bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Assessment of Community College Economic Impact on the Local Community or State
Authors: Schuyler Gwyer
Published: June 2007

Researchers and administrators often assess the costs and benefits of community colleges in response to calls for accountability and to publicize the college's involvement in the community. The author reviews the practice of economic impact analysis by examining 19 analyses conducted by community college researchers to determine who conducts such analyses, how services areas are defined, what models are used, and what motivates the assessments. The results indicate that motivation affects the factors considered during an economic impact analysis; studies conducted for institutional planning provide the most accurate portrayals of positive and negative impacts on local economies whereas those conducted for policy or public information purposes often were focused more narrowly. The author recommends using qualitative methods in economic impact analyses because quantitative methods alone may not reveal the full extent of a college's impact on a community's economic well-being.
Comparing Teacher and Student Responses to the Mixed-Age College Classroom
Authors: Bishop-Clark Cathy , Lynch Jean
Published: June 2007

The research reported here is part of an ongoing study designed to compare perceptions of faculty and students at a two-year campus about faculty-student relationships, attitudes toward younger students, and attitudes toward mixed-age classrooms. Faculty and student focus groups and interviews formed the basis for a survey that elicited perceptions from 183 faculty and 320 students (199 traditional and 121 older). Both faculty and students reported positive attitudes toward the mixed-age classroom and some negative perceptions of younger students. Results reported for students by age group indicate that students do not perceive differences in the way faculty treat older and younger students, even though faculty reported more positive attitudes toward older students.
Learning Styles, Classroom Environment Preferences, Teaching, Styles, and Remedial Course Outcomes for Underprepared Adults at a Two-Year College
Authors: Miglietti Cynthia L. , Strange C. Carney
Published: June 2007

Sixty-one adult (age 25 and over) and 95 traditional-age (ages 18 through 24) two-year college students responded to a battery of instruments (Adult Classroom Environment Scale, Adaptive Style Inventory, Principles of Adult Learning Scale, and an Evaluation of Instruction Questionnaire) distributed in five remedial English and five remedial mathematics courses. Data analyses indicated that student age accounts for little variance in student expectations of the classroom environment, learning style, or select course outcomes. Nevertheless, students in reading and mathematics classes with learner-centered activities achieved higher course grades. Adult students in the mathematics sections reported a greater sense of accomplishment and a more positive total course experience than their traditional-age counterparts.
Today's Transfer Students: Who Are They?
Authors: Fredrickson Janyth
Published: June 2007

The author used statewide databases to examine a sample of students who transferred from North Carolina's community colleges to its public universities in 1993. Identified by social security numbers, students were classified by program codes as college transfer or technical students. The two groups were compared using a variety of demographic and academic variables. Students from technical programs constituted 30% of the students who transferred from North Carolina community colleges to public four-year institutions. Twice as many Black students transferred from technical programs as from college transfer programs. Technical students earned slightly higher grades after transfer than designated college transfer students, but students who transferred from college transfer curricula had higher persistence rates.
Evaluating Placement and Developmental Studies Programs at a Technical Institute: Using ACT's Underprepared Student Follow-up Report
Authors: Hodges Dawn Zoller
Published: June 2007

Many two-year institutions use the ASSET-a student success system developed by the American College Testing Program (ACT) for community college student advising, placement, and retention. The author describes using ACT's new Underprepared Student Follow-up Report (UPSFUR) as an assessment tool for retention programs. The sample comprised 1,261 records from Chattahoochee Technical Institute's ASSET database on students tested during 1995, and data included grades for developmental and diploma-level English and mathematics courses. The UPSFUR statistical analysis indicated a successful completion rate of 61% to 70% for developmental courses; students required to take developmental courses succeeded in subsequent regular courses with similar completion rates but with lower grades. The author compares these findings with others in the literature on developmental courses to conclude that the UPSFUR can be used to help determine placement program effectiveness.
Global Perceptions of the Community College
Authors: Kintzer Frederick C. , Bryant Donald W.
Published: June 2007

The authors trace and discuss changes in location between secondary and post-secondary educational systems based on the concept of short-cycle higher education. They extend this theme globally by developing profiles of short-cycle and nonuniversity institutions in 10 primary geographic sectors that include the following countries: People's Republic of China, Japan, Singapore, Mexico, Argentina, Kenya, South Africa, Jordan, France, Germany, Sweden, and Great Britain. They conclude their discussion by providing an assessment of global short-cycle higher education based on three program types (preparation for work, community education, and transfer education) and two rapidly increasing alternatives (consortia and industry-sponsored education).
Institutional Effectiveness in Two-Year Colleges: The Southern Region of the United States
Authors: Todd Timothy S. , Baker George A.
Published: June 2007

Using institutional effectiveness criteria established by the Southern Assocation of Colleges and Schools, the authors surveyed administrators and faculty at institutions granting associate's degrees in the southern United States to elicit (a) the extent to which effectiveness components were implemented, (b) the importance placed on those components by institutional leaders, and (c) discrepancies between reported implementation and perceived importance. The data were analyzed to determine if differences existed between perceived levels of implementation and importance based on institutional size and respondents' characteristics (including professional classification, gender, ethnicity, age, and years of employment). Reported implementation did not vary according to institutional size or respondents' characteristics, but one-way analysis of variance tests revealed significant relationships between the perceived importance of some components and respondents' length of employment, professonal classification, and institutional size.
Past, Present, and Future Variations in Community College Organizational Structure
Authors: Underwood C. , Hammons James O.
Published: June 2007

A survey directed at 135 community college presidents in 1991 elicited details about how their colleges were organized five years prior to 1991 and in 1991, as well as their preferred organizational structures for the future. The authors report variations in structure by three college size categories (enrollment levels) based on responses from 118 presidents and indicate notable variations and trends in organizational structure.
Editor's Choice: The Teaching Scholar and the Scholarly Teacher
Authors: Hale Pyr
Published: June 2007

Drawing upon more than 25 years of experience teaching at a community college, the author describes how teaching and scholarship work together to create an educational experience for students: By producing scholarly work, faculty model “what it is to inquire and examine what you know for the rest of your life.”
Editor's Choice: Lessons on Disability and the Rights of Students
Authors: Treloar Linda L.
Published: June 2007

The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the American with Disabilities Act of 1990 form the basis for this discussion of students with disabilities and the role played by community college faculty in promoting their success. After asserting the need to foster self-awareness in one's perceptions of those with disabilities, the author defines practices that ensure receptive classroom environments with examples of effective attitudes, behaviors, and language.
Interviewing to Hire Competent Community College Faculty
Authors: Murray John P.
Published: June 2007

The author focuses on improving the interview process as a critical step in hiring new faculty who will thrive and prove to be effective in the community college environment. Necessary considerations for preplanning, establishing an interview protocol, and developing interview questions are defined based on a review of the literature about effective faculty characteristics and interviewing techniques. The author recommends using critical incident interview techniques such as storytelling to elicit an applicant's responses to key situations.
Forhcesrhor Influence Late-Admitted Student
Authors: Weiss Dana Freer
Published: June 2007

The author used orientational qualitative inquiry to capture advisors' perceptions of students who register late when they enroll in community college. The resulting profile of late-admits developed from semi-structured one-hour interviews with 17 advisors at three community colleges is discussed in relationship to models of attrition developed by Tinto and Bean and Metzner. The advisors' perceptions revealed distinct differences between traditional age (18 to 20) and nontraditional age late-admits.
Remedial Education and Student Attrition
Authors: Hoyt Jeff E.
Published: June 2007

Data from entering student surveys for the fall 1993, 1994, and 1995 freshmen cohorts at Utah Valley State College and 1998 outcomes data from the college's student information system were analyzed to determine student attrition rates and their relationship to variables defined in the literature about retention models, at-risk populations, and evaluating retention programs. Based on logistic regression analysis, the author discusses demographic, goal commitment, academic, and financial support variables as predictors of student retention.
A Qualitative Study of Women's Experiences in Community College Leadership Positions
Authors: Tedrow Barbara , Rhoads Robert A.
Published: June 2007

The authors present and analyze qualitative data collected during interviews with 30 senior female administrators working at community colleges in the Midwest. Theoretical and inductively oriented analyses revealed three patterns of leadership identity for women as leaders: adaptation, reconciliation, and resistance. The authors discuss each category in respect to leadership identity, communication style, and gender issues, and summarize implications for community college leadership development efforts.
Mass Communication Functions in a Media-Rich Developing Society
Authors: Chaffee Steven H. , Izcaray Fausto
Published: June 2007

Several research models developed in recent years in postindustrial societies are applied to a field setting in Venezuela where mass media are highly advanced but the society remains highly stratified in education, income, and other socioeconomic hierarchies. Indices of functional uses and avoidances of the media show strong consistency across media and are good predictors of media use patterns. Simple exposure to the media, rather than motivations for use or avoidance, is the better type of predictor of knowledge gained from media, however. Evidence of a "correlation function" based on a common agenda of public issues set by the media is weak.
The Mass Media and Presidential Popularity
Authors: Haight Timothy R. , Brody Richard A.
Published: June 2007

During the first three years of the Nixon administration, the President's popularity in the Gallup Poll was found to be related both to the content of daily press coverage of the President and to the number of times he appeared on television. These findings support the argument that studying the mass media provides an important means of examining the exercise of presidential power. While further research is necessary to determine the impact of presidential media appearances on his popularity, this study is the latest in a number showing the impact of the daily news on the President's fortunes in the polls.
Dyadic Perception of Communicator Style
Authors: Miller Larry D.
Published: June 2007

An experiment was designed to replicate and confirm previous research findings which suggest that the way a person communicates is related to perception of communication behavior. The experiment was successful. Subjects with low Communicator Style Measure (CSM) scores do not report perceiving any appreciable difference between their communicator style and that of subjects with high CSM scores. In contrast, subjects with high CSM scores report perceiving a significant difference. Three raters evaluated the videotaped interactions and confirm that a significant difference exists between the way in which low and high CSM scorers communicate. Analysis of who actually dominated the interactions in terms of amount of talk and who controlled the outcome in terms of success at the task also confirms the presence of significant differences. Two explanations are posited and discussed: (1) social desirability and (2) perceptual deficiency.
Developing a Probabilistic Model for Communications Decision Making
Authors: Grunig James E. , Disbrow James A.
Published: June 2007

Grunig's multisystems theory of communication behavior, previously applied to organizational communication in this journal, is developed into a normative decision theory for use in professional communication programs. Conditional probabilities for the occurrence of communication behavior are presented for 16 theoretical situations. Regression analysis is used to further test the theory. Analysis of variance indicates that communication behavior, is situationally rather than individually motivated.
Mass Media Use and the "Revolution of Rising Frustrations"
Authors: Hornik Robert C.
Published: June 2007

Lerner's hypothesis of a "revolution of rising frustrations" as expectations generated by mass media outraced economic growth in developing countries has been widely accepted. Yet neither existing data nor much of current thinking about mass media social effects would support such a theory. In a three-year panel study of EI Salvadoran junior high school students, the relationship of early mass media use to subsequent change in social expectation is traced. Clear evidence related an increase in educational and occupational aspirations and a decrease in desire to live in an urban area to increased television exposure. These results were interpreted to suggest that media affects expectation only insofar as other elements of the social environment reinforce such changes.
Uses and Gratifications and Exposure To Public Television
Authors: Palmgreen Philip , Rayburn J.D.
Published: June 2007

A consistent problem with uses and gratifications research has been the failure to distinguish between gratifications sought and gratifications obtained. This study tested a discrepancy model constrasting gratifications sought from television in general with gratifications respondents perceived they obtained (or would obtain) from public television. The model successfully predicted level of exposure to PTV content among respondents who made their own decisions concerning what programs to watch. Level of exposure was unrelated to the discrepancy measure among those who let others make the viewing decision. When each gratification was considered individually, the discrepancy model successfully discriminated between viewers and nonviewers of PTV on 8 of 11 gratification items. The results also indicate the importance of social determinants of the viewing decision and perceptions of PTV content as predictors of PTV consumption.
The Prison and the Inmate's Conception of Legal Justice
Authors: Scharf Peter , Hickey Joseph
Published: June 2007

Existing prison programs fail to provide opportunities for the offender to participate in meaningful democratic experiences. The Niantic Project sought to create a prison environment which would avoid the pitfalls of conventional correctional settings. The goals of the proposed alternative were to create a setting which would actively stimulate the sociolegal thinking of the inmates involved and would aid inmates in leading successful lives following release from the institution.
Psychologically Disordered and Criminal Offenders
Authors: Monahan John , Hood Gloria L.
Published: June 2007

Numerous surveys have assessed community perceptions of the psychologically disordered. None of these surveys, however, has focused upon perceptions of psychologically disordered offenders. The present study assessed community perceptions of the volitional capacity and moral responsibility of disordered offenders, given the centrality of these constructs in criminal and civil law. Subjects taken from jury rolls were presented with a case description of a violent crime and provided with an offender history which noted either prior psychological disorder or prior criminal behavior, or they were provided with no history. Results generally support the hypotheses that offenders whose deviant acts are placed in the context of psychological disorder are perceived as having less "free will," being less morally responsible and blameworthy, and being less deserving of punishment than those whose deviance is either placed in the context of criminality or is of ambiguous origin.
Perceptions of Victims and Defendants in Criminal Assault Cases
Authors: Feldman-Summers Shirley , Lindner Karen
Published: June 2007

An experiment was conducted to ascertain the manner in which male and female subjects perceive the victim and the defendant involved in criminal assault. Characteristics of the victim, type of crime committed, and sex of the subject were systematically varied. The experiment, therefore, took the form of a 5 (Married Woman/Single, Virgin/Single, Nonvirgin/Divorced Woman/Prostitute) X 3 (Rape/ Attempted Rape/Physical Assault) X 2 (Male Subjects/Female Subjects) factorial design. The findings indicate that as the respectability of the victim decreases, her perceived responsibility for the rape increases. Furthermore, as the victim's respectability declines, the perceived impact of the crime on the victim decreases. In addition, significant sex differences (female > males) emerged in conjunction with the length of jail sentence recommended for the defendant, perceived psychological impact of the crime on the victim, the seriousness of the crime, and the perceived guilt of the defendant. The results are interpreted within a balance theory framework, and the implications of the research for legal procedures are discussed.
Locus of Control Within Subgroups in a Correctional Population
Authors: Groh Thomas R. , Goldenberg Edward E.
Published: June 2007

The present study was designed to investigate locus of control (I-E) among various subgroups in a correctional population. Using a procedure designed to minimize demands for socially desirable responses, 45 adult male prisoners were tested individually. Consistent with earlier research, white inmates and those active in social organizations scored more internally than others. However, in contrast with the available literature, drug users were found to be significantly more external (F = 9.13, df = 1, 41, p <.01). The drug use results were interpreted in terms of the presence or absence of demands for socially appropriate test responses.
Delinquency
Authors: Andrew June M.
Published: June 2007

When Performance IQ is higher than Verbal IQ, the pattern is identified as Wechsler's classic "P > V" sign for delinquency. Despite a previous hypothesis that a too-low V might be the active element in the P > V sign, the data suggested that the three components— (a) lower V than average, (b) higher P than average, and (c) the degree of imbalance between V and P-may each uniquely contribute to the P > V sign. The P > V sign may now be seen as only one of two possible types of intellectual imbalance. Imbalance in either direction, that is, either Verbal IQ or Performance IQ higher than the other, may constitute a stress factor similar to that of a lower overall IQ in predisposing boys to delinquency.
Personality Characteristics of Volunteers for Medical Research
Authors: Walsh James A. , Nash Michael M.
Published: June 2007

Thirty-seven inmates who had previously volunteered for phase I drug testing and 33 who had not were interviewed by a psychologist to obtain demographic and motivational data. Each inmate completed a standard psychopathology inventory (the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory), the Similarities and Picture Arrangement subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, a test of normal personality variables (the Edwards Personality Scale), and Christie's Machiavellianism Scale. The data supported the conclusions that (1) inmates are in general free enough from psychopathology to be able to make rational choices about participating in medical research as long as preliminary screening for individuals with severely disordered thinking is carried out, (2) verbal communication skills of inmates appear to be well enough developed to allow them to give an informed consent, (3) while there are personality differences between volunteers and nonvolunteers, these appear to relate most directly to the fact that, without screening, impulsive, manipulative individuals with disordered thought processes are over-represented among volunteers for medical research.
The Public Offender Counseling Inventory
Authors: Page Richard C. , Myrick Robert D.
Published: June 2007

The Public Offender Counseling Inventory was developed to assess counseling outcomes in prisons. The instrument was written to be relevant to the special needs of inmates. The Public Offender Counseling Inventory was factor analyzed, and three major factors were obtained, labeled Confidence in Interpersonal Involvements, Counseling Readiness, and Self-Reliance. A test-retest reliability study was also performed on this instrument. This instrument was successfully utilized to assess the results of groups conducted with female prisoners with drug problems.
Perceptions of Police Work By the Police and By the Public
Authors: Munn James R. , Renner K. Edward
Published: June 2007

Three distinctions are proposed to determine what types of efforts are necessary to improve the quality of the relationship between the police and the public: first, whether there are different groups within the public which have contrary expectations that are impossible for the police to satisfy simultaneously or whether the disagreements are between the police and the nonpolice in general; second, whether the content and psychological significance of the disagreements can be specified; and third, whether negative evaluations of the police represent conflicting beliefs about what are proper police functions and services or emotional reactions arising from contact with regulatory power of the police.
The Reduction of Deviant Arousal
Authors: Marshall W.L. , Barbaree H.E.
Published: June 2007

Rapists and child molesters come to the attention of therapists because of their aggressive acts against victims who did not or could not consent. It would appear obvious that a major focus of therapy should be to decrease sexually aggressive thoughts, urges, and behaviors. It is therefore quite surprising that when one investigates treatment programs for sexual aggressives, specific treatment to decrease this arousal is many times lacking. Instead, attention is focused on the offender's inability to interrelate with others. He is taught social skills, sex education, or any variety of new behaviors that do not directly relate to the reason for his incarceration, which is an aggressive sexual act.

The reason for this lack of focus on the offender's aggressive behavior appears to be a lack of knowledge about various modalities that can reduce a child molester or rapist's urges to perpetrate this activity. Marshall and Barbaree briefly review four different treatment procedures whose goal is to reduce the offender's deviant urges and behaviors. They then discuss the use of a satiation procedure that they believe is effective because it reduces deviant behavior by destroying the erotic nature of deviant urges. This is accomplished by literally boring the offender with his own fantasies involving sexual aggression. The advantage of such a satiation treatment is that it reduces therapist's time, it is inexpensive, and, most important, it capitalizes on a naturally occurring phenomenon. Sexual arousal requires newness and variety to sustain itself. The opposite, boredom, destroys specific sexual arousal patterns.

Finally, Marshall and Barbaree place the reduction of deviant arousal in its proper perspective, namely, one treatment component of many that are combined to form a total treatment package for the sexual aggressive.
Differentiating Sexual Aggressives With Penile Measures
Authors: Abel Gene G. , Becker Judith V. , Blanchard Edward B. , Djenderedjian Armen
Published: June 2007

Evaluating how a client is doing in therapy is a problem faced by all therapists. This is an especially important issue when the client is a rapist or child molester, since not knowing that his control is poor or that he has failed to respond to treatment may jeopardize the safety of others. Therapists have traditionally relied on the client's self-report to evaluate how he is doing. This traditional method of assessment in some cases is quite efficient and provides the therapist with extensive details that assist in outlining further treatment plans for the offender. In working with sexual deviates, however, it is quite apparent that in many cases this self-report is totally unreliable. As a consequence, the therapist must rely on other methods to assess his client's progress.

For a number of years, penile transducer measures have been used to assess the sexual arousal of various sexual deviates. This is accomplished by the use of a small penile transducer which encircles the penis and records erection responses during the presentation of various sexual stimuli. In recent years, this method has been applied to the assessment of child molesters and sexual aggressives. Abel, Blanchard, Becker, and Djenderedjian summarize their recent work on the use of penile transducers with child molesters and rapists. The correlation of such measures with the sexual aggressive's history of sexual aggressive behavior, the frequency of that behavior, the likelihood of excessive force being used during the commission of a sexual assault, the likelihood of the client being a sadomasochist, and age of the aggressive's preferred victim is discussed. Preliminary data indicate that these physiologic measures have tremendous potential for assisting the therapist in assessing not only the treatment needs of the sexual aggressive, but also his response (or failure to respond) to treatment.
Tm At Folsom Prison
Authors: Allen Don
Published: June 2007

The article by Abrams and Siegel, "The Transcendental Mediatation Program at Folsom State Prison: A Cross Validation Study" is examined and found wanting in several respects. Abrams and Siegel are criticized for inadequate controls which seriously limit the conclusions to be drawn from their study. In addition, the authors have taken greater than normal liberties in interpreting their statistical results. It is suggested that if there are any rehabilitative effects from Transcendental Meditation, they are not documented by Abrams and Siegel's paper.
Discretion in Juvenile Justice
Authors: Lamiell James T.
Published: June 2007

Recent statements by social scientists and legal professionals have pointed to the need for a general research framework within which discretionary practices in the juvenile justice system can be empirically described and evaluated. The present article proposes social judgment theory as one framework suitable for addressing these issues. Based on the premise that discretion serves largely to discriminate juveniles in terms of risk of future misbehavior, the article describes how this judgment process can be described and evaluated using the lens model of human judgment. Specific procedures for applying this framework are outlined, and the major advantages and limitations of the approach are discussed.
Hiring Despite The Psychologist's Objections
Authors: Lester David , Babcock S. Donald , Cassisi Joseph P. , Brunetta Mario
Published: June 2007

The police department's decision to hire an applicant for the position of police officer was found to be consistent with the psychologist's recommendation for 76% of applicants to a small town police department. On personality and vocational interest tests, the psychologist was found to be using clear criteria, but the police department did not appear to use these same criteria. No differences in performance between those recommended by the psychologist and those not recommended were found among those hired. The implications of these results are discussed and suggestions made for future research.
Coping With Authority
Authors: Golden Kenneth , Twentyman Craig T. , Jensen Marcus , Karan Joan , Kloss James D.
Published: June 2007

Twenty probationers participated in an assessment during which reports of problematic situations with probation officers and employers were elicited. Situations which were rated as occurring frequently were later employed in a role-play test. During the second part of the study, sixteen probationers were randomly assigned to groups which received either behavioral training in petitioning and then justification skills, or training in these skills in the reverse order. Results indicated that the probationers were able to learn the responses as assessed during the role-played situations. Issues concerning the specification of social skills, the empirical derivation of problem situations, and ethical concerns in social skills training are discussed.
Validity of the Overcontrolled/Undercontrolled Typology
Authors: Lane Paul J. , Spruill Jean
Published: June 2007

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and an information questionnaire were administered to 110 male forensic psychiatric patients at a state hospital. Patients were divided into either the overcontrolled personality type or the undercontrolled personality type based on anamnestic data and Overcontrolled-Hostility (O-H) scores. Results were consistent with theoretical predictions, indicating that the overcontrolled group showed a better adjusted MMPI profile, scored higher on scales reflecting repression, denial, conscience, and inhibition of aggression, and scored lower on scales reflecting impulsivity and acting out hostility. Moreover, when overcontrolled patients engaged in assaultive behavior, they tended to commit extremely violent crimes. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of classification of psychiatric offenders and the treatment of the overcontrolled-hostile individual.
Sexual Assault
Authors: Skelton Carol A. , Burkhart Barry R.
Published: June 2007

This study was designed to assess the social and attitudinal determinants of victim willingness to define and / or report a sexual assault as a rape to various groups. It was hypothesized that those incidents most closely resembling the social stereotype of rape would be most readily defined as a rape and, therefore, most likely to be reported. One hundred and twelve female undergraduate students were randomly assigned within a 2 x 2 x 2 factoral design to read a one-paragraph description of a situation involving a sexual assault and respond to a questionnaire assessing their belief that the situation was a rape and their willingness to report the event to a friend, a doctor, and/or the police. The situations were varied by having two levels of each of the three factors involved in the social stereotype of rape (prior relationship, degree of violence, and degree of victim responsibility for placing herself in the assault situation). The degree of force used was the most powerful determinant of an assault being defined as rape and of reporting the event to others. Having no prior acquaintance with the assailant also produced more willingness to report the assault to police.
Cognitive Characteristics of Delinquents
Authors: Spencer Frank W.
Published: June 2007

Based on parents' ratings, 53 male delinquents were classified as either psychopathic, neurotic, immature, or socialized-aggressive. The relationships of several cognitive characteristics derived from the Role Construct Repertory Test to membership in the above groups were investigated. Few differences between groups emerged on the variables measured. However, an analysis of group differences in perceived similarities among other people was fruitful. Implications for differential treatment were derived.
Witnessing Crime
Authors: Mawby R.I.
Published: June 2007

Although the role of the general public in helping the police is frequently recognized as vital by the police themselves, few criminologists have considered witness involvement in any detail. Here, research using official statistics and particularly controlled experimental methods has been described in some detail. Then an attempt has been made to develop a model to aid in our understanding of the choices open to witnesses to crime and the variables which may influence their decisions on whether or not to intervene.
The Elite Media and the Military-Civilian Culture Gap
Authors: Wiegand Krista E. , Paletz David L.
Published: June 2007

Even though some thoughtful studies exist on relations between the media and the military, most of them focus on the conflict over information security and control during wars, military operations, and entanglements abroad. What is missing is a detailed empirical study of whether the civilian and military media convey distinctive perspectives of and opinions about the military's attitudes and actions. Our purpose is to compare and contrast the depictions of military culture and any gaps with civilian culture by contentanalyzing three civilian and three military newspapers over the last six months of 1998. Overall, we find that both the civilian and the military newspapers are less monolithic and more diverse than we expected. Actually, each newspaper provides distinctive perspectives on and attitudes toward the military, which do not necessarily contribute to a civilian-military culture gap.
The Civilian-Military Gap and Professional Military Education at the Precommissioning Level
Authors: Snider Don M. , Priest Robert F. , Lewis Felisa
Published: June 2007

This article addresses whether there is a "gap" between the attitudes and perspectives of military students (at the military academies and at colleges with Reserve Officer Training Corps [ROTC] detachments) and students at civilian colleges. It is a limited study in that only three sets of student attitudes were examined, which were those pertaining to American society and its culture, military professionalism, and civil-military relations.

The authors conclude that there is no significant gap between the attitudes and perspectives of military students in precommissioning undergraduate education and graduating seniors in civilian institutions. Rather, they were struck overall by the relatively high degree of similarity in responses. They also found a remarkably similar understanding of military professionalism, but, unfortunately, serious misunderstandings about proper civilmilitary relations on the part of both groups of students. Recommendations are proposed to correct the deficiencies noted in precommissioning professional military education.
Civil-Military Relations in War College Curricula
Authors: Stiehm Judith Hicks
Published: June 2007

This article accepts the norms related to civil-military relations that Don Snider et al. propose in this special issue as being the appropriate norms for professional military officers. It then reviews the curricula of the six war colleges to see what they are currently teaching about civil-military relations and about civilian society. Next, it examines the views about those relations that war college students report themselves as actually holding. Some of these, i.e., findings related to officers' views about not obeying directives they believe "unethical but legal" and their willingness to obey "unwise" commands may seem to contradict the norm of civilian control. Others that are related to officer responsibility to "advocate" and to "insist" on some policy matters also seem to contradict these norms. The article concludes with some recommendations for curriculum revision.
Connected to Society: The Political Beliefs of U.S. Army Generals
Authors: Dowd James J.
Published: June 2007

This article examines the issue of the connectedness of military leaders with civil society through an analysis of the political beliefs and identification of a sample of U.S. Army general officers. As part of a larger study of the military profession, a sample of 62 Army generals was asked about their political views, party affiliation, and other issues that would indicate their more general political world view. Unlike previous studies that have relied primarily upon questionnaires, this one follows a more qualitative approach. Using a semistructured interviewing technique, it was possible to obtain a more complete understanding of the extent to which the political and social philosophy of the Army's senior leadership diverges from that of the wider society. Based upon this elaboration of their political viewpoints, the hypothesis that these officers are disconnected from mainstream American society must be rejected. The article offers a far more sanguine view of the future of civil-military relations in this society than that which has emerged recently in the professional literature.
Gender Disparities in Enforcing the Honor Concept at the U.S. Naval Academy
Authors: Pershing Jana L.
Published: June 2007

Women's ongoing presence as a minority population at the U.S. Naval Academy continues to raise important questions about the extent to which they have been integrated. This study examines the enforcement of the Naval Academy's Honor Concept as an indicator of gender integration. Data from three sources are analyzed: official statistics on honor violations, a U.S. General Accounting Office Survey of midshipmen, and semistructured interviews with Naval and Marine Corps officers who attended the Academy. Official statistics reveal that women are overrepresented as alleged honor violators despite the perception among midshipmen that all social groups, including women, are treated equally. The interview data suggest that women are indirectly targeted because of three factors related to their status as a token population: high visibility, the greater likelihood of being perceived as subperformers, and the lower likelihood of being protected by norms concerning peer loyalty because of exclusion from male friendship networks.
Political Partisanship and the Military Ethic in America
Authors: Betros Lance
Published: June 2007

The article addresses the results of a recently published survey on civil-military relations that revealed a close affiliation between the officer corps and the Republican Party. Based largely on these results, the directors of the survey concluded that officers have violated their professional ethic by abandoning the tradition of political neutrality. The article first examines the reasons for the Republican bias, which include the conservatism of the GOP vis-A-vis the Democratic Party, as well as institutional changes within the military over the past three decades. Second, it assesses the effect of the Republican bias on officer professionalism. The evidence suggests that voting does not, by itself, compromise an officer's ability to act responsibly, the principal measure of professionalism. Officers who vote are not constrained from performing their professional duties competently and rendering expert, unbiased advice to civilian leaders.
Research in In Extremis Settings
Authors: Kolditz Thomas A.
Published: June 2007

Previous work by the author that was based on data collected in combat has been criticized, based on its ability to generalize to research done in routine, peaceful settings. The idea that behavioral and social scientists may test the robustness of their theories by studying the same phenomenon across in extremis settings is explored. Research involving human participants conducted in safe, peaceful settings will not necessarily generalize to combat; combat findings may differ from those developed elsewhere. The appropriate scientific approach is to replicate and extend, in the combat context, findings already well established in peacetime work
Does Ethnicity Affect the Coping of Military Spouses?
Authors: Westhuis David J. , Fafara Richard J. , Ouellette Philip
Published: June 2007

This article presents results of an exploratory study of how Army military spouses with children cope with everyday stresses varies based on ethnic background. The study used data from 4,464 respondents of the 2001 Survey of Army Families IV (SAF IV). SAF IV, fielded April through July 2001, was used to reduce the confounding associated with the Iraq war. The results of five-stepwise regressions indicated that there were four common predictors and four ethnically specific predictors of how spouses cope. It was also found that the major sample (Caucasian) was most reflective of the analysis of the total sample of 4,464. Two of the primary predictors of spouse coping were the Problems Experienced Scale and the spouses’ ability to keep themselves well informed about the Army. Study findings suggest that while similarities in coping exist between ethnic groups, there are also important ethnic differences in coping relevant to family policy and practice. These differences warrant further study based on a larger sample of spouses
Politics, Economics, and Defense Spending in South Korea
Authors: Heo Uk , Hahm Sung Deuk
Published: June 2007

With the recent North Korean nuclear crisis, along with President Roh Moo Hyun’s emphasis on a self-reliance defense policy, the level of defense spending in South Korea has increased in recent years. Due to the sluggish economy, these increases in defense spending have been a cause for public concern. By developing a multilink defense-growth model based on macroeconomic theories while still accounting for political factors (such as transition from authoritarian rule to democratic government), the authors test the direct and indirect effects of defense spending on economic growth in South Korea via investment and unemployment from 1963 to 2001. The authors find that the overall impact of defense spending on economic performance is not harmful. One reason for this finding might be that high interest rates help maintain high rates of domestic savings, which prevents private investment decline. This experience may provide an important lesson to other countries
Combat Motivation in Today’s Soldiers
Authors: Wong Leonard
Published: June 2007

The MacCoun, Kier, and Belkin critique of Why They Fight: Combat Motivation in the Iraq War is based on the incorrect assumption that the outcome variable of the study is combat performance. Why They Fight seeks to investigate combat motivation—not battlefield performance. Why They Fight examines why soldiers continue in battle despite obvious risk to personal safety. Referencing a well-established body of literature and using a methodology appropriate for analyzing combat motivation, Why They Fight concludes that today’s soldiers, just as those in the past, fight for each other. Why They Fight also reports, however, that today’s soldiers are motivated in combat by notions of freedom and democracy
Undermining Combat Readiness in the Russian Military, 1992-2005
Authors: Herspring Dale R.
Published: June 2007

Focusing on four critical components of combat cohesion—leadership, morale, trust, and training—the author argues that under Boris Yeltsin, combat cohesion deteriorated to the point where the Russian military was not in a position to carry out combat operations—as demonstrated by the army’s poor showing in the First Chechen War. As a result, the military that Putin inherited was in shambles. Planes were not flying, ships were not sailing, and soldiers were not training. While the outcome is not assured, Putin has provided the generals with the two factors they value the most: stability and predictability. For the first time since the collapse of the USSR, the steep decline in combat readiness has begun to be reversed—even so, success is not assured, and there is a long way to go before Moscow will be able to boast of an army approaching that fielded by the Soviets
The Soviet Military before and after the August Coup: Departization and Decentralization
Authors: Barylski Robert V.
Published: June 2007

The August coup was a major quake in a series of political tremors that continue to shake the lands of the former Soviet Union. Societal forces had been building towards a break with the traditions of the unitary Soviet state under authoritarian Communist party rule. Gorbachev lost control and fell from power while attempting to harness rising demand for political pluralism and republican self-government. The Soviet military struggled to contain the same forces.

This article is a brief political history of the Soviet military's adjustment to political pluralism and republican political power from March 1990 through September 1991. It chronicles the end of the political commissars, that quintessential Marxist-Leninst military institution, and the beginning of the breakdown of the USSR's unified, extraterritorial, multinational armed forces.
Citizenship Status and Military Service: The Quest For Inclusion by Minorities and Conscientious Objectors
Authors: Burk James
Published: June 2007

This article examines the relations between citizenship status and military service asthey have affected the social standing of African Americans, women, and conscientiousobjectors in the United States. One purpose is to review evidence for the claim that there isa close connection between one's willingness to perform military service and one's accep-tance as a citizen. Ironically, while the military has become a more inclusive institution forminorities since the end of World War II, the political community has become less insistentin its demand that citizens ought to perform military service. A second purpose is to correct(somewhat) the frequent preoccupation with economic and political inequality in the studyof citizenship. I show that apart from and before the question of one's place in a hierarchyof possession, there is the question of whether one is recognized and respected as a memberin good standing of the political community. Despite obvious differences, minority groupsand conscientious objectors are alike in their desire to protect their social standing ascitizens. In their different responses to military service, both seek to avoid becoming exilesin their own land. Studying this matter historically allows us to see why the relationshipbetween citizenship status and military service has relaxed since the end of World War 11.Unexpectedly perhaps, with an all-volunteer force, this relaxation enhances the prospectsfor the political and social inclusion of minorities more than it does for conscientious objectors.