bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Late Pleistocene–early Holocene polychaete borings in NE Spitsbergen and their palaeoecological and climatic implications: an example from the Basissletta area
Authors: HANKEN NILS‐MARTIN , UCHMAN ALFRED , JAKOBSEN STEN LENNART
Published: August 2011

Hanken, N.‐M., Uchman, A. & Jakobsen, S. L. 2012 (January): Late Pleistocene–early Holocene polychaete borings in NE Spitsbergen and their palaeoecological and climatic implications: an example from the Basissletta area. Boreas, Vol. 41, pp. 42–55. 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2011.00223.x. ISSN 0300‐9483

Limestone and dolomite bedrock surfaces, together with blocks derived from these underlying bedrocks, at Basissletta, NE Spitsbergen, contain Late Pleistocene–early Holocene, shallow‐marine, spionid polychaete borings Caulostrepsis taeniola Clarke, Caulostrepsis contorta Bromley & D'Alessandro, and Maeandropolydora isp. The borings occur about 9–78 m above present sea level, and this is the northernmost known occurrence of these trace fossils. 14C dating of wood, whalebone and bivalves in the vicinity and in neighbouring areas indicates that the borings have a radiocarbon age spanning from about 7 to 11 ka. Recent borings of these ichnotaxa have not been found in the sea around Spitsbergen. The presence of the fossil borings indicates that invasion of boring polychaetes to the northern part of the Barents Sea region was limited to a Late Pleistocene–early Holocene temperature optimum. The presence of Caulostrepsis and Maeandropolydora on subaerially exposed shallow‐water Pleistocene–Holocene bedrock surfaces in arctic areas can be a valuable tool with which to evaluate both postglacial emergence and climatic oscillations because they indicate a summer surface water temperature of at least 8 °C.
The growth mechanism of the aragonitic stalagmite laminae from Yunnan Xianren Cave, SW China revealed by cave monitoring
Authors: DUAN WUHUI , CAI BINGGUI , TAN MING , LIU HONG , ZHANG YONG
Published: August 2011

Duan, W., Cai, B., Tan, M., Liu, H. & Zhang, Y. 2012 (January): The growth mechanism of the aragonitic stalagmite laminae from Yunnan Xianren Cave, SW China revealed by cave monitoring. Boreas, Vol. 41, pp. 113–123. 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2011.00226.x. ISSN 0300‐9483.

Stalagmites from Xianren Cave in Yunnan Province, SW China have visible bands of alternating compact and porous sub‐layers, which have recently been demonstrated to be annual: the compact sub‐layer consists of elongated columnar aragonites with a general longitudinal orientation (parallel to the vertical growth axis), while the porous sub‐layer is composed mainly of needle aragonites forming radiating masses. In order to understand the growth mechanism of this type of stalagmite laminae, factors that could determine the growth rate and crystal structures of modern carbonates, such as cave‐air temperature, CO2 concentration, drip rate and the hydrochemical parameters of drip water, have been monitored systematically. In this study, we selected five active drip sites to monitor for two years at a monthly frequency. Based on the monitoring results and the analyses of stalagmite laminae, we conclude that the compact sub‐layer forms in winter, when the drip rate is moderate and the degassing is slow, continuous and prolonged. The porous sub‐layer forms in early spring, when the drip rate is lower and Mg/Ca is higher than that during the formation of the compact sub‐layer. We also found exceptionally some calcite laminae. Furthermore, we discovered modern calcites precipitating at all study sites in the first hydrologic year when the rainfall was very abundant. Therefore, it is suggested that the occurrence of localized calcites in an aragonitic stalagmite indicates an interval of higher rainfall.
Novel Surface Modifications of Carbon Fiber‐Reinforced Polyetheretherketone Hip Stem in an Ovine Model
Authors: Nakahara Ichiro , Takao Masaki , Bandoh Shunichi , Bertollo Nicky , Walsh William R. , Sugano Nobuhiko
Published: August 2011

A carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer (CFRP) is theoretically a suitable material for use in an uncemented hip prosthesis considering it can provide isoelastic environment with the surrounding bone, adequate fatigue strength, and a metal‐free radiographic evaluation. To date, the selection of polymer material and optimization of both design and surface finish of the prostheses for osseointegration has not been accomplished. This study examined radiographic and histologic results of an uncemented CFRP stem manufactured from carbon fiber‐reinforced polyetheretherketone (CFR/PEEK) with a roughened surface and a bioactive treatment in an adult ovine model following a 12‐month implantation period. A unilateral hemiarthroplasty of the hip was performed using the CFRP stem or a titanium stem as a control. Four cases with the CFRP stem and five cases with titanium stem were evaluated. Bone on‐growth fixation was achieved in two cases with the CFRP stem and in all the cases with the titanium stem. The CFRP cases showed minimal stress shielding while three of five cases with the titanium stem demonstrated typical osteopenia associated with stiff metal stems. Bone on‐growth to the uncemented CFRP stem was achieved by using the CFR/PEEK for the material and modifying the surface design and the bioactive surface finish. Bone resorption and osteopenia observed with the Ti stems was not found with the CFRP design.
The Influence of Membrane Molecular Weight Cutoff on a Novel Bioartificial Liver
Authors: Zhang Yue , Shi Xiao‐lei , Han Bing , Gu Jin‐yang , Chu Xue‐hui , Xiao Jiang‐qiang , Ren Hao‐zhen , Tan Jiao‐jun , Ding Yi‐tao
Published: August 2011

Given the xenogeneic immune reaction relevant to the molecular weight cutoff of the membrane of a bioartificial liver (BAL) system, we investigated the influence of membrane molecular weight cutoff in our BAL system in this study. Acute liver failure in beagles was induced by d‐galactosamine administration. Eight beagles were divided into two groups by the membrane molecular weight cutoff of the plasma component separator. Group 1 beagles were treated with BAL containing 200 kDa retention rating membrane. Group 2 beagles were treated with BAL containing 1200 kDa retention rating membrane. Each group underwent two 6‐h BAL treatments that were performed on day 1 and day 21. The hemodynamic and hematologic response, humoral immune responses, and cytotoxic immune response to BAL therapy were studied before and after treatments. All beagles remained hemodynamically and hematologically stable during BAL treatments. BAL treatment was associated with a significant decline in levels of complement; however, a longer time of level maintenance was observed in Group 2. Group 2 beagles experienced a significant increase in levels of IgG and IgM after two BAL treatments. Significant levels of canine proteins were detected in BAL medium from Group 2; only trace levels of canine proteins were detected in BAL medium from Group 1. The posttreatment viability of co‐culture cells in Group 2 was lower compared with Group 1, and the viability of co‐culture cells after treatments was associated with deposition of canine proteins on the cells. Xenogeneic immune response was influenced by membrane molecular weight cutoff in the BAL.
Creating a Geriatric Medicine Fellowship Program in 10 “Easy” Steps
Authors: English Shannon Keane , vanSchagen John E.
Published: August 2011

The aging of the U.S. population poses one of the greatest future challenges for family medicine and internal medicine residency training. One important barrier to providing quality education and training in geriatric medicine to residents is a serious and growing shortage of practicing geriatricians and geriatrics faculty. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education currently accredits 45 family medicine–based and 107 internal medicine–based geriatric medicine fellowships in the United States. There are 13 American Osteopathic Association–certified geriatric medicine fellowship programs. In this article, the authors examine the rationale for the development of additional geriatric medicine fellowship programs and offer some practical suggestions and pointers for those interested in developing their own geriatric medicine fellowships. The authors write from the perspective of their own recent experiences with the development and accreditation of a family medicine residency‐affiliated fellowship in geriatrics. Other residencies may find this article useful in determining the feasibility of developing a geriatric medicine fellowship for their programs and communities and will find practical guidance for beginning the process.
Criteria for the Design and Evaluation of Cognitive Architectures
Authors: Varma Sashank
Published: August 2011

Cognitive architectures are unified theories of cognition that take the form of computational formalisms. They support computational models that collectively account for large numbers of empirical regularities using small numbers of computational mechanisms. Empirical coverage and parsimony are the most prominent criteria by which architectures are designed and evaluated, but they are not the only ones. This paper considers three additional criteria that have been comparatively undertheorized. (a) Successful architectures possess subjective and intersubjective meaning, making cognition comprehensible to individual cognitive scientists and organizing groups of like‐minded cognitive scientists into genuine communities. (b) Successful architectures provide idioms that structure the design and interpretation of computational models. (c) Successful architectures are strange: They make provocative, often disturbing, and ultimately compelling claims about human information processing that demand evaluation.
Forbidden Knowledge: Public Controversy and the Production of Nonknowledge1
Authors: Kempner Joanna , Merz Jon F. , Bosk Charles L.
Published: August 2011

Sociologists, philosophers, and historians of science tend to focus their attention on the production of knowledge. More recently, scholars have begun to investigate more fully the structures and processes that impede the production of knowledge. This article draws on interviews conducted with 41 academic researchers to present a phenomenological examination of “forbidden knowledge”—a phrase that refers to knowledge considered too sensitive, dangerous, or taboo to produce. Forbidden knowledge has traditionally been understood as a set of formal controls on what ought not be known. We argue that the social processes that create forbidden knowledge are embedded in the everyday practices of working scientists. The narrative legacies of past controversies in science are of particular importance, as they serve as a tool that working scientists use to justify, construct, and hide their acceptance of forbidden knowledge. As a result, the precise contents of forbidden knowledge are fluid, fuzzy, essentially contested, specialty specific, locally created, and enforced.
The Companies We Keep: Effects of Relational Embeddedness on Organizational Performance1
Authors: Chang Kuang‐chi
Published: August 2011

Building on first‐hand qualitative and quantitative data collected from computer motherboard manufacturers, this research proposes a contingency argument for the effects of relational embeddedness on organizational performance. Results show that the effects of embeddedness vary depending on the specific dimension of embeddedness, organizational age, performance measures, and the type of supplier relations, and that the concept is far more complex than previous literature suggests. Two main conclusions are that a closer supplier relationship improves both organizational growth rate and production quality for younger organizations, while in chipset supplier relations, a highly committed supplier worsens production quality more for younger firms.
Political Economy, Ecological Modernization, and Energy Use: A Panel Analysis of State‐Level Energy Use in the United States, 1960–1990
Authors: Clement Matthew Thomas , Schultz Jessica
Published: August 2011

The present study will examine energy consumption from two competing perspectives within environmental social science: political economy and ecological modernization. These frameworks will be evaluated with a fixed‐effects panel analysis of state‐level energy use between the years 1960 and 1990, based on data for 50 states plus Washington, DC, from the Energy Information Administration’s State Energy Data System. The results from the panel analysis show that the increase in total energy use between 1960 and 1990 depended on both increasing economic growth and urbanization, even after controlling for population size, industrialization, and inflation‐adjusted energy prices. The results challenge the claims of ecological modernization theory and support a political economic approach to the study of changes in energy use. In the conclusion, the study’s findings will be framed within the context of the early twenty‐first‐century economic and ecological crises. In light of efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, this study can also further advance the renewable energy debate by reminding us of the social drivers of energy use.
Angelic Belief as American Folk Religion1
Authors: Draper Scott , Baker Joseph O.
Published: August 2011

Belief in angels and their intervention in the material world is prevalent in the United States. Theoretically, the concept of folk religion offers an instructive lens into the popularity of these beliefs, which exist inside, outside, and across official religious doctrines, and are therefore able to transcend the boundaries of specific religious traditions by appealing to a diverse array of believers. Empirical analyses from a recent national survey support the application of the concept of folk religion, demonstrating that these beliefs are present in substantial proportions across disparate subgroups. Belief in angelic intervention is prevalent among conservative and “mainline” Protestants, Catholics, those with high levels of conventional religious practice, biblical literalists, and even those who strongly believe in “paranormal” phenomena such as Bigfoot and ESP. Belief in angels and claims of angelic protection provide compelling and flexible narratives, ready cognitive attributions, and emotional comfort. Consequently, these views have strong memetic appeal and are transposable into multifarious subcultures.
Generativity and Volunteering
Authors: Son Joonmo , Wilson John
Published: August 2011

The robust association between religion and volunteering and education and volunteering can be interpreted in developmental terms as a function of socialization. Churches and schools instill attitudes that predispose the individual to volunteer. Data from two waves of the National Survey of Midlife in the United States (1995 and 2005) are used to test a hypothesis that generativity—a desire to leave a legacy by providing for the welfare of others—mediates the influence of both religion and education on volunteering. Structural equation models using multiple‐imputed data to correct for attrition show that the influence of parental religiosity on volunteering in 2005 is partially explained by generativity in 1995 and that the influence of education on volunteering in 2005 is partially explained by generativity in 1995.
Climbing Scheff’s Ladders
Authors: Jasper James M.
Published: August 2011

This essay is a response to “Parts and Wholes: Goffman and Cooley.”
Promoting the Swedish method of physical education throughout France for the benefit of public health (1868–1954)
Authors: Bazoge N. , Saint‐Martin J. , Attali M.
Published: August 2011

This article examines the cultural and public health challenges associated with the dissemination of the Swedish approach and methods of physical education throughout France and illustrates the two main methods of influence, both direct through research and study visits and indirect through the creation of an international network entitled the International Federation of Physical Education. More particularly, it studies the roles of Philippe Tissié in 1898 and Pierre Seurin in 1946, and shows how these two major players of French physical education contributed actively to strengthening Swedish influence throughout France. It also highlights their equally essential role in the successful implementation of a pro‐Swedish network in France, intended to serve their public health aims. This analysis forms part of the geopolitical and socio‐cultural history of foreign physical education models, whose exemplarity was mainly dependent on Franco‐Swedish relations and the models' social representations. Using archives from the French Physical Education League, travel logs and the Revue des jeux scolaires et d'hygiène sociale (Journal for School Games and Social Hygiene), it has been shown why the myth of the Swedish Eldorado contributed to creating, in France, “a work of art and of science that was, at the same time, both national and practical.”
Instrumental emotion regulation in sport: relationships between beliefs about emotion and emotion regulation strategies used by athletes
Authors: Lane A. M. , Beedie C. J. , Devonport T. J. , Stanley D. M.
Published: August 2011

This study examined relationships between beliefs about emotions (meta‐emotion beliefs), emotion regulation strategies, and pre‐competition emotional states using an instrumental model of emotion regulation. Three hundred and sixty runners reported meta‐beliefs about the influence of anxiety and/or anger on performance, completed a short emotion scale, and reported their use of emotion regulation strategies. Results indicated that 55 runners (15%) reported meta‐emotion beliefs that strategies aimed at increasing anxiety and/or anger would help performance while 305 runners (85%) reported beliefs that strategies intended to reduce the same emotions before competition would help performance. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that people who believe that anxiety or anger is good for performance reported high anger, but not anxiety, before performance. They also reported using strategies to increase unpleasant emotions. We suggest that further research is needed to examine relationships between meta‐emotion beliefs and the use of emotion regulation strategies in sport.
Modulation and Recruitment of Inducible Regulatory T Cells by First Trimester Trophoblast Cells
Authors: Ramhorst Rosanna , Fraccaroli Laura , Aldo Paulomi , Alvero Ayesha B. , Cardenas Ingrid , Leirós Claudia Perez , Mor Gil
Published: August 2011

Citation Ramhorst R, Fraccaroli L, Aldo P, Alvero AB, Cardenas I, Leirós CP, Mor G. Modulation and recruitment of inducible regulatory T cells by first trimester trophoblast cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 67: 17–27

Problem  The specialized regulatory T‐cells (Treg) population, essential for maternal tolerance of the fetus, performs its suppressive actions in the critical peri‐implantation phase of pregnancy. In the present work, we investigated whether trophoblast cells are able to induce Treg recruitment, differentiation, and whether these mechanisms are modified by a bacterial or viral infection.

Method of Study  Human T‐regulatory cells were differentiated from naïve CD45RA+ CCR7+ cells obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured with IL‐2 and TGFβ over 5 days. Induction of iTregs (CD4+ Foxp3+ cells) was evaluated using low serum conditioned media (LSCM), obtained from two first trimester trophoblast cell lines, Swan‐71 and HTR8. Coculture experiments were carried out using transwell assays where trophoblast cells were in the absence or presence of PGN, LPS, or Poly [I:C]. Cytokine production was measured by multiplex analysis.

Results  Trophoblast cells constitutively secrete high levels of TGFβ and induced a significant increase of Foxp3 expression accompanied by a specific T‐reg cytokine profile. Moreover, trophoblast cells were able to recruit iTregs in a specific manner.

Conclusion  We demonstrate that trophoblast cells have an active role on the recruitment and differentiation of iTregs, therefore, contributing to the process of immune regulation at the placental–maternal interface.
Coeliac disease in children: a social epidemiological study in Sweden
Authors: Wingren Carl Johan , Björck Sara , Lynch Kristian F. , Ohlsson Henrik , Agardh Daniel , Merlo Juan
Published: August 2011

Aim:  Little is known on the possible existence of socioeconomic and geographical differences in early coeliac disease (CD) risk. Therefore, we investigated these aspects in children before age two.

Methods:  Linking the Swedish Medical Birth Registry to several other national registries, we identified all singletons born in Sweden from 1987 to 1993 (n = 792 401) and followed them until 2 years of age to identify cases of CD. Applying multilevel logistic regression analysis, we investigated the association between socioeconomic position (SEP) and CD in children and also whether a possible geographical variation in CD risk was explained by individual characteristics.

Results:  Low SEP was associated with CD in boys OR 1.37 (95% CI 1.03–1.82), but not in girls OR 0.87 (95% CI 0.68–1.12). We found a considerable geographical variation in disease risk (i.e. intra‐municipality correlation ≈ 10%) that was not explained by individual characteristics.

Conclusions:  Low SEP is associated with CD in boys but not in girls. Also, CD appears to be conditioned by geographical area of residence. While our study represents an innovative contribution to the epidemiology of CD in children, the reasons for the observed geographical and socioeconomic differences could be speculated but are still unknown.
Lung function in children born after foetal growth restriction and very preterm birth
Authors: Morsing Eva , Gustafsson Per , Brodszki Jana
Published: August 2011

Aims:  To assess lung function at early school age in children delivered at very early gestation owing to intrauterine growth restriction and abnormal foetal blood flow (IUGR).

Methods:  Spirometry was performed at median age 8.4 (range 6.5–10.7) years in 31 children born preterm with IUGR (PT‐IUGR) with a median (range) birth weight (BW) of 650 (395–976) g and median (range) gestational age 27 (24–29) weeks. Control groups were matched for gender and age and had BW appropriate for gestational age (AGA); 31 children born preterm (PT‐AGA) with BW of 1010 (660–1790) g matched for gestational age at birth, and 31 children born at term (T‐AGA) with BW of 3530 (3000–4390) g.

Results:  The PT‐IUGR group had lower mean (SD) values of z‐scores for FEV1, FEV1/FVC and forced mid‐expiratory flow rate (FEF25–75%) compared to the T‐AGA group, p = 0.003, p = 0.032 and p < 0.001, respectively, but did not differ from the PT‐AGA group. PT‐IUGR children delivered at ≥26 gestational weeks (GW) had lower FEF25–75% than PT‐AGA children of corresponding GA, p = 0.014.

Conclusion:  Lung function was reduced in the PT‐IUGR group at early school age compared to controls born at term. The influence of IUGR on later lung function was only apparent in children born preterm after 26 GW.
Motor examination in children with Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Asperger Syndrome
Authors: Pasini Augusto , D’Agati Elisa , Pitzianti Mariabernarda , Casarelli Livia , Curatolo Paolo
Published: August 2011

Aim:  Evaluating whether motor skills could differentiate drug‐naive subjects with two neurodevelopmental disorders: Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Asperger Syndrome (AS).

Methods:  Thirty‐six boys (12 with ADHD, 12 with AS and 12 with typical development) aged 8–12 were evaluated using the Physical and Neurological Examination for Subtle Signs. Three primary outcome variables were obtained as follows: (i) total speed of timed activities, (ii) total overflow and (iii) total dysrhythmia.

Results:  Children with AS performed more slowly than those with ADHD and healthy children independently of age and IQ. Total dysrhythmia differentiates ADHD and AS children from controls.

Conclusion:  Dysfunction of the fronto‐striatal–cerebellar networks related to motor control could be the physiopathological basis of the reported findings.
Procalcitonin and valuable clinical symptoms in the early detection of neonatal late‐onset bacterial infection
Authors: Bohnhorst Bettina , Lange Matthias , Bartels Dorothee B , Bejo Levente , Hoy Ludwig , Peter Corinna
Published: August 2011

Aim:  To evaluate which clinical symptoms indicate proven neonatal bacterial infection (NBI) and whether measuring procalcitonin aside from C‐reactive protein and interleukin 6 improves sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis.

Methods:  In a prospective observational study, clinical symptoms and procalcitonin, C‐reactive protein and interleukin 6 were simultaneously determined from the 4th day of life in 170 preterm and term neonates at the first time of suspicion of NBI. Proven NBI was defined as a positive culture of otherwise sterile body fluids or radiologically verified pneumonia in combination with elevated inflammatory markers.

Results:  Fifty‐eight (34%) patients were diagnosed with proven late‐onset NBI. In case of proven NBI, odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals were 2.64 (1.06–6.54) for arterial hypotension, 5.16 (2.55–10.43) for feeding intolerance and 9.18 (4.10–20.59) for prolonged capillary refill. Sensitivity of combined determination of C‐reactive protein (>10 mg/L) and interleukin 6 (>100 pg/mL) was 91.4%, specificity 80.4%, positive predictive value 70.7% and negative predictive value 94.7%. The additional determination of procalcitonin (>0.7 ng/mL) resulted in 98.3%, 65.2%, 58.8% and 98.6%, respectively.

Conclusion:  Arterial hypotension, feeding intolerance and especially prolonged capillary refill indicate proven neonatal late‐onset bacterial infection, even at the time of first suspicion. Additional measurement of procalcitonin does indeed improve sensitivity to nearly 100%, but is linked to a decline in specificity. Nevertheless, in the high‐risk neonatal population, additional procalcitonin measurement can be recommended because all infants with NBI have to be identified.
Testing general predictions of the stress gradient hypothesis under high inter‐ and intra‐specific nurse shrub variability along a climatic gradient
Authors: Madrigal‐González Jaime , García‐Rodríguez José A. , Alarcos‐Izquierdo Gonzalo
Published: August 2011

Question

Could inter‐ and intra‐specific shrub variability override abiotic stress in driving shrub‐grass interactions along an altitudinal gradient?

Location

Eleven sites along an altitudinal gradient in the mediterranean‐temperate transition of the central western Iberian Peninsula (Salamanca province, Spain).

Methods

Among study sites, different shrub species account for inter‐specific variability. At each site, three patches differing in age of dominant shrubs were established to represent intra‐specific variability. We established eight 25 × 25 cm sampling quadrants within and beyond the influence of shrubs, and surveyed abundance of a mesophytic perennial grass (Agrostis castellana) in each patch. As a surrogate of the balance in shrub‐grass interaction, we computed RII (relative intensity of interaction). Using PCA we reduced long‐term climatic data, and used the first axis as a proxy for climatic gradient. We modelled the abundance of A. castellana and RII by applying a type I likelihood ratio test (generalized linear model) to the nested design.

Results

PCA ordination showed a principal climatic gradient associated with altitude (increasing humid/colder towards higher altitude). Beyond the influence of shrubs, abundance of A. castellana among sites had a hump‐shaped relationship to the climatic gradient. Age of patches did not affect abundance of A. castellana in open habitats. Beneath shrubs, there were no significant effects of nurse species on abundance of A. castellana, nor any relationship to the climatic gradient. The balance of the interaction revealed significant differences among sites, reflecting net positive interactions at both climatic extremes of the gradient, and net negative interactions at intermediate climatic conditions. Shrub age had a significant effect on the balance of the interaction because of generalized neutral/positive, but not negative, effects of younger shrubs (7–10 years old) along the climatic gradient. Significant impacts of nurse shrub inter‐specific variability were associated with consistent positive effects of Cistus ladanifer on A. castellana abundance.

Conclusions

Inter‐ and intra‐specific shrub variability does not markedly affect general predictions of the stress gradient hypothesis. Hence, abiotic stresses were pivotal in driving the balance of the interaction between A. castellana and associated shrubs along the altitudinal gradient. The interaction shifted from negative to positive where there was a departure from the climatic optimum for A. castellana, irrespective of species or age of shrubs.
Health education programs may be as effective as exercise intervention on improving health‐related quality of life among Japanese people over 65 years
Authors: Tamari Kotaro , Kawamura Kenji , Sato Mitsuya , Harada Kazuhiro
Published: August 2011

Aim:  The current study was aimed to examine the short‐term effects of a 3‐month health education program on health‐related quality of life using the Short‐Form 36.

Methods:  Twenty‐five Japanese older people aged 65 and older in the health education program were compared with two historical control groups (n= 25 each) undertaking group and resistance exercise interventions and matched by age, sex and body mass index. A series of split‐design two‐way analyses of variance were conducted for data analysis.

Results:  Significant improvements were observed in general health and vitality subscales of the Short‐Form 36 in the educational program group. Multivariate analyses, adjusted for several confounding factors, revealed that the effects of the three programs were comparable.

Conclusions:  The findings suggest that a structured 3‐month educational program may be as effective as exercise interventions in improving general health and vitality in a community‐dwelling Japanese older population.
Bilateral luxatio erecta: Recognition and reduction
Authors: Marks Thomas Oliver McCall , Kelsall Nicola Kim Richmond , Southgate Jeremy James
Published: August 2011

Luxatio erecta is the rarest form of shoulder dislocation, accounting for 0.5% of all glenohumeral dislocations. Bilateral cases are rarer still with only 12 accounts described in medical literature. We describe an unusual case and its management.
Introduction to Resuscitation of the Newborn Infant. ARC and NZRC Guideline 2010
Authors:   Australian Resuscitation Council, New Zealand Resuscitation Council
Published: August 2011

Introduction to Resuscitation of the Newborn Infant. ARC and NZRC Guideline 2010

Planning for Neonatal Resuscitation and Identification of the Newborn Infant at Risk. ARC and NZRC Guideline 2010

Assessment of the Newborn Infant. ARC and NZRC Guideline 2010

Airway Management and Mask Ventilation of the Newborn Infant. ARC and NZRC Guideline 2010

Tracheal Intubation and Ventilation of the Newborn Infant. ARC and NZRC Guideline 2010

Chest Compressions during Resuscitation of the Newborn Infant. ARC and NZRC Guideline 2010

Medication or Fluids for the Resuscitation of the Newborn Infant. ARC and NZRC Guideline 2010

The Resuscitation of the Newborn Infant in Special Circumstances. ARC and NZRC Guideline 2010

After the Resuscitation of a Newborn Infant. ARC and NZRC Guideline 2010

Ethical Issues in Resuscitation of the Newborn Infant. ARC and NZRC Guideline 2010
Discovery of the infrared counterpart of CXOUJ174437.3–323222 in the field of IGR J17448–3232: a blazar candidate viewed through the Galactic Centre?
Authors: Curran P. A. , Chaty S. , Zurita Heras J. A. , Tomsick J. A. , Maccarone T. J.
Published: August 2011

We present our near-infrared ESO-NTT KS band observations of the field of IGR J17448−3232 which show no extended emission consistent with the supernova remnant (SNR), but in which we identify a new counterpart, also visible in Spitzer images up to 24 µm, at the position of the X-ray point source, CXOU J174437.3−323222. Multiwavelength spectral modelling shows that the data are consistent with a reddened and absorbed single power law over 5 orders of magnitude in frequency. This implies non-thermal, possibly synchrotron emission that renders the previous identification of this source as a possible pulsar, and its association to the SNR, unlikely; we instead propose that the emission may be due to a blazar viewed through the plane of the Galaxy.
The Instrumental Value of Explanations
Authors: Lombrozo Tania
Published: August 2011

Scientific and ‘intuitive’ or ‘folk’ theories are typically characterized as serving three critical functions: prediction, explanation, and control. While prediction and control have clear instrumental value, the value of explanation is less transparent. This paper reviews an emerging body of research from the cognitive sciences suggesting that the process of seeking, generating, and evaluating explanations in fact contributes to future prediction and control, albeit indirectly by facilitating the discovery and confirmation of instrumentally valuable theories. Theoretical and empirical considerations also suggest why explanations may nonethelessfeelintrinsically valuable. The paper concludes by considering some implications of the psychology of explanation for a naturalized philosophy of explanation.
Proof Theory for Modal Logic
Authors: Negri Sara
Published: August 2011

The axiomatic presentation of modal systems and the standard formulations of natural deduction and sequent calculus for modal logic are reviewed, together with the difficulties that emerge with these approaches. Generalizations of standard proof systems are then presented. These include, among others, display calculi, hypersequents, and labelled systems, with the latter surveyed from a closer perspective.
Ventral fixation of chronic atlanto‐occipital luxation in a dog
Authors: Buks Y. , Snelling S. R. , Yates G. D.
Published: August 2011

A 4·5‐year‐old male Australian Kelpie was presented for evaluation of ambulatory tetraparesis and neck pain of five weeks duration. Atlanto‐occipital luxation was diagnosed by computed tomography. The joint was unstable following closed reduction, and a ventral surgical approach to the cranial cervical spine and occiput permitted manual reduction and stabilisation of the atlanto‐occipital joint. The thickened joint capsule and articular cartilage were removed to promote AO arthrodesis. Eight cortical screws, inserted into the occipital condyles and C1, were embedded in polymethylmethacrylate to stabilise the atlanto‐occipital articulation. The dog recovered uneventfully after it was placed in a neck brace and rested for six weeks. Neurologic examination at six weeks was normal and the dog returned to normal farm work 12 weeks after surgery.
Biology and evolution of sexual transmission
Authors: Antonovics Janis , Boots Mike , Abbate Jessie , Baker Christi , McFrederick Quinn , Panjeti Vijay
Published: August 2011

Sexual reproduction brings together and recombines different genomes. Associated with these contacts is transmission of microorganisms and selfish genetic elements, many of which can be harmful to the host. In organisms with internal fertilization, sexually transmitted infections are caused by pathogens transmitted between the parents participating in mating. Sexual transmission has different epidemiological dynamics from nonsexual transmission in that it is less likely to be dependent on host density, there may be no population density threshold for disease increase, and it is more likely to lead to host extinction. Analysis of the evolutionary pathways that have led to the sexual mode of transmission in pathogens indicates that sexual transmission appears more often to be derived from nonsexual transmission, although the pathways are highly variable, and several groups of pathogens are exceptions to this rule. Sexual transmission has evolved from a wide variety of alternative transmission modes, although rarely from aerially transmitted diseases. More data are needed on the phylogeny and transmission mode of the relatives of sexually transmitted pathogens in order to guide development of animal models and comparative studies.
Evolutionary–developmental perspectives on immune system interactions among the pregnant woman, placenta, and fetus, and responses to sexually transmitted infectious agents
Authors: Nahmias André J. , Schollin Jens , Abramowsky Carlos
Published: August 2011

A balance has evolved over deep time between the various immune systems of the “triad” that is linked together for a short period: the pregnant woman, the fetus, and the placenta. This balance is affected by, and helps to determine, the immune responses to maternal infectious agents that may be transmitted to the fetus/infant transplacentally, intrapartum, or via breast milk. This review identifies newer evolutionary concepts and processes related particularly to the human placenta, innate and adaptive immune systems involved in tolerance, and in responses to sexually transmitted infectious (STI) agents that may be pathogenic to the fetus/infant at different gestational periods and in the first year of life. An evolutionary–developmental (EVO‐DEVO) perspective has been applied to the complexities within, and among, the different actors and their beneficial or deleterious outcomes. Such a phylogenetic and ontogenic approach has helped to stimulate several basic questions and suggested possible explanations and novel practical interventions.
One Health—One Medicine: unifying human and animal medicine within an evolutionary paradigm
Authors: Currier Russell W. , Steele James H.
Published: August 2011

One health is a concept since early civilization, which promoted the view that there was no major distinction between animal and human medicine. Although persisting through the 19th century, this common vision was then all but forgotten in the early 20th century. It is now experiencing a renaissance, coincident with an awakening of the role that evolutionary biology plays in human and animal health, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs). A number of STIs in humans have comparable infections in animals; likewise, both humans and animals have STIs unique to each mammalian camp. These similarities and differences offer opportunities for basic medical and public health studies, including evolutionary insights that can be gleaned from ongoing interdisciplinary investigation—especially with the molecular analytical tools available—in what can become a golden age of mutually helpful discovery.
B‐ and T‐cell memory elicited by a seasonal live attenuated reassortant influenza vaccine: assessment of local antibody avidity and virus‐specific memory T‐cells using trogocytosis‐based method
Authors: Petukhova Galina , Korenkov Daniil , Chirkova Tatiana , Donina Svetlana , Rudenko Larisa , Naykhin Anatoly
Published: August 2011

Please cite this paper as:Petukhovaet al. (2011) B‐ and T‐cell memory elicited by a seasonal live attenuated reassortant influenza vaccine: assessment of local antibody avidity and virus‐specific memory T‐cells using trogocytosis‐based method. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/j.1750‐2659.2011.00279.x.

Purpose The main purpose of vaccination is to generate immunological memory providing enhanced immune responses against infectious pathogens. The standard and most commonly used assay for influenza vaccine immunogenicity evaluation is a hemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI). It is clear now that HAI assay is unable to properly assess the proven protective immunity elicited by live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV). New methods need to be developed for more accurate LAIV immunogenicity assessment and prediction of vaccine efficacy among target populations.

Objective Randomized placebo‐controlled study of memory B‐ and T‐cell responses to intranasal LAIV in young adults.

Methods A total of 56 healthy young adults 18–20 years old received seasonal monovalent LAIV. Mucosal memory B‐cell responses were measured by IgA avidity assessment in nasal swabs. CD4 memory T cells in peripheral blood were examined by the expression of CD45RO marker and in functional test by the ability of virus‐specific T cells to maintain the trogocytosis with antigen‐loaded target cells.

Results Intranasal LAIV immunization enhances mucosal IgA avidity even without reliable increases in antibody titers. At the day 21 after vaccination, up to 40% of subjects demonstrated significant increases in both total and virus‐specific CD4 memory T cells that were observed regardless of seroconversion rate measured by HAI assay.

Conclusion The data suggest that immunogenicity of LAIV vaccines should be evaluated on the mucosal and cellular immunity basis. The assays applied could be used to support influenza clinical trials through preliminary screening of volunteers and subsequent measurement of anti‐influenza in immunity.
Preservation of Acidified Cucumbers with a Combination of Fumaric Acid and Cinnamaldehyde That Target Lactic Acid Bacteria and Yeasts
Authors: Pérez‐Díaz Ilenys M.
Published: August 2011

Abstract:  The naturally occurring compound, fumaric acid, was evaluated as a potential preservative for the long‐term storage of cucumbers. Fumaric acid inhibited growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in an acidified cucumber juice medium model system resembling conditions that could allow preservation of cucumbers in the presence of sodium benzoate. Forty millimolars of fumaric acid were required to inhibit growth of an extremely aciduric Lactobacillus plantarum LA0445 strain at pH 3.8. Half of this concentration was required to achieve inhibition of L. plantarum LA0445 at pH 3.5. As expected growth of the spoilage yeasts Zygosaccharomyces globiformis and Z. bailii was not inhibited by fumaric acid at near saturation concentrations in the same cucumber juice medium. To usefully apply fumaric acid as a preservative in acidified foods it will be necessary to combine it with a food grade yeast inhibitor. The antimicrobial agent, cinnamaldehyde (3.8 mM) prevented growth of Z. globiformis as well as the yeasts that were present on fresh cucumbers. Acidified cucumbers were successfully preserved, as indicated by lack of yeasts or LAB growth and microbial lactic acid or ethanol production by a combination of fumaric acid and cinnamaldehyde during storage at 30 °C for 2 mo. This combination of 2 naturally occurring preservative compounds may serve as an alternative approach to the use of sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, or sodium metabisulfite for preservation of acidified vegetables without a thermal process.

Practical Application:  This study evaluates the potential application of alternative preservatives for the long‐term storage of cucumbers in a reduced NaCl cover brine solution and without a thermal process.
Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Meat Product Brines Containing Antimicrobials
Authors: Adler Jeremy M. , Geornaras Ifigenia , Byelashov Oleksandr A. , Belk Keith E. , Smith Gary C. , Sofos John N.
Published: August 2011

Abstract:  Brine solution injection of beef contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 on its surface may lead to internalization of pathogen cells and/or cross‐contamination of the brine, which when recirculated, may serve as a source of new product contamination. This study evaluated survival of E. coli O157:H7 in brines formulated without or with antimicrobials. The brines were formulated in sterile distilled water (simulating the composition of freshly prepared brines) or in a nonsterile 3% meat homogenate (simulating the composition of recirculating brines) at concentrations used to moisture‐enhance meat to 110% of initial weight, as follows: sodium chloride (NaCl, 5.5%) + sodium tripolyphosphate (STP, 2.75%), NaCl + sodium pyrophosphate (2.75%), or NaCl + STP combined with potassium lactate (PL, 22%), sodium diacetate (SD, 1.65%), PL + SD, lactic acid (3.3%), acetic acid (3.3%), citric acid (3.3%), nisin (0.0165%) + ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA, 200 mM), pediocin (11000 AU/mL) + EDTA, sodium metasilicate (2.2%), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC, 5.5%), or hops beta acids (0.0055%). The brines were inoculated (3 to 4 log CFU/mL) with rifampicin‐resistant E. coli O157:H7 (8‐strain composite) and stored at 4 or 15 °C (24 to 48 h). Immediate (0 h) pathogen reductions (P < 0.05) of 1.8 to ≥2.4 log CFU/mL were observed in brines containing CPC or sodium metasilicate. Furthermore, brines formulated with lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, nisin + EDTA, pediocin + EDTA, CPC, sodium metasilicate, or hops beta acids had reductions (P < 0.05) in pathogen levels during storage; however, the extent of pathogen reduction (0.4 to > 2.4 log CFU/mL) depended on the antimicrobial, brine type, and storage temperature and time. These data should be useful in development or improvement of brine formulations for control of E. coli O157:H7 in moisture‐enhanced meat products.

Practical Application:  Results of this study should be useful to the meat industry for developing or modifying brine formulations to reduce the risk of E. coli O157:H7 in moisture‐enhanced meat products.
Mechanochemistry in Thermomechanical Processing of Foods: Kinetic Aspects
Authors: Zhao Xuewei , Wei Yimin , Wang Zhangcun , Zhang Bo , Chen Fengliang , Zhang Peiqi
Published: August 2011

Abstract:  In some food processing operations, raw materials sustain shearing and heating simultaneously. These thermomechanical treatments will induce chemical, physicochemical, and biochemical changes, such as starch degradation and gelatinization, protein denaturalization, loss of nutritious components, and inactivation of enzymes and their inhibitors. In this article, only kinetic aspects of these changes are reviewed. The Basedow and Zhurkov models are commonly used to describe shear effects on the rate constants of mechanochemical reactions. After a brief description of these 2 models, their applications in food are reviewed deeply, with emphasis on the activation energy reduction in the Zhurkov model and the shear activation energy in the Basedow model. Since the changes occurring in food systems often involve various interactions at the atomic, molecular, and supramolecular levels, they were described only phenomenonlogically by the mechanochemical kinetic models. The limitation, opportunity, and extension of the mechanochemical approach to modeling food kinetics are discussed.
How the choice of flood damage metrics influences urban flood risk assessment
Authors: ten Veldhuis J.A.E.
Published: August 2011

This study presents a first attempt to quantify tangible and intangible flood damage according to two different damage metrics: monetary values and number of people affected by flooding. Tangible damage includes material damage to buildings and infrastructure; intangible damage includes damages that are difficult to quantify exactly, such as stress and inconvenience. The data used are representative of lowland flooding incidents with return periods up to 10 years. The results show that monetarisation of damage prioritises damage to buildings in comparison with roads, cycle paths and footpaths. When, on the other hand, damage is expressed in terms of numbers of people affected by a flood, road flooding is the main contributor to total flood damage. The results also show that the cumulative damage of 10 years of successive flood events is almost equal to the damage of a singular event with a T = 125 years return period. Differentiation between urban functions and the use of different kinds of damage metrics to quantify flood risk provide the opportunity to weigh tangible and intangible damages from an economic and societal perspective.