bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasma melatonin secretion rhythms in cattle under varying seasonal conditions
Authors: Ogino Mizuna , Matsuura Akihiro , Yamazaki Atusi , Irimajiri Mami , Kushibiki Shiro , Shingu Hiroyuki , Kasuya Etsuko , Hasegawa Yoshihisa , Hodate Koichi
Published: August 2012

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the secretion cycles of melatonin (MEL) in cattle over the course of four seasons. Four female Japanese Shorthorn cattle under free‐stall and ad libitum feeding conditions were used, and plasma MEL concentrations were measured over a 48 h period at 1 h intervals. The time‐series data were analyzed by spectral analysis, and the cycle hour was determined. Data indicated that the secretion cycle for MEL was approximately 23.5 h for all four seasons. The area under the curve of MEL from start to end of experiment for 48 h did not differ significantly among the four seasons. However, the duration of high MEL secretion which defined the duration time of the values were more than 10 pg/mL and differed significantly among the four seasons. In conclusion, this study, which was the first to use spectral analysis to evaluate the cyclic rhythm of MEL in cattle, revealed that MEL secretion cycles did not differ among the seasons. These findings are inconsistent with previous study results in that previous reports suggested that the MEL secretion cycle differed under different lighting conditions.
Generalized neo‐additive capacities and updating
Authors: Eichberger Jürgen , Grant Simon , Lefort Jean‐Philippe
Published: August 2012

This paper shows that, for Choquet expected utility preferences, the axioms consquentialism, state independence and conditional certainty equivalent consistency under updating characterise a family of capacities, which we call Generalized Neo‐Additive Capacities (GNAC). This family contains as special cases, among others, neo‐additive capacities as introduced by Chateauneuf, Eichberger, and Grant, Hurwicz capacities, and ɛ‐contaminations. Moreover, we will show that the convex version of a GNAC is the only capacity for which the core of the full Bayesian updates of a capacity, introduced by Jaffray, equals the set of Bayesian updates of the probability distributions in the core of the original capacity.
Vintage capital and the diffusion of clean technologies
Authors: Azomahou Théophile T. , Boucekkine Raouf , Nguyen‐Van Phu
Published: August 2012

We develop a general equilibrium vintage capital model with energy‐saving technological progress and an explicit energy sector to study the impact of investment subsidies on equilibrium investment and output. Energy and capital are assumed to be complementary in the production process. New machines are less energy‐consuming and scrapping is endogenous. Two polar market structures are considered for the energy market: free entry and natural monopoly. First, it is shown that investment subsidies may induce a larger equilibrium investment into cleaner technologies either under free entry or natural monopoly. However, in the latter case, this happens if and only if the average cost is decreasing fast enough. Second, larger diffusion rates do not necessarily mean lower energy consumption at equilibrium, which may explain certain empirical observations.
The over‐weighting of unfair tie in all‐pay contest: An experimental study
Authors: Cohen Chen , Shavit Tal , Rosenboim Mosi
Published: August 2012

This paper examines experimentally a contest in which the organizer takes a share of the prize if there is a tie. Our hypothesis is that contestants perceive this as unfair and that this perception has a non‐proportional effect on the bids. The results indicate that despite the very low probability of a tie, contestants over‐weight its importance and sharply decrease their bids if the organizer takes a share. We show that a fair contest is the optimal strategy for the organizer since the increase in the average bid in a “fair” contest is higher than the organizer's decrease in expected value from losing his share in a tie.
On expectations‐driven business cycles in economies with production externalities: A comment
Authors: Guo Jang‐Ting , Sirbu Anca‐Ioana , Suen Richard M.H.
Published: August 2012

Eusepi (2009, International Journal of Economic Theory 5, pp. 9–23) analytically finds that a one‐sector real business cycle model may exhibit positive co‐movement between consumption and investment when the equilibrium wage‐hours locus is positively sloped and steeper than the household’s labor supply curve. However, we show that this condition does not imply that expectations‐driven business cycles will emerge in Eusepi's model. Specifically, a positive news shock about future productivity improvement leads to an aggregate recession whereby output, employment, consumption and investment all fall in the announcement period.
Internet-Ordered Viagra (Sildenafil Citrate) is Rarely Genuine
Authors: Campbell Neil , Clark John P. , Stecher Vera J. , Goldstein Irwin
Published: August 2012

Introduction

Counterfeit medication is a growing problem. This study assessed the requirement for prescription, cost, origin, and content of medications sold via the Internet and purporting to be the phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor Viagra (sildenafil citrate).

Methods

Pfizer monitored top search results for the query “buy Viagra” on the two leading Internet search engines in March 2011. Orders were placed from 22 unique Web sites claiming to sell Viagra manufactured by Pfizer. Tablets received were assessed for chemical composition.

Results

No Web site examined required a prescription for purchase or a health screening survey; 90% offered illegal “generic Viagra.” Cost per tablet ranged from $3.28–$33.00. Shipment origins of purchases were Hong Kong (N = 11), the United States (N = 6), and the United Kingdom (N = 2) as well as Canada, China, and India (N = 1 each). Notably, the four Internet pharmacies claiming to be Canadian did not ship medication from a Canadian address. Of 22 sample tablets examined, 17 (77%) were counterfeit, 4 (18%) were authentic, and 1 (5%) was an illegal generic. Counterfeit tablets were analyzed for sildenafil citrate, the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) of Viagra, and contents varied between 30% and 50% of the label claim. Counterfeits lacked product information leaflets, including appropriate safety warnings, and genuine Viagra formulations.

Conclusion

Internet sites claiming to sell authentic Viagra shipped counterfeit medication 77% of the time; counterfeits usually came from non-U.S. addresses and had 30% to 50% of the labeled API claim. Caution is warranted when purchasing Viagra via the Internet.
Multilevel Local Anesthetic Nerve Blockade for the Treatment of Generalized Vulvodynia: A Pilot Study
Authors: McDonald John S. , Rapkin Andrea J.
Published: August 2012

Introduction

Vulvodynia is a common pain disorder among women with a major impact on sexual functioning and quality of life. There are few published studies addressing the treatment of the pain of generalized vulvodynia or of generalized vulvodynia accompanying localized pain in the region of the vulvar vestibule.

Aim

A prospective, noncontrolled pilot study was conducted to assess the efficacy of a novel treatment using caudal epidural, pudendal nerve block, and vulvar infiltration of local anesthetic agents.

Main Outcome Measures

The main outcome measure was vulvar pain as assessed by the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ). The secondary outcome measures were depressed mood evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and sexual functioning assessed by the Female Sexual Functioning Inventory (FSFI).

Methods

Thirty-two women with vulvodynia met inclusion criteria and 26 women completed the study. The protocol included five treatment sessions with multilevel local anesthetic nerve blockade and a follow-up contact or visit 2–3 months later.

Results

There were significant improvements in vulvar pain as determined by both the sensory and affective components of the MPQ and in depression as assessed by the BDI. However, there were no changes in sexual functioning on the FSFI.

Conclusion

Serial multilevel nerve block administered for the treatment of vulvodynia is a neurophysiologically based modality that may be effective and merits a placebo-controlled study.
Effect of Particle Size on the Electrophoretic Deposition of Hydroxyapatite Coatings: A Kinetic Study Based on a Statistical Analysis
Authors: Farnoush Hamidreza , Mohandesi Jamshid Aghazadeh , Fatmehsari Davoud Haghshenas
Published: August 2012

This work reports on the effect of particle size on the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) kinetics of submicrometer and nano‐sized hydroxyapatite (HA) employing a design of experiments strategy namely as response surface methodology (RSM). Zeta potential measurements and particle size analysis were used to study the electrostatic interaction between HA particles in an ethanol‐based suspension. The results of deposition kinetics under constant DC voltages showed a lower deposition rate for nano‐sized HA coating. Furthermore, the effects of voltage and time on EPD kinetics of HA coatings were quantified via RSM based on a central composite design (CCD).
Novel Fluorapatite‐Forsterite Nanocomposite Powder for Oral Bone Defects
Authors: Forghani Anoosha , Mapar Mahta , Kharaziha Mahshid , Fathi Mohammad H. , Fesharaki Mehrafarin
Published: August 2012

Failing implants lead to osseous defects. Guided tissue regeneration made of bioactive ceramics has been used to promote bone formation in osseous deformation. The aim of this study was to prepare and to characterize the fluorapatite/forsterite nanocomposite powder for treatment of oral bone defects. In this study, these composite powders with different contents of forsterite nanopowder were prepared via sol‐gel process. Characterization of prepared nanocomposite powders and their cytotoxicity evaluation were done and compared with pure forsterite and fluorapatite powders. Results showed that nanocomposite powders with crystallite size of about 21–24 nm were fabricated successfully by gel calcination at 600°C. Besides the non‐toxicity effects of powders, nanocomposite containing 20 wt% forsterite significantly increased cell viability compared with control groups. According to these results, these nanocomposite powders might be suitable as bioactive material for oral bone defect.
Enhanced Properties of Dense AlN Ceramics via in situ Reaction
Authors: Zhao Yongjie , Huang Rongxia , Zhou Heping , Ryu Sung‐Soo
Published: August 2012

A novel approach to prepare dense AlN ceramics with high thermal conductivity was proposed. The aluminum isopropoxide (AIP) was introduced to prepare dense AlN ceramics possessing enhanced thermal conductivity via in situ reaction. The effect of AIP and sintering temperatures on the microstructure and properties of AlN ceramics were investigated. Results indicate that AIP is beneficial for the densification of AlN ceramics, and particularly, when the addition of AIP reaches 1 wt%, the density and thermal conductivity could reach up to 3.29 g/cm3, 182 W/mK, respectively. Finally, the mechanism of the in situ reaction was proposed.
Structure and Gas‐Sensing Behavior of Electrospun Titania‐Doped Chromium Oxide Fibers
Authors: Zheng Yangong , Wang Jing , Chen Pengpeng , Li Chunyan , Li Xiaogan
Published: August 2012

Titania‐doped chromium oxide (CTO) can serve as an active gas‐sensing material. It has been successful in commercial gas sensors due to its good gas‐sensing performance and stability in humid environment; especially with respect of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). CTO fibers with reticular structure were prepared by electrospinning technology and the sensing behavior upon exposure to ethanol was characterized in this report. The gas sensors made of CTO fibers show a good response to ethanol and stability for a long term at operating temperature of 400°C. The experimental results have been analyzed and simulated using the response equations. The humidity effects on the sensor performance were also evaluated. The results indicate that the CTO fibers could be used in practical applications.
Effect of the Silicon Nitride Coating of Quartz Crucible on Impurity Distribution in Ingot‐Cast Multicrystalline Silicon
Authors: Li Jiayan , Liu Mei , Tan Yi , Wen Lishi
Published: August 2012

Multicrystalline silicon ingots were fabricated via the directional solidification method in a vacuum induction furnace using silicon nitride (Si3N4) as quartz crucible coating. The effect of Si3N4 coating on the impurity content, transference, and distribution in Si ingots was investigated. The results can be summarized as follows: The impurities contained in Si ingots, including Fe, Ca, Mn, Cu, P, and B, were found to decrease at varying degrees when the inner surface of the quartz crucible was coated with Si3N4. A mixed layer composted by Si3N4 and Si was observed on the surface of the Si ingot. This mixed layer provided microdefects for the nucleation of metallic impurities. The Fe and N contents in the Si/Si3N4 mixed layer changed with the same tendency, and FeSi2 particles formed on the Si/Si3N4 crystalline boundary. Both Fe and Ca precipitated in the SiC particles near the Si ingot/Si3N4‐coating interface.
Salmonella Detection in Poultry Meat – Validation of VIDAS Xpress Automatic Enzyme‐Linked Fluorescent Immunoassay‐Based Method
Authors: Chajęcka‐Wierzchowska Wioleta , Zadernowska Anna , Kłębukowska Lucyna , Łaniewska‐Trokenheim Łucja
Published: August 2012

The studies included the determination of usefulness of the VIDAS Salmonella Xpress (SLMX) tests for Salmonella detection in poultry and its comparison with a standard cultural method International Standards Organization‐6579. The material for investigation was chicken, turkey, duck and goose meat bought in retail. The study was performed on 180 meat samples. The meat was inoculated with a mixture of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium on three levels of contamination. It was also checked whether the tests do not produce cross‐reactions with Proteus vulgaris and Citrobacter freundii strains. Based on the results, relative specificity, relative accuracy, relative sensitivity of the method and level of detection was determined. The studies showed a high specificity of VIDAS Salmonella Xpress tests. The results, both in the cultural method and with use of the VIDAS system, depended on the type of investigated meat and on the microbiological contamination of the raw material.

Practical Applications

Since December 2010, the requirements prohibit the presence (in 25 g) of Salmonella in fresh poultry meat in the retail market. This requires a rapid method to detect Salmonella in poultry meat. This rapid method should provide reliable results in time to allow management of poultry slaughterhouses in the direction market of fresh poultry or in the direction of industrial of treatment. Such procedures have to evaluate in reliable way the microbiological quality of food product before it will hit the market. This is concurrently realization of assumptions of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) and verification of accuracy of its action.
Understanding the Landscape: Promoting Health for Rural Individuals After Tertiary Level Cardiac Revascularization
Authors: Pesut Barbara , Laberge Carol , Sawatzky Richard , Mallinson Julia , Rush Kathy
Published: August 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this pilot study was to describe the needs and experiences of rural individuals commuting to an urban center for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods: Data were analyzed from a “Patient Adherence and Satisfaction Survey” conducted by telephone as part of a quality improvement focus, and supplemented with in‐depth semi‐structured interviews with rural patients following PCI.

Findings: Both urban and rural patients after PCI experienced few complications, had made some attempts to reduce tobacco usage, and were highly satisfied with explanations of their treatment and their overall treatment experience. Patients in rural settings were more likely to experience chest pain at least rarely following their surgery than people in urban settings (P < .05). Data on participation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) showed no significant differences between urban and rural dwellers. Four themes emerged from the interviews: standards of care during treatment; transportation; local resources and community support; and lifestyle changes. Although patients were highly satisfied with standards of care during acute treatment, there were unmet needs in relation to transportation and lifestyle changes.

Conclusion: Transitions between rural communities and urban centers and rural adaptations of secondary prevention programs require more attention in health service delivery. Further research is required to better understand potential variations in chest pain patterns between urban and rural residents.
Determination of Cd (II), Cu (II), and Pb (II) in Some Foods by FAAS after Preconcentration on Modified Silica Gels with Thiourea
Authors: Mendil Durali
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  This study describes preconcentration method for determination of Cd (II), Cu (II), and Pb (II) in some food samples. Silica gel was modified with thiourea and characterized by IR and C, H, N, S elemental analysis. Modified silica gel was used as a solid phase extraction for determination of Cd (II), Cu (II) and Pb (II) in tuna fish, biscuit, black tea, rice, kaşar cheese, honey, tomato paste, and margarine samples. The analytical conditions including eluent type, pH of sample solutions, flow rates of sample and eluent solutions, etc. were optimized. The influence of the matrix ions on the involvement of the Cd (II), Cu (II), and Pb (II) were also studied. GBW 07605 tea standard reference material was used for validation of method. The method was successfully applied for the determination of Cd (II), Cu (II), and Pb (II) ions in food samples. The detection limits were in the range of 0.81 μg/L, 0.38 μg/L, and 0.57 μg/L for cadmium, copper and lead, respectively. The relative standard deviations of the procedure were below 10%. The sorption capacities were found as 92 μmol/L Cd (II), 286 μmol/L Cu (II), and 121 μmol/L Pb (II).
Natural Antioxidants in Purple Sprouting Broccoli under Mediterranean Climate
Authors: Rodríguez‐Hernández María del Carmen , Moreno Diego A. , Carvajal Micaela , García‐Viguera Cristina , Martínez‐Ballesta María del Carmen
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  Broccoli, (Brassica oleracea var. Italica), is generally recognized as a nutritive food rich in natural antioxidants, including vitamins and phenolics compounds. Phytochemical composition of 3 different purple sprouting broccoli varieties according with their production cycle: EEP (Extra Early), EP (Early), and LP (Late) were determined. The 3 cultivars tested were grown under the same conditions in an experimental field (SE Spain) where they were not previously cultivated since these cultivars are typical of cold, Northern‐European areas. EP variety showed greater growth according to the photosynthetic rate and C assimilation. However, it was not possible to obtain inflorescences for variety LP. The health‐promoting compounds (vitamin C, phenolic compounds, and glucosinolates) were higher in purple broccolis than in traditionally grown green broccolis and showed differences according to the variety. With respect to the use of broccoli byproducts as source of antioxidants, any variety would be suitable although the leaves of EP variety seems the richest in total phenolic acids, whereas the amount of anthocyanins was higher in LP variety, followed by EP and EEP varieties. Under our experimental conditions, the levels of glucosinolates were higher in purple broccoli than in green cultivars and also higher than other purple broccolis grown under different climate conditions. Therefore, the results reported data for production of the EEP and EP varieties in the Mediterranean climate with potential to obtain vegetables with improved nutritional quality.

Practical Application:  The results of this study reported data of the health‐promoting nutrients and natural antioxidants of EEP, EP, and LP purple sprouting broccoli varieties grown under the Mediterranean climate. The vitamin C, phenolic compounds, and glucosinolates in these purple varieties were higher than in traditionally grown green broccolis and other purple broccolis grown under different climate conditions.
Effects of Pressurization on Some Contamination Flora in Beef Pate
Authors: Gogus Ugur
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  Pate meat is one of the food products at the top of the high‐risk category since it is an undercooked product, which does not undergo any treatment to ensure its safety before consumption. In this study, pressurization, a nonthermal technology, was administered to the product to enhance its microbial safety for the 1st time. After being cooked, ground, and mixed with broth and spices, the pate meat was divided into 3 batches. Their additional fat contents were adjusted to 9.11%, 25.00%, and 35.00%, respectively. After the division of each batch again into 3 portions with different acidities (pH 5.65, 5.95, 6.40), they were contaminated with Escherichia coli American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 11229 or Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644. Each batch was treated with 220 or 308 MPa at 21 or 43 °C for 5 or 15 min. Whereas the increase in pressure from 220 to 308 MPa enhanced the antimicrobial effect (P < 0.01), the increase in pH level and fat ratio decreased it. In the study, only the interaction between the fat ratio and acidity was found significantly important. The effect of temperature and time was not significant. The highest microbial inhibition with 1.65 log reduction was observed on E. coli when the pate meat with pH 5.65 and 9.11% fat was treated at 308 MPa at 43 °C for 5 min. The findings indicate the necessity of using higher pressure levels as ≥308 MPa with higher acidity levels (pH ≤ 5.65) and lower fat contents (≤9.11%) to achieve a higher microbial quality in pate meat.

Practical Application:  Different combinations of pressure (308 and 220 MPa), additional fat (9.11, 25.00, or 35.00%), pH (5.65, 5.95, or 6.40), temperature (21 or 43 °C), time (5 or 15 min) on Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644 and Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 contamination flora were comparatively studied for the 1st time in pate meat. The findings are especially important for pate meat safety and industry since they indicate the necessity of using pressure levels as ≥308 MPa with higher acidity levels (pH ≤ 5.65) and lower fat contents (≤9.11%) to achieve a higher microbial quality in pate meat, which is highly prone to microbial spoilage.
Isolation and Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Fermented Red Dragon Fruit Juices
Authors: Yien Ong Yien , Siang Tan Wen , Rosfarizan Mohamad , Chan Eng Seng , Ti Tey Beng
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  Red dragon fruit or red pitaya is rich in potassium, fiber, and antioxidants. Its nutritional properties and unique flesh color have made it an attractive raw material of various types of food products and beverages including fermented beverages or enzyme drinks. In this study, phenotypic and genotypic methods were used to confirm the identity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) appeared in fermented red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) beverages. A total of 21 isolates of LAB were isolated and characterized. They belonged to the genus of Enterococcus based on their biochemical characteristics. The isolates can be clustered into two groups by using the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA method. Nucleotide sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism of the 16S rRNA region suggested that they were either Enterococcus faecalis or Enterococcus durans.

Practical Application:  Current research revealed the use of biochemical analyses and molecular approaches to identify the microbial population particularly lactic acid bacteria from fermented red dragon fruit juices.
Malolactic Fermentation and Secondary Metabolite Production by Oenoccocus oeni Strains in Low pH Wines
Authors: Ruiz Patricia , Izquierdo Pedro Miguel , Seseña Susana , García Esteban , Palop María Llanos
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  Different wine varieties, including some with low pH, were studied to determine the ability to grow and produce secondary metabolites of a previously selected autochthonous Oenococcus oeni strain (C22L9), compared with a commercial strain. Monitoring of malolactic fermentation (MLF) was carried out by microbiological and chemical analysis of wines. The concentration of some major volatile compounds and biogenic amines in wines before and after malolactic fermentation was also determined. The results showed major differences in MLF duration both between wines and strains, although the differences between strains were slight for most of the analyzed compounds. Statistically significant differences in citric acid degradation were found in all wine varieties and it was confirmed that O. oeni C22L9 is a poor degrader of citric acid; this means that MLF can be prolonged without the risk of producing high concentrations of diacetyl and acetoin. Sensory analysis of wines after MLF showed similar characteristics in wines from both strains. This study thus shows that O. oeni C22L9 possesses even better sensory and fermentation properties than the commercial strain and can be used in wines with different characteristics, which makes it highly valuable for industrial use.

Practical Application:  The increasingly use of grape varieties of low pH in winemaking and the higher alcohol content of wines, as a consequence of the climatic change, make interesting the study of the behavior during MLF of O. oeni strains in order to determine their ability to grow, when growth conditions are not optimal, and to produce secondary metabolites. A comparative study was conducted using an autochthonous O. oeni strain (C22L9) and a commercial O. oeni strain and 4 wine varieties.
Coronary Microvascular Function in Patients With Isolated Systolic and Combined Systolic/Diastolic Hypertension
Authors: Bozbas Huseyin , Pirat Bahar , Yildirir Aylin , Eroglu Serpil , Simsek Vahide , Sade Elif , Atar Ilyas , Aydinalp Alp , Ozin Bulent , Muderrisoglu Haldun
Published: August 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;14:871–876. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) is a common condition in the elderly that is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Concerning the effect of type of hypertension on coronary microvascular function, coronary flow reserve (CFR) in patients with ISH was evaluated and the results were compared with patients with combined systolic/diastolic hypertension (SDH). Seventy‐six elderly patients (older than 60 years) who were free of coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus were enrolled in the study (38 with ISH and 38 with combined SDH). Using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography, CFR was calculated as the ratio of hyperemic to baseline diastolic peak flow velocities. A CFR value of >2 was accepted as normal. The mean age was 68.6±6.3 years and the groups had similar features with regard to demographic and clinical characteristics. Patients with ISH had significantly lower CFR values compared with those with combined SDH (2.22±0.51 vs 2.49±0.56, respectively; P=.03). On multivariate regression analysis, ISH (β=−0.40, P=.004) and dyslipidemia (β=−0.29, P=.04) were the independent predictors of CFR. These findings indicate that CFR, an indicator of coronary microvascular/endothelial function, is impaired more profoundly in patients with ISH than in patients with combined SDH.
Internet addiction, reality substitution and longitudinal changes in psychotic‐like experiences in young adults
Authors: Mittal Vijay A. , Dean Derek J. , Pelletier Andrea
Published: August 2012

Aim

Internet use has grown exponentially in the past decade, but there has been little systematic research to inform our understanding of how this phenomenon may relate to mental illness. Although several characteristics of individuals experiencing psychotic‐like experiences (PLEs) may render this group particularly susceptible to problematic Internet use, to date there have been no studies examining Internet use in this group. Because the experience of PLEs is considered a risk “behaviour” for formal psychosis, it is crucial to understand how patterns of Internet use may be tied to the progression of illness.

Methods

A total of 170 young adults were followed for 2 months, and grouped into those showing a steady/improved course of PLEs (PLE‐Improved/Constant) and those showing an exacerbation in PLEs (PLE‐Increase). Internet addiction and a factor ‘Reality Substitute’ were examined within and between the two groups.

Results

Findings indicated that although both groups reported a similar level of Internet addiction and Reality Substitute at baseline, the PLE‐Improved/Constant group showed longitudinal declines in both domains of problematic Internet usage whereas the PLE‐Increase group's reported level remained constant. Further, there were moderate correlations between PLEs and domains of problematic Internet use, and the magnitude of association with Reality Substitute for the PLE‐Increase group grew significantly over time.

Conclusion

Taken together, results implicate a close link between continued problematic Internet use and the phenomena of PLEs.
Child Trauma Within the Context of Parental Incarceration: A Family Process Perspective
Authors: Arditti Joyce A.
Published: August 2012

Informed by theory and the available empirical research, 3 family processes are identified that contribute to child trauma within the context of a parent's imprisonment: (a) preincarceration factors, including the involvement of the offender parent and children's exposure to arrest; (b) caregiving quality and stability; and (c) the nature of children's visitation experience during the offender parent's confinement. Children whose parents were involved contributors in their day‐to‐day lives prior to imprisonment, who have been subject to harsh and unstable care and exposed to other traumagenic factors associated with incarceration (e.g., violence, maltreatment), and who have difficult visitation experiences have the most intense and long‐lasting traumatic experiences.
The Role of Privacy in Families Created Through Assisted Reproductive Technology: Examining Existing Literature Using Communication Privacy Management Theory
Authors: Rauscher Emily A. , Fine Mark A.
Published: August 2012

The number of families created through the use of assisted reproductive technology (ART) has grown throughout the past decade. Families created through ART face many unique communication challenges both within the immediate family and with others outside the family, such as issues with privacy and disclosure. Whether parents choose to disclose genetic information to the child, to other immediate family members, or to others outside the family are issues that parents who use ART commonly face. This article applies communication privacy management theory to analyze the existing literature on families created through assisted reproductive technology. In doing so, the article highlights the communication and privacy issues these families face.
Research Status and Application Prospects of Digital Technology in Orthopaedics
Authors: Chen Yan‐xi , Zhang Kun , Hao Yi‐ni , Hu Yong‐cheng
Published: August 2012

In the last 10 years, basic and clinical research in orthopaedics has developed rapidly. Understanding of orthopaedic disorders involves not only routine diagnosis, but also the pursuit of highly efficient and accurate three‐dimensional imaging of the intra‐ and extra‐medullary distribution, form and structure of orthopaedic disorders, thus allowing scientific evaluation of the indications for surgery, drawing up of the best surgical plan, minimization of operative trauma and the earliest possible restoration of limb function. Meanwhile, the most important type of basic research, which was previously biomechanical research, has gradually become computational biomechanics based on in vitro cadaver experiments. This review aims to summarize the research status and application prospects of digital technology in orthopaedics, including virtual reality technology, reverse engineering and rapid prototyping techniques, computational biomechanics, computer navigation technology and management of digitization of medical records.
Gunshot Femoral Fractures with Vascular Injury: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Rehman Saqib , Salari Nima , Codjoe Paul , Rehman Mahin , Gaughan John
Published: August 2012

Objective

To retrospectively investigate the experience at one urban level one trauma center with gunshot femoral fractures with vascular injury and to examine the implication of surgical sequence with regards to short‐term complications and ischaemia time.

Methods

We performed a retrospective study of 24 patients treated at an urban level one trauma center over a 10‐year period with low velocity gunshot wounds resulting in femur fractures and major vascular injury. Data were stratified according to sequence of surgical intervention.

Results

The mean age was 31.3 years. Mean time to revascularization was highest in patients undergoing definitive orthopaedic fixation first (660 min) and lowest in patient undergoing shunting first (210 min). Most complications in patients undergoing vascular repair first, included two disrupted repairs requiring immediate revision after subsequent orthopaedic fixation. Other complications included compartment syndrome and one amputation.

Conclusion

Surgical sequence did not appear to impact the outcome with regard to limb loss, compartment syndrome, or mortality. Orthopaedic repair following vascular repair, however, is a risk for disruption of the vascular repair. We suggest that close and early direct communication between the orthopaedic and vascular surgeons take place in order to facilitate a satisfactory outcome.
Pulmonary Cement Embolism Associated with Percutaneous Vertebroplasty or Kyphoplasty: A Systematic Review
Authors: Wang Li‐jun , Yang Hui‐lin , Shi Yuan‐xin , Jiang Wei‐min , Chen Liang
Published: August 2012

Therapeutic vertebral cement augmentation for the treatment of painful skeletal diseases, although widely applied for more than several decades, still has not thoroughly resolve the problem of cement extravasation. Based on a review of literature published, the present study was to provide a systematic review of the current understanding of pulmonary cement embolism (PCE) associated with percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) or percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP), and to summarize the incidence, clinical features, prophylaxis and therapeutic management of PCE after vertebral cement reinforcement. The reported incidence of PCE ranges widely, from 2.1% to 26%. Asymptomatic PCE is a common condition without permanent clinical sequelae. Nevertheless, it is emergent once a symptomatic PCE is presented. Close attention and effective pre‐measures should be taken to avoid this catastrophic complication.
Effect of different orthodontic adhesive removal techniques on sound, demineralized and remineralized enamel
Authors: Cochrane NJ , Ratneser S , Reynolds EC
Published: August 2012

Background:  The aim of this in vitro study was to determine the effect of four different orthodontic adhesive removal techniques on sound, demineralized and remineralized enamel.

Methods:  Composite resin adhesive was bonded to 100 teeth which were divided into four groups with each comprising five sound teeth and 20 teeth with demineralized and remineralized lesions adjacent to the adhesive. Adhesive was removed with either: (1) slow speed bur (SS); (2) high speed bur (HS); (3) aluminium oxide disc (DC); or (4) ultrasonic scaler (US). Damage to the enamel was assessed using white light profilometry, digital photography and scanning electron microscopy.

Results:  The least to greatest mean depth of damage with the four different adhesive removal techniques to sound enamel was DC = SS < US = HS and to demineralized and remineralized enamel were DC < HS < US = SS. Sound enamel experienced the least amount of damage. Remineralization prior to adhesive removal significantly reduced the amount of damage produced by all techniques compared with demineralized enamel. Discs were the least damaging to demineralized and remineralized enamel compared with the other removal techniques.

Conclusions:  When demineralization was present discs were found to be the least damaging adhesive removal technique and remineralization further reduced the amount of enamel damage.
Areca nut chewing in an expatriate population in Sydney: report of two cases
Authors: Sukumar S , Coleman HG , Cox SC
Published: August 2012

Areca nut (betel nut) consumption occurs in a variety of forms, either on its own or with the addition of a number of products. This habit is prevalent in the Indian Subcontinent and South‐East Asia. Recent immigration statistics indicate that 30% of new arrivals in Australia are from these geographical regions and are known to perpetuate this custom long after migration. The objective of this paper is to highlight the variety of oral presentations that may occur as a result of areca nut consumption in these particular demographic subgroups. Dental practitioners must be familiar with the wide spectrum of oral lesions that may present in this setting. More significantly, they must be aware that some of these lesions possess the potential for malignant transformation and hence require more specific management. Best practice mandates that dental practitioners in a multicultural society must: (1) be capable of recognizing the expatriate populations in which this custom is widely practised; (2) incorporate this particular line of questioning into the routine risk factor analysis that is undertaken for every patient from these particular sub‐populations; and (3) institute appropriate referral and follow‐up of these lesions if required.
Fibrinolytic Activity in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Dogs with Different Neurological Disorders
Authors: de la Fuente C. , Monreal L. , Cerón J. , Pastor J. , Viu J. , Añor S.
Published: August 2012

Background

Fibrinolytic activity in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is activated in humans by different pathologic processes.

Objectives

To investigate fibrinolytic activity in the CSF of dogs with neurological disorders by measuring CSF D‐dimer concentrations.

Animals

One hundred and sixty‐nine dogs with neurological disorders, 7 dogs with systemic inflammatory diseases without central nervous system involvement (SID), and 7 healthy Beagles were included in the study. Dogs with neurological disorders included 11 with steroid‐responsive meningitis‐arteritis (SRMA), 37 with other inflammatory neurological diseases (INF), 38 with neoplasia affecting the central nervous system (NEO), 28 with spinal compressive disorders (SCC), 15 with idiopathic epilepsy (IE), and 40 with noninflammatory neurological disorders (NON‐INF).

Methods

Prospective observational study. D‐dimers and C‐reactive protein (CRP) were simultaneously measured in paired CSF and blood samples.

Results

D‐dimers and CRP were detected in 79/183 (43%) and in 182/183 (99.5%) CSF samples, respectively. All dogs with IE, SID, and controls had undetectable concentrations of D‐dimers in the CSF. CSF D‐dimer concentrations were significantly (P < .001) higher in dogs with SRMA than in dogs with other diseases and controls. CSF CRP concentration in dogs with SRMA was significantly (P < .001) higher than in dogs of other groups and controls, except for the SID group. No correlation was found between blood and CSF D‐dimer concentrations.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Intrathecal fibrinolytic activity seems to be activated in some canine neurological disorders, and it is high in severe meningeal inflammatory diseases. CSF D‐dimer concentrations may be considered a diagnostic marker for SRMA.
Effects ofN‐Butylscopolammonium Bromide on Lung Function in Horses with Recurrent Airway Obstruction
Authors: Couetil L. , Hammer J. , Miskovic Feutz M. , Nogradi N. , Perez‐Moreno C. , Ivester K.
Published: August 2012

Background

Equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and increased mucus production in the airways. Anticholinergic drugs like atropine induce bronchodilatation and rapid improvement in lung function. N‐butylscopolammonium bromide (NBB) is an anticholinergic drug used to relieve spasmodic colic in horses, but its effect on airway smooth muscle is unknown.

Objective

To evaluate the effect ofNBBon clinical signs and lung function ofRAO‐affected horses.

Animals

Nine horses diagnosed withRAO.

Methods

Double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized crossover trial. Horses were challenged with moldy hay until a maximum change in transpulmonary pressure (∆PLmax) > 15 cmH2O was achieved.NBB(0.3 mg/kg) or placebo (0.9% saline) was administered IV. Clinical scores and lung function were recorded at baseline and then periodically after treatment administration. Horses were allowed a 6‐week washout before administration of opposite treatments.

Results

Clinical score at 10 and 30 minutes (8.7 ± 2.8 and 8.7 ± 3.2, respectively) afterNBBadministration was significantly lower than baseline (10.8 ± 2.4).NBBadministration resulted in a significant decrease in ∆PLmax(baseline: 35.1 ± 6.9 cmH2O) starting 2 minutes after administration (16.3 ± 6.6 cmH2O) with a maximum decline observed at 10 minutes (13.5 ± 7.1 cmH2O). ∆PLmaxvalues between 60 and 120 minutes afterNBBadministration were not different from placebo.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

N‐butylscopolammonium bromide is a potent bronchodilator, reaching maximum effect 10 minutes after intravenous administration. This effect dissipates within 1 hour of drug administration.
Markers of Systemic Inflammation in Horses with Heaves
Authors: Lavoie‐Lamoureux A. , Leclere M. , Lemos K. , Wagner B. , Lavoie J.‐P.
Published: August 2012

Background

Systemic inflammation in horses with heaves is poorly characterized.

Objectives

To assess acute phase proteins (APP) and inflammatory cytokine profiles in serum of healthy horses and horses with heaves.

Animals

Six healthy horses and 6 heaves‐affected horses belonging to the University of Montreal.

Methods

Prospective, observational study. Healthy and heaves‐affected control horses were exposed to a 30‐day natural challenge with hay and straw to induce clinical exacerbation of heaves. Serum samples were obtained by venipuncture before (T0) as well as after 7 (T7) and 30 days (T30) of stabling. Serum APP (haptoglobin, serum amyloid A protein [SAA] and C‐reactive protein [CRP]) and cytokines (IL‐2, IL‐4, IFN‐α, IL‐10, IFN‐γ, and CCL‐2) were measured using singleplex or multiplex ELISA.

Results

Serum haptoglobin concentrations were significantly higher in heaves‐affected horses at all time points with no overlap with those of healthy controls. They were also significantly increased by antigen challenge in both controls (T7) and horses with heaves (T7 and T30). Serum SAA was detected more frequently in heaves‐affected horses compared with healthy controls at T7. There was no difference in serum concentrations of CRP, IL‐10, IFN‐γ, and CCL‐2 between groups, whereas IL‐2, IL‐4, and IFN‐α remained undetectable in all samples.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

In heaves, haptoglobin is a marker of both acute and chronic systemic inflammation, whereas high concentrations of SAA indicate acute inflammation.
A Comparative Review of Vitamin E and Associated Equine Disorders
Authors: Finno C.J. , Valberg S.J.
Published: August 2012

VitaminEis a primary chain‐breaking antioxidant that prevents cyclic propagation of lipid peroxidation. Across species, vitaminEis essential for normal neuromuscular function by acting as a potent antioxidant, as well as by modulating the expression of certain genes, inhibiting platelet aggregation and stabilizing plasma membranes. This review focuses on vitaminEstructure, absorption, metabolism, current equine dietary recommendations, the interplay between antioxidants and exercise, a discussion of the necessity of vitaminEsupplementation in the horse above the Nutritional Research Council (NRC) 2007 requirements, and a review of equine diseases that are associated with a vitamin E deficiency. Particular emphasis is placed on the proteins involved in vitamin E absorption, transport, and metabolism as potential candidates for vitamin E‐associated diseases across species.
Suicide and War: The Mediating Effects of Negative Mood, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, and Social Support among Army National Guard Soldiers
Authors: Griffith James
Published: August 2012

The mediating effects of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, negative mood, and social support on the relationship of war experiences to suicidality were examined. The research literature suggested a sequence among study scales representing these constructs, which was then tested on survey data obtained from a sample of National Guard soldiers (N = 4,546). Results from structural equation modeling suggested that war experiences may precipitate a sequence of psychological consequences leading to suicidality. However, suicidality may be an enduring behavioral health condition. War experiences showed no direct effects on postdeployment suicidality, rather its effect was indirect through PTSD symptoms and negative mood. War experiences were, however, predictive of PTSD symptoms, as would be expected. PSTD symptoms showed no direct effect on postdeployment suicidality, but showed indirect effects through negative mood. Results also suggested that suicidality is relatively persistent, at least during deployment and postdeployment. The percentage of those at risk for suicide was low both during and after deployment, with little association between suicidality and time since returning from deployment. Additionally, few soldiers were initially nonsuicidal and then reported such symptoms at postdeployment. Implications of relationships of both negative mood and combat trauma to suicidality are discussed, as well as possible mediating effects of both personal dispositions and social support on relationships of war experiences to PTSD, negative mood, and suicidality.
Conditions for Crystallization of LAS Glass‐Ceramics as a Function of Nucleating Agent Amount and Heat Treatment
Authors: Ovono Ovono Delavand , Bruno Giovanni , Pradeau Philippe , Berre Stephane
Published: August 2012

The effect of nucleating agent content and of the crystallization heat treatment have been explored on a commercial lithium‐aluminosilicate (LAS) composition (Eurokera Kerablack). Using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) on treated samples and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), we have observed that crystallization occurs differently in nucleating agent‐depleted materials than in standard LAS. In particular, we found larger grain size and β‐spodumene content than in KeraBlack. We also assessed the decisive effect of the heating rate: although nucleation can take place under almost arbitrary conditions (except with no nucleating agent), the final materials depend on the crystallization cycle applied. They contain more β‐quartz with smaller grain size if the cycles and the soak treatments are short; they consist mainly of β‐spodumene with large grains if the ramps and soak times are long. We also observed that a soak heat treatment does not influence the crystallization in the case of low content of nucleating agents, but can be used to obtain crystallization if only ZrO2 is added. The impact of nucleating agents underlines the importance of heterogeneous nucleation in these glass‐ceramics. We conclude that it is not possible to create a fine‐grained LAS glass‐ceramic without the proper amount of nucleating agents.