bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Aerobic Coupling Between Aldehydes and Arenesulfinic Acid Salts: A Novel Synthesis of Aryl Ketones.
Authors: Rao Honghua , Yang Luo , Shuai Qi , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: November 2011

The reaction does not require any additive and tolerates a variety of functional groups in the aromatic aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Decarboxylative Deobner—Knoevenagel Reactions Between Arylaldehydes and Monoethyl Malonate Mediated by a Bifunctional Polymeric Catalyst.
Authors: Lu Jinni , Toy Patrick H.
Published: November 2011

A bifunctional polystyrene bearing DMAP and piperidine groups is developed and used as an organocatalyst for the synthesis of cinnamic esters.
ChemInform Abstract: BF3·OEt2‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Reactions of Arylmethylenecyclopropanes with (E)‐1,1,3‐Triarylprop‐2‐en‐1‐ols.
Authors: Wu Lei , Shi Min
Published: November 2011

Depending on the electronic nature of the substrates, the title method affords trienes, alcohols, and/or cyclobutane derivatives by ring enlargement, ring opening, and 1,2‐aryl migration reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Nitration of Aryl Cyclopropyl Ketones Using HNO2.
Authors: Gazzaeva R. A. , Fedotov A. N. , Mochalov S. S.
Published: November 2011

Action of a nitrosyl cation on the title ketones results in an electrophilic nitration of the aromatic ring and rather unexpected conservation of the cyclopropane ring.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐Thiolated 2‐Azetidinones: Synthesis and in vitro Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities.
Authors: Zarei Maaroof , Mohamadzadeh Masoud
Published: November 2011

A series of azetidinones of type (III) (27 examples) is prepared by the Staudinger cycloaddition reaction of Schiff bases with S‐substituted mercaptoacetic acids in the presence of the Vilsmeier reagent.
ChemInform Abstract: Cooperative Catalysis for the First Asymmetric Formal [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction of Isocyanoacetates to α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones.
Authors: Arroniz Carlos , Gil‐Gonzalez Alberto , Semak Vladislav , Escolano Carmen , Bosch Joan , Amat Mercedes
Published: November 2011

The title reaction represents a new method for the easy and rapid construction of enantioenriched 2,3‐dihydropyrroles from α,β‐unsaturated ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Enhanced Efficiency of Thiourea Catalysts by External Broensted Acids in the Friedel—Crafts Alkylation of Indoles.
Authors: Marques‐Lopez Eugenia , Alcaine Ana , Tejero Tomas , Herrera Raquel P.
Published: November 2011

The optimized conditions afford the final 3‐substituted indole derivatives with better reactivity and enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed C2‐Amination of 2,4‐Dichloropyridines: Scope and Limitations.
Authors: Delvare Christian , Koza Patrice , Morgentin Remy
Published: November 2011

N‐Acetyl‐masked aromatic and heteroaromatic amines are used to limit a cross‐linking overreaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Azaheterocycles from Aryl Ketone O‐Acetyl Oximes and Internal Alkynes by Cu—Rh Bimetallic Relay Catalysts.
Authors: Too Pei Chui , Chua Sue Hui , Wong Siong Heng , Chiba Shunsuke
Published: November 2011

Diverse azaheterocycles such as isoquinolines, furopyridines, thienopyridines, pyrrolopyridines, and β‐carbolines are available.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Iodo‐Indoloazepinones in an Iodine‐Mediated Three‐Component Domino Reaction via a Regioselective 7‐endo‐dig Iodo‐Cyclization Pathway.
Authors: Sharma Sudhir K. , Mandadapu Anil K. , Kumar Brijesh , Kundu Bijoy
Published: November 2011

Starting from aryl‐substituted indolecarboxamides and 1‐alkylated propargyl alcohols, no indoloazepinones are obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Antifungal Active 9‐Substituted‐3‐aryl‐5H,13aH‐quinolino[3,2‐f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐b] [1,2,4]triazepines in Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Gupta Monika
Published: November 2011

Title compounds, e.g. (III), are synthesized from quinolines (I) and triazoles (II) in a new ionic liquid as solvent under microwave‐assisted irradiation as well as under conventional heating.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochromism of a Water‐Soluble Vesicular [2.2]Paracyclophane‐Bridged Imidazole Dimer.
Authors: Mutoh Katsuya , Abe Jiro
Published: November 2011

The synthesis and the photochromism of a new [2.2]paracyclophane‐bridged imidazole dimer (I) in water is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: New Triterpenes from Barringtonia asiatica.
Authors: Ragasa Consolacion Yasana , Espineli Dinah Lorenzana , Shen Chien‐Chang
Published: November 2011

The new triterpenes germanicol caffeoyl ester (I) and camelliagenone (II) are isolated with various known compounds and tested for their antimicrobial and antifungal activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Trends in the Study of Magnetically Soft Co‐Based Amorphous Glass‐Coated Wires
Authors: Chiriac H. , Ovari T.‐A.
Published: November 2011

Review: 38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanically Induced Self‐Propagating Reactions
Authors: Takacs L.
Published: November 2011

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanochemistry and Mechanical Activation of Solids. Part 2. Studies of the Effects on Solid‐State Properties and Reactivity Produced by Treatment in Various Mechanical Devices
Authors: Boldyrev V. V. , Boldyreva E. V.
Published: November 2011

Review: 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: TMP‐Cadmiate, a Base for Efficient and Chemoselective Deprotonative Metalation Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Mongin Florence , Uchiyama Masanobu
Published: November 2011

Review: 162 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Carbon—Carbon Bond Forming Reactions Catalyzed by Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalysts
Authors: Terada Masahiro
Published: November 2011

Review: 274 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Azobenzenes: The Colored Pieces of Molecular Materials
Authors: Merino Estibaliz
Published: November 2011

Review: 170 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Catalytic Oxidation of Glycerol: Perspectives for High Value Chemicals
Authors: Katryniok Benjamin , Kimura Hiroshi , Skrzynska Elzbieta , Girardon Jean‐Sebastien , Fongarland Pascal , Capron Mickael , Ducoulombier Remy , Mimura Naoki , Paul Sebastien , Dumeignil Franck
Published: November 2011

Review: 96 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst Development Oriented to Optimize Synthetic Processes
Authors: Sayo Noboru
Published: November 2011

Review: 23 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development for an Improved Process of Selective Prostaglandin Receptor Agonist ONO‐4819
Authors: Ohta Chisa , Kuwabe Shinitsu
Published: November 2011

Review: 44 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ribosomal Synthesis of Backbone Macrocyclic Peptides
Authors: Katoh Takayuki , Goto Yuki , Reza Md. Shamim , Suga Hiroaki
Published: November 2011

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry and Structural Biology of DNA Damage and Biological Consequences
Authors: Stone Michael P. , Huang Hai , Brown Kyle L. , Shanmugam Ganesh
Published: November 2011

Review: 387 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Rational Chemical Design of the Next Generation of Molecular Imaging Probes Based on Physics and Biology: Mixing Modalities, Colors and Signals
Authors: Kobayashi Hisataka , Longmire Michelle R. , Ogawa Mikako , Choyke Peter L.
Published: November 2011

Review: 277 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleic Acid X‐Ray Crystallography via Direct Selenium Derivatization
Authors: Lin Lina , Sheng Jia , Huang Zhen
Published: November 2011

Review: 72 refs.
Glycotranscriptome study reveals an enzymatic switch modulating glycosaminoglycan synthesis during B‐cell development and activation
Authors: Duchez Sophie , Pascal Virginie , Cogné Nadine , Jayat‐Vignoles Chantal , Julien Raymond , Cogné Michel
Published: November 2011

B‐cell fate and responses are modulated by soluble mediators and direct cellular interactions. Migration properties also vary during differentiation, commitment and activation. In many cells, modulation of responses to stimuli involves cell surface glycans, whose architecture depends on the simultaneous expression of multiple enzymes. By looking at the glycosylation‐related gene expression patterns among B‐cell populations, we determined in this study that the strongest variations were observed for CSGalNAcT‐1 and EXTL1. These are enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of alternative forms of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), namely chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate, respectively. These two enzymes showed inverse fluctuations in progenitors, resting B cells and activated B cells, suggesting a developmentally regulated switch between chondroitin and heparan sulfate synthesis. To explore whether these variations contributed to optimal B‐cell differentiation, we overexpressed EXTL1 in the B‐cell lineage of transgenic mice, yielding a partial differentiation blockade at the pro‐B to pre‐B transition. In the periphery, this defect was almost fully compensated for in vivo, with normal‐size B‐cell compartments and normal serum immunoglobulin levels in the transgenic EXTL1 mice. The peripheral B cells from EXTL1 transgenics were only affected with regard to their in vitro responses to polyclonal activation, showing reduced proliferation. Together the data suggest that despite their low amounts in lymphocytes, the heparan sulfate chains decorating the endogenous GAGs appear to be regulators of B‐cell physiology.
A New Method of Synthesis of 6‐Substituted Piperidine‐2,4‐diones from Homoallylamines
Authors: Kuznetsov Nikolai Yu. , Maleev Victor I. , Khrustalev Victor N. , Mkrtchyan Anna F. , Godovikov Ivan A. , Strelkova Tatyana V. , Bubnov Yuri N.
Published: November 2011

Mono‐ and dihomoallylamines serve as convenient precursors for the preparation of 6‐substituted piperidine‐2,4‐diones. This transformation is based, on the one hand, on a simple and well‐known halocyclocarbamation reaction proceeding by the addition of a source of cationic halogen to the N‐Boc‐protected homoallylamines and, on the other, on a new enolate‐isocyanate rearrangement that proceeds by the action of strong bases on bromocyclocarbamates. A set of racemic dihomoallylamines were prepared by the allylboration of nitriles or primary amides with triallylborane and enantiomerically enriched N‐Boc‐1‐phenyl‐3‐butenylamine was synthesized by the addition of (–)‐AllB(Ipc)2 to the corresponding silylimine. Chiral precursors containing a carboxylic ester group were synthesized from (S)‐allylglycine and‐alanine. The reactions of N‐Boc derivatives with NBS smoothly produced the corresponding bromocyclocarbamates either in the form of a single diastereomer or as an isomeric mixture. All these bromourethanes were cleanly transformed into 6‐substituted piperidine‐2,4‐diones in good yields via the formation of intermediate cyclic enolates, which was confirmed by the direct synthesis of enolate 12 and its transformation into dione 8 in a series of kinetic experiments. Based on the experimental results, a mechanism for the new enolate‐isocyanate rearrangement is proposed.
Development of a double‐layer microfluidic chip with flow medium for chemotherapy resistance analysis of lung cancer
Authors: Meng Qiang , He Zhongzhou , Zhang Lichuan , Zhao Long , Li Encheng , Zhang Qianqian , Zhang Xiaolin , Yang Dongxia , Zou Lijuan , Gao Zhancheng , Wang Qi
Published: November 2011

Integration and miniaturization are main advantages of microchip‐based systems. Vertical integration of the multiple operations within a multiple‐layer chip is expected to satisfy the urgent demand for high‐throughput and large‐scale applications. This study aimed at establishing a double‐layer chip to integrate the operations including the cell culture, the identification of the protein and the detection of the cell viability onto a platform systematically and supplied with flow fresh medium continuously via a syringe pump to mimic the microenvironment in vivo. With this device, human non‐small cell lung cancer cell line (SPCA‐1) was cultured well; the expression and the activity of multidrug resistance‐associated protein (MRP1) were detected by immunofluorescence assay for the cells pretreated with or without MK‐571, a known inhibitor of MRP1; apoptosis percentages were assayed for the cells after being treated by the anticancer drug etoposide (VP‐16). The results demonstrated that the function of the MRP1 was inhibited by MK‐571, and the percentage of apoptotic for the cells pretreated with MK‐571 was higher than that of the control (38.2±2.5% versus 12.3±0.85%, p<0.005). All these indicated that the new device could provide a suitable condition for cell culture and functional analysis in biomedical research, and MK‐571 is an effective inhibitor of MRP1 associated with the viability of SPCA‐1 cell line treated by VP‐16.
Enhancement of the MONERIS Model for Application in Alpine Catchments in Austria
Authors: Zessner Matthias , Kovacs Adam , Schilling Christian , Hochedlinger Gerald , Gabriel Oliver , Natho Stephanie , Thaler Simon , Windhofer Georg
Published: November 2011

Mountainous catchments are usually not in focus of the modelling of nutrient fluxes on catchment scale. Out of 9 model approaches tested in the EU‐project EUROHARP only MONERIS claims to be capable of modelling nitrogen and phosphorus emissions in a landscape with mountainous slope. Results derived in the present study indicate that the MONERIS 2.14 model in its current version is not able to reproduce the measured nutrient loads in rivers from alpine catchments in Austria with a size of 70 to 400 km2. Despite this apparent limitation, MONERIS delivers a framework flexible enough to offer the possibility for the introduction of adaptations to regions that had not been a focus during its development. Significant improvements in model performance have been achieved during this study with relatively simple adaptations: (i) calibration a snowmelt constants, (ii) adaptation of the nitrogen balance for open and naturally covered areas, (iii) adaptation of the denitrification approach for groundwater of solid rock areas with low nitrogen surplus and high amount of leakage water, (iv) introduction of the differentiation of area‐specific suspended solids emission factors for mountainous open areas covered either with glaciers or not, (v) definition of new input parameters for phosphorus concentrations in solid limestone and schist/gneiss rocks and of dissolved phosphorus concentrations in surface runoff and groundwater flow for mountainous areas. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Tourist Word of Mouth and Revisit Intentions to Rural Tourism Destinations: a Case of North Dakota, USA
Authors: Phillips WooMi Jo , Wolfe Kara , Hodur Nancy , Leistritz F. Larry
Published: November 2011

Destination managers in rural states, like North Dakota, understand the benefits of tourism and, thus, the importance of studying visitors' intentions. This study investigated visitors' perceptions of destination image, value and satisfaction and those variables’ relationship with future behaviors, with a specific focus on their intent to return and make recommendations to others. The results showed that destination image directly affects visitors' perception of value and revisit intentions, and it indirectly affects satisfaction and recommendation intentions. The results also demonstrate how tourism practitioners can apply past models to their destination. The overall findings support the concept that a positive image is important to attracting repeat visitors. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Texture and morphology variations in (In,Ga)2Se3 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films grown with various Se source conditions
Authors: Ishizuka Shogo , Yamada Akimasa , Fons Paul , Niki Shigeru
Published: November 2011

Texture and morphology variations in co‐evaporated (In,Ga)2Se3 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) films grown with various Se source conditions during growth were studied. The Se species of simply evaporated, large molecular Se (E‐Se, low‐sticking coefficient), and RF‐plasma cracked atomic Se (R‐Se, high sticking coefficient) were used in the present work. (In,Ga)2Se3 precursor films, which were prepared during the first stage of CIGS film growth by the three‐stage process, showed systematic variations in texture and Na distribution profile with varying evaporative Se (E‐Se) flux. The properties of CIGS films and solar cells also showed systematic variations, and the open‐circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor were found to be especially sensitive to the E‐Se flux. R‐Se grown (In,Ga)2Se3 precursor films featured granular morphology with strong (105) and (301) peaks in the diffraction pattern, and the texture was very similar to an E‐Se grown film fabricated with a Se to group III metal (In + Ga) flux ratio (P[Se]/[In + Ga]) of about 6, although the nominal P[Se]/[In + Ga] used for an R‐Se source was very small and less than 0.5. The R‐Se grown CIGS films displayed, however, highly dense surfaces and larger grain sizes than E‐Se grown CIGS films. The controllability of film morphology and the Na diffusion profile in (In,Ga)2Se3 and CIGS films with various Se source conditions are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
More on axial anomalies of Lifshitz fermions
Authors: Bakas I.
Published: November 2011

We show that the gauge and metric field contribution to the axial anomaly of a four‐dimensional massless Lifshitz fermion theory with anisotropy scaling exponent z is identical to the relativistic case, hereby extending the results found in arXiv:1103.5693 to arbitrary values of z. This is in accordance with the fact that the axial anomaly is an infra‐red phenomenon in disguise. We also provide some new models that realize baryon and lepton number violation in non‐relativistic theories of gravity. In all cases, the volume of space exhibits a lower bound that is fixed by the gravitational coupling parameters.
Experimental comparison of aerial larvicides and habitat modification for controlling disease‐carrying Aedes vigilax mosquitoes
Authors: de Little Siobhan C , Williamson Grant J , Bowman David MJS , Whelan Peter I , Brook Barry W , Bradshaw Corey JA
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND: Microbial and insect‐growth‐regulator larvicides dominate current vector control programmes because they reduce larval abundance and are relatively environmentally benign. However, their short persistence makes them expensive, and environmental manipulation of larval habitat might be an alternative control measure. Aedes vigilax is a major vector species in northern Australia. A field experiment was implemented in Darwin, Australia, to test the hypotheses that (1) aerial microbial larvicide application effectively decreases Ae. vigilax larval presence, and therefore adult emergence, and (2) environmental manipulation is an effective alternative control measure. Generalised linear and mixed‐effects modelling and information‐theoretic comparisons were used to test these hypotheses.

RESULTS: It is shown that the current aerial larvicide application campaign is effective at suppressing the emergence of Ae. vigilax, whereas vegetation removal is not as effective in this context. In addition, the results indicate that current larval sampling procedures are inadequate for quantifying larval abundance or adult emergence.

CONCLUSIONS: This field‐based comparison has shown that the existing larviciding campaign is more effective than a simple environmental management strategy for mosquito control. It has also identified an important knowledge gap in the use of larval sampling to evaluate the effectiveness of vector control strategies. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparative impact of an anthranilic diamide and other insecticidal chemistries on beneficial invertebrates and ecosystem services in turfgrass
Authors: Larson Jonathan L , Redmond Carl T , Potter Daniel A
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND: Chlorantraniliprole, the first anthranilic diamide insecticide labeled for turf, combines strong selective activity against key pests with low vertebrate toxicity. The hypothesis that it is less disruptive to beneficial invertebrates and their ecosystem services than are other prevailing insecticide classes was tested. Plots in golf course settings were treated with chlorantraniliprole, or with a representative nicotinoid (clothianidin), pyethroid (bifenthrin) or a combination (clothianidin–bifenthrin) formulation. Non‐target effects were assessed via pitfall traps (epigeal predators), Tullgren funnel extraction (soil microarthropods), hand sorting (earthworms), counting ant mounds and earthworm casts on tees and putting greens, assessing predation on sentinel pest eggs and comparing grass clipping decomposition in treated versus untreated turf.

RESULTS: Chlorantraniliprole had little or, in most cases, no impact on predatory or soil invertebrates, predation or decomposition. Each of the other insecticides temporarily reduced abundance and activity of one or more predator groups. Clothianidin and the clothianidin–bifenthrin combination retarded grass clipping decomposition, and the combination suppressed earthworms and casts more than did carbaryl, a toxic standard.

CONCLUSION: Chlorantraniliprole is compatible with conservation biocontrol and a good fit for industry initiatives to use relatively less toxic pesticides. One caveat is that its use on golf courses may require targeted management of ant mounds and earthworm casts that are suppressed as a side effect by some less selective insecticides. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Reduction of Inflammatory Hyperplasia in the Intestine in Colon Cancer‐prone Mice by Water‐extract of Cistanche deserticola
Authors: Jia Yamin , Guan Qiunong , Guo Yuhai , Du Caigan
Published: November 2011

Cistanche deserticola has commonly been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat many health problems including irritable bowel syndrome or constipation. This study was designed to test the efficacy of a water‐extract of C. deserticola in the prevention of colorectal cancer in a mouse model. Polysaccharide‐rich water‐extract of C. deserticola was prepared by boiling its stem powder in distilled water. Tgfb1Rag2 null mice were used as an experimental model. Here we showed that feeding of water‐extract of C. deserticola significantly reduced the number of mucosal hyperplasia and intestinal helicobacter infection in mice. This beneficial effect correlated with significant stimulation of the immune system, evidenced by the enlargement of the spleens with increased number of splenic macrophage and natural killer cells, and with more potent cytotoxicity of splenocytes. In vitro water‐extract of C. deserticola enhanced the cytotoxicity of naïve splenocytes against a human colon cancer cell line, and in macrophage cultures up‐regulated nitric oxide synthase II expression and stimulated phagocytosis. In conclusion, our data indicate that oral administration of C. deserticola extract reduces inflammatory hyperplastic polyps and helicobacter infection in mice by its immune‐stimulatory activity, suggesting that C. deserticola extract may have potential in preventing intestinal inflammation disorders including colorectal cancer. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute and Chronic Pretreatment with Essential Oil of Peppermint (Mentha × piperita L., Lamiaceae) Influences Drug Effects
Authors: Samojlik Isidora , Petković Stojan , Mimica‐Dukić Neda , Božin Biljana
Published: November 2011

The appearance of common and self‐initiative usage of various herbal preparations in everyday practice and life imposes the question of possible interactions with drugs. This survey examined the influence of acute and chronic peppermint oil (PO – Mentha × piperita L., Lamiaceae; prepared as emulsion for oral use) on pentobarbitone‐induced sleeping time, analgesic effect of codeine and impairment of motor coordination caused by midazolam in mice. The chemical profile of essential oil was determined by GC‐MS. Applied doses of PO were 0.1 and 0.2 mL/kg. Chronic PO intake (in both doses) led to significant decrease of analgesic effect of codeine, while acute intake of PO did not change this effect. Acute PO pretreatment in higher dose caused significant prolongation of pentobarbitone‐induced sleeping time, while it was significantly shortened by chronic PO pretreatment at the same dose. Midazolam effect was enhanced and prolonged significantly by chronic PO intake at higher dose, while acute intake of PO did not change this effect. Gut motility was increased only by acute intake of higher PO dose. Regarding the fact that PO produces changes in tested drug effects, the interaction between drugs and phytopreparations containing PO should be additionally followed/confirmed in humans. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effects of Humidity and Serum on the Surface Microhardness and Morphology of Five Retrograde Filling Materials
Authors: Kang J. S. , Rhim E. M. , Huh S. Y. , Ahn S. J. , Kim D. S. , Kim S. Y. , Park S. H.
Published: November 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare the surface morphology and surface hardness of five materials 24 h after filling, in conditions of 100% humidity, and fetal bovine serum. The five materials were ProRoot Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA), Super‐EBA, Intermediate Restorative Materials (IRM), Zinc Oxide Eugenol (ZOE), and Amalgam. The microhardness of these materials was evaluated by Vickers microhardness test, and their morphologies were compared by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

To evaluate the microhardness, the mixed five materials were measured with Vickers microhardness test. Differences between the experimental groups were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple comparison tests. All analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).

For the microstructural morphological evaluation, the cross cut and root‐end cavity prepared surfaces followed by retrograde filling with five different materials were observed under a Scanning Electron Microscope (Steroscan 440; Leica, Cambridge, England) at ×500. To summarize, Super EBA was less influenced by storage medium than the other materials, especially MTA. However, further long‐term studies considering other factors, such as biocompatibility (i.e. cellular toxicity) and retention, are needed to be collaborated with these findings in the clinical context. SCANNING 34: 207‐214, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The genesis of strategy in new ventures: escaping the constraints of founder and team knowledge
Authors: Fern Michael J. , Cardinal Laura B. , O'Neill Hugh M.
Published: November 2011

Although an entrepreneur's initial strategy choices have a critical effect on a new venture's survival, growth, and long‐term performance, few studies have explored how pre‐founding experience influences these choices. Founders who over rely on their historical industry experiences may simply replicate the strategies of legacy firms. In turn, little is known about how founders can break these experience‐based constraints, if they exist. In an empirical analysis of 120 prospective entrants in air transportation from 1995–2005 we find that a founder's past experience strongly constrains choices, and the effect depends on the form of experience and type of strategy choice. Diversity of experience, at the level of the founder and founding team, lessens these constraints. Our results have valuable implications for research in strategy and entrepreneurship. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Portal vein resection in pancreaticoduodenectomy (with video)
Authors: Amano Hodaka , Miura Fumihiko , Takada Tadahiro , Sano Keiji
Published: November 2011

Superior mesenteric vein (SMV) resection during pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for pancreatic cancer was first reported by Moore in 1951. In Japan, utilization of portal vein resection (PVR) became popular beginning in the late 1970s and has resulted in an improved resection rate for pancreatic cancer. Outcomes of PVR differ according to the reported year and institution. In a recent report of meta‐analysis, there was no difference in outcomes after PVR if R0 (negative surgical margins) resection was possible. Pancreatic surgery including vascular resection must be re‐evaluated in light of recent advances in diagnostic imaging and surgical techniques, lower mortality and morbidity after PVR, and improvements in adjuvant and neo‐adjuvant therapy. Isolated portal vein involvement should not be a contraindication to resection. Portal vein resection should be considered after appropriate patient selection based on an accurate diagnosis, provided that safe R0 resection is possible. We describe technical details and considerations for PVR during PD in this paper.
Distal pancreatectomy (with video)
Authors: Egawa Shinichi , Okada Takaho , Motoi Fuyuhiko , Rikiyama Toshiki , Katayose Yu , Unno Michiaki
Published: November 2011

Distal pancreatectomy is indicated for lesions in the pancreatic body and tail. Understanding of the anatomical structure of the pancreas and its surroundings is required in various situations in left upper abdominal surgery including the laparoscopic approach. Spleen‐preserving distal pancreatectomy is indicated for lesions confined to the pancreas. Two major spleen‐preserving procedures reported are the Warshaw procedure that conserves the spleen by blood flow from the short gastric vessels and the Kimura procedure that preserves the spleen with splenic vessels. Considering the laparoscopic approach, the surgeon may preserve splenic vessels from the median toward the splenic hilum without mobilization of the spleen. A standard distal pancreatectomy using the medial approach is presented on video. The intraoperative complications of distal pancreatectomy can be minimized by avoiding splenic capsule injury, by careful differentiation of the splenic artery from the common hepatic artery, and by secure closure of the splenic vein stump. The incidence of postoperative pancreatic fistula following distal pancreatectomy is reported to be 13% in a nationwide pancreatic cancer registry. Based on the results of an international randomized trial of hand‐sewn and staple closure of the pancreatic stump, the closure method of the pancreatic stump can be the surgeon's choice.
Defining the Role of Laboratory Genetic Counselor
Authors: Christian Susan , Lilley Margaret , Hume Stacey , Scott Patrick , Somerville Martin
Published: November 2011

An increasing number of genetic counselors are moving into non‐clinical roles, where their primary duties do not involve direct patient contact. According to the National Society of Genetic Counselors Professional Status Survey in 2010, 23% of counselors working in non‐clinical roles identified laboratory or genetic testing as their primary area of work. Using a survey, we identified 43 genetic counselors who work predominately in laboratory settings. The two primary tasks performed by participants, include acting as a customer liaison (95%) and calling out test results (88%). Nineteen participants (44.2%) also reported spending a considerable amount of time signing reports. The most prevalent areas of job satisfaction were support from laboratory directors (76.8%), autonomy (76.7%), interactions with clinicians (69.7%) and interaction with other genetics counselors (67.5%). This is the first study specifically looking at the roles of laboratory genetic counselors, which is an expanding area of genetic counseling.
The Making of a Failed State: The Case of Kosovo
Authors: Economides Spyros
Published: November 2011

The status of Kosovo remains an issue more than three years after its unilateral declaration of independence. Since then, Kosovo has been maintained, as a state, by an international presence and commitment. This article suggests that the history of this commitment has been the cause of state failure and that we are at a critical juncture in the future of this state.
Viscous irrotational analysis of the deformation and break-up time of a bubble or drop in uniaxial straining flow
Authors: Padrino J. C. , Joseph D. D.
Published: November 2011

The nonlinear deformation and break-up of a bubble or drop immersed in a uniaxial extensional flow of an incompressible viscous fluid is analysed by means of viscous potential flow. In this approximation, the flow field is irrotational and viscosity enters through the balance of normal stresses at the interface. The governing equations are solved numerically to track the motion of the interface by coupling a boundary-element method with a time-integration routine. When break-up occurs, the break-up time computed here is compared with results obtained elsewhere from numerical simulations of the Navier–Stokes equations (Revuelta, Rodríguez-Rodríguez & Martínez-BazánJ. Fluid Mech., vol. 551, 2006, p. 175), which thus keeps vorticity in the analysis, for several combinations of the relevant dimensionless parameters of the problem. For the bubble, for Weber numbers$3\leqslant \mathit{We}\leqslant 6$, predictions from viscous potential flow shows good agreement with the results from the Navier–Stokes equations for the bubble break-up time, whereas for larger$\mathit{We}$, the former underpredicts the results given by the latter. When viscosity is included, larger break-up times are predicted with respect to the inviscid case for the same$\mathit{We}$. For the drop, and considering moderate Reynolds numbers,$\mathit{Re}$, increasing the viscous effects of the irrotational motion produces large, elongated drops that take longer to break up in comparison with results for inviscid fluids. For larger$\mathit{Re}$, it comes as a surprise that break-up times smaller than the inviscid limit are obtained. Unfortunately, results from numerical analyses of the incompressible, unsteady Navier–Stokes equations for the case of a drop have not been presented in the literature, to the best of the authors’ knowledge; hence, comparison with the viscous irrotational analysis is not possible.
The instrumental rationality of addiction
Authors: Pickard Hanna
Published: November 2011

The claim that non-addictive drug use is instrumental must be distinguished from the claim that its desired ends are evolutionarily adaptive or easy to comprehend. Use can be instrumental without being adaptive or comprehensible. This clarification, together with additional data, suggests that Müller & Schumann's (M&S's) instrumental framework may explain addictive, as well as non-addictive consumption.
To use or not to use: Expanding the view on non-addictive psychoactive drug consumption and its implications
Authors: Müller Christian P. , Schumann Gunter
Published: November 2011

Proposing a change to the view on psychoactive drug use in non-addicts touches a sensitive issue because of its potential implications to addiction prevention, therapeutic practice, and drug policy. Commentators raised nine questions that ranged from clarifications, suggested extensions of the model to supporting data previously not regarded, to assumptions on the implications of the model. Here, we take up the suggestions of the commentators to expand the model to behavioral addictions, discuss additional instrumentalization goals, and review the evidence from laboratory animal studies on drug instrumentalization. We consider further the role of sociocultural factors and individual development in the establishment in drug instrumentalization and addiction. Finally, we clarify which implications we think this model may have. We conclude that drug instrumentalization theory can be further applied to other behaviors but will require a sensitive debate when used for drug and addiction policy that directly affects prevention and treatment.
Precise characterisation of exoplanet-host stars parameters
Authors: Vauclair Sylvie
Published: November 2011

Studying the internal structure of exoplanet-host stars compared to that of similar stars without detected planets is particularly important for the understanding of planetary formation. In this framework, asteroseismic studies represent an excellent tool for a better characterization of stars and for a precise determination of the stellar parameters like mass, radius, gravity, effective temperature. The detection of stellar oscillations is obtained with the same instruments as used for the discovery of exoplanets, both from the ground and from space, although the time scales are very different. Here I discuss some details about the characterization of exoplanethost stars from seismology and the importance of the helium and heavy element abundances in this respect.
A NIR spectrum of a hot Jupiter from the ground: Preliminary results
Authors: Mandell Avi M. , Deming L. Drake , Blake Geoffrey A. , Knutson Heather A. , Mumma Michael J. , Villanueva Geronimo L. , Salyk Colette
Published: November 2011

High resolution NIR spectroscopy offers an excellent complement to the expanding dataset of transit and secondary eclipse observations of exo-planets with Spitzer that have provided the bulk of our understanding of the atmospheres and internal structure of these objects. High-resolution data can quantify the vertical temperature structure by isolating specific spectral lines formed at various depths. The presence of an opaque absorbing layer can also be inferred - and its pressure level determined quantitatively - via its effect on spectral line intensities.

We have analyzed data for a single secondary eclipse of the bright transiting exo-planet host star HD189733 at L-band wavelengths (3–4 μm) using the NIRSPEC instrument on Keck-II. We utilize a sophisticated first-order telluric absorption modeling technique that, combined with a calibration star, has already been proven to remove the effects of varying atmospheric transmittance and allow us to reach unprecedented S/N. We are conducting validation of the final data reduction products and developing high-resolution atmospheric models for comparison, but we have already been able to rule out emission from methane as reported by Swainet al. (2010). We present preliminary results and discuss future plans for analysis and observations.
Exoplanet atmospheres at high spectral resolution: A CRIRES survey of hot-Jupiters
Authors: Snellen Ignas , de Kok Remco , de Mooij Ernst , Brogi Matteo , Nefs Bas , Albrecht Simon
Published: November 2011

Recently, we presented the detection of carbon monoxide in the transmission spectrum of extrasolar planet HD209458b, using CRIRES, the Cryogenic high-resolution Infrared Echelle Spectrograph at ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT). The high spectral resolution observations (R=100,000) provide a wealth of information on the planet's orbit, mass, composition, and even on its atmospheric dynamics. The new observational strategy and data analysis techniques open up a whole world of opportunities. We therefore started an ESO large program using CRIRES to explore these, targeting both transiting and non-transiting planets in carbon monoxide, water vapour, and methane. Observations of the latter molecule will also serve as a test-bed for METIS, the proposed mid-infrared imager and spectrograph for the European Extremely Large Telescope.
Revisiting the eccentricities of hot Jupiters
Authors: Husnoo Nawal , Pont Frédéric , Mazeh Tsevi , Fabrycky Daniel , Hébrard Guillaume , Moutou Claire
Published: November 2011

Most short period transiting exoplanets have circular orbits, as expected from an estimation of the circularisation timescale using classical tidal theory. Interestingly, a small number of short period transiting exoplanets seem to have orbits with a small eccentricity. Such systems are valuable as they may indicate that some key physics is missing from formation and evolution models. We have analysed the results of a campaign of radial velocity measurements of known transiting planets with the SOPHIE and HARPS spectrographs using Bayesian methods and obtained new constraints on the orbital elements of 12 known transiting exoplanets. We also reanalysed the radial velocity data for another 42 transiting systems and show that some of the eccentric orbits reported in the Literature are compatible with a circular orbit. As a result, we show that the systems with circular and eccentric orbits are clearly separated on a plot of the planetary mass versus orbital period. We also show that planets following the trend where heavier hot Jupiters have shorter orbital periods (the “mass-period relation” of hot Jupiters), also tend to have circular orbits, with no confirmed exception to this rule so far.
The James Webb Space Telescope and its capabilities for exoplanet science
Authors: Clampin Mark
Published: November 2011

The James Webb Space Telescope is a large aperture (6.5 meter), cryogenic space telescope with a suite of near and mid-infrared instruments covering the wavelength range of 0.6 ?m to 28 ?m. JWSTs primary science goal is to detect and characterize the first galaxies. It will also study the assembly of galaxies, star formation, and the formation of evolution of planetary systems. JWSTs instrument complement offers numerous capabilities to study the formation and evolution of exoplanets via direct imaging, high contrast coronagraphic imaging and photometric and spectroscopic observations of transiting exoplanets.
Porosity models for pre-planetesimals: modified P-α like models and the effect of dissipated energy
Authors: Arena Serena E. , Speith Roland
Published: November 2011

The outcome of collisions between pre-planetesimals is important in the theory of planetesimal formation by collisional growth and strongly depends on their internal structure. Since pre-planetesimals are highly porous, reaching 90% porosity, they could show the so called anomalous behaviour (decrease of density during shock compression, e.g. Bolkhovitinov & Khvostov 1978). Due to involved sizes (>dm), laboratory experiments are unfeasible therefore numerical simulations equipped with adequate porosity models are necessary.

Here we focus on the P-α model and its variations. We found that they are suitable for applications in the high porosity range only after a modification of the basic equations, that avoids an inconsistency and takes into account the effect of dissipated energy, is performed.
Planetesimal dynamics in hydromagnetic turbulence
Authors: Gressel Oliver , Nelson Richard P. , Turner Neal J.
Published: November 2011

Planet formation theory is founded on the concept of dust coagulation and subsequent growth into planetesimals. This process is by no means an isolated one, but possibly happens in a turbulent nebula. It is therefore crucial to understand how particles of different sizes are affected by their gaseous environment via stochastic forcing and aerodynamic damping. We here report on the effects of magneto-rotational (MRI) turbulence in the presence of non-uniform ionisation leading to the formation of a magnetically inactive dead-zone. While we find that collisional growth is impeded by fully-active MRI, it may be possible within a dead-zone.
The Pennsylvania-Toruń search for planets around evolved stars with HET
Authors: Niedzielski Andrzej , Wolszczan Alex , Nowak Grzegorz , Zieliński Paweł , Adamów Monika , Gettel Sara
Published: November 2011

Searches for planets around giants represent an essential complement to ’traditional’ surveys, because they furnish information about properties of planetary systems around stars that are the descendants of the A-F main sequence (MS) stars with masses as high as ~5 M⊙. As the stars evolve off the MS, their effective temperatures and rotation rates decrease to the point that their radial velocity variations can be measured with a few ms−1 precision. This offers an excellent opportunity to improve our understanding of the population of planets around stars that are significantly more massive than the Sun, without which it would be difficult to produce abroad, integrated picture of planet formation and evolution. Since 2001, about 30 such objects have been identified, including our five published HET detections (Niedzielski et al. 2007; Niedzielski et al. 2009a; Niedzielski et al. 2009b). Our work has produced the tightest orbit of a planet orbiting a K-giant identified so far (0.6 AU), and the first convincing evidence for a multiplanet system around such as star (Niedzielski et al. 2009a). Our most recent discoveries (Niedzielski et al. 2009b) have identified new multiplanet systems, including a very intriguing one of two brown dwarf-mass bodies orbiting a 2.8M⊙, K2 giant. This particular detection challenges the standard interpretation of the so-called brown dwarf desert known to exist in the case of solar-mass stars. Along with discoveries supplied by other groups, our work has substantially added to the emerging evidence that stellar mass positively correlates with masses of substellar companions, all the way from red dwarfs to intermediate-mass stars. We present current status and forthcoming results from the Pennsylvania-Toruń Search for Planets performed with the Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) since 2004.
Wind-shearing in gaseous protoplanetary disks
Authors: Perets Hagai B. , Murray-Clay Ruth
Published: November 2011

One of the first stages of planet formation is the growth of small planetesimals and their accumulation into large planetesimals and planetary embryos. This early stage occurs much before the dispersal of most of the gas from the protoplanetary disk. Due to their different aerodynamic properties, planetesimals of different sizes/shapes experience different drag forces from the gas at these stage. Such differential forces produce a wind-shearing effect between close by, different size planetesimals. For any two planetesimals, a wind-shearing radius can be considered, at which the differential acceleration due to the wind becomes greater than the mutual gravitational pull between the planetesimals. We find that the wind-shearing radius could be much smaller than the gravitational shearing radius by the Sun (the Hill radius), i.e. during the gas-phase of the disk wind-shearing could play a more important role than tidal perturbations by the Sun. Here we study the wind-shearing radii for planetesimal pairs of different sizes and compare it with gravitational shearing (drag force vs. gravitational tidal forces). We then discuss the role of wind-shearing for the stability and survival of binary planetesimals, and provide stability criteria for binary planetesimals embedded in a gaseous disk.
A visual guide to planetary microlensing
Authors: Rogers Leslie A. , Schechter Paul L.
Published: November 2011

The microlensing technique has found 10 exoplanets to date and promises to discover more in the near future. While planetary transit light curves all show a familiar shape, planetary perturbations to microlensing light curves can manifest a wide variety of morphologies. We present a graphical guide that may be useful when understanding microlensing events showing planetary caustic perturbations.
Formation of massive gas giants on wide orbits
Authors: Vorobyov Eduard I. , Basu Shantanu
Published: November 2011

We present a mechanism for the formation of massive gas giants on wide orbits via disk fragmentation in the embedded phase of star formation. In this phase, protostellar disks undergo radial pulsations which lead to periodic disk compressions and formation of massive fragments on radial distances of the order of 50–300 AU. The fragments that form during the last episode of disk compression near the end of the embedded phase, when torque from spiral arms become weaker, may survive and mature into massive gas giants. This phenomenon can explain the existence of massive exoplanets on wide orbits is such systems as Fomalhaut and HR 8799.
Polarization of the transiting planetary system of the K dwarf HD 189733
Authors: Kostogryz Nadia M. , Yakobchuk Taras M. , Morozhenko Olexandr V. , Vidmachenko Anatolij P.
Published: November 2011

We model the polarization in the system HD 189733 resulting from the planetary transit. This system has a short-period (2.2d) Jupiter-like planet with the radii ratio Rp/R* = 0.148, orbiting at the distance of 0.031 AU around the star.

We calculated the polarization of the system HD189733 to be 0.022% at the limb, which is consistent with the recent observational data. We suggest the shapes of the polarization parameters curves to be used for deriving the planet orbit inclination at the near limb transits as an alternative to standard transit method.