bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PKCδ is an activator of neuronal mitochondrial metabolism that mediates the spacing effect on memory consolidation
Authors: Comyn Typhaine , Preat Thomas , Pavlowsky Alice , Plaçais Pierre-Yves
Published: October 2024

Relevance-based selectivity and high energy cost are two distinct features of long-term memory (LTM) formation that warrant its default inhibition. Spaced repetition of learning is a highly conserved cognitive mechanism that can lift this inhibition. Here, we questioned how the spacing effect integrates experience selection and energy efficiency at the cellular and molecular levels. We showed in
Drosophila
that spaced training triggers LTM formation by extending over several hours an increased mitochondrial metabolic activity in neurons of the associative memory center, the mushroom bodies (MBs). We found that this effect is mediated by PKCδ, a member of the so-called ‘novel PKC’ family of enzymes, which uncovers the critical function of PKCδ in neurons as a regulator of mitochondrial metabolism for LTM. Additionally, PKCδ activation and translocation to mitochondria result from LTM-specific dopamine signaling on MB neurons. By bridging experience-dependent neuronal circuit activity with metabolic modulation of memory-encoding neurons, PKCδ signaling binds the cognitive and metabolic constraints underlying LTM formation into a unified gating mechanism.
Sir2 and Fun30 regulate ribosomal DNA replication timing via MCM helicase positioning and nucleosome occupancy
Authors: Lichauco Carmina , Foss Eric J , Gatbonton-Schwager Tonibelle , Athow Nelson F , Lofts Brandon , Acob Robin , Taylor Erin , Marquez James J , Lao Uyen , Miles Shawna , Bedalov Antonio
Published: October 2024

The association between late replication timing and low transcription rates in eukaryotic heterochromatin is well-known, yet the specific mechanisms underlying this link remain uncertain. In
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, the histone deacetylase Sir2 is required for both transcriptional silencing and late replication at the repetitive ribosomal DNA arrays (rDNA). We have previously reported that in the absence of
SIR2
, a derepressed RNA PolII repositions MCM replicative helicases from their loading site at the ribosomal origin, where they abut well-positioned, high-occupancy nucleosomes, to an adjacent region with lower nucleosome occupancy. By developing a method that can distinguish activation of closely spaced MCM complexes, here we show that the displaced MCMs at rDNA origins have increased firing propensity compared to the nondisplaced MCMs. Furthermore, we found that both, activation of the repositioned MCMs and low occupancy of the adjacent nucleosomes critically depend on the chromatin remodeling activity of
FUN30
. Our study elucidates the mechanism by which Sir2 delays replication timing, and it demonstrates, for the first time, that activation of a specific replication origin
in vivo
relies on the nucleosome context shaped by a single chromatin remodeler.
What is digital education? Decoding notions and encoding critical thinking, human rights and participation for fairer digital societies
Authors: Magnone Soledad
Published: October 2024

This research addresses some of societal challenges in the digital age by analysing key features and contextual factors associated with digital education’s notions among academic literature. It problematises some of its shortcomings by zooming into digital education’s references to critical thinking, human rights and participation. A Systematic Literature Review was applied among peer-reviewed articles published in English since 2014. Results for discussion hinged upon the implications of dominant conceptualisations, factors enabling missing links with digital rights, and tactics steering education towards social justice in digital societies.
Advancing democracies in the digital age entail comprehensive efforts oriented by human rights including technologies, regulations, research and education. Among these, education has been pointed as fundamentally affecting a stark ‘division of learning’. This gap is the axial point for the financial and controlling interests of big wealthy companies and governments. The implications of these digital divides have expanded the field of digital rights in the last decade, which was accelerated after the COVID-19 digital transformation. Nevertheless, the right to a quality education has remained broadly sidelined among digital rights, and most of the concerns from this field have been minimally included in educational agendas.
Flood algorithm: a novel metaheuristic algorithm for optimization problems
Authors: Ozkan Ramazan , Samli Ruya
Published: October 2024

Metaheuristic algorithms are an important area of research that provides significant advances in solving complex optimization problems within acceptable time periods. Since the performances of these algorithms vary for different types of problems, many studies have been and need to be done to propose different metaheuristic algorithms. In this article, a new metaheuristic algorithm called flood algorithm (FA) is proposed for optimization problems. It is inspired by the flow of flood water on the earth’s surface. The proposed algorithm is tested both on benchmark functions and on a real-world problem of preparing an exam seating plan, and the results are compared with different metaheuristic algorithms. The comparison results show that the proposed algorithm has competitive performance with other metaheuristic algorithms used in the comparison in terms of solution accuracy and time.
In vitro and silico Analysis of Amentoflavone against Candida albicans with a Competitive Action about Amphotericin B
Authors: Neves Andréa M. , Aguiar Francisca L. L. , Fontenelle Raquel O. S. , Prado Júlio C. S. , Frota Lucas S. , Marinho Emmanuel S. , Marinho Márcia M. , Morais Selene M.
Published: October 2024

Introduction: Antifungal resistance is a global health problem, and alternatives for control and treatment must be sought. Thus, substances isolated from plants with antifungal capacity have received considerable attention in the pharmaceutical sector. Ouratea fieldingiana, popularly known as batiputá, is a tree species found in northeastern Brazil, with its leaves rich in biflavonoids such as amentoflavone. Biflavonoids are well-studied due to their high antifungal capacity.
Objectives: Carry out the isolation, identification, and characterization of the compound amentoflavone (AMT), as well as evaluate its antifungal activity and modulatory effect against strains of Candida albicans, also including the computational study of the mechanism of action of the compound AMT against the Als3 and Sap5 enzymes of C. albicans.
Methodology: Column chromatography was used to isolate the AMT compound from the species O. fieldingiana, and its characterization was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antifungal activity was analyzed by the broth microdilution method. Modulatory activity assays were performed by the checkerboard technique using AMT and amphotericin B (AmB) as a standard. For the in silico study, computational simulations of the interaction between the enzymes Als3 and Sap5, and AMT were performed using the Vina AutoDock Code.
Results: The AMT compound showed an inhibitory effect against all strains of C. albicans. Regarding modulatory activity, an indifferent and antagonistic effect was observed for all C. albicans strains tested. Molecular docking with AMT showed higher affinity energy for the Als3 and Sap5 enzymes than AmB. The results obtained in this study suggest that AMT has antifungal effects, as well as a high affinity for the Als3 and Sap5 enzymes of C. albicans.
Conclusion: These results prove that the AMT compound could be a potential source of a new biotechnological product, acting as a natural antifungal agent.
Occasional Occurrences and Distributions of Red Billed Quelea (Quelea quelea) Birds on Cultivating Crops during the Belg Season at Raya Azebo District of Tigray, Ethiopia
Authors: Abadi Assefa , Shelema Abrhaley , Brhane Tsehaye
Published: October 2024

The Belg season plays a crucial role in the agricultural calendar of the Raya District, particularly due to the shortage of rainfall during the summer season. This seasonal pattern of rainfall scarcity necessitates the significance of the Belg season for agricultural activities in this region. Aim of the study was to assess the Quelea bird incidence and its association agronomic practice and environmental factors. Field survey was conducted in Raya-azebo district during 2024 Belg season. A total of 49 farmers field were assessed for the incidence and prevalence of the quelea bird. Result indicated that out of the assessed fields, 69.39% was affected by Quelea birds the assessed fields. The damage level caused by birds was varied from 0% to 100%. On average, it was determined that approximately 32.37% of the cultivated crops were affected by birds. The mean percentage of crop damage across all kebelles was observed. Ewo had the highest mean damage at 61.45%, followed by Kara-Adishaho at 57.5%. On the other hand, Tsigea experienced a significantly lower damage rate of 1.67% followed by Genete with damage rat of 11%. Independent variables such as crop types, planting time, harvesting time, source of water, and coverage of trees play a significant (p<0.05) role in influencing bird damage in belg season crops. The lowest bird damage percentage were observed in crops planted in middle March, with 6.19% and late May harvesting, with a rate of 19.38%. Adopting practices such as cultivating crops in clusters and planting crops of similar maturity at the same time can be effective strategies for controlling Quelea birds’ damage in agricultural settings.
Assessment of Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. sesami) Disease Incidence in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in Western Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
Authors: Kebede Assefa Abadi , Tsehaye Hadush
Published: October 2024

Fusarium wilt disease is one of the most serious diseases threatening sesame production in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. The aim of the present study was to assess Fusarium wilt disease incidence and its association with agronomic practices and environmental factors. Field survey was conducted in Kafta-Humera, Welkayt and Tsegedie districts in 2018 cropping season. A total of 92 farmers’ fields were assessed for the prevalence and incidence of the disease. Results indicated that 67% of farmers’ fields were infected by Fusarium wilt disease from the total assessed fields. Fusarium wilt disease incidence was varied from 0.22% to 80%.  It was ranged from 0-72% in Kafta-Humera, 0-56% in Welkayt and 0-80% in Tsegedie. The mean disease incidence was 11.89% at Kafta-Humera, 11.14% at Welkayt and 10.69% at Tsegedie. According to the single predictor in the logistic regression model Fusarium wilt disease incidence was most affected significantly (p < 0.05) with the previous crop and altitude. Higher levels of disease incidence were recorded when the previous crop was sesame, lower altitudes and in clay loam soil texture. Overall results of the present study indicated that Fusarium wilt disease is the major challenge to sesame production in study areas. Therefore, efforts should be put in place to manage the disease via integration of appropriate strategies.
Effect of Different Herbicides on Weed Dynamics in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Deepak  , Prajapat Arjun Lal , Reema
Published: October 2024

A field experiment was conducted at Research farm, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur during Rabi, 2023 on loamy sand soil. The experiment comprises 11 treatments of weed management practices in wheat (Weedy check, Weed free, Hand weeding at 30-35 DAS, 2,4-D ester @ 0.75 kg/ha at 30-35 DAS,  Sulfosulfuron @ 25 g a.i. at 30-35 DAS, Carfentrazone ethyl @20 g/ha at 30-35 DAS, Metsulfuron methyl @ 4 g/ha at 30-35 DAS, Pinoxaden @60 g a.i./ha 25-30 DAS,  Piroxofop- propargyl 15% WP @60g a.i./ha 30-35 DAS, Sulfosulfuron 75% + Metsulfuron 5% WG @ 32g  a.i./ha at 30-35 DAS and Clodinafop-propargyl 15% + Metsulfuron methyl 1% @ 32 g a.i./ha at 30-35 DAS) thereby experiment was laid out in randomized block design and replicated thrice. Results showed that application of Sulfosulfuron 75% + Metsulfuron 5% WG @ 32g a.i./ha at 30-35 DAS at 30-35 DAS treatment resulted significant reduction in weed density, weed dry matter in comparison to most of the treatments while highest weed control efficiency and lowest weed index was recorded with the same treatment except weed free treatment. Clodinafop-propargyl 15% + Metsulfuron methyl 1% @ 32 g a.i./ha at 30-35 DAS was next superior treatment.
Design Development and Performance Evaluation of Solar Operated Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) Pruner
Authors: Kumar Tejeshwar , Naik R.K. , Vaishanav Prachi
Published: October 2024

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) is a vital grain legume known for its contribution to food security and soil fertility. However, pruning, which enhances plant architecture and yield, remains a significant challenge in its cultivation, especially in large-scale operations. Manual pruning is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and costly, which has led to the need for mechanized alternatives, a solar-operated pruner was developed at IGKV, Raipur, to reduce labour, time, and costs. This study focuses on the design, development, and performance evaluation of a solar-operated pruner tailored specifically for pigeon pea. The pruner integrates key components such as a cutting blade, DC motor, solar panel, battery, and charge controller. A 12 V DC motor, generating 10.53 N of force and operating at 8500 RPM, ensures efficient pruning. The motor is powered by a 7.2 Ah battery, which can be charged in 4 hours using an AC adaptor or 8 hours via a 10 W solar panel. The battery allows for 4-6 hours of continuous operation. The pruner's lightweight PVC frame makes it portable and user-friendly, while the protective blade guard ensures operator safety. Performance evaluation of the pruner indicated a field efficiency of 81% and pruning efficiency of 76%. The actual field capacity was measured at 0.097 ha/h, with a walking speed of 1.2 km/h. Losses due to half-cut stems were calculated at 9.04%. The pruner demonstrated its ability to reduce labor costs, improve pruning efficiency, and promote sustainable agriculture through its solar-powered operation. This study highlights the economic and environmental benefits of adopting solar-operated pruners for pigeon pea cultivation.
Numerical Solutions of First and Second Order Ordinary Differential Equations Using the Kth Dimensional Differential Transform Method
Authors: Iyinoluwa Olojede Oluwaleke , Success Abejide Kolawole
Published: October 2024

This work studies the effect of the kth-order differential transform method to obtain the general solution of initial value problems of ordinary differential equations. The given equation was transformed using the methodologies of the conventional differential transform; the transformed equation was expanded with Taylor series; the resulting terms of the series and the order of the differential equation determines the order of terms in the transformed differential equation to be used.
This approach also provides a closed-form solution; therefore, it is very powerful and effective in finding numerical solutions of first and second order ordinary differential equations. Some numerical examples in first and second order ordinary differential equations were used to ascertain the usability of the method by comparing the numerical method with the analytical solution. The error obtained in the comparison was noticed as negligible. The Method was found to be consistent and accurate; consequently, it is recommended for use for solutions and research purpose.
Evaluation of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Varieties for Yield and Chocolate Spot (Botrytis fabae) Disease in Western Tigray, Ethiopia
Authors: Kebede Assefa Abadi , Araya Goiteom , Kindeya Yirga Belay , Golla Weres Negash , Grmay Dargie
Published: October 2024

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) has an important pulse crop in Ethiopian. It is consumed in various forms and contributes to soil fertility improvement. However, its production and productivity are challenged by biotic and abiotic constraints. Chocolate spot is known as Botrytis fabae, is a significant biotic constraint that negatively impacts faba bean crops in highland areas of western Tigray. The aim of the study mentioned was to assess faba bean varieties for their grain yield and resistance to chocolate spot disease under field conditions. Field experiment was conducted at Welkayt and Tsegedie district during 2017 cropping season using five released faba bean varieties and one local check. Treatments were evaluated with RCBD and replicated three times. There was significant difference (p<0.01) among tested faba bean varieties and lactation, while, interaction effect of varieties and lactation were non-significant variation (p<0.05). In the analysis conducted on grain yield from different varieties, it was observed that the variety Hachalu achieved the highest grain yield at 632kg/ha, followed closely by Tumsa with a yield of 611.8kg/ha. While, minimum yield was obtained from variety Obse (384.3kg/ha) at Welkayt. Similarly, in Tsegedie maximum yield was calculated from variety Tumsa (339.8kg/ha) and Hachalu (334.4kg/ha), respectively. Minimum yield was obtained from variety Obse (238.8kg/ha). There was significant variation among faba bean varieties in terms of PSI at a significance level of P<0.05, while disease incidence did not show significant differences among the varieties tested. Lowest mean disease severity was recorded from varieties Hachalu (15%) followed by Tumsa (17.7%). However, Highest mean value was recorded from Obse variety (30.02%) at Welkayt. Similarly, in Tsegedie lowest disease severity was recorded from varieties Hachalu (28.7%) and Tumsa (28.8%). Highest mean value recorded from varieties Obse (susceptible) (50.13). There was positively and significant correlation among yield and Agronomic traits. However, there was negatively significant yield with PSI at both locations. Varieties with low disease severity are useful in breeding program aimed at developing with higher resistance of chocolate spot disease.
Morphological and Molecular Diversity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Causing Yam (Dioscorea alata L.) Anthracnose Disease in Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Yao Kouassi Francis , Séka Koutoua , Toualy Marie Noël Yeyeh , Assiri Kouamé Patrice , Yao Wilfried Junior
Published: October 2024

Yam is a plant of great importance for the Ivorian people in terms of food, nutrition, economy, and socio-cultural value. However, its production is threatened by several biotic factors, including anthracnose, one of the most destructive diseases affecting yams. The objective of this study was to assess the morphological and molecular diversity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates responsible for anthracnose in yam (Dioscorea alata) in Côte d'Ivoire. Twenty-seven previously isolated strains were collected from Plant Health Laboratory of Nangui ABROGOUA University and analyzed. The study examined the cultural (coloration, growth mode, texture, and colony diameter), microscopic (conidial shape, size, and spore concentration), and molecular characteristics of these isolates. Significant morphological diversity was observed among the isolates. Macroscopically, three major groups were identified based on colony coloration (whitish, orange, and grayish). Colony textures varied, presenting cottony, flaky, downy, or filamentous appearances, with growth patterns ranging from concentric and radiating to regular rings. Colony diameters ranged from 37 mm to 82 mm. Microscopically, sporulation varied significantly among isolates, ranging from 1.1 × 10⁵ to 85.4 × 10⁵ spores, as did conidial size, which ranged from 10.54 to 19.29 µm in length and 3.93 to 6.43 µm in diameter. Molecular analysis through comparison with GenBank nucleotide sequences revealed homology rates of 99-100% and varying proximities between the rDNA sequences of the isolates. In conclusion, the characterization of these isolates provides valuable insights for improving disease control strategies for yam anthracnose.
Residual Effect of Water Soluble Fertilizers on Productivity and Nutrients Uptake of Cowpea in Aerobic Rice-cowpea Cropping Sequence under Fertigaton
Authors: Jayanthi T. , Latha H.S. , Madappa Savitha , Umilsingh Nunavath , L.B Ashok. , Umesh H.R.
Published: October 2024

A field experiment was under taken at University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka state, India to study the residual effect of fertigation of water soluble fertilizers on productivity and nutrients uptake of cowpea under aerobic rice-cowpea cropping sequence during Kharif 2015-16 and 2016-17 with 16 treatments replicated thrice in randomized block design. Significantly higher plant height (58.47 cm), number of branches plant-1 (11.71) and total dry matter accumulation plant-1 (70.60 g) were recorded in fertigation with 100% RDF through water soluble fertilizer at 8 DI. Likely, similar treatment 100% RDF through water soluble fertilizer at 8 DI was recorded significantly higher number of pods plant-1 (16.58), pod length (16.67 cm), seeds per pod (16.10), test weight (11.93 g), seed yield (12.94 q ha-1) and haulm yield (26.17 q ha-1). While higher total uptake of N, P and K by cowpea (68.94, 14.67 and 61.39 kg N, P and K ha-1, respectively) was recorded in 100% RDF through water soluble fertilizers at 4 DI (T5) than all other treatments. 100% RDF through WSF at 8 DI (T8) was recorded notably higher total Ca, Mg and S uptake by cowpea (50.71, 24.71 and 12.09 kg Ca, Mg and S ha-1, respectively). Significantly higher uptake of total Fe, Zn and Cu by cowpea crop (680.23, 91.30 and 38.27 g ha-1, respectively) was recorded with 100% RDF through water soluble fertilizers at 8 DI (T8). Total uptake of Mn was recorded higher by cowpea was observed (181.67 g ha-1) in 100% STCR dose through water soluble fertilizers at 4 DI (T11).
Eco-friendly Management of Powdery Mildew of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Authors: Meena Dinesh Kumar , Singh Jitendra , Bhujangrao Waghamare Minal , Sharma Pankaj Kumar
Published: October 2024

Pea (Pisum sativum L) is an important crop grown all over the world, in India commonly known as "Matar". India is ranked second in both area and production of pea globally. Erysiphe polygoni DC causes powdery mildew in pea, it is a one of most devastating disease. An experiment was conducted at the SKNCOA farm in Jobner during the Rabi season of 2021. Six natural products, including Panchgavya (10%), Butter milk (10%), Neem seed kernel extract (NSKE 10%), Duranta (10%), Parthenium (10%), and Mehandi (10%), were used as two foliar sprays. During the assessment, all treatments were shown to be effective against powdery mildew of pea, although Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE 10%) and Panchgavya (10%) were determined to be the best treatments for controlling powdery mildew disease in pea.
Efficacy of Bacillus spp. Isolates for Application as Biofertilizer in Tomato (Solanum lycospersicum L.) Cultivation
Authors: Koffi Yao Fulgence , SIKA-KADJI Andrée Emmanuelle , Tehua Amoa Armist , Ramonu Yusirat , Alloue-Boraud Wazé Aimée Mireille
Published: October 2024

Certain species of Bacillus are considered rhizobacteria that promote plant growth, inhibit the growth of plant pathogens and deleterious rhizospheric microorganisms. The aim of this study was to determine the stimulatory effect of Bacillus subtilis KBM1 and Bacillus venezensis KBM1 on the growth and disease reduction of tomato plants in Côte d'Ivoire. In this respect, three substrates consisting of soil only, sawdust only and a mixture of soil and sawdust were inoculated with the two bacteria, then left to ferment for twenty-four (24) hours. The biofertilizers obtained after fermentation were used to assess their effects on the development of potted tomatoes. Growth parameters, infection rate and mortality rate of tomato plants were measured regularly during 6 weeks of cultivation. A search for tomato pathogenic fungi was carried out to demonstrate the efficacy of Bacillus strains isolates on plant health. The results obtained showed that Bacillus subtilis KBM1 and Bacillus venezensis KBM1 had a positive impact on plant growth of tomato plants grown. Infection and mortality rates of 0% were observed for tomato plants grown on the three substrates inoculated with these two bacteria. No pathogenic fungi were isolated from the organs of tomato plants grown on the three substrates fermented with the bacteria. However, on untreated control plants, a variety of pathogenic fungi, namely Fusarium sp, Phytophtora sp, Cladosporium sp, Rhizoctonia sp, Colletotrichum sp, Penicillium sp, Rhizopus sp and Trichoderma sp were observed. However, the Bacillus subtilis KBM1 treatment stood out from Bacillus venezensis KBM1 with the best results for the growth parameters measured. In view of these results, these two bacteria could be used to produce an effective biofertilizer for tomato cultivation in Côte d'Ivoire.
Assessing Economic Sustainability in Gujarat’s Cereal Sector: Trends in Costs, Prices, and MSP (2001 – 2022)
Authors: Joyal Damor , M.R.Chandrakar  , Choudhary V. K. , Chanchal
Published: October 2024

The data highlights the changes in MSP over the years for each cereal. It's evident that MSPs have generally increased over time, although the rates of increase vary among different crops and years. The correlation analysis provides valuable insights into the relationships between MSP, wholesale prices, farm harvest prices, and the cost of production. Strong positive correlations between these variables indicate significant interdependence within the agricultural market. Notable changes in increasing order in MSP (Minimum support price) was seen over years in all cereals. Years with negative values in excess of actual MSP over COP (Cost of Production) suggested farmers were not able to cover even COP and years with positive values suggested farmers were in profitable margin after covering COP. Cost and prices of all the selected cereals were having high correlation between MSP, WP (Wholesale Price), FHP (Farm Harvest Price), COP (C2) and COP (A2 + FL (Family Labour). Highest growth rate amongst the particulars was seen for MSP in pearl millet and lowest for COP (A2 + FL) in pearl millet. More variability was seen in MSP for pearl millet and low variability was seen in MSP for Wheat. Overall, analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the agricultural landscape in Gujarat state.
Occurrence and Management of Blast and Leaf Blight in Browntop Millet [Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf]
Authors: Sharavanan Periyanna Thangavelu , Vaithiyalingan Mallaiyan , Kumar Palani Senthil
Published: October 2024

Brown top millet is an underutilized millet crop and grown in Southern Peninsular region of India. Blast as well as leaf blight diseases are frequently noticed in Browntop millet. A study was carried to find out the seasonal occurrence and management of major diseases of the crop at Centre of Excellence in Millets, Athiyandal during 2022-23 and 2023-24. The crop was sown during Second week of July of both years and the blast symptom noticed from 10 days after sowing (DAS) and shows increasing trend upto 40 DAS and later shows decreasing trend till the maturity of the crop. However, the leaf blight noticed from 20 DAS and reached maximum level at 60 DAS in both years. Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of biocontrol agents and fungicides on incidence of blast as well as leaf blight in browntop millet. The results show significant variation observed between the treatments on the disease incidences in both the years. Seed treatment with B. subtilis @10g/kg of seed +Foliar spray of Azoxystrobin 23% SC @ 1ml/l at 20 and 40 DASrecorded the lower incidence of blast as well as leaf blight disease incidence and produced more grain yield when compared to other treatments.
Economic Analysis of Seed Spice Cultivation in Gujarat, India
Authors: Sinha Anushka Kumari , K P Thakar , Soumya C , Parul Patel , T N Srinatha
Published: October 2024

The present investigation was carried out to study the cost of cultivation and returns per hectare of major seed spices in Gujarat. The study was conducted at Banaskantha district for cumin and fennel as per the second highest triennium average area of cumin and fennel and at Junagadh district for coriander as it shows the highest triennium average area of coriander respectively during the year of 2023-24. In Gujarat for 2023-24, cumin cultivation incurred significant costs with hired labour as the largest component at 15.80 per cent, followed closely by family labour (15.65%) and rental value of owned land (13.44%). Fennel farms saw average costs of ₹70468.90 per hectare, peaking at ₹71356.01 on large farms and lowest at ₹67208.33 on small farms, with family labour (17.25%), irrigation (16.04%) and land rental (15.64%) as major expenses. Similarly, coriander farms had an average cost of ₹75939.26 per hectare, highest on large farms at ₹76551.63 and lowest on small farms at ₹74160.06, with rental value on owned land (18.95%), hired labour (16.35%), and family labour (11.74%) being significant costs. Costs increased with farm size across all crops. Cumin proved most profitable with an input-output ratio of 1:3.08, compared to fennel (1:1.48) and coriander (1:1.76) in the same period.
Occurrence and Distribution Patterns of Antibiotic-resistant Bacterial Genes in Agricultural Lands of Japan, Indonesia and the Philippines
Authors: Cruz André Freire , Santana Laysa Lorena Silva de , Madayag Roselle Estera , Pide John Lester Viscara , Calubaquib Michelle Ann Magat
Published: October 2024

Aim: The spread of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB) worldwide leads to difficult and prolonged treatment of diseases and causes significant damage to human health and the environment. In this study, the distribution of resistance genes was investigated in terms of country, plant species, and with/without manure.
Methodology: Fifty-five soil DNA libraries from Japan, the Philippines and Indonesia were amplified by PCR, and electrophoresis was used to detect target bands of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which included three types of sulfonamide resistance, Sul1, Sul2, and Sul3; eight types of tetracycline resistance, TetM, TetO, TetS, TetW, TetC, TetA, TetB, and TetL; blaTEM for beta-lactam resistance; ermB for macrolide resistance; and qnrA for quinolone resistance, intl1 as integrons.
Results: The most characteristic results were obtained for plant species, and the difference between orchards and fields was found to affect the resistance genes. The distribution of genes was bimodal between Japan, which belongs to the temperate zone, and the Philippines and Indonesia, which belong to the tropical zone, and the differences in drug resistance genes were found to be due to differences in biome. The detection rate increased in soils with and without manure, but there were no significant differences in resistance genes other than ermB.
Carbonate buffering and metabolic controls on carbon dioxide in rivers
Authors: Stets Edward G. , Butman David , McDonald Cory P. , Stackpoole Sarah M. , DeGrandpre Michael D. , Striegl Robert G.
Published: March 2017

Multiple processes support the significant efflux of carbon dioxide (CO2) from rivers and streams. Attribution of CO2 oversaturation will lead to better quantification of the freshwater carbon cycle and provide insights into the net cycling of nutrients and pollutants. CO2 production is closely related to O2 consumption because of the metabolic linkage of these gases. However, this relationship can be weakened due to dissolved inorganic carbon inputs from groundwater, carbonate buffering, calcification, and anaerobic metabolism. CO2 and O2 concentrations and other water quality parameters were analyzed in two data sets: a synoptic field study and nationwide water quality monitoring data. CO2 and O2 concentrations were strongly negatively correlated in both data sets (ρ = −0.67 and ρ = −0.63, respectively), although the correlations were weaker in high‐alkalinity environments. In nearly all samples, the molar oversaturation of CO2 was a larger magnitude than molar O2 undersaturation. We used a dynamically coupled O2CO2 model to show that lags in CO2 air‐water equilibration are a likely cause of this phenomenon. Lags in CO2 equilibration also impart landscape‐scale differences in the behavior of CO2 between high‐ and low‐alkalinity watersheds. Although the concept of carbonate buffering and how it creates lags in CO2 equilibration with the atmosphere is well understood, it has not been sufficiently integrated into our understanding of CO2 dynamics in freshwaters. We argue that the consideration of carbonate equilibria and its effects on CO2 dynamics are primary steps in understanding the sources and magnitude of CO2 oversaturation in rivers and streams.
Comparing the Dynamic Global Core Plasma Model with ground‐based plasma mass density observations
Authors: Jorgensen Anders M. , Heilig Balazs , Vellante Massimo , Lichtenberger Janos , Reda Jan , Valach Fridrich , Mandic Igor
Published: March 2017

The Dynamic Global Core Plasma Model (DGCPM) is an empirical dynamical model of the plasmasphere which, despite its simple mathematical form, or perhaps because of its simple mathematical form, has enjoyed wide use in the space physics modeling community. In this paper we present some recent observations from the European quasi‐Meridional Magnetometer Array (EMMA) and compare these with the DGCPM. The observations suggest more rapid daytime refilling and loss than what is described in the DGCPM. We then modify the DGCPM by changing the values of some of its parameters, leaving the functional form intact. The modified DGCPM agrees much better with the EMMA observations. The modification resulted in an order‐of‐magnitude faster daytime refilling and nighttime loss. These results are also consistent with previous observations of daytime refilling.
Generation of exchange flows in estuaries by tidal and gravitational eddy viscosity‐shear covariance (ESCO)
Authors: Dijkstra Yoeri M. , Schuttelaars Henk M. , Burchard Hans
Published: March 2017

We present a systematic analysis of generation mechanisms for exchange flows in partially stratified estuaries using water column (1DV) and width‐averaged (2DV) numerical models. We focus on exchange flows generated by eddy viscosity‐shear covariance (ESCO). We identify two distinctly different physical mechanisms. The first, tidal ESCO circulation, results from interactions between the barotropic tide and temporal variations of the eddy viscosity. While this flow is mostly generated by direct interactions between the tide and eddy viscosity variations at the main tidal frequency, a similarly important contribution can be attributed to indirect interactions. These are more complex interactions involving eddy viscosity variations at other frequencies than the main tidal frequency (e.g., M4). The second mechanism is called gravitational ESCO circulation. This results from an amplification of the gravitational circulation through indirect interactions between the gravitational circulation and temporal variations of the eddy viscosity at any time scale. Tidal and gravitational ESCO circulations are generated by different mechanisms and have a different dependency on the phase and frequency of eddy viscosity variations and the density gradient. The relative contributions of gravitational circulation and tidal and gravitational ESCO circulation to the exchange flow are typically 1/3 each in tidally energetic well‐mixed or partially stratified estuaries. The results are generalized using an idealized width‐averaged model of the Scheldt River estuary. This model confirms the results of the water column model and additionally shows that temporal variations of turbulence not captured in the water column model have a significant effect on the exchange flow.
Comprehensive modeling study of ozonolysis of oleic acid aerosol based on real‐time, online measurements of aerosol composition
Authors: Gallimore P. J. , Griffiths P. T. , Pope F. D. , Reid J. P. , Kalberer M.
Published: March 2017

The chemical composition of organic aerosols profoundly influences their atmospheric properties, but a detailed understanding of heterogeneous and in‐particle reactivity is lacking. We present here a combined experimental and modeling study of the ozonolysis of oleic acid particles. An online mass spectrometry (MS) method, Extractive Electrospray Ionization (EESI), is used to follow the composition of the aerosol at a molecular level in real time; relative changes in the concentrations of both reactants and products are determined during aerosol aging. The results show evidence for multiple non‐first‐order reactions involving stabilized Criegee intermediates, including the formation of secondary ozonides and other oligomers. Offline liquid chromatography MS is used to confirm the online MS assignment of the monomeric and dimeric products. We explain the observed EESI‐MS chemical composition changes, and chemical and physical data from previous studies, using a process‐based aerosol chemistry simulation, the Pretty Good Aerosol Model (PG‐AM). In particular, we extend previous studies of reactant loss by demonstrating success in reproducing the time dependence of product formation and the evolving particle size. This advance requires a comprehensive chemical scheme coupled to the partitioning of semivolatile products; relevant reaction and evaporation parameters have been refined using our new measurements in combination with PG‐AM.
Numerical simulation of large‐scale bed load particle tracer advection‐dispersion in rivers with free bars
Authors: Iwasaki Toshiki , Nelson Jonathan , Shimizu Yasuyuki , Parker Gary
Published: March 2017

Asymptotic characteristics of the transport of bed load tracer particles in rivers have been described by advection‐dispersion equations. Here we perform numerical simulations designed to study the role of free bars, and more specifically single‐row alternate bars, on streamwise tracer particle dispersion. In treating the conservation of tracer particle mass, we use two alternative formulations for the Exner equation of sediment mass conservation: the flux‐based formulation, in which bed elevation varies with the divergence of the bed load transport rate, and the entrainment‐based formulation, in which bed elevation changes with the net deposition rate. Under the condition of no net bed aggradation/degradation, a 1‐D flux‐based deterministic model that does not describe free bars yields no streamwise dispersion. The entrainment‐based 1‐D formulation, on the other hand, models stochasticity via the probability density function (PDF) of particle step length, and as a result does show tracer dispersion. When the formulation is generalized to 2‐D to include free alternate bars, however, both models yield almost identical asymptotic advection‐dispersion characteristics, in which streamwise dispersion is dominated by randomness inherent in free bar morphodynamics. This randomness can result in a heavy‐tailed PDF of waiting time. In addition, migrating bars may constrain the travel distance through temporary burial, causing a thin‐tailed PDF of travel distance. The superdiffusive character of streamwise particle dispersion predicted by the model is attributable to the interaction of these two effects.
Hydrodynamics of mountain‐river confluences and its relationship to sediment transport
Authors: Guillén Ludeña S. , Cheng Z. , Constantinescu G. , Franca M. J.
Published: March 2017

Mountain confluences are characterized by narrow and steep tributaries that provide important sediment load to the confluence, whereas the main channel supplies the dominant flow discharge. This results in a marked bed discordance between the tributary and main channel which induces key differences in the hydromorphodynamics of the confluence when compared to concordant bed and some common types of discordant bed confluences. The processes of initiation and maintenance of the morphology of confluences are still unknown, and research linking morphodynamics and hydrodynamics of river confluences is required to understand these phenomena. In this paper, eddy‐resolving simulations based on laboratory experiments made in a live‐bed model of a mountain‐river confluence are used to provide a detailed description of flow hydrodynamics and implications for morphodynamics. The test case study corresponds to a confluence with an angle of 70°. Numerical simulations are performed for two extreme bathymetric conditions: those at the start of the experiment and when equilibrium morphological conditions are reached. Results of the simulations and experimental observations are used to make inferences on erosion mechanisms during the initial and final states of the erosion/deposition process. The relationship between the coherent structures present in the near‐bed region in the instantaneous and mean flow fields and sediment entrainment/transport is described. The present paper demonstrates the critical role played by large‐scale turbulence generated in the shear layers forming on the side of the tributary flow as it enters the main channel, by the main vortex forming over the discordant bed region surrounding the downstream end of the tributary, as well as by several near‐bed vortices induced by the deflection of the tributary flow by the incoming flow in the main channel. The predicted patterns of bed shear stress are linked to pathways of sediment movement documented in the laboratory experiments, providing a link between the flow and sediment transport.
A model of three‐dimensional topographic stresses with implications for bedrock fractures, surface processes, and landscape evolution
Authors: Moon S. , Perron J. T. , Martel S. J. , Holbrook W. S. , St. Clair J.
Published: March 2017

Bedrock fractures influence the rates of surface processes that drive landscape evolution and are in turn influenced by landforms that perturb ambient tectonic and gravitational stress fields. In this modeling study, we examine how three‐dimensional topography and tectonic stress regimes influence elastic stress fields and bedrock fracture patterns beneath Earth's surface. We illustrate general effects of landform orientation and of tectonic stress magnitude and anisotropy using boundary element models of stresses beneath synthetic elongated ridges with different aspect ratios. We then examine the more detailed effects of landform shape using natural landscapes in Colorado and South Carolina. We show that the stress field is most sensitive to topographic perturbations if the most compressive horizontal tectonic stress is oriented perpendicular to the long axis of elongated landforms such as ridges and valleys and that topographic stress perturbations are most pronounced beneath landforms with higher mean curvatures, such as channel junctions and ridge crests. The shape of a predicted fracture‐rich zone in the subsurface depends mainly on the orientation of landforms relative to the most compressive horizontal tectonic stress direction and a dimensionless ratio that expresses the relative magnitudes of topographic stresses associated with horizontal tectonic compression and topographic relief. Variations in this dimensionless ratio can also change the predicted orientations of potential opening‐mode fracture planes. We use these model results to illustrate how topographic perturbations of three‐dimensional tectonic and gravitational stresses could influence landscape evolution by altering the rates and spatial heterogeneity of surface processes and groundwater flow.
Vertical groundwater storage properties and changes in confinement determined using hydraulic head response to atmospheric tides
Authors: Acworth R. Ian , Rau Gabriel C. , Halloran Landon J. S. , Timms Wendy A.
Published: March 2017

Accurate determination of groundwater state of confinement and compressible storage properties at vertical resolution over depth is notoriously difficult. We use the hydraulic head response to atmospheric tides at 2 cpd frequency as a tracer to quantify barometric efficiency (BE) and specific storage (Ss) over depth. Records of synthesized Earth tides, atmospheric pressure, and hydraulic heads measured in nine piezometers completed at depths between 5 and 55 m into unconsolidated smectitic clay and silt, sand and gravel were examined in the frequency domain. The barometric efficiency increased over depth from ∼0.05 in silty clay to ∼0.15 in sands and gravels. BE for silty clay was confirmed by calculating the loading efficiency as 0.95 using rainfall at the surface. Specific storage was calculated using effective rather than total moisture. The differences in phase between atmospheric pressure and hydraulic heads at 2 cpd were ∼180° below 10 m indicating confined conditions despite the low BE. Heads in the sediment above a fine sand and silt layer at 12 m exhibited a time variable phase difference between 0° and 180° indicating varying confinement. Our results illustrate that the atmospheric tide at 2 cpd is a powerful natural tracer for quantifying groundwater state of confinement and compressible storage properties in layered formations from hydraulic heads and atmospheric pressure records without the need for externally induced hydraulic stress. This approach could significantly improve the development of conceptual hydrogeological model used for groundwater resource development and management.
Plasma waves in Jupiter's high‐latitude regions: Observations from the Juno spacecraft
Authors: Tetrick S. S. , Gurnett D. A. , Kurth W. S. , Imai M. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Bolton S. J. , Connerney J. E. P. , Levin S. M. , Mauk B. H.
Published: March 2017

The Juno Waves instrument detected a new broadband plasma wave emission (~50 Hz to 40 kHz) on 27 August 2016 as the spacecraft passed over the low‐altitude polar regions of Jupiter. We investigated the characteristics of this emission and found similarities to whistler mode auroral hiss observed at Earth, including a funnel‐shaped frequency‐time feature. The electron cyclotron frequency is much higher than both the emission frequency and local plasma frequency, which is assumed to be ~20–40 kHz. The E/cB ratio was about three near the start of the event and then decreased to one for the rest of the period. A correlation of the electric field spectral density with the flux of an upgoing 20 to 800 keV electron beam was found, with a correlation coefficient of 0.59. We conclude that the emission is propagating in the whistler mode and is driven by the energetic upgoing electron beam.