bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface plasmon modulated nano-aperture vertical-cavity
surface-emitting laser
Authors: Gao J , Song G , Gan Q , Guo B , Chen L
Published: October 2006

We have fabricated surface plasmon modulated
nano-aperture vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs)
from common 850 nm VCSELs using focus ion beam etching with Ga+
ion source. The far-field output power is about 0.3 mW at a
driving current of 15 mA with a sub-wavelength aperture surrounded
by concentric periodic grooves. The enhancement of transmission
intensity can be explained by diffraction and enhanced fields
associated with surface plasmon. This structure also exhibits
beaming properties.
Nonlinear optical absorption of a new type of organo-metallic compound irradiated by nanosecond laser pulses
Authors: Sun X B , Guo W F , Ren Q , Zhang F J , Chow Y T , Gao Y , Yang H L , Zhang G H , Wang X Q , Xu D
Published: October 2006

Nonlinear optical absorption of a new type of organo-metallic compound,[C16H33(CH3)3N]Ni(dmit)2(dmit2-=4,5-dithiolate-1,3-dithiole -2-thione), abbreviated as CtNi, dissolved in acetone has been investigated by open-aperture Z-scan technique under irradiation with 1 ns and 15 ns laser pulses at 1053 nm. Strong saturable absorption is observed when the sample is irradiated by 1 ns laser pulses. While for 15 ns laser pulse width, the sample presents a stronger reverse saturable absorption. The coefficients of nonlinear optical absorption are βSA= -1.79 × 10-11m/W and βRSA= 4.53 × 10-10m/W, respectively. The mechanism responsible for the difference between the results is analyzed. All the results suggest that this material may be a promising candidate for the application to laser pulse compression in the near-infrared waveband.
Bond strength of adhesive restorations to Er:YAG laser-treated
dentin
Authors: Malta D A M P , Kreidler M A M , Villa G E , de Andrade M F , Fontana C R , Lizarelli R F Z
Published: October 2006

Background and Objective: evaluate the adhesion of
adhesive restorations with and without a base of resin-modified
glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC) to dentin irradiated with Er:YAG
laser.

Study Design/Materials and Methods: Twenty-four human
molar teeth were divided into 6 groups (n=4): G1) 37% Phosphoric
acid (PA) + Adhesive system (Ad) + Composite resin (CR); G2) RMGIC
+ CR; G3) Laser (60mJ-5Hz-20s) + PA + Ad + CR; G4) Laser
(60 mJ–5 Hz–20 s) + RMGIC + CR; G5) Laser (100mJ-5Hz-20s) + PA +
Ad + CR; G6) Laser (100mJ-5Hz-20s) + RMGIC + CR. Teeth were
prepared, restored and cut into specimens, according to the
treatment proposed and to methodology for microtensile test. Data
were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey statistical tests
(α=5% ).

Results:. The mean values for
adhesion (MPa) and standard deviation (±SD) were: G1)
26.30(±4.50), G2) 5.34(±2.87), G3) 21.16(±6.01),
G4) 5.22(±1.52), G5) 22.23(±4.98), G6) 5.25(±3.08).

Conclusion: The use of Er:YAG laser did not influence on the
restorations adhesion.
Surface‐confined photopolymerization of single‐ and mixed‐monomer systems to tailor the wettability of poly(L‐lactide) film
Authors: Janorkar Amol V. , Proulx Sarah E. , Metters Andrew T. , Hirt Douglas E.
Published: October 2006

The major objective of this research was to modify the surface characteristics of poly(L‐lactide) (PLA) by grafting a combination of hydrophilic polymers to produce a continuum of hydrophilicity. The PLA film was solvent cast, and the film surfaces were activated by ultra violet (UV) irradiation. A single monomer or combination of two monomers, selected from vinyl acetate (VAc), acrylic acid (AA), and acrylamide (AAm), were then grafted to the PLA film surface using a UV induced photopolymerization process. The film surfaces resulting from each reaction step were analyzed using ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy and contact angle goniometry. Results showed that AAm dominated the hydrophilicity of the film surface when copolymerized with VAc or AA, while the water contact angles for PLA films grafted with poly(vinyl acetate‐co‐acrylic acid) varied more gradually with feed composition. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6534‐6543, 2006
Carl-August Fleischhauer: His Life and Work
Authors: BURCI GIAN LUCA , SCHRIJVER NICO
Published: October 2006

This article is written in memory of Judge Carl-August Fleischhauer, who died on 4 September 2005, aged 74, during the first year of his retirement after a long and rewarding career in the service of both his native country Germany and the United Nations. The first part of the article sketches Judge Fleischhauer's background and career before being elected to the International Court of Justice, the second part describes his contributions to the work of the Court, and in the last part the authors reflect on the significance of Judge Fleischhauer's contributions to international law.
Legal Protection of the Missing and Their Relatives: The Example of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: BLUMENSTOCK TILMAN
Published: October 2006

More than a decade after the end of the conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the issue of missing persons remains a major obstacle to reconciliation. With a focus on Bosnia and Herzegovina, this article looks at the phenomenon of missing persons and reviews the scope of the legal protection available to the victims and their family members, as well as some of the institutional efforts to shed light on their fate. The article describes the progressive development of the jurisprudence of the Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia and Herzegovina, a court modelled on the procedures of the European Court of Human Rights, which held that Bosnian authorities who are withholding from family members information about missing persons are violating their right not to be subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment and their right to respect for private and family life. It further illustrates the positive effects on politicians and lawmakers which can emanate from transitional justice.
International Criminal Courts and Tribunals: Bound by Human Rights Norms … or Tied Down?
Authors: GRADONI LORENZO
Published: October 2006

S. Zappalà, Human Rights in International Criminal Proceedings, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 0199258910, 308 pp., £67.50.
Internationale Sichtbarkeit und Resonanz der psychologischen Forschung aus Deutschland
Authors: Pfrang Horst , Schneider Wolfgang
Published: October 2006

Zusammenfassung. Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert auf der Grundlage von Sekundäranalysen die internationale Sichtbarkeit und Resonanz deutscher psychologischer Forschung (Indikator: Publikationen in international renommierten psychologischen Zeitschriften). Es lässt sich zeigen, dass die internationale Resonanz deutscher psychologischer Forschung von 1981 bis 1998 deutlich zugenommen hat. Europa im Ganzen und Deutschland speziell konnten die Publikationsbeiträge weit über der weltweiten Entwicklung steigern und wiesen 1998 einen wesentlich höheren Anteil an der Weltproduktivität als 1981 auf. Obwohl auch die Wirkung verdoppelt werden konnte, erzielt Deutschland im Vergleich zu anderen größeren Ländern nach wie vor die niedrigste Wirkung. Einzelne deutsche Universitäten rückten in dieser Zeit in die internationale Top-Gruppe auf (Konstanz, Magdeburg) und weitere erreichten den weltweiten Durchschnittsbereich. Unsere Analysen verdeutlichen, dass die sichtbare Forschungsproduktivität und die Resonanz universitärer Forschung zwar generell steigt, jedoch sehr starke Unterschiede zwischen den Universitäten bestehen bleiben. Entwicklung und Unterschiede können zum Teil durch die Institutsstruktur und durch verfügbare Ressourcen bzw. erhöhten Ressourceneinsatz (Steigerung der Professuren und Mitarbeiterstellen) erklärt werden. Im Vergleich zu anderen Ländern (z.B. Niederlande, Großbritannien) gibt es für die deutsche psychologische Forschung Hinweise auf Defizite in der Zielklarheit und im Zielkonsens, in der Rückmeldung über den internationalen Stand und in den Anreizen zu weiterer Internationalisierung.
Of Frames and Cultures - A Cross-Cultural Comparison of TV Newscasts
Authors: Senokozlieva Maria , Fischer Oliver , Bente Gary , Krämer Nicole
Published: October 2006

Abstract. TV news are essentially cultural phenomena. Previous research suggests that the often-overlooked formal and implicit characteristics of newscasts may be systematically related to culture-specific characteristics. Investigating these characteristics by means of a frame-by-frame content analysis is identified as a particularly promising methodological approach. To examine the relationship between culture and selected formal characteristics of newscasts, we present an explorative study that compares material from the USA, the Arab world, and Germany. Results indicate that there are many significant differences, some of which are in line with expectations derived from cultural specifics. Specifically, we argue that the number of persons presented as well as the context in which they are presented can be interpreted as indicators of Individualism/Collectivism. The conclusions underline the validity of the chosen methodological approach, but also demonstrate the need for more comprehensive and theory-driven category schemes.
Target diagnostics for commissioning the AWE HELEN Laser Facility 100TW chirped pulse amplification beam
Authors: Eagleton R. T. , Clark E. L. , Davies H. M. , Edwards R. D. , Gales S. , Girling M. T. , Hoarty D. J. , Hopps N. W. , James S. F. , Kopec M. F. , Nolan J. R. , Ryder K.
Published: October 2006

The capability of the HELEN laser at the Atomic Weapons Establishment Aldermaston has been enhanced by the addition of a short-pulse laser beam to augment the twin opposing nanosecond time scale beams. The short-pulse beam utilizes the chirped pulse amplification (CPA) technique and is capable of delivering up to 60J on target in a 500fs pulse, around 100TW, at the fundamental laser wavelength of 1.054μm. During the commissioning phase a number of diagnostic systems have been fielded, these include: x-ray pinhole imaging of the laser heated spot, charged particle time of flight, thermoluminescent dosimeter array, calibrated radiochromic film, and CR39 nuclear track detector. These diagnostic systems have been used to verify the performance of the CPA beam to achieve a focused intensity of around 1019Wcm−2 and to underwrite the facility radiological safety system.
Local pellet based and line-integrated nonperturbing charge exchange measurements with a compact neutral particle analyzer on Large Helical Device
Authors: Goncharov P. R. , Ozaki T. , Sudo S. , Tamura N. , Group TESPEL , Group LHD Experimental , Veshchev E. A. , Sergeev V. Yu. , Krasilnikov A. V.
Published: October 2006

Experiments on suprathermal ion physics are carried out on the Large Helical Device (LHD) with a 40 channel compact neutral particle analyzer (CNPA). The analyzer is used both in passive nonperturbing chord-integral neutral particle flux measurements and for local probing with an impurity pellet. The analyzer observes trapped particles with ∣v‖∕v∣<0.25 and the pitch angle cosine value v‖∕v changes sign along the diagnostic sight line. The measurable energy range for H0 is 1–170keV. Radially resolved data on local H0 atomic energy spectra have been obtained on LHD by the pellet charge exchange method with CNPA, as well as chord-integral atomic energy distribution data for electron cyclotron heated, neutral beam injected, and high power ion cyclotron heated plasma. The article addresses the diagnostic technical background and the analysis scheme of measurement results taking into account the helical geometry and the species and densities of the charge exchange targets.
Integrated two-dimensional simulations of dynamic hohlraum driven inertial fusion capsule implosions
Authors: Slutz S. A. , Peterson K. J. , Vesey R. A. , Lemke R. W. , Bailey J. E. , Varnum W. , Ruiz C. L. , Cooper G. W. , Chandler G. A. , Rochau G. A. , Mehlhorn T. A.
Published: October 2006

Simulations have been useful for improving the design of dynamic hohlraums for the purpose of imploding inertial fusion capsules [S. A. Slutz, J. E. Bailey, G. A. Chandler et al., Phys. Plasmas 10, 1875 (2003)]. These design changes, which have resulted in capsule implosions with hot dense cores [J. E. Bailey, G. A. Chandler, S. A. Slutz et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 085002 (2004)] and the production of thermonuclear neutrons [C. L. Ruiz, G. Cooper, S. A. Slutz et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 015001 (2005)], were based primarily on a series of one-dimensional numerical simulations, which treated the dynamic hohlraum and the capsule implosion separately. In this paper we present simulations which are fully integrated to include the implosion of wire arrays onto foam convertors, the implosion of the capsule imbedded in the foam, and the absorption of radiation into the electrodes. These simulations yield predictions that are in remarkably good agreement with measured values considering the complexity of the problem, which spans more than 100ns of wire implosion with the subsequent capsule implosion on a few ns timescale. For example, the predicted neutron yields are less than a factor of 2 higher than the measured values, while the predicted shock velocity is about 30% higher than the measured value. The spectroscopically inferred imploded capsule gas core temperatures are somewhat lower than predicted by the simulations, while the gas densities are about a factor of 2 higher. Simulations indicate that a more slowly rising radiation drive temperature yields higher core densities and lower temperatures and thus better agreement with experimental measurements. Possible reasons for a more slowly rising radiation drive are discussed.
Matrix protein of Vesicular stomatitis virus harbours a cryptic mitochondrial-targeting motif
Authors: Lichty Brian D. , McBride Heidi , Hanson Stephen , Bell John C.
Published: October 2006

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a rhabdovirus that has attracted attention of late as an oncolytic virus and as a vaccine vector. Mutations in the matrix (M) gene of VSV yield attenuated strains that may be very useful in both settings. As a result of this interest in the M protein, this study analysed various M–green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion constructs. Remarkably, fusion of the N terminus of the M protein to GFP targeted the fluorescent protein to the surface of mitochondria. Mutational analysis indicated that a mitochondrial-targeting motif exists within aa 33–67. Expression of these fusion proteins led to loss of mitochondrial membrane permeability and to an alteration in mitochondrial organization mirroring that seen during viral infection. In addition, a portion of the M protein present in infected cells co-purified with mitochondria. This work may indicate a novel function for this multifunctional viral protein.
Ngoye virus: a novel evolutionary lineage within the genus Flavivirus
Authors: Grard Gilda , Lemasson Jean-Jacques , Sylla Massamba , Dubot Audrey , Cook Shelley , Molez Jean-Francois , Pourrut Xavier , Charrel Rémi , Gonzalez Jean-Paul , Munderloh Ulrike , Holmes Edward C. , de Lamballerie Xavier
Published: October 2006

By using degenerate primers deduced from conserved patterns in the flavivirus polymerase gene, a novel RNA virus was discovered in Rhipicephalus ticks sampled from members of the family Bovidae in Senegal. It was named Ngoye virus (NGOV) after the location from which it was isolated. Viral particles could be observed by electron microscopy, but isolation in vertebrate or invertebrate cell lines or by intracerebral infection of newborn mice remained unsuccessful. This is atypical of recognized arboviruses. The characterization of 4176 nt of the non-structural genes revealed that NGOV is a novel flavivirus species. It forms a distinct phylogenetic lineage related distantly to previously identified members of the genus Flavivirus. Analysis of genetic data suggested that the processing of the NGOV polyprotein and the organization of its replication complex are similar to those of flaviviruses. Together with other recent data, these findings suggest that a large number of viruses related distantly to ‘classical’ arthropod-borne flaviviruses remain to be discovered.
Inhibitory effect of c‐Met mutants on the formation of branching tubules by a porcine aortic endothelial cell line
Authors: Maemura Marino , Yoshimoto Akira , Tsukada Yu‐ichi , Morishita Yasuyuki , Miyazawa Keiji , Tanaka Toshiaki , Kitamura Naomi
Published: October 2006

The association of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) with its high‐affinity receptor (c‐Met) has been shown to induce mitogenesis, motogenesis and morphogenesis in a variety of cell types. Various point mutations in c‐Met have been identified in hereditary and sporadic papillary renal carcinomas as well as in other carcinomas. In the present study, we examined the effects of c‐Met point mutations on the morphology of a porcine aortic endothelial (PAE) cell line. When cultured in three‐dimensional collagen gel, PAE cells formed branching tubule structures, and HGF treatment caused breakdown of the structures and induced a scattered morphology. The exogenous expression of c‐Met point mutants inhibited the formation of tubules. HGF treatment induced the formation of tubules by PAE cells expressing some c‐Met mutants, but it induced the scattering of PAE cells expressing other c‐Met mutants. The presence of a low concentration of a mitogen‐activated protein kinase/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor cancelled the inhibitory effect of the c‐Met point mutations on the formation of tubules. These results suggest that c‐Met point mutations affect the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signaling required for the formation of tubules by PAE cells, and HGF binding changes the conformation of c‐Met mutants, leading to the different signals required for formation of tubules and cell scattering. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 1343–1350)
Long‐term Haematopoietic Reconstitution and Survival without Interleukin‐7 in a Murine Syngeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation Model
Authors: Feyen O. , Göbel U. , Schneider D. T. , Burdach S. E. G. , Niehues T.
Published: October 2006

We created a syngeneic mouse bone marrow transplantation (BMT) model to examine the effect of endogenous interleukin‐7 (IL‐7) on long‐term (≥140 days) haematopoietic reconstitution and survival after BMT. Wild‐type (WT) IL‐7+/+ and knockout (KO) IL‐7−/− mice were lethally irradiated and transplanted with bone marrow. Survival is best (85.7%) in the group WT grafts transplanted into WT recipients (WT→WT) with a trend towards poorer survival in the other groups (WT→KO: 60%, KO→WT: 50%, KO→KO: 45.5%, differences statistically not significant). If the recipient is deficient for IL‐7‐producing cells, T‐ and B‐cell reconstitution remain incomplete. If the graft lacks IL‐7‐producing cells there is a significant delay in T‐ and NK‐cell reconstitution. Interestingly, in the absence of IL‐7, T‐cell reconstitution is neither delayed nor incomplete because of an expansion of TCRαβ+/CD4−/CD8− double negative T cells. Long‐term survival and lymphocyte reconstitution after syngeneic BMT can occur despite the absence of IL‐7.
Chemokine receptor expression on allergen‐specific T cells in asthma and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
Authors: Garcia G. , Humbert M. , Capel F. , Rimaniol A. C. , Escourrou P. , Emilie D. , Godot V.
Published: October 2006

Background:  Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a rare variant of severe asthma resulting from hypersensitivity to Aspergillus fumigatus (Asp f) present in the airways.

Aims of the study:  We analyzed the expression of a panel of six chemokine receptors (CCR3, CCR4, CCR8, CCR5, CXCR3 and CXCR4) on total blood CD4+ T cells and Asp f‐specific‐T cells in ABPA patients. We hypothesized that chemokine receptor pattern on T cells differs between ABPA patients, non‐ABPA allergic asthmatics sensitized to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) or Phleum pratense (Phl p) and healthy controls.

Methods:  We used the fluorescent dye PKH26, a membrane bound marker, to identify accumulated proliferating (cell‐sorted PKH26low) CD4+ T cells in response to allergens (Asp f, Der p, Phl p) or recall antigens (PPD and TT). Chemokine receptor expression was analyzed by flow cytometry on proliferating CD3+ CD4+ PKH26low cells.

Results:  Stimulation of CD4+ T cells with the relevant allergen resulted in different patterns of chemokine receptor expression in ABPA and non‐ABPA allergic asthmatics. Upon Asp f exposure, proliferating CD4+ T cells from ABPA patients down‐regulated the expression of CCR4 and CXCR3 while CCR4 and CXCR3 were up‐regulated in allergen‐specific T cells from non‐ABPA allergic asthmatics. Considering each group of patients, the pattern of chemokine receptors expressed on proliferating allergen‐specific CD4+ T cells was similar to that expressed by recall antigen‐specific T cells.

Conclusions:  The down‐regulation of CCR4 and CXCR3 after allergen exposure in Asp f‐specific T cells seems to be a characteristic feature of ABPA patients and requires further evaluation.
Spastin gene mutations in Bulgarian patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia
Authors: Ivanova N , Löfgren A , Tournev I , Rousev R , Andreeva A , Jordanova A , Georgieva V , Deconinck T , Timmerman V , Kremensky I , De Jonghe P , Mitev V
Published: October 2006

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is an extremely heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders affecting the longest axons in the central nervous system. The most common genetic form accounting for about 40% of the autosomal‐dominant HSP (ADHSP) cases is spastin gene, SPG4. We performed mutation screening of the spastin gene on 36 unrelated HSP patients from three different ethnic groups (Bulgarian, Turks and Gypsies) and found four new mutations and one already reported. The phenotype–genotype correlations in Bulgarian SPG4 patients showed a great difference in the age at disease onset between patients with missense mutations and those harboring deletions and splice‐site mutations. Our study is the first to present corroborative clinical data in favor of the general hypothesis that the clinical course of the disease is related to the type of the spastin mutation. The clinical and genealogical findings in Bulgarian SPG4 patients suggest that a positive family history for inheritance as an autosomal‐dominant trait is a strong indication for spastin mutation screening.
Effects of Predation Risk on Vertical Habitat Use and Foraging of Pardosa milvina
Authors: Folz Hillary C. , Wilder Shawn M. , Persons Matthew H. , Rypstra Ann L.
Published: October 2006

Animals face the risk of predation while engaging in regular activities, such as foraging, mate‐seeking, and reproducing. In order to avoid predation, prey can modify behavior to prevent capture. Pardosa milvina may climb in response to chemotactile cues of Hogna helluo, a larger cooccurring wolf spider, to avoid predation. The purpose of this study was to test the effects of the location of predator cues on the climbing response of P. milvina and to test how this antipredator behavior affected foraging success. In experimental arenas, when cues were on the bottom of the containers, P. milvina moved upward, and when cues were on the walls, individuals moved downward. These results suggest that P. milvina respond to H. helluo cues with general avoidance and do not automatically climb in response to the cues. As H. helluo spend most of their time on the ground, P. milvina may avoid predation by spending more time climbing in areas with H. helluo cues. The presence of predator cues significantly decreased foraging by P. milvina. But within the predator cue treatments, climbing ability had no effect on foraging, possibly due to the short height of the feeding arenas. Future studies are needed to determine if climbing by P. milvina in response to cues of H. helluo has direct and indirect negative effects on herbivores in the field.
Role of ERK 1/2 signaling in neuronal differentiation of cultured embryonic stem cells
Authors: Li Zegui , Theus Michelle Hedrick , Wei Ling
Published: October 2006

Embryonic stem (ES) cells represent an ideal source for cell engraftment in the damaged central nervous system (CNS). Understanding key signals that control ES cell differentiation may improve cell type‐specific differentiation that is suitable for transplantation therapy. We tested the hypothesis that extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation is an early signaling event required for the neuronal differentiation of ES cells. Cultured mouse ES cells were treated with an all‐trans‐retinoic‐acid (RA) protocol to generate neurally induced progenitor cells. Western blot analysis showed a dramatic increase in ERK 1/2 phosphorylation (p‐ERK 1/2) 1–5 days after RA induction, which was attenuated in the presence of the p‐ERK 1/2‐specific inhibitor UO126. Phospho‐ERK 1/2 inhibition significantly reduced the number of NeuN‐positive cells and the expression of associated cytoskeletal proteins. In differentiating ES cells, there was increased nuclear translocation of STAT3 and decreased protein expression levels of GDNF, BDNF and NGF. STAT3 translocation was attenuated by UO126. Finally, caspase‐3 activation was observed in the presence of UO126, suggesting that the ERK pathway also contributes to the survival of differentiating ES cells. These data indicate that ERK 1/2 phosphorylation is a key event required for early neuronal differentiation and survival of ES cells.
Myocutaneous flap reconstruction of the perineum after radical abdominoperineal resection
Authors: Ramesh A. N. , Gajanan K. , Fulford P. E. , Wilson M. S. , O’Dwyer S. T.
Published: October 2006

Objective:  Wound dehiscence with nonhealing of the perineum is a significant morbidity associated with radical abdominoperineal resection (APR). Myocutaneous flaps have been used to facilitate primary wound healing. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the results of myocutaneous flap reconstruction of the perineum following radical APR.

Method:  The clinical records of patients who had myocutaneous flap reconstruction of the perineum between 2000 and 2005 were reviewed. Details of wound healing and complications related to the flaps were recorded.

Results:  Seventeen patients with a median age of 59 (range 29–77) years had primary reconstruction of the perineum with gracilis (10), rectus abdominis (6) and gluteal (1) myocutaneous flaps. Malignancy of the anus (12) and rectum (4) was the primary pathology and one patient had chronic perianal crohns fistulae. Eleven patients had preoperative radiotherapy in this group. Complete healing of the perineum was achieved in 16 (94.2%) of the 17 patients. There were eight (47%) minor wound dehiscence and two (11%) skin necrosis all of which healed completely and one (5.8%) total flap necrosis.

Discussion:  Myocutaneous flaps improve wound healing with only minor morbidity in majority of patients and should be considered routinely to close perineal defects following radical APR particularly in irradiated perineum.
Predictive value of prostatic adenocarcinoma after a negative prostate biopsy
Authors: Park Paul C. , Mai Kien T. , Roustan Delatour Nicolas L.D. , Morash Christopher , Cagiannos Ilias
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the predictive value (PV) for all prostate cancers and for clinically significant cancer undiagnosed after a 10‐core biopsy protocol, as the 10‐core transrectal ultrasonography‐guided biopsy is considered the standard technique of prostatic biopsy due to its high rate of detection of prostatic adenocarcinoma.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In all, 132 consecutive radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens, with their corresponding 10‐core biopsies, were reviewed. Cases with unilateral core involvement by prostate cancer were retained for study. Morphometric analysis was conducted on the biopsy‐negative hemi‐prostates to determine the PV of the biopsy protocol with respect to the size, position and clinical significance of the lesion.

RESULTS

In all, 70 resected prostates (RP) had unilateral core involvement by prostate cancer. In 38 cases, there was cancer in the biopsy‐negative hemi‐prostates (group 1); in the remaining 32 the hemi‐prostates were free of cancer (group 2). Group 1 was categorized by morphometric criteria. Specifically, 23 cases had one to eight foci of prostate cancer in the posterior nontransitional zone (NTZ) (group 1a), while 15 had two to six foci of prostate cancer in the transitional zone (TZ), or the anterior horn (AH) of the peripheral zone or the TZ and AH (group 1b). There were two cases with clinically significant prostate cancer in group 1a, and six in group 1b.

CONCLUSIONS

The PV of a negative five‐core biopsy protocol on a hemi‐prostate is 54% for prostate cancer and 11% for clinically significant prostate cancer. Most clinically significant prostate cancers were in the AH/TZ of the prostate.
Heat‐shock protein 25 ameliorates calcium oxalate crystal‐mediated oxidative stress in renal epithelial cells
Authors: Patel Amit B. , Robertson William G. , Choong Simon , Hothersall John S.
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether the antioxidant protection attributed to small heat‐shock proteins (sHSPs) affects calcium oxalate stone formation, a pro‐oxidant disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Canine distal tubular epithelial cells (Madin–Darby canine kidney, MDCK cells) were grown as confluent monolayers. Treatment regimens included control and HS‐treated cells (37°C and 42°C for 1 h) with or without calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) or free oxalate treatment (28 µg/cm2) 16 h later. In digitonin‐permeabilized cells, O2‐ was measured by lucigenin‐enhanced chemiluminescence over a 5‐min period, to measure mitochondrial O2‐ production. Protein expression was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Western blot analysis using specific antibodies.

RESULTS

COM significantly increased O2‐ production in MDCK cells. HS treatment, which up‐regulated HSP25 expression, significantly decreased this O2‐ production (P < 0.05) but had no effect in control cells. In COM‐treated cells (20 h) there was a marked and significant down‐regulation of both HSP 25, HSP 70 and heme oxygenase‐1 expression compared to cells treated with HS alone (P < 0.05). Free oxalate had no effect on HSP 25 expression.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that the COM‐induced increase in mitochondrial O2– production in MDCK cells is ameliorated by HSP 25 up‐regulation via HS. Specific COM inhibition of HSP 25, HSP 70 and heme oxygenase‐1 up‐regulation suggests that COM‐induced reactive oxygen species damage is unable to benefit from HSP‐associated physiological resistance.
Clinicians’ attitudes to prostate cancer peer‐support groups
Authors: Steginga Suzanne K. , Smith David P. , Pinnock Carole , Metcalfe Robyn , Gardiner Robert A. , Dunn Jeff
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE

To assess clinicians’ knowledge and attitudes to prostate cancer peer‐support groups, essential in improving support services for men with prostate cancer, as patients’ perceptions of their clinicians’ attitudes to such groups predict patients’ positive and negative perceptions of their experiences at such groups.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

In all, 36 clinicians (75% response) across Australia, of whom 27 were urologists and nine were radiation oncologists, were interviewed in‐depth using a key‐informant approach. Nine clinicians were from regional Australia, with the remaining 27 from major metropolitan settings. Subsequently, 30 clinicians (69% response) completed surveys to confirm identified themes.

RESULTS

Peer support was rated positively by most clinicians and most report a fair to good knowledge of such groups. However, less than a quarter regularly refer their patients to these groups. While clinicians can describe positive aspects of peer support, many are concerned that biased viewpoints and misinformation within these groups might potentially contribute to patients’ decisional uncertainty and regret.

CONCLUSIONS

Further research is needed to establish for whom these support groups are most helpful. Concerns about misleading information that might be proffered in support groups is a barrier to clinician referral to these groups. Dialogue between prostate cancer interest groups and clinicians to resolve concerns presents as a key strategy to improve support for men with prostate cancer.
Ureteric embolization with stainless‐steel coils for managing refractory lower urinary tract fistula: a 12‐year experience
Authors: Shindel Alan W. , Zhu Hui , Hovsepian David M. , Brandes Steven B.
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE

To report our 12‐year experience with radiological treatment (ureteric embolization) for refractory urinary fistula, as malignancy, radiation therapy, and/or chronic inflammation increase the risk of lower urinary tract fistula after surgical urinary diversion, which can lead to significant morbidity, and for patients who are not surgical candidates permanent nephrostomy drainage and ureteric embolization offer an alternative form of urinary diversion.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed patients who had ureteric occlusion for refractory urinary fistula at our institution between 1993 and 2005. Stainless‐steel coils, with or without gelatine sponge, were placed antegradely through a percutaneous nephrostomy tract. Patients were then managed by long‐term nephrostomy drainage until death or definitive reconstructive surgery.

RESULTS

In all, 29 patients (23 women and six men; mean age 59 years, sd 16) were identified who had urinary fistulae that were refractory to nephrostomy drainage alone. One patient had a history of severe perineal trauma and the remaining 28 had a history of cancer. Seventeen fistulae occurred in the setting of previous surgery, 20 patients had received adjunctive pelvic irradiation and 11 had had chemotherapy. In all, 52 ureters were embolized; occlusion was successful in all cases, with complete or near‐complete (<1 pad/day) dryness within 3 days. No repeat embolization was required and there were no significant complications. Two patients were lost to follow‐up. Three patients had definitive urinary diversion surgery and currently are well. One patient is alive and living with nephrostomy tubes; 23 patients have died.

CONCLUSION

Ureteric embolization is a viable option for managing complex lower urinary tract fistulae in patients with a poor performance status. It can be used as definitive management in patients with a limited life‐expectancy or as a temporary measure in those for whom another management plan is anticipated.
SHOULD YOU ARM YOUR FUTURE VICTIMS?
Authors: AZAM JEAN‐PAUL
Published: October 2006

A model is presented where the ruler may arm the producers, in order to convince them that he will not expropriate them ex post. This sets an upper limit on the tax rate, not higher than their probability of losing their income, should a war occur. The relevance of this analysis is illustrated by discussing various case studies, involving post‐conflict situations. Some variants of the model are presented for highlighting some implementation problems, related to asymmetric information or to positive initial endowments of weapons or non‐produced wealth, which may lead to war in equilibrium.
A single alcohol ingestion does not affect serum hepatitis C virus RNA in patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Manolakopoulos Spilios , Economou Michalis , Bethanis Sotirios , Mathou Nicoletta , Triantos Christos , Vlachogiannakos Jiannis , Vogiatzakis Evangelos , Avgerinos Alec , Tzourmakliotis Dimitrios
Published: October 2006

Abstract: Background and aim: The safe level of alcohol ingestion in sporadic drinkers with hepatitis C is unknown. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of a single moderate alcohol intake on serum HCV RNA concentrations and hepatic function in patients with chronic HCV infection.

Methods: Twenty‐one patients with chronic hepatitis C were randomly assigned to consume 50 g alcohol (group 1) or a non‐alcoholic beverage (group 2). In both groups, serum ethanol, serum HCV RNA, transaminase and γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase (γ‐GT) levels were measured just before alcohol intake and after 1, 2, 8, 24 h and 1 week's time.

Results: The maximum concentration of ethanol in the blood was observed at the first hour after alcohol intake. No significant changes were observed in serum HCV RNA after alcohol intake. Repeated measurements of HCV RNA among the two groups revealed no difference (P=0.215). Similarly, no difference was observed in transaminase and γ‐GT levels at different time points in each group or among the groups [(ALT (P=0.082), AST (P=0.33), γ‐GT (P=0.538)].

Conclusions: In patients with chronic hepatitis C, a single intake of 50 g alcohol does not affect liver biochemistry and HCV RNA concentrations. Therefore, it is a matter of further research whether sporadic drinking of light or moderate amounts of alcohol should be avoided in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
Immunohistochemical detection of platelet‐derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase and angiopoietins in ameloblastic tumors
Authors: Kumamoto Hiroyuki , Ooya Kiyoshi
Published: October 2006

Background:  To evaluate the roles of angiogenic factors in the development and progression of odontogenic tumors, expression of platelet‐derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase (PD‐ECGF/TP) and of angiopoietins in ameloblastic tumors as well as in tooth germs.

Methods:  Tissue specimens of 11 tooth germs, 44 ameloblastomas, and five malignant ameloblastic tumors were examined immunohistochemically with the use of antibodies against PD‐ECGF/TP and angiopoietin‐1 and ‐2.

Results:  Immunohistochemical reactivity for PD‐ECGF/TP was detected in mesenchymal cells in tooth germs and stromal cells in ameloblastic tumors, and the level of immunoreactivity for PD‐ECGF/TP was significantly higher in ameloblastomas than in tooth germs. Granular cell ameloblastomas showed PD‐ECGF/TP reactivity in granular neoplastic cells as well as in stromal cells. Immunoreactivity for angiopoietin‐1 and ‐2 was detected predominantly in odontogenic epithelial cells near the basement membrane in tooth germs and in benign and malignant ameloblastic tumors. Malignant ameloblastic tumors had decreased angiopoietin‐1 reactivity and ameloblastic carcinomas had increased angiopoietin‐2 reactivity as compared with the respective levels in tooth germs and ameloblastomas. Immunohistochemical reactivity for angiopoietin‐2 was slightly higher in follicular ameloblastomas than in plexiform ameloblastomas.

Conclusion:  Expression of PD‐ECGF/TP and angiopoietin‐1 and ‐2 in tooth germs and ameloblastic tumors suggests that these angiogenic factors participate in tooth development and odontogenic tumor progression by regulating angiogenesis. Altered expression of PD‐ECGF/TP and angiopoietins in ameloblastic tumors may be involved in oncogenesis, malignant potential, and tumor cell differentiation.
Differential expression of E‐cadherin in metastatic lesionscomparing to primary oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Hung K.‐F. , Chang C.‐S. , Liu C.‐J. , Lui M.‐T. , Cheng C.‐Y. , Kao S.‐Y.
Published: October 2006

Background:  The main cause of treatment failure in resectable oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is metastasis. E‐cadherin (E‐cad) plays a principal role in cell adhesion and motility, and is associated with OSCC progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of E‐cad expression in OSCC with lymph node metastasis which had radical neck dissection done.

Method:  Immunohistochemistry was used to detect E‐cad expression in normal oral mucosa (NOM) (n = 10), oral precancerous lesions (OPLs) (n = 20), primary OSCC (n = 45), and their paired metastatic lesions (n = 45). E‐cad immunoreactivity correlated with the clinicopathologic features.

Results:  E‐cadherin immunoreactivity was progressively reduced in the NOM followed by OPLs and primary OSCC (58%). It decreased significantly in the advanced stages of OSCC. However, the increase in E‐cad immunoreactivity was observed in the majority (60%) of metastatic lesions in relation to primary OSCC. Patients with such increased or positive immunoreactivity of E‐cad in metastatic lesions exhibited worse prognosis.

Conclusion:  The findings suggested a dynamic change in E‐cad immunoreactivity during tumorigenesis and metastasis of OSCC. In a multivariate analysis, E‐cad immunoreactivity in metastasis lesions (odds ratio 3.74, 95% CI 1.15–14.67; P = 0.040) implied the potential role of mortality predictors for OSCC cases with nodal involvement.
Milk basic protein increases alveolar bone formation in rat experimental periodontitis
Authors: Seto H. , Toba Y. , Takada Y. , Kawakami H. , Ohba H. , Hama H. , Horibe M. , Nagata T.
Published: October 2006

Background and Objective:  It is conceivable that the active components extracted from milk whey protein (i.e. milk basic protein, MBP) stimulate bone formation and suppress bone resorption. Periodontitis is characterized by excessive alveolar bone resorption. We examined whether milk basic protein could recover alveolar bone loss in rat experimental periodontitis.

Material and Methods:  A nylon ligature was placed around the cervix of molars in 8‐wk‐old male Fischer rats for 20 d. Then, the ligature was removed and a powder diet containing 0.2 or 1.0% milk basic protein was provided daily for another 45–90 d. On days 45 and 90, the maxillae were extracted and analyzed using microcomputerized tomography (micro‐CT), followed by histological analysis.

Results:  Micro‐CT images showed that alveolar bone resorption was severely induced around the molar by the 20‐d ligature procedure. Treatment with high‐dose milk basic protein (1.0%) clearly recovered ligature‐induced alveolar bone resorption on days 45 and 90, whereas low‐dose milk basic protein (0.2%) did not show such a clear effect. Histological examination clarified that the osteoid thickness of alveolar bone was dose dependently increased by milk basic protein treatment for 90 d.

Conclusion:  These findings suggest that a systemic administration of milk basic protein may be effective for the recovery of alveolar bone loss in periodontitis.
Electron Model of Solid Oxygen‐Ionic Electrolytes Used in Gas Sensors
Authors: Zhuiykov Serge
Published: October 2006

Yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ)‐based ceramic gas sensors operating at high temperatures have been well established in many applications over the last 30 years. This article aims to provide an electron model of the solid electrolytes with oxygen‐ionic conductivity used in gas sensors to simulate contact phenomena on the boundary of a YSZ/metal electrode interface within the solid‐state zone theory. The primary focus of this article is modelling and assessment of the ability of a YSZ‐based electrolyte to control oxygen potentials at low temperatures in different environments. The proposed model allows the necessary information with regard to the electrolyte/metal electrode interface and about the character of the electronic conductivity to be obtained. The model also describes that the character of the electronic conductivity in solid electrolytes usually depends on two mechanisms of charge transfer: electrons transfer in the conductivity zone, separated from the valent zone in the solid electrolyte by the wide enough forbidden zone, and the spasmodic transitions of electrons from one local level to another within the forbidden zone.
Evolution of Surface Morphology in Laser‐Dressed Alumina Grinding Wheel Material
Authors: Harimkar Sandip P. , Dahotre Narendra B.
Published: October 2006

An approach to laser dressing of alumina grinding wheels is proposed based on solidification microstructures associated with rapid cooling rates obtained in laser surface processing. Laser dressing of alumina grinding wheels forms surface microstructures characterized by multifaceted grains that are expected to facilitate the micro‐scale material removal during precision machining. A detailed investigation of variation of grain size and melt depth with laser fluence is conducted. The results are correlated with calculated cooling rates derived from a thermal model. In addition, based on microscopic observations, the formation of surface grains by stacking of individual multifaceted grains formed during laser dressing is suggested.
Synthesis of High Magnetoelectric Coefficient Composites Using Annealing and Aging Route
Authors: Islam Rashed Adnan , Priya Shashank
Published: October 2006

In this paper, aging temperature and time dependence of ferroelectric, ferromagnetic, and magnetoelectric properties of lead zirconate titanate and nickel ferrite composite (1–x) Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3–x NiFe1.9Mn0.1O4 (PZT–NFM, x=0.03, 0.05, 0.1) are reported. The magnetoelectric composites of different compositions were fabricated by using a process based on the controlled precipitation route. The processing is a combination of conventional mixed oxide sintering and thermal treatment. The thermal treatment consists of annealing at a high temperature (800°C for 10 h), followed by aging in the range of 300–400°C for 3–15 h. X‐ray diffractometry patterns show variation in the amount of spinel phase with different aging temperature and time. Scanning electron microscopy investigation showed that the annealing and aging treatment increases the homogeneity of NFM in the PZT matrix. The magnitude of piezoelectric constant (d33), piezoelectric voltage constant (g33), and the dielectric constant exhibited significant variation in magnitude with aging time and temperature. Aging at 400°C for 5 h exhibited a maximum magnitude of d33 and g33 and minimum magnitude of dielectric constant. The magnitude of the magnetoelectric (ME) voltage coefficient (dE/dH) for 0.9PZT–0.1NFM samples sintered at 1125 °C was found to be of the order of 78 mV/cm Oe. This magnitude increased to 140 mV/cm Oe after annealing and aging at 300°C for 5 h. This significant enhancement in the magnetoelectric coefficient is probably due to the homogenization and precipitation of the spinel (NFM) phase in the perovskite matrix.
VERTICAL INTEGRATION IN SOUTH AFRICAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS: A COMPETITION ANALYSIS
Authors: Theron N.m. , Boshoff W.h.
Published: October 2006

This article develops an analytical framework that can be used to assess competition in South African telecommunications and, thereafter, applies this framework in an evaluation of vertical integration patterns in the telecommunications industry. It is shown that, despite recent regulatory reforms, substantial vertical competition concerns remain unaddressed in both fixed line and mobile telecommunications markets.
Broadband noise reduction of piezoelectric smart panel featuring negative-capacitive-converter shunt circuit
Authors: Kim Jaehwan , Jung Young-Chae
Published: October 2006

A broadband noise reduction of a piezoelectric smart panel featuring a negative capacitance converter (NCC) shunt circuit is experimentally investigated. Piezoelectric shunt damping utilized on the panel structure is attractive for noise reduction especially at low resonance frequencies of the structure. To achieve a broadband noise reduction, however, a multimode shunt is necessary. The NCC circuit can be an ideal broadband shunt circuit by nullifying the capacitance of the piezoelectric patch with the circuit. Since the intrinsic capacitance of the patch is not constant with the frequency, the broadband shunt performance of the NCC can be deteriorated. Thus, we introduce the dual-patch NCC circuit on the smart panel. The proposed concept is explained and the tuning and implementation procedures are addressed. The noise reduction performance of the panel is tested in terms of transmission loss according to the standard transmitted noise measurement. The broadband damping performance of the smart panel featuring a dual-patch NCC shunt is compared with the panels featuring resonant shunt circuit and ordinary NCC shunt circuit in terms of acceleration and noise transmission loss. It is found that the dual-patch NCC shunt is more efficient than ordinary NCC and resonant shunt for achieving broadband noise reduction with smart panels.