bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contingencies in Mother–Child Teaching Interactions and Behavioral Regulation and Dysregulation in Early Childhood
Authors: Lunkenheimer Erika S. , Kemp Christine J. , Albrecht Erin C.
Published: March 2013

Predictable patterns in early parent–child interactions may help lay the foundation for how children learn to self‐regulate. The present study examined contingencies between maternal teaching and directives and child compliance in mother–child problem‐solving interactions at age 3.5 and whether they predicted children's behavioral regulation and dysregulation (inhibitory control and externalizing behaviors) as rated by mothers, fathers, and teachers at a four‐month follow‐up (N = 100). The predictive utility of mother‐ and child‐initiated contingencies was also compared with that of frequencies of individual mother and child behaviors. Structural equation models revealed that a higher probability that maternal directives were followed by child compliance predicted better child behavioral regulation, whereas the reverse pattern and the overall frequency of maternal directives did not. For teaching, stronger mother‐ and child‐initiated contingencies and the overall frequency of maternal teaching all showed evidence for predicting better behavioral regulation. Findings depended on which caregiver was rating child outcomes. We conclude that dyadic measures are useful for understanding how parent–child interactions impact children's burgeoning regulatory abilities in early childhood.
Power in Sibling Conflict during Early and Middle Childhood
Authors: Abuhatoum Shireen , Howe Nina
Published: March 2013

Sources of power children use in sibling conflict during early and middle childhood were examined according to French and Raven's typology of power. Participants included 66 dyads with an older (M = 81.8 months, SD = 14.48 months) and younger (M = 56.2 months, SD = 13.03 months) sibling. Data based upon naturalistic observations were coded for conflict issues (object, procedure, and information), power types (coercive, information, and legitimate), power effectiveness (attempts and successes), and resolutions (win/lose and compromise). Siblings used coercive power in object issues and information power in procedural issues. Whereas younger siblings used legitimate power in procedural and object issues including win/lose and compromise outcomes, older siblings used coercive power in win/lose resolutions. Siblings did not differ in their effectiveness of power, but they were most effective when coercive power was employed. Findings are discussed in light of power theory and the development of conflict management skills.
Assessment and monitoring of accelerated water erosion of cultivated land – when will reality be acknowledged?
Authors: Evans R.
Published: March 2013

Soil erosion is a key issue in Europe, and strategies to protect soil need to be developed. Hence, eroding soils or those at risk of erosion need to be identified. Much model‐derived information on rates of erosion and on erosion risk of cultivated land may be of dubious value, and thus, there is need for other ways to assess erosion. Field‐based assessment is one approach for assessing and monitoring erosion and gives information that can be used at a variety of scales. In this review paper, the continuing use of models that predict potential erosion is questioned, and it is argued that there is a need for more field‐based assessment and monitoring of water erosion with monitoring at frequent intervals. Such monitoring allows the magnitude of the erosion problem to be assessed properly, and thus, the physical, social and economic factors that drive erosion can be better analysed and addressed. Field‐based erosion monitoring should be undertaken in all global environments, and then the results can be used to validate those from models of potential erosion.
Carbon turnover and sequestration potential of fodder radish cover crop
Authors: Mutegi J. K. , Petersen B. M. , Munkholm L. J.
Published: March 2013

We studied fodder radish carbon turnover as affected by soil tillage in Foulum, Denmark. Actively growing fodder radish monoliths from direct‐drilled (DD) and conventionally tilled (CT) plots were extracted and labelled regularly with 14C isotope across their entire growth period. At the end of the fodder radish growth cycle, labelled biomass was harvested and incorporated into the same monolith. These monoliths were destructively sampled at biomass incorporation, 4, 8 and 18 months after incorporation. For each sampling period, soil and root samples were taken at 0‐ to 10‐, 10‐ to 25‐, and 25‐ to 45‐cm‐depth increments for determination of 14C distribution and retention. Carbon‐14 declined significantly with increasing soil depth at each sampling for the two tillage practices (P < 0.05). We further observed significantly higher 14C at 0–10 cm for DD than for CT at 4 and 8 months after biomass incorporation. For the 10–25 cm depth, 14C was significantly higher for CT than for DD, 4 and 8 months after incorporation. However, despite these depth‐specific differences, cumulative (0–45 cm soil depth) 14C retention was similar for DD and CT treatments for all the sampling periods. On the basis of a CN‐SIM model forecast, we estimated that over a 30‐yr period of continuous autumn fodder radish establishment, at least 4.9 t C/ha fodder radish C with a residence time of more than 20 yr could be stored in the soil.
Soil redistribution and organic carbon accumulation under long‐term (29 years) upslope tillage systems
Authors: Zhang J. H. , Li F. C.
Published: March 2013

Few studies have demonstrated soil redistribution under upslope tillage (UT) rather than downslope tillage (DT) and its impact on soil organic carbon (SOC) redistribution in long‐term agricultural practices in hillslope landscapes. We selected two neighbouring sites from the Sichuan Basin, China, one under DT and the other under UT, to determine the pattern of soil and SOC redistribution under a long‐term UT practice. DT caused soil loss at upper slope positions and soil accumulation at lower slope positions. However, UT resulted in soil accumulation at upper slope positions and soil loss at lower slope positions. The total erosion rate decreased by 60.5% after 29 years of UT compared with DT. Having the same direction of soil movement by tillage and water exaggerated total soil loss, whereas having the two movements in the contrasting direction of soil for the two reduced it. SOC stocks at positions from summit to downslope were much larger (33.8%) and at toe‐slope positions were only slightly greater (4.5%) in the UT soils than comparable values for the DT site. The accumulation rate of SOC at the UT site increased by 0.26 Mg/ha/year compared with that at the DT site. It is suggested that soil movement by water and tillage erosion occurred in the same direction accelerates the depletion of SOC pools, whereas the opposite direction of soil movement for the two can increase SOC accumulation. Our results suggest that UT has significant impacts on soil redistribution processes and SOC accumulation on steeply sloping land.
Branding natural resources: science, violence and marketing in the making of teak
Authors: Bryant Raymond L
Published: March 2013

This paper explores the branding of natural resources using a case study of teak. While scholars write about brands and branding as well as natural resources, few of them connect the two, let alone trace geographical and historical patterns of development. Yet studying the intersection of brands, natural resources, geography and history yields rich insights about how both brands and natural resources have come to be defined. Rejecting narrow understandings of branding, the paper instead builds a broader appreciation of this phenomenon using a Foucauldian framework that sees it as a form of government. It identifies three tools – science, violence and marketing – that inform the genesis of brands, exploring their deployment in the making of teak with reference to selected historical and geographical entanglements of the British Empire and former colonies (notably Burma as prime country of origin).
Effect of storage of red blood cells on alloimmunization
Authors: Zalpuri Saurabh , Schonewille Henk , Middelburg Rutger , van de Watering Leo , de Vooght Karen , Zimring James , van der Bom Johanna G. , Zwaginga Jaap Jan
Published: March 2013

Background

Red blood cells (RBCs) undergo changes during storage. Various studies have suggested a higher risk of adverse and often multifactorial clinical outcomes associated with older‐stored RBCs. Our aim therefore was to examine if storage of transfused RBCs is also associated with the risk of RBC‐specific alloantibody formation.

Study Design and Methods

A two‐center retrospective case‐referent study was performed where case patients and control subjects were sampled from all consecutive patients who had received their first and subsequent RBC transfusions in one of the two centers only. Cases were defined as patients who developed a first RBC alloantibody. Control subjects were patients without detectable RBC alloantibodies, who were matched to the case patients regarding number of RBC transfusions. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between storage time of RBCS and the occurrence of alloimmunization.

Results

A total of 144 cases and 286 controls were selected for our study, who had received a total 5478 RBC units. Comparing patients receiving units stored shorter than a certain number of days versus older units (with various storage periods up to 4 weeks) did not reveal an association or a trend between alloimmunization risk and storage time categories.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that storage times of transfused RBCs between 1 and 4 weeks do not affect the risk of alloimmunization.
Red blood cell transfusion–related necrotizing enterocolitis in very‐low‐birthweight infants: a near‐infrared spectroscopy investigation
Authors: Marin Terri , Moore James , Kosmetatos Niki , Roback John D. , Weiss Paul , Higgins Melinda , McCauley Linda , Strickland Ora L. , Josephson Cassandra D.
Published: March 2013

Background

Recent evidence suggests that antecedent red blood cell (RBC) transfusions increase the risk for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), the most common gastrointestinal emergency encountered by very‐low‐birthweight (VLBW) infants. The underlying mechanism for this association is unknown. Altered oxygenation of the mesenteric vasculature during RBC transfusion has been hypothesized to contribute to NEC development and was investigated in this study.

Study Design and Methods

Oxygenation patterns among four VLBW infants who developed transfusion‐related NEC (TR‐NEC) were compared to four VLBW infants with similar gestational age who were transfused but did not develop NEC (non‐NEC). Cerebral and mesenteric patterns were recorded before, during, and 48 hours after RBC transfusion using near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology. Percentage change from mean baseline regional oxygen saturation values and cerebrosplanchnic oxygenation ratios were analyzed.

Results

All TR‐NEC infants (24‐29 weeks’ gestation; 705‐1080 g) demonstrated greater variation in mesenteric oxygenation patterns surrounding transfusions than non‐NEC infants (27.6‐30 weeks’ gestation; 980‐1210 g). TR‐NEC infants received larger mean volumes of total blood (27.75 ± 8.77 mL/kg) than non‐NEC infants (15.25 ± 0.5 mL/kg).

Conclusion

Wide fluctuation and decreases in mesenteric oxygenation patterns are more pronounced in TR‐NEC infants, especially before TR‐NEC onset, compared to non‐NEC infants. Greater total volume of infused blood was associated with TR‐NEC in preterm infants. Using NIRS, larger prospective studies are needed to further evaluate potential risk factors for NEC in this high‐risk population.
Routine screening of blood donations at Qingdao central blood bank, China, for hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA with a real‐time, multiplex nucleic acid test for HBV, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus Types 1 and 2
Authors: Yang Zhongsi , Xu Lei , Liu Li , Feng Qiuxia , Zhang Longmu , Ma Weijuan , Saldanha John , Wang Mingmin , Zhao Lin
Published: March 2013

Background

The Roche cobas TaqScreen MPX test was used to evaluate the rate of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)‐negative donations that were hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA reactive from June 2010 to January 2011 in Qingdao, China.

Study Design and Methods

HBsAg‐negative samples from 65,800 voluntary blood donors were tested with the cobas TaqScreen MPX test in pools of 6 on the Roche cobas s 201 blood screening platform. Samples positive for HBV DNA and negative for HBsAg were quantitated with the Roche COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HBV test. In addition, serologic tests for HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antibody, anti‐hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc), anti‐hepatitis B e antigen (anti‐HBe), and hepatitis B e antigen (HBe) were done using the Roche electrochemiluminescence immunoassay.

Results

A total of 80 nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT) test‐reactive pools were identified and 59 pools (74%) resolved to a reactive sample. All samples were HBV DNA reactive and the viral load in each sample was quantitated. The viral loads of the samples ranged from less than 20 to 34,600 IU/mL; 13 samples (22%) had viral loads of more than 20 IU/mL, 27 samples (45.8%) had viral loads of less than 20 IU/mL, and 19 samples (32.2%) had undetectable viral loads. Of the 59 NAT‐reactive samples, 40 (67.8%) were anti‐HBc positive. Fifteen of the 59 samples could not be confirmed as NAT reactive either by an alternative NAT test or by serology.

Conclusion

The HBV NAT yield in blood donors in Qingdao is 0.06% (38/65,800). This study confirmed the value of NAT for interdicting HBV‐positive donations and preventing transfusion‐transmitted HBV infections.
Expression of the CTL2 transcript variants in human peripheral blood cells and human tissues
Authors: Flesch Brigitte K. , Wesche Jan , Berthold Tom , Goldmann Torsten , Hundt Matthias , Greinacher Andreas , Bux Jürgen
Published: March 2013

Background

The HNA‐3a antigen is an important antibody target in the pathophysiology of transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI). It is encoded by the choline transporter‐like protein 2 (CTL2) gene, which exists in the two transcript variants TV1 and TV2, differing in the upstream promoter and coding region. Only TV1 has been demonstrated to enable choline transport across the cell membrane.

Study Design and Methods

The aim of this study was to determine the CTL2 transcript pattern in human peripheral blood cells and tissues and its capacity to bind HNA‐3a antibodies. RNA was isolated from human whole blood, isolated neutrophils, mononuclear blood cells, leukoreduced platelets, human lung, liver, and colon. After reverse transcription, the single‐stranded cDNA was amplified using primer combinations specific for the respective transcript. Plasmids containing the entire CTL2 coding cDNA of the transcript variant TV1 or TV2 served as controls. HEK293T cells expressing both variants were used to determine the binding of HNA‐3a antibodies.

Results

The shorter TV2 transcript was demonstrated in each RNA sample derived from human peripheral blood tested so far, as well as in human lung and liver, whereas the longer TV1 transcript was only detected in human lung and colon. TV1 and TV2 had the same binding capacity to HNA‐3a antibodies.

Conclusion

The expression of TV1 and TV2 is tissue and cell specific, with peripheral blood cells expressing only TV2. This does not affect binding of HNA‐3a antibodies. Whether the unequal expression might be relevant in the pathogenesis of TRALI remains to be investigated.
Sweet and Sour Changes in Trade Regimes
Authors: Calì Massimiliano , Nolte Stephan , Cantore Nicola
Published: March 2013

Sugar is an important export for a number of developing countries, especially in the African, Caribbean and Pacific regions. In many of these countries, preferential access to the EU market has been a key factor to develop their sugar sectors. The recent and proposed changes to the international sugar trade regimes, particularly in the EU, are threatening this preferential access. We study the possible implications of such changes on ACP countries’ sugar production and exports by using a spatial price equilibrium model specifically developed for the sugar market. The results suggest that the effects of these changes are likely to vary according to the prevailing level of world sugar market price and according to whether ACP countries are current exporters to the EU.
A BOD Sensor Using Immobilized Microbial Consortium in Alginate–Based Matrix for Rapid Detection of River Water Pollution
Authors: Hussin Salwa , Ismail Abd Khamim , Shahir Shafinaz
Published: March 2013

The development of a rapid sensor for Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is important for rapid determination of the degree of pollution in river water. A short–term BOD (BODst) has been developed using a consortium of locally isolated bacteria as the sensing element. YSI 52 Dissolved Oxygen Meter has been used to measure the oxygen uptake in the test solutions. Of the three alginate–based matrices, namely calcium alginate, calcium alginate–gluteraldehyde and polyvinyl alcohol–sodium alginate (PVA-SA), calcium alginate–gluteraldehyde was found to be the best microbial immobilization method. Typical response time of the developed BODst sensor was 8 minutes, and the immobilized microorganisms were suitable for single use. BOD response was observed at 37°C and pH7.0. For river waters, the BOD values estimated by the BODst biosensor correlated well with those determined by conventional BOD5 test using artificial wastewater (AWW) as the calibration solution.
Purification of a Fibrinolytic Enzyme from Bacillus Sp. Isolated from Budu
Authors: Ahmad Sanusi Nurulhanis , Jamaluddin Haryati
Published: March 2013

Bacillus sp. strain B1 producing wild type fibrinolytic enzyme was isolated from Budu. The fibrinolytic enzyme was collected from the supernatant of Bacillus sp. strain B1 culture broth and purified to electrophoretic homogeneity through a combination of various purification schemes, which include ammonium sulphate precipitation, followed by anion exchange chromatography using DEAE–Sepharose Fast Flow and gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G–75 column. During ammonium sulphate precipitation screening, it was observed that the crude enzyme from Bacillus sp. strain B1 precipitated at 40% and 50% of ammonium sulphate saturation respectively. The fibrinolytic enzyme was purified 58.5–fold with a final yield of 0.51%. The specific activity was determined to be 1.17 Units/mg using plasmin as standard and the final total protein content was 8.58 mg/ml. After the successive purification steps, the estimated molecular mass of fibrinolytic enzymes from strain B1 was estimated via sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE). SDS–PAGE analysis showed a single band at 45 kDa corresponding to the purified fraction with fibrinolytic activity.
Audiovisual biofeedback improves motion prediction accuracy
Authors: Pollock Sean , Lee Danny , Keall Paul , Kim Taeho
Published: March 2013

Purpose:

The accuracy of motion prediction, utilized to overcome the system latency of motion management radiotherapy systems, is hampered by irregularities present in the patients’ respiratory pattern. Audiovisual (AV) biofeedback has been shown to reduce respiratory irregularities. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that AV biofeedback improves the accuracy of motion prediction.

Methods:

An AV biofeedback system combined with real‐time respiratory data acquisition and MR images were implemented in this project. One‐dimensional respiratory data from (1) the abdominal wall (30 Hz) and (2) the thoracic diaphragm (5 Hz) were obtained from 15 healthy human subjects across 30 studies. The subjects were required to breathe with and without the guidance of AV biofeedback during each study. The obtained respiratory signals were then implemented in a kernel density estimation prediction algorithm. For each of the 30 studies, five different prediction times ranging from 50 to 1400 ms were tested (150 predictions performed). Prediction error was quantified as the root mean square error (RMSE); the RMSE was calculated from the difference between the real and predicted respiratory data. The statistical significance of the prediction results was determined by the Student'st‐test.

Results:

Prediction accuracy was considerably improved by the implementation of AV biofeedback. Of the 150 respiratory predictions performed, prediction accuracy was improved 69% (103/150) of the time for abdominal wall data, and 78% (117/150) of the time for diaphragm data. The average reduction in RMSE due to AV biofeedback over unguided respiration was 26% (p < 0.001) and 29% (p < 0.001) for abdominal wall and diaphragm respiratory motion, respectively.

Conclusions:

This study was the first to demonstrate that the reduction of respiratory irregularities due to the implementation of AV biofeedback improves prediction accuracy. This would result in increased efficiency of motion management techniques affected by system latencies used in radiotherapy.
Accuracy verification of infrared marker‐based dynamic tumor‐tracking irradiation using the gimbaled x‐ray head of the Vero4DRT (MHI‐TM2000)a)
Authors: Mukumoto Nobutaka , Nakamura Mitsuhiro , Sawada Akira , Suzuki Yasunobu , Takahashi Kunio , Miyabe Yuki , Kaneko Shuji , Mizowaki Takashi , Kokubo Masaki , Hiraoka Masahiro
Published: March 2013

Purpose:

To verify the accuracy of an infrared (IR) marker‐based dynamic tumor‐tracking irradiation system (IR tracking) using the gimbaled x‐ray head of the Vero4DRT (MHI‐TM2000).

Methods:

The gimbaled 6‐MV C‐band x‐ray head of the Vero4DRT can swing along the pan‐and‐tilt direction to track a moving target. During beam delivery, the Vero4DRT predicts the future three‐dimensional (3D) target position in real time using a correlation model [four‐dimensional (4D) model] between the target and IR marker motion, and then continuously transfers the corresponding tracking orientation to the gimbaled x‐ray head. The 4D‐modeling error (E4DM) and the positional tracking error (EP) were defined as the difference between the predicted and measured positions of the target in 4D modeling and as the difference between the tracked and measured positions of the target during irradiation, respectively. For the clinical application of IR tracking, we assessed the relationship between E4DM and EP for three 1D sinusoidal (peak‐to‐peak amplitude [A]: 20–40 mm, breathing period [T]: 2–4 s), five 1D phase‐shifted sinusoidal (A: 20 mm, T: 4 s, phase shift [τ]: 0.2–2 s), and six 3D patient respiratory patterns.

Results:

The difference between the 95th percentile of the absoluteEP () and the mean (μ) + two standard deviations (SD) of absolute E4DM () was within ±1 mm for all motion patterns. As the absolute correlation between the target and IR marker motions decreased from 1.0 to 0.1 for the 1D phase‐shifted sinusoidal patterns, the and increased linearly, from 0.4 to 3.0 mm (R = −0.98) and from 0.5 to 2.2 mm (R = −0.95), respectively. There was a strong positive correlation between and in each direction [(lateral, craniocaudal, anteroposterior) = (0.99, 0.98, 1.00)], even for the 3D respiratory patterns; thus, was readily estimated from .

Conclusions:

Positional tracking errors correlated strongly with 4D‐modeling errors in IR tracking. Thus, the accuracy of the 4D model must be verified before treatment, and margins are required to compensate for the 4D‐modeling error.
Compensating for identification errors in memory recall tasks
Authors: Shub Daniel E.
Published: March 2013

A mathematical model for approximating the contributions of identification and recall errors on the ability to repeat a list of N items is developed. In memory recall tasks where the items are independent and unrelated to each other, the probability of correctly repeating a list of items can be approximated as the product of the probability of correctly recalling all the items and the probability of correctly identifying an isolated item raised to the power of N. This relationship suggests that unaccounted for reductions in identification performance can severely affect estimates of memory.
Acellular Biomaterials: An Evolving Alternative to Cell-Based Therapies
Authors: Burdick Jason A. , Mauck Robert L. , Gorman Joseph H. , Gorman Robert C.
Published: March 2013

Acellular biomaterials are emerging as viable treatment options for patients with damaged tissues.
Targeting the Intracellular WT1 Oncogene Product with a Therapeutic Human Antibody
Authors: Dao Tao , Yan Su , Veomett Nicholas , Pankov Dmitry , Zhou Liang , Korontsvit Tatyana , Scott Andrew , Whitten Joseph , Maslak Peter , Casey Emily , Tan Taochao , Liu Hong , Zakhaleva Victoria , Curcio Michael , Doubrovina Ekaterina , O’Reilly Richard J. , Liu Cheng , Scheinberg David A.
Published: March 2013

A therapeutic monoclonal antibody specific for the intracellular oncoprotein Wilms tumor 1 treats human leukemias in mice.
A Jagged Edge to Cancer Chemoresistance
Authors: Ghajar Cyrus M.
Published: March 2013

Endothelial cells stimulate the cancer stem cell phenotype in human colorectal cancer cells by cleaving a Notch ligand.
Colonic stenting: a practical update
Authors: Sarkar Sanchoy , Geraghty Joe , Rooney Paul
Published: March 2013

Colonic stenting is part of the UK service provision guidelines for colorectal cancer. However, there are issues about availability and expertise within the UK, and controversies remain regarding various clinical and technical aspects of the technique. Based on the current evidence, this article will provide a practical update on the indications, the clinical and technical considerations and the remaining unanswered questions regarding colonic stenting.
Quantification of speed-up and accuracy of multi-CPU computational flow dynamics simulations of hemodynamics in a posterior communicating artery aneurysm of complex geometry
Authors: Karmonik Christof , Yen Christopher , Gabriel Edgar , Partovi Sasan , Horner Marc , Zhang Yi J , Klucznik Richard P , Diaz Orlando , Grossman Robert G
Published: March 2013

Background

Towards the translation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques into the clinical workflow, performance increases achieved with parallel multi-central processing unit (CPU) pulsatile CFD simulations in a patient-derived model of a bilobed posterior communicating artery aneurysm were evaluated while simultaneously monitoring changes in the accuracy of the solution.

Methods

Simulations were performed using 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 processors. In addition, a baseline simulation was obtained with a dual-core dual CPU computer of similar computational power to clinical imaging workstations. Parallel performance indices including computation speed-up, efficiency (speed-up divided by number of processors), computational cost (computation time × number of processors) and accuracy (velocity at four distinct locations: proximal and distal to the aneurysm, in the aneurysm ostium and aneurysm dome) were determined from the simulations and compared.

Results

Total computation time decreased from 9 h 10 min (baseline) to 2 h 34 min (10 CPU). Speed-up relative to baseline increased from 1.35 (2 CPU) to 3.57 (maximum at 10 CPU) while efficiency decreased from 0.65 to 0.35 with increasing cost (33.013 to 92.535). Relative velocity component deviations were less than 0.0073% and larger for 12 CPU than for 2 CPU (0.004±0.002%, not statistically significant, p=0.07).

Conclusions

Without compromising accuracy, parallel multi-CPU simulation reduces computing time for the simulation of hemodynamics in a model of a cerebral aneurysm by up to a factor of 3.57 (10 CPUs) to 2 h 34 min compared with a workstation with computational power similar to clinical imaging workstations.
Calving season is a stronger determinant of worm burdens in pasture‐based beef production than the level of residual larval contamination at turnout
Authors: Höglund J. , Hessle A. , Dahlström F.
Published: March 2013

The combined influence of (1) calving period (early or late) and (2) overwintering contamination by residual infective larvae (high or low) on subsequent exposure of suckler calves to gastrointestinal nematodes was investigated. We found that the effect of calving date was greater than the level of residual contamination. This was because the adult cows produced large quantities of manure containing small amounts of nematode eggs from turnout, which significantly contaminated the pasture, and thereby, reduced the effect of prior high‐low contamination. Early born calves were found to be more heavily exposed to parasites, most likely due to ingesting more herbage than those born later. Late‐born calves also had relatively high antibody levels at turnout, which first decreased and then increased again. We suggest that the high antibody levels at turnout reflect passive transfer of maternal antibodies through the milk. There was also a significant difference in animal performance, with the more heavily exposed early born calves having significantly lower daily weight gain than the late‐born calves. However, this might not be entirely due to increased parasitism.
Performance of concrete buildings in the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake and implications for Canadian codes
Authors: Elwood Kenneth J.
Published: March 2013

At 12:51 pm local time on 22 February 2011, a M 6.2 aftershock of the 4 September 2010, Darfield earthquake shook the city of Christchurch, New Zealand. The aftershock occurred on an unmapped fault less than 10 km from the city centre resulting in significant damage, particularly in the Central Business District (CBD). The earthquake resulted in the collapse of two reinforced concrete office buildings, one parking garage, and numerous unreinforced masonry buildings, including many heritage structures, leading to 185 deaths. Liquefaction was wide spread in the CBD and the eastern suburbs, resulting in foundation movement for housing and office buildings alike. Many buildings in the CBD experienced severe damage, some requiring demolition, necessitating careful controlled access to the CBD in the months following the earthquake. This paper summarizes the recorded earthquake shaking and observed damage to concrete buildings in CBD, with a specific focus on identifying future research and possible changes for seismic design practice and codes in Canada to address the Christchurch observations.
Rates of straying by hatchery-produced Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchusspp.) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) differ among species, life history types, and populations
Authors: Westley Peter A.H. , Quinn Thomas P. , Dittman Andrew H.
Published: March 2013

Here we ask whether straying differs among species, life history types, and populations of adult hatchery-produced Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Columbia River basin. Previous estimates of straying have been confounded by various factors influencing the probability of individuals returning to non-natal sites (e.g., off-station releases), whereas analyses undertaken here of nearly a quarter million coded-wire tag recoveries control for these factors. Our results revealed large and generally consistent differences in the propensity to stray among species, life history types within species, and populations. Paired releases indicated that (i) Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) strayed more (mean population range 0.11%–34.6%) than coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) (0.08%–0.94%); (ii) ocean-type Chinook (5.2%–18.6%) strayed more than stream-type Chinook (0.11%–10%); and Chinook salmon (0.90%–54.9%) strayed more than steelhead (0.30%–2.3%). We conclude these patterns are largely the result of species-specific behavioral and endocrine factors during the juvenile life stages, but analyses also suggest that environmental factors can influence straying during the adult upstream migration.
Obliquely propagating dust–ion acoustic solitary waves and their multidimensional instabilities in magnetized dusty plasmas with bi-maxwellian electrons
Authors: Masud M.M. , Kundu N.R. , Mamun A.A.
Published: March 2013

The nonlinear propagation of dust–ion acoustic (DIA) waves in an obliquely propagating magnetized dusty plasma, consisting of bi-maxwellian electrons (namely lower and higher temperature maxwellian electrons), negatively charged immobile dust grains, and inertial ions is rigorously investigated by deriving the Zakharov–Kuznetsov equation. Later, the multidimensional instability of the DIA solitary waves (DIASWs) is analyzed using the small-k perturbation technique. It is investigated that the nature of the DIASWs, the instability criterion, and the growth rate of the perturbation mode are significantly modified by the external magnetic field and the propagation directions of both the nonlinear waves and their perturbation modes. The implications of the results obtained from this investigation in space and laboratory dusty plasmas are briefly discussed.
A new approach in the derivation of the Larmor formula for radiation loss from an accelerating charged particle
Authors: Dikshit Biswaranjan
Published: March 2013

Normally, the Larmor formula for the rate of energy loss from an accelerating charged particle (e.g., an electron) is derived by considering the energy due to the acceleration field being transmitted to infinity without attenuation. This method does not give any insight into the actual physical phenomenon occurring at the particle itself that is responsible for the loss of energy. To circumvent this problem, we develop a different approach in which the Larmor formula is derived by considering the work done against self-forces created within the particle when it is accelerated. We carry out this analysis in three dimensions so that it is easy to visualize the events happening inside the particle during the acceleration that result in loss of energy. Thus, our method clearly demonstrates the mechanism of energy loss from an accelerated charged particle.
RECURSIVE QR DECOMPOSITION ARCHITECTURE FOR MIMO-OFDM DETECTION SYSTEMS
Authors: CHANG ROBERT CHEN-HAO , CHEN HUNG-LIEH , LIN KUANG-HAO , WEI MING-FAN
Published: March 2013

This paper presents a modified implementation of QR decomposition for multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) detection based on the Givens rotation method. The QR decomposition hardware is constructed using the coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) algorithm operating with fewer gate counts and lower power consumption than do triangular systolic array (TSA) structures. Accurate signal transmission is essential to wireless communication systems. Thus, a more effective data detection algorithm and precise channel estimation method play vital roles in MIMO systems. Implementing data detection with QR decomposition helps reduce the complexity of MIMO-OFDM detection. Implementation results reveal that the proposed recursive QR decomposition (RQRD) architecture has lower clock latency than do TSA structures, and has a smaller hardware area than do Gram–Schmidt structures.
MULTIFRACTAL DESCRIPTION OF SIMULATED FLOW VELOCITY IN IDEALISED POROUS MEDIA BY USING THE SANDBOX METHOD
Authors: JIMÉNEZ-HORNERO FRANCISCO J. , ARIZA-VILLAVERDE ANA B. , DE RAVÉ EDUARDO GUTIÉRREZ
Published: March 2013

The spatial description of flows in porous media is a main issue due to their influence on processes that take place inside. In addition to descriptive statistics, the multifractal analysis based on the Box-Counting fixed-size method has been used during last decade to study some porous media features. However, this method gives emphasis to domain regions containing few data points that spark the biased assessment of generalized fractal dimensions for negative moment orders. This circumstance is relevant when describing the flow velocity field in idealised three-dimensional porous media. The application of the Sandbox method is explored in this work as an alternative to the Box-Counting procedure for analyzing flow velocity magnitude simulated with the lattice model approach for six media with different porosities. According to the results, simulated flows have multiscaling behaviour. The multifractal spectra obtained with the Sandbox method reveal more heterogeneity as well as the presence of some extreme values in the distribution of high flow velocity magnitudes as porosity decreases. This situation is not so evident for the multifractal spectra estimated with the Box-Counting method. As a consequence, the description of the influence of porous media structure on flow velocity distribution provided by the Sandbox method improves the results obtained with the Box-Counting procedure.
EFFECT OF SKEW ANGLE ON SEISMIC VULNERABILITY OF RC BOX-GIRDER HIGHWAY BRIDGES
Authors: ABDEL-MOHTI AHMED , PEKCAN GOKHAN
Published: March 2013

In this study, the seismic vulnerability of post-tensioned reinforced concrete box-girder highway bridges with moderate-to-large skew angles to various levels of ground motion intensity is investigated. The fragility curves are generated by performing incremental nonlinear dynamic analysis (IDA) on the bridges of skew angles of 0, 30, and 60°s. A total of 45 ground motion pairs are considered to develop the fragility curves. The damage states are presented and quantified based on the column rotational ductility and superstructure displacements at the abutments. Furthermore, the fragility curves constructed are compared against those recommended by HAZUS. It is demonstrated that as the skew angle increases, skew bridges become more vulnerable to seismically induced damages. It is also shown that the HAZUS fragility curves may not lead to a consistent prediction of the vulnerability of skewed bridges.
A NUMERICAL METHOD FOR 1D TIME-DEPENDENT SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION USING RADIAL BASIS FUNCTIONS
Authors: JIANG TONGSONG , JIANG ZHAOLIN , KOLIBAL JOSEPH
Published: March 2013

This paper proposes a new numerical method to solve the 1D time-dependent Schrödinger equations based on the finite difference scheme by means of multiquadrics (MQ) and inverse multiquadrics (IMQ) radial basis functions. The numerical examples are given to confirm the good accuracy of the proposed methods.
OPTIMIZED FREE ENERGY-BASED LATTICE BOLTZMANN METHOD FOR MODELING MICRO DROP DYNAMICS
Authors: MOHAMMADPOURFARD M. , FALLAH M.
Published: March 2013

The free energy-based lattice Boltzmann (FEB-LB) model is a very powerful method and is fully consistent with Maxwell's equal-area construction, especially for low temperature conditions. Drawbacks of this model are its massive amounts of calculations and large computation time (i.e., iteration number), therefore it is often executed on supercomputers or parallel computing systems. In this paper, the three-dimensional FEB-LB model has been optimized using the Runge-Kutta fourth-order method. It is shown that using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method, the computation time is decreased about four times. In addition, in the present work, using the optimized FEB-LB model, the effects of surface tension and interface width on spurious velocities in the liquid–gas interface have been investigated.
Completeness of the fossil record and the validity of sampling proxies: a case study from the Triassic of England and Wales
Authors: Dunhill A. M. , Benton M. J. , Newell A. J. , Twitchett R. J.
Published: March 2013

Many studies have highlighted correlations between palaeodiversity and sampling proxies. These correlations have been interpreted as evidence for bias, common cause, or redundancy between signals. Here, we compare a number of sampling proxies representing sedimentary rock volume, rock accessibility and worker effort with palaeodiversity through the predominantly terrestrial Triassic System in England and Wales. We find that proxies for sedimentary rock volume and accessibility do not correlate with palaeodiversity until the removal of facies-related preservational and palaeoecological factors. This indicates that a weak sampling signal may be present, but the effects of changing palaeoenvironments are far more important at the regional scale. Significant correlations between worker effort and palaeodiversity are detected, although this is likely to be a result of the preferential sampling of formations already known to be rich in fossils. The fact that there is little evidence for sedimentary rock bias in the fossil record of the Triassic of England and Wales suggests that either (1) sampling bias is not a major source of error at the regional scale or (2) sampling proxies are inadequate representations of geological and human sampling bias.

Supplementary material:

Correlation test results and raw time series data from the study are available at
www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18567
.
The Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary (KTB) transition in NE Brazil
Authors: Gertsch B. , Keller G. , Adatte T. , Berner Z.
Published: March 2013

At 7800 km from Yucatan the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary (KTB) transition of the Poty Quarry, NE Brazil, is the most distant locality with published accounts of Chicxulub impact–tsunami deposits, impact spherules and Ir anomaly. New investigations based on sedimentology, biostratigraphy, mineralogy and geochemistry fail to confirm these reports. Latest Maastrichtian planktic foraminiferal zones CF1 below an erosive and bioturbated disconformity and early Danian zone P1a(1) above indicate a short hiatus, with the KTB clay (zone P0), the Ir anomaly and the characteristic negative δ
13
C excursion missing. The disconformity coincides with the globally recognized latest Maastrichtian sea-level fall. Above the disconformity, an upward-fining micro-conglomerate with abundant reworked Cretaceous foraminifera, sub-angular phosphate clasts, calcitic and phosphatic spheroids along with an early Danian zone P1a(1) assemblage is interpreted as a gravity-flow deposit. Common spheroids throughout the late Campanian–Maastrichtian appear to be chamber infillings of the benthic foraminifer
Dentalina alternata
. Minor Ir anomalies in thin clay layers of zone Pla and no evidence of the Chicxulub impact reveal that the Poty Quarry section remains a very important example of the complex global environmental and sea-level changes observed in KT sequences from North America to Central America that are commonly misinterpreted as impact–tsunami events.

Supplementary materials:

Data for trace elements are available at
www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18585
.
Pre-existing basement structure and its influence on continental rifting and fracture zone development along Australia’s southern rifted margin
Authors: Gibson G. M. , Totterdell J. M. , White L. T. , Mitchell C. H. , Stacey A. R. , Morse M. P. , Whitaker A.
Published: March 2013

Palaeogeographical reconstructions of the Australian and Antarctic margins based on matching basement structures are commonly difficult to reconcile with those derived from ocean-floor magnetic anomalies and plate vectors. Following identification of a previously unmapped crustal-scale structure in the southern part of the early Palaeozoic Delamerian Orogen (Coorong Shear Zone), a more tightly constrained plate reconstruction for these margins is proposed. This reconstruction places the Coorong Shear Zone opposite the Mertz Shear Zone in Antarctica and lends itself to a revised interpretation of continental rifting along Australia’s southern margin in which rift basin architecture, margin segmentation and the formation of ocean-floor fracture zones are all linked to pre-existing basement structure and the reactivation of a few deep-rooted crustal structures inherited from the Delamerian Orogeny in particular. Reactivation of the Coorong Shear Zone and other basement structures (Avoca–Sorell Fault Zone) during the earlier stages of rifting was accompanied by the partitioning of extensional strain and formation of late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous normal faults and half-graben in the Bight and Otway basins with opposing NE–SW and NW–SE structural trends. Previously, the Mertz Shear Zone has been correlated with the Proterozoic Kalinjala Mylonite Zone in the Gawler Craton but this positions Australia 300–400 km too far east relative to Antarctica prior to breakup and fails to secure an equally satisfactory match in both basement geology and the superimposed extension-related structures.
New U–Pb SHRIMP ages from the Lubango region, SW Angola: insights into the Palaeoproterozoic evolution of the Angolan Shield, southern Congo Craton, Africa
Authors: McCourt S. , Armstrong R. A. , Jelsma H. , Mapeo R. B. M.
Published: March 2013

In an attempt to better understand the tectonic evolution of the continental crust forming SW Angola, zircon grains from the principal Precambrian rock types exposed in the Lubango area have been analysed using the sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe method. U–Pb ages of 2038 ± 28 Ma and 1954 ± 6 Ma were obtained on weakly deformed granite samples from the basement below the Humpata Plateau. The Chela Group on the Humpata Plateau is a relatively undeformed Palaeoproterozoic supracrustal sequence with an eruptive age of 1798 ± 11 Ma on ignimbrite of the Humpata Formation. The age of the northern part of the Kunene Complex is constrained by zircon data from a xenolith of basement gneiss and a mangerite dyke cutting anorthosite, which give an emplacement age of 1385 ± 7 Ma. The
c
. 2.0 Ga granites below the Chela Group are part of a Palaeoproterozoic granitoid terrane that extends from north of Lubango in Angola into NW Namibia. This terrane is referred to as the Angolan Shield. Regionally, the Angolan Shield is interpreted to be part of a Palaeoproterozoic magmatic arc that extends NE from Angola and Namibia under Phanerozoic cover into NW Zambia. The resultant crustal terrane defined the southern margin of the developing Congo Craton at
c
. 2.0 ± 0.04 Ga.

Supplementary materials:

Tables summarizing the zircon U–Pb data are available at
www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18577
.
Paramagnetic metamorphic mineral assemblages controlling AMS in low-grade deformed metasediments and the implications with respect to the use of AMS as a strain marker
Authors: Haerinck Tom , Adriaens Rieko , Debacker Timothy N. , Hirt Ann M. , Sintubin Manuel
Published: March 2013

A regional analysis of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) has been performed on low-grade metamorphic, deformed homogeneous siltstone beds (HSBs) of the Plougastel Formation in the Central Armorican Domain together with exhaustive compositional analyses of the studied specimens. Despite sampling a single horizon, different paramagnetic minerals are controlling the AMS in the Crozon peninsula sites (white mica and chlorite) and in the inland sites of the Central Armorican Domain (white mica, chloritoid and some chlorite). Both the Crozon peninsula and inland datasets show a hockey-stick shaped pattern on a plot of the shape parameter
T
versus the corrected degree of anisotropy
P
J
, although the whole pattern is shifted to higher
P
J
values for the inland dataset. High-field AMS indicates that the low-field
P
J
and
T
values from two inland sites are slightly enhanced by a small ferromagnetic (
sensu lato
) contribution. Furthermore, variation in
P
J
and
T
values within single sites can be attributed to an effect of the observed quartz/white mica ratio, as quartz grains disrupt the petrofabric intensity. Our findings clearly demonstrate that the AMS of the HSBs in the Central Armorican Domain is strongly influenced by compositional variations and does not merely indicate tectonic strain, even in very similar tectonostratigraphic settings.

Supplementary material:

Outcrop coordinates with information on the HSBs and samples, and the summarized low-field, room-temperature AMS data are available at
www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18578
.