bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O termo identidade cultural no mundo contemporâneo sustenta tantas identificações?
Authors: Pisa Lícia Frezza
Published: March 2017

Resumo: O presente trabalho apresenta algumas mudanças sociais ocorridas para que o processo de constituição de identidades se tornasse mais flexível e menos rígido, demonstrando que as instituições que ancoravam as identidades mais fechadas não se sustentam mais. Com isso ocorre uma abertura para um processo de identificações. Eltérmino identidad cultural en el mundo contemp oráneo incluye muchas identificaciones?Resumen: Este artículo presenta algunos cambios sociales en el proceso de formación de identidad para ser más flexible y menos rígida, lo que demuestra que las instituciones ancladas más identidades cerradas no tienen más . Es una abertura para un proceso de identificadores.Palabras clave: identidade; la globalización; la identificación.The term cultural identity in the contemp orary world holds many identifications?Abstract: This paper presents some social changes to the identity formation process to become more flexible and less rigid, demonstrating that institutions anchored more closed identities do not hold more . It is an opening for identification process.Keywords: identity; globalization; identification.
Densidade de Fluxo de Fótons (DFF) em um sistema de Integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (ILPF)
Authors: Guimarães Luanna Elis , Silva-Neto Carlos De Melo , Calil Francine Neves
Published: March 2017

Este estudo foi realizado em um sistema de produção integrado lavoura-pecuária-floresta no município de Cachoeira Dourada, Goiás, Brasil. A pesquisa colabora para um melhor entendimento da interação planta-ambiente, esta foi realizada com o objetivo de analisar a entrada de luz em dois períodos diferentes (estação seca e chuvosa). Para a coleta da Densidade de Fluxo de Fótons (DFF) (µmol.m-2.s-1) foi utilizado dois sensores de quanta LI-250 A, Li-cor Inc., USA, na faixa fotossinteticamente ativa. A coleta foi realizada de hora em hora, com início às 9h45min e término às 17h45min.  Coletou-se o DFF controle - a pleno sol, e as demais coletas foram realizadas em quatro pontos: (1- no centro do renque de árvores, 2 - a 5m do renque, 3 - a 10m do renque e 4- a 15m do renque), sendo que em cada ponto se obteve mais 4 repetições. De acordo com os resultados obtidos se verificou que houve diferenças entre os pontos escolhidos, sendo o ponto 10 e 15 metros com maior recebimento de faixa de Radiação Fotossinteticamente Ativa (RFA). Portanto, o sistema Integrado Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (ILPF) não reduziu a Densidade de Fluxo de Fótons (DFF). A maior DFF foi verificada no período de seca, porém, a maior variação da DFF foi encontrada no período chuvoso. Quanto maior à distância em relação aos renques, com eucaliptos, maior à incidência de radiação solar.
Comportamento espectral de espécies utilizadas em arborização urbana
Authors: Pedrali Leticia Daiane , Marchesan Juliana , Queiroz Túlio Barroso , Baldin Talita , Sousa Rita Dos Santos , Batista Fábio De Jesus , Pereira Rudiney Soares
Published: March 2017

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi caracterizar e comparar o comportamento espectral de seis espécies arbóreas presentes na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria/RS. As espécies estudadas foram Eucalyptus sp., Ficus benjamina, Inga marginata, Schinus terebinthifolius, Psidium cattleyanum e Handroanthus chrysotrichus. Foram coletadas aleatoriamente sete folhas sadias por espécie, posteriormente analisadas pelo espectrorradiômetro FieldSpec®3, no intervalo de 350 a 2.500 nm. As reflectâncias médias foram utilizadas no cálculo de 61 índices de vegetação. A partir do matriz índice x espécie realizou-se análise de componentes principais. As diferenças entre os comportamentos espectrais das espécies, por bandas do sensor WorldView-2, foram testadas por meio de análise de variância (Tukey). As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no programa R. A análise de agrupamento (método Ward), considerando a distância euclidiana como medida de dissimilaridade, foi realizada com o PC-ORD 6.0. A obtenção e o processamento dos dados espectrais foram realizados nos programas ASD ViewSpecPro 4.05 e SAMS 3.2. O primeiro componente abrangeu 90,94% da variância dos dados. Como resultado, observou-se que a banda com menor relação entre o agrupamento e as diferenças das médias por espécie foi a do Vermelho, enquanto as bandas do Costal, Azul, Verde, Amarelo e Vermelho obtiveram comportamentos semelhantes, com diferenciação das espécies F. benjamina (exceto na banda do Verde), I. marginata (Verde e Amarelo), e P. cattleyanum (Verde). Na banda RedEdge não houve distinção entre espécies. As diferenças de refletâncias foram mais evidentes nas bandas Infravermelho Próximo 1 e 2. Os Índices de Vegetação Otimizada 1 e Razão Simples 8 foram os mais indicados nos estudos das espécies.
Produção de mudas de Anadenanthera peregrina em resposta a substratos alternativos com bagaço de cana
Authors: Massad Marília Dutra , Dutra Tiago Reis , Cardoso Rafaela Letícia Ramires , Santos Tiago Barbosa , Sarmento Mateus Felipe Quintino
Published: March 2017

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência de diferentes granulometrias do bagaço de cana para composição de substratos alternativos, constituídos a partir da mistura de um substrato comercial, na produção de mudas de angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera peregrina). O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, no esquema fatorial (5 x 2), sendo cinco substratos (100% Rohrbacher®; 75% Rohrbacher® + 25% Bagaço de Cana (75R+25BC); 50% Rohrbacher® + 50% Bagaço de Cana (50R+50BC); 25% Rohrbacher® + 75% Bagaço de Cana (25R+75BC); 100% Bagaço de Cana) e duas granulometrias (4 mm e 6 mm). Foram avaliados a altura da parte aérea (H), o Diâmetro de Coleto (DC), a Massa Seca da Parte Aérea (MSPA), a Massa Seca da Raiz (MSR) e a Massa Seca Total (MST); além das relações H/DC, H/MSPA MSPA/MSR e IQD (Índice de Qualidade de Dickson). Os substratos de granulometria 1 (passado em peneira de 4 mm), proporcionaram maior índice de germinação das sementes de angico-vermelho, ganho em altura e relação H/DC nas mudas da espécie. Os substratos alternativos 75R+25BC, 50R+50BC e 25R+75BC, além do substrato comercial Rohrbacher®, apresentaram potencial de uso na produção de mudas de angico-vermelho.
Anatomia da madeira de Schwartzia brasiliensis (Choisy) Bedell ex Gir.-Cañas (Marcgraviaceae)
Authors: Melo Júnior João Carlos Ferreira , Amorim Maick William , Arriola Igor Abba
Published: March 2017

O presente estudo descreve e ilustra a anatomia da madeira de Schwartzia brasiliensis (Marcgraviaceae) com base no material procedente da restinga de São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Os caracteres anatômicos de destaque são: camada de crescimento distinta, porosidade difusa, pontoações intervasculares alternas, fibras septadas, parênquima axial apotraqueal e paratraqueal, raios extremamente altos e heterogêneos e inclusões minerais em células do raio e do parênquima axial.
UM SONHO DIVINO NÃO CONDENSADO: FILOSOFIA E LITERATURA EM TEIXEIRA DE PASCOAES
Authors: Natário Maria Celeste
Published: March 2017

Procuraremos, neste texto, desenvolver a concepção poética e metafísica de Teixeira de Pascoaes, entre Filosofia e Literatura.
MACHISMO E FEMINISMO EM CONFRONTO NAS REDES SOCIAIS: O CASO DOS APLICATIVOS TUBBY E LULU
Authors: Garcia Dantielli Assumpção , Sousa Lucília Maria Abraão e
Published: March 2017

Este trabalho, da perspectiva teórica da Análise de Discurso (PÊCHEUX, 1997), mobilizando as noções de assujeitamento e corpo, analisará alguns posts da Marcha das Vadias de Brasília, publicados na página do Facebook do movimento e alguns textos jornalísticos sobre os aplicativos para celulares Tubby e Lulu. Nesses aplicativos, homens e mulheres são avaliados em relação a seu desempenho sexual. Mostraremos, ao analisarmos os textos sobre os aplicativos, como o machismo e o feminismo são colocados em confronto ao se produzir um dizer sobre a sexualidade masculina e feminina. Há a circulação na sociedade em rede, a qual vive conectada a seus celulares e a seus aplicativos, de discursos que sustentam a dominação masculina sobre o feminino. Todavia, há, nessa mesma rede, a constituição de espaços de resistência que buscam questionar certos sentidos impostos à mulher e a seu corpo pela sociedade patriarcal.
DO DISCURSO DIGITAL: CIÊNCIA, ESCRITA E COLABORATIVIDADE
Authors: Dias Cristiane , Coelho Cidarley Grecco Fernandes
Published: March 2017

Este artigo problematiza a noção de colaboratividade por meio da análise da materialidade digital e do funcionamento discursivo da relação entre conectividade, colaboratividade e mobilidade. A forma de produção e divulgação do conhecimento pelo sentido do colaborativo será um dos focos da análise. O segundo foco será a produção escrita colaborativa. A partir dessas duas instâncias de análise, o artigo busca compreender como se dá o funcionamento da colaboratividade e seus efeitos no que concerne à autoria.
Treating Obesity in Latino Children: A Systematic Review of Current Interventions
Authors: Leung May May , Cavalcanti Olivia Barata , Dada Amani El , Brown Mason , Mateo Katrina F. , Yeh Ming Chin
Published: March 2017

Childhood obesity remains a significant public health issue in the U.S. and globally. Rates are disproportionately higher in Latinos than other ethnic groups. This review provides a qualitative synthesis of the current evidence for childhood obesity treatment interventions among Latino children. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar for articles published from September 2010 to December 2015. Randomized controlled trials treating childhood overweight/obesity in Latino children ages 5-19 focused on diet and/or physical activity (PA) behaviors were included. Of the records initially identified (n=1,592), 11 studies met the inclusionary criteria. The majority included a family-based component (n=8; 73%). Nearly half (n=5) focused on children ages 5-12, with three specifically developed for the pre-adolescence stage (ages 8-12). Nine studies acknowledged cultural tailoring, most frequently by seeking input from their intended population and utilizing bilingual delivery staff. Improvements in anthropometric measures (e.g. body mass index (BMI) z-score) were observed in 55% of the studies (n=6). Many interventions with a combined focus of diet and PA, in the form of nutrition education in a group setting and in-person activity/exercise sessions and incorporated a parent/family component reported positive anthropometric results. Three (27%) studies included a follow-up period, all of which observed a sustained decrease in BMI over time. Overall, family-based interventions focusing on both diet and PA demonstrated promising results. However, additional research incorporating a follow-up period is warranted to assess sustainability of these outcomes. Additionally, more interventions could be developed specifically for the critical developmental stage of pre-adolescence
STEREODIRECTED SYNTHESIS OF (Е)- AND (Z)-ISOMERS OF 8-CHLOROOCT-7-EN-4-ONE
Authors: Shakhmaev Rinat N. , Sunagatullina Alisa Sh. , Alieva Regina M. , Zorin Vladimir V.
Published: March 2017

For citation:Shakhmaev R.N., Sunagatullina A.Sh., Alieva R.M., Zorin V.V. Stereodirected synthesis of (Е)- and (Z)-isomers of 8-chlorooct-7-en-4-one. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 1. P. 40-44. Reaction of ethyl 3-oxohexanoate with equimolar amounts of (E)- or (Z)-1,3-dichloro-propene under phase transfer catalysis conditions in the presence of K2CO3 afforded the corresponding monosubstituted (E)- or (Z)-isomers of ethyl 2-(3- chloroprop-2-en-1-yl)-3-oxohexa-noate and considerable amount of disubstituted derivatives (30-40%). In order to increase yields of monosubstituted derivatives we carried out research to test the known methods of selective monoalkylation of β-dicarbonyl compounds with respect to test substrates. Alkylation of ethyl 3-oxohexanoate in the presence of tetrabutylammonium fluoride and cobalt salts have not led to a significant increase in reaction selectivity, but in the reaction in solid in the absence of solvent the formation of disubstituted products is not practically observed. In the reaction of ethyl 3-oxo-hexanoate with (E)- or (Z)-isomers of 1,3-dichloropropene on the surface of Al2O3 impregnated with t-BuOK monosubstituted products are formed with the yields of 81 and 79%, respectively. Solid phase alkylation proceeds with high stereoselectivity, isomeric purity of target products are greater than 99%. Standard methods of monoalkylated ketoesters decarboxylation under acidic or basic conditions lead to low yields of the corresponding chlorovinyl ketones, best results are obtained at decarboxylation of (E)- or (Z)-isomers of ethyl 2-(3-chloroprop-2-en-1-yl)-3-oxohexa-noate in slightly modified Krapcho conditions. Carrying out the reaction in N-metrhylpirroli-dinone at a temperature of 130-140 °C in the presence of 3 eq. LiCl leads to (E)- and (Z)-isomers of 8-chlorooctyl-7-ene-4-one with 81 and 77% yields, respectively, and an isomeric purity of ~ 99%.
ADSORPTION OF IONS OF NICKEL (II) FROM WATER SOLUTIONS WITH CARBON ADSORBENTS
Authors: Dudarev Vladimir I. , Irinchinova Nadezhda V. , Filatova Elena G.
Published: March 2017

For citation:Dudarev V.I., Irinchinova N.V., Filatova E.G. Adsorption of ions of nickel (II) from water solutions with carbon adsorbents. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 1. P. 75-80.Adsorption methods of cleaning remains beyond comparison for deep extraction of heavy metal ions from dilute solutions. Their practical application allows achieving the high efficiency of wastewater treatment with minimal impact on the environment. It is known that nickel is one of carcinogenic elements. Thus, free nickel ions (II) are twice toxic than complex compounds. The maximum content of nickel ion (II) at the production of spent electroplating solutions is 50 mg/l, in washing waters – from 2 to 5 mg/l. In this paper we studied the adsorption capacity of carbon adsorbents IPI-T, synthesized from waste phenol-formaldehyde resin with respect to the nickel ions (II). Carbon аdsorbents IPI-T are black granules of irregular shape with an average particle size from 2 to 5 mm, and a surface area of 480 m2/g. Adsorption equilibrium time in static conditions corresponding to the constancy of the concentration of heavy metal ions in solution was four hours. A study of the adsorption capacity of carbon adsorbents IPI-T was performed at pH of 9.5. The adsorption process accompanied by the slight decrease in pH. Isotherms were build according to the results of research of adsorption at different temperatures. The shape of the isotherms obtained corresponds to poly-molecular adsorption. The resulting isotherms were processed using adsorption models of BET and Dubinin-Radushkevich. It was shown that the adsorption process model is best described by BET. Model Dubinin-Radushkevich was used to calculate the free energy of adsorption. The value of the free energy of adsorption indicates that the binding of nickel ion (II) has a physical nature. It was found that with the temperature increasing the adsorption capacity of carbon adsorbents IPI-T decreases. The dynamic activity of the adsorbent was characterized by the time of beginning of pass of the adsorbate till «breakthrough». Maximum protective effect of the adsorbent was 5 hours, and it was recovered 150 mg of nickel ions (II). The effectiveness of wastewater treatment of galvanic production from heavy metal ions was not less than 98%.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Dri Manfiolete Leandro , Muñoz Jorge Ándrés Jimenez , Da Silva Claudio Silvério , Higa Camilla Lie , Bersi Rodrigo Martins , Guimarães André Borges Fernandes , Puttini Rodolfo Franco
Published: March 2017

This letter to the editor of the Journal Motricity seeks to promote the epistemological discussion of the science of motor and/or human movement from the philosophy of values focusing on the neutrality and interdisciplinary researcher in the sociocultural field of physical education knowledge area.
ОПСТАНАК САДНИЦА СМРЧЕ (Picea abies (L.) KARST.) У ТЕСТУ ПОТОМСТВА „СРЕБРЕНИЦА” У ФУНКЦИЈИ ТРАНСФЕРА ШУМСКОГ РЕПРОДУКТИВНОГ МАТЕРИЈАЛА ОВЕ ВРСТE
Authors: Цвjeткoвић Брaнислaв , Maтaругa Mилaн , Шиjaчић-Никoлић Mирjaнa , Дaничић Вaњa , Стojнић Срђaн
Published: March 2017

Трансфер шумског репродуктивног материјала одувијек је био предмет интересовања ипажње шумарске стручне и научне јавности. Данас представља посебно сложен задатак у свјетлупостојећих и предвиђених климатских промјена. У 2009. години, на подручју Републике Српскеподигнута су 4 теста потомства смрче од чега су два, на подручју Сребренице и Дринића,најрепрезентативнија. Тестови потомства подигнути су од садница поријеклом из 6 популација:Хан Пијесак 1, Хан Пијесак 2, Фоча, Потоци, Олово и Кнежево са 36 линија полусродника.Материнска стабла у исто вријеме представљају и фенотипски најквалитетнија стабла смрче наподручју Босне и Херцеговине. Подаци о преживљавању садница у једном тесту потомства –„Сребреница” прикупљени су током 2014. године, пет година након оснивања теста потомства, тесу упоређени са раније прикупљеним подацима у временском интервалу 2010–2014. Резултатиуказују на значајну варијабилност међу тестираним популацијама и линијама полусродника.Географска дистрибуција смрче у БиХ није утицала на проценат преживљвања, јасан образац упогледу интеракције – географска ширина/дужина, надморска висина полазних популација – ниједоведен у везу са процентом преживјелих садница. Највећи је проценат преживјелих садница изпопулација Фоча и Кнежево (око 52–54%), а најмањи из популација Хан Пијесак 2 и Олово (око40%). Резултати се могу користити у будућности при усмјереном трансферу репродуктивногматеријала смрче из БиХ на локалитет Сребреница као и на локалитете који се одликују сличнимеколошким условима.
СТАВ УЧЕНИКА СРЕДЊИХ ШКОЛА О РЕЦИКЛАЖИ И ЗБРИЊАВАЊУ ЕЛЕКТРИЧНОГ И ЕЛЕКТРОНСКОГ ОТПАДА У РЕПУБЛИЦИ СРПСКОЈ
Authors: Букумирић Наташа , Аливојводић Весна , Ђармати Шимон
Published: March 2017

Данас је потпуно јасно да опстанак, али и напредак човечанства није могућ уколико сеозбиљно не приступи очувању животне средине. С друге стране, чињеница је да напредакдруштва стоји у неизоставној корелацији с развојем савремених технологија. Живот савременогчовека просто је немогуће замислити без употребе великог броја електричних уређаја и опреме,који по губитку употребне вредности, у великом броју случајева, завршавају на најразличитијимместима стварајући све већи притисак на животну средину и здравље људи. У раду су приказанирезултати истраживања који указују на свест ученика средњих школа о заступљености рециклажеи степену збрињавања електричног и електронског отпада (ЕЕ-отпада) на подручју РепубликеСрпске, као и спремност ученика да у будућности приступе решавању овог проблема.
МОРФОМЕТРИЈСКЕ КАРАКТЕРИСТИКЕ ОШТРУЉА (Aulopyge huegelii) И ПИЈУРИЦЕ (Phoxinellus alepidotus) ИЗ ШАТОРСКОГ ЈЕЗЕРА
Authors: Декић Радослав , Билбија Бранка , Лукач Милица , Мандић Маја , Фришчић Јасна , Иванц Александар , Бећирај Азра
Published: March 2017

Фауна слатководних риба Босне и Херцеговине одликује се значајним биодиверзитетомврста, а посебну карактеристку представља присуство великог броја ендемичних врста. Неке одендемичних врста имају уско аерало распрострањење и присутне су само на појединимлокалитетима. Истраживања аутохтоних и ендемичних врста риба од посебног су значаја, јер је зањихову заштиту и очување потребно адекватно познавање њихове биологије и екологије. У радусу приказани рeзултати истраживања ендемичних врста риба, оштруљa (Aulopyge huegelii) ипијурице (Phoxinellus alepidotus) из Шаторског језера. Aнализирано је 15 јединки оштруља и 16јединки пијурице. Јединке су узорковане у августу мјесецу 2015. помоћу електроагрегата маркеELT62II GI HONDA GCV160. Истраживањем су обухваћене основне морфометријскекарактеристике: тотална и стандардна дужина, као и маса и Фултонов коефицијент ухрањености.Такође код испитиваних врста утврђена је полна структура. Релевантним статистичким методамаизвршена је обрада добијених података и компарација праћених карактеристика. Резултатипоказују да су средње вриједности тоталне дужине (оштруљ – 9,28 cm, пијурица – 9,70 cm) ускладу са литературним подацима. Анализа добијених резултата по половима показује да јединкеженског пола обје испитиване врсте имају веће вриједности већине параметара у односу намужјаке.
MOРФOЛOШКA ВAРИJAБИЛНOСT И ПOЛНИ ДИMOРФИЗAM ШAРEНOГ ДAЖДEВЊAКA (Salamandra salamandra) ИЗ OКOЛИНE TEСЛИЋA
Authors: Ђурић Сeлeнa , Шукало Горан , Голуб Драгојла
Published: March 2017

У рaду сe прeзeнтуjу пoдaци o мoрфoлoшкoj вaриjaбилнoсти и пoлнoм димoрфизмушaрeнoг дaждeвњaкa (Salamandra salamandra) из oкoлинe Teслићa. Teрeнскa истрaживaњaспрoвeдeнa су тoкoм oктoбрa 2012. гoдинe, тe мaртa, aприлa и мaja 2013. гoдинe. Укупнo jeухвaћeнo, прeмjeрeнo и мaркирaнo 89 jeдинки, oд чeгa 33 жeнкe и 56 мужjaкa. Toм приликoмaнaлизирaнa je мaсa тиjeлa, 20 мoрфoмeтриjских и jeднa мeристичкa кaрaктeристикa, тe jeизвршeнa кoмпaрaциja измeђу пoлoвa. Примjeнoм t-тeстa устaнoвљeнa je стaтистички знaчajнaрaзликa измeђу пoлoвa зa стaндaрдну дужину тиjeлa, дужину клoaкe и мaсу тиjeлa. Oдмeристичких кaрaктeрa aнaлизирaн je брoj нaбoрa сa лиjeвe и дeснe стрaнe тиjeлa, при чeму jeуoчeнo дa брoj нaбoрa вaрирa oд 8 до 12. Нajзaступљeниje су билe jeдинкe сa 11 нaбoрa (44%),нajмaњe су билe зaступљeнe jeдинкe сa осам нaбoрa (2%), a зaпaжeнo je и присуствo aсимeтриje убрojу нaбoрa измeђу лиjeвe и дeснe стрaнe тиjeлa. У пoглeду oбojeнoсти дoрзaлнe стрaнe тиjeлaдoминирaлe су jeдинкe сa дифузнo рaсутим мрљaмa (32%), дoк су у пoглeду oбojeнoсти вeнтрaлнeстрaнe тиjeлa дoминирaлe jeдинкe сa црнoм oбojeнoшћу (51%).
Addressing the ethical issues raised by synthetic human entities with embryo-like features
Authors: Aach John , Lunshof Jeantine , Iyer Eswar , Church George M
Published: March 2017

The "14-day rule" for embryo research stipulates that experiments with intact human embryos must not allow them to develop beyond 14 days or the appearance of the primitive streak. However, recent experiments showing that suitably cultured human pluripotent stem cells can self-organize and recapitulate embryonic features have highlighted difficulties with the 14-day rule and led to calls for its reassessment. Here we argue that these and related experiments raise more foundational issues that cannot be fixed by adjusting the 14-day rule, because the framework underlying the rule cannot adequately describe the ways by which synthetic human entities with embryo-like features (SHEEFs) might develop morally concerning features through altered forms of development. We propose that limits on research with SHEEFs be based as directly as possible on the generation of such features, and recommend that the research and bioethics communities lead a wide-ranging inquiry aimed at mapping out solutions to the ethical problems raised by them.
Nucleosomes influence multiple steps during replication initiation
Authors: Azmi Ishara F , Watanabe Shinya , Maloney Michael F , Kang Sukhyun , Belsky Jason A , MacAlpine David M , Peterson Craig L , Bell Stephen P
Published: March 2017

Eukaryotic replication origin licensing, activation and timing are influenced by chromatin but a mechanistic understanding is lacking. Using reconstituted nucleosomal DNA replication assays, we assessed the impact of nucleosomes on replication initiation. To generate distinct nucleosomal landscapes, different chromatin-remodeling enzymes (CREs) were used to remodel nucleosomes on origin-DNA templates. Nucleosomal organization influenced two steps of replication initiation: origin licensing and helicase activation. Origin licensing assays showed that local nucleosome positioning enhanced origin specificity and modulated helicase loading by influencing ORC DNA binding. Interestingly, SWI/SNF- and RSC-remodeled nucleosomes were permissive for origin licensing but showed reduced helicase activation. Specific CREs rescued replication of these templates if added prior to helicase activation, indicating a permissive chromatin state must be established during origin licensing to allow efficient origin activation. Our studies show nucleosomes directly modulate origin licensing and activation through distinct mechanisms and provide insights into the regulation of replication initiation by chromatin.
A chloroplast retrograde signal, 3’-phosphoadenosine 5’-phosphate, acts as a secondary messenger in abscisic acid signaling in stomatal closure and germination
Authors: Pornsiriwong Wannarat , Estavillo Gonzalo M , Chan Kai Xun , Tee Estee E , Ganguly Diep , Crisp Peter A , Phua Su Yin , Zhao Chenchen , Qiu Jiaen , Park Jiyoung , Yong Miing Tiem , Nisar Nazia , Yadav Arun Kumar , Schwessinger Benjamin , Rathjen John , Cazzonelli Christopher I , Wilson Philippa B , Gilliham Matthew , Chen Zhong-Hua , Pogson Barry J
Published: March 2017

Organelle-nuclear retrograde signaling regulates gene expression, but its roles in specialized cells and integration with hormonal signaling remain enigmatic. Here we show that the SAL1-PAP (3′-phosphoadenosine 5′- phosphate) retrograde pathway interacts with abscisic acid (ABA) signaling to regulate stomatal closure and seed germination in Arabidopsis. Genetically or exogenously manipulating PAP bypasses the canonical signaling components ABA Insensitive 1 (ABI1) and Open Stomata 1 (OST1); priming an alternative pathway that restores ABA-responsive gene expression, ROS bursts, ion channel function, stomatal closure and drought tolerance in ost1-2. PAP also inhibits wild type and abi1-1 seed germination by enhancing ABA sensitivity. PAP-XRN signaling interacts with ABA, ROS and Ca2+; up-regulating multiple ABA signaling components, including lowly-expressed Calcium Dependent Protein Kinases (CDPKs) capable of activating the anion channel SLAC1. Thus, PAP exhibits many secondary messenger attributes and exemplifies how retrograde signals can have broader roles in hormone signaling, allowing chloroplasts to fine-tune physiological responses.
Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract protects lymphocytes against histone-induced apoptosis
Authors: Chang Ping , Mo Bing , Cauvi David M. , Yu Ying , Guo Zhenhui , Zhou Jian , Huang Qiong , Yan Qitao , Chen Guiming , Liu Zhanguo
Published: March 2017

Apoptosis of lymphocytes is associated with immunosuppression and poor prognosis in sepsis. Our previous report showed that histones, nuclear proteins released from damaged or dying cells in sepsis, can mediate lymphocyte apoptosis via mitochondria damage. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE), a natural substance with protective properties against oxidative stress, plays a vital role in cell and mitochondria protection. We thus hypothesized that GSPE may play a protective role in histone-induced lymphocyte apoptosis through its anti-oxidative properties. In this study, we investigated the protective efficacy of GSPE on lymphocyte apoptosis induced by extracellular histones, a main contributor of death in sepsis. Human blood lymphocytes were treated with 50 μg/ml histones, 2 μg/ml GSPE, or a combination of both. A total of 100 μMN-acetylcysteine (NAC), a reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor, was used as a positive control for GSPE. Apoptosis, intracellular ROS levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, Bcl-2 expression, and caspase-3 cleavage were measured. Our data clearly indicate that GSPE significantly inhibited lymphocyte apoptosis, generation of ROS, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the decrease in Bcl-2 expression, and caspase-3 activation induced by extracellular histones. In conclusion, we show that GSPE has a protective effect on lymphocyte apoptosis induced by extracellular histones. This study suggests GSPE as a potential therapeutic agent that could help reduce lymphocyte apoptosis, and thus the state of immunosuppression was observed in septic patients.
Characterizing amorphous silicates in extraterrestrial materials: Polymerization effects on Raman and mid‐IR spectral features of alkali and alkali earth silicate glasses
Authors: Fu Xiaohui , Wang Alian , Krawczynski Michael J.
Published: March 2017

Amorphous silicates are common in extraterrestrial materials, especially in carbonaceous chondrites of petrologic types 1 and 2. In addition, high percentage of amorphous components and poorly crystalline phyllosilicates were found in the mudstones at Gale Crater by the CheMin instruments on board of Mar Curiosity rover, which illustrates the importance of characterizing amorphous silicates in future planetary surface explorations. The structure of an amorphous silicate can vary in two aspects: the degree of polymerization and the degree of crystallinity. Here we present the first phase study on characterizing synthetic alkali and alkali earth silicate glasses with different degrees of polymerization by using vibration spectroscopy. Compared with crystalline silicates, their Raman and mid‐IR spectra show broad spectral peaks but have the similar peak positions. We find that a change in the degree of polymerization of these silicate glasses affects their Raman band positions, especially the ratio of Raman band intensities, as well as the positions of the Christiansen feature and reststrahlen bands in their mid‐IR absorbance spectra. Based on these observations, we establish a calibration curve that could enable semiquantification of the polymerization degree of silicate glasses in planetary surface/subsurface materials during future robotic planetary surface exploration missions.
The Atlantic Ocean surface microlayer from 50°N to 50°S is ubiquitously enriched in surfactants at wind speeds up to 13 m s−1
Authors: Sabbaghzadeh B. , Upstill‐Goddard R. C. , Beale R. , Pereira R. , Nightingale P. D.
Published: March 2017

We report the first measurements of surfactant activity (SA) in the sea surface microlayer (SML) and in subsurface waters (SSW) at the ocean basin scale, for two Atlantic Meridional Transect from cruises 50°N to 50°S during 2014 and 2015. Northern Hemisphere (NH) SA was significantly higher than Southern Hemisphere (SH) SA in the SML and in the SSW. SA enrichment factors (EF = SASML/SASSW) were also higher in the NH, for wind speeds up to ~13 m s−1, questioning a prior assertion that Atlantic Ocean wind speeds >12 m s−1 poleward of 30°N and 30°S would preclude high EFs and showing the SML to be self‐sustaining with respect to SA. Our results imply that surfactants exert a control on air‐sea CO2 exchange across the whole North Atlantic CO2 sink region and that the contribution made by high wind, high latitude oceans to air‐sea gas exchange globally should be reexamined.
Functions and Remodelling of Plant Peroxisomes
Authors: Paudyal Rupesh , Roychoudhry Suruchi , Lloyd James PB
Published: March 2017

Peroxisomes are dynamic eukaryotic organelles that perform a wide range of important metabolic processes. In plants, the peroxisome is the sole organelle to carry out β‐oxidation of fatty acids, break down hydrogen peroxide, and performs several other functions required at different stages of plant development and under different conditions. The ability of this organelle to perform a range of functions depends on the time‐ and process‐dependent import of particular enzymes that enable biochemical reactions to take place inside peroxisomes. While it is important to recruit the right enzymes, it is also important to remove obsolete or damaged enzymes through the turnover of specific proteins. In some cases, degradation of the entire peroxisome is carried out by the process of autophagy, which helps to maintain quality control by removing damaged/dysfunctional/obsolete peroxisomes. Therefore, the diversification of plant peroxisomes for different cellular requirements is achieved through targeted turnover and import of specific enzymes. This article discusses the possible mechanisms and factors involved in functional remodelling of the plant peroxisome from the young seedling peroxisome to the leaf peroxisome. Functions of peroxisomes found in different developmental stages of the plant are also highlighted.

Key Concepts

Peroxisomes are single membrane‐bound eukaryotic organelles that perform a wide range of functions and display remarkable metabolic diversity.

Peroxisomes do not contain any genetic information and therefore all peroxisomal proteins are imported post‐translationally from the cytosol.

Peroxisomes are a major scavenger of hydrogen peroxide and plant peroxisomes are the sole site for β‐oxidation of fatty acids.

Protein content of peroxisomes varies in a developmental and functional manner.

In young seedlings post‐germination, peroxisomes house glyoxylate cycle enzymes that help to generate energy from oil reserves in the seed.

In etiolated mature seedlings, peroxisomes are ‘remodelled’ to perform photorespiration.

Peroxisome remodelling is achieved by removing glyoxylate cycle enzymes and importing photorespiration enzymes.

Glyoxylate cycle enzymes are removed by turnover either inside or outside peroxisomes by proteases and/or by the turnover of obsolete peroxisomes through autophagy process.
Stomata
Authors: Lau On Sun
Published: March 2017

Stomata are cellular pores on the aerial surface of plants. They open to allow the uptake of carbon dioxide and close to limit water loss, and thus are essential for plant growth and homeostasis. Stomata, which are common to almost all land plants, represent a critical evolutionary innovation of early land plants. A stoma is formed by a pair of guard cells, which are the final products of a specialised cell lineage. Mature guard cells mediate stomatal opening and closing by regulating the fluxes of ions, and hence water, in and out of the cells. To maximise fitness in the ever‐changing environments, both the development and movement of the stomatal guard cells are highly responsive to diverse environmental signals. These stomatal responses will likely play a key role in plant adaptation and agricultural production in the face of global climate change.

Key Concepts

Stomata are small adjustable pores on the leave surface that enable gas exchange.

Open stomata allow the uptake of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, while closed stomata prevent excessive loss of water.

During evolution, stomata enabled plants to survive the drier environments on land.

The development of stomata involves several cell fate transition steps and is driven by cell‐type‐specific master transcription factors.

Stomatal movements are controlled by a pair of guard cells, which change their cell volume through ion‐driven uptake and release of water.

Environmental signals regulate both the development and movement of guard cells, allowing plants to best adapt to their surroundings.

Stomata are likely to be important in the adaption of plants to global warming.
Plant Hormones
Authors: Cutler Sean R , Nelson David C
Published: March 2017

Plant hormones coordinate physiology and development between organ systems, which can often be separated by large distances. In this article, we focus on the set of nine small molecule plant hormone families that are present throughout land plants: auxins, gibberellins, jasmonates, salicylates, brassinolides, strigolactones, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. We cover the basic aspects of their physiological roles, biosynthesis, signal transduction and agricultural relevance. We note commonalities in the molecular mechanisms of plant hormone perception and signal transduction; for example, hormone‐stabilised protein–protein interactions, that are often linked directly to ubiquitylation of downstream effector proteins are prevalent. Plant hormone signalling pathways preferentially exploit soluble receptors over transmembrane receptors; brassinosteroids are the only hormone family known to act through a classical plasma membrane‐anchored receptor kinase, a modality common in animal signal transduction pathways. Plant hormones provide a complementary set of molecular solutions to the biological problem of communicating information over long distances in multicellular organisms.

Key Concepts

Plant hormones are small organic molecules that can act at a distance from their site of synthesis with high potency.

At least nine hormones are present throughout most land plants and function in long‐distance communication.

Most plant hormones are perceived by soluble receptors.

Synthetic plant hormone mimics and inhibitors have been developed for agriculture.
Bioethics of Genetic and Genomic Testing
Authors: Brothers Kyle B , Clayton Ellen W
Published: March 2017

Genetic and genomic tests are becoming an increasingly important part of medical care. The knowledge gained from these tests can be used in a variety of ways, including making changes to medical treatments, informing reproductive decisions, and identifying patients' risk for developing diseases in the future. This information may also change the way individuals think about themselves and who they are, or change the way insurance companies and employers treat them. All of these uses raise important ethical questions. These issues have become even more important in recent years, as the tests being used in clinical care have expanded from genetic tests that look at a small number of genes to genomic tests that generate results across patients' entire genomes. Consideration of these ethical issues is an important part of ensuring that decisions to undergo genetic or genomic testing are informed, and that the results of these tests are used in ways that help rather than harm patients and their families.

Key Concepts

Genetic and genomic tests are used to uncover changes in DNA that may be important for patients or their family members.

Before deciding to have a genetic or genomic test, patients are entitled to receive relevant information and make an informed choice.

It might be justified in some circumstances to treat individuals differently based on their genetic risk, but society needs to work towards an agreement on when discrimination on the basis of genetic information is acceptable and when it is unacceptable.

Because genetic changes can be inherited, genetic and genomic test results often create ethical issues related to patients' reproductive decisions and the health of their family members.

Newborn screening tests need to be selected carefully so that the possibility of helping infants is greater rather than harming.

Predictive or predispositional genetic testing may provide useful medical information, but it can also cause patients to be anxious about their future or change the way they think about themselves.

It can be very difficult for patients and healthcare providers to anticipate and address secondary genomic findings.

Not everyone has equal access to genetic and genomic tests, or to the treatments that may make predictive or predispositional genetic tests useful.
Chromatin Structure and Domains
Authors: Izard Fanny , Grimaud Charlotte
Published: March 2017

In eukaryotes, the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule is associated with nuclear proteins called histones to form chromatin. This structure is not only essential to compact DNA to fit into the cell nucleus but also contributes to the regulation of DNA‐ dependent molecular mechanisms. Epigenetic modifications such as post‐translational modifications of histones and also precise spatial organisation of chromosomes are now recognised as important features for chromatin dynamics, allowing proper transcription regulation, a major issue of cell differentiation during the development of multicellular organisms.

Key Concepts

Chromatin is a highly structured entity with an important flexibility.

The large repertoire of epigenetic modifications offers a wide range of specific molecular and cellular responses.

Together with genetic information, epigenetic marks play a critical role in the transmission of gene regulation.

Nuclear organisation of chromosomes participates in the inheritance of chromatin states.

Chromosomes organise into functional domains important for DNA regulation.
Dismantling the Apoptotic Cell by Caspases
Authors: Deming Paula , Kurokawa Manabu
Published: March 2017

Apoptosis is a programme of cell death that results in dramatic morphological and biochemical changes in the dying cell due to the systematic dismantling of cellular architecture and functional pathways. The proteins that execute the apoptotic programme are a group of proteases termed caspases (cysteine‐dependent aspartate‐specific protease). Caspases proteolytically cleave a host of cellular substrates at aspartate residues, which may render them either functionally inactive or confer novel activities that help to promote cellular demise. Substrates targeted by caspases during the apoptotic programme include proteins involved in maintaining various aspects of cytoskeletal and organelle architecture as well as proteins that function in signalling networks critical for cell function. Following the execution phase of apoptosis, the cellular corpse is packaged in an orderly fashion into membrane‐bound apoptotic bodies that are sensed by phagocytes, which neatly engulf the dead cell without eliciting an immune response.

Key Concepts

Apoptotic caspases are cysteine proteases that become activated in response to diverse extracellular and intracellular stimuli and subsequently carry out the cell death programme by systematically cleaving intracellular proteins.

A hierarchy of caspase activation exists whereby initiator caspases become activated to cleave and activate effector caspases.

The cellular morphological changes associated with apoptosis encompass three stages: release, membrane blebbing and condensation.

Caspase‐mediated cleavage of target proteins may produce stable functional effector fragments or unstable fragments that are quickly degraded.

Caspases target multiple aspects of the cellular architecture to induce collapse of organelles and the cytoskeleton.

Signalling networks that regulate cellular processes critical for cell survival are inactivated by caspases.

As the dying cell is dismantled during the apoptotic process, it orchestrates its own disposal by displaying ‘eat me’ signals on its cell surface and releasing ‘find me’ signals to recruit phagocytic cells.
Parental Care and Investment
Authors: Fromhage Lutz
Published: March 2017

Parental care is common throughout the animal kingdom, and much variation exists among species in how, and how much, parents care for their offspring. In most species, females care more; in others, males care more and in some, caring is more or less equally shared between the sexes. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain patterns of parental care within and among species. These hypotheses invoke factors such as the relatedness (parentage certainty) of each parent to the brood; the sex ratio at maturation; the strength of sexual selection faced by each sex and the exact nature of any trade‐offs between caring and other activities. Work is still ongoing to develop an overarching hypothesis to explain the various patterns observed.

Key Concepts

Among species there is much variation in how, and how much, parents care for their offspring.

Differences between the sexes in parental care can evolve if one sex has more to gain and/or less to lose by providing care.

Coevolution between parental care and sexually selected traits may amplify small initial sex differences in caring over time.

Individual decisions on the optimal parental investment can lead to conflict between parents, as well as between parents and offspring.

In some species, care of the offspring is not the exclusive responsibility of the parents but is shared among members of a group, termed cooperative breeding. In other species, adults sometimes take care of unrelated offspring, either willingly (as in adoptions) or unwillingly (as in brood parasitism).

Within species, parents sometimes adjust the amount of investment in offspring based on cues from their partner or from the offspring themselves.
Nonsteroidal Anti‐Inflammatory Drugs (
NSAIDs
)
Authors: Kumar Sanjit , Qamar Imteyaz , Singh Nagendra
Published: March 2017

Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) constitute a very important category of drugs that has therapeutic applications exploited since centuries. NSAIDs are a key composition for pharmacological management of acute and chronic pain. These drugs have enthralling evolution from the classic molecule called aspirin to the recently available coxibs, used for treatment of inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). Almost all the drugs available in this category are associated with physiological side effects ranging from gastrointestinal to heart‐ and liver‐related diseases. As a result, the development and search for an ultimate magic drug molecule to treat inflammation continues to be an important face till date. The mechanism of action of NSAIDs relies mainly on inhibition of production of proinflammatory compounds by the action of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. NSAIDs differ in their potency, duration of action and cause of gastric ulcer depending on their relative selectivity of COX enzymes (COX‐1/2). As recent developments, COX‐2‐selective inhibitors are being designed in search of safer and effective pain killer molecules, as COX‐1 inhibitors are associated with undesired side effects. In spite of the tremendous efforts being made since the past decade, the development of an effective and safe NSIAD to treat inflammatory conditions still presents key challenges.

Key Concepts

NSAIDs are most commonly used chemicals in the form of drugs.

Almost all NSIADs have adverse physiological effect on prolonged usage.

Novel category of NSAIDs to inhibit COX‐2 isoform is being developed.

Novel targets are needed to be explored for designing of safer drugs to control pain and inflammation.

More specific drugs are needed in order to avoid toxic effects.
Genomic Arrays in Prenatal Diagnosis
Authors: Evangelidou Paola , Sismani Carolina
Published: March 2017

Prenatal diagnosis (PND) is being applied to high‐risk pregnancies in order to identify possible genetic disorders in an unborn foetus or embryo. Through the application of various techniques, genetic disorders can be detected. As chromosomal abnormalities are one of the major causes of childhood intellectual disability and first trimester intrauterine deaths, PND is often suggested to exclude genetic disorders caused by chromosomal abnormalities. Currently, chromosomal analysis is the method of choice in PND, but with the emerging technologies, its substitution to array comparative genomic hybridisation (array‐CGH), is being considered. Challenges such as, interpretation issues, limitations of the method and lack of a dedicated database for prenatal samples that correlates ultrasound findings to copy number changes, need to be overcome before conventional karyotyping can be replaced by array‐CGH in PND.

Key Concepts

Prenatal diagnosis is applied to high‐risk pregnancies.

Invasive prenatal diagnosis is required to exclude genetic disorders in the foetus.

Chromosomal analysis, a whole genome testing, is used to detect chromosomal abnormalities in prenatal diagnosis.

Noninvasive prenatal screening tests can be offered to all pregnant women.

Complementary methods to chromosomal analysis can be applied to offer rapid prenatal testing for certain conditions.

Array‐CGH, a whole genome diagnostic test can be offered to add diagnostic value to chromosomal analysis.