bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lymphocyte Transformation in Inbred Guinea Pigs Infected with Treponema pallidum Nichols
Authors: Wicher Victoria , Wicher Konrad
Published: August 2009

T lymphocytes were purified from peritoneal exudates from young male, inbred strain 2 guinea pigs infected with 8 × 107Treponema pallidum Nichols and from control animals injected with normal rabbit testes extract. Groups of animals were sacrificed after 15, 30, 60, and 90 days of infection, and the cells were analyzed for their proliferative response to concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin and to sonicated T. pallidum, Treponema phagedenis biotype Reiter, and normal rabbit testes extract. No significant differences were observed in the responses to mitogens. Cells from infected but not from control animals responded with significant proliferation to T. pallidum antigen, but neither infected nor control cells reacted to T. phagedenis Reiter antigen. Although cells from both infected and control animals responded to normal rabbit testes extract, this response in the infected animals was transient and much lower than the response to T. pallidum antigen.
The Presence in Blood of Both Glycosaminoglycan and Mucosal Mast Cell Protease following Systemic Anaphylaxis in the Rat
Authors: King Stephen J. , Reilly Karen , Dawes Joan , Miller Hugh R.P.
Published: August 2009

The appearance in blood of rat mast cell protease II (RMCPII) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) was examined in normal and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-primed rats challenged intravenously with worm antigen. Systemic release of these two products occurred only in immune recipients of antigen; substantial levels of RMCPII were also present in the intestinal perfusates of these same rats and there was depletion of both RMCPII and mucosal mast cells (MMC) from the intestinal mucosa. Depletion of MMC was evident after staining for proteoglycan or for serine esterase and the mast cell counts with both histochemical techniques were highly correlated. Taken together, the results suggest that MMC are likely to be the principal source of secreted GAG and RMCPII.
Relationship between Specific Circulating IgE, Basophil Cell-Bound IgE and Histamine Release Induced by Purified Allergens of Dermatophagoides Farinae
Authors: Le Mao J. , Weyer A. , Dandeu J.P. , Rabillon J. , David B.
Published: August 2009

In this study we analysed the presence and proportions of IgE specific for Df 6 and Df 11 two purified allergens of Dermatophagoides farinae. The characterisation of serum IgE and cell-bound IgE for 3 D. farinae-sensitive patients were performed by CRIE, RAST and PRIST assays. Furthermore the basophils from these same patients were studied by histamine release assays in the presence of Df 6 and Df 11. All the individual patient’s cell and serum IgE samples displayed the presence of IgE antibodies specific for Df 6 and Df 11 but the relative quantities of the IgE for these two specificities were characteristic of each patient. The ratios (Specific IgE for Df 11): (Specific IgE for Df 6) (ratio 11:6) were similar in the serum and on the cells for an individual patient. As judged by histamine release assays, the basophil sensitivities towards Df 6 and Df 11 were very different from one atopic patient to another. Moreover cell sensitivities reflected the proportion of Df 6- and Df 11-specific IgE antibodies found in the serum and in the cell eluate.
Antibodies to Newcastle Disease Virus in Various Human Diseases
Authors: Powell John A. , Kano Kyoichi , Milgrom Felix
Published: August 2009

Sera of patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM) and various other diseases were studied for agglutinins against Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-modified human group·red blood cells (NDVO) and antibodies to the NDV preparations. In agreement with previous studies, the NDVO antibodies are found in a wide variety of diseases in addition to IM, including Japanese IM-like syndrome (22%), syphilis (24%), lepromatous leprosy (30%), systemic lupus erythematosus (29%), multiple sclerosis (18%) and cancer (17%); these antibodies were also found in patients with renal allografts (29%). It was also noted that the Victoria (VIC), Roakin and Herts strains, but not B1 strain of NDV are active in the NDVO agglutination, and VIC and Roakin strains, but not B1 strain in the immunodiffusion. Immunodiffusion and enzyme immunoassay with various preparations of the VIC strain revealed that the major antigen(s) of the virus under study is carried by the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (H-N) glycoproteins. The H-N molecule was also shown to be able to modify human erythrocytes for the agglutination by the pathologic sera.
Inhibitability and Enhanceability of Basophil Histamine Release in Asthmatic and Normal Subjects
Authors: Peters Spephen P. , Tung Ronald S. , Chatham Marie , Bleecker Eugene R. , Lichtenstein Lawrence M.
Published: August 2009

Circulating human basophils contain histamine, a potent mediator of inflammation. Previous in vitro studies have shown that histamine 'releasability' in asthmatic subjects differs from normal subjects but have not evaluation possible differences in the immunopharmacological control of the release of this mediator which might account for these differences. The purpose of the present study was to examine the immunopharmacologic control of basophil histamine release in 14 asthmatics and 10 normal subjects who were characterized by pulmonary function tests, allergic status (skin tests and serum IgE levels) and nonspecific airways reactivity to methacholine and histamine. Basophils were stimulated with anti-IgE, and the inhibitory effects of the H2 agonist, dimaprit, and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP), as well as the enhancing properties of 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HPETE) and indomethacin on the modulation of histamine release, were investigated. Although no statistically significant differences were seen in the percent histamine release triggered by anti-IgE in these two groups, enhancement of histamine release by 5-HPETE was more consistent in the asthmatic subjects (10 of 10) than in control subjects (6 of 8). The percent increase in histamine release produced by 5-HPETE in asthmatic subjects averaged 3.9 ± 1.3% using 0.03 µg anti-IgE/ml and 4.8 ± 3.2% using 0.0 µg anti IgE/ml (p < 0.002, Wilcoxon's signed rank test), and averaged 3.0 ± 4.3 and 3.1 ± 5.3%, respectively, in control subjects (p > 0.10). Basophils from asthmatic subjects were also slightly more sensitive to inhibition by dbcAMP at an anti-IgE concentration of 0.03 µg/ml than those from control subjects (log10 ID50 [M] = –3.26 ± 0.33 for asthmatics and –2.87 ± 0.43 for controls, p < 0.05). No differences in inhibitability by dimaprit or enhanceability by indomethacin were found between the asthmatic and normal subjects. In addition, no correlation was found between inhibitability or enhanceability of histamine release and nonspecific airways reactivity, allergic status, or baseline pulmonary function. These results suggest that there are only subtle differences in immunopharmacologic control mechanisms of mediator release from basophils in asthmatic subjects, in contrast to the more marked differences in releasibility described.
The IgE Antibody System Is Coordinately Regulated by FcR Epsilon-Positive Lymphoid Cells and IgE-Selective Soluble Factors
Authors: Katz David H.
Published: August 2009

Recent studies in mice have demonstrated that exposure of lymphocytes to appropriate levels of IgE initiates a cascade of cellular and molecular interactions which function as a network to control IgE synthesis. A key manifestation of these events is the expression of Fc receptors for IgE (FcRε) on both B and T lymphocytes, and the fact that such expression of FcRε can be selectively modulated by the isotype-specific regulatory mediators, suppressive factor of allergy (SFA) and enhancing factor of allergy (EFA). In humans, we have previously shown that the in vitro induction by pokeweed mitogen (PWM) of IgE biosynthesis by peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) can also be selectively suppressed by SFA. Herein we show that PWM also induces expression of FcRε+ and FcRγ+ cells among human PBL by day 2 or 3 in culture, and this early development of FcRε+ lymphocytes appears to be a coordinate event with the ultimate de novo synthesis of IgE in this system. Moreover, as previously documented for IgE synthesis, the presence of SFA causes a 50% reduction of FcRε+ cells induced by PWM. This inhibition is selective, since FcR+ cells for IgG are not affected by exposure to human SFA derived from a recently constructed human T cell hybridoma line which constitutively secretes large quantities of biologically active human SFA. These findings further support the regulatory role that FcRε+ lymphocytes must play in the development of IgE responses by human cells in vitro, and suggest a mechanism by which SFA can selectively inhibit IgE synthesis in PWM-stimulated cultures of human PBL.
Pharmacologic Regulation of Mediator Generation and Release from the Murine Bone Marrow Derived Mast Cell
Authors: Lewis Robert A. , Robin Jean-Louis , Austen Frank
Published: August 2009

Mucosal mast cells constitute the subclass of IgE-FcR-bearing cells for which the murine bone marrow derived mast cell (BMMC) is an in vitro model. BMMC can be induced by an IgE-dependent mechanism to biosynthesize prostaglandin D2, several 5-lipoxygenase products, and an alkyl-ether phospholipid metabolite, as well as to degranulate. By introduction of selective enzyme inhibitors, it was determined that the bioavailability of each mediator class occurred without regulatory effects on the others. Additionally, since BMMC divide in culture, cell responsiveness for secretion of each mediator class was shown to be independent of the state of proliferation by employing three different nontoxic inhibitors of cell division.
Distinction of the Human Basophil Promoting Activity from Human Interleukin-3
Authors: Stadler Beda M. , Hirai Koichi , Tadokoro Kenji , de Weck Alain L.
Published: August 2009

Lectin-stimulated supernatants of human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) contained an activity that maintained the long-term growth of murine interleukin-3 (IL-3) dependent cell lines such as the 32 Del line. We compared this human IL-3 activity with the basophil promoting activity (BaPA) recently described by us. Besides lectin-stimulated PBL supernatants that contained both BaPa and IL-3, we found that BaPA was produced mainly by E rosette-positive T cells or the human Mo T cell line, while IL-3 was produced by human T hybridomas and, more interestingly, by human macrophage cell lines. Based on molecular weight (BaPA: 20–30 kilodaltons, IL-3: 15–19 kilodaltons) as well as on molecular charge (BaPA: pI = 6.1–7.5, IL-3: 4.9–6.2), we concluded that human IL-3 and BaPA are distinct factors.
Purified Human Mast Cells and Basophils Release Human Elastase and Cathepsin G by an IgE-Mediated Mechanism
Authors: Meier Henry Louis , Heck Lou W. , Schulman Edward S. , MacGlashan, Jr. Donald W.
Published: August 2009

Human lung mast cells and human peripheral basophils were purified and examined for their content of proteolytic enzymes similar to lung Hageman factor activator (LHFA) previously found to be released from chopped human lung by an IgE-mediated mechanism. It was found that both cell types contained elastase and cathepsin G-like enzymes, and that elastase appeared to be responsible for LHFA activity. The enzymes, as well as histamine, were released in a dose-dependent manner from these cells by anti-IgE antibody and by ionophore A 23187. It appears that stimulation by either anti-IgE or ionophore increases the amount of both enzymes extractable from these cells. The release of these proteases may explain some of the inflammation and observed defects in coagulation which occur as a result of anaphylaxis.
Characterization of the Low-Affinity Receptor for IgE on Murine B Cells by Using Membrane Impermeant Cross-Linking Reagents
Authors: Conrad Daniel H. , Lee William T.
Published: August 2009

The murine B lymphocyte receptor for the Fc portion of IgE (FcεR) was further characterized by using the membrane impermeable cross-linking reagents 3,3′-dithiobis-(sulfosuccinimidyl) proprionate (DTSSP) and bis-(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BS3). IgE could be cross-linked to the FcεR on the intact cells with either reagent and, in addition, up to 10% of the B cell surface immunoglobulin (slg; both IgM and IgD) was also found to cross-link to the IgE/FcεR complex. Analysis of isolated sIg/IgE/FceR complexes indicated that about 60% of the FcεR molecules were becoming cross-linked to slg. Thus, the data suggest that on the intact murine B cell the FcεR is frequently in close association with sIg. The murine B cell FcεR was also examined for the presence of receptor-associated proteins that are buried in the membrane. Advantage was taken of the membrane-impermeant nature of DTSSP and BS3. IgE was cross-linked to the FcεR on intact cells by using the disulfide-cleavable DTSSP and following solubilization with nonionic detergent; BS3 was used to crosslink possible internal membrane components to the FcεR. In these experiments, the high-affinity FcεR on rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells could be cross-linked to a nonreduceable high molecular weight complex of 100 kilodaltons. However, when intact murine B cells were treated with DTSSP, solubilized and treated with BS3 in the same manner as indicated above, no evidence was found for the presence of membrane-buried receptor-associated proteins with the B cell FcεR. Thus, these data further support the concept that there may be little relationship between the high-affinity mast cell/basophil FcεR and the low-affinity lymphocyte FcεR.
Humoral Immunity to Dietary Antigens in Healthy Adults
Authors: Husby S. , Oxelius V.-A. , Teisner B. , Jensenius J.C. , Svehag S.-E.
Published: August 2009

The occurrence of antibodies to five dietary protein antigens in the sera from 21 healthy adults was investigated by a modified Farr assay. Antibody to ovalbumin (OA) occurred most frequently (90%) whereas only 24% had antibodies to α-lactalbumin (ALA). No correlation was noted between the titer of antibodies against bovine serum albumin (BSA) and OA in the single individual. The avidity constants (108––109 l/mol) and cross-reactivities against other albumins of anti-BSA antibodies in two human sera were comparable to that of the antibodies in pooled hyperimmune rabbit antiserum. Crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis showed serum anti-BSA and anti-OA antibodies to be predominantly of the IgG class (13/13, 10/10), occasionally of the IgA- (6/13, 1/10) and rarely of the IgM class (1/13, 0/10). Analysis by radioelectroimmunoassay (rocket immunoelectrophoresis) of the IgG subclass distribution of anti-BSA and anti-OA antibodies showed total absence of IgG3. In contrast, antibodies of the IgG4 subclass were frequently present even in sera with very low levels of total IgG4.
Suppression of T Lymphocyte Mitogen Response in Patients with Mastocytosis
Authors: Olafsson Jon H. , Granerus Göran , Lindholm Leif , Roupe Gösta
Published: August 2009

Immunological functions were studied in 22 patients with mastocytosis. Lymphocyte stimulation with concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin showed that the patients responded with lower mitogenic activity than healthy controls. Furthermore, the lymphocytes of patients with the most extensive mast cell disease had a significantly lower Con A mitogen response than the lymphocytes of the rest of the patients. The effect of histamine and its specific metabolites, tele-methylhistamine and tele-methylimidazoleacetic acid (MelmAA), on the Con A lymphocyte mitogen response was also studied in healthy controls. Histamine had a clear suppressive effect, while the metabolite tele-methylhistamine caused only slight inhibition and MelmAA apparently had no effect. The total T cell, suppressor and helper cell numbers, measured with monoclonal antibodies, and the amount of immunoglobulins in serum were found to be normal.
Preparation of Antibodies to Guinea Pig IgE and Its Use for Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay of IgE Antibodies
Authors: Ito Koji , Yamauchi Nobukazu , Shoji Shunsuke , Miyamoto Yasubumi , Miyamoto Terumasa , Watanabe Naohiro
Published: August 2009

Guinea pigs were infected with Trichinella spiralis. A pooled serum from the infected guinea pigs was fractionated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. An IgE-rich fraction was injected into rabbits. The antiserum from the rabbits, after appropriate absorption with a normal guinea pig plasma, formed a precipitin line in immunoelectrophoresis and in immunodiffusion against a guinea pig serum containing IgE antibodies to ovalbumin. Uptake of 125I ovalbumin was observed in radioimmunoelectrophoresis. This anti IgE could be used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of IgE antibodies to ovalbumin.
Detection of Antigen-Specific Suppressor T Cell Factor by Sandwich Radioimmunoassay Using Two Monoclonal Antibodies with Different Specificities
Authors: Suzuki Noriaki , Saito Takashi , Tokuhisa Takeshi , Taniguchi Masaru
Published: August 2009

We established a sandwich radioimmunoassay using two monoclonal antibodies specific for the distinct allotypic determinants on heavy and light chains of antigen-specific suppressor T cell factors (TsF). By use of this assay system, we confirmed our previous findings that the allotypic determinants (Ct) detected by BALB/c anti-CB-20 (7C5 and 7D1) were shared in various TsF with different antigen specificities, and also that the genes coding for the Ct determinants were indicated to be located on the right side of the Igh-V gene cluster, because the assay system equally detected either KLH-TsF or OVA-TsF from Ighb mice, such as C57BL/6, CB-20 and BAB-14, but not from BALB/c or C3H with other Igh allotypes. Furthermore, the radioimmunoassay, when used with two different anti-Ct (7C5 and 7D1), preferentially detected the extracted form of TsF, whereas the secreted TsF was easily detected by the combination of anti-Ct (7D1) and anti-I-Jb. In fact, the assay system defined two types of Ts hybridomas: one producing TsF in cytoplasm or on the membrane but not secreting and another secreting in the culture supernates. We also demonstrated that materials bound to the plate coated with anti-Ct antibody that had been incubated with different concentrations of cell-free extracts exhibited the dose-dependent suppression of antibody responses.
Inhibition by Amoxanox (AA-673) of the Immunologically, Leukotriene D4- or Platelet-Activating Factor-Stimulated Bronchoconstriction in Guinea Pigs and Rats
Authors: Saijo T. , Kuriki H. , Ashida Y. , Makino H. , Maki Y.
Published: August 2009

We studied the effects of amoxanox (AA-673) on allergic asthma and spasmogen-induced bronchoconstnction in guinea pigs and rats. Amoxanox given orally or parenterally inhibited allergic asthma mediated by IgE, IgG1, or heterologous IgG in guinea pigs and by IgE in rats. This compound also reduced leukotriene D4- and platelet-activating factor-induced bronchoconstnction in guinea pigs, strongly suggesting an antagonistic activity against slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). Histamine- or acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstnction was not significantly affected by amoxanox. These antiasthmatic effects of amoxanox seem to be associated with an inhibition of the release of chemical mediators such as histamine and SRS-A and with an antagonism against SRS-A.
Non-IgG1 Nature of Cutaneous Basophil Hypersensitivity Factor in Contact Sensitivity
Authors: Katayama I. , Nishioka K. , Doi T. , Maeyama K. , Yamatodani A.
Published: August 2009

Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity factor (CBH-F) from the sera of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene contact-sensitized guinea pigs promoted histamine release from bone marrow basophils in the presence of the antigen, dinitrophenylated epidermal microsomes as well as in vivo activity to induce CBH reaction in naive recipients and in vitro activity to mediate antigen-dependent basophil chemotaxis. The amount of histamine released was around 20% of the total release when compared to that of concanavalin A-induced basophil degranulation (50–60%). Divalent cations were required in this reaction because addition of EDTA completely suppressed histamine release from passively sensitized basophils with CBH-F. Though it is not known at present whether the same molecule is involved in basophil chemotaxis and histamine release, this histamine-releasing activity was recovered in the same preparations with basophil chemotactic activity after several purification steps.
Allergens in the White and Yolk of Hen’s Egg
Authors: Anet J. , Back J.F. , Baker R.S. , Barnett D. , Burley R.W. , Howden M.E.H.
Published: August 2009

The radioallergosorbent test (RAST) was used to compare the IgE binding of egg white and yolk, and allergenic proteins were detected by immunoelectrotransfer (‘Western blotting’). The main allergens were found in egg white, but for a large proportion of the egg-sensitive patients, yolk contained specific IgE-binding constituents. For blood sera from 36 patients, there was a positive correlation between the results of RAST for egg white and for yolk. Lysozyme was found to be an allergen for some patients. The effect of heating on the allergenicity of egg white was examined and the allergenicity of hen egg white was compared with that of a duck egg. The allergens in yolk were associated with each of the three yolk fractions, and several of the proteins in the low-density lipoprotein fraction bound IgE.
Immunoglobulin-Containing Cells in Normal Human Labial Salivary Glands
Authors: Matthews J.B. , Potts A.J.C. , Basu M.K.
Published: August 2009

The distribution of immunoglobulin-containing cells within 8 normal human labial salivary glands was studied using an immunoperoxidase technique. Cell counts revealed that IgA-containing cells predominated in all specimens and that the mean percentage class ratios for IgG:IgA:IgM:IgD cells were 4:92:3:1. IgE cells were rare and only detected in one gland. The density of IgA cells (191 cells/mm2 of labial gland section) was greater than those previously reported for the parotid and submandibular glands. These results support the view that minor salivary glands play an important role in the synthesis and secretion of salivary antibody.
Detection of Soy Protein in Soy Lecithin, Margarine and, Occasionally, Soy Oil
Authors: Porras O. , Carlsson B. , Fällström S.P. , Hanson L.Å.
Published: August 2009

Samples of soy lecithin, soy oil and margarine were tested for the presence of soy proteins by an inhibition technique using ELISA. All but one of the soy lecithin samples contained soy protein, as did some of the soy oil and margarine samples. The positive margarines contained only about 25% as much soy protein as the soy lecithin preparations. The presence of soy proteins in these soy products might account for hitherto unrecognized exposure to soy proteins in various foods.
Characterization of the IgG Antibody Response to Timothy Grass Pollen Antigens
Authors: Malley Arthur , Hopkins Stephen J. , Turner Keven J.
Published: August 2009

The IgG and IgE antibody responses against timothy grass pollen antigen B (AgB) in several mouse strains were determined. Considerable variability in both responses was demonstrated, and (CBA/J × C57BL/6)F1 mice were selected for use in subsequent experiments. Anti-idiotypic-antibody-induced T suppressor cells almost completely suppressed AgB-specific IgE, but the IgG response was not altered. Further studies with photooxidized AgB (Ox-AgB) indicated that the IgG response was directed against an antigenic determinant expressed on both native antigen and Ox-AgB. Our data indicates that AgB possesses two distinct antigenic determinants, one that induces an IgE response, and one that induces an IgG response.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography of Cladosporium herbarum
Authors: Landmark E. , Aukrust L.
Published: August 2009

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a gel permeation column was applied to separate components in a crude extract of the mould Cladosporium herbarum. Allergenic activity as well as individual allergens in collected fractions were analyzed by direct radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and fused rocked radioimmunoelectrophoresis (FRRIE), respectively. Thus, information of the molecular weight as well as the importance of the individual allergens were obtained simultaneously in a system showing a high degree of resolution. The study demonstrated that the crude extract of C.herbarum contained allergens mainly in the molecular weight range between 10,000 and 300,000 daltons. The results demonstrated the importance of carrying out both RAST and FRRIE to detect all allergens.
Goblet Cell Number in the Nasal Mucosa Relates to Cell-Mediated Immunity in Patients with Antibody Deficiency Syndromes
Authors: Karlsson Göran , Hansson Hans-Arne , Petruson Björn , Björkander Janne , Hanson Lars Å.
Published: August 2009

Histopathological changes in the nasal mucosa were studied in biopsies from the inferior turbinate in 22 patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and 16 patients with selective IgA deficiency. Most patients with CVID had fewer goblet cells than the healthy controls (p < 0.001), whereas patients with selective IgA deficiency often had manyfold increased numbers (p < 0.001). The number of goblet cells showed a significant (p < 0.001) relationship to the cell-mediated immune function. Patients with lowered cell-mediated immune function, as measured by in vivo and in vitro tests, showed reduced numbers or lack of goblet cells. These patients had an increased number of subepithelial, seromucous gland acini compared with healthy controls (p < 0.01) and patients with selective IgA deficiency (p < 0.05). The production of mucus may be a compensatory mechanism, participating in the protection of the mucosal surface of the antibody-deficient patient. The increase in the number of goblet cells, but not of subepithelial, seromucous gland acini seems dependent on the cell-mediated immune system.
C56 Formation in the Reaction Mixture of Isolated Complement Components through the Classical Complement Pathway
Authors: Kitamura Hajime , Tsuboi Mutsumi , Nagaki Kazuyoshi
Published: August 2009

The mechanism of hemolysis of unsensitized erythrocytes by a mixture of 9 isolated, human-derived complement components, C1s, C4, C2, C3, C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9 (C1s–C9) was studied. Of the tested erythrocytes, guinea pig erythrocytes (Egp) were the most susceptible to lysis by C1s–C9, followed by human and sheep erythrocytes. Contamination of the isolated complement components by C56 was ruled out. It was determined that a factor was generated in the reaction mixture of C1s, C4, C2, C3, C5 and C6 (C1s–C6), which had lytic activity against Egp when C7, C8 and C9 were added. We found that the lytic factor was similar to C56 in the following properties: (1) the activity of the lytic factor decreased when incubated with isolated C7 prior to its reaction with Egp; (2) the lytic factor did not bind to Egp by itself but it did bind in the presence of C7; (3) EDTA did not have any inhibitory effect on the lytic factor; (4) the activity of the lytic factor decreased by treatment with anti-C5 and anti-C6 but not by treatment with anti-C3 and anti-C4, and (5) gel filtration of the reaction mixture (C1s–C6) indicated that the elution volumes of the lytic factor and of isolated C56 were similar. Thus, it is likely that C56 is generated in the reaction mixture of C1s–C6 and that the lytic factor binds to unsensitized erythrocytes together with C7, to form an intermediate EC567 which is susceptible to lysis by the action of C8 and C9.
Uptake of Intravenously Administered Soluble Immune Complexes by Type I Alveolar Cells and Macrophages in Mice
Authors: Kanayama Y. , Amatsu K. , Negoro N. , Takeda T. , Inoue T.
Published: August 2009

Mice (C57BL/6, n = 5) were given a single intravenous injection of soluble bovine serum albumin (BSA)-rabbit anti-BSA immune-complexes (IC) prepared at five-fold antigen excess. The mice were sacrificed 15 and 30 min, and 1, 2, 4 and 12 h after injection. Granular immunofluorescence for BSA and rabbit IgG, in a pattern consistent with IC aggregation, was observed in the alveolar walls and in the cytoplasm of alveolar cells. Moderate immunofluorescence was observed 15 min after IC injection and maximal immunofluorescence was observed at 30–60 min which decreased rapidly 2 h after IC administration. Only a trace amount of immunofluorescence was observed at 4h and none was seen at 12 h. Light microscopic immunoperoxidase staining showed localization of IC in the interstitium of the alveolar septa and in type I alveolar cells and alveolar macrophages. By immunoelectronmicroscopy, the uptake of IC in the cytoplasm of type I alveolar cells and alveolar macrophages was confirmed.
Modulatory Effects of Freund’s Adjuvant Treatment on Mast Cell Histamíne Release and Homocytotropic Antibody Synthesis
Authors: Bergstrand Håkan , Andersson Ingegerd , Pauwels Romain , Bazin Herve
Published: August 2009

The present study examines the influence of Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA) injections on sensitized PVG rats with respect to (1) serum levels of IgE and IgG2α antibodies and total IgE (all assessed by radioimmunoassays) and (2) the capacity of serosal mast cells to release histamine on challenge in vitro with ‘immunological’ secretagogues (specific antigen, anti-IgE, concanavalin A) or with compound 48/80. The rats were immunized with 10 μg ovalbumin (OA); alum, Bordetella pertussis vaccine, or silica gel were employed as adjuvants. Treatment with FCA was performed by single intraperitoneal injections 3, 2, or 1 week(s) before or 1 or 2 weeks after sensitization. Tests were conducted 3 weeks after sensitization. The results show that the effect of FCA treatment varied reproducibly with the adjuvant employed for sensitization and with the timing of the FCA administration. FCA treatment could either increase, fail to affect, or decrease total serum IgE and OA-IgG2α antibody levels as well as serosal mast cell responsiveness, whereas OA-IgE antibody responses were decreased or not affected. Moreover, serum levels of OA-IgE and OA-IgG2α antibodies and total IgE were affected by FCA treatment independently of each other. Finally, serosal mast cell responsiveness to a given secretagogue could be influenced by the FCA treatment apparently independently of that to other secretagogues. A salient finding was that effects of FCA treatment on mast cell responsiveness did not necessarily conform to effects on antibody synthesis. Collectively, these data support the opinion that the mechanisms of action of the IgE-promoting adjuvants employed differ and suggest that the expression of serosal mast cell responsiveness to each examined secretagogue can be regulated separately. They also suggest that the serosal mast cell sensitizing capacity of homocytotropic antibodies may not be adequately quantified by immunochemical methods employing reagents prepared against IgE and IgG2α protein.
Early Rheumatoid-Like Synovial Lesions in Rabbits Drinking Cow’s Milk
Authors: Welsh C.J.R. , Hanglow A.C. , Conn P. , Barker T.H.W. , Coombs R.R.A.
Published: August 2009

Rheumatoid-like lesions developed in 9 of 25 (36%) Old English rabbits drinking cow’s milk for 12 weeks. The incidence of lesions in male and female animals was similar. The majority of rabbits drinking cow’s milk developed increased numbers of nucleated cells and raised percentages of T lymphocytes in their synovial fluids, compared to control rabbits. The cell counts and T cell percentages correlated with the severity of the histological lesions. No evidence of glomerulonephritis was observed in any of the experimental animals.
Early Rheumatoid-Like Synovial Lesions in Rabbits Drinking Cow’s Milk
Authors: Hanglow A.C. , Welsh C.J.R. , Conn P. , Coombs R.R.A.
Published: August 2009

Thirty-six percent of Old English rabbits fed pasteurized cow’s milk developed early rheumatoid-like synovial lesions. All rabbits drinking milk developed high titres of serum and synovial fluid C1q-binding activity. This has been shown to be due to specific antibody to C1q, produced in response to Clq in cow’s milk. In addition, these rabbits responded to other bovine proteins present in cow’s milk, including conglutinin, β-lactoglobulin and IgG. There was no correlation between serum or synovial fluid titres of antibody to bovine milk proteins and synovial lesions.
Direct Interaction of Guinea Pig Eosinophils and Adrenergic Agents
Authors: Masuyama Keisuke , Ishikawa Takeru
Published: August 2009

The effects of alpha- and beta-adrenergic stimulation on guinea pig eosinophil functions were studied. Both enhanced glucose uptake of eosinophils at a concentration of 5 × 10––5M after a 24-hour incubation. Decreased eosinophil chemotaxis and dose-dependent inhibition of arylsulfatase release from eosinophils induced by opsonized Candida albicans were observed when eosinophils were incubated with beta-adrenergic agents, but not with alpha-adrenergic agents. On the other hand, alpha stimulation inhibited phagocytosis of opsonized C. albicans by eosinophils and NBT reduction at concentrations of 8 × 10––5 and 5 × 10––5M, respectively, but beta stimulation at the same concentrations did not. This suggests that the regulatory effect of adrenergic agents on phagocytosis in eosinophils is different from that in macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Lymphocyte Subsets in Infants: Relationship to Feeding, Atopy, Atopic Heredity and Infections
Authors: Tainio Veli-Matti
Published: August 2009

Numbers of T and B lymphocytes and T cell subsets were measured longitudinally in blood samples of 68 healthy infants from 1 month to 28 months of age. Monoclonal antibodies against cell surface antigens (OKT3, OKT4, OKT8, and OKIal) and antibodies to immunoglobulin heavy chains (γ,μ, α, and δ) were used for immunofluorescent staining. The absolute number of T lymphocytes (OKT3) was found to be highest at the age of 6–7 months, reflecting the greater numbers of both helper (OKT4) and suppressor (OKT8) cells. The percentages of OKT4 and OKT8 positive cells and hence the ratios of these cells were very stable throughout the study period. Relatively, breast-fed infants had more suppressor (OKT8) cells than infants on formula, but the difference was not apparent in absolute counts. Change to formula feeding caused an increase in B cells. The heredity for atopy did not influence the total numbers of T cells or cell numbers in the different subgroups. At the age of 4 months an altered helper/suppressor ratio was noted in infants who later developed a severe atopy. At the age of 28 months the relative number of T cells was lower in atopic than nonatopic infants. The rate of respiratory infections did not affect these numbers.
Suppression of Allergic Reactivity by Intestinal Helminths: Susceptibility Is a Function of IgE Responder Phenotype
Authors: Turner K.J. , Shannahan K. , Holt P.G.
Published: August 2009

Animals from two inbred rat strains, Brown Norway (BN) and WAG, expressing high and low-IgE-responder phenotype, respectively, were sensitized to ovalbumin (OV) while parasitized with the intestinal helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb). The animals were challenged intradermally and intravenously with OV, and the severity of their immediate hypersensitivity responses was compared to those of non-parasitized OV-immune controls. Nb infestation depressed hypersensitivity responses in the low-IgE-responder WAG rats, but was without effect in high-IgE-responder BNs.
Investigation of the Allergenicity of β-Lactoglobulin and Its Cleavage Fragments
Authors: Huang Qingtian , Coleman John W. , Stanworth Denis R.
Published: August 2009

Fragments of β-lactoglobulin were produced by proteolytic cleavage with trypsin, and chemical cleavage with cyanogen bromide, followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50. The antigenicity and allergenicity of the products were studied, before and after reductive cleavage by treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol. The former was determined by inhibition ELISA using IgG anti-β-lactoglobulin raised in rabbits, whilst the latter was determined by inhibition ELISA and mast cell challenge, using respectively the sera and peritoneal cells of rats experimentally sensitised to β-lactoglobulin. The findings raise interesting points about the structural basis of allergenicity in relation to antigenicity.
The Effects of Binding Mouse IgA to Dinitrophenylated Salmonella typhimurium on Physicochemical Properties and Interaction with Phagocytic Cells
Authors: Edebo L. , Richardson N. , Feinstein A.
Published: August 2009

The binding of mouse IgA antibody to DNP-conjugated bacteria enhanced the hydrophobic interaction when measured in dextran-poly(ethyleneglycol) two-phase systems and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Similarly the interaction with polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro increased. In contrast, the rate of clearance of IgA-reacted bacteria from the blood stream of mice, after intravenous injection, was reduced under the conditions tested. Our data showed, with respect to increased hydrophobic interaction and opsonization, that binding of IgA antibody to bacteria produced less pronounced effects than those of IgG antibody binding. In contrast, secretory IgA antibody binding has been shown to reduce hydrophobic interaction and phagocytosis. Thus, serum IgA antibody has properties intermediate to IgG and SIgA with respect to hydrophobicity and opsonization.
Nickel Binding and Uptake in Thymocytes and Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Nickel-Allergic and Control Subjects
Authors: Nordlind K.
Published: August 2009

In the present investigation, the binding and uptake of 63NiCl2 was studied in human thymocytes and in peripheral blood lymphocytes from nickel-allergic and control subjects. A direct binding of the isotope to the lymphocyte membranes was shown by autoradiography. This binding was not more marked in peripheral blood lymphocytes of nickel-allergic subjects than in those of control subjects or in thymocytes. As judged by liquid scintillation, there was an uptake of isotope both into the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cells, being low compared to the medium activity. The uptake into blood lymphocyte nuclei of nickel-allergic subjects was significantly (p <0.05) higher than into those of the control group. The present findings indicate a direct action of nickel on lymphocytes, which might be of importance for DNA synthesis stimulation.
Specific Plasma Cell Accumulation in Antigen-Induced Chronic Inflammation in the Guinea Pig Peritoneal Cavity
Authors: van Dinther-Janssen A.C.H.M. , Hofland L. , Scheper R.J.
Published: August 2009

Specificity of plasmacellular infiltration was studied using a guinea pig peritoneal inflammation model. Acute and chronic inflammations were induced by repeated injections of either of two non-crossreacting antigens (DNP-BSA and PPD). With an enzyme-immunohistochemical sandwich procedure allowing quantitation of DNP-BSA-specific plasma cells, specificity of plasmacellular infiltration could be demonstrated. DNP-BSA-specific antibody-forming cells were found not to enter inflammatory reactions elicited by PPD. Our data support the hypothesis that virtually all plasma cells in a chronic inflammatory exudate release antibodies specific for antigens that are locally available, and that such antigens are likely to play a central role in the perpetuation of chronicity.
Role of Leukotrienes in Rat Reversed Passive Arthus Pleurisy and the Effect of AA-861, a 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor
Authors: Makino H. , Ashida Y. , Saijo T. , Kuriki H. , Terao S. , Maki Y.
Published: August 2009

In studies of the role of leukotrienes in inflammatory reactions, the induction of rat reversed passive Arthus pleurisy (a type III allergic reaction) was employed. Increases of exudate volume, vascular permeability, and migration of inflammatory cells in the pleural cavity were observed. The vascular permeability was enhanced biphasically during 0–30 min (early response) and during 3–6 h (late response) after induction of the pleurisy. The infiltration of inflammatory cells, mainly polymorphonuclear leukocytes, into the cavity increased and reached a maximum 6 h after the pleurisy was induced. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), 5-monohydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), consisting of LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4, were detected in the exudate by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography during the early response. The contents of LTC4 reached a maximum 10 min after the challenge, followed by a rapid decrease within 1 h. The rise and decay of LTC4 correlated with the increase in vascular permeability during the early phase. AA-861, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, given intrapleurally inhibited the increase in vascular permeability, cell migration, and generation of leukotrienes during the early phase of the pleurisy. These results indicate that products of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway, such as LTC4 and LTB4, may play an important role as chemical mediators in the inflammatory reaction.
Avian Immune Capacity and Bone Marrow Cellularity after in ovo Treatment with Cyclophosphamide
Authors: Glick Bruce
Published: August 2009

Lymphoid tissue, immunity and erythropoiesis in bone marrow were studied in chickens which had received air cell applications of cyclophosphamide (Cy) between 16 and 18 days of their embryonic development. The bursae from the Cy-treated birds were reduced significantly in size, deficient in bursal follicles, and lacked lymphocytes. The agglutinin level of sheep red blood cells of birds treated with Cy (2 mg) as 16, 17 and 18-day embryos was significantly lower than controls. While these Cy-treated birds lacked IgG antibody to sheep red blood cells, about 50% of the Cy birds produced unspecific IgG. Cy treatment did not suppress the graft-versus-host response. Cy did not change the absolute number of lymphocytes, granulocytes or erythroid series of cells in the bone marrow but did eliminate plasma cells. Since some of the Cy-treated birds did not produce specific agglutinin but made Ig, one would have to conclude that the presence of the bursa was not obligatory for Ig synthesis, but that the bursal microenvironment may be a prerequisite for synthesis of specific antibody.
A Thin Gel Layer Technique for Improved Resolution in Two-Dimensional Immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Samuelson Lennart
Published: August 2009

A modification of the two-dimensional (crossed) immunoelectrophoresis (2D-IE) method characterized by the employment of a thin gel layer (0.3 mm) was developed. A rectangular Millipore filter dehydrates an area of the gel, thereby forming a basin which is charged with antiserum by means of a special applicator. This 2D-IE technique was compared with the techniques by Weeke [Scand. J. Immunol. 2: suppl. 1, pp. 47–56, 1973] and by Lebecq et al. [J. immunol. Methods 66: 219–226, 1984] using a model system comprising an antigen preparation from Mycobacterium intracellulare and a corresponding antiserum. Analyses by the technique described resulted in a distinct, multilinear precipitation pattern with dense and sharp precipitates contrasting well against the background.
Identification of Main Allergens from Dermatophagoidesfarinae and Their Properties under Native and Dissociating Conditions
Authors: de la Hoz Francisco , Carreira José
Published: August 2009

Dermatophagoides farinae extract has been fractionated by preparative isoelectric focusing. Fraction analysis showed that the total allergenic potency was distributed along pi values from 4.4 to 7, and most native proteins within this pI range bound specific human IgE as demonstrated by immunoblotting. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of the 3 active fractions, mean pI values 4.6, 5.5 and 6.8, showed that the 3 fractions basically contained the same sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) dissociated polypeptides, irrespective of their pIs under native conditions. However, quantitative differences were apparent, specially for a polypeptide of molecular weight (MW) 29,000 daltons and a second one of MW 18,000–20,000 daltons which were prominent in the fraction of mean pI 6.8. These two polypeptides showed to contain intrachain disulfide bonds as they moved faster in absence than in presence of β-mercaptoethanol. After crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis the 3 fractions displayed 3 main allergens common to all of them. The most important could be proved to contain a MW of 29,000 daltons, while the other 2 had a higher relative mobility with apparent MW of 18,000–20,000 daltons. A 4th allergen only detected at pI 4.6 could not be identified by SDS-PAGE. The MW 29,000-dalton polypeptide was sometimes seen splitted into 2 discrete bands with IgE-binding ability, but the explanation for this behavior is not yet known.
Partial Separation and Functional Characterization of Guinea Pig Basophil-Stimulating Factor
Authors: Denburg Judah A. , Davison Maureen , Bienenstock John
Published: August 2009

We have previously described T lymphocyte dependent guinea pig basophil growth from bone marrow precursors in vitro. In the current studies, basophil-stimulating factor (BSF) present in mitogen-stimulated splenic conditioned medium (CM) has been functionally characterized, utilizing an assay for BSF on nonadherent bone marrow target cells. BSF was found to be heat stable, nondialyzable, and inactivated by proteases. Monosaccharides known to inhibit guinea pig lymphokines yielded a unique profile of inhibition of BSF activity and nonidentity of BSF with guinea pig migration inhibition factor, interleukins 1 or 2, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating activity, from which BSF could be separated after gel filtration. BSF-containing CM also had no detectable interleukin-3 activity as measured in a murine assay. An inverse relation was found between interleukin 2 and BSF production by peritoneal exudate T cells (PEL) stimulated with antigen. Fractionation of serum-containing and serum-free CM demonstrated a molecular size for BSF of 50,000–65,000 daltons. Guinea pig BSF is a distinct T cell dependent lymphokine with an active protein moiety which may interact with target bone marrow cells through a cell surface carbohydrate receptor.
Measurement of Specific IgG Antibody Levels in Serum of Patients on Regimes Comprising High Total Dose Beta-Lactam Therapy
Authors: Lee D. , Dewdney Janet M. , Edwards R.G. , Neftel K.A. , Wälti M.
Published: August 2009

Sera from 125 patients receiving mean total doses of β-lactam therapy of 215 g over a mean of 14 days were assayed by radioimmunoassay. Titres of anti-penicilloyl antibodies, expressed in arbitrary units of specific IgG per microlitre of serum (u/μl), ranged from undetectable (<3 u/μl) to 1,650 u/μl. There was a higher prevalence of elevated IgG levels in patients who developed haemolytic anaemia or neutropenia compared with patients with no adverse reactions but only in those patients who developed haemolytic anaemia were the antibody titres significantly higher. A subsidiary finding was that a correlation was established between mean total dose and prevalence of positive IgG titres, on a patient group basis (r = 0.87).