bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organic-inorganic hybrid materials based on N=C=O functionalised silan modified with titanium and zirconium
Authors: Ivanova Yordanka , Dimitriev Yanko , Gerganova Tsvetelina , Bryaskova Raina , Fernandes Maria , Miranda Salvado Isabel
Published: August 2006

This work investigates the influence of the precursor trimethylsilil isocyanate on the sol-gel synthesis of hybrid materials. The obtained Si−O−C−N network is additionally modified by titanium and zirconium alcoxypropoxides in the range of 10 to 30 wt. %. The structure of the obtained hybrid materials before and after pyrolysis up to 1100°C was investigated by methods of XRD, FTIR and 29Si MAS NMR. We established that the hybrid structure was stable up to 600°C based on IR study. The structural transformation of the hybrid materials into oxycarbonitrogen system started at 800°C. The network of the hybrids modified by titanium remained stable and amorphous up to the final temperature of the pyrolysis (1100°C) compared to the gels modified by more than 10 wt.% Zr. It was confirmed by XRD analysis that the last mentioned are nanocomposite materials, built from carbooxynitrogen vitreous matrix and ZrO2-nanocrystals (tetragonal). The NMR method verified the presence of heterometallic bonds (Si−O−Ti and Si−O−Zr) and Q4, ZrQ3 or TiQ3, NSiO3 and D structural units in the gels.
Indirect spectrophotometric determination of diltiazem hydrochloride in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations
Authors: El-Didamony Akram
Published: August 2006

Three simple, accurate, and sensitive spectrophotometric methods (A, B and C) have been described for the indirect assay of diltiazem hydrochloride (DIL.HCl), either in pure form or in pharmaceutical formulations. The first method (A) is based on the oxidation of DIL.HCl by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and determination of unconsumed NBS by measuring the decrease in absorbance of amaranth dye (AM) at a suitable λmax=521 nm. Other methods (B) and (C) involve the addition of excess cerric ammonium sulfate (CAS) and subsequent determination of the unconsumed oxidant by a decrease in the red color of chromotrope 2R (C2R) at a suitable λmax=528 nm or a decrease in the orange-pink color of rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) at λmax=525 nm, respectively. Regression analysis of Beer-Lambert plots showed good correlation in the concentration ranges 3.0–9.0, 3.5–7.0 and 3.5–6.3 μg ml−1 for methods A, B and C, respectively. The apparent molar absorptivity, Sandell's sensitivity, detection and quantification limits were calculated. The proposed methods have been applied successfully for the analysis of the drug in its pure form and its dosage form. No interference was observed from a common pharmaceutical adjuvant. Statistical comparison of the results with the reference method shows excellent agreement and indicates no significant difference in accuracy and precision.
Synthesis and identification of immunogen medroxyprogesterone acetate residues in edible foods and preparation of the Antisera
Authors: Xu C. , Peng C. , Hao K. , Jin Z. , Yang S.
Published: August 2006

Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), relative molecular mass is only 344.5 and it has no immunogenecity. The methods of the carbodiimides and the mixed anhydride were both adopted to couple MPA with bovine serum albumin, the carrier protein. The coupling rates of conjugate using the above methods were estimated to be 14 and 20 by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The coupling was successful according to the analysis of SDS-PAGE illustration. New Zealand white rabbits were immunized with the conjugate the coupling rate of which was 14, and blood was collected after five periods of immunities. Then the titre of antiserum was tested to be 2.6 × 105 by indirect ELISA, which further identified the success of coupling.
Nitrous oxide emissions from waste incineration
Authors: Svoboda K. , Baxter D. , Martinec J.
Published: August 2006

EU energy and environmental policy in waste management leads to increasing interest in developing methods for waste disposal with minimum emissions of greenhouse gases and minimum environmental impacts.

From the point of view of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, waste incineration and waste co-combustion is very acceptable method of waste disposal. Two factors are important for attaining very low N2O emissions from waste incineration, particularly for waste with higher nitrogen content (e.g. sewage sludge, leather, etc.): temperature of incineration over 900°C and avoiding selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) de-NOx method based on urea. For reduction of N2O emissions retrofitting such plants to ammonia-based SNCR is recommendable. The modern selective catalytic reduction facilities for de-NOx at waste incineration plants are only negligible source of N2O.
Flame retardant property of nanopowder aerosols toward methane
Authors: Huang Ch. , Yang X. , Lu L. , Wang X.
Published: August 2006

The flame retardant property of aerosols formed from 18 different nanopowders has been studied. The diameter of nanocrystalline powders was determined by XRD and TEM. The concentration of combustible gas was determined by gas chromatography. It was found that ZrO2 nanocrystalline powdered aerosol can effectively retard the burning of CH4. The flame retardation caused by ZrO2 toward the combustion reaction of methane is through an inhibitory mechanism, which was further confirmed by contrasting it with Halon extinguishing agent and flame retardant property of ZrO2-aerosol toward CH3CH2CH3 or CO. The type of nanopowder aerosols as anti-explosion and fireproof agents was researched preliminarily in theory, too. The current ZrO2-aerosol study will find extensive applications in the field of fire-extinguishing and anti-explosion agents used in case of combustible gas.
Synthesis and characterization of the rare-earth complexes with salicylic acid
Authors: Xuwu Y. , Wujuan S. , Congyu K. , Li Z. , Hangguo Z. , Shengli G.
Published: August 2006

Seven rare-earth complexes with salicylic acid RE(HSal)3·nH2O (HSal = C7H5O3; RE = La-Sm, n = 2; RE = Eu, Gd, n = 1) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, the IR spectrum, and cyclic voltammetry. The constant-volume combustion energies of complexes, Δc U, were determined by a precise rotating-bomb calorimeter at 298.15 K. Their standard molar enthalpies of combustion, Δc H mo, and standard molar enthalpies of formation, Δf H mo, were calculated.
Etherification of glycerol with tert-butyl alcohol catalysed by ion-exchange resins
Authors: Klepáčová K. , Mravec D. , Bajus M.
Published: August 2006

The reaction of glycerol with tert-butyl alcohol in the liquid phase on acid Amberlyst-type ion-exchange resins was studied. The influence of temperature, mole ratio n(TBA)/n(G), water and swelling of gel, and macroreticular type of polymer catalysts on etherification reaction was investigated. The most favourable reaction temperature is 75°C. The conversion of glycerol and yield of glycerol tert-butyl ethers has increased with the mole ratio n(TBA)/n(G). Dry form of macroreticular catalysts provided the best results. Etherification reaction of glycerol with isobutylene in non-aqueous conditions gives the highest yield of desired ethers. The influence of water was studied. The gel forms of ion-exchange resins have very low catalytic activity. It can be concluded that water has an inhibition effect on ion-exchange resins. By comparing the gel and macroreticular forms of Amberlyst ion-exchange resins it can be concluded that very acid forms of macroreticular ion-exchange resins with a high degree of crosslinking are more active catalysts for the studied reaction due to their pores which are sufficiently large so that the voluminous tert-butyl ethers of glycerol can be formed. It was estimated that tert-butyl alcohol as tert-butylation agent is not suitable for etherification of glycerol with the formation of di-and triethers.
Synthesis of α,α′-bis(R-benzylidene)cycloalkanones catalyzed by potassium hydrogen sulfate under solvent-free conditions
Authors: Cai X. , Xie B. , Guo H.
Published: August 2006

Cyclopentanone or cyclohexanone were condensed with aromatic aldehydes to give corresponding α,α′-bis(R-benzylidene)cyclopentanones or α,α′-bis(R-benzylidene)cyclohexanones. The reaction was catalyzed by potassium hydrogen sulfate with a yield of 84–95% under solvent-free conditions.
Towards a programming culture in the design arts
Authors: Silver Mike
Published: August 2006

In his introduction to this issue of AD, guest‐editor Mike Silver celebrates ‘the flexible language of commands and logical procedures’ of computers whose creative potential has until now been undervalued in architecture. He explains how the ‘happy accident’ of late 1990s blob architecture is now giving way to a focus on programming and composing new code, which promises ‘to generate new and unprecedented modes of expression’. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When code matters
Authors: M Rocker Ingeborg
Published: August 2006

‘Architecture has been bound and shaped by changing code and constraints throughout its history.’ Ingeborg M Rocker traces, in turn, first the development of calculus into computation and, then, the introduction of computers into architecture. In so doing, she asks what will be the potential effects of computation on the recoding of architecture. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building without drawings: Automason Ver 1.0
Authors: Silver Mike
Published: August 2006

For the most part, technological innovation in architecture has been narrowly focused around the intersection of computer‐aided design (CAD) and computer‐aided manufacture (CAM). Here, Mike Silver urges architects to take up the gauntlet and develop software tools that can change the way buildings are made. He describes his own investigations into projects that employ a cellular automaton (CA) program for conveying design data directly on site. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Milgo experiment: an interview with Haresh Lalvani
Authors: Lobell John
Published: August 2006

For just less than a decade, Haresh Lalvani has been working on a series of projects with Milgo/Bufkin, a leading architectural metal‐fabrication company, seeking to economically integrate the shaping and making of metal surfaces into elements that create a seamless whole. Here, John Lobell interviews Lalvani about his pioneering work with computer‐aided design and manufacturing and how it has been informed by his development of the Morphological Genome, a universal code for mapping and manipulating form, whether natural or man‐made. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
All‐over, over‐all: biothing and emergent composition
Authors: Ednie‐Brown Pia
Published: August 2006

In the last decade, the impact of the digital on form‐finding in architecture has been conspicuous. Could working with computational algorithms as the primary generative material, however, have deeper, more far‐reaching effects on the creative field? Here, Pia Ednie‐Brown asserts that a new paradigm in composition is being articulated, as exemplified by the Invisibles installation, created by the New York‐based practice biothing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tectonics, economics and the reconfiguration of practice: the case for process change by digital means
Authors: R Shelden Dennis
Published: August 2006

The current programming culture in architecture could all too easily be written off as a youthful, geeky obsession with the algorithmic and the parametric among nascent practitioners, who have had little if any opportunity to build. The activities of Gehry Technologies run counter to this stereotype. Building on 15 years of experience at Gehry and Partners, Gehry Technologies was founded in 2002 as an independent organisation dedicated to the business of technological innovation and the development of architectural software tools. Dennis R Shelden, chief technology officer, discusses the wider implications of a concentrated focus on technological tools and organisational processes for designers and the business of building. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calculus‐based form: an interview with Greg Lynn
Authors: M Rocker Ingeborg
Published: August 2006

Greg Lynn's name has become synonymous with digital architecture. The guest‐editor of the seminal issue of AD Folding in Architecture (1993; revised edition, Wiley‐Academy 2004), Lynn pioneered a curvilinear approach when computerised technologies were only a marginal part of the discussion. Here, in an interview with Ingeborg M Rocker, Lynn speaks candidly and enthusiastically about his own journey through software ‐ from appropriation of standardised packages to scripting customised tools. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
House in Keremma
Authors: Melvin Jeremy
Published: August 2006

On the Brittany coast in northern France, Lacaton Vassal has built a home on the shore. Jeremy Melvin describes how the house's seemingly precarious sandy site celebrates nature for not being ‘entirely benign’, while also underlining architecture's ability to adapt the environment to human use. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Islington Square, Manchester
Authors: Stewart Bruce
Published: August 2006

With its bold gables, Islington Square is a conspicuous presence in New Islington, the area of east Manchester that is currently being developed to take the place of the dilapidated Cardroom Estate. Bruce Stewart explains how, rather than being an exercise in wilful pattern‐making, the form of the facade and the interior planning of this unique scheme have come about as the result of FAT's lengthy consultation process with the housing residents. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the fill charge and the sensitivity analysis of a V‐shaped micro heat pipe
Authors: Suman Balram
Published: August 2006

The fill charge and the sensitivity analysis of a micro‐grooved heat pipe are presented. Methods for calculating the optimal‐fill charge, the height and the temperature of the coolant liquid for a V‐shaped microgrooved heat pipe are presented using a macroscopic approach. The fill charge is determined to be an important parameter for the optimal performance of a heat pipe. The under‐ and overcharged heat pipes are less efficient than the optimally charged one. The worsening effect of the overcharge is more pronounced than the undercharge. The variation in the coolant liquid temperature is greater than that of the substrate temperature. In the sensitivity analysis of a micro heat pipe, under transient operation, the variations in the thermophysical properties, gravity force, and design parameters are considered. The present study sets forth both the qualitative and the quantitative effects of the variation in thermophysical properties of the coolant liquid and the design parameters of a V‐shaped groove. These studies are carried out by solving the coupled nonlinear governing partial differential equations for fluid flow, heat transfer, and mass transfer using the finite‐difference technique. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Biosynthetic Inorganic Chemistry
Authors: Lu Yi
Published: August 2006

Inorganic chemistry and biology can benefit greatly from each other. Although synthetic and physical inorganic chemistry have been greatly successful in clarifying the role of metal ions in biological systems, the time may now be right to utilize biological systems to advance coordination chemistry. One such example is the use of small, stable, easy‐to‐make, and well‐characterized proteins as ligands to synthesize novel inorganic compounds. This biosynthetic inorganic chemistry is possible thanks to a number of developments in biology. This review summarizes the progress in the synthesis of close models of complex metalloproteins, followed by a description of recent advances in using the approach for making novel compounds that are unprecedented in either inorganic chemistry or biology. The focus is mainly on synthetic “tricks” learned from biology, as well as novel structures and insights obtained. The advantages and disadvantages of this biosynthetic approach are discussed.
Reversible Full‐Range Color Control of a Cholesteric Liquid‐Crystalline Film by using a Molecular Motor
Authors: Eelkema Rienk , Feringa Ben L.
Published: August 2006

By using a chiral molecular motor as a dopant in a cholesteric liquid‐crystalline film, fully reversible control of the reflection color of this film across the entire visible spectrum is possible. The large difference in helical twisting power between the two isomeric forms of the motor allows efficient light‐ and heat‐induced switching of the helicity of the cholesteric liquid‐crystal superstructure.
Pharmacokinetic changes of ipriflavone in rats with acute renal failure induced by Uranyl Nitrate
Authors: Chung Hye J. , Lee Myung G.
Published: August 2006

Pharmacokinetic parameters of ipriflavone were compared after intravenous (20 mg/kg) and oral (200 mg/kg) administration in control rats and in rats with acute renal failure induced by uranyl nitrate (U‐ARF rats). It was expected that the time‐averaged nonrenal clearance (Clnr) of ipriflavone in U‐ARF rats could be significantly slower than in the control rats, since it was reported that ipriflavone was metabolized via the hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1/2 and 2C11 and the expression and mRNA level of CYP1A2 were not changed, but those of CYP2C11 were decreased in U‐ARF rats compared with control rats. Unexpectedly, after intravenous administration in U‐ARF rats, the Clnr of ipriflavone was significantly faster than in the controls (40.8 compared with 29.0 ml/min/kg). This may be due to an increase in the glucuronide conjugate formation of ipriflavone metabolites in U‐ARF rats. After oral administration of ipriflavone in U‐ARF rats, the AUC0–24 h was significantly smaller (194 compared with 295 µg min/ml) than in the controls. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The value increment of mass‐customized products: an empirical assessment
Authors: Schreier Martin
Published: August 2006

The primary argument in favour of mass customization is the delivery of superior customer value. Using willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) measurements, Franke and Piller (2004), Journal of Product Innovation Management, 21, 401–415 have recently shown that customers designing their own watches with design toolkits are willing to pay premiums of more than 100% (ΔWTP). In the course of three studies, we found that this type of value increment is not a singular occurrence but might rather be a general phenomenon, as we again found average ΔWTPs of more than 100% among customers designing their own cell phone covers, T‐shirts and scarves. Building on this, we discuss the sources of benefits that are likely to explain this tremendous value increment. We argue that compared to conventional standard products, a mass‐customized product might render the following utilitarian and hedonic benefits: (1) First, the output might be beneficial as self‐designed products offer a much closer fit between individual needs and product characteristics. In addition to this mere functional benefit, extra value might also stem from (2) the perceived uniqueness of the self‐designed product. As the customer takes on the role of an active co‐designer, there may also be two general ‘do‐it‐yourself effects’: (3) First, the process of designing per se is likely to allow the customer to meet hedonic or experiential needs (process benefit). (4) Customers may also be likely to value the output of self‐design more highly if they take pride in having created something on their own (instead of traditionally buying something created by somebody else). This is referred to as the ‘pride of authorship’ effect.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating the relationship between product involvement and consumer decision‐making styles
Authors: Bauer Hans H. , Sauer Nicola E. , Becker Christine
Published: August 2006

Recently, a number of studies have investigated consumer decision‐making styles (CDMS) and their importance to consumer behaviour research. However, research designs suggested to date are mainly replications of a study by Sproles and Kendall (1986) proposing eight mental characteristics, the so‐called Consumer Styles Inventory (CSI). The CSI has been applied across cultures, but without critically examining its validity and reliability. A major concern is the postulated product independence of CSI. The aim of this study is to further develop this approach, to apply it to different product categories and to investigate the relationship between product involvement and CDMS. In doing so, we conducted a survey in Great Britain and Germany, and analysed the data using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Not only did we demonstrate that there is a relationship between products and CDMS, but also that CDMS are governed by consumers' perceived product involvement. Important implications for marketing practice can be derived.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real brands in imaginary worlds: investigating players' experiences of brand placement in digital games
Authors: Molesworth Mike
Published: August 2006

This paper explores the development of brand placement in digital games using focus groups with game‐players. Growth in in‐game brand placement is explained by game developers' financial and creative priorities and experimentation in marketerss' use of media. The external context of game‐play is then examined based on explanations of the non‐material aspects of consumer behaviour. Internal game processes are also reviewed, including psychological processes that are likely to be of interest to marketers. The reported experiences of players are then considered in terms of these processes. Findings seem to support the use of brand placement in games. Players easily recall encounters with brands during game‐play and are generally positive about these experiences, suggesting that brands increase realism because it allows individuals to create and explore consumption‐based daydreams. However, some players reject brand placement, preferring in‐game fantasies that are independent of mundane commodities. The findings also raise issues related to the ways in which individuals may use digital games to reflect on our consumer society and this raises a question of the degree to which digital games may support or oppose existing consumer cultures. Other problems for managers wishing to use this technique were revealed by the repetitive nature of games which may cause message wear‐out, and by playerss' frustration with aspects of a game which may lead to negative evaluations of in‐game brands.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MgCl2/R′nAl(OR)3−n: An Excellent Activator/Support for Transition‐Metal Complexes for Olefin Polymerization
Authors: Nakayama Yasushi , Saito Junji , Bando Hideki , Fujita Terunori
Published: August 2006

A new and effective method for the activation, and simultaneously, immobilization of bis(phenoxyimine) early‐transition‐metal complexes for olefin polymerization (known as FI catalysts), which makes use of MgCl2/R′nAl(OR)3−n as an activator/support, has been developed. Ti‐, Zr‐, and V‐FI catalysts combined with this MgCl2‐based compound can form highly active MgCl2‐supported single‐site catalysts capable of demonstrating superior catalytic properties, compared to the corresponding homogeneous methylaluminoxane‐ (Ti‐ and Zr‐FI catalysts) or alkylaluminum‐activation systems (V‐FI catalysts), in terms of their catalytic activity, molecular weight, stereoselectivity, and comonomer incorporation. Additionally, these new catalysts can produce polymers of significant morphology with high efficiency. Notably, the MgCl2‐based compounds can also effectively activate and immobilize the early‐to‐late transition‐metal complexes that have emerged recently. Thus, the application of MgCl2‐based compounds as activators/supports for transition‐metal complexes for olefin polymerization provides a conceptually new strategy for the development of methylaluminoxane‐ and borate‐free, high‐performance, single‐site catalysts capable of controlling polymer morphology.
Hodgkin transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Tsimberidou Apostolia‐Maria , O'Brien Susan , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Koller Charles , Hagemeister Fredrick B. , Fayad Luis , Lerner Susan , Bueso‐Ramos Carlos E. , Keating Michael J.
Published: August 2006

BACKGROUND

Hodgkin transformation is a rare complication of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL). In this study, the authors assessed the incidence, presenting characteristics, and outcomes of patients with CLL/SLL who developed Hodgkin lymphoma (HL).

METHODS

An electronic database search of patients with CLL/SLL who presented at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Department of Leukemia between 1975 and 2005 was performed.

RESULTS

Among 4121 patients with CLL/SLL, 18 patients (0.4%) developed HL. Presenting features included B‐symptoms (67%), lymph node enlargement (79%), splenomegaly (43%), hepatomegaly (29%), hypercalcemia (6%), infection (6%), and mental status changes (6%). The median age was 72 years (range, 49–81 years), and there was a male preponderance (78%). The median time from CLL to HL diagnosis was 4.6 years (range, 0–12.9 years). Fourteen patients (78%) had been previously treated for CLL/SLL. Ten patients (56%) had received >1 prior therapy. The median β2‐microglobulin level was 4.5 mg/L, and the median lactate dehydrogenase level was 610 IU/L. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) was positive by in situ hybridization for EBV‐encoded RNA in 3 of 4 tested patients. Fourteen patients (78%) received chemotherapy. The overall response rate was 44% (complete response rate, 19%). The median overall survival duration was 0.8 years (range, 0.03 years–6.7+ years). The median failure‐free survival (FFS) duration was 0.4 years.

CONCLUSIONS

The rates of response, survival, and FFS in patients with Hodgkin transformation of CLL/SLL were inferior to those reported in patients with de novo HL and were similar to those in patients with Richter syndrome. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Phase I study to determine the safety and pharmacokinetics of oral administration of TAS‐102 in patients with solid tumors
Authors: Hong David S. , Abbruzzese James L. , Bogaard Karla , Lassere Yvonne , Fukushima Masakazu , Mita Akira , Kuwata Keizo , Hoff Paulo M.
Published: August 2006

BACKGROUND

The purpose of the current study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose, dose‐limiting toxicities, pharmacokinetic profile, and recommended Phase II dose of oral administration of TAS‐102, a novel nucleoside formed by the combination of α,α,α‐trifluorothymidine (FTD) and a thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor (TPI: 5‐chloro‐6‐(2‐iminopyrrolidin‐1‐yl)methyl‐2,4(1H,3H)‐pyrimidinedione).

METHODS

Eligible patients had advanced solid tumors, adequate organ function, and had not received anticancer therapy in the preceding 4 weeks. TAS‐102 was administered orally once daily for 14 days, followed by a 1‐week rest, repeated every 3 weeks. The initial dose of TAS‐102 administered was 100 mg/m2/day. The first 2 patients treated at that dose experienced substantial toxicity and, therefore, lower dose levels of TAS‐102 were subsequently explored.

RESULTS

Fourteen patients were enrolled; all patients were evaluable for toxicity assessment and 12 were evaluable for response. The initial dose explored was 100 mg/m2/day, based on a preclinical monkey model. However, the first 2 patients experienced bone marrow suppression of Grade 3 or 4 in course 1. The protocol was amended to study the next cohort of patients at 50 mg/m2/day. At this dose level no Grade 3 or 4 toxicities were observed in course 1. In the subsequent dose level (60 mg/m2/day), 3 of 6 patients experienced Grade 3 or 4 granulocytopenia as dose‐limiting toxicity. Three additional patients for a total of 6 were enrolled at 50 mg/m2/day without occurrence of dose‐limiting toxicity. Thus, 50 mg/m2/day was declared the maximum tolerated dose for this schedule.

CONCLUSIONS

The authors' study showed that 50 mg/m2/day was a tolerable dose of the novel antimetabolite FTD in combination with an inhibitor of its inactivating enzyme TP, and this is the recommended Phase II dose. Evaluation of this daily dose in malignancies for which fluoropyrimidines have failed is needed. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Interleukin‐13 receptor α2 chain
Authors: Kioi Mitomu , Kawakami Mariko , Shimamura Takeshi , Husain Syed R. , Puri Raj K.
Published: August 2006

BACKGROUND

Epithelial ovarian cancer demonstrates high mortality due to diagnosis at an advanced stage. In the search for a biomarker for early diagnosis and a target for therapy, the issue of whether interleukin‐13 receptor (IL‐13R), shown to be expressed on a variety of human cancers, is expressed in ovarian tumor samples was explored. In addition, whether this receptor serves as a biomarker and can be targeted by IL‐13 cytotoxin was examined.

METHODS

IL‐13R expression in 15 normal and 68 ovarian tumor tissue samples was determined by immunohistochemistry. Correlation between clinicopathologic features and IL‐13R expression was analyzed. The efficacy of IL‐13R‐directed cytotoxin was determined in mice with subcutaneous, orthotopic, and peritoneal metastatic ovarian cancer.

RESULTS

Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that 83% of ovarian cancer specimens express IL‐13Rα2, a high‐affinity IL‐13R subunit chain, whereas normal ovary samples expressed none or very low levels. The majority of clear cell ovarian carcinomas with the worst prognosis showed strong staining for IL‐13Rα2. IL‐13 cytotoxin was highly cytotoxic to the IGROV‐1 ovarian cancer cell line in vitro, and it mediated significant antitumor activity against a xenografted tumor model. The antitumor effects were confirmed by treating orthotopically implanted or peritoneal metastatic ovarian tumors, which showed significant extension of survival in immunodeficient mice. IL‐13 cytotoxin also prevented cachexia in treated mice. The soluble form of IL‐13Rα2 was detected in the serum of mice with peritoneal metastasis, and the level decreased to baseline in the treated group.

CONCLUSIONS

IL‐13Rα2 is a promising target for ovarian cancer therapy, and the soluble form of IL‐13R may be a possible surrogate marker for disease monitoring. Cancer. Published 2006 by the American Cancer Society.
A Photophysical Study of Terphenyl Core Oligosulfonimide Dendrimers Exhibiting High Steady‐State Anisotropy
Authors: Bergamini Giacomo , Ceroni Paola , Balzani Vincenzo , Del Mar Villavieja Maria , Kandre Ramchandra , Zhun Igor , Lukin Oleg
Published: August 2006

The photophysical properties of three dendrimers containing a p‐terphenyl core with appended sulfonimide branches of different size and n‐octyl chains have been investigated in dichloromethane solution. In the dendrimer absorption spectra contributions from both the branches and the core are clearly identified. The fluorescence spectra show only the characteristic fluorescence of the terphenyl unit. Energy transfer from the appended chromophoric groups to the core does not occur. In the dendrimers, the terphenyl core exhibits a very high fluorescence quantum yield (ca. 0.75) and a short emission lifetime (0.8 ns). These properties allowed investigations of the fluorescence depolarization caused by rotation of the dendrimers. The dendrimers show a very high steady‐state anisotropy in dichloromethane solution at room temperature (0.24 for the largest one), compared to that of the parent terphenyl under the same experimental conditions (<0.01) and in rigid matrix (0.33). Both the n‐octyl chains and the sulfonimide branches play important roles to slow down the molecular rotation.
New Polynuclear Mo–Fe Complexes with Ferrocenylamidobenzimidazole Ligands
Authors: Martinho Paulo N. , Quintal Susana , Costa Paulo J. , Losi Serena , Félix Vitor , Gimeno M. Concepción , Laguna Antonio , Drew Michael G. B. , Zanello Piero , Calhorda Maria José
Published: August 2006

The reaction between [Mo(η3‐C3H5)(CO)2(NCMe)2Br] (1) and the ferrocenylamidobenzimidazole ligands FcCO(NH2benzim) (L1) and (FcCO)2(NHbenzim) (L2) led to a binuclear (2) and a trinuclear (3) Mo–Fe complex, respectively. The single‐crystal X‐ray structure of [Mo(η3‐C3H5)(CO)2(L2)Br] [L2 = {[(η5‐C5H5)Fe(η5‐C5H4CO)]2(2‐NH‐benzimidazolyl)}] shows that L2 is coordinated to the endo Mo(η3‐C3H5)(CO)2 group in a κ2‐N,O‐bidentate chelating fashion whereas the MoII centre displays a pseudooctahedral environment with Br occupying an equatorial position. Complex 2 was formulated as [Mo(η3‐C3H5)(CO)2(L1)Br] on the basis of a combination of spectroscopic data, elemental analysis, conductivity and DFT calculations. L1 acts as a κ2‐N,N‐bidentate ligand. In both L1 and L2, the HOMOs are mainly localised on iron while the C=O bond(s) contribute to the LUMO(s) and the next highest energy orbitals are Fe–allyl antibonding orbitals. When the ligands bind to Mo(η3‐C3H5)(CO)2Br, the greatest difference is that Mo becomes the strongest contributor to the HOMO. Electrochemical studies show that, in complex 2, no electronic interaction exists between the two ferrocenyl ligands and that the first electron has been removed from the MoII‐centred HOMO. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Assembly and Upconversion Properties of Lanthanide Coordination Polymers Based on Hexanuclear Building Blocks with (μ3‐OH) Bridges
Authors: Weng Danfeng , Zheng Xiangjun , Jin Linpei
Published: August 2006

Three novel hexanuclear core‐based hydroxidolanthanide coordination polymers [Ln3(BDC)3.5(OH)2(H2O)2]·H2O [Ln = Y (1), Yb (2) and Er (3); BDC = 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate] were prepared by the hydrothermal method. The controlled hydrolysis of lanthanide ions led to an open hexanuclear cluster core. The hexanuclear core containing six (μ3‐OH) bridged LnIII ions from two asymmetric units adopts a chair‐like configuration. It behaves as a building block and is linked by the BDC ligands to form a 3D framework. The guest water molecules occupy the 1D channels in the structure. The upconversion spectra of the Y:Er‐Yb codoped coordination polymers have been studied. The distinct upconversion emissions come from two‐photon or three‐photonexcitation of Y:Er‐Yb codoped coordination polymers andarise from ErIII transitions of the type 4F5/2→4I15/2,2H11/2→4I15/2, 4S3/2→4I15/2 and 4F9/2→4I15/2. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis and Reactivity of the RuIII Complexes [RuTp(PR3)Cl2] — Precursors for RuTp Dihydrogen Complexes
Authors: Pavlik Sonja , Puchberger Michael , Mereiter Kurt , Kirchner Karl
Published: August 2006

The air‐sensitive DMF‐containing intermediate [RuTp(PR3)(Cl)(DMF)] is formed by refluxing a DMF solution of [RuTp(COD)Cl] (1) in the presence of at least 1 equiv. of PR3 (PR3 = PPh3, PPh2iPr, PiPr3, and PCy3). On exposure to air in the presence of CCl4, this complex is readily converted into the respective RuIII complexes [RuTp(PR3)Cl2] (2a–d). These compounds are air‐stable, readily accessible, permit easy variations as far as the electronic and steric properties of the PR3 co‐ligands are concerned, and are reducible to a variety of RuIITp complexes. Treatment of 2 with NaBH4 affords dihydrogen compounds of the type [RuTp(PR3)(H)(η2‐H2)]. Reduction of 2 can also be accomplished with Zn in the presence of CH3CN and pyridine, which affords the diamagnetic RuII compounds [RuTp(PR3)(CH3CN)2]+ (4a–c) and [RuTp(PR3)(py)Cl] (5). X‐ray structures of representative complexes are presented. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Pressure‐Induced Metal–Semiconductor–Metal Transitions in an MMX‐Chain Complex, Pt2(C2H5CS2)4I
Authors: Kobayashi Atsushi , Tokunaga Aya , Ikeda Ryuichi , Sagayama Hajime , Wakabayashi Yusuke , Sawa Hiroshi , Hedo Masato , Uwatoko Yoshiya , Kitagawa Hiroshi
Published: August 2006

The electrical conductivity and X‐ray diffraction measurements were performed for a highlyconductive halogen‐bridged binuclear‐metal mixed‐valence complex (the so‐called MMX chain), Pt2(C2H5CS2)4I, under high pressure up to 2.5 GPa. The complex exhibited pressure‐induced metal–semiconductor–metal transitions at 0.5 and 2.1 GPa. The X‐ray diffuse scatterings were observed at k = n + 0.5 (n: integer) under ambient pressure, which are derived from the charge‐density wave (CDW: ···Pt2+–Pt2+···I–Pt3+–Pt3+–I···) fluctuation in the MMX chain. Above 0.5 GPa, where the pressure‐induced metal–semiconductor transition occurred, these scatterings disappeared. The electronic phases under high pressure (P) were found to be attributable to the metallic averaged‐valence state (AV: –Pt2.5+–Pt2.5+–I–Pt2.5+–Pt2.5+–I–) with CDW fluctuation of P < 0.5 GPa, semiconducting charge‐polarization state (CP: ···Pt2+–Pt3+–I···Pt2+–Pt3+–I···) of 0.5 < P < 2.1 GPa, and metallic AV state of P > 2.1 GPa. The electronic state of Pt2(C2H5CS2)4I is very sensitive to pressure, which implies that the phase competition among the CP, CDW, and AV phases is present in the MMX chain. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Chiral C2‐Boron‐Bis(oxazolines) in Asymmetric Catalysis – A Theoretical Study of the Catalyzed Enantioselective Reduction of Ketones Promoted by Catecholborane
Authors: Bandini Marco , Bottoni Andrea , Cozzi Pier Giorgio , Miscione Gian Pietro , Monari Magda , Pierciaccante Rossana , Umani‐Ronchi Achille
Published: August 2006

C2‐Symmetrical boron complexes, prepared by the reactions of 2,2′‐methylenebis(oxazolines) (BOXs) with catecholborane (CATBH), can be used as catalysts (5–10 mol‐%) in the enantioselective reduction of prochiral ketones (ee 72–86 %), giving the desired alcohols in satisfactory yields. We have theoretically investigated the mechanism of the reduction of chloroacetophenone at the DFT level and the computational results have provided a complete mechanistic picture, which explains the stereochemical outcome of the reaction. The B–BOXate complex binds both the reducing agent CATBH and the carbonyl compound, activating the former as a hydride donor and enhancing the electrophilicity of the latter. Moreover, the structure of two boron–BOX (BOXate) complexes has been confirmed by means of X‐ray diffraction techniques.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Gold‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of α‐Aminoallenes to 3‐Pyrrolines –Optimization and Mechanistic Studies
Authors: Morita Nobuyoshi , Krause Norbert
Published: August 2006

The gold‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of various α‐aminoallenes affords the corresponding 3‐pyrrolines in good to high chemical yields and – if the amino group is unprotected – with complete axis‐to‐center chirality transfer. Diminished levels of chirality transfer were observed in cases of N‐protected substrates, which may be the result of partial epimerization of the allene in the presence of the gold precatalyst. The low reactivity of the intramolecular hydroamination of unprotected α‐aminoallenes with AuCl3 was improved by use of gold(I) halides as the precatalyst. Mechanistic studies suggest that a gold(I) compound (formed by oxidation of the aminoallene) is the catalytically active species even if the reaction is started with a gold(III) precatalyst. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Pyridines: Enantioselective Synthesis of Nipecotic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Lei Aiwen , Chen Mao , He Minsheng , Zhang Xumu
Published: August 2006

An asymmetric hydrogenation process of 3‐substituted pyridine derivatives has been developed with the use of a Rh‐TangPhos complex as the catalyst. The whole process consists of an efficient partial hydrogenation of nicotinate and a subsequent highly enantioselective, Rh‐catalyzed, homogeneous hydrogenation. A series of chiral nipecotic acid derivatives have been synthesized. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Elastic response spectrum: a historical note
Authors: Chopra Anil K.
Published: August 2006

This is the first contribution in a new series of Historical Notes on seminal concepts in earthquake engineering and structural dynamics. It records the origins and early developments (up to the late 1960's) of the elastic response spectrum. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Field studies on factors affecting very fine and ultra fine particulate organic matter deposition in low‐gradient sand‐bed streams
Authors: Hünken Andreas , Mutz Michael
Published: August 2006

The knowledge on particle deposition in streams is mainly based on investigations in mountain streams. No data exist from low‐gradient sand‐bed streams that largely differ in the morphological and hydraulic factors proposed to affect deposition. To identify physical control on particle deposition in low‐gradient streams, we assessed deposition of very fine and ultra fine organic particulate matter in 18 sand‐bed stream reaches. We added particles derived from lake sediment and assessed the mean transport distance SP and the deposition velocity vdep. Additionally, reach hydraulics were estimated by injections of a conservative solute tracer (NaCl). Among the low‐gradient streams, particle deposition kinetics were variable but similar to deposition in mountain streams. SP was solely related to the flow velocity. This relation was confirmed when comprising published data on deposition of fine organic particles. An association between particle deposition and transient storage factors was insignificant. We found significance of the transient storage to SP only for repeated measures within a single reach, when flow velocity and benthic conditions were nearly constant. Measured vdep/vfall ratios were much larger than unity in most reaches. Evidence from this relation suggests that the vertical transport of very fine and ultra fine organic particulate matter through the water column was caused mainly by vertical mixing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A mouse strain difference in tumorigenesis induced by biodegradable polymers
Authors: Ahmed Saifuddin , Tsuchiya Toshie
Published: August 2006

The use of poly‐L‐lactic acid (PLLA) surgical implants for repair of bone fractures has gained popularity in the past decade. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo effect of PLLA plates on subcutaneous tissue in two mouse strains, BALB/cJ and SJL/J, which have higher and lower tumorigenicity, respectively. Gap‐junctional intercellular communication and protein expression of connexin 43 were significantly suppressed, whereas secretion of transforming growth factor‐β1 and expression of extracellular matrix, insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 3, and cysteine‐rich intestinal protein 2 were significantly increased in PLLA‐implanted BALB/cJ mice when compared with BALB/cJ controls. Finally, tumors were formed after implantation of cultured cells from the more‐tumorigenic BALB/cJ, but not SJL/J, mice into nude mice. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Neurosteroids and the songbird model system
Authors: Schlinger Barney A. , London Sarah E.
Published: August 2006

The brain is now widely recognized as having the capacity to make steroids, neurosteroidogenesis. Although many functions are known for steroids that might be made in the brain, the evolution of and natural biological functions for these neurosteroids are not fully understood. In songbirds, neurosteroids may function in the development of neural circuits controlling song and may also participate in the activation of some steroid‐dependent behaviors during the non‐breeding season. In addition to neuroanatomical and behavioral evidence, we have physiological, molecular, and biochemical evidence for the expression and activity of steroidogenic enzymes in the brains of developing and adult songbirds. We review the evidence published so far for songbird neurosteroidogenesis and discuss why we believe songbird species are excellent models for the study of brain steroid synthesis and action. J. Exp. Zool. 305A:743–748, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mode of action and functional significance of avian gonadotropin‐inhibitory hormone (GnIH): a review
Authors: Tsutsui Kazuyoshi , Ubuka Takayoshi , Yin Hong , Osugi Tomohiro , Ukena Kazuyoshi , Bentley George E. , Ciccone Nick , Inoue Kazuhiko , Chowdhury Vishwajit S. , Sharp Peter J. , Wingfield John C.
Published: August 2006

Neuropeptide control of gonadotropin secretion at the level of the anterior pituitary gland is primarily through the stimulatory action of the hypothalamic decapeptide, gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH). However, a hypothalamic neuropeptide acting at the level of the pituitary to negatively regulate gonadotropin secretion has, until recently, remained unknown in any vertebrate. In 2000, we discovered a novel hypothalamic neuropeptide inhibiting gonadotropin release at the level of the pituitary in quail and termed it gonadotropin‐inhibitory hormone (GnIH). A gonadotropin‐inhibitory system is an intriguing concept and provides us with an unprecedented opportunity to study the regulation of avian reproduction from an entirely novel standpoint. To elucidate the mode of action of GnIH, we further identified the receptor for GnIH and characterized its expression and binding activity in quail. The identified GnIH receptor possessed seven transmembrane domains and specifically bound to GnIH in a concentration‐dependent manner. The expression of GnIH receptor was found in the pituitary and several brain regions including the hypothalamus. These results suggest that GnIH acts directly on the pituitary via GnIH receptor to inhibit gonadotropin release. GnIH may also act on the hypothalamus to inhibit GnRH release. To understand the functional significance of GnIH in avian reproduction, we also investigated the mechanism that regulates GnIH expression. Interestingly, melatonin induced dose‐dependently GnIH expression and melatonin receptor (Mel1c) was expressed in GnIH neurons. Thus melatonin appears to act directly on GnIH neurons via its receptor to induce GnIH expression. Based on these studies, GnIH is likely an important neuropeptide for the regulation of avian reproduction. J. Exp. Zool. 305A:801–806, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative genomics in vertebrate evolution and development
Authors: Amemiya Chris T. , Gomez‐Chiarri Marta
Published: August 2006

The vast quantities of publicly available DNA sequencing data and genome resources are enabling biologists to investigate age‐old problems in biology that were not addressable previously. In this review, we discuss how comparative genomics is practiced and how the data can be used to make biological inferences with respect to vertebrate evolution and development. Examples are taken from the well‐known HOX clusters, which are always a high‐priority target for genomic analyses due to their inferred role in the evolution of metazoans. In addition, we briefly discuss the application of genomic approaches to problems in comparative endocrinology.J. Exp. Zool. 305A:672–682, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.