bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hanry Martiny Rifeles in The Army of The Ottoman Empire
Authors: BAYINDIR Abdullah
Published: September 2022

It is obvious that recently, the Ottoman empire has been working hard about the military reclamation, specially attached importance to infantry soldiers training. In that time the term’s conditions made it needful to modernise the army.It is known the sultan Abdülaziz (1886/1876) has critical efforts about that issue.in this context weapons that infantry soldiers used to have considered to change and was bought quite a number rifle from America. We can understand,the goverment had prefered the Henry-Martini’s rifles alongside nearly the similar the Winchester brand rifles. From 1872 the goverment has decided to buy from these brand’s rifles, The goverment has ordered rifles about 600,000 predominantly the brand of Hanry martini,and served hem to the army’s usage. In the war of Ottoman Empire Russia (93 war) has been observed the advantage of the rifles and the advantage in the army by the goverment. They paid attantion predominantly the use of the modern weapon traning In the military schools,soldiers practically learned about rifle,meintenance,pieces,repair and cleaning.the work we centre on is about the infantry soldiars during the in these years 1882-1893. A quite valuable information has been presented in the book was written by the Comte De Waldersee that named German executed who was a high ranked soldier.Among of these informations the usage stage of the weapons by the soldiers has been covered into visiually and with the details.The work evaluated from the ottoman turkish to the modern turkish by transcription.
Meta-Analisis Pengaruh Model Project Based Learning Terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa pada Pembelajaran Biologi
Authors: Putri Yulia Adytia , Zulyusri Zulyusri
Published: September 2022

Model Project Based Learning (PjBL) merupakan strategi dalam belajar mengajar yang telah melibatkan siswa untuk mengerjakan sebuah proyek yang bermanfaat untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan masyarakat atau lingkungan. Kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi merupakan kecakapan hidup yang harus dimiliki siswa dalam rangka menghadapi tantangan kehidupan di abad ke-21. Salah satu kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi adalah kemampuan berpikir kreatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh Project Based Learning terhadap kemampuan berpikir kreatif peserta didik pada pembelajaran biologi. Metode penelitian ini adalah meta-analisis dengan sampel 30 jurnal pendidikan dan penelitian skripsi maupun tesis di jurnal nasional. Sampel diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling. Analisis data menggunakan teknik perhitungan effect size pada setiap jurnal untuk melihat keterkaitannya dengan kemampuan berpikir kreatif peserta didik. Dari hasil meta-analisis menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh Pembelajaran Berbasis Proyek terhadap kemampuan berpikir kreatif peserta didik pada pembelajaran biologi menunjukkan hasil yang positif.
Valve-sparing aortic root replacement in patients with Marfan syndrome: a systematic review
Authors: Komarov R.N. , Normuradov A.U. , Isaev R.M. , Soborov M.A. , Ropova A.I. , Reiter V.D.
Published: September 2022

Aim. To analyze the literature about the results of valve-sparing operations in aortic root surgery in patients with Marfan syndrome. Methods. A comprehensive search included four databases: Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Articles for analysis were selected according to the methods presented in the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Results. The final systematic review included 19 studies and 4 meta-analyses. The findings showed that 30-day and hospital mortality rates did not exceed 2.08%. The incidence of thromboembolism over a 15-year period was 4.1 ± 2.0%. The mean rate of infective endocarditis was 0.25%. Freedom from severe aortic insufficiency 8 years after surgery was 95.2 ± 3.3%. Freedom from reoperation at 8 and 10 years was 97%. Long-term mortality was ≤ 10.57%. The 5-, 10-year survival rates were 95.4 and 84.2% respectively.Conclusion. Valve-sparing operations are more beneficial than valved conduits in patients with Marfan syndrome in the short and long-term periods. Thromboembolism, endocarditis, and bleeding were significantly more common in patients with valved conduits in the long-term period.
Received 7 February 2022. Revised 16 May 2022. Accepted 18 May 2022.
Funding: The study did not have sponsorship.
Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.
Contribution of the authorsConception and study design: A.U. Normuradov, R.M. lsaev, M.A. Soborov, A.I. Ropova, V.D. ReiterDrafting the article: A.U. Normuradov, R.M. lsaev, A.I. Ropova, V.D. ReiterCritical revision of the article: A.U. Normuradov, R.M. lsaevFinal approval of the version to be published: R.N. Komarov, A.U. Normuradov, R.M. Isaev, M.A. Soborov, A.I. Ropova, V.D. Reiter
State-of-the-art surgical approaches in minimally invasive aortic valve surgery
Authors: Komarov R.N. , Ognev O.O. , Ismailbaev A.M. , Cherniavskii S.V. , Dzyundzya A.N. , Lenkovets M.V.
Published: September 2022

Over the past 30 years, minimally invasive cardiac surgery has progressed from single case reports of operations via thoracotomy and various procedures of partial sternotomy to routine use of mini-accesses as well as fully thoracoscopic and robotic techniques. It is aortic valve surgery that implemented minimally invasive technologies most widely. The objective of this systematic review is to present state-of-the-art approaches to minimally invasive aortic valve surgery including patient selection criteria as well as evolution and state-of-the-art of the main surgical approaches. The search strategy covered international databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science. We used following queries: ‘minimally invasive surgery of the aortic valve’, ‘alternative surgical approaches in aortic valve surgery’, ‘minimally invasive autologous pericardium neocuspidization’. Selection of patients for minimally invasive aortic interventions should consider both the anatomy of the mediastinum and the aortic root as well as cardiac and other comorbidities. Minimally invasive approaches in aortic valve surgery include thoracotomy, partial sternotomy, and endoscopic techniques. Of particular interest is minimally invasive neocuspidization with autologous pericardium. Partial sternotomies are the most routinely used approaches in aortic valve surgery. Their cumulative outcomes allow to compare their efficacy and safety with those of classic sternotomy access within large meta-analyses. Minimally invasive autopericardial neocuspidization and endoscopic interventions on the aortic valve require further surgical experience and clinical outcomes.
Received 17 January 2022. Revised 6 April 2022. Accepted 8 April 2022.
Funding: The study did not have sponsorship.
Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.
Contribution of the authorsConception and study design: R.N. Komarov, S.V. Cherniavskii, A.N. DzyundzyaDrafting the article: O.O. Ognev, M.V. LenkovetsCritical revision of the article: A.M. IsmailbaevFinal approval of the version to be published: R.N. Komarov, O.O. Ognev, A.M. Ismailbaev, S.V. Cherniavskii, A.N. Dzyundzya, M.V. Lenkovets
Prediction of the acute heart failure after cardiac valve surgery
Authors: Govorushkina V.P. , Kolesnichenko A.V. , Shirshova E.A. , Efremov S.M.
Published: September 2022

Background. Postoperative acute heart failure is a frequent complication in cardiac surgery, prolonging the length of stay in the intensive care unit and the hospital length of stay.Aim. To develop prognostic risk model of the acute heart failure in the early postoperative period.Methods. This prospective cohort observation study included 121 adult patients who underwent cardiac valve surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. The need for vasopressor and inotropic support on the first postoperative day was chosen as the primary endpoint. Univariable and multivariable analysis of logistic regression were used to evaluate the influence of preoperative and intraoperative risk factors.Results. Univariable analysis showed risk factors of using vasopressor and inotropic support on the first day after surgical intervention: duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.005–1.030, p = 0.005), aortic cross-clamping time (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.001–1.030, p = 0.006), Logistic EuroSCORE II (OR 1.16, 95% CI 0.90–1.49, p = 0.03) and tricuspid valve surgery (OR 2.59, 95% CI 1.09–6.10, p = 0.03). As a result of multivariable analysis, the final model included aortic cross-clamping time and Logistic EuroSCORE II.Use of vasopressors and inotropes on the first day after surgical intervention was associated with an increase of the following parameters: duration of mechanical ventilation (p = 0.013), length of stay in the intensive care unit (p = 0.001), hospital length of stay (p = 0.003), and total postoperative blood loss (p = 0.005).Conclusion. Aortic cross-clamping time and Logistic EuroSCORE II have an independent predictive value for determining the risk of acute heart failure after cardiac surgery.
Received 7 February 2022. Revised 29 March 2022. Accepted 11 April 2022.
Funding. The study had no sponsorship.
Conflict of interest. Authors declare no conflict of interest.
Ethics approval. The local ethics committee of Saint Petersburg State University approved the study (protocol No. 3/2019).
Contribution of the authors. The authors contributed equally to this article.
BioBentall procedure and autological materials in aortic root surgery
Authors: Komarov R.N. , Ismailbaev A.M. , Cherniavskii S.V. , Dzyundzya A.N. , Danachev A.O. , Ognev O.O. , Lencovets M.V.
Published: September 2022

The BioBentall procedure has many options, but the optimal approach is still not determined. Alternative options for aortic root surgery include Ross procedure and modification of the Bentall – De Bono procedure using autologous pericardium leaflets. This literature review showed topical issues of surgical technique and the results of various modifications of the BioBentall operation, as well as methods of the aortic root repair using autologous materials. The search strategy included the analysis of international (PubMed, Scopus, Embase) and Russian’s databases (Russian Science Citation Index). The BioBentall procedure demonstrates satisfactory early and long-term results comparable to both the classic Bentall – De Bono procedure and valve-sparing techniques. Composite grafts containing frameless bioprostheses seem to be more promising and durable in comparison with stent-grafts, however, given the minimal amount of publications directly comparing these techniques, further study of this hypothesis is necessary. Total xenopericardial conduits have demonstrated higher rates of degradation and are currently not recommended for use, as demonstrated in most foreign studies. Modified Ross procedure shows excellent hemodynamic outcomes in the long-term follow-up, however, the literature data regarding its applicability in a cohort of patients with proximal aortic aneurysms are limited. The combination of the Bentall – De Bono procedure and autopericardial neocuspidization seems to be a promising and cost-effective method, however, this approach requires a clinical assessment, which results have not been yet published.
Received 26 February 2022. Revised 20 April 2022. Accepted 21 April 2022.
Funding: The study did not have sponsorship.
Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.
Contribution of the authorsConception and study design: R.N. Komarov, A.M. IsmailbaevDrafting the article: A.N. Dzyundzya, A.O. Danachev, O.O. Ognev, M.V. LencovetsCritical revision of the article: S.V. CherniavskiiFinal approval of the version to be published: R.N. Komarov, A.M. Ismailbaev, S.V. Cherniavskii, A.N. Dzyundzya, A.O. Danachev, O.O. Ognev, M.V. Lencovets
A Few Remarks Towards Environmental Aesthetics. Aesthetics of Landscapes and its Impact on Human Emotions
Authors: Kišoňová Renáta
Published: September 2022

The following paper focuses on the current meaning of environmental aesthetics and the aesthetics of landscapes. Its purpose is to show the relationship of human artificial living to natural living and human health as well as aesthetic and social emotions depending on health landscapes. There is the terms “environmental aesthetics” and “aesthetics of landscapes” are analysed in the broader philosophical and interdisciplinary context of Norberg-Schulz’s theory of architecture, Konrad Lorenz’s theory of ethology, and Wolfgang Welsch’s transhuman aesthetics. What are the mechanisms of a human relating to a landscape? What mechanisms of our emotionality are related to a devastated or healthy landscape? These are the central questions of the following consideration. The methods used in my research are analyses, etymology, the phenomenology of emotionality, and phenomenology of the landscape. The primary and expected findings are that people appreciate and enjoy scenic landscapes to satisfy their emotionality, cooperation, and well-being. Conclusion: Landscapes create our identification, surroundings which create our feelings, experiences, and emotions. A good example of such a relationship are inhabitants of today’s uninhabited islands who were not able to cooperate, who destroyed their environment, destabilized and deforested their surroundings up to their complete extinction.
Outlining the Molecules Tested In Vivo for Chagas Disease, Malaria,
and Schistosomiasis Over the Last Six Years - A Literature Review
Focused on New Synthetic Drug Identities and Repurposing Strategies
Authors: de Melo Silva Vanessa Gouveia , da Conceição Juliana Maria , Vieira Costa Silva Carla Cauanny , Leal Amanda Calazans , Araújo Daniel Lopes , Nunes Janine Siqueira , da Silva Elineide Tayse Noberto , da Silva Anderson José Firmino Santos , de Barros Dias Mabilly Cox Holanda , Lima Leite Ana Cristina
Published: September 2022

Background:

COVID-19 disrupted NTD programs in 60% of countries, impairing
public health goals. Thus, boosting NTD's research knowledge is demanding, and
in vivo screening of candidates allows for the prospect of promising options based on their
overall profile.

Objective:

In this work, we highlighted the relevant research done between 2015-2021 in
the fields of synthetic and repurposed drugs that were tested in vivo for Chagas disease,
malaria, and schistosomiasis.

Methods:

MEDLINE, PUBMED, CAPES PERIODIC, and ELSEVIER databases were used
for a comprehensive literature review of the last 6 years of research on each area/disease.

Results:

Overall, research focused on nitro heterocyclic, aromatic nitro, nucleoside, and
metal-based scaffolds for analogue-based drug generation. Repurposing was widely assessed,
mainly with heterocyclic drugs, their analogues, and in combinations with current
treatments. Several drug targets were aimed for Chagas treatment, specific ones such as iron
superoxide dismutase, and more general ones, such as mitochondrial dysfunction. For malaria,
hemozoin is still popular, and for schistosomiasis, more general structural damage and/or
reproduction impairment were aimed at in vitro analysis of the mechanism of action.

Conclusion:

Latest in vivo results outlined trends for each disease - for Chagas Disease,
heterocyclics as thiazoles were successfully explored; for Malaria, quinoline derivatives
are still relevant, and for schistosomiasis, repurposed drugs from different classes outstood
in comparison to synthetic compounds. This study uprises the continuous development
of Chagas disease, malaria, and schistosomiasis drugs, providing researchers with
tools and information to address such unmet therapeutic needs.
Research Progress of Vitamin K2 Related Signal Pathways: A Literature
Review
Authors: Li Shimin , Ouyang Xiao
Published: September 2022

Vitamin K2 products were first applied to Japanese children, which can promote the growth of
children's bones and eliminate their growing pain. At the same time, it does little harm to the human body,
so it has attracted the attention of some scholars. Later, it was also proved to be effective in treating osteoporosis,
especially for postmenopausal women. After years of research, some capabilities of VK2 have
been discovered; it has been proved that it has great clinical value in treating osteoporosis, reducing intimal
lipid deposition, diabetes, tumor, immune diseases, nervous system diseases and other diseases. There
is no doubt that VK2 is an essential nutrient for human health, once vitamin K2 is deficient, it will cause a
series of diseases. In recent years, some new evidences show that VK2 can also be used in leukemia and
other diseases, which shows that VK2 still has great development potential. As a new adjuvant drug, VK2
has attracted worldwide attention and has been used in the clinic for many years. In this article, we mainly
summarized the related research of VK2 in recent years, and expounded on several VK2-related signal
pathways and the related mechanisms of these signal pathways in treating various diseases.
Intrascrotal Extratesticular Schwannoma: A Rare Cause of Scrotal Mass
Authors: Aslan Serdar , Eryuruk Uluhan , Ogreden Ercan , Tasdemir Merve Nur , Cınar Ilkay , Bekci Tumay
Published: September 2022

Background:

Schwannoma, also known as neurinoma, is the most common tumor of the peripheral nerves. Intrascrotal extratesticular schwannoma, which is not associated with schwannomatosis and neurofibromatosis-2, is a very rare entity and few cases have been reported in the literature. In this paper, we reported our case of extratesticular schwannoma, an extremely rare cause of scrotal mass, with ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings.

Case Report:

A 22-year-old male presented with painless left scrotal swelling. Scrotal US showed an extra-testicular heterogeneous hypoechoic mass with lobulated contour in inferior part of scrotum. Scrotal MRI demonstrated well-defined extratesticular mass, which showed heterogeneous hypointens on T2 weighted-images compared with testis parenchyma. On contrast enhanced images, mass showed mild-modarate enhancement. The patient was underwent to surgery with the preliminary diagnosis of benign intrascrotal extratesticular mass. The lesion was removed with preservation of the testicles by urologists, and final diagnosis was made as scrotal schwannoma by histological and immunohistochemical examination

Conclusion:

Although there is no specific imaging finding of scrotal schwannoma, MRI can be used as a guide to surgery by helping to accurately determine whether the lesion is intra- or extratesticular. In addition, radiologists and urologists should keep schwannoma in mind in the differential diagnosis in the presence of an intrascrotal extratesticular mass.
First Report on the Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Antihemolytic and
Antiinflammatory Activities of Extracts of Two Apiaceous Species from
Eastern Algeria
Authors: Elkolli Meriem , Elkolli Hayat , Laouer Hocine
Published: September 2022

Background:

Plants continue to be widely used in Algeria to treat many health disorders;
hence, there is a need to find new natural substances of plant origin with effective biological
properties.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to investigate the bioactivity of two apiaceous species, Daucus
gracilis and Carum montanum, growing in Algeria in order to find new uses of local plants that
can replace expensive and inaccessible medicines by local people.

Methods:

The methanolic extracts (MEs) were prepared in water/methanol solvent. Afterwards, an
estimation of total phenolic content (TPC) was made. The MEs were tested for their antimicrobial
activities by the disc diffusion test; the antioxidant activity of the MEs alone and their combinations
was tested using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the reducing power tests. The
antihemolytic effect was tested by the stabilization of the human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane
method, and the in vitro antiinflammatory activity was evaluated by the protein denaturation method.

Results:

The MEs were found to be high in TP with 149.05 μg/mg in D. gracilis and 101.50 μg/mg in C. montanum. The best antimicrobial activity recorded with B. cereus (9.5mm) was lower than that of gentamicin (GM: 10μg) at 19-20 mm. The MEs exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (IC50=60.09 μg/ml for D. gracilis, 65.04 μg/ml for C. montanum) and reducing power effect, which was strongly concentration-dependent. The extract of D. gracilis exhibited important membrane stabilization, and the inhibition of denaturation was directly related to the concentration; Carum extract was found to be active with an IC50 value of 298.12μg/ml and Daucus with an IC50 value of 554.07μg/ml.

Conclusion:

It can be concluded that these two species can be used for food preservation and in
herbal medicine after additional toxicity and molecular characterization studies.
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Pancreas Disease: The Unsung Disease
Authors: Sevim Burak C. , Chela Harleen , Ertugrul Hamza , Malik Lyiba S. , Malik Suha , Basar Omer , Daglilar Ebubekir , Samiullah Sami , Gaballah Ayman H. , Tahan Veysel
Published: September 2022

Non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease (NAFPD) is a relatively new and emerging disease definition that is increasingly diagnosed every year, like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It is associated especially with metabolic syndrome and obesity. As awareness of pancreatic steatosis and its clinical implications increase, it is diagnosed more frequently. The researchers have explained the clinical importance of NAFPD and the diseases it causes, such as pancreatitis, pancreatic insufficiency, and pancreatic cancer. Although the definitive treatment is not yet established, the primary treatment approach is weight loss since NAFPD is associated with metabolic syndrome as well as obesity. Although pharmacological agents such as oral hypoglycemic agents have been investigated in animal experiments, studies on humans have not been conducted. Since the research on NAFPD is still insufficient, it is a subject that needs to be investigated, and further studies are needed to explore its pathophysiology, clinical impact and its management.
Causes of Variation Orders in Road Construction Projects in Tanzania
Authors: Saki Roziana , Yeom Chunho
Published: September 2022

Background:

Variation order has long been an essential component of road construction projects worldwide, being predominantly observed in Tanzania, where road projects are particularly vulnerable.

Objective:

This study aimed to determine the sources of variation orders in Tanzanian road construction projects and provide a feasible remedy, such as reduction or eradication.

Methods:

A desk study and questionnaire were utilized as the research approach and analyzed using the relative importance index (RII) method.

Results and Discussion:

The results reveal that the most significant circumstances causing variation orders are financial problems, weather conditions, differing site conditions, changes in design, poor scheduling, lack of coordination, delay in approval, unavailability of equipment, and lack of communication.

Conclusion:

Recommended strategies to minimize variation orders were that all involved parties should plan before the commencement of on-site work and perform detailed site investigations. Consultants should ensure that the design and specifications are within the approved budget. All participants were required to spend adequate time in the pretender planning phase. Finally, accurate information and research should be obtained regarding procurement procedures, materials, and plants.
HPLC Fingerprint Analysis Coupled with Multivariate Analysis for Quality
Assessment of Picrorhiza kurroa Rhizomes
Authors: Patel Nikunj Dhirubhai , Patel Rinkal N. , Vegad Kunjal L. , Kanaki Niranjan S.
Published: September 2022

Background:

Kutki, the dried rhizome of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth belonging to the family of Scrophulariaceae, has been utilized globally for liver ailments.

Objective:

Comprehensive use of kutki needs to evaluate its role as a quality control tool for dis-crimination of kutki samples, and therefore an effective HPLC fingerprinting method was estab-lished.

Methods:

Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array (RP-HPLC-PDA) detection method coupled with multivariate analysis was developed, which was mod-est, consistent and, accurate for classification of 11 kutki samples including authentic Picrorhiza kurroa rhizomes from the market of Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar in Gujarat, India.

Results:

The method was validated for various parameters like precision, reproducibility, and stabil-ity. The lowest value of the % relative standard deviations (RSD) was 1.31%. Chromatographic fin-gerprint profiles of 11 kutki samples, including authenticated samples, were obtained by this meth-od, which showed a total of 28 peaks, and 9 peaks were important among them. Chemometric tech-niques like PCA and HCA were applied to identify the kutki samples.The Samples of kutki could be exquisitely differentiated into two clusters.

Conclusion:

HPLC-PDA method coupled with multivariate analysis divulged that chromatographic fingerprint analysis was reliable and effective for quality assessment and discrimination of kutki samples.
Nanotechnology and Health
Authors: El-Meligi Amin A.
Published: September 2022

Nanomedicine is a reality nowadays. The first generation nanomedical capabilities, in the form of functionalized nanoparticles, comprising a wide range of organic and inorganic materials at various nanoscale dimensions, initially emerged in the early 1990s, and have since undergone dramatically rapid expansion. Nanomedicine is one of the important applications of nanotechnology. The development of smaller, less invasive, smarter, more precise, and more efficient medical devices is a fast-expanding global trend. The creation of specialized nanoparticles for use in medicine, such as magnetic nanoparticles and gold nanoshells, is advancing daily. This development is happening while nanomedicine is still in its early stages. As reported, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are being used to specifically target and thermally destroy cancer cells without causing collateral damage to surrounding healthy cells and tissues.
Future of Nanomedicine
Authors: El-Meligi Amin A.
Published: September 2022

There is no doubt that nanomedicine has a bright future and that it is being produced with increasing efficiency. It should be mentioned that the immune system is being improved by nanomedicine, and drug resistance can be managed since bacteria and viruses will be destroyed using a variety of techniques, including mechanical and thermal methods. This is done by continuous monitoring of the immune system. It will also benefit the technological development of nanomedicine in astronaut clothing. Spacecraft will contain a nanomedicine spacesuit to provide effective treatment to astronauts. Technological development, especially in the field of artificial intelligence, will be used to maximize nanomedicine use.
Nanotechnology and the Environment
Authors: El-Meligi Amin A.
Published: September 2022

There is no doubt that the environment is one of the hot issues nowadays because of pollution, global warming, and other issues. The main sources of energy are still non-renewable resources. Therefore, there is a need to solve environmental problems before it is too late to solve them. All living things on earth suffer because of environmental problems. The United Nation works with all countries to control environmental problems to protect the earth. Researchers pay great attention to help solve environmental problems. In addition to traditional methods of research, researchers use advanced technologies such as nanomaterials and nanotechnology. For example, in the near future, researchers will be able to use nanomaterials to extract energy from the air. Recently, attention has been paid to the relationship between nanoparticles and the environment, especially the impact of nanoparticle emission into the atmosphere on human health. There are a number of factors that can cause nanomaterials to adversely affect the ecosystem, for example, nanoparticles’ concentration, size, morphology and interaction of nanomaterials.
Future of Nanotechnology
Authors: El-Meligi Amin A.
Published: September 2022

In reality, nanotechnology is transforming many areas of human life. It is a crucial component of many applications, including those that deal with environmental pollution, nanomedicine and health, water purification, and waste treatment. Nanotechnology has a significant role in the economy of many countries. The global nanotechnology market is expected to be more than $ 125 billion in 2024. In fact, this expectation is not fixed, but it can be changed anytime. As known, COVID-19 emerged in 2019 and 2020, and some companies, banks, etc. have gone bankrupt. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, plans and estimates have obviously changed. As reported, there are four generations of nanotechnology. The first generation is concerned with improved nanostructures, and the second generation is concerned with the application of nanostructures, such as drug delivery. The third and fourth generation are concerned with the further integration of nanomaterials applications, such as the use of nanobots in drug delivery.
Recent Advancements in Nanotechnology: A Human Health Perspectives
Authors: Mandal Kumaresh , Tamang Shishir , Subba Soni , Roy Biswajit , Tamang Rakesh
Published: September 2022

Nanotechnology came into the limelight during the last decade of the twentieth century. It finds immense application in developing nano molecules and nanodevices using molecular, supra-molecular, and atomic level matters. Its role in biomedical engineering is proving crucial. Nanoparticles like silver nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, etc. have wide implications in biomedicine. Even though there are arguments regarding the side effects, risk factors, removal from the human body, etc., the regular use of nanoparticles has proven cost and time-effective solutions for several human health problems. Due to their small size, nanoparticles have an extended reach in the human body and thus have become effective tools in diagnosis and disease treatment. Most importantly the application of nanotechnology in human health includes drug and protein delivery, treating cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, ophthalmology, etc. Various nanosystems like dendrimers, nanoshells, nanocrystals, and quantum dots are effectively used to examine and cure cancer and other patients with complex health problems. Despite its wide range of applications in human health and diseases, the toxicological risk assessment of the ecosystem and human health itself is necessary for every newly developed nanomedicine. Thus, interdisciplinary understanding and evaluation of nanotechnology-based solution tools are necessary for its judicial use in human health.
Electronic Structure of the Half-Heusler ScAuSn, LuAuSn and their Superlattice: A Comparative GGA, mBJ and GGA+SOC Study
Authors: Joshi Himanshu , Ram Mahesh , Limbu Nihal
Published: September 2022

A detailed analysis of electronic band structure of the ScAuSn, LuAuSn and their Superlattice have been performed using the full potential linearized augmented plane waves (FP-LAPW). The exchange-correlation between the electrons was treated with three schemes, generalized gradient approximation (GGA), Trans and Blaha modified Becke-Johnson potential (TB-mBJ) and Spin-Orbit Coupling (SOC) incorporated with GGA. The GGA method reveals an indirect spin-gapless semiconducting nature for LuAuSn, an indirect band gap semiconducting nature for ScAuSn and direct semiconducting nature for their superlattice whereas under mBJ scheme, the band gap values are found to be enhanced. The inclusion of Spin-Orbit Coupling effects in GGA predicts the materials to be semi-metallic. The density of states is mainly dominated by the Sc and Lu atom near the vicinity of Fermi energy level and in the conduction region in ScAuSn and LuAuSn alloys, respectively whereas in superlattice the density of states is mainly dominated by Sc atom with significant contribution from Sn atoms.
Advanced Materials and Nanosystems: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Solanki Rekha Garg
Published: September 2022

The nanomaterials are materials of dimensions 1-100 nm. Advanced materials and Nanosystems; synthesis and characterization is an emerging field of research. The day by day modification in synthesis approaches may generate a new synthetic approach. The gradual development in the synthesis techniques from the bulk to nanoparticles synthesis has been reported in this chapter. We are focused on all types of synthesis methods for advanced nanomaterials and the techniques used for nanomaterials characterization. For the Commercial production of nanomaterials, various bottom-up and top-down approaches have been developed during the last two decades. Here, we are trying to summarize the basic principle of solid phase, vapour phase and liquid phase synthetic techniques in detail with a schematic setup.
Conformational, Morphological, and Physical Characterization of Bio-based Polymers
Authors: Singh Sudarshan , Chunglok Warangkana
Published: September 2022

Polysaccharides are the most pervasive form of pharmaceutical excipients, consisting of diverse functional properties that play a vital role in sustaining life. Moreover, polysaccharides are well-known for several benefits such as nutritional benefits, effects on immunity, and delectability with biocompatibility. Natural polysaccharides are an assembly of monosaccharides’ long chain units bounded together with glycosidic linkage. In addition, polysaccharides are often quite heterogeneous, a slight alteration in the repeating unit produces distinct properties in biopolymers. Further engineered bio-based polymers produced to facilitate the regulated drug delivery system require information on structural conformation to meet the Food and Drug Administrative regulations. Furthermore, surface conformation and morphological imaging analysis are also of prime importance in the fabrication of drug delivery systems. Therefore, the amendment in the chemistry that brings about an alteration in the physicochemical property requires the use of various instrumental techniques for its characterization. In this chapter, a brief overview of compositional characterization techniques used for bio-based polymers is presented, focusing on analytical techniques that are generally applied. Moreover, the chapter promotes the application of suitable analytical techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and varying chromatography in understanding the complex structure of polysaccharides. In addition, information on instruments used for surface morphological characterization of polymers is covered in this chapter.
Potential Application of Biopolymers in the Textile Industry
Authors: Singh Sudarshan , Chunglok Warangkana
Published: September 2022

Textile configurations are derived from two major sources such as ancient handicraft and modern scientific inventions. Textile fabrication using polymeric fiber is one of the fastest-growing sectors since the 19th century and is currently the secondlargest manufacturing industry after information technology. Although polymers are predominantly used in the development of dosage forms, however recent devolvement in natural polymer chemistry reflects its association with the production of plastics, fibers, elastomers, etc. Innovation using natural polymer fibers-based textile could serve as an alternative capable of replacing synthetic polymer-based fibers. Polymers, especially fibers contribute significantly to the manufacturing of textiles. Moreover, copolymerization of fabrics fibers with excipients demonstrated potential for the development of materials useful in various biomedical applications. Furthermore, to understand the fundamental characteristics of polymeric fibers including structural composition, morphological features such as crystallinity, and orientation, a comprehensive skill is necessary. This chapter discusses the basic materials used in the fabrication of textile products, with emphasizes on bio-based polymers as an alternative to synthetic polymers in the production of fabrics.
Bibliometric Analysis of Bio-Based Pharmaceutical Excipients
Authors: Singh Sudarshan , Chunglok Warangkana
Published: September 2022

Recently bibliometric analysis has gained significant importance in quantitative assessment for analyzing scientific outputs, the linkage between universities, authors, funding organizations, and development enactment, with several other applications. Therefore, the scientific community needs an advanced tool to analyze a wide range of scientific data with precision and accuracy. This chapter aims to provide up-to-date bibliometric analysis on bio-based pharmaceutical excipients including network and overlay visualization for publication from 2000 to 2021, retrieved from the Scopus database. The documents considered were original research and conference proceedings numbering 2923. The bibliometric analysis revealed that research interests in bio-based are expanding throughout the globe, as a potential source of biomaterial for allied pharmaceutical sciences.
Quantitative Structure-activity Relationship Study on Antioxidant Dipeptides
Authors:   Kansas State University, Du Zhenjiao , Li Yonghui ,   Kansas State University
Published: September 2022

Antioxidative peptides have attracted increasing interest of researchers and consumers. Compared to wet chemistry methods, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis as a in silicon method can be more efficient and cost effective and has been successfully applied to activity prediction of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity and bitterness of peptides. However, there are only few QSAR studies on antioxidative activity, particularly for dipeptides which have demonstrated ideal absorption ability in intestinal compared to larger peptides. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive QSAR analysis between simple structure dipeptides and their antioxidative activity based on available results. 16 common amino acid descriptors were adopted and combined with partial least squares regression (PLSR) for modelling of ABTS and ORAC antioxidant activities of 75 dipeptides from literatures. Two descriptors, namely G-scale and VSW, were selected for further optimization of PLSR models for ABTS activity and ORAC activity, respectively. The two models resulted in R2 of 0.846 and 0.865 and Q2 of 0.737 and 0.756, respectively. With 20 times permutation, the R2 intercepts were 0.142 and 0.198, demonstrating the robustness of the models. Further, based on the two established models, the ABTS and ORAC activities of totally 400 dipeptides were predicted for screening. Overall, only a few descriptors can achieve acceptable performance in antioxidative activity modeling of dipeptides. The N-terminal residues have greater contribution to both ABTS and ORAC activity. Specifically, hydrophobicity played an important role in ABTS activity. The W, Y, E and L amino acid in the N-terminal of a dipeptide are likely to result in higher ABTS activity and the W and Y in the N-terminal of a dipeptide are likely to lead to higher ORAC activity. This study provides important guidance for future protein hydrolysis for antioxidant peptides, design, and selection of physicochemical properties and regression methods for model development.
Extraction and Characterization of Minimally Processed Native Faba Bean (Vicia Faba) Protein Using Mild Fractionation
Authors:   University of Saskatchewan, Bandyopadhyay Madhurima , Ghosh Supratim ,   University of Saskatchewan, Nickerson Michael ,   University of Saskatchewan
Published: September 2022

Pulse proteins are known to be high in protein and have good emulsifying properties. However, to optimize their performance as an emulsifier, the proteins need to be isolated in a manner to preserve their functional attributes. The most common commercial process to extract protein isolates from pulses such as faba bean (Vicia faba) is by alkaline extraction followed by isoelectric precipitation. However, this method relies on high pH (9-10) and spray drying, which can potentially denature the protein to alter its functionality. The present research aimed to extract native faba bean proteins from the flour using a mild aqueous fractionation and then characterize their structure, composition and functionality. The mild process will extract most likely more water-soluble albumin proteins, which would give different functionality. Faba bean flour (10% w/w) was dissolved in deionized water and centrifuged at different conditions by varying the speed (3000 and 4000 rpm) and duration (1.5 – 3.5 min). The extraction yield and purity of the proteins could be tailored by controlling centrifugal forces. Protein yield was found to decrease with an increase in time at a constant centrifugation speed. The soluble fraction obtained by centrifugation at 3000 rpm showed significantly lower interfacial tension for the samples centrifuged for a longer time duration. SDS PAGE analysis of the mildly fractionated soluble fraction revealed the presence of more albumin proteins compared to the globulin proteins. The data obtained in terms of protein composition, yield, purity, denaturation enthalpies and interfacial tension paved the way to understand the effect of the mild fractionation process on the efficiency of the minimally processed protein-rich fraction in emulsion stabilization.
Effects of Ph-shifting Process on the Improvement of Gelling Properties of Pea Protein and Their Potential Application as Binders in Meat Alternative Products
Authors:   University of Alberta, Zhu Peineng , Chen Lingyun ,   University of Alberta
Published: September 2022

Good gelling properties of plant protein have the potential to work as suitable binders to adhere texturized vegetable protein and fat mimetics in meat analogues. As for the binding material in restructured products, heat-induced gelation and water holding capacity are of great importance to generate coherent products with desirable texture. Pea protein has attracted attentions as soy protein substitute for its comparable functionalities yet with much lower allergenicity. In our lab, we developed a strong and elastic pea protein gel with excellent water holding capacity through pH-shifting process. With the modulation of pH-shifting process, pea protein gels exhibited highly crosslinked network structure with evenly distributed pore size and fine strands, corresponding to improved mechanical strength up to 21 kPa and water holding capacity (>95%) comparable to some gels made from animal proteins. Gels elasticity of varying extent can be acquired through the control of pH-shifting process for the design of different meat analogues with desired texture. Reduced heating temperature was noticed for the development of pea protein gels with the pretreatment of pH-shifting process observed through the rheological behavior upon heating during the gel formation, which should benefit overall quality of meat alternative products when applied as binders by producing less cooking loss. These results have revealed that pH-shifting process can be utilized as a convenient approach to modify pea protein with desirable gelling properties to be applied as potential binding ingredients in meat alternative products.
Optimization of Potent Mineral Chelating Peptides Production from Rapeseed Meal Proteins Proteolysis and Peptide Characterizations
Authors:   LRGP, Kaugarenia Nastassia , Beaubier Sophie ,   LRGP CNRS, Durand Erwann ,   CIRAD / UMR QUALISUD, Lesage François ,   LRGP CNRS UMR7274, Framboisier Xavier ,   LRGP CNRS, Aymes Arnaud ,   LRGP CNRS, Villeneuve Pierre ,   CIRAD, Kapel Romain ,   LRGP CNRS UMR7274
Published: September 2022

Preventing lipid oxidation and microbial spoilage are both major concerns in sectors such as food and cosmetic industries. Biopeptides, arouse great interest to substitute synthetic antioxidants. Some plant proteins, like 2S rapeseed albumins are known presenting antimicrobial properties. In this context, we aimed to valorize total rapeseed meal proteins with controlled enzymatic proteolysis to generate mineral chelating peptides from the 11S globulins fraction while keeping intact the albumins fraction. To do so, screening of proteases on total rapeseed protein isolate was implemented highlighting a globulin-selective hydrolysis with Prolyve®. Ultrafiltration was then used to purified albumins and enrich the peptide fraction. The fraction obtained showed a noteworthy metal chelating activity. Then, the selected proteolysis was optimized in order to maximize the albumins purity and yield. For that, enzymatic mechanism identification in a wide operating conditions area was led to define the DoE. Then, simulation of hydrolysis kinetics was driven to predict protein fractions concentration at any time and any set of operation conditions. The obtained models were implemented in a genetic-evolutionary algorithm to generate the Pareto Front and Domain, presenting the targeted economical compromises. One solution was chosen and the identified corresponding operating conditions proved the metal chelating activity conservation (EC50 = 247 ± 27 µg) for three times faster production at the same enzyme cost. Finally, peptide activity was investigated in oil-in-water emulsion systems and compared with EDTA. Results showed that peptides could be as effective as EDTA to avoid primary and secondary lipid oxidation products formation.This work demonstrates an original total valorization of both rapeseed meal proteins in food applications. First, antioxidant peptides produced from the globulin fraction, could be used as food preservative in oil-in-water emulsion systems, but also as preventing agents for micronutrient deficiencies. And, the purified albumin fraction could be used to prevent microbial spoilage.
Effect of Nitrogen on the Biomass Production and Lipid Accumulation of Micractinium reisseri: A potential Microalgal Strain for Bio-fuel Production
Authors: Sahay Sudha
Published: September 2022

The potential microalgal strains that are robust and display high growth and lipid accumulation rates are an important prerequisite for using them as a bioenergy source. We have isolated and screened six morphologically different microalgae strains, isolated from the Sabarmati River in Gujarat, India. The growth rates and lipid productivity of all six microalgae were assessed. Three potential microalgae strains were screened based on maximum biomass and lipid production. We named them MA001, MA002 and MA003. We identified MA001 as Micractinium reisseri based on its 28S rRNA sequencing. The M. reisseri showed an optimal growth rate of 2 g/L (dry weight) and 52 % lipid content after 20 days of cultivation in a normal artificial saline medium. Further analysis of lipid accumulation in M. reisseri was investigated at different concentrations of nitrogen. M. reisseri accumulated the highest amount of lipid under nitrogen starvation.
Effectiveness of Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes sp. on the Yield and Lignin Deposition of Barley Hordeum vulgare L. Crop.
Authors: Divyanshu Kumari
Published: September 2022

The study was conducted to examine the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria; Pseudomonas punonensis LMT03 (R1), Pseudomonas plecoglossicida (R4), Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 50071 (R2), Alcaligenes faecalis (DBHU5) and their consortium on yield and lignin deposition of the barley crop. Consortium treated plants had the highest plant height, leaf surface area, number of fertile tillers, spike length, grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, total biomass, and harvest index percent and the lowest values were found in control plots. The consortium treated plant produced the highest grain yield 7976 kg/ha, while control plants produced 3200 kg/ha. In comparison to the control plant, the PGPR-treated barley plant showed dense lignin deposition in the vascular bundles of the stem section.This is the first report on the effect of P.punonensis and P. plecoglossicida on barley crop yield parameters under field conditions, also the first report on lignin deposition in barley plant treated with P. punonensis and P. plecoglossicida strains.