bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new interpretation of the two-step δ18O signal at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary
Authors: Tigchelaar M. , von der Heydt A. S. , Dijkstra H. A.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. The most marked step in the global climate transition from "Greenhouse" to "Icehouse" Earth occurred at the Eocene-Oligocene (E–O) boundary, 33.7 Ma. Evidence for climatic changes comes from many sources, including the marine benthic δ18O record, showing an increase by 1.2–1.5‰ at this time. This positive excursion is characterised by two steps, separated by a plateau. The increase in δ18O values has been attributed to rapid glaciation of the Antarctic continent, previously ice-free. Simultaneous changes in the δ13C record are indicative of a greenhouse gas control on climate. Previous studies show that a decline in pCO2 beyond a certain threshold value may have initiated the growth of a Southern Hemispheric ice sheet. These studies were not able to conclusively explain the remarkable two-step profile in δ18O. Furthermore, they did not address the potential role of changes in ocean circulation in the E–O transition. Here a new interpretation of the δ18O signal is presented, based on model simulations using a simple coupled 8-box-ocean, 4-box-atmosphere model with an added land ice component. The model was forced with a slowly decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. It is argued that the first step in the δ18O represents a shift in meridional overturning circulation from a Southern Ocean to a bipolar source of deep-water formation, which is associated with a cooling of the deep sea. This shift can be initiated by a small density perturbation in the model, although there is also a parameter regime for which the shift occurs spontaneously. The second step in the δ18O profile occurs due to a rapid glaciation of the Antarctic continent. This new interpretation is a robust outcome of our model and is in good agreement with proxy data.
Indução do trabalho de parto em primíparas com gestação de baixo risco
Authors: Gomes Karen , Sousa Ana Maria Magalhães , Mamede Fabiana Villela , Mamede Marli Villela
Published: July 2010

A indução do parto objetiva promover o nascimento antecipado por parto vaginal quando sua continuidade promove maior risco materno-fetal que sua interrupção. Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar fatores relacionados à indicação de indução do trabalho de parto em primíparas e seu desfecho em uma maternidade-escola. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo retrospectivo, realizado na MATER – Maternidade do Complexo Aeroporto em Ribeirão Preto-SP. O estudo incluiu 119 primigestas com registro em prontuário de indicação e submetidas à indução do trabalho de parto que deram a luz nessa maternidade de janeiro a junho de 2007. A indicação mais frequente de indução do trabalho de parto foram a corioamniorrexe prematura (58,8%), oligoâmnio (21%) e pós-datismo (16,8%). O misoprostol foi o fármaco mais indicado, 37% isoladamente e 61,3% associado à ocitocina. A via de parto foi 63% vaginal. O sofrimento fetal agudo foi a principal indicação para cesárea (38,5%). A infecção materno-fetal foi a complicação identificada com índice de apenas 7,6%. Dos recém-nascidos, 68% obteve Apgar entre 8 e 10 no primeiro minuto de vida e 118 deles alcançaram esses índices no quinto minuto. Os resultados confirmam a tendência de que esse procedimento é uma importante estratégia para reduzir os índices de cesárea.Descritores: Trabalho de parto induzido; Trabalho de parto; Colo do útero; Ocitocina; Misoprostol.
Liga de Geriatria e Gerontologia da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro: relato de experiência
Authors: Montanholi Liciane Langona , Nunes Lucas Martins de Excel , Teixeira Vicente de Paula Antunes , Oliveira Flávia Aparecida de
Published: July 2010

A Liga de Geriatria e Gerontologia da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (LGG/UFTM), Uberaba-MG, fundada em 2003 foi composta por acadêmicos de medicina e enfermagem, que desenvolviam atividades ambulatoriais, científicas e de extensão. Nas atividades ambulatoriais os acadêmicos acompanharam consultas geriátricas e avaliaram física e mentalmente os internos de uma Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos (ILPI). Como atividades de extensão foram realizadas as campanhas sobre as doenças de Alzheimer e Parkinson. Nas reuniões científicas foram discutidos temas abordando o envelhecimento. Projetos científicos foram desenvolvidos, dentre eles “Ensino sobre idoso e gerontologia: visão do discente de enfermagem no Estado de Minas Gerais” e “Amiloidose cerebral e cardíaca em indivíduos idosos autopsiados”. Além disso, a Liga participou da disciplina optativa “Processos patológicos gerais associados ao envelhecimento”. Portanto, os integrantes da LGG/UFTM por meio das atividades desenvolvidas puderam ampliar seu conhecimento científico-prático na área do envelhecimento, sendo estas experiências coadjuvantes da melhoria tanto da formação acadêmica quanto da assistência ao paciente idoso.Descritores: Geriatria; Educação; Idoso; Envelhecimento.
Preparação para a docência em pós-graduação em enfermagem: potencialidades e limites
Authors: De-la-Torre-Ugarte-Guanilo Mónica Cecilia , Almeida Alva Helena de , Toledo Melina Mafra , Maeda Sayuri Tanaka
Published: July 2010

A formação profissional de docentes universitários constitui o centro de atenção na atualidade. O presente trabalho relata a experiência de três alunas de pós-graduação da Universidade de São Paulo, que participaram do Programa de Aperfeiçoamento em Ensino, por meio da disciplina “Fundamentos e Práticas de Enfermagem em Saúde Coletiva”. Essa disciplina foi oferecida para alunas de Enfermagem, no I semestre de 2007. Na metodologia discorreu-se sobre estratégias utilizadas, junto aos discentes e docentes, para o planejamento, desenvolvimento e avaliação da disciplina. Apresentaram-se os resultados e discussões desse processo, no intuito de refletir sobre o alcance do Programa no que diz respeito a aprender a ensinar. Considerou-se que a experiência constitui-se em um espaço privilegiado de aprimoramento em ensino do aluno de pós-graduação e de reflexão sobre o processo ensino-aprendizagem. Entretanto, foi um espaço insuficiente, pois foi o único espaço para atender dita finalidade na universidade. Descritores: Enfermagem; Educação Superior; Docente de Enfermagem; Educação de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem.
Perfil epidemiológico dos usuários do Centro de Testagem e Aconselhamento de Alfenas, Minas Gerais
Authors: Vilela Maraisa Pimenta , Brito Tábatta Renata Pereira de , Goyatá Sueli Leiko Takamatsu , Spinelli Arantes Cássia Irene
Published: July 2010

O Centro de Testagem e Aconselhamento (CTA) foi instituído para atuar no diagnóstico e prevenção de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST) e constitui-se em importante fonte de dados epidemiológicos. Com o objetivo de identificar o perfil epidemiológico dos usuários do CTA no município de Alfenas-MG foi realizado um estudo transversal, descritivo e exploratório, no período de agosto de 2007 a junho de 2008. Foram utilizados dados secundários dos usuários cadastrados no serviço, que foram armazenados e analisados por meio do Programa Epi-info versão 6.04. No total, foram realizados 162 atendimentos, com predomínio de pessoas do sexo feminino (53,1%) e média de idade de 35,9 anos. As taxas de positividade para o HIV, hepatites B e C e sífilis foram 1,9%, 14,4%, 5,9% e 1,9%, respectivamente. O principal motivo de procura pelo CTA foi a exposição à situação de risco (43,8%). O estudo evidenciou que, por meio das ações do CTA, é possível monitorar o status sorológico, o perfil sociodemográfico e os comportamentos relacionados ao HIV/Aids e às outras IST na clientela atendida, o que contribui para o alcance dos objetivos relacionados a prevenção e controle dessas doenças. Descritores: Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida; Doenças sexualmente transmissíveis; Perfil de saúde; Aconselhamento.
Unidades de Radiologia Intervencionista/Hemodinâmica: caracterização do enfermeiro e da estrutura da unidade
Authors: Turrini Ruth Natalia Teresa
Published: July 2010

Enfermagem em radiologia é um novo campo de trabalho que requer além das habilidades habituais de enfermagem, competências na área de cuidados críticos. Este estudo descritivo se propôs a conhecer o perfil do enfermeiro e caracterizar as unidades de hemodinâmica e radiologia que realizam procedimentos minimamente invasivos. A amostra foi constituída por 15 hospitais com número de leitos superior a 50 localizados no município de São Paulo (Brasil). Dois questionários foram enviados às unidades por correio: um sobre as características da unidade e outro sobre o perfil do enfermeiro. O questionário sobre o perfil do enfermeiro foi respondido por 56 enfermeiros. O número médio de enfermeiros atuando em unidades de hemodinâmica e radiologia nos hospitais governamentais foi de 2,8 e nos hospitais privados de 2,2; tempo médio de formação profissional foi de 12,5 anos; 67,9% frequentaram um curso de especialização, a maioria em administração hospitalar. Dos enfermeiros, 16,1% tinham experiência anterior em radiologia e apenas 17,9% foram contratados para trabalhar de imediato nas unidades de radiologia/hemodinâmica. Metade dos serviços possuía uma estrutura física que atendia à normalização legal. O número de enfermeiros que participava de núcleos de estudo na área cardiovascular ou de radiologia foi reduzido. Descritores: Radiologia Intervencionista; Procedimentos cirúrgicos minimamente invasivos; Enfermeiras.
Prevalência de anemia em escolares de escolas públicas de Maringá-PR, 2008
Authors: Nishida Fernanda Shizue , Uchimura Taqueco Teruya , Szarfarc Sophia Cornbluth , Bossato Tiago Flora , Carvalho Nahida Ajala , Uchimura Nelson Shozo
Published: July 2010

A anemia é um problema de saúde pública que afeta tanto países desenvolvidos quanto os em desenvolvimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi de estimar a prevalência de anemia em crianças que ingressaram no primeiro ano do Ensino Fundamental das escolas públicas do município de Maringá-PR, no ano de 2008 e os fatores associados à sua ocorrência. Estudo transversal realizado nas 57 escolas públicas de Maringá-PR, com população amostral probabilística constituída de 371 escolares. A dosagem de hemoglobina (Hb) foi feita pelo HemoCue, e a anemia classificada pelo critério estabelecido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, Hb <11,5g/dL. Foram realizadas análises univariada e multivariada com regressão logística para as variáveis relacionadas ao evento. A prevalência da anemia foi de 39,3%. Foi verificada associação significativa entre anemia e número de filhos, verificando-se que em famílias com mais de 3 filhos a criança tem 8,6 vezes mais chance de ter a doença quando comparada à outras famílias. A prevalência da anemia nos escolares ingressantes foi elevada no município, evidenciando a necessidade de implementação e adoção de ações efetivas para sua prevenção e controle.

Descritores: Anemia Ferropriva; Saúde Escolar; Epidemiologia; Enfermagem.
A cultura no cuidado familiar à criança vítima de queimaduras
Authors: Brito Maria Eliane Maciel de , Damasceno Ana Kelve de Castro , Pinheiro Patrícia Neyva da Costa , Vieira Luiza Jane Eyre de Souza
Published: July 2010

O cuidado de enfermagem à criança queimada está diretamente relacionado à aceitação da família, tendo os pais como parceiros e informantes das condições de saúde da vítima. Objetivou-se compreender como as crenças, valores e estilo de vida das famílias influenciam no cuidado de crianças vítimas de queimaduras internadas em um Centro de Tratamento de Queimados. Pesquisa etnográfica realizada em um Hospital de Urgência e Emergência, em Fortaleza, Ceará, no período de abril a agosto de 2008,na qual a coleta e a análise dos dados se embasaram na Etnoenfermagem. Na ordenação e análise dos dados adotaram-se as seguintes etapas: coleta de descritos e documentos; agrupamento dos dados; análise contextual de temas principais; descobertas de pesquisa; formulações teóricas e recomendações. Das análises surgiram três categorias: A criança é muito danada;A gravidade da situação; Ter mais cuidado.Conforme o estudo durante a internação, as mães, apesar de possuírem seus conhecimentos culturais, aprenderam muito, tinham muitas dúvidas e refletiram sobre o próprio cuidado com seus filhos.É,pois, imprescindível que o enfermeiro utilize estratégias que inerentes à cultura familiar com vistas a cuidar de forma individualizada, criando vínculos com essas crianças e família. Descritores: Enfermagem pediátrica; Cuidados de enfermagem; Antropologia cultural.
Weekly work hours and stress complaints of workers in Korea
Authors: Park Jungsun , Yi Yunjeong , Kim Yangho
Published: July 2010

Background

Koreans typically work long hours. We herein analyze the relationship between the level of working hours and extent of stress complaints.

Methods

We analyzed stress complaints with respect to hours worked per week, as reported by 7,075 subjects, using data from the 2006 First Korean Working Conditions Survey. Subjects were categorized as those working fewer than 40 hr per week (short working hours, SWH); those working 40–47 hr per week (intermediate working hours, IWH); those working 48–59 hr per week (long working hours, LWH); or those working at least 60 hr per week (very long working hours, VLWH).

Results

Male subjects with IWH had an odds ratio (OR) of 0.74 for stress complaints compared to subjects with SWH (95% CI 0.53–1.04), whereas OR = 0.72 (95% CI 0.52–1.02) for stress complaints among females, comparing IWH and SWH. Males with LWH had OR = 1.15 (95% CI 0.82–1.60) for stress complaints compared to subjects with SWH, whereas the OR for females for stress complaints was 1.11 (95% CI 0.79–1.55). Male subjects with VLWH had OR = 1.72 (95% CI 1.24–2.41) for stress complaints compare to those with SWH, whereas for the female workers the OR was 1.35 (95% CI 0.93–1.98).

Conclusion

Among males, VLWH are associated with a significant increase in stress, compared with SWH. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:1135–1141, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computer modeling study on the phase morphology of PS‐b‐PMMA copolymers
Authors: Mu Dan , Li Jian‐Quan , Wang Song
Published: July 2010

The phase morphologies of six kinds of designed poly(styrene‐block‐methyl methacrylate) copolymers were studied at 383, 413, and 443 K by mesoscopic modeling. The values of order parameter depended on both the structures of block copolymers and the simulation temperatures, whereas values of order parameter of the long chains were higher than those of the short ones; temperature showed a more obvious effect on long chains than on the short ones. These plain copolymers doped with PS or PMMA homopolymer showed different order parameter values. When the triblock copolymer was composed of the same component at both ends and was doped with a homopolymer with the same component as that in the middle of triblock copolymer, such as B6A3B6 doped with A3, B12A6B12 doped with A6, A6B12A6 doped with B12, and A3B6A3 doped with B6, it showed the highest order parameter values. The study of copolymers doped with nanoparticles showed that the mesoscopic phase was influenced by not only the properties of the nanoparticles, such as the size and density, but also the compositions of copolymers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
P/2008 T1 (Boattini): Another comet under transition from Saturn to Jupiter
Authors: Hahn G. , Lagerkvist C.‐I.
Published: July 2010

The newly discovered periodic comet P/2008 T1 (Boattini) is found to have experienced a recent capture into its present orbit, following a close approach to Saturn in 1995 to within 0.17 AU. This orbital change transferred the comet into an orbit tangent to that of Jupiter, which lead to an even closer passage within 0.02 AU with that planet in 2003 decoupling it from the influence of Saturn (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dust attenuation in starburst galaxies determined by measuring the dependence of the optical color indices on galaxy inclination
Authors: Vince O.
Published: July 2010

We use optical color indices (colors) from the SDSS database to study the effect of dust in starburst galaxies by mea‐suring the dependence of colors on galaxy inclination. Starburst galaxies with ongoing star formation, are rich with metals/dust and are, therefore, an excellent objects for studying the effect of dust in galaxies. They are selected using the [O III]λ 5007/Hα vs. [N II]λ 6584/Hβ diagram, that is, the BPT‐diagram. We use Kauffmann's empirical demarcation line in the BPT‐diagram to exclude galaxies with active galactic nuclei (AGN) from the sample because they have different physical and dust properties from normal galaxies. The sample is divided into bins according to galaxy stellar mass and 4000 Å break (which is a coarse measure of a galaxy star formation history; SFH) and the reddening with inclination is studied as a function of these two physical parameters. Assuming that the dust effect is negligible in the SDSS z ‐band, we derive the attenuation curves for these galaxies. We fit the attenuation curves with a simple power law and use power law index to interpret the relative distribution of dust and stars in the starburst galaxies (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sulphur abundances in halo stars from multiplet 3 at 1045 nm
Authors: Caffau E. , Sbordone L. , Ludwig H.‐G. , Bonifacio P. , Spite M.
Published: July 2010

Sulphur is a volatile α ‐element which is not locked into dust grains in the interstellar medium (ISM). Hence, its abundance does not need to be corrected for dust depletion when comparing the ISM to the stellar atmospheres. The abundance of sulphur in the photosphere of metal‐poor stars is a matter of debate: according to some authors, [S/Fe] versus [Fe/H] forms a plateau at low metallicity, while, according to other studies, there is a large scatter or perhaps a bimodal distribution. In metal‐poor stars sulphur is detectable by its lines of multiplet 1 at 920 nm, but this range is heavily contaminated by telluric absorptions, and one line of the multiplet is blended by the hydrogen Paschen ζ line. We study the possibility of using multiplet 3 (at 1045 nm) for deriving the sulphur abundance because this range, now observable at the VLT with the infra‐red spectrograph CRIRES, is little contaminated by telluric absorption and not affected by blends at least in metal‐poor stars. We compare the abundances derived from multiplets 1 and 3, taking into account NLTE corrections and 3D effects. Here we present the results for a sample of four stars, although the scatter is less pronounced than in previous analysis, we cannot find a plateau in [S/Fe], and confirm the scatter of the sulphur abundance at low metallicity (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optimization of ultrasound contrast agents with computational models to improve selection of ligands and binding strength
Authors: Maul Timothy M. , Dudgeon Drew D. , Beste Michael T. , Hammer Daniel A. , Lazo John S. , Villanueva Flordeliza S. , Wagner William R.
Published: July 2010

Diagnosis of cardiovascular disease is currently limited by the testing modality. Serum tests for biomarkers can provide quantification of severity but lack the ability to localize the source of the cardiovascular disease, while imaging technology such as angiography and ultrasound can only determine areas of reduced flow but not the severity of tissue ischemia. Targeted imaging with ultrasound contrast agents offers the ability to locally image as well as determine the degree of ischemia by utilizing agents that will cause the contrast agent to home to the affected tissue. Ultrasound molecular imaging via targeted microbubbles (MB) is currently limited by its sensitivity to molecular markers of disease relative to other techniques (e.g., radiolabeling). We hypothesize that computational modeling may provide a useful first approach to maximize microbubble binding by defining key parameters governing adhesion. Adhesive dynamics (AD) was used to simulate the fluid dynamic and stochastic molecular binding of microbubbles to inflamed endothelial cells. Sialyl LewisX (sLex), P‐selectin aptamer (PSA), and ICAM‐1 antibody (abICAM) were modeled as the targeting receptors on the microbubble surface in both single‐ and dual‐targeted arrangements. Microbubble properties (radius [Rc], kinetics [kf, kr], and densities of targeting receptors) and the physical environment (shear rate and target ligand densities) were modeled. The kinetics for sLex and PSA were measured with surface plasmon resonance. Rc, shear rate, and densities of sLex, PSA, or abICAM were varied independently to assess model sensitivity. Firm adhesion was defined as MB velocity <2% of the free stream velocity. AD simulations revealed an optimal microbubble radius of 1–2 µm and thresholds for $k_{{\rm f}}^{{\rm in}} $ (>102 s−1) and $k_{{\rm r}}^{{\rm o}} $ (<10−3 s−1) for firm adhesion in a multi‐targeted system. State diagrams for multi‐targeted microbubbles suggest sLex and abICAM microbubbles may require 10‐fold more ligand to achieve firm adhesion at higher shear rates than sLex and PSA microbubbles. The AD model gives useful insight into the key parameters for stable microbubble binding, and may allow flexible, prospective design, and optimization of microbubbles to enhance clinical translation of ultrasound molecular imaging. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;107: 854–864. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long-term results of surgery for lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Järhult J , Ander S , Asking B , Jansson S , Meehan A , Kristoffersson A , Nordenström J
Published: July 2010

Background

Lithium therapy for affective bipolar disease is frequently associated with hyperparathyroidism (HPT), but the results of surgical treatment are virtually unknown. The aim of this retrospective review was to analyse the long-term outcome after surgery for lithium-induced HPT in a large series of patients.

Methods

Seventy-one patients on chronic lithium therapy who underwent surgery in three university and three district hospitals in Sweden were followed for a median of 6·3 years. Histopathology, complications of surgery and normocalcaemia at 6 months after surgery and last follow-up were analysed.

Results

The primary histopathological diagnoses were adenoma (45 per cent), double adenomas (3 per cent) and hyperplasia (52 per cent). No permanent paresis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was recorded but 13 per cent of the patients suffered from permanent hypoparathyroidism. At follow-up, the rate of persistent and recurrent HPT was 42 per cent regardless of the histopathological diagnosis.

Conclusion

The results of conventional surgery for lithium-associated HPT are poor. The surgical approach should be adjusted for the multiglandular disease that is usually the cause of HPT in patients on chronic lithium therapy.
The effectiveness and experiences of blended learning approaches to computer programming education
Authors: Deperlioglu Omer , Kose Utku
Published: July 2010

At the nexus of education and technology, blended learning is growing rapidly. Integrating face‐to‐face and online learning, blending can enhance learning and optimize seat time. This paper describes the use of the blended e‐learning model in a course “Data Structures and Algorithms” given at the Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey. This model is realized as a combination of a face‐to‐face environment and online learning, using the University's Learning Management System (LMS) named @KU‐UZEM. The LMS consists of many applications in accordance with SCORM standards, such as, student records, user roles, courses, exams security applications, student affairs, counseling services, internal communication, director processes and evaluation. It provides whole software infrastructure by a virtual academic institution and is currently used in Afyon Kocatepe University. This paper describes both the technology for course design and programme redesign adopted a blended learning approach with both face‐to‐face and online learning aimed at enhancing the students' control over their own learning. According to the obtained results with the performed experimental evaluation, the realized blended learning model provided more effective and efficient educational experience rather than traditional, face‐to‐face learning. A survey conducted at the end of the course also showed that students were satisfied with the pedagogical approach, and their academic achievements were also better than expected. Particularly important is that the dropout rate was greatly diminished, which could be related to students' satisfaction with the support they received from the teacher and the system. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 21: 328–342, 2013
Green Catalytic Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide in Water Mediated by PtII Catalysts
Authors: Cavarzan Alessandra , Scarso Alessandro , Sgarbossa Paolo , Michelin Rino A. , Strukul Giorgio
Published: July 2010

Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of cyclic ketones with 35 % hydrogen peroxide as a green oxidant mediated by monomeric PtII complexes bearing alkyl diphosphines greatly benefits from the employment of water with anionic surfactants as reaction medium. Under such conditions, the reaction shows enhanced catalytic activity compared to that with organic solvents. For more acid sensitive substrates, hydrolysis of the lactone product to the corresponding hydroxy acid occurs. Mild experimental conditions, such as moderate temperature and low catalyst loading (≤2 % mol), enabled moderate to good yields.
A General Route to Fully Terminally tert‐Butylated Linear Polyenes
Authors: Klein Dagmar , Kiliçkiran Pinar , Mlynek Cornelia , Hopf Henning , Dix Ina , Jones Peter G.
Published: July 2010

Starting from the readily available α,β‐unsaturated ketone, 3‐tert‐butyl‐4,4‐dimethyl‐2‐pentenal, higher vinylogues, and fully terminally tert‐butylated polyolefins with up to 13 consecutive conjugated double bonds have been prepared by either McMurry dimerization or Wittig chain‐elongation routes. The highly unsaturated conjugated π systems, which show a remarkable stability, have been characterized by spectroscopic methods and, in many cases, by X‐ray structural analysis. The yields are high enough to allow for thorough chemical reactivity studies.
Structure–Function Relationships in Liquid‐Crystalline Halogen‐Bonded Complexes
Authors: Bruce Duncan W. , Metrangolo Pierangelo , Meyer Franck , Pilati Tullio , Präsang Carsten , Resnati Giuseppe , Terraneo Giancarlo , Wainwright Stephen G. , Whitwood Adrian C.
Published: July 2010

New liquid‐crystalline materials were prepared by self‐assembly driven by halogen bonding between a range of 4‐alkoxystilbazoles, 4‐alkyl‐, and 4‐alkoxy‐substituted pyridines as halogen‐bonding acceptors, and substituted derivatives of 4‐iodotetrafluorophenyl as halogen‐bonding donors. Despite the fact that the starting materials are not mesomorphic, the dimeric, halogen‐bonded complexes obtained exhibited nematic and SmA phases, depending on the length of the alkyl chains present on the components. The modularity of this approach also led to new chiral mesogens starting from non‐mesomorphic chiral compounds.
Asymmetric CC Bond‐Formation Reaction with Pd: How to Favor Heterogeneous or Homogeneous Catalysis?
Authors: Reimann Sven , Grunwaldt Jan‐Dierk , Mallat Tamas , Baiker Alfons
Published: July 2010

The enantioselective allylic alkylation of (E)‐1,3‐diphenylallyl acetate was studied to clarify the heterogeneous or homogeneous character of the Pd/Al2O3(R)‐BINAP catalyst system. A combined approach was applied: the catalytic tests were completed with in situ XANES measurements to follow the oxidation state of Pd as a function of the reaction conditions. The study revealed that the oxidized Pd (after exposure to ambient air) is efficiently reduced by the solvents THF and dioxane, and by the nucleophile sodium dimethyl malonate, and thus these conditions prevent Pd leaching. The chiral modifier BINAP plays a dual role: a considerable coverage of the Pd surface by the bulky compound slows down the initial reduction of the surface oxides but BINAP itself may consume surface oxygen (through its conversion to BINAPO and BINAPO2) and contribute to the maintenance of the active metal surface during the reaction. Carrying out the reaction under pressure in an inert gas atmosphere is important to minimize the oxygen diffusion into the reaction mixture and to avoid leaching. The (known) effect of temperature is critical as well: our catalyst system is inactive at room temperature, which is a clear deviation from the behavior of the corresponding homogeneous system. In contrast, halogenated solvents are easily dehalogenated on Pd/Al2O3 and thus they favor leaching of the metal and formation of soluble compounds, analogous to classical metal corrosion in the presence of halide ions. The frequently observed dissolution of Pd in the presence of halogenated substrates may be explained similarly.
High‐Speed Living Polymerization of Polar Vinyl Monomers by Self‐Healing Silylium Catalysts
Authors: Zhang Yuetao , Lay Frank , García‐García Pilar , List Benjamin , Chen Eugene Y.‐X.
Published: July 2010

This contribution describes the development and demonstration of the ambient‐temperature, high‐speed living polymerization of polar vinyl monomers (M) with a low silylium catalyst loading (≤ 0.05 mol % relative to M). The catalyst is generated in situ by protonation of a trialkylsilyl ketene acetal (RSKA) initiator (I) with a strong Brønsted acid. The living character of the polymerization system has been demonstrated by several key lines of evidence, including the observed linear growth of the chain length as a function of monomer conversion at a given [M]/[I] ratio, near‐precise polymer number‐average molecular weight (Mn, controlled by the [M]/[I] ratio) with narrow molecular weight distributions (MWD), absence of an induction period and chain‐termination reactions (as revealed by kinetics), readily achievable chain extension, and the successful synthesis of well‐defined block copolymers. Fundamental steps of activation, initiation, propagation, and catalyst “self‐repair” involved in this living polymerization system have been elucidated, chiefly featuring a propagation “catalysis” cycle consisting of a rate‐limiting CC bond formation step and fast release of the silylium catalyst to the incoming monomer. Effects of acid activator, catalyst and monomer structure, and reaction temperature on polymerization characteristics have also been examined. Among the three strong acids incorporating a weakly coordinating borate or a chiral disulfonimide anion, the oxonium acid [H(Et2O)2]+[B(C6F5)4]− is the most effective activator, which spontaneously delivers the most active R3Si+, reaching a high catalyst turn‐over frequency (TOF) of 6.0×103 h−1 for methyl methacrylate polymerization by Me3Si+ or an exceptionally high TOF of 2.4×105 h−1 for n‐butyl acrylate polymerization by iBu3Si+, in addition to its high (>90 %) to quantitative efficiencies and a high degree of control over Mn and MWD (1.07–1.12). An intriguing catalyst “self‐repair” feature has also been demonstrated for the current living polymerization system.
Study on the Historical Distribution of Metals in Aquatic Sediments
Authors: Barreto Wagner José , Ishikawa Dílson Norio , Nicolau Andressa Clara , Magalhães Evandro Domingues , Inoue Fabiana , Nora Paulo dos Santos , Funfas Rodolfo , Barreto Sônia Regina Giancoli
Published: July 2010

In this study, the historical distribution of metals, phosphorous, and sulfur at four different depths in the sediments of different lakes formed in the course of an urban river (in Londrina, Parana State, Brazil) were determined. The transport of metals along the course of the river was observed mainly for Mn, Cr, and Zn. High concentrations of Pb in the Capivara Bay and Cr in the river were attributed to contamination from a battery plant and a tannery, respectively. The concentrations of heavy metals in the deepest layers of the sediments remain high several years after deposition.
Dynamic range expansion of receiver by using optimized gain adjustment for high‐field MRI
Authors: Oh C.H. , Ryu Y.C. , Hyun J.H. , Bae S.H. , Chung S.T. , Park H.W. , Kim Y.G.
Published: July 2010

In high‐field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system, the signal‐to‐noise ratio of MR signal is so high that the receiver frequently cannot cover the full dynamic range of the MR signal. Although this problem can be overcome by using a compander (compressor and expander) composed of logarithmic amplifiers and a ROM table to retrieve the nonlinearity of the logarithmic amplifiers or by simply increasing the number of bits of analog‐to‐digital converter, the methods can be costly and complex or even impossible for most commercial systems. In addition, the spectrometer has to be specifically designed to operate in those modes. In this article, we developed a simple dynamic range improvement method using a receiver with optimized variable gain control in which function can be implemented without any hardware modification to the spectrometer, if the spectrometer can do gain control during a scan. Simulations as well as experiments for the brain and resolution phantom have been performed, and the results demonstrate the utility of the proposed method. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 36A: 243–254, 2010.
Head and neck cancer
Authors: Rezende Taia Maria Berto , Freire Mirna de Souza , Franco Octávio Luiz
Published: July 2010

Tumors of the head and neck comprise an important neoplasia group, the incidence of which is increasing in many parts of the world. Recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques for these lesions have yielded novel molecular targets, uncovered signal pathway dominance, and advanced early cancer detection. Proteomics is a powerful tool for investigating the distribution of proteins and small molecules within biological systems through the analysis of different types of samples. The proteomic profiles of different types of cancer have been studied, and this has provided remarkable advances in cancer understanding. This review covers recent advances for head and neck cancer; it encompasses the risk factors, pathogenesis, proteomic tools that can help in understanding cancer, and new proteomic findings in this type of cancer. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Change in fibroblast growth factor 2 expression as an early phase radiotherapy‐responsive marker in sequential biopsy samples from patients with cervical cancer during fractionated radiotherapy
Authors: Nakawatari Miyako , Iwakawa Mayumi , Ohno Tatsuya , Kato Shingo , Nakamura Etsuko , Ohkubo Yu , Tamaki Tomoaki , Imai Takashi
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND:

The authors previously demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) expression levels in tumor cells (FGF2‐T) may be an indicator of the efficacy of radiotherapy in patients with cervical cancer (CC). In the current study, this finding was extended in newly enrolled patients and was investigated further in stromal FGF2 (FGF2‐S) expression.

METHODS:

Sixty‐nine patients with CC were recruited as a validation set for the immunohistochemical detection of FGF2‐T from biopsy samples that were taken before (pretreatment) or 1 week after the initiation of radiotherapy (midtreatment). The authors also investigated the expression of FGF2 in tumor FGF2‐S and investigated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) (also called platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule) in these patients and in an additional 35 patients from a previous study.

RESULTS:

FGF2 expression was detected in tumor cells from all patients and in stromal cells from 87% of patients. FGF2‐T was significantly higher in midtreatment samples (P = .0002), and a high ratio of midtreatment/pretreatment FGF2‐T was related significantly to a better prognosis (P = .025). Increased VEGF expression after the initiation of radiotherapy was related significantly to positive FGF2‐S in pretreatment samples (P = .035); however, it was not related to prognosis or microvessel density detected by CD31 expression.

CONCLUSIONS:

Radiation causes a response in tumor cells and adjacent normal cells and changes the extracellular matrix environment. In this study, the authors confirmed their previous findings and demonstrated that changes in FGF2‐T expression may be used as a marker to monitor the effectiveness of radiotherapy in patients with CC. These findings should improve patient selection for molecular targeted therapies, such as cytokine inhibitors, after standard‐of‐care treatment. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Higher parity and shorter breastfeeding duration
Authors: Shinde Shivani S. , Forman Michele R. , Kuerer Henry M. , Yan Kai , Peintinger Florentia , Hunt Kelly K. , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Pusztai Lajos , Symmans W. Fraser
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND:

The combination of increased parity and shorter breastfeeding duration might increase the odds of the least differentiated triple‐negative breast cancer (BC) phenotype, theoretically because an expanded progenitor cell population from each pregnancy would incompletely differentiate postpartum.

METHODS:

Subjects consisted of a consecutive case series of 2473 women treated for invasive breast cancer between 2001 and 2006. Breast cancer phenotype (triple‐negative BC, vs non–triple‐negative BC) was compared with reproductive and demographic information. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of breastfeeding duration (months per child) and parity with triple‐negative BC were calculated after adjusting for ethnicity, age at menarche, family history, and age at diagnosis.

RESULTS:

Compared with non–triple‐negative BC, triple‐negative BC was associated with shorter duration of breastfeeding per child (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.90‐0.97) and with higher parity (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.06‐1.20). By using multivariate logistic regression, triple‐negative BC was independently associated with higher parity (OR, 2.76 [95% CI, 1.86‐4.08] if ≥3 live births; OR, 1.89 [95% CI, 1.30‐2.74] if ≤2 live births vs nulliparae), breastfeeding duration (OR, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.41‐0.74] if >2 mo/child and OR, 0.58 [95% CI, 0.42‐0.82] if ≤2 mo/child vs none), African American ethnicity (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.52‐2.92), and younger age at diagnosis (OR, 3.02 [95% CI, 2.03‐4.47] if ≤40 years vs >60 years).

CONCLUSIONS:

Among women with invasive breast cancer, higher parity and the absence or short duration of breastfeeding were independently associated with triple‐negative BC. Any duration of breastfeeding was found to be associated with lower probability of triple‐negative BC, and the odds of this phenotype decreased with increasing duration of breastfeeding. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Expression of p16INK4A but not hypoxia markers or poly adenosine diphosphate‐ribose polymerase is associated with improved survival in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Chang Daniel T. , Chapman Christopher H. , Norton Jeffrey A. , Visser Brendan , Fisher George A. , Kunz Pamela , Ford James M. , Koong Albert C. , Pai Reetesh K.
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND:

Pancreatic cancer is associated with mutations in the tumor suppressor gene cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16INK4A), a regulator of the cell cycle and apoptosis. This study investigates whether immunohistochemical expression of p16INK4A as well as hypoxia markers and poly adenosine diphosphate‐ribose polymerase (PARP) correlates with survival in patients with resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

METHODS:

Seventy‐three patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma who underwent curative resection at Stanford University were included. From the surgical specimens, a tissue microarray was constructed using triplicate tissue cores from the primary tumor and used for immunohistochemical staining for the following markers: carbonic anhydrase IX, dihydrofolate reductase, p16INK4A, and PARP1/2. Staining was scored as either positive or negative and percentage positive staining. Staining score was correlated with overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS).

RESULTS:

Of the markers tested, only immunohistochemical expression of p16INK4A correlated with clinical outcome. On univariate analysis, p16INK4A expression in the tumor was associated with improved OS (P = .038) but not PFS (P = .28). The median survival for patients with positive versus negative p16INK4A staining was 28.8 months versus 18 months. On multivariate analysis, p16INK4A expression was associated with improved OS (P = .026) but not PFS (P = .25). Age (P = .0019) and number of nodes involved (P = .025) were also significant for OS. Adjuvant chemotherapy and margin status did not correlate with OS or PFS.

CONCLUSIONS:

Expression of p16INK4A is associated with improved OS in patients with resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Further investigation is needed for validation, given conflicting data in the published literature. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin is highly active in women with endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Brown Jubilee , Smith Judith A. , Ramondetta Lois M. , Sood Anil K. , Ramirez Pedro T. , Coleman Robert L. , Levenback Charles F. , Munsell Mark F. , Jung Maria , Wolf Judith K.
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND:

The treatment of patients with advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer remains problematic, because chemotherapy and hormonal therapy have yielded low response rates and limited progression‐free survival. Because the combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin demonstrated synergism in preclinical studies, the authors attempted to determine the efficacy and toxicity of this combination in women with advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer.

METHODS:

A prospective, single‐institution, phase 2 study was performed in women with histologically documented International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage III or IV or recurrent endometrioid endometrial carcinoma. Gemcitabine at a dose of 1000 mg/m2 and cisplatin at a dose of 35 mg/m2 were administered intravenously on Days 1 and 8 of each 21‐day cycle; because of myelosuppression, the protocol was revised to gemcitabine at a dose of 900 mg/m2 and cisplatin at a dose of 30 mg/m2. Patients were treated until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or complete response.

RESULTS:

A total of 21 patients were enrolled and received a median of 5 courses of therapy (range, 1‐9 courses). The median age at the time of study enrollment was 62 years (range, 41‐75 years). Of 20 evaluable patients, 2 (10%) had a confirmed complete response, 8 (40%) had a partial response, 6 (30%) had stable disease, and 4 (20%) developed progressive disease. The median progression‐free survival was 7.5 months (range, 2.3‐33.6 months), and the median overall survival was 18.2 months (range, 2.5‐49.4 months). The development of toxicity mandated dose reductions in 16 of 20 patients (80%). Eighteen patients experienced grade 3 or 4 toxic effects (graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [version 3.0]).

CONCLUSIONS:

The objective response rate of 50% noted with gemcitabine and cisplatin combination chemotherapy merits the further development of this regimen in women with advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Bypassing phase 1 trials in the cancer drug development paradigm: Generally unwise and potentially dangerous
Authors: Markman Maurie
Published: July 2010

Although the primary purpose of phase 1 trials is the determination of safety, these early clinical investigative efforts are also associated with several important secondary endpoints that are essential to future drug development. Unfortunately, there has been a recent trend in which some oncology investigators have suggested bypassing formal phase 1 testing of presumably theoretically attractive new/novel antineoplastic drug combinations. This commentary challenges the need for, and wisdom of, this approach and highlights the potential danger to research subjects participating in later stage trials that are not supported by rigorous phase 1 data.
Computerized analysis of cytology and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in induced sputum for lung cancer detection
Authors: Guber Alexander , Greif Joel , Rona Roni , Fireman Elizabeth , Madi Lea , Kaplan Tal , Yemini Zipi , Gottfried Maya , Katz Ruth L , Daniely Michal
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND:

Lung cancer results from a multistep process, whereby genetic and epigenetic alterations lead to a malignant phenotype. Somatic mutations, deletions, and amplifications can be detected in the tumor itself, but they can also be found in histologically normal bronchial epithelium as a result of field cancerization. The present feasibility study describes a computer‐assisted analysis of induced sputum employing morphology and fluorescence in situ hybridization (target–FISH), using 2 biomarkers located at chromosomes 3p22.1 and 10q22.3.

METHODS:

Induced sputum samples were collected using a standardized protocol from 12 patients with lung cancer and from 15 healthy, nonsmoking controls. We used an automated scanning system that allows consecutive scans of morphology and FISH of the same slide. Cells derived for the lower airways were analyzed for the presence of genetic alterations in the 3p22.1 and 10q22.3 loci.

RESULTS:

The cutoff for a positive diagnosis was defined as >4% of cells showing genetic alterations. Eleven of 12 lung cancer patients and 12 of 15 controls were identified correctly, giving an overall sensitivity and specificity of 91.66% and 80%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

This study describes a new technology for detecting lung cancer noninvasively in induced sputum via a combination of morphology and FISH analysis (target–FISH) using computer‐assisted technology. This approach may potentially be utilized for mass screening of high‐risk populations. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Reversible Single Molecular Switch Operating at 300 K on a Surface
Authors: El Garah Mohamed , Baris Bulent , Luzet Vincent , Palmino Frank , Chérioux Frédéric
Published: July 2010

A single 4‐pyridylazobenzene molecule is observed at room temperature on a Si(111)‐B surface by using scanning tunnel microscopy. The reversible conformational switching of this molecule is induced by tunneling electrons and observed at room temperature. This process is based on an intramolecular rotation of a single phenyl group without isomerization of the NN double bond.
A Dynamically Entangled Coordination Polymer: Synthesis, Structure, Luminescence, Single‐Crystal‐to‐Single‐Crystal Reversible Guest Inclusion and Structural Transformation
Authors: Aijaz Arshad , Lama Prem , Bharadwaj Parimal K.
Published: July 2010

A ZnII coordination polymer {[Zn2(cpa)2(bpy)]·3H2O}n (1) (cpa2– = 4‐(methoxycarbonyl)benzoate and bpy = 4,4′‐bipyridine) has been synthesized under solvothermal condition and structurally characterized. This coordination polymer has nanotubular threefold entangled (2D→3D) structure with embedded water molecules; the water molecules can be partially exchanged in reversible single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal (SC‐SC) fashion by different solvent molecules like methanol, ethanol and acetone giving rise to {[Zn2(cpa)2(bpy)]·(0.5MeOH)·(2.5H2O)}n (2), {[Zn2(cpa)2(bpy)]·(0.5EtOH)·(0.5H2O)}n (3) and {[Zn2(cpa)2(bpy)]·(0.5Me2CO)·(H2O)}n (4). Inclusion of EtOH or MeOH leaves the size of the voids in the framework unaltered. Inclusion of acetone, however, is accompanied by shrinking of the voids in the framework. Heating of 1 at 100 °C under vacuum for 4 h affords the de‐solvated compound, {Zn2(cpa)2(bpy)}n (1′). Single‐crystal X‐ray structure of 1′ shows sliding of the individual nanotubular components expanding the overall framework. Thus, the coordination polymer exhibits dynamic motion of the molecular components in SC‐SC fashion. All compounds were further characterized via IR spectroscopy, PXRD, elemental and TGA analysis. When 1 is placed in benzene at 100 °C for 2 days, compound {[Zn2(cpa)2(bpy)]·(2.5H2O)}n (5) is formed in a SC‐SC fashion where coordination number of ZnII ion increases from four to five. Compound 1 also exhibits reversible guest‐dependent photoluminescence properties.