bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AC Reed soft white spring wheat
Authors: Sadasivaiah R. S. , Thomas J. B. , Conner R. L.
Published: April 2011

AC Reed has a higher yield potential than Fielder combined with early maturity, resistance to prevalent races of stripe rust, and moderate resistance to powdery mildew, common root rot, shattering and sprouting. It is equal to or better than the standard check, Fielder, in overall milling and cookie-baking qualities. AC Reed is adapted to the irrigated regions of southern Alberta and Saskatchewan. Key words: Wheat, Triticum aestivum L., AC Reed, cultivar description
Reappraisal of seasonal apple fruit growth
Authors: Schechter I. , Proctor J. T. A. , Elfving D. C.
Published: April 2011

Three apple cultivars (McIntosh, Delicious and Empire) were used in 1989 to study seasonal fruit growth. Fruit fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), dry matter concentration (DMC) and relative growth rate (RGR) were regressed against days after full bloom (DAFB) while partitioning the fruit growth curve into either two or three linear phases. Linear phases in fruit DW and FW development were evident throughout most of the growing season. However, cultivars differed in seasonal FW and DW accumulation totals and daily rates. Fruit RGR gradually declined until 75–80 DAFB, when it reached a low and constant rate until harvest. The DMC of fruitlets at about 30–35 DAFB was about half that at full bloom. After an additional 20–30 d during which DMC increased, fruits maintained a relatively stable DMC level to the end of the season. Key words: Malus domestica Borkh., fresh and dry weight, dry matter concentration, relative growth rate
Evaluation of the CERES and EPIC models for predicting spring wheat grain yield over time
Authors: Moulin A. P. , Beckie H. J.
Published: April 2011

The EPIC and CERES simulation models were used to predict spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield from long-term (1960–1989) crop rotations at Melfort, Saskatchewan. Although both models simulated annual yields poorly, they predicted long-term mean yields with reasonable accuracy. Key words: Spring wheat, Triticum aestivum L., yield, models, CERES, EPIC
Field performance of self-compatible and an equal proportion mixture of self-compatible and self-incompatible summer rape lines at two Alberta locations in 1989
Authors: Lewis L. J. , Woods D. L.
Published: April 2011

Two sporophytic self-incompatibility (SI) alleles were introgressed from Brassica napus rapid cycling material into five self-compatible (SC) lines of oilseed summer rape. The field performance of segregating BC2F2 lines (SC:SI 1:1) was compared with the corresponding SC lines using a split-plot field design. Plants of the SC-SI mixed stands produced, in comparison to plants of the SC plots, more siliques on the main raceme, but the siliques contained fewer seed suggesting that SI plants might not have been fully fertilised. Key words: Rape (summer), sporophytic self-incompatibility
Early performance of micropropagated trees of several Malus and Prunus cultivars on their own roots
Authors: Quamme H. A. , Brownlee R. T.
Published: April 2011

Early performance (6–8 yr) of Macspur McIntosh, Golden Delicious, and Spartan apple (Malus domestica Borkh.); Fairhaven peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.]; Montmorency sour cherry (P. cerasus L.); and Lambert sweet cherry (P. avium L.) trees, tissue cultured (TC) on their own roots, was compared with that of the same cultivars budded on commercially used rootstocks. TC trees of all apple cultivars were similar in size to trees budded on Antonovka seedling or M.4 and exceeded the size of trees budded on M.26. They were delayed in flowering and in cropping compared with trees budded on M.26 and M.4. No difference in titratable acidity, soluble solids, flesh firmness, weight, flavor, and color between fruit from TC trees and from trees on M.4 and Antonovka seedlings was detected in 1 yr of measurement. However, fruit from TC Golden Delicious was more russeted and fruit from TC Spartan had more soluble solids. The difference in fruit appearance between TC and budded trees may result from a root-stock effect or a difference in budwood source, because Spartan fruit from trees on M.4 was more russeted than Spartan fruit from TC trees, but was not different from Spartan fruit from trees on Antonovka seedling. Trees of Macspur McIntosh on TC M.26 and on stool-layered M.26 were similar in size and yield efficiency. TC Fairhaven was larger in size than Fairhaven on Siberian C seedling, but was less yield efficient. No difference in fruit size, flesh firmness, or color was detected between fruit harvested from peach trees on the different roots. Montmorency and Lambert TC and on F12/1 were similar in tree size, respectively, but Montmorency and Lambert TC were more yield efficient than on F12/1. Fruit of TC Lambert was lighter in color and had higher titratable acidity than that of Lambert on F12/1, perhaps a result of earlier fruit maturity. Key words: Apple, peach, sweet cherry, sour cherry, self-rooted, rootstocks
Linkage of morphological and isozyme loci in lentil, Lens culinaris L.
Authors: Vaillancourt R. E. , Slinkard A. E.
Published: April 2011

Six new isozymes and three morphological markers were placed on the lentil (Lens culinaris L.) linkage map. The 17 isozymes and 11 morphological markers that were studied formed four linkage groups (I through IV). These linkage groups represent linkage relationships in the cultivated lentil (L. c. ssp. culinaris) and its wild progenitor (L. c. ssp. orientalis). However, in crosses between L. c. ssp. odemensis and other ssp. of L. culinaris, linkage relationships were slightly different. In these crosses markers of linkage groups III and IV showed disturbed segregation and pseudo-linkage. Although wide crosses contain more variability than narrow crosses in lentil, linkage relationships are more difficult to interpret because of the prevalence of disturbed segregation and pseudo-linkage. Key words: Lentil, Lens culinaris, linkage, isozyme, pseudo-linkage
Relationship of glaucousness and epicuticular wax quantity of wheat
Authors: Clarke J. M. , McCaig T. N. , DePauw R. M.
Published: April 2011

The quantity of epicuticular waxes of crops such as wheat (Triticum spp.) influences water relations, wettability by pesticide sprays, and resistance to insects and diseases. Determination of wax quantity for selection purposes is difficult, whereas visual selection for degree of glaucousness would be simple. However, the relationship between wax quantity and glaucousness is unclear. Common (T. aestivum L.) and durum (T. turgidum L. var. durum) inbred genotypes, nonglaucous/glaucous isogenics, and segregating families were grown under field conditions near Swift Current, Saskatchewan. Waxes were extracted with petroleum ether and determined gravimetrically for flag leaf sheaths, blades or spikes sampled 1–2 wk post-anthesis, and compared with visual glaucousness ratings. Wax quantity was generally lower for nonglaucous than for glaucous genotypes, but there was some overlap of observed quantities for the two groups. On average, wax was 44% greater for glaucous than for nonglaucous durum genotypes, and 32% greater for glaucous than for nonglaucous common wheat genotypes. Visual selection for glaucousness is thus likely to produce differences in epicuticular wax quantity, but the quantity difference would have to be verified at advanced generations. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., Triticum turgidum L. var. durum, glaucousness, epicuticular wax
Divergent selection for carbon isotope discrimination in crested wheatgrass
Authors: Read J. J. , Asay K. H. , Johnson D. A.
Published: April 2011

Because plant growth on semiarid rangelands is frequently water-limited, breeding for enhanced water-use efficiency (WUE, kg dry matter gained per kg water transpired) should improve forage production on these areas. In crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fischer ex Link) Schultes], variation for carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) has been negatively associated with WUE, suggesting that selection for lowered Δ would increase WUE. To determine the potential of altering Δ through breeding, we selected nine clones from a crested wheatgrass breeding population based on their Δ values, equally subdivided them into three groups (low, medium, and high Δ), and made a series of diallel crosses within each group. The parental clones and single-cross progenies were established in the field as replicated spaced plants on 1-m centers in spring 1989. Forage dry matter yield and Δ were determined in 1990 and 1991; leaf gas exchange traits were determined for low and high Δ classes in 1990, and for low, medium, and high Δ classes in 1991. The previous ranking of Δ classes was confirmed in the present studies. Combined across years, values for Δ, leaf CO2 exchange rate (CER), and stomatal conductance (gs) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the low than high Δ class. When data were combined across clones and progenies, Δ was negatively correlated with leaf intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi, expressed as the CER/gs ratio) in 1990 (r = −0.87**, df = 14) and in 1991 (r = −0.83**, df = 23). Forage yield and Δ were not correlated, suggesting that the two traits may be under separate genetic control. Progenies from crosses among the low-Δ clones had significantly lower Δ values than progenies from either the medium-Δ or high-Δ clones during each year and when the data were combined across years. Divergent selection for low Δ also was reflected by improved WUEi in the subsequent generation. Moreover, narrow-sense heritability values for Δ were in excess of 0.75 and correlations between progeny means for Δ and means of the corresponding midparents were significant in each of the three analyses (r = 0.87** in 1990, 0.91** in 1991, and 0.92** in the combined analysis). These results complement earlier findings and confirm that genetic improvement for WUE can be effectively achieved in crested wheatgrass through indirect selection for Δ. Key words: Agropyron desertorum, water-use efficiency, parent-progeny correlations, drought, carbon isotope ratio, grass breeding, forage yield
Herbage yield and nitrogen accumulation by seven legume crops on acid and neutral soils in a subarctic environment
Authors: Sparrow Stephen D. , Cochran Verlan L. , Sparrow Elena B.
Published: April 2011

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), yellow sweet-clover (Medicago officinalis L.), fababean (Vicia faba L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), and white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) were evaluated as annual crops in central Alaska on neutral and acid soils for their potential herbage productivity and N accumulation. Herbage dry matter yields were high on the neutral soil, with an overall average yield of 6927 kg ha−1. Yields were much lower at the cooler, acid soil site with an overall average yield of 3743 kg ha−1 for inoculated legumes. Herbage N concentrations ranged from 14 to 36 mg g−1. Amounts of N-fixation, as estimated by the total N difference method, ranged from < 50 kgha−1 for some legumes on the acid soil to > 200 kg ha−1 for fababean on the neutral soil. Inoculation resulted in increases in nodulation, growth and apparent N-fixation on the acid soil where legumes had not previously been grown, but were usually not significant on the neutral soil where legumes had been grown for many years. Liming the acid soil resulted in significant increases in soil pH and in nodulation, herbage yield, and herbage N yield. Key words: Forage legume crops, Alaska, liming, N-fixation
Dinitrogen fixation and nitrogen transfer among red clover cultivars
Authors: Farnham D. E. , George J. R.
Published: April 2011

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is an important perennial forage legume used for hay or as pasture in crop rotations. Despite its traditional usage as a source of nitrogen (N) for cropping systems, little information is available on the amounts of atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) that red clover fixes or transfers to an associated grass during long-term stands. Field research was undertaken in 1989 and 1990 to compare N2 fixation and N transfer potentials of one experimental and three common red clover cultivars seeded in binary mixtures with orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). Dinitrogen fixation and N transfer were estimated by 15N isotope dilution using orchardgrass pure stands as a reference. Over the 2-yr study, percentage legume N derived from N2 fixation ranged from 96.4 to 96.7% among the red clover cultivars. Total-season fixed-N yields in red clover herbage ranged from 72.6 to 159.2 kg ha−1. Dinitrogen fixation and fixed-N yields usually did not differ among red clover cultivars in either year. Percentage N in orchardgrass herbage derived from N2 fixation by red clover ranged from 43.7 to 70.5%. Total-season transferred-N yields in orchardgrass herbage was 16.9 kg ha−1 in 1989 and 57.8 kg ha−1 in 1990. Neither N-transfer nor transferred-N yield differed among cultivars in either year. It is concluded that, under the conditions of this study, the red clover cultivars tested generally did not differ in their abilities to fix atmospheric N2 or to transfer fixed-N to associated orchardgrass. Key words: Red clover, Trifolium pratense L., dinitrogen fixation, nitrogen transfer, isotope dilution
Comparing fall and spring seeding of Kochia scoparia on saline soil
Authors: Steppuhn H. , Green D. G. , Winkleman G. , Kernan J. A. , Coxworth E.
Published: April 2011

Kochia scoparia naturally invades distributed soils in the Brown soil zone of the Canadian Prairies and offers potential as a forage crop in saline environments. A 3-yr study conducted on severely saline soil near Swift Current, Saskatchewan, compared kochia production resulting from fall (natural- and implement-seeded) and spring (early- and late-seeded) treatments. Late spring-seeded crops produced, on average, 5.4 t of dry, shoot biomass per ha per yr. Early spring and fall-seeded kochia (naturally or implement-placed) yielded between 5.4 and 10.9 t ha−1. Of the nine comparisons between forage yields from fall and spring seedings, six favored fall over spring, two were equal, and one produced more forage from early spring seedings than from the naturally-seeded fall treatment. The late spring treatment consistently produced the least forage. Fall seedings exhibited a greater potential for forage production because fall-seeded plants usually established early in the growing season and in sufficient number to fully exploit soil and water resources when conditions became favorable and effective rooting depths were not restricted by concentrated salt layers. When drier growing conditions prevailed, the lower plant densities associated with early spring seedings tended to minimize plant competition and foster greater forage production. Key words: Kochia forage, seeding dates, salinity, Kochia establishment, Kochia agronomy
RCAT Tabby soybean
Authors: Ablett G. R. , Tanner J. W.
Published: April 2011

RCAT Tabby is a mid Maturity Group II soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar with excellent yield potential, lodging resistance and with resistance to most races of phytophthora root rot caused by Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea (PMG) found in Ontario. Key words: Soybean, cultivar description
In vitro hardening of red raspberry through CO2 enrichment and relative humidity reduction on sugar-free medium
Authors: Deng Ribo , Donnelly Danielle J.
Published: April 2011

Micropropagated shoots of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. ’Comet’) were rooted on modified Murashige-Skoog medium lacking sucrose, in specially constructed plexiglass chambers, under ambient (340 ± 20 ppm) or enriched (1500 ± 50 ppm) CO2 and ambient (ca. 100%) or reduced (90 ± 5%) relative humidity. Cultured plantlets were evaluated for their survival, rooting and relative vigor, leaf and root number, stem and root length, total leaf area, total fresh and dry weight, gas exchange rate, and stomatal features, prior to transplantation to soil and at intervals for 6 wk ex vitro. In vitro CO2 enrichment promoted plantlet growth, rooting and both the survival and early growth of transplants. CO2 enrichment increased stomatal aperture of plantlet leaves but did not apparently increase water stress at transplantation. Reduced in vitro RH did not affect plantlet growth but decreased stomatal apertures and stomatal index on leaves of cultured plantlets and promoted both the survival and early growth of transplants. In vitro CO2 and RH levels did not affect the photosynthetic rate of either plantlets or transplants. Only the stomata on leaves of plantlets from the ambient CO2 and reduced RH treatment were functional. Normal stomatal function was not observed in persistent leaves of transplants from the other treatments, even 2 wk after transplantation. In vitro CO2 enrichment acted synergistically with RH reduction in improving growth of plantlets both in vitro and ex vitro. Hardened red raspberry plantlets obtained through CO2 enrichment and RH reduction survived direct transfer to ambient greenhouse conditions without the necessity for specialized ex vitro acclimatization treatment. Key words: Acclimatization, growth analysis, photosynthesis, Rubus idaeus L., stomata, tissue culture
Identification de cultivars de framboisier par l’analyse d’ADN polymorphe amplifié au hasard (RAPD)
Authors: Parent Jean-Guy , Pagé Danièle , Fortin Marc G.
Published: April 2011

We developed a fast and simple test to accurately characterize the various cultivars of raspberry of the Quebec certification program. This test, based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, uses minute quantities of plant DNA. Portions of this DNA are multiplied with small 10-nucleotide primers of arbitrary sequences. Analyses were done on DNA from 15 raspberry cultivars amplified with 19 different primers. A combination of three primers was chosen for its ability to differenciate all the cultivars. Test reproducibility was checked with DNA samples from plants collected at various periods of the growth season and from plants of various categories of the certification program (in vitro plantlets, Foundation and Certified plants, commercial plants). Key words: Raspberry (Rubus spp.), random amplified polymorphic DNA, cultivar identification
Susceptibility and resistance in Canadian spring wheat cultivars to common bunt (Tilletia tritici and T. laevis)
Authors: Gaudet D. A. , Puchalski B. J. , Kozub G. C. , Schaalje G. B.
Published: April 2011

Current western Canadian hard red spring wheat cultivars and their progenitors, inoculated with a composite of Tilletia tritici and T. laevis races, were grown at Lethbridge from 1989 to 1991 and the percentage infection was determined. This study also examined cultivar × environment interaction effects. Ancestral cultivars, such as Red Calcutta 33, Marquis, Thatcher, and their descendants, Canthatch, Park, Neepawa, Manitou, and Cadet, exhibited intermediate levels of bunt resistance. Cultivars including the cultivar Hope in their ancestry, such as Redman, Chris, Katepwa, Columbus, Reward, and Lancer, were highly resistant. Analysis of the environment × cultivar interaction indicated that bunt infection levels in Hope, Redman, and Columbus were stable over environments, but infection which varied according to environment was observed for Katepwa and Reward. The reduction of a number of cultivars including Neepawa, Thatcher, Kenya Farmer, Fortuna, Cadet, and Chris, was unstable across environment. Mexican semi-dwarf cultivars, such as Tobari 66, Potem 70, Cajeme 71, Ciano 67, Sonora 64, Inia 66, and the Canadian cultivars HY320, BW 90, and Laura, were highly susceptible. In general, the level of infection in these cultivars was uniform across environments. The nature of resistance in Canadian cultivars, the high infection levels of some Canadian cultivars and their Mexican semi-dwarf ancestors, and the variation in stability of infection levels of some cultivars across environments are discussed. Key words: Triticum aestivum, semi-dwarf, stability analysis, genotype × environment interactions
Relations entre la chlorose foliaire et des caractères agronomiques chez des lignées de blé, de triticale et des hybrides blé-triticale infectés du virus de la jaunisse nanisante de l’orge
Authors: Nkongolo K. K. , Comeau A. , Saint-Pierre C. A.
Published: April 2011

To assess the relationships between leaf chlorosis and certain agronomic traits, eight lines of wheat and triticale and their interspecific crosses were experimentally inoculated with BYDV. BYDV infection caused a highly significant reduction in tillering, plant height and biomass in all lines of wheat and triticale irrespective of their degree of tolerance. There was no significant difference between the virus content of the less badly chlorosed and that of the more severely chlorosed plants, indicating that tolerance was the actual mechanism involved in the triticale lines studied. Generally, all phenotypic and genotypic correlations between the extent of chlorosis and tillering, plant height and biomass were negative and highly significant. This suggests that agronomic parameters can be used as selection criteria in a breeding program for resistance to BYDV, through interspecific wheat and triticale hybridization. The severity of leaf chlorosis is recommended as a selection criterion as it does not require the use of a control population. Key words: Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), phenotypic and genotypic correlations, wheat, triticale, interspecific hybridization
Effect of protective shields on drift and deposition characteristics of field sprayers
Authors: Wolf Thomas M. , Grover Raj , Wallace Keith , Shewchuk Stan R. , Maybank John
Published: April 2011

Field trials were conducted to determine the effectiveness of shields in reducing off-target droplet drift from ground-rig sprayers. Sprayer booms ranging in width from 10 to 13.5 m and equipped with commercially available shields were operated along a 150-m swath in a field of approximately 20-cm-tall spring wheat in wind speeds ranging from 10 to 35 km h−1. Airborne drift was measured using aspirated air samplers. The use of an 80 flat fan tip (8001) at a pressure of 275 kPa and a ground speed of 8 km h−1 resulted in 7.5% of the 50 L ha−1 spray solution drifting off the target area. The use of protective cones with 8001 tips without lowering the boom reduced airborne drift by 33% at a 20 km h−1 wind speed, while a 65–85% drift reduction was accomplished with the combination of solid or perforated shielding and lowering the sprayer boom. Increasing the application rate to 100 L ha−1 by using 8002 tips reduced drift of the unshielded sprayer by 65%. Decreasing application rate to 15 L ha−1 by using 800017 tips increased drift by 29% despite the use of a shield. Off-target drift increased with increasing wind speeds for all sprayers, but the increase was less for shielded sprayers and coarser sprays. The decreased droplet size of spray from 110 tips increased drift when the boom height was the same as for 80 tips. High wind speeds, lower carrier volumes and finer sprays, 110 tips, and solid shields tended to decrease on-swath deposit uniformity, whereas a perforated shield or cones did not affect deposit uniformity. Key words: 2,4-D amine, droplet drift, aspirated air samplers, flat fan tips, deposition uniformity, droplet size
Digestible energy and protein content of some annual weeds, alfalfa, bromegrass, and tame oats
Authors: Moyer J. R. , Hironaka R.
Published: April 2011

Protein digestibility by sheep was greatest in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.); however, protein digestibility of meadow bromegrass (Bromus biebersteinii Roem and Schutt) and tame oats was similar to or less than that of eight annual weeds. The digestible energy content of five of the eight weeds was similar to or greater than that of alfalfa or bromegrass. Key words: Wild oats, green foxtail, redroot pigweed, lamb’s-quarters, kochia, flixweed
Response of forage yield and yield components to planting date and silage/pasture management in spring seeded winter cereal/spring oat cropping systems
Authors: Baron V. S. , Dick A. C. , St. Remy E. A. de
Published: April 2011

Spring-planted mixtures of spring and winter cereals in a silage/fall pasture system have been shown to extend the grazing season in the Parkland of the Canadian prairies. Experiments were conducted at Lacombe, Alberta to determine the effects of planting date on yield and yield components of spring-seeded spring oat (Avena sativa L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) and winter rye (Secale cereale L.). The cereals were grown as monocrops or as binary mixtures of the oat and winter cereals. Treatments were planted in early May and mid-June and harvested twice for forage. The initial harvest for early and late planting dates occurred when oat reached the early-milk and heading stages, respectively. Regrowth was harvested in mid- to late September. The planting date x treatment interaction did not affect (P ≤ 0.05) annual yield (initial + regrowth) even though oat was harvested at different developmental stages. Averaged over treatments, late planting reduced annual yield by 42%. The annual yields ranked: mixtures = oat monocrop > winter cereals. Late planting date reduced the initial yield of all treatments, but the winter monocrops were reduced less than oat. Oat dominated the initial yield of all mixtures. Although oat tiller density was lower in the mixtures than monocropped oat at the initial cut, oat constituted a greater proportion of the mixture than would have been expected from the seeding ratio (1:1). A larger tiller weight in the oat mixture vs. the monocrop may have compensated for low tiller density in the mixture. Mixture regrowth yields tended to be greater in late-planted treatments and were dominated by the winter cereals. Although the winter cereal component of the mixture had more tillers at the regrowth cut, they still had lower yields when compared with their respective monocrops. Thus, late planting reduced annual yields of mixtures and monocrops, but did not limit regrowth of winter cereals in mixtures given equal regrowth periods. Key words: Oat, winter rye, winter wheat, winter triticale, forage yield, tillering
Appearance time, expansion rate and expansion duration for leaves of field-grown maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Stewart D. W. , Dwyer L. M.
Published: April 2011

Date of appearance and expansion duration of leaves are critical parameters for calculating leaf area of a canopy, which is, in turn, an important component of growth. In this study, a three-line function and a logistic function were both fitted to normalized leaf area data of individual leaves from field-grown plants. Algorithms were developed relating leaf appearance time, expansion rate and expansion duration to growing degree days (GDD) from emergence. Leaf appearance time was a nonlinear function of leaf number. Both leaf expansion rate (RN) and leaf expansion duration (LN) were bell-shaped functions of leaf number (N) with RN skewed toward a lower value and LN skewed toward a higher value of N. These algorithms were used to develop a model of leaf area development detailed in a companion paper. Key words: Temperature, water stress, leaf area
Effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on development in soybean and five weeds
Authors: Tremmel D. C. , Patterson D. T.
Published: April 2011

Developmental rates of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. 'Braxton'], johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.], quackgrass [Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski], redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.), and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) were compared among plants grown in all combinations of two temperature levels (avg. day/night of 26/19 °C and 30/23 °C) and two CO2 levels (350 and 700 ppm). Neither temperature nor CO2 affected johnsongrass tillering rate, but plants began tillering earlier at higher temperatures. Adverse effects of higher temperatures on quackgrass development were alleviated by elevated CO2 conditions. Plastochron rate was higher at higher temperatures in all dicot species (soybean, redroot pigweed, sicklepod, and velvetleaf), and was higher at elevated CO2 in all dicots except velvetleaf. Calculating plastochron rates on a degree day basis removed differences between temperature treatments, but did not affect responses to CO2. Responses of dicot branch and branch leaf production to treatments varied among species. Branch production per day increased with higher temperatures in redroot pigweed, decreased with higher temperatures in sicklepod, and was unaffected by temperature in soybean. The relationship between main axis and branch developmental rates was altered by temperature in soybean, and by both temperature and CO2 in sicklepod, but was unaffected by either treatment in redroot pigweed. These results indicate that developmental responses to temperature and CO2 depend on both the species and the aspect of development being considered. Key words: Plastochron index, CO2 by temperature interaction, johnsongrass, quackgrass, redroot pigweed, sicklepod, velvetleaf
Canadian short process bread: Potassium bromate response of flour streams and divide flours milled from Canadian red spring wheat
Authors: Preston K. R. , Dexter J. E.
Published: April 2011

Mill streams and divide flours from a pilot-scale milling of commercially grown No. 1 Canada Western Red Spring wheat were baked by a short (no bulk fermentation) baking procedure at various levels of potassium bromate. The quality of bread produced, measured in terms of loaf volume, loaf volume per unit protein and overall bread score showed a wide range of response to potassium bromate level. Household patent flour and the highly refined reduction flours exhibited relatively little baking response to increasing bromate levels, achieving optimum baking performance between 0 and 50 ppm. The least refined reduction flours required higher bromate levels (80–120 ppm) to achieve maximum response, and also demonstrated a greater relative response than the more refined reduction flours. Baker's patent flour and the most refined break flours responded very strongly to bromate, and required higher levels (100–150 ppm) to attain full response. Poorly refined break flours exhibited the highest bromate requirement (225 ppm). Straight-grade flours of 62, 75 and 79% extraction exhibited very little difference in bromate requirements. It appears that stream selection has limited potential as a means of reducing the bromate requirement of bakery flour prepared from Canada Western Red Spring wheat. Key words: Red spring wheat, milling, baking quality, bread, mill streams, bromate response
Crop management systems for corn (Zea mays L.) following established alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
Authors: Aflakpui G. K. S. , Vyn T. J. , Anderson G. W. , Clements D. R. , Hall M. R. , Swanton C. J.
Published: April 2011

Crop management systems utilizing no-till and legumes for soil improvement and double cropping represent promising systems for the preservation of soil, productivity and sustainability in Ontario agriculture. Field experiments were conducted in 1988 and 1989 to investigate the effect of planting date and tillage system on corn silage and grain yield for corn planted into either an established alfalfa sod or bare soil. There were no differences in grain and total biomass yields between corn planted in May under the no-till treatment and corn planted in May under the fall-plowed treatment, in both years. In 1988, delaying corn planting until after first-cut hay harvest on fall-plowed plots did not result in grain yield reduction compared with May-planted corn under the same tillage regime. Grain yield was reduced significantly in 1989 by a delay in planting. Corn silage yield was equivalent among all systems in 1989, indicating that no-till systems can be used effectively for producing alfalfa hay and silage corn. In 1988, rainfall in June was 7% of the average value, and as a result planting difficulties resulted in low silage yields, particularly in the no-till treatment. However, under conditions of adequate soil moisture, no-till corn following alfalfa should produce yields comparable to those with conventional tillage systems, while enhancing soil properties. Key words: No-till, alfalfa, silage corn, planting date
Vernalization response in spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars
Authors: Murphy L. A. , Scarth R.
Published: April 2011

Early maturity is a major objective of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) breeding programs in western Canada. Maturity of crops is influenced by time of initiation and flowering. The presence of a vernalization requirement affects plant development by delaying floral initiation until the cold requirement of the plant has been satisfied. Five spring oilseed rape cultivars were screened for their response to vernalization. Vernalization treatments consisted of exposure of germinated seeds to 0–42 d at 4 °C. Plants were assessed under a 20-h photoperiod. In general, there was a cumulative response to vernalization, with a decrease in days to each developmental stage as exposure to 4 °C was increased. Vernalization treatment of 6 d at 4 °C was sufficient to decrease both the days to first flower and the final leaf number. The characterization of vernalization response is of interest because variation in flowering time in response to year-to-year variations in the environment could result. Key words:Brassica napus, canola, oilseed rape, vernalization
Sod-seeding alfalfa in spring into established crested wheatgrass in southwest Saskatchewan
Authors: Schellenberg Michael P. , Waddington John , King Jane R.
Published: April 2011

Five experiments were started over a 3-yr period to examine the width of a strip of established crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (Fisch.) Schult.) that should be killed for reliable establishment of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) by sod-seeding in semiarid southwestern Saskatchewan. The value of pruning the grass roots along the edges of the killed area for alfalfa establishment was also examined. When alfalfa seeds were sown in a single row in strips of dead crested wheatgrass, alfalfa establishment improved as the width of the dead strip increased up to 75 cm, the maximum used, because of less competition for moisture and light. Pruning grass roots did not improve alfalfa establishment. Killing the crested wheatgrass in a strip wider than 50 cm favoured weed growth. Annual and biennial weeds were present only in the establishment year, but perennials persisted for the duration of the experiments. Yields of Rangelander, a creeping-rooted alfalfa of mixed ssp. sativa (L.) Lesins & Lesins and ssp. falcata (L.) Arcangeli parentage, and SCMf3713, a tap-rooted ssp. falcata were similar in the seedling and the following year. Etiolated growth of established plants revealed that SCMf3713 had a more persistent recovery characteristic which probably confers survival ability in severe environments. Killing the resident crested wheatgrass benefitted alfalfa establishment, as measured by seedling numbers, growth, seedling and first harvest year yields, and root reserves. Key words: Crested wheatgrass, sod-seeding, alfalfa, Agropyron desertorum, Medicago sativa
Effect of wild mustard (Brassica kaber) competition on yield and quality of triazine-tolerant and triazine-susceptible canola (Brassica napus and Brassica rapa)
Authors: McMullan Patrick M. , Daun James K. , DeClercq Douglas R.
Published: April 2011

Research was conducted at two sites near Brandon, Manitoba, in 1990 and 1991 to determine the influence of time of removal of wild mustard from triazine-tolerant (TT) or triazine-susceptible (TS) canola and the effects of wild mustard seed contamination on canola seed yield and oil characteristics. Wild mustard was removed by either cyanazine or ethametsulfuron at the two-to-four-leaf or the four-to-eight-leaf stage of wild mustard in each of six canola cultivars. Wild mustard decreased harvested seed yield of canola, and the presence of wild mustard seed in harvested canola seeds increased meal glucosinolate content compared with that of the weed-free check. Canola yield was greater than that of the untreated check when wild mustard was removed at either the two-to-four-leaf or the four-to-eight-leaf stage. Canola seed yield was reduced compared with that of the weed-free check when wild mustard was allowed to compete with canola until the four-to-eight-leaf stage. Meal protein content was decreased by either wild mustard competition or the presence of wild mustard seed in the samples in 1991 but not in 1990. Canola seed samples contaminated with wild mustard seed had reduced oil and oleic acid content at both sites. Wild mustard competition reduced canola oil and oleic acid content of the two TT cultivars more than it did those of TS cultivars. The presence of wild mustard seed (but not interference from wild mustard) increased the linolenic and erucic acid content of the extracted oil. Key words: Cyanazine, ethametsulfuron, oleic acid content, glucosinolate content, erucic acid content
Habitats occupied by scentless chamomile (Matricaria perforata Mérat) in Saskatchewan
Authors: Bowes G. G. , Thomas A. G. , Peschken D. P. , Douglas D. W. , Spurr D. T.
Published: April 2011

Three agricultural regions in Saskatchewan, known to be affected by scentless chamomile (Matricaria perforata Mérat), were surveyed between 1984 and 1988 to measure abundance and identify habitats occupied by the weed. A modified cover-abundance rating scale was used to rate the ground cover of the weed in various habitats. The habitats were grouped into annual crops, field depressions, transition areas and slough margins. Overall, the predicted probability of an area being free of scentless chamomile decreased in the following order of habitats: annual crops, transition areas, field depressions and slough margins. Three of these habitats, annual crop, field depressions and slough margins, occur along a gradient of increasing soil moisture and decreasing farm use. Key words: Scentless chamomile, Matricaria perforata, habitat
N uptake, N partitioning, and photosynthetic N-use efficiency of an old and a new maize hybrid
Authors: McCullough D. E. , Aguilera A. , Tollenaar M.
Published: April 2011

An old maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid (Pride 5) has been shown to be less tolerant to N stress than a new maize hybrid (Pioneer 3902) during early phases of development. The objective of this study was to quantify the response of the two hybids to N supply in terms of N uptake, N partitioning, and photosynthetic N–use efficiency. Plants were grown under controlled-environment conditions until the 12-leaf stage at three levels of N supply (i.e., 15 mM N, 2.5 mM N, and 0.5 mM N) and were sampled at the 4-, 8-, and 12-leaf stages. Rates of N uptake per unit ground area were higher for Pioneer 3902 than for Pride 5 under maximum N stress during the 8- to 12-leaf phase, but rates were higher for Pride 5 at high N. Rates of N uptake per unit root weight were higher for Pioneer 3902 than for Pride 5 under both medium and low N supply. The old hybrid (Pride 5) partitioned more dry matter and N to leaves than the new hybrid under low N supply, but leaf N per unit leaf area was higher for the new hybrid. The new hybrid (Pioneer 3902) maintained greater rates of leaf photosynthesis per unit leaf N regardless of N supply. Consequently, results indicate that the higher N-use efficiency of Pioneer 3902 under low N supply is associated with higher N uptake and a higher leaf N per unit leaf area. Key words:Zea mays L., dry matter accumulation, photosynthesis, leaf N
Inheritance and linkage relationships of genes conditioning hullessness, multiflorous spikelet, and giantism in oat (Avena sativa L.)
Authors: Kibite Solomon , Taylor John S.
Published: April 2011

A study was conducted to determine the number of genes, type of gene action, and linkage relationships of the factors controlling the expression of hullessness, multiflorous spikelet and giantism in oat (Avena sativa L. var. PI 546363). The results showed that giantism was governed by a recessive gene, which in a homozygous (gi-3/gi-3) condition may have an epistatic effect on several other loci including those controlling the expression of plant height; length, width, and thickness of leaves; culm diameter; number of internodes; panicle size; pedicle length; and number of days to anthesis and to maturity. The results also indicated monogenic inheritance for hull and spikelet characteristics. Hullessness (N-1/_) was dominant over hulledness (n-1/n-1), and multiflorous spikelet (Mf-1/-) was partially dominant over normal spikelet (mf-1/mf-1). Linkage was detected between the gi-3 locus controlling giantism, and the n-1 locus controlling hullessness; the recombination value was calculated to be 36.5 ± 0.8%. Linkage was also detected between the gi-3 gene and the Mf-1 locus conditioning multiflorous spikelet; the recombination value was 23.5 ± 0.4%. The N-1 gene appears to have an epistatic effect on the Mf-1 locus, and the recombination frequency between the two loci was 10.5 ± 0.6%. The gene order was gi-3, Mf-1, N-1. Key words: Oat, Avena sativa, genetics, giantism, hullessness, multiflorous spikelet
Effect of fertilizer management, genotype, and environmental factors on some malting quality characteristics in barley
Authors: Therrien M. C. , Grant C. A. , Carmichael C. A. , Noll J. S.
Published: April 2011

A field study conducted at two sites over 3 yr determined that malting quality in barley was influenced largely by environmental and genetic (genotype) factors. Fertility management had a lesser effect, with N fertilizer application having the largest component effect. Results suggest that producers will be limited in their management options when striving for optimal malting quality in barley. Key words: Malting barley, fertilizer management, interactions
Growing season dry matter and macroelement accumulations in Willamette red raspberry and related soil-extractable macroelement measurements
Authors: Kowalenko C. G.
Published: April 2011

Aboveground growth of Willamette red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) was destructively sampled and partitioned monthly in four growing seasons in 1980–1984 in south coastal British Columbia. This, together with chemical analyses of the plant parts and soil samples, was used to examine general macroelement dynamics. In each of the 4 yr, the plants (floricanes plus new canes) accumulated dry matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na rapidly during May to June and more slowly in September and October. Floricanes grew early in the season, with dry matter and macroelement uptake nearly complete by mid-summer then senesced after mid-summer with dry matter and nutrient loss. Most of this loss was leaves. New canes began to grow and take up macroelements later in the spring than floricanes and continued growth and uptake later into the fall. Growth and macroelement uptake patterns were inconsistent between years. A calculation, using October measurements, showed moderate quantities of N, P, K, Ca and Mg uptake by the plant on a unit area basis (107, 11, 102, 48 and 20 kg ha−1, respectively). Since maximum cane growth and macroelement uptake occurred at two different times, a minimum of two samplings (mid-summer for floricanes and autumn for new canes) are required to more accurately measure total aboveground biomass production and macroelement uptake. The precise time of sampling should match the growth stage of the plant and not calendar date as growth patterns differed from year to year. Key words: Nutrient uptake, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, Rubus idaeus
The burning tolerance of Vaccinium myrtilloides Michaux
Authors: Kloet S. P. Vander
Published: April 2011

One hundred and twenty Vaccinium myrtilloides plants were subjected to various prescribed burning regimes. Equal numbers were burnt annually, biennially, triennially, or not at all. Plants burnt every year for 9 yr had a survival rate equal to the control (no burning) or those plants burnt less frequently. Highest yields occurred in the third year of the prune-burn cycle. Clonal expansion was least for plants burnt every year and greatest for plants burnt every 3 yr. Key words:Vaccinium myrtilloides, Vaccinium angustifolium, prescribed burning, yield, vegetative growth
Composition and energy values of wild fruits from the boreal forest of northern Ontario
Authors: Usui Masayuki , Kevan Peter G. , Kakuda Yukio
Published: April 2011

Seventeen wild fruit species from the Chapleau Crown Game Preserve in northern Ontario were investigated for composition and energy value. The mean moisture, fat, protein and carbohydrate levels were 77.1, 0.84, 1.6 and 7.6%, respectively, based on fresh fruit weight. Carbohydrates showed the greatest variations in composition with values ranging from 1.8% for corn lily to 16.4% for wild sarsaparilla. Total energy values were calculated from the compositional data. Wild sarsaparilla (73.4 kcal 100 g−1), pincherry (69.8 kcal 100 g−1), red elderberry (68.8 kcal 100 g−1), serviceberry (54.0 kcal 100 g−1) and lowbush blueberry (52.5 kcal 100 g−1) were ranked in the top five. Two species of lowbush blueberries (V. angustifolium and V. myrtilloides) were studied for location and level of slope effects on composition and total energy values. Key words: Wild fruits, composition, energy values, Vaccinium angustifolium, Vaccinium myrtilloides, lowbush blueberry
Seedling establishment and subsequent growth of fluid drilled tomatoes as influenced by carrier gel and incorporation of a seaweed extract
Authors: Minero-Amador Adolfo , Stewart Katrine A.
Published: April 2011

A series of experiments (controlled environment and field) were conducted with pregerminated tomato seeds (cv. Early red) incorporating a seaweed extract (Cytex) at 0, 1, 2 and 3% (vol/vol) into four carrier gels. The carrier gels were: magnesium silicate (Laponite), starch acrylate polymer (Liquagel), potassium copolymer (Viterra Agrigel), and a starch (Water lock B100). Percent and rate of emergence were significantly affected by the choice of gel with Liquagel producing better results than Agrigel, Water lock and Laponite. The incorporation of Cytex decreased percent emergence for all gels. In the field trial, treatment with Laponite gel with Cytex inclusion resulted in lower plant stand and lower total and marketable fruit yield. Plants sown in Liquagel, Agrigel and Water lock were less affected by Cytex addition than those sown in Laponite, probably due to additive leaching or gel permeation in the Laponite. Key words:Lycopersicom esculentum, seed germination, osmotic potential, fruit yield
Mustard tolerance to clopyralid applied alone or with ethametsulfuron
Authors: Loeppky H. A. , Blackshaw R. E.
Published: April 2011

Mustard is a drought-tolerant crop well adapted to the Brown and Dark Brown soils of the Prairies; however, lack of broad-leaved weed control limits production. Two field studies were conducted at Indian Head, Saskatchewan and Lethbridge, Alberta to determine the response of brown and oriental mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Coss), and yellow mustard (B. hirta Moench) to clopyralid. Clopyralid was applied at 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.30, 0.60 kg a.i. ha−1 at the 4- or 10-leaf stage in one experiment. The other was a factorial experiment of clopyralid at 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30 kg a.i. ha−1 with ethametsulfuron at 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 kg a.i. ha−1. Clopyralid applied at 0.15 kg a.i. ha−1, the lowest rate at which it is registered for weed control in canola, resulted in brown mustard yield reductions of 21%, oriental mustard yield reductions of 23% and yellow mustard yield reductions of 9% over 5 site years. This rate of clopyralid applied with ethametsulfuron reduced brown, oriental and yellow mustard yield by 30, 33 and 8%, respectively. Oil content was also reduced by clopyralid. Clopyralid cannot be used for weed control in mustards. Key words: Crop tolerance, growth stage, clopyralid, ethametsulfuron, seed yield, oil content