bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
»Die durch das Bild angegebene Regel«. Die Ersetzung des Schemas durch das Symbol in der Sprachphilosophie der Reden an die deutsche Nation
Authors: Hankovszky Tamás ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: March 2020

According to the early Fichte, designation of mental concepts and highly abstract concepts happens by means of ‘schemata’. Through an unconscious mechanism, we transfer the name of a sensible thing into a supersensible object. Fichte looked upon this process as a source of mistakes. In Addresses to the German Nation, he changes his conception and puts symbols or actual images in the place of schemata. These images don’t unify sensible and supersensible notions as schemata do, rather they draw an analogy between these notions. This analogy guides the subject in creating a notion. The word initiates and inspires the process for creating a notion. Furthermore, the word shows through the image, in what way we should set in motion our capacity of representation. So the word does not offer abstract rules for the reason but gives an image which contains the rules of procedure.From my point of view, Fichte modified his theory of language not only to deal with problems immanent to the philosophy of language. He aimed to construct a philosophy of language which was much more consistent with the view of the human being and the conception of intersubjectivity according to the Wissenschaftslehre. The modified philosophy of language proves more convincingly that basically when we understand speeches of others we neither apprehend perfect meanings nor receives ideas of others more or less passively but we re-create or re-produce thoughts of the speakers.Nach dem frühen Fichte bezeichnet die Sprache die „geistigen“ und die „sehr abstrakten“ Begriffe mit Hilfe von Schemata. Ein unbewusster Mechanismus überträgt den Namen sinnlicher Gegenstände auf übersinnliche. In diesem Verfahren sah Fichte eine Quelle von Fehlern. Die Reden modifizieren diese Theorie so, dass die Schemata durch Symbole bzw. Bilder ersetzt werden. Sie vereinigen nicht wie die Schemata sinnliche und übersinnliche Vorstellungen, sondern stellen eine Analogie zwischen ihnen her. Diese Analogie weist darauf hin, welche Vorstellung ein Subjekt bilden muss. Das Wort gibt einen Anlass und eine Anleitung zur Vorstellungsbildung und die von ihm bereitgestellte Information zeigt zugleich, wie wir unser Vorstellungsvermögen in Bewegung setzen müssen. Es teilt dabei keine abstrakten Regeln mit, sondern bietet in einem Bild Anweisung für das Gemüt. Nach meiner These änderte Fichte seine Sprachlehre nicht nur, um ein immanentes sprachphilosophisches Problem lösen zu können. Sein Ziel war es wohl auch, eine Sprachphilosophie zu schaffen, die besser dem Menschenbild der Wissenschaftslehre und ihrer Intersubjektivitätslehre entspricht, als die frühere. Die revidierte Sprachphilosophie kann überzeugender belegen, dass wir beim Verstehen der Sprache anderer Menschen nicht ausgemachte Bedeutungseinheiten begreifen und nicht Gedanken von außen aufnehmen, sondern diejenigen Gedanken re-produzieren und re-konstruieren, die auch der Redner gedacht und ausgesprochen hat.
Concepts, Images, Determination. Some remarks on the understanding of Transcendental Philosophy by McDowell and Fichte
Authors: Cogliandro Giovanni ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: March 2020

McDowell in Mind and World developed a post-transcendental understanding of some core philosophical puzzles of subjectivity, like consciousness, conceptual capacity and perception. One of the main assumptions in the background of his philosophical proposal is that all our possible experience has to be determined and therefore has to be acknowledged as conceptual, therefore this very experience has to be both relational and representational.After this statement of conceptual experience in the early 2000’s a debate started which still involves philosophers like Brandom, Gaskin, Wright, Heck, Stalnaker, Peacocke, Dreyfus.The discussion in the beginning was focused on the definition of the Space of Reasons, what is most lively today is the epistemological uncertainty of the possibility of perceiving imagines in a reductive view as perceptual (non-conceptual) experience. The proposal of McDowell is a quasi-Hegelian understanding of concepts. I think that is possible an alternative path, moving from a new understanding of conceptual spontaneity and of the determination in general, rooted in J. G. Fichte Sittenlehre (1812) and in the general framework of the Wissenschaftslehre (mostly the WL Nova methodo and some later expositions) in a broader and more nuanced understanding of the postkantian transcendental philosophy.
The Revolt against Accountability to God
Authors: Evans C. Stephen ,   Evangelical Philosophical Society
Published: March 2020

Philosophers such as Nietzsche, Marx, and Freud have developed “global hermeneutical perspectives” on human nature. This paper argues that Christian faith also provides such a perspective, which is termed the “no-neutrality thesis.” Humans were created to serve God, but they have rebelled against their rightful sovereign, and this rebellion may show itself in morality. If moral obligations are God’s requirements, then the human rebellion might provide motivation for rejecting objective moral obligations. Thus the noneutrality thesis may help us understand some forms of antirealism. It may even shed light on some forms of nontheistic realism.
Sanctification as Joint Agency with the Triune God
Authors: Osmundsen Gary ,   Evangelical Philosophical Society
Published: March 2020

If humans are sanctified by a triune God, part of the success of spiritual formation depends on understanding how one’s agency depends upon the Trinity. Some sanctifying actions require causal notions like “obedience,” “yielding,” “participation,” and “cooperation.” So, how is a Christian going to understand them? The purpose of this paper, then, is twofold: (1) develop a model of agency that provides an adequate account of understanding how one’s agency depends upon the Trinity; and (2) explain how this model can increase the reliability of one’s perceptual capacities to perceive one’s agency cooperating with the Trinity in acts of sanctification.
Economic Institutions From a Phenomenological Perspective
Authors: López Daniela , Laborda Valeria ,   Zeta Books
Published: March 2020

The paper aims to analyse the potentiality of Schutzian phenomenological approach on institutions. We will maintain that this point of view has to take into account at least three aspects of institutions. Firstly, institutions should be considered as objective and sedimented configurations of meaning. Secondly, the historicity and the genesis of the institutional objectified meaning should be explored. Thirdly, life in modern societies shows how reference to the generating activities has been lost in our institutions and how that process has led to the disaffection of the citizens towards them. Motivated by understanding the process through which certain actors question their relative-natural concept of economic life and institute alternative types of economic actions, the article explores a case study of an economic institution in the City of Buenos Aires belonging to the so-called “Other” economy. Following the model of the well-informed citizen, the manuscript describes a type of “economic citizen” who transforms the imposed economic relevances experienced in everyday life into the centre of interest. The emergence of that interest is analysed by tracing back this particular economic institution to the process of sedimentation and of genesis of meaning. It is demonstrated that the process of institutionalization is shaped in contrast to dominant anonymous economic institutions.
One More Phenomenology of the Social World?
Authors: Helling Ingeborg K. ,   Zeta Books
Published: March 2020

In his “Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt” (1932; engl. tr. 1967) Alfred Schutz refers frequently and mostly positively to the author Fritz Sander. In contrast to other members of the Viennese social science milieus in interwar Vienna, Sander has been neglected in the abundant literature on Schutz. Following Henrich’s (1991) Konstellationsforschung approach, Schutz and Sander are placed in the setting of interwar Viennese social science. Explicit references to Sander made by Schutz will be described, similarities and differences in their treatments of Max Weber’s concepts of social action and subjective meaning will be examined, and their respective views of a phenomenological grounding of social science will be discussed.
Phantasying, How to Get Out of Oneself and Yet to Remain Within
Authors: Chojnacki Marek ,   Zeta Books
Published: March 2020

Assuming the importance of Alfred Schutz’s “protosociology” in social theory as a given, the paper tries to explore its philosophical core, treating Schutz’s sociophenomenology as an answer to the most fundamental questions of phenomenology, such as evidence and phenomenological reduction. It analyses Schutz’s point of departure – the problematization of Max Weber’s concept of the meaning of social action and its deepening by means of Henri Bergson’s and Edmund Husserl’s notion of time – and tries to unravel the double structure of consciousness (first in Brentano and Husserl, then in Schutz), revealing increasingly its complex temporal character. Brentano’s and Husserl’s double intentionality, seeming to offer a kind of “decent realism” in modern philosophical context, in Schutz turns out to be marked by the profound pastness of reflexive consciousness, reaching the primary stream experience only by means of primary and secondary acts of remembrance, re-effectuated intersubjectively in acts of phantasying about future (modo futuri exacti), thus constituting the very core of meaning, with its reference to external objects. It appears that only analysing this mode of phantasying in reference to its motives that we can solve the conundrum of realism in its modern shape.
To the question on the need for expansion of administrative legal regulation of family relations
Authors: Purge Anna Rolandovna
Published: March 2020

The object of this research is the questions of ensuring protection of persons from domestic violence in the Russian Federation. The subject of this research is the administrative legal relations associated with legislative establishment and practical implementation of the necessary means for prevention domestic violence. The author explores a number of other relevant steps towards expansion of administrative legal regulation in the Russian family relations, which pursue the goal of establishing administrative legal guarantees in the Russian Federation from unjustified intrusion into the family’s affairs. The application of formal-legal methodology based on the analysis of legal categories and constructs allowed determining the role and significance of administrative legal means for prevention of domestic violence proposed in legislative projects. The importance and novelty of the conducted research consists in comprehensive assessment of the provisions of the Federal Law Project “On Prevention of Domestic Violence in the Russian Federation” and introduced recommendations on its improvement. The relevance is defined by the fact that the problem of “domestic violence” has not previously been an object of due attention on behalf of the government.
Competence of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the sphere of tourism: the state of legal regulation and prospects for development in light of the new Strategy
Authors: Chebotareva Irina Aleksandrovna
Published: March 2020

The subject of this research is the federal legislation establishing competence of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the sphere of tourism. With passing of the Strategy for the Development of Tourism until 2035 by the government of the Russian Federation, and the corresponded change in the paradigm of the national tourism policy, the question on the nature and the extent of participation of the branches of public authority of various levels in its realization gains special importance. Its solution is exacerbated by the fact that tourism as a phenomenon affects different spheres public life. Therefore, it objectively serves as the subject of legal regulation of the acts of various branches of legislation, thus in one way or another, relates to majority of the subject of jurisdiction of all levels of public authority. This article is dedicated to the analysis of the state and forecast of the key trends of development of federal legislation establishing authority of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the sphere of tourism due to the coming enactment of the new Strategy for the development of tourism. The conducted research allowed the author to substantiate the inadequacy of the regulation of the authority of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the sphere of tourism by the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activity in the Russian Federation”, as well as indicate the gaps therein; outline other legislative sources of competence of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the sphere of tourism; determine the factors of differentiation of the legal regulation of tourism as a subject of shared jurisdiction of the Federation and its constituents; signify the problems of legal formalization of the competence of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and formulate proposals for their solution. Additionally, this article is first to subject the Strategy for the Development of Tourism until 2035 to legal assessment from the positions of competence of the Russian Federation constituents, underlining narrow avenues of its implementation from the perspective of current legislation.
Lipid Profile in School Children Infected with Urinary Schistosomiasis in Fante Akura-Yeji, Ghana
Authors: Brenyah Ruth. C. , Boakye Cephas Effah , Oduro Enos Amoako , Quarshie Solomon Sosu , Kwadzokpui Precious Kwablah , Abaka-Yawson Albert
Published: March 2020

Background: Schistosomiasis remains one of the most common parasitic diseases worldwide causing considerable deaths especially among people in the Sub-Saharan region. This study determined the association between urinary Schistosomiasis and lipid profile among school children in Fante Akura, Yeji.

Materials and Methods: This simple randomized case-control study was conducted among 50 primary school students with Schistosoma haematobium infection and 50 healthy control students in Fante Akura, Yeji, from January, 2014 to March, 2014. Urine and blood samples were obtained and examined for the presence of S. haematobium and assessed their lipid profile respectively. A structured questionnaire was employed to obtain information from the study participants on their socio-demographic characteristics as well as on the risk factors that can predispose study participants to S. haematobium infection.

Results: The mean serum level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was reduced significantly in schistosome-infected participants in comparison to controls (P<0.001). The mean serum levels of triglyceride (TG) (p=0.028), LDL-C (p=0.011) were significantly higher in participants with light S. haematobium infection intensity compared to participants with heavy S. haematobium infection intensity (P=0.028). The mean serum level of total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were higher (P>0.05) in participants with light SH infection intensity compared to participants with heavy SH infection intensity.

Conclusion: S. haematobium infection presented significant changes in serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoproteins in participants infected with S. haematobium with a corresponding raised urine parasite count.
Effect of Fertilization and Bacterial Inoculation on the Growth of Alder (Alnus sibirica) in Coal Mine Soil
Authors: Sharif Md. Omar , Shin Chang-Seob
Published: March 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fertilization and nitrogen fixing (N-fixing) bacterial inoculation on the vegetative growth of alder (Alnus sibirica) plant species while grown in coal mine soil. The study was conducted in a greenhouse of the Forest Science Department, Chungbuk National University, South Korea, during the period of May 2019 to July 2019. A completely randomized design (CRD) comprising of four treatments, including T0—non-fertilized non-inoculation (control), T1—fertilization, T2—bacterial inoculation and T3—fertilization along with bacterial inoculation with three replications were used in the study. The results of the study showed that maximum growth of all studied parameters of alder were observed in fertilization along with bacterial inoculation treatment (T3) and this treatment had significant effect on the growth of these parameters as compared to control, except root dry weight and shoot/root ratio. Fertilization treatment (T1) showed significant increase of stem height, shoot fresh and dry weight, plant dry weight, canopy spread, number of leaves, branches and nodes per plant, leaf area and leaf area index of alder in coal mine soil, as compared to control. Bacterial inoculation treatment (T2) also had positive effect on the vegetative parameters of plants comparing to control, excluding root length, root dry weight, shoot/root ratio, and canopy spread. Therefore, it can be summarized that fertilizer application and bacterial inoculation to the soil have a significant role in improving the vegetative growth of alder in coal mine soil.
Biofortification of Rice Grain as Affected by Different Doses of Zinc Fertilization
Authors: Nahar Kamrun , Jahiruddin M. , Islam M. Rafiqul , Khatun Soyema , Roknuzzaman M. , Sultan Md. Tipu
Published: March 2020

The experiment was conducted in the research farm at Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) to investigate the zinc biofortification ability of rice grain at different doses of zinc fertilization. In this experiment two rice varieties (BRRI dhan28 and Binadhan-16) and five doses (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 kg ha-1) of zinc fertilization were used following split-plot design with three replications. Except 1000-grain weight and plant height, all other plant characters viz., tillers hill-1, panicle length and grains panicle-1 were significantly influenced by zinc fertilization. The treatment receiving Zn at 4.5 kg ha-1 (Zn 4.5) produced the highest grain yield (7.70 t ha-1) in BRRI dhan28 which was statistically similar with the yield obtained with Zn 3.0 treatments. The zinc control treatment (Zn 0) produced the lowest grain yield in both varieties. The concentrations of N, Zn and Fe were significantly and positively influenced by the Zn treatments. The crop varieties did not differ significantly in respect of N and Fe concentrations, but the grain Zn concentration was considerably higher in BINA dhan16 than in BRRI dhan28. The grain N content as well as grain protein content linearly increased with the rates of Zn application. Thus, application of Zn at the rate of 6.0 kg ha-1 demonstrated the highest Zn fortification in both varieties but maximum zinc fortification was observed in Binadhan-16 (24.1 µg g-1) in rice grain which was 12.2% higher over control treatment.
Sesame Meal and Moringa oleifera Leaves Ready to Cook Curry Mix: An Ethnic Food of Godavari Districts in Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Mummaleti Gopinath , Prasaram Nikhila , Busani Narender , Badugu Manikya Rao , Satyanarayana Ch. V. V.
Published: March 2020

Sesame meal was widely consumed in Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh, India which was not known to most of the people and under-utilized. Moringa leaves were another nutritious food that is also under-utilized and not available in urban areas. The aim of this work was to develop the sesame meal and dried Moringa leaves as a ready to cook curry mix by assessing the ratio of sesame meal and dried Moringa leaves as to determine the best closer fresh leaves and sesame meal blend. The Moringa leaves were treated with citric acid, and potassium meta bisulphite to retain the colour and dried by different techniques such as shade drying, solar drying and drying in Ezidri food dehydrator at 60, 50, 35ºC. The leaves dried in Ezidri food dehydrator retained more colour and nutrients. The dried leaves were used to prepare curry with sesame meal taking fresh leaves as a control in the ratio 1:2. The dried leaves and sesame meal were taken in the ratio 0.1:1, 0.12:1 and 0.14:1, prepared samples were evaluated for sensory characteristics and compared with the control sample. The curry prepared in the ratio 0.12:1 is best accepted and close to the control sample. The nutritive value shows Sesame meal and Moringa leaves were the best cheapest sources of protein, calcium, iron, potassium and vitamin A.
Kell Blood Group Antigens Not Found in Indigenes of Ogoni Ethnic Group of Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Christian Serekara Gideon , Eze Evelyn Mgbeoma , Ezimah Anthony Chijioke Uzoanya , Buseri Fiekumo Igbida
Published: March 2020

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of occurrence and percentage distribution of Kell blood group antigens in indigenes of Ogoni ethnic group of Rivers State, Nigeria.

Study Design:  This was a cross-sectional study carried out among indigenes of Ogoni whose first generational parental origin is Ogoni. A total of 101 subjects (49 females and 52 males), within the age of 30–60 years were recruited for the study and they were apparently healthy and free from transfusion transmissible infections upon serological screening.

Place and Duration of Study: Ogoniland is located in an area along the Niger Delta Eastern edge, and to the north-east of the Imo River and Port Harcourt city. Ogoniland covers about 1036 Sq Km and borders the Bay of Guinea. All participants were recruited in Bori. Bori is the traditional headquarter of Ogoni. Bori is located on latitude: 4040ʹ34.64ʺ N and longitude: 7021ʹ54.68ʺ E. The analysis was carried out at the Post Graduate Laboratory of Rivers State University, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Port Harcourt, the capital of Rivers State, is located on latitude 4.750N and longitude 7.000E and lies along Bonny River in the Niger Delta. All subjects were recruited the same day and their blood samples collected on 2nd October, 2019, and analysis conducted on 3rd October, 2019.

Methodology: Identification of Kell blood group antigens was done using Anti-Kell monoclonal reagent, prepared by Lorne Laboratories Ltd, UK. Lot No: 76090-A5; Expiry Date: 2021/02/21. Phenotyping of red cells was done using tube method as described by Lorne Laboratory Ltd.

Results: The result showed zero frequency of occurrence and percentage distribution of Kell blood group antigen in the studied population (49 males and 52 females).

Conclusion: The presence of Kell blood group antigens in indigenes of Ogoni recruited for the study which serve as representative of the Ogonis was rare. It is therefore necessary to take into cognizance that haemolytic transfusion reactions due to Kell antigens and antibodies will rarely occur, and as such Kell blood group is not significant in blood transfusion and in antenatal and blood group serology amongst the Ogonis.
Climate Change Impact on Agriculture and Related Sustainable Land Management Practices in Bangladesh – A Review
Authors: Hossain M. A. , Amin M. N. , Sultana J. , Siddique M. N. A.
Published: March 2020

Sustainable land management (SLM) is an effective climate adaptation technique in the present world. Bangladesh is listed in long-term Climate Risk Index 2019 due to its unicorn geographic features (e.g. low-lying riparian lands, big rivers, dense population and coastal settings). The livelihoods of Bangladesh are directly or indirectly linked to agricultural practices and or agribusiness. Many studies revealed that climate change-induced natural calamities (e.g. rainfall and temperature variability, sea level rise, flood, cyclone, drought, groundwater depletion, salt intrusion) unfavorably effect on agricultural production and livelihood activities and these are making critical food insecurity situation. Thus, identification and implementation of SLM practices to maintain food security of the bursting population are a prerequisite in Bangladesh. In this study, we have compiled the prospective SLM practices based on land management objective, land user requirements, crop and land suitability by reviewing peer-reviewed articles and grey literature. The potential SLM identified includes land resource conservation, erosion control, tillage technology, soil fertility management, vegetation management, efficient groundwater use, salinity-drought adaptations, land zoning and site-specific climate-smart agriculture. Among these SLM practices, the cultivation of suitable crop based on land quality and resource availability requires knowledge of decision support components involving the stakeholders for meaningful implementation of SLM. We proposed conceptual decision support components (e.g. land user, land quality, crop suitability, site-specific management, capital and governance) that would be the basis for the development and implementation of SLM towards land users and or farmers. The motivation of farmers through efficient extension activity and agri-governance for optimized land management can lead to minimizing the climate-induced vulnerability in agriculture. We concluded that the identified SLM practices, if implemented by adequate decision supports, SLM will help to achieve agricultural production as required by the sustainable Millennium Development Goals in Bangladesh.
Effect of Harvesting Stages on Seed and Oil Yield of Rapeseed-mustard to Suitable in a Cropping Pattern
Authors: Talukder A. H. M. Motiur Rahman , Biswas Mrityunjoy , Miah Mohammad Noor Hossain , Kashem M. A. , Nahar Lutfun
Published: March 2020

Aim: To find out the optimum harvesting stage of high yielding rapeseed-mustard varieties to fit in rice based cropping pattern.

Study Design: The field study was arranged following RCB (factorial) design with three replications.

Place and Duration of the Study: Agronomy field of Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jamalpur (located between 24°34ʹ and 25°26ʹ North latitude and 89°40ʹ and 90°12ʹ East longitude), Bangladesh during 2015-2016 and 2016-2017.

Methodology: Seeds of mustard varieties viz. BARI Sarisha-11, BARI Sarisha-14, BARI Sarisha-15, Binasarisha-4 & Tori-7 were sown in line maintaining 30cm spacing on 02 November, 2015 and 06 November, 2016. This varieties were harvested at four different harvesting stages viz. H1= Green stage of siliquae, H2= Pale yellow stage of siliquae, H3= Golden yellow stage of siliquae and H4= Full maturity stage of siliquae. Green stage of siliquae was determined just at seven to ten days after all flower droppings of crop while the pale and golden yellow stage of siliquae was determined when 40%-50% and 70%-80% bearing turned into light yellow and deep yellow in color respectively. Full maturity stage of siliqua was determined when lower bearing just brust out.

Results: BARI Sarisha-14, BARI Sarisha-15 (B. campestris) and Binasarisha 4 (B. napus) may be harvested at pale yellow stage of siliquae at 73, 82 and 78 DAS (average of two years) considering 11.0% seed and 3.15% oil yield; 10.0% seed and 1.56% oil yield; 6.60% seed and 3.90% oil yield loss respectively than full maturity stage of siliquae.

Conclusion: BARI Sarisha-14, BARI Sarisha-15 and Binasarisha 4 need to be sown within first week of November in districts named Mymensingh (located 24°15′ and 25°15′ N and 90°49′ E longitudes),  Jamalpur (located 24°34ʹ and 25°26ʹN latitude and 89°40ʹ and 90°12ʹ E longitude) and Tangail (located 24°01′ and 24°47′ N latitudes and 89°44′ and 90°18' E longitudes) and the crop should be harvested at pale yellow stage of siliquae (within 73-82 days period) sacrificing seed and oil yield loss to some extent to introduce HYVs of rapeseed-mustard in rice based cropping pattern.
Bilateral Elbow Dislocation with Radial Head Fractures in a 33 Year Male – A Rare Case Report
Authors: Raviraj A. , Maalepati Vidyasagar , Sugumar K. Abhishek , Savsani Vivek Kumar N. , Murgodi Viresh B. , Bullie F. N. P. Bianca E. , Anand Ashish
Published: March 2020

The authors report a rare case of bilateral elbow dislocation with associated radial head fractures in a 33 year male who presented to our hospital following a road traffic accident. The elbow dislocations were reduced in the emergency room, the left radial head fracture was treated conservatively in an above elbow slab for four weeks and the right radial head and neck fracture was treated operatively with Herbert screw fixation for the radial head fracture and buttress plating for the radial neck fracture. At six months follow-up, the patient was pain free and had functional range of flexion and extension of both elbows with pronation and supination of the right elbow up to 50° and 40° and that of the left elbow up to 60° and 45° respectively.
Charter Market Segmentation in Response to Trade’s Needs
Authors: Plomaritou Evi , Menelaou Angelos
Published: March 2020

Chartering is the part of international shipping business which broadly deals with the proper matching of cargoes’ transport needs and vessels’ commercial trading. Different charterers have different transportation needs. They do not all require the same sea transport service and not all charterers charter a particular vessel for the same reasons. Therefore, this paper intends to present how the charter market may be structured in response to trade’s needs and charterers’ requirements. The main objective of this paper is to constitute an overview of the shipping market segmentation into the various market segments. The analysis is based on the behavioural segmentation approach. This paper discusses mainly the conditions of charter market segmentation through relevant theories, reviews and some real cases analyses. Segmentation involves homogeneous buying behaviour of charterers within a segment but heterogeneous buying behaviour between segments. In respect of the trade’s needs, emphasis is given on charterers’ requirements in bulk market (dry and liquid) and on shippers’ requirements in liner market.

Furthermore, the paper examines how the shipping companies should respond to their clients’ demands. Shipping enterprises have unique capabilities concerning the means, the resources and the management abilities for their ships. The matching of the shipping enterprise capabilities with the needs and the desires of its clients is fundamental for the provision of the desired transport services, the satisfaction and retention of charterers and thus the commercial success of the enterprise. Main objective of charter market segmentation is to assist the company focus its efforts to the most promising opportunities.
Effect of Intervention Training on Pharmacists’ Knowledge and Attitude to Antibacterial Counselling
Authors: Michael Adeola Adebisi , Omole Kayode M. , Itiola Oludele Adelanwa.
Published: March 2020

The effectiveness of counselling patients on antibacterial rational use by pharmacists depends on their knowledge and attitude to counselling.This study evaluated the effect of intervention training on pharmacists’ antibacterial therapy knowledge and attitude to counselling.

It was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study among all the pharmacists (n=45) responsible for patients’ antibacterial counselling in seventeen government secondary health care institutions in Ogun state of Nigeria between November 2017 and May 2018. Identified deficits were addressed through intervention and re-assessment was carried out after a month.

Twenty four (53.3%) were females. Twenty one (46.7%) had hospital pharmacy experience of over 10 years and mean year of experience was 10.7±6.7. Sixteen (35.6%) and 36 (80.0%) believed that antibacterial resistance may be prevented by taking antibacterial medication at regular intervals at the baseline and post intervention phases respectively. Thirty three (73.3%) and 44 (97.8%) had the opinion that pharmacists and patients are active participants in effective antibacterial counselling at the two phases respectively. Twenty eight (62.2%) and 44 (97.8%) had scores ≥ 70.0% signifying good knowledge pre and post intervention respectively.

Disclosure of antibacterial identity to patients was believed to be necessary by thirty six (80.0%) and 43 (95.6%) while 27 (60.0%) and 43 (95.6%) exhibited positive attitude to antibacterial counselling at the two phases respectively. There was significant improvement in antibacterial knowledge and attitude to counselling (p < 0.001) post intervention. Regular antibacterial therapy and counselling training is hereby recommended for pharmacists.
Phototaxis: Microbial
Authors: Storey Claire , Allan Claire Y , Fisher Paul R
Published: March 2020

Phototaxis is light‐regulated movement of motile organisms (microorganisms in the case of microbial phototaxis), usually resulting in their attraction to (positive phototaxis) or avoidance of (negative phototaxis) illuminated regions. Bacteria and archaea often use a time‐biased random walk strategy – choosing directions randomly, but moving for longer time periods in the chosen direction if it happens to be correct. They use various photoreceptors, including xanthopsins, bacteriophytochromes and sensory rhodopsins to sense light, and two‐component histidine kinase‐mediated phosphotransfer systems to regulate movement. Eukaryotic microbes, by contrast, can respond to the direction of light by regulating the direction of movement. Their phototransduction pathways involve protein serine/threonine protein kinases and regulation by second messengers. Representative organisms from each of the three taxonomic domains whose photosensory signal transduction pathways have been studied. Many components of the signal transduction pathways controlling phototaxis have been identified, but much remains to be elucidated.

Key Concepts

Phototaxis enables microorganisms to position themselves in an environment that is optimal for survival.

Organisms from all three taxonomic domains display phototaxis with differing photosensory signal transduction pathways.

Photosensory signal transduction pathways in eubacteria and archaea involve the coupling of signals from photoreceptors to the same signalling pathways as are used by these organisms for chemotaxis.

Phototransduction pathways in archaea and bacteria involve two‐component signalling systems that phosphorylate/dephosphorylate proteins at histidine and aspartate residues.

Phototransduction pathways in eukaryotic microbes appear to involve protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation at serine or threonine residues, and the responsible kinases and phosphatases are regulated by second messengers.
Sexual Deception in Orchids
Authors: Rakosy Demetra
Published: March 2020

Sexual deception has evolved repeatedly within the Orchidaceae. All species exploit the sexual communication system of insects; they rely on a combination of olfactory, visual and tactile signals for tempting mate‐searching males into copulation attempts with their flowers. The exploitation of their pollinator's private communication channel ensures a highly effective pollen transport between conspecific flowers. Despite the elaborate pollination mechanisms deployed by sexually deceptive orchids, their annual reproductive success is notoriously low. This has fuelled intensive research into the evolutionary mechanisms which have given rise to sexual deception. Existing evidence support the hypothesis that these orchids have traded high reproductive output for higher quality seed production. But other factors may also be involved. While their evolution remains shrouded in mystery, their diversification has been revealed to be linked to repeated pollinator shifts mediated by the malleability of their floral traits. Despite decades of research, sexual deception still poses unanswered questions.

Key Concepts

Sexually deceptive orchids rely on mimicking the chemical, visual and tactile cues used by female insects to attract mate‐searching males. The mimicry is highly accurate, making it difficult for males to distinguish between their conspecific females and the orchid flowers.

Sexual deception is a highly specific pollination system; each orchid being usually pollinated by a single pollinator species.

The specific pollinator attraction is mediated by the same combination of flower traits in most sexually deceptive species. The sexual pheromone analogue produced by the flowers is thereby the key trait involved in ensuring specific pollinator attraction.

Flower colour and morphology can also play a crucial role in pollinator attraction and in ensuring that the pollinators will contact the reproductive structures of the flowers.

Despite their elaborate pollination strategies, sexually deceptive orchids are notorious for their low reproductive success. Low fruiting success seems, however, to be compensated by the production of high‐quality seeds through higher outcrossing rates than their food deceptive relatives.

It is still debated how and why sexually deceptive orchids evolved from their food‐deceptive ancestors. There are multiple hypotheses which could explain the evolution of sexual deception, but a clear pattern has not yet emerged.

Despite their low reproductive success, sexually deceptive orchids seem to be evolutionary highly successful. Their diversification has been linked to repeated pollinator‐shifts driven by often minute changes in their sexual pheromone analogues, followed by subsequent alterations of their flower colour and morphology.
Solvent Engineering Using a Volatile Solid for Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wu Guohua , Li Hua , Cui Jian , Zhang Yaohong , Olthof Selina , Chen Shuai , Liu Zhike , Wang Dapeng , Liu Shengzhong (Frank)
Published: March 2020

A strategy for efficaciously regulating perovskite crystallinity is proposed by using a volatile solid glycolic acid (HOCH2COOH, GA) in an FA0.85MA0.15PbI3 (FA: HC(NH2)2; MA: CH3NH3) perovskite precursor solution that is different from the common additive approach. Accompanied with the first dimethyl sulfoxide sublimation process, the subsequent sublimation of GA before 150 °C in the FA0.85MA0.15PbI3 perovskite film can artfully regulate the perovskite crystallinity without any residual after annealing. The improved film formation upon GA modification induced by the strong interaction between GA and Pb2+ delivers a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 21.32%. In order to investigate the role of volatility in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), nonvolatile thioglycolic acid (HSCH2COOH, TGA) with a similar structure to GA is utilized as an additive reference. Large perovskite grains are obtained by TGA modification but with obvious pinholes, which directly leads to an increased defect density accompanied by a decline in PCE. Encouragingly, the champion PCE achieved for GA‐based PSC device (21.32%) is almost 13% or 20% higher than those of the control device or TGA‐based device. In addition, GA‐modified PSCs exhibit the best stability in light‐, thermal‐, and humidity‐based tests due to the improved film formation.
Pyridines Bearing Poly(ethylene glycol) Chains: Synthesis and Use as Ligands
Authors: Satou Motoi , Kiyooka Arata , Tsuji Yasushi , Fujihara Tetsuaki
Published: March 2020

A series of pyridine ligands bearing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains at theparaposition was synthesized and characterized by NMR and ESI‐HRMS analysis.1H NMR analysis showed that pyridines coordinate to Pd(OAc)2even when a long PEG chain is attached to the pyridine ring. In the Pd‐catalyzed oxidation of alcohols, the pyridines bearing longer PEG chains were found to be efficient ligands.
Effects of pleural drainage on oxygenation in critically ill patients
Authors: Sakurai Masako , Morinaga Kentaro , Shimoyama Keiichiro , Mishima Shiro , Oda Jun
Published: March 2020

Aim

Pleural effusion is common among critically ill patients and associated with clinical consequences; however, the benefits of draining pleural effusion remain debatable. Thus, we aimed to investigate pleural drainage effectiveness by focusing on preprocedure patient status.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 22 patients with pleural effusion. Gas exchange, ventilator settings, vital signs, inflammatory response, and nutrition status were examined preprocedure and 24 h and 1 week postprocedure. Data were analyzed using the non‐parametric test and discriminant analysis with receiver operating characteristic curves.

Results

The partial arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) to fraction of inspiratory oxygen (FIO2) (P/F) ratio at 24 h was higher postdrainage than predrainage (250 ± 87 versus 196 ± 84, P < 0.05); however, no significant difference between the P/F ratio predrainage and 1 week postdrainage was noted. Patients were classified into effective and ineffective groups according to a 110% increase in the P/F ratio 1 week postdrainage compared with predrainage. The predrainage P/F ratio was lower in the effective group than in the ineffective group (165 ± 91 versus 217 ± 74, P < 0.05). Discriminant analysis showed the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.72; the cut‐off value of the predrainage P/F ratio (divided into effective and ineffective groups) was 174.

Conclusions

Pleural drainage could be effective in patients who have lower preprocedure P/F ratios.
Kinetic and Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Tertiary Bromides by Pentanidium‐Catalyzed Phase‐Transfer Azidation
Authors: Ren Jingyun , Ban Xu , Zhang Xin , Tan Siu Min , Lee Richmond , Tan Choon‐Hong
Published: March 2020

We have developed a method to afford enantiomerically enriched tertiary azides and bromides through pentanidium‐catalyzed kinetic resolution (KR) of racemic tertiary bromides under base‐free conditions. We found that the absence of water is crucial to attain a high selectivity factor (s). On the other hand, new experimental observations and DFT modeling led us to propose that enantioconvergent azidation of tertiary bromides proceeded through dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR). The investigations particularly identified the crucial roles of base and water in the enantioconvergent process, thus supporting the proposal that the tertiary bromide isomerizes in the presence of base and water through a SN2X pathway.
Sequence‐Dependent DNA Functionalization of Upconversion Nanoparticles and Their Programmable Assemblies
Authors: Ge Huan , Wang Dongya , Pan Yue , Guo Yuanyuan , Li Hongyu , Zhang Fan , Zhu Xinyuan , Li Yuehua , Zhang Chuan , Huang Ling
Published: March 2020

DNA‐modified lanthanide‐doped upconversion nanoparticles (DNA‐UCNPs) that combine the functions of DNA and the optical features of UCNPs have shown great promise in a wide range of fields. However, challenges remain in precisely tethering and orienting the DNA strands on the UCNP surface. Herein, we systematically investigate the sequence dependence of DNAs in their interactions with UCNPs, and reveal that poly‐cytosine (poly‐C) has high affinity for the UCNP surface. A general approach to synthesize monodispersed DNA‐UCNP conjugates is developed using poly‐C‐containing diblock DNA strands. The poly‐C segment of the DNA strand binds to the surfaces of UCNPs and the second segment is oriented perpendicularly on the UCNP surface, making the DNA‐UCNPs highly stable and monodispersed in aqueous solution. The dense layer of DNA on the UCNP surface enables the programmable assembly of UCNPs with other DNA‐functionalized nanoparticles or DNA origamis through hybridization, resulting in the formation of well‐organized complex structures.
The synergistic effects on enhancing thermal conductivity and mechanical strength of hBN/CF/PE composite
Authors: Xu Zibo , Lin Guoming , Sui Guoxin
Published: March 2020

In this work, a simple and novel method was applied to prepare polymer composites by taking the advantage of melt flow shear force driving orientation of the fillers. By using this method, hexagonal boron nitride/polyethylene (hBN/PE) and hexagonal boron nitride/carbon fibers/polyethylene (hBN/CF/PE) composites were fabricated to be possessed of high thermal conductivity and mechanical properties. A high thermal conductivity of 3.11 W/mK was realized in the composite containing 35 wt% hBN and 5 wt% CF, which was over 1,200% higher than that of unfilled PE matrix. Under this component, the compressive strength and modulus of hBN/CF/PE composite were determined to be 30.1 and 870.9 MPa, respectively, which were far higher than that of unfilled PE accordingly. The bending performance was also somewhat enhanced. Meanwhile, the bulk resistivity of the composite material reached 2.55 × 1011 Ω·cm, which was basically the same as that of pure PE. The novel composites with high thermal conductivity, excellent mechanical properties, and controllable electrical insulation could be a potential thermal management material for electrical and electronics industries.
Determining Realistic Electrochemical Stability Windows of Electrolytes for Electrical Double‐Layer Capacitors
Authors: Ruschhaupt Peter , Pohlmann Sebastian , Varzi Alberto , Passerini Stefano
Published: March 2020

Electrical double‐layer capacitors are a key building block for energy storage applications, including renewable energies, wherever high power is needed. Most research on electrolytes in this field focuses on improving their electrochemical stability. This improves the energy density as it scales with the square of the maximum operative voltage. However, the decisive criteria to assess the electrochemical stability window of electrolytes are unclear. Consequently, new electrolyte candidates are often presented with unrealistic high stability windows and their performance is difficult to compare. In this Minireview, an overview of electrochemical stability window determination methods is presented. It is argued that constant voltage lifetime tests are needed to confirm the electrochemical stability window determined by any other method. Also, the importance of using realistic working electrodes, reference electrodes, and cycling protocols are highlighted. Finally, an industrial perspective on what is necessary to yield results relevant to applications is given.
Catalytic Dehydration of 1,4‐Butanediol over Mg−Yb Binary Oxides and the Mechanism Study
Authors: Mi Rongli , Hu Zhun , Yi Chunhai , Yang Bolun
Published: March 2020

In this study, Mg−Yb binary oxides were synthesized using different MgO concentrations and investigated for the catalytic dehydration of 1,4‐butanediol (BDO) into 3‐buten‐1‐ol (BTO). The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by N2 physisorption, X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, temperature‐programmed techniques, and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. The Mg−Yb binary oxides exhibited superior catalytic activity and better BTO selectivity compared with the pristine Yb2O3 or MgO. Structures of Mg−O−Yb were generated in the binary oxides via the interchange of Yb or Mg in the MgO or Yb2O3 crystalline phases. Extra basic and acidic sites were formed over the Mg−Yb binary oxides because of the formation of surface defects and the presence of Mg−O−Yb structures, respectively. The acidic as well as basic sites were observed to influence the catalytic performance: BDO reactivity was enhanced by the more acidic sites, while BTO selectivity was favored by the basic sites. The highest BTO yield of 71.1 % was achieved over the Mg7Yb3 catalyst with 90.4 % BDO conversion and 78.6 % BTO selectivity at 350 °C. The in situ DRIFTS results indicated that BDO was first adsorbed on the catalyst and then reacted with the acidic sites to generate butoxides. The β‐H of the surface butoxides was abstracted by the basic oxygen anions to produce aldehyde species, which dissociated to form BTO.
School Counselor Consultation Preparation: A National Study
Authors: Cholewa Blaire , Goodman‐Scott Emily , Warren Jeffrey M. , Hull Michael F.
Published: March 2020

The authors examined trends in school counselor consultation preparation using data collected from 238 program websites, 73 program survey responses, and 57 syllabi. The results indicated an emphasis on consultation content related to theories, stakeholders, and topics, rather than experiential practice. The findings suggest a need to incorporate and assess more application‐specific consultation activities and assignments.