bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of an Intense Wheelchair Propulsion Task on Quantitative Ultrasound of Shoulder Tendons
Authors: Collinger Jennifer L. , Impink Bradley G. , Ozawa Haishin , Boninger Michael L.
Published: October 2010

Objective

To investigate acute ultrasound changes of biceps and supraspinatus tendon appearance after an intense wheelchair propulsion task, and how these changes relate to demographic and biomechanical risk factors.

Design

A survey.

Setting

Research laboratory and research space at the National Veterans Wheelchair Games.

Participants

A convenience sample of 60 manual wheelchair users were recruited through research registries and rehabilitation clinics as well as from participants at the 2007 and 2008 National Veterans Wheelchair Games. The subjects were between 18 and 65 years of age at least 1 year after injury and did not have progressive disabilities.

Main Outcome Measures

Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) measures of biceps and supraspinatus tendon appearance, stroke frequency, resultant force, tendinopathy score, and duration of wheelchair use.

Results

Biceps tendon appearance after an intense propulsion task was significantly related to chronic biceps tendinopathy, duration of wheelchair use, stroke frequency, and resultant force. The subjects with a higher stroke frequency or resultant force tended to have a brighter, more organized tendon appearance compared with the prepropulsion imaging session (baseline). The subjects with tendinopathy or a longer duration of wheelchair use were more likely to have a darker, diffuse tendon appearance immediately after the propulsion task. Supraspinatus tendon appearance after propulsion was only significantly predicted by baseline QUS measures.

Conclusions

QUS has proven to be sensitive to risk factors for tendon pathology. Future studies can apply grayscale‐based QUS to study the development and prevention of repetitive strain injuries, particularly on an individual basis.
Evaluation, Management, Rehabilitation, and Prevention of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: Current Concepts
Authors: Micheo William , Hernández Liza , Seda Carlos
Published: October 2010

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is essential for both static and dynamic stability of the knee. It is commonly injured during sports activities by noncontact mechanisms that include landing with the knee in valgus and extension, sudden deceleration, change of direction, and rotation. Several modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors predispose athletes to this injury, especially women. Early diagnosis, treatment directed to protect secondary knee structures, and rehabilitation play an important role in the management of ACL injury. Despite a lack of scientifically validated and published guidelines to help clinicians decide between conservative or surgical treatment, criteria such as pain, recurrent instability, injury to secondary structures, and desired level of activity should be considered. Accelerated rehabilitation protocols for patients who have and have not undergone an operation are available and recommended with goals of reducing complications such as recurrent injury, loss of motion, residual weakness, and associated osteoarthritis. However, injury prevention protocols could be the next big step in management of ACL injury with emphasis on reducing modifiable risk factors in susceptible individuals who participate in sports.
Changes in mineralogy of loess–paleosol sections across the Chinese Loess Plateau
Authors: Jeong Gi Young , Hillier Stephen , Kemp Rob A.
Published: October 2010

Quantitative mineralogical analysis of bulk samples and single particles was carried out on three loess sections of different local climate settings on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). Mineralogy, geochemistry, and single-particle petrography of loess and paleosols are relatively uniform over the CLP. However, in detail, there are mineralogical changes related to eolian process and chemical weathering. Particle-size sorting eastward from western sources led to an eastward increase of the total phyllosilicate contents enriched in fine illitic clay minerals. After deposition, detrital minerals susceptible to chemical weathering were sequentially altered in a progressive fashion with increasing precipitation in the order of calcite, dolomite, biotite, illite, chlorite, amphibole, and plagioclase. The weathering of biotite, chlorite, and illite resulted in a significant increase of expandable phyllosilicate contents. The sequential weathering of the minerals is reflected chemically in the decrease of Na and Mg and the increase of iron oxidation. Mineralogy of the Chinese loess at individual sites reflects the effects of size fractionation during eolian transportation and progressive sequential weathering along the climatic gradient, and it is essential to consider both effects when using mineralogical and dependent chemical data in the paleoclimatic reconstruction of the CLP.
Structural and Functional Analysis of NS1 and NS2 Proteins of H1N1 Subtype
Authors: Salahuddin Parveen , Khan Asad U.
Published: October 2010

Influenza A virus (H1N1), a genetic reassortment of endemic strains of human, avian and swine flu, has crossed species barrier to human and apparently acquired the capability of human to human transmission. Some strains of H5N1 subtype are highly virulent because NS1 protein inhibits antiviral interferon α/β production. Another protein NS2 mediates export of viral ribonucleoprotein from nucleus to the cytoplasm through export signal. In this paper, we have studied structure-function relationships of these proteins of H1N1 subtype and have determined the cause of their pathogenicity. Our results showed that non-conservative mutations slightly stabilized or destabilized structural domains of NS1 or NS1-dsRNA complex, hence slightly increased or decreased the function of NS1 protein and consequently enhanced or reduced the pathogenicity of the H1N1 virus. NS2 protein of different strains carried non-conservative mutations in different domains, resulting in slight loss of function. These mutations slightly decreased the pathogenicity of the virus. Thus, the results confirm the structure-function relationships of these viral proteins.
Large-eddy simulation of the compressible flow past a wavy cylinder
Authors: XU CHANG-YUE , CHEN LI-WEI , LU XI-YUN
Published: October 2010

Numerical investigation of the compressible flow past a wavy cylinder was carried out using large-eddy simulation for a free-stream Mach numberM∞= 0.75 and a Reynolds number based on the mean diameterRe= 2 × 105. The flow past a corresponding circular cylinder was also calculated for comparison and validation against experimental data. Various fundamental mechanisms dictating the intricate flow phenomena, including drag reduction and fluctuating force suppression, shock and shocklet elimination, and three-dimensional separation and separated shear-layer instability, have been studied systematically. Because of the passive control of the flow over a wavy cylinder, the mean drag coefficient of the wavy cylinder is less than that of the circular cylinder with a drag reduction up to 26%, and the fluctuating force coefficients are significantly suppressed to be nearly zero. The vortical structures near the base region of the wavy cylinder are much less vigorous than those of the circular cylinder. The three-dimensional shear-layer shed from the wavy cylinder is more stable than that from the circular cylinder. The vortex roll up of the shear layer from the wavy cylinder is delayed to a further downstream location, leading to a higher-base-pressure distribution. The spanwise pressure gradient and the baroclinic effect play an important role in generating an oblique vortical perturbation at the separated shear layer, which may moderate the increase of the fluctuations at the shear layer and reduce the growth rate of the shear layer. The analysis of the convective Mach number indicates that the instability processes in the shear-layer evolution are derived from oblique modes and bi-dimensional instability modes and their competition. The two-layer structures of the shear layer are captured using the instantaneous Lamb vector divergence, and the underlying dynamical processes associated with the drag reduction are clarified. Moreover, some phenomena relevant to the compressible effect, such as shock waves, shocklets and shock/turbulence interaction, are analysed. It is found that the shocks and shocklets which exist in the circular cylinder flow are eliminated for the wavy cylinder flow and the wavy surface provides an effective way of shock control. As the shock/turbulence interaction is avoided, a significant drop of the turbulent fluctuations around the wavy cylinder occurs. The results obtained in this study provide physical insight into the understanding of the mechanisms relevant to the passive control of the compressible flow past a wavy surface.
On nonlinear self-interaction of geodesic acoustic mode driven by energetic particles
Authors: FU G. Y.
Published: October 2010

It is shown that nonlinear self-interaction of energetic particle-driven geodesic acoustic mode does not generate a second harmonic in radial electric field using the fluid model. However, kinetic effects of energetic particles can induce a second harmonic in the radial electric field. A formula for the second-order plasma density perturbation is derived. It is shown that a second harmonic of plasma density perturbation is generated by the convective nonlinearity of both thermal plasma and energetic particles. Near the midplane of a tokamak, the second-order plasma density perturbation (the sum of second harmonic and zero frequency sideband) is negative on the low field side with its size comparable to the main harmonic at low fluctuation level. These analytic predictions are consistent with the recent experimental observation in DIII-D.
Neural reuse: A fundamental organizational principle of the brain
Authors: Anderson Michael L.
Published: October 2010

An emerging class of theories concerning the functional structure of the brain takes the reuse of neural circuitry for various cognitive purposes to be a central organizational principle. According to these theories, it is quite common for neural circuits established for one purpose to be exapted (exploited, recycled, redeployed) during evolution or normal development, and be put to different uses, often without losing their original functions. Neural reuse theories thus differ from the usual understanding of the role of neuralplasticity(which is, after all, a kind of reuse) in brain organization along the following lines: According to neural reuse, circuits can continue to acquire new uses after an initial or original function is established; the acquisition of new uses need not involve unusual circumstances such as injury or loss of established function; and the acquisition of a new use need not involve (much) local change to circuit structure (e.g., it might involve only the establishment of functional connections to new neural partners). Thus, neural reuse theories offer a distinct perspective on several topics of general interest, such as: the evolution and development of the brain, including (for instance) the evolutionary-developmental pathway supporting primate tool use and human language; the degree of modularity in brain organization; the degree of localization of cognitive function; and the cortical parcellation problem and the prospects (and proper methods to employ) for function to structure mapping. The idea also has some practical implications in the areas of rehabilitative medicine and machine interface design.
Redeployed functions versus spreading activation: A potential confound
Authors: Klein Colin
Published: October 2010

Anderson's meta-analysis of fMRI data is subject to a potential confound. Areas identified as active may make no functional contribution to the task being studied, or may indicate regions involved in the coordination of functional networks rather than information processing per se. I suggest a way in which fMRI adaptation studies might provide a useful test between these alternatives.
Reuse or re-function?
Authors: Aisenberg Daniela , Henik Avishai
Published: October 2010

Simple specialization cannot account for brain functioning. Yet, we believe Anderson's reuse can be better explained by re-function. We suggest that functional demands shape brain changes and are the driving force behind reuse. For example, we suggest that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is built as an infrastructure for multi-functions rather than as a module for reuse.
From the physical to the psychological: Mundane experiences influence social judgment and interpersonal behavior
Authors: Bargh John A. , Williams Lawrence E. , Huang Julie Y. , Song Hyunjin , Ackerman Joshua M.
Published: October 2010

Mere physical experiences of warmth, distance, hardness, and roughness are found to activate the more abstract psychological concepts that are analogically related to them, such as interpersonal warmth and emotional distance, thereby influencing social judgments and interpersonal behavior without the individual's awareness. These findings further support the principle of neural reuse in the development and operation of higher mental processes.
The importance of ontogenetic change in typical and atypical development
Authors: Dekker Tessa M. , Karmiloff-Smith Annette
Published: October 2010

The compelling case that Anderson makes for neural reuse and against modularity as organizing principle of the brain is further supported by evidence from developmental disorders. However, to provide a full evolutionary-developmental theory of neural reuse that encompasses both typical and atypical development, Anderson's “massive redeployment hypothesis” (MRH) could be further constrained by considering brain development across ontogeny.
Neural reuse in the social and emotional brain
Authors: Immordino-Yang Mary Helen , Chiao Joan Y. , Fiske Alan P.
Published: October 2010

Presenting evidence from the social brain, we argue that neural reuse is a dynamic, socially organized process that is influenced ontogenetically and evolutionarily by the cultural transmission of mental techniques, values, and modes of thought. Anderson's theory should be broadened to accommodate cultural effects on the functioning of architecturally similar neural systems, and the implications of these differences for reuse.
Reuse in the brain and elsewhere
Authors: Lindblom Björn
Published: October 2010

Chemistry, genetics, physics, and linguistics all present instances of reuse. I use the example of how behavioral constraints may have contributed to the emergence of phonemic reuse. Arising from specific facts about speech production, perception, and learning, such constraints suggest that combinatorial reuse is domain-specific. This implies that it would be more prudent to view instances of neural reuse not as reflecting a “fundamental organizational principle,” but as a fortuitous set of converging phenomena.
Neural reuse and human individual differences
Authors: Rabaglia Cristina D. , Marcus Gary F.
Published: October 2010

We find the theory of neural reuse to be highly plausible, and suggest that human individual differences provide an additional line of argument in its favor, focusing on the well-replicated finding of “positive manifold,” in which individual differences are highly correlated across domains. We also suggest that the theory of neural reuse may be an important contributor to the phenomenon of positive manifold itself.
Massive modularity is consistent with most forms of neural reuse
Authors: Ritchie J. Brendan , Carruthers Peter
Published: October 2010

Anderson claims that the hypothesis of massive neural reuse is inconsistent with massive mental modularity. But much depends upon how each thesis is understood. We suggest that the thesis of massive modularity presented in Carruthers (2006) is consistent with the forms of neural reuse that are actually supported by the data cited, while being inconsistent with a stronger version of reuse that Anderson seems to support.
Sensorimotor grounding and reused cognitive domains
Authors: Brincker Maria
Published: October 2010

Anderson suggests that theories of sensorimotor grounding are too narrow to account for his findings of widespread “reuse” supporting multiple different cognitive “task domains.” I call some of the methodological assumptions underlying this conclusion into question, and suggest that his examples reaffirm rather than undermine the special status of sensorimotor processes in cognitive evolution.
Sleep, neural reuse, and memory consolidation processes
Authors: Fishbein William , Lau Hiuyan , DeJesús Rafael , Alger Sara Elizabeth
Published: October 2010

Neural reuse posits development of functional overlap in brain system circuits to accommodate complex evolutionary functions. Evolutionary adaptation evolved neural circuits that have been exploited for many uses. One such use is engaging cognitive processes in memory consolidation during the neurobiological states of sleep. Neural reuse, therefore, should not be limited to neural circuitry, but be extended to include sleep-state associated memory processes.
No bootstrapping without semantic inheritance
Authors: Kiverstein Julian
Published: October 2010

Anderson's massive redeployment hypothesis (MRH) takes the grounding of meaning in sensorimotor behaviour to be a side effect of neural reuse. I suggest this grounding may play a much more fundamental role in accounting for the bootstrapping of higher-level cognition from sensorimotor behaviour. Thus, the question of when neural reuse delivers semantic inheritance is a pressing one for MRH.
Optical holography as an analogue for a neural reuse mechanism
Authors: Speed Ann , Verzi Stephen J. , Wagner John S. , Warrender Christina
Published: October 2010

We propose an analogy between optical holography and neural behavior as a hypothesis about the physical mechanisms of neural reuse. Specifically, parameters in optical holography (frequency, amplitude, and phase of the reference beam) may provide useful analogues for understanding the role of different parameters in determining the behavior of neurons (e.g., frequency, amplitude, and phase of spiking behavior).
Understanding brain circuits and their dynamics
Authors: Gomila Antoni , Calvo Paco
Published: October 2010

We argue that Anderson's “massive redeployment hypothesis” (MRH) needs further development in several directions. First, a thoroughgoing criticism of the several “embodied cognition” alternatives is required. Second, the course between the Scylla of full holism and the Charybdis of structural-functional modularism must be plotted more distinctly. Third, methodologies better suited to reveal brain circuits must be brought in. Finally, the constraints that naturalistic settings provide should be considered.
Moral evaluation shapes linguistic reports of others' psychological states, not theory-of-mind judgments
Authors: Cova Florian , Dupoux Emmanuel , Jacob Pierre
Published: October 2010

We use psychological concepts (e.g., intention and desire) when we ascribe psychological states to others for purposes of describing, explaining, and predicting their actions. Does the evidence reported by Knobe show, as he thinks, that moral evaluation shapes our mastery of psychological concepts? We argue that the evidence so far shows instead that moral evaluation shapes the way we report, not the way we think about, others' psychological states.
Qualitative judgments, quantitative judgments, and norm-sensitivity
Authors: Egré Paul
Published: October 2010

Moral considerations and our normative expectations influence not only our judgments about intentional action or causation but also our judgments about exact probabilities and quantities. Whereas those cases support the competence theory proposed by Knobe in his paper, they remain compatible with a modular conception of the interaction between moral and nonmoral cognitive faculties in each of those domains.
Modalities of word usage in intentionality and causality
Authors: Gintis Herbert
Published: October 2010

Moral judgments often affect scientific judgments in real-world contexts, but Knobe's examples in the target article do not capture this phenomenon.
Questioning the influence of moral judgment
Authors: Guglielmo Steve
Published: October 2010

Moral judgment – even the type discussed by Knobe – necessarily relies on substantial information about an agent's mental states, especially regarding beliefs and attitudes. Moreover, the effects described by Knobe can be attributed to norm violations in general, rather than moral concerns in particular. Consequently, Knobe's account overstates the influence of moral judgment on assessments of mental states and causality.
Person as lawyer: How having a guilty mind explains attributions of intentional agency
Authors: Hindriks Frank
Published: October 2010

In criminal law, foresight betrays a guilty mind as much as intent does: both reveal that the agent is not properly motivated to avoid an illegal state of affairs. This commonality warrants our judgment that the state is brought about intentionally, even when unintended. In contrast to Knobe, I thus retain the idea that acting intentionally is acting with a certain frame of mind.
Neither moralists, nor scientists: We are counterfactually reasoning animals
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2010

We are neither scientists nor moralists. Our mental capacities (such as attributing intentionality) are neither akin to the scientist's exact reasoning, nor are they “suffused through and through with moral considerations” (Knobe's target article, sect. 2.2, last para.). They are more similar to all those simple capacities that humans and animals are equally capable of, but with enhanced sensitivity to counterfactual situations: of what could have been.
Depression affecting moral judgment
Authors: Terroni Luisa , Fraguas Renerio
Published: October 2010

Depressive mood can be involved in the moral judgments made by people with depression. Here, we focus on the negative judgments depressed patients have of themselves and the world. Possibly, the alterations in moral judgment in subjects with depression can be understood by taking into account the neural basis of depression.
Cortex in context: Response to commentaries on neural reuse
Authors: Anderson Michael L.
Published: October 2010

In this response, I offer some specific examples of neural workings, discuss the uncertainty of reverse inference, place neural reuse in developmental and cultural context, further differentiate reuse from plasticity, and clarify my position on embodied cognition. The concept of local neural workings is further refined, and some different varieties of reuse are identified. Finally, I lay out some opportunities for future research, and discuss some of the clinical implications of reuse in more detail.
Mesures quadratiques de la proximité des diviseurs
Authors: RAOUJ A. , STEF A. , TENENBAUM G.
Published: October 2010

L'aspect fractal de la suite des diviseurs d'un entier normal peut être révélé de diverses manières, comme l'existence d'une dimension de Hausdorff convenablement définie [5]. Cependant, les critères les plus fins sont liés à la conjecture d'Erdős datant de la fin des années 1930, mentionnée dans [3] et établie dans [6], selon laquelle presque tout entier possède deux diviseurs dont le rapport est dans l'intervalle ]1,2[.
Generalisations of the Euler adic
Authors: STRASSER GABRIEL
Published: October 2010

We consider generalisations of the so-called Euler adic and investigate dynamical properties like ergodicity and total ergodicity. We prove the existence of a unique fully-supported ergodic measure for these generalisations. We also investigate the structure of non-fully-supported ergodic measures and in addition show that each of these measures (fully- and non-fully-supported) is also totally ergodic. In order to determine these dynamical properties we find closed-form expressions for the generalised Eulerian numbers. Additionally we extend a result given by Frick and Petersen to a wider class of adic transformations.
The Development and Validation of the Beliefs about Paranoia Scale (Short Form)
Authors: Gumley Andrew I. , Gillan Kate , Morrison Anthony P. , Schwannauer Matthias
Published: October 2010

Background:This study reports the development and revision of the Beliefs about Paranoia Scale (BaPS), a self-report measure to assess metacognitive beliefs about paranoia in non-patients. We aimed to confirm the factor structure of a revised 50-item version of the measure and test the specific hypotheses that positive beliefs about paranoia would predict frequency of paranoia, and that negative beliefs about paranoia would predict distress associated with paranoia.Method:185 non-patient participants completed questionnaires assessing beliefs about paranoia, thought control, self-consciousness, anxiety, depression and paranoia.Results:The results showed that the original four-factor solution could not be replicated. Instead a three-factor solution comprising Negative Beliefs about Paranoia, Paranoia as a Survival Strategy, and Normalizing Beliefs was developed. The revised 18-item measure showed good internal consistency. Stepwise regression analysis showed that, BaPS-negative beliefs accounted for 34% of the variance withR2of 0.339, with a multipleRof 0.585 in relation to frequency of paranoia. In relation to distress arising from paranoia, stepwise regression analysis showed that BaPS-negative beliefs accounted for 34% of the variance withR2of 0.339, with a multipleRof 0.585. In both analyses, BaPS-Survival strategy showed a small but significant incremental increase in the variance accounted for in the overall model.Conclusions:These findings suggest that a metacognitive approach to the conceptualization of paranoia as a strategy for managing interpersonal threat may have some utility. The clinical implications of the findings are also discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Almeida Henrique
Published: October 2010

The following papers are samples of ongoing Portuguese contributions to the field of microscopy research. They were first communicated at the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Portuguese Society for Microscopy (Sociedade Portuguesa de Microscopia, SPMicros) held in Porto, October 30–31, 2008, and, together with most of the other communications, were published as extended abstracts in the Proceedings of the meeting (Microsc. Microanal. 16, Suppl. S3). This was the second time that the abstracts of the SPMicros Annual Meetings were made available worldwide through our collaborations with Microscopy and Microanalysis; although throughout its long history, the society has always kept Portuguese and English records of the communications either in abstract books or as journal supplements.
Apparent absorption of solar spectral irradiance in heterogeneous ice clouds
Authors: Schmidt K. Sebastian , Pilewskie Peter , Mayer Bernhard , Wendisch Manfred , Kindel Bruce , Platnick Steven , King Michael D. , Wind Gala , Arnold G. Tom , Tian Lin , Heymsfield Gerald , Kalesse Heike
Published: October 2010

Coordinated flight legs of two aircraft above and below extended ice clouds played an important role in the Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling Experiment (Costa Rica, 2007). The Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer measured up‐ and downward irradiance on the high‐altitude (ER‐2) and the low‐altitude (DC‐8) aircraft, which allowed deriving apparent absorption on a point‐by‐point basis along the flight track. Apparent absorption is the vertical divergence of irradiance, calculated from the difference of net flux at the top and bottom of a cloud. While this is the only practical method of deriving absorption from aircraft radiation measurements, it differs from true absorption when horizontal flux divergence is nonzero. Differences between true and apparent absorption are inevitable in any inhomogeneous atmosphere, especially clouds. We show, for the first time, the spectral shape of measured apparent absorption and compare with results from a three‐dimensional radiative transfer model. The model cloud field is created from optical thickness and effective radius retrievals from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Airborne Simulator and from reflectivity profiles from the Cloud Radar System, both on board the ER‐2. Although the spectral shape is reproduced by the model calculations, the measured apparent absorption in the visible spectral range is higher than the model results along extended parts of the flight leg. This is possibly due to a net loss of photons into neighboring cirrus‐free areas that are not contained within the model domain.
Multimodel assessment of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere: Tropics and global trends
Authors: Gettelman A. , Hegglin M. I. , Son S.‐W. , Kim J. , Fujiwara M. , Birner T. , Kremser S. , Rex M. , Añel J. A. , Akiyoshi H. , Austin J. , Bekki S. , Braesike P. , Brühl C. , Butchart N. , Chipperfield M. , Dameris M. , Dhomse S. , Garny H. , Hardiman S. C. , Jöckel P. , Kinnison D. E. , Lamarque J. F. , Mancini E. , Marchand M. , Michou M. , Morgenstern O. , Pawson S. , Pitari G. , Plummer D. , Pyle J. A. , Rozanov E. , Scinocca J. , Shepherd T. G. , Shibata K. , Smale D. , Teyssèdre H. , Tian W.
Published: October 2010

The performance of 18 coupled Chemistry Climate Models (CCMs) in the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) is evaluated using qualitative and quantitative diagnostics. Trends in tropopause quantities in the tropics and the extratropical Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) are analyzed. A quantitative grading methodology for evaluating CCMs is extended to include variability and used to develop four different grades for tropical tropopause temperature and pressure, water vapor and ozone. Four of the 18 models and the multi‐model mean meet quantitative and qualitative standards for reproducing key processes in the TTL. Several diagnostics are performed on a subset of the models analyzing the Tropopause Inversion Layer (TIL), Lagrangian cold point and TTL transit time. Historical decreases in tropical tropopause pressure and decreases in water vapor are simulated, lending confidence to future projections. The models simulate continued decreases in tropopause pressure in the 21st century, along with ∼1K increases per century in cold point tropopause temperature and 0.5–1 ppmv per century increases in water vapor above the tropical tropopause. TTL water vapor increases below the cold point. In two models, these trends are associated with 35% increases in TTL cloud fraction. These changes indicate significant perturbations to TTL processes, specifically to deep convective heating and humidity transport. Ozone in the extratropical lowermost stratosphere has significant and hemispheric asymmetric trends. O3 is projected to increase by nearly 30% due to ozone recovery in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) and due to enhancements in the stratospheric circulation. These UTLS ozone trends may have significant effects in the TTL and the troposphere.
A geostatistical data fusion technique for merging remote sensing and ground‐based observations of aerosol optical thickness
Authors: Chatterjee Abhishek , Michalak Anna M. , Kahn Ralph A. , Paradise Susan R. , Braverman Amy J. , Miller Charles E.
Published: October 2010

The Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard the NASA Earth Observation System's Terra satellite have been measuring aerosol optical thickness (AOT) since early 2000. These remote‐sensing platforms complement the ground‐based Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) in better understanding the role of aerosols in climate and atmospheric chemistry. To date, however, there have been only limited attempts to exploit the complementary multiangle (MISR) and multispectral (MODIS) capabilities of these sensors along with the ground‐based observations in an integrated analysis. This paper describes a geostatistical data fusion technique that can take advantage of the spatial autocorrelation of the AOT distribution, while making optimal use of all available data sets. Using Level 2.0 AERONET, MISR, and MODIS AOT data for the contiguous United States, we demonstrate that this approach can successfully incorporate information from multiple sensors and provide accurate estimates of AOT with rigorous uncertainty bounds. Cross‐validation results show that the resulting AOT product is closer to the ground‐based AOT observations than either of the individual satellite measurements.
Report Assesses Nutrient Pollution in U.S. Streams and Aquifers
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2010

Concentrations of nutrients in many U.S. streams and aquifers have remained the same or have increased since the early 1990s, according to a new decadal assessment entitled “Nutrients in the nation's streams and groundwater, 1992–2004,” released by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) on 24 September.

“Despite improvements in water quality made by reducing point sources of nutrients, our data show that nonpoint sources of nutrients have resulted in concentrations of both nitrogen and phosphorus far above criteria recommended by [the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency] for the protection of aquatic life,” Neil Dubrovsky, project chief for USGS's National Water‐Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, said at a briefing when the report was released. While USGS continues to sample for nutrient concentrations, the report assessment period concluded in 2004.
Climate change strategy for fish and wildlife
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2010

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's (USFWS) new climate change strategic plan, released on 27 September, outlines several measures to help fish and wildlife within the context of three broad strategies: adaptation, mitigation, and engagement. Through an adaptation strategy to minimize the impact of climate change on fish and wildlife, the plan calls for developing and implementing a National Fish and Wildlife Climate Adaptation Strategy and accessing regional climate science and modeling expertise through regional climate science partnerships. The plan indicates that USFWS will help the U.S. Geological Survey—both of which are within the U.S. Department of the Interior—and the Interior Department as a whole with the development of regional partnerships. As part of its mitigation strategy to reduce levels of greenhouse gases, the plan calls for developing biological carbon sequestration expertise, facilitating research on the topic, and evaluating geologic carbon sequestration. In addition, the USFWS's engagement strategy of joining with others in protecting fish and wildlife calls for sharing climate change information, education, and training opportunities with external audiences.
Toward New Frontiers in Understanding the Link Between Dust and Climate; DUSTSPEC Workshop: Dust Records for a Changing World; Palisades, New York, 24–26 May 2010
Authors: Winckler Gisela , Mahowald Natalie , Maher Barbara
Published: October 2010

Mineral dust is an active climate system component that may significantly influence the radiative balance of the atmosphere as well as biogeochemical cycles. However, the complex linkages between dust‐generating processes and past or anthropogenic climate change are still poorly constrained.

The highly successful Dust Indicators and Records of Terrestrial and Marine Palaeoenvironments ( DIRTMAP) project, created by Karen Kohfeld (Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada) and Sandy Harrison (University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom) in 2001, provided a compilation of available dust deposition data from climate archives. DIRTMAP focused on a time slice approach, compiling data for modern/ Holocene (up to ∼10,000 years ago to the present) conditions and conditions at the Last Glacial Maximum (∼20,000 years ago).
Advancing Ocean Monitoring Near Coral Reefs
Authors: Heron Scott F. , Steinberg Craig R. , Heron Mal L. , Manto vanelli Alessandra , Skirving William J. , McAllister Felicity , Rigby Paul , Wisdom Daniel , Bainbridge Scott
Published: October 2010

Corals, the foundation of tropical marine ecosystems, exist in a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae (algae). The corals obtain much of their energy by consuming compounds derived from photosynthesis by these microorganisms; the microorganisms, which reside in the coral tissue, in turn use waste products from the corals to sustain photosynthesis. This symbiosis is very sensitive to subtle changes in environment, such as increased ocean acidity, temperature, and light. When unduly stressed, the colorful algae are expelled from the corals, causing the corals to “bleach” and potentially die [e.g., van Oppen and Lough, 2009].
Supreme Court Hears Privacy Case Between NASA and Jet Propulsion Laboratory Scientists
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2010

After NASA put into practice the 2004 Homeland Security Presidential Directive‐12, known as HSPD‐12, Dennis Byrnes talked to then—NASA administrator Michael Griffin. Byrnes recalls that Griffin told him in 2007 that if he didn't like the agency's implementation of HSPD‐12, he should go to court. That's exactly what Byrnes, an employee of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) working as a senior engineer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, Calif., did.

Concerned about prying and open‐ended background investigations of federal contractors through NASA's implementation of HSPD‐12, he, along with lead plaintiff Robert Nelson and 26 other Caltech employees working at JPL, sued NASA. Following several lower court decisions, including an injunction issued by a U.S. federal appeals court in response to a plaintiff motion, the case made it all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, which heard oral arguments on 5 October.
Stephen H. Schneider (1945–2010)
Authors: Santer Ben , Solomon Susan
Published: October 2010

Stephen H. Schneider, a pioneering climate scientist, prolific author, and inspirational teacher, passed away on 19 July 2010 while on travel in Europe. He was 65. As is clear from the outpouring of testimonials since his passing, atmospheric science has lost a towering figure, one whose impact as a scientist and communicator was exceeded only by his extraordinary human qualities. Steve Schneider touched lives; built bridges of communication to the public, to policy makers, and across disciplines; and established a distinguished record of seminal scientific breakthroughs.
Studying the Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean: Fourth Hydrological Cycle in Mediterranean Experiment Workshop; Bologna, Italy, 8–10 June 2010
Authors: Drobinski Philippe , Ducrocq Véronique , Lionello Piero
Published: October 2010

Studying the hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean involves researching issues relating to floods and water scarcity, its response to climate change, and the sensitivity of the environment and societies to hydrologic variability. The development of a coordinated program for studying the hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean region was the focus of the fourth international Hydrological Cycle in Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX; http://www.hymex.org) workshop, organized by a committee chaired by Silvio Davolio of the Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate of the Italian National Research Council.
Hot Arctic—Cold Continents: Global Impacts of Arctic Change: International Polar Year Oslo Science Conference; Oslo, Norway, 8–12 June 2010
Authors: Overland James E. , Graversen Rune Grand , Honda Meiji
Published: October 2010

A warmer Arctic climate is influencing air pressure over the North Pole and wind patterns over the Northern Hemisphere. In response, recent data and modeling suggest that more cold and snowy winters can be expected in Europe, eastern Asia, and eastern North America. These were some of the issues discussed at the International Polar Year (IPY) conference, the largest polar science meeting ever held, with more than 2400 attendees. More than 80 scientific papers debated the state of the science regarding Arctic amplification and midlatitude connections. Arctic amplification is just that: The Arctic is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet, caused by unique physical processes related in part to loss of sea ice. Arctic amplification is also a consequence of changes in atmospheric circulation that are anthropogenically forced, part of chaotic variability, or both.
Development of Global Change Research in Developing Countries: Ecosystems and Global Change in the Context of the Neotropics; Medellín, Colombia, 19–20 May 2010
Authors: Sierra Carlos A. , Yepes Adriana P.
Published: October 2010

Research in most areas of global environmental change is overwhelmingly produced outside developing countries, which are usually consumers rather than producers of the knowledge associated with their natural resources. While there have been important recent advances in understanding the causes of global‐scale changes and their consequences to the functioning of tropical ecosystems, there is still an important gap in the understanding of these changes at regional and national levels (where important political decisions are usually made).
Seascape as an organizing principle for evaluating walrus and seal sea‐ice habitat in Beringia
Authors: Ray G. Carleton , Overland James E. , Hufford Gary L.
Published: October 2010

The term “seascape”, as used here, relates the natural history of ice‐dependent pinnipeds to their sea‐ice environments at different spatial scales, following concepts of landscape ecology. Habitats are characterized by heterogeneous but repeatable structures of sea ice. As an example, multiple mesoscale (3–50 km) seascapes present conditions for different ecological preferences of five Beringian ice‐dependent pinnipeds, as observed during 2006–2009 winter‐spring icebreaker cruises. Seascape partitioning concepts are important for understanding and projecting species' responses to change under climate‐change scenarios.
Assessment of GPS global ionosphere maps (GIM) by comparison between CODE GIM and TOPEX/Jason TEC data: Ionospheric perspective
Authors: Jee G. , Lee H.‐B. , Kim Y. H. , Chung J.‐K. , Cho J.
Published: October 2010

We performed a comprehensive comparison between GPS global ionosphere map (GIM) and TOPEX/Jason (T‐J) total electron content (TEC) data for the periods of 1998–2009 in order to assess the performance of GIM over the global ocean where the GPS ground stations are very sparse. Using the GIM model constructed by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe at the University of Bern, the GIM TEC values were obtained along the T‐J satellite orbit at specific locations and times of measurements and then binned into various geophysical conditions for direct comparison with the T‐J TEC. On the whole, the GIM model was able to reproduce the spatial and temporal variations of the global ionosphere as well as the seasonal variations. However, the GIM model was not accurate enough to represent the well‐known ionospheric structures such as the equatorial anomaly, the Weddell Sea Anomaly, and the longitudinal wave structure. Furthermore, a fundamental limitation of the model seems to be evident in the unexpected negative differences (i.e., GPS < T‐J) in the northern high‐latitude and the southern middle‐ and high‐latitude regions in comparison with the T‐J TECS. The positive relative differences (i.e., GIM > T‐J) at night represent the plasmaspheric contribution to GPS TEC, which is maximized, reaching up to 100% of the corresponding T‐J TEC values in the early morning sector. In particular, the relative differences decreased with increasing solar activity, and this may indicate that the plasmaspheric contribution to the maintenance of the nighttime ionosphere does not increase with solar activity, which is different from what we normally anticipate.
Evidence for decadal variation in global terrestrial evapotranspiration between 1982 and 2002: 2. Results
Authors: Wang Kaicun , Dickinson Robert E. , Wild Martin , Liang Shunlin
Published: October 2010

Terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) cools the surface and moistens the atmosphere near the Earth's surface. Variations in this important climate factor have major environmental and socioeconomic impacts. How terrestrial ET has varied in the past and what caused the variations, however, have remained quite uncertain. These issues are addressed by calculating monthly global ET from 1982 to 2002 at 1120 globally distributed stations, using a modified Penman‐Monteith method that was developed in the first part of the two‐part paper. Our analyses show that ET has a significant decadal variation (∼10%) regionally and globally. Over the period analyzed ET for global land increased by 0.6 W m−2 per decade equal to 1.2 W m−2 (about 2.2% in relative value) or 15 mm yr−1 in water flux during the study period. We show that long‐term variations of ET in humid areas such as the tropics, Europe, and humid areas of Asia are primarily controlled by variations in incident solar radiation Rs connected to changes in cloudiness and aerosols. However, soil water supply, estimated here by RH, and connected to precipitation, is the dominant factor in controlling long‐term variations of ET in arid areas. A correlation analysis demonstrates that the dependence of ET on Rs switches to negative in dry regions. Furthermore, its dependence on relative humidity switches from negative in moist regions to positive in dry regions. Its dependence on normalized difference vegetation index is uniformly positive.
Case studies of the mesospheric response to recent minor, major, and extended stratospheric warmings
Authors: Siskind David. E. , Eckermann Stephen. D. , McCormack John P. , Coy Larry , Hoppel Karl W. , Baker Nancy L.
Published: October 2010

We have studied the mesospheric response to two recent stratospheric warmings by performing short‐term forecasts at medium (1.5°) and high (0.5°) spatial resolution under different gravity wave drag (GWD) scenarios. We validated our models with our high‐altitude analysis that extends from 0 to 90 km. For the minor warming of January 2008, reduced upper‐level orographic GWD weakened the downward residual circulation and cooled the mesosphere. Parameterized nonorographic GWD increased the simulated mesospheric cooling. For the prolonged major warming of 2006, heavily attenuated orographic GWD led to pronounced cooling near 50 km. During the extended phase of this event, an unusually strong westerly polar vortex reformed in the lower mesosphere, which allowed westward propagating nonorographic gravity waves to reach the mesosphere and break, with net westward accelerations of over 50 m s−1 d−1. This, in turn, forced a strong residual circulation, yielding descent velocities over 2 cm s−1 between 65°N and 85°N, consistent with previous reports of enhanced downward transport of trace constituents. The resulting adiabatic heating, as evidenced by the unusually vertically displaced stratopause at 80 km, is likely a direct consequence of this enhanced gravity wave driven descent. High‐resolution simulations without parameterized GWD were closer to the analysis than medium‐resolution simulations with parameterized orographic GWD only, but still did not fully simulate the mesospheric thermal response. Specifically, the 80 km temperature enhancement was still underestimated in these simulations. This suggests that higher spatial resolution is needed to adequately resolve extratropical gravity wave momentum fluxes.