bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) cycling across contrasting biological hotspots of the New Zealand subtropical front
Authors: Lizotte Martine , Levasseur Maurice , Law Cliff S. , Walker Carolyn F. , Safi Karl A. , Marriner Andrew , Kiene Ronald P.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The oceanic frontal region above the Chatham Rise east of New Zealand was investigated during the late austral summer season in February and March 2012. Despite its potential importance as a source of marine-originating and climate-relevant compounds, such as dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and its algal precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), little is known of the processes fuelling the reservoirs of these sulfur (S) compounds in the water masses bordering the subtropical front (STF). This study focused on two opposing short-term fates of DMSP-S following its uptake by microbial organisms (either its conversion into DMS or its assimilation into bacterial biomass) and has not considered dissolved non-volatile degradation products. Sampling took place in three phytoplankton blooms (B1, B2, and B3) with B1 and B3 occurring in relatively nitrate-rich, dinoflagellate-dominated subantarctic waters, and B2 occurring in nitrate-poor subtropical waters dominated by coccolithophores. Concentrations of total DMSP (DMSPt) and DMS were high across the region, up to 160 and 14.5 nmol L−1, respectively. Pools of DMSPt showed a strong association with overall phytoplankton biomass proxied by chlorophyll a (rs  =  0.83) likely because of the persistent dominance of dinoflagellates and coccolithophores, both DMSP-rich taxa. Heterotrophic microbes displayed low S assimilation from DMSP (less than 5 %) likely because their S requirements were fulfilled by high DMSP availability. Rates of bacterial protein synthesis were significantly correlated with concentrations of dissolved DMSP (DMSPd, rs  =  0.86) as well as with the microbial conversion efficiency of DMSPd into DMS (DMS yield, rs  =  0.84). Estimates of the potential contribution of microbially mediated rates of DMS production (0.1–27 nmol L−1 day−1) to the near-surface concentrations of DMS suggest that bacteria alone could not have sustained DMS pools at most stations, indicating an important role for phytoplankton-mediated DMS production. The findings from this study provide crucial information on the distribution and cycling of DMS and DMSP in a critically under-sampled area of the global ocean, and they highlight the importance of oceanic fronts as hotspots of the production of marine biogenic S compounds.
Multi-dimensional geometric complexity in urban transportation systems
Authors: Peiravian Farideddin , Derrible Sybil
Published: November 2017

Transportation networks serve as windows into the complex world of urban systems. By properly characterizing a road network, one can better understand its encompassing urban system. This study offers a geometrical approach toward capturing inherent properties of urban road networks. It offers a robust and efficient methodology toward defining and extracting three relevant indicators of road networks—area, line, and point thresholds—through measures of their grid equivalents. By applying the methodology to 50 U.S. urban systems, one can successfully observe differences between eastern versus western, coastal versus inland, and old versus young cities. Moreover, we show that many socioeconomic characteristics, as well as travel patterns, within urban systems are directly correlated with their corresponding area, line, and point thresholds.
Responsabilidad Social en las empresas de Economía Social: un análisis comparativo sobre del tejido productivo de la Comunidad Valenciana
Authors: Sajardo Moreno Antonia , Chaves Sajardo Rafael
Published: November 2017

Este trabajo realiza un análisis de las prácticas de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE) interna de las empresas de Economía Social en la Comunidad Valenciana, y su comparativa con el conjunto de empresas de la Comunidad. A través del citado análisis se pretende ofrecer evidencia empírica para fundamentar el superior compromiso de las empresas de Economía Social con su entorno laboral, medioambiental, con sus grupos de interés y con el Buen Gobierno. La literatura académica al respecto, centrada básicamente en el ámbito de las cooperativas, ha venido constatando cómo la propia naturaleza y principios de actuación de las empresas de Economía Social constituyen el substrato básico de una empresa socialmente responsable. Y es que los fundamentos de la RSE se hallan en el seno mismo de las empresas de Economía Social, al incorporar una cultura participativa y unas pautas de actuación conciliadoras de la dimensión económica y social. En estas empresas se generan unos vínculos y valores sociales superiores a cualquier otro tipo de empresas, y por lo tanto cuentan con mayor potencial para la adopción de prácticas de RSE. Este trabajo concluye mostrando como las empresas de Economía Social valenciana son superiormente responsables en todos los ítems que integra la RSE interna, con diferenciales positivos superiores en 8 puntos porcentuales, salvo en el área de Buen Gobierno, donde son superadas por el total de empresas de la Comunidad. Tales resultados forman parte de un estudio financiado por la Dirección General de Economía Social y emprendimiento de la Generalitat Valenciana, que tuvo como objetivo analizar las prácticas de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial del tejido productivo de la citada Comunidad.
Introducing a Computer-assisted Method for Teaching Summarizing Skills to EIL/EFL Students
Authors: G. Lantin Robert
Published: November 2017

The paper introduces a computer-assisted method for teaching summarizing skills to EIL/EFL students—the Event Ordering method, or EVO for short. EVO, I shall contend, helps students develop basic reasoning skills. To support this claim, I argue that over time, EVO introduces a recurrent ‘loop’ process whereby readers become increasingly adept at projecting logical relations between events as they read, thus enabling them to foresee and make informed guesses as to which events from a narrative—typically from graded readers—would most likely find their way into the summary. This, I shall further argue, has two significant consequences: (i) it helps students build organizational skills—for being able to detect and make logical connections between important events is precisely what summarizing asks of readers; and (ii) it helps students become better readers. In the first section of the paper, I introduce the various theoretical aspects of EVO; I then move on, in section two, to support EVO with several samples of student writing.
A Multiple Streams Approach to Understanding Social Policy in Ghana: The Case of Livelihood Empowerment against Poverty
Authors: Sulemana Saaka
Published: November 2017

This paper utilizes Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Approach (MSA) to explain how Livelihood Empowerment against Poverty (LEAP) was created in Ghana. MSA explains that policies are made by governments under the conditions of ambiguity (Zahariadis, 2014). Therefore, the paper explores social policy in two different time periods, 1992 to 2000, and 2001 to 2008 and argues that, prior to 2001 social policy was relatively ineffective. However, this changed when the New Patriotic Party took office in 2001. By applying MSA, this paper makes a distinct theoretical contribution to social policy research in Ghana, and argues that the policy entrepreneurial role of Former President Kufuor undergirds the implementation of LEAP in 2008.
SUGESTÕES DE ORIENTAÇÕES PARA ALTA DE CRIANÇAS NO PÓS-TRANSPLANTE DE CÉLULAS-TRONCO HEMATOPOIÉTICAS
Authors: Zatoni Paes Débora Cristina , Lacerda Maria Ribeiro , Hermann Ana Paula , Gomes Ingrid Meireles , Do Nascimento Jaqueline Dias , Rodrigues Jéssica Alline Pereira
Published: November 2017

Estudo qualitativo descritivo com sugestões de aprimoramento de orientações para a alta hospitalar de crianças no pós-transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas. Realizado em serviço público de transplante de medula óssea do sul do Brasil com 58 participantes, entre eles profissionais da equipe multiprofissional e familiares cuidadores, entrevistados de janeiro de 2014 a março de 2016. Utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo temático categorial. As possibilidades de aprimoramento são capacitação dos profissionais envolvidos no cuidado, construção e aplicação de planejamento de alta pela equipe multiprofissional, inclusão da criança na orientação, utilização de formas variadas para orientar, e elaboração de material didático apropriado. O processo de alta hospitalar é complexo e a equipe envolvida na assistência ao paciente e cuidador é responsável por tornar esse momento de transição um período de aprendizagem, para auxiliá-los nos cuidados em casa.
IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DE DIAGNÓSTICOS E CUIDADOS DE ENFERMAGEM PÓS SONDA NASOENTERAL EM SERVIÇO DE EMERGÊNCIA
Authors: Anziliero Franciele , Corrêa Ana Paula Almeida , Batassini Érica , Dal Soler Bárbara Elis , Da Silva Bárbara Amaral , Beghetto Mariur Gomes
Published: November 2017

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a frequência de diagnósticos de enfermagem e cuidados relacionados à inserção e manutenção de sonda nasoenteral. Coorte prospectiva de adultos de uma emergência, em hospital universitário do sul do Brasil, entre abril e julho de 2015. Os pacientes foram acompanhados da indicação ao uso da sonda nasoenteral. Prontuários foram revisados para identificar diagnósticos de enfermagem e cuidados nas 24 horas após a inserção. Das 150 inserções de sonda, 20,7% (n=31) tiveram algum diagnóstico de enfermagem relacionado. “Nutrição desequilibrada: menos que as necessidades corporais” foi o mais frequente (n=22, 71%). Em 64 (42,7%) do total de inserções houve prescrição de pelo menos um cuidado. “Implementar cuidados com sonda” foi prescrito 41 vezes de forma isolada ou combinada. Houve maior proporção de cuidados quando havia diagnósticos de enfermagem implementados (p<0,001). Observa-se que, apesar da utilização da sonda nasoenteral exigir diferentes cuidados, a implementação de diagnósticos de enfermagem e cuidados em emergência ainda são baixas.
PROBLEMA DE ROTEAMENTO DE VEÍCULOS COM COLETA E ENTREGA SIMULTÂNEA: UM ESTUDO DE CASO EM UMA INDÚSTRIA DE ALIMENTOS LOCALIZADA NA REGIÃO DO VALE DO AÇO
Authors: Leite Leônidas De Oliveira , Júnior Aloísio De Castro Gomes
Published: November 2017

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso em uma indústria de produtos alimentícios localizada na região do Vale do Aço, em Minas Gerais. A empresa conta com caminhões para distribuir seus produtos e, simultaneamente, realizar a operação de Logística Reversa, coletando produtos com prazos de validade expirados ou em condições inadequadas para consumo. O planejamento das rotas de entrega e recolhimento dos produtos é realizado atualmente por meio do software Guia 4 Rodas, um aplicativo de licença livre baseado na Heurística do Vizinho Mais Próximo (HVMP). Tendo como objetivo avaliar se tal método garante as rotas de menor custo, foi utilizado um modelo de Programação Linear Inteira (PLI) que descreve o Problema de Roteamento de Veículos com Coleta e Entrega Simultânea (PRVCES), sendo este implementado no ambiente de otimização CPLEX. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o modelo de PLI, se aplicado para planejar as rotas durante um dia de entregas, traria uma redução de custo de 24,1% se comparado à atual politica de roteamento da empresa. Além disso, o PLI proporcionaria outros benefícios que poderiam ser futuramente mensurados, como a menor necessidade de horas extras de motoristas e ajudantes, menor emissão de poluentes no meio ambiente e a diminuição de desgaste dos veículos.
An Examination on Geography Teachers’ Reflective Thinking Tendencies
Authors: Yildirim Tahsin
Published: November 2017

This study is a descriptive research executed via scanning model with the purpose of examining geography teachers’ tendency towards reflective thinking according to different variables. Study group consists of 218 geography teachers serving in schools bounded on Ministry of National Education in 2017/2018 education period. As a data collection tool personal information form developed by the researcher and “Reflective Thinking Tendency Scale” were used in this study. Arithmetic average, standard deviation, t-test and one-way variance analysis were used in the analysis of the data obtained. As a result of the research, generally geography teachers are determined to have a high degree of reflective thinking. That, female geography teacher have higher degree of reflective thinking tendency than male geography teachers are determined. It is detected that professional seniority, place of duty and faculty of graduation don’t change geography teachers’ tendency of reflective thinking. While a significant difference for the good of geography teachers serving in other high schools in sub-dimension of the scale “critical and effective teaching” according to the type of duty school Anatolian high school, occupational high school, other high schools (fine arts high school, science high school, social sciences high school, private high schools), there is no significant difference in total scores and other sub-dimensions.
Efeito do sistema de criação no desempenho técnico e econômico de rebanhos leiteiros
Authors: Ferrazza Rodrigo De Andrade , Lopes Marcos Aurelio , Bruhn Fábio Raphael Pascoti , Moraes Flavio De , Carvalho Francisval De Melo
Published: November 2017

This study aimed to investigate the effects of husbandry system on the technical and economic performance of dairy farming. Samples included data from 61 dairy farms from the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, which were collected between 2002 and 2011. Farms were categorized by type-pasture-based (PB), semi-confinement (SC), and confinement (C)-and technical and economic indexes were compared. In general, the results indicated indexes that are higher than the average for Brazilian farms but lower than those in other countries or technological farms in other Brazilian regions. Milk production was mainly determined by farm size rather than by productivity indexes. Components of the total and effective operational costs that were most significant were feeding followed by labor. The comparative analysis indicated that, although C systems have technical indexes that are superior to those of the PB and SC systems, economic performance was independent of the intensification level. Thus, pasture systems are potentially competitive, provided that the producers are efficient.
Viability and growth promotion of starter and probiotic bacteria in yogurt supplemented with whey protein hydrolysate during refrigerated storage
Authors: Dąbrowska Anna , Babij Konrad , Szołtysik Marek , Chrzanowska Józefa
Published: November 2017

The effect of whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) addition on growth of standard yoghurt cultures and Bifidobacterium adolescentis during co-fermentation and its viability during storage at 4ºC in yoghurts has been evaluated. WPH was obtained with the use of serine protease from Y. lipolytica yeast. Stirred probiotic yoghurts were prepared by using whole milk standardized to 16% of dry matter with the addition of either whey protein concentrate, skim milk powder (SMP), WPH-SMP (ratio 1:1), WPH. The hydrolysate increased the yoghurt culture counts at the initial stage of fermentation and significantly inhibited the decrease in population viability throughout the storage at 4ºC in comparison to the control. The post-fermentation acidification was also retarded by the addition of WPH. The hydrolysate did not increase the Bifidobacterium adolescentis counts at the initial stage. However, the WPH significantly improved its viability. After 21 days of storage, in the yogurts supplemented with WPH, the population of these bacteria oscillated around 3.04 log10 CFU/g, while in samples where SMP or whey protein concentrate was used, the bacteria were no longer detected.
La función tutorial en educación infantil y primaria: actividades que implica y dificultad percibida por el profesorado en su desarrollo
Authors: Urosa Sanz Belén , Lázaro Fernández Santa
Published: November 2017

Este trabajo presenta una investigación con profesores-tutores de centros educativos de los niveles de Educación Infantil y Primaria. Su objetivo fue analizar las actividades que implica la realización de la función tutorial en términos de importancia y dedicación temporal de los profesores-tutores. Además, se estudia su percepción acerca de las dificultades que encuentran en la realización de esta función, con la finalidad de identificar áreas de mejora que propicien un desarrollo completo y adecuado de la misma. Para ello se construyó una escala tipo Likert sobre Dificultad Percibida que obtuvo buenas propiedades psicométricas, identificándose tres factores: Organización, Medios y Sobrecarga. Los resultados de la investigación muestran que los profesores señalan un nivel alto de importancia y dedicación a todas las actividades, así como una alta coherencia entre su valoración y el tiempo que emplean en su realización. El profesorado percibe una alta sobrecarga de trabajo derivada de su función tutorial, y esto junto con el resto de dificultades percibidas, se relaciona negativamente con el tiempo destinado a las actividades tutoriales con el equipo de profesores y las familias.
Qué aprenden los alumnos de ESO sobre historia del arte. Un análisis de la legislación y los exámenes en el caso de la Región de Murcia
Authors: Monteagudo Fernández José , Vera Muñoz María Isabel
Published: November 2017

La disciplina de historia del arte cuenta con una asignatura propia y exclusiva en el último curso de Bachillerato, no así en el caso de la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, donde se aborda al hilo de los
contenidos de historia. Ello es importante porque para muchos alumnos será la última vez que estudien contenidos artísticos en su periodo de formación obligatoria. Dada la importancia de la educación artís-
tica en la formación integral de las personas, la finalidad de este artículo es conocer la relevancia y naturaleza de los contenidos de historia del arte presentes en los exámenes de ESO, las diferentes épocas y manifestaciones artísticas más evaluadas, y las capacidades cognitivas demandadas en este tipo de pruebas. Para ello hemos analizado la legislación autonómica de la Región de Murcia y exámenes de diferen te tipología (parciales, finales, etc.) de la asignatura de Ciencias Sociales, Geografía e Historia, en los cursos de 1.o, 2.o y 4.o de ESO de varios centros públicos de dicha comunidad autónoma durante varios cursos académicos. Los resultados nos indican que los exámenes no conceden la importancia que para los contenidos de historia del arte en ESO guarda la legislación, ya de por sí moderada, centrándose
en elementos conceptuales y en la capacidad del recuerdo.
Associations of IGF2 and DRD2 polymorphisms with laying traits in Muscovy duck
Authors: Ye Qiao , Xu Jiguo , Gao Xinfeng , Ouyang Hongjia , Luo Wei , Nie Qinghua
Published: November 2017

Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2) play important roles in ovarian follicular development. In this study, we analyzed tissue-specific expression of the Muscovy duck IGF2 and DRD2 genes and cloned those genes transcripts. Polymorphisms in these genes were tightly linked with egg production traits and both genes were highly expressed in the ovary. Moreover, we identified five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for IGF1 and 28 for DRD2. Mutations A-1864G and C-1704G of IGF2 were positively correlated with increased egg laying at 59 weeks (E59W) (P < 0.05). The C+7T and C+364G mutations of DRD2 were highly and significantly associated with first-egg age (FEA) and egg numbers at 300 days (E300D) (P < 0.01). Moreover, C+3301G and C+3545G of DRD2 were highly significantly associated with FEA, E59W and E300D (P < 0.01). Other mutations were positively associated with FEA or E300D or E59W (P < 0.05). These data suggest specific roles for IGF1 and DRD2 polymorphisms in egg production in Muscovy ducks.
Diagnostic value of serum procalcitonin, lactate, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein for predicting bacteremia in adult patients in the emergency department
Authors: Lin Chiung-Tsung , Lu Jang-Jih , Chen Yu-Ching , Kok Victor C. , Horng Jorng-Tzong
Published: November 2017

Background

Few studies compared the diagnostic value of procalcitonin with a combination of other tests including lactate and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in the prediction of pathogenic bacteremia in emergency department adult patients.

Methods

We performed a retrospective study assessing the differences in performances of procalcitonin at a cutoff of 0.5 ng/mL, lactate at a cutoff of 19.8 mg/dL, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein at a cutoff of 0.8 mg/dL and their combinations for predicting bacteremia in emergency department adult patients. Sensitivity, specificity, overall accuracy, positive-test and negative-test likelihood, and diagnostic odds ratio with 95% confidence interval for each test combination were calculated for comparison. The receiver operating characteristic curve for every single test were compared using DeLong’s method. We also performed a sensitivity analysis in two expanded patient cohorts to assess the discriminative ability of procalcitonin or test combination.

Results

A total of 886 patients formed the initial patient cohort. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for discriminating positive blood culture was: procalcitonin = 0.72 (95% CI [0.69–0.75]) with a derived optimal cutoff at 3.9 ng/mL; lactate 0.69 (0.66–0.72) with an optimal cutoff at 17.9 mg/dL; high-sensitivity C-reactive protein 0.56 (0.53–0.59) with an optimal cutoff of 13 mg/dL; with pairwise comparisons showing statistically significant better performance of either procalcitonin or lactate outperforming high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. To predict positive blood cultures, the diagnostic odds ratio for procalcitonin was 3.64 (95% CI [2.46–5.51]), lactate 2.93 (2.09–4.14), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein 0.91 (0.55–1.55; P = 0.79). About combined tests, the diagnostic odds ratio for procalcitonin and lactate increases were 3.98 (95% CI [2.81–5.63]) for positive blood culture prediction. Elevated procalcitonin level rendered a six-fold increased risk of positive gram-negative bacteremia with a diagnostic odds ratio of 6.44 (95% CI [3.65–12.15]), which showed no further improvement in any test combinations. In the sensitivity analysis, as a single test to predict unspecified, gram-negative and gram-positive bacteremia, procalcitonin performed even better in an expanded cohort of 2,234 adult patients in terms of the diagnostic odds ratio.

Discussions

For adult emergency patients, procalcitonin has an acceptable discriminative ability for bacterial blood culture and a better discriminative ability for gram-negative bacteremia when compared with lactate and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein at a cutoff of 0.8 mg/dL performed poorly for the prediction of positive bacterial culture.
La prensa frente al terrorismo
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alessandri Francisca
Published: November 2017

La noticia impactó al mundo y lo mantuvo en suspenso por tres días. El lunes 7 de octubre de 1985, los telex de todas las agencias informativas transmitieron el mayor acto de piratería de los últimos años: cuatro terroristas palestinos habían secuestrado el lujoso barco de pasajeros italiano Achille Lauro. Más de 500 personas fueron retenidas -durante dos días- como rehenes. Uno de ellos, Leon Klinghoffer, un norteamericano inválido de 69 años, fue asesinado a sangre fría por los terroristas...
Intervenciones sobre el tema de la mesa redonda
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Claro V. Ricardo
Published: November 2017

El tema que motiva esta intervención es tan amplio y admite un análisis desde tantos ángulos que he tenido algunas dudas sobre la forma de abordarlo, considerando el tiempo reducido que tengo para exponer. He decidido hacer un examen sintético sobre algunos principios que son esenciales en esta materia y he tomado esta determinación porque pienso que cada día es más notorio en Chile el desprecio o el olvido de principios y valores. ¿Cómo explicar, por ejemplo, la falta de solidaridad del Consejo Nacional del Colegio de Periodistas frente a lo sucedido con "La Prensa" de Managua?...
La quinta pluma
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Anson Luis María
Published: November 2017

Gramsci ha derrotado a Lenin en la estrategia de la lucha revolucionaria a largo plazo. El asalto al Estado por la vía de la violencia guerrillera todavía se utiliza para algunas naciones de menor rango. Pero, en general, la subversión del orden social de Occidente se ha organizado ya sobre la conquista de las superestructuras del Poder: la cátedra, el libro, el cine, el teatro, la prensa, la radio, la televisión, la música, los ateneos, las salas de arte, los círculos intelectuales. El mundo de la educación, el de la cultura, el de la información, constituyen los objetivos preferentes de las fuerzas subversivas. Y asombra la inteligencia y la eficacia con que han actuado...
Libertad de expresión y democracia
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Cea Egaña José Luis
Published: November 2017

Recibo el premio a la Libertad de Expresión con honda gratitud para la Asociación Nacional de la Prensa y el Jurado de ella que acordó entregármelo. Lo recibo honrado, como el estímulo más noble y significativo para continuar, con mayor energía y fe, dedicado a la tarea iniciada veinte años atrás en defensa de una comunicación social vigorosa por su autonomía y la confiabilidad que irradie, comprendida y apoyada, sin amenazas, censuras ni trabas. Labor aquella no concluida mientras la comunicación adolezca de un régimen que le asegure todas las garantías -especialmente judiciales que permitan desarrollarla con veracidad y oportunidad, sólida en el rechazo de los intento de instrumentalizarla, a salvo de presiones y castigos por las adherencias o críticas a través de los más diversos medios formuladas.
Reply to Comment by W. R. Peltier, D. F. Argus, and R. Drummond on “An Assessment of the ICE6G_C (VM5a) Glacial Isostatic Adjustment Model”
Authors: Purcell A. , Tregoning P. , Dehecq A.
Published: November 2017

The empirical approximation of Purcell et al. (2011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048624) has been validated by Peltier et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013844). In their Comment they introduced new results derived from the same ice/rheology models of ICE6G_C (VM5a) but using a different model for Antarctic bathymetry. This has greatly reduced the differences in predicted Antarctic uplift rates relative to those of Purcell et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012742). In fact, with a ∼50% reduction in uplift rate in the Weddell Sea, the results of Peltier et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013844) now agree more closely with the predictions of Purcell et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012742) than with the original ICE6G_C values. Peltier et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013844) state that the high power in their high‐frequency spherical harmonic coefficients remains in their new calculations. They also claim that Purcell et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012742) used an inaccurate loading history in deriving their velocity field. In fact, the ice load history was unchanged; to remove any ambiguity, the ice and water load histories used in the CALSEA calculations are provided in the supporting information.
Compact Single‐Layer Traveling‐Wave Antenna DesignUsing Metamaterial Transmission Lines
Authors: Alibakhshikenari Mohammad , Virdee Bal Singh , Limiti Ernesto
Published: November 2017

This paper presents a single‐layer traveling‐wave antenna (TWA) that is based on composite right/left‐handed (CRLH)‐metamaterial (MTM) transmission line (TL) structure, which is implemented by using a combination of interdigital capacitors and dual‐spiral inductive slots. By embedding dual‐spiral inductive slots inside the CRLH MTM‐TL results in a compact TWA. Dimensions of the proposed CRLH MTM‐TL TWA is 21.5 × 30.0 mm2 or 0.372λ0 × 0.520λ0 at 5.2 GHz (center frequency). The fabricated TWA operates over 1.8–8.6 GHz with a fractional bandwidth greater than 120%, and it exhibits a peak gain and radiation efficiency of 4.2 dBi and 81%, respectively, at 5 GHz. By avoiding the use of lumped components, via‐holes or defected ground structures, the proposed TWA design is economic for mass production as well as easy to integrate with wireless communication systems.
Restoration of Impact Damage in Polymers via a Hybrid Microcapsule–Microvascular Self‐Healing System
Authors: Gergely Ryan C. R. , Santa Cruz Windy A. , Krull Brett P. , Pruitt Emmy L. , Wang Jonathan , Sottos Nancy R. , White Scott R.
Published: November 2017

A hybrid microcapsule–microvascular system is introduced to regenerate the multiscale damage that results from impact puncture of vascularized polymeric sheets. Microvascular delivery of a two‐stage healing agent restores lost damage volume (puncture) to recover impact energy absorption, while embedded microcapsules heal microcracks to facilitate sealing. Modulation of the mechanical properties (1.4 GPa to 1.1 MPa stiffness) of the healing agent after curing is achieved by selection of compatible reactive acrylate monomers. Specimens are punctured and the impacted hole and surrounding damaged volume is restored by delivering the two‐stage healing agents to the site of damage via a microvascular network. Rapid gelling of two‐stage healing agents enables their retention in the damage region, while subsequent polymerization recovers structural performance. Impact recovery efficiency is assessed in terms of energy absorption, comparing reimpacted specimens to the initial impact. Recovery of impact energy absorption as high as 100% is observed for the optimal specimen design. Specimens are tested for sealing under static pressurization to monitoring leakage through the restored damage. A hybrid system incorporating both microvascular delivery of the two‐stage healing agents and microcapsules containing solvated epoxy enables sealing of 100% of specimens.
Solvothermal Synthesis of Alloyed PtNi Colloidal Nanocrystal Clusters (CNCs) with Enhanced Catalytic Activity for Methanol Oxidation
Authors: Yang Peipei , Yuan Xiaolei , Hu Huicheng , Liu Yilin , Zheng Haowen , Yang Di , Chen Lei , Cao Muhan , Xu Yong , Min Yulin , Li Yanguang , Zhang Qiao
Published: November 2017

Colloidal nanocrystal clusters (CNCs), which are composed of many nanocrystal subunits, have attracted intensive attention because they can possess not only the properties of each single subunit but also the collective properties and novel functionalities resulting from the ensembles. However, to date, the successful preparation of metal CNCs has rarely been reported. In this work, a simple one‐pot solvothermal method is developed to prepare PtNi‐alloyed CNCs with homogeneous distribution of Pt and Ni elements, porous feature, and interconnected steady framework. The PtNi CNCs are composed of many PtNi nanocrystals with size around 7–8 nm. Their growth mechanism is proposed through a systematic study. Thanks to the unique structure, the as‐prepared PtNi CNCs show better catalytic performance in methanol oxidation reaction than that of PtNi nanocrystals and Pt/C catalysts. This work is important because it not only provides a new method for the preparation of metal CNCs with desired morphology and properties, but also paves the way for practical applications of metal nanoparticles.
A Facile Route to Fabricate Highly Anisotropic Thermally Conductive Elastomeric POE/NG Composites for Thermal Management
Authors: Feng Chang‐Ping , Bai Lu , Shao Yan , Bao Rui‐Ying , Liu Zheng‐Ying , Yang Ming‐Bo , Chen Jun , Ni Hai‐Ying , Yang Wei
Published: November 2017

Highly anisotropic polyolefin elastomer (POE)/natural graphite (NG) composites with high through‐plane thermal conductivity and excellent mechanical properties, in which NG sheet perfectly aligns along one direction, are prepared by two‐roll milling, hot compression, and mechanical cutting. The through‐plane thermal conductivity coefficient of POE/NG composites is markedly improved to be 13.27 W m−1 K−1 at an NG loading of 49.30 vol%. When the composite is used as a thermal management material, it shows excellent heat dissipating capability in the through‐plane direction, which is very important for thermal management in electronic applications. This effective method is highly probable to be widely used for the facile fabrication of polymer‐based thermal management materials.
The clinical epidemiology of sickle cell anemia In Africa
Authors: Macharia Alex W. , Mochamah George , Uyoga Sophie , Ndila Carolyne M. , Nyutu Gideon , Makale Johnstone , Tendwa Metrine , Nyatichi Emily , Ojal John , Shebe Mohammed , Awuondo Kennedy O. , Mturi Neema , Peshu Norbert , Tsofa Benjamin , Scott J. Anthony G. , Maitland Kathryn , Williams Thomas N.
Published: November 2017

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is the commonest severe monogenic disorders of humans. The disease has been highly characterized in high‐income countries but not in sub‐Saharan Africa where SCA is most prevalent. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all children 0–13 years admitted from within a defined study area to Kilifi County Hospital in Kenya over a five‐year period. Children were genotyped for SCA retrospectively and incidence rates calculated with reference to population data. Overall, 576 of 18,873 (3.1%) admissions had SCA of whom the majority (399; 69.3%) were previously undiagnosed. The incidence of all‐cause hospital admission was 57.2/100 person years of observation (PYO; 95%CI 52.6–62.1) in children with SCA and 3.7/100 PYO (95%CI 3.7–3.8) in those without SCA (IRR 15.3; 95%CI 14.1–16.6). Rates were higher for the majority of syndromic diagnoses at all ages beyond the neonatal period, being especially high for severe anemia (hemoglobin <50 g/L; IRR 58.8; 95%CI 50.3–68.7), stroke (IRR 486; 95%CI 68.4–3,450), bacteremia (IRR 23.4; 95%CI 17.4–31.4), and for bone (IRR 607; 95%CI 284–1,300), and joint (IRR 80.9; 95%CI 18.1–362) infections. The use of an algorithm based on just five clinical features would have identified approximately half of all SCA cases among hospital‐admitted children with a number needed to test to identify each affected patient of only fourteen. Our study illustrates the clinical epidemiology of SCA in a malaria‐endemic environment without specific interventions. The targeted testing of hospital‐admitted children using the Kilifi Algorithm provides a pragmatic approach to early diagnosis in high‐prevalence countries where newborn screening is unavailable.
Single suture craniosynostosis: Identification of rare variants in genes associated with syndromic forms
Authors: Clarke Christine M. , Fok Vincent T. , Gustafson Jennifer A. , Smyth Matthew D. , Timms Andrew E. , Frazar Chris D. , Smith Joshua D. , Birgfeld Craig B. , Lee Amy , Ellenbogen Richard G. , Gruss Joseph S. , Hopper Richard A. , Cunningham Michael L.
Published: November 2017

We report RNA‐Sequencing results on a cohort of patients with single suture craniosynostosis and demonstrate significant enrichment of heterozygous, rare, and damaging variants among key craniosynostosis‐related genes. Genetic burden analysis identified a significant increase in damaging variants in ATR, EFNA4, ERF, MEGF8, SCARF2, and TGFBR2. Of 391 participants, 15% were found to have damaging and potentially causal variants in 29 genes. We observed transmission in 96% of the affected individuals, and thus penetrance, epigenetics, and oligogenic factors need to be considered when recommending genetic testing in patients with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis.
Biallelic mutations in NALCN: Expanding the genotypic and phenotypic spectra of IHPRF1
Authors: Takenouchi Toshiki , Inaba Mie , Uehara Tomoko , Takahashi Takao , Kosaki Kenjiro , Mizuno Seiji
Published: November 2017

Loss‐of function mutations in NALCN on chromosome 13q, a sodium leak channel that maintains baseline neuronal excitability, cause infantile hypotonia with psychomotor retardation and characteristic faces 1 (IHPRF1, OMIM #615419). Here, we document two individuals with early onset hypotonia with poor feeding and intellectual disability who were compatible with a diagnosis of IHPRF1. The two patients had bi‐allelic mutations in NALCN through two different genetic mechanisms: Patient 1 had bi‐allelic splice site mutations, that is c.1267‐2A>G, derived from heterozygous parents, while Patient 2 had a partial maternal uniparental isodisomy that harbored a frameshift mutation, that is c.2022_2023delAT, in chromosome 13 that was detected through a dedicated algorithm for homozygosity data mapping in whole exome sequencing. The delineation of the exact pattern of inheritance provided vital information regarding the risk of recurrence. In animal models with Nalcn mutations, two behavioral phenotypes, that are, postnatal dyspnea and sleep disturbance, have been reported. Our observations of the two patients with postnatal dyspnea and one patient with sleep disturbance support an association between these two behavioral phenotypes and NALCN mutations in humans. The routine use of a detection algorithm for homozygosity data mapping might improve the diagnostic yields of next‐generation sequencing.
Kinetics of short‐duration ethylene–propylene copolymerization with MgCl2‐supported Ziegler–Natta catalyst: Differentiation of active centers on the external and internal surfaces of the catalyst particles
Authors: Khan Akbar , Guo Yintian , Zhang Zhen , Ali Amjad , Fu Zhisheng , Fan Zhiqiang
Published: November 2017

Ethylene–propylene copolymerization with a TiCl4/MgCl2 type ZN catalyst was conducted for different durations from 30 to 600 s, and changes of polymerization rate, concentration of active centers ([C*]) and copolymer chain structure with time were traced. The copolymerization rate decayed with time, but [C*]/[Ti] increased in the same period. This was attributed to release of more active sites through disintegration of catalyst particles by the growing polymer phase. Ethylene content of the copolymer quickly decreased in the period of 30–90 s, meaning that the active centers activated in the reaction process have stronger ability of incorporating propylene than those activated at the very beginning. The copolymer samples were fractionated into two parts, namely n‐heptane soluble fraction (random copolymer) and insoluble fraction (segmented copolymer with high ethylene content). With continuation of the copolymerization, active centers producing the random copolymer chains increased much faster than active centers producing the segmented copolymer chains, and became the dominant centers after 120 s. Consequently, proportion of the soluble fraction sharply increased with time. All these results indicate that the active centers located on the external surface of catalyst particles are highly different from those buried inside the particles. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46030.
The cultural evolution of national constitutions
Authors: Rockmore Daniel N. , Fang Chen , Foti Nicholas J. , Ginsburg Tom , Krakauer David C.
Published: November 2017

We explore how ideas from infectious disease and genetics can be used to uncover patterns of cultural inheritance and innovation in a corpus of 591 national constitutions spanning 1789–2008. Legal “ideas” are encoded as “topics”—words statistically linked in documents—derived from topic modeling the corpus of constitutions. Using these topics we derive a diffusion network for borrowing from ancestral constitutions back to the US Constitution of 1789 and reveal that constitutions are complex cultural recombinants. We find systematic variation in patterns of borrowing from ancestral texts and “biological”‐like behavior in patterns of inheritance, with the distribution of “offspring” arising through a bounded preferential‐attachment process. This process leads to a small number of highly innovative (influential) constitutions some of which have yet to have been identified as so in the current literature. Our findings thus shed new light on the critical nodes of the constitution‐making network. The constitutional network structure reflects periods of intense constitution creation, and systematic patterns of variation in constitutional lifespan and temporal influence.
Identification of factors associated with blind users' help‐seeking situations in interacting with digital libraries
Authors: Xie Iris , Babu Rakesh , Castillo Melissa Davey , Han Hyejung
Published: November 2017

A sight‐centered digital library (DL) design with complex structures and multimedia formats poses significant challenges for blind users. This study is the first attempt to investigate the top three help‐seeking situations as well as associated factors in blind users' DL interactions. A mixed‐method approach was adopted for this study. Multiple methods were applied to collect data from 30 blind subjects: questionnaires, presearch interviews, think aloud protocols, transaction logs, and postsearch interviews. The paper identifies the top three help‐seeking situations, and associated factors in relation to user, system, task, and interaction. Moreover, different types of main‐level factors were tested to investigate if they are correlated to each type of top situation, and qualitative data of sublevel factors offer insight into how these factors are associated with various situations. Without a clear understanding of these situations and factors, the objective of universal access to information in DLs cannot be achieved. DL design implications are further discussed with the goal of providing system design recommendations for reducing blind users' help‐seeking situations.
The neutrino flavor puzzle
Authors: González Felipe R.
Published: November 2017

A remarkable breakthrough in neutrino physics has been witnessed in recent years. Neutrino oscillation experiments have firmly established the existence of neutrino masses and leptonic mixing, which represents solid evidence of physics beyond the Standard Model. We present a brief overview of the neutrino flavor puzzle, with emphasis on a theoretical approach to address this problem. A possible path toward the solution of this puzzle consists in requiring some of the elements in the leptonic mass matrices to vanish. Such texture zeros can be enforced by means of Abelian symmetries. We present some examples of the implementation of maximally restrictive texture zeros in the leptonic sector in the context of two‐Higgs‐doublet models with Majorana neutrinos. The compatibility of these textures with current neutrino data and their low‐energy predictions are briefly analyzed.
On Judgments of Approximately Equal
Authors: Wolfe Christopher R. , Reyna Valerie F. , Smith Richard J.
Published: November 2017

Although precision is often important in quantitative judgment, sometimes, it is valuable to recognize that two quantities are roughly the same. Fuzzy‐trace theory suggests that approximately equal judgments rely on gist representations (i.e., meaningful fuzzy categories of quantity). We conducted three experiments to investigate approximately equal judgments with number pairs presented in different formats, both with and without semantic content (breast cancer statistics). In each study, the ratio of the smaller divided by larger number predicted approximately equal judgments. Experiment 1 also examined how knowledge of breast cancer, presentation format (frequencies vs. percentages), and differences in gist comprehension of breast cancer information influence fuzzy equality judgments. As predicted by the fuzzy‐trace theory concept of denominator neglect, approximately equal judgments were more sensitive, as measured by signal detection theory (SDT) analyses, when presented as percentages. In both experiments with breast cancer statistics, people were more likely to judge number pairs approximately equal when they were embedded in sentences about breast cancer, and breast cancer knowledge predicted increased perception of equality, when appropriately consistent with reliable sources, and increased judgment sensitivity. In Experiment 2, a simple intervention focusing on gist meaning increased source‐consistent approximately equal judgments, increased SDT judgment sensitivity, and decreased SDT response bias. In Experiment 3, using number pairs devoid of semantic context spanning four orders of magnitude, we further examined ratio similarity. Overall, more knowledgeable judges and those who better understood the gist of meaningful numbers were more likely to judge literally different numbers as “approximately equal” rather than make precise discriminations that were meaningless. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Wisdom of Networks: A General Adaptation and Learning Mechanism of Complex Systems
Authors: Csermely Peter
Published: November 2017

I hypothesize that re‐occurring prior experience of complex systems mobilizes a fast response, whose attractor is encoded by their strongly connected network core. In contrast, responses to novel stimuli are often slow and require the weakly connected network periphery. Upon repeated stimulus, peripheral network nodes remodel the network core that encodes the attractor of the new response. This “core‐periphery learning” theory reviews and generalizes the heretofore fragmented knowledge on attractor formation by neural networks, periphery‐driven innovation, and a number of recent reports on the adaptation of protein, neuronal, and social networks. The core‐periphery learning theory may increase our understanding of signaling, memory formation, information encoding and decision‐making processes. Moreover, the power of network periphery‐related “wisdom of crowds” inventing creative, novel responses indicates that deliberative democracy is a slow yet efficient learning strategy developed as the success of a billion‐year evolution. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/IIjP7zWGjVE.
Preliminary results of a cohort study of induction chemotherapy-based treatment for locally recurrent rectal cancer
Authors: van Zoggel D. M. G. I. , Bosman S. J. , Kusters M. , Nieuwenhuijzen G. A. P. , Cnossen J. S. , Creemers G. J. , van Lijnschoten G. , Rutten H. J. T.
Published: November 2017

Background

A significant number of patients treated for locally recurrent rectal cancer have local or systemic failure, especially after incomplete surgical resection. Neoadjuvant treatment regimens in patients who have already undergone preoperative (chemo)radiotherapy for the primary tumour are limited. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of a neoadjuvant regimen incorporating induction chemotherapy (ICT) in patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer who had preoperative (chemo)radiotherapy for the primary cancer or an earlier local recurrence.

Methods

Patients were treated with a sequential neoadjuvant regimen including three or four cycles of 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin-containing chemotherapy. When no progressive disease was found at evaluation, neoadjuvant treatment was continued with chemoradiation therapy (CRRT) using 30 Gy with concomitant capecitabine. If there was a response to ICT, the patient was advised to continue with systemic chemotherapy after CRRT as consolidation chemotherapy while waiting for resection. These patients were compared with patients who received CRRT alone in the same time interval.

Results

Of 58 patients who had ICT, 32 (55 per cent) had surgery with clear resection margins, of whom ten (17 per cent) exhibited a pathological complete response (pCR). The remaining 26 patients had 23 R1 and three R2 resections. In 71 patients who received CRRT, a similar rate of R0 (35 patients) and R1 (36) resection was found (P = 0·506), but only three patients (4 per cent) had a pCR (P = 0·015).

Conclusion

The incorporation of ICT in neoadjuvant regimens for locally recurrent rectal cancer is a promising strategy.