bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of teniposide in rat plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry after intravenous administration
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhang Yu , Guan Tingting , Lin Xia , Tang Xing , Xu Hui
Published: April 2009

A novel, specific and rapid ultra performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated for determination of teniposide in rat plasma. A one‐step liquid–liquid extraction method was used and the separation was carried out on an Acquity UPLCTM BEH C18 column with gradient elution using a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and water (containing 0.1% formic acid) at a flow rate of 0.20 mL/min. A triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer in multiple‐reaction monitoring mode via an electrospray ionization interface was used for the detection of teniposide. The detection was complete within 3.0 min. A linear calibration curve was obtained over the concentration range 10–10,000 ng/mL for teniposide, with a lower limit of quantification of 10 ng/mL. The intra‐day precision and inter‐day precision (relative standard deviation) were less than 10.23 and 13.09%, respectively. The developed method was applied for the first time to the pharmacokinetic study of teniposide in rats following a single intravenous administration of 4.5 mg/kg teniposide. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation and purification of isoflavonoids from Rhizoma Belamcandae by two‐dimensional preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography with column switch technology
Authors: Jiang Yunyun , Zhao Weiquan , Feng Chao , Zhou Tingting , Fan Guorong , Wu Yutian
Published: April 2009

A two‐dimensional column‐switching system without sample loop trapping, where two columns were operated via a six‐port switching valve, was employed in the isolation and purification of five isoflavonoids from Rhizoma Belamcandae: tectoridin, iridin, tectorigenin, irigenin and irisflorentin. The introduction of the six‐port switching value, instead of a sample loop, assured 100% recovery from the first dimension to the second, and the injection volumes of the second dimension were not restricted. Two configurations were tested in this study. In the first mode, only one column was used in the second dimension and two ‘heart‐cutting’ fractions were transported to the same second‐dimensional column. In the second mode, two parallel columns were used in the second dimension and two fractions were transported to the two columns. Between the two configurations, the one with two second dimensional columns had double sample size, better resolution and one more purified compound. Both two‐dimensional configurations consumed less solvent with even greater efficiency and shorter cycle time compared with conventional gradient methods. All of the isoflavonoids were isolated at high purities of greater than 95% with yields of above 82%. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma phospholipid metabolic profiling and biomarkers of rats following radiation exposure based on liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry technique
Authors: Wang Chang , Yang Jun , Nie Jihua
Published: April 2009

Lipidomics, a prominent area of metabolomics, utilizes novel analytical methodologies to study the extensive classes of lipid molecules, changes in lipid metabolism and lipid‐mediated signaling processes. In this paper, the phospholipid metabolic profiles changes and potential biomarker identification in the rats plasma after γ‐irradiation exposure were investigated by coupling high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry technology to multivariate statistical analysis. Orthogonal partial least‐squares to latent structures discriminate analysis (OPLS‐DA) was used to find the potential plasma phospholipids biomarkers of rats for radiation exposure. According to the corresponding tandem mass spectrometric results, potential biomarkers were identified. After exposure to γ‐rays, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine showed a marked increase, and phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidylcholine followed the same trend, although their rise was not significant. The results suggested that radiated rats had a phospholipid metabolic abnormality, which could be an alternative way to assess the radiaton exposure. The biomarkers may involve a radiation‐induced apoptosis pathway and represent a promising target for discovery new radioprotective drugs and radiosensitizers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulink‐based implementation of TCSC‐operated single‐phase induction motor as an educational tool
Authors: Alomoush Muwaffaq I. , Albatran Saher A.
Published: April 2009

The article presents a method to achieve a variable capacitance in the auxiliary circuit of single‐phase induction motor (SPIM) using thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) which is considered as a controllable variable impedance that can considerably alter impedance of a circuit in which it is inserted to be capacitive or inductive. The TCSC can change its impedance quickly as firing angle is controlled, therefore, it can be utilized as variable capacitor to improve starting torque and enhance running performance of the SPIM. The article also presents an unsophisticated Simulink‐based model for a TCSC‐operated SPIM to be an educational approach that fits different operation conditions of the motor by adopting a very simple fashion. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 514–524, 2011
On MATLAB demonstrations of narrowband Gaussian noise
Authors: Jovanovic Dolecek Gordana , Harris Fred
Published: April 2009

A demo program for teaching characteristics of narrowband Gaussian noise (NBGN) by using MATLAB environment is presented in this article. Programs are developed in MATLAB tool makeshow, and users are led step by step through the statistical characteristics of the NBGN including probability density and distribution functions, and the corresponding probability. The evaluation of the software by users is also included. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 598–603, 2011
Simulation and testing of hybrid vehicle function as part of a multidisciplinary training
Authors: Jiménez Felipe , López José María , Sánchez Javier , Cobos Pedro
Published: April 2009

This article approaches a detailed analysis of hybrid vehicles and their components by using a mathematical model programmed in Matlab–Simulink. This model has been developed to enable students to adopt a global approach, tackling aspects of different subjects of Mechanical Engineering studies. The program is also used to supplement practical laboratory sessions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 604–614, 2011
Over‐expression of SUMO‐1 induces the up‐regulation of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 isoform B1 (hnRNP A2/B1 isoform B1) and uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) in hepG2 cells
Authors: Ma Kit Wan , Au Shannon W. N. , Waye Mary M. Y.
Published: April 2009

Sumoylation is one of the post‐translational modifications that governs many cellular activities, including subcellular localization targeting, protein‐protein interaction, and transcriptional activity regulation. SUMO E3 ligases are responsible for substrate specificity determination in which PIAS is the largest E3 family that consists of five members in human; they are PIAS1, PIAS3, PIASxα, PIASxβ, and PIASy. Several studies showed that all these PIAS genes are highly expressed in testis but only a few reports have discussed their expression pattern in other tissues. Though liver is a multifunctional organ and one would expect to find regulation of cellular functions by sumoylation, the identified sumoylation substrates are scarce and few of them correlate with liver cancer. In this report, we have found that PIASxα, PIASxβ, and PIASy are highly expressed in liver as well as testis by tissue distribution studies. We thus aimed to identify any SUMO‐1 related proteins in liver cancer cells by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Two up‐regulated proteins, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 isoform B1 (hnRNP A2/B1 isoform B1) and uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG), have been identified in the EGFP‐SUMO‐1 over‐expressing HepG2 cells. The up‐regulation is suggested to be mediated via changes at the translational level or protection from degradation by western blotting and RT‐PCR. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low concentration of lipopolysaccharide acts on MC3T3‐E1 osteoblasts and induces proliferation via the COX‐2‐independent NFκB pathway
Authors: Wang Le‐Yu , Wang Hai‐Yi , Ouyang Jun , Yu Lei , Chen Bing , Qin Jian‐Qiang , Qiu Xiao‐Zhong
Published: April 2009

The translocations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the gut and its effects on bone healing are usually of clinical interest during bone fracture. As already widely stuided, Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) is a key enzyme for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, which induces the nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) activation and is beneficial to fracture healing. In order to know their roles in skeletal regeneration, mouse MC3T3‐E1 osteoblasts were treated with NFκB inhibitor BAY 11‐7082 and sc791 (a selective COX‐2 inhibitor), in the presence of LPS. Interestingly, LPS could induce osteoblasts proliferation through increasing NFκB activation and translocation. This induction was not related to COX‐2 expression, suggesting that LPS‐induced NFκB activiation is independent of COX‐2. It is possible that low concentration of LPS can act as a stimulating factor of the NFκB pathway in nonstimulated cells such as osteoblasts. COX‐2 is not necessary for the NFκB pathway during LPS‐induced proliferation of osteoblasts since sc791 had no effects on this induction. These studies provide insight into a potential mechanism by which LPS can affect bone tissue repair in the initial phase of inflammation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FOIST: Fluid–object interaction subcomputation technique
Authors: Udoewa V.
Published: April 2009

Our target is to develop computational techniques for studying aerodynamic interactions between multiple objects. The computational challenge is to predict the dynamic behavior and path of the object, so that separation (the process of objects relatively falling or moving away from each other) is safe and effective. This is a very complex problem because it has an unsteady, 3D nature and requires the solution of complex equations that govern the fluid dynamics (FD) of the object and the aircraft together, with their relative positions changing in time.

Large‐scale 3D FD simulations require a high computational cost. Not only must one solve the time‐dependent Navier–Stokes equations governing the fluid flow, but also one must handle the equations of motion of the object as well as the treatment of the moving domain usually treated as a type of pseudo‐solid. These costs include mesh update methods, distortion‐limiting techniques, and remeshing and projection tactics. To save computational costs, point force calculations have been performed in the past. This paper presents a hybrid between full mesh‐moving simulations and the point force calculation. This mesh‐moving alternative is called FOIST: fluid–object subcomputation interaction technique. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neues DGfM‐Merkblatt “Brandschutz mit Mauerwerk”
Authors: Hahn Christiane , Rast Ronald
Published: April 2009

Es bereitet immer wieder Schwierigkeiten, aus den bauordnungsrechtlichen Anforderungen diejenigen herauszufiltern, die auf das konkrete, zu planende oder zu bauende Gebäude zutreffen. Die Musterbauordnung 2002 [1] hat eine neue Klassifizierung der Gebäude auf der Grundlage der Kriterien Brandrisikos, Brandauswirkungen und Rettungs‐ und Bekämpfungsmöglichkeiten der Feuerwehr gebracht [2]. Da Bauordnungsrecht Ländersache ist, trifft der Planer oder bauausführende auf z. T. unterschiedliche Anforderungen in den jeweiligen Bundesländern, was die Sache noch zusätzlich erschwert. Die Umsetzung der Anforderungen geschieht mit Hilfe der genormten klassifizierten Baustoffe und Bauteile bzw. über allgemeine bauaufsichtliche Zulassungen bzw. allgemeine bauaufsichtliche Prüfzeugnisse oder gar eine Zustimmung im Einzelfall. Um hierbei eine Hilfestellung zu geben, hat die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Mauerwerksbau die Autorin beauftragt, ein Merkblatt zu erarbeiten, das die Anwendung von Mauerwerk bei zu erfüllenden Brandschutzanforderungen erleichtern soll.

In dem Beitrag werden kurz die bauordnungsrechtlichen Anforderungen und die grundlegende Klassifizierung der Baustoffe und Bauteile erläutert und der vorgesehene Inhalt des DGfM‐Merkblattes vorgestellt.
Brandschutz mit Mauerwerk auf der Basis von DIN 4102‐4 in Verbindung mit DIN 4102‐22 – Bisherige Entwicklung, Stand und Ausblick
Authors: Hahn Christiane
Published: April 2009

Der bauordnungsrechtlich erforderliche Nachweis der Feuerwiderstandsdauer tragender Bauteile erfolgte bisher auf der Basis der in der DIN 4102‐4 ([1], [2]) klassifizierten Baustoffe und Bauteile. Die Vorgehensweise war einfach und erwies sich als äußerst praktikabel. DIN 4102‐4 enthält nicht nur tragende Bauteile, sondern auch zahlreiche Angaben zu nichttragenden Bauteilen und Ausbaukonstruktionen.

Mit der Umstellung auf das semiprobalistische Sicherheitskonzept machte sich die Anwendungsnorm DIN 4102‐22 [3] erforderlich, die die Beziehung zu der bisherigen Klassifizierung unter Beachtung der Generation der neuen Bemessungsnormen sicher zu stellen hatte.

Der Beitrag gibt einen Einblick in die Entwicklung und die derzeitige Normungssituation bei der Brandbemessung im Mauerwerksbau. Es wird dabei auf die Unterschiede zwischen altem und neuem Sicherheitskonzept eingegangen. Die 2009 zu erwartenden Änderungen zu DIN 4102‐4 und ‐22 werden kurz vorgestellt.
Brandschutz mit Ziegelmauerwerk im Wohnungsbau
Authors: Meyer Udo , Nause Peter
Published: April 2009

Ziegelmauerwerk hat sich seit Jahrhunderten auch aus brandschutztechnischer Sicht bewährt. Ziegel sind nicht brennbar und leisten keinen Beitrag zum Brand. Für alle Anforderungen stehen Ziegel‐Produkte zur Verfügung, mit denen in den statisch ohnehin erforderlichen Wanddicken die Anforderungen der Landesbauordnungen erfüllt werden. Im folgenden Beitrag werden die wichtigsten Anforderungen und die Leistungsfähigkeit von Ziegelmauerwerk im Hinblick auf den Brandschutz in den verschiedenen Anwendungsbereichen des Wohnungsbaus dargestellt.
Die neuen EU‐Normen zur Klassifizierung und Bemessung von Porenbetonbauteilen unter Brandeinwirkung
Authors: Flassenberg Georg
Published: April 2009

Die Anforderungen hinsichtlich des Brandschutzes von Gebäuden sind in den Vorschriften der Landesbauordnungen (vgl. [1]) und der auf ihrer Grundlage erlassenen Sonderbauverordnungen und Verwaltungsvorschriften geregelt, was auch zukünftig so bleiben wird. Die deutsche brandschutztechnische Klassifizierung von Baustoffen und Bauteilen erfolgte bisher nach DIN 4102‐4 ([2] bis [5]). Darüber hinaus ist nunmehr auch das in den vergangenen Jahren erarbeitete einheitliche europäische Klassifizierungskonzept für den Bereich Brandschutz fertiggestellt und kann, wie im Folgenden dargestellt, angewendet werden (vgl. Anlage 0.1 der BauregellisteA Teil 1 [6]).

Die Brandschutzanforderungen lassen sich sowohl nach deutscher als auch nach europäischer Klassifizierung mit Porenbetonmauerwerk zuverlässig und ohne Schwierigkeiten erfüllen.
Wohnungsbedarf in Deutschland bis zum Jahr 2025
Authors: Günther Matthias
Published: April 2009

Ausgangpunkt dieses Beitrages ist eine Studie, die das ISP Eduard‐Pestel‐Institut für Systemforschung e. V. im Auftrag des Bundesverbandes Deutscher Baustoff‐Fachhandel e. V. (BDB), des Bundesverbandes Freier Immobilien‐ und Wohnungsunternehmen e. V. (BFW) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Mauerwerksbau e. V. (DGfM) erstellt hat. Ziel der Untersuchung war die Ermittlung des künftigen Wohnungsbedarfs in Deutschland auf der Ebene der Kreise und kreisfreien Städte.
Toward defining the phosphoproteome of Xenopus laevis embryos
Authors: McGivern Jered V. , Swaney Danielle L. , Coon Joshua J. , Sheets Michael D.
Published: April 2009

Phosphorylation is universally used for controlling protein function, but knowledge of the phosphoproteome in vertebrate embryos has been limited. However, recent technical advances make it possible to define an organism's phosphoproteome at a more comprehensive level. Xenopus laevis offers established advantages for analyzing the regulation of protein function by phosphorylation. Functionally unbiased, comprehensive information about the Xenopus phosphoproteome would provide a powerful guide for future studies of phosphorylation in a developmental context. To this end, we performed a phosphoproteomic analysis of Xenopus oocytes, eggs, and embryos using recently developed mass spectrometry methods. We identified 1,441 phosphorylation sites present on 654 different Xenopus proteins, including hundreds of previously unknown phosphorylation sites. This approach identified several phosphorylation sites described in the literature and/or evolutionarily conserved in other organisms, validating the data's quality. These data will serve as a powerful resource for the exploration of phosphorylation and protein function within a developmental context. Developmental Dynamics 238:1433–1443, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The shroom family proteins play broad roles in the morphogenesis of thickened epithelial sheets
Authors: Lee Chanjae , Le Minh‐Phuong , Wallingford John B.
Published: April 2009

Thickened epithelial sheets are found in a wide variety of organ systems and the mechanisms governing their morphogenesis remain poorly defined. We show here, through expression patterns and functional studies, that Shroom family proteins are broadly involved in generating thickened epithelial sheets. Through in situ hybridization, we report the temporal and spatial expression patterns of the four Shroom family members during early Xenopus development, from oocytes to tadpole stage embryos. Further, we show that Shroom1 and 2 mRNAs are maternally expressed, while Shroom3 and Shroom4 are zygotic transcripts. In addition, maternal Shroom1 and 2 mRNAs localize in the animal hemisphere of the Xenopus egg and early blastula. During later development, all four Shroom family proteins are broadly expressed in developing epithelial organs, and the epithelial cells that express Shrooms are elongated. Moreover, we show that ectopic expression of Shroom2, like Shroom3, is able to increase cell height and that loss of Shroom2 function results in a failure of cell elongation in the neural epithelium. Together, these data suggest that Shroom family proteins play an important role in the morphogenesis of several different epithelial tissues during development. Developmental Dynamics 238:1480–1491, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel role for the chemokine receptor Cxcr4 in kidney morphogenesis: An in vitro study
Authors: Ueland Joseph , Yuan Amy , Marlier Arnaud , Gallagher Anna Rachel , Karihaloo Anil
Published: April 2009

The CXCR4 chemokine receptor is involved in hematopoietic stem cell homing, neuronal development, and angiogenesis. We show a significant new role for this receptor in epithelial patterning and renal morphogenesis. This receptor is expressed in the ureteric bud (UB) and the metanephric mesenchyme (MM). Stimulation of Cxcr4 in renal tubular cells leads to activation of multiple signaling pathways and tubulogenesis and cell migration. Knocking down of this receptor in tubular cells leads to cyst formation. Inactivation of this receptor in embryonic kidney explants results in impaired UB branching and mesenchymal tubulogenesis. The data presented here point to its importance in the process of mesenchymal‐to‐epithelial transitioning (MET), a crucial developmental process in the embryonic kidney. A number of genes important for normal tubulogenesis and MET are decreased upon CXCR4 inactivation. Developmental Dynamics 238:1083–1091, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diet‐induced obesity disrupts ductal development in the mammary glands of nonpregnant mice
Authors: Kamikawa Akihiro , Ichii Osamu , Yamaji Daisuke , Imao Takeshi , Suzuki Chiharu , Okamatsu‐Ogura Yuko , Terao Akira , Kon Yasuhiro , Kimura Kazuhiro
Published: April 2009

Mammary glands develop postnatally in response to the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal axis. Obesity‐induced changes in the local environment, however, retard mammary gland development during late pregnancy and lactation. To clarify the effects of obesity on fundamental duct development, we compared the mammary glands of nulliparous nonpregnant obese mice fed a high‐fat diet with those of lean mice fed a normal diet. Obese mice had enlarged mammary glands, reflecting fat pad size, whereas the ducts in obese mice showed a less dense distribution with less frequent branching. Additionally, the ducts were surrounded by thick collagen layers, and were incompletely lined with myoepithelium. Because leptin receptors were localized in the epithelium region and leptin that was highly expressed in the obese glands suppressed mammary epithelial cell proliferation in vitro, the present results suggest that obesity disrupts mammary ductal development, possibly by remodeling the mammary microenvironment and promoting the expression of such paracrine factors as leptin. Developmental Dynamics 238:1092–1099, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embryogenesis and laboratory maintenance of the foam‐nesting túngara frogs, genus Engystomops (= Physalaemus)
Authors: Romero‐Carvajal Andrés , Sáenz‐Ponce Natalia , Venegas‐Ferrín Michael , Almeida‐Reinoso Diego , Lee Chanjae , Bond Jennifer , Ryan Michael J. , Wallingford John B. , del Pino Eugenia M.
Published: April 2009

The vast majority of embryological research on amphibians focuses on just a single genus of frogs, Xenopus. To attain a more comprehensive understanding of amphibian development, experimentation on non‐model frogs will be essential. Here, we report on the early development, rearing, and embryological analysis of túngara frogs (genus Engystomops, also called Physalaemus). The frogs Engystomops pustulosus, Engystomops coloradorum, and Engystomops randi construct floating foam‐nests with small eggs. We define a table of 23 stages for the developmental period in the foam‐nest. Embryos were immunostained against Lim1, neural, and somite‐specific proteins and the expression pattern of RetinoBlastoma Binding Protein 6 (RBBP6) was analyzed by in situ hybridization. Due to their brief life‐cycle, frogs belonging to the genus Engystomops are attractive for comparative and genetic studies of development. Developmental Dynamics 238:1444–1454, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A microarray screen for direct targets of Zic1 identifies an aquaporin gene, aqp‐3b, expressed in the neural folds
Authors: Cornish E. Jean , Hassan Sabah M. , Martin Joshua D. , Li Shuzhao , Merzdorf Christa S.
Published: April 2009

The Zic1 transcription factor plays multiple roles during early development, for example, in patterning the early neural plate and formation of the neural crest, somites, and cerebellum. To identify direct downstream target genes of Zic1, a microarray screen was conducted in Xenopus laevis that identified 85 genes upregulated twofold or more. These include transcription factors, receptors, enzymes, proteins involved in retinoic acid signaling, and an aquaglyceroporin (aqp‐3b), but surprisingly no genes known to be involved in cell proliferation. We show that both aqp‐3 and aqp‐3b were expressed in adult tissues, while during early embryonic development, only aqp‐3b was transcribed. During neurula stages, aqp‐3b was expressed specifically in the neural folds. This pattern of aqp‐3b expression closely resembled that of NF‐protocadherin (NFPC), which is involved in cell adhesion and neural tube closure. Aqp‐3b may also be involved in neural tube closure, since mammalian Aqp‐3 promotes cell migration and proliferation. Developmental Dynamics 238:1179–1194, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Different roles for KIF17 and kinesin II in photoreceptor development and maintenance
Authors: Insinna Christine , Humby Monica , Sedmak Tina , Wolfrum Uwe , Besharse Joseph C.
Published: April 2009

Kinesin 2 family members are involved in transport along ciliary microtubules. In Caenorhabditis elegans channel cilia, kinesin II and OSM‐3 cooperate along microtubule doublets of the axoneme middle segment, whereas OSM‐3 alone works on microtubule singlets to elongate the distal segment. Among sensory cilia, vertebrate photoreceptors share a similar axonemal structure with C. elegans channel cilia, and deficiency in either kinesin II or KIF17, the homologue of OSM‐3, results in disruption of photoreceptor organization. However, direct comparison of the two effects is confounded by the use of different species and knockdown strategies in prior studies. Here, we directly compare the effects of dominant‐negative kinesin II and KIF17 expression in zebrafish cone photoreceptors. Our data indicate that dominant‐negative kinesin II disrupts function at the level of the inner segment and synaptic terminal and results in cell death. In contrast, dominant‐negative KIF17 has no obvious effect on inner segment or synaptic organization but has an immediate impact on outer segment assembly. Developmental Dynamics 238:2211–2222, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DAX‐1 and SOX6 molecular interplay results in an antagonistic effect in pre‐mRNA splicing
Authors: Ohe Kenji , Tamai Katherine T. , Parvinen Martti , Sassone‐Corsi Paolo
Published: April 2009

DAX‐1 (DSS‐AHC Critical Region on the X Chromosome‐1) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that has an important role in steroidogenesis and gonadogenesis. To investigate the role of DAX‐1 in the testis, a yeast two‐hybrid screen was performed and SOX6, member of the Sry box (SOX) protein family, was cloned as candidate. The interaction was confirmed biochemically and expression of SOX6 overlapped with that of DAX‐1 in the developing gonad, as well as in Sertoli cells of the adult testis. We show here that DAX‐1 is able to inhibit splicing in in vivo and in vitro splicing assays, and this inhibition is relieved by the addition of SOX6. SOX6 appears to inhibit the interaction between DAX‐1 and the splicing machinery, thus providing a likely mechanism for functional interference. We conclude that DAX‐1 and SOX6 proteins interact, have overlapped expression in the testis, and act antagonistically during pre‐mRNA splicing. Developmental Dynamics 238:1595–1604, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of stem cell pluripotency factors during regeneration in newts
Authors: Maki Nobuyasu , Suetsugu‐Maki Rinako , Tarui Hiroshi , Agata Kiyokazu , Del Rio‐Tsonis Katia , Tsonis Panagiotis A.
Published: April 2009

In this study, we present data indicating that mammalian stem cell pluripotency‐inducing factors are expressed during lens and limb regeneration in newts. The apparent expression even in intact tissues and the ensued regulation during regeneration raises the possibility that these factors might regulate tissue‐specific reprogramming and regeneration. Furthermore, these factors should enable us to understand the similarities and differences between animal regeneration in the newt and stem cell strategies in mammals. Developmental Dynamics 238:1613–1616, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of early development in mammalian limb diversification: A descriptive comparison of early limb development between the natal long‐fingered bat (Miniopterus natalensis) and the mouse (Mus musculus)
Authors: Hockman Dorit , Mason Mandy K. , Jacobs David S. , Illing Nicola
Published: April 2009

COVER PHOTOGRAPH: Ventral view of the left wing of the Natal long‐fingered bat, Miniopterus natalensis, with the progression of ossification during development from CS 19 (below) to CS21 (above). During these stages the digits begin to extend forming the highly elongated fingers of the unique bat wing. Cartilage was stained with Alcian blue and bone was stained with Alizarin red, figures are not to scale. See Hockman et al., Developmental Dynamics 238:965–979. Developmental Dynamics, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mice deficient in stem cell antigen‐1 (Sca1, Ly‐6A/E) develop normal primary and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell responses to virus infection
Authors: Whitmire Jason K. , Eam Boreth , Whitton J. Lindsay
Published: April 2009

Stem cell antigen‐1 (Sca1, Ly‐6A/E) is a well‐established marker of murine hematopoietic stem cells, and also is expressed on memory T cells. It has been suggested that the functional maintenance of T‐cell memory requires the expression of Sca1 on a specialized population of memory T cells termed “memory stem cells”. Here, we evaluate the requirement for Sca1 in the primary T‐cell response to virus infection, and in the establishment and maintenance of T‐cell memory. We find that Sca1 expression increases on almost all CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during virus infection, and remains high on virus‐specific memory cells. However, Sca1‐deficient (Sca1KO) mice generate normal primary T‐cell responses to infection; the kinetics, the immunodominance hierarchy, and the absolute numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are essentially indistinguishable from those observed in WT mice. Furthermore, by several criteria, primary and memory T cells in Sca1‐deficient mice are phenotypically and functionally normal. These data indicate that Sca1, although perhaps a useful marker of virus‐specific memory T cells, is not required for the regulation of T‐cell quantity or quality, or for the development of a competent pool of memory cells.
Oncostatin M deficiency leads to thymic hypoplasia, accumulation of apoptotic thymocytes and glomerulonephritis
Authors: Esashi Eiji , Ito Hiroaki , Minehata Ken‐ichi , Saito Shigeru , Morikawa Yoshihiro , Miyajima Atsushi
Published: April 2009

Oncostatin M (OSM) has been implicated in immune regulation, though its precise role remains elusive. Here we show that OSM plays a crucial role in the prevention of autoimmune diseases. OSM‐deficient mice showed normal development of T cells, B cells and DC; however, their thymus showed hypoplasia and altered medullary structure. Autoantibodies against dsDNA accumulated and glomerulonephritis developed in aged OSM‐deficient mice. Apoptotic cells accumulated in the thymus of OSM‐deficient mice, and the administration of dexamethasone in young OSM‐deficient mice resulted in the massive accumulation of apoptotic thymocytes and production of autoantibodies. These results suggest that OSM plays a key role in the prevention of autoimmune disease by regulating the clearance of apoptotic thymocytes.
Enantioselective, High‐Yielding Synthesis of Alcohol‐Functionalized Diphosphanes Utilizing Asymmetric Control with a Chiral Auxiliary
Authors: Pullarkat Sumod A. , Cheow Yuen Lin , Li Yongxin , Leung Pak‐Hing
Published: April 2009

Enantiomerically pure, alcohol‐functionalized diphosphane ligands carrying one phosphorus and three carbon stereogenic centers were generated from the Diels–Alder reactions of phosphane‐functionalized terminal alkenols [3‐(diphenylphosphanyl)but‐3‐en‐1‐ol and 2‐(diphenylphosphanyl)prop‐2‐en‐1‐ol] with 3,4‐dimethyl‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐phosphole. The reactions were promoted and controlled by the organoplatinum complex containing ortho‐metalated (R)‐[1‐(dimethylamino)ethyl]naphthalene, and both cycloadditions showed excellent regio‐ and stereoselectivity under mild conditions with only one enantiomer being formed. The products were isolated in high yield and were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Their structures in solution were analyzed by 2D 1H–1H ROESY NMR spectroscopy. Subsequent decomplexation and repreparation of the products proved the optical purity of the alcohol‐functionalized, chiral diphosphanes formed.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Heteroleptic Amidinate Complexes of Heavy Group 15 Elements – Synthesis, X‐ray Crystal Structures and Theoretical Calculations
Authors: Lyhs Benjamin , Schulz Stephan , Westphal Ulrich , Bläser Dieter , Boese Roland , Bolte Michael
Published: April 2009

Monosubstituted amidinate complexes [RC(NR′)2]ECl2 [E = Sb, R = tBu, R′ = iPr 1, Cy 2, 2,6‐iPr2C6H3 (Dipp) 3; R = nBu, R′ = iPr 4; E = Bi, R = tBu, R′ = iPr 5, Dipp 6] were prepared in high yields by salt elimination reactions of ECl3 with Li amidinates. 1–6 were characterized by elemental analyses, NMR and IR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. In addition, computational calculations were performed to clarify the different bonding modes in 1 and 5. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Various Synthetic Routes to a Gable‐Like Bis(porphyrin) Constructed on a 1,10‐Phenanthroline Chelate
Authors: Beyler Maryline , Beemelmanns Christine , Heitz Valérie , Sauvage Jean‐Pierre
Published: April 2009

Three different synthetic routes to obtain a gable‐like bis(porphyrin) are described. The two porphyrins are covalently linked to a 2,9‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline chelate. One way to gain access to the bis(porphyrin) relies on the simultaneous construction of two porphyrins on a 2,9‐bis(para‐formylphenyl)‐1,10‐phenanthroline, whereas the other two are based on Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions between a presynthesised porphyrin and an appropriate phenanthroline derivative.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Stereoselective Synthesis of (2E,4Z)‐Dienamides Employing (Triphenylphosphoranylidene)ketene
Authors: Pachali Steffen , Hofmann Christine , Rapp Georg , Schobert Rainer , Baro Angelika , Frey Wolfgang , Laschat Sabine
Published: April 2009

The three‐component reaction between ylide Ph3PCCO, amines and aldehydes is known to afford selectively (E)‐α,β‐unsaturated amides. We applied a variant of this methodology to the preparation of (2E,4Z)‐dienamides 11 utilizing the phosphonium salt formation from ethyl 5‐aminopentanoate hydrochloride and Ph3PCCO followed by deprotonation with DBU and a Wittig olefination of the corresponding ylide with various (Z)‐α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes 10. The (2E,4Z)‐dienamides 11 were isolated in yields of up to 80 %. The (Z)‐configuration of the starting aldehydes 10 remained untouched during the reaction.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Stereospecific, Flexible and Redox‐Economic Asymmetric Synthesis of cis‐ and trans‐3‐Hydroxypipecolic Acids and ­Analogs
Authors: Wang Bing , Liu Run‐Hua
Published: April 2009

Both cis‐ and trans‐3‐hydroxy‐L‐pipecolic acids are synthesized from a common chiral intermediate 7 by a short and flexible route. The stereospecific inversion of C‐3 was achieved by the formation of an oxazoline followed by acidic ring cleavage. The overall yields are 27 % and 30 %, respectively, in 12 and 10 linear steps. Several versatile chiral building blocks are also accessible by this diastereodivergent synthesis. Unlike the chiral pool approach, our synthetic strategy is not limited by the availability of starting materials.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Analytical method for simultaneous determination of pesticide and veterinary drug residues in milk by CE‐MS
Authors: Blasco Cristina , Picó Yolanda , Andreu Vicente
Published: April 2009

This study reports a method based on CE‐MS/MS detection developed for the multiresidue determination of seven pesticides (amidosulfuron, cyprodinil, cyromazine, imazaquin, pirimicarb, demethyl pirimicarb, procymidone) and eight residues of veterinary drugs (ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, sulfacetamide, sulfabenzamide, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfaquinoxaline, sulfathiazole, sulfisoxazole), whose contents are regulated by the EU Council Regulations no. 396/2005 and no. 2377/90, in animal edible tissues. Milk samples were extracted with ACN and the extract was cleaned up using an Oasis hydrophilic–lipophilic balance SPE cartridge. The proposed method was validated in accordance with the European Commission Decision 657/2002. MS/MS experiments, using an IT analyzer, operating in multiple reaction monitoring mode, were carried out to achieve the minimum number of required identification points. Recovery data were also satisfactory, with values higher than 78% for most pesticides and veterinary drugs extracted from milk spiked at half the maximum residue limit established for the studied compounds. The RSD% (n=5) were lower than 13 and 15% for intra‐day and inter‐day assays, respectively. The method was applied to establish the occurrence of the studied pesticides in 100 milk samples, attaining the determination of pesticide and veterinary drug residues in milk in the low μg/kg range.
The application of membrane bioreactor technology to the treatment of wastewater from a multifunctional supermarket
Authors: Wu Zhichao , Zhou Zhen , Wang Zhiwei , Tian Lumei , Pan Yi , Wang Xinhua
Published: April 2009

Wastewater from multifunctional supermarkets usually features with large fluctuation of flow and pollutants, and shows significantly different characteristics from domestic wastewater because of its extensive sources and high concentration of oil substances. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology with proper oil pretreatment process is attractive for supermarket wastewater treatment in metropolitans because of its small footprint, excellent and stable permeate quality, convenient operation, and shock load resistant capability. Operation results of two lab‐scale MBRs under different organic loads demonstrated that MBR technology could yield excellent permeate quality, but the stable operation cycle was relatively short compared with MBRs for domestic wastewater treatment. Analysis on membrane fouling showed that the high concentration of oil substances (especially oil and grease) in supermarket wastewater was the main cause for membrane permeability deterioration, and the MBR with higher organic load demonstrated better resistant capability for membrane fouling by oil. On the basis of lab‐scale MBRs, proper hydraulic retention time (HRT) and more efficient oil pretreatment process were adopted for the design of full‐scale supermarket wastewater treatment system. With dissolved‐air flotation process as an oil pretreatment process, permeate COD and NH4‐N in the full‐scale MBR for supermarket wastewater treatment were respectively 36.8 and 4.1 mg/L on average, and stable membrane permeability was achieved during 132 day stable operation after 28 day start‐up period. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Rigid‐plastic models for the seismic design and assessment of steel framed structures
Authors: Málaga‐Chuquitaype C. , Elghazouli A. Y. , Bento R.
Published: April 2009

This paper demonstrates the applicability of response history analysis based on rigid‐plastic models for the seismic assessment and design of steel buildings. The rigid‐plastic force–deformation relationship as applied in steel moment‐resisting frames (MRF) is re‐examined and new rigid‐plastic models are developed for concentrically‐braced frames and dual structural systems consisting of MRF coupled with braced systems. This paper demonstrates that such rigid‐plastic models are able to predict global seismic demands with reasonable accuracy. It is also shown that, the direct relationship that exists between peak displacement and the plastic capacity of rigid‐plastic oscillators can be used to define the level of seismic demand for a given performance target. Copyright© 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oscillatory activity in parietal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during retention in visual short‐term memory: Additive effects of spatial attention and memory load
Authors: Grimault Stéphan , Robitaille Nicolas , Grova Christophe , Lina Jean‐Marc , Dubarry Anne‐Sophie , Jolicœur Pierre
Published: April 2009

We used whole‐head magnetoencephalography to study the representation of objects in visual short‐term memory (VSTM) in the human brain. Subjects remembered the location and color of either two or four colored disks that were encoded from the left or right visual field (equal number of distractors in the other visual hemifield). The data were analyzed using time‐frequency methods, which enabled us to discover a strong oscillatory activity in the 8–15 Hz band during the retention interval. The study of the alpha power variation revealed two types of responses, in different brain regions. The first was a decrease in alpha power in parietal cortex, contralateral to the stimuli, with no load effect. The second was an increase of alpha power in parietal and lateral prefrontal cortex, as memory load increased, but without interaction with the hemifield of the encoded stimuli. The absence of interaction between side of encoded stimuli and memory load suggests that these effects reflect distinct underlying mechanisms. A novel method to localize the neural generators of load‐related oscillatory activity was devised, using cortically‐constrained distributed source‐localization methods. Some activations were found in the inferior intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and intraoccipital sulcus (IOS). Importantly, strong oscillatory activity was also found in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Alpha oscillatory activity in DLPFC was synchronized with the activity in parietal regions, suggesting that VSTM functions in the human brain may be implemented via a network that includes bilateral DLPFC and bilateral IOS/IPS as key nodes. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Co‐speech gestures influence neural activity in brain regions associated with processing semantic information
Authors: Dick Anthony Steven , Goldin‐Meadow Susan , Hasson Uri , Skipper Jeremy I. , Small Steven L.
Published: April 2009

Everyday communication is accompanied by visual information from several sources, including co‐speech gestures, which provide semantic information listeners use to help disambiguate the speaker's message. Using fMRI, we examined how gestures influence neural activity in brain regions associated with processing semantic information. The BOLD response was recorded while participants listened to stories under three audiovisual conditions and one auditory‐only (speech alone) condition. In the first audiovisual condition, the storyteller produced gestures that naturally accompany speech. In the second, the storyteller made semantically unrelated hand movements. In the third, the storyteller kept her hands still. In addition to inferior parietal and posterior superior and middle temporal regions, bilateral posterior superior temporal sulcus and left anterior inferior frontal gyrus responded more strongly to speech when it was further accompanied by gesture, regardless of the semantic relation to speech. However, the right inferior frontal gyrus was sensitive to the semantic import of the hand movements, demonstrating more activity when hand movements were semantically unrelated to the accompanying speech. These findings show that perceiving hand movements during speech modulates the distributed pattern of neural activation involved in both biological motion perception and discourse comprehension, suggesting listeners attempt to find meaning, not only in the words speakers produce, but also in the hand movements that accompany speech. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of novel substituted pyridine derivatives from 3,5‐diacetyl‐2,6‐dimethylpyridine
Authors: Zhang Jun , Zhang Min , Cao Weiguo , Song Liping , Qian Qun , Tan Jiwen
Published: April 2009

A series of novel (1‐acetyl‐5‐aryl‐4,5‐dihydro)‐1H‐pyrazole substituted pyridine derivatives and poly substituted [2,3′‐bipyridine]‐5‐carbonitrile derivatives were synthesized from 3,5‐diacetyl‐2,6‐dimethylpyridine. The structures of two typical 3,5‐bis[1‐acetyl‐5‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐3‐yl]‐2,6‐dimethylpyridines [3b(1) and 3b(2)] were confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 20:123–130, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20522
Theoretical study of the structures, conformations, and spectroscopic properties of 2‐formylthiophene‐N‐acetylhydrazone and 2‐thiophenecarboxaldehyde‐2‐thienylhydrazone
Authors: Rhyman L. , Abdallah Hassan H. , Ramasami P.
Published: April 2009

2‐Formylthiophene‐N‐acetylhydrazone (Hait) and 2‐thiophenecarboxaldehyde‐2‐thienylhydrazone (Htit) in the cis and trans conformations were investigated in the gas‐phase by density functional method using B3LYP as the functional set and 6‐311++G(d,p) as the basis set. The cis and trans structures were fully optimized in the C1 and Cs symmetries. Transition states were also modeled for the cis–trans isomerization of the title compounds and the barriers to internal rotation were calculated. This work reports the structural, energetics, and spectroscopic parameters of all the optimized geometries. Some of the structural parameters are in good agreement with experimental literature data. The computed parameters for these compounds are also in good agreement with a related molecule, namely, acetohydrazide. For both Hait and Htit, the trans conformers are more stable than the cis conformers and the energy barriers are larger compared with the energy differences between the cis and trans conformers. This accounts for Hait and Htit existing mostly in the trans conformation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 20:144–150, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20526
Rapid, efficient, and room temperature synthesis of nitrones in excellent yields over MgO under solvent‐free conditions
Authors: Valizadeh Hassan , Dinparast Leila
Published: April 2009

A large variety of C‐aryl and C‐alkyl nitrones were synthesized within 0.5–15 min via the condensation of aldehydes with N‐(methyl, phenyl, or t‐butyl)hydroxylamines over MgO by hand‐grinding with an agate mortar. These reactions were investigated under different conditions and over different solid supports including basic alumina, montemorillonite, MgO, and molecular sieves (pore size 3 Å). In the more interesting cases, nitrones were prepared over MgO without heating and any catalyst. In this procedure, nitrones were prepared in a very short time, excellent yields, and good purity without using harmful solvents in the workup. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 20:177–181, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20527
Convenient synthesis of chlorohydrins from epoxides using zinc oxide: Application to 5,6‐epoxysitosterol
Authors: Moghaddam Firouz Matloubi , Saeidian Hamdollah , Mirjafary Zohreh , Javan Marjan Jebeli , Farimani Mehdi Moridi , Seirafi Marjan
Published: April 2009

Efficient synthesis of protected and unprotected chlorohydrins has been achieved by ring opening of epoxides with acetyl/benzoyl chloride and TMSCl using a catalytic amount of ZnO as a reusable catalyst. The applicability of ZnO is further extended by performing the cleavage of the natural product 5,6‐epoxysitosterol with acetyl chloride. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 20:157–163, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20529
Synthesis of α‐phosphonylated phosphonium and sulfonium ylides: Study of their thermal behavior
Authors: Sene Aboubacary , Masson Serge , Vazeux Michel
Published: April 2009

The additions of two equivalents of trialkylphosphites onto phosphonodithioformates produce stabilized α‐sulfanyl‐α‐phosphonyl phosphonium ylides. Their subsequent reaction with alkyl or benzyl halides gives stabilized sulfonium ylides. Thermal treatment of these phosphonium and sulfonium ylides leads to α‐sulfanyl methylene bis‐phosphonates through protonation–dealkylation intramolecular reactions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 20:164–171, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20530