bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correcting the effect of magnetic tongues on the tilt angle of bipolar active regions
Authors: Poisson M. , López Fuentes M. C. , Mandrini C. H. , Démoulin P. , MacCormack C.
Published: December 2019

Context. The magnetic polarities of bipolar active regions (ARs) exhibit elongations in line-of-sight magnetograms during their emergence. These elongations are referred to as magnetic tongues and attributed to the presence of twist in the emerging magnetic flux-ropes (FRs) that form ARs.

Aims. The presence of magnetic tongues affects the measurement of any AR characteristic that depends on its magnetic flux distribution. The AR tilt-angle is one of them. We aim to develop a method to isolate and remove the flux associated with the tongues to determine the AR tilt-angle with as much precision as possible.

Methods. As a first approach, we used a simple emergence model of a FR. This allowed us to develop and test our aim based on a method to remove the effects of magnetic tongues. Then, using the experience gained from the analysis of the model, we applied our method to photospheric observations of bipolar ARs that show clear magnetic tongues.

Results. Using the developed procedure on the FR model, we can reduce the deviation in the tilt estimation by more than 60%. Next we illustrate the performance of the method with four examples of bipolar ARs selected for their large magnetic tongues. The new method efficiently removes the spurious rotation of the bipole. This correction is mostly independent of the method input parameters and significant since it is larger than all the estimated tilt errors.

Conclusions. We have developed a method to isolate the magnetic flux associated with the FR core during the emergence of bipolar ARs. This allows us to compute the AR tilt-angle and its evolution as precisely as possible. We suggest that the high dispersion observed in the determination of AR tilt-angles in studies that massively compute them from line-of sight magnetograms can be partly due to the existence of magnetic tongues whose presence is not sufficiently acknowledged.
Anterolateral Thigh Flap—the Optimal Flap in Coverage of Severe Elbow Injuries
Authors: Koteswara Rao Rayidi Venkata , Prakash Panagatla , Srikanth R , Sreenivas Jammula , Swathi Karavattula
Published: December 2019

Introduction Traditionally, the latissimus dorsi muscle with or without skin paddle has been the flap of choice for coverage of elbow defects. The ALT flap has found application in elective upper limb defects on account of it’s ability to be tailor made for individual defects. Our series of 10 cases shows the advantages of using this flap for acute trauma defects.

Materials and Methods Consecutive 10 cases of severe elbow injuries, involving varying amounts of the lower arm and proximal forearm underwent debridement followed by coverage using the free anterolateral thigh flap. Nine of 10 arterial anastomosis were done end to side to the brachial artery and venous anastomosis to the veins accompanying the artery. Seven of these patients had long bone fractures and elbow dislocations, stabilised using external fixator. Four patients needed primary muscle or tendon repair and nerve repair or graft.

Results There was 1 total flap loss, intraoperatively where a TFL flap had been used in a 71 year-old patient. Nine of 10 had successful wound coverage. Using Jupiter criteria, 2 had excellent, 3 had good, 3 had fair, and 1 had poor outcome.

Conclusion This consecutive series of moderate and severe elbow injuries demonstrates that the ALT flap should be considered as the flap of first choice, specifically when there is a need.
Cervical rib - a clinical case report
Authors: Lokanayaki V
Published: December 2019

The cervical rib is surgically important than being just anatomical curiosity alone. The distal parts of costal processes in seventh cervical vertebra occasionally develop as cervical rib. A 32 years old female patient who attended the vascular surgical department presented with features of cervical rib on the left side. Imaging procedures confirmed bilateral cervical rib for which the patient underwent surgery. The cervical rib can cause thoracic outlet syndrome with features of acute arterial occlusion in upper limb. This case is reported to stress the important complications due to the cervical rib.
Investigation of Respiratory Tract Pathogen Human Parechoviruses in Konya, Turkey
Authors: Tokak Semih , Özdemir Mehmet , Taşbent Fatma Esenkaya
Published: December 2019

Objective This study aims to better understand the epidemiological characteristics of parechoviruses and to determine the genotype distribution in Konya, Turkey.

Methods In this study, nasal and throat swab samples taken from 1,110 children who were diagnosed with respiratory tract infection (bronchitis, pneumonia, asthmatic bronchitis, and other respiratory diseases) and applied to various pediatric polyclinics of Meram Medical Faculty Hospital, Necmettin Erbakan University between September 2017 and March 2019 were evaluated. Human parechovirus (HPeV) RNA was investigated by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in respiratory tract samples. Specific genotypes of the positive samples were identified by real-time PCR amplification of the VP1 region followed by sequence analysis.

Results Of the total of 1,110 samples, 4 were positive for HPeV. Of these, HPeV1 was the most predominant genotype (n = 3), followed by HPeV4 (n = 1). HPeV infections were detected throughout the year in Konya, Turkey.

Conclusion Although the number of positive samples for HPeV is low, these findings provide information about the genetic diversity and epidemiological of HPeV genotypes circulating in pediatric patients in Turkey. This is the first study to detect prevalence and genotyping of HPeV in respiratory tract infections in Turkey. HPeVs should be considered as causative agents especially in infants with sepsis, meningitis, or encephalitis, and routine testing panels for HPeV detection should be available in hospital laboratories. Further studies using molecular epidemiological methods will be beneficial for identifying genotypes of all HPeVs involved in the etiology and for better monitoring of these infections.
The Evidence for Selective Loss of Otolithic Function
Authors: Curthoys Ian S. , Burgess Ann M. , Manzari Leonardo
Published: December 2019

Recent advances in vestibular testing now permit functional testing of all peripheral vestibular sense organs (all three semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule). This makes it possible to identify patients with isolated dysfunction of the utricle or saccule, even though parallel pathways for vestibular information are ultimately integrated centrally. Selective, isolated unilateral loss of utricular function as measured by ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) has been observed in patients with normal semicircular canal function as measured by the video head impulse test of all six semicircular canals, and normal bilateral saccular function as determined by symmetrical cervical VEMPs. How these patients present clinically and how they recover is discussed and contrasted with acute vestibular neuritis. In some patients, the unilateral loss of otolith organ (utricle or saccule) function persists and yet the patient recovers functionally to their usual lifestyle. Until the testing of all peripheral vestibular sense organs is routine, the frequency of isolated loss of otolith function cannot be gauged.
The Evolution of Blood Transfusion in the Trauma Patient: Whole Blood Has Come Full Circle
Authors: Black Jonathan A. , Pierce Virginia S. , Kerby Jeffrey D. , Holcomb John B.
Published: December 2019

Whole blood transfusion in the United States dates back to the Civil War, and it was widely used in all major conflicts since World War I. To understand our current civilian transfusion practices and to anticipate future changes in trauma resuscitation, it is important to understand the series of decisions that led trauma surgeons away from whole blood resuscitation and toward component therapy. In this review, we examine the historical basis for blood transfusion in trauma and examine the recent literature and future directions pertaining to blood product resuscitation in hemorrhaging patients.
Accurate Measurements of the Gross Calorific Value of Methane by the Renewed GERG Calorimeter
Authors: Kurzeja Norbert , Span Roland
Published: December 2019

Due to the commercial transfer of billions of cubic meters of natural gases, the knowledge of the gross calorific value (GCV) of the main natural gas components and, in particular, of methane, is of outstanding interest. On the basis of previous work carried out by a Groupe Européen de Recherches Gazières (GERG)–Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt collaboration, the so-called GERG calorimeter was further developed on the hardware as well as on the software side. With the renewed GERG calorimeter, the GCV of CH4 could be determined with unprecedented precision and accuracy. Important elements for improving the measuring methodology of flame calorimetry included the in situ calibration of the mass of the burned gas, the determination of the actual exhaust gas temperatures, and the detection of the water input by countercurrent water absorption from ambient air. For the first time, it was possible to determine the GCV not only via direct online weighing of the mass of burned gas but also via the stoichiometric water balance with a consistency of about 3.5 ppm. Based on 27 weighings of the mass of burned gas, the real-gas GCV of methane is determined as Hs(CH4) = 890 202.1 J mol−1 with a confidence interval of ±52.6 J mol−1 (t95% = 2.056). This value is by ΔHs/Hs = (−0.0436 ± 0.0059)% below the real-gas GCV of Hs(CH4) = (890 590 ± 380) J mol−1 (k = 2) converted according to ISO 6976:2016. The difference can be explained by systematic influences as well as by failures in the stoichiometric water balance in all other measurements.
Mechanical Purcell filters for microwave quantum machines
Authors: Cleland Agnetta Y. , Pechal Marek , Stas Pieter-Jan C. , Sarabalis Christopher J. , Wollack E. Alex , Safavi-Naeini Amir H.
Published: December 2019

In circuit quantum electrodynamics, measuring the state of a superconducting qubit introduces a loss channel, which can enhance spontaneous emission through the Purcell effect, thus decreasing the qubit lifetime. This decay can be mitigated by performing the measurement through a Purcell filter, which strongly suppresses signal propagation at the qubit transition frequency. If the filter is also well-matched at the readout cavity frequency, it will protect the qubit from decoherence channels without sacrificing measurement bandwidth. We propose and analyze design for a mechanical Purcell filter, which we also fabricate and characterize at room temperature. The filter is composed of an array of nanomechanical resonators in thin-film lithium niobate, connected in a ladder topology, with series and parallel resonances arranged to produce a bandpass response. Their modest footprint, steep band edges, and lack of cross talk make these filters an appealing alternative to analogous electromagnetic versions currently used in microwave quantum machines.
Co-based full heusler alloy nanowires: Modulation of static and dynamic properties through deposition parameters
Authors: Sharma Monika , Das Anindita , Kuanr Bijoy K.
Published: December 2019

In this work, a successful fabrication of Co2MnAl heusler alloy nanowires in anodic alumina templates has been demonstrated using simple and low-cost electro-deposition technique at room temperature. The role of deposition parameters, such as pH of the electrolyte solution were investigated on the structural and magnetic properties of Co2MnAl nanowires. It is observed that the crystallinity improves with the increase of pH of the solution till around pH=3.0 where the best crystallinity is achieved. The X-Ray diffraction pattern confirms the formation of B2 crystal type in the Co2MnAl heusler alloys which is further verified by high-resolution transmission electron microscope images. The static magnetic properties were explored by the VSM analysis which revealed that the saturation magnetization, squareness, coercivity and uniaxial anisotropy of the nanowires increase with the increase in pH value. The highest remanent squareness of 76% is observed for pH=2.9. The dynamic measurements of heusler alloy nanowires have been studied by ferromagnetic resonance technique using the flip-chip method in the field-sweep mode at different applied frequencies ranging from 20-40 GHz. It is observed that the resonance field increases linearly with the increase in frequency for all samples. Further, the resonance field decreases up to 35% with the increase of pH value of electrolyte, resulting in an increase in the effective field.
Impact of substrate induced band tail states on the electronic and optical properties of MoS2
Authors: Klein J. , Kerelsky A. , Lorke M. , Florian M. , Sigger F. , Kiemle J. , Reuter M. C. , Taniguchi T. , Watanabe K. , Finley J. J. , Pasupathy A. N. , Holleitner A. W. , Ross F. M. , Wurstbauer U.
Published: December 2019

Substrate, environment, and lattice imperfections have a strong impact on the local electronic structure and the optical properties of atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides. We find by a comparative study of MoS2 on SiO2 and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) using scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) measurements that the apparent bandgap of MoS2 on SiO2 is significantly reduced compared to MoS2 on hBN. The bandgap energies as well as the exciton binding energies determined from all-optical measurements are very similar for MoS2 on SiO2 and hBN. This discrepancy is found to be caused by a substantial amount of band tail states near the conduction band edge of MoS2 supported by SiO2. The presence of those states impacts the local density of states in STS measurements and can be linked to a broad red-shifted photoluminescence peak and a higher charge carrier density that are all strongly diminished or even absent using high quality hBN substrates. By taking into account the substrate effects, we obtain a quasiparticle gap that is in excellent agreement with optical absorbance spectra and we deduce an exciton binding energy of about 0.53 eV on SiO2 and 0.44 eV on hBN.
Efficient calculation of NMR isotopic shifts: Difference-dedicated vibrational perturbation theory
Authors: Gräfenstein Jürgen
Published: December 2019

We present difference-dedicated second-order vibrational perturbation theory (VPT2) as an efficient method for the computation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) isotopic shifts, which reflect the geometry dependence of the NMR property in combination with different vibration patterns of two isotopologues. Conventional calculations of isotopic shifts, e.g., by standard VPT2, require scanning the geometry dependence over the whole molecule, which becomes expensive rapidly as the molecule size increases. In DD-VPT2, this scan can be restricted to a small region around the substitution site. At the heart of DD-VPT2 is a set of localized vibration modes common to the two isotopologues and designed such that the difference between the vibration patterns is caught by a small subset of them (usually fewer than 10). We tested the DD-VPT2 method for a series of molecules with increasing size and found that this method provides results with the same quality as VPT2 and in good agreement with the experiment, with computational savings up to 95% and less numerical instabilities. The method is easy to automatize and straightforward to generalize to other molecular properties.
Middle Holocene expansion of Pacific Deep Water into the Southern Ocean
Authors: Struve Torben , Wilson David J. , van de Flierdt Tina , Pratt Naomi , Crocket Kirsty C.
Published: December 2019

Significance

Southern Ocean circulation is a central aspect of the climate system influenced by the overlying Southern Hemisphere westerly winds (SWW) and surface buoyancy forcing. Yet, the response of Southern Ocean water mass mixing to SWW changes is largely unconstrained for the Holocene (the last ∼11,700 y). We extracted the fingerprint of ocean chemistry from Drake Passage cold-water corals to trace past water mass mixing. Our data suggest that poleward weakening of the SWW in the Middle Holocene led to increased admixture of CO
2
-rich Pacific-derived water masses into the Southern Ocean. These results indicate that the Holocene circulation reacts more sensitively to atmospheric forcing than previously appreciated, thus providing insight into the Southern Ocean’s possible role during future climate change.
Altruistic behaviors relieve physical pain
Authors: Wang Yilu , Ge Jianqiao , Zhang Hanqi , Wang Haixia , Xie Xiaofei
Published: December 2019

Engaging in altruistic behaviors is costly, but it contributes to the health and well-being of the performer of such behaviors. The present research offers a take on how this paradox can be understood. Across 2 pilot studies and 3 experiments, we showed a pain-relieving effect of performing altruistic behaviors. Acting altruistically relieved not only acutely induced physical pain among healthy adults but also chronic pain among cancer patients. Using functional MRI, we found that after individuals performed altruistic actions brain activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral insula in response to a painful shock was significantly reduced. This reduced pain-induced activation in the right insula was mediated by the neural activity in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), while the activation of the VMPFC was positively correlated with the performer’s experienced meaningfulness from his or her altruistic behavior. Our findings suggest that incurring personal costs to help others may buffer the performers from unpleasant conditions.
Extreme offspring ornamentation in American coots is favored by selection within families, not benefits to conspecific brood parasites
Authors: Lyon Bruce E. , Shizuka Daizaburo
Published: December 2019

Offspring ornamentation typically occurs in taxa with parental care, suggesting that selection arising from social interactions between parents and offspring may underlie signal evolution. American coot babies are among the most ornamented offspring found in nature, sporting vividly orange-red natal plumage, a bright red beak, and other red parts around the face and pate. Previous plumage manipulation experiments showed that ornamented plumage is favored by strong parental choice for chicks with more extreme ornamentation but left unresolved the question as to why parents show the preference. Here we explore natural patterns of variation in coot chick plumage color, both within and between families, to understand the context of parental preference and to determine whose fitness interests are served by the ornamentation. Conspecific brood parasitism is common in coots and brood parasitic chicks could manipulate hosts by tapping into parental choice for ornamented chicks. However, counter to expectation, parasitic chicks were duller (less red) than nonparasitic chicks. This pattern is explained by color variation within families: Chick coloration increases with position in the egg-laying order, but parasitic eggs are usually the first eggs a female lays. Maternal effects influence chick coloration, but coot females do not use this mechanism to benefit the chicks they lay as parasites. However, within families, chick coloration predicts whether chicks become “favorites” when parents begin control over food distribution, implicating a role for the chick ornamentation in the parental life-history strategy, perhaps as a reliable signal of a chick’s size or age.
Crystal structure of human LDB1 in complex with SSBP2
Authors: Wang Hongyang , Kim Juhyun , Wang Zhizhi , Yan Xiao-Xue , Dean Ann , Xu Wenqing
Published: December 2019

The Lim domain binding proteins (LDB1 and LDB2 in human and Chip in
Drosophila
) play critical roles in cell fate decisions through partnership with multiple Lim-homeobox and Lim-only proteins in diverse developmental systems including cardiogenesis, neurogenesis, and hematopoiesis. In mammalian erythroid cells, LDB1 dimerization supports long-range connections between enhancers and genes involved in erythropoiesis, including the β-globin genes. Single-stranded DNA binding proteins (SSBPs) interact specifically with the LDB/Chip conserved domain (LCCD) of LDB proteins and stabilize LDBs by preventing their proteasomal degradation, thus promoting their functions in gene regulation. The structural basis for LDB1 self-interaction and interface with SSBPs is unclear. Here we report a crystal structure of the human LDB1/SSBP2 complex at 2.8-Å resolution. The LDB1 dimerization domain (DD) contains an N-terminal nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2)-like subdomain and a small helix 4–helix 5 subdomain, which together form the LDB1 dimerization interface. The 2 LCCDs in the symmetric LDB1 dimer flank the core DDs, with each LCCD forming extensive interactions with an SSBP2 dimer. The conserved linker between LDB1 DD and LCCD covers a potential ligand-binding pocket of the LDB1 NTF2-like subdomain and may serve as a regulatory site for LDB1 structure and function. Our structural and biochemical data provide a much-anticipated structural basis for understanding how LDB1 and the LDB1/SSBP interactions form the structural core of diverse complexes mediating cell choice decisions and long-range enhancer–promoter interactions.
Switching sides—Reengineered primary charge separation in the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center
Authors: Laible Philip D. , Hanson Deborah K. , Buhrmaster James C. , Tira Gregory A. , Faries Kaitlyn M. , Holten Dewey , Kirmaier Christine
Published: December 2019

Significance

Photosynthetic organisms use pigment–protein complexes called reaction centers (RCs)—effectively nature’s solar cells—to convert the energy of sunlight into charge-separated species that power life processes. Whether from plants, algae, or photosynthetic bacteria, RCs feature 2 quasi-mirror-image arrangements of protein and pigment cofactors. In RCs from purple photosynthetic bacteria, photon-induced electron transfer (ET) reduces the A-branch bacteriopheophytin (BPh) with near-unity quantum yield, while ET to the symmetry-related B-branch BPh is suppressed. Amino acid changes made here in the
Rhodobacter sphaeroides
RC nearly completely reverse this design. Specifically, we report RCs wherein ET to the B-branch BPh occurs with 90% yield. We draw insight regarding architectural and mechanistic foundations of the primary photon-driven charge-separation events of photosynthesis.
Fe–TiB2 composites produced through casting technique
Authors: Abbas S. Zameer
Published: December 2019

A hypereutectic composition of α-Fe(Co)–TiB2 composite was produced in strip and rod form through casting technique. The phases observed in the composite consisted of α-Fe(Co) and TiB2. Primary TiB2 particles in the rod measured upto 50 µm while for strip the size remained upto 20 µm. Hardness and elastic modulus values of 33.7 and 504 GPa were obtained for the TiB2 particles respectively. Coarse grains and lamellar α-Fe(Co)–TiB2 eutectic was observed in the rod while the microstructure was finer in the strip. The matrix possessed a hardness of ∼6 GPa. TiB2 particles possessed low indentation fracture toughness. Good homogeneity and better distribution of microstructural features resulted in less scatter in the values of hardness and elastic modulus.
Human IgA binds a diverse array of commensal bacteria
Authors: Sterlin Delphine , Fadlallah Jehane , Adams Olivia , Fieschi Claire , Parizot Christophe , Dorgham Karim , Rajkumar Asok , Autaa Gaëlle , El-Kafsi Hela , Charuel Jean-Luc , Juste Catherine , Jönsson Friederike , Candela Thomas , Wardemann Hedda , Aubry Alexandra , Capito Carmen , Brisson Hélène , Tresallet Christophe , Cummings Richard D. , Larsen Martin , Yssel Hans , von Gunten Stephan , Gorochov Guy
Published: December 2019

In humans, several grams of IgA are secreted every day in the intestinal lumen. While only one IgA isotype exists in mice, humans secrete IgA1 and IgA2, whose respective relations with the microbiota remain elusive. We compared the binding patterns of both polyclonal IgA subclasses to commensals and glycan arrays and determined the reactivity profile of native human monoclonal IgA antibodies. While most commensals are dually targeted by IgA1 and IgA2 in the small intestine, IgA1+IgA2+ and IgA1−IgA2+ bacteria coexist in the colon lumen, where Bacteroidetes is preferentially targeted by IgA2. We also observed that galactose-α terminated glycans are almost exclusively recognized by IgA2. Although bearing signs of affinity maturation, gut-derived IgA monoclonal antibodies are cross-reactive in the sense that they bind to multiple bacterial targets. Private anticarbohydrate-binding patterns, observed at clonal level as well, could explain these apparently opposing features of IgA, being at the same time cross-reactive and selective in its interactions with the microbiota.
Plasma-assisted electrochemical synthesis of monodisperse Au and Au@Ag core–shell nanoparticles
Authors: Kim Tae Hwan , Lee Ho-Jun , Lee Seung Whan
Published: December 2019

The synthesis of well defined nanoparticles with green chemistry has been an area of intense investigation, but still requires development. In this study, we propose a novel approach for controlling the particle size and distribution through diffusion-controlled growth of plasma-assisted electrochemical synthesis. The continuous, controlled addition of an Au precursor with syringe pump successfully controls the particle size in the range of 50–300 nm with a monodisperse size distribution. Moreover, gold nanoparticles can be formed successfully without any stabilizer and reducing agent. Through optimization of the reaction parameters, including the reaction temperature, discharge current of the microplasma, pH, and concentration of D-(-)-fructose, we verify two distinct feature of diffusion-controlled growth that the particle growth is good agreement of theoretical growth rate (r ∼ t
1/3) and the formed gold nanoparticles exhibit polyhedral or near-spherical shapes. This method has been applied to synthesize Au@Ag core–shell nanoparticles and control the Ag shell thickness.
Acoustic topological devices based on emulating and multiplexing of pseudospin and valley indices
Authors: Gao Meng , Wu Shiqiao , Mei Jun
Published: December 2019

We present a design paradigm for acoustic devices in which robust and controllable transport of wave signals can be realized. These devices are based on a simple acoustic platform, where different topological phases such as acoustic quantum spin Hall and quantum valley Hall insulators are emulated by engineering the spatial symmetries of the structure. Edge states along interfaces between different topological phases are shown to be promising information channels, where the multiplexing of pseudospin and/or valley degrees of freedom is unambiguously demonstrated in various devices including a multiport valve for acoustic power dividing and feeding. The information capacity in the input channel is substantially enhanced due to the creating of an extra dimension for the data carriers. The topological devices proposed here, when integrated with other state-of-the-art communication techniques, may suggest a significant step towards acoustic communication circuits with complex functionalities.
High pressure and high temperature induced polymerization of C60 quantum dots*
Authors: Ruan Shi-Hao , Han Chun-Miao , Li Fu-Lu , Li Bing , Liu Bing-Bing
Published: December 2019

We synthesized C60 quantum dots (QDs) with a uniform size by a modified ultrasonic process and studied its polymerization under high pressure and high temperature (HPHT). Raman spectra showed that a phase assemblage of a dimer (D) phase (62 vol%) and a one-dimensional chain orthorhombic (O) phase (38 vol%) was obtained at 1.5 GPa and 300 °C. At 2.0 GPa and 430 °C, the proportion of the O phase increased to 46 vol%, while the corresponding D phase decreased to 54 vol%. Compared with bulk and nanosized C60, C60 QDs cannot easily form a high-dimensional polymeric structure. This fact is probably caused by the small particle size, orientation of the disordered structure of C60 QDs, and the barrier of oxide function groups between C60 molecules. Our studies enhance the understanding of the polymerization behavior of low-dimension C60 nanomaterials under HPHT conditions.
A land systems science approach to assessing forest governance and characterizing the emergence of social forestry in the Western Cascades of Oregon
Authors: Gosnell Hannah , Kennedy Robert , Harris Tyler , Abrams Jesse
Published: December 2019

National forests in the United States are undergoing a spatially and temporally uneven governance transition in response to Congressional policies, agency mandates, and social and economic pressures, with many moving from a wholly state-led ‘dominant federal’ model to a more collaborative networked governance model which we refer to as ‘social forestry’. While the broad contours of this transition have been observed and studied previously, there have been few attempts to characterize it using quantitative, qualitative, or geospatial methods. Here, we combine a novel remote sensing-based method with qualitative social science research to understand the emergence of social forestry and its implications for land use/land cover change associated with implementation of the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) in the Western Cascades of Oregon. We linked time-series satellite data with forest inventory data to track patterns of timber harvest at scales commensurate with timber management decision-making. We then compared these patterns to policy-based expectations. We found a significant disconnect between NWFP policy and actual timber harvest patterns, raising questions about the effectiveness of the NWFP land use allocation system and the ‘land sparing’ approach to managing tensions between conservation and production. Qualitative research, including semi-structured interviews with federal agency personnel and local stakeholders, shed light on the causal mechanisms and reciprocal relationships driving spatial patterns of timber harvesting, which we discuss in terms of the emergence of social forestry involving complex, place-based negotiations between the federal government and local veto actors advocating for conservation. Findings have implications for US Forest Service public engagement strategies and efforts to establish zones of agreement regarding timber harvesting, as well as broader discussions about the agency’s future.
Clinical precision, accuracy, number and durations of exhalations for a novel electrochemical monitor for exhaled nitric oxide
Authors: Silkoff Philip E , Awabdy Brian , Sarno Mark , Ssenyange Solomon , Balsubramanyam Vivek , Leard Ryan
Published: December 2019

Background: Exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a validated marker of eosinophilic inflammation. Fenom ProTM is a novel FDA-cleared monitor for FeNO. The American Thoracic Guidelines from 2005 recommend at least 6 s exhalation for adults and in some cases up to 10 s, and 4 s for children, and that the average of the first two valid exhalations is taken as the FeNO value. Methods: Clinical precision, 6 versus 10 s exhalations, the first versus the average of the first two valid exhalation methods comparison were evaluated for Fenom ProTM, as well as a methods comparison to the NIOX VERO® monitor. Results: The intent-to-treat population (n = 126) consisted of 83 adults, and 43 pediatric subjects with 16 subjects under 12 years of age. Clinical precision for 10 s exhalations on Fenom ProTM was excellent with a within-subject standard deviation (SD) range of 0.57–3.73 ppb and mean coefficient of variation (CV) range of 4.21% to 9.65%. The clinical precision for the separate adult and pediatric groups as well as for the 6 s exhalations were similar. The 10 and 6 s exhalation comparisons and one versus the average of two valid exhalations showed a high level of agreement. The Fenom ProTM and the NIOX VERO® monitors also demonstrated a high level of agreement with the values from the latter slightly lower (mean bias of −3.2 ppb). Conclusion: Fenom ProTM demonstrated eminently acceptable performance supporting its clinical utility. The data suggests that 6 s exhalations can be used in adults and children, and that one exhalation is adequate rather than obtaining the average of two exhalations on Fenom ProTM.
Abundance of AOA, AOB, nirS, nirK, and nosZ in red soil of China under different land use
Authors: Zulkarnaen N , Zhang Y , Zhang P , Liu Y , Cheng Y , Zhao J , Zhang J
Published: December 2019

In this study, four land use type soils from Yingtan Jiangxi Province China, i.e., forest (F), bamboo (B), tea plantation (TP) and upland (U), were collected, and gene of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), nirS, nirK, and nosZ were determined, to identify the effects of land use on abundance of microorganism in red soil and their role to nitrification and denitrification. The result shows that AOA copy numbers ranged from 6.20 × 106 to 6.58 × 106 copies/g soil and AOB varied from 4.18 × 106 to 7.41 × 106 copies/g soil. The highest AOA and AOB were all measured in U soil that was the highest pH and the lowest C/N ratio. The Abundance of AOB is stimulated by enhancing soil pH due to lime application and more available NH4+ from N fertilization that could be responsible for the high net nitrification rate in U soil. Meanwhile, nirK copy numbers ranged from 6.46 × 106 to 7.05 × 106 copies/g soil, nirS from 5.50 × 106 to 5.85 × 106 copies/g soil, and nosZ from 6.57 × 106 to 7.35 × 106 copies/g soil. The nirS (p<0.05) and nirK (p<0.05) was positively correlated with soil potential denitrification rate.
Soil fauna diversity on the area with several treatments on the oil palm trunk
Authors: Sabrina T , Mustika A D , Hafira F P , Guchi H , Mukhlis
Published: December 2019

This study aimed to assess the fauna present on plantation land with various treatments of oil palm trunks after being cut.. Treatments of oil palm trunks included (i) palm trunks left in the form of logs; (ii) oil palm trunks were chopped after being cut; and (iii) oil palm trunks were removed from the plantation area. Macrofauna sampling was done by the method of pitfall trap, squared and hand sorting. Mesofauna samples were taken using the Berlesse-Tullgren Funnel method. The results found a variety of macrofauna belonging to 2 phyla, 5 classes, 9 orders, 10 families and 10 species. The value of total macrofauna population density for the treatment palm trunks left in the form of logs was 5115.18 individuals m−2, for chipping treatment was 8010.04 individuals m−2, and a for the treatment palm trunk removed was 2843.47 individuals m−2. Mesofauna obtained in this study belonging to 1 phylum, 5 classes, 1 sub-class, 13 orders and 22 families. The total population density of the mesofauna family for the treatment palm trunks left in the form of logs was 1120 individuals m−2, for chipping treatment was 1200 individuals m−2, for logging treatment was 880 individuals m−2.
Evaluation of soil fertility status for rice, corn, soybean on suboptimal land in West Java Indonesia
Authors: Joy B , Sudirja R , Sofyan E T , Harriyanto R , Mulyani O , Herdiansyah G
Published: December 2019

Rice, corn and soybeans are the main food commodities in Indonesia. The expansion of agricultural land in suboptimal areas has been carried out to increase the production of these commodities. However, with the limited suboptimal land conditions, the fit fertilizer engineering should be found. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the soil fertility status on suboptimal land in West Java, Indonesia. The research method used qualitative, descriptive, comparative and survey methods. The sampling area was carried out in each unit of land with determined by transect based on the results of environmental observations. It is sufficiently representative to represent the land in the area. The result from this experiment was there there are four districts as a centre of rice, corn and soybean in West Java, Indonesia, such as Majalengka, Kuningan, Cirebon and Subang. In general, soil characteristics (N, P, K, pH, CEC, BS, cations and textures) for rice, corn and soybean centre in West Java are low, medium until high criteria based on analysis of nutrient content of soil samples. The characteristics of farmers (economic and social activities) in rice, corn and soybean centre in West Java, have good competence in the farming system, productive age of farmers and excellent organizational structure.
The effectiveness of various compositions lignolytic and cellulolytic microbes in composting empty fruit bunch palm oil and sugar cane biomass
Authors: Setiawati M R , Suryatmana P , Hindersah R , Kamaluddin N , Efendi S
Published: December 2019

In sustainable agriculture, the balance of the use of inorganic fertilizers, organic matter and biofertilizers are highly recommended to increase crop production and at the same time maintaining or even improving the soil health and quality. Farm waste such as palm oil empty bunches and chopped sugar cane biomass are abundant and is a useful material to be returned to the soil to fertilize the plants. Constraints of both the material utilization is a very long process of decomposed because it contains lignin and cellulose and difficult to decomposed by microbes. Organic materials palm oil empty bunches and sugar cane biomass inoculated cellulolytic fungi, cellulolytic bacteria, lignolytic fungi, lignolytic bacteria consortia 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and without decomposers. The experiments were conducted in randomized block design (RBD) with four replications. Composting each 1 m3 of organic matter carried out aerobically for one month. Largest decrease in cellulose content of palm oil empty bunches and sugar cane biomass obtain on inoculation cellulolytic and lignolytic microbes that was 4% respectively to 64.92% and 61.12%, while the largest decrease in lignin content on palm oil empty bunches contained of 3% decomposer with cellulolytic and lignolytic microbes. While on sugar cane biomass obtained by 4% decomposers cellulolytic and lignolytic microbes. The addition of containing 2% cellulolytic and lignolytic most effective in decreasing the C/N either palm oil empty bunches or sugar cane biomass.
Characteristics of coastal sediment from three different sites and their potential as the ameliorant of peat soil in West Kalimantan
Authors: Arief F B , Gafur S , Sagiman S , Aspan A
Published: December 2019

It is well-known that there are some problems faced in cultivating peat-land as an agricultural land. The main problems are related to both its low soil acidity and its high cation exchange capacity. Previous studies showed that coastal sediment has shown its potential to overcome these constraints. This experiment is design to invent new potential coastal sediment resource after the closeness of Pantai Kijing areas as the coastal sediment source, and to study some of important basic chemical properties of coastal sediment collected from new sites. The samples were collected from 10 selected sites in District of Sambas, and analyzed in the Laboratory of Soil Chemistry and Soil Fertility of Faculty of Agriculture, Tanjungpura University. For other two districts we used secondary data from previous studies. It was found that (1) District of Sambas could be the most next potential coastal sediment source after the closeness the area of Pantai Kijing, (2) High pH and BS values of coastal sediment from District of Sambas are two important properties needed to improve poor soil properties in West Kalimantan, and (3) high base element content could be further resource in improving properties of upland degrade soil in West Kalimantan. It is highly recommended to do more further basic experiments in order to optimize this new coastal sediment funtion as soil ameliorant.
Application of ameliorant for improving soil quality and chili (Capsicum annum L.) productivity on degraded acidic upland
Authors: Dariah A , Nurida N L , Jubaedah
Published: December 2019

Development of agricultural commodities, including for horticulture crops, must lead to suboptimal lands and often already degraded. The study aims to study the effectiveness of organic ameliorant in improving soil quality on degraded acidic upland and its impact on the productivity of chili plants. The study was conducted on acidic upland in Tamanbogo, East Lampung, using a randomized block design with six treatments and three replications. The treatment used 3 ameliorants namely compost, biochar KK-50, Biochar KK-20 with a dose of 20 t ha−1, each combined with and without mulch, the control treatment was without mulch and ameliorant. The results showed that the amelioration treatment had a significant effect on improving soil physical properties, indicated by the average BD values which was significantly lower and the soil porosity was significantly higher. The treatment of biochar also results in significantly higher aeration pores than control treatment. The average soil pH in the control treatment <5, while the average pH in the biochar treatment >5. The average potential soil K content at the biochar treatment was significantly higher. Amelioration treatment has a significant effect on the growth of chili plants. The average chili production in the amelioration treatment was relatively higher than control.
The interaction of peat and sulphidic material as substratum in wetland: ash content and electrical conductivity dynamic
Authors: Fahmi A , Nurzakiah S , Susilawati A
Published: December 2019

A part of peatlands in Indonesia developed above sulfidic material. They spread around the tidal swamps area. Vertical tide movement will certainly bring a consequences to the behaviour of both materials, such as ash content and electrical conductivity properties. The research was conducted to study ash content and electrical conductivity of peatland with several thickness and acid sulphate soil under some hydrological conditions. The results showed that ash content and electrical conductivity decreased with increasing of peat thickness, especially in upper layer of peatland. Decrease and disappear of peat layer has increased the ash content and electrical conductivity in the peat layer and in the sulfidic layer. Declining of ground water level increased electrical conductivity of soil.
The effect of ameliorant application in abundance of soil microbiology on coal mine reclamation land at Muaro Jambi Regency of Jambi Province
Authors: Purnamayani R , Hendri J , Cahyana D
Published: December 2019

Efforts to restore the environmental conditions of ex-coal mine land through reclamation can be monitored through land quality indicators. Soil quality is a soil condition that describes the soil as healthy, which has good physical, chemical and biological properties of soil, and high productivity in a sustainable manner. The quality of soil in biology is largely determined by the number of micro-bodies in the soil (especially fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria). This aim of this study is to describe changes in soil quality from the abundance of several types of soil microorganisms after the application of ameliorant and re-vegetation on coal mine land in Muaro Jambi Regency, Jambi Province. This activity was carried out in the coal mine reclamation land that had been reclaimed / stockpiled at PT Gea Lestari, Tanjung Pauh Village, Mestong District, Muaro Jambi Regency from January to December 2016. The study design used was Randomized Block Design with treatment factors: 10 tons of manure/ha and manure 10 tons/ha + mycorrhizae 30 g/plant. Each treatment was repeated 3 times. The plants used are corn, soybeans, Setaria and ground cover plants (leguminoceae) among conservation plants. Samples obtained from 3 replications were composite for biology analysis of the soil. The results of the biological analysis of the soil obtained various results both at the initial conditions of the soil at the study site and after the results of the assessment. The initial conditions of the land indicate that the reclamation land of former coal mines has a diversity of soil microorganisms, namely cellulotic fungi, cellulotic bacteria, mycorrhizae, propragules fungi and heterotrophic aerobic bacteria and has C-mic activity. Re-vegetation on reclaimed land of ex-coal mines shows indicators of macro-fauna and microorganism life that increase in number and activity.
Current ability of 137Cs radionuclear fallout method for erosion assessment in Indonesia
Authors: Djuwansah M R , Mulyono A , Harryanto R
Published: December 2019

Soil erosion is one of the most important natural resource management problems in watershed zone that affects soil quality, reduce soil nutrient content and further may harms food resilience. Erosion produced sediment is the biggest pollutant of surface water, contributes further to eutrophication and affecting water quality. Radionuclide Fallout (RNF) have been developed by Unesco to measure erosion qualitatively using isotope trace found in soils surface originated nuclear bomb test. This method has been applied in the Region of Sembalun at Lombok island and Kertasari at Greater Bandung in 2017. Grasslands of Mt Rinjani and Mt. Papandayan have been chosen as the reference sites. Kertasari area possess steeper slopes and receive more rainfall than Sembalun Area. The soil profiles at the expected reference on Mt. Papandayan contain less 137Cs radioactivity than those of Mt. Rinjani. Both study area represents locations where the activity of 137Cs was undetected due to the topsoil removal by high rate of erosion process. Undetected 137Cs radiation is more widespread in Kertasari than in Sembalun area. 137Cs RNF methods for quantitative assessments of erosion seems possess the limitation for the utilization in the steeply sloping region with high soil erodibility due to the presence of undetected radiation area. The method will still useful to be applied in a more flat area for both erosion and sedimentation study.
Assessment of erosion hazards due to land use change in Cianten subwatershed, Indonesia
Authors: Suriadikusumah A , Rokhaesih  , Mulyono A
Published: December 2019

Cianten subwatershed is a part of the Upper Cimanuk subwatershed which has high erosion values and important watersheds as it has several protection functions for the entire watershed. The research was conducted in Cianten subwatershed, Upper Cimanuk subwatershed, Garut district, West Java, Indonesia. The method used in this research was a comparative analysis survey. This method is performed by comparing the inter-time comparative effects of landuse change parameters and the prediction of erosion values with USLE formula in the period 2004-2016 in Cianten subwatershed. The results showed that there was a change of landuse type during the period 2004-2016 with the addition of land on paddy field with the width of 266,43 ha and open land with the width of 0.1 ha, while the reduction of the extent occurred in secondary dryland forest with an area of 13,75 ha, 166 ha of plantation forest, 12,9 ha of plantation, dry land farming area of 49,59 ha and shrubs of 0,98 ha. Areas that experienced the highest erosion grade class (class V) in the 2004-2016 period were in Leles District in Dano, Cangkuang, Kandangmukti and Jangkurang Villages. The highest erosion values in 2004, 2009, 2014 and 2016 were highest in open land on slope class >40%.