bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BUILDING PESANTREN ENTREPRENEURSHIP THROUGH INTERNAL INITIATIVE AND EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Muhardi Muhardi , Surana Dedih , Ihwanuddin Nandang , Handri Handri
Published: August 2021

The objective of this research is to analyze the role of internal initiative driven by pesantren leaders and external development provided by the government in building pesantren entrepreneurship. This research was conducted by utilizing a descriptive qualitative method, with a sample of 5 pesantrens in Garut Regency, Indonesia. The data obtained in this research was collected through focus group discussion (FGD) with a number of stakeholdrs as informant namely leaders of the 5 pesantrens taken as sample along with a couple of their students. Based on field study, we discovered that the success of pesantren in building entrepreneurship activities are dominantly determined by internal initiative and creativity driven by entrepreneurs/managers/ initiators of pesantren, supported by their students. Other pesantrens that have succeeded to build their economic independencies have also received assistance from the government through one pesantren one product (OPOP) program as external development driving factor, which motivated these pesantrens to contribute and to help the government to achieve the goals of this program.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Update on treatment options and translational implications of sleep disruption
Authors: Steve M D’Souza , Byung S Yoo , Kevin V Houston , Ankit J Patel , Parth J Parekh , David A Johnson
Published: August 2021

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition that is associated with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and is increasing in prevalence worldwide. Sleep disruptions are commonly seen in NAFLD, and the disease process is associated with sleep disorders, including obstructive sleep apnea, circadian rhythm disorders, and insufficient sleep. The intermittent hypoxia seen in obstructive sleep apnea may contribute to fibrotic changes in the liver. A major component of this linkage may be related to gut microbiome changes. One notable change is increase in Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, and decrease in flora that ferment fiber into anti-inflammatory short-chain fatty acids. Several therapeutic options exist for NAFLD that target both sleep and NAFLD, including non-pharmacological factors, such as lifestyle modification (mainly diet and exercise). Pharmacological options include melatonin, Vitamin E, thiazolidinediones, and fecal microbiota transplantation. Core tip The pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is closely tied to sleep and circadian rhythm abnormalities, through shared inflammatory pathways and altered metabolism. This review explores the pathogenesis of NAFLD in the context of sleep and circadian abnormalities. The associated inflammatory response is linked to changes in gut-microbiome interactions that contribute to the disease process. Understanding of this linkage has implications for various therapies for disease mitigation.
Surgical and Oncologic Outcomes of Laparoscopic Versus Open Radical Nephrectomy with Venous Thrombectomy: A Propensity-Matched Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Zhang Yu , Bi Hai , Yan Ye , Liu Zhuo , Wang GuoLiang , Song YiMeng , Dong JingHan , Zhang ShuDong , Liu Cheng , Ma LuLin
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT

Background:

To compare the surgical and oncologic outcomes between laparoscopic and open radical nephrectomy with venous thrombectomy (LRN-VT, ORN-VT) in patients with renal tumor and venous thrombus.

Materials and Methods:

We conducted a propensity-matched retrospective cohort study of 302 patients with renal tumor and venous thrombus from January 2014 to January 2021. We compared surgical outcomes and we used the Kalan-Meier method to assess the overall survival (OS), tumor-specific survival (TSS), metastasis-free survival (MFS) and local recurrence-free survival (LRFS). The Pearson chi-square test and Fisher exact test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, Cox proportional hazards regression model and log-rank test were used.

Results:

After 1:1 matching, 94 patients were identified in each group and baseline characteristics were comparable. The LRN-VT group had less operative time (median 292min vs 326min, P < 0.001), less blood loss (median 500 ml vs 1000 ml, P < 0.001), fewer packed red blood cells transfusion (median 800 ml vs 1200 ml, P < 0.001) and less fresh frozen plasma transfusion (median 400 ml vs 600 ml, P < 0.001). The ORN-VT group had higher complication rate (39.4% vs 21.3%, P = 0.007), higher Clavien grade (P = 0.005) and longer postoperative hospital stay (median 10d vs 8d, P < 0.001). The median time to local recurrence were 36mon after a median follow-up of 31mon in the LRN-VT group and 8mon (IQR 6-15 mon) after a median follow-up of 32mon in the ORN-VT group (P = 0.007). The hazard ratio of LRFS for the LRN-VT group was 0.18 (95% CI 0.05–0.62, P = 0.007).

Conclusions:

LRN-VT can result in favorable surgical outcomes and a better LRFS compared with ORN-VT.

Highlights:
Interculturalidade e Constitucionalismo: uma análise da experiência boliviana
Authors: Burckhart Thiago Rafael , Melo Milena Petters
Published: August 2021

Tomando em consideração o reconhecimento constitucional da interculturalidade como princípio fundamental da Constituição boliviana de 2009, este trabalho analisa a emergência do “constitucionalismo intercultural” na Bolívia, buscando compreender a atuação do Tribunal Constitucional Plurinacional na aplicação deste princípio. A hipótese é de que a aplicação judicial da interculturalidade, mediante um método intercultural, reforça a compreensão de que a interculturalidade se projeta como fundamento do constitucionalismo boliviano, como parte da identidade constitucional boliviana e também como elemento de continuidade do “processo constitucional emancipatório” e revolucionário, por meio do qual nasce a necessidade de cotejá-lo com os demais dispositivos constitucionais na atividade jurisdicional e política. A análise parte da teoria constitucional e dogmática constitucional boliviana em chave funcional-estrutural, conjugando elementos de teoria política e teoria da cultura, sendo realizado a partir de análise jurisprudencial, e divide-se em quatro partes: I – A politização da interculturalidade; II – A interculturalidade como princípio constitucional; III – O princípio da interculturalidade e o Tribunal Constitucional Plurinacional; IV – Um “constitucionalismo intercultural”. Como conclusão, tem-se a confirmação das hipóteses de pesquisa, além da constatação de que a Bolívia realiza uma experiência inovadora no âmbito do constitucionalismo democrático, que se projeta como um desafio para este país, sobretudo em razão da crise politica que marca a realidade boliviana ao menos desde 2018.
A “multidão” hardt-negriana: apontamentos críticos
Authors: Martins Júnior Fernando Nogueira
Published: August 2021

O texto apresenta, em linhas gerais, o conceito de “Multidão” desenvolvido nas obras do filósofo italiano Antonio Negri e do teórico literário norte-americano Michael Hardt. O entendimento da “Multidão” como novo “sujeito” revolucionário, formado por singularidades cooperativas e não-unificadas (em nenhuma instância), instiga a muitos e levanta críticas de tantos outros. O artigo apresenta algumas críticas ao conceito de “Multidão”, especialmente por seu afastamento/denúncia acerca da categoria de classes sociais, por sua imprecisão conceitual, por sua construção discursivo-filosófica apartada de dados empíricos sólidos e por sua aposta no espontaneidade das massas revoltosas que, sem qualquer organização política mais consistente, seriam aptas a fazer avançar uma Revolução.
Extrafiscalidade ambiental: estudo da eficácia social de normas municipais
Authors: Castilho Ana Flávia De Andrade Nogueira , Brega Filho Vladimir , Passos Marinez Meneghello
Published: August 2021

O artigo tem por objetivo estudar normas municipais que empregam a extrafiscalidade com fim sustentável referente à sua eficácia social. Levantam-se as seguintes questões: De que forma pode-se caracterizar as razões da ineficácia da norma extrafiscal em municípios? O que é preciso ser feito para tornar essas normas acessíveis à população, efetivando-se em seus propósitos? Assume-se a abordagem qualitativa e para a organização e a análise dos dados adota-se os procedimentos da análise textual discursiva. O respaldo teórico tem as designações da função promocional do direito de Norberto Bobbio. Como resultado da análise, destacam-se duas caracterizações: a eficácia social da política fiscal verde depende de requisitos como o interesse do ente público em sua criação e efetivação; a falta de eficácia social da norma está conexa à deficiência legislativa, que não comporta um estudo prévio do perfil de sua comunidade para desenvolver políticas públicas ambientais com mais efetividade.
Justification of the development strategy of mining enterprises on the basis of analysis of profitability and risk in outsourcing and diversification
Authors: Zalyadnov V.Yu. , Gavrishev S.E. , Mihailova G.V. , Kaderov S.S. , Kovalenko N.V.
Published: August 2021

The article presents an approach to addressing the challenges of increasing the efficiency and viability of mining operations in changing market conditions. A solution to the problem posed is based on analyzing the application of various strategies to manage production resources and the overall complex activities of the company depending on the objectives pursued by the user of mineral resources. A mining company can operate in the traditional way, when all production functions and processes are carried out in-house, and the product is only the mined raw material. Outsourcing and production diversification are considered as alternative strategies. The paper describes possible sets and combinations of business strategies, as well as directions to diversify mining companies, including those that involve the formation and development of man-made georesources. A model is described that helps to choose an optimal complex of production functions for a mining company as well as a combination of strategies to be applied, which are balanced in terms of profitability and financial risks of separate types of activity. An economic and mathematical model for optimization of complex activities of the company is presented with the view to minimize risks at a given profitability level and to achieve the maximum efficiency at a given risk level. The research uses a deterministic approach to assess the performance indicators. The model presented has been tested in a small-scale operation that mines chromium ores. The research shows that a diversification strategy for a mining company reduces the risk of economic losses and increases its viability in conditions of volatile commodity prices.
Veiling in Ancient Near Eastern Legal Contexts
Authors: Fales Frederick Mario
Published: August 2021

Particularly interesting textual evidence on the use of the veil in ancient Mesopotamia comes from 15th-14th century BC Assyria. No comprehensive code of laws has reached us from this age, but only a collection of 14 tablets, which are named ad hoc “Middle Assyrian Laws”, from the religious and political capital Aššur. Veiling was prescribed for appearances in public of married women, even if widows, but also applied to the vaster class of women who were ‘Assyrian’, i.e. of free status and native-born. On the other hand, prostitutes had no right to wear a veil, and severe punishments were foreseen for transgression; and the same applied to slave women. These harsh rulings on the veil and other matters in the “Middle Assyrian Laws” do not, curiously enough, find counterparts in the contemporaneous legal deeds, which show women endowed with a much more liberal status. Perhaps the “Laws” reflected normative codifications applying to the stricter moral and intellectual ‘climate’ of the city of Aššur, dominated by its temple and royal palace.
The Practice of Veiling as an Expression of the Moral Behaviour of Women and Their Social Status in the Qurʾan
Authors: Prenner Karl
Published: August 2021

Since the Qur’an has been revealed in a very specific historical and cultural context with distinct social conditions, the Qu’ranic regulations for concealment and veiling are investigated using the appropriate terminology. On the one hand, this approach shows how sociocultural conditions changed the Ancient Arabian dress code to promote moral attitudes and social status. On the other hand, it pinpoints concrete events during the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad that triggered the call for concealment and made veiling part of the social and legal system of Muslim societies.
A Research on some socio-demographic characteristics of companion animal veterinarians and economic structures of companion animal clinics in Istanbul
Authors: BALABAN Canberk , GÜNEŞ Halil
Published: August 2021

Having a pet has become an important phenomenon in recent years and Istanbul stands out as the largest market. The aim of the study is to shine a spotlight on both the veterinarians working in this field and the students who plan to work by examining the economic status of clinics and the socio-demographic structures of veterinarians in Istanbul. Studies were conducted mostly face-to-face in 225 clinics between April 2019 and April 2021. The questionnaires were sent to a small number of veterinarians via e-mail. The first findings were that 42.4% and 63.6% of the mean age of the clinicians are male and the majority were Istanbul University graduates with 77.3%. Vast majority had a negative attitude towards the opening of new faculties (24.9% Bad - 75.1% Very Bad), and the majority (79.1%) had a negative attitude towards the provision of veterinary medicine education in foundation universities. According to the study, for the year 2020 the average monthly earning was 17618 TL (2499 USD) and 28.4% were less than 10000 TL (1418 USD). The largest income item was vaccination with 28.8%, and the largest expense item was drug expenditures with 23.9%. It had been determined that the average rental price paid was 9569 TL (1357 USD). According to the results, the average annual expenditure was 2822 TL (400 USD) for cats and 4516 TL (641 USD) for dogs. In addition, the annual average uncollectible receivables per clinic has been determined as 28444 TL (4034 USD), which meant a large loss of approximately 21 million TL (approx. 3 million USD) on a provincial basis. In general, the research concluded that veterinarians were satisfied with their professions with deficiencies in basic business information and could spend little time on their social lives due to long hours of work. From this point of view, it is of utmost importance to regulate the working conditions and to increase education programs in business matters during university year and beyond.
Biological basis of sorghum cultivation in the North-West of the Non-Chernozem zone
Authors: Shkodina Elena P.
Published: August 2021

The need to restore the dairy cattle population and the feed base in the North-West region of the Russian Federation requires new sources of feed with high yield and nutritional values. The purpose of the research is to study the possibility of sugar sorghum introduction into the region for forage use. The research was conducted in 2017-2020 in the conditions of the Novgorod region. On plots with an area of 10 m2 in the third decade of May sugar sorghum was sown: a hybrid of the first generation Silosnoe 88, the Galia variety, the Laretz line. The predecessors were potato (2017, 2018, 2020) and vetch and oat mix (2019). The ability of sugar sorghum to stop developing and hibernate in unfavorable weather conditions, resuming vegetation when the weather improves, has been established. Intensive plant growth was observed at the end of July-August with the average daily growth of 1.9-5.0 cm. By the end of August, the plant height reached 245-280 cm, the yield of green mass was 110 t/ha (hybrid Silosnoe 88), 139.2 t/ha (variety Galia), 136 t/ha (Laretz line). In the extreme conditions of 2017, the yield of sorghum green mass was 21 t/ha. The yield of dry matter (DM) from 1 ha reached 6.8-13.4 t/ha. The protein content in the DM was 8.4-11.5 %, the yield of feed units was 0.76-0.82 kg/kg, the output of exchange energy was 9.7-10.1 MJ/kg. Sugar sorghum has an ability to grow back after mowing; in the conditions of the Novgorod region, the yield of green mass from two mowing (end of July, August-September) was lower (23.3-46.7 t/ha) than from the one at the end of August-September (44.3-139.2 t/ha). The Laretz line vegetation phases began 5-27 days later than those of the Silosnoe 88 hybrid and Galiya variety. The growing season of sugar sorghum ended in the phase of “heading of panicles - flowering”. Thus, a high plasticity and adaptability of sorghum varieties to unfavorable climatic conditions of the zone and their prospects for use in forage production have been established.
The study of growth of blue honeysuckle sprouts (Lonicera caeruleae L.) in the conditions of North-East of the European Russia
Authors: Sofronov Alexander P. , Firsova Svetlana V. , Rusinov Anatoly A.
Published: August 2021

The aim of the research is to study characteristics of sprout growth of 13 blue honeysuckle variety samples for evaluation of their viability in the conditions of Kirov region. Recordings and observations were carried out since 2018 to 2020 on the collection area (2017 year of planting). The length of a one-year growth was measured on three even-aged plants of each variety sample ten days after the moment of sprout growing till the end of growth. The length of 20 sprouts of the first-order renewal located according to four corners of the earth, was recorded on one plant. The sprout growth began from the 2nd to the 11th of May. Over the studied time an average duration of a growing period was 49.0 days. The variety Masha was distinguished for maximum duration in 2018 (55 days), the varieties Omega, Lenarola, Goluboy Desert (Blue Dessert), Laura and Dark-Blue № form had the minimal one in 2019 (42 days). Maximum length of the one-year growth was observed for the variety Renata (20.6±4.1 cm), Goluboy Desert (Blue Dessert) (20.8±5.2 cm) and Malvina (25.6±5.7 cm). The analysis of the dynamic of sprout growth showed that in the conditions of the studied period the maximum growth was observed in the first (33.8 %) and in the second (35.3 %) decades of growth – approximately, from the middle of May till the first decade of June. The decrease in intensity of sprout growth was noticed in the third decade – an average growth was 21.2 % (from 14.2 % in 2018 to 28.8 % in 2020). The fourth and fifth decades were characterised by fading of growth processes – intensity of growth was 5.9 % and 3.9 %, respectively. The contribution of the secondary growth to an annual growth did not exceed 26 % for Lenarola variety and 20 % for Goluboy Desert (Blue Dessert). The varieties, which had Turchaninov honeysuckle (Lonicera turczaninowii Pojark.) in their breeding record, did not differ in intensity and duration of sprout growth from the descendants of Kamchatka honeysuckle (Lonicera kamtscatica (Sevast.) Pojark.). An obconical shape of the bush prevailed among the studied variety samples (6 varieties or 46.2 %). All the studied variety samples of honeysuckle showed high viability in the conditions of the Kirov region.
Species structure of small game hunting in the Kirov region at the beginning of the XXI century
Authors: Zarubin Boris E. , Kolesnikov Vyacheslav V. , Kozlova Anna V. , Shevnina Maria S. , Economov Alexander V.
Published: August 2021

An assessment of the species structure and size of small game prey for the spring and autumn-winter hunting seasons on the territory of the Kirov region was made, using a questionnaire survey based on the analysis of the prey of 3220 individuals. Small game includes such species (groups of species) as mallard, Northern shoveler, pintail, teal-whistle, teal cracker (Garganey), Eurasian wigeon, diving ducks, white-fronted goose, bean goose, wood grouse, black grouse, hazel grouse, woodcock, double snipe, snipe, corncrake, wood pigeon, turtle doves, white hare, European hare. The average index of production by species and groups of species per 1 hunter, who went hunting in the spring and autumn-winter seasons, has been calculated. The size of game catch during the spring hunting was 135.8 thousand individuals, in the autumn-winter hunting season -470 thousand individuals. The summation of the results obtained made it possible to estimate the volume of the total (annual) catch of small game in the amount of almost 606 thousand individuals. The main species are the mallard, hazel grouse, white hare, woodcock, black grouse, Eurasian wigeon, teal cracker (Garganey), Northern shoveler, wood grouse, white-fronted goose, bean goose, teal-whistle, their total share is 94.88% of the annual production of small game. The first five species can be assessed as the most massive in production (or popular), the share of each of them is over 10% of the total production, and in total they amount to 70.4%.
Net Aerial Primary Productivity Models for Alfalfa Varieties (Medicago sativa L.) Derived from the Red Vegetation Index
Authors: Tiedemann Jose Luis
Published: August 2021

The present study is aimed at quantifying and comparing the net aerial primary productivity (NAPP) of two alfalfa varieties (Medical sativa L.) by determining the Radiation Use Efficiency (Ɛ) for each variety, estimating the NAPP though the Red Vegetation Index and relating it to the quantified NAPP. Significant differences between the individual NAPP of each variety were not found: G969 = 1564 g dm m-2 and M901 = 1636 g dm m-2 (T = 0.92; p>0.05). The Ɛ of the G969 was 0.56 g Mj-1 while that of M901 was 0.58 g Mj-1. Significant direct relationships between the quantified NAPP and that calculated using the Red Vegetation Index were found. The models obtained were: NAPPG969 = 506.06x – 343.25 (R2 = 0.88; p<0.001) and NAPPM901 = 420.28x + 37.82 (R2 = 0.98; p<0.001). The Ɛ values of the alfalfa varieties under study, determined at local level, reduce uncertainty when generating predictive models of productivity. The NAPP of alfalfa varieties can be non-destructively predicted using the Red Vegetation Index obtained by a reflex RGB digital camera. Keywords: radiation use efficiency, digital camera, canopy reflectance, RGB indices
Tracing Institutional Role of Technical and Vocational Education and Training Skills for Socio-Economic Development of Women in Baluchistan
Authors: Ahmed Aziz , Shakeel Muhammad , Khan Aliya Hashmi
Published: August 2021

This paper describes socio-economic and demographic impacts of TVET provision for women empowerment in rural and urban areas of Baluchistan. Different economic factors and demographic attributes are examined with TVET programs on empirical counts for policy analysis. The analysis is descriptive and questionnaire based data from 178 TVET qualified women by using three stage stratified sampling technique are traced out in rural and urban areas of Baluchistan.The factors like, self-employed status of women, parents’ education, ethnicity, household head characteristics, rural and urban set ups, institutional affiliation, and self-choice for a specific TVET trade contribute to socio-economic and demographic empowerment of women. Rural women are found to get less economic benefits of jobs and income earnings as compared to urban counterparts.The tentative findings suggest for socio-economic and demographic impacts of TVET for women to support to the consensus of development for TVET contributions into human capital theory. The findings guide towards the profound contribution of TVET in theory of human capital formation and its socio-economic and demographic impacts specifically to women empowerment studies in the un-developed regions.
Sobre el “encuentro de geógrafos de américa latina”. ensayo de aproximaciones teóricas en torno a un nombre
Authors: Lebus Emilas Darlene Carmen
Published: August 2021

Este ensayo analiza el pretendido (y ya concretado) cambio de nombre del reconocido evento científico: Encuentro de Geógrafos de América Latina. El énfasis está puesto en el nuevo nombre y sus implicancias. Su contenido pivotea en la relación entre el nombre y la cosa representada: lo que subyace, esconde o encripta detrás de un nombre. Se trata de un abordaje semiótico, con ribetes cognitivo-epistémicos, que lo diferencia de otras posturas.

El enfoque conceptual abreva en las ciencias cognitivas, la semiótica y la epistemología, utilizando categorías analíticas provenientes de campos transdisciplinarios con potencia iluminadora hacia las ciencias particulares, en este caso la geografía, para interpretar el cambio de nombre del citado evento. Se propone re-centrar la discusión en el objeto formal de la geografía, considerando sus fundamentos lógico-ontológicos, cognitivos y semióticos desde dicho enfoque, distinguiéndolo de las intencionalidades discursivas de sus cultores y sin descuidar un criterio amplio de la noción de sujeto cognoscente.

Se plantean las implicancias educativas del tema y como conclusión principal se enfatiza la necesidad de una discusión más profunda del sentido del cambio propuesto, que considere el sustento semiótico del tema y sus derivaciones formativas (educacionales), y recupere los fundamentos teóricos de la ciencia geográfica, la ontología de su objeto y su acervo investigativo sin soslayar los contextos actuales, dada la significatividad de los EGAL para el desarrollo de la geografía en el contexto latinoamericano.
Conhecimento e percepção dos acadêmicos de Odontologia do Paraná sobre maus-tratos infantis
Authors: Leonardi Larissa Alves , Novaes Ana Karoline da Cruz , Fonseca-Souza Gabriela , Feltrin-Souza Juliana
Published: August 2021

Os maus-tratos (MT) na infância têm grandes repercussões na vida da criança. Os profissionais de saúde têm a responsabilidade legal de notificar os casos suspeitos. Para tanto, é necessário o conhecimento sobre diagnóstico e condutas frente aos MT. Este estudo observacional transversal teve por objetivo avaliar o conhecimento e a percepção dos acadêmicos do curso de Odontologia sobre MT infantis. Um questionário semiestruturado contendo questões sobre características demográficas, percepção e conhecimento quanto aos MT foi aplicado pelo Google Forms. O escore de conhecimento foi calculado pela soma de acertos, variando de 0 a 14 pontos. Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente de forma descritiva e inferencial. O escore de conhecimento foi analisado em relação às características por meio do teste U de Mann-Whitney ou correlação de Spearman, com nível de significância de 5%. Um total de 146 acadêmicos (30,41%) participaram da pesquisa, a mediana obtida foi 10 (Min-6 Máx-14). Quanto à definição de MT, 98,6% (n=144) dos acadêmicos afirmaram conhecê-la e 54,3% (n=75) relataram ter recebido informações sobre o tema em aula. Quanto à conduta, 49% (n =71) alegaram não saber agir frente aos casos de MT. Houve correlação positiva significativa entre o escore de conhecimento e os períodos curriculares. Conclui-se que alguns aspectos do tema MT, como o diagnóstico, são bem conhecidos pelos acadêmicos, porém os aspectos relacionados à conduta são poucos conhecidos. Conclui-se também que o escore de conhecimento foi maior nos estágios mais avançados do curso. Quanto às percepções, notou-se insegurança dos acadêmicos em agir frente aos casos de MT na infância.
Euridice
Authors: Peri Jacopo
Published: August 2021

Among the many splendid entertainments organized in Florence in 1600 to celebrate the marriage of Maria de’ Medici to Henri IV of France, Peri's setting of Ottavio Rinuccini's elegant play Euridice attracted relatively little attention. Since that first performance, however, Euridice has enjoyed an important place in the history of music as the first extant opera. It is also a work worthy of revival in the modern theater.
Drafting Video Game Loot Box Regulation for Dummies: A Chinese Lesson
Authors: Xiao Leon Y.
Published: August 2021

Loot boxes are virtual items in video games that players purchase to obtain randomised rewards of varying value. Such randomised monetisation methods are prevalently implemented globally. Loot boxes are conceptually and structurally akin to gambling, and their purchase is positively correlated with problem gambling in Western countries. Given the potential harms loot boxes may cause, particularly to vulnerable consumers, e.g., children, regulators and policymakers are paying increasing attention. Some countries, e.g., Belgium, have actively enforced existing gambling laws to ban certain loot box implementations. However, less restrictive regulatory approaches, e.g., requiring probability disclosures, are also being considered. Amendments to existing law and new laws dedicated to regulating loot boxes are likely forthcoming in many countries. Companies’ discretionary and suboptimal compliance with loot box probability disclosure law in the People’s Republic of China reveals how future loot box laws and industry self-regulations should be better drafted to ensure maximum consumer protection.
A high-resolution downscaled CMIP6 projections dataset of essential surface climate variables over the globe coherent with the ERA5-Land reanalysis for climate change impact assessments
Authors: NOEL Thomas , Loukos Harilaos , Defrance Dimitri
Published: August 2021

A high-resolution climate projections dataset is obtained by statistically downscaling climate projections from the CMIP6 experiment using the ERA5-Land reanalysis from the Copernicus Climate Change Service. This global dataset has a spatial resolution of 0.1°x 0.1°, comprises 5 climate models and includes two surface daily variables at monthly resolution: air temperature and precipitation. Two greenhouse gas emissions scenarios are available: one with mitigation policy (SSP126) and one without mitigation (SSP585). The downscaling method is a Quantile Mapping method (QM) called the Cumulative Distribution Function transform (CDF-t) method that was first used for wind values and is now referenced in dozens of peer-reviewed publications. The data processing includes quality control of metadata according to the climate modelling community standards and value checking for outlier detection.
Do Climate Change Consensus Messages Cause Reactance? A Comment on Chinn and Hart (2021)
Authors: Linden Sander van der , Cook John , Maertens Rakoen , Goldberg Matthew H. , Kerr John R , Lewandowsky Stephan , Maibach Edward , Leiserowitz Anthony
Published: August 2021

Chinn and Hart (2021) conclude that communicating the scientific consensus on climate change causes psychological reactance. Here we identify several issues that cast doubt on these findings. First and foremost, the authors replicate the finding from van der Linden, Maibach, et al. (2019) that consensus messages do not increase perceptions of manipulation relative to control, neither in general nor amongst partisans. The authors also fail to replicate the three-way interaction from Ma et al. (2019) between the consensus message, partisanship, and prior attitudes. The significant reactance findings only appear for the post-only condition, and the effect size of the partisan interaction appears minimal. Moreover, as no other dependent measures were reported, it remains unclear whether respondents still updated their beliefs despite any reactance. In light of these issues and the elusive nature of backfire effects more generally, we strongly caution against the conclusion that scientific consensus messages cause psychological reactance.
Measurement of Height of Mt. Sagarmatha
Authors: Dangol Susheel , Joshi Prakash , KC Suraj , Thapa Mahesh , Thapa Mahesh , Banjara Bigyan , KC Shanker , Bhandari Stallin
Published: August 2021

The height measurement of the highest peak of the world “Sagarmatha” was conducted by Nepal for the first time. The methodology for the measurement was finalized from the workshop held in Kathmandu with the constructive comments from national and international experts. Trignometrical levelling, precise levelling, GNSS survey and gravity survey was conducted. Previous air borne gravity data and present surface gravity data was used to determine the precise regional geoid for this program. Thus orthometric height was determined as 8848.86 m from the ellipsoid height observed at the top of Sagarmatha and precise geoid determined. The height was determined on the base of International Height Reference System (IHRS) and final height was announced jointly from Nepal and China on 8th of December 2020 from Kathmandu and Beijing through virtual media.
“Obligated to Keep Things Under Control”: Sociocultural Barriers to Seeking Mental Health Services Among Veterinary Medical Students
Authors: Hancock Tamara S. , Karaffa Kerry M.
Published: August 2021

Research reveals veterinary medical students and professionals are at increased risk for mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and suicidality, yet many individuals in distress do not seek professional mental health services. Although some barriers to accessing services have been identified, other factors, including how professional culture influences service underutilization, are poorly understood. In this study, we used a mixed-methods approach to investigate 573 veterinary students’ perceptions of barriers to seeking mental health services and potential mechanisms to lessen them. We identified four barrier themes: stigma, veterinary medical culture and identities, services, and personal factors. Participants’ suggestions for reducing barriers to seeking help related to three themes: culture, services, and programmatic factors. We compared perceptions of barriers based on the severity of participants’ self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety and found that participants with severe depression, compared with participants with mild depression, were more likely to perceive barriers related to veterinary medical culture. The results of this study provide a deeper understanding of veterinary students’ barriers to seeking mental health services and, in particular, how these barriers, as both individual and sociocultural phenomena, are often interrelated and mutually reinforcing.
Simulasi Management Network Menggunakan Metode VLAN Pada SMPN 255 Jakarta
Authors: Wenas Gilby Lionska , Herlawati Herlawati , Atika Prima Dina
Published: August 2021

Abstract

 

 The need for network technology cannot be avoided anymore because of its very pronounced benefits, where the network can help communication in sharing information and data by cutting time and distance. Internet is an indispensable need, especially in education, network quality, distribution or network segmentation, the hardware used, especially SMPN 255 Jakarta. The development method used by NDLC. Data collection is the interview method, observation, literature study, network network design using Star Topology, a network simulation system built using the media routerboard 750 hEX lite as the main router as well as a router for network distribution. It is hoped that this can help SMPN 255 Jakarta a little in distributing the existing local network according to the needs and increasing existing users, then providing convenience in network system maintenance or changes. The result is the successful configuration for implementing VLANs on the Jakarta 255 SMPN network to be able to distribute the network and use the existing features optimally so that it can develop the existing network but at a cost that is not that big.

 

Keywords: Mikrotik, Network Design, Network Management, NDLC, VLAN.

 

Abstrak

 

Kebutuhan akan teknologi jaringan tidak dapat dihindari lagi karena manfaatnya yang sangat terasa, dimana jaringan dapat membantu komunikasi dalam pembagian informasi maupun data dengan memangkas waktu dan jarak. Internet merupakan suatu kebutuhan yang sangat diperlukan, terutama dalam pendidikan, kualitas jaringan, pendistribusian atau segmentasi jaringan, perangkat keras yang digunakan khususnya SMPN 255 Jakarta. Metode pengembangan yang digunakan NDLC. Pengumpulan data yaitu metode wawancara, observasi, studi pustaka, Perancangan jaringan jaringan menggunakan Topologi Star, sistem simulasi jaringan yang dibangun menggunakan media routerboard 750 hEX lite sebagai router utama sekaligus router untuk mendistribusi jaringan. Diharapkan ini bisa sedikit membantu SMPN 255 Jakarta dalam mendistribusikan jaringan lokal yang ada sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan peningkatan pengguna yang ada, kemudian memberikan kemudahan dalam pemeliharaan sistem jaringan ataupun perubahan. Hasil yang ada berupa berhasilnya konfigurasi untuk penerapan VLAN pada jaringan SMPN 255 Jakarta untuk dapat mendistribusikan jaringan dan penggunaan fitur yang ada dimanfaatkan dengan optimal sehingga dapat mengembangkan jaringan yang ada namun dengan biaya yang tidak begitu besar.

 

Kata kunci: Mikrotik, Management Network, NDLC, Perancangan Jaringan, VLAN.
Editorial
Authors: Holderness Graham , Loughrey Bryan
Published: August 2021

This special issue of Critical Survey has a twofold purpose: to mark the twentieth anniversary of the events of 11 September 2001, when Islamic terrorists piloted two planes into New York’s World Trade Centre, killing some three thousand innocent people; and to register some of the cultural changes that have taken place in the subsequent two decades, and can be directly or indirectly attributed to that world-changing day. The attacks of 9/11 soon came to represent an extensive typology of collisions: the ‘clash of civilisations’ between East and West; the unstable boundaries between war and peace in our contemporary world; and (to many, but not all academics) the destructive violence that potentially underlies Western values of liberty and peaceful co-existence. It has long been a commonplace that 9/11 profoundly and irreversibly changed our world. This issue sets out to represent and reflect some of those changes.
Lear’s Subjectivity and Apotheosis
Authors: Bidgoli Mehrdad
Published: August 2021

Ethically attuned readings of King Lear typically study, among other issues, Lear’s ethical revolution. More specifically, Shakespeare critics who have engaged with Levinasian treatments of this play often do not present a clear-cut account of Lear’s status with regard to the authentic encounter with the destitute yet commanding face of the Other, and the ineluctably intervening third party. Trying to unravel these complexities, I examine one of the possible reasons why ethical readers of King Lear equivocate when they study Lear and his ethical apotheosis. I will discuss Lear’s subjectivity and trace its gradual transition to a more heightened ethical awareness, but refuse to envision him as a perfect ethical character. Lear does improve significantly with regard to his relationship with the Other, but while he appears to temporarily touch a Levinasian standpoint, his subjectivity undergoes an apotheosis, eventuating in a deontological (perhaps pre-ontological) status which cannot reconcile itself with the presence of ‘the third party’. This, as I will discuss, is his ethical-political flaw which blocks a final recourse towards a probable reconciliation of the Other and the Third. Lear’s ethical awakening, I suggest, fails to reconcile with and restore justice.
Actualising History
Authors: Aziz Aamir , Korsten Frans Willem
Published: August 2021

Whereas prior studies have focused on Arthur Miller’s play The Crucible in relation to the Puritan past of the United States of America, this article looks at the play’s present in relation to a future. If, as is the case, the play is an intervention in its contemporary circumstances, this is obviously with the aim of moving towards a better future. The question then becomes: how does the play deal with the past in the way that the Salem trials (1692) relate, by means of a theatrical intervention, to a future? In the twentieth century the relation of theatre, and of theatricality in general, with the future was paradigmatically explored in the work of Bertolt Brecht. In his view, the role of theatre was to produce a distance, not an unreflexive and emotional involvement in a plot. This distance or alienation was necessary to make people see behind the scenes of the socio-political and economic system, as a result of which they would start to think and become able to act in order to change the course of history. This appears to be an essential strategy as well if we think about the powers of spectacle, as they have been dealt with in previous studies in performance research, and a possible theatrical response to them.
‘We read Hamlet together’
Authors: Hamamra Bilal , Abusamra Sanaa
Published: August 2021

Inspired by Said’s methodology of contrapuntal reading, this article examines Edward Said’s reference to Shakespeare’s Hamlet (1604) in his memoir, Out of Place (1999) to shed light on his experiences of exile and displacement. We contend that Hamlet gives voice to Said’s incestuous desire and his inability, like that of Hamlet, to live up to the standards required of him by his dominating father who, like Hamlet’s father, is a ghostly figure that dominates Said’s life even after his death. We argue that while Said points out that Shakespeare is an extension of imperial authority, his readings of Hamlet with his mother destabilises the colonising force of Shakespeare and displaces Western hegemony over performance and interpretations.
Othello’s ‘Travailous History’
Authors: al-Khawaldeh Samira , Bouacida Soumaya , Zaidi Moufida
Published: August 2021

This article aims to relocate Shakespeare’s Othello the Moor in the cultural roots of Moorish Spain, arguing that he is not a Moor in the inclusionary, monolithic sense of the term, but a diasporic Iberian finding refuge in fifteenth–sixteenth-century Venice. It seeks to contextualise Shakespeare’s play by setting the Othello/Iago binary as an epitomisation of the Spanish inquisition. Giving Othello, the Moor of Venice an allegorical reading against its historical background facilitates better perception of the play’s motivational dynamics: why a Moor? And why such extreme enmity? To substantiate the argument, textual and contextual factors, such as characters’ appellations and the Moorish refugee’s ‘royal siege’, are viewed from a different perspective, factors designed to direct the mind towards specific realities, already visible to the playwright’s audience.
Exploring the outcomes and experiences of Black and White athletes following a sport-related concussion: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Yengo-Kahn Aaron M. , Wallace Jessica , Jimenez Viviana , Totten Douglas J. , Bonfield Christopher M. , Zuckerman Scott L.
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE

Young American athletes, at risk of sport-related concussion (SRC), represent many races; however, it is unknown how race may influence the experience and outcome of SRC. The authors’ objective was to compare White and Black athletes’ recovery and subjective experiences after SRC.

METHODS

A retrospective study was performed using the Vanderbilt Sports Concussion registry. Self-reported White and Black young athletes (ages 12–23 years) who had been treated for SRC between 2012 and 2015 were included. Athletes with learning disabilities or psychiatric conditions were excluded. Data were collected by electronic medical record review and phone calls to athletes and parents or guardians. The primary outcomes were as follows: 1) days to symptom resolution (SR), 2) days to return to school, and changes in 3) any daily activity (binary) and 4) sport behavior (binary). Secondary outcomes were changes (more, unchanged, or less) in specific activities such as sleep, schoolwork, and television time, as well as equipment (binary) or playing style (more reckless, unchanged, or less reckless) and whether the athlete retired from sport. Descriptive analyses, multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, and logistic regression were performed.

RESULTS

The final cohort included 247 student-athletes (36 Black, 211 White). Black athletes were male (78% vs 58%) more often than White athletes, but both races were similar in age, sport, and medical/family histories. Black athletes more frequently had public insurance (33.3% vs 5.7%) and lived in areas with a low median income (41.2% vs 26.6%). After adjusting for age, sex, concussion history, insurance status, and zip code median income, Black athletes reached an asymptomatic status (HR 1.497, 95% CI 1.014–2.209, p = 0.042) and returned to school earlier (HR 1.522, 95% CI 1.020–2.270, p = 0.040). Black athletes were less likely to report a change in any daily activity than White athletes (OR 0.368, 95% CI 0.136–0.996, p = 0.049). Changes in sport behavior were comparable between the groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Racial differences appear to exist in the outcomes and experience of SRC for young athletes, as Black athletes reached SR and return to school sooner than White athletes. Race should be considered as an important social determinant in SRC treatment.
Ventriculopleural shunts in a pediatric population: a review of 170 consecutive patients
Authors: Christian Eisha A. , Quezada Jeffrey J. , Melamed Edward F. , Lai Carolyn , McComb J. Gordon
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE

The authors sought to determine the outcome of using the pleural space as the terminus for ventricular CSF-diverting shunts in a pediatric population.

METHODS

All ventriculopleural (VPl) shunt insertions or revisions done between 1978 and 2018 in patients at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles were identified. Data recorded for analysis were age, sex, weight, etiology of hydrocephalus, previous shunt history, reason for VPl shunt insertion or conversion from a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) or ventriculoatrial (VA) shunt, valve type, nature of malfunction, presence of shunt infection or pleural effusion, and conversion to a different distal site.

RESULTS

A total of 170 patients (mean age 14 ± 4 years) with a VPl shunt who were followed up for a mean of 57 ± 53 months were identified. The reasons for conversion to a VPl shunt for 167 patients were previous shunt infection in 57 (34%), multiple abdominal procedures in 44 (26%), inadequate absorption of CSF in 34 (20%), abdominal pseudocyst in 25 (15%), and obesity in 7 (4%). No VPl revisions were required in 97 (57%) patients. Of the 73 (43%) patients who did require revision, the most common reason was proximal obstruction in 32 (44%). The next most frequent complication was pleural effusion in 22 (30%) and included 3 patients with shunt infection. All 22 patients with a clinically significant pleural effusion required changing the distal end of the shunt from the pleural space. Pleural effusion was more likely to occur in VPl shunts without an antisiphon valve. Of the 29 children < 10 years old, 7 (24%) developed a pleural effusion requiring a revision of the distal catheter to outside the pleural space compared with 15 (11%) who were older (p = 0.049). There were 14 shunt infections with a rate of 4.2% per procedure and 8.2% per patient.

CONCLUSIONS

VPl shunts in children younger than 10 years of age have a significantly higher rate of symptomatic pleural effusion, requiring revision of the shunt’s terminus to a different location. VPl shunt complication rates are similar to those of VP shunts. The technical difficulty of inserting a VPl shunt is comparable to that of a VP shunt. In a patient older than 10 years, all else being equal, the authors recommend that the distal end of a shunt be placed into the pleural space rather than the right atrium if the peritoneal cavity is not suitable.