bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comedy in the Service of Science: Maintaining Motivation and Attention in Exploring Call Waiting
Authors: Paul Lawrence M.
Published: July 2017

A hardware incompatibility in a telephone call waiting system with direct effects on the end users required a rapid solution. Designers proposed to address this incompatibility by increasing the tone components of each call waiting pattern. The Human Factors Group reviewed this proposed solution and were concerned that it might lead to unacceptable durations of call interruption, and to discrimination problems in some cases.

Experiment 1 was conducted to explore these concerns. Although the study was conducted in a laboratory setting, a rather novel attempt was made to simulate realistic motivation and attention. An “Artificial Caller” was used in the form of professional comedy routines which appeared to work very satisfactorily. The results of Experiment 1 suggested that discrimination of the patterns was not a significant problem. Participants did find the longest of the lengthened patterns to be somewhat disruptive of the simulated telephone call. However, the disruption caused by the longest pattern may still be marginally acceptable to actual users.

A second study explored a different approach to solving the hardware incompatibility. New patterns were generated which maintained the identification levels and suggested the possibility of less call disruption for the longest patterns. Further work is briefly discussed.
Development of Warnings Resulting from Forensic Activity
Authors: Leonard S. David , Karnes Edward W.
Published: July 2017

One of the arguments given for pursuing the rights of injured parties through the legal system in cases involving ergonomics principles is that it encourages corporations to modify their products or the warnings given about them to produce a safer environment. Unfortunately, this does not occur as often in practice as might be hoped. This report describes a case in which support for ergonomic research was provided by a corporation that wanted to insure their warnings were adequate. The effectiveness of pictograms in aiding persons with a limited command of English was investigated. Pictograms were first tested on college students and modified in accord with the feedback obtained from them. For the final test, subjects who were taking courses in English-as-a-Second-Language and courses for adults who were learning to read were selected. They were shown a letter printed in Greek symbols with pictograph representing an individual calling to get more information about the letter, and they were asked to describe how they would go about determining what the letter said. Although not all subjects indicated that they would call the number listed, their responses indicated that they would use reasonable strategies for learning its contents. In addition to showing the feasibility of such research procedures, the experiment suggested that future research was needed on the development of symbols indicating the need “to do” certain activities.
The Influence of Personality in the Processing of Display Formats
Authors: Kelleher John H. , Coury Bruce G.
Published: July 2017

The importance of personality characteristics in the processing of displays is examined. Forty-six people, screened for specific information processing and decision making preferences using the MBTI, learned to classify instances of system data into one of four state categories. System data were presented in one of three types of display formats: a polygon; a bargraph; and a digital display. The experiment involved two sessions: a training session where each person learned the classification task; and an extended practice session with no feedback. The ability of people to accurately classify instances was found to be influenced by both the type of display and their personality type. The importance of individual differences in display research is discussed, with emphasis placed on the implications for training, and selection of display formats.
Compliance with Warnings in High Risk Recreational Activities: Skiing and Scuba
Authors: Vredenburgh Alison G. , Cohen H. Harvey
Published: July 2017

Warnings research generally has focused on identifying which factors influence people to read and remember the content of warnings. Additional research has determined that people tend to read warnings if they perceive an activity or product to be dangerous or if they are less familiar with it. However, for practical purposes, reading the label or warning does not go far enough. In addition to examining whether warnings have been read, the current study also addresses user compliance by surveying people immediately after they have completed a high risk recreational activity (either skiing or scuba diving). The three areas examined in this study were whether the perception of danger affected the reading of, and compliance with warnings; whether familiarity with an activity affected reading and compliance; and whether there was any difference in responses between men and women. As expected, the perception of danger and familiarity with the activity increased the reading of and reported compliance with warnings. Many differences were found between the responses of men and women. Although there was no sex difference in whether subjects read warnings, women reported complying with the warnings significantly more than men. In accordance with stereotypes, men were more likely to participate in high-risk sports; claim to have a higher ability in the activity; and participated in the activity more often than the women (in the two years prior to this study).
Human Factors Issues in Environmental Incidents
Authors: Price Harold E. (Smoke)
Published: July 2017

Current evidence suggests that human error or impaired human performance is a significant causal factor in environmental accidents and incidents. Some data from studies and analyses, accident investigations, and research is used to emphasize the extent of the problems. However, there are existing laws, regulations, or policy that require consideration of human factors in prevention of environmental incidents. Some specific requirements related to human factors are discussed. Finally, some areas for human factors contribution to environmental protection are discussed. These include such things as human error/accident audit reviews, human reliability analyses as a part of risk assessment, root cause analyses of accidents, fitness-for-duty assessment, health and safety training, and human factors in the design of future hazardous or toxic process systems.
The Safety Climate of a Department of Energy Nuclear Facility: A Sociotechnical Analysis
Authors: Johnson Allan E. , Harbour Jerry L.
Published: July 2017

Government- and public-sponsored groups are demanding greater accountability by the Department of Energy's weapons complex. Many demands have focused on the development of a positive safety climate, one that not only protects workers onsite, but also the surrounding populace and environment as well. These demands are in part a response to findings which demonstrate a close linkage between actual organizational safety performance and the organization's safety climate, i.e., the collective attitudes employees hold concerning the level of safety in their organization. This paper describes the approach taken in systematically assessing the safety climate at EG&G Rocky Flats Plant (RFP).
SATORI: Situation Assessment through Re-Creation of Incidents
Authors: Rodgers Mark D.
Published: July 2017

A system has been developed that graphically re-creates the radar data recorded at En Route air traffic control facilities. Each facility records data sent to the radar displays associated with the airspace under its control on a System Analysis Report (SAR) tape. SATORI (Situation Assessment Through Re-creation of Incidents) overlays the SAR data on the appropriate sector maps using map data from the Adaptation Control Environmental System (ACES) database. Voice records from the audiotape recording of the communications between the controller and pilots, and interphone communications are digitized and replayed in synchrony with the events displayed on the screen. Figure 1 details the SATORI data processing flow. The analog switch display settings of the PVD are not recorded, however subroutines have been written for SATORI that allow the display to be set up with the settings reported to have been used by a given controller. In addition to the above, SATORI has the capability to display the high and low weather intensity that was displayed on a given PVD. All software routines written for SATORI use Open Systems Foundation (OSF) technology. Similar data to those available from En Route facilities are recorded at TRACON facilities and should allow for the development of a re-creation tool much like the one discussed in this report. Once SATORI is evaluated, it will be possible to accomplish the goals of evaluating system designs, over-the-shoulder appraisals, training outcomes, and measuring controller performance.
Interface Evaluation and Enhancements to the Image Access and Management System for Space Shuttle Earth-Looking Photography: NASA/Johnson Space Center Houston, TX
Authors: O'Brien Kevin , Beberness Benjamin , Chrisman Steve , Mount Frances E. , Seloff Gary
Published: July 2017

The Image Access and Management System (IAMS) is being developed to provide easy access to photographic images taken by Space Shuttle astronauts. The photographs, coupled with a textual catalogue of descriptive characteristics, forms a significant database of information about the Earth's surface. The IAMS incorporates a video laser disc containing digitized images, an electronic database containing descriptive information about each photo, and software allowing the database to be searched and the images to be viewed. The demonstration presents the IAMS and the unique interface development issues involved with a photographic image/database system.
Combining a Multiple Emphasis on Components Protocol with Small Group Protocols for Training Complex Skills
Authors: Shebilske Wayne L. , Jordan Jeffrey A. , Arthur Winfred , Regian J. Wesley
Published: July 2017

An Active Interlocked Modeling (AIM) Dyadic protocol for training complex skills, an AIM Tetradic protocol, and an Individual Control protocol were tested alone and in combination with a Multiple Emphasis on Components (MEC) protocol creating 6 conditions for training a complex computer game. We randomly assigned 120 paid subjects to the six conditions. Total game score improved over 10-1 hr sessions for all conditions. Improvement rate replicated advantages previously reported for AIM Dyad, AIM Tetrad, and MEC over the Individual Control. The AIM Dyad with MEC was better than either the AIM Dyad or the Individual with MEC. The AIM Tetrad with MEC was worse than either the AIM Tetrad or the Individual with MEC. Similar patterns occurred on retention, transfer, and resistance to secondary task interference. We discuss implications for acquiring and automatizing attention control strategies through observational learning.
Issues in Providing Effective Training for Large Groups a Panel Presentation and Discussion
Authors: Moses Franklin L. , Alluisi Earl A.
Published: July 2017

The design of training for large groups or collectives demands a focus on group performance that differs from a mere aggregation of individual, crew, and smaller team performances. Emphasis on the training of large groups has broad military and non-military applicability, espcially where success depends on complex interactions and multiple subgoals. Five panelists describe and discuss training system design factors and “lessons learned” as they relate to issues in training large groups. The session features a discussant with extensive experience in training research and development, and includes interactions between the discussant, the panel, and the audience.
A Proposed Diagnostic Schema for Religious/Spiritual Concerns
Authors: Brun Wesley L.
Published: July 2017

This article proposes the expansion of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) category on “Religious or Spiritual Problem” (V62.89), and the inclusion of an Axis 6 for the diagnosis of these issues. After defining and contrasting “religious” and “spiritual” as terms, and dealing with the potential difficulties of such a categorization for interfaith groups, the author proposes categories by which religious and/or spiritual issues presented by a client might be more pointedly and specifically assessed and understood. He also proposes criteria for each category, in keeping with the style of the DSM-TV-TR by which such assessments might be made. The author challenges his colleagues to both the beginning of a conversation regarding such a schema and research regarding the categories and/or criteria proposed. Several responses to the proposal are offered by colleagues in the pastoral arts and sciences.
Empire Matters: Implications for Pastoral Care
Authors: LaMothe Ryan
Published: July 2017

In this essay, I argue that the American Empire matters for pastoral care. I begin with a discussion of the meaning of empire and the particular historical roots and characteristics of the American Empire. From this, I contend that the American Empire matters because the United States has had a long history of expansionist aims, which has been couched in idealized secular discourse as well as ensconced in theo-political discourse. These discourses, which have, implicitly or explicitly, supported foreign policies and actions aimed at political, economic, and military dominion, are joined to an empire psyche. This empire psyche and the actions of U.S. governments are matters for pastoral care because of a) the various physical, psychological, and spiritual harms that attend hubris, greed, entitlement, and the quest for hegemony, and b) the theological contradictions inherent in Christian discourse that supports the American Empire. These consequences and contradictions serve as reasons why pastoral theologians and caregivers ought to bring these matters to public reflection and conversation. I conclude with a brief depiction of possible pastoral actions given the reality of the American Empire.
“Don't Tell Her She's on Hospice”: Ethics and Pastoral Care for Families Who Withhold Medical Information
Authors: Gentry Jerry
Published: July 2017

When family members enroll a patient in hospice, they sometimes request that the patient not be told of the diagnosis and their enrollment in hospice—usually so the patient won't be sad. In these situations, hospice staff face an ethical dilemma involving a patient's right to full disclosure. A discussion of this issue at an ethics committee session, chaired by the author of this article, brought to light many personal dynamics associated with these situations, and the discussion is used by the author to draw conclusions about pastoral care for these patients and families. Several responses from colleagues follow.
Social prescribing: A new medicine?
Authors: Hutt Patrick
Published: July 2017

The concept behind social prescribing is to link patients in primary care with local community services. Social prescribing is increasingly being championed as a key component of a GP’s therapeutic toolkit; it was referenced in the General Practice Forward View 2016 as an example of providing social support for patients and integrating care across the wider health system. This article sets out to describe what constitutes social prescribing, to highlight examples of services that exist, and to discuss the existing evidence base for social prescribing.
The Introduction of Practitioner-led Hand Clinics in South Manchester
Authors: Peck Fiona , Kennedy Sue , Mckirdy Lindsay
Published: July 2017

Practitioner-led hand clinics have been developed at Withington Hospital in response to a growing number of patients referred with hand trauma. A specialist physiotherapist, occupational therapist and nurse review patients who are referred according to protocols, developed with the approval of the consultant staff. These clinics were audited over a three-month period and have been permanently funded as a result of improvements in waiting times and standards of care.
A Review of Goniometry Use Within Current Hand Therapy Practice
Authors: Pratt Anna L , Burr Nicola
Published: July 2017

Assessment of hand joint range-of-movement using goniometry has become a more common practice among hand therapists. Available Literature discusses the reliability of goniometry in assessing the hand joints, but Little is known about how therapists use goniometry within their clinical practice. This paper presents the results of a review of clinical practice within the British Isles. A self-completed questionnaire was distributed to members of the British Association of Hand Therapists (BAHT) to establish current practice of goniometry. The response rate was high (56%). Only 41% of respondents reported implementation of a protocol that standardised their measurement techniques to improve reliability; 73.5% reported working within a team. Over 19 styles and makes of goniometers were identified as being in use and the results highlighted differences in application and reading. The paper concludes that more clinically based research in the use of hand goniometry is required to standardise techniques.
DeQuervain's Disease: Clinical Features, Precipitating Factors and Treatment – A Literature Review
Authors: Batteson Rachel
Published: July 2017

DeQuervain's disease is classified as a Work Related Upper Limb Disorder (WRULD) which is frequently treated by therapists in hand and rheumatology units. In order to maximise efficacy of therapy intervention, it is essential that therapists understand relevant anatomy, aetiology, clinical features including the most important criteria used for diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Knowledge of these ensures therapy intervention is focused and designed specifically to meet the individual's need. This paper presents a literature review of deQuervain's disease: anatomy and aetiology are described; clinical features and the important criteria for diagnosis are identified; and treatment is discussed.
The DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) Outcome Measure: What do we know about it now?
Authors: Beaton Dorcas E , Davis Aileen M , Hudak Pamela , Mcconnell Sara
Published: July 2017

Outcome measurement is an essential component for defining the effectiveness of clinicians’ practice (Reiman 1988) and standardised measures make that job more consistent, comparable and valid (Cole et al 1994). Hand therapists have long recognised the need for the standardisation of outcome measures, particularly for performance-based measures such as strength testing (Mathiowetz et al 1985, Woody et al 1988) or joint motion. More recently there has been an increased interest in outcome measures that capture the patient's perspective of their status, and that are standardised. The DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) is a standardised outcome measure that could be used for this purpose (Hudak et al 1996, McConnell et al 1999). The DASH reflects the impact of a disorder in terms of physical function and symptoms, which are the two main reasons patients seek care for a disorder of the musculoskeletal system. The DASH is becoming widely used by clinicians and researchers (McConnell et al 1999). It is now important to revisit what we know about how well the DASH is able to measure what it purports to measure.

The purpose of this paper is to review the research that has been done to date on the DASH outcome measure, and to describe the implications of this for future research and for clinical practice.
Report of a Single Complex Case of One-Stage Reconstruction of Extensor Tendons
Authors: Hawkins Suzannah , Sheldon Theresa
Published: July 2017

This paper describes a one-stage extensor tendon reconstruction using active Hunters rods and consequent therapy by the Plastic Surgery Rehabilitation Department at the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital.
Hand Therapy for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Part I: Overview of Disease and Non-surgical Management
Authors: Ellis Jo , Mckenna Helen , Burke Frank D
Published: July 2017

Carpal tunnel syndrome is the commonest peripheral nerve compression neuropathy and as such is frequently seen by hand therapists. Patients presenting with carpal tunnel syndrome are seen both in the primary and tertiary (hospital) settings and are referred for treatment at various stages of the disease process.

The provision of splintage alone is viewed by some healthcare providers as conservative management for this condition. The purpose of this paper is to give a broad overview of conservative management options including posture and exercise, task modifications, splints, nerve and tendon-gliding exercises and ultrasound. It is the view of the authors that early and comprehensive treatment may relieve symptoms and potentially decrease the need for operative intervention, in the short to middle term at least, for patients with mild to moderate symptoms.
The Developing Role of Hand Therapists within the Hand Surgery and Medicine Services: An Exploration of Doctors’ Views
Authors: Ellis Bridget , Kersten Paula
Published: July 2017

Extended scope practitioners (ESPs) are specialist occupational therapists and physiotherapists working beyond their recognised scope of practice. Thirty-five hand therapists were identified as working in this role in Britain, primarily in pre- and post-operative settings. A postal survey of the 31 consultants with whom they worked investigated their views on the nature of this role and service; the facilitating and constraining factors to this development; and on required qualifications, training and supervision. Seventeen consultants, all hand surgeons, replied. They reported that the principle reasons for the development of ESPs were the need to reduce the waiting list and the consultants’ workload. A variety of roles had been created, reflecting the different service needs and the skills of the therapists. Training was largely experiential. Extended scope practitioners had had a significant impact on waiting lists. There was variation in the surgeons’ views regarding further development of these posts. Concerns were identified regarding these posts, such as professional isolation, the transferability of skills, inappropriate extension of the role and the potential for litigation.
A Comparison of Dominant and Non-dominant Hand Function in both Right- and Left-Handed Individuals using the Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure (SHAP)
Authors: Mcsp Isabel Cary Bsc , Dipcot Jo Adams
Published: July 2017

There have been several studies investigating the difference in hand strength between the dominant and non-dominant hands (Petersen et al 1989, Crosby et al 1994, Armstrong and Oldham 1999, Amousun et al 1995). However, there is a lack of literature investigating hand function, which may be a more useful measure of daily hand use. Differences in dominant and non-dominant hand function are important, as clinically, bilateral functional comparison is recommended to the therapist (Boscheinen-Morrin et al 1992). This preliminary research study aimed to: • investigate the difference in grip manipulation between the dominant and non-dominant hands in a sample of 24 healthy participants using the Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure (SHAP) • explore the difference in use of the hands between right- and left-hand dominant individuals by means of a short questionnaire. The results demonstrated that right-handers preferred to use their dominant hand for all skilled activities whereas left-handers showed some preference for their non-dominant hand. Only the light tripod grip task for right-handers showed a statistically significant difference (p=0.009) between the speed of manipulation between dominant and non-dominant hands; all other light and heavy handgrips demonstrated no statistical difference. However, there was a general trend for the dominant hand to be faster in manipulating objects than the non-dominant hand in both right- and left-handed individuals.
Investigating the Appearance-related Concerns of People with Hand Injuries
Authors: Rumsey Nichola , Clarke Alex , White Paul , Hooper Emily
Published: July 2017

Investigating the Appearance-related Concerns of People with Hand Injuries An investigation of the appearance-related concerns of patients with disfiguring hand conditions was carried out in two out-patient clinics. A considerable proportion of the 122 respondents were experiencing psychosocial problems including anxiety, depression, social anxiety and social avoidance in addition to physical and functional difficulties. These difficulties were not related to the aetiology or severity of the hand condition. Hand therapists and other team members felt frustrated that they could not address patients’ needs more effectively. Solutions to these issues, including staff training, routine screening and the provision of support materials, are discussed.
Outcome Measurement in Hand Surgery: Report of a Consensus Conference
Authors: Heras-Palou Carlos , Burke Frank D , Dias Joseph J , Bindra Randip
Published: July 2017

This is a report of the second conference on Outcomes of Hand Surgery that took place at the Pulvertaft Hand Centre, Derby on the 19th-20th May 2001. The first meeting took place in 1993 and the discussions of this meeting led to the publication of a paper (Macey, 1995). The group participating in the second conference comprised surgeons, therapists, researchers, psychologists and a health economist (see Appendix I). The aim of this report is not to give a comprehensive and fully referenced overview, but to provide a summary of the key issues for consideration and to put forward some current views on the topic of outcome measurement in the field of Hand Surgery.
Bilateral Mallet Fingers: A Case Study
Authors: Mirsadraee Saeed , Patel Hitendra Rh , Birkinshaw Robert
Published: July 2017

A case of bilateral mallet little finger is described. A 44-year-old male X-ray engineer who was lifting approximately 15-20 kilograms with both hands at work, noticed a deformity in both his little fingers. He had no family history of mallet finger and was not suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, carpal tunnel disease or trigger finger. There was no fracture or dislocation. The deformity was treated by splinting, with a satisfactory result. This case raises a question regarding the possible role of biochemical abnormalities causing mallet fingers.
Light Touch and Pain Sensation Differences between Dominant and Non-Dominant Hands of Healthy Subjects
Authors: Özcan Ayşe , Ozdirenç Mehtap Malkoç , Akln Fatma
Published: July 2017

The aim of this study was to identify and document light touch and pressure pain threshold differences between the dominant and non-dominant hands of healthy subjects. Pressure pain threshold (dolorimeter) and light touch threshold (Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments) in the median, ulnar and radial nerve distributions were tested on the dominant and non-dominant hands of 131 healthy subjects. Pressure pain testing showed significantly higher thresholds in the dominant hands than in the non-dominant hands. There were no statistically significant differences between dominant and non-dominant hands for light touch threshold.
Getting Evidence into Hand Therapy Practice
Authors: Jerosch-Herold Christina , Steward Barbara
Published: July 2017

Health professionals are expected to engage with evidence-based practice, yet often the process seems unclear and only partially undertaken. This paper offers a guide to locating evidence for practice. It illustrates the need for full breadth and depth in searching and appraisal, and the application needed to ensure that therapy is informed by best available research and is then integrated with professional skill and judgement. The process of evidence-based practice is illustrated through a case study to demonstrate how the use of best evidence has to be tailored and negotiated with the client to meet their needs and preferences. The dynamic nature of evidence-based hand-therapy practice is explored.
Through The Maze: The Development of a Learning Pathway Through a Six-Month Hand Therapy Rotation
Authors: Fitzpatrick Niall
Published: July 2017

Junior therapists starting a six-month rotation in hand therapy soon realise that protocols or guidelines of care do not cover every eventuality presented in the workplace, nor do they provide a failsafe pathway through their rotation. Self-perceived lack of knowledge was reportedly reducing proficient junior therapists to novice practitioners.

To help them through this maze of new ideas and treatment concepts, ‘islands-of-learning’ formulated from 12 stand-alone modules have been developed in consultation with junior therapists, that focus on various learning needs to provide a structured learning pathway through their rotation. These ‘islands’ are undertaken bi-weekly and are designed to enable junior therapists to gain a broad grounding in each subject matter.

This method has allowed therapists a sense of control over their own learning and reduced the feeling of being overwhelmed by the amount of new information they must acquire. By the end of their rotations, they have developed their own resource pack. This idea has proved successful within the hand therapy department and subsequently other departments within the trust have developed similar training courses for staff during their basic grade rotations.
Pain, Disability in Daily Activities and Work Participation in Patients with Traumatic Hand Injury
Authors: Poerbodipoero Sj , Steultjens Mpm , Van Der Beek Aj , Dekker J
Published: July 2017

Traumatic hand injuries are represented in a large proportion of the patients treated at the out-patient department of occupational therapy in the VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam. Most of the patients are referred to occupational therapy by specialists in the hospital. Information about the course of traumatic hand injuries regarding performance of daily activities is still limited. Research, focused on problems experienced by patients with hand injuries, may contribute to a better understanding of the course and rehabilitation of traumatic hand injuries.

This article is a report of a cross-sectional observational study with the objective to:

1) describe the impact of traumatic injuries of the hand on daily activities and work participation six months after injury

2) to analyse the impact of demographic characteristics and type and severity of the injury on pain and ability to perform daily activities, and

3) to analyse the impact of demographic characteristics and type and severity of the injury on work participation and time off work (TOW).

Fifty-eight patients completed a questionnaire six months after injury. The Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire was used to evaluate disability in daily activities. A Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) was used to evaluate pain. Patients showed a mean DASH score of 22.5 (±19.3). The experience of pain and ethnicity were predictors of disability (p<0.001). The average TOW was 10.3 weeks (± 8.3). There was a significant difference (p=0.005) in TOW between Dutch patients (7.6 ± 5.8) and patients of another ethnicity (20.0 ± 8.9). Despite the reported disabilities in performing daily activities, almost all patients (91%) returned to their occupations within six months after hand injury. It is suggested that, for optimal rehabilitation, it may be necessary to focus more attention on the cultural background of the patients and the problems experienced in daily activities. Integration of evaluative instruments in hand therapy practice is advocated to guide therapy sessions, to measure outcome and to anticipate long-term problems in daily activities in an early stage of treatment.
Report of a focus group survey of current practice in the therapeutic treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome in the United Kingdom
Authors: Ramsey Lucia
Published: July 2017

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) typically affects the hand following trauma. It is characterised by pain, altered sensation, motor disturbance, oedema, functional limitation and psychological disturbance. There is no definitive curative treatment for CRPS and controversy exists regarding the most effective combination of interventions for the treatment of this syndrome (Siddiqui et al 2001).

A study was commissioned in 2006 to explore the therapeutic interventions being implemented with patients with CRPS in the UK. Sixty therapists at the British Association of Hand Therapists annual conference consented to participate in focus group discussions. Categories were established to identify all therapeutic modalities currently used by participants. Therapists utilised the following therapeutic techniques: functional activity, exercise, education, support, sensory re-education, desensitisation, stress loading, pressure garments, mirror visual feedback, splints and psychological strategies, amongst others.

The identified interventions were then reviewed against evidence in the recent literature. There is insufficient evidence to support the use of a single set of multidisciplinary interventions (Stanton-Hicks et al 2002) to address the primary long-term goals of functional restoration and pain relief. This study has, however, highlighted that this is achieved through the treatment of individual symptoms, using multiple therapeutic interventions and algorithms in a multidisciplinary approach.
The revolutionary public sphere: The case of the Arab uprisings
Authors: Kraidy Marwan M , Krikorian Marina R
Published: July 2017

The popular rebellions that swept Arab countries starting with Tunisia in December 2010 spawned an active sphere of dissenting cultural production. Although media harnessed by revolutionaries include public space, graffiti, street art, puppet shows, poetry, songs, cartoons, digital art, and music videos, many analyses have focused on social media as digital platforms. Social media and mobile telephones introduced a new element to political activism, but the focus on technology provides a partial understanding of activist communication. A more comprehensive picture of dissent in the Arab uprisings requires us to understand how revolutionaries have represented themselves and how various media, digital and otherwise, were incorporated in these communicative processes. In other words, we need to focus on the myths, ideologies, and histories that inspired slogans, murals, and poems and made them socially relevant and politically potent—of the creative permutations of symbols, words, images, colors, shapes, and sounds that revolutionaries deployed to contest despots, to outwit each other, to attract attention, and to conjure up new social and political imaginaries. Together, the articles in this Special Issue accomplish just this task. Originally presented at the inaugural biennial symposium of what was then the Project for Advanced Research in Global Communication in 2013, the articles you are about to read exemplify one of the fundamental principles undergirding the institutional mission of the Center for Advanced Research in Global Communication: a robust dialogue between theoretical advances on one hand, and deep linguistic, cultural, historical knowledge of the world region under study, on the other.
Phylogeny, expression patterns and regulation of DNA Methyltransferases in early development of the flatfish, Solea senegalensis
Authors: Firmino Joana , Carballo Carlos , Armesto Paula , Campinho Marco A. , Power Deborah M. , Manchado Manuel
Published: July 2017

Background

The identification of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmt) expression patterns during development and their regulation is important to understand the epigenetic mechanisms that modulate larval plasticity in marine fish. In this study, dnmt1 and dnmt3 paralogs were identified in the flatfish Solea senegalensis and expression patterns in early developmental stages and juveniles were determined. Additionally, the regulation of Dnmt transcription by a specific inhibitor (5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine) and temperature was evaluated.

Results

Five paralog genes of dnmt3, namely dnmt3aa, dnmt3ab, dnmt3ba, dnmt3bb.1 and dnmt3bb.2 and one gene for dnmt1 were identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the dnmt gene family was highly conserved in teleosts and three fish-specific genes, dnmt3aa, dnmt3ba and dnmt3bb.2 have evolved. The spatio-temporal expression patterns of four dnmts (dnmt1, dnmt3aa, dnmt3ab and dnmt3bb.1) were different in early larval stages although all of them reduced expression with the age and were detected in neural organs and dnmt3aa appeared specific to somites. In juveniles, the four dnmt genes were expressed in brain and hematopoietic tissues such as kidney, spleen and gills. Treatment of sole embryos with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine down-regulated dntm1 and up-regulated dntm3aa. Moreover, in lecithotrophic larval stages, dnmt3aa and dnmt3ab were temperature sensitive and their expression was higher in larvae incubated at 16 °C relative to 20 °C.

Conclusion

Five dnmt3 and one dnmt1 paralog were identified in sole and their distinct developmental and tissue-specific expression patterns indicate that they may have different roles during development. The inhibitor 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine modified the transcript abundance of dntm1 and dntm3aa in embryos, which suggests that a regulatory feedback mechanism exists for these genes. The impact of thermal regime on expression levels of dnmt3aa and dnmt3ab in lecithotrophic larval stages suggests that these paralogs might be involved in thermal programing.
Normal foot loading parameters and repeatability of the Footscan® platform system
Authors: Xu Chao , Wen Xin‐Xin , Huang Lu‐Yu , Shang Lei , Cheng Xi‐Xia , Yan Ya‐Bo , Lei Wei
Published: July 2017

Background

The Footscan® platform system is one of the most commonly used clinical tools for the measurement of the foot pressure. The present study was designed to assess the repeatability of the system and identify the range of loading parameters observed in the normal foot.

Methods

Measurements were collected from 32 healthy participants, 15 females and 17 males, twice at an interval of 1 week. Peak pressure (PP), contact time (CT), contact area (CA), pressure‐time integral (PTI), and maximum force (MaF) were recorded; these parameters were investigated in 10 areas of the foot: medial heel, lateral heel, midfoot, first to fifth metatarsals, hallux, and toes 2–5. The intra‐session repeatability was evaluated by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and coefficients of variation (CVs) across the three repeated trials within the same session. The inter‐session repeatability was assessed using the average of the three trials in each session to determine the ICCs and CVs.

Results

The ICCs showed moderate to good repeatability for every variable of interest, and the CVs were all <28%. The highest zones of PP were found under the second and third metatarsals, followed by the medial heel. The CT was 68.5–82.8% of the total stance time under the metatarsal heads. CA was highest under the midfoot, PTI was highest under the second metatarsal, and MaF was highest under the medial heel.

Conclusions

Footscan® platform system was found to be repeatable. Thus, it can be used as a valuable tool in the assessment of plantar pressure distribution, and the normal values of the foot loading parameters identified in this study can be employed to provide a reference range for the gait analysis performed by the Footscan® system.
A randomized controlled trial comparing the effects of dapagliflozin and DPP-4 inhibitors on glucose variability and metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on insulin
Authors: Nomoto Hiroshi , Miyoshi Hideaki , Sugawara Hajime , Ono Kota , Yanagiya Shingo , Oita Mayuko , Nakamura Akinobu , Atsumi Tatsuya
Published: July 2017

Background

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors improve hyperglycemia, and the usefulness of co-administration of DPP-4 inhibitors and insulin therapy has been well established. However, it has been still uncertain whether combination therapy of SGLT2 inhibitors and insulin is superior to that of DPP-4 inhibitors and the latter. Therefore, we investigated the superiority of dapagliflozin on glucose fluctuation compared with DPP-4 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on insulin using a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system.

Methods

In this prospective, randomized, open-label controlled trial, 36 patients with T2DM and treated with DPP-4 inhibitors and insulin therapy, were enrolled and allocated into two groups. The patients either switched their DPP-4 inhibitors to dapagliflozin 5 mg for 12 weeks, or continued their DPP-4 inhibitors for the same period. CGM analyses and metabolic markers were assessed before and after treatment periods.

Results

In total, data from 29 patients were analyzed. There were no significant differences in the mean amplitude of glycemic excursions and other CGM profiles in either group after treatment. Within the dapagliflozin treatment group, significant reductions of body mass index and albuminuria, and increases of HbA1c, hemoglobin and hematocrit were observed, but improvement of albuminuria was not significant if compared with the DPP-4 continuation group.

Conclusions

Combination therapy of dapagliflozin and insulin was not superior in glucose fluctuation to DPP-4 inhibitors on insulin. However, dapagliflozin may in part provide favorable effects on metabolism in patients with T2DM treated with insulin therapy.

Trial registration UMIN-CTR: UMIN000015033. Registered 2 September 2014
Wine glass size and wine sales: a replication study in two bars
Authors: Pechey Rachel , Couturier Dominique-Laurent , Hollands Gareth J. , Mantzari Eleni , Zupan Zorana , Marteau Theresa M.
Published: July 2017

Objective

Wine glass size may influence perceived volume and subsequently purchasing and consumption. Using a larger glass to serve the same portions of wine was found to increase wine sales by 9.4% (95% CI 1.9, 17.5) in a recent study conducted in one bar. The current study aimed to replicate this previous work in two other bars using a wider range of glass sizes. To match the previous study, a repeated multiple treatment reversal design, during which wine was served in glasses of the same design but different sizes, was used. The study was conducted in two bars in Cambridge, England, using glass sizes of 300, 370, 510 ml (Bar 1) and 300 and 510 ml (Bar 2). Customers purchased their choice of a 750 ml bottle, or standard UK measures of 125, 175 or 250 ml of wine, each of which was served with the same glass.

Results

Bar 1 Daily wine volume (ml) purchased was 10.5% (95% CI 1.0, 20.9) higher when sold in 510 ml compared to 370 ml glasses; but sales were not significantly different with 300 ml vs. 370 ml glasses (6.5%, 95% CI −5.2, 19.6). Bar 2 Findings were inconclusive as to whether daily wine purchased differed when using 510 ml versus 300 ml glasses (−1.1%, 95% CI −12.6, 11.9). These results provide a partial replication of previous work showing that introducing larger glasses (without manipulating portion size) increases purchasing. Understanding the mechanisms by which wine glass size influences consumption may elucidate when the effect can be expected and when not.

Trial registration This study is a replication study, based on the procedure set out in the trial registration for the study that it attempts to replicate (ISRCTN registry: ISRCTN12018175)
Future career plans of a cohort of senior doctors working in the National Health Service
Authors: Taylor Kathryn , Lambert Trevor , Goldacre Michael
Published: July 2017

Summary

Objective

To report on the future career plans of senior doctors working in the NHS.

Design

Postal questionnaires.

Setting

All doctors who qualified in 1977 from all UK medical schools.

Main outcome measures

Future plans and whether participants had any unmet needs for advice on how to put their future plans into effect.

Results

25% definitely intended to continue with their current employment on the same basis until they retired; 75% hoped for change. A reduction in working hours was the most commonly desired change; but a substantial percentage also wanted changes in job content. 50% of respondents intended definitely (17%) or probably (33%) to work in the NHS to their normal retirement age; and 37% definitely (20%) or probably (17%) intended to retire early. 48% had made plans, in addition to the standard pension, to facilitate early retirement. The main factors given for considering early retirement were family reasons and wanting more time for leisure, a desire to maintain good health, excessive pressure of work, and disillusionment with NHS changes. A reduction in workload would be the greatest inducement to stay. 31% of respondents reported that they had unmet needs for advice about their future plans. Of these, about half were needs for advice about planning for retirement.

Conclusions

Many senior NHS doctors would like to reduce their working hours. Less than a quarter definitely intend to work in the NHS to normal retirement age. Even for senior doctors, advice on career development is needed.
Career destinations, job satisfaction and views of the UK medical qualifiers of 1977
Authors: Taylor Kathryn , Lambert Trevor , Goldacre Michael
Published: July 2017

Summary

Objective

To study the career destinations, job satisfaction and views of UK-trained senior doctors.

Design

Postal questionnaire.

Setting

All doctors who qualified from all UK medical schools in 1977; and Department of Health employment data.

Main outcome measures

Career destinations of medical qualifiers from 1977.

Results

72% responded to the questionnaire. Using all available evidence, including that on non-responders, 76% of the cohort, comprising 77% of the men and 74% of the women, were working in the NHS 27 years after qualification. Approximately 18% were in medical jobs either overseas or outside the NHS. Of respondents in the NHS, 89% of men and 51% of women had full-time contracts. NHS doctors rated their job satisfaction highly, with a median score of 19.5 on a scale from 5 (very low satisfaction) to 25 (very high satisfaction). Satisfaction with time off for leisure was much lower, with a median score of 4.6 on a scale from 1 (low) to 10 (high). Of those in the NHS, 67% agreed that they worked longer hours than they thought they should; and 40% agreed that their working conditions were satisfactory.

Conclusions

27 years after qualification, the percentage of women who were working in the NHS was similar to that of men. Although these senior doctors had high levels of satisfaction with the content of their jobs, they were not so satisfied with their working hours and working conditions. Our results can be used as benchmarks, against which the career pathways and satisfaction levels of more recently qualified doctors can be compared.
Cognitive Audit: a New Paradigm
Authors: Пожарицкая  , Pozharitskaya I.
Published: July 2017

Th e article presents an analysis of foreign publications on innovations in the audit. Th e use of cognitive technologies in auditing practice is substantiated. Its own defi nition of cognitive audit, its subject and areas of research is developed. Th e appearance of a new paradigm in the audit is justifi ed.
Relationships between Static Mechanical Properties and SilviScan Measured Wood Properties in Loblolly Pine
Authors: Dahlen Joseph , Antony Finto , Schimleck Laurence R. , Daniels Richard F.
Published: July 2017

Relationships between static bending modulus of elasticity (MOE) and SilviScan (SS) properties (SilviScan MOE [MOESS], specific gravity, and microfibril angle) were explored. Seventy-three clearwood specimens (25 by 25 by 406 mm) were cut from thirty-two 33-year-old loblolly pine trees. Relationships were calculated between MOE and MOESS (R2 = 0.77); however, MOESS, calibrated using sonic resonance, averaged 25 percent higher than static MOE. Calibrating MOESS to static MOE instead of sonic resonance MOE resulted in similar prediction performance (R2 = 0.77), but more importantly approximately equal prediction values. The results demonstrate the importance of properly utilizing SilviScan information for predicting loblolly pine properties in static bending.