bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synaptophysin immunoreactivity in adrenocortical adenomas: a correlation between synaptophysin and CYP17A1 expression
Authors: Shigematsu Kazuto , Nishida Noriyuki , Sakai Hideki , Igawa Tsukasa , Toriyama Kan , Nakatani Akira , Takahara Osamu , Kawai Kioko
Published: September 2009

Design and methods

The adrenal cortex is not considered to be an intrinsic part of the diffuse neuroendocrine system, but adrenocortical neoplasms possess neuroendocrine properties. In this study, we examined synaptophysin (SYP) and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) expression in adrenocortical adenomas in relation to adrenal function.

Results

Immunohistochemical analysis showed that 50.7 and 98.6% of the cortical adenomas showed SYP and NCAM immunoreactivities respectively. There was no apparent difference in NCAM immunoreactivity among the adenomas. However, the immunostaining for SYP was significantly stronger in cortisol-producing adenomas (CPA) than in aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA), nonfunctioning adenomas (NFA), showing no clinical or endocrinological abnormality, or adenomas associated with preclinical Cushing's syndrome (preCS). Western blotting and real-time PCR demonstrated that the expression level of SYP protein and mRNA was significantly higher in CPA than in APA or NFA. Additionally, the SYP mRNA level showed a positive correlation with CYP17A1 mRNA. In addition to the plasma membrane, mitochondria, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, SYP immunoreactivity was detected in the Golgi area, which is known to be involved in the regulation of mitochondrial cholesterol and the transport of steroid intermediates. It was unexpected that the ratio of positive cells for SYP in preCS was less than that in APA and NFA. However, further examination is required, because the number of preCS cases we investigated was very small.

Conclusions

We propose that SYP expression in adrenocortical cells may be involved in some aspect of adrenal function such as transport or secretion of glucocorticoids.
Manille à la fin du XIXe siècle, vue par les voyageurs européens
Authors: Demeulenaere Olivier
Published: September 2009

2. Dengan mempergunakan terutama cerita-cerita perjalanan Perancis dari abad ke XIX, O. Demeulenaere membicarakan tentang Manila sebagai pusat perkotaan, ibu kota kantor-kantor Pemerintah dan sebagai kota kaum intelek.
Aceh's Contribution to Standards of Malayness
Authors: Andaya Léonard Y.
Published: September 2009

L.Y. Andaya

Cet article cherche à montrer, ce qu'on a longtemps méconnu, qu'Aceh a été un important État malais, dans la lignée de Srivijaya et de Melaka. À son apogée, il offrait un nouveau modèle de société malaise, caractérisée par des liens exceptionnellement forts avec l'ensemble du monde musulman. L'appartenance à l'islam était devenue un élément capital dans la définition d'Aceh en tant qu'Etat malais, et c'est ce qui a permis à l'islam de devenir synonyme de «malayité». Un grand nombre de coutumes et de modes de gouvernement en vigueur à Aceh entre le début du XVIe et la fin du XVIIe siècle tiraient leur origine de modèles musulmans. Lorsque Johor est parvenu à supplanter Aceh en tant que force politique et culturelle dominante au sein du monde malais, c'est Johor qui est devenu la référence de la malayité. Et c'est à partir de ce moment que dans l'historiographie des Malais de la Péninsule tout comme dans l'historiographie coloniale, on a cessé de reconnaître le rôle historique d'Aceh au sein de la communauté culturelle malaise et qu'on l'a considéré comme une entité à part au sein de l'Archipel.
A Survey on Argobba Sites in Northern Shoa
Authors: Geleta Kebedde
Published: September 2009

Résumé : Prospection ciblée sur des sites présumés Argobba dans le Nord Choa (tombes, mosquées, etc.), et collecte d'informations orales auprès des populations locales.
Poésie, politique et rituel dans les Grenouilles d'Aristophane
Authors: Konstan David
Published: September 2009

Politique et rituel dans les Grenouilles (pp. 291-308)

Les Grenouilles d'Aristophane sont composées de trois mouvements, ou tableaux : la descente chez Hadès, la scène aux portes de l'Hadès, et la joute poétique à l'intérieur du royaume d'Hadès. Chaque tableau est en rapport avec le thème de la résurrection : celle d'Héraclès, qui s'accomplit, sur le mode héroïque, par la violence individuelle; celle du chœur des initiés, sur le mode religieux, par la piété collective; et celle du poète victorieux, sur le mode agonistique, obtenue pour le service de la Cité. Pris ensemble, les trois tableaux représentent un schéma initiatique. La victoire d'Eschyle est la victoire d'une poétique de la création, opposéeà une poétique de la description. Elle est capable d'insuffler des valeurs, et, par là, d'arracher en même temps Dionysos à la perte de son identité, et la Cité d'Athènes à la confusion de ses catégories sociales (dans laquelle des esclaves sont devenus citoyens, tandis que des Athéniens de naissance se sont vus privés de leurs droits civiques).
La langue de Thèbes [Les Sept contre Thèbes, 72 sqq.et l70]
Authors: Judet de la Combe Pierre
Published: September 2009

La langue de Thèbes (pp. 207-230)

Deux phrases, dans les Sept contre Thèbes, semblent contenir de simples jugements de fait sur les parlers d'Argos et de Thèbes; elles sont de prime abord difficilement conciliables. «Thèbes répand la langue de la Grèce», selon Étéocle (vv. 72 sqq.: Ελλάδος / φθόγγον χέουσαν), et pour le chœur, l'armée d'Argos «parle une autre langue» (v. 170: έτεροφώνω στρατω). Argos non hellénique ? Il s'agit en fait moins d'idiomes que d'utilisations de la voix: le timbre d'Argos signale l'altérité pure; «prendre la parole en grec» dit d'abord de Thèbes son organisation politique de cité libre. Les deux phrases, avec leurs différences, renvoient à deux modèles sémantiques opposés de la cité: l'identité de Thèbes est ou bien nouée au passé, ou, pour Étécole, l'objet d'une pratique. L'analyse de la prière (vv. 69-70), avec la mention surprenante de l'Érinye à côté du panthéon civique, montre comment le modèle mobilisé par Étécole est soumis dans le drame à une analyse qui découvre dans le discours une activité engageant effectivement le locuteur.
The case for a complex approach to athenian vase painting
Authors: Bazant Jan
Published: September 2009

The case for a complex Approach to Athenian Vase Painting (pp. 93-112)

Les analyses statistiques des sujets iconographiques sur les vases athéniens sont grandement facilitées par le «Beazley Archive Database» d'Oxford. Une première mise à l'épreuve de ce type de recherches montre que l'interprétation des images implique le respect de la logique interne de leur évolution. Dans chaque période il faut distinguer au moins trois catégories de thèmes iconographiques: 1. L'imagerie traditionnelle caractérisée par une fréquence relative déclinante. 2. l'imagerie principale caractérisée par une fréquence relative culminante. 3. l'imagerie nouvelle caractérisée par une fréquence relative ascendante.
La Démocratie athénienne [Réalité ou illusion?]
Authors: Ostwald Martin
Published: September 2009

La Démocratie athénienne - réalité ou illusion? (pp. 7-24)

Bien que seules les classes supérieures pussent accéder aux plus hautes charges dans l'Athènes classique, le transfert de l'institution des εΰθυνα, de l'Aréopage à des organes du Conseil, justifie que nous considérions Athènes comme une authentique démocratie.
Remarques sur la φιλία Labdacide dans Antigone et Œdipe à Colone
Authors: Alaux Jean
Published: September 2009

Remarques sur la Φιλία labdacide dans Antigone et Œdipe à Colone (pp. 209-229)

Constitutif de la société grecque ancienne et des textes qui en émanent, le champ de la φιλία révèle, dans la tragédie, sa polysémie souvent conflictuelle: on a étudié ici comment, dans Antigone et Œedipe à Colone en particulier, les liens de φιλία s'opposent et se superposent, entre famille et cité, filiation paternelle et maternelle, vivants et morts, jusqu'à s'annuler dans la figure même, autodestructrice, d'Antigone.
Ruse et violence au livre VIII de la République de Platon
Authors: Meulder Marcel
Published: September 2009

Ruse et violence au livre VIII de la République de Platon (pp. 231-258)

La présence ou l'absence de métis, de ruse et de violence chez le timocrate, l'oligarque, le démocrate et le tyran permet à Platon de classer en Rsp. VIII les régimes non-philosophiques selon un ordre axiologique décroissant et de montrer la fausseté des diverses constitutions que les Grecs admirent selon leurs opinions politiques.
La piété pythagoricienne et l'Apollon de Délos
Authors: Bruit Zaidman Louise
Published: September 2009

La piété pythagoricienne et l'Apollon de Délos (pp. 261-267)

Le culte d'Apollon Génetor à Délos permet d'observer comment l'idéologie pythagoricienne utilise et réinterprète des pratiques cultuelles en les investissant, et valorise dans le même mouvement les offrandes non-sanglantes, devenues, aux yeux de Pythagore et de ses disciples, le seul témoignage possible d'une vraie piété. Apollon devient ainsi le dieu privilégié des philosophes qui contribuent à forger de lui la figure d'un dieu "Pur".
A community of women ? [The Protagonist and the Chorus in Sophocles' Electra]
Authors: Ierulli Molly
Published: September 2009

A community of women ? (pp. 217-229)

Dans cet article, on examine le problème du héros dans l'Electre de Sophocle, c'est-à-dire le problème des relations de l'héroïne Electre et du chœur. Le chœur, composé de femmes, ne sympathise pas avec Electre au commencement du drame, et les scènes qui suivent montrent le processus par lequel le chœur se rapproche peu à peu de la praxis, des conceptions héroïques et patrilinéaires d'Electre.
Les Mythes d'Europe [Réflexions sur l'Eurocentrisme]
Authors: Diez De Velasco Francisco
Published: September 2009

Les mythes d'Europe (pp. 123-132)

Recension des diverses Europe connues dans les sources anciennes. L'analyse de l'origine non grecque de bon nombre d'entre elles devient une invitation à la réflexion sur le fait d'être Européens, sans tomber dans l'eurocentrisme, pour réussir à penser globalement, autrement que certains auteurs classiques.
Temps de l'histoire et temps de la biographie [ Les "Vies" de Demosthène et de Phocion de Plutarque]
Authors: Mossé Claude
Published: September 2009

Temps de l'histoire et temps de la biographie (pp. 9-17)

La comparaison entre deux des Vies parallèles de Plutarque, celles de Démosthène et de Phocion, qui recouvrent un même espace temporel, permet de mettre en valeur ce qui distingue le temps de la biographie du temps de l'historien. Le temps biographique en effet est contracté ou dilaté en fonction du rôle assumé par le héros, et sa linéarité est interrompue par des anecdotes intemporelles parce que destinées davantage à éclairer le caractère du personnage qu'à s'intégrer dans un récit chronologique.
La nourriture des dieux et le parfum des déesses [A propos d'Iliade, XIV, 170-172]
Authors: Ballabriga Alain
Published: September 2009

La nourriture des dieux et le parfum des déesses (pp. 1 19-127)

En Iliade, XIV, 172 (= Hymne à Aphrodite, 63) on propose de lire άμβροσίφ έδανφ «immortelle nourriture». L'ambroisie, eau primordiale huileuse, sert chez les dieux de boisson, de nourriture et d'onguent. Ce mélange des catégories qui chez les hommes séparent la nourriture de la boisson et la boisson des onguents est une façon de faire signe vers l'altérité du divin autant que le permet l'anthropomorphisme.
Di Echidna, e di altre femmine anguiformi
Authors: Visintin Monica
Published: September 2009

Di Echidna, e di altre femmine anguiformi (pp. 205-221)

Un bref parcours à travers les textes dans lesquels apparaît la figure inquiétante de la femme serpent montre combien il est difficile de ramener des manifestations en apparence similaires d'un même motif animal à une unité symbolique de significations et d'interprétations. Image de terreur dans la Théogonie d'Hésiode, la queue serpentine de la μείξοπάρθενος devient dans l'Enquête d'Hérodote et chez Diodore de Sicile un emblème de l'autochthonie. Dans le Vème Discours de Dion Chrysostome, les femmes serpents sont des transfigurations allégoriques des passions qui dressent des embûches à l'homme quand il a perdu les références éthiques de la civilisation.
Thémistocle entre cité et empire
Authors: Ma John
Published: September 2009

Themistocle entre cité et empire (pp. 269-293)

Une anecdote dans la Vie de Themistocle rédigée par Plutarque nous fait voir Themistocle découvrant à Sardes une statuette qu'il avait dédiée du temps de sa magistrature des eaux à Athènes. Au-delà de son historicité (problématique), l'incident permet d'analyser diverses conceptions du pouvoir (dans la cité, dans l'empire), mais aussi la façon dont l'anecdote met en scène l'opposition entre ces pouvoirs. La réflexion peut se prolonger au contact de documents épigraphiques, qui constituent une littérature d'État basée sur la même idéologie que la petite histoire sur Themistocle. Anecdote et «littérature d'État» constituent des manières complémentaires de faire voir le politique.
Des peintres linguistes ?
Authors: Baurain-Rebillard Laurence
Published: September 2009

Des peintres linguistes ?(pp. 75-105)

Plutôt que de parler d'incompétence de la part des peintres attiques dont les inscriptions comporteraient des erreurs, on se propose d'interpréter comme des marques d'hyper-compétence occasionnelle certaines variations linguistiques ou graphiques. Le dinos de Sophilos, découvert à Pharsale, en Thessalie, porte des inscriptions non attiques dont on essaie de montrer qu'elles sont, pour Sophilos, du thessalien. De même on peut considérer comme une tentative d'adaptation à un public utilisant un dialecte autre que l'attique, la fréquence de signes comme le digamma. Dans la série des vases dits " tyrrhéniens " tout comme chez les petits maîtres, on voit se multiplier, dans les inscriptions simulées, un stock de lettres toujours répétées de préférence à d'autres, dont le choix semble dicté par les particularités de la langue étrusque. Les séquences à nasales, fréquentes dans ces séries, paraissent imiter certains exercices de syllabation étrusques. Il s'agit là d'une recherche ébauchée, qui doit s'appuyer pour progresser sur un corpus systématique de fac-similés fiables.
A propos de quelques noms de ménades attiques inscrits
Authors: Villanueva Puig Marie-Christine
Published: September 2009

A propos de quelques noms de ménades attiques inscrits (pp. 159-171)

Ont été sélectionnés parmi les nombreux noms de ménades inscrits sur les vases attiques, quelques exemples susceptibles d'une traduction visuelle dans l'apparence, la gestuelle, l'activité des personnages représentés. Trois types de relation peuvent s'instaurer entre la figure et son nom inscrit. Ce dernier peut être en harmonie avec ce que le peintre représente, cette coïncidence vient renforcer l'image. Il peut n'entretenir aucun lien précis avec la représentation et constitue dans ce cas comme un ajout à l'image, une résonance supplémentaire. Enfin, et c'est l'usage le plus rare, il se présente comme en décalage manifeste par rapport à la représentation, comme un commentaire fort à l'image dont il accentue les caractéristiques par opposition.
Remarques sur le temple de Rîmet Hâzem (Syrie du Sud)
Authors: Dentzer-Feydy J.
Published: September 2009

Among the sketches drawn by W.J. Bankes (1786-1855)

in Southern Syria, the plan with measures of the temple at

Rîmet Hâzem is an important clue to a building which has

now disappeared. With the evidence of blocks scattered

around, it is possible to propose the general lines of a

virtual restoration.
Note sur les sondages réalisés par Robert Du Mesnil Du Buisson dans la Cour du sanctuaire de Bêl à Palmyre
Authors: Maqdissi Michel Al
Published: September 2009

À partir des documents inédits des fouilles réalisées par R. Du Mesnil Du Buisson dans la cour du sanctuaire de Bel à Palmyre, l'auteur donne une description de l'évolution stratigraphique du site aux IIIe et IIe millénaires av. J.-C. Cet examen permet de replacer Palmyre par rapport aux autres sites de l'âge du Bronze en Mésopotamie et au Levant.
Les hangars du port chypro-phénicien de Kition. Campagnes 1996-1998 (Mission française de Kition-Bamboula)
Authors: Yon Marguerite
Published: September 2009

Jl oli
Antes, desde y para el exilio. Herencia de esta época (1935/1962) de Ernst Bloch
Authors: Salmerón Infante Miguel
Published: September 2009

La primera edición de Erbschaft dieser Zeit fue publicada en 1935 en Zurich, durante la emigración de Ernst Bloch de la Alemania nazi por un período de cinco años en el que residió en varias capitales europeas antes de su marcha definitiva a América en 1938, donde vivió diez años. En este libro Bloch hace una encorajinada defensa de la vanguardia artística contra los abogados del realismo socialista. Su adversario específico era Georg Lukács. Pero sin duda alguna uno de los aspectos más fascinantes de este libro es que puede leerse como una observación contemporánea de la ascensión al poder de los nazis. Erbschaft es indudablemente la obra clave del exilio de la Alemania de Weimar.
¿De qué hablamos cuando hablamos de literatura del exilio republicano de 1939?
Authors: Caudet Francisco
Published: September 2009

¿De qué hablamos cuando hablamos del exilio literario republicano de 1939? ¿Se puede segregar esa literatura de esa revolución y del pueblo que por hacerla realidad luchó y sufrió toda suerte de penalidades, la muerte y el exilio? El exilio es una subcultura que difícilmente se integra en la cultura del país de acogida. En los tiempos de la dictadura franquista cabe partir de la existencia de tres literaturas: la afín al sistema, la que entrevé grietas en el sistema, existencialismo y tremendismo de los años 40, y que a partir de 1950 empezó la ruptura con el régimen; y la literatura del exilio. Habría que plantearse si es válido escribir la historia de la literatura española de posguerra desde el exclusivismo de una equívoca territorialidad. Urge reconocer y aceptar que la historia de la literatura española a partir de 1939 está mal historiada, mal narrada.
El “aura” benjaminiana y los símbolos del Guernica
Authors: Chihaia Matei
Published: September 2009

El “Guernica” de Picasso ganó su estatuto de icono, es decir, de objeto aurático, gracias a una reproducción industrial que, de acuerdo con Walter Benjamin, debería quebrar el aura del arte moderno. En la historia de su recepción un sistema de metáforas religiosas cubre precisamente los traslados mecánicos para conferirles una carga simbólica. Los relatos respectivos acerca del desplazamiento del mural (o hacia el mural) se distinguen claramente de un modelo narrativo basado en el reemplazo, como propone El otro árbol de Guernica de Luis de Castresana, y también de un discurso franquista centrado en la continuidad de los iconos. Finalmente, incluso un robo de cine (en la película El robo más grande jamás contado de Daniel Monzón) y un robo real (la escultura desaparecida de Richard Serra) en tanto que traslados ilegítimos, intervienen como para revelar la dialéctica del aura descrita por Benjamin.
Continuous process for production of hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber using a Kenics® KMX static mixer reactor
Authors: Madhuranthakam Chandra Mouli R. , Pan Qinmin , Rempel Garry L.
Published: September 2009

A continuous process for hydrogenating nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) was developed and its performance was experimentally investigated. A Kenics® KMX static mixer (SM) is used in the process as a gas–liquid reactor in which gaseous hydrogen reacts with NBR in an organic solution catalyzed by an organometallic complex such as an osmium complex catalyst. The Kenics® KMX SM was designed with 24 mixing elements with 3.81 cm diameter and arranged such that the angle between two neighboring elements is 90°. The internal structure of each element is open blade with the blades being convexly curved. The dimensions of the SM reactor are: 3.81 cm ID 80 S and 123 cm length and was operated cocurrently with vertical upflow. The NBR solutions of different concentrations (0.418 and 0.837 mol/L with respect to [CC]) were hydrogenated by using different concentrations of the osmium catalyst solution at various residence times. The reactions were conducted at a constant temperature of 138°C and at a constant pressure of 3.5 MPa. From the experimental results, it is observed that a conversion and/or degree of hydrogenation above 95% was achieved in a single pass from the designed continuous process. This is the first continuous process for HNBR production that gives conversions above 95% till date. Optimum catalyst concentration for a given mean residence time to achieve conversions above 95% were obtained. Finally, a mechanistic model for the SM reactor performance with respect to hydrogenation of NBR was proposed and validated with the obtained experimental results. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
The use of p16INK4A immunocytochemistry in “Atypical squamous cells which cannot exclude HSIL” compared with “Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance” in liquid‐based cervical smears
Authors: Sung Chang Ohk , Kim Seong Rim , Oh Young Lyun , Song Sang Yong
Published: September 2009

Even though p16INK4a (p16) immunocytochemistry has proven a useful accessory tool verifying the identification of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC‐US) categorized smears, the procedure still has limitations. To date few studies examining the usefulness of p16 immunocytochemistry in atypical squamous cells which cannot exclude HSIL (ASC‐H), compared with ASC‐US in liquid‐based cervical smears. Therefore, we examined the correlation of p16 immunocytochemical staining with follow‐up biopsy results on ASC‐H categorized smears and compared the data with those classified as ASC‐US on 105 liquid‐based cytology samples. We found no statistical significance in the p16 expression of ASC‐US smears and the presence of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) in follow‐up biopsies (p = 0.546). However, p16 expression did significantly correlate with the presence of SIL (p = 0.002) in ASC‐H smears. There was a statistically significant relationship between p16 expression and presence of high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) or more on the follow‐up biopsies in both ASC‐US (p = 0.012) and ASC‐H (p < 0.001) categorized smears. In ASC‐US categorized smears, there was no statistical significance between p16 expression and the HR‐HPV viral load (p = 0.091). But there was a statistical significance between p16 expression and the HR‐HPV viral load (p < 0.001) in ASC‐H categorized smears. Our results indicate that p16 immunostaining is a much better useful marker for HR‐HPV infection and detection of SIL in ASC‐H categorized smears compared to those defined as ASC‐US. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aplysqualenols A and B: Squalene‐Derived Polyethers with Antitumoral and Antiviral Activity from the Caribbean Sea Slug Aplysia dactylomela
Authors: Vera Brunilda , Rodríguez Abimael D. , Avilés Edward , Ishikawa Yasuyuki
Published: September 2009

The novel bromotriterpene polyethers aplysqualenol A (1) and B (2) have been isolated from the Caribbean sea slug Aplysia dactylomela, collected in Puerto Rico, and their structures and relative configurational assignments established from spectroscopic data aided by quantum mechanical calculations of NMR chemical shifts. Although both these compounds may be conceived as polyoxacyclic derivatives of the C30 squalene skeleton, it is notable that 1 and 2 each possess an unprecedented C15‐to‐C24 flexible chain of (14S*) spatial disposition that contains a unique ether bridge between C16 and C19. Biological activity screening tests revealed that, although aplysqualenol A (1) does not have significant antiinfective properties, it possesses potent antitumoral and antiviral activities. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Subjective life satisfaction and mental disorders among older adults in UAE in general population
Authors: Ghubach Rafia , El‐Rufaie Omar , Zoubeidi Taoufik , Sabri Sufyan , Yousif Saeed , Moselhy Hamdy F.
Published: September 2009

Background

Life satisfaction is widely considered to be a central aspect of human welfare. Many have identified happiness with it, and some maintain that well‐being consists largely or wholly in being satisfied with one's life. Empirical research on well‐being relies heavily on life satisfaction studies.

Aims

The aim of this study was to examine the relationships of psychiatric disorders and physical disorders on life satisfaction among Arab older adults in general population.

Methods

Face‐to‐face interviews with Geriatric Mental State Interview (GMS‐A3) were conducted with a nationwide sample of 2000 household in 2001. Total samples of 610 elders (above 60 years) were interviewed.

Results

There were 347 males (56.9%) and 263 females (43.1%). The mean age was 68.6 years (SD = 8.3). The commonest diagnoses were depression (20.2%), anxiety (5.6%), hypochondriasis (4.4%), and organic brain syndrome with or without dementia (3.6%). The findings suggest that having depressive disorder was significantly associated with less life satisfaction in the whole sample of older adults' people. In addition, anxiety, hypochondriacal disorders, and organic brain syndrome were significantly associated with low life satisfaction. Meanwhile, other psychiatric disorders e.g., phobia, Obsessive Compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia were not significantly associated with life satisfaction. No significant relationship was found with any physical disorders alone. The data further reveal that low level of life satisfaction was especially significant in the age group above 85 years and people who live alone or only with wife/husband.

Conclusions

The strong influence of psychiatric disorders e.g., depression, anxiety, organic brain syndrome, and hypochondriasis rather than physical disorders suggests that a lack of meaning and worries are more detrimental to life satisfaction than physical frailty. The findings underscore the need to develop interventions that help older people deal more effectively with psychiatric disorders and its comorbidities. Moreover, the results suggest that providing family support, by not allowing older adults to live alone, may be especially helpful for older adults. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Restrictions in daily life after retinoblastoma from the perspective of the survivors
Authors: van Dijk Jennifer , Oostrom Kim J. , Huisman Jaap , Moll Annette C. , Cohen‐Kettenis Peggy T. , Ringens Peter J. , Imhof Saskia M.
Published: September 2009

Background

Little is known about the impact of retinoblastoma (RB) on the health status of survivors in terms of disabilities and worries, both of which may restrict participation in activities of daily life.

Methods

In this population‐based cross‐sectional study, content analysis was used to extract data on perceived restrictions and worries, from semi‐structured interviews held with 156 RB survivors aged 8–35 years. The International Classification of Functioning Disabilities and Health (ICF) was used as a framework.

Results

Of all survivors, 55% perceive RB‐related restrictions in daily life activities (school, professional career, mobility, self‐care, intimate relationships). Young/adolescent survivors (6%) and adult survivors (15%) frequently report anxiety about developing a second primary tumor (SPT). Compared with the general population, RB survivors did not differ in rates of employment or marital status. However, special educational services were more frequently offered, and the level of completed education was lower.

Conclusion

RB has influenced the lives of most survivors and, even though their prognosis was good, illness‐related restrictions are common. Especially fear of developing SPT and of further loss of vision are important life‐long problems, and many survivors had special education needs. The ICF might serve as a bridge between families and professionals, because this classification may facilitate early detection of problems. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 54:110–115. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural network‐based closure for modeling short‐fiber suspensions
Authors: Jack David A. , Schache Bryan , Smith Douglas E.
Published: September 2009

Fiber orientation tensors enjoy widespread application in short‐fiber reinforced polymer composite simulations because they provide a compact form for describing complex fiber orientation states. The orientation of reinforcing fibers within a short‐fiber composite directly affects the mechanical and thermal properties of the processed part, requiring that an accurate and efficient simulation method be available for use in product and process design. It is well understood that the equation of motion for each even‐ordered orientation tensor is dependent on the next higher even‐ordered orientation tensor, necessitating the use of a closure approximation. This article presents a new class of fitted orientation tensor closures where components of the fourth‐order tensor are computed from corresponding second‐order tensors using an artificial neural network (ANN). The ANN offers a unique advantage here because it is computationally efficient and is able to represent complex relationships between inputs and outputs where representative mathematical models do not exist. After a brief review of fiber orientation analysis, the new neural network closure (NNET) is defined along with a detailed description of the associated training procedure. The accuracy and computational efficiency of the NNET closure is then demonstrated with both simple and complex flow simulations.It is shown that simulations with the new NNET closure are as accurate as those using current orthotropic fitted closures at a computation cost that approaches the less accurate Hybrid closure. POLYM. COMPOS., 31:1125–1141, 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Differential expression of PCA3 and its overlapping PRUNE2 transcript in prostate cancer
Authors: Salagierski Maciej , Verhaegh Gerald W. , Jannink Sander A. , Smit Frank P. , Hessels Daphne , Schalken Jack A.
Published: September 2009

BACKGROUND

PCA3 is one of the most prostate cancer (PrCa)‐specific markers described so far. Recently, a new genomic structure of PCA3 as well as new flanking and overlapping gene transcripts has been identified. Furthermore, a co‐regulation of PCA3 and its overlapping gene PRUNE2(BMCC1) has been suggested. Our aim was to assess the diagnostic performance of a new PCA3 isoform (PCA3‐TS4) and to study the interactions between PCA3 and BMCC1 in PrCa.

METHODS

We used SYBR Green quantitative (q)PCR with specific primers to compare PCA3 and BMCC1 expression of normal versus tumor tissue of human prostate. PCA3‐TS4 plasmid was created to calculate the absolute amounts of PCA3 transcripts. The androgen regulation of PCA3 and BMCC1 expression was studied in LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells stimulated with 5α‐dihydrotestosterone.

RESULTS

We have not found any relevant diagnostic advantage of the PCA3‐TS4 isoform over the “classical” PCA3 isoform in our group of PrCa patients. Additionally, PCA3‐TS4 appears to be only a minor PCA3 transcript. We were also unable to confirm the hypothesis that BMCC1 isoforms are androgen‐induced in vitro.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite the presence of the recently identified marginal PCA3 transcripts in human PrCa, the previously described major PCA3 isoform still constitutes the best target for diagnostic purposes. PCA3 and BMCC1 are overlapping genes in reverse orientation that do not appear to be co‐regulated. Prostate 70: 70–78, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Density functional study of roles of porphyrin ring in electronic structures of heme
Authors: Takano Yu , Nakamura Haruki
Published: September 2009

Heme is a prosthetic group that consists of an iron ion contained in the center of a porphyrin, and a widely distributed cofactor in biology. It serves electron transfer and enzyme catalysis. There are many types of heme, which have several heme side chains such as propionyl, vinyl, and hydroxyfarnesylethyl groups. The differences in heme side chains yield many important functions. In this study, we have investigated the roles of porphyrin ring: heme porphyrin ring distortion, heme peripheral substitution, and protonation of propionyl group of heme, by using density functional theory with the polarizable continuum model. The effects of porphyrin ring of heme were discussed from the viewpoint of the charge density difference in the redox reaction and the redox potential. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Experimental and numerical evaluation of the strength and ductility of regular and cross spirally circular reinforced concrete columns for tall buildings under eccentric loading
Authors: Havaei Gh. Reza , Keramati Abolghassem
Published: September 2009

This research investigates the behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) columns subjected to eccentric loading (combination of axial loading and bending moment) for tall buildings with experimental and numerical methods. The columns are reinforced and confined with regular spiral and cross spiral (new technique). The new confinement technique uses two opposing spirals (cross spirals) to confine RC circular columns in order to enhance their strength and ductility. Fourteen RC circular columns subjected to different load eccentricities with two different grades of spirals steel are experimentally tested. The force, axial and lateral displacement and concrete strains in different locations are measured during the testing. The columns are 1000‐mm long with two hunched heads of 500‐mm height. The experimental and numerical results are compared and utilized to develop design guidelines of RC columns using the new confinement technique. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Klinik und Genetik der Gliedergürteldystrophien
Authors: Ferbert A. , Kress W.
Published: September 2009

Gliedergürtelmuskeldystrophien („limb girdle muscle dystrophies“, LGMD) sind eine klinisch sowie genetisch heterogene Gruppe von Muskelkrankheiten, von denen bis heute 7 dominante (LGMD1A–G) und 15 rezessive Formen (LGMD2A–O) beschrieben sind. Viele davon beginnen im Jugendlichenalter und führen in der Regel über die folgenden 2–4 Jahrzehnte zur Gehunfähigkeit. Die Symptomatik beginnt häufig im Beckengürtel, die Muskeln des Schultergürtels folgen in unterschiedlichem Abstand. Allele Formen der vorgestellten LGMD können auch einen distalen Prädilektionstyp aufweisen, wie die Miyoshi-Myopathie durch Mutationen im Dysferlingen. Die häufigsten Formen aus der Gruppe der rezessiven LGMD sind Calpainopathien (LGMD2A), Dystrophien durch Mutationen im FKRP-Gen (FKRP: „Fukutin-related protein“, LGMD2I) sowie Dysferlinopathien (LGMD2B). Es folgen in der Häufigkeit die Sarkoglykanopathien, die oft bereits im Kindesalter beginnen. Bei vielen Formen führt der Gendefekt zur Störung eines sarkolemmalen Proteins. Wegen der großen Heterogenität folgt die molekulargenetische Analyse in der Regel der Muskelbiopsie mit immunhistologischer Aufarbeitung. Eine spezifische Therapie ist bislang nicht verfügbar. Die Behandlung von Kontrakturen und die Überwachung evtl. begleitender Kardiomyopathien stehen neben der humangenetischen Beratung im Vordergrund.
Fazioskapulohumerale Muskeldystrophie
Authors: Kress W. , Jakubiczka S. , Koch M.C.
Published: September 2009

Die fazioskapulohumerale Muskeldystrophie (FSHD, MIM 158900) zählt zu den häufigsten Muskeldystrophien mit einer Prävalenz von mindestens 1:20.000. Bei den meisten Patienten manifestiert sich die langsam progrediente Myopathie in der 2. Lebensdekade mit einer Schwäche der Gesichts- und Schultermuskulatur sowie der Oberarme. Typischerweise sind die unteren Extremitäten erst im weiteren Verlauf betroffen. In selteneren kindlichen Fällen treten die Symptome schon in der 1. Dekade auf, und die Erkrankung verläuft schwer mit besonders starker Beteiligung der Gesichtsmuskulatur. Die Genetik der FSHD ist einzigartig und bis heute nicht endgültig geklärt. Ein direkter Gendefekt ist nicht bekannt. Es gibt eine enge Assoziation zur Deletion von subtelomerischen D4Z4-Repeat-Einheiten auf Chromosom 4q. Man vermutet einen Positionseffekt dieser D4Z4-Repeats auf zentromerwärts gelegene Gene, die bei Patienten in der Muskulatur überexprimiert werden. Die molekulargenetische Diagnostik erfolgt durch den Nachweis eines verkürzten D4Z4-Fragments im Southern-Blot. Erschwerend kommt hinzu, dass 10q-Repeat-Einheiten zu D4Z4-Einheiten hochhomolog sind und beide untereinander ausgetauscht werden können. Nur verkürzte Repeatfragmente in einer speziellen 4q-Umgebung sind pathogen.
Myotone Dystrophien – und ihre Differenzialdiagnosen
Authors: Schoser B. , Grimm T.
Published: September 2009

1909 wurde die klassische myotone Dystrophie (DM1) von Steinert erstmals beschrieben, 1994 entdeckte Ricker eine 2. Form (DM2). Als genetische Ursache der DM1 wurde 1992 ein abnorm expandiertes CTG(Cytosin-Thymin-Guanin)-Triplett-Repeat im 3’-UTR des Dystrophia-myotonica-Proteinkinase-Gens (DMPK-Gen) auf Chromosom 19 entdeckt, während 2001 die DM2 auf ein abnorm expandiertes Tetranukleotid-CCTG-Repeat im Intron 1 des Zinkfinger-9-Gens (ZNF-9) auf Chromosom 3q zurückgeführt werden konnte. Multisystemische Symptome betreffen Skelettmuskulatur, Gehirn, Auge, Herz und Endokrinium. Der heterogenen Ätiologie mit 2 genetischen Loci liegt pathogenetisch eine RNA-Prozessierungsstörung mit Fehlregulation und alternativem Spleißen von organspezifisch exprimierter Genen zugrunde (so genanntes Konzept der Spleißopathie). Zusätzliche Störungen des RNA-Metabolismus sind inzwischen evident. Unsere Übersicht umfasst aktuelle Aspekte des Phänotyps, der Differenzialdiagnose, der molekularen Diagnostik, der RNA-Pathogenese sowie symptomatischer und molekularer Therapieoptionen.
Inferring Yields from Probate Inventories
Authors: Allen Robert C.
Published: September 2009

An improvement on Mark Overton's method of computing crop yields from probate inventories is proposed. Harvesting costs are explicitly allowed for and a new procedure for eliminating cost-of-production valuations is offered. Applying these methods to a sample of Oxfordshire probate inventories generates higher yields than Overton's investigation of East Anglian inventories. The finding lends support to the view that most of the yield increase in early modern England occurred in the seventeenth century rather than the eighteenth.
The National Banking System and Southern Economic Growth: Evidence from One Southern City, 1870–1900
Authors: Campen James T. , Mayhew Anne
Published: September 2009

Evidence from banks in one southern city casts doubt upon the view that the quasi-monopolistic structure of the national banking system financed American industrialization by depriving southern and western regions of relatively inexpensive money. An increased number of national banks were lending much more locally in the 1880s and 1890s in Knoxville, Tennessee, than they were in the 1860s and 1870s. The national banking expansion and associated expansion in the number of state-chartered banks appear to have resulted from a local boom rather than from removal of barriers to entry.
Manufacturing Strategies in the Eighteenth Century: Subcontracting for Growth among Papermakers in the Auvergne
Authors: Reynard Pierre Claude
Published: September 2009

From the sixteenth century to the end of the eighteenth century, the papermakers of Ambert (Auvergne, France) remained the leading producers of quality printing paper in Europe. During the second half of the eighteenth century, they expanded greatly their production in response to a dynamic market. This success was achieved not through the adoption of new methods or the expansion of enterprises but through subcontracting practices. This article explores the conditions that fostered such strategies. It confirms the multiplicity of options available to early modern manufacturers but suggests that the socioeconomic characteristics of each community of producers conditioned their choices.
Culture Shock and Direct Investment in Poor Countries
Authors: Hanson John R.
Published: September 2009

The role of culture in economic development is experiencing renewed interest among scholars. This study proposes high intercultural transactions costs as a reason for the enduring scarcity of modem capital and technology in poor countries and conducts a statistical test based on the premise that cultural diffusion reduces these costs. The stock of direct investment in poor countries at the end of the colonial era is shown, as predicted, to be directly correlated with the diffusion of Westem culture in the European empires and elsewhere.
Economic Crisis and Political Response: The Political Economy of the Shipping Act of 1916
Authors: Sicotte Richard
Published: September 2009

Governments often respond to crisis situations with radical economic policies. The Shipping Act of 1916 created a government-owned shipping company. This significant departure from prior policy arose in the atmosphere of crisis surrounding the war in Europe. The Wilson Administration was able to use political institutions to its advantage and ensure that alternative, more moderate proposals would not be considered by the legislature. Initially thwarted by a filibuster, the administration was forced to compromise in order to maintain party loyalty and pass the bill in 1916.
Change and Involution in Sugar Production in Cultivation-System Java, 1840–1870
Authors: Chandra Siddharth , Vogelsang Timothy J.
Published: September 2009

Production functions for sugar in four major sugar-producing zones in Cultivation- System Java (1840 through 1870) are estimated using colonial data. The estimates are analyzed for evidence of structural change in the years from 1848 to 1851. The results confirm that the colonial reforms of those years were accompanied by significant changes in sugar production: the results are also consistent with the thesis of “agricultural involution” in Java. There is strong evidence for technological change in sugar production, though these gains cannot be specifically attributed to either the agricultural or the industrial aspect of sugar production.
Typhoid Rates and the Public Acquisition of Private Waterwork, 1880–1920
Authors: Troesken Werner
Published: September 2009

Progressive-Era reformers claimed typhoid, a waterborne disease, was more prevalent in cities with private water companies than in cities with public water companies. This article tests this claim for the 1880 to 1920 period. The evidence suggests private companies invested in water filters more often than public companies, and that switching from private to public provision of water did little to improve typhoid rates.
The Labor Market and the American High School Girl 1890–1928
Authors: Carter Susan B. , Prus Mark
Published: September 2009

Girls far outnumbered boys in American high schools at the turn of the century. Despite the fact that women on average spent far fewer years than men in the paid labor force, we argue that a high school education was a better investment for girls than for boys. This was because formal education offered the only opportunity for girls to obtain job-related skills, whereas it was but one of many such opportunities for boys.
Fertility and the Standard of Living in Early Modern England: in Consideration of Wrigley and Schofield
Authors: Olney Martha L.
Published: September 2009

Comparing the dating of turning points of fertility with real wage trends for the sixteenth through nineteenth centuries, Wrigley and Schofield reported that an average of 50 years elapsed between changes in real wages and in fertility. Using a formal statistical procedure, it is shown that over these three centuries the average lag length was closer to 16 years. With eighteenth-century regional wage data the estimates of average lag length range between 12 and 16 years.
“Reform” Social Darwinists and Measuring Levels of Living on American Farms, 1920–1926
Authors: McDean Harry C.
Published: September 2009

The first measurements in the 1920s of living standards of American farmers were not outgrowths of mere curiosity. As implemented by a new breed of social scientist in the USDA's Bureau of Agricultural Economics, especially Ellis Kirkpatrick, they were instruments of social Darwinism: keep the “higher” or “cerebral” type of farmer down on the farm by paying him parity prices.
The Standard of Living in Colonial Massachusetts
Authors: Main Gloria L.
Published: September 2009

Based on findings in Massachusetts probate records, 1650–1753, this paper argues that the average value of consumer goods among farmers and other rural inhabitants in that colony did not decline over the course of the colonial period but fluctuated around an average value little different from that for an equivalent segment of the population at risk in Maryland at the turn of the eighteenth century. Similar findings by Jackson Turner Main for.colonial Connecticut extend this absence of trend to a wider area of New England and to the years immediately preceding the American Revolution.
Mortality and Voyage Length in the Middle Passage: New Evidence from the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Eltis David
Published: September 2009

New data on mortality and voyage length in the nineteenth-century slave trade make possible further testing of hypotheses on why slaves died during the middle passage. Mortality rates (defined as death per slaves embarked/voyage length in days × 1000) were higher in the nineteenth century than in earlier centuries and varied markedly between regions of embarkation. In the high mortality regions, all ships in the sample appeared to have experienced a higher death rate, suggesting that epidemics were not of prime importance. Mortality rates do not appear to have fluctuated very much during the voyage nor does the slaves–per–ton variable have much explanatory power. The major explanation is probably endemic disease.
The Roots of Decline: Business-Government Relations in the American Steel Industry, 1945–1960
Authors: Tiffany Paul A.
Published: September 2009

Recent problems in the performance of the American steel industry have prompted a number of calls for an “industrial policy” for this sector. Before any such programs of public intervention can be considered, however, it would behoove public policymakers to examine why the industry fell into its present state of decline. This paper, an abstract of a longer study, analyzes the relations of business and government in American steel from 1945 to 1960, and concludes that public policies had as much to do with subsequent industry decline as did other factors previously delineated by scholars.
Capital Goods and Southern Economic Development
Authors: Ferleger Louis
Published: September 2009

Studies of the postbellum South have neglected the development of the capital goods industry within the region. The argument of this note is that where the capital goods industry was limited or not present, economic development was inhibited. Within the South, I focus on regional differences in the development of the industry. Evidence is presented that indicates that the development of the capital goods industry and the pattern of inventive activity (as measured by patents) varied considerably within the South. One key finding is that the plantation Old South had fewer patents per capita compared with the nonplantation South.
Exchange Rates and Economic Recovery in the 1930s
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , Sachs Jeffrey
Published: September 2009

Currency depreciation in the 1930s is almost universally dismissed or condemned. This paper advances a different interpretation of these policies. It documents first that depreciation benefited the initiating countries. It shows next that there can be no presumption that depreciation was beggar-thy-neighbor. While empirical analysis indicates that the foreign repercussions of individual devaluations were in fact negative, it does not imply that competitive devaluations taken by a group of countries were without mutual benefit. To the contrary, similar policies, had they been even more widely adopted and coordinated internationally, would have hastened recovery from the Great Depression.