bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A method to extract cyanobacteria blooms from satellite imagery with no requirements for any prior atmospheric correction or cloud-masking
Authors: Liu Haiqiu , Li Hangzhou , Ren Hengkui , Hu Jinxiu
Published: November 2021

Lake Chaohu has been suffering from harmful cyanobacteria blooms, while the clouds pixels in satellite images are usually mistaken as cyanobacteria blooms by some traditional indicators, leading to the need for cloud masking in advance. In addition, atmospheric correction is another challenge due to lack of a general atmospheric correction method and the difficulties in evaluating its accuracy without in situ investigations. Fortunately, tasseled cap transformation (TCT) allows to extract vegetation properties directly from satellite imagery digital numbers (DN), which provides a perspective for extracting cyanobacteria blooms independent from atmospheric correction. This study focuses on how to use TCT to establish an indicator, which allows to extract cyanobacteria blooms directly from image DN values without conducting any atmospheric correction or cloud-masking. Training and test sets containing over 200,000 pixels are constructed from 18 Sentinel-2A/B MSI images acquired in different seasons in recent three years. Four components are derived from TCT and they could form up to 81 linear combinations. Experimental results performed on the training set show that the candidate, which combines the last three components with the coefficients of 1,-1 and 0, assigns cyanobacteria blooms pixels in a completely separated value range from water, cloud, cloud shadow and cloud edge pixels. The candidate is defined as ICW3C index. Its threshold value range of (175 330) is given and the pixels with ICW3C values greater than its threshold could be classified as cyanobacteria blooms. Comparisons between ICW3C and the floating algae index (FAI) on the test set show that ICW3C misclassifies 0.02% of cloud pixels and 1.55% of yellow cloud edge pixels as cyanobacteria blooms, however, 19.18% clouds, 13.74% yellow cloud edges and 19.34% blue-green cloud edges are incorrectly identified as cyanobacteria blooms by FAI. Comparisons between ICW3C and FAI performed on image regions over time show that, in clear-sky regions with cyanobacteria blooms, FAI extracts 5.81% more pixels, which mainly lay in the edge of cyanobacteria blooms. In cloud-covered image regions without cyanobacteria blooms, FAI misclassifies over 608 times as many cloud and cloud edge pixels as ICW3C. Sensitivity test results suggest that the change of ICW3C threshold within its value range (175 330) will not lead to serious increase in misclassification, and ICW3C performs stable to variations of viewing geometry. Extension tests indicate that ICW3C is applicable for several other sensors. Further researches are still needed to test whether ICW3C is suitable for other inland lakes or seas.
Barcode encryption based on negative and positive Goos-Hänchen shifts in a graphene-ITO/TiO2/ITO sandwich structure
Authors: Ding Yiping , Deng Dongmei , Zhou Xiang , Zhen Weiming , Gao Mingsheng , Zhang Yong
Published: November 2021

In this work, we propose a graphene-indium tin oxide (ITO)/TiO2/ITO sandwich structure and theoretically study the Goos-Hänchen (GH) shift within the epsilon-near-zero region of the ITO. The findings show that the sign of GH shifts keeps positive or negative in two different wavelength ranges in the case of the zero graphene conductivity. When the graphene conductivity is non-zero, the influence of the graphene conductivity on the sign of GH shifts is discussed, and we regularly achieve the positive and the negative regulation of GH shifts by adjusting the Fermi energy. Based on the positive and the negative variation of GH shifts in two cases of the zero and the non-zero graphene conductivity, we design a barcode encryption scheme based on the sign of GH shifts, which can simply obtain four groups of the coding state “0 0”, “0 1”, “1 0” and “1 1”, by the means of first adjusting the incident wavelength and then adjusting the Fermi energy. Our research provides a new machanism to realize the potential application of GH shifts.
Afterpulse correction for micro-pulse lidar to improve middle and upper tropospheric aerosol measurements
Authors: Xie Hailing , Wang Zhien , Zhou Tian , Yang Kang , Liu Xiaohong , Fu Qiang , Zhang Damao , Deng Min
Published: November 2021

Micro-pulse lidar (MPL) measurements have been widely used in atmospheric research over the past few decades. However, the MPL afterpulse noise has a large impact on the MPL aerosol measurement in the middle and upper troposphere, and an effective correction method is still lacking. Here, a new afterpulse correction approach is presented by using measurements with low-level optically thick clouds to act as the lids blocking atmospheric signals beyond the clouds completely. Examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of this correction method. Using one-year 2014 MPL measurements at the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) North Slope of Alaska (NSA) site, the impact of the correction on the aerosol measurements is quantified. The relative error (RE, %) of attenuated backscattering ratio (ABR) without the afterpulse correction is 30% and 190% at the height of 1.00 km and 9.00 km (AGL), and the RE is larger for weaker aerosol signals (ABR<2). The RE of linear depolarization ratio (LDR), which is significantly higher than that of ABR for a given aerosol layer, is highly non-linear above 3.00 km, with a value of 300%-900% for weak aerosols (ABR<2) above 3.00 km. Therefore, the afterpulse correction is critical for the middle and upper tropospheric aerosol observations. We demonstrated that our afterpulse correction can provide reasonable particle depolarization ratio (PDR) to properly identify dust aerosols. The newly developed method can be applied to long-term MPL measurements to support aerosol and mixed-phase/ice cloud interaction study at the NSA site.
Strain-modified effective two-band model for calculating the conduction band structure of strain-compensated quantum cascade lasers: effect of strain and remote band on the electron effective mass and nonparabolicity parameter
Authors: Kim Sungjun , Kim Jungho
Published: November 2021

We propose a strain-modified effective two-band model to calculate the conduction band (CB) structure of strain-compensated quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). The proposed model can consider the effect of strain and remote band (RB) on the band-edge energy, electron effective mass, and nonparabolicity parameter although the currently used empirical two-band model can be applicable to only the unstrained QCLs. Based on the three-band second-order k·p Hamiltonian along with the Pikus-Bir Hamiltonian, analytical formula for the electron effective mass and nonparabolicity parameter are derived at the zone center, where the effects of strain and RB interaction are included. Then, the three-band first-order k·p Hamiltonian is reduced to the strain-modified effective two-band Hamiltonian, where the effective Kane energy, determined by the electron effective mass and nonparabolicity parameter, is used to include the nonparabolicity of the CB. By numerically solving the proposed strain-modified effective two-band model based on the finite difference method, we calculate the CB structure of several strain-compensated or unstrained QCLs in the mid-IR and terahertz range and predict their lasing wavelengths, which are well matched with the measured values in the literatures.
Tunable terahertz metasurface platform based on CVD graphene plasmonics
Authors: Li Yuyu , Paiella Roberto
Published: November 2021

Graphene plasmonics provides a powerful means to extend the reach of metasurface technology to the terahertz spectral region, with the distinct advantage of active tunability. Here we introduce a comprehensive design platform for the development of THz metasurfaces capable of complex wavefront manipulation functionalities, based on ribbon-shaped graphene plasmonic resonators combined with metallic antennas on a vertical cavity. Importantly, this approach is compatible with the electrical characteristics of graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), which can provide the required mm-scale dimensions unlike higher-mobility exfoliated samples. We present a single device structure that can be electrically reconfigured to enable multiple functionalities with practical performance metrics, including tunable beam steering and focusing with variable numerical aperture. These capabilities are promising for a significant impact in a wide range of THz technologies for sensing, imaging, and future wireless communications.
Visible transparency tuning and corresponding sensing application of opal photonic crystals
Authors: Chen Chen , Hu Qinqin , Yin Kun
Published: November 2021

The development of optical refractive index sensors for label-free sensing is beneficial for both chemical and biochemical applications. Lots of efforts have been devoted to narrow the resonance peaks of periodic nanostructures and, therefore, improve the figures of merit. The substrates with high-quality factor resonances always come at the expense of not only complicated fabrication processes but also the requirement of sophisticated optical measuring systems. It is demonstrated in this work that Fabry-Perot resonance based broadband sensing with figure of merit of 83 can be achieved using low-cost self-assembled opal photonic crystals. It is seen by the naked eye that the transparency of photonic crystal dots can be gradually improved by increasing the refractive index of the filling liquid. The loop-mediated isothermal amplification induced refractive index variation of biological samples has also been recognized using the prepared photonic crystal dots, which are capable of fluorescence enhancement as well.
Acquisition of ionic copper by the bacterial outer membrane protein OprC through a novel binding site
Authors: Bhamidimarri Satya Prathyusha , Young Tessa R. , Shanmugam Muralidharan , Soderholm Sandra , Baslé Arnaud , Bumann Dirk , van den Berg Bert
Published: November 2021

Copper, while toxic in excess, is an essential micronutrient in all kingdoms of life due to its essential role in the structure and function of many proteins. Proteins mediating ionic copper import have been characterised in detail for eukaryotes, but much less so for prokaryotes. In particular, it is still unclear whether and how gram-negative bacteria acquire ionic copper. Here, we show that Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprC is an outer membrane, TonB-dependent transporter that is conserved in many Proteobacteria and which mediates acquisition of both reduced and oxidised ionic copper via an unprecedented CxxxM-HxM metal binding site. Crystal structures of wild-type and mutant OprC variants with silver and copper suggest that acquisition of Cu(I) occurs via a surface-exposed “methionine track” leading towards the principal metal binding site. Together with whole-cell copper quantitation and quantitative proteomics in a murine lung infection model, our data identify OprC as an abundant component of bacterial copper biology that may enable copper acquisition under a wide range of conditions.
The experience of teaching introductory programming skills to bioscientists in Brazil
Authors: Zuvanov Luíza , Basso Garcia Ana Letycia , Correr Fernando Henrique , Bizarria Rodolfo , Filho Ailton Pereira da Costa , da Costa Alisson Hayasi , Thomaz Andréa T. , Pinheiro Ana Lucia Mendes , Riaño-Pachón Diego Mauricio , Winck Flavia Vischi , Esteves Franciele Grego , Margarido Gabriel Rodrigues Alves , Casagrande Giovanna Maria Stanfoca , Frajacomo Henrique Cordeiro , Martins Leonardo , Cavalheiro Mariana Feitosa , Grachet Nathalia Graf , da Silva Raniere Gaia Costa , Cerri Ricardo , Ramos Rommel Thiago Juca , Medeiros Simone Daniela Sartorio de , Tavares Thayana Vieira , Corrêa dos Santos Renato Augusto
Published: November 2021

Computational biology has gained traction as an independent scientific discipline over the last years in South America. However, there is still a growing need for bioscientists, from different backgrounds, with different levels, to acquire programming skills, which could reduce the time from data to insights and bridge communication between life scientists and computer scientists. Python is a programming language extensively used in bioinformatics and data science, which is particularly suitable for beginners. Here, we describe the conception, organization, and implementation of the Brazilian Python Workshop for Biological Data. This workshop has been organized by graduate and undergraduate students and supported, mostly in administrative matters, by experienced faculty members since 2017. The workshop was conceived for teaching bioscientists, mainly students in Brazil, on how to program in a biological context. The goal of this article was to share our experience with the 2020 edition of the workshop in its virtual format due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to compare and contrast this year’s experience with the previous in-person editions. We described a hands-on and live coding workshop model for teaching introductory Python programming. We also highlighted the adaptations made from in-person to online format in 2020, the participants’ assessment of learning progression, and general workshop management. Lastly, we provided a summary and reflections from our personal experiences from the workshops of the last 4 years. Our takeaways included the benefits of the learning from learners’ feedback (LLF) that allowed us to improve the workshop in real time, in the short, and likely in the long term. We concluded that the Brazilian Python Workshop for Biological Data is a highly effective workshop model for teaching a programming language that allows bioscientists to go beyond an initial exploration of programming skills for data analysis in the medium to long term.
Detection of locomotion deficit in a post-traumatic syringomyelia rat model using automated gait analysis technique
Authors: Pukale Dipak D. , Farrag Mahmoud , Leipzig Nic D.
Published: November 2021

Syringomyelia (SM) is a spinal cord disorder in which a cyst (syrinx) filled with fluid forms in the spinal cord post-injury/disease, in patients syrinx symptoms include loss of pain and temperature sensation or locomotion deficit. Currently, there are no small animal models and connected tools to help study the functional impacts of SM. The objective of this study was to determine the detectability of subtle locomotion deficits due to syrinx formation/expansion in post-traumatic syringomyelia (PTSM) rat model using the recently reported method of Gait Analysis Instrumentation, and Technology Optimized for Rodents (GAITOR) with Automated Gait Analysis Through Hues and Areas (AGATHA) technique. First videos of the rats were collected while walking in an arena (using GAITOR) followed by extracting meaningful locomotion information from collected videos using AGATHA protocol. PTSM injured rats demonstrated detectable locomotion deficits in terms of duty factor imbalance, paw placement accuracy, step contact width, stride length, and phase dispersion parameters compared to uninjured rats due to SM. We concluded that this technique could detect mild and subtle locomotion deficits associated with PTSM injury, which also in future work could be used further to monitor locomotion responses after different treatment strategies for SM.
High rate of human enteroviruses among clinically suspected meningitis cases at selected Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Wami Ashenafi Alemu , Hundie Gadissa Bedada , Ambachew Rozina , Gebreyohannes Berhe Zenebe , Abrha Alem , Abebe Workeabeba , Abeje Dessalegen , Geteneh Alene , Mihret Adane , Mulu Andargachew
Published: November 2021

Background

Because of limited infrastructure and skilled human capital, the etiology of meningitis is rarely identified in developing countries like Ethiopia. This results in unnecessary antibiotics use, economic crisis, hospitalization, and related nosocomial infections. Thus, we aimed to assess the epidemiology of human enteroviruses (HEVs) among clinically suspected meningitis cases in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Method

A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to August 2020 at selected Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was conducted on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from 146 clinically suspected meningitis and bacterial culture-negative patients. SPSS v 21.0 was used for data analysis and bivariate correlation was done for the association between variables of interest.

Results

HEVs were detected in 39 (26.7%) of the 146 clinically suspected meningitis cases. Most of the HEVs cases 28 (71.9%) were detected in younger-aged infants less than 1 year. The most commonly observed clinical manifestations were vomiting (75.5%) followed by fever (56.8%) and impaired consciousness or irritability (50.7%). The mean length of hospital stay for patients with enteroviral meningitis was 9 days. Many patients with HEVs were recovered with sequelae (46.2%), and HEVs has contributed for one out of the nine meningeal deaths (11.1%).

Conclusions

HEVs were found to be the commonest cause of morbidity and mortality in all age groups. Many of the patients were mistreated with antibiotics and hospitalized. The detection of HEVs in 26.7% of clinically suspected meningitis cases indicated the need for molecular tests in investigating the etiology of meningitis. Therefore, we suggest the introduction of molecular tests as a routine practice in referral hospitals and the need to further characterize circulating HEVs strains.
Estimation of linkage disequilibrium levels and allele frequency distribution in crossbred Vrindavani cattle using 50K SNP data
Authors: Singh Akansha , Kumar Amit , Mehrotra Arnav , A. Karthikeyan , Pandey Ashwni Kumar , Mishra B. P. , Dutt Triveni
Published: November 2021

The objective of this study was to calculate the extent and decay of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in 96 crossbred Vrindavani cattle genotyped with Bovine SNP50K Bead Chip. After filtering, 43,821 SNPs were retained for final analysis, across 2500.3 Mb of autosome. A significant percentage of SNPs was having minor allele frequency of less than 0.20. The extent of LD between autosomal SNPs up to 10 Mb apart across the genome was measured using r2 statistic. The mean r2 value was 0.43, if pairwise distance of marker was less than10 kb and it decreased further to 0.21 for 25–50 kb markers distance. Further, the effect of minor allele frequency and sample size on LD estimate was investigated. The LD value decreased with the increase in inter-marker distance, and increased with the increase of minor allelic frequency. The estimated inbreeding coefficient and effective population size were 0.04, and 46 for present generation, which indicated small and unstable population of Vrindavani cattle. These findings suggested that a denser or breed specific SNP panel would be required to cover all genome of Vrindavani cattle for genome wide association studies (GWAS).
The structure, centrality, and scale of urban street networks: Cases from Pre-Industrial Afro-Eurasia
Authors: Altaweel Mark , Hanson Jack , Squitieri Andrea
Published: November 2021

Cities and towns have often developed infrastructure that enabled a variety of socio-economic interactions. Street networks within these urban settings provide key access to resources, neighborhoods, and cultural facilities. Studies on settlement scaling have also demonstrated that a variety of urban infrastructure and resources indicate clear population scaling relationships in both modern and ancient settings. This article presents an approach that investigates past street network centrality and its relationship to population scaling in urban contexts. Centrality results are compared statistically among different urban settings, which are categorized as orthogonal (i.e., planned) or self-organizing (i.e., organic) urban settings, with places having both characteristics classified as hybrid. Results demonstrate that street nodes have a power law relationship to urban area, where the number of nodes increases and node density decreases in a sub-linear manner for larger sites. Most median centrality values decrease in a negative sub-linear manner as sites are larger, with organic and hybrid urban sites’ centrality being generally less and diminishing more rapidly than orthogonal settings. Diminishing centrality shows comparability to modern urban systems, where larger urban districts may restrict overall interaction due to increasing transport costs over wider areas. Centrality results indicate that scaling results have multiples of approximately ⅙ or ⅓ that are comparable to other urban and road infrastructure, suggesting a potential relationship between different infrastructure features and population in urban centers. The results have implications for archaeological settlements where urban street plans are incomplete or undetermined, as it allows forecasts to be made on past urban sites’ street network centrality. Additionally, a tool to enable analysis of street networks and centrality is provided as part of the contribution.
Unexpected winter questing activity of ticks in the Central Midwestern United States
Authors: Raghavan Ram K. , Koestel Zoe L. , Boorgula Gunavanthi , Hroobi Ali , Ganta Roman , Harrington John , Goodin Doug , Stich Roger W. , Anderson Gary
Published: November 2021

Unexpected questing activity of ticks was noted during the winter months of January and February in the Central Midwestern states of Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. From nine geographically distinct locations, four species of ticks were collected using the flagging method, of which the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, was most abundant, followed by the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, the Gulf coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum, and the Black legged tick, Ixodes scapularis. More A. americanum nymphs were caught questing than male or female adults. The winter activity of these medically important ticks in this region poses concern for public health and offers an insight into future tick activity in light of ongoing climate change. More studies on the seasonality of these tick species, and how different climate parameters affect their seasonal activity in this region are warranted and would be expected to benefit for both human and veterinary medicine.
Feasibility of near-infrared spectroscopy for species identification and parasitological diagnosis of freshwater snails of the genus Biomphalaria (Planorbidae)
Authors: Valladares Vanessa , Pasquini Célio , Thiengo Silvana Carvalho , Mello-Silva Clélia Christina
Published: November 2021

Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) has been applied in epidemiological surveillance studies of insect vectors of parasitic diseases, such as the Dengue’s mosquitoes. However, regarding mollusks, vectors of important worldwide helminth diseases such as schistosomiasis, fascioliasis and angiostrongyliasis, NIRS studies are rare. This work proposes to establish and standardize the procedure of data collection and analysis using NIRS applied to medical malacology, i.e., to mollusk vectors identifications. Biomphalaria shells and live snails were analyzed regarding several operational aspects, such as: moisture, shell side and position of the live animal for acquisition of NIR spectra. Representative spectra of Biomphalaria shells and live snails were collected using an average of 50 scans per sample and resolution of 16 cm-1. For shells, the sample should first be dried for a minimum of 15 days at an average temperature of 26±1°C, and then placed directly in the equipment measurement window with its left side facing the light beam. Live animals should be dried with absorbent paper; placed into a glass jar, and analyzed similarly to the shells. Once standardized, the technique was applied aiming at two objectives: identification of Biomphalaria using only the shells and parasitological diagnosis for Schistosoma mansoni infection. The discrimination of the three Biomphalaria species intermediate hosts of S. mansoni only by shell has technical limit due to the scarcity of organic material. Nevertheless, it was possible to differentiate B. straminea from B. tenagophila and B. glabrata with 96% accuracy. As for the parasitological diagnosis, it was possible to differentiate infected mollusks shedding S. mansoni cercariae from the non-infected ones with 82, 5% accuracy. In conclusion, the Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR’s) technique has proven to be an innovative and sound tool to detect infection by S. mansoni in the different species of Biomphalaria intermediate hosts.
How is and how should healthcare for people with multiple sclerosis in Germany be designed?–The rationale and protocol for the mixed-methods study Multiple Sclerosis–Patient-Oriented Care in Lower Saxony (MS-PoV)
Authors: Krüger Kathrin , Fricke Lara Marleen , Dilger Elise-Marie , Thiele Annett , Schaubert Kristina , Hoekstra Dyon , Heidenreich Fedor , Brütt Anna Levke , Stahmeyer Jona T. , Stahmann Alexander , Röper Anna-Lena , Kubiak Klaus-Peter , Hemmerling Melissa , Grau Anja , Eichstädt Kerstin , Behrens Sabine , Krauth Christian
Published: November 2021

Background

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in Europe, often causing severe physical, cognitive and emotional impairments. Currently, it is unclear whether the healthcare provisions of people with MS (PwMS) are in line with the recommendations for treatment based on guidelines or patients’ needs. The main objectives of the study are as follows: (a) to investigate how well PwMS are treated; and (b) to develop a needs-oriented, patient-centred care model.

Methods

This mixed-methods study focuses on adult PwMS living in Lower Saxony, a federal state in Germany. The qualitative study comprises focus groups with PwMS, physicians and people involved in the healthcare process as well as a future workshop. The quantitative study comprises a cross-sectional online survey and addresses the patient-relevant outcomes and needs, as previously determined by literature searches and focus groups. It will be administered to all PwMS who are insured by the statutory health insurance company involved in the project (n~7,000). The survey data will be linked to the longitudinal secondary data from the statutory health insurance company and data from the German MS registry where available. The linked and single data sources will be statistically analysed.

Discussion

By comprehensively comparing the current healthcare provisions with the needs and requirements of PwMS, the strengths and weaknesses of the overall healthcare process and provision of assistive devices can be identified. The barriers and facilitators of the health service providers and their impact on daily life will be explored (qualitative analyses). Reliable recommendations for improvements will be given based on a study population drawn from the largest statutory health insurance company in Lower Saxony (quantitative analyses). However, the inherent advantages and limitations of the qualitative and quantitative research approaches need to be considered.

Trial registration

The study is registered at German Clinical Trials RegisterDRKS00021741.
Modding as game development: Investigating the influences over how mods are made
Authors: Pereira Leônidas Soares , Silva Bernardes Maurício Moreira E
Published: November 2021

Over the past few decades, game mods have slowly walked their way into mainstream popularity and although not being confined anymore to the dark corners of the internet, the reality is that we still do not know much about how mods are created and how modders manage to achieve their objectives. Seeking to better understand the activity of mod development, this article explores key influencing factors on mod projects coordination and development by taking a qualitative approach based on in-depth interviews with nine lead developers of total conversion mod projects. We identified three key factors – tendency towards agility, co-creative nature and open source attitude – that we believe are etched at the core of the activity of modding and that lead to, and are manifested, in the unique ways of how modders approach software development.
Contribuição para a Discussão da BNCC 2017
Authors: Pissarra Maria Constança Peres , Ferrari Sônia Campaner Miguel
Published: November 2021

Lemos na BNCC recentemente publicada: “a educação, direito de todos e dever do Estado e da família, será promovida e incentivada com a colaboração da sociedade, visando ao pleno desenvolvimento da pessoa, seu preparo para o exercício da cidadania e sua qualificação para o trabalho" (Brasil, 2017). A BNCC estabelece os fundamentos que orientam a educação pública brasileira do ensino infantil e fundamental. Vamos centrar nossa análise do documento na introdução e principalmente no item “Os fundamentos pedagógicos da BNCC, para então tecermos alguns comentários sobre a visão geral de educação do documento, e o tratamentos que o documento dá às várias áreas. Partimos da concepção de que ao mesmo tempo em que a educação atual enfatiza a importância de uma educação tecnicista, com ênfase na formação de técnicos especializados para o mercado de trabalho, ela, de forma contraditória, prevê a presença de elementos de uma educação humanista – cujo sentido precisaremos também especificar – que aparecem de maneira vertical nos currículos. Para nós o prejuízo de tal tratamento é tanto para as chamadas ciências humanas, que são tratadas como apêndices de uma educação técnica, como para as ciências da natureza, cujo desenvolvimento se vê prejudicado por uma concepção técnica que vê a ciência não como um ramo da atividade humana que tem potencial para alargar o conhecimento, mas como atividade com fins lucrativos. Por fim, este último tema já por si só bastante problemático será discutido ao final visando comparar a frase colocada no início com a proposta geral da BNCC e um pouco da prática escolar das últimas décadas.
Prebiotic and synbiotic effect on rumen papilla length development and rumen pH in 12-week-old calves
Authors: Arne A. , Ilgaza A.
Published: November 2021

Background and Aim: Europe and the USA have banned antibiotics use as growth promoters. There is a need for alternative products that can ensure production and health protection. Prebiotics has been proposed as alternatives because these materials have wide-ranging physiological effects on gut function, activity of the large intestinal microflora, mineral absorption, and immunity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of three different doses of inulin, a prebiotic, in combination with probiotic Enterococcus faecium (a new synbiotic) on postnatal rumen development by comparing rumen papilla length, width, muscle layer thickness, and content pH level.

Materials and Methods: Randomly selected 23 (±5)-days-old healthy male Holstein crossbreed calves, weighing 50 kg (±5 kg), were randomly allocated to seven groups, ten in each group. The calves were kept in a pen of 5, under the same conditions and were fed twice a day, ∼3.5 liters of whole milk per feeding. Control group (C n=10) was fed with whole milk only (no additives were added). The six other groups (three prebiotics and three synbiotics) received food additives with their morning milk feeding. The source of prebiotics, Jerusalem artichoke powder concentrate (JAPC) contained 50% of inulin. JAPC in doses of 6 g, 12 g, or 24 g were added to the milk. Formed prebiotic groups were denoted as PreG6, PreG12, and PreG24. To evaluate if the addition of the probiotic E. faecium 2×109 colony forming unit g–1 to manufacturer recommended dose of 0.25 g improves inulin effect on rumen, it was added to all their JAPC doses. The new content synbiotic groups were denoted as SynG6, SynG12, and SynG24. On day 57 of the study, when all calves were approximately 12 weeks old, they were slaughtered in a certified slaughterhouse. Tissue cultures for histological analysis were obtained from Saccus dorsalis and Saccus ventralis of the rumen. Tissue culture staining for histology was carried out using hematoxylin and eosin staining method. Rumen histological samples were used to measure papilla length, width, and muscle layer thickness. Each sample was used to make five measurements on the present rumen papilla.

Results: The results showed that by adding 12 g of inulin to whole milk when feeding calves improves rumen papilla development, which is seen by increased length and width of papilla, especially in the Saccus ventralis region. By combing this dose of inulin with 0.25 g of E. faecium, a significant increase of papilla is achieved. Saccus ventralis muscle layer in the rumen is thicker than it is in Saccus dorsalis regardless of addition of prebiotics or synbiotics.

Conclusion: The addition of inulin to whole milk can influence the pH of the rumen by making it more alkaline. The addition of prebiotic inulin and a novel synbiotic (inulin combined with E. faecium) can accelerate postnatal rumen development and improve its functionality.
Review of herbal medicine works in the avian species
Authors: Hartady Tyagita , Syamsunarno Mas Rizky A. A. , Priosoeryanto Bambang Pontjo , Jasni S. , Balia Roostita L.
Published: November 2021

Poultry meat consumption is increasing worldwide but the overuse of antimicrobials for prevention and treatment of diseases has increased antimicrobial resistance (AMR), triggering a major public health issue. To restrict AMR emergence, the government supports the optimization of natural products that are safe and easy to obtain with minimal side effects on poultry, humans, and the environment. Various studies have explored the potential of herbs in animal health for their antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and body weight gain properties. Therefore, this study reviewed plants with potential application in avian species by summarizing and discussing the mechanisms and prophylactic/therapeutic potential of these compounds and their plant origin extracts.
Condylar Changes in Patients after Orthodontic Treatment - A Retrospective Panoramic Study from Chennai, India
Authors: Manivasagam Deepigaa , Muthukrishnan Arvind
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND Idiopathic condylar resorption (ICR) is a progressive, extensive loss of condylar resorption with or without temporomandibular joint (TMJ) symptoms. Orthodontic treatment causes abnormal joint loading, thus sustained physical stress to the articular surface of TMJ when exceeds adaptive capacity leads to dysfunctional remodelling of the mandible. Condylar changes were not assessed both during pre and post orthodontic treatment. The purpose of this study was to assess the condylar changes following orthodontic treatment using orthopantomogram (OPG). METHODS This retrospective study was conducted in a university dental hospital setting covering patients visiting for orthodontic treatment from October 2020 to February 2021. Analysis of pre-operative and post-operative OPG’s of patients who have undergone orthodontic treatment was done. Morphologic changes of condyle were recorded using idiopathic condylar resorption subgroups classification. The statistical software used for analysis was IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 23) and a paired t test was used to assess the pre-operative and postoperative condylar changes. RESULTS 50 condyles of 25 patients (right and left side) ranging from 11 - 40 years of age were evaluated pre and post orthodontic treatment. Female predilection (60 %) with phenotype 1 (44 % - right; 44 % - left) being more common and left condyle most commonly affected. The mean and S.D. of the right side were - 680 and 0.748 respectively (P value 0.000) and left side values were - 800 and 1.118 respectively which was also statistically significant (P value 0.002). CONCLUSIONS ICR is the result of many predisposing and contributory factors and an accurate and timely diagnosis of this pathology is essential in dental practice. The available literature confirms the presence of condylar changes after orthodontic therapy, however more evidence-based high-quality clinical trials with detailed design and long-term follow-up periods need to be conducted yet in order to gain more insight and knowledge on the onset and progression of this pathology. KEY WORDS Idiopathic Condylar Resorption (ICR), Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ), Orthodontic Treatment
Oestrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor Expression on Epithelial Tumours of Ovary and Correlation with Their Clinicopathological Features
Authors: Jose Soumya , A.R. Seena
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND Ovarian carcinoma is one of the most lethal malignancies. Their histogenesis and complex pathogenesis remain largely unknown in spite of the many studies and research carried out in the field. The receptors for female sex hormones are implicated in the pathogenesis of ovarian tumours in many studies. This concept points out the necessity of developing a highly affected targeted therapy, which requires a proper understanding of the pathogenesis of the tumours. This study was done to evaluate the expression of these receptors on the primary epithelial tumours of the ovary and explore the possible correlation with clinical and pathological features. METHODS A hundred cases of primary epithelial tumours of the ovary were selected; tissue samples were taken from appropriate areas and processed. Tissues were cut into sections of three to five-micron thickness. Sections from the tissues were stained and examined. Once the histological type was clear, the receptor expression was assessed with immunohistochemistry markers. RESULTS Among the hundred tumours studied, serous tumours were the commonest, accounting for 65 % followed by mucinous tumours which constituted 34 %. Clear cell tumours accounted for 1 %. Endometrioid and transitional cell tumours were still rarer. Among these, oestrogen receptor (ER) was expressed in 78.5 % of serous tumours and progesterone receptor (PR) was expressed in 64.6 % of serous tumours. CONCLUSIONS Serous tumours were seen to show maximum expression of the hormone receptors among the surface tumours of ovaries. Furthermore, the expression of the receptors was more consistently seen in high-grade tumours. This finding may be of help in designing personalized hormone therapy in epithelial tumours. KEY WORDS Surface Epithelial Tumours, Receptors, ER, PR.
CRITICAL SHIFTING WINDOW IN SWITCHABLE ROCKER FINGER FOLLOWER
Authors: Kohout Petr , Kindermann Jan
Published: November 2021

A valvetrain including switchable rocker finger follower is capable of discrete switching between two modes (two cam profiles). The exact moment when switching occurs is called crossover point and this paper reviews the factors that cause the shift of the crossover point from its nominal design position. The range where crossover point can shift is called critical shifting window and its size and factors influencing it will be adressed.
RANGE EXTENDER ICE MULTI-PARAMETRIC MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION
Authors: Adámek Mikuláš , Toman Rastislav
Published: November 2021

Range Extended Electric Vehicles (REEV) are still one of the suitable concepts for modern sustainable low emission vehicles. REEV is equipped with a small and lightweight unit, comprised usually of an internal combustion engine with an electric generator, and has thus the technical potential to overcome the main limitations of a pure electric vehicle – range anxiety, overall driving range, heating, and air-conditioning demands – using smaller battery: saving money, and raw materials. Even though several REx ICE concepts were designed in past, most of the available studies lack more complex design and optimization approach, not exploiting the advantageous single point operation of these engines. Resulting engine designs are usually rather conservative, not optimized for the best efficiency. This paper presents a multi-parametric and multi-objective optimization approach, that is applied on a REx ICE. Our optimization toolchain combines a parametric GT-Suite ICE simulation model, modeFRONTIER optimization software with various optimization strategies, and a parametric CAD model, that first provides some simulation model inputs, and second also serves for the final designs’ feasibility check.

The chosen ICE concept is a 90 degrees V-twin engine, four-stroke, spark-ignition, naturally aspirated, port injected, OHV engine. The optimization goal is to find the thermodynamic optima for three different design scenarios of our concept – three different engine displacements – addressing the compactness requirement of a REx ICE. The optimization results show great fuel efficiency potential by applying our optimization methodology, following the general trends in increasing ICE efficiency, and power for a naturally aspirated concept.
The lungs of the world
Authors:   Universitetet i Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway, Becker Theresa Sophie
Published: November 2021

‘The Lungs of the World’ begins by questioning the values and actions that have led to a world in which deforestation, carbon emissions, greed, the misuse of power and the pursuit of profit that have worsened air pollution even more than today. Leaving these behind, the story describes a global shift in values towards collaboration and genuine care for human, plant and animal life alike. ‘The Lungs of the World’ reminds us that environmental problems will affect the health and wellbeing of healthcare professionals and patients alike, and so require us to work together beyond these boundaries. In this story, understanding and celebrating the intertwined relationships between all people, anatomy, physiology, today’s social and environmental problems, seems to release a new energy, creativity and novel opportunities. It feels as though thinking and acting at much larger scales than the individual body enables dealing with well-known problems in entirely new ways and doing so with a strong sense of purpose and meaning.
Polarisen som smeltet
Authors:   Universitetet i Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway, Ingilæ Erika Jorunsdatter
Published: November 2021

Historien "Polisen som smeltet" kaster leseren inn i et stort eventyr. Her har pågående global miljøforringelse økt smeltingen av permafrosten og polarisen med plagsomme effekter for liv og helse som resultat. Disse utfordringene øker ansvaret og utvider oppgavene til helsepersonell og dette ledsages av engstelse, men også nyvunnet mot. Midt i alle disse problemene vokser håpet. Bevisstheten fører til handling og samarbeid på tvers av alle tenkelige grenser. Et samspill mellom urfolksledelse, innovativ teknologi og helsepersonell gir fantastiske løsninger med fordeler for menneskene og jorda. Fortellingen gir oss kraft og inspirasjon til å jobbe mot langsiktige visjoner der vi tar vare på miljøet for å sikre helsen til fremtidige generasjoner. Nyt reisen!
The Long-Term Monitoring of Bird Populations on Kolguev Island in the Barents Sea
Authors: Glazov Petr M. , Loshchagina Julia A. , Kondratyev Alexander V. , Zaynagutdinova Elmira M. , Kruckenberg Helmut , Pokrovsky Ivan G.
Published: November 2021

Kolguev Island (69˚05′ N 49˚15′ E) is located in the Pechora Sea, the southeastern part of the Barents Sea. The island’s ecosystem is unusual due to the total absence of rodents and specialized predators such as weasels, while non-specialized predators such as Arctic (Vulpes lagopus) and red (V. vulpes) foxes and Rough-legged Hawk (Buteo lagopus) are common. Currently, 111 bird species have been registered here, of which 58 are nesting. The absence of rodents and the relatively stable predation pressure have resulted in the high abundance of many bird species: Willow Ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus), several goose species, some waders, and passerines. Over the 125-year history of ornithological studies on Kolguev, the island avifauna has changed significantly. The trend of an increase in the proportion of widespread and Siberian species together with a decrease in the proportion of Arctic species was observed. Since 2006, a thorough monitoring of Kolguev avifauna has been carried out, during which the dynamics of the bird population densities have been traced. The abundance of Black-bellied Plover (Pluvialis squatarola) and Dunlin (Calidris alpina) decreased, while the numbers of Barnacle Goose (Branta leucopsis) have increased sharply since the 1980s. The breeding density of Rough-legged Hawk has also increased in recent years. The long-term monitoring of Kolguev ecosystems has indicated the high international conservation value of the island due to the high breeding density of many bird species. Our study, covering more than a century of avifaunal studies with almost annual monitoring over the past three decades, provides an unusually long and detailed time-series for an Arctic island.
Japanese Soft Power in Indonesia on Anime Entitled Ufo Baby: Study of Popular Culture
Authors: Yuliani Risa , Mulyadi R.M. , Adji M.
Published: November 2021

Anime as Japanese popular culture has been successfully consumed by mass in many countries. It indicates that Japan's strategy to make anime one of its soft power has been successfully accepted by the world community. In Indonesia, since anime entered the television, the enthusiasm given by the community has been good and positive. Anime is liked by various circles, especially children, even today. Ufo Baby is one of the shows on RCTI, even though it's not as global as Doraemon, for example, but apart from an interesting storyline, this anime also incorporates many elements of Japanese culture. The aim of this study is to explain the soft power of Japan in Indonesia on anime entitled “Ufo Baby”. The research method uses a qualitative approach with interpretive analysis. The researched part is scenes from anime that contain cultural elements. The approach used is John Storey's cultural theory and Nye Joseph's theory of soft power. Data collection was conducted to examine the influence of Japanese culture on Indonesian society by using interview techniques. The results of this study reveal that in the Ufo Baby anime there are elements of soft power culture used by Japan. From the results of research, the culture shown in anime has an influence on Indonesian society marked by the community's participation in celebrating traditional Japanese festivals and the discovery of many typical Japanese goods sold in local shops.
»Erez Israel from the Air 1937–38«
Authors: Sonder Ines
Published: November 2021

In September 1938, German-Jewish merchant, publisher and patron Salman Schocken, who emigrated to Palestine in 1934, presented an album of 40 aerial photographs of the Land of Israel as a sign of gratitude to the well-wishers on his 60th birthday the previous year. The pictures were taken by Hungarian-Jewish photographer Zoltan Kluger, who had worked in Berlin since the 1920s and became the »chief photographer« of Keren Hayesod and the Jewish National Fund after his immigration at the end of 1933. There is only little information about their collaboration on this extraordinary project and the album of which a copy has been preserved in the Archives of the National Library of Israel. »Erez Israel from the Air 1937–38«, as the album is also known, with Klugerʼs stunning aerial shots, shows a unique view of historical and biblical landscapes, the Judean Desert and the Jordan Valley, but first and foremost they are a visual record of the architectural history of the Yishuv: starting with the settlements of the First Aliya, the founding of Kibbutzim and Moshavim, the urban development of Jerusalem, Tel Aviv and Haifa, up to the Stockade and Tower settlements since the outbreak of the Arab revolt in 1936. They are presented in the following article. Readers are invited to view the whole album and the photographs at a higher resolution online here: https://rosetta.nli.org.il/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE38046962.