bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Zaydī Views on the Companions of the Prophet
Authors: Kohlberg Etan
Published: January 2010

The history of the Zaydiyya and the growth of Zaydī thought, law, and doctrine have become increasingly well known as a result of studies by R. Strothmann, E. Griffini, C. van Arendonk, W. Madelung, and others. As Madelung has convincingly shown in his book on al-Qāsim b. Ibrāhīm, Zaydī doctrine, which initially differed appreciably from that of the Mu'tazila on many issues, eventually adopted all of the principal tenets of Mu'tazilism. At the same time, the various Zaydī branches retained the essential Shī'ī belief in an Imām descended from ‘Alī and Fāṭima. Yet the Zaydī doctrine of the imāmate differs from the doctrine of Imāmī (or Twelver) Shī'ism in some important respects: the Zaydī Imām is not infallible, sinless, and omniscient, and, according to the Batrī Zaydīs, he need not even always be the most excellent person of his generation. Most Zaydīs maintained instead that the Imām had to prove his leadership by fighting for the faith (jihād). The Imāmī claim that all the Imāms had been personally designated by God and His Prophet was restricted by the Zaydīs to ‘Alī, al-Ḥasan, and al-Ḥusayn.
The Crusades of 1239–41 and their aftermath
Authors: Jackson Peter
Published: January 2010

The period of the crusades of Theobald of Navarre and Richard of Cornwall is a critical one in the history of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. As a result of truces made by the crusaders with neighbouring Muslim princes the kingdom came to embrace, albeit briefly, an area more extensive than it had covered at any time since the losses inflicted by Saladin following his victory at Hattīn in 1187. And yet this triumph was but the prelude to an engagement at La Forbie (al-Harbiyya) in October 1244, which was as grave a catastrophe as Hattīn and from which the kingdom never recovered. Here the Frankish army was decimated by the Egyptians and their Khwarizmian allies, a new and brutal element in the politics of southern Syria; and most of the newly regained territory was lost within the next three years. In this paper I propose to examine the events of the years 1239–44 with a view to re-evaluating the military and diplomatic achievements of the crusades and to placing the disaster at La Forbie more securely in context.
Hebrew verse: scansion and parallax
Authors: Wansbrough John
Published: January 2010

Though beset with dispute, wavering conviction and a fair amount of inconsistency, most theories of Biblical prosody exhibit a dominant concern with phonology. Since one at least of the phenomena under scrutiny is metre, this shared propensity is hardly surprising, conditioned as a matter of course by Classical literature and the European tradition, but also by considerable evidence from the proximate sphere of other Semitic literatures. Comment upon the poetry in Hebrew scripture is as ancient as Philo and as varied as could be expected from two millennia of scholarship characterized by evolving method and changing fashion. For the metrical component, acknowledgement of more than one period of poetic production has enabled a chronological hypothesis to accommodate several systems that would otherwise, restricted to the data of the Massoretic text, be in mild competition if not, indeed, severe conflict. At stake is the unit of stress: its identity, distribution and frequency, a phonological quest rarely modified by reference to morphology. A notable exception is the attention recently directed to line internal juncture (sandhi) of which the primary effect is to eliminate or at least blur word boundaries. While the value of this operation for describing an evolution from accentual to quantitative prosody cannot be denied, its practical consequence may be merely characterization of the poetic line as a more or less constant number of syllables. In such an arbitrary continuum the location of stress is no easier than in the admittedly simplistic but nonetheless pragmatic identification of word with ictus. To this end Massoretic accentuation, whatever its shortcomings, has proved remarkably adaptable.
Recherches sur les Ottomans et la Moldavie ponto-danubienne entre 1484 et 1520
Authors: Beldiceanu Par Nicoară , Bacquè-Grammont Jean-Louis , Cazacu Matei
Published: January 2010

L'objet de la prèsente ètude est ľèdition de trois documents relatifs aux rapports èconomiques entre la Moldavie et les Ottomans au temps du sultan SelĪm Ier(1512–1520). Nous les dèsignerons de la manièsignerons de la manière suivante:

Documents no1: Acte adressè par Selīm à Bogdan III de Moldavie le 25 janvier 1512, soit trois trois mois avant son avànemenyt au trône ottoman (24 avril).

Documents no2: Acte adressè par SelĪm au commandant de la fortersse ottomane de Kilia2entre le 9 et le 18 fèvrier 1512 (donc antèrieur de plus de deux mois à son avènement).

Documents no3: Deux paragraphes d'un repport adressé le 15 avril 1520 à la porte ottomane par Küčü Pīrī, caid ď; Aqčaqazanliq, et concernant les droits d'explonitation de quinze lacs situès en Moldavie mèridionale.
Implosive d- + y- or r- or h- in Indo-Aryan
Authors: Turner R. L.
Published: January 2010

Geiger in his Etymological glossary of the Sinhalese language, 27, under uyana gives as its origin Sk. udyāna-, Pa. uyyāna-, but does not explain the -yy- < -dy- as opposed to Pa. -jj- in ajjā < adyá or upajjati < utpadyatē. Geiger was not alone in his failure to explain the difference in development. V. Henry in Précis de grammaire pâlie, 33, and Geiger himself in Pāli, Literatur und Sprache, 66, both note that it was ud + y- which > -yy- and quote Pa. uyyutta- and uyyōga- < udyukta- and udyāga-, while Mayrhofer in his excellent Handbuch des Pāli does not refer to the problem.
Genealogical manipulation and social identity in Sansanne Mango, northern Togo: an imām-list and the Qasīda of ar-Ra'īs Bādās
Authors: Norris Edward Graham , Heine Peter
Published: January 2010

Among the principle inhabitants of the northern Togolese town of Sansanne Mango, the Anufom, only the members of one of the forty named lineages possess a ‘genealogy’ which purports to extend to ancestors born significantly prior to 1764, the year in which the forbears of the Anufom overthrew the Gurma inhabitants of the village of Kondjoko and established their military camp on its site. This aberrant genealogy of the lineage Kambaya is also of interest in that it consists, in its greater part, of two written documents, the only example of the use of Arabic script for this purpose that has been discovered in northern Togo.
A seventeenth-century Persian lacquer door and some problems of Ṣafavid lacquer-painted doors
Authors: Fehérvári G.
Published: January 2010

A few years ago the author was invited to inspect a Persian door which at that time was on a firm in Oxfordshire. It was found to be a fine decorated lacquer-painted door, and the Department of Eastern Art at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford sought and obtained the permission of the owner, Martyn Skinner, Esq., to exhibit the door on loan at the Museum, where it remained on display for nearly two years between 1962 and 1964. It is now back in the owner's possession at Ilex House, Fitzhead, Taunton, Somerset.
Some manuscripts in Grantha script in Bangkok
Authors: Marr J. R.
Published: January 2010

Among the manuscripts in the National Library in Bangkok are a number of sმmut dam ‘blank books’ written in yellow orpiment on blackened paper. Many of these are in Thai, but a few, catalogued under the number XVII 37 are in two scripts that show very close affinities with South Indian Grantha.
Terms of Scriptural Interpretation: A Study in Hebrew Semantics
Authors: Gertner M.
Published: January 2010

In the last centuries before the current era and in the early centuries after its beginning the major intellectual and literary activity in the realms (first) of the Jewish and (later) of the Christian communities was wholly centred in the field of interpretation. The OT, as the mainspring and foundation of all religious thought and teaching in those days and in those spheres, was the subject of this interpretation activity. In both the Jewish and the Christian world the Bible was considered to be not only holy and authoritative, but also, and this is in our context more important, the only and exclusive source of divine religious doctrine and of good ethical behaviour. Also historical events, political or religious, were seen, even foreseen, and evaluated from the aspect of this holy source of divine wisdom and planning.
Bistamiana
Authors: Arberry A. J.
Published: January 2010

In his interesting and provocative bookHindu and Muslim mysticism(Athlone Press, 1960), Professor R. C. Zaehner has discussed at length the part which lie believes Abū Yazīd al-Bistāmī played in introducing Vedāntin ideas into Muslim mysticism. In this paper it is proposed to re-examine some of the crucial texts upon which this theory has been based.
Al-jabaratĪ's Introduction to the History of Ottoman Egypt
Authors: Holt P. M.
Published: January 2010

1. Analysis of al-Jabartț's account Al-Jabartī's chronicle, ‘Ajā’ib al-āthār fi'l-tarājim wa'l-akhbār formally begins with the year 1100/1688–9 (p. 24 of the first volume of the BŪlāq edition). He precedes his annals, however, with an introduction, of which the last part (p. 20, line 23–p. 24, line 4) is concerned with Ottoman Egypt from the time of the conquest by Sellm I to the beginning of the twelfth Hijrī century.
Syntax of the cases in Khotanese
Authors: Emmerick R. E.
Published: January 2010

It is surprising that not a single page has hitherto been devoted to the treatment of Khotanese syntax, even though Khotanese is unique among the attested later Iranian languages in preserving, for the most part distinctly, at any rate in Old Khotanese (OKh.), in the singular, six of the eight cases normally attributed to Indo-European (IE), and in the plural, five. M. J. Dresden, in his ‘Grammatical notes’ introducing his edition of the Khotanese Jatakastava (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, NS, XLV, 5, 1955), called attention to the need for a treatment of Kh. syntax. He commented (p. 419): ‘Superfluous to say that the efforts of future research should be turned to this subject’.
The Pāṇuranga-māhātmya of Śrīdhar
Authors: Raeside I. M. P.
Published: January 2010

Between 1690 and 1720 Śridhar narrated in simple Marathi verse nearly all the basic, perennial stories of the Indian tradition: the epics in Rāmavijaya and Pāṇḍava-pratāpa, the essential puranic tales in Harivijaya and Śivalīlāmṛta. As a consequence he is still read very widely by the devout
The ‘Song of Bagauda’: a Hausa king list and homily in verse—II
Authors: Hiskett M.
Published: January 2010

English Translation: The ‘Song Of Bagauda’ In the name of God the Merciful, the Compassionate. May God bless our Lord Muḥammad and his family, and his Companions, and his wives, and his offspring, and grant them peace.
The Historical Significance Of Later Anṣārī Poetry—II
Authors: 'Arafat W.
Published: January 2010

A second group of poems share the same characteristics with the poems discussed in part I of this article, and are of equally late authorship. However, they lack the explicit evidence of a later date. These are nos. VII, X, XIX, LXXIX.2 Poem no. VII is yet one more of those ‘defensivexs’ poems which seem to indicate that not only the poet, but the whole tribe, in the wider sense, are on the defensive. Although it can be argued that the poem is not by Ḥassān, there is evidence of a deliberate attempt to give the impression that it is. At the same time there is evidence, too, of even later interpolations.
Petitions From the Mamlūk Period (Notes on The Mamlūk Documents From Sinai)
Authors: Stern S. M.
Published: January 2010

The monastery of St. Catherine in Sinai possesses a large collection of odocuments concerning its own affairs and dating from the Fāṭimid, Ayyūbid, Mamlūk, and Ottoman periods. They were used for historical purposes as early as the seventeenth century by certain writers belonging to the monastery, but, if exception be made for the pioneer (but limited) work done by B. Moritz in the early years of this century, they remained unexploited by modern scholars. The American expedition of 1950, which has microfilmed about one-half of the library's manuscripts in various languages, brought back microfilms of the entire collection of Arabic and Turkish documents, thus making a thorough study of them possible for the first time. There is no need to specify the earlier bibliography of the Sinai documents, since readers of thisBulletincan obtain the necessary information from an article of mine published in an earlier volume.
Sidelights on Muslim History
Authors: Tritton A. S.
Published: January 2010

A ‘Mirror for magistrates’ entitled ‘The manners of kings and advice to them’ (adab al-mulūk'iḥhum) precedes in MS Or. 9446 of the British Museum the suḥbat al-mulūk (commonly called kitāb al-tāj) which is ascribed to Jāḥiຓ. As the former names Saladin, the ascription to Jāḥiຓ, if meant to apply to it, is wrong. Each section begins with a line or two, ‘The prudent king will do this, will not do that’, followed by one or more examples from history.
The Albanian Chronicle of Maxit'ar Goš
Authors: Dowsett C.J.F.
Published: January 2010

The land of the Ahiank‘ or Caucasian Albania, whose geography and customs already attracted the attention of Strabo and Pliny, represents the easternmost part of the Armenian sphere of influence. The historical events which took place in this region were described by the ancient Armenian historians P'awstos Biwzandai, Lazar P'arpei, Elišē Vardapet, Movsēs Xorenai, etc., and their works were subsequently drawn upon by Movsēs Kalankatuai or Dasxuranci for the compilation called the History of the Aluank' which remains our principal source of information on the country down to the tenth century.
A Nineteenth-Century Link Between Chinese And African Language Studies
Authors: Hair P. E. H.
Published: January 2010

In a recent paper on tone-marking systems employed during the last hundred years in African language studies, Professor Tucker has referred incidentally to parallel developments in Chinese language studies. The present note, offered as a footnote to Professor Tucker's paper, documents recognition, early in the nineteenth century, that Chinese and a number of African languages have in common the feature of semantic tone.
Sanskrit Eḍūka—Pāli Eluka
Authors: Allchin F.R.
Published: January 2010

The word eduka first occurs in Sanskrit in the Mahābhārata. It is accepted by the Poona edition but there are several variants. The passage is of interest because of the light it throws upon the meaning:
viparītaś ca loko'yam bhaviṣyaty adharottaraḥ
eḍūkān pūjayiṣyanti varjayiṣyanti devatāḥ
śūdrāḥ paricariṣyanti na dvijān yuga-saṃkṣaye (64)
āśrameṣu maharṣīnāṃ brāhmaṇāvasaiheṣu ca
deva-sthāneṣu caityeṣu nāgāndm ālayeṣu ca (65)
eḍuka-cihnā pṛthivī na deva-gṛha-bhūṣitā1
Some Notes on Maitrakanyaka: Divyāvadāna XXXVIII
Authors: Brough John
Published: January 2010

The story of Maitrakanyaka is unquestionably old, and has survived in a number of versions which vary considerably in detail. The main outline of the story in the Avadāna-śataka, which is closely related to the versions in the Divyavadāna, the Avadāna-kalpalatā of Kṣemendra, and the Bhadrakalpāvaādna, is as follows:

A rich merchant, Mitra, for a long time has no children who survive childhood; and he is advised that if he gives a girl's name to the next son to be born to him, the child will live (yadi te putro jāyate, tasya dārikā-nāma sthāpayitavyam, evam asau cirajīvī bhaviṣyati). After the child's birth, the relatives say, ‘This boy is the son of Mitra (mitrasya putrah, as being equivalent to maitraḥ), and is a girl (kanyā ca); therefore let his name be Maitrakanyaka’.
Ta-Chin‘in P‘o-lo-Men
Authors: Christie Anthony
Published: January 2010

It is now more than 50 years since Paul Pelliot studied, in Deux ītinéraires de Chine en Inde, a work which, together with Le Fou-nan, laid the foundations for much of the subsequent development of South East Asian studies, certain itineraries between China and the West. These itineraries had been compiled by Chia Tan (A.D. 730–805) and date from the period A.D. 785–805, but, the original compilation having been lost, they are extant only in the summaries preserved in the Hsin T‘ang shu. Among the routes included is one from Yunnan to India which crosses Upper Burma by alternative ways, bifurcating at Chu-ko Liang and rejoining in Eastern India whence it leads to Magadha.
The Rānī Pokhrī Inscription, Kāṭhmāṇḍu
Authors: Clark T.W.
Published: January 2010

TheRānī Pokhrī (Queen Lake) is situated at the northern end of the Ṭuṇḍkhel, the large parade ground of Kāṭhmāṇḍu, and near Kamalāchiṭol, the north-eastern sector of the town. The lake is rectangular in shape, and the lines of its banks run roughly north-south and east-west. In the middle of the lake is a Śaivite temple, which is connected to the western bank by a straight causeway. A few years ago the lake was enclosed by a high metal fence, built some ten yards back from the edge of the water.
Phonetic Observations on Gujarati
Authors: Firth J.R.
Published: January 2010

The observations offered in this article are based on notes on the pronunciation of a number of Gujarati speakers of different classes from various districts, including field notes recorded in 1938.

Although the speakers included Christians from Khera District and Surat, peasants and telis from Ahmedabad district, Nagar Brahmins of Ahmedabad, and Brahmins from South and Central Kathiawar, they all in their different ways and often in different words, provided examples and illustrations of widespread characteristics of Gujarati.
The Inter-Relations of Castes and Ethnic Groups in Nepal
Authors: Fürer-Haimendorf Christoph Von
Published: January 2010

The system of endogamous castes arranged in a hierarchic order is a form of social structure characteristic of India and certain neighbouring countries affected by the influence of Hinduism. Its origin and historic development is the subject of a large literature based primarily on Sanskrit sources stemming from ancient and medieval times. Our knowledge of Indian social life in those times is due almost entirely to the work of Sanskrit scholars, and studies of the phenomenon of caste from a sociological point of view, such as that of Max Weber, remained few in numbers compared to the volume of treatises viewing the system in a purely historical perspective.
‘Attraction’ and Co-Ordination in the Veda
Authors: Gonda J.
Published: January 2010

Thefrequent Vedic construction exemplified by ṚV 5, 31, 4indram … arkaír évardhayann éhaye héntav u‘they strengthened Indra with hymns to slay the serpent’ has since Delbriick's days been the subject of some discussion and difference of opinion. Whitney expressed the view that the frequent use of the dative beside a so-called infinitive dative to denote the subject or the object of the action constitutes a case of attraction: in the above sentence one would, in accordance with the implication of this term, expect the accusative ahint, whereas in ṚV 1, 24, 8cakira sryāya pánthām ánvetav u‘he made a track for the sun to follow’, the dative of the noun denoting the being on whose behalf the path is made is understandable at first sight. Hence no doubt the comment made by Whitney before quoting the latter line: the construction is in part a perfectly simple one, but is stretched beyond its natural boundaries by a kind of attraction.
Al-Lum‘at Al-Sanīya Fī Taḥqīq Al-Ilqā’ Fi-L--Umnīya By Ibrāhīm Al-Kurānī
Authors: Guillaume Alfred
Published: January 2010

Ibrāhīm b. Ḥasan al-Kurānī al-Shahrazūrī al-Shahrānī belonged to the Shāfi‘ī madhhab and was a ṣūfī in the Naqshabandī order. Muḥammad Khalīl al-Murādī in his Silk al-Durarft a‘yān al-Qarn al-thānī ‘ashar (Bulaq 1301/1883, I, 5 f.), states that he was born in 1025/1616 and died in 1101/1697 in Medina. He studied under the best scholars of his day in Damascus, Cairo, and Medina where he finally settled down. His fame spread and pupils came to him from distant lands to attend his lectures in the prophet's mosque. He was the author of more than 100 books and treatises. The Garrett Collection of the Library of Princeton University contains manuscripts of several of them, one being an autograph. The names of many of these will be found in the Silk loc. cit., Brockelmann, GAL, G. n, 505 and S. II, 520, and Ismā‘īl Pasha al- Baghdādī's Dhayl to Ḥājjī Khalīfa, Istanbul, 1951, I, 35 f.
The Oratio Recta of Baranī's —Fact or fiction?
Authors: Hardy P.
Published: January 2010

Since the publication in 1871 of an extensive English translation of Ḍivā al-dīn Baranl's in Vol. in of Elliot and Dowson's History of India as told by its own historians, the modern study of the reigns of the sultans of Delhi from Balban to the sixth year of has been mainly, though not exclusively, founded upon this , whether in translation or in the Bibliotheca Indica text edited by Sayyid Aḥmad in 1862.
On the Caste Name Nāito in
Authors: Katre S.M.
Published: January 2010

1. Both among the Navāiyat community who speak a dialect of as well as among other speech communities the common word corresponding to the learned caste appellation Navāiyat is either Nāito or Nāityāṁčo (i.e. ‘belonging to the Nāitā community’). The Navāiyats (= ‘new-comers’ according to the Bombay Gazetteer, vol. xv, on Kanara) are chiefly concentrated around Bhatkal, but are also to be found as far south as South Kanara, in connexion with their mercantile interest in cloth trading.
The Administration of Sanjar's Empire as Illustrated in the ‘Atabat Al-Kataba
Authors: Lambton Ann. K. S.
Published: January 2010

The study of Muslim institutions in Persia is made difficult by a lack of documents, nor is this lack due wholly to the destruction of those that once existed. Many of the legal contracts and procedures, especially those relating to customary as opposed to shar‘ī law, were unwritten. Moreover so far as local matters were concerned the process of recording was a laborious one in Persia as elsewhere; and it must have seemed unnecessary to record what every village elder knew. Another difficulty which faces us in the study of Muslim institutions in Persia is the fact that the sources often use terms imprecisely. Some are used in both a general and a technical sense. The same term may be used to denote a number of different institutions and the meaning of any term may vary according to both time and place.
The Life of the Blessed Iodasaph: A New Oriental Christian Version of the Barlaam and Ioasaph Romance
Authors: Lang D.M.
Published: January 2010

In a volume dedicated to Sir Ralph Turner, it can scarcely be inappropriate to devote an essay to a text which bears every sign of being the first Christian adaptation of that legend of the Buddha which, migrating from the cultural environment of the Lalita-vistara and the Buddha-carita, finally evolved into the story of the Christian worthies Barlaam and Ioasaph.

Since the German Turfan expeditions of half a century ago, it has become increasingly clear that an early stage in the story's development may be sited in those areas of Central Asia where Buddhism and Manichseism, the former using Sanskrit, the latter Iranian and Old Turkish as literary media, for a time overlapped. Thus, among the Turkish Manichaean fragments recovered at Turfan are two extracts from a prototype (or two separate sources) of the Barlaam legend: firstly, the episode of the meeting of the Bodisav (Bodhisattva) prince with the decrepit old man; and secondly, an unsavoury tale, later incorporated in the Arabic version by Ibn Babuya, concerning a drunken prince who mistakes a corpse for a desirable maiden.
A Yurok Song Without Words
Authors: Robins R.H. , McLeod Norma
Published: January 2010

This paper is intended as a sequel to our ‘Five Yurok songs’, published in the issue of the Bulletin dedicated to Professor J. R. Firth, and the statements there made about Yurok music in general apply also to the song presented and analysed here. This song was excluded from our previous article, not merely for reasons of space, but from a consideration of its composition. In the five songs already published, text and music, though realized together in the singing of the song, could be distinguished and separately analysed. In this song (a Brush Dance song) the human voice serves simply as a musical instrument, and the melody and rhythms making up the music are carried on a series of syllable sequences, to which no grammatical or lexical analysis can be applied and to which no translation can be given.
Three Inscriptions from Jerusalem
Authors: Tritton A.S.
Published: January 2010

AJudge from Qanṭūriya in Spain, Khālid b. ‘Īsā al-Balawī, spent the years 1336–40 on pilgrimage, passing through Africa and Jerusalem. He was interested in inscriptions and copied several in Jerusalem; those which can be checked, Ma'mūn's in the Dome of the Rock and Saladin's in al-Aqṣā, are accurate, so we may assume that others are also. The record is contained in B.M. Or. 9252 and Paris (B.N.) 2286. It is a pleasant duty to thank the Bibliothèque Nationale for answering a question about the Paris MS and so supplying a word missing from the Museum copy.
Sanskrit in Malay Literature
Authors: Winstedt R.O.
Published: January 2010

The presence of Sanskrit loanwords in Malay was noted at least as far back as the time of Sir William Jones (Asiatick Researches, III, 11, 12), and lists of them have been compiled, showing how they include not only abstract terms like those that need the conception of time or price or profit, but terms of relationship, names for parts of the body, names for utensils and articles of commerce, and many court terms of honorific import.
Homicide in pre-Islamic South Arabia
Authors: Irvine A. K.
Published: January 2010

The legal and social attitude towards delicts against individuals in the great settled states of South Arabia is a subject on which information is very scant. All that has survived in the case of homicide is a fragmentary legal prescription of uncertain import, a temple regulation on the subject of slaves, and two incidental communications gleaned from dedicatory inscriptions. To this may be added a general prohibition contained in a late Greek law code purporting to stem from the Homeritae. Moreover, this small corpus of information is geographically limited in the first case to Qatabān, and in the remainder to Saba', while each instance refers to a different stage in the social development of South Arabia.
The ‘hard and white’ disputations of the Chinese sophists
Authors: Graham A. C.
Published: January 2010

Among the five essays ascribed to the sophist Kung-sun Lung (c. 300 B.C.) is an ‘Essay on hard and white’ () which argues that a hard white stone is two things, the white stone which one sees and the hard stone which one touches. In an earlier paper I offered evidence that the last three essays in Kung-sun Lung tzŭ (including the ‘Essay on hard and white’) were written between A.D. 300 and 600, but did not question the apparently self-evident facts that many pre-Han and Han writers mention a sophism of Kung-sun Lung about the separation of hard and white and that in the third century B.C. the common-sense position that hardness and whiteness are mutually pervasive was defended against the sophists in the Mohist Canons. The purpose of the present inquiry is to look again at the whole of the early evidence with fresh eyes.
Mahōrasop in a Thai Manōrā manuscript
Authors: Simmons E. H. S.
Published: January 2010

Traditionally, in Thailand, theatrical performances and ancillary entertainments, feats, and games had an important ceremonial function. The generic term that is applied to them is mahōrasop. The context in which they are found in their most highly developed form is that of court ceremonial, though, since ceremonies in the country were often analogues of those held at court, performances of this kind had a wide distribution beyond the walls of the royal and princely palaces of the capitals. To-day, the tradition, even though progressively devitalized as a result of a century of cultural change, remains a living one.
Miṣṣa Suppletum
Authors: Bailey H.W.
Published: January 2010

In an earlier article I gathered up certain Indo-Iranian words to form a group connected with ‘seed’, ‘sowing’ and ‘planting’.

In Iranian these words were Avestan mīz- (Yasna 44.20), taken to mean ‘to sow (seeds)’, with the -ti- derivative mišti- in two passages of the later Avesta Yašt 5.120 and Yašt 7.4. Here in Yašt 7.4 mišti urvaranąm ‘with the sowing of seeds of plants’ was a striking phrase.
Vedic Bhūṣ-; Iranian Būš-, Bauš-
Authors: Wright J. C.
Published: January 2010

J. Gonda's study The meaning of Vedic bhīṣati (Wageningen, 1939), republished in Four studies in the language of the Veda ('s-Gravenhage, 1959), has failed to convince scholars, and seemingly the author himself, that a basic meaning ‘strengthen’ is tenable.
The Neolithic Stone Industry of the santal Parganas
Authors: Allchin F. R.
Published: January 2010

In a previous paper I discussed the typology of two collections of neolithic artifacts from the North Karnataka of India and discovered a close correspondence between them.
Was the Ancient south Arabian Mḏqnt the Islamic Miḥrāb?
Authors: Ghūl Maḥmū ‘AlĪ
Published: January 2010

Abī Manṣur al-Tha'ālibī devotes twenty pages of Yatīmat al-dahr to selections from al-qaṣīda al-sāsāniyya of Abū Dulaf al-Khazraji, the fourth century A.H. poet, who prided himself on being a member of the ‘world brotherhood’ of beggars and impostors known by the ‘royal’ name of banū sāsān. This group of people used a special jargon, munākāh, a considerable part of which is preserved in this poem of Abk Dulaf's.
The career of Küçük Muḥammad (1676–94)
Authors: Holt P. M.
Published: January 2010

Küçük Muḥammad was a man of obscure origin who, in 1087/1676, seized control of the Janissary headquarters in Cairo. Twice ousted from this position, he regained power there finally in 1103/1692, after collusion with Ibrāhīm Bey b. Dhi'l-Faqār, a prominent grandee of the Faqāriyya faction, and Ḥasan Ağga Balfiyya, the influential commanding officer of the Gönüllüyān corps.
The Development of the Theory of the Viprayukta-Saṃskāras
Authors: Jaini Padmanabh S.
Published: January 2010

One of the most important factors which distinguish the VaibhĀsikaṣika Abhidharma from the TheravĀda Abhidharma is a category called the viprayukta-saṃskĀras. The disputes on the reality of the dharmas included under this category dominate some of the major works on Abhidharma, especially the Abhidharma-kośa-bhĀṣsya of Vasubandhu and the ShpuṭĀarthĀ of Yaśomitra. An analysis of these dharmas is found in a few pioneering works like those of McGovern, Stcherbatsky, and others, but very little is kown about their origin.
An overlooked feature of Malay historical phonology
Authors: Blust Robert
Published: January 2010

Malay is one of the best-studied of all Austronesian languages, both synchronically and diachronically. We would not therefore expect a study of Malay historical phonology to uncover much that is new. In this paper, however, I will suggest that a basic change has been overlooked in past work on the language.
Burmese Proverbs: A Supplement to Existing Collections
Authors: Lat Kin Maung
Published: January 2010

In the course of his work on the new Burmese-English Dictionary the writer of this article had access to certain manuscripts compiled by various members of the Northern Burma Mission who were stationed at Ava and other places in Upper Burma during the early nineteenth century. The manuscripts contain a collection of Burmese proverbs, which were rendered into French by an unknown missionary. The writer sought the assistance of Mrs. A. M. Blandford, 37 Havers Lane, Bishop's Stortford, in deciphering and translating the French equivalents or translations into English; and reference has been made to these in preparing the translation—which is as literal as possible—and the notes as to application, etc., here given. Many of the proverbs are unfamiliar in modern times, and the writer's views as to their application are put forward as suggestions only. No attempt has been made to reproduce in the translations the rhymes of the Burmese. The proverbs were compared with (1) those given in Sagabon Hnittaung, which was compiled by U Taing of the Hanthawaddy Press, Rangoon (3rd impression, 1911), and (2) those given at the end of Stevenson's edition of Judson's Burmese-English Dictionary. The following proverbs (which are arranged in alphabetical order) do not appear in either of these collections and seem not to have been published before.
The Exalted Lineage of Ridwān Bey: Some Observations on a Seventeenth-Century Mamluk Genealogy
Authors: Holt P. M.
Published: January 2010

The subject of this paper is a small work entitled Qahr al-wujūh al-‘ābisa bi-dhikr nasab umarā’ al-Jarākisa wa-ttisālihi bi-Quraysh,2 which might be rendered, ‘A cogent demonstration of the lineage of the amīrs of the Circassians and its connexion with Quraysh’. Manuscripts exist in the John Rylands Library in Manchester and in the British Museum. The Rylands copy, com-pleted on 21 Rajab 1092/6 August 1681, states that the original work was finished on 1 Rajab 1041/23 January 1632. The British Museum copy is dated in the colophon 21 Hijja 1258/23 January 1843.3 The work is anonymous but the style and language suggest that its author was an 'ālim who enjoyed the patronage of a Mamluk amīr, Ridwān Bey.
Derivation By Tone-Change In Classical Chinese
Authors: Downera G. B.
Published: January 2010

Since Karlgren's ‘Word families’ first drew attention to the existence of large groups of cognate words in classical Chinese, efforts have been made to define more closely the principal phonetic contrasts involved, and to find semantic relationships that would correspond regularly to the phonetic contrasts. Karlgren himself came to the conclusion that in general it was impossible to find any regular semantic or grammatical correlations with the phonetic correspondence, and that Archaic Chinese showed only the last vestiges of a former inflectional system.
The Dialogue Between Yang Ju and Chyntzyy
Authors: Graham A. C.
Published: January 2010

Yang Ju is one of the Chinese philosophers of whom we know least. In the fourth century B. C. his doctrines and those of Mohtzyy were the two most successful rivals of Confucianism.1 In the literature of the next century his school is rarely mentioned, perhaps because it had been absorbed into Taoism.2 The most familiar summary of his teaching is that of Mencius:
The HP'Ags-Pa Alphabet
Authors: Clauson Gerard
Published: January 2010

The first publication of an inscription in the alphabet by a European scholar was made about 120 years ago by H. C. von der Gabelentz in the Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes (Halle), n, 1, 1839. Books and articles relating to the subject have been appearing intermittently ever since, but finality has not yet been reached on the exact shape and phonetic value of some letters in the alphabet.
The Śukraniti— a Nineteenth-Century Text
Authors: Gopal Lallanji
Published: January 2010

Ever since the publication of the text, scholars have disagreed on the date of the composition of the Śukraniti. Oppertx placed it very early, in the period of the Smrtis and the early epic literature. V. S. Agrawala and Syamlal Pandya regard it as a work of the Gupta period. But generally the text is utilized as a source for the early medieval period, especially the eleventh or the twelfth century. Rajendra Lai Mitra held that the work could not be older than the sixteenth century. Sanskritists, following the lead of Keith and Kane, dismiss the text as of quite a late date and hence not applicable to the Hindu period.
A Mamluk ambassador to Venice in 913/1507
Authors: Wansbrough John
Published: January 2010

Of twenty commercial treaties concluded between the Mamluk Sultans and the Kepublic of Venice one of 913/1507 is unique in that it was negotiated not, as was traditional, by a Venetian representative in Egypt but by a Mamluk ambassador in Venice.
Further Light on Sir Richard Winstedt's ‘Undescribed Malay Version of the Ramayana’
Authors: Barrett E. C. G.
Published: January 2010

The Hikayat Sěri Rama (HSR) is a literary version in Malay of the Rāma story—a long, comprehensive, and basically Hindu prose narration with a few Islamic adjustments here and there. It seems to have been written in approximately the form known to us, or adapted to that form, soon after the coming
Bauddha Brahmins in Bali
Authors: Hooykaas C.
Published: January 2010

‘Shaman, Saiva and Sufi’ in 1925 urged R. 0. Winstedt, M.A., D.Litt. (Oxon.), Malayan Civil Service, to write ‘a study of the evolution of Malay magic’. Hoping that Sir Richard Winstedt, K.B.E., C.M.G., M.A., D.Litt., LL.D., F.B.A., might be interested in the non-brahmin bhujangga of Bali, these exorcist priests of thesĕngguhucast
The Song of the Three Mons
Authors: Stewart J. A.
Published: January 2010

This poem embodies two traditions found among the Mon or Talaing people of Burma, (1) that they came from the east coast of India in very early times, and (2) that they consist of three tribes, occupying three several provinces of the Mon country of Burma-Bassein, Pegu, and Martaban.
Nāmak-nipēsišnīh
Authors: Zaehner R. C.
Published: January 2010

This little text on the correct way to write letters is to be found in Pahl. Texts (ed. Jamasp-Asana), pp. 132–140. In transliteration I have followed the Pahlavī spelling as far as the ambiguity of that alphabet will permit. Thus, for I write bāt, though I have adopted bavāt for the ideogram. The text consists of a series of formulae to be used in writing formal letters: §§ 2–17 contain a selection of suitable proems; §§ 18–24 deal with condolence letters; §§ 28–36 appear again to be proems; and §§ 37 to the end give a selection of suitable epilogues.
Some Chronological Data relating to the Sasanian Period
Authors: Taqizadeh S. H.
Published: January 2010

When Theodor Nöldeke, working on a retrograde calculation from the well-known date of the beginning of the era of Yazdijerd (16th June, 632), made his table of Persian new year's days during the Sasanian period from A.D. 220 to 652 (Appendix B, p. 436, Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden), Dulaurier (L'histoire universelle par Etienne de Daron, 1883, p. 195) criticized it, saying that this depends on admitting the base as granted. In other words, the table would be correct only if we assumed that the Persian year was a vague one without intercalation, which fact, he asserted, is not proved.
Iranica
Authors: Bailey H. W
Published: January 2010

In Iranian Studies [I], BSOS vi (1933), 945 ff., I commented briefly`upon a text of the Bahman Yašt (Vahman yašt or yasn), in which certain ethnical names occurred. It was desired then chiefly to point out the name of the Karmīr xyōn “Red Chionitae” beside the Spēt xyōn “White Chionitae”, and the forms of the name of Sogdiana. I did not, however, succeed in interpreting the whole passage satisfactorily, and after ten years I venture once more to call attention to it. To the bibliography given in BSOS vi 9451 should add here the edition of the Bahman Yašt by Anklesaria, The Zand-î Vohûman Yasn 1919 (which came into my hands after I had written the'paper); B. N. Dhabhar, The Persian Rivayats of Hormazyar Framarz, 1932, which contains on p. 465 a translation of the Parsi-Persian text to be found in M. R. Unvala's. Dârâb Hormazyâr's Rivâyat ii 91 (1932); Markwart, Provincial Cities of Eranshahr, p. 69.
The Early Sasanians Some Chronological Points which Possibly Call for revision
Authors: Taqizadeh S. H.
Published: January 2010

[Following the study I made on some points connected with chronological matters relating to the Sasanian period, I published some short articles dealing with these points in BSOS., ix, pp. 125–139, and ZMDG., vol. 91, part 3, pp. 675–7. In 1938 and 1939 I concluded these studies with an article on the chronology of the early Sasanian rulers for publication in BSOS.in 1939. The Bulletin being already completed for Press, the publication of my article was not found possible, and therefore Professor Sten Konow, of Oslo, on the suggestion of my old friend Professor Arthur Christensen, of Copenhagen, who is himself one of the best living authorities on the history of the Sasanian period of Iran, offered to publish the article in Acta Orientalia. Accordingly I sent the copy of the article to Oslo in the closing weeks of 1939. Professor Konow, in a letter which reached me in March, 1940, asked me if, owing to some difficulty in sending and getting back printed matter by ordinary post at that time, he could read the proof of the article himself and proceed to publish it. I agreed, but my reply to this effect, though sent immediately, did not reach him owing to the cessation of postal communication between England and Norway. I have never since been able to ascertain if the article was or was not published in the Acta.

In the meantime I have been pursuing my study of this subject, and new points occurring to me from time to time, I decided some time later to revise the whole article, and the following pages are the result, which may be considered as a fully revised form of the article which was to be published in the acta.]
The Book of the Giants
Authors: Henning W. B.
Published: January 2010

Isaac De Beausobre, the Huguenot author of one of the best books ever written on Manichæism (Histoire critique de Manichée et du Mani cheïsme, Amsterdam, 1734, 1739), was the one to make the only sound suggestions on the sources used by Mani for the compilation of his Book of the Giants: the Book of Enoch, and the which Kenan, a great-grandson of Noah, discovered lying in a field (vol. i, 429, n. 6). The latter work has been indentified by Alfaric (Lex Écritures Manichéennes, ii, 32) with a book whose contents are briefly indicated in the Decretum Gelasianum, p. 54, II. 298–9 (ed. Dobschütz): Liber de Ogia nomine gigante qui post diluvium cum dracone ab hereticis pugnasse perhibetur apocryphys. Of the Book of Enoch, which was composed in the Hebrew language in the second century B.C., only an Ethiopic version, a few Greek fragments, and some excerpts made by the Byzantine chronographer Georgius Syncellus survive. Mani, who could hardly read the Hebrew, must have used an Aramaic edition based directly on the Hebrew text (see below, Šhmyz'd). He quotes mainly from the first part, which Georgius S. (p. 45, EI.-R.) called “the first book of Enoch on the Egrēgoroi”, but shows himself acquainted also with the subsequent chapters.
Dated Chinese Manuscripts in the Stein Collection
Authors: Giles Lionel
Published: January 2010

The dated documents belonging to this last half-century of the Stein Collection are more numerous than ever, but also for the most part scrappy and fragmentary. There are very few Buddhist canonical texts, but a considerable variety of miscellaneous prayers, eulogies, certificates, letters, contracts, calendars, inventories, and so forth. The general impression one obtains is of a period of gradually increasing poverty and political unrest, in which the civilization introduced by the Chinese is seriously threatened, and Buddhism, though still maintaining its position as the dominant religion, has greatly degenerated since the palmy days of the early T'ang dynasty.
Venice and Florence in the Mamluk commercial privileges
Authors: Wansbrough John
Published: January 2010

Venetian preponderance in Mediterranean commerce during the late Middle Ages is attested in many ways. Muslim and European chronicles, travellers' reports from the Levant, and business records of the Republic illustrate the concern of Venice with the affairs, commercial and political, of the Muslim states in the Mediterranean. One striking aspect of this preponderance is found in the contemporary commercial treaties concluded between Muslim rulers and the Christian states of southern Europe.
Reputed autographs of 'Abd al-Raḥmān al-Jabartī and related problems
Authors: Moreh S.
Published: January 2010

It is of great importance to identify the autographs of al-Jabarī (1754–1825/6),2as by doing so we shall be able to know whether there were any deliberate changes or omissions by the redactors, editors, and copyists of his works. Moreover, it will be possible to solve many problems created by the calligraphic and copying mistakes of the transcribers, such as homoeoteleuton, homoeoarchy, homoeotopy, dittography, misplacement of diacritical dots (taṣḥīf), and other errors, and hence to know his authentic statements and style. This identification might shed a new and powerful light upon the way in which the author compiled his data, and even the sequence in time of their compilation.
The personal fortune of Warren Hastings:Hastings in retirement
Authors: Marshall P. J.
Published: January 2010

Warren Hastings resigned the Governor-Generalship of Bengal in February 1785 and arrived in England in the following June. He faced his retirement with a fortune of approximately £75, 000, a total amounting to little more than a third of all the money which he had sent out of India during the 13 years of his administration. Those who knew Hastings well and who were aware that he had found it almost impossible to save anything out of his official salary of more than £30, 000 were pessimistic about his chances of living within the income of £3, 500, which he could anticipate from his capital of £75, 000. Such pessimism was fully justified.
Factors in the Marquis Wellesley's failure against Holkar, 1804
Authors: Bennell A. S.
Published: January 2010

‘Our policy and our powers have reduced all the powers in India to the state of mere cyphers: at the same time that their intriguing, discontented and rebellious followers still remain, with increased causes of discontent, diminished sources of profit and field for speculation and plunder. Nothing can keep these people in order excepting the Company's arms or a complete state of defence at all points which they can reach. The Company's arms cannot be everywhere ….’
A Note on tuṭhdyātanāni
Authors: Hettiaratchi D. E.
Published: January 2010

The word tuṭhdyātanāni occurring in the Seventh Pillar Edict of Aśoka at Delhi-Topra, line 27, has caused much difference of opinion. A. C. Woolner, in his Asoka—Text and Glossary, ii, has cited the following interpretations given by various scholars : “sources of contentment” (Bühler), “opportunities for charity” (Vincent Smith), “sundry places where satisfaction may be given” (V. Smith, Asoka, 3rd edition), “persons who deserve suitable presents” (Liiders), “worthy recipients of charity” (Hultzsch).
Phonology of the Sinhalese Inscriptions up to the End of the Tenth Century A.D.
Authors: Wijeratne P. B. F.
Published: January 2010

Sinhalese is a member of the Indo-Aryan family of languages and “is derived from a form of speech of which our earliest document is the Rgveda” [TND., Introduction, p. xii]. Concerning its original home in Aryan India opinion is divided. The ancient tradition regarding the Aryan immigration into Ceylon is narrated in the old Pali Chronicles, Dīpavaṁsa, ix, 1 sq., and Mahāvaṁsa, vi, 1 sq. It is not necessary to discuss all its details here. Different interpretations of this legend have been advanced by various scholars. The main point of controversy is the identification and location of Lāḷa, the homeland of Vijaya. H. W. Codrington [“A Short History of Ceylon ”, pp. 6 sq.], W. Geiger [SghD., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. xvii–xviii; also SghG., pp. vii–xi, pp. 1–3], and S. K. Chatterji [ODBLang., p. 15, pp. 72, 73 fn.], who identify Lāḷa with Lāṭa (Gujarat), maintain that the first Aryan colonists under the leadership of Vijaya came from Western India. On the contrary, E. Müller [Aic, pp. 23, 24; also IA., xi, p. 198], Rev. R. Siddhartha [“ The Indian Languages and their Relation with the Sinhalese Language“ in JRAS. (Ceylon Branch), xxxiii, No. 88, 1935, pp. 123 sq.], and M. Shahidullah [“The First Aryan Colonization of Ceylon” in IHQ., ix, 1933, pp. 742 sq.[, identifying Lāḷa with Rāḍha (West Bengal), contend that they came from Eastern India. Various arguments and explanations are propounded by them in support of their individual theories, and they all admit some measure of historical truth underlying the tradition.