bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current Literature: Bacterial Contamination of Ready‐to‐use 1‐L Feeding Bottles and Administration Sets in Severely Compromised Intensive Care Patients
Authors: Mathus‐Vliegen LM , Binnekade JM , Haan KJ de
Published: April 2009

Objective: In intensive care patients, enteral feeding requires sterile feedings because of infectious complications and adequate supplements to meet nutritional needs. Heretofore, prepacked, large‐volume formula containers were developed, but bacterial contamination occurred in 4% to 15%. Our objective was to investigate the microbial contamination rate of 1‐L feeding bottles and newly designed administration sets over hanging times of 24 hours in the intensive care unit (ICU). Design and Setting: A prospective observational cohort study of patients admitted to the ICU of a university hospital. Patients: All consecutive patients fed via a nasojejunal tube for at least 4 days. Measurements: Cultures of feeding bottles, administration sets, and gastric and tracheobronchial aspirates at day 0, 1, 2, 4, and 7. Results: A total of 4% of feeding bottles and 74% of infusion sets contained >10(2) colony forming units (CFU)/mL. Gastric and bronchial aspirates were positive in 90% and 92%, respectively. Bacterial counts of feeding bottles were 10(2)‐10(5) CFU/mL, and the main bacteria isolated included Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella oxytoca, and enterococci. One‐third of all cultured bacteria in feeding bottles, administration sets, stomach, and lungs belonged to the Enterobacteriaceae family, which was held responsible for the nosocomial infections in the ICU. None of the 1‐L feeding bottles with a hanging time of 19 to 24 hours was contaminated. Only bottles that had to be exchanged because of need for a faster rate of infusion proved to be contaminated, apparently without clinical consequences. With time and the increasing severity of disease, the administration sets became contaminated at an increasingly faster rate and with higher bacterial counts mainly through retrograde growth of endogenous bacteria. The final step of bottle contamination might have been the bacterial transfer by nurses' hands. Conclusion: Despite an almost ideal design of the enteral nutrition delivery system, a 4% contamination rate of initially sterile feedings with clinically relevant bacteria and the fact that only manipulated systems showed bacterial growth are of concern. (Crit Care Med 28:67–73, 2000)
A Stakeholder Perspective on Family Firm Performance
Authors: Zellweger Thomas M. , Nason Robert S.
Published: April 2009

Through the lens of stakeholder theory, this article deepens our understanding of financial and nonfinancial performance outcomes in family firms across multiple stakeholder categories, including the family level of analysis. Based on this foundation, we develop a typology of performance relationships between performance outcomes: overlapping, causal, synergistic, and substitutional. We argue that these relationships, when used between constructive (positive) performance outcomes, are able to increase stakeholder satisfaction, which in turn increases organizational effectiveness. Through this analysis, we extend the common one-dimensional and cause-effect understanding of performance in family firms and move toward a comprehensive stakeholder performance perspective, which provides insights for increasing organizational effectiveness of family firms.
Who Could Best Complement a Team of Family Business Researchers—Scholars Down the Hall or in Another Building?
Authors: Stewart Alex
Published: April 2009

This study explores which fields might potentially collaborate in family business research. It compares 14 research fields for their structure of topical attention. The most convenient collaborations, such as those between entrepreneurship, family business, and strategy researchers, prove to be the most appropriate for some research purposes. However, less common collaborations, particularly with scholars from law, history, and anthropology, appear to be the most appropriate for other projects. Family and marital therapy prove to be a less promising collaborator than one might expect because of their strong skewing to familial rather than commercial topics. Correspondingly, entrepreneurship also proves to be an outlier field, skewed to the commercial rather than the familial, with surprisingly little in common with the topical interests of family business researchers.
A Fifth Nonprofit Regime?
Authors: Kabalo Paula
Published: April 2009

In their social origins theory, Salamon and Anheier demonstrated the need to consider the historical past of societies in order to trace additional factors that motivate and shape the scope and nature of the third sector. This article elaborates the social origins approach to adjust it to a wider spectrum of states and nations and to additional historical experiences. It sheds light on societies that achieved independence after 1945 and went through a process of decolonization. In these countries, social structures and relations with governing authorities were different from the European and North American patterns that inspired the social origins approach. Taken together, such societies suggest an additional theoretical framework—one that explains the structure and characteristics of the third sector in new states in the light of their distinctive historical experience.
On generosity
Authors: Raffel Stanley
Published: April 2009

The article addresses the problem of how to theorize generosity. It argues that generosity is a matter of social actors orienting to standards and suggests, drawing on an analysis by Derrida, that while he too sees the necessity of standards, for him this leads to certain dilemmas as to how actors can actually accomplish generosity. How can actors display the fulsomeness generosity requires while still respecting standards or limits? An attempt is made to resolve this problem by proposing, in line with certain work by Blum and McHugh, and by Taylor, a distinction between merely calculating generosity and reflecting on it. Finally, the communal value of the version of generosity that the article develops is alluded to with the help of a Levinas-inspired version of self-other relations.
Effect on Blood and Plasma Cyanide Levels and on Methaemoglobin Levels of Cyanide Administered with and without Previous Protection using PAPP
Authors: Marrs T.C. , Bright J.E.
Published: April 2009

Hydrogen cyanide was administered intravenously at doses of 0.67 or 1.34 mg kg-1 to beagle pitches after protection with oral p-aminopropiophenone (0.5 mg kg-1). Hydrogen cyanide was also administered to unprotected bitches at the lower level (0.67 mg kg-1) only. PAPP protection caused sequestration of cyanide inside the red cells. In the case of the lower dose of cyanide this resulted in a lower plasma cyanide in protected than unprotected bitches. In the case of the higher dose it resulted in survival, despite 1.34 mg kg -1 being a known lethal dose. It is concluded that prior administration of PAPP ameliorated the effects of cyanide poisoning.
A Sense of Time
Authors: Bash Harry H.
Published: April 2009

The social constructionist perspective is focused on science's requisite of an `altered mentality' that transcends that of everyday life. Thus, sociology must devise a sociological reconstruction of given social constructions of reality. Sociological study of `the social' is still relatively ahistorical, and insensitive to how temporality is embedded in social life. In order to reduce the discipline's inclination toward historical myopia, two concerns are explored: (a) its tradition of using static conceptual dualisms; and (b) failure to pay due attention to the disparate analytic levels of `the social' and `the sociological'.
A Suitable Time and Place
Authors: Taylor Stephanie , Wetherell Margaret
Published: April 2009

Following the approaches of discourse analysis and social contructionism, talk about New Zealand/Aotearoa is analysed to show how constructions of time become a discursive resource in speakers' identity work and also in larger contests around nation and belonging. Time and place constructions become interlinked within a personal narrative as consecutive life-stages corresponding to different places of residence. An absent time-place is reified as a valued possession, to be protected from others. In contests around the status of the Maori minority, the constructions of time within alternative narratives establish or challenge the status of indigeneity.
An Aristotelian Human Time-Space Manifold
Authors: Rämö Hans
Published: April 2009

The two Greek notions of time, chronos and kairos, and their spatial counterparts, chora and topos, are discussed in conjunction with some Aristotelian notions of human action, namely, theoria/episteme, poiesis/techne, and praxis/phronesis. From this discussion follows a unification of these Greek spatio-temporal notions into chronochora, chronotopos, kairochora, and kairotopos, which correspond to a move from abstract scientific time-space towards a concrete and meaningful time and place. Finally, these time and space notions are discussed in the contemporary organizational settings of time management (e.g. Just-In-Time) and virtual organizations, and their different forms of abstraction are alluded to.
‘Truth and Reconciliation’ as Risks
Authors: Christodoulidis Emilios A.
Published: April 2009

This article aims to situate the fascinating and deeply controversial work of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa within a theoretical context that may explain how its attempt to overcome the tensions between truth seeking and amnesty giving stumbled on its use of law to bring about reconciliation. It locates the root of the problem in the dual nature of the TRC as public confessional and legal tribunal, and underlying it the incongruent logic of law on the one hand and reconciliation on the other, the former requiring the reductions of risks, the latter requiring risk to be embraced.
Dissident Voices: Refugees, Human Rights and Asylum in Europe
Authors: Harvey Colin J.
Published: April 2009

This article examines the law and politics of asylum in Europe. The aim is to explore both the construction of ‘Fortress Europe’ and the resistance within Europe to the dominant policy response. Human rights law now plays an important part in the struggle to secure decent treatment for asylum seekers in Europe. Its use has exposed serious problems with existing refugee law and policy. In examining the law and politics of human rights this article suggests that dialogic models of law are useful. In particular they bring back into the picture those individuals and groups which make change happen in practice. This allows us to ‘ground’ the discourses of human rights and refugee law much more securely within concrete political struggles over the terms of asylum policy. At a time when human rights lawyers are becoming part of the international ‘mainstream’, this article suggests that we must be alive to the importance of dissident voices that remain on the margins.
Othering Knowledge and Unknowing Law: Oppositional Narratives in the Struggle for American Indian Religious Freedom
Authors: Feldman Alice
Published: April 2009

This article explores the underlying pedagogical process implicit in the transformative use of narrative in formal legal settings. It examines the efforts of a diverse coalition of American Indian peoples and their advocates to strengthen the 1978 American Indian Religious Freedom Act by using the legislative process to ‘educate’ lawmakers about their religious beliefs and the urgency of their situations. I argue that longstanding orientalism and the need to perpetuate a colonizer/colonized dichotomy engendered an inability among decision makers and others in positions of influence to ‘learn’ from American Indian peoples, as well as a seeming paranoia concerning their empowerment. Moreover, the ‘antidialogic’ nature of the legislative process prevented the type of interaction necessary to overcome this resistance and engender effective and appropriate responses to the coalition’s efforts to ensure the well-being of their communities and religious lives. This case study demonstrates the ways in which subversion requires more than deconstruction or the presencing of voice, but requires dialogic structures of engagement with Other narratives through a more cooperative resolutionary process. I suggest that incorporating theories and methods of critical pedagogy into sociolegal scholarship would contribute to developing more comprehensive frameworks for analysis and practice needed to realize law’s transformative potential.
Masculinities and Violence Against Female Partners
Authors: Gadd David
Published: April 2009

This article presents the case of a self-confessed perpetrator of domestic violence, called ‘Mark’. Using Mark’s account of his own life, I take issue with the assumption, routinely made in academic explanations of domestic abuse, that most men consider violence against women an acceptable means of ‘accomplishing masculinity’. I argue that a psychoanalytic interpretive reading of men’s lives deals more adequately with the complex relationship that exists between masculinities and violence, notably in its conceptualization of the pattern of idealization and denigration that characterizes many heterosexual men’s relationships with women. This perspective helps explain the persistence of violent behavioural patterns among some men who claim that they want to change. However, the psychoanalytic interpretive perspective offered should be used as a compliment to, rather than a substitute for, those structuralist and feminist perspectives which continue to produce useful insights in this field. The article concludes by exploring the legal and policy implications of a sociologically literate psychoanalytic approach to men’s violence.
The Harms of Sex and the Risks of Breasts: Obscenity and Indecency in Canadian Law
Authors: Valverde Mariana
Published: April 2009

This article analyzes the contradictory deployment of the new test of obscenity and indecency in Canadian law, the ‘risk of harm’ test. Rather than argue with the traditional tools of CLS that the modernizing moves made by the Canadian judiciary are mere rhetorical covers for the continued existence of patriarchal and heterosexist moral regulation, it is argued here that the ‘risk of harm’ test is remarkable for its multivocality. ‘Harm’ has been interpreted by judges to mean many different sorts of things - harm to society, to morals, to women, to the constitutional values of equality. This is related to the extra-legal fact that there are many different groups inside and outside courtrooms who can take the standpoint of ‘victims of pornography and sex trade work’ and who are likely contenders for the position of legitimate authorities on the nature and significance of different harms. This does not mean that all meanings of the term ‘risk of harm’ are equal: it is clear, particularly in the recent Mara decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, that the ‘risk of harm’ test is not meant to be interpreted from either a feminist standpoint or from a standpoint sympathetic to sex trade workers and other sexual minorities. Because the ‘risk of harm’ test can and does have many meanings, even just across different courts, and because it has been re-interpreted by the same justice who originally devised it, it can therefore serve as a site upon which to reflect on the ways in which courts continuously open up new avenues for political challenges even as they attempt to reinstitute sovereignty and limit epistemological ‘pluralism’.
Sentencing Guidelines and the Transformation of Juvenile Justice in the 21st Century
Authors: Mears Daniel P.
Published: April 2009

As we enter the 21st century, many states have introduced fundamental changes to their juvenile justice systems. The changes focus on jurisdictional authority, especially transfer to adult court; sentencing guidelines and options; correctional programming; interagency information sharing; offender confidentiality; and victim involvement. At the same time, attention has turned increasingly to prevention, early intervention, rehabilitation, and the use of specialized courts. Because of their special significance in the historical context of the juvenile court, this article focuses on the emergence of sentencing guidelines to identify underlying trends and issues in the transformation of juvenile justice. In so doing, the article argues that the considerable attention given by policy makers and researchers to transfer rather than other changes provides a distorted picture of current juvenile justice practice.
Substance Use Problems, Treatment Engagement, and Outcomes in Partner Violent Men
Authors: Ting Laura , Jordan-Green Lisa , Murphy Christopher M. , Pitts Steven C.
Published: April 2009

Objectives: This study examined predictive associations of substance abuse with treatment engagement variables and partner abuse outcomes and explored the extent to which treatment engagement and ongoing alcohol consumption mediated the association between pretreatment substance use and posttreatment abuse. Method: Data were collected from 145 partner abusive men in treatment and partners using standardized measures of violence, alcohol and drug use at baseline, posttreatment, and follow-up assessments. Results: Men who screened positive for alcohol or drug problems at baseline had significantly lower treatment engagement and higher self-reports of partner abuse before and during treatment. Partial support was found for the mediation model. Conclusions: The implications for social work practitioners who work in interdisciplinary settings with intimate partner violence perpetrators and survivors are discussed.
Strength in the Technical Communication Journals and Diversity in the Serials Cited
Authors: Smith Elizabeth Overman
Published: April 2009

More than 1,600 serials from across the disciplines were identified as sources for technical communication scholars. The 99 most frequently cited serials are described. This citation analysis is distinguished from others by the size of the database (25,000+ citations), the 10-year review of articles published in five technical communication journals between 1988 and 1997, the number of serials cited and reviewed, and the focus on technical communication as a discipline. The analysis yielded two observations. First, five technical communication journals have grown in strength as forums for discussions of technical communication. Second, the serials cited illustrate the diversity of resources referred to from business, education, psychology, science, and technology-related sources. As a discipline, technical communication has developed depth and rigor through building the base of its research and theory while integrating the research and theory gathered from a number of disciplines.
Elitism in the Stories of US Art Museums
Authors: David Carol
Published: April 2009

Institutions familiar to the public are defined by master narratives that describe their activities and imply who is invited to take part. For art museums in this country, a master narrative of elitism was established in the last century, when museums organized and began building their collections. Because art museums were designed by the rich and subsequently forced to depend on the rich for financial support, the stories of elitism and exclusion have been perpetuated over the years. Whereas little narratives, or local stories, defining the daily operations of museums do not receive attention, stories of exclusive social events and obscure art exhibitions take prominence and discourage the participation of the general public. With diminished funding for museums and fewer courses devoted to art appreciation in public schools, museums will likely be unable to attract wider audiences to support them, and the master narrative will continue to define museums' image.
Creating Classrooms of Preference
Authors: Conklin Thomas A.
Published: April 2009

This article reviews Appreciative Inquiry (AI) as a process used in organizational creation and change and then outlines steps for an in-class exercise titled “The Preferred Classroom,” to be used to design and organize a college classroom for the term. The exercise also prepares business students for future exposure to AI. A brief literature review is followed by a detailed step-by-step approach of how the exercise has been conducted in Organizational Behavior, Management, and Leadership Development courses at the graduate and undergraduate levels. Strategies for success, the value of the exercise in students’ lives, and implications are also discussed. Results of the exercise show increased awareness and optimism in students about their lives as well as relationship development with others in the class through shared experiences. In addition, increased freedom occurs with the opportunity to contribute to the design of the course and course values.
Use of Protocols and Guidelines by Telephone Nurses
Authors: Mayo Ann M. , Chang Betty L. , Omery Anna
Published: April 2009

Changes in health care delivery, specifically the addition of telephone advice, affect how nurses work and how patients perceive care. It is important to understand the resources available to these nurses, the process by which they provide care, and patient outcomes. This descriptive study describes one type of resource, the availability and use of protocols. It also describes relationships between protocols and the quality of the nursing process and patient outcomes. Two-hundred-three taped calls to 32 advice RNs and 156 patient follow-up calls were used to measure protocol usage, nursing process quality, and patient outcomes. Although protocols were available for 78.8% of the calls, nurses varied in their extent of use (63.9% not fully used). There was a negative relationship (r = −0.395, p < 0.000) between the availability of protocols and overall quality of the nursing process. Protocol availability and use did not affect patient outcomes.
Feasibility of In-Home Telehealth for Conducting Nursing Research
Authors: Smith Carol E. , Cha Jennifer J. , Kleinbeck Susan V. M. , Clements Faye A. , Cook David , Koehler Julie
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using home audio/video telehealth equipment for administering nursing interventions to families, observing the client response, and collecting research data over specific intervals of time. The study design was a descriptive comparison with observational data collection. The subjects were adult patients (n = 5) using nighttime mechanical ventilators for obstructive sleep apnea and their home caregivers (n = 7). Skin color, vital signs, spirometry, and pulse oximetry data collected simultaneously through telehealth equipment and through nurse observation in the home were the same. Care and the caregiver’s use of the patient equipment were also observed. When nursing interventions, equipment demonstrations, visual illustrations, and audiotaped educational directions were used to facilitate patient care, they were transmitted across telehealth with a few exceptions. Costs of telehealth visits were less than traditional home visits, and client evaluations of telehealth were positive.
The Persistence of Polygyny as an Adaptive Response to Poverty and Oppression in Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Anderson Connie M.
Published: April 2009

Many women in Africa choose polygynous over monogamous marriages even in the absence of pressure from relatives. Western explanations of polygyny assume special qualities of the polygynous husband, usually identifying exceptional economic resources as the quality that makes women willing to share a man. This study, conducted in and around Johannesburg and Pretoria from 1983 to 1986, identified other adult females as the most important resource contributing to the reproductive success of women married polygynously. For these women, the critical relationship was not with the man but with his female associates, including both kin and cowives. Western analyses of marriage overemphasize the attributes of men and disregard the contribution of bonds among females to wives’ success.
Culture and Gender Effects in Pain Beliefs and the Prediction of Pain Tolerance
Authors: Nayak Sangeetha , Shiflett Samuel C. , Eshun Sussie , Levine Fredric M.
Published: April 2009

The goals of this study were (a) to explore beliefs about appropriate or normative pain responses among college students in the United States and India and (b) to examine differences in pain tolerance and intensity ratings and the role beliefs play in predicting pain tolerance. Scales to assess beliefs about appropriate pain responses in males and females were completed by college students in both countries. Ratings of pain intensity were then obtained following the cold pressor test. Results indicated that participants in India were less accepting of overt pain expression than those in the United Cross-Cultural Research, Vol. 34 No. 2, May 2000 135-151 States. Females believed that overt pain expression was more appropriate than did males. Consistent with their beliefs, Indian participants had higher pain tolerance than those in the United States, and males had higher pain tolerance than females. Reported pain intensity predicted 28% of the variance in pain tolerance, whereas beliefs predicted an additional 5%.
The Sex Ratio as a Predictor of Cross-National Variation in Violent Crime
Authors: Barber Nigel
Published: April 2009

Because low-sex-ratio societies are likely to have increased family conflict, and because family conflict increases aggression, it was predicted that these societies would have higher rates of violent crimes such as homicide, rape, and assaults. These predictions were supported in regression analyses of Interpol data for 70 countries that used a variety of controls for level of economic development, ecology (mean temperature, population density, population movement), marriage system, and geographical region. The results indicate that family variables can account for a substantial amount of the crossnational variance in violent crime.
On the Substance and Uses of Culture’s Elements
Authors: Swartz Marc J.
Published: April 2009

Culture has two universally accepted defining characteristics: being learned and being shared. Being learned, it is in the mind, and being shared, it is in more than one mind so that no one can observe culture’s units directly, including insiders. Conventionally, culture’s units are exhaustively categorized as either characterizing reality or evaluating it. A second exhaustive, so cross-cutting, division is proposed separating specific and narrowly applicable units from those that are general and broadly applicable. Several hypotheses follow from the foregoing. One is that culture’s behavioral guidance comes not from single units but from hybrids of units characterizing reality and others evaluating what is characterized. These hybrids, procedurals, are what make culture the basis for human adaptation. A specialized procedural of wide and profound importance, status, is culture’s action arm because it distributes culture’s units differentially across situations and provides participants with behavioral guidance tailored for the situation at hand according to their statuses. In addition to providing cultural distribution, status plays a key role in cultural organization, the extremely influential relation among culture’s units.
A Cognitivist’s View of the Units Debate in Cultural Anthropology
Authors: D’Andrade Roy
Published: April 2009

This article explores some of the implications of the current ideational definition of culture. If culture consists of shared ideas, then the findings of cognitive psychology concerning the limits of shortterm memory necessarily constrain the size and complexity of cultural units. Wierzbicka’s universal linguistic primes or primitives would then be the atomic units of culture. Although this approach has much to recommend it, problems remain concerning the relation of cultural ideas to their physical manifestations in artifacts and actions, and a classification of the kinds of relations cultural ideas have to their physical manifestations is presented. Finally, the notion that the collection of cultural items held by the members of a society form any kind of entity is critiqued, and the argument is made that there is just one common culture for all humans.
Perception and Evaluation of Polish Cultural Femininity in Poland, the United States, Finland, and the Netherlands
Authors: Boski Pawel , Van de Vijver Fons J. R. , Hurme Helena , Miluska Jolanta
Published: April 2009

Culture perception was examined in the domain of gender roles. Three video clips containing an example of typically Polish gender role behavior (displaying much respect and courtesy of men toward women) were shown to female and male university undergraduates in Poland ( n = 88), the United States ( n = 91), Finland ( n = 60), and the Netherlands ( n = 60). The Polish group was more accurate than all other groups in its recognition of the time and place of video recording; they also rated these video clips as higher in typicality for their own culture. The Dutch revealed the lowest scores in evaluation and in identification with gender roles. The question was examined to what extent the cross-cultural differences could be accounted for by some relevant cultural characteristics. It was found that by using Schwartz’s country-level measures on conservatism and mastery and the Chinese Culture Connection’s human heartedness, all differences on evaluation and identification with gender roles were statistically wiped out; heartedness in particular was a powerful predictor.
The Sustainable Coexistence of Wetlands and Rice Irrigation: A Case Study from Tanzania
Authors: Lankford Bruce , Franks Tom
Published: April 2009

An existing United Kingdom–funded water project, located in the Usangu Plains of Tanzania, aims to understand the causes for dry season zero flows in the previously perennially flowing Great Ruaha River, which drains from the Usangu wetland. Studies reveal that the common explanation of competition for water between wetlands and irrigation alone is insufficient to explain reduced flows. Instead, complex biological and hydrological processes influence the allocation of water between wetlands and irrigation. This article outlines these processes and proposes some hypotheses: (a) Certain types of rice irrigation development may not be detrimental to the Usangu wetlands; (b) the sustainability of rice irrigation and wetlands can be supported by recognizing their dynamic nature; (c) the concept of efficiency of irrigation in areas with a semiarid climate should be treated with caution. The studies will assist in the sustainable management of water for both environmental and developmental needs.
Sustainable Development Versus Economic Growth: A Case Study on Natural Disaster in Nicaragua
Authors: Lane Heather
Published: April 2009

Nicaragua suffers from a severe institutional and geographic vulnerability to natural disasters, which has been further intensified in the past decade due to the effects of global warming. In October 1998, Hurricane Mitch had a severe impact on Nicaragua's economic and environmental development. Although Nicaragua has instituted many economic policies at the request of international lending institutions, the positive implications of these programs were reversed by the impact of the storm. A more sustainable development program must include social and environmental factors as well as economic measures to reduce this risk and move the Nicaraguan economy forward. Integrated efforts among the Nicaraguan government, international lending institutions, and international and local nongovernment organizations are needed to create sustainable development policy that will reduce vulnerability to future storms like Hurricane Mitch.
Trade Competition and Pollution Standards: “Race to the Bottom” or “Stuck at the Bottom”
Authors: Porter Gareth
Published: April 2009

A major argument for upward harmonization of national industrial pollution standards is that unregulated trade competition among countries with wide disparities in standards will exert downward pressure on standards, particularly in the countries with the most stringent standards (the “race to bottom” thesis). But empirical evidence indicates that it is in the rapidly industrializing countries themselves, rather than in the countries with higher standards, that competitiveness concerns exert downward pressure on standards, creating a “stuck at the bottom” problem. The greater sensitivity of rapidly industrializing countries to competitiveness pressures can be explained by the unresponsiveness of their political institutions. This article calls for a radically different approach to the problem of standards and trade competition, proposing an agreement on common minimum standards to be negotiated solely among the rapidly industrializing countries themselves.
Initiating Environmental Behavior in Manufacturing Plants in Indonesia
Authors: Rock Michael T. , Aden Jean
Published: April 2009

This article reports on a survey of the environmental behaviors of manufacturing plants in a large industrial city in Indonesia. The survey identified plant-level environmental behaviors and measured the extent of exposure of plants to regulatory, community, and market pressures and to government incentives designed to get plants to install pollution control equipment. Statistical findings show that plant characteristics, regulatory actions, community and market pressures, and government incentives all influence whether a plant invests in pollution control, whether it engages in environmental management, and the extent of environmental management practices. But findings also show that only characteristics of plants (size and sector) exert influence on the level of pollution abatement expenditures. Because exposure to regulatory actions and community and market pressures is low, these findings are not surprising, but they do suggest that plants respond to these pressures and actions.
On a Theory of Swings
Authors: Dimentberg M. F.
Published: April 2009

The dynamics of a pendulum with controllable length, or swings, is considered. Possible variations of length are of bounded magnitude and arbitrary otherwise. A particular law of feedback-controlled stepwise variations, considered by Magnus to illustrate the basic swings effect, is shown to be the optimal one, as long as the goal is to maximize the growth rate of the energy of oscillations. Similarly, these temporal variations of length with the opposite sign, i.e. the “reversed swings” law, provide the maximal decay rate of the oscillation energy. The efficiency of the latter control law is predicted analytically for the case of a white-noise random external excitation of the pendulum, by calculating explicitly the expected steady-state response energy through direct application of Stochastic Differential Equations Calculus. For the case of a small bound R on relative variations of the length, the reversed swings effect is shown to be asymptotically equivalent to a linear viscous damping with damping ratio 3 R/π. Potential extensions of the considered control law are indicated, that is, of the “generalized reversed swings law”.
Structured Model Reference Adaptive Control for a Wing Section with Structural Nonlinearity
Authors: Ko Jeonghwan , Strganac Thomas W. , Junkins John L. , Akella Maruthi R. , Kurdila Andrew J.
Published: April 2009

The recently derived structured model reference adaptive control (SMRAC) method is considered for the active suppression of limit cycle oscillations for a typical wing section with a structural nonlinearity. The SMRAC method uses the specific structure of the equations of motion governing general mechanical systems. This adaptive control method is implemented and tested in wind tunnel experiments to validate the performance. For comparison, results obtained with adaptive feedback linearization are also presented. It is shown that the derived SMRAC is advantageous in that it suppresses limit cycle oscillations at higher velocities, and also it can rigorously treat actuator saturation a priori.
Vibration Control of a Suspension System via a Magnetorheological Fluid Damper
Authors: Lai C. Y. , Liao W. H.
Published: April 2009

Semi-active control systems are becoming more popular because they offer both the reliability of passive systems and the versatility of active control without imposing heavy power demands. It has been found that magneto-rheological (MR) fluids can be designed to be very effective vibration control actuators. The MR fluid damper is a semi-active control device that uses MR fluids to produce a controllable damping force. The objective of this paper is to study a single-degree-of-freedom suspension system with an MR fluid damper for the purpose of vibration control. A mathematical model for the MR fluid damper is adopted. The model is compared with experimental results for a prototype damper through finding suitable model parameters. In this study, a sliding mode controller is developed by considering loading uncertainty to result in a robust control system. Two kinds of excitations are inputted in order to investigate the performance of the suspension system. The vibration responses are evaluated in both time and frequency domains. Compared to the passive system, the acceleration of the sprung mass is significantly reduced for the system with a controlled MR damper. Under random excitation, the ability of the MR fluid damper to reduce both peak response and root-mean-square response is also shown.
Suppression of Crane-Load Oscillations Using Shape-Controlled Mechanical Filters
Authors: Kaipa K. V. , Balachandran B.
Published: April 2009

In the present study, control of ship board crane-load oscillations using a shape-controlled mechanical filter is investigated. The pivot point about which the load oscillations occur is constrained to follow an actively controlled surface, which is referred to as the mechanical filter. Planar load oscillations in the presence of ship roll motions are considered, and a nonlinear system with nonautonomous terms is used to describe the motions. For the case without shape control, it is shown that with only state feedback applied to the pivot point, it is not possible to stabilize the equilibrium position (i.e., absence of load oscillations and pivot motions). In the presence of shape control, it is shown that it is possible to have an equilibrium position even in the presence of persistent disturbances. A Lyapunov function-based analysis conducted to gain insight into the system dynamics is also presented. Through numerical simulations, it is verified that the equilibrium position is stable over a range of excitation frequencies. Efforts undertaken to examine the system dynamics in the presence of both state feedback applied to the pivot and shape control are also discussed.
Integral Equation Approach for Beams with Multi-Patch Piezo Sensors and Actuators
Authors: Sloss J. M. , Bruch J. C. , Sadek I. S. , Adali S.
Published: April 2009

An integral equation approach is developed for the solution of an adaptive beam problem with the beam undergoing free vibrations. The beam is controlled by a closed-loop system consisting of multiple patches of sensors and actuators which are bonded to the bottom and top surfaces of the beam. The coupling between sensors and actuators can be chosen arbitrarily and the control is exercised by displacement feedback. The integral equation governing the vibrations of the beam/piezo-patch system is derived by converting the corresponding differential equation, which is non-standard as a result of the discontinuities caused by the piezo patches. The mathematical formulation involves Heaviside and distribution functions in a differential setting, while the integral equation avoids these difficulties and is expressed in terms of a smooth kernel which is developed using a Green's function approach based on suitable patch functions. The numerical results are obtained for various locations of patches, gain factors and coupling configurations, and the first three eigenfrequencies and eigenfunctions of the beam/piezo system are given in table and graph forms.
Finite Element Modeling of Segmented Active Constrained Damping Layers including Bonding Layer Effect
Authors: Cento Peter F. , Kawiecki Grzegorz
Published: April 2009

This paper presents a new research and design finite element tool to analyze segmented active constrained layer damping treatments applied in bending. This numerical tool is based on a new five-layer beam finite element that accounts for bonding layer strain energy. Preliminary studies have confirmed that strains in the bonding layers can have a significant effect on damping ratios at the fundamental modal frequencies. This effect is particularly strong when relatively thin compliant piezo materials are used for constraining layers. The frequency-dependent stiffness and damping properties in viscoelastic materials are modeled using anelastic displacement fields (ADF). The effectiveness of the finite element model is validated experimentally for both active and passive constraining layers.
Enhanced Active Constrained Layer Damping Treatment for Broadband Vibration Suppression
Authors: Liu Y. , Wang K. W.
Published: April 2009

In this paper, the Enhanced Active Constrained Layer (EACL) treatment is investigated for broadband damping augmentations on beam structures. The EACL concept was originally proposed to improve the damping performance of the Active Constrained Layer (ACL) by introducing edge elements at the treatment boundaries. It has been recognized that the edge elements can increase ACL performance by enhancing the direct active authority of the piezoelectric constraining layer. It has also been demonstrated that the edge element stiffness and the host structure strain field have significant influence on the overall closed-loop system damping and its various components: the active damping, the closed-loop passive damping, and the open-loop passive (fail-safe property - without any active action) damping. Through utilizing this finding, the present study explores how the EACL performance can be synthesized for multiple mode broadband applications using symmetric configurations. Although the edge elements will tend to reduce the maximum possible open-loop damping of one (or a few) vibration mode, open-loop damping of the other higher order modes could actually be increased. Moreover, the modal damping reduction in the open-loop system can generally be compensated by the significant increase of the closed-loop damping. In other words, the closed-loop EACL system damping over a wide frequency range can be significant, which makes it attractive for broadband vibration and noise suppression.
Active Control of Vibration and Noise Radiation from Fluid-Loaded Cylinder using Active Constrained Layer Damping
Authors: Laplante W. , Chen T. , Baz A. , Sheilds W.
Published: April 2009

Vibration and sound radiation from fluid-loaded cylindrical shells are controlled using patches of Active Constrained Layer Damping (ACLD). The performance and the enhanced damping characteristics via reduced vibrations and sound radiation in the surrounding fluid is demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally. A prime motivation for this work is the potential wide applications in submarines and torpedoes where acoustic stealth is critical to the effectiveness of missions.

A finite element model is also developed to predict the vibration and the acoustic radiation in the surrounding fluid of the ACLD-treated cylinders. The developed model is used to study the effectiveness of the control and placement strategies of the ACLD in controlling the fluid-structure interactions. A water tank is constructed that incorporates test cylinders treated with two ACLD patches placed for targeting specific vibration modes. Using this arrangement, the effectiveness of different control strategies is studied when the submerged cylinders are subjected to internal excitation, and the radiated sound pressure level in the water is observed. Comparisons are made between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions to validate the finite element model.
Discrete Speed Controller Design of a Marine Diesel Engine Including Sampling Effects due to Fuel Injection
Authors: Mosleh Mosaad , Al-Ali Amier
Published: April 2009

A linear time invariant (LTI) model of a marine diesel engine is presented. The effect of the discontinuity of the fuel injection into the cylinders and the injection period is considered. The proposed discrete model consists of a sampler and zero-order-hold mechanism, representing the fuel injection process. The design of the discrete controller is based on the pole assignment of the characteristic polynomial of the closed-loop transfer function with the goal of achieving zero steady-state error, and satisfying other design specifications. A numerical example illustrating the characteristic performance of a two stroke marine diesel engine is presented.
Numerical Simulations of Flutter Instability of a Flexible Disk Rotating Close to a Rigid Wall
Authors: Naganathan G. , Ramadhayani S. , Bajaj A. K.
Published: April 2009

In this paper, we present a numerical study of flutter instability of a flexible disk rotating near a rigid wall. The disk is modeled using linear plate theory, and the air flow between the disk and the rigid plate is modeled using the Reynolds equation of lubrication for thin-film flows. The coupled disk-fluid equations are solved numerically. The spatial derivatives are approximated using finite-difference schemes and the time integration is performed using the Runge-Kutta numerical scheme. The transient numerical simulation is used to determine approximations to the exact stability boundaries for stable operation of the disk. The stability boundaries for the disk-fluid system are captured for a wide range of circumferential mode numbers (16-30) and disk rotational speeds, and these predictions are compared to the predictions of an approximate single-mode analysis.
Various Methods of Controlling the Deployment of a Tethered Satellite
Authors: Barkow B. , Steindl A. , Troger H. , Wiedermann G.
Published: April 2009

The deployment of a subsatellite from a mother spaceship moving on a circular orbit is a delicate operation for a tethered satellite system because this process leads to an unstable motion with respect to the stable radial relative equilibrium of such a system if the tether length is kept constant. Therefore, simulation tools for the implementation of stabilizing control are needed. Usually linear control, for example Kissel's law, is implemented. In this paper, we introduce an optimal control strategy to simulate the force controlled deployment of a tethered satellite from a spaceship. We compare this strategy with free deployment, deployment controlled by Kissel's law and an approach making use of the concept of “targeting” used in the controlling chaos approach.