bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hot Plate Annealing at a Low Temperature of a Thin Ferroelectric P(VDF-TrFE) Film with an Improved Crystalline Structure for Sensors and Actuators
Authors: Mahdi Rahman , Gan W. , Majid W.
Published: October 2014

Ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) copolymer 70/30 thin films are prepared by spin coating. The crystalline structure of these films is investigated by varying the annealing temperature from the ferroelectric phase to the paraelectric phase. A hot plate was used to produce a direct and an efficient annealing effect on the thin film. The dielectric, ferroelectric and pyroelectric properties of the P(VDF-TrFE) thin films are measured as a function of different annealing temperatures (80 to 140 °C). It was found that an annealing temperature of 100 °C (slightly above the Curie temperature, Tc) has induced a highly crystalline β phase with a rod-like crystal structure, as examined by X-ray. Such a crystal structure yields a high remanent polarization, Pr = 94 mC/m2, and pyroelectric constant, p = 24 μC/m2K. A higher annealing temperature exhibits an elongated needle-like crystal domain, resulting in a decrease in the crystalline structure and the functional electrical properties. This study revealed that highly crystalline P(VDF-TrFE) thin films could be induced at 100 °C by annealing the thin film with a simple and cheap method.
“Victims of Trafficking”: The Feminisation of Poverty and Migration in the Gendered Narratives of Human Trafficking
Authors: Russell Amy
Published: October 2014

This paper argues that the feminisation of migration has heightened the awareness of human trafficking, yet the feminisation of poverty is a social concept that is yet to be fully understood within the context of human trafficking. The false notion of “return” has been given as a solution to those individuals who are “out of place” or have been displaced as “victims of trafficking”. This article will discuss the Right to Remain visa applications of 12 women who were trafficked from post-Soviet countries to Israel, by examining the impact that gender, level of poverty and each woman’s decision to migrate has had on her life. In addition, this article will analyse the life experiences of the 12 women who experienced human trafficking. It will explore the idea that each woman is a “victim of trafficking” and that, conversely, this may be understood as a means to negate a more nuanced understanding of women’s mobility. Finally, this article will provide an intersectional analysis of trafficking flows in the world today.
A Contextualised General Systems Theory
Authors: Kitto Kirsty
Published: October 2014

A system is something that can be separated from its surrounds, but this definition leaves much scope for refinement. Starting with the notion of measurement, we explore increasingly contextual system behaviour and identify three major forms of contextuality that might be exhibited by a system: (1) between components; (2) between system and experimental method; and (3) between a system and its environment. Quantum theory is shown to provide a highly useful formalism from which all three forms of contextuality can be analysed, offering numerous tests for contextual behaviour, as well as modelling possibilities for systems that do indeed display it. I conclude with the introduction of a contextualised general systems theory based on an extension of this formalism.
À la recherche du Śamitr̥
Authors: Voegeli François
Published: October 2014

François Voegeli

Looking for the Śamitṛ

In the following article, I shall try to reveal the identity of an officiant of vedic ritual who received little attention so far: the Śamitṛ. The Śamitṛ is essentially known for the most violent part of his office: that of killing the sacrificial animal in the course of the animal sacrifices of vedic religion. As we shall see, his participation in the sacrifice is far from being limited to this action, as violent as it may be. The identity and social status of the Śamitṛ is the object of a debate which starts in the Śrauta Sūtras and goes on in the Mīmāṃsā Sūtras. This debate reveals some interesting aspects of vedic "morality" and I shall therefore study this controversy after having thoroughly investigated the scope of the participation of the Śamitṛ during the animal sacrifice.
Opacité du commerce entre Canton et Huế. Une mystérieuse affaire de cloche (1693)
Authors: Lombard-Salmon Claudine
Published: October 2014

Claudine Salmon

Opacité du commerce entre Canton et Huế. Une mystérieuse affaire de cloche (1693)

Cet article cherche à éclaircir le mystère entourant une cloche de 1693 qui a attiré l'attention de l'auteur lors d'une visite au Musée d'histoire de la province du Guangdong 廣東 à Canton, en 2003. Bien que fondue sur ordre du souverain Nguyễn Phúc Châu 阮福淍, elle semble ne jamais avoir quitté le territoire chinois ; après avoir détaillé l'inscription qui figure sur la cloche, cette étude tente d'identifier celui qui pourrait être à l'origine de ladite inscription et de voir quels liens il a pu entretenir avec le moine Dashan. Celui-ci exerçait la fonction d'abbé quand, en 1694, il fut mandé par le prince Nguyễn pour se rendre à Huế, où il se livra à un commerce fructueux et tissa de nombreuses relations. Enfin, l'article évoque la situation politique et économique ainsi que le commerce extérieur à Canton à cette époque afin de comprendre pourquoi la cloche n'a pu quitter le sol chinois. Cette démarche invite à entreprendre une étude critique des sources épigraphiques et livresques vietnamiennes qui, soit contiennent des incohérences internes, soit sont en contradiction avec les sources chinoises.
Hydrological History of the West Baray, Angkor, revealed through Palynological Analysis of Sediments from the West Mebon
Authors: Penny Dan , Pottier Christophe , Kummu Matti , Fletcher Roland , Zoppi Ugo , Barbetti Mike , Tous Somaneath
Published: October 2014

Dan Penny, Christophe Pottier, Matti Kummu, Roland Fletcher, Ugo Zoppi, Mike Barbetti, Tous Somaneath

Hydrological History of the West Baray, Angkor, revealed through Palynological Analysis of Sediments from the West Mebon

En marge de ses spectaculaires monuments, Angkor, capitale du Cambodge ancien, se caractérise par un vaste réseau de canaux, de digues et de réservoirs. La fonction de cette infrastructure hydraulique et son rôle dans le déclin et l'abandon d'Angkor sont toujours sujets à débat. Cet article présente de nouvelles informations paléo-botaniques recueillies au Mebon occidental, un petit temple situé au centre du réservoir du Baray occidental. Le Mebon occidental est un endroit crucial pour saisir l'histoire hydraulique du Baray occidental et de son réseau de canaux et de digues qui recouvrent l'aire en amont, au nord et au nord-ouest. La connexion entre le Mebon et son Baray permet de considérer que le sédiment accumulé au Mebon a gardé la trace des plantes aquatiques qui s'y sont développées et de leur évolution en fonction des niveaux d'eau présents dans le Mebon, et donc dans le Baray. L'analyse palynologique indique une nette réduction du volume d'eau stocké dans le Baray occidental à partir de la fin du XIIe siècle, reflétant peut-être un changement des techniques ou des capacités à stocker, à transporter et à utiliser l'eau. Que le Baray occidental ait eu des niveaux d'eau bas depuis le début du XIIIe jusqu'à la fin du XVIe siècle présente des implications importantes pour le débat sur la fonction des grands Baray en particulier, et sur la Cité Hydraulique en général.
Étude préliminaire de céramiques indiennes et « indianisantes » du site de Khao Sam Kaeo IVe-IIe siècles av. J.-C
Authors: Bouvet Phaedra
Published: October 2014

Phaedra Bouvet

Étude préliminaire de céramiques indiennes et « indianisantes » du site de Khao Sam Kaeo IVe-IIe siècles av. J.-C

En l'absence de texte pour la période où les premiers échanges entre l'Asie du Sud et l'Asie du Sud-est se sont mis en place, l'analyse technologique des céramiques de Khao Sam Kaeo apparaît comme une approche privilégiée pour parler d'échange. En effet, cette analyse, basée sur le concept de chaîne opératoire, permet d'identifier les pratiques techniques en usage sur le matériel archéologique, et, par conséquent, d'aborder les questions de centre de production, de réseaux de circulation et de modalités de distribution, qu'il s'agisse de circulation directe ou indirecte, de circulation d'idées, d'objets ou d'artisans. La comparaison de céramiques qui se distinguent des productions locales, telles des céramiques fines indiennes (dont des céramiques « roulettées » et des céramiques à cône central) ou des céramiques dites « indianisantes » (récipients comparables à ceux de la Northern Black Polished Ware indienne et à des kendis) avec celles du sous-continent indien permet de discuter de l'origine des céramiques de Khao Sam Kaeo et des échanges dont elles témoignent, dès les IVe-IIe s. av. J.-C.
Think globally, research locally: Paradigms and place in agroecological research
Authors: Reynolds Heather L. , Smith Alex A. , Farmer James R.
Published: October 2014

Conducting science for practical ends implicates scientists, whether they wish it or not, as agents in social‐ecological systems, raising ethical, economic, environmental, and political issues. Considering these issues helps scientists to increase the relevance and sustainability of research outcomes. As we rise to the worthy call to connect basic research with food production, scientists have the opportunity to evaluate alternative food production paradigms and consider how our research funds and efforts are best employed. In this contribution, we review some of the problems produced by science conducted in service of industrial agriculture and its associated economic growth paradigm. We discuss whether the new concept of “ecological intensification” can rescue the industrial agriculture/growth paradigm and present an emerging alternative paradigm of decentralized, localized, biodiversity‐promoting agriculture for a steady‐state economy. This “custom fit” agriculture engages constructively with complex and highly localized ecosystems, and we draw from examples of published work to demonstrate how ecologists can contribute by using approaches that acknowledge local agricultural practices and draw on community participation.
Morphological diversity and genetic regulation of inflorescence abscission zones in grasses
Authors: Doust Andrew N. , Mauro‐Herrera Margarita , Francis Amie D. , Shand Laura C.
Published: October 2014

• Premise of the study: Variation in how seeds are dispersed in grasses is ecologically important, and selection for dispersal mechanisms has produced a great variety of dispersal structures (diaspores). Abscission (“shattering”) is necessary in wild grasses, but its elimination by selection on nonshattering mutants was a key component of the domestication syndrome in cereal grasses. A key question is whether a common genetic pathway controls abscission in wild grasses, and, if so, what genes in that pathway may have been selected upon during domestication. We summarize morphological and genetic information on abscission zones and disarticulation patterns in grasses and identify hypotheses to test the likelihood of a common genetic pathway.

• Methods: Morphological data on abscission zones for over 10000 species of grasses were tabulated and analyzed using a tribal phylogeny of the grasses. The genomic location of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and orthologs of genes controlling shattering were compared across species to ascertain whether the same loci might control shattering in different grass lineages.

• Results and conclusions: The simple trait of nonshattering is derived from a great diversity of shattering phenotypes. Several sets of QTLs from multiple species are syntenic yet many are not. Genes known to be involved in shattering in several species were found to have orthologs that sometimes colocalized with QTLs in different species, adding support to the hypothesis of retention of a common genetic pathway. These results are used to suggest a research plan that could test the common genetic pathway model more thoroughly.
High incidence of occupational exposures among healthcare workers in Erbil, Iraq
Authors: Hosoglu Salih , Ahmad Zana , Tahseen Mohammed Sami , Diyar Zehra , Selbes Sami , Colak Ali
Published: October 2014

Introduction: The current status of percutaneous injury and mucous exposures (PMEs) of hospital workers and factors associated with the injuries have not been studied in Iraq. This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiology of PMEs with blood or body fluids that leads serious risks for healthcare workers (HCWs). Methodology: An analytic, cross-sectional survey study was conducted among HCWs in Erbil city center, Iraq. The study was performed at sevenhospitals, and 177 participants were included. The dependent variable was the occurrence of PMEs in the last year, and the independent variables were age, sex, occupation of HCWs, working site, and work duration. Results: A total of 177 HCW participants included 57 nurses/midwives (32.2%), 59 doctors (33.3%), 27 laboratory workers (15.3%), and 34 paramedics/multipurpose workers (19.2%) from seven hospitals. The study concluded that 67.8% of the participants reported at least one occupational PME in the last year. In all, 13.3/person/year PME incidents were reported for nurses, 9.74/person/year for paramedics/multipurpose workers, 6.71/person/year for doctors, and 3.37/person/year laboratory workers. The mean number of PME incidents was 8.91/person/year. HCWs showed 85.0% compliance with wearing mask in risky situations. The most dangerous action for occupational exposure was blood taking (39.0%). In the univariate analysis, none of the investigated variables were found to be significantly related to PME. Conclusions: Occupational injuries and exposures in Iraqi HCWs are extremely common; awareness about protection is not sufficient. Nurses were found to be the highest risk group among HCWs. Preventive actions should be taken to avoid infection.
CCR2, CX3CR1, RANTES and SDF1 genetic polymorphisms influence HIV infection in a Zimbabwean pediatric population
Authors: Mhandire Kudakwashe , Duri Kerina , Kandawasvika Gwendoline , Chandiwana Precious , Chin'ombe Nyasha , Kanyera Russell Batsirai , Stray-Pedersen Babill , Dandara Collet
Published: October 2014

Introduction: There is growing evidence that polymorphisms in chemokine and chemokine receptor genes influence susceptibility to HIV infection and disease progression. However, not much is documented about the prevalence and effects of chemokine and chemokine receptor gene variations in the Zimbabwean population despite the high burden of HIV/AIDS in the country. This study therefore describes polymorphisms in CCR2, CX3CR1, SDF1 and RANTES genes in a Zimbabwean pediatric population and their effects on HIV infection in children born to HIV-infected mothers. Methodology: A total of 106 children between seven and nine years of age comprising 70 perinatally exposed to HIV (34 born infected [EI] and 36 born uninfected [EU]) and 36 unexposed and uninfected (UEUI) controls were recruited. Six allelic variants in four genes were genotyped using PCR-RFLP and sequencing. Results: Frequencies for minor alleles in the HIV uninfected groups (EU and UEUI) were CCR2 190A (16%), SDF1 801A (2%), CX3CR1 745A (9%), CX3CR1 839T (0%), RANTES In 1.1C (20%), and RANTES -403A (44%). There were significant differences between the EI and EU groups in the distribution of CCR2 190G/A genotype (15% versus 39%, respectively, p = 0.02) and CCR2 190G/A-CX3CR1 745G/G genotype combination (0% versus 33%, respectively, p = 0.002). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that chemokine and chemokine receptor gene variants seem to play an important role in the dynamics of HIV infection and could be used as drug or vaccine targets.
Comparison of bluetongue virus detection and quantitation methods in south India
Authors: Subhadra Subhra , Kumar Subrat , Suryanarayana Veluvarthy VS , Sreenivasulu Daggupati
Published: October 2014

Introduction: Bluetongue (BT), a vector-borne viral disease, primarily affects sheep. Of the 26 serotypes of BTV identified so far, 22 are reported to be circulating in India. Due to an increase in vector population and delays in disease diagnosis, the BT control program heavily relies on rapid and confirmatory diagnosis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based real-time detection assays may be an ideal method to detect the BTV genome in animal blood at an early stage of infection. Methodology: In this study, a SYBR green-based real-time RT-PCR assay was evaluated, validated, and compared with conventional RT-PCR. The specificity and sensitivity of an assay using BTV-2 RNA extracted from tenfold serially diluted (starting from 1.0 TCID50/mL) cell culture virus was also evaluated. Results: While conventional RT-PCR could detect 3.16×102 TCID50 of virus/mL, the real-time PCR test had a detection limit of 3.16×10-4 TCID50/mL. Melting curve analysis indicated the absence of non-specific amplification (R2 = 0.987). Out of the 32 infected blood samples examined, 24 tested positive for BTV RNA. Seven that were found negative through conventional PCR tested positive through real-time PCR. Conclusions: These results showed that the SYBR green-based real-time PCR assay is rapid, sensitive, and equally specific in the diagnosis of BT in BTV-affected animals.
De l'impasse scolaire à la créativité avec les familles
Authors: Schlumberger Simon , Jeudy Claire , Pionnié-Dax Nancy
Published: October 2014

Les demandes pour les adolescents en situation de déscolarisation croissent, le plus souvent formulées par leurs familles et rarement portées par les adolescents eux-mêmes. Le symptôme scolaire révèle souvent une souffrance familiale importante. Le travail avec les parents de l’adolescent apparaît dès lors primordial. Penser la malléabilité du cadre et mettre en place des co-consultations permet de mobiliser les ressources psychiques familiales et individuelles jusqu’alors impensées.
Groupe de parents dans le traitement de l'anorexie
Authors: Babillot Nadège , Lamare Sophie , Genvresse Patrick
Published: October 2014

Ce texte relate la première expérience d’une prise en charge groupale de parents d’adolescentes souffrant d’anorexie mentale à la Maison des Adolescents du Calvados. Le choix des auteurs a été de retranscrire fidèlement les moments féconds des séances au plus près de la clinique en insistant sur le vécu contre-transférentiel.
Thérapie familiale et fonctionnement limite
Authors: Delage Michel
Published: October 2014

Ce travail montre, à partir d’une observation, la place que peut prendre l’abord familial des modes de fonctionnement limite à l’adolescence. Cette place n’est envisageable qu’après une nécessaire clarification du contexte lorsque de nombreux professionnels sont engagés dans la situation. Le modèle de l’attachement, la prise en compte de la réalité relationnelle, et l’engagement actif du thérapeute sont des éléments déterminants.
Idéal de séance ?
Authors: Dargent Fanny
Published: October 2014

L’article propose d’envisager la spécificité des psychothérapies à l’adolescence à partir de deux cas cliniques. Le premier évoque une forme « d’idéal d’être là » où le clinicien est un interlocuteur bienveillant accompagnant les remaniements intrapsychiques de l’adolescent. Dans le second, le désordre familial, entre autres, entrave la rencontre avec l’adolescent dans l’ici et maintenant de la séance.
Prise en charge familiale psychanalytique
Authors: Robert Philippe
Published: October 2014

La mise en place d’une thérapie familiale peut prendre du temps, parfois des années, à la hauteur des résistances de la famille. L’adolescence révèle parfois des failles dans la structure du couple et l’enveloppe familiale, liées à des traumas non élaborés. Une situation clinique met en évidence ces processus, qui se déploient dans l’espace institutionnel et notamment dans le lien entre le thérapeute et le consultant.
« Freud avant Freud », à propos du lycéen Sigismund / Sigmund Freud
Authors: Aichhorn Thomas
Published: October 2014

En se centrant sur l’époque du collège et du lycée, l’auteur revient sur l’adolescence de Freud en utilisant des textes ou des documents inédits en France. Ces documents, comme les pensées éparses inscrites dans le journal scolaire du jeune Freud, inscrivent également Freud dans le contexte politique de son temps. L’hypothèse centrale de cet article fait de Freud un adolescent confronté à des passions intenses, qui s’articulent avec certaines découvertes liées aux fondements de la psychanalyse.
Conséquences psychiques induites par « l'effet-mère »
Authors: Givre Philippe
Published: October 2014

Les développements conceptuels apportés par D. Guyomard dans son ouvrage L’effet-mère s’avèrent précieux pour enrichir les notions explicitement pensées dans le cadre des processus adolescents. Ainsi, l’archaïque pubertaire viendrait réveiller, interroger la qualité du « narcissisme du lien » : lien initial de la relation mère-fille, et les conditions de la construction de l’objet mère et de sa perte. Sont envisagés le risque d’une mélancolisation du lien à l’objet et les répercussions au niveau du processus identificatoire, notamment pour la transmission du féminin entre mère et fille.
L'apprentissage du raisonnement clinique infirmier par vignette clinique courte : étude exploratoire
Authors: Perrier Charlotte
Published: October 2014

Introduction : l’enseignement du raisonnement clinique infirmier (RCI) est une préoccupation importante des formateurs en sciences infirmières depuis plusieurs années. Contexte : les étudiantes en sciences infirmières éprouvent des difficultés à formuler des hypothèses cliniques. Pourtant, la formulation d’hypothèses constitue une étape déterminante du RCI. Objectif : l’étude visait à documenter la capacité d’étudiantes de troisième année au baccalauréat en sciences infirmières à formuler des hypothèses cliniques durant une activité d’apprentissage par vignette clinique courte (AVCC). Méthode : pour cette étude qualitative exploratoire, dix-sept étudiantes ont été recrutées par convenance et divisées en quatre groupes selon leurs disponibilités. Chaque groupe a participé une fois à l’activité. L’observation participante, l’enregistrement audio-vidéo et un questionnaire auto-administré ont servi à collecter les données. Les stratégies de RCI décrites par Fonteyn (1998) ont servi de cadre théorique pour guider l’analyse. Résultats : les résultats suggèrent que l’AVCC stimule la formulation d’hypothèses cliniques et la réactivation des connaissances antérieures. Discussion : plus de recherches sont nécessaires afin de vérifier si l’activité pourrait être employée auprès d’étudiantes en début de formation. Conclusion : cette activité pourrait donc être utile en complément d’autres activités éducatives pour favoriser le développement du RCI chez les étudiantes en sciences infirmières.
Apprendre à coopérer pour promouvoir la santé
Authors: Dollet Agnès
Published: October 2014

La coopération sanitaire et sociale permet la prise en charge des usagers dans une logique de promotion de la santé. L’IRFSS Auvergne a pour but de favoriser la coopération entre les futurs infirmiers et assistants de service social qu’il forme. L’objectif de ce travail était d’élaborer et de mettre en œuvre un dispositif intégré à la formation des étudiants infirmiers et assistants de service social, leur permettant de développer des aptitudes à coopérer en situation de travail. Une étude réalisée auprès d’infirmiers et d’assistants de service social de terrain a montré que la coopération sanitaire et sociale permet la promotion de la santé, mais que des freins à la coopération subsistent encore. Grâce à cette étude, un dispositif pédagogique adapté aux problématiques de terrain : la « boîte à outils pour apprendre à coopérer » a été créé. Au-delà de ce projet, l’étude a permis un questionnement sur la place de la promotion de la santé dans les formations sanitaires et sociales, l’organisation de la formation continue des professionnels à l’échelle d’un territoire de santé, et la place de la coordination dans la formation des cadres.
Les difficultés/souffrances vécues par les infirmières : stratégies permettant de préserver leur santé mentale, leur sens au travail et leur performance au travail
Authors: Boivin-Desrochers Camille , Alderson Marie
Published: October 2014

La profession infirmière est aux prises avec un enjeu de plus en plus préoccupant, soit celui de la santé mentale du personnel infirmier. Les nombreuses difficultés que vivent les infirmières et les infirmiers dans leur milieu de travail peuvent s’avérer être néfastes au maintien d’un état mental optimal. À l’égard de ces souffrances, plusieurs stratégies peuvent être déployées et utilisées par le personnel infirmier et les gestionnaires. Cette présente recension d’écrits vise à faire le point sur les difficultés et souffrances vécues par le personnel infirmier et les stratégies employées pour assurer la préservation d’une santé mentale, d’un sens et d’une performance au travail. Elle vise également à offrir au personnel infirmier et aux gestionnaires du système de la santé des pistes de réflexion permettant de favoriser une santé mentale optimale du personnel infirmier. En ce sens, la psychodynamique du travail a été retenue comme cadre de référence pour structurer l’analyse des écrits traitant des éléments entourant les souffrances et les difficultés expérimentées par le personnel infirmier. L’emploi de ce cadre théorique a permis d’approfondir et de soutenir les relations entre les souffrances expérimentées au travail et la santé mentale du personnel infirmier.
Zapper la télé : usages politiques
Authors: Tijou Brigitte
Published: October 2014

Résumé Petit manuel en neuf points, à l’usage de qui veut faire entendre sa voix.
L'an dernier à Jéricho
Authors: Buisson-Fenet Hélène , Kiwan Charif
Published: October 2014

Résumé entretien avec Elias Sanbar
L'oralisme, une demande des parents ?
Authors: Bernard Alix
Published: October 2014

Résumé L’histoire de l’éducation des sourds est ponctuée de mouvements polémiques entre partisans de la langue orale et tenants de la langue des signes. Les arguments pour défendre l’option oraliste n’ayant cessé de se répéter, on veut s’intéresser ici à ce qui les sous-tend. Une grande part des résistances à l’égard de l’éducation par les signes a pu être attribuée à la supériorité des langues orales, vécues comme facteur d’intégration, mais aussi à une quasi répulsion du geste, situé alors du côté de l’animal et du (...)
La Scène des sourds
Authors: Potte-Bonneville Laurence
Published: October 2014

Résumé Créé il y a vingt ans par un groupe de jeunes adultes sourds, l’International Visual Theatre n’est pas une scène de plus. C’est à la fois un acte politique fondateur pour la culture sourde et un laboratoire où se dessinent des dictionnaires, où se crée une pédagogie, où s’invente une écriture.
Philosophie : fermée pour cause d'inventaire
Authors: Raquist Claude
Published: October 2014

Résumé Comme les lois Pasqua, les programmes de philosophie en terminale font actuellement l’objet d’un toilettage. Coup d’œil sur l’état de la pensée — ou la pensée d’État ?
Les enjeux de l'expertise démocratique
Authors: Glatron Marion
Published: October 2014

Résumé L’expertise transplante une parole scientifique dans un champ politique. C’est à la jonction de ces deux sphères, celle du savoir et celle du pouvoir, que se joue une des questions essentielles à l’exercice démocratique : comment peut-on faire des choix ?
akiyo la ola ou kale kon sa ?
Authors: Vincent-Lancrin Stéphan
Published: October 2014

Résumé entretien avec Michel Halley du groupe Akiyo
culture bougre
Authors: Mangeot Philippe
Published: October 2014

Résumé Il y a des phrases auxquelles on fait des bébés dans le dos. On a oublié où on les a trouvées, qui les a formulées, si elles ne se sont pas émoussées avec le temps, si une mémoire défaillante ou accommodante n’en a pas modifié les termes et le sens. « Il n’y aura de communauté gaie que quand elle aura une culture. » Cela sonne comme un aphorisme. Je l’ai longtemps attribué à Foucault. J’en faisais un usage rêveur et distrait. J’ignorais au juste ce qu’elle pouvait vouloir dire, faute de comprendre très bien ce qu’il fallait entendre par « culture ».
Van Gogh au Panthéon ? Maîtres, modèles et héros
Authors: Nègre Fabien
Published: October 2014

Résumé table-ronde avec N. Heinich, P. Serne, O. Le Guillou, F. Lerat, B. Jeannot, C. Gautier.
REMOVAL OF POISSON NOISE IN MEDICAL IMAGES USING FDCT INTEGRATED WITH RUDIN–OSHER–FATEMI MODEL
Authors: Sugantharathnam D. Mary , Manimegalai D.
Published: October 2014

This paper introduces a novel approach for accomplishing Poisson noise removal in biomedical images by multiresolution representation. Methods of denoising are described based on three classical methods: (1) Fast Discrete Curvelet Transform (FDCT) with simple soft thresholding, (2) Variance Stabilizing Transform (VST) combined with FDCT where hypothesis tests are made to detect the significant coefficients and (3) The proposed method where the FDCT is integrated with Rudin–Osher–Fatemi (ROF) model. Much of the literature has focused on developing algorithms for the removal of Gaussian noise where the estimation is often done by finding a Curvelet and by thresholding the noisy coefficients. However not much has been done to remove Poisson noise in biomedical images. But in most of the medical images, the recorded data are not modeled by Gaussian noise but is the realization of Poisson process. Hence, in this work, FDCT integrated with ROF model based on VST is proposed. The VST is applied so that the transformed data are homoscedastic and Gaussian. A classical hypothesis testing framework is used to detect the significant coefficients and an iterative scheme is used to reconstruct the final estimate. A central difference total variation term in the discrete ROF model is used. The model is experimented on a large number of clinical images like Computed Tomography (CT) images, X-Ray images, Positron Emission Tomography (PET) images and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) images and the performances are evaluated in terms of Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and the Universal Quality Index (UQI). The results are compared with those obtained by the other two existing algorithms proposed in the literature. Numerical results show that the proposed algorithm obtains higher PSNR and UQI than the other two methods.
Inhibition of Protein Geranylgeranylation Specifically Interferes with CD40-Dependent B Cell Activation, Resulting in a Reduced Capacity To Induce T Cell Immunity
Authors: Shimabukuro-Vornhagen Alexander , Zoghi Shahram , Liebig Tanja M. , Wennhold Kerstin , Chemitz Jens , Draube Andreas , Kochanek Matthias , Blaschke Florian , Pallasch Christian , Holtick Udo , Scheid Christof , Theurich Sebastian , Hallek Michael , von Bergwelt-Baildon Michael S.
Published: October 2014

Ab-independent effector functions of B cells, such as Ag presentation and cytokine production, have been shown to play an important role in a variety of immune-mediated conditions such as autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection, and graft-versus-host disease. Most current immunosuppressive treatments target T cells, are relatively unspecific, and result in profound immunosuppression that places patients at an increased risk of developing severe infections and cancer. Therapeutic strategies, which interfere with B cell activation, could therefore be a useful addition to the current immunosuppressive armamentarium. Using a transcriptomic approach, we identified upregulation of genes that belong to the mevalonate pathway as a key molecular event following CD40-mediated activation of B cells. Inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway, by lipophilic statins such as simvastatin and atorvastatin resulted in a specific inhibition of B cell activation via CD40 and impaired their ability to act as stimulatory APCs for allospecific T cells. Mechanistically, the inhibitory effect resulted from the inhibition of protein geranylgeranylation subsequent to the depletion of mevalonate, the metabolic precursor for geranylgeranyl. Thus, inhibition of geranylgeranylation either directly through geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitors or indirectly through statins represents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of diseases in which Ag presentation by B cells plays a role.
The Breeding Birds of Malta
Authors: La Mantia Tommaso
Published: October 2014

Sultana J., Borg J.J., Gauci C. & Falzon V. (con la coll. di Cachia D., Coleiro C., Galea R. & Gauci M.), 2011. The Breeding Birds of Malta. BirdLife Malta, 380 pp., € 33. Acquistabile tramite www.birdlifemalta.org o www.bdlbooks.com.
The Lesser Black-backed Gull, Larus fuscus, in Piedmont and Aosta Valley: distribution, population trend, phenology and significant spring concentrations.
Authors: Assandri Giacomo
Published: October 2014

Piedmont and Aosta Valley (NW Italy) data on Larus fuscus were analyzed up to 2010. The species’ status is transient and irregular wintering in Piedmont, vagrant in Aosta Valley. The species was contacted in every months of the year, peaking in March. Since 2006 there has been a significant increase in observations (from an average of 3.84 data/year in 1980-2005 to 61.40 in the period 2006-2010), which affected especially Turin plain. During 2008-2011 spring significant concentrations were found at two lakes in Piedmont, one of which is used as a roost site. Spring concentrations of this magnitude are of national relevance and are comparable with those found in bordering areas of Switzerland and France in the same period of the year and like those have been linked with bad weather conditions. Is also shown a link between presence areas and the presence of landfills, used as feeding sites.
L’ecologia del Picchio Nero, Dryocopus Martius, nelle foreste casentinesi come chiave per la possibile espansione della specie nell'Appennino
Authors: Campedelli Tommaso , Ceccarelli Pier Palo , Londi Guglielmo , Cutini Simonetta , Florenzano Guido Tellini , Agostini Nevio
Published: October 2014

Ecological mathematical models are useful tools to define geographic distribution and ecological features of species, playing a fundamental role in defining conservation policies. Through the various methods we can use, recently, those which work with only-presence-data are growing in popularity and particularly MaxEnt. The recent colonization of Foreste Casentinesi National Park by Black Woodpecker represent a very interesting study-case to show how this method work, analysing possible evolution of an expansion process that is still evolving.
Forest and biodiversity: a multiscale analysis of forest bird community in Varese district
Authors: Gagliardi Alessandra , Preatoni Damiano , Saporetti Fabio , Tosi Guido
Published: October 2014

Forests represent more than 45% of the Varese district area. Data of forest bird community composition are correlated with the appearance of woods. With a multiscale approach (1 km2 units and territories) some landscape metrics are analysed, in order to evaluate the influence of environmental variables on bird species.
Unmanaged forest and bird community: a study in north-western Lombardy
Authors: Guenzani Walter , Saporetti Fabio
Published: October 2014

Breeding bird community was censused in an area of 15.9 ha in 2000/20001, on the shores of Lake of Varese, in an Alno-Ulmion alluvial forest. The mean number of the territories was 93 pairs/10 ha/year and nests of cavity-nesting birds were actively searched for analysing the selection of dead wood.
Birds as qualitative bioindicators in farmlands
Authors: Groppali Riccardo
Published: October 2014

Recent productive changes in agroecosystems have damaged many species of European birds. For this reason it is important to improve an evaluation method of environmental quality in farmlands, such as the one here proposed and not yet effectively tested, aimed also at bird conservation.
Integrated DNA Copy Number and Gene Expression Regulatory Network Analysis of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Iranmanesh Seyed M. , Guo Nancy L.
Published: October 2014

Integrative analysis of multi-level molecular profiles can distinguish interactions that cannot be revealed based on one kind of data in the analysis of cancer susceptibility and metastasis. DNA copy number variations (CNVs) are common in cancer cells, and their role in cell behaviors and relationship to gene expression (GE) is poorly understood. An integrative analysis of CNV and genome-wide mRNA expression can discover copy number alterations and their possible regulatory effects on GE. This study presents a novel framework to identify important genes and construct potential regulatory networks based on these genes. Using this approach, DNA copy number aberrations and their effects on GE in lung cancer progression were revealed. Specifically, this approach contains the following steps: (1) select a pool of candidate driver genes, which have significant CNV in lung cancer patient tumors or have a significant association with the clinical outcome at the transcriptional level; (2) rank important driver genes in lung cancer patients with good prognosis and poor prognosis, respectively, and use top-ranked driver genes to construct regulatory networks with the COpy Number and Expression In Cancer (CONEXIC) method; (3) identify experimentally confirmed molecular interactions in the constructed regulatory networks using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA); and (4) visualize the refined regulatory networks with the software package Genatomy. The constructed CNV/mRNA regulatory networks provide important insights into potential CNV-regulated transcriptional mechanisms in lung cancer metastasis.
Individualized Treatment from Theory to Practice: The Private Case of Adding LH during GnRH Antagonist-based Stimulation Protocol
Authors: Kol Shahar
Published: October 2014

The study evaluated the proportion of patients whose pituitary glands respond with a sharp decrease in luteinizing hormone (LH) levels when exposed to a conventional dose of 0.25 mg gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist in a prospective, single-center, non-randomized, proof-of-concept study. Fifty women eligible for in vitro fertilization (IVF) received recFSH (Gonal-F) from day 2 or 3 of menstrual period. Basal estradiol, progesterone, and LH were measured on the same day and 4-5 days later–-immediately before GnRH antagonist 0.25 mg administration, and 24 hours after its administration. Responders were defined as “normal” if 24 hours after the first GnRH antagonist injection, LH level was ≥50% of the pre-injection level and as “over-suppressed” if it was <50% of the pre-injection level. Twelve patients (26% of the total) were “over-suppressed” with a mean LH level of 37% of the level 24 hours earlier. These patients also demonstrated a significant decrease in estradiol rise during the first 24 hours after initial antagonist administration. This effect was reversed for the rest of the stimulation period during which recLH (Luveris, 150 IU/day) was added to the “over-suppressed.” If proven advantageous in terms of pregnancy rate, this approach to individualized treatment would be easy to implement. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01936077.
Risk Factors for Diarrhea in Children Under Five Years of Age Residing in Peri-urban Communities in Cochabamba, Bolivia
Authors: George Christine Marie , Perin Jamie , Neiswender de Calani Karen J. , Norman W. Ray , Perry Henry , Davis Thomas P. , Lindquist Erik D.
Published: October 2014

This study examined the relationship between childhood diarrhea prevalence and caregiver knowledge of the causes and prevention of diarrhea in a prospective cohort of 952 children < 5 years of age in Cochabamba, Bolivia. The survey of caregiver knowledge found that more than 80% of caregivers were unaware that hand washing with soap could prevent childhood diarrhea. Furthermore, when asked how to keep food safe for children to eat only 17% of caregivers reported hand washing before cooking and feeding a child. Lack of caregiver awareness of the importance of practices related to hygiene and sanitation for diarrhea prevention were significant risk factors for diarrheal disease in this cohort. The knowledge findings from this study suggest that health promotion in these communities should put further emphasis on increasing knowledge of how water treatment, hand washing with soap, proper disposal of child feces, and food preparation relate to childhood diarrhea prevention.
Genetic and Phenotypic Properties of Vero Cell-Adapted Japanese Encephalitis Virus SA14-14-2 Vaccine Strain Variants and a Recombinant Clone, Which Demonstrates Attenuation and Immunogenicity in Mice
Authors: Gromowski Gregory D. , Firestone Cai-Yen , Bustos-Arriaga José , Whitehead Stephen S.
Published: October 2014

The live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) SA14-14-2 vaccine, produced in primary hamster kidney cells, is safe and effective. Past attempts to adapt this virus to replicate in cells that are more favorable for vaccine production resulted in mutations that significantly reduced immunogenicity. In this study, 10 genetically distinct Vero cell-adapted JEV SA14-14-2 variants were isolated and a recombinant wild-type JEV clone, modified to contain the JEV SA14-14-2 polyprotein amino acid sequence, was recovered in Vero cells. A single capsid protein mutation (S66L) was important for Vero cell-adaptation. Mutations were also identified that modulated virus sensitivity to type I interferon-stimulation in Vero cells. A subset of JEV SA14-14-2 variants and the recombinant clone were evaluated in vivo and exhibited levels of attenuation that varied significantly in suckling mice, but were avirulent and highly immunogenic in weanling mice and are promising candidates for the development of a second-generation, recombinant vaccine.
Cryptosporidium muris: Infectivity and Illness in Healthy Adult Volunteers
Authors: Chappell Cynthia L. , Okhuysen Pablo C. , Langer-Curry Rebecca C. , Lupo Philip J. , Widmer Giovanni , Tzipori Saul
Published: October 2014

Although Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis cause the majority of human cryptosporidiosis cases, other Cryptosporidium species are also capable of infecting humans, particularly when individuals are immunocompromised. Ten C. muris cases have been reported, primarily in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) -positive patients with diarrhea. However, asymptomatic cases were reported in two HIV-negative children, and in another case, age and immune status were not described. This study examines the infectivity of C. muris in six healthy adults. Volunteers were challenged with 105 C. muris oocysts and monitored for 6 weeks for infection and/or illness. All six patients became infected. Two patients experienced a self-limited diarrheal illness. Total oocysts shed during the study ranged from 6.7 × 106 to 4.1 × 108, and the number was slightly higher in volunteers with diarrhea (2.8 × 108) than asymptomatic shedders (4.4 × 107). C. muris-infected subjects shed oocysts longer than occurred with other species studied in healthy volunteers. Three volunteers shed oocysts for 7 months. Physical examinations were normal, with no reported recurrence of diarrhea or other gastrointestinal complaints. Two persistent shedders were treated with nitazoxanide, and the infection was resolved. Thus, healthy adults are susceptible to C. muris, which can cause mild diarrhea and result in persistent, asymptomatic infection.
Net primary production of Chinese fir plantation ecosystems and its relationship to climate
Authors: Wang L. , Zhang Y. , Berninger F. , Duan B.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. This article investigates the relationship between net primary production (NPP) of Chinese fir, temperature and precipitation. The spatial–temporal NPP pattern in the potential distribution area of Chinese fir from 2000–2010 was estimated utilizing a MODIS MOD17 product in a geographic information system (GIS) environment. The results showed that the highest NPP value of Chinese fir is in the Fujian province in the eastern part of the study region. The relationship between NPP of Chinese fir and climate variables was analyzed spatially and temporally. On the regional scale, precipitation showed higher correlation coefficients with NPP than did temperature. The spatial variability pattern indicated that temperature was more important in central and eastern regions (e.g. Hunan and Fujian province), while precipitation was crucial in the northern part (e.g. Anhui province). Zonal analysis revealed that the impact of precipitation on the production was more complicate than that of temperature; larger amount of precipitation is not always corresponding with greater NPP value. When compared to natural forests, plantations appear to be more sensitive to the variability of precipitation, which indicates their higher vulnerability under climate change. Temporally, NPP values decreased despite of increasing temperatures, and the decrease was larger in plantations than among other vegetation types.
Microbial food web dynamics in response to a Saharan dust event: results from a mesocosm study in the oligotrophic Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Pulido-Villena E. , Baudoux A.-C. , Obernosterer I. , Landa M. , Caparros J. , Catala P. , Georges C. , Harmand J. , Guieu C.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. The significant impact of dust deposition on heterotrophic bacterial dynamics in the surface oligotrophic ocean has recently been evidenced. Considering the central role of bacteria in the microbial loop, it is likely that dust deposition also affects the structure and the functioning of the whole microbial food web. In the frame of the DUNE project, aiming to estimate the impact of dust deposition on the oligotrophic Mediterranean Sea through mesocosm experiments, the main goal of the present paper was to assess how two successive dust deposition events affect the dynamics of the microbial food web. The first dust seeding delivered new P and N to the amended mesocosms and resulted in a pronounced stimulation of bacterial respiration. It also induced pronounced, but transient, changes in the bacterial community composition. No significant effects were observed on the abundances of viruses and heterotrophic nanoflagellates. The second dust seeding also delivered new P and N to the amended mesocosms, but the effect on the microbial food web was very different. Bacterial respiration remained constant and bacterial abundance decreased. Compositional changes following the second seeding were minor compared to the first one. The decrease in bacterial abundance coincided with an increase in virus abundance, resulting in higher virus:bacteria ratios throughout the second seeding period. Our study shows that dust deposition to the surface oligotrophic ocean may involve important modifications of the trophic links among the components of the microbial food web with presumed consequences on C and nutrient cycling.