bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Episcopalian Spirituality
Authors: Ehrenschwendtner Marie-Luise
Published: October 2019

The brothers George and James Garden were closely linked to the north-eastern Church establishment of the Restoration era. After 1689, they lost their positions and influence. Their experience-orientated interpretation of Reformed theology, which was originally shaped by John Calvin and closely linked to the teachings of Robert Leighton and Henry Scougal, was not acceptable to the representatives of the Presbyterian Kirk. The Garden brothers were increasingly influenced by continental mystics such as Antoinette Bourignon whose teachings they saw as closely related to their religious role models’ spirituality. Following the death of Queen Anne, it became obvious that their religious convictions would make them targets of religious persecution, which prompted them openly to join the ranks of the Jacobites and take part in the 1715 rebellion.
Early Modern French and Dutch Connections
Authors: Eglinton James
Published: October 2019

This chapter traces the development of early modern Scottish Reformed theology vis-à-vis its exchanges with contemporaneous variants of the same tradition in France and the Netherlands. It charts these developments against the backdrop of Muller’s view of early modern Reformed theology as having developed in three phases: (i) early orthodoxy (c.1565 to c.1640), (ii) high orthodoxy (c.1640 to 1725), and (iii) late orthodoxy (1725 to c.1780). This essay locates the Franco-Scottish Reformed relationship as most fruitful in the period of early orthodoxy, which was facilitated by a brief, fragile period of French religious toleration under the Edict of Nantes. In comparison, Dutch–Scottish Reformed connections spanned the entirety of the period and beyond, with theological influence moving from Scotland to the Netherlands, and vice versa. This chapter aims to explain why early modern Scottish Reformed theology’s relationships to its closest continental neighbours developed so differently.
The Influence of the Scots Colleges in Paris, Rome, and Spain
Authors: McInally Tom
Published: October 2019

Following the imposition of the Penal Laws in Scotland, colleges were established in Europe specifically for Scots Catholics. Mainly directed by Jesuits, the education provided was in compliance with the precepts laid down by the Council of Trent and conformed to the Scholasticism of Thomas Aquinas. The Jesuit curriculum, Ratio Studiorum, detailed every aspect of teaching and was renowned for its excellence and rigour. Secular priests ran the college in Paris using a similar curriculum; however, in the eighteenth century it lost some of its effectiveness due to Jansenism. Scots Benedictines used Scholastic teaching in their seminary in Regensburg before they became involved in the Enlightenment movement, making significant contributions to education and science in Germany. In the first two centuries of their existence the colleges educated over two thousand students who supported the Mission in Scotland while contributing to the intellectual life of their homeland and abroad.
Catholic Thought in the Late Eighteenth Century
Authors: McCluskey Raymond
Published: October 2019

The chapter features the work of Bishops George Hay (1729–1811) and John Geddes (1735–99) as exemplars of the extent to which Scottish Catholic thought was in dialogue with the ‘enlightened’ culture of the eighteenth century. A shared theological lexicon allowed for sophisticated discourse with representatives of other religious and philosophical persuasions. Commentary on a range of works by both Hay and Geddes demonstrates the extent to which they addressed timeworn theological and devotional themes, such as miracles and the Last Things, but were influenced by modern authors in their treatments. Hay is presented as the more systematic of the two but Geddes was equally, if not more, respected in contemporary literati circles. Particular attention is given to both writers’ perspectives on the role of the papacy in the Church of their day.
Scottish Theology in Nineteenth-Century Ireland
Authors: Holmes Andrew R.
Published: October 2019

This chapter considers how Irish Presbyterians in the nineteenth century defined Scottish theology in terms of the Westminster Standards and how this was shaped by certain philosophical and political commitments. Against the backdrop of theological liberalism and political radicalism in the eighteenth century, it begins with how conservative Presbyterians employed the Scottish Enlightenment and how Thomas Chalmers embodied for them the synthesis of Common Sense philosophy and Calvinist theology. This synthesis was reinforced by a powerful understanding of a shared history. Presbyterians in Ireland and Scotland claimed that the persistence and principles of their early modern co-religionists were the foundation of civil and religious liberty in the United Kingdom and would promote global Presbyterian unity in the aftermath of the Disruption in 1843. Yet, Irish Presbyterians were increasingly distressed as this shared definition of Scottish theology was undermined from the 1870s by Presbyterians in Scotland who advocated modern criticism and acquiesced in Irish Home Rule.
Linkage Disputes and the Enduring Quest for Legitimacy
Authors: Shlomo Agon Sivan
Published: October 2019

This chapter sets the scene for the analysis of the Dispute Settlement System (DSS) operation and goal-attainment efforts in ‘linkage’ (or ‘trade-and’) disputes, the dispute category at the centre of Part II. As the chapter explains, linkage disputes have long subjected the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the DSS to intense legitimacy challenges; they thus form an instructive site for examining how the systemic challenges raised in such cases shape DSS goal-attainment efforts, motivate shifts and trade-offs between its goals, and, in consequence, affect DSS effectiveness in realizing its manifold objectives. The chapter first clarifies the notion of legitimacy as employed here, and situates the story of linkage disputes in the broader historical and institutional context of the multilateral trading system. It then unpacks the various legitimacy challenges encapsulated in linkage disputes while highlighting the shifts these challenges seem to generate between DSS goals, engaging the system in a heightened quest after its legitimization objectives.
The Multilateral Trade System Goes Bananas
Authors: Shlomo Agon Sivan
Published: October 2019

The transatlantic Bananas dispute rambled on in the multilateral trade system for almost two decades. The convoluted conflict, standing at the centre of this chapter, provides a useful starting point for studying the goal-attainment efforts exhibited by the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement System (DSS) in perennial disputes, together with the goal-shifting and goal-conflict patterns characterizing such cases. The chapter first provides a brief background of the Bananas case. It then recounts the dispute’s major turning points in the multilateral trading system, and identifies the main factors rendering the conflict so prolonged and resistant to resolution. On these foundations, the chapter turns to a close goal-based reading of EC-Bananas, tracing the DSS’s goal-attainment efforts and the goal shifts marking this lengthy dispute. Thereafter, the chapter examines the resulting conflicts between DSS goals and the mixed, noncompliant outcomes ultimately produced in EC-Bananas, while assessing their ramifications for an analysis of the system’s effectiveness.
The Transatlantic Conflict Over Beefed-Up Beef
Authors: Shlomo Agon Sivan
Published: October 2019

Alongside EC-Bananas, the transatlantic trade feud over hormone-fed beef constitutes another informative case study for investigating how the challenges invoked in perennial disputes affect the motivations for and the practice of disputing at the World Trade Organization (WTO), generate shifts and conflicts between the goals of the WTO Dispute Settlement System (DSS), and shape the outcomes it ultimately yields. The chapter first recounts the basic facts of EC-Hormones and the dispute’s major milestones in the multilateral trade system. It then distils the factors that rendered EC-Hormones so resistant to compliance and resolution. On this basis, the chapter turns to an in-depth, goal-based analysis of the dispute, exploring the goal shifting characterizing the DSS’s operation throughout the conflict and the heightened role the system played along the fine line between law and politics. Finally, the chapter examines the mixed outcomes delivered in the case while addressing the goal conflicts those outcomes represent and their implications for the DSS’s effectiveness assessment.
Extending the Analysis
Authors: Shlomo Agon Sivan
Published: October 2019

The present chapter extends the goal-based analytic framework applied in Parts II and III of the book to an additional category of disputes filed with the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement System (DSS)—those reflecting the growing friction between the WTO’s multilateral trade regime and the network of regional trade agreements (RTAs) proliferating around the globe. Looking at a series of prominent RTA-related cases that came before the WTO DSS, the extensive analysis carried out in this chapter shows that the dynamic reality of goal shifts and goal conflicts experienced within the DSS is not unique to trade-and and perennial disputes. Similar processes can be observed in the histories of other classes of WTO disputes, an analysis of which is likely to disclose different DSS goal-attainment patterns evidencing new goal priorities and trade-offs, and resulting in varying dimensions of judicial effectiveness and ineffectiveness, adjusted to the new operational environments.
Parenthood
Authors: Strhan Anna
Published: October 2019

Chapter 3 focuses on contemporary ideals and practices of ‘parenting’ by examining the normative constructions of parenthood articulated at parenting classes run by St John’s (conservative evangelical) and St George’s (charismatic evangelical), in which the parent–child relationship and its relationship with wider social norms was in question. The chapter explores how leaders at St John’s situated their ideals of children’s obedience to the father and understanding of children as inherently sinful as countercultural and outlines the techniques of parenting that were encouraged here. It then describes how, in contrast, ideas about parenting at St George’s drew on psychoanalytic literature and encouraged parents to learn from secular expertise on parenting, and it considers how these differing ways of understanding what it is to be a parent are shaped by processes of individualization, and open onto wider questions about the agency of the child, human agency, and the social and existential order.
Eucharist
Authors: Furani Khaled
Published: October 2019

Heuristically evoking the Christian sacrament of the Eucharist, this chapter undertakes a counterargument to Chapter 1, asserting that anthropology in fact also preserves theology. In proverbial, genealogical, and analogical ways, anthropologists breach the very dome they construct, refracting some “harmful theospheric rays” while reflecting others. Excavating the theistic roots of anthropology’s concepts and practices, most notably its consummate practice of fieldwork, this chapter reveals the ways in which ethnographic immersion essentially betrays loyalty to Enlightenment dictates on reason by endeavoring to immerse the knower in that desired to be known, as well as enable a very theistic pursuit to “know thyself.”
The Forms and Fluidity of Game-Play
Authors: Nguyen C. Thi
Published: October 2019

There are multiple forms of play. There is make-believe play—the play of imagination and pretend; there is also striving play, the play of competition, challenge, and overcoming obstacles. This chapter draws on Kendall Walton’s analysis of make-believe and Bernard Suits’s analysis of games to develop these two forms of play. It argues that the two are conceptually distinct and irreducible to one another. It rejects several forms of reductionism, including Suits’s argument that make-believe play is a kind of competitive acting challenge and a Waltonian argument that game-playing is a special kind of make-believe. The two forms of play break down in different ways: striving play is broken by cheating and make-believe play by spoiling the illusion. Reductionist accounts can’t explain this, nor can they explain certain frictions between the forms of play.
Return of the Grasshopper
Authors: Suits Bernard
Published: October 2019

Suits ended The Grasshopper with a doubt about his main normative thesis; he worried that if people in his utopia knew they were only playing games, they’d find their lives not worth living. This abridgement of a previously unpublished sequel withdraws the doubt and gives a more robust defence of the value of playing games. The contrary view says a valuable activity must have an independently valuable goal, as game-playing doesn’t—you need to be curing real diseases or discovering otherwise unknown truths. Suits now replies that to want there to be real disease or ignorance in the world is to want there to be real obstacles, so the activity of overcoming them can be possible. But that’s precisely to have the lusory attitude to the obstacles and so to be playing a game whether or not you realize you’re doing so.
Intelligence as Cause
Authors: Lorenz Hendrik
Published: October 2019

In the text examined in Chapter 6, Socrates and Protarchus assign the life that combines intelligence and pleasure to the mixed kind (27d); and Socrates and Philebus assign the unmixed life of pleasure to the unlimited kind (27e–28a). The interlocutors then turn to the question of which kind to assign intelligence to. That question is answered by means of an elaborate argument in favor of thinking that it is intelligence that is the cause of good order both at the cosmic level and in the human domain. On this basis, intelligence is assigned to the kind of cause. The chapter is organized around what is taken to be the main interpretive and philosophical questions that the section raises. The most important and interesting of these questions pertain to Socrates’ microcosm–macrocosm parallel (29a–30d) and its role in the argument for thinking that intelligence belongs to the kind of cause.
Plato on Pleasures from Comedy
Authors: Destrée Pierre
Published: October 2019

Contrary to most scholars who (tend to) consider the passage in the Philebus on comedy and laughter as a sort of parenthesis, Chapter 10 contends that it does constitute an important step in the Philebus’s argumentative framework. Actually, Plato’s analysis of laughter in comedy constitutes the peak of his rebuttal of mixed pleasures. For comedy seems to offer just sheer pleasure, or what one would call “pure” pleasure. Thus, showing that even comedy conveys mixed pleasures (because pleasurable laughter is caused by the emotion of “envy” which is painful) should persuade Protarchus (and Plato’s readers) that strong emotions are definitely not what we should be looking for if we want to experience “pure” pleasure.
Research Cohorts
Authors: Barnbaum Deborah R.
Published: October 2019

Some people with cognitive disabilities are perceived to have compromised autonomy and thus unable to consent to research participation. Individuals without cognitive disabilities are assumed to have the capacity to consent, despite falling prey to errors such as the therapeutic misconception, unrealistic optimism, or a lack of appreciation. The distinction between conceptual errors made by presumably “typical” individuals and those made by individuals with cognitive impairments may not be so different, and differences that do exist not so profound. Best practices call for a “meeting in the middle”—a recognition that “typical” individuals are not nearly as autonomous as we first think, and that the autonomy of “atypical” individuals is not as compromised as first appears. Two objections to this conclusion are addressed: exploitation, and a history of research abuses. Respecting persons with cognitive impairments means recognizing that their imperfect autonomy is not dissimilar from the imperfect autonomy of others.
Autism, Autonomy, and Research
Authors: Richman Kenneth A.
Published: October 2019

This chapter addresses ethical issues for informed consent when recruiting autistic participants for research. The process of informed consent for participation in research involves some abilities, such as dialogue and understanding the intentions of the researchers, that can be especially challenging when autistic individuals are being asked to participate. This chapter reviews these abilities, and suggests ways to provide meaningful support to promote autonomy and help researchers meet their responsibilities. Beyond these more general challenges, it explores Hans Jonas’s suggestion that true informed consent for research requires that participants identify with the goals of the researchers. Given the plurality of perspectives on how to respond to autism, Jonas’s ideas point to additional ethical concerns that can arise when autistic people are recruited for research on autism.
Recognizing the Voices of All Children, Including Those with “Cognitive Impairments,” in Research
Authors: Montreuil Marjorie , Teachman Gail , Carnevale Franco A.
Published: October 2019

Research ethics norms are primarily centered on respect for autonomy operationalized through informed consent. Significant ethical challenges can arise when conducting research with persons who have “cognitive impairments” that may limit their decisional autonomy. These challenges are additionally complex in research involving children with “cognitive impairments.” We outline dominant norms in pediatric research ethics, highlight current debates regarding these norms, and discuss considerations that arise when conducting research with ”cognitively impaired” children. Building on interdisciplinary research in childhood ethics, the authors argue for a shift in childhood research ethics norms toward participatory approaches anchored in the recognition of all children’s voices and agential capacities. Concrete strategies for recognizing agency in research with “cognitively impaired” children are shared. Rather than presenting a limitation for research with children, “cognitive impairment” affords opportunities to consider how to better recognize agency in research with all children.
Assuming Capacity
Authors: Kohler Anne
Published: October 2019

This chapter reports on the successful inclusion of adolescents and adults with Down syndrome (DS) in a long-term ethnographic research project focusing on the clinical, social, and familial experiences and explores how the voices and opinions of those with DS can be leveraged to shift existing policy conversations. The three key methodological interventions are: (1) adapted photovoice, (2) assisted interviewing, and (3) the employment of a research assistant who has DS. In addition to documenting the adaptation of research methodology to suit the needs of interlocutors with intellectual disabilities, a feminist care ethics lens is used to argue that social scientists ought to examine normative assumptions about personhood and narrative that underlie existing research methods. These methodological innovations are transferable to research participants with a wide range of intellectual disabilities and can aid in conducting ethical participatory research among people with cognitive differences.
Differing Understandings of Informed Consent
Authors: Trammell Jack
Published: October 2019

As research and exploration in the area of intellectual and profound disabilities expands, the need for a more nuanced definition of consent is becoming increasingly apparent. Although it is a reasonable assumption that people with disabilities are deserving of the same rights and protections that have been more readily afforded to others, the reality has been quite the opposite. Changing the paradigm requires challenging ethical and methodological assumptions.
Introduction
Authors: Sperling Daniel
Published: October 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of suicide tourism. Suicide tourism involves travel by a suicidal individual from one jurisdiction to another, in which the individual will be assisted in their suicide by some other person. There are four characteristics of death tourism that explain why people seek such services: first, the procedures may be illegal in their home countries; second, the person seeks to take care of unfinished business either in their personal life or in the business of ending their lives; third, the person seeks a final solution—not a medical fix or a way to prolong or improve the quality of life; or, fourth, they seek the romantic idealism of ‘death with dignity’, where the deathbed is a romantic notion of a death free from pain and suffering. The chapter then analyses the legality of suicide tourism and its moral standing.
The Morality of Suicide Tourism
Authors: Sperling Daniel
Published: October 2019

This chapter addresses the morality of suicide tourism. There are three general arguments in support of suicide tourism: the argument based on the right to die; the argument based on free movement; and the argument based on humanitarian aid. Suicide tourism provides individuals with freedom and choice in exercising their right to die, which should receive greater weight than is the case under its current moral and legal standing. This chapter looks at how these advantages correspond to peoples' right to free movement which is more secured and valued in a globalized world and can also be supported by a revised—and more courageous—interpretation of the moral duty to provide humanitarian aid to citizens of less permissive states. It concludes that while the justifications for suicide tourism are powerfully convincing, those against it suffer from theoretical problems and, in some cases, cannot necessarily be supported by empirical evidence.
Points of Contact
Authors: Roselaar Saskia T.
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses where and how interaction between Romans and Italians occurred. An important location for interaction may have been the colonies settled by the Romans throughout Italy. Many Italians also lived in these towns, which thus served as meeting places between Romans and Italians. Seasonal migration for work and transhumant pasturing created further contacts between different peoples. Finally, economic interaction also occurred at sanctuaries, seasonal fairs, and permanent marketplaces, which often served as regional economic centres. Furthermore, chapter 2 will discuss non-economic types of interaction between Romans and Italians, especially social relations and military service. This will give a general impression of the type and frequency of interactions between Romans and Italians.
Consequences of Interaction
Authors: Roselaar Saskia T.
Published: October 2019

Chapter 4 investigates the long-term consequences of the association between Rome and the Italians. This chapter looks at changes in institutions and laws that occurred in the Republican period, as well as systems of weights, measures, and coinage, which varied widely throughout Italy. Secondly, this chapter discusses how wealth was invested in public and private building in Italy. Next, chapter 4 also looks in more detail at cultural and linguistic changes in Italy in the Republican period. Furthermore, the chapter discusses the concept of Italia and of an Italian identity, which emerged in the third and second centuries. Finally, this chapter discusses the attempts of the Romans to maintain the Italians’ loyalty, by making sure the benefits of association with Rome outweighed the disadvantages.
From Economic to Political Integration
Authors: Roselaar Saskia T.
Published: October 2019

Chapter 5 investigates the reasons for growing Italian discontent in the second century. This chapter traces the disadvantages that the Italians experienced because they did not have Roman citizenship, both with regard to prejudice from Romans, as well as negative effects on the economic position of the Italians. Rome was reluctant to share the Roman citizenship and its material benefits with the Italians. This dissatisfaction eventually culminated in the Social War of 91–88. This chapter argues that economic considerations played a larger role in the outbreak of the war than is usually assumed. The Italians were granted Roman citizenship after the Social War, but this was not the final culmination of the process of cultural change. Roman citizenship was itself an impulse for further cultural integration, as Italians now actively strove to associate themselves with Rome.
General Conclusions
Authors: Roselaar Saskia T.
Published: October 2019

This chapter summarizes the main findings of this book. It reviews how economic activities carried out by Italians contributed to the integration of the Italian peoples into the Roman framework. Throughout the Republican period, Italians had been able to profit from the expansion of the Roman dominion in the Mediterranean; through overseas trade and commercial agriculture they had gained significant wealth, which they invested in the Italian landscape. They were often ahead of Romans when it came to engagement with Hellenistic culture. However, their economic prosperity and cultural sophistication did not lead to civic equality with Roman citizens, nor to equal opportunities to exploit the territories that the Italians had conquered under Rome’s lead. Eventually, the Italians rebelled against Rome in the Social War (91–88 bc), after which they were granted citizenship. The grant of citizenship stimulated further integration, in the economic, political, social, and cultural senses, between Romans and Italians.
Patterns of health inequalities
Authors: Mackenbach Johan P.
Published: October 2019

Chapter 2 (‘Patterns of health inequalities’) sets the scene for the rest of the book, by explaining the measurement of health inequalities and by providing a profusely illustrated overview of inequalities in morbidity and mortality by education and occupational class in 30 European countries. It shows that health inequalities are a generalized phenomenon affecting young and old, men and women, and all aspects of health, but with important differences by age, gender, and type of health problem. It shows that health inequalities are present in all European countries, but with striking variations between countries, suggesting that there is great scope for reducing health inequalities. It also shows that although health inequalities are persistent, they are also highly dynamic, with relative inequalities often increasing and absolute inequalities sometimes declining over time. This chapter includes a comparison with other high-income countries (United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and South Korea).
A broader picture
Authors: Mackenbach Johan P.
Published: October 2019

Chapter 5 (‘A broader picture’) first discusses why not only health inequalities, but also social inequality is so persistent. After reviewing sociological theories from both the ‘functionalist’ and ‘conflict’ traditions, it chooses a middle road which acknowledges the ineradicable nature of social inequality. It then describes recent trends in welfare state reform, and identifies several areas, such as pensions and active labour market policies, where more attention to health inequalities is required. It also evaluates the common intuition that health inequalities are ‘unjust’, by applying five theories of justice (‘equality of welfare’, ‘capabilities approach’, ‘luck egalitarianism’, ‘justice as fairness’, and ‘equality of opportunity’). It concludes that, although health inequalities are not simply a form of social injustice, there are several compelling reasons to reduce health inequalities, including avoiding accumulation of disadvantage, solidarity with the less well-off, and reducing costs to society.
‘À deux doigtz prés de la mort’
Authors: Oliver Jennifer H.
Published: October 2019

This chapter tackles perhaps the most salient near-shipwreck in Renaissance French literature to the modern reader: Rabelais’s storm scene of the Quart Livre, situating it between two of its closest relatives within the broader family of Renaissance shipwreck texts: one of them familiar, the other perhaps less so. First, some important features of one of Rabelais’s major sources (Erasmus’s ‘Naufragium’ dialogue) are set out, both in order to show how the latter responds to the ship of fools tradition, and to establish the ways in which it too establishes conventions for writing about shipwreck. The reading of the famous Rabelaisian storm scene itself is focussed on the figure of Panurge, arguing that it is this character more than any other element that sets Rabelais’s (near-)shipwreck scene apart from its Renaissance relatives. Staying with Panurge, we then turn to what may be thought of as a rewriting or re-imagining of the Quart Livre storm scene: the beaching of the Thalamège in the Cinquiesme Livre. In this third section, the dynamics of co-operation may be seen to inform our understanding of shipwreck survival (whether in the sense of narrowly avoiding it, or of recovering from it) both as it is dramatised directly in Rabelais’s text(s), and as it, in turn, stages the relationship between author, text, and reader.
Conclusion
Authors: Oliver Jennifer H.
Published: October 2019

From the midst of France’s civil wars, and in their aftermath, the constellation of shipwreck, its victims, and its spectators is re-imagined in theatrical terms. Famously employed by Agrippa d’Aubigné in his Tragiques to disabuse complacent speculators of their illusion of distance from the disaster of civil catastrophe, the dramatic potential of earlier shipwreck texts is more fully realised in theatrical and meta-theatrical terms, as explored in this Conclusion. But whereas the shipwreck of Shakespeare’s Tempest demonstrates the power of compassion to produce embodied affect in its spectator, conversely a French tragedy that dramatizes a real-life tale of Portuguese shipwreck explores the troubling possibility of the spectacle failing to touch its intended audience. Drawing together the study’s thematic strands of corporality and narrative with this theatrical aspect, and pointing to questions of compassion and ethical responsibility that hold new weight in the light of Europe’s twenty-first-century refugee crisis, the Conclusion points to the new narrative position of shipwreck in the early decades of the seventeenth century: it lies at the beginning of the story, and begs the question of how readers, spectators, and their communities will respond.
To Be a Christ
Authors: Brown Stewart J.
Published: October 2019

As assistant editor, then editor of the Pall Mall Gazette from 1880 to 1888, W. T. Stead pioneered what became known as the ‘New Journalism’, or journalism with a mission. The chapter considers Stead’s three major newspaper campaigns of the 1880s—for improved working-class housing, for sending General Gordon to the Sudan to achieve a just peace, and for exposing and ending child prostitution—with the latter ‘Maiden Tribute’ campaign leading to the ‘martyrdom’ of his trial and imprisonment. It also explores Stead’s involvement in the Irish land war and the ‘Bloody Sunday’ riots at London’s Trafalgar Square, and his friendship with Annie Besant. Underlying his crusading journalism were Stead’s religious beliefs, his sense of the editor’s desk as his pulpit, and of the editor as preacher and prophet, calling on people to follow the example of Christ in sacrificing self-interest and actively working for social reform and social justice.
The Great Pacifist, 1894–1912
Authors: Brown Stewart J.
Published: October 2019

From the mid-1890s, W. T. Stead fervently took up the cause of world peace; the peace campaign, inspired by his Christian faith, became his most prominent public activity of his final years. His peace activism included a leading role in opposing the South African War of 1899–1902, a role that made him for a time arguably the most hated person in Britain. He also took a prominent role in promoting the international peace conferences at The Hague in 1899 and 1907. Through his peace commitments Stead become an increasingly international figure, who from about 1903 moved beyond his former belief in the divine mission of the ‘English-speaking race’—now to denounce ‘pseudo-scientific’ racism, to call for justice for victims of Western imperialism in Africa and India, and to promote ideas of world federation.
Introduction: The Normative Bases for Territorial Sovereignty
Authors: Stilz Anna
Published: October 2019

This chapter introduces the two main questions with which this book is concerned. First, is there any compelling moral justification for organizing our world as a territorial states system or is this mode of organization just a firmly rooted historical contingency? Second, how might a state demonstrate a right to control a population and geographical area within that system, especially in the face of challenges from foreign powers or separatist groups who dispute its title? The chapter introduces the three core values that ground the account of territorial sovereignty, occupancy, basic justice, and collective self-determination, and it distinguishes the book’s position from alternative views.
Conclusion: Territorial Sovereignty and Global Institutions
Authors: Stilz Anna
Published: October 2019

This book has offered a qualified defense of a territorial states system. This chapter summarizes the book’s argument and suggests we have a common responsibility to work to create multilateral institutions that would better specify, allocate, and enforce duties to protect the fundamental territorial interests of the earth’s inhabitants. Following Kant, the chapter argues for institutionalizing these cosmopolitan duties through multilateral cooperation and horizontal sanctioning, rather than by instituting a world government with executive powers. There is every reason to work toward climate justice, more extensive refugee rights, and other cosmopolitan reforms via “self-binding” arrangements that will reflect, rather than violate, collective self-determination. Such a strategy may allow for the establishment of multilateral institutions that can limit state sovereignty by enforceable duties to secure fundamental territorial interests.
Powers-Based Causation
Authors: Williams Neil E.
Published: October 2019

Chapter 6 offers an account of causation in terms of interacting powers. It is argued that powers-based causation takes as its relata large states of affairs whose operative elements are collections of powers. These collections—or constellations as they are called—involve sets of reciprocal powers that mutually produce further states, their manifestations. The model of causation in terms of constellation–manifestation pairs rejects an understating of powers as agent or patient, and relegates talk of triggers or stimuli to mere epistemic devices. It is further argued that powers-based causation makes causation necessary. The chapter closes by considering how powers-based causation handles those aspects of causation typically associated with our folk concept.
Causal Oddities
Authors: Williams Neil E.
Published: October 2019

Chapter 7 dives deeper into the examination of powers-based causation, with particular focus on those aspects of causation that are largely ignored by mainstream discussions and folk theories. Thinking about causation in terms of the interactions of powers brings to light the importance of these overlooked features. In particular, the chapter argues that causes can have as effects states that are (type-)identical with those that cause them, that the effects of causation do not have to be changes (and often are not; this concerns static manifestations), and that there is a kind of causation that is restricted to the history of individual particulars (known as ‘immanent causation’). Issues regarding the nature of stimuli are also considered, as well as the possibility of causes that are simultaneous with their effects.
A Dormitive Virtue?
Authors: Williams Neil E.
Published: October 2019

Chapter 9 considers objections to the account of persistence offered in chapter 8. The bulk of the chapter is taken up with the question of explanatory significance: according to the objection from dormitive virtues, powers cannot properly be said to be explanatory. In response, it is argued that causal explanations must reflect the ontological facts, and therefore that explanations are ontology-relative. Consequently, on the assumption that the correct ontology is one that countenances fundamental causal powers, powers come out as explanatory. Powers-based explanations—in the right contexts—are thus vindicated. Further objections regarding the possibility of random creation and gunk are considered.
‘Generous, Selfless, Civilizing’
Authors: Brydan David
Published: October 2019

This chapter reveals the colonial dimension of Franco’s social state. Spain’s African colonies were geographically tiny, but were of extraordinary symbolic value for the Franco regime. Despite the brutality and neglect which characterized Spanish colonial rule, it sought to promote Francoist Spain as a responsible European colonial power committed to African development. Social experts were at the heart of this process. Their professional training and research in the fields of colonial and tropical medicine brought them into contact with international networks of European and North American colleagues. This chapter explores the international and inter-imperial dimensions of Spanish colonial health, charting both its ambitions and its failures. In doing so, it sheds new light on the entangled histories of international and colonial health, and of imperialism and internationalism more generally.
Epilogue and Conclusion
Authors: Brydan David
Published: October 2019

Integrating the history of Franco’s Spain into the history of twentieth-century internationalism sheds new light on both subjects. The importance of international cooperation, international organizations, and international networks for Francoist elites reflects the extent to which Spanish nationalism during the early Franco era was framed and shaped by the history of internationalism. And examining the perspective of experts from an authoritarian nationalist regime serves to broaden and deepen our understanding of the fascist, right-wing, and conservative ‘dark side’ of internationalism. The Epilogue explores how the international activities of Spanish social experts developed after 1959. A new generation increasingly accepted the immutability of the post-war international system, seeking to adapt Spain to the world rather than adapting the world to Spain. They were even more internationally active than the previous generation, but were no longer necessarily ‘Franco’s internationalists’.
Introduction
Authors: Brydan David
Published: October 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the book and its core arguments. It introduces the history of Franco’s Spain, the nature of the regime, the idea of the Francoist ‘social state’, and Spain’s relationship with foreign powers and international organizations during the 1940s and 1950s. It introduces the history of internationalism and the scholarship surrounding it, exploring how the case of Spain furthers our understanding of the contested nature of internationalism, the continuities between pre- and post-1945 internationalism, and the role of technical experts and expertise. It also provides an overview of the book’s chapters, its use of sources, and its chronology.
Arranging Daily Gifts of Devotion
Authors: Lysack Krista
Published: October 2019

This chapter begins by examining some of the ways that Victorian readers inscribed, marked, and altered devotional books. Some kept albums, scrapbooks, and commonplace books in order to pluck and transplant, as it were, verse from original sources to their own blank books, while others annotated the pages of existing books or wrote lengthy dedications. Even as readers were engaged in their own tactile interactions with devotional texts, the religious publishing marketplace was emulating these material reading practices as though they were a form of domestic handicraft, as in Frances Ridley Havergal’s Four-Fold Counsel tetralogy, a series of botanically inspired devotional gift books. Another of Havergal’s popular gift book sets, known as the Royal Series, is instructive, moreover, of how the material organization of devotional books could make a gift-time of daily reading.
Introduction
Authors: Coates Ruth
Published: October 2019

The Introduction sets out the immediate historical and cultural context in which twentieth-century Russian religious philosophers began to write about deification. The inter-revolutionary period (1905–17), characterized by unprecedented political instability and violence, created an atmosphere of apocalyptic foreboding and prompted religious philosophers creatively to assimilate the Orthodox concept of deification in their attempts to conceptualize human overcoming of the end, of mortality itself. These attempts are presented as fundamentally modernist: more or less free interpretations of the deification theme that arise out of the engagement of the authors under consideration with the modernist discourses of Marxism, Symbolism, and Nietzsche. It is argued that the primary leitmotifs, common to these three, that shape the way deification was received in the early twentieth century, are praxis and transformation, specifically the transformation of matter. The four works to be analysed present a spectrum of deification reception, from least to most Orthodox.
Taking Asides
Authors: Morgan Oliver
Published: October 2019

This chapter explores the curious dialogical status of the Shakespearean aside. The first step is to recognize that when a play-text ascribes words to a character, it does not necessarily follow that those words are a fully-fledged contribution to the conversation. There is a distinction, that is, between the typographical turn and the conversational turn. An ‘aside’ is what happens when these two things are at variance. The chapter works through a series of examples—from Hamlet, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, Richard III, Othello, and 2 Henry VI—to explore the many ways in which this can occur. Identifying and interpreting asides, it argues, is primarily a matter of conversational structure—of understanding how different utterances are related to one another, plotting their trajectories, and charting how these relationships develop over time. It is a matter, that is, of turn-taking.
Extracurricular Economy
Authors: Gallagher John
Published: October 2019

This chapter looks at the vibrant economy of language teaching and learning in early modern England. The period witnessed a boom in both autodidacticism and private educational provision. Language teaching was central to a vibrant urban ‘extracurricular economy’. New spaces, schools, and teachers reshaped the educational landscape. Working within an economy of reputation, skill, and prestige, language teachers advertised their services and attracted students through a mixture of their presence in print, networks of contacts, and claims of pedagogical skill and linguistic prestige. In doing so, these teachers—particularly teachers of French—contributed to new ways of thinking about the English language itself. New perspectives on the places, people, and practices of this extracurricular economy ultimately demand that we rethink the concept of an early modern ‘educational revolution’.
‘A Conversable Knowledge’
Authors: Gallagher John
Published: October 2019

This chapter considers language-learning in educational travel. Early modern English elites placed great emphasis on the educational value of travel, and saw the study and practice of vernacular languages—most commonly French and Italian—as central to educational travel. This chapter uses a rich set of manuscript source materials (including travellers’ polyglot diaries, letters, and notebooks) to show how travellers learnt foreign languages while abroad. It aims to put the education back into educational travel, showing the importance of everyday pedagogies to early modern travel practices. It argues that linguistic concerns helped to shape everything from the routes that travellers followed to the company they kept and the notes they wrote. While the focus of this chapter is on the unusually well-documented travels of mostly male and mostly wealthy English-speakers, it offers reflections on language-learning practices that are relevant to other kinds of traveller, from merchants to servants.
Conclusion
Authors: Gallagher John
Published: October 2019

The conclusion brings together the arguments made in the book’s four central chapters, in order to show the unique contribution the book makes. As the first full-length book on the topic, it opens up a number of questions for future research, and the conclusion points towards rich areas of work which can build on the findings of the book and further enrich our understanding of a multilingual English history. It asks how the polyglot perspective might enrich and challenge areas of English history in this period: given the pervasiveness of multilingualism in the urban, diplomatic, religious, and mercantile spheres—and considering the existence of many individuals whose multilingualism left little written record—how can we write a history of this transformative period that is alive to the polyglot forces that shaped both England and English?
Machine Decisions and Human Consequences
Authors: Scantamburlo Teresa , Charlesworth Andrew , Cristianini Nello
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses how machine learning works and, as a result, how decisions are made by modern intelligent algorithms or ‘classifiers’. It critically evaluates a real-world ‘classifier’, the Harm Assessment Risk Tool (HART)—an algorithmic decision-making tool employed by the Durham police force to inform custody decisions concerning individuals who have been arrested for suspected criminal offences. It evaluates the tool by reference to four normative benchmarks: prediction accuracy, fairness and equality before the law, transparency and accountability, and informational privacy and freedom of expression. It argues that systems which utilize decision-making (or decision-supporting) algorithms, and have the potential to detrimentally affect individual or collective human rights, deserve significantly greater regulatory scrutiny than those systems that use decision-making algorithms to process objects.
Demanding the Demanding
Authors: Sachs Ben
Published: October 2019

Several authors have worried, or anyway assumed, that confronting people with highly demanding moral requirements would be counterproductive, in the sense of causing people to turn away from morality, and thus actually decreasing (for instance) amounts donated. In this chapter, Ben Sachs notes that whether or not such behaviour would be counterproductive is a non-obvious empirical matter. After reviewing the available evidence, Sachs concludes that we should not be at all confident that “demanding the demanding” would be counterproductive. Sachs argues that more empirical studies are needed, but tentatively defends a theory of moral psychology according to which, when people are confronted with a demanding ethical theory (like act-consequentialism) they will, if they accept the theory, respond by coming close to conforming to it.