bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le Paléolithique inférieur et moyen
Authors: Locht Jean Luc , Depaepe Pascal
Published: September 2016

Entre 1990 et 2002, sur neuf tracés linéaires en Picardie, de nombreuses interventions de terrain ont été réalisées sur des gisements du Paléolithique moyen de plein air. La réalisation systématique de sondages et de fouille a permis l’élaboration d’un cadre chronostratigraphique très détaillé des occupations paléolithiques.

Les fouilles, réalisées sur des superficies importantes, apportent une vision novatrice des occupations de plein

air du Paléolithique moyen.
Mairy (Ardennes françaises) : un site d’habitat ... ou pas ? Premiers éléments de réflexion sur la fonction du site
Authors: Laurelut Christophe
Published: September 2016

Interpreting Mairy as a settlement can seem rather straightforward from the characteristics of the site and especially from the presence of a great number of houses linked with «settlement » pits. This interpretation can however be questioned after a first reflexion on the general organization of the site and a brief analysis of «silo pits » and their contents. The former interpretation of these silo pits as storage pits re-used for refusal is finally rejected. Analysis of the ceramic associations from these pits helps defining 3 phases, but also highlights the coexistence on the site, throughout its occupation, of two different ceramic traditions. The first refers to a northern cultural area : initially influenced by an ancient Michelsberg (Mayen type), it can be later be compared to the Belgian Michelsberg. The second tradition is clearly a Western one, at first close to Menneville and ancient phases of Boury-en-Vexin ; it seems to later be influenced by Southern Rhenish Michelsberg, even if its Western base, best seen through a global morphological connection with the Noyen group, is not questioned. Beyond «ceremonial » aspects seen from silo pits and their content, the presence of two cultural groups on the site shows evidence of its supra-regional dimension, as meeting point of two culturally diffenciated communities.
Cartographie du phosphore dans des bâtiments allongés du Néolithique dans le Nord de la France, en Belgique et au Luxembourg
Authors: Fechner Kai , De Lil Agnès , Clavel Viviane , Hus Jozef , Teheux Eric , Broes Frédéric , Dugois Fred , Elleboode Emmanuelle , Fournand Sandrine , Gaillard Denis , Heller Frédéric , Julien Maël , Leroy-Langelin Emmanuelle , Lorin Yann , Marchal Jean-Philippe , Naton Henri-Georges , Poirier Christian , Praud Ivan , Slachmuylder Jean-Louis
Published: September 2016

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist ein besseres Verständnis der Funktionszuweisung der neolithischen Langbauten mittels Verteilungskarten des Phosphors und deren Evolution. Ein besonderer Akzent liegt auf den jüngeren Studien mehrerer endneolithischer Häuser. Die Karten wurden mithilfe von systematischen Phosphortests und einigen gezielteren Gesamt-Phosphatanalysen erstellt. Im Bereich der Funktionszuweisung und der Organisation der Gebäude zeichnen sich bereits einige Tendenzen ab, selbst wenn nicht alle Studien dieser Gebäude abgeschlossen sind. Die ersten Ergebnisse lassen grundlegende Aspekte der Methodologie und Taphonomie erkennen und ermöglichen es die zukünftigen Studien in den betroffenen Regionen zu orientieren.
Production et fonction des outillages au Néolithique final dans la vallée de la Deûle (Nord - Pas-de-Calais)
Authors: Martial Emmanuelle , Cayol Nicolas , Hamon Caroline , Maigrot Yolaine , Médard Fabienne , Monchablon Cécile
Published: September 2016

The study of tools from four Late Neolithic sites of Deûle valley (Nord-Pas-de-Calais) is addressed in order to identify the “ chaînes opératoires” implemented since the acquisition of raw materials to processing and / or consumption through the various stages of processing materials involved. Combination of paleo-environmental data with results of technological and functional analysis conducted on stone, animal materials or clay tools allows to define some of the activities on these sites and to discuss concept of tools interactivity. According to preliminary results, exploitation of plant resources appears to be of particular importance in this context.
Les bâtiments du Néolithique final des Vaux à Moulins-sur-Céphons (Indre) et les apports de la prospection géophysique
Authors: Hamon Tony , Hulin Guillaume
Published: September 2016

The site of Moulins-sur-Céphons is located close to Levroux (Indre, France). This publication deals with the geophysical survey undertaken in 2007. It brings another vision of the Neolithic site which covers an area of about 6 ha. Results are detailed and clearly show benefits of magnetic survey as a detection method and also as a characterization method of some archaeological phenomena. Hypothesis concerning the lack of archaeological evidence in several places will be discussed. Thanks to these results, this site can be compared with other similar sites of the western part of France.
Un nouveau site mésolithique à Choisy-au-Bac (Oise)
Authors: Paris Clément , Joseph Frédéric , Ducrocq Thierry
Published: September 2016

Le gisement mésolithique de Choisy-au-Bac " Les Muids" est situé dans la large plaine alluviale de la zone de confluence de l’Oise et de l’Aisne. Deux concentrations de vestiges ont été fouillées. Leur étude a d’abord montré des conditions de conservation relativement médiocres avec une stratigraphie peu développée et des risques élevés de mélanges d’industries. Toutefois, une des deux concentrations semble moins affectée par ces problèmes et s’est prêtée à une étude typo-technologique de l’industrie lithique. Les modalités de débitage sont orientées vers la production de supports laminaires transformés ensuite en armatures. Ces dernières sont faiblement représentées et constituées de pointes à base retouchée et de segments. Cet assemblage microlithique rappelle ceux d’autres sites picards bien calés chronologiquement entre 9100 BP et 8700 BP. Quelques indices et des pierres chauffées orientent vers une halte, probablement courte, consacrée à la réfection des armes de chasses mais aussi à d’autres activités domestiques. La présence d’un autre secteur moins bien conservé et présentant le même spectre microlithique pose également la question de la relation entre ces deux

concentrations.
Population genomics of divergence within an obligate pollination mutualism: Selection maintains differences between Joshua tree species
Authors: Royer Anne M. , Streisfeld Matthew A. , Smith Christopher Irwin
Published: September 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Speciation is a complex process that can be shaped by many factors, from geographic isolation to interspecific interactions. In Joshua trees, selection from pollinators on style length has been hypothesized to contribute to the maintenance of differentiation between two hybridizing sister species. We used population genomics approaches to measure the extent of genetic differentiation between these species, test whether selection maintains differences between them, and determine whether genetic variants associated with style length show signatures of selection.

METHODS:

Using restriction‐site‐associated DNA (RAD)‐sequencing, we identified 9516 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the Joshua tree genome. We characterized the genomic composition of trees in a narrow hybrid zone and used genomic scans to search for signatures of selection acting on these SNPs. We used a genome‐wide association study to identify SNPs associated with variation in phenotypic traits, including style length, and asked whether those SNPs were overrepresented among the group under selection.

KEY RESULTS:

The two species were highly genetically differentiated (FST = 0.25), and hybrids were relatively rare in the hybrid zone. Approximately 20% of SNPs showed evidence of selection maintaining divergence. While SNPs associated with style length were overrepresented among those under selection (P << 0.0001), the same was true for SNPs associated with highly differentiated vegetative traits.

CONCLUSIONS:

The two species of Joshua tree are clearly genetically distinct, and selection is maintaining differences between them. We found that loci associated with differentiated traits were likely to be under selection. However, many traits other than style length appeared to be under selection. Together with the dearth of intermediate hybrids, these findings reveal that these taxa are more strongly diverged than previously suspected and that selection, likely on many targets, is maintaining separation where the two species meet and hybridize.
MULTI-WAVELENGTH STUDY OF TRANSITION REGION PENUMBRAL SUBARCSECOND BRIGHT DOTS USING IRIS AND NST
Authors: Deng Na , Yurchyshyn Vasyl , Tian Hui , Kleint Lucia , Liu Chang , Xu Yan , Wang Haimin
Published: September 2016

Using high-resolution transition region (TR) observations taken by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) mission, Tian et al. revealed numerous short-lived subarcsecond bright dots (BDs) above sunspots (mostly located in the penumbrae), which indicate yet unexplained small-scale energy releases. Moreover, whether or not these subarcsecond TR brightenings have any signature in the lower atmosphere and how they are formed are still not fully resolved. This paper presents a multi-wavelength study of the TR penumbral BDs using a coordinated observation of a near disk center sunspot with IRIS and the 1.6 m New Solar Telescope (NST) at the Big Bear Solar Observatory. NST provides high-resolution chromospheric and photospheric observations with narrowband Hα imaging spectroscopy and broadband TiO images, respectively, complementary to IRIS TR observations. A total of 2692 TR penumbral BDs are identified from a 37 minute time series of IRIS 1400 Å slit-jaw images. Their locations tend to be associated more with downflowing and darker fibrils in the chromosphere, and weakly associated with bright penumbral features in the photosphere. However, temporal evolution analyses of the BDs show that there is no consistent and convincing brightening response in the chromosphere. These results are compatible with a formation mechanism of the TR penumbral BDs by falling plasma from coronal heights along more vertical and dense magnetic loops. The BDs may also be produced by small-scale impulsive magnetic reconnection taking place sufficiently high in the atmosphere that has no energy release in the chromosphere.
ANALYTICAL MODELS OF EXOPLANETARY ATMOSPHERES. III. GASEOUS C–H–O–N CHEMISTRY WITH NINE MOLECULES
Authors: Heng Kevin , Tsai Shang-Min
Published: September 2016

We present novel, analytical, equilibrium-chemistry formulae for the abundances of molecules in hot exoplanetary atmospheres that include the carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen networks. Our hydrogen-dominated solutions involve acetylene (C2H2), ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ethylene (C2H4), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), methane (CH4), molecular nitrogen (N2), and water (H2O). By considering only the gas phase, we prove that the mixing ratio of carbon monoxide is governed by a decic equation (polynomial equation of 10 degrees). We validate our solutions against numerical calculations of equilibrium chemistry that perform Gibbs free energy minimization and demonstrate that they are accurate at the

level for temperatures from 500 to 3000 K. In hydrogen-dominated atmospheres, the ratio of abundances of HCN to CH4 is nearly constant across a wide range of carbon-to-oxygen ratios, which makes it a robust diagnostic of the metallicity in the gas phase. Our validated formulae allow for the convenient benchmarking of chemical kinetics codes and provide an efficient way of enforcing chemical equilibrium in atmospheric retrieval calculations.
A LUMINOUS GAMMA-RAY BINARY IN THE LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD
Authors: Corbet R. H. D. , Chomiuk L. , Coe M. J. , Coley J. B. , Dubus G. , Edwards P. G. , Martin P. , McBride V. A. , Stevens J. , Strader J. , Townsend L. J. , Udalski A.
Published: September 2016

Gamma-ray binaries consist of a neutron star or a black hole interacting with a normal star to produce gamma-ray emission that dominates the radiative output of the system. Only a handful of such systems have been previously discovered, all within our Galaxy. Here, we report the discovery of a luminous gamma-ray binary in the Large Magellanic Cloud, found with the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT), from a search for periodic modulation in all sources in the third Fermi LAT catalog. This is the first such system to be found outside the Milky Way. The system has an orbital period of 10.3 days, and is associated with a massive O5III star located in the supernova remnant DEM L241, previously identified as the candidate high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) CXOU J053600.0–673507. X-ray and radio emission are also modulated on the 10.3 day period, but are in anti-phase with the gamma-ray modulation. Optical radial velocity measurements suggest that the system contains a neutron star. The source is significantly more luminous than similar sources in the Milky Way, at radio, optical, X-ray, and gamma-ray wavelengths. The detection of this extra-galactic system, but no new Galactic systems, raises the possibility that the predicted number of gamma-ray binaries in our Galaxy has been overestimated, and that HMXBs may be born containing relatively slowly rotating neutron stars.
RELATIONS WITH CO ROTATIONAL LADDERS OF GALAXIES ACROSS THE HERSCHEL SPIRE ARCHIVE
Authors: Kamenetzky J. , Rangwala N. , Glenn J. , Maloney P. R. , Conley A.
Published: September 2016

We present a catalog of all CO (J = 4−3 through J = 13−12), [C i], and [N ii] lines available from extragalactic spectra from the Herschel SPIRE Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) archive combined with observations of the low-J CO lines from the literature and from the Arizona Radio Observatory. This work examines the relationships between L
FIR,

, and L
CO/L
CO,1−0. We also present a new method for estimating probability distribution functions from marginal signal-to-noise ratio Herschel FTS spectra, which takes into account the instrumental “ringing” and the resulting highly correlated nature of the spectra. The slopes of log(L
FIR) versus log(

) are linear for all mid- to high-J CO lines and slightly sublinear if restricted to (ultra)luminous infrared galaxies ((U)LIRGs). The mid- to high-J CO luminosity relative to CO J = 1−0 increases with increasing L
FIR, indicating higher excitement of the molecular gas, although these ratios do not exceed ∼180. For a given bin in L
FIR, the luminosities relative to CO J = 1−0 remain relatively flat from J = 6−5 through J = 13−12, across three orders of magnitude of L
FIR. A single component theoretical photodissociation region (PDR) model cannot match these flat SLED shapes, although combinations of PDR models with mechanical heating added qualitatively match the shapes, indicating the need for further comprehensive modeling of the excitation processes of warm molecular gas in nearby galaxies.
EFFECT OF SPECTRAL INDEX DISTRIBUTION ON ESTIMATING THE AGN RADIO LUMINOSITY FUNCTION
Authors: Yuan Zunli , Wang Jiancheng , Zhou Ming , Mao Jirong
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we scrutinize the effect of spectral index distribution on estimating the active galactic nucleus radio luminosity function (RLF) by a Monte Carlo method. We find that the traditional bivariate RLF estimators can cause bias in varying degrees. The bias is especially pronounced for the flat-spectrum radio sources whose spectral index distribution is more scattered. We believe that the bias is caused because the K-corrections complicate the truncation boundary on the L–z plane of the sample, but the traditional bivariate RLF estimators have difficulty dealing with this boundary condition properly. We suggest that the spectral index distribution should be incorporated into the RLF analysis process to obtain a robust estimation. This drives the need for a trivariate function of the form Φ(α, z, L), which we show provides an accurate basis for measuring the RLF.
COSMOLOGICAL SIMULATIONS OF MILKY WAY-SIZED GALAXIES
Authors: Colín Pedro , Avila-Reese Vladimir , Roca-Fàbrega Santi , Valenzuela Octavio
Published: September 2016

We introduce a new set of eight Milky Way-sized cosmological simulations performed using the AMR code Adaptive Refinement Tree + Hydrodynamics in a ΛCDM cosmology. The set of zoom-in simulations covers present-day virial masses that range from

to

and is carried out with our simple but effective prescriptions for deterministic star formation (SF) and “explosive” stellar feedback. The work focuses on showing the goodness of the simulated set of “field” Milky Way-sized galaxies. To this end, we compare some of the predicted physical quantities with the corresponding observed ones. Our results are as follows. (a) In agreement with some previous works, we found curves of circular velocity that are flat or slightly peaked. (b) All simulated galaxies with a significant disk component are consistent with the observed Tully–Fisher, radius–mass, and cold gas–stellar mass correlations of late-type galaxies. (c) The disk-dominated galaxies have stellar specific angular momenta in agreement with those of late-type galaxies, with values around 103 km s−1 kpc−1. (d) The SF rates at z = 0 of all runs but one are comparable to those estimated for the star-forming galaxies. (e) The two most spheroid-dominated galaxies formed in halos with late active merger histories and late bursts of SF, but the other run that ends also dominated by a spheroid never had major mergers. (f) The simulated galaxies lie in the semi-empirical correlation of stellar to halo mass of local central galaxies, and those that end up as disk-dominated evolve mostly along the low-mass branch of this correlation. Moreover, the growth histories of baryonic and stellar mass of these galaxies are proportional to their growth histories of halo mass over the last 6.5–10 Gyr. (g) Within the virial radii of the simulations,

–50% of the baryons are missed; the amount of gas in the halo is similar to the amount in stars in the galaxy, and most of this gas is in the warm–hot phase. (h) The profiles of

vertical gas velocity dispersion,

(r), are nearly flat and can be mostly explained by the kinetic energy injected by stars. The average values of

increase at higher redshifts, following roughly the shape of the SF history.
REVISITING THE LYMAN CONTINUUM ESCAPE CRISIS: PREDICTIONS FOR z > 6 FROM LOCAL GALAXIES
Authors: Faisst Andreas L.
Published: September 2016

The intrinsic escape fraction of ionizing Lyman continuum photons (

) is crucial to understanding whether galaxies are capable of reionizing the neutral hydrogen in the early universe at z > 6. Unfortunately, it is not possible to access

at z > 4 with direct observations, and the handful of measurements from low-redshift galaxies consistently find

 < 10%, while at least

 ∼ 10% is necessary for galaxies to dominate reionization. Here, we present the first empirical prediction of

at z > 6 by combining the (sparsely populated) relation between

/

 and

with the redshift evolution of

/

 as predicted from local high-z analogs selected by their Hα equivalent width. We find

at z = 6 and

at z = 9 for galaxies with

(errors given as 1σ). However, there is a negative correlation with stellar mass and we find up to 50% larger

per 0.5 dex decrease in stellar mass. The population-averaged escape fraction increases according to

, with f
esc,0 = (2.3 ± 0.05)% and α = 1.17 ± 0.02 at z > 2 for

. With our empirical prediction of

(thus fixing an important, previously unknown variable) and further reasonable assumptions on clumping factor and the production efficiency of Lyman continuum photons, we conclude that the average population of galaxies is just capable of reionizing the universe by z ∼ 6.
Interactive online physics labs increase high school students’ interest
Authors: Gryczka Patrick , Klementowicz Edward , Sharrock Chappel , Montclare Jin
Published: September 2016

Here we describe the incorporation of a web-based application focusing on circuits for the physics high school classroom as part of an outreach program. The program involves college mentors creating and implementing science lessons in collaboration with the classroom teacher. Focusing on the challenge of understanding circuit design, a technology rich module is employed to improve learning and motivation of the students. The students’ conceptual understanding as well as interest in circuits was increased, the college mentors earned valuable teaching and mentoring experience and the teacher enjoyed more one-on-one time as well as assistance with students.
Recommendations From an Early Adopter of a Doctor of Nursing Practice Program
Authors: Carter Michael A. , Accardo Dwayne , Cooper Thomas , Cowan Patricia , Likes Wendy , Lynch-Smith Donna , Melaro Laura
Published: September 2016

Background:

Many changes have occurred in DNP programs since they first began. University of Tennessee Health Science Center began the practice doctoral program in 1999 and today enrolls over 100 new baccalaureate nursing (BSN)-to-Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) students each year. More than 500 DNPs have graduated to date.

Method:

A review of the history and challenges of this program are presented as a potential exemplar for other programs to consider.

Results:

Several changes have taken place, including a shift from Master of Science in Nursing (MSN)-to-DNP programs to almost all BSN-to-DNP programs, a new appreciation for writing skills, and movement away from a separate DNP project.

Conclusion:

Understanding these changes may help other schools of nursing as they begin DNP programs or transition from their MSN-to-DNP programs to BSN-to-DNP programs. [
J Nurs Educ
. 2016;55(10):563–567.]
Ophthalmologic Outcomes of Children Born Premature Without ROP: Correlations With Gestational Age and Psychomotor Development
Authors: Al-Haddad Christiane , Fattah Maamoun Abdul , Smeets Larissa , Tamim Hani , Dirani Leila , Safadieh Layal , Sinno Durriyah , Charafeddine Lama
Published: September 2016

Purpose:

To study ophthalmological outcomes of premature children with no retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and correlate with neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Methods:

A total of 69 former preterm infants were evaluated at 2 to 7 years of age. Detailed ophthalmologic examinations were performed. Neurodevelopment was assessed using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scale and Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. Another 69 healthy children served as controls.

Results:

The 69 preterm children (38 of 69 boys) and 69 controls (38 of 69 boys) had a mean age of 4.9 ± 1.5 and 4.9 ± 1.4 years, respectively. Compared to controls, preterm infants had vision impairment of 19% versus 1.4% (
P
= .001), hyperopia of 87% versus 98.5% (
P
= .21), myopia of 11% versus 1.4% (
P
= .017), and astigmatism of 39% versus 30.4% (
P
= .37). Children with any motor disability tended to have worse vision.

Conclusions:

In the absence of ROP, hyperopia was more common in infants 32 weeks or older who weighed more than 1,500 g at birth; other vision problems were similar in subgroups. This may represent impending myopia in those younger than 32 weeks weighing less than 1,500 g.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2017;54(1):32–38.]
Legumbres: el pan del pobre
Authors: Cubero Salmerón José Ignacio
Published: September 2016

Domesticadas a la par que los primeros cereales y otros cultivos ricos en carbohidratos, compañeras inseparables de ellos en la tierra, en las costumbres, en la mesa y en el pesebre, en la agricultura moderna las leguminosas no son, sin embargo, más que secundarias o terciarias, a pesar de las llamadas a su consumo en dietas equilibradas y a la necesidad de su inclusión en la “alimentación” del suelo, es decir, en las rotaciones que incrementen la fertilidad del mismo de forma natural. Su riqueza en proteínas hizo que se llamaran “el pan del pobre”; su capacidad de fertilizar la tierra fijando nitrógeno atmosférico fue recomendación constante de los autores agrícolas desde los tiempos de Grecia y Roma. En el presente artículo se presentan las leguminosas no en sus aspectos técnicos sino en su relación con el Hombre desde diversos puntos de vista, incluyendo el papel que han representado en la Historia de la Ciencia al haber sido protagonista de estudios trascendentales como los de Mendel, Galton y Johannsen y la descripción del primer QTL entre otros.
Aspectos de las legumbres nutricionales y beneficiosos para la salud humana
Authors: Delgado-Andrade Cristina , Olías Raquel , Jiménez-López Jose Carlos , Clemente Alfonso
Published: September 2016

Las leguminosas constituyen una de las familias botánicas más importantes desde el punto de vista nutricional, siendo un componente importante de la dieta mediterránea y esencial en la de numerosos países en desarrollo. Legumbres tales como garbanzo, lenteja, altramuz, guisante y habas son reconocidas como fuentes de proteínas, almidón, fibra, vitaminas y minerales. En este trabajo, quedan incluidas las evidencias científicas relativas al papel que juegan las legumbres en la nutrición humana así como las propiedades preventivas que ejercen algunos de sus componentes bioactivos en enfermedades tales como la diabetes tipo-2, hipercolesterolemia, hipertensión, obesidad, enfermedades inflamatorias y cáncer. Por último, se analiza los datos de consumo de legumbres en los hogares españoles, los cuales demuestran un descenso superior al 60 % en las últimas décadas. Esto debe ser corregido con políticas de promoción de dieta saludable así como por medidas de adaptación al nuevo mercado con la aparición de nuevos productos que vayan orientados a las preferencias actuales del consumidor.
Las leguminosas en alimentación animal
Authors: Rubio Luis A. , Molina Eduarda
Published: September 2016

Desde el punto de vista de su uso en nutrición animal, pueden considerarse dos grupos de leguminosas: leguminosas-forraje (p. ej. la alfalfa), usadas en alimentación de rumiantes y leguminosas-grano (p. ej. habas, guisantes y altramuces), usadas esencialmente para aves y cerdos, y en menor medida para rumiantes. Las leguminosas-grano pueden sustituir parcial o totalmente a fuentes de proteínas tradicionales, de origen animal, como carne, huesos o harina de pescado en los piensos para animales, y representan una alternativa para las harinas de soja y otras oleaginosas. Su contenido en proteína es variable pero elevado (25-45 g/100 g materia seca). No obstante, la presencia de metabolitos secundarios (inhibidores de proteasas, saponinas, glucósidos, lectinas, taninos, alcaloides), así como sus altos niveles de fibra (polisacáridos no amiláceos), ha restringido el uso de leguminosas-grano en la alimentación de animales monogástricos (aves y cerdos) y, mucho más en la de rumiantes. Sin embargo, en la actualidad se está incrementando el interés por el uso de estas materias primas como alimentos funcionales, sobre todo en nutrición humana, pero también en nutrición animal, entre otras razones, como consecuencia de la prohibición del uso de proteína animal (harinas de carne y hueso), que tuvo lugar en la Unión Europea tras la crisis de la Encefalopatía Espongiforme Bovina. Para establecer el valor nutritivo de las leguminosas ha de prestarse especial atención a su composición en nutrientes, su contenido en energía y la digestibilidad de los aminoácidos. En rumiantes, es necesario establecer la degradabilidad en el rumen tanto de la proteína como de los aminoácidos individuales y de los carbohidratos, aspectos que determinan la utilización de nutrientes en este grupo animal, pero sobre los que existe muy poca información. En la actualidad, la perspectiva respecto a los taninos en las dietas de rumiantes está cambiando considerándose que pueden ejercer un efecto beneficioso. La soja es la semilla más utilizada como fuente de proteína en nutrición animal, pero el hecho de que haya de importarse en su mayor parte y que sea modificada genéticamente suponen dificultades para su utilización en la actualidad en Europa. Razones de índole medioambiental, sanitarias y productivas resultan en un progresivo interés en el cultivo de leguminosas en la UE.
La agrobiodiversidad como elemento de la seguridad alimentaria y ambiental
Authors: De la Rosa Fernández Lucía , Fajardo Vizcayno Juan
Published: September 2016

En el artículo se revisa la importancia y la situación de la conservación de recursos fitogenéticos para la alimentación y la agricultura, tanto en los aspectos asociados específicamente a esta actividad como en aquellos otros derivados de su faceta como componente de la biodiversidad y proveedor de servicios ecosistémicos. Se incide en la función de las colecciones ex situ como fuente de materiales tanto para su utilización directa como en programas de mejora genética, ambos elementos imprescindibles para una agricultura resiliente frente al cambio ambiental. De forma específica, se describe el estado de la conservación de germoplasma de las especies de la familia de Fabaceae tanto para utilización en alimentación humana como en alimentación animal, en el ámbito nacional e internacional.
Contribución de las leguminosas a la investigación genética. Una perspectiva histórica desde la genética mendeliana a la secuenciación masiva
Authors: Pérez de la Vega Marcelino
Published: September 2016

Es conocido que Mendel escogió los guisantes como material para realizar los experimentos que son la piedra fundacional de la Genética. Pero es menos conocido que Mendel también experimentó con otras leguminosas con menos éxito, o que Darwin experimentó con leguminosas. Durante la primera década del siglo XX, los guisantes fueron el material predilecto para comprobar los resultados obtenidos por Mendel. Después, la Genética se desarrolló utilizando prioritariamente otros organismos eucariotas o microorganismos. Aun así, las leguminosas forman parte de los materiales en los que Vavilov se basó para desarrollar su Ley de las Series Homólogas en la Variación. Las leguminosas son el modelo para el estudio de las relaciones simbióticas planta-microorganismo que posibilitan la fijación de nitrógeno atmosférico. Esto las ha convertido en uno de los modelos biológicos en la era de la genómica. En el último lustro se ha terminado la secuenciación de varios genomas de especies cultivadas de leguminosas y muchos otros lo serán en los próximos años. Como consecuencia de ello la cantidad de conocimientos teóricos y su aplicación a la mejora está aumentando exponencialmente.
Historia de la investigación en la simbiosis leguminosa-bacteria: una perspectiva didáctica
Authors: Ramírez-Bahena Marta Helena , Peix Álvaro , Velázquez Encarna , Bedmar Eulogio J.
Published: September 2016

Después de los cereales, las leguminosas constituyen la segunda familia en importancia para la alimentación humana y animal. Sin embargo, en contraste con ellos, las leguminosas son capaces de crecer en suelos áridos, de escasa fertilidad, lo que se debe a su capacidad para establecer asociaciones simbióticas con bacterias del suelo llamadas rhizobia. Estos microorganismos forman unos órganos especiales en las raíces de las leguminosas, los nódulos, donde el dinitrógeno (N2) atmosférico se transforma en amonio que se exporta a la planta para su crecimiento. Desde su descubrimiento en los nódulos de las leguminosas hasta nuestros días, el conocimiento de las bacterias capaces de establecer simbiosis con estas plantas ha avanzado en múltiples aspectos. Sobre todo, los avances en las técnicas moleculares de identificación bacteriana y el acceso a lugares inexplorados ha permitido confirmar que la interacción de las leguminosas con los rhizobia es más antigua de lo que se creía y que las bacterias fijadoras de dinitrógeno (N2) son más abundantes y diversas de lo que se había pensado. Trataremos de describir la historia de una asociación cuyo desarrollo ha sido, y es, clave en la historia de la humanidad tal como la conocemos ahora.
Piedad de la Cierva: una sorprendente trayectoria profesional durante la segunda república y el franquismo
Authors: Alva Rodríguez Inmaculada
Published: September 2016

Piedad de la Cierva obtuvo la licenciatura de Ciencias por la Universidad de Valencia en 1932. Ese mismo año se trasladó a Madrid para realizar su tesis doctoral en el prestigioso Instituto Rockefeller. Dos años más tarde le fue concedida una beca de ampliación de estudios en el Niels Böehr de Copenhague para profundizar en materias relacionadas con la radioactividad. Después de la guerra civil pudo continuar con su investigación científica trabajando en temas de los que fue pionera como el vidrio óptico o la fabricación de ladrillos refractarios. El objetivo de este trabajo es dar visibilidad al trabajo desarrollado por esta pionera reconstruyendo su biografía intelectual a través de lo que ella recoge en sus memorias y los escasos datos que nos proporcionan la bibliografía relacionada. A través de su labor científica quedarán de manifiesto las dificultades que encontró y los apoyos que le facilitaron desenvolverse en un mundo entonces preferentemente masculino
Empresas biotecnológicas y divulgación de la ciencia. El caso de las pymes biotecnológicas asentadas en parques biotecnológicos de Andalucía
Authors: García-Hernández Mª Luisa , Martínez-Rodrigo Estrella , Victoria Mas Juan Salvador
Published: September 2016

Las empresas biotecnológicas no pueden desestimar que el interés social por esa franja de conocimiento es muy alto, genera expectativas y recelos, y cubrir esa demanda no solo compete a los organismos públicos. Para comprobar cuál es su realidad enfocamos en este trabajo a las 32 pymes asentadas en cuatro parques tecnológicos de Andalucía. Utilizamos metodologías variadas para comprobar cómo es su presencia en los periódicos locales de referencia en sus respectivas provincias; qué ámbitos cubren sus sitios web y cuál es la opinión de sus gestores sobre diferentes aspectos de su comunicación. Los resultados nos llevan a concluir que no existe diálogo entre la sociedad y estas empresas, paso ineludible para que las pymes integren mecanismos de divulgación como elementos de su comunicación y de su RSC; sin embargo, sus ejecutivos no repudian a la ciudadanía como público, si bien no han localizado las herramientas que solucionen tal desconexión.
Reactions of Sandhill Cranes Approaching a Marked Transmission Power Line
Authors: Murphy Robert K. , Dwyer James F. , Mojica Elizabeth K. , McPherron Michelle M. , Harness Richard E.
Published: September 2016

Sandhill cranes Antigone canadensis, formerly Grus canadensis, are of widespread management focus, particularly where collisions with power lines are an important cause of mortality. Collision mitigation focuses on marking power lines to increase visibility, but collisions persist, perhaps because power line markers are not sufficiently visible in all conditions. Our objective was to compare reaction distances and reaction behaviors during daylight when power lines are presumably more visible, and during darkness when power lines are less visible. The power line we studied was fitted with glow-in-the-dark power line markers intended to increase nocturnal visibility. We found that during daylight, flocks generally avoided the power line by climbing gradually and passed above without making sudden evasive maneuvers. During darkness, flocks, particularly small flocks, were almost equally likely to make sudden evasive maneuvers as to climb gradually. Collision monitoring on the power line we studied conducted concurrent to our study indicated that 94% of collisions occurred during darkness, linking the behaviors we observed to actual mortality. Sandhill cranes also reacted at greater distances and with fewer sudden evasive maneuvers to the glow-in-the-dark-marked power line we studied than to nearby power lines without glowing markers evaluated in a prior study, suggesting that either glowing markers, smaller gaps between markers, or both, improved sandhill cranes' ability to perceive and react to the power line we studied. By correlating behavioral observations with mortality, our study indicates that proactive low-intensity behavioral observations might be useful surrogates to reactive high-intensity carcass searches in identifying high-risk spans. This approach may also be effective for other species.
Effect of Revisitation Surveys on Detection of Wetland Birds with Different Diel Vocalization Patterns
Authors: La Van T. , Nudds Thomas D.
Published: September 2016

Reliable species distribution data are important for valid scientific conclusions and effective conservation planning. Mismatch between survey timing and animal behaviors that influence detection may result in false absences that can lead to poorly informed management decisions. Birds exhibit a diversity of diel vocalization patterns, but many large-scale multispecies surveys are based on the songbird dawn chorus, indicating the potential for bias to detect birds with other diel vocalization patterns. In this study, we quantified bias in point counts and morning acoustic recordings to measure the number of occupied sites detected for a set of dawn chorusing birds (songbirds) and irregularly vocalizing wetland birds (waterfowl) relative to estimates obtained from 10-min acoustic recordings conducted hourly throughout 24-h periods for three consecutive days. Furthermore, we investigated which revisitation schedule—same day or different day sampling, as well as increased sampling effort—best minimized false-negative detections for songbirds and waterfowl. Morning surveys significantly underestimated the number of occupied sites for 10 of 13 species. No differences were found between same-day and between-day revisitation schedules with identical sampling effort, regardless of whether birds exhibited a dawn chorus or irregular vocalization patterns. Detection improved with increased sampling effort. Subsampled recordings captured the majority of occupied sites for songbirds (up to 87% of occupied sites detected), but less so for waterfowl (up to 60% of occupied sites detected). Accurate detection for irregularly vocalizing species such as waterfowl will require more intensive sampling effort (likely throughout 24-h periods) when using acoustic recordings.
Timing Moose Pellet Collections to Increase Genotyping Success of Fecal DNA
Authors: Rea Roy V. , Johnson Chris J. , Murray Brent W. , Hodder Dexter P. , Crowley Shannon M.
Published: September 2016

Fecal pellets can serve as a noninvasive source of DNA for identifying the distribution of individual animals when conducting population estimates. The quality of fecal DNA, however, can be degraded by wet or warm environmental conditions. We tested the effect of time of pellet collection (mid-March–mid-June) and temperature on the success of genotyping microsatellite loci in moose Alces alces by using DNA extracted from moose fecal pellets collected from north central British Columbia, Canada. Using the number of microsatellite loci genotyped as a measure of genotyping success clearly indicated that fecal pellets collected in March and April contained DNA that yielded high-confidence genotypes, whereas those collected in May and June did not. Pellets collected in March and April were more likely to be collected in cooler (often subzero) temperatures than those collected in May and June. Pellets collected later in the year were also more likely to be exposed to rain and increased solar radiation, all of which are likely to contribute to degradation of fecal DNA. Our findings suggest that pellets collected in late winter in the Northern Hemisphere have sufficient DNA to permit genotyping of moose.
Roms et Tsiganes en Europe méditerranéenne : prégnance et circulation des catégories
Authors: Doytcheva Milena
Published: September 2016

L’article s’appuie sur les résultats en cours d’élaboration du projet de recherche « Migrants roms dans l’espace public » (LabEx TEPSIS, Ville de Paris). À travers différentes enquêtes sur les processus de politisation (médiatisation, action collective, politiques locales d’« insertion »), il propose d’examiner les stratégies différenciées d’intégration développées à l’égard de ces migrants par une pluralité d’acteurs. Faisant retour sur les résultats comparatifs du dossier récent que la revue Confluences Méditerranée consacre à la question, nous analysons en situation les tensions entre une logique de « transnationalisation » de la problématique et l’enracinement des configurations nationales et locales concrètes. Une piste est en ce sens privilégiée qui est celle des catégories cognitives et d’action qui président à la définition de ces enjeux et objets d’intervention.
Roms roumanisés, Ciurari, Ursari : ethnicité et appartenances sociales. Ethnographie des migrants roms roumains à Montpellier
Authors: Lièvre Marion
Published: September 2016

Comment devient-on Roms roumanisés, Ciurari, Ursari ou encore Bogdăneșteni ? Sur la base d’une ethnographie des frontières et des marqueurs mobilisés par les différents groupes roms roumains présents à Montpellier, cet article interroge ce qui habituellement est désigné comme « culturel ». Appartenances ethniques, logiques de distinction sociale et processus de domination symbolique se conjuguent pour redessiner les contours des valeurs identitaires et culturelles de ces groupes roms et définir une « authenticité culturelle ».
From Slum to City Dweller, Trajectories of Integration of the “Roma” Families of an Affirmative Action Program in France
Authors: Puerto Kàtia Lurbe i
Published: September 2016

“Roma” populations in Europe and their relationships with the Nation-State have for long been a sensitive political issue. By focusing on the “Roma sequence of 2010”, this article addresses first the political fabrication of the “Roma issue” in France. It then applies an intersectional analysis to the trajectories of social integration of the families of the Sénart Project (2000-2007). The empirical material is drawn from the documentary analysis of the Project archives and four years of ethnographical work. Three major questions are explored: What assessment do the families make of the Project? What ideal types of integration trajectory can be inferred from the case-study? What characterises each of them?
Les droits spécifiques des minorités ethniques et culturelles dans l’Accord de paix entre les FARC-EP et le Gouvernement colombien du 24 août 2016
Authors: Braconnier Moreno Laetitia
Published: September 2016

Les accords de paix signés à la Havane entre le gouvernement colombien et les Forces Armées Révolutionnaires de Colombie-Armée du Peuple (FARC-EP), mettant fin à un conflit vieux de plus de cinquante ans, prévoient des mécanismes de justice transitionnelle adaptés aux victimes issues des minorités ethniques et cultuelles. Ainsi, les modalités de réparation de ces victimes prennent en compte leurs spécificités ethniques, culturelles et sociales, ainsi que leurs vécus du conflit et besoins spécifiques. Bien que les représentants indigènes, afro-colombiens et roms aient été invités tardivement à prendre part aux négociations de paix et que le peu de visibilité que les négociateurs leur ont accordé laissait présager une neutralisation de leur victimisation particulière, l’« approche différenciée » et le Chapitre « ethnique » inclus dans l’Accord final semblent entériner certaines avancées du droit de ces minorités en Colombie : d’abord, la reconnaissance officielle du fait qu’elles constituent les principales victimes de ce conflit ; ensuite, l'idée que ces minorités disposent de droits spécifiques ; et surtout, l'éventualité d'une appropriation par celles-ci de leurs droits susceptibles d'être adaptés à leurs cosmovisions.
Strategic Leadership Development in Research-Intensive Higher Education Contexts
Authors: Hubball Harry T. , Clarke Anthony , Pearson Marion L.
Published: September 2016

This chapter draws on 17 years of research and mentoring experience with hundreds of academic leaders in diverse research-intensive university (RIU) environments around the world. The authors argue that scholarship should be central to academic leadership initiatives in RIUs. The scholarship of educational leadership (SoEL) has significant benefits for RIUs and academic leaders with educational roles and responsibilities at various institutional levels: SoEL provides a strategic foundation for educational reform and other quality assurance and quality enhancement activities; SoEL is strategically aligned with RIU mandates for sustained and productive scholarly activity; SoEL fosters an institutional culture of educational scholarship aimed at enhancing effective and efficient practices in undergraduate and graduate programs; and RIUs become better known for valuing educational excellence through SoEL and its strategic contribution to enhance regional, national, or international rankings. This chapter examines theory-practice applications of SoEL in diverse RIU contexts.
Learning and Space Mean Communication
Authors: Ahamer Gilbert
Published: September 2016

This chapter places learning into a wider context and suggests three main categories as modes of thinking: the level of facts, the level of interaction and the level of perspectives. In order to provide a fresh view, learning as such is founded on communication (in several possible forms, including non-spatial e-learning). Successful learning from an evolutionary, global view is seen as enabling realities to actually be changed cooperatively. Didactics is seen as training directed at changing perspectives. Building on a concept of space that is generated by communication, and after a survey of historic approaches to space and cognition from Asia and Europe, learning is understood to be a generic result of the manifoldness of views and perspectives. A core suggestion of this text is: “to accelerate time means to facilitate learning” and vice-versa: “learning means to accelerate time”. An approach of “meta-didactics” is proposed to lead to a competence that is capable of bridging all possible standpoints – especially in the fields of globalization, multicultural comprehension and education towards global peace.
English Teaching and Andragogy in Transitioning Students from Secondary to Higher Education in China
Authors: Wang Victor X. , Neimann Theresa
Published: September 2016

This study investigated the potentiality for Western andragogy as a teaching method in China's high schools, particularly in teaching English as a foreign language (ESOL). A well-accepted instrument was modified and utilized for this study. Chinese teachers of English taught andragogically to some extent such as personalizing instruction, relating to experience, assessing student needs and climate building. The findings showed these teachers taught the lower levels of Bloom's (1956) taxonomy, which are characterized by rote learning, memorization, knowledge transmission, lecturing, and focusing on exams (Li & Cutting, 2011). These teaching methods run contrary to Western democratic approaches characterized by negotiating curricular priorities with students, giving out learning contracts and using learning portfolios instead of exams and involving students when planning lessons. The Western style of teaching is believed to contribute to the communicative/collaborative learning process when it comes to learning as a foreign language such as English.
A Novel Technique for Securing E-Commerce Transaction
Authors: Maji Arnab K.
Published: September 2016

The emergence of online businesses along with the use of the Internet as its basic network has brought new concerns and risks to the e-commerce environment. It is essential for the online companies to gain customers' trust to retain their existing e-commerce market share and provide for growth, because e-commerce transactions take place in an open environment that cannot be trusted since the network is highly vulnerable to outside security threats. The main problem of e-commerce transaction is anonymity. One may steal another's identity and get access of his confidential information such as banking password, credit card details, etc. very easily. The most convenient way to prevent such kind of identity theft is digital certificate. But that is very expensive. In this chapter, a novel attempt is made to prevent identity theft using Visual Cryptography and Steganography during e-commerce transaction, in a very cost-effective manner.