bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Convenient Method for the Synthesis of β,γ-Unsaturated Amines from Alkenes via α,β-Unsaturated Diphenylsulfonium Salts
Authors: Yamanaka Hiroyuki , Matsuo Jun-ichi , Kawana Asahi , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: June 2003

1,1-Disubstituted and trisubstituted alkenes were converted into the corresponding β,γ-unsaturated amines 4 via three steps: the initial formation of α,β-unsaturated diphenylsulfonium triflates 2 from alkenes and diphenyl(trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)sulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate (1), followed by double bond migration of 2 to β,γ-unsaturated sulfonium triflates 3 with primary or secondary amines, and successive nucleophilic substitution of 3 with these amines.
Effective Recovery of Nd–Fe–B Sintered Magnet Scrap Powders as Isotropic Bonded Magnets
Authors: Machida Ken-ichi , Masuda Masahiro , Suzuki Shunji , Itoh Masahiro , Horikawa Takashi
Published: June 2003

Nd–Fe–B sintered magnet scrap powders, viz. “sludge”, as produced in the sizing and polishing processes for well-shaped magnets of small-sized motors and other equipments were effectively recovered as the raw powders for isotropic Nd–Fe–B bonded magnets (Br = 0.66 T, Hcj = 0.92 MA/m, and (BH)max = 70 kJ/m3) by means of Ca metal reduction and melt-spun.
New Supramolecular Approach for Saccharide-directed Chemical Modification of Concanavalin A
Authors: Hayashida Osamu , Hamachi Itaru
Published: June 2003

A new saccharide-directed chemical modification method toward a protein surface was developed. Hydrophobic guests such as Dansyl-SE were effectively incorporated by the cyclophane (1) having terminal glucose moieties. The amine-coupling fluorescent dye was carried from the aqueous phase to the glucoside-binding site of Con A by 1 and reacted at the proximal binding site. The modified Con A acts as a fluorescent saccharide biosensor.
α-Amino Acids Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis with Chemiluminescence Detector Using Luminol–Hydrogen Peroxide–Cu(II) System
Authors: Tsukagoshi Kazuhiko , Nakahama Koji , Nakajima Riichiro
Published: June 2003

Twenty kinds of α-amino acids were directly detected by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with a chemiluminescence (CL) detector using luminol–hydrogen peroxide–Cu(II) system. A batch-type CL detection cell to which a hydrogen peroxide solution was added was used. Samples migrated in a running buffer solution containing luminol and Cu(II), and eluted at a tip of a capillary to mix with the hydrogen peroxide. The catalytic activity of Cu(II) for luminol CL reaction increased in the presence of α-amino acids to induce CL peaks on the electropherograms. For example, aspartic acid was determined over the range of 1.1 × 10−7–1.8 × 10−5 M with a detection limit of 0.6 fmol. A model mixture sample of glycine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid was successfully separated and detected within 10 min.
A Simple Route for the Synthesis of Rutile TiO2 Nanorods
Authors: Huang Qing , Gao Lian
Published: June 2003

The monodispersed rutile TiO2 nanorods in diameter 4–6 nm and in length up to 50–150 nm were prepared by the hydrolysis of TiCl4 solution in the concerntrated HNO3 under ambient condition in air and required no complex apparatus.
A Potent Solvent for Dissolution of Metallic Copper
Authors: Yanagihara Naohisa , Nakayama Masahiro , Tai Hideo
Published: June 2003

Metallic copper was found to dissolve in a mixture of ammonia and carbon tetrachloride under extremely mild conditions. The solubilized copper was determined to be in the form of an ammine complex of copper(II) chloride, [Cu(NH3)m]Cl2·nH2O.
Synthesis and Structure of a Novel Tetranuclear Tungsten–Bismuth–Sulfur Complex
Authors: Li Hong-Xi , Xu Qing-Feng , Shen Qi , Lang Jian-Ping
Published: June 2003

Reaction of [PPh4]2[WS4] with 1/3 equiv. of BiCl3 in CH2Cl2 afforded a new W/Bi/S complex [PPh4]3[Bi(WS4)3] (1). The structure of the trianion of 1 represents the first example of W/Bi/S complex which contains a central Bi coordinated by six S atoms of the three [WS4]2− moieties.
Electron and Hole Mobility in Vacuum Deposited Organic Thin Films of Bis[2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazolate]zinc and Its Derivatives
Authors: Yasuda Takeshi , Yamaguchi Yoshihisa , Fujita Katsuhiko , Tsutsui Tetsuo
Published: June 2003

The electronic properties of five derivatives of bis[2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazolate]zinc (ZnPBO) have been investigated by the time-of-flight measurement of their thin films prepared with vacuum deposition. The electron and hole mobilities at electric field of 5 × 105 V/cm for these compounds were 10−5 cm2/Vs and 10−6-10−8 cm2/Vs, respectively. The electron mobility was found to be almost identical among those used in this study and higher than that of the representative electron transporting organic material, Alq. The hole mobility had significantly increased as the π-conjugation of the ligands of the complexes was extended.
Fabrication of Hydroxyapatite Sintered Bodies with c Axis Orientation
Authors: Ohta Kazushi , Kikuchi Masanori , Tanaka Junzo
Published: June 2003

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) sintered bodies with c axis orientation were fabricated using c axis oriented plate-like HAp aggregates synthesized as described by us. The results of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry indicated that the plate-like HAp aggregates accumulated horizontally to the flat surfaces of the cylindrical HAp sintered bodies and the c axis orientation of the HAp crystals perpendicular to the wide surfaces of the aggregates were maintained even after sintering.
Highly Efficient Deprotection of Acetals by Titanium Cation-exchanged Montmorillonite as a Strong Solid Acid Catalyst
Authors: Kawabata Tomonori , Kato Masaki , Mizugaki Tomoo , Ebitani Kohki , Kaneda Kiyotomi
Published: June 2003

Deprotection of various kinds of acetals sufficiently occured in the presence of Ti4+-exchanged montmorillonite as a recyclable strong solid acid catalyst.
Cannulation of the jugular vein in mice: a method for serial withdrawal of blood samples
Authors: Bardelmeijer H. A. , Buckle T. , Ouwehand M. , Beijnen J. H. , Schellens J. H. M. , van Tellingen O.
Published: June 2003

We have developed and validated a method that allows serial drawing of blood samples in freely moving mice using a cannula that is inserted via the jugular vein into the right atrium of the heart. The cannula was tunnelled subcutaneously to the head of the animal and attached to the skin by sutures, together with a metal spring, which was covered with PVC tubing for protection of the outer part of the cannula. Samples of blood up to 250 µl could be taken at serial time points. The blood volume in the circulation was maintained by replacement with an equal volume of blood obtained from donor animals. The applicability of this method of blood sampling for pharmacokinetic purposes was validated by comparing plasma concentrations–time curves in six cannulated animals after receiving an intravenous bolus dose of 10 mg/kg of the anti-cancer agent docetaxel versus the results in plasma samples obtained by cardiac puncture of non-cannulated mice. The presented method may lead to improved pharmacokinetic data produced from a reduced number of mice.
A non-surgical jugular catheterization technique for multiple blood sampling in cats
Authors: Albarellos G. A. , Bonafine R. R. , Kreil V. E. , Ambros L. A. , Montoya L. , Hallu R. E.
Published: June 2003

In order to perform pharmacokinetic studies involving multiple blood sampling, repeated at variable intervals of time, a simple and reliable non-surgical jugular catheterization technique was developed. Six cats were catheterized 48 times using an indwelling through-the-needle type catheter (22G and 20.3 cm) placed into the jugular vein through an over-the-needle type (20G and 32 mm). Catheters remained in place for 1–13 days (median 3 days) without loss of patency until removal. Each jugular was catheterized a range of 2–6 times, with a total indwelling time of 4–33 days. No clinical signs of phlebitis, thrombosis or sepsis were observed either during or after the studies. This technique allows an easy, non-painful, non-stressful blood withdrawal during extended sampling periods, with minimal damage of the veins.
Effects of repetitive sevoflurane anaesthesia on immune response, select biochemical parameters and organ histology in mice
Authors: Elena G. , Amerio N. , Ferrero P. , Bay M. L. , Valenti J. , Colucci D. , Puig N. R.
Published: June 2003

Animal and technical models often require repeated anaesthetic administrations for surgical procedures. As there is evidence for immunomodulatory effects of anaesthesia, the effects of repeated exposure to sevoflurane anaesthesia on the immune response in mice were studied. Sevoflurane was administered in vivo under conditions that simulate those in clinical procedures. Adult male mice were anaesthetized with 3% sevoflurane in oxygen for 40 min weekly for 3 weeks. Untreated animals served as controls. After sevoflurane anaesthesia, peripheral blood leukocyte counts, the composition and in vitro function of spleen cells (lymphocytes and macrophages) and the in vivo immune response to a conventional T-dependent antigen were assessed. In addition, liver, spleen and kidney histopathology and also hepatic and renal function were studied. Three days after the latest anaesthetic procedure, the absolute number of both leukocyte and lymphocyte counts were reduced in peripheral blood. Splenic cell composition (LB, LTCD3+, LTCD4+ and LTCD8+), macrophage function and the mitogen-induced lymphoprolipherative response were preserved. Yet, the in vivo humoral response to a conventional antigen was augmented following the antigenic challenge. Assessment at day 9 after the last anaesthetic procedure revealed the persistence of the humoral response alteration. Nevertheless, sevoflurane-treated animals showed no evidence of histological changes or alteration in hepatic or renal function.
Video-assisted orotracheal intubation in mice
Authors: Vergari Alessandro , Polito Angelo , Musumeci Marco , Palazzesi Sergio , Marano Giuseppe
Published: June 2003

Orotracheal intubation in mice is a complicated technique because of the peculiar oropharyngeal anatomy and the difficulty in visualizing the laryngis aditus. Here we report a new and simple method for rapid endotracheal intubation by using a small bore, straight fibre-optic arthroscope. Under endoscope-assisted visualization of the laryngis aditus, a polyethylene cannula, inserted on a guide-wire in order to facilitate the introduction of the tip across the vocal cords, was advanced in the trachea. The success rate of intubation was 100%. We were also able to re-intubate the mice 4 and 8 weeks later without any major complications. We conclude that this method can be easily and safely used for studies where controlled pulmonary ventilation is necessary.
Male Wistar rats show uniform wind-up responses in carrageenan-induced inflammation but not in the normal situation
Authors: Solano R. , Mazario J. , Orellana J. M. , Herrero J. F.
Published: June 2003

The technique of recording spinal cord withdrawal reflexes as single motor units (SMUs) does not require intense preparatory surgery and allows the study of the nociceptive system in physiological conditions. It has been used to show that the wind-up phenomenon depends on the level of excitability of spinal cord neurones, the integrity of the spinal cord and the parameters of the stimulation used. We have now used SMU recordings to assess whether wind-up is also an heterogeneous phenomenon depending on the muscle studied, and, if so, how the presence of hyperalgesia affects its generation. The experiments were performed in normal and carrageenan-induced inflammation in male Wistar rats anesthetized with α-chloralose. Wind-up was recorded in units from peroneus longus, tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus. The results showed that in normal animals, the curves of C-fibre mediated wind-up reached saturation at different times and the shape of the curves was different depending on the muscle studied and on the intensity of stimulation used. In inflammation, however, C-fibre mediated wind-up became very uniform in the muscles studied, with a similar shape and saturation point. A-fibre mediated wind-up was only observed in animals with inflammation and no differences were observed between muscles. We conclude that in the absence of preparatory surgery and inflammation, C-fibre wind-up is heterogeneous, and supports a modular organization of nociceptive spinal reflexes. In hyperalgesia, however, wind-up curves are similar in units from different muscles, confirming a loss of modular organization that also affects the generation of wind-up.
The Ret proto-oncogene in the WAG/Rij rat strain: an animal model for inherited C-cell carcinoma?
Authors: De Miguel M. , Fernández-Santos J. M. , Trigo-Sánchez I. , Matera I. , Ceccherini I. , Martín I. , Romeo G. , Galera-Davidson H.
Published: June 2003

WAG/Rij rat strain has been suggested as an animal model for the study of inherited human medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), due to its high incidence of spontaneous C-cell thyroid tumours. Although the role of the Ret proto-oncogene mutations, as responsible for human MTC, is well established, nothing has been published concerning this putative animal model. Based upon the previously reported rat Ret sequence, exons 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, and 16, known to carry activating mutations in humans, have been analysed in the WAG/Rij rat by PCR, single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and direct sequencing. Neither the germline nor MTC samples showed any Ret sequence difference in the exons when analysed in comparison to a non-MTC-susceptible rat strain. Our results indicate that Ret exons relevant in humans are not involved in WAG/Rij rat MTC, as expected, and this questions the validity of this strain as a model for the human disease, and suggests there must be additional mechanisms for the genesis and progression of rat MTC.
Dietary fats influence 'open-field' behaviour of male and female laboratory mice
Authors: Maimanee Tahia A. , Brain Paul F. , Zari Talal A.
Published: June 2003

Swiss mice of differing ages (juvenile and adult) and sexes were fed four specially formulated, pelleted diets containing respectively 8% saturated vegetable fat, 8% soya oil, 8% olive oil and 2% soya oil (with identities hidden from the experimenter) or a local commercial chow (3% crude fat) for 3 or 6 weeks. Subjects were individually housed and were assessed under red lighting for behaviour in a modified 'open field' (a 30×20 cm box with a black floor). Videotaped records were analysed using 'The Observer' system, quantifying transitions between inner and outer zones, rearing, freezing, grooming and defaecation as well as location in the two equal-sized zones. Clearly, these non-isocaloric diets differed in palatability, producing complex effects on growth as well as physiological and behavioural measures. Many indices were influenced by age, sex, and the duration of dietary exposure. Interactions between factors were common. Defaecation does not seem to provide a useful index of 'emotionality' in this type of study and investigations lacking a wide range of indices seem unlikely to provide unequivocal support for postulated links between dietary lipids and behaviour. The study broadly supports the contention that dietary fats subtly influence mood in mice.
Ultrasonography in the study of hepatocellular carcinoma in woodchucks chronically infected with WHV
Authors: Lisi D. , Kondili L. A. , Ramieri M. T. , Giuseppetti R. , Bruni R. , Della Rocca C. , De Santis A. , Rapicetta M.
Published: June 2003

The woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV)/woodchuck system is studied as animal model of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) induced by chronic hepatitis B virus infection. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of ultrasound (US) liver examination in woodchuck as a routine method to detect HCC nodules and to follow their growth. Sixteen woodchucks were included in the study. US liver examination was carried out in all animals using a 5 MHz convex scanner. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations were performed to evaluate the US findings. The lower limit of nodule detection by US examination was a diameter of 5 mm. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations confirmed US findings in 14 of 16 animals (86.6%). No false negative results were obtained. Increase of nodule size was faster in the early phase of tumour growth. Small nodules (16 ± 5 mm) appeared as hypoechoic lesions with well-defined margins and homogeneous structure. Large nodules (42 ± 19 mm) appeared as hyperechoic lesions with irregular margins, heterogeneous or of mixed pattern; microscopical examination showed different degrees of necrosis, inflammation and fibrosis inside these latter neoplasms. The hepatitis reaction was conspicuously more severe around HCC nodules. No fibrosis and/or cirrhosis were found in normal liver parenchyma surrounding tumour nodules. On the whole, US appears to be helpful in the diagnosis of woodchuck HCC even at an early stage. Serial US evaluation can be used to study the growth rate of tumour nodules during natural history or experimental HCC treatments in woodchuck.
CO2 induced acute respiratory acidosis and brain tissue intracellular pH: a 31P NMR study in swine
Authors: Martoft L. , Stødkilde-Jørgensen H. , Forslid A. , Pedersen H. D. , Jørgensen P. F.
Published: June 2003

High concentration carbon dioxide (CO2) is used to promote pre-slaughter anaesthesia in swine and poultry, as well as short-lasting surgical anaesthesia and euthanasia in laboratory animals. Questions related to animal welfare have been raised, as CO2 anaesthesia does not set in momentarily. Carbon dioxide promotes anaesthesia by lowering the intracellular pH in the brain cells, but the dynamics of the changes in response to a high concentration of CO2 is not known. Based on 31P NMR spectroscopy, we describe CO2-induced changes in intracellular pH in the brains of five pigs inhaling 90% CO2 in ambient air for a period of 60 s, and compare the results to changes in arterial blood pH, PCO2, O2 saturation and HCO3- concentration. The intracellular pH paralleled the arterial pH and PCO2 during inhalation of CO2; and it is suggested that the acute reaction to CO2 inhalation mainly reflects respiratory acidosis, and not metabolic regulation as for example transmembrane fluxes of H+/HCO3-. The intracellular pH decreased to approximately 6.7 within the 60 s inhalation period, and the situation was metabolically reversible after the end of CO2 inhalation. The fast decrease in intracellular pH supports the conclusion that high concentration CO2 leads to anaesthesia soon after the start of inhalation.
Auricular chondritis in young ear-tagged Crj:CD(SD)IGS rats
Authors: Kitagaki M. , Suwa T. , Yanagi M. , Shiratori K.
Published: June 2003

Gross and histopathological features of auricular chondritis in young Crj:CD(SD)IGS rats were examined. Although the rats were identified with metallic ear tags on the right pinnae, auricular chondritis was also observed on the contralateral (left) ear in some animals. Histopathologically, the lesions were characterized by granulomatous inflammation with destruction of the normal cartilaginous plate, formation of new cartilaginous nodules and osseous metaplasia. Proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive cells were present predominantly in chondrocytes found in the centre of the newly-formed cartilaginous nodules. The results suggest that the newly-formed cartilaginous nodules were due to interstitial proliferation of chondrocytes.
Assessing the role of anal intercourse in the epidemiology of AIDS in Africa
Authors: Brody Stuart , Potterat John J
Published: June 2003

Public health authorities have long believed that the preponderance of AIDS cases in Africa are attributable to 'heterosexual transmission'; most people silently assume this rubric to indicate penile–vaginal intercourse only. Recent epidemiologic analyses suggest that the majority of HIV cases in sub-Saharan Africa may be due to non-sterile health care practices. The present paper reviews the anthropological, proctologic, and infectious disease literature, and argues that both homosexuality and heterosexual anal intercourse are more prevalent in Africa than has traditionally been believed. The authors hypothesize that perhaps the majority of HIV transmission not accounted for by iatrogenic exposure could be accounted for by unsuspected and unreported penile–anal intercourse. Given the authors' findings, properly conducted studies to measure this HIV transmission vector, while controlling for iatrogenic exposure confound, are clearly warranted in Africa and in countries with similar epidemiologic characteristics.
Once and future HIV treatment: a comparison of clinic and community groups
Authors: Rothenberg Richard , Campos Peter E , del Rio Carlos , Johnson Wendell , Arriola Kimberly Jacob , Brown Mark
Published: June 2003

The demographic, risk-taking, psychological, and social network characteristics of HIV+ patients receiving and not receiving antiretroviral therapy were compared to those characteristics in HIV+ and HIV- persons who are not in care. In this cohort study, we enrolled patients from the Grady Infectious Disease Program (IDP) Clinic in Atlanta, GA, defining group membership by their use of antiretroviral therapy at the time of ascertainment. We also enrolled HIV+ and HIV- persons from inner city neighbourhoods of Atlanta. We collected extensive survey information from both groups, as well as clinic and follow-up information from the Clinic groups. We attempted to interview each participant four times over a period of two years. We used scores for Risk, for Social Stress and for Psychological Distress to compare the groups. Persons receiving antiretroviral therapy continued to display risky behaviour and to experience a substantial degree of social stress and psychological distress. HIV+ persons in the community, however, had the most prominent profile for HIV-transmission risk, social stress, and psychological distress and display considerable cross-over in their patterns of risk-taking. Men who have sex with men appear to play a dominant role, through their risk behaviour and network affiliations, in the maintenance of HIV endemicity. Current approaches fail to give sufficient attention to the admixture of risk that occurs in inner city communities. Reaching HIV+ persons with antiretroviral therapy in such communities faces considerable social, structural, and psychological barriers that may be more important than simple adherence to medication.
Does bacterial vaginosis alter the sensitivity of screening tests for Chlamydia trachomatis? An analysis of patient characteristics
Authors: Hussey J , Edirisinghe D N , Pattman R S , Sankar K N , Wipat W , Kearns A , Turner A J L
Published: June 2003

The aim of this study was to assess if patient characteristics could influence the sensitivity of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) testing used for chlamydia screening. Our cohort consisted of 56 patients who were known polymerase chain reaction-positive for chlamydia, but with variable EIA results. Characteristics analysed included those already known to influence the EIA (menstruation, pregnancy, difficult examination) and those suspected from clinical observation (including presence of symptoms or signs, coexistent gonorrhoea, duration from last sexual exposure). An unexpected finding was that significantly more cases of bacterial vaginosis were found in those chlamydia EIA-negative compared to those with positive results. We postulate that an enzyme produced in bacterial vaginosis, proline aminopeptidase, may cause destruction of the chlamydial cell wall, therefore affecting the EIA adversely. Further research is needed to explore this hypothesis.
Course of HIV disease does not depend on risk group: 7.5-year follow-up in 296 patients
Authors: Hengge Ulrich R , Franz Barbara , Hoersch Silke , Goos Manfred
Published: June 2003

Several reports on the course and progression of HIV infection with regard to the mode of transmission have yielded different results. Since comparative studies of homosexuals and intravenous drug abusers are rare, we wanted to determine the course of HIV infection and survival in an HIV-seropositive patient cohort in a retrospective study at a single tertiary care referral centre. Two hundred and ninety-six HIV patients infected by one of the three predominant modes of HIV transmission (male homosexual contact, n = 193; injecting drug use, n = 64; or heterosexual contact, n = 39) were analysed. Using multivariate Cox regression analysis the overall survival did not depend on the patient's risk group. However, with regard to antiretroviral therapy, monotherapy was shown to shorten patients' lives, whereas only triple-therapy led to prolonged survival, when treatment usage was incorporated as a time-updated covariate. The course of HIV disease in a cohort study outside of clinical trials seems not to depend on the mode of transmission.
Comparison of salivary IgA and systemic IgA and IgG antibodies to Saccharomyces cerevisiae in HIV-infected subjects
Authors: Belazi Maria , Fleva Alexandra , Drakoulakos Drakoulis , Panayiotidou Despina
Published: June 2003

Our objective was to investigate the concentrations of IgA and IgG antibodies to Saccharomyces cerevisiae in whole saliva and serum samples from HIV-infected patients and to compare them with the corresponding antibody values of healthy controls. A cross-sectional design was used. The test group consisted of 23 HIV-infected male individuals, aged 20-41 years old, free of any other systemic disease. Twenty healthy subjects aged 27-43 years old served as controls. Whole unstimulated saliva and blood were collected from all subjects. IgA concentrations in saliva and IgA and IgG concentrations in serum were measured by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Salivary antibody concentrations were calculated by reference to a pooled standard saliva obtained from 10 healthy males with high levels of anti- S. cerevisiae antibody activity. Total IgA and IgG concentrations were measured by nephelometry/tholocymetry assay. No significant difference was observed in salivary specific IgA and serum specific IgG levels to S. cerevisiae, while serum specific IgA were significantly lower in HIV infected patients compared to control group. Opportunistic infections due to S. cerevisiae, although rare, cannot be dismissed. This yeast can show a potential virulence in debilitated patients, therefore, further extensive investigation should be considered.
High incidence and prevalence of HIV-1 infection in high risk population in Calcutta, India
Authors: Gupta Phalguni , Kingsley Lawrence , Sheppard Haynes W , Harrison Lee H , Chatterjee Ramdas , Ghosh Adhir , Roy Pratima , Neogi Dhruba K
Published: June 2003

HIV-1 infection in India has been increasing steadily over the last decade. In the absence of potent antiviral therapy, estimates of HIV infection are needed to monitor the epidemic, institute prevention strategies in target populations and determine the suitable populations for vaccine studies. In this report we present the HIV-1 seroprevalence and annual estimates of seroincidence in a high risk population from Calcutta, the most populous city in the eastern part of India. In 1206 high risk subjects tested over two years between February of 1999 and December 2000, we have determined an overall seroprevalence of 40.1% using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay followed by a confirmatory Western blot testing. Furthermore, using a newly described Standardized Testing Algorithm for Recent HIV-1 Seroconversion (STARHS), we have estimated an annual seroincidence rate of about 7% in this population during this two-year study. Such a high annual seroincidence rate makes this population well suited for studies of HIV-1 prevention, including vaccine trials.
Management of HIV and hepatitis B or C co-infection in 15 HIV treatment centres. Disparity between protocols and practice
Authors: Brook M G , Jones K , Dale A W S , Miller R F
Published: June 2003

Our aim was to ascertain current guidelines and clinical practices prevalent in HIV treatment centres in the North Thames Region of England on the care of patients co-infected with HIV and hepatitis B or C.

A self-completed postal survey of clinic guidelines and retrospective case-note reviews was performed.

Fifteen of the 27 units completed the survey and generally had clinic guidelines consistent with current national guidelines. Stated policy was usually to screen HIV patients for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) and to offer specific therapy for the hepatitis as well as the HIV. Many units were unable to contribute cases to the case-note review, probably through lack of case-identification, and therefore 11 units contributed 27 case-note reviews on HIV/HBV and five units contributed 11 case-note reviews on HIV/HCV. Fifty-six percent (25/45) of patients of HBV patients were HBeAg+ve and 88% (22/25) of these had received specific hepatitis B therapy although for 59% (13/22) this was with lamivudine as part of a highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen. None of the HIV/HCV patients had received or been referred for HCV-specific therapy. Testing for hepatitis A immunity in HBV or HCV patients with a view to vaccination was done in only 50% although 96% of HIV/HCV patients had been screened for HBV.

There are significant differences between the clinics' intended and actual management of HIV and chronic viral hepatitis co-infection.
Colonization of HIV-infected outpatients in Taiwan with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: McDonald L Clifford , Lauderdale Tsai-Ling , Lo Hsiu-Jung , Tsai Jih-Jin , Hung Chien-Ching
Published: June 2003

To better understand the epidemiology of bacterial pathogens with particular public health importance in Taiwan, we determined the prevalence of nasal colonization with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in a cohort of HIV-infected patients attending two hospital outpatient departments. All HIV-infected patients followed regularly between May and September 1999 were enrolled and cultures of the anterior nares were performed using a dry sponge swab. All confirmed S. aureus isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing using disk diffusion according to recommendations of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Of a total of 162 outpatients studied, 48 (30%) were found colonized with S. aureus including 39 (24%) colonized with MSSA and 9 (6%) colonized with MRSA. The only factor associated with MSSA colonization was receipt of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole which appeared protective (relative risk 0.4, 95% confidence interval [CI95] 0.2-0.78, P = 0.006). In contrast, ciprofloxacin use was an independent risk factor for MRSA colonization (conditional odds ratio [OR] 11.9, CI95 1.8-77.8, P = 0.010) along with a one-quartile reduction in CD4 count (OR 3.9, CI95 1.1-14.3, P = 0.04). Although MRSA colonization was not associated with hospitalization within the previous three months, the multi-drug resistance pattern of MRSA isolates suggests strains were at some point acquired in the healthcare setting.

Our study shows that the rate of S. aureus colonization in Taiwanese HIV-infected outpatients is 30%. Low CD4+ counts are most likely associated with other unmeasured risk factors for MRSA. Antimicrobial use may function alternatively as a protective or risk factor for colonization with S. aureus, depending upon the drugs involved and resistance encountered. Fluoroquinolone use may have an important role in the spread of MRSA from inpatient to outpatient settings.
Comparison of symptoms of influenza A with abacavir-associated hypersensitivity reaction
Authors: Keiser Philip , Nassar Naiel , Skiest Daniel , Andrews Charla , Yazdani Beena , White Alice , Hetherington Seth
Published: June 2003

Differentiation between abacavir hypersensitivity and viral respiratory infections is problematic. Fifteen cases of abacavir hypersensitivity were matched to 30 controls with culture proven influenza A with no abacavir exposure. Rash was associated with hypersensitivity (odds ratio [OR] = 13.1, P = 0.02) as was the presence of nausea (OR = 30, P < 0.001), vomiting (OR = 17.1, P = 0.001) or diarrhoea (OR = 22, P < 0.001). The number of gastrointestinal symptoms was also predictive of hypersensitivity reaction ( P < 0.001). Respiratory symptoms (cough, sore throat, or dyspnoea) were not associated with abacavir hypersensitivity (OR = 0.08, P = 0.001). Multivariate analysis confirmed the following associations for abacavir hypersensitivity: the number of gastrointestinal symptoms (OR = 8.6, P = 0.0032), cough (OR = 0.039, P = 0.02) and rash (OR = 16.9, P = 0.07). Abacavir hypersensitivity is strongly associated with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Cough without GI symptoms is associated with influenza.
Reasons for complementary therapies and characteristics of users among HIV-infected people
Authors: Agnoletto Vittorio , Chiaffarino Francesca , Nasta Paola , Rossi Roberto , Parazzini Fabio
Published: June 2003

The aim of this study was to analyse in a large sample of HIV-infected subjects the expectations toward complementary therapies (CT) and the characteristics of users. Self-administered anonymous questionnaires were distributed in seven European countries among HIV-infected subjects consecutively attending the offices of AIDS organizations. Among 632 ever CT users, nutritional supplements (124 subjects) and psycho-physiological approaches (116 subjects) were the most frequent CT used: 61.4% used CT to improve energy. Half the CT users wanted to prevent or alleviate the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) side effects. General malaise and neuropathy were the most common HAART side effects, where CT users found improvement (62.0% and 54.7%, respectively). Acupuncture improved neuropathy in a high proportion of subjects (87.5%); whereas for others CT were considered less effective (range 20.0–36.4%). The most common expectations from CT were to improve energy and to prevent or alleviate the HAART side effects. This suggests that HIV-infected people expect not so much specific help as general support from CT.
Association between parasitic intestinal infections and acute or chronic diarrhoea in HIV-infected patients in Caracas, Venezuela
Authors: Arenas-Pinto A , Certad G , Ferrara G , Castro J , Bello M A , Núñez L T
Published: June 2003

A cross sectional survey was conducted to determine the association between enteric parasites and diarrhoea in HIV-infected adults in Caracas. Three hundred and four patients were evaluated: 104 had acute diarrhoea, 113 chronic diarrhoea and 87 were controls. Isopora belli infection was associated with acute ( P = 0.022) and chronic diarrhoea ( P = 0.003), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar infection was also associated with both acute ( P = 0.015) and chronic diarrhoea ( P = 0.017). Strongyloides stercoralis ( P = 0.003), and Cryptosporidium parvum ( P = 0.017) infections were associated mainly with chronic episodes. Weight loss ( P < 0.001), a non-infectious factor investigated, was significantly associated with diarrhoea. Eosinophilia, a laboratory parameter studied, was found to be associated with strongyloidiasis ( P = 0.001), giardiasis ( P = 0.001) and isoporiasis ( P = 0.003). In summary, the presence of enteric parasites in HIV-infected patients from tropical urban areas with diarrhoea, with or without significant weight loss, must be considered. Similarly, eosinophilia might suggest parasitic infection in these patients.
Sexual health care of HIV-positive patients: an audit of a local service
Authors: Hutchinson Jane , Goold Penny , Wilson Hugh , Jones Kevin , Estcourt Claudia
Published: June 2003

The sexual health care of 175 HIV-positive patients attending the two HIV clinics at Barts and the London NHS Trust was audited for the first time. The audit standard was that 100% of patients should be in receipt of a sexual health screen within six months of their first HIV out-patient appointment. Overall, 44.5% of patients had a sexual health screen, of which 46 (60.5%) were diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection. Those screened were younger than those who were not. Five factors were identified which were significantly associated with not having a genitourinary screen performed; site of HIV care, setting of HIV diagnosis, stage of HIV disease, specialty of HIV physician and whether a screen was recommended by the HIV physician. A number of recommendations have been implemented to improve the uptake of sexual health screening amongst HIV-positive patients.
Experience with efavirenz in end-stage renal disease
Authors: Prime Katia P , Woolfson Robin G , Pakianathan Mark R
Published: June 2003

There are few data on the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive patients with end-stage renal disease. We describe the tolerability, safety and efficacy of an efavirenz-containing regimen in one such patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
Atovaquone–Proguanil for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Malaria
Authors: Marra Fawziah , Salzman James R , Ensom Mary HH
Published: June 2003

OBJECTIVE:

To review the currently available information on atovaquone–proguanil for treatment and prophylaxis of malaria.

DATA SOURCES:

A MEDLINE search was conducted from 1966 to February 2003 using key phrases Malarone, atovaquone, proguanil, and malaria. Further articles were identified from a manual search of the references of identified articles.

STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:

English-language studies with animal and human data evaluating preclinical pharmacology, human studies on pharmacokinetics, and clinical trials were evaluated. Relevant data were extracted from identified articles.

DATA SYNTHESIS:

Atovaquone–proguanil has been evaluated for treatment of acute, uncomplicated malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum in 8 clinical trials. In these studies, treatment with atovaquone–proguanil led to a higher (87–100% vs. 72–88%) or equally effective (94–100% vs. 90–100%) cure rate than the comparator antimalarial agents. Atovaquone–proguanil has been evaluated for prophylaxis of malaria in 6 clinical trials. In the 4 placebo-controlled trials for semi-immune residents or nonimmune migrants, the prophylaxis success rates in the atovaquone–proguanil and placebo arms ranged from 98% to 100% and 48% to 82%, respectively. The prophylaxis with success rates were similar among the 2 arms when atovaquone–proguanil was compared with other antimalarial regimens in nonimmune travelers. Atovaquone–proguanil was well tolerated in these clinical trials.

CONCLUSIONS:

Atovaquone–proguanil is a safe and effective alternative to current recommended regimens for prophylaxis and treatment of malaria.
Olanzapine for Psychotic and Behavioral Disturbances in Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Schatz Robin A
Published: June 2003

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of olanzapine for the treatment of psychotic and behavioral disturbances in Alzheimer disease.

DATA SOURCES:

MEDLINE (1966–January 2003) and Science Citation Index searches were performed. Key search terms included olanzapine, Alzheimer(s), and dementia.

DATA SYNTHESIS:

Four trials of olanzapine and subsequent post hoc analyses were reviewed. Three trials found a benefit associated with olanzapine use, but a fourth trial did not.

CONCLUSIONS:

Olanzapine appears to be effective in treating psychotic and behavioral disturbances associated with Alzheimer disease. However, the most appropriate dose remains to be determined. The benefit of olanzapine therapy must be weighed against the adverse effect profiles of olanzapine and alternative treatment options.
Severe Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Associated with Anagrelide
Authors: Raghavan Murugan , Mazer Mark A , Brink David J
Published: June 2003

OBJECTIVE:

To report a case of severe life-threatening hypersensitivity pneumonitis temporally associated with the use of anagrelide in a patient with myeloproliferative disorder.

CASE SUMMARY:

A 60-year-old white woman with chronic myeloid leukemia who had been treated with hydroxyurea for 7 years was offered anagrelide to control thrombocytosis. She developed severe hypersensitivity pneumonitis soon after the drug was initiated and required intubation and mechanical ventilation. A high-resolution computed tomography scan of the chest demonstrated extensive multifocal ground glass attenuation and patchy alveolar consolidation involving both lungs. Bronchoalveolar lavage revealed a preponderance of lymphocytes, suggesting hypersensitivity phenomenon, but was otherwise negative for malignancy and other causes of interstitial pneumonitis. An objective causality assessment revealed that an adverse drug event was probable. Discontinuation of anagrelide and hydroxyurea, and institution of corticosteroid therapy resulted in dramatic improvement.

DISCUSSION:

To our knowledge, this is the first case report of severe hypersensitivity pneumonitis closely related to anagrelide therapy. Pulmonary infiltrates have rarely been noted in patients treated with anagrelide. Anagrelide does not depress white blood cell production, causes mild anemia, and is devoid of the leukemogenic potential characteristic of radioactive phosphorus and other alkylating agents. Common adverse effects to anagrelide include headache, nausea, diarrhea, peripheral edema, and palpitations. Frank congestive heart failure and cardiomyopathy have occurred in a small number of patients, but severe pulmonary adverse effects have not emerged as a frequent problem.

CONCLUSIONS:

Vigilance is advised in patients who develop dyspnea while taking anagrelide and hydroxyurea. Healthcare providers need to be aware of the possibility of the development of serious life-threatening hypersensitivity pneumonitis. These patients may benefit from serial chest X-rays, pulmonary function testing, and echocardiography.
Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head of Laboratory Animals: The Lessons Learned from a Comparative Study of Osteonecrosis in Man and Experimental Animals
Authors: Boss J. H. , Misselevich I.
Published: June 2003

Animal models of osteonecrosis of the femoral head are indispensable to the understanding of successful treatment modalities for avascular necrosis of the femoral head in adults and in children with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Many of these models adequately reflect the current “vascular deprivation” theory regarding the etiology of the disease. In addition to spontaneous occurrence, surgical- and corticosteroid-induced models are suitable, common experimental ones. Osteonecrosis of spontaneously hypertensive rats appears to be due to defective bone formation and compression of the arteries entering the femoral head at its lateral facets by daily weight-bearing loads. Successful modeling of surgical-induced femoral capital necrosis can be a challenge in animals with a dual epiphyseal blood supply. High doses of corticosteroids are a pivotal risk factor in the development of osteonecrosis. The pathogenesis of corticosteroid-induced osteonecrosis likely resides in reduced blood flow. Steroids may reduce blood flow by numerous mechanisms, including marrow adipocytic hypertrophy leading to sinusoidal compression, venous stasis and, eventually, obstruction of the arteries, and arterial occlusion by fat emboli and lipid-loaded fibrin-platelet thrombi. Other, less common varieties of osteonecrosis include those secondary to endotoxin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation, immune reactions, immoderately low or high temperatures, and high-impact-related injuries. Common to these diverse forms of osteonecrosis are fibrin thrombi clogging arterioles and small arteries.
Feline Intraocular Tumors May Arise from Transformation of Lens Epithelium
Authors: Zeiss C. J. , Johnson E. M. , Dubielzig R. R.
Published: June 2003

Feline ocular sarcomas are malignant intraocular neoplasms that are frequently associated with a history of ocular trauma. They usually present as fibrosarcomas, but some have both epithelial and mesenchymal features. The purpose of this study was to determine the cell of origin of a subset of feline intraocular sarcomas that display a mixed epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype, with elaboration of basement membrane—type matrix. We examined the morphology and histochemical and immunohistochemical phenotypes of nine feline intraocular sarcomas. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were performed to detect expression of crystallin alpha A. In addition, tumors were examined for expression of vimentin, cytokeratin, smooth muscle actin, desmin, melan A, neural cell adhesion molecule, S-100, glial fibrillary acidic protein, nerve growth factor receptor, and collagen type IV. Animals ranged from 7 to 17 years of age—no breed or sex predilection for tumor occurrence was present. Tumors were characterized by mixed epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes, both of which elaborated basement membrane-type material and expressed vimentin highly. On the basis of collagen type IV and crystallin alpha A immunopositivity, we established that three of nine tumors were of lens epithelial origin. Expression of desmin and smooth muscle actin identified one tumor as a leiomyosarcoma. The remainder were undifferentiated sarcomas of myofibroblastic origin. This is the first report of lens epithelial neoplasia in clinical material from any species. The history and morphologic features of feline ocular sarcomas are reminiscent of feline vaccine-induced sarcomas. These tumors may share pathophysiologic similarities unique to this species.
3-Methylindole Induces Transient Olfactory Mucosal Injury in Ponies
Authors: Miller M. A. , Kottler S. J. , Ramos-Vara J. A. , Johnson P. J. , Ganjam V. K. , Evans T. J.
Published: June 2003

Response to 3-methylindole (3MI) varies among species. Mice recover from 3MI-induced bronchiolar epithelial injury but sustain persistent olfactory mucosal injury with scarring and epithelial metaplasia. In contrast, 3MI induces obliterative bronchiolitis in horses and ponies, but olfactory mucosal injury has not been reported. To evaluate the effect of 3MI on equine olfactory mucosa, ponies were dosed orally with 100 mg 3MI/kg ( n = 9) or corn oil vehicle ( n = 6). All ponies treated with 3MI developed obliterative bronchiolitis with mild olfactory injury. By 3 days after 3MI dosing, olfactory epithelium appeared disorganized with decreased and uneven surface height and scalloping of the basement membrane zone. Epithelial cells of Bowman's glands were hypertrophic. Proliferation of olfactory epithelium and Bowman's glands was supported by an increased mitotic index and positive immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen as compared with controls. The activity of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, an olfactory mucosal cytosolic enzyme localized to sustentacular and Bowman's glandular epithelial cells, was concurrently decreased. By 9 days postdosing, olfactory mucosal lesions had lessened. Results indicate that 3MI transiently injures equine olfactory mucosa without the extensive necrosis, scarring, or metaplasia seen in murine olfactory mucosa or in equine bronchiolar epithelium.