bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IDADE SUBJETIVA E IDADE CRONOLÓGICA, UM ESTUDO COMPARATIVO
Authors: Cardoso Mariana De Medeiros , Olchik Maira Rozenfeld , Teixeira Adriane Ribeiro
Published: March 2021

Introdução: A idade subjetiva é um dado importante para analisar a consciência das mudanças provocadas pelo envelhecimento. Objetivo: Comparar a idade cronológica com a subjetiva de idosos participantes de programa universitário. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo e observacional. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de questionário preenchido no ato da matrícula de idosos em programa universitário para idosos. Os participantes foram questionados sobre sua idade subjetiva: “Que idade o senhor(a) sente que tem?”. O estudo foi aprovado por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (Parecer nº 4.081.496). Foram analisados os dados sobre idade subjetiva e idade cronológica, sendo as variáveis quantitativas descritas por média e desvio padrão com os testes t-student. Resultados: Foram analisados os dados de 395 idosos, sendo 359 (90.9%) mulheres. A idade cronológica variou entre 60 e 96 anos, com média de 71,5±6,8 anos. Já a média da idade subjetiva foi de 57,2±14,0 anos, havendo diferença significativa entre as mesmas (p<0,001). Quando analisados os dados por sexo, verificou-se que a diferença foi significativa para homens (73,9±7,3 anos de idade cronológica e 61,0±14,3 anos de idade subjetiva, p<0,001) e mulheres (71,2±6,7 anos de idade cronológica e 56,8±13,9 anos de idade subjetiva, p<0,001). Conclusão: Os dados evidenciaram que no grupo de idosos ativos avaliado, houve diferença entre a idade cronológica e a idade subjetiva, independente do sexo. Os dados são importantes para a definição de atividades a serem implementadas para o grupo.
VELOCIDADE DA MARCHA E BAIXO DESEMPENHO NA MOBILIDADE FUNCIONAL EM IDOSOS DA ATENÇÃO PRIMÁRIA À SAUDE
Authors: Brito Conceição Da Silva , Barbiero Márcia Marrocos Aristides , De Sousa Reuber Lima , Leta Patrícia Rosa Gonçalves , Brasileiro Kamila Alves , Betiolli Susanne Elero , Kuznier Tatiane Prette , Lenardt Maria Helena
Published: March 2021

Introdução: a velocidade da marcha diminuída e o baixo desempenho da mobilidade podem ocasionar limitações importantes ao idoso, como o declínio no desempenho físico para realizar atividades cotidianas, perda da autonomia e independência. Objetivo: avaliar associação entre velocidade da marcha e baixo desempenho da mobilidade funcional em idosos da Atenção Primária à Saúde. Métodos: estudo de corte transversal desenvolvido em uma Unidade Básica da Saúde em Curitiba/Paraná (Brasil), aprovado por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do Setor de Ciências da Saúde sob n°2918847. A amostra foi constituída por 389 idosos (≥ 60 anos). Inicialmente foi realizado o rastreio cognitivo dos idosos, e posteriormente aplicado um questionário sociodemográfico e clínico, e avaliados segundo os marcadores do fenótipo da fragilidade e do teste Timed Up and Go. Realizaram-se análises estatísticas descritivas e a distribuição qui-quadrado. Resultados: houve predomínio do sexo feminino n=255 (65,6%), com idade entre 66 a 70 anos n=111 (28,5%), casados n= 187 (48,1%), com baixa escolaridade n=138 (35,5%). Relataram ter problemas de saúde (n=376; 96,7%), com predomínio de doenças cardiovasculares (n=261; 67,1%). Dos 389 idosos, predominaram os idosos com baixo desempenho na mobilidade funcional (n=330; 84,8%). Apresentaram redução na velocidade da marcha, 81(20,8%) e destes, 97,5% (n=79) foi identificado baixo desempenho na mobilidade funcional. Observou-se associação significativa entre redução da velocidade da marcha e baixo desempenho na mobilidade (p<0,001). Conclusão: A associação das variáveis de interesse apontam para a indispensabilidade de estratégias preventivas e gestão de cuidados, para se evitar desfechos negativos nesses idosos.
FATORES ASSOCIADOS AO CONSUMO ALIMENTAR DE IDOSOS RESIDENTES NA REGIÃO SUL DO BRASIL
Authors: Dos Santos Araujo Anny Caroline , Senna Rodrigues Bruna , Ferreira Ortiz Rozana , Zani Valdeni Terezinha
Published: March 2021

Introdução: A Região Sul possui a maior proporção de idosos do país; assim, torna-se necessário avaliar o consumo alimentar desta população visando a elaboração de políticas de alimentação saudável, visto que a má alimentação é um fator de risco importante para Doenças Crônicas Não-transmissíveis, comuns na população idosa. Objetivo: Descrever os fatores associados ao consumo alimentar de idosos residentes no Sul do Brasil. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura sobre consumo alimentar de idosos da Região Sul, com a busca de artigos publicados de 2015-2020, nas bases Pubmed, Scielo, Bireme e Lilacs. Resultados: Foram selecionados 8 artigos. Observou-se que, os idosos com maior renda e escolaridade tinham padrão alimentar mais saudável, já os idosos de baixa renda tiveram maior consumo de alimentos industrializados, assim como os homens. Houve correlação positiva entre o maior consumo de frutas, verduras e legumes (FVL) em idosos que utilizavam a internet e nas mulheres. Observou-se também, associação de hábitos saudáveis (como não fumar e prática de atividade física) com um padrão saudável de alimentação. Conclusão: A renda e a escolaridade foram os fatores que exerceram maior influência na alimentação dos idosos. Por apresentar grande quantidade de informações sobre alimentação, a internet influenciou positivamente na qualidade de vida deste grupo. O maior consumo de FVL nas mulheres corrobora com diversos estudos que mostram que a mulher tem hábitos mais saudáveis. Destaca-se a importância do desenvolvimento de estratégias de educação em alimentação e saúde para esta população, principalmente para a população de menor renda.
IDOSOS FRAGILIZADOS COM SINTOMAS DEPRESSIVOS ATENDIDOS NA ATENÇÃO PRIMÁRIA À SAÚDE
Authors: De Sousa Falcão Aline , Da Silva Brito Conceição , Marrocos Aristides Barbiero Márcia , Rosa Gonçalves Leta Patrícia , Lima de Sousa Reuber , Silveira de Almeida Hammerschmidt Karina , Elero Betiolli Susanne , Lenardt Maria Helena
Published: March 2021

Introdução: a fragilidade física é uma condição multifatorial que possue potencial para afetar alguns aspectos da saúde dos idosos. Entre eles o de abalar a saúde mental, com o surgimento de sintomas depressivos. Objetivo: avaliar a fragilidade física de idosos com sintomas depressivos em acompanhamento na atenção primária à saúde. Métodos: trata-se de estudo quantitativo de corte transversal, desenvolvido em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde de Curitiba-Paraná (Brasil), com amostra composta por 389 idosos (≥ 60 anos). Realizou-se o prévio rastreio cognitivo, e coletaram-se os dados mediante questionário sociodemográfico, escala do Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D), e fenótipo da fragilidade física. Para as análises foram empregadas estatísticas descritivas. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa sob o número 2918847. Resultados: dos 389 idosos, 103 (26,4%) possuíam sintomas depressivos, dos quais 75 (72,8%) eram do sexo feminino, de 60 a 69 anos (n=47; 45,6%), cor da pele autodeclarada branca (n=74; 71,8%), casados (n=39; 37,8%) e aposentados (n=59; 57,2%). Do total de idosos com sintomas depressivos, 19 (18,4%) eram frágeis, 63 (61,2%) pré-frágeis e 21 (20,4%) não frágeis. Conclusão: os resultados evidenciaram que entre os idosos com sintomas depressivos, houve predomínio do sexo feminino, aposentados e em condição de pré-fragilidade, no entanto, é considerável o quantitativo de idosos frágeis e com sintomas depressivos. Os dados sinalizam a necessidade de intervenções voltadas à gestão da fragilidade e aos idosos com sintomas depressivos da atenção primária à saúde.
BUNDLE DE CUIDADOS PARA PREVENÇÃO DE QUEDAS DOS IDOSOS EM TRATAMENTO HEMODIALÍTICO
Authors: Silveira de Almeida Hammerschmidt Karina , Cristini Lucca Danieley , Chagas e Silva Giordanna Nayara , Balbinot Reis Girondi Juliana , Ropelato Fernandez Darla Lusia , Cilene Godinho Bertoncello Kátia , Elero Betiolli Susanne
Published: March 2021

Introdução: As quedas entre pacientes idosos com Doença Renal Crônica em tratamento hemodialítico têm apresentado alta prevalência e estão associadas a elevados riscos de morbimortalidade. Objetivo: Construir e validar bundle de cuidados para prevenção de quedas dos idosos em tratamento hemodialítico. Método: abordagem quantitativa, do tipo transversal, descritivo, realizado de agosto a novembro de 2019, com amostra de 11 enfermeiros experts, contatados por meio de plataforma online, sendo processo de desenvolvimento e validação realizado com formulário eletrônico. A validação do Bundle foi realizada por juízes (experts na área de gerontologia ou nefrologia). A análise de dados utilizou estatística descritiva (frequência absoluta e relativa) e índice de validade de conteúdo (≥0,8). Resultados: O Bundle foi constituído por quatro medidas para prevenção de quedas dos idosos em hemodiálise: avaliar o risco de quedas dos idosos com aplicação escala Morse (06 intervenções) investigar fragilidade do idoso (07 itens da fragilidade: perda de peso, exaustão, nível atividade física, força muscular e lentidão) (05 intervenções); atentar para maior risco de quedas das idosas (sexo feminino) que realizam hemodiálise (05 intervenções) e ter cautela e atenção com os idosos, em especial os que estão na faixa etária entre 60-70 anos (05 intervenções).O índice de validade de conteúdo final mostrou valores entre 0,89 a 1,00, sendo a porcentagem de concordância de 97%. Conclusão: O bundle de cuidados para prevenir quedas de idosos em tratamento hemodialítico foi validado, sendo considerado relevante para segurança e qualificação do cuidado ao idoso que realiza tratamento de hemodiálise.
OS SINTOMAS DEPRESSIVOS E A FRAGILIDADE FÍSICA EM IDOSOS
Authors: De Sousa Falcão Aline , Da Silva Brito Conceição , Marrocos Aristides Barbiero Márcia , Rosa Gonçalves Leta Patrícia , Lima de Sousa Reuber , Silveira de Almeida Hammerschmidt Karina , Elero Betiolli Susanne , Lenardt Maria Helena
Published: March 2021

Introdução: A fragilidade física na pessoa idosa pode levar ao desenvolvimento de condições clínicas críticas e agravos à saúde, entre eles o surgimento de sintomas depressivos. O conhecimento cientifico a respeito do comportamento e da relação entre essas variáveis ainda é pouco esclarecido. Objetivo: identificar a relação entre sintomas depressivos e fragilidade física em idosos. Métodos: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura desenvolvida a partir de 24 artigos selecionados mediante  critérios de inclusão e exclusão pré-estabelecidos, que foram  considerados por estar publicado no período de 2012 a 2020, constar na íntegra, estar diretamente relacionados ao tema, e estar registrado nos idiomas português e/ou inglês. Para a seleção dos artigos utilizou-se o Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Metaanalyses, assim como o Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine para a classificação do nível de evidência e o EndNote Web para gerenciamento da bibliografia. As busca dos artigos ocorreu em 4 bases de dados: PUBMED, Web of Science, BVS e SciELO. Resultados: observou-se associação entre os sintomas depressivos e a fragilidade física em idosos; A fragilidade física foi considerada um preditor de sintomas depressivos; Os indivíduos frágeis podem ser mais propensos a desenvolver sintomas depressivos devido às habilidades funcionais prejudicadas, inatividade física, incapacidade funcional e isolamento social. Conclusão: os resultados auxiliam no esclarecimento da relação entre os sintomas depressivos e a fragilidade física, ao tempo em que gera um alerta para a importância da identificação da fragilidade física na prática clínica, como rastreamento de idosos com risco para sintomas depressivos.
VIOLÊNCIA CONTRA IDOSOS EM TRATAMENTO HEMODIÁLITICO
Authors: Rosa de Oliveira Pires Fernanda , Rosa Suzana , Chagas e Silva Giordanna Nayara , Elero Betiolli Susanne , Cegan Gribner Fernanda , Dacoregio Martins Bianca , Silveira de Almeida Hammerschmidt Karina
Published: March 2021

Introdução: O aumento da população idosa gera preocupação mundial e de saúde pública a respeito da violência nesse público. Identificar os fatores e riscos que predispõe a violência contra o idoso é de extrema relevância para prevenção destas situações. Objetivo: Rastrear os riscos e fatores associados à violência contra idosos com doença renal crônica em tratamento hemodialítico. Método: Trata-se de estudo quantitativo, descritivo e exploratório realizado em duas unidades de tratamento hemodialítico da grande Florianópolis, com idosos em tratamento hemodialítico. A variável desfecho para risco de violência foi a escala Hwalek-Sengstock Elder Abuse Screening Test (H-S/EA). As variáveis independentes foram: idade, sexo, renda, estado civil, escolaridade, tempo em tratamento, número de pessoas que residem com o idoso, escala de Independência em Atividades da Vida Diária e escala de depressão geriátrica (GDS-15). Os dados foram analisados com a ferramenta Python, com operações de média aritmética simples, desvio padrão, cálculo de coeficientes de correlação, valor-p e cruzamento entre dados. Para cálculo de correlação foram utilizados os coeficientes de Person e Spearman e para análise de variância o método ANOVA. Resultados: Dos 43 idosos participantes, 29 (67,44%) apresentaram risco de sofrer alguma forma de violência, com maior prevalência para o sexo masculino. Dentre os fatores independentes apenas os sintomas depressivos e renda apresentaram correlação positiva de significância estatística quando associados a riscos de violência entre idosos participantes. Conclusão: Os idosos apresentaram vulnerabilidade a risco de violência física psicológica, negligencia e financeira por terceiros, sendo maior parte destes do sexo masculino.
Comparative study of conventional urosonography without contrast enhancement and x-ray voiding cystourethrography for diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux in children
Authors: Gulleroglu Nadide Basak , Gulleroglu Kaan , Baskin Esra
Published: March 2021

Background: Vesicoureteral reflux is the most common urinary congenital anomaly in children. Given the risk associated with radiation exposure there has been an increasing need for radiation-free method in the diagnosis and follow-up of the vesicoureteral reflux. The aim of our study is to compare conventional urosonography without contrast enhancement and x-ray voiding cystourethrography.Patients and Methods: Children with recurrent urinary tract infection with suspected vesicoureteral reflux were included to the study. Vesicoureteral reflux is demonstrated and graded by x-ray voiding cystourethrography. DMSA is used for the evaluation of renal scar. Conventional sonographic procedure was performed in all patients. Ureterovesical junction insertion angle was evaluated. The diameter and length of the ureterovesical junction were also measured.Results: 268 children enrolled to the study. Vesicoureteral reflux was demonstrated in 62 children by x-ray voiding cystourethrography. Ureterovesical junction insertion angle measurement had a statistically significant relation for right and left vesicoureteral reflux presence (right: r: .646, p: .01 and left: r: .446, p: .01). Diagnosis sensitivity of vesicoureteral reflux with conventional ultrasonography is 95.10% and specificity is 81% (Youden’s index 76.1%) for the cutoff value of the ureterovesical junction insertion angle is 28.6 degrees. Positive predictive value is 87.2%, negative predictive value is 94.73% and diagnostic accuracy is 86.29% with conventional ultrasonography.Conclusions: Measurement of ureterovesical junction insertion angle, length and diameter by conventional urosonography is an easy accessible and cheap technique with high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis and followup of the vesicoureteral reflux without exposure to ionizing radiation.
Megaprostheses in Nononcologic Hip and Knee Revision Arthroplasty
Authors: Melnic Christopher M. , Lightsey Harry M. , Lozano Calderón Santiago A. , Heng Marilyn
Published: March 2021

Megaprostheses as a means of limb salvage originated in orthopaedic oncology, and implant evolution was initially driven by developments within this field. Improvements in imaging modalities and in chemotherapeutics prolonged patient survival and promoted a transformation in the surgeon's mentality from salvage operation to functional limb reconstruction. As primary arthroplasty operations became more popular, megaprostheses found new utility in hip and knee revision arthroplasty. In this capacity, these implants provided much needed alternatives to traditional arthroplasty revision options for addressing massive bone loss and complex periprosthetic fractures. The indications for megaprostheses continue to expand with advances in design, stability, and overall longevity. Thus, greater numbers of orthopaedic surgeons in arthroplasty and traumatology have to be familiar with this technology. Importantly, each anatomic location presents unique considerations for reconstruction; however, additional variables such as the quantity of bone loss, the quality of remaining bone stock, and fracture type also influence implant selection. Ultimately, there is still much to be optimized in the use of megaprostheses for hip and knee revision arthroplasty. High multifactorial complication and revision surgery rates compared with conventional prostheses make these implants for many a “last resort” option.
Functions, Influences & Effects of WhatsApp Use During the Movement Control Order (MCO) in Malaysia
Authors: Karim Mohd Fatrim Syah Abd , Bakar Mohd Syuhaidi Abu
Published: March 2021

On March 18, 2020, the Malaysian government took a firm position to halt the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic by putting in effect the Movement Control Order (MCO). By that time, Malaysia had recorded deaths and the number of infections was hundreds. During this period, in addition to the use of popular social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter for rapid information communication, the WhatsApp messaging app was also heavily relied upon during the MCO. In addition to providing information, WhatsApp was also considered to play an important role in daily tasks as well as in education. This article discusses the functions, influences and effects of the use of WhatsApp among Malaysians during the MCO. This research conducted a structured interview with 10 informants from diverse backgrounds and age range. The data was then transcribed verbatim. Analysis of the results revealed that WhatsApp's main functions were to facilitate communication with family members and employers, as well as the means for a rapid exchange of information. On the other hand, the informants revealed that some information shared in WhatsApp was unreliable since there were irresponsible people who were creating and sharing fake news. The informants were also aware that the dissemination of fake news will cause mass panic among the Malaysians. As such, the informants would refer to reliable sources to determine the authenticity of the news they have encountered. This action reflected a mature attitude using WhatsApp during the MCO.
Improving Aerodynamic Efficiency and Decreasing Drag Coefficient of an F1 in Schools Race Car
Authors: Gai Ao
Published: March 2021

To improve the aerodynamic efficiency of a Formula One (F1) in Schools race car, the original model of the car is evaluated and compared with a new design. The ideas behind the new design are supported by research about aerodynamics. Different potential designs are created with CAD software Fusion 360 and evaluated within CFD software Solid Edge 2020 with FloEFD. Empirical data shows how specific changes to the structure of race cars can improve aerodynamic efficiency by decreasing their aerodynamic drag. The experimental data and methods of this study can provide help and guidance for teenagers participating in the F1 in Schools competition program to solve the aerodynamic performance problems of racing cars and thereby increase youth interest in STEM programs, as well as their opportunities to learn about engineering and enter engineering careers.
POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE COURT OVER THE PROBATION OFFICER
Authors: Oliwa Mieczysław
Published: March 2021

The article presents the issue of the powers of the president of the court in relation to professional probation officers who form the probation officer service in the area of jurisdiction of the district court. Due to the special location of court guardianship at the level of a district court and a regional court, the author focuses on the powers of presidents of regional courts and presidents of district courts, arising directly from the Act on probation officers or directly related to it. The aim of the study was to collect, systematize and organize the powers of court presidents under the Act on probation officers in such a way that it was possible to indicate which of these powers belong to the president of the regional court, and which belong to the president of the district court. The variety and specificity of the tasks entrusted to probation officers, the related task-related working time and the statutory self-government of this professional group may cause doubts as to the bodies authorized to exercise powers in relation to this professional group. Taking into account the organizational distinctness of the probation service in terms of supervision entrusted to the district probation officer, the author indicates the powers that the presidents of the district and regional courts have in relation to probation officers.
A MÍSTICA DOS ESTUDOS EM SIMONE WEIL
Authors: Souza Marcel Delfino Carvalho de , Mariani Ceci Maria Costa Baptista
Published: March 2021

Simone Weil (1909-1943) deixou preciosas contribuições para se pensar o desenvolvimento de uma civilização capaz de superar a opressão social e o desenraizamento. Entre elas, um profícuo método de se olhar e agir no mundo. A partir dele, desenvolvemos, neste artigo, algumas reflexões a respeito dos estudos na formação dessa civilização. Partimos, inicialmente, de três comentadores, Alfredo Bosi (1988), Ecléa Bosi (2003) e Maria Clara Bingemer (2011), apresentando as compreensões que nos foram fundamentais para pensar a atividade de estudar em Simone Weil: a atenção, a ação não ativa e a leitura. Com isso, introduzimos o estudo como atividade histórica, inserida na corrente da tradição. Com Santos (2015) e Queiroz (2017; 2018), por conseguinte, desdobramos essa compreensão com o conceito de tradução e, assim, pensamos junto a esses autores nas possibilidades enraizadoras da atividade de estudar, em diálogo com Puente (2013), Alfredo Bosi (2009) e, principalmente, Bingemer (2011), que nos traz o conceito de metáfora real. Por fim, retomamos as reflexões de Simone Weil acerca da inteligência, a fim de pensar a mística dessa atividade de estudar. Seria ela, enquanto mística, além-intelectual?
TEOLOGIA E PENSAMENTO DECOLONIAL
Authors: Cunha Carlos Alberto Motta
Published: March 2021

No Brasil, o diálogo entre a teologia e o pensamento decolonial está restrito aos ambientes acadêmicos de forma tímida e embrionária. As teorias da decolonialidade carecem de aprofundamento por parte de uma teologia que almeje diálogos pertinentes para a construção de outro mundo possível. Neste artigo, propomos alimentar ainda mais esta troca de saberes. O pensamento decolonial ensina que não basta ter consciência dos mecanismos de colonização do poder, do ser e do saber. É preciso avançar e propor um fazer decolonial capaz de efetivar uma libertação genuína. Impulsionado por esta tarefa, o texto a seguir é fruto do encontro entre a teologia e o pensamento decolonial com o objetivo de propor novos lugares para a enunciação da fé cristã. O artigo se divide em dois momentos. No primeiro, fazemos provocações à teologia disposta ao diálogo com outras áreas do conhecimento, visando uma tarefa pública e pertinente. No segundo, avançamos das provocações para diálogos fecundos entre a decolonialidade e o fazer teológico. O momento é marcado pela consciência dos espaços marginalizados e por rupturas epistemológicas que desafiam a teologia.
Gegenwartsprobleme des anwaltlichen Arbeitsrechts
Authors: Waldhausen Leonie
Published: March 2021

The attorney’s dependent employment with legal employers has become much more attractive in recent years. Therefore, this thesis addresses relevant questions regarding professional and labour law during the employment. Solely by taking an overall view on both areas of regulation it is possible to develop the employment contract in a legally compliant manner. In particular, questions regarding legal independence, working time law, salaries, external representation and liability are addressed. Furthermore, possibilities of regulation under collective law, which have so far been rarely relevant in practice, are discussed.
Arbeitsrecht
Authors: Hirdina Ralph
Published: March 2021

Das Arbeitsrecht hat einen hohen Stellenwert für nahezu alle Berufsbilder, in denen sich Hochschulabsolventen wiederfinden. Das Lehr- und Fallbuch vermittelt die theoretischen arbeitsrechtlichen Grundlagen anhand von Fallbeispielen. Am Ende der jeweiligen Kapitel finden sich Checklisten und Testfragen, um sich den Lehrstoff nochmals überblicksmäßig einprägen zu können. Die 5. Auflage hält am bewährten Konzept der Kombination von Lehr- und Fallbuch fest.
Paternalismus im Strafrecht der Sterbehilfe
Authors: Kienzerle Ruth Anthea
Published: March 2021

Starting from the right of an individual to determine how and when they will die, this dissertation reveals the paternalism underlying Germany’s criminal laws on euthanasia and investigates paternalistic modes of argument in terms of their normative premises and the legitimacy of arguments for criminal end-of-life interventions. One area of focus is the exploration of the limits of (pseudo-)autonomy-oriented paternalism. Within the context of the manifestations of euthanasia, solutions that are critical of paternalism substantiate a concept of liberal personal autonomy. At the same time, criminal law issues surrounding euthanasia is discussed in detail: assisted suicide, including Paragraph 217 of the prior version of the German Penal Code, measures to shorten an individual’s life in order to reduce suffering, discontinuation of treatment, as well as Paragraph 216 German Penal Code, including an analysis of its legally protected interests, followed by considerations on soft procedural-paternalistic solutions de lege ferenda.
Kriminalisierung von Hardcore-Kartellrechtsverstößen
Authors: Stomper Kristina Marie
Published: March 2021

Does it really make sense to criminalize hardcore antitrust violations in German law? And if so, how could an effective, system- and constitution-compliant implementation of this project look like, which also takes into account the justified concerns of the opponents of criminalization? This book examines these two questions in depth and – on the basis of a theoretical analysis of the legitimacy and utility of criminalization – develops concrete legislative proposals for a new cartel offense as well as the necessary accompanying regulations, such as a leniency policy specific to cartel criminal law and some new regulations for reforming cartel criminal proceedings.
Improved Multi Target Tracking in MIMO Radar System Using New Hybrid Monte Carlo–PDAF Algorithm
Authors: Zarai Khaireddine , Cherif Adnan
Published: March 2021

This article deals with the multi-target tracking problem (MTT) in MIMO radar systems. As a result, this problem is now seen as a new technological challenge. Thus, in different tracking scenarios, measurements from sensors are usually subject to a complex data association issue. The MTT data association problem of assigning measurements-to-target or target-state-estimates becomes more complex in MIMO radar system, once the crossing target tracking scenario arises, hence the interference phenomenon may interrupt the received signal and miss the state estimation process. To avoid most of these problems, we have improved a new hybrid algorithm based on particle filter called “Monte Carlo” associated to Joint Probabilistic data Association filter (JPDAF), the whole approach named MC-JPDAF algorithm has been proposed to replace the traditional method as is known by the Extended KALMAN filter (EKF) combined with JPDAF method, such as EKF-JPDAF algorithm. The obtained experimental results showed a challenging remediation. Where, the MC-JPDAF converges towards the accurate state estimation. Thus, more efficient than EKF-JPDAF. The simulation results prove that the designed system meets the objectives set for MC-JPDA by referring to an experimental database using the MATLAB Software Development Framework.
Molecular Mechanisms for Norovirus Genome Replication
Authors: Amir Yunus Muhammad
Published: March 2021

The genomes of positive strand RNA viruses often contain more than one open reading frame. Some of these viruses have evolved novel mechanisms to regulate the synthesis of the other open reading frames that in some cases involved the production of a subgenomic RNA or RNAs. Very often, the presence of the subgenomic RNA is used as indicator for active viral genome replication. Norovirus, a major cause for gastroenteritis as well as with all other caliciviruses follow a typical positive strand RNA viruses genome replication strategy. In addition, noroviruses also produce a subgenomic RNA during their replication in infected cells. Efficient and adequate synthesis of norovirus subgenomic RNA is crucial for successful viral replication and productive infection leading to the generation of infectious viral progeny. This chapter will dissect the significant findings on mechanisms involved in norovirus genome replication as well as focusing on subgenomic RNA production.
Visualizing the Impact of COVID-19 in the Mobility Dynamics - A Dashboard Framework for Decision Support in Smart Cities
Authors: Alpalhão Nuno , de Castro Neto Miguel , Motta Marcel
Published: March 2021

Being mobility one of the biggest challenge’s cities face today, the COVID-19 pandemic reinforced this challenge and caused a deep structural change in the mobility of the multilayered dynamic framework of Smart Cities. The need to supply decision support systems to city authorities is higher than ever. Planning and managing mobility in Smart Cities has become more challenging, as the amount of information available and the pressure to enforce sustainable and secure policies increases, stakeholders require faster and more targeted actions. Dashboards are powerful tools that can be used in this context to provide, in an understandable manner, multidimensional information otherwise unavailable in classically static visualizations, as these tools offer a reliable foundation for decision support systems. This chapter goes through the required visualization techniques used to produce meaningful dashboards, to both showcase spatial and temporal trends in the context of mobility in Smart Cities following the COVID-19 pandemic. A general framework for analyzing mobility patterns is suggested by gathering methods and techniques recently developed in the literature.
Spatial Terahertz-Light Modulators for Single-Pixel Cameras
Authors: Ivanov Stantchev Rayko , Pickwell-MacPherson Emma
Published: March 2021

Terahertz imaging looks set to become an integral part of future applications from semiconductor quality control to medical diagnosis. This will only become a reality when the technology is sufficiently cheap and capabilities adequate to compete with others. Single-pixel cameras use a spatial light modulator and a detector with no spatial-resolution in their imaging process. The spatial-modulator is key as it imparts a series of encoding masks on the beam and the detector measures the dot product of each mask and the object, thereby allowing computers to recover an image via post-processing. They are inherently slower than parallel-pixel imaging arrays although they are more robust and cheaper, hence are highly applicable to the terahertz regime. This chapter dedicates itself to terahertz single-pixel cameras; their current implementations, future directions and how they compare to other terahertz imaging techniques. We start by outlining the competing imaging techniques, then we discuss the theory behind single-pixel imaging; the main section shows the methods of spatially modulating a terahertz beam; and finally there is a discussion about the future limits of such cameras and the concluding remarks express the authors’ vision for the future of single-pixel THz cameras.
Metabolic Profiling of Transgenic Tobacco Plants Synthesizing Bovine Interferon-Gamma
Authors: V. Yemelyanov Vladislav , K. Puzanskiy Roman , S. Burlakovskiy Mikhail , A. Lutova Lyudmila , F. Shishova Maria
Published: March 2021

Interferon-gamma belongs to a large family of cytokines – multifunctional secreted proteins involved in animal non-specific immune response. Previously inbred lines of Nicotiana tabacum L. plants harboring a heterologous gene of bovine interferon-gamma Bt-sIFNG under the control of a constitutive 35S CaMV promoter have been created by Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. The antiviral and immunomodulatory activities of plant-produced interferon-gamma in bovine cell culture and laboratory animals (mice) were observed. A state-of-the-art GS-MS technique has been used to identify the possible effect of the transformation on the plant’s metabolome. Total profiles included 350 metabolites from leaves, among which 150 substances were identified up to their class and 80 up to the exact metabolite. Metabolite profiling revealed that plants able to synthesize interferon-gamma are characterized by a higher level of amino acids and other substances involved in nitrogen metabolism. In transgenic plants intensification of the secondary metabolism was also detected. Some alterations were distinguished in plant metabolome depending on cultivation conditions.
Towards Universal Health Coverage: An Analysis of the Health Insurance Coverage in Nigeria
Authors: Olanrewaju Azeez Yusuff , Olalekan Babatunde Yusuf , Babatunde Damilola , Olasupo Joseph , Alabi Elizabeth , Bakare Precious , Joshua Oluwakorede Adedeji
Published: March 2021

Context: Achieving universal health coverage requires a Health Insurance Scheme that minimizes out-of-pocket expenditure, guarantees the provision of essential health services, and covers majority of the population. This study examines the NHIS, it's success, failures, efforts so far towards achieving UHC and overall, examines if Nigeria is progressing towards the achievement of universal health coverage. Evidence Acquisition: We conducted a narrative review of published articles on National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) coverage in Nigeria. Pubmed and Google Scholar were searched with the following keywords: National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS), Success, Failure, Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Results: NHIS has failed in its inclusiveness and covers only about 5% of the general population, mainly from the formal sector while most from the informal sector are excluded. Certain factors such as the inadequate legal framework for a successful scheme, optional enrollment policy, poor funding and lack of political will are responsible for the failure of the NHIS. Conclusions: Revising the NHIS to cover all segments of the society including remote areas and ensuring the insured have access to health services at all hospitals and health centers across the country is essential in attaining the third sustainable development goal in Nigeria. Also, there is need for intensify public awareness programs to enlighten the people and relevant groups on the positive values of the scheme. The attributes of the scheme should be well publicized in a way that both the formal and informal sector would understand clearly. This might involve the use of all local languages spoken in different parts of the country.
Competency Assessment: Diagnostic Methods for Detection of Cryptosporidium, Microsporidia, and Toxoplasma in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Samples
Authors: Eslamirad Zahra , Moini Abdolatif , Didehdar Mojtaba , Hajihossein Reza , Anoushiravani Ali Arash
Published: March 2021

Background: Protozoa have the ability to replace the human lung. Over recent years, the incidence of pulmonary infections caused by these microorganisms has increased, particularly in individuals with an immunodeficiency. The use of appropriate diagnostic methods is particularly important in the identification of parasites in pulmonary secretions. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate and compare PCR-based diagnostic methods with the gold standard method to detect three pathogenic protozoa, including Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, and Microsporidia in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples obtained from immunocompromised patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods: A BAL sample of immunodeficient patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was examined by direct microscopy and PCR methods. Results: In this study, we examined 64 patients with immunodeficiency accompanied by COPD. Microsporidia were not identified in the samples. Direct methods identified three and nine cases of Toxoplasma and Cryptosporidium, respectively. However, the molecular method identified two and two cases of pulmonary infection with these parasites. Conclusions: Determining the standard diagnostic method for parasites is dependent on factors, such as the type of specimen and the type of parasite. Based on the results of the present study, the direct microscopic method is the optimal diagnostic method for Toxoplasma and Cryptosporidium in BAL samples.
The Trilogy of SARS-CoV-2 in Pediatrics (Part 1): Acute COVID-19 in Special Populations
Authors: Parsons Sarah , Tran Van L
Published: March 2021

With the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) virus, the pandemic has resulted in a severe respiratory disease known as COVID-19. Data and literature are limited in the evaluation, treatment, and considerations for pediatric patients including special populations (e.g., neonates, children, immunocompromised patients, and those with sickle cell disease). There exists a need for a comprehensive review of pediatric proven and disproven treatments as therapies continue to emerge. This article evaluates the pharmacologic treatment and prevention therapies used in pediatric patients to date, including emergency use authorizations, as well as rationales for pharmacotherapies not routinely used to treat acute COVID-19 infection. It is important to note this review article is current as of January 25, 2021, given the rapid evolvement of the pandemic.
Ketorolac in Postoperative Neonates and Infants: A Systematic Review
Authors: Stone Sadie B.
Published: March 2021

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, dosing, efficacy, and safety of ketorolac in postoperative patients younger than 6 months of age.

METHODS

PubMed (1988–July 2020), Medline (1946–July 2020), and EBSCO Discovery Service (1988–July 2020) were searched to identify relevant published articles using the following search terms: ketorolac, neonate, infant. English-language articles evaluating the use of ketorolac in infants younger than 6 months of age were included.

RESULTS

Eight reports that included 239 infants receiving ketorolac were included. Of the included patients, 237 were younger than 6 months of age. Ketorolac exhibits rapid elimination of the analgesia-producing S (−) isomer, elimination half-life of 0.83 hours. Most patients received 0.5 mg/kg/dose every 6 hours for 48 to 72 hours. Analgesia was demonstrated by reduced use of open-label morphine and significant lowering of Neonatal/Infant Pain Scale scores. Adverse effects were minimal when ketorolac was used in term neonates and infants without baseline renal dysfunction.

CONCLUSIONS

Randomized placebo-controlled trials of ketorolac use in this population are lacking; however, most published reports noted efficacy and safety with ketorolac in properly selected infants.
Liver Function in Pediatric Recipients: A Comparison of Intralipid and Smoflipid
Authors: Daniel Shawnée , Svoboda Leanne , Chen Justin
Published: March 2021

OBJECTIVES

An adverse consequence of primarily soybean oil–based parenteral nutrition is the development of intestinal failure–associated liver disease (IFALD), defined as bilirubin ≥ 2 mg/dL. Fish oil–containing lipid emulsion products, such as soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, fish oil lipid injectable emulsion (SMOF-ILE), have been shown to be beneficial in patients at risk of developing IFALD. This study aimed to review the safety profile of SMOF-ILE and soybean oil–based lipid injectable emulsion (SO-ILE) in regard to liver function and cholestasis in the pediatric and neonatal population.

METHODS

A retrospective review was performed for patients who received SO-ILE or SMOF-ILE over a 3-year period. Patients < 18 years of age who received at least 2 weeks of either product were included. The primary endpoints were 2 consecutive bilirubin readings ≥ 2 mg/dL that were separated by at least 1 week and time to first bilirubin ≥ 2 mg/dL. Secondary endpoints included assessment of select laboratory values (i.e., aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, triglycerides, serum creatinine, serum sodium, coagulation laboratory test, albumin) up to 6 months while on intravenous lipid products. Ursodiol use and mortality were also noted.

RESULTS

There was a higher prevalence of IFALD in pediatric patients receiving SO-ILE than those who received SMOF-ILE (32% vs 12%, p = 0.03). There was no detectable difference in the time it took for IFALD to develop (19 days vs 15 days, p = 0.08).

CONCLUSION

In our cohort of pediatric and neonatal patients, the incidence of IFALD was higher with SO-ILE than with SMOF-ILE.
Stability Determination of an Extemporaneously Compounded Ambrisentan Suspension by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis
Authors: Cramer Jesse , Bevry Mackenzie , Handler Stephanie , Tillman Kathryn , Abourashed Ehab A.
Published: March 2021

OBJECTIVE

Ambrisentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist FDA-approved for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension in adult patients, lacks an acceptable pediatric dosage form. The objective of this investigation was to determine the stability of an extemporaneously compounded ambrisentan suspension.

METHODS

Ambrisentan suspension was compounded to a concentration of 1 mg/mL using commercially available suspending agents. The suspension was then evenly split into 2 plastic amber prescription bottles. One bottle was stored at room temperature and under continuous fluorescent light while the other bottle was stored under refrigeration and protection from light. A fast and selective reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for the analysis of ambrisentan. HPLC analysis was performed on samples withdrawn from the stock bottles at predetermined time intervals, up to 90 days.

RESULTS

The developed HPLC method enabled the elution and detection of ambrisentan peak at 4.4 minutes. HPLC analysis revealed that all samples from both storage conditions retained >90% potency throughout the study timeframe. There were no signs of any ambrisentan breakdown products on HPLC analysis. Color and odor of the final product was also consistent throughout the 90-day storage period.

CONCLUSION

Ambrisentan suspension, compounded to 1 mg/mL, is stable at room temperature or under refrigeration for up to 90 days.
Implementation of a Pharmacist-Led Antimicrobial Time-Out for Medical-Surgery Services in an Academic Pediatric Hospital
Authors: Stang Christopher R.T. , Jaggi Preeti , Tansmore Jessica , Parson Katelyn , Nuss Kathryn E. , Sapko Matthew , Thompson R. Zachary , Gallup Nathaniel , Buckingham Don , Abdel-Rasoul Mahmoud , Watson Joshua R.
Published: March 2021

OBJECTIVE

This report describes a quality improvement initiative to implement a pharmacist-led antimicrobial time-out (ATO) in a large, freestanding pediatric hospital. Our goal was to reach 90% ATO completion and documentation for eligible patients hospitalized on general pediatric medicine or surgery services.

METHODS

A multidisciplinary quality improvement team developed an ATO process and electronic documentation tool. Clinical pharmacists were responsible to initiate and document an ATO for pediatric medicine or surgery patients on or before the fifth calendar day of therapy. The quality improvement team educated pharmacists and physicians and provided ATO audit and feedback to the pharmacists. We used statistical process control methods to track monthly rates of ATO completion retrospectively from October 2017 through March 2018 and prospectively from April 2018 through April 2019. Additionally, we retrospectively evaluated the completion of 6 data elements in the ATO note over the final 12-month period of the study.

RESULTS

Among 647 eligible antimicrobial courses over the 19-month study period, the mean monthly documentation rate increased from 54.6% to 83.5% (p < 0.001). The mean ATO documentation rate increased from 32.8% to 74.2% (p < 0.001) for the pediatric medicine service and from 65.0% to 88.1% for the pediatric surgery service (p = 0.006). Among 302 notes assessed for completeness, 35.8% had all the required data fields completed. A tentative antimicrobial stop date was the data element completed least often (49.3%).

CONCLUSIONS

We implemented a pharmacist-led ATO, highlighting the role pharmacists play in antimicrobial stewardship. Additional efforts are needed to further increase ATO completion rates and to define treatment duration.
Reshaping relations between the state and the private sector post-COVID-19? Exploring the social licence framework
Authors: Borg Emma , Unruh Charlotte
Published: March 2021

During the COVID-19 pandemic governments across the globe have provided unparalleled support to private sector firms. As a result, new oversight mechanisms are urgently needed, to enable society to assess and, if necessary, redress, moves by firms which have taken government aid. Many jurisdictions have seen the introduction of �piecemeal� conditionality on different pots of aid. This paper argues that a better response would be to adopt a more unified approach. In particular, the paper explores the social licence framework as a potential way to �build back better�. It is argued that the nature of the implicit social contract between society and the private sector provides the normative force underpinning demands for a social purpose for business, and that this purpose in turn can be used to specify the conditions firms must meet to legitimise their operations. The paper then considers three core elements involved in any introduction of a social licence framework, and surveys the potential benefits and challenges that might emerge in moving towards a social licence framework.
The homages of Sterija's accomplishment work
Authors: Vračar Stevan
Published: March 2021

The author points to the role of Sterija as a founder of Serbian constitutional law culture and to the importance of his Natural Law as a pioner law-philosophical project in our circles. Sterija's concept of natural law is an expression of the critical distance from the prevailing positivism.
About Sterija's 'Natural law'
Authors: Basila Danilo
Published: March 2021

The author considers that Sterija followed Kant's trail. The liberal character of his work is the most expressive on the point of view of an individual person. Sterija's work, except cultural and scientifical, also has a practical importance as an antipode to the law which in our area is marked by the confidence in force and prohibition and is based on the so-called revolutionary legislature.