bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk frames on shark diving websites: implications for global shark conservation
Authors: Gore Meredith L. , Muter Bret A. , Lapinski Maria Knight , Neuberger Lindsay , van der Heide Brandon
Published: January 2011

Decision‐makers can leverage understanding about the human dimensions (HD) of shark conservation to inform more effective conservation action. Characterizing risk frames on shark diving websites can provide insight about the HD of shark conservation and deepen understanding of the role of risk in influencing human relationships with wildlife.

The objectives of the current study were to: (1) describe risk frames (e.g. victim, perpetrator) found on shark diving websites; (2) explore themes among and between risk frames; and (3) synthesize implications for conservation.

Content among 53 websites was analysed in December 2008; 15% used only a perpetrator frame, 21% used only a victim frame, 36% used both frames and 28% used neither frame.

Websites with a conservation link were more likely to use a victim frame (T = 0.283, P<0.05). The occurrence of both frames on study websites speaks to the relevancy of applying risk‐related thinking to shark conservation.

This research highlights how risk frames are contextualized on selected shark diving websites. Integrated with understanding of the ecological processes surrounding sharks and their conservation, HD information such as that presented here can contribute to more effective shark conservation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nicotine‐induced differential modulation of autoimmune arthritis in the Lewis rat involves changes in interleukin‐17 and anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies
Authors: Yu Hua , Yang Ying‐Hua , Rajaiah Rajesh , Moudgil Kamal D.
Published: January 2011

Objective

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating autoimmune disease, and smoking is an important environmental factor in a subset of RA patients. A role of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway in autoimmune inflammation is increasingly being realized. Nicotine is a major component of cigarette smoke, and it stimulates the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Therefore, defining the mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effects of nicotine on arthritis is of high relevance. The purpose of this study was to address this issue using the rat adjuvant‐induced arthritis (AIA) model of human RA.

Methods

Lewis rats were immunized subcutaneously with heat‐killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra for disease induction. Rats were treated with nicotine intraperitoneally either before (pretreatment) or after (posttreatment) the onset of AIA. Control rats received the vehicle (buffer) in place of nicotine. The severity of arthritis was assessed and graded. The draining lymph node cells were tested for T cell proliferative and cytokine responses against the disease‐related antigen mycobacterial heat‐shock protein 65. The sera were tested for anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti‐CCP) antibodies and anti–mycobacterial Hsp65 antibodies.

Results

Nicotine pretreatment aggravated the arthritis, whereas nicotine posttreatment suppressed the disease. This altered severity of AIA directly correlated with the levels of the anti‐CCP antibodies, of the Th1/Th17 cytokines, and of the corresponding dendritic cell–derived cytokines. The majority of these effects on cellular responses could be replicated in vitro.

Conclusion

Nicotine‐induced modulation of AIA involves specific alterations in the disease‐related cellular and humoral immune responses in AIA. These results are of significance in advancing our understanding of the pathogenesis of RA.
Amelioration of dermal fibrosis by genetic deletion or pharmacologic antagonism of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 in a mouse model of scleroderma
Authors: Castelino Flavia V. , Seiders Jon , Bain Gretchen , Brooks Sarah F. , King Christopher D. , Swaney James S. , Lorrain Daniel S. , Chun Jerold , Luster Andrew D. , Tager Andrew M.
Published: January 2011

Objective

Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis [SSc]), is characterized by progressive multiorgan fibrosis. We recently implicated lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the roles of LPA and two of its receptors, LPA1 and LPA2, in dermal fibrosis in a mouse model of SSc.

Methods

Wild type (WT), and LPA1‐knockout (KO) and LPA2‐KO mice were injected subcutaneously with bleomycin or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) once daily for 28 days. Dermal thickness, collagen content, and numbers of cells positive for α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) or phospho‐Smad2 were determined in bleomycin‐injected and PBS‐injected skin. In separate experiments, a novel selective LPA1 antagonist AM095 or vehicle alone was administered by oral gavage to C57BL/6 mice that were challenged with 28 daily injections of bleomycin or PBS. AM095 or vehicle treatments were initiated concurrently with, or 7 or 14 days after, the initiation of bleomycin and PBS injections and continued to the end of the experiments. Dermal thickness and collagen content were determined in injected skin.

Results

The LPA1‐KO mice were markedly resistant to bleomycin‐induced increases in dermal thickness and collagen content, whereas the LPA2‐KO mice were as susceptible as the WT mice. Bleomycin‐induced increases in dermal α‐SMA+ and phospho‐Smad2+ cells were abrogated in LPA1‐KO mice. Pharmacologic antagonism of LPA1 with AM095 significantly attenuated bleomycin‐induced dermal fibrosis when administered according to either a preventive regimen or two therapeutic regimens.

Conclusion

These results suggest that LPA/LPA1 pathway inhibition has the potential to be an effective new therapeutic strategy for SSc, and that LPA1 is an attractive pharmacologic target in dermal fibrosis.
The effects of golimumab on radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis: Results of randomized controlled studies of golimumab before methotrexate therapy and golimumab after methotrexate therapy
Authors: Emery Paul , Fleischmann Roy , van der Heijde Désirée , Keystone Edward C. , Genovese Mark C. , Conaghan Philip G. , Hsia Elizabeth C. , Xu Weichun , Baratelle Anna , Beutler Anna , Rahman Mahboob U.
Published: January 2011

Objective

To evaluate the effects of golimumab on radiographic progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

Methotrexate (MTX)–naive patients (in the Golimumab Before Employing Methotrexate as the First‐Line Option in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis of Early Onset [GO‐BEFORE] study; n = 637) and patients with active RA despite MTX therapy (in the Golimumab in Active Rheumatoid Arthritis Despite Methotrexate Therapy [GO‐FORWARD] study; n = 444) were randomly assigned to receive placebo plus MTX (group 1), golimumab 100 mg plus placebo (group 2), golimumab 50 mg plus MTX (group 3), or golimumab 100 mg plus MTX (group 4). Golimumab or placebo was administered subcutaneously every 4 weeks. Radiographs of the hands and feet were taken at baseline, week 28, and week 52 in the GO‐BEFORE study and at baseline, week 24 (week 16 for patients who entered early escape), and week 52 in the GO‐FORWARD study. Radiographs were scored by 2 independent readers in each study using the van der Heijde modification of the Sharp score.

Results

In the GO‐BEFORE study, the mean ± SD changes in the modified Sharp score from baseline to week 52 (control period) were 1.4 ± 4.6 in group 1, 1.3 ± 6.2 in group 2 (P = 0.266), 0.7 ± 5.2 in group 3 (P = 0.015), and 0.1 ± 1.8 in group 4 (P = 0.025). In the GO‐FORWARD study, changes from baseline to week 24 (control period) were 0.6 ± 2.4 in group 1, 0.3 ± 1.6 in group 2 (P = 0.361), 0.6 ± 2.7 in group 3 (P = 0.953), and 0.2 ± 1.3 in group 4 (P = 0.293).

Conclusion

Golimumab in combination with MTX inhibited radiographic progression significantly better than did MTX alone in the GO‐BEFORE study. Radiographic progression in the GO‐FORWARD study was minimal in all treatment arms, precluding an adequate assessment of the effect of golimumab on radiographic progression in this study.
Safety and efficacy of anti–tumor necrosis factor α therapy in ten patients with recent‐onset refractory reactive arthritis
Authors: Meyer Alain , Chatelus Emmanuel , Wendling Daniel , Berthelot Jean‐Marie , Dernis Emmanuelle , Houvenagel Eric , Morel Jacques , Richer Olivier , Schaeverbeke Thierry , Gottenberg Jacques‐Eric , Sibilia Jean ,   Club Rhumatisme et Inflammation
Published: January 2011

Objective

There are few treatments for reactive arthritis (ReA). Since concentrations of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) are high in the serum and joints of patients with persistent ReA, this cytokine could be targeted in patients who do not respond to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). We undertook this study to investigate the safety and efficacy of TNF antagonists in patients with recent‐onset and refractory ReA.

Methods

All French rheumatology and internal medicine practitioners registered on the Club Rhumatisme et Inflammation web site were asked to report on patients with ReA (defined by the criteria of the Third International Workshop on Reactive Arthritis) who had received anti‐TNF therapy within the 12 months following the triggering infection. Tolerance and efficacy were retrospectively assessed using a standardized questionnaire.

Results

Ten patients with ReA previously refractory to NSAIDs and DMARDs, for which there was clinical and microbiologic evidence of a triggering bacterial infection, received anti‐TNF therapy within a median of 6 months (range 2–12 months) between the beginning of ReA and the initiation of the treatment. The median followup was 20.6 months (range 6–50 months). We observed no severe adverse event and no infection related to the bacterium that triggered the ReA. Anti‐TNF therapy was rapidly effective in 9 patients (90%), as shown by the rapid effect on a visual analog scale pain score, tender joint count, swollen joint count, and extraarticular manifestations, and by the corticosteroid‐sparing effect.

Conclusion

Anti‐TNF therapy appears to be a safe and effective treatment of rheumatic and extraarticular manifestations in patients with recent‐onset and refractory ReA, with a corticosteroid‐sparing effect. Thus, TNFα could be a relevant target for ReA therapy.
Identification of CXCL13 as a marker for rheumatoid arthritis outcome using an in silico model of the rheumatic joint
Authors: Meeuwisse Cees M. , van der Linden Michael P. , Rullmann Ton A. , Allaart Cornelia F. , Nelissen Rob , Huizinga Tom W. , Garritsen Anja , Toes René E. , van Schaik René , van der Helm‐van Mil Annette H.
Published: January 2011

Objective

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by inflammation and joint destruction, with the degree of damage varying greatly among patients. Prediction of disease severity using known clinical and serologic risk factors is inaccurate. This study was undertaken to identify new serologic markers for RA severity using an in silico model of the rheumatic joint.

Methods

An in silico model of a prototypical rheumatic joint was used to predict candidate markers associated with erosiveness. The following 4 markers were chosen for validation: tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP‐5b), N‐telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX), angiopoietin 2 (Ang‐2), and CXCL13. Serum from 74 RA patients was used to study whether radiologic joint destruction (total erosion score and total Sharp/van der Heijde score [SHS]) after 4 years of disease was associated with serum levels at the time of diagnosis. Serum marker levels were determined using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. For confirmation, baseline serum levels were analyzed for an association with progression of joint damage over 7 years of followup in a cohort of 155 patients with early RA.

Results

Comparison of high and low quartiles of erosion score and SHS at 4 years showed a difference in baseline serum CXCL13 level (P = 0.011 and P = 0.018, respectively). In the confirmation cohort, elevated baseline CXCL13 levels were associated with increased rates of joint destruction during 7 years of followup (P < 0.001 unadjusted and P ≤ 0.004 with adjustment for C‐reactive protein level). Analyzing anti–CCP‐ 2–positive and anti–CCP‐2–negative RA separately yielded a significant result only in the anti–CCP‐ 2–negative group (P ≤ 0.001).

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that CXCL13 is a novel serologic marker predictive of RA severity. This marker was identified with the help of an in silico model of the RA joint.
Toward video semantic search based on a structured folksonomy
Authors: Kim Hyun Hee
Published: January 2011

This study investigated the effectiveness of query expansion using synonymous and co‐occurrence tags in users' video searches as well as the effect of visual storyboard surrogates on users' relevance judgments when browsing videos. To do so, we designed a structured folksonomy‐based system in which tag queries can be expanded via synonyms or co‐occurrence words, based on the use of WordNet 2.1 synonyms and Flickr's related tags. To evaluate the structured folksonomy‐based system, we conducted an experiment, the results of which suggest that the mean recall rate in the structured folksonomy‐based system is statistically higher than that in a tag‐based system without query expansion; however, the mean precision rate in the structured folksonomy‐based system is not statistically higher than that in the tag‐based system. Next, we compared the precision rates of the proposed system with storyboards (SB), in which SB and text metadata are shown to users when they browse video search results, with those of the proposed system without SB, in which only text metadata are shown. Our result showed that browsing only text surrogates—including tags without multimedia surrogates—is not sufficient for users' relevance judgments.
Continuous bioaerosol monitoring in a tropical environment using a UV fluorescence particle spectrometer
Authors: Stanley Warren R. , Kaye Paul H. , Foot Virginia E. , Barrington Stephen J. , Gallagher Martin , Gabey Andrew
Published: January 2011

An instrument designed to continuously monitor ambient bioaerosol concentrations is presented. The instrument is a compact, relatively low‐cost, UV aerosol spectrometer that monitors and classifies individual airborne particles by simultaneously recording both fluorescence excitation‐emission data and multi‐angle spatial elastic scattering data from each particle. The former can indicate the possible presence of specific biological fluorophores within the particle while the latter provides an assessment of particle size and shape. These parameters can facilitate discrimination between biological and non‐biological particles and potentially allow classification of biological particle types. Example measurements are given, illustrating data from the Borneo rain forest. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
The conversion of lignocellulosics to levulinic acid
Authors: Rackemann Darryn W , Doherty William OS
Published: January 2011

Biomass represents an abundant and relatively low cost carbon resource that can be utilized to produce platform chemicals such as levulinic acid. Current processing technology limits the cost‐effective production of levulinic acid in commercial quantities from biomass. The key to improving the yield and efficiency of levulinic acid production from biomass lies in the ability to optimize and isolate the intermediate products at each step of the reaction pathway and reduce re‐polymerization and side reactions. New technologies (including the use of microwave irradiation and ionic liquids) and the development of highly selective catalysts would provide the necessary step change for the optimization of key reactions. A processing environment that allows the use of biphasic systems and/or continuous extraction of products would increase reaction rates, yields and product quality. This review outlines the chemistry of levulinic acid synthesis and discusses current and potential technologies for producing levulinic acid from lignocellulosics. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A review of torrefaction for bioenergy feedstock production
Authors: Ciolkosz Daniel , Wallace Robert
Published: January 2011

The torrefaction of biomass is a thermochemical decomposition process in which hemicellulose degradation is the dominant reaction, with the cellulose and lignin fractions largely unaffected. The primary product is a solid material that retains 75–95% of the original energy content. Properties of the torrefied solid include improved grindability, hydrophobicity, and energy density. Torrefied biomass has been processed successfully in batch‐mode and continuous process devices; net thermal efficiencies of the process as high as 90% have been reported. Torrefied biomass has been proposed as a feedstock for coal co‐combustion, as well as for gasification‐combustion and Fischer‐Tropsch fuel production. Analyses of supply chain impacts indicate that, in some scenarios, torrefaction can be the lowest cost and most energy efficient option for supplying fuel, especially when combined with pelletization of the material.

Significant gaps still exist in our understanding of torrefaction; there is need to further study this important process for its potential benefits to bioenergy production. Some of the more pressing needs include characterization of chemical pathways of the torrefaction reaction, investigation of equipment performance and equipment‐related influences on the process, and elucidation of supply chain impacts. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The indirect effects of biofuels and what to do about them: the case of grass biomethane and its impact on livestock
Authors: Smyth Beatrice M. , Murphy Jerry D.
Published: January 2011

Grass biomethane surpasses the 60% greenhouse gas (GHG) savings relative to the fossil fuel replaced required by EU Directive 2009/28/EC. However, there are growing concerns that when the indirect effects of biofuels are taken into account, GHG savings may become negative. There has been no research to date into the indirect effects of grass biomethane; this paper aims to fill that knowledge gap. A causal‐descriptive assessment is carried out and identifies the likely indirect effect of a grass biomethane industry in Ireland as a reduction in beef exports to the UK. Three main scenarios are then analyzed: an increase in indigenous UK beef production, an increase in beef imported to the UK from other countries (EU, New Zealand and Brazil), and a decrease in beef consumption leading to increased poultry consumption. The GHG emissions from each of these scenarios are determined and the resulting savings relative to fossil diesel vary between –636% and 102%. The significance of the findings is then discussed. It is the view of the authors that, while consideration of indirect effects is important, an Irish grass biomethane industry cannot be held accountable for the associated emissions. A global GHG accounting system is therefore proposed; however, the difficulty of implementing such a system is acknowledged, as is its probable ineffectualness. Such a system would not treat the source of the problem – rising consumption. The authors conclude that the most effective method of combating the indirect effects of biofuels is a reduction in general consumption. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Free energy simulation to investigate the effect of amino acid sequence environment on the severity of osteogenesis imperfecta by glycine mutations in collagen
Authors: Lee Kyung‐Hoon , Holl Mark M. Banaszak
Published: January 2011

Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to calculate the free energy change difference of two collagen‐like peptide models for Gly→Ser mutations causing two different osteogenesis imperfecta phenotypes. These simulations were performed to investigate the impact of local amino acid sequence environment adjacent to a mutation site on the stability of the collagen. The average free energy differences for a Gly→Ser mutant relative to a wild type are 3.4 kcal/mol and 8.2 kcal/mol for a nonlethal site and a lethal site, respectively. The free energy change differences of mutant containing two Ser residues relative to the wild type at the nonlethal and lethal mutation sites are 4.6 and 9.8 kcal/mol, respectively. Although electrostatic interactions stabilize mutants containing one or two Ser residues at both mutation sites, van der Waals interactions are of sufficient magnitude to cause a net destabilization. The presence of Gln and Arg near the mutation site, which contain large and polar side chains, provide more destabilization than amino acids containing small and nonpolar side chains. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 95: 401–409, 2011
Exploring cystic fibrosis using bioinformatics tools: A module designed for the freshman biology course
Authors: Zhang Xiaorong
Published: January 2011

We incorporated a bioinformatics component into the freshman biology course that allows students to explore cystic fibrosis (CF), a common genetic disorder, using bioinformatics tools and skills. Students learn about CF through searching genetic databases, analyzing genetic sequences, and observing the three‐dimentional structures of proteins using a number of computational tools. We also use this opportunity to discuss the genetic, molecular, biochemical, and physiological aspects of CF, in an effort to help students appreciate the interrelationships among concepts and topics in biology within a real‐world context. This component provides the freshman students at Savannah State University an early exposure to bioinformatics and prepares them for the upper level courses in this area. It also facilitates meaningful and in‐depth learning by linking biological concepts and processes through a case study. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 17–20, 2011
Key questions to consider in stalking cases
Authors: Sheridan Lorraine , Roberts Karl
Published: January 2011

Stalkers can inflict severe injury upon and have been known to kill their victims. Based on the detailed responses of 1,565 stalking victims, a set of key questions was produced with the aim of increasing the opportunities of police officers to identify potentially dangerous stalkers. Despite marked methodological differences and the inclusion of a large number of variables, regression analyses for significant correlates for physical assault per se and for severe violence largely reflected the results of earlier works. For severe violence (n = 136), the most important correlate was a high level of victim fear, suggesting that victims are adept at assessing their own risk of stalker violence. The set of 11 questions performed well on preliminary tests and is presented here. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A scalable optimization approach for fitting canonical tensor decompositions
Authors: Acar Evrim , Dunlavy Daniel M. , Kolda Tamara G.
Published: January 2011

Tensor decompositions are higher‐order analogues of matrix decompositions and have proven to be powerful tools for data analysis. In particular, we are interested in the canonical tensor decomposition, otherwise known as CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP), which expresses a tensor as the sum of component rank‐one tensors and is used in a multitude of applications such as chemometrics, signal processing, neuroscience and web analysis. The task of computing CP, however, can be difficult. The typical approach is based on alternating least‐squares (ALS) optimization, but it is not accurate in the case of overfactoring. High accuracy can be obtained by using nonlinear least‐squares (NLS) methods; the disadvantage is that NLS methods are much slower than ALS. In this paper, we propose the use of gradient‐based optimization methods. We discuss the mathematical calculation of the derivatives and show that they can be computed efficiently, at the same cost as one iteration of ALS. Computational experiments demonstrate that the gradient‐based optimization methods are more accurate than ALS and faster than NLS in terms of total computation time. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficients Using the Wilson‐Plot Method
Authors: Hammerschmidt Jochen , Scholl Stephan
Published: January 2011

Der heizseitige Wärmeübergangskoeffizient eines vertikalen, mit kondensierendem Hexanol‐Dampf beheizten, auf der Produktseite einphasig von Wasser durchströmten Doppelrohrwärmeübertragers aus Edelstahl wird bestimmt. Der nach dem Wilson‐Plot‐Verfahren ermittelte Wärmeübergangskoeffizient wird den Werten zweier alternativer Zugangswege gegenübergestellt: der Berechnung gemäß Nusseltscher Filmtheorie sowie einer Rückrechnung aus dem bilanziell bestimmten Wärmedurchgangskoeffizienten unter Verwendung der Gnielinski‐Gleichung für den rohrseitigen Wärmeübergang. Mit Hilfe des Wilson‐Plot‐Verfahrens kann der heizseitige Wärmeübergang in Abhängigkeit vom übertragenen Wärmestrom für das untersuchte Rohr berechnet werden.
Complementary Modeling in Fluid Process Engineering
Authors: Kenig Eugeny Y.
Published: January 2011

Die Optimierung verfahrenstechnischer Prozesse basiert auf zweckgemäßem Prozessdesign, sinnvoll gewählten Apparateeinbauten sowie dem hinreichenden Verständnis des Prozessverhaltens. Letzteres kann häufig nur mit Hilfe von präzisen und verlässlichen Prozessmodellen erlangt werden, welche geeignet sind, die Prozesskinetik rigoros zu betrachten. Der vorliegende Beitrag schlägt dahingehend für einen großen Bereich der Fluidverfahrenstechnik ein neuartiges Modellierungskonzept vor, die sogenannte Komplementäre Modellierung. Da Bedingungen und Kriterien für diese Prozesse beträchtlich variieren, ist kein einheitlicher Modellansatz möglich. Stattdessen bietet die effektive Kombination verschiedener Modellierungsansätze Lösungen für eine Reihe von aktuellen und zukünftigen Fragestellungen. Die Komplementäre Modellierung wird im Folgenden detailliert dargestellt sowie anhand verschiedener Fallbeispiele veranschaulicht.
Process Dynamics of the Fluidized Bed Granulation
Authors: Hoffmann Torsten , Peglow Mirko , Tsotsas Evangelos
Published: January 2011

Die Wirbelschichtgranulation ist ein wichtiges Verfahren zur Formulierung diverser Produkte. Um entsprechende Apparate und Prozesse jedoch gezielt gestalten und automatisch regeln zu können, sind Kenntnisse über die Dynamik des Prozesses erforderlich. Frühere Modelle für diese Dynamik gehen von größenunabhängigem Partikelwachstum, der Bildung von kompakten Schalen und einer Gleichverteilung der eingesprühten Flüssigkeit in der gesamten Wirbelschicht aus. Neue Messungen stellen all diese Annahmen in Frage. Daher wird ein erweitertes Modell vorgeschlagen, das die neuen Messergebnisse gut erfassen kann und die älteren Ansätze als Grenzfälle beinhaltet.
The Ideal Particle Bed
Authors: Mütze Thomas , Husemann Klaus , Peuker Urs A.
Published: January 2011

Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Ergebnisse zum Beanspruchungsverhalten des idealen Gutbetts vorgestellt. Entgegen den bisherigen Modellvorstellungen zeigen Kalkstein‐ und Quarzfraktionen kleiner 100 μm einen deutlichen stärkeren Einfluss der Gutbetthöhe auf die Energieabsorption als grobkörnige Materialien. Als Ursache wird die zunehmende Steifheit des Gutbetts bei geringer Gutbetthöhe und feinkörnigeren Partikeln gesehen.
A molecular mechanism that regulates medially oriented axonal growth of upper layer neurons in the developing neocortex
Authors: Zhao Hong , Maruyama Takuro , Hattori Yuki , Sugo Noriyuki , Takamatsu Hyota , Kumanogoh Atsushi , Shirasaki Ryuichi , Yamamoto Nobuhiko
Published: January 2011

Segregation of subsets of callosal axons in the corpus callosum. Npn1‐positive fibers originating from the upper layers (green) and Npn1‐negative fibers from the deep layers (red) run separately in the corpus callosum. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, Volume 519, Number 5, pages 834–848.
A mart‐1::Cre transgenic line induces recombination in melanocytes and retinal pigment epithelium
Authors: Aydin Iraz T. , Beermann Friedrich
Published: January 2011

The number of transgenic mouse lines expressing Cre in either type of pigment cells (melanocytes and retinal pigment epithelium, RPE) is limited, and the available lines do not always offer sufficient specificity. In this study, we addressed this issue and we report on the generation of a MART‐1::Cre BAC transgenic mouse line, in which the expression of Cre recombinase is controlled by regulatory elements of the pigment cell‐specific gene MART‐1 (mlana). When MART‐1::Cre BAC transgenic mice were bred with the ROSA26‐R reporter line, ß‐galactosidase expression was observed in RPE from E12.5 onwards, and in melanocyte precursors from E17.5, indicating that the MART‐1::Cre line provides Cre recombinase activity in pigment‐producing cells rather than in a particular lineage. In addition, breeding of this mouse line to mice carrying a conditional allele of RBP‐Jκ corroborated the reported phenotypes in both pigment cell lineages, inducing hair greying and microphthalmia. Our results thus suggest, that the MART‐1::Cre line may serve as a novel and useful tool for functional studies in melanocytes and the RPE.genesis 49:403–409, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neoproterozoic calc‐alkaline peraluminous granitoids of the Deleihimmi pluton, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt: implications for transition from late‐ to post‐collisional tectonomagmatic evolution in the northern Arabian–Nubian Shield
Authors: Farahat Esam S. , Zaki Rafat , Hauzenberger Christoph , Sami Mabrouk
Published: January 2011

The widely distributed late‐collisional calc‐alkaline granitoids in the northern Arabian–Nubian Shield (ANS) have a geodynamic interest as they represent significant addition of material into the ANS juvenile crust in a short time interval (∼630–590 Ma). The Deleihimmi granitoids in the Egyptian Central Eastern Desert are, therefore, particularly interesting since they form a multiphase pluton composed largely of late‐collisional biotite granitoids enclosing granodiorite microgranular enclaves and intruded by leuco‐ and muscovite granites. Geochemically, different granitoid phases share some features and distinctly vary in others. They display slightly peraluminous (ASI = 1–1.16), non‐alkaline (calc‐alkaline and highly fractionated calc‐alkaline), I‐type affinities. Both biotite granitoids and leucogranites show similar rare earth element (REE) patterns [(La/Lu)N = 3.04–2.92 and 1.9–1.14; Eu/Eu* = 0.26–0.19 and 0.11–0.08, respectively) and related most likely by closed system crystal fractionation of a common parent. On the other hand, the late phase muscovite granites have distinctive geochemical features typical of rare‐metal granites. They are remarkably depleted in Sr and Ba (4–35 and 13–18 ppm, respectively), and enriched in Rb (381–473 ppm) and many rare metals. Moreover, their REE patterns show a tetrad effect (TE1,3 = 1.13 and 1.29) and pronounced negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.07 and 0.08), implying extensive open system fractionation via fluid–rock interaction during the magmatic stage.

Origin of the calc‐alkaline granitoids by high degree of partial melting of mafic lower crust with subsequent crystal fractionation is advocated. The broad distribution of late‐collisional calc‐alkaline granitoids in the northern ANS is related most likely to large areal and intensive lithospheric delamination subsequent to slab break‐off and crustal/mantle thickening. Such delamination caused both crustal uplift and partial melting of the remaining mantle lithosphere in response to asthenospheric uprise. The melts produced underplate the lower crust to promote its melting. The presence of microgranular enclaves, resulting from mingling of mantle‐derived mafic magma with felsic crustal‐derived liquid, favours this process. The derivation of the late‐phase rare‐metal granites by open system fractionation via fluid interaction is almost related to the onset of extension above the rising asthenosphere that results in mantle degassing during the switch to post‐collisional stage. Consequently, the switch from late‐ to post‐collisional stage of crustal evolution in the northern ANS could be potentially significant not only geodynamically but also economically. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence and incidence of delirium in long‐term care
Authors: McCusker Jane , Cole Martin G. , Voyer Philippe , Monette Johanne , Champoux Nathalie , Ciampi Antonio , Vu Minh , Belzile Eric
Published: January 2011

Objectives

(1) To describe the prevalence and 6‐month incidence of delirium in long‐term care facility (LTCF) residents age 65 and over; (2) To describe differences in these measures by resident baseline characteristics.

Methods

A multisite, prospective observational study was conducted in seven LTCFs in the province of Quebec, Canada. Residents of age 65 and over were recruited into two cohorts: Cohort A with a Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of 10 or more and Cohort B with an MMSE score of less than 10. Baseline resident measurements were obtained from research resident assessments, nurse interviews, and chart review. Weekly resident assessments for up to 24 weeks included the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM).

Results

Two hundred seventy‐nine residents were recruited and completed baseline delirium assessments: 204 in Cohort A and 75 in Cohort B. The prevalence of delirium at baseline was 3.4% in Cohort A and 33.3% in Cohort B. The incidence of delirium among those without delirium at baseline (per 100 person‐weeks of follow‐up) was 1.6 in Cohort A and 6.9 in Cohort B. In multivariate analyses, a diagnosis of dementia, moderate to severe cognitive impairment, and depressive symptoms at baseline were associated with a greater prevalence and incidence of delirium.

Conclusion

Delirium is an important clinical problem in LTCF residents, particularly among those with moderate to severe cognitive impairment at baseline. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogeological constraint on nitrate and arsenic contamination in Asian metropolitan groundwater
Authors: Hosono Takahiro , Nakano Takanori , Shimizu Yuta , Onodera Shin‐ichi , Taniguchi Makoto
Published: January 2011

A total of 243 groundwater samples from five Asian metropolitan areas (Bangkok, Jakarta, Manila, Seoul, and Taipei) were analysed to determine the status and mechanism of groundwater nitrate (NO3) and arsenic (As) pollution. The samples were divided into three groups based on the [NO3] versus [As]: high [NO3] (10–150 mg/l as NO3) with low [As] (0–5 µg/l), low [NO3] (0–10 mg/l) with high [As] (5–120 µg/l), and low [NO3] (0–10 mg/l) and [As] (0–5 µg/l). Groundwater from the Seoul hard‐rock and Jakarta unconfined aquifer belonged to the first group, while that of the confined aquifer of Jakarta, Manila, and Bangkok belonged to the second group and the Taipei groundwater belonged to the last group. Comparison of the hydrogeological parameters and groundwater geochemistry among cities demonstrated that the redox conditions defined the behaviour of contaminants. In groundwater from Manila and Bangkok, where impermeable marine clay deposits comprise a large proportion of the surface geology, NO3 was depleted due to denitrification, while the As levels were higher as a result of the reducing conditions of the aquifer. Conversely, the relatively oxic environments in the Jakarta unconfined aquifers and the Seoul crystalline rock aquifer resulted in less denitrification and As dissolution. The results of this study suggest that [NO3] versus [As] diagrams are a useful method of evaluating the pollution types and contamination processes among the different urban groundwater systems while considering the hydrogeological settings. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The African market garden: The development of a low‐pressure drip irrigation system for smallholders in the sudano sahel
Authors: Woltering Lennart , Pasternak Dov , Ndjeunga Jupiter
Published: January 2011

The African Market Garden (AMG) is a holistic horticultural production system for small producers based on low‐pressure drip irrigation combined with a crop management package. Over the last 10 years ICRISAT (the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics) and partners have tested four AMG models in the Sudano Sahel of West Africa. The Thrifty (80 m2) and Commercial (500 m2 drip kit) AMG systems were developed for individual gardening. The Cluster (multiple kits of 500 m2) and Communal systems were developed for producers to benefit from collective use of water energy resources land purchasing and marketing. This paper describes the development pathway of the four different models and assesses their returns to investment. It was shown that irrigated vegetable production is a capital‐intensive undertaking where investment and operation cost per unit land can be reduced through economies of scale. The payback period for a 500 m2 traditional garden and for a single 500 m2 AMG is 15 months while for a 5000 m2 Cluster or Communal AMG it is only 5–6 months. The latter two systems have been tested using alternative energy sources like solar radiation gravitation or artesian pressure to further cut down costs of water supply. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
17β‐estradiol regulates estrogen receptor α monoubiquitination
Authors: La Rosa Piergiorgio , Marino and Maria , Acconcia Filippo
Published: January 2011

Monoubiquitination is a nonproteolytic signal involved in a network of several different physiological processes. Recently, monoubiquitination has been discovered as a new post‐transductional modification of the estrogen receptor α (ERα). However, at present no information is available about the role of the cognate ligand 17β‐estradiol (E2) in modulating this receptor post‐transductional modification. Thus, we studied the E2‐dependent modulation of ERα monoubiquitination in different cell lines. Here, we report that ERα monoubiquitination isnegatively modulated by E2. These results demonstrate thatERα monoubiquitination represents a new signalling modification that may modulate the E2:ERα‐regulated cellular processes. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life,63(1):49–53, 2011
Co‐infection with influenza A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 viruses in a patient with influenza‐like illness during the winter/spring of 2008 in Shanghai, China
Authors: Ju Liwen , Jiang Lufang , Yang Jixing , Shi Qing , jiang Qingwu , Shen Huiguo , Tan Yiyun , Lu Yuanan
Published: January 2011

Co‐infection with different influenza viruses occurs naturally and plays an important role in epidemiology and pathogenicity. To monitor the prevalence of influenza viruses in humans during seasonal influenza epidemics in Shanghai, China, and to analyze the genetic characteristics of the viruses, 365 nasopharyngeal swabs collected from patients with influenza‐like illness between January and April 2008, were tested by a colloidal gold assay, viral isolation in Madin‐Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, direct immunofluorescence assay and multiplex RT‐PCR. The genetic characteristics of the viruses were analyzed by full‐length PCR amplification of the HA segment. One case of co‐infection with influenza A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 viruses was detected among the 7 cases of A/H1N1, 84 cases of A/H3N2 and 48 cases of influenza B virus during the winter/spring of 2008. All influenza A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 isolates were similar, including the co‐infecting isolates. The present study demonstrates the possibility of natural co‐infection with different types of influenza viruses in humans, which could provide the opportunity for the occurrence of viral genetic reassortment within the human respiratory tract. J. Med. Virol. 82:1299–1305, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Superoxide dismutase deficiency enhances superoxide levels in brain tissues during oxygenation and hypoxia‐reoxygenation
Authors: Sasaki Toru , Shimizu Takahiko , Koyama Tomoko , Sakai Masanobu , Uchiyama Satoshi , Kawakami Satoru , Noda Yoshihiro , Shirasawa Takuji , Kojima Shuji
Published: January 2011

To determine whether the mitochondria or cytoplasm produces superoxide during ischemia‐reperfusion of the brain, we analyzed lucigenine‐enhanced chemiluminescence emission in slices of brain tissue prepared from manganese‐superoxide dismutase (Mn‐SOD)‐deficient (Sod2‐deficient) and copper and zinc‐superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn‐SOD)‐deficient (Sod1‐deficient) mice during oxygenation and hypoxia‐reoxygenation. The steady‐state level of chemiluminescence under oxygenated conditions was significantly enhanced by a lack of either Sod. We hypothesize that the enhanced chemiluminescence produced by Sod2 and Sod1 deficiency reflects in situ superoxide generation in the mitochondria and cytoplasm, respectively. Based on this hypothesis, the major site of intracellular superoxide generation was assumed to be the cytoplasm. However, mitochondria occupy less cellular space than the cytoplasm. In terms of volume, the superoxide concentration is assumed to be higher in mitochondria than in the cytoplasm. Mn‐SOD activity was 18% of the Cu,Zn‐SOD activity observed in the wild‐type mouse brain. However, when mitochondrial SOD activity was expressed as per volume, it was assumed to be equal to that observed in the cytoplasm. This imbalance between superoxide and SOD activity is expected to cause mitochondrial oxidative damage. The chemiluminescence intensity increased significantly during reoxygenation and was enhanced by Sod2 deficiency but was not significantly affected by Sod1 deficiency. The superoxide concentration in the reoxygenated brain would be higher in the mitochondria than in the cytoplasm. The present study indicated that the major site of intracellular superoxide generation in the brain during oxygenation is the cytoplasm, whereas it is the mitochondria during reoxygenation. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discrimination of carotenoid and flavonoid content in petals of pansy cultivars (Viola x wittrockiana) by FT‐Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Gamsjaeger Sonja , Baranska Malgorzata , Schulz Hartwig , Heiselmayer Paul , Musso Maurizio
Published: January 2011

Fourier Transform Raman spectroscopy (FT‐Raman) has been applied for the non‐destructive in‐situ analysis of pigments on differently colored flower petals of pansy cultivars (Viola x wittrockiana). The main target of the present study was to investigate how far the Raman mapping technique through FT‐Raman spectroscopy and cluster analysis of the Raman spectra is a potential method for the direct, in‐situ discrimination of flavonoids (flavonols against anthocyanins) and of carotenoids occurring in flowers, using intact and differently colored flower petal of Viola x wittrockiana for this case study. In order to get more information about the reliability of the direct in‐situ flavonoid detection by the Raman method, pigments extracts of the petals were separated by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) and investigated by Raman spectroscopy. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of the Raman spectra from reference pigments (carotenoids, anthocyanins and flavonols), from areas of the flower petals, and from the TLC extracts allowed discriminating the various pigments, in particular flavonoids (flavonols against anthocyanins) and carotenoids. With a two‐dimensional Raman mapping technique, which provides a chemical image of the sample under investigation, we determined by cluster analysis the distribution of carotenoids, anthocyanins and flavonols from the outer layer of the petals, and by integrating through suitable spectral regions selected as characteristic markers for particular pigments their relative concentration could approximately be determined. We found a satisfactory correlation between the patterns seen on the visible images and the patterns on the chemical images obtained by Raman mapping. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption of aniline on silver mirror studied by surface‐enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations
Authors: Qi Yajing , Hu Yongjun , Xie Min , Xing Da , Gu Huaimin
Published: January 2011

The adsorption of aniline on a silver mirror was studied by surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculation methods. The normal Raman and SERS spectra of pure aniline liquid and its solutions were recorded by a micro‐Raman spectrometer with excitation at 514.5 nm. Orientation of the aniline molecule adsorbed on the Ag mirror is discussed. The results indicate that pure aniline is adsorbed on the surface of the Ag mirror with a tilted orientation. The conformer with the nitrogen atom interacting with the metal surface would be dominant. DFT calculations further confirm the experimental results that charge transfer (CT) takes place from the highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) of aniline to the singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) of the silver surface. In this paper, the frontier molecular orbital theory has been successfully used to explore the interaction between the aniline molecule and the silver surface. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced Raman scattering in multilayer structures of porous silicon
Authors: Mamichev D. A. , Gonchar K. A. , Timoshenko V. Yu. , Mussabek G. K. , Nikulin V. E. , Taurbaev T. I.
Published: January 2011

Multiple enhancement of the Raman scattering efficiency is observed in porous‐silicon‐based one‐dimensional photonic bandgap (PBG) structures with tunable reflection and dispersion under excitation at 1.06 µm. The experimental results are explained as being due to the resonant increase in the effective Raman susceptibility at light wavelengths close to the PBG edges. This effect is discussed in view of possible applications in the Raman spectroscopy of molecules embedded in porous media as well as in the Raman laser based on silicon. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shopping orientation and online travel shopping: The role of travel experience
Authors: Jensen Jan Moller
Published: January 2011

This paper investigates how consumers' shopping orientation toward travel shopping influences their tendency to shop for travel products on the Internet. The paper also looks into the role of consumers' travel experience. A conceptual model is developed and a number of hypotheses are forwarded and tested by structural equation modeling, using data from 256 respondents. The results support several of the stated hypotheses. Shopping orientation and travel experience both influence travelers' intentions to shop travel products online. Implications for management practice and further research are discussed at the end of the paper. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facile Synthesis of Nanocapsules and Hollow Nanoparticles Consisting of Fluorinated Polymer Shells by Interfacial RAFT Miniemulsion Polymerization
Authors: Chen Hao , Luo Yingwu
Published: January 2011

Nanocapsules made of a cross‐linked poly(dodecafluoroheptyl acrylate) shell were successfully synthesized by interfacial RAFT miniemulsion polymerization. The well‐defined hollow fluorinated polymer structures were obtained by the subsequent removal of the liquid core materials. The core/shell ratio could be easily tuned up to 1:1 by changing the conditions. In the cases of high core/shell ratio of 1:2 and 1:1, the nanocapsules were severely deformed, which was improved by increasing the cross‐linker amount up to 30 wt.‐%. It was concluded that the utility of the interfacial RAFT miniemulsion polymerization overcame the thermodynamic and kinetic barriers in a conventional miniemulsion polymerization.

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