in Newborn Infants
Authors: Hyman-Parker Harriet S.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The bloods of thirty-eight newborn infants were tested for the agglutinogens M and N to determine whether these substances are established at birth. Of these thirty-eight babies, two were seven-months and two eight-months prematures. The bloods of the mothers and, in all but seven cases, those of the fathers were also tested.

To determine the constancy of the types appearing in the newborn, tests were made again on them from six to twelve days after birth, from three to four months after birth, and when they reached fifteen or sixteen months of age. Because one investigator has reported the appearance of additional A and B agglutinogens after birth it was thought advisable to study these groups in conjunction with the M and N types. Consequently, all infants and adults were tested for these properties.

The M and N types were found to be established at seven months; in all cases, the types appearing in the newborn were those theoretically to be expected from the parental matings involved. There were no exceptions to the theory that the agglutinogens M and N are inherited as a single pair of allelic genes.

Subsequent tests indicated that the types are not only established in the foetus at seven months but are probably completely developed, for no changes in typing were noted up to fifteen and sixteen months of age.

The same results were obtained from a study of the agglutinogens A and B in newborn infants. No exceptions were found to the Bernstein theory and no changes were noted in grouping.

Therefore, it may be concluded that the hereditary agglutinogens M, N, A, and B are completely developed at the seventh month of pre-natal life, since no exceptions to any of the rules were found and the types and groups remained constant.
Reactions of Dextrans of Leuconostoc Mesenteroides with the Antiserums of Leuconostoc and of Types 2, 20 and 12 Pneumococcus
Authors: Sugg John Y. , Hehre Edward J.
Published: January 2023

The paper dealt with the serological properties of the polysaccharides isolated from sucrose broth cultures of two strains of Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Chemical data were presented to indicate that the products were dextrans. The serological properties of these dextrans are of particular interest because they represent substances whose production is dependent upon the presence of a particular carbohydrate (sucrose) in the culture medium.

The dextrans from both strains reacted not only with the leuconostoc antiserums but also with types 2, 20 and 12 antipneumococcal sera. The most prominent serological difference was that the dextran from one strain was only weakly reactive against the type 12 antiserum in comparison to its reactivity against the types 2 and 20 whereas the dextran from the other (the American Type Culture Collection strain) had approximately the same degree of reactivity against type 12 as against types 2 and 20.
A Rapid Pertussis Agglutination Test
Authors: Powell H. M. , Jamieson W. A.
Published: January 2023

The technic of conducting a one-minute drop-mixture pertussis agglutination test is described and illustrated.
Pneumococcal Types and Lobar Pneumonia in the Netherlands-Indies
Authors: van Heukelom A. Siegenbeek , Beeuwkes H.
Published: January 2023

Investigation of the existence of pneumococcal types, conducted according to Cooper's scheme, in a number of cases of lobar pneumonia from the Central Government Hospital at Batavia is reported.

In 195 out of 255 cases of lobar pneumonia, pneumococci could be typed from the sputum. The types 1, 2, 5, 7, 8 and 25 occurred respectively in 33.8 per cent, 8.2 per cent, 7.7 per cent, 5.6 per cent, 5.1 per cent and 2.6 per cent of cases. The absence of type 3 and the high percentage (20.0 per cent) of nonclassifiable strains was striking.

A number of strains of pneumococci, isolated from pleural or spinal fluids obtained from the children's clinic, were also typed. Here types 1, 5, 6 and 14 dominated, while the nonclassifiable strains were also frequently observed.

An attempt to trace the correlation of type and symptoms yielded the following results.

Type 1 is the commonest in Batavia; pneumonia caused by it is accompanied by many complications and a high mortality-rate.

Pneumonias caused by type 2 resembled mostly typical lobar pneumonia with, however, few complications and a low mortality.

Types 5, 7 and 8 were found in mild cases of pneumonia. Type 25 was isolated in four typical cases of pneumonia.

The “nonclassifiable” strains show a heterogeneous character. Presumably in this group are included strains of one or more types, rivaling type 1 in virulence.
The Relationship of the Antigenicity, Physical-Chemical Properties, and Polysaccharide-Content of Tuberculins to Their Intracutaneous Activity
Authors: McCarter Janet R. , Watson Dennis W.
Published: January 2023

The intracutaneous activity of a tuberculin for human beings is directly correlated with its antigenicity. The greater activity of antigenic tuberculins is shown by the larger number of reactors, by the greater speed in the appearance of the reactions, and by the larger size of the reactions. As many as 100 per cent of the individuals in a rural population with a very low incidence of tuberculosis may react to an antigenic tuberculin if readings are taken six hours after the injections. As a corollary it follows that reactions to human, bovine, and avian tuberculin-proteins cannot be considered as even quantitatively specific unless it can be shown that the preparations have similar antigenicity and are homogeneous. The early six-hour reactions are elicited by antigenic tuberculin-proteins and not by tuberculin-polysaccharides. The protein present in tuberculin-polysaccharides and in tuberculo-polysaccharides is responsible for any skin-activity they may have. Some individuals give six-hour reactions to non-antigenic tuberculin-proteins. The antigenicity of the tuberculin-protein is destroyed when the molecule is degraded by heat to a weight of about 6,000, but for molecules of over 12,000 and up to 36,000 the size bears no relation to the antigenicity. The unfolding ensuing upon the denaturation of the tuberculin-protein-molecule by heat does not greatly affect its antigenicity.
Interaction of Pneumococcus 2 and B. Friedländer B. Antigen with Horse- and Rabbit-Antibodies
Authors: Perlman Ely , Bullowa Jesse G. M.
Published: January 2023

Rabbit antipneumococcal sera have been shown to enter into all cross-reactions previously observed with horse-antisera in the pneumococcus type 2 and BFB system. It was found that the horse-antisera studied were 15 to 30 times more active than the rabbit-sera in this cross-reaction when equal amounts (in terms of mouse-protective units) of antibody were compared. Absorptive experiments using “pure” antibody preparations are described and the relation of the results to the theories of cross-reactions is discussed.
A Virus Neutralization Test, Subject to Standardization: Used with Western Equine Encephalomyelitis, St. Louis Encephalitis and Mouse-Adapted Poliomyelitis Viruses
Authors: Hammon William McDowell , Izumi Ernest M.
Published: January 2023

A technic for a virus neutralization test, capable of standardization both as to procedure and interpretation, has been described. Individual ampules of virus-suspension are frozen and stored at −76 C, then titrated under the exact conditions of time, temperature and serum-concentration as employed in the neutralization-test. Based on the determined range of variability of host-susceptibility to each virus, the higher dilution for the neutralization-test was selected, thus obtaining maximal sensitivity. The value of the function of this dilution to the fifty per cent end-point dilution is adopted as a “actor” for use with any other titrated suspension of the same virus. “Factors” have been determined for the viruses of St. Louis encephalitis, Western equine encephalomyelitis and the Armstrong adapted Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus. Details are presented of a satisfactory technic to be used for each virus, and the reasons for the differences are considered.
A Method for Adjusting the Antigen-Antibody Ratio Prior to the Determination of Pneumococcic Antibody-Nitrogen
Authors: Barrett C. Dale , Tripp John T.
Published: January 2023

The proper antigen-antibody ratio of antipneumococcic serums must be established prior to an accurate total-antibody-nitrogen determination. A practical method for obtaining this ratio, when a large number of samples of widely differing antibody-content are to be assayed, is presented.

The correlation between the agglutinative titer of an antiserum and its specific antibody-nitrogen content was shown to be close enough to enable a preliminary estimation of its potency to be made.

The correct proportion of antigen to antibody was first ascertained for a control antiserum of low potency. The agglutinative titer of the unknown antiserum was determined and compared with the titer of the control antiserum. The antibody-concentration of the unknown was then adjusted to that of the control antiserum prior to quantitative analysis.
Studies of Antipneumococcal Serum. III. The Relation of Complement-Fixation Titers to Antibody-Nitrogen Values
Authors: Rice Christine E. , Sickles Gretchen R.
Published: January 2023

Complement-fixation titers and antibody-nitrogen values (p) for 142 lots of pooled, unconcentrated antipneumococcal sera (types 1–32 except 26 and 30) determined with the same preparations of homologous type-specific carbohydrates have been compared. A correlation was apparent, irrespective of whether the complement-fixing activity of the serum was expressed in relation to the maximal amount of complement required for 50-per-cent hemolysis in the presence of the maximally reactive dose of antigen, the ratio (IS + A):(IS) = f, or in terms of the relative proportions of antigen and serum in such a maximally reactive mixture, the critical ratio α. The approximate stability of (f − 1):p and of α:p are indicated. Certain individual sera and antigens exhibited irregularities which are being studied further.
An Electrophoretic Examination of Several Antipneumococcic Rabbit Sera
Authors: van der Scheer J. , Bohnel E. , Clarke F. H. , Wyckoff Ralph W. G.
Published: January 2023

Electrophoretic and chemical analyses have been made of sera taken from a number of rabbits before and during various stages of their hyperimmunization with type 1 pneumococci. Consideration of these analyses throws light upon such questions as 1) the degree of globulin separation achieved by the usual salting-out procedure, 2) the parallelism between electrophoretic and chemical analyses of antibody-content, 3) the possibility of a non-specific, as well as a specific, globulin response to immunization, 4) the possibility of a non-specific anamnestic response, and 5) the influence of the antibody content of a serum upon the purity of the concentrate that can be prepared from it.
Active Immunity to the Microbacterium Multiforme Psittacosis in the Mouse
Authors: Yanamura H. Y. , Meyer K. F.
Published: January 2023

The phenomena of immunity in psittacosis are by no means clearly understood. It is known, of course, that parrots are actively immune following an attack of psittacosis (1) and likewise that mice which have recovered without any definite symptoms from an intraabdominal injection of human or avian virus, are resistant to subsequent re-infection with moderately heavy doses of the same agent. Meyer and Eddie (2) and Fortner and Pfaffenberg (3) linked this immunity in the mouse with the persistence of the infective agent in the spleen and liver. It was believed that this immunity of the “non-sterile type” conditioned the resistance against superinfection, which in some experiments exceeded 1,000,000 MLD mouse doses. Although the existence of an “infection-immunity” must be accepted as proved, it is imperative to stress the fact that this resistance is never absolute, and apparently fails to operate in about 10 per cent of the mice.
Active Immunization to the Microbacterium Multiforme Psittacosis in Parrakeets and Ricebirds
Authors: Meyer K. F. , Eddie B. , Yanamura H.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The evidence produced in this paper confirms the observations made on mice. Intramuscular administration of formalinized non-infective vaccines prepared from tissue cultures conveys to parrakeets and ricebirds a considerable degree of immunity. It does not protect individual birds completely, however. The variable individual susceptibility inherent in parrakeets derived from a non-infected stock has greatly handicapped the studies on active immunization. Infection, and even frank disease with ultimate death, has been the rule in vaccinated ricebirds when the test-dose exceeded 100 mouse lethal doses. The immunity, when once established in some individual ricebirds, may persist for a considerable period of time. The infective agent during this sojourn in the tissues of the immune bird retains its original infectiousness. In general, representatives of the Bird Phylum, one from the order of Psittaciformes and one from the Passeriformes, respond to active immunization in a manner identical to that of a mammal like the mouse. Variations in the resistance of birds to artificial infection are in all probability innately constitutional. It is this constitutional factor which ultimately determines the ability of the parrakeet or ricebird to acquire a relatively high or a low immunity following treatment with formalinized vaccines, and decides whether the individual will succumb to the test-infection, become a carrier or destroy the virus within a few days. Just as in the mouse, the fundamental factor responsible for the variations depends on an effective capacity of the cellular elements to destroy the Microbacterium multiforme. There is little evidence to encourage the conclusion that the humoral antibodies perform only an ancillary, supplementary function. Inferential evidence, however, points to the specificity of the immune response as being the concern of humoral antibodies. Finally, just as in bacterial diseases like undulant fever, the immunisatoric superiority of the infection over the action of dead antigens is fully attested by the fact that the resistance of birds to massive invasions of psittacosis virus is greatly enhanced by recovery from a subclinical infection. These facts, however, should not encourage the hope that a practical and safe method of active immunization of birds against psittacosis or ornithosis may be accomplished readily.
Two New Salmonella Types with Related Specific Antigens
Authors: Edwards P. R. , Bruner D. W.
Published: January 2023

Two new Salmonella types, both of whose specific phases contain antigen 1 are described. S. amherstiana, which was isolated from poults, was represented by the antigenic formula (VIII):1, (v) … — 1, 6…. S. javiana was isolated from a child affected with gastro-enteritis and from normal human carriers and was represented by the antigenic formula [I], IX, XII…:1, z28… — 1, 5…. Attention was called to the complexity of the phases containing antigen 1.
The Antigenic Structure of Hemolytic Streptococci of Lancefield Group A
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Wiener Maria
Published: January 2023

Hemolytic streptococci belonging to Lancefield's group A contain nucleoproteins closely related to those of pneumococcus. Sera against hemolytic streptococci of Lancefield's group B obtained by immunization of rabbits with sonically disintegrated bacterial cells showed strong serological reactivity with group A neutral sonic filtrate. This reaction is not reciprocal. In view of these facts it may be concluded that hemolytic streptococci belonging to Lancefield's group A are more closely related to pneumococci than to hemolytic streptococci belonging to Lancefield's group B in respect to the nucleoprotein components of these organisms. Sera obtained by injection of rabbits with sonically disintegrated group B organisms showed stronger cross-reactivity than rabbit sera obtained by immunization with intact organisms. The two strains of Streptococcus viridans used in this study seem to belong to an entirely different group as far as the nucleoprotein components are concerned.
The Fixation of Components of Complement and the Combining Nitrogen from Guinea-Pig Serum
Authors: Pillemer L. , Chu Fey , Seifter S. , Ecker E. E.
Published: January 2023

Experiments correlating the quantity of serum nitrogen adding to specific precipitates of SIII with a measurement of the residual activity of each of the complement components after combination showed the following: C′1, C′2 and C′4 from whole serum contributed combining nitrogen to specific precipitates of SIII; C′1 from mid-piece also contributed combining nitrogen. C′2 and C′4, in the absence of C′1, did not contribute combining nitrogen; and C′3 contributed little or no combining nitrogen in any case.The decrease in the combining nitrogen per ml of serum which occurred as the volume of serum was increased, was primarily due to a diminution in the amount of C′1 fixed.Inactivation of C′1 of the CO2-insoluble fraction of serum by heating at 56 C for 60 minutes did not destroy the total combining capacity of the fraction. Sixty per cent of the combining nitrogen contributed by untreated mid-piece was still available after heat inactivation. Similar results were obtained when 1 ml amounts of heat-inactivated whole serum were fixed.The estimation of fresh serum nitrogen adding to specific precipitates is a measure of a variable portion of the total complement complex or of the combining components of complement. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the amount of residual activity of each component after fixation in order to interpret the data derived from combining complement nitrogen determinations.
Blood-Group Factors in the Blood, Organs and Secretions of Primates
Authors: Wiener A. S. , Candela P. B. , Goss L. J.
Published: January 2023

Supplementing a previous report on the blood-group factors in infrahuman primates, a method is described for examining the blood, organs and secretions. Additional data are also presented, in particular with regard to gorillas and two species of New World monkeys.

Landsteiner's rule was found to hold in infrahuman primates with the modification that the reciprocal relationship obtains between agglutinins in the serum and group-substances in the organs and secretions instead of the erythrocytes. In monkeys and apes, each species appears to be characterized in the main by a single group-factor. The implications of these results for the problem of the distribution of the blood groups in man are discussed.
A Method for the Titration of Influenza Hemagglutinins and Influenza Antibodies with the Aid of a Photoelectric Densitometer
Authors: Hirst George K. , Pickels Edward G.
Published: January 2023

The construction and use of a simple photoelectric densitometer for agglutination studies have been described. This instrument facilitates the estimation of hemagglutinin and antibody titers when using the red cell agglutination test in influenza work. The use of this instrument makes the determination of end points more precise and objective than the technic previously described.
Comparative Quantitative Studies of Guinea-Pig and Rabbit Anti-Hemocyanin Precipitates
Authors: Youmans Guy P. , Colwell Charlotte A.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Quantitative chemical analyses of precipitates of guinea-pig and rabbit-antibody and hemocyanin from the whelk, Busycon canaliculata, have been made at various points in the precipitative reaction-range. Although the number of determinations with any one serum was limited by the amount of serum available from a single guinea-pig, it appeared that the curve of the composition of the precipitate, as indicated by the ratio of Ab N:Ag N, of guinea-pig antibody and hemocyanin, follows the same general pattern as that of rabbit-antibody, as determined by other investigators. Rabbit- and guinea-pig antisera for hemocyanin had approximately the same Ab N:Ag N ratios at corresponding points in the respective reaction-ranges. The amounts of specifically precipitable protein per ml of antiserum were similar in rabbit- and guinea-pig antisera, showing that when a suitable antigen is used, serum precipitins are produced as readily in guinea-pigs as in rabbits.

Guinea-pig antisera failed to produce zones of complete precipitation of antigen and antibody, in contrast to rabbit antisera which produced well-defined neutral zones with neither antigen nor antibody in excess.

The Dean and Webb optimal ratio, contrary to findings with other antigens, did not fall in the equivalence-zone with either guinea-pig or rabbit antisera for hemocyanin, but far in the region of excess-antigen. This ratio bore no relation to the antibody-content of the various sera. Ratios by volume at the midpoints of equivalence-zones, however, paralleled the respective antibody-content of the antisera.
Antigenic Properties of Mouse-Tissues
Authors: Brown Gordon C.
Published: January 2023

The mouse has generally been regarded as a member of the guinea-pig group of animals whose tissues contain the Forssman heterophile antigen (1, 2, 4, 5, 12, 14). An analysis of the evidence on which this assumption is based reveals the fact that there are only two general characteristics of mouse-tissue that are in complete agreement with the definition of Forssman's antigen. The first of these is the fact that suspensions of either fresh or boiled mouse-tissue when injected into the rabbit incite an hemolysin for the red cells of the sheep. The second characteristic is that this hemolysin is completely absorbed from its serum with either fresh or boiled sheep-cells or guinea-pig kidney, both of which are considered as true representatives of Forssman's antigen.

At this point, however, the resemblance ceases and discrepancies in this theory appear. The mouse is refractory to inverse anaphylaxis or the typical shock produced by injecting heterophile antibodies into animals whose tissues contain this antigen.
The Immunochemistry of Allergens
Authors: Coulson E. J. , Spies Joseph R.
Published: January 2023

Data collected in estimating the anaphylactic sensitizing and shocking capacity of cottonseed allergenic fractions and crystalline ovalbumin were used to construct dosage-response curves according to the system of computation developed by Bliss. Values for median lethal doses (LD 50) and median sensitizing doses (SD 50) were computed. On the basis of nitrogen content the shocking capacity for electrophoretic fractionation products of CS-1A and for ovalbumin were all of the same order. However, large differences were found in their sensitizing potency. Thus the sensitizing capacity of the high carbohydratecontaining fraction, CS-56R, was eight-fold greater than that of the low-carbohydrate fraction, CS-51R. Inasmuch as these two fractions have the same antigenic specificity, the greater sensitizing power of CS-56R was attributed to its larger molecular structure resulting from the high proportion of combined polysaccharide. The sensitizing capacity of ovalbumin was ten-fold greater than CS-56R.
Evaluation of the Antigenicity of Tetanal Toxoid
Authors: Koerber Walter L.
Published: January 2023

If the tetanal flocculative reaction is carried out in the described manner, flocculating toxins show the average ratio of Lf:L+ as 1:10. The MLD values of tetanal toxins do not parallel the antigenicity of the tetanal toxoids prepared therefrom. Combining power values (L+ or Lf) of tetanal toxins cannot always be used for evaluation of antigenicity of the corresponding toxoids. For certain toxins prepared under defined conditions, however, a parallelism exists. The most reliable method of determining the antigenicity of tetanal toxoid is by means of an antigenicity test carried out in guinea-pigs or in mice.2
Observations on Spontaneous and Induced Refractoriness to Peptone Shock in Dogs
Authors: Dragstedt Carl A.
Published: January 2023

The intravenous injection of proteose solutions into dogs results in a reaction (commonly referred to as “peptone shock”) which is virtually indistinguishable in symptomatology from that of an anaphylactic reaction produced by the injection of specific antigen into a previously sensitized animal. The two reactions are similar in their symptomatology, and in the underlying mechanisms by which the prominent symptoms are produced. In both reactions the vascular crisis is due to a release of histamine (1, 2), and the incoagulability of the blood, to a release of heparin (3, 4). An anaphylactic reaction, when not fatal, is followed by a refractory state, usually referred to as a desensitization. This is considered to be highly characteristic of anaphylaxis and is often used as a criterion of differentiation from apparently similar reactions. While there is no decisive proof as to the mechanism of anaphylactic desensitization, it is rather generally considered to be due to a binding or saturation of sessile antibodies with antigen.
Agglutinogen of Hemophilus Pertussis, Phase I, for Skin-Testing
Authors: Smolens Joseph , Mudd Stuart
Published: January 2023

A simple chemical procedure has been outlined for the isolation of a fraction from H. pertussis which has the following properties: It is antigenic; when injected into rabbits intravenously, it gives rise to agglutinins against H. pertussis in phase I.It absorbs quantitatively agglutinins from H. pertussis antiserum.It is non-toxic, as demonstrated by tests on rabbits and human beings.It has been used successfully as a material for skin-tests for susceptibility to whooping-cough.The agglutinogen may well serve as a means of reinforcing waning active immunity to pertussis.
Immunological Studies of Pollinosis
Authors: Loveless Mary Hewitt
Published: January 2023

When 52 ragweed-sensitive patients were observed during 3 to 5 pollinating seasons and the number of “intensity-hours” of hay fever for each was compared with the amount of thermostable antibody in his circulation during the season, a close parallel was found to exist between the amount of antibody and the degree of clinical insusceptibility in 79 per cent. Another 19 per cent of the group showed the correlation in all years but one, whereas one patient failed to show any connection between the two factors. The degree of clinical resistance which was associated with a given amount of thermostable antibody in the circulation varied decidedly with the individual, some requiring much more antibody than others for effective immunity. It is suggested that pollen-sensitive patients be treated according to their particular immunological needs, rather than empirically as in the past. The immune state of such individuals may be used as a guide to treatment, especially if this be determined periodically during the first year of successful therapy. The conjunctival reaction, obtained with threshold-amounts of antigen, serves as a simple index to immunity.
Immunochemical Studies on Human Serum
Authors: Ecker E. E. , Pillemer L. , Seifter S.
Published: January 2023

A method for the titration of human complement is described.

The existence of at least four components in human complement, similar to, though not entirely identical with the components of guinea-pig complement, is established. Methods are given for the preparation of human complements lacking respectively in C′1, C′2, C′3 and C′4, and for the reactivation of these.

A method is given for the separation of human complement into two individually inactive fractions which are fully active upon recombination. This separation is achieved by dialysis of human serum against a phosphate buffer of ionic strength 0.02 and pH = 5.4. The two fractions obtained correspond functionally to the end-piece and mid-piece of guinea-pig complement.

It was found that C′3 is the only component which is effectively mutually substitutive in human and guinea-pig complement systems.

C′1 of cow and sheep sera were found effective in replacing human C′1.

The fortification of human complement by both guinea-pig and human specifically inactivated complements was attempted. Human “pH = 5.4 − μ 0.02 supernate” was found effective in fortification of human complement; guinea-pig C′3, and to a lesser degree C′2, were found to be involved in the fortification of human complement by guinea-pig specifically inactivated complements.
Analogy Between the Effect of Complement on Sensitized E. Typhosa and the Effect of Tissue Individuality on Sensitized Virus
Authors: Morris Marion C.
Published: January 2023

Studies of the antigen-antibody reactions involving bacteria on the one hand or viruses on the other have led some investigators to the conclusion that the principles governing these reactions differ, depending on the nature of the antigen. In particular, it has been claimed (1–4) that viruses unlike bacteria do not combine with neutralizing antibody in vitro. One of the main arguments in favor of this opinion has been the occurrence of a “dilution phenomenon” with so-called neutral mixtures of virus and antiserum (i.e., resumption of infectivity upon simple dilution). Since this same phenomenon may be observed upon dilution of non-infectious mixtures of pneumococcus and anti-serum (5, 6) in which there is no doubt of an in vitro union between antibody and antigen, this evidence does not seem adequate to question the in vitro union of virus and antibody. Indeed, much of the evidence offered in support of the view that virus and antibody do not combine directly is open to criticism (7, 8).
Studies on Listerella Monocytogenes
Authors: Robbins Mary Louise , Griffin A. M.
Published: January 2023

The use of minimal heat, formalin, chloramine-T, merthiolate, or phenol as killing agents does not alter significantly the over-all capacity of Listerella monocytogenes to elicit the production of antibodies. Flagellar factors B and D are not affected by any of the agents tested. Flagellar factor A is not affected by minimal heat or formalin but is degraded by chloramine-T, merthiolate, and phenol. Flagellar factor C may be influenced by merthiolate.
Antirenin
Authors: Johnson C. A. , Wakerlin G. E. , Smith E. L.
Published: January 2023

Antirenin has been produced in the rabbit by the intramuscular injection of human-, hog-, cat-, and dog-renins; in the guinea-pig by the intraabdominal injection of hog-, cat- and dog-renins and in the normal and renal hypertensive dog by the intramuscular injection of hog- and rabbit-renins. In dogs and rabbits the injection of homologous renins failed to produce antirenin. Antirenin is characterized by its ability to neutralize the acute pressor effect of renin when mixed in vitro. Antirenin is not a precipitin. In serum or plasma it is found in the pseudoglobulin fraction and is destroyed by heating at 75–80 C for one-half hour. Of the various antirenins studied only that produced by human renin in the rabbit appears to be species specific. The others are relatively non-specific.
Antibodies Against Sheep Erythrocytes Produced by the Injection of Hydatid Liquid in Patients with Hydatid Cyst
Authors: Graña Alfonso
Published: January 2023

The injection of hydatid fluid in patients with hydatid cyst provokes the increase in their serum of agglutinins and hemolysins for the red cells of sheep and agglutinins for the red cells of rabbits. The increase in the titer of these heterologous antibodies is the more marked, the more intense is the response of the patient to intracutaneous injection of hydatid fluid (Casoni's reaction). In subjects without hydatid cysts and in noninfected rabbits the injection of hydatid fluid does not cause the appearance of such antibodies. Taking into account the results of these investigations, we present the hypothesis that for the appearance of this type of heterophilic antibodies the previous sensitization of tissues to the hydatid antigen is necessary.
The Effect of Paraffin Oil, Lanolin-Like Substances and Killed Tubercle Bacilli on Immunization with Diphtheric Toxoid and Bact. Typhosum
Authors: Freund Jules , Bonanto Mary V.
Published: January 2023

It was reported recently (1) that the antigenic effect of horse serum can be increased by combination with a lanolin-like substance and paraffin oil containing killed tubercle bacilli. In these experiments guinea-pigs received serum alone or combined with the adjuvants, injected subcutaneously, after which sensitization and precipitin-formation were found to be not only enhanced but remarkably persistent. When later the experiments were repeated, collodion-agglutinative tests were made which, also, were in harmony with those of precipitative tests (2). The technic of preparing collodion particles and of the agglutinative test may be found in previous papers (3).

The use of the above adjuvants was applied by Landsteiner and Chase (4) and by Chase (5) to sensitization and antibody-formation towards chemicals and proteic conjugates, horse serum and ragweed pollen. Kopeloff and Kopeloff (6) with the aid of the same adjuvants succeeded in demonstrating antibody-formation against brain extracts in the monkey.
Agglutination of Antigens from Distemper-Infected Dogs and Ferrets by Anticanine-Distemper Immune Sera
Authors: Weil A. J. , Popken F. , Black J.
Published: January 2023

Organs and body fluids of dogs and ferrets experimentally infected with the virus of canine distemper contain an antigen that reacts specifically with an antibody present in the serum of immunized and hyperimmunized dogs.

The antibody-antigen reaction is demonstrated by the agglutination of heat-killed suspensions of B. prodigiosus that had been in contact with the organ-extracts or the body-fluids of infected animals.
Semliki Forest Virus
Authors: Smithburn K. C. , Haddow A. J.
Published: January 2023

A filterable virus has been isolated from Aëdes abnormalis group mosquitoes caught in the Semliki Forest in western Uganda. It has been called the Semliki Forest virus. The agent exerts its principal pathogenic properties on the central nervous system of susceptible hosts. It is virulent for, and lethal to, mice by various routes of inoculation, and for guinea-pigs, rabbits, and rhesus and red-tail monkeys by intracerebral inoculation. It is effective in very great dilution. When introduced extraneurally into resistant hosts, or even some susceptible hosts, it induces the formation of protective antibody without causing marked illness. In mice inoculated intracerebrally the virus is present in the blood and various other tissues in considerable concentration before the onset of objective illness. It has been demonstrated in the circulation of certain other inoculated animals, namely the red-tail and blue monkeys. The virus can be preserved by drying while frozen. It remains viable in saline at low temperatures for a number of days but gradually loses potency. It retains potency for several weeks when stored in serum in the refrigerator. It is not excessively sensitive to room or incubator temperatures. It survives heating at 60 C for ½ hour but not for 1 hour. It is inactivated by heating at 62 C for 30 minutes. Lesions caused by the virus in various animals have been described.
The Serological Types of Shigella Paradysenteriae (Flexner)
Authors: Weil A. J. , Black J. , Farsetta K.
Published: January 2023

Cross testing of numerous strains of Shigella paradysenteriæ (Flexner) with the corresponding immune sera reveals a definite number of patterns of agglutinative behavior. 18 of such patterns have been identified. Analysis of immune sera by absorption permits differentiation between primary and secondary antibody fractions that reflect the antigenic composition of the somatic antigens. The primary antigens characterize a given pattern. Secondary antigens can be labelled by their occurrence as primary antigens in other types. Fourteen primary antigens have been identified. Fourteen types can be characterized by these primary antigens. They are identified with 14 serological entities known from previous work, particularly that of Andrewes and Inman and that of Boyd. These 14 types contain one primary antigen only. Types do occur that have two primary antigens—each one identifiable by its occurrence as type-characteristic antigen in types containing one primary antigen only. 3 types with dual primary antigen are described. A simple classification of Sh. paradysenteriæ is proposed which is based on the identification of primary antigens. Identification of primary antigens is possible and made expedient by the employment of immune sera that have been deprived of their secondary antibody fractions by appropriate absorption. The rapid and economical technic of slide agglutination can be used for this purpose. The results of typing of 136 Flexner strains by slide agglutination are presented.
On the So-Called Neisser-Wechsberg Inhibiting Phenomenon in Bactericidal Immune Sera
Authors: Thjøtta Th.
Published: January 2023

A. Historical. In the year 1901 Neisser and Wechsberg described a peculiar function of immune sera, which they called “Complementablenkung,” and which later has been named the “Phenomenon of Neisser and Wechsberg.” The phenomenon consisted in the observation that, whereas small or medium doses of bactericidal sera exhibited the bactericidal function with the homologous strain, the larger doses were without effect. Thus an inactivated immune serum against Vibrio Metschnikoff with added complement, showed bactericidal action in doses of 0.05 to 0.0025 cc., but in larger doses it had no such effect. Likewise, Neisser and Wechsberg showed that the dose of complement-bearing serum, which was sufficient to activate a certain dose of an inactivated serum, was not capable of doing so when larger doses of immune serum were added.

The explanation of this paradoxical serum function was sought, by the authors, in the great richness of the immune serum in bactericidal amboceptors.
On the Transfer of the So-Called Normal-Antibodies from Mother to Offspring
Authors: Reymann G. C.
Published: January 2023

By examining the transmission of the agglutinins normally occurring in the blood from mother to offspring in goats, I have only in one case of fourteen been able to prove their recurrence; in all the others the kids were born without agglutinin and probably derived it from the mother animal through the milk, in which it is to be found accumulated at parturition. From the milk as well as from the kid's serum it disappears in the course of a few days; then follows a period of a few months in which the blood of the kid is free of agglutinin, and then it appears again, probably in consequence of an immunization from the flora of the digestive tract. The research was concerned with coli and typhoid agglutinins, as well as agglutinin against rabbit and horse blood corpuscles. In the blood of the kid there was in some cases more, in others less of the “normal antibodies” than in the blood of the mother animal, and only in one case the blood of the kid contained more than the colostrum, so that it is not possible to deduce any quantitative rule from these experiments. In the colostrum the titer was higher than in the serum of the mother animal. By nursing experiments it was shown in one case that the agglutinin is probably transmitted to the kid through the mother's milk, in another case the result was questionable. The agglutinin maximum in the blood of the kid may occur as early as about 11 hours after birth. By injections of horse blood corpuscles into kids it is possible to increase the agglutinating power as well against these corpuscles as against coli bacilli; vice versa by injection of coli bacilli the agglutinating power is increased also against horse blood corpuscles.
On the Nature of Bacterial Toxaemia
Authors: Zinsser Hans
Published: January 2023

I. On an occasion like this, when opportunity arises for students of immunity to meet for the discussion of their mutual problems, it seems fitting that, at least once during the meetings, the deliberations should take the form of a reëxamination of some of the fundamental premises on which our science is based. It is the business of most of us here to cast about continually for new leads, to leave the main highways of established fact and to follow more faintly marked paths to their endings. True progress can be made, and time and effort justified, only if we are sure, at each stage of our investigations that, so far, we have travelled straight. I assume that there are many of us here who have wasted effort on numerous occasions in trying to build at the top when the base needed support; and we all learn to recognize that endless repetition of experimental facts already well established, by slightly different methods and new manipulations, will bear dry fruit for science.
Hypersensitiveness: Anaphylaxis and Allergy
Authors: Coca Arthur F.
Published: January 2023

The subject of hypersensitiveness dates from the earliest observations upon human idiosyncrasy when it was noted that certain persons reacted, with peculiar symptoms, to contact with substances, such as foods, drugs, animal emanations and pollens, which to the great majority of individuals were entirely innocuous. Considerable added interest was infused into the study of this natural hypersensitiveness of human beings by the observations of Richet, Arthus, Theobald Smith and many others upon the experimental hypersensitiveness of lower animals. One of the outstanding results of this stimulated interest was the generally accepted inclusion of all of the known phenomena of peculiar or unusual physiological reactivity under one heading—that of anaphylaxis.

In the designation of such phenomena in one group the quality of peculiar reaction has generally been the only one taken into account, notwithstanding obvious and often radical differences among some of them as to their nature and causation.
The Relation of Sputum Bacteria to Asthma
Authors: Rackemann Francis M.
Published: January 2023

It is now recognized that asthma is a symptom complex which depends on one or the other of two great groups of causes: either the cause is a foreign protein which exerts its influence from outside the body—“extrinsic”—or it produces its effect from some focus, usually of bacterial growth and action within the body—“intrinsic.”

The treatment of this last group consists either in eradicating the focus by surgical means if possible or in the use of bacterial vaccines made preferably from the same strains which are causing the focus of infection or finally by surgery and vaccination together.

Inasmuch as the search for a “focus” is usually futile, it is assumed that a chronic infection of the bronchi is responsible for the asthma and vaccines are prepared from the sputum bacteria.

Treatment with such vaccines has been used with success by several workers.