bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vagus nerve stimulation for partial and generalized epilepsy from infancy to adolescence
Authors: Thompson Eric M. , Wozniak Susan E. , Roberts Colin M. , Kao Amy , Anderson Valerie C. , Selden Nathan R.
Published: July 2012

Object

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is approved by the FDA for the treatment of partial epilepsy in patients older than 12 years. Authors of the current study performed a large retrospective analysis and comparison of VNS outcomes in children with an age ≥ and < 12 years, including those with partial and generalized epilepsy.

Methods

A retrospective review of the records of pediatric patients (age < 18 years) who had undergone primary VNS system implantation between 2001 and 2010 by a single pediatric neurosurgeon was undertaken. Considered data included demographics, epilepsy type (partial vs generalized), seizure frequency, seizure duration, postictal period duration, and antiepileptic medication use.

Results

One hundred forty-six patients (49% female) were followed up for a mean of 41 months after VNS implantation. Thirty-two percent of patients had partial epilepsy and 68% had generalized epilepsy. After VNS system implantation, seizure frequency was reduced in 91% of patients, seizure duration in 50%, postictal period in 49%, and antiepileptic medication use in 75%. There was no significant difference in age, sex, or duration of follow-up according to epilepsy type. Neither was there any significant difference in seizure frequency reduction, seizure duration, postictal period, medication use, overall clinical improvement, or improvement in quality of life based on an age ≥ or < 12 years or epilepsy type.

Conclusions

Vagus nerve stimulation reduced both seizure frequency and antiepileptic medication use in the majority of pediatric patients regardless of sex, age cohort, or epilepsy type. Vagus nerve stimulation also reduced seizure duration and postictal period in approximately half of the pediatric patients. Contrary to expectation, children with partial epilepsy do not benefit from VNS at higher rates than those with generalized epilepsy.
Less exposure surgery for multilevel anterior cervical fusion using 2 transverse incisions
Authors: Chin Kingsley R. , Ricchetti Eric T. , Yu Warren D. , Riew K. Daniel
Published: July 2012

Multilevel anterior cervical fusion often necessitates a large extensile incision for exposure and substantial retraction of the esophagus for placing long plates, potentially predisposing patients to complications such as dysphagia, dysphonia, and neurovascular injury. To the authors' knowledge, the use of 2 incisions as an option has not been published, and so it is not intuitive to young surgeons or widely practiced. In this report, the authors discuss the advantages and raise awareness of using 2 incisions for multilevel anterior cervical fusion, and they document a safe skin bridge length. They also describe the advantages of using 2 incisions for performing multilevel anterior cervical fusion either at contiguous or noncontiguous levels as in adjacent-segment disease. By using the 2-incision technique, the authors made the surgery technically easier and diminished the amount of esophageal retraction otherwise needed through 1 long transverse or longitudinal incision. A skin bridge of 3 cm was safe.
Akteurskonstellation und Wissenskommunikation im Naturgefahrenmanagement der Schweiz
Authors: Bischof Nicole , Eppler Martin , Kienholz Hans
Published: July 2012

The constellation of actors and the communication of knowledge in the management of natural hazards in Switzerland

Switzerland invests about CHF 2.9 billion a year in protection from natural hazards. In order to coordinate this protection and to plan strategies, the National Platform for Natural Hazards (Planat) has formulated a vision and a strategy for dealing with natural hazards with the purpose of implementing risk-based planning at a local level. This implementation process involves many protagonists as well as a great deal of expert knowledge and practical experience and it requires joint action. It can therefore be understood as a complex process of communication. Our research project goes into the questions of how this communication process works, which actors become involved and, at the end of the day, to what extent risk-based planning has already been implemented at a local level. In order to do this a transdisciplinary research approach was chosen. In this article we give an account of the results with regard to the constellation of actors. Whilst in general in communication analysis all three dimensions – contents, participants and sequence of events – are taken into consideration, we focussed in particular on the participants and in so doing investigated their roles and attitudes. The results of our qualitative survey demonstrate the interpretation of roles as well as the present constellation of actors in the management of natural hazards in Switzerland. The results confirm three findings: 1) that the transmission of knowledge is triggered off and fostered by exceptional occurrences and that 2) joint action and 3) the shared use of tools also lend their support to the transfer of knowledge.
The ‘Return of the Repressed’: The Role of Sexuality in the Reception of Psychoanalysis in Chilean Medical Circles (1910s–1940s)
Authors: Honorato Mariano Ruperthuz
Published: July 2012

The article discusses the medical reception of psychoanalysis in Chile from the 1910s through to its institutionalization in the late 1940s. Until the 1930s psychoanalysis was mostly rejected by Chilean psychiatrists – who were under the influence of the French School – because of its ‘unscientific and excessive emphasis on sexuality’. In the early 1930s psychoanalysis was reassessed and became accepted within medical circles as an expert knowledge on sexuality and as a preventive tool against social diseases.
Alternative Technologies for Biofuels Production in Kraft Pulp Mills—Potential and Prospects
Authors: Hamaguchi Marcelo , Cardoso Marcelo , Vakkilainen Esa
Published: July 2012

The current global conditions provide the pulp mill new opportunities beyond the traditional production of cellulose. Due to stricter environmental regulations, volatility of oil price, energy policies and also the global competitiveness, the challenges for the pulp industry are many. They range from replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy sources to the export of biofuels, chemicals and biomaterials through the implementation of biorefineries. In spite of the enhanced maturity of various bio and thermo-chemical conversion processes, the economic viability becomes an impediment when considering the effective implementation on an industrial scale. In the case of kraft pulp mills, favorable conditions for biofuels production can be created due to the availability of wood residues and generation of black liquor. The objective of this article is to give an overview of the technologies related to the production of alternative biofuels in the kraft pulp mills and discuss their potential and prospects in the present and future scenario.
Index for Characterizing Post-Fire Soil Environments in Temperate Coniferous Forests
Authors: Jain Theresa B. , Pilliod David S. , Graham Russell T. , Lentile Leigh B. , Sandquist Jonathan E.
Published: July 2012

Many scientists and managers have an interest in describing the environment following a fire to understand the effects on soil productivity, vegetation growth, and wildlife habitat, but little research has focused on the scientific rationale for classifying the post-fire environment. We developed an empirically-grounded soil post-fire index (PFI) based on available science and ecological thresholds. Using over 50 literature sources, we identified a minimum of five broad categories of post-fire outcomes: (a) unburned, (b) abundant surface organic matter ( > 85% surface organic matter), (c) moderate amount of surface organic matter ( ≥ 40 through 85%), (d) small amounts of surface organic matter ( < 40%), and (e) absence of surface organic matter (no organic matter left). We then subdivided each broad category on the basis of post-fire mineral soil colors providing a more fine-tuned post-fire soil index. We related each PFI category to characteristics such as soil temperature and duration of heating during fire, and physical, chemical, and biological responses. Classifying or describing post-fire soil conditions consistently will improve interpretations of fire effects research and facilitate communication of potential responses or outcomes (e.g., erosion potential) from fires of varying severities.
p-Cymene Protects Mice Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Inhibiting Inflammatory Cell Activation
Authors: Xie Guanghong , Chen Na , Soromou Lanan Wassy , Liu Fang , Xiong Ying , Wu Qianchao , Li Hongyu , Feng Haihua , Liu Guowen
Published: July 2012

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that p-cymene can attenuate acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vivo. In the mouse model of LPS-induced acute lung injury, intraperitoneal preconditioning with p-cymene resulted in a significant reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), lung water gain, inﬂammatory cell inﬁltration, lung tissue myeloperoxidase activity. In addition, p-cymene blocked the phosphorylation of IκBα protein and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway activation. Histopathologic examination of lung tissue indicated that p-cymene treatment markedly decreased focal thickening, congestion, pulmonary edema, and inflammatory cells infiltration. The results showed that p-cymene had a protective effect on LPS-induced ALI in mice.
Synthesis and Fungicidal Activity of Novel 2,3-Disubstituted-1,3-benzoxazines
Authors: Tang Zilong , Zhu Zhonghua , Xia Zanwen , Liu Hanwen , Chen Jinwen , Xiao Wenjing , Ou Xiaoming
Published: July 2012

A series of new 2,3-disubstituted-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazines were prepared in moderate to excellent yields by aza-acetalizations of aromatic aldehydes with 2-(N-substituted aminomethyl)phenols in the presence of TMSCl. Their structures were confirmed by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MS and elemental analysis. The fungicidal activities of the target compounds were preliminarily evaluated, and some compounds exhibited good activity against Rhizoctonia solani.
Bacillus anthracis Edema Factor Substrate Specificity: Evidence for New Modes of Action
Authors: Göttle Martin , Dove Stefan , Seifert Roland
Published: July 2012

Since the isolation of Bacillus anthracis exotoxins in the 1960s, the detrimental activity of edema factor (EF) was considered as adenylyl cyclase activity only. Yet the catalytic site of EF was recently shown to accomplish cyclization of cytidine 5′-triphosphate, uridine 5′-triphosphate and inosine 5′-triphosphate, in addition to adenosine 5′-triphosphate. This review discusses the broad EF substrate specificity and possible implications of intracellular accumulation of cyclic cytidine 3′:5′-monophosphate, cyclic uridine 3′:5′-monophosphate and cyclic inosine 3′:5′-monophosphate on cellular functions vital for host defense. In particular, cAMP-independent mechanisms of action of EF on host cell signaling via protein kinase A, protein kinase G, phosphodiesterases and CNG channels are discussed.
Jalons pour une théorie critique du Manuel diagnostique et statistique des troubles mentaux (DSM)
Authors: Adam Christophe
Published: July 2012

Publié par l’Association américaine de psychiatrie (APA), le Manuel diagnostique et statistique des troubles mentaux , mieux connu sous l’abréviation « DSM », s’impose comme l’instrument par excellence, tant dans le monde de la recherche scientifique que dans celui des pratiques cliniques. Depuis la première version de 1952 jusqu’à nos jours, le manuel a subi des révisions successives. La publication récente sur un site internet officiel du projet de la future nouvelle version (DSM-V), annoncée pour 2013, constitue un événement dit « historique » parce qu’il rendrait enfin transparent le processus de révision et s’ouvrirait ainsi à la critique du plus grand nombre, censée garantir la construction démocratique d’un manuel toujours plus rigoureux. Si la critique apparaît à la fois vive et polémiste dans le monde anglo-saxon, elle se montre beaucoup plus discrète dans le monde francophone alors que le manuel y est très utilisé et constitue indéniablement une référence incontournable. Le but de l’article est de poser les jalons d’une théorie critique du DSM, de ses conceptions et développements en vue d’un tant soit peu relativiser son caractère monopolistique.
Les mots pour (ne pas) le dire
Authors: Matonti Frédérique
Published: July 2012

Résumé L'affaire Strauss-Kahn est une sorte de tremblement de terre. En France, il s'agit de la première arrestation d'un professionnel de la politique de premier plan pour crime sexuel. Plus encore, Dominique Strauss-Kahn aurait dû être le candidat des socialistes à l'élection présidentielle de 2012. L'affaire elle-même oppose un homme, blanc, riche et puissant à une femme noire et pauvre. Elle se déroule dans la société américaine dont les valeurs sont supposées profondément différentes des valeurs françaises quant à la sexualité et aux rapports genres. C'est pourquoi étudier les médias français du début de l'affaire du Sofitel jusqu'aux derniers développements de l'affaire du Carlton permet d'étudier les représentations françaises du viol, du harcèlement, du consenteme,nt et de la séduction. L'article s'appuie plus précisément sur trois types de récit (presse d'opinion ; presse people et presse féminine ; humoristes et imitateurs) sur des entretiens avec des journalistes et des directeurs de rédaction. Il montre avant tout la difficulté pour la plupart des médias à parler de viol ou de harcèlement pour qualifier le comportement présumé passé ou présent de Strauss-Kahn et en propose des explications autour des contraintes économiques, de la socialisation des journalistes et de leurs connaissances sur les études de genre et de race.
Deux critiques du consentement
Authors: Guillarme Bertrand
Published: July 2012

Résumé La plupart des critiques du consentement admettent que le déterminisme causal ne remet pas en cause toute idée de liberté de choix. Au lieu de se focaliser sur le processus de délibération des agents, elles mettent l'accent sur deux caractéristiques du choix, dont l'absence fragilise son caractère libre, c'est-à-dire moralement valide. Certaines insistent sur l'importance des conditions du choix, en explorant la nuance que le langage ordinaire reconnaît entre « faire un choix » et « avoir le choix ». D'autres s'intéressent au contenu ou au résultat du choix, en faisant valoir que certaines options sont contradictoires avec la liberté « véritable » des personnes.
Différences linguistiques et dialectales dans la mise en place des procédures de segmentation de la parole
Authors: Nazzi Thierry , Goyet Louise , Sundara Megha , Polka Linda
Published: July 2012

Résumé Cet article présente une synthèse d’études récentes portant sur la problématique de la segmentation précoce de la parole continue en mots, étape de l’apprentissage du langage constituant un prérequis pour l’acquisition du lexique. Après avoir exposé l’importance de cette question, nous présentons les recherches ayant exploré l’utilisation par les jeunes enfants de deux indices majeurs de segmentation : les indices distributionnels, les indices d’unités rythmiques. Le premier indice est considéré comme étant non spécifique à la langue parlée dans l’environnement de l’enfant, le deuxième comme différant selon les langues. Le premier indice prédit ainsi des trajectoires développementales de segmentation similaires à travers les langues, alors que le deuxième indice prédit différents types de trajectoires développementales en fonction du type de rythme de la langue acquise. Il apparaît que les capacités de segmentation émergent vers 8 mois et se développent dans les mois qui suivent, et que le poids des différents indices varie selon les langues, selon la période de développement, et probablement en fonction de différences dialectales au sein d’une même langue. Nous discuterons aussi du fait que la segmentation des formes sonores de mots nécessite vraisemblablement l’utilisation combinée de différents indices de segmentation, et ce dès le plus jeune âge. Pour finir, nous présenterons quelques pistes de recherche pour le futur.
Une approche de la diversification discursive chez de jeunes enfants (30-48 mois)
Authors: Torterat Frédéric
Published: July 2012

Résumé Cet article présente une approche des formes de diversification discursive chez de jeunes enfants (de 30 à 48 mois), en prenant appui sur des corpus oraux correspondant à des productions verbales recueillies en contexte d’apprentissage. Notre démarche a pour objet, d’une part, de montrer dans quelle mesure le traitement de ces données aboutit à déterminer les facteurs linguistiques les plus significatifs en acquisition, et, d’autre part, de mettre en regard les éléments qui contribuent aux variations interindividuelles apparaissant dans les productions discursives. Afin d’illustrer l’éclairage qu’apporte ce type d’approche, nous la confronterons brièvement à une étude précédente au cours de laquelle nous avons pris en compte les capacités d’intervention spontanée des enfants en lien avec leur productivité lexicale. Cette étude, si elle s’est avérée significative en termes de profils d’apprentissage, n’a été qu’en partie satisfaisante en termes de profils d’acquisition. Un deuxième traitement des données, réparti sur cinq variables (apports thématiques, éléments rhématiques, verbes/amas verbaux, cadratifs et opérateurs), s’est révélé plus précis. Nous montrerons, en particulier, comment il permet d’analyser concrètement les manières dont les jeunes locuteurs diversifient effectivement leur expression.
Processes controlling the Si-isotopic composition in the Southern Ocean and application for paleoceanography
Authors: Fripiat F. , Cavagna A.-J. , Dehairs F. , de Brauwere A. , André L. , Cardinal D.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Southern Ocean biogeochemical processes have an impact on global marine primary production and global elemental cycling, e.g. by likely controlling glacial-interglacial pCO2 variation. In this context, the natural silicon isotopic composition (δ30Si) of sedimentary biogenic silica has been used to reconstruct past Si-consumption:supply ratios in the surface waters. We present a new dataset in the Southern Ocean from a IPY-GEOTRACES transect (Bonus-GoodHope) which includes for the first time summer δ30Si signatures of suspended biogenic silica (i) for the whole water column at three stations and (ii) in the mixed layer at seven stations from the subtropical zone up to the Weddell Gyre. In general, the isotopic composition of biogenic opal exported to depth was comparable to the opal leaving the mixed layer and did not seem to be affected by any diagenetic processes during settling, even if an effect of biogenic silica dissolution cannot be ruled out in the northern part of the Weddell Gyre. We develop a mechanistic understanding of the processes involved in the modern Si-isotopic balance, by implementing a mixed layer model. We observe that the accumulated biogenic silica (sensu Rayleigh distillation) should satisfactorily describe the δ30Si composition of biogenic silica exported out of the mixed layer, within the limit of the current analytical precision on the δ30Si. The failures of previous models (Rayleigh and steady state) become apparent especially at the end of the productive period in the mixed layer, when biogenic silica production and export are low. This results from (1) a higher biogenic silica dissolution:production ratio imposing a lower net fractionation factor and (2) a higher Si-supply:Si-uptake ratio supplying light Si-isotopes into the mixed layer. The latter effect is especially expressed when the summer mixed layer becomes strongly Si-depleted, together with a large vertical silicic acid gradient, e.g. in the Polar Front Zone and at the Polar Front.
An 18-yr long (1993–2011) snow and meteorological dataset from a mid-altitude mountain site (Col de Porte, France, 1325 m alt.) for driving and evaluating snowpack models
Authors: Morin S. , Lejeune Y. , Lesaffre B. , Panel J.-M. , Poncet D. , David P. , Sudul M.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. A quality-controlled snow and meteorological dataset spanning the period 1 August 1993–31 July 2011 is presented, originating from the experimental station Col de Porte (1325 m altitude, Chartreuse range, France). Emphasis is placed on meteorological data relevant to the observation and modelling of the seasonal snowpack. In-situ driving data, at the hourly resolution, consist of measurements of air temperature, relative humidity, windspeed, incoming short-wave and long-wave radiation, precipitation rate partitioned between snow- and rainfall, with a focus on the snow-dominated season. Meteorological data for the three summer months (generally from 10 June to 20 September), when the continuity of the field record is not warranted, are taken from a local meteorological reanalysis (SAFRAN), in order to provide a continuous and consistent gap-free record. Data relevant to snowpack properties are provided at the daily (snow depth, snow water equivalent, runoff and albedo) and hourly (snow depth, albedo, runoff, surface temperature, soil temperature) time resolution. Internal snowpack information is provided from weekly manual snowpit observations (mostly consisting in penetration resistance, snow type, snow temperature and density profiles) and from a hourly record of temperature and height of vertically free ''settling'' disks. This dataset has been partially used in the past to assist in developing snowpack models and is presented here comprehensively for the purpose of multi-year model performance assessment. The data is placed on the PANGAEA repository (http://dx.doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.774249) as well as on the public ftp server ftp://ftp-cnrm.meteo.fr/pub-cencdp/.
Unified parameterization of the planetary boundary layer and shallow convection with a higher-order turbulence closure in the community atmosphere model: single column experiments
Authors: Bogenschutz P. A. , Gettelman A. , Morrison H. , Larson V. E. , Schanen D. P. , Meyer N. R. , Craig C.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. This paper describes the coupling of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) version 5 with a unified multi-variate probability density function (PDF) parameterization, Cloud Layers Unified by Binormals (CLUBB). CLUBB replaces the planetary boundary layer (PBL), shallow convection, and cloud macrophysics schemes in CAM5 with a higher-order turbulence closure based on an assumed PDF. Comparisons of single-column versions of CAM5 and CAM-CLUBB are provided in this paper for several boundary layer regimes. As compared to Large Eddy Simulations (LES), CAM-CLUBB and CAM5 simulate marine stratocumulus regimes with similar accuracy. For shallow convective regimes, CAM-CLUBB improves the representation of cloud cover and liquid water path (LWP). In addition, for shallow convection CAM-CLUBB offers better fidelity for sub-grid scale vertical velocity, which is an important input for aerosol activation. Finally, CAM-CLUBB results are more robust to changes in vertical and temporal resolution when compared to CAM5.
Effect of Restoration of Combined Offset on Stability of Large Head Tha
Authors: Robinson Michael , Bornstein Lindsey , Mennear Brandon , Bostrom Mathias , Nestor Bryan , Padgett Douglas , Westrich Geoffrey
Published: July 2012

Improvements in bearing technology have resulted in a reduction in wear and larger femoral heads to reduce dislocation rates. We retrospectively reviewed 668 primary THAs (580 patients) inserted with 32 mm or 36 mm femoral heads (1/2003–6/2007) performed through a posterior approach with posterior repair. Patients received a questionnaire assessing instability and dislocations. We compared clinical and radiographic data between patients with and without dislocations. Follow-up averaged 3.4 years (range 2–6.6 years). The dislocation rate was 1.3% (9/668). Decreasing the combined postoperative offset (lateral offset + medial offset measurements) and using acetabular cups larger than 58 mm in outer diameter increased the risk of dislocation. A majority of the hips that dislocated had negative combined offset and abduction angles in the upper and lower quartiles of all hips studied. Appropriate positioning should be used to minimise dislocation risk in THAs inserted with large femoral heads.
Management of Hip Instability with a Cemented, Constrained Acetabular Component
Authors: Bakker-Dyos Josh , Moran Matthew
Published: July 2012

We evaluated the use of a cemented constrained acetabular component to treat recurrent or potential instability after hip replacement. Over a seven year period, 109 patients who had undergone 110 operations were identified from hospital records. Patients were reviewed based on clinical and radiological follow-up. Post-operative function and quality of life was assessed using the Oxford Hip Score (OHS) and SF-12.

From an original cohort of 109 patients, 9 patients were lost to follow up. Of the remaining 100 patients, the mean follow up was 2.9 years (SD±2 years). There were 4 failures, requiring 3 further revisions. The mean post-operative OHS was 33, SF-12 PCS 34 and SF12 MCS 52. 5-year survivorship was 90%. Cementing a constrained acetabular component provides satisfactory mid term results in patients at high risk of hip dislocation.
On the Hybrid of Fourier Transform and Adomian Decomposition Method for the Solution of Nonlinear Cauchy Problems of the Reaction-Diffusion Equation
Authors: Nourazar Salman , Nazari-Golshan Akbar , Yıldırım Ahmet , Nourazar Maryam
Published: July 2012

The physical science importance of the Cauchy problem of the reaction-diffusion equation appears in the modelling of a wide variety of nonlinear systems in physics, chemistry, ecology, biology, and engineering. A hybrid of Fourier transform and Adomian decomposition method (FTADM) is developed for solving the nonlinear non-homogeneous partial differential equations of the Cauchy problem of reaction-diffusion. The results of the FTADM and the ADM are compared with the exact solution. The comparison reveals that for the same components of the recursive sequences, the errors associated with the FTADM are much lesser than those of the ADM. We show that as time increases the results of the FTADM approaches 1 with only six recursive terms. This is in agreement with the physical property of the density-dependent nonlinear diffusion of the Cauchy problem which is also in agreement with the exact solution.

The monotonic and very rapid convergence of the results of the FTADM towards the exact solution is shown to be much faster than that of the ADM
Estimating the Laplacian Energy-Like Molecular Structure Descriptor
Authors: Gutman Ivan
Published: July 2012

Lower and upper bounds for the Laplacian energy-like (LEL) molecular structure descriptor are obtained, better than those previously known. These bonds are in terms of number of vertices and edges of the underlying molecular graph and of graph complexity (number of spanning trees)
Boundary Layer Theory and Symmetry Analysis of a Williamson Fluid
Authors: Aksoy Yiğit , Hayat Tasawar , Pakdemirli Mehmet
Published: July 2012

Boundary layer equations are derived for the first time for a Williamson fluid. Using Lie group theory, a symmetry analysis of the equations is performed. The partial differential system is transferred to an ordinary differential system via symmetries, and the resulting equations are numerically solved. Finally, the effects of the non-Newtonian parameters on the solutions are discussed
New Positon, Negaton, and Complexiton Solutions for a Coupled Korteweg–de Vries – Modified Korteweg–de Vries System
Authors: Hu Hengchun , Yang Mingyuan , Zhang Ling
Published: July 2012

New positon, negaton, and complexiton solutions of a coupled Korteweg-de Vries - modified Korteweg-de Vries system are constructed directly from the zero seed solution by means of Darboux transformation with different constant selection. The positon, negaton, and complexiton solutions are given out analytically and graphically
Synthese und Kristallstruktur des Komplexsalzes [Au(tBu2PH)2][HCl2] / Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Complex Salt [Au(tBu2PH)2][HCl2]
Authors: Böttcher Hans-Christian , Mayer Peter , Schmidbaur Hubert
Published: July 2012

The synthesis and the characterization of the complex salt [Au(tBu2PH)2][HCl2] (2) resulting from the reaction of hydrogen tetrachloridoaurate(III) hydrate with tBu2PH in dichloromethane at room temperature is reported. Single crystals of 2 have been analyzed by X-ray crystallography: monoclinic, P21=c, Z = 12, a = 12:0805(3), b = 12:3729(4), c = 46:7506(13) Å ; ß = 90:948(2)°; V = 6986:9(3) Å3; T = 173(2) K. The hydrogen bihalide anions [HCl2]- fill the interstices between the large complex cations [Au(tBu2PH)2]+ in the crystal.
Coordination Chemistry of Perhalogenated Cyclopentadienes and Alkynes, XXIX. The Reaction of Ni(0) and Pt(0) Phosphane Complexes with Trichloroethene, Hexachloro- and Hexabromocyclopentadiene
Authors: Sünkel Karlheinz , Bernhartzeder Stefanie , Birk Uwe
Published: July 2012

Trichloroethene reacts with [Pt(PPh3)2(C2H4)] at first π to the complex [Pt(PPh3)2(η2-C2HCl3)] (1a), which isomerizes via the cis-isomer to the insoluble trans-[Pt(Cl)(η1-CH=CCl2)(PPh3)2] (2a). Both 1a and 2a react with PBu3 to the corresponding tributylphosphane complexes 1b and 2b, respectively. From the reactions of [Ni(PR3)2(C2H4)] (R = Me, Et, Bu) and C2HCl3 only the products of oxidative addition trans-[Ni(Cl)(η1-CH=CCl2)(PR3)2] (3a - c) can be isolated. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene and hexabromocyclopentadiene react with [Pt(PPh3)2(C2H4)] or [Ni(PR3)2(C2H4)] (R = Ph, Me) to give highly colored solutions.
An Efficient Route to 1,3,5-Triazido-2,4,6-tricyanobenzene
Authors: Becker Martin , Voss Karsten , Villinger Alexander , Schulz Axel
Published: July 2012

An efficient synthetic route starting from 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene is described for binary 1,3,5- triazido-2,4,6-tricyanobenzene. Besides 1,3,5-triazido-2,4,6-tricyanobenzene, all intermediates have been isolated and fully characterized.
Reactivity of Cu(I) Compounds towards Ethylenediamine and Dimethylformamide: Crystal Structure of CuCl(PiPr3)n (n=1, 2), CuX(PPh3)(en)2 (X=Cl, Br) and CuX(PPh3)(dmf)
Authors: Scharfe Sandra , Fässler Thomas F.
Published: July 2012

The synthesis of several phosphine Cu(I) complexes is reported, and their reactivity towards the solvents ethylenediamine (en) and dimethylformamide (dmf) has been investigated. CuX(PPh3) [X = Cl (1), Br (2)], CuCl(PCy3) (3) and CuCl(PiPr3)n [n = 1 (4), 2 (5)] were prepared according to adapted literature procedures. The complexes CuCl(PiPr3)n were obtained in crystalline form from a hexane solution at -70 °C and structurally characterized for n = 1 and 2. Copper halide complexes of PCy3 (3) and PiPr3 [n=1 (4)] gave colorless solutions in both en and dmf indicating the absence of Cu(II) ions. CuCl(PiPr3)2 is stable in dmf solutions. By contrast, the complexes CuX(PPh3) (X = Cl, Br) dissolve with blue color in en and with greenish-yellow color in dmf at higher temperatures under inert gas indicating a redox process affording Cu(II). At room temperature colorless crystals of CuX(PPh3)(en)2 [X = Cl (6), Br (7)] and CuX(PPh3)(dmf) [X = Cl (8), Br (9)] were isolated from the solutions and analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Reactivity of 4-Nitrosoanilines Towards Dimeric Halogenido-bridged Complexes of Iridium(III) and Rhodium(III) of the Type [(η5- C5Me5)MX2]2
Authors: Wirth Stefan , Lorenz Ingo-Peter
Published: July 2012

The synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and crystal structures of new C-nitrosoaryl complexes of iridium(III) and rhodium(III) are reported. The reactions of the μ2-halogenido-bridged dimers [(η5-C5Me5)IrX2]2 [X = Cl (1a), Br (1b), I (1c)] and [(η5-C5Me5)RhCl2]2 (2a) with N,N-dimethyl- (3) and N,N-diethyl-4-nitrosoaniline (4) yield the mononuclear complexes [(η5- C5Me5)MX2(3)] [M = Ir, X = Cl (5a), Br (5b), I (5c);M= Rh, X = Cl (7a)] and [(η5-C5Me5)MX2(4)] [M = Ir, X = Cl (6a), Br (6b), I (6c); M = Rh, X = Cl (8a)]. All new compounds were characterized by their melting points, NMR, IR and mass spectra as well as in selected cases by UV/Vis spectroscopy. The X-ray structure analyses revealed a slightly distorted pseudo-octahedral configuration (“three-legged pianostool”) and σ-N coordination of the C-nitroso ligand.
A general model for training the next generation of Biotechnology entrepreneurs based on recent experience of USA-UK-South Africa collaborations
Authors: Kunert Karl J. , Okole Blessed , Vorster Barend J. , Brewin Nicholas J. , Cullis Christopher A.
Published: July 2012

Preparing students for future entrepreneurial activity in the biotechnology industry is an important issue in many parts of the world because most countries seek to reap the benefits of investments in university-based teaching and research through the development of a knowledge-based economy driven by a highly skilled work force. The current generation of biotechnology students will begin their professional lives in a globalized society. This means that flexibility, creativity and critical thinking are essential personal skills that need to be cultivated by students at universities in order for graduates to be competitive in the job market of a fast-moving world. It is no longer sufficient for universities to teach students to be passionate about science and to enjoy learning and discovering new things. Biotechnology students, in particular, need to be trained to identify the connections between science and its commercial applications.
Could personalized medicine be the driver for widespread price controls?
Authors: Friedman Yali
Published: July 2012

Everyone should agree that the benefits of personalized medicine â€” prescription of drugs most likely to benefit and least likely to harm individual or groups of patients â€” are are positive. However, one must consider the potential practical challenges of increased implementation of personalized medicine, if the current healthcare delivery system is compatible with personalized medicine, and what regulatory/policy changes may be needed to accomodate personalized medicine.
Study on effect of duration of the ultrasonication process on solvent‐free polyurethane/organoclay nanocomposite coatings: Structural characteristics and barrier performance analysis
Authors: Heidarian M. , Shishesaz M. R.
Published: July 2012

In this study, effect of duration of ultrasonication process on structural characteristics and barrier properties of solvent‐free castor oil‐based polyurethane (PU)/organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) nanocomposites was investigated. A series of PU/OMMT composites were synthesized by in situ polymerization technique through an ultrasonication‐assisted process at various processing durations. Effect of ultrasonication duration on de‐agglomeration of clay stacks in castor oil dispersions was evaluated by optical microscopy, sedimentation test, and viscosity measurement. Wide angle X‐ray diffraction and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy were employed to investigate the effect of processing time on degree of delamination of clay platelets and interfacial strength between clay layers and PU matrix. Also, surface morphology of the nanocomposites was analyzed by atomic force microscopy. The results showed that by increasing the ultrasonication time up to 60 min, the size of clay agglomerates decreased and the interlayer spacing of clay platelets increased. To evaluate the effect of ultrasonication duration on transport properties of the PU/OMMT composites, diffusion coefficient and permeability were determined through water uptake test. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was carried out to analyze the barrier properties and to evaluate the corrosion performance of these composite coatings on carbon steel panels. It was found that by increasing sonication time, the barrier property of nanocomposites against diffusion of water molecules improved, which is due to further separation of clay platelets, enhancement of the traveling pathways for water molecules and improvement of interactions between the two components. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Thermodynamic interactions of EVA copolymer‐solvent systems by inverse gas chromatography measurements
Authors: Camacho Javier , Díez Eduardo , Ovejero Gabriel , Díaz Ismael
Published: July 2012

The solubility parameter and the Flory–Huggins interaction parameter of two EVA (ethylene–vinyl acetate) copolymers, each one with different vinyl acetate content, are calculated by using inverse gas chromatography technique. The influence of the vinyl acetate percentage is analyzed and indicates that the polymer–solvent interactions are stronger in the case of the copolymer with the highest vinyl acetate percentage. The results also point to the fact that the most favorable solvents for the studied materials are the aromatic‐type ones. Finally, from the calculated values of the polymer solubility parameter (16.3 MPa0.5 for EVA 460 and 15.1 MPa0.5 for EVA410, at 50°C), it can be noticed that the solubility parameter of the EVA copolymer with the largest vinyl acetate content is the closest to the solubility parameter of pure vinyl acetate. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Electrical and mechanical properties of the potassium permanganate treated short sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composite in correlation to the macromolecular structure of the reinforced fiber
Authors: Patra Annapurna , Bisoyi Dillip K. , Manda Prem K. , Singh A. K.
Published: July 2012

Sisal fibers are treated with potassium permanganent (KMnO4)—acetone solution for various concentrations for different soaking time period prior to the composite fabrication. Small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) analysis shows significant change in the macromolecular and the crystallographic parameters of the fiber, respectively, after the treatment. Fiber treated with 0.05% KMnO4‐acetone solution for 2 min (05K2) is found to have highest degree of crystalinity, crystallite size, and bulk density. Enhanced tensile and flexural strength of the 05K2 reinforced epoxy composite (05KC2) is attributed to the increase surface roughness of the fiber. Lower values of dielectric constant (εr), dielectric loss (tan δ) and improved volume resistivity (ρ) for the 05KC2 composite may be due to the hindered molecular motion of the polymeric chains at the composite interface resulting from the better interlocking between the fiber and matrix. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Preparation and properties of molded blends of wheat gluten and cationic water‐borne polyurethanes
Authors: Zhong Ni , Yuan Qiaolong
Published: July 2012

Cationic water‐borne polyurethanes (CWPU) were prepared and blended with wheat gluten (WG) in aqueous dispersion. The freeze‐dried blend powders of WG/CWPU were thermally compression‐molded into sheets. The tensile strength of the WG/CWPU blends decreased with increasing CWPU content, showing a relationship between the composition of the sheets and their mechanical properties. FTIR spectra reveal that the free carbonyl in the blend results in a decrease in the hydrogen‐bonding interaction of the WG. SEM images show that the morphology of the cross‐sections of the blends is homogenous. The dynamic thermal behavior of the blends illustrates that the WG is plasticized by CWPU, with the result that the relaxation transition of the WG becomes broader and the temperature transition of WG changes slightly. The water resistance of the WG was also improved by blending it with the CWPU. Biodegradation of the blends in soil resulted in a loss in mass of the samples of more than 60% w/w after burial for 15 days. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Surface coated iron particles via atom transfer radical polymerization for thermal–oxidatively stable high viscosity magnetorheological fluid
Authors: Sutrisno Joko , Fuchs Alan , Sahin Huseyin , Gordaninejad Faramarz
Published: July 2012

A surface grafting technique for poly(2‐fluorostyrene) onto iron particles via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is described. Grafted poly(2‐fluorostyrene)–iron particles were synthesized by immobilizing 2‐4(‐chlorosulfonylphenyl)‐ethyltrichlorosilane to the iron particles through the covalent bond of a silanol group, followed by the polymerization of 2‐fluorostyrene monomer. The grafted polymer–iron particles display a higher thermal transition temperature compared to bulk polymer because the covalent bond between the polymer backbone and the surface of the iron particles restricts the molecular mobility. The molecular weight of the synthesized poly(2‐fluorostyrene) has been measured and it has a narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn < 1.1). From thermogravimetric analysis, the thermal stability of poly(2‐fluorostyrene) is superior to polystyrene. Also, the high viscosity magnetorheological fluid (HVMRF) prepared from surface coated iron particles has excellent thermo–oxidative stability, having nearly constant viscosity. These materials exhibit a large increase in shear yield stress for the off‐ and on‐state as compared to a benchmark high viscosity magnetorheological fluid (HVMRF) and ‐coated iron particle HVMRF. In addition, this type of fluid eliminates iron particle settling which is a common problem found in traditional magnetorheological fluids (MRFs). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis of a phenol copolymer with horseradish peroxidase and the study of its structure–property relations
Authors: Lv Shenghua , Li Di , Ju Haobo , Ma Yujuan , Qiu Chaochao , Zhang Guoyun
Published: July 2012

A phenol copolymer was synthesized by the free‐radical copolymerization of p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde (HBA) and p‐phenolsulfonate with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/H2O2 as an initiator. The synthesis process included aldehyde protection via acetalization, enzymatic polymerization, and aldehyde deprotection via hydrolysis of acetals. The effects of the monomer ratio and the HRP and H2O2 composites on the properties of poly(p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde‐co‐p‐phenolsulfonate) [poly(HBA‐co‐PS)] were investigated by the determination of the shrink temperature (Ts) of tanned leather. The poly(HBA‐co‐PS) structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, NMR, UV spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. The mechanism of enzymatic copolymerization, including initiation, H transfer, radical transfer, coupling, termination, differed from that of traditional free‐radical polymerization. A remarkable characteristic was that poly(HBA‐co‐PS) had a large conjugated structure in its molecules that markedly improved the activity of the aldehyde and hydroxyl groups and showed easy crosslinking in the leather fibers. The applied results showed that the Ts of tanned leather with poly(HBA‐co‐PS) reached 83.6°C. Poly(HBA‐co‐PS) could be used as agent for tanning leather. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2013
Comparison of static vehicle flow assignment methods and microsimulations for a personal rapid transit network
Authors: Schweizer Joerg , Danesi Antonio , Rupi Federico , Traversi Emiliano
Published: July 2012

This article describes a static assignment method for a class of emerging public transport systems called personal rapid transit (PRT). PRT is a fully automated public transportation system where small‐size vehicles run on exclusive guideways.

Because of its automated, on‐demand service, PRT must be able to automatically reroute empty vehicles after use to supply stations with waiting passengers. Consequently, any PRT traffic assignment must take into account the flow of empty vehicles as well as the flow of vehicles with passengers.

The PRT assignment methods described in this work are based on linear programming models. One of the assignment methods has been applied to a realistic PRT network, and the statically assigned flows have been compared with averaged link flows produced by a PRT microsimulation. It is shown that the proposed static assignment method is not only useful to identify capacity bottlenecks of the planned PRT network but also serves to benchmark the microsimulator's vehicle management algorithms. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serum peptidome patterns for early screening of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Fan Nai‐Jun , Gao Chun‐Fang , Zhao Guang , Wang Xiu‐Li , Qiao Liang
Published: July 2012

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. Early diagnosis is critical for guiding the therapeutic management of ESCC. The present study aims to determine serum peptidome patterns for diagnosing ESCC. To identify novel peptidome patterns for diagnosing ESCC, sera from 31 healthy volunteers and 32 ESCC patients were subjected to a comparative proteomic analysis using a ClinProt™ Kit combined with mass spectrometry (MS). This approach enables the determination of peptidome patterns that can differentiate between ESCC sera and sera from healthy volunteers. For further validation, the diagnostic and differential diagnostic capabilities of the peptidome patterns were verified blindly by using an independent group of sera, consisting of sera from 31 ESCC patients, 33 healthy volunteers, 38 colorectal patients, and 36 gastric cancer patients. A Quick Classifier Algorithm was used to construct the peptidome patterns for the identification of ESCC from the control samples. Five of the identified peaks at mass to charge ratios 759, 786, 1,866, 3,316, and 6,634 were used to construct the peptidome patterns with almost 100% accuracy. Furthermore, the peptidome patterns could also differentiate the validation group with high accuracy. These results suggest that the ClinProt™ Kit combined with MS achieves significantly high accuracy for ESCC diagnosis and differential diagnosis.
Photophysical processes of an intramolecular charge transfer fluorescent dye with carbazole units
Authors: Gao Shouqin , Hao Liling , Li Junfen , Lin Peihua , Li Duxin , Shuang Shaomin , Dong Chuan
Published: July 2012

A carbazole‐based compound with intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) characteristics, 3,6‐bis‐((N‐ethylcarbazole‐3‐)‐propene‐1‐keto)‐N‐ethylcarbazole (BCzPCz) was synthesized by N‐alkylation, acetylation and aldol condensation. BCzPCz was further confirmed by IR and 1 H NMR. The central N‐ethylcarbazole was connected with two N‐ethylcarbazole units through the propenone group in BCzPCz. N‐ethylcarbazole and carbonyl groups were electron donors (D) and acceptors (A), respectively. The UV–vis absorption and fluorescence characteristics of BCzPCz were also investigated in different solvents. Solvatochromism was attributed to ICT complex formation in singlet excited state. Magnitude of the change in the dipole moment was 24.78 D according to Lippert‐Mataga equation. Fluorescence of BCzPCz was significantly affected by pH and was quenched in acidic medium. Fluorescence quantum yield of BCzPCz was 0.516 in ethanol. Experimental results showed its potential use as a fluorescence probe and as two‐photon absorption material. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of homogenous disulfide cross‐linked polypeptides by iterative reducible ligation
Authors: Ericson Mark D. , Rice Kevin G.
Published: July 2012

A new method of directed solution phase synthesis of polypeptides linked through iterative formation of disulfide bonds is reported. Four dodecapeptides were successfully ligated into a single 48 amino acid polypeptide using an N‐terminal Fmoc‐thiazolidine and a novel acidic silver trifluoromethanesulfonate thiazolidine hydrolysis to achieve efficient ligation in the presence of internal disulfide bonds. The approach allows the synthesis of homogeneous disulfide cross‐linked polypeptides that have application in gene delivery by undergoing a reductively triggered release of DNA. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 98: 510–517, 2012.