bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biocontrol of Bayoud Disease (Fusarium oxysporum F. Sp. Albedinis) on Deglet-nour Variety of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in South Western Oases of Algeria
Authors: Belaidi Hakima , Toumi-Benali Fawzia , Benzohra Ibrahim Elkhalil
Published: February 2021

Background: This work has the objective to biocontrol the bayoud disease of date palm caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis (Foa), is the major disease in Algerian palm groves of south western region. This in vivo biocontrol was done on date palm variety Deglet-Nour, using two antagonistic fungi species, Trichoderma harzianum and Aspergillus flavus. Methods: Twenty Foa isolates obtained from isolation of the spines carrying the typical symptoms of Bayoud disease were used. Two strains T. harzianum and A. flavus, were isolated from rhizosphere soils of the date palm trees. Using the greenhouse screening test, which was carried out on 3-4 month-old date palm seedlings at the rate of 5 ml of inoculum suspension. Result: A statistical analysis showed a significant (P less than 0.05), difference of Deglet-Nour seedlings reactions against Foa isolates and antagonistic fungi were observed. All date palm trees present susceptibility against Foa until the total mortality of seedlings. The biocontrol test showed that two antagonists showed different reaction, with the complete resistance for seedlings treated by T. harzianum with the mortality rate (rm%) reduced at 100%, while, the second antagonist A. flavus reduced the rm% at 25%. We can apply of these antagonistic fungi to protect our groves contaminated by Bayoud disease and also contain this susceptible commercial variety.
Compatibility of Entomopathogenic Fungi with Neonicotinoids for the Management of Brown Plant Hopper of Rice, Nilaparvata lugens stal. (Delphacidae: Hemiptera)
Authors: Reddy B. Nagendra , Lakshmi V. Jhansi , Maheswari T. Uma , Laha G.S.
Published: February 2021

Background: Rice is the staple food of Indians and it is attacked by more than 100 species of insects. Among all, brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is one of the major sucking insects, which can cause appreciable damage by sucking sap on other hand transmitting viral diseases. Farming community using several insecticides for managing the BPH. However, continuous use of these insecticides causes health hazards and environmental pollution and also leads to development of insecticide resistance. Keeping this view in mind, the present investigation has been planned with combined use of fungal formulations and commonly used neonicotinoid insecticides in rice eco system for managing BPH. Methods: This experiment was carried out in two parts, one is studied the compatibility between neonicotinoids (Thiamethoxam 25 SG and Dinotefuran 20 SG) and entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Lecanicillium lecanii =Verticillium lecanii) by following the standard poison food technique. Second one is after studied the compatibility between neonicotinoids and entomopathogenic fungal agents, inhibitory studies were conducted under glasshouse conditions. Result: The study revealed that two tested insecticides affected the radial growth of fungi partially at all the three concentrations (0.5RC, RC and 1.5RC). At recommended concentration (RC), dinotefuran 20 SG @0.4 g/l was found to be slightly harmful to all three fungi (20% - 35% reduction of the growth of the fungus) and thiamethoxam 25 SG @ 0.25g/l appeared to be slightly harmful to B. bassiana and M. anisopliae and moderately harmful to L. lecanii (35-50% reduction of the growth of the fungus). Thiamethoxam 25SG alone recorded 65.0% mortality of BPH and when mixed with B. bassiana and M. anisopliae gave 86.25% and 81.25% mortality of BPH respectively under glass house conditions. Similarly, Dinotefuron 20 SG alone could gave 98.75% mortality of BPH.
Effect of Water Regimes on the Growth of and Yield of Rabi / Summer Groundnut Genotypes in Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka
Authors: Kumar R. Naveen , Patil R.H. , Yenagi B.S. , Dhage S. Sagar
Published: February 2021

Background: Groundnut crop grown during Rabi / summer experiences moisture stress, thus irrigation is must. However, water for irrigation gets scarce during summer month hence it becomes important to choose stress tolerant varieties and optimize irrigation schedule without compromising the yield. Methods: A field experiment with four rabi / summer groundnut genotypes (G1: Dh-86, G2: Dh-101, G3: K-9 and G4: G2-52) exposed to four irrigation regimes (I1: 7 irrigations at 15 days interval from sowing to 105 DAS as control, I2: withdrawal of one irrigation between 45 - 60 DAS i.e., pegging stage, I3: withdrawal of two irrigations between 45-75 DAS i.e., at pegging and pod filling stage, I4: withdrawal of four irrigations from 45-105 DAS i.e., at pegging, pod filling and kernel development stage) was carried out from December to April of 2016-17 on black cotton soils at AICRP on Groundnut UAS, Dharwad. Result: Among the genotypes tested, Dh-86 recorded significantly higher pod yield (2,376 kg ha-1) followed by Dh-101 (2,215 kg ha-1) and K-9 (2,048 kg ha-1), whereas G2-52 gave the lowest yield (1,880kg ha-1) and all of them performed well at I1 and I2 irrigation regimes. Among different water regimes, I1 (i.e., control) recorded significantly taller plants, higher LAI, more branches and higher dry matter at harvest as compared to other irrigation regimes, hence it also recorded significantly higher pod yield and haulm yield (2,870 and 4,691 kg ha-1, respectively), but was found at par with I2, i.e., crop stressed only at pegging stage (2,858 and 4,648 kg ha-1, respectively). This suggests that, at the most, one irrigation can be skipped at pegging stage without compromising on yield.
Plant Tissue Culture- A New Tool for Vegetable Improvement (Indian scenario): A Review
Authors: Bijalwan Priyanka , . Shilpa
Published: February 2021

In vitro culture of plant cells/tissues is now routine using a range of explant types from many of the important vegetable and fruit crops. Successful technologies include isolation, culture of tissues, cells, protoplasts, organs, embryos, ovules, anthers and microspores and regeneration from them of complete plantlets. The development of plant tissue culture technology represents one of the most exciting advances in plant sciences. For example, the prospect of being able to introduce, develop, produce, transfer and conserve the existing gene pool of plant sciences by using tissue culture methods opens up new opportunities for researches and entrepreneurs. The term plant tissue culture should denote in vitro cultivation of plant cells or tissues in an unorganized mass, i.e., callus culture. Plant tissue culture techniques, in combination with recombinant DNA technology, are the essential requirements for the development of transgenic plants. However, culture techniques like anther/pollen/ovule culture, meristem culture can themselves be utilized for crop improvement or may serve as an aid to conventional breeding. In recent, isolated microspore culture has developed as a breeding tool and an experimental system for various genetic manipulations. The inherent potentiality of a plant cell to give rise to a whole plant, a capacity which is often retained even after a cell has undergone final differentiation in the plant body, is described as ‘cellular totipotency’. On the other hand, production of virus-free plants via meristem culture can reduce losses caused by phyto-pathogens. Embryo culture has many potential uses ranging from overcoming seed dormancy to facilitation of inter-specific hybridization. Protoplast fusion technique can be used for the transfer of cytoplasmic male sterility from one species to another in a short period of time. In cabbage, male sterile cybrids are being utilized by seed companies to produce hybrid seeds on commercial scale and at competitive rates. Plant tissue culture and cell culture are providing useful methods for germplasm storage either by low temperature storage of organized tissue, or cryopreservation of cell or embryo culture.
Nanotechnology Intervention- Sugarcane Waste to Wealth: A Review
Authors: Dutta D.
Published: February 2021

Nanotechnology is nothing but anything smaller than micro technology. Nanoparticles have been widely used because of their incredible properties such as high heat resistance and chemical inertness. They are synthesized using different metals and metalloids such as calcium, titanium, silicon, etc. In the recent years there has been increased interest on synthesis of nanoparticles using organic waste. Sugarcane bagasse is one of the green ways for synthesis of nanoparticles. Various methods can be used to obtained nano-cellulose, such as acid hydrolysis, ultrasonic technique and enzymatic hydrolysis etc. This review focuses on the how best we could use sugarcane waste material for production of nanoparticles.
Physico-chemical, Sensory and Microbiological Characteristics of Strawberry Flavored Milk under Refrigerated Storage
Authors: Hossin Md. Sarwar , Debnath Shangkor , Alam Md. Nur , Islam Md. Saiful , Miah Md. Kajal , Mollah Md. Shahorab Hossin , Saeid Abu
Published: February 2021

Background: In this study, physico-chemical, sensory and microbial characteristics of three formulated strawberry flavored milk samples were investigated under 14 days of storage at refrigeration (4oC) temperature. Methods: pH, acidity, specific gravity, TSS, fat, protein, sensory attributes and microbial quality were investigated. Result: Physicochemical properties varied from pH (5.47 to 6.37), acidity (0.15 to 0.19%), TSS (15 to 16oBrix), specific gravity (1.05 to 1.063), fat (1.87 to 2.07%) and protein (3.33 to 3.40%) under the storage conditions. The results of sensory parameters ranged color (3.27 to 7.93), flavor (3.27 to 7.93), taste (3.40 to 7.73) and overall acceptability (3.13 to 8.0). The total plate count (TPC) in strawberry flavored milk ranged from 3.67×103 to 24.67×103 cfu/ml. Sample 3 almost retained the highest values considering pH, acidity, specific gravity, fat and protein with few exceptions as compare to sample 1 and sample 2 which were not significantly different (p≤0.05). Sample 2 obtained the highest score for color, flavor, taste and overall acceptability which was significantly different (p≤0.05) from other sample 1 and sample 3. Although the TPC value lowest found in sample 1 but there was no significant different (p≤0.05) with sample 2 and sample 3. Overall, sample 2 had more reliable results till the 7 days of refrigeration storage, followed by sample 3 and sample 1.
Effects of the Avian Leukosis Virus on the Weight of Immune Organs and Other Important Organs and Body Weight of Chicks at Different Growth Stages
Authors: Guo Z.H. , Li X. , Huang Y.F. , Lan X.
Published: February 2021

Background: The avian leukosis virus (ALV-J) is a retrovirus causing irreversible damage and loss of function in tissues and organs in a chicken body, especially in those related to the immune system, thus resulting in considerable economic loss. Methods: We measured the changes in the weights of immune organs, such as the spleen, bursa of Fabricius, thymus, heart and liver and body weight at days 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 42 after ALV-J infection and analysed the differences between the corresponding tissues and normal groups at each time. Result: The unique weight change in pspleen tissues indicates that the organ plays an important role in fighting ALV-J infection in the early stage. Moreover, the phenotypic inhibition of ALV-J in the tissues and organs started to appear 28 days after infection.
The Protective Effect of Garden Cress Lepidium sativum against Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice Model
Authors: Sayed Abdalla A. , Ali Ali M. , Bekhet Gamal M.
Published: February 2021

Background: Lepidium sativum (LS) is a very potent and often used as anti-cancer is largely limited due to the dose-related toxic effects. The present study investigated the protective role of LS that can reduce the liver injury induced by LPS. Methods: Forty white male mice were randomly divided into five groups: the vehicle control group, LPS group, LPS plus LS group, LS pretreated plus LPS group and LS + LPS + LS group. Mice were sacrificed at 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48h. Blood and liver samples were collected for the experimental investigations. Biochemical analysis, histopathological studies and molecular investigation carried out for different groups used. Result: Biochemical analysis for serum AST, ALT, LDL and HDL levels were determined to evaluate liver status. Oxidative stress of liver examined through determination of oxidative enzymes. Furthermore, proinflammatory (IL-6 and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines were investigated. Histopathological liver sections were examined to show the alterations due to LPS injection. Biochemical analysis showed a significant modulatory effect of LS on the LPS challenged mice. Histopathological studies showed that LPS caused liver alterations, such as necrosis, infiltrations of neutrophils, sinusoid congestion and hepatocellular degeneration in the liver. These histopathological modulations were significant by LS pretreatment. These findings indicate that LS has a significant hepatoprotective effect on LPS-induced liver injury in mice model.
Aetio-pathological studies of digestive and respiratory affections in cattle calves
Authors: . Sushma , Nehra V. , Shunthwal J. , Rath A.P.
Published: February 2021

Aetio-pathological studies of digestive and respiratory affections was undertaken in cattle calves received for post mortem examination during a period of seven months (September, 2015 to March, 2016). Maximum age-wise mortality was noticed in age group of 1 to 3 months. Sex-wise mortality in cattle calves was more in females as compared to males. System-wise causes of death/mortality were highest due to combined involvement of both the digestive and respiratory systems. Pneumo-enteritis was the main affection noticed when there was combined involvement of both digestive and respiratory systems. Bacteriological studies of different samples collected from carcasses of cattle calves revealed that maximum bacterial species isolated was E. coli followed by Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp. and Staphyloccocus spp. Maximum number of bacteria species were isolated from intestine followed by lungs, heart blood and tracheal swab. The results of in-vitro drug sensitivity revealed that most of bacterial strains were sensitive to gentamycin and resistant to tetracycline. Examination of faecal samples of diarrhoeic/diseased and dead cattle calves revealed that Ascaris ova and Eimeria spp. was the major infection.
Detection of Mycoplasma gallinaceum by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene from respiratory disease in village chickens
Authors: Ponnusamy P. , Reetha T. Lurthu , Ronald B.S.M. , Puvarajan B. , Manicakm R.
Published: February 2021

In the present study, Mycoplasma gallinaceum was detected by PCR amplification of 16S rRNA gene from chronic respiratory disease in village chickens of Cauvery delta region of Tamil Nadu. Necropsy was performed to find out the etiological agent in desi birds mortality. At necropsy, airsacculitis with caseous exudate were found in the thoracic and abdominal cavity. Caseous material from airsacs was collected aseptically from dead birds for detection of Mycoplasma species. DNA was extracted from caseous material by using tissue DNA extraction kit. PCR was carried out using primers to amplify 16S rRNA gene belonging to Mycoplasma species. The amplified product yielded approximately 700-bp length (703 to 713 bp) of the 16S rRNA gene specific for Mycoplasma species. Further, it was subjected to sequence analysis and confirmed as Mycoplasma gallinaceum by NCBI blast analysis. In the present communication, detection of M. gallinaceum by PCR amplification of 16S rRNA gene provides a powerful tool for rapid diagnosis.
áS2 casein gene polymorphism and association with milk production traits in Malvi and Nimari cattle of Madhya Pradesh
Authors: Pandey Akhilesh , . M.S.Thakur
Published: February 2021

The aim of this study was to know the polymorphic variants and their association with milk production traits in Malvi and Nimari cattle of Madhya Pradesh at áS2 casein gene (CSN1S2) gene locus. The PCR amplified products of 1267 base pair (bp) length were digested by restriction endonuclease enzyme EcoRV, which recognizes GAT^ATC sites. The 1267bp product was cut into two fragments of sizes 1150bp and 117bp. All the tested samples yielded different results. Absence of restriction site at both the alleles that resulted in the appearance of single compact bands of size 1267bp was referred to as genotype AA. The samples exhibiting three fragments (1267bp/ 1150bp/ 117bp) were denoted as genotype AB. The RFLP analysis carried out in above both of the breeds of cattle revealed dissimilar genotypic patterns. AA and AB genotypes were observed in Malvi and Nimari . The genotypic and gene frequencies of AA, AB and BB genotypes of áS2-casein gene (CSN1S2)/EcoRV locus was found to be 0.44, 0.56 and 0.00 in Malvi; 0.68, 0.32 and 0.00 in Nimari and the respective gene frequency for A and B alleles were found to be 0.72 and 0.28 in Malvi; 0.84 and 0.16 in Nimari. The frequency of A allele was found to be highest as compared to B allele in all the four breeds of cattle under the study. Chi-square values for testing correspondence between observed and expected genotypic frequencies at this locus were found to be non-significant in Malvi and Nimari breeds of cattle. The above result indicated that the populations of animals of above both breeds were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at this locus. The association of polymorphic variants of áS2-casein gene (CSN1S2)/EcoRV in Malvi and Nimari breeds of cattle with milk yield per lactation (L), daily milk yield (L) showed the non significant difference was observed between mean MY(L) of AA and AB genotype of Malvi and Nimari and With respect of daily milk yield the Nimari. However, the Nimari breed showed significantly higher daily milk yield than the Malvi breed of cattle.
Whole Genome Sequencing and Analysis of Mycobacteroides chelonae M77 Isolated from Cow Milk from the Hill State of Meghalaya, India
Authors: Vise Esther , Ghatak Sandeep , Garg Akshay , Karam Amarjeet , Prasad Chendu Bharat , Milton A. Arun Prince , Shakuntala Ingudam , Puro Kekungu , Sanjukta Raj kumari , Sen Arnab , Das Samir
Published: February 2021

Background: Mycobacteroides chelonae M77 isolated in a targeted Mycobacterial isolation study from bovine raw milk was whole genome sequenced (CP041150.1), followed by comparative genomics study for better understanding of the organism with special focus on its virulence and antibiotic resistance pattern. This is probably the first whole genome sequence (WGS) of M.cheloane submitted in NCBI database from India. Methods: The WGS has been carried out in Illumina Next Seq 500 platform and then assembled resulting in a genome of 5.12 MB. The assembled genome was annotated in RASTtk and viewed by SEED for its detailed analysis. Pathogen Finder 1.1 and Res Finder 3.1 soft wares were applied for knowing the isolate pathogenecity and antibiotic profiling respectively. Mauve analysis was carried out to know the genomic re-arrangements. Result: Pathogen Finder 1.1 showed that M77 was non-pathogenic and Res Finder 3.1 server reveals it is susceptible to most of the antibiotics. Mauve analysis for alignment of isolate revealed no significant re-arrangement of genomic segment. The whole analysis showed that the genome of M77 is tight genome with not much variation in relation to previous complete genomes reported and is non-pathogenic and sensitive to most of the antibiotics.
Studies on Pulsed-wave Doppler Echocardiographic Parameters of Blood Flow through Mitral, Tricuspid and Aortic Valves in Healthy Indian Spitz Dogs
Authors: Bodh Deepti , Hoque Mozammel , Saxena Abhishek Chandra
Published: February 2021

Background: Pulsed-wave Doppler measures blood flow at specific point and provides information on velocity, direction and uniformity of blood flow throughout cardiac cycle. Till date, there is no published data on study of cardiac parameters using pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography in Indian Spitz dogs. Methods: Twenty-four clinically normal Indian Spitz dogs were subjected to pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography to determine the reference intervals for Doppler parameters of blood flow through mitral, tricuspid and aortic valves. Mitral peak E and A-wave velocities, E/A ratio, deceleration time, isovolumic relaxation time, E and A-wave velocity time integral, E duration and A duration were 0.69±0.09 m/s, 0.43±0.12 m/s, 1.69±0.45, 111.25±35.94 ms, 48.50±24.77 ms, 0.07±0.01 m and 0.04±0.02 m, 196.88±44.38 ms and 181.25±64.89 ms, respectively. Tricuspid peak E and A-wave velocities, E/A ratio and E and A-wave velocity time integral were 0.57±0.11 m/s, 0.38±0.08 m/s, 1.56±0.32 and 0.07±0.02 m and 0.05±0.01 m, respectively. Aortic peak velocity, velocity time integral and ejection time were 0.87±0.07 m/s, 0.11±0.02 m and 0.25±0.04 s, respectively. Conclusion: The reference values of flow parameters across mitral, tricuspid and aortic valves using pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography were determined. Mitral, tricuspid and aortic valve flow variables were unaffected by gender whereas isovolumic relaxation correlated positively with body weight.
Vascular Perfusion of the Preovulatory Follicle and its Relationship in Pregnancy Establishment during Natural and Induced Estrus in Buffaloes
Authors: Selvaraju M. , Prakash S. , Palanisamy M. , Visha P. , Chitra R.
Published: February 2021

Background: In buffaloes, little attention has been devoted on the haemodynamics of preovulatory follicle (POF) and serum estradiol profiles and their relationship with conception rate following AI at natural and induced estrus. Methods: Sixty healthy pleuriparous graded Murrah buffaloes were selected and divided into two groups, viz., Group I and II. Group I buffaloes were artificially inseminated twice at an interval of 24 hours during natural estrus. Estrus induction was done using PIVD and PGF2α in group II buffaloes and AI was performed 48 h and 72 h after the withdrawal of PIVD. The blood flow of the preovulatory follicle (POF) and early pregnancy were assessed in both the groups by Doppler ultrasonography. Result: On statistical analysis, the mean (± SE) of spectral indices revealed there was an increased blood flow to the POF during induced estrus (Group II) when compared to natural estrus (Group I). The conception rate observed was 66.67 and 58.33 per cent in group I and II, respectively. It is concluded that increased vascular perfusion to POF resulted in almost similar conception rates in induced and natural estrus following AI in buffaloes.
Gross and Histopathological Findings of Naturally Occurring Anaplasma marginale Infection in Cattle
Authors: Das Dhruba , Sarma Kalyan , Roychoudhury Parimal , Chethan G.E. , Ravindran R. , Islam Sikdar Jabidur , Prasad H. , Rajesh J.B. , Behera Biswadeep , Choudhury Farhin Aktar
Published: February 2021

Background: Bovine anaplasmosis is a haemolytic disease of cattle caused by an obligate intra-erythrocytic bacterium Anaplasma marginale and is characterized by high fever, dyspnoea, anaemia, icterus, decreased milk production and death. The present study was undertaken to study the gross and histopathological changes caused by naturally occurring A. marginale infection in cattle. Methods: History and clinical examination of animals revealed inappetance/anorexia, presence of tick infestation, high fever, pale or icteric mucous membranes, tachycardia, dyspnoea and lymphadenomegaly. The diagnosis of A. marginale infection was done by blood smear examination and further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing analysis. During the present study, two animals did not respond to treatment and were succumbed to A. marginale infection. A systematic post-mortem examination was performed on the animals and gross lesions were recorded. The tissue samples from various vital organs such as heart, lungs, liver, spleen and kidneys were collected in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed for histopathological examination. Result: The post-mortem examination revealed emaciated carcass with yellowish discoloration of serosal surfaces of the abdominal organs, haemorrhagic heart, congestion of lungs, hepatomegaly, distension of the gallbladder and splenomegaly. The major histopathological changes noticed included myocardial degeneration and necrosis, interstitial pneumonic changes, degenerative changes in hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells, enlargement of red pulp area of spleen with histiocytic proliferation and hemosiderosis. Histopathology also revealed inflammatory process characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells in various organs. Very few reports are available on the pathological aspects of A. marginale infection and thus the outcome of the present study can yield valuable information to aid in the diagnosis of bovine anaplasmosis under field conditions.
Pharmacokinetics of Marbofloxacin Following Oral Administration in Piperine, Quercetin Alone and Both in Combination Pretreated Broiler Chickens
Authors: Patel H.B. , Patel U.D. , Modi C.M. , Ladumor V.C. , Makwana C.N. , Rao S.S.
Published: February 2021

Background: Various antibacterial drugs are substrates for drug metabolizing enzymes. They suffer from reduced bioavailability after oral administration in chickens. Herbal bio-enhancers increased the absorption of co-administered drugs. Hence, present study was planned to explore the bio-enhancing effect of piperine and quercetin pretreatment on pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin after oral administration in broiler chickens. Methods: The pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin was investigated following single dose (5 mg/kg) oral administration in piperine, quercetin alone and both in combination pretreated (10 mg/kg each, oral, 3 days) broiler chickens. The concentrations of marbofloxacin in plasma samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Result: Following single oral administration of marbofloxacin, elimination half-lives (t1/2β) were 6.23 ± 1.01, 5.69 ± 0.39 and 7.71 ± 0.59 h in piperine, quercetin and both in combination pretreated chickens, respectively. The elimination half-life (t1/2β), apparent volume of distribution (Vd(area)/F) and mean residence time (MRT) were significantly (p less than 0.05) higher in combination pretreated chickens as compared to piperine and quercetin alone groups. Piperine and quercetin combined pretreatment has improved the pharmacokinetics profile of marbofloxacin after oral administration in broiler chickens. Findings of the study are expedient for the development of protocol for use of bio-enhancers with antibiotics in broiler chickens.
Morphological Standard of Murrah Buffalo of India based on Multivariate Analysis of the Phenotypic Traits
Authors: Yadav Dinesh Kumar , Vijh Ramesh Kumar
Published: February 2021

Background: Morphometric measurements are important for the characterization of farm animal breeds and have become very useful in determining their morphological standards. Identification of animals based on breed standards are important for breed improvement and conservation programmes. Murrah, India’s world famous buffalo breed, is the highest milk producer and improver breed. Prevalence of Murrah grades in the vicinity of breeding tract of the Murrah warrants their differentiation. The objective of this study was to define the morphological standard of the Murrah buffalo and differentiate it from the Murrah grades. Methods: Fourteen body biometric traits of 258 she buffaloes were recorded from the core and peripheral breeding tract of the breed. In order to separate the animals into two groups, data were subjected to cluster analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis were used respectively to describe the body conformation and identify the combination of independent traits that distinguished Murrah from grade Murrah. Result: Our study showed significant differences between the traits of Murrah and grade Murrah (p less than 0.05). The grade Murrah she buffaloes were smaller than the Murrah counterparts. PCA results showed that five factors explained 67.4% of total variance of studied morphometric traits in Murrah she buffaloes, whereas in Grade Murrah six components explained 72.7% of the total variance. The stepwise discriminant function derived with eight body biometric traits was able to discriminate Murrah and grade Murrah she buffaloes effectively. A total of 93.5% original grouped animals were classified correctly. The present work determines the morphometric standard of the Murrah buffalo through characterization and identification of latent factors of morphometric traits. Subsequent use of this information in marketing, breeding, management and conservation purposes can give significant productivity gains.
Effect of shredded Colophospermum mopane wood inclusion as roughage on the performance of fattening Nguni cattle
Authors: Kgasago Nkgaugelo , Ng`ambi Jones Wilfred , Coetzee Roelf
Published: February 2021

A study was conducted to determine the effect of shredded Colophospermum (C.) mopane wood inclusion as roughage on the performance of fattening Nguni heifers. The heifers were randomly allocated to four diets with different shredded C. mopane wood inclusion levels (5, 8.5, 10 and 15%) in a completely randomized design. Shredded C. mopane wood inclusion level had effect (P less than 0.05) on intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Diet intakes per metabolic weight and FCR of Nguni heifers were optimised at different shredded C. mopane wood inclusion levels. However, shredded C. mopane wood inclusion levels did not affect (P greater than 0.05) diet in vitro digestibility, carcass weight, dressing percentage, meat pH, meat shear force values and meat colour intensities except for red colour intensity of rump steak. It was, thus, concluded that shredded C. mopane wood can be used as roughage without adversely affecting diet intake, FCR, and live weight of Nguni heifers.
Effect of substituting barley grain with wet sugar beet pulp silage on some blood metabolites in lambs
Authors: Aldemir R. , Bingol N.T. , Karsli M.A. , Dede S.
Published: February 2021

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of substituting grain barley with we sugar beet pulp (WSBP) silage prepared with wheat bran (WSBPS) at different levels on some blood parameters of lambs. A barley grain based control diet was prepared. Then, three experimental diets were prepared by substituting 35, 70 and 100% of barley grain with WSBPS (35, 70 and 100% WSBPS diets). Moreover, negative control was also established. A total of sixty, 6-7 month old male Akkaraman lambs with 24.29+1.50 kg mean body weight were used in the study. These lambs were fed one of five diets for a period of 75 days. Blood samples were taken at the beginning and end of the experiment. Serum glucose, total protein, BUN, phosphorus, and calcium levels were determined. Serum BUN and phosphorus levels were similar at the beginning and end of the experiment (P greater than 0,05). Serum glucose levels were significantly higher in control, 100% WSBPS and negative control whereas Ca level was higher in all groups, except negative control at the end of experiment (P less than 0,05). Total protein levels were significantly lower in 70 and 100% WSBPS (P less than 0,05). All of the parameters, except BUN level were statistically similar among groups at the end of the experiment. In conclusion, substituting barley with wet sugar beet pulp silage did not have significant effects on blood parameters, except BUN. Substituting barley with WSBPS could be an alternative feeding strategy for farmers without affecting animal health based on the results of this experiment.
Effect of bilateral ovarian massage on post-partum anoestrus interval in cross bred (Holstein Friesian x Sahiwal) dairy cows
Authors: Noonari Abdul Shakoor , Naeem Muhammad , Salam Abdus , Ali Muzaffar , Ishtiaq Abir , Naeem Ammar Danyal
Published: February 2021

Post-partum anoestrus reduces the productivity of dairy cows by delaying in producing a calf in a year. Therefore, to restore early ovarian cyclicity bilateral ovarian massage was attempted. In present study both ovaries were massaged repeatedly after every 15 days of cross-bred (Holstein Friesian x Sahiwal) dairy cows (n=141) during 2005-6 to 2009-10. Results revealed that the incidence of anoestrus was reduced to 14.18% (20/141) and a 64.53% (91/141) pregnancy rate was recorded following bilateral ovarian massage performed at 15th, 30th, and 45th day post-partum. However, out of the 20 post-partum anoestrus cows (n=20), 50% (10/20) of the animals exhibited estrus with 45% (9/20) conceiving following bilateral ovarian massage performed at 60th , 75th , 90th and 105 days post-partum. The data in relation to animal’s age, lactation number versus ovarian cyclicity resumption was insignificant. It was concluded that bilateral ovarian massage was effective in inducing cyclicity in anestrus animals .
Effects of 17á-ethinylestradiol-based contraceptives on ovarian tissue using histopathological examination and FSH, LH, CYP1A, and CYP3A expressions using qRT-PCR in the ovaries and brain tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)
Authors: Arslan Harun
Published: February 2021

In this study, the main aim was to identify the effects of exposure to 17á-ethinylestradiol-based contraceptives on the ovaries and brain tissues of common carp. For this purpose, histopathological changes were evaluated in ovaries after 21 days of contraceptive exposure. In addition, the expression levels of the CYP1A, CYP3A, FSH, and LH genes were measured in contraceptive-exposed brain tissue and ovaries respectively, using qRT-PCR (p less than 0.05, p less than 0.01, and p less than 0.001, respectively). No histopathological lesions, including inflammation, degeneration, or necrosis in the evaluated ovarian tissue of common carp were found after both high and low levels of exposure to contraceptives. Therefore, it is concluded that these contraceptives were highly dangerous to the reproduction system of common carp; the accumulation of contraceptive waste in the water supply could adversely affect and threat the common carp population. This may indirectly also affect other animals.
Evaluating the Influence of Soil and Environmental Parameters in Terms of Crop Suitability using Machine Learning
Authors: Bhimanpallewar Ratnmala Nivrutti , Narasingarao Manda Rama
Published: February 2021

Background: The key source of income in India is agriculture, so farming is called as backbone of Indian economy. To satisfy the need of increasing population increase in the crop yield is very important. India country programming framework stated that, the annual soil loss in India is about 5.3 billion tonnes. Methods: Majority farmers are small or marginal scale and are dependent on natural resources like soil-quality, rainfall and environmental condition etc. for their yield. Based on experience farmers decide which crop to be adopted. Government is arranging trainings and exhibitions to enhance the skillset of farmers. Result: A land which gives poor yield for one crop may produce adequate yield for some other crop/crops. To know the possible suitable crop/crops proposed machine learning model focuses current and potential suitability evaluation for available scenario.
Impact of Chemical Defoliants on Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Biochemical Parameters, Yield and Fiber Quality of High Density Cotton
Authors: Chandrasekaran P. , Ravichandran V. , Senthil A. , Mahalingam L. , Sakthivel N.
Published: February 2021

Background: The Cotton growing farmers in India are facing major problem at the time of harvest due to labor shortages, asynchronized boll opening, leaf trash in the cotton, which is reducing the boll picking efficiency and fiber quality. Presently, the Indian cotton industry is moving towards mechanical harvesting by cotton harvester. Defoliation or leaf abscission is induced in cotton as a natural physiological process which usually is inadequate for a complete mechanical harvest of cotton. Defoliation before harvest is often induced by managing the plants so that senescence, abscission (separation) layer development and leaf drop are encouraged. Chemical defoliants induce leaf abscission, hasten mature boll dehiscence and inhibit re­ growth. Selection of appropriate defoliants is one of the critical decisions in cotton production. Their use can result in increased manual as well as machine harvest efficiency, reducing boll rot and the trash in seed cotton. The physiological basis of defoliation in cotton is essential to understand the role of appropriate defoliant with time of application. Hence, the objective of the study was to evaluate the defoliation efficiency, boll opening percentage and to know the physiological basis of defoliation in response to different defoliants and time of application in high density Cotton cultivation which eases the mechanical harvesting. Methods: In this field investigation during 2018-2019 at Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore was carried with seven different defoliants and three different time of defoliants application were fixed based on crop maturity and duration of the crop. In this study, high density cotton variety CO 17 was used as experimental material. A series of lab and field analysis were determined on defoliation process, physiological attributes, boll opening percentage and seed yield and quality. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis. Result: Our investigation exploring the effect of different defoliants on physiological, biochemical, yield and quality parameters of high density Cotton. Among the different defoliants and time of applications, two defoliants and two times of applications works better in terms of better defoliation, boll opening rate, physiology, yield and quality. The physiological and biochemical effects of defoliants on defoliation process were discussed. The present work will be useful for mechanized picking with these effective defoliants without loss of yield and quality loss in cotton.
Effect of Environmentally Benign Nano-nitrogen, Potassium, Zinc on Growth and Yield Enhancement in Triticum aestivum
Authors: Sheoran Promila , Grewal Sapna , Kumari Santosh , Goel Sonia
Published: February 2021

Background: Wheat is staple diet for majority of people of world and requires several nutrients for optimum growth like Nitrogen, Potassium and Zinc etc. These nutrients when added in the form of chemical fertilizers definitely increase production but at the cost of negative impact on soil, air, water and living beings. Nanoformulations can provide a possible solution to this problem. The current study tried to assess the impact of foliar application of Nano-N, K, Zn on morphological and yield related parameters of wheat. Methods: Wheat plants were grown up to harvesting stage for two consecutive years from 2018 to 2020. Pots grown plants were treated with three different concentrations of Nano-N, K, Zn and bulk/chemical N, K, Zn along-with a control setup having no external nutrients supplement. Several morphological and yield related parameters were recorded. Result: Application of Nano-N, K, Zn resulted in statistically significant increase in plant height, seeds per spike, root length, 100 seed weight, yield and biomass accumulation compared to the control and bulk/chemical N, K, Zn. Highest yield per pot of 23.87 g was obtained under nano-N, K, Zn treatment while yield under bulk fertilizers and control setup was only 7.54 g and 4.38 g respectively. Our work presents a novel combination of nitrogen, potassium and zinc nanofertilizers which not only increase quality of wheat produce but also environment friendly too.
Effect of Weed Management Practices on Weed Dynamics, Nutrient Depletion, Productivity and Profitability of Summer Mungbean (Vigna radiata) under Zero Tillage Condition
Authors: Singh Kuldeep , Ram Hardev , Kumar Rakesh , Meena R.K. , Kumar Rakesh , . Manisha
Published: February 2021

Background: Weeds are prime factor that adversely effects on growth, quality and yield of mungbean during summer and rainy season. Being a short duration crop, it faces heavy weed competition right from the early growth stages to harvesting. The critical period of crop weed competition in mungbean was initial 25-30 days, yield may be reduce up to 50-90% if weeds not manage at this stage. Hence, there is a need to find out the successful weed management strategies to realize higher growth and yield. The progressive transformation of agriculture concerning intensive use of herbicides is gaining status in recent years due to easy, lower cost, timeliness and successful controlling weeds. Therefore, keeping above information in view, the present study was undertaken to assess the effect of different weed management practices in summer mungbean under zero tillage condition to find out the better weed management, higher productivity and profitability. Methods: In this field-laboratory investigation during summer season, 2019, different herbicides were applied to manage weeds in mungbean. Eight treatments were applied based on various application windows. In the field and laboratory, the collected samples were determined for crop weed competition, yield attributes, yields and net returns. Result: The results revealed that weed free treatment was recorded lowest weed population at 30 DAS and harvest (1.8 and 2.9), weed dry weight (1.1 and 1.9g) and highest weed control efficiency (96.3 and 94.9%) followed by Pendimethalin (PE) fb one HW and Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) application. The similar results also observed in nutrients removed by weeds. Among yield attributes, weed free treatment recorded the longest pod length, no. of pods/plant, no. of seeds/pod and test weight (7.9, 21.0, 9.7 and 43.0g, respectively) which was at par with Pendimethalin (PE) fb one HW and Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) application. The magnitude of seed yield was increased under weed free (10.1 q/ha) and Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) (9.5 q/ha) treatments by 127.9 and 113.8%, respectively over weedy check. Application of Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) recorded highest net returns (Rs 55,079/ha) and B: C (2.8) over rest of the treatments. It can concluded that application of Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) @ 2 L/ha at 20 DAS recommended for better weed control, higher yield and net returns of summer mungbean under zero tillage condition.
Morpho-physiological and Biochemical Variability in Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] Varieties for Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) Resistance under Natural Field Conditions
Authors: Ramarao G. , Satishbabu J. , Harisatyanarayana N. , Adinarayana M.
Published: February 2021

Background: Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) is economically most important disease of greengram reducing grain yields by 20-70%. Whiteflies and thrips are the most important insect pests which transmit the viral diseases MYMV and LCV respectively. The host plant resistance to MYMV disease in greengram genotypes has a great importance. The morpho-physiological and biochemical traits play an important role in host plant resistance against MYMV disease through insect vector resistance. Methods: A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19 at RARS, Lam, Guntur in a randomized block design with eight greengram genotypes and replicated thrice under receding soil moisture condition. The experiment was conducted using eight greengram varieties (WGG 42, Pusa Vishal, LGG 607, LGG 630, LGG 601, LGG 610, LGG 460 and LGG 450) obtained from RARS Lam Guntur and the genotype LGG 450 was considered as a susceptible check. The estimation of sugars, phenols, tannins, trichome density and SCMR was done at vegetative and reproductive stages of crop growth. Result: A significant variation was observed among the varieties for all the traits observed at vegetative and reproductive growth stages during both rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19. The total sugar content of the greengram varieties varied from 25.55 to 47.32 mgg-1 FW; the leaf phenolic content values ranged from 12.09 to 26.83 mg g-1 FW and the tannins content of the dried leaf samples ranged from 0.020 to 0.055 mgg-1 DW. The Trichome density of the greengram varieties varied from 75 to 162/cm2 of leaf area and the SCMR values ranged from 35.12 to 58.67. Higher seed yield was recorded in the variety LGG 630 followed by WGG 42 and the lower seed yield was recorded in the variety LGG 450 during rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19. The MYMV resistant varieties showed relatively higher phenolic, tannins content and trichome density and lower total sugar content in the leaf. The total sugar content showed a significant negative correlation with the seed yield. The SCMR value was significantly lower in the susceptible varieties of greengram with higher disease scores.
Comparison of Biochemical Responses of Common Vetch (Vicia sativa L.) Seedling Organs to Salinity
Authors: Beyaz Ramazan
Published: February 2021

Background: Shoots and roots are autotrophic and heterotrophic organs of plants with different physiological and biochemical functions under stress conditions. The metabolites involved in tolerance enhancement differed between roots and shoots. In this study, the biochemical changes occurring in shoot and root organs under salt stress and the level of these changes were investigated. However, these changes in shoot and root organs were compared. Methods: Seeds of common vetch were sown and subjected to 14 days of salt stress in basal MS medium containing 100 mM NaCl. In shoot and root tissue, biochemical parameters such as antioxidant enzymes activities (GR, APX, SOD and CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA) content and proline accumulation were determined. Result: Results of the study indicated that the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT (except in shoot), GR and APX), MDA and proline accumulation enhanced by salt stress in both organs. On the other hand, morphological parameters decreased in both tissues. It seemed that antioxidant enzyme activities more active in root tissues. However, proline accumulation was found higher in shoot tissues than root tissue, while MDA content was higher in root tissue than shoot tissue. The present investigation provides essential information for the antioxidant components of the shoot and root organs of vetch seedlings under salt stress.
The creativity and character in Korea teacher education
Authors: Chae Yonsuk
Published: February 2021

Creativity is the ability of people to be innovative in their approach to problems, situations and life in general. Character is a person’s moral standards. Creativity and character are two concepts that are essential in the teaching process. A teacher can influence their student’s character and they can improve the student’s absorption level through innovative ways of teaching. This study reports the implementation of an education programme for pre-service teachers in Korea and how the programme affected their creativity and character. It was a qualitative research that collected data from in-depth interviews with 13 participants from the programme. Pre-teachers indicated that they often distinguished clearly between the competence of creativity, an example of its occurrence in the classroom and what feature of that example made it creative to be self-developed. The implementation of the programme encouraged student teachers to inter-communicate and share ideas among others within the classroom.
 
Keywords: Creativity, character, German daily life, German university life, Korea, teacher, education.