bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Conceptual Model of the Household's Housing Decision–Making Process: The Economic Perspective
Authors: Wong Grace K.M.
Published: March 2003

At some stage in every household's family life cycle, the household is likely to make certain decisions with regard to its housing environment. Although the household's housing decisions essentially comprise the decision to move, and the selection of a new residence, the process from which these decisions are derived is very complex because varying circumstances could produce a multitude of different housing decisions. Due to the sheer complexity of the household's housing decision–making process, researchers have generally focused on individual decision–making stages rather than on the process as a whole. This paper therefore attempts to conceptualize the entire household housing decision–making process using theoretical concepts from the economic perspective, and then tests the conceptual model with empirical evidence drawn from the moving population within the multi–racial society in Singapore.
Portfolio Fishing
Authors: Baldursson Friðrik Már , Magnússon Guðmundur
Published: March 2003

The optimal fishing pattern in a multi‐cohort fishery is determined using risk theory.Portfolio theory becomes applicable by treating different age groups of fish as different assets. A possibility set is derived using data on Icelandic cod fisheries. In the presence of risk aversion, it is shown that the abrupt behavior found in deterministic models is changed towards a smoother fishing pattern. The historical selection pattern for the Icelandic cod stock is shown to be near optimal using a maximal effort‐type cost function, but historical levels of effort are inefficient and lead to less profit and greater fluctuations than implied by profit or utility maximization.
Reciprocal Supervision, Collusion and Organizational Design
Authors: Laffont Jean‐Jacques , Meleu Mathieu
Published: March 2003

We study the design of supervisory functions in an organization with one principal and two agents. Each agent can perform supervision activities regarding the other agent. We characterize the way the principal must structure incentive payments to avoid any collusive activity between agents. In particular, it is shown that better mutual information between agents may hurt the principal. The other main result is the possibility that it may be better to give up one supervisory function or to have a third party be the supervisor if possible. Finally, we show that such a dual supervisory structure raises the possibility that letting collusion happen may be the best policy.
Business Cycles: Theory, Evidence and Policy Implications
Authors: Cooper Russell W.
Published: March 2003

This paper looks at recent advances in the study of aggregate fluctuations. The emphasis is on three prominent areas of research: the stochastic growth model, economies which exhibit macroeconomic complementarities and models that emphasize heterogeneity. Each section of the paper outlines the theory, examines relevant empirical evidence and then discusses some policy implications of the analysis.
Beat 'em or Join 'em? Export Subsidies versus International Research Joint Ventures in Oligopolistic Markets
Authors: Neary J. Peter , O'Sullivan Paul
Published: March 2003

We compare adversarial with cooperative industrial and trade policies in a dynamic oligopoly game in which a home and foreign firm compete in R&D and output and, because of spillovers, each firm benefits from the other's R&D. When the government can commit to an export subsidy, such a policy raises welfare relative to cooperation, except when R&D is highly effective and spillovers are near‐complete. Without commitment, however, subsidisation may yield welfare levels much lower than cooperation and lower even than free trade, though qualifications to the dangers from no commitment are noted.

JEL classification: F12; F13
Self‐employment and Liquidity Constraints: Evidence from Finland
Authors: Johansson Edvard
Published: March 2003

Using a large Finnish micro data set, I study how wealth influences the decision to become self‐employed. The main result is that personal wealth increases the probability of a person becoming self‐employed. This suggests the presence of liquidity constraints.

JEL classification: J23; M13
Food Prices and Market Structure in Sweden
Authors: Asplund Marcus , Friberg Richard
Published: March 2003

This paper examines retail grocery price levels across a large panel of stores in Sweden. We explain price variation across stores by market structure variables to capture differences in competition intensity and a number of store– and region–specific factors. Most of the explained variation in prices can be attributed to store–specific factors such as size and chain affiliation. Overall, the relation between market structure variables and food prices is weak, and effects are small in percentage terms. Nevertheless, higher local concentration of stores, higher regional wholesaler concentration and a lower market share of large stores are all correlated with higher prices.

JEL classification: D43; L13; L81
Liking, Arousal Potential, and the Emotions Expressed by Music
Authors: North Adrian C. , Hargreaves David J.
Published: March 2003

Previous research indicates that the specific emotions expressed by stimuli may be closely associated with their pleasing and arousing qualities, and this parallels psychomusicological research on the relationship between these two stimulus qualities. In light of this, the present research contends that the emotions expressed by musical stimuli are associated with their pleasing and arousing qualities. Sixty subjects rated 32 musical excerpts on 11‐point scales representing the expression of eight specific emotions. Statistical analyses showed that these emotion ratings were predictable on the basis of 60 additional subjects’ ratings of each excerpt in terms of ‘liking’ and ‘arousal potential’. This indicates that ratings of liking and arousal potential are essentially similar to ratings of the specific emotions expressed by musical stimuli. These results are discussed in terms of the relationship between liking and arousal potential, and the implications that this may have for research on affective processes.
Integration and segregation of prior outcomes in risky decisions
Authors: Gärling Tommt , Romanus Joakim
Published: March 2003

Two experiments were conducted to test if a prior outcome influences the likelihood to accept a current gamble. Undergraduate students participating as subjects imagined that they on a fictitious betting day at a horse‐race track did not gamble in the prior race, that they gambled and won, or that they gambled and lost. Subjects rated in one session the likelihood of gambling in the current race. In another session they rated how satisfied they would be with not gambling, with winning, and with losing, respectively. The results of Experiment 1 showed that as compared to no prior outcome the ratings of likelihood of gambling increased after a gain and decreased after a loss. This was explained by the assumption, supported by the ratings of satisfaction, that the prior outcome only affected the satisfaction with the expected loss of the current choice, making it less negative after a gain and more negative after a loss. These results were replicated in Experiment 2. In addition, if subjects did not know with certainty the outcome of a previous choice to gamble, the likelihood to accept the current gamble and the ratings of the satisfaction with its expected outcomes were largely unaffected.
Peer networks and bullying in schools
Authors: Salmivalli Christina , Huttunen Arja , Lagerspetz Kirsti M. J.
Published: March 2003

This study looked at how the social constellations in school classes relate to bullying problems. Using peer‐evaluation questionnaires, the peer networks of children with different participant roles (such as victim, bully, assistant of bully, reinforcer of bully, defender of victim, outsider) were explored. The subjects were 459 sixth‐grade‐children (218 girls, 241 boys), aged 11 to 12 years, in Finland. The main findings were: 1) Children who tended to behave in either similar or complementary participant roles in situations of bullying formed networks with each other. The individual child's behavior in bullying situations was strongly connected to how the members of his/her network behaved in such situations. 2) Bullies, assistants, and reinforcers belonged to larger networks than did defenders, outsiders and victims. 3) Children outside the networks were most often victims. It was concluded that behavior in bullying situations can be said to be one feature around which the peer networks in school classes are organized. Thus prevention, as well as intervention strategies against bullying should focus not only on individual children, but also on the wider social context of the class.
Mentally retarded persons as parents: Prevalence and the situation of their children
Authors: Mørch Willy‐Tore , Skår Jens , Andersgård Alice Beathe
Published: March 2003

This paper describes a research program on mentally retarded parents and their children. For this nation‐wide study, two structured questionnaires were sent to all municipalities in Norway. Both questionnaires were sent to public health nurses and were followed‐up by a structured telephone interview based on the questionnaires. The primary aim of the study was to survey the number of children born to mentally retarded parents. In addition, the children's needs and functional abilities were to be assessed. Twenty‐three mentally retarded persons had given birth in the course of the past twelve months. A total of 126 children with mentally retarded parents were identified, with an incidence of 27 children per year, and a prevalence of approximately 430 children under 16 years of age in a population of 4 mill. People with a mean of 1.05 child per family. About 43% of the children of mentally retarded parents appeared to have learning difficulties. Forty percent of the children suffered from failures of care. Between 25% and 68% of the children with learning problems had poorly developed motor or language abilities, sense modalities or psycho‐social status.
Personality traits in leadership tasks
Authors: Nordvik Hilmar , Brovold Helge
Published: March 2003

A common factor analysis was performed on the four personality dimensions measured by the Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and questionnaire measures of preferences for the four leadership tasks, Production, Administration, Enterprising, and Integration, described by Adizes. The sample was 1040 Norwegian adults. Three factors showed distinct common variances among the task preferences and the personality traits in a way that supported the construct validity of the traits. The implication of logical consistency among constructs based on self‐report data is discussed, and it is argued that such concepts are valid and necessary at both personal and organisational levels although they may not predict performance as exactly as one might want for example in personnel selection.
Motivation, cognition and pseudoscience
Authors: Lindeman Marjaana
Published: March 2003

The article proposes a framework that views pseudoscientific beliefs as a joint function of the basic social motives and the default way of processing everyday information. The interplay between the basic motives and experiential thinking is illustrated with three examples. The first concerns comprehension of self via astrology and graphology, and the second involves the comprehension of unexpected events (one domain of the motive to comprehend the world). The last example describes health control by alternative medicine, as a modern way of controlling future outcomes.
The development and predictive relations of play and language across the second year
Authors: Lyytinen Paula , Laakso Marja‐Leena , Poikkeus Anna‐Maija , Rita Niina
Published: March 2003

The play and language development of 171 toddlers was examined at 14 and 18 months by observing their activities on the symbolic Play Test and by assessing their language skills using the the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories (MCDI) and the Reynell Developmental Language Scales. Additionally, data from the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the MCDI were obtained at 24 months, in order to investigate how play and language measures taken at 14 and 18 months predict children’s development at the age of 2 years. The results showed that the vocabulary production and symbolic play of the 14‐month‐old toddlers made a unique contribution to their language and cognitive skills at the age of 2 years, while at 18 months only language variables made a similar contribution. Other‐directed pretense discriminaated between the children’s subsequent language and cognitive skills best, whereas nonsymbolic play had no independent predicitive contribution. Significant gender differences were found in the use of nonsymbolic and symbolic play acts already at 14 months. Gender did not, however, contribute to the prediciton of the children’s subsequent skill’s whereas maternal education significantly added to the prediction of the 2‐year‐olds’ maximum sentence length and that of their cognitive development.
20‐Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale: Do difficulties describing feelings assess proneness to shame instead of difficulties symbolizing emotions?
Authors: Suslow Thomas , Donges Uta‐Susan , Kersting Anette , Arolt Volker
Published: March 2003

A hallmark of alexithymia is the difficulty putting emotional states into words which has to be differentiated from problems to communicate emotion to others. Shame proneness is a personality trait that is expected to be closely related to a reduced emotional self‐disclosure in social interactions. The present investigation was conducted to examine construct validity of the Difficulties Describing Feelings scale of the 20‐Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS‐20). The TAS‐20 was administered to 68 subjects (30 psychiatric inpatients and 38 normals) along with the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS), a direct measure of the ability to express feelings verbally, and the Shame‐Guilt‐Scale. Difficulties Describing Feelings was associated with shame assessing scales but not with guilt assessing scales or the LEAS. Thus, in view of our data one should be cautious in interpreting scores from the TAS‐20 scale Difficulties Describing Feelings as indices of a difficulty to symbolize one’s emotions. Instead, this TAS‐20 scale seems to evaluate aspects of social shame.
A dynamical systems interpretation of a dimensional model of emotion
Authors: Faith Meredith , Thayer Julian F.
Published: March 2003

The dimensional structure of emotion was investigated using self reports of induced mood and idiographic and nomothetic analyses. Subjects attended four experimental sessions during which an array of affective states was induced via auditory, visual, and imaginal channels. For each of 118 stimulus events, subjects self‐rated their response. Factor analysis yielded the predicted bipolar factors of valence and arousal: these were obtained in group‐aggregated analysis and subsequently confirmed as change dimensions at the intraindividual level. Controversy over the fundamental dimensions of affective space was considered with respect to methodological issues such as factor rotation and sampling of data space. Valence and arousal are discussed as motivational, driving parameters of affective experience and a dynamical systems conceptualization of emotion is proposed.
Cognitive neuroscience of aging: Contributions of functional neuroimaging
Authors: Cabeza Roberto
Published: March 2003

By revealing how brain activity during cognitive performance changes as a function of aging, studies using positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are contributing to the development of a new discipline of Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging. This article reviews functional neuroimaging studies of cognitive aging in the domains of visual perception, episodic memory encoding and semantic memory retrieval, episodic memory retrieval, implicit memory, and working memory. The most consistent finding of these studies was that brain activity tends to be less lateralized in older adults than in younger adults. This finding is conceptualized in terms of a model called Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Old Adults (HAROLD). According to a compensation hypothesis, bihemispheric involvement could help counteract age‐related neurocognitive decline, whereas, according to a dedifferentiation hypothesis, it reflects a difficulty in recruiting specialized neural mechanisms.
Learning difficulties, social intelligence, and self–concept: Connections to bully–victim problems
Authors: Kaukiainen Ari , Salmivalli Christina , Lagerspetz Kirsti , Tamminen Milla , Vauras Marja , Mäki Hanna , Poskiparta Elisa
Published: March 2003

Learning skills, social intelligence, and self–concept were related to each other and to bully–victim problems among fifth–grade children (79 boys and 62 girls, aged 11–12 years). In addition to exploring connections between single variables, a person–oriented approach was applied in order to analyze children’s value patterns with respect to learning skills, self–concept, and social intelligence, and how these value patterns are related to bully–victim problems. Social intelligence was found to be positively correlated with learning skills, but negatively related to victimization. Bullying was positively correlated with self–concept scores. However, this was true only of boys. According to cross–tabulations, there were significantly more bullies among children with learning difficulties (LD) than would have been expected by chance. Victimization, on the other hand, was not related to LD. LD children’s proposed victim status was in some degree supported by cluster analysis: a group of LD children emerged, who not only scored high on bullying, but also tended to be victimized by others. In addition, two groups of bullies appeared: one whose members could be interpreted as socially unskilled and another as socially skilled. This finding is in line with recent theoretical reasoning, which calls into question the idea of bullies as a unified group, lacking in social skills.
Dichotic listening and sleep deprivation: Vigilance effects
Authors: Helge Johnsen Bjørn , Christian Laberg Jon , Eid Jarle , Hugdahl Kenneth
Published: March 2003

Twelve sleep–deprived and 13 non–deprived Navy cadets were tested with the dichotic listening procedure for effects of sleep deprivation on hemispheric asymmetry and sustained attention. Consonant–vowel syllables were presented to the subjects in three different conditions, a divided (non–forced) attention condition, a forced right ear and a forced left ear attention condition. In the two forced attention conditions the subjects were instructed to focus attention only on the right or left ear stimulus. The results showed an expected right ear advantage for both groups during the non–forced and forced right attention conditions, indicating superior left hemisphere processing. During the forced left attention condition, the sleep–deprived subjects showed no ear advantage at all, while the non–deprived subjects showed an expected left ear advantage. The results are discussed within a theoretical framework of a dual process model, where sleep deprivation disrupts the ability to sustain attention, caused by a temporary failure of the right hemisphere’s top–down (instruction–driven) processing to override the left hemisphere’s bottom–up (stimulus–driven) processing.
Episodic and semantic memory in bilingual and monolingual children
Authors: Kormi‐Nouri Reza , Moniri Sadegheh , Nilsson Lars‐Göran
Published: March 2003

Although bilinguality has been reported to confer advantages upon children with respect to various cognitive abilities, much less is known about the relation between memory and bilinguality. In this study, 60 (30 girls and 30 boys) bilingual and 60 (30 girls and 30 boys) monolingual children in three age groups (mean ages 8.5, 10.5 and 12.5 years) were compared on episodic memory and semantic memory tasks. Episodic memory was assessed using subject‐performed tasks (with real or imaginary objects) and verbal tasks, with retrieval by both free recall and cued recall. Semantic memory was assessed by word fluency tests. Positive effects of bilingualism were found on both episodic memory and semantic memory at all age levels. These findings suggest that bilingual children integrate and/or organize the information of two languages, and so bilingualism creates advantages in terms of cognitive abilities (including memory). Some sex differences were also found in episodic memory but not in semantic memory. This episodic memory difference was found with younger children.
Non‐parametric Kernel Estimation of the Coefficient of a Diffusion
Authors: Jacod Jean
Published: March 2003

In this work we exhibit a non‐parametric estimator of kernel type, for the diffusion coefficient when one observes a one‐dimensional diffusion process at times i/n for i = , ..., n and study its asymptotics as n←∞. When the diffusion coefficient has regularity r≥ 1, we obtain a rate 1/nr/(1+2r), both for pointwise estimation and for estimation on a compact subset of R: this is the same rate as for non‐parametric estimation of a density with i.i.d. observations.
Mode Jumping Proposals in MCMC
Authors: Tjelmeland Hakon , Hegstad Bjorn Kare
Published: March 2003

Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms generate samples from a target distribution by simulating a Markov chain. Large flexibility exists in specification of transition matrix of the chain. In practice, however, most algorithms used only allow small changes in the state vector in each iteration. This choice typically causes problems for multi‐modal distributions as moves between modes become rare and, in turn, results in slow convergence to the target distribution. In this paper we consider continuous distributions on Rn and specify how optimization for local maxima of the target distribution can be incorporated in the specification of the Markov chain. Thereby, we obtain a chain with frequent jumps between modes. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach in three examples. The first considers a simple mixture of bivariate normal distributions, whereas the two last examples consider sampling from posterior distributions based on previously analysed data sets.
The Modelling of Ethernet Data and of Signals that are Heavy‐tailed with Infinite Variance*
Authors: TAQQU MURAD S.
Published: March 2003

We provide an overview of some of the research of the last ten years involving computer network data traffic. We describe the original Ethernet data study which suggested that computer traffic is inherently different from telephone traffic and that in the context of computer networks, self‐similar models such as fractional Brownian motion, should be used. We show that the on–off model can physically explain the presence of self‐similarity. While the on–off model involves bounded signals, it is also possible to consider arbitrary unbounded finite‐variance signals or even infinite‐variance signals whose distributions have heavy tails. We show that, in the latter case, one can still obtain self‐similar processes with dependent increments, but these are not the infinite‐variance fractional stable Lévy motions which have been commonly considered in the literature. The adequate model, in fact, can either have dependent or independent increments, and this depends on the respective size of two parameters, namely, the number of workstations in the network and the time scale under consideration. We indicate what happens when these two parameters become jointly asymptotically large. We conclude with some comments about high frequency behaviour and multifractals.
Are Party Activists the Party Extremists? The Structure of Opinion in Political Parties
Authors: Narud Hanne Marthe , Skare Audun
Published: March 2003

In re‐examining May’s law of curvilinear disparity, this article analyzes the structure of opinion of political parties. May suggests that voters, party leaders and party activists have different incentives to participate in politics, and therefore voters and leaders have more moderate positions on issues than party activists. This article is based on the extensions of May’s law made by Kitschelt, who argues that curvilinear disparities, although not general phenomena, are bound to occur in specific circumstances. We have focused on the level of cleavage conflict in the system, the variable that Kitschelt himself found to be critical for explaining party radicalism among sub‐leaders. Using the Norwegian multiparty system as a test case, we propose that radicalism among party activists is conditioned by the relative saliency of different policy dimensions. The empirical analysis, which is based on surveys of MPs, party members and voters in connection with the general election of 1993, gives very little support to our proposition.
Critical Issues and Political Alienation in Denmark
Authors: Borre Ole
Published: March 2003

Indicators of political alienation – distrust in politicians and dissatisfaction with democracy – in the Danish electorate are associated with specific issue positions, economic grievances, and voting for parties with little influence on government policies. Of critical importance are issues in which cosmopolitan values in the political elite confront various kinds of nationalist or isolationist values in the mass public. Thus, during the 1970s and 1980s, distrust and dissatisfaction with democracy were concentrated among NATO and EU opponents on the left. From 1990 on, the emergent issues of refugees and immigration have generated a new basis of alienation on the right, especially after the change from Conservative to Social Democratic government leadership in 1993. Policy distance from the government on EU and on immigration policies constitutes the two major components of political alienation in the 1990s.
The Accuracy of Recalled Previous Voting: Evidence from Norwegian Election Study Panels
Authors: Waldahl Ragnar , Aardal Bernt
Published: March 2003

Data on individual variations from one election to the next is fundamental in the study of political behaviour, and should, ideally, be collected through panel studies in which the same people are interviewed at two or more or elections. This method is, however, costly and time consuming, and most analyses of this type are therefore based on recall data, in which the voters report their choices in the current election and also in previous elections. The accuracy of recall data is discussed, based on data from the Norwegian Programme of Election Research in the period 1977–97. Analyses show that one must expect, using this type of data, that about one in four voters will give incorrect information about their voting behaviour at the previous election. Erroneous recall of previous voting can be explained by variations in the voters’ affiliation to the parties. Whereas stable voters who remain with the same party normally report their voting correctly, erroneous recall varies around 40 percent for party changers and rises to 70 percent among previous non‐voters. There is, however, no uniform underlying pattern in erroneous recall during different periods, which implies that it is difficult to predict exactly how erroneous recall will affect the accuracy of recall data in one particular election.
Dismantling the Social Democratic Welfare Model? Has the Swedish Welfare State Lost Its Defining Characteristics?
Authors: Lindbom Anders
Published: March 2003

The Swedish welfare state was often seen as the most highly developed welfare state and a model for others to follow. In the early 1990s, however, the Swedish economy was in big trouble; the state budget had enormous deficits which the government had to cover by loans in the finance market, exposing the Swedish welfare state model to the evaluation of international capital. This article describes what happened to the welfare state in the 1990s. Was it dismantled? The Swedish experience can shed some light on two competing hypotheses. Globalisation is often seen as an irresistible force that dismantles national autonomy and particularly the possibility of generous welfare arrangements. Another line of thought, however, points out that the welfare state is highly resilient to cutbacks. Cuts are very unpopular among voters and are therefore very dangerous for politicians or parties that aspire to be re‐elected. I argue that my data show that although the Swedish welfare state was reformed in many ways in the 1990s and some cutbacks were made, the welfare state has not been dismantled. Its major attributes when compared with other countries —— e.g. its generosity, universality and developed welfare services —— are almost as prominent as before the crisis. This result is in line with the thesis of the welfare state's resilience and contradicts the globalisation thesis.
Handbills, Tissues, and Condoms: A Site of Engagement for the Construction of Identity in Public Discourse
Authors: Scollon Ron
Published: March 2003

This study develops an analysis of one site of engagement of public discourse in which identity is socially constructed. Through an analysis of the handing out of handbills in public places, the study argues that such sites of engagement are socially constructed through activities such as handing, a social situation frame in which there are expectations on appropriate behaviors, a regulatory frame of civic responsibility, and a generic frame in which the text itself implies a reader or receiver. The study argues that in such sites of engagement identities are imputed, claimed, ratified or contested and that the ascription of identity is, therefore, inherent in the activities at the sites of engagement in which this discourse takes place. Thus public discourse is argued to be inherently constitutive of social identity.
Nationalism and the Linguistic Rights of Deaf Communities: Linguistic Imperialism and the Recognition and Development of Sign Languages
Authors: Branson Jan , Miller Don
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the impact of nationalism on the linguistic rights of Deaf communities. In exploring the subtle hegemony of nationalism in relation to linguistic minorities, the paper discusses the impact of nationalisms on sign languages from two perspectives and in two contrasting situations. First, the paper examines the impact of nationalism on the recognition and promotion of natural sign languages. Second, it examines a particularly potent form of linguistic imperialism as the dominant linguistic forces seek not only to destroy minority languages but to transform existing minority linguistic processes to conform with the form and content of the national language, through the development and promotion of manually coded versions of national spoken and written languages in formal education. These issues are examined in relation to the nationalisms and indigenous sign languages of Australia and Indonesia.
Orderly mixing and accommodation in South African codeswitching
Authors: Finlayson Rosalie , Calteaux Karen , Myers‐Scotton Carol
Published: March 2003

‘Mixed Language,’ a characteristic pattern of language use among African township residents in South Africa, may well include words or full constituents from several languages. However, from both a structural and a social perspective, such speech has a systematic nature. In reference to grammatical structure, within any CP (projection of COMP) showing codeswitching, only one language (the Matrix Language) provides the grammatical frame in the data studied. Also, while speakers from different educational levels engage in codeswitching with similar frequencies, the types of codeswitched constitutents they prefer are different. In reference to the social use of language, we argue that specific patterns of codeswitching indicate how language is both an index of identity and a tool of communication in South Africa. In the codeswitching patterns they use, speakers exhibit strong loyalty to their own first languages. Yet, because they recognize that codeswitching facilitates communication with members of other ethnic groups, they use a number of codeswitching strategies as a means of accommodating to their addressees and simultaneously as a means of projecting multiple identities for themselves.
Frame attunement and footing in the organisation of talk radio openings
Authors: Hutchby Ian
Published: March 2003

Conversation analysts have argued that institutions do not define the kind of talk produced within them; rather participants’ ways of designing their talk actually constructs the ‘institutionality’ of such settings. Previous research has focused mainly on sequential considerations. This article extends that research by drawing on Goffmanian ideas of frame attunement and footing. Focusing on opening sequences on a talk radio show, I trace the incremental process by which mutually ratified participation in an institutional encounter is accomplished as a temporally unfolding, conjoint activity. The first three seconds of each call see the participants embodying a series of footings as they come to establish their relevant institutional identities.
Styling the worker: Gender and the commodification of language in the globalized service economy
Authors: Cameron Deborah
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses some sociolinguistic characteristics of the speech style prescribed to workers for interacting with customers in service contexts, focusing in particular on the linguistic and vocal ‘styling’ prescribed for operators in telephone call centres in the U.K. Attention is drawn to the similarities between the preferred style of speech and what is popularly thought of as ‘women's language’. The intensive regulation of service workers' speech and the valorization of ‘feminine’ communication styles are analysed in relation to changes occurring as a consequence of economic globalization.
Introduction: Non‐standard orthography and non‐standard speech
Authors: Jaffe Alexandra
Published: March 2003

This Introduction provides a framework of the key issues surrounding the non‐standard orthographic representation of non‐standard language varieties. Orthographic choices and their interpretation are framed as metalinguistic, socially conditioned phenomena which shed light on people's attitudes towards both specific language varieties and social identities and on the relationship between linguistic form and the social world in general. From this perspective, the introduction addresses the following specific topics: 1) the selective nature of orthographic choice; 2) the relational and contrastive meaning of orthographic conventions; 3) the interplay of sameness and difference in the use of orthography to make claims on linguistic and cultural identity; 4) orthography and representational control: writing the self vs. representing others and 5) orthographic esthetics: the role of the visual in the interpretation of the oral.
Sociolinguistic prevarication about ‘standard English’
Authors: Coupland Nikolas
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Standard English: The Widening Debate. Tony Bex and Richard J. Watts (eds.).
You're like ‘why not?’ The quotative expressions of Glasgow adolescents
Authors: Macaulay Ronald
Published: March 2003

The sociolinguistic study of discourse features is still at a very elementary stage, so there is very little evidence available on which to trace changes in the use of such features. One feature that has received attention is the use of non‐traditional quotatives in the U.S., particularly by younger speakers, in the past twenty years. The use of be like as a quotative has spread from its presumed origin in California to other parts of the U.S. and also to Canada and England. This paper examines the further spread of non‐traditional quotatives to the speech of adolescents in Glasgow and how these forms might have been transmitted.
The advocate as gatekeeper: The limits of politeness in protective order interviews with Latina survivors of domestic abuse
Authors: Trinch Shonna L.
Published: March 2003

Within institutions that provide assistance to victims of domestic violence, professionals and volunteers work as advocates for their clients at the same time that they act as gatekeepers for their agencies. While the labor of advocacy consists of empowering clients and validating their concerns and feelings, the task of gatekeeping entails making judgments about them in order to dole out goods and services. Thirty protective order interviews and their resulting affidavits form the data for this study. These interviews take place in a district attorney's office and in a pro bono law clinic. This micro‐level analysis of the verbal interaction between protective order application interviewers (both paid and volunteer) and their Latina clients investigates what positive politeness strategies can reveal about how interviewers construct the conflicting discursive identities of advocate and gatekeeper. I examine what interviewers say to clients as well as how interviewers allow clients to give their accounts of abuse. The study points to specific linguistic techniques that may leave victims feeling unaccompanied in the sociolegal system. I suggest that one consequence of the gatekeeping required of interviewers is that victim‐survivors may perceive a ‘second assault’ by the institutions meant to serve them. Linguistic phenomena particular to Latina women in the United States are also brought to light.
‘I don’t speak with a Geordie accent, I speak, like, the Northern accent’: Contact‐induced levelling in the Tyneside vowel system
Authors: Watt Dominic
Published: March 2003

Evidence is presented in this paper of the levelling of the Tyneside (Newcastle) English vowel system toward that of a putative regional standard. This process is hypothesised to follow from the fragmentation of tight‐knit urban communities that formed after large‐scale immigration to Tyneside from elsewhere in the British Isles during the 18th and 19th centuries. High levels of dialect contact brought about by this influx are argued to have promoted the creation of an urban koiné, which in its contemporary form appears increasingly to be losing specifically local features. In addition to contact and mobility as agents of change, the history of unusually acute stigma attached to Tyneside speech should be considered. These and other social factors inform an analysis of the FACE and GOAT variables in the speech of 32 contemporary Tyneside English speakers of various ages, both sexes and from two social class groups.
‘We all speak the same round here’: Dialect levelling in a Scottish‐English community
Authors: Dyer Judy
Published: March 2003

In this paper the formation of a new dialect in Corby, Northamptonshire, a former steel town in the English Midlands, is traced across three generations. The study focuses on whether dialect levelling processes can account for the features of the new dialect formed by contact between the displaced Scottish and indigenous English inhabitants in the town. The results of a variationist analysis of the reflexes of two phonological variables are interpreted within a language ideology framework, with reference to commentary from the speakers themselves. Such a combination of perspectives offers a means of socially embedding the interpretation of the data with reference to the identity issues arising from this contact situation.
Sexist talk: Gender categories, participants’ orientations and irony
Authors: Speer Susan A.
Published: March 2003

This paper uses a discursive social psychological approach to develop and extend what we know about the constitution of sexist talk. Using data from a variety of sources where the topic under discussion is gender and leisure, I examine actual instances of sexism in action. Specifically, I examine the ways in which participants use arguments about possible injury to justify women’s non–participation in certain sport and leisure activities. I identify three resources that participants use to sustain sexist accounts, and bolster their arguments against attack. A fourth resource problematises just what counts as sexist talk, and provides evidence for the ways in which participants themselves can exploit sexist arguments in an ironic fashion to expose and challenge sexist assumptions. I end by considering the implications of this approach for future work on sexist talk, and discursive work on the relationship between gender and language more generally.
Mill’S Affirmation of the Classical Wage Fund Doctrine
Authors: Donoghue Mark
Published: March 2003

Commentaries on Mill's1 recantation have variously and loosely interpreted his retraction within an institutional context (Kurer, 1993), as a tract on policy reform (Schwartz, 1972, esp. pp. 68–69, 90–101; West and Hafer, 1978, 1981), as a calculated political act (Forget, 1992), as part of a scientific research programme (Vint, 1994, esp. pp. 1–7, 212–248), or as broadly revisionist (Hollander, 1968a, 1984, 1985, pp. 262–263, 409–417; Ekelund, 1976, 1985; Ekelund and Kordmeier, 1981; Negishi, 1985a, 1985b). Although these writers differ on many points of detail, they all agree that Mill explicitly and unconditionally abandoned the wage fund doctrine. What is striking here is that the ‘recantation interpretation’ has gone entirely unchallenged by historians of economics. In this paper we challenge received opinion on this point and argue that Mill in fact affirmed the doctrine in his Fortnightly Review article.
The Impact of Financial Participation and Employee Involvement on Financial Performance
Authors: McNabb Robert , Whitfield Keith
Published: March 2003

In recent years, considerable attention has been given to the impact of various forms of financial participation on financial performance. However, financial participation is only one of a number of different schemes attempting to elicit better performance and is itself heterogeneous. Moreover, financial participation schemes are typically introduced in conjunction with employee involvement schemes and their combined effect can be very different from their individual contributions. Indeed, concentrating on only one type of participation can seriously distort its relationship with financial performance. In this paper, a range of different employee participation schemes is examined, including two types of financial participation. The results indicate that financial participation has important interaction effects with particular types of employee involvement scheme and that the two main types of financial participation scheme have negative interactions. Furthermore, some employee involvement schemes are found to have a lower or even negative relationship with financial performance when introduced in isolation.
The Impact of Inflation Uncertainty on Interest Rates in the UK
Authors: Berument Hakan
Published: March 2003

This paper assesses the effect of expected inflation and inflation risk on interest rates within the Fisher hypothesis framework. Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic models are used to estimate the conditional variability of inflation as a proxy for risk. With the UK quarterly data from 1958:4 to 1994:4, we found that both the expected inflation and the conditional variability of inflation positively affect the UK three‐month Treasury‐bill rate.
A Simple Model of Hysteresis in Employment under Exchange Rate Uncertainty
Authors: Belke Ansgar , Göcke Matthias
Published: March 2003

A model leading to employment hysteresis due to sunk hiring‐ and firing‐costs is proposed. A potential mechanism based on a band of inaction that could account for a ‘weaker’ relationship between employment and its determinants is augmented by exchange rate uncertainty. As a result of option value effects the band of inaction is widened. Thus, the hysteresis effects are strongly amplified by exchange rate uncertainty (as numerical examples demonstrate). Non‐linearities in the employment‐relation are implied, i.e. ‘spurts’ in new employment or firing may occur after an initially weak response to a reversal of the exchange rate.
Overseas Work Experience, Savings and Entrepreneurship Amongst Return Migrants to LDCs
Authors: McCormick Barry , Wahba Jackline
Published: March 2003

This paper contributes to a small but rapidly growing literature concerned with the potentially substantial implications of international migration for economic development in LDCs. We study the linkages between overseas employment, savings and entrepreneurial activity on return. In an econometric model of the probability of entrepreneurial activity, we find evidence supporting the hypotheses that both overseas savings, and the duration of stay overseas increase the probability of becoming an entrepreneur amongst literate returnees to Egypt. Amongst illiterate returnees, overseas savings alone increase the probability of becoming an entrepreneur. The results for literates suggest that skill acquisition overseas may matter more substantially than overcoming a savings constraint in explaining how overseas opportunities influence entrepreneurship on return. For illiterates, who usually accept menial positions overseas that offer little opportunity for learning, the opposite obtains.
The Influence of Uncertainty on Investment in the UK: A Macro or Micro Phenomenon?
Authors: Temple Paul , Urga Giovanni , Driver Ciaran
Published: March 2003

While the theory examining the relationship between uncertainty and investment has suggested new research avenues, it has not had strong predictive power. Nevertheless, at the policy level the benefits for investment of a more stable economic climate are being emphasised. These considerations point to the need for empirical work. Accordingly, this paper draws on industry level panel data, obtained by marrying the UK Census of Production with the CBI Industrial Trends Survey, and applies dynamic panel data methods to distinguish between macro and micro sources of uncertainty and to consider the role of financial factors. It is found that both sources of uncertainty exert a considerable negative impact on investment, while financial factors may be important in some industries.
The Global Disconnect: The Role of Transactional Distance and Scale Economies in Gravity Equations
Authors: Loungani Prakash , Mody Ashoka , Razin Assaf
Published: March 2003

Recent empirical analyses show that asset flows can be modelled by the same ‘gravity’ equations that trade economists have used so successfully for the past few decades. This is something of a surprise. Trade economists do not yet have a unified theory of why gravity models should work‐and the situation is worse for asset flows. Reasonable theories would predict that greater distance between countries should generate more asset flows rather than less as the econometric results seem to consistently show. In this paper we discuss how host and source country GDPs, language, and distance the core explanatory variables in the traditional gravity models‐fare in trade and asset flows estimations. While the ‘distance puzzle’ is not resolved, it is considerably reduced by going beyond consideration of physical distance to concepts of transactional distance and scale economies.