bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dendereh 1898
Authors: Petrie William Matthew Flinders
Published: April 2014

A pioneering Egyptologist, Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1853–1942) excavated over fifty sites and trained a generation of archaeologists. This excavation report, first published in 1900, documents and illustrates the findings made at the cemetery of Dendera, until then neglected by archaeologists in favour of the more famous temple site. The work includes descriptions of the tombs and a chapter by Francis Llewellyn Griffith (1862–1934) on the inscriptions. Also covered are the pottery, funereal furniture and animal catacombs. The discoveries date from the Old Kingdom right through to the Roman period. The extensive section of plates includes plans of the tombs along with drawings and photographs of the many artefacts found within. Petrie wrote prolifically throughout his long career, believing that insights gained from his digs should be shared as swiftly as possible. A great many of his other publications - for both specialists and non-specialists - are also reissued in this series.
Reading Memory in Early Modern Literature
Authors: Hiscock Andrew
Published: April 2014

'He who remembers or recollects, thinks' declared Francis Bacon, drawing attention to the absolute centrality of the question of memory in early modern Britain's cultural life. The vigorous debate surrounding the faculty had dated back to Plato at least. However, responding to the powerful influences of an ever-expanding print culture, humanist scholarship, the veneration for the cultural achievements of antiquity, and sweeping political upheaval and religious schism in Europe, succeeding generations of authors from the reign of Henry VIII to that of James I engaged energetically with the spiritual, political and erotic implications of remembering. Treating the works of a host of different writers from the Earl of Surrey, Katharine Parr and John Foxe, to William Shakespeare, Mary Sidney, Ben Jonson and Francis Bacon, this study explores how the question of memory was intimately linked to the politics of faith, identity and intellectual renewal in Tudor and early Stuart Britain.
A Guide to the Extrapyramidal Side-Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs
Authors: Cunningham Owens D. G.
Published: April 2014

It is often implied that antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal side-effects are irrelevant to modern psychiatric therapeutics, rendered historic by newer, better treatments. This myth arises from limited awareness of the depth and breadth of neurological disruption antipsychotics can mediate. This volume discusses the extensive clinical boundaries of acute dystonias, drug-induced parkinsonism, akathisia and tardive dyskinesia, providing demographic and epidemiological context while illustrating how prescribing choices impact powerfully on their development. This new edition has been thoroughly updated and rewritten to include recent data, expanded references and a new chapter on the concept of 'atypical' antipsychotics. Written in a light, engaging style, liberally illustrated with clinical examples, it also invites readers to consider ongoing controversies - subjective drug effects, the relationship between 'akathisia' and restless legs, the status of the concept of 'atypicality', and so on. Informative reading for trainees as well as established practitioners in the fields of psychiatry, neurology, primary care and geriatrics.
The Fourteenth Amendment and the Privileges and Immunities of American Citizenship
Authors: Lash Kurt T.
Published: April 2014

This exhaustively researched book presents the history behind a revolution in American liberty: the 1868 addition of the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. It follows the evolution in public understanding of 'the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States', from the early years of the Constitution to the election of 1866. For 92 years nothing in the American Constitution prevented states from abridging freedom of speech, prohibiting the free exercise of religion, or denying the right of peaceful assembly. The suppression of freedom in the southern states convinced the Reconstruction Congress and supporters of the Union to add an amendment forcing the states to respect the rights announced in the first eight amendments. But rather than eradicate state autonomy, the people embraced the Fourteenth Amendment that expanded the protections of the Bill of Rights and preserved the Constitution's original commitment to federalism and the principle of limited national power.
A Study of Wagner
Authors: Newman Ernest
Published: April 2014

This is the first of several in-depth studies of Wagner and his music by the renowned music critic Ernest Newman (1868–1959), leading up to the great four-volume biography The Life of Richard Wagner, published 1933–47. This 1899 work presents a thoroughly researched critical analysis of the composer's aesthetics, philosophy, social and political ideas, and their expression through his musical development and theoretical writings. As Newman states in his introduction, his exploration of Wagner's personality through his works aims to answer the question, 'In virtue of what constitution of brain was he so great a musician?' The book considers all the major music dramas; looks at Wagner's theory of music, poetry and music drama; includes a biographical timeline giving the dates of his compositions, publications and other musical events of the period; and ends by discussing the essence of the composer's character and his contribution to music.
A History of Booksellers
Authors: Curwen Henry
Published: April 2014

Henry Curwen (1845–1892) was a journalist and author who became editor of the Times of India. First published in 1874, A History of Booksellers aimed at providing an informative but entertaining picture of British bookselling and publishing, by means of 'biographies' of the major publishing houses and their output. He begins with a general survey of publishing and bookselling from Roman times to the nineteenth century, including a discussion of copyright legislation. It is clear that by 1800 the demand for books was considerable and growing: Alexander Donaldson, who specialised in cheap reprints of popular works, though repeatedly sued over copyright by other publishers, died in 1794 a very rich man. Many of the firms Curwen discusses are still well-known names, such as Longmans, Chambers, Butterworths and W. H. Smith. He concludes with anecdotes on some of the better known representatives of the provincial book trade.
Hours in a Library (Third Series)
Authors: Stephen Leslie
Published: April 2014

This three-volume set brings together a diverse selection of essays by Sir Leslie Stephen (1832–1904), author, philosopher and literary critic. Educated at Eton and Cambridge, he was the founding editor of the Dictionary of National Biography and father of Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell. He wrote critiques of many authors and works, which were published in periodicals such as the Cornhill Magazine (of which he was editor from 1871), Fraser's Magazine and the Fortnightly Review. The Third Series, first published in 1879, includes commentaries on the works of Henry Fielding, Charlotte Brontë, Charles Kingsley and Walter Savage Landor, and the poetry of William Wordsworth. Stephen sets each writer's work in its historical context, comparing it to that of other significant authors of its era and evaluating its philosophical and moral qualities. His articles remain of great interest to scholars of early modern, Romantic and Victorian literature.
Studies of a Biographer
Authors: Stephen Leslie
Published: April 2014

Sir Leslie Stephen (1832–1904) was founding Editor of the Dictionary of National Biography (DNB). Also a writer on philosophy, ethics, and literature, he was educated at Eton, King's College, London, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he remained as a Fellow and a tutor for a number of years. Though a sickly child, he later became a keen and successful mountaineer, taking part in first ascents of nine peaks in the Alps. These biographical essays and critiques were written originally for the National Review and published as two two-volume sets in 1898 and 1902. These vignettes show that, despite the years of preparing material for the DNB to its particular editorial requirements, Stephen was still a master of the finely crafted depiction of the essence of his chosen subjects. Volume 2 includes portraits of Walter Scott, Matthew Arnold and Pascal, and a study of the exploration of German literature in England.
A Historical View of the Hindu Astronomy
Authors: Bentley John
Published: April 2014

Shrouded in poetry, the earliest accounts of Hindu astronomy can strike modern readers as obscure. They involve the marriage of the moon to twenty-seven princesses, a war between gods and giants, and shadows that give birth to planets. In this fascinating study, first published in Calcutta in 1823 and reissued here in the 1825 edition, John Bentley (c.1750–1824) strives to strip back the mythical aspects of the stories to reveal their foundations. He points out that early Hindu astronomers divided the night sky into twenty-seven sections; that a solar eclipse could have been described as an epic war between light and dark; and that Saturn is often observed in the Earth's shadow. Using data from modern astronomical tables, he dates events, texts and people, whether mythical or factual, as well as charting the history of Indian astronomy from its earliest records to its modern developments.
Essay towards a Dictionary, Tibetan and English
Authors: Csoma de Kőrös Alexander
Published: April 2014

Tibetan comprises a cluster of Tibeto-Burman languages spoken across Central Asia. Its classical written form is a major Buddhist language. First published in 1834, this dictionary of Tibetan, believed to be the very first, was compiled by the Hungarian orientalist Kőrösi Csoma Sándor (c.1784–1842), who styled himself Alexander Csoma de Kőrös in English, and was considered to be the founder of the field of Tibetology. Containing over 20,000 entries with English translations, the dictionary was created during the author's travels in the East, during which he devoted himself to the study of the language. Remaining of great interest to linguists today, the dictionary begins with a useful guide to reading and understanding Tibetan words, with the value of each syllable given in Roman script. The entries themselves are arranged primarily under the language's thirty consonants, with irregular verb forms listed where necessary.
An Essay on the Treatment and Conversion of African Slaves in the British Sugar Colonies
Authors: Ramsay James
Published: April 2014

Sugar cane plantations had operated across almost every island in the West Indies since the seventeenth century. Run by British planters, they relied on slavery as their main source of labour. A surgeon and Anglican minister, James Ramsay (1733–89) witnessed at first hand the exploitation of African slaves in Britain's West Indian colonies. Working there for over twenty years, as both a Christian missionary and a practising surgeon, he became keenly involved in the campaign to improve the welfare of slaves. This extended essay, first published in 1784, was an early and highly influential contribution to the anti-slavery movement, generating both enlightened acclaim and deep opposition. Analysing the relationships between slaves and their masters, discussing the role of slaves in society, and proposing various measures to improve their lives, this work remains a relevant text in Caribbean and colonial history.
Advances in Irrigation Agronomy
Authors: Carr M. K. V.
Published: April 2014

As global pressure on water resources intensifies, it is essential that scientists understand the role that water plays in the development of crops and how such knowledge can be applied to improve water productivity. Linking crop physiology, agronomy and irrigation practices, this book focuses on eleven key fruit crops upon which millions of people in the tropics and subtropics depend for their livelihoods (avocado, cashew, Citrus spp., date palm, lychee, macadamia, mango, olive, papaya, passion fruit and pineapple). Each chapter reviews international irrigation research on an individual fruit crop, identifying opportunities for improving the effectiveness of water allocation and encouraging readers to link scientific knowledge with practical applications. Clearly written and well illustrated, this is an ideal resource for engineers, agronomists and researchers concerned with how the productivity of irrigated agriculture can be improved, in the context of climate change, and the need for growers to demonstrate good irrigation practices.
Diary and Letters of Madame d'Arblay
Authors: Burney Fanny
Published: April 2014

Born into a musical family as the daughter of Charles Burney, Frances 'Fanny' Burney (1752–1840) opted for a life of letters. Her epistolary novel Evelina generated both sensation and sales upon its appearance early in 1778, and when her identity as the author was soon revealed, it opened the door to intellectual circles frequented by the likes of Samuel Johnson and fellow diarist Hester Thrale. Appearing under her married name of Madame d'Arblay, her witty and candid journals and correspondence, from her breakthrough until her final years, were edited by her niece Charlotte Barrett (1786–1870) and first published in seven volumes between 1842 and 1846. Reissued here is the new edition of 1854, including biographical notes. Detailing the success of her literary debut and the friendships she forged as a result, Volume 1 captures the excitement of the period from 1778 to 1780.
Diary and Letters of Madame d'Arblay
Authors: Burney Fanny
Published: April 2014

Born into a musical family as the daughter of Charles Burney, Frances 'Fanny' Burney (1752–1840) opted for a life of letters. Her epistolary novel Evelina generated both sensation and sales upon its appearance early in 1778, and when her identity as the author was soon revealed, it opened the door to intellectual circles frequented by the likes of Samuel Johnson and fellow diarist Hester Thrale. Appearing under her married name of Madame d'Arblay, her witty and candid journals and correspondence, from her breakthrough until her final years, were edited by her niece Charlotte Barrett (1786–1870) and first published in seven volumes between 1842 and 1846. Reissued here is the new edition of 1854, including biographical notes. Volume 4 covers the period from the beginning of 1788 through to the end of February 1789. It features the notable episode in which an unbalanced George III chased Fanny through Kew Gardens.
A Voyage to Madagascar, and the East Indies
Authors: Rochon Alexis-Marie de
Published: April 2014

Published in English translation in 1793, this was the first study of Madagascar by a European. A member of the Académie des Sciences, Alexis-Marie de Rochon (1741–1817) was a distinguished French physicist, astronomer and traveller. He was involved in scientific voyages of discovery in the 1770s, conducting a hydrographic survey of the Indian Ocean. The present account was intended to show the advantages of French settlement in Madagascar and includes details of geography, anthropology and agriculture. In discussing cocoa and sugar, Rochon outlines the potential advantages of steam engines in sugar factories. He also provides an exploration history of the region and an interesting account of colonial leaders, notably Maurice Benyovszky (1746–86), the explorer-adventurer who was appointed governor of Madagascar by Louis XV. The work also includes a 'Memoir of the Chinese Trade', which details the many products traded between Europe and China in the late eighteenth century.
An Earnest Appeal for Mercy to the Children of the Poor
Authors: Hanway Jonas
Published: April 2014

In eighteenth-century London, abandoned children were one of the social groups most affected by the harsh living conditions. Several charitable initiatives had endeavoured to alleviate the problem, not least the Foundling Hospital, of which Jonas Hanway (c.1712–86) was a governor. His tireless philanthropy and campaigning resulted in the 1762 Registers Bill, which required parishes to keep records of the poor children they looked after. In this tract, first published in 1766, Hanway uses information collected from these registers to demonstrate the appalling mortality rates of orphans in care in London, calling for radical reform. This work was instrumental in the passage of the 1767 act that resulted in a dramatic fall in the number of infant deaths over the following decade. It is a powerful exposé of the failures of the capital's care system, as well as a testament to the influence of philanthropic activism.
Creating Global Opportunities
Authors: Jephson Chris , Morgen Henning
Published: April 2014

Today's trade is global. A company can choose to have its headquarters in one part of the world, its production facilities in another and sell its brands in all markets. Since the first sea-borne container transport took place in 1956, the shipping industry has been one of the main facilitators of the globalisation of trade. This book traces the rise to prominence of Maersk Line - the world's leading container operator - and the internal decision-making processes that lay behind the firm's extraordinary expansion between 1973 and 2013. With unprecedented access to company archives, interviews with current and former employees, and extensive statistical information provided by The Economist Intelligence Unit, Containerisation International and Lloyd's Register, this is a valuable resource for students of logistics, shipping or international business. This first inside account of the challenges of building a global business will also appeal to industry specialists and the general business reader.
Abydos
Authors: Petrie William Matthew Flinders , Griffith Francis Llewellyn
Published: April 2014

A pioneering Egyptologist, Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1853–1942) excavated over fifty sites and trained a generation of archaeologists. Originally published between 1902 and 1904 for the Egypt Exploration Fund, this three-volume set of reports documents the excavations that Petrie initiated at one of ancient Egypt's most sacred sites, the necropolis at Abydos. These reports follow on from the findings published in The Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty (1900) and The Royal Tombs of the Earliest Dynasties (1901), both of which are reissued in this series. Volume 2 accounts for the discoveries made during the 1902–3 clearing of the site of ten successive temples, spanning the period from the first dynasty to the twenty-sixth. More than sixty pages of plates illustrate the discoveries, which range from first-dynasty ivory figures to thirteenth-dynasty stelae. A chapter by Francis Llewellyn Griffith (1862–1934) sheds light on the inscriptions.
An Account of an Embassy to the Court of the Teshoo Lama, in Tibet
Authors: Turner Samuel , Davis Samuel , Saunders Robert
Published: April 2014

In 1783, at the opportunity presented by a new Panchen (or Teshoo) Lama, Bengal governor-general Warren Hastings sent a deputation to Tibet and Bhutan in the hope of promoting British-Indian trade across the Himalayas. Samuel Turner (1759–1802), an army officer in the East India Company, was appointed leader of the mission. His journal, offering first-hand descriptions of these countries, was originally published in 1800 and remained the only such English-language work for more than half a century. Assisted by the botanist and surgeon Robert Saunders and the surveyor and illustrator Samuel Davis, Turner interweaves geographical and scientific observations with descriptions of social and religious customs; the vivid account of his reception by the infant Panchen Lama is of particular note. The introduction sketches the history of Bengal–Bhutan relations and George Bogle's prior mission, while later sections deal with Tibet and the influence of China. This was and remains an invaluable account of eighteenth-century diplomacy.
Heresies of Sea Power
Authors: Jane Fred T.
Published: April 2014

An influential work on naval strategy, The Influence of Sea Power on History (1890) by Alfred Mahan, an American naval officer, had been instrumental in reshaping military tactics in navies all around the world. Its central idea was that a nation's success was determined by its 'sea power' - its ability to command the oceans with a large fleet. Frederick Thomas Jane (1865–1916), the founding editor of All the World's Fighting Ships and All the World's Airships (which continue to this day), here recounts historical battles to argue that other factors were as crucial, if not more, in determining military outcomes. In this daring and astute critique of Mahan's work, Jane proposes that 'fitness to win' played an essential role in securing victory. First published in 1906, this work is a thought-provoking contribution to the debate that influenced the naval arms race in the period before the First World War.
A Catalogue of British Plants Arranged According to the Natural System
Authors: Henslow John Stevens
Published: April 2014

In 1829, botany had much to prove. A prominent lecturer, John Lindley, noted that 'it has been very much the fashion of late years, in this country, to undervalue the importance of this science, and to consider it an amusement for ladies rather than an occupation for the serious thoughts of man'. In the three documents reissued here, Cambridge botany professor John Stevens Henslow (1796–1861) demonstrates the exacting standards of his course. The work contains an 1829 catalogue of British plants, the skeleton structure of sixteen lectures for 1833 and an 1851 list of potential examination questions. Students were expected to differentiate between 'an indefinite and a definite inflorescence', to recognise 'albuminous seeds', and describe 'nectariferous appendages'. With a strongly Linnaean approach to taxonomy, this collection offers researchers a window into the growth of academic botany prior to the revolution occasioned by Stevens' pupil, Charles Darwin.
Memoirs of Mrs Fitzherbert
Authors: Langdale Charles
Published: April 2014

Maria Fitzherbert (1756–1837) was already twice widowed when the young Prince of Wales began his pursuit of her in 1784. Initially refusing his offer of marriage, she eventually accepted it and the couple were wed in secret the following year. Though legitimate in her eyes, the union was invalid under the Royal Marriages Act of 1772, and controversial because of her Catholicism. A posthumous attack on her faith and morals, penned by Lord Holland in his Memoirs of the Whig Party, provoked her close friend Charles Langdale (1787–1868) into publishing this defence in 1856. A champion of Catholic emancipation, Langdale was one of the first Catholics elected to Parliament. These memoirs are based on Maria Fitzherbert's own recollections, recounted to Langdale's brother, Lord Stourton. They reveal the values and beliefs of an exceptional woman who occupied a unique and precarious position within British high society.
Engineering and Product Development Management
Authors: Armstrong Stephen
Published: April 2014

Engineering and Product Development Management is a practical guide to the components of engineering management, using a holistic approach. It will help engineers and managers understand what they have to do to improve the product development process by deploying new technology and new methods of working in concurrent teams. The book takes elements from six well known and understood bodies of knowledge and integrates them into a holistic approach: integrated product development, project management, process management, systems engineering, product data management, and organizational change management. These elements are framed within an overall enterprise-wide architecture. The techniques discussed in this book work for both huge multinational organizations and smaller enterprises. The emphasis throughout is on practical tools which will be invaluable for engineers, managers, and consultants responsible for project and product development.
Turbulent flow in the bulk of Rayleigh–Bénard convection: aspect-ratio dependence of the small-scale properties
Authors: Kaczorowski Matthias , Chong Kai-Leong , Xia Ke-Qing
Published: April 2014

Geometrical confinement of turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection (RBC) in Cartesian geometries is found to reduce the local Bolgiano length scale in the centre of the cell $L_{B,centre}$ and can therefore be used to study cascade processes in the bulk of RBC. The dependence of $L_{B,centre}$ versus $\varGamma $ suggests a cut-off to the local $L_B$, which depends on the Prandtl number $Pr$ and is of the order of the cell’s smallest dimension. It is also observed that geometrical confinement changes the topology of the flow, causing the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate and the temperature variance dissipation rate (averaged over the centre of the cell and normalized by their respective global averages) to exhibit a maximum at a certain $\varGamma $, which roughly coincides with the aspect ratio at which the viscous and thermal boundary layers of the two opposite lateral walls merge. As a result the mean heat flux through the core region also exhibits a maximum. Unlike in the cubic case, we find that geometrical confinement of the flow results in a local balance of the heat flux and the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate for $Pr= 4.38$ for all values of the Rayleigh number $Ra$ (up to $10^{10}$), while no balance is observed for $Pr= 0.7$. The need for very high bulk resolution to accurately resolve the gradients of the flow field at high $Ra$ is shown by analysing the second-order structure functions of the vertical velocity and temperature in the bulk of RBC. Under-resolution of the temperature field yields a large error in the dissipative range scaling, which is believed to be an effect of intermittently penetrating thermal plumes. The resolution contrast resulting from the requirement to resolve the thermal plumes and the homogeneous and isotropic background turbulence scales as $\delta _T / \langle \eta _k \rangle _{centre} \sim Ra^{0.1}$ and should therefore be taken into account when tackling very high $Ra$. In the case studied here, under-resolution can have a significant effect on the local heat flux through the centre of the cell.
The infection tree of global epidemics
Authors: PASTORE Y PIONTTI ANA , GOMES MARCELO FERREIRA DA COSTA , SAMAY NICOLE , PERRA NICOLA , VESPIGNANI ALESSANDRO
Published: April 2014

The spreading of transmissible infectious diseases is inevitably entangled with the dynamics of human population. Humans are the carrier of the pathogen, and the large-scale travel and commuting patterns that govern the mobility of modern societies are defining how epidemics and pandemics travel across the world. For a long time, the development of quantitative spatially explicit models able to shed light on the global dynamics of pandemic has been limited by the lack of detailed data on human mobility. In the last 10 years, however, these limits have been lifted by the increasing availability of data generated by new information technologies, thus triggering the development of computational (microsimulation) models working at a level of single individuals in spatially extended regions of the world. Microsimulations can provide information at very detailed spatial resolutions and down to the level of single individuals. In addition, computational implementations explicitly account for stochasticity, allowing the study of multiple realizations of epidemics with the same parameters' distribution. While on the one hand these capabilities represent the richness of microsimulation methods, on the other hand they face us with a huge amount of information that requires the use of specific data reduction methods and visual analytics.
David R. Farber, Everybody Ought to Be Rich: The Life and Times of John J. Raskob, Capitalist; and Susie Pak, Gentlemen Bankers: The World of J. P. Morgan
Authors: Maggor Noam
Published: April 2014

When business historians discarded the melodramatic mode of analysis more than a half century ago, transcending a stale debate over whether business leaders were “heroes” or “villains,” they also shifted emphatically away from finance as a topic of inquiry. A generation of muckraking accounts, culminating in Matthew Josephson's The Robber Barons, had dramatized American industrialization as a story of stock market manipulation and abuse of power. These narratives featured financiers, not as full participants in the formation of the new industrial system, but as an external and almost entirely disruptive force. They attached a stigma to finance that prompted scholars, inspired by the work of Alfred Chandler, to turn elsewhere for insights about the rise of modern business. More recently, a new cohort of historians—Stephen Mihm, Julia Ott, Jonathan Levy, Louis Hyman, and Richard White, to name a few of the more prominent names—has rediscovered finance as an analytical perspective and subject of immense significance. With a more subtle and nuanced approach than their Progressive-era forebears, they have moved bankers, investors, and stockbrokers from the margins and positioned them at the very core of American capitalism.
SPECIAL ISSUE INTRODUCTION
Authors: Singer Amy
Published: April 2014

Almost two decades ago, Michael Bonner, Mine Ener, and I organized the first in a series of MESA panels on the general theme of poverty and charity in Middle Eastern contexts. We came to the topic using different chronologies, sources, and approaches but identified a common field of interest in shared questions about how attitudes toward benevolence and poverty affected state and society formation: in early Islamic thought, in the Ottoman Empire of the 15th and 16th centuries, and in khedival Egypt. At that time, we could confidently state that there was very little work in the broad field of Middle East and Islamic studies that focused explicitly on the study of charity and poverty.
VAKIFAS INTENT AND PRACTICE: CHARITY AND POOR RELIEF IN TURKEY
Authors: Isik Damla
Published: April 2014

Through ethnographic and archival research conducted in Istanbul and Izmir, this article examines the dynamics and regulation of charitable giving in contemporary Turkey. The article is based on interviews I conducted with the volunteers, employees, and aid recipients of three civil society organizations that rely on charitable giving to fund their projects, which center on helping the poor and providing aid during and after wars and other disasters. I document how religious ideals of anonymous charitable giving for the sake of giving, without expectation of return, are closely intertwined with anxiety over finding a worthy charitable association and recipient. In doing so, I focus onvakıfas both a concept and a practice that gives meaning to charitable giving in Turkey. The increasing desire to document, define, and categorize the deserving poor as a way to justify the intent to give and to receive goes against the anonymity and immediacy of giving, thus riddling intent with ethical contradictions. I argue that attention needs to be paid to the intent, practice, and various forms of giving, and not just to the effects and outcomes of charity.
Small Is Beautiful
Authors: Schayegh Cyrus
Published: April 2014

In scholarship on the Middle East, as on other regions of the world, the sort of social history that climaxed from the 1960s through the 1980s, and in Middle East history through the 1990s—that is, studies of categories such as “class” or “peasant”—has been declining for some time. The cultural history that replaced social history has peaked, too. In the 21st century, the trend, set by non-Middle East historians, has been to combine an updated social-historical focus on structure and groups with a cultural–historical focus on meaning making. Defining societyagainstculture and policing their boundaries is out. In is picking a theme—consumption or travel, say—then studying it from distinct yet linked social and cultural or political/economic angles. This trend has spawned new journals likeCultural and Social History, established in 2004, and has been debated in established journals and memoirs by leading historians of the United States and Europe.
Middle East History Is Social History
Authors: Brockett Gavin D.
Published: April 2014

My engagement with the social history of the Middle East, as I embarked on graduate studies, coincided with Judith Tucker's lamentation in 1990 that it was a field understudied to the point of being largely ignored. I came to the study of this new region with training in the native history of Canada, which had introduced me to the challenges and rewards of reconstructing the stories of people who had been denied agency in a narrative dominated by European conquest and nation-building.
A REPLY TO AVI RAZ
Authors: Ram Moriel
Published: April 2014

I would like to briefly address the contentions that Avi Raz raises in his retort to my review of his book. First, the term “negotiations” that I use refers to Raz's detailed depiction of the elaborate and almost endless stream of contacts between Israelis, Jordanians, and Palestinians that took place through various venues. Ironically, Raz continues to describe such negotiations in the second paragraph of his reply, while claiming that “there were no negotiations during the period covered by my book.” Perhaps if I had used a more general phrasing such as “talks” or “exchanges,” Raz would not have found this issue so problematic, but since these talks and exchanges were a form of negotiation I think the term is pertinent.
An adaptive force reflection scheme for bilateral teleoperation
Authors: Chen Zhang , Liang Bin , Zhang Tao , Zhang Bo , Song Haitao
Published: April 2014

In this paper, an adaptive force reflection scheme is proposed for bilateral teleoperation. In order to achieve an ideal telepresence performance while keeping the system stable, the force reflection algorithm needs to take both the human force and the contact force into consideration. An observer based on the feature of the human operator is designed to estimate the force applied on the master device. The reflected force is calculated by performing the orthogonal decomposition of the contact force, and is adjusted adaptively according to the estimated human force. The direction of the reflected force becomes a key consideration in the design process, so the proposed approach has an advantage in the guiding contact task. Based on the small gain theorem, the master device with the force reflection scheme is proved to be input-to-output stable, and the derivation for stability criterion of the closed-loop teleoperation system is also given. The results of simulations and experiments on a 6-degree of freedom teleoperation system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
The shape control of tentacle arms
Authors: Ivanescu Mircea , Popescu Nirvana , Popescu Decebal
Published: April 2014

The paper discusses the shape control problem related to a class of hyper-redundant robot arms with continuum elements, i.e. tentacle arms. A spatial weighted technique for sensor measurements is used in order to facilitate the parameter estimation. The paper focuses on the shape control by using the curvature gradient a constant parameter along the segment arm. The conditions that ensure a constant curvature gradient for a class of tentacle arms characterized by elastic backbone are determined. A sensor network distributed along the robot arm is used for the shape control. The main parameters of the arm shape, curvature and curvature gradient or “shape” Jacobian for the control problem are estimated. Two measuring systems are used: a) a distributed angle sensor network and b) a curvature sensor placed at the end of the arm segment. The stability analysis and the resulting controllers are obtained using the concept of boundary geometric control and the weighted state control methods. The shape control algorithms for dynamic models with uncertain components are proposed. Numerical simulations and experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the above mentioned algorithms.
Pre-earthquake Burden of Illness and Postearthquake Health and Preparedness in Veterans
Authors: Der-Martirosian Claudia , Riopelle Deborah , Naranjo Diana , Yano Elizabeth M. , Rubenstein Lisa V. , Dobalian Aram
Published: April 2014

Background

During an earthquake, vulnerable populations, especially those with chronic conditions, are more susceptible to adverse, event-induced exacerbation of chronic conditions such as limited access to food and water, extreme weather temperatures, and injury. These circumstances merit special attention when health care facilities and organizations prepare for and respond to disasters.

Methods

This study explores the relationship between pre-earthquake burden of illness and postearthquake health-related and preparedness factors in the US. Data from a cohort of male veterans who were receiving care at the Sepulveda Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) in Los Angeles, California USA during the 1994 Northridge earthquake were analyzed.

Results

Veterans with one or more chronic conditions were more likely to report pain lasting two or more days, severe mental/emotional stress for more than two weeks, broken/lost medical equipment, having difficulty refilling prescriptions, and being unable to get medical help following the quake compared to veterans without chronic conditions. In terms of personal emergency preparedness, however, there was no association between burden of illness and having enough food or water for at least 24 hours after the earthquake.

Conclusion

The relationship that exists between health care providers, including both individual providers and organizations like the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), and their vulnerable, chronically-ill patients affords providers the unique opportunity to deliver critical assistance that could make this vulnerable population better prepared to meet their postdisaster health-related needs. This can be accomplished through education about preparedness and the provision of easier access to medical supplies. Disaster plans for those who are burdened with chronic conditions should meet their social needs in addition to their psychological and physical needs.

Der-MartirosianC,RiopelleD,NaranjoD,YanoE,RubensteinL,DobalianA.Pre-earthquake burden of illness and postearthquake health and preparedness in veterans.Prehosp Disaster Med.2014;29(3):1-7.
Initial Models in Conditionals: Evidence from Priming
Authors: Espino Orlando , Santamaría Carlos
Published: April 2014

We examined the comprehension of different types of conditionals. We measured the reading time of sentences primed by different types of conditionals (Experiments 1 and 2). We found that the participants readnot-p and not-qfaster when it was primed by the conditional formp if qand they were slower to readp and qwhen it was primed by the conditional formp only if q. This effect disappeared in the second experiment, where the order of the elements was reversed (q and pandnot-q and not-p). These results suggest that the conditional formp if qelicits an initial representation “from p to q” with two possibilities, while the conditional formp only if qelicits a reverse representation with only one possibility. The third experiment showed that there were effects of the order only for the conditionalif p then q, which confirms the reverse representation hypothesis. We discuss the implications of these results for different theories of conditional comprehension.
Categorizing Sources of Risk and the Estimated Magnitude of Risk
Authors: Aragonés Juan Ignacio , Moyano Emilio , Talayero Fernando
Published: April 2014

The social perception of risk is considered a multidimensional task, yet little attention has been paid to the cognitive components that organize sources of risk, despite their having been discovered in various research studies. This study attempts to concretely analyze the cultural dimension involved in those processes. In the first phase, we tried to discover to what extent sources of risk are organized into the same categories by people from different countries. In order to do so, two groups of participants were formed: 60 Spanish psychology students and 60 Chilean psychology students classified 43 sources of risk into different groups according to the criteria they found appropriate. The two samples classified risk into identical groups: acts of violence, drugs, electricity and home appliances, household chemicals, chemicals in the environment, public construction projects, transportation, sports, and natural disasters. In a second study, 100 Spanish and 84 Chilean students were asked to evaluate the magnitude of the damage incurred by 17 sources of risk. In both groups, it was observed that the evaluation of damage resulting from each source of risk was affected by its category.
The Sequential Analysis of Transgressors' Accounts of Breaking Environmental Laws
Authors: Martín Ana M. , Salazar-Laplace María Esther , Ruiz Cristina
Published: April 2014

Three-hundred and twenty written accounts of environmental transgressors were assessed by sequential analysis to reveal their argument streams. The accounts were obtained from the written statements that transgressors are allowed to give during the Spanish administrative process and which were included in files handled by four environmental law enforcement agencies. These agencies are distributed across national, regional, island and municipality jurisdictions. The setting for the study is a highly protected environment in which environmental laws have high salience. Results reveal that transgressors use simple argument streams, consistently more defensive than conciliatory, and questioning the perceived legitimacy of environmental law. It was seen also that the empirical functioning of the explanations related to pursuing emotional/prosocial objectives differs from what was expected from the traditional conceptual definition. Results are discussed in terms of how the assessment of the internal dynamic of the accounts would provide valuable information on transgressors' reasoning in relation to environmental laws.
The Mapping of Spanish Social Psychology through its Conferences: A Bibliometric Perspective
Authors: Íñiguez-Rueda Lupicinio , Martínez-Martínez Luz María , Muñoz-Justicia Juan Manuel , Peñaranda-Cólera Mª Carmen , Sahagún-Padilla Miguel Angel , Alvarado José Gerardo
Published: April 2014

This study of papers gathered from the proceedings presented at Spanish social psychology conferences explores the use of bibliometrics for studying scientific disciplines. A reference database of all the papers included in the conference proceedings of events held from 1983 to 2000 was generated and classified by thematic area, paper type and author institutional affiliation. The references were laid out on contingency tables and mapped with correspondence analysis. The results show that there is a growing number of co-authored papers and a predominance of empirical over theoretical paper types. Some institutions have a higher concentration of theoretical papers while others work mostly in the areas of organizational and health psychology. In terms of empirical papers, there is a tendency towards generating more qualitative-based studies over the span of time captured by this work. There are also a number of papers written about such areas as cultural psychology that points to the emergence of an interest in critical social psychology. Concluding remarks underline the role of conferences and scientific meetings as an important indicator of the dynamic development of a scientific discipline.
Assessment of Vocational Guidance: The Berufsbilder Test
Authors: Melo-Silva Lucy Leal , Pasian Sonia Regina , Assoni Renata de Fátima , Bonfim Talma Alzira
Published: April 2014

The object of this study is to assess informative possibilities of some technical indicators of the Test of Photos of Professions (BBT – Berufsbilder test), a projective method to clarify professional inclination, proposed by Martin Achtnich. This psychological evaluation technique is composed of 96 photos of professionals, performing various types of activities. The test subject classifies the photos into three groups: positive (agreeable), negative (disagreeable) and indifferent (neutral). Among those chosen positively, five preferences are chosen and a story is developed that includes them, an activity that is requested two times during the Vocational Guidance process: in the beginning (or middle) and at the end of the intervention. In this study, 160 stories were created by 80 youths, between 15 and 20 years of age, in public and private schools in a mid-sized Brazilian city. The stories were compared in three analytical categories: protagonist, professional conflict and resolution. The results were submitted to Wilcoxon nonparametric statistical analysis (p < .05), significant and relevant indicators of resolution being found in the process of occupational choice. This technical resource was shown, from this empirical evidence, to be promising for use in evaluation of intervention processes of Vocational Guidance.
Psychological problems and associated factors at 6 years of age: Differences between sexes
Authors: Esparó Griselda , Canals Josepa , Torrente Margarita , Fernández-Ballart Joan D.
Published: April 2014

In a non-clinical group of 130 children (65 boys and 65 girls), we evaluated the relationships between psychological problems using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) reported by parents, the Inattention Overactivity With Aggression (IOWA) scale reported by teachers, individual factors (Intellectual quotient [IQ], temperament and heart rate) and environmental factors (stress events, mother's profession and being or not being an only child). We found no differences between the sexes in the prevalence of total psychological problems in the clinical range, but girls had significantly more borderline total problems than boys. Girls tended to have more externalizing problems than boys. In boys, there were more links between individual and environmental factors and psychological problems, especially externalizing problems. A high score in psychological problems assessed by the CBCL affected the school performance of boys and the social performance of girls. For boys, IQ was significantly lower when the score for total behavioral problems was higher, and for girls IQ was significantly lower when the score for externalizing problems was higher. Understanding the different levels of vulnerability of the sexes at different periods of development may help to improve the treatment children in this age group receive.
The Multi-Center Dilemma Project: An Investigation on the Role of Cognitive Conflicts in Health
Authors: Feixas Guillem , Saúl Luis Ángel
Published: April 2014

The Multi-Center Dilemma Project is a collaborative research endeavour aimed at determining the role of dilemmas —a kind of cognitive conflict, detected by using an adaptation of Kelly's Repertory Grid Technique— in a variety of clinical conditions. Implicative dilemmas appear in one third of the non-clinical group (n= 321) and in about half of the clinical group (n= 286), the latter having a proportion of dilemmas that doubles that of the non-clinical sample. Within the clinical group, we studied 87 subjects, after completing a psychotherapy process, and found that therapy helps to dissolve those dilemmas. We also studied, independently, a group of subjects diagnosed with social phobia (n= 13) and a group diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome (n= 13) in comparison to non-clinical groups. In both health related problems, dilemmas seem to be quite relevant. Altogether, these studies, though preliminary (and with a small group size in some cases), yield a promising perspective to the unexplored area of the role of cognitive conflicts as an issue to consider when trying to understand some clinical conditions, as well as a focus to be dealt with in psychotherapy when dilemmas are identified.