bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic-viability of sequential cropping systems under non-saline calcareous soil of Bihar
Authors: K.D. SINGH  , S.N. TRIPATHI  , A.K. PANDEY
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted at the CTRI Research Station, Pusa, Bihar, during 1994-95, 1996-97 and 1997-98 on sandy loam (alluvial), non-saline calcareous soil (pH 8.2) under irrigated condition. Treatments con- sisted of 12 tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)-based cropping sequences involving legumes (pulses and oil- seeds), cereals and non-legumes in the system in randomized block design with 4 replications. Total cured leaf yield, first grade outturn (high-value marketable produce) and physical leaf quality parameters in base crop of to- bacco were significantly influenced due to different sequential cropping systems. The maximum total cured leaf yield of 2,384 kglha and first-grade outturn of 1,508 kglha were recorded in sequence of sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) (GM)-tobacco-fallow (summer ploughing), followed by rice (Gryza sativa L.) -tobacco-cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] (2,301 and 1,495 kglha), sunflower (Helianrhils amuus L.)-tobacco-blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.) (2,236 and 1,425 kglha) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)-tobacco-greengram (I? radiatus L.) (2,218 and 1,420 kglha) total cured and first-grade leaf yields respectively). The minimum Orobanche (a total root parasite) incidence in base crop tobacco was observed when tobacco was preceded or succeeded by sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Leaf-area mdex (LAI) and physical leaf quality parameters such as spangling, puckering and maturity In tobacco followed almost s~milar trend to that of tobacco leaf yields. The maximum net return (Rs 65,8321ha) was recorded in sequence sunflower-tobacco-blackgram, followed by groundnut-to- bacco-greengram (Rs 64,893/ha), soybean-tobacco-sunflower (Rs 63,702lha) and blackgram-tobacco-sor- ghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] + moth (Rs 63,5051ha) sequences. The minimum net return (Rs 53,523lha) was recorded in maize (Zea mays L.) tobacco-maize.
Integrated weed management in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) + mustard (Brassica juncea) intercropping system under rainfed conditions
Authors: R.L. ARYA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 at the Indian Institute of Pulses Re- search, Kanpur, to study the integrated weed-management techniques in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) + mus- tard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson] intercropping system under rainfed conditions. Integrated use of her- bicide along with mechanical and cultural methods of weed management not only reduced the density and bio- mass of weeds but also increased crop productivity. Application of pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i.1ha + 1 hand- weeding at 45 days after sowing gave maximum chickpea equivalent yield (27.83 qlha), net return (Rs 20,4341 ha) and benefit : cost ratio (2.30) on pooled basis. Application of metolachlor also proved superior in reducing the weed density and increasing yield and returns in chickpea + mustard intercropping system.
Productivity and economics of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) + urdbean (Phaseolus mungo) intercropping system under various planting geometry and fertilizer man- agement in rainfed condition of Chhattisgarh
Authors: G.K. SHRIVASTAVA  , R. LAKPALE  , N.K. CHOUBEY  , A.P. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 1998, 1999 and 2000 at the Instruc- tional Farm: lndira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, to study the pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] + urdbean (Phaseolus mungo L.) intercrop management under various planting geometry and fertil- izer levels in rainfed conditions of Chhattisgarh. The treatment comprised 2 sole stands of pigeonpea and urdbean and 9 stands of intercropping combination of pigeonpea and urdbean with different planting geometry and fertilizer dose. On the basis of 3 years results, the highest seed yield of pigeonpea (1,190 kglha) and urdbean (415 kglha) was recorded under their sole treatment. Sole pigeonpea gave the highest net return (Rs 20,0171ha) and benefit : cost rario (6.29). The next best performing treatment was pigeonpea paired row (with full recommended dose of fertilizer) + urdbean (with one-third of recommended fertilizer) with pigeonpea-.equivalent yield (1,141 kglha), net return (Rs 18,845/ha), benefit : cost ratio (4.73), land-equivalent ratio (1.45), monetary advantage (7,076) and production etficiency (6.22 kglday).
Effect of isoproturon tank mix with metsulfuron and 2,4-D on weeds and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: JlTENDRA PANDEY  , A.K. VERMA
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during the winter season of 1998-99 and 1999-2000 at New Delhi, to find out the effect of isoproturon tank mix with metsulfuron and 2,4-D. A competition was recorded between wheat (Triti- cum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) and canary grass (Phalaris minor Retz.), wild oat (Avena ludoviciana), blue pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis L.) and lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.). Competition by these spe- cies lowered crop yield by 35%. lsoproturon and its tank mix with metsulfuron and 2,4-D gave excellent control of blue pimpernel (90 to 100%) and lambsquarters (82-97%), moderate control of canary grass (68-87%) but poor control of wild oat (1 6-36%). The highest increase in yield attributes and yield was under hand-weeding which was significantly superior to other treatments. The effect of tank mix of isoproturon (1,000 g/ha) and 2,4-D (500 g/ha) was consistent and it resulted in higher increase than that of tank mix of metsulfuron.
Effect of farmyard manure, fertility levels and bio-fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Authors: M. PATIDAR  , A.L. MALI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons (kharif) of 1997 and 1998 to assess the effect of farmyard manure (FYM), fertility levels and bio-fertilizers and their combined effect on the productivity and quality of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Two levels of farmyard manure @, and 10 tonnes FYM/ha), 4 fertility levels [control, 50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 75% RDF and 100% RDF] and 4 biofertilizers [con- trol, Azospirillum, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and co-inoculation of Azospirillum and PSB] were com- pared. Application of 10 tonnes FYMIha significantly increased leaf-area index (LAI), chlorophyll content at flow- ering, plant height, dry-matter accumulation, grain yield and protein content in grain over the control. Application of fertilizer at 50%, 75% and 100% RDF enhanced flowering as well as improved various growth parameters, viz. plant height, dry-matter accumulation (DMA), LA1 and chlorophyll content in leaves over the control. Grain yield was significantly improved up to 75% RDF, showing an increase of 32.35 and 11.96% over the control and 50% RDF respectively. Inoculation of Azospirilllum alone and in combination with PSB increased grain yield to the extent of 5 to 7% only. Grain yield obtained with 50% RDF in conjunction with 10 tonnes FYM/ha was at par with that of 100% RDF. Biofertilizers, i.e. Azospirillum + PSB with 10 tonnes FYM/ha significantly increased grain yield of sorghum over their individual effect.
Effect of cutting schedules and varieties on growth, yield and quality of perennial , pasture grasses grown in hot arid region
Authors: SUBHASH CHANDER  , K.C. SHARMA  , GURTEJ SlNGH TOOR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment conducted during 2000 on coarse sandy soil with limited irrigation revealed that sewan (Lasiurus sindicus) grass showed the highest plant height, number of tillerslplant, tussock diameter and dry fod- der yield (40.2 qlha) and values were significantly more than dhaman grass (Cenchrus ciliaris). Half-yearly cut- ting schedule resulted in significantly higher dry fodder yield than annual cutting schedule. 'CAZRI' Mutant 30 -5' variety of sewan gave significantly more dry fodder yield (44.4 qlha) than other sewan as well as dhaman variet- ies. Among dhaman varieties, 'CAZRI 75' gave higher dry fodder yield (39.2 qlha) than 'CAZRI 358' and 'CAZRI 1106' . Protein content (12.25%) and protein yield (476.6 kglha) were significantly higher in sewaii grass than dhaman grass (1 1.79% and 390.6 kglha). Half-yearly cutting schedule provided significantly superior quality dry fodder than annual cutting schedule.
Integrated nutrient management in predominant cropping systems in Haryana through participatory approach
Authors: B.P. SINGH  , M.C. MUNDRA  , S.C. GUPTA  , R.P. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment with 3 predominant cropping systems, viz. rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat, (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiou and Pad.) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)-wheat and pearlmillet (Pennesetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. emend.Stuntz]-wheat were carried out in participatory mode on farmers' fields in Haryana from 1994-95 to 1997- 98. Treatments comprised of 100% recommended NPK through chemical fertilizers, 50% recommended NPK through chemical fertilizers + 50% N through FYM, 75% recommended NPK through chemical fertilizers + 25% N through FYM and farmers' practice. The treatments 100% recommended NPK through chemical fertilizer, 50% through chemical fertilizer + 50% N through FYM and 75% NPK through chemical fertilizers + 25% N through FYM in rice-wheat cropping system gave 39.1, 17.5 and 23.1% higher net returns over farmers' practice. In cotton- wheat cropping system, the treatments 100% recommended NPK through chemical fertilizer, 50% NPK through chemical fertilizer + 50% N through FYM and 75% NPK through chemical + 25% N through FYM gave 87.2, 102.1 and 87.3% higher net returns over farmers' practice respectively. In pearlmillet-wheat cropping system, the net re- turns were 340.1, 378.1 and 380.2% more in treatments 100% recommended NPK through chemical fertilizer, 50% NPK through chemical fertilizer + 25% N through FYM over farmers' practice. Use of FYM in combination with chemical fertilizers in cotton-wheat and pearlmillet-wheat resulted 50% and 25% saving in chemical fertilizers, be- sides higher productivity over 100% chemical fertilizers alone. lntegrated nutrient supply in rice-wheat, cotton- wheat and pearlmillet-wheat cropping system gave positive nutrient balance.
Effect of intercropping rice (Oryza sativa) with groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) under different row orientations on rainfed uplands
Authors: R.K. SARKAR  , RK. PAL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2000 2001 at Baruipur, Kolkata, to evalu- ate the production potential and economic feasibility of intercropping in rainfed direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) with groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] under different spatial arrange- ments. The intercropping system of rice with either groundnut or pigeonpea was found beneficial over sole crop- ping of rice. Among the intercropping systems, rice with groundnut in 4:2 row proportion was most productive and remunerative, as it gave the maximum rice-equivalent yield (2,815 kglha), net returns (Rs 7,72O/ha), income- equivalent ratio (1.61) and higher land-utilization efficiency (31 %).
Inter- and Intra-cropping of vegetables in castor (Ricinus communis) on Inceptisols of dryland conditions
Authors: B.D. KOLI  , A.N. DESHPANDE  , R.N  , KATE  , A.R. BANGAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Dry Farmmg Research Station, Solapur, during the rainy seasons of 1995-2001, to study creeper and bushy-type vegetable crops in castor (Ricinus communis L.) to find out vegetable crop suitable for intra and intercropping in castor on lnceptisols of dryland conditions. lntercropping of castor + clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] in 1 :2 row proportion gave significantly highest monetary returns (Rs 15,3081ha) over rest of the treatments except castor + ridge gourd [Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.] intra-cropping system (Rs 13,312lha) which was on a par with castor + clusterbean (1:2). The mean seed yield of sole castor was 653/ha, which was more than rest of the cropping systems, though the monetary returns were only Rs 8,4891ha. The next best was castor + ridge gourd intra-cropping system (581 kglha). Amongst all the vegetables, ridge gourd showed higher moisture-use efficiency (3.81 kglhdmm) followed by vegetable clusterbean (3.60 kglhdmm). Inter- cropping of castor + clusterbean in 1 :2 row proportion recorded the highest sustainable value index (0.84), while castor + ridge gourd intra-cropping was next best system (0.79). The benefit : cost ratio was highest in intra-crop- ping of castor + ridge gourd (2.13) and castor + clusterbean intercropping system (1.87).
Effect of nitrogen and sulphur on growth, yield attributes and seed yield of mustard (Brassica juncea) in eastern plains of Rajasthan +
Authors: AMAR SlNGH  , N.L. MEENA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 1996-97 and 1997-98 at Agricultural Research Sub Station, Kumher (Bharatpur), to study the effect of N and S on seed yield, plant height, primary and secondary branches and dry-matter accumulation of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L). Czernj. & Cosson]. Nitrogen @ 80 kglha + S @ 60 kglha significantly increased siliquaelplant, seedslsiliqua, length of siliqua and test weight of seeds and also resulted in highest seed (2,109 kglha) yield on pooled basis. On pooled basis, optimum dose of N and S was 88.24 and 74.86 kglha respectively. N@ 80 kglha resulted net income and benefit : cost ratio of Rs 15,799lha and 2.69, respectively, during the first year and Rs 18,1931 ha and 2.87 during the second year. Sulphur 60 kglha gave a net income of Rs 14,774lha and benefit : cost ratio 2.95 during the first year and Rs 17,058lha and 2.76 during the second year. The increase in N uptake under 40,60, and 80 kg Nlha was 30, 57 and 74% re- spectively, over the control (20 kg Nlha), whereas it was 17, 28 and 34% under 20, 40 and 60 kg Slha. Content (%) of N and S, in seed stalk increased with the increas in N and S levels. The residual available N and S also im- proved with the increasing N and S application.
Effect of spacing and seedling tuber size on potato (Solanum tuberosum) grown through true potato seed
Authors: P.D. SONAWANE  , M.V. DHOBLE
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during the winter (rabg seasons of 1996-97 and 1997-98 on clayey soil at Parbhani, to find out suitable and economical combination of inter- and intra-row spacing with seedling tuber size of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Significant increase in the tuber yields was recorded due to spacing of 45 cm. The intra-row spacing of 10 crn was at par with 15 cm, but was significantly superior to 20 cm plant spacing. The tuber yield increased with the increase in seedling tuber size. Significantly highest tuber yield was recorded by large seedling tuber size of 11-15 g over 1-5 g and 6-10 g sizes. Similarly, 6-10 g seedling tuber size was signifi- cantly superior to 1-5 g size. The interactive effect of 15 cm plant spacing and tuber size of 11-15 g was signifi- cantly the highest during 1996-97, while a tuber yield of 36.13 qlha under medium grade (20-50 g) was acconted by the treatment combinations of 15 crn plant spacing with 11-15 g seedling tuber size under 45 cm row spacing during 1996-97. The net returns and benefit : cost ratio, plant spacing of 15 cm was found advantageous over 10 and 20 cm, whereas row spacing was equally effective and seedling tuber sizes in respect of net returns were equally effective. Benefit :cost ratio decreased as the seedling tuber size increased from 1 to 15 g.
Performance of flue-cured virginia tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)-based cropping systems under irrigated Alfisols of Andhra Pradesh
Authors: S. KASTURI KRISHNA  , S.V. KRISHNA REDDY  , P.R.S. REDDY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment with flue cured virginia tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum L.)-based cropping systems was con- ducted at Jeelugumilli, Andhra Pradesh, from 1997-98 to 1999-2000 to find out sustainable profitable production in irrigated Alfisols of Andhra Pradesh. The experiment comprised 10 cropping systems, i.e. fallow-tobacco, fal- low-tobacco-groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) groundnut-tobacco, gingelly (Sesamum indicum L.)-tobacco, soy- bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.1-tobacco, greengram-tobacco-sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] (fodder), blackgram-tobacco-maize (Zea mays L.), maize-tobacco, sunnhemp (in-situ green manuring)-tobacco and sunnhemp (in-situ green manuring)-tobacco-groundnut. Sunnhemp (in-situ green manuring)-tobacco, sunnhemp (in-situ green manuring)-tobacco-groundnut, greengram-tobacco-sorghum (fodder) and blackgram-tobacco- maize cropping sequences recorded more yields of tobacco and proved more remunerative than other sequences. A preceding legume of green-manure crop resulted in relatively higher nitrogen and nicotine in succeeding to- bacco. However, quality parameters of tobacco leaf in all the cropping sequences were within the acceptable lim- its.
Response of cumin (Cuminum cyxninum) to integrated nutrient management
Authors: B.S. PATEL  , A.U. AMlN  , K.P. PATEL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted on sandy-loam soil of Main Spices Research Station, Jagudan, Gujarat, dur- ing 1997-98 to 2000-2001 to study the effect of organic manures (mustard and castor-cake as well as FYM) alone or in conjunction with fertilizer on yield, quality and economics of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L). Application of rec- ommended dose of nitrogen through mustard-cake with fertilizer at the rate of 1:l recorded the maximum growth and yield attributes as well as yield (869 kglha). Moreover, maximum net returns (Rs 70,765lha) and benefit : cost ratio (4.39) were also recorded by the same treatment. However, fertilizing the crop with FYM alone, mustard-cake alone or in conjunction with chemical fertilizer recorded higher but statistically an equal oil content.
Relative performance of aromatic grasses under saline irrigation
Authors: O.S. TOMAR  , P.S. MIMHAS
Published: December 2023

The relative performance of aromatic grasses like citronella (Citronella java), lemon grass (Cymbopogon cit- rates Stapf), palmarosa [Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) Wats.] and vetiver [Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash] was evaluated for their suitability to saline irrigation in a field experiment conducted on a calcareous sandy-loam soil during 1995-97 at Bir Reserved Forest, Hisar. After the establishment of grasses, these were irrigated with either of the canal and saline (ECw 8.5 dS/m) water or with these waters alternatively. On an average, the maximum bio- mass (90.9 tonneslha dry weight basis) was produced by vetiver, followed by palmarosa (29.1 tonnelha) and lemon grass (16.1 tonneslha), whereas citronella could not survive. Reduction in yield with saline irrigation ranged from 24 to 29%, whereas it ranged from 3 to 21% with alternation in irrigation with canal and saline waters, vetiver being least affected.
Diversification of traditional rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping system for sustainable production in South Bihar alluvial plains
Authors: R.P. SHARMA  , S.K. PATHAK  , M. HAQUE  , K.R. RAMAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1999-2000 to 2001-2002 at Sabour, Bhagalpur, to diversify tradi- tional rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Firoi & Paol.) cropping system. Among the rice- based-crop sequences tested, rice-potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)-onion (Allium cepa L.) gave the highest rice-equivalent yield (26.94 tonneslhalyear), net returns (Rs 65,573lha) and production efficiency (81.6 kglhal day), followed by rice-potato-sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) having corresponding values of 23.92 tonnesl halyear, R s 61,5331ha and 80.6 kglhalday. Rice yields after green-manuring or fodder crops were higher than those after grain crops including greengram (Phaseolus radiatus L.). The highest benefit : cost ratio of 1:47 was noted in rice-berseem (Trfolium alexandrinum L. )-maize (Zea mays L.) + cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] both grown for fodder. Rice-maize + greengram system had the highest land-use efficiency (96.8%). Rice-po- tato-onion required the highest energy inputs (69.90 x lo3 MJIha), resulting in the lowest energy-use efficiency (2.46), whereas rice-potato-sunflower produced the highest output energy (205.71 x lo3 MJIha). Green-manur- ing of Sesbania aculeata during summer improved organic carbon, available N, P20, and K 2 0 level of soil.
Utilization of potassium-rich green-leaf manures for rice (Oryza sativa) nursery and their effect on crop productivity
Authors: R.A. R  , U B. GANGWAR
Published: December 2023

A field trial was conducted on Godavari Vertisols during the wet season of 2000 and 2001 at Maruteru, to evaluate the performance of potassium-rich weeds, viz. Pistia stratiotes L., Salvinia molesta, Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Brig., Lantana camara L. and Parthenium hysterophorus L. as green leaf manure in rice (Oryza sa- tiva L.) nursery. Fertilization of nursery irrespective of source, improved the seedling parameters like biomass, vigour index and growth rate. Incorporation of Pistia stratiotes and Salvinia molesta green biomass @ 6 tomes1 ha significantly improved the seedling parameters in rice nursery than rest of the treatments, except complete chemical fertilization (80 kg N, 40 kg P20, and 40 K 2 0 kglha). The seedlings were shorter and poorer in vigour and biomass in Gynandropsis gynandra and Parthenium hysterophorus-treated plots. Significantly less pulling time and high seedling output were recorded when K-rich weeds were added and complete chemical fertiliza- tion was done in nursery. The seedling mortality was very high (25.4%) in unfertilized treatment when flash- floods occurred. Highest grain yield (51.9 qlha) was obtained in plots which received F! stratiotes green leaf ma- nure, followed by S. molesta and complete chemical fertilization to nursery.
Influence of crop geometry, cultivar and weed-management practice on crop- weed conlpetition in chickpea (Cicer arietinum)
Authors: M.K. SINGHi  , R.P. SlNGH  , R.K. SlNGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of 2 crop geometries (30 and 45 cm), 3 cultivars ('Avarodhi', 'Radhey' and 'Pant G 11 4') and 2 weed-management practices (weed-free and weedy) on crop- weed competition in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the winter seasons of 1996-97 and 1997-98 at Agri- cultural Research Farm, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. Chickpea cultivar 'Avarodhi' proved better competitor for space, soil moisture and nutrient compared to 'Radhey' and 'Pant G 144'. Row spacing of 45 cm accumulated more nu- trient and utilized soil moisture efficiently in comparison to 30 cm row spacing. Full-season weed competition re- duced grain yield, nutrient accumulation and utilization of soil moisture in chickpea cultivars in comparisn to full- season weed free. Variety 'Avarodhi' and 45 cm row spacing recorded the highest grain yield, net return and benfit : cost ratio compared to 'Radhey' and 'Pant G 114' and 30 cm row spacing respectively.
Effect of pre-sowing seed treatment on growth, yield, quality and nutrient uptake of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) under rainfed condition
Authors: S.S. MONDAL  , D. ACHARYA  , SITANGSHU SARKAR  , A. GHOSH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Kalyani, West Bengal 2000-01 and 2001-02 with Indian mustard [Bras- sica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson] using 6 pre-sowing seed treatments, viz. water-soaking, 1 % K2S04, 1 % KH2P04, 0.25% Na2HP04 and Dithane M-45 along with a control (no seed soaking) under rainfed situation, on sandy-loam alluvial soil of Gangetic West Bengal. The pre-sowing seed treatment with water and different chemi- cals resulted in an increase of seed yield by 14.18% to 34.05% over the control. The highest yield was observed under Dithane M-45, closely followed by 0.25% Na2HP04 and 1% KH2P04. The crops raised from treated seed accumulated more dry matter and had more siliquaelplant than the control, but differences were not significant in plant height, seedslsiliqua, test weight and oil content. Nutrient uptake by the crop increased owing to different pre-sowing seed treatment.
Yield attributes, yield and quality of soybean (Glycine max) as influenced by integrated nutrient management
Authors: RANJIT SlNGH  , R K. RAI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy season of 2000 and 2001 at the Indian Agricutlural Re- search Institute, New Delhi, to study the effect of integrated nutrient management in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] on its yield attributes, seed yield and quality attributes. The treatments included recommended rate of NPK fertilizers alone or in combination with zinc @ 25 kg ZnSOJha or FYM @ 5 tonneslha or biofetilizers or wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) residue incorporation @ 5 tonneslha. The application of recom- mended level of NPK with FYM and biofertilizers showed superiority for podslplant, seedslpod, 100-seed weight, seed yield, protein and oil content in soybean seed over the sole application of recommended NPK level. The combined application of NPK + FYM + biofertilizer recorded the highest number of podslplant (38.45 and 37.89), seedslpod (2.90 and 2.87) and 100-seed weight of soybean during 2000 and 2001 respectively. The highest pro- tein content was recorded in treatment receiving NPK + FYM + crop residue (39.43 and 38.12% in 2000 and 2001 respectively), while the highest oil content in treatment receiving NPK+FYM + BF.
Effect of sowing time on the performance of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) cultivars in rice (Oryza sativa) fallow vertisols of northern Karnataka
Authors: B.N. REDDY  , S.N. SUDHAKARA BABU  , G. RAVISHANKAR  , B. SAHADEVA REDDY  , A. JAYAPRADA
Published: December 2023

The effect of sowing time on the performance of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) grown under rice (Oryza sativa L.) fallow situations was studied during 1997 and 1998 in Vertisols of northern Karnataka. Early sowing re- sulted in better growth and recorded higher seed yield of 1,016 kglha and 1,010 kglha during 1997 and 1998 re- spectively. Early-planted crop gave 44.3% higher seed yield than late-planted one. Hybrids outyielded variety 'Morden'. The hybrid 'KBSH 1' recorded the highest average seed yield (965 kglha), followed by 'PAC 36' (922 kglha). Similarly, the highest oil yield of 385 kglha was also obtained in 'KBSH 1'. The productivity of all the culti- vars was reduced under delayed sowing.
Effect of time of sowing, stage of harvest and plant population on fibre yield and quality of mesta (Hibiscus sabdariffa) under dryland condition
Authors: A.K. GUGGARI  , M.N. SHEELAVANTAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Bijapur (Karnataka), in medium black soil during 1998 and 1999. The experiment comprised 24 treatments, consisting of 4 dates of sowing (first fortnight of July, second fortnight of July, first fortnight of August and second fortnight of August), 2 stages of har- vest (at 50% flowering and at maturity) and 3 plant populations (0.22, 0.33 and 0.66 million plantstha). The ex- periment was laid out in split-split plot design with 3 replications. Pooled results of 2 years showed that, fibre yield, green matter, green stalk, dry stalk yields and fibre recovery were significantly higher with early planting during first fortnight of July compared to later sowing dates of second fortnight of July, first fortnight of August and second fortnight of August. Fibre quality with respect to fineness increased, while strength decreased signifi- cantly with delay in sowing time from first fortnight of July to secod fortnight of August. Stage of harvesting did not cause significant differences in green stalk, dry stalk and fibre yields, while green matter yield was significantly higher when the corp was harvested at 50% flowering compared to maturity. Fibre fineness was greater at matu- rity compared to 50% flowering. Fibre strength did not vary significantly due to stage of harvesting. Fibre yield in- creased significantly with increase in plant population from 0.22 milliontha (484 kgtha) to 0.33 millionlha (559 (kglha) and with further increase in plant population to 0.66 milliontha (604 kgtha) no significant increase was noticed. Dry-stalk yield followed similar tend. However, green matter and green stalk yields increased signifi- cantly with successive increase in plant population from 0.22 to 0.66 milliontha.
Effect of sulphur in conjunction with growth substances on productivity of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) and their residual effect on barley (Hordeum vulgare)
Authors: O.P. SHARMA  , G.D. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field study was carried out during 2000-01 and 2001-02 to assess the effect of levels and sources of sul- phur along with growth substances on clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub] as well as their residual effect on succeeding barley (Hordeum vulgare L. s.1.) crop was undertaken at ARS, Fatehpur-Shekhawati. The treatments consisted combinations of 3 levels of S (0, 25 and 50 kglha), 2 sources of S (Gypsum and SulFer 95) and 3 growth substances (thiourea, DMSO and brassinolids). Sulphur fertilization up to 50 kglha significantly in- creased podslplant, grainslplant, test weight and subsequently increased yield of clusterbean. Application of sul- phur through SulFer 95 was found superior to gypsum for improvement in yield attributes and yield of clusterbean. Significant variation among foliar-applied growth substances was observed for yield attributes and yield of clusterbean. Thiourea recorded the maximum grain yield followed by brassinolids and DMSO. Residual studies revealed that application of S at 25 kglha was optimum for single crop of clusterbean, while for clusterbean-barley crop sequence higher level of S, i.e. 50 kglha was found effective. SulFer 95 as a source of S was found superior to gypsum in increasing grain yield of succeeding crop of barley.
Biological and economical feasibility of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) + Indian mus- tard (Brassicajuncea) cropping systems under varying levels of phosphorus
Authors: H.N.TRIPATHI  , SUBASH CHAND  , A.K. TRIPATHI
Published: December 2023

A study was undertaken by introducing lndian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson] as an inter- crop with chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in 2 row proportions, viz. 6:2 and 8:2, fertilized with 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P,O,/ha during the winter season of 1998-99 and 1999-2000, to assess the biological and economical feasibil- ity of chickpea + lndian mustard in association under varying levels of phosphorus. Intercropping systems re- duced the values of yield attributes and seed yield of chickpea, while reverse was true in case of lndian mustard than sole cropping of chickpea and lndian mustard respectively. Both intercropping systems recorded signifi- cantly higher chickpea-equivalent yield, net monetary returns and benefit : cost ratio than its sole cropping. Among the intercropping systems, 8:2 row ratio proved most efficient and profitable system resulting in maximum chickpea-equivalent yield (24.31 qlha), net monetary returns (Rs 17,10I/ha), benefit : cost ratio (2:11) and land- equivalent ratio (1.19). Both chickpea and lndian mustard in sole and intercropping systems responded favourably up to 60 kg P,O$ha only for yield attributes, yield and net monetary returns over no phosphorus and 30 kg P,O$ha. The interaction effects of the factors showed that mean chickpea equivalents responded to P ap- plication up to 60 kg/ha in sole stands and up to 90 kg P,O,/ha in intercropping systems.
Effect of weed-management practices on direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa) under puddled lowlands
Authors: G. SINGH  , R.G. SINGH  , O.P. SINGH  , T. KUMAR  , R.K. MEHTA  , V. KUMAR  , P.P. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy season of 2001 and 2002 at the Crop Research Station, Ghaghraghat (Bahraich), to find out the most effective weed-control method in controlling weeds in direct- seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) under puddled condition. Pre-emergence application of anilophos + 2, 4-D (0.3+0.5 kg a.i./ha) supplemented by 1 hand-weeding 40 days after sowing (DAS) provided a broad-spectrum weed con- trol throughout the crop season. The highest weed-control efficiency (85.2%) was also recorded under this treat- ment. The grain yield and nutrient uptake of the crop were highest in 2 hand-weeding treatments which was com- parable with treatment of anilophos + 2,4-D (0.3+0.5 kg a.i./ha)+ 1 hand-weeding 40 days after sowing (DAS). Both formulations of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and almix + 0.2% surfactant as post-emergence resulted in the poorest control of weeds, lower grain yield and higher phytotoxicity to rice crop.
Economics of tillage and weed-management system for wheat (Triticum aestivum) after lowland rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: I.B. PANDEY  , S.L. SHARMA  , S. TIWARI  , S.S. MISHRA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 1997-98 and 1998-99, to study economics of tillage and weed-management system for wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.] after lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.). Tillage practices significantly reduced the moisture content and bulk density of the soil than zero- tillage. Farmer's practice recorded the lowest moisture content in the soil, whereas minimum bulk density of the soil was associated with rotavator twice. Rotavator twice significantly reduced the weed population and weed dry biomass than farmer's practice and zero tillage and recorded significantly higher values for yield attributes and grain and straw yields. Rotavator twice also recorded significantly higher net returns than farmer's practice and zero tillage. Farmer's practice recorded significantly lower benefit : cost ratio than rotavator once or twice. Higher values for yield attributes and grain and straw yields were recorded in hand-weeded plot which were at par with mixture of 2,4-D + isoproturon but significantly higher than 2,4-D or isoproturon applied alone. Net returns with hand-weeding and 2,4-D + isoproturon were at par, while the later recorded significantly higher benefit :cost ratio than hand-weeding.
Response of vegetable pea (Pisum sativum) to sowing date and phosphorus under on-farm conditions
Authors: A. DASS  , U.S. PATNAIK  , S. SUDHlSHRl
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 1999-2000 and 2000-20Q1 at Kokriguda model watershed, block Semiliguda, district Koraput (Orissa), to find out optimum sowing time and phosphorus dose for vegetable pea (Pisum sativum L.). The earliest sowing date (18 October) resulted in significantly better growth, yield attributes, green pod yield and net returns than 2 November and 17 November. Between the later 2 sowing dates, 2 November was significantly superior. Increasing phosphorus levels from 0 to 75 kg P,O,/ha sig- nificantly improved growth, yield and net returns. Moreover, combination of 18 October sowing and 75 kg P,O$ha resulted in highest green pod yield of 43.33 qlha being significantly higher than all other combinations. Phorphorus-use efficiency was highest with 18 October sowing and with 25 kg P,O,/ha. Maximum water-use-effi- ciency was recorded with 2 November-sown and 75 kg P,O$ha applied crop.
Performance of promising varieties of goblzi sarsoiz (Brassica izapus) at different nitrogen levels
Authors: K.S.THAKUR  , ANlL KUMAR  , SANDEEP MANUJA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out at Kangra during the winter (rab~) seasons of 1996-97 to 1998-99 to find out the suitable high-yielding variety of gobhi sarson (Brassica napus subsp. oleifera var annua) variety and its nitro- gen requirement under mid-hill conditions of north-western Himalayas. The treatments consisted of 4 gobhi sarson varieties ('Hyola 401', 'Neelam', 'Sheetal' and 'GSL 1') tested against 'Kranti' (check) of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson] at 3 nitrogen levels (60, 90 and 120 kg Nlha). Among different yield attributes, plant -. and seedslsiliqua were highest in gobhi sarson hybrid 'Hyola 401', while 1,000-seed weight was highest in Indian mustard 'Kranti'. In spite of poor yield due to inferior quality seed during the third year, 'Hyola 401' gave signifi- cantly highest seed yield on pooled basis.The seed yield also increased with increasing nitrogen levels, being sig- nificantly highest with the application of 120 kg N/ha. The nutrient uptake followed the same trend as that of seed yield with highest uptake values recorded fromCHyola 401' and with the application of 120 kg Nlha.
Effect of nitrogen and irrigation on water use, moisture-extraction pattern, nutri- ent uptake and yield of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)
Authors: S.R. BHUNIA  , R.P.S. CHAUHAN  , B.S. YADAV
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 2001-03 at Agricultural Research Station, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, to study the water use, nutrient uptake, yield and economics of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) cultivars under vrious levels of nitrogen and irrigations. The highest yield (25.16 and 19.04 qlha) and yield attributes were recorded with 80 kg Nlha. Net returns and gross returns and benefit : cost ratio were also the highest at 80 kg Nlha. lncreasing levels of nitrogen also recorded higher consumptive use of water and significantly higher nutrients uptake. Higher level of nitrogen extracted more water from lower depth of rhizosphere than lower level of N. With an increase in irrigation frequency from IW : CPE ratio 0.4 to 0.8, yield and most of the yield at- tributes increased significantly. Similarly, water use and nutrients uptake were also higher with higher levels of irri- gation. At lower irrigation level (IW : CPE ratio 0.4) more water was extracted from upper layers than higher irriga- tion level. lncreasing levels of irrigation also recorded higher gross, net returns and benefit : cost ratio. Between the 2 varieties, 'RF 125' outperformed 'RF 101'.
Comparative efficacy of herbicidal and manual weed control in cumin (Cuminum cyminum) at different levels of nitrogen
Authors: S.S. YADAV  , .P.SHARMA  , R.D. YADAV .
Published: December 2023

A field study was conducted during the winter seasons of rabi 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 to investigate the comparative efficacy of herbicidal and manual weed control in cumin (Cumimum cyminum L.) at different levels of nitrogen. All the weed-control treatments significantly reduced the density and dry weight of weeds and nutri- ent depletion as compared to weedy check. Two hand-weedings at 25 and 50 days after sowing was found to be the best treatment in reducing the above weed parameters. It attained the maximum weed-control efficiency (87.9%) and seed yield of cumin (5.50 qlha). Among herbicides, the lowest density and dry weight of weeds and the maximum weed-control efficiency (84.3%) was obtained with pre-plant Trifluralin at 2.1 6 kglha. For seed yield (4.94 q/ha) and weed-competition index (10.2%), Trifluralin at 1.08 kg/ha was found the best herbicidial treat- ment. Pendimethalin at 1.0 kglha (pre-emergence) also controlled the weeds more effectively (79.3%) than lower doses of Trifluralin and Fluchloralin at 1.125 kg/ha and resulted 242.9% higher seed yield than the control. Appli- cation of 30 kg N/ha was the most remunerative dose for cumin with respect to seed yield.
Production potential and economic analysis of various cropping systems for Central Plains Zone of Uttar Pradesh
Authors: M.P.YADAV  , J. RAI  , S.P. KUSHWAHA  , G.K. SlNGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment with 9 crop sequences was conducted during 1997-2001 at Kanp\ur: Uttar Pradesh. All these cropping sequences were evaluated for their production potential, calorific value, product~on efficiencies, land-use efficiency and economics. Rice (Oryza sativa L.)-equivalent yield was recorded maximum (1 55.9 qlha) through maize (Zea mays L.)-potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)-wheat (Trificum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) sequential cropping, while high calorific value (46,857 k. cal) and production efficiency (65.96 kglhdday) were with maize-po- tato-sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and highest land-use efficiency (91.2%) was measured with rice-wheat- green manuring cropping systems. Economic ana!ysis revealed that the maximum net profit (Rs 30,617/ha), pro- duction efficiency (1 09.36 Rslhdday) and benefit : cost ratio (1.95) were recorded in rice-wheat crop sequence over other cropping systems. Hence maize-potato-wheat and rice-wheat sequences in the zone remained identi- fied as the most biologically efficient and profitable cropping systems respectively.
Effect of integrated nutrient management on rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system in Central Plains Zone of Uttar Pradesh
Authors: M.P.YADAV  , MOHD  ASLAM  , S.P. KUSHWAHA
Published: December 2023

A field study was carried out at Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh during 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 to evaluate the effi- cacy of organic sources, viz. farmyard manure (FYM), wheat (Triicum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) straw and green leaf manure (GLM) in organic, inorganic combinations in rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat cropping system. Rice yield was maximum with 25% N substitution through green leaf manure (GLM) and wheat yield was higher with 50% substitution of N through GLM in rice + 100% NPK fertilizer in wheat. However, 100% NPK fertilizers in both crops yielded at par with best treatments in both rice and wheat for different parameters. The NPK uptake in rice and wheat was higher with 100% NPK to both crops and in the treatments with 50 or 25% NPK substitution through GLM in rice and 100 or 75% NPK through fertilizers in wheat. The application of 100% inorganic NPK to both crops earned maximum net profit of Rs 20,2021ha from rjce-wheat system. This treatment also maintained maximum values of organic carbon, available P and available K in residual soil.
Total productivity, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium removal and economics of rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system with integrated nitrogen management in rice
Authors: H. PATRO  , B.S. MAHAPATRA  , G.L. SHARMA  , AJAY KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 to evaluate the effect of 5 organic sources of nutrients along with 4 levels of N to rice (Oryza sativa L.) and 3 levels of N to wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) on the total productivity, nutrient removal and economics of rice-wheat system. Inte- grated use of Sesbania g;een-manure along with 180 kg Ntha gave 7.1 tonnestha of rice grain and subsequent application of 150 kg Ntha to succeeding wheat crop yielded 6.0 tonnestha of wheat'grain, t h u s giving a total production of 13.1 tonnestha from rice - wheat sequence. At this production level and fertilizer use, rice removed 136.7, 24.2 and 165.1 kg N, P and Wha and respective values for wheat were 107.8, 20.0 and 124.7 kgtha, mak- ing a total removal of 578.5 kg nutrients (NPWhalannum) from rice-wheat system. The same treatment also gave higher, net return and benefit : cost ratio in the system.
Bio-economic evaluation of maize (Zea mays) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) intercropping in drought-prone areas of Chotonagpur plateau region of Jharkhand
Authors: S. ADHIKARI  , T. CHAKRABORTY  , D.K. BAGCHI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Giridish farm of Chotonagpur Plateau region of Jharkhand state during 1997-98 and 1998-99 for bio-economical evaluation of maize (Zea mays L.)-groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in- tercropping system in rainfed Alfisols at varying doses of nitrogen (0, 30 and 60 kglha). Higher values of land - equivalent ratio, competition ratio, monetary advantage and area-time equivalent ratio were obtained by maize+ groundnut in 2:2 row ratio than that of 1 :I row ratio, and 30 kg Nlha recorded bettter performance than 60 kg Nlha. The uptake of NPK was found maximum (300.62 kglha) by maize + groundnut (2:2), higher than that of 1.1 row ra- tio (276.20 kglha) and least was by sole groundnut (132.20 kglha). Sole groundnut recorded significantly high maize-equivalent yield (79.28 qlha), net returns (Rs. 23,238lha) and benefit : cost ratio (2.38), followed by maize+ groundnut in 2:2 ratio (62.26 qlha, Rs 18,595lha and 2.32 respectively). The yield of maize did not vary much for intercropping, but the pod yield of groundnut was reduced by 52.2% and 47.7% by intercropping with maize.
Effect of sulphur on yield and its uptake in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and their residual effect on succeeding wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Y.P. SINGH  , S.C. SHARMA  , J.S. MAAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1998-2000 to study the effect of sulphur on pod yield and S uptake in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and their residual effect on succeeding wheat (Tritcum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) using 8 soils of old alluvial plains of Tonk district of Rajasthan. Application of S Q 20, 40 and 60 kglha gave 18.8, 27.5 and 29.2% higher pod yield over the control in all the soils. Among the soils, maximum pod yield of groundnut was recorded in sandy-loam soil (14.57 qlha) followed by loamy sand (14.02 qlha) and sandy soil (13.19 qlha). The S uptake by pods increased significantly with increasing levels of sulphur and maximum uptake (10.89 kglha) was noticed with application of 60 kg Slha. Residual effect of sulphur Q 20, 40 and 60 kglha appli- cation increased the grain yield of wheat by 10.4, 20.7 and 22.4%, respectively, over the control. Similar trend was found in straw yield of wheat. Residual effect of sulphur also increased the S uptake by wheat significantly.
Root length and yield of cotton (Gossypium hiusutum) as influenced by genotypes, soil types and fertilizer levels in the coastal region of Karaikal
Authors: P. SURESH  , V. CHELLAMUTHU  , C. BABOU
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out at 3 sites (1 site in 2002 and 2 sites in 2003) at Karaikal, to evaluate the 7 genotypes ['MCU 7, 'MCU 12', 'SVPR 2', 'SVPR 3', 'LRA 5166', 'Anjali' ('LRK 516') and 'ADT 1'1 of upland cotton (Gossypium-hirsutum L.) under 3 fertilizer levels (unfertilized control, 60:30:30 and 80:40:40 kg NPWha) in respect of root growth and seed cotton yield as influenced by soil types (soil characteristics). The root length did not differ significantly among cotton genotypes, but it was influenced significantly by soil characteristics and fertilizer levels. On the contrary, there was significant difference among the cotton cultivars for seed-cotton yield. The seed-cotton yield was also significantly influenced by soil type and fertilizer levels. Net income and benefit : cost ratio were higher in 'MCU 7'variety at 80:40:40 kg NPWha followed by the same variety at 60:30:30 kg NPWha.
Optimizing the agronomic requirements of taro (Colocasia esculenta) for Punjab
Authors: B.S. GILL  , G.S. RANDHAWA  , S.S. SAlNl
Published: December 2023

An experiment was carried out during 1999-2002 at Ludhiana, to work out the agronomic requirements of taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott]. The results revealed that crop should be sown in the first fortnight of February at 45 cm x 20 cm or 60 cm x 15 cm. The crop should be applied 50 kg Nlha. The crop did not respond to phosphorus application.