bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Follow Up of Babies Delivered in a Randomized Controlled Comparison of Vacuum Extraction and Forceps Delivery
Authors: Carmody Frank , Grant Adrian , Mutch Lesley , Vacca Aldo , Chalmers Iain
Published: December 2009

Babies delivered in a randomized controlled comparison of vacuum extraction vs. forceps delivery were reassessed at 9 months of age. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups as regards head circumference, weight, or head circumference to weight ratio, nor in the results of hearing and vision tests. The reasons for hospital readmission, pediatric follow‐up and parents' and health visitors' worries appeared to be unrelated to the mode of delivery in nearly all cases. The finding in the original trial that neonatal jaundice was more common following vacuum extraction was reinforced by an additional case of jaundice in the vacuum extractor group which had necessitated readmission to hospital.
Comparison Between the Conventional Malmström Extractor and a New Extractor with Silastic Cup
Authors: Hammarström M. , Csemiczky G. , Belfrage P.
Published: December 2009

One hundred women for whom instrumental delivery had to be performed due to fetal asphyxia or uterine inertia were randomized to a vacuum extraction with the conventional Malmström instrument or the Silastic cup of Kobayashi. With the Silastic cup, extraction time was shorter and injuries to the scalp were less common. On the other hand, extraction with the Silastic cup failed more often, especially in occiput posterior position. There were no differences in Apgar scores between the two groups.
The Use of Magnesium Sulfate for Tocolysis in Preterm Labor Complicated by Twin Gestation and Betamimetic‐Induced Pulmonary Edema
Authors: Ogburn Paul L. , Julian Thomas M. , Williams Preston P. , Thompson Theodore R.
Published: December 2009

Maternal cardiorespiratory compromise has been reported to occur during the treatment of preterm labor with tocolytic agents. The risk for these complications is increased by the following factors: multiple gestation, the combination of magnesium sulfate and β‐adrenergic agonist, and the use of adrenocortico‐steroids to hasten fetal pulmonary maturity. A case is presented of labor at 28 weeks' gestation complicated by pulmonary edema associated with the three risk factors listed above. The β‐agonist was discontinued with resolution of pulmonary edema. Intravenous magnesium sulfate was continued for 11 days. When uterine contractions finally overcame the tocolysis, delivery occurred. It appeared that uterine quiescence was achieved through the continued use of magnesium sulfate despite pulmonary edema in this case. The risk of continued tocolysis seemed to be counterbalanced by the benefits of prolonged intra‐uterine existence for the fetuses.
Pararectal Abscess with Pelvic Extension Simulating Gynecological Disease
Authors: Evaldson George R.
Published: December 2009

An anal fistula sometimes takes a high intersphincteric course eventually forming a pelvic extension, with abscess formation above the levator plate. Such a case, simulating gynecological disease, is presented and the differential diagnostic procedures are discussed.
Typhoid Fever in Pregnancy: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Sadan O. , Matthews L. H. , Koller A. B. , White R. G.
Published: December 2009

The clinical details of two cases of typhoid fever in pregnancy are described. The first patient contracted the disease in the third trimester, with successful outcome for both mother and baby. The second patient became infected in the first trimester, with the complication of underlying cardiac disease. This resulted in typhoid endocarditis contributing to fetal loss. A survey of the literature is presented and treatment recommendations outlined.
Ovarian Carcinoma Masquerading as Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
Authors: Benhur H. , Dgani R. , Lancet M. , Katz Z. , Nissim F. , Rosenman D.
Published: December 2009

Two patients receiving ovulation‐inducing drugs were found to have ovarian carcinoma. Since patients receiving such medication are prone to develop enlarged ovaries with or without the fully developed hyperstimulation syndrome, the diagnosis of ovarian tumors in such patients may be delayed or missed. It is therefore being suggested that an ovarian enlargement persisting for more than 4 weeks, or the finding of ovarian solid masses by sonography in patients receiving ovulation‐inducing drugs, should lead to a thorough work‐up for neoplasia, sometimes including even laparotomy.
Belgian Trial of an Oral Contraceptive Containing 0.150 mg Desogestrel and 0.020 mg Ethinylestradiol
Authors: van Kets H. E.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The efficacy and cycle control of and tolerance to a new oral contraceptive combination containing 0.150 mg desogestrel + 0.020 mg ethinylestradiol was investigated by seven Belgian investigators in a total of 295 women (7257 cycles). The trial was set up as a part of a larger European open multi‐center study. This very low estrogen‐dose combination was found to be a highly effective oral contraceptive preparation with a good cycle control. Only one pregnancy occurred (not a product failure). The frequency of absence of withdrawal bleeding was low (generally less than 6% during the initial treatment cycles, gradually decreasing to less than 3% after 20 cycles) and in most women the amount and duration of withdrawal bleeding showed no change or a slight decrease in comparison with those of the menstrual bleeding before treatment. The incidence of irregular bleeding (spotting and breakthrough bleeding) rapidly decreased over the subsequent treatment cycles, from 11.7% after 3 cycles to 8.8% after 6 cycles and less than 5% after 12 or more cycles. The preparation was well tolerated. There were no serious side effects and only 8 (2.7%) women dropped out because of minor side effects.
Evaluation of an Oral Contraceptive Containing 0.150 mg Desogestrel and 0.020 mg Ethinylestradiol in Women Aged 30 Years or Older
Authors: Steffensen Kjeld
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The oral contraceptive combination 0.150 mg desogestrel + 0.020 mg ethinylestradiol (Mercilon®) was investigated in an open multicenter study with the objective of evaluating efficacy, cycle control and side effects in women aged 30 years or older. Sixty‐one investigators participated and included 434 women treated in a total of 7669 cycles. No pregnancies occurred, thus showing the combination studied to be highly effective. Furthermore, a good cycle control and an excellent acceptability were demonstrated.
Effects of the Oral Contraceptive Combination 0.150 mg Desogestrel + 0.020 mg Ethinylestradiol on Serum Lipids Including the HDL Subfractions
Authors: Kloosterboer H. J. , Wayjen R.G.A. , Ende A.
Published: December 2009

The effects of the low‐dose oral contraceptive combination 0.150 mg desogestrel plus 0.020 mg ethinylestradiol (EE) on lipid metabolism was investigated in two independent studies. In one study the effects of this preparation on lipid parameters in a group of 10 women were compared with those of a triphasic levonorgestrel plus EE preparation in a group of 13 women. In a second study the effects of 0.150 mg desogestrel plus 0.020 mg EE on the lipid composition of VLDL, LDL, HDL‐2 and HDL‐3 were investigated in a group of 10 volunteers. The assessments were made in blood samples taken before treatment, after 3 treatment cycles and one or two cycles after treatment was stopped. The desogestrel preparation induced an increase in triglycerides, phospholipids and apolipoprotein B. HDL‐cholesterol did not change, but the structural parts of the HDL particle, apolipoprotein A‐I and phospholipids, showed a marked increase in the group treated with the desogestrel preparation. In the comparative study there was no difference between the combination 0.150 mg desogest‐reI+0.020 mg EE and the triphasic levonorgestrel+EE preparation. The lipid compositions of VLDL, LDL, HDL‐2, HDL‐3 and VHDL did not change during treatment with the combination 0.150 mg desogestrel+0.020 mg EE. It can be concluded from this study that the combination 0.150 mg desogestrel+0.020 mg EE does not adversely affect lipid metabolism after 3 months of treatment.
The Evolution of Oral Contraceptives: Maximizing Efficacy, Minimizing Risks
Authors: Hedon Bernard
Published: December 2009

No single pharmacologic agent has been more widely studied than the oral contraceptive (OC). Scientific efforts have been directed primarily toward maximizing the benefits of OCs—which remain the most effective, reversible form of birth control—while minimizing their potential risks, specifically thromboembolic disorders and cardiovascular disease.

Decreases in the dose of estrogen from the 100 μg—150 μg levels of the 1960s to the 30 μg—50 μg formulations of today have been accompanied by dramatic reductions in the risk of thromboembolic events. In healthy women not predisposed to these conditions, the risk of thromboembolism is now considered very small. Similar reductions in the doses of progestin have also resulted in decreases in the incidence of stroke and myocardial infarction.

Evidence suggests that not only dose but androgenic activity of a progestin may negatively impact on risk of cardiovascular disease. Thus development of OCs containing a progestin with the least potential for androgenically mediated side effects appears to be advisable.
Prevention of Cardiovascular Risk in Women: A New Concern for the Obstetrician/Gynecologist
Authors: Kafrissen Michael Edwin
Published: December 2009

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in American women, accounting for nearly half a million deaths annually. While most of these women are postmenopausal, data from the Bogalusa Heart Study have shown that fatty streak formation begins early in life, perhaps even in childhood. Successful risk intervention is best initiated early in the process, before the clinical manifestations of disease become apparent.

Several major risk factors for cardiovascular disease—elevated cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, and cigarette smoking—are amenable to intervention. The critical role of cholesterol in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, and the impact of even small fluctuations of important subfractions on CV risk have been demonstrated in numerous epidemiologic and clinical studies.

A sensitive predictor of cardiovascular risk appears to be the high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol fraction, which is considered cardioprotective if elevated and a significant independent risk factor if decreased. Reductions in HDL have been documented following the use of even low‐dose oral contraceptives containing progestins of high androgenic activity. Elevated LDL cholesterol may be an independent risk factor for CV disease in women. Hence, changes in the LDL/HDL ratio may be more sensitive predictors of change in CV risk. Major risk factors for CV disease in women are outlined with specific reference to the effects of oral contraceptives on lipoproteins.
Toxicological Assessment of Toxic Element Residues in Swine Kidney and Its Role in Public Health Risk Assessment
Authors: Milićević Dragan R. , Jovanović Milijan , Jurić Verica B. , Petrović Zoran I. , Stefanović Srđan M.
Published: December 2009

In order to ensure the safety of consumers in Serbia the prevalence of toxic elements (As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in swine kidney collected from three different areas in Serbia (n = 90) was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Also, in order to find information on the effects of accumulation of toxic elements on swine kidney, pathohistological examination of the kidneys was performed. The presence of mercury was found in 33.3% of kidney samples in the range of 0.005–0.055 mg/kg, while the presence of cadmium was detected less often (27.7%) but in larger amounts (0.05–1.23 mg/kg). The presence of arsenic was found only in one sample, while no lead was found. The results of the metal-to-metal correlation analysis supported there were the result of different sources of contamination. Pathohistological examination of kidneys confirms tubulopathies with oedema and cell vacuolization. In addition, haemorrhages and necrosis of proximal kidney tubule cells were found. This study demonstrates that toxic elements in Serbian slaughtered pigs are found at levels comparable to those reported in other countries, and consequently the levels reported in this study do not represent a concern from a consumer safety point of view. The lack of a strong correlation between histopathological changes and the incidence of toxic elements found in this study might be explained as the result of synergism among toxic elements and other nephrotoxic compounds which enhance the toxicity of the individual toxins even at the relatively low mean concentrations observed in this study.
A Reduced Three Dimensional Model for SAW Sensors Using Finite Element Analysis
Authors: El Gowini Mohamed M. , Moussa Walied A.
Published: December 2009

A major problem that often arises in modeling Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) such as Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) sensors using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is the extensive computational capacity required. In this study a new approach is adopted to significantly reduce the computational capacity needed for analyzing the response of a SAW sensor using the finite element (FE) method. The approach is based on the plane wave solution where the properties of the wave vary in two dimensions and are uniform along the thickness of the device. The plane wave solution therefore allows the thickness of the SAW device model to be minimized; the model is referred to as a Reduced 3D Model (R3D). Various configurations of this novel R3D model are developed and compared with theoretical and experimental frequency data and the results show very good agreement. In addition, two-dimensional (2D) models with similar configurations to the R3D are developed for comparison since the 2D approach is widely adopted in the literature as a computationally inexpensive approach to model SAW sensors using the FE method. Results illustrate that the R3D model is capable of capturing the SAW response more accurately than the 2D model; this is demonstrated by comparison of centre frequency and insertion loss values. These results are very encouraging and indicate that the R3D model is capable of capturing the MEMS-based SAW sensor response without being computationally expensive.
Preparation of an In-House Reference Material Containing Fumonisins in Thai Rice and Matrix Extension of the Analytical Method for Japanese Rice
Authors: Awaludin Norhafniza , Nagata Reiko , Kawasaki Tomomi , Kushiro Masayo
Published: December 2009

Mycotoxin contamination in rice is less reported, compared to that in wheat or maize, however, some Fusarium fungi occasionally infect rice in the paddy field. Fumonisins are mycotoxins mainly produced by Fusarium verticillioides, which often ruins maize. Rice adherent fungus Gibberella fujikuroi is taxonomically near to F. verticillioides, and there are sporadic reports of fumonisin contamination in rice from Asia, Europe and the United States. Therefore, there exists the potential risk of fumonisin contamination in rice as well as the need for the validated analytical method for fumonisins in rice. Although both natural and spiked reference materials are available for some Fusarium mycotoxins in matrices of wheat and maize, there are no reference materials for Fusarium mycotoxins in rice. In this study, we have developed a method for the preparation of a reference material containing fumonisins in Thai rice. A ShakeMaster grinding machine was used for the preparation of a mixed material of blank Thai rice and F. verticillioides-infected Thai rice. The homogeneity of the mixed material was confirmed by one-way analysis of variance, which led this material to serve as an in-house reference material. Using this reference material, several procedures to extract fumonisins from Thai rice were compared. Accordingly, we proved the applicability of an effective extraction procedure for the determination of fumonisins in Japanese rice.
The effects of ovariectomy on bone mineral density, geometrical, and biomechanical characteristics in the rabbit femur
Authors: Kara M. E. , Sevil F.
Published: December 2009

The aim of the study was to evaluate the bone mineral density, as well as the biomechanic and morphometric changes in the femur of ovariectomised rabbits.

Twenty-four six-month-old New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into an ovariectomy (n = 12) and a sham (n = 12) group. Six rabbits in each group were euthanatized at eight and 16 weeks after surgery, and the femora were resected. The morphometric data were obtained from tomographic images. Periosteal and endosteal diameters and cortical thickness were measured. Total cross-sectional, cortical and medullary areas were also measured. The bone mineral content, the bone area and the bone mineral density were measured from the proximal, distal and mid-shaft of the femur as well as the total femur by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Employing the three-point bending method, the ultimate force, stiffness and work-to-failure were measured. The mechanical data were normalised to obtain intrinsic biomechanical properties such as ultimate stress, elastic modulus, and toughness, all of which are independent of size and shape.

The results indicated that the femur was both larger and weaker 16 weeks after surgery in the ovariectomised group. Results also suggest that the rabbit might be a useful animal model for investigation of diseases related to oestrogen loss such as human postmenopausal osteoporosis. However, additional studies with advanced techniques at several time points via in vivo animal studies, and precision and predictability analyses should be designed to standardise the rabbit as a model for osteoporosis.
Elbow lameness in dogs of six years and older
Authors: Bergenhuyzen A. L. R. , Gielen I. , van Bree H. , Duchateau L. , Van Ryssen B. , Vermote K. A. G.
Published: December 2009

Objectives: To report on the frequency and distribution of lesions of the medial coronoid process in dogs of six years of age and older, and to describe the arthroscopic findings in the affected joints. To compare those lesions seen in ‘old’ dogs with those seen in ‘young’ dogs between the ages of five and 18 months.

Methods: A retrospective study of dogs six-years-old and older admitted for elbow lameness and subsequent elbow arthroscopy. The dogs were divided into groups according to the lesions of the medial coronoid process diagnosed during arthroscopic examination and computed tomography (CT). The radio-graphic degree of osteoarthritis (OA) and arthroscopically diagnosed lesions on the medial humeral condyle are described.

Results: In 51 ‘old’ dogs, five types of lesions could be identified on arthroscopy and CT: chondromalacia-like lesions (2%), fissures (27.5%), non-displaced fragments (12%), displaced fragments (27.5%), and erosions within the medial compartment without fragmentation (31%). A significantly different distribution of lesions was seen in ‘young’ dogs: fissures (23%), non-displaced fragments (45%), displaced fragments (29%), and erosions within the medial compartment without fragmentation (3%). No difference in radio-graphic degree of OA was seen between the two groups.

Clinical significance: This study demonstrates the relatively high incidence of medial coronoid disease in dogs older than six years of age, and it highlights one particular problem in ‘old’ dogs: the complete erosion of the medial compartment.
Surgical management of large segmental femoral and radial bone defects in a dog
Authors: Shani J. , Segal U.
Published: December 2009

In this case report, we describe the use of a cylindrical titanium mesh cage combined with cancellous bone graft to surgically manage large segmental bone defects in a dog. A seven-year-old, neutered male cross-breed dog, with highly comminuted fractures of the right femur and the left radius and ulna, was referred for treatment. Previous open reduction and internal fixation of these fractures had failed. Following implant removal and debridement of each bone, a 71 mm segmental femoral defect and a 27 mm segmental radial defect were present. A commercially available cylindrical titanium mesh cage was filled with ß-tricalcium phosphate crystals mixed with an equal volume of autogenous cancellous bone graft. The mesh cage was aligned with the proximal and distal parts of each bone using an intramedullary pin passing through the cage, and a locking plate was applied to the proximal and distal fracture fragments to produce compression against the titanium cage. The dog had a successful long-term clinical outcome, and radiographic examination at 22 and 63 weeks after surgery showed the formation of remodelling bridging callus that was continuous across the titanium cage in each of the fractures. Due to the relative simplicity of the technique and the favourable outcome in this case, it should be considered an option when managing comminuted fractures with large bone defects.
Peptide-Specific, TCR-α–Driven, Coreceptor-Independent Negative Selection in TCR α-Chain Transgenic Mice
Authors: Furmanski Anna L. , Bartok Istvan , Chai Jian-Guo , Singh Yogesh , Ferreira Cristina , Scott Diane , Holland Stephen J. , Bourdeaux Christophe , Crompton Tessa , Dyson Julian
Published: December 2009

As thymocytes differentiate, Ag sensitivity declines, with immature CD4−CD8− double-negative (DN) cells being most susceptible to TCR signaling events. We show that expression of αβTCR from the DN3 stage lowers the threshold for activation, allowing recognition of MHC peptides independently of the TCR β-chain and without either T cell coreceptor. The MHC class I-restricted C6 TCR recognizes the Y-chromosome–derived Ag HYKkSmcy. Positive selection in C6 αβTCR females is skewed to the CD8 compartment, whereas transgenic male mice exhibit early clonal deletion of thymocytes. We investigated the effect of the HYKkSmcy complex on developing thymocytes expressing the C6 TCR α-chain on a TCR-α−/− background. On the original selecting haplotype, the skew to the CD8 lineage is preserved. This is MHC dependent, as the normal bias to the CD4 subset is seen on an H2b background. In male H2k C6 α-only mice, the presence of the HYKkSmcy complex leads to a substantial deletion of thymocytes from the DN subset. This phenotype is replicated in H2k C6 α-only female mice expressing an Smcy transgene. Deletion is not dependent on the β variable segment of the C6 TCR or on a restricted TCR-β repertoire. In contrast, binding of HYKkSmcy and Ag-specific activation of mature CD8+ T cells is strictly dependent on the original C6 β-chain. These data demonstrate that, in comparison with mature T cells, αβTCR+ immature thymocytes can recognize and transduce signals in response to specific MHC-peptide complexes with relaxed binding requirements.
Health Seeking Behavior after Fever Onset in a Malaria-Endemic Area of Malawi
Authors: Mota Ruben E. Mujica , Lara Antonieta Medina , Kunkwenzu Esthery D. , Lalloo David G.
Published: December 2009

Informal sources of care may lead to ineffective use of antimalarial drugs. A survey conducted in Malawi estimated the frequency of use of informal and formal services, medications, and household costs. A total of 508 household interviews were conducted. Treatment with an antimalarial was reported in 24% of young children accessing the informal sector and in 91% accessing formal services. Informal care was associated with shorter travel and waiting times, a lower proportion of carers or feverish adults missing work or studies and losing earnings, and a lower proportion of older children missing studies or work. Total out of pocket costs of fever episodes constitutes between 9% and 14% in young children and 18% in adults of their total available resources. Patients may perceive informal services to be associated with opportunity cost advantages; however, these may be associated with health risks of inadequate prescribing, particularly in young children.
Beyond Nature and Nurture: Phenotypic Plasticity in Blood-Feeding Behavior of Anopheles gambiae s.s. When Humans Are Not Readily Accessible
Authors: Lefèvre Thierry , Gouagna Louis-Clément , Dabiré Kounbrobr Roch , Elguero Eric , Fontenille Didier , Renaud François , Costantini Carlo , Thomas Frédéric
Published: December 2009

To test for the effects of host accessibility on blood-feeding behavior, we assessed degrees of anthropophily of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae at two stages of the behavioral sequence of host foraging, in a rice growing area near Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, where humans are not readily accessible because of years of generalized use of (mostly non-impregnated) bed nets. First, patterns of host selection were assessed by the identification of the blood meal origin of indoor-resting samples. Inherent host preferences were then determined by two odor-baited entry traps, set side by side in a choice arrangement, releasing either human or calf odor. The proportion of feeds taken on humans was around 40%, whereas 88% of trapped An. gambiae “chose” the human-baited trap, indicating a zoophilic pattern of host selection despite a stronger trap entry response with human odor. This paradox can be interpreted as the evolution of a plastic strategy of feeding behavior in this field population of An. gambiae because of the greater accessibility of readily available, although less-preferred, hosts.
Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax Infections in the Peruvian Amazon: Propagation of Complex, Multiple Allele-Type Infections without Super-Infection
Authors: Sutton Patrick L. , Neyra Victor , Hernandez Jean N. , Branch OraLee H.
Published: December 2009

Outcrossing potential between Plasmodium parasites is defined by the population-level diversity (PLD) and complexity of infection (COI). There have been few studies of PLD and COI in low transmission regions. Since the 1995–1998 Peruvian Amazon epidemic, there has been sustained transmission with < 0.5 P. falciparum and < 1.6 P. vivax infections/person/year. Using weekly active case detection, we described PLD by heterozygosity (He) and COI using P. falciparum Pfmsp1-B2 and P. vivax Pvmsp3α. Not being homologous genes, we limited comparisons to within species. P. falciparum (N = 293) had low (He = 0.581) and P. vivax (N = 186) had high (He = 0.845) PLD. A total of 9.5% P. falciparum infections and 26.3% P. vivax infections had COI > 1. Certain allele types were in more mixed infections than expected by chance. The few appearances of new alleles could be explained by stochastic polymerase chain reaction detection or synchronization/sequestration. The results suggest propagation of mixed infections by multiple inocula, not super-infection, implying decade-long opportunity for outcrossing in these mixed infections.
Land Use and Land Cover Changes and Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Anopheline Larval Habitats during a Four-Year Period in a Highland Community of Africa
Authors: Munga Stephen , Yakob Laith , Mushinzimana Emmanuel , Zhou Guofa , Ouna Tom , Minakawa Noboru , Githeko Andrew , Yan Guiyun
Published: December 2009

Spatial and temporal variations in the distribution of anopheline larval habitats and land use and land cover (LULC) changes can influence malaria transmission intensity. This information is important for understanding the environmental determinants of malaria transmission heterogeneity, and it is critical to the study of the effects of environmental changes on malaria transmission. In this study, we investigated the spatial and temporal variations in the distribution of anopheline larval habitats and LULC changes in western Kenya highlands over a 4-year period. Anopheles gambiae complex larvae were mainly confined to valley bottoms during both the dry and wet seasons. Although An. gambiae larvae were located in man-made habitats where riparian forests and natural swamps had been cleared, Anopheles funestus larvae were mainly found in permanent habitats in pastures. The association between land cover type and occurrence of anopheline larvae was statistically significant. The distribution of anopheline positive habitats varied significantly between months, during the survey. In 2004, the mean density of An. gambiae was significantly higher during the month of May, whereas the density of An. funestus peaked significantly in February. Over the study period, major LULC changes occurred mostly in the valley bottoms. Overall, farmland increased by 3.9%, whereas both pastures and natural swamps decreased by 8.9% and 20.9%, respectively. The area under forest cover was decreased by 5.8%. Land-use changes in the study area are favorable to An. gambiae larval development, thereby risking a more widespread distribution of malaria vector habitats and potentially increasing malaria transmission in western Kenya highlands.
Congenital Chagas Disease: Estimating the Potential Risk in the United States
Authors: Yadon Zaida E. , Schmunis Gabriel A.
Published: December 2009

Economic hardship and/or political turmoil stimulated migration of Trypanosoma cruzi–infected population from Latin American countries to the United States and Europe; originating cases of Chagas disease were transmitted through blood, organ donation, and vertical transmission. Hispanic immigrant women of reproductive age in the United States coming from Chagas disease–endemic countries accounted for 2,384,644, and 5,841,538 in 1990 and 2000, respectively. Considering the prevalence rates for T. cruzi infection in their country of origin and the risk of newborns from infected mothers to acquire congenital infection as 1.33% and 5%, we estimated that the number of T. cruzi–infected newborns was 85–318 in 1990 and 166–638 in 2000. Diagnosis of infection in the mother and newborns at risk is needed. A high rate of cure is achieved, almost 100%, when the offspring is treated early. Health authorities, professional associations, physicians, and Hispanic groups should pay more attention to the subject.
Contribution of Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction to Follow-Up of Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients Treated with Meglumine Antimoniate
Authors: Aoun Karim , Chouihi Emira , Amri Fethi , Alaya Nissaf Ben , Raies Ali , Mary Charles , Bouratbine Aida
Published: December 2009

Forty-two patients with visceral leishmaniasis in Tunisia were treated with meglumine antimoniate and followed-up for clinical improvement and blood parasite load determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Parasite loads before treatment ranged from 27 to 5.3 × 107 parasites/mL. At the end of treatment, parasite load decreased significantly in 39 cured patients (P < 0.001). The decrease in parasite load after treatment was greater than 99% for 34 patients and PCR results became negative in 23 of them. Two patients without clinical improvement showed no or slight decreases in parasite load (209 versus 202 parasites/mL and 1,765 versus 146 parasites/mL). One patient showed had a relapse seven months after showing a good response to treatment. His parasitemia remained high despite a sharp decrease (5.2 × 105 versus 5.9 × 103 parasites/mL).
Loa loa Microfilarial Periodicity in Ivermectin-Treated Patients: Comparison Between Those Developing and Those Free of Serious Adverse Events
Authors: Kamgno Joseph , Pion Sébastien D. , Mackenzie Charles D. , Thylefors Björn , Boussinesq Michel
Published: December 2009

The main risk factor of post-ivermectin serious adverse events (SAEs) is the presence of a high Loa loa microfilaremia. However, the majority of patients with such high loads do not develop SAEs, suggesting that co-factors may be involved. An infection with simian Loa parasites, whose microfilariae show a nocturnal periodicity, might be such a co-factor. The periodicity of Loa microfilariae was compared, using cosinor methodology, in 4 patients who had developed a post-ivermectin neurologic SAE, 4 patients who had experienced a non-neurologic SAE, and 14 control individuals. The periodicity was similar in all three groups, with a peak of microfilaremia occurring between 12:30 and 2:00 pm. The results of this study, which for the first time characterizes the periodicity of Loa microfilariae mathematically, suggest that post-ivermectin SAEs are not related to an infection with a Loa simian strain.
High Levels of Plasmodium falciparum Rosetting in All Clinical Forms of Severe Malaria in African Children
Authors: Doumbo Ogobara K. , Thera Mahamadou A. , Koné Abdoulaye K. , Raza Ahmed , Tempest Louisa J. , Lyke Kirsten E. , Plowe Christopher V. , Rowe J. Alexandra
Published: December 2009

Plasmodium falciparum rosetting (the spontaneous binding of infected erythrocytes to uninfected erythrocytes) is a well-recognized parasite virulence factor. However, it is currently unclear whether rosetting is associated with all clinical forms of severe malaria, or only with specific syndromes such as cerebral malaria. We investigated the relationship between rosetting and clinical malaria in 209 Malian children enrolled in a case-control study of severe malaria. Rosetting was significantly higher in parasite isolates from severe malaria cases compared with non-severe hyperparasitemia and uncomplicated malaria controls (F2,117 = 8.15, P < 0.001). Analysis of sub-categories of severe malaria (unrousable coma, severe anemia, non-comatose neurological impairment, repeated seizures or a small heterogeneous group with signs of renal failure or jaundice) showed high levels of rosetting in all sub-categories, and no statistically significant differences in rosetting between sub-categories (F4,67 = 1.28, P = 0.28). Thus rosetting may contribute to the pathogenesis of all severe malaria syndromes in African children, and interventions to disrupt rosetting could be potential adjunctive therapies for all forms of severe malaria in Africa.
Novel Cinchona‐Aminobenzimidazole Bifunctional Organocatalysts
Authors: Zhang Lei , Lee Myoung‐Mo , Lee Soo‐Mi , Lee Jihye , Cheng Maosheng , Jeong Byeong‐Seon , Park Hyeung‐geun , Jew Sang‐sup
Published: December 2009

Efficient Cinchona‐derived chiral 2‐aminobenzimidazole catalysts were prepared by the coupling of 5,7‐bis(trifluoromethyl)‐2‐chlorobenzimidazole with C(9S)‐aminodihydroquinine or C(9R)‐aminodihydroquinidine and successively applied to the Michael addition of dimethyl malonate to nitroolefins as very efficient chiral Lewis acid bifunctional organocatalysts (up to >99% ee).
Impact of recycling stillage on conversion of dilute sulfuric acid pretreated corn stover to ethanol
Authors: Mohagheghi Ali , Schell Daniel J.
Published: December 2009

Both the current corn starch to ethanol industry and the emerging lignocellulosic biofuels industry view recycling of spent fermentation broth or stillage as a method to reduce fresh water use. The objective of this study was to understand the impact of recycling stillage on conversion of corn stover to ethanol. Sugars in a dilute‐acid pretreated corn stover hydrolysate were fermented to ethanol by the glucose–xylose fermenting bacteria Zymomonas mobilis 8b. Three serial fermentations were performed at two different initial sugar concentrations using either 10% or 25% of the stillage as makeup water for the next fermentation in the series. Serial fermentations were performed to achieve near steady state concentration of inhibitors and other compounds in the corn stover hydrolysate. Little impact on ethanol yields was seen at sugar concentrations equivalent to pretreated corn stover slurry at 15% (w/w) with 10% recycle of the stillage. However, ethanol yields became progressively poorer as the sugar concentration increased and fraction of the stillage recycled increased. At an equivalent corn stover slurry concentration of 20% with 25% recycled stillage the ethanol yield was only 5%. For this microorganism with dilute‐acid pretreated corn stover, recycling a large fraction of the stillage had a significant negative impact on fermentation performance. Although this finding is of concern for biochemical‐based lignocellulose conversion processes, other microorganism/pretreatment technology combinations will likely perform differently. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;105: 992–996. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Ab initio Search for Global Minimum Structures of the Novel B3Hy (y‐= 4—7) Neutral and Anionic Clusters.
Authors: Olson Jared K. , Boldyrev Alexander I.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural, Mechanical, and Electronic Properties of TaB2, TaB, IrB2, and IrB: First‐Principle Calculations.
Authors: Zhao Wen Jie , Wang Yuan Xu
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure Determination of Two Modulated γ‐Brass Structures in the Zn—Pd System Through a (3 + 1)‐Dimensional Space Description.
Authors: Gourdon Olivier , Izaola Zunbeltz , Elcoro Luis , Petricek Vaclav , Miller Gordon J.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Composition and Structure of Polynuclear Chromium(III) Hydroxo Complexes.
Authors: Torapava Natallia , Radkevich Artsiom , Davydov Dmitri , Titov Andrei , Persson Ingmar
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Michael Addition of Malononitrile to Chalcones Catalyzed by a Simple Quinine—Al(OiPr)3 Complex: A Simple Method for the Synthesis of a Chiral 4H‐Pyran Derivative.
Authors: Shi Jian , Wang Min , He Ling , Zheng Ke , Liu Xiaohua , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Fluorination Methods Using Continuous‐Flow Microreactors.
Authors: Baumann Marcus , Baxendale Ian R. , Martin Laetitia J. , Ley Steven V.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Azidation of β‐Carbonyl Lactones and Lactams.
Authors: Kashinath Dhurke , Budin Ghyslain , Baati Rachid , Meunier Stephane , Wagner Alain
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of Tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene‐11‐one and Diazabenzo[a]anthracene‐9,11‐dione Derivatives under Solvent Free Condition.
Authors: Nandi Ganesh Chandra , Samai Subhasis , Kumar Ram , Singh M. S.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkylation of Ethanolamines: An Approach to a Novel Class of Functional Surfactants.
Authors: Mishra Bijay K. , Mukherjee Partha , Dash Sukalyan , Patel Sabita , Pati Hari N.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Introduction of Allyl and Prenyl Side‐Chains into Aromatic Systems by Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Gerbino Dario C. , Mandolesi Sandra D. , Schmalz Hans‐Guenther , Podesta Julio C.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Chemoselective Nickel‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Cross‐Trimerization of Three Distinct Alkynes Leading to 1,3‐Dien‐5‐ynes.
Authors: Ogata Kenichi , Sugasawa Jun , Fukuzawa Shin‐ichi
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Fe(ClO4)3·6H2O: A Mild and Efficient Catalyst for One‐Pot Three Component Synthesis of β‐Acetamido Carbonyl Compounds under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Heravi Majid M. , Behbahani Farahnaz K. , Daraie Mansoureh , Oskooie Hossein A.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective and Diastereoselective Hydrogenation of β‐Ketoenamides: Efficient Access to anti 1,3‐Amino Alcohols
Authors: Geng Huiling , Zhang Weicheng , Chen Jian , Hou Guohua , Zhou Le , Zou Yaping , Wu Wenjun , Zhang Xumu
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Thionation and Selenation of Amides Using Elemental Sulfur and Selenium and Hydrochlorosilanes in the Presence of Amines.
Authors: Shibahara Fumitoshi , Sugiura Rie , Murai Toshiaki
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of Phthalic Acid Derivatives via Three Component Coupling Reaction of Ethyl β‐Arylcrotonate, DMF.DMA and DMAD.
Authors: Prakash Chandran , Babu Radhakrishnan Suresh , Mohanakrishnan Arasambattu K. , Arulmani Manavalan , Kalaichelvan P. Thangavelu
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Epoxides Catalyzed by a Halide‐Free Reaction‐Controlled Phase‐Transfer Catalytic System: [(CH3(CH2)17)2N (CH3)2]3[PW4O32] /H2O2/Dioxan/Olefin.
Authors: Ding Yong , Ma Baochun , Tong Dejie , Han Hui , Zhao Wei
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Asymmetric trans‐Selective Aziridination of Diazoacetamides and N‐Boc‐imines Catalyzed by Chiral Broensted Acids.
Authors: Zeng Xiaofei , Zeng Xin , Xu Zhenjiang , Lu Min , Zhong Guofu
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Alternative Coupling Reaction with Unactivated Furan Derivatives.
Authors: Giroux Marc‐Andre , Guerard Kimiaka C. , Beaulieu Marc‐Andre , Sabot Cyrille , Canesi Sylvain
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Domino Reactions of (Z,Z)‐2,2′‐Thiobis(1,3‐diarylprop‐2‐en‐1‐ones) with Acetylacetone and Ethyl Acetoacetate: Stereoselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Dihydrofurans.
Authors: Vinosha Beer Mohamed , Renuga Subbiah , Gnanadeebam Michael , Perumal Subbu , Lycka Antonin
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bis‐ and Mono(amidate) Complexes of Yttrium: Synthesis, Characterization, and Use as Precatalysts for the Hydroamination of Aminoalkenes.
Authors: Stanlake Louisa J. E. , Schafer Laurel L.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Carbonylation: Selective and Efficient Synthesis of Succinimides.
Authors: Driller Katrin Marie , Klein Holger , Jackstell Ralf , Beller Matthias
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.