bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Augustinianism 2 of the Rule of St Benedict
Authors: Teubner Jonathan D.
Published: December 2017

Chapter 8 examines the Benedictine conversatio as a life of prayer that arises out of a constellation of Augustinian themes. Despite its many literary borrowings from monastic traditions of the East, Benedict’s use of regula and conversatio is situated within an Augustinian understanding of Christian existence that is constellated around a life of prayer grounded in hopeful patience. In Benedict’s Rule, one can detect an expansion of the form Augustine imagined redemption to take in this life. For monks, as for lay and clerical Christians, redemption is eschatologically achieved but held in hope until the age to come. Through a reading of four key chapters of the Rule (3, 7, 71–2), Benedict’s Augustinianism 2 comes into view as a theory of individual growth.
Summary
Authors: Parfit Derek
Published: December 2017

When we claim that some things matter, we might mean only that these things matter to people. Suffering matters, for example, in the sense that people care about suffering. No one doubts that some things matter in this psychological sense. Some things also matter, I believe, in the different, normative sense that we have reasons to care about these things....
How Things Might Matter
Authors: Parfit Derek
Published: December 2017

This chapter contends with two arguments about how things matter. It first takes up an expressivist sense of how things matter, using suffering as a starting point for conceptions of caring. Here, the expressivist argument is a claim that, when we say that suffering matters, then we are telling people to care about suffering. The chapter then turns to a refutation of the nihilistic view that nothing matters, despite the fact that nihilists mean that nothing matters in any significant normative sense. From here, the chapter grapples with philosophical disagreements regarding how things matter, and discusses the resolutions to meta-ethical disagreements brought up in a previous publication by the author.
Non-Realist Cognitivism
Authors: Parfit Derek
Published: December 2017

This chapter looks at how we can roughly distinguish several views that are meta-ethical in the sense that they are about the meaning and truth of moral claims, and of other normative claims. It looks at how non-naturalist views can differ ontologically by making different claims about what exists and what is real. Going further, the metaphysical non-naturalists believe that, when we make irreducibly normative claims, these claims imply that there exist some ontologically weighty non-natural entities or properties. non-metaphysical non-naturalists make no such claims, since they deny that irreducibly normative truths have any such ontologically weighty implications. One such view in this light is non-realist cognitivism, in which there are some true claims which are not made to be true by the way in which they correctly describe, or correspond to, how things are in some part of reality.
Gibbard’s Offer to Non-Naturalists
Authors: Parfit Derek
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses the claim that, if it were true that we ought to do something just when this act would maximize net pleasure, the concepts ought and would maximize net pleasure would refer to the same property. If these properties were one and the same, that would both tell us what we ought to do and explain why we ought to do these things. The chapter shows how this claim is not a defence of normative naturalism. On the contrary, such a claim helps non-naturalists by suggesting how these people could explain and defend their view. Hence, even if normative concepts referred in the co-extensional sense to natural properties, these concepts can be used to think irreducibly normative thoughts, which might be about irreducibly normative truths.
Schroeder’s Conservative Reductive Thesis
Authors: Parfit Derek
Published: December 2017

This chapter establishes criticisms of the triviality objection. It clears up some misinterpretations regarding the objection and considers how this argument might apply to a reductive thesis about normative reasons. These arguments do not imply that we cannot have true irreducibly normative beliefs. The chapter also offers a defence of the view that some things matter, in the sense that we have reasons to care about some things. This view, however, would be hard to defend if, as is sometimes claimed, all of our reasons were given by facts that are in part about our present desires. The fact that we have certain desires could not give us reasons to have them. Finally, this chapter clarifies another misconception regarding the triviality of conceptual truths.
Quasi-Realist Expressivism
Authors: Parfit Derek
Published: December 2017

This chapter explains how, for quasi-realism to be a distinctive meta-ethical view, quasi-realists must use the word ‘true’ in some stronger, more-than-minimal sense. It demonstrates this sense through an assumption that, when we make some claims which seem to be meta-ethical, we are really making first-order, normative claims. In addition, the chapter argues that, when we believe that some act is wrong, most of us assume that our belief is, or at least might be, true. If expressivists deny that such beliefs might be true, they should become error theorists. Quasi-realist expressivists could instead claim that, when we say that some act is wrong, we both express an attitude of being against such acts, and claim that, in having this attitude, we are getting things right. If we are getting things right, such claims would be true. This wider version of quasi-realism would be one form of cognitivism.
Expressivist Reasons
Authors: Parfit Derek
Published: December 2017

This chapter considers what it means when we say that someone has a reason to act in some way. It first introduces the internal sense of the phrase, ‘a reason’. This sense roughly means that an act might fulfil one of a person's present desires, or that after informed deliberation this person would be motivated to act in this way. There is also the external, purely normative sense. Though we are free to claim that other people have decisive reasons to act in certain ways, even when these acts will not fulfil any of these people's present desires, such claims will not help us to achieve our aim of getting these people to act in these ways.
Street’s Meta-Ethical Constructivism
Authors: Parfit Derek
Published: December 2017

This chapter considers an evolutionary debunking argument, which states that, because our normative beliefs were greatly influenced by natural selection, these beliefs were caused in ways that were unrelated to their truth. When we know that our beliefs were caused in such ways, these beliefs cannot be justified. The chapter rejects that argument. Though our normative beliefs were influenced by natural selection, this influence was not great enough to give strong support to the evolutionary debunking argument. Furthermore, the chapter questions the suggestions that the causal origins of our normative beliefs could not epistemically undermine these beliefs, and that, in responding to the skeptic's argument from disagreement, we can deny that it makes a difference whether, in ideal conditions, we would in fact have similar normative beliefs.
Deontological Principles
Authors: Parfit Derek
Published: December 2017

This chapter considers the harm principle. According to this principle, our negative duties not to harm people are much stronger than our positive duties to make things go better by saving people from being harmed. One of two duties would be stronger in the cost-requiring sense if we would be morally required to bear greater burdens, if that were necessary, to fulfil this duty. One of two duties would be stronger in the conflict-of-duty sense if this duty would be stronger than the other when these duties conflict. Our negative duties not to harm people may be much stronger in the cost-requiring sense than our positive duties to save people from being harmed. But these negative duties are not, this chapter argues, much stronger in the conflict-of-duty sense.
Act Consequentialism and Common Sense Morality
Authors: Parfit Derek
Published: December 2017

This chapter reveals some insights into act consequentialism. It begins with the claim that it would often be wrong to treat people in certain ways, such as deceiving or coercing them, or breaking our promises to them, even when such acts would make things go better. The chapter then turns to deontic and non-deontic badness. These are different kinds of badness, as is shown by cases in which such acts are not wrong, because their non-deontic badness is outweighed by the goodness of their effects. Since these acts would have this intrinsic badness, though they would not be wrong, it could not be their wrongness that made them intrinsically bad.
Towards a Unified Theory
Authors: Parfit Derek
Published: December 2017

This chapter builds towards a wider theory combining a version of common sense morality with a particular rule consequentialist justification. It asks whether the most plausible principles of common sense morality can all be given some further justification, which may appeal to some feature that these principles have in common. On one plausible hypothesis, the best principles of common sense morality are also the principles whose acceptance would on the whole make things go best. We might justifiably accept this hypothesis. The two parts of this theory, furthermore, would achieve more by being combined. Rule consequentialism would be strengthened if this theory supports that seems to be the best version of common sense morality. This version of Common Sense Morality would be similarly strengthened if it can be plausibly supported in this rule consequentialist way.
Food procurement and processing
Authors: Burton Derek , Burton Margaret
Published: December 2017

Fish display a wide range of adaptations of the mouth and pharynx for specific feeding patterns including planktivory, fin-biting, picking and scraping. Appetite control is complex, involving stimulatory and inhibitory hormones. The gut has a linear plan similar to other vertebrates but with considerable variation between taxa, and a stomach may be absent. Many bony fish possess pyloric caeca, containing digestive enzymes, and may increase surface area for digestion. In chondrichthyes (sharks, etc.), a ‘spiral valve’ increases surface area of the intestine. Smooth muscle contractions in the gut wall pass food along the tract under control of food pressure, the autonomic nervous system and specific peptides. Digestion by hydrolytic enzymes, and absorption occur in the intestine, monomers produced being absorbed mainly through transcellular routes, involving enterocytes, into the blood of the hepatic portal vein to the liver. Dietary requirements and nutrition are discussed.
Integration and control: hormones
Authors: Burton Derek , Burton Margaret
Published: December 2017

Fish, and other vertebrates, possess both a neural control system and a hormonal one dependent on the circulation. Fish hormones may be secreted by well-defined endocrine glands or by diffuse tissue and can have profound effects on the function of target tissues or organs which possess receptor molecules recognized by specific hormones. Some endocrine activities in fish are not relevant to mammals, and vice versa. Thus fish can have chromatophores controlled hormonally to change skin colour, the same hormones having different roles in mammals. Likewise, ‘prolactin’ in fish cannot regulate lactation. Individual endocrine glands, tissues and cells of fish are described in detail and the possible roles of their hormones are discussed. Fish endocrinology is becoming increasingly important with the realization of its potential applications in aquaculture and with the recognition of the consequences of pollutant endocrine disruption.
Special adaptations
Authors: Burton Derek , Burton Margaret
Published: December 2017

Within the considerable diversity of fish there are less-usual attributes of some species which facilitate survival in particular habitats or in response to selective pressures. The intense competition in warm, shallow water results in polymorphism in colour and size and complex social structure in some reef-fish and in different dentitions in cichlids with trophic specializations. Fish in the light-less deep sea are typically dark with large eyes and mouth; often they possess light-emitting photophores. In contrast, dark-dwelling cavefish lack melanin pigmentation, are usually pink, lack photophores and generally have poor eyesight. Adaptations to other limited habitats such as desert springs or temporary pools and water margins favour small fast-growing fish and air-breathing fish adapted to terrestrial habitats. The range of special adaptations is considerable, including burrowing fish, sound-producing fish, electric fish and even ‘flying’ fish. While parasitic fish are rare, special symbiotic relationships occur, as does hermaphroditism.
Aspects of Spinoza’s Theory of Essence
Authors: Lærke Mogens
Published: December 2017

In this article, I develop an ‘aspectual’ reading of Spinoza’s doctrine of formal essence, objective being, existence and non-existence, and actuality of things that conforms to his monism understood as a one-level ontology. By an aspectual reading, I understand a reading that takes all these different qualifications to always refer to different aspects of one and the same thing rather than different entities. My aim is to refute and provide an alternative to a currently prominent Platonizing approach to Spinoza’s theory of essences basing itself on a dichotomy of formal and actual essences that I take to be a false dichotomy. I argue in particular that any notion of unactualized formal essences is inconsistent with Spinoza’s commitments on the level of both ontology and modal philosophy.
Modal Adventures between Leibniz and Kant
Authors: Nachtomy Ohad
Published: December 2017

This paper explores the philosophical transitions in the relations between existence and possibility in Leibniz and Kant. It begins with Leibniz’s formulation of a strictly logical notion of possibility; proceeds with Kant’s pre-critical statement in 1763 that existence is not a predicate; and ends with the Critique of Pure Reason in which the theory of possibility is constrained by the subjective conditions of experience (to supply the material for thinking possibilities) and is thus relativized to the human mind. I present Leibniz’s view of possibility against the traditional view of temporal modalities; and, in this light, his dual notion of existence. I then argue that, in Kant’s pre-critical essay of 1763, the view that existence is not a predicate is strongly related to the logical view of possibility advanced by Leibniz. I conclude with Kant’s transition to the critical period and its implications on the analysis of modality.
Hegel’s Expressivist Modal Realism
Authors: Yeomans Christopher
Published: December 2017

In attempting to understand Hegel’s basic position on the modalities, the central thing to grasp is the precise nature of his modal realism. Hegel is adamant that possibility be understood as an actuality in its own right, and furthermore endorses a convergence of the modalities in which what is actual is equally possible and necessary. But Hegel gives an interpretation to these apparently realist claims that invokes neither possible worlds nor cognitive faculties, nor the fullness of time in which what is merely possible now is necessarily actual at some other time. His realism is rather an expressivist realism, or a realism of manifestation. The actuality of the world is understood as the process through which the nature of the world is constantly expressing or manifesting itself, and so the modalities are taken to describe aspects of that process.
Spinmotive force
Authors: Ieda J. , Maekawa S.
Published: December 2017

This chapter begins with Faraday’s law, which states that electromotive forces power everything by virtue of the charge e of an electron, and introduces spinmotive forces which reflect the magnetic moment of an electron. This motive force reflects the energy conservation requirements of the spin-torque transfer process that is at the heart of spintronics. The Stern-Gerlach experiment that used spin-dependent forces established the existence of spin. It is shown here that conservative forces would exist even if an electron was not charged, and do exist for uncharged excitations, such as magnons or phonons. Such forces are especially important in ferromagnetic materials where the spinmotive force commonly drives an electronic charge current due to the higher mobility of the majority electrons.
Spin pumping and spin transfer
Authors: Brataas A. , Tserkovnyak Y. , Bauer G. E. W. , Kelly P. J.
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses the interaction between currents and magnetization, which can cause undesirable effects such as enhanced magnetic noise in read heads made from magnetic multilayers. While most research has been carried out on metallic structures, current-induced magnetization dynamics in semiconductors or even insulators has been pursued as well. These issues have attracted many physicists because, on top of the practical aspects, the underlying phenomena are fascinating. Berger and Slonczewski are acknowledged to have started the field in general through their introduction of the concept of current-induced magnetization dynamics by the transfer of spin. The reciprocal effect, i.e., spin pumping, was expected long ago, but it took some time before Tserkovnyak et al. developed a rigorous theory of spin pumping for magnetic multilayers, including the associated increased magnetization damping.
Spin Hall Effect
Authors: Takahashi S. , Maekawa S.
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses the spin Hall effect that occurs during spin injection from a ferromagnet to a nonmagnetic conductor in nanostructured devices. This provides a new opportunity for investigating AHE in nonmagnetic conductors. In ferromagnetic materials, the electrical current is carried by up-spin and downspin electrons, with the flow of up-spin electrons being slightly deflected in a transverse direction while that of down-spin electrons being deflected in the opposite direction; this results in an electron flow in the direction perpendicular to both the applied electric field and the magnetization directions. Since up-spin and downspin electrons are strongly imbalanced in ferromagnets, both spin and charge currents are generated in the transverse direction by AHE, the latter of which are observed as the electrical Hall voltage.
Spin generation and manipulation based on spin-orbit interaction in semiconductors
Authors: Nitta J.
Published: December 2017

This chapter focuses on the electron spin degree of freedom in semiconductor spintronics. In particular, the electrostatic control of the spin degree of freedom is an advantageous technology over metal-based spintronics. Spin–orbit interaction (SOI), which gives rise to an effective magnetic field. The essence of SOI is that the moving electrons in an electric field feel an effective magnetic field even without any external magnetic field. Rashba spin–orbit interaction is important since the strength is controlled by the gate voltage on top of the semiconductor’s two-dimensional electron gas. By utilizing the effective magnetic field induced by the SOI, spin generation and manipulation are possible by electrostatic ways. The origin of spin-orbit interactions in semiconductors and the electrical generation and manipulation of spins by electrical means are discussed. Long spin coherence is achieved by special spin helix state where both strengths of Rashba and Dresselhaus SOI are equal.
Quantum spin Hall effect and topological insulators
Authors: Murakami S. , Yokoyama T.
Published: December 2017

This chapter begins with a description of quantum spin Hall systems, or topological insulators, which embody a new quantum state of matter theoretically proposed in 2005 and experimentally observed later on using various methods. Topological insulators can be realized in both two dimensions (2D) and in three dimensions (3D), and are nonmagnetic insulators in the bulk that possess gapless edge states (2D) or surface states (3D). These edge/surface states carry pure spin current and are sometimes called helical. The novel property for these edge/surface states is that they originate from bulk topological order, and are robust against nonmagnetic disorder. The following sections then explain how topological insulators are related to other spin-transport phenomena.
Spin torque in uniform magnetization
Authors: Suzuki Y.
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses the effects of a spin current injected into a uniformly magnetized ferromagnetic cell. The junction consists of two ferromagnetic layers separated by a nonmagnetic metal interlayer or insulating barrier layer. With a nonmagnetic metal interlayer, the junction is called a giant magnetoresistive nanopillar, and with an insulating barrier layer a magnetic-tunnel junction. When charge current is passed through this device, the electrons are first spin polarized by the fixed layer and spin-polarized current is then injected into the free layer through the nonmagnetic interlayer. This spin current interacts with the spins in the host material by an exchange interaction and exerts a torque. If the exerted torque is large enough, magnetization in the free layer is reversed or continuous precession is excited.
Spin-transfer torque in nonuniform magnetic structures
Authors: Ono T.
Published: December 2017

This chapter defines a magnetic domain wall (DW) as the transition region where the direction of magnetic moments gradually change between two neighbouring domains. It has been pointed out that ferromagnetic materials are not necessarily magnetized to saturation in the absence of an external magnetic field. Instead, they have magnetic domains, within each of which magnetic moments align. The formation of the magnetic domains is energetically favourable because this structure can lower the magnetostatic energy originating from the dipole–dipole interaction. A magnetic vortex realized in a ferromagnetic disk is a typical example of nonuniform magnetic structure. In very small ferromagnetic systems, where a curling spin configuration has been proposed to occur in place of domains, the formation of DWs is not energetically favored.
The National System and Local Delivery of Youth Justice
Authors: Godfrey Barry , Cox Pam , Shore Heather , Alker Zoe
Published: December 2017

Chapter 2 outlines the emergence of new national and local strategies designed to try to reduce or at least contain child poverty and crime. It offers an overview of key moments in the emergence of the Victorian and Edwardian youth justice and care systems, and locates these within wider ‘child saving’ initiatives of the period. Industrial schools admitted those under the age of 12 found guilty of committing an offence, and those aged under 14 judged to be in need of protection. Reformatories admitted offenders up to the age of 16. Although certified by the state, almost all of these institutions were run by charities. They offered basic education and training in a trade and most offered post-custodial supervised employment on release.
Our Sample and Our Sources
Authors: Godfrey Barry , Cox Pam , Shore Heather , Alker Zoe
Published: December 2017

Chapter 3 sets out the methods we used to trace 400 children who passed through the four institutions covered in the study, as well as a smaller group of their siblings (50) and others who received alternative court disposals (50). Using some of the most comprehensive sets of official and personal data ever assembled for a historical study of this kind, we have constructed 500 personal life grids. While some of our life grids are skeletal, most are full of rich personal data. In this chapter, we outline the key primary sources used, the rationale for selecting our core sample and ‘control group’, the challenges of combining historical life course and digital research methods, notably the challenges of tracing women’s lives in this context, and a final discussion around the ethics of historical life course research.
In the System
Authors: Godfrey Barry , Cox Pam , Shore Heather , Alker Zoe
Published: December 2017

Chapter 5 follows a sample of children into institutional care and outlines their experiences there. It is necessarily reliant on official sources but supplements these where possible with more personal accounts. It draws upon evidence from the young people in the sample, documentation from the selected institutions, and government reports and commissions, to describe the different regimes in place—educational, pastoral, and disciplinary—and the systems that were developed in order to resettle children on their discharge. Crucially, the chapter then analyses the regular scandals and external investigations triggered by child deaths, mutinies, and accusations of ill-treatment within reformatory and industrial schools. Child removal may have offered protective effects in later life but it had a dark side that must colour any assessment of those effects.
After Care
Authors: Godfrey Barry , Cox Pam , Shore Heather , Alker Zoe
Published: December 2017

Chapters 6 follows the children out of the institutional gate and into adulthood. It draws on rich personal evidence created through the ‘licence’ (or early release) system as well as census, military, employment, criminal justice, and local press records to track their subsequent journeys through life. The chapter focuses on the experiences of the majority who—to our knowledge—desisted from further offending. This group might be described as adolescent-limited offenders. The factors that seem likely to have contributed to their ‘successful’ reintegration are examined, and there is consideration of what that ‘success’ may have meant in terms of wider life chances and social mobility.
What Worked? Who Cared?
Authors: Godfrey Barry , Cox Pam , Shore Heather , Alker Zoe
Published: December 2017

Chapter 8 is concerned with interdisciplinary debates across contemporary youth justice, life course criminology, and socio-economic history. It deals with the challenge of bringing historical insight to bear within contemporary criminal justice thinking. The ‘impacts’ of the system at the personal level, from the perspective of some of those who experienced child removal at first hand, are discussed. The chapter considers how those responsible for the day-to-day governance of the early youth justice system judged its successes and failures. It then discusses life chances and life courses, and the effects that child removal and long institutional sentences could have on these, and the way in which the youth labour market in Victorian and Edwardian times also affected opportunity and potential social advancement. Finally, some of the ills of institutional life, and also the potentially beneficial relationships formed both in institutions, and after leaving them, are considered.
A straight dive into the past
Authors: Boyd Maunsell Jerome
Published: December 2017

This chapter begins with an account of James sitting for an oil portrait by John Singer Sargent in Chelsea in 1913, and then discusses the composition of James’s three volumes of autobiography: A Small Boy and Others (1913), Notes of a Son and Brother (1914), and The Middle Years (1917). The role of dictation and collaboration is highlighted, as James dictated these books to his typist Theodora Bosanquet. The chapter traces the genesis of the first two volumes, illuminating the role of depression and illness in James’s undertaking to write the memoirs. It shows how the writing of autobiography was initially therapeutic for James, and analyzes James’s impressionistic approach to fact, his autobiographical discretion, and his relations with Conrad, Ford, Wells, and Wharton. It also discusses James’s views on biography, and how the autobiographies were conceived as family biography rather than autobiography.
The life apart
Authors: Boyd Maunsell Jerome
Published: December 2017

Wharton’s early autobiographical text “Life & I” is analyzed near the outset of this chapter, which describes how it became a first draft for her autobiography A Backward Glance (1934). The chapter traces the retreating movement from disclosure to careful discretion that typified Wharton as an autobiographer, and identifies the neatness with which she compartmentalized the different areas of her experience in her fiction and in her life-writing. Wharton’s relationship with Henry James, and her portrait of him in her autobiography, are studied in detail, as is the impact of her marriage and later affair with Morton Fullerton recorded in her “love diary” “The Life Apart.” Wharton’s accounts of James during the period when he was writing his own autobiographies are also examined.
Exports and Imports in Mauretania Tingitana
Authors: Papi Emanuele
Published: December 2017

This chapter re-examines the model of the ‘Circle of the Straits’ developed by M. Tarradell in the 1960s and recently reasserted by Brent Shaw, which sees the province of Mauretania Tingitana as relatively isolated from the Mediterranean economy, and having close links only to Baetica, across the Straits of Gibraltar. Using evidence from excavations at Thamusida, and other recent work in Morocco on the production and export of olive oil and of marine resources (salted fish and fish-sauce products), it is argued that although most of the province lay outside the Straits of Gibraltar, it was nevertheless fully linked into to a Mediterranean economy. We glimpse a certain amount of Roman dirigisme, and apparently participation of the army in this exploitation of the Gharb for the good of Rome; but also intensive production of olive oil and fish sauce as a market-based way of making money for the local elites.
Egypt and Eastern Commerce during the Second Century AD and Later
Authors: Tomber Roberta
Published: December 2017

This chapter looks at the archaeological evidence from several regions for the continuation of Indo-Roman trade during the second century ad. The emphasis here is on the Egyptian evidence, but this chapter also looks briefly at India and Parthia/Palmyra. From India, second-century Roman finds—particularly coins—are outlined, as is the role of Palmyra as middleman to Rome. Although numbers of Roman finds in India are reduced during the second century, two diverse categories of evidence point to the continued importance of this trade: the large value attached to the shipment discussed in the Muziris papyrus, and the continued importance of the Red Sea ports, especially Myos Hormos. The large second-century ceramic assemblages from Myos Hormos suggest that throughout the second century it was more active than Berenike. By the end of the second century trade became more complex with the involvement of the Palmyrenes.
The Port of Qanaʾ, a Junction between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Davidde Barbara
Published: December 2017

South Arabian kingdoms based their wealth and power on agriculture and the export of incense and other aromatics so much appreciated in the ancient world. After Aelius Gallus’ campaign against Arabia Felix in 25–24 BC, Roman trade by sea with the region greatly increased compared to the overland caravan routes. This chapter summarizes the political situation in Arabia Felix in those times through the analysis of archaeological, historical, and numismatic evidence and focuses on the harbours and mooring places along the Yemenite and Omani coasts. Italian underwater research at Qanaʾ discovered the ancient anchorage, with ceramics dating between the first and the end of the sixth century AD, with a higher percentage before the fourth century AD. Typological and petrological study suggests the close involvement of the Arabian Peninsula in the web of trade routes that connected the Roman world via the Red Sea with India, and the Persian Gulf.
Enablers and Inhibitors of Business Model Innovation
Authors: Volberda Henk , van den Bosch Frans , Heij Kevin
Published: December 2017

Chapter 5 discusses the different catalysts and inhibitors which firms encounter when they innovate their business model, including the various factors that prevented the Dutch telecoms company KPN from renewing its business model. There follows an analysis of how factors such as the organizational culture and style of leadership, the characteristics of the CEO, the degree of external orientation, organizational characteristics, and institutional stakeholders can delay or speed up business model innovation. The roles played, for example, by transformational leadership, the length of the tenure of the CEO, the corporate governance regime, absorptive capacity, and innovative culture are then considered. Case evidence from DSM, Randstad, Roche Diagnostics, and Shell supports the findings. Finally, the chapter considers various journeys that firms may undertake in the transformation of their business model.
Coda
Authors: Drury Joseph
Published: December 2017

By the early nineteenth century, criticism of the modern novel was being linked to broader critiques of ‘the machine’, a new abstraction that denoted the entire sociotechnical complex rather than any specific device or class of devices. This Romantic concept would go on to shape modern critiques of modern technology by Horkheimer and Adorno and Foucault, as well as New Historicist approaches to the machinery of the novel. But just as Carlyle’s attack on the ‘Age of Machinery’ overlooked the complexity of Britain’s Industrial Enlightenment, so Coleridge’s critique of the technology of the modern novel ignored its formal sophistication and its diverse modes of mediation. Anticipating Herbert Marcuse’s more optimistic approach to technology as the necessary foundation of any project of political liberation, however, William Godwin kept the Enlightenment’s constructivist approach to the novel’s technologies alive by trying to activate what he saw as their latent potential as instruments of radical reform.
Introduction
Authors: Chappell Michael , MacIntosh Bradley , Okell Thomas
Published: December 2017

This chapter details the widely accepted standard approach to arterial spin labeling (ASL) acquisition and the associated analysis needed to extract an image of perfusion in the brain, also known as the cerebral blood flow (CBF). Starting with pairs of images with and without labeling, a perfusion-weighted image can be generated. With the addition of a calibration image, this can be converted to an absolute measure of perfusion. Following the recommendations of the community for ASL acquisition, this chapter outlines the main steps of subtraction, kinetic model inversion, and calibration required for analysis of ASL data.
Preprocessing
Authors: Chappell Michael , MacIntosh Bradley , Okell Thomas
Published: December 2017

In neuroimaging studies, a number of preprocessing steps are often applied to MRI data to correct for artifacts that arise during acquisition. This chapter discusses the main options for arterial spin labeling (ASL) data, along with some of the specific ways in which these can improve the data, but can also interact with subsequent analysis steps. The chapter focuses on motion correction, distortion correction, registration, and spatial filtering as the main preprocessing options commonly applied to perfusion images.
Using ASL to Measure Perfusion Changes in an Individual: Task-Based ASL and Beyond
Authors: Chappell Michael , MacIntosh Bradley , Okell Thomas
Published: December 2017

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI measurements of perfusion provide a flexible and unique way to study the brain’s physiology and function. They enable experimental designs in neuroimaging that can complement widely used blood oxygen level dependent functional MRI (BOLD fMRI) experiments, or even enable experiments not possible with BOLD fMRI. This chapter explores ways in which ASL can be used to detect changes in perfusion in an individual, including those that involve stimulation of neuronal activity or pharmacological intervention.
Baudelaire’s Musical Contexts
Authors: Abbott Helen
Published: December 2017

This chapter interrogates the ‘musical’ aspects of Baudelaire’s poetry, including the music that inspired Baudelaire, the technical properties of his poetic texts which might be considered music-like, and the different music genres within which his poems have been set. It sets out a typology of song, examining how categorizations shift, particularly around the perceived boundaries between popular and classical music (such as chanson or mélodie). It addresses how the language we use to describe poetry’s relationship with music relies on extensive interart analogies, and explores whether recent developments in cognitive neuroscience can enhance our understanding of the connections between words and music through the model of shared resources. The chapter closes by proposing that scrutinizing the role of listeners’ imaginative capabilities in response to musical settings of poetry affords us a fresh way to understand how and why we use shared language to talk about both poetry and music.
Maurice Rollinat
Authors: Abbott Helen
Published: December 2017

Poet, musician, and Chat noir cabaret artist Maurice Rollinat set Baudelaire to music a number of times during the 1880s. This chapter analyses two key sets of songs published in 1892: Six Poésies de Baudelaire and Six Nouvelles Poésies de Baudelaire. The analysis covers: (a) the context of composition; (b) the connections established between selected poems; (c) the statistical data generated from the adhesion strength tests; and (d) how the data shapes an evaluation of Rollinat’s settings of Baudelaire. The chapter concludes by suggesting that the settings are neither particularly disruptive nor especially cohesive (adhesion strength: loosely intermingled). A relatively high proportion of unexpected accentual stresses in the poetic line is mitigated by regular phrase lengths and breathing spaces. Rollinat’s settings demand a free approach to interpreting the printed score to achieve an accretive song; if the score is followed to the letter, it may create a dilutive song.
Alexander Gretchaninov
Authors: Abbott Helen
Published: December 2017

After training at the Moscow Conservatory, Alexander Gretchaninov studied composition under Rimsky-Korsakov in St Petersburg, where he developed his vocal writing technique. In 1911, he published a set of five Baudelaire songs entitled Les Fleurs du mal. They are printed in parallel text, with the French alongside a Russian translation, and include a motif recurring across the set. The analysis covers: (a) the context of composition; (b) the connections established between selected poems; (c) the statistical data generated from the adhesion strength tests; and (d) how the data shape an evaluation of Gretchaninov’s settings of Baudelaire. Analysis reveals that the songs are highly entangled through the way Gretchaninov deforms the fabric of Baudelaire’s verse. Yet the songs are also accretive, because the flexible approach to text-setting enables Gretchaninov to respond to emotive aspects of the poem. These are songs whose complexity suggests that they were designed for highly trained musicians.
Alban Berg
Authors: Abbott Helen
Published: December 2017

When Austrian composer Alban Berg was working on his opera Lulu, he wrote three Baudelaire songs as a Konzertaria entitled Der Wein. Premiered in 1930, Der Wein is a large-scale work for voice and orchestra. Berg uses a German translation by Stefan George, but the published score is in parallel texts, accommodating the French verse line. The chapter also considers a ‘hidden’ Baudelaire setting from Berg’s 1926 Lyric Suite for string quartet. The analysis covers: (a) the context of composition; (b) the connections established between selected poems; (c) the statistical data generated from the adhesion strength tests; and (d) how the data shape an evaluation of Berg’s settings of Baudelaire. Evidence suggests that Berg’s settings of Baudelaire are loosely entangled; the highly prescriptive score affects syntax, semantics, and prosody. Yet, because Der Wein has stood the test of time, the settings are deemed loosely accretive.
Cooperation and Competition
Authors: Peach Ken
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses the need for cooperation (or collaboration) to be balanced with competition, including between research groups, within a university or laboratory and between the academic research sector and industry. Healthy competition is a great motivator but unhealthy competition can be disastrous. While it is still possible for an individual scientist working alone or with a couple of graduate students or postdocs to make ground-breaking discoveries, today much experimental science requires large teams working collaboratively on a common goal or set of goals. While this trend is most evident in particle physics and astronomy, it is also present in the other physical sciences and the life sciences. Collaboration brings together more resources–physical, financial and intellectual–to address major challenges that would otherwise be beyond the scope of any individual or group. Multidisciplinary research and interdisciplinary research are examples of cooperation between different disciplines.
Dealing with Disaster
Authors: Peach Ken
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses what to do in the event of a disaster. Disaster is an overused word which can cover many things, from a mild annoyance to an absolute catastrophe. Here, a disaster is any unexpected and unplanned event that severely curtails the ability to carry on ‘business as usual’. This could be because of a catastrophic event, such as a fire or an earthquake that destroys a significant part of the real estate including, perhaps, the main filing system, or something less physical but equally catastrophic like the sudden loss of significant funding or the simultaneous departure of several key personnel. Disasters do happen, albeit rarely. If disaster strikes, it will be very disruptive, but disaster management, with the help of a business continuity plan, a disaster team and a well-designed and tested recovery plan, will reduce its impact.
Introduction
Authors: Ellis Fiona
Published: December 2017

The Introduction sets the philosophical stage for the volume as a whole by describing the present state of play in contemporary philosophy of religion and situating the authors’ own conception of the subject, and making clear how this conception bears upon the supposed divide between analytic and continental philosophy. It then turns to the naturalistic strand of the authors’ thinking, distinguishing it from scientism, and clarifying its theistic implications. This “expansive” naturalism is seen to be compatible with Cottingham’s “humane” philosophy of religion, and it grants us the right to say that the concept of the divine is already implicated in our understanding of nature. There follows an account of how the different chapters are to be related and distinguished.
Habit, Practice, Grace
Authors: Carlisle Clare
Published: December 2017

Traditional philosophy of religion is shaped by its focus on the cognitive aspects of religious life—beliefs and doctrines—which can easily be articulated in propositional form. But “lived religion” encompasses more than belief, and if philosophers of religion are to do justice to our subject-matter, we need to learn to think philosophically about practice in general, and about religious practices in particular. This chapter considers some of the methodological questions and challenges that come with this task, and looks at two recent attempts to develop a philosophy of religious practice. It then outlines a concept of practice which tries to take account of two features of religious practice: how practice uses repetition to generate change, or even transformation; and how practice gives form to desire.
Religious Understanding in a Contemporary Global Context
Authors: Ward Keith
Published: December 2017

Human evaluations in religion, as in the arts, history, morality, politics, and philosophy, differ widely, in part because of different personal experiences, social histories, and forms of education. This suggests that seeking understanding is difficult and gradual, in religion as well as in other areas, and a full grasp of truth probably remains a future goal. In religion, three main factors—the rise of science, of critical historical research, and of a greater understanding of diverse religions—suggest the adoption of a more global perspective. One may be committed to a specific religious tradition, yet accept that no religion has a final, inerrant, or complete grasp of truth. An expansive global religious understanding might see the grounding of religion in apprehensions of transcendent meaning and value, and be attentive to the variety of such apprehensions in the religions of the world.
Juries and Judges
Authors: O'Donnell Ian
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores the role of the jury, including how long it deliberated before arriving at a decision that could result in an execution. It analyses any subsequent actions that attempted to soften a guilty verdict’s impact, such as the addition of a rider recommending mercy. The judge could steer the jury in a particular direction through his conduct of the trial, his attitude to counsel, the tenor and frequency of his interventions, and his summing up, but once a verdict of guilty to murder was returned, his only option was to impose a death sentence. Judges had an opportunity to influence the government’s decision by communicating a written view when invited to do so. The contents of these missives, supplemented with contemporary newspaper accounts, inform the analysis. Whether there were any ‘hanging judges’ is reviewed, along with the extent to which female murderers benefited from a mixture of squeamishness, chivalry, paternalism, and precedent.
The Concept of Progress
Authors: Forst Rainer
Published: December 2017

This chapter explains that the concept of progress which has shaped the Western tradition is a highly specific one and a result of a series of developments. It argues that the true logic of progress is not a historical, a social-technical, scientific, or technological logic; rather, it is a social logic in the sense that it must be supported and defined by a society itself. There are no predetermined blueprints for this, though there is a reflexive principle which states that only those who are affected may define the steps that constitute “progress.” This principle refers to a normative structure of social self-determination according to which no one may be subjected to specific rules or institutions which cannot be adequately justified to him or her as a free and equal subject. This is the core meaning of self-determination central to social progress.
Religion and Toleration from the Enlightenment to the Post-Secular Era
Authors: Forst Rainer
Published: December 2017

This chapter addresses the classical question of the relationship between enlightenment and religion. In doing so, the chapter compares Jürgen Habermas's thought to that of Pierre Bayle and Immanuel Kant. For, although Habermas undoubtedly stands in a tradition founded by Bayle and Kant, he develops a number of important orientations within this tradition and has changed his position in his recent work. The chapter studies this change to understand Habermas's position better. It also draws attention to a fundamental question raised by the modern world: what common ground can human reason establish in the practical and theoretical domain between human beings who are divided by profoundly different religious (including antireligious) views?