bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical study on halide and mixed halide Perovskite solar cells: Effects of halide atoms on the stability and electronic properties
Authors: Busipalli Dhana Lakshmi , Nachimuthu Santhanamoorthi , Jiang Jyh‐Chiang
Published: February 2019

Increasing the stability of perovskite solar cells is one of the most important tasks in the photovoltaic industry. Thus, the structural, energetic, and electronic properties of pure CH3NH3PbI3 and fully doped compounds (CH3NH3PbBr3 and CH3NH3PbCl3) in cubic and tetragonal phases were investigated using density functional theory calculations. We also considered the effects of mixed halide perovskites CH3NH3PbI2X (where X = Br and Cl) and compared their properties with CH3NH3PbI3. The DFT results indicate that the phase transformation from tetragonal to cubic phase decreases the band gap. The calculated results show that the X‐site ion plays a vital role in the geometrical stability and electronic levels. An increase in the band gap and a reduction in the lattice constants are more apparent in CH3NH3PbI2X compounds (I > Br > Cl).
Cluster analysis of tropical cyclones affecting the Taiwan Strait
Authors: Liu Deqiang , Pan Ning , Huang Chuanrong , Zheng Jiayu , He Chao
Published: February 2019

Automatic weather station (AWS) observations are used to select tropical cyclones (TCs) affecting the Taiwan Strait during 2007–2016. Applying these data, the influence of TCs on the Taiwan Strait is measured and TCs with weak or no impact are removed. Objective statistical properties of the remaining TCs are analysed by clustering them into three groups using the fuzzy C‐means method. Clusters are differentiated as (a) TCs affecting the Taiwan Strait but recurving at the edge of the TC alert area, (b) TCs moving straight across The Philippines and the South China Sea, and (c) TCs striking Taiwan and eastern China and recurving after landfall. Differences among the clusters include in the spatial range and duration of gales monitored by AWS, and the track, intensity, and genesis location of TCs. Also analysed are the influence of large‐scale atmospheric environments on TC motion, sea‐surface temperature responses to TCs, and the influence of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation on TC classifications.
Dietary supplementation of sunflower oil and quebracho tannins in sheep feeding: in vivo nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilization and in vitro ruminal degradation kinetics
Authors: Kamel Hosam EM , Al‐Dobaib Soliman N , Salem Abdelfattah ZM
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

The effect of the inclusion of sunflower oil (SF) and quebracho tannin (QT) in a sheep diet was evaluated. Nutrient digestibility and nitrogen (N) utilization, as well as in vitro ruminal degradation kinetics, were evaluated at three levels [0, 20 and 40 g kg−1 of diet dry matter] of SF and QT in a 32 arrangement. The treatments were 0 (control); 20 and 40 g of QT and/or SF kg−1 of the diet. Four intact male sheep (45 ± 1.3 kg) for each treatment were used in the digestibility trial and kept individually in metabolic cages.

RESULTS

Nutrient digestibility and N balance were not affected by SF. However, QT at 40 g kg−1 of dry matter decreased (P < 0.05) nutrient digestibility and also increased the proportion of absorbed N. Both SF and QT reduced (P < 0.05) the slowly degraded fraction and rate for organic matter and N. Even though the QT had a negative (P < 0.05) effect on nutrient digestibility, this effect was mild (P > 0.05) when SF was included in the QT‐added diets. Moreover, an interaction (P < 0.05) of SF × QT was observed on the synchronization index as an indicator of the efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis.

CONCLUSION

Supplementation of either SF or QT to sheep diets reduced ruminal organic matter and N degradability, reflecting the compensatory digestion in the post‐ruminal track for organic matter feed utilization. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Nutritional properties of organic and conventional beef meat at retail
Authors: Ribas‐Agustí Albert , Díaz Isabel , Sárraga Carmen , García‐Regueiro Jose A , Castellari Massimo
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

Consumers perceive that organic meat has superior nutritional properties compared to conventional meat, although the available evidence from commercial samples is very scarce. The present study compared the nutritional composition of organic and conventional beef meat sold at retail, including, for the first time, the bioactive compounds coenzyme Q10, carnosine, anserine, creatine and taurine. Sampling comprised two muscles: longissimus thoracis and supraspinatus.

RESULTS

Organic beef had 17% less cholesterol, 32% less fat, 16% less fatty acids, 24% less monounsaturated fatty acids, 170% more α‐linolenic acid, 24% more α‐tocopherol, 53% more β‐carotene, 34% more coenzyme Q10 and 72% more taurine than conventional beef. Differences between organic and conventional samples were clearly dependent on the muscle because longissimus thoracis and supraspinatus showed different patterns of compound accumulation.

CONCLUSION

To our knowledge, a higher amount of bioactive compounds in organic beef meat is reported for the first time in the present study. Retail organic beef had a higher nutritional value than retail conventional beef, which resulted from better‐balanced lipid and bioactive compound contents. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Value of Ultrasound‐Guided Closed Reduction and Minimally Invasive Fixation in the Treatment of Metacarpal Fractures
Authors: Shen Suhong , Wang Xiaohui , Fu Zhuo
Published: February 2019

Objectives

To investigate the value of ultrasound‐guided closed reduction and minimally invasive fixation in the treatment of metacarpal fractures.

Methods

Twenty‐four patients with acute metacarpal fractures were randomly divided into experimental and control groups, with 12 patients in each group. Ultrasound‐guided closed reduction and fixation were performed in the experimental group, whereas C‐arm fluoroscopy‐assisted fixation was performed in the control group. Patients in both groups were followed to compare the treatment efficacy.

Results

The success rates of ultrasound‐guided closed reduction of fractures were 75.00% (9 of 12) in the experimental group and 83.33% (10 of 12) in the control group, and the difference was not statistically significant (χ2 = 0.253; P = .615) between the groups. The mean numbers of C‐arm fluoroscopy‐assisted procedures ± SD were 1.50 ± 0.67 times in the experimental group and 2.50 ± 0.80 in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (t = –3.317; P = .003). The mean healing times of fractures were 5.47 ± 0.67 weeks in the experimental group and 5.73 ± 0.81 weeks in the control group; the excellence rates of total active motion were 83.33% (10 of 12) in the experimental group and 91.67% (11 of 12) in the control group; the mean grip strength values were 31.78 ± 3.13 kg in the experimental group and 33.43 ± 3.30 kg in the control group. There were no significant differences in those 3 parameters between the groups (P > .05 in each comparison).

Conclusions

Ultrasound‐guided closed reduction and minimally invasive fixation is an effective treatment of metacarpal fractures and can reduce exposure to x‐ray radiation.
Role definition is key—Rapid qualitative ethnography findings from a team‐based primary care transformation
Authors: Brown‐Johnson Cati , Shaw Jonathan G. , Safaeinili Nadia , Chan Garrett K. , Mahoney Megan , Asch Steven , Winget Marcy
Published: February 2019

Purpose

Implementing team‐based care into existing primary care is challenging; understanding facilitators and barriers to implementation is critical. We assessed adoption and acceptability of new roles in the first 6 months of launching a team‐based care model focused on preventive care, population health, and psychosocial support.

Methods

We conducted qualitative rapid ethnography at a community‐based test clinic, including 74 hours of observations and 28 semi‐structured interviews. We identified implementation themes related to team‐based care and specifically the integration of three roles purposively designed to enhance coordination for better patient outcomes, including preventive screening and mental health: (1) medical assistants as care coordinators; (2) extended care team specialists, including clinical pharmacist and behavioral health professional; and (3) advanced practice providers (APPs)—ie, nurse practitioners and physician assistants.

Results

All stakeholders (ie, patients, providers, and staff) reported positive perceptions of care coordinators and extended care specialists; these roles were well defined and quickly implemented. Care coordinators effectively managed care between visits and established strong patient relationships. Specialist colocation facilitated patient access and well‐supported diabetes services and mental health care. We also observed unanticipated value: Care coordinators relayed encounter‐relevant chart information to providers while scribing; extended care specialists supported informal continuing medical education. In contrast, we observed uncertain definition and expectations of the APP role across stakeholders; accordingly, adoption and acceptability of the role varied.

Conclusions

Practice redesign can redistribute responsibility and patient connection throughout a team but should emphasize well‐defined roles. Ethnography, conducted early in implementation with multistakeholder perspectives, can provide rapid and actionable insights about where roles may need refinement or redefinition to support ultimate physical and mental health outcomes for patients.
Constructing Artificial Light‐Harvesting Systems by Covalent Alignment of Aggregation‐Induced Emission Molecules
Authors: Liu Shengda , Jiang Shan , Xu Jiayun , Huang Zupeng , Li Fei , Fan Xiaotong , Luo Quan , Tian Wenjing , Liu Junqiu , Xu Bin
Published: February 2019

The characteristics of chloroplasts harvesting solar energy and conducting energy transfer have inspired chemists to mimic similar processes. However, accurate manipulation to gain regularly displayed antenna chromophores in mimicking chloroplasts is a great challenge. Herein, a rational design is presented that combines orderly arranged chromophores with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) to develop artificial light‐harvesting systems. Tetraphenyl ethylene (TPE) molecules, which exhibited strong AIE properties, are considered as building blocks to fabricate high emissive 2D nanosheets and nanovesicles, respectively. Furthermore, the well‐aligned TPE molecules are also developed as donor chromophores in light‐harvesting processes. After subsequent surface modification by porphyrin molecules as acceptor chromophores, an efficient light‐harvesting system has been integrally constructed. This study demonstrates a novel strategy to utilize AIE feature to mimic chloroplasts process in nature.
Comparison of the Huntington's Disease like 2 and Huntington's Disease Clinical Phenotypes
Authors: Anderson David G. , Ferreira‐Correia Aline , Rodrigues Filipe B. , Aziz N. Ahmad , Carr Jonathan , Wild Edward J. , Margolis Russell L. , Krause Amanda
Published: February 2019

Background

Huntington's disease like 2 (HDL2) is the most common Huntington's disease (HD) phenocopy in many countries and described as the phenocopy with the greatest resemblance to HD. The current clinical description of HDL2 is based on retrospective data. It is unknown whether HDL2 has clinical features that distinguish it from HD.

Objective

To describe the HDL2 phenotype and compare it to HD systematically.

Methods

A blinded cross‐sectional design was used to compare the HDL2 (n = 15) and HD (n = 13) phenotypes. African ancestry participants underwent assessments, including the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS). The UHDRS motor component was video recorded and evaluated by blinded experts and the inter‐rater reliability calculated.

Results

Both groups were homogeneous in terms of demographics and disease characteristics. However, HDL2 patients presented three years earlier with more prominent dysarthria and dystonia. Raters could not distinguish between the two diseases with a high level of agreement. No significant differences in the TMS between HDL2 and HD were found. In both disorders, disease duration correlated with motor scores, with the exception of chorea. Psychiatric and cognitive scores were not significantly different between the groups.

Conclusions

The HDL2 phenotype is similar to HD and is initially characterized by dementia, chorea, and oculomotor abnormalities, progressing to a rigid and bradykinetic state, suggesting the UHDRS is useful to monitor disease progression in HDL2. Although HDL2 patients scored higher on some UHDRS domains, this did not differentiate between the two diseases; it may however be emerging evidence of HDL2 having a more severe clinical phenotype.
A clinical and genetic study of early‐onset and familial parkinsonism in taiwan: An integrated approach combining gene dosage analysis and next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Lin Chin‐Hsien , Chen Pei‐Lung , Tai Chun‐Hwei , Lin Hang‐I , Chen Chih‐Shan , Chen Meng‐Ling , Wu Ruey‐Meei
Published: February 2019

Background

Recent genetic progress has allowed for the molecular diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. However, genetic causes of PD vary widely in different ethnicities. Mutational frequencies and clinical phenotypes of genes associated with PD in Asian populations are largely unknown. The objective of this study was to identify the mutational frequencies and clinical spectrums of multiple PD‐causative genes in a Taiwanese PD cohort.

Methods

A total of 571 participants including 324 patients with early‐onset parkinsonism (onset age, <50 years) and 247 parkinsonism pedigrees were recruited at a tertiary referral center in Taiwan from 2002 to 2017. Genetic causes were identified by an integrated approach including gene dosage analysis, a targeted next‐generation sequencing panel containing 40 known PD‐causative genes, repeat‐primed polymerase chain reaction, and whole‐exome sequencing analysis.

Results

Thirty of the 324 patients with early‐onset parkinsonism (9.3%) were found to carry mutations in Parkin, PINK1, or PLA2G6 or had increased trinucleotide repeats in SCA8. Twenty‐nine of 109 probands with autosomal‐recessive inheritance of parkinsonism (26.6%) were found to carry mutations in Parkin, PINK1, GBA, or HTRA2. The genetic causes for the 138 probands with an autosomal‐dominant inheritance pattern of parkinsonism were more heterogeneous. Seventeen probands (12.3%) carried pathogenic mutations in LRRK2, VPS35, MAPT, GBA, DNAJC13, C9orf72, SCA3, or SCA17. A novel missense mutation in the UQCRC1 gene was found in a family with autosomal‐dominant inheritance parkinsonism via whole‐exome sequencing analysis.

Conclusions

Our findings provide a better understanding of the genetic architecture of PD in eastern Asia and broaden the clinical spectrum of PD‐causing mutations. © 2019 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Sensitivity and specificity of different hand positions to assess upper limb rest tremor
Authors: Wilken Miguel , Bruno Verónica , Rossi Malco , Ameghino Lucía , Deuschl Günther , Merello Marcelo
Published: February 2019

Background

Hand position for rest tremor evaluation in PD is not standardized. We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of different hand positions commonly used to evaluate rest tremor.

Methods

Twenty patients with PD and rest tremor were included as cases and 20 patients with essential tremor without rest tremor as controls. Video and accelerometric recordings were conducted in semiprone, completely prone, and with hands hanging down from armrest positions. Three movement disorder specialists rated tremor in each different position using Movement Disorder Society UPDRS items 3.17 and 3.18.

Results

Hands hanging showed the highest amplitude (P = 0.004) and constancy (P = 0.015) scores. Sensitivity and specificity analysis for each position showed the following sensitivity/specificity results: semiprone, 95%/80%; completely prone, 85%/98.33%; and hands hanging, 96.66%/63.33%, respectively.

Conclusions

The hands‐hanging position was shown to be the most suitable for evaluating rest tremor amplitude in PD, whereas the completely prone position proved to be more specific to detect rest tremor. The preferred hand position would depend on the purpose of the examination. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Optimization method of implantable receiver for magnetic resonant wireless power transfer between wearable on‐body and implantable in‐body
Authors: Kang Seok Hyon , Jung Chang Won
Published: February 2019

In this paper, optimization methods of implantable receiver for wireless power transfer are studied in order to increase transfer efficiency between resonators positioned on and in the human body. The spiral coil‐resonators of magnetic resonant wireless power transfer (MR‐WPT) are designed and fabricated on a wearable textile substrate, which covers the human body (on‐body) as the transmitter (Tx) and on the acrylic substrate inside the human body (in‐body) as the receiver (Rx). The experiment showed that when the Rx resonator was inserted into a muscle‐mimicking liquid (MML), the transfer efficiency of on/in‐body system decreased significantly. This decrease attributed to the mismatch of the resonant frequency between the Tx resonator in the air and the Rx resonator in the MML. To mitigate this effect, three approaches, which demonstrated the recovery of the transfer efficiency, were investigated using either a selected optimal capacitor or an air‐pocket, and additional approach using pattern designed in the MML.
A generic and efficient Taylor series–based continuation method using a quadratic recast of smooth nonlinear systems
Authors: Guillot Louis , Cochelin Bruno , Vergez Christophe
Published: February 2019

This paper is concerned with a Taylor series–based continuation algorithm, the so‐called Asymptotic Numerical Method (ANM). It describes a generic continuation procedure to apply the ANM principle at best, in other words, that presents a high level of genericity without paying the price of this genericity by low computing performances. The way to quadratically recast a system of equation is now part of the method itself, and the way to handle elementary transcendental function is detailed with great attention. A sparse tensorial formalism is introduced for the internal representation of the system, which, when combined with a block condensation technique, provides a good computational efficiency of the ANM. Three examples are developed to show the performance and the versatility of the implementation of the continuation tool. Its robustness and its accuracy are explored. Finally, the potentiality of this method for complex nonlinear finite element analysis is enlightened by treating 2D elasticity problems with geometrical nonlinearities.
Collaboration and Satisfaction About Care Decisions in Team questionnaire—Psychometric testing of the Norwegian version, and hospital healthcare personnel perceptions across hospital units
Authors: Aaberg Oddveig Reiersdal , Hall‐Lord Marie Louise , Husebø Sissel Iren Eikeland , Ballangrud Randi
Published: February 2019

Aim

To translate “The Collaboration and Satisfaction About Care Decisions in Team” questionnaire (CSACD‐T) into Norwegian and test it for psychometric properties. The further aim was to describe and compare healthcare personnel's collaboration and satisfaction about team decision‐making (TDM) across hospital units.

Design

A cross‐sectional study.

Methods

The questionnaire was translated into Norwegian. A total of 247 healthcare personnel at two hospitals responded to the questionnaire. An explorative factor analysis was performed to test the factor structure of the questionnaire, while a Cronbach's alpha analysis was used to test for internal consistency. A one‐way ANOVA analysis and a Kruskal–Wallis test were applied to test for differences between hospital units.

Results

The results demonstrate that the Norwegian version of the CSACD‐T has promising psychometric properties regarding construct validity and internal consistency. The mean score of the CSACD‐T was significantly higher in the maternity ward group than in the emergency room group.
Development of an activation tagging system for maize
Authors: Davies John P. , Reddy Vaka S. , Liu Xing L. , Reddy Avutu S. , Ainley William Michael , Folkerts Otto , Marri Pradeep , Jiang Ke , Wagner Douglas Ry
Published: February 2019

Activation Tagging, distributing transcriptional enhancers throughout the genome to induce transcription of nearby genes, is a powerful tool for discovering the function of genes in plants. We have developed a transposable element system to distribute a novel activation tagging element throughout the genome of maize. The transposon system is built from the Enhancer/Suppressor (En/Spm) transposon system and uses an engineered seed color marker to show when the transposon excises. Both somatic and germinal excision events can be detected by the seed color. The activation tagging element is in a Spm‐derived non‐autonomous transposon and contains four copies of the Sugarcane Bacilliform Virus‐enhancer (SCBV‐enhancer) and the AAD1 selectable marker. We have demonstrated that the transposon can give rise to germinal excision events that can re‐integrate into non‐linked genomic locations. The transposon has remained active for three generations and events displaying high rates of germinal excision in the T2 generation have been identified. This system can generate large numbers of activation tagged maize lines that can be screened for agriculturally relevant phenotypes.
Detection and Structural Characterization of Ether Glycerophosphoethanolamine from Cortical Lysosomes Following Traumatic Brain Injury Using UPLC‐HDMSE
Authors: Jones Jace W. , Sarkar Chinmoy , Lipinski Marta M. , Kane Maureen A.
Published: February 2019

The use of ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to data independent tandem mass spectrometry with traveling wave ion mobility for detection and structural identification of ether‐linked glycerophosphoethanolamine is described. The experimental design generates 4D data (chromatographic retention time, precursor accurate mass, drift time with associated calculated collisional cross‐section, and time‐aligned accurate mass diagnostic product ions) for each ionization mode. Confident structure identification depends on satisfying 4D data confirmation in both positive and negative ion mode. Using this methodology, a number of ether‐linked glycerophosphoethanolamine lipids are structurally elucidated from mouse brain lysosomes. It is further determined that several ether‐linked glycerophosphoethanolamine structures are differentially abundant between lysosomes isolated from mouse cortex following traumatic brain injury as compared to that of sham animals. The combined effort of aligning multi‐dimensional mass spectrometry data with a well‐defined traumatic brain injury model lays the foundation for gaining mechanistic insight in the role lysosomal membrane damage plays in neuronal cell death following brain injury.
The Case for Proteomics and Phospho‐Proteomics in Personalized Cancer Medicine
Authors: Doll Sophia , Gnad Florian , Mann Matthias
Published: February 2019

The concept of personalized medicine is predominantly been pursued through genomic and transcriptomic technologies, leading to the identification of multiple mutations in a large variety of cancers. However, it has proven challenging to distinguish driver and passenger mutations and to deal with tumor heterogeneity and resistant clonal populations. More generally, these heterogeneous mutation patterns do not in themselves predict the tumor phenotype. Analysis of the expressed proteins in a tumor and their modification states reveals if and how these mutations are translated to the functional level. It is already known that proteomic changes including posttranslational modifications are crucial drivers of oncogenesis, but proteomics technology has only recently become comparable in depth and accuracy to RNAseq. These advances also allow the rapid and highly sensitive analysis of formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded biobank tissues, on both the proteome and phosphoproteome levels. In this perspective, pioneering mass spectrometry‐based proteomic studies are highlighted that pave the way toward clinical implementation. It is argued that proteomics and phosphoproteomics could provide the missing link to make omics analysis actionable in the clinic.
III‐Nitride Nanowires as Building Blocks for Advanced Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Polyakov Alexander Y. , Kim Taehwan , Lee In‐Hwan , Pearton Stephen J.
Published: February 2019

This article presents a discussion on the role of nanowire (NW) structures, prepared by reactive ion etching (RIE), in planar III‐nitride light emitting diodes (LEDs) for increasing the functionality, improving the crystalline quality, enhancing the quantum efficiency of radiative recombination, and improving the light extraction efficiency. The methods of NW fabrication by RIE, of suppressing the adverse effects of RIE‐related damage, and of incorporating air voids into the NWs are also discussed. Furthermore, metal nanoparticles producing localized surface plasmons and semiconductor quantum dots downconverting the wavelength of light emitted by LEDs are explored.
Effect of aluminum vacancies on the H2O2 or H2O interaction with a gamma‐AlOOH surface. A solid‐state DFT study
Authors: Medvedev Alexander G. , Mikhaylov Alexey A. , Chernyshov Ivan Yu. , Vener Mikhail V. , Lev Ovadia , Prikhodchenko Petr V.
Published: February 2019

The adsorption of a single H2O2 or H2O molecule on a family of periodic slab models of γ‐AlOOH is studied by solid‐state DFT. The single H2O2 or Н2О molecule interacts with the perfect (010) slab by intermolecular hydrogen bonds (H‐bonds). In the models of γ‐AlOOH with oxygen and aluminum vacancies, H2O2 or Н2О also forms covalent O∙∙∙Al bonds. The energies of covalent O∙∙∙Al and H‐bonds are estimated by a combined approach based on simultaneous consideration of the total binding energies with BSSE correction and empirical schemes of the Н‐bond energy evaluation. The O∙∙∙Al bond energy ranges from ~75 to ~156 kJ mol−1. The total energy of H‐bond interactions in the case of H2O2 exceeds that of Н2О by ~30 kJ mol−1 for all considered slab models. In contrast to Н2О, a H2O2 molecule always forms two H‐bonds as the proton donor. The energy of these bonds noticeably increase on defect γ‐AlOOH surfaces in comparison with the perfect slab due to formation of short (strong) H‐bonds by adsorbed H2O2.
Supercharging and multiple reaction monitoring of high‐molecular‐weight intact proteins using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry
Authors: Khanal Durga D. , Baghdady Yehia Z. , Figard Benjamin J. , Schug Kevin A.
Published: February 2019

Rationale

Different supercharging agents were tested to study their effect on the intensity and charge state distributions of high‐molecular‐weight intact proteins. The goal of this work was to increase chargeability and ionization efficiency for proteins ranging from 66 to 150 kDa, to enable subsequent optimization of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode transitions with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for potential top‐down quantitative analysis.

Methods

Supercharging agents, such as meta‐nitrobenzyl alcohol (m‐NBA), dimethylsulfoxide, trifluoroethanol (TFE), and sulfolane were tested in different concentrations in 50/50 acetonitrile/water with 0.5% formic acid to examine the electrospray ionization response for three model proteins: bovine serum albumin (66 kDa), holo‐transferrin (78 kDa), and immunoglobulin G (150 kDa). The settings of ionization source temperature and mobile phase flow rate were also examined. MRM transitions were developed for a wide range of precursor ions for each protein, and limits of detection were determined for the proteins in the presence of favorable additive combinations.

Results

For most of the proteins, m‐NBA (1%) and TFE (5%) worked most effectively, both to shift the charge state and increase intensity. This is the first report of the use of TFE as an effective agent for both increasing protein chargeability and ionization response. TFE increased ionization efficiency between 3‐ and 14‐fold for the model proteins studied. Increases in both source temperature and flow rate reduced the magnitude of the average charge state observed. The MRM transitions of six to eight different precursor ions of the proteins were optimized and limits of detection in the nanogram quantity on column were determined.

Conclusions

The feasibility for top‐down quantitative analysis of high‐molecular‐weight proteins with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was demonstrated. Further, additives such as TFE can be highly beneficial for increased chargeability and response of the proteins.
Transformation of epidermal growth factor receptor T790M mutation‐positive adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung to small cell carcinoma and large‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma following osimertinib therapy: an autopsy case report
Authors: Moriguchi Shuhei , Uruga Hironori , Fujii Takeshi , Yasunaga Yoichi , Takahashi Yui , Kishi Kazuma
Published: February 2019

A 59‐year‐old man with relapsed epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 19 deletion‐positive stage IA adenosquamous carcinoma after lobectomy was treated with erlotinib and bevacizumab for 1 year followed by erlotinib alone for 1 year. Because of mediastinal and supraclavicular lymphadenopathy and a nodule on the left anterior chest wall, the patient underwent repeat biopsy from the supraclavicular lymph node. Pathological analysis demonstrated adenosquamous carcinoma harbouring EGFR exon 19 deletion and T790M mutation. Osimertinib treatment was therefore started. Six months later, the patient underwent a second‐repeat biopsy from the mediastinal lymph nodes and liver metastases. Both specimens showed small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). After chemotherapies for SCLC, he died from lung cancer. An autopsy demonstrated tumour heterogeneity, including histological types of adenosquamous, SCLC, and large‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Repeat biopsies at the time of disease progression are useful to choose subsequent treatment for patients with EGFR mutation‐positive lung cancer.
Impacts of water resource development on hydrological connectivity of different floodplain habitats in a highly variable system
Authors: Higgisson William , Higgisson Brian , Powell Megan , Driver Patrick , Dyer Fiona
Published: February 2019

Floodplains and their associated wetlands are important features of semiarid and arid landscapes, providing habitat and refugia for native species as well as contributing to human needs for freshwater. Globally, floodplain habitats are some of the most modified ecological communities because of water resource development and land‐use changes. However, the hydrological changes that have occurred in highly variable semiarid and arid systems are rarely quantified in a way that helps us understand the consequences for different floodplain habitat types. This study investigated changes in floodplain‐river connectivity that have occurred because of water resource development on four floodplain habitat types in the Lachlan River Catchment, Australia: (a) temporary floodplain lakes, (b) intermittent river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) swamps, (c) intermittent black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) swamps, and (d) terminal wetlands (wetlands along distributary creeks). Changes to floodplain‐river connectivity characteristics were calculated using their commence to fill thresholds and flow scenarios derived from a river hydrology model, enabling comparison of long‐term data sets (120 years) encompassing a range of climate conditions. Connection regime metrics have changed significantly in all floodplain habitats except intermittent black box swamps. Temporary floodplain lakes have experienced the greatest reduction in number of connection events (60% reduction), followed by intermittent river red gum swamps (55% reduction). Intermittent black box swamps and terminal wetlands have experienced the least change in number of connection events (35% reduction). The nature of the change in connection suggests a change in vegetation communities will occur in response to long‐term hydrological change.
Inclusive development in environmental sustainability in sub‐Saharan Africa: Insights from governance mechanisms
Authors: Asongu Simplice A. , Odhiambo Nicholas M.
Published: February 2019

This research examines the relevance of inclusive development in modulating the role of governance on environmental degradation. The study focuses on 44 countries in sub‐Saharan Africa for the period 2000–2012. The generalised method of moments is employed as the empirical strategy, and CO2 emissions per capita is used to measure environmental pollution. Bundled and unbundled governance dynamics are employed, notably political governance (consisting of political stability/no violence and “voice and accountability”), economic governance (encompassing government effectiveness and regulation quality), institutional governance (entailing corruption‐control and the rule of law), and general governance (a composite measure of political governance, economic governance, and institutional governance). The following main findings are established. First, the underlying net effect in the moderating role of inclusive development in the governance‐CO2 emissions nexus is not significant in regressions pertaining to political governance and economic governance. Second, there are positive net effects from the relevance of inclusive development in modulating the effects of regulation quality, economic governance, and general governance on CO2 emissions. The significant and insignificant effects are elucidated. Policy implications are discussed.
Engineering Valley Polarization of Monolayer WS2: A Physical Doping Approach
Authors: Feng Shun , Cong Chunxiao , Konabe Satoru , Zhang Jing , Shang Jingzhi , Chen Yu , Zou Chenji , Cao Bingchen , Wu Lishu , Peimyoo Namphung , Zhang Baile , Yu Ting
Published: February 2019

The emerging field of valleytronics has boosted intensive interests in investigating and controlling valley polarized light emission of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (1L TMDs). However, so far, the effective control of valley polarization degree in monolayer TMDs semiconductors is mostly achieved at liquid helium cryogenic temperature (4.2 K), with the requirements of high magnetic field and on‐resonance laser, which are of high cost and unwelcome for applications. To overcome this obstacle, it is depicted that by electrostatic and optical doping, even at temperatures far above liquid helium cryogenic temperature (80 K) and under off‐resonance laser excitation, a competitive valley polarization degree of monolayer WS2 can be achieved (more than threefold enhancement). The enhanced polarization is understood by a general doping dependent valley relaxation mechanism, which agrees well with the unified theory of carrier screening effects on intervalley scattering process. These results demonstrate that the tunability corresponds to an effective magnet field of ≈10 T at 4.2 K. This work not only serves as a reference to future valleytronic studies based on monolayer TMDs with various external or native carrier densities, but also provides an alternative approach toward enhanced polarization degree, which denotes an essential step toward practical valleytronic applications.
Predicting the Production of the World's Cephalopod Fisheries by Means of Differences in Level of Development and Production Trends
Authors: Peng Dao‐Min , Mu Yong‐Tong
Published: February 2019

Using cephalopod production data from the FishStatJ database of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, this study (1) measured the degree of development of the cephalopod fisheries in 10 major cephalopod‐producing countries; (2) classified each of the 10 fisheries according to its development level; and (3) estimated cephalopod production by the world as a whole as well as by China and Japan individually in 2017, 2018, and 2019. For objectives (1) and (2), the grey constellation cluster model was used. The results of the analysis indicate that cephalopod fisheries in the major producing countries can be roughly divided into four classes: excellent (class I), good (class II), weak (class III), and poor (class IV), with Japan, China, and South Korea being in class I; Thailand, Peru, Viet Nam, India, and Morocco being in class II; and Indonesia and Chile being in classes III and IV, respectively. The grey interval forecasting model was used for objective (3). The model estimates that cephalopod production by the world as a whole will be in the range 5.44–5.76 million metric tons (t) over the period studied and that by China in the range 1.77–1.98 million t. Both areas show rising trends, with average annual growth rates of 2.88% and 5.90%, respectively. By contrast, cephalopod production by Japan is estimated to decline from 0.24 to 0.22 million t, with an average annual growth rate of −2.82%.
Evaluation of Growth, Survival, and Recruitment of Chinook Salmon in Southeast Alaska Rivers
Authors: Graham Cory J. , Sutton Trent M. , Adkison Milo D. , McPhee Megan V. , Richards Philip J.
Published: February 2019

Recent reductions in the run sizes of Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in Southeast Alaska have resulted in social and economic hardships within the region. For Pacific salmon, including Chinook Salmon, brood year (BY) strength may be determined by size‐selective processes that occur during early marine residence. However, the relative importance of freshwater versus marine growth in determining recruitment success is unknown. We conducted a scale‐based retrospective analysis to examine the relative effects of freshwater and marine growth on survival to the age of reproduction for female Chinook Salmon by BY in the Taku (BYs 1979–1985, 1990–1999, 2002–2004) and Unuk (BYs 1981–1983, 1986–1988, 1994–2003, 2005–2006) rivers located in Southeast Alaska. First‐year marine growth of Chinook Salmon was positively related to total return, productivity (returns per spawner), and marine survival for stocks from both systems. In the Taku River, growth during the third year at sea was positively related to marine survival. Annual growth of Taku River Chinook Salmon was correlated with previous growth through the second year at sea; however, no correlations were detected between adjacent growth zones of Unuk River fish. These findings suggest that current declines in Chinook Salmon abundance in Southeast Alaska is attributed to changes in growth conditions during the first year at sea.
Effects of freezing–thawing and wetting–drying on heavy metal leaching from biosolids
Authors: Wang Zhan , Flury Markus
Published: February 2019

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of freezing–thawing and wetting–drying on heavy metals leaching from biosolids. Biosolid samples were irrigated with water at two flow rates and three flow stop events in 24 hr intervals. During the period of flow stop, biosolids were subjected to different temperatures, water contents, or freezing–thawing. Leachates were analyzed for heavy metals. The concentrations of metals in biosolids ranged from lower than detection limits (for Pb) to 1,039 mg/kg (for Zn). The leaching percentage of metals ranged from 0% (Pb, Ag, Cs) to 25% (Ni). Lower flow rate with longer residence time induced more metal leaching compared with higher flow rate with shorter residence time. At each flow rate, flow stop caused enhanced metal leaching. Higher drying temperature enhanced metal leaching. Water content or freezing–thawing had no significant effects on metal leaching. We expect that intermittent irrigation or rainfall would enhance the risk of metals leaching from biosolids after land application. However, freezing of biosolids during winter will likely not cause an enhanced leaching of metals in spring when biosolids and soils thaw. Application of biosolids in fall should therefore not cause enhanced leaching of metals out of land‐applied biosolids.

Practitioner points

Lower flow rate with longer residence time induced more metal leaching compared with higher flow rate with shorter residence time.

Flow stop or higher drying temperature enhanced metal leaching from biosolids.

Water content or freezing‐thawing had no significant effects on metal leaching.
Phase I study of TAS-121, a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer harboring EGFR mutations
Authors: Nishio Makoto , Murakami Haruyasu , Ohe Yuichiro , Hida Toyoaki , Sakai Hiroshi , Kasahara Kazuo , Imamura Fumio , Baba Tomohisa , Kubota Kaoru , Hosomi Yukio , Shimokawa Tsuneo , Hayashi Hidetoshi , Miyadera Kazutaka , Tamura Tomohide
Published: February 2019

Purpose We investigated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of TAS-121, a novel, potent, and highly selective third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) in Japanese patients with advanced EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) previously treated with EGFR-TKI. Methods This was an open-label, non-randomized, multi-center, dose escalation, phase I study conducted in three phases (dose escalation, expansion, and extension phases). TAS-121 was administered orally once daily (QD) or twice daily (BID) under fasting conditions in a 21-day treatment cycle. The primary endpoint was dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) during Cycle 1 of the dose escalation phase. Results In total, 134 patients received treatment. Five and three patients presented a DLT with the QD and BID regimens, respectively. The DLTs were drug-induced liver injury, platelet count decreased, urticaria, interstitial lung disease, and left ventricular failure. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was 10 mg/day QD and 8 mg/day BID in the dose escalation phase. The most common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were dermatological toxicity (89.6%), platelet count decreased (67.2%), and pyrexia (44%) among all patients. Rate of discontinuations due to ADRs at the MTD level were 11.1% with TAS-121 10 mg/day QD and 7.9% with TAS-121 8 mg/day BID. Among 86 T790M-positive patients (confirmed by blood serum sampling in most patients), the objective response rate (ORR) was 28% and highest at 8 mg/day BID (39%). Among 16 T790M-negative patients, the ORR was 19%. Conclusions TAS-121 was well tolerated up to the MTD and demonstrated antitumor activity in Japanese T790M-positive NSCLC patients. Clinical trial registration: JapicCTI-142651.
The Development of the Turkish Social Media Craving Scale (SMCS): a Validation Study
Authors: Savci Mustafa , Griffiths Mark D.
Published: February 2019

Over the past decade, the use of social media applications have increased worldwide. In parallel with this, abuse of social media has also increased. In recent years, many disorders related to social media use have been conceptualized. One of the common consequences of these disorders is the intense desire (i.e., craving) to use social media. The aim of the present study was to develop the Social Media Craving Scale (SMCS) by adapting the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS). The study comprised 423 university students (242 females and 181 males) across five different samples. The psychometric instruments used included the Social Media Craving Scale, Social Media Disorder Scale, Brief Self-Control Scale, and Personal Information Form. In the present study, structural validity and reliability of the SMCS were investigated. The structural validity of SMCS was investigated with Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and criterion validity. The reliability of SMCS was evaluated using Cronbach α internal consistency reliability coefficient, corrected item total correlation coefficients, and test-retest method. As a result of EFA, the SMCS was found to be unidimensional scale. This unidimensional structure explained approximately half of the total variance. The unidimensional structure of SMCS was tested in two different samples with CFA. As a result of CFA, SMCS models were found to have acceptable fit values. The criterion validity of the SMCS was evaluated by assessing social media disorder, self-discipline, impulsiveness, daily social media use duration, social media usage history, frequency of checking social media accounts during the day, number of social media accounts, and number of daily shares. Analysis demonstrated that the SMCS was associated with all these variables in the expected direction. According to the reliability analysis (Cronbach’s α internal consistency coefficients, corrected item total correlation coefficients, and test-retest method), the SMCS was found to be a reliable scale. When validity and reliability analyses of the SMCS are considered as a whole, it is concluded that the SMCS is a valid and reliable scale in assessing social media craving.
Childhood abuse or trauma: A racial perspective
Authors: Oldfield Janine , Jackson Theresa
Published: February 2019

Racial trauma describes the emotional trauma and associated psychiatric reactions, such as distress and compromised well-being, which arise from perceived incidences of racism. It is an emerging psychological paradigm that is intimately linked to state-based policy measures such as child removal. Racial trauma is also deeply institutionalised in Australia’s education system as a consequence of the focus on dominant (white Standard Australian English speaking) culture, language, literacy and numeracy standards. Despite receiving little recognition in mental health work or the education sector, the effects of such trauma are profound and can account for the high rates of suicide and social dysfunction that we see in remote Indigenous communities as well as the low academic achievement and English language acquisition rates in Aboriginal students. This paper presents a literature review related to publications that scrutinise the relationship between racism in policy and schools and racial trauma, drawing on some research findings by one of the authors. It suggests alternative Indigenous pedagogies that can both mitigate and remove racial trauma from the school environment and lead to successful academic outcomes and well-being for Aboriginal students.
Unfair Trading Practices in the Food Supply Chain: Regulating Right?
Authors: SCHEBESTA Hanna , VERDONK Tom , PURNHAGEN Kai P , KEIRSBILCK Bert
Published: February 2019

This report examines the pending Proposal for a directive on unfair trading practices in business-to-business relationships in the food supply chain, and its proposed amendments. It provides a general overview of the current content of the Proposal and analyses the proposed rules from a legal perspective. We find that: (1) the CAP legal basis may prove insufficient for regulation that covers the entire agri-food chain; and may (2) result in a strained relationship with the competition and consumer acquis; (3) the empirical basis for the prevalence of unfair trading practices, and the effect of their prohibition is relatively dire, which results in uncertainty with regard to the achievement of the future UTPD’s intended effect and effectiveness; (4) the choice for specific targeted prohibitions instead of general umbrella clauses may lead to ad hoc regulation that leaves large loopholes; (5) the institutional enforcement mechanism makes it likely that the Proposal contributes to the foundation for a new area of EU law, which will increasingly regulate practices in business-to-business relationships.