bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Forest Edges on the Distribution, Abundance, and Regional Persistence of Wood‐Rotting Fungi
Authors: SIITONEN PAULA , LEHTINEN ANTTI , SIITONEN MIKKO
Published: January 2005

Abstract: Designing reserves and management practices to contribute to the persistence of old‐forest specialized species in fragmented landscapes requires data on plant and animal species responses to edges. We studied 15 edges betweenPicea abies[L. Karsten] dominated old‐growth forests and young clearcuts (6–23 years), old clearcuts (25–39 years), and natural peatlands in eastern Finland. All fallen spruce logs (>10‐cm diameter; 10,679 logs) in old‐forest fragments (13–85 ha) were located by GPS positioning system. Environmental variables and occurrences of old‐forest indicator fungi (Phlebia centrifugaP. Karsten,Amylocystis lapponica[Romell] Singer, Fomitopsis rosea[Alb. & Schwin.: Fr] P. Kartsen, Phellinus ferrugineofuscus[P. Kartsen] Bourdot); a light‐adapted fungus (Gloeophyllum sepiarium[Wulfen: Fr] P. Karsten); and a pathogen and saprophyte fungus (Fomitopsis pinicola[SW.: Fr] P. Karsten) were investigated. The frequency ofG. sepiariumwas higher and the frequencies of old‐forest indicator fungi andF. pinicolawere lower near (<25 m) young clearcut edges in comparison with interiors. Frequencies of some indicator fungi, however, were highest at intermediate distances (10–25 m) from old clearcut and peatland edges. Indicator fungi preferred thick logs of intermediate decay stages in moist biotopes, and their incidence patterns in old‐growth forest stands were aggregated. We applied a geographic information system (GIS)‐based edge model to calculate edge‐interior area relationships of 2,698 old‐forest fragments with three values for depth of edge effect: 25 m, 2*(height of old forest), and 2*(differences between the heights of old and adjacent forests). Interior area was reduced to 55–71% of the original with different depth‐of‐edge values. Total numbers of separate interior areas increased, although interior areas disappeared from the smallest fragments. The results showed that the edge effect is complex and also that it changes when the edge matures because of interactions among several factors. We suggest that sequential management of forests adjacent to reserves and the formation of larger reserves would increase the capacity of the reserves to maintain edge‐sensitive species.
Experimental Assessment of Coral Reef Rehabilitation Following Blast Fishing
Authors: FOX HELEN E. , MOUS PETER J. , PET JOS S. , MULJADI ANDREAS H. , CALDWELL ROY L.
Published: January 2005

Abstract:  Illegal fishing with explosives has damaged coral reefs throughout Southeast Asia. In addition to killing fish and other organisms, the blasts shatter coral skeletons, leaving fields of broken rubble that shift in the current, abrading or burying new coral recruits, and thereby slowing or preventing reef recovery. Successful restoration and rehabilitation efforts can contribute to coral reef conservation. We used field experiments to assess the effectiveness of different low‐cost methods for coral reef rehabilitation in Komodo National Park (KNP), Indonesia. Our experiments were conducted at three different spatial scales. At a scale of 1 × 1 m plots, we tested three different rehabilitation methods: rock piles, cement slabs, and netting pinned to the rubble. Significantly more corals per square meter grew on rocks, followed by cement, netting, and untreated rubble, although many plots were scattered by strong water current or buried by rubble after 2.5 years. To test the benefits of the most successful treatment, rocks, at more realistic scales, we established 10 × 10 m plots of rock piles at each of our nine sites in 2000. Three years after installation, coverage by hard corals on the rocks continued to increase, although rehabilitation in high current areas remained the most difficult. In 2002 rehabilitation efforts in KNP were increased over 6000 m2 to test four rock pile designs at each of four rubble field sites. Assuming that there is an adequate larval supply, using rocks for simple, low‐budget, large‐scale rehabilitation appears to be a viable option for restoring the structural foundation of damaged reefs.
Demographic Models and Reality in Reintroductions: Persian Fallow Deer in Israel
Authors: BAR‐DAVID SHIRLI , SALTZ DAVID , DAYAN TAMAR , PERELBERG AMIR , DOLEV AMIT
Published: January 2005

Abstract:  Because most reintroduced species are rare, data on their dynamics are scarce. Consequently, reintroduction programs often rely on data from other species or captive populations to project the performance of the reintroduced population in the wild. We compared the reproductive success and survival of a Persian fallow deer (Dama mesopotamica) population reintroduced in Israel over the first 5 years of the project with the survival and reproduction parameters estimated while planning the reintroduction. In addition, we compared the actual growth of the wild population with the growth originally projected by a computer model in the original reintroduction program. We monitored 74 radio‐collared individuals (57 females and 17 males) released semiannually 1996–2001. Survival during the first year after release was lower than later years (0.90 and 0.82 versus 0.95 and 0.88, for females and males, respectively). Such an impact was not anticipated in the original plan, but overall survival was higher than originally projected. As assumed in the reintroduction program, reproductive success improved significantly with time since release and overall, was higher than expected. The mean number of animals released annually was lower than planned. Overall, the growth of the reintroduced population was slower than projected, but the deviation was close to confidence limits and the pattern similar. After 5 years it appears that the original time frame of 8–10 years for project completion can be met or at worst will cause a 1‐year delay. Over the short term of 5 years, projection models in reintroduction programs are useful tools for assessing the sustained use of the breeding core, depicting the dynamics of the population in the wild, providing a relatively accurate time frame for the successful completion of the project, and assessing project success.
Individual‐ and Assemblage‐Level Effects of Anthropogenic Sedimentation on Snails in Lake Tanganyika
Authors: McINTYRE PETER B. , MICHEL ELLINOR , FRANCE KRISTIN , RIVERS ADAM , HAKIZIMANA PAUL , COHEN ANDREW S.
Published: January 2005

Abstract: Human impacts on aquatic biodiversity are often measured at the assemblage or community level, although it has been suggested that individual‐level measures are more sensitive. We evaluated the effects of anthropogenic sedimentation on endemic snails in Lake Tanganyika, East Africa, by comparing assemblage‐level (i.e., species richness, evenness, and abundance) and individual‐level (i.e., frequencies of predation and parasitism, fecal organic content, life history) data between sediment‐disturbed and reference sites. Previous studies have indicated that sedimentation kills snails and reduces mollusc diversity in this system, but we found little evidence of changes in species richness, evenness, or snail abundance at the levels of sedimentation recorded. In contrast, individual‐level data revealed a variety of differences associated with sedimentation. Frequencies of shell scarring by predatory crabs and castration by parasitic trematodes were significantly lower at disturbed sites, indicating shifts in interspecific interactions. Snails ingested large amounts of inorganic sediments at disturbed sites, suggesting a reduction in food quality. In addition, sedimentation was associated with a large downward shift in size distribution within some species and reproduction at smaller size. These strong patterns in individual‐level data contrast with the lack of effects at the assemblage level. We argue that incorporating individual‐level measures will often enhance the sensitivity of impact surveys and may reveal effects of disturbance on important interspecific interactions.
Estimating Population Size of Elusive Animals with DNA from Hunter‐Collected Feces: Four Methods for Brown Bears
Authors: BELLEMAIN EVA , SWENSON JON E. , TALLMON DAVID , BRUNBERG SVEN , TABERLET PIERRE
Published: January 2005

Abstract: Noninvasive genetic methods can be used to estimate animal abundances and offer several advantages over conventional methods. Few attempts have been made, however, to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the estimates. We compared four methods of estimating population size based on fecal sampling. Two methods used rarefaction indices and two were based on capture‐mark‐recapture (CMR) estimators, one combining genetic and field data. Volunteer hunters and others collected 1904 fecal samples over 2 consecutive years in a large area containing a well‐studied population of brown bears (Ursus arctos). On our 49,000‐km2study area in south‐central Sweden, population size estimates ranged from 378 to 572 bears in 2001 and 273 to 433 bears in 2002, depending on the method of estimation used. The estimates from the best model in the program MARK appeared to be the most accurate, based on the minimum population size estimate from radio‐marked bears in a subsection of our sampling area. In addition, MARK models included heterogeneity and temporal variation in detection probabilities, which appeared to be present in our samples. All methods, though, incorrectly suggested a biased sex ratio, probably because of sex differences in detection probabilities and low overall detection probabilities. The population size of elusive animals can be estimated reliably over large areas with noninvasive genetic methods, but we stress the importance of an adequate and well‐distributed sampling effort. In cases of biased sampling, calibration with independent estimates may be necessary. We recommend that this noninvasive genetic approach, using the MARK models, be used in the future in areas where sufficient numbers of volunteers can be mobilized.
Conservation Biology of Caecilian Amphibians
Authors: GOWER DAVID J. , WILKINSON MARK
Published: January 2005

Abstract:  Most of the available data on declining populations of amphibians pertain to frogs and, to a lesser extent, salamanders. In keeping with their generally less understood biology, the population trends and conservation status of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona) are also much less known. We reviewed reports of threats to and declines of populations of caecilians. Despite a lack of field‐study details (e.g., localities, dates, and sampling methods) and quantitative data, there are several recent reports of threats to and declines and extinctions of caecilians. A range of causal explanations (habitat loss, pollution, chytridiomycosis, and scientific collecting) for these perceived declines have been proposed but little or no associated evidence has been given. Although caecilians are often considered rare and thought to require pristine habitat, published, quantitative data demonstrate that at least some species can occur in high abundance in disturbed, synanthropic environments. Few estimates of caecilian population parameters have been made and very few field methods have been tested, so the assumed rarity of any taxa remains inadequately demonstrated. Distribution and taxonomic data are also inadequate. Because they are generally poorly known and often cryptic, caecilians can be overlooked in standard faunal surveys, meaning that lack of opportunistic collection over several years might not represent evidence of decline. The conservation status of most species must be considered data deficient. More precise assessments will require a substantial increase in all areas of caecilian research, especially those involving new fieldwork. Future reports of caecilian conservation biology need to be explicit and more quantitative.
Sustainability: a Dissent
Authors: LUTZ NEWTON JULIANNE , FREYFOGLE ERIC T.
Published: January 2005

Abstract: Broadly conceived and considered in its many usages, sustainability has grave defects as a planning goal, particularly when used by conservationists: it confuses means and ends; it is vague about what is being sustained and who or what is doing the sustaining; it is uninspiring; it is little more than Pinchot‐era conservation (and thus ignores the many lessons learned since then); it need not be linked to land, to the land's functioning, or to any ecological science; it need not include a moral component; it is consistent with the view of humans as all‐powerful manipulators of the planet; and, in general, it is such a malleable term that its popularity provides only a facade of consensus. When sustainability is defined broadly to include the full range of economic and social aspirations, it poses the particular risk that ecological and biodiversity concerns will be cast aside in favor of more pressing human wants. Given these many defects, the conservation movement should discard the term in favor of a more alluring goal, attentive to nature and its ecological functioning. A sound goal would incorporate and distill the considerable ecological and moral wisdom accumulated since Pinchot's day while giving conservationists the rhetorical tools needed to defend the land against competing pressures. In our view, conservation would be well served by an updated variant of “land health,” Aldo Leopold's ecologically grounded goal from the 1940s. Land health as an independent understanding should set the essential terms of how we live and enjoy the earth, providing the framework within which we pursue our many social and economic aims.
Contact Sensitization in 1094 Children Undergoing Patch Testing over a 7‐Year Period
Authors: Seidenari Stefania , Giusti Francesca , Pepe Patrizia , Mantovani Lucia
Published: January 2005

Abstract:  Contact sensitization in children is frequent. However, because exposure to sensitizing agents varies rapidly, it is of utmost importance to perform a periodic evaluation of patch test results. Our purpose was to compare our data on contact sensitization in children during the past 7 years to our previous 1988–1994 findings, in order to identify emerging allergens and update our pediatric series. From 1995 to 2001, 1094 consecutive children were examined. Of these, 997 patients were patch tested with our pediatric series, which includes 30 allergens, whereas 97 underwent patch testing with 46 allergens. A total of 570 children proved allergic (52.1%). The highest sensitization rate was observed in children under 3 years of age. No differences between atopic dermatitis patients and nonatopic ones were observed in the sensitization rate. Neomycin, nickel, wool alcohols, thimerosal, and ammoniated mercury gave most of the positive responses. With respect to 1988–1995 data, allergy to substances such as neomycin, nickel, wool alcohols, thimerosal, ammoniated mercury, propolis, potassium dichromate, and thiuram mix proved more frequent. In conclusion, as sensitization rates to different allergens show great variations over time, periodic evaluations of patch test results in children is necessary in order to update the test trays.
Alagille Syndrome: Cutaneous Manifestations in 38 Children
Authors: Garcia Maria Amelia , Margarita Ramonet , Mirta Ciocca , Hugo Cabrera , Pablo Lapunzina , Estela Alvarez , De Davila Maria Teresa
Published: January 2005

Abstract:  The Alagille syndrome is one of the most common inherited disorders causing chronic liver disease during childhood. During the 1990s, 38 children with Alagille syndrome were evaluated at two pediatric centers in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Characteristic clinical, humoral, and cutaneous features were analyzed. The average age of diagnosis was 29 months old (range of between 2 months and 15 years). Cholestasis was evident in 92% of patients during the neonatal period. Family antecedents related to the syndrome were found in 18.5% of the patients. Peculiar facies developed in 85% of patients. Chronic cholestasis and pruritus were observed in all of the patients and jaundice was evident in 78%. Eighty‐four percent of the patients had heart disease (pulmonary stenosis, intraauricular communication, intraventricular communication), 76% of them showed growth retardation, and vertebrae abnormalities were found in 63%. Embryotoxon appeared in 76% of patients, and renal disturbances in 21%. Eleven children (28%) had xanthomas, in the neck, elbows, palms, helixes, inguinal area, gluteus, and knees. The earliest findings appeared in the first months of life, and the latest at 5 years of age. The xanthomas located in the folds had a stony aspect. Cholesterol levels ranging from 220 to 1600 mg percentage (mg%) were demonstrated in all of the children with xanthomas. Liver transplantation was performed in seven of the patients (18.4%). Two of them died after this operation. The disappearance of xanthomas after transplantation was remarkable in all of the patients.
Spontaneous Regression of Aleukemia Congenital Leukemia Cutis
Authors: Landers Maeran C. , Malempati Suman , Tilford David , Gatter Ken , White Clifton , Schroeder Theresa L.
Published: January 2005

Abstract:  A full‐term 2‐week‐old boy was referred to the pediatric dermatology clinic with numerous blue to violaceous nodules present since birth. TORCH titers (against toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, rubella, and syphilis) were negative. Complete blood count and peripheral smear were normal. A skin biopsy specimen showed an atypical cellular infiltrate suspicious for leukemia or lymphoma. A bone marrow biopsy specimen demonstrated acute myelogenous leukemia (M4 subtype). Following consultation with pediatric oncology and the recognition of the potential for spontaneous regression, chemotherapy for the infant's condition was not recommended. He remained otherwise healthy and was followed‐up with biweekly to monthly complete blood counts and physical examinations, which were repeatedly normal. By 3 months of age, the nodules had completely resolved and there was no evidence of recurrence at 8 months of follow‐up. We report this instance of aleukemic congenital leukemia with spontaneous regression of leukemia cutis without therapeutic intervention.
Phacomatosis Pigmentokeratotica: A 20‐Year Follow‐up with Malignant Degeneration of Both Nevus Components
Authors: Martínez‐Menchón Teresa , Mahiques Santos L. , Vilata Corell J. J. , Febrer Bosch I. , Fortea Baixauli J. M.
Published: January 2005

Abstract:  Phacomatosis pigmentokeratotica is a rare syndrome defined by the association of an organoid nevus occasionally with sebaceous differentiation, a speckled lentiginous nevus, and other extracutaneous anomalies. The disorder is a consequence of the so‐called twin spot genetic mechanism. We describe the first occurrence involving malignant degeneration of both nevus components, giving rise to three basal cell carcinomas over the sebaceous nevus and a malignant melanoma of the superficial spreading type over the speckled lentiginous nevus. This observation, in concert with the other instances reported in the literature, points to the need for adequate patient follow‐up to ensure early detection and treatment of any possible associated malignant degeneration.
Epidermal Nevus Syndrome Associated with Adnexal Tumors, Spitz Nevus, and Hypophosphatemic Vitamin D‐Resistant Rickets
Authors: Kishida Érica Sanae , Silva Mariana Andrade Muniz , Pereira Fernanda da Costa , Sanches José Antonio , Sotto Mírian Nacagami
Published: January 2005

Abstract:  The epidermal nevus syndrome is the association of epidermal nevi with abnormalities in other organ systems, most commonly the central nervous system, the skeletal system, and the eyes. We present a patient with epidermal nevus syndrome associated with hypophosphatemic vitamin D‐resistant rickets and multiple adnexal and spindle cell tumors.
Phrynoderma: A Manifestation of Vitamin A Deficiency? . . . the Rest of the Story
Authors: Maronn Mandi , Allen David M. , Esterly Nancy B.
Published: January 2005

Abstract:  Phrynoderma is a distinctive form of follicular hyperkeratosis associated with nutritional deficiency. Although originally thought to represent vitamin A deficiency, several studies have demonstrated multiple etiologies. Characteristic skin lesions are hyperkeratotic papules that first appear on the extensor surfaces of the extremities, shoulders, and buttocks. We report a 14‐month‐old boy with malnourishment and hyperkeratotic papules and plaques with histologic changes typical of phrynoderma. Despite an extensive evaluation, a specific nutritional deficiency was not identified. Phrynoderma is believed to be a manifestation of severe malnutrition, not necessarily accompanying low vitamin A levels. While the literature supports a link between phrynoderma and vitamins E, B, A, and essential fatty acids general malnutrition seems to be the strongest association. The clinical picture typically improves with enhanced nutritional status. Phrynoderma must be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with extensor surface hyperkeratotic papules and plaques in the setting of malnourishment and should prompt the clinician to evaluate cell markers of nutritional status, not just vitamin A. We believe this patient exemplifies the conundrum that faces clinicians in evaluating patients with extensor surface predominant hyperkeratotic papules and plaques in the setting of malnourishment.
Drug‐induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome in a Premature Infant
Authors: Yigit Sule , Korkmaz Ayse , Sekerel Bulent
Published: January 2005

Abstract:  Fever, skin reactions, and limb edema because of drug‐induced hypersensitivity have been reported in children because of various drugs, mainly aromatic antiepileptic drugs such as phenytoin, phenobarbital, carbamazepin, and primidone. The skin reactions differ in severity and range from mild maculopapular erythema to exfoliative dermatitis. They have been described in older children but have not been reported in newborn infants. We report a premature newborn infant who developed fever, skin reactions, and edema because of phenytoin while receiving anticonvulsant therapy.
Audiovisual touch‐screen computer‐assisted self‐interviewing for donor health histories: results from two years experience with the system
Authors: Katz Louis M. , Cumming Paul D. , Wallace Edward L. , Abrams Philip S.
Published: January 2005

BACKGROUND:  The donor history interview is an important aspect of blood safety, in part designed to identify unsuitable donors who may present a risk to blood recipients. There is evidence from behavioral science literature that use of computer‐assisted interviewing may be superior to face‐to‐face (FTF) and paper techniques in eliciting sensitive behavioral information of interest to blood collection facilities.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Audiovisual touch‐screen computer‐assisted donor self‐interviewing with the AABB Uniform Donor History Questionnaire was deployed for routine use in a regional blood center replacing FTF interviews. Donor and staff perception and satisfaction surveys were performed to assess acceptance of the system. Time studies of automated and manual methods were conducted. Rates of deferral of first‐time donors for high‐risk behaviors and rates of errors and omissions on donor interviewing for the two systems were tabulated and compared.

RESULTS:  Donors and staff strongly preferred the automated system in all dimensions assessed. Donor time increased by 4 minutes but staff time declined by 5 minutes per interview. Identification of high‐risk behaviors among first‐time donors significantly increased. Rates of errors and omissions on donor history forms identified at audit were reduced.

CONCLUSIONS:  Both blood donors and collections staff enthusiastically accepted the automated donor interviewing system. A well‐designed audiovisual touch‐screen donor self‐interviewing system is superior to face‐to‐face interviewing and most likely more effective than paper interviewing.
The influence of human platelet antigen match on the success of allogeneic peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation following a reduced‐intensity conditioning regimen
Authors: Leitner Gerda C. , Stiegler Gabriele , Kalhs Peter , Greinix Hildegard T. , Rabitsch Werner , Sillaber Christian , Hoecker Paul , Panzer Simon
Published: January 2005

BACKGROUND:  Allogeneic transplantation in elderly patients requires a dose‐reduced conditioning regimen. Owing to reduced‐intensity conditioning, host‐ and donor‐type immune responses may affect the early posttransplant period, whereas only later on donor‐derived reactions may ensue. Mismatches in the HLA system are known to be detrimental for the outcome of transplantation. Mismatches between donor and recipient for human platelet antigens (HPAs) may also affect the success of transplantation owing to serving as minor histocompatibility antigens and therefore rendering recipients at risk for graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) or graft rejection and inhibition of thrombopoiesis attributed to platelet (PLT) antibodies.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:  Therefore, the occurrence of GVHD, incidence of relapse, need of PLT support, and outcome by analysis of 45 donor‐recipient pairs for HPA‐1, ‐2, ‐3, and ‐5 allotypes and screening for PLT antibodies were evaluated before transplantation and again 1 year thereafter.

RESULTS:  Mismatches within the HPA system were not associated with an increased occurrence of transplant‐related mortality or GVHD, the onset of thrombopoiesis, the frequency of PLT transfusions, or the incidence of relapse. Neither were settings of homozygous donors versus heterozygous recipients (graft‐vs.‐host direction) nor homozygous recipients versus heterozygous donors (host‐vs.‐graft direction) associated with any adverse effects on the outcome of the transplantation.

CONCLUSION:  Thus, the HPA match does not affect the outcome of transplantation after reduced‐intensity conditioning.
Impact of donor‐ and collection‐related variables on product quality in ex utero cord blood banking
Authors: Askari Sabeen , Miller John , Chrysler Gayl , McCullough Jeffrey
Published: January 2005

BACKGROUND:  Optimizing product quality is a current focus in cord blood banking. This study evaluates the role of selected donor‐ and collection‐related variables.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Retrospective review was performed of cord blood units (CBUs) collected ex utero between February 1, 2000, and February 28, 2002. Preprocessing volume and total nucleated cell (TNC) counts and postprocessing CD34 cell counts were used as product quality indicators.

RESULTS:  Of 2084 CBUs, volume determinations and TNC counts were performed on 1628 and CD34+ counts on 1124 CBUs. Mean volume and TNC and CD34+ counts were 85.2 mL, 118.9 × 107, and 5.2 × 106, respectively. In univariate analysis, placental weight of greater than 500 g and meconium in amniotic fluid correlated with better volume and TNC and CD34+ counts. Greater than 40 weeks’ gestation predicted enhanced volume and TNC count. Cesarean section, two‐ versus one‐person collection, and not greater than 5 minutes between placental delivery and collection produced superior volume. Increased TNC count was also seen in Caucasian women, primigravidae, female newborns, and collection duration of more than 5 minutes. A time between delivery of newborn and placenta of not greater than 10 minutes predicted better volume and CD34+ count. By regression analysis, collection within not greater than 5 minutes of placental delivery produced superior volume and TNC count.

CONCLUSION:  Donor selection and collection technique modifications may improve product quality. TNC count appears to be more affected by different variables than CD34+ count.
Composition of the blood sampled from surgical drainage after joint arthroplasty: quality of return
Authors: Sinardi Daniele , Marino Anatonella , Chillemi Sergio , Irrera Massimo , Labruto Guglielmo , Mondello Epifanio
Published: January 2005

BACKGROUND:  The quality of blood obtained with a device for postoperative blood drainage and autotransfusion (Bellovac‐ABT, Astra Tech AB) was investigated in 50 patients who underwent total hip replacement (THR) or total knee replacement (TKR) surgeries.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  The Bellovac‐ABT drainage set was inserted and blood collection began after skin closure (THR) or 15 minutes after tourniquet deflation (TKR). A collecting bag stayed in place for less than 6 hours. The product was then returned after sedimentation and discard of supernatant, without anticoagulants.

RESULTS:  Blood returned with the Bellovac‐ABT had optimal hemoglobin levels and red blood cell (RBC) counts; the low platelet count reduced the risk of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Inertia of materials maintained acceptable values of C‐reactive protein, whereas cytokines and complement split products rose rapidly. Higher concentrations of adenosine triphosphate and 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate than in circulating blood suggested a normal RBC metabolism. No adverse reactions were observed in any participants.

CONCLUSION:  Because of its simplicity and safety, the Bellovac‐ABT autologous blood transfusion system is recommended in THR or TKR without joint infection or malignancy.
Low propidium iodide intensity in flow cytometric white blood cell counting as a marker of cell destruction?
Authors: Wagner Thomas , Guber Sylvia E. , Stubenrauch Maria‐Luise , Lanzer Gerhard , Neumueller Josef
Published: January 2005

BACKGROUND:  Residual white blood cells (WBC) in filtered blood products were investigated with flow cytometry. Frequently two distinct populations with different propidium iodide (PI) intensities can be found. The aim of this study was to specify a population with low PI intensity and discuss it as a marker of ongoing cell destruction and their possible impact on cytomegalovirus safety.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Buffy coat–depleted red blood cells were filtered with an in‐line filtration set (LCR5, MacoPharma) after 4 hours (LCR5/4 hr) and 16 hours (LCR5/16 hr) of storage, and whole blood was filtered with a whole‐blood filtration set (LST1, MacoPharma [LST1/4 hr]). The population with low PI intensity was sorted with a flow cytometer and prepared for transmission electron microscopy.

RESULTS:  The absolute count obtained in the low‐PI‐intensity area before filtration was significantly different comparing LCR5/4 hr (11.5 × 106 ± 6.84 × 106 and 0.12 × 106 ± 0.1 × 106/unit) and LCR5/16 hr (69.3 ± 42.12 and 0.06 ± 0.05; p < 0.002). By use of LST1/4 hr no difference was found compared to LCR5/4 hr after filtration (0.12 ± 0.09 vs. 0.12 ± 0.1), but a significant difference was found when comparing the results before filtration (1.25 ± 0.41 vs. 11.5 ± 6.84; p < 0.02). Electron microscopy revealed that the sorted population consisted of predominantly cell and nuclear fragments.

CONCLUSIONS:  Events found in the low‐PI‐intensity area are not WBCs but partially degraded DNA coming from ongoing cell destruction during extended storage. Our results provide evidence that the absolute count of events found in the low‐PI‐intensity area can be used as a semiquantitative marker of WBC destruction.
Combined Inactivation and Expression Strategy To Study Gene Function under Physiological Conditions: Application to Identification of NewEscherichia coliAdhesins
Authors: Roux Agnès , Beloin Christophe , Ghigo Jean-Marc
Published: January 2005

In bacteria, whereas disruption methods have been improved recently, the use of plasmid complementation strategies are still subject to limitations, such as cloning difficulties, nonphysiological levels of gene expression, or a requirement for antibiotics as plasmid selection pressure. Moreover, because of the pleiotropic modifications of cell physiology often induced by plasmid-based complementation, these strategies may introduce biases when biological process such as adhesion or biofilm formation are studied. We developed a plasmid-free approach that combines the lambda-red linear DNA recombination method with site-directed insertion of a repression and expression (RExBAD) cassette which places a functional pBAD promoter upstream of a target gene. We showed that this method permits both inactivation and modulation of mostEscherichia coligene expression, including expression of toxin and essential genes. We used this strategy to study adhesion and bacterial biofilms by placing the RExBAD cassette in front of thetraoperon, encoding the DNA transfer and pilus genes on the F conjugative plasmid, and in front offlu, the antigen 43 (Ag43) autotransporter adhesin-encoding gene. In silico analysis revealed the existence of 10 genes with homology to the Ag43 gene that were good candidates for genes that encode putative new adhesins inE. coli. We used the RExBAD strategy to study these genes and demonstrated that induction of expression of four of them is associated with adhesion ofE. colito abiotic surfaces. The potential use of the RExBAD approach to study the function of cryptic or uncharacterized genes in large-scale postgenomic functional analyses is discussed.
The
Enterococcus faecalis
SigV Protein Is an Extracytoplasmic Function Sigma Factor Contributing to Survival following Heat, Acid, and Ethanol Treatments
Authors: Benachour Abdellah , Muller Cécile , Dabrowski-Coton Monika , Le Breton Yoann , Giard Jean-Christophe , Rincé Alain , Auffray Yanick , Hartke Axel
Published: January 2005

Analysis of the genome sequence of
Enterococcus faecalis
allowed the identification of two genes whose protein products showed 33 and 34% identity with those of
sigV
and
yrhM
of
Bacillus subtilis
, respectively. These genes, named
sigV
and
rsiV
, are predicted to encode members of the extracytoplasmic function subfamily of eubacterial RNA polymerase sigma and anti-sigma factors, respectively. This group of sigma factors has been shown to regulate gene expression in response to stress conditions.
sigV
and
rsiV
were shown to be under the control of the same promoter. The transcriptional start site was determined, and the 1.5-kb mRNA transcript was shown to be overexpressed under glucose and complete starvation, as well as under physicochemical treatments. Three mutants, affected in
sigV
,
rsiV
, and both genes, were constructed by double-crossover recombination within the genome of
E
.
faecalis
strain JH2-2. Compared with the wild type and the
rsiV
mutant, the
sigV
mutants were more susceptible to heat shock, acid, and ethanol treatments and displayed decreased survival during long-term starvation. A nisin-inducible
sigV
gene construction used in complementation assays restored the wild phenotype of the
sigV
mutants, confirming the involvement of SigV in the heat shock, ethanol, and acid stress responses. Northern blot analysis carried out with the three mutant strains revealed the inhibition of
sigV
expression by the related anti-sigma factor gene
rsiV
. In addition, putative candidates of the
sigV
regulon determined by computer search for the
sigV
promoter sequence were analyzed.
Clustered Genes Required for the Synthesis of Heterocyst Envelope Polysaccharide in
Anabaena
sp. Strain PCC 7120
Authors: Huang Guocun , Fan Qing , Lechno-Yossef Sigal , Wojciuch Elizabeth , Wolk C. Peter , Kaneko Takakazu , Tabata Satoshi
Published: January 2005

As demonstrated with
alr2835
(
hepA
) and
alr2834
(
hepC
) mutants, heterocysts of
Anabaena
sp. strain PCC 7120, a filamentous cyanobacterium, must have an envelope polysaccharide layer (the Hep
+
phenotype) to fix dinitrogen in an oxygen-containing milieu (the Fox
+
phenotype). Transpositions presumptively responsible for a Fox
−
phenotype were localized in open reading frames (ORFs) near
hepA
and
hepC
. A mutation in each of nine of these ORFs was complemented by a clone bearing only that single, intact ORF. Heterocysts of the nine mutants were found to lack an envelope polysaccharide layer. Complementation of mutations in
alr2832
and
alr2840
may have resulted from recombination. However,
alr2825
,
alr2827
,
alr2831
,
alr2833
,
alr2837
,
alr2839
, and
alr2841
, like
hepA
and
hepC
, are required for a Hep
+
Fox
+
phenotype.
Genome-Wide Expression Analysis Indicates that FNR ofEscherichia coliK-12 Regulates a Large Number of Genes of Unknown Function
Authors: Kang Yisheng , Weber K. Derek , Qiu Yu , Kiley Patricia J. , Blattner Frederick R.
Published: January 2005

The major regulator controlling the physiological switch between aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions inEscherichia coliis the DNA binding protein FNR. To identify genes controlled by FNR, we used Affymetrix Antisense GeneChips to compare global gene expression profiles from isogenic MG1655 wild-type and Δfnrstrains grown in glucose minimal media under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. We found that 297 genes contained within 184 operons were regulated by FNR and/or by O2levels. The expression of many genes known to be involved in anaerobic respiration and fermentation was increased under anaerobic growth conditions, while that of genes involved in aerobic respiration and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were repressed as expected. The expression of nine operons associated with acid resistance was also increased under anaerobic growth conditions, which may reflect the production of acidic fermentation products. Ninety-one genes with no presently defined function were also altered in expression, including seven of the most highly anaerobically induced genes, six of which we found to be directly regulated by FNR. Classification of the 297 genes into eight groups byk-means clustering analysis indicated that genes with common gene expression patterns also had a strong functional relationship, providing clues for studying the function of unknown genes in each group. Six of the eight groups showed regulation by FNR; while some expression groups represent genes that are simply activated or repressed by FNR, others, such as those encoding functions for chemotaxis and motility, showed a more complex pattern of regulation. A computer search for FNR DNA binding sites within predicted promoter regions identified 63 new sites for 54 genes. We suggest thatE. coliMG1655 has a larger metabolic potential under anaerobic conditions than has been previously recognized.
Sinorhizobium meliloti dctA
Mutants with Partial Ability To Transport Dicarboxylic Acids
Authors: Yurgel Svetlana N. , Kahn Michael L.
Published: January 2005

Sinorhizobium meliloti dctA
encodes a transport protein needed for a successful nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between the bacteria and alfalfa. Using the toxicity of the DctA substrate fluoroorotic acid as a selective agent in an iterated selection procedure, four independent
S. meliloti dctA
mutants were isolated that retained some ability to transport dicarboxylates. Two mutations were located in a region called motif B located in a predicted transmembrane helix of the protein that has been shown in other members of the glutamate transporter family to be involved in cation binding. A G114D mutation was located in the third transmembrane helix, which had not previously been directly implicated in transport. Multiple sequence alignment of more than 60 members of the glutamate transporter family revealed a glycine at this position in nearly all members of the family. The fourth mutant was able to transport succinate at almost wild-type levels but was impaired in malate and fumarate transport. It contains two mutations: one in a periplasmic domain and the other predicted to be in the cytoplasm. Separation of the mutations showed that each contributed to the altered substrate preference.
dctA
deletion mutants that contain the mutant
dctA
alleles on a plasmid can proceed further in symbiotic development than null mutants of
dctA
, but none of the plasmids could support symbiotic nitrogen fixation, although they can transport dicarboxylates, some at relatively high levels.
Characterization of a Truncated Lipoarabinomannan from the Actinomycete
Turicella otitidis
Authors: Gilleron Martine , Garton Natalie J. , Nigou Jérôme , Brando Thérèse , Puzo Germain , Sutcliffe Iain C.
Published: January 2005

Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) lipoglycans have been characterized from a range of mycolic acid-containing actinomycetes and from the amycolate actinomycete
Amycolatopsis sulphurea
. To further understand the structural diversity of this family, we have characterized the lipoglycan of the otic commensal
Turicella otitidis
.
T. otitidis
LAM (TotLAM) has been determined to consist of a mannosyl phosphatidylinositol anchor unit carrying an (α 1→6)-linked mannan core and substituted with terminal-arabinosyl branches. Thus, TotLAM has a novel truncated LAM structure. Using the human monocytic THP-1 cell line, it was found that TotLAM exhibited only minimal ability to induce tumor necrosis factor alpha. These findings contribute further to our understanding of actinomycete LAM diversity and allow further speculation as to the correlation between LAM structure and the immunomodulatory activities of these lipoglycans.
REAL ANALYTIC GERMS $f \bar{g}$ AND OPEN-BOOK DECOMPOSITIONS OF THE 3-SPHERE
Authors: PICHON ANNE
Published: January 2005

Let f,g: (C2,0) → (C,0) be two holomorphic germs with isolated singularities and no common branches and let Lf, [Formula: see text] be their links. We prove that the real analytic germ [Formula: see text] has an isolated singularity at 0 if and only if the link Lf ∪ -Lg is fibred. This was conjectured by Rudolph in [14]. If this condition holds, then the underlying Milnor fibration is an open-book fibration of the link Lf ∪ -Lg which coincides with [Formula: see text] in a tubular neighbourhood of this link. This enables one to realize a large family of fibrations of plumbing links in S3 as the Milnor fibrations of some real analytic germs [Formula: see text].
CHARACTERIZATION AND PROPERTIES OF METAL PHTHALOCYANINE-Fe3O4 NANOCOMPOSITES FOR ELECTROMAGNETORHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS
Authors: GUAN JIAN-GUO , HUANG JUN , ZHAO SU-LING , YUAN RUN-ZHANG
Published: January 2005

Meso-scale metal phthalocyanine (MPc, M=Cu, Ni, Mn, or Co)- Fe 3 O 4 nanocomposites for EMR fluids have been prepared and well characterized. The results indicate that there exists chemical bonding between MPc and Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles, and their strength of chemical bonding increases in the following order: NiPc < CuPc < CoPc ~ MnPc . Compared to Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles, MPc- Fe 3 O 4 nanocomposites have superior ability to anti-oxidation and thermal stability, and show almost the same saturation magnetic strength, but much less coercive force. All MPc- Fe 3 O 4 nanocomposites have irregular spherical shape with D of 0.2~0.4 μ m . The EMR fluids containing MPc- Fe 3 O 4 nanocomposites in chlorinated paraffin oil have excellent stability and redispersibilty. They show reversible significant field-induced shear stress, which increase linearly with the increment of electric field strength (E) or H and which are different for MPc- Fe 3 O 4 nanocomposites containing various metal elements, when E or H is applied respectively. Furthermore, field-induced shear stress shows obvious synergetic effect when E and H are applied simultaneously.
HIGH AC VOLTAGE FLOW-MODIFIED PERMITTIVITY AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON-DOPED NANO TiO2 ER FLUIDS
Authors: QIU Z. Y. , SHAN F. K. , ZHOU L. W. , LU F. , ZHU Y. H.
Published: January 2005

The associated effects of polarization strength, polarization rate, and dielectric loss on ER performance ware studied by means of the correlation of rheological properties of carbon-doped TiO 2 ER fluids with experimental results of flow-modified permittivity (FMP). We prepared ER fluids with carbon-doped TiO 2 powders of different conductivity via controlling carbonization temperature and organic contents. The experiments present the optimum organic contents of 4.6% to 9.2% and the optimum carbonization temperature of around 673 K for the better ER activity. The role of conductivity in ER performance is testified. FMP measurements of fluids were performed under weak and strong exciting fields respectively. Under weak exciting field, FMP effects are hardly detectable; while under high exciting field, FMP effects become significant which reflect ER particle configurations, particle orientations, and limited dielectric response time in the combined electric and shear fields. The shear field strength, exciting field strength and frequency are the three main factors influencing the FMP effects. The FMP data can be modeled and qualitatively explained by introducing two characteristic shear rates of D c 1 and D c 2, J = J 0+ J 1 exp (- D / D c 1)+ J 2 exp (- D / D c 2) with D being shear rate.
PLANT-SPECIFIC CALMODULIN-BINDING PROTEINS
Authors: Bouché Nicolas , Yellin Ayelet , Snedden Wayne A. , Fromm Hillel
Published: January 2005

Calmodulin CaM is a ubiquitous Ca2+sensor protein (16 to 18 kD) with no catalytic activity that can, upon binding Ca2+, activate target proteins involved in various cellular processes. The CaM prototype is comprised of two globular domains connected with a long flexible helix. Each globular domain contains a pair of intimately linked EF hands. One EF hand motif is composed of a specialized helix-loop-helix structure that binds one molecule of Ca2+. ( CaM calmodulin ) is the most prominent Ca2+transducer in eukaryotic cells, regulating the activity of numerous proteins with diverse cellular functions. Many features of CaM and its downstream targets are similar in plants and other eukaryotes. However, plants possess a unique set of CaM-related proteins, and several unique CaM target proteins. This review discusses recent progress in identifying plant-specific CaM-binding proteins and their roles in response to biotic and abiotic stresses and development. The review also addresses aspects emerging from recent structural studies of CaM interactions with target proteins relevant to plants.
SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY IN PLANTS
Authors: Takayama Seiji , Isogai Akira
Published: January 2005

Sexual reproduction in many flowering plants involves self-incompatibility ( SI self-incompatibility ), which is one of the most important systems to prevent inbreeding. In many species, the self-/nonself-recognition of SI is controlled by a single polymorphic locus, the S-locus. Molecular dissection of the S-locus revealed that SI represents not one system, but a collection of divergent mechanisms. Here, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of three distinct SI mechanisms, each controlled by two separate determinant genes at the S-locus. In the Brassicaceae, the determinant genes encode a pollen ligand and its stigmatic receptor kinase; their interaction induces incompatible signaling(s) within the stigma papilla cells. In the Solanaceae-type SI, the determinants are a ribonuclease and an F-box protein, suggesting the involvement of RNA and protein degradation in the system. In the Papaveraceae, the only identified female determinant induces a Ca2+-dependent signaling network that ultimately results in the death of incompatible pollen.
IMMUNOLOGY OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Authors: Sospedra Mireia , Martin Roland
Published: January 2005

▪ Abstract  Multiple sclerosis (MS) develops in young adults with a complex predisposing genetic trait and probably requires an inciting environmental insult such as a viral infection to trigger the disease. The activation of CD4+autoreactive T cells and their differentiation into a Th1 phenotype are a crucial events in the initial steps, and these cells are probably also important players in the long-term evolution of the disease. Damage of the target tissue, the central nervous system, is, however, most likely mediated by other components of the immune system, such as antibodies, complement, CD8+T cells, and factors produced by innate immune cells. Perturbations in immunomodulatory networks that include Th2 cells, regulatory CD4+T cells, NK cells, and others may in part be responsible for the relapsing-remitting or chronic progressive nature of the disease. However, an important paradigmatic shift in the study of MS has occurred in the past decade. It is now clear that MS is not just a disease of the immune system, but that factors contributed by the central nervous system are equally important and must be considered in the future.