bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Nature’ as a Promise of Happiness: Farmers’ Wives in the Area of Ammerland, Germany
Authors: Modelmog Ilse
Published: March 2003

In this qualitative study about the culture and counterculture of farmers’ wives, seventeen women were interviewed over the course of three years. The premise on which the analysis of there interviews was carried out was that they had to be taken as ‘language games’ (Wittgenstein) of individual self‐descriptions. The material was used to extract individual collages of consciousness. The question was how it is possible to direct one’s behaviour in a way that is different from the usual in the sense that one not only fulfils duties and normative expectations but is also able to experience and live desires, temptations, fantasies. It appeared that these women view themselves as ‘seekers of knowledge’ with particular world views and concerned with specific questions of meaning. Cultural change was traced in the realms of work, bodily attitudes, food and nature. One crucial result is that culture has no continuity for these women, but must be permanently re‐established.
Women Working off the Farm: Reconstructing Gender Identity in Danish Agriculture
Authors: Oldrup Helene
Published: March 2003

Most women living on Danish farms work off the farm and have a non‐farming education and background. The first part of the paper discusses how farm women’s identity is understood theoretically and then suggests a perspective inspired by theories of modernity and everyday life, enabling a view of farm women as knowledgeable actors. The second part is an empirical study, based on qualitative interviews, of how farm women who work outside agriculture experience living on a farm. The study shows that living on a farm poses specific dilemmas for these women because they individually have to reconcile practices on the farm with norms and practices they bring with them from their earlier experiences, as well as with norms associated with gender relations more generally in society. However, the women are actively trying to reconcile their different experiences and by doing so they are reconstructing female identity and, in turn, gender identity in agriculture.
Beyond the Farm Gate: Production‐Consumption Networks and Agri‐Food Research
Authors: Lockie Stewart , Kitto Simon
Published: March 2003

The term agri‐food research has become a convenient shorthand term to describe anexpansion of sociological interest over the last 20 or so years in the relationships between agricultural production and: increasingly industrialized networks of food production, processing, distribution and retailing; the development of transnationalized modes of regulation and governance; environmental discourse, policy and social movements; and competing understandings and uses of ‘rural’ space. This paper critically reviews two theoretical approaches that have challenged the dominant theoretical trends that have underpinned this reorientation of the ‘rural’ social research agenda actor‐network theory and vertical analysis. It is argued that applications of both approaches have frequently failed to transcend the very shortcomings they identify in agri‐food studies, and suggestions are made as to how production‐consumption relationships may be more adequately theorized and investigated.
Measuring Social Capital: The Danish Co‐operative Dairy Movement
Authors: Svendsen Gunnar L.H. , Svendsen Gert T.
Published: March 2003

What are the roots of social capital and how can it be measured and built? Social capital is considered as a new production factor that must be added to the conventional concepts of human and physical capital. Social capital is productive because it increases the level of trust in a society and allows more transactions to take place without third‐party enforcement. Theory and lessons from empirical evidence lead to the general recommendation that any loss in social capital must be deducted from the economic gain following market forces. For example, the voluntary organization of small‐sized groups in the Danish Co‐operative Dairy Movement was eliminated due to economies of scale. It may be so that an alternative way of production, taking social capital into ac‐count, could have increased economic growth further.
5. A Dual-Source Indicator of Consumer Confidence
Authors: Bechtel Gordon G.
Published: March 2003

The objective of this paper is to improve the U.S. leading confidence indicator by combining its amended version with the Conference Board's equally well known Consumer Expectation Index. The resulting dual-source indicator provides a factorial structure in which survey items are nested. The results presented here show that this structure is not well fit by a generalized linear model. Hence a nonlinear model is invoked which provides differential logistic slopes for the survey items. This latter model is based on the work of McCullagh (1980). The effects estimated in this nonlinear structure provide the United States with a potential leading indicator that is richer and more informative than its current Index of Consumer Expectations. The suggested indicator prevents the mixed signals and inconsistencies that can occur when separately reporting results from our two most prominent sources of consumer perception.
Durkheim's Dilemma: Toward a Sociology of Emergence
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith
Published: March 2003

The concept of emergence is a central thread uniting Durkheim's theoretical and empirical work, yet this aspect of Durkheim's work has been neglected. I reinterpret Durkheim in light of theories of emergence developed by contemporary philosophers of mind, and I show that Durkheim's writings prefigure many elements of these contemporary theories. Reading Durkheim as an emergentist helps to clarify several difficult and confusing aspects of his work, and reveals a range of unresolved issues. I identify five such issues, and I show how Durkheim's writings on emergence suggest potential responses.

There can be no sociology unless societies exist, and … societies cannot exist if there are only individuals.
Toward an Ecological-Evolutionary Theory of the Incidence of Warfare in Preindustrial Societies
Authors: Nolan Patrick D.
Published: March 2003

Prompted by the lack of attention by sociologists and the challenge of materialist explanations of warfare in “precivilized” societies posed by Keeley (1996), this paper tests and finds support for two materialist hypotheses concerning the likelihood of warfare in preindustrial societies: specifically, that, as argued by ecological-evolutionary theory, dominant mode of subsistence is systematically related to rates of warfare; and that, within some levels of technological development, higher levels of “population pressure” are associated with a greater likelihood of warfare. Using warfare measures developed by Ember and Ember (1995), measures of subsistence technology originally developed by Lenski (1966, 1970), and the standard sample of societies developed by Murdock and White (1969), this study finds evidence that warfare is more likely in advanced horticultural and agrarian societies than it is in hunting-and-gathering and simple horticultural societies, and that it is also more likely in hunting-and-gathering and agrarian societies that have above-average population densities. These findings offer substantial support for ecological-evolutionary theory and qualified but intriguing support for “population pressure” as explanations of cross-cultural variation in the likelihood of warfare.
Conceptualisation of the body for people living with HIV: issues of touch and contamination
Authors: Chapman Elizabeth
Published: March 2003

This article outlines the main findings from an in‐depth analysis of the body and touch for people living with HIV. The study used a specialised HIV body image chart and a questionnaire that assessed different aspects of touch interactions. Results, in a longitudinal design, showed that the 18 HIV‐positive participants perceived their bodies more negatively than the 15 HIV‐negative supporters (control group). Participants in the HIV‐positive group also expressed a greater desire for more physical contact than participants in the control group. Comparisons between ‘the body now’ and ‘the body before HIV’ showed up significant differences on the construct that assessed feelings of contamination. This construct was also significant in comparisons between HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative groups. These findings are interpreted through discussions of stigma, the internalisation of widespread negative representations of the HIV‐positive body and untouchability.
Looking good, feeling good: the embodied pleasures of vibrant physicality
Authors: Monaghan Lee
Published: March 2003

Social scientists of medicine have largely, although by no means exclusively, focused their research on illness and sickness thus obscuring social scientific investigations of positive health and wellbeing. Undoubtedly, important reasons exist for this but the relevance of studying ‘healthy’ bodies requires emphasis and wider acknowledgement within the newer (embodied, non‐dualistic) sociology of health and illness. This is necessary because the concrete corporeal manifestations of ‘health’ in everyday life – components of and preconditions for embodied social practice – may, paradoxically, erode bodily capital while simultaneously contributing to it. Using qualitative data generated during an ethnography of bodybuilding subculture, this paper contributes to the sociology of ‘healthy’ (transgressive) bodies. It describes the somatic representation of health and youth, the so‐called erotics of the gym and the perceived benefits of anaerobic exercise for everyday pragmatic embodiment. Contra critical feminist studies, it furthers an appreciative understanding of ‘risky’ bodywork in post‐ or late modernity and underscores the value of bringing healthy lived bodies into medical sociology.
The system of alignments challenging physician professional dominance: an elaborated theory of countervailing powers
Authors: Hartley Heather
Published: March 2003

Abstract The growth of managed care in the United States is altering the shape of the system of professions and is accelerating an overall decline of physician professional dominance in that system. An adequate understanding of the changing character of the system of professions demands a consideration of the interacting roles of ‘competing’ health care providers, the state, corporate and consumer forces; however, past research addressing one or more of these forces has not explicitly examined their interrelation. The countervailing powers framework provides a starting point for articulating precisely this sort of interrelation. Using data from a comparative case study of interprofessional competition between certified nurse‐midwives (CNMs) and physicians within select state policy and managed care contexts, this article extends the countervailing powers framework, illustrating how the relationships among relevant parties in the health care system can be understood as a system of alignments challenging physician professional dominance in a complex manner. Specifically, this research finds that the actions of consumers and health care administrators, coupled with state policy evolutions and the expansion of managed care, not only separately challenge physician professional dominance but also work together, as a system, to intensify interprofessional competition between certified nurse‐midwives and physicians, further undermining that dominance.
The politics of the research‐policy interface: randomised trials and the commissioning of HIV prevention services
Authors: Bonell Chris
Published: March 2003

Abstract Randomised trials are often viewed as an important source of evidence for informing health services commissioning. This paper examines whether three trials of HIV prevention interventions were initiated to inform commissioning decisions, and whether this actually occurred. Referring to various theories that focus on the research/policy interface, the study concludes that: trials were generated via complex processes involving several agencies but that HIV commissioners were rarely important initiators of trials; and that various motivations were implicated in initiating trials. Determining the effectiveness of interventions was not a central motivation. Other more important motivations included: asserting/subverting trials as an appropriate evaluation technology; maintaining organisational/occupational identities; and supporting existing decisions. Trial evidence did not greatly inform planning decisions, many of which were made by providers rather than commissioners.
Doing agoraphobia(s): a material‐discursive understanding of diseased bodies
Authors: Reuter Shelley Z.
Published: March 2003

Abstract This paper draws on a reading of selected English‐language case reports of agoraphobia that are representative of the medical literature written between 1871 and 1930. This reading demonstrates how agoraphobic bodies were materialised through a mutual engagement between practices associated with diagnosing agoraphobia, specifically the writing and publishing of case histories, and the reiteration of normative cultural categories implicit within them. Locating the discussion in the specific case of agoraphobia, the paper analyses the concept of disease, not only in terms of its social construction, but also in terms of its materialisation, thereby illuminating the socio‐cultural process of embodiment as one that unfolds in and through (disease) categories. Seeking to transcend current theoretical debates that demand a choice either between a material or a discursive explanation of medical phenomena, the body is thereby conceptualised beyond Foucault's subject‐object as an intra‐action between the material and the discursive, whilst retaining his key insights into the power relations inherent in the clinical gaze.
What are the advantages of MCMC based inference in latent variable models?
Authors: Paap Richard
Published: March 2003

Recent developments in Markov chain Monte Carlo [MCMC] methods have increased the popularity of Bayesian inference in many fields of research in economics, such as marketing research and financial econometrics. Gibbs sampling in combination with data augmentation allows inference in statistical/econometric models with many unobserved variables. The likelihood functions of these models may contain many integrals, which often makes a standard classical analysis difficult or even unfeasible. The advantage of the Bayesian approach using MCMC is that one only has to consider the likelihood function conditional on the unobserved variables. In many cases this implies that Bayesian parameter estimation is faster than classical maximum likelihood estimation. In this paper we illustrate the computational advantages of Bayesian estimation using MCMC in several popular latent variable models.
WH‐scope marking in Slavic
Authors: Stepanov Arthur
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates ‘wh‐scope marking’ questions (cf. van Riemsdijk 1982) in two Slavic languages, Polish and Russian, from the syntactic and semantic viewpoints. On the basis of Slavic, we propose a syntactic analysis of wh‐scope marking according to which the wh‐scope marker (a wh‐phrase in the matrix clause of a wh‐scope marking question) forms a constituent with the clause containing the ‘true’wh‐phrase. The resulting logical form is shown to provide for a straightforward compositional analysis of wh‐scope marking, in the framework of Hamblin (1973) augmented by Dayal's (1994ff) proposal that the clause containing the ‘real’wh‐phrase is a restriction on the existentially quantifying wh‐scope marker. The present analysis supports the simplest view of the syntax‐semantics interface, while employing the minimum necessary technology (e.g., no resort to indices, D‐ and S‐structure as significant levels, or X‐bar theory, unlike in previous accounts) to ensure the continuum of the two computational components.
On noun phrase architecture, referentiality, and article systems
Authors: Vangsnes Øystein Alexander
Published: March 2003

Some languages have articles, others have not. This article argues that semantically equivalent noun phrases have the same underlying phrase structure across languages, no matter whether articles exist or not. The core idea is that functional categories are abstract syntactic heads correlated with specific referential categories. Presence vs. absence of a functional category determines whether or not its particular referential properties are found on the noun phrase. The functional heads are found universally and are a part of Universal Grammar, but since they are abstract, they must be ‘identified’: Identification is accomplished when an element with the relevant morphological features is merged within the functional head projection. When the numeration contains several candidates for identification, the one with the highest number of relevant morphological features (with particular qualifications) is chosen. Crucially, articles are on principle available as potential identifiers, and languages that have articles must therefore use them if they are more appropriate identifiers than any of the elements in a given numeration. Having no semantic properties of their own, articles become specialized identifiers for particular functional categories. This theory, Identification Theory, captures important traits of the article systems of various languages, notably those of English, Finnish, French, Icelandic, Mainland Scandinavian, and Northern and Northeastern Swedish ‘O¨sterbotten’ dialects.
Transformations on the Path‐schema and a minimal lexicon
Authors: Ekberg Lena
Published: March 2003

The question approached in this paper concerns which meaning variants are expected given a lexeme whose meaning is grounded in the conception of a Path (such as over or up). Underlying this study of polysemy of Path‐lexemes is the assumption of a generative mechanism in the lexicon.
The Small Dispersion Limit for a Nonlinear Semidiscrete System of Equations
Authors: Turner Cristina Vilma , Rosales Rodolfo Rubén
Published: March 2003

Numerical experiments that illustrate the emergence of oscillatory behavior in the solutions of a dispersive scheme approximating the Hopf equation are presented. The oscillations arise at the same time that the classical solution of the Hopf equation develops a singularity and generally have a spatial period equal to twice the grid size. Modulation equations for these period‐two solutions are derived. The modulation equations have both a hyperbolic and an elliptic region. The period‐two oscillations break down after they enter the elliptic region, and the solution blows up. We give a local description of the blowup by an exact solution. This kind of phenomenon (the blowup) has not been observed for integrable schemes. The modulation equations also have the unusual feature that they admit (some) shocks when crossings of characteristics in the hyperbolic regime occur. Other crossings lead to breakdown of the binary oscillation description, with oscillatory behavior of a more complicated nature arising.
The Generalized Chazy Equation from the Self‐Duality Equations
Authors: Ablowitz M. J. , Chakravarty S. , Halburd R.
Published: March 2003

It is shown that classically known generalizations of the Chazy equation and Darboux–Halphen system are reductions of the self‐dual Yang–Mills (SDYM) equations with an infinite‐dimensional gauge algebra. The general ninth‐order Darboux–Halphen system is reduced to a Schwarzian equation which governs conformal mappings of regions with piecewise circular sides. The generalized Chazy equation is shown to correspond to special mappings where either the triangles are equiangular or two of the angles are π/3.
Similarity Reductions and Exact Solutions for the Two‐Dimensional Incompressible Navier–Stokes Equations
Authors: Ludlow David K. , Clarkson Peter A. , Bassom Andrew P.
Published: March 2003

We study similarity reductions and exact solutions of the (2+1)‐dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes equations using the direct method originally developed by Clarkson and Kruskal [37]. The Navier–Stokes equations are reduced to their conventional stream function form, and it is shown that there exist essentially five reductions into lower‐order partial differential equations. Furthermore, we study the possibilities for reducing each of these five forms to ordinary differential equations, some of which can be solved analytically, while others necessitate numerical treatment. In particular we exhibit several new reductions that are not obtained using the classical Lie group method of infinitesimal transformations, and thus we generate new exact solutions of the governing equations. Some of our solutions admit physical interpretations, and many of them contain well‐known Navier–Stokes solutions as special examples.
Convergence of the Equations for a Maxwell Fluid
Authors: Payne L. E. , Straughan B.
Published: March 2003

The equations for the flow of a viscoelastic fluid of the Maxwell type are analyzed in a linear approximation. First, we establish that the solution depends continuously on changes in the relaxation time. Next, we investigate how the solution to the linearized Maxwell system converges to the solution to Stokes flow as the relaxation time tends to zero. Convergence in different measures is examined and specific a priori bounds are derived.
Asymmetric Spotty Patterns for the Gray–Scott Model in R2
Authors: Wei Juncheng , Winter Matthias
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we rigorously prove the existence and stability of asymmetric spotty patterns for the Gray–Scott model in a bounded two‐dimensional domain. We show that given any two positive integers k1, k2, there are asymmetric solutions with k1 large spots (type A) and k2 small spots (type B). We also give conditions for their location and calculate their heights. Most of these asymmetric solutions are shown to be unstable. However, in a narrow range of parameters, asymmetric solutions may be stable.
Solving Boundary‐Value Problems for Systems of Hyperbolic Conservation Laws with Rapidly Varying Coefficients
Authors: Yong Darryl H. , Kevorkian J.
Published: March 2003

We study how boundary conditions affect the multiple‐scale analysis of hyperbolic conservation laws with rapid spatial fluctuations. The most significant difficulty occurs when one has insufficient boundary conditions to solve consistency conditions. We show how to overcome this missing boundary condition difficulty for both linear and nonlinear problems through the recovery of boundary information. We introduce two methods for this recovery (multiple‐scale analysis with a reduced set of scales, and a combination of Laplace transforms and multiple scales) and show that they are roughly equivalent. We also show that the recovered boundary information is likely to contain secular terms if the initial conditions are nonzero. However, for the linear problem, we demonstrate how to avoid these secular terms to construct a solution that is valid for all time. For nonlinear problems, we argue that physically relevant problems do not exhibit the missing boundary condition difficulty.
Borders of Disorder
Authors: Malkus Willem V. R.
Published: March 2003

A quantitative theory is described for the boundary layer of fully turbulent parallel shear flow. In past literature, this region has been called the “laminar sublayer” and enters as a central amplitude‐determining factor into the current empirical statistical descriptions of the full flow. The idealization explored here parallels the ingenious view advanced by Howard [1] to interpret the fully developed thermal convective boundary layer. Howard pictured a thermal boundary layer swept away by a swift convective instability, and then reestablishing itself on a diffusive time scale. Here, a parallel study for the shear‐flow boundary layer is advanced based on the presumption that the time‐dependent instability of the growing diffusive layer is a dominant first‐order aspect of this essentially nonlinear process. The quantitative results support this ordering, as do the initial nonlinear flows emerging from the growing instability. Application of these findings is made to the problem of thermal convection with an external flow, which modifies the instability. Also studied is the “classical” initial instability of parallel shearing flow, and from these results, possible improvement in upper bound theories for turbulent flow.
Parental Motivation for Specialist or Mainstream Placement
Authors: Connor Michael J.
Published: March 2003

Michael Connor is concerned about the stress placed on parents faced with the choice of special school or mainstream provision for their child. The tensions arising from this predicament may have less to do with the child’s needs than a multiplicity of other factors. Connor concludes that there is a very heavy onus on professionals not to take the easiest route but to provide sufficient counselling and advice in order to arrive at a properly balanced decision.
Providing Emotional Support Through Circle‐time: A Case Study
Authors: Curry Mollie
Published: March 2003

Circle‐time is one of the most rapidly growing techniques in education. The mutual support systems it generates are explored here by Mollie Curry. The case study provides a fascinating insight into how the behaviour of a child, previously isolated, changed to such a degree that she became a valued and accepted member of the class. Although the wide support that circle‐time has gained has largely been in primary schools, it appears to be enjoying similar success elsewhere.
Exclusion or Inclusion? A Perspective on Policy in England for Pupils with Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties
Authors: Gray Peter , Panter Sue
Published: March 2003

In this introductory article, Peter Gray and Sue Panter measure current government policy on pupil behaviour and social inclusion against the key principles outlined in NASEN's policy on exclusion from school. Although Gray and Panter find a number of positive aspects in current government policy, their view is that the government underestimates the effects of other legislation which acts against social inclusion. They propose that the government should recognise the moral value of inclusion and encouragecollaborative initiatives in which schools work together and with other agencies to undertake the reventative work required to reduce exclusion.
A Quiet Place: a healing environment
Authors: Spalding Bob
Published: March 2003

Following on from the previous article, Bob Spalding here describes the practical detail involved in integrating Quiet Places in schools. While the potential of this type of provision for addressing emotional and behavioural difficulties is great, there are also benefits for the whole school and for parents.
A Good Listening to: Year 3 Pupils Talk About Learning
Authors: Bearne Eve
Published: March 2003

The revised Code of Practice for Special Educational Needs and the General Statement for Inclusion (DfES, 2001) suggest an increasing emphasis on pupil participation and voice. Drawing on material that formed part of a research project entitled Sustaining Pupils’Progress in Learning at Year 3, Eve Bearne considers how young pupils’ voices can contribute to debates about inclusive school and classroom practice. What can young learners tell us? And, importantly, are we prepared to listen?
Restorative Justice in Schools
Authors: Hopkins Belinda
Published: March 2003

In this article Belinda Hopkins provides a welcome introduction to the use of restorative justice (RJ) principles in addressing challenging or disruptive behaviour. As an initiative, it shares much in common with the thinking outlined in the previous article on peer mediation. The underlying principles of the restorative approach suggest its worth as an expression of a school’s commitment to, for example, Active Citizenship and the Healthy Schools Programme.
Redescribing “Religion and …” Film: Teaching the Insider/Outsider Problem
Authors: McCutcheon Russell T.
Published: March 2003

Classes organized by means of the ‘religion and …’ rubric cut both ways: they are elastic enough to attract wide student interest, thereby enhancing a department’s enrollment statistics, but they are often theoretically unsophisticated, thereby hampering the future development of scholars of religion. After discussing the costs and benefits of such classes, this article focuses on one particular example of this popular rubric that would benefit from redescription: the use of films in the religious studies class. After identifying two competing approaches to using films, the essay concludes by discussing three feature films that can be used in all of our classes to teach a fundamental theoretical topic in our field: the insider/outsider problem.
Liberal Theology and Transformative Pedagogy
Authors: Hodgson Peter C.
Published: March 2003

The author makes a case for the contributions of liberal theology to the transformative pedagogy that is essential for the flourishing of human beings in the twenty‐first century. First he advocates the retention of liberal theology, but in a postmodern form that is open, critical, experiential, visionary, and culturally transformative. Then he demonstrates points of contact between this revisioned theology and liberal education, particularly those connections manifested in five elements of transformative pedagogy: education and life‐formation, the rhythm of education, constructive and interactive knowledge, connected and imaginative teaching, and education as the practice of freedom. The author concludes that a revisioned liberal theology can contribute significantly to the recovery and explication of the religious dimension of education and its incumbent power of transformation.
The Tao of Textbooks: Taoism in Introductory World Religion Texts
Authors: Dippmann Jeffrey
Published: March 2003

Despite an abundance of new pedagogical techniques and technological innovations, textbooks remain a vital part of education at the secondary and post‐secondary levels. Students generally accept the authority of their texts, at times believing them to be more reliable than the instructor. Consequently, we must be confident that the presentation of religious traditions is both accurate and balanced. This is particularly true for Taoism, which has become increasingly popular and popularized. Following up Russell Kirkland's Note from the Classroom in the June 1998 issue of this journal, “Teaching Taoism in the 1990s,” this study examines the coverage of Taoism in the thirteen most widely used Introductory World Religion textbooks. Through a quantitative analysis of the accounts, we can determine which texts give our students the most responsible description of a long misunderstood tradition. This review focuses on the amount of text devoted to (1) “religious” and “philosophical” Taoism, (2) the Tao Te Ching and Chuang Tzu, (3) quotations and sources, (4) Taoist schools, (5) women, and (6) morality.
Beyond Diversity: Cultural Competence, White Racism Awareness, and European–American Theology Students
Authors: Kujawa‐Holbrook Sheryl
Published: March 2003

As the population within our religious institutions and the United States grows increasingly diverse, the need for a greater awareness of cultural and racial differences is a challenge facing theology students who will live and work within a changing context. For European American students this challenge includes an understanding of the power dynamics inherent in “whiteness” and how the resultant social power affects persons of other races and cultures. This article focuses on the need for cultural competence among current theology students, and outlines a five‐stage developmental process whereby they have an opportunity to enhance their understanding of multiculturalism and anti‐racism within their own context.
A Dog’s Life Among the Teenek Indians (Mexico): Animals’ Participation in the Classification of Self and Other
Authors: Vidas Anath Ariel de
Published: March 2003

The Teenek (or Huastec) Indians in Mexico’s Northeast maintain an ambivalent relationship with their dogs. On the one hand, these dogs, famished and mangy, are constantly targeted for blows and other forms of torment. On the other hand, according to indigenous cosmology, a person should treat his or her dog well, since after death it is the dog that will guide the dead to the afterworld. A contradiction seems to exist between these two opposite positions. However, an examination of the names given by the Teenek to their dogs and the language used to address them could provide a solution to this apparent riddle. Furthermore, the analysis may well reveal a classification system of Self and Other, uncovering a subtle indigenous process for the preservation of the memory of an autochthonous tradition.
Commuting in Multi‐Nodal Urban Systems: An Empirical Comparison of Three Alternative Models
Authors: Laan Vogelsang Schalke L. van der, J., R.
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses whether the basic monocentric model of urban structure and commuting explains actual commuting in Europe, i.e. The Netherlands. As in the USA much wasteful commuting is established. The basic model has a low degree of explanatory power. In order to get more in line with actual commuting, the paper elaborates two alternatives to the basic model. Besides a deconcentrated model, a cross‐traffic model is developed. Particularly the latter is quite successful in explaining actual commuting. The paper pleads for endogenising employment and stresses heterogeneity in labour demand and supply.
Historical Contingency and Commercialisation in Xishuangbanna, China
Authors: Eng Irene
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the driving forces of recent economic change in Xishuangbanna, a relatively developed ethnic minority prefecture in South West China. Its above‐average achievement in economic growth draws greatly on commercial farming, tourism and border trade. Certain events in recent local history are shown to have had important effects on the sectoral concentration of economic activities, the level of economic attainment, and the form and outcomes of institutional change in the era of market reform from 1978. The findings indicate aspects of path dependency in economic change, and illustrate difficulties and challenges faced by China's ethnic minority areas in overcoming economic backwardness.
Foreign Migrants in Export Agriculture: Mozambican Labour in the Mpumalanga Lowveld, South Africa
Authors: Mather Charles
Published: March 2003

The restructuring of labour regimes in high‐value export agriculture has been an important research theme in the globalisation of agro‐food systems. Contrary to theories of agrarian transition, as export agriculture becomes more globalised, it does not shift to more modern forms of labour. Increasing competition within global agricultural trade has instead led to the use of more vulnerable workers in an attempt to secure a less militant and cheaper workforce. This paper presents the results of a detailed study of the farm worker conditions in the Mpumalanga lowveld of South Africa, a region that produces high‐value agricultural crops, much of which are exported. Mozambican labour has played a key role in this region for decades, and options for improving conditions are explored in the context of proposed changes in the country’s immigration policy. Rather than improving conditions for farm workers, the new policy may instead worsen conditions for migrant farm workers.
Waste Sector Structure: Institutional Capacity for Planning Waste Reduction
Authors: Wolsink Maarten , De Jong Paulien
Published: March 2003

This paper examines some major institutional factors determining the possibilities for successful waste reduction policies. In a multiple case study, four geographically defined cases of markets for municipal solid waste are compared on four core elements in the sector structure. It shows that the structure is shaping institutional capacity for achieving waste reduction. This capacity is determined mainly by combined structural elements. Privatisation, for example, should definitely not be seen as the only effective solution. Only under very specific conditions (unbundling and separation of functions) can privatisation have positive results. On the other hand, when authorities act as regulators, they should not have interests in waste collection and disposal. They should stick to either regulation, collection or disposal.
Stability and change in the supply chains of multinational plants: the managerial voice
Authors: Crone Mike , Watts H. Doug
Published: March 2003

High levels of stability over the five‐year period 1991–96 are observed in the supply chains of plants in Yorkshire and Humberside in the UK owned by multinational enterprises (MNEs). Stability is explained by a lack of alternative suppliers, satisfaction with existing suppliers, perceived benefits derived from continuity, sunk costs in existing suppliers and managerial complacency. Where supply chain patterns have changed, changes are associated with changes in production, changes in supply chain strategy, or exogenous factors, such as heightened competition and changes in the geography of potential suppliers. High levels of stability in the geography of the supply chain provide a challenge to arguments that there is now a rapid process of globalisation within MNEs. Nevertheless, where change is taking place, MNEs are moving towards increased globalisation in their sourcing strategies rather than towards a deeper embeddedness in their host regions.
A Comparison of an Ecological Model and GIS Spatial Analysis to Describe Niche Partitioning Amongst Carrion Beetles in Nebraska
Authors: Bishop Andrew A. , Hoback W. Wyatt , Albrecht Marc , Skinner Kerri M.
Published: March 2003

Carrion beetles depend on vertebrate carcasses to rear their young. Carcasses are a limited resource with patchy distribution, and there is an intense competition among many species for these carcasses. This situation is expected to lead to niche partitioning, such that different beetle species use different resources and thus escape direct competition. Our project used a geographic information system (GIS) and pitfall sampling to characterize carrion beetle preferences for soil texture and land use in Kearney County, Nebraska. The GIS was used to select sites where sampling was conducted using pitfall traps baited with rat carcasses. Attracted beetles were counted, identified to species, and released. The resulting data were used to construct occurrence maps of eleven species of carrion beetles by overlaying soil texture and land use. We then compared the results of EcoSim (an ecological simulation model of niche overlap) with GIS–generated maps of probability of carrion beetle occurrence. Our results are consistent with landscape–level niche partitioning by seven of the eleven examined species. Our application of GIS to the spatial analysis of carrion beetle distributions demonstrates how this technology can be used to test ecological and evolutionary hypotheses, predict habitat associations, and examine the effects of land use on a community of insects. This work could easily be extended to study the habitat preferences of the federally endangered American burying beetle, Nicrophorus americanus.
A Real–time Adaptive Sampling Method for Field Mapping in Patchy, Heterogeneous Environments
Authors: Graniero P A , Robinson V B
Published: March 2003

Many environmental studies require detailed maps describing the spatial distribution of various environmental characteristics. These distributions tend to be ‘patchy’; that is, their structure and their relationships vary from place to place according to the influences of the local setting. We present a simple sampling method that adapts the sample spacing on a point–by–point basis as the data are collected. The resulting sample is denser in areas of higher variability and sparser in more ‘well–behaved’ areas, and is collected in a single traverse of the transect. It uses a combination of simple fuzzy functions representing the concepts ‘too close’ and ‘too far’ that are adaptively parameterized based on current measurements. The adaptive sampler produced better representations for 47% of simulated reference transects than uniform or random samples of the same size under perfect measurement conditions, increasing to best performance for 71% of the transects when measurement error was severe with only minimal increase in sampling density. The rapid calculations can be easily incorporated into real–time data acquisition software, and the method may be extended to achieve some type of compromise when faced with the need to sample multiple simultaneous variables.
(Non‐)occurrence of sentential no in Spanish negative sentences
Authors: Martín‐González Javier
Published: March 2003

It is generally claimed that preverbal n‐phrases (Laka 1990) are incompatible with sentential no in Spanish. However, no is optional with a preverbal Topic n‐phrase. Furthermore, no is obligatory if the preverbal n‐phrase occurs to the left of a wh‐complementiser or between a non‐wh‐complementiser and its doubled form. The Minimalist Program of Chomsky (1995) allows us to offer a unified explanation of the distribution of no, including the aforementioned cases. The proposal is that Spanish negative sentences contain a projection NegP, whose head bears a semantically interpretable feature that is responsible for the negative polarity of the sentence and, crucially, also contains an uninterpretable feature that must be checked before Spell‐Out. Moving an n‐phrase through SpecNegP is one way to achieve this. This is the case for Focus and moved Topics. Otherwise, no is needed. This is the case when there is no preverbal n‐phrase and with Topics merged preverbally. These Topics include n‐phrases occurring to the left of a wh‐complementiser or between a non‐wh‐complementiser and its doubled form, since movement from a VP‐internal position in these cases would violate economy principles.
Vulnerability to a Currency Crisis: Lessons from the Asian Experience
Authors: Athukorala Prema‐chandra , Warr Peter G.
Published: March 2003

Are currency crises caused by manias and panics in financial markets, or by unsustainable deteriorations in domestic macroeconomic conditions? This question is explored in the context of the recent Asian currency crisis. The theoretical concept of vulnerability is used to identify three early‐warning indicators of susceptibility to a currency crisis: rapid accumulation of mobile capital; domestic lending booms; and overvalued exchange rates. It is shown that the crisis and noncrisis countries of Asia may be distinguished empirically, using these indicators, over the decade preceding the crisis. This exercise provides convincing evidence that the crisis emanated largely from domestic macroeconomic conditions.
Export Growth and Trade Policy in Ghana in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Teal Francis
Published: March 2003

Ghana's exports on a per capita basis failed to grow over the course of the twentieth century. The reasons for this outcome are examined in this paper. It is argued that the success which characterised the period before independence was due to the combination of an open trade policy and flexible factor markets. The reversal of such policies at the time of independence was the source of the subsequent decline. While the terms of trade for Ghana's exports have fluctuated substantially there has been little change in their level over the century. Economic failure since independence has been due to domestic policies limiting export growth. The reforms of the post 1983 period have succeeded in preventing further decline; they have failed to provide a policy environment in which rapid growth of exports can occur. The nature of this policy failure is discussed.
Trade Policy and Environmental Regulation in the Asia–Pacific: A Simulation
Authors: Unteroberdoerster Olaf
Published: March 2003

The Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) has the potential to become the world's largest free trade area, encompassing both developed and developing countries. At the same time environmental standards vary substantially in the region. A multilateral computable general equilibrium (CGE) model combined with environmental sub–models simulates the environmental effects of trade and environmental policy changes. The simulations show: (i) Even drastic reductions in trade barriers have only a small effect on pollution; (ii) Low environmental standards relative to trade partners do not necessarily result in increased pollution when trade is liberalised; (iii) Unilaterally raising environmental standards does not crowd out pollution to countries with laxer standards.
Introduction: Genre Analysis and World Englishes
Authors: Bhatia Vijay K.
Published: March 2003

In recent years, discourse and genre analysis has established itself as an important field of study within linguistics having implications for applied linguistics, especially in the teaching and learning of languages, mass communication, writing research, language reform and a number of other areas related to professional and academic communication. However, a more recent recognition of variation in the use of English as a result of its global spread and use in the ‘outer’ and the ‘expanding circles’ (Kachru, 1992) has given rise to concerns about the need and capacity of the presently used paradigms, frameworks and methodologies in discourse and genre analysis to account for such a variation. Since English has undoubtedly acquired the status of a world language, it is more than necessary that linguists of all persuasions, whether interested in the issues of language acquisition, description, use or reform need to adjust their vision, paradigms, frameworks or methodologies in order to be able to account for this global variation in the use of English in the intra and international contexts. The main purpose of this special volume is to address some of these issues arising from intercultural and cross‐cultural perspectives on the use of English as an international or world language.
Aboriginal words and concepts in Australian English
Authors: Leitner Gerhard , Sieloff Inke
Published: March 2003

Pluricentric English is caught between the two complementary processes of nativization and homogenization. The former favours the adoption of local expressions and norms, the latter the maintenance of features from the old heritage or from other dominant varieties. The process of the nativization of English may originate in and be enhanced by contact with other languages, resulting in a specific variety which serves to express and to constitute a local cultural identity. The effects of language contact are not restricted to, for instance, the mere addition of loans to a previously structured (mental) dictionary; they are much more pervasive. Language contact may result in a restructuring of the cognitive maps of speakers in their respective cultural contexts. Australian English (AE) shows a number of features that are due to the contact between white and indigenous populations and that are taken to signal part of its local distinctiveness. But the question whether contemporary Australian speakers are aware of the Aboriginal heritage in AE is rarely asked. In fact AE today may lose some of its former distinctiveness and experience problems of communication inside its own epicentre.