bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
10‐2: Study of an Ultra‐fast Photonic Soldering Technology without Thermal Damage in Display Module Package
Authors: Ho Ming-jaan , Li Yanlu , Liu Likun , Li Yang , Gao Chunlan
Published: June 2021

An ultra‐fast photonic soldering approach to be introduced in the display module package, which has great advantages in soldering low temperature and heat sensitive components, was demonstrated. The soldering and heat conduction process was verified. As a result, flexible substrate was successfully interconnected on the display panel by photonic soldering.
11‐3: 2,400ppi RGB Side‐by‐Side OLED Micro‐Display for AR Applications
Authors: Kim Chiwoo , Jung Jae Hoon , Sung Dong Young , Park Jae Seok , Park Jong Kab , Kim Taekyung , Kim Doh Hoon , Jung Kiro
Published: June 2021

We have developed the 2,400ppi FMM using UV laser patterning technology and the RGB side‐by‐side OLED micro‐display using Si‐wafer pixel driving circuits. These two key technologies enable us to realize AR devices with ultra‐high pixel resolution, high brightness, long lifetime and high color purity.
11‐4: Ionization Electric‐Field Organic Material Deposition Method for Reducing Shadow‐Mask Effect
Authors: Park Heemin , Song Seungyong , Lee Duckjung , Park Jungsun , Park Yeongje , Park Wonhyeok , Kim Sangsoo , Chu Hyeyong
Published: June 2021

To make a full‐color high‐resolution organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) device, it is necessary to reduce mask shadow effect. The ionization‐electric field organic material deposition was proposed as an advanced method of organic material thin film deposition to reduce mask shadow effect. The organic material was ionized by contact with tungsten (W) metal mesh in vacuum chamber to which the electric field was applied to induce the organic material to be incident vertically with to the substrate. As a result, mask shadow effect was reduced by electric field without changing OLEDs device characteristics.
11‐5: First Plane Source Evaporator for 100x100mm OLED
Authors: Hwang Changhun , Kim Sung Su , Jeong Inho , Chin Byung Doo
Published: June 2021

The plane source evaporator has been developed for the 100x100mm glass substrate for the first time. The shadow distance formed by an angle of incidence and the FMM thickness has been measured and the doped depth profile of green and blue EML layers have been observed in the plane source evaporation. The submicron scale shadow distances were as 0.2~0.76um and the doping profiles appears quite uniform. Therefore, it is promising for very high ppi OLED and high brightness OLED to develop by the plane source evaporation techniques.
13‐4: Adaptive Threshold Method for Dither Noise Reduction in Response Time Acceleration for 8K LCD TV
Authors: Chung Ho-Joon , Kwon Hong-Ki , Park Jin-Yong , Kim Tae-Woo , Park Hyeon-Su , Lim Hyun-Wook , Lee Jae-Youl
Published: June 2021

In the existing Response Time Acceleration(RTA) system, dithering in the still image causes the pixel flickering. There were meaningful ways to remove this, but it was difficult to apply to high‐ratio compression with high complexity due to many restrictions on application. To solve this problem, we propose a method of removing dither noise by applying an Adaptive threshold. As a result, this paper shows that it can be applied to high‐ratio compressors having various compression method while improving the existing noise removal performance.
14‐3: OLEDoS Microdisplay with OLED Threshold Voltage Detection and Fast‐Progressive Compensation
Authors: Lam Hing-Mo , Qiu Hezi , Li Chenglin , Wen Jinyuan , Bai Wenlong , Huang Jie , Xu Chen , Huo Xinxin , Yi Shuiping , Zeng Weiling , Zhang Dewei , Lei Tengteng , Lu Silin , An Junjun , Liao Congwei , Zhang Min , Jiao Hailong , Zhang Shengdong
Published: June 2021

An OLEDoS microdisplay system is proposed in this paper, which includes a voltage‐driving pixel circuit, an OLED threshold voltage detection method, and a fast‐progressive compensation scheme. The measurement result shows that the range of the programming display voltage of the proposed voltage‐driving pixel circuit is 5.15 times larger than the gate‐source voltage difference of the driving transistor. The measured lowest current of a pixel can be as low as 2.89 pA.
15‐3: Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Gate Driver on Array with Time‐Division Driving Method for In‐Cell Touch Liquid‐Crystal Display
Authors: Liu Po-Tsun , Zheng Guang-Ting , Lin Ling-Chi
Published: June 2021

In this paper, a new gate driver circuit architecture for a hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin film transistor (a‐Si:H TFT) is proposed for the touch sensing stage and the normal stage of gate driver. The circuit operates with the time‐division driving method which integrates between normal display driving and touch interval to reduce the crosstalk between the touch signals and outputs of gate driver. This new gate driver circuit can transmit undistorted signals after a long period of touch sensing and the simple circuit structure could fit narrow bezel TFT‐LCD application by reducing the number of TFTs significantly. Moreover, the proposed gate driver could also slow down the degradation of driving TFTs by inserting the duplicated stage for touching. The results of 25 °C simulation, 85 °C simulation, −40 °C simulation will be discussed. Finally, the measurement results show that the proposed gate driver could suspend about 1000μs touch interval without output distortion for the gate driver and the performance could fit the in‐cell touch screen application.
16‐2: Machine‐Anomaly Sound Detection Using Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network with Prediction Loss
Authors: Lee Hankyeol , Ryu Jungwon , Na Byeonghyeon , Oh Euiyeol , Kim Changgone , Yoon Sooyoung
Published: June 2021

Automatic machine anomaly sound detection is important for machine maintenance in display manufacturing factory. Recently, unsupervised anomaly detection approach based on autoencoder and reconstruction error has been proposed, which has assumption that the network trained only with the normal data produces higher reconstruction errors for the anomalies than the normal inputs. However, most approaches based on autoencoder consist of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) which deals with the spectrogram of the sound like an image. In this paper, we propose Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network to use the characteristics of the spectrogram. To effectively integrate time and frequency information, we apply a 1‐dimensional convolutional layers and recurrent neural network to the network structure. Also, we introduce a prediction loss to prevent the network from learning to reconstruct anomalies well. Experimental results on the ToyADMOS and MIMII datasets demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves promising performance.
17‐1: Invited Paper: Enhancement of Current Efficiency for OLED Devices Using Meta‐Heuristic Algorithm
Authors: Uk Cho Hyung , Hoon Koo Ja , Kim Daewook , Cho Jaebum , Oh Sunyoung , Kim Bowoon , James Richard , Baek Seungin , Kim Yongjo
Published: June 2021

Key of development for OLED devices is compatibility between organic materials. Therefore, the construction of the materials’ properties DB should be followed in order to advance characterization and prediction of the OLED device. In particular, it is necessary to build a number of organic materials DB unlike the conventional Si‐based homo‐junction and alloy changing only heterojunction. So, it should be built based on the organic material parameters, SIMDB (Simulation DB), it is possible to predict and optimize driving voltage and efficiency characteristics for OLED devices. However, the skilled Engineer gets to decide on the simple repeat operation and time consumption for calibrating the material parameter/structure (4~5 layer device based on 20,000 times or more). In order to solve such problems, this paper presents an automatic optimization for electro‐optical characteristics of OLED device. The proposed method and tool are based on a unique heuristic algorithm, which is obtained from accumulated manual calibration experience. In other words, the convergence know‐how is applied random search algorithm and heuristic algorithm were constructed in‐house optimizer enables automated extraction of OLED properties. Finally, by utilizing the built SIMDB is expected to various factors affecting the OLED elements is optimized to be analyzed and prior prediction.
18‐1: Far Field Imaging Through Liquid Crystal Displays for Biometrics
Authors: Large Timothy , Emerton Neil , Lim Sehoon , Nuesmeyer Chris
Published: June 2021

A camera is placed behind a standard liquid crystal display with a backlight that is designed to retain a near‐infra‐red image, while simultaneously delivering diffuse illumination in the visible spectrum. The camera image can be used for system log‐on or continuous authentication, without occupying valuable bezel space.
18‐2: Invited Paper: LCD Enhancement Films Enabling High‐Performance Near‐IR Transparent LCDs
Authors: Acharya Bharat R. , Sousa Matthew , Fabick Ryan , Taylor Robert , Rosen David , Cole Matthew , Sanford Quinn , Long Shine , Liu Desmond , Liu Yang , Chen Jennifer , Wang Richens , Hu Geegee
Published: June 2021

The conventional light management films used to enhance display performance of a conventional edge‐lit LCD reflect, scatter, and refract both visible and near infrared light and therefore do not allow imaging though LCDs. We have developed an entirely new class of display enhancement films and coatings that enable imaging through LCDs in near IR wavelengths while maintaining high display quality. Using this Near IR Transmission System (NITS) we demonstrate under display fingerprint sensing for LCD‐based smart phones.
18‐3: Free Viewpoint Teleconferencing Using Cameras Behind Screen
Authors: Lim Sehoon , Liang Luming , Zhong Yatao , Emerton Neil , Large Tim , Bathiche Steven
Published: June 2021

Natural interaction in videoconferences can be made by correcting gaze/perspective, scale, and position by using cameras placed behind a partially transparent front emitting OLED panel and frame interpolation of deep neural networks. The diffraction artifacts from through‐screen imaging are removed by a deconvolution method.
20‐4: A Nanostructured Diffraction Grating to Overcome Efficiency Color‐Shift Tradeoff in Blue, Strong‐Cavity, Top‐Emitting OLEDs
Authors: Matthew Menke S. , Erickson Nicholas C. , DeSutter John , Altabet Elia , Brott Robert L. , Freier David G.
Published: June 2021

We demonstrate the use of a nanostructured diffraction grating to reduce color‐shift in blue strong‐cavity, top‐emitting (SCTE) OLEDs. Due to the tradeoff between efficiency and color‐shift, this color‐shift reduction can be leveraged to increase the efficiency of a blue SCTE OLED by 30%.
21‐2: Invited Paper: Platinum(II) Based Near‐Infrared Phosphors for Efficient Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with Peak Wavelength Beyond 800 nm
Authors: Chi Yun
Published: June 2021

Near‐infrared (NIR) organic light emitting diodes (OLED has evolved to become the futuristic lighting technology due to its enormous potentials ranging from security identification and therapeutics. In this presentation, we elaborate the design and preparation of a series of Pt(II) based emitters, to which the exceedingly strong intermolecular Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt interaction fostered the metal‐metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer transition characteristics upon excitation in thin films and, thereby, gave efficient electroluminescence with peak wavelength around 800 nm and beyond. Consequently, NIR OLEDs based on these Pt(II) complexes were fabricated using direct vacuum deposition in forming the nondoped emissive layer. Moreover, the relevant device efficiencies are significantly better than all NIR OLEDs ever documented in literature.
21‐3: Unveiling the Degradation Mechanism of Phosphor‐Sensitized Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence OLEDs
Authors: Shin Hyo-sup , Naijo Tsuyoshi , Lee Jiyoung , do Kim Eung , Chu Changwoong M.
Published: June 2021

Many researchers have been developed phosphor sensitized blue TADF OLEDs (PST‐OLED) to achieve high efficiency and long operation lifetime. However, degradation mechanism of this system is still unclear and need to be unveiled to set guideline for material design. In this study we successfully confirmed the degradation mechanism of the devices using photo‐/electro‐physical spectroscopy and developed semi‐empirical degradation model for PST‐OLEDs.
21‐4: Highly Efficient Near‐Infrared Phosphorescent OLEDs
Authors: Ji Zhiqiang , Margulies Eric , Lu Tongxiang , Boudreault Pierre-Luc T. , Alleyne Bert , Brown Julie J.
Published: June 2021

We report highly efficient near‐infrared (NIR) phosphorescent OLEDs. In particular, we report PHOLED performance with emission peak wavelength at ~800 nm (FWHM=65 nm and PLQY=0.36) with a maximum EQE (EQEmax) of 9.7%, and an EQE of 8.8% at 10 mA/cm2 (EQE10mA/cm2). Its narrow electroluminescence spectrum results in cal. >83% of emission is above 780 nm and >97% of emission is above 750 nm. This device shows the best performance among reported NIR OLEDs.
23‐1: Invited Paper: Single and Tandem OLED Display Technologies with High Efficiency and Long Lifetime
Authors: Mizusaki Masanobu , Shibasaki Masakazu , Tsukamoto Yuto , Umeda Tokiyoshi , Kawato Shinichi , Nakamura Kei , Tahara Tetsuya , Yamamoto Keiichi , Haseba Yasuhiro , Shimada Shinji
Published: June 2021

RGB side‐by‐side (SBS) top‐emission (TE) flexible OLED display with high efficiency and long lifetime has been developed for mobile and automotive applications. We have firstly developed a high reliability single‐type OLED display with a lifetime over 1,000 hours under 900 cd/m2 driving at 85 °C and with wide color gamut (over 110% of NTSC ratio). This is especially useful for the automotive displays. In addition, we have also focused on a blue TE tandem OLED for improving the current efficiency and achieved the blue index of 320 with two‐stacked tandem OLED. This is 1.6 times larger than that of the blue single‐type OLED.
23‐2: A Study on Crucible Inner Pressure Change During Degradation of Liq in AMOLED Mass Production
Authors: Kim Sungmoon , Lee Taekgi , Chi Daejoon , O Ko Gyoung , Yi Yeonjin , Kim Junho
Published: June 2021

We developed crucible inner pressure sensor for evaporation source that is used widely in AMOLED mass production. It can be installed at crucible and can directly measure crucible inner pressure without contamination. We tested the degradation of Liq by using inner pressure sensor. And we found unexpected increase of crucible inner pressure during degradation of Liq. We assumed that it is caused by released gas during degradation. We studied on degradation mechanism by using RGA and 1H NMR and found out the gas is hydrogen that is produced from Liq during degradation process. We think this behavior of inner pressure during degradation can be used as alarm signal for preventing loss in AMOLED mass production line.
23‐4: Ultrathin Foldable Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with High Efficiency
Authors: Jeong Changyeong , Park Yong-Bum , Jang Boonjae , Jay Guo L.
Published: June 2021

We demonstrated ultrathin foldable organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) by using dielectric‐metal‐dielectric (DMD) electrode and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) substrate. The DMD containing a thin metal layer suppresses waveguide mode formation and help efficiency improvement, and the spin‐coated PVA film forms an ultrathin substrate for OLEDs ~ 1 μm.
24‐1: Invited Paper: Optically Invisible Antenna‐on‐Display (AoD) Technologies: Review, Demonstration and Opportunities for Microwave, Millimeter‐Wave and Sub‐THz Wireless Applications
Authors: Park Junho , Kim Bumhyun , Hong Wonbin
Published: June 2021

This paper provides a detailed overview of an optically invisible phased‐array antenna‐on‐display (AoD) technology for microwave, millimeter‐wave (mmWave), and sub‐THz wireless scenarios such as wireless communication, radar, sensing etc. The fundamental AoD configuration and stack‐up are introduced with numerical results, which proves the trade‐off relationship between optical transmittance and RF conductivity. A transverse magnetic patch antenna for Wi‐Fi and Bluetooth accessibility is implemented on the active display panel of a real‐life smartwatch device. The fully functional smartwatch prototype including the electromagnetic wrist phantom features a total radiation efficiency of 22% at 2.4 GHz. The optically invisible phased‐array AoD is fully integrated within the view area of high‐resolution OLED display panels of mmWave 5G NR cellular handsets. The fabricated cellular handset prototype including optically invisible beamforming AoD features optical transmittance of more than 88 % and beam scanning of ± 30° with the estimated maximum EIRP of 14.4 dBm. The over‐the‐air test confirms that the fabricated phased‐array AoD prototype satisfies the 3GPP's EVM performance requirement for 5G NR cellular devices. Future work collectively aims to serve as a catalyst for the emergence of future sub‐THz 6G mobile devices.
24‐2: New Conceptual OLED Based on Highly Simplified Architecture and Fabrication Method
Authors: Izumi Tomoo , Oikawa Kazuhiro , Taka Hideo , Kita Hiroshi
Published: June 2021

KONICA MINOLTA has developed many game‐changing technologies, e.g., blue phosphorescent materials, roll‐to‐roll methods so far. In this report, we introduce novel OLEDs with simplified architectures and fabrication methods. We believe that these technologies may open up an on‐demand OLED market where anyone easily enjoys the new conceptual OLEDs anytime, anywhere.
25‐1: Invited Paper: Multiscale Charge Transport Simulation and in silico Material Design for Highly‐Efficient OLEDs
Authors: Kaji Hironori
Published: June 2021

Recently, remarkable progress has been made in the field of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Here, we show our recent results on multiscale charge transport simulation, thermally activated delayed fluorescence as emitters and sensitizers for OLEDs, and dynamic nuclear polarization‐NMR analysis.
26‐2: Invited Paper: Efficient and Stable Deep‐Blue OLEDs Based on TADF Sensitized Fluorescence (TSF)
Authors: Duan Lian
Published: June 2021

Blue TADF emitters with both linear donor‐π‐donor and acceptor‐π‐acceptor structures are constructed to facilitate delocalized excited states for enhanced mixing between charge‐transfer and locally excited states. Consequently, high kRISCs over 106 s‐1 can be achieved. When utilizing these materials to sensitize a blue multiple‐resonance TADF emitter, a TADF sensitized fluorescence (TSF) OLED realized maximum external quantum efficiency up to 35% and high stability.
27‐3: Optimizing Charge Transport and Reducing Excitonic Loss Channels in Fluorescent Doped TADF OLEDs
Authors: Häusermann Roger , Jenatsch Sandra , Leganés Carballo Jaime , Sharifidehsari Hamed , Blülle Balthasar , Züfle Simon , Liaptsis Georgios , Ruhstaller Beat
Published: June 2021

A combined experimental and simulation study on a set of 4 OLEDs with 2 systematically varied guest dopants in the emission layer is presented. A numerical electro‐optical model is employed, demonstrating one consistent parameter set that describes both steady‐state and ac characteristics of all devices. The model accounts for charge transport and trapping, polar layers, and excitonic loss processes inducing an efficiency rolloff that can be correlated with the shape of the emission zone and the guest dopant concentrations. Furthermore, starting from the resulting parameter set, we show routes for optimized devices with a reduced roll‐off.
28‐2: Invited Paper: The Development of High‐Efficiency Pure Organic Light‐Emitting Materials and High‐Performance White OLEDs
Authors: Zhao Juan , Chen Xiaojie , Yang Zhan , Zhang Yi , Chi Zhenguo
Published: June 2021

The increasing commercial applications of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) inspire great development of high‐efficiency emissive materials. Among of which, pure organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials have been considered as the third‐generation OLED emissive materials, and huge attentions are paid to the exploration of molecular design strategies for achieving high efficiency TADF materials. Accordingly, the past years have witnessed a considerable rise in device performance of TADF‐mechanism based OLEDs. In this paper, we would like to provide a brief summary of our research work regarding to TADF materials as well as its applications in OLED including white OLEDs.
28‐3: Degradation of Organic Molecular Complex Dependent on Atmosphere
Authors: Kim Kihyun , Park Young-Gil , Ahn Nari
Published: June 2021

In order to understand instability occurring in OLED devices, time‐dependent atmospheric denaturalization studies of π‐conjugated DNTPD (N1,N1′‐(biphenyl‐4,4′‐diyl)bis(N1‐phenyl‐N4,N4‐di‐m‐tolylbenzene‐1,4‐diamine) thin films, functioned as a hole injection layer in OLEDs, and its effect on device performances were described. The formation of C‐OH (DNTPD‐OH) and C=O (DNTPD=O) bonds were supported by the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. With increasing the air‐exposure time, the DNTPD thin film stored in air (23 °C, 55%RH, dark room) became thicker and bumpy; aromaticity was rapidly diminished; relative atomic amount of carbon and nitrogen were continuously decreased, on the contrary, that of oxygen was gradually increased. The atmospheric denaturalization in DNTPD films includes the formation of hydration layer, oxidation and degradation of DNTPD molecules by attacks of reactive hydroxyl ions existed in the air and formed by self‐ionization of water, and volume expansion due to interpenetration of water between the DNTPD molecules. The OLED devices made of air exposed DNTPD thin films as a hole injection layer showed degraded device performances compared with the air‐free device, resulting from the disturbed energy diagram and degraded hole transport property by the oxidized/degraded DNTPD molecules.
29‐2: Student Paper: Gaze‐Contingent Light Field Rendering for Near‐Eye Displays
Authors: Gao Chen , (Evan) Peng Yifan , Li Haifeng , Liu Xu
Published: June 2021

We implement a gaze‐contingent light field rendering method for near‐eye displays with eye‐tracking. Unlike optimizing the display layers’ content to deliver uniform but low spatial resolution over the eye‐box, we constrain the optimization to enable high spatial resolution within the gaze cone directed to the user's eye with real‐time framerates.
31‐1: Invited Paper: Eyeglasses‐Style Maxwellian‐View Near‐eye Display with Lens‐Array‐Based Holographic Optical Element
Authors: Xia Xinxing , Guan Yunqing , Yang Furong , Mei Yu , Zheng Huadong , Yu Yingjie
Published: June 2021

We propose a novel design to implement eyeglasses‐style Maxwellian‐view near‐eye display for augmented reality. In our design, holographic optical element is fabricated and used as an off‐axis lens array to expand the eyebox for near‐eye display. A prototype with eyeglasses‐style compact form factor was successfully developed using a micro projector module as the display source and the prototype is successfully to achieve 60° wide field‐of‐view (FOV) and 10mm×10mm eyebox.
32‐1: RGBW OLED Microdisplays for Wearable Augmented Reality
Authors: Sun Yan , Zhu Zhijian , Peng Xiangjun , Shi Tiankuo , Lu Pengcheng , Zhang Xiaomang , Sun Wei , Chen Xiaochuan , Dong Xue , Wang Hui
Published: June 2021

In order to meet the demand of high luminance and low power consumption for wearable AR (Augmented Reality) applications, two types of 0.71‐inch RGBW OLED micro‐displays were developed, reaching luminance of more than 5000 cd/m2 with resolution of FHD (1920 × 1080). RGBW mapping and sub‐pixel rendering algorithms were proposed to achieve good performance.
33‐2: Student Paper: Optimized Liquid‐Crystal Dammann Grating for Eyebox Expansion in Maxwellian‐View Displays
Authors: He Ziqian , Yin Kun , Fan-Chiang Kuan-Hsu , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: June 2021

A liquid crystal Dammann grating film is designed and fabricated for eyebox expansion in Maxwellian view near‐eye displays. By inserting the Dammann grating into the Maxwellian view system, we show that full color operation and enlarged eyebox are achieved, while keeping the system compact and lightweight.
33‐3: Student Paper: True Microdisplay with 3µm Pixel Size Using Deformed‐Helix Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal for VR/AR Displays
Authors: Sun Zhibo , Yuan Zhengnan , Cheung Alex , Shi Runxiao , Kwok Hoi-Sing , Srivastava A. K.
Published: June 2021

A glass‐based micro‐display with pixel size (<3µm) has been fabricated and verified in this work using deformed helix ferroelectric liquid crystal. High contrast (over 600:1), fast response time (< 400µs) and continuous gray scale within 5V driving voltage are achieved in the prototype.
33‐6: Roll‐To‐Plate Nano‐Imprint Lithography for High‐Volume Production of AR Glasses: Equipment, Materials, and Processes
Authors: Meulen Jan Matthijs Ter , (Pim) Veldhuizen L.W. , (Sander) Kommeren A.S. , Willems Ard A. G. , Dielen Marc , Driessen Elisa , Neelen Rob A.W. , Ercan Erhan , Tam Kar Kit Gary , Titulaer Bram J.F.
Published: June 2021

Today, the prevailing AR‐glasses displays are using waveguides. The light in‐ & outcoupling structures that these glasses contain can be made by UV nanoimprint lithography. Nanoimprint lithography tools have typical cycle times of around 40 imprints per hour, roughly resulting in 8M eyepieces per year made on 300mm wafers. To serve the projected mass market adoption, hundreds of imprint tools will be needed. An important question is how the eyepieces can be made more efficiently and cost‐effectively. The Morphotonics' Roll‐to‐Plate imprint technology enables high volume production, having the opportunity for large‐area imprinting, manufacturing multiple products in a single imprint step.
34‐3: Visual Sensitivity to “Perfect” Black
Authors: Jiang Fu , Bodner Ben , Farnand Susan P. , Murdoch Michael J.
Published: June 2021

Black level is an important attribute in electronic displays. However, when viewing images, glare impairs sensitivity to black. Previous studies of the impact of glare generally used simple backgrounds, and only simulated image‐based glare. In this study, a psychophysical experiment conducted explores black sensitivity with complex images on OLED displays. The results correlate with an existing glare model [1], provide new black sensitivity data, and serve as the basis for a proposed model predicting black sensitivity for displayed images.
35‐1: Sharp Force Touch for On‐Screen User Interface in LCD and Foldable OLED Display Application
Authors: Yamamoto Takuma , Maruyama Takenori , Kida Kazutoshi , Yamagishi Shinji , Mugiraneza Jean De Dieu B. , Sugita Yasuhiro , Fukushima Hiroshi , Noma Mikihiro
Published: June 2021

We describe ultra‐high sensitive force sensor on flat display that can detect and differentiate between feather touch and press touch or tapping. The proposed unique sensor pattern design and pressure‐sensitive material enables ultra‐high force sensitivity, multi force detection (10 points). The force as low as 25g comparable to make force of keyboards can be detected. The proposed technology provides on‐screen keyboard with extremely good performance for dual screen products. Moreover, with integrated force function, we can realize adaptive input interface on display not only the keyboard but also drawing pads, control boards and musical instruments.
35‐2: Development of IGZO UHD In‐Cell Touch Panel LCD for Notebook PC
Authors: Kitagawa Daiji , Miyazawa Jin , Kikuchi Tetsuo , Tagawa Akira , Nishimura Jun , Tanaka Noriyuki
Published: June 2021

We have developed the world's first IGZO UHD in‐cell touch panel LCD for Notebook PC (as of December 2020, according to our research). In addition, its four‐sided narrow border feature was achieved by COF mounting and source DeMUX. The touch panel performance has been qualified for mass‐production by internal validation.
37‐3: Novel Multi‐Domain Polymer Sustained Alignment LCD to Obtain High Transmittance and Wide Viewing Angles
Authors: Tien Kun-Cheng , Lin Chin-An , Wu Cian-Rou , Chen Li-Hui , Wu Jia-Long , Liao Chien-Huang
Published: June 2021

Novel 2‐domain PSA pixel design was proposed to get better viewing angle experience. Furthermore, the viewing angle is IPS‐like level, and the transmittance gain is about 10.5% compared with the conventional 4‐domain PSA pixel.
37‐5: A Study on the Design of Super‐Viewing Film
Authors: Lee Hayoung , Lee Younggeun , Jo SunA
Published: June 2021

The paper presented a Super‐viewing film(SV film) structure, for improving lateral visibility and readability of high‐resolution VA mode LCD monitor display. The Light tools optical program simulated the lateral GDI(Gamma Distortion Index), the Blur shape and Hot‐band designed the optimal film structure based on the simulation results. [1] The main factors affecting visibility and readability are the shape of resin material, laminated structure, and Lens. The GDI index and Hot‐band, Blur shape were predicted for each factor. Main factor is multi angle of lens to reduce Hot‐band by improve lateral visibility. In order to improve the lateral GDI index while minimizing the Blur level, the high refraction resin must be placed at the upper side and the low refraction resin at the lower side. and it is effective to improve the side GDI by increasing the resin refractive index compared to the increase of the lens angle to minimize the decrease of the Blur level.
38‐6: Transparent Display with High‐Contrast‐Ratio Reverse‐Mode PDLC
Authors: Honda Mariko , Murata Koji , Nakamura Kimiaki , Hasegawa Tadashi , Haseba Yasuhiro , Hanaoka Kazutaka , Shimada Shinji
Published: June 2021

A chiral liquid crystal containing reverse mode PDLC (Ch‐R‐PDLC), which showed transparent state at 0V, was prepared. This Ch‐R‐PDLC achieved both low voltage driving and strong scattering simultaneously by optimizing the helical pitch length of the chiral liquid crystals and by using original mixtures of liquid crystals and monomers. Transmittance of the Ch‐R‐PDLC was 80% at 0V and 5% at 7V, which was comparable to the normal scattering type. This driving voltage was low enough to employ widely used drivers. A Ch‐R‐PDLC display that was bright in the ON state and highly transparent in the OFF state was also demonstrated.
39‐2: Student Paper: Fast‐Switchable Scattering Device Based on Liquid‐Crystal Fibonacci Grating
Authors: Yu Xinyi , Sun Zhibo , Yuan Zhengnan , Cheng Ming , Srivastava Abhishek Kumar
Published: June 2021

In this work, we proposed a fast‐switchable quasi‐continuous grating (Fibonacci grating) as the scattering device for viewing angle control. The viewing angle varies from nearly 0 to 30 degrees. The proposed device requires a relatively small driving voltage (<10 V), and shows a fast response time (<7 ms), comparing with traditional scattering devices such as high retardation film, polymer dispersed liquid crystal and polymer network liquid crystal, etc. The proposed device shows promising potential in controllable viewing angle and wavefront coding.
40‐1: Invited Paper: New Liquid Crystal and Reactive Mesogens Mixtures for Passive and Active Photonic Components
Authors: Mulcahy Stephen , Parri Owain , Saito Izumi
Published: June 2021

We report the current state‐of‐the‐art in liquid crystal and reactive mesogen formulation properties and show how they relate to device performance for both passive and active photonic components for current and future non‐display applications. Development trends and trade‐offs of the formulation properties will be discussed looking into the future.
40‐2: Distinguished Student Paper: Compact, Fast‐Response, Continuous and Wide‐Angle Laser Beam Steerers
Authors: He Ziqian , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: June 2021

A liquid crystal‐cladding waveguide with resistive electrode configuration is proposed for laser beam steering applications. It can achieve wide‐angle continuous coverage two‐dimensional beam control with fast response time. With numerical validation, we find that in comparison with previous prismatic electrode approach, our device demonstrates higher compatibility with high birefringence liquid crystal materials, and thus a more compact form factor can be realized. Such a beam steerer is attractive for a wide range of applications including automotive LiDAR, eye‐tracking for near‐eye displays, and high‐precision 3D printing.
40‐3: High Light Efficiency LCD using Flip Panel Structure
Authors: Hirai Akira , Hasegawa Masahiro , Nakai Takako , Kawahira Yuichi , Sakai Akira , Shimada Shinji , Minoura Kiyoshi
Published: June 2021

A novel LCD using a flip panel structure has been developed to improve light utilization efficiency of LCD modules. By combining a flip panel structure and a CF substrate with an aluminum matrix on the backlight side, a 13‐inch flip panel prototype has successfully demonstrated 1.22 times higher efficiency than a conventional non‐flip panel. The flip structure could make the LCD modules fully flat and light‐weighted by removing cover glasses.
41‐4: A Novel Fully Transparent Photoluminescent Display on Vehicle Glazing and Interior Surfaces
Authors: Sun Ted , Cheng Botao
Published: June 2021

A fully transparent RGB emissive screen is developed and applied onto vehicle glazing and interior surfaces, presenting high quality emissive images on glass or any interior surface without covering it. The novel photoluminescent display supports a scalable and freeform display onto any vehicle surface with high emissive display quality.
43‐2: Automotive 48‐in. Pillar‐to‐Pillar 8K Display
Authors: Diao Gengxiu , Wan Liming , Liu Fancheng , Xing Chaojun , Yu Yang
Published: June 2021

This paper will introduce an auto‐motive 48inch pillar‐to‐pillar display, it is based on LTPS (Low Temperature Poly‐silicon) backplane, with 8K1K resolution, integrated in‐cell touch technology. It has an AM(Active‐matrix) mini‐LED backlight and the local dimming zones is 5096. It is a concave module and the radius of curvature is 4200mm. It can be split into several display areas such as cluster, CID (Central Information Display) and Co‐pilot entertainment display, it can display a whole pattern also.
44‐2: In‐cell Touch Panel LCD Driving Method for EMI Mitigation for Automotive Application
Authors: Ito Daisuke , Hsu Burt , Noto Takayuki , Shah Vishal S
Published: June 2021

Automotive applications require suppressing EMI (Electro Magnetic Interference) noise in order to avoid interference with other electrical components, and the specification is much tighter than mobile applications. Currently, in‐cell touch LCDs are widely seen in the market especially in mobile phone applications, which are integrating touch panel function in the display due to the simple structure of in‐cell touch LCDs. However, in‐cell touch LCDs generally emit higher EMI noise than LCDs with discrete touch panels, since the LCD surface area cannot be covered by electrical shield layer with in‐cell touch architecture while it can be in a discrete touch panel. Therefore, EMI is a critical issue when using in‐cell touch LCDs for automotive applications. For this paper we introduce driving techniques for in‐cell touch LCD which mitigate EMI for automotive applications in order to pass the criteria of automotive application without deterioration of picture image quality.
45‐4: Advanced Structure and Process for Dual‐Cell LCD
Authors: Huang Hua , GU Xin , Wang Guoqiang , Li Haixu , Han Jiahui , Li Shulei , Ma Yong , Kang Zhao , Li Duohui , Zhao Chengtan , Guo Kang , Liu Zhen , Yuan Guangcai , Dong Xue
Published: June 2021

This paper described the advanced process for Dual‐Cell LCD. Through the built‐in POL, Dual‐Cell structure of four glasses was simplified to three glasses. Key technologies were WGP on cell for middle polarizer, low temperature cell process, high alignment accuracy for main cell and sub array. The results showed that contrast was greater than 10,000, the moiré and H mura is invisible to the naked eye due to smaller 0.5mm gap between main cell and sub array(1.0mm gap for four‐glass dual cell), the high alignment accuracy(x, y≤5um, θ ≤0.005°) for main cell and sub array.
46‐2: Ultra‐Slim Direct‐Lit LCD Backlight Using Glass Light‐Guide Plate
Authors: Kuksenkov Dmitri V. , Joo Byung Yun , Han Songfeng , Allen Kirk R. , Lynn Christopher M. , Tokar Joshua , Mi Xiang-Dong
Published: June 2021

We report on the design and performance of a direct‐lit LCD backlight prototype which is only 5 mm thick and capable of full array 2D local dimming. Equipped with a 15.6” LC display panel, the prototype reaches peak brightness of 2000 nits. The measured contrast numbers meet VESA DisplayHDR 600 specification.
48‐1: Invited Paper: Holographic Display Based on Complex‐Amplitude Encoding with Phase‐Only SLMs
Authors: Sui Xiaomeng , Cao Liangcai , Jin Guofan
Published: June 2021

Double‐phase holograms enable the holographic reconstructions with improved image quality but still suffer from the spatial shifting noises generated from the complex‐amplitude wavefront encoding. The band‐limited double‐phase method could suppress the spatial shifting noise by the band limitation. A multi‐plane complex‐amplitude holographic display is implemented based on band‐limited double‐phase hologram. High‐sharpness reconstructions free of spatial‐shifting noise are realized with the numerical band limitation and optical filtering.
49‐2: Invited Paper: Blue and Green VCSEL for Full‐Color Display
Authors: Hamaguchi Tatsushi , Hoshina Yukio , Jyokawa Tatsuro , Ohara Maho , Hayashi Kentaro , Kobayashi Noriko , Nagane Shouetsu , Sato Koichi , Nakamura Yuki , Kearns Jared , Nakayama Eiji , Koda Rintaro , Kawanishi Hidekazu , Futagawa Noriyuki
Published: June 2021

VCSELs have recently received increasing attention from engineers and scientists. The progress of the research on GaN‐based VCSELs that allowed blue and green emissions are often one of the main topics discussed in this field. Combining these lasers with existing red VCSELs realized a full‐color light source with superior characteristics of VCSELs, such as small power consumption, circular beam profiles, and arraying ability. These features should be suitable for displays, for example, AR displays. In this report, a brief review of the recent progress regarding these VCSELs and their future applications is provided.
49‐3: High Power Laser Phosphor Light Source Using a Scanning Mirror for Projectors
Authors: Li Kenneth , Chang Y.P. , Chen Andy , Wang Lion , Tsai Stark
Published: June 2021

With the advancement of blue laser developments at low cost, laser diodes and laser diode arrays are getting popular in various light system from low power to very high power. This paper presents a stationary phosphor system in which the phosphor plate is not in motion and can be attached to heat sinks for efficient removal of heat for high power operations, which cannot be achieve easily when the phosphor material is coated onto a rotating wheel. The highest effective power density, limited by the available laser source and the current heat sinking, of over 301 W per sq. mm has been achieved and is expected to increase in the near future with higher power laser sources and improved heat sinking.
50‐3: Novel Bright Rear‐Projection‐Type Transparent Screen Using Tilted Cholesteric Liquid Crystals
Authors: Toyama Hirofumi , Hayashi Takahiro , Kuniyasu Satoshi , Ichihashi Mitsuyoshi , Saitoh Yukito , Ito Yoji
Published: June 2021

We have successfully developed a novel brightest transparent screen using diffraction and scattering of light by tilted cholesteric liquid crystals suit for rear‐projection. It controls the direction of projector light to realize both high transparency and brightness. We expect that it could expand AR imaging applications for stores and vehicles.
53‐1: Reflection Measurements in ISO TC159 SC4 WG2 and IEC TC110
Authors: Becker Michael E. , Lindfors Max
Published: June 2021

This paper summarizes the activities of ISO TC159 SC4 WG2 in the field of measurement of display reflectance as required for rating of ergonomic display performance since 1995, covering ISO 9241‐7, 13406‐2 and the series 9241‐30x. The shortcomings of the methods are introduced and improvements are proposed. We also summarize the state of measurement methods for reflective displays in general in IEC TC110.
53‐4: Distinguished Paper: Short Distance Uniformity and BlackMURA Measurements
Authors: Rotscholl Ingo , Krüger Udo
Published: June 2021

The increasing display sizes and changing form factors of displays, including automotive displays, lead to impractical measurement distances for spatial uniformity measurements. This contribution suggests and exemplarily applies two alternative and combinable methods to allow spatial uniformity measurements at low distances, and describes an adjusted BlackMURA complaint validation procedure. The proposed methods are validated with a high‐quality display device and are compared to results using the standard longdistance measurement procedure.
54‐3: A Full‐Color Decorative Display Integrated with Anti‐Reflection Film
Authors: Wang Jing , Tian Xueyan , Tian Hongwei , Wang Chunyang , Li Liangjian , Zhao Meng , Zhao Xuliang , Liu Zheng
Published: June 2021

The low reflectivity decorative device composed of aluminum or molybdenum metal layer and anti‐reflection film layer has been reported in this work. Anti‐reflection film stacks with different thicknesses have been demonstrated to be able to make devices with different colors, such as navy blue, dark blue‐violet, and brown etc., where the lowest reflectance is about 9% and the transmittance (devices without metal substrate) is about 40%. An AMOLED full‐color decorative display, with an anti‐reflection film layer integrated on the panel, has been fabricated. An ITO film layer is applied between the metal and the anti‐reflection film to make a colorful decorative device with high transmittance and low reflectivity. The lowest reflectance is 14‐16% and the transmittance is 73%‐74%.
54‐4: A 142‐in. IGZO‐TFT Glass‐Substrate AM MiniLED Tiled Display with External Compensation and Multilayer Demura Algorithm
Authors: Huo Yingdong , Liu Linfeng , Liu Guohui , Wang Zhenling , Chang Tsung-Lung
Published: June 2021

A 142″ʺ active matrix miniLED tiled display with a pitch size of 1.6 mm has been developed by using IGZO TFT glass backplanes. In this work, a uniform threshold voltage(Vth) of the driving TFTs is optimized through external compensation; the tiled screen which is composed of 160 11‐inch panels is corrected by a multi‐layer demura algorithm and finally exhibits a uniform luminance and a wide color gamut characteristics as 90% and 113% in National Television System Committee (NTSC) 1931, respectively; every 11‐inch panel is bezel‐less, so the diagonal size and resolution of the tiled screen could be adjustable from 142″ʺ 2K to 568″ʺ8K.
54‐5: Vertically and Inclinedly Oriented Polarizers for Viewing Angle Control
Authors: Watanabe Shinya , Nishimura Naoya , Yoshinari Shinich , Kasahara Takehiro , Ito Yoji
Published: June 2021

We developed a new polarizer having an absorption axis in the vertical or inclined direction with respect to the film. Laminating this polarizer on displays can control the viewing angles of the display easily. We believe that it can greatly contribute to ensuring the security of future displays.
56‐1: Enhancing Response Time of Quantum‐Dot‐Based TFT Photosensor with Self‐Assembled Monolayer
Authors: Jeon Gilsu , Seo Taewon , Ko Hyungmin , Park Hyuk , Kwon Jisu , Ha Taeyong , Kim Sungjee , Chung Yoonyoung
Published: June 2021

Quantum‐dot‐based a‐IGZO phototransistor has become one of the promising devices for image sensor application due to its bandgap tunability and solution‐process compatibility. However, the QD phototransistor with a‐IGZO, which contains a large amount of charge traps on the surface, exhibited slow photoresponse (τdecay >10 s). In this work, the photocurrent and decay time were significantly enhanced by 2.2 times and 73%, respectively, by introducing a self‐assembled monolayer (SAM), which effectively passivates the traps at the QD/a‐IGZO interface.
56‐2: Distinguished Student Paper: Polarization‐Independent liquid‐Crystal‐Based Refractive Index Sensor
Authors: Yang Zhiyong , Zhan Tao , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: June 2021

A polarization independent refractive index (RI) sensor with a RI sensitivity of 50 nm/RIU is demonstrated. The proposed RI sensor simply consists of a liquid crystal (LC) polymeric polarization grating film and one glass substrate. The wavelength shift over the refractive index of surrounding medium is investigated through anisotropic rigorous coupled‐wave analysis. Such a LC‐based polarization independent RI sensor not only enables the usage of an unpolarized light source but also manifests a high sensitivity, offering great potential for the integration with display systems.
56‐3: Student Paper: An Amplifier with Higher Gain Using Corbino—TFTs
Authors: Lee Woo-Rim , Jo Jae-Hee , Mativenga Mallory , Chung Hoon-Ju , Lee Seung-Woo
Published: June 2021

In this paper, an amplifier circuit using oxide TFTs for amplifying brain signal is proposed. The proposed circuit is largely composed of two TFTs. It consists of a driving transistor that receives an input and a load transistor that determines the voltage gain through interaction with the driving transistor. Based on depletion load inverting amplifier, we analyzed the small signal modeled circuit. By using a circular TFT called Corbino‐TFT, we were able to obtain a greater voltage gain. The measurement results were compared with the calculated voltage gain. In addition, to get a higher gain, method of connecting two amplifiers in series is presented and simulation results are also presented.
57‐2: Glass‐embedded Electromagnetic Surface for Energy‐Saving Future Wireless Communication
Authors: Kang Byounggwan , Youn Youngno , Chang Suho , Kim Daehyeon , Choi Hyengcheul , Kim Choonkon , Hong Wonbin
Published: June 2021

In this paper, the concept of an optically transparent glass‐embedded frequency selective surface (FSS) and its details including the functionalities of the FSS, application scenarios, design methodology, materials/processes for transparency implementation and verifications are described. The solution is expected to be highly instrumental in future wireless scenarios.
57‐3: Invited Paper: Diversification of Processing Requirements for Large Format IoT Displays: 8K, Programmatic and LED Walls
Authors: Cope Ben
Published: June 2021

Large format IoT displays support a range of exciting visual experiences which are encountered in our day‐to‐day lives. Four processor roles, media player, display controller, touch controller and CV/AI module, leverage four processor types, scalar, vector, spatial and matrix, to power these experiences. Algorithm characteristics such as arithmetic, memory access and data‐dependence complexity influence the suitability of an architecture to a workload. Including, GPUs to rendering, CPUs to interactive application, and FPGAs to custom video pipelines. Programmatic advertising, touch‐less kiosks and CODEC enhancements to minimize bitrate of 8K video streams can require inference (AI) workloads. Matrix (I PU) type processors are designed to address this workload type. The narrow pitch LED wall display market is growing at 10x the overall video wall display market rate and leverages spatial FPGA processing in LED controllers, also requiring 8K resolution at smaller surface area sizes as pixel pitch reduces. Requirements on each heterogenous processor type is concluded to be growing with the combination of market trends.
59‐4: A New Method of Side‐wiring Bonding and Patterning for Micro‐LED Display on Glass Substrate
Authors: Qi Yonglian , Qu Lianjie , Zhang Shan , Zhao Hebin , Yang Ruizhi , Qiu Yun , Wang Dan , Liu Chao , Gong Linhui
Published: June 2021

This paper reported a new method of side‐wiring bonding on glass substrate and patterned for large size micro‐LED display. In our experiment, the half hole first fabricated on the side edge of the glass substrate, then the metal was pasted on the side edge, through grounding the metal on the convex edge to form a side metal pattern, The results showed that this scheme can form a conductive side metal pattern for splicing large size micro LED display. This new side‐wiring bonding method can reduce the joint pitch between single glass substrate, and the metal in the hole can be better protected, so as to realize better large size micro LED splicing quality.