bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of Operator Training Needs
Authors: Engelbrecht Richard S.
Published: February 2018

During 1963‐64, the AWWA Illinois Section Education Committee undertook an evaluation of past and current operator training programs and made recommendations for the future. It was believed that the newly enacted certification law required a more vigorous training and education program within the state. This article discusses the results of a questionnaire prepared by the section's Education Committee to determine and consider the needs and desires of the operators in Illinois.
Use of New Steels in Storage Tanks
Authors: Roth R. W. , Petsinger Robert E.
Published: February 2018

The more efficient utilization of the materials now available and the improved techniques of welding and erection can result in better water storage tanks at lower costs. Steel is a widely accepted constructional material for water storage tanks. Steel tanks have been found to be economical in both original cost and maintenance costs over a long period of time. They are easily fabricated and maintained. The new higher strength steels present unlimited design possibilities together with greater potential economies for all water authorities.
Design of Circular Prestressed Concrete Reservoirs
Authors: Cornell Holly A. , Harem Fred E.
Published: February 2018

This article provides a summary of engineering design and construction procedures for circular prestressed concrete ground storage reservoirs, which it is hoped may soon lead to the development of such a standard.
Effects of Hydrographic Changes on Contaminants in Ohio River
Authors: Williams Louis G. , Kopp J. F. , Tarzwell C. M.
Published: February 2018

The increase in the depth of the pool stage in the Ohio River to 26 ft, and the low stream flows (the lowest since 1895) during the summer and fall of 1962, 1963, and 1964 resulted in deterioration of water quality at Cincinnati. Because of the deeper pool and the sluggish flow, increased amounts of organic materials and trace metals accumulated in ooze deposits in deep pockets on the river bottom. Turbulence during short periods of increased flow caused resuspension of ooze material resulting in adverse effects on the biota and on their role in the self purification of the stream. Phytoplankton populations were reduced, resulting in lower production of dissolved oxygen (DO) from photosynthesis. During periods of high temperature and low DO, anaerobic conditions prevailed in these bottom depressions, degradation of organic matter in the deposits occurred, and trace metals complexed in the deposits returned to the water mass in solution or as colloids. This sequence of events, plus industrial wastes, perhaps, accounts for the periodic toxicity of the Ohio River water to plankton and, no doubt, played a role in the fish kills noted.
Correction of Color Measurements to Standard Conditions
Authors: Singley J. E. , Harris R. H. , Moulding J. S.
Published: February 2018

Because of the low buffer capacity of most naturally colored waters, difficulties were encountered in adjusting the pH to an exact value. By utilizing data from the analyses of a large number of colored surface waters from various parts of the United States, the nomograph was constructed. This nomograph allows the determination of color at the standard condition of pH 8.3 from the color value at any other pH. Comparison with the data of Behrman and co‐workers and Black and Christman, shows a good degree of agreement. Use of the nomograph results in a considerable saving of time and, in most cases, in increased accuracy. The color value read from the nomograph generally is subject to less error than an equivalent color value obtained by normal variation in pH adjustment.
Evaluation of DPD and Methyl Orange Methods
Authors: Palm A. T.
Published: February 2018

This article comments on the DPD method for the determination of free chlorine.
Method for Estimation of Future Distribution System Demand
Authors: Strand John A.
Published: February 2018

This article outlines a method for estimating future maximum daily, hourly, and fire demands of an existing city, and a second method for determining the capacities needed to meet those demands. The method of estimating future demands is based on the premise that except for large industrial demands, the future demands on a maximum day and the distribution of the demands on that day can be most accurately determined by extending past‐experience data. Past experience reflects changes in water consumption habits and changes in use of water‐consuming devices, with any trends in these respects likely to continue for a reasonable period in the future. This article is not concerned with estimating ultimate or saturation demands of the entire distribution system, or any single part of the system.
Planning the Future of a Distribution System
Authors: Boyles Arthui F.
Published: February 2018

In planning water improvements for the Baltimore metropolitan area, there is no fixed method of operation. The analog computers of today may become obsolete tomorrow. Predicted growth may be altered considerably in pattern and intensity. Present concepts of establishing goals may change. Political agencies that will have the authority to implement these goals will vary in outlook through the years. Nevertheless, it appears that planning always will require a blending of vision tempered with practicality and economy.
New Method of Solving Distribution System Networks Based on Equivalent Pipe Lengths
Authors: Raman V. , Raman S.
Published: February 2018

This article presents a method for finding directly the economical sizes of pipelines in a distribution system network. The method is based on the concept that the total amount of pipe in a loop is least if, for a given condition of head, inflows and outflows, and geometric pattern of the network, the sum total of the equivalent lengths of pipe of single size, and with the same coefficient of roughness, is minimum in a loop. In other words, this method gives a basis for directly finding the economical sizes of mains in a network for given conditions of inflows, outflows, heads, and geometric pattern, as determined from topography, nature of area, and consumption. However, this cannot be used for hydraulic analysis of an existing distribution system network or for field studies of the system, for which the Hardy Cross method is best suited.
Improved Briggs Microelectrophoresis Cell and Comparisons With the Riddick Cell
Authors: Rock Robert M. , Burbank Nathan C.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this study was to take the original design of the Briggs microelectrophoresis cell and to improve upon it in any way that aided the speed of determinations and the versatility of applications, and to compare the resulting configuration to the patented, manufactured cell known as the Riddick cell. A discussion of the study by A.P. Black and A.L. Smith is included in the article.
Design of Water Systems for High‐Rise Buildings
Authors: Braxton James S.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the development and evolution of water systems for high‐rise buildings. The article chronicles the strong movement away from overhead tanks and hydropneumatic tanks to continuously‐running pumps for water supply. The economic consequences of a lack of accurate information on demand alone are of great importance, and the noise problem to which improper sizing contributes, are ample justification to restructure the entire basis for sizing of water supply systems.
Review of Ratemaking Theories
Authors: Howson Louis R.
Published: February 2018

It is the author's observation that most rates are based upon past and present costs with too little, if any, consideration of what costs will be over the period during which the rates will be in effect. This results in immediate attrition in the net income from the new rates. It is believed that to correct this situation rates should be predicated upon a rate base and expenses that can be reasonably forecast for the middle of the 10‐year period for which the rates are expected to be in effect, that is, 5 years after the time that the rates become effective. Water rates must necessarily be collected after they have been fixed. They cannot be collected retroactively and their adequacy is based upon their ability to cover future as well as immediate costs. Fixed charges for publicly‐ owned plants are usually based upon the unamortized construction cost of the facilities in operation at the time the rates are fixed plus the amount that will be necessary to meet capital requirements of the near future.
Municipal Water Rights
Authors: Taylor Edward F.
Published: February 2018

In each of the past six years the water problems committee of the National Institute of Municipal Law Officers (NIMLO) has urged clarification of the status of the local and federal relationship with respect to water rights. The committee is deeply concerned over the misunderstandings and fears that have thrown a cloud over the United States' most vital natural resource. The committee has deplored the federal government's bold claims of superior rights in water sources essential to municipal growth and survival and its frequent disregard of local rights established under state law and custom of communities.
Pesticides and Other Contaminants in Rainfall and Runoff
Authors: Weibel S. R. , Weidner R. B. , Cohen J. M. , Christianson A. G.
Published: February 2018

This paper presents data on rainwater and rural runoff and updated statistics on urban runoff.
Executive Pay Reform–A Top Priority
Authors: Kroeger Louis J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the need for skilled and dedicated administrative, professional, and technical personnel in public service, and discusses executive pay reform as a top priority in making public service more attractive to this talent pool. The article presents a six‐step program for improvement.
Coliform Organism Removals by Diatomite Filtration
Authors: Hunter J. V. , Bell G. R. , Henderson C. N.
Published: February 2018

This study investigated the removal of coliform organisms by diatomite filtration, along with the factors that influence coliform removal such as raw water coliform level, filter aid permeability, flow rate, and body feed concentrations. In addition, the use of coated filter aids was investigated, as well as the use of small iron dosages to the raw water, to improve the removal process.
Texas Water Plan
Authors: Vandertulip John J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the development of the Texas Water Plan, which proposes to meet the water demands for all purposes throughout the state to the maximum feasible extent, up to the year 2020, by integrated protection, development, distribution, and management of all of Texas' water resources.
Efforts of US Agency for International Development to Supply Water to People of Yemen
Authors: Ruiz Aldelmo
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the National Public Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Department for the Yemen Arab Republic, established by the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID). Its purpose is to establish and provide a mechanism procedure for raising the standards and general public health of the population by providing larger quantities of safe water for domestic and industrial uses, and also for the improvement of environmental conditions in selected areas.
Effects of Interstate Highway and Urban Renewal Programs Upon a Municipally Owned Water System
Authors: Conaway Ross K.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the effects of interstate highway and urban renewal programs on the Tampa, Florida, water department. These two projects have had a broad influence, necessitating work not originally anticipated and causing the acceleration of water department projects previously considered for development over more extended periods of time. The article discusses the establishment of the Tampa utility group program that has helped minimize conflicts in the urban renewal areas.
Treatment for High Iron Content in Remote Alaskan Water Supplies
Authors: Benson Barrett E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a problem with high iron content in the well water supply of three Alaskan towns. Such water supply situations are widespread in remote Alaskan communities. High hardness in all three supplies presented a treatment challenge that was magnified by lack of continuous electric power and very low winter temperatures. Batch lime treatment, settling, and decantation reduced the iron content and the hardness at two of the three towns. Aeration, batch lime treatment, settling, and decantation reduced the iron content and the hardness at the third. The resulting waters were free of chlorine demand and tastes and odors. Jar tests were used to determine the optimum lime doses.
Effects of Increased Water Demands on Three New England Water Companies
Authors: O'Connor Leo F.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses three examples of water supply development in New England that reveal the impact of increased costs resulting from the trend of substantial expenditures and higher unit costs required to meet future demands. The three examples of water supply development are provided by the Greenwich Water Company, Greenwich, Connecticut; the Hampton Water Works Company of Hampton, New Hampshire; and, the Mystic Valley Water Company, which serves the towns of Mystic and Stonington, Connecticut.
From Fire Plug to Fire Hydrant
Authors: Flexer G. G.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the historical development of the fire hydrant, including proper installation and operation.
Distribution Maps and Related Records
Authors: Harris W. S.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the development of a new standardized mapping system. The first standardized maps were prepared by the American Water Works Service Company (AWWSC) for the city of Lexington, Kentucky. The program decided on a standard size, was expanded, and aerial photographs from the U.S. Geological Survey were blown up to the proper scale. Preparations of specifications are discussed, along with solicitations of proposals from mapping companies, and the standardization of related records.
Movement in Soils
Authors: Elder William R.
Published: February 2018

Movement in soils is normal and predictable. Design criteria are available to meet the problem. The presence of soils with significant movement problems can be determined by consulting soil surveys that locate specific soils and make both engineering and agricultural interpretations. The use of simple tests such as the PVC meter developed by the Federal Housing Administration or the test method Tex‐124‐E of the Texas Highway Department are methods for determining the hazards of soil movement due to wetting and drying.
Service Report on Coal‐Tar Enamel Protective Coating for Pipelines
Authors: Mills Henry J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a 1966 inspection report of one of the earliest major centrifugal applications of plasticized coal‐tar enamel, a 10.3‐mi section of the upper feeder portion of the Colorado River Aqueduct distribution system, known as the Santa Ana River siphon. In 1966, this line was 28 yrs. old and was found to still be in excellent condition with no signs of deterioration, sagging, or checking of the lining.
Domestic Water Supply in East Pakistan
Authors: Almquist Frederick O. A.
Published: February 2018

Under a program sponsored by the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID), the firm of Camp, Dresser & McKee was selected by the government of East Pakistan to prepare a study of the feasibility of an overall program for providing more water of safe quality and improving general sanitation in East Pakistan. The article first provides an overview of East Pakistan, including physical characteristics, climate, economy, existing water supplies, and then goes on to make recommendations related to developing a water supply program.
Interlaboratory Comparisons in Water Bacteriology
Authors: Greenberg Arnold E. , Thomas June S. , Lee Theodore W. , Gaffey William R.
Published: February 2018

The Sanitation and Radiation Laboratory of the California State Department of Public Health frequently has been requested to examine laboratories whose test results disagree. If a procedural review demonstrated no apparent deficiencies, further comparison of the laboratories has been made on the basis of a split‐sample study with relatively superficial statistical control. More recently, a useful statistical model for interlaboratory comparisons was developed and tested. This article describes the model and its application to the comparative evaluation of the performance of multiple tube dilution tests by three laboratories, one of whose results have been seriously questioned.
Need for Government Aid
Authors: Remus Gerald J.
Published: February 2018

This article briefly discusses the need for government aid in financing water and sewage systems. The article presents the city of Detroit, Michigan, as a recipient of federal funding to start industrial, commercial, and residential development.
The Cost of Water Treatment by Coagulation, Sedimentation, and Rapid Sand Filtration
Authors: Koenig Louis
Published: February 2018

This paper presents the results of comparative cost engineering audits made on 30 water treatment plants in 1965. The term “cost engineering audit” refers to a detailed investigation and analysis of the physical characteristics, the operating data, and the costs of a plant or other operating installation, and the presentation of these in a standardized manner so that internal and external comparisons can be made. The objectives of the study were to: determine which elements, differentiable from the available plant data, make up the cost of water treatment; determine the relative magnitude of the contribution of each differentiable element; determine the unit consumptions or unit utilizations and the pertinent design factors and operating ratios for the plants studied; determine the unit investment and unit prices paid for materials and services; obtain the unit costs of selected cost elements, or, their contribution to the total cost of treatment; determine the distributions of these operating ratios, design factors unit prices, unit consumptions, and unit costs among all plants in the study; determine the effect of plant size on certain of these ratios such as unit prices and unit investment; determine the effect of climatic, geographic, or administrative factors on certain of these ratios; and, determine the effect that water quality parameters have on the components of water treatment costs on the total cost of water treatment and on the various operating ratios.
New Methods for the Colorimetric Determination of Halogen Residuals. Part I. Iodine, Iodide, and Iodate
Authors: Black A. P. , Whittle G. P.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a rapid, sensitive, and accurate colorimetric method that has been developed for the determination of iodine residuals in water in the presence of free and combined chlorine. The article also discusses a colorimetric method for the determination of iodide ion (I‐) residuals that has been developed using potassium peroxymonosulfate, KHS05, first to oxidize the iodide ion to iodine. Similarly, the iodate ion (I03‐), may be determined colorimetrically by the controlled addition of iodide ions and acid and the resulting production of elemental I2. The reaction is stoichiometric and the concentration of iodate ion may be related to the iodine liberated.
Role of Ground Water Contamination in Water Management
Authors: LeGrand Harry E.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this article was to place groundwater contamination and its complement, absence of contamination, in perspective with water development and to demonstrate that it should not be excluded in long‐range integrated community plans. Related to this purpose is the emphasis that might be placed on the urban area and its populated suburbs so that environmental aspects of water supply and waste management are viewed from the perspective of economics and health protection.
Chemicals in Water and Their Significance
Authors: Frazier Russell E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the significance of the chemical constituents of water as related to its intended use. The article discusses the chemicals in the water for domestic use in the Minnesota area and the effect these chemicals have on the water such as hardness, taste, color, and corrosion and scale formation in distribution systems. Beneficial effects of chemicals found in water are also discussed, along with techniques for mitigation of the undesireable effects. Specific topics discussed include: transport of wastes; nitrate toxicity; chemicals in detergents; mineral nutrients; water as a tracer; and, contamination from human activity.
Determination of Dissolved Radium‐226 in Water
Authors: Rushing D. E.
Published: February 2018

Chemical methods, apparatus, and counting techniques for the determination of radium‐226 by an emanation method have been described by Rushing, Garcia, and Clark in a previous paper. Because of the general scope of that paper, data were not presented on the determination of radium‐226 in water. The objectives of this paper were to present data on the recovery of radium‐226 from a variety of water samples and to discuss problems related to the preservation of samples during the period between collection and analysis. The method has been included as a tentative method for radium‐226 in the twelfth edition of Standard Methods.
Control of Great Lakes Water Levels
Authors: DeCooke B. G.
Published: February 2018

The major objectives of control of the Great Lakes are to improve domestic water supply and sanitation, navigation, water for power and industry, flood control, agriculture, fish and wildlife, and recreation. To accomplish these objectives, it is necessary to reduce extreme outflows to satisfy riparian interests, while maintaining sufficient storage to meet power and navigation requirements. Currently, two of the Great Lakes are regulated ‐ Lake Superior since 1921, and Lake Ontario since 1960. The rules or regulations in effect on these lakes at present are known as the Rule of 1949 and Plan 1958‐D. This article provides a description of the system, along with natural regulation, natural factors, artificial factors and their effects, economic factors, riparian interests, navigation and power interests, and costs and methods of regulation.
Intake Design for the Reduction of Turbidity
Authors: Pakalnins A. , Cosgrove W. J. , Lindsay R. J.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this study was to obtain data for the design and placement of intake structures for maximum efficiency in reducing turbidity. The investigations were confined to intakes in rivers which merit special attention because of considerable fluctuation in the river stage, flow velocity, and turbidity. The primary component investigated was the intake itself, because its design affects the long‐term efficiency of the intake structure. The study was based on the “discrete‐particle” theory of turbidity, under which settling velocity can be considered a reliable indicator of the size of particle that can be removed. The experimental apparatus is described, along with the procedure, which investigated five combinations of the intake and position. Flow pattern observations are discussed, along with quantitative observations, the influence of mouthpiece size, and the importance of entrance velocity.
Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Chlordane by Head Gas
Authors: Corcoran E. F. , Corwin J. F. , Seba D. B.
Published: February 2018

The method of gas chromatographic analysis of chlordane by head gas that is presented in this article has several good features. A direct sampling of the pesticide is possible, eliminating any intermediate extraction steps which could alter its composition. By using 800 ml of water, a large volume of head gas is obtained so that repeated sampling is possible. By using a chemically inert silicone sealing cap, repeated sampling does not puncture the cap, so that there is no leakage out of the pesticide, or any leakage of possible contaminants. Since the bottle is not opened when the pesticide is added, there is no possibility of the blank background changing when the chlordane sample is analyzed. It is a rapid method, requiring less than an hour for the complete procedure.
Hawaiian System of Water Rights
Authors: Cades J. Russell
Published: February 2018

There is limited Hawaiian legal material relating to water rights in groundwater. For any understanding, it is necessary to consider the case of City Mill Company v. Honolulu Sewer and Water Commission, 30 Haw. 912 (1929). It is also necessary to consider the effect of Chapter 87B of the Revised Laws of Hawaii 1955, as amended (which was Act 122, Session Laws of Hawaii 1961), relating to the regulation of groundwater use under the administration of the Board of Land and Natural Resources. This statute assumes that the doctrine of correlative rights, rather than what has been referred to as the “common law” doctrine of absolute ownership, will be applicable to all groundwater in Hawaii.
Corrosion of Metals in Potable Water Systems
Authors: Obrecht Malvern F. , Pourbaix Marcel
Published: February 2018

The problem of metallic corrosion in potable water systems is universal and occurs with all metals currently used for construction of such systems. Corrosion can occur under either dynamic or static conditions. Systems design, temperature, and velocity are major factors in the rate of corrosion. This article emphasizes that the ultimate solution to such corrosion can only be obtained by the fundamental research approaches discussed in this article. They include: fundamental laboratory research on the thermodynamics and reaction kinetics of the metal‐water‐ion systems; long‐term pilot studies using carefully designed systems under proper control that duplicate all the parameters affecting both the initiation and propogation of corrosion, using actual service waters; and, control techniques to monitor the entire water service system such as test loops, strips, coil testers, and proved corrosion meters. Chemical balances must be maintained.
Partnership in Comprehensive River Basin Planning
Authors: Caulfield Henry P.
Published: February 2018

This article begins with a brief overview of water planning and operational functions at the federal, state, and local levels of government. The need for coordination and collaboration of these three levels of government on water projects is discussed and formed the background for the creation of the Water Resources Planning Act of 1965. Comprehensive river basin planning is discussed, along with the the appropriate relationships of local water supply agencies to such planning.
Patterns of Household Usage
Authors: Anderson J. S. , Watson K. S.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study of household water usage patterns in Louisville, Kentucky. The study used telemetry, central monitoring equipment, and data processing techniques to provide detailed flow information on water demands. Although the findings of this study are not entirely new, they do cover a more extensive period than reported upon to date. Further, they are not limited to a single subdivision, but represent a cross‐section of a much larger community. Finally, this study covers detailed domestic water consumption rates in an area of the nation not extensively reported upon before.
Meeting Future Water Requirements Through Reallocation
Authors: Flack J. Ernest
Published: February 2018

Expanding water requirements for agricultural, municipal, and industrial uses in the U.S. have been met largely by developing surplus water. Reallocation of water, however, is becoming increasingly necessary, as readily available sources are depleted and surplus water becomes more expensive to develop. This article discusses the scope of the water problem in the U.S., and examines reallocation as a method of solving this problem.
The Remote Reading of Water Meters
Authors: Cobb Edwin B. , Brown Walter H.
Published: February 2018

This article describes the current state of remote readout of water meters, discusses central readout and automatic billing, examines problems related to remote reading and automatic billing, and considers some of the economic factors involved.
Baltimore's Watersheds: An Example of Integrated Land Use
Authors: Reigner Irvin C. , Ningard Louis G.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses Baltimore's management and research program for its watershed management operation. The article discusses several uses of Baltimore's municipal watersheds, including public recreation. The net result of these varied activities is an integrated land use.
The Water Industry and Local Government
Authors: Graeser Henry J.
Published: February 2018

This article contains a statement by Henry Graeser, AWWA President, and Superintendent of Water Works, Dallas, Texas, on the National Water Policy of AWWA, presented September 7, 1967, at the National Conference of State and Federal Water Officials, Denver, Colorado. The policy describes in some detail the role of the federal government, states, and the local governing bodies in water resources development.
Effects of the Northeast Water Crisis on the New York City Water Supply System
Authors: Groopman Abraham
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the effect of the current drought on the New York City water supply system, which can no longer meet the water demand during a protracted dry period. The article discusses run‐off data that indicates the amount of reduction that has occurred to the entire New York City system and each of the city's watersheds, including the Catskill, Croton, Delaware and Rondout Systems. Methods for restoring a dependable water supply are discussed, along with the effectiveness of the intensive water conservation campaign conducted by the city water department. The reduction in release requirements by the Delaware River Basin Commission to the Delaware River also helped the situation.
Coagulation of Colloidal Hydrous Manganese Dioxide
Authors: Posselt Hans S. , Reidies Arno H. , Weber Walter J.
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to explore the factors governing the destabilization and precipitation of colloidal hydrous manganese dioxide in water treatment practice. Particular emphasis is placed on evaluation of appropriate coagulation controls that might permit more effective removal of this material from water supplies. A chemical determination of residual MnO2 concentration to measure the progress of coagulation and sedimentation is presented, and the orthotolidine method was found to be quite suitable for this purpose. Interference of iron was eliminated by masking with phosphoric acid. Absorbance measurements were made with a spectrophotometer. For several experiments, the analytic determinations were supplemented by microelectrophoretic mobility measurements, after a procedure described by Black and Smith.
Guidelines for the Determination of the Feasibility of Desalting Sea Water
Authors: Wilson J. R. , Cadwallader E. A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the first step in preparing the capital cost approximations for a desalting facility, which is to establish the following preliminary design conditions: plant capacity in gallons per day; plant operating factor; and, economic ratio. The article provides a method for the determination of the estimated desalting facility capital cost, four cost elements that go into the determination of the unit cost of water, the elements of the fixed‐charge rate on capital investment, and other unit costs.
Ground Water Management and Reclaimed Water
Authors: Owen Langdon W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses studies and investigations by the Orange County (California) Water District in the field of wastewater reclamation to determine the feasibility of providing an additional source of potable water to sustain the economy of the area. The district's studies were conducted as far as practical on the basis of past research. A pilot plant and laboratory capable of reclaiming a nominal amount of water were constructed, and the water was studied to determine not only the cost of production, but also the degree of public safety associated with its renovation and use.
Ground Water Movement
Authors: Lehr Jay H.
Published: February 2018

This article presents a hydraulic model analogous to very general subsurface geologic conditions, containing 30 observation wells. It was constructed to study and demonstrate the changes in the configuration of the water table produced by pumping wells. The model consists of a watertight plexiglass case containing a consolidated medium which is a mixture of sand and epoxy resin, which simulates a true sandstone.
Meter Reading Problems
Authors: Carson R. Bruce , Cobb Edwin B.
Published: February 2018

Difficulties in recruiting meter readers because of a tight local labor market, and competition with expanding industries paying high wages, prompted the Monroe County Water Authority to attempt to improve the efficiency of its meter‐reading operation. The Authority recently experimented with the use of radio readout to reduce water‐meter‐reading costs. It also tried equipping its meter readers with motor scooters and considered outside meter settings. Remote readout has also been studied. These attempts to solve a problem that many water utilities experience are the subject of this article. Details of the Authority's operations are given as general background information, and current practices are described to reflect both past efforts at solving the meter‐reading problem and the experiences that led to the investigation of new methods.
Addition of Common Ions From Domestic Use of Water
Authors: Evans Ralph L.
Published: February 2018

Four communities with well‐defined sanitary sewer systems were selected in the vicinity of Peoria, Illinois, for sampling during 1965 and 1966. This investigation was limited to raw sewage of domestic origin. This provided a baseline to evaluate the contribution of mineral additions to potable water without the influence of activity other than that performed in a residence. The tap water in the areas studied can be classified as hard and rich in calcium and magnesium bicarbonates. With the exception of calcium, all common ions contributed in varying increments to the increased mineralization of tap water. The most important mineral additions, in order of magnitude, appear to be sodium, sulfate, and bicarbonate. As most of the reports pertained to treatment plant effluents, it is extremely likely that some reduction of sulfates occur in waste treatment works.
High Energy Flocculation and Air‐and‐Water Backwashing
Authors: Walker J. D.
Published: February 2018

Because of the increasing pollution of raw water, pretreatment (including rapid mixing, flocculation, and clarification) has become an important part of the rapid sand filtration process. A relatively new tool to enhance flocculation and make practicable the use of slurry admixture has been introduced in the form of G and Gt equations. The higher velocity gradients suggested can make the floc ten times denser and much more settleable. Long flocculation periods do not necessarily make up for lack of velocity gradient, especially in the formulative phase of floc formation. Higher G and Gt values should be considered, at least in the first half of the flocculation period. in order to obtain denser, more readily settleable flocs and less nonsettleable pin point. In this way, better clarification can prepare the water for better filter removal and higher filter rates. A more efficient tool for backwashing filters is the air‐water backwash, which does a better job of cleaning the filter media and saves considerable backwash water. This air‐water filter bottom is designed to operate without graded gravel layers, thereby saving expense and trouble. Air‐water backwash is particularly well adapted to accommodate dual media filters, which seem to have a lot of advantages.
Best Climate in the World
Authors: Davies Delwyn
Published: February 2018

This comment discusses weather conditions in the United Kingdom in the year 1967, comparing it to other parts of the world.
Water Supply Planning at San Antonio
Authors: Van Dyke Robert P.
Published: February 2018

Planning is a continuous process. San Antonio's (Texas) master plan for water supply development has been revised twice since its inception, once in 1959 and again in 1965. To meet future water needs, San Antonio may eventually have to tap supplementary sources. The Texas State Water Plan may be of assistance in realizing this goal. The city of San Antonio and its water board firmly support the plan and are working tirelessly for it.
Land Subsidence in Pleasant Valley Area, Fresno County, Calif.
Authors: Prokopovich Nikola P. , Magleby David C.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses land subsidence recently analyzed by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation in Pleasant Valley, California and vicinity. The studies were conducted in connection with the forthcoming construction of the Pleasant Valley Canal and possible development of the Pleasant Valley distribution system as features of the giant $600,000,000 San Luis unit of the Central Valley Project. The nearly completed unit was designed and constructed by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation as part of a federal‐ state water development.
Supervisory Control of a Ground Water Supply
Authors: Squiers Kenneth M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the supervisory control system of the Waterford Township groundwater supply. Land developers had built 12 different hydrapneumatic water systems in Oakland County, Michigan. Waterford Township officials decided to consolidate these 12 separate water systems into one complete integrated water system, which was incorporated into the master plan for water supply in 1960. It was decided to manage the system with supervisory control, and equipment was installed to control thirteen pump stations, nine distribution pressure points, three storage tanks, and altitude valve chambers with a control panel and desk.
Comparison of Normal and Reverse‐Graded Filtration
Authors: Oeben Rudolph W. , Haines Howard P. , Ives Kenneth J.
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of an experimental sand filter operated in the conventional manner, and to compare this performance with a filter identical in all respects except that the grading sequence was reversed. The reverse grading was established by constructing a setting of sand with finest sizes at the base and coarsest on top, and by hydraulically transferring the contents of a conventional sand bed from one filter to another, thereby reversing the sequence of grading.
Effect of Ionic Environment and Temperature on the Coagulation of Color‐Causing Organic Compounds With Ferric Sulfate
Authors: Moulding Jeanette S. , Harris Robert H.
Published: February 2018

In an earlier paper, a direct relationship between the color of a raw water and the optimum conditions required to remove that color were shown. By the use of extensive mobility determinations correlated with jar tests, the optimum conditions for color removal from soft surface waters were found to be a function of the raw water color. The work reported here should serve to expand the usefulness of these relationships, as it elucidates the effect of ionic environment and temperature on the optimum coagulation conditions.
Bulk Handling of Activated Carbon
Authors: Hyndshaw A. Y.
Published: February 2018

The cost of bulk activated carbon is less than bag carbon. This saving is reflected in the cost per ton. Thus, yearly requirements for almost any installation when purchased in bulk yields significant savings. The unloading time from carrier to storage or feeding tanks is faster, requiring less labor and reducing costs for manual handling of carbon when compared to bag carbon. Bulk shipments of activated carbon have virtually eliminated the dusting effects throughout plants. Shipments are untouched by handlers and there are no piles of empty bags to destroy. The most important advantage is that bulk carbon, stored dry or in water slurry, is readily available in any quantity for instant use with the turn of a valve.
Computer Use in a Medium‐Size Water Utility
Authors: Carson R. Bruce
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the experience that the Monroe County Water Authority, operating in the suburban areas of Rochester, New York, had with the application of electronic data processing to its utility billing, from feasibility studies in 1962, through record conversion to computer delivery in 1967.
Floc Volume Concentration
Authors: Camp Thomas R.
Published: February 2018

The objectives of the experiments presented in this article were to find a procedure for measuring floc size and volume concentration during mixing, and to explore through jar tests the rapidity of the reactions in forming the hydrous oxides and the relations, if any, in the rapid initial mix between G, or Gt, and the volume fraction and the size distribution. As the velocity gradients in a stirred jar vary widely from point to point at constant speed, it was necessary to adopt in the experiments the temporal mean velocity gradient for G.
Tentative Method for Metals in Water
Authors: Water Metals in
Published: February 2018

This article presents a tentative method for the determination of metals in water. This method was evaluated in a collaborative study conducted by the Analytical Reference Service, Training Program, National Center for Urban and Industrial Health. On the basis of the precision and accuracy data, the method was found to be acceptable. In accordance with the procedure agreed upon by the three sponsoring associations ‐ American Public Health Association, AWWA, and Water Pollution Control Federation ‐ these methods have been submitted to the Joint Editorial Board for the thirteenth edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater and have been adopted as “tentative” methods, effective July 1968.
Waste Alum Sludge Treatment
Authors: Neubauer Walter K.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study that investigated the characteristics of clarifier sludge from selected water treatment plants and evaluated several methods of treatment. The study included the examination of two water treatment plants that utilize alum as a chemical coagulant, use upflow units for clarification, and treat Lake Ontario water. The investigation considered four methods of treatment including vacuum filters, centrifuges, lagoons, and drying beds.
Foam Swabs for Water Main Cleaning
Authors: Jenkins Clive A.
Published: February 2018

This article briefly outlines the traditional approach for keeping water mains clean, followed with an account of the Water Research Association of the United Kingdom (WRA) experience with foam swabs. The article lists the requirements for foam swabs, and it was discovered that polyurethane foam met all the conditions.
Selective Ion Electrode System for Fluoride Analysis
Authors: Babcock Russell H. , Johnson Kenneth A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the development and testing of a fluoride electrode that resulted in a continuous fluoride monitoring system, with a probable accuracy equal to that of present colorimetric techniques. Standardization techniques using the water to be analyzed at a particular installation will minimize or eliminate interferences introduced by variations in pH, total ionic strength, and complexing ions in the process. Use of the fluoride monitoring system should: eliminate routine and tedious laboratory analyses; provide a continuous record of the actual fluoride present in the water; actuate alarms to alert personnel to under‐ or over‐fluoridation due to feeder malfunction; and, provide continuous feedback control of fluoridation for close regulation and resultant savings in chemicals.
Lime and Caustic Soda Softening at Fremont, Ohio
Authors: Hess John S.
Published: February 2018

This article describes how Fremont, Ohio, treated its sludge accumulation problem by using caustic soda. Following laboratory jar tests, which indicated no adverse effects on the quality of the water treated, Fremont tried several plant‐scale tests of sufficient duration that equilibrium was reached and the results identified. The trials were continued long enough to get identifiable sludge; this was tested for particle size on wet screens and for settling rate. It appeared that, while caustic soda sludge did not settle as fast as lime sludge in the treatment tanks, as long as this property did not interfere with treatment capacity, it could be turned to good use in preventing the building of sludge banks in the receiving stream.
Liability Insurance: A Water Utility's Experience
Authors: Jensen Robert G.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses court decisions and general trends in municipal tort liability that aided the Denver Water Board's decision in 1966 to purchase general liability insurance. The Board's management services and legal divisions, aided by an insurance expert working without fee, embarked upon a study that lasted a year. The result of this study was a recommendation to the Denver Water Board that included three basic points: completely consolidate all insurance coverage into one streamlined package, with the exception of certain fidelity insurance, which had charter limitations; bid this package policy rather than negotiate it; and, bid the package on a three‐year basis. The board agreed to the above procedure, and in December 1967, the bulk of the board's insurance was successfully put out for bid as a single package. As a result of consolidation, a great deal of duplicate coverage was eliminated. Consolidation also filled the gaps in coverage that administration of too many policies tended to cause.
Tribute to Charles P. Hoover
Authors: Waring F. H.
Published: February 2018

This article pays tribute to Charles Potter Hoover, a Life Member of AWWA (1943), and well regarded for his research work in water softening and purification. A great many of his observations as the result of research appeared in some fifteen AWWA JOURNALS over the years. Seven editions of his book entitled Water Supply and Treatment were published by the National Lime Association, and served as a past chairman of the former Chemical and Bacteriological Section.
Weather Modification, Present and Future
Authors: Malone Thomas F.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses technologic developments in the field of weather modification, along with characteristics of the present state‐of‐the‐art and the probability of the development of technology for controlling local weather.
Concrete Reservoir Design
Authors: Kenmir Russell C.
Published: February 2018

Reservoirs involve a multitude of details which must be designed and constructed properly. The difficulties experienced with many reservoirs have been due not so much to structural inadequacies, but rather to insufficient attention to seemingly minor details, such as locations of construction joints, installation of waterstops, vibration and curing of concrete, and design and construction of underdrains. These details can cause costly maintenance problems if not properly designed and constructed. For this reason, this paper discusses such details.
The Chemistry of High‐Rate Water Treatment
Authors: Mofiett J. William
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the classical and physical chemistry of water treatment and their effects in the operation of high‐rate filtration plants. These discussions first outline the chemistry of coagulants and methods for controlling coagulation. The mechanisms of each unit operation ‐ rapid mix, flocculation, settling, and filtration ‐ and the effects of the chemical and physical parameters upon these unit operations are discussed, followed by suggestions to operators for improved efficiency of plant operation.