bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neurons express hemoglobin α‐ and β‐chains in rat and human brains
Authors: Richter Franziska , Meurers Bernhard H. , Zhu Chunni , Medvedeva Vera P. , Chesselet Marie‐Françoise
Published: March 2009

Hemoglobin is the oxygen carrier in vertebrate blood erythrocytes. Here we report that hemoglobin chains are expressed in mammalian brain neurons and are regulated by a mitochondrial toxin. Transcriptome analyses of laser‐capture microdissected nigral dopaminergic neurons in rats and striatal neurons in mice revealed the presence of hemoglobin α, adult chain 2 (Hba‐a2) and hemoglobin β (Hbb) transcripts, whereas other erythroid markers were not detected. Quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysis confirmed the expression of Hba‐a2 and Hbb in nigral dopaminergic neurons, striatal γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons, and cortical pyramidal neurons in rats. Combined in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry with the neuronal marker neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) in rat brain further confirmed the presence of hemoglobin mRNAs in neurons. Immunohistochemistry identified hemoglobin α‐ and β‐chains in both rat and human brains, and hemoglobin proteins were detected by Western blotting in whole rat brain tissue as well as in cultures of mesencephalic neurons, further excluding the possibility of blood contamination. Systemic administration of the mitochondrial inhibitor rotenone (2 mg/kg/d, 7d, s.c.) induced a marked decrease in Hba‐a2 and Hbb but not neuroglobin or cytoglobin mRNA in transcriptome analyses of nigral dopaminergic neurons. Quantitative RT‐PCR confirmed the transcriptional downregulation of Hba‐a2 and Hbb in nigral, striatal, and cortical neurons. Thus, hemoglobin chains are expressed in neurons and are regulated by treatments that affect mitochondria, opening up the possibility that they may play a novel role in neuronal function and response to injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:538–547, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perisomatic‐targeting granule cells in the mouse olfactory bulb
Authors: Naritsuka Hiromi , Sakai Kazuhisa , Hashikawa Tsutomu , Mori Kensaku , Yamaguchi Masahiro
Published: March 2009

Inhibitory interneurons in the hippocampus and neocortex are differentiated into several morphological and functional subtypes that innervate distinct subcellular domains of principal neurons. In the olfactory bulb (OB), odor information is processed by local neuronal circuits that include the major inhibitory interneuron, granule cells (GCs). All GCs reported to date target their inhibitory output synapses mainly to dendrites of mitral cells (MCs) and tufted cells (TCs) in the external plexiform layer (EPL). Here we identified a novel type of GC that targets output synapses selectively to the perisomatic region of MCs. In the OB of adult transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of nestin gene regulatory regions, we observed cells in the granule cell layer (GCL) that have GC‐like morphology and strongly express GFP (referred to as type S cells). Type S cells expressed NeuN and GAD67, molecular markers for GCs. Intracellular labeling of type S cells revealed that their dendrites did not enter the EPL, but formed branches and spines within the GCL, internal plexiform layer, and mitral cell layer. Type S cells typically had huge spines at the ends of the apical dendrites. Some of the terminal spines attached to the perisomatic region of MCs and formed dendrosomatic reciprocal synapses with a presumed granule‐to‐mitral inhibitory synapse and a mitral‐to‐granule excitatory synapse. These findings indicate the morphological differentiation of GCs into dendritic‐targeting and perisomatic‐targeting subsets, and suggest the functional differentiation of the GC subsets in the processing of odor information in the OB. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:409–426, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GABAergic neuron distribution in the pedunculopontine nucleus defines functional subterritories
Authors: Mena‐Segovia J. , Micklem B.R. , Nair‐Roberts R.G. , Ungless M.A. , Bolam J.P.
Published: March 2009

γ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons are widely distributed in brainstem structures involved in the regulation of the sleep‐wake cycle, locomotion, and attention. These brainstem structures include the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), which is traditionally characterized by its population of cholinergic neurons that have local and wide‐ranging connections. The functional heterogeneity of the PPN is partially explained by the topographic distribution of cholinergic neurons, but such heterogeneity might also arise from the organization of other neuronal populations within the PPN. To understand whether a topographical organization is also maintained by GABAergic neurons, we labeled these neurons by in situ hybridization for glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA combined with immunohistochemistry for choline acetyltransferase to reveal cholinergic neurons. We analyzed their distribution within the PPN by using a method to quantify regional differences based on stereological cell counts. We show that GABAergic neurons of the rat PPN have a rostrocaudal gradient that is opposite to that of cholinergic neurons. Indeed, GABAergic neurons are predominantly concentrated in the rostral PPN; in addition, they form, along with cholinergic neurons, a small, high‐density cluster in the most caudal portion of the nucleus. Thus, we provide evidence of heterogeneity in the distribution of different neuronal populations in the PPN and show that GABAergic and cholinergic neurons define neurochemically distinct areas. Our data suggest that the PPN is neurochemically segregated, and such differences define functional territories. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:397–408, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Space–time finite element computation of arterial fluid–structure interactions with patient‐specific data
Authors: Takizawa Kenji , Christopher Jason , Tezduyar Tayfun E. , Sathe Sunil
Published: March 2009

The stabilized space–time fluid–structure interaction (SSTFSI) technique developed by the team for advanced flow simulation and modeling is applied to the computation of arterial fluid–structure interaction (FSI) with patient‐specific data. The SSTFSI technique is based on the deforming‐spatial‐domain/stabilized space–time formulation and is supplemented with a number of special techniques developed for arterial FSI. These include a recipe for pre‐FSI computations that improve the convergence of the FSI computations, using an estimated zero‐pressure arterial geometry, layers of refined fluid mechanics mesh near the arterial walls, and a special mapping technique for specifying the velocity profile at an inflow boundary with non‐circular shape. In the test computations reported here, we focus on a patient‐specific middle cerebral artery segment with aneurysm, where the arterial geometry is based on computed tomography images. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fatal Outcome After Ingestion of Star Fruit in a Severe Chronic Kidney Disease Patient
Authors: Tsai Jen‐Pi , Fang Te‐Chao , Wang Chih‐Hsien , Chung Tien‐Hua , Hsu Bang‐Gee
Published: March 2009

Uremic patients are often more susceptible to drug or toxin overload because their normal routes of excretion are compromised. Star fruit intoxication has been previously reported in dialysis patients but not in patients with earlier‐stage chronic kidney disease (CKD; stages 1–5). A case of star fruit intoxication is reported in a patient not yet on dialysis. She presented with consciousness disturbance and tonic‐clonic convulsions, evolving into refractory status epilepticus, and she eventually died despite hemoperfusion and hemodialysis treatment. The case reflects the need to advise those with later stages of CKD to avoid star fruit.
Reasons Renal Patients Give for Deciding Not to Dialyze: A Prospective Qualitative Interview Study
Authors: Noble Helen , Meyer Julienne , Bridges Jackie , Kelly Daniel , Johnson Barbara
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND

As the population ages, sicker patients often with multiple comorbidities are presenting in renal clinics. Some are deciding not to embark on dialysis. The objective of this study was to gain an understanding of the decision that some patients make not to embark on dialysis.

METHODS

Naturally occurring qualitative interviews were conducted with 30 patients and 17 caregivers managed within a Renal Supportive Care Service in an acute NHS Trust in London.

RESULTS

Several patients believed they had made an informed and autonomous decision, either on or against the advice of their doctor (n 5 17); some felt that they had no option but to refuse dialysis treatment, as it would not have been of benefit and might ultimately cause their death (n 5 7); some stated they had decided to opt for medication rather than dialysis 3 times a week and seemed to believe that either option would lead to the same outcome (n 5 2), and some felt there had been no decision to be made (n 5 4).

CONCLUSIONS

Prior to this study, little was known about those who decide not to embark on dialysis and how they make this decision. It cannot be presumed that decisions made by patients are fully understood and free from inappropriate professional or family influence, and the decision needs to be regularly revisited to check patients' and caregivers' understanding and to allow for reversal of the decision if fitting. There is a need to understand how service providers can help to ensure that such decisions are informed and supported by the best available supportive care thereafter.
Safety of Cyclosporine in Warm Ischemia Transplanted Kidneys: A Selective Review
Authors: Ahmed Aimun , Ahmed Ahmed
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND

Immunosuppressive agents may have an impact on ischemia/reperfusion injury. Both renal warm ischemia (RWI) and cyclosporine may contribute to chronic allograft dysfunction and delayed graft function (DGF). Interaction between cyclosporine and RWI in generating renal injury is a controversial area.

METHODS

A search of the Medline database and OVID was done to identify articles related to the effects of cyclosporine on RWI.

RESULTS

Both animal and human studies demonstrated detrimental effects of cyclosporine on injury and fibrosis in the kidney subjected to a period of RWI.

CONCLUSIONS

Cyclosporine can sensitize the kidney to fibrosis induced by RWI. We recommend alternative approaches in immunosuppression including reduction in cyclosporine or cyclosporine‐free protocols when RWI is expected, as in non‐heart‐beating donors or in hemodynamically unstable donors.
Cytodiagnosis of Ollier's disease: A case report
Authors: Anshu  , Bhiogade Yogita , Nalinimohan C. , Gangane Nitin
Published: March 2009

Ollier's disease is a rare nonhereditary condition where patients present with multiple enchondromas involving usually the small bones of the hands and feet.

We report the case of a 17‐year‐old girl who presented with multiple osteolytic lesions involving almost all phalanges of both her hands. Fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was performed from her left index finger. Smears showed mostly chondroid matrix with singly scattered cells showing binucleation and mild atypia at places. A diagnosis of enchondroma was offered in view of the cytologic and radiological findings.

The dysplastic cartilage in Ollier's disease may show features similar to well differentiated chondrosarcoma. It is important not to overdiagnose such cases with atypia as low grade chondrosarcomas. Radiological appearances must be taken into account. FNAC is helpful as an outpatient diagnostic procedure when it obviates surgical intervention as most lesions tend to regress asthe skeleton matures. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CE can identify small molecules that selectively target soluble oligomers of amyloid β protein and display antifibrillogenic activity
Authors: Colombo Raffaella , Carotti Angelo , Catto Marco , Racchi Marco , Lanni Cristina , Verga Laura , Caccialanza Gabriele , De Lorenzi Ersilia
Published: March 2009

Soluble and toxic oligomers of amyloid β (Aβ) protein have been identified as the true neurotoxic species involved in Alzheimer's disease and considering them as targets to inhibit Aβ aggregation might have a therapeutic value. We previously set up a CE method that enables the separation and quantification of transient oligomers of Aβ protein‐containing 42 amino acids (Aβ1–42) along the pathway leading to fibrils and we now demonstrate how this method can be successfully applied to examine the in vitro inhibitory effects of small molecules on Aβ oligomerization. To this end, we investigated mitoxantrone and pixantrone, two well‐known anticancer drugs, as well as suramin and a suramin‐like compound. By using CE, it is here shown how mitoxantrone and pixantrone either reduce or block Aβ1–42 oligomerization, while Thioflavin T spectrofluorimetric assay and transmission electron microscopy demonstrate how these two compounds also display antifibrillogenic activity. Interestingly, in vitro cell viability experiments indicated that pixantrone significantly reduces Aβ1–42 neurotoxicity.
Accurate quantification of DNA methylation of DRD4 applying capillary gel electrophoresis with LIF detection
Authors: Goedecke Simon , Schlosser Sabrina , Mühlisch Jörg , Hempel Georg , Frühwald Michael C. , Wünsch Bernhard
Published: March 2009

Aberrant DNA methylation of gene promoters may be investigated by an array of different technologies. Besides DNA sequencing techniques following bisulfite treatment and determination of overall methylation by quantification of 5‐methylcytosine/cytosine ratio following DNA hydrolysis, most approaches rely on PCR amplification of a defined template and subsequent analysis by conventional gel electrophoresis. As an additional analytical tool, a capillary gel electrophoresis method has been developed to quantify the methylation in combined bisulfite restriction analysis products of the gene dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4). Analyses were carried out in a bare fused‐silica capillary dynamically coated with a 1% w/w solution of PVA (Mr=72 000). A buffer (pH 7.3) containing 3% w/w 2‐hydroxyethylcellulose (Mν∼90 000 g/mol) was used as sieving matrix. With 1/x weighted regression the accuracy (bias) of the method is within ±10% and the precision (expressed as RSD) also meets the common acceptance criteria of 15% (20% near lower LOQ). It overcomes the limitations of standard gel electrophoresis, which allows only one single run per analysis and requires large amounts of DNA. Therefore, the method represents a valuable tool for routine quantitative analysis of the methylation status of DRD4 and other target genes.
Let eating disorder patients decide: Providing choice may reduce early drop‐out from inpatient treatment
Authors: Vandereycken Walter , Vansteenkiste Maarten
Published: March 2009

Premature drop‐out from treatment is a highly prevalent phenomenon among eating disorder (ED) patients. In a specialized inpatient treatment unit a major change was made in the admission strategy in 2001, giving a maximum of personal choice to the patients. A quasi‐experimental research was carried out comparing 87 patients treated till 2000 (‘old’ strategy) with 87 patients treated from 2001 on (‘new’ strategy). The results indicate that the provision of choice at the beginning of treatment significantly reduced drop‐out during the first weeks of inpatient treatment. No differences between both strategies on later drop‐out and weight change (in anorexia nervosa patients) during inpatient treatment were found. The results are discussed in the light of the importance placed on dynamics of personal choice, autonomy and volition within the framework of the self‐determination theory (SDT). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
AML/MDS with 11q/MLL amplification show characteristic gene expression signature and interplay of DNA copy number changes
Authors: Zatkova Andrea , Merk Sylvia , Wendehack Melanie , Bilban Martin , Muzik Eva Maria , Muradyan Artur , Haferlach Claudia , Haferlach Torsten , Wimmer Katharina , Fonatsch Christa , Ullmann Reinhard
Published: March 2009

AML/MDS patients carrying 11q amplifications involving the mixed lineage leukemia gene (MLL) locus are characterized by a complex aberrant karyotype (CAK) frequently including deletions within 5q, 17p, and 7q, older age and fast progression of the disease with extremely poor prognosis. MLL has been shown to be overexpressed in cases with 11q amplification. However, in most of the cases, the amplified region is not restricted to the MLL locus. In this study, we investigated 19 patients with AML/MDS and MLL gain/amplification. By means of array CGH performed in 12 patients, we were able to delineate the minimal deleted regions within 5q and 17p and identified three independent regions 11q/I‐III that were amplified in all cases. Gene expression profiles established in 15 cases were used to identify candidate genes within these regions. Notably, analysis of our data suggests a correlation of loss of 5q and 17p and expression of genes present in 11q23‐25. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the gene expression signature can be used to discriminate AML/MDS with MLL amplification from several other types of AML. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytochrome c oxidase isoform IV‐2 is involved in 3‐nitropropionic acid‐induced toxicity in striatal astrocytes
Authors: Singh Shilpee , Misiak Magdalena , Beyer Cordian , Arnold Susanne
Published: March 2009

Astrocyte mitochondria play an important role for energy supply and neuronal survival in the brain. Toxic and degenerative processes are largely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. We, therefore, investigated the effect of 3‐nitropropionic acid (NPA), a mitochondrial toxin and in vitro model of Huntington's disease (HD), on mitochondrial function and viability of primary striatal astrocytes. Although NPA is known as an irreversible inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase, we observed an increase of astrocyte ATP levels after NPA treatment. This effect could be explained by NPA‐mediated alterations of cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV isoform (COX IV) expression. The up‐regulation of COX isoform IV‐2 caused an increased enzyme activity at the expense of elevated mitochondrial peroxide production causing increased cell death. The application of a small interfering RNA against COX IV‐2 revealed the causal implication of COX isoform IV‐2 in NPA‐mediated elevation of oxidative stress and necrotic cell death. Thus, we propose a novel, additional mechanism of NPA‐induced cell stress and death which is based on structural and functional changes of astrocyte COX and which could indirectly impair neuronal survival. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microglia and neuropathic pain
Authors: Inoue Kazuhide , Tsuda Makoto
Published: March 2009

In contrast to physiological pain, pathological pain is not dependent on the presence of tissue‐damaging stimuli. One type of pathological pain—neuropathic pain—is often a consequence of nerve injury or of diseases such as diabetes, AIDS, or cancer. Neuropathic pain can be agonizing, can persist over long periods, and, unfortunately, is often resistant to known painkillers. There is a rapidly growing body of evidence indicating that microglia, the CNS immune cells, have causal roles in the pathogenesis of pain hypersensitivity following nerve injury. We will review recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms producing neuropathic pain, focusing on the roles of microglia‐expressed molecules, including cell surface receptors, intracellular signaling molecules, and diffusible factors involved in nerve injury‐induced pain behaviors and hyperexcitability of dorsal horn neurons. Elucidating how spinal microglia cause neuropathic pain may provide us with exciting insights into pain mechanisms and clues for developing new drugs for the treatment of neuropathic pain. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell‐patterning using poly (ethylene glycol)‐modified magnetite nanoparticles
Authors: Akiyama Hirokazu , Ito Akira , Kawabe Yoshinori , Kamihira Masamichi
Published: March 2009

Development of cell‐patterning techniques is a major challenge for the construction of functional tissues and organs in tissue engineering. Recent progress in surface chemistry has enabled spatial control of cell adhesion onto cultural substrates by varying hydrophilicity, for example, by using poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG). In the present study, we developed a novel cell‐patterning procedure using PEG‐modified magnetite particles (PEG‐Mags) and magnetic force. Using an array‐patterned magnet, PEG‐Mags were magnetically patterned on the surface of a tissue culture dish. The resultant substrate surface consisted of two regions: the PEG‐Mag surface that acts as a cell‐resistant region and the native substrate surface that promotes cell adhesion. When human keratinocyte HaCaT cells were seeded onto the PEG‐Mag‐patterned surface, cells adhered only to the native substrate surface, resulting in cell‐patterning on the tissue culture dish. The patterned PEG‐Mags were then washed away to expose the native substrate surface, and thereafter, when mouse myoblast C2C12 cells were seeded to the dish, cells adhered to the exposed substrate surface, resulting in a patterned coculture of heterotypic cells. Moreover, it is worth noting that the magnetic force‐based cell‐patterning procedure is not limited by the property of cultural substrate surfaces, and that cell‐patterning of mouse fibroblast NIH3T3 cells on a monolayer of HaCaT cells was successfully achieved using PEG‐Mags and magnetic force. These results indicate that this procedure provides a novel concept for cell‐patterning and may be useful for tissue engineering and cell biology. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Development of the transgenic cyan fluorescent protein (CFP)‐expressing nude mouse for “Technicolor” cancer imaging
Authors: Tran Cao Hop S. , Reynoso Jose , Yang Meng , Kimura Hiroaki , Kaushal Sharmeela , Snyder Cynthia S. , Hoffman Robert M. , Bouvet Michael
Published: March 2009

A major goal for in vivo biology is to develop models which can express multiple colors of fluorescent proteins in order to image many processes simultaneously in real time. Towards this goal, the cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) nude mouse was developed by crossing non‐transgenic nude mice with the transgenic CK/ECFP mouse in which the β‐actin promoter drives expression of CFP in almost all tissues. In crosses between nu/nu CFP male mice and nu/+ CFP female mice, approximately 50% of the embryos fluoresced blue. In the CFP nude mice, the pancreas and reproductive organs displayed the strongest fluorescent signals of all internal organs which vary in intensity. Orthotopic implantation of XPA‐1 human pancreatic cancer cells expressing red fluorescent protein (RFP); or green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the nucleus and RFP in the cytoplasm, was performed in female nude CFP mice. Color‐coded fluorescence imaging of these human pancreatic cancer cells implanted into the bright blue fluorescent pancreas of the CFP nude mouse afforded novel insight into the interaction of the pancreatic tumor and the normal pancreas, in particular the strong desmoplastic reaction of the tumor. The naturally enhanced blue fluorescence of the pancreas in the CFP mouse serves as an ideal background for color‐coded imaging of the interaction of implanted cancer cells and the host. The CFP nude mouse will provide unique understanding of the critical interplay between the cancer cells and their microenvironment. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 328–334, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinorotation upregulates inducible nitric oxide synthase by inhibiting AP‐1 activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells
Authors: Wang Yong‐Chun , Zhang Shu , Du Ting‐Yuan , Wang Bing , Sun Xi‐Qing
Published: March 2009

Alterations of nitric oxide contribute to post‐flight orthostatic intolerance. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the mechanisms underlying regulation of iNOS by simulated microgravity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Clinorotation, a simulated‐model of microgravity, increased iNOS expression and promoter activity in HUVECs. The transactivations of NF‐κB and AP‐1 were suppressed by 24 h clinorotation. A key role for AP‐1, but not NF‐κB in the regulation of iNOS was shown. (1) PDTC, a NF‐κB inhibitor, had no effect on clinorotation upregulation of iNOS. (2) SP600125, a JNK‐specific inhibitor, which resulted in inhibition of AP‐1 activity, enhanced the iNOS expression and promoter activity in clinorotation. (3) Overexpression of AP‐1 remarkably attenuated the upregulation effect of clinorotation. These findings indicate that clinorotation upregulates iNOS in HUVECs by a mechanism dependent on suppression of AP‐1, but not NF‐κB. These results support a key role for AP‐1 in the signaling of postflight orthostatic intolerance. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 357–363, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
c‐Abl modulates AICD dependent cellular responses: Transcriptional induction and apoptosis
Authors: Vázquez Mary C. , Vargas Lina M. , Inestrosa Nibaldo C. , Alvarez Alejandra R.
Published: March 2009

APP intracellular domain (AICD) has been proposed as a transcriptional inductor that moves to the nucleus with the adaptor protein Fe65 and regulates transcription. The two proteins, APP and Fe65, can be phosphorylated by c‐Abl kinase. Neprilysin has been proposed as a target gene for AICD. We found that AICD expression is decreased by treatment with STI‐571, a c‐Abl inhibitor, suggesting a modulation of AICD transcription by c‐Abl kinase. We observed interaction between c‐Abl kinase, the AICD fragment and the Fe65 adaptor protein. In addition, STI‐571 reduces apoptosis in APPSw, and the apoptotic response induced by Fe65 over‐expression was inhibited by with the expression of a kinase dead (KD) c‐Abl and enhanced by over‐expression of WT‐c‐Abl. However, in the APPSw cells, the ability of the KD‐c‐Abl to protect against Fe65 was reduced. Finally, in APPSw clone, we detected higher trans‐activation of the pro‐apoptotic p73 isoform, TAp73 promoter. Our results show that c‐Abl modulates AICD dependent cellular responses, transcriptional induction as well as the apoptotic response, which could participate in the onset and progression of the neurodegenerative pathology, observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). J. Cell. Physiol. 220: 136–143, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Different expression of NR2B and PSD‐95 in rat hippocampal subregions during postnatal development
Authors: Chang Li‐Rong , Liu Jin‐Ping , Zhang Ning , Wang Yong‐Jun , Gao Xiu‐Lai , Wu Yan
Published: March 2009

The different expressions of NR2 and synaptic‐associated proteins have been studied by protein and mRNA level with immunoblotting, in situ hybridization, or immunogold analysis. But the relationship between NR2 subunits and PSD‐95 family proteins is still controversial. In this study, we used immunofluorescent staining to assess NR2B and PSD‐95 expressions and the relationship between them in CA1, CA3, and DG of rat hippocampus on different postnatal day. In CA1, NR2B expression decreased with age. It was high at birth, reached a plateau at P4, and declined gradually after P7. In CA3, NR2B expression was similar to that in CA1. But the stratum lucidum was devoid of staining. In DG, the NR2B expression retained a higher level. From P0 to P2, the PSD‐95 expression in CA1 increased gently, and then declined slightly. After P7, the PSD‐95 expression increased sharply till P28, and decreased again. In CA3 and DG, the PSD‐95 expression is very similar except that low‐level of PSD‐95 was found in the CA3 stratum lucidum. The expression of NR2B did not correlate with that of PSD‐95 in CA1 and the DG granular and molecular layer. Only in CA3 and DG polymorphic layer, there was a negative correlation. The results suggested in hippocampal subregions, CA3 and DG may be more plastic than CA1.The NR2B and PSD‐95 expression have distinct regional and cell specific distribution. The different regional distribution pattern may relate to the different physiological functions during postnatal development. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
1,2,3,9‐Tetrahydro‐4H‐carbazol‐4‐one and 8,9‐dihydropyrido‐[1,2‐a]indol‐6(7H)‐one from 1H‐indole‐2‐butanoic acid
Authors: Bunce Richard A. , Nammalwar Baskar
Published: March 2009

magnified image

Efficient syntheses of the title ring systems have been developed from 1H‐indole‐2‐butanoic acid, which was easily prepared from 2‐fluoro‐1‐nitrobenzene in four steps. Heating 1H‐indole‐2‐butanoic acid in toluene containing p‐toluenesulfonic acid at 110°C furnished 1,2,3,9‐tetrahydro‐4H‐carbazol‐4‐one in 88% yield. Heating this same acid in toluene with no added acid gave 8,9‐dihydropyrido[1,2‐a]indol‐6(7H)‐one in 90% yield. The tetrahydro‐4H‐carbazol‐4‐one was also prepared directly in 92% yield from methyl 6‐(2‐nitrophenyl)‐5‐oxohexanoate by a tandem reduction—cycloaromatization—acylation reaction with iron in concentrated hydrochloric acid at 110°C. Application of this approach to the closure of five‐ and seven‐membered rings was also successful. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
When superior courts reach different conclusions in the same child sexual abuse cases—is there a lesson to be learned?
Authors: Lindblad Frank , Lainpelto Katrin
Published: March 2009

The objective of this study was to analyse Swedish child sexual abuse cases from 1989 to 2004 characterised by the following: (1) conviction in first trial in a court of appeal; (2) the Supreme Court later accepted a petition for a new trial; and (3) acquittal in second trial in the same court of appeal (with new judges). The study was conducted to determine what criteria were used for evaluating psychological child‐related information and how they were applied. Eight argument themes were identified in the reasoning of the courts: (1) ability to perceive, remember, and communicate about experiences in a reliable way; (2) influence before first forensic interview; (3) influence during forensic interview/s; (4) motives for disclosing/retracting; (5) statement characteristics; (6) disclosure process; (7) behaviour and/or emotions related to investigations/interviews; and (8) psychological symptoms. The arguing of the courts was classified as belonging to one of three categories for each argument theme: (1) supporting/challenging the allegations; (2) opposing a conceivably supportive/challenging argument; and (3) indifferent. In six of the nine cases, arguments belonging to the same theme were presented in both court proceedings. Diametrically opposite conclusions were reached in 15 of 20 of these examples and same conclusion in one case. The evaluation method/s seemingly underlying the child psychological arguments of the courts may have a low reliability. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strain‐encoded MRI to evaluate normal left ventricular function and timing of contraction at 3.0 Tesla
Authors: Hamdan Ashraf , Thouet Thomas , Kelle Sebastian , Wellnhofer Ernst , Paetsch Ingo , Gebker Rolf , Schnackenburg Bernhard , Fahmy Ahmed S. , Osman Nael F. , Bornstedt Axel , Fleck Eckart
Published: March 2009

Purpose

To define the reproducibility of strain‐encoded (SENC) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for assessment of regional left ventricular myocardial strain and timing of contraction in a 3T MRI system.

Materials and Methods

The study population consisted of 16 healthy subjects. SENC measurements were performed in three short‐axis (SA) slices (apical, mid, and basal) and three long‐axis (LA) views (two‐, three‐, and four‐chamber) for assessment of maximal transmural systolic strain and time to peak strain. To assess the interobserver and interstudy reproducibility, analysis of SENC MRI was performed by two independent observers who were blinded to each other's results and four studies were repeated on a different day.

Results

Maximal longitudinal strain was highest at the apex, as was maximal circumferential strain. Peak longitudinal strain occurred earliest at the base, as did peak circumferential strain. Interclass correlation coefficient between observers and repeated studies ranged from 0.92 to 0.98 (P < 0.001 for all).

Conclusion

The present study demonstrates the ability of SENC MRI to define regional left ventricular strain and the time sequence of regional strain. SENC MRI may represent a highly objective method for quantifying regional left ventricular function. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:799–808. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of chondroblastic osteosarcoma: Gadolinium‐enhanced versus diffusion‐weighted MR imaging
Authors: Yakushiji Toshitake , Oka Kiyoshi , Sato Hiro , Yorimitsu Shigeta , Fujimoto Toru , Yamashita Yasuyuki , Mizuta Hiroshi
Published: March 2009

Purpose

To detect differences in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) between chondroblastic osteosarcoma and the other types of osteosarcomas or chondrosarcomas using gadolinium‐enhanced versus diffusion‐weighted sequences.

Materials and Methods

Contrast‐enhanced MRI and diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) were performed in five chondroblastic osteosarcoma (CO) cases, 17 other types of osteosarcomas (OS), and 18 chondrosarcomas (CS). DWI was obtained with a single‐shot echo‐planar imaging (EPI) sequence using a 1.5T MR imager. The apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) of the minimum and maximum values were also obtained. The contrast‐enhancement pattern was evaluated and minimum‐maximum ADC value of CO was compared with other types of OS and CS.

Results

Both CO and CS showed a similar enhancement pattern; both showed septonodular and peripheral rim enhancement. The minimum ADC value of CO (1.24 ± 0.10 × 10−3mm2/sec) was significantly higher than that of other types of OS (0.84 ± 0.15 × 10−3mm2/sec) and was significantly lower than that of CS (1.64 ± 0.20 × 10−3mm2/sec). In addition, the maximum ADC value of CO (2.28 ± 0.20 × 10−3mm2/sec) was significantly higher than that of other types of OS (1.33 ± 0.26 × 10−3mm2/sec).

Conclusion

DWI appears to be more useful for differentiating between chondroblastic osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma or other types of osteosarcoma than Gd‐enhanced MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:895–900. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of myocardial fibrosis and blood oxygenation on heart T2* values in thalassemia patients
Authors: Meloni Antonella , Pepe Alessia , Positano Vincenzo , Favilli Brunella , Maggio Aurelio , Capra Marcello , Lo Pinto Carmela , Gerardi Calogera , Santarelli Maria Filomena , Midiri Massimo , Landini Luigi , Lombardi Massimo
Published: March 2009

Purpose

To determine whether T2* measurements quantifying myocardial iron overload in thalassemia patients are influenced by myocardial fibrosis and blood oxygenation.

Materials and Methods

Multislice multiecho T2* was performed in 94 thalassemia patients in order to quantify myocardial iron overload. The left ventricle was automatically segmented into a 16‐segment standardized heart model, and the T2* value on each segment as well as the global T2* were calculated. Delayed enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance (DE‐CMR) images were obtained to detect myocardial fibrosis. The blood oxygenation was assessed by the noninvasive measurement of partial pressure of oxygen (pO2).

Results

Myocardial fibrosis was detected in 31 patients (33%). The global T2* value in patients with fibrosis was comparable with that of patients without fibrosis (P = 0.88) and T2* values in segments with fibrosis were comparable with those in segments without fibrosis (P = 0.83). The global T2* value was not correlated with the pO2 (Spearman's coefficient of correlation = 0.99).

Conclusion

Myocardial fibrosis and blood oxygenation did not significantly affect the T2* values. These data further support the use of heart T2* as equivalent of heart iron in the clinical arena. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:832–837. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gadolinium‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for renovascular disease and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: Critical review of the literature and UK experience
Authors: Chrysochou Constantina , Buckley David L. , Dark Paul , Cowie Alistair , Kalra Philip A.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

To examine the positive reporting bias regarding the link with gadolinium (Gd) exposure and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) in patients with renal impairment. This link has impacted strongly the international radiology safety guidelines. We believe that positive reporting bias has prevailed in the literature and that very few patients with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 15–29 mL/min (stage 4 chronic kidney disease [CKD]) should be regarded as high risk.

Materials and Methods

To examine this, we conducted the following steps: 1. A critical literature search on NSF. 2. An analysis of our centers magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) experience since 1999. 3. A survey of participating centers of the multicenter ASTRAL trial to assess whether any patients screened or enrolled into ASTRAL had developed NSF.

Results

The vast majority (90%) of NSF cases reported in the literature have occurred in patients with endstage renal disease treated with dialysis; very have had stable stage 4 or 5 (nondialysis) CKD. In all, 562 patients were followed up at our center: 30.4% were CKD4, 14.4% CKD5, 5.3% on dialysis, and 0.2% had renal transplants when imaged. No patients developed any symptoms or signs of NSF. In all, 347 patients were enrolled into ASTRAL on the basis of MRA (32% CKD4/5). One patient out of 45 centers (CKD5, received two Gd scans) developed NSF. Approximately 5 times as many patients were screened as were entered into ASTRAL.

Conclusion

No cases of NSF were observed at our center. By extrapolation, 1/1735 patients screened for the ASTRAL trial developed NSF, giving a crude incidence rate of 0.06%. We would argue that patients with CKD4 can safely undergo Gd‐MRA, albeit using a minimal dose of a macrocyclic agent and avoiding repeat doses. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:887–894. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐resolution diffusion tensor imaging with inner field‐of‐view EPI
Authors: Finsterbusch Jürgen
Published: March 2009

Purpose

To demonstrate the applicability of inner field‐of‐view (FOV) echo‐planar imaging based on spatially two‐dimensional selective radiofrequency excitations to high‐resolution diffusion tensor imaging.

Materials and Methods

Diffusion tensor imaging of inner FOVs with in‐plane resolutions of 0.90 × 0.90 mm2 and 0.50 × 0.50 mm2 was performed in the human brain and cervical spinal cord on a 3 T whole‐body MR system.

Results

Using inner FOVs reduces geometric distortions in echo‐planar imaging and allows for an improved in‐plane resolution. Some of the crossings of transverse pontine fibers with the pyramidal tracts in the brainstem could be resolved, increased diffusion anisotropy and fiber orientation could be identified in cerebellar white matter, and the reduced diffusion anisotropy of spinal cord gray matter could be detected.

Conclusion

Inner FOV echo‐planar imaging may help to improve the spatial resolution and thus the accuracy of diffusion anisotropy and white matter fiber orientation measurements in the human central nervous system. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:987–993. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contrast enhanced MR angiography with parallel imaging in the early period after renal transplantation
Authors: Gufler Hubert , Weimer Wolfgang , Neu Kathleen , Wagner Sabine , Rau Wigbert Stephan
Published: March 2009

Purpose

To evaluate renal allograft vessels in the early period after kidney transplantation with three‐dimensional (3D) contrast‐enhanced MR angiography (3D CE MRA) using a parallel imaging technique.

Materials and Methods

Sixty‐three consecutive patients were examined with 3D CE MRA and integrated SENSE technique (Sensitivity Encoding) 2 to 21 days after renal transplantation. MR angiography studies were analyzed for the presence of arterial stenosis. The degree of renal transplant artery stenosis was graded qualitatively as <50% = mild, 50–70% = moderate, 70–99% = severe, and occlusion. Four patients (6.3%) with moderate (n = 1) or severe (n = 3) arterial stenoses on CE MRA underwent selective intra‐arterial digital subtraction angiography. In two patients, selective intravenous digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was performed.

Results

Twenty‐seven (42.9%) of the 63 patients had normal CE MR angiograms, 29 (46%) showed mild, 3 patients (4.8%) moderate, and 4 patients (6.3%) severe stenoses of the donor artery. In three patients, the severe stenosis of the graft artery was confirmed by surgery or intra‐arterial DSA. One patient with suspicion of severe arterial stenosis on MRA had moderate vessel narrowing on DSA. Twelve months after kidney transplantation, serum creatinine levels were not significantly different in patients with mild and moderate stenoses from those without (P > 0.19) but significantly different from those with severe stenoses (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The incidence of mild and moderate vessel narrowing at the arterial anastomosis is unexpectedly high in the early period after kidney transplantation and is most likely due to surgery‐related tissue edema. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:909–916. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The in vivo diagnosis of early‐stage aortic valve sclerosis using magnetic resonance imaging in a rabbit model
Authors: Hamilton Amanda M. , Rogers Kem A. , Drangova Maria , Khan Zamir , Ronald John A. , Rutt Brian K. , MacLean Kyle A. , Lacefield James C. , Boughner Derek R.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

To use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify and monitor early aortic valve sclerosis (AVS) induced by cholesterol feeding in rabbits. AVS is a highly prevalent disease process, affecting more than 25% of the population over age 65. A major obstacle to early stage medical management of AVS has been the lack of an objective noninvasive technique to identify its presence and monitor its progress.

Materials and Methods

Retrospectively gated CINE fast spoiled gradient echo (fSPGR) images of aortic valve cusps were collected at 3‐month intervals starting at 6 months using a 1.5 T MR scanner interfaced with a customized surface radiofrequency coil. At 16 months a subset of animals was sacrificed and excised cusps were examined with both high frequency ultrasound (US) and histopathological techniques to validate the MRI method.

Results

MR and US analysis identified significant thickening of diseased AV cusps when compared to control (P < 0.05). Histopathological analysis confirmed the presence of human‐like AVS in diseased rabbit valves.

Conclusion

Early AVS, exemplified by increased valve thickness, can be identified in vivo using high‐resolution MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:825–831. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CE‐MRA of the lower extremities using HYPR stack‐of‐stars
Authors: Wu Yan , Korosec Frank R. , Mistretta Charles A. , Wieben Oliver
Published: March 2009

Purpose

To investigate the properties of HYPR (HighlY constrained back PRojection) processing—the temporal fidelity and the improvements of spatial/temporal resolution—for contrast‐enhanced MR angiography in a pilot study of the lower extremities in healthy volunteers.

Materials and Methods

HYPR processing with a radial three‐dimensional (3D) stack‐of‐stars acquisition was investigated for contrast‐enhanced MR angiography of the lower extremities in 15 healthy volunteers. HYPR images were compared with control images acquired using a fast, multiphase, 2D Cartesian method to verify the temporal fidelity of HYPR. HYPR protocols were developed for achieving either a high frame update rate or a minimal slice thickness by adjusting the acquisition parameters. HYPR images were compared with images obtained using 3D TRICKS, a widely used protocol in dynamic 3D MRA.

Results

HYPR images showed good temporal agreement with 2D control images. In comparison with TRICKS, HYPR stack‐of‐stars demonstrated higher spatial and temporal resolution. High radial undersampling factors for each time frame were permitted, typically approximately 50 to 100 compared with fully sampled radial imaging.

Conclusion

In this feasibility study, HYPR processing has been demonstrated to improve the spatial or temporal resolution in peripheral CE‐MRA. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:917–923. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physical properties of the probe electrospray ionization (PESI) needle applied to the biological samples
Authors: Yoshimura Kentaro , Chen Lee Chuin , Asakawa Daiki , Hiraoka Kenzo , Takeda Sen
Published: March 2009

Probe electrospray ionization (PESI) is a recently developed technique that uses a fine solid needle as a probe for sampling biological materials. In this study, we quantified the volume of liquid sample picked up by the solid needle with the tip diameter of ∼700 nm and the apex angle of ∼60°. The amounts of low‐viscosity samples (rat urine) loaded on the tip of the needle by a single stroke were 0.35 ± 0.09 pl. Interestingly, the amount of liquid adhered to the tip did not significantly depend on the protein concentration, but viscosity and surface tension of the sample. Under these conditions, we successfully obtained mass spectra for each biological sample. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seeking a Holocene drift ice proxy: non‐clay mineral variations from the SW to N‐central Iceland shelf: trends, regime shifts, and periodicities
Authors: Andrews John T.
Published: March 2009

Quantitative X‐ray diffraction analysis of the <2 mm sediment fraction was carried out on 1257 samples (from the seafloor and 16 cores) from the Iceland shelf west of 18° W. All but one core (B997‐347PC) were from transects along troughs on the NW to N‐central shelf, an area that in modern and historic times has been affected by drift ice. The paper focuses on the non‐clay mineralogy of the sediments (excluding calcite and volcanic glass). Quartz and potassium feldspars occupy similar positions in an R‐mode principal component analysis, and oligoclase feldspar tracks quartz; these minerals are used as a proxy for ice‐rafted detritus (IRD). Accordingly, the sum of these largely foreign minerals (Q&K) (to Icelandic bedrock) is used as a proxy for drift ice. A stacked, equi‐spaced 100 a record is developed which shows both low‐frequency trends and higher‐frequency events. The detrended stacked record compares well with the flux of quartz (mg cm−2 a−1) at MD99‐2269 off N Iceland. The multi‐taper method indicated that there are three significant frequencies at the 95% confidence level with periods of ca. 2500, 445 and 304 a. Regime shift analysis pinpoints intervals when there was a statistically significant shift in the average Q&K weight %, and identifies four IRD‐rich events separated by intervals with lower inputs. There is some association between peaks of IRD input, less dense surface waters (from δ18O data on planktonic foraminifera) and intervals of moraine building. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Core competencies for diversifying: case study of a small business
Authors: Trott Paul , Maddocks Tom , Wheeler Colin
Published: March 2009

This paper addresses a significant gap within the present body of work on the resource‐based view of the firm: the lack of empirical research on the resource‐based perspective within the SME sector (Newbert, 2007).

This study applies the resource‐based view and core competencies analysis in a very practical situation: a small manufacturing firm in the UK. The study is the result of a two‐year ‘action research’ project where the researcher was embedded within the firm. The manufacturing firm supplies hydraulic tube assemblies to the yellow construction industry and has experienced rapid growth over the past 10 years. Using a causal mapping methodology the findings reveal distinctive capabilities that the firm is able to use as a basis for diversification into the leisure marine industry.

The findings contribute to the body of literature on the resource‐based view of the firm by providing a methodological approach which helps to uncover core competencies in practice.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.