bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conducting Cost Benefit Analysis In Human Services Settings
Authors: Harvey Carol
Published: November 2023

The pressure on social work practitioners to engage in accountable service provision has increased dramatically over the past two decades. At all levels of practice, from clinical care and case management to program administration and executive decision making, interventions once viewed as demonstrations of human compassion and social justice are increasingly subject to the hard questions about treatment effectiveness, service costs, and accrued benefits that arise in an environment of managed care, public-private partnerships, and contracted-out services. Costbenefit analysis provides a useful framework within which human services administrators and supervisors can measure the relationship between effort expended and results achieved.
Concise Standards For Developing Evidencebased Practice Guidelines
Authors: Proctor Enola K , Rosen Aaron
Published: November 2023

The central challenge now confronting the profession of social work is ensuring and demonstrating that its services are effective. In our view, agencies and individual practitioners can best enhance their effectiveness by using treatment approaches that are evidence-based. Practicing on the basis of scientifically tested evidence is responsible, consistent with social work’s values and commitment to client welfare and improvement, and responsive to societal expectations and National Association of Social Workers (NASW) aspirations for effective and accountable practice. Yet we recognize the many challenges inherent in the application of evidence-based approaches in day-to-day practice. Our chapter addresses some of those challenges and lays out steps through which practitioners’ ability to apply evidence-based practice can be enhanced.
Evidence-Based Practice With Anxiety Disorders: Guidelines Based on 59 Outcome Studies
Authors: Bloom Bernard L
Published: November 2023

While the number of well-designed, controlled, clinical outcome studies is not large, brief psychotherapeutic interventions appear to play a useful role in the treatment of anxiety spectrum disorders. Such interventions not only appear to be effective in their own right but also add a significant component to the benefits of medication. This chapter summarizes and describes the time-limited interventions and outcomes from 59 studies. This database includes 11 recent outcome studies that measured the effectiveness of crisis intervention and brief therapy approaches with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) precipitated by gunshot injuries, sexual assaults, terrorist attacks, vehicular accidents, and violent crimes.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Evidence-Based Approach
Authors: Vonk M Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs worldwide among people of all ages who experience traumatic events. The events, in which severe injury or threat of injury and death occur, may be natural disasters, such as earthquakes, or man-made, including war, automobile accidents, and crime. While most people are likely to experience some form of traumatic experience in their lifetimes, not all go on to develop PTSD. In fact, estimates of the lifetime prevalence vary widely, from 9% of the general population to 30% or more of those exposed to particular traumas such as rape, combat, or disaster (Keane, Kaloupek, 2002). In addition, several conditions are often comorbid with PTSD, including depressive and other anxiety disorders and substance abuse. Several risk factors for the development of PTSD have been identified, including female gender, history of prior psychiatric problems or abuse, and unavailability of social support (Brewin, Andrews,, Valentine, 2000). Furthermore, characteristics of the trauma itself— the severity of the trauma, the person's sense of control over the outcome and extent of injury, and the degree of actual loss—may increase the rate of PTSD development. In general, men are more likely to be exposed to trauma related to war, and women's exposure is more likely to be related to rape or assault.
Evidence-Based Practice With Eye Movement Desensitization And Reprocessing
Authors: Knox Karen S
Published: November 2023

The development of treatment models that have empirically based protocols has coincided with the emphasis on evidence-based practice in professional counseling and social work. One such model is eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), which was developed in 1987 by Francine Shapiro to relieve posttraumatic stress symptoms. This therapy approach uses bilateral eye movement to desensitize the distressing memories, feelings, and cognitions associated with the traumatic incident(s) and to enhance the reprocessing and replacement of negative cognitions with more positive ones (Rubin, 2002). Using EMDR with a woman who has been sexually assaulted, the therapist would target any PTSD symptoms, as well as any negative cognitions, such as blaming herself for the rape or believing that she could have prevented the assault in some way.
Data Quality For International Service Evaluation
Authors: Pane Natalia E
Published: November 2023

As the call for greater accountability spreads, so does the need for high-quality data. But how do you ensure good data if you are not the one collecting it? This chapter and the one that follows offer some contextual information and give some practical tips on how to improve data quality based on practices within the U.S. federal government agencies and national organizations. Data Quality for International Service Evaluation begins by presenting some contextual information and the role of evaluation. We then turn to examine the fundamental change agents, humans, and the factors that drive change within us.
Omicides Of Older Women In New York City: A Profile Based on Secondary Data Analysis
Authors: Brownell Patricia , Berman Jacquelin
Published: November 2023

Just as news stories of murders involving older women victims are relegated to the back pages of newspapers, research involving murders of women has focused on younger victims. Certainly the specter of young women stalked and brutally murdered by loved ones or predatory strangers is terrible. However, the murder of older women—while not of childbearing age or at the beginning of their careers—is a tragic phenomenon that may reflect the continued vulnerability of women to abuse and violence in midlife and old age. As a hidden facet of violence against women, it is a social problem that deserves greater attention than it has received to date. For practitioners, researchers, and lawmakers concerned about elder abuse, it represents the ultimate expression of physical abuse. From this perspective, homicides of older women and elder abuse femicides are synonymous and will be used interchangeably in this chapter.
Measuring Clients’ Perception As Outcome Measurement
Authors: Mercier Celine
Published: November 2023

In 1995, our team was developing a continuous quality improvement system for the DollardCormier Center, a public substance abuse rehabilitation center located in Montreal (hereafter called “the agency”). One of the main concerns for the agency was that this system reflected its stakeholder-based orientation and its participative approach. In this perspective, the clients’ input was to be a key dimension in the process of quality assessment, and their opinions should be considered in the future continuous quality improvement program.
Survival in Cold Water
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A
Published: November 2023

In comparison to other types of cold exposure, immersion in cold water encompasses a special set of biological concerns because of the rapidity with which the human body cools in water. Water has a thermal conductivity 22 times that of air and a heat capacity 3550 times that of air. Compared to marine mammals, such as whales, seals, and walruses, and aquatic Arctic animals, such as the polar bear, the ability of the human body to tolerate immersion in cold water is negligible. This poor tolerance of cold water is directly related to lack of body insulation, such as blubber, with which to retain the metabolic heat of the body. The point is amply illustrated by the appalling history of loss of life in shipwrecks at sea in the northern and southern latitudes of the world.
Bends and Rapture of the Deep
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A
Published: November 2023

In the early history of diving, the lack of underwater technology limited descent to the depth that could be reached with a single breath of air. As diving technology appeared and improved, the limit was pushed downward until new physiological limits were encountered. As interest grew in deeper diving, biomedical research overcame apparent limits, but new limits appeared, until ultimately the effects of hydrostatic pressure per se seemed to stop humans from descending farther. Thus, the history of diving is a paradigm for the relationships among technology, physiology, and human factors in the effort to conquer extreme environments (Phillips, 1998). This chapter describes how two important physiological limits have been dealt with in diving from scientific and engineering perspectives: decompression sickness and the effects of pressure on the nervous system. Before discussing these problems it may be helpful to review the natural limits of breath-hold diving.
Developmental Constraints on Theories of Synesthesia
Authors: Marks Lawrence E , Odgaard Eric C
Published: November 2023

Writing a chapter on the development of synesthesia poses a special The stems largely from the paucity of evidence that speaks directly to the origins and developmental time-course of synesthesia. To be sure, our understanding of basic processes in sensation and perception is substantial and continues to grow, and research in recent decades has considerably advanced our understanding of developmental processes in perception. Nevertheless, our understanding of sensory and perceptual development is incomplete, and, to the best of our knowledge, direct evidence about the development of synesthesia simply does not exist.
To Cast Out Disease
Authors: Farley John
Published: November 2023

Though one of the most important public health agencies of the 20th century and the most powerful and richest branch of the Rockefeller Foundation, the International Health Division’s history (1913-1951) has never been told before. This original work is based on a vast multitude of letters, reports and photographs the author uncovered in the Rockefeller Archives. Farley describes the internal struggles and the conflicts with foreign and US governments of the “medical barons” who ran the organization as they set its goals and tried to eradicate some of the world’s most serious diseases. He also describes the first testing of DDT and the preparation for the US army of a yellow fever vaccine that turned out to be contaminated. He takes the reader into the often byzantine world where the organization endowed schools of public health and nursing in such diverse places as London, Toronto, fascist Rome, militaristic Tokyo, and Calcutta in the dying days of the British Raj. Farley enlivens the book with sketches of the personalities and prejudices of those who worked in the Division and of the scandals that rocked it from time to time. He shows that in the continuing debate between those who believe that disease is the root cause of ill health and poverty and those who see poverty as the primary cause, the Division remained firmly in the former position. He also shows that after it closed, former members exerted considerable influence on the development of the World Health Organization. Opposing some recent historians, Farley argues against the view that the Health Division served as an advance guard for American capitalism. His lively book will be welcomed by all who are interested in the history of public health, tropical disease, and medical institutions.
Introduction
Authors: Farley John
Published: November 2023

In 1955 Paul Russell published his magnum opus, Man’s Mastery of Malaria, which told the story of how malaria was mastered. “The point is,” he wrote, “that malaria, after centuries of effort, is now universally controllable.” And if with malaria, why not with other communicable diseases? Yellow fever, for example, was no longer the threat it had been and tuberculosis was continuing its long slide, perhaps into oblivion. In Geneva members of the newly-formed World Health Organization (WHO) had set up expert committees to declare a war to the finish on malaria, venereal disease and tuberculosis, with other diseases close behind. The medical world was awash with optimism.
The First Stage: Means to an End
Authors: Farley John
Published: November 2023

When the International Health Commission was formed in 1913, the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission had been in operation for three years. All seemed set for it to continue its work in the South while the Health Commission took hookworm campaigns to other countries. But that was not to occur; the Sanitary Commission was suddenly closed down in December 1914 and the Health Commission left to pick up the pieces in the South. In the early years, in the South, the Health Commission operated as originally intended by its first director, Wickliffe Rose, as a copy of the Sanitary Commission. These early campaigns, whether directed by the Sanitary Commission or by the Health Commission, were not directed at the eradication of hookworm per se. Instead, hookworm was a means to an end, a way to educate the public, physicians, and politicians in public health with the hope that professionally-run public health services would develop. But there were those, such as Frederick Gates, Rockefeller’s advisor on philanthropy, who believed that its goal was indeed the eradication of hookworm. These two ideas, one focused on education and public health, the other on the eradication of disease, were to coexist uncomfortably during the entire life of the organization.
Tuberculosis in France (1917-1924)
Authors: Farley John
Published: November 2023

In November 1914, before the Health Board’s work on hookworm got underway, the trustees of the Rockefeller Foundation sent the peripatetic Rose to France as chairman of the Rockefeller Foundation’s first War Relief Commission to Europe. As a result, three years later, the Health Board became engaged in a French tuberculosis campaign. Tuberculosis is a disease quite unlike hookworm, malaria and yellow fever. There were no magic bullets, no cure other than good food and sunlight, and no seemingly weak links which could be attacked by pesticides and larvicides. As Rose must have realized, tuberculosis was associated with “debilitating, draining labor; little or no job security; meagre wages; poor diets; slum housing; filthy bodies and surroundings; and heavy drinking.”2 Nevertheless, the campaign was in line with Rose’s early view of the mission of the Health Board; tuberculosis was to be a means to an end. When the French campaign came to an end, however, both Rose and Russell vowed never again to become involved with a social disease such as tuberculosis, or to be drawn into emergency relief operations, and never again to allow their policies to be dictated by the trustees of the foundation. They upheld the last two promises but reneged on the first. The campaign was also important in bringing them into Europe for the first time. They were to remain there until the Health Division closed, first as an outpost in Paris but soon as part of the European office of the Rockefeller Foundation situated at 20, rue de la Baume.
Malaria: The Ultimate Kill
Authors: Farley John
Published: November 2023

Fred Soper’s long-held theory about the possibility of species eradication-the total eradication of a vector species so as to eliminate forever the need for antimalaria campaigns-had its roots years before in work in Brazil. There he had discovered that the house-loving Aedes aegypti had been virtually eliminated from some of the old seedbeds of yellow fever. And if that were possible for Aedes, why not for anophelines? After the discovery of jungle yellow fever Soper wanted to move elsewhere. And he knew exactly where that was. In I930, Raymond Shannon, an entomologist with the Yellow Fever Service, discovered Anopheles gambiae at Natal in northeast Brazil, carried there, he assumed, by visits of French destroyers based in Dakar, West Africa. By 1931 this species, described by Patrick Manson in Tropical Diseases, as “the best known, most dangerous and widely spread carrier of malaria in the whole of Africa,” had been blamed for a malaria outbreak in Natal; the threat subsided after a severe drought, but it reappeared in 1934 (see Fig. 6.4). By 1938 the mosquito had moved north and west along the coast and had penetrated inland via various river valleys, with severe outbreaks of malaria reported. A survey in August by Evandro Chagas reported that 81% of the population of Russas, on the Jaguaribe River, was infected, many with Plasmodium falciparum, the most pathogenic of all malarial species.
Reorganization and Research Laboratories ( 1928-1940)
Authors: Farley John
Published: November 2023

Although the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation is best known for its field campaigns against hookworm, malaria, and yellow fever, it also supported laboratory-based research programs. These dealt not only with yellow fever and malaria but also with other diseases. In the process the IHD attracted a great deal of criticism from members of its own field staff. The move towards research began in October 1928, five months after Noguchi’s death, and at a time when the Rio yellow fever epidemic was casting doubt on the seedbed theory. Frederick Russell acquired two small rooms in the Rockefeller Institution’s animal house on the east side of Manhattan to act as a yellow fever laboratory.
Diseases for Research
Authors: Farley John
Published: November 2023

Fred Russell’s decision to expand the research effort of the Health Division, was reflected not only in the activities of the New York and Tallahassee laboratories but in the decision to investigate diseases other than hookworm, yellow fever, and malaria. From 1927 on, the amount of money spent on these other diseases increased steadily, so that by the early 1940s they received between 30% and 35% of the disease budget (see Table 1.3). The diseases included the flu and common cold, rabies, syphilis and yaws, as well as tuberculosis. All shared a need for fundamental research, often targeted towards vaccine production, and in every case the laboratory proved to be pivotal. The choice of disease was often generated by a desire to support the research activities of a well-known expert whose qualities were admired by Russell. Indeed, the Health Division at times resembled an academic-granting agency.
Rough Seas: Prague, Rome, Tokyo, and Calcutta
Authors: Farley John
Published: November 2023

If, after its experience in Brazil, the Health Board decided to devote its major effort to opening only model schools in Europe and North America, they failed. In the end they came to support a wide range of schools, more in line with Rose’s earlier vision than with Welch’s. According to Andrew Warren, Assistant Director of the IHD, who surveyed the schools of hygiene in 1939, they had a range of purposes. Some were service-oriented, while others emphasized the training of physicians for public health work. Research was not totally forgotten as the Health Board tried “to create centers in which scientific and routine work could be carried on in the interests of matters connected with hygiene.” Funding began with Prague in 1921, and others quickly followed: London in 1922; Warsaw, 1923; Budapest, Zagreb, and Toronto, 1925; Rome, 1930; and Tokyo in 1933, to name but a few of them. In 1938 the Health Division stepped into the All India Institute of Hygiene, which had been endowed a few years earlier by the Division of Medical Education. These schools differed significantly from each other. London emphasized research, with no service functions whatsoever. In Rome and Toronto, service played an important part. Others, such as Prague, Budapest, and Zagreb, were basically teaching and service institutes. Their role was also to transplant American scientific models of public health, with all their imperfections, to these and other countries. The faculty of these schools had to be trained at the three most important schools: Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, Toronto, or London.
Postwar Confusion: What to Do Next?
Authors: Farley John
Published: November 2023

With World War II drawing to a close, many in the Health Division assumed the organization would quickly slip back into its old grooves. As Hackett noted in his History, however, “finding its proper role in the postwar world was to prove a more difficult and revolutionary transformation than the adjustment to war.” Those who hoped for continuity felt reassured when George Strode, an associate director for many years, succeeded Sawyer as director of the Health Division in the spring of 1944. His appointment was especially welcomed by the field workers, whose morale had suffered under Russell and Sawyer. Strode, who was more of an administrator than a scientist, was seen by this group as a Rose man who would restore the balance between public health in the field and research in the laboratory. But if the field officers were expecting any significant changes they were to be disappointed. “I believe,” Strode wrote, “we shall wish to continue the study of specific diseases and I would expect no immediate additions to or subtractions from the present list.” As a result, the Health Division tried to proceed much as before, and the budget allocations during the Strode years were not radically different from those of Sawyer’s. Money spent on specific diseases continued to slide, and, surprisingly, the money allocated to laboratory research increased from 7% under Sawyer, the laboratory man, to 10% under Strode (Table 1.2).
Sciomics: Community/Model Organism-Based and Individualistic Research Strategies for Comparative Animal Developmental Physiology
Authors: Feder Martin E
Published: November 2023

What is comparative animal developmental physiology (CADP)? Is it necessarily comparative, animal, or even physiological? What are its aims, goals, and scope? Even the editors of this volume do not know the answers to these questions (W. Burggren, pers. comm.). As in any field at this stage of development, the answers will only become clear as the field develops—which means that its participants now have considerable freedom to determine its future directions. My goal here is to help inform and encourage this determination rather than to influence it, and to do so I shall use a heuristic device in frequent use at my home institution, which “has developed a celebrated—some would say notorious—brand of academic civility. It is a place where one is always in principle allowed to pose the hardest question possible—of a student, a teacher, or a colleague—and feel entitled to expect gratitude rather than resentment for one’s effort” (Report of the Faculty Committee for a Year of Reflection 1998, p. 4). The question I shall ask is: Why not forgo CADP and become part of one of the existing developmental biology communities [as they exist, for example, in the Society for Developmental Biology or the model organism developmental communities]? I argue both pro and con; from the expectation that many readers will be less familiar with the pro side rather than because “it is better,” I shall devote more space to it. Nonetheless, I reemphasize that this is a heuristic device intended to inform and encourage self-definition rather than influence it, and that the future ought to grow out of the participants’ collective actions rather than from this or any other chapter in this volume. Even if the impact of this chapter is to prompt its rejection entirely, the chapter will have achieved its goal by contributing to the definition of CADP.
The Randomized Controlled Trial of Streptomycin
Authors: Yoshioka Alan
Published: November 2023

In 1946, as word spread throughout the British Isles about a new and potentially life-saving substance called streptomycin, patients and doctors began besieging the government with requests for the drug. The vast majority of requests were for treatment of tuberculosis, which in that era was killing some 25,000 Britons each year. In July 1945, the Labour Party had swept to its first majority government, on the slogan “Fair Shares for All” Though patients did not speak in terms of a “right to treatment,” even after the passage of the National Health Service Act establishing universal health care for the first time, the mood of the country was such that to have the old webs of influence carry too much weight in the distribution of streptomycin would have been politically intolerable. The medical authorities needed a fair and equitable means of distributing the drug. But knowledge about which patients, if any, were most likely to benefit in the long term was still very limited.
The Gelsinger Case
Authors: Steinbrook Robert
Published: November 2023

The death of Jesse Gelsinger in September 1999 is one of the defining cases in the recent history of research with humans. Gelsinger, 18, died during a gene transfer experiment at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. His death—the first directly attributed to gene transfer—raised profound questions about the protection of patients in this high-profile research field, as well as in other clinical studies. It also raised questions about adherence to research protocols, the reporting of adverse events, informed consent, and financial conflicts of interest. It shook the confidence of the public and the federal government in the competence and ethics of clinical researchers and the institutions where they work, and led to efforts to improve the protection of research participants.
Genetic Diagnostic, Pedigree, and Screening Research
Authors: Juengst Eric T , Goldenberg Aaron
Published: November 2023

Interest in genetic approaches to biomedical research problems has been high for almost 100 years, since Archibald Garrod used Gregor Mendel’s rediscovered theory of inheritance to explain human “inborn errors of metabolism” in 1908. From the point of view of clinical research ethics, sadly, many chapters of this history are viewed today as examples of how biomedical science can be exploited by social prejudices to the detriment of marginalized people. Borrowing from the successes of both stock breeding and the germ theory of disease, early human geneticists moved quickly from biased pedigree studies and racist anthropologies to draconian prescriptions for preventing hereditary disease and improving the public’s health. In the United States, policy makers translated these eugenic conclusions into selective immigration restrictions and involuntary sterilization programs; Germany under fascism took them further, to coercive selective breeding programs and genocide.2–8 By mid-century, the Nuremberg trials had transformed eugenics into an epithet and launched our contemporary concern with clinical research ethics on the lessons of the medical experiments undertaken in its name (see Chapters 2 and 12).
Deception in Clinical Research
Authors: Wendler David , Miller Franklin G
Published: November 2023

Testing research hypotheses and answering scientific questions are sometimes accomplished by deceiving research participants. Deception is most commonly associated with psychological and social science research, in which data suggest that investigators often deceive participants. However, deception also occurs in a broad range of clinical research. For example, clinical trials designed to assess the impact of expectancy on drug-craving and drug-taking behaviors sometimes deceive participants. One testing paradigm involves asking research participants to perform various manual tasks, for instance, responding to a red light on a computer screen, after receiving an injection of a drug such as cocaine. To distinguish drug effects from expectancy effects, this paradigm administers the drug in only half of the testing sessions and administers saline in the other sessions, but tells participants that they will receive the drug in all the sessions.
Recruiting Research Participants
Authors: Miller Franklin G
Published: November 2023

Clinical research promotes social value by means of producing scientific knowledge that can lead to improvements in public health and medical care. The social value that justifies clinical research also justifies using techniques of recruitment to enroll eligible participants in research protocols. However, recruitment strategies pose ethical issues insofar as they threaten to distort the physician-patient relationship, exploit potential research participants, interfere with informed consent, or violate confidentiality or privacy. As compared with study design and informed consent, participant recruitment has received relatively little attention in the bioethics and medical literatures. It is an important topic because recruitment techniques represent the initial communication or contact between potential participants and investigators or other members of the research team, which may influence participants’ understanding of research and the voluntariness of their participation.
Models of Institutional Review Board Function
Authors: Bowen Angela J
Published: November 2023

Everyone who is part of the research enterprise—investigators, institution officials, government agencies, sponsors, and institutional review boards (IRBs)—has an idea about the way IRBs are supposed to function. Although there is no agreed upon set of criteria to measure the function of IRBs, there is consensus that IRBs do not function as well as interested parties would like.
The Obligation to Ensure Access to Beneficial Treatments for Research Participants at the Conclusion of Clinical Trials
Authors: Lavery James V
Published: November 2023

The conclusion of a clinical trial triggers a new set of ethical obligations to research participants. The way these obligations are conceptualized and fulfilled, particularly in clinical drug and device trials, can have a profound influence on the way research participants benefit from their participation in clinical research. In particular, the central question in many clinical trials is whether, at the conclusion of the trial, individual research participants should continue to be provided with drugs and devices that have benefited them during the trial. Although a solid consensus about this and related posttrial obligations has not yet emerged in the literature, several key ideas have been prominent and are beginning to influence research ethics guidelines and the practices of researchers and sponsors. Posttrial obligations can arise in any clinical research setting, but the ethical issues they raise have been particularly salient in research conducted in lowand middle-income countries by researchers and sponsors from high-income countries. As a result, analysis of international collaborative research has contributed a great deal to current thinking about these questions.
The Standard of Care in Multinational Research
Authors: Holm Søren , John Harris
Published: November 2023

Although the issue concerning standard of care has become prominent in the controversy concerning HIV=AIDS research in developing countries, it is not a new problem, nor is it a problem that only occurs in relation to multinational research.
The Concept of Conflicts of Interest
Authors: Emanuel Ezekiel J , Thompson Dennis F
Published: November 2023

As the practice of medicine and the conduct of biomedical research have become increasingly commercialized, the risk that financial or other similar interests could improperly influence the conduct of physicians, researchers, and other professionals has correspondingly risen. This risk is at the root of the problem of conflict of interest that now confronts all professionals who seek to pursue the venerable goals of their profession while responding to the new and appealing demands of the marketplace. Prominent among the professionals who must deal with these potential conflicts are clinical researchers. Especially since passage of the Bayh-Dole Act in 1980, industry has become increasingly involved in clinical research. Commercial considerations are playing a greater role in decisions about research, even in academic and other not-forprofit institutions. In response to this growing influence of commercial interests, there has been a corresponding increase in the number and scope of regulations designed to control conflicts between these interests and the core goals of research. Despite the greater attention that conflicts of interest are now receiving, uncertainty persists about what constitutes a conflict of interest, why such conflicts should be regulated, and what standards should guide their regulation.
Emotions, Values, and the Law
Authors: Deigh John
Published: November 2023

Emotions, Values, and the Law brings together ten of John Deigh’s essays written over the past fifteen years. In the first five essays, Deigh ask questions about the nature of emotions and the relation of evaluative judgment to the intentionality of emotions, and critically examines the cognitivist theories of emotion that have dominated philosophy and psychology over the past thirty years. A central criticism of these theories is that they do not satisfactorily account for the emotions of babies or animals other than human beings. Drawing on this criticism, Deigh develops an alternative theory of the intentionality of emotions on which the education of emotions explains how human emotions, which innately contain no evaluative thought, come to have evaluative judgments as their principal cognitive component. The second group of five essays challenge the idea of the voluntary as essential to understanding moral responsibility, moral commitment, political obligation, and other moral and political phenomena that have traditionally been thought to depend on people’s will. Each of these studies focuses on a different aspect of our common moral and political life and shows, contrary to conventional opinion, that it does not depend on voluntary action or the exercise of a will constituted solely by rational thought. Together, the essays in this collection represent an effort to shift our understanding of the phenomena traditionally studied in moral and political philosophy from that of their being products of reason and will, operating independently of feeling and sentiment to that of their being manifestations of the work of emotion.
The Politics of Disgust and Shame
Authors: Deigh John
Published: November 2023

Upheavals of Thought, Martha Nussbaum’s landmark book in moral psychology, opened with a powerful exposition of a general theory of the emo-tions. The theory, which descends from the ideas of the Greek and Roman Stoics, identifies emotions with judgments of a specific sort. Its core principle is to attribute to every emotion cognitive content, namely, the content of the judgment with which the theory identifies the emotion.
Emotion and the Authority of Law: Variation on Themes in Bentham and Austin
Authors: Deigh John
Published: November 2023

The stark contrast between the views of law found in these two works—one of fiction, the other of, well, legal fiction—illuminates old disputes over the nature of law and the grounds of its authority. Is law essentially anything more than a miscellany of imperatives and instructions issued by individuals or groups within a society who are specially designated to guide the society’s members and by whom those members are disposed to be guided? And is its authority grounded in anything firmer or more certain than the existence of this general disposition in the membership? In particular, is its authority grounded in some moral property that law necessarily has?
All Kinds of Guilt
Authors: Deigh John
Published: November 2023

Wittgenstein’s questions express two characteristically human conceits. One concerns our capacities for moral feeling, the other our possession of lan-guage. Wittgenstein, one might easily think, in joining these conceits as he does, is suggesting that the capacities for moral feeling presuppose the pos-session of language. It is tempting, that is, to read Wittgenstein here as first drawing our attention to affective capacities special to human beings and then making the point that possessing language is necessary to the realization of these capacities, much as the great thinkers of the rationalist tradition, in the interest of distinguishing human from animal psychology, traced these same capacities to the operations of reason.
Scleroderma And The Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Mayes Maureen D
Published: November 2023

This information applies to people with systemic scleroderma, either limited or diffuse, and those with scleroderma sine sclerosis. It does not apply, or only rarely applies, to people with localized scleroderma (the morphea or linear type).
You And Your Doctor
Authors: Mayes Maureen D
Published: November 2023

In the early period, soon after getting diagnosed, scleroderma patients are frequently uncertain about what kind of doctor they should see, so they rely on the advice of their general medical doctor. Most patients will benefit from an evaluation by a specialist who knows scleroderma, and most of the time this will be a rheumatologist. Whether or not the rheumatologist provides ongoing care after this evaluation will vary from case to case.
“Notes of Flesh” and the Courtesan’s Song in Seventeenth-Century China
Authors: Zeitlin Judith T
Published: November 2023

The period of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, roughly 1580–1700, is widely recognized as one of the pinnacles of Chinese courtesan culture and the arts. Pleasure districts could be found in virtually every city and town across the empire, including the capital Beijing to the north, but the focus of elite courtesan culture lay in Jiangnan, in the metropolises of the Yangzi River Delta, particularly Suzhou, Hangzhou, and the former capital Nanjing, where economic and cultural capital was concentrated (see the map in fig. 3.1). Although merchants constituted one major new clientele, the most celebrated courtesans owed their reputations in large part to patronage by leading men of letters, who, in turn, derived their status from competing in the civil service examinations and from their achievements in the literary sphere.
The Courtesan’s Singing Body as Cultural Capital in Seventeenth-Century Italy
Authors: Gordon Bonnie
Published: November 2023

When courtesans trafficked in song, they engaged forces that were not just immaterial but material and that were altogether more potent than sex or money. Itself a form of bodily exchange, song both enthralled and threatened the male admirer and the social fabric that surrounded him. Carrying an ambivalent but almost magical power, the courtesan’s singing voice moved from the mouth of the singer to penetrate the ears of the unwitting (but often willing) male victim. Accosting body and soul, song could force submission to any number of threatening temptations, enticing a loss of control and reason that led to a wide variety of salacious activities. Song, like love, could inflame the soul and arouse a violent carnal desire that might come with fever, chills, and other remarkable effects.
Constraints On Inducible Defenses:Phylogeny, Ontogeny, And Phenotypic Trade-Offs
Authors: Relyea Rick A
Published: November 2023

Antipredator defenses are widespread in the animal kingdom and include an overwhelming number of traits. Hundreds of studies have examined the inducible defenses of many prey taxa and documented a wide range of antipredator defenses. Most studies have focused on a single species of prey, observed prey responses at a single ontogenetic stage, and conducted the experiments under a single set of environmental conditions. Although this approach is useful in establishing which prey taxa respond to predators, the approach is limited, because it prevents us from identifying interacting environmental effects and makes it difficult to identify potential constraints. By taking a more comprehensive approach that includes multiple species, multiple ontogenetic stages, and multiple environmental conditions, one can identify a series of potential constraints that may prevent prey from exhibiting predator induced plasticity. Such constraints are multifaceted and include historical constraints of phylogeny, restrictive developmental windows throughout ontogeny, and the presence of phenotypic trade-offs that occur when prey face conflicting pressures (e.g., from multiple predators, from predators and parasites, or from predators and competitors). In this chapter, I review what we know about these three potential constraints on inducible defenses and identify how these insights will likely change how we conduct experiments, interpret empirical results, and design future research.
Behavior of Predators and Prey and Links with Population-Level Processes
Authors: Schmitz Oswald J
Published: November 2023

An important challenge in ecology is to discern the level of biological detail one needs to know about prey and predator interactions in order to make accurate predictions about population and community structure and function. One candidate detail is the predation risk response of prey to predators. Prey must often trade off foraging with avoiding predators. Such trade-offs change individual performance in ways that ultimately affect prey population demography and predator-prey dynamics. At the same time, the nature of the trade-off may vary, depending on predator species. Different predator species may display disparate hunting modes and locate in different habitats used by a prey species. As a consequence, the nature of the foraging/predator-avoidance trade-off played by individual prey may depend on the portion of the habitat used (habitat domain) by the prey in relation to predator species hunting mode (predator identity) and habitat domain. The contingencies between habitat domain and hunting mode may lead to different population-level phenomena in different predator-prey systems. In this chapter, I synthesize information on the nature of prey and predator habitat use and predator hunting mode to develop a general working hypothesis for understanding the nature of predator-prey interactions. This framework helps to reconcile when prey and predator behavior matters, requiring behavior to be included explicitly in considerations of population and community dynamics and, when prey and predator behavior does not matter, allowing this detail to be abstracted in considerations of dynamics.
Decision At Sea
Authors: Symonds Craig L
Published: November 2023

From thunderous broadsides traded between wooden sailing ships on Lake Erie, to the carrier battles of World War II, to the devastating high-tech action in the Persian Gulf, here is a gripping history of five key battles that defined the evolution of naval warfare--and the course of the American nation. Acclaimed military historian Craig Symonds offers spellbinding narratives of crucial engagements, showing how each battle reveals the transformation of technology and weaponry from one war to the next; how these in turn transformed naval combat; and how each event marked a milestone in American history. BL Oliver Hazard Perry’s heroic victory at Lake Erie, one of the last great battles of the Age of Sail, which secured the Northwestern frontier for the United States BL The brutal Civil War duel between the ironclads Monitor and Virginia, which sounded the death knell for wooden-hulled warships and doomed the Confederacy’s hope of besting the Union navy BL Commodore Dewey’s stunning triumph at Manila Bay in 1898, where the U.S. displayed its “new navy” of steel-hulled ships firing explosive shells and wrested an empire from a fading European power BL The hairsbreadth American victory at Midway, where aircraft carriers launched planes against enemies 200 miles away--and where the tide of World War II turned in the space of a few furious minutes BL Operation Praying Mantis in the Persian Gulf, where computers, ship-fired missiles, and “smart bombs” not only changed the nature of warfare at sea, but also marked a new era, and a new responsibility, for the United States. Symonds records these encounters in detail so vivid that readers can hear the wind in the rigging and feel the pounding of the guns. Yet he places every battle in a wide perspective, revealing their significance to America’s development as it grew from a new Republic on the edge of a threatening frontier to a global superpower. Decision at Sea is a powerful and illuminating look at pivotal moments in the history of the Navy and of the United States. It is also a compelling study of the unchanging demands of leadership at sea, where commanders must make rapid decisions in the heat of battle with lives--and the fate of nations--hanging in the balance.
The Social Ecology of Psychological Development
Authors: Gregg Gary S
Published: November 2023

Part 1 of this Chapter reviews traditional forms of social organization in MENA societies, which historically provided the environments in which development took place, and set the overall designs of infant care, child and adolescent socialization, and adult roles and life-paths. Patterns of family, gender, and kinship relations developed from centuries of interaction among pastoral, agricultural, and urban ways of life, and broadly resembled those found throughout the Mediterranean, including those in the southern European societies Westerners view as providing their own classical heritage.
Adolescence
Authors: Gregg Gary S
Published: November 2023

Ethnographic studies show that in traditional milieus, adolescence was brief for most boys and nonexistent for most girls. Yet for both boys and girls, the years after puberty entailed important transitions and psychological development, especially in acquiring expertise at the honor- and religion-based practices they typically mastered in late childhood and in honing the “social selves” they fashioned in terms of these two ethical systems. Because they married in their early teens, girls probably experienced greater discontinuity, as menstruation, deflowering at one’s wedding, moving out of one’s parents’ home, and childbirth often came within a couple of years. Boys probably experienced greater continuity in their familial relationships but disjunction between deferential subordination to elders, dominance over juniors, and aggressive competition for status and honor with peers. Like other Eurasian civilizations, MENA prohibited premarital sex and prescribed arranged marriages and, like other preindustrial Mediterranean cultures, made the seclusion and virginity of daughters/sisters into a point of family honor— turning the suppression of sexual and romantic feelings into a major developmental task during this period. Yet in spite of MENA’s strong “collectivist” values rooted in emotional interdependencies nurtured from infancy, the literature suggests that many girls and boys experienced sharp conflicts between their own “individualistic” desires and the control their elders exerted in the name of group interests.
Patterns and Lives Development Through the Life-Span
Authors: Gregg Gary S
Published: November 2023

One could distill from the previous Chapters a “typical” MENA path of development through the life-span. But this would amount to another “national character” stereotype, to which no life would correspond. Not only does socialization vary from milieu to milieu but twists of fate often make it impossible for families to follow cultural models of child-rearing and for young adults to take up the roles and identities their culture prescribes. Differences in temperament, birth order, intelligence, and family organization exert such profound effects that the cultural patterns that create shared experiences simultaneously provoke diverging reactions to them. Individuals also personalize their culture as they internalize it, in such idiosyncratic ways that “the” culture is not so much shared by all its members as it is distributed among them. Daily life is animated by dialogues and disputes among those living by different interpretations of their culture”s values.