bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ON ISOMORPHISM CLASSES OF COMPUTABLY ENUMERABLE EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS
Authors: ANDREWS URI , BADAEV SERIKZHAN A.
Published: June 2019

We examine how degrees of computably enumerable equivalence relations (ceers) under computable reduction break down into isomorphism classes. Two ceers are isomorphic if there is a computable permutation of ω which reduces one to the other. As a method of focusing on nontrivial differences in isomorphism classes, we give special attention to weakly precomplete ceers. For any degree, we consider the number of isomorphism types contained in the degree and the number of isomorphism types of weakly precomplete ceers contained in the degree. We show that the number of isomorphism types must be 1 or ω, and it is 1 if and only if the ceer is self-full and has no computable classes. On the other hand, we show that the number of isomorphism types of weakly precomplete ceers contained in the degree can be any member of $[0,\omega ]$. In fact, for any $n \in [0,\omega ]$, there is a degree d and weakly precomplete ceers ${E_1}, \ldots ,{E_n}$ in d so that any ceer R in d is isomorphic to ${E_i} \oplus D$ for some $i \le n$ and D a ceer with domain either finite or ω comprised of finitely many computable classes. Thus, up to a trivial equivalence, the degree d splits into exactly n classes.

We conclude by answering some lingering open questions from the literature: Gao and Gerdes [11] define the collection of essentially FC ceers to be those which are reducible to a ceer all of whose classes are finite. They show that the index set of essentially FC ceers is ${\rm{\Pi }}_3^0$-hard, though the definition is ${\rm{\Sigma }}_4^0$. We close the gap by showing that the index set is ${\rm{\Sigma }}_4^0$-complete. They also use index sets to show that there is a ceer all of whose classes are computable, but which is not essentially FC, and they ask for an explicit construction, which we provide.

Andrews and Sorbi [4] examined strong minimal covers of downwards-closed sets of degrees of ceers. We show that if $\left( {{E_i}} \right)$ is a uniform c.e. sequence of non universal ceers, then $\left\{ {{ \oplus _{i \le j}}{E_i}|j \in \omega } \right\}$ has infinitely many incomparable strong minimal covers, which we use to answer some open questions from [4].

Lastly, we show that there exists an infinite antichain of weakly precomplete ceers.
Seclusion versus mechanical restraint in psychiatry – a systematic review
Authors: Gleerup Christian S. , Østergaard Søren D. , Hjuler Rasmus S.
Published: June 2019

Objective:

Seclusion and mechanical restraint are coercive interventions used at psychiatric hospitals when patients are at imminent risk of harming themselves and/or others. Although these interventions have been used for decades, it remains unclear whether seclusion or mechanical restraint is superior in terms of efficacy and safety. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review studies comparing the intended and unintended effects of seclusion and mechanical restraint.

Methods:

A systematic search of PubMed and Embase was conducted in adherence to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline. Quantitative studies comparing the intended and unintended effects of seclusion and mechanical restraint were included.

Results:

The search identified 868 unique records. Fourteen of these (3 reporting on randomized controlled trials and 11 reporting on observational studies) met the predefined inclusion criteria. The study methodology including outcome measures varied significantly across studies. The results of the 11 studies using a subjective outcome measure (patient preference/emotions) were in favour of seclusion, while the 3 studies using an objective outcome measure (duration of coercion/need for transition to other coercive measure) favoured mechanical restraint. There was a high risk of residual confounding by indication and/or bias affecting the reported results.

Conclusion:

Based on the available literature, it cannot be determined whether seclusion is superior to mechanical restraint or vice versa. Further studies using stringent methodology are required to answer this question. A cautious conclusion based on this review is that the availability of both methods seems necessary – as both have their pros and cons.
SUR LES PAQUETS D’ARTHUR DE CONTENANT DES MODULES UNITAIRES DE PLUS HAUT POIDS, SCALAIRES
Authors: MOEGLIN COLETTE , RENARD DAVID
Published: June 2019

Soit $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}$ un module de plus haut poids unitaire du groupe $G=\mathbf{Sp}(2n,\mathbb{R})$. On s’intéresse aux paquets d’Arthur contenant $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}$. Lorsque le plus haut poids est scalaire, on détermine les paramètres de ces paquets, on établit la propriété de multiplicité $1$ de $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}$ dans le paquet, et l’on calcule le caractère $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}}$ (du groupe des composantes connexes du centralisateur du paramètre dans le groupe dual) associé à $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}$ et qui joue un grand rôle dans la théorie d’Arthur. On fait de même pour certains modules de plus haut poids unitaires unipotents $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}_{n,k}$, ou bien lorsque le caractère infinitésimal est régulier.
Toxicological effect of ivermectin on the survival, reproduction, and feeding activity of four species of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae and Geotrupidae) in Japan
Authors: Ishikawa I. , Iwasa M.
Published: June 2019

We investigated the effects of the antiparasitic drug ivermectin on the dung beetlesCopris acutidensMotschulsky,Onthophagus bivertexHeyden,O. lenziiHarold andPhelotrupes auratus auratusMotschulsky in Japan. Ivermectin was detected in cattle dung from 1 to 3 or 7 days post-treatment, with a peak at 3 days post-treatment in two pour-on administrations (500 µg kg−1). InC. acutidens, adult survivals and numbers of brood balls were significantly reduced in dung collected at 3 and 7 days post-treatment, and adult emergence rates were significantly decreased in dung collected at 7 and 14 days post-treatment. Feeding activity ofC. acutidenswas inhibited in dung collected at 3 days post-treatment, but was not significantly different from that seen in control dung at 7 and 14 days post-treatment. InO. bivertexandO. lenzii, there were no effects of ivermectin on adult survival or feeding activities, but the numbers of brood balls ofO. bivertexconstructed in dung collected at 3 and 7 days post-treatment were significantly lower than observed with control dung. The adult emergence rates ofO. bivertexandO. lenziiwere significantly reduced in dung collected at 1 to 3 and 1 to 7 days post-treatment, respectively. InP. auratus, there were no effects of ivermectin on adult survival, oviposition, feeding activity, or larval survival (until the third instar) in dung at 3 days post-treatment. The environmental risks affecting the populations of dung beetles in Japan are discussed.
Chemical weathering and erosion responses to changing monsoon climate in the Late Miocene of Southwest Asia
Authors: Clift Peter D , Kulhanek Denise K , Zhou Peng , Bowen Melanie G , Vincent Sophie M , Lyle Mitchell , Hahn Annette
Published: June 2019

The late Miocene is a time of strong environmental change in SW Asia. Himalayan foreland stable isotope data show a shift in the dominant vegetation of the flood plains away from trees and shrubs towards more C4 grasslands at a time when oceanic upwelling increased along the Oman margin. We present integrated geochemical and colour spectral records from International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1456 in the eastern Arabian Sea to reconstruct changing chemical weathering and erosion, as well as relative humidity during this climatic transition. Increasing hematite/goethite ratios derived from spectral data are consistent with long-term drying after c. 7.7 Ma. Times of dry conditions are largely associated with weaker chemical alteration measured by K/Rb and reduced coarse clastic flux, constrained by Si/Al and Zr/Al. A temporary phase of increased humidity from 6.3 to 5.95 Ma shows a reversal to stronger weathering and erosion. Wetter conditions can result in both more and less alteration due to the nonlinear relationship between weathering rates, precipitation and sediment transport times. Trends in relative aridity do not follow existing palaeoceanographic records and are not apparently linked to changes in Tibetan or Himalayan elevation, but more closely correlate with global cooling. An apparent opposing trend in the humidity evolution in the Indus compared to southern China, as tracked by spectrally estimated hematite/goethite, likely reflects differences in the topography in the Indus compared to the Pearl River drainage basins, as well as the generally wetter climate in southern China.
Investigating patterns of neural response associated with childhood abuse v. childhood neglect
Authors: Puetz Vanessa Bianca , Viding Essi , Gerin Mattia Indi , Pingault Jean-Baptiste , Sethi Arjun , Knodt Annchen R. , Radtke Spenser R. , Brigidi Bart D. , Hariri Ahmad R. , McCrory Eamon
Published: June 2019

Background

Childhood maltreatment is robustly associated with increased risk of poor mental health outcome and changes in brain function. The authors investigated whether childhood experience of abuse (e.g. physical, emotional and sexual abuse) and neglect (physical and emotional deprivation) was differentially associated with neural reactivity to threat.

Methods

Participants were drawn from an existing study and allocated to one of four groups based on self-report of childhood maltreatment experience: individuals with childhood abuse experiences (n = 70); individuals with childhood neglect experiences (n = 87); individuals with combined experience of childhood abuse and neglect (n = 50); and non-maltreated individuals (n = 207) propensity score matched (PSM) on gender, age, IQ, psychopathology and SES. Neural reactivity to facial cues signalling threat was compared across groups, allowing the differential effects associated with particular forms of maltreatment experience to be isolated.

Results

Brain imaging analyses indicated that while childhood abuse was associated with heightened localised threat reactivity in ventral amygdala, experiences of neglect were associated with heightened reactivity in a distributed cortical fronto-parietal network supporting complex social and cognitive processing as well as in the dorsal amygdala. Unexpectedly, combined experiences of abuse and neglect were associated with hypo-activation in several higher-order cortical regions as well as the amygdala.

Conclusions

Different forms of childhood maltreatment exert differential effects in neural threat reactivity: while the effects of abuse are more focal, the effects of neglect and combined experiences of abuse are more distributed. These findings are relevant for understanding the range of psychiatric outcomes following childhood maltreatment and have implications for intervention.
Foreword to the Special Issue on the Computational Kinematics Conference, CK2017
Authors: Laribi Med Amine , Carbone Giuseppe
Published: June 2019

Computational Kinematics is a wide field of science addressing applications ranging from robotics to mechanics, computer science, mathematics and computer graphics.
“The War Power Is Not a Blank Check”: The Supreme Court and Conscientious Objection, 1917–1973
Authors: Threlkeld Megan
Published: June 2019

This article examines the Supreme Court’s role in the development of federal conscientious objector policy in the twentieth century. Focusing on two key periods—the three years following the end of World War II, and the era of the Vietnam War—I argue that the policy’s evolution was more complex than previous studies have indicated, and that the Court’s changing attitudes toward conscientious objection can be traced to the justices’ increasing but irresolute concern for civil liberties. By the early 1970s, the Court was interpreting federal statutes much more broadly than Congress ever intended, but the justices remained divided over just how broad those interpretations should be. While the end of the draft rendered the question of compulsory military service moot, the Court’s failure to arrive at a clear position on conscientious objection has had lasting implications on other issues.
“Enlightened System” or “Regulatory Nightmare”?: New York’s Adirondack Mountains and the Conflicted Politics of Environmental Land-Use Reform During the 1970s
Authors: Siskind Peter
Published: June 2019

This exploration of the politics of land-use reform in New York’s vast Adirondack Mountains provides a revealing window onto the ambiguities, evolution, and importance of environmental liberalism during the 1970s. A distinctive set of circumstances, featuring forceful advocacy by Governor Nelson Rockefeller and propitious political timing, led to the creation in the early 1970s of one of the most ambitious state-level environmental reforms in modern American history. But implementation during the mid- and late 1970s proved challenging. Environmental management by a new regional agency that possessed powerful regulatory authority over all public and private lands in the region produced discontents, distrust, and organized opposition among both developers and property-rights advocates on the right and environmental advocates on the left. The result was an uneasy, enduring legacy: the new regulatory institution and key environmental planning ideas of the early 1970s and the later, wide-ranging discontents would coexist in similar forms for decades to come.
Solving inverse problems using data-driven models
Authors: Arridge Simon , Maass Peter , Öktem Ozan , Schönlieb Carola-Bibiane
Published: June 2019

Recent research in inverse problems seeks to develop a mathematically coherent foundation for combining data-driven models, and in particular those based on deep learning, with domain-specific knowledge contained in physical–analytical models. The focus is on solving ill-posed inverse problems that are at the core of many challenging applications in the natural sciences, medicine and life sciences, as well as in engineering and industrial applications. This survey paper aims to give an account of some of the main contributions in data-driven inverse problems.
PACKING SUBORDINACY WITH APPLICATION TO SPECTRAL CONTINUITY
Authors: BAZAO V. R. , CARVALHO S. L. , DE OLIVEIRA C. R.
Published: June 2019

By using methods of subordinacy theory, we study packing continuity properties of spectral measures of discrete one-dimensional Schrödinger operators acting on the whole line. Then we apply these methods to Sturmian operators with rotation numbers of quasibounded density to show that they have purely $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$-packing continuous spectrum. A dimensional stability result is also mentioned.
Ladakh: diverse, high-altitude extreme environments for off-earth analogue and astrobiology research
Authors: Pandey Siddharth , Clarke Jonathan , Nema Preeti , Bonaccorsi Rosalba , Som Sanjoy , Sharma Mukund , Phartiyal Binita , Rajamani Sudha , Mogul Rakesh , Martin-Torres Javier , Vaishampayan Parag , Blank Jennifer , Steller Luke , Srivastava Anushree , Singh Randheer , McGuirk Savannah , Zorzano María-Paz , Güttler Johannes Milan , Mendaza Teresa , Soria-Salinas Alvaro , Ahmad Shamim , Ansari Arif , Singh Veeru Kant , Mungi Chaitanya , Bapat Niraja
Published: June 2019

This paper highlights unique sites in Ladakh, India, investigated during our 2016 multidisciplinary pathfinding expedition to the region. We summarize our scientific findings and the site's potential to support science exploration, testing of new technologies and science protocols within the framework of astrobiology research. Ladakh has several accessible, diverse, pristine and extreme environments at very high altitudes (3000–5700 m above sea level). These sites include glacial passes, sand dunes, hot springs and saline lake shorelines with periglacial features. We report geological observations and environmental characteristics (of astrobiological significance) along with the development of regolith-landform maps for cold high passes. The effects of the diurnal water cycle on salt deliquescence were studied using the ExoMars Mission instrument mockup: HabitAbility: Brines, Irradiance and Temperature (HABIT). It recorded the existence of an interaction between the diurnal water cycle in the atmosphere and salts in the soil (which can serve as habitable liquid water reservoirs). Life detection assays were also tested to establish the best protocols for biomass measurements in brines, periglacial ice-mud and permafrost melt water environments in the Tso-Kar region. This campaign helped confirm the relevance of clays and brines as interest targets of research on Mars for biomarker preservation and life detection.
Long-term medical cannabis use and risk factors for diversion: Report on physician's guidance and patients’ behaviour
Authors: Sznitman Sharon R. , Goldberg Victoria , Sheinman-Yuffe Hedva , Zolotov Yuval , Flechter Ezequiel , Bar-Sela Gil
Published: June 2019

Objectives

Various jurisdictions have legalized cannabis for medical purposes. As with all psychoactive medications, medical cannabis carries a risk of diversion and accidental ingestion. These risks may be particularly high among long-term medical cannabis patients as safety practices may become less salient to patients once the treatment becomes part of everyday life. The current study examines whether patients who have used medical cannabis for longer periods differ from those who have used for shorter periods in terms of sociodemographic background and other key aspects of medical cannabis use. Furthermore, the study examines the relationship between length of medical cannabis treatment and risk factors related to storage and diversion. Finally, the study examines the extent to which oncologists provide information to their patients about safe storage and disposal.

Methods

One hundred twenty-one medical cannabis oncology patients were interviewed face-to-face and 55 oncologists participated in a survey about safe storage and disposal practices related to medical cannabis.

Results

Length of medical cannabis treatment was related to administration by smoking and using higher monthly dosages. In terms of risk for unsafe storage and diversion, length of medical cannabis was positively associated with using cannabis outside the home and having been asked to give away medical cannabis. Physicians did not report providing information to patients regarding safe storage and disposal practices in a regular manner.

Significance of results

Results suggest that there is an ongoing risk of unsafe storage and diversion over the course of medical cannabis treatment. Oncologists may need to give more consistent and continued training in safe storage and disposal practices, especially among long-term medical cannabis patients.
Two idea(l)s of the international rule of law
Authors: COLLINS RICHARD
Published: June 2019

The international rule of law is a somewhat ubiquitous concept yet, as idea, it is marred by ambiguity and disagreement and, as ideal, constantly frustrated by the institutional conditions of the decentralised international legal order. Rather than necessarily undermining the concept, however, I argue that these structural conditions cause a kind of conceptual rupture, resulting in seemingly opposed or contradictory idealisations. On the one hand, the international rule of law can be understood as what Terry Nardin has called the ‘basis of association’ in international relations. This understanding places importance on the legal form as an end in itself, whereby the structural or institutional autonomy of international law is critical to the peaceable conduct of international relations. On the other hand, however, the rule of law exists as an unfulfilled promise of an order to come: it is distinctly anti-formalist in nature, stressing the functional capacity of international law to actually constrain political actors (primarily states) and thus seeking to develop more effective international institutional mechanisms. Although these competing idealisations give rise to a certain contradiction and inherent tension, their conceptual opposition is, I believe, critical to an understanding of authority and accountability dynamics in an era of ‘global governance’.
Role of the DNA damage response in prostate cancer formation, progression and treatment
Authors: Zhang Wenhao , van Gent Dik C. , Incrocci Luca , van Weerden Wytske M. , Nonnekens Julie
Published: June 2019

Background

Clinical and preclinical studies have revealed that alterations in DNA damage response (DDR) pathways may play an important role in prostate cancer (PCa) etiology and progression. These alterations can influence PCa responses to radiotherapy and anti-androgen treatment. The identification of DNA repair gene aberrations in PCa has driven the interest for further evaluation whether these genetic changes may serve as biomarkers for patient stratification.

Methods

In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on DDR alterations in PCa, their potential impact on clinical interventions and prospects for improved management of PCa. We particularly focus on the influence of DDR gene mutations on PCa initiation and progression and describe the underlying mechanisms.

Results and Conclusions

A better understanding of these mechanisms, will contribute to better disease management as treatment strategies can be chosen based on the specific disease properties, since a growing number of treatments are targeting DDR pathway alterations (such as Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors). Furthermore, the recently discovered crosstalk between the DDR and androgen receptor signaling opens a new array of possible strategies to optimize treatment combinations. We discuss how these recent and ongoing studies will help to improve diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic approaches for PCa management.
An integrative cross-omics analysis of DNA methylation sites of glucose and insulin homeostasis
Authors: Liu Jun , Carnero-Montoro Elena , van Dongen Jenny , Lent Samantha , Nedeljkovic Ivana , Ligthart Symen , Tsai Pei-Chien , Martin Tiphaine C. , Mandaviya Pooja R. , Jansen Rick , Peters Marjolein J. , Duijts Liesbeth , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. , Tiemeier Henning , Felix Janine F. , Willemsen Gonneke , de Geus Eco J. C. , Chu Audrey Y. , Levy Daniel , Hwang Shih-Jen , Bressler Jan , Gondalia Rahul , Salfati Elias L. , Herder Christian , Hidalgo Bertha A. , Tanaka Toshiko , Moore Ann Zenobia , Lemaitre Rozenn N. , Jhun Min A , Smith Jennifer A. , Sotoodehnia Nona , Bandinelli Stefania , Ferrucci Luigi , Arnett Donna K. , Grallert Harald , Assimes Themistocles L. , Hou Lifang , Baccarelli Andrea , Whitsel Eric A. , van Dijk Ko Willems , Amin Najaf , Uitterlinden André G. , Sijbrands Eric J. G. , Franco Oscar H. , Dehghan Abbas , Spector Tim D. , Dupuis Josée , Hivert Marie-France , Rotter Jerome I. , Meigs James B. , Pankow James S. , van Meurs Joyce B. J. , Isaacs Aaron , Boomsma Dorret I. , Bell Jordana T. , Demirkan Ayşe , van Duijn Cornelia M.
Published: June 2019

Despite existing reports on differential DNA methylation in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity, our understanding of its functional relevance remains limited. Here we show the effect of differential methylation in the early phases of T2D pathology by a blood-based epigenome-wide association study of 4808 non-diabetic Europeans in the discovery phase and 11,750 individuals in the replication. We identify CpGs in LETM1, RBM20, IRS2, MAN2A2 and the 1q25.3 region associated with fasting insulin, and in FCRL6, SLAMF1, APOBEC3H and the 15q26.1 region with fasting glucose. In silico cross-omics analyses highlight the role of differential methylation in the crosstalk between the adaptive immune system and glucose homeostasis. The differential methylation explains at least 16.9% of the association between obesity and insulin. Our study sheds light on the biological interactions between genetic variants driving differential methylation and gene expression in the early pathogenesis of T2D.
Indirect chiral magnetic exchange through Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya-enhanced RKKY interactions in manganese oxide chains on Ir(100)
Authors: Schmitt Martin , Moras Paolo , Bihlmayer Gustav , Cotsakis Ryan , Vogt Matthias , Kemmer Jeannette , Belabbes Abderrezak , Sheverdyaeva Polina M. , Kundu Asish K. , Carbone Carlo , Blügel Stefan , Bode Matthias
Published: June 2019

Localized electron spins can couple magnetically via the Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida interaction even if their wave functions lack direct overlap. Theory predicts that spin–orbit scattering leads to a Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya type enhancement of this indirect exchange interaction, giving rise to chiral exchange terms. Here we present a combined spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy, angle-resolved photoemission, and density functional theory study of MnO2 chains on Ir(100). Whereas we find antiferromagnetic Mn–Mn coupling along the chain, the inter-chain coupling across the non-magnetic Ir substrate turns out to be chiral with a 120° rotation between adjacent MnO2 chains. Calculations reveal that the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction results in spin spirals with a periodicity in agreement with experiment. Our findings confirm the existence of indirect chiral magnetic exchange, potentially giving rise to exotic phenomena, such as chiral spin-liquid states in spin ice systems or the emergence of new quasiparticles.
Quantifying gravity wave forcing using scale invariance
Authors: Liu Han-Li
Published: June 2019

Despite the increasing resolution, forcing on the mean circulation by resolved waves in general circulation models is not yet converging. Parameterization of the forcing remains a major source of model uncertainty. This study examines the scale invariance of zonal spectra of momentum flux and wave forcing, and shows that it can be used to quantify the forcing by unresolved waves with knowledge of the resolved ones in global models. The result reveals the leading order importance of the small-scale wave forcing, which is in general agreement with that required for obtaining the zonal mean wind climatology. It is also found that wave and mean flow interaction is important in maintaining the robust spectral structure. This method may provide a strategy to design physically consistent and scale-aware parameterization schemes for scale invariant quantities, when a model has sufficient resolution to partially resolve their spectra.
Engineering brain activity patterns by neuromodulator polytherapy for treatment of disorders
Authors: Ghannad-Rezaie Mostafa , Eimon Peter M. , Wu Yuelong , Yanik Mehmet Fatih
Published: June 2019

Conventional drug screens and treatments often ignore the underlying complexity of brain network dysfunctions, resulting in suboptimal outcomes. Here we ask whether we can correct abnormal functional connectivity of the entire brain by identifying and combining multiple neuromodulators that perturb connectivity in complementary ways. Our approach avoids the combinatorial complexity of screening all drug combinations. We develop a high-speed platform capable of imaging more than 15000 neurons in 50ms to map the entire brain functional connectivity in large numbers of vertebrates under many conditions. Screening a panel of drugs in a zebrafish model of human Dravet syndrome, we show that even drugs with related mechanisms of action can modulate functional connectivity in significantly different ways. By clustering connectivity fingerprints, we algorithmically select small subsets of complementary drugs and rapidly identify combinations that are significantly more effective at correcting abnormal networks and reducing spontaneous seizures than monotherapies, while minimizing behavioral side effects. Even at low concentrations, our polytherapy performs superior to individual drugs even at highest tolerated concentrations.
Efficient full spin–orbit torque switching in a single layer of a perpendicularly magnetized single-crystalline ferromagnet
Authors: Jiang Miao , Asahara Hirokatsu , Sato Shoichi , Kanaki Toshiki , Yamasaki Hiroki , Ohya Shinobu , Tanaka Masaaki
Published: June 2019

Spin–orbit torque (SOT), which is induced by an in-plane electric current via large spin-orbit coupling, enables an innovative method of manipulating the magnetization of ferromagnets by means of current injection. In conventional SOT bilayer systems, the magnetization switching efficiency strongly depends on the interface quality and the strength of the intrinsic spin Hall Effect. Here, we demonstrate highly efficient full SOT switching achieved by applying a current in a single layer of perpendicularly magnetized ferromagnetic semiconductor GaMnAs with an extremely small current density of ∼3.4 × 105 A cm−2, which is two orders of magnitude smaller than that needed in typical metal bilayer systems. This low required current density is attributed to the intrinsic bulk inversion asymmetry of GaMnAs as well as its high-quality single crystallinity and large spin polarization. Our findings will contribute to advancements in the electrical control of magnetism and its practical application in semiconductor devices.
Proton-assisted creation of controllable volumetric oxygen vacancies in ultrathin CeO2−x for pseudocapacitive energy storage applications
Authors: S. Mofarah Sajjad , Adabifiroozjaei Esmaeil , Yao Yin , Koshy Pramod , Lim Sean , Webster Richard , Liu Xinhong , Khayyam Nekouei Rasoul , Cazorla Claudio , Liu Zhao , Wang Yu , Lambropoulos Nicholas , Sorrell Charles C.
Published: June 2019

Two-dimensional metal oxide pseudocapacitors are promising candidates for size-sensitive applications. However, they exhibit limited energy densities and inferior power densities. Here, we present an electrodeposition technique by which ultrathin CeO2−x films with controllable volumetric oxygen vacancy concentrations can be produced. This technique offers a layer-by-layer fabrication route for ultrathin CeO2−x films that render Ce3+ concentrations as high as ~60 at% and a volumetric capacitance of 1873 F cm−3, which is among the highest reported to the best of our knowledge. This exceptional behaviour originates from both volumetric oxygen vacancies, which enhance electron conduction, and intercrystallite water, which promotes proton conduction. Consequently, simultaneous charging on the surface and in the bulk occur, leading to the observation of redox pseudocapacitive behaviour in CeO2−x. Thermodynamic investigations reveal that the energy required for oxygen vacancy formation can be reduced significantly by proton-assisted reactions. This cyclic deposition technique represents an efficient method to fabricate metal oxides of precisely controlled defect concentrations and thicknesses.
Spin Seebeck mechanical force
Authors: Harii Kazuya , Seo Yong-Jun , Tsutsumi Yasumasa , Chudo Hiroyuki , Oyanagi Koichi , Matsuo Mamoru , Shiomi Yuki , Ono Takahito , Maekawa Sadamichi , Saitoh Eiji
Published: June 2019

Electric current has been used to send electricity to far distant places. On the other hand, spin current, a flow of electron spin, can in principle also send angular momentum to distant places. In a magnet, there is a universal spin carrier called a spin wave, a wave-type excitation of magnetization. Since spin waves exhibit a long propagation length, it should be able to send angular momentum that can generate torque and force at a distant place: a new function of magnets. Here we observe mechanical angular momentum transmission and force generation due to spin waves injected into Y3Fe5O12 by the spin-Seebeck effect. The spin-wave current, transmitted through a Y3Fe5O12 micro cantilever, was found to create a mechanical force on the cantilever as a non-local reaction of the spin-Seebeck effect. Spin-wave current can be generated remotely even in open circuits, and it can be used to drive micro mechanical devices.
Transparent wearable three-dimensional touch by self-generated multiscale structure
Authors: Kim Kyun Kyu , Ha InHo , Won Philip , Seo Deog-Gyu , Cho Kyu-Jin , Ko Seung Hwan
Published: June 2019

Pressure-sensitive touch panels can measure pressure and location (3D) information simultaneously and provide an intuitive and natural method for expressing one’s intention with a higher level of controllability and interactivity. However, they have been generally realized by a simple combination of pressure and location sensor or a stylus-based interface, which limit their implementation in a wide spectrum of applications. Here, we report a first demonstration (to our knowledge) of a transparent and flexible 3D touch which can sense the 3D information in a single device with the assistance of functionally designed self-generated multiscale structures. The single 3D touch system is demonstrated to draw a complex three-dimensional structure by utilizing the pressure as a third coordinate. Furthermore, rigorous theoretical analysis is carried out to achieve the target pressure performances with successful 3D data acquisition in wireless and wearable conditions, which in turn, paves the way for future wearable devices.
A machine learning approach to predicting psychosis using semantic density and latent content analysis
Authors: Rezaii Neguine , Walker Elaine , Wolff Phillip
Published: June 2019

Subtle features in people’s everyday language may harbor the signs of future mental illness. Machine learning offers an approach for the rapid and accurate extraction of these signs. Here we investigate two potential linguistic indicators of psychosis in 40 participants of the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study. We demonstrate how the linguistic marker of semantic density can be obtained using the mathematical method of vector unpacking, a technique that decomposes the meaning of a sentence into its core ideas. We also demonstrate how the latent semantic content of an individual’s speech can be extracted by contrasting it with the contents of conversations generated on social media, here 30,000 contributors to Reddit. The results revealed that conversion to psychosis is signaled by low semantic density and talk about voices and sounds. When combined, these two variables were able to predict the conversion with 93% accuracy in the training and 90% accuracy in the holdout datasets. The results point to a larger project in which automated analyses of language are used to forecast a broad range of mental disorders well in advance of their emergence.
Universality class of explosive percolation in Barabási-Albert networks
Authors: Habib E Islam MD. , Hassan M. K.
Published: June 2019

In this work, we study explosive percolation (EP) in Barabási-Albert (BA) network, in which nodes are born with degree k = m, for both product rule (PR) and sum rule (SR) of the Achlioptas process. For m = 1 we find that the critical point tc = 1 which is the maximum possible value of the relative link density t; Hence we cannot have access to the other phase like percolation in one dimension. However, for m > 1 we find that tc decreases with increasing m and the critical exponents ν, α, β and γ for m > 1 are found to be independent not only of the value of m but also of PR and SR. It implies that they all belong to the same universality class like EP in the Erdös-Rényi network. Besides, the critical exponents obey the Rushbrooke inequality α + 2β + γ ≥ 2 but always close to equality.

    PACS numbers: 61.43.Hv, 64.60.Ht, 68.03.Fg, 82.70.Dd.
Plasmofluidic Microlenses for Label-Free Optical Sorting of Exosomes
Authors: Zhu Xiangchao , Cicek Ahmet , Li Yixiang , Yanik Ahmet Ali
Published: June 2019

Optical chromatography is a powerful optofluidic technique enabling label-free fractionation of microscopic bioparticles from heterogenous mixtures. However, sophisticated instrumentation requirements for precise alignment of optical scattering and fluidic drag forces is a fundamental shortcoming of this technique. Here, we introduce a subwavelength thick (<200 nm) Optofluidic PlasmonIC (OPtIC) microlens that effortlessly achieves objective-free focusing and self-alignment of opposing optical scattering and fluidic drag forces for selective separation of exosome size bioparticles. Our optofluidic microlens provides a self-collimating mechanism for particle trajectories with a spatial dispersion that is inherently minimized by the optical gradient and radial fluidic drag forces working together to align the particles along the optical axis. We demonstrate that this facile platform facilitates complete separation of small size bioparticles (i.e., exosomes) from a heterogenous mixture through negative depletion and provides a robust selective separation capability for same size nanoparticles based on their differences in chemical composition. Unlike existing optical chromatography techniques that require complicated instrumentation (lasers, objectives and precise alignment stages), our OPtIC microlenses with a foot-print of 4 μm × 4 μm open up the possibility of multiplexed and high-throughput sorting of nanoparticles on a chip using low-cost broadband light sources.
Homeostatic pruning and activity of epidermal nerves are dysregulated in barrier-impaired skin during chronic itch development
Authors: Takahashi Sonoko , Ishida Azusa , Kubo Akiharu , Kawasaki Hiroshi , Ochiai Sotaro , Nakayama Manabu , Koseki Haruhiko , Amagai Masayuki , Okada Takaharu
Published: June 2019

The epidermal barrier is thought to protect sensory nerves from overexposure to environmental stimuli, and barrier impairment leads to pathological conditions associated with itch, such as atopic dermatitis (AD). However, it is not known how the epidermal barrier continuously protects nerves for the sensory homeostasis during turnover of the epidermis. Here we show that epidermal nerves are contained underneath keratinocyte tight junctions (TJs) in normal human and mouse skin, but not in human AD samples or mouse models of chronic itch caused by epidermal barrier impairment. By intravital imaging of the mouse skin, we found that epidermal nerve endings were frequently extended and retracted, and occasionally underwent local pruning. Importantly, the epidermal nerve pruning took place rapidly at intersections with newly forming TJs in the normal skin, whereas this process was disturbed during chronic itch development. Furthermore, aberrant Ca2+ increases in epidermal nerves were induced in association with the disturbed pruning. Finally, TRPA1 inhibition suppressed aberrant Ca2+ increases in epidermal nerves and itch. These results suggest that epidermal nerve endings are pruned through interactions with keratinocytes to stay below the TJ barrier, and that disruption of this mechanism may lead to aberrant activation of epidermal nerves and pathological itch.
Multiple seasonality in soil radon time series
Authors: Siino Marianna , Scudero Salvatore , Cannelli Valentina , Piersanti Antonio , D’Alessandro Antonino
Published: June 2019

The dynamics governing the movement of the radon are complex and dependent on many factors. In the present study, we characterise the nature of temporal variations of 2-hourly and daily radon measurements in several monitoring sites of the Italian Radon mOnitoring Network (IRON) in Italy. By means of continuous wavelet transformation, a spectral analysis in time-frequency domain is performed. The results reveal that there are sub-daily, daily and yearly persistent periodicities that are common for all the stations. We observe structural seasonal breaks, that occur at the same frequency but at distinct time. Variations in radon concentration and local temperature are studied in terms of frequency contents and synchronicity. When analysing several long time series together, it is evident that the phase difference at low frequency movements (365-day period) between the radon and local temperature time series is depending on the sites’ location and therefore strongly controlled by local factors. This could at least partially explain the apparently contrasting results available in the literature obtained investigating smaller dataset about the relationships between temperature and radon variations. On the other hand, results show that all radon time series are characterised by marked cycles at 1 and 365-days and less evident cycles at 0.5-day and 180-days. They would be all ascribable to environmental-climatic factors: the short-period cycles to temperature and pressure variations, the long-period cycles also to seasonal rainfall variations.
Hypoxia-induced reprogramming of the cardiac phenotype in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) revealed by quantitative proteomics
Authors: Alderman Sarah L. , Crossley Dane A. , Elsey Ruth M. , Gillis Todd E.
Published: June 2019

Hypoxic exposure during development can have a profound influence on offspring physiology, including cardiac dysfunction, yet many reptile embryos naturally experience periods of hypoxia in buried nests. American alligators experimentally exposed to developmental hypoxia demonstrate morphological and functional changes to the heart that persist into later life stages; however, the molecular bases of these changes remain unknown. We tested if targeted and persistent changes in steady-state protein expression underlie this hypoxic heart phenotype, using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteomics. Alligator eggs were reared under normoxia or 10% hypoxia, then either sampled (embryo) or returned to normoxia for 2 years (juvenile). Three salient findings emerge from the integrated analysis of the 145 differentially expressed proteins in hypoxia-reared animals: (1) significant protein-protein interaction networks were identified only in up-regulated proteins, indicating that the effects of developmental hypoxia are stimulatory and directed; (2) the up-regulated proteins substantially enriched processes related to protein turnover, cellular organization, and metabolic pathways, supporting increased resource allocation towards building and maintaining a higher functioning heart; and (3) the juvenile cardiac proteome retained many of the signature changes observed in embryonic hearts, supporting long-term reprogramming of cardiac myocytes induced by hypoxia during critical periods of development.
The yeast scavenger decapping enzyme DcpS and its application for in vitro RNA recapping
Authors: Wulf Madalee G. , Buswell John , Chan Siu-Hong , Dai Nan , Marks Katherine , Martin Evan R. , Tzertzinis George , Whipple Joseph M. , Corrêa Ivan R. , Schildkraut Ira
Published: June 2019

Eukaryotic mRNAs are modified at their 5′ end early during transcription by the addition of N7-methylguanosine (m7G), which forms the “cap” on the first 5′ nucleotide. Identification of the 5′ nucleotide on mRNA is necessary for determination of the Transcription Start Site (TSS). We explored the effect of various reaction conditions on the activity of the yeast scavenger mRNA decapping enzyme DcpS and examined decapping of 30 chemically distinct cap structures varying the state of methylation, sugar, phosphate linkage, and base composition on 25mer RNA oligonucleotides. Contrary to the generally accepted belief that DcpS enzymes only decap short oligonucleotides, we found that the yeast scavenger decapping enzyme decaps RNA transcripts as long as 1400 nucleotides. Further, we validated the application of yDcpS for enriching capped RNA using a strategy of specifically tagging the 5′ end of capped RNA by first decapping and then recapping it with an affinity-tagged guanosine nucleotide.
Kidney Dysfunction Impact on White Matter Hyperintensity Volume in Neurologically Healthy Adults
Authors: Kim Sang Hyuck , Yun Jae Moon , Jeong Su-Min , Kim Shinhye , Yoo Tae Gon , Lee Ji Eun , Lim Jae-Sung , Jeong Han-Yeoung , Nam Ki-Woong , Kwon Hyung-Min , Park Jin-Ho
Published: June 2019

The detrimental outcomes of white matter hyperintensity (WMH) are known to be proportional to WMH volume. This study aimed to evaluate the association between kidney dysfunction and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume. A total of 2,203 subjects who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as part of a screening health check-up was included in this study. WMH was defined as hyperintensity signals without cavity formation in the white matter on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images. WMH volume was measured quantitatively, and data were normalized by square root transformation prior to analysis. Mean age of the subjects was 56.9 years and mean WMH volume was 2.7 cm3. Mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) level was 78.0 ml/min/1.73 m2, and 172 subjects (7.8%) were diagnosed with moderate-to-severe kidney dysfunction (eGFR < 60). Mean Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) was 0.02, and 166 subjects showed significant albuminuria (UACR ≥ 0.03). Multivariate analyses showed that each of UACR, significant albuminuria, and moderate-to-severe kidney dysfunction was significantly associated with increased WMH volume (all p < 0.05). When we considered significant albuminuria and moderate-to-severe kidney dysfunction simultaneously, subjects with both significant albuminuria and moderate-to-severe kidney dysfunction had more than twice the WMH volume as did those in the other groups (all p < 0.05). Kidney dysfunction, defined by albuminuria and eGFR, was independently associated with WMH volume. Risk factors related to WMH and its detrimental outcomes should be strictly modified in subjects with kidney dysfunction, especially in those with both albuminuria and a reduced eGFR.
Immunologic findings precede rapid lupus flare after transient steroid therapy
Authors: Lu Rufei , Guthridge Joel M. , Chen Hua , Bourn Rebecka L. , Kamp Stan , Munroe Melissa E. , Macwana Susan R. , Bean Krista , Sridharan Sudhakar , Merrill Joan T. , James Judith A.
Published: June 2019

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) flares elicit progressive organ damage, leading to disability and early mortality. This study evaluated clinical and immunologic factors associated with impending flare in the Biomarkers of Lupus Disease study. Autoantibodies and 32 soluble mediators were measured by multiplex assays, immune pathway activation by gene expression module scores, and immune cell subset frequencies and activation states by flow cytometry. After providing baseline samples, participants received transient steroids to suppress disease and were followed until flare. Flare occurred early (within 60 days of baseline) in 21 participants and late (90–165 days) in 13. At baseline, compared to the late flare group, the early flare group had differential gene expression in monocyte, T cell, interferon, and inflammation modules, as well as significantly higher frequencies of activated (aCD11b+) neutrophils and monocytes, and activated (CD86hi) naïve B cells. Random forest models showed three subgroups of early flare patients, distinguished by greater baseline frequencies of aCD11b+monocytes, or CD86hinaïve B cells, or both. Increases in these cell populations were the most accurate biomarkers for early flare in this study. These results suggest that SLE flares may arise from an overlapping spectrum of lymphoid and myeloid mechanisms in different patients.