bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quand l’altérité revient au même : la Perse antique et ses traductions dans l’Iran moderne
Authors: Brisset Annie , Khalkhali Nazila
Published: March 2013

En Iran, les publications sur la Perse antique, en particulier sur la dynastie achéménide, se multiplient après la révolution islamique (1979). La connaissance de ce passé occulté depuis le VIIe siècle par l’islamisation est tributaire des travaux orientalistes européens, car ceux-ci ont fourni la clé des inscriptions royales encryptées dans des langues disparues. Retraduire ce savoir en persan moderne est une condition du retour aux origines préislamiques de l’identité iranienne, mais cette réappropriation est investie d’une fonction politique. Les deux tiers des publications sur les Achéménides sont des traductions. Les titres répertoriés depuis 1971 font voir que le rythme des publications originales ou traduites soutient le courant d’opposition à la théocratie islamique. En suivant l’évolution des publications originales et traduites sur les Achéménides, l’étude montre en quoi, paradoxalement, l’histoire de la Perse antique n’a pas cessé de servir le courant moderniste qui s’exprime sur la scène politique de l’Iran depuis le début du XXe siècle.
‘Shockvertising’: An exploratory investigation into attitudinal variations and emotional reactions to shock advertising
Authors: Parry Sara , Jones Rosalind , Stern Philip , Robinson Matthew
Published: March 2013

This study compares the reactions towards shock advertising in for‐profit (FP) and not‐for‐profit (NFP) organizations. Although the use of shocking advertisements is a growing phenomenon, the findings regarding the effectiveness of such advertisements remain mixed. Moreover, there is little consideration of the use of these tactics in different organizational contexts and the effect on the consumer. A qualitative methodology was adopted and included the use of focus groups to explore the attitudes and emotional reactions of a range of individuals. The shocking images from both the NFP and FP organizations were deemed successful at capturing the audience's attention. Some images were more ‘shocking’ than others, whereas some were more effective at drawing attention to the product or the cause. Importantly, the use of shock advertising was perceived to be justifiable in the NFP sector but much less so in the FP sector. Reactions were somewhat influenced by both religion and gender; however, it was apparent that this sample were inherently more accepting of shock advertising than expected. Despite the apparent immunity of today's youth to shock tactics, this study found that there are still themes that are considered inappropriate in FP and NFP sectors; these include the use of religious taboos or morally offensive images. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wie viel Kohlenstoff braucht der Mensch?
Authors: Pütter Hermann
Published: March 2013

Dekarbonisierung, der Weg in eine Low Carbon Economy, zielt darauf ab, die Treibhausgasemissionen durch deutliche Reduktion des Verbrauchs an fossilem Kohlenstoff zu reduzieren. Gleichzeitig soll der Einsatz von Biomasse als Kohlenstoffträger deutlich erhöht werden. Dieser Anstieg wird starke Auswirkungen auf die Landnutzung (“land use change”) haben und weiteren Druck auf die biologische Vielfalt ausüben. Technologien zur Erzeugung von Biokraftstoffen und von Strom und Wärme auf Basis von Biomasse bedürfen in großem Umfang der Dienstleistungen der pflanzlichen Photosynthese. Sie benötigen dort mehr Kohlenstoffeinheiten als sie in Form von Klimagasen vermeiden. Dies wird am Beispiel der deutschen Energiestrategie beispielhaft dargestellt. Solche Strategien sind für den propagierten Einstieg in eine Nachhaltige Entwicklung kontraproduktiv.
Morphology‐photocatalytic properties‐growth mechanism for ZnO nanostructures via microwave‐assisted hydrothermal synthesis
Authors: Jianzhong Ma , Liu Junli , Bao Yan , Zhu Zhenfeng , Liu Hui
Published: March 2013

ZnO nanostructures with various morphologies including rod‐like, sheet‐like, needle‐like and flower‐like structures were successfully synthesized via a fast and facile microwave‐assisted hydrothermal process. Reaction temperature, reaction time and the addition of NaOH were adjusted to obtain ZnO with different morphologies. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscope(TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and ultraviolet spectrophotometer (UV) were used to observe the morphology, crystal structure, ultraviolet absorption and photocatalytic activity of the obtained ZnO. The results indicated that growth rate of ZnO nanostructure along [001] direction was more sensitive to temperature compared with those along [101] and [100] directions. The competition between anionic surfactant and OH− played an important role in the formation of ZnO with various morphologies. Flower‐like ZnO had better ultraviolet absorption property and excellent photocatalytic activity than ZnO in the other morphologies. On the basis of the above results, a possible growth mechanism for the formation of ZnO nanostructures with different morphologies was described.
Quality‐of‐service‐aware cluster‐based service discovery approach for mobile ad hoc networks
Authors: Artail Hassan , Safa Haidar , Salameh Paul , Chedrawi Salim , Khoury Pierre El
Published: March 2013

This paper presents a quality‐of‐service (QoS) distributed service discovery approach for mobile ad hoc network environments. The approach builds upon a clustered topology, where the clusterhead (CH) is assigned additional roles having to do with maintaining a directory of services in the network and aggregating and computing QoS scores about service providers (SPs) from requesting nodes (RNs) and the providers themselves. To reduce the amount of overhead traffic, the design makes extensive use of piggybacking for relaying and updating the CHs with QoS scores. A mobile device that is interested in a certain service submits a request to its CH, which uses cached QoS data to return a ranked list of SPs that offer the type of requested service. On the basis of its interaction with the SP, the device sends the CH next time it makes a request a score reflecting its perception of the SP's QoS. Over time, the CH develops robust QoS data that it uses to help devices obtain the best available service. Theoretical analysis and experimental evaluation based on simulations prove the advantages of the proposed system and the effectiveness of its operations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Alkynylative Lactonization of Unsaturated Bicyclic Carboxylic Acids: Synthesis of Fused Polycyclic γ‐Lactone Compounds
Authors: Sun Ning , Li Yibiao , Yin Gengming , Jiang Shaohua
Published: March 2013

Unsaturated bicyclic carboxylic acids undergo palladium‐catalyzed coupling with bromoalkynes to produce γ‐alkynyl lactones in moderate to good yields with excellent chemo‐ and regioselectivity. The reaction conditions were extremely mild, and functional groups such as methyl, methoxy, chloro, and bromo were tolerated under the optimized reaction conditions. Moreover, γ‐chloroalkenyl lactones were facilely synthesized through chloropalladation/carboesterification of electron‐deficient C≡C bonds by using molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant.
Advancing the application of omics‐based biomarkers in environmental epidemiology
Authors: Vineis Paolo , van Veldhoven Karin , Chadeau‐Hyam Marc , Athersuch Toby J.
Published: March 2013

The use of omics represents a shift in approach for environmental epidemiology and exposure science. In this article, the aspects of the use of omics that will require further development in the near future are discussed, including (a) the underlying causal interpretation and models; (b) the “meet‐in‐the‐middle” concept, with examples; (c) the role of “calibration” of measurements; and (d) the role of life‐course epidemiology and the related development of adequate biostatistical models. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 54:461‐467, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Properties of a New Coumarin Functionalized Tetrathiafulvalene Derivative
Authors: Hu Liang , Zhu Rong‐Mei , Qin Jie , Zhou Xin‐Hui
Published: March 2013

A new tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivative possessing Schiff base core with the coumarin moiety has been synthesized and characterized. The crystal structure has been studied, and the electrochemical and spectroscopic properties have also been investigated. Optimized conformation and molecular orbital diagram of the title compound have been calculated with density functional theory (DFT).
Alkali Transition Metal Phosphites as Potential Cathode Materials Grown from Molten Boric Acid
Authors: Huang Hui‐Lin , Huang Shu‐Hao , Lai Chun‐Wei , Wu Jia‐Rong , Lii Kwang‐Hwa , Wang Sue‐Lein
Published: March 2013

This is the first study on developing six alkali transition metal phosphites as potential candidates of cathode materials grown from molten boric acid, a simple, low energy costing method compared with conventional solid‐state reactions. Li2[Mn(HPO3)2] (1) and Li[V(HPO3)2] (2) are featured with high theoretical capacitance values up to 117 and 123 mAh/g, respectively. With the replacement of Li+ by Na+ or K+, four new compounds with strongly related layer topology Na2[Co4(HPO3)5] (3), K2[Co3(HPO3)4] (4), K2[Mn2(HPO3)3] (5), and K[V(HPO3)2] (6) were prepared. The synthesis mediated by molten boric acid automatically provides reductive atmosphere and helps maintain low valence in metal centers.
Intestinal morphology of the wild atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: L⊘kka Guro , Austb⊘ Lars , Falk Knut , Bjerkås Inge , Koppang Erling Olaf
Published: March 2013

The worldwide‐industrialized production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) has increased dramatically during the last decades, followed by diseases related to the on‐going domestication process as a growing concern. Even though the gastrointestinal tract seems to be a target for different disorders in farmed fish, a description of the normal intestinal status in healthy, wild salmon is warranted. Here, we provide such information in addition to suggesting a referable anatomical standardization for the intestine. In this study, two groups of wild Atlantic salmon were investigated, consisting of post smolts on feed caught in the sea and of sexually mature, starved individuals sampled from a river. The two groups represent different stages in the anadromous salmon life cycle, which also are part of the production cycle of farmed salmon. Selected regions of gastrointestinal tract were subjected to morphological investigations including immunohistochemical, scanning electron microscopic, and morphometric analyses. A morphology‐based nomenclature was established, defining the cardiac part of the stomach and five different regions of the Atlantic salmon intestine, including pyloric caeca, first segment of the mid‐intestine with pyloric caeca, first segment of the mid‐intestine posterior to pyloric caeca, second segment of the mid‐intestine and posterior intestinal segment. In each of the above described regions, for both groups of fish, morphometrical measurements and regional histological investigations were performed with regards to magnitude and direction of mucosal folding as well as the composition of the intestinal wall. Additionally, immunohistochemistry showing cells positive for cytokeratins, α‐actin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, in addition to alkaline phosphatase reactivity in the segments is presented. J. Morphol. 274:859–876, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A global spatiotemporal analysis of inland tropical cyclone maintenance or intensification
Authors: Andersen Theresa K. , Shepherd J. Marshall
Published: March 2013

Forecasting tropical cyclone (TC) intensity changes over land is complicated by interactions of various surface and atmospheric features. Due to generally unfavorable conditions, many TCs weaken and decay soon after landfall. In some cases, TCs may also transition to extratropical cyclones (ETs). Despite the absence of oceanic forcing, a number of TCs have been observed to maintain or increase strength inland, termed “tropical cyclone maintenance or intensification’ (TCMIs). This study identifies the environments and characteristic features of TCMIs and explores physical processes that may help to produce an atmosphere conducive for tropical systems. The objectives are to compile an inland TC dataset over a 30‐year period, quantify TC traits that may relate to maximum strength over land, and analyse surface and atmospheric conditions leading up to intensification. Of 227 inland TCs globally, 45 maintained or increased strength inland: 17 cold‐core (ET), 16 warm‐core (TCMI), and 12 hybrid cases. Analysis of synoptic conditions indicates that TCs persist when low‐level temperature gradients are weak. Soil moisture gradients were in the vicinity of the cyclones at the time of intensification and may be forcing the TCMIs via increased surface latent heat flux (LHF). The area‐averaged LHF threshold is found to be around 70 W m−2 for TCMI occurrence. In the 2 weeks leading up to each TCMI, the LHF tends to be higher than average over the intensification regions and provides further evidence of land surface forcing.
Characteristics of dual mode reflective cholesteric display
Authors: Zola Rafael S. , Nemati Hossein , Yang Young‐Cheol , Yang Deng‐Ke , Liang Chao‐Chiun , Cheng Kung‐Lung , Shiu Frank , Tsai Chen‐Chu
Published: March 2013

In this article, we report our study of a dual mode reflective cholesteric display, which works in the traditional bistable mode as well as in the new and fast monostable mode. Because both modes are compatible, they can be used according to the need for video or static images. The bistable mode operates between the reflecting planar state and non‐reflecting focal conic state, both of which are stable at zero voltage. The bistable mode is suitable for displaying static images. In the monostable mode, it is operated on wrinkled cholesteric layers. It is fast and has low driving voltage, and can exhibit gray levels of reflectance determined by the applied voltage. The monostable mode is suitable to display video rate dynamic images.
Precise prediction of optical responses of all types of liquid crystal displays by behavioral models
Authors: Kim Jong‐Man , Cho Youngmin , Kim Jongbin , Lee Seung‐Hyuck , Kim Kwangjoon , Lee Seung‐Woo
Published: March 2013

We propose a behavioral circuit model to estimate transient optical responses of an active‐matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD). We apply it to twisted‐nematic, patterned vertical alignment, and in‐plane switching AMLCDs to verify our model's universality. To obtain more accurate simulation results, we propose a method to obtain the capacitance–voltage data from natural optical responses. We describe the behavior of all types of AMLCDs by using an analog hardware description language, Verilog‐A. We simulate the AMLCD panels by importing the behavioral circuit model in a circuit simulator, Smart‐SPICE. The simulation results of the transient optical responses were almost identical to the measurement ones regardless of liquid crystal modes.
Real‐time up‐converter from HDTV to 4K with super‐resolution: Breaking the Nyquist frequency barrier
Authors: Gohshi Seiichi , Nakamura Shinichiro , Ogasawara Jin
Published: March 2013

This real‐time up‐converter from high‐definition television (HDTV) to 4K with a novel super‐resolution (SR) creates 4K video with frequency elements higher than the Nyquist frequency of the original HDTV video. The novel SR uses non‐linear signal processing to overcome the theoretical limitation of the Nyquist frequency.
Relationship between rubbing‐induced anisotropy and surface azimuthal anchoring energy of nematic liquid crystals
Authors: Saito Suguru , Goda Kazuya , Kimura Munehiro , Akahane Tadashi
Published: March 2013

The relationship between the rubbing‐induced anisotropy of alignment films and the surface azimuthal anchoring energy of nematic liquid crystals was investigated using three kinds of rubbing cloths. Reflection ellipsometry revealed that the optical surface anisotropy of polyimide alignment films increases monotonically with increasing RS. The surface azimuthal anchoring energy measured by the torque balance method depends on the rubbing‐induced anisotropy of alignment films. This indicates that liquid crystal molecular alignment can be controlled by monitoring the rubbing‐induced optical anisotropy of alignment films when a suitable rubbing cloth is used.
The spectral shift function for planar obstacle scattering at low energy
Authors: McGillivray I.
Published: March 2013

Let H signify the free non‐negative Laplacian on \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathbb {R}^2$\end{document} and HY the non‐negative Dirichlet Laplacian on the complement Y of a nonpolar compact subset K in the plane. We derive the low‐energy expansion for the Krein spectral shift function (scattering phase) for the obstacle scattering system \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\left\lbrace \,H_Y\hspace*{-3.0pt},\,H\right\rbrace$\end{document} including detailed expressions for the first three coefficients. We use this to investigate the large time behaviour of the expected volume of the pinned Wiener sausage associated to K.
Chaebol, Unions, and the Profitability of Korean Firms Before and After the Crisis
Authors: Lee Jaymin
Published: March 2013

Before the 1997 crisis, Korean firms destroyed shareholder value and chronically produced nonperforming loans for financial institutions. In particular, chaebol‐affiliated and unionized firms did so, with lower profitability among the financially unsound firms. Chaebol and unions thus functioned as institutional devices whereby managers and workers undermined the interest of taxpayers as well as shareholders. After the crisis, firms no longer destroy shareholder value or produce nonperforming loans. Chaebol‐affiliated and unionized firms have higher profitability among the financially unsound firms. Chaebol and unions have thus ceased to function as institutional devices whereby managers and workers undermine the interest of shareholders and taxpayers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The distribution and relative hydrolysis of tocopheryl acetate in the different matrices coexisting in the lumen of the small intestine during digestion could explain its low bioavailability
Authors: Desmarchelier Charles , Tourniaire Franck , Prévéraud Damien P. , Samson‐Kremser Coralie , Crenon Isabelle , Rosilio Véronique , Borel Patrick
Published: March 2013

Scope

Vitamin E is present in feed and food mainly as d‐α‐tocopherol (d‐α‐TOL) but also as all‐rac‐α‐tocopheryl acetate (rac‐α‐TAC) through supplementation. Its absorption efficiency is low compared to that of triacylglycerols. The aim of this work was thus to study the fate of TAC during digestion.

Methods and results

Using an in vitro digestion model, we showed that TAC was distributed between mixed micelles (36%), liposomes (9%), and nonsolubilized food debris (52%). A significant fraction of TAC was also found in emulsions when fat hydrolysis was not complete. Among the candidate esterases tested, i.e. cholesteryl ester hydrolase, pancreatic lipase, and pancreatic lipase‐related protein 2, only cholesteryl ester hydrolase was able to hydrolyze TAC to all‐rac‐α‐TOL, about five times more efficiently when it was incorporated into mixed micelles or liposomes than into emulsions or in the food matrix. Caco‐2 cells were able to hydrolyze TAC and to uptake TOL when TAC was incorporated into mixed micelles but not into emulsions.

Conclusion

During digestion, most TAC is recovered in matrices where its hydrolysis and its uptake by intestinal cells are markedly less efficient than in mixed micelles.
A validation of the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) using a latent class analysis of the DSM‐IV among adolescents
Authors: Legleye Stéphane , Piontek Daniela , Kraus Ludwig , Morand Elisabeth , Falissard Bruno
Published: March 2013

This paper explored the latent class structure of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM‐IV) (assessed with the Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview). Secondly, the screening properties of the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) in adolescents were assessed with classical test theory using the latent class structure as empirical gold standard. The sample comprised 3266 French cannabis users aged 17 to 19 from the general population. Three latent classes of cannabis users were identified reflecting a continuum of problem severity: non‐symptomatic, moderate and severe. Gender‐specific analyses showed the best model fit, although results were almost identical in the total sample. The latent classes were good predictors of daily cannabis use, number of joints per day and age of first experimentation. The CAST showed good screening properties for the moderate/severe class (area under receiver operating characteristic curve > 0.85) and very good for the severe class (0.90). It was more sensitive for boys, more specific for girls. Although structural equivalence across gender was rejected, results suggest small gender differences in the latent structure of the DSM‐IV. The performance of the CAST in screening for the latent class structure was good and superior to those obtained with the classical DSM‐IV diagnoses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Playing the game: corporate social responsibility and the games industry
Authors: Jones Peter , Comfort Daphne , Hillier David
Published: March 2013

This paper provides an exploratory review of both the corporate social responsibility (CSR) agendas and achievements being publicly addressed by the world's leading games companies, and offers some wider reflections on the ways these companies are constructing and pursuing CSR strategies. The paper begins with a short discussion of the origins and characteristics of CSR and a thumbnail sketch of games and the games industry. The empirical material for the paper is drawn from the CSR material posted on the Internet by the world's top 10 games companies. The findings reveal that although the majority of the top 10 games companies provide some information on their approach to CSR, only a minority claim to be integrating CSR into their core business activities. Although the companies emphasize their commitment to promoting responsible gaming, they offer little if any commentary on what many critics see as the potentially damaging human consequences of the irresponsible development and playing of games. The majority of the top 10 games companies also address a wide range of impacts within the marketplace, the workplace, the environment and communities in which they operate. Although the leading games companies generally adopt a positive stance towards CSR, the independent external assessment of the reporting process is limited. More generally, the paper offers some critical reflections on the CSR agenda currently being pursued by the games industry. The paper provides an overview and some reflections on the CSR agenda being pursued by some of the world's leading games companies, and as such, it will interest academics in business and management, and information systems and media departments, a range of people working in management positions within the games industry and those professionals who work with the industry. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of observed versus hypothesized service utilization on the incremental cost of first trimester screening and prenatal diagnosis for trisomy 21 in a Canadian province
Authors: Metcalfe Amy , Currie Gillian , Johnson Jo‐Ann , Bernier Francois , Lix Lisa M. , Lyon Andrew W. , Tough Suzanne C.
Published: March 2013

Objective

The aim of this research was to determine the impact of observed versus hypothesized service utilization on the cost of first trimester screening (FTS) and prenatal diagnosis for trisomy 21 in a Canadian province.

Methods

A population‐based pregnancy cohort was created by linking 12 clinical and administrative databases. Care trajectories were derived to examine utilization patterns for FTS, prenatal diagnosis, and pregnancy termination. A literature review was conducted to determine what utilization parameters were used in economic evaluations of FTS. Local cost data was applied to observed and hypothesized care trajectories.

Results

The observed mean cost per fetus with trisomy 21 detected prenatally using FTS was $129 606.04 compared with $27 021.45 for women who did not access FTS. Observed utilization of FTS and prenatal diagnosis among screen positive women and termination of pregnancy following prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21 were substantially lower than hypothesized in existing cost effectiveness studies. Cost estimates were sensitive to hypothetical changes in utilization of prenatal screening, prenatal diagnosis, and pregnancy termination.

Conclusion

Literature‐based estimates of the cost‐effectiveness of prenatal screening may not accurately represent current local practice due to potentially unrealistic assumptions about what proportion of women will proceed to invasive testing and ultimately terminate an affected pregnancy. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Europeanisation without the European Union? The Case of Bi‐National Marriages in Switzerland
Authors: Schroedter Julia H. , Rössel Jörg
Published: March 2013

We study the formation of bi‐national marital unions among partners from Switzerland and the European Union (EU) 15 countries as one indicator of the Europeanisation of Swiss Society. The result of our empirical analysis shows that there is in fact no clear increase of such bi‐national marriages over time. However, there are two structural conditions fostering EU15 marriages. One is that Swiss living close to the country's border have a higher propensity to marry a person from across that border compared with other Swiss. The other is that the greater the size of the foreign population in a Swiss canton, including a larger number of EU15 nationals, the more likely is a Swiss to have a spouse from an EU15 country. These results suggest the conclusion that a rise in EU15 marriages is still to come as the number of foreigners from these countries is increasing and also border regions become more important because of a continuing rise of commuters from neighbouring countries. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Review of Experimental Research on Herbal Compounds in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Zhang Xue , Hong Yan‐Long , Xu De‐Sheng , Feng Yi , Zhao Li‐Jie , Ruan Ke‐Feng , Yang Xiu‐Juan
Published: March 2013

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common form of motor neuron disease worldwide, leading to progressive muscle atrophy and paralysis. The limited success of conventional treatment for ALS has prompted investigations into complementary and alternative therapies. Herbal remedies provide good prospects of ALS prevention and treatment, with advantages such as multiple targets, multiple links, and few side effects. Studies in vitro and in vivo have shown that herbs have a great potential for treatment of ALS, with therapeutic effects against oxidative stress, excitatory amino acid toxicity, neuroinflammation, and calcium cytotoxicity. Active monomers or ingredients extracted from herbs are considered promising candidates for ALS. Therefore, we review recent experimental research on monomers and compounds isolated from herbal remedies for preventing and treating ALS. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
6‐Gingerol Inhibits Rosiglitazone‐Induced Adipogenesis in 3T3‐L1 Adipocytes
Authors: Tzeng Thing‐Fong , Chang Chia Ju , Liu I‐Min
Published: March 2013

We investigated the effects of 6‐gingerol ((S)‐5‐hydroxy‐1‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl)‐3‐decanone) on the inhibition of rosiglitazone (RGZ)‐induced adipogenesis in 3T3‐L1 cells. The morphological changes were photographed based on staining lipid accumulation by Oil‐Red O in RGZ (1 µmol/l)‐treated 3T3‐L1 cells without or with various concentrations of 6‐gingerol on differentiation day 8. Quantitation of triglycerides content was performed in cells on day 8 after differentiation induction. Differentiated cells were lysed to detect mRNA and protein levels of adipocyte‐specific transcription factors by real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis, respectively. 6‐gingerol (50 µmol/l) effectively suppressed oil droplet accumulation and reduced the sizes of the droplets in RGZ‐induced adipocyte differentiation in 3T3‐L1 cells. The triglyceride accumulation induced by RGZ in differentiated 3T3‐L1 cells was also reduced by 6‐gingerol (50 µmol/l). Treatment of differentiated 3T3‐L1 cells with 6‐gingerol (50 µmol/l) antagonized RGZ‐induced gene expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)γ and CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein α. Additionally, the increased levels of mRNA and protein in adipocyte‐specific fatty acid binding protein 4 and fatty acid synthase induced by RGZ in 3T3‐L1 cells were decreased upon treatment with 6‐gingerol. Our data suggests that 6‐gingerol may be beneficial in obesity, by reducing adipogenesis partly through the down‐regulating PPARγ activity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical Evaluation of Blood Pressure Lowering, Endothelial Function Improving, Hypolipidemic and Anti‐Inflammatory Effects of Pomegranate Juice in Hypertensive Subjects
Authors: Asgary Sedigheh , Sahebkar Amirhossein , Afshani Mohammad Reza , Keshvari Mahtab , Haghjooyjavanmard Shaghayegh , Rafieian‐Kopaei Mahmoud
Published: March 2013

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice (PJ) contains different types of antioxidants and bioactive polyphenols and has been reported to promote cardiovascular health through several mechanisms. The present study aimed to examine the effects of 2‐week intake of fresh PJ on blood pressure, flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD), serum lipid profile and concentrations of inflammatory and endothelial function biomarkers. Twenty‐one hypertensive patients (aged 30–67 years) were recruited into the trial and assigned to receive either PJ (150 ml/day in a single occasion between lunch and dinner; n = 11) or the same amount of water (n = 10) for a period of 2 weeks. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) pressures together with FMD and serum concentrations of lipid profile parameters, apolipoproteins A and B, intracellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), vascular endothelial adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM‐1), E‐selectin, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were measured at baseline and at the end of trial. PJ consumption was associated with significant reductions in SBP (p = 0.002) and DBP (p = 0.038) but not FMD (p > 0.05). Serum levels of VCAM‐1 (p = 0.008) were significantly reduced by PJ while those of E‐selectin were elevated (p = 0.039). However, no significant effect was observed from PJ on serum levels of ICAM‐1, hs‐CRP, lipid profile parameters, apolipoproteins and IL‐6 in any of the study groups (p > 0.05). Consumption of PJ for 2 weeks has effective hypotensive effects, and may improve endothelial function by decreasing serum concentrations of VCAM‐1. These findings suggest PJ as a beneficial cardioprotective supplement for hypertensive subjects. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A remote‐controlled vascular interventional robot: system structure and image guidance
Authors: Meng Cai , Zhang Jun , Liu Da , Liu Bo , Zhou Fugen
Published: March 2013

Background

Robot‐assisted vascular interventional surgery (VIS) enables the surgeon to teleoperate a catheter in a safe cabinet, such that exposure to X‐ray radiation is reduced. For safe and accurate teleoperation, system structure and image guidance is important.

Methods

The system structure of the developed remote‐controlled vascular interventional robot (RVIR) and its image guidance system (IGS) are introduced. RVIR is based on a master–slave structure. Key technologies of IGS are addressed, including C‐arm calibration, distortion correction, catheter localization and 3D vasculature reconstruction.

Results

Experiments show that the RMS error of distortion correction is 0.35 pixels, and 0.53 mm for distance reconstruction. The error in catheter localization between the IGS and the encoders is small. In vitro and in vivo tests verified the feasibility of RVIR.

Conclusions

Experiments indicate that the RVIR is feasible and valid to help the surgeon perform VIS remotely; the function and reconstruction accuracy of IGS can satisfy the surgeon's requirement to guide the RVIR. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrative analysis of multiple cancer genomic datasets under the heterogeneity model
Authors: Liu Jin , Huang Jian , Ma Shuangge
Published: March 2013

In the analysis of cancer studies with high‐dimensional genomic measurements, integrative analysis provides an effective way of pooling information across multiple heterogeneous datasets. The genomic basis of multiple independent datasets, which can be characterized by the sets of genomic markers, can be described using the homogeneity model or heterogeneity model. Under the homogeneity model, all datasets share the same set of markers associated with responses. In contrast, under the heterogeneity model, different studies have overlapping but possibly different sets of markers. The heterogeneity model contains the homogeneity model as a special case and can be much more flexible. Marker selection under the heterogeneity model calls for bi‐level selection to determine whether a covariate is associated with response in any study at all as well as in which studies it is associated with responses. In this study, we consider two minimax concave penalty‐based penalization approaches for marker selection under the heterogeneity model. For each approach, we describe its rationale and an effective computational algorithm. We conduct simulations to investigate their performance and compare with the existing alternatives. We also apply the proposed approaches to the analysis of gene expression data on multiple cancers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suicide in men with cancer: recognising and responding to the warning signs
Authors: Kelly Claire M. , Jorm Anthony F.
Published: March 2013

Men are at far greater risk of dying by suicide than are women, but are less likely to seek help. With adequate knowledge of relevant risk factors and warning signs, coupled with basic skills in suicide intervention and knowledge of appropriate referral pathways, practitioners in men's health are ideally placed to reduce the risk of suicide in this vulnerable population. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons
Management of bone toxicity in men treated with androgen deprivation therapy
Authors: Davies Joanna , Aggarwal Ajay , Payne Heather
Published: March 2013

In this new series, the authors present cases of men being treated with androgen deprivation therapy, and highlight their management to prevent and treat associated toxicities. The first article in this series will consider the potential bone toxicity of luteinising hormone‐releasing hormone agonists. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons
Live kidney donation: what are our ethical responsibilities?
Authors: Wadhwa Karan , Kayes Oliver
Published: March 2013

Live kidney donation is becoming increasingly common as the need for donors is unmet from the deceased donor population. However, there are potential risks to the donor, and careful counselling and rigorous pretransplant assessment are imperative. The authors discuss the ethical implications associated with live organ donation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons
Cost–Utility Estimations of Palliative Care in Patients With Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Ljungman David , Hyltander Anders , Lundholm Kent
Published: March 2013

Background

We earlier reported cost–utility estimates in patients who undergo resection aimed at cure for pancreatic carcinoma. The present study describes similar information on patients with unresectable tumors who experienced palliative care only.

Methods

A population‐based cohort of patients with exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinoma during 1998–2005 was evaluated retrospectively (n = 444). Total direct health care costs at departments of surgery and oncology, for primary health care, and at hospice were achieved. Self‐estimated health‐related quality of life (HRQL) was assessed by the SF‐36. A single preference‐based utility index, SF‐6D, was derived from SF‐36 items to estimate quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs). Results were compared to similar findings in a previously reported group of patients with pancreatic carcinoma resected for cure (n = 31).

Results

Palliative care patients (n = 305) had impaired HRQL particularly related to physical domains. The mean preference‐based health utility index at diagnosis was 0.65 ± 0.02 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.61–0.69] compared to 0.77 ± 0.02 (95 % CI 0.75–0.79) in healthy reference individuals. Total direct health care costs were 50 % in patients on palliative care compared to costs for surgical R0 resections (23,701 and 50,950€, respectively). QALYs for 1 year from diagnosis were 0.2 (95 % CI 0.17–0.23) in patients on palliative care and 0.48 (95 % CI 0.44–0.54) in resection patients. Costs per QALY were 118,418€ and 106,146€, respectively (95 % CI 103,048–139,418€ and 94,352–115,795€).

Conclusions

Optimized palliative care of patients with exocrine pancreatic carcinoma had costs per achieved utility similar to those for surgical resections aimed at cure.
The Trypanosoma brucei telomerase RNA (TER) homologue binds core proteins of the C/D snoRNA family
Authors: Gupta Sachin Kumar , Kolet Liat , Doniger Tirza , Biswas Viplov Kumar , Unger Ron , Tzfati Yehuda , Michaeli Shulamit
Published: March 2013

Trypanosome protozoan parasites are the causative agents of devastating diseases. Trypanosome telomeres grow in an uncontrolled manner and the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes are located in subtelomeric domains. The gene encoding telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) was identified and in this study, we describe the Trypanosoma brucei telomerase RNA (TER). TER RNA is bound by the core proteins of the C/D small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) family and associates with the methyltransferase‐associated protein (MTAP), whose homologue binds to mammalian TER. Silencing of TbTER resulted in telomere shortening. This is the first report of a TER that binds the C/D snoRNA core proteins.
Quality control system response to stochastic growth of amyloid fibrils
Authors: Pigolotti Simone , Lizana Ludvig , Otzen Daniel , Sneppen Kim
Published: March 2013

We introduce a stochastic model describing aggregation of misfolded proteins and degradation by the protein quality control system in a single cell. Aggregate growth is contrasted by the cell quality control system, that attacks them at different stages of the growth process, with an efficiency that decreases with their size. Model parameters are estimated from experimental data. Two qualitatively different behaviors emerge: a homeostatic state, where the quality control system is stable and aggregates of large sizes are not formed, and an oscillatory state, where the quality control system periodically breaks down, allowing for formation of large aggregates. We discuss how these periodic breakdowns may constitute a mechanism for the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
Hepatitis delta virus induces specific DNA methylation processes in Huh‐7 liver cancer cells
Authors: Benegiamo Giorgia , Vinciguerra Manlio , Guarnieri Vito , Niro Grazia Anna , Andriulli Angelo , Pazienza Valerio
Published: March 2013

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a small, defective RNA virus that can infect only individuals carrying hepatitis B virus. HBV/HDV co‐infection results in more severe liver disease than HBV single infection and more rapid progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The epigenetic events involved in hepatocyte transformation towards malignancy in this context are poorly known. Here we report that, in Huh‐7 cells, HDV induces DNMT3b expression and is associated to E2F1 transcription factor hypermethylation. Moreover our cell cycle analysis showed that HDV induces G2/M arrest. These findings suggest that HDV could play a role in HCC development at least in part by altering DNA methylation events. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in HDV‐related carcinogenesis could help to identify new therapeutic targets.
Arabidopsis chloroplast quantitative editotype
Authors: Ruwe Hannes , Castandet Benoit , Schmitz-Linneweber Christian , Stern David B.
Published: March 2013

Chloroplast C‐to‐U RNA editing is an essential post‐transcriptional process. Here we analyzed RNA editing in Arabidopsis thaliana using strand‐specific deep sequencing datasets from the wild‐type and a mutant defective in RNA 3′ end maturation. We demonstrate that editing at all sites is partial, with an average of 5–6% of RNAs remaining unedited. Furthermore, we identified nine novel sites with a low extent of editing. Of these, three sites are absent from the WT transcriptome because they are removed by 3′ end RNA processing, but these regions accumulate, and are edited, in a mutant lacking polynucleotide phosphorylase.
Injections during labor and intrapartum‐related hypoxic injury and mortality in rural southern Nepal
Authors: Mullany Luke C. , Khatry Subarna K. , Katz Joanne , Stanton Cynthia K. , Lee Anne C.C. , Darmstadt Gary L. , LeClerq Steven C. , Tielsch James M.
Published: March 2013

Objective

To estimate the association between unmonitored use of injections during labor and intrapartum‐related neonatal mortality and morbidity among home births.

Methods

Recently delivered women in Sarlahi, Nepal, reported whether they had received injections during labor. Data on breathing and crying status at birth, time to first breath, respiratory rate, sucking ability, and lethargy were gathered. Neonatal respiratory depression (NRD) and encephalopathy (NE) were compared by injection receipt status using multivariate regression models.

Results

Injections during labor were frequently reported (7108 of 22 352 [31.8%]) and were predominantly given by unqualified village “doctors.” Multivariate analysis (excluding facility births and complicated deliveries) revealed associations with intrapartum‐related NRD (relative risk [RR] 2.52; 95% CI, 2.29–2.78) and NE (RR 3.48; 95% CI, 2.46–4.93). The risks of neonatal death associated with intrapartum‐related NRD (RR 3.78; 95% CI, 2.53–5.66) or NE (RR 4.47; 95% CI, 2.78–7.19) were also elevated.

Conclusion

Injection during labor was widespread at the community level. This practice was associated with poor outcomes and possibly related to the inappropriate use of uterotonics by unqualified providers. Interventions are required to increase the safety of childbirth in the community and in peripheral health facilities.

Parent trial registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00 109616).
Prevalence and prognosis of patients with lone and paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmias showing Brugada‐type electrocardiograms after class IC antiarrhythmic drug administration but no risk‐stratifying factors
Authors: Abe Atsuko , Fujino Tadashi , Fukunaga Shunji , Yuzawa Hitomi , Sato Hideyuki , Suzuki Takeya , Kobayashi Kenzaburo , Okano Yoshifumi , Nakamura Kentaro , Yusu Satoru , Yoshino Hideaki , Ashihara Takashi , Nakazawa Kazuo , Ikeda Takanori
Published: March 2013

Background

Class IC antiarrhythmic drugs, used to prevent paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmias (ATs), are well known to effectively unmask the electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern of Brugada syndrome. We used these drugs to investigate the prevalence and prognosis of patients with lone and paroxysmal ATs and Brugada‐type ECGs.

Methods and results

We enrolled 702 consecutive patients who were given class IC antiarrhythmic drugs (pilsicainide or propafenone) to inhibit paroxysmal ATs. We analyzed 12‐lead ECGs before and after drug administration using a computerized ECG system. A Brugada‐type ECG was defined as a coved pattern of ST segment elevation (>0.2 mV) in leads V1−V2. No patients had risk‐stratifying factors of the syndrome. Forty‐four patients (6.3%) had significant ST‐segment elevation in leads V1−V2 after drug administration. Among these patients, a coved ECG pattern was observed in 10 (1.4%). The use of pilsicainide (n=9) was significantly (P=0.02) greater than that of propafenone (n=1). During the follow‐up period of 85±19 months, none of the 10 patients had ventricular tachyarrhythmias.

Conclusions

Manifestation of Brugada‐type ECGs by class IC antiarrhythmic drugs is neither rare nor serious in patients with lone and paroxysmal ATs but without risk‐stratifying factors for the syndrome.
Genetic basis of Brugada syndrome
Authors: Horie Minoru , Ohno Seiko
Published: March 2013

Brugada syndrome (BrS) is associated with the familial sudden death syndrome, and more than 10 genes have been reported as causative for or modifiers of BrS. All gene mutations are related to functional changes of inward sodium or calcium currents or outward potassium currents. SCN5A was the first gene known to be associated with BrS; it encodes the α‐subunit of the cardiac sodium channel. Approximately 20% of BrS patients in genotyped cases were found to carry SCN5A mutations. The frequency for other BrS‐associated gene mutations is so low that genotype–phenotype correlations for these genes have not been studied to the same extent as SCN5A‐related BrS. In some families with SCN5A mutations, the penetrance of the mutations is low, and pathophysiological changes in the right ventricular outflow tract were reported in patients with SCN5A mutations. Furthermore, the phenotypes of SCN5A‐related BrS can overlap with other phenotypes, including long QT and sick sinus syndrome, thereby suggesting that SCN5A mutations might be modifiers for BrS, but they do not direct cause BrS. Here, we summarize the genetic background of BrS, with a particular focus on recent progress in this field.
Clinical features of Brugada syndrome
Authors: Shimizu Wataru
Published: March 2013

Brugada syndrome is a clinical entity characterized by type‐1 (coved) ST‐segment elevation in the right precordial electrocardiographic leads (V1–V3) and an aborted sudden cardiac death due to ventricular fibrillation (VF) in the absence of structural heart disease. Since 1992, when Brugada and Brugada reported the first case, numerous studies across the world have characterized the clinical, electrocardiographic, electrophysiologic, and prognostic features of Brugada syndrome. Several multicenter studies also suggested the natural history and proposed the risk stratification for subsequent cardiac events. In this review article, the clinical features of Brugada syndrome will be updated.
Electromyography and Anticoagulation
Authors: Gertken J.T. , Patel Atul T. , Boon Andrea J.
Published: March 2013

Needle electromyography (EMG) is a common and safe diagnostic procedure. Although there are no absolute contraindications to performing an EMG, medically induced coagulopathy represents a relative contraindication. The purpose of this article is to discuss EMG safety for patients taking anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, and to review the current literature regarding bleeding risks. Safety measures used to avoid serious bleeding complications are also discussed.