bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Garantir o direito à educação sob a lógica performática: um estudo na Escola de Leitores
Authors: Finholdt Angelo Leite Vania
Published: July 2014

Este artigo pretende discutir a garantia do direito à educação sob a lógica performática devido às transformações no setor público que ocorrem em diferentes países, inclusive no Brasil. Para tal discussão, parto dos dados coletados na pesquisa de doutorado da autora, que analisou a política educativa da cidade do Rio de Janeiro (2009-2012), observando o papel da coordenadora pedagógica na “implementação” dessa política na escola. A questão da pesquisa é: quais foram os ajustamentos secundários realizados pela coordenadora junto com as professoras ao “implementar” a proposta educativa baseada na lógica performática, considerando sempre a defesa da educação como um direito? Busco respondê-la baseando no conceito de performatividade e novo gerencialismo desenvolvidos por Stephen Ball. Os dados apresentados evidenciam que os educadores da escola fizeram alguns ajustamentos na proposta da Secretaria Municipal Educação (SME), buscando assegurar o direito à educação dos alunos. Uma das modificações observadas se refere às competições propostas para que as crianças pudessem cumprir com as regras da escola. Outro ajustamento foi percebido em relação à categoria avaliação, uma vez que a pressão de a escola ter que alcançar uma meta estabelecida pela SME influenciou a prática da coordenadora que passou a discutir as metas e os resultados da escola em relação à rede, trazendo gráficos de desempenho dos alunos em todos os Conselhos de Classe. Ao mesmo tempo, porém, a coordenadora e as professoras desenvolviam um trabalho coletivo em torno dos projetos de leitura e escrita, que se tornou uma estratégia para enfrentar a cultura da performatividade.
Contribution of correlated noise and selective decoding to choice probability measurements in extrastriate visual cortex
Authors: Gu Yong , Angelaki Dora E , DeAngelis Gregory C
Published: July 2014

Trial by trial covariations between neural activity and perceptual decisions (quantified by choice Probability, CP) have been used to probe the contribution of sensory neurons to perceptual decisions. CPs are thought to be determined by both selective decoding of neural activity and by the structure of correlated noise among neurons, but the respective roles of these factors in creating CPs have been controversial. We used biologically-constrained simulations to explore this issue, taking advantage of a peculiar pattern of CPs exhibited by multisensory neurons in area MSTd that represent self-motion. Although models that relied on correlated noise or selective decoding could both account for the peculiar pattern of CPs, predictions of the selective decoding model were substantially more consistent with various features of the neural and behavioral data. While correlated noise is essential to observe CPs, our findings suggest that selective decoding of neuronal signals also plays important roles.
New evidence for generation mechanisms of discrete and hiss‐like whistler mode waves
Authors: Gao Xinliang , Li Wen , Thorne Richard M. , Bortnik Jacob , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Lu Quanming , Tao Xin , Wang Shui
Published: July 2014

Linear theory suggests that whistler mode wave growth rates are proportional to the ratio of hot electron (~1 to 30 keV) density to total electron density (Nh/Nt), whereas nonlinear wave theory suggests that an optimum linear growth rate is required to generate rising tone chorus from hiss‐like emissions. Using the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms waveform data collected by three probes over the past ~5 years, we investigate the correlation between Nh/Nt and wave amplitude/wave occurrence rate for rising tone, falling tone, and hiss‐like emissions separately. Statistical results show that the rising and falling tones preferentially occur in the region with a limited Nh/Nt range, whereas both the occurrence rate and wave amplitudes of hiss‐like emissions become larger for higher values of Nh/Nt. Our statistical results not only provide an important clue on the generation mechanism of hiss‐like emissions, but also provide supporting experimental evidence for the nonlinear theory of generating rising tone chorus.
Poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐graft‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) amphiphilic copolymers prepared by a combination of ring‐opening polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization: Synthesis, self‐assembly, and thermoresponsive property
Authors: Li Mingming , Shan Guorong , Bao Yongzhong , Pan Pengju
Published: July 2014

Thermoresponsive graft copolymers of ε‐caprolactone and N‐isopropylacrylamide were synthesized by a combination of ring‐opening polymerization and the sequential atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The copolymer composition, chemical structure, and the self‐assembled structure were characterized. The graft length and density of the copolymers were well controlled by varying the feed ratio of monomer to initiator and the fraction of chlorides along PCL backbone, which is acting as the macroinitiator for ATRP. In aqueous solution, PCL‐g‐PNIPAAm can assemble into the spherical micelles which comprise of the biodegradable hydrophobic PCL core and thermoresponsive hydrophilic PNIPAAm corona. The critical micelle concentrations of PCL‐g‐PNIPAAm were determined under the range of 6.4–23.4 mg/L, which increases with the PNIPAAm content increasing. The mean hydrodynamic diameters of PCL‐g‐PNIPAAm micelles depend strongly on the graft length and density of the PNIPAAm segment, allowing to tune the particle size within a wide range. Additionally, the PCL‐g‐PNIPAAm micelles exhibit thermosensitive properties and aggregate when the temperature is above the lower critical solution temperature. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41115.
The Association of Gender to Cardiovascular Outcomes After Coronary Artery Revascularization in Patients With End‐Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Krishnaswami Ashok , Chang Tara I. , Jang James J. , Leong Thomas K. , Go Alan S.
Published: July 2014

Background

Inadequate recruitment of women and an exclusion of patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) in coronary revascularization trials have led to knowledge gaps of gender‐based outcomes.

Hypothesis

Women have equivalent cardiovascular outcomes when compared to men.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective observational study utilizing Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) databases and identified 1015 adults with ESRD who underwent coronary revascularization between 1996 and 2008. We ascertained baseline characteristics, primary (mortality at 5 years) and secondary (myocardial infarction [MI] and repeat revascularization) outcomes from KPNC databases, state death certificates, and Social Security Administration files. A multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association of gender to the prespecified outcomes.

Results

Men and women were similar in age (P = 0.23). The mean number of baseline comorbidities was higher in women (2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.5‐2.9) compared to men (2.3, 95% CI: 2.1‐2.4, P = 0.0002). The risk‐adjusted odds ratios (OR) of female gender to death at 5 years (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.83‐1.52), MI (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 0.86‐1.64), and repeat revascularization (OR: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.70‐1.45) were similar to men. Age modified the effect of gender for the primary outcome death (Pinteraction < 0.048), with a trend toward worse outcomes in younger women and improved outcomes in older women. This effect was noted more in patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting.

Conclusions

Although the overall relative risk of cardiovascular outcomes after coronary revascularization in ESRD was equivalent between men and women, age had a significant interaction with gender on overall mortality.
Chemical Hydrogen Storage: Ammonia Borane Dehydrogenation Catalyzed by NP3 Ruthenium Hydrides (NP3=N(CH2CH2PPh2)3)
Authors: Rossin Andrea , Rossi Andrea , Peruzzini Maurizio , Zanobini Fabrizio
Published: July 2014

Two novel RuII hydrides containing the tripodal polyphosphine ligand NP3 (N(CH2CH2PPh2)3) have been prepared and characterized: (κ4‐NP3)Ru(H)2 (1) and [(κ4‐NP3)Ru(H)(η2‐H2)]BArCl4 (2; ArCl=3,5‐dichlorophenyl, C6H3Cl2). The classical and nonclassical nature of the hydride ligand in 1 and 2, respectively, has been confirmed by solution NMR studies and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The reaction of 1 and 2 with excess ammonia borane (NH3⋅BH3, AB) has been analyzed experimentally through variable‐temperature multinuclear (11B, 31P, 1H) NMR spectroscopy, kinetic rate measurements, and kinetic isotope effect determination with deuterated AB isotopologues. Both complexes are active in AB dehydrogenation, with release of two H2 equivalents per AB equivalent, with concomitant polyborazylene and cyclic polyaminoborane formation as the final “spent fuel”. A DFT modeling of the AB first dehydrogenation step has been finally performed, at the M06//6‐31G* level of theory. The combination of the kinetic and computational data reveals that the initial AB activation step is different for the two catalysts: a simultaneous BH/NH activation occurs in the presence of 1, whereas the NH activation only is the rate‐determining step if 2 is employed as a catalyst.
A chiral separation strategy for acidic drugs in capillary electrochromatography using both chlorinated and nonchlorinated polysaccharide‐based selectors
Authors: Albals Dima , Hendrickx Ans , Clincke Lies , Chankvetadze Bezhan , Heyden Yvan Vander , Mangelings Debby
Published: July 2014

A generic chiral separation strategy for the analysis of acidic compounds in CEC is proposed in completion of an earlier defined strategy for nonacidic compounds. The screening step of this strategy uses a 45 mM ammonium formate (pH 2.9)/ACN (35/65, v/v) mobile phase, a temperature of 25°C, and an applied voltage of 15 kV. To update the screening step, eight chiral stationary phases, which all possessed chlorinated and nonchlorinated polysaccharide‐based chiral selectors, were evaluated using the earlier defined screening conditions. A combination of the two types of polysaccharide‐based chiral phases proved to have the highest cumulative success rate. In the updated screening step, amylosetris(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) (ADH), cellulosetris(4‐methylbenzoate) (OJH), cellulosetris(3,5‐dichlorophenylcarbamate) (SP5), and cellulosetris(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) (ODRH) were included as selectors and their preferred screening sequence was determined as ADH > OJH > SP5 > ODRH. New optimization steps were also defined for SP5 by investigating the influences of different parameters on the separation outcome using an experimental design approach. After application of the updated strategy, 15 of 17 acidic pharmaceuticals were separated under screening conditions, of which 9 were baseline resolved. When the optimization steps were applied, another three compounds were baseline separated, while the total number of separations was increased by one, which brings the total number of separations to 16 of 17 with 12 baseline separated compounds. This reflects the successful performance of the updated strategy on acidic compounds.
Preparation of polystyrene nanoparticles including fluorescent and hydrophobic materials by polymerization at phase inversion temperature
Authors: Suzuki Kiyoshi , Nishiyama Kohei , Takeuchi Eiki , Shim Sunwoo , Satoh Shuzaemon
Published: July 2014

The polystyrene nanoparticles incorporating hydrophobic and fluorescent pyrene was successfully prepared by a direct polymerization at phase inversion temperature. The average diameter of the prepared polystyrene nanoparticles is around 30 nm or less: 22 nm. This preparation does not require any strong agitation, which is necessary for the usual mini‐emulsion polymerization, and does not need the large amount of surfactant as much as the usual microemulsion polymerization. The incorporation of pyrene in the prepared polystyrene particles was confirmed by fluorescence spectra. This developed method is superior to the addition of pyrene to polystyrene particles prepared, which causes large coagulum and gives polystyrene particles with lower weight fraction of pyrene. The developed method is expected to be applicable for preparation of polymer particles including various hydrophobic materials. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multifunctional RbxWO3 Nanorods for Simultaneous Combined Chemo‐photothermal Therapy and Photoacoustic/CT Imaging
Authors: Tian Gan , Zhang Xiao , Zheng Xiaopeng , Yin Wenyan , Ruan Longfei , Liu Xiaodong , Zhou Liangjun , Yan Liang , Li Shoujian , Gu Zhanjun , Zhao Yuliang
Published: July 2014

Light‐triggered drug delivery based on near‐infrared (NIR)‐mediated photothermal nanocarriers has received tremendous attention for the construction of cooperative therapeutic systems in nanomedicine. Herein, a new paradigm of light‐responsive drug carrier that doubles as a photothermal agent is reported based on the NIR light‐absorber, Rb
x
WO3 (rubidium tungsten bronze, Rb‐TB) nanorods. With doxorubicin (DOX) payload, the DOX‐loaded Rb‐TB composite (Rb‐TB‐DOX) simultaneously provides a burst‐like drug release and intense heating effect upon 808‐nm NIR light exposure. MTT assays show the photothermally enhanced antitumor activity of Rb‐TB‐DOX to the MCF‐7 cancer cells. Most remarkably, Rb‐TB‐DOX combined with NIR irradiation also shows dramatically enhanced chemotherapeutic effect to DOX‐resistant MCF‐7 cells compared with free DOX, demonstrating the enhanced efficacy of combinational chemo‐photothermal therapy for potentially overcoming drug resistance in cancer chemotherapy. Furthermore, in vivo study of combined chemo‐photothermal therapy is also conducted and realized on pancreatic (Pance‐1) tumor‐bearing nude mice. Apart from its promise for cancer therapy, the as‐prepared Rb‐TB can also be employed as a new dual‐modal contrast agent for photoacoustic tomography and (PAT) X‐ray computed tomography (CT) imaging because of its high NIR optical absorption capability and strong X‐ray attenuation ability, respectively. The results presented in the current study suggest promise of the multifunctional Rb
x
WO3 nanorods for applications in cancer theranostics.
Body Weight, Eating Patterns, and Physical Activity: The Role of Education
Authors: Atella Vincenzo , Kopinska Joanna
Published: July 2014

In this article, we empirically study the role of education attainment on individual body mass index (BMI), eating patterns, and physical activity. We allow for endogeneity of schooling choices for females and males in a mean and quantile instrumental variables framework. We find that completion of lower secondary education has a significant positive impact on reduction of individual BMI, containment of calorie consumption, and promotion of physical activity. Interestingly, these effects are heterogeneous across genders and distributions. In particular, for BMI and calorie expenditure, the effect of education is significant for females and is more pronounced for women with high body mass and low physical activity. On the other hand, the effect of education on eating patterns is significant mainly for males, being more beneficial for men with elevated calorie consumption. We also show that education attainment is likely to foster productive and allocative efficiency of individuals in the context of BMI formation. Given that the literature suggests that education fosters development of cognition, self-control, and a variety of skills and abilities, in our context it is thus likely to promote lifetime preferences and means of individuals, which in turn enable them to achieve better health outcomes. Education also provides exposure to physical education and to school subjects enhancing individual deliberative skills, which are important factors shaping calorie expenditure and intake. Finally, we show that in the presence of strong socioeconomic inequalities in BMI, education is likely to have a pronounced impact on healthy BMI for the disadvantaged groups, represented in our framework by females.
Conditional targeting of Ispd using paired Cas9 nickase and a single DNA template in mice
Authors: Lee Angus Yiu-fai , Lloyd Kevin C. Kent
Published: July 2014

CRISPR/Cas9 technology is a highly promising genome editing tool in the mouse, potentially overcoming the costs and time required for more traditional gene targeting methods in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Recently, compared to the wildtype nuclease, paired Cas9 nickase (Cas9n) combined with single guide RNA (sgRNA) molecules has been found to enhance the specificity of genome editing while reducing off‐target effects. Paired Cas9n has been shown to be as efficient as Cas9 for generating insertion and deletion (indel) mutations by non‐homologous end joining and targeted deletion in the genome. However, an efficient and reliable approach to the insertion of loxP sites flanking critical exon(s) to create a conditional allele of a target gene remains an elusive goal. In this study, we microinjected Cas9n RNA with sgRNAs together with a single DNA template encoding two loxP sites flanking (floxing) exon 2 of the isoprenoid synthase containing domain (Ispd) into the pronucleus and cytoplasm of C57BL/6NCr one‐cell stage zygotes. After surgical transfer, one F0 mouse expressing a conditional allele was produced (at a frequency of ∼8% of live pups born). The floxed allele was transmitted through the germline to F1 progeny, and could be successfully recombined using Cre recombinase. This study indicates that conditional targeting can be accomplished effectively using paired Cas9n and a single DNA template.
Returning to the Middle Kingdom: Yung Wing and the recalled students of the Chinese Educational Mission to the United States
Authors: XI LIAN
Published: July 2014

This article re-examines the frustrated Westernizing efforts of Yung Wing and the recalled students of the Chinese Educational Mission to the United States (1872–1881). It does so in response to recent scholarship (in both the Chinese and the English languages) which affirms the ‘transformative role’ of the returnees in late Qing reform and modernization. On the basis of a variety of sources, this article suggests, instead, that for those patriotic students returning to the Middle Kingdom, eager to bring about a fundamental change in its political system and rejuvenation of its civilization, disillusionment was often inevitable, and the choice—short of revolution—became one of either marginalization or co-option by the autocratic state. Despite all their achievements, China's earliest students of the West ultimately failed to set the country upon a new modernizing course—a failure that pointed, beyond itself, to an emerging (and subsequently persistent) pattern in the troubled relationship between the new, Westernized elite and the state in modern China.
Electrochemical reductive desorption of alkyl self-assembled monolayers studied in situ by spectroscopic ellipsometry: evidence for formation of a low refractive index region after desorption
Authors: Kemnade Nina , Chen Ying , Muglali Mutlu I. , Erbe Andreas
Published: July 2014

Aggregates formed after reductive desorption of self-assembled monolayers of shorter chained thiols from gold may stabilise hydrogen bubbles.
Complex coacervation with whey protein isolate and gum arabic for the microencapsulation of omega-3 rich tuna oil
Authors: Eratte Divya , Wang Bo , Dowling Kim , Barrow Colin. J. , Adhikari Benu P.
Published: July 2014

Tuna oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids was microencapsulated in whey protein isolate (WPI)–gum arabic (GA) complex coacervates, and subsequently dried using spray and freeze drying to produce solid microcapsules.
Selective synthesis of propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol), an intravenous anesthetic drug, by isopropylation of phenol over H-beta and H-mordenite
Authors: Nandiwale Kakasaheb Y. , Bokade Vijay V.
Published: July 2014

H-beta achieved 94% phenol conversion and 56% propofol (DIPP) selectivity with stability over 25 h, which is far better than previously reported.
Novel 99mTc radiolabeled folate complexes with PEG linkers for FR-positive tumor imaging: synthesis and biological evaluation
Authors: Xie Fang , Zhang Chun , Yu Qian , Pang Yan , Chen Yuan , Yang Wenjiang , Xue Jingquan , Liu Yu , Lu Jie
Published: July 2014

The novel complex 99mTc(FA-PEG2-HYNIC)(tricine/TPPTS) was clearly visualized at 120 min p.i. at the FR-positive tumor, highlighting its potential as an effective folate receptor tumor imaging agent.
Penetrierende Verletzungen der Kopf-Hals-Region – Eine Potentiell Lebensbedrohliche Situation
Authors: Greve J. , Schuler P. , Mandapathil M. , Dominas N. , Veit J. , Bas M. , Lehnerdt G. , Hoffmann T.
Published: July 2014

Hintergrund: Schnitt-, Stich- und Schussverletzungen der Kopf-Hals-Region stellen aufgrund der hohen Gefahr von vaskulären Läsionen ein potentiell lebensbedrohliches Krankheitsbild dar. Ein konsequentes, standardisiertes Notfallmanagement, in der Regel assoziiert mit einer operativen Exploration, ist Grundlage der effektiven Rettungskette.

Methoden und Patienten: 11 Fälle selbst- oder fremdverschuldeter penetrierender Verletzungen der Kopf-Hals-Region werden hinsichtlich Alter, Geschlecht, Verletzungshergang, Art der Verletzung, beteiligter Strukturen, diagnostischen und operativen Vorgehens sowie Outcome beschrieben und der aktuellen Literatur und Leitlinien gegenübergestellt.

Ergebnisse: Bei 10 von 11 Patienten wurde, im Rahmen eines interdisziplinären Schockraummanagements, nach einer klinischen Untersuchung eine CT-Angiografie durchgeführt. Bei 9 dieser Patienten wurde daraufhin eine chirurgische Exploration und Wundversorgung vorgenommen. In je 2 Fällen waren die Arteria carotis communis, die Arteria carotis externa sowie große venöse Blutgefäße des Halses verletzt. Keiner der Patienten verstarb oder litt unter bleibenden Schäden.

Schlussfolgerung: Eine rasche, systematische und fächerübergreifende Versorgung in speziellen Trauma-Zentren hat einen wesentlichen Anteil daran dass Patienten mit penetrierenden Verletzungen im Kopf-Hals-Bereich seltener an ihren schwerwiegenden Verletzungen oder deren Folgen versterben.
Single photon emission from ZnO nanoparticles
Authors: Choi Sumin , Johnson Brett C. , Castelletto Stefania , Ton-That Cuong , Phillips Matthew R. , Aharonovich Igor
Published: July 2014

Room temperature single photon emitters are very important resources for photonics and emerging quantum technologies. In this work, we study single photon emission from defect centers in 20 nm zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. The emitters exhibit bright broadband fluorescence in the red spectral range centered at 640 nm with polarized excitation and emission. The studied emitters showed continuous blinking; however, bleaching can be suppressed using a polymethyl methacrylate coating. Furthermore, hydrogen termination increased the density of single photon emitters. Our results will contribute to the identification of quantum systems in ZnO.
Epitaxy of polar semiconductor Co3O4 (110): Growth, structure, and characterization
Authors: Kormondy Kristy J. , Posadas Agham B. , Slepko Alexander , Dhamdhere Ajit , Smith David J. , Mitchell Khadijih N. , Willett-Gies Travis I. , Zollner Stefan , Marshall Luke G. , Zhou Jianshi , Demkov Alexander A.
Published: July 2014

The (110) plane of Co3O4 spinel exhibits significantly higher rates of carbon monoxide conversion due to the presence of active Co3+ species at the surface. However, experimental studies of Co3O4 (110) surfaces and interfaces have been limited by the difficulties in growing high-quality films. We report thin (10–250 Å) Co3O4 films grown by molecular beam epitaxy in the polar (110) direction on MgAl2O4 substrates. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction, atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy measurements attest to the high quality of the as-grown films. Furthermore, we investigate the electronic structure of this material by core level and valence band x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and first-principles density functional theory calculations. Ellipsometry reveals a direct band gap of 0.75 eV and other interband transitions at higher energies. A valence band offset of 3.2 eV is measured for the Co3O4/MgAl2O4 heterostructure. Magnetic measurements show the signature of antiferromagnetic ordering at 49 K. FTIR ellipsometry finds three infrared-active phonons between 300 and 700 cm−1.
Linear dispersion relation of beta-induced Alfvén eigenmodes in presence of anisotropic energetic ions
Authors: Ma Ruirui , Chavdarovski Ilija , Ye Gaoxiang , Wang Xin
Published: July 2014

Using the theoretical framework of the generalized fishbone-like dispersion relation, the linear properties of beta-induced Alfvén eigenmodes (BAEs) and energetic particle continuum modes (EPMs) excited by anisotropic slowing-down energetic ions are investigated analytically and numerically. The resonant contribution of energetic ions to the potential energy perturbation as well as fluid-like term describing the background plasma and adiabatic contribution of energetic ions are derived. For high-mode numbers, numerical results show smooth transition between the EP continuous spectrum and BAEs in the gap. EPMs and/or BAEs are destabilized by energetic ions, with real frequencies and growth rates strongly dependent on the energetic particle density and resonant frequency.
Melting and phase transitions of nitrogen under high pressures and temperatures
Authors: Tomasino Dane , Jenei Zsolt , Evans William , Yoo Choong-Shik
Published: July 2014

Dense nitrogen exhibits fascinating molecular and extended polymorphs as well as an anomalous melt maximum at high temperatures. However, the exact solid-liquid phase boundary is still the subject of debate, as both creating and probing hot dense nitrogen, solid and fluid alike, poses unique experimental challenges. Raman studies of nitrogen were performed to investigate the melting curve and solid-solid phase transitions in the pressure-temperature range of 25 to 103 GPa and 300 to 2000 K. The solid-liquid phase boundary has been probed with time-resolved Raman spectroscopy on ramp heated nitrogen in diamond anvil cell (DAC), showing a melting maximum at 73 GPa and 1690 K. The solid-solid phase boundaries have been measured with spatially resolved micro-confocal Raman spectroscopy on resistively heated DAC, probing the δ-ɛ phase line to 47 GPa and 914 K. At higher pressures the θ-phase was produced upon a repeated thermal heating of the ζ-phase, yet no evidence was found for the ι-phase. Hence, the present results signify the path dependence of dense nitrogen phases and provide new constraints for the phase diagram.
Broadband optical scattering in coupled silicon nanocylinders
Authors: Wang C. , Jia Z. Y. , Zhang K. , Zhou Y. , Fan R. H. , Xiong X. , Peng R. W.
Published: July 2014

In this work, we demonstrate the broadband scattering of light waves incident on coupled silicon nanocylinders. First, it is shown that both electric and magnetic resonances are observed in a single silicon nanocylinder. By using two silicon nanocylinders, we next construct a silicon nanodimer. Thereafter, the original electric and magnetic resonances of the single nanocylinder shift and form hybrid resonant modes in the dimer; meanwhile, a new magnetic resonant mode emerges at a longer wavelength. Consequently, the silicon nanodimer exhibits a broadband scattering response that originates from optically magnetic interactions between dimeric silicon nanocylinders. Furthermore, the scattering bandwidth further increases upon using a silicon nanotrimer. This broadband optical response in silicon nanocylinders is demonstrated via their scattering spectra, and the magnetic interaction is verified by examining the spatial distributions of electromagnetic fields and the retrieved permittivity and permeability of the nanocylinders system. This theoretical finding may provide an approach to realize silicon-based broadband nanoantennas and nanosensors.
Critical anomalous Hall behavior in Pt/Co/Pt trilayers grown on paper with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
Authors: Che Wenru , Xiao Xiaofei , Sun Niuyi , Zhang Yanqing , Shan Rong , Zhu Zhengang
Published: July 2014

Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy was observed in Pt/Co/Pt trilayers prepared on three kinds of paper substrates with conspicuous difference of roughness by sputtering. Anomalous Hall effect exhibits well magnetic transport properties for partial samples. The trends of Hall resistivity over longitudinal resistivity (ρAH/ρxx) versus ρxx are bending instead of a traditional linear relationship for thick single-layer Co films. Further, study reveals that this behavior strongly depends on ratios among contributions from the skew scattering induced by residual resistance and phonons, the side jump and the intrinsic parts in anomalous Hall effect. A 3D map of correlation coefficients (R) of ρAH/ρxx and ρxx shows the ratios locate at a critical and ultra-narrow area for our trilayers. This study may throw new light on the understanding of anomalous Hall effect as well as lead to an economical and practical method to fabricate Hall devices on flexible substrates.
Phonon-assisted transient electroluminescence in Si
Authors: Cheng Tzu-Huan , Chu-Su Yu , Liu Chien-Sheng , Lin Chii-Wann
Published: July 2014

The phonon-replica infrared emission is observed at room temperature from indirect band gap Si light-emitting diode under forward bias. With increasing injection current density, the broadened electroluminescence spectrum and band gap reduction are observed due to joule heating. The spectral-resolved temporal response of electroluminescence reveals the competitiveness between single (TO) and dual (TO + TA) phonon-assisted indirect band gap transitions. As compared to infrared emission with TO phonon-replica, the retarder of radiative recombination at long wavelength region (∼1.2 μm) indicates lower transition probability of dual phonon-replica before thermal equivalent.
Mid-infrared interband cascade light emitting devices with milliwatt output powers at room temperature
Authors: Abell J. , Kim C. S. , Bewley W. W. , Merritt C. D. , Canedy C. L. , Vurgaftman I. , Meyer J. R. , Kim M.
Published: July 2014

We demonstrate incoherent light emission peaked at λ = 3.3 μm from a 15-stage interband cascade active region. The interband cascade light emitting devices with mesa diameters ranging from 50 to 400 μm were mounted epitaxial-side-down, and light was extracted from the substrate side. At an applied bias of 8.7 V and injection current of 0.6 A, and without any measures taken to improve the poor out-coupling efficiency caused by total internal reflection, a 400-μm-diameter device produced 1.6 mW of continuous-wave output power at T = 25 °C. Mesas with smaller diameters displayed emission intensities as high as 1.7 W/cm2.
Volcano-induced regime shifts in millennial tree-ring chronologies from northeastern North America
Authors: Gennaretti Fabio , Arseneault Dominique , Nicault Antoine , Perreault Luc , Bégin Yves
Published: July 2014

Significance

The cooling effect on the Earth's climate system of sulfate aerosols injected into the stratosphere by large volcanic eruptions remains a topic of debate. While some simulation and field data show that these effects are short-term (less than about 10 years), other evidence suggests that large and successive eruptions can lead to the onset of cooling episodes that can persist over several decades when sustained by consequent sea ice/ocean feedbacks. Here, we present a new network of millennial tree-ring chronologies suitable for temperature reconstructions from northeastern North America where no similar records are available, and we show that during the last millennium, persistent shifts toward lower average temperatures in this region coincide with series of large eruptions.
Engineering adenylate cyclases regulated by near-infrared window light
Authors: Ryu Min-Hyung , Kang In-Hye , Nelson Mathew D. , Jensen Tricia M. , Lyuksyutova Anna I. , Siltberg-Liberles Jessica , Raizen David M. , Gomelsky Mark
Published: July 2014

Significance

Microbial photoreceptors, bacteriophytochromes, absorb near-infrared light, which penetrates deep into animal tissues and is harmless. Bacteriophytochromes delivered as genes can be used to control biological activities in live animals via external light sources. However, the lack of understanding of light-induced conformational changes has hindered development of bacteriophytochrome-based optogenetic tools. Here, we offer a proof of principle that homodimeric bacteriophytochromes can be engineered to activate heterologous output domains that require homodimerization. We constructed an adenylate cyclase, which can control cAMP-dependent processes in live animals in response to light in the near-infrared spectral window. When expressed in cholinergic neurons of a roundworm
Caenorhabditis elegans
, near-infrared light-activated adenylate cyclase affected worm behavior in a light-dependent manner.
Rice actin-binding protein RMD is a key link in the auxin–actin regulatory loop that controls cell growth
Authors: Li Gang , Liang Wanqi , Zhang Xiaoqing , Ren Haiyun , Hu Jianping , Bennett Malcolm J. , Zhang Dabing
Published: July 2014

Significance

The positive feedback loop between the auxin pathway and actin cytoskeleton is essential for auxin self-organizing responsive signaling during plant development; however, its underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we showed that an actin-binding protein, rice morphology determinant (RMD), acts as a key component mediating the auxin–actin loop pathway, affecting cell growth and morphogenesis. Auxin directly promotes
RMD
expression via binding of
Oryza sativa
auxin response factor 23 (OsARF23) and OsARF24 heterodimers on the
RMD
promoter, triggering changes in F-actin organization. In turn, RMD-dependent F-actin arrays affect auxin intracellular signaling, including polar auxin transport, localization and recycling of auxin efflux carriers, and auxin distribution in root cells. Our work identifies RMD as a key link in the auxin–actin self-organizing regulatory loop that is required for auxin-mediated cell growth.
Neurotrophin receptor TrkB promotes lung adenocarcinoma metastasis
Authors: Sinkevicius Kerstin W. , Kriegel Christina , Bellaria Kelly J. , Lee Jaewon , Lau Allison N. , Leeman Kristen T. , Zhou Pengcheng , Beede Alexander M. , Fillmore Christine M. , Caswell Deborah , Barrios Juliana , Wong Kwok-Kin , Sholl Lynette M. , Schlaeger Thorsten M. , Bronson Roderick T. , Chirieac Lucian R. , Winslow Monte M. , Haigis Marcia C. , Kim Carla F.
Published: July 2014

Significance

New effective therapies are desperately needed for lung cancer because most current lung cancer treatments rarely prevent the metastatic disease that causes the majority of patient deaths. We discovered that the neurotrophin receptor TrkB is an important therapeutic target in metastatic lung cancer using a combination of cell line assays, conditional mouse models, and patient samples.
Packing and the structural transformations in liquid and amorphous oxides from ambient to extreme conditions
Authors: Zeidler Anita , Salmon Philip Stephen , Skinner Lawrie Basil
Published: July 2014

Significance

The structures of liquid and amorphous oxides are difficult to solve because of the complexity of their disordered networks, and the adaptability in size of oxide ions to their coordination environments. Particular difficulty is therefore associated with an identification of generic features associated with structural transformations. This paper adopts an empirical approach to find the oxide ion size, and shows that the network structures of a wide variety of disordered oxides can be categorized in terms of the oxygen-packing fraction over an extensive pressure and temperature range. The packing fraction provides a basis for predicting changes in network structures (e.g., from tetrahedral to octahedral) that will affect material properties such as the compressibility and viscosity.
Pom1 regulates the assembly of Cdr2–Mid1 cortical nodes for robust spatial control of cytokinesis
Authors: Rincon Sergio A. , Bhatia Payal , Bicho Claudia , Guzman-Vendrell Mercè , Fraisier Vincent , Borek Weronika E. , Alves Flavia de Lima , Dingli Florent , Loew Damarys , Rappsilber Juri , Sawin Kenneth E. , Martin Sophie G. , Paoletti Anne
Published: July 2014

Proper division plane positioning is essential to achieve faithful DNA segregation and to control daughter cell size, positioning, or fate within tissues. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, division plane positioning is controlled positively by export of the division plane positioning factor Mid1/anillin from the nucleus and negatively by the Pom1/DYRK (dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase) gradients emanating from cell tips. Pom1 restricts to the cell middle cortical cytokinetic ring precursor nodes organized by the SAD-like kinase Cdr2 and Mid1/anillin through an unknown mechanism. In this study, we show that Pom1 modulates Cdr2 association with membranes by phosphorylation of a basic region cooperating with the lipid-binding KA-1 domain. Pom1 also inhibits Cdr2 interaction with Mid1, reducing its clustering ability, possibly by down-regulation of Cdr2 kinase activity. We propose that the dual regulation exerted by Pom1 on Cdr2 prevents Cdr2 assembly into stable nodes in the cell tip region where Pom1 concentration is high, which ensures proper positioning of cytokinetic ring precursors at the cell geometrical center and robust and accurate division plane positioning.
Detection of RNAs by 3′-End Labeling and RNase H Digestion
Authors: Nilsen Timothy W.
Published: July 2014

This protocol describes an extremely sensitive procedure for detecting the presence of known or unknown RNAs in a complex mixture. A selectively enriched population of RNAs is subjected to 3′-end labeling with [32P]pCp, and labeled products are separated from unincorporated label. The labeled RNAs are hybridized to sequence-specific complementary oligodeoxynucleotides, treated with RNase H (which cleaves RNA in an RNA–DNA hybrid) and the products analyzed by electrophoresis through denaturing polyacrylamide gels with the appropriate controls. If the RNA of interest was present and hybridized to its complementary oligonucleotide, its digestion with RNase H will result in a shift in its mobility through the gel or, if the RNA was fully degraded, its band will not appear. If the RNA of interest is not cleaved in the presence of any known complementary oligodeoxynucleotides, then its position in the gel will remain unaltered. This result may suggest the presence of a new or unknown RNA that may be identified using a variety of cloning techniques or by direct chemical sequencing methods.
FYNagling divergent adhesive functions for Fyn in keratinocytes
Authors: Fenton Sarah E. , Denning Mitchell F.
Published: July 2014

Fyn, a member of the Src family kinases (SFKs), has been shown to play important yet contradictory roles in keratinocyte (KC) adhesion. During KC differentiation, physiological activation of Fyn results in the formation of adherens junctions, recruiting junctional components and inducing signaling pathways that control the differentiation program. However, in KC transformation and oncogenesis, increased Fyn activity has been implicated in the dissolution of adhesion structures and an increased migratory phenotype. Fyn activity is also associated with both the formation and dissolution of focal adhesions, and to a lesser extent hemidesmosomes and desmosomes. This viewpoint article aims to reconcile these disparate bodies of literature regarding Fyn's role in cell–cell and cell‐matrix adhesion by proposing several alternative, testable hypotheses that unify Fyn's fractured functions.
Distribution and Metabolism of H3‐atropine in Mice
Authors: Albanus L. , Hammarström L. , Sundwall A. , Ullberg S. , Vangbo B.
Published: July 2014

The distribution of tritium labelled atropine in the mouse has been studied with whole body autoradiography. The proportions of unchanged atropine in different tissues were established with paper chromatography. It was found that H3‐atropine is rapidly taken up by the iris and ciliary body, the lung, salivary glands and certain endocrine glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreatic islets and adrenal medulla. It is also rapidly accumulated in the secretory epithelium of the stomach and secreted into the lumen. Except for the choroid plexus and epiphysis very low concentrations of radioactivity are present in the brain. Very little passed the placenta barrier into the foetus. Although atropine is extensively metabolized in the mouse almost all the radioactivity present in submandibular gland and stomach was in the form of unchanged atropine.
The “Diving Bradycardia” in Exercising Man
Authors: Asmussen Erling , Kristiansson Niels‐Gunnar
Published: July 2014

The “face immersion reflex” (bradycardia on immersion of the face in water) was studied in normal young subjects, males and females, swimmers and non‐swimmers, during actual swimming and during exercise on a bicycle‐ergometer. During swimming in a steady state the heart rate was lower when the face was immersed while the subject breathed through a “snorkel” than when the face was out of the water at corresponding oxygen uptakes. During bicycle riding, apnea, with or without face immersion, caused bradycardia. Face immersion alone, without apnea, caused only a short‐lasting, slight bradycardia that disappeared on repeated face immersions. Varying the water temperatures between 15° and 35° C had very little effect on the response to face immersion. The “face immersion bradycardia” in humans is suggested to be part of a conditioned reflex, developed from an unconditioned apneic inhibitory reflex.
On the Interconversions of Amino Acids of Brain in vitro, with Reference to the Effect of Ethanol
Authors: Häkkinen Hertta‐Maija , Kulonen E.
Published: July 2014

GABA was converted to glutamic acid and in varying degree to glutamine during incubation with brain preparations. Aspartic acid was formed mainly from glutamic acid. It is concluded that ethanol, when given in vivo, disturbs both the catabolism of GABA and the synthesis of glutamine from glutamic acid in the brain.

In the brain homogenate nearly all the GOT activity was found in the postmitochondrial supernatant, equally distributed between the postmicrosomal supernatant and microsomal particles. The GPT activity was much lower and the microsomal particles were devoid of it. After storage at −18° C the GPT activity in the preparations from ethanol‐treated rats decreased significantly more rapidly than in corresponding preparations from control rats.
Developmental abnormalities of cortical interneurons precede symptoms onset in a mouse model of Rett syndrome
Authors: Tomassy Giulio Srubek , Morello Noemi , Calcagno Eleonora , Giustetto Maurizio
Published: July 2014

Rett syndrome (RTT, MIM312750), a neurodevelopmental disorder predominantly occurring in females, is caused in the majority of cases by sporadic mutations in the gene encoding the transcriptional modulator methyl‐CpG‐binding protein 2 (MECP2). In mice, impaired MeCP2 function results in severe motor, cognitive, and emotional defects. The lack of Mecp2 in γ‐aminobutyric acid‐(GABA) releasing forebrain interneurons (INs) recapitulate many RTT features, however, the role of this gene in the development of the cortical inhibitory system is still unknown. Here, we found that MeCP2 expression varies among the three major classes of cortical INs and its nuclear localization differs between neuronal types. The density of calretinin+ and parvalbumin+ INs increases in Mecp2 knockout mice (Mecp2−/y) already at early post‐natal developmental stages. In contrast, the density of somatostatin+ INs is not affected. We also found that the development of multipolar‐calretinin+ INs is selectively affected by the absence of Mecp2. Additionally, we show that in Mecp2 heterozygous female mice, a model closely mimicking human RTT condition, IN abnormalities are similar to those observed in Mecp2−/y mice. Together, our study indicates that loss of function of Mecp2 strongly interferes with the correct establishment of the neocortical inhibitory system producing effects that are specific to different IN subtypes.

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The neurological consequences of the Rett syndrome‐related Mecp2 gene mutation are still debated. We disclosed a novel cell‐specific role of MeCP2 in the organization of neocortical GABAergic interneurons assembly during post‐natal development of the mouse brain. Parvalbumin+ and calretinin+ interneurons being the mostly affected. Our data suggest new avenues for the development of biomarkers and therapeutic interventions for Rett syndrome.
Divergent effects of the H50Q and G51D SNCA mutations on the aggregation of α‐synuclein
Authors: Rutherford Nicola J. , Moore Brenda D. , Golde Todd E. , Giasson Benoit I.
Published: July 2014

The discoveries of mutations in SNCA were seminal findings that resulted in the knowledge that α‐synuclein (αS) is the major component of Parkinson's disease‐associated Lewy bodies. Since the pathologic roles of these protein inclusions and SNCA mutations are not completely established, we characterized the aggregation properties of the recently identified SNCA mutations, H50Q and G51D, to provide novel insights. The properties of recombinant H50Q, G51D, and wild‐type αS to polymerize and aggregate into amyloid were studied using (trans,trans)‐1‐bromo‐2,5‐bis‐(4‐hydroxy)styrylbenzene fluorometry, sedimentation analyses, electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. These studies showed that the H50Q mutation increases the rate of αS aggregation, whereas the G51D mutation has the opposite effect. However, H50Q and G51D αS could still be similarly induced to form intracellular aggregates from the exposure to exogenous amyloidogenic seeds under conditions that promote their cellular entry. Both mutant αS proteins, but especially G51D, promoted cellular toxicity under cellular stress conditions. These findings reveal that the novel pathogenic SNCA mutations, H50Q and G51D, have divergent effects on aggregation properties relative to the wild‐type protein, with G51D αS demonstrating reduced aggregation despite presenting with earlier disease onset, suggesting that these mutants promote different mechanisms of αS pathogenesis.

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The α‐synuclein (SNCA) mutations, H50Q and G51D, cause Parkinson's disease. We found that H50Q increases and G51D decreases the rate of α‐synuclein aggregation in vitro, and cells over‐expressing the mutant proteins show decreased viability when stressed, compared to wild type. G51D is the first SNCA mutation to show decreased α‐synuclein aggregation, suggesting a distinct disease mechanism to other SNCA mutations.