bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
مقاربة تحليلية بين الإعلام الجديد و التقليدي
Authors: جاسم مؤيد نصيف
Published: July 2019

يتناول البحث مقاربة تحليلية بين الإعلام الجديد والتقليدي في ضوء المتغيرات التي فرضتها التقنية والتي استطاعت أن تغير عدد من المفاهيم المتعارف عليها في مجال الاتصال والإعلام، كما أن البحث يحاول أن يجد تفسيراً تحليليا للعلاقة بين التكنولوجيا من جانب كونها عاملاً مؤثراً في بناء مجتمع المعلومات الذي يمثل القاعدة التي يستند عليها الإعلام الجديد وبين الناتج التقني الذي أثر في اشكال العلاقات الاجتماعية، والبناء اللغوي بوصفها أداة تواصل أنساني.

وقد صاغ الباحث مشكلة البحث بمجموعة من الاسئلة منها :

1- ما لغة التواصل في الإعلام الجديد ؟

2- ما العلاقة التي تربط الإعلام الجديد بالإعلام التقليدي؟

وخلص البحث إلى نتائج أهمها :-

1- تغير في اللغة المستخدمة في الإعلام الجديد ، على وفق الحاجة التي يتطلبها النظام التقني للتواصل الاجتماعي.

2- هناك علاقة بين الإعلام الجديد والإعلام التقليدي، تقوم على الحاجة المتبادلة للمعلومات، والاختلاف ينبع من القدرة الكبيرة لتأثير التقنية في الإعلام الجديد، والتكيف المستمر لعناصر العملية الاتصالية في الإعلام الجديد مع نتائج التقنية .

3- الحاجة إلى بناء نظري يستطيع أن يقدم العملية الاتصالية على وفق مفهوم السرعة والزمن بوصفهما عنصرين مؤثرين في عملية الاتصال ونتاجاً لتطور التقنية.
انتهاك الخصوصية في مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي (بحث مستل)
Authors: الفيصل عبدالامير مويت , سيد اسراء هاشم
Published: July 2019

مكن التفوق التكنولوجي الذي تمتاز به وسائل الاتصال والاعلام المجال لهيمنة هذه الوسائل وتَسيُدها الموقف بديلاً عن وسائل الاعلام التقليدية , فالانترنت وماتمتلكه من مزايا وفوائد أفادت في مجالات الحياة شتى ,لاسيما المجال الاعلامي, وحققت مالم تتمكن أية تقنية سبقتها من تحقيقها ,وقد لاتتمكن اية تقنية تأتي بعدها من العمل والنجاح بمعزل عنها, تُعد اليوم الركيزة الاساسية للأتصال والتواصل في العالم وأهم وسائل الاتصال الجماهيري والشخصي في آن واحد , فما تتميز به من تفاعلية وإلغاء قيود المكان والزمان صنعت إعلاماً جديداً أتاح للجميع التعبير عما يريدون بحرية تامة , وأصبحت تطبيقات الانترنت ومنها مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي لاسيما فيسبوك أشهرها وأكثرها إنتشاراً ,أهم وسائل الاعلام الجديد, بعد أن بات حائط صفحة فيسبوك الصحيفة التي تنشر السبق الصحفي للاحداث المهمة والمشاهير, كما أصبح منظومة إعلامية متكاملة لكل فرد لنشر ما يريد ليس بالنص فقط بل بالصوت والصورة, وبث الصورة الحية , فراح يدون فيها كل ما يريد بدءاً من تفاصيل حياته (الشخصية والاجتماعية والعملية) .

وبعد ان كان الحديث يدور عن (الحق في الاتصال) و(الحق في المعرفة والحصول على المعلومة) ,أصبح يدور حول حماية حقوق الإنسان من مخاطر الاعلام الجديد,لاسيما الحق في الخصوصية (حرمة الحياة الخاصة) ,فبيانات المستخدمين ومعلوماتهم الشخصية واتصالاتهم تخزن وتجمع وتُعالج إلكترونياً ,ليس من إدارة الشبكة والشركات المختصة فحسب, بل من كل من له القدرة والإمكانية على ذلك سواء كان من الهاكرز او مزودي الخدمة او الحكومة أو دول وشركات اخرى , فضلا عن ما أتاحته هذه الوسائل من مزايا مكنت مستخدميها من إنتهاك خصوصية بعضهم البعض ونشر ما يريدون تحت اسماء مستعارة ,ودون وضع إعتبارات, لاسيما في ظل عدم وجود قوانين وأخلاقيات تحكم هذه الوسائل ومستخدميها فضلا عن عالميته

وتأتي هذه الدراسة المسحية لمستخدمي موقع التواصل الاجتماعي فيسبوك لمعرفة ما يمثله مفهوم الخصوصية لديهم ,ومدى ادراكهم اهميتها وحمايتها,ورصد انواع الانتهاكات المتحققة عبره والاخلاقيات ومدى خصوصية فيسبوك كوسيلة إعلام (بِعده أشهر المواقع وأكثرها انتشاراً وتأثيراً في الشعوب لاسيما العربية فضلا عن انه يعد من الكنوز بسبب ما يحتويه لاسيما في ما يتعلق بمتصيدي المعلومات والبيانات بأصنافهم المختلفة, بعد ان باتت اهم الشخصيات في العالم تتواصل عبره ).
معالجة الصحفية الساخرة للفساد / صحيفة المدى أنموذجا دراسة تحليلية لخطاب الصورة الكاريكاتيرية
Authors: دهيرب عدنان سمير
Published: July 2019

تعددت وتوسعت بؤر الفساد المالي والإداري في الدولة العراقية خلال الأعوام الماضية بعد التغيير في شكل النظام السياسي ، حتى اضحت هذهِ القضية ظاهرة تهم الرأي العام وكل وسائل الإعلام لما لها من أثر بالغ على مختلف الجوانب السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية والتعليمية المختلفة والتراجع في عملية التنمية التي انعكست على حياة الأفراد .وقد أفضى ذلك إلى إسهام الصحافة في كشف ومعالجة هذهِ الظاهرة بصفتها جزءاً من وظيفتها التنويرية والرقابية ، بأشكال مختلفة من أبرزها الكاريكاتير الذي يعد فناً مهماً في كشف الفساد بأسلوب مغاير عن أساليب الصحيفة للتأثير على الجمهور . وقد اتخذ البحث الرسومات الكاريكاتيرية المنشورة في جريدة المدى نموذجاً في تناوله لهذهِ القضية بوصفها صحيفة مستقلة وجريئة ومهنية ، بطرحه أسئلة تتعلق بإسهام الرسم الكاريكاتيري في كشف ومعالجة الفساد المالي والإداري والأفكار التي تحملها اللوحات . ومدى مشاركة الرسام مع تطلعات الجمهور في كيفية معالجة هذهِ الظاهرة . وتناول البحث دراسة وتفسير مضامين عدد من اللوحات التي نشرتها الصحيفة وتحليل خطابها حول هذهِ الظاهرة وتكمن أهمية البحث في انه يتناول موضوعاً له علاقة بالثقافة البصرية ودورها في إيصال الرسالة الصحفية من خلال الكاريكاتير الذي أصبحت له مساحة ثابتة يطلع عليها قراء الصحيفة بمختلف مستوياتهم التعليمية .

وجدنا أن رسام الكاريكاتير فضح الأجهزة الحكومية عن طريق أشخاص مهمين لهم دور كبير في سياسة الدولة . وكشف مستويات الفساد والمعالجات الضعيفة لهذهِ الظاهرة وانعكاساتها على المجتمع والفرد واختزال مرحلة سياسية تتعلق بحكم أحزاب الإسلام السياسي ودورها في هذهِ القضية وإسهامها بضياع أموال الشعب . وهذه الرسائل التي جسدها فنان الكاريكاتير في الصحيفة عن طريق رسومات تتماهى أو تتوافق مع خطاب الصحيفة التي ترى إن الطبقة السياسية المهيمنة على مفاصل الدولة كانت السبب وراء تفشي ظاهرة الفساد المالي والإداري ، فضلا عن إن الرسام حاول تحريض الجمهور بضرورة استمرار الحركة للضغط على الجهات المختصة لمحاسبة ومعاقبة الفاسدين وتوفير المعرفة والإدراك بحجم الفساد الذي يحيط بالشعب وعدم الوقوف موقف المتفرج من هذه الظاهرة المستشرية في المجتمع والتي ألقت بظلالها على حياة المواطن وحركة مؤسسات الدولة .
تأثير الإعلام الجديد في العلاقات الاجتماعية
Authors: جاسم النداوي علاء حسين
Published: July 2019

فتحت تكنولوجيا الاتصال والإعلام الحديثة آفاقاً جديدة وأحدثت تغييرات عميقة في مختلف جوانب الحياة الاجتماعية ، مثلما أثرت بشكل كبير على أنماط الاتصال الإنساني.

ومن يتأمل التطورات التي طالت العلاقات الاجتماعية بفعل الإعلام الجديد وبخاصة مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي ، لا بد له أن يلاحظ التغير الكبير في منظومة العلاقات الاجتماعية التي تأثرت بشكل أو بآخر بالتطورات المتسارعة التي تحصل في ظل بروز ما يسمى بالمجتمع الافتراضي. 

وقد جسدت مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي الاتصال الوسيطي الذي اصبح يشكل نقطة تحول مهمة في مجال الاتصال الاجتماعي. أن هذا التغير في طبيعة التواصل اصبح يهدد العلاقات الاجتماعية ، وهذا ما تسعى هذه الدراسة لطرحه ومناقشته عبر دراسة ميدانية على عينة من شباب العاصمة العراقية بغداد لكون الشباب هم الشريحة الأكثر تعاملاً مع مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي ولان بغداد تضم خليطاً سكانياً يمثل مختلف مكونات الشعب العراقي.

إن الأسباب الموضوعية لاختيار هذه الدراسة تكمن في أهمية موضوعها الحيوي والحديث إضافة إلى قلة الدراسات التي تتناول تأثير الإعلام الجديد وبخاصة مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي وتأثيرها في المجتمع العراقي.

ويمكن لهذه الدراسة أن تدرج ضمن الحقل المعرفي الجديد نسبياً الذي يعرف بالمعلوماتية الاجتماعية (Social informatics) الذي يهتم بدراسة تأثير استخدام تكنولوجيا المعلومات والاتصالات على النسق الاجتماعي ، أو التغيرات الناجمة عن تطبيق واستعمال تكنولوجيا الاتصال والمعلومات.تتألف الدراسة من مقدمة و الإطار المنهجي والإطار النظري للبحث والإطار التطبيقي وفيه عرض وتحليل وتفسير لإجابات المبحوثين على أسئلة استمارة الاستبانة مع تحديد النتائج وطرح بعض التوصيات.

وتسعى الدراسة إلى محاولة إعطاء تفسير علمي لاستخدام مواقع التواصل وتأثيرها في منظومة العلاقات الاجتماعية الأمر الذي يفضي إلى إثارة آفاق جديدة ويبرز أسئلة ومشكلات جديدة.

كما انه من بين أهداف الدراسة تسليط الأضواء على كيفية الاستخدام الأفضل لمعطيات تكنولوجيا الاتصال والحد من الإقرارات السلبية لها على صعيد العلاقات الاجتماعية.
تأثير استعمال الإنترنت في الطلبة الجامعيين
Authors: مكي علاء , أبو اصبع صالح
Published: July 2019

تهدف هذه الدراسة المسحية إلى معرفة أهم تأثيرات استعمال الإنترنت على طلبة الجامعات الأردنية الرسمية والخاصة، برصد وتحليل مجموعة المؤشرات الدالة على نوعية التأثيرات الثقافية، والاجتماعية، والنفسية، والقيمية، والسياسية.

ولتحقيق هذه الأهداف تحاول الدراسة الإجابة عن التساؤلين الآتيين:

ما نوعية التأثيرات في استعمال الإنترنت على الطلبة 

ما العلاقة بين التأثيرات والمتغيرات الديموغرافية متل النوع و العمر و حجم الأسرة والمستوى الدراسي والتخصص.

وتشكل أربع جامعات أردنية رسمية وخاصة مجتمع الدراسة. وقد تم توزيع الاستبانة على مجتمع الدراسة على التخصصات المتعددة في جميع كليات الجامعة بطريقة العينة المتاحة، وبلغ عدد عينة الدراسة 891) طالباً وطالبة وكان ما نسبته (55.22%) من أفراد العينة من الذكور، بينما بلغت نسبة الإناث (44.78%)،. 

لقد تم تحليل البيانات باستعمال الأساليب الإحصائية الوصفية ومقاييس الإحصاء التحليلي عن طريق استعمال الحزمة الإحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية (SPSS).

ناقشت الدراسة انماط تأثيرات استعمال الإنترنت على عينة الدراسة في المجالات الآتية: التأثيرات (الثقافية) المعرفية والعلمية ، التأثيرات الاجتماعية و الترفيهية ، التأثيرات النفسية ، التأثيرات القيمية ، التأثيرات السياسية ، والتأثيرات السلبية .

يتضح أن “مجالات تأثيرات” استعمال شبكة الانترنت على الطلبة الجامعيين تتمتع بقيم اتساق داخلي بدرجة عالية إذ تراوحت قيم الثبات ما بين(0.782) لمجال “التأثيرات السلبية” و(0.883) لمجال “التأثيرات القيمية” كما بلغت الدرجة الكلية للتأثيرات”(0.843) تشير إلى قيم ثبات مناسبة.

وأظهرت الدراسة أن درجة مجال “تأثيرات استخدام الإنترنت” للطلبة الجامعيين قد تحقق بدرجة متوسطة، إذ بلغ المتوسط الحسابي لهذا المجال (2.01) بأهمية نسبية (67.0) ، وجاء مستوى المجالات ككل متوسطا ، إذ تراوحت المتوسطات الحسابية للمجال بين (1.90- 2.23)، وجاء في المرتبة الأولى ما يتعلق «بالتأثيرات (الثقافية) المعرفية والعلمية» بمتوسط حسابي(2.23) وأهمية نسبية (74.33)، واحتلت « التأثيرات الاجتماعية و الترفيهية» المرتبة الثانية بمتوسط حسابي (2.06 ) وأهمية نسبية (68.67) .

أما عن التأثيرات السلبية في استعمالات الإنترنت فيلاحظ أنها قد تحققت بدرجة متوسطة، إذ بلغ المتوسط الحسابي (1.94) بأهمية نسبية (64.67)،وجاءت في المرتبة الأخيرة «التأثيرات القيمية» بمتوسط حسابي (1.90) بأهمية نسبية (63.33). 

كما تشير نتائج الدراسة إلى أن أكثر المواقع الالكترونية التي يزورونها هي «المواقع العالمية» بنسبة تليها «المواقع العربية» بينما جاءت «المواقع المحلية» في المرتبة الأخيرة . وتشير إلى أن غالبية الطلبة لديهم موقع معين يزورونه باستمرار.
قضايا المحاكمات الإعلامية في العراق بعد 2003م (بحث مستل من رسالة ماجستير)
Authors: مشكل الربيعي بيداء سعدون , السراج شكرية كوكز
Published: July 2019

قرر مجلس القضاء الأعلى في العراق في الثالث عشر من تموز عام2010م بتشكيل محكمة مختصة بقضايا النشر والإعلام ، وهذه المحكمة تنظُر في الشكاوى والدعاوى المتعلقة بالإعلام والنشر بجانبيها المدني والجزائي ، ويمثل قرار تأسيس المحكمة خطوة جديدة ومهمة يخطوها مجلس القضاء العراقي تلبية للتطور الهائل الذي شهده قطاع الإعلام عامة والصحافة خاصة بعد 2003 م .

وتتضمن دراستنا هذه محورين أساسيين الأول عن اهم جرائم النشر في التشريعات العراقية من جرائم التشهير والقذف والسب وجرائم الإهانة وجرائم الإفشاء والتضليل وجرائم التحريض .

فيما يتناول الثاني منها مسحاً تحليلياً للقضايا المنجزة أي التي حصلت على القرار القطعي في الحكم والبالغة (150) قضية .

وتوصلت الدراسة الى عدد من النتائج منها :

إن اهم القضايا الإعلامية التي نظرت فيها محكمة قضايا النشر والإعلام هي القضايا (الدعاوى) المدنية والقضايا الجزائية إذ تقدمت الأولى منها واكتسبت الدرجة القطعية في الحكم.

جريمتا التشهير القذف من أكثر الجرائم الإعلامية التي نظرت فيها محكمة قضايا النشر والإعلام عن طريق الشكاوى أو الدعاوى التي قدمت إلى المحكمة المختصة.

سجلت الشخصية الإعلامية في مقدمة الشخصيات المقامة ضدها الدعاوى في محكمة قضايا النشر والإعلام.

إن القضايا المرفوعة في محكمة النشر والإعلام هي قضايا حقيقية ليست كيدية.
Peran Mentor Bisnis Bagi Tki Pasca Migrasi Untuk Berwirausaha
Authors: Abas Sayid , Purnomo Rochmat Aldy
Published: July 2019

Indonesia has a large population and potential of natural resources which is resulting in problems of human resources, natural resources, and environment. The high number of productive age also brings the problems of employment and unemployment. Moreover, education has not been able to guarantee the employment opportunities. The situation becomes ironic when people go abroad to looking for jobs without a sufficient skill. The researcher tries to give contribution towards the problem by explaining the importance of entrepreneurship. This descriptive research uses a qualitative approach. The sample is the Migrant Workers (TKI)  in Ponorogo Regency who get support from family to work abroad again. The migrant workers work abroad because of the economic needs. The migrant workers who have returned home, prefer to start being an entrepreneur than to work abroad again
Metode Simple Additive Weighting Untuk Mendukung Pemilihan Laptop
Authors: Khasanah Fata Nidaul
Published: July 2019

Abstract
 
A lot of number of brands and types of laptops in the market with different types of specifications and price could make the consumer difficult in choosing an appropriate laptop according his/her needs. Therefore, a research was employed in determining the type of laptop with decision support method using Simple Additive Weighting. In the process, the calculations done in advance by the election of alternative types of laptops and the criteria used. Assessment criteria comprised of price, hard drive, RAM, processor and VGA  after determining the criteria, followed by the decisive importance of the assessment criteria and determine the suitability of an alternative rating against each of the criteria. From rating a match then the decision matrix is obtained, followed by determining the normalized matrix. The last stage, namely determining the rank of each alternative. From the results of the calculation method of Simple Additive Weighting retrieved results alternative laptop was chosen based on these criteria above.
 
Keywords: Decision Support System, Selection Laptop, Simple Additive Weighting
 
Abstrak
 
Banyaknya merk dan tipe laptop yang dijual di pasaran dengan berbagai jenis spesifikasi dan variasi harga dapat membingungkan konsumen dalam memilih laptop yang sesuai dengan kebutuhannya. Berdasarkan permasalahan yang ada maka penelitian ini mencoba membangun sistem pemilihan laptop dengan menggunakan metode pendukung keputusan Simple Additive Weighting. Dalam proses perhitungannya terlebih dahulu dilakukan pemilihan alternatif jenis laptop dan kriteria penilaian yang digunakan. Kriteria penilaian terdiri dari harga, hardisk, RAM, prosesor dan VGA. Setelah menentukan kriteria dilanjutkan dengan menentukan penilaian tingkat kepentingan kriteria dan menentukan rating kecocokan alternatif terhadap setiap kriteria. Dari rating kecocokan maka diperoleh matriks keputusan, dilanjutkan dengan menentukan matriks ternormalisasi. Tahap terakhir yaitu menentukan perangkingan setiap alternatif. Dari hasil perhitungan metode Simple Additive Weighting diperoleh hasil alternatif laptop yang sesuai kriteria
 
Kata kunci: Pemilihan Laptop, Simple Additive Weighting, Sistem Pendukung Keputusan
Axel's Classroom
Authors: Heffernan Laura
Published: July 2019

Edmund Wilson's Axel's Castle (1931) has been much blamed for characterising modernist literature by an aesthetic refusal to engage with society, and for encouraging the narrow formalism of New Critical pedagogy. The recovery of Wilson's own distinctive teaching practice, however, shows that he used the book to teach modernism's development out of coterie symbolism towards social engagement and cultural criticism. Modern literature classrooms like Wilson's functioned not to define literature's purity, but to explore the connections between then-contemporary modernism and all kinds of writing that describes, references, and names the material world in which it was created.
Ectodermal Dysplasia in two siblings: A Case report.
Authors: KALKUR CHAITHRA , HALIM NILOFER , RANGARE ANUSHA , . Rumisha
Published: July 2019

Ectodermal dysplasia is a heterogeneous group of inherited disorder affecting two or more ectodermally derived tissues such as skin, hair, nails, eccrine glands and teeth. The disorder is of two types: Hypohydrotic ectodermal dysplasia/Christ seimens –Touraine syndrome and Hydrotic ectodermal dysplasia/clousten syndrome. Commonly associated signs include hypohidrosis, anomalous dentition, onychodysplasia, hypotrichosis. Multidisciplinary approaches are required for optimal treatment3. Here, we present two cases of 19 and 13 year old male siblings who were diagnosed with the disorder based upon their clinical features.

Key Words: ectodermal dysplasia, hypodontia; anomalous dentition.
Phenomenological Underpinnings for Gender and Feminist Research in Education
Authors: Chege Fatuma N.
Published: July 2019

This paper addresses the near-absence of feminist theorisation and methodological considerationsas a conceptual gap in the gender research in African contexts.Not only is this perceived gaprelevant toresearch onfamily and community but it also implicateseducational research that mainly focuses on schooling and its interactions with other social institutionstoperpetuate subordination of women. Arguably,addressing this conceptual gap effectively withincritical and scholarly analytical stanceshas the potential to enhance the unmasking of the subtle drivers of women’ssubordination, that are oftenelusive in gender analysis that is outside the feminist mission.The author usesthe analytic and critical methods of philosophyto elucidate and foreground phenomenological underpinningsthat influencethe construction of gender power relations in the context of feminist theoretical mission which advocates for the understanding of women’s subordination through their voices as well as embracing the political task of challenging and dismantling female subordination in society. The philosophical arguments advanced herein, yield recommendationsand conclusions based on critical analysis of selected examples that are derived from gender research in African contexts and which are relevant to the feminist agenda. The key objective of this paper ismake theoretical and methodological contribution to the field of gender and educational researchthat inform researchers working in 21st Century African settings in pursuance of the attainment of the United Nations SDG 5 on ensuring gender equality and not in the least, SDG 4 on quality education and lifelong learning for all.
Exogenous ABA Induces Osmotic Adjustment, Improves Leaf Water Relations and Water Use Efficiency, But Not Yield in Soybean under Water Stress
Authors: He Jin , Jin Yi , Palta Jairo A. , Liu Hong-Yan , Chen Zhu , Li Feng-Min
Published: July 2019

Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a central role in the plant response to water deficit by inducing stomatal closure to conserve water when the soil dries. Exogenous ABA was applied at 45 days after sowing (DAS) as a soil drench, the physiological and seed yield response of soybean to exogenous ABA were examined as the soil was drying. Three experiments were conducted using the drought-tolerant soybean cultivar Jindou 19, grown in pots at the Yuzhong Experimental Station of Lanzhou University, China. In experiment 1, plants were exposed to progressive soil drying and leaf ABA concentration, leaf photosynthesis rate, leaf relative water content (RWC) and osmotic adjustment (OA) were measured. In experiment 2, plants were under progressive soil drying and lethal leaf water potential was measured. In experiment 3, flower production and abortion, and grain yield were measured in plants under well-watered (WW), moderate (MWD) and severe water deficits (SWD). Exogenous ABA application increased ABA accumulation in leaves and reduced the rate of soil drying. It also increased leaf photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate at 7–10 days after withholding water. The intrinsic and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) was consistently higher with exogenous ABA than without ABA as the soil dried. Exogenous ABA increased OA when the leaf relative water content (RWC) decreased at eight days after withholding water, lowering the lethal leaf water potential by 0.4 MPa. Exogenous ABA reduced water use, increased WUE for grain yield under WW and MWD, and had no effect on flower number, flower abortion or grain yield in any water treatment. We concluded that (1) exogenous ABA induced OA, improved leaf photosynthetic rate, leaf water relations and desiccant tolerance, but did not benefit grain yield in soybean under water deficits; (2) exogenous ABA improved the WUE at the leaf level as soil drying and WUE for grain yield under moderate water deficit.
Peptidoglycan O-Acetylation as a Virulence Factor: Its Effect on Lysozyme in the Innate Immune System
Authors: Brott Ashley S. , Clarke Anthony J.
Published: July 2019

The peptidoglycan sacculus of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria acts as a protective mesh and provides structural support around the entirety of the cell. The integrity of this structure is of utmost importance for cell viability and so naturally is the first target for attack by the host immune system during bacterial infection. Lysozyme, a muramidase and the first line of defense of the innate immune system, targets the peptidoglycan sacculus hydrolyzing the β-(1→4) linkage between repeating glycan units, causing lysis and the death of the invading bacterium. The O-acetylation of N-acetylmuramoyl residues within peptidoglycan precludes the productive binding of lysozyme, and in doing so renders it inactive. This modification has been shown to be an important virulence factor in pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and is currently being investigated as a novel target for anti-virulence therapies. This article reviews interactions made between peptidoglycan and the host immune system, specifically with respect to lysozyme, and how the O-acetylation of the peptidoglycan interrupts these interactions, leading to increased pathogenicity.
High-Pressure-Induced Transition from Ferromagnetic Semiconductor to Spin Gapless Semiconductor in Quaternary Heusler Alloy VFeScZ (Z = Sb, As, P)
Authors: Huang Haishen , Yang Kun , Zhao Wan , Zhou Tingyan , Yang Xiude , Wu Bo
Published: July 2019

In this paper, the structure and the electronic and magnetic properties of VFeScZ (Z = Sb, As, P) series alloys are systematically studied based on the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) generalized gradient approximation (GGA) calculation within the first-principles density functional theory. The results showed that VFeScSb and VFeScP are ferromagnetic semiconductors and VFeScAs exhibits half-metallic ferromagnetism under zero pressure. As the pressure increases, the narrow indirect gap of VFeScZ (Z = Sb, As, P) alloy gradually decreases, and gets close to zero, leading to spin gapless semiconductor (SGS) transition. The pressure phase transition point of VFeScSb, VFeScAs, and VFeScP alloy is 132 GPa, 58 GPa, and 32 GPa, respectively. As a result, the pressure effect provides an opportunity to tune the electronic properties of the alloys by external pressure. The present findings provide a technical method for us to actually use the Heusler alloy SGS.
Identifying Foreign Tourists’ Nationality from Mobility Traces via LSTM Neural Network and Location Embeddings
Authors: Crivellari Alessandro , Beinat Euro
Published: July 2019

The interest in human mobility analysis has increased with the rapid growth of positioning technology and motion tracking, leading to a variety of studies based on trajectory recordings. Mapping the routes that people commonly perform was revealed to be very useful for location-based service applications, where individual mobility behaviors can potentially disclose meaningful information about each customer and be fruitfully used for personalized recommendation systems. This paper tackles a novel trajectory labeling problem related to the context of user profiling in “smart” tourism, inferring the nationality of individual users on the basis of their motion trajectories. In particular, we use large-scale motion traces of short-term foreign visitors as a way of detecting the nationality of individuals. This task is not trivial, relying on the hypothesis that foreign tourists of different nationalities may not only visit different locations, but also move in a different way between the same locations. The problem is defined as a multinomial classification with a few tens of classes (nationalities) and sparse location-based trajectory data. We hereby propose a machine learning-based methodology, consisting of a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network trained on vector representations of locations, in order to capture the underlying semantics of user mobility patterns. Experiments conducted on a real-world big dataset demonstrate that our method achieves considerably higher performances than baseline and traditional approaches.
Towards Lateral Flow Quantitative Assays: Detection Approaches
Authors: Urusov Alexandr E. , Zherdev Anatoly V. , Dzantiev Boris B.
Published: July 2019

Point-of-care (POC) or bedside analysis is a global trend in modern diagnostics. Progress in POC testing has largely been provided by advanced manufacturing technology for lateral flow (immunochromatographic) test strips. They are widely used to rapidly and easily control a variety of biomarkers of infectious diseases and metabolic and functional disorders, as well as in consumer protection and environmental monitoring. However, traditional lateral flow tests rely on visual assessment and qualitative conclusion, which limit the objectivity and information output of the assays. Therefore, there is a need for approaches that retain the advantages of lateral flow assays and provide reliable quantitative information about the content of a target compound in a sample mixture. This review describes the main options for detecting, processing, and interpreting immunochromatographic analysis results. The possibilities of modern portable detectors that register colored, fluorescent, magnetic, and conductive labels are discussed. Prospects for further development in this direction are also examined.
Constructing Invisible Walls through National and Global Policy
Authors: Ettinger de Cuba Stephanie , Bovell-Ammon Allison , Becker Cutts Diana
Published: July 2019

Worldwide 37,000 people are forced to flee their homes every day due to conflict and persecution. The factors that lead people to leave their home countries often originate with economic deprivation and violence, escalated to a level that becomes a struggle for survival. Climate change, as it has accelerated over the last three to four decades and negatively impacted natural resources, contributes to a parallel increase in strife and migration. The US response to migration has been to construct an “Invisible Wall” of isolationist and xenophobic policies, many of which are especially harmful to children and their families. The southern US border is perhaps the most high profile location of the Invisible Wall’s construction, fortified by federal policies and a withdrawal from international cooperation. Global reengagement on climate change and migration, US ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and destruction of the Invisible Wall will help to create a world where children can thrive.
Climate Shocks and Responses in Karnali-Mahakali Basins, Western Nepal
Authors: Pandey Vishnu Prasad , Sharma Akriti , Dhaubanjar Sanita , Bharati Luna , Joshi Indu Raj
Published: July 2019

The Himalayas are highly susceptible to the impacts of climate change, as it consequently increases the vulnerability of downstream communities, livelihoods and ecosystems. Western Nepal currently holds significant potential as multiple opportunities for water development within the country are underway. However, it is also identified as one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change, with both an increase in the occurrence of natural disasters and exacerbated severity and impacts levels. Regional climate model (RCM) projections indicate warmer weather with higher variability in rainfall for this region. This paper combines bio-physical and social approaches to further study and understand the current climate shocks and responses present in Western Nepal. Data was collected from 3660 households across 122 primary sampling units across the Karnali, Mahakali and Mohana River basins along with focus group discussions, which provided a rich understanding of the currently perceived climatic shocks and related events. Further analysis of climatology was carried out through nine indices of precipitation and temperature that were found to be relevant to the discussed climate shocks. Results show that 79% of households reported experiencing at least one type of climate shock in the five-year period and the most common occurrence was droughts, which is also supported by the climate data. Disaggregated results show that perception varies with the region and among the basins. Analysis of climatic trends further show that irregular weather is most common in the hill region, although average reported frequency of irregular weather is higher in the mountain. Further analysis into the severity and response to climatic shocks suggest an imminent need for better adaptation strategies. This study’s results show that a vast majority of respondents lack proper access to knowledge and that successful adaptation strategies must be adapted to specific regions to meet communities’ local needs.
Effects of Sleep and Age on Prospective Memory Consolidation: A Walk in a Virtual Museum
Authors: Rehel Stéphane , Legrand Nicolas , Lecouvey Grégory , Laniepce Alice , Bertran Françoise , Fleury Philippe , Madeleine Sophie , Eustache Francis , Desgranges Béatrice , Rauchs Géraldine
Published: July 2019

Prospective memory (PM) refers to our ability to perform actions at the appropriate moment, either when a predetermined event occurs (event-based, EB) or after a predetermined amount of time (time-based, TB). Sleep favors the consolidation of both EB and TB intentions, but whether this benefit is preserved during ageing is still subject to debate. PM was assessed in 28 young and 27 older healthy volunteers using a virtual environment. Participants had to learn and execute intentions after intervals filled with either daytime wakefulness or nighttime sleep. Intentions consisted of four TB, four EB with a strong link between the cue triggering retrieval and the action to be performed (EB-link) and four with no link (EB-nolink). PM was not affected by age, whatever the type of intention and the nature of the retention interval. While sleep reinforced all types of intentions in young participants, this benefit was only observed for TB and EB-link intentions in older adults. Sleep also reinforced the intrinsic PM components in both groups. Thus, when assessed using complex realistic situations, PM is not impaired in ageing. Results are discussed in the light of memory schema theory and the possible impact of cognitive reserve on sleep and memory.
Species Diversity of Epilithon Diatoms and the Quality of the Waters of the Donuzlav Gulf Ecosystem (Crimea, the Black Sea)
Authors: Ryabushko Larisa I. , Lishaev Denis N. , Kovrigina Nelya P.
Published: July 2019

In this work, the species diversity of epilithon diatoms of Donuzlav Gulf (Crimean coastal waters of the Black Sea) is presented for the first time. A total of 60 taxa of Bacillariophyta belonging to 3 classes, 18 families and 34 genera were found. The largest number of species (45) of diatoms was observed in summer, and the smallest number of species (12) in winter. A total of 25 saprobity indicator species of diatoms was found on the epilithon, 12 taxa of which belong to a group of betamesosaprobionts—indicators of moderate organic pollution of water. Marine species comprise 55% and brackish-marine ones make up 37% of them, but no freshwater species were identified. The diatom community was dominated by cosmopolites (32%) and arctic–boreal–tropical species (27%). The maximal abundance (186.2 × 103 cells cm−2) and biomass (0.083 mg cm−2) of diatoms was noted in June 2018 at salinity 16.58‰ and T = 24.4 °C with the dominant cosmopolites species of Licmophora abbreviata and Cocconeis scutellum. The minimum values, 14.8 × 103 cells cm−2 and 0.005 mg cm−2, were observed in January 2019 at salinity 16.86‰ and T = 9.0 °C with the dominant Berkeleya rutilans and Nitzschia hybrida f. hyalina. The high values of BOD5, oxidizability, silicon, Norg and Porg were noted, indicating a certain degree of water pollution by domestic sewage. It has been shown that the pollution in the southwestern part of the Donuzlav Gulf is greatest since this part of the coast was populated most densely in comparison with the northern coast of the Gulf where there are no coastal settlements except for two mariculture farms.
Comparative Phylogenomics, a Stepping Stone for Bird Biodiversity Studies
Authors: Stiller Josefin , Zhang Guojie
Published: July 2019

Birds are a group with immense availability of genomic resources, and hundreds of forthcoming genomes at the doorstep. We review recent developments in whole genome sequencing, phylogenomics, and comparative genomics of birds. Short read based genome assemblies are common, largely due to efforts of the Bird 10K genome project (B10K). Chromosome-level assemblies are expected to increase due to improved long-read sequencing. The available genomic data has enabled the reconstruction of the bird tree of life with increasing confidence and resolution, but challenges remain in the early splits of Neoaves due to their explosive diversification after the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) event. Continued genomic sampling of the bird tree of life will not just better reflect their evolutionary history but also shine new light onto the organization of phylogenetic signal and conflict across the genome. The comparatively simple architecture of avian genomes makes them a powerful system to study the molecular foundation of bird specific traits. Birds are on the verge of becoming an extremely resourceful system to study biodiversity from the nucleotide up.
Impacts of Climate Change and Climate Variability on Hydropower Potential in Data-Scarce Regions Subjected to Multi-Decadal Variability
Authors: Arriagada Pedro , Dieppois Bastien , Sidibe Moussa , Link Oscar
Published: July 2019

To achieve sustainable development of hydroelectric resources, it is necessary to understand their availability, variability, and the expected impacts of climate change. Current research has mainly focused on estimating hydropower potential or determining the optimal locations for hydropower projects without considering the variability and historical trends of the resources. Herein, the hydropower potential variability from reconstructed streamflow series estimated with a non-parametric gap-filling method and geographic information systems (GIS) techniques are analyzed. The relationships between hydropower and large-scale climate variability, expressed by sea surface temperature, are explored. Finally, we project hydropower potential through 2050 using 15 global circulation models with representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5. We used four watersheds in central Chile as a case study. The results show significant interannual and inter-basin hydropower potential variability, with decreasing trends over time modulated by alternating positive and negative decadal trends; these modulations exhibit greater intensities than the general trends and are attributable to climatic oscillations such as El Niño. Future scenarios indicate high hydropower availability and a possible over-investment in hydroelectric plants in two of the four studied watersheds. Results show the need to improve the current policies that promote hydropower development including hydropower resource variability in order to achieve optimal, sustainable hydropower development worldwide.
Effects of Two-Stage Operation on Stability and Efficiency in Co-Digestion of Food Waste and Waste Activated Sludge
Authors: Liu Xinyuan , Li Ruying , Ji Min
Published: July 2019

The two-stage anaerobic digestion (AD) technology attracts increasing attention due to its ability to collect both hydrogen and methane. A two-stage AD system feeding with food waste and waste activated sludge was investigated in order to achieve higher energy yield and organics removal. The two-stage process consists of a thermophilic H2-reactor and a mesophilic CH4-reactor, achieved the highest hydrogen and methane yields of 76.8 mL/g-VS and 147.6 mL/g-VS at hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 0.8 d and 6 d, respectively. The co-digestion process in this study required much less external alkalinity to maintain the pH values than sole food waste digestion in the literature. Compared with the single-stage mesophilic methane AD process, the two-stage AD system had better performance on operation stability, biogas and energy yields, organics removal and chemical oxygen demand (COD) conversion at high organic loading rates (OLRs). According to the TA-cloning analysis, the dominant bacteria in H2-reactor was closely related to Clostridium sp. strain Z6 and species Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum. The dominant methanogens in two-stage and single-stage CH4-reactor were recognized as acetotrophic methanogens and hydrogenotrophic methanogens, respectively. The presence of the genus Nitrososphaera in the two CH4-reactors might contribute to the low NH4+-N concentration in digestate and low CO2 content in biogas.
Characterizing Diameter Distributions for Uneven-Aged Pine-Oak Mixed Forests in the Qinling Mountains of China
Authors: Sun Shuaichao , Cao Quang V. , Cao Tianjian
Published: July 2019

Pine-oak mixed forests in the Qinling Mountains are an essential part of the ecosystem in Northwestern China. Diameter distribution models for four species groups of pine-oak mixed forests were developed using the Weibull function. Both moment and hybrid estimation approaches were used to predict the Weibull parameters. For each approach, three fitting methods (maximum likelihood estimator regression (MLER), cumulative distribution function regression (CDFR) and modified CDFR) were employed to obtain estimates for coefficients of regression equations to predict Weibull parameters. Overall results indicated that the Moment Estimation approach was better than the Hybrid approach, and that the CDFR method was superior to the MLER and modified CDFR methods. The combination of Moment Estimation and CDFR is recommended. The models constructed in this study enable the prediction of the diameter distribution of uneven-aged pine-oak mixed forests in the Qinling Mountains based on common stand-level information.
Progress in Phenomenological Modeling of Turbulence Damping around a Two-Phase Interface
Authors: Fan Wenyuan , Anglart Henryk
Published: July 2019

The presence of a moving interface in two-phase flows challenges the accurate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, especially when the flow is turbulent. For such flows, single-phase-based turbulence models are usually used for the turbulence modeling together with certain modifications including the turbulence damping around the interface. Due to the insufficient understanding of the damping mechanism, the phenomenological modeling approach is always used. Egorov’s model is the most widely-used turbulence damping model due to its simple formulation and implementation. However, the original Egorov model suffers from the mesh size dependency issue and uses a questionable symmetric treatment for both liquid and gas phases. By introducing more physics, this paper introduces a new length scale for Egorov’s model, making it independent of mesh sizes in the tangential direction of the interface. An asymmetric treatment is also developed, which leads to more physical predictions for both the turbulent kinetic energy and the velocity field.
Suckler Bulls Slaughtered at 15 Months of Age: Effect of Different Production Systems on the Fatty Acid Profile and Selected Quality Characteristics of Longissimus Thoracis
Authors: Moran Lara , Wilson Shannon S. , McElhinney Cormac K. , Monahan Frank J. , McGee Mark , O’Sullivan Maurice G. , O’Riordan Edward G. , Kerry Joseph P. , Moloney Aidan P.
Published: July 2019

The objective was to compare the quality of beef from bulls reared in typical Irish indoor systems or in novel grass-based systems. Bulls were assigned to one of the following systems: (a) grass silage plus barley-based concentrate ad libitum (CON); (b) grass silage ad libitum plus 5 kg of concentrate (SC); (c) grazed grass without supplementation (G0); (d) grazed grass plus 0.5 kg of the dietary dry matter intake as concentrate (GC) for (100 days) until slaughter (14.99 months). Carcass characteristics and pH decline were recorded. Longissimus thoracis was collected for analytical and sensory analysis. Lower carcass weight, conformation and fatness scores were found for grazing compared to CON and SC groups. CON bulls had highest intramuscular fat and lighter meat colour compared with grazing bulls. The SC meat (14 days aged) was rated higher for tenderness, texture, flavour and acceptability compared with grazing groups. CON saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid (FA) concentration was highest, conversely, omega-3 FA concentration was higher for GC compared with CON, while no differences were found in polyunsaturated FA. In conclusion, while market fatness specification was not reached by grazed grass treatments, beef eating quality was not detrimentally affected and nutritional quality was improved.
Seasonal Stability and Dynamics of DNA Methylation in Plants in a Natural Environment
Authors: Ito Tasuku , Nishio Haruki , Tarutani Yoshiaki , Emura Naoko , Honjo Mie N. , Toyoda Atsushi , Fujiyama Asao , Kakutani Tetsuji , Kudoh Hiroshi
Published: July 2019

DNA methylation has been considered a stable epigenetic mark but may respond to fluctuating environments. However, it is unclear how they behave in natural environments. Here, we analyzed seasonal patterns of genome-wide DNA methylation in a single clone from a natural population of the perennial Arabidopsis halleri. The genome-wide pattern of DNA methylation was primarily stable, and most of the repetitive regions were methylated across the year. Although the proportion was small, we detected seasonally methylated cytosines (SeMCs) in the genome. SeMCs in the CHH context were detected predominantly at repetitive sequences in intergenic regions. In contrast, gene-body CG methylation (gbM) itself was generally stable across seasons, but the levels of gbM were positively associated with seasonal stability of RNA expression of the genes. These results suggest the existence of two distinct aspects of DNA methylation in natural environments: sources of epigenetic variation and epigenetic marks for stable gene expression.
Effect of Cognitive Training on Daily Function in Older People without Major Neurocognitive Disorder: A Systematic Review
Authors: Fan Brian J.Y. , Wong Roger Y.M.
Published: July 2019

There is increasing interest in the effect of non-pharmacological treatments on preserving cognition and function in older adults without major neurocognitive disorder (dementia). However, its effect on everyday function in terms of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) is unclear. We conducted a systematic review to examine whether cognitive training, independent of other interventions, can improve IADL function in older adults without major neurocognitive disorder. We searched multiple databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PSYCINFO and found thirteen studies that met our inclusion criteria with 7130 participants in total. Six out of thirteen studies reported a significant change on validated IADL assessment. On subgroup analysis, five studies included older adults with normal cognition and one included mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Eleven out of twelve studies showed improvement in measures of cognition. None of the studies described changes in the ability to live independently. While variation in study protocol, outcome measurement, and effect size reporting precluded further inferential statistical analysis, our review found a sizable number of studies showing improvement in IADL. Cognitive training may have some benefit in improving IADL function in older adults without major neurocognitive disorder. Future long-term studies focusing on maintained IADL function and preserved independence are needed.
Anomalous Urban Mobility Pattern Detection Based on GPS Trajectories and POI Data
Authors: Xu Zhenzhou , Cui Ge , Zhong Ming , Wang Xin
Published: July 2019

Anomalous urban mobility pattern refers to abnormal human mobility flow in a city. Anomalous urban mobility pattern detection is important in the study of urban mobility. In this paper, a framework is proposed to identify anomalous urban mobility patterns based on taxi GPS trajectories and Point of Interest (POI) data. In the framework, functional regions are first generated based on the distribution of POIs by the DBSCAN clustering algorithm. A Weighted Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (WTF-IDF) method is proposed to identify function values in each region. Then, the Origin-Destination (OD) of trips between functional regions is extracted from GPS trajectories to detect anomalous urban mobility patterns. Mobility vectors are established for each time interval based on the OD of trips and are classified into clusters by the mean shift algorithm. Abnormal urban mobility patterns are identified by processing the mobility vectors. A case study in the city of Wuhan, China, is conducted; the experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively identify daily and hourly anomalous urban mobility patterns.
VS30 Seismic Microzoning Based on a Geomorphology Map: Experimental Case Study of Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, and Lamphun, Thailand
Authors: Thamarux Patcharavadee , Matsuoka Masashi , Poovarodom Nakhorn , Iwahashi Junko
Published: July 2019

Thailand is not known to be an earthquake-prone country; however, in 2014, an unexpected moderate earthquake caused severe damage to infrastructure and resulted in public panic. This event caught public attention and raised awareness of national seismic disaster management. However, the expertise and primary data required for implementation of seismic disaster management are insufficient, including data on soil character which are used in amplification analyses for further ground motion prediction evaluations. Therefore, in this study, soil characterization was performed to understand the seismic responses of soil rigidity. The final output is presented in a seismic microzoning map. A geomorphology map was selected as the base map for the analysis. The geomorphology units were assigned with a time-averaged shear wave velocity of 30 m (VS30), which was collected by the spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) method of microtremor array measurements. The VS30 values were obtained from the phase velocity of the Rayleigh wave corresponding to a 40 m wavelength (C(40)). From the point feature, the VS30 values were transformed into polygonal features based on the geomorphological characteristics. Additionally, the automated geomorphology classification was explored in this study. Then, the seismic microzones were compared with the locations of major damage from the 2014 records for validation. The results from this study include geomorphological classification and seismic microzoning. The results suggest that the geomorphology units obtained from a pixel-based classification can be recommended for use in seismic microzoning. For seismic microzoning, the results show mainly stiff soil and soft rocks in the study area, and these geomorphological units have relatively high amplifications. The results of this study provide a valuable base map for further disaster management analyses.