bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restoring Balance and Symmetry to the Aging Nose
Authors: Unadkat Samit N. , Saleh Hesham A.
Published: February 2021

Accurate assessment of facial symmetry is a key component of successful rhinoplasty surgery but is often overlooked by both surgeon and patient. Up to three-quarters of patients with a significantly crooked nose have been found to have concurrent marked facial asymmetry. Whilst not a contraindication to rhinoplasty, provided that facial asymmetry is identified in advance and expectations realistic, the correction of nasal deformities can improve perceived facial asymmetry. In the aging face, aside from soft tissue and bony resorption that can amplify facial asymmetry, there are specific surgical challenges to the aging nose; the normal tip support mechanisms deteriorate with age giving rise to distinctive changes to the aging nose—typically tip ptosis and a hanging columella; bone quality becomes more brittle and skin overlying this area becomes thinner. There is also weakening of the external nasal valve thus causing functional impairment too. As a result, rhinoplasty techniques used in younger patients may not be suitable in the aging nose. In this article, the authors describe their experience and outline the evidence on the management of the aging patient with facial and nasal asymmetry.
Cholinerges Syndrom mit Bewusstlosigkeit bei Fliegenpilzvergiftung
Authors: Hohn H. , Schoenemann J.
Published: February 2021

Anamnese und klinischer Befund: Ein 41-jähriger Patient wurde in seiner Wohnung komatös aufgefunden und nach notärztlicher Versorgung mit stabilen Vitalfunktionen unter dem Verdacht auf eine Cannabisintoxikation in die Klinik aufgenommen. Der bisher gesunde Patient sei Hobbygärtner und hege eine Abneigung gegen „Chemie“. Leitsymptom war ein cholinerges Syndrom mit tiefem Koma. Wir vermuten aufgrund des klinischen Erscheinungsbildes und der Anamnese eine Intoxikation durch Pflanzeningestion.
Deep neural network-based strategy for optimal sensor placement in data assimilation of turbulent flow
Authors: Deng Zhiwen , He Chuangxin , Liu Yingzheng
Published: February 2021

This paper focuses on the optimal sensor placement (OSP) strategy based on a deep neural network (DNN) for turbulent flow recovery within the data assimilation framework of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). The assimilated flow field can be obtained using EnKF by optimizing the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) model constants. A feature importance layer was designed and used in a DNN to obtain the spatial sensitivity with respect to the RANS model constants. Two flow configurations experimentally measured using particle image velocimetry—i.e., a free round jet flow at Rej=6000 and a separated and reattached flow around a blunt plate at Reb=15 800—were selected as the benchmarks to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed strategy. The results indicated that the RANS models with EnKF augmentation were substantially improved over their original counterparts. A comprehensive investigation demonstrated that the selection of the five most sensitive sensors by DNN-based OSP can efficiently reduce the number of sensors and achieve a similar or better-assimilated performance over that obtained using all data in the entire flow field as observations.
Mitigation of transonic shock buffet on a supercritical airfoil through wavy leading edges
Authors: Degregori Enrico , Kim Jae Wook
Published: February 2021

Mitigation of the shock buffet phenomenon over a supercritical airfoil by means of wavy leading edges (WLEs) is analyzed with implicit large eddy simulations. A Dassault Aviation's V2C airfoil is simulated in a transonic flow with Re∞=5.0×105 and M∞=0.7 at α=7.0°. This airfoil profile is designed for transonic flows, delaying the onset of wave drag and decreasing the skin friction drag. The results of this upstream flow condition on a straight airfoil are a large oscillation of lift and drag coefficients. In the first part, time-averaged aerodynamic characteristics over a straight leading edge (SLE) airfoil and three modified airfoils with different wavy amplitudes are compared. The results show that overall WLE airfoils are more efficient than SLE ones, and the airfoil with the lowest amplitude (h = 0.0075) is the most efficient, increasing the lift coefficient and decreasing the drag coefficient. Flow unsteadiness plays a key role for airfoils in transonic flows at moderate and high angles of attack. Hence, the second part of the paper is a detailed unsteady analysis of flow phenomena. The starting point is an investigation of unsteady aerodynamic performance. It is observed that WLE airfoils are capable of significantly decreasing low-frequency oscillations' amplitude, identified with shock buffet. The best performance is obtained with h = 0.0125 where a high-frequency oscillation becomes the dominant unsteady phenomenon. High-frequency oscillations are identified through the application of a frequency filtering method to the flow field. It is proved that the oscillation on the SLE airfoil is related to vortex shedding, while the one on WLE airfoils is related to laminar separation bubble (LSB) breathing. Overall, the unsteady analysis shows a connection between shock buffet and LSB breathing phenomena on wavy airfoils and identifies the WLE amplitude as a key parameter to control this relation and mitigate the shock buffet.
Feshbach–Fano approach for calculation of Auger decay rates using equation-of-motion coupled-cluster wave functions. I. Theory and implementation
Authors: Skomorowski Wojciech , Krylov Anna I.
Published: February 2021

X-ray absorption creates electron vacancies in the core shell. These highly excited states often relax by Auger decay—an autoionization process in which one valence electron fills the core hole and another valence electron is ejected into the ionization continuum. Despite the important role of Auger processes in many experimental settings, their first-principles modeling is challenging, even for small systems. The difficulty stems from the need to describe many-electron continuum (unbound) states, which cannot be tackled with standard quantum-chemistry methods. We present a novel approach to calculate Auger decay rates by combining Feshbach–Fano resonance theory with the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster single double (EOM-CCSD) framework. We use the core–valence separation scheme to define projectors into the bound (square-integrable) and unbound (continuum) subspaces of the full function space. The continuum many-body decay states are represented by products of an appropriate EOM-CCSD state and a free-electron state, described by a continuum orbital. The Auger rates are expressed in terms of reduced quantities, two-body Dyson amplitudes (objects analogous to the two-particle transition density matrix), contracted with two-electron bound-continuum integrals. Here, we consider two approximate treatments of the free electron: a plane wave and a Coulomb wave with an effective charge, which allow us to evaluate all requisite integrals analytically; however, the theory can be extended to incorporate a more sophisticated description of the continuum orbital.
Feshbach–Fano approach for calculation of Auger decay rates using equation-of-motion coupled-cluster wave functions. II. Numerical examples and benchmarks
Authors: Skomorowski Wojciech , Krylov Anna I.
Published: February 2021

X-ray photon absorption leads to the creation of highly excited species, which often decay through the Auger process. The theoretical treatment of Auger decay is challenging because of the resonance nature of the initial core-excited or core-ionized states and the continuous nature of the ejected electron. In Paper I [W. Skomorowski and A. I. Krylov, J. Chem. Phys. 154, 084124 (2021)], we have introduced a theoretical framework for computing Auger rates based on the Feshbach–Fano approach and the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster ansätze augmented with core–valence separation. The outgoing Auger electron is described with a continuum orbital. We considered two approximate descriptions—a plane wave and a Coulomb wave with an effective charge. Here, we use the developed methodology to calculate Auger transition rates in core-ionized and core-excited benchmark systems (Ne, H2O, CH4, and CO2). Comparison with the available experimental spectra shows that the proposed computational scheme provides reliable ab initio predictions of the Auger spectra. The reliability, cost efficiency, and robust computational setup of this methodology offer advantages in applications to a large variety of systems.
A Fock-operator complete active space self-consistent field (CAS-SCF) method combined with frozen-density embedding
Authors: Schieschke Nils , Bodenstein Tilmann , Höfener Sebastian
Published: February 2021

We report the implementation of a Fock-operator complete-active space self-consistent field (CAS-SCF) method combined with frozen-density embedding (FDE) into the KOALA quantum-chemistry program. The implementation is based on configuration interaction from an unrestricted reference determinant and is able to treat electronic configurations such as singlet, triplet, or quintet states embedded in a molecular environment. In order to account for possible spin polarization effects, the FDE contribution is extended to the unrestricted case. We assess the convergence obtained with the implementation at the example of a stretched lithium dimer with significant multi-reference character. The efficiency of the implementation enables the orbital optimization for 25 states in a state-average SA[S0–S10,T1–T12,Q1–Q2]-CAS(10,10)-SCF calculation for the retinal molecule using a def2-TZVP basis. The FDE ansatz leads to orbitals localized by definition on the target system, thus facilitating the orbital selection required for CAS methods in complex environments.
The non-relativistic interiors of ultra-relativistic explosions: Extension to the Blandford–McKee solutions
Authors: Faran Tamar , Sari Re'em
Published: February 2021

The hydrodynamics of an ultrarelativistic flow, enclosed by a strong shock wave, are described by the well-known Blandford–McKee solutions in spherical geometry. These solutions, however, become inaccurate at a distance ∼R/2 behind the shock wave, where R is the shock radius, as the flow approaches Newtonian velocities. In this work, we find a new self-similar solution that is an extension to the Blandford–McKee solutions and that describes the interior part of the blast wave, where the flow reaches mildly relativistic to Newtonian velocities. We find that the velocity profile of the internal part of the flow does not depend on the value of the shock Lorentz factor, Γ, and is accurate from r = 0 down to a distance of R/Γ2 behind the shock. Despite the fact that the shock wave is in causal contact with the entire flow behind it, a singular point appears in the equations. Nevertheless, the solution is not required to pass through the singular point: for ambient density that decreases slowly enough, ρ ∝ r−k with k<12(5−10)≅0.92, a secondary shock wave forms with an inflow toward the origin.
Separation and extraction of non-thermal effects of strong microwave electric field on dielectric properties of materials based on time modulation and cavity perturbation method
Authors: Gao Yong , Li En , Shi Weimin , Zhang Yunpeng , Gao Chong , Li Yafeng , Long Jiawei , Chen Lu
Published: February 2021

The influence of strong microwave electric field (SMEF) on the dielectric properties of materials is the result of the joint action of microwave thermal effect and microwave non-thermal effect. Generally, the thermal effect of SMEF is stronger than the non-thermal effect, which makes the non-thermal effect of SMEF difficult to detect. Moreover, it is difficult to distinguish the influence of these two factors from each other. Therefore, the formation mechanism and characteristics of the non-thermal effect of SMEF have not been elucidated so far. In this paper, a separation and extraction model of the non-thermal effect of SMEF on the dielectric property of material is proposed based on the time modulation method and cavity perturbation method. By adjusting the interaction time between SMEF and materials, reducing the influence of microwave thermal effect, and strengthening the proportion of microwave non-thermal effect, the separation and extraction of the non-thermal effect of SMEF is realized. Through the designed re-entrant coaxial cavity, the corresponding test system is constructed and the typical materials are tested. Experimental results show that the proposed research method is feasible. The research method proposed in this paper provides an effective way for the follow-up study on the formation mechanism and characteristics of the non-thermal effect of SMEF on the dielectric properties of materials.
On wavelength-dependent exciton lifetime distributions in reconstituted CP29 antenna of the photosystem II and its site-directed mutants
Authors: Reinot Tonu , Jassas Mahboobe , Kell Adam , Casazza Anna Paola , Santabarbara Stefano , Jankowiak Ryszard
Published: February 2021

To provide more insight into the excitonic structure and exciton lifetimes of the wild type (WT) CP29 complex of photosystem II, we measured high-resolution (low temperature) absorption, emission, and hole burned spectra for the A2 and B3 mutants, which lack chlorophylls a612 and b614 (Chls), respectively. Experimental and modeling results obtained for the WT CP29 and A2/B3 mutants provide new insight on the mutation-induced changes at the molecular level and shed more light on energy transfer dynamics. Simulations of the A2 and B3 optical spectra, using the second-order non-Markovian theory, and comparison with improved fits of WT CP29 optical spectra provide more insight into their excitonic structure, mutation induced changes, and frequency-dependent distributions of exciton lifetimes (T1). A new Hamiltonian obtained for WT CP29 reveals that deletion of Chls a612 or b614 induces changes in the site energies of all remaining Chls. Hamiltonians obtained for A2 and B3 mutants are discussed in the context of the energy landscape of chlorophylls, excitonic structure, and transfer kinetics. Our data suggest that the lowest exciton states in A2 and B3 mutants are contributed by a611(57%), a610(17%), a615(15%) and a615(58%), a611(20%), a612(15%) Chls, respectively, although other compositions of lowest energy states are also discussed. Finally, we argue that the calculated exciton decay times are consistent with both the hole-burning and recent transient absorption measurements. Wavelength-dependent T1 distributions offer more insight into the interpretation of kinetic traces commonly described by discrete exponentials in global analysis/global fitting of transient absorption experiments.
Transient CO desorption from thin Pt films induced by mid-IR pumping
Authors: Tek Gökçen , Hamm Peter
Published: February 2021

Resonant and off-resonant mid-infrared pump–probe spectroscopy is used to measure the vibrational dynamics of CO adsorbed to thin (0.2 nm, 2 nm, and 10 nm) heterogeneous Pt layers in an aqueous solution. The transient signals observed with resonant pumping are dominated by vibrational relaxation of the CO internal stretch vibration with a lifetime of T1 ∼ 3 ps in all cases. Off-resonant pumping suppresses that contribution to the signal and singles out a signal, which is attributed to heating of the metal layer as well as transient desorption of the CO molecules. Due to the small photon energy (0.2 eV) used as pump pulses, the mechanism of desorption must be thermal, in which case the desorption yield depends exclusively on the fluence of absorbed light and not its wavelength. The thin Pt layers facilitate CO desorption, despite a relatively low pump pulse fluence, as they concentrate the absorbed energy in a small volume.
Topological bifurcations and reconstruction of travelling waves
Authors: Oblak B.
Published: February 2021

This paper is devoted to periodic traveling waves solving Lie–Poisson equations based on the Virasoro group. We show that the reconstruction of any such solution can be carried out exactly, regardless of the underlying Hamiltonian (which need not be quadratic), provided the wave belongs to the coadjoint orbit of a uniform profile. Equivalently, the corresponding “fluid particle motion” is integrable. Applying this result to the Camassa–Holm equation, we express the drift of particles in terms of parameters labeling periodic peakons and exhibit orbital bifurcations: points in parameter space where the drift velocity varies discontinuously, reflecting a sudden change in the topology of Virasoro orbits.
The continuing HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men and transgender women in the ASEAN region: implications for HIV policy and service programming
Authors: van Griensven Frits , de Lind van Wijngaarden Jan Willem , Eustaquio Patrick Castillo , Wignall Stephen , Azwa Iskandar , Veronese Vanessa , Ferradini Laurent , Phanuphak Nittaya , Mills Stephen
Published: February 2021

Men who have sex with men (MSM) in Western urban areas have seen substantive decreases in new diagnoses of HIV infection. This paper explores whether such declines are present among MSM and transgender women (TGW) in Southeast Asia and discusses implications for HIV policies and programming. A scoping review was conducted of scientific publications and selected documents regarding the spread of HIV infection among MSM and TGW in major urban centres of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region. Continued high HIV prevalence and incidence among MSM are found in integrated behavioural and biological surveillance (IBBS) and research studies. HIV prevalence among MSM under IBBS decreased only in Bangkok from 28.6% in 2014 to 10.3% in 2018, whereas it was increasing in Kuala Lumpur, Ho Chi Minh City, Vientiane, and Phnom Penh. HIV/AIDS case reports regarding new HIV infection diagnoses among MSM have started to decrease in Singapore since 2011 and have been plateauing in Metropolitan Manila since 2017. Where data were available, it was found that HIV prevalence among TGW was high and if IBBS was conducted, it was increasing. HIV prevalence among TGW under IBBS in Jakarta had risen to 34.0% (2015) and 14.0% (2019) in Phnom Penh. These findings suggest that most ASEAN member states have so far failed to effectively implement and scale-up scientifically proven biomedical HIV prevention measures and counter stigma and discrimination that impedes access to appropriate HIV prevention and treatment services for MSM and TGW.
Conceptualizing shame in Old Romanian
Authors: Stoica Gabriela
Published: February 2021

The chapter deals with the conceptualization of a
social-moral emotion, ruşine
[shame], in Old Romanian (16th–18th centuries).
Within an integrative theoretical and methodological framework
(combining elements of Cultural Linguistics, Textual and Cognitive
Lexical Semantics, Cultural Anthropology, Psychology and Sociology
of Emotions), I tackle the patterns of conceptualizing
shame, delineating the prototypical feature
profile, together with its contextual variation, as highlighted by
the counterpart lexicalization. The corpus data bring forward a
complex componential grid. Certain types of shame
can be outlined: (a) dysphoric prototypical shame;
(b) contiguous shame, contextually intersecting
with disrespect, dishonor or
fear; (c) religious shame,
hedonically hybrid, both euphoric and dysphoric, overlapping with
respect and fear; (d)
positive shame, socially validated and decoded
as shyness, modesty, or, in a
romantic love context, as pudor.
Innate or acquired?
Authors: Finzel Anna
Published: February 2021

In this chapter, some of the findings from
sociolinguistic interviews with 25 speakers of Indian English and 26
speakers of Nigerian English are presented. Emanating from a larger
research project concerned with conceptualizations of
gender, the current analysis focuses on
conceptualizations of homosexuality and makes use of the
analytical tools provided by Cultural Linguistics and Cognitive
Sociolinguistics. In particular, the notions of “cultural
conceptualizations” (e.g., Sharifian, 2011, 2017) and “cultural model” (e.g., Wolf & Polzenhagen, 2009; also cf.
Schneider, 2014) are
addressed.

At the time of data collection, discriminatory
legislation concerning homosexuality was in force in India and
Nigeria. Opinion polls likewise echoed a negative stance towards
homosexuality among the population of the two countries. This raised
the expectation that similar conceptualizations of
homosexuality might be found in Indian and Nigerian
English, both in terms of their negative connotation and of how
homosexuality would exactly be conceptualized. However,
this expectation was not fulfilled. Firstly, the acceptance among
the Indian participants to this study was generally greater.
Secondly, homosexuality was predominantly conceptualized as
an innate condition in the Indian English data, while it
was prevalently understood as an acquired condition by the
Nigerian informants. Drawing from earlier findings within the
context of the same project (Finzel, 2021; fc.), I suggest that these differences
can be explained with culture-specific models of gender
that lend their logic to conceptualizations of
homosexuality.
The impact of Pr and Nd substitution on structure, hysteresis and magnetocaloric properties of La1−x
(Pr,Nd)
x
Fe11.6Si1.4
Authors: Davarpanah Amin , Radulov Iliya , Shayanfar Navid , Maccari Fernando , Skokov Konstantin , Amaral Joao , Gutfleisch Oliver
Published: February 2021

In this study, a combination of induction melting and suction casting methods were used to produce a series of high-purity samples of

L

a

1
−

x

R

x

F

e

11.6

S

i

1.4

system with R = Pr and Nd for x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4. The Curie temperature (

T

C

) is lowered for all the substituted compositions compared to

L
a
F

e

11.6

S

i

1.4

, while the hysteresis area shows a small increase for higher amounts of substitution element. The estimated isothermal magnetic entropy change (

Δ

S
T

) of all samples are in the same range with a maximum of 25 

J
k

g

−
1

K

−
1

. The

Δ

T

a
d

, under the cyclic conditions for all compositions decreases compared to the first application of the magnetic field due to the thermal hysteresis. Applying the Bean–Rodbell model to the isothermal magnetization data, the temperature dependence of the critical field was found. Excluding the phase transition region, the model accurately describes the temperature and field dependence of magnetization above and below the magnetic transition, highlighting the magnetic moment change of the system due to the structural transformation.
A nanoscale Cu2−xSe ultrathin film deposited via atomic layer deposition and its memristive effects
Authors: Lee Kyungsub , Lee Seonghoon
Published: February 2021

An ultrathin film of copper selenide 50 nm thick was deposited using a home-made atomic layer deposition apparatus. Synthesized copper pivalate and bis(triethylsilyl) selenide precursors were used. The deposition rate at 160 °C was 0.48 Å per atomic layer deposition cycle. The thickness was monitored by an in situ ellipsometer and further analyzed by an atomic force microscope. The composition and structure of the film were confirmed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction to be Cu1.16Se. The fluorine-doped tin oxide/Cu1.16Se/tungsten wire memristor was fabricated and its memristive effect was investigated. The non-linear I–V curve and spike-timing-dependent plasticity of our Cu1.16Se memristor demonstrate that the short-term and long-term potentiation that occurs in a human brain can be mimicked by adjusting voltage-pulse intervals. A memristor is the electrical equivalent of a synapse. Our memristor has a 1 ms switching time, a 400 s retention time, Roff/on = 2, and reproducibility over 1000 cycles.
Electrohydrodynamics natural convection flow of nanofluids in a rectangular cavity enclosed by a corrugated bottom surface
Authors: Roy Nepal Chandra , Yesmin Farjana , Saha Litan Kumar , Siddiqa Sadia
Published: February 2021

Electrohydrodynamic enhancement of the laminar natural convection nanofluid flow in a closed cavity is investigated numerically. The bottom wall of the cavity is considered to be a wavy surface and is kept at a high temperature compared to the other flat walls which are maintained at the environment temperature. The electric field is generated from the lower surface which is charged with a uniform voltage of direct current (DC). The interaction of the fluid motion, thermal field, and the electric field for the dielectric nanofluid are formulated using the principles of mass, momentum, and energy conservation along with Maxwell’s and Gauss’s law. A suitable coordinate transformation is used to convert the given set of equations into a form, suitable for the implementation of the finite difference method. Results show that the electric field, induced by the charged particles, significantly influence the flow field within the cavity. It is found that the number of convective cells produced in the flow field depends on the number of waves and their amplitude. For a high nanoparticle volume fraction, the isotherms and the isolines of electric field potential demonstrate two maximum points between two crests of the waves of the bottom surface. On the lower wall, which is directly exposed to the DC current, the isolines for the electric field potential, ϕ, and electric charge density, q, attain their maximum values. However, the distributions for the former physical quantity are distorted, and for the latter they are uniform. Further, a range of electrically charged nanoparticles (Cu, Ag, Al2O3, TiO2, CuO) are tested and it is observed that optimum heat transfer is achieved for Ag–H2O nanofluid.
Enabling Taguchi method with grey relational analysis to optimize the parameters of TiO2/ZnO heat transfer nanofluid for heat pipe application
Authors: B Jacob Rubasingh , Selvakumar P
Published: February 2021

Our previous work demonstrated that the TiO2/ZnO (1:1) nanocomposite suspended in ethylene glycol with CTAB (0.5 ml) as surfactant exhibits better heat transfer property than TiO2 and ZnO nanofluid. As an extension, the influence of parameters such as wt.% of ZnO Nps in TiO2/ZnO nanocomposite (0 wt.%, 25 wt.%, 50 wt.%, and 100 wt.%), the quantity of CTAB (250 μl, 500 μl, 750 μl, and 1000 μl) and vol.% of TiO2/ZnO nanocomposite (1 vol.%, 2 vol.%, 4 vol.%, and 8 vol.%) are analyzed through Taguchi design constructed with L16 orthogonal array is emphasized in the present work. As per the Taguchi design, the responses such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and normalized height % for the set of input parameters are evaluated. Besides, the multiple responses are graded employing Grey relational analysis and the optimum set of parameters to achieve the preparation of the best nanofluid is identified as 25 wt.% ZnO, 1 vol.% nanocomposite and 500 μl CTAB which display viscosity of 0.043 Pa.s, thermal conductivity of 0.35 Wm−1 K−1, and normalized height % as 1%. Further, the optimal TiO2/ZnO nanofluid is used as working fluid in heat pipe and compared its results with ethylene glycol. From the calculated thermal resistance and heat transfer coefficient values, the TiO2/ZnO nanofluid outperforms the base fluid in a significant manner.
Restricted shifted Yangians and restricted finite 𝑊-algebras
Authors: Goodwin Simon , Topley Lewis
Published: February 2021

We study the truncated shifted Yangian

Y

n
,
l

(
σ
)

Y_{n,l}(\sigma )

over an algebraically closed field

k
\Bbbk

of characteristic

p
>
0

p >0

, which is known to be isomorphic to the finite

W
W

-algebra

U
(

g

,
e
)

U(\mathfrak {g},e)

associated to a corresponding nilpotent element

e
∈

g

=

g
l

N

(
k
)

e \in \mathfrak {g} = \mathfrak {gl}_N(\Bbbk )

. We obtain an explicit description of the centre of

Y

n
,
l

(
σ
)

Y_{n,l}(\sigma )

, showing that it is generated by its Harish-Chandra centre and its

p
p

-centre. We define

Y

n
,
l

[
p
]

(
σ
)

Y_{n,l}^{[p]}(\sigma )

to be the quotient of

Y

n
,
l

(
σ
)

Y_{n,l}(\sigma )

by the ideal generated by the kernel of trivial character of its

p
p

-centre. Our main theorem states that

Y

n
,
l

[
p
]

(
σ
)

Y_{n,l}^{[p]}(\sigma )

is isomorphic to the restricted finite

W
W

-algebra

U

[
p
]

(

g

,
e
)

U^{[p]}(\mathfrak {g},e)

. As a consequence we obtain an explicit presentation of this restricted

W
W

-algebra.
BAli-Phy version 3: model-based co-estimation of alignment and phylogeny
Authors: Redelings Benjamin D
Published: February 2021

We describe improvements to BAli-Phy, a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) program that jointly estimates phylogeny, alignment and other parameters from unaligned sequence data. Version 3 is substantially faster for large trees, and implements covarion models, additional codon models and other new models. It implements ancestral state reconstruction, allows prior selection for all model parameters, and can also analyze multiple genes simultaneously.

Availability and implementation

Software is available for download at http://www.bali-phy.org. C++ source code is freely available on Github under the GPL2 License.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Emergence of a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Virus Variant With Novel Genomic Architecture in Hong Kong
Authors: Tse Herman , Lung David Christopher , Wong Sally Cheuk-Ying , Ip Ka-Fai , Wu Tak-Chiu , To Kelvin Kai-Wang , Kok Kin-Hang , Yuen Kwok-Yung , Choi Garnet Kwan-Yue
Published: February 2021

Throughout the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, divergent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lineages have emerged continuously, mostly through the genomic accumulation of substitutions. We report the discovery of a SARS-CoV-2 variant with a novel genomic architecture characterized by absent ORF7a, ORF7b, and ORF8, and a C-terminally modified ORF6 product resulting from partial 5′-untranslated region (UTR) duplication and transposition.
Good general health and lack of family history influence the underestimation of cardiovascular risk: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Grauman Åsa , Veldwijk Jorien , James Stefan , Hansson Mats , Byberg Liisa
Published: February 2021

Aims 

Underestimation of cardiovascular risk may interfere with prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). We investigate whether general health and family history of myocardial infarction (MI) are associated with underestimation of perceived cardiovascular risk, and if the participants’ calculated risk modifies that association.

Methods and results 

The analysis sample consisted of 526 individuals, 50–64 years old, from a population-based cohort study. Information on general health (poor/fairly good, good, and very good/excellent), family history of MI, and self-perceived risk relative to others of similar age and sex were collected though a web-based survey. Participants were categorized into underestimation (n = 162, 31%), accurate estimation (n = 222, 42%), and overestimation (n = 142, 27%) of cardiovascular risk by comparing calculated Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation (SCORE) with self-perceived risk. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for underestimation vs. accurate estimation of cardiovascular risk were computed using logistic regression (n = 384). Very good general health (OR 2.60, 95% CI 1.10–6.16) and lack of family history (OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.24–4.18) were associated with underestimation of cardiovascular risk. The associations were modified by the participants’ calculated risk level; the association was stronger for high-risk individuals; without family history OR 22.57 (95% CI 6.17–82.54); with very good/excellent health OR 15.78 (95% CI 3.73–66.87).

Conclusion 

A good general health and the lack of family CVD history can obscure the presence of other risk factors and lead to underestimation of cardiovascular risk, especially for high-risk individuals. It is, therefore, crucial to address the fact that the development of CV disease may be silent and multifactorial.
Microbiome variation during culture growth of the European house dust mite,Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus
Authors: Nesvorna Marta , Pekar Stano , Shcherbachenko Elena , Molva Vit , Erban Tomas , Green Stefan J , Klimov Pavel B , Hubert Jan
Published: February 2021

In culture, the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, shows different growth patterns, but the composition and changes in the associated microbial community during mite culture growth are poorly known. In this study, we analyzed temporal changes in microbial communities including ‘internal’ communities (inside mites, ingested) and ‘environmental’ communities (from culture environment). Microbial community structure was correlated with guanine content (a nitrogenous waste product of mites) and mite population density. Both internal and environmental microbial communities were remarkably consistent between biological replicates from the same culture age group and were composed of relatively few dominant taxa–11 bacterial and 3 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Significant changes over time in microbial community structure in the bulk culture environment and in internal mite samples were observed. The yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a main component of the mite diet, gradually disappeared during mite culture growth and was replaced by fungi from the genera Aspergillus and Candida in both ‘internal’ and ‘environmental’ samples. In environmental samples, bacteria from the genus Lactobacillus and S. cerevisiae were negatively correlated, and Aspergillus and Candida positively correlated, with guanine content. The relative abundance of bacteria from the genus Kocuria increased with mite density but declined with increasing guanine content. The relative abundance of bacteria from the genus Virgibacillus was negatively correlated with mite density in ‘internal’ samples. Gram-positive bacteria dominated bacterial microbiomes at all time points in our experiments, indicating a more limited possibility for vaccine contamination by bacterial endotoxins (heat-stable lipopolysaccharides produced mostly by Gram-negative bacteria) in our experimental cultures.
Identifying marine ecological production units in Vietnam
Authors: Bell James B , Nguyên Nguyễn Văn , Việt Hà Vũ , Nguyễn Minh Hoàng , Bùi Hùng Thanh , Trâng Tuân Văn , McIlwaine Paul , Kenny Andrew , Nguyễn Bát Khắc
Published: February 2021

Ecosystem-based management is generally viewed as one of the most promising avenues for addressing the various anthropogenic pressures facing the world’s marine ecosystems. These approaches have been developed to varying degrees by individual countries or international organisations, but there remain a large proportion of marine ecosystems, particularly in developing regions, that have not yet been the subject of such research. In these areas, lack of effective regulation and the often high importance of the marine environment in providing food and economic opportunities, together create conditions where marine resources and habitats come under unsustainable levels of pressure. Here, we present a data-limited assessment approach to discern marine ecological patterns, in this case for the exclusive economic zone of Vietnam. By combining data from environmental and biological surveys from the Vietnamese national survey dataset and local oceanographic models, we have identified a series of 12 candidate ecological production units, delineated by their environmental characteristics, and the key commercial species that exist within them. These units are suggested as a possible foundation for a spatial management structure in the Vietnamese exclusive economic zone including considerations such as placement of marine protected areas, or ecological boundaries of key areas of socio-economic importance.
Reflection on modern methods: Dynamic prediction using joint models of longitudinal and time-to-event data
Authors: Andrinopoulou Eleni-Rosalina , Harhay Michael O , Ratcliffe Sarah J , Rizopoulos Dimitris
Published: February 2021

Individualized prediction is a hallmark of clinical medicine and decision making. However, most existing prediction models rely on biomarkers and clinical outcomes available at a single time. This is in contrast to how health states progress and how physicians deliver care, which relies on progressively updating a prognosis based on available information. With the use of joint models of longitudinal and survival data, it is possible to dynamically adjust individual predictions regarding patient prognosis. This article aims to introduce the reader to the development of dynamic risk predictions and to provide the necessary resources to support their implementation and assessment, such as adaptable R code, and the theory behind the methodology. Furthermore, measures to assess the predictive performance of the derived predictions and extensions that could improve the predictions are presented. We illustrate personalized predictions using an online dataset consisting of patients with chronic liver disease (primary biliary cirrhosis).
Identification and structural analysis of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe SMN complex
Authors: Veepaschit Jyotishman , Viswanathan Aravindan , Bordonné Rémy , Grimm Clemens , Fischer Utz
Published: February 2021

The macromolecular SMN complex facilitates the formation of Sm-class ribonucleoproteins involved in mRNA processing (UsnRNPs). While biochemical studies have revealed key activities of the SMN complex, its structural investigation is lagging behind. Here we report on the identification and structural determination of the SMN complex from the lower eukaryote Schizosaccharomyces pombe, consisting of SMN, Gemin2, 6, 7, 8 and Sm proteins. The core of the SMN complex is formed by several copies of SMN tethered through its C-terminal alpha-helices arranged with alternating polarity. This creates a central platform onto which Gemin8 binds and recruits Gemins 6 and 7. The N-terminal parts of the SMN molecules extrude via flexible linkers from the core and enable binding of Gemin2 and Sm proteins. Our data identify the SMN complex as a multivalent hub where Sm proteins are collected in its periphery to allow their joining with UsnRNA.
Pressure Injuries in Critical Care Patients: A Conceptual Schema
Authors: Cox Jill , Schallom Marilyn
Published: February 2021

GENERAL PURPOSE

To outline a conceptual schema describing the relationships among the empirically supported risk factors, the etiologic factors, and the mitigating measures that influence pressure injury (PI) development in the critical care population.

TARGET AUDIENCE

This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES

After participating in this educational activity, the participant will: 1. Choose a static intrinsic factor that increases the risk for the development of PI. 2. List several dynamic intrinsic risk factors for developing a PI. 3. Identify dynamic extrinsic risk factors that may predispose a patient to developing a PI. 4. Explain the pathophysiology of PI development.

BACKGROUND

The first step in successful pressure injury (PI) prevention is to determine appropriate risk factors. In patients who are critically ill, PI risk is multietiologic, including the pathophysiologic impacts associated with a critical illness, concomitant preexisting comorbid conditions, and treatment-related factors that are essential in the ongoing management of a critical illness.

OBJECTIVE

To outline a conceptual schema describing the relationships among the empirically supported risk factors, the etiologic factors, and the mitigating measures that influence PI development in the critical care population.

METHODS

Risk factors for PI included in the conceptual schema were identified after a comprehensive review of the literature. Risk factors were categorized as static intrinsic factors, dynamic intrinsic factors, or dynamic extrinsic factors.

RESULTS

The schema illustrates the complex relationships between risk factor duration and intensity and the underlying etiology of PI development. The relationships among cumulative risk factors, etiologic factors, and mitigating measures for PI prevention are also outlined in the schema within the context of potentially unavoidable PI development.

CONCLUSION

Examining PI development in patients who are critically ill through the lens of a conceptual schema may guide future research endeavors focusing on the etiologic bases for PI development. It may also provide a framework to explore alternatives to current formal PI risk assessment in this unique subset of hospitalized patients.
A 10-Year Prevalence Survey and Clinical Features Analysis of Pressure Injury in a Tertiary Hospital in China, 2009–2018
Authors: Zhao Jing , Zhang Liu-Xin , Zhong Yu-Ling , Hu Xin-Yu , Cheng Yang , Zhou Yu-Feng , Wang Jie
Published: February 2021

OBJECTIVE

To describe the 10-year prevalence of pressure injury (PI) in a tertiary hospital in China and determine the clinical characteristics of inpatients with PI.

METHODS

The authors performed a retrospective analysis of PI cases extracted from the electronic health record of a tertiary hospital. The trend of PI prevalence over 10 years was described by estimating the average percent change (EAPC). Comorbidities were described with the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). The clinical characteristics of PI were described using the number of cases and composition ratio.

RESULTS

The overall prevalence of PI was 0.59% (5,838/986,404). From 2009 to 2018, the rate increased from 0.19% to 1.00% (EAPC = 22.46%). When stage I PIs were excluded, the prevalence of PI ranged from 0.15% to 0.79% (EAPC = 21.90%). The prevalence of hospital-acquired PI was 0.13%. Prevalence increased with age (P
trend < .001) and was significantly higher in men than women (P < .001). Patients with PI were more widely distributed in the ICU (20.58%), vasculocardiology department (11.73%), gastroenterology department (10.18%), and OR (8.29%). Of patients with PI, 71.3% had a CCI score 4 or higher.

CONCLUSIONS

The PI prevalence in the study facility increased rapidly over the study period. Pressure injuries among patients in the gastroenterology department and in the community deserve more attention. The CCI may be a good indicator for PI risk assessment.
Angiosomal Vascular Occlusions, Deep-Tissue Pressure Injuries, and Competing Theories: A Case Report
Authors: Yap Tracey L. , Alderden Jenny , Lewis MaryAnne , Taylor Kristen , Fife Caroline E.
Published: February 2021

Compression of the soft tissue between a support surface and a bony prominence has long been the accepted primary mechanism of pressure injury (PrI) formation, with the belief that said compression leads to capillary occlusion, ischemia, and tissue necrosis. This explanation presupposes an “outside-in” pathophysiologic process of tissue damage originating at the local capillary level. Despite advances in prevention protocols, there remains a stubbornly consistent incidence of severe PrIs including deep-tissue injuries, the latter usually evolving into stage 4 PrIs with exposed bone or tendon. This article presents just such a perioperative case with the aim of providing further evidence that these more severe PrIs may result from ischemic insults of a named vessel within specific vascular territories (labeled as angiosomes). Pressure is indeed a factor in the formation of severe PrIs, but these authors postulate that the occlusion occurred at the level of a named artery proximal to the lesion. This vascular event was likely attributable to low mean arterial pressure. The authors suggest that the terminology proposed three decades ago to call both deep-tissue injuries and stage 4 PrIs “vascular occlusion pressure injuries” should be the topic of further research and expert consensus.
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement
Authors: Rullo Christine A.
Published: February 2021

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is considered a lower-risk procedure for patients with severe aortic valve stenosis. Several FDA-approved trials performed in the United States support TAVR to be beneficial over surgical aortic valve replacement in certain patient populations. An optimal TAVR program consists of a multidisciplinary team that selects candidates for the procedure based on shared decision-making and the patient's anatomy and risk factors, and follows the patients through the Transcatheter Valve Therapy National Registry.
Do PA licensure questions violate the Americans with Disabilities Act?
Authors: Nettesheim Emily , Neary Stephanie , Roman Christopher
Published: February 2021

Objective:

Negative stigma related to mental health diagnoses is common in both clinicians and the public. Questions about physical and mental conditions on licensure applications often are overly broad and may violate the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). This study investigated state physician assistant (PA) licensing applications relating to physical and mental health, and their consistency with the ADA.

Methods:

We collected PA state licensure applications from all 50 states and the District of Columbia. To be considered consistent with the ADA about physical conditions, an application had to only contain questions about a current (within the past year) physical health condition that impaired the applicant's ability to practice as a PA, or not include any questions about physical health. Questions that asked for speculation about possible future situations were considered inconsistent with the ADA.

Results:

Nearly 57% of state PA licensing applications were consistent with ADA guidelines on physical conditions; 51% were consistent for mental health conditions.

Conclusions:

Many state PA licensing boards include questions about physical and mental health conditions that are not limited to current impairment. These licensure questions could violate the ADA, and may reduce PAs' willingness to seek help for mental health issues. Balancing public safety with clinician health is a challenge. Further research and action are needed to optimize PA licensure questions on physical and mental health.
Randomized Trial of Primary Debulking Surgery Versus Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Advanced Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (SCORPION-NCT01461850)
Authors: Fagotti Anna , Ferrandina Maria Gabriella , Vizzielli Giuseppe , Pasciuto Tina , Fanfani Francesco , Gallotta Valerio , Margariti Pasquale Alessandro , Chiantera Vito , Costantini Barbara , Alletti S. Gueli , Cosentino Francesco , Scambia Giovanni
Published: February 2021

(Abstracted from Int J Gynecol Cancer 2020;30:1657–1664)

Diagnosis of ovarian, fallopian, and primary peritoneal cancer typically occurs in the setting of advanced disease. Two approaches to the initial treatment of these advanced malignancies are neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval debulking surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and primary debulking surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy.