bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fleshing Out Surfaces
Authors: Fend Mechthild
Published: May 2017

Throughout the history of European painting, skin has been the most significant surface for artistic imitation, and flesh has been a privileged site of lifelikeness. Skin and flesh entertain complex metaphorical relationships with artefacts, images, their making and materiality: fabricated surfaces are often described as skins, skin and colour have a longstanding connection, and paint is frequently associated with flesh.
This book considers flesh and skin in art theory, image making and medical discourse and focuses on seventeenth to nineteenth-century France. It describes a gradual shift between the early modern and the modern period and argues that what artists made when imitating human nakedness was not always the same. Initially understood in terms of the body’s substance, of flesh tones and body colour, it became increasingly a matter of skin, skin colour and surfaces. This shift is traced in the terminology of art theory and in the practices of painting, as well as engraving, colour printing and drawing. Each chapter is dedicated to a different notion of skin and its colour, from flesh tones via a membrane imbued with nervous energy to hermetic borderline. Looking in particular at works by Fragonard, David, Girodet, Benoist and Ingres, the focus is on portraits, as facial skin is a special arena for testing and theorising painterly skills and a site where the body and the image made of it become equally expressive.
Introduction
Authors: Fend Mechthild
Published: May 2017

The chapter introduces questions of skin and flesh tones via a discussion of Pedro Almódovar's 2011 film The Skin I live in. The film suggests a number of themes that are pertinent to this book: skin and identity; the relations between inside and outside; the nude and its colour; artificial skin and fantasies of the human creation of life; skin, touch and the haptic potential of vision; finally, the relationship between skin's role as a medium and the mediality of the image; issues of the colour of the nude and the longstanding association of skin, flesh and colour.
The introduction also situates the book within the most relevant art historical studies on skin, flesh and the materiality of the image as well as within the scholarly field of the history of the body and of skin.
Nervous canvas
Authors: Fend Mechthild
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at skin, sensibility and touch in painterly practice and the art literature on the one hand, and in medical as well as philosophical discourse on the other. It argues that the new medical understanding of organic substances as textured joined a special attention to brushwork in mid-eighteenth-century French art practice and theory. This conjuncture prompted attempts to imitate the skin's tissue with an appropriate facture produced by the artist’s hand. The chapter takes the medical metaphorisation of skin as a ‘nervous canvas‘ in the 1765 article ‘sensibilité‘ of Diderot's and d'Alembert's Encyclopédie as its guide to discuss relations between artistic and medical visions of skin in mid-eighteenth-century France. It focuses on the so-called portraits de fantaise by Jean-Honoré Fragonard and argues that the carnations in these paintings are as much about flesh as they are about the materiality and vitality of skin. Pivotal for the analysis of the interconnections between the fields of medicine and the arts, are the writings by philosopher and art critic Denis Diderot as he thought about skin, flesh and the sense of touch his reviews of the Salon exhibitions, in his writings on physiology, as well as in his fictionalised account of the latest medical theories in his Rêve de d'Alembert.
Seeing through the skin
Authors: Fend Mechthild
Published: May 2017

This chapter is dedicated to the function of skin in artistic anatomy. Anatomy, defined as a discipline that produces knowledge about the human body via dissection, tends to cut through the skin in order to gain access to the body's interior formation. In many anatomical illustrations, the removal of skin is dramatically staged in flayed figures that are emblematic of anatomy's focus on the body's interior. For artistic practices this was increasingly seen as a problem: if the artists‘ aim was typically the representation of living human figures, then anatomical knowledge could be both a means to an end and an obstacle.
Since the end of the eighteenth century, illustrated anatomical publications especially dedicated to artists paid more and more attention to the body's exterior and a new genre of text books named ‘anatomies of exterior forms‘ emerged. The chapter focuses on nineteenth-century artistic anatomies taking such a morphological approach – in particular the works by Jean-Galbert Salvage, Pierre-Nicolas Gerdy, and Julien Fau – and argues that images and texts develop a strategy of projecting anatomical knowledge onto the body's surface allowing the artist to mentally render the human skin transparent.
Hermetic borderline
Authors: Fend Mechthild
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on a set of nudes and portraits by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. It engages with the artist's ambivalent relationship with artistic anatomy and demonstrates the artist's increasing attention to the body's surface achieved through a reduction of modelling of the physical forms. Ingres changed the terms of the fabrication of flesh tones – carnations – and skin became deliberately non-physiological. Critics registered Ingres's peculiar handling of skin and flesh as one of the artist's idiosyncrasies and their writings manifest a gradual shift in the understanding of the body in paint. In Ingres‘ paintings themselves, the established association of flesh and paint was replaced by the alignment of the skin with the images‘ ground, be it canvas or paper in the case of drawings, and of the depicted skin with the polished painterly surface.
The final section argues that the suppression of anatomical detail is pushed to the extreme in Ingres‘ portraits of women, resulting in a renunciation of physiognomic paradigms in which a person's exterior is meant to refer to internal qualities and character. Like in his Valpinçon Bather, the concealment of skin goes along with the closure of the interior space.
Spenserian Satire
Authors: Hile Rachel E.
Published: May 2017

This book examines the satirical poetry of Edmund Spenser and argues for his importance as a model and influence for younger poets writing satires in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The book focuses on reading satirical texts of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries in relation to one another, with specific attention to the role that Edmund Spenser plays in that literary subsystem. The book connects key Spenserian texts in The Shepheardes Calender and the Complaints volume with poems by a range of authors in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, including Joseph Hall, Thomas Nashe, Tailboys Dymoke, Thomas Middleton, and George Wither to advance the thesis that Spenser was seen by his contemporaries as highly relevant to satire in Elizabethan England. For scholars of satire, the book offers a fuller discussion and theorization of the type of satire that Spenser wrote, “indirect satire,” than has been provided elsewhere. A theory of indirect satire benefits not just Spenser studies, but satire studies as well. For scholars of English Renaissance satire in particular, who have tended to focus on the formal verse satires of the 1590s to the exclusion of attention to more indirect forms such as Spenser’s, this book is a corrective, an invitation to recognize the importance of a style of satire that has received little attention.
Introduction
Authors: Hile Rachel E.
Published: May 2017

We know that all texts are indeterminate, incomplete … but some are extra-indeterminate, written by design to be extra-incomplete, to require, more than other texts, that the reader transfer meaning from other texts and from other semiotic fields altogether in order to correctly interpret the meaning. This book focuses on one such type of text, what I call “indirect satire,” by which I mean satirical writing that the reader cannot understand ...
Spenser and the English literary system in the 1590s
Authors: Hile Rachel E.
Published: May 2017

With Chapter 3, the discussion moves from Spenser to a wider circle of influence, starting with two somewhat reductive views from contemporaries of what Spenser “meant” in the literary system of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Two friends, Joseph Hall and William Bedell, wrote works that suggest an image of Spenser as an uncomplicated, straightforwardly decorous poet. Hall repeatedly alludes to well-known Spenserian images, which he imports into his own satires in Virgidemiarum Sixe Bookes in order to contrast them with his own disgusting imagery, suggesting an impatience with Spenser’s well-known delicacy and decorum. The less truculent Bedell implies a similarly uncomplicated view of Spenser in his poorly executed Spenserian poem, The Shepherds Tale of the Pouder-Plott, which takes as inspiration the Spenserian pastoral satire of The Shepheardes Calender and produces instead pastoral panegyric for King James I. In these two views of what “Spenser” meant to the writers of his time, we see the side of Spenser that Karl Marx later immortalized as “Elizabeth’s arse-kissing poet.”
After the Bishops’ Ban: imitation of Spenserian satire
Authors: Hile Rachel E.
Published: May 2017

The final chapter looks at two moments in the early seventeenth century: Michael Drayton’s response to the change of monarchs in two poems, To the Maiestie of King James from 1603 and The Owle from 1604, and George Wither’s self-fashioning as a Spenserian satirist in a series of four texts a decade later, from Abuses, Stript and Whipt (1613) to The Shepheards Hunting (1615). In both cases, the authors signal their allegiances to Spenser indirectly, with Drayton creating in The Owle an animal satire that references Spenser by alluding to his poetic forebears and Wither including pervasive animal and beast fable imagery in his formal verse satires in Abuses, Stript and Whipt. Significantly, though, the imprisonment that Wither endured as punishment for publishing Abuses, Stript and Whipt led to such an increase in his reputation as a courageous poet that he felt confident enough, in The Shepheards Hunting, to allegorize his own life and situation in ways that depict him as the new Spenserian satirist.
The therapeutic power of music in Hitchcock’s films
Authors: Gottlieb Sidney
Published: May 2017

In Vertigo, we have a sobering dramatization of the limits of music therapy – as Midge says sadly, Mozart isn't going to help very much when it comes to some life crises – but in several other Hitchcock films, the composition and performance of music are specifically linked to the resolution of very serious personal and interpersonal challenges and dilemmas, and can not only change or shape but save a relationship and a life. This chapter’s two key examples are Waltzes from Vienna and Rear Window, and it connects their presentation of the therapeutic function of music to Hitchcock's consistent "thematization" of music, that is to say, the extent to which his films not only utilize but are about music (a vital but often neglected aspect of the study of the relationship between film and music, in Hitchcock’s films and elsewhere) and also relates his presentation of the therapeutic use of music to several films in particular by one of his major influences, D.W. Griffith. Pippa Passes and Home Sweet Home provide models that Hitchcock made good use of in his dramatizations of the far-reaching redemptive power of music.
The sound of The Birds1
Authors: Allen Richard
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the role of sound in The Birds. It is well known that Hitchcock does not use a conventional score in The Birds and music is heard only twice in the film. The rest of the soundtrack consists of dialogue and sound effects. However, prominent among the sound effects are the sounds of the birds themselves that were created with the help of an electronic instrument called the Mixturtrautonium devised and played by Oskar Sala. The Mixturtrautonium was a more sophisticated, “solid state,” version of an older valve instrument called the Trautonium, invented by Sala’s mentor Friedrich Trautwein. The “processed” character of the bird sounds, the complex role they play in the film, and the fact that they sound as if they are made by an “instrument” rather than simply being a “naturalized” sound effect, the chapter argues, all contribute to the sense that sound of the birds functions, in certain respects, like an electronic score, as opposed to a source sound.
The Herrmann–Hitchcock murder mysteries: post-mortem1
Authors: Rosar William H.
Published: May 2017

This chapter’s ‘post-mortem’ of the Herrmann-Hitchcock collaboration focusses on what occurred between the two men during the fateful sessions in which Hitchcock fired Herrmann when he was dissatisfied with what the composer was developing for the film. However, the chapter searches more broadly for reasons why the partnership broke down, including Hitchcock’s philosophies about film scoring and exploring the history of the working relationship between the two men, looking in particular at the process of spotting and scoring Psycho that caused such friction and created a precedent for what happened on Torn Curtain, albeit with a very different outcome.
Power in a union
Authors: O'Brien Mark
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the development of trade unionism for journalists and the impact it had on professional solidarity by examining the development of the National Union of Journalists in Ireland, which established a Dublin branch in 1926. The union provided a focal point for the resolution of many issues affecting journalists and journalism including the protection of sources, free speech, and employment conditions. In 1947 the union secured the first industry-wide agreement between a journalists’ representative organisation and newspaper proprietors and from then the NUJ was central to understanding the development of journalism in Ireland.
Modernity comes knocking
Authors: O'Brien Mark
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the development of social affairs journalism during the 1960s and 1970s. It outlines how much of the journalism that was critical of Irish society during this period was written not by Irish journalists, but by outsiders who had made Ireland their home. As the late 1970s and early 1980s unfolded many social issues – such as contraception, abortion, and divorce – that had simply not been written about were now very firmly on the political and media agenda. However, many journalists were not simply observers; they were also participants on both sides of the various campaigns and debates on controversial social issues that dominated the late 1970s and early 1980s.
‘The truth, the whole truth…’: some British political and military memoirs of the Troubles
Authors: Newsinger John
Published: May 2017

There is a huge body of memoir literature relating to the ‘Troubles’. This chapter looks at two bodies of British memoirs: first the military memoir and second, the political memoir. It looks at three accounts written by members of the Parachute Regiment, A F N Clarke’s Contact, Harry McCallion’s Killing Zone and Michael Asher’s Shoot to Kill They are discussed in terms of what they have to say about the culture of the ‘Paras’ and the contribution this culture made to intensifying the conflict, providing the Provisional IRA with a base of support that made it possible for them to wage a protracted war.
The discussion of political memoirs looks at the memoirs of a number of Labour politicians, James Callaghan, Harold Wilson, Merlyn Rees, Roy Mason, Peter Hain and Tony Blair. It chronicles how the change from Old Labour to New Labour also involved a shift in attitude and tone, from support for eventual Irish unity, hostility towards the Unionists and Ian Paisley in particular to support for a reformed ‘Unionism’. Callaghan and Tony Blair’s memoirs are compared very much to the latter’s disadvantage.
The chapter argues for the importance of memoir literature.
‘The coach never arrived back at its destination’1
Authors: McMahon Jenny
Published: May 2017

Personal testimony of a member of the Women’s Royal Army Corps injured in the M62 coach bombing of 1974.
Something in the air: the rise of the Troops Out Movement
Authors: Renwick Aly
Published: May 2017

An inspiration for the many student’ protests and workers’ industrial struggles of the 1960s came from the black civil rights struggle in America and the worldwide opposition to the US war in Vietnam. When a civil rights struggle then started in Northern Ireland, many sixties activists in the UK began to make this a focus for their political work. In the early 1970s a number of them came together to form the Troops Out Movement (TOM).
This chapter contributes to a history of the TOM that is yet to be written. Set in the context of 1960s activism, it examines the start of TOM in late 1973 in relation to the situation that erupted in Northern Ireland. This included the Civil Rights Movement and the Unionist reaction to it, discrimination and the Special Powers Act, the work of the Campaign for Democracy in Ulster at Westminster, and early protests in the UK against British political and military involvement. The chapter goes on to discuss the TOM’s campaign for the withdrawal of British troops, our work with the Labour Movement, and our influence on public opinion in Britain, including the evidence of polls indicating popular support for British withdrawal.
‘The Troubles we’ve seen’: film, television drama and the Northern Irish conflict in Britain
Authors: Hill John
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines films and television dramas dealing with the impact of the Northern Ireland ‘Troubles’ in Britain and the controversies that they generated. It begins with a consideration of early TV dramas such as The Vanishing Army (1978) and Chance of a Lifetime (1980) dealing with the experiences of the returning British soldier. This is followed by an examination of the representation of the IRA’s activities on the British ‘mainland’ in productions such as The Patriot Game (1969), Hennessy (1975), Eighteen Months to Balcombe Street (1977) and The Long Good Friday (1979) as well as an analysis of how the miscarriages of justice that emerged in the wake of the IRA’s bombing campaigns were turned into (documentary)-dramas such as Who Bombed Birmingham? (1990) and In the Name of the Father(1993). The chapter then concludes with some consideration of the ‘peace process’ and the relative scarcity of dramas dealing with the divisions and tensions that were a feature of the earlier period.
Responding to the IRA bombing campaign in mainland Britain: the case of Warrington
Authors: Lelourec Lesley
Published: May 2017

On Saturday 20th March, 1993, 2 IRA bombs exploded in the centre of Warrington, claiming 2 young lives, those of 3 year old Johnathan Ball and 12 year old Tim Parry, and wounding more than 50 others. The attack left the local community shocked and appalled, and provoked a wave of indignation and sympathy nationally, across the water in Ireland, and worldwide. The victims’ families and members of the local community strove to come to terms with the tragedy by finding ways to foster closer links between Britain and Ireland, and in the hope of preventing further acts of violence and hatred. Several community groups undertook initiatives, initially under the umbrella of W.I.R.E (Warrington Ireland Reconciliation Enterprise). Among the prominent participants were Colin and Wendy Parry, who have spearheaded a lasting response to the bombing.
Based mainly on interviews with the main protagonists in Warrington and drawing on local and Republican newspaper archives, this chapter sets out to place the 1993 Warrington bombing in the context of the IRA’s bombing campaign in England and the tentative peace process. It will show how such a constructive civic response impacted on Anglo-Irish relations, adding new impetus to the 1990s peace process.
‘There’s no way out but through’
Authors: Bowman Annie
Published: May 2017

Personal testimony of the daughter of a British Army officer killed during the Troubles.
No Solution
Authors: Aveyard S.C.
Published: May 2017

No Solution uncovers the transition from a point in the Northern Ireland conflict where British governments’ sought a quick-fix solution to one where key ministers and civil servants had accepted that attrition would continue for many years.
A number of other accounts have tended to assume that the British state, enjoying more resources than other parties to the conflict, had the capacity to impose a solution in Northern Ireland but lacked the insight to do so. This book reveals that such resources could not overcome political conditions in Northern Ireland during these key years. Those who have argued that the Good Friday Agreement could have been achieved twenty years earlier are shown to have failed to appreciate the context of the 1970s.
Utilising a wide range of archival correspondence and diaries, this monograph covers the collapse of power-sharing in May 1974, the secret dialogue with the Provisional IRA during the 1975 ceasefire, the acquiescence of Labour ministers in continuing indefinite direct rule from Westminster, efforts to mitigate conflict through industrial investment, a major shift in security policy emphasizing the police over the army, the adaptation of republicans to the threat of these new measures and their own adoption of a ‘Long War’ strategy. It sheds light on the challenges faced by British ministers, civil servants, soldiers and policemen and the reasons why the conflict lasted so long. It will be a key text for researchers and students of both British and Northern Irish politics.
Background: British Labour and Northern Ireland, 1964–74
Authors: Aveyard S.C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides background and context for Labour’s policies on Northern Ireland when it returned to government in March 1974. It examines the general attitude to Northern Ireland at Westminster, the bipartisan support for internal reform at Stormont, dissent within the Labour party on bipartisanship, the escalation of the Northern Ireland conflict, the imposition of direct rule and the making of the Sunningdale Agreement. It concludes with a number of blows to Sunningdale prior to the February 1974 general election.
Exaggeration and nation: the politics of performance in the Spanish sophisticated comedy of the 1940s
Authors: Green Stuart
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the acting styles of Spanish film in the 1940s. In analysing the so-called sophisticated comedies of early Francoism, it explores how discourses of nation in the post-war decade determined the study of the performance of their stars and supporting actors. It closely analyse the exaggerated performance style of both supporting actors, and romantic leads, which, as the chapter discusses, is largely influenced by the theatre. It shows how the problematic combination of these two acting styles is fundamental to understanding the commercial success of the sophisticated comedies of the post-war. As the chapter demonstrates, if the acting styles of exaggerated secondary characters and theatrical romantic leads are more prominent in Spanish films of the time, it is because of the persistence of a paradigm that transcended the theatre and was appropriated by the cinema.
The influence of Argentinian acting schools in Spain from the 1980s
Authors: Ciller Carmen
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyses the legacy of Argentinean performers and acting schools in contemporary Spanish cinema. It begins by studying how different waves of migration between Spain and Argentina resulted in rich collaborations, both in terms of industry and familial bonds (which favoured the appearance and continuation of families of actors such as the Alterios and Diosdados). The arrival of these Argentinean actors and actresses during the Transition to democracy contributed to the disappearance of traditional acting styles in Spanish cinema and promoted innovative modes and methods of performance. Thus, this chapter shows that the generation led by Cecilia Roth provided Spanish cinema with new ways of representing the body and performing femininity and sexual freedom, in films as influential as Iván Zulueta's Arrebato/Rapture (1979). The chapter concludes with a discussion on how the proliferation of Argentinean schools of acting, such as those of Cristina Rota and Juan Carlos Corazza, has contributed greatly to the success of recent generations of actors such as Penélope Cruz and Javier Bardem.
Performing the nation: mannerism and mourning in Spanish heritage cinema
Authors: Faulkner Sally
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the relationship between performance and identity in ‘Spanish heritage films’, a type of national cinema that operates from within intermedial, intertextual, and transnational networks. It discusses the particular cases of El perro del hortelano/The Dog in the Manger (Pilar Miró, 1997) and Alatriste/Captain Alatriste: The Spanish Musketeer (Agustín Díaz Yanes, 2006), and describes their domestic popularity and international failure. It argues that these successes and failures ultimately produce a national cultural discourse that (despite the adoption of foreign cinematic aesthetics) fails to be legible to foreign audiences familiar with those very aesthetics. In studying the foreign-influenced performance style of the actors of these two films, the chapter tracks their attempts to reach local and foreign audiences. The history of these particular acting styles—and in spite of the transnational aesthetics that guide these films—are haunted by earlier performances and roles that ultimately provide a national opportunity for Spanish audiences to experience history, cinema, and mourning.
Body doubles: the performance of Basqueness by Carmelo Gómez and Silvia Munt
Authors: Stone Rob
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the re-construction of regional and national identities through acting. In doing so, it dissects the performances of Carmelo Gómez and Silvia Munt, two actors made famous for their multiple and iconic Basque roles. By closely examining their performances, the chapter argues that the actors’ false identities articulate a Basqueness that is at once desirable and desiring, fraught with unattainability; that is, the creation of Basque archetypes by non-Basque actors may ultimately render nonexistent whatever potential promise or threat they contain. Going against the presumption that an actor may be able to breach the gap between his or her personal identity and that of the character, the chapter argues instead that their performances will always be inauthentic, that audiences assume this fact, and that this shades cinematic acting in very important ways.
Introduction
Authors: Durnin David , Miller Ian
Published: May 2017

Modern wars characteristically disrupt and affect individual life. Civilians are called upon to fight; technologies of war (such as planes and submarines) bring conflict to the domestic front; sophisticated, often lethal, weapons maim and kill.1 Governments reorganise medical personnel at both sites of conflict and home. In turn, doctors find themselves treating an array of conditions that they would not normally encounter in peacetime. Moreover, war has been known to encourage the spread of disease and illness, as exemplified by the global spread of influenza towards the end of the First World War....
The war and influenza: the impact of the First World War on the 1918–19 influenza pandemic in Ulster
Authors: Marsh Patricia
Published: May 2017

The closing months of the First World War coincided with one of the most virulent pandemics of the twentieth century. In Ireland, at least 23,000 people died from influenza between 1918 and 1919. This chapter suggests that Ireland suffered to a similar degree to other regions of the British Isles. It investigates popular beliefs that war itself was directly accountable for the influenza pandemic and its subsequent spread across Ireland. Moreover, international conflict suppressed contemporary reportage of the disease in Ireland, contributing to a subsequent amnesia with respect to influenza across the country. Making effective use of case studies from Ulster, the chapter details how war impacted on medical and welfare responses to influenza as the pandemic struck amidst ongoing shortages in medical personnel and supplies. In addition, the chapter suggests that an absence of effective state recommendations on preventative measures (a consequence of prioritising the war effort) had detrimental consequences for the Irish population.
Alone among neutrals: Ireland’s unique experience of tuberculosis during the Second World War
Authors: Lellan Anne Mac
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how and why Ireland’s tuberculosis problem exacerbated during the Emergency. It demonstrates that 1942 saw 4,300 tubercular deaths across the country, an incidence rate not seen since the late 1920s. After the war, Marc Daniels of the British Medical Research Council compiled a comparative study of deaths from tuberculosis across Europe comparing pre- and post-war death rates. Daniels pinpointed England, Wales, Belgium, France and Ireland as countries which experienced a rise is tubercular deaths in the first years of the war. Importantly, he noted that Ireland was the only neutral European country to suffer from rising incidence rates. This chapter investigates the key reasons for Ireland’s singular experience of tuberculosis during the Emergency, suggesting that the Irish experience was unique within the British Isles. The author also explores the country’s relatively limited anti-tuberculosis infrastructure, the absence of an effective anti-tuberculosis vaccination strategy and the new exigencies brought about by global conflict including shortages of food and pharmaceutical supplies. Other neutral countries such as Sweden fared better than Ireland during the conflict. At the heart of this study lies the important question of how efficiently Irish voluntary and government initiatives responded to the increased visibility of tuberculosis.
War on our doorstep: Temple Street Hospital and the 1916 Rising
Authors: Kennerk Barry
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the First World War and Easter Rising impacted on the practical, medical and administrative running of Temple Street Hospital. It might be assumed that the events of Easter Week 1916 would have overwhelmed a financially-weakened paediatric hospital like Temple Street. However, contemporary records show that this was not the case. Undoubtedly, the rebellion presented challenges, but the picture that emerges from this chapter study is one of competency in the face of adversity. The Sisters of Charity who governed the institution established a makeshift mortuary and, with help from the nearby Jesuits of Belvedere College, administered last rites to the dying. Their efforts to treat the wounded were compounded by the dirt and grime of the Dublin slums but such problems were not new. Temple Street Hospital had always been part of a network of charities, established to assist those who lived in some of Europe’s worst slums. That, more than any other factor helped it to meet the challenges posed by the Easter Rising. More specifically, this chapter focuses on the experiences of children who were shot and injured during the Rising.
Hope and experience: nurses from Belfast hospitals in the First World War
Authors: Graffin Seán
Published: May 2017

Irish women provided significant support to the Allied forces during the First World War. 4,500 Irish nurses offered medical care and support to British and Allied troops, serving in war hospitals on foreign battlefields and across Britain and Ireland. This chapter investigates the role of Belfast’s three major hospitals in caring for war casualties. It focuses on the nurses engaged in providing care and the broader impact of nursing shortages on hospital work, significantly advancing understandings of twentieth-century Irish nursing. Drawing upon a diverse range of primary sources, the chapter traces the nurses’ social origins, religious backgrounds, motivations for enlisting, experiences of providing care and post-conflict careers. Uniquely, the chapter also offers a detailed account of the defining characteristics of the hospitals that provided care for war causalities, how their new wartime functions impacted on their administrative and practical running and also how war work shaped the future careers of the staff employed there.
On the brink of universalism: the Emergency Hospital Services in Second World War Northern Ireland
Authors: Lucey Seán
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the medical responses to the outbreak of the Second World War in Northern Ireland with an emphasis on Belfast. It focuses on the emergence of the Emergency Medical Service (EMS), established throughout the United Kingdom in response to the anticipation of likely air-raid casualties. Pre- Second World War hospital services in Belfast were piecemeal, lacking integration and provided by varying independent bodies including voluntary, municipal and poor law authorities. This chapter argues that the EMS brought a degree of integration previously unknown in Northern Irish health organisation and administration. This new found integration of war time medical services greatly influenced the ‘post war reconstruction’ and ‘planning’ of health. The chapter examines Northern Irish contexts and suggests that Irish and Northern Irish health care systems began to dramatically diverge during wartime. It also examines the relationship between Belfast and London’s Ministry of Health, and the challenges of devolved healthcare. In addition, the chapter examines the public health responses to the 1941 Belfast Blitz, and the overall effectiveness of wartime health services.
Migrants, medics, matrons: exploring the spectrum of Irish immigrants in the wartime British health sector
Authors: Redmond Jennifer
Published: May 2017

Irish medical migrants had a visible presence in twentieth-century British hospitals, particularly during the Second World War. This chapter outlines the profile of migrants returning from Britain to Ireland during the Second World War by using demographic information gleaned from travel permit application forms. The chapter asks: how were medical migrants regulated as ‘legally landed aliens’ from a neutral country whilst living and working in a belligerent one? How did this regulation compare with workers in other fields? Was their personal profile similar or different to other applicants? What do the sources under scrutiny reveal about geographical patterns of settlement for migrants in the medical field? Finally, what can individual cases illuminate about conditions for Irish immigrants in wartime Britain? The chapter demonstrates that that this migrant group was highly distinctive from the larger majority of unskilled Irish workers in Britain, known as ‘Ireland’s medical diaspora’. It also explores the vital role of Irish women in the British medical service by highlighting their diversity, agency and the ways in which their profile disrupts stereotypical narratives of immigrant women occupying marginal sectors of the British economy.
Conclusion: intelligence and the Labour governments, 1945–51
Authors: Lomas Daniel W. B.
Published: May 2017

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
‘A father to the soul and a son to the body’: gender and generation in Robert Southwell’s Epistle to his father
Authors: Crawforth Hannah
Published: May 2017

In an ‘Epistle to his Father’, the Jesuit priest and poet Robert Southwell signs himself ‘Your most dutiful and loving son’. Dutiful it may be, but loving this letter certainly is not. Southwell threatens his father with a horrifying vision of his ‘departing-bed’, asking him to imagine himself ‘burdened with the heavy load of your former trespasses, and gored with the sting and prick of a festered conscience’, feeling ‘the cramp of death wresting your heart-strings’.
This essay considers the relationship between Southwell’s construction of gender identity and his attempts to convert English Protestants – beginning with those in his own family. Southwell’s role as a son, and his relationship to his father, is central here, as this chapter reveals the ways in which early modern masculinity is both engendered and called into question by the process of religious conversion. The chapter also considers a different kind of conversion; that which Southwell effects upon the literary genre of the letter of advice. Drawing out the etymological relationship between ‘gender’, ‘genre’ and ‘generation,’ the analysis work in the interstices of these terms, showing their centrality to the confessional narrative at the heart of this volume.
‘The needle may convert more than the pen’: women and the work of conversion in early modern England
Authors: Canavan Claire , Smith Helen
Published: May 2017

This chapter opens by establishing women's centrality to the religious life of the household and community, and, in particular, their work as model converts and proselytisers. It argues that women’s devotion was neither inherently private nor inherently concerned with questions of selfhood or personal transformation. Drawing on the Queer Phenomenology of Sara Ahmed, the chapter suggests the extent to which conversion functions as a re-orientation and change in direction. The second half of the chapter takes women’s biblical needlework as a case study in material culture as an instrument of orientation. Considering a group of manuscript poems alongside the evidence of inventories and surviving stitchcraft, the authors argue for the evangelical and devotional effects of women’s decorative arts, and suggest that scriptural and religious themes were not simply emblematic but intended to work upon and transform the viewer. For early modern readers and viewers, the needle was a doubly efficacious tool, able to prick not only fabric but the consciences of those who wielded it or meditated upon its products.
Domus humilis: the conversion of Venetian convent architecture and identity
Authors: Weddle Saundra
Published: May 2017

Although the monastic principle of poverty had, for centuries, been intended to guide the architectural development of monasteries and convents, the 1260 Franciscan General Chapter of Narbonne took the radical step of recommending that communities of friars adapt existing buildings rather than build complexes ex novo. This chapter examines the adaptive and accretive practice of converting buildings of various functions to accommodate communities of women religious in Renaissance Venice. Convent archives, site and urban plans, building chronologies, patron family histories, civic building statutes all offer evidence for the patchwork and partial conversions of buildings designed to convert. Comparisons with complexes for male monastics inform this study of how patterns of patronage and urban development inflected the ways in which convent architecture publicly redefined and re-presented the identity of the communities it enclosed.
Narrating women’s Catholic conversions in seventeenth-century Vietnam
Authors: Luria Keith P.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the conversion of seventeenth-century Vietnamese women to Catholicism and the narration of their conversions in the accounts of European missionaries. In Annam (as early-modern Europeans called the two polities Tonkin and Cochinchina), missionaries from the Jesuit order and from the French Missions Étrangères de Paris converted tens of thousands of women and men during the seventeenth century and composed narratives of their most notable converts. In the accounts women stand out for two reasons: a number were from high ranking court families, including members of the royal families, and a number of the lower-ranking women converts suffered from demonic possession. The most spectacular conversion cases concerned women spirit-mediums, who played an important role in Annamese religious observances as oracles. The missionaries described them as possessed by demons. Once converted, these former spirit-mediums became miracle workers, and thus fit into another category recognizable to European readers. But the Catholic Reformation had ambivalent feelings at best about such women playing an important role in the evangelization campaign. Thus missionaries seeking credibility and narrating conversions by working with what Annamese culture offered them stretched the limits of what was acceptable to their audience at home.
Turning tricks: erotic commodification, cross-cultural conversion, and the bed-trick on the English stage, 1580–1630
Authors: Vitkus Daniel
Published: May 2017

The ‘bed-trick’) was a pervasive plot device in prose fiction and other forms of Renaissance literature but appeared late as a device in English drama. The arrival and proliferation of the bed-trick can be connected to the emergence of capitalism as a system founded on a basic structure of deception by means of substitution in an increasingly aggressive commodity exchange market. This chapter discusses those plays in which the substituted lover is a Moor. In each of these plays with a Moorish woman substitute, we encounter the Moor as placeholder, a degraded substitute and commodity, the monstrous and demonized version of what women had become in bourgeois marriage. By looking at erotic trickery, at dangerous or dubious economic transactions, and religious or racial instability in Elizabethan and Early Stuart plays, we can begin to glimpse a broad pattern, one in which the fundamental anxieties and instabilities produced by new economic practices in early modern England were projected into stage actions involving rape, theft, swindles and racial or religious infidelity.
Introduction Cultures of governance and conflict resolution in the EU and India
Authors: Burgess J. Peter , Richmond Oliver P. , Samaddar Ranabir
Published: May 2017

This volume is made up of chapters reflecting results from a European Union Framework project entitled ‘Cultures of Governance and Conflict Resolution in the EU and India’. In it the authors examine the intersection of governance, culture, and conflict resolution in two very different but connected epistemic, cultural, and institutional political settings: the world’s largest democracy and the world’s most ambitious regional organisation, the former resistant to the echoes of British colonialism and eurocentrism, and the latter strongly influenced by British and American thinking on the liberal peace....
Investigating the relationship between governance and conflict resolution in India and the EU
Authors: Pogodda Sandra , Richmond Oliver P. , Ginty Roger Mac
Published: May 2017

Chapter 1 discusses the relationship between governance and conflict resolution in India and the EU. It finds a lot of similarities between the two entities especially in terms of their concern for democratic credentials and institutional design, increasingly based on neo-liberal principles. Both India and the EU give primacy to statebuilding in their conflict resolution strategies and emphasise the importance of development and bureaucracy in the process. The authors find that one of the main differences between the two entities is in the security measures they undertake. While the EU has a more relaxed approach to security policy, India puts emphasis on the use of hard security measures, seeing itself as a unitary sovereign actor rather than a quasi-federal entity (as with the EU). This is also one of the most common critiques of India’s efforts in producing conflict resolution, along with the inefficiency of its governance and the corruption that surrounds it. The EU can be partly criticised for its selective approach to conditionalities in accession/association process which in some cases even resembles the colonial past of some of the most prominent members of the EU. The authors conclude that the two entities achieve a certain level of governmentality while their success in producing conflict resolution in a purer form of reconciliation and social justice is relatively limited.
Government of peace and resistive subjectivities: autonomy, ethnicity and gender in North-East India and Bosnia-Herzegovina
Authors: Ghosh Atig , Stavrevska Elena B.
Published: May 2017

In the second chapter the authors discuss the notion of ‘government of peace’ and elements which constitute resistance in Northeast India and Bosnia-Herzegovina. They focus on the role of identity as seen through the glasses of ethnicity and gender. They rely on Samaddar’s definition of ‘government of peace’ which in essence constitutes the market-driven reorientation of governance. This reorientation ties security to development and produces resistive subjectivities, according to the authors of this chapter. They claim that North India and Bosnia-Herzegovina were no exception in this regard and they discuss resistance dynamics in the two case studies. Their findings confirm the conclusion of the chapter that ‘government of peace’ has to adhere to the principle of heterogeneity due to the fact that it has to deal with different subjects.
Political economy of conflict and peace: governmentality of participation and strategic veto in Bihar and Jharkhand, India
Authors: Prakash Amit
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes dynamics of conflict in Bihar and Jharkand, and explores patterns which shape governance policies, especially in terms of political economy. The author claims that all actors involved in the conflict have the power to exercise a strategic veto, however they cannot structure the outcomes. Naxals on the one side, and state actors on the other, can exercise a strategic veto on each other’s operational activities and at the same time they limit each other in terms of policies pursued. However, the state can exercise more power in this case, as it sets terms of engagement. Prakash highlights the importance of the distribution of developmental benefits and claims that they play a central role in protracting the Naxal conflict. In order to break out of this perpetuation of the conflict, local institutions have to be strengthened, especially in terms of their ability to prioritise issues that they deem important, argues Prakash.
Peace via social justice and/or security
Authors: Ginty Roger Mac , Banerjee Paula
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the relationship between social justice, security and peace. The authors note significant internal heterogeneity in India and Europe, despite the statebuilding efforts in India and standardization processes in Europe. The authors give an overview of five sets of ideas which have linked social justice and peace. All five sets of ideas are showing that if social justice is taken seriously then social harmony will be preserved and at the same time tensions will be reduced, together with chances for conflict. However, they find that peace accords have a tendency to emphasize security rather than welfare. This is because international interventions are usually led by leading actors from the global north who are guided by neoliberal agenda. They usually underplay social aspects of the state and emphasise its security aspect. This is one of the reasons why priority is given to security over social justice, when sequencing of activities in the intervention. The authors give an example of reforms in Georgia which led to drastic undermining of state in terms of social provision. They conclude that international attempts which focus on social justice are much fewer in numbers than those which address security issues.
Our agencies: persuasion and the value of a concept to mainstreaming co-operation
Authors: Grant Philip
Published: May 2017

This chapter investigates the concept of agency as a key tool for mainstreaming co-operative ideas and practices, drawing upon various strands of contemporary anthropology, feminist theory, philosophy, and sociology. The chapter argues that, if co-operatives hope to gather sufficient momentum to challenge neo-liberal orthodoxies, they must develop effective networks of advocates and institutions that can promote co-operative ideas in a co-ordinated, self supporting and coherent way.