bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oil as Solution to the Problems of Oil
Authors: Conway Kyle , Robertson Manjulika E.
Published: May 2021

In North America, one factor shaping petromodernity is the idea that oil offers a solution to the very problems it causes. This article examines that paradox, focusing on the 1950s. It analyzes a set of pamphlets from the Petroleum Industry School Program that were distributed by the American Petroleum Institute (API), the trade organization that promotes the US oil industry. It first describes the evolution of support for and opposition to the oil industry as well as that of the ideas of freedom that the industry sought to mobilize to gain public support. Next it describes the content of the pamphlets, which employed a series of binary pairs, such as success/failure and risk/reward. API used these pairs to craft stories that acknowledged problems inherent in the oil industry, invoked their inverse, and showed how oil solved them. This article concludes by describing the real-world consequences of API’s efforts as they were manifest in processes of policy formation in North Dakota during its 1951–54 oil boom. Through its efforts to frame discussions about oil, API made it possible for political leaders to make decisions about technical issues from which the oil industry stood to benefit.
HoxD transcription factors define monosynaptic sensory-motor specificity in the developing spinal cord
Authors: Imai Fumiyasu , Adam Mike , Potter S. Steven , Yoshida Yutaka
Published: May 2021

The specificity of monosynaptic connections between proprioceptive sensory neurons and their recipient spinal motor neurons depends on multiple factors, including motor neuron positioning and dendrite morphology, axon projection patterns of proprioceptive sensory neurons in the spinal cord, and the ligand-receptor molecules involved in cell-to-cell recognition. However, with few exceptions, the transcription factors engaged in this process are poorly characterized. Here, we show that members of the HoxD family of transcription factors play a crucial role in the specificity of monosynaptic sensory-motor connections. Mice lacking Hoxd9, Hoxd10 and Hoxd11 exhibit defects in locomotion but have no obvious defects in motor neuron positioning or dendrite morphology through the medio-lateral and rostro-caudal axes. However, we found that quadriceps motor neurons in these mice show aberrant axon development and receive inappropriate inputs from proprioceptive sensory axons innervating the obturator muscle. These genetic studies demonstrate that the HoxD transcription factors play an integral role in the synaptic specificity of monosynaptic sensory-motor connections in the developing spinal cord.
Local protein synthesis of neuronal MT1-MMP for agrin-induced presynaptic development
Authors: Yu Jun , Oentaryo Marilyn Janice , Lee Chi Wai
Published: May 2021

Upon the stimulation of extracellular cues, a significant number of proteins are synthesized distally along the axon. Although local protein synthesis is crucial for various stages throughout neuronal development, its involvement in presynaptic differentiation at developing neuromuscular junctions remains unknown. By using axon severing and microfluidic chamber assays, we first showed that treatment of a protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, inhibits agrin-induced presynaptic differentiation in cultured Xenopus spinal neurons. Newly synthesized proteins are prominently detected, as revealed by the staining of click-reactive cell-permeable puromycin analog O-propargyl-puromycin, at agrin bead-neurite contacts involving the mTOR/4E-BP1 pathway. Next, live-cell time-lapse imaging demonstrated the local capturing and immobilization of ribonucleoprotein granules upon agrin bead stimulation. Given that our recent study reported the roles of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) in agrin-induced presynaptic differentiation, here we further showed that MT1-MMP mRNA is spatially enriched and locally translated at sites induced by agrin beads. Taken together, this study reveals an essential role for axonal MT1-MMP translation, on top of the well-recognized long-range transport of MT1-MMP proteins synthesized from neuronal cell bodies, in mediating agrin-induced presynaptic differentiation.
Defective mesothelium and limited physical space are drivers of dysregulated lung development in a genetic model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Gilbert Rachel M. , Schappell Laurel E. , Gleghorn Jason P.
Published: May 2021

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a developmental disorder associated with diaphragm defects and lung hypoplasia. The etiology of CDH is complex and its clinical presentation is variable. We investigated the role of the pulmonary mesothelium in dysregulated lung growth noted in the Wt1 knockout mouse model of CDH. Loss of WT1 leads to intrafetal effusions, altered lung growth, and branching defects prior to normal closure of the diaphragm. We found significant differences in key genes; however, when Wt1 null lungs were cultured ex vivo, growth and branching were indistinguishable from wild-type littermates. Micro-CT imaging of embryos in situ within the uterus revealed a near absence of space in the dorsal chest cavity, but no difference in total chest cavity volume in Wt1 null embryos, indicating a redistribution of pleural space. The altered space and normal ex vivo growth suggest that physical constraints are contributing to the CDH lung phenotype observed in this mouse model. These studies emphasize the importance of examining the mesothelium and chest cavity as a whole, rather than focusing on single organs in isolation to understand early CDH etiology.
Μοριακοί δείκτες (προβλεπτικοί, προγνωστικοί παράγοντες) καρκίνου του στομάχου
Authors: Χατζηδάκης Ιωάννης
Published: May 2021

Ο καρκίνος του στομάχου αποτελεί τον πέμπτο κατά σειρά συχνότητας καρκίνο και την τρίτη κύρια αιτία θανάτου σε παγκόσμιο επίπεδο. Για την ίαση του γαστρικού καρκίνου απαιτείται η πλήρης χειρουργική εκτομή απαιτείται και δεδομένης της υψηλής συχνότητας υποτροπής μετά την χειρουργική παρέμβαση έχουν διερευνηθεί επιπλέον θεραπευτικές προσεγγίσεις. Τέτοιες είναι, η ταυτόχρονη επικουρική χημειοθεραπεία και ακτινοθεραπεία καθώς και η περιεγχειρητική χημειοθεραπεία και επικουρική χημειοθεραπεία. Πολλαπλές κλινικές μελέτες απέδειξαν το όφελος αυτών των επικουρικών προσεγγίσεων σε σύγκριση μόνο με την χειρουργική παρέμβαση. Ειδικότερα στον πρωίμο γαστρικό καρκίνο, προκειμένου να βελτιώσουμε την επιλογή των ασθενών για επικουρική χημειοακτινοθεραπεία, αξιολογήσαμε την προγνωστική αξία ανοσοϊστοχημικών και γενετικών βιοδεικτών σε ασθενείς με χειρουργηθέντα γαστρικό καρκίνο. Δείγματα όγκων από 119 ασθενείς υποβλήθηκαν σε ανοσοϊστοχημική μελέτη για 12 βιοδείκτες, καθώς επίσης και σε αλληλούχιση νέας γενιάς (NGS). Κλινικές πληροφορίες και δεδομένα βιοδεικτών ήταν διαθέσιμα για 91 ασθενείς. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης μας, οι EBV-θετικοί όγκοι καθώς και όγκοι με μεταλλάξεις παρουσίαζαν υψηλότερη ενδοογκική πυκνότητα από CD8 λεμφοκύτταρα που διηθούν τον όγκο (p=0.009 και p=0.017, αντίστοιχα). Αυτό το γεγονός υποδηλώνει ότι ο αποκλεισμός των ανοσοποιητικών σημείων ελέγχου μπορεί να αποτελέσει αποτελεσματική επικουρική θεραπεία για ασθενείς με εκτομηθέντα καρκίνο του στομάχου και υψηλό φορτίο μεταλλάξεων. Επίσης, μεταλλάξεις της PIK3CA πρωτεΐνης σχετίζονται με υπερέκφραση της VEGFA (p=0.042), ενώ KRAS μεταλλάξεις και έκφραση HER2 αποτελούν αμοιβαίως αποκλειόμενα γεγονότα (p=0.036). Η έκφραση της PTEN μονοπαραγοντικά επιβεβαίωσε αυξημένη ολική επιβίωση (HR=0.27; p=0.046), ενώ παράλληλα η παρουσία KRAS μεταλλάξεων συσχετίστηκε με μικρότερο διάστημα ελεύθερο νόσου καθώς και με χαμηλότερη ολική επιβίωση. Συμπερασματικά, η έκφραση της πρωτεΐνης PTEN και μεταλλάξεις του γονιδίου KRAS μπορούν να αποτελέσουν προβλεπτικοί δείκτες για την έκβαση της νόσου στον πρωίμο γαστρικό καρκίνο. Μειονέκτημα της μελέτης μας ήταν η περιορισμένη ισχύ των αποτελεσμάτων λόγω του μικρού μέγεθος του δείγματος των ασθενών. Όλα τα αποτελέσματα πρέπει να ερμηνευθούν με προσοχή μέχρι να επικυρωθούν από μελέτες σε μεγαλύτερους πληθυσμούς. Συνοπτικά, αξιολογήσαμε ένα μεγάλο πλαίσιο γενετικών και πρωτεïνικών βιοδεικτών σε μια πληθυσμιακή ομάδα ασθενών με γαστρικό καρκίνο που υποβλήθηκαν σε χειρουργική επέμβαση και επικουρική χημειοακτινοθεραπεία. Η επικύρωση αυτών των ευρημάτων, μπορεί να προσφέρει σημαντικά συμπεράσματα ως προς την προγνωστική ταξινόμηση του χειρουργήσιμου γαστρικού καρκίνου και θα μπορούσε να εντοπίσει ασθενείς που θα επωφεληθούν από την εντατικοποίηση της επικουρικής θεραπείας ή από νέες θεραπευτικές στρατηγικές με σκοπό την πρόληψη της υποτροπής της νόσου.
Πληθυσμιακή κινητικότητα, εθνολογική σύνθεση και η εικόνα του "άλλου" στην αυτοκρατορία της Νίκαιας (1204-1261)
Authors: Αναστασίου Ελευθέριος
Published: May 2021

Η διατριβή επικεντρώνεται σε μία ιστορική εποχή έντονων διεργασιών σε όλους σχεδόν τους τομείς, κατά την οποία πληθυσμοί θα μετακινηθούν σε άλλες περιοχές, εξαιτίας της πολιτικής μεταβολής. Αυτή την κρίσιμη περίοδο οι αυτοκράτορες της Νίκαιας ενήργησαν με σύνεση και χειρίστηκαν επιδέξια τη δύσκολη κατάσταση, στην οποία περιέπεσε η αυτοκρατορία. Από τις πρώτες ενέργειές τους ήταν η πρόσκληση στην επικράτειά τους ατόμων εγνωσμένου κύρους από τις κατακτημένες από τους Λατίνους περιοχές, καθώς είχαν την πεποίθηση ότι η προσέλκυση όλο και περισσότερων βυζαντινών πληθυσμών και, μάλιστα επιφανών προσωπικοτήτων, θα προσδώσει στο νέο κράτος την παλιά αίγλη της βυζαντινής αυτοκρατορίας. Αυτές οι μετοικεσίες προς τη Νίκαια θα τη νομιμοποιήσουν στα μάτια όλων ως τη μόνη διάδοχο κατάσταση του Βυζαντίου και, κυρίως, θα αποδυναμώσουν την προσπάθεια του κράτους της Ηπείρου να παρουσιαστεί ως συνέχεια της αυτοκρατορίας. Η έρευνα διαχωρίζεται σε τρία μέρη και αυτά διαιρούνται σε επιμέρους κεφάλαια. Στο πρώτο μέρος, η μελέτη πραγματεύεται τις μετακινήσεις και τις μετοικεσίες πληθυσμών με κάποιες επεξηγήσεις αρχικά σε ζητήματα ορολογίας. Επισημαίνεται ότι στο χρονικό πλαίσιο, που ορίζεται από την Άλωση της βυζαντινής πρωτεύουσας μέχρι την επαναφορά της στη βυζαντινή δικαιοδοσία (1204-1261), υπάρχει κινητικότητα ομάδων πληθυσμού και μεμονωμένων ατόμων, που σε ορισμένες περιπτώσεις βρίσκεται σε άμεση συνάρτηση με την πολιτική κατάσταση που επικράτησε μετά τις εκστρατείες των Σταυροφόρων στην Ανατολή και, κυρίως, μετά την Δ’ Σταυροφορία και την Άλωση της Κωνσταντινούπολης. Το πρώτο μέρος υποδιαιρείται σε τρία εκτενή κεφάλαια. Η διάρθρωση των τριών πρώτων κεφαλαίων πραγματοποιήθηκε με ανάλογη λογική, δηλαδή με τον διαχωρισμό της εξέτασης των μετακινούμενων ομάδων ή προσώπων βάσει της καταγωγής τους, αν δηλαδή ήταν ξένοι ή ελληνικής/βυζαντινής προέλευσης, καθώς και του λόγου που αυτή η μετοικεσία γίνεται. Ακολουθεί η παράθεση μικρότερων κεφαλαίων, τα οποία αναφέρονται στις μετοικεσίες που είχαν οικονομικά κίνητρα, στην ίδρυση μονών και στην εγκατάσταση ή εκδίωξη μοναχών, στα ταξίδια και τις ταξιδιωτικές πορείες, όπου είναι δυνατόν αυτές να καταγραφούν, καθώς και στα προβλήματα που είχαν να αντιμετωπίσουν όσοι μετακινούνταν. Στη συνέχεια ακολουθούν άλλα δύο μέρη της διατριβής, τα οποία λειτουργούν ως συμπλήρωμα του πρώτου και βασικού μέρους της έρευνας. Στο δεύτερο μέρος της διατριβής επιχειρείται ποσοτικοποίηση και κατάταξη των μετακινήσεων με βάση τις κατηγοριοποιήσεις, οι οποίες απαντούν στη σύγχρονη βιβλιογραφία. Στο τρίτο μέρος παρουσιάζεται και αναλύεται, κατά το δυνατόν, η εθνολογική σύνθεση, η βυζαντινή/ελληνική ταυτότητα και η εικόνα του «άλλου» στην αυτοκρατορία της Νίκαιας με βάση τις βυζαντινές πηγές. Στο τέλος, εξάγονται τα γενικά συμπεράσματα και από τα τρία μέρη της εργασίας και παρατίθενται οι λόγοι, που προκάλεσαν την εκούσια ή ακούσια μετοικεσία ατόμων και ομάδων πληθυσμού.
Comprehension of Midcarpal Instability
Authors: Kang Hongje
Published: May 2021

The midcarpal instability is the state with instability between the proximal and distal carpal rows, without dissociation between carpal bones. It can be divided into the intrinsic one that is caused by ligament hyperlaxity, and extrinsic one that is caused secondarily by the malunion of distal radius. The pathophysiology of the intrinsic one is still unknown, and the treatment is also controversial. On the other hand, the extrinsic one can be treated by corrective osteotomy of the radial malunion. This review investigated the comprehension, definition, classification, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of the midcarpal instability.
LINAZASORO EN REIMS. EL ESPACIO PÚBLICO COMO MEMORIA DEL LUGAR
Authors: Sainz Gutiérrez Victoriano
Published: May 2021

El problema de la relación entre lo antiguo y lo nuevo recorre toda la obra construida del arquitecto español José Ignacio Linazasoro; de hecho, sus mejores proyectos son probablemente aquellos en los que ha tenido que trabajar con edificios preexistentes, estableciendo un diálogo entre memoria y contemporaneidad. Esto vale sobre todo para sus actuaciones en espacios públicos situados en entornos de carácter patrimonial: el caso de la plaza frente a la catedral de Reims resulta emblemático a este respecto. El proyecto de Linazasoro para Reims nace de una reflexión sobre el significado urbano de las catedrales góticas francesas y, a partir de ahí, recuperando las trazas del tejido medieval circundante, plantea una reordenación de la plaza. Lo singular de su proyecto es que la entiende como una arquitectura expandida que forma parte de la catedral y la reintegra en la ciudad. Con un lenguaje contemporáneo, pero esencial, cargado de resonancias históricas, juega con la topografía, los pavimentos y la vegetación para recuperar la memoria del lugar. El artículo se ocupa también de contextualizar la intervención en la obra del arquitecto donos-tiarra y en los debates franceses sobre el modo de tratar este tipo de espacios.
Social Learning in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Community Establishments’ Closure Decisions Follow Those of Nearby Chain Establishments
Authors: de Vaan Mathijs , Mumtaz Saqib , Nagaraj Abhishek , Srivastava Sameer B.
Published: May 2021

As conveners that bring various stakeholders into the same physical space, firms can powerfully influence the course of pandemics such as coronavirus disease 2019. Even when operating under government orders and health guidelines, firms have considerable discretion to keep their establishments open or closed during a pandemic. We examine the role of social learning in the exercise of this discretion at the establishment level. In particular, we evaluate how the closure decisions of chain establishments, which are associated with national brands, affect those of proximate, same-industry community establishments, which are independently owned or managed. We conduct these analyses using cell phone location tracking data on daily visits to 230,403 U.S.-based community establishments that are colocated with chain establishments affiliated with 319 national brands. We disentangle the effects of social learning from confounding factors by using an instrumental variables strategy that relies on local variation in community establishments’ exposure to closure decisions made by brands at the national level. Our results suggest that closing decisions of community establishments are affected by the decisions made by chain establishments; a community establishment is 3.5% more likely to be open on a given day if the proportion of nearby open chain establishments increases by one standard deviation.

This paper was accepted by Olav Sorenson, organizations.
Clinical digest
Authors: Batas Renata
Published: May 2021

A brief overview of recently published articles on wound, ostomy and continence care
Organizational Trust Perception and Innovative Behaviours of Teachers
Authors: Demir Selcuk
Published: May 2021

In this research, it has been aimed to determine the relationship between teachers’ perception of organizational trust and innovative behaviours. The relational survey model was used in this study. The universe of the research has been constituted teachers in Şırnak province. The sample of the study has been formed of 151 teachers working in 35 schools, which were detachedly determined from the study universe. The data of the research have been gathered by “Individual Knowledge Form”, “Organizational Trust Scale” and “Innovative Behaviour Scale”. Descriptive analyses, correlation, reliability analysis and regression analyses have been performed to the data by the help of SPSS programme. Results of the regression analyses showed that participant teachers’ perception of organizational trust significantly predicts their innovative behaviour. While trust in administrator and trust in shareholders dimensions of organizational trust predict innovative behaviour of teachers, on the other hand, trust in colleagues dimension doesn’t predict teachers’ innovative behaviours significantly. For school administrators who would like to encourage teachers to exhibit innovative behaviours, it would be beneficial to keep the perception of organizational trust at school at high levels
‘Wrung from the Withers of the Western Nile’
Authors: Leopold Mark
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses Idi Amin's childhood and background. Amin's connection with the Yakan movement demonstrates how close in time his birth was to the very beginning of British rule over Uganda. His parents would have spent most of their lives in a pre-colonial West Nile, which was only annexed to the Uganda Protectorate in 1914. This was the world into which Idi Amin was born, and the background he came from. He was not only considered inferior as an African in a land dominated by European colonial power, but doubly inferior, as a member of the 'primitive' Kakwa tribe in a country dominated by the Baganda and other southern groups. It is important to look at the history of his ancestral home area and his family's ethnic background, not least because of the role it plays in explanations for his later political motivations and his approach to government. During Amin's rule, both British and southern Ugandan writers tended to explain him in terms of his tribal origins, as Kakwa, Lugbara or Nubi. These West Nile tribes are almost universally portrayed as not only particularly 'primitive' but also intrinsically 'violent'. Frequently, this characterisation includes the allegation that human sacrifice or cannibalism is characteristic of West Nile society.
The Colonial Past in the Early Republic
Authors: Hattem Michael D.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines representations of the colonial past in the two decades following the end of the war. It explores how postwar Americans reimagined their shared colonial past in light of the present by stressing the colonies’ practical independence from Britain and internal unity from the earliest days of settlement. In doing so, this new shared colonial past contributed to both a sense of historical and cultural independence from the former mother country and a historical narrative that de-radicalized the Revolution by stressing continuity between the colonial past and present. It argues that reimagining the colonial past was a critical part of the efforts to create a shared national history that would foster national identity in the new republic.
Book One
Authors: Foley Michael P.
Published: May 2021

1. For a long time I had been turning over within myself many different things,1 and for many days I had been assiduously seeking my very self and what was good for me (or, if you prefer, what evil I should avoid), when suddenly it spoke to me. I do not know whether it was I myself or something else outside or inside of me; for this is precisely what I am struggling mightily to know*....
Introduction
Authors: Cohen Ashley L.
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of what the two Indies reveal about the literary and cultural history of British imperialism. A watershed in the history of the Indies pairing was the Seven Years' War (1756–63). Arguably the first global war, its battlefields spanned four hemispheres and five continents. After centuries of straggling behind other European powers in the race to lead the global economy and amass colonial possessions, Britain emerged from this conflict in a nearly uncontested position of geopolitical dominance. Most importantly, victory over France and its allies secured Britain a worldwide empire whose outline traced the shape of the Indies. This was the source of the pairing's renewed “vitality.” In the early modern period, the Indies had been amalgamated by virtue of fantasy. Post-1763, India and the Americas were densely interwoven in the fabric of the global economy, stitched together by the threads of British imperial policy.
A Black British Racial Formation
Authors: Cohen Ashley L.
Published: May 2021

This chapter uses the Indies mentality to relearn British racial discourse, focusing on Julius Soubise, the Afro-British assistant of celebrity fencing master Domenico Angelo. During his own lifetime, Soubise's celebrity rivaled that of his better remembered Afro-British contemporaries, Olaudah Equiano and Ignatius Sancho. Soubise's “life geography” overflowed the borders of the Black Atlantic: born in Saint Kitts, he grew up in London and spent the last two decades of his life in Calcutta. The chapter first details his time in London, where he catalyzed tropologies of Eastern royalty in order to fashion himself as a “Black Prince,” thereby carving out a racialized but still exalted place for himself in the beau monde. It then follows Soubise to Calcutta, tracing how his racial self presentation altered in his journey from metropole to colony, from the circum-Atlantic to India. While British ideas about race certainly traveled from the former to the latter, India's colonial racial formation was also shaped by Mughal precedents. Indeed, aspects of the subcontinent's Indo-Persian racial formation even migrated westward through imperial networks, influencing the evolution of racial ideologies in the British Atlantic world.
Introduction
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents a comprehensive reckoning of one of America's longest-standing, most controversial, and least successful efforts in foreign and domestic policy. It focuses on the history, impact, and logic behind America's war on drugs. It also considers the entirety of the evidence amid a deeply polarized and highly selective discourse of the policies, controversies, failures, and successes on the war on drugs of the past several years. The chapter talks about the cost of the drug war that reached more than a trillion taxpayer dollars, which is roughly ten times the price tag of the Gulf War or three times that of World War I. It emphasizes how drugs produced domestically and abroad continue to proliferate despite decades of effort to eradicate them.
Alternative Consciousness
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter stresses how illicit drugs were difficult to obtain in America and were often heavily diluted by the early 1940s. It illustrates the conditions that limited the supply of drugs in the Unites States, such as the massive diversion of resources toward a single national effort, the militarization of almost every major sea passage, an extremely limited supply of private aircraft and navigable international airspace. It also recounts how cannabis became a potent fuel for the countercultural awakening that began to spread across the nation after the war. The chapter focuses on the term “psychedelic drugs,” which is generally taken to mean a class of substance that primarily affects cognition and perception. It identifies how psychedelic alkaloids such as psilocybin, LSD, DMT, and mescaline bind to serotonin receptors thought to regulate sensory input and interpretation.
Supply Side
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes how America was in “full fury” over drugs with the alleged crack epidemic when George H. W. Bush took office on January 20, 1989. It talks about how Bush took to network television to warn the American public of the national emergency of drugs, using a bag of crack that the Drug Enforcement Administration had managed to purchase near the White House as a prop. It also refers to “drug czar” William Bennett, who echoed Progressive-era reformers in framing the question about substance use in terms of American moral identity and contended that drugs represented a crisis of national character. The chapter cites the late 1980s and early 1990s as the period in which the United States most forcefully brought the drug war to source countries, aiming to cease the operation of poppy, coca, and cannabis fields in Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, and Mexico. It elaborates Bush's support in taking military action in other countries to interrupt drug production.
Fear and Loathing in Central America
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter begins with Nils Gilman's seminal essay “The Twin Insurgency,” stating that gangs aim to carve out de facto zones of autonomy for themselves by crippling the state's ability to constrain their freedom of economic action. It talks about gangsters in Latin America that took advantage of the vulnerability of the states they operated in to such a degree that they frequently became shadow powers. It also details how gangs terrorized their host societies, using corruption, extortion, and bullets as their weapons of choice. The chapter cites the statistics that emphasized that the most violent cities in the world were in Latin America, clarifying that the statistics were a result of the impunity enjoyed by the region's criminal organizations, primarily those with ties to the illicit drug trade. It discusses how drug gangs often served as the de facto administrator of social services in slums, where the state failed to provide much of anything.
The War over the War on Drugs
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the war over the war on drugs, which is a secondary, derivative, and ideological war that is used as a framing device for understanding the question of drugs in the United States over the past two decades. It addresses whether the fight against drugs has achieved its objectives and whether the moral, political, economic, and personal costs of protracted policies of drug prohibition outweigh liberalization. It also refers to John Walters, director of the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy under George W. Bush, who recruited core American values to defend the drug war. The chapter discusses the conservative view on drugs, which was reiterated by the Temperance and Prohibition movements as part of the Progressive reform wave that swept the United States at the turn of the twentieth century. It points out how pervasive drug use in America is a signal of moral decline, and prohibition is the only solution.
Law Enforcement and Incarceration
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks at a report by Joseph Goldstein in the New York Times that revealed many of the competing goals and attitudes in the post-1980s era of aggressive drug enforcement. It mentions fifty-five-year-old crack addict, Reginald J., who was arrested on felony drug-dealing charges after purchasing drugs from an undercover narcotics officer. It details how Brian McCarthy, the assistant chief in charge of the Narcotics Division of the New York Police Department, defended buy-and-bust tactics as a necessary response to community complaints. The chapter explores the frequent criminal charges in New York City that involve small amounts of heroin and crack during the 2010s. It describes the buy-and-bust policy as a significant flashpoint in the nascent war over the war on drugs.
Opioid Nation
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces narcotics that have been derived from chemical compounds in poppies and part of the American pharmacopeia since the early nineteenth century. It talks about the United States' first opiate-addiction epidemic that developed in the context of an extensively unregulated market for new compounds, which physicians prescribed for ailments from menstrual cramps to the common cold. It also references how researchers synthesized new opioids, such as hydrocodone and oxycodone, with the expectation that these new molecules would prove less habit-forming as federal and state governments cracked down on the runaway market in the early 1900s. The chapter recounts the production of Percocet and Vicodin in the 1970s by combining semisynthetic opiates with acetaminophen, which was considered an elusive quest for a non-addictive painkiller. It mentions how the norm started to shift in the 1980s and 1990s, wherein pain was increasingly described not only as a symptom but as an illness in itself.
Settler Vagrancy
Authors: Nicolazzo Sal
Published: May 2021

This chapter assesses the legal and imaginative specificity of vagrancy law and its relation to land in North America. It reads Charles Brockden Brown's novels Wieland (1798) and Edgar Huntly (1799) — both long regarded as crucial and ambivalent meditations on the viability of the new American republic — alongside archival records of vagrancy arrests in Philadelphia in the 1790s. The chapter shows how the emergent category of nationally distinct American whiteness relied on figures of mobility through the frontier, yet remained uncomfortably difficult to distinguish from the criminalized (and often differently racialized) category of vagrancy. It also looks at the startling prominence of literary history in the landmark 1972 Supreme Court case Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville, which struck down vagrancy laws as unconstitutional. The chapter argues that a particularly potent literary afterlife of the figure of the vagrant rendered this figure a symbol of free, white settler mobility.
Land of Hope and Enterprise
Authors: Brummer Alex
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the contribution of recognized activities that make the UK economy, such as the progress in research, pharmaceuticals, technology, software, and innovation that can be traced back to the intellectual powerhouses of UK's institutions of higher learning. It recounts the UK's love–hate relationship with the City of London, wherein the banks are still blamed for the financial crisis of 2007–2009 and the subsequent stagnation and fall in incomes. It also cites finance as the highest UK earner of overseas income and is a magnet for international institutions. The chapter describes London as the biggest financial centre outside New York and has attracted even greater numbers of skilled financial traders since the EU referendum result of 2016. It explains how the UK financial sector accommodated trading, provided credit, and raised new capital for troubled firms and those seeking post-Covid-19 opportunities.
Masters of the R&D Universe
Authors: Brummer Alex
Published: May 2021

This chapter details innovation, research and development, and technology, areas in which the UK is strong and must be played with confidence and vigour. It investigates the combination of excellence in the sciences and skills in turning invention and innovation into products, start-ups, and wealth that offers fantastic opportunities. It also mentions the UK's world-leading life sciences companies, together with university scientists, that came to the rescue at the moment of greatest peril in Britain's struggle against the surging infections and death count from the coronavirus. The chapter explains how the UK, outside the comfort zone of the single market, customs union and a market of 500 million people on the Continent, can survive and thrive. It describes the UK as a scientific and research powerhouse as its universities are able to attract the best and the brightest from around the world.
A Nation Divided
Authors: Brummer Alex
Published: May 2021

This chapter sketches the UK as a country that is divided and riven by inequality, regional differences, and tensions between generations. It refers to the Brexit referendum's exposure of deep rifts in British society which show subterranean messages that are more complicated than the simple question of in or out of the EU. It also reviews issues that have been lumped together as symptoms of a 'Broken Britain' – a failed society. The chapter explains how the UK is at odds with itself and split along many fault lines, such as North versus South, the rich and the comfortable middles classes versus the not so well off and the downright poor, town against country, and young versus old. It mentions parts of the UK that saw the referendum outcome as an opportunity to end the Union and strike out in a different direction.
The Analysis of Beauty, I
Authors: Zitin Abigail
Published: May 2021

In The Analysis of Beauty (1753), William Hogarth builds his theory of aesthetic judgment around the technical know-how of the practitioner. Early in the treatise, he recommends that his reader model her encounter with the visual world on the artist’s method of reproducing and enlarging an image by means of a superimposed grid. Artistic techniques for perfecting the two-dimensional rendering of three-dimensional perception become, for Hogarth, tools, both real and virtual, for understanding spatial form. Given his investment in practice as a model for perception, Hogarth is especially sensitive to the advantages and obstacles of language as an expressive medium. The chapter closes by exploring Hogarth’s treatment of verbal media—discussions of letter forms, protestations of his own writerly ineptitude, decoding of painters’ jargon—and arguing on that basis for a nascent conception of medium-specificity at work in the Analysis.
‘A Committee having been formed’
Authors: Wheeler Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses how, in December of 1823, John Wilson Croker shelved the problem of finding a 'short name' for the club until there was a committee to discuss the matter. He focused instead upon the wording of the prospectus which was to accompany the letters of invitation. Having been reminded by Sir Humphry Davy that it should be 'a scientific as well as a literary club', Croker gives the 'scientific' precedence over the 'literary' three times in the opening paragraphs. The prospectus begins as a modest proposal, with its low ceiling for numbers and a bow to recent successes in Clubland; but when it comes to the supremely important question of eligibility it becomes much more ambitious, with its references to known authorship, eminence, distinction, and liberality. It was sensible to base the rules and regulations of the new club on those that had worked for others, and it was inevitable that Croker would do the drafting in due course. The chapter then details the inaugural meeting of the General Committee on February 16, 1824, truly the birthday of the Athenæum, in the apartments of the Royal Society.
‘They have built a perfect palace’
Authors: Wheeler Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines why it took the Athenæum so long to build a clubhouse of its own. First, a potential site considered by the Committee in 1824 failed to meet their requirements. Then another site proved to be less attractive than a third option, which in turn remained unavailable until 1826. Planning complications associated with this excellent site on Pall Mall delayed the approval of Decimus Burton's proposed elevations, which later had to be changed as a result of skulduggery outside the club. Negotiations with the owners of properties that stood on the site caused further delays. What is more, all three sites, and an existing clubhouse that was offered for purchase but declined, were located in an area that was being redeveloped as part of the most comprehensive building programme that London had seen since the Great Fire of 1666. In pursuit of its goal, the club's Committee frequently had to negotiate with the Commissioners of His Majesty's Woods, Forests and Revenues. The result of all this was that Athenians could not take possession of their 'perfect palace' until February of 1830.
‘A score of grave gentlemen’
Authors: Wheeler Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the experience of club membership at the Athenæum. In 1835, Thomas Walker described Decimus Burton's clubhouse as a 'sort of palace', kept 'with the same exactness and comfort as a private dwelling', in which 'every member is a master, without any of the trouble of a master'. Individual breaches of the club's rules tended to be treated leniently by the General Committee. By the time that Walker wrote his rhapsodic description of Burton's 'palace' in 1835, two problems were posing a threat to the 'exactness and comfort' that he celebrated: shortage of shelf space for books and poor ventilation. John Wilson Croker's death in 1857 marked the end of the beginning in the history of the Athenæum. A tradition of 'high thinking and plain living' had been firmly established in a club which prided itself on keeping its entrance fees and annual subscriptions well below the average in Clubland. As Walker commented, the 'mode of living' at the Athenæum was 'simple, rather than luxurious'.
Introduction
Authors: Gordon Peter E.
Published: May 2021

Dwelling, in the proper sense, is now impossible.

—Theodor W. Adorno, Minima Moralia

This book is a meditation on a philosophical and religious theme. In it I explore the problem of secularization, not as a social process, but as a conceptual gesture that appears with some prominence in the writings of three key theorists: Walter Benjamin, Max Horkheimer, and Theodor W. Adorno. The fact that all three of these writers were affiliates of the Institute for Social Research, the so-called Frankfurt School of social philosophy and cultural criticism, may encourage the impression that they agreed upon a common doctrine, though in fact their differences were often profound. This is especially clear when we examine their distinctive views on secularization, a topic that surely ranks among the more controversial problems in modern social theory. Philosophers, political theorists, sociologists, and historians continue...
Possession Is Nine-Tenths of the Law
Authors: Lund Christian
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the relationship between law and property. The old aphorism that “possession is nine-tenths of the law” suggests that property rights are not merely about legal rights, but, more importantly, about social relations and the political and physical capacity to hold things of value: land, in particular. For many people in Indonesia, rights remain a faint promise, and justice a mere rumor. Land conflicts and dispossession have placed unjust burdens on ordinary people for generations and under different regimes. Some people acquire land, but more seem to lose it when their lack of wealth, knowledge, language, connections, and organization leaves them vulnerable. Possession may be nine-tenths of the law, but the last tenth, recognition, still matters a great deal. Moreover, recognition often takes the form of legalization, through efforts to make claims and decisions appear legal. And, crucially, this very plausibility of legality can have the effect of law. The chapter explains that the book is therefore about how and why people and institutions work to make claims stick by legalizing them. It is about the relationship between legal recognition and possession.
Introduction
Authors: Ladyman J. , Wiesner K.
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview and a brief history of complexity science, which is the study of complex systems. All living systems and all intelligent systems are complex systems. Complexity science is relatively new but already indispensable. Many of the most important problems in engineering, medicine, and public policy are now addressed with the ideas and methods of complexity science. However, there is no agreement about the definition of 'complexity' or 'complex system', nor even about whether a definition is possible or needed. The conceptual foundations of complexity science are disputed, and there are many and diverging views among scientists about what complexity and complex systems are. Even the status of complexity as a discipline can be questioned given that it potentially covers almost everything. The origins of complexity science lie in cybernetics and systems theory, both of which began in the 1950s. Complexity science is related to dynamical systems theory, which matured in the 1970s, and to the study of cellular automata, which were invented at the end of the 1940s. By then computer science had become established as a new scientific discipline.
Examples of Complex Systems
Authors: Ladyman J. , Wiesner K.
Published: May 2021

This chapter surveys some of the most common examples of complex systems studied by complexity science. It begins by considering examples from physics and chemistry that show that even nonliving systems without goals or functions have properties with a rich structure and can exhibit different kinds of self-organisation and generate order. The chapter then turns to the universe and how it and its parts, like the solar system, display various features of complex systems. It also looks at the Earth's climate, the physics and chemistry of which both support and are generated by life. Finally, the chapter discusses living systems, which display adaptive behaviour of many different kinds and different degrees of sophistication, and two complex systems of human construction — namely, the economy and the World Wide Web. The human brain is a supreme example of a complex system.
Introduction: the landscapes of poverty and education across the UK
Authors: Thompson Ian , Ivinson Gabrielle
Published: May 2021

Poverty blights the lives of children and young people. Research has consistently shown that the most economically disadvantaged pupils across the United Kingdom (UK) have the poorest educational outcomes and that poverty has a pernicious effect on children’s well-being. However, far less is known about the ways that poverty is differentially experienced for children and young people in schools within the four jurisdictions of the UK. Are there historical, social and cultural factors that make poverty a postcode lottery in terms of quality of schooling in the different parts of the UK? Are successful local interventions context specific as the research evidence seems to suggest or can we learn from particular regions or cities? This introduction points out that anxieties about growing educational inequality in the UK have to be contextualised historically, geographically and in terms of the distinct political and socio-economic landscapes in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
Poverty and education in Wales: enabling a national mission
Authors: Egan David
Published: May 2021

In Wales there exists a strong association between coming from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds and doing less well in education. Whilst improvements are being made to this situation, progress is slow and is being impacted by changes in the composition of pupil populations in many secondary schools, which makes it more difficult for them to achieve high levels of success for their most disadvantaged pupils. This chapter, therefore, argues that if Wales is to achieve the ‘excellent and equitable’ education it aspires to create, these schools need to be re-fashioned as Community Partnership Schools which offer integrated support to pupils and their families and educational provision which is known to support more equitable outcomes.
Preventing police corruption
Authors: Singh Danny
Published: May 2021

The second chapter opens with the rationale behind commissions on inquiry in the aftermath of a police corruption scandal to expose the truth and provide recommendations to mitigate institutional corruption. The cases of the New York and New South Wales police forces are examined with the responses of the relevant commissions. The commissions stated that the police seniors attempted to blame ‘a few bad apples’ but the commissioners exposed that it was rather ‘a rotten orchard’ that pointed at systemic corruption and high forms of police solidarity that can evade dealing with embedded corruption. The ‘slippery slope’ analogy infers that police officers socialise milder grass-eating forms of corruption – such as accepting minor gratuities – to more severe meat-eating corruption such as engaging in vice areas within a self-perpetuating system in which all parties benefit in corrupt transactions. The chapter closes by analysing a range of cases that have trialled pay reform, rotation strategy and anti-corruption training initiatives to mitigate police corruption.
Prevention strategies in Afghanistan
Authors: Singh Danny
Published: May 2021

The penultimate chapter analyses anti-corruption efforts within the Afghan police sector with reference to the responses provided by the interviewee, survey and structured interview respondents. It initially covers the interior ministry’s internal anti-corruption strategy which is supported by both the European Union Police Mission in Afghanistan and Major Crimes Task Force. Subsequently, efforts to mitigate payroll fraud with a biometric validation system is provided which is facing some technical difficulties. In addition, training efforts are examined which are too short to train the police force measures on anti-corruption, particularly for many officers who remain either literate or semi-literature. Further strategies to combat corruption and the development of patronage relations are examined. These include pay and rank reform phases that aimed to reduce the top heavy police generals, increase street-level police and increase their salaries. Despite several phases of pay reform, wages remain low to cover for living costs and the recruitment strategies remain hindered from patronage relations. As a measure to combat patronage and retaining loyalty to tribal elders and warlords rather than the state, rotation strategy was recommended by international actors and endorsed by the interior ministry which inadvertently resulted in further economic hardship.
Case I.2: ‘Seeing Things Differently’: Gender Justice and Counter-Hegemony in Higher Education
Authors: Orr Lesley , Whiting Nel
Published: May 2021

This chapter is rooted in the reflexive experience of feminists in Scotland struggling for gender justice – particularly the movement to resist and end men’s violence against women (VAW). Our case study focuses on a course ‘Gender Justice and Violence: Feminist Approaches’ (GJV), the fruit of an ongoing partnership between Scottish Women’s Aid (SWA) and Queen Margaret University (QMU). Offered every year since 2007, the course engages with debates concerning public policy, professional practice and political activism – particularly in relation to gender-based violence and abuse. The module teaching sessions bring together practitioners and activists (who register as associate students at QMU) alongside full-time sociology students. This enables a challenging process of mutual learning which highlights both the tensions and the transformative potential of grounding social theory in the sometimes divergent standpoints of these overlapping groups. The course is delivered by, and open to, both women and men. The curriculum draws on the struggles of the women’s movement and of pro-feminist men, and utilises the work of engaged feminist scholars across a range of academic disciplines, including history, philosophy, criminology and gender studies, as well as sociology. Its presence demands that the practice of activists and the movements which have ...
Case II.4: Young Children and Participative Research Enquiry: A Case for Active Citizenship
Authors: Clausen Maria Giatsi
Published: May 2021

This chapter enquires into possibilities for young children’s active citizenship as provoked through their involvement in participative research enquiry. It is the main crux of this chapter that learning that happens though experiencing authentic participation, for example participative research, creates possibilities for young children’s active citizenship. My interest in these possibilities is based on my work and interaction with children both in my capacity as a researcher and paediatric practitioner throughout my professional life. The potential that participative research enquiries hold is based on my observation and interaction with children around their perceptions of their ...