bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of a Secondary School Primary Prevention Program on Violence in Intimate Relationships
Authors: Jaffe Peter G. , Sudermann Marlies , Reitzel Deborah , Killip Steve M.
Published: September 2018

A large-scale primary prevention program for wife assault and dating violence was evaluated, employing a measure of attitudes, by means of the London Family Court Clinic Questionnaire on Violence in Relationships. The target audience comprised all students in four high schools. A brief intervention, including a large group presentation on wife assault and dating violence, followed by classroom discussion facilitated by community professionals was instituted. Attitudes, knowledge and behavioral intentions were assessed prior to intervention, immediately afterward, and at five to six weeks postintervention, in a stratified classroom level random sample of the participants. Significant positive attitude, knowledge, and behavioral intention changes were found at posttest, and the majority of these were maintained at delayed follow-up. Striking sex differences were found, with females consistently showing better attitudes than males. A ‘backlash’ effect was noted among a small number of males after the intervention. It was hypothesized that this group may already be involved in abusive behavior and require secondary, rather than primary, prevention. Students reported a high level of awareness of and experience with violence in their own and their friends’ dating and family relationships, and overwhelmingly endorsed primary prevention of relationship violence in the schools.
Conventional and Delinquent Activities: Implications for the Prevention of Violent Victimization among Adolescents
Authors: Lauritsen Janet L. , Laub John H. , Sampson Robert J.
Published: September 2018

While age is one of the most important correlates of an individual’s risk of violent victimization, research regarding the victimization of adolescents is relatively meager. Using two well-known national data sources and an analytical framework guided by lifestyle/routine activities theories, we describe the relationships between activity involvement and the risk of assault and robbery victimization among adolescents in the United States. Several findings relevant to victimization prevention emerge. First, we find that certain adolescent activities are related to risk of violence. Youth who engage in delinquent activities experience the highest risk of assault and robbery victimization. Second, we find very few conventional activities which protect adolescents from victimization net of background factors (e.g., gender, race, family structure) or offending levels. We discuss the implications of these findings for programs directed at reducing violent victimization among adolescents and for lifestyle/routine activities theories of victimization.
Patterns of Homicide Among the Elderly
Authors: Goetting Ann
Published: September 2018

Forty-five homicide offenders aged 55 and older are analyzed in the contexts of their deadly acts. Analyses include demographic and social characteristics of offenders and victims, demographic and social relationships between offenders and victims, circumstances of offense, and arrest disposition. Where feasible, comparisons are made with age-general populations of homicide offenders. Explanatory insights based on the “routine activity approach are offered.
The Role of Family Factors, Physical Abuse, and Sexual Victimization Experiences in High-Risk Youths’ Alcohol and Other Drug Use and Delinquency: A Longitudinal Model
Authors: Dembo Richard , Williams Linda , Wothke Werner , Schmeidler James , Brown C. Hendricks
Published: September 2018

Our understanding of the adverse effects of early child physical and sexual abuse has developed to a point where there is need to elucidate the processes by which various developmental outcomes occur. Limited variability on key measures of family stress and in youths’ drug use, other delinquent behavior and abuse histories in the general population has limited theory development. Using data from an ongoing, longitudinal study of juvenile detainees, we test a developmental damage model of the relationships among the youths’ family background and problem factors, their sexual victimization and physical abuse experiences, and their substance use and delinquent behavior over time. The hypothesized model was supported by the data. Theoretical and policy implications of the results are drawn. In particular, early intervention with high-risk youths and their families is needed to address effectively their problems and troubled behavior before drug use and delinquent careers become firmly established.
Sexual Victimization in Young, Pregnant and Parenting, African-American Women: Psychological and Social Outcomes
Authors: Rhodes Jean E. , Ebert Lori , Meyers Adena B.
Published: September 2018

The influence of sexual victimization on the psychological and social adjustment of 177 pregnant and parenting African Americans was examined. Compared with those who had not been victimized, young women with a history of sexual victimization were more symptomatic, had lower self esteem, and had a more external locus of control than the non-victimized women. In addition, women who were sexually victimized at some time in their lives reported higher levels of economic strain. Victimized young women were less satisfied with their social support than their non-victimized peers. Taken together, these findings suggest that the link between sexual victimization and psychological distress in pregnant and parenting adolescents may be mediated through young women’s interpersonal resources.
Family of Origin Violence and MCMI-II Psychopathology, Among Partner Assaultive Men
Authors: Murphy Christopher M. , Meyer Shannon-Lee , O’Leary K. Daniel
Published: September 2018

This study examined associations between family of origin violence, self-reports of psychopathology on the MCMI-II, and current spouse abuse among partner assaultive men. Compared to nonviolent men in discordant (n = 24) and well-adjusted (n = 24) relationships, partner assaultive men (n = 24) were significantly more likely to report childhood histories of physical abuse and physical abuse of the mother in the family of origin. The partner assaultive men also reported significantly higher scores on a variety of MCMI-II personality disorder and Axis I disorder scales. When negative affectivity was controlled, however, batterers differed from contrast groups only on scales assessing antisocial and aggressive characteristics. Within the partner assaultive group, a history of severe childhood abuse was associated with higher scores on a variety of MCMI-II personality disorder and Axis I disorder scales, and higher levels of psychological and physical aggression directed toward the current relationship partner. Abuse of the mother in the family of origin among batterers was associated with higher levels of psychological and physical aggression toward the current partner, but not with self-reported psychopathology. The results support prior descriptions of a batterer subgroup with significant trauma histories, more psychological difficulties, and higher abuse levels than other batterers, suggesting continuities in social and emotional development from childhood maltreatment to adult relationship violence.
Violent Criminal Behavior Over the Life Course: A Review of the Longitudinal and Comparative Research
Authors: Laub John H. , Lauritsen Janet L.
Published: September 2018

In this paper we review the existing longitudinal research on violent criminal behavior. Although interested in comparative research on this topic, we found that virtually all of the longitudinal studies comprised individuals from Western societies. The primary issue we examine concerns the extent to which there are universal patterns of violent behavior over the life course. Based on the available evidence, our best guess is that universal patterns do not exist It cannot be answered definitively, however, to what extent sociocultural variations in violence reflect differences in opportunity structures or differences in developmental trajectories and transitions over the life course. In order to address these issues, specific recommendations for future research, both within countries and cross-nationally, are presented and discussed.
Violence By and Against Women: A Comparative and Cross-National Analysis
Authors: Kruttschnitt Candace
Published: September 2018

Drawing from different kinds and levels of analysis, this article synthesizes current knowledge on women’s violent offending and victimization cross-nationally. Individual-level data indicate characteristics and situations that put women at risk for violence within particular countries. Aggregate-level data concentrate on women’s risks of violent encounters across nations and the societal-level factors that are associated with these risks. This multinational, multilevel approach reveals substantial gaps between our understanding of the types of encounters in which women are at greatest risk for violence and the societal correlates that predict gender distributions in violence across nations.
A Social Interactionist Approach to Violence: Cross-cultural Applications
Authors: Felson Richard B. , Tedeschi James T.
Published: September 2018

A “social interactionist approach” is applied to incidents of interpersonal violence in a variety of cultures. Violence, like other forms of coercion, is viewed as goal-oriented behavior, designed to produce compliance, restore retributive justice, and to assert and protect social identities. The approach emphasizes the role of grievances and social control, the escalation of coercive interactions when identities are attacked, and the role of third parties. It is suggested that the incentives for violence and other forms of coercion are similar in all cultures.
Physical, Sexual, and Emotional Abuse by Male Intimates: Experiences of Women in Japan
Authors: Yoshihama Mieko , Sorenson Susan B.
Published: September 2018

This article examines the nature of violence (physical, emotional, and sexual) perpetrated by Japanese men against their female intimates. Data were collected in a nationwide mail questionnaire survey with a convenience sample of 796 women between July and December, 1992. Most respondents were currently married and working full-time; average age was 43.5 years. Over three fourths reported at least one type of violence perpetrated by their male intimate partner. These Japanese women reported a wide range of abuse—from a slap to an assault with a deadly weapon, from verbal ridicules to restriction of social activities, and from incompliance with contraception to forced, violent sex. About two thirds of the most serious physically violent incidents resulted in injury. Sociocultural factors unique to Japanese women’s experiences of male violence are identified and discussed along with their implications for prevention and intervention.
Civil Protection Orders: A Viable Justice System Tool for Deterring Domestic Violence
Authors: Keilitz Susan L.
Published: September 2018

The prevalence and severity of domestic violence have illuminated the need for effective justice system responses to this pernicious phenomenon. A remedy that all states now provide is the civil protection order, but the forms of relief available, duration of orders, and processes for obtaining them vary from state to state. Examples of types of relief include prohibitions against further abuse and contact with the protected person; eviction from the residence; and temporary custody of children. Studies of civil protection orders suggest that they can be an effective form of relief if the justice system takes affirmative steps to increase their power, including screening petitioners to identify those who need more elaborate safety plans; provision of specific and comprehensive orders and low cost and effective service of them; stringent enforcement of orders by law enforcement and the court; and linkages from the court to advocacy services, shelters, legal representation, and other services.
Head-Injured Males: A Population at Risk for Relationship Aggression?
Authors: Warnken William J. , Rosenbaum Alan , Fletcher Kenneth E. , Hoge Steven K. , Adelman Steven A.
Published: September 2018

Several recent studies suggest that head injury may be a potentially useful factor in explaining some types of aggressive behavior. In our research, we have been able to demonstrate an association between head injury and marital aggression using a sample of male batterers and appropriate comparison groups. Anecdotal and empirical literature also supports the hypothesis that aggression, relationship problems, and negative changes in personality and behavior are common sequelae to a head injury. This article explores the hypothesis that flows intuitively from the above, namely, that head-injured males are at increased risk for physical aggression in their intimate relationships. Empirical data are presented identifying several risk factors for relationship aggression and marital discord that may be sequelae of a significant head injury. Nevertheless, head-injured men were not found to be more physically aggressive with their female partners. The implications of these results are discussed.
Family Violence and Police Utilization
Authors: Hutchison Ira W. , Hirschel J. D. , Pesackis Carolyn E.
Published: September 2018

This study examines the utilization of police service for domestic incidents. Contrary to the popular image of serious violence perpetrated upon a spouse, the data show that most calls involve less serious incidents that are almost as likely to involve cohabitants as married couples. This finding assumes significance because of the small proportion of the cohabiting population to the married population. Other types of relationships that generate calls to the police include, although to a lesser extent, parent-child, boyfriend-girlfriend, and siblings. Explanation for these findings focuses on relationship issues and provides implications for service utilization.
Constitutional Challenges to Child Witness Protection Legislation: An Update
Authors: Small Mark A.
Published: September 2018

The Supreme Court’s landmark decision in Maryland v. Craig created some uncertainty about the state constitutionality of child witness protection legislation. This article briefly discusses the current status of child witness protection legislation in light of recent litigation, focusing on Illinois. Conclusions are drawn concerning the likely future course of litigation affecting child witness protection legislation in other jurisdictions.
The Relationship Between Experiences With the Criminal Justice System and Mental Health Outcomes Among Survivors of Homicide
Authors: Milman Evgenia , Williams Joah L. , Bountress Kaitlin , Rheingold Alyssa A.
Published: September 2018

Homicide survivors are at increased risk for mental health disorders, including depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and complicated grief (CG). Accordingly, this survey study examined how satisfaction with the criminal justice system (CJS) was associated with depression, PTSD, and CG among 47 homicide survivors. It also examined how satisfaction with specific aspects of the CJS related to satisfaction with the overall CJS. Satisfaction with the overall CJS was uniquely associated with depression (odds ratio [OR] = 2.32; 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.16, 4.66]) while satisfaction with the police department was uniquely associated with CG (OR= 2.14; 95% CI [1.02, 4.47]). Satisfaction with having input into the CJS process and satisfaction with efforts devoted by the CJS to apprehend the perpetrator were uniquely related to satisfaction with the overall CJS (β = .49,p= .003 and β = .40,p= .007, respectively).
Hate Crime Victimization Data in Pennsylvania: A Useful Complement to the Uniform Crime Reports
Authors: Ruback R. Barry , Gladfelter Andrew S. , Lantz Brendan
Published: September 2018

Data on the incidence and prevalence of hate crimes in the United States come primarily from the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR). Although UCR data undercount most crimes, hate crimes are particularly underreported, especially for some groups. We compare 2000–2011 UCR data in Pennsylvania to data from a state agency that came from police, media, and citizen reports. First, we find that the state-agency database is generally consistent with the UCR data, in terms of absolute counts, correlations, and predictors. Second, we find that UCR data underestimate hate crime rates by a factor of about 1.6 overall and by a factor of 2.5 for rural areas. Moreover, although UCR data on hate crimes show a decrease in the most recent 5-year period, the state agency data show that hate crime incident counts have not dropped. We suggest that using a broader index that includes both the UCR and a database like that in Pennsylvania will give a more complete picture of hate crime.
Domestic Violence Agency Personnel Experiences With and Perceptions of the Lethality Assessment Program
Authors: Dutton Leila B. , Tamborra Tracy L. , Narchet Fadia M.
Published: September 2018

This study evaluated the experiences with and perceptions of the Lethality Assessment Program (LAP) among domestic violence agency personnel. Interviews were conducted with 16 agency personnel from 11 agencies in Connecticut to assess their beliefs about the goals of the LAP and the achievement of those goals, the perceived impact of implementation of the LAP on their relationship with local police departments, their experiences setting up and implementing the program, the perceived effects of the LAP on the agency’s resources, and whether they would recommend continuing with the program. Participants mentioned a number of challenges, as well as benefits associated with participating in the LAP, and all but one person interviewed would recommend continuing with the program. Recommendations for future research on the LAP and for those considering implementing it are provided.
Further Validation of a Laboratory Analog Sexual Aggression Task: Associations With Novel Risk Factors for Sexual Violence
Authors: Franz Molly R. , Haikalis Michelle , Riemer Abigail R. , Parrott Dominic J. , Gervais Sarah J. , DiLillo David
Published: September 2018

Official crime statistics and self-reports of sexual aggression perpetration are limited by various factors (e.g., lack of reporting, social desirability bias), as well as an inability to use these measures in experimental studies of sexual aggression. To address these issues, Nagayama Hall et al. (1994) developed a laboratory analog measure of sexual aggression, which has received empirical support as a valid measure of sexual aggression proclivity. Here, we seek to replicate these findings and further validate the paradigm by examining sexually aggressive responses in relation to a range of recently emerging predictors of sexual aggression (e.g., sexual objectification, sexual narcissism) as well as participants’ perceptions of a female confederate serving as the target of sexual aggression. A sample of 49 undergraduate men completed questionnaires and participated in the sexual aggression analog task. Results of logistic regression analyses supported both criterion and construct validity of the analog task; men who chose the sexually explicit video were more likely to report prior sexual aggression, greater sexual objectification of women, higher sexual narcissism, greater hostile sexism, and higher impersonal dating. These men were also more likely to express dehumanizing beliefs about the female confederate, consider her less intelligent, and believe she was more distressed by the video. These results replicate and extend prior research supporting this paradigm as a valid laboratory-based measure of sexual aggression proclivity that can be used in tandem with validated self-report measures.
Intimate Partner Violence and Psychological Distress Among Young Couples: The Role of the Pattern of Violence
Authors: Sader Josette , Roy Camille , Guay Stéphane
Published: September 2018

The objective of this study was to assess whether the psychological distress of young men and women involved in intimate partner violence (IPV) is predicted by their reported role in the pattern of violence. Dyadic structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses were performed on a sample of 205 young couples, controlling for income, cohabitation, children, and the length of the relationship. Findings revealed that the most common reported pattern of IPV was mutual in nature. Reported bidirectional violence within the couple was related to distress for both sexes. The couple’s income and the length of their relationship were negatively associated with psychological distress, namely for young women. Findings point to the importance of considering therapy in a couple-context.
Behavior Modification and Cognitive Developmental Communities: A Study of Orientations
Authors: Faust David , Moates Danny R.
Published: September 2018

Leading psychologists from the behavior modification and cognitive developmental communities responded to a questionnaire assessing demographic variables and beliefs about a diversity of methodological and theoretical issues. The responses were then subjected to factor analysis. In two of the three major areas covered by the questionnaire, all beliefs loaded strongly and discretely on a single factor that may reflect a fundamental orientation toward science. The communities differed significantly on a scale derived from the factor. The results may appear to confirm only what is already known, but the small absolute difference between the groups on the scale, the heterogeneity within the groups, and the simplicity of the factor solution all raise questions about popular views of behavioral and cognitive psychologists.
Self-Punitive Habit Syndrome: A Theoretical Model and Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention Strategy
Authors: Johnson Glenn M.
Published: September 2018

This article proposes a model of a cognitive-behavioral disorder that is manifested by a neurotic tendency to rely on self-punishment strategies to motivate and correct one’s own behavior rather than using insight into its causes and elements. The individual suffering from this disorder appears generally hostile, overdemanding, and unhappy; feels out of control; and verbalizes a sense of deserving to experience difficulties in life. In the extreme, this syndrome might be related to a long-standing inability or unwillingness to enter into intimate social relationships. Its maintenance can be described within a framework of simple behavioral realities. The syndrome is subtle and essentially cognitive and, therefore, covert, and its presence and effects can go unrecognized within the context of more overt pathologies.

Three brief case examples are presented, and a set of cognitive-behavioral interventions is described that has had promising results with individuals exhibiting this syndrome. Implications for possible future research are briefly discussed.
Couples Presenting With Jealousy: Alternative Interventions
Authors: Ridley Jane
Published: September 2018

This paper describes alternative interventions which are available to the therapist when working with couples where one partner is unreasonably jealous and the other may show a variety of behavior such as angry denial, reassurance or provocative responses.
In Vivo Cognitive Therapy of Panic Attacks
Authors: Hoffart Asle
Published: September 2018

An in vivo cognitive treatment of panic attacks that combine active behavioral instructions and standard cognitive procedures is described. A case example is presented that both illustrates the method and indicates the potential significance of this treatment component in a complete cognitive therapy package. It is argued that a reason for residual problems among panic/ agoraphobic patients after traditional cognitive therapy may be that the patients are still afraid of severe panic attacks and that in vivo treatment of such attacks may remediate this fear.
Schizophrenia and Cluster A Personality Disorders
Authors: Scrimali Tullio , Grimaldi Liria
Published: September 2018

The authors have conducted a research program on the interface between psychophysiology and cognitive therapy for a number of years. Here, they describe a recent study concerning schizophrenia and cluster A personality disorders (paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal). They studied some psychophysiological parameters such as evoked brain potentials and electrodermal activity as well as other aspects concerning parenting. This last topic was investigated by means of the parental bonding instrument. Three groups participated in this study: 10 schizophrenic patients, 10 patients affected by cluster A personality disorders (5 paranoid, 1 schizoid and 4 schizotypal) and 10 controls. The authors found some specific, different patterns among the three groups concerning arousal, human information processing and attachment. These results are discussed in the light of their implications for cognitive therapy. The authors give different guidelines for cognitive therapy of schizophrenic patients and cluster A personality disorder.
Cognitive Group Therapy for Paranoid Schizophrenics: Applying Cognitive Dissonance
Authors: Levine Joseph , Barak Yoram , Granek Ilana
Published: September 2018

Psychotherapy with paranoid schizophrenics is a hard and often unrewarding task. Individual and group therapies are usually supportive only and are not aimed at changing the paranoid mode of thinking. Although cognitive therapy has been applied in schizophrenic patients, it has not gained wide acceptance.

Cognitive dissonance postulates that individuals experience discomfort and tension when holding two dissonant beliefs simultaneously. We here present the group therapy of six schizophrenic paranoids treated by modified cognitive group therapy implementing cognitive dissonance as the vector of change. A control group of six age- and sex-matched paranoid schizophrenics was treated by supportive group therapy. Analysis of the results, using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), during therapy and at follow-up of 4 weeks demonstrates statistically significant improvement in total PANSS score as well as in the positive symptoms subscale.
Postmodern Cognitive Therapy: Cognitions, Narratives, and Personal Meaning-Making
Authors: Ramsay J. Russell
Published: September 2018

A hallmark of both cognitive and constructvist-narrative theories of psychotherapy is the prominent role of personal meaning-making. Although there has been much debate between proponents of these theories, the assimilation of these models may signal the movement toward a more integrative model of psychotherapy. Cognitive and constructivist-narrative literatures are reviewed to illustrate points of convergence regarding both meaning-making and methods of change. The fourfold goal of this paper is to: (a) define personal narratives; (b) describe the role of narratives in organizing experience; (c) illustrate the congruence between narrative and cognitive theory; and (d) discuss the future of personal narratives and cognitive therapy.
The Generalizability of Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Panic Disorder
Authors: Sanderson William C. , Raue Patrick J. , Wetzler Scott
Published: September 2018

The current study examined the generalizability of manual-driven cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) for panic disorder to a clinical setting representing an ethnically diverse population. This treatment had previously been shown to be effective in a controlled clinical trial at a research clinic (Barlow, Craske, Cerny, & Klosko, 1989). In the present study, 30 patients with panic disorder received 12 sessions of CBT. Patients were evaluated at pre- and posttreatment with measures assessing the full spectrum of symptoms associated with panic disorder (panic attacks, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety, depression). Following treatment, there were significant and clinically meaningful reductions on all measures. In order to determine how well the efficacy of CBT generalizes to nonresearch clinical settings and to ethnically diverse urban populations, data in the present study were compared to those collected by Barlow and associates (1989). Patients in our clinical setting showed higher pretreatment levels of symptomatology than patients in Barlow and colleagues’ (1989) research setting, but similar posttreatment symptom levels and response rates. Thus, this study provides evidence for the generalizability of CBT from clinical research centers to clinically representative settings.
Cognitive Styles and Life Events in Subsyndromal Unipolar and Bipolar Disorders: Stability and Prospective Prediction of Depressive and Hypomanic Mood Swings
Authors: Alloy Lauren B. , Reilly-Harrington Noreen , Fresco David M. , Whitehouse Wayne G. , Zechmeister Jeanne S.
Published: September 2018

We examined the interaction of cognitive styles and life events in predicting the depressive and hypomanic mood swings of 43 undergraduates meeting criteria for a subsyndromal mood disorder (i.e., cyclothymia, dysthymia, or hypomania) or no lifetime diagnosis. Participants completed symptom, cognitive style, and life events measures on three separate occasions as the different mood states characteristic of their subsyndromal disorder naturally occurred. Normal controls were assessed in three separate normal mood states at times yoked to participants in the three disorder groups. All groups’ attributional styles and dysfunctional attitudes remained stable across large changes in mood and symptomatology and cyclothymics’ cognitive styles were as negative as those of dysthymics. Moreover, hierarchical regression analyses indicated that participants’ attributional styles, as measured in a normal mood state (Time 1), in interaction with intervening life events predicted prospectively their depressive symptom changes at Times 2 and 3 and their hypomanic symptom changes at Time 2. These findings provide support for the cognitive vulnerability-stress hypothesis of the Hopelessness theory of depression (Abramson, Metalsky, & Alloy, 1989) and suggest that the logic of the Hopelessness theory’s vulnerability-stress hypothesis extends to the prediction of manic/hypomanic symptoms.
Cognitions and Attributions of Abused, Aggressive, and Control Children
Authors: Glaser Brian A. , Calhoun Georgia B. , Horne Arthur M.
Published: September 2018

This study examined differences in general cognitions, specific attributions of parent behavior, and cognitions and attributions related to self among abused, aggressive and control children during a problem-solving task with their mothers. All participants were from impoverished, single-parent, mother-headed families. Data were gathered in the participants’ homes. Abused children had few positive cognitions and attributions which seems to support the “less positive but not necessarily more negative” hypothesis (Wolfe, 1985). Findings for aggressive children revealed unexpectedly high positive general cognitions and attributions toward parent behavior and low positive cognitions related to self. These findings are consistent with those of Lochman and Dodge (1994). The results of the current study supports Dodge’s (1993) position that specific processing tendencies are characteristic of particular groups of children and that the cognitions and attributional styles are different for each of these groups.
The Effects of Internet-Based Cognitive Restructuring on the Irrational Career Beliefs of Adolescent Girls
Authors: Kovalski Theresa M. , Horan John J.
Published: September 2018

This study explored the effect of Internet-based cognitive restructuring on the maladaptive career beliefs of adolescent girls. Participants were blocked on ethnicity and randomly assigned to either an interactive Internet treatment or to a control treatment involving computer-based instruction in another curriculum area. Scores on four measures reflecting irrational career beliefs and stereotyping were subjected to treatment-by-ethnicity-by-repeated-measures ANOVAs. A triple interaction on Self-Stereotyping (i.e., consistency between current career choice vs. career choice “if I were a boy”) suggested that the treatment was effective for Caucasians but not for minorities. Possible factors responsible for the outcome pattern are discussed.
Decision Making and Mania
Authors: Leahy Robert L.
Published: September 2018

Individuals contemplate a number of factors in making decisions, including their tolerance of risk, their emphasis on maximizing gains, and their perception of current and future resources. I have proposed that depressed individuals utilize a scarcity and depletion “portfolio theory,” such that they place less emphasis on maximizing gains, see themselves as having fewer resources (currently and in the future), and view outcomes as unpredictable and uncontrollable. Depressed individuals suffer losses more and enjoy gains less, stop-out early, have a low threshold for defining loss and a high threshold for defining gain, and are risk-averse. This “portfolio theory” is extended to a model of manic decision making. Individuals in a manic phase are viewed as operating with “market assumptions” of abundance and magnification, rather than scarcity and depletion. Specifically, manic individuals are described here as “risk-lovers” who view themselves as having unlimited current and future resources, believe they have close to infallible prediction and control of outcomes, place high hedonic utility on gains, and have low dis-utility for losses. In addition, their resistance to helplessness is attributed to their low stop-loss criterion, their high threshold for defining loss and low threshold for defining gain, and their discounting of regret. Theoretical, empirical and clinical implications are developed from this conceptualization.
Effects of Videotaped Expectancy Challenges on Alcohol Consumption of Adjudicated Students
Authors: Keillor Robin M. , Perkins William B. , Horan John J.
Published: September 2018

Research suggests that the manipulation of alcohol expectancies can produce short-term reduction of moderate to heavy alcohol consumption among college populations. The present study examined the utility of an expectancy-challenge intervention administered in a videotaped format. Thirty-three residential male college students with a single alcohol offense attending a diversionary alcohol education program were randomly assigned to either the experimental treatment or an information-based comparison condition. Consistent with experimental construct validity considerations, the information treatment produced significant knowledge increments. However, neither condition had any impact on a battery of measures reflecting alcohol expectancies and alcohol consumption.
All in the Head? A Content Analysis of Cognitive Therapy by Trainees and Experts
Authors: Milne Derek , Dickson Shona , Blackburn Ivy M. , James Ian
Published: September 2018

Although cognitive therapy (CT) has gained considerable ground as a treatment of choice for a number of clinical conditions, it is not without its detractors. Criticisms include the predilection for ‘mentalistic’ explanations (e.g., schemata) over environmental ones. Following on from prior analyses that found some support for this criticism in relation to published research and the routine practice of cognitive behavioral psychotherapists, the present analysis offers a systematic content analysis of 10 video recordings of novice and expert cognitive therapists. As predicted, these novice therapists overlooked environmental factors significantly more than the experienced therapists. Implications are drawn for a more environmental and potentially more effective form of CT, and for training in CT.
Case Conceptualization and Treatment Failure: A Commentary
Authors: Clark David A.
Published: September 2018

This article offers a brief review and comment on the three articles by Robert Leahy, Michael Tompkins, and John Riskind and Nathan Williams on case conceptualization and treatment resistance. It focuses on how each of the authors understands treatment failure as a by-product of inaccurate case conceptualization and their proposal for overcoming resistance to change through improved case formulation. I conclude with some general comments on the similarities and differences between the three articles, and propose a number of questions that remain unanswered about the nature of treatment resistance in psychotherapy.
Youth Exposure to Crime and Violence: Its Effects and Implications for Intervention
Authors: Berman Steven L. , Silverman Wendy K. , Kurtines William M.
Published: September 2018

A growing proportion of urban youth are at high risk for exposure to extreme acts of crime or violence. This article reviews the literature on the relationship between exposure to crime and violence and the development of post-traumatic stress reactions, as well as current assessment methods which have been used to evaluate children’s and adolescents’ exposure to crime and violence. The need for treatment strategies to deal with this growing problem is discussed as well. Based on research findings an intervention model is presented which uses exposure-based exercises as well as cognitive and behavioral procedures that can be readily implemented by a school counselor in a group format.
Treatment of Social Phobia in Adolescents: Cognitive Behavioral Programs Focused on Intervention and Prevention
Authors: Albano Anne Marie
Published: September 2018

Social phobia is an exaggerated fear of a variety of social and performance situations due to the concern that one may become embarrassed or humiliated in front of others. Such fear is considered “normal” to some degree, especially during the period of adolescence. However, for a significant proportion of youth, social fear and social phobia become pathological conditions impacting upon functioning across a variety of life domains (friendships, academics, family functioning, vocational functioning). Youth with social phobia report greater feelings of depression, estrangement from others, hopelessness, and loneliness. Moreover, research indicates that social phobia, if left untreated, can be a major pathway for more complex and destructive complications, such as suicidality and substance abuse. This paper reviews the research in the area of social anxiety and social phobia in adolescents. The phenomenology of the disorder, particularly within a developmental context, is presented. Current data supporting the efficacy of a cognitive behavioral group treatment program for adolescents are presented, along with a presentation of a new program under development which is designed to target youth at risk of developing the disorder.
The Creative Client in Cognitive Therapy
Authors: Greenberg Ruth L.
Published: September 2018

Cognitive therapy is sometimes thought to be a set of mechanistic procedures, but in actuality the therapy requires creativity from both therapist and client. Creative clients may be able to think more flexibly and engage themselves more readily in the experimentation, imagery, and role-play techniques typical of cognitive therapy.
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy for Bipolar I Disorder
Authors: Basco Monica Ramirez
Published: September 2018

Although Bipolar I disorder has traditionally been considered a biological illness requiring a biological intervention, research on the course of the illness and the process of treatment suggest that pharmacotherapy alone is insufficient in controlling the symptoms of this disorder. Symptoms include limited patient understanding of the illness and its treatment, poor medication compliance, symptom breakthrough despite good compliance, and impairment in psychosocial functioning. To address these problem areas, a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) protocol was developed as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy, with its goal being not only to help remediate symptoms but to arm the patient with the tools that will aid the prevention of relapse. This paper provides a rationale for CBT as a treatment modality in Bipolar I disorder as well as a description of the treatment methods. Preliminary data describing the feasibility of the intervention will be provided along with a case report and suggestions for implementation of the protocol in a general practice setting.
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Panic in Patients With Schizophrenia: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Hofmann Stefan G. , Bufka Lynn F. , Brady Stephen M. , Rand Curtiss Du , Goff Donald C.
Published: September 2018

Many patients with schizophrenia suffer from panic disorder. Although Panic Control Treatment (PCT), a cognitive-behavioral intervention for panic disorder, has been found efficacious in a number of controlled studies with careful selection criteria for participants, little is known about the utility of this treatment for patients with schizophrenia who also suffer from panic disorder. Four patients with schizophrenia received 15-17 individual sessions of PCT for their panic disorder. After treatment, clinicians rated all patients’ panic disorder as less severe than at pretreatment, and three of the patients no longer met diagnostic criteria for panic disorder. Positive psychotic symptoms seem to improve as a result of treatment in some patients. Furthermore, a 6-month follow-up assessment of one patient suggests good maintenance of treatment gains. Although a modification of the treatment protocol seems necessary, the results point to the clinical utility of PCT for treating panic disorder in patients with schizophrenia. These findings suggest that a controlled clinical trial may be warranted.
Vulnerability Schemas in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Sookman Debbie , Pinard Gilbert , Beck Aaron T.
Published: September 2018

This article elaborates on the construct of dysfunctional vulnerability schemas in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)(Sookman & Pinard, 1995,1999; Sookman, Pinard, & Beauchemin, 1994). These schemas are conceptualized as a central mechanism of excessive threat appraisals proposed to be the predominant cognitive problem in anxiety (Beck, 1996; Beck & Clark, 1997). Four domains of beliefs are hypothesized to comprise vulnerability in OCD: Perceived Vulnerability; View of/Response to Unpredictability, Newness, and Change; View of Strong Affect; and Need for Control. A study carried out with 111 subjects indicated that OCD patients more strongly endorsed these beliefs compared with patients with other anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and normal controls. The discriminant function derived from these four belief domains was effective in classifying OCD patients and other subjects into their respective groups. The results support the inclusion of dysfunctional vulnerability beliefs in cognitive assessment and treatment of OCD.
Early Maladaptive Schemas in Patients With Panic Disorder With Agoraphobia
Authors: Hedley Liv M. , Hoffart Asle , Sexton Harold
Published: September 2018

The present study explored the relationships among Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS), beliefs about loss of control, a fear of bodily sensations, and avoidance in patients undergoing cognitive therapy. Fifty-nine patients (43 women and 16 men) being treated for panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA) participated in the study. Two EMS that are seen as being central in PDA [vulnerability to harm (VH) and functional incompetence/dependency (DI)], beliefs about loss of control, a fear of bodily sensations, and avoidance were measured at treatment start and at six months follow-up. The data were analyzed using structural modeling techniques. The VH schema influenced beliefs about loss of control, a fear of bodily sensations, and avoidance. Beliefs about loss of control, in turn, predicted a fear of bodily sensations. DI was predicted by VH and did not influence other aspects of PDA. The results were largely in consort with the theoretical suppositions of schema theory and indicated that the VH schema may contribute to the maintenance of PDA.
Developmental Issues in Cognitive Therapy for Childhood Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Piacentini John , Bergman R. Lindsey
Published: September 2018

Anxiety disorders in childhood are among the most common mental health problems in this age group and are often associated with significant distress and functional impairment. This article reviews the cognitive processes thought to underlie the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders in childhood and the cognitive and behavioral treatment interventions for anxiety from this framework. Special emphasis is placed on developmental issues constraining the use of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for childhood anxiety disorders and the methods used by child anxiety researchers and clinicians to address the specific needs of this younger population. The results of several controlled trials suggest that when delivered in a developmentally sensitive fashion, CBT is a highly effective and durable treatment for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents.
Feeling, Thinking, and Acting: A Cognitive Framework for Psychotherapy Integration
Authors: Safran Jeremy D. , Greenberg Leslie S.
Published: September 2018

This article outlines a perspective on the relationship between emotion, cognition and action which can serve as a conceptual framework for examining the process of change in diverse forms of psychotherapy. While this perspective is articulated within the basic framework of cognitive psychology, it is argued that the computer metaphor of information processing theory has important limitations which must not be overlooked when attempting to develop clinically relevant models of human functioning. In its place we suggest a perspective on human functioning which recognizes that human beings are biological organisms who think, feel, and act in an integrated fashion. This perspective accords a central role to emotions, which are viewed as an internally generated source of information about the preparedness of the human organism to act in specific ways. Illustrations of the clinical relevance of this perspective are provided.
Resolving Controversies in Psychotherapy Research: Discriminating among Psychosocial Factors and Research Purposes
Authors: Wilkins Wallace
Published: September 2018

Concepts and language generalized from chemotherapy research are not refined enough to address issues relevant to psychotherapy. Shortcomings in language have resulted in four interchanges concerning the effects of psychotherapy vis-à-vis such psychosocial factors as client outcome expectancies. In each case, the debaters actually presented compatible positions which were obscured by using the same terms to refer to qualitatively different events in qualitatively different research purposes. Past controversies can be resolved and future miscommunication can be prevented by discriminating (a) between therapy procedures and the context within which therapy procedures are delivered, (b) between observable and inferred events, (c) between expectancies of therapy outcome and expectancies of therapy process, and (d) between the research purposes of evaluating therapy efficacy and identifying theoretical mechanisms.
Nonconscious Algorithms in Cognitive and Affective Processes
Authors: Wessler Richard L. , Hankin-Wessler Sheenah W. R.
Published: September 2018

Nonconscious algorithms are stored routines for handling social information without the person’s awareness. In the author’s Cognitive Appraisal Therapy, Personal Rules of Living are nonconscious algorithms implicated in affect and action as (1) mediators of emotional experiences, (2) components in an interdependent system of cognition, affect, and action, and(3)preferenda. Motivational aspects of emotion are discussed in relation to the seeking of negative experiences for security of familiar affective states (Security-Seeking Maneuver). Clinical examples illustrate the interplay of these concepts with self-image and the task of cognitive psychotherapy.