bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Susceptibility‐induced distortion correction in hyperpolarized echo planar imaging
Authors: Miller Jack J. , Lau Angus Z. , Tyler Damian J.
Published: July 2017

Purpose

Echo planar imaging is an attractive rapid imaging readout that can image hyperpolarized compounds in vivo. By alternating the sign of the phase encoding gradient waveform, spatial offsets arising from uncertain frequency shifts can be determined. We show here that blip‐reversed echo planar imaging can also be used to correct for susceptibility and B0 inhomogeneity effects that would otherwise produce image‐domain distortion in the heart.

Methods

Previously acquired blip‐reversed cardiac 3D‐Spectral‐Spatial echo planar imaging volumetric timecourses of hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate were distortion corrected by a deformation field estimated by reconstructing signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR)‐weighted progressively subsampled temporally summed images of each metabolite.

Results

Reconstructing blip‐reversed data as proposed produced volumetric timecourses that overlaid with proton reference images more consistently than without such corrections.

Conclusion

The method proposed may form an attractive method to correct for image‐domain distortions in hyperpolarized echo planar imaging experiments. Magn Reson Med 79:2135–2141, 2018. © 2017 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Cavity expansion in strain hardening frictional soils under drained condition
Authors: Chen S.L. , Abousleiman Y.N.
Published: July 2017

A rigorous semianalytical solution for the drained expansion of a cylindrical cavity in frictional soils is presented. Following the restrict material (Lagrangian) description approach recently developed by the authors, the cavity analysis has been extended to the 3‐invariant plasticity soil model, which is governed by the Matsuoka‐Nakai yield criterion combined with the friction angle hardening depending on the development of deviatoric plastic strain. The 4 desired first‐order ordinary differential equations are subsequently derived, which enable the 3 stress components, volumetric strain, and plastic shear strain in the plastic zone to be readily calculated through the standard numerical procedure. Numerical examples illustrate how the major constitutive parameter, in situ stress state, and the third stress invariant impact the overall response of the cavity as well as its ultimate pressure. Specific consideration is given to the influence of the plastic hardening parameter on the stress path of a soil element at the cavity wall.
Nasogastric tube as abdominal pressure sensor in urodynamics—Proof of concept of a novel approach
Authors: VijayGanapathy Sundaramoorthy , Karthikeyan Vilvapathy Senguttuvan , Mallya Ashwin , Poonawala Ali , Keshavamurthy Ramaiah
Published: July 2017

Aims

The standard sensor for abdominal pressure (Pabd) measurement in urodynamics (UD) is a rectal sensor. In patients where the rectum is not available due to prior surgery or when external anal sphincter (EAS) tone is poor, rectal sensor may slip, making Pabd recording unreliable. Vaginal Pabd measurement and wireless vaginal sensors have been tried. We present our preliminary series of a novel nasogastric tube (NG) sensor for Pabd measurement.

Methods

We identified patients undergoing UD with a NG Pabd sensor from a prospectively maintained UD database of a tertiary care urological center between July 2013 and December 2016.

Results

Out of 1325 urodynamic procedures done, 46 (3.5%) were performed using NG Pabd sensor. The median (IQR) age was 44 (12) years. Indications for UD in these patients were neurogenic bladder in 22 (47.8%), urinary retention in 17 (37%), post‐meningomyelocele repair in four (8.7%), traumatic paraplegia in two (4.3%), and cervical myelopathy in one (2.2%). The indications for NG Pabd sensor were lax EAS tone (40; 86.9%), post‐abdominoperineal resection (2; 4.3%), and painful thrombosed hemorrhoids (4; 8.7%). It was possible to make definitive urodynamic diagnosis in all patients using NG Pabd sensor. Initial calibration and NG Pabd excursions throughout the study were similar to that of rectal Pabd sensor. There were no problems with NG tube tolerance.

Conclusion

Use of nasogastric sensor is feasible, accurate, cost‐effective, and viable alternative for Pabd measurement in patients with poor anal tone or absent rectum due to postoperative status.
An efficient preconditioner for the fast simulation of a 2D stokes flow in porous media
Authors: Quaife Bryan , Coulier Pieter , Darve Eric
Published: July 2017

We consider an efficient preconditioner for a boundary integral equation (BIE) formulation of the two‐dimensional Stokes equations in porous media. While BIEs are well‐suited for resolving the complex porous geometry, they lead to a dense linear system of equations that is computationally expensive to solve for large problems. This expense is further amplified when a significant number of iterations is required in an iterative Krylov solver such as generalized minimial residual method (GMRES). In this paper, we apply a fast inexact direct solver, the inverse fast multipole method, as an efficient preconditioner for GMRES. This solver is based on the framework of
‐matrices and uses low‐rank compressions to approximate certain matrix blocks. It has a tunable accuracy ε and a computational cost that scales as
. We discuss various numerical benchmarks that validate the accuracy and confirm the efficiency of the proposed method. We demonstrate with several types of boundary conditions that the preconditioner is capable of significantly accelerating the convergence of GMRES when compared to a simple block‐diagonal preconditioner, especially for pipe flow problems involving many pores.
Cost and Health Care Utilization Implications of Bariatric Surgery Versus Intensive Lifestyle and Medical Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Banerjee Souvik , Garrison Louis P. , Flum David R. , Arterburn David E.
Published: July 2017

Objective

The aim of this study was to compare the cost and health care utilization of patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) randomized into either Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery or an intensive lifestyle and medical intervention (ILMI).

Methods

This analysis (N = 745) is based on 2‐year follow‐up of a small randomized controlled trial (RCT); adult patients with obesity and T2DM were recruited between 2011 and 2012 from Kaiser Permanente Washington. Comparisons were made for patients randomized into either RYGB (N = 15) or ILMI (N = 17).

Results

There were no significant cost savings for RYGB versus ILMI patients through the follow‐up years. Pharmacy cost was lower for RYGB versus ILMI patients by about $900 in year 2 versus year 0; however, inpatient and emergency room costs were higher for surgery patients in follow‐up years relative to year 0. Median total cost for nonrandomized patients was higher in year 0 and in year 2 compared to randomized patients.

Conclusions

Bariatric surgery is not cost saving in the short term. Moreover, the costs of patients who enter into RCTs of RYGB may differ from the costs of those who do not enter RCTs, suggesting use of caution when using such data to draw inferences about the general population with obesity.
Pancreatic undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast‐like giant cells is genetically similar to, but clinically distinct from, conventional ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Luchini Claudio , Pea Antonio , Lionheart Gemma , Mafficini Andrea , Nottegar Alessia , Veronese Nicola , Chianchiano Peter , Brosens Lodewijk AA , Noë Michaël , Offerhaus G Johan A , Yonescu Raluca , Ning Yi , Malleo Giuseppe , Riva Giulio , Piccoli Paola , Cataldo Ivana , Capelli Paola , Zamboni Giuseppe , Scarpa Aldo , Wood Laura D
Published: July 2017

Undifferentiated carcinoma of the pancreas with osteoclast‐like giant cells (UCOGC) is currently considered a morphologically and clinically distinct variant of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In this study, we report clinical and pathological features of a series of 22 UCOGCs, including the whole exome sequencing of eight UCOGCs. We observed that 60% of the UCOGCs contained a well‐defined epithelial component and that patients with pure UCOGC had a significantly better prognosis than did those with an UCOGC with an associated epithelial neoplasm. The genetic alterations in UCOGC are strikingly similar to those known to drive conventional PDAC, including activating mutations in the oncogene KRAS and inactivating mutations in the tumor suppressor genes CDKN2A, TP53, and SMAD4. These results further support the classification of UCOGC as a PDAC variant and suggest that somatic mutations are not the determinants of the unique phenotype of UCOGC. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genomic signatures of pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma (PASC)
Authors: Fang Yuan , Su Zhe , Xie Jing , Xue Ruidong , Ma Qi , Li Yanmeng , Zhao Yifan , Song Zeshi , Lu Xiongxiong , Li Hongwei , Peng Chenghong , Bai Fan , Shen Baiyong
Published: July 2017

In pancreatic cancer, pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma (PASC) containing both ductal adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma in the same tumour represents ∼4% of the total incidence. To date, the genomic features of this mixed tumour are still unknown. We analysed the genomes of 17 PASCs and 34 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs), and showed that PASC carried highly enriched TP53 mutations and 3p loss as compared with PDAC. We also showed that adenomatous and squamous components of PASC harboured comparable genomic alterations, suggesting that the two cellular components develop from the same progenitor cancer cells. Our study has updated genomic knowledge to help with understanding mixed cancers of the pancreas. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monoamine oxidase A is highly expressed in classical Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Li Pei Chuan , Siddiqi Imran N , Mottok Anja , Loo Eric Y , Wu Chieh Hsi , Cozen Wendy , Steidl Christian , Shih Jean Chen
Published: July 2017

Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes oxidative deamination of neurotransmitters and dietary amines and produces H2O2. It facilitates the progression of gliomas and prostate cancer, but its expression and functional relevance have not been studied in lymphoma. Here, we evaluated MAOA in 427 cases of Hodgkin and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma and in a spectrum of reactive lymphoid tissues by immunohistochemistry on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded specimens. MAOA was expressed by Hodgkin Reed–Sternberg (HRS) cells in the majority of classical Hodgkin lymphomas (cHLs) (181/241; 75%), with 34.8% showing strong expression. Weak MAOA was also noted in a minority of primary mediastinal large B‐cell lymphomas (8/47; 17%) and in a mediastinal gray‐zone lymphoma. In contrast, no MAOA was found in non‐neoplastic lymphoid tissues, nodular lymphocyte‐predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL; 0/8) or any other non‐Hodgkin lymphomas studied (0/123). MAOA was more common in Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐negative compared to EBV‐positive cHL (p < 0.0001) and was especially prevalent in the EBV‐negative nodular sclerosing subtype. Similar to primary human lymphoma specimens, most cHL‐derived cell lines displayed MAOA activity, whereas non‐Hodgkin‐lymphoma‐derived cell lines did not. The MAOA inhibitor clorgyline reduced the growth of L1236 cells and U‐HO1 cells, and shRNA knockdown of MAOA reduced the growth of L1236 cells. Conversely, ectopic overexpression of MAOA increased the growth of MAOA‐negative HDLM2 cells. Combined treatment with clorgyline and ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine) was more effective in reducing cell growth than either regimen alone. In summary, MAOA is highly expressed in cHL and may reflect the distinct biology of this lymphoma. Further studies on the potential utility of MAOA as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target are warranted. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Loss of the tumour suppressor gene AIP mediates the browning of human brown fat tumours
Authors: Magnusson Linda , Hansen Nils , Saba Karim H , Nilsson Jenny , Fioretos Thoas , Rissler Pehr , Nord Karolin H
Published: July 2017

Human brown fat tumours (hibernomas) show concomitant loss of the tumour suppressor genes MEN1 and AIP. We hypothesized that the brown fat phenotype is attributable to these mutations. Accordingly, in this study, we demonstrate that silencing of AIP in human brown preadipocytic and white fat cell lines results in the induction of the brown fat marker UCP1. In human adipocytic tumours, loss of MEN1 was found both in white (one of 51 lipomas) and in brown fat tumours. In contrast, concurrent loss of AIP was always accompanied by a brown fat morphology. We conclude that this white‐to‐brown phenotype switch in brown fat tumours is mediated by the loss of AIP. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and blood compatibility of electrospun nanofibrous CTS/PLA mats from chitosan nanopowders and poly(lactic acid)
Authors: Dong Wenyuan , Zeng Qinhuan , Yin Xueqiong , Liu Haifang , Lv Ju , Zhu Li
Published: July 2017

Chitosan nanopowder (NCTS) was prepared through ball milling. NCTS was successfully electrospun to nanofibers with the assistance of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) to prepare electrospun mats (NCTS/PLA). Scanning electron microscope images revealed that there were no chitosan particles in NCTS/PLA, indicating NCTS had been stretched to nanofibers. The effects of the electrospinning parameters (voltage, distance, and NCTS amount) on the morphology of NCTS/PLA were investigated. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy verified the existence of chitosan in the mats. All the NCTS/PLA mats had a water contact angle higher than 130°, showing good hydrophobicity. NCTS/PLA expressed good blood compatibility according to the results of coagulation time and platelet adhesion experiment. NCTS/PLA had a little longer activated partial thrombin time than PLA and more NCTS leaded longer coagulation times. No platelets aggregation and deformation appeared on NCTS/PLA mats. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E416–E425, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Using prescription monitoring program data to characterize out‐of‐pocket payments for opioid prescriptions in a state Medicaid program
Authors: Hartung Daniel M. , Ahmed Sharia M. , Middleton Luke , Van Otterloo Joshua , Zhang Kun , Keast Shellie , Kim Hyunjee , Johnston Kirbee , Deyo Richard A.
Published: July 2017

Background

Out‐of‐pocket payment for prescription opioids is believed to be an indicator of abuse or diversion, but few studies describe its epidemiology. Prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) collect controlled substance prescription fill data regardless of payment source and thus can be used to study this phenomenon.

Objective

To estimate the frequency and characteristics of prescription fills for opioids that are likely paid out‐of‐pocket by individuals in the Oregon Medicaid program.

Research Design

Cross‐sectional analysis using Oregon Medicaid administrative claims and PDMP data (2012 to 2013).

Subjects

Continuously enrolled nondually eligible Medicaid beneficiaries who could be linked to the PDMP with two opioid fills covered by Oregon Medicaid.

Measures

Patient characteristics and fill characteristics for opioid fills that lacked a Medicaid pharmacy claim. Fill characteristics included opioid name, type, and association with indicators of high‐risk opioid use.

Results

A total of 33 592 Medicaid beneficiaries filled a total of 555 103 opioid prescriptions. Of these opioid fills, 74 953 (13.5%) could not be matched to a Medicaid claim. Hydromorphone (30%), fentanyl (18%), and methadone (15%) were the most likely to lack a matching claim. The 3 largest predictors for missing claims were opioid fills that overlapped with other opioids (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.34‐1.4), long‐acting opioids (aOR 1.52; 95% CI, 1.47‐1.57), and fills at multiple pharmacies (aOR 1.45; 95% CI, 1.39‐1.52).

Conclusions

Prescription opioid fills that were likely paid out‐of‐pocket were common and associated with several known indicators of high‐risk opioid use.
Antihypertensive drug associated angioedema: effect modification by race/ethnicity
Authors: Reichman Marsha E. , Wernecke Michael , Graham David J. , Liao Jiemin , Yap John , Chillarige Yoganand , Southworth Mary Ross , Keeton Stephine , Goulding Margie R. , Mott Katrina , Kelman Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2017

Purpose

Assess angioedema risk with exposure to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) compared with beta‐blockers, by race/ethnicity.

Methods

New‐user cohorts of Medicare beneficiaries 65 years or older initiating ACEI, ARB, or beta‐blocker treatment from March 2007 to March 2014 were constructed. Angioedema incidence rates by drug and race/ethnicity were computed for 1‐30 and 31‐365 days of treatment. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine angioedema risk between cohorts.

Results

Angioedema incidence rates (per 1000 person years) in beta‐blocker users were 1.80 (whites), 4.11 (blacks), 1.89 (Asians), and 2.10 (Hispanics); in ACEI users, 4.03, 23.77, 2.94, and 4.27; and in ARB users, 1.73, 3.11, 1.10, and 1.90, respectively. Incidence rates were significantly higher in the first 30 days of exposure for all drug × race/ethnic groups. Overall, angioedema risk increased among ACEI users (hazard ratio, 2.91; 95% confidence interval, 2.75‐3.07) but not ARB users (0.93, 0.85‐1.02) versus beta‐blocker users. Angioedema risk with ACEIs versus beta‐blockers increased more in blacks (6.28, 5.44‐7.24) than whites (2.33, 2.19‐2.48), Hispanics (2.04, 1.36‐3.07), and Asians (1.48, 0.94‐2.35). Compared with white beta‐blocker users, angioedema risk was increased 2.9‐fold in whites, 20.2‐fold in blacks, and 2.3‐fold in other race/ethnic groups combined during the first 30 days of ACEI exposure.

Conclusions

There was significant effect modification of angioedema risk by race and ACEI use for blacks, but not for other race/ethnicity groups. Angioedema risk was significantly greater in the first 30 days of exposure for all, and highest among blacks.
Highly selective enrichment of phosphopeptides by on‐chip indium oxide functionalized magnetic nanoparticles coupled with MALDI‐TOF MS
Authors: Jiang Dandan , Song Naizhong , Li Xiqian , Ma Jiutong , Jia Qiong
Published: July 2017

Selective and efficient preconcentration is indispensable for low concentration of phosphopeptides in phosphorylated protein‐related samples prior to MS‐based analysis. Herein, an on‐chip system coupled magnetic SPE with MALDI‐TOF MS was designed. A metal oxide affinity chromatography material, indium oxide, was coated on the surface of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles to prepare the adsorbent, spatially confined with an applied magnetic field. The adsorbent exhibited high selectivity for phosphopeptides in tryptic digests of the mixture of β‐casein and BSA (1:1000) and the mixture of β‐casein, BSA, and ovalbumin (1:100:100). Thanking to the enrichment ability and specificity for phosphopeptides with the adsorbent, the on‐chip magnetic SPE‐MALDI‐TOF MS approach showed high sensitivity with a low detection limit of 4 fmol. In addition, the developed approach was used to analyze phosphopetides in non‐fat milk digests and human serum successfully.
Photo and Thermal Cured Silicon‐Containing Diethynylbenzene Fibers via Melt Electrospinning with Enhanced Thermal Stability
Authors: Li Zhefu , Yuan Yichun , Chen Binling , Liu Yong , Nie Jun , Ma Guiping
Published: July 2017

An inorganic–organic hybrid material, poly(dimethylsilylene ethynylenephenyleneethynylene) (PMSEPE), was synthesized in a mild condition and its microfiber was successfully produced by melt electrospinning. The electrospinning parameters, which affected the morphology and diameter of fibers, were well investigated. To maintain the fiber structure at thermal cured temperature (above melting point), the PMSEPE fibers were enhanced via thiol‐yne photo polymerization. Followed by the thermal curing reaction, the heat‐resistance and mechanical properties of fibers were enhanced. The mechanism of two‐step curing was explored and confirmed by means of Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Thermaogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy results show that after carbonization at 800 °C, the two‐step cured fibers had only a small weight loss (20%) and the fibers can still maintain the original morphology. Moreover, the two‐step cured fiber exhibited a high tensile strength (55.4 MPa) and a small elongation at break (0.02%). All the results indicate that the fibers could be applied as fiber‐reinforced materials. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 2815–2823
Synthesis, Characterization and Thermal Properties of Poly(glycidyl azide‐r‐3‐azidotetrahydrofuran) as Azido Binder for Solid Rocket Propellants
Authors: Dong Qingfeng , Li Yuanhao , Wu Fang , Li Houbin , Liu Xinghai , Huang Chi
Published: July 2017

Azido polymers have been investigated as energetic binders in the area of solid rocket propellants. However, the low temperature mechanical properties of them are not comparable with the traditional propellant binders. In this work, a new kind of azido binder named poly (glycidyl azide‐r‐3‐azidotetrahydrofuran) (PGAAT) was successfully synthesized. The molecular structures of monomers and copolymers were characterized. The sensitivity and thermal properties of the azido binder were studied. The cationic copolymerization of 3‐methylsulfonyloxytetrahydrofuran with ternary cyclic ethers was confirmed. The PGAAT azido binder exhibited attractive features like low glass transition temperature (Tg, −60 °C) and high energy (1798 J/g). The results indicate that the polymer is a suitable candidate binder for the solid rocket propellants.
Numerical Simulation for the Combustion of a Zirconium/ Potassium Perchlorate Explosive inside a Closed Vessel
Authors: Han Doo‐Hee , Sung Hong‐Gye , Ryu Byung‐Tae
Published: July 2017

The combustion of zirconium potassium perchlorate (ZPP) in a closed vessel is modelled and validated through a numerical simulation. Because the extremely high pressure oscillation occurs in less than a millisecond, an in‐house computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code is used to observe the detailed flow structures and determine the adequate burning characteristics, including the burning rate. A hybrid RANS/LES scheme with a 5th order upwind weighted essentially non‐oscillatory (WENO) is implemented to capture complex, strong shock waves in highly turbulent combustion. A two‐way coupled Eulerian‐Lagrangian scheme tracks the combusting ZPP granules reasonably well. Monodisperse and Rosin‐Rammler assumptions are applied to the ZPP granule distribution. The monodisperse assumption reveals that the diameter of the ZPP (17 μm) achieves marginal agreement with the measurements. However, the Rosin‐Rammler distribution improves the transient and dynamic combustion characteristics in that the small granules contribute to a faster burning rate and stronger shock waves. These results are more analogous to the closed vessel tests used as validation data.
A large‐scale assessment of European rabbit damage to agriculture in Spain
Authors: Delibes‐Mateos Miguel , Farfán Miguel Ángel , Rouco Carlos , Olivero Jesús , Márquez Ana Luz , Fa John E , Vargas Juan Mario , Villafuerte Rafael
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND

Numerous small and medium‐sized mammal pests cause widespread and economically significant damage to crops all over the globe. However, most research on pest species has focused on accounts of the level of damage. There are fewer studies concentrating on the description of crop damage caused by pests at large geographical scales, or on analysis of the ecological and anthropogenic factors correlated with these observed patterns. We investigated the relationship between agricultural damage by the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and environmental and anthropogenic variables throughout Spain.

RESULTS

Rabbit damage was mainly concentrated within the central‐southern regions of Spain. We found that rabbit damage increased significantly between the early 2000s and 2013. Greater losses were typical of those areas where farming dominated and natural vegetation was scarce, where main railways and highways were present, and where environmental conditions were generally favourable for rabbit populations to proliferate.

CONCLUSION

From our analysis, we suggest that roads and railway lines act as potential corridors along which rabbits can spread. The recent increase in Spain of such infrastructure may explain the rise in rabbit damage reported in this study. Our approach is valuable as a method for assessing drivers of wildlife pest damage at large spatial scales, and can be used to propose methods to reduce human − wildlife conflict. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Documenting the chronology of ecosystem health erosion along East African rivers
Authors: Habel J. C. , Teucher Mike , Ulrich Werner , Schmitt Thomas
Published: July 2017

Pristine tropical ecosystems are currently suffering under extreme demographic pressure. This has led to habitat destruction and disturbances, an important precondition for the invasion of exotic species into pristine ecosystems, with detrimental effects on biodiversity. In this study, we analysed the chronology of land cover changes along rivers in south‐eastern Kenya using historical aerial photographs and current aerial pictures taken from a drone. We assessed quantity and quality of riparian thickets along these rivers in 1961, 1980 and 2015/2016 and analysed effects of fundamental land cover changes on arthropod abundance and diversity. Our data show effects from demographic pressure by the increasing number of human settlements rising by 425% from 1961 to 2015/2016 (i.e. from 36 to 189 settlements). 58.5% of the land surface originally covered by pristine riparian forests was cleared and transformed into agricultural land. After clearance and agricultural usage it frequently became fallow land and was invaded by the exotic shrub species Lantana camara. While the total coverage of riparian vegetation did not change over time, its quality declined dramatically. Currently 36.6% of the cleared pristine riparian forest is covered by L. camara thickets, and only 22.5% of the pristine riparian forest has remained unchanged over time. This modification of the vegetation structure impacts biodiversity. The abundances of three guilds of arthropods significantly differed between pristine and L. camara‐dominated riparian vegetation, with herbivorous arthropods and ants being more abundant in pristine than in L. camara‐dominated vegetation. Our data show that habitat destruction and disturbance is the prerequisite for subsequent invasion by exotic plant species, having a strong effect on species composition and diversity at higher trophic levels.
Changes are still needed on multiple co‐primary endpoints
Authors: Chuang‐Stein Christy , Li Jianjun (David)
Published: July 2017

The Food and Drug Administration in the United States issued a much‐awaited draft guidance on ‘Multiple Endpoints in Clinical Trials’ in January 2017. The draft guidance is well written and contains consistent message on the technical implementation of the principles laid out in the guidance. In this commentary, we raise a question on applying the principles to studies designed from a safety perspective. We then direct our attention to issues related to multiple co‐primary endpoints. In a paper published in the Drug Information Journal in 2007, Offen et al. give examples of disorders where multiple co‐primary endpoints are required by regulators. The standard test for multiple co‐primary endpoints is the min test which tests each endpoint individually, at the one‐sided 2.5% level, for a confirmatory trial. This approach leads to a substantial loss of power when the number of co‐primary endpoints exceeds 2, a fact acknowledged in the draft guidance. We review approaches that have been proposed to tackle the problem of power loss and propose a new one. Using recommendations by Chen et al. for the assessment of drugs for vulvar and vaginal atrophy published in the Drug Information Journal in 2010, we argue the need for more changes and urge a path forward that uses different levels of claims to reflect the effectiveness of a product on multiple endpoints that are equally important and mostly unrelated. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multidimensional Anodized Titanium Foam Photoelectrode for Efficient Utilization of Photons in Mesoscopic Solar Cells
Authors: Kang Jin Soo , Choi Hyelim , Kim Jin , Park Hyeji , Kim Jae‐Yup , Choi Jung‐Woo , Yu Seung‐Ho , Lee Kyung Jae , Kang Yun Sik , Park Sun Ha , Cho Yong‐Hun , Yum Jun‐Ho , Dunand David C. , Choe Heeman , Sung Yung‐Eun
Published: July 2017

Mesoscopic solar cells based on nanostructured oxide semiconductors are considered as a promising candidates to replace conventional photovoltaics employing costly materials. However, their overall performances are below the sufficient level required for practical usages. Herein, this study proposes an anodized Ti foam (ATF) with multidimensional and hierarchical architecture as a highly efficient photoelectrode for the generation of a large photocurrent. ATF photoelectrodes prepared by electrochemical anodization of freeze‐cast Ti foams have three favorable characteristics: (i) large surface area for enhanced light harvesting, (ii) 1D semiconductor structure for facilitated charge collection, and (iii) 3D highly conductive metallic current collector that enables exclusion of transparent conducting oxide substrate. Based on these advantages, when ATF is utilized in dye‐sensitized solar cells, short‐circuit photocurrent density up to 22.0 mA cm−2 is achieved in the conventional N719 dye‐I3−/I− redox electrolyte system even with an intrinsically inferior quasi‐solid electrolyte.
Systems Thinkers Express an Elevated Capacity for the Allocentric Components of Cognitive and Affective Empathy
Authors: Davis Adam C. , Leppanen Wendy , Mularczyk Kimberly P. , Bedard Theresia , Stroink Mirella L.
Published: July 2017

Systems thinking is a cognitive style involving an implicit tendency to perceive the social‐ecological world as a multitude of interconnected complex adaptive systems. Previous research has shown that systems thinkers value and care for entities that transcend the self, such as other human beings and nature, signalling a more expansive self‐concept. Similarly, individuals high in empathy have an inclusive self‐concept, a stronger proenvironmental identity and value entities beyond themselves. The present study examined the hypothesis that systems thinking would share a positive relation with components of cognitive and affective empathy. Results from an online survey of 135 undergraduate students demonstrated that systems thinking shared significant positive correlations with perspective taking, empathic concern and fantasy. However, only perspective taking and empathic concern emerged as unique significant positive predictors of systems thinking. Results suggest that systems thinkers express an elevated capacity for the allocentric components of cognitive and affective empathy. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introducing and Sustaining Close Reading and Writing Through Poetry
Authors: Timmermans Karren M. , Johnson Angie
Published: July 2017

Close reading of poetry scaffolds readers and writers as they come to understand the form and function of poetry and transfer those skills to writing. In this teaching tip, the authors explain a way in which primary teachers can introduce close reading and move young students toward composing and presenting poetry.
Synthesis of PNIPAM–PEG Double Hydrophilic Polymers Using Oleic Acid Macro Peroxide Initiator
Authors: Hazer Baki , Ayyıldız Elif , Bahadır Faruk
Published: July 2017

This work refers to the synthesis of a new double hydrophilic thermo‐responsive polymer using fatty acid macroperoxide initiator, N‐isopropyl acryl amide (NIPAM) and polyethylene glycol with two primary amine ends (PEGNH2). For this purpose, oleic acid was spread out onto a petri dish and exposed to air oxygen at room temperature for 2 months. The obtained fatty acid macro‐peroxide initiator was used in the free radical polymerization of NIPAM in the presence of PEGNH2. Poly oleic acid‐g‐PNIPAM‐g‐PEG graft copolymers were successfully obtained. Lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the graft copolymer was determined by using UV‐Vis spectrometry with a sensible heating unit. Morphology of the fractured surface of the double hydrophilic polymers was visualized by using SEM micrographs. Graft copolymers with LCST close to body temperature were obtained by changing PEG inclusion. Structural characterization, thermal analysis and size exclusion chromatography measurements of the obtained products were done.
Two Cases of Acute Kidney Injury Due to Multiple Wasp Stings
Authors: Vikrant Sanjay , Parashar Anupam
Published: July 2017

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an unusual complication of wasp stings. Treatment of established AKI is largely supportive but the preventive strategies are not well documented. This is a report of 2 human cases that developed AKI after multiple wasp stings ( Vespa magnifica). Each patient reached the hospital early in their clinical course and was treated with intravenous hydration and urine alkalization. In both the cases the severity of AKI, morbidity, and duration of hospitalization were reduced. The requirement of dialysis therapy was avoided. We propose early treatment with intravenous hydration, diuretic administration, and urine alkalization in such cases to prevent systemic and renal complications.
Particle migration in planar die-swell flows
Authors: Siqueira Ivan R. , Carvalho Márcio S.
Published: July 2017

We present a numerical study on particle migration in a planar extrudate flow of suspensions of non-Brownian hard spheres. The suspension is described as a Newtonian liquid with a concentration-dependent viscosity, and shear-induced particle migration is modelled according to the diffusive flux model. The fully coupled set of nonlinear differential equations governing the flow is solved with a stabilized finite element method together with the elliptic mesh generation method to compute the position of the free surface. We show that shear-induced particle migration inside the channel leads to a highly non-uniform particle concentration distribution under the free surface. It is found that particle migration dramatically changes the shape of the free surface when the suspension is compared to a Newtonian liquid with the same bulk properties. Remarkably, we observed extrudate expansion in the Newtonian and dilute suspension flows; in turn, at high concentrations, a die contraction appears. The model does not account for normal stress differences, and this result is a direct consequence of variations in the flow stress field caused by shear-induced particle migration.
Aeration of water with oxygen microbubbles and its purging effect
Authors: Yamashita Tatsuya , Ando Keita
Published: July 2017

In this paper, we apply aeration with oxygen microbubbles to tap water; the intent is to quantitatively evaluate whether nitrogen gas originally dissolved in the water under the atmosphere is purged by the aeration with oxygen microbubbles. Oxygen microbubbles are continuously injected into the circulation system of tap water open to the atmosphere. While the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) can be detected by a commercial DO meter, that of dissolved nitrogen (DN) is unavailable. To detect the DN level, we observe the growth of millimetre-sized gas bubbles nucleated at glass surfaces in contact with the aerated water and compare it with the multi-species theory of Epstein and Plesset where the (unknown) DN concentration is treated as a fitting parameter. In the theory, we solve binary diffusion of each gas species (oxygen or nitrogen) in the water independently, under the assumption that the dissolved gases are sufficiently dilute. Comparisons between the experiment and the theory suggest that the DN in the water is effectively purged by the oxygen aeration. The supplemental experiment of aeration with nitrogen microbubbles is also documented to show that the DO can be effectively purged as well.
Equatorial inertial instability with full Coriolis force
Authors: Kloosterziel R. C. , Carnevale G. F. , Orlandi P.
Published: July 2017

The zonally symmetric inertial instability of oceanic near-equatorial flows is studied through high-resolution numerical simulations. In homogeneous upper layers, the instability of surface-confined westward currents implies potentially fast downward mixing of momentum with a predictable final equilibrium. With increasing Reynolds number, latitudinal scales along the surface associated with the instability become ever smaller and initially the motions are ever more concentrated underneath the surface. The results suggest that even if the upper layer is stratified, it may still be necessary to include the full Coriolis force in the dynamics rather than use the traditional$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$-plane approximation.
The role of body flexibility in stroke enhancements for finite-length undulatory swimmers in viscoelastic fluids
Authors: Thomases Becca , Guy Robert D.
Published: July 2017

The role of passive body dynamics on the kinematics of swimming micro-organisms in complex fluids is investigated. Asymptotic analysis of small-amplitude motions of a finite-length undulatory swimmer in a Stokes–Oldroyd-B fluid is used to predict shape changes that result as body elasticity and fluid elasticity are varied. Results from the analysis are compared with numerical simulations and the numerically simulated shape changes agree with the analysis at both small and large amplitudes, even for strongly elastic flows. We compute a stroke-induced swimming speed that accounts for the shape changes, but not additional effects of fluid elasticity. Elasticity-induced shape changes lead to larger-amplitude strokes for sufficiently soft swimmers in a viscoelastic fluid, and these stroke boosts can lead to swimming speed-ups. However, for the strokes we examine, we find that additional effects of fluid elasticity generically result in a slow-down. Our high amplitude strokes in strongly elastic flows lead to a qualitatively different regime in which highly concentrated elastic stresses accumulate near swimmer bodies and dramatic slow-downs are seen.
Wariness of reef fish to passive diver presence with varying dive gear type across a coral reef depth gradient
Authors: Andradi-Brown Dominic A. , Gress Erika , Laverick Jack H. , Monfared Margaux A. A. , Rogers Alex David , Exton Dan A.
Published: July 2017

Both active and passive human interactions with reef fish communities are increasingly recognized to cause fish behavioural changes. However, few studies have considered how these behavioural adaptations impact standard reef survey techniques, particularly across natural gradients of interest to ecologists and reef managers. Here we measure fish abundance, biomass and minimum approach distance using stereo-video surveys to compare the effects of bubble-producing open-circuit scuba vs near-silent closed-circuit rebreathers. Surveys extended across a shallow to upper-mesophotic gradient on the fringing reefs of Utila, Honduras, to explore how the effects of diver gear choice vary with depth. For most fish families we recorded similar abundances and biomass with the two diving techniques, suggesting that open-circuit transects are generally appropriate for surveying western Atlantic reefs similar to Utila with regular tourist diving but no spearfishing. Despite no overall significant difference in fish abundance or biomass, we identified several fish families (Labridae, Pomacentridae, Scaridae) that allowed closed-circuit rebreather divers to approach more closely than open-circuit divers. In addition, smaller fish generally allowed divers to approach more closely than larger fish, and in most cases divers could approach fish more closely on mesophotic than shallow reefs. Despite these significant differences in approach distances, their magnitude suggest they are unlikely to affect reef fish detectability during normal fish surveys for most families. Our findings highlight the importance of considering variation in fish behavioural adaptations along natural gradients such as depth, which otherwise has the potential to cause biases when surveying by traditional monitoring programmes.
Infant statistical-learning ability is related to real-time language processing
Authors: LANY JILL , SHOAIB AMBER , THOMPSON ABBIE , ESTES KATHARINE GRAF
Published: July 2017

Infants are adept at learning statistical regularities in artificial language materials, suggesting that the ability to learn statistical structure may support language development. Indeed, infants who perform better on statistical learning tasks tend to be more advanced in parental reports of infants’ language skills. Work with adults suggests that one way statistical learning ability affects language proficiency is by facilitating real-time language processing. Here we tested whether 15-month-olds’ ability to learn sequential statistical structure in artificial language materials is related to their ability to encode and interpret native-language speech. Specifically, we tested their ability to learn sequential structure among syllables (Experiment 1) and words (Experiment 2), as well as their ability to encode familiar English words in sentences. The results suggest that infants' ability to learn sequential structure among syllables is related to their lexical-processing efficiency, providing continuity with findings from children and adults, though effects were modest.
Pflegerische Rollenentwicklung anhand des Beispiels des Demenz-Koordinators
Authors: Gohrbandt Johanna , Volmar Benjamin
Published: July 2017

Zusammenfassung. Im Jahr 2012 forderte der Wissenschaftsrat eine Akademisierung der Pflegeberufe, um im beruflichen Alltag neue Rollenbilder in der Versorgung von erkrankten und pflegebedürftigen Menschen zu etablieren. Laut Meyer (2015) sehen die Rollenbilder unterschiedlich aus. Es gibt pflegerische Funktionen, die von hoch qualifizierten Pflegenden besetzt werden, um in Delegation die expliziten ärztlichen Tätigkeiten zu übernehmen. So werden fehlende Arztstellen durch Pflegende substitutioniert. Darüber hinaus erfolgt der Einsatz dieser Fachkräfte in neuen Rollen, die sich parallel mit der Qualifikation der Pflegenden (weiter-)entwickeln (Meyer, 2015). Im anglo-amerikanischen Raum sind solche Stellenprofile bereits etabliert und werden unter der Bezeichnung Advanced Nursing Practice (ANP) zusammengefasst. Dieser Artikel beschreibt anhand der Stelle eines „Demenz-Koordinators“ in einem somatischen Krankenhaus, den Einsatz von akademisch ausgebildeten Pflegekräften in der klinischen Versorgung.
Mit welchen diagnostischen Verfahren wird in Grundschulen Sprachförderbedarf festgestellt?
Authors: Hoffmann Lars , Böhme Katrin , Stanat Petra
Published: July 2017

Zusammenfassung. Basierend auf Daten der IQB-Ländervergleichsstudie 2011 ( Stanat, Pant, Böhme & Richter, 2012 ) wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche diagnostischen Verfahren gegenwärtig bundesweit an den Grundschulen zur Feststellung sprachlichen Förderbedarfs genutzt werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Schulen hierbei sehr unterschiedlich vorgehen und eine Vielzahl verschiedener Verfahren einsetzen. Zusätzlich wird betrachtet, inwiefern die genutzten Verfahren (1) für das Grundschulalter entwickelt wurden, (2) auf Kinder mit nichtdeutscher Herkunftssprache fokussieren, (3) mündliche oder schriftliche Sprachkompetenzen erfassen und (4) testtheoretischen Gütekriterien genügen. Diese Differenzierung verdeutlicht etwa, dass an vielen Grundschulen ausschließlich Verfahren eingesetzt werden, die auf die Erfassung schriftsprachlicher Kompetenzen zielen. Abschließend werden die zentralen Befunde des Beitrags mit Blick auf die Forschungsliteratur diskutiert.
A pro‐survival role for the intracellular granzyme B inhibitor Serpinb9 in natural killer cells during poxvirus infection
Authors: Mangan Matthew S , Melo‐Silva Carolina R , Luu Jennii , Bird Catherina H , Koskinen Aulikki , Rizzitelli Alexandra , Prakash Monica , Scarff Katrina L , Müllbacher Arno , Regner Matthias , Bird Phillip I
Published: July 2017

Intracellular serpins are proposed to inactivate proteases released from lysosome‐related organelles into the host cell interior, preventing cell death. Serpinb9 opposes the immune cytotoxic protease, granzyme B, and in a number of settings protects cells against granzyme B‐mediated cell death. Using a knockout mouse line engineered to express green fluorescent protein under the serpbinb9 promoter, we demonstrate that serpinb9 is vital for host survival during Ectromelia virus infection by maintaining both mature natural killer NK) cells, and activated CD8+ T cells. Serpinb9 expression parallels granzyme B expression within both populations during infection. Maturing serpinb9‐null NK cells exhibit higher levels of granzyme B‐mediated apoptosis during infection; hence there are fewer mature NK cells, and these cells also have lower cytotoxic potential. Thus the serpinb9–granzyme B axis is important for homeostasis of both major cytotoxic effector cell populations.
Erratum: Removal of Diethylhexyl Phthalate from Hands by Handwashing: Evidence from Experimental N-of-1 and Crossover Designs
Authors: Lin Pi-I. D. , Wu Chia-Fang , Kou Hwang-Shang , Huang Tzu-Ying , Shiea Jentaie , Wu Ming-Tsang
Published: July 2017

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML version of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.
The minimum resting-state fNIRS imaging duration for accurate and stable mapping of brain connectivity network in children
Authors: Wang Jingyu , Dong Qi , Niu Haijing
Published: July 2017

Resting-state functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a potential technique for the study of brain functional connectivity (FC) and networks in children. However, the necessary fNIRS scanning duration required to map accurate and stable functional brain connectivity and graph theory metrics in the resting-state brain activity remains largely unknown. Here, we acquired resting-state fNIRS imaging data from 53 healthy children to provide the first empirical evidence for the minimum imaging time required to obtain accurate and stable FC and graph theory metrics of brain network activity (e.g., nodal efficiency and network global and local efficiency). Our results showed that FC was accurately and stably achieved after 7.0-min fNIRS imaging duration, whereas the necessary scanning time for accurate and stable network measures was a minimum of 2.5 min at low network thresholds. These quantitative results provide direct evidence for the choice of the resting-state fNIRS imaging time in children in brain FC and network topology study. The current study also demonstrates that these methods are feasible and cost-effective in the application of time-constrained infants and critically ill children.