bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sports therapists’ perceptions and experiences of graduate employment
Authors: Waterworth Sally , Costello Rianne , Pryer Barry , Lewis Tracy , Kerr Catherine
Published: June 2022

Background/Aims Graduate employability is complex and has moved beyond the notion of subject-specific skills being sufficient for acquiring a graduate level job, to now include important transferable skills. Sports therapy is a rapidly expanding profession focusing on assessment, treatment and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal conditions. These facets encompass components of critical thinking, problem solving, interpersonal skills and communication, thus courses can set graduates up for careers within or outside the industry. The three aims of this study were to survey BSc (Hons) Sports Therapy graduates to determine their current employment status and job role, explore graduates’ experience of their undergraduate programme and investigate graduates’ perceptions of how well the programme had prepared them for subsequent employment.

Methods BSc (Hons) sports therapy graduates from two British universities were surveyed regarding their experience of their undergraduate degree programme and their perceptions of how well the programme had prepared them for employment. The survey was distributed to approximately 150 graduates and had a response rate of 23% (35 graduates). Descriptive statistics were used to describe the responses to the multiple-choice questions and thematic analysis was performed on free-text responses.

Results Overall, 43% of respondents were employed as sports therapists and needed their degree to get their jobs. A total of 71% of respondents felt that their degree had equipped them fully or partly for employment. Free-text responses generated three themes relating to sports therapy specific skills, job availability and work-based learning opportunities. Managing student expectations, continued exposure to the range of career opportunities available and developing students subject-specific skills, ‘soft’ or transferrable skills, as well as personal characteristics, can help with employability.

Conclusions Courses should be sensitive to the demands of a changing employment landscape and, as such, encourage a student-centred approach and support placement opportunities to help with graduate employability.
Laser treatment of deciduous teeth
Authors: Bašić Rebecca , Budak Lea , Negovetić-Vranić Dubravka
Published: June 2022

The use of lasers in the treatment of infants and children, including patients with special needs, is considered to be effective in restor- ative procedures and soft tissue therapy. The use of different types of lasers in the therapy of individual tissues depends on the way the tissues interact with laser light and the desired effect for the purpose of treatment. Laser therapy has a positive antimicrobial effect and has a beneficial effect on enamel mineralization. Nd: YAG laser increases the resistance of enamel to demineralization which makes it a valuable therapeutic option in combination with tooth fluoridation. Lasers can be used in a wide range of vital and avital preparations of deciduous teeth pulp including pulp cuping, pulpotomy and pulpectomy. The use of lasers in dentistry is of particular importance in working with children. Lasers enable minimally invasive preparation of hard dental tissues with their preci- sion and selectivity. They also pose a lower risk of thermal tissue injuries during preparation compared to classical preparation tech- niques. Due to less contact between the therapeutic aid and tissue, pain and vibration during preparation are reduced. This achieves better patient compliance due to reduced dental anxiety and phobia in children. Greater patient comfort was achieved by the anal- gesic effect of erbium laser, due to the elimination of the need to use local anesthetics during the procedure. This paper presents a clinical study conducted on 120 patients aged 5 - 8 years. The participants were divided into two groups in which traditional pulpotomy and diode laser pulpotomy procedures were performed. The results of this study confirmed the clinical value of the use of diode lasers in pediatric and preventive dentistry.
Neurological symptoms in Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia in a 11-year-old girl: a case report
Authors: Badeński Andrzej , Badeńska Marta , Trembecka-Dubel Elżbieta , Grzywna-Rozenek Ewa , Kluczewska Ewa , Szczepańska Maria
Published: June 2022

Background: Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD, OMIM 242900) is a rare, autosomal recessive, pleiotropic disease caused by mutations in the SMARCAL1 gene. SIOD is characterized by a triad of symptoms, i.e., progressive kidney disease due to focal segmen- tal glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia and T-cell immunodeficiency. Additionally, heterogeneous neurological symptoms are often observed in the course of the syndrome. Case: The authors describe the case of a 14-year-old girl with SIOD, who presented with recurrent neurological symptoms, such as migraine-like headaches, diplopia and seizures. She was born at 34 weeks of pregnancy with hypotrophy (1280 g) and short stature (44 cm). Nephrotic-range proteinuria, the first symptom of the disease, was detected at the age of 4 and a half years. Significant immunodeficiency was also observed. She was finally diagnosed with Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia on account of two pat- hogenic variants, c.836T>C (p.F279S) and c.2542G>T (p.E848X) identified in the SMARCAL1 gene. Conclusions: This report describes the clinical features and neuroimaging findings of a patient with SIOD. It also presents a possible correlation between neurological events and the Schimke disease, which should be considered during the diagnostic process.
Divorce Practice in Late Medieval Dunhuang: Reading “Documents on Setting the Wife Free”
Authors: Hong Yue
Published: June 2022

Abstract: Although Tang laws required a husband to prepare a divorce document when repudiating his wife, few such documents have survived. This being the case, the eleven divorce documents preserved at Dunhuang 一 commissioned by and written for commoners during the ninth and tenth centuries 一 present us with a rare opportunity to examine how divorce was understood and practiced in late medieval Chinese society. The purpose of this paper is to introduce this small corpus of texts, first discussing the nature of the Dunhuang divorce documents, and then examining the structure and language of these documents, to determine what they may tell us about marital relations and divorce practices in late medieval China.
Shi Xiaozhang’s Spirit Road Stele and the Rhetorical “Barbarization” of Late Tang Hebei
Authors: Yang Shao-yun
Published: June 2022

Abstract: In 1943, Chen Yinke proposed the influential theory that the late Tang court’s inability to reestablish direct control over the provinces of Hebei was due to the latter’s transformation into an ethnoculturally “barbarized” or “Hu-acculturated” ( Huhua ) region. Drawing on recent critiques of the theory, this essay reexamines the spirit road stele inscription that Liu Yuxi composed for Shi Xiaozhang in 838, a key piece of evidence for Chen’s view that the late Tang elite perceived Hebei as barbaric. By analyzing this passage and various other late Tang and Northern Song texts that have previously been cited to support the Hebei barbarization theory, I demonstrate that most of the texts cannot, in fact, be interpreted as evidence of ethnocultural change in that region or even as evidence for a perception of ethnocultural change on the part of the Chang’an elite. Moreover, rhetoric is a more illuminating framework for understanding why some of these texts (including the spirit road stele inscription) do impose an image of barbarism on autonomous regions like Hebei. This “barbarizing” rhetoric can be traced to a growing interest in associating the classical Chinese-barbarian dichotomy with distinctions between moral and immoral political behavior among Chinese subjects.
Self-Display and Farewell Counsel: The Occasional Preface in the Early and High Tang
Authors: Miao Xiaojing
Published: June 2022

Abstract: In traditional Chinese literature, prefaces (xu 序) were written not just for books but also for works produced at various social occasions, as well as for sets of poems composed by a group on particular occasions: the "occasional preface." The occasional preface, known from earlier times, became more widespread and underwent important changes in the Tang. This paper explores its development in the early and high Tang periods, seeking to understand better its function and purpose. It is suggested that the occasional preface, whose earlier function was mainly to describe the setting and provide background information for a proper reading of the poems composed on a certain occasion, now grew to share two important functions of poetry itself: it became a means of self-display for the author and/or played the role of a farewell gift. It also was recognized as a genre of writing that could be appreciated on its own as a self-standing form of literary craft.
New Poetry from the Turquoise Pond: Women Poets in Eighth and Ninth Century China
Authors: Jia Jinhua
Published: June 2022

Abstract: The Yaochi xinyong ji (Anthology of New Poetry from the Turquoise Pond; hereafter Yaochi ji ) compiled by Cai Xingfeng in the ninth-century is the only anthology of women's poetry from the Tang era. Supported by relevant Dunhuang manuscripts, Tang-Song anthologies of poetry, and other early sources, this article for the first time reconstructs the Yaochi ji , originally containing 115 poems by twenty-three female poets, to 100 poems with names of all twenty-three authors, who were active roughly around the mid-eighth to midninth centuries. The sociohistorical and religio-cultural context during this period provided certain favorable conditions for these writing women. Unlike the mainly aristocratic background of earlier female poets, the Yaochi ji poets came from a variety of social strata. They exchanged poems among female relatives and friends, representing the possible emergence of a women's culture, and their works are distinguished by the rich variety of their subject matter, themes, genres, and styles. As the earliest extant anthology of Chinese women, the Yaochi ji represents a significant new stage in the development and accomplishment of Chinese women's literature and culture.
Optical performance monitoring using lifelong learning with confrontational knowledge distillation in 7-core fiber for elastic optical networks
Authors: Zhu Xu , Liu Bo , Ren Jianxin , Zhu Xiaorong , Mao Yaya , Wu Xiangyu , Li Ying , Wu Yongfeng , Zhao Lilong , Sun Tingting , Ullah Rahat , Chen Yunyun
Published: June 2022

We propose a novel optical performance monitoring (OPM) scheme, including modulation format recognition (MFR) and optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) estimation, for 7-core fiber in elastic optical networks (EONs) by using the specific Stokes sectional images of the received signals. Meanwhile, MFR and OSNR estimation in all channels can be utilized by using a lightweight neural network via lifelong learning. In addition, the proposed scheme saves the computational resources for real implementation through confrontational knowledge distillation, making it easy to deploy the proposed neural network in the receiving end and intermediate node. Five modulation formats, including BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, 8QAM, and 16QAM, were recognized by the proposed scheme within the OSNR of 10–30 dB over 2 km weakly coupled 7-core fiber. Experimental results show that 100% recognition accuracy of all these five modulation formats can be achieved while the RMSE of the estimation is below 0.1 dB. Compared with conventional neural network architectures, the proposed neural network achieves better performance, whose runtime is merely 20.2 ms, saving the computational resource of the optical network.
Local aberration control to improve efficiency in multiphoton holographic projections
Authors: Maddalena Laura , Keizers Hidde , Pozzi Paolo , Carroll Elizabeth
Published: June 2022

Optical aberrations affect the quality of light propagating through a turbid medium, where refractive index is spatially inhomogeneous. In multiphoton optical applications, such as two-photon excitation fluorescence imaging and optogenetics, aberrations non-linearly impair the efficiency of excitation. We demonstrate a sensorless adaptive optics technique to compensate aberrations in holograms projected into turbid media. We use a spatial light modulator to project custom three dimensional holographic patterns and to correct for local (anisoplanatic) distortions. The method is tested on both synthetic and biological samples to counteract aberrations arising respectively from misalignment of the optical system and from samples inhomogeneities. In both cases the anisoplanatic correction improves the intensity of the stimulation pattern at least two-fold.
Kerr nonlinear medium assisted double-face absorbers for differential manipulation via an all-optical operation
Authors: Liu Guiqiang , Liu Mulin , Fu Guolan , Liu Xiaoshan , Liu Zhengqi
Published: June 2022

Recently, light absorbers have attracted great attentions due to their promising in applications in functional optoelectronic devices. Herein, we theoretically propose and numerically demonstrate a new absorber platform, which consists of a 280-nm-thick photonic nonlinear waveguide film covering on the metal grating structure. Strong reflection inhibition and absorption enhancement is achieved in both the forward and backward directions, which indicates potential novel performances since the previous reports only achieved absorption in one side due to the using of opaque metal film substrate or the reflective mirror. The anti-reflection bands or the absorption peaks at the shorter and longer wavelength ranges are related to the excitation of the propagating surface plasmon resonance by the slit-assisted grating and the cavity mode by the slit in the metal film. Strong differential manipulation is realized for the double-face absorbers via the all-optical operation. Moreover, the operation wavelengths for the double-face light absorber can be modified strongly via using an asymmetric dielectric medium for the coating films. These new findings pave approaches for subtractive lightwave modulation technology, selective filtering, multiplex sensing and detection, etc.
All-fiber nonvolatile broadband optical switch using an all-optical method
Authors: Zhang Yu , Chen Jiming , Liu Shuai , Jin Wei , Cheng Siying , Zhang Yaxun , Liu Zhihai , Zhang Jianzhong , Yuan Libo
Published: June 2022

Optical switches based on phase change materials have enormous application potential in optical logic circuits and optical communication systems. Integration of all-optical switching devices with optical fibers is a promising approach for realizing practical applications in enabling the optical fiber to transmit and process signals simultaneously. We describe an all-fiber nonvolatile broadband optical switch using an all-optical method. We use a single optical pulse to modulate the phase change material deposited on the tapered fiber to achieve logical control of the transmitted light. The response time of our optical switch is 80 ns for SET and 200 ns for RESET. Our optical switches can operate in the C-band (1530–1565 nm). The optical switching contrast is 40%. Our approach paves the way for all-optical nonvolatile fiber optic communication.
Fabrication and evaluation of high-quality and low-cost quantum random number generators
Authors: Hajibaba Soheil , Dadahkhani AmirHosein , Madani Seyed Ahmad
Published: June 2022

In this paper, we have fabricated two quantum random number generators (QRNGs) based on different mechanisms. The first one is based on the photon time of arrival and produces high-quality random numbers without the need for post-processing but using expensive equipment. The second one is based on the tunneling effect in a Zener diode and produces random strings with comparable quality but using low-cost equipment. We then evaluated the random sequences from these QRNGs using a set of statistical tests and showed that they are suitable for special applications such as quantum technologies.
PACSIN1 is indispensable for amphisome-lysosome fusion during basal autophagy and subsets of selective autophagy
Authors: Oe Yukako , Kakuda Keita , Yoshimura Shin-ichiro , Hara Naohiro , Hasegawa Junya , Terawaki Seigo , Kimura Yasuyoshi , Ikenaka Kensuke , Suetsugu Shiro , Mochizuki Hideki , Yoshimori Tamotsu , Nakamura Shuhei
Published: June 2022

Autophagy is an indispensable process that degrades cytoplasmic materials to maintain cellular homeostasis. During autophagy, double-membrane autophagosomes surround cytoplasmic materials and either fuse with endosomes (called amphisomes) and then lysosomes, or directly fuse with lysosomes, in both cases generating autolysosomes that degrade their contents by lysosomal hydrolases. However, it remains unclear if there are specific mechanisms and/or conditions which distinguish these alternate routes. Here, we identified PACSIN1 as a novel autophagy regulator.PACSIN1deletion markedly decreased autophagic activity under basal nutrient-rich conditions but not starvation conditions, and led to amphisome accumulation as demonstrated by electron microscopic and co-localization analysis, indicating inhibition of lysosome fusion. PACSIN1 interacted with SNAP29, an autophagic SNARE, and was required for proper assembly of the STX17 and YKT6 complexes. Moreover, PACSIN1 was required for lysophagy, aggrephagy but not mitophagy, suggesting cargo-specific fusion mechanisms. InC.elegans, deletion ofsdpn-1, a homolog ofPACSINs, inhibited basal autophagy and impaired clearance of aggregated protein, implying a conserved role of PACSIN1. Taken together, our results demonstrate the amphisome-lysosome fusion process is preferentially regulated in response to nutrient state and stress, and PACSIN1 is a key to specificity during autophagy.
Geospatial mapping of timely access to inpatient neonatal care and its relationship to neonatal mortality in Kenya
Authors: Ouma Paul O. , Malla Lucas , Wachira Benjamin W. , Kiarie Hellen , Mumo Jeremiah , Snow Robert W. , English Mike , Okiro Emelda A.
Published: June 2022

Globally, 2.4 million newborns die in the first month of life, with neonatal mortality rates (NMR) per 1,000 livebirths being highest in sub-Saharan Africa. Improving access to inpatient newborn care is necessary for reduction of neonatal deaths in the region. We explore the relationship between distance to inpatient hospital newborn care and neonatal mortality in Kenya. Data on service availability from numerous sources were used to map hospitals that care for newborns with very low birth weight (VLBW). Estimates of livebirths needing VLBW services were mapped from population census data at 100 m spatial resolution using a random forest algorithm and adjustments using a systematic review of livebirths needing these services. A cost distance algorithm that adjusted for proximity to roads, road speeds, land use and protected areas was used to define geographic access to hospitals offering VLBW services. County-level access metrics were then regressed against estimates of NMR to assess the contribution of geographic access to VLBW services on newborn deaths while controlling for wealth, maternal education and health workforce. 228 VLBW hospitals were mapped, with 29,729 births predicted as requiring VLBW services in 2019. Approximately 80.3% of these births were within 2 hours of the nearest VLBW hospital. Geographic access to these hospitals, ranged from less than 30% in Wajir and Turkana to as high as 80% in six counties. Regression analysis showed that a one percent increase in population within 2 hours of a VLBW hospital was associated with a reduction of NMR by 0.24. Despite access in the country being above the 80% threshold, 17/47 counties do not achieve this benchmark. To reduce inequities in NMR in Kenya, policies to improve care must reduce geographic barriers to access and progressively improve facilities’ capacity to provide quality care for VLBW newborns.
A gendered content analysis of the World Health Organization’s COVID-19 guidance and policies
Authors: Tomsick Emily , Smith Julia , Wenham Clare
Published: June 2022

As with previous global public health emergencies, the COVID-19 pandemic has had distinct and disproportionate impacts on women and their health and livelihoods. As the leader in global public health, it is incumbent upon the World Health Organization (WHO) to ensure gender is prioritized in pandemic response. We conducted a policy analysis of 338 WHO COVID-19 documents and found that only 20% explicitly discuss gender and over half do not mention women, gender, or sex at all. Considering the well documented gendered effects of pandemics and the WHO’s commitment to gender mainstreaming, this paper: 1) asks to what degree and how the WHO incorporates a gender inclusive approach; 2) maps where and how gender considerations are included; and 3) analyses what this suggests about WHO’s commitment to gender mainstreaming within its COVID-19 response and beyond. We demonstrate that WHO should increase its gender mainstreaming efforts and incorporate gender considerations related to health emergencies more often and in more policy areas.
Mapping of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases across 15 provinces of Angola
Authors: Mendes Elsa Palma , Okhai Hajra , Cristóvão Rilda Epifânia , Almeida Maria Cecília , Katondi Nzuzi , Thompson Ricardo , Mupoyi Sylvain , Mwinzi Pauline , Ndayishimiye Onesime , Djerandouba Ferdinand , Chimbilli Mary , Ramirez Julio , Van Goor Erna , Lopes Sergio
Published: June 2022

Introduction

Schistosomiasis (SCH) and soil transmitted helminthiases (STH) have been historically recognized as a major public health problem in Angola. However, lack of reliable, country wide prevalence data on these diseases has been a major hurdle to plan and implement programme actions to target these diseases. This study aimed to characterize SCH and STH prevalence and distribution in Angola.

Methods

A country wide mapping was conducted in October 2018 (1 province) and from July to December 2019 (14 provinces) in school aged (SAC) children in 15 (of 18) provinces in Angola, using WHO protocols and procedures. A total of 640 schools and an average of 50 students per school (N = 31,938 children) were sampled. Stool and urine samples were collected and processed using the Kato-Katz method and Urine Filtration. Prevalence estimates for SCH and STH infections were calculated for each province and district with 95% confidence intervals. Factors associated with SCH and STH infection, respectively, were explored using multivariable logistic regression accounting for clustering by school.

Results

Of the 131 districts surveyed, 112 (85.5%) are endemic for STH, 30 (22.9%) have a prevalence above 50%, 24 (18.3%) are at moderate risk (prevalence 20%-50%), and 58 (44.3%) are at low risk (<20% prevalence); similarly, 118 (90,1%) of surveyed districts are endemic for any SCH, 2 (1.5%) are at high risk (>50% prevalence), 59 (45.0%) are at moderate risk (10%-50% prevalence), and 57 (43.5%) are at low risk (<10% prevalence). There were higher STH infection rates in the northern provinces of Malanje and Lunda Norte, and higher SCH infection rates in the southern provinces of Benguela and Huila.

Conclusions

This mapping exercise provides essential information to Ministry of Health in Angola to accurately plan and implement SCH and STH control activities in the upcoming years. Data also provides a useful baseline contribution for Angola to track its progress towards the 2030 NTD roadmap targets set by WHO.
Accessibility to rabies centers and human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis rates in Cambodia: A Bayesian spatio-temporal analysis to identify optimal locations for future centers
Authors: Baron Jerome N. , Chevalier Véronique , Ly Sowath , Duong Veasna , Dussart Philippe , Fontenille Didier , Peng Yik Sing , Martínez-López Beatriz
Published: June 2022

Rabies is endemic in Cambodia. For exposed humans, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is very effective in preventing this otherwise fatal disease. The Institut Pasteur du Cambodge (IPC) in Phnom Penh was the primary distributor of PEP in Cambodia until 2018. Since then, and to increase distribution of PEP, two new centers have been opened by IPC in the provinces of Battambang and Kampong Cham. Data on bitten patients, who sometimes bring the head of the biting animal for rabies analyses, have been recorded by IPC since 2000. However, human cases are not routinely recorded in Cambodia, making it difficult to establish a human burden of disease and generate a risk map of dog bites to inform the selection of future PEP center locations in high-risk areas. Our aim was to assess the impact of accessibility to rabies centers on the yearly rate of PEP patients in the population and generate a risk map to identify the locations where new centers would be the most beneficial to the Cambodian population. To accomplish this, we used spatio-temporal Bayesian regression models with the number of PEP patients as the outcome. The primary exposure variable considered was travel time to the nearest IPC center. Secondary exposure variables consisted of travel time to a provincial capital and urban proportion of the population. Between 2000 and 2016, a total of 293,955 PEP patient records were identified. Our results showed a significant negative association between travel time to IPC and the rate of PEP patients: an increase in one hour travel time from the living location to IPC PEP centers leads to a reduction in PEP rate of 70% to 80%. Five provinces were identified as the most efficient locations for future centers to maximize PEP accessibility: Banteay Meanchey, Siem Reap, Takeo, Kampot and Svay Rieng. Adding a PEP center in every provincial capital would increase the proportion of Cambodians living within 60 minutes of a PEP center from 26.6% to 64.9%, and living within 120 minutes from 52.8% to 93.3%, which could save hundreds of lives annually.
The role of online social networks in improving health literacy and medication adherence among people living with HIV/AIDS in Iran: Development of a conceptual model
Authors: Bazrafshani Azam , Panahi Sirous , Sharifi Hamid , Merghati-Khoei Effat
Published: June 2022

Online social networks have been used to enhance human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention, diagnosis, and treatment programs worldwide. This study aimed to develop a conceptual model of using online social networks in improving health literacy and medication adherence among people living with HIV/AIDS in Iran. This mixed-method sequential exploratory study was conducted in three phases. Firstly, a series of semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of 29 HIV-positive patients were conducted to investigate the perceptions and experiences of HIV-positive patients about using online social networks to support health literacy and medication adherence. Thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative interviews, extract potential components, and design a conceptual model. Then, a Delphi study with 27 HIV-positive patients was subsequently conducted to examine the consensus of patients on the proposed model. Finally, the trustworthiness and credibility of the proposed model were reviewed and evaluated by expert panel members from epidemiology and public health. Seven themes and 24 sub-themes emerged from the qualitative interviews. Five themes encompassed components of online social networks that supported communication and information-seeking behaviour of people living with HIV/AIDS. The two other themes encompassed social support and health-related outcomes including medication adherence. The credibility of the proposed conceptual model was confirmed methodologically using the expert panel and Delphi technique. Our findings highlighted that using online social networks has empowered Iranian people living with HIV/AIDS, making them more connected, safe, and able to access HIV/AIDS-related information and services. The role of online social networks in improving health literacy and medication adherence was also demonstrated in a conceptual model to understand the supportive components of online social networks in the HIV care continuum as well as customized interventions to improve the success of antiretroviral therapies.
Evaluation of Sibel’s Advanced Neonatal Epidermal (ANNE) wireless continuous physiological monitor in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Coleman Jesse , Ginsburg Amy Sarah , Macharia William , Ochieng Roseline , Chomba Dorothy , Zhou Guohai , Dunsmuir Dustin , Xu Shuai , Ansermino J. Mark
Published: June 2022

Background

Neonatal multiparameter continuous physiological monitoring (MCPM) technologies assist with early detection of preventable and treatable causes of neonatal mortality. Evaluating accuracy of novel MCPM technologies is critical for their appropriate use and adoption.

Methods

We prospectively compared the accuracy of Sibel’s Advanced Neonatal Epidermal (ANNE) technology with Masimo’s Rad-97 pulse CO-oximeter with capnography and Spengler’s Tempo Easy reference technologies during four evaluation rounds. We compared accuracy of heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), oxygen saturation (SpO2), and skin temperature using Bland-Altman plots and root-mean-square deviation analyses (RMSD). Sibel’s ANNE algorithms were optimized between each round. We created Clarke error grids with zones of 20% to aid with clinical interpretation of HR and RR results.

Results

Between November 2019 and August 2020 we collected 320 hours of data from 84 neonates. In the final round, Sibel’s ANNE technology demonstrated a normalized bias of 0% for HR and 3.1% for RR, and a non-normalized bias of -0.3% for SpO2 and 0.2°C for temperature. The normalized spread between 95% upper and lower limits-of-agreement (LOA) was 4.7% for HR and 29.3% for RR. RMSD for SpO2 was 1.9% and 1.5°C for temperature. Agreement between Sibel’s ANNE technology and the reference technologies met the a priori-defined thresholds for 95% spread of LOA and RMSD. Clarke error grids showed that all HR and RR observations were within a 20% difference.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest acceptable agreement between Sibel’s ANNE and reference technologies. Clinical effectiveness, feasibility, usability, acceptability, and cost-effectiveness investigations are necessary for large-scale implementation.
Operational challenges and considerations for COVID-19 research in humanitarian settings: A qualitative study of a project in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan
Authors: Majer Jennifer , Udoh Kelechi , Beleke Arsene , Ahmed Dugisye , Kumar Deepak , Summers Aimee , Ververs Mija ,   the IMC-CDC COVID-19 Research Team, Bollemeijer Iris , Doocy Shannon
Published: June 2022

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, much research has been conducted globally, but relatively few studies have been carried out in complex emergency settings that pose numerous operational challenges. We conducted a qualitative study to explore the barriers and enablers of a COVID-19 cohort study conducted in South Sudan and Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, to inform future research on COVID-19 and infectious diseases in humanitarian settings. We used a case study design embedded within the original prospective cohort study. Qualitative data was collected through four health facility assessments, 28 key informant interviews, and a focus group discussion. Data were analyzed using a manual thematic analysis approach and summarized against four primary themes: testing challenges and enablers, perceptions and attitudes towards COVID-19, national health system considerations, and study management considerations. Findings suggest most of the challenges affecting the cohort study were not specific to COVID-19 research but have been a feature of previous infectious disease research carried out in complex emergencies. However, the pandemic has exacerbated certain problems. The high proportion of travellers enrolled due to testing mandates, stigmatization of infected individuals linked to the heavy global focus on COVID-19, strained resources during waves of increasing infections, and remote management requirements all negatively impacted the cohort study. Factors that facilitated the research included proactive management, data quality oversight procedures, and strong collaboration with national health stakeholders. The global impact of COVID-19, its high public profile, and specific pandemic policies pose further operational challenges for research in already complex humanitarian settings. Future studies could plan mitigation measures that include flexibility in staffing and budgets, strategies to expand testing, and early partnerships with local organizations and health authorities.
Racial variations of adverse perinatal outcomes: A population-based retrospective cohort study in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Miao Qun , Guo Yanfang , Erwin Erica , Sharif Fayza , Berhe Meron , Wen Shi Wu , Walker Mark
Published: June 2022

Introduction

Racial differences in adverse maternal and birth outcomes have been studied in other countries, however, there are few studies specific to the Canadian population. In this study, we sought to examine the inequities in adverse perinatal outcomes between Black and White pregnant people in Ontario, Canada.

Methods

We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study that included all Black and White pregnant people who attended prenatal screening and had a singleton birth in any Ontario hospital (April 1st, 2012-March 31st, 2019). Poisson regression with robust error variance models were used to estimate the adjusted relative risks of adverse perinatal outcomes for Black people compared with White people while adjusting for covariates.

Results

Among 412,120 eligible pregnant people, 10.1% were Black people and 89.9% were White people. Black people were at an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, placental abruption, preterm birth (<37, <34, <32 weeks), spontaneous preterm birth, all caesarean sections, emergency caesarean section, low birth weight (<2500g, <1500g), small-for-gestational-age (<10th percentile, <3rd percentile) neonates, 5-minute Apgar score <4 and <7, neonatal intensive care unit admission, and hyperbilirubinemia requiring treatment but had lower risks of elective caesarean section, assisted vaginal delivery, episiotomy, 3rd and 4th degree perineal tears, macrosomia, large-for-gestational-age neonates, and arterial cord pH≤7.1, as compared with White people. No difference in risks of gestational hypertension and placenta previa were observed between Black and White people.

Conclusion

There are differences in several adverse perinatal outcomes between Black and White people within the Ontario health care system. Findings might have potential clinical and health policy implications, although more studies are needed to further understand the mechanisms.
Novel RNA viruses associated with avian haemosporidian parasites
Authors: Rodrigues Jose Roberto , Roy Scott W. , Sehgal Ravinder N. M.
Published: June 2022

Avian haemosporidian parasites can cause malaria-like symptoms in their hosts and have been implicated in the demise of some bird species. The newly described Matryoshka RNA viruses (MaRNAV1 and MaRNAV2) infect haemosporidian parasites that in turn infect their vertebrate hosts. MaRNAV2 was the first RNA virus discovered associated with parasites of the genus Leucocytozoon. By analyzing metatranscriptomes from the NCBI SRA database with local sequence alignment tools, we detected two novel RNA viruses; we describe them as MaRNAV3 associated with Leucocytozoon and MaRNAV4 associated with Parahaemoproteus. MaRNAV3 had ~59% amino acid identity to the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) of MaRNAV1 and ~63% amino acid identity to MaRNAV2. MaRNAV4 had ~44% amino acid identity to MaRNAV1 and ~47% amino acid identity to MaRNAV2. These findings lead us to hypothesize that MaRNAV_like viruses are widespread and tightly associated with the order Haemosporida since they have been described in human Plasmodium vivax, and now two genera of avian haemosporidians.
Psychiatric comorbidity and psychosocial stressors among people initiating HIV care in Cameroon
Authors: Parcesepe Angela M. , Filiatreau Lindsey M. , Ebasone Peter Vanes , Dzudie Anastase , Pence Brian W. , Wainberg Milton , Yotebieng Marcel , Anastos Kathryn , Pefura-Yone Eric , Nsame Denis , Ajeh Rogers , Nash Denis
Published: June 2022

Background

Psychiatric comorbidity, the presence of two or more mental health disorders, has been associated with suboptimal HIV treatment outcomes. Little is known about the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity among people with HIV (PWH) in sub-Saharan Africa.

Methods

We conducted interviews with PWH initiating HIV care in Cameroon between June 2019 and March 2020. Depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and harmful drinking were dichotomized to represent those with and without symptoms of each. Psychiatric comorbidity was defined as having symptoms of two or more disorders assessed. Moderate or severe household hunger, high anticipatory HIV-related stigma, low social support, and high number of potentially traumatic events were hypothesized as correlates of psychiatric comorbidity. Bivariable log binomial regression models were used to estimate unadjusted associations between psychosocial stressors and psychiatric comorbidity.

Results

Among 424 participants interviewed, the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity was 16%. Among those with symptoms of at least one mental health or substance use disorder (n = 161), the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity was 42%. The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity was 33%, 67%, 76%, and 81% among those with symptoms of harmful drinking, depression, anxiety, and PTSD, respectively. Among individuals with symptoms of a mental health or substance use disorder, a high number of potentially traumatic events (prevalence ratio (PR) 1.71 [95% CI 1.21, 2.42]) and high anticipatory HIV-related stigma (PR 1.45 [95% CI 1.01, 2.09]) were associated with greater prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity.

Conclusion

Psychiatric comorbidity was common among this group of PWH in Cameroon. The effectiveness and implementation of transdiagnostic or multi-focus mental health treatment approaches in HIV care settings should be examined.
Stem girth changes in response to soil water potential in lowland dipterocarp forest in Borneo: An individualistic time-series analysis
Authors: Newbery David M. , Lingenfelder Marcus
Published: June 2022

Time-series data offer a way of investigating the causes driving ecological processes as phenomena. To test for possible differences in water relations between species of different forest structural guilds at Danum (Sabah, NE Borneo), daily stem girth increments (gthi), of 18 trees across six species were regressed individually on soil moisture potential (SMP) and temperature (TEMP), accounting for temporal autocorrelation (in GLS-arima models), and compared between a wet and a dry period. The best-fitting significant variables were SMP the day before and TEMP the same day. The first resulted in a mix of positive and negative coefficients, the second largely positive ones. An adjustment for dry-period showers was applied. Interactions were stronger in dry than wet period. Negative relationships for overstorey trees can be interpreted in a reversed causal sense: fast transporting stems depleted soil water and lowered SMP. Positive relationships for understorey trees meant they took up most water at high SMP. The unexpected negative relationships for these small trees may have been due to their roots accessing deeper water supplies (if SMP was inversely related to that of the surface layer), and this was influenced by competition with larger neighbour trees. A tree-soil flux dynamics manifold may have been operating. Patterns of mean diurnal girth variation were more consistent among species, and time-series coefficients were negatively related to their maxima. Expected differences in response to SMP in the wet and dry periods did not clearly support a previous hypothesis differentiating drought and non-drought tolerant understorey guilds. Trees within species showed highly individual responses when tree size was standardized. Data on individual root systems and SMP at several depths are needed to get closer to the mechanisms that underlie the tree-soil water phenomena in these tropical forests. Neighborhood stochasticity importantly creates varying local environments experienced by individual trees.
Genome-wide analysis of Brucella melitensis genes required throughout intranasal infection in mice
Authors: Potemberg Georges , Demars Aurore , Barbieux Emeline , Reboul Angéline , Stubbe François-Xavier , Galia Malissia , Lagneaux Maxime , Comein Audrey , Denis Olivier , Pérez-Morga David , Vanderwinden Jean-Marie , De Bolle Xavier , Muraille Eric
Published: June 2022

Brucellae are facultative intracellular Gram-negative coccobacilli that chronically infect various mammals and cause brucellosis. Human brucellosis is among the most common bacterial zoonoses and the vast majority of cases are attributed to B. melitensis. Using transposon sequencing (Tn-seq) analysis, we showed that among 3369 predicted genes of the B. melitensis genome, 861 are required for optimal growth in rich medium and 186 additional genes appeared necessary for survival of B. melitensis in RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro. As the mucosal immune system represents the first defense against Brucella infection, we investigated the early phase of pulmonary infection in mice. In situ analysis at the single cell level indicates a succession of killing and growth phases, followed by heterogenous proliferation of B. melitensis in alveolar macrophages during the first 48 hours of infection. Tn-seq analysis identified 94 additional genes that are required for survival in the lung at 48 hours post infection. Among them, 42 genes are common to RAW 264.7 macrophages and the lung conditions, including the T4SS and purine synthesis genes. But 52 genes are not identified in RAW 264.7 macrophages, including genes implicated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis, methionine transport, tryptophan synthesis as well as fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism. Interestingly, genes implicated in LPS synthesis and β oxidation of fatty acids are no longer required in Interleukin (IL)-17RA-/- mice and asthmatic mice, respectively. This demonstrates that the immune status determines which genes are required for optimal survival and growth of B. melitensis in vivo.
A Inspeção das Bibliotecas e Arquivos no discurso direto
Authors: Merêncio Maria Beatriz
Published: June 2022

A Inspeção das Bibliotecas e Arquivos (1887-1965) foi uma instituição absolutamente central para a consolidação da Arquivística em Portugal, para o conhecimento das grandes incorporações documentais nas coleções do Estado, das práticas arquivísticas da primeira metade do século XX e para a estruturação do Arquivo Nacional e Arquivos Distritais. Destarte, através dos Anais das Bibliotecas e Arquivos de Portugal (1914-1949) pretende-se delinear a atividade programática e as linhas doutrinárias que pautaram a ação deste organismo, bem como uma proposta de índice remissivo.
A custódia arquivística na prática do Poder Executivo Federal brasileiro
Authors: De Oliveira Vieira Thiago
Published: June 2022

Este estudo pretende analisar, a partir de dados retrospectivos dos acervos custodiados pelo Arquivo Nacional do Brasil, a partir da implementação da Lei de Arquivos de 1991, as práticas de recolhimento dos documentos de valor permanente à instituição, produzidos na esfera do Poder Executivo Federal (PEF), conforme competência estabelecida no texto da lei. Além disso, pretende, a partir de dados prospectivos, coletados por meio de um inquérito por questionário nas unidades organizacionais do PEF, prospectar possíveis cenários e/ou óbices em uma eventual implementação do modelo pós-custodial, a “custódia compartilhada”, conforme desenhado na proposta de Política de Gestão de Documentos e Arquivos (PGDeARQ), da administração pública federal. De natureza descritiva e explicativa, recorre-se a uma abordagem quali-quantitativa para tratamento e análise dos dados coletados. Os dados apontaram para uma ausência de recolhimentos de documentos ao Arquivo Nacional, em que pese a intenção da Lei de Arquivos de centralizar a custódia dos documentos do PEF, na instituição. Do ponto de vista das ações do Arquivo Nacional, enquanto autoridade arquivística, e dos recursos e das infraestruturas, disponibilizadas pelas unidades organizacionais analisadas, para a guarda, a preservação e o acesso ao patrimônio arquivístico sob a posse física dessas instituições, sugerem um cenário desafiador em uma eventual implementação dessa proposta de “custódia compartilhada”.
Seguindo rastros e encontrando vestígios
Authors: Bittencourt Paola Rodrigues
Published: June 2022

A presente análise teve o objetivo de construir, em uma perspectiva evolutiva, um mapeamento dos primeiros indícios relacionados ao surgimento e desenvolvimento da teoria das três idades, em países da América do Norte e Europa, buscando verificar como seu desenvolvimento teórico-conceitual é caracterizado pela literatura arquivística e como tornou-se referência para o gerenciamento dos arquivos. Este estudo caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa básica, caracterizada a partir da análise, como qualitativa, de natureza exploratória, descritiva e explicativa, tendo, como principais recursos, as fontes documentais e bibliográficas. desenvolvimento deste estudo possibilitou identificar um possível marco de surgimento da teoria das três idades dos arquivos e verificar seu percurso demarcado pela literatura, a partir da qual foi possível perceber que a divisão dos arquivos em estágios de guarda corrente, intermediário e permanente, tem seus primeiros indícios na divisão entre records e archives, resultado do período revolucionário francês, do final do século XVIII, com a então criação de um novo modelo arquivístico estabelecido a partir da criação do Arquivo Nacional francês. Na sequência foi possível identificar, nas práticas arquivísticas italianas, a introdução um estágio extra de guarda, entre os records e archives, onze anos depois da criação da instituição arquivística francesa, designado como arquivos de depósito. Portanto, conclui-se que, ao contrário do que apontam numerosos autores do campo arquivístico, a teoria das três idades não tem seu surgimento atrelado ao surgimento da gestão de documentos, na administração governamental americana, entretanto, foi um método amplamente difundido a reboque da propagação dos preceitos teóricos e práticos do modelo de gestão de documentos surgido no ambiente norte-americano.