bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil Vulnerability Assessment of Afikpo South Local Government Area, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Authors: Endurance Okonufua , Olabanji Olajire O. , Vincent Ojeh N. , Akpoduado Christiana Ovie , Mark Joshua Maaku
Published: June 2019

Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) integrated with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was adopted to estimate the rate of annual soil loss in Afikpo South Local Government. This is important due to the fact that agriculture is the main source of livelihood in the area. The RUSLE factors were computed using data such as rainfall from NIMET, Soil from FAO, elevation from SRTM and Landsat 8 OLI from USGS. The data were used as input in a GIS environment and the annual soil loss was generated using the RUSLE equation. The result shows that the average annual soil loss ranges from 0 to 155, 858 ha/ton/yr. It was also observed that soil erosion was predominant in the southern part of Afikpo South LGA due to the presence of steep slopes in the area. The study serves as preliminary documentation for planning, conservation and management of soil resources in the Local Government.
Optimization of Foam-Mat Drying Process of Watermelon Pulp Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Isa J. , Olalusi A. P.
Published: June 2019

Introduction: Foam mat drying involves the change of agricultural material from a high moisture content level to a stable foam which is achieved by moisture reduction mechanism.

Aim: In this study, foam-mat drying process of watermelon was optimized using response surface methodology. Foaming conditions (carboxyl methyl cellulose and egg albumen) and the drying system parameters (air velocity and air temperature) were optimized using response surface methodology.

Methodology: To evaluate the drying behaviour, the drying experiment was designed using design expert software using a central composite design setting variable of drying temperature (60°C – 80°C), air velocity (0.5 m/s – 2 m/s), carboxyl methyl cellulose (0.5% - 2.5%), egg albumen (5% - 15%). Twenty-two runs of the experiment were performed using different levels of variables combinations. Based on the statistical tests performed, the best model that described each response was selected using a polynomial analysis.

Results: The optimum values for the drying conditions were: 77.42OC, 0.5m/s, 0.5% and 5% for temperature, air velocity, carboxyl methylcellulose and egg albumen respectively and the optimum values for the drying characteristics were: 25.07 KJ/mol, 1.7345E-10 m2/s, 29.019% (wet-basis). 0.742 g/cm3 and 540 minutes (approximately 9hrs) for activation energy, effective diffusivity, moisture content, foam density and the drying time respectively.

Conclusion: The study of the foam-mat drying of watermelon pulp revealed that the inlet temperature, air velocity, CMC and egg albumen has a significant effect on its drying characteristics.
A Comparative study of Time Series, Empirical Orthogonal Transformation and Descriptive Statistical Analysis on Meteorological Parameters over Ogoja and Maiduguri
Authors: Akpootu D. O. , Tijjani B. I. , Gana U. M.
Published: June 2019

In this study, time series statistical analysis was carried out on the monthly average daily meteorological parameters of global solar radiation, sunshine hours, wind speed, mean temperature, rainfall, cloud cover and relative humidity during the period of thirty one years (1980 – 2010) using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20 with expert modeler to determine the level, trend and seasonal variations for Ogoja and Maiduguri. Seasonal Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average models were determined for the two locations along with their respective statistical indicators of coefficient of determination, Root Mean Square Error, Mean Absolute Percentage Error and Mean Absolute Error and are found suitable for one step ahead forecast for the studied area. The factor analysis (empirical orthogonal transformation) and descriptive statistical analysis was also carried out for the study areas under investigation. The results indicated that the model type for all the meteorological parameters for Ogoja is simple seasonal while that for Maiduguri is simple seasonal except for rainfall and cloud cover with winter’s additive and ARIMA models respectively. The correlation matrix obtained from the factor analysis for the studied area indicated that the global solar radiation and wind speed are more correlated with the mean temperature. The sunshine hours and mean temperature are more correlated with the global solar radiation. The rainfall is more correlated with the relative humidity; similarly, the relative humidity is more correlated with the rainfall. However, the cloud cover is more correlated to the rainfall for Ogoja while for Maiduguri the cloud cover is more correlated to the relative humidity. The component matrix analysis revealed that two seasons are identified for Ogoja; the rainy and dry seasons while for Maiduguri three seasons are identified; the rainy, cool dry (harmattan) and hot dry seasons. The skewness and kurtosis test for Ogoja indicated that the global solar radiation, sunshine hours, cloud cover and relative humidity are negatively skewed and the wind speed, mean temperature and rainfall are positively skewed while the global solar radiation, sunshine hours, wind speed, cloud cover and relative humidity indicates possibility of a leptokurtic distribution and the mean temperature and rainfall indicates possibility of a platykurtic distribution. The skewness and kurtosis for Maiduguri indicated that the solar radiation, rainfall and relative humidity are positively skewed and the sunshine hours, wind speed, mean temperature and cloud cover are negatively skewed while the global solar radiation, rainfall and cloud cover indicates possibility of a leptokurtic distribution and the sunshine hours, wind speed, mean temperature and relative humidity indicates possibility of a platykurtic distribution.
Impact of Landform on Agricultural Land Use Pattern: A Case Study of Salda River Basin in Purulia District, West Bengal
Authors: Mahato Manoj Kumar , Jana N. C.
Published: June 2019

The present study is concerned with the analysis of landform characteristics of Salda River basin and its impact on agriculture land use pattern. The Salda basin is one of the sub-basins of Subarnarekha River, with diversified landscape pattern in the western part of Purulia district in West Bengal. This basin is constituted by plateaus, plains with terraces, scarps, inselbergs, which is evolved under polycyclic evolution. The development of polycyclic geomorphic processes in this basin is typified by diverse morphology and drainage, which largely influence the land use pattern in this area. These diverse landscape patterns indicate the interaction of litho-tectonic-structural and various geomorphic processes with recent human intervention.

The main objectives of the present study are to analyse the landforms characteristics, correlate them with land use and identify problems as well as prospects of agricultural land utilization. The entire study is based on both primary and secondary data. Extensive field survey has been conducted to collect primary information regarding terrain characteristics, micro relief, slope characteristics, hydrological attributes, soil character, natural vegetation, environmental hazards. The Survey of India topographical sheets, meteorological data, agricultural production data, land use and land cover data have been collected for the analysis of geomorphological characteristics, land classification, and agricultural land use pattern.

This study reflects the typical land characteristics of the fringe area of Chhotanagpur plateau, where some typical geomorphic attributes control the productivity of the land and also controls the socio-economic conditions of the local people. The present authors have tried to examine the typical geomorphic attributes and their effects on present productivity of the land in a micro level study, where agriculture is the main source of income.
Effects of Varying Concentrations of Crude Oil on Some Physicochemical Properties of Agricultural Soil
Authors: Adeleke Ikuesan Felix , Esther Boboye Bolatito , Clement Adetuyi Fatusi
Published: June 2019

This research investigated the effects of varying concentrations of crude oil on some physicochemical characteristics of crude oil polluted agricultural soils from Igodan- Lisa, Oba-Ile and Ido-Ani areas of Ondo State, Nigeria. The soil samples were exposed to 1-4% (w/w) crude oil and analyzed monthly for six periods using standard physical and chemical analytical techniques. Results indicated that the physicochemical properties were altered. The physicochemical parameters varied with increase in the amount of crude oil spilled and time. The pH and moisture contents (MC) progressively decreased with increase in concentration of crude oil applied to the samples. Polluted soils had lower pH values (4.91- 6.17) and MC (15.24% to 26.83%) relative to control samples. The organic matter content increased with increased amount of crude oil spilled in the range of 6.65-10.93%. The organic carbon contents progressively increased with concentration of crude oil and sampling days. At 4% crude oil pollution, the organic carbon content in the samples were 6.04-8.28%, 5.39-7.82% and 6.05-8.21% for Igodan-Lisa, Oba-Ile and Ido-Ani soils respectively at 0-180 days of experiment. The changes in soil physicochemical suggested that soil integrity and quality is altered by crude oil contamination. The increased acidity with time also suggested the release of acidic metabolites in bioremediation by intrinsic microorganisms.
Impact of Base Station Site, Antenna Configuration and Power Control in LTE Network
Authors: Shekwonya Alhassan Shilo , Nnanna Lebe
Published: June 2019

This study analyzed the impact of spatial distribution of APs/Base stations, antenna configuration and power control in a dense populated area like Owerri (Nigeria), using link planner network simulator and Google-Earth Software. High-effective data capacity at hotspots in conjunction with bandwidth and the predicted power at the receiver for LTE network are required to capture some  number of users and provide high data rates over the Wi-Fi interface. The data rates are influenced by the terrain, which loses throughput due to delays, path loss and interference. The hotspot range which determines the number of users, that can associate, is limited by the power of the client and the access point. The variables that affect link performance, such as: band, region, equipment, antenna, height, terrain and obstructions towards providing enhanced capacity and coverage are measured by the link planner. The characteristics like gain, beam, width and frequency, for evaluation of results in terms of coverage and capacity for different antenna configurations, receive-Power, terrain, bandwidth and distances are also observed respectively. The results show that pathloss increases or decreases with these factors between nodes. The strategy to place the transmitter in the highest position has also proven better performance for implementation of the LTE system and its long run operation.
Application of Frequent, Spaced Multiple‐choice Questions as an Educational Tool in the Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Rustici Matthew J. , Wang Vincent J. , Dorney Kate E. , Nagler Joshua , Jamil Madati P. , Ziegler Patricia , Roosevelt Genie
Published: June 2019

Objectives

The objective was to assess the feasibility of using spaced multiple‐choice questions (MCQs) to teach residents during their pediatric emergency department (PED) rotation and determine whether this teaching improves knowledge retention about pediatric rashes.

Methods

Residents rotating in the PED from four sites were randomized to four groups: pretest and intervention, pretest and no intervention, no pretest and intervention, and no pretest and no intervention. Residents in intervention groups were automatically e‐mailed quizlets with two MCQs every other day over 4 weeks (20 questions total) via an automated e‐mail service with answers e‐mailed 2 days later. Retention of knowledge was assessed 70 days after enrollment with a posttest of 20 unique, content‐matched questions.

Results

Between August 2015 and November 2016, a total 234 residents were enrolled. The completion rate of individual quizlets ranged from 93% on the first and 76% on the 10th quizlet. Sixty‐six residents (55%) completed all 10 quizlets. One‐hundred seventy‐three residents (74%) completed the posttest. There was no difference in posttest scores between residents who received a pretest (61.0% ± 14.5%) and those who did not (64.6% ± 14.0%; mean difference = –3.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = –8.0 to 0. 6) nor between residents who received the intervention (64.5% ± 13.3%) and those who did not receive the intervention (61.2% ± 15.2%; mean difference = 3.2, 95% CI = –1.1 to 7.5). For those who received a pretest, scores improved from the pretest to the posttest (46.4% vs. 60.1%, respectively; 95% CI = 9.7 to 19.5).

Conclusion

Providing spaced MCQs every other day to residents rotating through the PED is a feasible teaching tool with a high participation rate. There was no difference in posttest scores regardless of pretest or intervention. Repeated exposure to the same MCQs and an increase in the number of questions sent to residents may increase the impact of this educational strategy.
Not Another Boring Resident Didactic Conference
Authors: Wray Alisa , Wolff Margaret , Boysen‐Osborn Megan , Wiechmann Warren , Paradise Sara , Runcie Elizabeth , Sudario Gabe , Toohey Shannon
Published: June 2019

Background

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requires that residency programs in emergency medicine plan at least 5 hours of didactic experiences per week. Instructional methods should include small‐group techniques, problem‐based learning, or computer‐based instruction. Despite recommendations from the ACGME, many programs’ conference didactics continue to include primarily lecture‐based instruction.

Methods

The authors describe instructional methods that promote active learning and may be superior to traditional lecture‐based education.

Results

These methods include varying instructional methods, case‐based learning, team‐based learning and the flipped classroom, audience response systems, simulation, “wars,” oral boards, escape rooms and scavenger hunts, expert panel discussions, debates, clinical pathologic cases, and leaderboards. The authors discuss how these methods can be implemented to make emergency medicine didactic conferences more varied and interactive for learners.

Conclusions

While there is minimal research on the efficacy of these methods in graduate medical education, many have shown to improvement engagement of learners and to be effective in undergraduate medical education. Further research will be needed to determine if long‐term learning outcomes can be improved with these strategies.
Dynamics of segregation and fluidization of binary mixtures in a cylindrical fluidized bed
Authors: Singh Brajesh K. , Roy Shantanu , Buwa Vivek V.
Published: June 2019

Dynamics of segregation and fluidization of unary particles and binary mixtures in a cylindrical fluidized bed is investigated using temporally– and spatially–resolved measurements of solids volume fraction (αs) performed using Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT). Through the comparison with high‐speed imaging, we have shown that ECT can be used to measure the segregation behavior in cylindrical fluidized beds quantitatively. ECT measurements have been used further to quantify the effects of mixture composition, particle–diameter ratio, and superficial gas velocity on the bed segregation behavior. Dynamics of fluidization behavior is characterized using the time–evolution of local αs fluctuations, corresponding frequency distribution, and bubble size distribution. Further, a relation between the measured variance of αs fluctuations at different radial locations and corresponding flow structures under different fluidization conditions is established. The present work helps to understand dynamics of segregation and fluidization of binary mixtures and to provide a database for validation of Eulerian multifluid CFD models.
The axial dispersion of liquid solutions and solid suspensions in planar oscillatory flow crystallizers
Authors: Cruz Patrícia , Silva Carolina , Rocha Fernando , Ferreira António
Published: June 2019

The planar oscillatory flow crystallizer (planar‐OFC) was designed with a rectangular cross‐section to improve the flow and suspension of solids of conventional OFCs. Residence time distribution experiments with liquid and solid tracers were performed to assess the effect of the net flow rate, Q, the frequency, f, and the amplitude of oscillation, x0, on the axial dispersion of liquids, , and solids, , in three planar‐OFCs with different geometries. It was found that Q and f have in general positive effects on and , and x0 has negative effects. Furthermore, identical values of and were obtained in each crystallizer. It was also found that the interaction between Q and x0 is the most significant one in all systems. These results show that the three crystallizers have similar axial dispersion performances with liquids and solids. This is of paramount importance for multiphase systems such as crystallization.
Different microvascular alterations underlie microbleeds and microinfarcts
Authors: van Veluw Susanne J. , Scherlek Ashley A. , Freeze Whitney M. , ter Telgte Annemieke , van der Kouwe Andre J. , Bacskai Brian J. , Frosch Matthew P. , Greenberg Steven M.
Published: June 2019

Objective

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) in the walls of cortical vessels and the accrual of microbleeds and microinfarcts over time. The relationship between CAA severity and microbleeds and microinfarcts as well as the sequence of events that lead to lesion formation remain poorly understood.

Methods

We scanned intact formalin‐fixed hemispheres of 12 CAA cases with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), followed by histopathological examination in predefined areas and serial sectioning in targeted areas with multiple lesions.

Results

In total, 1,168 cortical microbleeds and 472 cortical microinfarcts were observed on ex vivo MRI. Increasing CAA severity at the whole‐brain or regional level was not associated with the number of microbleeds or microinfarcts. However, locally, the density of Aβ‐positive cortical vessels was lower surrounding a microbleed compared to a simulated control lesion, and higher surrounding microinfarcts. Serial sectioning revealed that for (n = 28) microbleeds, both Aβ (4%) and smooth muscle cells (4%) were almost never present in the vessel wall at the site of bleeding, but Aβ was frequently observed upstream or downstream (71%), as was extensive fibrin(ogen) buildup (87%). In contrast, for (n = 22) microinfarcts, vascular Aβ was almost always observed at the core of the lesion (91%, p < 0.001) as well as upstream or downstream (82%), but few vessels associated with microinfarcts had intact smooth muscle cells (9%).

Interpretation

These observations provide a model for how a single neuropathologic process such as CAA may result in hemorrhagic or ischemic brain lesions potentially through 2 different mechanistic pathways. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:279–292
The Impact of Selection for Facial Reduction in Dogs: Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Canine Cranial Shape
Authors: Selba Molly C. , Oechtering Gerhard U. , Heng Hock Gan , DeLeon Valerie B.
Published: June 2019

Through artificial selection, humans have altered the morphology of domestic dogs and created the range of morphological traits present in the diverse dog breeds seen today. This article tests how artificial breeding for extreme facial reduction affects the craniodental complex in domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). These brachycephalic dog breeds allow for a natural experiment on facial reduction, providing additional insight into this well‐studied phenomenon associated with the evolutionary history of other animals including primates. We used an existing set of clinically obtained CT scans from dogs representing three brachycephalic breeds and a comparative sample. We recorded three‐dimensional coordinate data for 62 cranial and mandibular landmarks that allowed us to analyze differences in shape in the neurocranium, basicranium, and viscerocranium. Through geometric morphometric analysis, we confirmed that most of the cranial shape variance in our sample was associated with cephalic index (cranial width‐to‐length ratio) and reflects the effects of facial reduction. Shape changes in the cranium and mandible co‐vary. We also identified several areas of localized shape change. Whereas the primary shape change seen in the mandible is a uniform shift in proportion involving rostral‐caudal shortening and medial‐lateral widening, the majority of the shape change in the palate is localized to the maxilla. Here, a pronounced difference in maxillary carnassial orientation relative to the mandibular carnassials results in disruption of the functionally important carnassial complex. These results support previous studies showing integration within the skull and highlight the deleterious effects of artificial selection for extreme facial reduction in domestic dogs. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 303:330–346, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
Morphological and functional heterogeneity in olfactory perception between antennae and maxillary palps in the pumpkin fruit fly, Bactrocera depressa
Authors: Oh Hyun‐Woo , Jeong Seon Ah , Kim Jiae , Park Kye Chung
Published: June 2019

The morphology and ultrastructure of the olfactory sensilla on the antennae and maxillary palps were investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and their responses to five volatile compounds were measured using electroantenogram (EAG) and electropalpogram (EPG) techniques in the pumpkin fruit fly, Bactrocera depressa (Shiraki; Diptera: Tephritidae). Male and female B. depressa displayed distinct morphological types of olfactory sensilla in the antennae and maxillary palps, with predominant populations of trichoid, basiconic, and coeloconic sensilla. Basiconic sensilla, the most abundant type of olfactory sensilla in the antennae, could be further classified into two different types. In contrast, the maxillary palps exhibited predominant populations of a single type of curved basiconic sensilla. High‐resolution SEM observation revealed the presence of multiple nanoscale wall‐pores on the cuticular surface of trichoid and basiconic sensilla, indicating that their primary function is olfactory. In contrast, coeloconic sensilla displayed several longitudinal grooves around the sensillum peg. The TEM observation of individual antennal olfactory sensilla indicates that the basiconic sensilla are thin‐walled, while the trichoid sensilla are thick‐walled. The profile of EAG responses of male B. depressa was different from their EPG response profile, indicating that the olfactory function of maxillary palps is different from that of antennae in this species. The structural and functional variation in the olfactory sensilla between antennae and maxillary palps suggests that each plays an independent role in the perception of olfactory signals in B. depressa.
Pyrolytic Carbon‐coated Cu‐Fe Alloy Nanoparticles with High Catalytic Performance for Oxygen Electroreduction
Authors: Qiao Yu , Ni Yangyang , Kong Fantan , Li Ruijing , Zhang Chaoqi , Kong Aiguo , Shan Yongkui
Published: June 2019

Well‐dispersed carbon‐coated or nitrogen‐doped carbon‐coated copper‐iron alloy nanoparticles (FeCu@C or FeCu@C−N) in carbon‐based supports are obtained using a bimetallic metal‐organic framework (Cu/Fe‐MOF‐74) or a mixture of Cu/Fe‐MOF‐74 and melamine as sacrificial templates and an active‐component precursor by using a pyrolysis method. The investigation results attest formation of Cu−Fe alloy nanoparticles. The obtained FeCu@C catalyst exhibits a catalytic activity with a half‐wave potential of 0.83 V for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline medium, comparable to that on commercial Pt/C catalyst (0.84 V). The catalytic activity of FeCu@C−N for ORR (Ehalf‐wave=0.87 V) outshines all reported analogues. The excellent performance of FeCu@C−N should be attributed to a change in the energy of the d‐band center of Cu resulting from the formation of the copper–iron alloy, the interaction between alloy nanoparticles and supports and N‐doping in the carbon matrix. Moreover, FeCu@C and FeCu@C−N show better electrochemical stability and methanol tolerance than commercial Pt/C and are expected to be widely used in practical applications.
Two Trinuclear CuII Complexes: Effect of Phosphonate Ligand on the Magnetic Property and Electrocatalytic Reactivity for Water Oxidation
Authors: Wang Jin‐Miao , Liu Ya‐Rong , Mao Xue‐Yang , Shi Ning‐Ning , Zhang Xia , Wang Hui‐Sheng , Fan Yu‐Hua , Wang Mei
Published: June 2019

Two trinuclear copper phosphonate complexes, [Cu3(pda)3(tBuPO3)]⋅2(Et3NH) (1) and [Cu3(pda)3(PhPO3)]⋅2(Et3NH) (2), have been synthesized and investigated by a combination of X‐ray crystallography, PXRD, magneto‐ and electrochemistry, EPR, in situ UV‐vis spectroelectrochemistry and DLS. The two complexes feature almost identical crystal structures, the anions of which are both supported by pda2− and tBuPO32−/PhPO32− groups, bridging three five‐coordinated CuII atoms to form a crown‐like structure. This is the first time that trinuclear copper phosphonate complexes have been isolated and characterized. Magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal that complexes 1 and 2 both display overall ferromagnetic characters, but with different exchange interactions between the metal ions within the two clusters. The electrocatalytic activity for water oxidation of the two complexes was preliminarily investigated, which reveals that both of the two complexes can carry out electrocatalytic water oxidation in a neutral system owing to the introduction of phosphonate ligands into the complexes, with a TOF of about 0.82 s−1 (1) and 0.58 s−1 (2), respectively. We propose that the presence of phosphonate ligands may affect the magnetic property and catalytic activity of the complexes.
Effects of 5‐HT1 and 5‐HT2 Receptor Agonists on Electromagnetic Field‐Induced Analgesia in Rats
Authors: Ozdemir Ercan , Demirkazik Ayse , Taskıran Ahmet Sevki , Arslan Gokhan
Published: June 2019

Much evidence demonstrates the antinociceptive effect of magnetic fields (MFs). However, the analgesic action mechanism of the electromagnetic field (EMF) is not exactly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 5‐HT1 and 5‐HT2 receptor agonists (serotonin HCl and 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐iodoamphetamine [DOI] hydrochloride) on EMF‐induced analgesia. In total, 66 adult male Wistar albino rats with an average body mass of 225 ± 13 g were used in this study. The animals were subjected to repeated exposures of alternating 50 Hz and 5 mT EMF for 2 h a day for 15 days. Prior to analgesia tests, serotonin HCl (5‐HT1 agonist) 4 mg/kg, WAY 100635 (5‐HT1 antagonist) 0.04 mg/kg, DOI hydrochloride (5‐HT2 receptor agonist) 4 mg/kg, and SB 204741 (5‐HT2 antagonist) 0.5 mg/kg doses were injected into rats. For statistical analysis of the data, analysis of variance was used and multiple comparisons were determined by Tukey’s test. Administration of serotonin HCl MF (5 mT)‐exposed rats produced a significant increase in percent maximal possible effect (% MPE) as compared with EMF group (P < 0.05). On the contrary, injection of WAY 100635 to MF‐exposed rats produced a significant decrease in analgesic activity (P < 0.05). Similarly, the administration of DOI hydrochloride significantly increased % MPE values as compared with the EMF group while SB 204741 reduced it (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our results suggested that serotonin 5‐HT1 and 5‐HT2 receptors play an important role in EMF‐induced analgesia; however, further research studies are necessary to understand the mechanism. Bioelectromagnetics. 2019;40:319–330. © 2019 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
Rapid screening and scale‐up of ultracentrifugation‐free, membrane‐based procedures for purification of His‐tagged membrane proteins
Authors: Feroz Hasin , Meisenhelter Joshua , Jokhadze Gia , Bruening Merlin , Kumar Manish
Published: June 2019

This study develops procedures to rapidly screen conditions for purification of membrane proteins (MPs) using 96‐well plates containing nickel‐functionalized membranes. In addition to their application in the pharmaceutical industry, MPs are important components of new sensors, synthetic membranes, and bioelectronic devices. However, purification of MPs is challenging due to their hydrophobic exterior, which requires stabilization in amphipathic detergent micelles. We examined the extent of extraction of the light‐driven sodium transporter, Krokinobacter eikastus rhodopsin 2 (KR2) heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli using different salts and maltoside‐based detergents. The extraction was followed by subsequent affinity purification in membranes functionalized with Ni2+‐nitrilotriacetate complexes that bind the His‐tagged KR2. We also employed a hydrophobic chelator to separate detergent micelles from the aqueous phase as an initial isolation step prior to affinity purification. Unlike conventional resin‐based capture, which can take a full day or more, the membrane‐based screening of purification conditions takes only a few hours, and its scale‐up involves changing from a 96‐well format to a larger membrane module. The novelty of the method lies in utilizing membrane‐based ultracentrifugation‐free purification of MPs from cell membrane fragments; the optimized purification conditions from the screening method can potentially be applied to large‐scale/conventional resin‐based purification of MPs.
Characterization and bioleaching of nickel laterite ore using Bacillus subtilis strain
Authors: Giese Ellen C. , Carpen Hannah L. , Bertolino Luiz C. , Schneider Claudio L.
Published: June 2019

There are two principal types of nickel (Ni) deposits: sulfide and laterite ores. Interest in low‐grade Ni‐laterite ores has increased in recent years as high‐grade Ni‐sulfide deposits are being quickly depleted. However, processing of Ni laterites has proven technically difficult and costly, and the development of alternative low‐cost biotechnologies for Ni solubilization has been encouraged. In this context, by the first time, a sample of Brazilian Ni‐laterite ore was analyzed mineralogically and subjected to bioleaching tests using a heterotrophic Bacillus subtilis strain. SEM‐analysis indicated that the primary Ni carrier mineral is goethite. Chemical analysis of different grain size fractions indicated a homogeneous distribution of Ni. XRF‐analysis showed that the ore consists mainly in lizardite (32.6% MgO) and contains1.0% NiO (0.85% Ni). Bioleaching batch experiments demonstrated that about 8.1% Ni (0.7 mg Ni/g ore) were solubilized by the B. subtilis after 7 days. Application of microwave heating as a Ni‐laterite pretreatment was also tested. This pretreatment increased the bioextraction of Ni from 8% to 26% (2.3 mg Ni g−1 ore).
A great legacy of muscle research and education from Dr. Sumiko Kimura
Authors: Hanashima Akira , Kawamura Yuuki , Nakauchi Yuni
Published: June 2019

Dr. Sumiko Kimura, a former professor of biology at Chiba University, was known as a distinguished biochemist who contributed considerably to our knowledge about the cytoskeleton of muscle cells, especially through her work on connectin (also called titin) and actin regulatory proteins. Sadly, she suddenly passed away in Tokyo on November 1, 2018 at the age of 71. She succumbed to multiple organ failure caused by a bacterial infection following a third operation on her heart. Dr. Kimura had been continuing her research into connectin right up until several months before her decease.
Prolonged‐Release Tacrolimus Is Less Susceptible to Interaction With the Strong CYP3A Inhibitor Voriconazole in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Huppertz Andrea , Ott Christian , Bruckner Thomas , Foerster Kathrin I. , Burhenne Jürgen , Weiss Johanna , Zorn Markus , Haefeli Walter E. , Czock David
Published: June 2019

The nature and extent of drug–drug interactions between oral drugs is affected by numerous modulators. The effect of the formulation (prolonged release (PR) vs. immediate release (IR)) of a victim drug during treatment with a CYP3A (cytochrome P450 enzyme 3A4) inhibitor is unknown but expected to be smaller with PR. We studied PR and IR tacrolimus during treatment with the strong CYP3A inhibitor voriconazole in 18 healthy volunteers in a pharmacokinetic, four‐phase, crossover trial. The exposure increase was significantly smaller after PR tacrolimus than after IR tacrolimus (AUC (area under the curve) 2.62‐fold vs. 6.02‐fold, P < 0.001; Cmax (maximum concentration) 2.02‐fold vs. 2.7‐fold, P = 0.026) and less variable (AUC increase 1.6 to 4.8‐fold vs. 1.8 to 19‐fold). CYP3A5 genotype, voriconazole exposure, and CYP3A4 phenotype (determined with a midazolam microdose) were not related to the relative change in tacrolimus exposure. Thus, when considering drug–drug interactions with CYP3A inhibitors, the formulation of orally administered victim drugs should also be considered.
Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Exposure–Response Assessment for the Antibody‐Drug Conjugate Brentuximab Vedotin in Hodgkin's Lymphoma in the Phase III ECHELON‐1 Study
Authors: Suri Ajit , Mould Diane R. , Song Gregory , Collins Graham P. , Endres Christopher J. , Gomez‐Navarro Jesús , Venkatakrishnan Karthik
Published: June 2019

The efficacy of the CD30‐directed antibody‐drug conjugate (ADC) brentuximab vedotin was established in combination with chemotherapy as frontline treatment for advanced classical Hodgkin's lymphoma in the randomized phase III ECHELON‐1 study. Population pharmacokinetic (PK) and exposure–response models were developed to quantify sources of PK variability and relationships between exposure and safety/efficacy end points in ECHELON‐1. The influence of patient‐specific factors on the PK of the ADC and the microtubule‐disrupting payload monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) was investigated; none of the significant covariates had a clinically relevant impact. Exposure–response analyses evaluated relationships between time‐averaged area under the curve (AUC; ADC, MMAE) and efficacy end points (ADC) or safety parameters (ADC, MMAE). Exposure–efficacy analyses supported consistent treatment benefit with brentuximab vedotin across observed exposure ranges. Exposure‐safety analyses supported the recommended brentuximab vedotin starting dose (1.2 mg/kg every 2 weeks), and effective management of peripheral neuropathy and neutropenia with dose modification/reduction and febrile neutropenia with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor primary prophylaxis.
Conjugation of N‐(3‐(9‐Ethynyl‐6H‐indolo[2,3‐b]quinoxalin‐6‐yl)propyl)‐2,2,2‐trifluoroacetamide Intercalator to a Triplex Forming Oligonucleotide, a Three‐Way Junction, and a G‐Quadruplex
Authors: Osman Amany M. A. , Pedersen Erik B.
Published: June 2019

A new intercalating nucleic acid monomer Z comprising an 3‐(9‐((4‐oxyphenyl)ethynyl)‐6H‐indolo[2,3‐b]quinoxalin‐6‐yl)propan‐1‐amine moiety was synthesized. When Z was inserted into triplex forming oligonucleotides, high thermal stability was observed for its corresponding Hoogsteen‐type triplexes. Three‐way junction (TWJ) was studied by targeting a DNA strand to the foot of a DNA or an RNA hairpin. When Z was inserted into the DNA strand, this resulted in the highest increase of thermal melting ever reported for a TWJ modified by insertion of an intercalator into the junction site. Experiments with mismatches confirmed formation of the TWJ. Improvements in stability of a G‐quadruplex were achieved by insertion of the monomer Z by replacement of one of the nucleotides in the TGT loop. The first steps in the synthesis of the monomer Z were condensation of 5‐iodoisatin with o‐phenylene diamine under reflux in acetic acid and subsequent alkylation reaction with 2‐(3‐bromopropyl)isoindoline‐1,3‐dione followed by suitable reduction led to 3‐(9‐Iodo‐6H‐indolo[2,3‐b]quinoxalin‐6‐yl)propan‐1‐amine which in turn was treated with ethyl trifluoroacetate with formation of 2,2,2‐trifluoro‐N‐(3‐(9‐iodo‐6H‐indolo[2,3‐b]quinoxalin‐6‐yl)propyl)acetamide. This compound was reacted by Sonogashira coupling conditions to give the diol which was converted into the DMT‐protected phosphoramidite, which in turn was used to incorporate the monomer Z into oligonucleotides.
Benzylation of Arenes with Benzyl Halides under Promoter‐Free and Additive‐Free Conditions
Authors: Cheng Xinqiang , Shan Jiankai , Tian Xinshe , Ren Yun‐Lai , Zhu Yanyan
Published: June 2019

It was found that benzyl chlorides and bromides could directly react with electron‐rich arenes, which provided an example of promoter‐free and additive‐free benzylation of arenes. A variety of benzyl chlorides and bromides were treated with benzene rings to give the targeted products in low to high yields. The present conditions tolerated the vinyl group of the substrates. Preliminary mechanistic investigation suggests that the present reactions possibly proceed via an autocatalytic mechanism pathway.
Engineered Changes in Structure and Component from Solid NiS2/Reduced Graphene Oxide to Hollow Ni‐P/Reduced Graphene Oxide and the Enhanced Performance for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Hu Weiwei , Lyu Chaojie , Gao Changzhong , Wu Kaili , Chen Lihui , Zhu Xixi
Published: June 2019

Using a phosphorization strategy combined with the annealing process, hollow Ni‐P octahedrons/reduced graphene oxide (H‐Ni‐P/rGO) nanocomposites are synthesized. As an anode material for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), the nanocomposite exhibits excellent electrochemical performance. The enhanced performance can be ascribed to the advantageous structural design of the composite. The electrochemical conductivity of the material is improved by introducing rGO into the composite. The contact area of the electrode/electrolyte is enlarged, the diffusion path of Li+/electrons is shortened, and the volume changes are remitted during the cycle process because of the Ni‐P hollow structure in the composite. As the anode of H‐Ni‐P/rGO nanocomposite for LIBs, the discharge capacity is 504.1 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1 and the capacity is still 384.8 mAh g−1 even after 500 cycles at a current density of 1000 mA g−1.
Nanoporous hierarchical carbon structures derived from fungal basidiocarps for high performance supercapacitors
Authors: Gannavarapu Krishna Prasad , Azizighannad Samar , Molli Muralikrishna , Pandey Meera , Muthukumar Sai , Mitra Somenath , Dandamudi Rajesh Babu
Published: June 2019

This article presents the first report on systematic synthesis and evaluation of activated carbons from the cap and stalk of two diverse mushroom species namely, Ganoderma lucidum (GL) and Calocybe indica (CI) belonging to different classes white rot and brown rot respectively. A novel microwave induced H3PO4 activation followed by carbonization and KOH activation enabled the formation of activated carbon with hierarchical structures. The activated carbons from cap and the stalk of the mushrooms are different in terms of specific surface area, pore volume, and their electrochemical behavior. Specific surface area and pore volume from GL‐cap is as high as 2432.4 m2/g and 0.54 CC/g, respectively. After optimization, the activated carbons have high graphitic content, good thermal stability and show specific capacitance as high as 271.94 F/g, energy and power densities of 13.59 Wh/kg and 127.31 W/kg, respectively. All the carbons show good capacitance retention up to 10 000 cycles. The surface area and specific capacitance in the mushroom stalks are lower than the ones made from the caps and the highest surface area and specific capacitance are 1576.2 m2/g and 137.2 F/g respectively for GL‐stalk.
On the Electroimmobilization of Fishes for Research and Practice: Opportunities, Challenges, and Research Needs
Authors: Reid Connor H , Vandergoot Christopher S , Midwood Jonathan D , Stevens E Don , Bowker Jim , Cooke Steven J
Published: June 2019

As a result of growing demand for immediate-release sedatives in fisheries research, electroimmobilization has been receiving increasing attention due to its superior induction and recovery times and practicality, particularly under field conditions. However, a review of electroimmobilization and its role in fisheries science has not been previously conducted. Here we describe and differentiate the various forms of electroimmobilization and attempt to standardize relevant terminology. We review the known efficacy of electroimmobilization of fish and summarize the current available knowledge on this topic while identifying major knowledge gaps. Although more information is needed to determine optimal forms and settings for different species, life history stages, and environmental variables, electroimmobilization is a useful tool for fish handling that equals or surpasses the capabilities of chemical sedatives without exacerbating (and sometimes reducing) the negative consequences associated with chemical sedatives and fish handling practices more generally.
The Academia is a Marketplace: History, Context and Decolonization at Makerere University
Authors: Serunkuma Yusuf
Published: June 2019

I attempt two things in this article: The first is a response to Mahmood Mamdani's framing of African academics who engage in academic‐consultancy as “native informers” who do not engage in “original knowledge production.” Mamdani's framing mobilizes disapproval noting that these native‐informer‐academics pander to the questions set outside the continent by an outsider with an oft out‐of‐context agenda. Thus, they are mere “supervisors of data collection.” After Marx, I argue that African academics do not choose to be native informers, but are conditioned to it by the material conditions in which they live. Indeed, the academia is actually a marketplace. My argument seeks foregrounds an intimate relationship that the academia shares with a country's economy and politics. Secondly, this essay argues against “the conditioning limits of colonialism” in postcolonial studies. Despite being conscripts to a colonial modernity, the agency of the African academic ought to be read as independent. Across human history, empires, religious movements and contacts with powerful movements of different forms‐including colonialism and capitalism—either violently or persuasively re‐ordered the economic‐political conditions in which less powerful actors exercised their agency. However, actors under the new regime of power maintained their agency and were responsible for their actions. Tying into the first fold, I argue that being a native informer is neither a passive engagement, but one that is liberating in the sense that the native informer often remodels the agenda of the outsider to ends otherwise unintended often to suit a local demand/context.
The City Can Speak for Itself: Notes on approaching architecture in Kinshasa
Authors: Sacks Ruth
Published: June 2019

This paper deals with ways of approaching architecture within the shifting uncertainties of the giant Congolese capital. Taking a cue from Kinshasa, I will make a case for being receptive to what the current situation of built matter in urban space has to say. It is the recalcitrant aspects of Kinshasa's personality which prompted me to consider its architecture from a different perspective. During my research in the Congo, there were few archival records available and circumlocutious points of access to buildings. This forced me to consider what the sites themselves could tell. Through the example of Tour de l'Echangeur de Limete (1970 ‐ 1974), I will examine ways in which a monumental modernist structure resists being reduced to the categorizations of architectural history and theoretical modes of analysis developed in the global north because of the intervention of forces of the city.
Perceived roles of independent community pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in patient referrals to community resources: A Study from the Medication Safety Research Network of Indiana (Rx‐SafeNet)
Authors: Miller Rebecca G. , Perras Cassie A. , Frail Caitlin K. , Adeoye Omolola A. , Snyder Margie E.
Published: June 2019

Introduction

Referrals to community resources represent one element of the Chronic Care Model, however, little is known about the perceived role of community pharmacy staff in referring patients to community resources.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to describe community pharmacists', community pharmacy technicians', and patients' perceptions of pharmacist referrals to community resources.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with community pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and patients from community pharmacies that are members of the Medication Safety Research Network of Indiana. Qualitative analysis was conducted to identify emergent themes.

Results

A total of 37 participants, including six community pharmacists, one pharmacy student completing an advanced pharmacy practice experience, 15 community pharmacy technicians, and 15 patients across four independently owned community pharmacies were interviewed. Themes included: (1) Need to build on a foundation of strong patient‐community pharmacist relationships to clearly define the pharmacist's role in referrals, (2) Need to improve familiarity with community resources, (3) Need to clearly delineate and support the role for pharmacy technicians in making referrals, and (4) Need to follow‐up on referrals.

Conclusion

To enhance community pharmacy staff provision of referrals to community resources, interventions are needed to improve patient and pharmacist familiarity with available resources, patients' perception of the pharmacist's role outside of prescription fulfillment, and follow‐up on referrals. Moreover, pharmacy technician education and training could be expanded to optimize their role in supporting community pharmacists in making referrals.
Impact of a pharmacy‐cardiology collaborative management program during initiation of antiarrhythmic drugs
Authors: Kibert Jeffery L. , Franck Jessica Bovio , Dietrich Nicole Maltese , Quffa Lieth H. , Franck Andrew J.
Published: June 2019

Objective

Antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) are commonly used for management of atrial fibrillation and other cardiac arrhythmias. However, the use of AADs in clinical practice is challenging due to the risk of serious adverse drug events associated with these medications. Adherence to recommended monitoring parameters may improve safety in these agents. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a pharmacy‐cardiology collaborative approach to AAD management.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study was conducted to assess AAD management with a pharmacy‐cardiology collaborative program compared with usual care in a United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) medical center.

Results

Ninety patients were included for evaluation; 40 in the preintervention group and 50 in the postintervention group. Complete recommended baseline monitoring parameters were obtained for 29 patients (72.5%) in the preintervention group and 47 patients (94%) in the postintervention group (P < .01). There were significantly more clinical interventions (P < .01) in the postintervention group, including AAD dose adjustment or discontinuation, interacting medication dose adjustment or discontinuation, electrolyte supplementation, monitoring ordered, and total interventions.

Conclusion

The study results demonstrate a statistically significant improvement in adherence to recommended baseline monitoring parameters with a greater number of clinical interventions when a pharmacy‐cardiology collaborative AAD management program was involved compared with usual care. The increased interventions and improved adherence to monitoring parameters may allow for safer use of these agents.