bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Soybean Looper on Soybean with Bacillus Thuringiensis, 1993
Authors: Young S. Y.
Published: December 2017

Commercial B. thuringiensis products were evaluated against a SL population on soybean in Lafayette Co., AR. Treatments were applied on 3 Sep with a backpack CO2 sprayer equipped with a 2-row boom (1 nozzle per row) using TX-6 nozzles at 3.0 mph and calibrated to deliver 96 liters per ha. Water used for mixing insecticides had a pH of 7.0. A RCBD was used with 4 replicates. Soybean were in the R-2 developmental stage and approximately 0.8 m in height. Plots were 4 rows with a 0.50-m spacing and 30-m in length separated by four-row buffers. Treatments were evaluated at 4 and 7 DAT by shaking larvae from plants onto a 0.9-m length cloth spread between the rows. A 3.8-m sample was taken from 2 rows, and larvae on the cloth were counted. The population contained larvae of all instars. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures during the 7 d test were 88.0°F and 64.7°F, respectively, and no rainfall occurred. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Pear, Prebloom Evaluations of Experimental Insecticides, 1993
Authors: Hilton Richard , VanBuskirk Philip , Westigard Peter
Published: December 2017

Mature pear trees were sprayed with airblast equipment set to deliver 200 gpa. Treatments were made to 3, 0.3-0.5 acre replicates of mixed pear cultivars. Asana XL and Danitol (two formulations), were applied at delayed dormant timing (13 Mar) in combination with Orchex 796 spray oil. Three treatments of fenoxycarb were made; delayed dormant, pink (5 Apr) and both delayed dormant and pink. Adult PP densities were evaluated biweekly by counting individuals falling onto a catching frame following tapping of 5 limbs/replicate/date. Depending on bud development PP immatures were recorded from fruit spurs (10/replicate), fruit clusters (5/replicate) or from fruit cluster leaves (30/replicate).
Control of Hornworms in Georgia Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1993
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Lambert Amy L.
Published: December 2017

Flue-cured tobacco was transplanted on 29 Mar at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton, GA. Production practices were used according to Georgia Cooperative Extension Service guidelines. A preplant incorporated tank mix of the following was applied: Tillam and Devrinol for weed control, Ridomil for blue mold control, Nemacur for nematode suppression, and Lorsban for wireworm and mole cricket control. Fertilizer (6-6-18) was applied in a split application at a rate of 1000 lb/acre. Plots 4 rows wide (44 inch row spacing) × 20 ft long were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. On 9 Jul all plants in each plot were cut down to a 12 inch mainstalk and all leaves were removed. All cut plants were then allowed to regrow with 2-3 main shoots. On 23 Jul, 5 insecticide treatments (plus an untreated control) were applied to the center 2 rows of selected plots using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with three TX-12 nozzles directed over a single row, delivering 30.3 gpa at 40 psi. The number of live hornworms was recorded per 10 plants on row 2 of each plot prior to the application, and 5, 10, and 14 DAT. All data were subjected to ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Early Season Control of Pear Psylla, 1993
Authors: Hilton Richard , VanBuskirk Philip , Westigard Peter
Published: December 2017

Treatments were applied to 30 year old “Bartlett” pear trees located at the Hanley Farm of Oregon State University’s Southern Oregon Experiment Station near Medford, OR. Plots consisted of 3, 6-tree replicates arranged in a random block design and sprayed to runoff with a Bean handgun sprayer at 250 psi. The spray timings utilized were delayed dormant (11-12 Mar) and pink bud (25-26 Mar) or pink bud and petal fall (26 Apr). NTN-33893 was applied only at the delayed dormant period. PP adult densities were estimated by counting individuals falling onto a cloth covered beating tray after tapping 3 limbs per replicate per treatment. Immature PP were estimated by counting nymphs on 15 fruit spurs (swollen bud) per replicate, 15 fruit clusters (open bud) per replicate or by brushing 15 fruit cluster leaves (small fruit stage) per replicate. Numbers and kinds of PP predators were also recorded from the beating tray samples.
Cereal Leaf Beetle Screening, 1993
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Wheat was planted on 18 Nov at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each treatment consisted of a 12 row plot 35 ft long, replicated 5 times in a RCBD. Cereal leaf beetle adults appeared in the plots on 2 Apr. Foliar sprays to control CLB larvae were applied on 21 May, using a 4 nozzle (8002 flat fans) boom delivering 20 gal gpa at 40 psi. Counts of all CLB larvae present on 5 flag leaves/site were taken on 24 May at 10 random sites/plot.
Aphid Control in Headed Spring Wheat, Crookston, Mn, 1993
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Holder Bobby
Published: December 2017

The trial was established in a commercial field of Vance wheat. Plots were 25 ft × 25 ft in size and treatments arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Materials were applied in approximately 5 gpa total material using a hand held CO2 sprayer at 40 psi pressure. The stage of the wheat on the day (16 Jul) of application was mid to late milk (Feeks 11.1). Twenty-five heads/plot were collected at 6 DAT, preserved in alcohol, and aphids counted from individual heads later. A 5 ft × 25 ft strip was combined from the best appearing section of each plot.
Prophylactic Vs Monitored Decision Making for Aphid Control, Morris, Mn 1993
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Warnes Dennis
Published: December 2017

This trial was established in a bulk wheat field planted on 23 Apr. Plot size was 25 ft × 50 ft with a 5 ft alley on all sides of the plot. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD, replicated 4 times and applied in 20 gpa at 40 psi. Tilt and Penncap M were applied separately but within a few minutes of each other. Three treatments were to be made at action levels of 35%, 70% and 90% of infested stems. Aphid populations did not reach the level of 3 per stem so these treatments received no insecticide (ie checks). Yields were taken from a 5 ft × 50 ft strip through the best section of the plot.
Black Cutworm Control on Creeping Bentgrass at the Valentine Turfgrass Research Center, University Park, Pa, 1993
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

Treatment plots were 10 × 8 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on an 8 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 1.146 gal/1,000 ft2 (347 ml/80 ft2). At treatment time one (16 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed; air temperature, 69°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 72°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 64°F; RH, 62%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inches; soil type, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 72.0% sand, 20.0% silt, 8.0% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 14.2%; organic matter, 2.8%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.4; and clear skies. At treatment time two (19 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 74°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 70°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 69°F; RH, 75%; soil type, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 72.0% sand, 20.0% silt, 8.0% clay; soil was moist; and skies were overcast with a slight mist recorded. The area was irrigated with 0.08 inches of water 6.5 h after treatment time one (16 Jul). Immediately after treatment time two (19 Jul), 0.2 inch of rainfall was recorded. The total number of fresh active cutworm feeding holes observed on the surface of each replicate (80 ft2) were recorded on 20 Jul (4 DAT), 22 Jul (6 DAT), and 23 Jul (7 DAT).
Mole Cricket Control on Golf Course Fairways in North Carolina, 1993
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Herd P. T.
Published: December 2017

Three granular insecticides were evaluated for the control of mole crickets on the bermudagrass fairway of the 10th hole at Fox Squirrel Golf and Country Club in Brunswick County. The test area was showing damage from a moderate infestation prior to treatment. Plots 16 ft × 75 ft were established and treatments were randomly assigned with four replicates. Surface broadcast treatments were applied using a standard push-type Lesco fertilizer spreader to deliver a weighed portion of chemical to the broadcast plots. All other treatments were applied using a tractor drawn Gandy® slit-seeder modified for granular formulation application and operating at 1.9 mph. Subsurface treatments were applied on 18 Aug and surface treatments were applied the following day. Soil was moist from rain the night of the 17th. Air temperature was 88°F and soil temperature was 84°F. Soil type was mineral with 0.9% humic matter and a pH of 6.1. The test area was irrigated with 0.5 inch of water after the chemicals were applied. Plots were evaluated for fresh damage on 1 Sep (14 DAT) and 15 Sep (21 DAT). Damage evaluations were conducted by using the damage grid method as developed by Dr. Pat Cobb, Auburn University. Five random damage ratings (0—9) were taken from each replicate and an average rating for the plot was determined. All data were transformed Vx + 0.5 prior to analysis.
Evaluation of Experimental Formulations for Mole Cricket Control on Golf Course Fairways in North Carolina, 1993
Authors: Brandenburg Rick L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: December 2017

A trial was conducted to determine the efficacy of two granular formulations of fipronil (EXP60818A and EXP60819A) applied at various rates for the control of mole cricket nymphs. Large (90 ft × 90 ft) plots were established on three infested fairways (#1, #3, #12) at the Fox Squirrel Golf and Country Club in Brunswick County. Treatments with three replicates were randomly assigned to the plots with one untreated area on each fairway and the plots were irrigated with 0.25 inch of water prior to chemical application. Weighed portions of each granular formulation were broadcast over the plots using a push type Lesco fertilizer spreader. All plots were treated late in the day of 26 Jul. Air temperature was 78°F and soil temperature was 89°F. After treatment, the plots were irrigated with 0.5 inch of fairway irrigation to water the chemicals into the sandy soil. Plots were evaluated by quantifying the fresh damage present using the grid method, as developed by Dr. Pat Cobb at Auburn University. A grid divided into nine equal sections was randomly placed in each plot and examined for the occurrence of fresh mole cricket damage. A rating of 0 thru 9 is given for each frame, depending on the number of sections in which fresh damage was observed. Ten damage grids were used to evaluate each plot on four dates: 12 and 25 Aug, 15, and 29 Sep. Plots were also evaluated on 14 Oct and 18 Nov using the grid method; however, on these dates two separate sets of five damage grid ratings were made in each plot. In order to obtain an estimate of reinfestation, one set of samples were taken from the center of each plot and the other from an area ca. 5 ft from the outside edge of the plot. All data were transformed Vx + 0.5 prior to analysis.
Long Term Evaluation of Merit for Control of White Grubs on Golf Course Fairways in West Virginia, 1993
Authors: Weaver Joseph E.
Published: December 2017

Two trials were conducted. Trial 1 (Clarksburg C.C.) was installed 22 Apr. Environmental conditions were: air temperature, 16°C; RH, 45%; partly sunny (wind 5 mph); soil temperature, 18°C (1 inch), 13°C (2 inch), 20°C (surface); pH, 4.77; organic matter, 8.13%; soil type, silt loam; thatch layer, V* to 3/s inch (compressed). Total precipitation during trial period, 9.75 inches (fairway was irrigated with about 1 inch/wk when no rain occurred). Population counts at treatment time were Japanese beetle (100%) 19.3 grubs/ft2. At evaluation: Japanese beetle (94.1%), black turfgrass ataenius (5.9%). Trial 2 (Deerfield C.C.) was installed 23 Apr. Environmental conditions were: air temperature, 16°C; RH, 45%; clear (wind about 2 mph); soil temperature, 18°C (1 inch), 13°C (2 inch); 20°C (surface); pH, 4.55; organic matter, 10.10%; soil type, silt loam; thatch layer lA inch (compressed). Total precipitation during trial period, 7.50 inches (irrigated only occasionally, low budget course). Population counts at treatment time were Japanese beetle (100%) 10.1 grubs/ft2. At evaluation: Japanese beetle (96.1%), northern masked chafer (3.9%). For both trials: Granules were applied with a hand held glass jar shaker. Wettable powder applied in 2 liters of water/plot with a sprinkler can. Plots were irrigated with 2 liters of water about 10-15 min after treatments were applied. Treatments were replicated 6 times in an RCB design. Plot size was 8 × 8 ft. Plots were sampled with a cup changer (4.25 inch diam) to a depth of 2 to 3 inches (4 samples per plot).
Control of Buffalograss Chinch Bugs with Beauvarja Bassiana and Entomopathogenic Nematodes, 1993
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Riordan T. P.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted on a buffalograss lawn in Lincoln, NE. The turf was maintained at a mowing height of 3.5 inches and thatch accumulation in the plot area was 0.25 inches. Field conditions at the time of application were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6-7; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, near field capacity. Plots were 4 × 4 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 3 replications’. Insecticide treatments were applied 2 Sep. Prior to application, the plot area was mowed to 1.5 inches. Treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer using a LF-4 tip at 24 psi and delivering 5 gal finished spray/1000 ft2. Immediately following application, plots were syringed with 0.25 inches water. A total of 0.29 and 0.68 inches of rain fell respectively, during the 7 and 14 day post-treatment periods. Product efficacy was evaluated 9 and 16 Sep (7 and 14 DAT) by removing from each plot three turf-soil cores to a depth of 1 inch with a 4.25-inch diam cup cutter (0.3 ft2 total area per plot). Cores were returned to the laboratory and placed in Berlese funnels. Extracted chinch bugs were counted after 48 hr.
Evaluation of Granular Insecticides Against Aphids on Chrysanthemum, 1993
Authors: Hara A. H. , Hata T. Y. , Kaneko R. T.
Published: December 2017

Phytotoxicity and efficacy trials were conducted from 29 Sep through 6 Nov 1993 on potted chrysanthemums at a commercial chrysanthemum farm in Hilo, HI. Cuttings (2.5 inch) were planted in 6 inch plastic pots containing a 3: 1:1 mixture of peat, vermiculite and perlite and maintained by standard commercial growing practices. Treatments consisted of 4 replicates (1 pot per replicate, 3 plants per pot) arranged randomly on a bench in a fiberglass greenhouse. Insecticide granules were applied once 21 days after planting and immediately watered after treatment. Phytotoxicity was evaluated at: NTN 2.5G, 0.03 g (AI)/pot, 0.06 g (AI)/pot, 0.12 g (AI)/pot, Temik 10G, 0.045 g (AI)/pot. Both efficacy and phytotoxicity trials included an untreated control. For evaluation of efficacy, data on the number of aphids per terminal (bud and first three leaves) were taken weekly beginning 14 Oct through 6 Nov. Plants were observed for phytotoxicity weekly.
Control of Japanese Beetle and Masked Chafer Grubs in Turfgrass Using Pre-Seeding Application of Bifentrin, 1993
Authors: Potter D. A. , Spicer P. G. , Powell A. J.
Published: December 2017

The objective of this study was to determine if soil application of bifentrin (Talstar T&0 0.2G) at the time of turfgrass establishment would provide residual protection against root-feeding white grubs during the following year. The test was conducted in a newly-seeded stand of tall fescue at Elkhorn Springs Sod Farm, near Frankfort, KY. The soil was a Maury silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf). Soil texture was 23% clay, 74% silt, and 3% sand, with 8.8% organic matter and pH = 6.4. There was no thatch. Plots (9 × 15 ft, with 9 ft untreated boundaries) were established in a RCB with six replications. Treatments were applied to bare soil with a Gandy spreader on 11 Sep 1992. The soil was then cultimulched and seeded the following day. The grub population was assessed on 14 Sep 1993 by cutting a strip (48 × 18 inches, 2.5 inches deep) from the center of each plot using a motorized sod cutter. The sod strips were broken apart and examined for grubs, which were collected, identified, and counted. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Fisher’s protected LSD test to separate treatment means.
Control of the Silverleaf Whitefly (SW) on Poinsettia Using Soil Treatments, Winter 1992
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A.
Published: December 2017

Poinsettias obtained as rooted cuttings were potted in 15 cm diam. pots. Plants were allowed 4 wk growth (25-30 cm tall) before use in trials. An arbitrary leaf was selected and a 2.5 cm diam circle drawn on the leaf. On day 0, a pre-treatment count of immature whitefly nymphs within the circle was taken. Plants then were assigned to treatments to approximate an equal no. of immatures/replicate prior to treatments. Three plants/treatment were arranged in a RCB design on a greenhouse bench in constant exposure to sweetpotato whitefly. Four rates of two form, of NTN 33893 (2.5G and 240F) were applied by hand to each pot and drenched with water. Post-treatment counts of eggs, nymphs, redeye pupae, and empty pupal cases were made at 14 DAT, 28 DAT, 49 DAT (7 wk) & 91 DAT (13 wk).
Control of Eriophyid Mites on Baldcypress with Sunspray Ultrafine Spray Oil, 1993
Authors: Horner T. A. , Steward V. B.
Published: December 2017

Baldcypress, 75 to 100 ft tall, located on the property of Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square, PA, were used to evaluate the effectiveness of Sunspray Ultrafine Spray Oil on eriophyid mites. On 28 Jul, the trees were treated with a 1.5% solution of oil using an SDI sprayer operating at 700 psi with a #50 hollow cone spray nozzle tip. Treatment was performed at 5:00 am under clear skies, 27°C, 55% RH, and <5 mph winds. The treatment was evaluated by randomly sampling 5 branches from 4 sprayed and 4 unsprayed trees. From each branch, one leaf, 3A to 1 inch in width and cut to a length of 2 inches, was examined with a dissecting microscope. The number of live mites per leaf section was counted. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 1 and 23 DAT.
Spring Management of Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid with Highly Refined Horticultural Spray Oil and Conventional Insecticides on Douglas-Fir in Lehighton, Pa, 1993
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

Seven treatments were applied to evaluate Coole> spruce gall adelgid on heavily infested 6-8 ft Douglas-fir Christmas trees. Treatments were applied on 20 Apr and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was replicated four times. Foliar treatments were completed by using a Solo Master 412 back pack mist blower operating at full throttle on setting two. Treatments were applied at the rate of 150 gal/acre (454 ml/tree). At treatment time the following conditions existed: aii temperature, 71°F; 60% RH; water pH, 7.0; and skies were clear. Posttreatment counts were completed on 21 May. Each treatment was evaluated b> selecting four cardinal locations on each tree at breast height, and counting the total number of stem mothers with eggs masses over a 15 s count on both 1991 and 1992 needle growth at each location. Each tree was rated on 14 Jul to determine the effect of treatments on tree quality.
Management of Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid at Bud Break with Insecticidal Soap, Highly Refined Horticultural Spray Oil, and Carbaryl on Douglas-Fir in Lehighton, Pa, 1993
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

Three treatments were applied to evaluate control of Cooley spruce gall adelgid on heavily infested 6-8 ft Douglas-fir Christmas trees. Treatments were applied on 10 May and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was replicated four times. Foliar treatments were completed by using a Solo Master 412 back pack mist blower operating at full throttle on setting two. Treatments were applied at the rate of 150 gal/acre (454 ml/tree). At treatment time the following conditions existed: air temperature, 84°F; water pH, 7.0; 65% RH, and skies were clear. Posttreatment counts were completed on 21 May. Each treatment was evaluated by selecting four cardinal locations on each tree at breast height, counting 25 needles (1993 growth) at each location, and recording those needles infested with mature female adelgids and egg masses. Each tree was rated to determine the effect of treatment on tree quality on 14 Jul.
Effect of 37% Formalin Fumigation on Codling Moth Egg Hatch and On the Infectivity of Codling Moth Granulosis Virus, 1992
Authors: Steven Tebbets J. , Vail Patrick V. , Toba Harold H.
Published: December 2017

When rearing insects for experimental purposes, it is routine practice to treat eggs to assure that microbial pathogens and fungal spores are eliminated. Forty (40) ml of 37% (v/v) formalin (CH20) was placed into each of several one-quart, wide mouth canning jars. CM eggs (12 ± 12-h-old), oviposited on waxed paper, were exposed to CH20 by suspending them inside the jar and then sealing the jar with a ring and lid. Exposure times were 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, or 120 min at 21 ± 1°C. A control group which consisted of eggs suspended over 40 ml of water for 120 min at 21 ± 1°C was included. This test was replicated 3 times with 100 to 200 eggs per replication per time of exposure. To determine the effect on infectivity of CM granulosis virus (CMGV), we also fumigated, in the same manner, small vials (2.5 ml) containing 1 ml of CM agar diet (Bioserv #9370; surface area = 1 cm2) that had been surface-inoculated with 2 × 10s CMGV capsules (dose = 2 × 10" capsules/cm2). A control group of diet cups without CMGV was also fumigated. After fumigation each cup was infested with one CM larva (12 ± 12-h-old) and then held at 27 ± 1°C. Larval mortality was determined after 7 days. The test was replicated 2 times with 25 and 30 larvae, respectively.
Contact Activity of Residual Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Klotz John H. , Reid Byron L.
Published: December 2017

Ants from colonies nesting in trees were trained to a feeding station at the terminus of a series of 3 cm diam wooden poles. After a 1 to 2 h training period, 1 section was replaced with an insecticide-treated pole and the ants were exposed as they continued to forage. After crossing the insecticide deposit the ants were swept into a plastic box (10 per box) and returned to the laboratory for observation. Exposures were conducted between 2100 and 0100 h (EST), and therefore subject to variations in ambient temperature. Bendiocarb (76% WP), chlorpyrifos (Dursban LO; 4EC), deltamethrin (5ME) and (3-cyffuthrin (10WP) were diluted in water and applied with a compressed air sprayer (40 psi, coarse fan) calibrated to deliver approximately 6 ml per sec; the spray wand was held 45 cm above the pole and moved linearly at approximately 1 ft per sec. A dry powder aerosol (bendiocarb DPA, 0.5%) was also tested; treatment was consistent with the compressed air sprayer. Poles were treated with either a 15- or 45-cm band of the insecticide, and tests were made on poles that had aged (in sheltered sites) for 1, 14 and 28 DAT. Each treatment combination was replicated 3X, and there was never any mortality in the controls. Percent mortality at 72 h (transformed by arcsine Vp) was analyzed by ANOVA with mean separations by LSD (P < 0.05).
European Red Mite Control on Apple, 1993
Authors: Beers E. H. , Hoyt S. C.
Published: December 2017

The test was conducted in a 9 acre commercial apple orchard south of Chelan, WA. Trees were about 12 feet tall, and spaced 12 × 18 ft. apart. Irrigation was provided through overtree impact sprinklers. Replicated plots, three per treatment, were 9-10 rows by 15-19 trees, or about 0.94 acres in size. Treatments were applied on 15 Jul with an airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa. Omite and Kelthane were combined with an adjuvant (Latron AG-44M, 0.25% (v/v)). Mite counts were taken at about weekly intervals. Samples consisted of 100 leaves, 25 from each of 4 trees in the center of the plot (trees 9 and 11 in rows 4 and 6 of each plot). Mites were removed from leaves with a leaf-brushing machine and counted with the aid of a binocular microscope. Motile stages of all species of phytophagous and predatory mites were recorded, as were egg, of ERM and WPM. ERM was the primary phytophagous species in this test, and WPM was the primary predator.
Speed of Action in Cockroach Bait, 1993
Authors: Kaakeh Walid , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W.
Published: December 2017

Speed of action was determined for a bait containing 0.5% chlorpyrifos against both a susceptible (JWax-S) and insecticide-resistant (Muncie’86) strain of German cockroaches. Thirty insects were used in the test, 10 each of the following age/sex classifications: 1) adult males; 2) virgin females; and 3) 4th instar nymphs; all insects were newly eclosed (<48 h of eclosion). Cockroaches were housed in 30 × 24 × 10 cm plastic boxes supplied with harborage (positioned in center of arena), 2 water vials (positioned along walls of arena), and 4 food dispensers (2 × 2-cm weigh boats positioned in the corners). Arenas were made escape-proof by use of ventilated, friction-fitted lids and an impassable barrier of petrolatum and mineral oil (1:2) on the arena walls. Two bait placement schemes were used: 1) no-choice, where the bait (3.5 g) was divided between opposing corners of the arena; and 2) choice, wherein supplemental food sources (3.5 g of Wayne® rodent blox and grape jelly) were placed in the alternate corners of the arena. Each treatment was replicated 3X using a completely randomized design. Insects were released into the arenas and, after a 24-h acclimation period, toxic bait and food sources were introduced to the arenas in a random order. Mortality was analyzed with ANOVA models to characterize the significance of the differing baiting schemes (choice vs. no-choice) and insect strains (susceptible vs. resistant). Speed of kill (LT50 and LT,5) was determined by probit analysis of cumulative mortality and a ratio test estimated the relative palatability (PR) of the bait for each strain, as inferred from differential LT50 and LT95 between choice and no-choice bioassays.
Evaluation of Python Ear Tags for Control of Horn Flies in West Central Nebraska, 1993
Authors: Boxler D. J. , Campbell J. B.
Published: December 2017

Y-Tex PYthon® (10%) ear tags were applied to 80 crossbred cows (1 tag/cow) 25 May. The study was conducted at the Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory, Whitman, NE. A herd of 44 cows served as an untreated control. Fly counts were recorded on a weekly basis by counting the total number of flies on both sides of a cow with a minimum of 15 cows included during each fly counting session.
Evaluation of Ivomec Pour-On for the Control of Horn Flies in West Central Nebraska, 1993
Authors: Boxler D. J. , Campbell J. B.
Published: December 2017

Ivomec® pour-on was evaluated in two studies at two different locations in West Central Nebraska. In study No. 1, Ivomec was applied to 72 yearling steers located at the Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory, Whitman, NE. The steers were weighed and the Ivomec was applied at the recommended rate. A second application was made 28 d later, 7 Jul. A group of 44 cows served as an untreated control. In study No. 2, Ivomec pour-on was compared to 1% Co-Ral dust bags (force-use, to obtain water) for horn fly control. This study was located near North Platte, NE, in native range. Ivomec was first applied to 41 heifers 27 May at the recommended rate and subsequent applications were made about every 28 d until the end of the study. Treatment dates were 27 May, 30 June, and 4 Aug. Eighty heifers utilized the 1% Co-Ral dust bags and a group of 10 cows served as an untreated control. Horn fly counts for both studies were recorded at weekly intervals by counting the total number of horn flies on both sides on an animal.
Residual Efficacy of Selected Insecticides on the Diamondback Moth Adult, 1992
Authors: Gusukuma-Minuto L. R. , Mau R.F.L. , Kijima M. H.
Published: December 2017

Six insecticides commonly used on cabbage were tested at the lowest recommended label rates. Each insecticide was dissolved in 30 ml acetone. Five ml of the solution was pipetted into a 1700 mm2 glass vial and distributed on the inside surface by swirling for 1 minute. The solution was poured out and the vials were dried under a ventilation hood for 4 hours. Fifteen replicates vials were prepared for each insecticide. DBM collected from a cabbage field at Kula, Hawaii were used to initiate a laboratory culture. Five to ten 7-day old fourth generation adults were placed in each treated vial. Adults were confined in the vial by a piece of organdy secured with a rubber band. Mortality was determined 4, 8, and 24 hours after introduction. Individuals were counted as dead when no movement was observed as the vial was gently shook.
Toxicity of two Bacillus Thuringiemsis Products Against Beet Armyworm and Bollworm, 1992
Authors: Moar W. J. , Breed C.
Published: December 2017

The toxicity of Dipel 2X and ABG-6314 was evaluated against beet armyworm and bollworm using pinto bean diet-incorporation bioassays. Bioassays were replicated four or rive times with seven to nine concentrations plus an untreated control per treatment. Twenty neonate larvae were used per concentration. One or two neonates were placed in each of the individual wells of a 24-well bioassay tray containing treated diet. Mortality (as judged by no movement when prodded) was determined after 7 d._ Probit analyses were performed on mortality data using the SAS Proc Probit procedure after correcting for control mortality using Abbott’s formula.
Citrus Rust Mite Control with Bas 300 111 on Texas Citrus, 1993
Authors: Victor French J. , Hernandez Elias
Published: December 2017

Experimental BAS 300 1II, alone and tank mixed with either Lorsban or Supracide, was compared to Vendex for efficacy against CRM. Treatments were randomized and replicated 4 times on single tree plots in a 7-yr-old grapefruit orchard on 15 × 24 ft spacing. Each sprayed tree was separated on all sides by unsprayed buffer trees. Treatment sprays were applied on 10 May to foliar runoff with a Hypro 5200 high pressure handgun sprayer operating at 200 psi. At each count date, 12 fruit per replicate were randomly selected and examined for CRM in situ with a 10X handlens. All live CRM were counted in two, 1-sq cm lens fields on the shaded side of each fruit. The two counts per fruit were averaged and recorded as one observation.
Citrus Cutworm Pesticide Efficacy Trials, 1993
Authors: Grafton-Cardwell E. E. , Reagan C. A. , Vehrs S. L. , Eller A. E. , McClain J.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides for the control of citrus cutworm were evaluated in a commercial orchard on 28 year old navel orange trees (‘Washington’ on Troyer rootstock) in Terra Bella, California. The insecticides were applied on 21 and 22 Apr when citrus cutworm larvae were first emerging. Treatment applications were made with a Bean hand-sprayer at 450 psi, and approximately 300 gal/acre (3-4 gal/tree). Lorsban was applied after sunset to reduce the detrimental impact of the spray on honey bees in the orchard. ATI 720 F (Azadirachtin) was applied with a spray adjuvant (Kinetic). Each of 19 treatments were applied to 8 single tree replications. Treatments were assigned to trees based on pretreatment levels of citrus cutworm and the insecticide applications were made to alternate trees along three rows of citrus. All larval collections were accomplished by placing a canvas beating sheet (112 cm × 75 cm) under the outside foliage of the tree and vigorously striking the foliage with PVC pipe. Citrus cutworm larvae which fell on the canvas were counted and recorded by instar, then returned to the foliage. Pretreatment citrus cutworm larvae counts were made on 20 Apr by sampling the northwest and southeast quadrants of the tree. Post treatment counts were made on 29 Apr and 5 May by sampling all four quadrants of the tree, again recording each instar. Percentage of scarred fruit due to citrus cutworm feeding was evaluated on 1 Sep on each experimental tree within a 2 meter swath around the tree beginning 20 cm from the ground and extending 40 cm into the tree interior. In 1993, late April and early May temperatures ranged from relatively cool to warm, with daily maximums between 70 and 91° F (mean of 82.4° F).
Control of Striped Cucumber Beetle on Cantaloupe in Vincennes, In, 1993
Authors: Buhler W. G. , Brust G. E. , Foster R. E.
Published: December 2017

Cantaloupe, variety ‘Superstar’, was transplanted at the 3 leaf stage on 28 Apr. Experimental units (plots) consisted of one row 60 ft long, 15 plants per row. Rows were 6 ft apart, lined with black plastic mulch and trickle irrigated. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Soil insecticides were applied on the day the plastic was laid, 5 days before transplants were set. Foliar sprays were applied on a weekly basis starting 5 May, except for Admire 2F, which was applied on a 2 wk schedule. A total of 8 weekly applications was made. All liquid soil insecticides were applied with a R&D CO2 backpack sprayer, operating at 40 psi and delivering 30 gal/acre. Granular soil insecticides were applied via a Gandy box attached to the mulch laying machine. Foliar sprays were applied at 20 gal/acre at a pressure of 30 psi. Plots treated with Furadan 4F at a rate of 1 qt form./acre at planting, followed by alternating weekly sprays of Sevin 80S (1.25 lb/acre) and Thiodan 3EC (1 qt/acre) are designated in the treatment column as Furadan/Sevin/Thiodan. Beetle counts were taken on a per plant basis. Percentage of plants with bacterial wilt was recorded, 25 Jul, by checking for the presence of bacterial ooze. Yields (weight of melons) were taken over a 4 week period starting on 2 Jul through 2 Aug. For presentation purposes, this has been condensed into: early yield (2 Jul-14 Jul), secondary yield (16 Jul-2 Aug) and total yield (sum of early and secondary yields).
Foliar Sprays to Control Lepidopterous Pests on Collards, 1993
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Collards were planted on 9 Aug at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a 25 ft row, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, and replicated 4 times in a randomized, complete block design. Row spacing was 3 ft between rows. Treatments were applied with a 3 hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi on the following dates: 7 and 23 Sep; 4, 13 and 29 Oct. Latron B-1956 (4 oz/acre) was added to all treatments. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of all worm species present on 5 randomly chosen plants/plot and percent defoliation ratings on the dates indicated in the table. DB pressure was moderate to heavy with peak populations beginning in late Oct. Low numbers of CWW and FAW were present and analyzed together as a complex (other worms). Very low numbers of cabbage looper and imported cabbage worm were also present.
High Rate of Asana XL, Selected Insecticides and Microbials for European Corn Borer Control in Minnesota Sweet Corn, 1993
Authors: Battels D. W. , Hutchison W. D.
Published: December 2017

This test was conducted on the University of Minnesota Southern Experiment Station at Waseca in corn planted 4 Jun. Plots consisted of four 30 ft (9.14 m) rows on 30 inch (0.76 m) centers. Two untreated border rows and 6 ft (1.83 m) alleys separated the plots. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. A Hagie highboy sprayer with two flat fan (8002VS) nozzles/ row, delivering 35 gal/acre (327.4 liters/ha) at 33 psi (2.3 kg/cm2) and 2 mph (1.2 km/hr), was used to treat the ear zone of each row. A weekly spray schedule was initiated at 75% silk. Because of wet weather conditions, an 11 day treatment interval resulted between first and second applications. Treatments were applied 12, 23 Aug and 2 Sep. Plots were artificially infested with about 25 neonate ECB larvae/primary ear-leaf on 16 Aug. Treatments were evaluated 9 Sep by randomly selecting 25 ears/plot (100/treatment) and recording total ECB larvae, larval size, location and feeding damage.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae in Sweet Corn, 1993
Authors: Foster R. E. , Buhler W. G.
Published: December 2017

This test was conducted at the Throckmorton Purdue Agricultural Center, Lafayette, Indiana. The sweet corn variety ‘Bodacious’ was planted on 6 Jul in 30 inch rows. Each plot consisted of four rows by 50 feet long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticides were applied on 17, 23, 28 Aug and 2 Sep. Treatments on the first two dates were applied with a high clearance sprayer operating at 40 PSI and delivering 19.3 gal of finished spray/acre. There were three hollow cone nozzles per row, with one nozzle over the top of the row and one nozzle on each side of the row directed toward the ear zone. A mechanical failure required that the last two applications be made with a hand sprayer using the same amount of the insecticide mixture that was applied with the high clearance sprayer. Each row was sprayed twice, once with the nozzle directed at the ear zone and once with the nozzle over the top of the plant. Evaluations were made at harvest on 8 Sep by examining twenty-five ears from each plot for the presence of larvae and feeding damage. Each ear was rated as clean (no insect damage), marketable (damage limited to terminal one inch of the ear), or unmarketable (damage extended beyond the terminal inch of the ear).
Insecticidal and Biological Control of Ear-Infesting Insects in Sweet Corn, 1993
Authors: Prostak Donald J.
Published: December 2017

Sweet corn was planted on 14 Jun at the Snyder Research and Extension Farm, Pittstown, NJ. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and consisted of 4 rows, 50 ft long on 3 ft centers with 9 inches between plants. Buffers were 12 ft driveways, two additional rows between adjacent plots, and 5 ft between plots within rows. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied on 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, and 25 Aug with a tractor-mounted, boom sprayer equipped with a PTO-driven diaphragm pump, servicing dropped extensions with 4 hollow-cone nozzles per row directed at the ear zone. Sprayer was calibrated to deliver 73.5 gal/acre at 60 psi. Plots were evaluated on 27 Aug by examining 25 primary ears harvested from the middle 40 ft of the middle 2 rows of each replicate. All larvae or larval damage in or on the ear was identified and counted.
Corn Earworm Control on Sweet Corn, 1993
Authors: Rowland S. , Cartwright B.
Published: December 2017

On 28 Apr, ‘Aztec’ sweet corn was seeded into a fine sandy loam soil at the Wes Watkins AREC, Lane, OK. Plots were 7 m long by 4 rows wide. Unplanted areas of 1.5 m were left on each end and side of each plot to reduce spray drift. Rows were spaced 0.9 m apart with plants spaced 10-15 cm apart. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Fertilizer and herbicides were applied at recommended rates and overhead irrigation was applied as needed. All insecticides were applied using a tractor-mounted PTO-driven air pressure sprayer calibrated at 131 liters per acre. Three hollow cone (TX-12) nozzles per row were used to cover each row on both sides and from above. A single broadcast application of Dipel 2X at 1.0 lb/acre was made on 17 Jun to control larvae in the whorls. Treatments were applied on the following dates: 18, 21, 23, 26, 28, 30 Jun and 2 Jul. All primary ears from each plot were harvested on 7 Jul. Each ear was evaluated for CEW damage and categorized as undamaged, marketable or unmarketable based on USDA market grades. Ears less than five inches long after trimming all CEW damage from them were considered unmarketable.
Weekly Applications of Bacillus Thuringiensis for European Corn Borer Control on Peppers, 1993
Authors: Boucher J. , Adams R. , Nixon G. , Clark J.
Published: December 2017

‘Lady Bell’ seedlings were transplanted on 1 Jun at the University of Connecticut, Plant Science Research Farm in Storrs. Plots consisted of 10 plants, 1.5 ft apart, and were separated by an untreated plant on each end. An untreated guard row separated each block. Rows were spaced four ft apart. Three treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments consisted of an unsprayed control and applications of Ambush and MVP on 27 Aug and 3 and 9 Sep. Triton B-1956 Spreader Sticker (4 ounces per acre rate) was applied with the MVP and Ambush. Plots were sprayed from the top and sides with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 50 psi with 40 gallons of water per acre. All fruit over one inch in diameter were picked and discarded on 27 Aug. Fruit from all 10 plants per plot were harvested, counted, weighed and dissected to inspect for ECB larvae on 10 and 17 Sep.
Apple, Control of the Pandemis Leafroller with Bacillus Thur1Ng1Ens1S Products in Spring, 1993
Authors: Brunner J. F.
Published: December 2017

Different B. thuringiensis products were evaluated for their ability to control PLR larvae of the overwintering generation. The test was conducted in an apple orchard near Wenatchee. Trees were 10-yr-old spur type ‘Oregon Spur II’ on seedling roots. Treatments were applied to three-tree plots replicated five times using a RCB design. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. Pre-treatment evaluations were made on 19 Apr by examining 20 fruiting buds per tree and recording the number infested. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 17 May. Each tree was examined and the total number of live leafroller larvae recorded.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Insecticides, Pasquotank Co., N.C., 1994
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Wade Holloway C.
Published: December 2017

‘Atlantic’ potatoes were planted in mid-Mar near Elizabeth City, N.C. Plots in both Test 1 and Test 2 were 20 ft. long, with single row plots on 42 inch centers with no guard rows, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 10 ft were used between replicates within rows. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle (18X) operated at 60 psi to deliver 54.5 gal/acre. On 24 Mar in Test 1 Admire 2FS at the rate of 0.9 fluid oz. per 1000 linear ft was applied in the furrow over the top of the potato pieces just before they were covered. When potatoes sprouted and emerged to the height of approximately 4 inches, there were 20-30 adult CPB’s dead around each hill that had been treated with Admire. The CPB population was so heavy early in the season that the potato pieces in the rest of Test 1 and Test 2 and including the entire field could not sprout and emerge without being eaten off by 8-12 adult CPB’s per plant. On 18 Apr the grower applied Kryocide at the rate of 5 lbs/acre in a spray band over the top of the row as a measure to slow down the CPB population. Asana XL and PBO were applied on 22 Apr as a spray both at the rate of 8 oz/acre. The potatoes emerged and the crop was established. In Test 1 all treatments were applied on 17 May with the exception of 0.9 fluid oz/1000 linear ft of Admire 2FS which had been applied earlier, on 24 Mar. On 17 May all treatments in Test 2 were applied except for the two (midegg hatch) treatments of Monitor 4F, which were applied on 24 May. All treatments were applied on 24 and 31 May in Test 1 except Admire 2FS at 3 oz plus Silwet L77 at 4 oz, which was treated at (early egg hatch only) and the Admire 2FS treatment that was applied at planting. Test 1 and Test 2 counts of CPB on 3 hills/plot were made 24, 31 May and 7 Jun. Small larvae were assumed to be first and second instar, and large larvae, third and fourth instar. Visual CPB damage ratings were made 24, 31 May and 7 Jun. Potatoes were harvested and yields recorded 7 Jun.
Azadirachtin (Align) to Control CPB on Potatoes, 1994
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted on 11 April at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of two 25 ft rows on 3 ft row spacing, replicated four times in a randomized, complete block design. An untreated guard row separated each plot. Admire 2F was applied in furrow preplanting using a single hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer. Foliar sprays were applied on the dates indicated in the table using a 3 hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. On 21 and 23 Jun, the entire test was sprayed out with Vydate L at 0.50 lb(AI)/acre and Furadan 4F at 1.00 lb (AI)/acre to control first generation CPB adults. Evaluation criteria and spray decisions were based on weekly counts of all CPB life stages present on 10 random stems/plot. Sprays were applied if the following thresholds were exceeded: 4 small larvae, 1.5 large larvae, or 0.5 adults/stem. Percent defoliation for each plot was rated on 16 Jun and both rows of each plot were harvested and graded on 20 Jul to determine yields.
Comparison of Cyromazine (Trigard) and Bacillus Thuringiensis (Novodor) Foliar Sprays for CPB Control on Potatoes, Painter, VA
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted on 8 April at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of six 30 ft long rows on 3 ft row spacing, replicated 4 times in a randomized, complete block design. Sprays were applied using either a tractor-mounted sprayer or a 3-hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer if the ground was too wet for the tractor. Sprays were applied in 40 gal/acre water. Spray dates are indicated in the tables. The entire test was sprayed out on 20 Jun with Vydate L at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre and Furadan 4F at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre to control first generation CPB adults. Evaluation criteria consisted of weekly counts of all CPB life stages present on 10 randomly chosen plants/plot, and the first sprays were applied at peak CPB egg hatch. Percent defoliation for each plot was rated on 20 Jun, and the center two rows of each plot were harvested and graded on 1 Jul to determine yields.
Apple, Control of the Pandemis Leafroller with Bacillus Thuringiensis Plus Wetting Agents in Spring, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O.
Published: December 2017

Different wetting agents were evaluated for their ability to aid Dipel in controlling PLR larvae of the overwintering generation. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. Three trees were 15-yr-old spur type ‘Delicious’. Treatments were applied 14 Apr to two-tree plots replicated five times using a RCB design. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. Plant development was full bloom. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 9 May. One tree from each plot was examined, and the total number of live leafrollers found at a height between 4 and 8 ft in the canopy was recorded.