bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-Level Political Leadership: Dynamics and Conditions
Authors: Sørensen Eva
Published: February 2020

In the age of governance, political leadership is a multi-level activity. Multi-level governance research shows that policy-making at national, transnational, and subnational levels of governance is increasingly tangled, interconnected, and overlapping. Political leadership research has mainly focused on how politicians perform political leadership at a single level of governance, however. Chapter 8 develops a concept of multi-level political leadership, which aims to capture how political leadership involves efforts to affect decisions made by politicians appointed at other levels of governance. The conditions and opportunities for performing multi-level political leadership vary between politicians authorized at transnational, national, and subnational levels of governance. Community sentiments are not equally strong among all citizens; politicians at different levels do not have the same type and amount of NATO resources; public attention varies; and the impact and influence that national, transnational and sub-national politicians are expected to have differ. In light of these differences, expectations are that transnational and subnational politicians are more likely to embrace a multi-level leadership approach than national politicians will.
Institutionalizing Interactive Political Leadership
Authors: Sørensen Eva
Published: February 2020

A key factor that conditions the political leadership of elected politicians is the institutional structure of representative democracy. Political institutions constrain as well as enable political leadership. They regulate what politicians can do, and grant them the authority and legitimacy needed to act in the name of the members of the political community. Then, how do the institutions of representative democracy condition the performance of interactive political leadership? Chapter 10 shows that although the formal structure of representative democracy tends to encourage political competition, the non-formal political institutions promote political bargaining, negotiation and collaboration between political elites. Although neither the formal nor the non-formal institutions promote interaction between politicians and citizens, it takes relatively small-scale reforms to enable politicians to perform interactive political leadership. Political leaders are not only institution-takers but also institution-makers and it is their prerogative to improve the institutional conditions for performing interactive political leadership in representative democracies. A review of recent institutional reforms testifies to a growing interest among politicians in promoting dialogue between politicians and citizens around agenda-setting, policy innovation, and policy application.
Why Isn't Government Policy More Preventive?
Authors: Cairney Paul , St Denny Emily
Published: February 2020

If ‘prevention is better than cure’, why isn’t policy more preventive? Policymakers only have the ability to pay attention to, and influence, a tiny proportion of their responsibilities, and they engage in a policymaking environment of which they have limited understanding and even less control. This simple insight helps explain the gap between stated policymaker expectations and actual policy outcomes. We use these insights to produce new empirical studies of ‘wicked’ problems with practical lessons. We find that both the UK and Scottish governments use a simple idiom—prevention is better than cure—to sell a package of profound changes to policy and policymaking. Taken at face value, this focus on ‘prevention’ policy seems like an idea ‘whose time has come’. Yet, ‘prevention’ is too ambiguous until governments give it meaning. No government has found a way to turn this vague aim into a set of detailed, consistent, and defendable policies. We examine what happens when governments make commitments without knowing how to deliver them. We compare their policymaking contexts, roles, and responsibilities, policy styles, language, commitments, and outcomes in several cross-cutting policy areas (including health, families, justice, and employability) to make sense of their respective experiences. We use multiple insights from policy theory to help research and analyse the results. The results help policymakers reflect on how to avoid a cycle of optimism and despair when trying to solve problems that their predecessors did not.
Prevention and Mental Health Policy
Authors: Cairney Paul , St Denny Emily
Published: February 2020

In health and public health policy in general, the conditions to support prevention policy are not yet apparent. Attention is low or fleeting, ambiguity is high, and debates on the meaning and application of prevention policies are wide. A supportive policymaking environment, producing regular windows of opportunity for specific policy changes, is difficult to identify. Such problems are accentuated when prevention and public health meet mental health. Recently, there have been meaningful calls for greater attention and resources to mental health policy, to pursue ‘parity’ between mental and physical health, and to stress the need for ‘public mental health’ to play a larger part in the public health agenda. However, this agenda remains in its infancy following decades of relative neglect, low public and policymaker attention, and uncertainty about what public mental health means (beyond the vague aim to promote mental well-being and prevent mental illness). At the same time, other policy agendas may undermine these fragile developments, such as when employment policy reforms affect the ability of people with mental ill health to receive social security benefits. In that context, we show that a firm and sincere commitment to public health and mental health is not enough to guarantee the success of preventive mental health initiatives.
Conceptual Engineering
Authors: Cappelen Herman
Published: February 2020

This chapter develops and defends the Master Argument for Conceptual Engineering: (1) If W is a word that has a meaning M, then there are many similar meanings, M1,M2,...,Mn, W could have. (2) We have no good reason to think that the meaning that W ended up with is the best meaning W could have: there will typically be indefinitely many alternative meanings that would be better meanings for W. (3) When we speak, think, and theorize it’s important to make sure our words have as good meanings as possible. (4) As a corollary: when doing philosophy, we should try to find good meanings for core philosophical terms and they will typically not be the meanings those words as a matter of fact have. (5) So no matter what topic a philosopher is concerned with, she should assess and ameliorate the meanings of central terms. I respond to seven objections to this argument.
The Theory–Theory Approach to Ethics
Authors: Jackson Frank
Published: February 2020

One way to approach the theory of reference for proper names is by asking what proper names are good for in the sense of the valuable purposes they serve. Suppose we approach ethical terms and concepts in the same spirit, asking questions like: What purposes do they serve? How could we do something similar but do it better? This chapter explores the implications of this way of thinking about ethical terms and concepts, and explains why a theory–theory or moral functionalist account of them is so attractive when we approach matters from this perspective. The discussion is set inside an avowedly cognitivist, naturalist framework, and touches on the implications of this framework for how to adjudicate debates between rival views in ethics, and the relevance of evolutionary considerations.
The A-project and the B-project
Authors: Richard Mark
Published: February 2020

Ameliorative philosophical analysis elucidates a concept by looking at the purposes it has for its users. It evaluates them, and gives an analysis on the basis of the purposes the analyst thinks ought to control the concept’s use. As such it can look wildly revisionary, an attempt not to tell us what we mean but to change the subject. This chapter sketches a view of meaning on which ameliorative analysis can be understood as not at all subject changing: a word’s meaning is the evolving collection of presuppositions its users make, and expect to be recognized as made, when the word is used. Focusing on Sally Haslanger’s ameliorative accounts of race and gender, this chapter argues that ameliorative analysis is best understood not as a project that is successful only if it results in the concept’s reference reflecting the ameliorative analysis. Conceptual amelioration and engineering are attempts to foster a kind of evolution within a population, a change in the presuppositions that (it is common knowledge) accompany the concept’s use. This can be achieved and have worthwhile effects even while no shift in reference occurs.
Middle Passages
Authors: Greenwood Emily
Published: February 2020

This chapter analyzes uses of Greek and Roman classical texts as mediating passages in anglophone Caribbean literature of the Middle Passage. In Derek Walcott’s Omeros and Marlene NourbeSe Philip’s Zong!, the classics are remediated and reclaimed as part of the project of framing the ineffable epic of the bones of those killed in the crossing. Walcott’s and Philip’s use of multilayered Latin etymologies and their subversive signifying of classical texts exemplify a subversive, anagrammatic philology explored in the radical black aesthetic theories of Fred Moten and Christina Sharpe. In the process, both authors explore the potential of Greek and Roman classical texts as a source for mediating modern historical memory in the Caribbean.
Myth and the Fantastic in the Work of Junot Díaz
Authors: McConnell Justine
Published: February 2020

This chapter explores the ways in which Junot Díaz draws on ancient Greek myth in two of his works, Drown (1996) and The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao (2007). Placing Greek myth alongside the stories from other fantastical worlds, such as those found in the works of Tolkien and Marvel Comics, Díaz offers a pathway to realms seemingly not affected by transatlantic slavery, racism, or modern dictatorship and diaspora. Yet, as much work on magical realism has shown, a turn to the fantastic can be deeply political. Díaz’s evocation of Greek myth (most prominently, those of Homer’s Odyssey and the House of Atreus) is given only as much space as the myths of other times and places, thereby stripping the classical canon of the aura of superiority which it gained during the colonial period. In doing so, Díaz works to creates a new epic for the Dominican diaspora.
Classics for All?
Authors: Rankine Patrice D.
Published: February 2020

This essay examines the contradiction of classics for all, evident in but not exclusive to the not-for-profit enterprise by the same name (Classics for All) that seeks to promote the Greek and Latin classics in schools across the United Kingdom. Embodying a form like the classics can mean not slavish mastery, but an improvisational artistry that alters the form so that it bends to one’s will. Issues of access, however, problematize the simple assertion of classics for all. The realities that necessitated the Black Lives Matter movement, in contrast to a more hopeful, turn-of-the-twentieth-century Du Boisan notion of the removal of the Veil of segregation, run counter to classics for all. There have been sufficient signs within the twenty-first century of the rejection of a broad, democratic, multicultural movement toward American wholeness symbolized in the election of President Barack Hussein Obama. Nevertheless, economic disparities that separate black and white in the United States remain, and the post-Obama era evidences significant backlash across the “Black Atlantic” world. The classics is caught up in this backlash.
Evolutionary Public Health: How Interventions may Benefit from Insights Generated by Life History Theory
Authors: Wells Jonathan C. K.
Published: February 2020

Public health efforts were evident in the ancient world, but first acquired a scientific basis in the nineteenth century. The potential for evolutionary theory to improve public health interventions has only been recognized very recently. Evolutionary life history theory provides a unique theoretical framework, through its focus on competing functions subject to trade-offs over the allocation of energy. Originally these functions were considered to be “maintenance,” “growth,” and “reproduction,” however “defense” may be considered a fourth competing function as it reduces energy allocation to each of the three others. Recent research in humans provides experimental support for life history trade-offs in adults, with hormonal signaling implicated as a key regulatory mechanism. Observational studies have additionally identified diverse trade-offs during development, helping provide an evolutionary basis to the developmental origins of adult health and disease. Natural selection favors adaptive responses to environmental stimuli and stresses that maximize reproductive fitness rather than health.
An Evolutionary View of Homeostasis
Authors: Perlman Robert
Published: February 2020

Physiologists and evolutionary biologists have traditionally investigated different but complementary aspects of biological phenomena. Homeostasis, the maintenance of approximately constant conditions in bodily fluids, has been the purview of physiology. Evolutionary insights can, however, deepen our knowledge of homeostatic regulatory mechanisms. Bioenergetics has been of central concern to both physiology and evolution. Physiologists have been interested in the energetic content of foods, in the metabolic transformations of the energy derived from foods, and in the energetic costs of physiological processes, while evolutionary life history theory addresses the ways that organisms have evolved to acquire and allocate metabolic energy throughout their life course. Engineering control theory highlights the limitations as well as the benefits of different regulatory mechanisms and so helps to explain why we have evolved multiple integrated and cooperative homeostatic mechanisms. The physiological responses to pregnancy illustrate the ways in which an evolutionary perspective enriches our understanding of homeostasis.
The Role of the Immune System from an Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Schradin Carsten , Straub Rainer H.
Published: February 2020

“Nothing in Biology makes sense, except in the light of evolution.” This famous citation of Theodosius Dobzhansky also underlies the integrative field of evolutionary medicine, which faces the challenge to combine (patho-)physiological mechanisms with evolutionary function. Here we introduce a concept from the study of animal behavior, which are the four questions of Tinbergen that consider: 1. the ontogeny of an individual describing its development, 2. its physiological machinery, which 3. has fitness consequences influencing 4. the evolutionary history (phylogeny) of future generations. It is shown how this concept can be applied to infectious disease and to chronic inflammatory systemic diseases. Evolutionary medicine takes lifetime reproductive success into account. The hypothesis to be tested is that mechanisms underlying a disease in old age might have higher fitness benefits in the pre-reproductive and/or reproductive life history stage, leading to an overall increased lifetime fitness.
Introduction
Authors: Schmid Hans-Jörg
Published: February 2020

This chapter provides an introduction to the book. It formulates the goal to understand how usage, society, and mind interact to shape the linguistic system and to control its persistence, variation, and change. The chapter provides a first sketch of the Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization Model (EC-Model) and explains its basic components and the ways in which they work and interact. The chapter situates the model in the linguistic landscape by formulating the prediction that language is usage-based, emergentist, based on function and interaction, based on domain-general cognition, cognitive, sociocognitive, social, dynamic, and complex-adaptive. The terms ‘conventionalization’, ‘usualization’, ‘diffusion’, ‘entrenchment’, ‘routinization’, and ‘schematization’ are defined.
Understanding the process of conventionalization
Authors: Schmid Hans-Jörg
Published: February 2020

This chapter sets the scene for the two subsequent chapters on usualization and diffusion. Conventions are defined as regularities of behaviour the members of a community conform to because they mutually expect each other to conform to them. Conventionality is multidimensional and not fixed but contingent. Usualization and diffusion are the two subprocesses of conventionalization. Both are driven by the speech chain mechanism, but affect different dimensions of conventionality or conformity. Different kinds of utterance types are marked by systematically different conformity profiles, depending on the dominance of the different dimensions of conformity. Conventionalized utterance types function as implicit and explicit norms. Linguistic innovations can be understood as utterances that are only partly licensed by conventional utterance types. Innovation covers a range from complete novelty to hardly noticed non-salient utterances. Various forces drive and modulate conventionalization: co-semiosis and co-adaptation, identity and social order, prestige and stigma, mobility, multilingualism, and language contact.
Diffusion
Authors: Schmid Hans-Jörg
Published: February 2020

The chapter discusses the nature of the process of diffusion as a feedback-loop process and explains its contribution to the conventionalization of innovations, to linguistic variation, change, and persistence. The chapter is divided into sections portraying spatial diffusion, social diffusion, and stylistic diffusion as highly dynamic, potentially reversible, and therefore largely unpredictable. Aspects discussed include various models of spatial diffusion (e.g. the gravity model and the cascade model), the S-curve model of the social diffusion of innovations, as well as processes such as standardization, colloquialization, and vernacularization. It is highlighted that all three dimensions of diffusion must always be kept in sight. This is illustrated by discussing the variable -ing vs -in as a standard example of what Labov (2001) calls a ‘stable sociolinguistic variable’.
The routinization of symbolic associations
Authors: Schmid Hans-Jörg
Published: February 2020

This chapter moves on to the routinization of symbolic associations, which, again in cooperation with paradigmatic associations, subserve the cognitive representation of lexical form-meaning and meaning-form links. It is shown that long-standing insights from cognitive semantics and lexicology, including the prototype structures of categories and the prominence of basic-level categories, derive from the routinization of symbolic associations as controlled by frequency of use, basic experiences, salience, and other factors. Two strengthening principles are formulated: semasiological strengthening, dealing with polysemy and prototype effects, and onomasiological strengthening, related to basic-level and synonym-preference and hyponym-preference effects. With regard to the context-dependence of meaning it is argued that symbolic associations are always influenced by syntagmatic and pragmatic associations reflecting combinatorial and contextual experience.
Change
Authors: Schmid Hans-Jörg
Published: February 2020

This chapter discusses how the Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization Model explains language change. First, it is emphasized that not only innovation and variation, but also the frequency of repetition can serve as important triggers of change. Conventionalization and entrenchment processes can interact and be influenced by numerous forces in many ways, resulting in various small-scale processes of language change, which can stop, change direction, or even become reversed. This insight serves as a basis for the systematic description of nine basic modules of change which differ in the ways in which they are triggered and controlled by processes and forces. Large-scale pathways of change such as grammaticalization, lexicalization, pragmaticalization, context-induced change, or colloquialization and standardization are all explained by reference to these modules. The system is applied in a case study on the history of do-periphrasis.
Enjoy Our Universe
Authors: De Rújula Alvaro
Published: February 2020

This book’s title is meant to be interpreted almost verbatim. “Enjoy” is its keyword, motivation, and spirit. Universe refers to all “observable things,” ranging in size from the entire cosmos to elementary particles, and bracketing other fundamental objects such as black holes. Observable things understandable by most people, that is, which excludes economics, politics, and other decreasingly alluring disciplines. And you can only enjoy our Universe, claims of “Multiverses” being so far closer to fiction than to science. In that spirit, only subjects that we understand fairly well are discussed, admitting our ignorance wherever it prevails. Some of this ignorance is only the author’s, thus the exclusion of many enjoyable disciplines, such as condensed matter physics, or the life sciences. In descriptions of our Universe and of the way it functions, beauty is a recurring word. In an attempt to draw the eyes of the beholder, it is very profusely illustrated, often with tongue in cheek. Admiring the beauty of this Universe of yours and trying to understand how it works is indeed extremely enjoyable. In this guided visit to our Universe, I intend to share this joy with the reader.
Science as a Sport
Authors: De Rújula Alvaro
Published: February 2020

The question of precedence: who was the first to discover something?  Columbus? Four of the great discoveries by Einstein. His lengthy “game against Nature” in understanding general relativity (he won).
The Scientific Method
Authors: De Rújula Alvaro
Published: February 2020

The scientific method is defined and illustrated. This allows one to define empirically the concepts of mass (so often misinterpreted), energy, and momentum. Vectors and how to add them are introduced in passing. So are square roots, presumably quite unnecessarily. Whether or not E = mc2 is to be interpreted the way Einstein did it, is also discussed. The answer is “no”.
A Parenthesis on Quantum Mechanics
Authors: De Rújula Alvaro
Published: February 2020

ty principle. Illustrated with the classic example of the two-slit experiment, Nature’s way of implementing a particular zen dictum. The behavior of waves and bullets when encountering an obstacle.
Spin, Statistics, Supernovae, Neutron Stars, and Black Holes
Authors: De Rújula Alvaro
Published: February 2020

A first encounter with many concepts, some of them rather surprising. Spin and the quantization of angular momentum. The explosive—and implosive—end of some stars and their possible “remnants” (neutron stars and stellar black holes). A discussion of the spin-statistics theorem, not so easy to grasp, but essential to understand why we are relatively solid or how very massive stars die.
A Parenthesis on “R2QFTs” ⋆⋆
Authors: De Rújula Alvaro
Published: February 2020

Renormalizable Relativistic Quantum Field Theories (R2QFTs) are theories In which a few parameters must be taken from observations but otherwise make predictions on the phenomena they describe. The ingreedients of the Standard Model of particles are examples. The most precise of them is Quantum Electro-Dynamics (QED). The QED prediction of the “anomalous” magnetic moment of the muon is discussed as a detailed example. Relativistic quantum fields describe all aspects and properties of particles and their interactions, they are “the mother of all concepts.”
The Unification of Forces
Authors: De Rújula Alvaro
Published: February 2020

The quest for a unified theory of all fundamental forces. Faraday’s unification of all “types” of electricity. Maxwell’s unification of electricity, magnetism and light. Heinrich Hertz, and radio waves. The unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions by Glashow, Weinberg, and Salam. “Weak neutral currents.” The discovery of the “Intermediate Vector Bosons.” The quest for a “Grand Unified Theory.” Proton decay. The core of the Sun. Serendipity, solar neutrinos, and the supernova SN1987A. Neutrino oscillations. What a “gauge theory” is.
Some Instruments of Macro-Physics
Authors: De Rújula Alvaro
Published: February 2020

Some ancient, old, and current ways to look at the sky. Star map of Senenmut, Ulugh Beg’s sextant, Galileo’s telescope, Penzias and Wilson’s microwave antenna, NASA’s COBE satellite, and LIGO’s gravitational-wave antennas. How the latter instruments work.
The Direct Detection of Gravitational Waves
Authors: De Rújula Alvaro
Published: February 2020

Gravitational waves emitted by black hole mergers. The first LIGO event: GW150917, the coalescence of two black holes of twenty nine and thirty six solar masses into one of “only” sixty two. The remaining three solar masses were emitted as energy in gravitational waves, a gigantic and perfect storm in the fabric of space-time. This is the dawn of a new era: The opening of the third “window” through which to look at the sky. Yet another triumph of general relativity. How much progress astrophysics has made since my time as a student.
The “Higgs” Boson, and its Field in the “Vacuum”
Authors: De Rújula Alvaro
Published: February 2020

Spontaneous symmetry breaking. The symmetric Higgs bottle and its asymmetric state of lowest energy. The “expectation value” of the Higgs field in the vacuum. Why and how the vacuum is not void, it is a substance, the mother of them all. Understanding the generation of the masses of particles (other than the Higgs boson and the massless photon and gluons). The experimental test of this mass-generating mechanism. The Higgs-boson discovery fest. The “discovery channels” and the experimentalists’ insufficient acknowledgments.
The Expansion of the Universe
Authors: De Rújula Alvaro
Published: February 2020

Hubble’s realm of the Nebulae (i.e., galaxies). Hubble’s predecessors: Lemaître and Slipher. The Hubble expansion constant. The apparent similarity between the Big Bang and an explosion. The expansion of space itself. “Where” did the Big Bang bang? “Before” the Big Bang. Luminosity distances to astrophysical objects. A detailed discussion of cosmological redshifts. Peculiar velocities. Current measurements of expansion with Type 1a supernovae.
Finding Cosmic Fossils
Authors: De Rújula Alvaro
Published: February 2020

A short “video” of everything important THAT ever happened, played back and forth. The production of the “primordial chemical elements.” “Recombination” and the emission of what we now see as the at microwave wavelengths as the cosmic background radiation (CMB).
More on the Cosmic Background Radiation (CBR or CMB)
Authors: De Rújula Alvaro
Published: February 2020

The “black-body thermal spectrum” of the CBR. The “dipole anisotropy” of the CBR. Observations by the NASA/WMAP and ESA/Planck satellites. The “absolute” universal reference system. Fundamental frequency and harmonics in a sound or in a vibrating substance. The analysis of the CBR anisotropies. Power versus angular scale. A musical analogy. A preview of the recipe to cook a Universe. A “critical” Universe in General Relativity. Open, closed and flat space geometries. A baseball pitcher’s critical planet.
Dark Matter
Authors: De Rújula Alvaro
Published: February 2020

What we know or do not know about dark matter. The evidence for its existence, first found by Fritz Zwicky. The “virial theorem” and the Coma cluster. The rotation curves of galaxies. Galactic dark-matter halos. Gravitational lensing and the May 1919 solar eclipse, a thiumph of General Relativity that propelled Einstein to his fame. The deflection of starlight by the eclipsed Sun. Gravitational lenses, Einstein rings, and Smilie. Gravitational-lensing and evidence for dark matter in the Bullet cluster of galaxies.
The Origin of “Structures”
Authors: De Rújula Alvaro
Published: February 2020

The condensation of a nearly uniform primerdial gas into “structures”: stars, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies. Filaments, voids, and N-body simulations. The role of dark matter.
The UK and Multi-level Financial Regulation
Authors: James Scott , Quaglia Lucia
Published: February 2020

The book examines the role of the United Kingdom (UK) in shaping post-crisis financial regulatory reform, and assesses the implications of the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union (EU). It develops a domestic political economy approach to examine how the interaction of three domestic groups—elected officials, financial regulators, and the financial industry—shaped UK preferences, strategy, and influence in international and EU-level regulatory negotiations. The framework is applied to five case studies: bank capital and liquidity requirements; bank recovery and resolution rules; bank structural reforms; hedge fund regulation; and the regulation of over-the-counter derivatives. We conclude by reflecting on the future of UK financial regulation after Brexit. The book argues that UK regulators pursued more stringent regulation when they had strong political support to resist financial industry lobbying. UK regulators promoted international harmonization of rules when this protected the competitiveness of industry or enabled cross-border externalities to be managed more effectively, but were often more resistant to new EU rules when these threatened UK interests. Consequently, the UK was more successful at shaping international standards by leveraging its market power, regulatory capacity, and alliance-building (with the US). But it often met with greater political resistance at the EU level, forcing it to use legal challenges to block reform or secure exemptions. The book concludes that political and regulatory pressure was pivotal in defining the UK’s ‘hard’ Brexit position, and so the future UK–EU relationship in finance will most likely be based on a framework of regulatory equivalence.
State of the Art and Research Design
Authors: James Scott , Quaglia Lucia
Published: February 2020

This chapter reviews the main bodies of literature in international/comparative political economy and public policy, elucidating why existing work has insufficient explanatory power. Second, it then outlines the theoretical framework of the book, its research design, methodology and operationalization, and case-study selection. The analysis employs a two-step approach. The first explains the UK’s financial regulatory preferences (supporting or resisting more stringent rules, i.e. ‘trading up’) as the outcome of the interaction of key domestic actors: elected officials, financial regulators, and the financial industry. In the second step, we explain the UK’s regulatory strategy in international/EU negotiations (as ‘pace setting’, ‘foot dragging’, or ‘fence sitting’) and its influence over regulatory outcomes. By analysing financial regulatory reform as a ‘three-level game’, the domestic political economy approach captures the interdependency of different negotiating arenas over time. The book draws on over sixty in-depth interviews conducted between 2012 and 2019.
Setting the Multi-Level Context
Authors: James Scott , Quaglia Lucia
Published: February 2020

This chapter provides the context for the rest of the book. It first outlines the configuration of the financial system in the UK, and the structural and instrumental power of the financial industry. It then discusses the distinctive institutional structures centered around the City–Bank–Treasury ‘nexus’ prior to the crisis and evaluates how the role and influence of the financial industry has been challenged by institutional reforms following the financial crisis, and more recently by Brexit. The second part of the chapter outlines the international and EU institutional context through which non-binding international standards, and ‘hard’ EU legislation, is developed. Following the crisis, the UK played a leading role in shaping the post-crisis financial regulatory response at both levels. However, the strategies of UK negotiators at the international and EU levels were often differentiated, and the ability of UK negotiators to influence the final outcome was mixed.
In Search of Stability: Bank Capital and Liquidity Requirements
Authors: James Scott , Quaglia Lucia
Published: February 2020

Following the financial crisis, UK preferences shifted decisively in favour of trading up bank capital and liquidity requirements. To reassure voters, elected officials intervened in the regulatory process by strengthening the domestic institutional architecture for banking regulation. Financial regulators leveraged this political support to overcome resistance from the financial industry, but also pushed for international/EU harmonization of capital requirements to avoid damaging the UK’s competitiveness. Internationally, UK regulators therefore acted as pace-setters and exerted significant influence over the design of the Basel III Accord. However, at the EU level, the UK was forced to act as a foot-dragger by prolonging negotiations over the Capital Requirements Directive IV (CRD IV) in an attempt to resist Franco-German efforts to water down the rules. But UK negotiators were more successful in leveraging domestic constraints to oppose the Commission’s attempt to impose the ‘maximum’ harmonization of bank capital.
Discourse on Metaphysics
Authors: Rodriguez-Pereyra Gonzalo
Published: February 2020

This is a translation into English of the Discourse on Metaphysics, originally written in French.
How Do Beliefs Simplify Reasoning?
Authors: Staffel Julia
Published: February 2020

Chapter 9 examines how the proposed theory of epistemic rationality can accommodate outright beliefs, and what role such outright beliefs play in our epistemic conduct. It is argued that people need outright beliefs in addition to credences to simplify their reasoning. Outright beliefs do this by allowing thinkers to ignore small error probabilities. What is outright believed can change between contexts. When our beliefs change, we have to ask how related other beliefs, including beliefs representing uncertainties, change in light of this. It has been claimed that our beliefs change via an updating procedure resembling conditionalization. However, conditionalization is notoriously complicated. This claim is thus in tension with the explanation that the function of beliefs is to simplify our reasoning. We can resolve this puzzle by endorsing a different hypothesis about how beliefs change across contexts that better accounts for the simplifying role of beliefs.
Introduction
Authors: Langellotti Micaela
Published: February 2020

The introductory chapter provides an overview of the content, aims, and scope of the book. After giving a general description of the main evidence, it explains why Tebtunis is one of the best candidates for a village study in the early Roman Empire, discusses other village studies in Egypt that provide a basis for comparison with Tebtunis, and illustrates how this study contributes to our current knowledge and understanding of ancient society, economy, and culture. The chapter also includes a discussion on the validity of the Egyptian evidence and on the typicality of the Fayum, and a description of the site of Tebtunis, with a focus on the extant houses, including the main written evidence for the early Roman period. The last two sections outline the main aims of the book, explaining how this study fits the definition of microhistory, and provide an overview of the chapters.
The People of Tebtunis
Authors: Langellotti Micaela
Published: February 2020

After a review of current scholarly debates about the size and structure of the population of Roman Egypt, this chapter estimates the size of the population of Tebtunis and the percentage of individuals who entered written contracts and other documents at the record-office, including an examination of age and sex distribution, and the role of women. Adopting an onomastic approach, one section analyses patterns in the names of the attested individuals for devotion to local deities and choice of Egyptian, Greek, or mixed names. The last two sections of the chapter focus on the most common housing arrangements in Tebtunis as attested in the contracts and strategies for household formation and for avoiding fragmentation of property.
Land, Landowners, and Tenants
Authors: Langellotti Micaela
Published: February 2020

This chapter investigates the village agricultural economy, and the evidence for landowning in the early Roman period is interpreted against the generally accepted framework of land tenure in Roman Egypt. The first part of the chapter investigates the location, distribution, and management of the different categories of land. In light of the land-related contracts that were registered at the record-office, a second section discusses the identity and social status of the holders of public land and owners and tenants of private land, their social and economic relations, and how these affected the general social structure of the village. The last part of the chapter examines the role of viticulture, oil production, and pastoralism.
The Non-Agricultural Economy
Authors: Langellotti Micaela
Published: February 2020

This chapter examines the role and importance of the non-agricultural activities that were practised in first-century Tebtunis, including crafts and trades of various kind and state concessions. In particular, it investigates the internal functioning and administrative practices of the best-documented of these economic activities, which include textile production and the sale of salt, and the social status of the people involved. This chapter explores the importance of the village state concessions, their relationship with the local associations, and their contribution to the local economy. A discussion follows on the socio-economic implications of the presence of non-agricultural activities in the village, which includes the nature and size of regional and inter-regional links, and monetization.
Selling the Illusion of Access
Authors: McCarthy Erin A.
Published: February 2020

This chapter argues that Aemilia Lanyer’s publisher Richard Bonian published the extensive dedicatory material in Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum to appeal to an emerging female reading public. The volume’s permeable boundary between text and paratext also anticipates the replacement of dedicatory poems with commendatory verses in the coming decades. The chapter therefore closes by considering two additional books with an unusual investment in dedicatory and commendatory verse: Coryats Crudities (1611), which inspired a competing book that only reproduced its preliminary verses, and Mary Fage’s Fames Roule (1637), a collection of anagrams and acrostics on court figures. Together, these books reveal authors and their publishers navigating poetry’s uneasy transition from a pursuit driven by patronage to one oriented toward the commercial book trade. In the process, the books also give the reader new insight into the privileged social networks of their authors and addressees.
Edward Pococke in Aleppo
Authors: Mills Simon
Published: February 2020

Chapter 2 details the career of the chaplain Edward Pococke during the six years he spent in Aleppo in the 1630s. It asks how Pococke built a library of Arabic, Hebrew, and Syriac manuscripts in the face of fierce competition from rival European collectors. The chapter explores Pococke’s personal links with local scholars and booksellers: the Sufi Aḥmad al-Gulshanī, the Christian scribe Thalja Karma, and unnamed Aleppine Jews. It illustrates throughout how these friendships and transactions were intertwined with the English commercial presence in the city. The final part of the chapter assesses the value of Pococke’s collection, pointing both to his achievements in assembling a library of books which he would put to use during a lifetime devoted to scholarship, and to the tasks he had left undone.
The Road to Jerusalem
Authors: Mills Simon
Published: February 2020

Chapter 5 describes the English chaplains’ experiences of the journey to Jerusalem in the seventeenth century. It argues, contrary to a long-held view, that the Jerusalem pilgrimage did not become entirely irrelevant for Protestants. William Biddulph, sometimes seen as an ‘anti-pilgrim’, can be understood rather as a characteristic type of early modern traveller. When the traditional role of the pilgrim was combined with that of the ‘eyewitness’ the holy sites could be compared with Scripture to produce testimonies of service to the biblical scholar. The chapter then argues that ‘devotion and curiosity’ continued to motivate the Jerusalem pilgrimages of both a series of chaplains and many English merchants. The final part of the chapter analyses the report of one such pilgrim, the chaplain William Hallifax, who made the journey to Jerusalem in 1691, leaving in manuscript an account of his time in the city and the antiquities he discovered en route.
The English Reformation in an Eastern Key
Authors: Mills Simon
Published: February 2020

Chapter 7 explores the attempts of a series of chaplains and merchants to foster links with the Arabic-speaking Christian churches in the Ottoman Empire. It begins with the Arabic translations of liturgical, catechetical, and apologetic literature by Pococke, setting Pococke’s work alongside the more substantial Roman Catholic missions in Ottoman Syria, and documenting Robert Huntington’s attempts to distribute books in Aleppo and beyond. The chapter then traces the chaplains’ initiatives in charitable work among the Eastern Christians, drawing on reports in Robert Frampton’s letters to two English archbishops. The second part of the chapter reconstructs the more ambitious project of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge to produce and to distribute Arabic translations of the Psalms and the New Testament. It uncovers the essential contribution of two travelling Syrians: Solomon Negri and Theocharis Dadichi. Yet the most influential figure behind the SPCK’s work in Aleppo was a merchant called Rowland Sherman, whose activities as a translator and friendship with two Melkite patriarchs of Antioch – Athanasius III Dabbās and Sylvester of Antioch – the final part of the chapter illuminates.
Thomas Dawes in Aleppo
Authors: Mills Simon
Published: February 2020

Chapter 8 discusses the chaplain Thomas Dawes’s letters from Aleppo in the 1760s. It uses Dawes’s career to reflect again on the book’s central themes. The first section describes Dawes’s work on behalf of the English Hebraist Benjamin Kennicott, and his attempt to view the renowned ‘Aleppo Codex’. It then sets out a series of arguments explaining why English manuscript collecting in Aleppo had tailed off since the days of Pococke and Huntington in the 1630s and 1670s. The shift of British commercial and imperial interests to the Indian subcontinent had been mirrored by a reorientation of scholarly concerns. The chapter then describes Dawes’s meeting with the German traveller Carsten Niebuhr, and explains what had happened to the interest in antiquities since Maundrell was in Aleppo at the end of the seventeenth century. The emergence of professional, state-sponsored antiquarian travellers, such as Niebuhr, had displaced the older more ad hoc collaboration between the chaplain and scholars at home. Although individual erudite travellers would continue to pass through Aleppo, the commerce of knowledge had come to an end.
Matchmakers and Markets
Authors: Zhang Yi-Cheng
Published: February 2020

In attempting to understand the bewildering complexity of consumer markets, financial markets, and beyond, traditional textbooks and theories will not help much. This book presents a new market theory in which information plays the most important role. Markets are portrayed with three categories of actor: consumers, businesses, and information intermediaries. The reader can determine his own role, and with analysis and examples from the real-world economy, new questions can be raised and individual conclusions drawn. The aim is to stimulate the reader’s own thinking, either as a consumer on the high street, an investor on Wall Street, a policy maker in a government armchair, or an entrepreneur dreaming of the next big opportunity. This book should also generate and inspire academic debates, as the claims and conclusions are often at odds with mainstream theory.
Introduction
Authors: Zhang Yi-Cheng
Published: February 2020

The world economy has seen dramatic changes since the Industrial Revolution, and its focus has now shifted from smokestack to information. Mainstream economics has been the dominant theory, and the growing mismatch between theory and the real world calls for alternative explanations. Instead of offering one more critique, this book aims to build an alternative economic theory in which information plays the central role....
Ordering Empire and Democracy, 1902–1921
Authors: Harper Tobias
Published: February 2020

This chapter examines the creation of new orders at the beginning of the twentieth century, which was the culmination of a prolonged period of “unprecedented honorific inventiveness” starting in the late nineteenth century. In Britain the new Order of the British Empire was branded the “Order of Britain’s Democracy” in recognition of the fact that it extended far deeper into non-elite classes in British society than any previous honour. Between 1917 and 1921 more than 20,000 people in Britain and throughout the British Empire were added to this new Order. This was an unprecedented number, orders of magnitude larger than honours lists in previous years. While the new Order was successful in reaching a wider, more middle-class audience than the honours system before the war, which was socially narrow, there was a substantial backlash to what was widely perceived by elites to be an excessive (and diluting) opening-up of the “fount of honour.” This backlash was connected to political controversies about the sale of honours that eventually helped bring about Lloyd George’s downfall. This chapter also contains a brief description of all the components of the British honours system at the beginning of the twentieth century.
New World Orders
Authors: Harper Tobias
Published: February 2020

This chapter focuses on the most immediate and visible change of the post-war era: decolonization and the slow disintegration of the underlying imperial structure of the honours system. In India and Pakistan nationalist movements agreed that the honours system was an undesirable relic of empire, even as British officials tried to make the new states keep it in 1947 in order to maintain connections and power in the subcontinent. The process of decolonization of honours was slower, more partial, and complex in other parts of the world, reflecting complicated balances between loyalty and pragmatism. At the same time, within Britain a wide variety of people—including members of the royal family, Colonial, Dominions, and Commonwealth Office officials, honours recipients, newspaper columnists, and politicians—criticized the growing incongruity of the name of the Order of the British Empire. However, the administrators of the honours system staunchly defended the growing anachronism. In order to make the honours system work for Britain, the state and the public had to forget that the Order of the British Empire was not just of, but for, the empire.