bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a magnetic solid‐phase extraction coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of polyaromatic hydrocarbons
Authors: Ma Yan , Xie Jiawen , Jin Jing , Wang Wei , Yao Zhijian , Zhou Qing , Li Aimin , Liang Ying
Published: April 2015

A novel magnetic solid phase extraction coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography method was established to analyze polyaromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples. The extraction conditions, including the amount of extraction agent, extraction time, pH and the surface structure of the magnetic extraction agent, were optimized. The results showed that the amount of extraction agent and extraction time significantly influenced the extraction performance. The increase in the specific surface area, the enlargement of pore size, and the reduction of particle size could enhance the extraction performance of the magnetic microsphere. The optimized magnetic extraction agent possessed a high surface area of 1311 m2/g, a large pore size of 6–9 nm, and a small particle size of 6–9 μm. The limit of detection for phenanthrene and benzo[g,h,i]perylene in the developed analysis method was 3.2 and 10.5 ng/L, respectively. When applied to river water samples, the spiked recovery of phenanthrene and benzo[g,h,i]perylene ranged from 89.5–98.6% and 82.9–89.1%, respectively. Phenanthrene was detected over a concentration range of 89–117 ng/L in three water samples withdrawn from the midstream of the Huai River, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene was below the detection limit.
Latent CO2‐Protected N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Based Single‐Component System‐Derived Epoxy/Glass Fiber Composites
Authors: Buchmeiser Michael R. , Kammerer Jochen A. , Naumann Stefan , Unold Jörg , Ghomeshi Ravand , Selvarayan Sathis K. , Weichand Patrick , Gadow Rainer
Published: April 2015

Epoxy‐based fiber–matrix composites based on a single‐component curing system with pot times >>two weeks are described. Bisphenol‐A‐diglycidyl ether and hexahydrophthalic anhydride were used as epoxy matrix precursors; 1,3‐dicyclohexyl‐3,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrimidinium carboxylate (6Cy‐CO2) was used as latent pre‐catalyst. Glass fiber‐reinforced epoxy resins were obtained both via thermal curing under air and under vacuum‐assisted resin infusion conditions. The high quality of the resulting composites and the absence of any air inclusion were confirmed by DSC and x‐ray tomography. Rheological and kinetic data revealed that the 6Cy‐CO2‐based systems allow for an advanced processing and outrival commercial amine‐based hardeners in terms of speed of curing.
Brom in der Schule
Authors: Ruppersberg Klaus
Published: April 2015

Bromunfälle an Schulen sind besonders spektakulär, wenn ein großes Aufgebot an Rettungskräften mit Blaulicht und Martinshorn auf dem Schulhof steht. Ist elementares Brom wirklich für guten Chemieunterricht erforderlich?
Ohne Umwege — direkte Aminierung von Aliphaten
Authors: Hempel Christian , Nachtsheim Boris J.
Published: April 2015

Im Fokus vieler Forschungsgruppen steht aktuell die direkte Aminierung von sp3‐hybridisierten C‐H‐Bindungen. Besonders schwierig ist es, unaktivierte, aliphatische C‐H‐Bindungen selektiv zu aminieren.
Kleinstes Silber im Blick
Authors: Schneider Gregor
Published: April 2015

Beim Inverkehrbringen von Nanoprodukten sind mehr Daten notwendig als bei Nichtnanoprodukten. Hersteller von Nanosilber leiden unter zusätzlichen Auflagen und überforderten Behörden. Aber Risikoforschung kann sich zum Wettbewerbsvorteil entwickeln.
Österreich stagniert
Authors: Pummer Johann
Published: April 2015

Nach einem guten Jahresstart schwächelte die österreichische Chemie im Jahr 2014 wie in den vorhergehenden zwei Jahren. Die Unternehmen hoffen auf Besserung durch Ölpreis‐ und Eurokurs.
Student für eine Woche
Authors: Varga Péter
Published: April 2015

Um einen Studiengang besser kennenzulernen, begleiten Schüler eine Woche lang Studenten durch den Unialltag, vermittelt über die gemeinnützige Initiative One Week Student.
Effect of coal gangue/carbon black/multiwall carbon nanotubes hybrid fillers on the properties of natural rubber composites
Authors: Chen Shuping , Chen Jing , Xu Kui , Pan Rongkan , Peng Zheng , Ma Lin , Wu Sichao
Published: April 2015

The objective of this study was to investigate three kinds of filler with completely different morphology on mechanical properties of natural rubber (NR). Coal gangue (CG) are derived from natural deposits are composed principally by illite and quartz. CG, carbon black (CB), and multiwalled carbon nanotube (CNT) were used as hybrid fillers in NR. CNTs were dispersed into NR latex by ultrasonic irradiation and then the mixed latex were coagulated to obtain the CNTs/NR masterbatch, then mechanical mixing method was employed to prepare the CG/CB/CNTs/NR composites. The addition of CG, CB, and CNTs to NR was varied with the total filler loading fixed at 35 phr. The mechanical properties of NR composites were studied in terms of tensile and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The results showed that the tensile strength and modulus 300% (M300) of all hybrid samples were higher than the composites only loaded CG; and the highest tensile strength of NR loaded with hybrid fillers achieved at sample of loading amount of CG 17.5, CB 15.5, and CNTs 2 phr, whose M300 and elongation at break was obviously higher than that of only CB loaded NR composites; The inclusion CG improves the tensile strength of NR without the sacrifice of its extensibility, while CB and CNTs brings together the enhancement in the ultimate strength and the reduction in the extensibility. DMA results revealed that the existence of CG can improve the dispersion of CB and CNTs in NR matrix. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:3083–3092, 2016. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
The Effect of glycerol on the crystalline, thermal, and tensile properties of CaCl2‐doped starch/PVA films
Authors: Jiang Xiancai , Luo Yong , Hou Linxi , Zhao Yulai
Published: April 2015

Starch/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films with the addition of 10 wt% CaCl2 and various content of glycerol were prepared. The effect of glycerol on the crystalline, thermal, and tensile properties of CaCl2‐doped starch/PVA films was studied by X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and tensile testing, respectively. The effect of glycerol on the miscibility of CaCl2‐doped starch/PVA films was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The CaCl2‐doped starch/PVA film became more homogeneous after the addition of glycerol. The addition of glycerol would increase the crystallinity of CaCl2‐doped starch/PVA film. With the addition of 10 wt% glycerol and 10 wt% CaCl2, the starch/PVA film showed the highest degree of crystallinity. The TGA results show that the thermal stability of CaCl2‐doped starch/PVA film increased after the addition of glycerol. The toughness of CaCl2‐doped starch/PVA films was enhanced with the addition of glycerol. The starch/PVA film with the addition of 10 wt% CaCl2 and 20 wt% glycerol showed the tensile strength of 17 MPa and the elongation at break of 428%. Moreover, the water sorption of CaCl2‐doped starch/PVA film decreased after the addition of glycerol at the low and intermediate relative humidity of 33 and 54%. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:3191–3199, 2016. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Evaluation of the accuracy of protein quantification using isotope TMPP‐labeled peptides
Authors: Shen Hongyan , An Mingrui , Zou Xiao , Zhao Xuyang , Wang Qingsong , Xing Guowen , Ji Jianguo
Published: April 2015

N‐succinimidyloxycarbonylmethyl tris(2,4,6‐trimethoxyphenyl) phosphonium bromide (TMPP‐Ac‐OSu) reacts rapidly, mildly, and specifically with the N‐terminals of proteins and peptides. Thus, it can be developed as an ideal isotope‐coded tag to be used in quantitative proteomics. Here, we present a strategy for light and heavy TMPP‐based quantitative proteomic analysis, in which peptides in a mixture can be quantified using an on‐tip TMPP derivatization approach. To demonstrate the accuracy of this strategy, light and heavy TMPP‐labeled peptides were combined at different ratios and subsequently analyzed by LC‐MS/MS. The MS spectra and scatter plots show that peptide and protein ratios were both consistent with the mixed ratios. We observed a linear correlation between protein ratios and the predicted ratios. In comparison with SILAC method, the TMPP labeling method produced similarly accurate quantitative results with low CVs. In conclusion, our results suggest that this isotope‐coded TMPP method achieved accurate quantification and compatibility with IEF‐based separation. With the inherent advantages of TMPP derivatization, we believe that it holds great promise for future applications in quantitative proteomics analysis.
A comprehensive guide to the management of anaemia
Authors: Smith Alastair
Published: April 2015

A systematic approach to evaluation and investigation is key to the successful management of anaemia. Our drug review considers the various oral and parenteral treatments available.
Impact on Quality Activities of Measurement Systems Meeting an L:1 Rule
Authors: Hamada M. S. , Burkhardt J. H.
Published: April 2015

This article considers the impact of a measurement system that meets an L:1 rule on various quality activities. These activities include inspection, acceptance sampling, and control charting. A measurement system that meets a 10:1 rule performs much better than one that meets a 4:1 rule. R code is provided so that the practitioner can evaluate these activities to his or her particular situation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Achieving CCA security from DCCA security more efficiently by using the KEM+DEM hybrid paradigm
Authors: Chen Yuan , Dong Qingkuan
Published: April 2015

Detectable Chosen Ciphertext (DCCA) security is a useful notion to achieve CCA security for public‐key encryptions (PKE). An “inner‐outer” structure can transform a DCCA‐secure PKE into a CCA‐secure one. In the structure, the “inner” layer encrypts both the message and the two embedded randomness, so a key encapsulated mechanism (KEM) + data encapsulation mechanism (DEM) hybrid paradigm helps to gain time efficiency. Nevertheless, the long “inner” ciphertext still makes the “outer” encryption less efficient. We show that the structure can be applied solely on the KEM part, and even the embedded randomness can be encrypted outside the structure by introducing a CCA‐secure DEM. These reduce the length of the “inner” ciphertext, thus avoiding some redundant re‐encryptions in the “outer” layer and offload as much of the work as possible from KEMs to faster DEMs. Combined with a recent improvement made on the “outer” layer, we can gain better time and space efficiency. Additionally, we prove that when a DCCA‐secure KEM satisfies the so‐called “translatability”, a proper related‐key secure DEM helps to achieve CCA security directly by applying the hybrid paradigm without any use of the less efficient “inner‐outer” structure. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Porous Hybrid Network of Graphene and Metal Oxide Nanosheets as Useful Matrix for Improving the Electrode Performance of Layered Double Hydroxides
Authors: Gu Tae‐Ha , Gunjakar Jayavant L. , Kim In Young , Patil Sharad B. , Lee Jang Mee , Jin Xiaoyan , Lee Nam‐Suk , Hwang Seong‐Ju
Published: April 2015

Mesoporous hybrid network of reduced graphene oxide (rG‐O) and layered MnO2 nanosheets could act as an efficient immobilization matrix for improving the electrochemical activity of layered double hydroxide (LDH). The control of MnO2/rG‐O ratio is crucial in optimizing the porous structure and electrical conductivity of the resulting hybrid structure. The immobilization of Co‐Al‐LDH on hybrid MnO2/rG‐O network is more effective in enhancing its electrode activity compared with that of on pure rG‐O network. The Co‐Al‐LDH−rG‐O−MnO2 nanohybrid deliveres a greater specific capacitance than does MnO2‐free Co‐Al‐LDH−rG‐O nanohybrid. The beneficial effect of MnO2 incorporation on the electrode performance of nanohybrid is more prominent for higher current density and faster scan rate, underscoring the significant enhancement of the electron transport of Co‐Al‐LDH−rG‐O. This is supported by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The present study clearly demonstrates the usefulness of the porously assembled hybrid network of graphene and metal oxide nanosheets as an effective platform for exploring efficient LDH‐based functional materials.
Cannabinoid Receptor-2 Regulates Embryonic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Development via Prostaglandin E2 and P-Selectin Activity
Authors: Esain Virginie , Kwan Wanda , Carroll Kelli J. , Cortes Mauricio , Liu Sarah Y. , Frechette Gregory M. , Sheward Lea M. V. , Nissim Sahar , Goessling Wolfram , North Trista E.
Published: April 2015

Cannabinoids (CB) modulate adult hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPCs) function, however, impact on the production, expansion, or migration of embryonic HSCs is currently uncharacterized. Here, using chemical and genetic approaches targeting CB-signaling in zebrafish, we show that CB receptor (CNR) 2, but not CNR1, regulates embryonic HSC development. During HSC specification in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region, CNR2 stimulation by AM1241 increased runx1;cmyb+ HSPCs, through heightened proliferation, whereas CNR2 antagonism decreased HSPC number; FACS analysis and absolute HSC counts confirmed and quantified these effects. Epistatic investigations showed AM1241 significantly upregulated PGE2 synthesis in a Ptgs2-dependent manner to increase AGM HSCs. During the phases of HSC production and colonization of secondary niches, AM1241 accelerated migration to the caudal hematopoietic tissue (CHT), the site of embryonic HSC expansion, and the thymus; however these effects occurred independently of PGE2. Using a candidate approach for HSC migration and retention factors, P-selectin was identified as the functional target of CNR2 regulation. Epistatic analyses confirmed migration of HSCs into the CHT and thymus was dependent on CNR2-regulated P-selectin activity. Together, these data suggest CNR2-signaling optimizes the production, expansion, and migration of embryonic HSCs by modulating multiple downstream signaling pathways. Stem Cells  2015;33:2596—2612
Boron nitride materials: an overview from 0D to 3D (nano)structures
Authors: Arenal Raul , Lopez‐Bezanilla Alejandro
Published: April 2015

Boron nitride (BN) materials present different crystalline phases including fullerene‐like (0D), nanotubes (1D, NTs), hexagonal (2D, h‐BN), and cubic (3D) structures. These materials show a rich variety of physical and chemical properties with multiple potential applications in industry, science, and technology, especially in the fields of nano‐electronics, optoelectronics, field emission, and lubrication in extreme conditions of temperature. BN compounds are chemically and thermally very stable and resistant to oxidation. The large electronic band gap confers to BN compounds complementary electronic properties to the C allotropes with similar structure. The combination of BN and C materials forming heterostructures has gained an increasing importance in the nano‐sciences. In particular, heterostructures combining graphene with mono‐ and multi‐layer h‐BN, or C‐ with BN‐nanotubes are the object of intensive study in nano‐sciences due to their unique electronic properties. Applications based on BN structures have created great expectations and offer enormous possibilities in the next generation of electronic devices. However, the massive production of high‐quality defect‐free BN materials is still an experimental challenge. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2015, 5:299–309. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1219

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science

Electronic Structure Theory > Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods

Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Spectroscopy
Resident health-related quality of life in Swiss nursing homes
Authors: Chouiter L. , Wodchis W.P. , Abderhalden C. , von Gunten A.
Published: April 2015

Background

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) levels and their determinants in those living in nursing homes are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate different HRQOL domains as a function of the degree of cognitive impairment and to explore associations between them and possible determinants of HRQOL.

Method

Five HRQOL domains using the Minimum Data Set - Health Status Index (MDS-HSI) were investigated in a large sample of nursing home residents depending on cognitive performance levels derived from the Cognitive Performance Scale. Large effect size associations between clinical variables and the different HRQOL domains were looked for.

Results

HRQOL domains are impaired to variable degrees but with similar profiles depending on the cognitive performance level. Basic activities of daily living are a major factor associated with some but not all HRQOL domains and vary little with the degree of cognitive impairment.

Limitations

This study is limited by the general difficulties related to measuring HRQOL in patients with cognitive impairment and the reduced number of variables considered among those potentially influencing HRQOL.

Conclusion

HRQOL dimensions are not all linearly associated with increasing cognitive impairment in NH patients. Longitudinal studies are required to determine how the different HRQOL domains evolve over time in NH residents.
Combustion noise is scale-free: transition from scale-free to order at the onset of thermoacoustic instability
Authors: Murugesan Meenatchidevi , Sujith R. I.
Published: April 2015

We investigate the scale invariance of combustion noise generated from turbulent reacting flows in a confined environment using complex networks. The time series data of unsteady pressure, which is the indicative of spatiotemporal changes happening in the combustor, is converted into complex networks using the visibility algorithm. We show that the complex networks obtained from the low-amplitude, aperiodic pressure fluctuations during combustion noise have scale-free structure. The power-law distributions of connections in the scale-free network are related to the scale invariance of combustion noise. We also show that the scale-free feature of combustion noise disappears and order emerges in the complex network topology during the transition from combustion noise to combustion instability. The use of complex networks enables us to formalize the identification of the pattern (i.e. scale-free to order) during the transition from combustion noise to thermoacoustic instability as a structural change in topology of the network.
A NOTE ON SOME CHARACTER SUMS OVER FINITE FIELDS
Authors: CAO XIWANG , XU GUANGKUI
Published: April 2015

In this paper, we present a decomposition of the elements of a finite field and illustrate the efficiency of this decomposition in evaluating some specific exponential sums over finite fields. The results can be employed in determining the Walsh spectrum of some Boolean functions.
THE DIVERGING APPROACHES OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE CASES OF NADA AND AL-DULIMI
Authors: Hollenberg Stephan
Published: April 2015

The UN Security Council's practice of targeted sanctions has resulted in serious limitations on the enjoyment of targeted individuals' human rights. The European Court of Human Rights pronounced on this issue in two instances. In the cases of Nada (Grand Chamber judgment) and al-Dulimi (Chamber judgment) the Court was asked to evaluate the lawfulness of the domestic implementation of sanction measures against the ECHR. Surprisingly, each Chamber opted for a different solution. The present article will discuss these solutions and evaluate them within the broader framework of international law, the Court's jurisprudence, and the conflicting interests involved.
THE APPARENT NON-SIGNIFICANCE OF SEX IN CHILD UNDERNUTRITION IN INDIA
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Simantini
Published: April 2015

The lack of significance of sex in the determination of child nutrition in India, as revealed from the analysis of data from the entire population, is misleading and perplexing. Given that child nutrition is affected by all channels through which sex bias operates, scholars have sought to explain its inconclusive evidence, looking at child-specific household-level factors such as birth order and sex composition of surviving older siblings. The paper points out that sex inequality needs to be examined in the context of its intersection with other consequential social identities such as religious membership, economic status and caste group affiliation. Sex disparity in child stunting is found to be prevalent particularly among upper caste Hindus. However, the relative advantage that poor tribal girls enjoy is reversed with improvement in wealth status. Thus, children in different social settings need customized policy focus.
‘Digital indigestion’: cumbia, class and a post-digital ethos in Buenos Aires
Authors: Baker Geoffrey
Published: April 2015

This article focuses on three recent manifestations of cumbia in Buenos Aires, Argentina: digital cumbia released by ZZK Records; retro cumbia orchestras; and a newer strand of digital cumbia, música turra. The first two are identified with the middle class, whereas the third emerged from the clases populares (‘popular classes’). Música turra is underpinned by government policies towards digital inclusion, while middle-class incursions into the traditionally working-class sphere of cumbia, too, suggest increasing social cohesion. However, the digital fascination of música turra contrasts with an embrace of the analogue and acoustic in middle-class cumbia. These developments point to the emergence of a post-digital ethos and a shift from a digital to a post-digital divide, also running along class lines, analysed here through a Bourdieusian lens of taste and distinction. While transnational in nature, the post-digital ethos appears in Buenos Aires in a distinctive local form, articulated to growing Latin Americanism and post-neoliberalism on the part of the middle class.
Mother revolution: representations of the maternal body in the work of Tori Amos
Authors: Boak Sarah
Published: April 2015

The pregnant or maternal body is conspicuously absent within popular music. The dominant representation of female bodies – sonically, visually and spatially conceived – is that of a sexualised body, available to men and existing under the male gaze. The figure of the pregnant, maternal or motherly body is marked as Other – not desirable and therefore not marketable. Looking at the work of Tori Amos, I demonstrate how she makes the maternal body both audible and visible through a number of musical and extra-musical strategies. Theorising the maternal body in a series of overlapping stages – from the pregnant body to the maternal body, through liminal stages such as miscarriage and birthing – I highlight how Amos uses the figure of the maternal body not only to challenge dominant tropes of sexuality, but to create an embodied space where normative conceptions of ‘mother’ and ‘mothering’ can be troubled.
Optimum laser parameters for 1D radiation pressure acceleration
Authors: Schmidt Peter , Boine-Frankenheim Oliver , Mulser Peter
Published: April 2015

Laser ion acceleration (Wilkset al., 2001; Passoniet al., 2010) has become an interesting field of research in the past years. Several experiments, such as LIGHT (Schollmeieret al., 2008; Bagnoudet al., 2010; Busoldet al., 2013; 2014a; 2014b) are performed worldwide. High intense, pulsed laser beams are used to generate and accelerate a plasma. For higher laser intensities (>1021W cm−1), simulations (Esirkepovet al., 2004; Macchiet al., 2005; 2009; 2010; Robinsonet al., 2008; Rykovanovet al., 2008; Heniget al., 2009; Schlegelet al., 2009; Shoucriet al., 2011; 2013; 2014; Karet al., 2012; Korzhimanovet al., 2012; Shoucri, 2012) have revealed a new acceleration mechanism: The Radiation Pressure Acceleration. The entire foil target is accelerated by the radiation pressure of the laser pulse. Ideally, a sharp peak spectrum is generated, with energies up to GeV and nearly solid body density. This work faces on a detailed analysis of the acceleration mechanism in order to develop the optimum laser- and target parameters for the process. The analysis is supported by one-dimensional PIC simulations, using the commercial code VSim©Tech-X (2015).
Efficiency of ablative plasma energy transfer into a massive aluminum target using different atomic number ablators
Authors: Kasperczuk A. , Pisarczyk T. , Chodukowski T. , Kalinowska Z. , Stepniewski W. , Jach K. , Swierczynski R. , Renner O. , Smid M. , Ullschmied J. , Cikhardt J. , Klir D. , Kubes P. , Rezac K. , Krousky E. , Pfeifer M. , Skala J.
Published: April 2015

This paper aims at investigation of efficiency of an ablative plasma energy transfer into a massive aluminum target using different atomic number ablators. For this reason, several target materials representing a wide range of atomic numbers (Z= 3.5–73) were used. The experiment was carried out at the iodine Prague Asterix Laser System. The laser provided a 250 ps pulse with energy of 130 J at the third harmonic frequency (λ3= 0.438 μm). To study the plasma stream configurations a four-frame X-ray pinhole camera was used. The electron temperature of the plasma in the near-surface target region was measured by means of an X-ray spectroscopy. The efficiency of the plasma energy transport to the target was determined via the crater volume measurement using the crater replica technique. The experimental results were compared with two-dimensional numerical simulations where the plasma dynamics was based on the one-fluid, two temperature model, including radiation transport in diffusive approximation and ionization kinetics. It was shown that the plasma expansion geometry plays an important role in the ablative plasma energy transfer into the target.
Reviewing the role of habitat banking and tradable development rights in the conservation policy mix
Authors: SANTOS RUI , SCHRÖTER-SCHLAACK CHRISTOPH , ANTUNES PAULA , RING IRENE , CLEMENTE PEDRO
Published: April 2015

Habitat banking and tradable development rights (TDR) have gained considerable currency as a way of achieving ‘no net loss’ of biodiversity and of reconciling nature conservation with economic development goals. This paper reviews the use of these instruments for biodiversity conservation and assesses their roles in the policy mix. The two instruments are compared in terms of effectiveness, cost effectiveness, social impact, institutional context and legal requirements. The role in the policy mix is discussed highlighting sequential relationships, as well as complementarities or synergies, redundancy and conflicts with other instruments, such as biodiversity offsets and land-use zoning.

Habitat banking and TDR have the potential to contribute to biodiversity conservation objectives and attain cost-effective solutions with positive social impacts on local communities and landowners. They can also help to create a new mind-set more favourable to public-private cooperation in biodiversity conservation. At the same time, these policy instruments face a number of theoretical and implementation challenges, such as additionality and equivalence of offsets, endurance of land-use planning regulations, monitoring of offset performance, or time lags between restoration and resulting conservation benefits.

A clear, enforceable regulatory approach is a prerequisite for the success of habitat banking and TDR. In return, these schemes provide powerful incentives for compliance with regulatory norms and ensure a more equitable allocation of the benefits and costs of land-use controls and conservation. Environmentally harmful subsidies in other policy sectors as well as alternative offset options, however, reduce the attractiveness and effectiveness of these instruments. Thus, the overall performance of habitat banking and TDR hinges on how they are integrated into the biodiversity conservation policy mix and fine-tuned with other sectoral policies.
Analysis of semantic features in free-form objects reconstruction
Authors: Trifunovic Milan , Stojkovic Milos , Trajanovic Miroslav , Manic Miodrag , Misic Dragan , Vitkovic Nikola
Published: April 2015

One of the biggest challenges associated with design and digital reconstruction of free forms comes from uniqueness and unrepeatability of these shapes. During digital reconstruction of these forms, the designer has to choose the right set of geometric features and then compose them in a way that will enable the most accurate reconstruction of the geometry. While doing this, the designer primarily relies on personal experience gained through work with free-form objects of similar geometry. In our opinion, the analysis of free-form objects geometry should rely upon semantic interpretation of their geometric and other features, and the greatest challenge of automation of digital reconstruction and free-form object design in general is closely related to automation of semantic interpretation of geometric and other free-form object features. In this paper, a case of chest bone implant digital reconstruction is presented, where a new semantic model called the active semantic model was used for modeling the meaning of geometric elements, that is, the semantic features of a free-form object. The active semantic model and its analogy-based reasoning algorithms have shown themselves as applicable for the automation of semantic interpretation of the unique, unrepeatable, and unpredictable forms of chest bone. Moreover, this semantic model showed the potential to help automate selecting and composing of geometric features for efficient digital reconstruction of the geometry of free forms.
Predicting childhood effortful control from interactions between early parenting quality and children's dopamine transporter gene haplotypes
Authors: Li Yi , Sulik Michael J. , Eisenberg Nancy , Spinrad Tracy L. , Lemery-Chalfant Kathryn , Stover Daryn A. , Verrelli Brian C.
Published: April 2015

Children's observed effortful control (EC) at 30, 42, and 54 months (n= 145) was predicted from the interaction between mothers' observed parenting with their 30-month-olds and three variants of the solute carrier family C6, member 3 (SLC6A3) dopamine transporter gene (single nucleotide polymorphisms in intron8 and intron13, and a 40 base pair variable number tandem repeat [VNTR] in the 3′-untranslated region [UTR]), as well as haplotypes of these variants. Significant moderating effects were found. Children without the intron8-A/intron13-G, intron8-A/3′-UTR VNTR-10, or intron13-G/3′-UTR VNTR-10 haplotypes (i.e., haplotypes associated with the reducedSLC6A3gene expression and thus lower dopamine functioning) appeared to demonstrate altered levels of EC as a function of maternal parenting quality, whereas children with these haplotypes demonstrated a similar EC level regardless of the parenting quality. Children with these haplotypes demonstrated a trade-off, such that they showed higher EC, relative to their counterparts without these haplotypes, when exposed to less supportive maternal parenting. The findings revealed a diathesis–stress pattern and suggested that differentSLC6A3haplotypes, but not single variants, might represent different levels of young children's sensitivity/responsivity to early parenting.
An isolated left common carotid artery from the main pulmonary artery in a neonate with aortic valve atresia
Authors: Ahmadi Alireza , Sabri Mohammadreza , Dehghan Bahar
Published: April 2015

A 20-day-old girl was referred to our clinic for systolic murmur, cyanosis, and dyspnoea with feeding. Echocardiography revealed an atretic aortic valve. CT angiography scan revealed that the left common carotid artery originated from the distal main pulmonary artery. The plan was patent ductus artriosus stenting and bilateral pulmonary artery banding and then follow-up for any possible future intervention.
Genetic and Environmental Etiology of the Relationship Between Childhood Hyperactivity/Inattention and Conduct Problems in a South Korean Twin Sample
Authors: Hur Yoon-Mi
Published: April 2015

Recently, there has been increased research into the etiology of the comorbidity between hyperactivity/inattention problems (HIP) and conduct problems (CP). However, the nature of the etiology of the comorbidity has remained unclear. Mothers of 507 pairs of twins, comprised of 221 monozygotic (MZ) and 286 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs aged from 6 to 13 years (mean = 9.6 years; SD = 2.0 years), completed the HIP and the CP scale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) via a telephone interview. The phenotypic correlation between HIP and CP was 0.43 (p < .01). MZ and DZ twin correlations were, respectively, 0.48 (95%CI: 0.37–0.58) and 0.06 (95%CI: -0.06–0.19) for HIP and 0.38 (95%CI: 0.26–0.49) and 0.35 (95%CI: 0.25–0.45) for CP. The bivariate model-fitting results revealed additive genetic correlation of 1.0 (95% CI: 0.72–1.00), a complete overlap of additive genetic variance component between HIP and CP, supporting the importance of correlated additive genetic risk factors for the comorbid condition of HIP and CP. HIP was additionally influenced by non-additive genetic factors that did not contribute to the relationship between HIP and CP. There was a significant but moderate child-specific environmental correlation (re = 0.37) between HIP and CP. CP was additionally influenced by shared family environmental influences. While the results of the present study are generally consistent with the findings from Western twin studies of the relationship between HIP and CP, they add a new finding to the extant literature by showing that it is additive rather than non-additive genetic factors that are responsible for the co-occurrence of HIP and CP.
Gazing Toward the Universe's Edge: Hubble's Deep Field Legacy
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: April 2015

Hubble's sensitive cameras give scientists a chance to witness the birth of galaxies.
A mechanistic model of tau amyloid aggregation based on direct observation of oligomers
Authors: Shammas Sarah L. , Garcia Gonzalo A. , Kumar Satish , Kjaergaard Magnus , Horrocks Mathew H. , Shivji Nadia , Mandelkow Eva , Knowles Tuomas P.J. , Mandelkow Eckhard , Klenerman David
Published: April 2015

Protein aggregation plays a key role in neurodegenerative disease, giving rise to small oligomers that may become cytotoxic to cells. The fundamental microscopic reactions taking place during aggregation, and their rate constants, have been difficult to determine due to lack of suitable methods to identify and follow the low concentration of oligomers over time. Here we use single-molecule fluorescence to study the aggregation of the repeat domain of tau (K18), and two mutant forms linked with familial frontotemporal dementia, the deletion mutant ΔK280 and the point mutant P301L. Our kinetic analysis reveals that aggregation proceeds via monomeric assembly into small oligomers, and a subsequent slow structural conversion step before fibril formation. Using this approach, we have been able to quantitatively determine how these mutations alter the aggregation energy landscape.
A durable surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate: ultrathin carbon layer encapsulated Ag nanoparticle arrays on indium-tin-oxide glass
Authors: Bian Juncao , Li Qian , Huang Chao , Guo Yao , Zaw Myowin , Zhang Rui-Qin
Published: April 2015

A durable SERS substrate is achieved by coating an ultrathin C layer on the surface of Ag nanoparticle arrays.
In situ studies into the characterisation and degradation of blue ballpoint inks by diffuse reflectance visible spectroscopy
Authors: Sauzier Georgina , Giles Peter , Lewis Simon W. , van Bronswijk Wilhelm
Published: April 2015

Diffuse reflectance visible spectroscopy with chemometrics was used to discriminate blue ballpoint inksin situ, with subsequent investigation of the effects of ageing.
para-Sulphonato-calix[n]arenes as selective activators for the passage of molecules across the Caco-2 model intestinal membrane
Authors: Roka Eszter , Vecsernyes Miklos , Bacskay Ildiko , Félix Caroline , Rhimi Moez , Coleman Anthony W. , Perret Florent
Published: April 2015

The passage of Lucifer Yellow across the Caco-2 intestinal model membrane has been studied for the para-sulphonato-calix[n]arenes (CnS), the results show C4S and C8S activate membrane passage when used simultaneously with Lucifer Yellow, whereas C6S has no effect.
A dendrimer-assisted magnetic graphene–silica hydrophilic composite for efficient and selective enrichment of glycopeptides from the complex sample
Authors: Wan Hao , Huang Junfeng , Liu Zhongshan , Li Jinan , Zhang Weibing , Zou Hanfa
Published: April 2015

A novel composite demonstrates the efficient hydrophilic enrichment of glycopeptides from the complex sample.
Long-decay near-infrared-emitting doped quantum dots for lifetime-based in vivo pH imaging
Authors: Chen Chi , Zhang Pengfei , Zhang Li , Gao Duyang , Gao Guanhui , Yang Yong , Li Wenjun , Gong Ping , Cai Lintao
Published: April 2015

Long-decay near-infrared-emitting doped quantum dots were synthesized for lifetime-based in vivo pH imaging.
The Jahn–Teller effect in the presence of partial isotopic substitution: the B̃1E′′ state of NH2D and NHD2
Authors: Saha Ashim Kumar , Sarma Gautam , Yang Chung-Hsin , van de Meerakker Sebastiaan Y. T. , Parker David H. , Western Colin M.
Published: April 2015

A simple linear and quadratic force field model for the lifting of the degeneracy on asymmetric isotopic substitution in degenerate electronic states subject to a weak Jahn–Teller effect.
Synthesis of a phosphapyracene via metal-mediated cyclization: structural and reactivity effects of acenaphthene precursors
Authors: Wang Ge , Guino-o Marites A. , Glueck David S. , Golen James A. , Daley Christopher J. A. , Rheingold Arnold L.
Published: April 2015

A small structural change (naphthalene to acenaphthene) had large effects on reactivity, slowing Pt-mediated phosphination/cyclization; the new heterocycle PyraPhos was prepared with a simple Cu catalyst.
A step closer to the binary: the 1∞[Bi6I20]2−anion
Authors: Heine Johanna
Published: April 2015

A series of crown ether based iodidobismuthates explores the influence of increasing I/Bi ratio and I⋯I interactions on the compounds’ optical properties. This includes [(Dibenzo-18-crown-6)Na(MeCN)2]21∞[Bi6I20], which contains a strand-like anion with an unprecedentedly low I/Bi ratio.
Fabrication of a stretchable and patchable array of high performance micro-supercapacitors using a non-aqueous solvent based gel electrolyte
Authors: Lee Geumbee , Kim Daeil , Kim Doyeon , Oh Sooyeoun , Yun Junyeong , Kim Jihyun , Lee Sang-Soo , Ha Jeong Sook
Published: April 2015

We report on air stable planar micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) using a non-aqueous solvent based gel electrolyte and stable performance of encapsulated MSC array under stretching and exposure to water.
Formation of disinfection by-products during ballast water treatment with ozone, chlorine, and peracetic acid: influence of water quality parameters
Authors: Shah Amisha D. , Liu Zheng-Qian , Salhi Elisabeth , Höfer Thomas , Werschkun Barbara , von Gunten Urs
Published: April 2015

Differences in water quality from freshwater to seawater alter disinfection by-product formation during disinfection of ballast waters.
Continuous transfer of liquid metal droplets across a fluid–fluid interface within an integrated microfluidic chip
Authors: Gol Berrak , Tovar-Lopez Francisco J. , Kurdzinski Michael E. , Tang Shi-Yang , Petersen Phred , Mitchell Arnan , Khoshmanesh Khashayar
Published: April 2015

This work presents a microfluidic chip, which integrates continuous generation of micro scale galinstan droplets in glycerol, and the hydrodynamic transfer of these droplets into sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution.
Rapid synthesis of a PtRu nano-sponge with different surface compositions and performance evaluation for methanol electrooxidation
Authors: Xiao Meiling , Feng Ligang , Zhu Jianbing , Liu Changpeng , Xing Wei
Published: April 2015

A rapid strategy to synthesize a highly active PtRu alloy nano-sponge catalyst system for methanol electro-oxidation is presented. The greatly increased Pt utilization, anti-CO poisoning ability and electronic effect result from the porous nano-sponge structure.
CNT–G–TiO2 layer as a bridge linking TiO2 nanotube arrays and substrates for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Zhao Y. L. , Yao D. S. , Song C. B. , Zhu L. , Song J. , Gu X. Q. , Qiang Y. H.
Published: April 2015

This study incorporated a 3-D hybrid material comprising graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into a TiO2 composite paste to adhere TiO2 nanotube arrays (NTAs) as photoanodes.
A chromium oxide coated nickel/yttria stabilized zirconia electrode with a heterojunction interface for use in electrochemical methane reforming
Authors: Qi Wentao , Chen Shigang , Wu Yucheng , Xie Kui
Published: April 2015

This work investigated the use of nickel/yttria stabilized zirconia (Ni/YSZ) coated in situ with chromium oxide (Cr2O3) for electrochemical methane (CH4) reforming in solid oxide electrolysers.
Photoreduction of CO2 to CO by a mononuclear Re(i) complex and DFT evaluation of the photocatalytic mechanism
Authors: Shakeri Jamaladin , Farrokhpour Hossein , Hadadzadeh Hassan , Joshaghani Mohammad
Published: April 2015

A new method for the preparation of fac-[Re(phen-dione)(CO)3Cl] and its application for the photochemical reduction of CO2 to CO have been reported.
One-step cross-linked injectable hydrogels with tunable properties for space-filling scaffolds in tissue engineering
Authors: Pan Jian-feng , Yuan Heng-feng , Guo Chang-an , Liu Jia , Geng Xiao-hua , Fei Teng , Li Shuo , Fan Wen-shuai , Mo Xiu-mei , Yan Zuo-qin
Published: April 2015

One-step cross-linked injectable hydrogels are prepared through Schiff-based reaction with tunable properties for space-filling scaffolds.
Multivariate interactions of natural and anthropogenic factors on Cd behavior in arable soil
Authors: Wang Fangli , Ouyang Wei , Hao Fanghua , Critto Andrea , Zhao Xuchen , Lin Chunye
Published: April 2015

The effect of one natural factor was generally weakened by binary interactions, which were further weakened by ternary interactions. This significant effect was computed via design of experiments.
A conjugated ketone as a catalyst in alcohol amination reactions under transition-metal and hetero-atom free conditions
Authors: Dai Xingchao , Cui Xinjiang , Deng Youquan , Shi Feng
Published: April 2015

A molecular-defined conjugated ketone can be an active catalyst for alcohol amination reactions with up to 98% isolated yields for the desired products.
Micro-competition system for Raman quantification of multiple glycans on intact cell surface
Authors: Chen Yunlong , Ding Lin , Xu Junqiang , Song Wanyao , Yang Min , Hu Junjie , Ju Huangxian
Published: April 2015

A micro-competition system integrated functionalized silica bubbles and Raman encoded nanoprobes to simultaneously assay multiple glycans on intact cell surfaces.
Homochiral self-assembly of biocoordination polymers: anion-triggered helicity and absolute configuration inversion
Authors: Marino Nadia , Armentano Donatella , Pardo Emilio , Vallejo Julia , Neve Francesco , Di Donna Leonardo , De Munno Giovanni
Published: April 2015

The templating roles of ClO4− and CF3SO3− allow control and reversible inversion of the chirality of nucleotide-based copper(ii) helices. These results hold great potential for developing responsive materials.
Delineating the roles of Co3O4and N-doped carbon nanoweb (CNW) in bifunctional Co3O4/CNW catalysts for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions
Authors: Liu Siyang , Li Longjun , Ahn Hyun S. , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: April 2015

Carbon nanoweb (CNW) is the primary catalytic site for oxygen reduction reaction and Co3O4is the primary catalytic site for oxygen evolution reaction in the Co3O4/CNW composite.
Highly stable anion exchange membranes based on quaternized polypropylene
Authors: Zhang Min , Liu Jinling , Wang Yiguang , An Linan , Guiver Michael D. , Li Nanwen
Published: April 2015

“Side-chain-type” and crosslinkable quaternized polypropylene was prepared by heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalyst mediated polymerization for use in highly stable anion exchange membranes.
N-doped carbon nanocages with high catalytic activity and durability for oxygen reduction
Authors: Wang Xiao Xia , Zou Biao , Du Xin Xin , Wang Jian Nong
Published: April 2015

N-doped carbon nanocages with high specific surface areas exhibited excellent activity and durability for oxygen reduction reaction in acidic electrolytes.
SNAP23 is selectively expressed in airway secretory cells and mediates baseline and stimulated mucin secretion
Authors: Ren Binhui , Azzegagh Zoulikha , Jaramillo Ana M. , Zhu Yunxiang , Pardo-Saganta Ana , Bagirzadeh Rustam , Flores Jose R. , Han Wei , Tang Yong-jun , Tu Jing , Alanis Denise M. , Evans Christopher M. , Guindani Michele , Roche Paul A. , Rajagopal Jayaraj , Chen Jichao , Davis C. William , Tuvim Michael J. , Dickey Burton F.
Published: April 2015

Airway mucin secretion is important pathophysiologically and as a model of polarized epithelial regulated exocytosis. We find the trafficking protein, SNAP23 (23-kDa paralogue of synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa), selectively expressed in secretory cells compared with ciliated and basal cells of airway epithelium by immunohistochemistry and FACS, suggesting that SNAP23 functions in regulated but not constitutive epithelial secretion. Heterozygous SNAP23 deletant mutant mice show spontaneous accumulation of intracellular mucin, indicating a defect in baseline secretion. However mucins are released from perfused tracheas of mutant and wild-type (WT) mice at the same rate, suggesting that increased intracellular stores balance reduced release efficiency to yield a fully compensated baseline steady state. In contrast, acute stimulated release of intracellular mucin from mutant mice is impaired whether measured by a static imaging assay 5 min after exposure to the secretagogue ATP or by kinetic analysis of mucins released from perfused tracheas during the first 10 min of ATP exposure. Together, these data indicate that increased intracellular stores cannot fully compensate for the defect in release efficiency during intense stimulation. The lungs of mutant mice develop normally and clear bacteria and instilled polystyrene beads comparable to WT mice, consistent with these functions depending on baseline secretion that is fully compensated.
∆Np73 is capable of inducing apoptosis by co-ordinately activating several BH3-only proteins
Authors: Sánchez-Carrera Dámaso , García-Puga Mikel , Yáñez Lucrecia , Romón Íñigo , Pipaón Carlos
Published: April 2015

Inactivation of p53 is one of the most relevant events in human cancer, since it allows transformed cells to escape their own proliferation control and leave them irresponsive to drugs that aim to damage their DNA. When p53 falls, other members of its family may become targets to attack tumoural cells. p73 has shown capacity to mediate these attacks. However, its N-terminal truncated isoforms have been associated with oncogenesis due to their capacity to act as dominant negatives of p53 and the transactivation (TA) isoforms of p73. We previously found a relationship between the overexpression of N-terminus-truncated p73 isoform (∆Np73) and that of the proapoptotic gene Bcl-2-interacting killer (BIK). In the present report we demonstrate that ∆Np73-α has the capacity to induce apoptosis through the co-ordinated activation of a group of genes harbouring GC-rich elements in their regulatory regions. ∆Np73-α synergizes with specificity protein (Sp1) on these elements but the overall response of these genes probably depends on the additional presence of consensus p53 elements. We explore the domains of ∆Np73-α involved in this transactivation capacity and found divergences with the previously described functions for them. Moreover, we found that the transforming mutation V12 of HRas impairs this transactivation capacity of ∆Np73-α, further supporting the anti-tumoural function of this later. Our data add complexity to the action of p73 on the induction of apoptosis and tumourogenesis, opening new interpretations to the expression profile of p73 isoforms in different human neoplasias.