bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toxicologic Pathology Forum: Opinion on Obligatory Microscopic Examination of Intermediate-Dose Groups in Toxicity Studies With Biotherapeutics in Cynomolgus Monkeys
Authors: Parrula Cecilia , Dincer Zuhal , Geoly Frank J. , De Vera Mudry Maria Cristina , Mysore Jagannatha , Wuersch Kuno
Published: November 2020

In nonrodent toxicity studies that are usually conducted in cynomolgus monkeys or beagle dogs, the added value of examining all tissues from all dose groups (current practice) versus all tissues in only control and high-dose groups and target tissues in intermediate-dose groups by default, is a subject of debate. A previous retrospective review of 325 nonrodent toxicity studies that included a limited number of biotherapeutics suggested that the evaluation of all tissues from all groups was not justified as a routine practice and recommended the examination of all tissues in control and high-dose groups and only target tissues in intermediate-dose groups. In contrast, the present retrospective review which examined 213 nonrodent studies (212 in cynomolgus monkeys and 1 in dog) from 4 multinational pharmaceutical companies (Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, Pfizer Inc, and Roche) conducted only with biotherapeutics showed that restricting the microscopic examination in intermediate-dose groups to target tissues has the potential to miss findings in 6.6% of studies, possibly impacting the overall study interpretation and conclusion. In conclusion and in the opinion of the authors, all tissues from all dose groups should be examined in toxicity studies with biotherapeutics conducted in nonrodent species.
Tolerability Assessment of Formulation pH in New Zealand White Rabbits Following Intravitreal Administration
Authors: Tassew Nardos G. , Laing Steven T. , Aaronson Jeffrey , de Jong Isabella , Schuetz Chris , Lorget Florence
Published: November 2020

Development of intravitreal drugs presents several challenges due to the delicate ocular environment and volume constraints of what can be safely administered in the eye. Formulation development of intravitreally administered drugs may necessitate the use of nonphysiological pH in order to accommodate manufacturing processes or achieve favorable drug properties. Clinical and nonclinical data show that intravitreal drugs formulated in the pH 5.5 to 7.4 range are well tolerated. The aim of this study was to provide ocular toxicity data for formulations in the pH 4.0 to 5.5 range following intravitreal administration in New Zealand White rabbits. This range was evaluated as part of formulation development for an intravitreal drug that necessitated the use of pH outside the available tolerability data for formulations. Toxicity was assessed by ophthalmic examinations, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, clinical observations, body weights, and microscopic analysis of ocular tissue. Histidine chloride pH 5.0 to 5.5 and acetate chloride pH 4.0 to 5.0 solutions were well tolerated, and no test article-related ocular inflammation, IOP changes, or gross or microscopic findings were observed in any eye. The data presented here add to the knowledge of pH ranges that can be explored for intravitreal drug formulation development.
Deep Learning-Based Spermatogenic Staging Assessment for Hematoxylin and Eosin-Stained Sections of Rat Testes
Authors: Creasy Dianne M. , Panchal Satish T. , Garg Rohit , Samanta Pranab
Published: November 2020

In preclinical toxicology studies, a “stage-aware” histopathological evaluation of testes is recognized as the most sensitive method to detect effects on spermatogenesis. A stage-aware evaluation requires the pathologist to be able to identify the different stages of the spermatogenic cycle. Classically, this evaluation has been performed using periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-stained sections to visualize the morphology of the developing spermatid acrosome, but due to the complexity of the rat spermatogenic cycle and the subtlety of the criteria used to distinguish between the 14 stages of the cycle, staging of tubules is not only time consuming but also requires specialized training and practice to become competent. Using different criteria, based largely on the shape and movement of the elongating spermatids within the tubule and pooling some of the stages, it is possible to stage tubules using routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections, thereby negating the need for a special PAS stain. These criteria have been used to develop an automated method to identify the stages of the rat spermatogenic cycle in digital images of H&E-stained Wistar rat testes. The algorithm identifies the spermatogenic stage of each tubule, thereby allowing the pathologist to quickly evaluate the testis in a stage-aware manner and rapidly calculate the stage frequencies.
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue and Tertiary Lymphoid Structures of the Eye and Ear in Laboratory Animals
Authors: Schuh JoAnn C.L.
Published: November 2020

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) of special senses is poorly described and can be confused with nonspecific mononuclear cell infiltrates and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). In the eye, MALT consists mostly of conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) and lacrimal drainage-associated lymphoid tissue (LDALT). In humans, CALT and LDALT are important components of the normal eye-associated lymphoid tissue (EALT), but EALT is less frequently described in ocular tissues of animals. The EALT are acquired postnatally in preferential mucosal sites, expand with antigenic exposure, form well-developed lymphoid follicles, and are reported to senesce. Lymphoid follicles that are induced concurrently with chronic inflammation are more appropriately considered TLS but must be differentiated from inflammation in MALT. Less understood is the etiology for formation of lymphoid tissue aggregates in the ciliary body, limbus, or choroid of healthy eyes in animals and humans. In the healthy eustachian tube and middle ear of animals and humans, MALT may be present but is infrequently described. Concurrent with otitis media, lymphoid follicles in the eustachian tube are probably expanded MALT, but lymphoid follicles in the middle ear may be TLS. The purpose of this comparative review is to familiarize toxicologic pathologists with MALT in the special senses and to provide considerations for differentiating and reporting eye and ear MALT from immune or inflammatory cell infiltrates or inflammation in nonclinical studies, and the circumstances for reporting TLS in compartments of the eye and ear.
Jennings’ Karst (1971, MIT Press) and current critical zone science
Authors: Dai Jingyu
Published: November 2020

Karst, written by J.N. (Joseph Newell) Jennings in the series entitled An Introduction to Systematic Geomorphology, provided a systematic introduction to the geomorphological features of karst and the processes by which it is formed. The many distinctive features of karst geomorphology are formed by the unusual solubility of the bedrock. Understanding the special nature of karst geomorphology is an important foundation for current critical zone studies that are aimed at comprehending the sophisticated linkage between lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere in a karst region.
Does the Black/White Wage Gap Widen During Recessions?
Authors: Chattopadhyay Shinjinee , Bianchi Emily C.
Published: November 2020

Researchers have long documented a significant wage gap between White and Black workers, at least some of which is attributable to discrimination. Drawing on research suggesting that discrimination increases during recessions, we test whether the racial wage gap expands during economic downturns. Using longitudinal wage data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics over a 40-year time period (N = 18,954), we find that the wage gap between Black and White workers increases with the unemployment rate. Moreover, we find that the cyclical wage gap is more pronounced in states in which Whites hold more negative attitudes about Blacks and in states with larger Black populations, suggesting that the racial wage gap expansion during recessions is at least partially driven by discrimination. Finally, we find evidence for at least two mechanisms by which the wage gap expands during recessions. First, we find that Black workers are more likely to lose their jobs during downturns and earn lower wages upon reemployment than comparable Whites. Second, we find that Black hourly workers are slightly more likely to have their hours reduced during recessions than White hourly workers, thereby resulting in lower earnings. These findings suggest that the racial wage gap widens during recessions and that discrimination accounts for at least some of this expansion.
Improvement of mechanical-antibacterial performances of AR/PMMA with TiO2 and HPQM treated by N-2(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane
Authors: Tangudom Paveena , Martín-Fabiani Ignacio , Prapagdee Benjaphorn , Wimolmala Ekachai , Markpin Teerasak , Sombatsompop Narongrit
Published: November 2020

The mechanical and antibacterial properties of acrylic rubber/poly(methyl methacrylate) (AR/PMMA) blend at 10 to 50 wt% of AR content with non-treated and treated titanium dioxide (TiO2) and 2-Hydroxypropyl-3-piperazinyl-quinoline carboxylic acid methacrylate (HPQM) by N-2(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane were studied. The antibacterial property against Escherichia coli was evaluated. The results found that the mechanical properties of ARt-TiO2/PMMA and ARt-HPQM/PMMA blend were higher than that of the ARTiO2/PMMA and ARHPQM/PMMA blend. For antibacterial property, the ARHPQM/PMMA and ARt-HPQM/PMMA blend could act as the antibacterial material, while the ARTiO2/PMMA blend did not show. However, the ARt-TiO2/PMMA blend could inhibit bacterial cell growth with 10 to 30 wt% of AR content. The recommended compositions of ARt-TiO2/PMMA blend, which improved both mechanical and antibacterial properties, were 10 to 30 wt% of AR and were 10 to 50 wt% of AR for ARt-HPQM/PMMA. Moreover, the UV radiation increased the antibacterial properties by the destruction of the interaction in treated TiO2 and HPQM and improved the antibacterial performance of ARt-TiO2/PMMA and ARt-HPQM/PMMA blend.
Hemodynamic Response to Vasopressin Dosage of 0.03 Units/Min vs. 0.04 Units/Min in Patients With Septic Shock
Authors: Bauer Seth R. , Sacha Gretchen L. , Lam Simon W. , Wang Lu , Reddy Anita J. , Duggal Abhijit , Vachharajani Vidula
Published: November 2020

Background:

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is suggested as an adjunct to norepinephrine in patients with septic shock. Guidelines recommend an AVP dosage up to 0.03 units/min, but 0.04 units/min is commonly used in practice based on initial studies. This study was designed to compare the incidence of hemodynamic response between initial fixed-dosage AVP 0.03 units/min and AVP 0.04 units/min.

Methods:

This retrospective, multi-hospital health system, cohort study included adult patients with septic shock receiving AVP as an adjunct to catecholamine vasopressors. Patients were excluded if they received an initial dosage other than 0.03 units/min or 0.04 units/min, or AVP was titrated within the first 6 hours of therapy. The primary outcome was hemodynamic response, defined as a mean arterial pressure ≥65 mm Hg and a decrease in catecholamine dosage at 6 hours after AVP initiation. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) based on the propensity score for initial AVP dosage receipt was utilized to estimate adjusted exposure effects.

Results:

Of the 1536 patients included in the observed data, there was a nearly even split between initial AVP dosage of 0.03 units/min (n = 842 [54.8%]) and 0.04 units/min (n = 694 [45.2%]). Observed patients receiving AVP 0.03 units/min were more frequently treated at the main campus academic medical center (96.3% vs. 52.2%, p < 0.01) and in a medical intensive care unit (87.4% vs. 39.8%, p < 0.01). The IPTW analysis included 1379 patients with achievement of baseline covariate balance. There was no evidence for a difference between groups in the incidence of hemodynamic response (0.03 units/min 50.0% vs. 0.04 units/min 53.1%, adjusted relative risk 1.06 [95% CI 0.94, 1.20]).

Conclusions:

Initial AVP dosing varied by hospital and unit type. Although commonly used, an initial AVP dosage of 0.04 units/min was not associated with a higher incidence of early hemodynamic response to AVP in patients with septic shock.
The Peritoneal Dialysis Telemedicine-assisted Platform Cohort (PDTAP) Study: Design and methods
Authors: Ma Tiantian , Yang Zhikai , Li Shaomei , Pei Huaying , Zhao Jinghong , Li Yi , Xiong Zibo , Liao Yumei , Zhao Zhanzheng , Xiao Jing , Li Ying , Lin Qiongzhen , Zheng Zhaoxia , Duan Liping , Fu Gang , Guo Shanshan , Hu Wenbo , Li Yulin , Sun Fuyun , Zhao Nan , Wang Qin , Ji Tianrong , Zhang Beiru , Yu Rui , Hao Li , Liu Guiling , Zuo Li , Zhao Huiping , Wang Caili , Deng Lirong , Chen Hongyu , Li Li , Shen Yulan , Zhang Yong , Wang Lihua , Yan Yan , Ma Zhigang , Li Yingping , Zhang Xianchao , Wang Xuejian , Liu Yirong , Gao Xinying , Xu Zhonggao , Zhang Li , Du Shutong , Zhao Cui , Chen Xiaoli , Li Hongyi , Yue Yingli , Chen Shanshan , Ma Yingchun , Wei Yuanyuan , Zhou Jingwei , Lv Jie , Zheng Yingdong , Zhu Sainan , Zhao Minghui , Dong Jie ,   the PDTAP Working Group
Published: November 2020

Objectives:

The primary objective of the Peritoneal Dialysis Telemedicine-assisted Platform Cohort (PDTAP) Study is to explore potential predictors and their effects on patient survival, technique survival, and the occurrence of infectious and noninfectious complications.

Design:

The PDTAP study is a national-level cohort study in China. A newly developed PD telemedicine application provided a unique and convenient way to collect multicenter, structured data across units.

Setting:

The PDTAP study was underway in 27 hospitals from 14 provinces located at 7 geographical regions (northwest, northeast, north, central, southwest, southeast, and south) in China.

Participants:

Our study aims to enroll at least 7000 adult patients with end-stage renal disease receiving PD.

Methods:

Approval has been obtained through the ethics committees of all hospitals. All participants signed the informed consent form after the center had received ethics board approval in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Main outcome measures:

Patient survival, technique survival, hospitalization, and the occurrence of infectious and noninfectious complications.

Conclusions:

The PDTAP study aims to explore potential predictors and their effects on patient survival, technique survival, and infectious and noninfectious complications using a newly developed PD telemedicine system to collect multicenter, structured data in real-world practice. Substantial and transformable findings in relation to PD practices were expected. This study also developed a national-level infrastructure for further collaboration and ancillary investigation.
Peritoneal dialysis with a lower dosage versus conventional intermittent hemodialysis in acute kidney injury: A propensity-matched study
Authors: Parapiboon Watanyu , Chumsungnern Thosapol , Chamradpan Treechada
Published: November 2020

Background:

Literature regarding the outcomes of lower dosage peritoneal dialysis (PD) in treating acute kidney injury (AKI) among resource-limited setting is sparse. This study aims to compare the risk of mortality in patients with AKI receiving lower PD dosage and conventional intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) in Thailand.

Methods:

In a tertiary center in Thailand, a matched case–control study using propensity scores in patients with AKI was conducted to compare the outcomes between lower PD dosage (18 L per day for first two sessions, weekly Kt/ V 2.2) and IHD (three times a week) from February 2015 to January 2016. The primary outcome was a 30-day in-hospital mortality rate. Secondary outcomes included dialysis dependence at 90 days.

Results:

Eighty-four patients were included (28 PD and 56 IHD). Patient characteristics were comparable between two treatment groups. Overall, the mean age was 58 years. Most of the patients were critically ill (87% need mechanical ventilator; mean acute physiological and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II) score: 25). The 30-day in-hospital mortality rate was similar between the PD and IHD patients (57% vs. 46%, p = 0.36). The dialysis dependence rate was also comparable at 90 days. The risk of death among AKI patients was higher in those with respiratory failure, higher APACHE II score, and starting dialysis with blood urea nitrogen greater than 70 mg dL−1.

Conclusion:

Clinical outcomes, including risk of mortality and 90-day dialysis dependence among patients with AKI, appear to be comparable between lower dosage PD and IHD.
Intraperitoneal pressure: Stability over time and validation of Durand’s measurement method
Authors: Sobrino-Pérez Alicia , Pérez-Escudero Alfonso , Fernández-Arroyo Lucila , Dorado-García Ana , Martín-Alcón Berta , Gutiérrez-Martín Carmen , Sánchez-Fonseca Carmen , Barrios-Rebollo Cristina , Pérez-Díaz Vicente ,   on behalf of Group PIPDPCyL
Published: November 2020

Intraperitoneal pressure (IPP) is gaining consideration as a relevant parameter of peritoneal dialysis (PD) in adults, although many of its aspects are still pending clarification. We address here its stability over time and the validity of the usual method of clinical measurement, as proposed by Durand in 1992 but never specifically validated. We performed this validation by comparing Durand’s method and direct measurements with a central venous pressure system. We performed a total of 250 measurement pairs in 50 patients with different intraperitoneal volumes plus in-vitro measurements with a simulated peritoneum. Absolute differences between the two systems in vivo were 0.87 ± 0.91 cmH2O (range 0–5 cmH2O); only 6.4% of them were ≥3 cmH2O. In vitro results for both methods were identical. We also compared IPP measurements in the same patient separated by 1–4 h (514 measurement pairs in 136 patients), 1 week (92 pairs in 92 patients), and 2 years (34 pairs in 17 patients). Net differences of measurements separated by hours or 1 week were close to 0 cmH2O, with oscillations of 1.5 cmH2O in hours and 2.3 cmH2O in 1 week. IPP measured 2 years apart presented a net decrease of 2.5 ± 4.9 cmH2O, without correlation with body mass index changes or any other usual parameter of PD. In hours, 7% of IPP differences were >3 cmH2O, 22% in 1 week, and 50% in 2 years. In conclusion, Durand’s method is precise enough to measure IPP in peritoneal dialysis. This parameter is not stable over long timescales, so it is necessary to use recent measurements.
Strategies for Managing Pharmacy Experiential Education During COVID-19
Authors: Moreau Cynthia , Maravent Stacey , Hale Genevieve M. , Joseph Tina
Published: December 2020

In recent months, the coronavirus pandemic has significantly affected almost every industry in the United States, including health care and higher education. Faculty and students at colleges and schools of pharmacy nationwide have needed to quickly adapt as the delivery of curricula has shifted to primarily online format. Additionally, experiential rotations have been significantly affected as practice settings such as hospitals and outpatient clinics have limited students’ interactions with patients or stopped allowing students on-site altogether. Our commentary will explore strategies that have been employed by experiential education coordinators and pharmacy preceptors from various settings to navigate experiential education during these difficult times while ensuring students successfully meet requirements for graduation. These will include descriptions of transitioning advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs) to virtual format, how to safely involve students in the care of COVID-19 patients, and managing scheduling issues.
Two-frequency parametric excitation and combination resonance of a nanocomposite laminated piezoelectric trapezoidal plate in subsonic airflow
Authors: Noroozi Marziye , Bakhtiari-Nejad Firooz , Dardel Morteza
Published: December 2020

In this study, an analytical approach is presented to analyze the bifurcations and nonlinear dynamics of a cantilevered piezoelectric nanocomposite trapezoidal actuator subjected to two-frequency parametric excitations in the presence of subsonic airflow. The assumption of uniformly distributed single-walled carbon nanotubes along the thickness is taken into the consideration. The governing equations are built by the von-Karman nonlinear strain-displacement relations to consider the geometrical nonlinearity and the linear potential flow theory. The present study focuses on a specific resonance case deals with the occurrence of simultaneous resonances in the principal parametric resonance of the first mode and combination of the parametric resonance of the difference type involving two modes. The multiple scales method is employed to obtain the four nonlinear averaged equations which are solved by using the Runge-Kutta method. Moreover, the frequency-response curves, bifurcation diagrams, time history responses, and phase portrait are obtained to find the nonlinear dynamic responses of the plate. The effects of the amplitude of piezoelectric excitation, piezoelectric detuning parameter, and aerodynamic pressure are also studied. The results indicate that, the chaotic, quasi-periodic and periodic motions of the plate exist under certain conditions and the variation of controlling parameters can change the form of motions of the nanocomposite piezoelectric trapezoidal thin plate.
Energy conservation in vapour compression refrigeration system using vapour injection technique
Authors: Rajamani Chandramohan , Periasamy Somasundaram
Published: November 2020

In modern days, the vapour compression refrigeration system is followed in almost all air-conditioning applications. Due to the high ambient temperature during extreme summer conditions, the commercial vapour compression refrigeration system made with cost competitiveness are not in a position to meet the required indoor conditions (27°C Dry Bulb Temperature and 19°C Wet Bulb Temperature) within a stipulated time. Hence a study on the performance of vapour compression refrigeration system is needed without compromising the required indoor conditions. This paper concentrates on the use of an innovative technique called vapour injection in the rotary compressor. The rotary compressor based air-conditioning system is considered in this study as it is used widely across the world, particularly in domestic applications. This vapour injection technique meets the required indoor conditions with significantly increased cooling capacity and coefficient of performance (COP) by lowering the condensing temperature and increasing sub-cooling. A 1.5 TR vapour compression refrigeration system equipped with a rotary compressor is taken for study along with a refrigerant R22. Around 90% of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems in India use R22 refrigerant which is permitted to be used up to year 2030. A conventional vapour compression refrigeration system is redesigned towards injecting additional low temperature refrigerant vapour back into the compressor just before the suction port. At standard test conditions, 11.87% to 12% of higher cooling capacity is achieved with 1% to 2.5% of less power consumption which resulted in 13.3% to 15% of higher COP.
Paediatric oncology patients’ definitions of a good physician and good nurse
Authors: Aşikli Elif , Aydin Er Rahime
Published: November 2020

Background:

It is stated that the communication and disease experiences of paediatric patients, especially paediatric oncology patients, with healthcare professionals are completely different from those of adults.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to determine the definitions of a good physician and good nurse provided by elementary school-age oncology patients.

Research design:

In this qualitative research, data were collected through semi-structured individual interviews. The data were evaluated thorough thematic analysis.

Participants and research context:

Eighteen children hospitalised due to cancer in paediatric oncology and haematology clinics of a university hospital in Turkey.

Ethical considerations:

Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the Institution’s Ethics Committee. The objectives of this study were explained to the participants and families, and written consent was obtained from them. Also, participants were assured that necessary measures would be taken to protect their anonymity and confidentiality.

Findings:

The definitions of children were based on five main themes: interpersonal relationships, virtues, professional responsibility, security and individual characteristics.

Conclusion:

Children conveyed important messages to health professionals. They emphasised that a good physician and good nurse should communicate well, not only with themselves but also with their family. In addition, children were sensitive about health professionals who played with them and actively participated in the treatment by informing them about the disease. Meeting the expectations of children can be possible by improving the communication skills of physicians and nurses and by adding games and activities to the treatment and care plan.
Dignity in nursing: A synthesis review of concept analysis studies
Authors: Franco Hugo , Caldeira Sílvia , Nunes Lucília
Published: November 2020

Nursing research using concept analysis plays a critical role for knowledge development, particularly when concerning to broad and foundational concepts for nursing practice, such as dignity. This study aimed to synthesize research concerning concept analysis of dignity in nursing care. Based on a literature review, electronic databases were searched (MEDLINE, CINAHL, COCHRANE, SCOPUS, EBSCOhost, and PubMed) using the terms “dignity,” “human dignity,” “concept analysis,” and nurs*. Papers in Portuguese or English were included. The research synthesis was conducted independently by two reviewers. A total of 35 citations were identified and seven papers were included. Six studies were elected using Walker and Avant concept analysis methodology while one applied the Beth Rodgers evolutionary model. The concept of dignity has been studied by nurses, and its attributes, antecedents, consequences, and similar concepts were synthesized into a definition. Dignity emerged as a fundamental concept in nursing ethics and the main attributes synthesized were personhood (intrinsic), sociability (relational/behavioral), respect, and autonomy. The antecedents identified were: facilitators—patient focus care, recognition (of the attributes of dignity), education, and ethical competence; threats—vulnerability and organizational environment. The consequences were positive coping, empowerment, and dignity preservation. The synthesis of these seven studies using concept analysis provided a clear definition of dignity. These findings challenge future research and education, particularly for the study of undergraduate and postgraduate nursing education programs to enhance skills for preserving patient dignity in clinical practice.
Water, Source of ‘Genesis’ and the End Macro and Micro Viṣṇu in the Hymns of the Āḻvārs
Authors: Rajarajan R. K. K.
Published: November 2020

The pañcabhūtas convoked are pṛthvi ‘earth’, ap ‘water’, tejas ‘fire’, vāyu ‘air or wind’ and ākāśa ‘ether’. They are the five elements of nature in Hindu mythology. These are considered the abstractions of Viṣṇu (Figures 1–3, 6 and 10), Śiva (Figure 11) or Dēvī (Figures 7 and 15) as the case may be. Most virile among the five are ‘water’ and ‘fire’, the symbols of creation and destruction. Water from the Darwinian point of view is the creative force in which living organisms originate and survive. It is the sustaining principle, for example, the Mother feeding the child with milk as rain for the plant kingdom. Water is the symbol of destruction at the time of deluge, the mahāpraḷaya ; cf. trees on the banks felled when rivers inundate (PTM 11.8.1). Fire creates when channelised through the oven; for example, Kumāra’s birth as also Mīnākṣī (Figure 16) and Draupadī emerging through yajñas. These ideas are best exemplified by the avatāras, aṃśāvatāras and other emanations of Viṣṇu. Śiva destroys the worlds by the power generated by his third eye (e.g., Sodom and Gomorrah in case of Biblical mythology), the God of Love, Kāmadeva symbolic of the seed of creation (Priapus in Roman mythology; Beard, 2008. Pompeii: The Life of a Roman Town. London: Profile Books Ltd: 104, figure 36). We are concerned in this article with water as the creative and destructive force, an idea that is as old as the Vedic and Biblical times. The focus is on the Āḻvārs’ Nālāyirativviyappirapantam. The Biblical myth of ‘Noah’s Ark’ may be of value for inter-religious dialogue. Several hundreds of the Tamil hymns have something to say on the symbolism of water. We cite a few examples hereunder. The emphasis is on water and Viśvarūpa.
Embankments and Inundation in Bengal: An Early Colonial Transition
Authors: Bhattacharya Ujjayan
Published: November 2020

In a tropical monsoon country like India, embankment construction is a particular kind of necessity, an obligation imposed by nature. It is a defence against depredation caused by the force of water for which collective action was necessary. What necessitated dams or dykes to be built was the seasonal volatility of the rivers, especially the Ganges or Brahmaputra, which were significant because of their size. Embankment construction was thus a major public work activity in an era when such undertakings by the state and society were limited by financial resources and the availability of expertise.

But there was a difference in approach to embankment construction and the state support given to such public enterprise, over time. While the eighteenth century had a positive approach and did not see the embankments as mere physical structures designed to cope with floods but as organic parts of tracts of land, the nineteenth century experts tended to view embankments as hindrance to natural irrigation and the cause of rather than the remedy to violent inundations. This was the opinion of experts with greater knowledge and resources at their disposal.

Nineteenth century experts on embankment maintenance regarded the Permanent Settlement as the benchmark of the early colonial state’s decisive intervention in this respect and thought that the obligation of previous governments to maintain embankments should be taken as of practically no significance at all. The settlement of the character of the Permanent Settlement ‘must obviously change the whole nature of such obligations’. This article does not agree with this point of view.

The article looks at the nature of this important public work activity with focus on its history in the second half of the eighteenth century and also examines how the nineteenth century experts historically reviewed the necessity of embankments as those had existed in the past.
Book review: Pankaj Jha, A Political History of Literature: Vidyapati and the Fifteenth Century
Authors: Williams Tyler
Published: November 2020

Pankaj Jha, A Political History of Literature: Vidyapati and the Fifteenth Century. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2019, pp. 304. ISBN: 9780199489558.
Integration of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Suicide Prevention in Social Work Practice
Authors: Scott Michelle
Published: November 2020

Purpose:

To evaluate the integration of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression and suicide prevention (CBT-SP) into social work practice with youth after a 2-day training and 3 months of group consultation.

Method:

A purposive sample of 22 clinical social workers completed a one-group pre–post and 3-month follow-up assessment to evaluate knowledge of CBT and CBT-SP, utilization, and barriers to utilization of CBT treatment and skills.

Results:

Knowledge of CBT and CBT-SP skills improved following training. All trainees integrated at least one new skill into practice and increased use of prior skills. No trainees integrated the full-manualized CBT-SP intervention into practice. Participation in group consultation increased the likelihood of integrating CBT-SP skills into practice for males and trainees with more practice experience.

Discussion:

The findings support the importance of training clinicians in common element skills of CBT and CBT-SP rather than only focusing upon integrating full-manualized treatments into social work practice.
The Online Adaptation and Outcomes of a Family-Based Intervention Addressing Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Cohen Edward , Tisch Rosemary
Published: November 2020

Purpose:

This article compares outcomes of a family-based prevention program from its original in-person mode to an online mode in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Celebrating Families!™ is designed to improve parenting skills, family functioning, and family relationships to break the cycle of substance use problems.

Method:

This mixed-methods, quasi-experimental study compared outcomes of in-person and online treatment conditions and content analysis of open-ended responses to a satisfaction survey.

Results:

Both groups showed improvement in outcomes, with moderate effect sizes and high satisfaction. Average scores of the online groups were generally lower than the in-person scores. Qualitative data yielded participants’ accounts of improvements in parenting behaviors, family relationships, coping skills, and knowledge insights.

Conclusions:

Despite the contexts of COVID-19, findings provided evidence that such relational group interventions can be feasibly administered online and can effect changes required to break the cycle of substance use problems and adverse family experiences.
Are We Getting What We Really Want? A Systematic Review of Concordance Between Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) Documentation and Subsequent Care Delivered at End-of-Life
Authors: Tark Aluem , Song Jiyoun , Parajuli Jyotsana , Chae Sena , Stone Patricia W.
Published: November 2020

Background:

Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatments (POLST) is an advance care planning (ACP) tool that is designed to facilitate End-of-Life (EoL) care discussions between a medical provider and a terminally ill patient. It is often used as a tool to translate care wishes into a medical order, which can be honored across healthcare settings. With an increased utilization of the POLST paradigm in various healthcare settings along with continued dissemination across the nation, it is critical to examine whether documented wishes on POLST are concordant with subsequent care delivered. Purpose of this article was to examine concordance rate between POLST and subsequent care delivered in any care settings and communities.

Design:

Systematic review.

Results:

Of 1,406 articles identified, 10 articles met inclusion criteria. Together, included studies represent 5,688 POLST forms reviewed from individuals residing in a total of 126 nursing care facilities, 9 elderly care centers, 4 community settings, and 2 hospitals. Preference for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and actual delivery/ withholding of resuscitation was the most observed intervention in study of concordance (n = 8). It is also where highest concordance rate (97.5%) was reported. Seven studies compared care provided during EoL and the level of medical intervention requested on POLST forms (91.17% concordance). Preference to use artificial nutrition/ hydration, and actual delivery was 93.0% (n = 4 studies), and antibiotics use preference and delivery was 96.5% (reported in 4 studies).

Conclusion:

Published literature evidence suggests that EoL care wishes documented on POLST forms were largely concordant with subsequent care delivered. Additional research is needed to evaluate concordance between POLST documentation and care received among POLST users, who experienced multiple care transitions across healthcare settings, or across state during EoL care journey.
Stakeholder Engagement in a Large Enterprise Class Showcase
Authors: Lyons Roisin , Buckley Karen
Published: December 2020

In the business or enterprise classroom, industry engagement within the curriculum can provide opportunities for students to gain a professional network, an understanding of the world of work, and to develop their mastery of business concepts. This article presents a case for educators to foster collaboration with external stakeholders in the assessment of undergraduate students. To increase purposeful industry involvement in a large university module of enterprise education, an innovative showcase assessment method was developed and implemented. Leveraging the power of a large class cohort, business professionals and university staff were invited to contribute to student assessment at a poster showcase that was run to scale. Through careful planning, this instructional innovation allowed a large student body (450-500 students) to have direct contact with industry representatives, while retaining standards of care and grading legitimacy. The authors describe and analyse this innovation, share challenges faced, and offer suggestions for application in future or remote (virtual) settings. A number of recommendations for the logistical and scholarly application of such a method are provided, to aid educators aiming to replicate such a pedagogical technique.
Optimal Timing of Palatoplasty in Infants With Comorbidities
Authors: Kalmar Christopher L. , Patel Vijay A. , Zapatero Zachary D. , Kosyk Mychajlo S. , Taylor Jesse A.
Published: November 2020

Objective:

Ideal timing of palatoplasty continues to be debated given that early repair is thought to improve speech and hearing, whereas delayed repair is associated with less midface growth disruption. The purpose of this study is to elucidate optimal timing of palatoplasty in patients with comorbidities to mitigate perioperative complications.

Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:

Hospitals participating in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Pediatric.

Patients:

Palatoplasty performed for children younger than the age of 2 years with comorbidities.

Outcomes:

Medical/surgical complications, reoperations, readmissions within 30 days postoperatively.

Results:

Patients with comorbidities having Veau I or II cleft palate were associated with significantly decreased risk of adverse events when performing palatoplasty after 125 days of age ( P < .001). Patients with comorbidities having Veau III cleft palate were associated with significantly decreased risk of adverse events when performing palatoplasty after 225 days of age ( P = .010). Patients with comorbidities having Veau IV cleft palate were associated with significantly decreased risk of adverse events when performing palatoplasty after 250 days of age ( P = .045).

Conclusions:

Infants with comorbidities having progressively increasing Veau classification demonstrate unique age-dependent perioperative thresholds, such that more extensive phenotypes are associated with better perioperative outcomes with older age at time of cleft palate repair.
Rearrests of Noncitizens Subsequent to Immigration Removal From the United States
Authors: Wong Jennifer S. , Hickman Laura J.
Published: November 2020

Deportation or removal from the United States for criminal justice–involved noncitizens has been described as analogous to incapacitation. A common assertion is that if immigration authorities remove these noncitizens from the United States, future criminal justice involvement will be averted. The present study explores the hypothesized incapacitation effect of immigration removal and tests whether a record of prior removal predicts postremoval rearrest patterns. The sample consists of 521 foreign-born males with a verified immigration removal from the United States, following transfer into federal immigration custody from Los Angeles County Jail in 2002. California rearrests after the date of verified U.S. removal were tracked through 2011. Results indicate that 48% of the sample was rearrested at least once and 22% had three or more postremoval arrests. These findings do not support the hypothesis that deportation equates to permanent incapacitation. The study also found that a record of prior removal did not predict postremoval rearrest likelihood or frequency. As a single longitudinal study and the first of its kind, these results alone cannot inform responsible policy recommendations. The study does, however, highlight directions for further research and the pressing need for access to individual-level immigration data for empirical study and public distribution of results.
The Positive Career Goal Discrepancy Scale: Development and Initial Validation
Authors: Akmal Sari Z. , Creed Peter A. , Hood Michelle , Duffy Amanda
Published: November 2020

The 15-item Positive Career Goal Discrepancy Scale was developed to assess emerging adults’ appraisals of the extent to which their current career progress exceeds their set career goals. We generated 32 items based on a literature review, focus groups, and expert reviews, used EFA ( N = 244, M age 18.7 years; 65% women) to reduce the number of items, and CFA ( N = 254, M age 18.7 years; 68% women) to confirm the factor structure and demonstrate superior reliability at the total score level (ω reliability = .91). Validity testing demonstrated that the scale was distinct from a measure of negative career goal discrepancy and related, as expected, to constructs in the nomological net: correlated positively with career satisfaction and optimism, and negatively with negative career goal discrepancy. The scale is a useful addition to the career literature and is likely to stimulate research into positive career goal progress in young people.
Toward a More Perfect Conceptualization of Perfectionism: An Exploratory Factor Analysis in Undergraduate College Students
Authors: Robinson Anthony , Stasik-O’Brien Sara , Calamia Matthew
Published: December 2020

Previous investigations on the factor structure of perfectionism have largely focused on the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. The current study aimed to identify the underlying factor structure of perfectionism, based on several widely used measures, and to examine how these factors related to psychopathology and personality broadly. College students ( N = 598) completed several measures of perfectionism and broadband measures of psychopathology and personality. Exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) was conducted to examine the hierarchical structure of perfectionism followed by exploratory factor analysis. The hierarchical structure examined provides a framework for understanding the relationship between models of perfectionism at different levels of the hierarchy. The exploratory factor analysis revealed five dimensions of perfectionism: Achievement Striving, Evaluative Concerns, Expectations From Others, Narcissistic Perfectionism, and Organization. These dimensions were associated with psychopathology to differing degrees and were differentially related to personality. These results support using a multidimensional perspective to understand perfectionism.
A drug repositioning success: The repositioned therapeutic applications and mechanisms of action of thalidomide
Authors: Amare Gedefaw Getnet , Meharie Birhanu Geta , Belayneh Yaschilal Muche
Published: November 2020

Background

Thalidomide is the most teratogenic human medicine ever marketed and was associated with birth defects in approximately 10,000 children in the 1960s. The pharmacological effects of thalidomide are attributed to its anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and modulatory effect on cytokines principally tumor necrosis factor-α, while the teratogenic effects are linked to two molecular targets, namely cereblon and tubulin. Teratogenicity is the gravest adverse effect of thalidomide depending on the dose and time of exposure. Nonetheless, with System for Thalidomide Education and Prescribing Safety program, the possibility of teratogenicity can be completely avoided. The sensitive period during pregnancy for thalidomide teratogenicity in humans is approximately 20-34 days after fertilization.

Methods

Relevant articles were identified from Google scholar and PubMed (MEDLINE) using different search strategies.

Conclusion

Clinical trials showed that thalidomide has been found effective in the treatment of advanced renal cancer, esophageal cancer, chemotherapy refractory endometrial cancer and pancreatic cancer, which can suggest its future therapeutic potential in cancer treatment. Thalidomide is also used in the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders and has shown promising effect in the treatment of autoimmune disorders and inflammatory bowel disease. Despite thalidomide being a renowned teratogen and neurotoxin, it has been successfully repositioned and FDA approved for the treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum and multiple myeloma under strict control.
From Templates to Heuristics: How and Why to Move Beyond the Gioia Methodology
Authors: Mees-Buss Jacqueline , Welch Catherine , Piekkari Rebecca
Published: November 2020

Researchers are exposed to multiple interpretive challenges in the journey from field data to theoretical understanding. A common response to these challenges is to turn to the guidance of templates such as the Gioia methodology—currently a preferred template for interpretive management research. Given its popularity, we examine how this methodology approaches the interpretive process of fieldwork. We find that the inductive route to theory that it offers does not address the challenges of interpretation. As an alternative, we propose a return to the epistemological tradition of hermeneutics. We argue that fieldwork informed by a hermeneutic orientation is able to generate credible and novel theory by confronting the challenges of interpretation head on. This process cannot be represented by the orderly steps of a template. We argue that a return to a hermeneutic orientation opens the way to more plausible and insightful theories based on interpretive rather than procedural rigor, and we offer a set of heuristics to guide both researchers and reviewers along this path.
Fundamental frequency of a corner-supported rectangular sandwich plate with the central lumped mass
Authors: Lopatin AV , Morozov EV
Published: November 2020

An efficient method of calculation of the fundamental frequency of a corner-supported composite sandwich plate having a lumped mass at its centre is proposed in this work. The corresponding dynamic problem is solved using the Hamilton principle and the Rayleigh-Ritz method. The panel is modelled using the first order shear deformation theory. The panel deflection and angles of rotation are approximated based on certain combinations of trigonometry functions. Application of the Rayleigh-Ritz method allowed the original system of equations to be reduced to a homogeneous system of linear algebraic equations of the seventh order with respect to unknown coefficients of approximating functions. The fundamental frequency is found as a minimum eigenvalue of this system. Using this solution, the effects of the geometric parameters of the panel and the value of lumped mass were investigated. The results of the calculations were successfully verified by comparisons with the outcomes of the finite-element computations. The efficiency of the proposed methodology was demonstrated in the design analysis of the corner-supported composite sandwich panel with the central lumped mass subject to a constraint imposed on the value of fundamental frequency.