bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Совершенствование законодательства при выдворении иностранцев и лиц без гражданства за пределы Республики Казахстан
Authors: Олейник В.И.
Published: April 2024

Одним из основных направлений деятельности государственных органов в области миграции является, прежде всего, координация миграционного законодательства, обеспечение решения задач по защите прав и интересов человека, уважение государственного суверенитета и борьба с незаконной миграцией. Снятие административных запретов и ограничений на въезд иностранных граждан (иммигрантов) и лиц без гражданства (апатридов), открытость казахстанской экономики для иностранных юридических лиц, развитие экономических, политических и международных связей повлекло увеличение числа этих лиц, пребывающих в Казахстан, а также действующих на территории нашей страны иностранных юридических лиц. В этой связи особую актуальность приобретают вопросы, связанные с применением административных механизмов и процедур в пресечении неблагоприятных миграционных явлений. При этом выдворение должно быть применено действительно в отношении иммигрантов, которые совершили серьезные противоправные нарушения, и должно соответствовать нормам международного права. В настоящей статье автором рассмотрены актуальные проблемы выдворения иностранцев и лиц без гражданства за пределы Республики Казахстан в административном порядке, в рамках Гражданско-процессуального кодекса и в принудительном порядке по уголовным делам, с  учетом соблюдения прав человека и международных правовых актов. Раскрыт алгоритм взаимодействия Комитета миграционной службы с Комитетом уголовно-исполнительной системы МВД Республики по выдворению иммигрантов. Целью данной статьи является выявление проблем правового регулирования, устранение пробелов и выработка четких правовых оснований превентивного ограничения свободы передвижения для принудительного выдворения за пределы страны иностранцев и лиц  без гражданства, а также совершенствование законодательства в этой сфере. В заключение автором сделаны выводы о новеллах национального законодательства, которые способствовали урегулированию проблемных вопросов при  задержании и принудительном выдворении иностранцев и лиц без  гражданства за пределы страны, обоснована позиция по рассматриваемой теме.
Қазақстан Республикасының Азаматтық процестік кодексінің қазақ және орыс тілдеріндегі мәтіндерінің теңтүпнұсқалығын қамтамасыз ету мәселелері
Authors: Ильясова Г.А.
Published: April 2024

Мақалада ғылыми зерттеу тақырыбының аясында Қазақстан Республикасының Азаматтық процестік кодексінің қазақ және орыс тілдеріндегі мәтіндеріне жүргізілген салыстырмалы лингвистикалық құқықтық сараптама қорытындысының нәтижелері талданған. Автор аталмыш заңның қазақ тіліндегі мәтініндегі заңдық терминдердің аудармаларының мағынасының сәйкессіздігіне, сөйлемдердің қате аудармасының нәтижесінде теріс түсінік беретін нормаларға назар аударады. Зерттеудің мақсаты —Қазақстан Республикасының Азаматтық процестік кодексінің қазақ және орыс тілдеріндегі мәтіндерінің теңтүпнұсқалығын қамтамасыз етуді жүзеге асыру бойынша салыстырмалы линвистикалық-құқықтық сараптама жүргізу нәтижелері бойынша заңдық терминдердің аудармасындағы сәйкессіздіктерді айқындау, заңдық терминологияның дұрыс аудармасын ұсыну болып табылады. Қазақ тіліндегі заңдық терминдердің ортақ біріздендірілген сөздігі қабылданбаған, сол себепті заңдардың мәтіндері әртүрлі терминдерді қолдана отырып аударылады, бұл құқық нормаларын қате түсінуге әкеледі. Зерттеу жүргізу барысында алынған нәтижелер мемлекеттік тіліміздің мәртебесін көтеру арқылы заңдардың сапасын қамтамасыз етуге болатынын дәлелдеп берді, сондай-ақ азаматтық заңдардың мемлекеттік тілдегі сапасын қамтамасыз етудің теориясы мен тәжірибесінің проблемаларын айқындау жолымен заңдық техниканы қолданудың тиімді механизмін қалыптастыру қажет. Мақалада автор заңдардың тұрақтылығы мен сапасын қамтамасыз ету бойынша мемлекеттік тілдегі үлгі сөздігін құрастыру қажет деп қорытындылайды.
Ethical principles of autonomy for patients receiving care in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU): A concept analysis
Authors: Yulianto Pratama , Awaludin Sidik
Published: April 2024

Applying ethical principles is crucial in providing nursing services to patients in any setting. Ethical principles serve as a foundation for nurses to deliver holistic care while avoiding harm to patients. To enhance our understanding of the principle of autonomy, an analysis of its concept can be conducted. However, research on concept analysis related to the ethical principle of autonomy in nursing is limited. This study aims to present a nursing perspective analysis of the concept of autonomy. Using the Walker and Avant (2011) approach, a concept analysis process was conducted by reviewing literature on autonomy through the ProQuest and Google Scholar databases. The search was restricted using the keywords "autonomy" and "intensive care unit" and the publication time frame from 1896 to 2023. Walker and Avant's (2011) concept analysis method involves eight steps that identify the attributes, antecedents, and consequences of autonomy, leading to an operational definition of the concept. This concept analysis reveals that autonomy is the right to freedom or independence for individuals based on their desires, assumptions, and preferences in determining decisions and goals that align with good rules. Autonomy enables patients to attain goals, satisfaction, goodness, and comfort.
Keywords: Concept analysis; intensive care unit; autonomy; hospital care; emergency care; nursing practice
FORMATION OF PRODUCT ASSORTMENT OF RETAIL ENTERPRISES
Authors:   State University of Information and Communication Technologies, Kyiv, Zghurska O. M.
Published: April 2024

The article examines the peculiarities of the formation of the product range of retail trade. An optimal product range was formed in order to increase consumer loyalty to the company's products. In the article have been defined that in the direction to ensure consumer loyalty to the company, first of all, the optimal assortment should be formed and, accordingly, the formation of goods should be carried out. Namely, the application of the integrated ABC/FMR analysis of the product range allows you to classify product stocks according to the criteria of "profitability of product sales" and "level of demand», and will contribute to the formation of an optimal product range which helps to ensure the rhythmic work of the trading company and serves as the basis for achieving the target indicators of economic activity. The application of the integrated ABC/FMR analysis of the product range made it possible to classify the product stocks according to such criteria as: "profitability of product sales" and "level of demand", which, thereby, will contribute to the formation of the optimal product range, ensuring a high level of efficiency of the trading enterprise. The proposed approach to structuring the product range, which is based on the results ofккня ABC/FMR analysis, makes it possible to classify the entire set of product units in the selected product line into nine subgroups. It also has been identified that in sales management, the "degree of demand" of a product or the requests frequency for certain groups of products serves as an important criterion for positioning product groups in the marketing strategy of management (the slogan "we have them all"). In goods management, FMR analysis is used to determine the location of goods storage, so the most frequently requested ("fast" - fast) positions are located closer to the assembly areas.
MAIN ASPECTS OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF WORLD TRADE REGIMES AT THE PRESENT STAGE
Authors:   State University of Information and Communication Technologies, Kyiv, Kachmala V. I.
Published: April 2024

The article is devoted to the analysis of key aspects of the transformation of world trade regimes at the current stage, such as digital commerce, regional trade agreements, protectionism, trade exchange of services, global supply chains and protection of innovative technologies for international economic stability. It is proved that the study of modern trends and transformations of the world economy is an actual theoretical and applied task, which involves the systematic consolidation of methods and mechanisms of interdisciplinary research. Important factor in modern conditions of globalization of trade relations is the use of information technologies, they become the determining factors of victory in the competitive struggle, it allows you to break traditional supply chains and move to the future. Implementation of digital technologies contributes to significant improvement of business results and significantly accelerates strategic changes in the development of world trade. It is summarized that until recently globalization processes were characterized as stable, mostly positive. But at the current stage, it became clear that the processes of transformation are linear in nature and largely depend on the geopolitical situation in the world, the cyclical nature of global economic development, the geographical location and structure of the economy of the countries of the world. The transformation of the management trade balance changes the form and content of world trade regimes .Accordingly, predicting the future, we understand that we cannot give even approximate calculations or make a more or less accurate analysis. The economic interdependence of different countries should be a guarantee of financial success, but in recent decades it has increasingly transformed and turned into something unusual in world trade. The main focus is on the discussion of forecasts for the current year 2024 of international organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO), which play a key role in regulating trade relations at this stage.
IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT IN THE ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Authors:   State University of Information and Communication Technologies, Kyiv, Ovsiyenko A. S.
Published: April 2024

The management of information support of the enterprise is closely linked to both the availability of information resources and with the possibility of introducing information innovations in ordering the documentation and information flows of the enterprise. Effective processing of continuously growing amounts of information, which is based on documents and arrays of data, is possible only if they are automated. The introduction of electronic document management technology at enterprises is an effective tool for managing information support of enterprises, which is a key factor in successful and successful business and provides an opportunity to increase the competitive advantages of enterprises in strict market conditions. Concerning the issues of the theory and practice of using information systems and technologies in the management system of enterprises in this article, the implementation of a certain range of tasks in the design of EDMS, which consists in creating an intuitive, convenient, convenient interface that requires minimal learning. The article analyzes the peculiarities of the introduction of electronic document circulation into the enterprise management system. Electronic document management systems, requirements for them, security and accessibility problems are paid to the enterprise. The implementation of a certain range of tasks in the design of EDMS is analyzed in creating an intuitive, convenient, convenient interface that requires minimal learning. EDMS efficiency is investigated, which integrates with existing systems in the organization, as well as integration with ERP systems, which allows you to effectively synchronize the processes of document management with wider business operations. The article deals with the introduction of encryption protocols, which is one of the fundamental aspects of EDMS security. Accordingly, this allows a wide range of EDMS users to increase the efficiency of both professional activity and to significantly improve the degree and extent of the specialists who have chosen the specified field of professional activity for their life path. The use of modern electronic document management systems and the search for an effective mechanism for their further development make it possible to reduce the cost of labor resources of workers and increase productivity.
USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR RISK MANAGEMENT IN PROJECTS WITH THE SCRUM METHODOLOGY
Authors:   Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design, Kyiv, Ryabchykov O. M.
Published: April 2024

In the rapidly evolving area of Information Technology projects, the integration of Artificial Intelligence into project risk management assessment processes represents an innovative approach that could pitch a risk evaluation process. The study investigates the standard risk management strategies and their limitations in the context of agile project environments by Scrum methodology. Standard methodologies for risk management often fall short in dynamically adapting to the rapidly changing schedule and evolving requirements characteristic of Agile projects. This gap in effectiveness becomes especially important when dealing with projects managed under the Scrum methodology, which prioritizes flexibility, rapid iteration, and stakeholder involvement. The study proposes an innovative solution to this problem through the application of AI technologies, which can significantly enhance both the precision and depth of risk assessments. The study explores several AI models, highlighting their potential to revolutionize risk management in IT projects. One of the key insights from the study is the ability of AI to process and analyze big amounts of data at a speed and efficiency that is impossible to achieve with a regular expert team. This capability allows for real-time risk assessment, enabling project teams to make informed decisions quickly and adapt their strategies to mitigate potential issues before they grow into significant problems. Moreover, AI's predictive analytics can forecast potential risks based on historical data, allowing for proactive risk management rather than reactive. The research further discusses the implementation challenges and considerations for incorporating AI into Scrum-based projects, including ethical considerations, data privacy concerns, and the need for interdisciplinary expertise to design, deploy, and manage AI-enhanced risk management systems.
ВПЛИВ ТИПОЛОГІЧНИХ ОЗНАК ЦИВІЛЬНИХ БУДІВЕЛЬ НА ДОЦІЛЬНІСТЬ РЕКОНСТРУКЦІЇ В МІСТАХ СХОДУ УКРАЇНИ
Authors: Соколенко К. В. , Соколенко В. М. , Руднєв Є. С. , Черних О. А.
Published: April 2024

Виконано аналіз впливу типологій цивільних будівель на їхню стійкість до руйнувань внаслідок бойових дій. Визначено доцільність проведення реконструкції пошкоджених будівель міст регіону з характерними конструктивними рішеннями.Міста Луганщини сформувались переважно протягом 19 ст. та мають характерні райони цивільної забудови, типологія яких визначається періодом будівництва. Конструктивні та планувальні рішення забудови мають значний вплив на доцільність відновлення або реконструкції будівель, що постраждали у наслідок бойових дій. Розглянуто масштаби та характер руйнувань міст Лисичансько-Сєвєродонецької агломерації. Виділено групи будівель характерної типології за конструктивними ознаками.Запропоновано рекомендації стосовно доцільності та можливості реконструктивного відновлення цивільних будівель різних конструктивних систем.Експертний метод підготовки проєктних рішень та визначення можливості відбудови зруйнованих будівель слід вважати за пріоритетний.
Peculiarities of the Behavior of Point Defects under the Optoplastic Effect in Copper
Authors: Malinskii T. V. , Rogalin V. E. , Shur V. Ya. , Kuznetsov D. K.
Published: April 2024

The authors previously discovered a new optoplastic effect and observed it under the action of a nanosecond UV laser pulse irradiation of subcritical intensity. In this paper it is shown that under this effect no microporesarise in the subsurface layer of metal. This proves the statement that swelling of metal under laser impactof moderate (subcritical) intensity occurs due to interstitial atoms migrating to the surface and not due to melting with formation of bubbles. At a abrupt cooling (for ~20 μs) interstitial atoms migrate to the surfaceby the Schottky mechanism due to abnormal mass transfer and the less mobile vacancies have no time tocoagulate with formation of micropores in the time of the process.
The Effect of Doping with Al on the Stability of D03 and L12 Phases in Fe73.44(Ga,Al)26.56 Alloys: Ab Initio Calculation and Monte Carlo Modeling
Authors: Matyunina M. V. , Zagrebin M. A. , Sokolovskiy V. V. , Buchelnikov V. D.
Published: April 2024

The effect of doping with Al on the stability of D03 and L12 phases was studied in the magnetostric-tion Fe–Ga and Fe–Ga–Al alloys with a high content of nonmagnetic atoms of ≈27 at %. For the studied D03 and L12 structures, the tetragonal shear modules C' = (C11 – C12)/2 and the Debye temperatures ΘD were found by the methods of density functional theory. The replacement of 4.58 at % of Ga by Al atoms was shown to lead to an increase in ΘD and a decrease in C′. Using the combined approach ab initio and Monte Carlo modeling, the calculations of free energies were performed, and the D03–L12 phase transition temperatures were determined. The Al addition to the Fe–Ga system was shown to decrease the difference between the energies of the D03 and L12 structures.
A Study of the Structural and Energy Properties
of (210) and (130) Boundaries in Iron and an Fe–Cr Alloy
Authors: Meftakhutdinov R. M. , Tikhonchev M. Yu. , Evseev D. A.
Published: April 2024

The structure and energy properties of symmetric tilt boundaries Σ5 (130)[001] and Σ5 (210)[001] in iron and low-concentration Fe–Cr alloys are investigated from first principles and by the molecular statistics method. It is shown that the boundary strongly changes the interplane distances. The sequence of multilayerrelaxation comprises damped oscillations, gradually decreasing into the grains. The energy for the replacement of iron with chromium atoms near the boundaries is lower than in pure iron. Our calculations indicate the tendency to accumulate Cr atoms and vacancies near the grain boundaries.
Evolution of structure and mechanical properties at high temperature tempering of medium carbon microalloyed steel
Authors: Farber V. M. , Khotinov V. A. , Selivanova O. V. , Ovsyannikov A. B. , Karabanalov M. S.
Published: April 2024

The evolution of the structure and mechanical properties of medium-carbon microalloyed steel after quenching and tempering at 650оС of various durations has been studied. It is shown that the change in the microstructure and softening of steel with an increase in the duration from 2 to 3000 minutes falls on two stages of martensite tempering: medium (stage II) and high-temperature (stage III). Intensive drop of strength properties ~ 100 MPa/min at stage II is replaced by a very inert softening ~ 0.1 MPa/min at stage III. Using TEM, EBSD and X-ray diffraction analysis the evolution of the microstructure was observed and a quantitative estimation of the strengthening components and their relative contribution to the yield strength at different stages of tempering was performed.
Al-40Sn ALLOY PRODUCED BY SELECTIVE LASER MELTING OF A MIXTURE OF ELEMENTARY POWDERS
Authors: Rusin N. M. , Skorentsev A. L. , Akimov K. O.
Published: April 2024

Al-40Sn alloy was synthesized by selective laser melting (SLM) of a mixture of elemental powders. In the structure of the alloy, traces of a semi-elliptical melt are observed, the boundaries of the melt regions are decorated with pores and inclusions of tin. The internal structure of melt traces consists of finely crystalline regions with identically oriented columnar Al crystals separated by thin layers of tin. With an increase in laser power, the rate of crystallization of the melt decreases, and the cells of aluminum crystals increase, and with them the thickness of the tin interlayers separating them also increases. The porosity of the alloy decreases slowly with increasing power, and to minimize it, a change in the parameters of the SLM process is required.
MANIFESTATION OF SUPERPLASTICITY AT LOWER TEMPERATURES OF 1565CH ALLOY OF THE Al−Mg SYSTEM IN ULTRAFINE-GRAIN AND NANOSTRUCTURAL STATES
Authors: Bobruk E. V. , Ramazanov I. A. , Astanin V. V. , Zaripov N. G. , Kazykhanov V. U. , Drits A. M. , Murashkin M. Yu. , Enikeev N. A.
Published: April 2024

In this work, homogeneous nanostructured and ultrafine-grained (NS and UFG) states with an average grain size of 95 nm and 200 nm, respectively, are formed in the 1565ch alloy of the Al-Mg system. In both states, the microstructure is formed by a network of predominantly high-angle grain boundaries. It has been shown that an alloy with an NS and UFG structure formed at room temperature by high-pressure torsion (HPT) and at 200°C by equal-channel angular pressing according to the Conform scheme (ECAP-С) exhibits similar signs of superplastic (SP) behavior at low temperatures 250 …300 °С in the range of strain rates 5×10-4 s-1…10-2 s-1: elongation values were 170…560%, the rate sensitivity coefficient (m) was 0.3-0.73 at low flow stresses . The temperature range of stability of the strength characteristics of the 1565ch alloy in the NS and UFG states was established, both after thermal and deformation-thermal treatment. It is shown that the material in both studied structural states retains a high level of strength after deformation under SP conditions. The deformation relief formed on the working part of the NS and UFG samples of the 1565ch alloy at the stage of a steady-state SP flow is analyzed.
Laboratory System for Intensive Cultivation of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria
Authors: Gabrielyan D. A. , Sinetova M. A. , Gabrielyan A. K. , Bobrovnikova L. A. , Bedbenov V. S. , Starikov A. Y. , Zorina A. A. , Gabel B. V. , Los D. A.
Published: April 2024

Currently, microalgae and cyanobacteria attract the attention of researchers as potential producers of various valuable substances. To increase the profitability of biotechnological processes using these organisms, it is necessary to select highly effective strains and choose the optimal conditions for their growth and maximum productivity. Growth optimization should be carried out, on the one hand, under intensive conditions, as close as possible to large-scale cultivation, and, on the other hand, in small volumes in order to be able to check many different parameters in parallel at minimal cost. In this paper, the authors present a description and characteristics of their laboratory system for intensive cultivation (LSICLaboratory System for Intensive Cultivation) with thermo-, light-, and gas regulation and the possibility of cultivation in four repetitions in eight different conditions, differing in light, temperature, and CO2 concentration. As an example, the results of a number of experiments using the installation are also presented.
Syntaxonomical Diversity and Overall Condition of Protective Forest Plantations in the Myasnikovsky District of the Rostov Region
Authors: Sokolova T. A.
Published: April 2024

Studying the current state of protective forest plantations (PFP) not only in the Rostov region, but in the country as a whole, are necessary due to the deterioration of their sanitary condition, lack of care and restoration. Such events require large financial and physical (labour) investments. That is why the development of a simplified system for assessing the state of the PFP is of crucial importance. The article provides a brief history of the PFP creation, presents the results of the inventory of the PFP in the Myasnikovsky district using various research methods (geobotanical techniques), including remote sensing. In total, 62 geobotanical sites were established to assess the state of protective forest plantations in the area. The detailed route method was used to study and measure 858 shelter belts. The main type of the local PFP are field-protective ones, followed by the gully-side PFP almost twice as small in area, and finally the least prominent of all – roadside and garden-protective ones. The age of most of the PFPs has reached 55–60 years, and measures are needed to be taken for their reconstruction. All forest belts are characterised by the presence of various types of rubbish and sanitary cuttings taking place. In addition to assessing the state of the PFP, a classification of the shelter belts vegetation was carried out. Overall, 6 associations have been identified, including 3 new ones within the framework of 1 alliance, 1 order and 1 class. Within the study area, 30 new locations were identified for 8 plant species listed in the Red List of the Rostov Region (Red List …, 2014). The condition of the forest belts within the study area was assessed as satisfactory, however, there are areas of plantations that require restoration. Based on the information received, recommendations were given for the further management of the PFPs.
Efficiency of EEG-Guided Adaptive Neurostimulation Increases with the Optimization of the Parameters of Preliminary Resonant Scanning
Authors: Fedotchev A. I. , Polevaya S. A. , Parin S. B.
Published: April 2024

The development and improvement of closed-loop methods for non-invasive brain stimulation is an actual and rapidly developing area of neuroscience. An innovative version of this approach, in which a person is presented with audiovisual therapeutic stimulation, automatically modulated by the rhythmic components of his electroencephalogram (EEG), is EEG-guided adaptive neurostimulation. The present study aims to experimentally test the assumption that the effectiveness of EEG-guided adaptive neurostimulation can be increased by optimizing the parameters of preliminary resonance scanning, which consists of LED photostimulation with stepwise increasing frequency in the range of θ-, α-, and β EEG-rhythms. In order to test this assumption, we compared the effects of two types of resonance scanning, which differ in the step length of the gradually increasing frequency of LED photostimulation. The experiments involved two equal groups of university students in a state of exam stress. Before EEG-guided adaptive stimulation, one of the groups underwent resonance scanning with a short (3 s), and the other with a long (6 s) step of a gradual increase in the frequency of photostimulation. Changes in the EEG and psychophysiological parameters were analyzed under the influence of combined (resonance scanning plus EEG-guided adaptive neurostimulation) interventions relative to the initial level. It was found that only with a short (3 s) step of increasing the frequency of photostimulation, significant increases in the power of EEG-rhythms are observed, accompanied by significant changes in subjective indicators – a decrease in the number of errors in the word recognition test, a decrease in the level of emotional maladaptation, and an increase in well-being scores. The revealed positive effects are already observed after single therapeutic procedures due to the optimal conditions for the involvement of the resonant and integration mechanisms of the brain and the mechanisms of neuroplasticity in the processes of normalization of body functions. The developed combined approach to neurostimulation after additional experimental studies can be used in a wide range of rehabilitation procedures.
Evolution of the EU Economic and Monetary Union
Authors: Bazhan Anatoly Ivanovich , Pishchik Viktor Yakovlevich
Published: April 2024

The article analyses the evolutionary changes that the EU Economic and Monetary Union is undergoing under the influence of the development of its main economic contradiction. The latter, according to the authors, lies in the use, on the one hand, of a single, centralized economic policy, and on the other hand, in the functioning of relatively independent national financial systems, the power of which is determined by the efficiency of the national economy. In practice, the contradiction lies in the fact that the general economic policy in most of its elements does not take into account the peculiarities of the economic development of individual countries, which makes it financially unprofitable for some of them to participate in a regional association, and stimulates the emergence of disintegration trends. The problem of diverging interests is exacerbated by many factors. One of them is competition, which under the conditions of a common market and the use of a single currency is unlimited. Other factors are related to the shocks that the EU economy is experiencing: financial crises, the COVID-19, the sanctions imposed by Western countries on Russia. The evolution of the EMU is taking place as a result of the EU's desire to mitigate the negative impact of this contradiction through the adoption of strategic and emergency measures that alleviate the problem of divergence of interests.
Monetization of emissions reductions in the EU in the context of carbon border adjustment mechanism
Authors: Varnavskii Vladimir Gavrilovich
Published: April 2024

It is believed that the significant reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be achieved by establishing a trading system of this specific product. In fact, the reduction of emissions is mainly due to decrease of production volumes and technological reasons, rather than organizational, institutional and fiscal factors. As shown in the article on the basis of correlation analysis, the reduction of GHG emissions in the steel and aluminum industries of the EU over the past two decades by an average of 95% is explained by a reduction in output in tons. The remaining 5% is related to technology improvements. In general, the efficiency of the EU Emissions Trading System for these industries is close to zero and comparable to a statistical error. At the same time, it is impossible to deny a certain effect of institutional factors, such as the climate agenda and public opinion. It is revealed that the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is necessary for the EU, first of all, as an additional source of revenue to the EU budget, and as a tool to strengthen its leadership role in the world climate policy and global geopolitical and information spaces.
Some aspects of food security in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe
Authors: Drynochkin Alexey Viktorovich
Published: April 2024

Among the complex of issues dealt with by the theory of food security, the problems of the impact on food inflation, which especially grew in the Visegráld countries and Albania in the 2nd-3rd quarter of 2022, are being studied. The focus of the paper is on researching the possibilities of increasing the product supply due to imports. The countries selected for the study demonstrated a common strategy to use the problems with the export sales of grain experienced by Russia and Ukraine in 2022 in the interests of developing their own infrastructure and increasing the security of national grain markets, as well as to strengthen the ruling political forces. However, due to multiple differences between the countries (the level of self-sufficiency in grain crops, the degree of geographical proximity to Ukraine, the availability of financial resources, etc.), they chose different tactical models: the Visegrad countries and Romania, despite the rhetoric of solidarity with countries with a high level of food insecurity, are aimed at obtaining additional financial dividends from their role as transit countries for Ukrainian grain; Albania, due to its geographical remoteness from Ukraine, the closure of Ukrainian ports before the start of a grain deal and small financial reserves, is forced to focus on other available sources of grain.
Regulation of preferential territorial regimes in the EU countries
Authors: Kotov Alexander Vladimirovich
Published: April 2024

The article considers preferential economic regimes operating in the territory of the countries of the European Union and the UK. The research identifies the features of the spatial socio-economic development of European countries. The study reveals that the preferential regimes are not only the concept of proper legal regulation. We developed an integrated approach to the analysis of preferential regimes as an interconnected and meaningful unity of norms and rules for the purposeful development of economic activity associated with the historical path of the country's development. The paper demonstrates the influence of preferential regimes on the development of individual sectors of the economy. Based on the study of the European countries’ experience, the author concludes that the effectiveness of preferential economic regimes is evaluated very critically, and public authorities often implement formal and incomplete evaluation procedures. The results can be used for attracting new participants to special zones, improving the criteria for selecting territories, residents, and practices for the formation of management bodies for special territories for the development of national regulation. The author believes that certain elements in the experience of foreign European countries may be of significant interest for Russia.
Genesis and evolution of the polish geopolitical concept of Intermarium
Authors: Vorozheina Yana Antanovna , Kurganskii Anatoly Anatol'evich
Published: April 2024

The article discusses the origin and development of the Polish geopolitical concept - “Intermarium”, which is based on the idea of creating a large-scale interstate association in the geopolitical space of Central and Eastern Europe. In its various interpretations, this concept has always been associated with the confrontation with Russia, starting with the forerunner of the Intermarium - the Jagiellonian idea. The most serious attempts to realize these aspirations were made by Józef Piłsudski, who created the Intermarium concept, along with which he tried to implement the federalist project of 1918-1921 and the geopolitical project of “Prometheism”. Subsequently, the followers of these ideas, Jozef Beck and Jerzy Giedroyc, together with Juliusz Mieroszewski, tried to rebuild the legacy of Pilsudski's geopolitical thought in terms of the changing realities of the 20th century. Reliance on the Jagiellonian idea and its anti-Russian ambitions inevitably led all subsequent attempts to create such a geopolitical bloc to collapse. Nevertheless, this concept has been updated in Poland’s modern geopolitical strategy, although it is positioned exclusively as an integration economic and political project - the Three Seas Initiative (Trimarium). The authors analyse Poland's geopolitical perception of the region of Central and Eastern Europe and reveal the continuity in the Polish geopolitical thought and the idea of regional dominance in the space of the three seas. Based on the history of the evolution of the Intermarium concept, the authors focus on the fact that the modern Trimarium project is a new vision of old geopolitical aspirations.
"The world is more than five", or turkish justice
Authors: Avatkov Vladimir Alekseevich , Guzaerov Razil Ilshatovich
Published: April 2024

The concept of justice is actively used in the foreign policy discourse of the Republic of Turkey. The perception of this category in world politics is not uniform. The article is based on the analysis of the book "A Fairer World is Possible", written by Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in 2021. The first chapter focuses on the analysis of the modern international system, identifying the main trends in its development and transformation. Special emphasis is made on the injustice of the modern system. A particular attention in the book is given to the issue of the UN reform, as the main symbol of the existing world order. The second chapter is dedicated to proposals on the UN reform, designed to create a more just world order. The main principles and directions of future reforms are highlighted. It is notable that the nature of R. T. Erdogan's theses is ambivalent: the use of the category of justice conceals actions in the foreign arena that run counter to the declared principles. The book gives an understanding of the views of the modern Turkish elite on world politics in general.
French Defense Policy: “The Copernican Revolution” or Business as Usual?
Authors: Chikhachev Alexey Yur'evich
Published: April 2024

The article examines the main trends in French defense policy at the beginning of Emmanuel Macron’s second presidential term. Throughout 2022 he made a number of statements announcing the «Copernican revolution» in defense including the transition to a war economy. However, the scale and pace of these changes are not as tremendous as it could seem at first glance. In particular, one of the basics of French defense doctrine is strengthening solidarity within the Western camp, the perception of European defense integration as an integral part of NATO. Some increase in defense budget is planned, which, nevertheless, will take place according to a long-planned schedule and not in such massive volumes as in Germany. Paris expects to maintain its presence in various regions of the world: for example, in Africa, where a new strategy will be developed after the end of the operation «Barkhane», and in Eastern Europe due to a relocation of French units and weapons there against the background of the conflict in Ukraine. The author concludes that French defense policy is experiencing the adaptation rather than a real revolution, keeping the continuity in all major aspects. In terms of Russia-France relations, it is a negative trend, since the Fifth Republic couples its policy with the membership in the collective West to an even greater extent than before, which further narrows the room for dialogue.
Federal spending planning in Germany: accuracy of projections
Authors: Gracheva Maria Vladimirovna
Published: April 2024

The article considers the decrease in the reliability of expenditures’ budgeting in Germany that has occurred in recent years. The author used the data on the formation and execution of a five-year financial plan for 2017-2021. The comparison of this plan with its execution was carried out in four profiles: total expenses by functional classification, total expenses by economic classification, current expenses by functional classification, capital expenses by functional classification. Using the same methodology, the author previously compared plans for 2002-2006, 2007-2011, 2012-2016 with their execution. The results of the calculations made it possible to identify areas with increased and decreased accuracy of budget planning, key areas of significant overspending of budget funds in 2020-2021 and reasons for the deviations. In addition, the author analysed the most important consequence of the deterioration in the accuracy of budget projections - the return to the deficit and net borrowings of the federal budget. The dynamics of expenses, net borrowings and the ratio of net borrowing to expenses in 2002-2021 and a plan for these parameters for 2022-2026 are presented. Based on the data reviewed, a conclusion was drawn about the critical importance of 2023 for restoring the lost reliability of federal spending planning.
Meritocracy in focus of scientific controversy: catholic church and italian intellectuals
Authors: Yazkova Veronika Evgen'evna
Published: April 2024

The article deals with the analysis of the arguments used by Italian intellectuals, Church hierarchies, clergy representatives, professors of Catholic universities to explain their attitude to the idea of meritocracy, its prospects and restrictions. The fight against corruption and undeserved privileges is particularly relevant in today's Italy with its traditions of clientelism, nepotism and family ties. At the center of the scientific dispute there are two "sites": the Catholic University of Milan "Sacro Cuore" and the newspaper of the Italian episcopate "Avvenire." During the public discussions, views in defense and against the "merit society" were expressed and argued. Advocates of meritocracy believe that this model will make Italy more modern and competitive, will allow to build a fairer society. Opponents, on the contrary, consider this concept an ideological justification for inequality and a "direct antithesis of democracy." In the future, this situation can cause increased social tension, frustration and deep social pessimism. Catholic thinkers presented the theological examination of "meritocracy". They explained that the Church's moral teaching considers the principle of "retributive" or rewarding justice as unjust and dangerous. The author comes to the conclusion that the polarity of opinions is explained by the conflict of ideological, religious and worldview attitudes of Italian intellectuals, who are not ready to hear the arguments of the opposing side. The stance of the clergy on meritocracy can be explained in the light of the Church's magisterium on the common good, rights and dignity of the person.
"Strategic sovereignty" and "Strategic autonomy" in the EU’s official discourse: a morphological analysis of ideology
Authors: Kotsur Gleb Vladislavovich
Published: April 2024

The article focuses on the two concepts that have become increasingly common in the official discourse of the EU in recent years - “strategic sovereignty” and “strategic autonomy”. Top public officials, politicians and bodies of the European Union and of member states refer to each of these terms, depending on the circumstances or the established tradition of using the concept in a particular area of the EU's policy. However, there is still no clear understanding in the academic and expert community of how they relate at the semantic level - in other words, whether these terms are interchangeable with regard to their meaning, adjacent ones or they differ radically from each other. The author uses the morphological analysis of ideology by M. Freeden with the special emphasis on the process of decontestation as a theoretical and methodological framework of the study in order to compare these two concepts and discover their semantic content. The empirical evidence of the article includes speeches of EU’s top public officials, politicians, as well as key documents of the EU during the period of active dissemination of concepts in the discourse of Brussels. The analysis reveals that the two concepts occupy related semantic positions, but they are not completely synonymous. It is difficult to predict the further evolution of the concepts within the EU’s semantic system, but they have already taken an important place in the foreign policy discourse of Brussels that will inevitably affect all the EU counterparties, including Russia.
Russia in public discourse and public opinion of citizens of the Italian Republic
Authors: Velikaya Natalia Mikhaylovna , Berezkina Elena Yur'evna
Published: April 2024

The authors examine the social grounds for the formation of a positive image of Russia in the public opinion of Italy. The purpose of the study is to measure how the attitude of the Italians towards Russia has changed after 2022. The research is based on a secondary analysis of the representative results of sociological surveys of EU citizens and also on the authors’ analysis of political public discourse, where the source was the Italian media and the statements of political actors. The stability of the positive image of Russia in Italian public opinion is determined by the stable economic, political and cultural ties between Italy and Russia. The results of the discourse analysis of an extensive database of documents - election programs, materials from the leading social and political media in Italy and statements by Italian politicians - demonstrated a high level of interest of members of the Italian political elite in maintaining stable relations with Russia in various fields. They are representatives of the Italian populist parties among opinion makers and leaders, who influence the formation of a positive image of Russia. The attitude towards the Russian Federation in Italian public opinion has remained positive for a long period of time. The special military operation has significantly changed the perception of Russia, but the Italians still remain its sympathizers compared to citizens of other EU countries.
The EU approach towards China in the context of countering hybrid threats
Authors: Bazarkina Darya Yur'evna
Published: April 2024

The article examines the EU approach towards China in terms of dealing with the hybrid threats. The study is based on the method of systemic analysis. It is revealed that the EU intention to strengthen its role in the international arena and to reduce dependence on third countries in providing critical infrastructure, as well as its solidarity with the rhetoric and practice of the USA to limit the economic influence of China, provokes a debate on the PRC’s activity within the framework of the narrative of hybrid threats. The documents of the European Parliament contain the majority of accusations of China in creating such threats. The Commission and the Council of the EU are trying to adhere to a less politicized tone, but their publications also contain references to the RPC as an actor of hybrid threats. The approach of the EU’s “institutional triangle” is also illustrated by the documents of the European External Action Service, EU agencies, and specialized think tanks. The EU institutions are seeking to limit China’s role in every area, from investment to education and media.
UE - US: new barriers to trade
Authors: Portanskiy Alexey Pavlovich
Published: April 2024

The article analyses the reasons for the complication of trade and economic relations between the European Union and the United States in recent years. The first section is devoted to the failed bilateral TTIP project, which was given strategic importance under the Obama administration. The destructive role of the Trump administration's policy toward the EU is noted. The hopes of improving bilateral relations after the arrival of the Biden administration were justified to a limited extent. New areas of conflict have emerged alongside the resolution of existing trade disputes. The Inflation Reduction Act adopted in the U.S. in 2022 became the most acute cause for discord. It has not yet been possible to reach a full agreement on how to mitigate negative consequences of this law for the EU. The EU, for its part, is forced to take retaliatory measures to protect its interests, including by strengthening its technological sovereignty, protection from economic coercion by third countries, etc. The analysis of emerging contradictions between the U.S. and Europe in the 21st century in trade and economic sphere leads to the conclusion that their most important cause is the increase in geopolitical rivalry throughout the world, due to which trade is progressively affected by geo-political reasons. At the same time, the problem of confrontation with China intensifies the differences between the U.S. and the EU.