bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KANDUNGAN GIZI GONAD DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK CANGKANG BULU BABI (Diadema setosum)
Authors: Hadinoto Sugeng , Sukaryono Ignacius Dhani , Siahay Yessy
Published: June 2017

Diadema setosum merupakan salah satu jenis bulu babi yang mempunyai nilai ekonomis. Bagian tubuh yang dikonsumsi adalah gonadnya. Organisme ini dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber pangan bergizi karena gonadnya mengandung asam amino, vitamin B kompleks, vitamin A, mineral, asam lemak omega-3, dan omega-6. Cangkang bulu babi diketahui memiliki potensi sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan gizi gonad bulu babi (D. setosum)  dan aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak cangkang bulu babi (D. setosum). Sampel gonad D. setosum berasal dari perairan desa Liang, Waai dan perairan desa Sila Kabupaten Maluku Tengah sedangkan cangkang yang diekstrak diambil dari bulu babi asal desa Sila. Kandungan gizi gonad bulu babi ditentukan melalui analisis proksimat dengan metode AOAC, sedangkan aktivitas anti bakteri diuji terhadap ekstrak metanol, etil asetat dan khloroform cangkang bulu babi dengan metode difusi agar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gonad D. setosum dari ketiga lokasi penelitian tersebut berturut-turut mengandung air  (72,24±0,02; 71,95±0,05 dan  77,56±0,02)%; abu  (11,7±0,09 dan 11,32±0,04)%bk; lemak (3,21±0,20; 3,49±0,12 dan 10,51±0,07)%bk; protein (44,8±0,36; 47,66±0,21 dan 64,93±0,96)%bk. Ekstrak cangkang memberikan efek antibakteri terhadap Eschericia coli, Salmonella sp. dan Bacillus cereus dengan zona hambat terhadap masing-masing bakteri dari ekstrak dengan pelarut metanol, yaitu : (1,84±0,05 mm; 1,84±0,03 mm dan 2,65±0,02 mm); pelarut etil asetat, yaitu (14,18±0,02 mm; 1,65±0,03 mm dan 14,49±0,03 mm); dan pelarut kloroform (0,64±0,08 mm; 8,98±0,03 mm dan 3,77±0,14 mm).
Karakteristik Emulsi Beberapa Fraksi Gelatin dari Kulit Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: Suryanti Suryanti , Marseno Djagal Wiseso , Indrati Retno , Irianto Hari Eko
Published: June 2017

Fraksinasi ekstrak gelatin dari kulit ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus) dengan menggunakan kantong dialisis MWCO 100 kD telah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik emulsi dari fraksi gelatin yang diperoleh melalui proses asam asetat 0,10 M (GAs) dan asam sitrat 0,05 M (GSi). Fraksi gelatin GAs yang diperoleh memiliki distribusi berat molekul  13,6-218,87 kD dan 15,27-61,1 kD sedangkan fraksi gelatin GSi sebesar 107,5-142,23 kD dan 12,5-82,9 kD. Gugus fungsional molekul dari keempat fraksi gelatin tersebut terdiri dari amida I (1648 cm-1), amida II (1452 cm-1) dan amida III (1089 cm-1). Karakteristik emulsi yang meliputi sifat emulsi (aktivitas dan stabilitas emulsi) serta ukuran partikel emulsi semakin meningkat dengan semakin meningkatnya berat molekul. Zeta potensial droplet emulsi gelatin dari proses asam sitrat 0,05 M (GSi) lebih banyak bermuatan ion positif daripada proses asam asetat 0,10 M(GAs). Emulsi yang terbentuk dari fraksi GAs dan GSi pada konsentrasi 0,1% termasuk dalam makroemulsi dengan ukuran droplet >100 nm dan stabilitas mencapai 22,62 menit yang dapat diaplikasikan pada produk pangan seperti whipping cream, salad dressing dan mayonnaise.
Transcriptomic and Proteomic Profiling Provides Insight into Mesangial Cell Function in IgA Nephropathy
Authors: Liu Peidi , Lassén Emelie , Nair Viji , Berthier Celine C. , Suguro Miyuki , Sihlbom Carina , Kretzler Matthias , Betsholtz Christer , Haraldsson Börje , Ju Wenjun , Ebefors Kerstin , Nyström Jenny
Published: June 2017

IgA nephropathy (IgAN), the most common GN worldwide, is characterized by circulating galactose-deficient IgA (gd-IgA) that forms immune complexes. The immune complexes are deposited in the glomerular mesangium, leading to inflammation and loss of renal function, but the complete pathophysiology of the disease is not understood. Using an integrated global transcriptomic and proteomic profiling approach, we investigated the role of the mesangium in the onset and progression of IgAN. Global gene expression was investigated by microarray analysis of the glomerular compartment of renal biopsy specimens from patients with IgAN (n=19) and controls (n=22). Using curated glomerular cell type–specific genes from the published literature, we found differential expression of a much higher percentage of mesangial cell–positive standard genes than podocyte-positive standard genes in IgAN. Principal coordinate analysis of expression data revealed clear separation of patient and control samples on the basis of mesangial but not podocyte cell–positive standard genes. Additionally, patient clinical parameters (serum creatinine values and eGFRs) significantly correlated withZscores derived from the expression profile of mesangial cell–positive standard genes. Among patients grouped according to Oxford MEST score, patients with segmental glomerulosclerosis had a significantly higher mesangial cell–positive standard geneZscore than patients without segmental glomerulosclerosis. By investigating mesangial cell proteomics and glomerular transcriptomics, we identified 22 common pathways induced in mesangial cells by gd-IgA, most of which mediate inflammation. The genes, proteins, and corresponding pathways identified provide novel insights into the pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to IgAN.
Heritage Lost:The cultural impact of wildlife crime in South Africa
Authors: Griffiths Megan Laura
Published: June 2017

Crimes against wildlife have come to the fore in South Africa in the past decade – largely due to the dramatic escalation of rhino poaching.  As a major custodian of iconic species such as the Big Five, South Africa is at the core of the illicit wildlife economy.  Since the country is reliant on wildlife tourism for economic development, poaching brings serious financial consequences.  These negative impacts, however, extend far beyond the economy and also protrude into the cultural sphere.  While some South Africans may be unmoved by the plight of the country’s wildlife as a result of a lack of exposure thereto, many feel socially linked to wildlife.  Concerned citizens often consider that future generations will not be able to experience wildlife due to extinction, and will thus be deprived of their rightful cultural inheritance.  The impact of wildlife crime may therefore be seen as a form of cultural victimisation.
Inclusive Anti-poaching? Exploring the Potential and Challenges of Community-based Anti-Poaching
Authors: Massé Francis , Gardiner Alan , Lubilo Rodgers , Themba Martha
Published: June 2017

In acknowledgement that the largely (para)militarized approach to anti-poaching has its limitations, alternative approaches to conservation law enforcement are being sought. One alternative focuses on including people from local communities in anti-poaching, what we call inclusive anti-poaching. Using a case study of a community scout programme from southern Mozambique, located adjacent South Africa’s Kruger National Park, we examine the potential of a community scout initiative to move towards a more inclusive and sustainable approach to anti-poaching and conservation. While highlighting its challenges and potential drawbacks, we argue that including local people into conservation law enforcement efforts can help address poaching and problematic aspects of current anti-poaching measures. However, to be a genuine and sustainable alternative, community ranger programmes must be part of a broader shift towards developing local wildlife economies that benefits local communities as opposed to supporting pre-existing anti-poaching interventions.
Live by the gun, die by the gun: An Analysis of Botswana’s ‘shoot-to-kill’ policy as an anti-poaching strategy
Authors: Mogomotsi Goemeone Emmanuel Judah , Madigele Patricia Kefilwe
Published: June 2017

Notwithstanding the adoption of various anti-poaching strategies, rhino and elephant poaching levels are increasingly growing in Southern African. To protect wildlife, the government of Botswana has devised and implemented controversial ‘shoot to kill’ policy against poachers. This strategy appears to be working in reducing poaching which is thought to be ‘virtually non-existent’ in Botswana. Thus the neighbouring countries have resorted to relocate their rhino populations to Botswana. This paper discusses the militarisation of conservation generally as a policy alternative. It makes an in-depth assessment of Botswana’s shoot-to-kill policy. This article adopts an exploratory research method to review the relevant literature in investigating the effectiveness of Botswana’s shoot-to-kill policy. It investigates whether this policy can be adopted by other countries particularly South Africa to combat poaching. This policy analysis is important for South Africa as it has been forced to transfer or migrate a substantial number of rhinos to Botswana.
Propagating T5-phages for Fluorescent Staining v1
Authors: Steven Wilhelm Dr.
Published: June 2017

Please contact Dr. Steven Wilhelm (wilhelm@utk.edu) for additional information regarding this protocol.
Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum dyspareunia at three months post- delivery in Sudanese women
Authors: Abd. Alkareem Inas Mohamed Elhassan , Ounsa Mohamed Ahmed A/Gadir , Mohamed Elsadig Yousif , Mohamed Elsadig , Abdalla Sawsan
Published: June 2017

Background: Postpartum dyspareunia affects many women following childbirth: however, the extent of the problem is difficult to estimate. The objectives of the current study were to determine the prevalence of postpartum dyspareunia and to estimate its risk factors.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted at the National Ribat University Hospital, Sudan. The study was carried out on women attended the refer clinics of obstetrics and gynecology and pediatrics departments in the hospital. The sample size was calculated as 380. The data were collected by a pre-tested questionnaire along with a clinical examination of the vulva and vagina after obtaining the ethical approval. The SPSS was used to analyze the data.Results: The prevalence of postpartum dyspareunia in women attended the National Ribat University hospital was 42.6 %. Regarding age, 8 (61.5%) of women less than 20 years of age experienced dyspareunia, 102 (46.4%) and 52 (35.4%) of women whose age was 20-29 years; and more than 29 years experienced the condition. One hundred forty (51.7%) of women who delivered by normal vaginal delivery developed postpartum dyspareunia. Eight (72.7%), 8 (12.5%) and 6 (17.6%) of women delivered by Operative vaginal, Elective C/S and Emergency C/S developed postpartum dyspareunia respectively. One hundred forty-eight (62.4%), 153 (51.3%) women who had decircumcision and episiotomy in last delivery had postpartum dyspareunia respectively. Forty-six (93.3%), fifty-three (86.9%) and 60 (87%) women who had infected episiotomy, scar tissue at episiotomy and tight interoitus developed the condition respectively.Conclusions: The prevalence of postpartum dyspareunia in women attended the National Ribat University hospital was 42.6 %. Regarding age, 8 (61.5%) of women less than 20 years of age experienced dyspareunia, 102 (46.4%) and 52 (35.4%) of women whose age was 20-29 years; and more than 29 years experienced the condition. One hundred forty (51.7%) of women who delivered by normal vaginal delivery developed postpartum dyspareunia. Eight (72.7%), 8 (12.5%) and 6 (17.6%) of women delivered by Operative vaginal, Elective C/S and Emergency C/S developed postpartum dyspareunia respectively. One hundred forty-eight (62.4%), 153 (51.3%) women who had decircumcision and episiotomy in last delivery had postpartum dyspareunia respectively. Forty-six (93.3%), fifty-three (86.9%) and 60 (87%) women who had infected episiotomy, scar tissue at episiotomy and tight interoitus developed the condition respectively.
Can Co-enzyme Q10 improve the chances of conception after the age of 35?
Authors: Abd El Fattah Eman Ali
Published: June 2017

Background: ovarian follicular quality diminishes with age, Free radicals and oxidative stress begin to accumulate in cells, aging or slowing down the metabolic energy production centers in the cell- the mitochondria. When the mitochondria cannot generate a certain amount of energy, it slows growth and proper development of the follicle making it more prone to DNA damage, including chromosomal abnormalities resulting in poor fertilization patterns, and early miscarriage. Co-enzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a major cellular antioxidant. its tissue levels gradually decrease with age. We attempt to evaluate its protective effect on ROS-induced ovarian damage, which is one of the most important and widely accepted patho- mechanisms underlying cell ageing.Methods: 40 Participants   from El Shatby hospital infertility clinic 35 to 38 years old, with history of bad response to ovulation stimulation, were divided into two equal groups (group A given (CoQ10) 3mg|kg body weight for three cycles prior to stimulation Serum anti- mullarian hormone level was measured before and after CoQ10 administration, group B= twenty cases as control). Participants were given gonadotrophins (150 IU to 375 IU). Follicular growth was monitored by trans- vaginal ultra- sonography and serum estradiol level (E2). Ovulation trigger was achieved using 10,000 IU of human chorionic gonadotrophin.Results: The primary outcome was occurrence of normal pregnancy; secondary outcome was good response to stimulation (at least one mature follicle 18-22mm).Conclusions: CoQ10 has no significant effect on response to ovulation stimulation or on pregnancy rates.
2-hour 75 gm OGTT for screening and Rescreening at 32-34 weeks for diagnosing gestational diabetes-evaluation of maternal and neonatal outcomes
Authors: Swain Sujata
Published: June 2017

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus, most of which progress to type-2 diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide. Identification of gestational diabetes and control of glucose can reduce such complications and improve maternal and neonatal health.Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was conducted to find out maternal and fetal outcome of gestational diabetes from January 2014 to September 2015. Data were collected from 500 antenatal women screened out of which 25 had gestational diabetes and 35 women had intermediate hypergylcaemia attending Sriram Chandra Medical College and Hospital Cuttack for delivery.Results: In our study out of 500 patients, 25 mothers were diagnosed as GDM; its prevalence is 5% in our hospital. In GDM group 10 patients out of 25 had history of risk factors, which constitutes 40 % of the patients. The age group at risk of getting gestational diabetes in this study was between 20-35 years in 98.5%of cases. All the mothers with gestational diabetes were of low parity. In this study, nearly 56% of mothers with gestational diabetes had a body mass index of greater than 25. Significant numbers of cases were detected by rescreening at 32 to 36 weeks who are screen negative during the initial screening procedure (i.e. 10% in GDM group). Caesarean section rate was more in GDM group, mostly due to obstructed labour, fetal distress, hypertension, big baby. Complications like trauma to the baby, congenital anomaly, still birth of the baby were infrequent in this study.Conclusions: Pregnancy thought to be the most vulnerable stage of women's life and protecting her health along with her fetus during this period yields a positive impact on the health of future generation. Particular attention should be given during antenatal period to initiate screening programme and treatment protocol for gestational diabetic mothers.
A prospective study on maternal and perinatal outcome of gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: P. K. Sathiamma , Karunakaran Lalithambica
Published: June 2017

Background: To identify risk factors, study maternal, fetal and perinatal outcome of pregnancy in relation to the glycemic control and different modalities of management in pregnancy complicated by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM).Methods: Descriptive study conducted in Department of OBG, Government TD Medical College Alappuzha, during the one year period January 2005 to December 2005. Study group comprised of 134 women who are diagnosed to have GDM. The aim was to study the maternal, fetal and perinatal outcome.Results: Despite early diagnosis and treatment the GDM patients in the present study had a statistically significant higher incidence of pregnancy induced hypertension (11.9%) induction of labor about (37.2%), caesarean section (58.96%) preterm delivery (2.99%) macrosomia (2.9%). Incidence of perinatal morbidity was 29.8%, common causes being neonatal hypoglycemia (32.5%), hyperbilirubinemia (12.5%) meconium aspiration syndrome (7.5%). Admission to neonatal unit required in (25%). There were 2 cases of intrauterine deaths, 2 cases of neonatal deaths and no still births. Perinatal mortality was 2.9%.Conclusions: The occurrence of GDM is a high-risk situation. Maternal morbidity, perinatal morbidity and mortality are increased in women with GDM. All pregnant women should be screened for GDM with a 50gm oral glucose load followed by a glucose determination 1 hour later. This helps to detect all GDM cases earlier and so timely intervention can be done which will reduces the complications. Proper management of GDM during the antenatal period will improve pregnancy outcome.
Prediction of preterm labour by cervical length
Authors: Wadhawan Urvi Tanna , Shah Neelima P. , Patil Ajit N.
Published: June 2017

Background: Preterm birth is one of the commonest causes of perinatal mortality. Cervical length is one of the major determinants of preterm delivery.Methods: This prospective observational study of 100 pregnant women attending ANC OPD was carried out at D.Y. Patil Hospital, Kolhapur. The pregnant women were scanned for cervical length between 11-14 weeks and 20-22 weeks of gestation, using USG machine with TVS probe (mindray DC-7).Results: The mean value of cervical length in pregnant women at 11-14 weeks was 3.94 cm and at 20-22 weeks of gestation it was 3.38 cm. There was shortening in the pregnant cervix from first to second trimester. In the study 12% of patients delivered prematurely who had reduction in cervical length from first trimester to second trimester. The inverse relation between the cervical length during pregnancy and frequency of preterm delivery was confirmed. The decrease in cervical length at 11-14 weeks of gestation and 20-22 weeks of gestation was useful for identifying patients at increased risk for pre-trerm.Conclusions: Our findings confirm those of previous studies that have found an inverse relation between the length of the cervix, as measured by transvaginal ultrasonography during pregnancy, and the frequency of preterm delivery. We found that the cervical length measured at 11-14 weeks and 20-22 weeks gestation was decreased in asymptomatic women with single to n pregnancies was useful for identifying patients at increased risk for preterm delivery.
Trends in ectopic pregnancy: a retrospective clinical study of 79 cases
Authors: M. Sindhura , R. Sailatha , M. Famida A. , K. Vijayalakshmi , S. Sathiya , S. Renuka
Published: June 2017

Background: To know the age group, parity, risk factors, clinical features, modalities of treatment employed and their efficacies, morbidity and mortality associated with ectopic pregnancy.Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute; Chennai over a period of 3 years from January 2014 to December 2016. A total number of 79 cases of ectopic pregnancies were reported during this period. Data were collected, tabulated and analyzed.Results: 79 cases were diagnosed as ectopic pregnancies during the study period giving an incidence of 3.49%. Incidence of cases was maximum in women between the age group of 26-30 years (40.50%), in multiparous women (72.15%) and also in women of gestational age between 6 to 10 weeks (81.01%).72% of the cases had one or more identifiable risk factors. Ruptured ectopic was observed in 45 (56.96%)cases while unruptured in 31 (39.24%) cases. Tubal abortion was found in 3 (3.74%) cases. 2.53% cases were expectantly managed. 34.17% cases were medically managed. 63.29% cases were managed surgically. Morbidity due to ectopic pregnancy included anaemia, wound infection, SICU admission. No mortality observed.Conclusions: A high index of suspicion is needed in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy especially in women with high risk factors to arrive at early diagnosis, followed with conservative management, thus reducing the morbidity. We can reduce the incidence of ectopic pregnancy by awareness on safe sexual practices and contraception. The lady’s future fertility can be improved by focusing on prevention, early diagnosis and conservative management of ectopic pregnancy.
Study of maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Jadhav Deepali S. , Wankhede Uma N.
Published: June 2017

Background: GDM is defined as carbohydrate intolerance of variable severity with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. Women with gestational diabetes are characterized by a relatively diminished insulin secretion and pregnancy induced insulin resistance primarily present in the skeletal muscle tissue. Normal pregnancy is a diabetogenic state characterized by exaggerated rate and amount of insulin release, associated with decreased sensitivity to insulin at cellular levels. The objective of the study was to study the maternal, the fetal and the neonatal outcomes of treated patients of GDM in present study.Methods: It was a hospital based clinical study. 1000 patients were enrolled between 24-28 weeks of gestation and DIPSI test was performed. Diagnosis of GDM was done using DIPSI criteria. 80 patients were diagnosed with GDM and followed till delivery to study the maternal, fetal and neonatal outcome.Results: Elderly patients, patients with previous history of GDM, patients with family history of diabetes, patients with high BMI and patients with polyhydramnios are at high risk for GDM.Conclusions: Hypertensive disorders and preterm birth are known to be higher with GDM are similar to the non-GDM group suggesting that early diagnosis and prompt treatment and maintaining strict glycemic control by patient may be beneficial. GDM can be managed well on MNT and lifestyle modifications, only few patients required insulin therapy. In spite of appropriate glycemic control, the incidence of macrosomia found to be high in GDM group. Sudden unexplained stillbirth can occur in spite of strict glycemic control. Neonatal complications have occurred despite well glycemic control.
Copper T (380 A) and risk of uterine perforation in lactating women: rural scenario
Authors: Armo Meena , Minj Indu Bala , Triki Anju Rani , Shrivastava Namita , Mishra Sonal
Published: June 2017

Background: Copper T 380 A is commonly used as PPIUCD as well as Interval contraception in rural areas of Chhattisgarh. Studies have reported that interval insertion of intrauterine device in women during their lactation period is associated with high risk of uterine perforation as compared to postpartum insertion similar as our study.Methods: 50 consecutive women were included, who came in family planning OPD of Chhattisgarh Institute of Medical Sciences (CIMS), a Government Medical College, with history of copper T insertion, during their lactation period, within one year of child birth. The copper T insertion was done by health workers at peripheral health centers with complains of pain lower abdomen, menstrual irregularities, missing thread, vaginal discharge, uterine perforation following Copper T 380 A insertion. Apart from patient’s characteristics such as age and parity etc. the method of detection of the perforation and details of management were analyzed.Results: There was one case of partial uterine perforation, one case of copper T lying in peritoneal cavity, two cases of expulsion and three cases had embedded copper T in the myometrium.Conclusions: The risk of perforation due to copper T 380A insertion in lactating women is slightly high, thus timing of insertion, proper counseling and providers training, which are vital factors for intrauterine device use during lactation period, should be considered seriously so as to minimize the complications.
To compare trans-vaginal ultrasound colour doppler (TUCD) with hysteroscopy and guided endometrial biopsy in diagnosing abnormal uterine bleeding
Authors: Choudhary Swati , Ahmad Syed Nawaz , Agarwal Shefali
Published: June 2017

Background: To compare trans-vaginal ultrasound Colour Doppler (TUCD) with hysteroscopy and guided endometrial biopsy in diagnosing abnormal uterine bleeding.Methods: A total of 50 consecutive and haemodynamically stable patients aged more than 40 years with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) were included in the study. Patients with pregnancy and probable cervical malignancy were excluded. All the patients were subjected to TUCD followed by hysteroscopic directed endometrial biopsy during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle between 7th and 11th day to diagnose the underlying pathology. In postmenopausal female both TUCD and hysteroscopy were performed on any day. Results of both the procedures were compared.Results: The sensitivity and specificity of TUCD as compared to hysteroscopy in diagnosing polyp was found out to be 27.78% and 100%; for fibroid 100% and 84.4%; for endometrial hyperplasia 86.36% and 96.43%; for endometrial carcinoma 71.43% and 100%; and for endometrial atrophy 100% and 100%, respectively. After application of kappa statistics, the degree of agreement between the two diagnostic procedures was found to be 0.599 which was considered to be good.Conclusions: Conditions like fibroid, endometrial atrophy and cases of A-V malformation are better diagnosed with TUCD, while others like endometrial polyps, endometrial carcinoma are better detected on hysteroscopy. TUCD can diagnose most of the pathologies but not all, so it can be used as an adjunct to hysteroscopy to diagnose endometrial pathology, but can surely not replace hysteroscopy.
Study of adaptability and efficacy of menstrual cup in managing menstrual health and hygiene
Authors: Kakani C. R. , Bhatt Jalpa K.
Published: June 2017

Background: Menstrual cups have been available for decades, but their use is limited by bulky design and the need for multiple sizes. However, some benefits have been reported like improvement in managing health and hygiene during menstruation, better information on the average menstrual fluid discharged by women during menstruation and attainment of more knowledge bridging the lacuna in knowledge about the adaptability and efficacy of menstrual cup as a better alternative to conventional options. The study is aimed towards assessing the adaptability and the effectiveness of menstrual cup by naïve users who have been using sanitary pads/tampons/cloth as conventional menstrual sanitary protection.Methods: The study was conducted at conducted Gujarat Medical Education and Research Society, Medical College and Hospital, Dharpur, Patan, Gujarat, India. Total 158 participants aged between ages of 20 to 50 years with regular menstrual cycle were enrolled in the study. Participants were provided menstrual cups to be used for three consecutive menstrual cycles. They were given detailed explanation/information about its usage. Feedback was obtained after every cycle for three cycles using a structured questionnaire.Results: The cup was preferred for comfort, dryness, and less odor. Insertion was easy for 80% participants and 90% participants found removal easy. Problem of leakage was encountered in 3-6%. There were few side effects like rashes, dryness or infection.Conclusions: These results demonstrate that this reusable vaginal device has no significant health risks and is acceptable to many women without the need for fitting or other medical services.
A study of birth defects in a tertiary care teaching hospital at Chennai, India
Authors: Amirthalingam Mangalageetha , Dakshnamurthy Padmalatha , Shanmugham Vinodhini
Published: June 2017

Background: The Congenital anomalies were estimated to be the fifth largest cause of neonatal deaths in India. The purpose of our study was to determine the proportion and pattern of congenital anomalies and their association with risk factors like maternal diabetes, advanced maternal age and consanguinity among the babies born in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Chennai.Methods: This study is a cross sectional descriptive study where all the newborns including still born delivered with the presence of congenital anomalies and those fetuses terminated due to detection of presence of congenital anomalies were analyzed. The study was done at the OBG department in a tertiary care center for a period of one year 1st June 2015 to 31st May 2016.Results: The overall incidence of birth defects were 2.36%, of which musculo skeletal defects (18.88%) were commonly found. There was a definite correlation of risk factors with consanguinity showing an incidence of 1.5 times the overall incidence of birth defects (3.54%) and maternal diabetes mellitus was 6 times the total incidence (15.3%). The correlation between the incidence of birth defects and advanced maternal age was not statistically significant in our study.Conclusions: The study depicts the risk of occurrence of congenital anomalies in the presence of maternal diabetes and in consanguineous marriage and emphasizes on the necessity of adequate screening like first trimester and second trimester ultrasonogram for the early detection of anomalies in the fetus especially if these risk factors are present in the mother.
Role of AFB culture, histopathology and laparoscopy in female genital tuberculosis as a cause for chronic pelvic pain
Authors: Sharma Hemlata , Sharma Saurabh , Bharadwaj Neelam , Lamba Indira
Published: June 2017

Background: As Female genital tuberculosis is an important cause of significant morbidity presenting mainly as infertility and chronic pelvic pain so the study was proposed to estimate the prevalence of genital tuberculosis in women with idiopathic chronic pelvic pain by AFB culture, histopathology and laparoscopy.Methods: In this prospective study, we enrolled 65 women with idiopathic chronic pelvic pain. Diagnostic laparoscopy was done and Endometrial biopsy or menstrual blood was taken and sent for AFB culture and histopathological examination.Results: In this study, the prevalence of genital TB in women with CPP was 35.38% (24/65) of which23 had gross findings of genital TB and one had pelvic congestion with positive result in AFB culture. Laparoscopic findings were normal in 13 out of 65 women (20%) whereas these were abnormal in 52 women. Histological evidence of genital TB was reported in 12.5% (3/24) women. AFB culture reported positive in 16.66% (4/24) women.Conclusions: Genital tuberculosis is an important cause for idiopathic chronic pelvic pain mainly in developing countries. AFB culture of menstrual blood is a simple, noninvasive test that is useful many times especially in unmarried girls or those who are not willing for invasive tests. Laparoscopy is an excellent tool in diagnosis of genital TB as it allows direct visualization.
Estimation of foetal birth weight clinically and sonographically and its correlation with its actual birth weight: a prospective and comparative study
Authors: Bajaj Preeti , Kadikar Gunvant K. , Kannani Medha , Bhatt Manoj , Shah Shivani
Published: June 2017

Background: Knowledge of fetal weight in utero is vital for the obstetrician in deciding whether to deliver the fetus as well as in fixing the mode of delivery. Both low birth weight and excessive fetal weight at delivery are associated with increased risk of newborn complications during labor and the puerperium.  During the last decade, estimated fetal weight has been incorporated into the standard routine antepartum evaluation of high-risk pregnancies and deliveries. Objective of present study was to assess the fetal weight in term pregnancies by Clinical and Sonographic and to compare the methods after knowing the actual weight of the baby after birth.Methods: It is a prospective and comparative study of 200 women at term pregnancy at Sir T. Hospital, Bhavnagar, India from 2015 to 2016. Patients within 7 days from their Expected Date of Delivery were included in the study. The formulas used in this study are: Johnson's formula, Dare’s formula and Hadlock's formula using ultrasound.Results: Results vary in terms of accuracy with various methods employed for estimating the fetal weight. This study showed that Dare’s Formula was the best indicator among all other methods assessed followed by Hadlock's formula by ultrasonographic method.Conclusions: SFH measurement continues to be used in many countries on large scale because of its low cost, ease of use and need for little training as the setup for ultrasonographic evaluation is not readily available in rural setups.
Pregnancy with severe anemia: a dangerous combination with increase in maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. How can we prevent it?
Authors: Tyagi Smita , Tyagi Natasha
Published: June 2017

Background: Anaemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or their oxygen-carrying capacity is insufficient to meet physiologic needs, which vary by age, sex, altitude, smoking, and pregnancy status. In its severe form, it is associated with fatigue, weakness, dizziness and drowsiness. Pregnant women and children are particularly vulnerable.Methods: This study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Muzaffarnagar medical college, Muzaffarnagar and the data was taken according to the WHO.Results: It was found that the prevalence of anemia was 91%. According to WHO classification, out of this 44.9% were mildly anemic, 29.9% were moderately anemic and 25% were severely anemic.Conclusions: The causes of anemia in pregnancy are illiteracy, poor socioeconomic status, improper distribution of iron and calcium tablets in rural areas due to poor health care intrastructure.
Adnexal Torsion in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy: A Challenging Diagnosis
Authors: Tayyar Ahter Tanay , Tayyar Ahmet , Atakul Tolga , Senturk Mehmet Baki , Cundubey Cevat Rifat , Tayyar Mehmet
Published: June 2017

The incidence of adnexal torsion (AT) is reported 1 in 10000 births. AT is emergency condition in pregnancy, while the risk of late diagnosis is increased, in third trimester. Since it has been described as a severe complication after controlled ovarian hyper-stimulation for in vitro fertilization (IVF), it is more common in IVF pregnancies. This condition mainly occurs in the first trimester; it is rare during the late third trimester. Herein, we report a case of a 26-year-old woman, gravida 1, singleton pregnancy in the 30th week of gestation was presented to emergency department with 24-hour history of a stabbing pain because of AT. Removal of adnexa performed by laparotomy. The patient had labour pain and cervical dilatation at the 36th week of gestation and a healthy girl weighing 2,200 g was born by emergency caesarean section due to breech presentation.
Ulipristal acetate (UPA) for fibroids–IVF outcomes following treatment with UPA after IVF failure: series of 2 case reports
Authors: Kale Ashish R
Published: June 2017

Uterine fibroids (also known as leiomyomas or myomas) are the most common form of benign uterine tumors. Fibroids are present in 5-10% of infertile patients, and may be the sole cause of infertility in 1-2.4%. The removal of fibroids by hysteroscopy and laparoscopy has now become the standard of care depending upon the size, number and location of fibroids in an infertile woman. Off lately, there is growing evidence of the crucial role of progesterone pathways in the pathophysiology of uterine fibroids due to the use of selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs) such as ulipristal acetate (UPA). Here, we report a case series of 2 women, with fibroids, who were put on UPA prior to IVF. These women had at least one previous IVF failure. The pre and post UPA fibroid characteristics were compared to see the effect of the drug. IVF was done post 3 month UPA therapy. Both the women showed a drastic reduction in the fibroid size, increased distance from endometrial cavity, and successful post UPA IVF cycles. Safety of the drug has been proven in few recent trials, but the role of UPA in infertile women with fibroids, who have had previous IVF failure, has opened new horizons in this field.
MCMA acardiac twin: a trap?
Authors: S. Vinayachandran , Sudhakar Vedhapriya
Published: June 2017

Acardiac twining or Twin Reverse Arterial Perfusion (TRAP) is a rare complication of monozygotic twin occurring due to retrograde perfusion of acardiac twin by structurally normal pump twin through abnormal arterio-arterial anastomosis in the placenta. Here we report a case of unexpected occurrence of acardiac twin diagnosed as monozygotic monoamniotic twin (MCMA) gestation with single foetal demise due to multiple anomalies, delivered vaginally suggesting a role for expectant management.
Caesarean delivery on maternal request (CDMR): clinical and ethical dilemma
Authors: Mann Ankita , Mehta Sumita , Grover Anshul
Published: June 2017

Now a days, in developing countries like India, one of the most common contributing factor for increasing caesarean section rate is CDMR (Caesarean delivery on maternal request). Incidence of CDMR reached upto 18 percent of total caesarean deliveries worldwide. The issue of CDMR is ongoing bioethical debate which highlights the struggle to balance patient autonomy with duty of obstetrician to uphold the principle of beneficence, non maleficence and justice. Our mission should be to promote safe, effective and satisfying maternity care for all women and their families through research, education, expertise and advocacy.
Macrocalcification in thyroid nodule
Authors: Verma Naina , Mohindroo Shobha , Azad Ramesh , Mohindroo N. K.
Published: June 2017

Background: The thyroid is one of the largest endocrine organs. The prevalence of palpable thyroid nodules increases with age and is 4-7% in a middle-aged population. Objective of present study was to understand if thyroid malignancy is associated with macrocalcification.Methods: 34 cases were with thyroid nodules were evaluated initially with sonography and then with FNAC, the results of which were given on the basis of Bethesda system.Results: On USG, 23 (67.6%) nodules had macrocalcifications, 5 (14.7%) had microcalcifications and 6 (17.6%) had both micro as well as macrocalcifications. Cytology of 23 nodules with macrocalcification were non-diagnostic in 8.7%, benign 73.9%, suspicious for malignancy in 8.7 % and malignant in 8.7%. Only 2 lesions with macrocalcification and 1 with both macro and microcalcification came out to be non-diagnostic. 17 lesions with macrocalification were diagnosed as benign, 2 as suspicious for malignancy and 2 as malignant. While 3 lesions with microcalcification were diagnosed as malignant on FNAC and 2 as benign.Conclusions: Macrocalcification is not a good indicator for malignancy.
Role of sST2 in prognostication and risk stratification in patients with heart failure
Authors: Thakre Gaurav Pradip , Venkat Manjunath Bagur , Sahoo Bhabani Charan
Published: June 2017

Background: sST2, an interleukin (IL)-1 receptor family member, has been identiﬁed as a novel biomarker for cardiac strain. Concentrations of sST2 have prognostic value and found to be predictive of the rate of mortality in the follow-up of patients after an acute heart failure episode. The present study aims to study relationship between serum sST2 levels along with prognosis and risk of mortality in heart failure patients.Methods: The Study was conducted in A.J. Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, India with 56 heart failure patients in the duration of 1 year. sST2 level of each patient was taken on the day of admission then after one month, six months and one year.Results: Concentration of sST2 was consistently higher in 55.3% patients. Patients with lower values of ST2 levels were having less number of hospital admissions for heart failure symptoms (44.6%). The patients who were having high ST2 levels died due to cardiac events by the end of one month, six months and one year were 7.1%, 11.5% and 13% respectively (p<0.001) which was highly significant. Overall mortality with the patients who were having higher ST2 levels was 28.5% (p<0.001 HS).Conclusions: Elevated sST2 levels are predictive of cardiac events in patients with heart failure and provide complementary information about prognostication and risk stratification of patient. Serial monitoring of sST2 will aid in clinical decision making.
A study on virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance pattern among enterococci isolated from various clinical specimens from a tertiary care hospital
Authors: G. Hemalatha , K. Bhaskaran , M. Sowmiya , Howlader Anusheela , K. Sethumadhavan
Published: June 2017

Background: Enterococci, adult faeces commensal are important nosocomial pathogens. E. faecalis is the most common cause of infection, followed by E. faecium. In the past two decades, they have developed resistance to many commonly used antimicrobial agents. Understanding virulence factors and monitoring antimicrobial resistance among Enterococci is essential for controlling the spread of bacterial resistance and important for epidemiological surveillance within the hospital environment. The aim of the study is to evaluate antibiotic resistance and virulence factors exhibited by Enterococcus sp.Methods: One hundred consecutive isolates of Enterococci isolated from different clinical samples of patients attending AVMC and H, a tertiary care center at Pondicherry in a period of 20 months were included in the study. Enterococcus sp were identified as per standard conventional bacteriologic methods and detected for the production of virulence factors such as Hemolysin production, Gelatinase production. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by disc diffusion method and MIC of vancomycin and teicoplanin was determined by E-test strips.Results: Among 100 Enterococcal isolates included in the study, 81% were E. faecalis and 19% were E. faecium which were isolated from urine (44%), Pus (51%) and others specimen (5%, which includes blood 80% and drain tube 20%). In this study, overall 15% of E. faecalis and 1% of E. faecium showed hemolysin production and Gelatinase was produced by 6% of E. faecalis and 4% of E. faecium. Majority of E. faecalis and E. faecium strains isolated in our study, had increased sensitivity were to be exhibited for Linezolid, Vancomycin followed by high level gentamycin and high degree of resistance to penicillin, ciprofloxacin and cotrimoxazole. Analyzing the results of MIC of vancomycin and teicoplanin, 5 isolates were classified phenotypically as VanB phenotype that possess only moderate to high levels of vancomycin resistance and one isolate obtained from drain tube which showed MIC of vancomycin as 120µg/ml and teicoplanin 16µg/ml was grouped into VanA.Conclusions: Though the prevalence of vancomycin resistant Enterococcci (VRE) is very low in our study, yet regular monitoring of vancomycin resistance is very crucial for early detection, treatment, application of preventive and control measures and most importantly to check the spread of virulent multidrug resistant Enterococcus species.
Study of the causes and factors which affect compliance of the patient in directly observed short course chemotherapy in pulmonary tuberculosis in Central India
Authors: Saxena Vivek , Saxena Shreshtha
Published: June 2017

Background: TB is one of the most ancient diseases. World Health Organization (WHO) estimated 9.2 million new cases in 2014 out of which 2.2 million were from India. National tuberculosis programme was started since 1962 and short course chemotherapy was included in 1983. With this background in 1992 WHO and Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) reviewed the programme. As a result, revised national tuberculosis programme (RNTCP) was started. RNTCP recommended directly observed short course chemotherapy in pulmonary tuberculosis (DOTS) and was implemented in 1993. Objective of present study was to find out the causes and factors affecting compliance of the patients in directly observed short course chemotherapy in pulmonary tuberculosis.Methods: We studied 100 patients of pulmonary tuberculosis, who were sputum smear positive for tubercle bacilli. Patients were treated with DOTS (Directly Observed Short Course Chemotherapy) recommended by RNTCP and we observed the causes and factors responsible for interruption of the treatment in noncompliant patients.Results: Overall compliance was 78% and 22% patients were noncompliant. Most common cause of noncompliance was side effects of drugs (12%), noncompliance was maximum (45.45%) between age group of 15-25 years. Illiterate and low socioeconomic status patients were more noncompliant 46.45% and 63.63% respectively.Conclusions: Eventually, after seeing all merits and demerits of DOTS, we have concluded that intensive health education may have favourable impact to improve further outcome of DOTS and compliance of the patients.
Biliary ductal variations and its clinical implications: a cadaveric study
Authors: Parmar Priyanka , Rathee Suresh Kanta , Dhattarwal SK , Marwah Sanjay
Published: June 2017

Background: Biliary ductal region being frequently abnormal has been the subject of research since long time for anatomists, surgeons and radiologists as well.Methods: The present study was carried out in the department of Anatomy at PGIMS, Rohtak on 50 specimens of liver taken unblock with associated structures.Results: Accessory hepatic and accessory cystic ducts were observed in 4% cases each.  2% cases exhibited abnormal low fusion of cystic duct with common hepatic duct.Conclusions: These anomalies may add to postoperative complications if ignored. Present study is a step in the direction of creating awareness about these variations among the clinicians.
Clinical correlation between dry eye and pterygium: a study done at government medical college Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, North India
Authors: Manhas Angli , Gupta Dinesh , Gupta Aditi , Kumar Dinesh , Manhas Rameshwar S. , Manhas Gaurav S.
Published: June 2017

Background: To study the prevalence of dry eye among the patients of pterygium and to find the clinical correlation between dry eye and pterygium.Methods: The study was conducted at postgraduate department of Ophthalmology of GMC Jammu over a period of one year. 90 pterygium patients and 180 age and sex matched controls presenting to the eye OPD of GMC Jammu were included in the study. The TBUT, Schirmer’s test, basal tear secretion and Rose Bengal staining score were estimated in all patients. A TBUT of less than 10 seconds, a Schirmer’s test of less than 10mm, basal tear secretion of less than 10mm, Rose Bengal staining score of more than 3 were considered abnormal.Results: Redness 57 (63.33%) was the most frequently occurring symptom in pterygium patients followed by cosmosis 49 (54.44%). The mean TBUT, mean Schirmer’s, mean basal secretion and mean Rose Bengal staining score values were 9.88±3.39 seconds, 13.17±4.57mm, 10.11±4.81mm and 3.27±1.85 in pterygium patients and 14.22±3.99 seconds, 16.40±5.21mm, 12.19±5.05mm and 2.49±1.86 in the control group respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the dry eye results between the pterygium patients and control groups (p<0.001). The odd’s ratio between dry eye and pterygium was 3.83, dry eye was present in 53 pterygium patients.Conclusions: The prevalence of dry eye in pterygium patients was 58.89% which suggests that there is a strong positive clinical correlation between dry eye and pterygium.