bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Superior mesenteric ganglion neural modulation of ovarian angiogenesis, apoptosis and proliferation by the neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone
Authors: Cáceres Antonella Rosario Ramona , Campo Verde Arboccó Fiorella , Cardone Daniela Alejandra , Sanhueza María de los Ángeles , Casais Marilina , Vega Orozco Adriana Soledad , Laconi Myriam Raquel
Published: October 2021

Allopregnanolone (ALLO), a potent neuroactive steroid, is synthesized and active in the peripheral nervous system. Previous studies have shown that ALLO participates in the central regulation of reproduction with effects on ovarian physiology, although there is little evidence for its ability to modulate peripheral tissues. The present study aimed to determine whether ALLO, administered to an ex vivo system that comprises the superior mesenteric ganglion (SMG), the ovarian nervous plexus (ONP) and the ovary (O), or to the denervated ovary (DO), was able to modify ovarian apoptosis, proliferation and angiogenesis. For this purpose, the SMG‐ONP‐O system and DO were incubated during 120 min at 37°C, in the presence of two ALLO doses (0.06 µm and 6 µm). The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis were analyzed. Incubation of the SMG‐ONP‐O system with ALLO 0.06 µm led to an increase in the BAX/BCL‐2 ratio and a reduction of FAS‐L mRNA levels. ALLO 6 µm induced a decrease of FAS‐L levels. Incubation of DO with ALLO 0.06 µm reduced FAS‐L, whereas ALLO 6 µm significantly increased it. Cyclin D1 mRNA was measured to evaluate proliferation. Treatment with ALLO 6 µm increased proliferation in both SMG‐ONP‐O and DO. ALLO 0.06 µm produced an increase of Cyclin D1 in DO only. Administration of either ALLO dose led to a higher ovarian expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in the SMG‐ONP‐O system, but a lower one in the DO system. ALLO 6 µm induced ovarian sensitization to GABA by increasing GABAA receptor expression. In conclusion, ALLO participates in the peripheral neural modulation of ovarian physiology. It can also interact directly with the ovarian tissue, modulating key mechanisms involved in normal and pathological processes in a dose‐dependent manner.
Measuring emotion recognition: Added value in diagnosing dementia of the Alzheimer’s disease type
Authors: Strijkert Fijanne , Huitema Rients Bauke , Spikman Jacoba Margje
Published: October 2021

Neuropsychological tests, particularly for episodic memory, are used to classify patients in memory clinics. Still, the differential diagnosis between dementia of the Alzheimer’s disease type (Dementia‐AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or major depressive disorder (MDD) is challenging. However, impairments in other domains, such as emotion recognition, an aspect of social cognition, might have additional value in distinguishing Dementia‐AD from MCI and MDD and hence signal progression of neurodegeneration. We evaluated this in patients visiting a memory clinic.

Sixty healthy controls (HC) and 143 first time attendants of an academic hospital memory clinic who were eventually classified as Dementia‐AD (n = 45), MCI (n = 47), MDD (n = 27), or No Impairment (NI, n = 24) were included. We assessed group differences in Emotion Recognition (Ekman 60 Faces Test (EFT)) and episodic memory (Dutch Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)). With multinomial and binomial regression analysis, we assessed whether EFT was added to RAVLT in distinguishing patient groups.

Dementia‐AD patients had significantly worse emotion recognition than HC, MCI, MDD, and NI groups, but no other between‐group differences were found. Episodic memory was impaired in Dementia‐AD and MCI patients. We found no memory impairments in the MDD and NI groups. Emotion recognition in addition to episodic memory was significantly better in predicting group membership than episodic memory alone.

In conclusion, emotion recognition measurement had added value for differentiation between patients first visiting memory clinics, in particular in distinguishing Dementia‐AD from MCI. We recommend the standard inclusion of emotion recognition testing in neuropsychological assessment in memory clinics.
Preparations from Campomanesia reitziana reduce the gastrointestinal motility and castor oil‐induced diarrhea in a non‐opioid and non‐dopaminergic pathway in mice and display antimicrobial activity in vitro
Authors: Mariott Marihá , Mariano Luísa Nathália Bolda , Boeing Thaise , Cechinel Zanchett Camile Cecconi , Salamanca Efrain , Bella Cruz Alexandre , Giménez Alberto , Cechinel Filho Valdir , da Silva Luisa Mota
Published: October 2021

Background

This study investigated the antidiarrheal potential of the aqueous extract (AECR) and hydroalcoholic extract of Campomanesia reitziana leaves (HECR), its ethyl acetate (EAF) and dichloromethane fractions (DCMF), and myricitrin isolated from EAF.

Methods

The total phenols and flavonoids were measured, followed by chromatography and myricitrin isolation. The 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picryl‐hydrazyl scavenger activity, the cytotoxicity, and the effects on LPS‐induced nitrite production in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC‐6) were quantified. The effect of HECR, EAF, DCMF, and AECR on intestinal motility (IT), gastric emptying (GE), and castor oil‐induced diarrhea in mice was determined, as well as its antimicrobial activity.

Key Results

The administration of AECR 10% (10 ml/kg, p.o), but not HECR (300 mg/kg), reduced the GE and IT by 52 and 51%. The EAF and DCMF at 300 mg/kg also reduced IT but did not change GE. Moreover, AECR and EAF, but not DCMF, inhibited the castor oil‐induced diarrhea and naloxone or metoclopramide pretreatment did not change these effects. Myricitrin did not change IT and the evacuation index of mice. Finally, the dry residue of AECR inhibited bacterial growth and EAF showed bacteriostatic activity against S. aureus, E. coli, and S. typhimurium and antifungal for C. albicans. However, none of the preparations alter the viability of Giardia spp. trophozoites.

Conclusions

The AECR and EAF can be effective to treat diarrhea acting through opioid‐ or dopaminergic type 2 receptor‐independent mechanisms and by its antimicrobial actions.
Forest understorey communities respond strongly to light in interaction with forest structure, but not to microclimate warming
Authors: De Pauw Karen , Sanczuk Pieter , Meeussen Camille , Depauw Leen , De Lombaerde Emiel , Govaert Sanne , Vanneste Thomas , Brunet Jörg , Cousins Sara A. O. , Gasperini Cristina , Hedwall Per‐Ola , Iacopetti Giovanni , Lenoir Jonathan , Plue Jan , Selvi Federico , Spicher Fabien , Uria‐Diez Jaime , Verheyen Kris , Vangansbeke Pieter , De Frenne Pieter
Published: October 2021

Forests harbour large spatiotemporal heterogeneity in canopy structure. This variation drives the microclimate and light availability at the forest floor. So far, we do not know how light availability and sub‐canopy temperature interactively mediate the impact of macroclimate warming on understorey communities.

We therefore assessed the functional response of understorey plant communities to warming and light addition in a full factorial experiment installed in temperate deciduous forests across Europe along natural microclimate, light and macroclimate gradients. Furthermore, we related these functional responses to the species’ life‐history syndromes and thermal niches.

We found no significant community responses to the warming treatment. The light treatment, however, had a stronger impact on communities, mainly due to responses by fast‐colonizing generalists and not by slow‐colonizing forest specialists. The forest structure strongly mediated the response to light addition and also had a clear impact on functional traits and total plant cover.

The effects of short‐term experimental warming were small and suggest a time‐lag in the response of understorey species to climate change. Canopy disturbance, for instance due to drought, pests or logging, has a strong and immediate impact and particularly favours generalists in the understorey in structurally complex forests.
Identifying effective characteristics of behavioral weight management interventions for people with serious mental illness: A systematic review with a qualitative comparative analysis
Authors: Lee Charlotte , Piernas Carmen , Stewart Cristina , Michalopoulou Moscho , Hajzadeh Anisa , Edwards Rhiannon , Aveyard Paul , Waite Felicity
Published: October 2021

People with serious mental illness (SMI) have identified barriers to engaging in behavioral weight management interventions (BWMIs). We assessed whether BWMIs that addressed these barriers were more effective. First, we systematically reviewed qualitative literature and used a thematic analysis to identify the characteristics of BWMIs that promote engagement for adults with SMI. Second, we systematically reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of BWMIs in adults with SMI. Data on the characteristics that promoted engagement and weight outcomes were extracted. We then used a crisp‐set qualitative comparative analysis (CsQCA) to identify which characteristics were associated with weight loss. For the qualitative review, 20 studies in 515 people with SMI were analyzed and nine characteristics were reported to promote engagement in BWMIs. For the systematic review, 34 RCTs testing 36 interventions in 4305 participants were included. The active interventions resulted in more weight loss (mean = −4.37 to +1 kg at 6 weeks to 18 months follow‐up) compared with controls (−1.64 to +3.08 kg). The CsQCA showed BWMIs that offered regular contact, tools to support enactment, and tailored materials were associated with effectiveness. As these are all supplementary strategies, it may be possible to augment BWMIs available for the general population to engage people with SMI.
Treatment of Candida urinary tract infections with micafungin in children
Authors: Ekinci Faruk , Yildizdas Dincer , Horoz Ozden Ozgur , Ozgur Gundeslioglu Ozlem , Alabaz Derya
Published: October 2021

Background

Candida urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common nosocomial infections among critically ill patients hospitalized in pediatric intensive care Units (PICU). We aimed to report outcomes of critically ill pediatric patients who received micafungin for hospital acquired Candida UTIs. We analyzed treatment success rates and success rates among different Candida species.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included patients who received micafungin for Candida UTI as first choice in our PICU between January 2017 and July 2018. Data, including demographic and clinical features, were retrospectively collected from medical files of the patients. Treatment efficacy was defined as resolution of clinical symptoms and a negative culture for Candida at day 14 after initiation of micafungin treatment.

Results

Twenty‐four pediatric patients (median age 5.72 years, range, 2 months–16 years) were included in the present study. Fourteen (58.3%) patients had urinary catheters at the time of Candida isolation. Resolution of symptoms and a negative culture at day 3 of micafungin treatment were achieved in 17 (70.8%) and 14 (58.3%) patients, respectively. Moreover, 19 (79.2%) patients had a normal urine analysis and negative culture 14 days after initiation of micafungin treatment. Treatment responses did not statistically differ between Candida species.

Conclusions

Micafungin is safe and efficacious in critically ill pediatric patients with Candida UTIs. Its efficacy in our pediatric population was as comparable to that observed in adult studies, therefore, it should be considered as an effective therapeutic option in Candida UTIs of critically ill pediatric patients.
Toward a theory of ability‐based friendship competence: Agentic and communal substrates
Authors: Krenz Corynne K. , Persich Michelle R. , Robinson Michael D.
Published: October 2021

Succeeding within the friendship domain is likely to require skills related to both agency and communion. Based on such thinking, this study assessed variations in friendship competence (FC) using a recently developed test that conceptualizes FC in ability‐based terms. In addition, extensive information was obtained from participants (n = 188), their best friends (n = 161), and peers (n = 453) who were knowledgeable concerning the best friend relationship. Participants obtaining higher (relative to lower) FC scores responded to simulated challenges in ways implicating greater attention to both helpfulness and practicality and they reported higher levels of intimacy in their best friend relationships. Although friendship competence was less successful in predicting best friend outcomes, peers of participants with higher FC levels viewed their targets as more socially skilled in both agentic and communal terms. The results, in total, provide critical knowledge concerning competent friendship functioning.
Practical conflicts as a problem for epistemic reductionism about practical reasons
Authors: Kiesewetter Benjamin , Gertken Jan
Published: October 2021

According to epistemic reductionism about practical reasons, facts about practical reasons can be reduced to facts about evidence for ought‐judgements. We argue that this view misconstrues practical conflicts. At least some conflicts between practical reasons put us in a position to know that an action ϕ isoptional, i.e. that we neither ought to perform nor ought to refrain from performing the action. By understanding conflicts of practical reasons as conflicts of evidence about what one ought to do, epistemic reductionism fails to account for this. In conflict cases in which ϕ‐ing is optional, epistemic reductionism suggests that we have equally strong evidence for and against assuming that we ought to ϕ, and thus cannot be in a position to know that it is not the case that we ought to ϕ. This is a serious flaw.
Aerenchyma formation in the root of leaf‐vegetable sweet potato: Programmed cell death initiated by ethylene‐mediated H2O2 accumulation
Authors: Pan Rui , Han Hui , Medison Milca Banda , Abou‐Elwafa Salah Fatouh , Liu Yi , Yang Xinsun , Zhang Wenying
Published: October 2021

Sweet potato, commonly planted in Southeast Asia and South America with abundant rainfall, often suffers from waterlogging. The aerenchyma formation in roots is an effective way for plants to facilitate gas exchange. In the present study, tolerant and sensitive varieties, respectively, designated NC1 and C211, were evaluated under water oxygen content at 2.0 mg·L−1 (hypoxia treatment) and 8.0 mg·L−1 (control). The results showed that NC1 variety has a relatively higher root growth rate under low oxygen condition. In NC1 plants, aerenchyma was observed in the mid‐section of the main adventitious root and spread to the proximal and distal ends, forming a complete channel in the cortex. However, in C211 plants, the aerenchyma occurred relatively later and could not turn into a whole channel. Ethylene synthesis‐related (ACS1, ACS4, ACS5, etc.) and signal transduction‐related (ETR1, ERS1, EIN2, etc.) genes were upregulated in the NC1 plants and led to changes in the reactive oxygen species‐related genes (RBOHA, SOD, CAT, etc.) and enzyme activities. It was found that programmed cell death was induced by H2O2 accumulation. A regulatory model of lysigenous aerenchyma formation in the root of sweet potato was constructed. Our study enriches the understanding of the mechanisms of the aerenchyma formation in plants.
International remittances and nonfarm entrepreneurship among the left‐behind: Evidence from Nepal
Authors: Kharel Paras , Dávalos Jorge , Dahal Kshitiz
Published: October 2021

Nepal has one of the largest personal remittances‐to‐gross domestic product ratios globally, which raises questions regarding the role of remittances in key welfare–related outcomes among the left‐behind population. This paper assesses the impact of remittances from international migration on the left‐behind households’ engagement in nonfarm self‐employment and on the revenues of the nonfarm enterprises they operate. The empirical analysis is based on a Nepal household survey that includes an enterprise module for 2011 and on an instrumental variable‐tobit econometric specification. In accordance with Gronau's theoretical framework, remittances were found to discourage women's engagement in nonfarm self‐employment (disincentive effect), whereas there was no significant effect on men. Consequently, we find that the disincentive effect was sufficiently strong to exert a negative impact on the revenues of nonfarm enterprises operated by the left‐behind.
The representation and reconstruction of ethno‐national identity on social media by Kurdish women in Rojhelat, Kurdistan‐Iran
Authors: Aghapouri Jiyar , Ahmadi Avin
Published: October 2021

Using a cyber‐ethnographic method, this paper investigates how Kurdish women in Kurdistan‐Iran (i.e. Rojhelat/East Kurdistan or Iranian Kurdistan) represent and reconstruct their ethno‐national identity on social media. The research studied Instagram as the most popular social media platform among Rojhelat and Iranian women wherein different groups can now play an active role in the reproduction of their narratives, as well as in the representation of their own media content. The research discussed: 1) the dominant patterns related to the representation of the virtual identity of Kurdish women in Iran; 2) the strategies and techniques used in these patterns for the representation and reconstruction of ethno‐national identity; 3) the personal preferences or environmental variables influencing the different identity types of Rojhelat Kurdish women on Instagram; and 4) the factors that lead to the continuity of media practices with respect to the representation of these women’s virtual identity in society.
Development of Communicative Competencies During Integrated Analysis and Synthesis of a Text
Authors: Postil Stepan , Kozak Nataliia , Zykun Natalia , Tsymbal Petrо , Vlasova Hanna
Published: October 2021

Text is the main tool for designing and managing the learning and education processes. The communicative competencies of the individual are an important component of students' activities including working with documents, the ability to conduct interpersonal and social dialogue, and speak publicly. There is a theory that it is possible to develop a student's personal competence effectively through the integration of academic disciplines which in turn necessitates methods selected by the authors. The purpose of this study is to develop a project-based pedagogical technology that involves complex analytical and synthetic work with the text (CASWT) and contributes to the development of students' communicative competencies. In the course of this study methods of empirical and qualitative observation, analysis and synthesis were used. The practice of combining independent work with text and self-control using subject-specific thematic tests in the Moodle learning environment has been empirically researched. The content of the gained knowledge, faculties, skills, and activities of students after completing project tasks for working with text and communications, which ensure general and special (professional, subject) competencies of applicants for various specialties in compliance with the standards of higher education of Ukraine, is studied. The results of the study are developed graph-diagram which describes logical connections between the main text subjects, observation, analysis and evaluation of the results of work during several years, which allow increasing the quality of performance of the students and their psychological confidence, persuasiveness during studying other disciplines in next years of study.
SMA Actuator Usage in Upper Limb Rehabilitation Technology
Authors: Miro Michael , Theren Benedict , Schmelter Tobias , Kuhlenkötter Bernd
Published: October 2021

Today, therapy of neurologically induced functional losses of the upper limbs is mainly carried out manually. Recently, with the progress in automation technology, device-assisted therapy has established itself internationally as an additional treatment option. Thereby, proven therapy methods are applied automatically, which can relieve therapists, increase treatment frequency and lead to a better outcome. However, many of these solutions are still costly, heavy, bulky, or unsuitable for non-specialists because of the device’s and external actuator unit’s complexity. These limitations deny regular and otherwise immensely beneficial self-training by demanding the continuous presence of a therapist for setup and oversight. In this context, Shape-Memory-Alloy-based actuators’ usage may permit new design approaches with enhanced physical properties and usability. Thereby, inhibition thresholds are overcome by reducing the size and weight of available devices and their peripherals, which use standard actuators. For SMA, the necessary strokes and forces are a challenge. To meet the given demands of automated grasp therapy, a suitable actuator build is designed using VDI 2248. The build bases on an antagonistic SMA approach consisting of Nitinol spring combinations to match given boundary conditions, like necessary stroke and gripping forces for a physiologically correct hand movement. Furthermore, optimization for properties like a minimal size to stroke ratio is conducted. This paper delivers an early proof of concept based on a prototype for an SMA-actuated grasp therapy device for neurological rehabilitation.
4D Printed Bilayer Helical Structures Mechanical Behaviors and Shape Memory Effects
Authors: Zeng Siyuan , Feng Yixiong , Gao Yicong , Tan Jianrong , Wei Zhe
Published: October 2021

4D printing has great potential for fabricating patient-specific and stimuli responsive 3D structures for the medical sector. This paper conducts a systematic research about mechanical behavior based on 4D printing bilayer helical structure. The anisotropic characteristics of mechanical and shape memory performances induced by different infill strategies via both experimental and theoretical methods are investigated. In the proposed method, the bilayer structure is fabricated by three-dimension printing and heated in the water bath for a period of time, and then the deformed structure is obtained. The influence of printing temperature and angle on the storage modulus of shape memory materials (SMP) is explored by dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). The influence of environmental temperature and angle on the stress-strain curve of polylactic acid test (PLA) is explored by stretching machine. Deformation recovery tests were performed on the helical structure by pre-editing, and 3D convertible structures with programmable Poisson’s ratios were fabricated to demonstrate. The effects of process parameters on the elastic modulus, storage modulus and shape memory behavior were verified.
Traveling Waves for Flow Control in Viscoelastic Morphing Skin
Authors: Olivett Anthony , Bhayadia Amit , Karami M. A.
Published: October 2021

A bioinspired mechanism is proposed for flow control and separation delay in morphing wing aircraft. The device uses bending actuators that are directly bonded to a flexible skin on the top surface of the wing. The bending actuators are oscillated such that a traveling wave pattern propagates from the leading edge towards the trailing edge — a type of motion that is known to be used by eels and other aquatic creatures for propulsion. This experimental study examines the properties of an actualized mechanism for generating traveling bending waves through a viscoelastic morphing skin made of spring steel strips layered with a plastic sheet. Previous experiments were of elastic structures having purposefully minimal damping, consisting of spring steel sheets without any plastic layer. Elastic properties dominated and waves were actuated using a method that required at least two sets of actuators in order to produce traveling waves — one leading edge, and one trailing edge. However, we have found that in a viscoelastic morphing skin, only one actuator set is required to generate traveling waves. Experimental results are presented and a 1-D transfer matrix model is developed for a viscoelastic Euler-Bernoulli beam in vibration.
Bird-Inspired Morphing Wings: Design and Experimental Evaluation of a Wing Folding Mechanism for Pitch Stability Control
Authors: Alvarez Anna , Wissa Aimy
Published: October 2021

Birds can land quickly and in confined spaces while maintaining control over their descent rate and location. In contrast, many bird-scale, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) must land in a net, be caught by hand, or require a long runway for roll-out. Inspired by bird wings’ geometry during short-distance landing or perching, this study investigates the aerodynamic performance of two M-shaped wing configurations. The M-shaped configurations represent different stages of the pitch-up phase during perching. Results from wind tunnel experiments of a simplified engineering wing show that the M-shaped wing configurations improve aerodynamic efficiency at high angles of attack by more than 80%. The results confirm that the M-shaped configurations aid in creating a pitch-up moment, and when deployed asymmetrically, the M-shaped wings can be used for roll and yaw control.
Dynamic Stiffness of Dielectric Elastomer Isolators
Authors: Cooley Christopher G. , Lowe Robert L.
Published: October 2021

This work calculates the quasi-static and dynamic stiffnesses of dielectric elastomer isolators that are mechanically loaded by nominal (constant) compressive forces with sinusoidal fluctuations and have constant voltages applied through their thickness. Quasi-static membrane stretches due to nominal compressive loads are determined numerically for a wide range of voltages, and quasi-static compressive stiffnesses are calculated from the corresponding through-thickness displacements. Two calculations of quasi-static stiffness are presented, with each intended to be used for a different analysis relevant to isolator system design. The first determines the stiffness by finding the average slope of the force-displacement curve, where the nominal compressive load of interest is divided by the corresponding nominal compressive deflection. This is called the average slope stiffness, and it should be used for static calculations that determine nominal load sharing in vibration isolation systems. The second approach calculates the local slope of the force-displacement curve numerically at a particular nominal compressive load. This is called the local slope stiffness. It is intended for vibration isolation analyses. The two notions of stiffness introduced from quasi-static loading are then used to calculate dynamic stiffnesses from the time-dependent stretches induced by sinusoidal load fluctuations. For the average slope calculation, the stiffness is determined by dividing the nominal compressive load by the average dynamic stretch of the isolator. The local slope stiffness is calculated by dividing the fluctuating component of the compressive load by the first harmonic of the dynamic stretch. Comparisons of the stiffness calculations are presented for a wide range of excitation frequencies that include the resonances of the isolator. The resulting stiffnesses are shown to be controllable by varying the though-thickness voltage. The frequency dependence of the isolator’s stiffness is determined numerically. At excitation frequencies near resonance, the dynamic stiffness of the isolator changes substantially, and multi-valued stiffnesses are possible. The stiffnesses determined in this work could be used in component or system-level lumped-parameter models used in the design of vibration control systems. Dielectric elastomer isolators could be used as variable stiffness devices with semi-active, open-loop control of their properties.
Microscopy with undetected photons in the mid-infrared
Authors: Kviatkovsky Inna , Chrzanowski Helen M. , Avery Ellen G. , Bartolomaeus Hendrik , Ramelow Sven
Published: October 2021

Quantum light enables mid-IR microscopy with fast acquisition and ultralow intensities using a standard CMOS camera.
Boosting external quantum efficiency to 38.6% of sky-blue delayed fluorescence molecules by optimizing horizontal dipole orientation
Authors: Fu Yan , Liu Hao , Yang Dezhi , Ma Dongge , Zhao Zujin , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: October 2021

Highly efficient sky-blue organic luminescent materials for the application in organic light-emitting diodes are developed.
Relief of ParB autoinhibition by
parS
DNA catalysis and recycling of ParB by CTP hydrolysis promote bacterial centromere assembly
Authors: Antar Hammam , Soh Young-Min , Zamuner Stefano , Bock Florian P. , Anchimiuk Anna , Rios Paolo De Los , Gruber Stephan
Published: October 2021

Three-component ParABS systems are widely distributed factors for plasmid partitioning and chromosome segregation in bacteria. ParB acts as adaptor protein between the 16–base pair centromeric
parS
DNA sequences and the DNA segregation proteins ParA and Smc (structural maintenance of chromosomes). Upon cytidine triphosphate (CTP) and
parS
DNA binding, ParB dimers form DNA clamps that spread onto
parS
-flanking DNA by sliding, thus assembling the so-called partition complex. We show here that CTP hydrolysis is essential for efficient chromosome segregation by ParABS but largely dispensable for Smc recruitment. Our results suggest that CTP hydrolysis contributes to partition complex assembly via two mechanisms. It promotes ParB unloading from DNA to limit the extent of ParB spreading, and it recycles off-target ParB clamps to allow for
parS
retargeting, together superconcentrating ParB near
parS
. We also propose a model for clamp closure involving a steric clash when binding ParB protomers to opposing
parS
half sites.
Regulation of Brassinosteroid Signaling by a GSK3/SHAGGY-Like Kinase
Authors: Li Jianming , Nam Kyoung Hee
Published: October 2021

GSK3/SHAGGY is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase implicated in many signaling pathways in eukaryotes. Although many GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinases have been identified in plants, little is known about their functions in plant growth and development. Here we show that the
Arabidopsis BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 2
(
BIN2
) gene encodes a GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinase. Gain-of-function mutations within its coding sequence or its overexpression inhibit brassinosteroid (BR) signaling, resulting in plants that resemble BR-deficient and BR-response mutants. In contrast, reduced
BIN2
expression via cosuppression partially rescues a weak BR-signaling mutation. Thus, BIN2 acts as a negative regulator to control steroid signaling in plants.
Lyme disease research gets a needed boost
Authors: Couzin-Frankel Jennifer
Published: October 2021

Federal funds offered for prevention of tickborne illnesses.
Comment on “Ghost cytometry”
Authors: Di Carlo Dino , Arai Fumihito , Goda Keisuke , Huang Tony Jun , Lo Yu-Hwa , Nitta Nao , Ozeki Yasuyuki , Tsia Kevin , Uemura Sotaro , Wong Kenneth K. Y.
Published: October 2021

Ota
et al
. (Reports, 15 June 2018, p. 1246) report using pseudo-random optical masks and a spatial-temporal transformation to perform blur-free, high–frame rate imaging of cells in flow with a high signal-to-noise ratio. They also claim sorting at rates of 3000 cells per second, based on imaging data. The experiments conducted and results reported in their study are insufficient to support these conclusions.
Consuming personal genomics
Authors: Berg Jeremy
Published: October 2021

Personal genomics is enjoying increased visibility, yet much remains cloudy about its true potential. We see advertisements from direct-to-consumer companies and media coverage of scientific studies reporting new genomic associations with a range of traits. With this deluge of information, individuals need to become educated consumers to judge how valid these associations are, particularly if individuals are inclined to change their actions based on the results.
A professional slackliner robot
Authors: Mintchev Stefano
Published: October 2021

A multimodal robot demonstrates mobility and balance with the synchronous use of legs and propellers.
Targeting integrated epigenetic and metabolic pathways in lethal childhood PFA ependymomas
Authors: Panwalkar Pooja , Tamrazi Benita , Dang Derek , Chung Chan , Sweha Stefan , Natarajan Siva Kumar , Pun Matthew , Bayliss Jill , Ogrodzinski Martin P. , Pratt Drew , Mullan Brendan , Hawes Debra , Yang Fusheng , Lu Chao , Sabari Benjamin R. , Achreja Abhinav , Heon Jin , Animasahun Olamide , Cieslik Marcin , Dunham Christopher , Yip Stephen , Hukin Juliette , Phillips Joanna J. , Bornhorst Miriam , Griesinger Andrea M. , Donson Andrew M. , Foreman Nicholas K. , Garton Hugh J. L. , Heth Jason , Muraszko Karin , Nazarian Javad , Koschmann Carl , Jiang Li , Filbin Mariella G. , Nagrath Deepak , Kool Marcel , Korshunov Andrey , Pfister Stefan M. , Gilbertson Richard J. , Allis C. David , Chinnaiyan Arul M. , Lunt Sophia Y. , Blüml Stefan , Judkins Alexander R. , Venneti Sriram
Published: October 2021

Childhood posterior fossa group A ependymomas demonstrate integrated metabolic and epigenetic pathways that can be disrupted by metformin.
A rapid assay provides on-site quantification of tetrahydrocannabinol in oral fluid
Authors: Yu Hojeong , Lee Hoyeon , Cheong Jiyong , Woo Sang Won , Oh Juhyun , Oh Hyun-Kyung , Lee Jae-Hyun , Zheng Hui , Castro Cesar M. , Yoo Yeong-Eun , Kim Min-Gon , Cheon Jinwoo , Weissleder Ralph , Lee Hakho
Published: October 2021

The express probe for on-site cannabis inhalation (EPOCH) system is able to quantitate tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations in oral fluid.
Targeting AKR1B1 inhibits glutathione de novo synthesis to overcome acquired resistance to EGFR-targeted therapy in lung cancer
Authors: Zhang Ke-Ren , Zhang Yu-Fei , Lei Hui-Min , Tang Ya-Bin , Ma Chun-Shuang , Lv Qian-Ming , Wang Shi-Yi , Lu Li-Ming , Shen Ying , Chen Hong-Zhuan , Zhu Liang
Published: October 2021

AKR1B1 boosts glutathione de novo synthesis as a metabolic mechanism driving resistance to EGFR-targeted therapy in mouse models of lung cancer.
DNA binding to TLR9 expressed by red blood cells promotes innate immune activation and anemia
Authors: Lam L. K. Metthew , Murphy Sophia , Kokkinaki Dimitra , Venosa Alessandro , Sherrill-Mix Scott , Casu Carla , Rivella Stefano , Weiner Aaron , Park Jeongho , Shin Sunny , Vaughan Andrew E. , Hahn Beatrice H. , Odom John Audrey R. , Meyer Nuala J. , Hunter Christopher A. , Worthen G. Scott , Mangalmurti Nilam S.
Published: October 2021

Red blood cells detect and bind cell-free nucleic acids, contributing to anemia and immune cell activation during acute inflammation.
Genome Sequences of SARS-CoV-2 Sublineage B.1.617.2 Strains from 12 Children in Chattogram, Bangladesh
Authors: Mannan Adnan , Mehedi H. M. Hamidullah , Rob M. Abdur , Biswas Sanjoy Kanti , Sultana Nahid , Biswas Rajdeep , Hoque M. Minhazul , Hossain Mohammed Akram , Das Ajoy , Chakma Kallyan , Salauddin Asma , Raza M. Thosif , Reza Fahim Hasan , Mahtab Azmain , Miah Mojnu , Hasan Rashedul , Rahman Mustafizur , Rahman Mohammed Ziaur , Hossain Mohammad Enayet
Published: October 2021

We announce the complete genome sequences of 12 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sublineage B.1.617.2 strains (Delta variant) obtained from nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab samples from 12 pediatric patients in Chittagong, Bangladesh, displaying COVID-19 symptoms. Oxford Nanopore MinION sequencing technology was used to generate the genomic sequences.
Plant-based dietary quality and depressive symptoms in Australian vegans and vegetarians: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Lee Megan Frances , Eather Ryan , Best Talitha
Published: October 2021

Plant-based dietary patterns (vegan and vegetarian) are often considered ‘healthy’ and have been associated with broad health benefits, including decreased risk of obesity and ill health (cardiovascular disease, blood glucose and type II diabetes). However, the association between plant-based diets and mood disorders such as depression remains largely equivocal. This cross-sectional study of 219 adults aged 18–44 (M=31.22, SD=7.40) explored the associations between an estimate of overall plant-based diet quality and depression in vegans (n=165) and vegetarians (n=54). Overall plant-based diet quality was associated with depressive symptoms in vegans and vegetarians F(1, 215)=13.71, p<0.001 accounting for 6% of the variation in depressive symptoms. For those without depression, higher diet quality was protective against depressive symptoms F(1, 125)=6.49, p=0.012. Conversely, for those with depression no association with diet quality was found F(1, 89)=0.01, p=0.963. These findings suggest that a high-quality plant-based diet may be protective against depressive symptoms in vegans and vegetarians. In line with emerging research between food and mental health, higher-quality dietary patterns are associated with a reduced risk of depressive symptoms. Given the rapidly increasing rate of vegan and vegetarian food products within Australia, understanding the potential mechanisms of effects through which a plant-based diet may influence depressive symptoms is required.
Variable expressivity ofBEST1-associated autosomal dominant vitreoretinochoroidopathy (ADVIRC) in a three-generation pedigree
Authors: da Palma Mariana Matioli , Vargas Maurício E , Burr Amanda , Chen Rui , Pennesi Mark E , Weleber Richard G , Yang Paul
Published: October 2021

Objective

Autosomal dominant vitreoretinochoroidopathy (ADVIRC) is associated with pathogenic variants inBEST1, which typically causes visual impairment in the late stage of disease. We present a pedigree with variable expressivity and the youngest case in the literature with visual impairment in early childhood.

Methods and analysis

This is a retrospective, observational, case series describing multigenerational members of one family affected with ADVIRC. Patients underwent examination, ultra-widefield fundus photography and angiography, optical coherence tomography, full-field electroretinography (ffERG) and full-field perimetry.

Results

Three affected members of the pedigree, one from each successive generation, were found to harbour a mutation, c.715G>A:p.Val239Met, inBEST1. The proband characterised in this report is, to our knowledge, the youngest documented case of ADVIRC in early childhood. Yet, this patient has the most severe retinal dysfunction compared with the father and paternal grandmother, whom exhibit classic characteristics of ADVIRC. Longitudinal data from the paternal grandmother showed that there was a rapid decline in ffERG responses (photopic decline worse than scotopic) from the fourth to fifth decade of life, which correlated with severe concentric constriction of visual fields.

Conclusion

This multigenerational case series provides new insights into the ADVIRC disease spectrum and rate of progression. While ADVIRC typically causes a slowly progressive disease, we show that variable phenotypic expressivity is possible among affected members of the same family with the same mutation inBEST1. Thus, ADVIRC must also be considered in the differential diagnosis of paediatric patients with severe retinal dystrophy in early childhood.
Atrial fibrillation following transcatheter atrial septal defect closure: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Himelfarb Jonah Daniel , Shulman Healey , Olesovsky Christopher James , Rumman Rawan K , Oliva Laura , Friedland Joshua , Farrell Ashley , Huszti Ella , Horlick Eric , Abrahamyan Lusine
Published: October 2021

Objective

The ostium secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) is among the most common congenital cardiac anomalies diagnosed in adulthood. A known complication of transcatheter ASD closure is the development of new-onset atrial fibrillation and flutter (AFi/AFl). These arrhythmias confer an increased risk of postoperative stroke, thrombus formation and systemic emboli. This systematic review examines the burden of de novo AFi/AFl in adults following transcatheter closure and seeks to identify risk factors for AFi/AFl development.

Methods

Studies were identified by a search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases from inception until 29 April 2020. A meta-analysis of AFi/AFl incidence was performed using a random-effects model.

Results

A total of 31 studies met inclusion criteria, comprising 4788 adult patients without a history of AFi/AFl. Twenty-three studies were included in quantitative synthesis and demonstrated an overall incidence rate of 1.82 patients per 100 person-years of follow-up (I2=83%). In studies that enrolled only patients ≥60 years old, the incidence was 5.21 patients per 100 person-years (I2=0%). Studies with follow-up duration ≤2 years reported an incidence of 4.05 per 100 person-years (I2=55%) compared with a rate of 1.19 per 100 person-years (I2=85%) for studies with follow-up duration >2 years.

Conclusions

The incidence of new-onset AFi/AFl is relatively low following transcatheter closure of secundum ASDs. The rate of de novo AFi/AFl, however, was significantly higher in elderly patients. Shorter follow-up time was associated with a higher reported incidence of AFi/AFl.
Leveraging immune memory against measles virus as an antitumor strategy in a preclinical model of aggressive squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Leb-Reichl Victoria M , Kienzl Melanie , Kaufmann Anna , Stoecklinger Angelika , Tockner Birgit , Kitzmueller Sophie , Zaborsky Nadja , Steiner Markus , Brachtl Gabriele , Trattner Lisa , Kreideweiss Patrick , Reinsch Christian , Panzner Steffen , Greil Richard , Strunk Dirk , Bauer Johann W , Gratz Iris K , Guttmann-Gruber Christina , Piñón Hofbauer Josefina
Published: October 2021

Viral antigens are among the strongest elicitors of immune responses. A significant proportion of the human population already carries pre-existing immunity against several childhood viruses, which could potentially be leveraged to fight cancer. We sought to provide proof of concept in mouse models that a pre-existing measles virus (MeV) immunity can be redirected to inhibit tumor growth by directly forcing expression of cognate antigens in the tumor. To this end, we designed DNA vaccines against known MeV cytotoxic and helper T epitopes, and administered these intradermally to mice that were subsequently challenged with syngeneic squamous cancer cells engineered to either express the cognate antigens or not. Alternatively, established wild-type tumors in vaccinated animals were treated intratumorally with in vitro transcribed mRNA encoding the cognate epitopes. Vaccination generated MeV cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immunity in mice as demonstrated by enhanced interferon gamma production, antigen-specific T cell proliferation, and CTL-mediated specific killing of antigen-pulsed target cells. When challenged with syngeneic tumor cells engineered to express the cognate antigens, 77% of MeV-vaccinated mice rejected the tumor versus 21% in control cohorts. Antitumor responses were largely dependent on the presence of CD8+ cells. Significant protection was observed even when only 25% of the tumor bulk expressed cognate antigens. We therefore tested the strategy therapeutically, allowing tumors to develop in vaccinated mice before intratumoral injection with Viromer nanoparticles complexed with mRNA encoding the cognate antigens. Treatment significantly enhanced overall survival compared with controls, including complete tumor regression in 25% of mice. Our results indicate that redirecting pre-existing viral immunity to fight cancer is a viable alternative that could meaningfully complement current cancer immune therapies such as personalized cancer vaccines and checkpoint inhibitor blockade.
The Diagnosis and Prognosis of Upper Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage
Authors: Hunt R.H.
Published: October 2021

There have been major advances in the diagnosis and management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding over the past two decades but the overall mortality figure remains about 10 per cent. This paper reviews the place of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in diagnosis and discusses the argument that this form of earlier, more accurate diagnosis has had no influence on the outcome of the condition.
Marine Biological Sewage Treatment Plants
Authors: Morris J. E. , Elgie J. R.
Published: October 2021

The principles, advantages and disadvantages of marine biological sewage treatment plans are discussed with respect to the Inter-governmental Maritime Consultative Organisation (IMCO) Recommendations’ on the disposal of waste in controlled waters. It is concluded that the operating difficulties outweigh the advantages of this type of plant for naval use.
Data Analysis II. Some Statistical Methods for 2×2 Tables
Authors: Pethybridge R. J.
Published: October 2021

Trial design and data collection methods determine the appropriate statistical tests for analysing 2×2 tables. Data-examples are given to illustrate the use of the classical chi-square test and Fisher’s exact probability test in assessing for any association between two factors of the data or for testing differences in proportions ‘responding’ in two unrelated groups. In medical trials where two different treatments are being compared, patients may be ‘matched’ and subject to one treatment only or each patient may be exposed to both treatments. Statistical tests such as McNemar’s and Cart’s may be applicable and data examples are provided to demonstrate the relatively simple computations involved.
Malignant Melanoma Presenting as a Case of Adult Intussusception
Authors: Glover S. D. , Dewar E. P.
Published: October 2021

A case of malignant melanoma presenting as adult intussusception is described. The difficulty of diagnosis and poor prognosis are discussed. Aggressive surgical treatment is advocated.
Investigation of the Abnormal Chest Radiograph
Authors: Edmondstone W. M.
Published: October 2021

Eight cases are presented which illustrate the clinical approach to the investigation of abnormalities on the chest radiograph
A Study of the Immediate Effects of Welding Fume on Pulmonary Function
Authors: Francis T. J. R.
Published: October 2021

A laboratory experiment was undertaken to assess what immediate changes, if any, take place in the pulmonary function of welders after exposure to the high level of fume to which they are routinely subjected at work. Twenty-five fit volunteer welders were exposed to fume levels of about 20 mg m−3 for 90 minutes. The results of pulmonary function tests performed before and after exposure demonstrate that the fume generated by manual metal arc welding with a Fortrex E 11018 rod does not impair ventilatory function as measured. The small improvement seen may have been a temperature effect due to the heat generated by the process. This finding should be extrapolated to the fume generated by other rods and welding techniques with caution.
A Case of Spontaneous Rupture of the Cervical Oesophagus: A Reminder
Authors: Brayley N. F. , Wilkes F. R.
Published: October 2021

A case of delayed presentation of spontaneous rupture of the cervical oesophagus, which followed vomiting after a Chinese meal, is reported. Conservative management resulted in full uncomplicated recovery.
A comparison of lung volumes between divers and submariners in the Royal Navy
Authors: Clifford G. M. , Smith D. J. , Searing Cardine S. M.
Published: October 2021

A comparison of spirometric values in divers and submariners of the Royal Navy and their physical characteristics was undertaken. Four hundred and twenty-two subjects were included in the study, of whom 192 were divers and 230 submariners. Measurements of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and FEV1/FVC ratio were made using a single breath wedge spirometer (VitalographR). The data was analysed by multiple linear regression and analysis of variance. FVC and FEV1 increased with height and decreased with age though inclusion of a quadratic age term showed that the decline with age did not begin until the mid-thirties, casting doubt on the validity of predictive equations which assume a linear decrease from age 25. The divers had significantly larger lung volumes than the submariners though in the former this did not correlate with either experience or job classification. The FEV1/FVC ratio declined with age in both groups. It was also shown that those individuals with a large FVC tend to have a relatively lower FEV1/FVC ratio than those with small FVCs. Predictive equations for both divers and submariners were calculated which are more appropriate for determining expected values for the two groups than hose currently in use.