bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Individual emotion in work organizations
Authors: Rafaeli Anat , Worline Monica
Published: March 2007

We are predisposed to thinking of emotions as our own, perhaps the most intimate parts of ourselves. Yet, more often than not, our emotions are inextricably bound up with other people and social worlds, with one of the most powerful of those being the organizational work context. The central premise of this article is that much of our social and emotional life is organizational. We begin with a view to the past, describing how, because of a focus on control, both management and scholars attempted to tightly delineate the emotions that could legitimately be expressed and recognized in work settings. Such tight control could not hold emotions at bay, however. Managers and scholars have recognized that individual feelings are often expressions of or reactions to organizational realities. We review two waves of what we loosely call current organizational research that acknowledges emotion. The first wave attempts to explain individual emotion in organizational terms, while the second wave focuses on the idea of culture. Looking toward the future, we conclude that attempts to quell and ignore emotion in organizations are recognized as outdated. The emerging alternative appears to be to somehow “manage” the beast called emotion at work. We call for future research that recognizes employees', customers', shareholders', and suppliers' emotions in designing organizational features such as cultures, routines, structures, and patterns of leadership. Yet we note that as emotion is being more and more managed, people are feeling more and more alienated. The managed emotions of organized work can become very attractive to people as a place to escape to from the emotional hardships of home and community. We suggest future research and policy pay attention to a growing paradox in the future of emotion: that as emotion is more and more organizationally managed, the less it feels truly emotional.
Science and politics: a critique of scientistic conceptions of knowledge and society
Authors: Redner Harry
Published: March 2007

The theory of a post-industrial knowledgeable society was accompanied by ambitious claims regarding the power and capacity of science in social planning and policy-making. These exaggerated claims are based on a number of cardinal errors concerning the relation between social scientific knowledge and social practice. These errors are exposed and refuted by reference to theories of the role of science in relation to politics to be found in the works of C.E. Lindblom and Gernot Böhme.
Award of the Stein Rokkan Prize 1981 to Manfred G. Schmidt
Authors: Schmidt Manfred G.
Published: March 2007

The Stein Rokkan Prize was set up by the International Social Science Council and the Conjunto Universitario Candido Mendes to honour a seminal work by a young social scientist in comparative social science. The Prize, in the sum of two thousand dollars, was awarded for the first time on 17 November 1981 at a session of the General Assembly of the ISSC to Manfred G. Schmidt, Lecturer in Politics at the University of Konstanz, for his manuscript entitled: “Wohlfahrtstaatliche Politik unter bürgerlichen und sozialdemokratischen Regierungen. Ein internationaler Vergleich”.

We are pleased to print the speech he made on receiving the award.
The “natural preserve of anthropologists”: social anthropology, scientific planning and development
Authors: de L'Estoile Benoît
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the relationship between practical and cognitive interests in the production of anthropological knowledge. It analyses the links between the projects of directed social transformation in “backward” societies that characterize the program of “development” since the 1920s, and the emergence of a discipline aiming at a scientific understanding of these societies. A reconstruction of the process of autonomization of British social anthropology in Africa during the interwar period thus offers at the same time a genealogy of the uses of anthropology in development. It is argued that, instead of viewing the relationship between anthropology and the colonial administration as an alternative between instrumentalization or independence, it is more fruitful to analyse it as structured by both common interests in producing knowledge about colonized societies and a competition between academic specialists and “practical men”. The “professionalization” of social anthropology and its institutionalization as an academic discipline then appears as a process of construction of a monopoly of competence on non-western social phenomena.
Social change and status attainment among men and women in contemporary Poland
Authors: Krymkowski Daniel H. , Domaáski Henryk
Published: March 2007

This paper tests hypotheses concerning the relationship between social change and occupational and earnings attainment among men and women in contemporary Poland. Utilizing national-level survey data from 1982, 1987, and 1991—3, we examine the effects of social background, educational attainment, and work experience on occupational prestige and earnings. Findings from regression and multilevel models reveal complex patterns of stability and change over time, and a number of interesting results emerge. Most significantly, the effect of years of education on both earnings and occupational prestige was fairly stable before 1989, but has been increasing — concurrently with the rise in the share of the private sector — since the end of state socialism. This increase occurred only among workers outside the service sector of the economy, however. In addition, the results for men and women are highly similar.
Management of fishery resources: tragedies, private appropriation or reinvention of the art of cooperation in governing resources
Authors: Collet Serge
Published: March 2007

Starting with the nature of the serious, world-wide fishery crisis, this article shows that the recent vulnerability of marine ecosystems and resources, resulting from an obsolete paradigm of rationality and the control of nature (the seas), cannot be overcome by privatization of access to the resources through ITQs. Conversely, the ecosystems approach, open to a reevaluation of the historic contribution of the community-based types of management invented by coastal fishing cultures, particularly at risk within the EU, may contribute to the development of more responsible, more democratic governance, at least within those cultures.
Capitalism in Context: Sources, Trajectories and Alternatives
Authors: Arnason Johann P.
Published: March 2007

The recognition of capitalism as a core component of modernity has often led to conflation of the two categories; this happens to critics as well as defenders of capitalism, and it reflects their shared but only partly acknowledged premises. A tendency to interpret capitalism as a self-contained system has strongly affected the debate on its historical significance; this reductionistic approach could be adapted to different ideological stances as well as to changing views of capitalism's long-term trajectory. The notion of a `spirit of capitalism', in the sense of cultural sources essential to the constitution (and arguably also to the continuity) of the capitalist order, has been one of the most important correctives to economic determinism and reductionism, but it has proved difficult to link this dimension to other aspects of the problematic. The article surveys the contributions of Weber, Sombart, Castoriadis and - most recently - Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello to this debate. The last section then discusses the work of Fernand Braudel and suggests that it could serve to reformulate the problematic of capitalism in more multidimensional terms.
Canetti's Counter-image of Society
Authors: Arnason Johann P.
Published: March 2007

It could be conceivable that society is not an organism, that it has no structure, that it functions only temporarily or seemingly. The most obvious analogies are not the best.

The Human Province, p.245

True, he [man] wants to “preserve” himself, but he also simultaneously wants other things which are inseparable from this.

Crowds and Power, p. 293

The planning nature of man is a very late addition that violates his essential, his transforming nature.

The Secret Heart of the Clock, p. 119

Man, regarding himself as the measure of all things, is almost unknown. His progress in self-knowledge is minimal, every new theory obscures more of him than it illuminates.

The Conscience of Words, p. 111
State Formation in Southeast Asia
Authors: Young Ken
Published: March 2007

The processes of state formation in the agrarian states of Southeast Asia lend themselves to fruitful comparative analysis using Eliasian concepts. However, in the difficult physical environment of a region endowed with plentiful land relative to population, the control of labour was more important than control of territory, as demonstrated by the cases of Siam and Java. Moreover, the religious, ceremonial and symbolic significance of kingship remained very important even when the coercive power of the centre was weak. Courts made absolutist claims, but their dominance depended on symbolic power and on complex intrigues and networks of patronage. Elias is useful to analyse these endogenous processes of state formation. However, the modern states of the region were forged by colonialism, nationalist movements and the more recent technocratic developmentalist programmes of authoritarian elites. Rapid economic transformation and industrialization have brought new classes and new tensions to test the adequacy of state structures, now far removed from the elite territorial competition of the past.
The Hypertrophy of Simultaneity in Telematic Communication
Authors: Esposito Elena
Published: March 2007

The paper deals with the changes in the sense of synchronicity and simultaneity connected with the transformations in the structure of society. It examines and criticizes the modern concept of absolute chronology, understood as an objective temporal reference common to all observers. This notion is compared with the relative and flexible (but neither objective nor generalizable) forms of synchronization of different societies. The paper discusses finally the hypothesis that contemporary society is realizing a more complex and recursive form of temporality, that questions the modern ideal of synchronicity. This temporality is connected with recent developments in telematics.
The Theory of the Rain Forest Against Neoliberalism and for Humanity
Authors: Casanova Pablo González
Published: March 2007

Mexico's southeastern Maya movement offers one of the most advanced proposals in the construction of a theoretical and practical world alternative. It comes from the rain forest people's deepest convictions, simultaneously synthesizing western beliefs and ideas with those characteristic of the long struggles of resistance by the poor, discriminated and excluded of the earth. The many voices that spoke out at the Intercontinental Meeting for Humanity and against Neoliberalism, held in Chiapas from 27 July to 3 August 1996, reinforced the Zapatista Army of National Liberation's (EZLN) blueprint for universal democracy with justice, freedom, pluralism and dignity for all human beings, and joined in the emergence of a new way of thinking, feeling and acting. The originality of the theory of the Rain Forest is to be found in linking utopia, as a construct of the possible based on reality, with the construction of power derived from civil society. It is also a creative and historic movement that responds to the challenges of the 21st century with hope for the survival of humanity in dignity and justice.
Music as Negative Theology
Authors: de la Fuente Eduardo
Published: March 2007

Jean-Francois Lyotard's essay `Adorno as the Devil' had argued that Theodor Adorno's Philosophy of Modern Music was a `diabolic' work of `negative theology' which attributed to Schoenberg's music a secret redemptive power. However, in his later writings, such as the essays in The Inhuman, Lyotard has himself moved close to a `negative theological' position with respect to modernity, time, aesthetics and music. The paper uses the occasion of Lyotard's own theologically inspired essays on music, `God and Puppet' and `Obedience', to re-evaluate the following: Adorno's claims that music transcends mere language and `reaches' for the theological; and more general claims within modern western culture on behalf of music's ability to express the inexpressible. The argument is that the music as negative theology position is not inherently metaphysical but rather that it reflects the importance of the `unsayable' to modern conceptions of reason. In resisting the `closure' of the modern narrative of reason, music, as a temporal art, has often given expression to the more radical forms of alterity present within modern forms of time. In other words, negative theology is not the discourse of the devil; it is the impossible discourse of western reason and its internal fracturing.
How did the Cracks Open? The Origins of the Subversion of China's Late-Traditional Culture by the West
Authors: Elvin Mark
Published: March 2007

The military humiliation of China by the West in the 19th century was slight in objective terms but lethal to late-imperial political culture. This was partly because prestige structures, such as that of China, are unusually susceptible to humiliation, and partly because the western impact revitalized and reshaped existing subversive elements. Traditionalists and would-be reformers agreed that there was a crisis, but offered conflicting solutions, especially with respect to the desirability or otherwise of modern technology and some form of democracy. Eventually the interpretation of Chinese history was recast in terms of international intercultural competition, and policy reformulated on this basis so as to lead toward a kind of Sino-western synthesis with China politically and culturally on top.
Migration and the Employment and Wages of Native and Immigrant Workers
Authors: WILSON FRANKLIN D. , JAYNES GERALD
Published: March 2007

This article assesses the association between migration (both international and internal) and the employment status and earnings of young non-college-educated native White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, and immigrant white-collar and blue-collar workers in the United States during the decade from 1980 to 1990. The authors present results that only partly support the claim that internal migrants and immigrants are substitutes for native workers. On one hand, the authors found that migration (flow) was not a major factor associated with the increased joblessness and decreased wages experienced by some native groups during the 1980s, particularly among blue-collar workers. On the other hand, the authors did find that changes in the foreign-born composition of an industrial sector (a measure of immigrant stock) were associated with increased joblessness of native workers and decreased joblessness of immigrant workers.
Satisfied Movers, Committed Stayers
Authors: KALLEBERG ARNE L. , MASTEKAASA ARNE
Published: March 2007

This article examines the impact of interorganizational (quits and layoffs) and intraorganizational (promotions and downward/lateral moves) job mobility on changes in job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The analysis is based on panel data from a representative sample of Norwegian work organizations and their employees. The authors find that promotions increase employees' perceptions of the quality of their jobs and thereby enhance both their satisfaction and commitment. Downward or lateral mobility tends to lower both work attitudes but is unrelated to changes in job rewards. Quits increase job satisfaction, whereas lay-offs have no effect on satisfaction. Both quits and layoffs lower commitment in the new organization relative to the former workplace. The authors discuss some implications of these results for theory and practice related to job mobility and work attitudes.
Sexual Harassment in the Workplace
Authors: MUELLER CHARLES W. , DE COSTER STACY , ESTES SARAH BETH
Published: March 2007

The authors integrate research on the causes and consequences of sexual harassment victimization with organizational research to better understand the relationship between harassment and the work outcomes of job satisfaction, job stress, and intention to quit an organization. In doing so, the authors broaden the narrow conceptualization of organizational context that has been considered in previous research on sexual harassment. This broadened conceptualization incorporates features of modern organizational structure, including social integration, structural differentiation, decentralization, and formalization—all argued to indirectly control employees by increasing employee job satisfaction and commitment (and to ultimately increase productivity and reduce turnover). Although these features of modern organizational structure are not intended to reduce sexual harassment, the authors propose and find with a national sample of almost 6,000 employees that they have the unintended consequence of doing so. The authors also propose and find that this context-harassment linkage improves understanding of the often reported relationship between sexual harassment and job dissatisfaction, job stress, and intention to quit.
The Changing Cost of Being a Black Woman
Authors: Rexroat Cynthia
Published: March 2007

Changes in the economic position of black women ages 26 to 64 who work full-time, year-round are compared to white women, utilizing the 1960 and 1970 Public Use Samples. When black women are given the average charactensncs of whites, and when their differential rates of return are compared, the average "cost" of being a black woman has diminished However, the average amount black women lose because they are inequitably distributed on these characteristics has increased Johnson and Sell (1976) found that the cost of being a black male has increased but black men are more equitably distributed on educational, occupational, and regional characteristics These findings suggest that legislation involving equal pav for equal work has improved the economic status of black women, while upward mobility is responsible for the improved status of black men
Defusing Technological Change in Juvenile Courts
Authors: Albrecht Gary L.
Published: March 2007

Based on five years of participant observation in a juvenile court, this study focuses on the ways in which professional groups attempted to gain control of a computerized information system so that they could preserve their professional autonomy, maintain control over their work, and give the appearance of a job well done. When legal professionals attempted to use the computerized information system to control the work of the probation staff, probation officers developed a coordinated five-point strategy to defuse this control effort. The probation officer strategy was successful; ultimately, the computerized information system was physically removed from the court. An explanation of this professional struggle takes both a theory ofprofessional dominance and a resource dependence model, which focuses on the relationships of professionals to their environments, into account.
Blau's Theory of Occupational Differentiation
Authors: Messner Steven F.
Published: March 2007

This essay discusses some important methodological problems involved in the testing of Blau's theory of occupational differentiation with cross-national data. We argued that there are two critical problems which preclude such testing at present; namely, the inadequacy of available occupational classifications and the underdeveloped state of prestige measurement. The precise nature and extent of these problems are illustrated with detailed occupational data for a sample of ten modern industrial nations. The essay concludes with some remarks on the general implications of the methodological issues raised in the analysis.
Toward a Theory of Professionalization
Authors: FORSYTH PATRICK B. , DANISIEWICZ THOMAS J.
Published: March 2007

A model of professionalization based largely on the power view is presented. As a test of a portion of the model, professional power is defined in terms of two dimensions of attitudinal autonomy. Autonomy from client and autonomy from employing organization are studied in a sample of 1,000 students representing eight different occupations (medicine, law, education, nursing, social work, librarianship, engineering, and business administration) in order to discover a systematic empirical referent for the concepts true, semi-, and mimic profession. As hypothesized, distinct attitudinal power profiles did emerge as characteristic of individuals socialized to various occupations.
College Characteristics and Change in Students' Occupational Values
Authors: ANDERSON KRISTINE L.
Published: March 2007

This study examines change in occupational goals and values among young adults who enter postsecondary education. The influence of variation in college characteristics on extrinsic and intrinsic values and on occupational status goals is studied using longitudinal data on 1972 college entrants. Effects of college selectivity, organizational type, and control for students remaining in college for a traditional four-year period show little support for the hypothesis of effects on values of entry into colleges with varying positions in a hierarchically structured educational system. Some support is found for an effect of religious affiliation rather than public control on goals and values.
A Note on Organizational Commitment
Authors: CHELTE ANTHONY F. , TAUSKY CURT
Published: March 2007

Studies of organizational commitment have tended to focus on managers within single organizations, or on samples of a single employee category across organizations. On the hunch that an alternative approach might yield different findings, the present study examines organizational commitment, antecedents, and consequences among three distinct groups (administrators, semiskilled-unskilled workers, and faculty) within a single organization, a large university. No shared, consistent pattern of antecedents or outcomes of organizational commitment is found among the groups. It is proposed that the development of commitment may vary by employee rank or type of organization. The present data show that the antecedents of organizational commitment and two outcomes (intention to leave the organization and perceived work effort), are quite different for each of the three groups.
Advanced Technology and Worker Alienation
Authors: VALLAS STEVEN PETER , YARROW MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

This article critically examines a study of work and technology that recently appeared in Work and Occupations in order to identify a series of methodological and theoretical issues that confront researchers in the field. The study in question is Hull, Friedman and Rogers's study on the impact of advanced technology in both the organization and the experience of blue collar work. This article's findings would appear to cast serious doubt on Marxist predictions of deskilling and heightened alienation. Careful examination of their study, however, reveals several important limitations that we feel command attention. These relate to the authors' use of job satisfaction indicators to measure Marx's concept of alienation; their tendency to abstract from the social context of labor/management relations within which technologies are introduced; and finally, their uncritical acceptance of technological determinism, which places technology `above' or beyond societal influence. We find that these and other problems simultaneously undermine the validity of their analysis, while closing off dialogue with the theoretical perspective that Hull et al. would debunk. We suggest that the outcome of technological change is approached more fruitfully as an indeterminate process shaped by the prevailing relations between workers and management, as well as among the workers themselves.
On the Natural History of Health Care Occupations
Authors: BUCHER RUE
Published: March 2007

A natural history model presents occupations as attempting to shape their environments and also as shaping themselves in response to their environments. The tactics and strategies employed by occupations in response to changing circumstances are described in the context of emerging, consolidating, and transforming phases of development.
Moonlighting Husbands
Authors: DEMPSTER-McCLAIN DONNA , MOEN PHYLLIS
Published: March 2007

This study examines the extent and correlates of moonlighting at various stages in the life course for employed husbands (N = 2,118) in the United States in the mid-1970s. Using data from the Michigan Panel Study of Income Dynamics (1976-1977 waves), the study found that 21% of the husbands held two jobs, a figure substantially higher than official estimates. In estimating the likelihood of moonlighting, using a range of individual, family, and job characteristics, three hypotheses are tested. The first two, drawn from the “life-cycle squeeze” literature, suggest differences in the likelihood of moonlighting at various stages of the life cycle and in conjunction with variations in the wage rate of the primary job. The third hypothesis relates moonlighting to a sporadic work history. Findings reveal that there are indeed variations in the incidence of moonlighting over the life cycle. Moreover, the effects of wage rate and work history interact with life-cycle stage, suggesting that the factors related to moonlighting vary across stages of men's lives.
The Meaning and Measurement of Occupational Image for the Nursing Role
Authors: BIRNBAUM DEE , SOMERS MARK JOHN
Published: March 2007

The measurement models used to operationalize nurses' occupational image (role conception), a task-based and value-based model, were examined. Specifically, the discriminant validity of the value-based model and the generalizability of the task-based model were assessed. Results tended to support the task-based but not the value-based model. Implications for theory-building and testing were also discussed.
Attachments to Work
Authors: DUBIN ROBERT , GALIN AMIRA
Published: March 2007

Immigrants moving between contrasting industrial cultures carry work habits and perceptions of work from their culture of origin, not readily erased through assimilation. Russian émigrés to Israel persisted in a Soviet-like view of work authority, importance of their employing organization, and their union. They also emphasized self, self-expression, and personal achievement as one reaction to their having been minimized in the USSR. At the same time, Russians assimilated to global perceptions of satisfaction with job, organization, and work life in general, as well as many microfeatures of their work environments, responding in a manner similar to their Israeli counterparts. Assimilation to the Israeli work culture was clearly piecemeal.
Organizational Dynamics and Gender Equity
Authors: KULIS STEPHEN , MILLER-LOESSI KAREN A.
Published: March 2007

This research attempts to clarify the organization's role in creating or reinforcing occupational stratification by explicitly examining how major organizational characteristics, including dynamic processes of expansion, contraction, and turnover, affect change over time in women's representation. The research focuses on academic sociology, a discipline that recently made modest gains in incorporating women faculty and graduate students. Drawing on longitudinal surveys of sociology departments in the western United States, the study examines the extent and direction of 5-year changes in the sociology faculty sex composition and the degree to which men and women faculty are concentrated at different academic ranks. These changes at the departmental level in women's representation and position are analyzed as outcomes that vary depending on characteristics of the political economy of the department and of the institution as a whole. The model explains a substantial portion of the variance among departments in progress toward gender equity. In particular, high institutional prestige, research orientation, large size, public auspices, nonurban setting, and faculty growth are major predictors of higher representation of women. The analysis has implications for understanding the link between organizational change and how stratification by gender is either preserved or altered.
Job Satisfaction, Job Reward Characteristics, and Employees' Problem Drinking Behaviors
Authors: MARTIN JACK K. , ROMAN PAUL M.
Published: March 2007

Studies of job-based influences on employees' drinking have focused on the effects of structural and stress-producing features of jobs on alcohol consumption. Unexplored is the possibility of mediation of job-to-drinking effects via levels of job satisfaction. Using data from a large national probability sample of full-time workers, the current study tests a model that incorporates worker satisfaction as a mediating variable. Our analyses reveal that a complex interplay of stressors, rewards, and work-related affect influence employees' problematic drinking behaviors. Further, satisfied workers are significantly less likely to drink problematically. This lends support to the “spillover” model of work effects, namely, that work has important effects on the adjustment and behavior of workers in nonwork settings.
“Soft” Skills and Race:
Authors: MOSS PHILIP , TILLY CHRIS
Published: March 2007

We investigated changes in skill requirements and the effects of these changes on Black men's access to entry-level jobs, using open-ended interviews of managers at 56 firms in four industries. Managers reported that due to heightened competitive pressure, “soft skills”—particularly motivation and ability to interact well with customers and coworkers—are becoming increasingly important. Many managers view Black men as lacking in these soft skills. This helps to explain Black men's growing disadvantage in labor markets.
Analysis of the Net Tension Failure Mode in Composite Bolted Joints
Authors: York J.L. , Wilson D.W. , Pipes R.B.
Published: March 2007

A failure analysis has been developed to predict the net tension strength of composite bolted joints. The analysis involved: 1) the development of a representative stress profile along the net tension failure plane and 2) the in corporation of this stress distribution into the appropriate failure criterion. A two-dimensional, plane stress finite element analysis employing quadrilateral elements with orthotropic material properties was used to determine the state of stress along the failure plane. The stress distribution along this plane was described by a polynomial expression and was generalized to apply to a wide range of geometries. The "point stress" failure criterion was applied to the generalized stress distribution equation resulting in the desired net tension strength prediction. Development of the failure criterion for a particular material system and laminate configuration involved empirically determining two notch sensitivity parameters, m and C. In this study, notch sensitivity parameters were determined for a [45/0/-45/02/-45/0/45/02/90] s graphite/epoxy laminate. The strength predictions were verified using ex perimental net tension strength data.
Simplified Weight Savings Techniques for Composite Panels
Authors: Donaldson Steven L.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents simple techniques to design unstiffened, strength-controlled composite panels while exploiting the high unidirectional strength composites offer. Ply orientations are rotated until the best orientations are found to produce the lightest weight structure. Strength is then aligned to where, and only where, it is necessary. The techniques presented include provisions for the design of panels where the loads are not constant across the length and width of the panel. An important additional con sideration is the selection of ply stacking under multiple loading conditions. In an ex ample panel design, the techniques result in a 13% weight reduction over conventional [0i/90 j/±45k]s laminates.
A Fickian Diffusion Model for Permeable Fibre Polymer Composites
Authors: Rao R.M.V.G.K. , Chanda Manas , Balasubramanian N.
Published: March 2007

A brief description of the Fickian diffusion behaviour in polymer composites, con taining impermeable fibres (glass and graphite) is presented. The applicability of such a model to composites based on a permeable fibre phase (jute) is verified, both under the influence of varied internal (fibre volume fraction) and external (ambient temperature) factors. Very good correlations are found between the experimental data and a modified Fickian diffusion plot. The significance of a resin impregnated fibre volume fraction in such a composite is highlighted.
Influence of Thickness on Three-Dimensional Elastic Properties of a Unidirectional Graphite/Epoxy Composite
Authors: Nilsson Sören , Carlsson Leif , Bergmark Pontus
Published: March 2007

The main objective of this study was to investigate the influence of laminate thickness on the three-dimensional elastic properties of a unidirectional graphite/epoxy composite cured in an autoclave. The in-plane mechanical properties were studied by means of tensile specimens while the out-of-plane properties were evaluated by a specially developed z-direction tensile test specimen. In order to determine the elastic modulus E33, finite element stress analyses of the z-direction specimens were per formed. To characterize the degree of cure and the glass transition temperature of the resin in the laminates, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) were used.
Uniaxial Compressive Strength of High Modulus Fibers for Composites
Authors: Kumar Satish , Adams W.W. , Helminiak T.E.
Published: March 2007

Axial compressive behavior of carbon and high modulus organic fibers (such as Kevlar and PBT) has been discussed. The compressive strength of carbon fibers is found to in crease with a decrease in density, over a limited density range. Possible models for low and high compressive strength carbon fibers are proposed which are able to explain the unusually high compressive strength for the lower density fiber. Complementary wide and small angle x-ray scattering data is presented which supports the above models.
Measurements of the Stress Supported by the Crush Zone in Open Hole Composite Laminates Loaded in Compression
Authors: Guynn E. Gail , Bradley Walter L.
Published: March 2007

Compression failures in composite laminates containing circular holes are often preceded by the development of a damage zone which grows with increasing compressive load. This damage zone which appears similar to a flat, tension fatigue crack in metals, initiates at the edges of the hole and propagates across the width of the laminates leading to final failure. The damage zone is initiated by local fiber buckling and/or shear crippling in the edges of the hole. The length or size of the damage zone increases with increasing load, propagating until the zone completely traverses the specimen. Subsequently, a more catastrophic failure occurs giving brooming and/or delamination. Measurements of the load supported by the damage zone were made, allowing a more realistic constitutive rela tionship to be defined for the composite material in the crush zone.
Design Procedures for Fiber Composite Box Beams
Authors: Chamis Cristos C. , Murthy Pappu L.N.
Published: March 2007

Step-by-step procedures are described which can be used for the prelimi nary design of fiber composite box beams subjected to combined loadings. These proce dures include a collection of approximate closed-form equations so that all the required calculations can be performed using pocket calculators. Included is an illustrative example of a tapered cantilever box beam subjected to combined loads. The box beam is designed to satisfy strength, displacement, buckling, and frequency requirements.
Characterization of the Nonlinear Elastic Properties of Graphite/Epoxy Composites Using Ultrasound
Authors: Prosser William H. , Green Robert E.
Published: March 2007

The normalized change in ultrasonic "natural" velocity as a function of stress and temperature was measured in a unidirectional laminate of T300/5208 graphite/ epoxy composite using a pulsed phase locked loop ultrasonic interferometer. These mea surements were used together with the linear (second order) elastic moduli to calculate some of the nonlinear (third order) moduli of this material.
On the Squeeze Casting Conditions of Aluminum Matrix Composite Materials
Authors: Girot F.A. , Fédou R. , Quenisset J.M. , Naslain R.
Published: March 2007

The various features of squeeze casting are first described and discussed. The effect of the squeeze casting conditions on the impregnation of fibrous ceramic pre forms by light alloys has been approached by using a suitable model with continuous aligned fibers. The processing parameters influencing the impregnated length and the re quired squeeze casting pressure have been pointed out. According to the modelling and taking into account the capillary effect, the numerical computation of the general equa tions of heat and fluid flows with specified boundary conditions emphasized the parame ters which predominantly control the processing technique: mainly the preform tempera ture, the reinforcement volume fraction, the impregnation speed and the wettability of the ceramic fibers by the liquid aluminum alloys.
Parametric Damage Modelling of Composites Due to Moisture Absorption
Authors: Upadhyay P.C. , Prucz Jacky
Published: March 2007

This article presents a theoretical parametric model for the assessment of strength degradation of composite laminates subjected to different degrees of moisture concentration. The model is based on the real observation that the failure mechanism of composites after moisture absorption always initiates as debonding at the interface be tween the reinforcement and the matrix. In the development of the model, the composite is treated as a three-phase material: (1) the reinforcing fibers, (2) a thin bonding layer be tween matrix and fibers, and (3) the matrix. The material properties are assumed to be af fected by the moisture content according to a linear empirical relation. Finally, the overall performance of the composite is determined by the combined effect of all the empirical pa rameters related to the three phases.
An Analysis of Curvature and Layup Effects on Delamination in Notched Composite Beams
Authors: Harbert S.J. , Hogan H.A.
Published: March 2007

Two-dimensional finite element modeling has been used to determine strain energy release rates for delamination cracks in straight and curved notched tensile beams. The notched tensile beam (NTB) is a low-order analog of a cylindrical pressure vessel with an external part-through hole. The material was an S-glass/epoxy fiber rein forced composite material. Specimens were 8 plies thick with notches 2 and 4 plies deep. Uni-directional [0°]8 and multi-directional [0°,0°, +77°, -77°]2 layups have been in vestigated. Strain energy release rates were calculated using the virtual crack closure tech nique. The finite element results reveal a mode II dominance similar to the cracked lap shear (CLS) specimen. The effect of curvature was to lower the strain energy release rates slightly (5-13%). Total strain energy release rates were generally higher for the multi- directional layup (by 1½ to 3 times), but the GII/G I ratio may increase or decrease depend ing on the notch depth and the orientation of the plies bounding the delamination.
Fracture Modes of Oriented Polypropylene
Authors: Sinclair L.A. , Mccammond D. , Kortschot M.T.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the fracture modes of both notched and unnotched polypropylene which has been oriented with a solid phase roll-drawing process. The shear strength of the unnotched material is estimated with a single off-axis tensile test. The notched specimens, when stressed in the roll-drawn direction, fractured normal to the fibrous structure and with a brittle mode. This brittleness enables a KIc to be reported. The inapplicability of linear elastic fracture mechanics at other angles of loading is also iden tified.
Corner Formation Using Directed Flow Extrusion Technology
Authors: Miller William H. , Lee Ching-Chih , Stevenson James F.
Published: March 2007

A novel processing concept, the directed flow die, has been demonstrated to be a powerful method for producing controlled curvature in extrusions with complex shapes. The directed flow die operates by changing flow path lengths between a single, relatively small feed port opening and locations on the die plate. This concept has led to a number of patented geometries including the ball-and-socket die and rotating cylinder dies with axial or transverse feed for single and multiple components.
A Numerical Model of the Extrusion Blow-Molding Process
Authors: Bellet M. , Corsini C. , Assaker D. , Mercier P. , Wouters P.
Published: March 2007

The present study is relevant to the final stage of the extrusion blow- molding process, after the parison of molten polymer has been extruded. A general 3D finite element code has been developed to model the simultaneous closing of the mold and the blowing stage to obtain the final shaped product. The basic mechanical model is the membrane assumption and hence, the code is limited to thin parison processing. It is isothermal but includes sliding and friction along molds of arbitrary shape. The material behavior law is either linear elasticity or elastoviscoplasticity. Experimental work has been carried out at Solvay to validate this model on an extruded blow-molded lab scale part. Comparisons of thickness profiles show reasonable agreement between the computa tion and the experiment.
On the Simulation of Microelectronic Encapsulation with Epoxy Molding Compound
Authors: Turng L.S. , Wang V.W.
Published: March 2007

Transfer molding is the primary process method for microelectronic encap sulation with epoxy molding compound (EMC). Traditionally, the selection of the EMC as well as the tool and process design for microelectronic encapsulation are usually determined based on experience and intuition, which are costly and time-consuming. This article presents the numerical simulation for microelectronic encapsulation, which is aimed at providing designers useful information to detect various molding problems in an efficient and cost-effective way. In addition, it also discusses the material and geometry modeling which are critical to the accuracy of the simulation. As an illustration, a case study for a 40-lead dual-in-line (DIL) IC packaging is presented with comparison between the predic tions and experimental measurements from the literature. Finally, this article concludes with an overview of the future direction in this research.
Influence of Local Fiber Undulations on the Global Buckling Behavior of Filament-Wound Cylinders
Authors: Jensen D.W. , Pai S.P.
Published: March 2007

The predicted compressive stiffness and buckling strength of filament- wound cylinders using classical lamination theory is significantly higher than those observed experimentally. This discrepancy is partially influenced by the variation of mechanical properties in the region of fiber undulations. These regions are localized geo metric defects intrinsic to the filament-winding, weaving, and braiding processes. In the present work, the average mechanical properties of the fiber undulation region are quan tified using modified models of woven-fabric composites to account for the 3-dimensional effects. The mechanical properties thus determined can be incorporated as local element properties into global finite-element models. Preliminary results from large-displacement analyses of filament-wound cylinders are relatively more accurate when fiber undulations are accounted for.
Effect of Molding Parameters on the Interfacial Strength in PEEK/Carbon Composites
Authors: Vu-Khanh T. , Denault J.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of molding condi tions (molding temperature, residence time at melt temperature and cooling rate) on the interfacial performance in PEEK/carbon composites made from both prepreg and com mingled forms. The results show that a minimum molding temperature and residence time are essential requirements to produce efficient fiber/matrix adhesion in the commingled fabric system. Moreover, a transition between cohesive and adhesive fracture is observed when the cooling rate increases from 30°C/min to 63°C/min for the composite made from the commingled fabric. While good fiber/matrix bonding is always present in the PEEK/carbon prepreg form, the interfacial strength of the APC-2 laminates is also sig nificantly affected by the cooling rate.
Long Term Care With Short Term Workers: An Examination Of Nursing Home Nurse Aide Turnover
Authors: Wallace Robert W. , Brubaker Timothy H.
Published: March 2007

Since it has been consistently documented that the nursing home industry is characterized by high labor turnover, this study is undertaken to determine what factors may be contributing to this turnover. Particular attention is directed to selected job and employee related characteristics that differentiate between nursing home nurse aides who have either quit their job or who have continued working. The findings suggest that nurse aides who are older, have more dependent children, live closer to work, have had a lengthier employment tenure on their previous job, and have a longer number of months worked as nurse aides are employees who tend to stay on the job. These correlates of turnover are discussed in regards to hiring employees who have a greater likelihood of continuing their employment as well as to approaches to increase employment tenure.
Elders' Attitudes and Access to Health Care: A Comparison of Cuban Immigrants and Native-Born Americans
Authors: Siddharthan Kris , Sowers-Hoag Karen
Published: March 2007

We report on findings of an empirical study of attitudes and access to health care by elderly Cuban immigrants and native-born Americans in Southeast Florida. Major findings based on a random sample of 1,216 respondents indicate a need for bilingual educational materials to inform consumers of health support services available and ethnic-sensitive public health services for the indigent Cuban population.
Coping With Perceived Burden: Ethnic and Cultural Issues in Alzheimer's Family Caregiving
Authors: Wood Joan B. , Parham Iris A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate differential patterns of coping with the strain of providing care for an Alzheimer's patient among families of varying ethnic and cultural backgrounds. The sample of 85 women identified themselves as primary family caregivers for relatives with Alzheimer's disease. Subjects were classified by race (Black/White) and residence (rural/urban). The study examined differences in the use of various cognitive and behavioral coping strategies and differences in social support patterns. Analysis of data collected through structured interviews showed complex but significant differences in caregivers' coping patterns by race and area of residence. White caregivers attended support groups more frequently than did Blacks. Blacks reported more frequent use of cognitive strategies reframing the situation in positive terms and expressing determination to survive. Rural Blacks sought information about the disease or about services less frequently than did White or urban caregivers. Black caregivers had available, and used extensively, a broad range of informal supports. Of note was the important support of a deity perceived in a very personal way. Based on results of this study, it is suggested that ethnic and cultural differences in coping be considered in devising effective interventions for Alzheimer's family caregivers.