bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Copyright Law and Subjectivity—A Relational Approach
Authors: Meese James
Published: September 2018

This chapter introduces the book’s theoretical approach to relationality and subjectivity and makes a case for studying the author, user and pirate collectively. It goes on to situate this position within a wider body of interdisciplinary literature, addressing key debates in scholarship around copyright law. I then detail the benefits of taking a relational approach, suggesting that it offers a more accurate account of how copyright law is currently constructed and responds to the conceptual uncertainty underpinning copyright. The chapter ends with a brief outline of the rest of the book.
Creative Practice and Relational Authorship
Authors: Meese James
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses copyright’s inability to accurately identify authorship, use and infringement and explores how different creative industries come to their own understanding about how these practices are governed and managed. Through a study of sampling, music licensing and the production of contemporary art, I detail these governance and management practices and discuss what happens when copyright struggles with relational interactions. I end the chapter by suggesting that understanding authorship as a brand could potentially help to manage these tensions, while also suggesting that policy narratives around copyright law and its relationship with creative industries needs to change in recognition of these difficulties.
Locating the User and Reforming Law
Authors: Meese James
Published: September 2018

The fourth chapter begins with a detailed consideration of recent user focussed reforms in the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia and focuses specifically on the user generated content provision in Canada. An analysis of the provision reveals the impossibility of maintaining a coherent separation of subjects in copyright law and identifies a clear relational interaction between authorship and use, which this provision enacts (albeit in a limited fashion). The chapter then considers the professionalization of YouTube and suggests that various forms of amateur media and user-generated content are looking increasingly more “authorial” in their tenor. I then go on to reflect on how a series of digital and physical intermediaries attempt to work within the boundaries of the user subject, and discuss how various jurisdictions have either refused or accepted this proposed interpellation.
Reimagining the Pirate: Approaching Infringement Relationally
Authors: Meese James
Published: September 2018

The fifth chapter outlines how the pirate could be viewed relationally and explains how potentially infringing acts can be reinterpreted as innovative and lead to the production of new knowledge. It also reflects on the broader cultural contexts in which relationality operates through a discussion of the Stop Online Piracy Act and Protect IP Act protests. These protests argued that western citizens should be viewed as user-pirates and deferred the label of pirate to actors in the Global South. The chapter concludes by stating that while the pirate is often institutionally and discursively constrained, any act of piracy will reveal both an element of “use” and a latent authorial capacity.
Conclusion
Authors: Meese James
Published: September 2018

The conclusion begins by outlining the contributions the book has made to the literature, namely its identification of the socio-legal construction of relational subjectivity and the substantial theorization of relationality. In addition to these scholarly contributions, the book challenges simplistic policy narratives about copyright law and explains how it contributes to studies of media industries through its examination of how changes in media consumption, distribution and convergence helped to embed relationality in the broader media environment. The conclusion ends by suggesting that a greater attentiveness to algorithmic processes, better evidence around the role and function of copyright as well as more thought around the conceptual basis for copyright would contribute to a better understanding of the author, user and pirate in law.
Families at Play
Authors: Siyahhan Sinem , Gee Elisabeth
Published: September 2018

Video games have a bad reputation in the mainstream media. They are blamed for encouraging social isolation, promoting violence, and creating tensions between parents and children. In this book, Sinem Siyahhan and Elisabeth Gee offer another view. They show that video games can be a tool for connection, not isolation, creating opportunities for families to communicate and learn together. Siyahhan and Gee offer examples of how video games, like smartphones, Skype, and social media, help families stay connected. Further, they describe how families express their feelings and share their experiences and understanding of the world through playing video games like Sims, Civilization, and Minecraft. When designed intentionally to support families, video games can also create conversations around such real-world issues and sensitive topics as bullying and peer pressure. Siyahhan and Gee draw on a decade of research to look at how learning and teaching take place when families play video games together. With video games, they argue, the parents are not necessarily the teachers and experts; all family members can be both teachers and learners. They suggest video games can help families form, develop, and sustain their learning culture as well as develop skills that are valued in the twenty-first century workplace. Finally, Siyahhan and Gee share recommendations for educators and game designers who are interested in supporting intergenerational play around video games.
Family Learning and Video Games
Authors: Siyahhan Sinem , Gee Elisabeth
Published: September 2018

The family environment is an important social context where learning takes place for adults and children of all ages, and perhaps the only context in which participation occurs over a life-span. In this social context, playing games has always been one of many activities family members do individually and together that engages them in learning. In this chapter, we offer a broad perspective on learning and discuss how games of all sorts can provide opportunities for learning, and how families can take more advantage of these potential learning experiences.
Understanding Oneself, Each Other, and the World
Authors: Siyahhan Sinem , Gee Elisabeth
Published: September 2018

What is it about “play” that makes it a powerful context for developing a family identity and fostering social ties? In this chapter, we discuss how play supports families in expressing their feelings, sharing experiences, developing understanding, and making sense of the world around them. We describe playing games as an opportunity space in that they provide opportunities for thinking through what one values, desires, and cares about in the real world, and becomes a context for identity in the making. We demonstrate how families around Sims and intentionally designed video games for families support the construction, negotiation, and enactment of family and individual identities in non-threatening and playful ways between parents and adolescent children.
Developing a Learning Culture through Gaming
Authors: Siyahhan Sinem , Gee Elisabeth
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, we expand upon Seymour Papert’s notion of “learning culture”. Specifically, we describe how the traditional expert-novice relationship between parents and children has changed over the last decade with children taking the role of an expert when it comes to technology. We propose that successful participation in 21st century for children starts with collaborative intergenerational experiences at home around technology, and video gaming in particular is a promising context for parents and children to work as partners and develop the dispositions that can be “transfer” to other contexts (e.g. workplace).
Designing for Intergenerational Play
Authors: Siyahhan Sinem , Gee Elisabeth
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, we bring everything together and provide guidance on how educators and game designers can facilitate productive family engagement around video games. We discuss activity structures we designed and tested in after school and home environments that help connect school, home, and community learning. We also draw upon two design-based research projects to examine how to develop video games for families that expand the current definition of “family-friendly games.”
Mapping Well-Being
Authors: Lomas Tim
Published: September 2018

This chapter sets out the theoretical foundations of the book. It begins by introducing a cartographic theory of language, suggesting that words enable us to map our world. However, drawing on the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, it argues that cultures map the world in different ways – influencing how people experience and understand the world – as revealed most starkly by untranslatable words. The chapter argues that engaging with such words can be very useful – for academia and for people in general – as they can help us to refine our maps, facilitating a more nuanced and detailed appraisal of life. It concludes by introducing the research project upon which the book is based, Tim Lomas’ evolving ‘positive cross-cultural lexicography’ of untranslatable words pertaining to wellbeing. In doing so, the chapter explains the analytic process that constitutes the substance of the book, and introduces the resulting theoretical framework of wellbeing, featuring three basic dimensions: feelings, relationships, and personal development. These dimensions – which respectively represent the main ways in which wellbeing is experienced, influenced, and cultivated – are then explored in turn over the next three chapters.
Feelings
Authors: Lomas Tim
Published: September 2018

This chapter outlines the first of the three meta-categories that together constitute the theory of wellbeing presented in the book. Its focus is feelings (encompassing not only emotions, but qualia more broadly), which constitute the main way in which wellbeing is experienced. This meta-category is formed of two subsidiary categories, positive feelings (i.e., states of pleasure) and ambivalent feelings (i.e., involving a dialectical mixture of light and dark qualities). These in turn are woven together from multiple themes, identified through the analysis of untranslatable words. The category of positive feelings comprises seven broad themes: peace and calm; contentment and satisfaction; savouring and appreciation; cosiness and homeliness; revelry and fun; joy and euphoria; and bliss and nirvāṇa. In addition, wellbeing was found to also involve a range of more ambivalent feelings, featuring five main themes: hope and anticipation; longing; pathos; appreciation of imperfection; and sensitivity to mystery. Together, these categories and themes cover the spectrum of feelings involved in wellbeing.
Relationships
Authors: Lomas Tim
Published: September 2018

This chapter outlines the second of the three meta-categories that together constitute the theory of wellbeing presented in the book. Its focus is relationships, which constitute the main way in which wellbeing is influenced. This meta-category comprises two subsidiary categories, love (i.e., close bonds with select others), and prosociality (connections with people ‘in general’). These in turn are woven together from multiple themes, identified through the analysis of untranslatable words. With love, 14 different types were identified, which were grouped into four main themes: non-personal (e.g., for objects); caring (e.g., for family members); romantic (e.g., for one’s ‘partner’); and transcendent (e.g., for a spiritual figure). With prosociality, five main themes were found: socialising and congregating; morals and ethics; compassion and kindness; interaction and communication; and communality. Together, these categories and themes cover the diverse ways in which relationships can contribute to wellbeing.
Development
Authors: Lomas Tim
Published: September 2018

This chapter outlines the third of the three meta-categories that together constitute the theory of wellbeing presented in the book. Its focus is personal development, which constitutes the main way in which wellbeing is cultivated. This meta-category comprises two subsidiary categories: character (e.g., flourishing and fulfilling one’s potential); and spirituality (e.g., reaching higher states and stages of development through spiritual practice). These categories in turn are woven together from multiple themes, identified through the analysis of untranslatable words. Character was found to involve five interrelated themes: virtue; considerateness; wisdom; self-determination; and skill. The inclusion of spirituality reflects the notion, found in many cultures, that to truly reach the peaks of development, it necessary to experience or cultivate some mode of spirituality. The analysis suggested this involves three key elements: the sacred (as variously conceived); contemplative practices (as a means of engaging with it); and self-transcendence (as a result of such practices). Together, these categories and themes show the ways in which wellbeing can be cultivated through processes of personal development.
A Map of Well-Being
Authors: Lomas Tim
Published: September 2018

This concluding chapter summarises the analysis presented in the preceding chapters, and charts a path for the lexicography project to take over the coming years. The chapter begins by distilling the core features of the three meta-categories that together form the overarching theory of wellbeing introduced here, representing the main ways it is experienced (feelings), influenced (relationships), and cultivated (development). In a spirit of reflexivity, it is acknowledged that the analysis in the book has its limitations, including being influenced by the situatedness of the author. However, it is argued that these very limitations can provide the basis for a future research agenda. It is anticipated that this could have two main strands: an empirical strand (aimed at improving the lexicography), and an applied strand (involving initiatives to help people cultivate familiarity with the phenomena signified by the words). Together, these two strands will allow the potential of the lexicography to be fully realised and harnessed in the years ahead.
Nonconceptual Self-Consciousness and Cognitive Science
Authors: Bermúdez José Luis
Published: September 2018

Taking as point of departure a paradox (the paradox of self-consciousness) that appears to block philosophical elucidation of self-consciousness, this paper illustrates how highly conceptual forms of self-consciousness emerge from a rich foundation of nonconceptual forms of self-awareness. Attention is paid in particular to the primitive forms of nonconceptual self-consciousness manifested in visual perception, somatic proprioception, spatial reasoning and interpersonal psychological interactions. The study of these primitive forms of self-consciousness is an interdisciplinary enterprise and the paper considers a range of points of contact where philosophical work can illuminate work in the cognitive sciences, and vice versa.
The Elusiveness Thesis, Immunity to Error through Misidentification, and Privileged Access
Authors: Bermúdez José Luis
Published: September 2018

Two ideas have played a prominent role in philosophical discussions of self-knowledge. The first is the idea that we enjoy introspective ways of finding out about ourselves are fundamentally different from our ways of finding out about ordinary physical objects and other psychological subjects. The second is the idea (Hume’s elusiveness thesis) that when we find out about our own properties through introspection we are not acquainted with any object whose properties they are. It is natural to think that these two ideas are related – and, in particular, that it is (at least partly) because we do not encounter the self as an object in introspection that the knowledge of the self gained through introspection is epistemically privileged. This paper explores this idea in the context of awareness of one’s own body in proprioception and in ordinary perceptual awareness.
The Phenomenology of Bodily Awareness
Authors: Bermúdez José Luis
Published: September 2018

There is an interesting dialectic between discussions of bodily awareness in the phenomenological tradition and in contemporary philosophy of mind and scientific psychology. It shows, with particular reference to Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenology of Perception, how phenomenological insights into bodily awareness and its role in agency can be developed and illuminated by research into somatic proprioception and motor control. The paper presents a taxonomy of different types and levels of bodily awareness and presents a model of the spatiality of bodily awareness that explains some of the fundamental differences that Merleau-Ponty identified between our experience of our bodies and our experience of non-bodily objects. The key to these differences is that bodily locations are given on a non-Cartesian frame of reference. The final section shows how this way of thinking about the phenomenology of bodily awareness has interesting and fruitful connections with current thinking about motor control.
Bodily Ownership, Bodily Awareness, and Knowledge without Observation
Authors: Bermúdez José Luis
Published: September 2018

Fredérique de Vignemont has argued that there is a positive quale of bodily ownership. She thinks that tactile and other forms of somatosensory phenomenology incorporate a distinctive feeling of myness and takes issue with my defense in Bermúdez of a deflationary approach to bodily ownership. That paper proposed an argument deriving from Elizabeth Anscombe’s various discussions of what she terms knowledge without observation. De Vignemont is not convinced and appeals to the Rubber Hand Illusion to undercut my appeal to Anscombe. Section 1 of this article restates the case against the putative quale of ownership. Section 2 explains why de Vignemonts’ objections miss the mark. Section 3 discusses in more detail how to draw a principled distinction between bodily awareness and ordinary perceptual awareness.
Bodily Ownership, Psychological Ownership, and Psychopathology
Authors: Bermúdez José Luis
Published: September 2018

Debates about bodily ownership and psychological ownership have typically proceeded independently of each other. This paper explores the relation between them, with particular reference to how each is illuminated by psychopathology. I propose a general framework for studying ownership that is applicable both to bodily ownership (φ‎-ownership) and psychological ownership (ψ‎-ownership). The framework proposes studying ownership by starting with explicit judgments of ownership and then exploring the bases for those judgments. Section 3 discusses John Campbell’s account of ψ‎-ownership in the light of that general framework, emphasizing in particular his fractionation (inspired by schizophrenic delusions) of ψ‎-ownership into two dissociable components. Section 4 briefly presents an account of φ‎-ownership that I have developed in more detail elsewhere. Section 5 explores the suggestion, originating with Alexandre Billon, that there needs to be an integrated account of φ‎-ownership and ψ‎-ownership because depersonalization disorders typically involve breakdowns of both φ‎-ownership and ψ‎-ownership. The argument from depersonalization is not compelling, but section 6 proposes a different way of reaching the same conclusion. Section 7 shows how reflecting on agency and practical reasoning offers a common thread between the models of φ‎-ownership and ψ‎-ownership discussed earlier in the paper.
The Bodily Self, Commonsense Psychology, and the Springs of Action
Authors: Bermúdez José Luis
Published: September 2018

Philosophers and cognitive scientists typically take the springs of action to be beliefs, desires, and other propositional attitudes, with the general idea being that action is caused by desires (or comparable pro-attitudes), guided by belief (or comparable information states). This dominant way of thinking about the springs of action goes hand in hand with the idea that we navigate the social world by tacitly applying a conceptual understanding of how beliefs, desires, and other propositional attitudes work. This paper puts pressure on both guiding ideas. First, it points toward ways of thinking about the springs of action that do not engage the propositional attitudes. There often seems to be a lack of fit between our best models of the representations that generate behavior and the model of representation built into propositional attitude psychology. Evidence for this lack of fit comes from range of sources, from neural network modeling to detailed studies of action control and perceptual processing. Second, and correlatively, I explore tools for achieving social understanding and social coordination that bypass the propositional attitudes. These range from direct perception of emotions to game-theoretic heuristics (such as TIT-FOR-TAT in the iterated prisoner’s dilemma) and what AI theorists terms scripts and frames.
Representations
Authors: Wiberg Mikael
Published: September 2018

Computing, and human interaction with these computational machines, has commonly been thought of as a kind of abstract activity where we manipulate digital objects on glossy screens. It is abstract in the sense that it is hands-on in terms of working with the computer, but still abstract in terms of how that work is to a great extent about arranging and re-arrange ‘painted bits’, click on virtual ‘buttons’, and about processing symbols, work with representations, and even store and access data in ‘the cloud’. How can all of this be even remotely related to materials? And does it really make sense to talk about the materiality of interaction in the context of human-computer interaction (HCI) and interaction design? In short, is materiality really a concern for interaction design? And accordingly, is it meaningful to talk about the materiality of interaction? In this chapter I dwell into these essential questions for interaction design. I do so by revisiting some examples from the early days of computing, and through one such historical backdrop I illustrate how computing was in its early days enabled through material configurations, and how we since then have tried to uphold various distinctions between the material and the immaterial, between the physical and the digital, between the virtual and the real (most recently in the current debate about skeuomorphic versus non-skeuomorphic design), and how computing has always been, and will continue to be a material concern.
The Material Turn
Authors: Wiberg Mikael
Published: September 2018

No matter if we think about interaction design as a design tradition aimed at giving form to the interaction with computational objects, or if we think about interaction design as being simply about user interface design it is hard to escape the fact that the user interface to a large extent defines the scene and the form of the interaction. Without adopting a fully deterministic perspective here it is still a fact that if the user interface is screen-based and graphical and the input modality is mouse-based, then it is likely that the form of that interaction, that is what the turn-taking looks like and what is demanded by the user, is very similar to other screen-based interfaces with similar input devices. However, the design space for the form of interaction is growing fast. While command-based interfaces and text-based interfaces sort of defined the whole design space in the 1970s, the development since then, including novel ways of bringing sensors, actuators, and smart materials to the user interface has certainly opened up for a broader design space for interaction design. But it is not only the range of materials that has been extended over the last few decades, but we have also moved through a number of form paradigms for interaction design. With this as a point of departure I will in this chapter reflect on how we have moved from early days of command-based user interfaces, via the use of metaphors in the design of graphical user interfaces (GUIs), towards ways of interacting with the computer via tangible user interfaces (TUIs). Further on, I will describe how this movement towards TUIs was a first step away from building user interfaces based on representations and metaphors and a first step towards material interactions.
Designing across Substrates
Authors: Wiberg Mikael
Published: September 2018

Is interaction design a single material design tradition? In the same way as other areas of craftsmanship have had this single material focus (including knitting, woodcraft, or smiths working with iron) we can ask if interaction design as an area of craftsmanship can be said to be about digital materials as the “single material” of interaction design? At a first glance it is temping to say yes here, not at least if we review the total outcome interaction design projects we can probably say that 99.9% of all interaction design projects are screen-based, and maybe even web-based. Further on, all these projects are made out of code and even the tools, including the programming languages, the scripts and the code compilators are made of digital materials (ultimately bits). In this chapter I take a point of departure in a material-centered approach to interaction design. In particular and in setting out to take a material stance in the construction of an approach to interaction design I ask if contemporary interaction design is restrained to only one material, hence this introduction to this chapter.
Interactive Compositions
Authors: Wiberg Mikael
Published: September 2018

Interaction design is a relational practice where interaction designers bring together many different materials into compositions that in return enable particular forms of interaction. However, and even though interaction design is about the design of interaction, interaction as this act that unfolds between a user and a digital artifact cannot be completely “pre-designed” in terms of fully controlled from a design point of view. Users might use a piece of technology as intended, but sometimes technologies are also used in unintended ways. Therefore, what the interaction designer can do is not to design the interaction, but to design good preconditions for a particular form of interaction, a particular materiality. When this materiality is used during acts of interaction we can refer to this intertwined relation of interaction enabled by, and performed with and through material configurations as the materiality of interaction. Clearly there are many aspects and dimensions to take into account when designing interaction (an in addition to thinking about how to materialize its intended form), so in this chapter I present a set of ideas for how an interaction designer can think about, and do, compositional and material-centered interaction design.
The Adventure
Authors: Agamben Giorgio
Published: September 2018

This book charts a journey that ranges from poems of chivalry to philosophy, from Yvain to Hegel, from Beatrice to Heidegger. An ancient legend identifies Demon, Chance, Love, and Necessity as the four gods who preside over the birth of every human being. We must all pay tribute to these deities and should not try to elude or dupe them. To accept them, the book suggests, is to live one's life as an adventure—not in the trivial sense of the term, with lightness and disenchantment, but with the understanding that adventure, as a specific way of being, is the most profound experience in our human existence. The four gods of legend are joined at the end by a goddess, the most elusive and mysterious of all: Elpis, Hope. In Greek mythology, Hope remains in Pandora's box, not because it postpones its fulfillment to an invisible beyond but because somehow it has always been already satisfied. Here, the book presents Hope as the ultimate gift of the human adventure on Earth.
Aventure
Authors: Agamben Giorgio
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the definitions of the term aventure. It considers this term to be an essential technical term of the medieval poetic vocabulary. It has been recognized as such by modern scholars, who stress the poetological meaning the term acquires in Hartmann von Aue, as well as the performative character the poetic text acquires to the extent that the act of telling and the content of the tale tend to converge. In chivalric poems, Aventure seems to have as many meanings as Tyche. Like Tyche, it designates both chance and destiny: the unexpected event that challenges the knight and a series of facts that will necessarily take place.
Event
Authors: Agamben Giorgio
Published: September 2018

This chapter contends that the event is always an event of language and that adventure is inseparable from the speech that tells it. The being that happens here and now happens to an “I” and, for this reason, is not without relation with language; it is instead defined every time with respect to an instance of enunciation; it is always a “sayable,” which as such demands to be said. For this reason, the one who is involved in the event-adventure is involved and summoned in it as a speaking being, and—following the mandatory rules of the Round Table—must try to tell his adventure. The adventure, which has called him into speech, is being told by the speech of the one it has called and does not exist before this speech.
Efficient Cognition
Authors: Schulz Armin W.
Published: September 2018

It is now widely accepted that many organisms (including humans) don’t just react to the world using behavioral reflexes, but also, at times, decide what to do by relying on mental representations. More specifically, the behavior of many organisms is not simply triggered by a perception of the state of their environment, but inferred using higher-level mental states downstream from their perceptual states. What is far less clear is why this is the case: what benefits does representational decision making bring to an organism, and what implications do these benefits have for the exact role that mental representations play in an organism’s decision making machinery? In my book, I provide answers to these questions. Specifically, I defend a cognitive-efficiency-based account of the evolution of mental representations, according to which a key driver of the evolution of representational decision making is the fact that mental representations can enable an organism to save a number of cognitive resources and to adjust more easily to changed environments. I then apply this account to a number of open questions in different sciences, including: when should we expect cognition to essentially involve parts of the environment? When should we expect decision making to rely on simple, satisficing heuristics? When should we expect organisms to be altruistically motivated to help others? Along the way, I also respond to concerns about the plausibility of evolutionary psychological projects more generally.
Investigating the Evolution of Representational Decision Making
Authors: Schulz Armin W.
Published: September 2018

The chapter begins by making clearer what the central question is that drives the rest of the book: why would organisms rely on mental representations to make decisions about what to do? It then goes on to address two preliminary questions. First, there is the question of why investigating the evolution of representational decision making is useful and interesting. Second, there is the question of what kind of project investigating the evolution of representational decision making is.
A Moderate Evolutionary Psychology
Authors: Schulz Armin W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter defends a moderate, evidential form of evolutionary psychology that is not prey to the concerns raised by the critics of other forms of evolutionary psychology, and which can still add much of value to discussions in psychology, social science, and philosophy. This moderate form is arrived at, on the one hand, through scaling back the aims of the project—namely, towards providing only partial evolutionary biological analyses of a given psychological phenomenon—and, on the other, through showing how a compelling but moderate form of evolutionary psychology can be gotten off the ground—namely, by using all of the relevant pieces of information about a given psychological trait.
The Need for a New Account of the Evolution of Representational Decision Making
Authors: Schulz Armin W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses in some detail three of the key accounts of the evolution of representational decision making in the literature: (a) Ruth Millikan’s specialization-based account, (b) causality-based accounts, and (c) Kim Sterelny’s flexibility-based account. It shows that while this work makes some very important suggestions that should not be overlooked, by itself, it fails to provide a detailed and well-grounded account of the evolution of representational decision making.
The Evolution of Conative Representational Decision Making
Authors: Schulz Armin W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter defends a cognitive-efficiency-based account of the evolution of conative representational decision making. The core idea behind this account is that, similarly to cognitive representational decision makers, conative representational decision makers can, in some circumstances, adjust more easily to a changed environment and streamline their neural decision making machinery. However, as I also make clearer, the origins of these benefits are different here than in the case of cognitive representational decision making: they center on patterns in the way the organism reacts to the world, and not on patterns in the states of the world that the organism can react to. This has some important implications for the situations in which conative representational decision making is adaptive relative to when cognitive representational decision making is adaptive. The chapter ends by combining the picture laid out here with that laid out in the previous chapter to develop a clearer account of the relationship between the evolution of conative and the evolution of cognitive representational decision making.
Extended Representational Decision Making—A Synthesis
Authors: Schulz Armin W.
Published: September 2018

Defenders of the extendedness of cognition often contrast their view with a representationalist view of cognition. They argue that (a) extended cognition and representational cognition are opposed to each other, and that (b) most of cognition is extended and non-representational. However, as I show in this chapter, these claims, at least as they stand, should not be seen to be plausible. This is so for two reasons. First, using the account of the evolution of cognitive and conative representational decision making laid out in the previous two chapters, I show that there is no reason to think that internal mental representations are in any way a needless cognitive addendum, or that reliance on them is extremely rare. Second, on this basis, I show that there are in fact good reasons to think that a number of organisms will, at least sometimes, rely on decision making mechanisms that are both embedded in the environment and representational. In fact, seeing cognition as representational may be a prerequisite to fully understanding how and why it is sometimes extended.
Reflection on A Future for Public Service Television
Authors: Thompson Mark
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that public service broadcasting (PSB) will become more important to British audiences over the next decade despite the fact that political support for PSB is weaker today than at any time in its history. For decades, regulators developed policies in the belief that PSB would become steadily less justified as technology and deregulation opened up new commercial content for British audiences. If PSB had any continued relevance, it would be in meeting market failure ‘gaps’, i.e. the continued provision of genres which are not attractive to audiences such as arts programmes and religious output. However, this assumption is false. While digital technology has increased the range of content available to consumers, it is also undermining the economics of commercial content providers. Market failure in the provision of high quality British content is more likely to increase than decrease over the next ten years.
Public Service Television and the Crisis of Content
Authors: Thoday Jon
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers the threats faced by public service broadcasting (PSB). These threats come externally from market forces, from commercial adversaries chipping away to advance their own agendas, and from the political class with their concerns about bias. The BBC also faces the challenges common to all mature organisations: that of calcification and inertia consequent upon size and success. These attacks have not only had a real effect at the BBC but also on the wider industry with UK PSB content spend reduced by almost £1 billion in the space of a decade. Both management and government need to recognise that content must be re-prioritised. If this cannot be done, the industry must act to found a new organisation whose sole priority is the support of content.
The Future of Television in the US
Authors: Holt Jennifer
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the issues that are most significant to the developing digital landscape of television in the US, particularly as the industry attempts to navigate the new rules and protocols of digital distribution and ‘connected viewing’. In an environment of ubiquitous mobile screens, third party providers, the fragmentation of the mass audience, increased demands on creative workers, and enhanced surveillance of the digital audience, the television industry is experiencing a host of previously unimagined pressures, even in the multi-channel universe of cable in the 1980s and 1990s. As a result, debates on the future of television in the US are proliferating, as are the complications involved as content providers are forced to look in multiple directions to deliver programming.
Shouting Toward Each Other: Economics, Ideology and Public Service Television Policy
Authors: Picard Robert G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that the continued usefulness of public service television as a policy tool must be assessed within the broader perspective of the contributions of the broader broadcasting and digital sectors to national life and should not consider public service television in isolation. For the debate about public service television to contribute to an effective policy solution, bigger questions will need to be addressed. Among them are the following: What functions should television serve in social and public life? What does UK society need from it? What roles will broadcasting — public service and commercial — play in the growing environment of streamed linear and non-linear programming? What functions and needs does public service television fulfil that are not adequately performed or met by commercial broadcasting and digital streaming?
Taking the Principles of Public Service Media into the Digital Ecology1
Authors: Born Georgina
Published: September 2018

This chapter advances a series of propositions concerning the ways in which the normative principles of public service media find new expression in digital conditions. If the proponents of neoliberal economic thinking argue that the digital economy is best served, and best understood, in terms of the dynamics of competition operating within free markets, then the oligopolistic tendencies that have become pronounced in the last decade, manifest in the dominance of a few key digital intermediaries and in the rapid capacity to establish primacy in new digital markets, disprove such assumptions. The chapter calls for public intervention in digital media markets on several levels, each of them important, each founded on and drawing legitimacy from the expanded normative principles.
Does Television Represent Us?
Authors: Loach Ken
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that television has failed to represent the nuances, subtleties, intricacies of people's lives, and their concerns and their worries. In fact, it never has. The BBC has never been independent since the day that Lord Reith, who was the man in charge at the time, moved into a government office. He wrote the news the government wanted the people to hear. He even considered banning the Archbishop of Canterbury from speaking because it was thought he might be too sympathetic to the strikers. He put out government propaganda, but the people believed it because they believed the BBC was independent. But the BBC has never been independent, and that is why it does not represent us, because the people have interests that the BBC will not represent.
Public Service Television in Wales
Authors: Noonan Caitriona , Powell Sian
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the role of public service broadcasting and its broadcasters in Wales. Public service broadcasting plays a crucial role in enhancing citizens' understanding of their culture, history, and political system. In Wales particularly, there is a limited range of news sources about devolved politics. A 2016 survey in Wales found that many readers relied on news produced in England, or UK-wide news, which has limited information about Welsh affairs. Therefore, while the provision of an effective public service broadcasting service is crucial throughout the UK, it is central to the future of a well-informed citizenry and publicly accountable government in Wales. One of the biggest changes in television provision in Wales relates to English-language programming. With the significant decrease within both the BBC and ITV in terms of both output and spend, there has been a narrowing of programmes and genres in Wales.
Children and Public Service Broadcasting
Authors: Livingstone Sonia , Local Claire
Published: September 2018

Much has been said about the future of public service content, the growth of multiple platforms, new market and regulatory pressures, and changing audience preferences and practices, among other widely debated topics. However, little attention has been paid to the role that public service television plays in educating, entertaining, and broadening the horizons of children in the UK. This chapter focuses on how public service television can better serve a child audience that spends on average at least 35 hours per week consuming broadcast, on-demand, and online content. It discusses how children still view public service television on a television set; whether children's television viewing really in decline; the case for online provision of children's public service television; the case for online provision for children of other public service content; and the case for enhancing the ‘discoverability’ of children's public service content.
Securing the Future for Arts Broadcasting
Authors: Noonan Caitriona , Genders Amy
Published: September 2018

Research commissioned by Ofcom categorises arts television as a genre ‘at risk’ of disappearing as relatively small audiences are unable to offset increased production costs. A decline is also evident in Ofcom's own research which finds that in the five years to 2011, spending on arts programming by the five main terrestrial broadcasters fell by 39 per cent. This decline is the confluence of a number of factors. Decreases in commissioning and production budgets mean fewer resources for producers. Within specialist factual genres such as arts, this can have a limiting effect on the coverage of the subject, access to expertise, and the aesthetics of the final programme. Without a deliberate strategy to save it, the downward trajectory of arts content on British public service broadcasting is unlikely to be reversed.
Tunnel Vision: The Tendency for BBC Economic and Business News to Follow Elite Opinion and Exclude Other Credible Perspectives
Authors: Merrill Gary James
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on the economic and business journalism produced by the BBC. Despite increased competition from online news organisations, BBC News holds three of the top five positions in the overall rankings. The BBC is also rated as a highly trustworthy source of economic and business news and, since the financial crisis, there has been a substantial increase in audience interest. Economic and business news equips the public with essential knowledge and understanding to make informed decisions, and is a vital element of the BBC's journalistic output. However, only around a fifth of viewers believe that the Corporation gives a ‘fair and balanced picture’ of the economic environment. For these reasons, it is important to take a critical look at the impartiality of the BBC's journalism in this sphere.
How to Strengthen Public Service Television
Authors: Tryhorn Chris
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses five recommendations on how to strengthen public service television. The first is the need to maintain the UK's broadcasting ecology. The second is the need for the BBC to have its funding future-proofed to take account of changes in technology and consumption. It needs to be funded honestly and not continually raided by opportunistic governments using it to pay for media infrastructure projects or politically motivated schemes. The third is the need to set in stone Channel 4's status as a publicly owned publisher broadcaster. The fourth is the need to decide whether we really want ITV and Channel 5 to do public service television. The fifth is the need for public service television to be defined better, sold better, and to be better.
Identification of an aquaculture poriferan “Pest with Potential” and its phylogenetic implications
Authors: Galitz Adrian , Cook Steve de C. , Ekins Merrick , Hooper John N. A. , Naumann Peter T. , de Voogd Nicole J. , Abdul Wahab Muhammad , Wörheide Gert , Erpenbeck Dirk
Published: September 2018

Correct identification and classification of sponges is challenging due to ambiguous or misleading morphological features. A particular case is a blue keratose sponge occasionally referred to as the “Blue Photo Sponge” among aquarists, which appears frequently (and in several cases unintended) in private aquaria. This spicule-less species, occasionally specified as Collospongia auris Bergquist, Cambie & Kernan 1990, not only displays a high phenotypic plasticity in growth form and colour, it also proliferates in aquacultures under standard conditions unlike most other sponges. Therefore, this species is regarded as a pest for most aquarists. In turn, the ease of cultivation and propagation in aquacultures qualifies this species as a model organism for a wide array of scientific applications. For these purposes, correct identification and classification are indispensable. We reconstructed ribosomal gene trees and determined this species as Lendenfeldia chondrodes (De Laubenfels, 1954) (Phyllospongiinae), distant to Collospongia auris, and corroborated by skeletal features. Additionally, the resulting phylogeny corroborated major shortcomings of the current Phyllospongiinae classification—its consequences are discussed.