bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suitability of Secondary PEEK Telescopic Crowns on Zirconia Primary Crowns: The Influence of Fabrication Method and Taper
Authors: Merk Susanne , Wagner Christina , Stock Veronika , Eichberger Marlis , Schmidlin Patrick , Roos Malgorzata , Stawarczyk Bogna
Published: November 2016

This study investigates the retention load (RL) between ZrO2 primary crowns and secondary polyetheretherketone (PEEK) crowns made by different fabrication methods with three different tapers. Standardized primary ZrO2 crowns were fabricated with three different tapers: 0°, 1°, and 2° (n = 10/group). Ten secondary crowns were fabricated (i) milled from breCam BioHPP blanks (PM); (ii) pressed from industrially fabricated PEEK pellets (PP) (BioHPP Pellet); or (iii) pressed from granular PEEK (PG) (BioHPP Granulat). One calibrated operator adjusted all crowns. In total, the RL of 90 secondary crowns were measured in pull-off tests at 50 mm/min, and each specimen was tested 20 times. Two- and one-way ANOVAs followed by a Scheffé’s post-hoc test were used for data analysis (p < 0.05). Within crowns with a 0° taper, the PP group showed significantly higher retention load values compared with the other groups. Among the 1° taper, the PM group presented significantly lower retention loads than the PP group. However, the pressing type had no impact on the results. Within the 2° taper, the fabrication method had no influence on the RL. Within the PM group, the 2° taper showed significantly higher retention load compared with the 1° taper. The taper with 0° was in the same range value as the 1° and 2° tapers. No impact of the taper on the retention value was observed between the PP groups. Within the PG groups, the 0° taper presented significantly lower RL than the 1° taper, whereas the 2° taper showed no differences. The fabrication method of the secondary PEEK crowns and taper angles showed no consistent effect within all tested groups.
A Rapid Prototyping Technique for Microfluidics with High Robustness and Flexibility
Authors: Liu Zhenhua , Xu Wenchao , Hou Zining , Wu Zhigang
Published: November 2016

In microfluidic device prototyping, master fabrication by traditional photolithography is expensive and time-consuming, especially when the design requires being repeatedly modified to achieve a satisfactory performance. By introducing a high-performance/cost-ratio laser to the traditional soft lithography, this paper describes a flexible and rapid prototyping technique for microfluidics. An ultraviolet (UV) laser directly writes on the photoresist without a photomask, which is suitable for master fabrication. By eliminating the constraints of fixed patterns in the traditional photomask when the masters are made, this prototyping technique gives designers/researchers the convenience to revise or modify their designs iteratively. A device fabricated by this method is tested for particle separation and demonstrates good properties. This technique provides a flexible and rapid solution to fabricating microfluidic devices for non-professionals at relatively low cost.
Application of Homochiral Alkylated Organic Cages as Chiral Stationary Phases for Molecular Separations by Capillary Gas Chromatography
Authors: Xie Shengming , Zhang Junhui , Fu Nan , Wang Bangjin , Hu Cong , Yuan Liming
Published: November 2016

Molecular organic cage compounds have attracted considerable attention due to their potential applications in gas storage, catalysis, chemical sensing, molecular separations, etc. In this study, a homochiral pentyl cage compound was synthesized from a condensation reaction of (S,S)-1,2-pentyl-1,2-diaminoethane and 1,3,5-triformylbenzene. The imine-linked pentyl cage diluted with a polysiloxane (OV-1701) was explored as a novel stationary phase for high-resolution gas chromatographic separation of organic compounds. Some positional isomers were baseline separated on the pentyl cage-coated capillary column. In particular, various types of enantiomers including chiral alcohols, esters, ethers and epoxides can be resolved without derivatization on the pentyl cage-coated capillary column. The reproducibility of the pentyl cage-coated capillary column for separation was investigated using nitrochlorobenzene and styrene oxide as analytes. The results indicate that the column has good stability and separation reproducibility after being repeatedly used. This work demonstrates that molecular organic cage compounds could become a novel class of chiral separation media in the near future.
Proteomic Analysis of Tung Tree (Vernicia fordii) Oilseeds during the Developmental Stages
Authors: Zhan Zhiyong , Chen Yicun , Shockey Jay , Han Xiaojiao , Wang Yangdong
Published: November 2016

The tung tree (Vernicia fordii), a non-model woody plant belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family, is a promising economic plant due to the high content of a novel high-value oil in its seeds. Many metabolic pathways are active during seed development. Oil (triacylglycerols (TAGs)) accumulates in oil bodies distributed in the endosperm cells of tung tree seeds. The relationship between oil bodies and oil content during tung tree seed development was analyzed using ultrastructural observations, which confirmed that oil accumulation was correlated with the volumes and numbers of oil bodies in the endosperm cells during three different developmental stages. For a deeper understanding of seed development, we carried out proteomic analyses. At least 144 proteins were differentially expressed during three different developmental stages. A total of 76 proteins were successfully identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS/MS). These proteins were grouped into 11 classes according to their functions. The major groups of differentially expressed proteins were associated with energy metabolism (25%), fatty acid metabolism (15.79%) and defense (14.47%). These results strongly suggested that a very high percentage of gene expression in seed development is dedicated to the synthesis and accumulation of TAGs.
Leptin Levels Are Higher in Whole Compared to Skim Human Milk, Supporting a Cellular Contribution
Authors: Kugananthan Sambavi , Lai Ching , Gridneva Zoya , Mark Peter , Geddes Donna , Kakulas Foteini
Published: November 2016

Human milk (HM) contains a plethora of metabolic hormones, including leptin, which is thought to participate in the regulation of the appetite of the developing infant. Leptin in HM is derived from a combination of de novo mammary synthesis and transfer from the maternal serum. Moreover, leptin is partially lipophilic and is also present in HM cells. However, leptin has predominately been measured in skim HM, which contains neither fat nor cells. We optimised an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for leptin measurement in both whole and skim HM and compared leptin levels between both HM preparations collected from 61 lactating mothers. Whole HM leptin ranged from 0.2 to 1.47 ng/mL, whilst skim HM leptin ranged from 0.19 to 0.9 ng/mL. Whole HM contained, on average, 0.24 ± 0.01 ng/mL more leptin than skim HM (p < 0.0001, n = 287). No association was found between whole HM leptin and fat content (p = 0.17, n = 287), supporting a cellular contribution to HM leptin. No difference was found between pre- and post-feed samples (whole HM: p = 0.29, skim HM: p = 0.89). These findings highlight the importance of optimising HM leptin measurement and assaying it in whole HM to accurately examine the amount of leptin received by the infant during breastfeeding.
A 13C-NMR Study on the 1,3-Dimethylolurea-Phenol Co-Condensation Reaction: A Model for Amino-Phenolic Co-Condensed Resin Synthesis
Authors: Cao Ming , Li Taohong , Liang Jiankun , Wu Zhigang , Zhou Xiaojian , Du Guanben
Published: November 2016

The reactions of di-hydroxymethylurea with phenol under alkaline (pH = 10), weak (pH = 6) and strong acidic (pH = 2) conditions were investigated via the 13C-NMR method. Based on the proposed reaction mechanisms, the variations of the structures of different condensed products were analyzed and the competitive relationship between self- and co-condensation reactions was elucidated. The required experimental conditions for co-condensations were clearly pointed out. The main conclusions include: (1) the self-condensation between urea formaldehyde (UF) or phenol formaldehyde (PF) monomers were dominant while the co-condensations were very limited under alkaline conditions. This is because the intermediates produced from urea, methylolurea and phenol are less reactive in co-condensations with respect to self-condensations; (2) under weak acidic conditions, the self-condensations occurred exclusively among the UF monomers. The co-condensation structures were not observed; and (3) the co-condensations became much more competitive under strong acidic conditions as the relative content of the co-condensed methylenic carbon accounts for 53.3%. This result can be rationalized by the high reactivity of the methylolphenol carbocation intermediate toward urea and methylolurea. The revealed reaction selectivity and mechanisms may also be applied to the synthesis of those more complex co-condensed adhesives based on natural phenolic and amino compounds.
High Bonding Temperatures Greatly Improve Soy Adhesive Wet Strength
Authors: Frihart Charles , Coolidge Thomas , Mock Chera , Valle Eder
Published: November 2016

Soy wood adhesive bond strengths reported in different literature studies are difficult to compare because a variety of temperatures and other conditions have been used for the bonding and testing step. Some reports have indicated bond strengths are sensitive to bonding temperature, but the reason(s) for this has not been intensively investigated. Although these prior studies differ in other ways (such as type of soy, wood species, and test method), the effect of bonding temperature has not been clearly examined, which is important for focusing commercial applications. A tensile shear test using two-parallel-ply veneer specimens with smooth maple was used to measure both the dry and wet cohesive strength of soy adhesives. Although the soy adhesives gave very good strengths and dry wood failure, they often have low wood failure and shear strengths under wet conditions when bonded at 120 °C. However, wet strength greatly increased as the bonding temperature increased (120, 150 and 180 °C) for these two-ply tests with. This study examined the use of different types of soys (flours, concentrates and isolates) and different bonding temperatures and bonding conditions to evacuate several possible mechanisms for this temperature sensitivity, with coalescence being the most likely.
A Note on Upper Tail Behavior of Liouville Copulas
Authors: Hua Lei
Published: November 2016

The family of Liouville copulas is defined as the survival copulas of multivariate Liouville distributions, and it covers the Archimedean copulas constructed by Williamson’s d-transform. Liouville copulas provide a very wide range of dependence ranging from positive to negative dependence in the upper tails, and they can be useful in modeling tail risks. In this article, we study the upper tail behavior of Liouville copulas through their upper tail orders. Tail orders of a more general scale mixture model that covers Liouville distributions is first derived, and then tail order functions and tail order density functions of Liouville copulas are derived. Concrete examples are given after the main results.
Development of an FPW Biosensor with Low Insertion Loss and High Fabrication Yield for Detection of Carcinoembryonic Antigen
Authors: Lan Je-Wei , Huang I-Yu , Lin Yu-Cheng , Lin Chang-Yu , Chen Jian-Lin , Hsieh Chia-Hsu
Published: November 2016

In the last two decades, various flexural plate-wave (FPW)-based biosensors with low phase velocity, low operation frequency, high sensitivity, and short response time, have been developed. However, conventional FPW transducers have low fabrication yield because controlling the thickness of silicon/isolation/metal/piezoelectric multilayer floating thin-plate is difficult. Additionally, conventional FPW devices usually have high insertion loss because of wave energy dissipation to the silicon substrate or outside area of the output interdigital transducers (IDTs). These two disadvantages hinder the application of FPW devices. To reduce the high insertion loss of FPW devices, we designed two focus-type IDTs (fan-shaped and circular, respectively) that can effectively confine the launched wave energy, and adopted a focus-type silicon-grooved reflective grating structure (RGS) that can reduce the wave propagation loss. To accurately control the thickness of the silicon thin-plate and substantially improve the fabrication yield of FPW transducers, a 60 °C/27 °C two-step anisotropic wet etching process was developed. Compared with conventional FPW devices (with parallel-type IDTs and without RGS), the proposed FPW devices have lower insertion loss (36.04 dB) and higher fabrication yield (63.88%). Furthermore, by using cystamine-based self-assembled monolayer (SAM) nanotechnology, we used the improved FPW device to develop a novel FPW-based carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) biosensor for detection of colorectal cancer, and this FPW-CEA biosensor has a low detection limit (5 ng/mL), short response time (<10 min), high sensitivity (60.16–70.06 cm2/g), and high sensing linearity (R-square = 0.859–0.980).
A Portable Smart-Phone Readout Device for the Detection of Mercury Contamination Based on an Aptamer-Assay Nanosensor
Authors: Xiao Wei , Xiao Meng , Fu Qiangqiang , Yu Shiting , Shen Haicong , Bian Hongfen , Tang Yong
Published: November 2016

The detection of environmental mercury (Hg) contamination requires complex and expensive instruments and professional technicians. We present a simple, sensitive, and portable Hg2+ detection system based on a smartphone and colorimetric aptamer nanosensor. A smartphone equipped with a light meter app was used to detect, record, and process signals from a smartphone-based microwell reader (MR S-phone), which is composed of a simple light source and a miniaturized assay platform. The colorimetric readout of the aptamer nanosensor is based on a specific interaction between the selected aptamer and Hg2+, which leads to a color change in the reaction solution due to an aggregation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The MR S-phone-based AuNPs-aptamer colorimetric sensor system could reliably detect Hg2+ in both tap water and Pearl River water samples and produced a linear colorimetric readout of Hg2+ concentration in the range of 1 ng/mL–32 ng/mL with a correlation of 0.991, and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.28 ng/mL for Hg2+. The detection could be quickly completed in only 20 min. Our novel mercury detection assay is simple, rapid, and sensitive, and it provides new strategies for the on-site detection of mercury contamination in any environment.
A Harmonized Perspective on Transportation Management in Smart Cities: The Novel IoT-Driven Environment for Road Traffic Modeling
Authors: Masek Pavel , Masek Jan , Frantik Petr , Fujdiak Radek , Ometov Aleksandr , Hosek Jiri , Andreev Sergey , Mlynek Petr , Misurec Jiri
Published: November 2016

The unprecedented growth of today’s cities together with increased population mobility are fueling the avalanche in the numbers of vehicles on the roads. This development led to the new challenges for the traffic management, including the mitigation of road congestion, accidents, and air pollution. Over the last decade, researchers have been focusing their efforts on leveraging the recent advances in sensing, communications, and dynamic adaptive technologies to prepare the deployed road traffic management systems (TMS) for resolving these important challenges in future smart cities. However, the existing solutions may still be insufficient to construct a reliable and secure TMS that is capable of handling the anticipated influx of the population and vehicles in urban areas. Along these lines, this work systematically outlines a perspective on a novel modular environment for traffic modeling, which allows to recreate the examined road networks in their full resemblance. Our developed solution is targeted to incorporate the progress in the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, where low-power, embedded devices integrate as part of a next-generation TMS. To mimic the real traffic conditions, we recreated and evaluated a practical traffic scenario built after a complex road intersection within a large European city.
A Fast Method to Calculate the Spatial Impulse Response for 1-D Linear Ultrasonic Phased Array Transducers
Authors: Zou Cheng , Sun Zhenguo , Cai Dong , Muhammad Salman , Zhang Wenzeng , Chen Qiang
Published: November 2016

A method is developed to accurately determine the spatial impulse response at the specifically discretized observation points in the radiated field of 1-D linear ultrasonic phased array transducers with great efficiency. In contrast, the previously adopted solutions only optimize the calculation procedure for a single rectangular transducer and required approximation considerations or nonlinear calculation. In this research, an algorithm that follows an alternative approach to expedite the calculation of the spatial impulse response of a rectangular linear array is presented. The key assumption for this algorithm is that the transducer apertures are identical and linearly distributed on an infinite rigid plane baffled with the same pitch. Two points in the observation field, which have the same position relative to two transducer apertures, share the same spatial impulse response that contributed from corresponding transducer, respectively. The observation field is discretized specifically to meet the relationship of equality. The analytical expressions of the proposed algorithm, based on the specific selection of the observation points, are derived to remove redundant calculations. In order to measure the proposed methodology, the simulation results obtained from the proposed method and the classical summation method are compared. The outcomes demonstrate that the proposed strategy can speed up the calculation procedure since it accelerates the speed-up ratio which relies upon the number of discrete points and the number of the array transducers. This development will be valuable in the development of advanced and faster linear ultrasonic phased array systems.
Human Impact on Vegetation Dynamics around Lhasa, Southern Tibetan Plateau, China
Authors: Li Haidong , Li Yingkui , Gao Yuanyun , Zou Changxin , Yan Shouguang , Gao Jixi
Published: November 2016

Human impact plays an increasing role on vegetation change even on the Tibetan Plateau, an area that is commonly regarded as an ideal place to study climate change. We evaluate the nature and extent of human impact on vegetation dynamics by the comparison of two areas: the relative highly populated Lhasa area and a nearby less populated Lhari County. Our results indicate that human impact has mainly decreased vegetation greenness within 20 km of the urban area and major constructions during 1999–2013. However, the impact of human activities in a relatively large area is still minor and does not reverse the major trends of vegetation dynamics caused by the warming temperature in recent decades. It seems that the impact of anthropogenic factors on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) trend is more apparent in the Lhasa area than in Lhari County. The major anthropogenic driving factor for vegetation browning in the Lhasa area is livestock number, while the factors, including the number of rural laborers and artificial forest areas, are positively correlated with the annual NDVI increase. The similar relationship between the annual NDVI and driving factors appeared in Lhari County, except for artificial forest areas. The warming temperature and the change in precipitation played dominant roles on vegetation greening in Lhari County than that in the Lhasa area.
Use of Ecohydraulic-Based Mesohabitat Classification and Fish Species Traits for Stream Restoration Design
Authors: Schwartz John
Published: November 2016

Stream restoration practice typically relies on a geomorphological design approach in which the integration of ecological criteria is limited and generally qualitative, although the most commonly stated project objective is to restore biological integrity by enhancing habitat and water quality. Restoration has achieved mixed results in terms of ecological successes and it is evident that improved methodologies for assessment and design are needed. A design approach is suggested for mesohabitat restoration based on a review and integration of fundamental processes associated with: (1) lotic ecological concepts; (2) applied geomorphic processes for mesohabitat self-maintenance; (3) multidimensional hydraulics and habitat suitability modeling; (4) species functional traits correlated with fish mesohabitat use; and (5) multi-stage ecohydraulics-based mesohabitat classification. Classification of mesohabitat units demonstrated in this article were based on fish preferences specifically linked to functional trait strategies (i.e., feeding resting, evasion, spawning, and flow refugia), recognizing that habitat preferences shift by season and flow stage. A multi-stage classification scheme developed under this premise provides the basic “building blocks” for ecological design criteria for stream restoration. The scheme was developed for Midwest US prairie streams, but the conceptual framework for mesohabitat classification and functional traits analysis can be applied to other ecoregions.
The weight of flash chromatography: A tool to predict its mass intensity from thin-layer chromatography
Authors: Pessel Freddy , Augé Jacques , Billault Isabelle , Scherrmann Marie-Christine
Published: November 2016

Purification by flash chromatography strongly impacts the greenness of a process. Unfortunately, due to the lack of the relevant literature data, very often this impact cannot be assessed thus preventing the comparison of the environmental factors affecting the syntheses. We developed a simple mathematical approach to evaluate the minimum mass intensity of flash chromatography from the retention factor values determined by thin-layer chromatography.
Assertability conditions of epistemic (and fictional) attitudes and mood variation
Authors: Mari Alda
Published: November 2016

Italian is a well-known exception to the cross-linguistic generalization according to which `belief' predicates are indicative selectors across languages. We newly propose that languages that select the subjunctive with epistemic predicates allow us to see a systematic polysemy between what we call an expressive-`belief' (featuring only a doxastic dimension) and an inquisitive-`belief' (featuring both a doxastic and an epistemic dimension conveying doxastic certainty (in the assertion) and epistemic uncertainty (in the presupposition)). We offer several previously unseen contrasts proving this distinction and offer a new analysis for mood choice cross-linguistically.  We argue that the distinction between expressive and inquisitive attitudes is not an idiosyncrasy of non-factive epistemics. We provide novel data, showing that  fictional predicates (dream, imagine) license the subjunctive.  We explain the indicative/subjunctive alternation by again appealing to epistemic uncertainty and disentangling expressive from inquisitive-fictional meanings. We thus pave the way for a new typology of attitudes relying on this systematic polysemy and propose new criteria to explain mood distribution cross-linguistically.
A demonstration-based account of (pluractional) ideophones
Authors: Henderson Robert
Published: November 2016

This paper develops a novel formal semantics of ideophones that can account for their meaning and compositional properties. The proposal extends recent work on iconicity in sign languages in Davidson (2015), whose demonstration- based framework provides a formal foundation for the semantics of ideophones that captures the difference between descriptive meaning and depictive meaning, the kind of meaning ideophones traffic in. After providing a demonstration-based account of the basic ideophone construction in the Mayan language Tseltal, the paper then shows how the demonstration-based account can be used to analyze pluractionality in the ideophone domain. In particular, through case studies on Tseltal and Upper Necaxa Totonanc (Totonacan), I show that there are two previously unrecognized types of ideophonic pluractionality, and that their properties support the demonstration-based account.
'All' and 'every' as quantity superlatives
Authors: Hallman Peter
Published: November 2016

Recent literature has pointed out similarities in the interpretation and distribution of 'most' and 'all' (Matthewson 2001, Crnic 2010). This literature takes both to be quantifiers. However, other literature analyzes the meaning of 'most' as the regular composition of 'much' (as a degree modifier) and the superlative morpheme '-st' (Hackl 2009). But if 'most' is a superlative and 'all' is a quantifier, any similarities are unexpected. In this paper, I reconcile these views by analyzing 'all' as a superlative term 'most'. Further, I claim that 'every' is a type-lifted derivative of 'all'. Similarities and differences between 'most', 'all' and 'every' emerge from this analysis.
Scalar implicatures in non-monotonic environments
Authors: Morita Takashi
Published: November 2016

Scalar implicatures (SIs) have been traditionally analyzed as pragmatic inferences that arise after semantic computation. Recent studies, however, have presented various challenges to this classic analysis; for instance, it has been claimed that SIs can be interpreted within the scope of various semantic operators. These observations motivate a grammatical analysis of SIs: SIs are derived during or before semantic computation. Among various kinds of evidence for the grammati- cal approach to SIs, especially convincing one is SIs embedded in non-monotonic (NM) environments, which post-semantic analyses have difficulty deriving. This paper introduces a new example of NM operators that allow the SI-embedding in their scope, and I thereby provide further empirical support for the grammatical analysis. On the other hand, I will also show that not all NM operators behave in the same way with respect to SI-embedding. It will turn out that Strawson non- monotonicity is required to embed SIs in the negative component of NM envi- ronments; i.e. SI-embedding is unavailable if the NMity can be decomposed into monotonic assertion and monotonic presupposition.
Breaking de Morgan's law in counterfactual antecedents
Authors: Champollion Lucas , Ciardelli Ivano , Zhang Linmin
Published: November 2016

The main goal of this paper is to investigate the relation between the meaning of a sentence and its truth conditions. We report on a comprehension experiment on counterfactual conditionals, based on a context in which a light is controlled by two switches. Our main finding is that the truth-conditionally equivalent clauses (i) switch A or switch B is down and (ii) switch A and switch B are not both up make different semantic contributions when embedded in a conditional antecedent. Assuming compositionality, this means that (i) and (ii) differ in meaning, which implies that the meaning of a sentential clause cannot be identified with its truth conditions. We show that our data have a clear explanation in inquisitive semantics: in a conditional antecedent, (i) introduces two distinct assumptions, while (ii) introduces only one. Independently of the complications stemming from disjunctive antecedents, our results also challenge analyses of counterfactuals in terms of minimal change from the actual state of affairs: we show that such analyses cannot account for our findings, regardless of what changes are considered minimal.
Up to n: Pragmatic inference about an optimal lower bound
Authors: Qing Ciyang
Published: November 2016

This paper focuses on English directional modified numerals up to n, which triggers opposite inference patterns in speaker-uncertainty and authoritative-permission contexts. I propose that these opposite inference patterns are due to pragmatic inference about an unspecified semantic lower bound of up to n, based on its similarities to gradable adjectives and vague characteristics. The value of the semantic lower bound in different contexts is predicted by a general pragmatic principle of interaction between informativity and applicability independently motivated in previous probabilistic models on gradable adjectives.
Expressing Permission
Authors: Starr William
Published: November 2016

This paper proposes a semantics for free choice permission that explains both the non-classical behavior of modals and disjunction in sentences used to grant permission, and their classical behavior under negation. It also explains why permissions can expire when new information comes in and why free choice arises even when modals scope under disjunction. On the proposed approach, deontic modals update preference orderings, and connectives operate on these updates rather than propositions. The success of this approach stems from its capacity to capture the difference between expressing the preferences that give rise to permissions and conveying propositions about those preferences.
Adjectival 'as'-phrases as intensional secondary predicates
Authors: Zobel Sarah
Published: November 2016

This paper focuses on adjectival as-phrases that co-occur with transitive verbs, and contribute additional information on the verb’s internal arguments. I claim that these as-phrases behave like secondary predicates, specifically object-oriented depictives, but—in contrast to object-oriented depictives—contribute intensional content, a modal property. In the course of the paper, I delimit the type of as-phrases that are covered in this paper, and propose a formal analysis for these cases that builds on results by Rothstein (2003) on object-oriented depictives, and the notion of information-based modality in Kratzer 2012. I show how the analysis captures the entailment patterns found with these as-phrases, and how it can be extended to related nominal as-phrases.
Expressives and Questions
Authors: Davis Christopher Michael , McCready Eric
Published: November 2016

This paper explores the interaction of expressive content with the oper- ation of alternative generation in question denotations. We take as test cases expressive antihonorifics appearing in wh-words, wh-phrases and verbal morphology, and show that antihonorific content within the wh-phrase applies to all alternatives, while antihonorifics outside the wh-phrase apply only to true alternatives, closing with implications for the theory of expressive meaning.
Presupposition: What went wrong?
Authors: Karttunen Lauri
Published: November 2016

When the first generation of generative linguists discovered presuppositions in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the initial set of examples was quite small. Aspectual verbs like stop were discussed already by Greek philosophers, proper names, Kepler, and definite descriptions, the present king of France, go back to Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell by the turn of the century. Just in the span of a few years my generation of semanticists assembled a veritable zoo of ‘presupposition triggers’ under the assumption that they were all of the same species. Generations of students have learned about presuppositions from Stephen Levinson’s 1983 book on Pragmatics that contains a list of 13 types of presupposition triggers, an excerpt of an even longer unpublished list attributed to a certain Lauri Karttunen. My task in this presentation is to come clean and show why the items on Levinson’s list should not have been lumped together. In retrospect it is strange that the early writings about presupposition by linguists and even by philosophers like Robert Stalnaker or Scott Soames do not make any reference to the rich palette of semantic relations they could have learned from Frege and later from Paul Grice. If we had known Frege’s concepts of Andeutung – Grice’s conventional implicature – and Nebengedanke, it would have been easy to see that there are types of author commitment that are neither entailments nor presuppositions.
Mandarin wh-conditionals as interrogative conditionals
Authors: Liu Mingming
Published: November 2016

This paper examines wh-conditionals in Mandarin Chinese. It argues that wh-conditionals involve embedding two questions within a conditional, one in the antecedent and one in the consequent. Transition from a Hamblin/Karttunen question meaning to a conditional semantics is achieved by answerhood operators. The meaning obtained in this way is simple and intuitive: answers to the antecedent question already contains information to answer the consequent question.
ISOLATING THE YOUNG STELLAR POPULATION IN THE OUTER DISK OF NGC 300*
Authors: Hillis Tristan J. , Williams Benjamin F. , Dolphin Andrew E. , Dalcanton Julianne J. , Skillman Evan D.
Published: November 2016

The recent star formation history (SFH) in the outer disk of NGC 300 is presented through the analysis of color–magnitude diagrams (CMDs). We analyze resolved stellar photometry by creating CMDs from four Hubble Space Telescope fields containing a combination of images from the Advanced Camera for Surveys and the UVIS imager aboard the Wide Field Camera 3. From the best models of these CMDs, we derive the SFH in order to extract the young stellar component for the past 200 Myr. We find that the young stellar disk of NGC 300 is unbroken out to at least ∼8 scale lengths (including an upper limit out to ∼10 scale lengths) with

, which is similar to the total stellar surface brightness profile. This unbroken profile suggests that NGC 300 is undisturbed, similar to the isolated disk galaxy NGC 2403. We compare the environments of NGC 300, NGC 2403, and M33 along with the properties of the gas and stellar disks. We find that the disturbed H i outer disk morphology is not accompanied by a break in the young stellar disk. This may indicate that processes which affect the outer H i morphology may not leave an imprint on the young stellar disk.
L’esclavage en Guyane, 1652-1848
Authors: Choucoutou Lydie
Published: November 2016

L’esclavage se décline, en Guyane, selon des modalités qui lui sont propres : une population servile introuvable, la faible présence de la canne à sucre et des « habitations » d’envergure modeste avec, pour conséquence, des résultats économiques médiocres en comparaison des autres colonies françaises. Cette singularité découle d’une situation géographique périphérique, d’une conquête territoriale inaboutie et d’une insolvabilité récurrente des colons. Ce faisant, ces particularités n’ont en rien altéré les conditions d’oppression inhérentes à ce mode de production, d’où des formes de résistance analogues à celles qui ont existé dans l’Amérique des plantations.
Une forme de résistance judiciaire à l’esclavage : les actions en affranchissement devant les juridictions françaises au xix e siècle
Authors: Charlin Frédéric
Published: November 2016

L’affranchissement de l’esclave est un acte juridique dont la signification évolue dans le temps. La liberté octroyée par un acte privé, relevant du pouvoir domestique, devient peu à peu un acte administratif, taxé par l’État. L’affranchissement est même porteur d’un « droit à la liberté » au xix e siècle, alors que les juges locaux continuent d’y voir l’exercice de l’ abusus par le propriétaire. La Cour de cassation raisonne du point de vue de l’état des personnes, en faveur d’une liberté de droit permettant de régulariser des affranchis « libres de fait », qui défendent leurs intérêts devant la justice.
La fin du bagne de Guyane : entre droit et politique (1932-1940)
Authors: Bendjebbar André
Published: November 2016

Il est des peines qui naissent avec éclat, puis meurent, honteuses d’elles-mêmes : telle est l’histoire de la transportation outre-mer. Cette peine reçut en 1854 une onction éclatante. Elle est morte au printemps 1938, dissimulée parmi des décrets de nature économique. La condamnation aux travaux forcés en Guyane disparut grâce à une habileté constitutionnelle si fine, qu’elle est passée inaperçue à des cohortes de chercheurs et de folliculaires. La Fin du bagne de Guyane : entre droit et politique (1932-1940) montre le travail préparatif de Paul Matter, premier président de la Cour de cassation, et l’engagement de Gaston Monnerville, avocat, député de Guyane, un temps sous-secrétaire d’État. Grâce à eux, en silence, une institution vieille de près d’un siècle mourut d’une anesthésie douce.
Anti-inflammaging effects of Lactobacillus brevis OW38 in aged mice
Authors: Jeong J.-J. , Kim K.A. , Hwang Y.-J. , Han M.J. , Kim D.-H.
Published: November 2016

In the present study, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains were collected from kimchi and were screened to isolate strains that inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS) production by Escherichia coli and p16 expression and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Oral administration of Lactobacillus brevis OW38 (1×109 cfu/mouse) to aged mice (male, 18 months old) for 8 weeks reduced the LPS level in colon fluid and blood. In addition, OW38 treatment also reduced the ratio of Firmicutes or Proteobacteria to Bacteroidetes, which was significantly higher in aged mice than in young mice. Treatment with OW38 in aged mice inhibited the expression of inflammatory markers, such as myeloperoxidase, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin (IL)-1β, and inhibited NF-κB activation. Furthermore, it induced the expression of colonic tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1, occludin, and claudin-1. OW38 treatment also suppressed the expression of senescence markers p16, p53, and SAMHD1 in the colon and the hippocampus of aged mice. In addition, it significantly restored spontaneous alternation as well as the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and doublecortin in aged mice compared to that in young mice (P<0.05). Based on these findings, we conclude that OW38 treatment may ameliorate aging-associated colitis and memory impairment by inhibiting gut microbiota LPS production, NF-κB activation, and p16 expression.
Novel bioactive from Lactobacillus brevis DSM17250 to stimulate the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis: a pilot study
Authors: Holz C. , Benning J. , Schaudt M. , Heilmann A. , Schultchen J. , Goelling D. , Lang C.
Published: November 2016

Commensal skin microbiota plays an important role in both influencing the immune response of the skin and acting as a barrier against colonisation of potentially pathogenic microorganisms and overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens. Staphylococcus epidermidis is a key constituent of the normal microbiota on human skin. It balances the inflammatory response after skin injury and produces antimicrobial molecules that selectively inhibit skin pathogens. Here we describe Lactobacillus brevis DSM17250 that was identified among hundreds of Lactobacillus strains to exhibit an anti-inflammatory effect in human keratinocytes in vitro and specific stimulatory impact on the growth of S. epidermidis. The aqueous cell-free extract of L. brevis DSM17250 was used in an ointment formulation and tested in a randomized placebo-controlled double blinded human pilot study. Healthy volunteers with diagnosed dry skin were treated for four weeks. The study data shows that L. brevis DSM17250 extract induces re-colonisation of the skin by protective commensal microorganisms as judged from selective bacterial cultivation of surface-associated skin microorganism of the lower leg. Furthermore, the 4 week administration of the L. brevis DSM17250 extract significantly improved the transepidermal water loss value (TEWL), reduced the xerosis cutis symptoms and stinging. The data shows that daily application of L. brevis DSM17250 extract in a topical product significantly improves the microbial skin microbiota by promoting the growth of species which possess beneficial regulatory and protective properties such as S. epidermidis. Restoring the natural skin microbiota leads to significantly improved skin barrier function (as transepidermal water loss) and decrease of xeroderma (xerosis cutis) symptoms (as measured by dry skin area and severity index, DASI). We propose that improving and stabilizing the natural skin microbiota by specifically stimulating the growth of S. epidermidis is an important and novel concept to manage skin diseases associated with microbiota dysbiosis.
Modulation of porcine intestinal epitheliocytes immunetranscriptome response by Lactobacillus jensenii TL2937
Authors: Kobayashi H. , Albarracin L. , Sato N. , Kanmani P. , Kober A.K.M.H. , Ikeda-Ohtsubo W. , Suda Y. , Nochi T. , Aso H. , Makino S. , Kano H. , Ohkawara S. , Saito T. , Villena J. , Kitazawa H.
Published: November 2016

In order to evaluate probiotic strains applicable for the beneficial immunomodulation of the porcine gut (immunobiotics), we previously developed a porcine intestinal epitheliocyte cell line (PIE cells). Here, transcriptomic studies using PIE cells were performed considering that this information would be valuable for understanding the mechanisms involved in the protective activity of the immunobiotic strain Lactobacillus jensenii TL2937 against intestinal inflammatory damage in pigs. In addition, those studies would provide criteria for selecting biomarkers for the screening of new immunobiotic strains. We performed microarray analysis to investigate the transcriptomic response of PIE cells to the challenge with heat-stable enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and, the changes induced by L. jensenii TL2937 in that response. The approach allowed us to obtain a global overview of the immune genes involved in the response of PIE cells to heat-stable ETEC PAMPs. We observed that L. jensenii TL2937 differently modulated gene expression in ETEC PAMPs-challenged PIE cells. Microarray and RT-PCR analysis indicated that the most remarkable changes in PIE cells transcriptomic profile after heat-stable ETEC PAMPs challenge were observed in chemokines, adhesion molecules, complement and coagulation cascades factors. In addition, an anti-inflammatory effect triggered by TL2937 strain in PIE cells was clearly demonstrated. The decrease in the expression of chemokines (CCL8, CXCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11), complement (C1R, C1S, C3, and CFB), and coagulation factors (F3) by L. jensenii TL2937 supports our previous reports on the immunoregulatory effect of this strain. These results provided clues for the better understanding of the mechanism underlying host-immunobiotic interaction in the porcine host. The comprehensive transcriptomic profiles of PIE cells provided by our analyses successfully identified a group of genes, which could be used as prospective biomarkers for the screening and evaluation of new anti-inflammatory immunobiotics for the prevention of inflammatory intestinal disorders in pigs.
Corneal Scheimpflug Densitometry Following Photorefractive Keratectomy in Myopic Eyes
Authors: Boulze-Pankert Marie , Dariel Romuald , Hoffart Louis
Published: November 2016

PURPOSE:

To evaluate the modification of corneal optical densitometry following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) using Scheimpflug topography.

METHODS:

Corneal densitometry (0 to 100 grayscale units [GSU]), pachymetry, and keratometry were evaluated using a rotating Scheimpflug camera (Pentacam HR; Oculus Optikgeräte, GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) at baseline and 1 and 3 months following PRK in myopic patients. Subjective refraction, uncorrected distance visual acuity, corrected distance visual acuity, and corneal haze (0 to 4 on common subjective scale) were evaluated preoperatively at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months.

RESULTS:

The study included 75 eyes (38 right eyes, 37 left). The preoperative mean spherical equivalent and cylinder were −2.28 ± 1.24 and 0.92 ± 0.65 diopters (D), respectively. Maximal corneal densitometry (central 4 mm) was 27.44 ± 1.93 GSU at baseline. At 1 month postoperatively, corneal haze with a mean clinical grade of 0.54 ± 0.45 (
P
< .0001) was observed, associated with corneal densitometry increased to 29.69 ± 5.16 GSU (
P
> .05). At 3 months postoperatively, mean clinical haze decreased to 0.11 ± 0.24 (
P
< .0001) and was associated with a significant decrease (
P
< .0001) in maximal densitometry (25.13 ± 3.42 GSU).

CONCLUSIONS:

Corneal densitometry could represent a useful objective measurement of postoperative mild corneal haze and aid in the rating and follow-up of refractive surgery.

[
J Refract Surg.
2016;32(11):788–791.]
Shifting “Ectasia”: Interface Fluid Collection After Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE)
Authors: Bansal Aashish K. , Murthy Somasheila I. , Maaz Syed M. , Sachdev Mahipal S.
Published: November 2016

PURPOSE:

To report the first case and a new diagnostic sign of interface fluid collection following small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE).

METHODS:

Case report.

RESULTS:

A 20-year-old man underwent SMILE for correction of compound myopic astigmatism. Postoperative follow-up examination included vision testing, slit-lamp examination, intraocular pressure measurement, corneal topography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The patient presented postoperatively with decreased vision in his right eye. Topography revealed an island of corneal steepening, the location of which kept shifting on successive visits. OCT revealed the presence of fluid pockets in the interface. The condition resolved with topical hypertonic saline and the uncorrected visual acuity recovered to 20/20. The intraocular pressure remained normal throughout.

CONCLUSIONS:

This is the first case report of interface fluid collection after SMILE. The report demonstrates shifting corneal “ectasia” (steepening) as a diagnostic sign of interface fluid collection. The authors recommend a new pathogenesis for this condition and suggest the use of topical hypertonic saline to treat this condition.

[
J Refract Surg.
2016;32(11):773–775.]
Change in Anterior and Posterior Curvature After Cataract Surgery
Authors: Kim Yang Jae , Knorz Michael C. , Auffarth Gerd U. , Choi Chul Young
Published: November 2016

PURPOSE:

To analyze the change in anterior and posterior corneal curvature after cataract surgery using a Placido-dual rotating Scheimpflug device.

METHODS:

In a prospective cross-sectional study, corneal curvature was measured using the Galilei G4 device (Ziemer Ophthalmic Systems, Port, Switzerland) preoperatively and 1 week and 1, 3, and 6 months after cataract surgery with a temporal limbal self-sealing 2.2-mm incision. The surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) was determined on the anterior and posterior surfaces.

RESULTS:

Fifty-nine patients (68 eyes) were assessed. Based on the anterior corneal surface, 16 (23.5%) eyes had a vertically steep meridian (with-the-rule [WTR] astigmatism), 32 (47.1%) had a horizontally steep meridian (against-the-rule [ATR] astigmatism), and 20 (29.4%) had oblique astigmatism. Based on the posterior corneal surface, 2 (2.9%) eyes had a horizontally steep meridian (ATR astigmatism), 62 (91.2%) had a vertically steep meridian (WTR astigmatism), and 4 (5.9%) had oblique astigmatism. SIA of the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces was 0.61 ± 0.33 and 0.20 ± 0.17 diopters (D), respectively. However, there was no significant difference between the preoperative and the 6-month postoperative data in the Jackson coefficient orthogonal coordinate system for the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces. SIA of WTR astigmatism of the posterior cornea was 0.19 ± 0.16 D at 6 months. Sixty-one of 62 eyes with WTR astigmatism in the posterior corneal surface still showed WTR astigmatism after cataract surgery.

CONCLUSIONS:

The tendency of SIA of the posterior cornea may not be uniform, but type of posterior corneal astigmatism did not change in most cases after the 2.2-mm temporal limbal incision cataract surgery.

[
J Refract Surg.
2016;32(11):754–759.]