bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sportovní příprava moderních gymnastek v předškolním a mladším školním věku
Authors: Šimůnková Iveta , Novotná Viléma
Published: February 2018

The systematic and adequate physical preparation is an important basis for achieving physical literacy in sport branch rhythmic gymnastics. The further preparation at the top level can not successfully continue without the mastery of basic movements and sports skills with a specific technique of difficulties with and without hand apparatuses. In the area of the cultivation we choose fundamental movement patterns: training locomotors and non-locomotors skills, music and movement education, classical dance technique (ballet training), development of flexibility, which is a limiting factor in rhythmic gymnastics, mastery of basic difficulty elements according to the international rules and basic skills in handling of hand apparatuses and equipment. Gymnastics movements and exercises are characterized by gymnast´s body posture, keeping the body and body parts in space, rhythm of movement, and fluidity of movement, combining performance with music and aesthetic experience during composition. Specifically rhythmic gymnastics skills along with psychosocial aspects of training are connected with general physical training. We would like to encourage gifted children and youth in the gymnastics sport clubs with the systematic rhythmic gymnastics training, which is adapted to current conditions and characteristics of the women sport. The main point is to increase membership and interest in the clubs, restore presentation of the Czech gymnastics school in the top positions at the world competitions.
Aktuální přístupy k problematice intermitentního (přerušovaného) zatížení
Authors: Stockinger Marek
Published: February 2018

This summary work should be map the current state of knowledge in the fi eld of intermittent  load. It is a relatively new approach to the classifi cation of load mostly in sports games(football, hockey, basketball, etc.) and absolute majority of studies dealing with this problem is realized and then published in foreign scientifi c journals. Th is articlecreated a long-term monitoring and translation of these studies and will soon devoteitself intermittent load characteristics in terms of physiology and, consequently, its diagnosis and infl uence training. For a typical sport characteristic of intermittent load is considered to football andtherefore also most of the studies dedicated to the players or the referees in football.
Komparace výsledků přijímacích zkoušek z gymnastických disciplín pro akademické roky 2010/2011 a 2011/2012
Authors: Vaculíková Pavlína , Skotáková Alena , Svobodová Lenka , Sebera Martin , Šimberová Dagmar
Published: February 2018

The disciplines of gymnastics have been an important part of entrance examination at the university with the physical orientation already for many years. It is also the same case at the faculty of physical studies at Masaryk University in Brno. Because there is a need to give a true picture of the level of motoric abilities and certain motion presumptions which are needed for studies of practical subjects with using gymnastics, there is more and more need to find the best choice of gymnastics equipment and also its content. It is also because of economical reasons. This was the reason why there were some changes in entrance examinations in academic year 2010/2011 and 2011/2012. It was done in one of disciplines but also in the content of the second discipline. The biggest change concerned the horizontal bar for women and men to trapeze bar. Choosing of exercises we tried to cover as much as possible the level of chosen motoric abilities (in case of trapeze bar foremost the force abilities), which could be helpful for easier managing new locomotive skills during gymnastics lessons. The exercises on the floor were spread in strengthening exercises whose aim was to show abilities of the applicants how to control the body as the complex. The monitoring unit was created in total 1037 – 509 for 2010/2011 (132 women and 377 men) and 529 applicants (140 women and 389 men) for 2011/2012. In our contribution we tried to watch the differences in evaluation of individual disciplines for men and women in entrance examinationfor academic year 2010/2011 and 2011/2012. Next aim of comparison and findings of mutual relationship between each discipline was their possible exchangeability in entrance examination for academic year 2012/2013. There is visible difference between evaluation of men and women on trapeze bar and it was in 2010/2011 and 2011/2012. On the contrary women got better results on the floor in both years. As far as the exchangeability of individual disciplines is concerned, correlation coefficients show possible exchangeability trapeze for floor or floor for trapeze.
Účinnosť všeobecného a kombinovaného silového tréningu na zmeny rýchlostno-silových schopností mladých hokejistov
Authors: Vanderka Marián , Kabát Milan
Published: February 2018

Purpose of this study was to compare effects of general strength training with combined maximal strength and plyometrics training. Twelve young ice hockey players were examined and intervened 4-week general strength training (EX1) at first and consequently 4-week, combined training (EX2). Combined training consisted of maximal strength workouts with 2-4 repetitions on 85-95% 1RM and subsequent application of plyometrics workouts with 6-10 repetitions. The training group performed 2 sessions per a week in 3 sets of exercises. The measurements were assessed before, between and after periods and consisted of specific test performed on ice and non-specific tests off ice. The results showed that in EX2 period SJ improved from 33,3 ± 2,89 cm to 34,35 ± 2,80 cm by 1,05 cm (3,2%; p<0,01); CMJ from 36,51 ± 4,39 cm to 37,84 ± 4,36 cm by 1,33 cm (3,6%; p<0,01). Also in EX1 period SJ was changed from 32,48 ± 3,65 cm to 33,3 ± 2,89 cm (p<0,05). Anaerobic alacticpower (AAV) changed significantly in EX1 period from 42,09 ± 4,48 W.kg-1 to 42,72 ± 4,61 W.kg-1 (p<0,01) afterwards in EX2 period to 43,78 ± 4,44 W.kg-1 (p<0,01). In jumping performances we measured in both periods significant improvements; standing long jump (SZM) in EX1 period from 246,25 ± 11,07 cm to 249,17 ± 10,32 cm (p<0,01) then in the end of EX2 period 253,58 ± 9,83 cm (p<0,01). Standing triple jump (3SK), agility run (10x5) and all specific test on ice were significant changes recorded only in EX2 period. 3SK from 722,42 ± 29,58 cm to 727,50 ± 30,64 cm; 10x5m from 17,00 ± 0,57 s to16,90 ± 0,57 s (p<0,01); on ice speed tests (1x36m) from 4,95 ± 0,10 s to 4,88 ± 0,09 s by 1,4% (p<0,01); (6x9m) from 13,73 ± 0,48 s to 13,63 ± 0,51 s by 0,8% (p<0,05); in speed endurance ice hockey skating test (Okr) form 14,79 ± 0,18 s to 14,67 ± 0,20 s o 0,8% (p<0,05). Skills ice hockey test parameters (Sla) did not changed significantly in EX1 neither in EX2 period. It could be concluded that both periods had effect on motor performance enhancement, but EX2 training period was more sufficient for improvement in speed-strength abilities especially in specific condition on ice.
Zájem o pohybové aktivity u studentů medicíny Univerzity Karlovy
Authors: Gajdošík Jan , Baláš Jiří
Published: February 2018

The aim of the study was to assess the interest in physical activities in first year students of second (LF 2) and third (LF 3) medical faculty of Charles University. The sample of 407 students took part in the survey where 182 students were from LF 2 and 225 from LF 3. Students of both faculties (LF 2 and LF 3) practice a sport less than 2 hours per week (37 %, respective 38 %) and 2-4 hours (38 % respective 34 %). There are 14.5 % of students who regularly compete in a sport discipline and 4.6 % of students do not practice any physical activity at all. Cycling is practised by 111, swimming by 98, running by 63, volleyball by 62, skiing by 47, fitness and „turistika“ by 40 students. Interest in participating in physical activities is focused among traditional activities like swimming, volleyball, fitness, tennis, cycling, health oriented physical education and among „new“ activities like sport climbing, squash, beach volleyball,in-line skating, nordic walking, slackline, golf, floorball. It was showed that including „new“physical activities in curriculum may enhance the interest of students in physical education.
Specifika pohybové aktivity dětí raného a středního školního věku
Authors: Miklánková Ludmila , Elfmark Milan , Sigmund Erik
Published: February 2018

When evaluating the physical activity of children is usually maintained a standard classification ages. Early school age is called relatively wide stage from 6 to 11 (resp.12) old years. In the description and interpretation of data about the PA of children is also important to take account the specifics during ontogeny in this age group and focus on their more detailed study. The aim is comparison of physical activity levels of children of primary schools in the various segments of the day and week 2 in terms of ontogenesis stages of development: early school age and middle school age. Active energy expenditure (kcal × kg-1 × den-1) was obtained by the Caltrac and daily number of steps (kroky × den-1) by pedometers Yamax Digi Walker. Weekly measurements were found in the PA significant differences (p <0,001) between indicators PA monitored files observed in all segments of the day and week. The smallest difference in values was detected at the time after school. For children of middle school age remains AEE value during free time after school the same as in the early school age. On the weekends compared to values lower than at early school age.
Možnosti turistiky vozíčkářů v Beskydech
Authors: Korhelíková Martina
Published: February 2018

The thesis “Tourism opportunities for wheelchair users in Beskydy Mountains” focuses on monitoring Beskydy mountains in terms of accessibility for the disabled tourist paths. The intention was to create a set of hiking trails passable for wheelchair users and provide this information through organizations KAZUIST s. r. o. to the general public especially wheelchair users. The result is a publication of the monitored routes to the Internet via the Web jedemetaky.cz.
Model vzdělávacího kurzu aplikovaných pohybových aktivit zaměřený pro pedagogické pracovníky v oblasti volného času
Authors: Šindelková Klára , Ješina Ondřej
Published: February 2018

The aim of the paper is to present the model of the course of adapted physical activity (APA) for educational staff working in the field of leisure time (LT). It was created and validated a pilot model and script editing the course framework with the use of experiential pedagogy, including specifics of the feedback. This pilot verification was attended by 65 students of department of APA in attendance as well as the combined form of studies. The idealization of the course we use surveys and targeted feedback implemented as part of the courses. In the paper, we present the main recommendations for the practice of staffing — proposal for a training course, the selection of appropriate activities for the development of specific competencies, setting up appropriate physical and mental burden, etc. The result of our work is to develop models of educational programs in two versions – a three-day (weekend) and 7-day (weekly). The course is aimed at teachers, instructors, fit! ness activities events and other professions engaged in working with persons with special needs in the context of programmes in LT.
Vztah mezi tělesnou zdatností a pohybovými dovednostmi u dětí středního školního věku
Authors: Balaban Vlado , Bešič Damir
Published: February 2018

The main aim of the research was to test the gross motor skills and physical fitness among children of middle childhood children with TGMD-2 and Fitnessgram tests and assessment of relations between components of these two tests. A partial goal was to analyze gender differences. The research sample consisted of 51 boys and 49 girls aged 9–11 years. The results indicate that the sample of boys have better results in most subtests of physical fitness and a higher level of manipulative gross motor skills. Girls have a higher level of flexibility and locomotor gross motor skills. Relations between subtests TGDM-2 and Fitnessgram showed mainly a positive correlation between manipulative skills and cardiovascular fitness. For middle childhood children is important to choose physical activities developing cardiorespiratory fitness during their physical education classes. For girls it is especially important to choose a sports, which including manipulative gross motor skills.
Mentální dovednosti českých sportovců: validační studie české verze dotazníku OMSAT-3*
Authors: Vičar Michal , Hřebíčková Hana
Published: February 2018

The Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool, OMSAT-3*, (Durand-Bush, N., Salmela, J. H., & GreenDemers, I., 2001) is a dialogic tool used all around the world to assess the quality of mental skills of both professional and amateur athletes. This article deals with translation and formation of a Czech version. It analyses the findings related to sports talent with an emphasis on sports talent identification and mental skills. OMSAT-3* is comprised of forty-eight questions. The questionnaire focuses on twelve psychological characteristics of mental skills divided into three groups – Foundation skills (self-confidence, commitment and goal-setting), Psychosomatic skills (stress control, fear control, relaxation and activation) and Cognitive skills (focusing, refocusing, imagery, mental practise and competition planning). The Czech version of the questionnaire was administrated to athletes (n-254) aged between 11 and 42 years from 26 sport disciplines of various performance levels. The scales reliability was verified in goal-setting, self-confidence, commitment, activation, focusing, competition planning and mental practise, with population more experienced in sport also in stress control. The remaining dimensions (relaxation, fear control, imagery and refocusing) show too low internal consistency. Neither the validity of the Czech version of the questionnaire nor its factor structure were therefore confirmed. Based on an analysis of the translation deficiencies, a new Czech version of the OMSAT-3* questionnaire was created.
ANALÝZA VÝVOJE VÝKONNOSTI V BĚHU MUŽŮ NA 800 M V ČR 1945-2016
Authors: Bahenský Petr
Published: February 2018

To overcome the performance of the previous generation is the goal of every top athlete. Level of performance continuously improving in all disciplines, including the 800 m run. Through professional and statistical analysis of time series, we have identified the circumstances that led to 800-meter performance changes from the end of World War II to the present. Many aspects influence development; in the 20th century, it was initially even, from the mid-1960s to the end of the 1980s, the performance curve was fluctuating, slightly increasing. The highest performance period for a wider base is in the 70’s and especially in the 1980’s. After 1989, there was a significant decline in performance and, after 1996, performance stagnation. Performance has stabilized at a lower level than in the mid-1960s. The narrow peaks are the same peak performance period, but after 1989 it did not fall, even a peak performance period occurred. Changes in performance include levels of state support for sport, social change, training development, and the functioning of centers. Although there has been a partial renewal of talent support, there is no longer a long-term increase in performance. The performance of the best 3 runners in the Czech Republic closely correlates (r = 0.857) with the performance of the broad base (average of the 50 best runners). Still, after 1989, the level of elite runners is relatively high, despite the lower level of the broad base.
The Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ): A psychometric evaluation of the Turkish version
Authors: Miçooğulları Bulent Okan
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to adapt the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ) for use in Turkey, and to test its reliability and validity. With a sample of 184 males (mean ± s: age 24.22 ± 3.01 years) and 153 females (mean ± s: age 21.54 ± 3.82 years) total 337 athletes (mean ± s: age 21.76 ± 4.2 years) drawn from 20 sport classifications, confirmatory factor analysis technique to evaluate the psychometric properties of the SMTQ. Athletes completed 14 item SMTQ was applied to all volunteered participants. Afterwards Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted by Analysis Moments of Structures 18. Comparative fit index, non-normed fit index and root mean square error of approximation were used to check if the model fit the data. Chi-square/degrees of freedom ratio was found as (χ2/df) 1.46. The other parameters were determined as RMSEA= .74, NNFI= .90, and CFI= .90. The confirmatory factor analysis results supported the three-factor structure and indicated proper models should include correlations among the three factors. Internal consistency estimates ranged from .69 to .78 and were consistent with values reported by previous studies. Based on these findings, “Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire” was found to be a valid and reliable instrument.
¿Dominio público o copyfraude de copias digitales? Prácticas en bibliotecas patrimoniales españolas
Authors: Ameneiros Rodríguez Rocío , Varela-Orol Concha
Published: February 2018

En el marco de la problemática que ha ocasionado el entorno digital sobre los derechos patrimoniales de los autores y las iniciativas de cultura libre que intentan frenar la mercantilización del conocimiento, este trabajo analiza las prácticas desarrolladas por un conjunto de bibliotecas digitales españolas pertenecientes a las Administraciones públicas para divulgar sus colecciones patrimoniales en Dominio público. El análisis se basa en los metadatos administrativos, avisos legales y otras fórmulas introducidas en los registros bibliográficos y las páginas web de estas bibliotecas. Se concluye que la escasa atención prestada por la legislación española a las obras en Dominio público es causa de la gran variedad y confusión en el tratamiento de las copias digitales, así como la existencia de una influencia de la plataforma utilizada para poner en servicio las copias sobre la atribución o no de derechos patrimoniales sobre las mismas.
PROPOSALS FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF PARTS FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
Authors: GARCIA DOMINGUEZ AMABEL , CLAVER GIL JUAN , SEBASTIAN PEREZ MIGUEL ANGEL
Published: February 2018

Additive manufacturing allows greater freedom and new possibilities for designers. Thus, at the manufacturing stage, additive manufacturing has very few geometrical limitations in comparision with traditional manufacturing process.
In that context, the optimization of the designs grows in importance. Both topology and multiobjective optimization are fields of great interest as links between the Computer-Aided Design of pieces and the new additive manutacturing techonologies. But these kind of approaches have problems related to the non continuous work flow during the optimization process.
This work exposes an initial aproximation to topology and multi-objective optimization of pieces obtained by 3D printing by using the solvers included on the software Grasshopper, which work through structures designed by graphic computer programming. Then, 3D models of the pieces are analyzed in order to determinate the resistance and service behaviour of the optimized designs, and the pieces are obtained by 3D printing in order to check their printability.

Keywords: optimization, additive manutacturing, 3D printing, methodology, simulation
Energy Production from Carbon Storage Reservoir
Authors: Akhmadullin Ildr
Published: February 2018

Depleted petroleum reservoirs are considered as the best underground facilities for carbon dioxide storage. The underground storage reservoirs are subject to the constant geothermal heat flux coming from the surrounded formations. Thus, there is an opportunity for further development of these projects for energy production if a sufficient temperature difference is reached between hot CO2 and cold ambient conditions. This is a great potential to satisfy raising national energy demand. The proposed design contains a single well energy conversion system that could eliminate building a traditional power plant at the surface facility and pumping geo-fluid to the surface. The method can be applied to the existing petroleum wells commissioned for an abandonment. Theoretically, up to 250 kW net power can be achieved from a single well at 125? reservoir temperature. This power unit has high efficiency of 15% and low Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE). Computed LCOE is in a good agreement with the references and shows competitive results with fossil fuel power plants. Additionally, the unit is compact and requires minimum surface facility footprint comparing with geothermal technologies. The combination of several wells into a power production unit opens an opportunity to generate up to 1 MW and more. All of the mentioned advantages lead to a quick payback of the investment. As a result, the new application can significantly reduce economic load associated with the CO2 pumping and storage.

Introduction

The geological sequestration of CO2 in the depleted oil and gas reservoirs was mentioned in a literature as a smooth transition from the carbon dioxide flooding used for "releasing" the residual oil from the formation (Shaw& Bachu, 2002. Mamora & Seo, 2002, Li et al., 2006). Ideally, carbon dioxide can be pumped in a geological trap where it will remain for a long time. This bright idea, however, has many problems required to solve in order to succeed the project. One of them is an economic sustainability of the project. Capturing carbon dioxide in industry, pressurizing, transporting, and injecting into the reservoir is not economically advantageous. The expenses can be reduced if clusters of power plants feed CO2 into shared transport pipelines. The injection into depleted hydrocarbon fields uses established petroleum industry methods and can commence immediately.
Missing, delayed, and old: The status of ESA recovery plans
Authors: Malcom Jacob , Li Ya-Wei
Published: February 2018

Recovery planning is an essential part of implementing the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), but conservationists and government agencies recognize challenges with the current planning process. Using data from all U.S. domestic and transboundary ESA-listed species, we quantify the completeness, timeliness, age, and other variation among ESA recovery plans over the past 40 years. We show that nearly 1/4 of eligible listed taxa (n = 1,548) lack final recovery plans; half of plans have taken >5 years to finalize after listing; half of recovery plans are more than 20 years old; and there is significant variation between agencies and among regions and taxonomic groups in planning. These results are not unexpected given dwindling budgets and an increasing number of species requiring protection, but underscore the need for systematic improvements to recovery planning. We discuss solutions—some already underway—that may address some of the shortcomings and help improve recovery action implementation for threatened and endangered species.
Los obreros españoles en la construcción del canal de Panamá: su imagen en la prensa española (1906-1909)
Authors: Formoso David , Pena-Rodríguez Alberto
Published: February 2018

This article describes and analyzes the image which the Spanish press disseminated of the 8,298 Spanish workers who participated in the building of the Panama Canal between 1906 and 1909. Our investigation is based on the hypothesis that the Spanish workers in Panama were the subject of a fiery controversy between the different political parties and journalistic enterprises in Spain in that period. In fact, the newspapers were a forum for important debates about the advantages and disadvantages of the recruitment of operatives, above all those from Galicia, to work in Panama under the orders of the United States government. While the conservative press wrote about the more technical aspects of the project, those which spoke for the left and workers´ movements openly criticized the way that the U.S. government treated the Spanish workers. In general, the press had a very critical attitude towards the conditions they worked in at the Canal and the treatment of Spanish laborers, but it depended on the circumstances of Spanish politics and the pressures of the government of the United States.
Radioescuchas y “música nacional” a mediados del siglo XX: el programa radial Antología Musical de Colombia
Authors: Pulido Londoño Hernando Andrés
Published: February 2018

This article contextualizes and analyzes the opinions of people who listened to the radio program the Antología Musical de Colombia, as found in the letters they sent to its director, the Colombian musician Oriol Rangel. In those letters, listeners remarked on the values of the “national music” of Colombia, the core of the program, which was drawn from popular genres of Andean music. The article shows the convergence of commercial radio networks, the national record industry, specialized criticism and radio audiences in the mid-20th century in Colombia. The opinions of the listeners, which are recreated on the basis of novel original sources, reveal their listening habits, aesthetic preferences and anxiety about what they regarded as the loss of “national music”.
Criminología ambiental y homicidio en la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia)
Authors: Norza Céspedes Ervyn , Vargas Espinosa Nancy M. , Avendaño Prieto Bertha Lucía , Rincón Helena , Ospino Mayra Alejandra
Published: February 2018

To determine the spatial-environmental characteristics of the districts which reported the largest number of homicides in Bogotá during the second semester of 2011, we undertook a descriptive-observational study within the framework of environmental criminology. The Questionnaire of Environmental Observation for the Spatial-Temporal Analysis of homicide in Bogotá was applied to 51 focal points of crime. The results show the predominance of spatial-environmental factors in the occurrence of homicide, backed by variables of the theory of disorder, territoriality, routine activity and the defendable space. As a consequence, the physical conditions seem to have facilitated the occurrence of crime and the perception of the potential murderer who is about to the commit one. These findings have enabled us to obtain empirical evidence for the development of strategies for the situational prevention of crime, and in particular, design defendable spaces, based on the implementation of differential multi-dimensional actions in the territory.
Dirty Work and Stigma: Caretakers of Death in Cemeteries
Authors: Batista AnalÍa Soria , Codo Wanderley
Published: February 2018

This article uses the category dirty work in the analysis of the identity of morticians and funeral directors, as well as it identifies techniques and practices to deal with professional stigma. The article analyzes the role of the types of stains in the nature of these workers’ relationships with their dirty job, and the influence of context elements. This research, which integrates quantitative and qualitative methods, uses scales pertaining to this job and semi-structured interviews. It is concluded that the presence of moral stains in funeral directors brings the group together more solidly, and that elements such as class and race inhabit in the social construction of these discredited jobs and operate in the production of stained identities.
Analytical results for rotating and linear magnetic brakes
Authors: Redinz J. A.
Published: February 2018

A theory of magnetic damper (eddy-current brake) which can be applied to axial-flux rotating and linear systems moving under the influence of an arbitrary arrangement of magnetic poles is derived from basic electromagnetic principles. Analytical expressions for the braking forces and torques are obtained in the low-velocity limit of the moving nonmagnetic conductor.
Frequency and developmental timing of linear enamel hypoplasia defects in Early Archaic Texan hunter-gatherers
Authors: Berbesque J. Colette , Hoover Kara C.
Published: February 2018

Digital photographs taken under controlled conditions were used to examine the incidence of linear enamel hypoplasia defects (LEHs) in burials from the Buckeye Knoll archaeological site (41VT98 Victoria county, Texas), which spans the Early to Late Archaic Period (ca. 2,500–6,500 BP uncorrected radiocarbon). The majority (68 of 74 burials) date to the Texas Early Archaic, including one extremely early burial dated to 8,500 BP. The photogrammetric data collection method also results in an archive for Buckeye Knoll, a significant rare Archaic period collection that has been repatriated and reinterred. We analyzed the incidence and developmental timing of LEHs in permanent canines. Fifty-nine percent of permanent canines (n = 54) had at least one defect. There were no significant differences in LEH frequency between the maxillary and mandibular canines (U = 640.5,n1 = 37,n2 = 43,p = .110). The sample studied (n = 92 permanent canines) had an overall mean of 0.93 LEH defect per tooth, with a median of one defect, and a mode of zero defects. Average age at first insult was 3.92 (median = 4.00, range = 2.5–5.4) and the mean age of all insults per individual was 4.18 years old (range = 2.5–5.67). Age at first insult is consistent with onset of weaning stress—the weaning age range for hunter-gatherer societies is 1–4.5. Having an earlier age of first insult was associated with having more LEHs (n = 54, rho = −0.381,p = 0.005).
Under the armor: X-ray computed tomographic reconstruction of the internal skeleton ofCoahomasuchus chathamensis(Archosauria: Aetosauria) from the Upper Triassic of North Carolina, USA, and a phylogenetic analysis of Aetosauria
Authors: Hoffman Devin K. , Heckert Andrew B. , Zanno Lindsay E.
Published: February 2018

Aetosauria is a clade of heavily armored, quadrupedal omnivorous to herbivorous archosaurs known from the Late Triassic across what was the supercontinent of Pangea. Their abundance in many deposits relative to the paucity of other Triassic herbivores indicates that they were key components of Late Triassic ecosystems. However, their evolutionary relationships remain contentious due, in large part, to their extensive dermal armor, which often obstructs observation of internal skeletal anatomy and limits access to potentially informative characters. In an attempt to address this problem we reanalyzed the holotype of a recently described species ofCoahomasuchus,C. chathamensis, from the Sanford sub-basin of North Carolina using computed tomography (CT). CT scans of the holotype specimen clarify preservation of the skeleton, revealing several articulated vertebrae and ribs, an isolated vertebra, left ulna, left scapula, and the right humerus, though none of the material resulted in updated phylogenetic scorings. Reexamination of aetosaur materials from the holotype locality also indicates that several isolated osteoderms and elements of the appendicular skeleton are newly referable. Based on these results, we update theCoahomasuchus chathamensishypodigm and conduct a revised phylogenetic analysis with improved character scorings forCoahomasuchusand several other aetosaurs. Our study recoversCoahomasuchusin a polytomy withAetosaurusand the Typothoracinae, in contrast with a recent analysis that recoveredCoahomasuchusas a wild-card taxon.
The state of OA: a large-scale analysis of the prevalence and impact of Open Access articles
Authors: Piwowar Heather , Priem Jason , Larivière Vincent , Alperin Juan Pablo , Matthias Lisa , Norlander Bree , Farley Ashley , West Jevin , Haustein Stefanie
Published: February 2018

Despite growing interest in Open Access (OA) to scholarly literature, there is an unmet need for large-scale, up-to-date, and reproducible studies assessing the prevalence and characteristics of OA. We address this need using oaDOI, an open online service that determines OA status for 67 million articles. We use three samples, each of 100,000 articles, to investigate OA in three populations: (1) all journal articles assigned a Crossref DOI, (2) recent journal articles indexed in Web of Science, and (3) articles viewed by users of Unpaywall, an open-source browser extension that lets users find OA articles using oaDOI. We estimate that at least 28% of the scholarly literature is OA (19M in total) and that this proportion is growing, driven particularly by growth in Gold and Hybrid. The most recent year analyzed (2015) also has the highest percentage of OA (45%). Because of this growth, and the fact that readers disproportionately access newer articles, we find that Unpaywall users encounter OA quite frequently: 47% of articles they view are OA. Notably, the most common mechanism for OA is not Gold, Green, or Hybrid OA, but rather an under-discussed category we dub Bronze: articles made free-to-read on the publisher website, without an explicit Open license. We also examine the citation impact of OA articles, corroborating the so-called open-access citation advantage: accounting for age and discipline, OA articles receive 18% more citations than average, an effect driven primarily by Green and Hybrid OA. We encourage further research using the free oaDOI service, as a way to inform OA policy and practice.
Neonatal Neurocritical Care Training—The Time Has Come
Authors: Smyser Christopher D. , Ferriero Donna M. , Ment Laura R.
Published: October 2024

This Viewpoint describes the advent of neonatal neurocritical care training, the data supporting the need and its efficacy, and the ways this training can optimize outcomes for vulnerable patients and their families.
Mobile Stroke Unit Management in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke Eligible for Intravenous Thrombolysis
Authors: Mac Grory Brian , Sun Jie-Lena , Alhanti Brooke , Lusk Jay , Li Fan , Adeoye Opeolu , Furie Karen , Hasan David , Messe Steven , Sheth Kevin N. , Schwamm Lee H. , Smith Eric E. , Bhatt Deepak L. , Fonarow Gregg C. , Saver Jeffrey L. , Xian Ying , Grotta James
Published: October 2024

Importance

Clinical trials have suggested that prehospital management in a mobile stroke unit (MSU) improves functional outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke who are potentially eligible for intravenous thrombolysis, but there is a paucity of real-world evidence from routine clinical practice on this topic.

Objective

To determine the association between prehospital management in an MSU vs standard emergency medical services (EMS) management and the level of global disability at hospital discharge.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This was a retrospective, observational, cohort study that included consecutive patients with a final diagnosis of ischemic stroke who received either prehospital management in an MSU or standard EMS management between August 1, 2018, and January 31, 2023. Follow-up ended at hospital discharge. The primary analytic cohort included those who were potentially eligible for IV thrombolysis. A separate, overlapping cohort including all patients regardless of diagnosis was also analyzed. Patient data were obtained from the American Heart Association’s Get With The Guidelines–Stroke (GWTG-Stroke) Program, a nationwide, multicenter quality assurance registry. This analysis was completed in May 2024.

Exposure

Prehospital management in an MSU (vs standard EMS management).

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary efficacy end point was the utility-weighted modified Rankin Scale (UW-mRS) score. The secondary efficacy end point was independent ambulation status. The coprimary safety end points were symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) and in-hospital mortality.

Results

Of 19 433 patients (median [IQR] age, 73 [62-83] years; 9867 female [50.8%]) treated at 106 hospitals, 1237 (6.4%) received prehospital management in an MSU. Prehospital management in an MSU was associated with a better score on the UW-mRS at discharge (adjusted mean difference, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.01-0.05) and a higher likelihood of independent ambulation at discharge (53.3% [468 of 878 patients] vs 48.3% [5868 of 12 148 patients]; adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 1.08; 95% CI, 1.03-1.13). There was no statistically significant difference in sICH (5.2% [57 of 1094] vs 4.2% [545 of 13 014]; aRR, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.94-1.75]) or in-hospital mortality (5.7% [70 of 1237] vs 6.2% [1121 of 18 196]; aRR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.78-1.27) between the 2 groups.

Conclusions and Relevance

Among patients with acute ischemic stroke potentially eligible for intravenous thrombolysis, prehospital management in an MSU compared with standard EMS management was associated with a significantly lower level of global disability at hospital discharge. These findings support policy efforts to expand access to prehospital MSU management.
What Parents Should Know About Crying in Infants
Authors: Grier Cherece N. , Thompson Lindsay A.
Published: October 2024

This JAMA Pediatrics Patient Page describes what parents should know about crying in infants.
Escalation to Biologics After Methotrexate Among US Veterans With Rheumatoid Arthritis Grouped by Rural Versus Urban Areas
Authors: Naik Anisha , Baraff Aaron , Wysham Katherine D. , Liew Jean W. , England Bryant R. , Roul Punyasha , George Michael , Baker Joshua F. , Barton Jennifer L. , Makris Una E. , Kerr Gail , Cannon Grant W. , Mikuls Ted R. , Singh Namrata
Published: October 2024

Objective

Racial and ethnic disparities in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) outcomes are well recognized. However, whether disparities in RA treatment selection and outcomes differ by urban versus rural residence, independent of race, have not been studied. Our objective was to evaluate whether biologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD) initiation after methotrexate administration differs by rural versus urban residence among veterans with RA.

Methods

In this retrospective cohort study using national US Veterans Affairs (VA) databases, we identified adult patients with RA based on the presence of diagnostic codes and DMARD administration. We included patients receiving an initial prescription of methotrexate (index date) between 2005 and 2014, with data through 2016 used for follow‐up. Urban–rural status was categorized using the Veteran Health Administration's Urban/Rural classification. Our primary outcome of interest was time to biologic initiation within two years of starting methotrexate. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were conducted adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, and rheumatoid factor or anti‐cyclic citrullinated peptide positivity.

Results

Among 17,395 veterans with RA (88% male, 42% with rural residence) fulfilling eligibility criteria, 3,259 (19%) initiated a biologic within the first two years of follow‐up. In multivariable models, residence in an urban area was associated with a statistically significant higher biologic administration compared to rural areas (adjusted hazard ratio 1.10 [95% confidence interval 1.02–1.18]).

Conclusion

Our study found only modest differences in the initiation of biologic therapies among rural‐ versus urban‐residing veterans with RA in the VA health care system. These findings suggest that disparities are not easily explained by rurality within the VA health care system.
Neighborhood Disadvantage and Knee Osteoarthritis Pain: Do Sleep and Catastrophizing Play a Role?
Authors: Huber Felicitas A. , Gonzalez Cesar , Kusko Daniel A. , Mickle Angela , Sibille Kimberly T. , Redden David T. , Azuero Casey B. , Staud Roland , Fillingim Roger B. , Goodin Burel R.
Published: October 2024

Objective

The objective was to examine potential pathways linking neighborhood disadvantage to pain severity in individuals with knee pain consistent with or at risk for knee osteoarthritis (KOA).

Methods

The current investigation is a cross‐sectional analysis. Data were collected from 140 middle‐aged to older non‐Hispanic White and non‐Hispanic Black adults from the Understanding Pain and Limitations in Osteoarthritic Disease Study 2 (UPLOAD‐2). Relationships among neighborhood disadvantage, sleep efficiency, pain catastrophizing, and pain severity were assessed. Neighborhood disadvantage was quantified using the Area Deprivation Index, and actigraphy data were used to assess sleep efficiency. The Coping Strategies Questionnaire–Revised catastrophizing subscale and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index pain severity scale were used to assess pain catastrophizing and pain severity, respectively. A serial mediation model assessed the neighborhood–sleep–catastrophizing–pain pathway, as well as the neighborhood–sleep–pain and the neighborhood–catastrophizing–pain pathways.

Results

Greater neighborhood disadvantage was associated with worse sleep efficiency, ultimately contributing to greater pain severity. Although neither neighborhood disadvantage nor sleep efficiency were associated with pain catastrophizing, pain catastrophizing itself was associated with greater KOA pain.

Conclusion

Neighborhood disadvantage impacts KOA pain outcomes through sleep efficiency but not pain catastrophizing, thereby highlighting environmental aspects that impact sleep as potential targets for intervention.
Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Based Nasal Spray for Improved Parkinson's Treatment: Enhanced Superior Nasal Tract Deposition and Antioxidation Strategy
Authors: Xia Xiao , Zhong Ziqiao , Wei Chunfu , Wang Guanlin , Zhao Ziyu , He Jingyu , Zhai Zizhao , Zhou Yue , Wang Wenhao , Guo Haihua , Jin Yuzhen , Liu Cenfeng , Yue Xiao , Wu Chuanbin , Huang Ying , Zhang Xuejuan
Published: October 2024

The blood–brain barrier is one of the serious challenges in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), which severely hinders the drug's brain bioavailability. In this study, a lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) based in situ gel nasal spray loaded with the first‐line drug Levodopa (LDA) for PD is developed to resolve this issue based on a nose‐to‐brain drug delivery approach. Specifically, the two key stages of LLC‐based in situ gel nasal spray, droplet deposition, and drug retention are tailored. By adjusting LLC's precursor solution's viscosity, the droplet deposition on the superior nasal tract can be increased by 18 times. Through nasal mucus‐triggered sol–gel transition, the LDA nasal cavity retention is prolonged by three times. The epigallocatechin gallate is incorporated into the LLC‐based in situ gel nasal spray to inhibit the autoxidation of LDA and alleviate the oxidative stress response in PD. The results show that the LLC‐based in situ gel nasal spray has a 26‐fold higher brain bioavailability of LDA compared to oral administration. The PD rats show a significant improvement in behavioral and cognitive disorders after administration. The LLC‐based in situ gel nasal spray is proved to work by reducing oxidative damage. This study is anticipated to offer a promising strategy for the clinical application of LDA.
All‐Climate Thermal Management Performance of Power Batteries Based on Double‐Layer Flexible Phase Change Materials
Authors: Liu Meng , Li Xulong , Qian Runda , Lu Xitao , Liu Yifan , Zou Deqiu
Published: October 2024

Thermal management systems for power batteries based on phase change materials (PCM) are limited by low heat transfer efficiency, leakage issues, and high rigidity, and most of them cannot meet the needs of all‐climate thermal management. A double‐layer flexible phase change material (FPCM) sleeve structure for all‐climate thermal management is proposed in this study for the first time. Innovations in both material and design have enhanced the adaptability of the thermal management system. The outer layer FPCM achieves high thermal conductivity (4.23 W m−1 K−1) and electrical conductivity (0.95 S m−1), the inner layer FPCM achieves insulation (22.76 MΩ) and flexibility, the thermal contact resistance (TCR) between the double‐layer sleeve structure and the battery are measured to be only 0.15 °C W−1, significantly improved thermal management performance. Experimental results show that at 30 °C ambient temperature, 5 C discharge, the system reduces the maximum temperature by 14.5 °C, from 61.4 to 46.9 °C, compared to natural convection. Additionally, during heating, the system achieves heating rates of 7.0, 8.3, and 8.7 °C min−1 at −20, −10, and 0 °C, respectively, extending battery discharge duration by 32.5%, 65.9%, and 33.6%.
Voxel Interface Control in Multimaterial Extrusion 3D Printing
Authors: Ames Daniel C. , Propst Sarah , Shah Aadarsh , Mueller Jochen
Published: October 2024

Interfaces are crucial in natural and engineered systems, dictating essential biological, ecological, and technological properties that augment performance, functionality, and user experience. Yet, achieving precise interfacial control poses significant challenges in both conventional and additive manufacturing, where scalability constraints impede the controlled deposition of quasi‐2D layers within 3D objects. This paper introduces Voxel‐Interface 3D Printing (VI3DP), which enables comprehensive control over extruded voxel interfaces irrespective of the printhead diameter that conventionally dictates feature size. Various optical, mechanical, and electrical functionalizations, attaining interface thicknesses up to three orders of magnitude smaller than the voxel size are reported. Notable applications include encoding data in soft matter through fluorescent interfaces, creating tight fits and movable mechanisms through non‐adhesive interfaces, fabricating bio‐inspired composites with tailored failure modes, and developing a single filament capacitive touch sensor. VI3DP opens new avenues for enhanced functionality and efficiency across multiple fields, including biomedical technology, electronics, optics, and nanotechnology.
Ultrahigh Energy Storage of Twisted Structures in Supramolecular Polymers
Authors: Li Jinfeng , Gao Yan , Jin Yupeng , Zhang Tian
Published: October 2024

Polymer dielectrics possess outstanding advantages for high‐power energy storage applications such as high breakdown strength (Eb) and efficiency (η), while both of them decrease rapidly at elevated temperatures. Although several strategies have been evaluated to enhance Eb and heat resistance, the discharged energy density (Ud) is still limited by the planar conjugated structure. In this study, a novel approach to manipulate polymer morphology is introduced, thereby influencing dielectric properties. A range of polyurea (PU)‐based polymers are predicted from different structural unit combinations by machine learning and synthesized two representative polymers with high dielectric constants (K) and thermal stability. These polymers are combined with PI to form a twisted polymer via hydrogen bonding interactions (HNP). Both experimental results and computational simulations demonstrate the twisted structure disrupts the conjugated structure to widen the bandgap and increase dipole moment through the twisting of polar groups, leading to simultaneous improvements in both K and Eb. Consequently, HNP‐20% achieves an ultrahigh Ud of 6.42 J cm−3 with an efficiency exceeding 90% at 200 °C. This work opens a new avenue to scalable high Ud all‐polymer dielectric for high‐temperature applications.