bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Prostaglandin D2 Receptor CRTH2 Promotes IL-33–Induced ILC2 Accumulation in the Lung
Authors: Oyesola Oyebola O. , Duque Carolina , Huang Linda C. , Larson Elisabeth M. , Früh Simon P. , Webb Lauren M. , Peng Seth A. , Tait Wojno Elia D.
Published: January 2020

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are rare innate immune cells that accumulate in tissues during allergy and helminth infection, performing critical effector functions that drive type 2 inflammation. ILC2s express ST2, the receptor for the cytokine IL-33, and chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2), a receptor for the bioactive lipid prostaglandin D2 (PGD2). The IL-33–ST2 and the PGD2–CRTH2 pathways have both been implicated in promoting ILC2 accumulation during type 2 inflammation. However, whether these two pathways coordinate to regulate ILC2 population size in the tissue in vivo remains undefined. In this study, we show that ILC2 accumulation in the murine lung in response to systemic IL-33 treatment was partially dependent on CRTH2. This effect was not a result of reduced ILC2 proliferation, increased apoptosis or cell death, or differences in expression of the ST2 receptor in the absence of CRTH2. Rather, data from adoptive transfer studies suggested that defective accumulation of CRTH2-deficient ILC2s in response to IL-33 was due to altered ILC2 migration patterns. Whereas donor wild-type ILC2s preferentially accumulated in the lungs compared with CRTH2-deficient ILC2s following transfer into IL-33–treated recipients, wild-type and CRTH2-deficient ILC2s accumulated equally in the recipient mediastinal lymph node. These data suggest that CRTH2-dependent effects lie downstream of IL-33, directly affecting the migration of ILC2s into inflamed lung tissues. A better understanding of the complex interactions between the IL-33 and PGD2–CRTH2 pathways that regulate ILC2 population size will be useful in understanding how these pathways could be targeted to treat diseases associated with type 2 inflammation.
Aeroacoustic Analysis of a Lift-Offset Coaxial Rotor Using High-Fidelity CFD/CSD Loose Coupling Simulation
Authors: (Henry) Jia Zhongqi , Lee Seongkyu , Sharma Kalki , Brentner Kenneth S.
Published: December 2019

This paper presents the aeroacoustic analysis of a lift-offset coaxial rotor in high-speed forward flight using the high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics/computational structural dynamics (CFD/CSD) loose coupling software Helios. Acoustic simulations are performed using the software
PSU-WOPWOP at eight microphones positioned below the coaxial rotor. The total power of the three speed cases—100, 150, and 200 kt—is validated against flight-test data and shows good agreement. A series of parametric studies is also conducted to investigate the effect of lift offset,
flight speed, and rotor-to-rotor separation distance on acoustics of the coaxial rotor. Strong blade-crossover and self-blade–vortex interaction events of the coaxial rotor, which are major sources of loading noise, are captured via high-fidelity CFD simulations in all speed cases. Highly
impulsive acoustic pressure signals are identified in all simulation cases, and the magnitude of mid-frequency sound pressure level (SPL) increases significantly with increasing flight speed and lift offset. The strength of mid-frequency SPL, on the other hand, is reduced significantly as
the rotor-to-rotor separation distance increases at 100 kt. However, the higher speed cases do not show a significant reduction in mid-frequency SPL with increasing separation distance.
THE HISTORY OF DEFERIPRONE (L1) AND THE COMPLETE TREATMENT OF IRON OVERLOAD IN THALASSAEMIA
Authors: Kontoghiorghes George J , Kleanthous Marios , Kontoghiorghe Christina N.
Published: January 2020

Deferiprone (L1) was originally designed, synthesised and screened in vitro and in vivo in 1981 by Kontoghiorghes G J following his discovery of the novel alpha-ketohydroxypyridine class of iron chelators (1978-1981), which were intended for clinical use. The journey through the years for the treatment of thalassaemia with L1 has been a very difficult one with intriguing turn of events, which continue until today. Despite many complications, such as the wide use of L1 suboptimal dose protocols, the aim of chelation therapy- namely the complete removal of excess iron in thalassaemia major patients, has been achieved following the introduction of specific L1 and L1/deferoxamine combinations. Many such patients continue to maintain normal iron stores. As a result of the introduction of L1, thalassaemia has changed from a fatal to a chronic disease and thalassaemia patients are active professional members in all sectors of society, have their own families with children and grandchildren and their lifespan is approaching that of normal individuals. No changes in the low toxicity profile of L1 have been observed in more than 30 years of clinical use. Thousands of thalassaemia patients are still denied the cardioprotective and other beneficial effects of L1 therapy. The safety of L1 in thalassaemia and other non-iron loaded diseases resulted in its selection as one of the leading therapeutics for the treatment of Friedreich’s ataxia, pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration and other similar cases. There are also increasing prospects for the application of L1 as a main, alternative or adjuvant therapy in many pathological conditions including cancer, infectious diseases and as a general antioxidant for diseases related to free radical pathology.
Dual energy CT and research of the bone marrow edema: Comparison with MRI imaging
Authors: Saba Luca , Filippo Massimo De , Saba Francesco , Fellini Federica , Marcy Pierre-Yves , Dagan Robert , Voituriez Philippe , Aelvoet Jacques , Klotz Gérard , Bernard Roland , Salinesi Valérie , Agostini Serge
Published: January 2020

Aims: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the Dual Energy Computed Tomography (DECT) in the research of the bone marrow edema. Methods and Material: The MRI images of 100 patients with episodes of articular and or bone pains with or without traumatic lesion were prospectively evaluated during a period between March 2018 and February 2019. In the presence of bone marrow edema, a DECT was performed. The measurement of the density of the bone marrow edema in the DECT was compared with healthy bone in the same patient by two operators. Result: The DECT and MRI images of 15 patients with bone marrow edema were compared. The mean of pathologic bone marrow edema was 1008.20 (Standard Deviation (SD) 23.00), for healthy bone marrow 947.53 (SD 16.42), and t = 11.75, with a statistical significance P < 0.05 (Statistical significance 95%). The agreement between the measurements of the two radiologists has a statistical significance (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The DECT presents an excellent diagnostic accuracy to detect the bone marrow edema, comparable to MRI. The utility of these recent possibilities is maximum where access to MRI is still very difficult.
Linguística Documental Espanhola no Brasil: uma leitura crítica
Authors: Almeida Carlos Cândido de , Farias Mona Cleide Quirino da Silva , Matias Ilana Lopes
Published: January 2020

Objetivo: Analisar as contribuições da linguística documental via García Gutiérrez para os estudos da linguística documental desenvolvidos no Brasil. Pretende identificar as aproximações entre o contexto espanhol e o brasileiro, destacando os possíveis subsídios das perspectivas traçadas no âmbito da Ciência da Informação Brasileira.Método: Orienta-se pelo levantamento da produção bibliográfica em anais e bases de dados nacionais (Enancibs e Brapci) e internacionais (ISKO Espanha/Porto e Dialnet) com o intuito de identificar os autores da linguística documental. Destaca, do lado espanhol, as contribuições de García Gutiérrez e, do lado brasileiro, a proposta que tem sido desenvolvida por Lara, entre os autores que manifestam a visão brasileira desse intento disciplinar.Resultado: A documentação, no âmbito espanhol ou da Ciência da Informação brasileira, tem a função de sistematizar as informações de determinada áera do conhecimento. Os problemas documentais aproximam-se da linguística com a intenção de constituir uma teoria documental, todavia com a autonomia do seu objeto de investigação. A linguística documental é apresentada como uma disciplina formada a partir do diálogo da documentação com a linguística.Conclusões: Notamos uma inclinação para algumas perspectivas das vertentes francesas e inglesas, embora consideramos que os poucos pesquisadores brasileiros se esforçam para fazer uso de teorias e conceitos de acordo com suas realidades a fim de superá-las. O fato é que o termo utilizado para analisar os processos documentais é “análise documental”, terminologia que comprova a carência de estudos da linguística documental na Ciência da Informação brasileira.
Theoretical Review of Turnaround Strategy and Its Organizational Outcomes
Authors: Nyagiloh Kenneth Ateng’ , Kilika James M.
Published: January 2020

Strategic management literature has recognized the role of turnaround strategy in the management process as a critical strategy at the corporate level. Researches done on turnaround strategy and corporate performance have however been biased with respect to limited scope in terms of the dimensions of performance as well as the challenges in methodology and conceptualization that affect the generalization of the study findings. This paper undertakes a review of the extant literature on the conceptual, theoretical and empirical work that brings about a number of issues for use in presenting a case for the new theoretical model that is suitable for extension of the current understanding of deployment of turnaround strategy and the ultimate results. The paper suggests an integrated theoretical framework for use in linking turnaround strategy and corporate performance while recognizing the significance of the role of organizational turnaround-based learned experiences and organizational characteristics.
De PAS-uitspraak zet geen streep door de ADC-toets
Authors: Visser C.J. (Christine)
Published: January 2020

De PAS-uitspraak zet geen streep door de ADC-toets. Kunnen maatregelen die volgens de PAS-uitspraak niet in een passende beoordeling mogen worden betrokken wel een rol spelen in de ADC-toets?

In dit artikel bespreekt de auteur de vraag of maatregelen en autonome ontwikkelingen die blijkens de PAS-uitspraak niet mogen worden betrokken in de passende beoordeling op grond van art. 6, derde lid, van de Habitatrichtlijn wel een rol kunnen spelen in de ADC-toets op grond van art. 6, vierde lid, van de Habitatrichtlijn. Dit is interessant, omdat dit (bij een positief antwoord) de haalbaarheid van deze oplossingsrichting (al dan niet door toepassing in een nieuw programma) kan vergroten.
Reprise: naar een nieuwe coördinatieregeling in de Awb
Authors: Beurskens L.R.M.A. (Nard) , Ypinga J.H.N. (Jelmer)
Published: January 2020

Reprise: naar een nieuwe coördinatieregeling in de Awb

In dit artikel bespreken de auteurs het voorstel voor een nieuwe coördinatieregeling in afdeling 3.5 van de Algemene wet bestuursrecht.
Difficult Delivery and Neonatal Resuscitation: A Novel Simulation for Emergency Medicine Residents
Authors: Nickerson Jillian , Webb Taryn , Boehm Lorraine , Neher Hayley , Wong Lillian , LaMonica Julia , Bentley Suzanne
Published: January 2020

Introduction: Newborn delivery and resuscitation are rare, but essential, emergency medicine (EM) skills. We evaluated the effect of simulation on EM residents’ knowledge, confidence, and clinical skills in managing shoulder dystocia and neonatal resuscitation.

Methods: We developed a novel simulation that integrates a shoulder dystocia with neonatal resuscitation and studied a convenience sample of EM residents. Each 15-minute simulation was run with one learner, a simulated nurse, and a standardized patient in situ in the emergency department. The learner was required to reduce a shoulder dystocia and then perform neonatal resuscitation. We debriefed with plus/delta format, standardized teaching points, and individualized feedback. We assessed knowledge with a nine-question multiple choice test, confidence with five-point Likert scales, and clinical performance using a checklist of critical actions. Residents repeated all measures one year after the simulation.

Results: A total of 23 residents completed all measures. At one-year post-intervention, residents scored 15% higher on the knowledge test. All residents increased confidence in managing shoulder dystocia on a five-point Likert scale (1.4 vs 2.8) and 80% increased confidence in performing neonatal resuscitation (1.8 vs 3.0). Mean scores on the checklist of critical actions improved by 19% for shoulder dystocia and by 27% for neonatal resuscitation.

Conclusion: Implementing simulation may improve EM residents’ knowledge, confidence, and clinical skills in managing shoulder dystocia and neonatal resuscitation.
Does the Medium Matter? Evaluating the Depth of Reflective Writing by Medical Students on Social Media Compared to the Traditional Private Essay Using the REFLECT Rubric
Authors: Brown Alisha , Jauregui Joshua , Ilgen Jonathan , Riddell Jeff , Schaad Douglas , Strote Jared , Shandro Jamie
Published: January 2020

Introduction: Social media is a novel medium to host reflective writing (RW) essays, yet its impact on depth of students’ reflection is unknown. Shifting reflection on to social platforms offers opportunities for students to engage with their community, yet may leave them feeling vulnerable and less willing to reflect deeply. Using sociomateriality as a conceptual framework, we aimed to compare the depth of reflection in RW samples submitted by medical students in a traditional private essay format to those posted on a secure social media platform.

Methods: Fourth-year medical students submitted a RW essay as part of their emergency medicine clerkship, either in a private essay format (academic year [AY] 2015) or onto a closed, password-protected social media website (AY 2016). Five raters used the Reflection Evaluation for Learners’ Enhanced Competencies Tool (REFLECT) to score 122 de-identified RW samples (55 private, 67 social media). Average scores on two platforms were compared. Students were also surveyed regarding their comfort with the social media experience.

Results: There were no differences in average composite REFLECT scores between the private essay (14.1, 95% confidence interval [CI], 12.0-16.2) and social media (13.7 95% CI, 11.4-16.0) submission formats (t [1,120] = 0.94, p = 0.35). Of the 73% of students who responded to the survey, 72% reported feeling comfortable sharing their personal reflections with peers, and 84% felt comfortable commenting on peers’ writing.

Conclusion: Students generally felt comfortable using social media for shared reflection. The depth of reflection in RW essays was similar between the private and social media submission formats.
Critical Electrocardiogram Curriculum: Setting the Standard for Flipped-Classroom EKG Instruction
Authors: Burns William , Hartman Nicholas , Weygandt P. , Jones Shanna , Caretta-Weyer Holly , Moore Kristen
Published: January 2020

Introduction: Electrocardiogram (EKG) interpretation is integral to emergency medicine (EM).1 In 2003 Ginde et al. found 48% of emergency medicine (EM) residency directors supported creating a national EKG curriculum.2 No formal national curriculum exists, and it is unknown whether residents gain sufficient skill from clinical exposure alone.

Methods: The authors sought to assess the value of this EKG curriculum, which provides exposure to critical EKG patterns, a framework for EKG interpretation when the diagnosis is not obvious, and implementation guidelines and open access to any interested residency. The Foundations of Emergency Medicine (FoEM) EKG I course launched in January 2016, followed by EKG II in July 2017; they are benchmarked to post-graduate year 1 (PGY) and PGY2 level learners, respectively. Selected topics included 15 published critical EKG diagnoses and 33 selected by the authors.5 Cases included presenting symptoms, EKGs, and Free Open Access Medical Education (FOAM) links. Full EKG interpretations and question answers were provided.

Results: Enrollment during 2017-2018 included 37 EM residencies with 663 learners in EKG I and 22 EM residencies with 438 learners in EKG II. Program leaders and learners were surveyed annually. Leaders indicated that content was appropriate for intended PGY levels. Leaders and learners indicated the curriculum improved the ability of learners to interpret EKGs while working in the emergency department (ED).

Conclusion: There is an unmet need for standardization and improvement of EM resident EKG training. Leaders and learners exposed to FoEM EKG courses report improved ability of learners to interpret EKGs in the ED.
#DidacticsRevolution: Applying Kotter’s 8-Step Change Management Model to Residency Didactics
Authors: Haas Mary , Munzer Brendan , Santen Sally , Hopson Laura , Haas Nathan , Overbeek Daniel , Peterson William , Cranford James , Huang Robert
Published: January 2020

Introduction: Leading change effectively is critical to advancing medical education. Residency didactics often require change in order to meet stakeholder’s needs. Kotter’s change management model (KCMM) is an 8-step method for implementing change that can be applied to educational initiatives. This innovation improved an emergency medicine residency didactics curriculum through application of KCMM.

Methods: An initiative to improve residency didactics curriculum was titled the “Didactics Revolution” and implemented according to KCMM: establish a sense of urgency, form a powerful guiding coalition, create a vision, communicate the vision, empower others to act on the vision, plan for and create short-term wins, consolidate improvements and produce still more change, and institutionalize new approaches. Data from the Annual Program Review was utilized to assess the impact of the KCMM strategy.

Results: The percentage of residents who agreed or strongly agreed that lectures provide a valuable learning experience increased from 39.1% in the year prior to 88.0% in the year during the implementation (p < .001), and remained relatively high at 73.5% in the year following. The percentage of residents who agreed or strongly agreed that they felt well-prepared for the written boards increased from 60.9% in the year prior to 92.0% in the year during the implementation (p = .01) and remained high at 73.5% in the year following.

Conclusion: Residency didactics can be improved through the use of KCMM, a change management model originally developed in the corporate context.
Increasing Education Research Productivity: A Network Analysis
Authors: Peterson William , Santen Sally , House Joseph , Hopson Laura , Wolff Meg , Carney Michele , Cyrus John
Published: January 2020

Introduction: Forming effective networks is important for personal productivity and career development. Although critical for success, these networks are not well understood. The objective of this study was to usze a social network analysis tool to demonstrate the growth of institutional publication networks for education researchers and show how a single institution has expanded its publication network over time.

Methods: Publications from a single institution’s medical education research group (MERG) were pulled since its inception in 2010 to 2019 using Web of Science to collect publication information. Using VOSViewer software, we formed and plotted a network sociogram comparing the first five years to the most recent 4.25 years to compare the institutions of authors from peer reviewed manuscripts published by this group.

Results: We found 104 peer-reviewed research articles, editorials, abstracts, and reviews for the MERG authors between 2010 and 2019 involving 134 unique institutions. During 2010-2014, there were 26 publications involving 56 institutions. From 2015- 2019, there were 78 publications involving 116 unique institutions.

Conclusion: This brief report correlates successful research productivity in medical education with the presence of increased inter-institutional collaborations as demonstrated by network sociograms. Programs to intentionally expand collaborative networks may prove to be an important element of facilitating successful careers in medical education scholarship.
What Newman Can Give Catholic Philosophers Today
Authors: Crosby John F. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

In this article I explain various points of contact between Newman and the Catholic philosophical tradition. I begin with Newman’s personalism as it is found in the Grammar of Assent, especially in the distinction between notional and real assent, and in the distinction between formal and informal inference. Then I proceed to Newman’s personalism as it is found in his teaching on conscience and on doctrinal development. I then consider Newman as proto-phenomenologist and also as an Augustinian thinker. Finally, I discuss Newman’s teaching on moral and intellectual virtue in The Idea of a University. If I had to pick one utterance of Newman that epitomizes his philosophical thought in a way that engages Catholic philosophers, I would pick the motto of the Grammar of Assent: “Non in dialectica complacuit Deo salvum facere populum tuum.”
Kant, Rawls, and the Possibility of Autonomy
Authors: Kogelmann Brian ,   Department of Philosophy, Florida State University
Published: January 2020

One feature of John Rawls’s well-ordered society in both A Theory of Justice (TJ) and Political Liberalism (PL) is that citizens in the well-ordered society, when adhering to the principles of justice governing that society, realize their full autonomy. This notion of full autonomy is explicitly Kantian. This constancy, I shall argue, raises problems. Though the model of the well-ordered society presented in TJ is arguably consistent with Kant’s notion of autonomy, the model of the well-ordered society presented in PL is not. The problem is that in the well-ordered society of PL people’s reasons for complying with the principles of justice are overdetermined in a problematic way. This raises the interesting question of acting from overdetermined motives in Kant’s system of ethics. In this paper I argue that regardless of which plausible interpretation of acting from overdetermined motives we adopt, the prospect of citizens realizing their full autonomy in Rawls’s PL are small. This is a serious defect of the theory.
Democratização da escola e processos escolares inclusivos: a potência da trama narrativa currículo e Atendimento Educacional Especializado nos cotidianos
Authors: Haas Clarissa , Baptista Claudio Roberto
Published: January 2020

No presente estudo abordamos a democratização da escola por meio da defesa do direito à aprendizagem dos estudantes público-alvo da educação especial. Entendemos que a garantia efetiva desse direito pode ser viabilizada a partir da trama narrativa entre currículo e Atendimento Educacional Especializado, dispositivo pedagógico central para a inclusão escolar dos estudantes com deficiência na escola. A abordagem de currículo realizada aproxima-se dos estudos do cotidiano, de modo que o caminho metodológico privilegiado busca nas narrativas do cotidiano os elementos para discutir a política da educação especial na perspectiva da educação inclusiva em ação. Sustenta-se que o Atendimento Educacional Especializado no interior da escola comum pode operar para reinvenção do currículo, em relação de unidade entre a educação geral e especializada. Desse modo, compreende-se que a análise das tramas narrativas entre currículo e Atendimento Educacional Especializado disparada pelos cotidianos constituem-se como ferramentas político-pedagógicas para o fortalecimento do direito à aprendizagem desse público e, consequentemente, para a (auto) formação docente.
Øyer i historien
Authors: Eliassen Knut Ove
Published: January 2020

Anmeldelse af Frits Andersen: Sydhavsøen. Nydelsens geografi.452 s. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2019.
Morphological descriptions and morphometric discriminant function analysis reveal an additional four groups of Scylla spp
Authors: Fazhan Hanafiah , Waiho Khor , Quinitio Emilia , Baylon Juliana C. , Fujaya Yushinta , Rukminasari Nita , Azri Mohammad Farhan Darin , Shahreza Md. Sheriff , Ma Hongyu , Ikhwanuddin Mhd
Published: January 2020

There are four species of mud crabs within the genus Scylla, and most of them live sympatrically in the equatorial region. Apart from a report in Japan about the finding of a natural Scylla hybrid more than a decade ago after the division of genus Scylla into four species by Keenan, Davie & Mann (1998), no subsequent sighting was found. Thus, this study investigates the possible natural occurrence of potential hybridization among Scylla species in the wild. A total of 76,211 individuals from mud crab landing sites around the Malacca Straits, South China Sea and Sulu Sea were screened. In addition to the four-purebred species, four groups (SH 1, n = 2, 627; SH 2, n = 136; SH 3, n = 1; SH 4, n = 2) with intermediate characteristics were found, mostly at Sulu Sea. Discriminant Function Analysis revealed that all Scylla species, including SH 1 - 4, are distinguishable via their morphometric ratios. The most powerful discriminant ratios for each character and the top five discriminant ratios of males and females were suggested. The carapace width of SH 1 males and females were significantly smaller than pure species. Based on the discriminant ratios and the description of morphological characters, we hypothesize that the additional four groups of Scylla with intermediate characteristics could be presumed hybrids. Future work at the molecular level is urgently needed to validate this postulate.
Germination Test of Shea Seeds (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn) in Nursery on Substrates of Northern Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Alphonse Alui Konan , Nafan Diarrassouba , Didier Martial Yao Saraka
Published: January 2020

Aims: The present study aims to evaluate the effect of some abiotic factors on the quality of seed germination of shea tree, a plant of great economic interest for the rural populations in Northern Côte d'Ivoire.

Study Design: The trials were conducted in a nursery where two factors were considered. These were the substrate, with six modalities and shelter with two modalities. Six small pits, each of size 60 x 60 cm, surface 3600 cm2 and 15 cm of depth were dug and then filled with different substrates.

Place and Duration of Study: The work was carried out in 2018 in the district of Korhogo in Northern Côte d'Ivoire.

Methodology: Each treatment received 36 seeds of shea tree giving a total of 216 seeds per test. The seeds used were all dark brown, ellipsoid in shape with masses ranging from 10 to 11 g. The experiment was carried out with a total of 12 treatments, six under a greenhouse hermetically covered with transparent polyethylene plastic and six under a shade made up of a rack covered with maximum Panicum leaves. 

Results: The first germination was observed at the level of the organic manure treatment at 6 months of degradation installed under the greenhouse (ManB_G = 28 days). The lowest final germination rate was obtained with the organic fertilization at 3 months of degradation installed under the shade (FGP ManA_S = 2.95%) while the highest was observed in the sawdust installed under the greenhouse (FGP S_G = 64.18%).

Conclusion: It is concluded that for each substrate, soil or biowaste, the seeds of shea tree have a better ability to germinate under a greenhouse than under a shelter covered with straw.
Sources of Salmonella Infections in Selected Poultry Farms in Jos, Northern Nigeria
Authors: Sati N. M. , Emennaa P. E. , Okolocha E. C. , Kabir J. , Kazeem H. M. , Muhammad M. , Lettini A. A. , Fagbamila I. O. , Enurah L. U.
Published: January 2020

Salmonella infections are not new in Nigerian farms and most times also, it is not clear whether the infections are coming from the hatcheries or they are acquired on the farms. The aim of this study was to determine the sources of salmonella infections in nine selected farms prior to fowl typhoid vaccine administration in order to suggest preventive measures towards minimizing or eradicating its occurrence in the farms and hatcheries. Samples taken at the hatcheries were dead chicks and faeces from chick boxes. These samples were processed and analysed for Salmonella species using standard microbiology methods. Four (44.4%) of the nine farms had Salmonella in the tissues of dead birds and/or in their faeces before the birds were introduced to the farms.  Salmonella specie was also found two weeks later in faeces and feed in one out of the four farms. Subsequent visits yielded no Salmonella species in the previously infected farms. One of the selected farms whose chicks were Salmonella–free before reaching the farm eventually had Salmonella species isolated from the litter a few weeks later. A total of eleven isolates comprising four different serotypes (Salmonella oakland, S. enterica subsp enterica, S. bonariensis and S. kentucky) were encountered in this study that demonstrates the need for routine screening of breeder farms against infectious diseases, the   regulation of activities in hatcheries and the practice of biosecurity on farms to reduce disease transmission to the barest minimum.
Four Facets to Know a Cancer Care-related Journal: An Example of Eur. J. Cancer Care (Engl.)
Authors: Hsieh Wan-Ting , Chien Tsair-Wei , Chou Willy
Published: January 2020

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the journal features by collecting some data from Pubmed Central (PMC) and to interpret the characteristics of the journal for Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) (EJCC).

Methods: Selecting 1611 abstracts and their corresponding author names and keywords on September 3, 2017, from PMC, we analyzed data mentioned above to address following features: (1) Nation distribution and author collaborations; (2) Journal features represented by article keywords; (3) The most productive authors and their authorship clusters; (4) The top 10 journals most similar to EJCC. Microsoft Excel VBA routines were programmed to extract data from PMC. Rasch model and SNA Pajek software were used to present visualized displays for EJCC features.

Results: We found (1) the majority of the articles are from UK (28%) Australia (10%) and Sweden (5%); (2) The most linked Keywords are cancer and breast cancer; (3) The most productive author is R Sanson-Fisher; (4) The top one journal with the most similarity to EJCC is Support Care Cancer.

Conclusion: Social network analysis that provides wide and deep insight into the relationships among nations, coauthor collaborations, abstract keywords and journals most similar to EJCC was performed in this study. The results can be provided to strategy and decision making for the target journal in the future.
Incorporating Package Grinding Process for QFN Thin Device Manufacturing
Authors: Rodriguez Rennier S. , Gomez Frederick Ray I.
Published: January 2020

Package thinning, down-scaling, and miniaturization are common interests among semiconductor industries, with each manufacturing site having different approach and technical directions in providing novelties in their products. The paper offers an innovative design of manufacturing flow to reduce the semiconductor package height of a Quad-Flat No-leads (QFN) device through the application of a specialized package grinding process.  The process would significantly reduce the carrier thickness for the overall package height configuration of QFN. Through this integration, the common assembly barriers and defects related in producing thin devices are eliminated, thus thinner version manufacturing becomes more simplified and efficient.
Dose and blending fraction quantification for adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction based on low‐contrast detectability in abdomen CT
Authors: Zhou Yifang
Published: January 2020

Purpose

The utilization of iterative reconstruction makes it difficult to identify the dose‐noise relationship, resulting in empirical design of scan protocols and inconsistent conclusions on dose reduction for consistent image quality. This study was to quantitatively determine the dose and the blending fraction of adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) based on the specified low‐contrast detectability (LCD).

Methods

A tissue equivalent abdomen phantom and a GE discovery 750 HD computed tomography (CT) were utilized. The normality of the noise distribution was tested at various spatial scales (2.1–9.8 mm) in the presence of ASIR (10–100%) with a wide range of doses (2.24–38 mGy). The statically defined minimum detectable contrast (MDC) was used as the image quality metric. The parametric model decomposed the MDC into two terms: one with and the other without ASIR, each was related to the dose in the form of power law with factors and indices dependent on spatial scales. The parameters were identified by least‐square fitting to the experimental data. By considering the constraint of the blending fraction in the range of [0, 1], the dose and ASIR blending fraction were determined for any specified low‐contrast detectability (LCD), quantified by the MDC at the concerned lesion size.

Results

It was verified that noise distribution is normal in the presence of ASIR. It was also found that the noises obtained from the subtractions of adjacent slices had an underestimate of 20% as compared to the ground truth noises, regardless of the spatial scale, pitch, or ASIR blending fraction. The least‐square fitting for the parametric model resulted in correlation coefficients from 0.905 to 0.996. The root‐mean‐square errors ranged from 1.27% to 7.15%.

Conclusion

The parametric model can be used to form a look‐up‐table for dose and ASIR blending fraction. The dose choices may be substantially limited in some cases depending on the required LCD.
Opioids, cannabis, confidentiality, ethics, buprenorphine among highlights of 2019
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: January 2020

Opioids are still the dominant news story in the substance use disorder (SUD) field. Last year saw continued funding from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration — and, of course, Congress — for the treatment field. Formulations of buprenorphine, the looming loss of confidentiality protections, the growing acceptance of cannabis, and a focus on quality and ethics were among the important stories for ADAW readers.
Subtle Polymer Donor and Molecular Acceptor Design Enable Efficient Polymer Solar Cells with a Very Small Energy Loss
Authors: Xu Xiaopeng , Feng Kui , Lee Young Woong , Woo Han Young , Zhang Guangjun , Peng Qiang
Published: January 2020

A new wide bandgap polymer donor, PNDT‐ST, based on naphtho[2,3‐b:6,7‐b′]dithiophene (NDT) and 1,3‐bis(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐5,7‐bis(2‐ ethylhexyl)benzo[1,2‐c:4,5‐c′]dithiophene‐4,8‐dione (BDD) is developed for efficient nonfullerene polymer solar cells. To better match the energy levels, a new near infrared small molecule of Y6‐T is also developed. The extended π‐conjugation and less twist of PNDT‐ST provides it with higher crystallinity and stronger aggregation than the PBDT‐ST counterpart. The higher lowest occupied molecular orbital level of Y6‐T than Y6 favors the better energy level match with these polymers, resulting in improved open circuit voltage (Voc) and power conversion efficiency (PCE). The high crystallinity and strong aggregation of PNDT‐ST also induces large phase separation with poorer morphology, leading to lower fill factor and reduced PCE than PBDT‐ST. To mediate the crystallinity and optimize the morphology, PNDT‐ST and PBDT‐ST are blended together with Y6‐T, forming the ternary blend devices. As expected, the two compatible polymers allow continual optimization of the morphology by varying the blend ratio. The optimized ternary blend devices deliver a champion PCE as high as 16.57% with a very small energy loss (Eloss) of 0.521 eV. Such small Eloss is the best record for polymer solar cells with PCEs over 16% to date.
Origin of Grain Size Effects on Voltage‐Driven Ferroelastic Domain Evolution in Polycrystalline Tetragonal Lead Zirconate Titanate Thin Film
Authors: Yazawa Keisuke , Uchida Hiroshi , Blendell John E.
Published: January 2020

Grain size effects on electromechanical properties and voltage‐driven ferroelastic domain wall motion are a well‐known phenomenon in polycrystalline ferroelectrics. Here, the origin of the grain size effects on voltage‐driven ferroelastic domain wall motion is presented with the direct observation of ferroelastic domain evolution with applied DC voltage by piezoelectric force microscopy and polarization hysteresis loop. It is demonstrated that the microstructure parameter for controlling the voltage‐driven ferroelastic domain wall motion is the number of colonies of stripe domains in a grain rather than the grain size. Single colony grains do not show considerable out‐of‐plane (001) domain width change whereas multiple colony grains exhibit significant domain width increase with an applied DC voltage. No independent grain size effect on ferroelastic domain wall motion is observed in the grain size range 0.6–1.6 µm.
Self‐Growth of MoS2 Sponge for Highly Efficient Photothermal Cleanup of High‐Viscosity Crude Oil Spills
Authors: Yu Miao , Xu Peng , Yang Jin , Ji Lai , Li Changsheng
Published: January 2020

For dealing with crude oil spills, the high viscosity of crude oil greatly limits the absorption capacity of the absorbent materials, making crude oil a major obstacle in the cleaning process. Herein, a MoS2‐rubber sponge (MoS2‐RS), as a photothermal sorbent, is prepared by a one‐step in situ synthesis. The sponge exhibits excellent superhydrophobicity (the water contact angle is 151°), a high absorption capacity for oils and organic liquids (15–67 g g−1), and an outstanding compressive elasticity of 38.6 kPa. Furthermore, MoS2‐RS shows a good photothermal conversion capability. Under illumination, the viscosity of crude oil could be effectively reduced due to the rapid temperature rise in MoS2‐RS. This response allows the modified sponge to quickly absorb crude oil, which significantly reduces the adsorption time of 20 µL crude oil from 16 h to 19 s when compared to that of absorbent materials without a photothermal conversion capability. Because of the excellent mechanical performance, MoS2‐RS could be installed in a vacuum pump to continuously collect crude oil from the water surface. This setup greatly improves the crude oil collecting efficiency. The new photothermal absorbent material shows great potential for the collection of crude oil and the cleanup of spill accidents.
1,1‐Ethendiol – Das lange Zeit schwer fassbare Enol der Essigsäure
Authors: Mardyukov Artur , Eckhardt André K. , Schreiner Peter R.
Published: January 2020

Wir berichten über die erste spektroskopische Identifizierung des bisher unbekannten 1,1‐Ethendiol, dem Enol‐Tautomer der Essigsäure. Das Enol wurde durch Hochvakuumblitzpyrolyse bei 400 °C aus Malonsäure in der Gasphase dargestellt. Alle Zersetzungsprodukte wurden anschließend in kryogenen Argonmatrices bei 10 K isoliert und mittels IR‐ und UV/Vis‐Spektroskopie charakterisiert. Alle experimentell gewonnenen Spektren wurden mit berechneten AE‐CCSD(T)/cc‐pCVTZ und B3LYP/6–311++G(2d,2p) Spektren abgeglichen. Nach Belichtung mit λ=254 nm lagert das Enol zur Essigsäure um oder wird zu Keten und Wasser zersetzt.
Molecular Springs: Integration of Complex Dynamic Architectures into Functional Devices
Authors: Huang Chang‐Bo , Ciesielski Artur , Samorì Paolo
Published: January 2020

Molecular/supramolecular springs are artificial nanoscale objects possessing well‐defined structures and tunable physicochemical properties. Like a macroscopic spring, supramolecular springs are capable of switching their nanoscale conformation as a response to external stimuli by undergoing mechanical spring‐like motions. This dynamic action offers intriguing opportunities for engineering molecular nanomachines by translating the stimuli‐responsive nanoscopic motions into macroscopic work. These nanoscopic objects are reversible dynamic multifunctional architectures which can express a variety of novel properties and behave as adaptive nanoscopic systems. In this Minireview, we focus on the design and structure–property relationships of supramolecular springs and their (self‐)assembly as a prerequisite towards the generation of novel dynamic materials featuring controlled movements to be readily integrated into macroscopic devices for applications in sensing, robotics, and the internet of things.
A Room‐Temperature Verwey‐type Transition in Iron Oxide, Fe5O6
Authors: Ovsyannikov Sergey V. , Bykov Maxim , Medvedev Sergey A. , Naumov Pavel G. , Jesche Anton , Tsirlin Alexander A. , Bykova Elena , Chuvashova Irina , Karkin Alexander E. , Dyadkin Vadim , Chernyshov Dmitry , Dubrovinsky Leonid S.
Published: January 2020

Functional oxides whose physicochemical properties may be reversibly changed at standard conditions are potential candidates for the use in next‐generation nanoelectronic devices. To date, vanadium dioxide (VO2) is the only known simple transition‐metal oxide that demonstrates a near‐room‐temperature metal–insulator transition that may be used in such appliances. In this work, we synthesized and investigated the crystals of a novel mixed‐valent iron oxide with an unconventional Fe5O6 stoichiometry. Near 275 K, Fe5O6 undergoes a Verwey‐type charge‐ordering transition that is concurrent with a dimerization in the iron chains and a following formation of new Fe−Fe chemical bonds. This unique feature highlights Fe5O6 as a promising candidate for the use in innovative applications. We established that the minimal Fe−Fe distance in the octahedral chains is a key parameter that determines the type and temperature of charge ordering. This model provides new insights into charge‐ordering phenomena in transition‐metal oxides in general.
Genetically Encoded Activators of Small Molecules for Imaging and Drug Delivery
Authors: Thiel Zacharias , Nguyen Jade , Rivera‐Fuentes Pablo
Published: January 2020

Chemical biologists have developed many tools based on genetically encoded macromolecules and small, synthetic compounds. The two different approaches are extremely useful, but they have inherent limitations. In this Minireview, we highlight examples of strategies that combine both concepts to tackle challenging problems in chemical biology. We discuss applications in imaging, with a focus on super‐resolved techniques, and in probe and drug delivery. We propose future directions in this field, hoping to inspire chemical biologists to develop new combinations of synthetic and genetically encoded probes.
Total Synthesis of (−)‐Pepluanol B: Conformational Control of the Eight‐Membered‐Ring System
Authors: Zhang Jing , Liu Meng , Wu Chuanhua , Zhao Gaoyuan , Chen Peiqi , Zhou Lin , Xie Xingang , Fang Ran , Li Huilin , She Xuegong
Published: January 2020

The first total synthesis of the Euphorbia diterpenoid pepluanol B in both racemic and enantioenriched form involves 20 steps from a known bicyclic diol. This synthesis features an unprecedented bromo‐epoxidation to control the eight‐membered‐ring conformation. In addition, salient reactions for the construction of the tetracyclic backbone include a sterically challenging aldol reaction to establish the quaternary center, a ring closing metathesis (RCM) to forge the eight‐membered ring, and a diastereoselective cyclopropanation to assemble the embedded cyclopropane motif.
Ion‐Pairing Assemblies of Porphyrin–AuIII Complexes in Combination with π‐Electronic Receptor–Anion Complexes
Authors: Tanaka Hiroki , Haketa Yohei , Bando Yuya , Yamakado Ryohei , Yasuda Nobuhiro , Maeda Hiromitsu
Published: January 2020

Anion complexes of anion‐responsive π‐electronic molecules can behave as pseudo π‐electronic anions providing various ion pairs in combination with countercations. In this study, single crystals of ion‐pairing assemblies comprising porphyrin–AuIII complexes and Cl− complexes of dipyrrolyldiketone BF2 complexes were prepared from 1:1 mixtures of anion receptors and the Cl− salts of cationic porphyrins in solution. In the solid state, the ion pairs formed characteristic assemblies, depending on the substituents of the anion receptors and porphyrin–AuIII complexes. Theoretical calculations on the ion pairs revealed that the stacking structures are stabilized by compensating positive and negative charges as well as π–π interactions.
Exponential quasi‐(Q,S,R)‐dissipativity and practical stability for switched nonlinear systems
Authors: Liu Shuo , Pang Hongbo
Published: January 2020

In this paper, the problems of exponential quasi‐(Q,S,R)‐dissipativity and practical stability analysis for a switched nonlinear system are addressed. First, the concept of exponential quasi‐(Q,S,R)‐dissipativity for switched nonlinear systems without requiring the exponential quasi‐(Q,S,R)‐dissipativity property of each subsystem is proposed. Then, we show that an exponentially quasi‐(Q,S,R)‐dissipative switched nonlinear system is practically stable. Second, this exponential quasi‐(Q,S,R)‐ dissipativity property for a switched nonlinear system is obtained by the design of a state‐dependent switching law. Third, a composite state‐dependent switching law is designed to render the feedback interconnection of switched nonlinear systems exponentially quasi‐(Q,S,R)‐dissipative. This switching law allows interconnected switched nonlinear systems to switch asynchronously. Finally, the effectiveness of the results is verified by a numerical example.
Heavier Alkaline‐Earth Catalyzed Dehydrocoupling of Silanes and Alcohols for the Synthesis of Metallo‐Polysilylethers
Authors: Morris Louis J. , Hill Michael S. , Mahon Mary F. , Manners Ian , S. McMenamy Fred , Whittell George R.
Published: January 2020

The dehydrocoupling of silanes and alcohols mediated by heavier alkaline‐earth catalysts, [Ae{N(SiMe3)2}2⋅(THF)2] (I–III) and [Ae{CH(SiMe3)2}2⋅(THF)2], (IV–VI) (Ae=Ca, Sr, Ba) is described. Primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols were coupled to phenylsilane or diphenylsilane, whereas tertiary silanes are less tolerant towards bulky substrates. Some control over reaction selectivity towards mono‐, di‐, or tri‐substituted silylether products was achieved through alteration of reaction stoichiometry, conditions, and catalyst. The ferrocenyl silylether, FeCp(C5H4SiPh(OBn)2) (2), was prepared and fully characterized from the ferrocenylsilane, FeCp(C5H4SiPhH2) (1), and benzyl alcohol using barium catalysis. Stoichiometric experiments suggested a reaction manifold involving the formation of Ae–alkoxide and hydride species, and a series of dimeric Ae–alkoxides [(Ph3CO)Ae(μ2‐OCPh3)Ae(THF)] (3 a–c, Ae=Ca, Sr, Ba) were isolated and fully characterized. Mechanistic experiments suggested a complex reaction mechanism involving dimeric or polynuclear active species, whose kinetics are highly dependent on variables such as the identity and concentration of the precatalyst, silane, and alcohol. Turnover frequencies increase on descending Group 2 of the periodic table, with the barium precatalyst III displaying an apparent first‐order dependence in both silane and alcohol, and an optimum catalyst loading of 3 mol % Ba, above which activity decreases. With precatalyst III in THF, ferrocene‐containing poly‐ and oligosilylethers with ferrocene pendent to‐ (P1–P4) or as a constituent (P5, P6) of the main polymer chain were prepared from 1 or Fe(C5H4SiPhH2)2 (4) with diols 1,4‐(HOCH2)2‐(C6H4) and 1,4‐(CH(CH3)OH)2‐(C6H4), respectively. The resultant materials were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and DOSY NMR spectroscopy, with estimated molecular weights in excess of 20,000 Da for P1 and P4. The iron centers display reversible redox behavior and thermal analysis showed P1 and P5 to be promising precursors to magnetic ceramic materials.