bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ALGEBRA OF SOCIAL PHENOMENA
Authors: Slukin Heorhii , Danich Vitalii
Published: March 2024

The characteristics of modern societies are central to discussions of various types of policy (social, economic, etc.) and are often seen as predictors of socio-economic processes. Any society can be studied through the lens of social phenomena. Hence, it seems fair to assume that the better one understands the nature of social matter and its impact on various processes, the better one's decisions will be able to meet today's challenges. The purpose of this paper is to explain and present the new framework for measuring social phenomena in the form of an algebra based on the definition of social phenomenon, its components, rationality and mathematical logic. Methodology. Using the example of social cohesion, the paper examines the current fundamental methodological approaches to interpreting the definition and, consequently, measuring social phenomena. In this paper, the authors use an analogy with probability space and event algebra to develop their mathematical method. As a result, the article presents and explains the basic terms of the algebra of social phenomena that make up the new concept. Practical implications. The authors' approach to formalisation provides a tool for deriving the measure of a complex phenomenon from the measures of its components (simple phenomena), as demonstrated in the example. Thus, this study enriches the range of methods suitable for deepening one's knowledge of the social characteristics of the society under study. Value/Originality. The concept of algebra as a methodology for measuring social phenomena and establishing dependencies between them on the basis of mathematical logic has not yet been the subject of public discussion. Therefore, this publication is also an invitation to a scientific discussion.
The Effect of Montessori Approach-Based Stem Activities on the Academic Self-Respect of Preschool Students
Authors: SAMUR Esila , ALTUN YALÇIN Sema
Published: March 2024

This research aims to explore the effect of Montessori approach-based STEM activities on preschool pupils’ academic self-esteem. The mixed method, which is one of the methods in qualitative and quantitative data are used together in the research. The participants consisted of 63 preschool pupils studying in kindergarten. In the research, the analysis of quantitative data was obtained by statistical methods, and the analysis of qualitative data was obtained by content analysis. As a result of the findings obtained at the end of the research, it was determined that there was a significant difference between the pre-and post-test scores of the academic self-esteem scale. According to the data obtained from the development observation form, the Montessori approach was based on the STEM activities of the preschool pupils; data analysis revealed that there were positive developments in social and emotional development, cognitive development, motor development, language development and self-care skills. According to analysis of the semi-structured teacher interview, the preschool pupils in the study have improved problem solving skills; they can use the desired material with the desired feature and quality, and they act in a more balanced and coordinated manner. Their communication with their peers has also improved, they can remember previous information by focusing their attention, and their psychomotor skills have increased.
DİJİTAL PLATFORMLARDA KİMLİK İNŞASI VE SUNUMU: Z KUŞAĞI ÜYELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: ÇANKAL Selahattin
Published: March 2024

Geleneksel ve modern dönemlere göre, postmodern dönemde bilişim teknolojilerinde yaşanan gelişmeler, kimlik kavramında köklü değişimlere yol açmıştır. Bu değişimler dijitalleşmenin ve dijital platformların etkisiyle birlikte, kimliklerin dijital kimliğe dönüşmesine yol açarak, çevrimdışı ve çevrimiçi kimlik ayrımını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu bağlamda yapılan araştırmanın konusu, dijital çağın içine doğup büyümüş bir nesil olan, dijital yerliler olarak da kabul edilen Z kuşağının, dijital platformlarda kimlik inşa sürecini anlamaya yöneliktir. Araştırmanın amacı ise, Z kuşağı bireylerin, dijital platformlarda inşa ettikleri çevrimiçi kimlikleri ile çevrimdışı kimlikleri arasındaki ilişkiyi ve farklılaşmayı ortaya çıkarmaktır. Araştırma sürecinde yöntem olarak, Derek Layder’in uyarlayıcı yöntembilimsel yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularında Z kuşağı katılımcıların, çevrimiçi kimliklerini inşa ederlerken, yakın çevresi ve yabancı kişilerin bulunduğu çevrimiçi ortamlara göre koşullu kimlikler inşa ettikleri tespit edilmiştir. Z kuşağı katılımcıların dijital platformlarda inşa etmiş oldukları koşullu kimliklerde, pragmatist bir davranış içerisinde oldukları görülmüştür.
Pengaruh Motivasi dan Lingkungan Kerja terhadap Kinerja Karyawan
Authors: Wardhana Aditya Egga , Sustiyatik Enni , Pangastuti Ria Lestari
Published: March 2024

Today's increasingly fierce competition means that companies must continue to improve their employees' performance through various means. This research aims to determine and analyze the partial influence of motivation and work environment on the performance of employees of PT Sukses Mitra Sejahtera, Kediri Regency. This type of research uses quantitative methods by determining the sample using a saturated sampling technique, namely 34 respondents. This research hypothesis was tested using multiple linear regression test techniques. The results of this research show that motivation partially has no significant effect on employee performance, while work environment is partially proven to have a significant effect on employee performance. Meanwhile, motivation and work environment simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on employee performance. The results of this research can be the basis for companies to improve employee performance through increasing motivation and work environment.
Analisis Perbandingan Laba Menggunakan Ekuitas dan Hutang Perusahaan Manufaktur pada Masa Pandemi
Authors: Hermanto Agus , Farha Farha , Saniyah Eluiz Yansirus , Ibrahim Isra Dewi Kuntary
Published: March 2024

Many companies experienced losses during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. This research aims to analyze differences in company profit levels using debt and equity funding of manufacturing companies in the basic and chemical industry sectors, the miscellaneous industry sector, and the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The data collection technique used was documentation with 160 samples. The method used in this research is a descriptive statistical analysis of the company's financial reports in 2020 using the independent sample t-test difference analysis method. The research results show that companies that use equity funding sources have greater profits than companies that use debt funding sources, meaning that companies during the pandemic should use equity funding sources. The results of this research can be a reference for manufacturing companies to choose the most appropriate funding source according to their financial needs and the risks they face.
Fenomenologi Klaster Pariwisata: Media Digital sebagai Langkah Persistensi
Authors: Burhan Muhammad Rahmatul , Faerrosa Lady
Published: March 2024

Since the travel warning due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic was issued, business actors in the tourism cluster on Lombok Island have experienced business ups and downs. After this pandemic, the number of tourist visits has not reached its target. This research aims to identify the perceived meaning and behavioral patterns of business actors in the tourism cluster on Lombok Island through persistent actions during the pandemic which caused travel warnings. The research method used is a qualitative-phenomenological method with samples randomly taken from various types of businesses in the tourism cluster and analyzed through data coding. The results show that persistence can be achieved if it is combined with resilience, and business actors can uniformly persist by implementing digital media to offer tourism services. This research can be a reference and recommendation basis for tourism business actors in Lombok to use digital media as the main marketing tool.
Pengaruh Literasi Keuangan terhadap Pengelolaan Keuangan Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah
Authors: Dewi Winona Kumara , EDT Risa Wahyuni
Published: March 2024

Over the past few decades, scientists and policymakers in both developed and developing countries have realized that the financial literacy of entrepreneurs is crucial for the formation and survival of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). The research aims to determine the influence of financial literacy on financial management in MSMEs. The data used in this research is primary data obtained from respondents through observation, interviews, and questionnaires. The objects of this research are MSME actors in Nagari Kapalo Hilalang. The method used to analyze this research data is Simple Linear Regression analysis using SPSS version 23. The results of this research show that financial literacy has a significant effect on the financial management of MSMEs. This shows that the better financial knowledge a business actor has, the better his business financial management will be. This research can increase financial literacy through outreach and training held by the government.
La strix romana: análisis y caracterización
Authors: Freán Campo Aitor
Published: March 2024

Se propone un estudio exhaustivo e individualizado de la strix dentro del pensamiento simbólico romano. Para ello, se analizan las principales fuentes textuales que permiten caracterizarla desde la Antigüedad hasta finales de la Edad Media. El resultado muestra como una criatura maléfica vinculada inicialmente con la muerte, la noche y la alteridad acabó evolucionando a otra realidad asociada a la hechicería, la brujería y la antropofagia.
González, Restrepo y Salcedo, tres miradas del hacer memoria sensible en tiempos de guerra
Authors: Urueña Jorge
Published: March 2024

A Beatriz González, José Alejandro Restrepo y Doris Salcedo los une la amistad y el colegaje. Sus proyectos artísticos los han colocado en un mismo lugar: la perentoria reflexión del hacer memoria en medio del conflicto armado colombiano. Una mirada sensible de este fenómeno se configura a partir de los universos semióticos (Lotman) que comparten entre sí. Cada uno se distancia en el ejercicio material y procesual del hacer obra, pero su encuentro, como artífices de otros lenguajes de la guerra, se elabora desde una apuesta simbólica, donde la significación deviene de un trabajo exploratorio alrededor de las metáforas visuales, plásticas y performativas. Para ello es importante entender cómo se configura el sentido de estas manifestaciones en clave de semiosis (Lotman), con las cuales se teje una metáfora viva (Ricoeur), mediante una conceptualización contemporánea de lo que implica hacer memoria a través del arte. Por tanto, el presente artículo se desarrolla en tres escenarios de reflexión. El primero de ellos se orienta a comprender las bases epistémicas y semióticas de las metáforas en el arte contemporáneo colombiano, especialmente con las cuales se logra percibir cómo se materializa el sentir en acciones u objetos. Para el segundo momento se presenta un breve análisis semiótico de tres obras que son parte de los catálogos de exposición de González, Restrepo y Salcedo a partir de los significados que ha tenido el líder social y político en Colombia. El tercer y último momento está orientado a intuir cómo estas metáforas acceden a este plano sensible de la guerra y terminan por conceder un espacio a la introspección colectiva, en medio de la crisis humanitaria que vive actualmente el país.
Desplazamiento forzado y el ordenamiento territorial en Colombia. Caso de estudio: Circasia, Quindío
Authors: Argoty Páez Rosevy
Published: March 2024

El ordenamiento territorial colombiano, en el marco de la conformación de sistemas de ciudades desde la visión de las ciudades intermedias, toma como referencia de escala macro dos ciudades y las identifica como elementos que conectan y proveen de servicios urbanos a las poblaciones circundantes rurales. La escala micro se enfoca en los reasentamientos informales que allí se organizan y que toman importancia debido a que son territorios receptores de población desplazada principalmente a causa del conflicto armado. De tal manera que las alternativas de análisis territorial acerca de la expansión urbana de centros poblados son necesarias para afrontar los impactos tanto ambientales como sociales, en razón de la creciente migración interna que vive esta población. Este artículo metodológicamente aborda la escala macro, en este caso la ciudad de Armenia, y una escala micro, el territorio de la comunidad del centro poblado “La 18” en el municipio de Circasia, Quindío. Finalmente se precisa la falta de articulación entre: 1) los Planes de Ordenamiento Territorial y 2) las políticas gubernamentales frente a la prevención, consecuencias y efectos del desplazamiento forzado interno.
Deshonra y honor: discursos morales y memorias sobre la ESMA en la Argentina
Authors: Guglielmucci Oliva Ana , Ohanian María Jazmín
Published: March 2024

A partir de la sistematización de material documental y de trabajo de campo, en este artículo analizamos diversos valores morales (honor y deshonra) puestos en juego en el proceso de refuncionalización del predio de la Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada, una de las principales sedes educativas de la Marina argentina, convertida en la década del 2000 en un espacio para la memoria sobre el terrorismo de Estado. Tales valores, movilizados a través de prácticas discursivas y narrativas memoriales sobre el rol de las Fuerzas Armadas, la violencia estatal y la guerra de Malvinas, permiten dar cuenta de experiencias afectivas disímiles, constitutivas de subjetividades políticas en la Argentina. Por último, este artículo analiza cómo a través de estas experiencias se incorporan y reproducen omisiones, silencios y olvidos afianzados en formas heterogéneas de producción social del espacio-tiempo.
Campaña “Migrar no es delito”. La construcción política de una voz colectiva
Authors: Contursi María Eugenia , Costanzo Gabriela
Published: March 2024

Nos proponemos caracterizar la construcción discursiva de una voz colectiva emergente en las organizaciones de migrantes en Argentina, a través de las imágenes ligadas a la construcción de su identidad política y a los modos de interpelación propios de las culturas políticas contemporáneas. Nociones como ethos discursivo, polifonía y argumentación entimemática son aplicados a tal fin sobre un corpus que se compone de las publicaciones en Facebook de la campaña “Migrar no es delito”. La campaña, en tanto enunciador, se inscribe y desinscribe del colectivo amplio de les migrantes, de acuerdo con las funciones militante y didáctica que desempeña a través de su ethos, reaccionando a las diferentes coyunturas políticas.
Surgical tactics for chest trauma accombined by flail chest
Authors: Zarutskyi Y. L. , Melnychenko O. O.
Published: March 2024

Thoracic trauma, often characterised as closed, comprises 23% to 56.9% of polytrauma cases.According to our research, flail chest in thoracic trauma occurs in approximately 7.9—8.9% of cases. The primary factors contributing to this instability are car accidents or falls from a height.
Objective — to enhance the outcomes of surgical treatment for patients with flail chest by applying novel techniques for assessing the severity of injuries and implementing improved surgical tactics.
Materials and methods. The study included a total sample of 123 patients who had flail chest. The participants were divided into 2 groups: the control group (n=56) and the comparison group (n=67). The ATS scale was used to assess the severity of the condition in the groups. The injury severity score was determined using a point‑based system and categorised as minor, severe, or extremely severe. The control group was additionally evaluated using the AdTS scale, while the perfusion index was measured.
Results. The injury severity score determined using the AdTS scale and the perfusion index formed the basis of an algorithm for differential diagnosis that influenced the indication area and scope of diagnostic procedures. The choice of surgical tactics was based on the results of an additional examination and the injury severity score. For a minor injury, the full range of medical procedures was carried out. For a severe injury, a shortened list of procedures was prescribed. In the case of an extremely severe injury, care was provided using the principles of DCS technology. The chest stabilisation procedure was conducted using the suggested approach for assessing the severity of the injury: less traumatic operations were performed for severe injuries, while full‑scale operations were carried out for minor injuries. The selection of the method for stabilising floating segments was based on the established classification of chest instability. The stabilisation of flail chest was carried out either during the first or third phase of the DCS technology or after the patient had been brought out of a state of shock, in accordance with delayed indications.
Conclusions. The application of the AdTS anatomical and functional scale and the determination of the perfusion index allowed for a rapid and objective evaluation of the injury severity score (minor, severe, and extremely severe). Additionally, these tools helped in identifying the appropriate diagnostic procedures and deciding on the method for stabilising the flail chest. The differential diagnostic programme implemented in the control group made it possible to reduce the examination time for patients with an extremely severe injury by 9.8±1.1 minutes. Implementing the proposed injury severity assessment and stabilisation tactics decreased the number of late purulent‑septic complications by 19.8% and mortality by 17.4% (from 38.8% to 21.4%).
Endovascular treatment of post-thrombotic syndrome of the lower extremities caused by combat trauma. Clinical case
Authors: Susak Y. M. , Karpenko K. K.
Published: March 2024

In the course of Russia’s military invasion of Ukraine, gunshot shrapnel wounds of the lower extremities that result in damage to major blood vessels have become a common phenomenon. Their incidence is consistent with the general data on combat‑related vascular injuries. Vascular gunshot injuries can cause significant changes to the normal anatomy and hemodynamics of the extremity as a result of the bullet or shrapnel travelling through the wound channel. Combat trauma of the vascular bundle, either as a primary factor or in combination with other lesions, often causes a serious condition in the wounded that requires urgent surgical intervention]. Injury to the major blood vessels of the lower limbs carries the risk of critical ischemia, which can lead to higher mortality rates, poor limb recovery, and disability. This clinical case demonstrates the endovascular management of a disabling combat‑related vascular injury. The treatment involves the use of modern imaging techniques and minimally invasive surgical procedures. This case highlights the progression of the pathological process after a gunshot shrapnel wound to the soft tissues and major blood vessels. It also shows a change in the normal anatomy of the major blood vessels and the subsequent development of regional hemodynamic disorders of the lower limb after injury.
In January 2023, a 51‑year‑old male received a gunshot wound to the soft tissues of the pelvis and right lower limb, as well as a gunshot fracture of the right femur. Immediate post‑evacuation therapy included the management of life‑threatening bleeding by ligating the deep femoral artery and providing external fixation of the gunshot femur fracture. Following the healing of the wounds and the removal of the external fixation device, the injured individual experienced a progressive and notable swelling of the lower limb over a period of 3 months. Subsequently, trophic ulcers appeared on the lower leg. In September 2023, the patient was admitted to the National Military Medical Clinical Centre in Kyiv after developing clinical signs of the post‑thrombotic syndrome. However, further examination revealed the presence of an AV fistula. Consequently, a simultaneous endovascular reconstructive intervention was performed on the arteries and veins of the patient’s lower extremity.
Conclusions. A gunshot wound to the major blood vessels can contribute to pathological changes in the normal anatomical structure, resulting in arterial collateral blood circulation or narrowing of blood vessels that can lead to regional hemodynamic disorders. The clinical case exemplifies the importance of using modern imaging techniques for a comprehensive examination of the vascular system and the possibility of minimally invasive treatment for patients with gunshot injuries to the major blood vessels.
Pemanfaatan Limbah Pertanian sebagai Biochar dan Liquid Smoke untuk Pakan Aditif Ternak Warga Desa Sukogidri – Kabupaten Jember
Authors: Wulandari Tri
Published: March 2024

Jerami dan sekam padi merupakan salah satu sisa bahan organik pertanian yang banyak dihasilkan dalam proses pengolahan padi menjadi beras. Penanganan limbah pasca panen pertanian yang selama ini dilakukan petani yaitu dengan membakar jerami secara langsung yang dapat menyebabkan polusi udara, sehingga dapat mengganggu kesehatan. Penggunaan pestisida kimia untuk penanganan hama dan penyakit tanaman menjadi salah satu keluhan petani karena selain membutuhkan biaya yang cukup tinggi juga beresiko terhadap kesehatan petani. Pembuatan liquid smoke dari jerami padi dapat dimanfaatkan dalam proses budidaya tanaman, seperti pengendalian gulma, anti jamur serta sebagai pengusir serangga yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada tanaman. Asap cair yang dihasilkan dari proses pirolisis yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai campuran pupuk dan pakan aditif untuk ternak yaitu disebut biochar. Manfaat dari kedua produk tersebut tentunya sangat menunjang produksi budidaya dan kesehatan ternak warga Desa Sukogidri. Pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk mengedukasi dan memberikan pelatihan terkait pembuatan liquid smoke dan biochar yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pestisida nabati, pupuk serta pakan ternak aditif.
Pendampingan Penggunaan Platform Gamifikasi untuk Pembuatan Media Evaluasi Pembelajaran Online
Authors: Ashari Abdul , Buntu Amalia , Windarsih Yulia , Trianto Manap
Published: March 2024

Pada era digitalisasi perlu adanya adaptasi media evalusi pembelajaran yang dapat menjangkau perkembangan mutakhir salah satunya dengan menggunakan platform gamifikasi. Platform gamifikasi memberikan kesempatan guru untuk berkolaborasi dalam pembuatan soal evaluasi sehingga dapat mempermudah dan  membuat pembelajaran menjadi lebih menarik. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk mengenalkan dan meningkatkan kompetensi digital guru dalam menggunakan platform gamifikasi. Hal itu dimaksudkan agar memudahkan guru dalam membuat media evaluasi pembelajaran secara online. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, maka perlu dilakukan pendekatan berupa pendampingan bagi guru. Kegiatan pendampingan ini bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan platform gamifikasi seperti aplikasi Quizizz, aplikasi Kahoot dan aplikasi Wordwall untuk mempermudah dan mempercepat proses evaluasi pembelajaran secara online. Kegiatan pendampingan ini dihadiri oleh 25 peserta orang guru di SD Inpres Palupi. Materi yang diberikan pada kegiatan pendampingan ini mulai dari pengenalan platform gamifikasi hingga cara pembuatan soal evaluasi dengan memanfaatkan aplikasi tersebut. Dengan adanya kegiatan pendampingan ini maka diharapkan guru telah mampu menggunakan platform gamifikasi dan menerapkannya pada proses pembelajaran di sekolah.
Węgiel. Natura i kultura
Authors: Crane Ralph
Published: March 2024

While concerns about climate change have focused negative attention on the coal industry in recent years, as descendants of the Industrial Revolution we have all benefited from the mining of the black seam. Coal has influenced significantly the course of human history and our social and natural environments. This book explores coal’s industrial history and the extraordinary artistic responses to coal – in the works of numerous writers, including Zola, Lawrence and Orwell, to the way it inspired painters such as Turner, Monet and Van Gogh, and its place in film, song and folklore – as well as the surprising allure of coal tourism. This strikingly illustrated book provides an engaging and informative insight into the myriad ways coal has affected our lives.
Applicability of Modified T5 Temper for Aluminum Forged Parts
Authors: Sürmen Ömer , Tarakçı Mehmet , Gençer Yücel , Zeytin Sakin
Published: March 2024

In industrial applications, hot forging of aluminum alloy AA 6082 is carried out at 480 °C following a preheating process in an induction heater. The forged parts are then cooled down to room temperature, heated up again to apply conventional solution treatment followed by quenching and artificial aging processes. Repetitive heating/cooling steps are a significant cause of energy loss. The aim of this study was to provide time and energy efficiency by combining hot forging and solution treatment processes in a single high temperature process. To achieve this a new and improved heat treatment pattern was introduced. AA6082 parts were quenched immediately from a rather high forging temperature and artificially aged without any necessity for a second heating step and solution treatment. Mechanical properties of parts heat treated by this new pattern were than compared to the mechanical properties of parts heat treated conventionally. Heat treatment of AA6082 alloys were carried out for 30 minutes at three different temperatures (480, 510 and 540 °C) for comparison, followed by forging, water quenching and artificial aging (180°C, 8h). Mechanical properties of each sample were investigated using hardness and tensile tests. Elemental analysis and microstructural characterization were carried out using Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Optical Microscope (OM). Required minimum hardness for the samples after heat treatment was considered as 90 HB. This hardness value could not be obtained for the parts forged/solution treated at 480°C and 510°C. Hardness values of parts heat treated at 540°C, water quenched and aged at 180°C were higher than 90 HB.
Low Drift Type K and N Mineral Insulated Thermocouple Cable for Aerospace Applications
Authors: D Ford Trevor , Scervini Michele
Published: March 2024

As a result of research conducted by the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy at the University of Cambridge and tests conducted in the calibration laboratory at CCPI Europe Ltd, a new mineral insulated (MI) thermocouple cable has been developed for sensor manufacturing. The use of both type K and type N base metal thermocouple combinations under operational conditions during extended and/or high temperature conditions have historically been shown to have a limited life operation. The test results on mineral insulated cable show that conventional type K mineral insulated thermocouple designs can maintain calibration limits and stay within IEC 60584 -1: 2013 class 1 and ASTM E230 special tolerances for a limited number of operations. However, when compared to the type K sensors, manufactured from the new designed mineral insulated cable, these new designs have been shown to maintain calibration values to meet both IEC 60584 -1: 2013 class 1 and ASTM E230 special tolerances for up to five times longer. This new mineral insulated cable can allow type K and N thermocouples to work longer and at higher temperatures with significantly reduced drift, offering greater measurement confidence. This paper will discuss how the new design will offer the opportunity for type K and type N MI thermocouples to work for longer and at higher temperatures under both continuous and cycling conditions with significantly reduced drift, giving increased confidence in measurement capability.
RSM Optimization of Laser Processing Parameters to Improve Biowettability of Ti-6Al-4V Alloys
Authors: Kumar Ashwin
Published: March 2024

With an aging population, war, and sports-related injuries, there is an ever-increasing demand for hard tissue replacements, such as bone. A common alloy known as Ti- 6Al-4V is used in such tissue replacement and is well-tolerated in in-vivo conditions. Recently, however, there has been great concern on the dissolution of aluminum and vanadium ions into the body fluid and the possibility of a toxic result, which is caused by poor integration with the human environment. Without the ability to attach and surround the biomaterials with osteoblast cells, the surrounding tissue will recede from material, release ions or debris, and thereby require immediate revision surgery. In order to reduce this effect it is necessary to nullify factors that can be linked with poor osseo-integration. Laser surface processing creates a physical texture on Ti-6Al- 4V alloys and has been hypothesized to improve bone integration and tissue growth on metallic implants. This form of engineering will be used in this study whose goal is to find the optimal laser processing parameters, based upon laser fluence values, to improve Ti-6Al-4V alloys biocompatibility. Contact angle, surface energy, and roughness measurements were taken. Through response surface analysis, the optimal parameter of 2250W by 1000mm/s was concluded.
The State of the Art in Heat Treat Simulation
Authors: Petrus Greg , Miller James , Walters John , Shankar Ravi
Published: March 2024

For over two decades, heat treat modeling has progressed from an academic concept to a mature production tool. This presentation will discuss many barriers that have been mitigated with a wide range of developments. Early limitations included solver speed and robustness, material data, specialized heating and the requirement to include microstructure development models over a series of dissimilar operations and processes. Solver improvements ranging from parallel processing to specialized iteration methods allow models with millions of elements to run on a personal computer. Additional degrees of freedom have greatly improved solution accuracy. Meshing techniques allow users to identify critical regions for a finer mesh, such as the surface of gear teeth that will be carburized. Rotational (and other) symmetry is frequently used to further refine many models. Driven by the demand for modeling data, sources for quality material properties have increased over the years. Additionally, tools to approximate required data based on chemistry are available and maturing. Radiant, convective, electrical resistance and induction heating effects are incorporated into heat treat simulation systems. Integrated simulation systems also include large deformation behavior to capture the effects of forging, coining or other mechanical processes on the microstructure. A vision of the future will include the use of Design of Experiments (DOE) and optimization in heat treat simulation. How companies will model the entire process chain to build a more accurate fatigue model for the part in service will be discussed. In terms of TRL (technology readiness level), heat treat simulation was in the 2 – 3 range in the 1990’s. Today it is in the 7 – 8 range and moving quickly.
Hydrogen Generation Makes Switching from Dissociated Ammonia Attractive
Authors: Wolff David E.
Published: March 2024

For decades, industrial gas providers have tried to develop a compelling reason for metal thermal processing shops to switch from the dominant dissociated ammonia atmosphere technology to hydrogen/nitrogen blended gas “synthetic” atmospheres. Two problems interfered with this business approach – ammonia for dissociation was generally very cheap, and the alternatives that the industrial gas companies proposed did not solve all of the issues faced by the thermal processors. The offerings of the industrial gas providers failed to displace dissociated ammonia in most installations because the cost of the atmosphere was high as compared with dissociated ammonia, and the solution proposed by the industrial gas providers simply replaced one highly hazardous gas delivery and storage problem – ammonia – with another – hydrogen. Users and their local Authorities Having Jurisdiction did not find the tradeoff attractive to swap ammonia storage for hydrogen storage. Onsite hydrogen generation technology makes it possible to replace delivered, stored hazardous ammonia with “zero-inventory” onsite generated hydrogen and stored or generated nitrogen. This approach eliminates the hazardous material objection to ammonia replacement for thermal processors and makes it much more interesting to consider replacement of dissociated ammonia with hydrogen/nitrogen. While economic issues remain, a look at total costs of operation makes hydrogen/nitrogen generation a viable and growing solution for thermal processors. This paper reviews results for several customers that transitioned successfully from dissociated ammonia to hydrogen/nitrogen. The discussion addresses costs, regulatory compliance, and process results.
3D Multiphysics Modelling Applied to Parametric Analysis on Inductors Design
Authors: Ciscato D. , Cesano M.
Published: March 2024

The inductors design process is the key point in the development of an induction heating machine to fulfil the customer specifications. Some special hardening profiles can be uniquely achieved using the induction heating technology. Different inductors shapes, flux concentrators, power supply frequencies and cooling media can be used to get the optimal thermal profile for the heat treatment. The possibility to study the design robustness of the process using virtual prototyping is the key to speed up the test-trials loop and to give a tool for a better understanding of the process. In the paper, a case study applied to a real industrial problem is presented. A batch of FEM (finite element method) simulations has been done to find the key parameters in the element positioning tolerances, the effect of the misalignment, and the influences of the part geometrical tolerances. Some additional simulation runs have been made to optimize the inductor shape, to stiffen the system and to achieve a more stable process. The method used is based on FEM taking into account the coupling between the electromagnetic and thermal fields, and the nonlinear behavior of the material properties.
Key Considerations When Planning to Upgrade Existing Vacuum Furnaces
Authors: Kerbel Pete
Published: March 2024

Today’s competitive environment requires that you do more with less – to make equipment last longer and run more efficiently. With the industry becoming more demanding, there has never been a better time to ask the question: “Where, and in what, do I invest my money with aging equipment?" This paper offers a close-up look at what is possible when weighing different options for upgrading an aging vacuum furnace, focusing on the many factors that go into choosing the right upgrades and repairs for both your equipment and process requirements.
Aqueous Quenchants for Induction Hardening
Authors: Faulkner Chuck
Published: March 2024

Quenching is a process of cooling a metal at a rapid rate. This is most often done to produce a martensite transformation. In ferrous alloys, this will often product a harder metal, while non-ferrous alloys will usually become softer than normal. Quenching is a very important part of the induction process in order to get the desired hardness of a metal, and improper quenching may lead to a variety of problems. Various type of aqueous quenchants for induction hardening will be reviewed along with the three stages of the quenching process. Basic information on care and maintenance of those quenchants will also be reviewed.
Solving Critical Heat Treatment Challenges with Practical Process Modeling
Authors: Sims J. , Yu T. , Charlie Li Z. , Ferguson B. L.
Published: March 2024

Heat treaters are encountering an ever-increasing need for practical process design and troubleshooting methods to effectively address quality, cost and production time requirements for thermal treatment of steel parts. Over the last two decades, substantial advances have been made in heat treatment process modeling, now permitting user-friendly and robust means for process engineers, designers, and other heat treatment technical professionals to readily apply advanced modeling technology to address complex, “real-life” heat treatment challenges. DANTE modeling software has now been implemented for ready application to carburizing and hardening processes with the consideration of phase transformation, following the process parameters input from heat treaters. This paper highlights a user-friendly and advanced modeling tool now available for solving practical heat treatment challenges. Several case studies using DANTE will cover induction hardening, press quenching and plug quenching, and low pressure carburizing. Also shown are the important benefits received from this technology, including minimization of the costly “trial and error” approach to troubleshooting, and evaluating the effect of process parameters on part quality.
Considerations for Induction Quench and Temper of Tubular Products with Upset Ends—A Case Study of API 5CT L80 and P110 Casing and Tubing
Authors: Tupalo Olexandra , Abbas Mike , Frame Lesley D.
Published: March 2024

Quench and tempering heat treating operations for tubular products are relying more on induction equipment. The reasons for this can be traced to the lower energy costs for operating induction equipment compared to gas furnaces and the greater flexibility that the induction lines offer compared to their furnace counterparts in regards to recipe control and product mix. However, there are limitations and special considerations for induction heat treating equipment and the induction coils used for these operations. This paper reports on the design and operation of a new induction heat treating line for API 5CT grade L80 and P110 casing and tubing with upset ends. Upset ends pose special technical challenges for induction heating; the generation of a uniform temperature distribution relies heavily on proper coil design as well as line layout and heating time. Simulations of induction heating have provided predictions of heating profiles, and on-the-line testing allowed recipe refinement and validation of simulation models. Results from this case study help to increase confidence in this heat treating process as well as create an improved induction heating line layout for future applications.
Improved Reliability of Dew Point Measurements of Furnace Atmosphere on a Continuous Basis
Authors: He Liang , Bowe Donald , Thomas Philips , Ghosh Ranajit
Published: March 2024

Dew point (DP) is a function of the furnace atmosphere composition. In a metal processing furnace, maintaining appropriate atmosphere composition is critical to achieving the desired gas/metal reactions and quality and consistency of the treated product. Continuous measurement of DP is always challenging because of particulates and vapor-phase contaminants in sampled gas stream which can potentially accumulate in filtering systems and on sensors. The DP measurement can also be affected by temperature variations within the sampling unit. Thus, DP readings can drift significantly, necessitating frequent cleaning, recalibration, and sensor replacement. Air Products has developed a DP monitoring system that addresses these issues and based on long-term testing at a customer site, drifts/changes of DP readings on calibration gas were not observed after more than one year of operation, without any maintenance. The contamination and drift issues have been mitigated by incorporating an automated self-cleaning and sensor calibration process after pre-set measurement periods. Temperature control of the sensor and the sampling system are also essential to maintain consistency, and can be achieved via various design features. Drifts/changes in DP that are reported through local monitoring/alarms or remotely through cloud server access can also help to address furnace operational issues quickly and efficiently.
A Troubleshooting Guide for Brazing Furnace Atmospheres
Authors: Philips Thomas , He Liang , Ghosh Ranajit
Published: March 2024

The atmospheres used in a brazing furnace play a critical role in the final quality and metallurgical properties of the brazed component. Typically, exothermic, dissociated ammonia and nitrogen/hydrogen atmospheres are used for brazing mild steel, alloy steel and stainless steel components. The atmosphere composition, flow rates, pressures, and dew point are some of the key variables control final quality. Almost all brazing companies have quality issues that directly result from improper atmosphere application and control. Common problems include oxidation, flashing, inadequate braze flow, sooting, decarburization and carbon pickup. This troubleshooting presentation reviews years of field experience with nitrogen and hydrogen based atmosphere systems. It will help the heat treater or the brazing production engineer to identify these problems and apply appropriate corrective action.
New Technology Advancing Induction Heat Treatment Quality, Flexibility, and Performance
Authors: Russell Collin A. , Zaharof Michael J.
Published: March 2024

Electromagnetic induction has provided reliable, predictable, and cost-effective heat treatment results for decades. Recently-developed inverter technology, providing instantaneous and calculated frequency control during heating, is dramatically advancing the heat treatment quality and equipment capability that induction heat treatment systems can deliver. This paper presents the many advantages of the technology in numerous real-world induction heat treatment applications, particularly in the scan hardening of shafts and shaft-like components. Coupled electromagnetic-thermal finite element analysis simulation results are utilized throughout to graphically and numerically illustrate the revolutionary nature of this new technology.
Metallurgical Case Studies of Induction Hardening
Authors: Midea Sandra J.
Published: March 2024

Several case studies are presented illustrating issues that may be encountered when developing induction heat treating processes. The relationship of how induction heat treating parameters affect the metallurgy of production parts is examined in the form of case studies. These include the importance of normalized versus anneal starting microstructure as it relates to the ability of pearlite to transform to martensite within the short induction hardening process window. The influence of a non-uniform microstructure with proeutectoid grain boundary ferrite is discussed as it relates to prior structure. A team approach to balancing design specification with manufacturing cost and sound metallurgical practice is covered for an AISI 1060 steel channel component with complex inductor design. Another case study addresses how evaluating hardness in the as-quenched versus tempered condition can provide additional detail relating to back tempering in tooth by tooth hardened gears. The final example is the influence of frequency of case depth formation for an AISI 4140 cross roller section.
Big Data for Heat Treatment — How Data Analytics Can Contribute to Heat Treating Operations
Authors: Frame Lesley D. , Vo Brian , Abuzaghleh Omar
Published: March 2024

As heat treating equipment and processes are upgraded and redesigned, there is a significant push towards the inclusion of new sensor technologies, “smart” machines, and the Internet of Things for industrial heat treating operations. There is a clear benefit to being able to track the “health” of equipment in operation, as well as knowing and logging the processing parameters and quality control results in real-time. However, faced with ever increasing datasets containing complementary or contradicting information that are generated by multiple operators, different manufacturer’s equipment, and a variety of brands of PLCs and microprocessors, the heat treat industry is now challenged to create the infrastructure, procedures, and databases to make sense (and use) of these data. This paper explores the methods already in place in similar industries, the ways that data analytics are currently being applied to heat treat operations, and it provides recommendations for future Big Data efforts in our heat treat industry.
Achieving Production Flexibility With Automated Multicell Systems
Authors: Kowalewski Janusz
Published: March 2024

As technology advances at an accelerated pace – fueled by the growth of the Internet of Things and the demand for integrated, automated systems – the focus on achieving leaner, more streamlined operations also continues to grow. This paper examines the many solutions multicell systems offer, all of which makes them adaptable to a variety of plant configurations and changing production processes.
Empowered Heat Treat Operators—Using Mobility and Data Analytics to Make Operators More Productive
Authors: Sherwin Peter
Published: March 2024

Millennials (generation Y and beyond) are more socially conscious, more impatient and highly value individuality. They are digital natives – born into the world where technology is ubiquitous. They have grown up with the world at their fingertips. In a short period, these digital natives will make up the majority of the workforce, and this means moving from an average workforce age of 50+ to a new guard of 20+ somethings who have vastly less experience and very different working practices. Bridging this gap will require digital tools to not only capture the knowledge of older workers before they retire but also make it available to the new generation in a way that supports their preference for digital work practices. As the crew changes, so must the Heat Treat plant. Industry 4.0 and IIoT practices are enabling an evolution of smart connected products and solutions to provide the right information in the right place at the right time. This paper will outline the drivers for connected products and solutions and will provide an overview of the digital tools being used today to enable the next generation of operators to become more productive.
Software Solutions for Streamlining Furnace Compliance
Authors: Wright Nathan K.
Published: March 2024

This paper summarizes how technology used in everyday applications is also being applied to advance innovation in pyrometry services and ensure compliance with AMS 2750 and CQI-9. The author also covers how innovation could continue to develop in the future, keeping furnace compliance aligned with the ever-increasing technology advancements of the aerospace and automotive industry.
Development of 0.2%C Low Alloyed Steel Hardened by Copper Precipitation
Authors: Dlouhy Jaromir , Zrnik Jozef
Published: March 2024

Steels hardened by copper precipitation are the focus of many research programs. Most of this effort is devoted to development of low-carbon steels. Precipitation strengthening of ferrite is used for steel strengthening without losing the capability of deep drawing before the precipitation hardening. This article shows the results of precipitation strengthening in low alloyed steel containing 0.2% carbon. The steel composition is aimed at developing weldable high-strength steel for demanding structural applications. Copper precipitation was exploited to strengthen different types of microstructures. Quenching and ageing and isothermal austenite decomposition into bainite were used to develop copper precipitation. Mechanical properties and microstructure were compared. Tensile tests were performed and hardness was measured. Copper precipitation was documented by FEG SEM microscopy.