bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Water Chemistry Physics for Fish Cultivation Activities in The Tributary Komering River, Banyuasin District
Authors: Harmilia Elva Dwi , Puspitasari Meika , Hasanah Amin Uswatun
Published: January 2022

Residents use the Komering tributary that flows through Pangkalan Gelebak Village in Banyuasin Regency for fish farming activities. Villagers tried to cultivate catfish and tilapia, but it did not work because they died. Water as a medium for fish farming activities is an important factor that must be considered. Water quality in waters can affect aquaculture activities and fish growth. The study was conducted to determine the water quality (physics and chemistry) in the Komering River tributary as a basis for the cultivation environment. The research was conducted in the Komering tributary of Pangkalan Gelebak Village, Banyuasin Regency,  in September, October, and November 2019. The sampling point is determined using a purposive sampling method in four sampling points. The temperature measurements range from 27-32.7ºC, depth 0.4-9 m, brightness 0.2-1.1 m, and turbidity 12.62-69.2 NTU. Only the depth of the four physical parameters is unsuitable for cultivation activities. During the dry season, the water depth between the riverbed and cage nets does not reach 1m. Chemical parameter measurement results; dissolved oxygen 1.7 – 7 mg/l, pH 6.5 – 7, alkalinity 34 - 46 mg/l CaCO3, nitrate 0.892 - 2.278 mg/l, nitrite 0.032 - 0.217 mg/l, ammonia 0.02-0.398 mg/ l and ortho-phosphate 0.054-0.283 mg/l. The value of nitrate, ammonia, and orthophosphate indicated high values so than unsuitable for fish farming activities. Agricultural activities around creeks and domestic waste disposal are causes of poor water quality.
Methodological approaches to efficiency evaluation foreign economic activity agricultural enterprises
Authors: Batyuk R.
Published: January 2022

The article is devoted to topical issues of development of existing and establishment of new approaches to the methodology of assessing the effectiveness of foreign economic activity of agricultural enterprises with the subsequent formation of strategies for its development. Thanks to the successful operation of domestic agricultural enterprises in foreign markets and effective and fruitful cooperation with foreign partners, economic growth of the country as a whole is achieved. Therefore, in modern economic conditions, the increase in foreign economic activity requires a thorough methodological approach to assessing the effectiveness of foreign economic activity of agricultural enterprises. The theoretical and methodological basis of research were the works of leading domestic and foreign economists and the work of leading analysts on the problems and methodology of modeling foreign economic activity, comprehensive approaches based on a combination of economic analysis and methods of economic and mathematical modeling. The following research methods were used in solving the tasks: monographic, analysis and synthesis, expert evaluations, deduction method and abstract-logical. In order to implement the organizational and economic mechanism for determining the foreign economic activity of agricultural enterprises, we propose to use a universal method of foreign economic activity analysis and at the micro level in order to compare the obtained calculations to assess trends in the development of foreign economic activity of agricultural enterprises. If an agricultural enterprise is engaged in both exports and imports, then to assess its performance in the foreign market for a certain period can be calculated integrated indicators of foreign trade, which provide for the comparability of results achieved for the whole set of export-import operations at full cost. The initial methodological basis for assessing and analyzing the foreign economic activity of agricultural enterprises should be a systematic analysis and a comprehensive, dialectical approach, which necessitates the study of individual elements and the system as a whole in constant motion, change, in the process of constant renewal. This is important not only for understanding the essence of economic categories but also for formulating conclusions on their practical application, making management decisions at different levels of the hierarchical management system in the agricultural sector of Ukraine. The practical significance of the results of the study lies in the substantiation of the methodology, which allows to calculate and fully assess the effectiveness of foreign economic activity of any agricultural enterprise.
Approaches to the analysis of enterprise’s financial state on the example of Cargill Animal Nutrition LLC
Authors: Brychka B. B.
Published: January 2022

The article analyzes the financial statements of Cargill Animal Nutrition LLC, which aims to become a leader in feed production. The urgency of the need to find optimal ways to assess the financial state of enterprises to take the necessary measures in case of instability of the firm is substantiated. The main methods of analysis of financial statements of companies have been identified and substantiated, which will allow agricultural enterprises to analyze their financial state and take measures to optimize their activities. Various approaches have been applied to the analysis of the company's financial position, including horizontal analysis of balance sheet indicators and statement of financial performance, vertical analysis of the balance sheet structure, and coefficient analysis of profitability, liquidity and solvency of the company, with a comprehensive assessment of bankruptcy. Vertical analysis is used to track the structure of a company's assets and liabilities over a period. This analysis makes it possible to draw conclusions about the liquidity and solvency of the company. Horizontal analysis helps to analyze the growth rates of various indicators presented in the financial statements. Finally, the ratio analysis is a system of ratios that allows you to analyze the liquidity, profitability, solvency and investment attractiveness of the company compared to other companies. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the financial state of Cargill EN LLC has improved. In particular, the net profit margin of Cargill EN LLC improved from 3.1 % in 2018 to 10 % in 2020. According to the value of Altman's Z-score, the probability of bankruptcy is very low. Perspective directions of researches in a part of an estimation of the generalized indicator of instability of the company taking into account features of an agro-industrial complex of Ukraine are substantiated.
Formation of the product portfolio of the enterprise
Authors: Voytovych N. , Bulavinets A.
Published: January 2022

Management decisions on the formation of the product portfolio are traditionally in the field of research of scientists as the relevance questions of the choice of strategic goals of the enterprise involves the justification of marketing and production decisions in optimizing the structure of the product range. The formation of the product portfolio involves certain management actions to work with a particular product (its development, withdrawal or modification) or range of products, taking into account changes in the structure of the portfolio of the enterprise. Today’s market situation creates new requirements for existing approaches to product development; at the same time such efforts must directly take into account the aggregate market and business requirements for reduced lead time, reliable product performance and cost-effective product differentiation. In general, one way to meet the increased demand for product development speed and productivity is to identify multidisciplinary synergies that can be used to increase system efficiency. The main principles that were singled out allow to develop a practical system for decision support which will allow effectively form the product portfolio of the enterprise and develop optimal characteristics of the product and its product range group. The methodology of decision support is based on interdisciplinary integration, which is formed by using the main relationships between optimization and modelling of a product or group of products as well as aspects of product portfolio management. Scientific and methodological approaches in the formation of the company's portfolio were substantiated which allows to determine the optimal ratio between the range of products and product units that are part of them. The LLC “Khodoriv Meat Packing Factory” is one of the leading producers of meat products in Ukraine. Product range was analysed and the method of quantitative evaluation of goods indicators is proposed to factory. The system approach to formation of an optimum commodity portfolio of the enterprise is considered. The analysed of the assortment group of goods and the assessment of the product portfolio of the enterprise by the method of the Boston Consulting Group (BCG). Positioning of strategic business units was carried out. The desired assortment group of goods was selected, which will help the company to achieve its goals. The basic marketing strategies are offered.
Analysis of the hotel industry potential of Lviv region. Prospects for the rural hotels development
Authors: Kalaitan T. V. , Hrymak O. Ya. , Kushnir L. P. , Shurpenkova R. K. , Sarakhman O. M.
Published: January 2022

The hotel industry is one of the most important components of tourism. Its capacity depends on the ability to generate revenue from the full range of tourism services, and, consequently, the success of tourism development at both national and regional levels. Therefore, in this study we would like to assess (1) the hotel sector positioning in the Lviv region by share in the tourist accommodation establishments among the regions of Ukraine; (2) state indicators of Ukraian hotel industry in comparison with similar indicators of the EU member states; (3) the Lviv region position in terms of share in the Ukraine hotel sector among other regions; (4) prospects for the rural hotels development. In the research process we used the systematic review method of scientific publications, Ukrainian legislation, as well as information and analytical materials of international organizations in the tourism field. The hotel sector positioning of Lviv region among other Ukraine regions it is determined on the basis of the studied regions share in the total volume of the country as a whole. The analysis showed that hotels and similar accommodation are the main part of the tourist accommodation establishments potential in the Lviv region. During the study period (2017–2019) the hotel business of Lviv region has a consistently high position among other regions (2nd place). Ranking 2nd in Europe in terms of area, Ukraine ranks 10th in the number of hotels and similar accommodation, and 22nd in the number of beds – among the EU countries, which indicates the insufficient level of the national hotel sector development. The number of hotels in Ukraine is growing slowly. The main reasons for this are: the unstable economic and political situation, the high cost of loans to finance the construction of new hotels, long-term return on investment in hotel real estate and others. The experience of foreign countries with a high level of the hotel sector development shows that state intervention is used to achieve such results. Therefore, in order to develop the hotel sector in Ukraine, it is necessary to develop a program to support it. In particular, in our opinion, fiscal incentives should be introduced (for example, a reduction in the VAT rate for the hotel sector). To increase the tourist flow can be applied the practice of VAT refunds for tourists, reducing VAT rates on passenger transport.
Economic efficiency of livestock organic waste processing into biонumus
Authors: Maksym V. , Solomonko D. , Lytvyn R. , Stepaniuk O.
Published: January 2022

The processing of organic livestock waste into biohumus is one of the direction areas in agribusiness, which contributes to the efficient resource allocation involved while achieving a high level of greening of production. The article presents the results of the study of economic efficiency of extensive form of vermiculture, which is characterized by minimal start-up investment, ease of organization and accessibility for the vast majority of livestock producers, including small farms, as it does not involve additional premises. Compared to intensive technology, which requires indoor heated premises to organize the production of biohumus throughout the year. The need for fixed and working capital for the organization of organic livestock waste processing into compost has been determined. Planning and analysis of costs for the organization of production and sale of vermiculture products. The main technical parameters of the organization of the production process are determined, which will ensure high efficiency of this type of business. Based on the definition of the main indicators of economic efficiency, the expediency of introducing an extensive form of organic livestock waste processing into biohumus is substantiated. According to the research results, it is established that the organization of extensive technology of processing organic livestock waste on compost is more appropriate for small farms in the livestock industry with a limited investment budget. As about 6 million UAH is needed to organize the processing of 2.400 tons of livestock waste. (in 2021 prices) of advanced capital, which is 30–40 % less compared to intensive technology of similar scale. The projected payback period of extensive vermiculture technology will be three years when it reaches 25 % of the level of profitability of sales. Also, the organization of extensive technology for processing animal waste into biohumus requires less time compared to intensive.
Estudo da tutela coletiva sobre os direitos transindividuais
Authors: Ribeiro Danilo Miranda
Published: January 2022

Este trabalho busca construir uma análise jurídica sobre os elementos do processo coletivo para proteção dos direitos transindividuais no ordenamento jurídico do Brasil. Em razão de ter suas disposições em leis espaçadas, o estudo da tutela coletiva se depara com o problema de um sistema hermético e de difícil compreensão. Com o objetivo de abrir caminho ao estudo do processo coletivo e afastar tal problema, a presente pesquisa tem como problemática a discussão sobre os principais elementos do processo coletivo, visando demonstrar que se trata de um sistema processual coerente e harmônico. A metodologia utilizada será revisão bibliográfica. Dessa maneira, o trabalho apresenta como resultado a sistematização de itens fundamentais à compreensão da tutela coletiva, ao abordar as disposições legais e doutrinárias sobre a proteção aos direitos transindividuais, de forma a abrir campo para uma compreensão da tutela coletiva.
Mediação na resolução de conflitos empresariais
Authors: Souza Jaqueline Caldeira , Tartuce Fernanda
Published: January 2022

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a aplicabilidade da mediação como método adequado de resolução de conflitos empresariais, buscando demonstrar os benefícios que sua utilização pode proporcionar na resolução de controvérsias e no restabelecimento da comunicação entre as partes, com soluções mais céleres, criativas, sigilosas e eficazes. Desta forma, o presente trabalho tem como questão norteadora: A mediação como método de solução consensual, seria adequada e benéfica para resolver conflitos empresariais? Sendo traçada uma breve análise dos métodos adequados de soluções de conflitos e as suas principais diferenças, bem como uma ampla visão sobre a mediação extrajudicial e suas particularidades, abordando sua relação e aplicação no âmbito empresarial, apresentando algumas experiências bem-sucedidas, que comprovam a eficácia e os benefícios do procedimento, servindo de incentivo ao uso da mediação empresarial. Este método de solução de conflitos tem adquirido grandes proporções nas mais diversas áreas do Direito, face à crise judicial vivenciada pela sociedade contemporânea, bem como a crescente procura por métodos que atendam às necessidades dos conflitos, que se tornam cada vez mais complexos, abrindo espaço para o desenvolvimento dos métodos adequados de solução de conflitos, tais como conciliação, mediação, negociação e arbitragem. A mediação em particular, tem se mostrado apta na resolução de conflitos empresariais, embora existam alguns desafios a serem enfrentados, visto que grande parte do empresariado do país ainda não cogita em recorrer à mediação, seja por dúvida na utilização do método ou o desconhecimento dos seus benefícios. Porém, algumas experiências com resultados positivos comprovam que a mediação é adequada para solução de conflitos e preservação das relações empresariais. O método de investigação utilizado foi o hipotético-dedutivo, considerando conceitos teóricos, análise empírica e pesquisa bibliográfica, conclui-se que a mediação extrajudicial é aplicável, adequada e benéfica na resolução de conflitos empresariais, com custos baixos, maior celeridade, procedimento simplificado, mediadores qualificados, todos os atos sigilosos, e a contemplação dos interesses das partes, com soluções criativas e maior probabilidade do adimplemento do termo final.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СТРАТЕГІЧНОГО КАДРОВОГО ПЛАНУВАННЯ В УМОВАХ ЦИФРОВІЗАЦІЇ
Authors: Квасній Любов , Щербан Ореста , Шульжик Юрій
Published: January 2022

Сучасний бізнес спричиняє зміни у всіх сферах діяльності організації, у тому числі й у сфері стратегічного планування персоналу. Стратегічне планування людських ресурсів є важливою частиною бізнесу, оскільки людські ресурси є ключовими драйверами розвитку будь-якої організації. У статті показано вплив 4-ї промислової революції на стратегічне планування персоналу. У зв’язку з цим виділено та описано 4 фази стратегічного планування людських ресурсів: визначення критичних сфер планування людських ресурсів, виявлення надмірної чи недостатньої кількості людських ресурсів, розробка стратегії планування людських ресурсів та реалізація планів кадрів. Наведено вплив інформаційних технологій на стратегічне планування людських ресурсів.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЦІНОУТВОРЕННЯ НА РИНКУ БАНКІВСЬКИХ ПРОДУКТІВ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ЦИФРОВОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ
Authors: Носань Наталія
Published: January 2022

У статті досліджено сутність особливостей ціноутворення на ринку банківських продуктів України в умовах цифрової економіки. Представлено, що потенціал використання цифрових технологій у банківському секторі України зростає. Зазначено, що послуги електронного банківського обслуговування надаються не лише банками, але й іншими суб'єктами фінансового ринку, що посилює конкуренцію на ринку фінансових послуг. Представлено основні чинники ціноутворення на банківські продукти в Україні. Представлено основні методи ціноутворення при формуванні та реалізації цінової політики банками. Зазначено, що вартість послуг дистанційного банківського обслуговування потребує здійснення інвестицій у сучасні технології. Охарактеризовано основні групи інновацій у банківській діяльності. Представлено перспективи та можливі загрози від використання інновацій у банківській сфері.
EDUKASI POSISI DAN PERLEKATAN PADA SAAT MENYUSUI DALAM UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KEBERHASILAN ASI EKSKLUSIF
Authors: Faiqah Syajaratuddur , Hamidiyanti Baiq Yuni Fitri
Published: January 2022

Air Susu Ibu (ASI) sudah menjadi salah satu program dari World Health Organization (WHO) bagi anak sejak dilahirkan sampai bayi mampu mencerna asupan lain setelah usia enam bulan. Zat-zat yang terkandung dalam ASI dibutuhkan untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan syaraf dan otak, dan untuk kekebalan tubuh bayi terhadap beberapa penyakit serta mewujudkan ikatan emosional antara ibu dan bayinya  Data Riset Kesehatan Dasar dijelaskan bahwa 67,5% ibu gagal memberikan ASI ekslusif kepada bayinya karena kurangnya pemahaman ibu tentang teknik menyusui yang benar, sehingga puting susu sering lecet dan retak. Untuk mencapai keberhasilan menyusui diperlukan pengetahuan mengenai tehnik-tehnik menyusui yang benar. Indonesia menunjukkan persentase pemberian ASI saja dalam 24 jam terakhir semakin menurun seiring meningkatnya umur bayi dengan persentase terendah pada anak umur 6 bulan (30,2%). Adapun proses mulai menyusu pada anak 0-23 bulan pada tahun 2010 dan 2013 bahwa proses IMD (Inisiasi Menyusu Dini) kurang dari satu jam mengalami peningkatan dari 29,3 % (2010) menjadi 34,5 % (2013). Persentase nasional tahun 2013 proses mulai menyusu kurang dari satu jam (IMD) setelah bayi lahir adalah 34,5%, dengan persentase tertinggi di Nusa Tenggara Barat (52,9%) dan terendah di Papua Barat (21,7%). Sedangkan tahun 2018 proses IMD setelah bayi lahir adalah 58,2%, dengan persentase di Nusa Tenggara Barat (58%). Berdasarkan masalah tersebut diatas perlu diberikan pendidikan kesehatan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan Ibu Hamil Tentang Posisi Dan Perlekatan Pada Saat Menyusui dalam upaya Meningkatkan Keberhasilan Asi Eksklusif di Kelurahan Dasan Cermen. Sasaran adalah ibu- ibu hamil di kelurahan Dasan Cermen sebanyak 18  orang. Hasil kegiatan edukasi dan demonstrasi   tentang posisi dan perlekatan pada saat menyusui pada ibu hamil adanya respon positif dari peserta dengan bahwa yang berpengetahuan baik sebanyak 27,78 % saat dilakukan pre test menjadi 66,67 % pada saat post test. Sedangkan keterampilan baik pada saat pre test didapatkan 11,11%  menjadi 44,44% pada saat post test
Optimization of multiplex PCR composition to screen for SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern
Authors: Savira Maya , Asni Enikarmila , Kemal Rahmat Azhari
Published: January 2022

Background: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has led to the emergence of several variants of concern. To rapidly identify those variants, screening samples for whole-genome sequencing (WGS) prioritization could be performed. 

Objective: We optimized the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening method to identify the mutation in spike and ORF1a regions. 

Methods: We adopted primers targeting mutation in spike and ORF1a region from another study. We optimized the PCR screening method using kits readily available in Indonesia. Firstly, we compared N1 and N2 primers as internal positive control. We also compared GoTaq® 1-Step RT-qPCR System and Indonesia TFRIC-19 BioCOV-19 for the multiplex reaction. We used the optimized composition to screen SARS-CoV-2 positive samples from April – June 2021. Samples with spike and/or ORF1a target failure were subjected to whole genome sequencing (WGS). 

Results: The results demonstrated the N2 BioCOV-19 reaction as the optimized multiplex PCR composition for spike and ORF1a mutations screening. Whole-genome sequencing has shown that a sample with spike and ORF1a targets failure to be Alpha variant, while other samples with single target failure as non-variants of concern. Therefore, a multiplex RT-PCR composition has been optimized to detect mutation in spike and ORF1a regions.

Conclusion: We have optimized a multiplex RT-PCR composition to detect mutation in spike and ORF1a regions.
Peningkatan Pengetahuan Masyarakat Mengenai Pencegahan Penyakit Tuberculosis Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19
Authors: Novendy Novendy
Published: January 2022

Masih tingginya angka kejadian penyakit tuberkulosis di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kronjo. Salah satu faktor yang dapat menyebabkan tingginya angka kejadian penyakit tuberkulosis adalah rendahnya pengetahuan. Masih rendahnya pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai penyakit tuberkulosis yang menyebabkan angka kejadian penyakit ini masih tinggi. Maka perlu dilakukan kegiatan bakti kesehatan dalam rangka meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai penyakit tuberkulosis. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan bakti kesehatan ini adalah memberikan edukasi kepada masyarakat. Peningkatan pengetahuan dinilai dengan hasil pretes dan postes. Nilai batas pengetahuan baik yang diambil untuk pretes dan postes adalah diatas sama dengan 70.  Kegiatan bakti kesehatan dilakukan pada tanggal 13 September 2021 di aula Puskesmas Kronjo. Sebanyak 32 orang peserta yang ikut dalam kegiatan ini. Hasil prestes didapatkan sebanyak 37.5% peserta dengan nilai pretes diatas sama dengan 70. Hasil postes didapatkan sebanyak 87.5% peserta dengan nilai postes diatas sama dengan 70. Hal ini menunjukkan adanya peningkatan sebanyak 50% peserta yang nilai postesnya diatas sama dengan 70. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa kegiatan bakti kesehatan yang telah dilakukan dapat meningkatkan jumlah peserta yang meningkat pengetahuan. Peningkatan ini diharapkan dapat juga meningkatkan kewaspadaan masyarakat terhadap penyakit tuberkulosis dan masyarakat yang ikut dalam kegiatan ini dapat menyebarkan informasi mengenai penyakit ini kepada masyarakat lain yang belum sempat hadir, sehingga diharapkan eradikasi kasu penyakit tuberkulosis di Indonesia dapat terjadi.
A SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MODEL OF THE ANTARCTIC MINKE WHALE (BALAENOPTERA BONAERENSIS)
Authors: Tytar Volodymyr
Published: January 2022

The Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) is regarded a Southern Hemisphere endemic found throughout the Southern Hemisphere, generally south of 60 degrees S in austral summer. Here they have been routinely observed in highest densities adjacent to and inside the sea ice edge, and where they feed predominantly on krill. Detecting abundance trends regarding this species by employing visual monitoring is problematic. Partly this is because the whales are frequently sighted within sea ice where navigational safety concerns prevent ships from surveying. In this respect species-habitat models are increasingly recognized as valuable tools to predict the probability of cetacean presence, relative abundance or density throughout an area of interest and to gain insight into the ecological processes affecting these patterns. The objective of this study was to provide this background information for the above research needs and in a broader context use species distribution models (SDMs) to establish a current habitat suitability description for the species and to identify the main environmental covariates related to its distribution. We used filtered 464 occurrences to generate the SDMs. We selected eight predictor variables with reduced collinearity for constructing the models: mean annuals of the surface temperature (degrees C), salinity (PSS), current velocity (m/s), sea ice concentration (fraction, %), chlorophyll-a concentration (mg/cub. m), primary productivity (g/cub.m/day), cloud cover (%), and bathymetry (m). Six modeling algorithms were test and the Bayesian additive regression trees (BART) model demonstrated the best preformance. Based on variable importance, those that best explained the environmental requirements of the species, were: sea ice concentration, chlorophyll-a concentration and topography of the sea floor (bathymetry), explaining in sum around 62% of the variance. Using the BART model, habitat preferences have been interpreted from patterns in partial dependence plots. Areas where the AMW have particularly high likelihood of occurrence are East Antarctica, NE of the Weddell Sea, areas around the northern tip of the Antarctica Peninsula, areas bordering the Scotia-Weddell Confluence. Given the association of AMWs with sea ice, the pagophilic character of their biology makes them particularly vulnerable to climate change and a perfect biological indicator for tracking these changes.
The ‘perfect’ mixing machine
Authors: Majoros Péter , Szabó Ferenc János
Published: January 2022

In the past few years the Machine and Product Design Institute of the University of Miskolc took part in an international project, called HeiBus (http://www.heibus.eu/). As a part of this project student groups had to work on different real-life problems that were given by companies like Valeo, Robert Bosch, Festool etc. The real-life problem this paper is about was given by the Festool. The task was to design a machine that helps to make the ‘perfect’ mix. This paper is about the idea and about the developing process. In the task inscription, there was only one statement: ‘Develop the perfect mixing machine’. There were no restrictions about size, price and application, everything was up to the student team, but it was obvious that it had to be marketable.
Examination of the contact pattern of rolling surfaces
Authors: Sarka Ferenc
Published: January 2022

This article provides a brief summary of the potential applications of contact pattern examinations. The examination of contact pattern is a frequently used test for gear drives, rolling bearings and checking support rollers. It is used on gear drives and support rollers to test operating conditions, whereas in the case of rolling bearings the cause of the failure has already been identified. The chapters mention the types of contact patterns, the shape and size of contact patterns. This article is an introduction to a multi-part article series that presents the computerbased capabilities of contact pattern examination.
Improved accuracy gear tooth CAD modelling
Authors: Várkuli Miklós Gábor
Published: January 2022

The paper deals with a possible improvement of gear tooth profiles by using exact calculations for generating 2D curves instead of approximation processes. This method can be applied in almost all CAD software and gives a far superior result in profile precision.
Development of a gear drive designer software
Authors: Várkuli Miklós Gábor
Published: January 2022

The paper deals with the programming and introducing the function of a new program for designing gear drives. The main goal of the program is to provide the exact machine setting parameters for producing a given gear drive. The software is a multi purpose tool for fast industrial calculations and pre-analysis.
Viral Vector Vaccines
Authors: Oriol Mathieu Valerie , van Ooij Mark , Lühn Kerstin , Stoddard Jeff
Published: January 2022

Viral vector vaccines use harmless, non-replicating or replicating viruses to deliver genetic material for production of vaccine antigens into host cell cytoplasm.
While viral vector vaccines may theoretically induce life-long immunity with low antigen concentrations, their attenuation, safety and spread to the community are of concern.
Vaccines based on recombinant viral vectors can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses.
Adenovirus vectors are versatile gene transfer vectors that can be easily manufactured, and which may allow simultaneous expression of multiple antigens by a single vector construct.
Adenovirus vector vaccines based on the adenovirus Ad26 vector have been widely used as vaccines against Ebola and COVID19 (see Chapters 44 and 56).
A common concern of using viral vector vaccines is pre-existing immunity or induction of immunity against the vector itself, but in some circumstances it has no meaningful impact and it can be resolved in several ways.
Several harmless viruses are already used as vectors for innovative vaccines and many more are in research.
Diameter distribution model development of tropical hybrid Eucalyptus clonal plantations in Sumatera, Indonesia: A comparison of estimation methods
Authors: Waldy Joni , Kershaw Jr John A. , Weiskittel Aaron , Ducey Mark J.
Published: January 2022

Background: Effective forest management and planning often requires information about the distribution of volume by size and product classes. Size-class models describe the diameter distribution and provide information by diameter class, such as the number of trees, basal area, and volume per unit of area. A successful diameter-distribution model requires high flexibility yet robust prediction of its parameters. To our knowledge, there are no studies regarding diameter distribution models for Eucalyptus hybrids in Indonesia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare different recovery methods for predicting parameters of the 3-parameter Weibull distribution for characterising diameter distributions of Eucalyptus hybrid clone plantations, on Sumatera Island of Indonesia. Methods: The parameter recovery approach was proposed to be compatible with stand-average growth and yield models developed based on the same data. Three approaches where compared: moment-based recovery, percentile-based prediction and hybrid methods. The ultimate goal was to recover Weibull parameters from future stand attributes, which were predicted from current stand attributes using regression models. Results: In this study, the moment method was found to give the overall lowest mean error-index and Kolmogorov– Smirnov (KS) statistic, followed by the hybrid and percentile methods. The moment-based method better fit long tails on both sides of the distribution and exhibited slightly greater flexibility in describing plots with larger variance than the other methods. Conclusions: The Weibull approach appeared relatively robust in determining diameter distributions of Eucalyptus hybrid clone plantation in Indonesia, yet some refinements may be necessary to characterize more complex distributions.
Европейское гражданство, итальянская национальность и официальный миф «возвращения»: аргентинцы и чилийцы – потомки итальянских эмигрантов
Authors: Бланшар Мелисса
Published: January 2022

На основе этнографического исследования в итальянской провинции Трентино автор анализиру-ет, что означает европейское гражданство для аргентинцев и чилийцев итальянского происхож-дения, эмигрирующих в Италию – то есть в Европу – благодаря наличию у них итальянского гражданства, унаследованного от предков. Рассматриваются практики и представления, связан-ные с двойной национальной принадлежностью, а также различные уровни коллективного член-ства, возникающие в эмиграции. Автор демонстрирует, каким образом обладание европейским гражданством способствует возобновлению эмиграции из Италии, в которую оказываются вовле-чены и потомки итальянцев из Латинской Америки. Эта мобильность ведет к пересмотру евро-пейской миграционной политики, смещая ее фокус с закрытия границ на “избирательную имми-грацию”. Таким образом, в статье поднимается вопрос о постоянном переопределении границ между “своими” и “чужими” в Европе.
Building on ethnographic research undertaken in the Trentino region, this article analyses what being a Eu-ropean citizen means for Argentineans and Chileans of Italian descent who emigrate to Italy, and thus to Europe, thanks to the Italian nationality they have inherited from their ancestors. It analyses the different uses and representations associated with dual nationality as well as the scales of belonging that accompany this mobility, showing that the possession of European citizenship is fostering the current resurgence of Ital-ian emigration, including from Latin America. The article also argues that this mobility has brought into question European migration policies, shifting the focus from the rhetoric of border closures to practices of selective immigration. It thus questions the constant redefining of boundaries in Europe between “us” and “them”.
Identification and Validation of HOTAIRM1 as a Novel Biomarker for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Yu Yixiu , Niu Jiamei , Zhang Xingwei , Wang Xue , Song Hongquan , Liu Yingqun , Jiao Xiaohui , Chen Fuyang
Published: January 2022

ORAL squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a malignant tumor with the highest incidence among tumors involving the oral cavity maxillofacial region, and is notorious for its high recurrence and metastasis potential. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which regulate the genesis and evolution of cancers, are potential prognostic biomarkers. This study identified HOTAIRM1 as a novel significantly upregulated lncRNA in OSCC, which is strongly associated with unfavorable prognosis of OSCC. Systematic bioinformatics analyses demonstrated that HOTAIRM1 was closely related to tumor stage, overall survival, genome instability, the tumor cell stemness, the tumor microenvironment, and immunocyte infiltration. Using biological function prediction methods, including Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and Gene set variation analysis (GSVA), HOTAIRM1 plays a pivotal role in OSCC cell proliferation, and is mainly involved in the regulation of the cell cycle. In vitro, cell loss-functional experiments confirmed that HOTAIRM1 knockdown significantly inhibited the proliferation of OSCC cells, and arrested the cell cycle in G1 phase. At the molecular level, PCNA and CyclinD1 were obviously reduced after HOTAIRM1 knockdown. The expression of p53 and p21 was upregulated while CDK4 and CDK6 expression was decreased by HOTAIRM1 knockdown. In vivo, knocking down HOTAIRM1 significantly inhibited tumor growth, including the tumor size, weight, volume, angiogenesis, and hardness, monitored by ultrasonic imaging and magnetic resonance imaging In summary, our study reports that HOTAIRM1 is closely associated with tumorigenesis of OSCC and promotes cell proliferation by regulating cell cycle. HOTAIRM1 could be a potential prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target for OSCC.
The Development of a Magnesium-Releasing and Long-Term Mechanically Stable Calcium Phosphate Bone Cement Possessing Osteogenic and Immunomodulation Effects for Promoting Bone Fracture Regeneration
Authors: Wu Jun , Liu Feihong , Wang Zejin , Liu Yuan , Zhao Xiaoli , Fang Christian , Leung Frankie , Yeung Kelvin W. K. , Wong Tak Man
Published: January 2022

Bone grafts are commonly used for the treatment of critical sized bone defects. Since the supply of autologous bone is insufficient, allogeneic bone grafts have been used most of the time. However, the poor osteogenic property of allogeneic bone grafts after pretreatment results in delayed union, non-union, or even occasional deformity. Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is one of the most promising bone filling materials due to its good biocompatibility and similar chemical components as natural bone. However, clinical applications of CPC were hampered by limited osteogenic effects, undesired immune response which results in resorption, and poor mechanical stability in vivo. Magnesium (Mg) has been proven to trigger bone regeneration through modulating cell behaviors of mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages significantly. Unfortunately, the degradation raters of pure Mg and Mg oxide are extremely fast, resulting in early collapse of Mg contained CPC. In this study, we developed a novel magnesium contained calcium phosphate bone cement (Mg-CPC), possessing long-term mechanical stability and osteogenic effects through sustained release of Mg. Furthermore, in vitro studies showed that Mg-CPC had no cytotoxic effects on hBMMSCs and macrophage RAW 264.7, and could enhance the osteogenic differentiation as determined by alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity and calcium nodule staining, as well as suppress the inflammatory as determined by expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1RA. We also found that Mg-CPC promoted new bone formation and bone maturation in vivo. These results suggest that Mg-CPC should be a good substitute material for bone grafts in clinical use.
Advances in the Application of Exosomes Identification Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for the Early Detection of Cancers
Authors: Yang Lu , Jia Jingyuan , Li Shenglong
Published: January 2022

Exosomes are small nanoscale vesicles with a double-layered lipid membrane structure secreted by cells, and almost all types of cells can secrete exosomes. Exosomes carry a variety of biologically active contents such as nucleic acids and proteins, and play an important role not only in intercellular information exchange and signal transduction, but also in various pathophysiological processes in the human body. Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) uses light to interact with nanostructured materials such as gold and silver to produce a strong surface plasmon resonance effect, which can significantly enhance the Raman signal of molecules adsorbed on the surface of nanostructures to obtain a rich fingerprint of the sample itself or Raman probe molecules with ultra-sensitivity. The unique advantages of SERS, such as non-invasive and high sensitivity, good selectivity, fast analysis speed, and low water interference, make it a promising technology for life science and clinical testing applications. In this paper, we briefly introduce exosomes and the current main detection methods. We also describe the basic principles of SERS and the progress of the application of unlabeled and labeled SERS in exosome detection. This paper also summarizes the value of SERS-based exosome assays for early tumor diagnosis.
Neuregulin 1 Drives Morphological and Phenotypical Changes in C2C12 Myotubes: Towards De Novo Formation of Intrafusal Fibres In Vitro
Authors: Barrett Philip , Quick Tom J. , Mudera Vivek , Player Darren J.
Published: January 2022

Muscle spindles are sensory organs that detect and mediate both static and dynamic muscle stretch and monitor muscle position, through a specialised cell population, termed intrafusal fibres. It is these fibres that provide a key contribution to proprioception and muscle spindle dysfunction is associated with multiple neuromuscular diseases, aging and nerve injuries. To date, there are few publications focussed on de novo generation and characterisation of intrafusal muscle fibres in vitro. To this end, current models of skeletal muscle focus on extrafusal fibres and lack an appreciation for the afferent functions of the muscle spindle. The goal of this study was to produce and define intrafusal bag and chain myotubes from differentiated C2C12 myoblasts, utilising the addition of the developmentally associated protein, Neuregulin 1 (Nrg-1). Intrafusal bag myotubes have a fusiform shape and were assigned using statistical morphological parameters. The model was further validated using immunofluorescent microscopy and western blot analysis, directed against an extensive list of putative intrafusal specific markers, as identified in vivo. The addition of Nrg-1 treatment resulted in a 5-fold increase in intrafusal bag myotubes (as assessed by morphology) and increased protein and gene expression of the intrafusal specific transcription factor, Egr3. Surprisingly, Nrg-1 treated myotubes had significantly reduced gene and protein expression of many intrafusal specific markers and showed no specificity towards intrafusal bag morphology. Another novel finding highlights a proliferative effect for Nrg-1 during the serum starvation-initiated differentiation phase, leading to increased nuclei counts, paired with less myotube area per myonuclei. Therefore, despite no clear collective evidence for specific intrafusal development, Nrg-1 treated myotubes share two inherent characteristics of intrafusal fibres, which contain increased satellite cell numbers and smaller myonuclear domains compared with their extrafusal neighbours. This research represents a minimalistic, monocellular C2C12 model for progression towards de novo intrafusal skeletal muscle generation, with the most extensive characterisation to date. Integration of intrafusal myotubes, characteristic of native, in vivo intrafusal skeletal muscle into future biomimetic tissue engineered models could provide platforms for developmental or disease state studies, pre-clinical screening, or clinical applications.
Dynamic MicroRNA Expression Profiles During Embryonic Development Provide Novel Insights Into Cardiac Sinus Venosus/Inflow Tract Differentiation
Authors: Garcia-Padilla Carlos , Dueñas Angel , Franco Diego , Garcia-Lopez Virginio , Aranega Amelia , Garcia-Martinez Virginio , Lopez-Sanchez Carmen
Published: January 2022

MicroRNAs have been explored in different organisms and are involved as molecular switches modulating cellular specification and differentiation during the embryonic development, including the cardiovascular system. In this study, we analyze the expression profiles of different microRNAs during early cardiac development. By using whole mount in situ hybridization in developing chick embryos, with microRNA-specific LNA probes, we carried out a detailed study of miR-23b, miR-130a, miR-106a, and miR-100 expression during early stages of embryogenesis (HH3 to HH17). We also correlated those findings with putative microRNA target genes by means of mirWalk and TargetScan analyses. Our results demonstrate a dynamic expression pattern in cardiac precursor cells from the primitive streak to the cardiac looping stages for miR-23b, miR-130a, and miR-106a. Additionally, miR-100 is later detectable during cardiac looping stages (HH15-17). Interestingly, the sinus venosus/inflow tract was shown to be the most representative cardiac area for the convergent expression of the four microRNAs. Through in silico analysis we revealed that distinct Hox family members are predicted to be targeted by the above microRNAs. We also identified expression of several Hox genes in the sinus venosus at stages HH11 and HH15. In addition, by means of gain-of-function experiments both in cardiomyoblasts and sinus venosus explants, we demonstrated the modulation of the different Hox clusters, Hoxa, Hoxb, Hoxc, and Hoxd genes, by these microRNAs. Furthermore, we correlated the negative modulation of several Hox genes, such as Hoxa3, Hoxa4, Hoxa5, Hoxc6, or Hoxd4. Finally, we demonstrated through a dual luciferase assay that Hoxa1 is targeted by miR-130a and Hoxa4 is targeted by both miR-23b and miR-106a, supporting a possible role of these microRNAs in Hox gene modulation during differentiation and compartmentalization of the posterior structures of the developing venous pole of the heart.
Molecular and Cellular Functions of the Linker Histone H1.2
Authors: Lai Shuting , Jia Jin , Cao Xiaoyu , Zhou Ping-Kun , Gao Shanshan
Published: January 2022

Linker histone H1.2, which belongs to the linker histone family H1, plays a crucial role in the maintenance of the stable higher-order structures of chromatin and nucleosomes. As a critical part of chromatin structure, H1.2 has an important function in regulating chromatin dynamics and participates in multiple other cellular processes as well. Recent work has also shown that linker histone H1.2 regulates the transcription levels of certain target genes and affects different processes as well, such as cancer cell growth and migration, DNA duplication and DNA repair. The present work briefly summarizes the current knowledge of linker histone H1.2 modifications. Further, we also discuss the roles of linker histone H1.2 in the maintenance of genome stability, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, and its association with disease.
The Interplay Between Epigenetic Regulation and CD8+ T Cell Differentiation/Exhaustion for T Cell Immunotherapy
Authors: Wong Wai Ki , Yin Bohan , Lam Ching Ying Katherine , Huang Yingying , Yan Jiaxiang , Tan Zhiwu , Wong Siu Hong Dexter
Published: January 2022

Effective immunotherapy treats cancers by eradicating tumourigenic cells by activated tumour antigen-specific and bystander CD8+ T-cells. However, T-cells can gradually lose cytotoxicity in the tumour microenvironment, known as exhaustion. Recently, DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin architecture have provided novel insights into epigenetic regulations of T-cell differentiation/exhaustion, thereby controlling the translational potential of the T-cells. Thus, developing strategies to govern epigenetic switches of T-cells dynamically is critical to maintaining the effector function of antigen-specific T-cells. In this mini-review, we 1) describe the correlation between epigenetic states and T cell phenotypes; 2) discuss the enzymatic factors and intracellular/extracellular microRNA imprinting T-cell epigenomes that drive T-cell exhaustion; 3) highlight recent advances in epigenetic interventions to rescue CD8+ T-cell functions from exhaustion. Finally, we express our perspective that regulating the interplay between epigenetic changes and transcriptional programs provides translational implications of current immunotherapy for cancer treatments.