bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Salivary Buffering Capacity, Flow Rate and Calcium Levels in Children with and without Early Childhood Caries – a Comparative Study
Authors: OMOTUYOLE Aderinsola Sophia , OREDUGBA Folakemi Adenike , SOTE Elizabeth Obalowu , JAJA Smith Ishmael
Published: August 2023

Background: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a phenomenon that affects primary teeth in children below 6 years of age. Its severity could have a far-reaching impact on children with resultant effects on their quality of life. An assessment of a child's caries risk using saliva is a valuable non-invasive diagnostic tool utilised in preventing or reducing the impact of this condition.

Objective: To assess the buffering capacity, flow rate and calcium levels of saliva in children and their association with ECC.

Methodology: The study consisted of fifty (50) subjects aged 45 to 71 months recruited from Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) and staff primary school, Idi-Araba. Unstimulated saliva collected between 9 – 11 am was used to evaluate saliva's buffering capacity, flow rate and calcium levels in children with and without ECC.

Results: The subjects were aged below 71 months (with a mean age of 56.66 ± 7.17 months). A major proportion (67.0%) of the component of the dmft was cavitated lesion related. The caries-free subjects had slightly higher mean rank values in salivary flow rate (MR = 27.52, U = 262, p = 0.325), slightly lower mean rank values in calcium level (MR = 24.64, U = 291, p = 0.677) and lower buffering capacity values than caries active subjects.

Conclusion: The properties of saliva such as buffering capacity, flow rate and calcium level were not significantly different between the study groups.  Therefore, there is no association between buffering capacity, flow rate, calcium level, and ECC. This implies that more investigations are required to evaluate the protective effects of other salivary physiochemical factors like antioxidants, other than those investigated in this study.
Knowledge and Attitude of Specialist Hospital Health Care Workers to Dental Services in Benin City.
Authors: Uyiosa Julia EREGIE  , ERHABOR Paul
Published: August 2023

Objective: To examine the knowledge and attitude to dental services among Health Care Workers in a specialist hospital setting.

Methods: This descriptive study was carried out among all cadres of workers in Edo Specialist Hospital (ESH); a government-owned secondary health facility located in Benin City. A structured online questionnaire created using Google forms was used to collect data anonymously from participants. The online form extracted information on demographic characteristics, oral health awareness, pattern of dental visits, and utilization of dental services at Edo Specialist Hospital. The data obtained were analysed using SPSS version 26.0 for frequency distribution and cross tabulation. Test for statistical significance was done using chi-square statistics.

Results: Majority of the participants had never visited a dentist before (59, 54.6%). Majority (48, 44.4%) of the respondents reported that they had not seen the need to visit. Among the respondents, the commonest reasons for previous dental visits were toothache (15, 13.9%) and Stains and deposits on the teeth (13, 12.0%). Majority (76, 70.4%) of respondents had a good or fair understanding of the causes of dental caries. All participants (108,100%) were aware that there was a dental clinic at Edo Specialist Hospital (ESH). However, majority (86, 79.6%) had never visited it. Among the respondents, the commonest reason given for not attending the dental clinic at ESH was that they never saw the need to visit (54, 50.0%). On the other hand, the commonest reasons given for visiting the dental clinic at ESH were toothache (12, 11.2%) and Stains and deposits on the teeth (5, 4.7%). There was a significant relationship between the Staff cadre and previous dental visits.

Conclusion: Knowledge of dental care and service utilization was poor. Clinically indicated dental visit was seen among healthcare workers in a specialist healthcare facility

 

dental clinic
Extraction and Physicochemical Characterization of Adansonia digitata L. Mucilage
Authors: Mahmud H.S. , Oyi R.A. , Allagh T.S. , Ibrahim Y.K.E.
Published: August 2023

Background: Adansonia digitata leaves are edible and they contain a significant amount of mucilage that has shown potentials for  pharmaceutical application. However, there is paucity of information on this mucilage contained in its leaves.

Objective: This study aimed to determine a suitable method for extraction of Adansonia digitata mucilage (ADM) as well as to characterize its physicochemical properties.

Materials and Methods: ADM was extracted from the aqueous dispersion of the dried leaves powder of Adansonia digitata L. in water via  precipitation with ethanol. Physicochemical characterization of ADM was based on viscosity, chemical composition, particle size  characterization via QICPIC, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transforms Infrared (ATR -FTIR)  spectroscopy, Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), moisture content and Dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) studies as well as pH and  aqueous solubility tests. In addition to this, colour of the mucilage and thermal analysis via DSC were used as criteria for selection of the  most suitable method for extraction of ADM.

Results: Colour and thermal analysis revealed a level of purity in the extraction process. The irregular needle like structures of ADM  revealed by SEM was found to be mildly acidic with a high viscosity that is concentration dependent in aqueous medium. Thermal  characterization revealed a glass transition (Tg) and melting temperatures (Tm) of 55.61 °C and 179.10 °C respectively. Finger prints of  functional groups revealed azo aromatic groups and other chemical constituents of sugars including glucose, galactose, arabinose and  rhamnose, and sugar acid form of galacturonic acid were identified by NMR. Moisture sorption provided insight into water sorption  mechanism, processing, packaging and storage conditions of the mucilage.

Conclusion: Extraction of ADM via a heat free method  improved its colour and purity based on the technique used. The mucilage was found to be a highly viscous and hydrates rapidly with  good gelling properties. In addition its moisture sorption characteristics and glass transition temperature gave insight into its stability,  storage and packaging conditions. These properties reveal its potential for many pharmaceutical applications including binding, coating,  gelling agents as well as matrix forming.
Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates from Two Healthcare Facilities in Zaria
Authors: Akpudo M.O. , Jimoh O. , Adeshina G.O. , Olayinka B.O.
Published: August 2023

Background: Antibiotic resistance is a public health challenge worldwide. There is a huge global concern about the increased drug- resistant S. aureus and the development of multiple resistance to several drugs. A well-designed surveillance study has been found to be  a fundamental approach in the control of antimicrobial resistance.

Objective: This study investigated the biofilm formation and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus from two  healthcare facilities in Zaria.

Methods: A total of 200 presumptive Staphylococcal isolates from clinical specimens were collected and  identified by conventional methods. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were tested against a panel of antibiotics using the modified Kirby- Bauer disk diffusion method, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were tested using cefoxitin disk, and Micro broth  dilution method for Vancomycin Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The biofilmforming ability of the isolates were analyzed  quantitatively using the microtitre plate method.

Results: Of the 200 presumptive staphylococcal isolates, 22(11%) were Staphylococcus  aureus. The antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates shows high resistance to tigecycline (100%), vancomycin (100%), clindamycin (40.9%), and tetracycline (40.9). The occurrence of MRSA in this study was 18.8% and MDR (was 68.2%). The biofilm-forming ability of the  Staphylococcus aureus isolates is; weak biofilm formers 16 (72.7%), moderate biofilm formers 5 (22.7%), and strong biofilm former 1  (4.5%).

Conclusion: There is need for more research to ascertain the relationship between biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance  in Staphylococcus aureus. Close monitoring of antimicrobial resistance is necessary as it helps to design tangible actions that will yield  the greatest impact to control the spread of resistant organisms.
Adaptive real-time spectrum selection framework and handover decision algorithm (RSSF-HDA) for heterogeneous networks
Authors: Nkeleme V. O. , Oborkhale L. I. , Sani G.
Published: August 2023

Carrier aggregation (CA) is a technology introduced by the Long-Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) system to increase user throughput by combining a selected number of component carriers (CCs). Its integration with heterogeneous networks enables the mobile user equipment to take advantage of increased throughput and radio coverage of various access technologies. However, due to the mobility of user equipment, these innovations have increased the likelihood of handoff scenarios, resulting in a high outage probability and low throughput. Handover is a crucial part of mobility management since it enables users to move from one cell to another while maintaining connections. However, no single access technique can provide seamless communication without interruption or delay. As a result, creating a suitable handover decision algorithm is necessary for ensuring high-quality service continuity and dependable user equipment access to the network at all times. An Adaptive Real-Time Spectrum Selection Framework and Handover Decision Algorithm (RSSF-HDA) with optimal resource allocation to the deployed system model is presented in this paper. This effort is geared toward preventing communication failure and improving system performance. It further positions the 4G LTE-A framework for inclusive coexistence with the current 5G New Radio enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) use case scenario. The results of the simulation reveal that this method increases system performance in terms of Cell edge spectral efficiency and Handover success rate above 10% and 13%, respectively, when compared to Conventional Handover Decision Algorithm (Conv-HDA) and Multi-Influence Factor Handover Decision Algorithms (MIF-HDA).
Assessment of solid waste management in Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: David A. O. , David A. O. , Odagbodo O. O. , Opafola O. T. , Amusan G. M. , Badejo A. A. , Olaniyan O. S.
Published: August 2023

The rapid rate of population growth and urbanization has impacted the management of municipal solid wastes (MSW) and is increasingly becoming a major concern in many cities in developing countries. Insufficient area coverage for wastes collection, processing system, and unsuitable disposal all appear to be the causal factors. This paper discussed the current situation of solid waste management in Ota municipality as well as the challenges and associated problems. Structured questionnaires, interviews and on-site observations were used for data generation, and subsequently analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results indicated that 28.6% of the respondents incinerate their wastes, while 27.6% of the respondents dispose theirs to public waste bins. About 11.4% deposit their wastes by the road side, while 6.4% dump their wastes in drainages and water bodies. Most respondents incinerate their wastes which would impact negatively on the ozone layer. Results also indicated that 54.3% of the respondents have their wastes disposed regularly, while 66% do not sort their wastes which make them difficult to manage. The city's single dump site was visited in order to have a better understanding of the existing solid waste management measures in place. Other illegal waste dumps in the town were also visited. In order to address the difficulties of solid waste management in the municipality, it is recommended that the state government engage additional Private Service Provider (PSP) operatives to assist with waste collection and transportation, provide suitable facilities, machinery, and equipment, and launch a public awareness campaign
Determination of reference service life for reinforced concrete multistorey residential buildings: case study of Akure, Nigeria
Authors: Ilevbaoje J. O. , Arum C. , Omoare A.
Published: August 2023

The Service life of a building is the period from commencement of service to the time just before costly maintenance becomes necessary for continued meeting of minimum performance requirements. Knowledge of service life determines whether to demolish and replace a building or major repairs are required and the absence of information on this has led to many building failures. This research therefore aimed to determine the Reference Service Life (RSL); a parameter required for the evaluation of a building’s Service Life. Twenty reinforced concrete multistorey residential buildings around the Federal University of Technology Akure (Nigeria) were assessed via visual inspection, material testing, and structural analysis. Information obtained from the assessment was used to develop a comprehensive open-ended service life database. Non-destructive tests were conducted on the buildings’ structural elements and the results used to determine the service life of each of the buildings with the aid of Life 365 Software. Weighted factors which depend on the quality characteristics, operational conditions and the environment of the buildings were used as a grading system for the assignment of sub-factors for the adjustment of the Life 365 service life values, leading to a value of 29 years as the Reference Service Life (RSL) for the study area. The result obtained will benefit construction professionals and appropriate regulatory authorities in the study area while the procedure can be adopted for service life assessment in other locations lacking appropriate database.
Factors Influencing the Health Seeking Behaviour of Men in Gasabo District, Rwanda
Authors: Uwimana Sophie , Okova Rosemary , Habtu Michael , Habtu Michael
Published: August 2023

BackgroundVarious studies conducted on factors influencing men’s health seeking behavior suggested that men are less likely to seek professional medical help for diverse health problems and also pointed out that their reluctance to seek health is a major hindrance to their well-being.ObjectiveTo determine factors influencing men’s health seeking behavior and use of health services in Gasabo District.MethodsThe 247 men aged above 18 years residing in Gasabo District participated in this cross sectional study for quantitative data and ten in-depth interviews were conducted. Univariate, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis were also computed.ResultsAmong the key findings, 61.5% of the respondents had high level of health seeking behavior and for multivariable logistic analysis the following variables were independently associated with high level of health seeking behavior: men whose age was above 40 years (AOR = 3.00; 95%CI= 1.26-7.14; p value=0.013); men with tertiary level of education (AOR = 3.78; 95%CI= 1.29-11.05; p value=0.015); men with casual work (AOR = 2.30; 95%CI= 1.23-4.31; p value=0.09); and men with health insurance (AOR = 4.33; 95%CI= 1.08-17.32 ;p value=0.038).ConclusionMen moderately utilize healthcare services and there are modifiable characteristics, perceptions and beliefs among men that hinder them from utilizing health care services.Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2023;6(2):215-227
First Trimester Antenatal Care Utilization and Associated Factors among Adolescent Mothers in Rwanda
Authors: Kubahoniyesu Theogene , Nishimwe Clemence , Habtu Michael
Published: August 2023

BackgroundFirst trimester antenatal care (ANC) initiation has been shown to improve the health outcomes for both mothers and unborn children. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of first trimester ANC use and associated factors among adolescent mothers in Rwanda. MethodsThis study was a cross-sectional study and analyzed the data of 6th Rwanda demographic and health survey (RDHS 2019-2020). Proportion, bivariate and multivariable analysis were employed to identify factors associated with first ANC use.ResultsThe prevalence of first trimester antenatal care utilization among 354 adolescent mothers was 46%. Advanced age (AOR=1.82; 95%CI = 1.096-2.305), secondary education level (AOR=1.36; 95%CI = 1.080 - 1.960), coming to rich family (AOR = 2.10; 95%CI = 1.830 – 5.162), residing near health facility (AOR=1.17; 95%CI= 1.065 - 2.011), permitted to go to health facility (AOR=2.13; 95%CI = 1.857 – 3.363) were positively associated with ANC services use. However, the negative association was found with later pregnancy desire (AOR = 0.42; 95%CI = 0.149 – 0.781).ConclusionThe prevalence of first trimester ANC was low. In view of that, more effort should be made to increase adolescent mothers' knowledge regarding the ANC services utilization and timely booking.Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2023;6(2):239-250
Are the Offspring Still Affected by their Mothers’ Genocidal Rape 28 Years Ago? : Thematic Analysis of Offspring Experience
Authors: Nyirandamutsa Fortunée , Niyonsenga Japhet , Lisette Gaju K. , Izabayo Josias , Kambibi Emilienne , Munderere Samuel , Sebuhoro Célestin , Muhayisa Assumpta , Sezibera Vincent
Published: August 2023

BackgroundThere has been little attention paid by researchers on how the mothers’ rape trauma may still affect the offspring born of that rape even in adulthood. This study, therefore, aimed to assess the perceived effects of being born of genocidal rape among adult offspring conceived from the genocidal rape against the Tutsi in 1994. MethodsA purposive sample of 32 participants (16 dyads of mothers and their offspring) selected nationwide was considered for this qualitative study. In-depth individual interviews were conducted and audio-recorded with permission. Codebook thematic analysis was applied to analyse the transcribed verbatim inductively within the NVivo 12 software. ResultsThe primary themes emerging from participants’ accounts of the effects of rape trauma on the offspring included feeling controlled by mothers, being affected by the history of their mothers, family and social problems, a lack of personal growth, psychological problems, and self-stigma that emerged with several sub-themes.ConclusionThe results from this assessment indicate that genocidal rape affected not only the mothers but also the offspring born of this rape, who are severely affected by the rape history of their mothers and feel hatred and rejection from them. Our findings will assist the health professionals and other stakeholders working with the adult offspring born of the genocidal rape in designing and strengthening the intervention targeted at this population. Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2023;6(2):251-263
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Nurses towards Oral Care of Psychiatric Patients at a Teaching Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda
Authors: Uwayezu Donat , Ishimwe Cyeza Mireille , Mukantwali Betty , Nshimiyimana Jean Claude , Umuhoza Diane , Uwambaye Peace , Gatarayiha Agnes , Zambrano Danilo Malines
Published: August 2023

BackgroundPsychiatric patients are prone to different oral health problems. This study aimed to assess nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards oral care of psychiatric patients due to their limited mental abilities of self-control at a Teaching Hospital.Methods and materialsThis was a cross-sectional study conducted at a Teaching Hospital using self-administered questionnaire. Sixty-five nurses were enrolled through census sampling method in December 2021. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 by applying descriptive statistics to assess nurse’s knowledge attitude and practices towards oral care.ResultsThe results showed that 53 (93%) nurses had poor knowledge. Also 44(75%) of nurses had inappropriate practice and among them 33(57.9%) had positive attitude.ConclusionThis study found that high number of nurses had poor knowledge and inappropriate practices and half of them had positive attitude. Therefore, there is a need training for nurses to increase their level of knowledge and improve their practice regarding oral care of psychiatric patients.Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2023;6(2):135-142
Risk Factors of Transfusion Transmissible Infections among Blood Donors at Karongi Regional Centre for Blood Transfusion in Rwanda
Authors: Nsekuye Olivier , Uwayo Henri Desire , Simbi Clarisse Marie Claudine , Habtu Michael , Ntaganira Joseph
Published: August 2023

BackgroundBlood transfusion saves human lives, but also it can be a route for Transfusion-Transmissible Infections (TTIs) including Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and syphilis.ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the risk factors associated with TTIs among blood donors at Regional Centre for Blood Transfusion (RCBT) of Karongi, Rwanda.MethodsThis was a retrospective cross-sectional study design conducted among 36,708 blood donors from 2015 to 2019. Data were extracted from the system known as eProgesaused and the outcome variable were TTIs including HBV, HCV and HIV (measured using Enzyme Immuno-Assay/Chemiluminescence Immunoassay) and syphilis (determined by Rapid Reagin Plasma). Descriptive statistics was computed to describe the characteristics of the blood donors. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression were performed to assess the risk factors associated with TTIs. P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThe study found that the overall prevalence of TTIs was 2.1%, while the prevalences of HBV, HCV, HIV, and syphilis were 1.3%, 0.4%, 0.06%, and 0.34%, respectively. Multivariable analysis showed that the factors associated with HBV, HCV, HIV and syphilis were being male, age more than 25 years, being married, living in urban areas, first time blood donors and blood donors living in Rusizi, Rusizi, Nyamasheke and Karongi districts.ConclusionThis study revealed that the most frequent TTI was HBV among blood donors and the main risk groups were males, age group of 26-35 years, married and first time donors. Hence, while developing health policies to reduce the effects of HBV infection on safe blood transfusion, these study findings should be taken into account.

Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2023;6(2):143-153
An Adapted Collaborative Care Model to Manage Co-morbidities of Depression and Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases in Rwanda
Authors: Mukeshimana Madeleine , DeVon Holli A.
Published: August 2023

BackgroundThe World Health Organization has recommended the implementation of the Collaborative Care Model in all countries to manage the comorbidities of depression and chronic non-communicable diseases. In Rwanda depression is major problem not only among patients with chronic illnesses but also in general population considering the unique history of war and genocide in Rwanda.PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe the process of adaptation and testing of the Collaborative Care Model in the Rwandan healthcare context.MethodsThe larger study used the Action Research design with mixed method –sequential explanatory design. A research-practice partnership method and an iterative process was used to adapt and test the Collaborative Care Model. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyse the data.ResultsFour structural components to the model were adapted including the addition of a registered nurse to the team, relocation of the model to the district level, consultation with a psychiatrist every 3 months and involvement of community health workers. The evaluation indicated that the model was applicable and acceptable.ConclusionsInitial evaluation of the Adapted Collaborative Care Model shows promise in Rwanda. Implementation of this model in other Rwandan districts is warranted.Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2023;6(2):154-160
Outcomes of the Icare Rebound Tonometer versus the Gold Standard Tonometer in Measuring Intraocular Pressure among Mzuzu University Students, Malawi
Authors: Twiringirimana François Régis , Kanazayire Clémentine , Vandyke Okyere Bright , Kanzunguze Andrew , Rutayisire Reverien , Ogbona Grace
Published: August 2023

IntroductionThe Goldmann Applanation Tonometer (GAT) is accepted as the gold standard tool to measure Intraocular Pressure (IOP). Besides, there is an emerging Icare Rebound Tonometer (RBT) which can be an alternative in terms of measuring IOP.ObjectiveThis research aimed to analyze the agreement, and repeatability of intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements and compare the outcomes of RBT and GAT among Mzuzu University Students in Malawi.MethodsFor this cross-sectional study, 107 participants aged 18 to 29 years underwent ophthalmic examination with three IOP measurements taken by two examiners using the RBT and the GAT. ResultsThe RBT and GAT were found to have a strong correlation (r=0.809, p>0.001), with an intra-class correlation of 0.787 (p>0.001). The mean difference of IOP measured by the two machines was 1.99±1.05mmHg, which was statistically significant. However, according to Bland-Altman analysis, there was no agreement between the results given by the two machines, with a bias of -1.979 (CI -2.28, -1.68, p > 0.001). In terms of repeatability, GAT was found to be better than RBT, with a CR of 7.512 and 10.418 respectively.ConclusionThe RBT and GAT can offer comparable IOP measures. Therefore, RBT can be recommended for community outreach programs where GAT cannot be employed.

Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2023;6(2):184-190
Anterior jugular vein variations in two cadavers and clinical implications: A case report
Authors: Omodan A. , Sindikubwabo E. , Gashegu J.
Published: August 2023

INTRODUCTION: Anterior jugular veins are a paired structure found on either side of the neck and are responsible for other veins in draining the head and neck regions.CASE: The variations reported here are from two male cadavers about 45 and 50 years of age who were being dissected routinely in the dissecting room. The first cadaver, which was the 50-year-old, had the normal formation of both anterior jugular veins (AVJ), but down in its course, the left and the AJVs join around the cricoid cartilage and continue down as a single vein running in the mid-line of the neck but ending by piercing deep to drain into the external jugular vein. The second cadaver was 45 years old. After forming the left AJV, the vein immediately crosses over to the right to run parallel to the right AJV before both joining to form a common vein and then piercing to drain in the external jugular vein (EJV).CONCLUSION: The knowledge of these variations has become very important for all health workers dealing with the neck surgically, radiologically or otherwise.
The diagnosis of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome in a child and psychological implications to parents – A case report
Authors: Tuyishimire B. , Irere H. , Dukuze N. , Iradukunda B. , Muhizi C. , Ndatinya A. , Karangwa O. R. , Rutagarama F. , Nsanzabaganwa C. , Mutesa L.
Published: August 2023

INTRODUCTION: While Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is among rare genomic imprinting disorders, its diagnosis still presents challenges in clinical settings. Therefore, the aim of this work is to present different phenotypic features of this syndrome. CASE PRESENTATION: We reviewed two-month-old patient referred to the genetic unit at Rwanda military hospital, Kigali, Rwanda. Physical examinations indicated severe larger birth length (macrosomia), Overgrowth of the right side of lower limbs (hemihypertrophy/hemihyperplasia), larger tongue (macroglossia) and bigger abdomen. We performed karyotype and revealed a normal male chromosomal formula: 46,XY. CONCLUSION: Based on the phenotypic clinical features, the patient was diagnosed with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome. However, cytogenetic tests performed were not advanced and should not rule out epigenetic abnormalities that should account for phenotypic features of this syndrome in our patient.
Incidence and factors associated with anemia among the geriatric population at a tertiary care hospital in southern India
Authors: Ashwini Aithal P. , Binti Amber A. , Wen Hao C. , Elang Gopalan H. , Krishnappan S. , Upeka Goonesinghe V. , Kumar N.
Published: August 2023

INTRODUCTION: Anaemia in geriatric populations poses challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. Hence, this study was done to investigate the incidence of anemia among the geriatric population of South India. METHODS: Retrospective, cross-sectional study with 144 patients aged 65 years and above. Socio-demographic data and laboratory findings were recorded in a validated proforma format. Data were analyzed using SPSS.RESULTS: 36.1% of the study population was anemic, and 63.9% were non-anemic. The prevalence of anemia was higher among females (36.36%) than males (35.82%). The prevalence of anemia was significantly correlated with advanced age (r=0.21; p < 0.05) and female sex (r=0.25; p < 0.05). Thirty-six patients were mild anemic (69%), 13 had moderate (25%), and 3 (6%) had severe anemia. Nutritional anemia was most common (80%), followed by hemorrhagic anemia (18%) and hemolytic anemia (2%). Among the 52 patients who were anemic, the most common comorbidities associated were Type 2 diabetes mellitus (69.2%) and hypertension (53.8%). Liver diseases were present in 5 cases (9.62%), renal insufficiency in 14 cases (26.9%), hypercholesterolemia in 5 cases (9.62%), and 6 cases (11.5%) were associated with other diseases. All the patients were managed conservatively with treatment, and anemia improved in 36.5% of cases.CONCLUSION: Anaemia was frequently diagnosed in the studied geriatric population. Nutritional deficiencies were the most common cause, followed by hemorrhagic and hemolytic anemia. The impact of anemia on quality of life, recovery from illness, and functional abilities must be further investigated in future geriatric studies.
Thyroid function post supraclavicular lymph node irradiation in patients with breast cancer
Authors: Rubagumya F. , Makori K. , Dharsee N. , Tausi M.
Published: August 2023

INTRODUCTION: In East Africa, the estimated incidence of breast cancer is second only to cervical cancer. Supraclavicular irradiation post-modified mastectomy is crucial to breast cancer management, as it improves local control and overall survival. However, this is associated with adverse effects, including hypothyroidism (HT), which is usually under-reported. This study aim was to evaluate radiation-induced thyroid gland functional changes following treatment of supraclavicular lymph nodes in breast cancer patients.METHODS: This was a prospective descriptive study of patients with breast cancer from May 1, 2017, to May 30, 2018. Pre and post-treatment TSH, fT4, and fT3 values were compared using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test.RESULTS: A total of 42 patients were recruited for this study, with a mean age of 55.7 years (32-71). The mean baseline TSH level was 2.90 (±6.37), with a normal range of 0.27-4.2 uIU/mL. The mean T4 and T3 level were 15.77 (±4.83), with normal ranges of 10.16-22 pmol/l for T4, and 3.46 (±6.22), with a normal range of 1.06-3.3 nmol/l for T3. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that there was a statistically significant increase in mean TSH levels over baseline when measured at three, six-, and nine-months post-treatment, with p-values of 0.0047, 0.0002, and <0.0001, respectively. In total, four patients (10%) had thyroid function tests outside the normal ranges. Zero patients developed clinical HT during the time period studied.CONCLUSION: As hypothesized, supraclavicular radiation led to subclinical HT, but the incidence of clinical HT over time remains unknown.
Adult colocolic intussusception and lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to a colonic lipoma
Authors: Ntezamizero J. , Hategekimana E. , Ineza E. I. , Mutimamwiza I. , Ndabishimiye F.
Published: August 2023

Colonic intussusception is a rare complication of colonic lipoma. This study presents an unusualcase of a symptomatic lipoma of the transverse colon, causing colonic intussusception andlower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. A 53 year-old female was admitted to Bushenge ProvincialHospital, Rwanda, with episodes of intermittent pain, vomiting, and bloody mucoid stool. Physicalexamination revealed a distended abdomen, tenderness and bloody mucous from the rectum.Ultrasonography revealed a target sign suggestive of intussusception. The patient underwentsegmental resection of the transverse colon, and histopathology analysis of the specimen revealeda lipoma. The patient was followed up for a year and 8 months after the resection and remainedhealthy. This study serves as a guide for the management of complicated colonic lipoma, especiallyin resource-limited settings.
Neurofibromatosis type 1, from gene mutation to clinical presentation
Authors: Dukuze N. , Sesonga P. , Iradukunada B. , Irere H. , Ndinkabandi J. , Nsanzabaganwa C. , Rutarama F. , Kagimbana C. , Uwineza A. , Mutesa L.
Published: August 2023

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant disease with a prevalence of about1/3000. The clinical diagnosis of NF1 is based on the presence of two or more of the followingcriteria: six or more café au lait spots, >2 neurofibromas of any type, freckling in the axillary oringuinal region, optic glioma, a distinctive osseous lesion such as sphenoid dysplasia or thinning oflong bone cortex with or without pseudoarthrosis, and a first degree relative with NF1.We report A 7-year-old male with multiple café au lait spots diagnosed with Neurofibromatosisin Kigali-Rwanda by using next-generation sequencing and copy number variation analysis, thepatient presented with painless nodular skin lesions that first developed 4 years earlier. Skinnodules initially appeared on the anterior chest wall and progressed to the posterior chest wallextending to the axilla region. His medical history and that of his family were unremarkable. To ourknowledge, this is the first case to be diagnosed using this technology; The disease has numerouscomplications. The mutation rate for NF1-gene is high; 50% of all cases of NF1 are from newmutations. The gene protein product - neurofibromin plays an important role in tumor genesis asa tumor-suppressor gene.Combining both clinical findings and molecular genetic evaluation to identify disease-causingmutations is paramount in confirming the diagnosis. Patient care is best done in a multidisciplinarysetting approach for proper patient satisfaction and better prediction of future prognosis.
Mapping the soil thickness in the Main Ethiopian Rift using passive seismic data and HVSR, case for Northern water divided between the Ziway-Shala lakes basin and the Awash basin
Authors: Kebede Hailemichael
Published: August 2023

A passive seismic survey wasconducted in the northern water dividebetween the Ziway-Shala Lakes Basin, Central Main Ethiopian Rift (CMER), and Awash basin. Previous geophysical studies in the same areahad mainly focused on mapping intermediate to deeper Earth geological structures, and little attention given to shallowest layer.In contrast, the study aimed to map these shallow geologic structures of soil layer undulations at this specific location of CMER. A rapid and non-invasive technique was employed, which involve recording three component measurements of ambient seismic noise data. The collected seismic noise data was processed and analyzed using the average of Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) which helpsto determine resonance frequencies of the survey stations. After frequency estimatesweremadefor each station, corresponding depth estimates were obtained using the method of Nakamura.The point depth to the shallowest layer was determined for each siteand these depth valueswere gridded and mapped to show subsurface topographic undulations or thickness of topsoil cover.The result showed that the shallowest bedrock layer wasthickening northwards, toward the Awash basin.
Antimicrobial resistance profile of bacterial pathogens isolated from naturally infected fish in some lakes of Ethiopia
Authors: Dissasa Guta , Lemma Brook , Mamo Hassen
Published: August 2023

Small scale fisheries play important role in providing food and livelihoods for households in Ethiopia. However, prevalence of bacterial fish infection and their antimicrobial resistance are increasing over the world accounting for the major limitations in fish productionas well asits consumption. A cross sectional study was carried out to identify bacterial pathogens isolated from naturally infectedNile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and 20 were common carp (Cyprinus carpio)fish showing clinical signs of disease particularly hemorrhage and skin ulceration and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of fish associated bacteria in Ethiopia. A total of 42 fish samples from two lakes (Hawassa and Ziway) were aseptically collected and bacteria were isolated from the kidney, liver and intestine. The isolates were identified by their morphological characteristics, biochemical tests and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Nine well known fish pathogens were identified from 49 positive samples at the lakes with prevalence rate of Aeromonasveronii(21.43%), Proteusmirabilis (19.05%), Edwardsiella tarda (16.67%), Shigella flexneri(11.9%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (11.9%), Aeromonas hydrophila (11.9 %),Pseudomonas putida (9.5%), Aeromonassobria (7.14%) and Pseudomonas hunanensis (7.14%).Of these pathogens, six (6) mostprevalent andknown potential pathogens (A. hydrophila, A. veronii, E. tarda, P. mirabilis, S. flexneri and S. maltophilia)were evaluated for antibiotic susceptibility by using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion assay. All the isolates tested were resistant to at least three (3) of the eight antibiotics evaluated. High levels of resistance were expressed by the majority (87.5%) of the pathogens against penicillin and vancomycin. The results indicate the presence of potential pathogens andmaximum levels of acquired antibiotic resistance in fish bacteria from the study area. Thus, theuse of antibiotic in fish farming in Ethiopia should be discouraged.It isalso advisable to cook fish properly before consumption, in order to kill bacterialpathogens that may be present.
Decomposition of BH-Lattices
Authors: Venkateswarlu K. , Mamo Elema Mekonnen , Yitayew Tessema Yibeltal
Published: August 2023

In this paper we study further properties of BH-lattices which is a subclass of BH-monoids. We furnish certain examples of BH- monoids which are not BH- lattice. We give a characterization of BH-lattices in terms of bounded BH-lattices and commutative l-groups. Also we prove that every BH-lattice is a direct product of Heyting algebra and commutative l-group under certain condition. Further we obtain the decomposition theorem in terms of Boolean algebra and a commutative l-group.
Prevalence and predictors of resistant hypertension among out-patients in Ilorin, Nigeria
Authors: Ogunmodede James Ayodele , Agede Olalekan Ayodele
Published: August 2023

Introduction: Systemic hypertension (SH) contributes the highest number of deaths from cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Patients  with resistant hypertension (RH) are more prone to hypertension-mediated organ damage. RH has not been well-studied in Africa,  despite the fact that the prevalence of SH is highest in Africa. The aim of the study was to establish the prevalence and predictors of RH  among out-patients managed in the cardiology unit of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria.

Method: A cross-sectional study of 201 patients selected via systematic random sampling between April and September 2019.

Results:  Mean age of the participants was 59.6 (SD 13.8) years, females 58.7%, 32.3% were non-obese, 17 (8.5%) consumed alcohol and three (1.5%) smoked tobacco. 30 participants (14.9%) had co-morbid diabetes mellitus. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood  pressure (DBP) were significantly higher among patients with RH 152.5 (SD 18) mmHg vs 131.9 (SD 18.4) mmHg (p<0.001) and 89.43 (SD  13.8) mmHg vs 79.46 (SD 10.5) mmHg (p=0.008). Eighteen patients (8.96%, 95% CI: 5.5-14%) had RH. The predictors of RH were obesity  (OR= 3.754; p=0.009), SBP at patients’ first clinic visit, (OR=1.029, p=0.032), DBP at patients’ first clinic visit, (OR=1.048, p=0.014), and serum  phosphorus, (OR=1.047, p=0.047).

Conclusion: The prevalence of RH among our patients is low and is similar to that in studies  with similar blood pressure cut-off values and case definition.
Brachial plexus block for the resection of a chondrosarcoma during COVID-19: A case report
Authors: Mohamed Ehssan , Elbahri Hassan
Published: August 2023

A case report of a 35-year-old female with a large low-grade chondrosarcoma of the left humerus. Resection was performed under  regional anaesthesia (interscalene brachial plexus block): this is a useful technique where there are limited resources and during the  COVID-19 pandemic.
Editor’s Note
Authors: Nyarwath Oriare
Published: August 2023

No abstract available
The Concept of Moral Integrity in Politics and its Contestations: Towards a Normative Approach
Authors: Okok Samuel , Rukooko Archangel Byaruhanga , Ssentongo Jimmy Spire
Published: August 2023

For a long time, the concept of moral integrity in politics has been highly controversial. While many look at it from a moralist perspective demanding absolute observance of moral values and principles, some scholars, chiefly Niccolò Machiavelli and his many followers, believe that politics is typically devoid of moral considerations. Others, such as Demetris Tillyris, consider politics to be a distinct way of life with a moral yardstick distinct from ordinary moral standards. All these viewpoints are grounded on divergent understandings of the purpose of political power and how politicians ought to behave. This paper attempts to provide an exposition and critical analysis of the various contestations on integrity in politics. Through a normative ethical approach, it explores diverse theoretical perspectives with the aim of arriving at a comprehensive understanding of moral integrity in politics. The discussion and analysis in this paper are based on the theoretical lenses of the Aristotelian virtue ethics and the morality of power games.
The Problem of “Knowing” and “Doing” in Shinran's Buddhist Ethics
Authors: Muriuki Wamae W.
Published: August 2023

For Shinran (親鸞1173-1262), the founder of Japan's Shinshū (True Pure Land) school of Pure Land Buddhism, the question of how to do the right thing was constrained by the larger problem of how to discern the right thing to do. In his view, human behaviour was constrained by two large issues: the problem of the times and context in which human beings live, mappō, and the consequent problem that human beings were not capable of properly distinguishing between right and wrong, good and evil, and thus could commit any kind of act. This paper argues, drawing upon Merleau-Ponty’s account of “flesh” and the “horizon”, that the possibility of living and acting ethically in the present, among others, depends upon relationships of care and compassion between and among others, within close networks of human relationality, rather than upon abstract ethical absolutes.
Perilous Work Zones: Unveiling the Factors Influencing Health and Safety Risks in Tanzania's Informal Construction Sites
Authors: Mwemezi Benson Rugalema , Kikwasi Geraldine J. , Phoya Sarah
Published: August 2023

Informal construction (IC) emerged after the Second World War. Informal economies have largely led to it. IC comprises individuals conducting construction activities that are unregulated despite their economic contribution. IC faces health and safety risks (HSR), but little has been investigated on the factors influencing HSR in IC. This study identified and ranked the factors influencing HSRs in the IC sites (ICS) in Tanzania. Data was collected from 304 mason workers (MW) in ICS through questionnaires based on 24 factors derived from the literature. The study employed the quantitative method. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for ranking and measuring the significance of factors. Findings revealed that lack of information and knowledge about safety rules, lack of awareness of risk management process and lack of framework and procedures were the significant factors highly influencing informal construction. Conversely,  the lack of safety gear, drug abuse on-site and negligence have insignificant effects on informal construction. Moreover,  the nature and physical layout of construction sites, labourers working in close proximity/overcrowded sites, and poor construction material arrangements were not significant factors. The study provides insight into the factors influencing HSR in informal construction.  This study provides a baseline for developing an empirically grounded health and safety framework. The study will therefore pinpoint systematic HSR management procedures for improving HSR management in IC. Overall, the findings address the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 2030 Agenda Numbers 3 and 11, which aim to establish good health and well-being and mobilize sustainable cities and communities.
Role of Institutional Repositories (IRs) in Supporting Teaching, Learning and Research during Covid-19 in Kenyan Universities
Authors: Sang Lucy Jelagat , Magut Hellen Jepkemoi
Published: August 2023

The abrupt closure of universities in 2020 because of COVID-19 forced many of them to adopt online learning through various technological platforms.  Institutional repositories (IRs), digital archives of intellectual outputs of universities, could be important in online education.   However, there is a dearth of empirical data on their ability to support teaching, learning and research in universities. This study aimed to investigate the role of IRs in supporting teaching, learning and research in Kenyan universities during the Covid-19 and to identify challenges faced by the universities in the usage of IRs. The study was informed by the technology acceptance model and adopted a mixed method approach and a multiple-case (embedded) research design.  The study was conducted in four universities using a sample of 370 students, 322 academic staff and 12 key informants, selected by a mix of stratified, random, and purposive sampling technique respectively. The study found that IRs played crucial roles in supporting teaching, learning and research during the pandemic, with three out of every four respondents (n=424, 73%) using it for teaching, learning and research.  Alarmingly, IR usage was lowest, χ2 (4) = 73.462, p<0.0001, among the senior-most academic staff (professors, associate professors, and senior lecturers) relative to junior staff and students.  Perceived lack of usefulness and difficulty of use of IRs constituted the major challenges.  This study recommends the improvement of IRs perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use to enable them better support teaching, learning and research.