bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An innovative smart monitoring system for DED-LB/MW process stability based on machine learning techniques
Authors: Flores Jon , Cabanes Itziar , Gutierrez Aitor , de Calle Kerman Lopez , Gonzalo Oscar , Portillo Eva
Published: February 2025

Within additive manufacturing (AM) processes, the wire laser metal deposition (DED-LB/MW) technique optimizes the benefits of this technology, including reduced material consumption, cost, and production time. However, it still lacks sufficient robustness to ensure a continuous and consistent high-quality process for the manufacture of three-dimensional components. Process stability is determined by the ability to maintain constant conditions in the transfer of the wire feed material into the melt pool, which can be affected by any variation in the process. This work presents a smart monitoring system for online diagnosis of the DED-LB/MW process, facilitating the automated and immediate identification of the stability level during manufacturing. The proposed methodology relies on image-based monitoring and the integration of a convolutional neural network (CNN) model trained to identify the categorized conditions in the material deposition process. This study introduces an innovative method to convert the discrete output of the model into a continuous stability indicator, offering a more detailed and accurate depiction of the transition between stable and unstable process states. The proposed smart monitoring system is rigorously validated through two representative case studies, demonstrating its ability to adapt to variations in standoff distance—a critical challenge in achieving consistent layer growth in 3D manufacturing. By leveraging the power of CNN models for online monitoring in DED-LB/MW, this work not only advances the state of the art in process monitoring but also establishes a solid foundation for the integration of closed-loop control systems in future additive manufacturing technologies.
Nearly Gorenstein local rings defined by maximal minors of a $$2 \times n$$ matrix
Authors: Kumashiro Shinya , Matsuoka Naoyuki , Nakashima Taiga
Published: February 2025

We investigate the nearly Gorenstein property of a local ring defined by the maximal minors of a specific

$$2 \times n$$

2
×
n

matrix with entries in the formal power series ring

$$k[[X_1, X_2, \ldots , X_n]]$$

k
[

[

X
1

,

X
2

,
…
,

X
n

]

]

over a field k. Our findings allow us to present numerous concrete examples, such as nearly Gorenstein rings that are not almost Gorenstein and vice versa.
Modeling the Payne effect in filled rubbers: accounting for time effect and partial reversibility
Authors: Madera Rebeca Cedeno , Lejeunes Stéphane , Euchler Eric
Published: February 2025

Carbon black-filled rubbers have been used in the industry since the early 20th century, and their mechanical advantages are well known. However, describing and predicting their mechanical behavior can become a non-trivial task. In this work, we present an approach to a new mechanical model that is capable of capturing the principal nonlinearities in rubber behavior when subjected to dynamic loadings, focusing on the Payne effect. Inspired by phase-change mechanisms, we introduce internal scalar variables to account for the carbon filler network dynamics in the presence of dynamic stretch. Reversibility of the Payne effect is taken into account within a clear and standard thermodynamical framework. This approach aims to enhance our understanding of the mechanical responses of carbon-filled rubbers and improve predictive capabilities.
Two Lateral Organ Boundary Domain Transcription Factors HvCRL1 and HvCRL1L1 Regulate Shoot-Borne Root Formation in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Authors: Nguyen Thu Dieu , Gonin Mathieu , Motyka Michal , Champion Antony , Hensel Goetz , Gantet Pascal , Bergougnoux Véronique
Published: February 2025

Plant-specific LOB-domain (LBD) transcription factors are crucial in post-embryonic root initiation. In cereals, the fibrous root system comprises primary and seminal roots that develop during embryogenesis and lateral- and crown roots that develop post-embryonically from root or stem, respectively. In rice, the CROWNROOTLESS1 (CRL1) LBD transcription factor is the core regulator of crown root initiation and a direct target of the auxin response factor (ARF)-mediated auxin signaling pathway. Orthologs of CRL1 have been identified and characterized in several species, where their role in crown root initiation has been validated. In barley, we identified two genes phylogenetically closely related to the rice CRL1 genes that we named HvCRL1 and HvCRL1L1. Using a crown root inducible system (CRIS), we identified that both HvCRL1 and HvCRL1L1 are expressed in response to auxin during the early steps of crown root differentiation in stem base, with HvCRL1 transcripts being accumulated quickly during the first hour of treatment. Transient activation assays in rice protoplast showed that HvCRL1 could bind the LBD-box, a consensus DNA sequence recognized by LBD transcription factors, whereas HvCRL1L1 did not. Both genes can partially complement the crl1 rice mutant. Loss-of-function mutation in each gene drastically impairs crown root formation in barley. These data show that HvCRL1 and HvCRL1L1 are both involved in the regulation of crown root formation in barley but that these two transcription factors likely act through distinct and complementary pathways in this developmental process.
Multidimensional position and displacement estimation using periodic coded optical apertures in a single-camera imaging system
Authors: Steinmetz Tino , Otto Jonas , Pommerenke Hermann , Otto Johannes , Kleinwächter André , Ebert Eric , Damaschke Nils
Published: February 2025

Accurately estimating multidimensional positions and displacements in fluid dynamic experiments is essential for understanding complex flow phenomena. This paper presents a novel optical measurement setup capable of determining velocity fields using periodic coded optical apertures in a single-camera imaging system. Our method involves placing a periodic transmission grating in front of the optical system and aligning a laser beam along the system’s optical axis. When particles intersect the laser beam, they scatter light, producing out-of-focus images on the imaging sensor resembling the periodic grating. The size and position of these images vary with the distance to the imaging system and the offset from the optical axis, allowing for accurate determination of particle positions. We derive mathematical formulas describing the imaging system and the relationship between image properties and particle positions and verify them through simulations. Additionally, we develop a calibration method enabling arbitrary optical imaging systems to be used with this technique. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by measuring velocity fields near a ducted ship propeller, a practical application that underscores the real-world impact of our research in fluid dynamics.
Association between diabetes and heart failure after coronary artery bypass grafting: Danish register-based cohort study
Authors: Brodersen Benedicte Bay Oxholm , Kristiansen Line Tribler , le Fevre Karlsen Sidsel , Hauch Jeppe , Andreasen Jan Jesper , Kragholm Kristian H. , Krogager Maria Lukács , Køber Lars Valeur , Leutscher Peter Christian , Melgaard Dorte , Parikh Nisha I. , Schou Morten , Søgaard Peter , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Søndergaard Marc Meller
Published: February 2025

Background

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of mortality in the world with an increasing incidence. One of the interventions to treat IHD is coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and people with diabetes mellitus (DM) account for approximately one quarter of all patients who undergo coronary revascularization. Furthermore, people with DM have a higher risk of mortality due to heart failure (HF).

Objective

We aim to describe the risk of developing HF after CABG in patients with versus without DM.

Methods

Through a large nationwide register-based cohort study, patients who underwent CABG from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2020 were included. In addition to Cox regression, g-formula methods based on multivariable Cox regression were performed to estimate the absolute risk (AR) and risk difference (RD) of the association between DM status and HF outcome, and between DM status and mortality.

Results

A total of 34,855 patients were included in this study, consisting of 6909 (19.8%) DM patients. The AR of HF after CABG in the 10th year was 35.1% versus 26.4% for patients with versus without DM (p < 0.001), respectively. The RD of HF for each exceeding year (3.7 percentage point (pp.) in the 1st year versus 8.6 pp. in the 10th year) was higher for patients with DM compared to those without DM.

Conclusion

The risk of HF was significantly higher up to ten years after CABG in patients with DM compared to those without DM.

Graphical abstract
The role of an anti-reflux diet in the treatment of chronic cough caused by laryngopharyngeal reflux
Authors: Hránková Viktória , Balner Tomáš , Kondé Adéla , Gubová Patrícia , Zeleník Karol , Komínek Pavel , Staníková Lucia
Published: February 2025

Purpose

To evaluate the role of an anti-reflux diet in the treatment of patients with chronic cough caused by laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR).

Methods

This prospective observational study included patients with chronic cough (lasting over 3 months) and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) confirmed by hypopharyngeal-esophageal 24-h multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring (HEMII-pH), according to Dubai criteria. Participants were categorized based on cough severity using a visual analog scale (VAS) from 1 to 10. A VAS < 5 was considered to indicate mild cough, whereas a VAS ≥ 5 were considered to indicate severe cough. Patients with mild cough were treated by anti-reflux diet only, while those with severe cough received additional treatment with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and alginates. After 3 months, treatment effectiveness was evaluated by assessing the reduction in cough severity.

Results

In patients with mild cough, anti-reflux diet alone proved to be effective, yielding improvement in 83.3% of cases. Among patients with severe cough, a combination of anti-reflux diet, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and alginates proved was effective in 81.8% of cases.

Conclusion

Diet alone is an effective and sufficient treatment for mild chronic cough in patients with LPR. For patients with severe chronic cough with LPT, combined anti-reflux measures are effective.
The friendship paradox for sparse random graphs
Authors: Hazra Rajat Subhra , den Hollander Frank , Parvaneh Azadeh
Published: February 2025

Let

$$G_n$$

G
n

be an undirected finite graph on

$$n\in {\mathbb {N}}$$

n
∈
N

vertices labelled by

$$[n] = \{1,\ldots ,n\}$$

[
n
]
=
{
1
,
…
,
n
}

. For

$$i \in [n]$$

i
∈
[
n
]

, let

$$\Delta _{i,n}$$

Δ

i
,
n

be the friendship bias of vertex i, defined as the difference between the average degree of the neighbours of vertex i and the degree of vertex i itself when i is not isolated, and zero when i is isolated. Let

$$\mu _n$$

μ
n

denote the friendship-bias empirical distribution, i.e., the measure that puts mass

$$\frac{1}{n}$$

1
n

at each

$$\Delta _{i,n}$$

Δ

i
,
n

,

$$i \in [n]$$

i
∈
[
n
]

. The friendship paradox says that

$$\int _{\mathbb {R}}x\mu _n(\textrm{d}x) \ge 0$$

∫
R

x

μ
n

(
d
x
)

≥
0

, with equality if and only if in each connected component of

$$G_n$$

G
n

all the degrees are the same. We show that if

$$(G_n)_{n\in {\mathbb {N}}}$$

(

G
n

)

n
∈
N

is a sequence of sparse random graphs that converges to a rooted random tree in the sense of convergence locally in probability, then

$$\mu _n$$

μ
n

converges weakly to a limiting measure

$$\mu $$

μ

that is expressible in terms of the law of the rooted random tree. We study

$$\mu $$

μ

for four classes of sparse random graphs: the homogeneous Erdős-Rényi random graph, the inhomogeneous Erdős-Rényi random graph, the configuration model and the preferential attachment model. In particular, we compute the first two moments of

$$\mu $$

μ

, identify the right tail of

$$\mu $$

μ

, and argue that

$$\mu ([0,\infty ))\ge \tfrac{1}{2}$$

μ

(

[
0
,
∞
)

)

≥

1
2

, a property we refer to as friendship paradox significance.
Usefulness of a new foot switch for comport digestive endoscopic examination: a pilot study
Authors: Lee Dong Seok , Kim Sang Gyun , Kim Byung-Wook , Ji Jeong-Seon , Ahn Ji Yong
Published: February 2025

Background

Foot switches are commonly used to record gastrointestinal lesions. However, prolonged use of foot switches can cause unstable posture, leading to musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and evaluate the usability of a compact foot switch for reducing musculoskeletal disorders among endoscopists.

Methods

A new endoscopic foot switch was developed to reduce musculoskeletal disorders and was compared with a previous foot switch. Between January 1 and October 1, 2024, 50 expert endoscopists from five different centers analyzed its usability, postural stability, ability to reduce pain and work fatigue, and efficiency.

Results

Compared with the conventional foot switch, the new foot switch showed favorable outcomes in terms of musculoskeletal disease-related factors, with better results in the following areas: comport endoscopic examination (6.5 [6–7] vs. 2 [1–2], p < 0.001), stable posture (6 [6–6] vs. 2 [2–3], p < 0.001), relief of musculoskeletal disorders (6 [5–6] vs. 3 [2–3], p < 0.001), efficiency of examination (6 [6–7] vs. 3 [2–3], p < 0.001), and applicability to other equipment (6 [6–7] vs. 2 [2–3], p < 0.001).

Conclusions

We developed a new foot switch that can prevent musculoskeletal disorders among endoscopists. Further validation of its usefulness in various hospitals and users is required.
Recurrence and complications after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair using a self-adherent mesh: a patient-reported follow-up study
Authors: Lund Helle , Spanager Lene , Winther Azalie Caroline Riberholdt , Gierløff Mathias , Sunekær Katharina , Kleif Jakob , Bertelsen Claus Anders
Published: February 2025

Background

Recurrence and postoperative pain are major concerns after laparoscopic surgery for inguinal hernia. Follow-up on all patients is difficult and time consuming for both the hospital and the patient. We conducted a patient-reported follow-up study to estimate the rate of recurrence and postoperative pain in our department.

Method

Patients undergoing the TAPP (TransAbdominal PrePeritoneal) procedure with a self-adherent mesh at Copenhagen University Hospital – North Zealand from 2016 to 2019 received an online survey about signs of recurrence, postoperative pain, and complications. Patients reporting signs of recurrence or pain were contacted and invited for a clinical examination if relevant. Forty-five randomly selected patients who did not report any symptoms of recurrence or pain were contacted by phone for validation.

Results

871 patients received a questionnaire, and 546 responded, leaving a response rate of 62.7%. Median follow-up time was 34 months (IQR 23–47). The self-reported recurrence rate was 8.1% (95% CI: 6.0–11.0%). On examination, recurrence was diagnosed in 2.4% (95% CI: 1.4–4.1%) of the patients. When including the patients with self-reported recurrence who did not accept the offer of clinical examination, the recurrence rate was 3.8% (95% CI: 2.5–5.8%). Four patients (0.7%, 95% CI: 0.2–2.0%) underwent herniotomy for recurrence. The rate of chronic postoperative pain impairing daily activity was 0.5%.

Conclusion

We found an acceptable low rate of recurrence and postoperative pain compared to other studies. The patient-reported recurrence rate was significantly higher than the clinical recurrence rate after the examination, indicating that patient-reported recurrence seems to overestimate true recurrence after TAPP.
Predictive modeling with linear machine learning can estimate glioblastoma survival in months based solely on MGMT-methylation status, age and sex
Authors: Maragno Emanuele , Ricchizzi Sarah , Winter Nils Ralf , Hellwig Sönke Josua , Stummer Walter , Hahn Tim , Holling Markus
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Machine Learning (ML) has become an essential tool for analyzing biomedical data, facilitating the prediction of treatment outcomes and patient survival. However, the effectiveness of ML models heavily relies on both the choice of algorithms and the quality of the input data. In this study, we aimed to develop a novel predictive model to estimate individual survival for patients diagnosed with glioblastoma (GBM), focusing on key variables such as O6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase (MGMT) methylation status, age, and sex.

Methods

To identify the optimal approach, we utilized retrospective data from 218 patients treated at our brain tumor center. The performance of the ML models was evaluated within repeated tenfold regression. The pipeline comprised five regression estimators, including both linear and non-linear algorithms. Permutation feature importance highlighted the feature with the most significant impact on the model. Statistical significance was assessed using a permutation test procedure.

Results

The best machine learning algorithm achieved a mean absolute error (MAE) of 12.65 (SD = ± 2.18) and an explained variance (EV) of 7% (SD = ± 1.8%) with p < 0.001. Linear algorithms led to more accurate predictions than non-linear estimators. Feature importance testing indicated that age and positive MGMT-methylation influenced the predictions the most.

Conclusion

In summary, here we provide a novel approach allowing to predict GBM patient’s survival in months solely based on key parameters such as age, sex and MGMT-methylation status and underscores MGMT-methylation status as key prognostic factor for GBM patients survival.
Polishing of 4Y- and 5Y- zirconia: effects on roughness, color and gloss
Authors: Koch Laura , Hahnel Sebastian , Rauch Angelika , Rosentritt Martin
Published: February 2025

Objectives

To investigate the effects of polishing systems on the roughness, gloss and color of two zirconia materials as a function of the rotational speed and number of polishing movements.

Materials and methods

Specimens (n = 8/group) from 4Y-TZP and 5Y-TZP were milled, diamond grinded and polished. The intraoral polishing varied in the number of polishing steps, the grain size and the matrix. Different number of polishing movements and rotation speed were used. Roughness (ISO25178-2:2021), gloss (ISO2813:2014) and color stability (ISO/CIE 11664–4:2019) were determined. Statistics: Shapiro–Wilk, one-way analysis, Bonferroni, Pearson, variance analysis/intermediate sub-effects (α = 0.05).

Results

Roughness Sa varied between 2.45 ± 0.93 µm and 6.47 ± 0.26 µm (4Y-TZP) and 2.31 ± 0.19 µm and 6.54 ± 0.22 µm (5Y-TZP). Maximum roughness Sz ranged from 32.92 ± 12.59 µm to 99.32 ± 19.87 µm (4Y-TZP) and 31.45 ± 3.02 µm to 90.75 ± 12.59 µm (5Y-TZP). Different gloss from 28.9 ± 4. 23 to 102.39 ± 18.63 GU (4Y-TZP) and 33.19 ± 3.68 to 101.28 ± 10.00 GU (5Y-TZP) was found. ΔE results ranged from 0.39 ± 0.34 to 6.30 ± 1.22 (4Y-TZP) and 0.87 ± 0.71 to 7.50 ± 1.67 (5Y-TZP). Significant (p ≥ 0.095) intermediate sub-effects were found.

Conclusions

Polishing led to a reduction in roughness, an increase in gloss and a significant change in color. Polishing had a stronger effect on 5Y-TZP.

Clinical relevance

The correct use of the polisher type (stages, binder) and its specific application (rotational speed, movements) can improve roughness, gloss and color variations.
Higher target attainment for B-lactam antibiotics in patients with Gram-negative bloodstream infections when four times actual minimum inhibitory concentrations and epidemiological cutoff values are applied compared to clinical breakpoints
Authors: Lejbman Ilja Areskog , Torisson Gustav , Resman Fredrik , Sjövall Fredrik
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Beta-lactam antibiotics are essential in the treatment of Gram-negative bloodstream infections. The effect of beta-lactam antibiotics depends on the time of unbound antibiotic concentration above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). An antibiotic concentration above MIC during the whole dosing interval (100% ƒT > MIC) has been suggested as a target for severe infections. The aim of the present study was to compare target attainment using targets derived from known MICs with standard generic targets.

Methods

In this prospective, single-center study, adult patients with Gram-negative bloodstream infection treated with cefotaxime, piperacillin/tazobactam or meropenem were eligible for inclusion. Trough antibiotic concentrations were collected during a single dosing interval and actual MIC values for the antimicrobial agent against the infecting isolate were obtained using E-tests. Epidemiological cut off values, ECOFFs, were applied from European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, EUCAST, tables for isolates within the wild-type distribution. Antibiotic concentrations were measured using Liquid Chromatography tandem Mass Spectrometry. Free concentrations were estimated based on total concentrations. Two targets based on actual MICs were assessed: free trough concentrations above (1) four times the actual MIC (100% ƒT > 4MIC) or above (2) the ECOFF (100% ƒT > ECOFF). Proportions of target attainment for the MIC-based targets were compared with attainment using clinical breakpoints or PK/PD breakpoints. Treatment response was defined as clinical resolution at day 7 (No persisting signs or symptoms of infection).

Results

We included 98 patients with a median age of 72 years. The most common microbiological finding was Escherichia coli (63%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (12%). Of all patients, 77/98 patients (79%) attained 100% ƒT > 4MIC and 80/98 (82%) attained 100% ƒT > ECOFF, compared with 57/98 (58%) using 100% ƒT > EUCAST clinical breakpoints. Clinical resolution at day 7 was significantly associated with target attainment applying the target 100% ƒT > 4MIC (p = 0.013), but this was not the case when 100% ƒT > ECOFF was applied (p = 0.50).

Conclusions

In our material, higher target attainment rates were seen using targets derived from actual MICs, compared to EUCAST clinical breakpoints. Attaining 100% ƒT > 4MIC was associated with resolution of infection, but the latter finding should be interpreted cautiously.
Forming of Hybrid (CF UD Prepreg - Advanced SMC) Composite Layups
Authors: Dutta Abhik , Thibault Maxime , Åkermo Malin
Published: February 2025

Combining continuous unidirectional (UD) prepreg and advanced discontinuous long fiber-based sheet moulding compound (ASMC) in a hybrid component is advantageous for applications where cost and environmental impact of the manufactured part are of significance. Previous works have focused on the flow/compaction of ASMC and its interaction with continuous fibres at high pressures. However, little is known about the forming behaviour of such layups. This work investigates the formability of hybrid carbon fibre UD-ASMC composite layups. The deformation mechanisms during forming and their interactions are investigated experimentally. Forming simulations are conducted alongside experimental tests under varying layup configurations. The results show that the hybrid layup combinations investigated exhibited poor forming characteristics. This was due to the high interply friction properties of the UD-ASMC interface, which, in turn, restricted the intraply shear of the hybrid stack. A strong correlation between the numerically predicted forming outcomes and experimentally formed parts demonstrates that generic FE-solvers can provide a first estimate of the forming outcome when coupled with a good understanding of the underlying deformation mechanisms. However, these methods are computationally expensive and are better suited for detailed evaluations rather than for use in design applications.
Rajiv Banker’s lasting impact on data envelopment analysis
Authors: Emrouznejad Ali , Podinovski Victor , Charles Vincent , Lu Chixiao , Moradi-Motlagh Amir
Published: February 2025

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of Professor Rajiv Banker’s significant impact on the field of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Through an extensive review of his scholarly contributions, we explore three major clusters within DEA research: (1) Returns-to-Scale (RTS) and Most Productive Scale Size (MPSS), (2) Statistical Inference in DEA, and (3) Contextual Analysis. Banker’s pioneering research has significantly advanced DEA methodologies, addressing fundamental challenges related to scale efficiency, statistical robustness, and the influence of contextual variables on performance. His work has bridged theoretical developments and practical applications, influencing diverse fields such as economics, finance, and management science. By examining citation trends and bibliometric data, we trace the evolution and enduring relevance of his contributions, highlighting key papers that have shaped the trajectory of DEA research. This paper also discusses the evolution of DEA models and approaches, including the integration of stochastic elements and second-stage analyses. In recognising Banker’s lifetime dedication to DEA, we celebrate his lasting legacy and his transformative influence on both the academic community and practical implementations of DEA worldwide.
Numerical Simulation of the Agglomeration Behaviour of Spheroidal Particle Pairs in Chaotic Flows
Authors: Anderson Jacob P. , Mortimer Lee F. , Hunter Timothy N. , Peakall Jeffrey , Fairweather Michael
Published: February 2025

Interactions between attractive spheroidal particles are studied in boxes of chaotic flow under the action of a homogeneous and isotropic forcing technique. The fully resolved fluid field and structure-resolved particle–fluid coupling regime are obtained through direct numerical simulation and an immersed boundary method. Agglomeration outcomes are accommodated through attractive van der Waals forces, suitably adapted to consider the orientational dependencies associated with the non-spherical shape. Binary particle interactions are first studied in quiescent conditions, as well as in a periodic box of chaotic fluid flow. The latter is forced using a stochastic method, where the magnitude of the velocity fluctuations and Taylor–Reynolds number are chosen based on those typically seen in nuclear waste processing scenarios. Differences in particle interaction behaviours are presented for the cases of disks and needles, with the role of orientation and kinetic energy in determining interaction outcomes analysed and contrasted with spheres. Results indicate that needles have the highest agglomeration propensity in the chaotic fluid, followed by spheres, and then disks. Lastly, the inclusion of attractive orientationally-dependent interaction forces promotes alignment between the symmetry axes of spheroidal particle pairs, whilst the increased action of the fluid was also seen to promote alignment between the interacting particles when compared to the quiescent case.
The Relationship Between Past Condom Use and Condom Use Intention Among Male Construction Worker Clients of Sex Workers in the Western Cape, South Africa: A Parallel Multiple Mediator Model
Authors: Yakubu Kamal , Bowen Paul , Govender Rajen
Published: February 2025

Male clients of sex workers in South Africa are at high risk for HIV, yet limited research has examined the psychological factors influencing their condom use intentions. This study addressed this gap by assessing the mediating roles of positive attitudes towards condom use, condom use self-efficacy, and perceived norms in the relationship between past condom use and intentions to use condoms. A cross-sectional survey was used to obtain data from male construction workers who reported sexual intercourse with a sex worker in the past three months. Using a parallel multiple mediator model, the analysis revealed that condom use self-efficacy (β = 0.060, 95% CI [0.021, 0.107]) and positive attitudes towards condom use (β = 0.027, 95% CI [0.004, 0.058]) significantly mediated the relationship between past condom use and condom use intention, while perceived norms did not (β = − 0.001, 95% CI [− 0.007, 0.007]). These findings underscore the importance of targeting instrumental and affective attitudes and enhancing self-efficacy to promote consistent condom use in this population. Although perceived norms were not determined to be statistically significant in this study, their potential role as a mediator merits further exploration, particularly in light of the study limitations. This research highlights the need for tailored interventions to reduce HIV risk among male clients of sex workers in South Africa.
A decade of sub-arcsecond imaging with the International LOFAR Telescope
Authors: Morabito Leah K. , Jackson Neal , de Jong Jurjen , Escott Emmy , Groeneveld Christian , Mahatma Vijay , Petley James , Sweijen Frits , Timmerman Roland , van Weeren Reinout J.
Published: February 2025

The International LOFAR Telescope (ILT) is a pan-European radio interferometer with baselines up to 2000 km. This provides sub-arcsecond resolution at frequencies of <200 MHz. Since starting science operations in 2012, the ILT has carried out observations for the state-of-the-art LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey, which has 6 arcsec resolution at 144 MHz. Wide-area surveys at low frequencies, while scientifically productive, have to compromise on resolution. Sub-arcsecond imaging with the ILT has become more accessible over the last decade, thanks to efforts to build a publicly available pipeline using LOFAR-specific tools, which has resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of publications. The ILT’s combination of resolution, field of view, and low observing frequency make it a unique instrument for a wide range of scientific applications, and it will remain unparalleled even in the era of the Square Kilometre Array Observatory. Here we provide an overview of the technical considerations and calibration methods sub-arcsecond imaging with the ILT. This is followed by a review of the unique capabilities unlocked by sub-arcsecond imaging with the ILT, using examples from the literature for demonstration. Finally we describe ongoing work including: surveying large areas of the sky at high resolution, going deeper in fields with excellent ancillary information, producing images of polarisation, and extending to lower frequencies (<100 MHz).
A Novel Bayesian Model Enhanced with Heuristic Likelihood Estimation for the Prediction of Stock Price Trend
Authors: Vo Van-Truc , Lin Bor-Shen
Published: February 2025

Due to the dynamic of stock markets, predicting stock price trends remains a massive challenge when utilizing machine learning models, especially in Bayesian models. Indeed, the distributions of input features extracted from stock datasets are seldom normal, making Gaussian density less discriminative. This paper introduces a novel predictive model, the Bayesian Classifier with Heuristic Likelihood Estimation (BC-HLE), in which heuristic likelihood estimation instead of the Gaussian density was utilized to release the normality assumption in the conventional naïve Bayes classifier. Our model leverages the concept of the p-value, which evaluates how close the testing value is to the expected value on a distribution. This approach yields a more accurate likelihood estimate without normality assumption. When tested on 55 stock datasets from the S&P500 index, the proposed BC-HLE model outperformed conventional Gaussian classifiers and such machine learning models as support vector machines and multi-layer perceptron, regarding prediction accuracy. Additionally, its superiority was verified on the returns on investment when the stock trend prediction was applied to a simulated trading system. The experimental outcomes show that the proposed model is a reliable enhancement of Bayesian classifiers and can contribute to decision for the stock market investment.
Insights into the recent evolutionary history of salt lake gastropods (Coxiella) in Australia
Authors: Lawrie Angus D’Arcy , Chaplin Jennifer , Rahman Mahabubur , Islam Md Aminul , Webzell Kyle
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the impact of paleoclimate on the evolutionary history of Coxiella (Tomichiidae), a group of 15 species of aquatic snail in four putative genera that are endemic to Australian salt lakes. It used a time-calibrated phylogeny, based on mitochondrial DNA (COI) sequence variation from 938 individuals from 14 species, to estimate the timing of diversification events in Coxiella. The four putative genera of Coxiella were estimated to have evolved in the late Miocene to late Pliocene, followed by speciation within these genera during late Pliocene to Pleistocene and subsequent divergence within species during the Pleistocene. We also used COI data from 872 individuals to compare the phylogeographic patterns and genetic diversities amongst six species. These species showed three distinctly different phylogeographic patterns, ranging from deep phylogeographic structuring to a very shallow structure in a species that appears to have undergone a range expansion after a severe bottleneck. Overall, the recent evolutionary history of Coxiella shows important parallels with those of many other taxa from southern Australia which implies a common cause, which is usually identified as the trend of increasing aridification of the Australian climate over the last ~ 15 mya.
Birth weight in a warming world: investigating the protective role of the “healthy immigrant effect” against extreme heat
Authors: Cebolla-Boado Héctor , Suárez-Vergne Álvaro , Martín Teresa Castro , García Teresa Martín
Published: February 2025

This paper investigates the impact of extreme heat on perinatal health disparities between migrant and native-born populations in Spain. Using birth records from 2018 to 2021, we analyze the effects of heat exposure during pregnancy, measured through orange-level heat alerts (> 37–40 °C), on birth outcomes such as absolute weight, the risk of low birth weight (< 2500 g), very low birth weight (< 1500), macrosomia (> 4000 g), and preterm birth (< 37th week). Our findings consistently reveal that migrant-origin infants face a higher risk of adverse outcomes compared with native-born infants, with the disparity being more pronounced in the first and second trimesters. The results challenge the notion that a “healthy immigrant effects” could be protective against the detrimental consequences of heat exposure. We conduct robustness checks using measures of absolute temperature exposures, confirming that the adverse effects of heat are consistent across different temperature measurements. These findings emphasize the urgent need to address heat-related health vulnerabilities, especially among migrant populations, as climate change intensifies.
A Canonical Infinitesimally Hilbertian Structure on Locally Minkowski Spaces
Authors: Magnabosco Mattia , Rigoni Chiara
Published: February 2025

The aim of this paper is to show the existence of a canonical distance

$$\mathsf d'$$

d
′

defined on a locally Minkowski metric measure space

$$(\textsf{X},\mathsf d,\mathfrak m)$$

(
X
,
d
,
m
)

such that:

$$\mathsf d'$$

d
′

is equivalent to

$$\mathsf d$$

d

,

$$(\textsf{X}, \mathsf d', \mathfrak m)$$

(
X
,

d
′

,
m
)

is infinitesimally Hilbertian.

This new regularity assumption on

$$(\textsf{X}, \mathsf d,\mathfrak m)$$

(
X
,
d
,
m
)

essentially forces the structure to be locally similar to a Minkowski space and defines a class of metric measure structures which includes all the reversible Finsler manifolds and it is actually strictly larger. The required distance

$$\mathsf d'$$

d
′

will be the intrinsic distance

$$\mathsf d_\textsf{KS}$$

d
KS

associated to the so-called Korevaar-Schoen energy, which is proven to be a quadratic form. In particular, we show that the Cheeger energy associated to the metric measure space

$$(\textsf{X}, \mathsf d_\textsf{KS}, \mathfrak m)$$

(
X
,

d
KS

,
m
)

is in fact the Korevaar-Schoen energy.
Genomic features and evolution of lifestyles support the recognition of distinct genera among fusarioid fungi
Authors: Ulaszewski Bartosz , Sandoval-Denis Marcelo , Groenewald Johannes Z. , Costa Marileide M. , Mishra Bagdevi , Ploch Sebastian , Crous Pedro W. , Thines Marco
Published: February 2025

The family Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes) includes saprobes, endophytes and numerous important pathogens, several of which are of high commercial interest. Presently there are numerous genera scattered throughout the Nectriaceae that have a fusarioid asexual morph (i.e., genera with fusarium-like macroconidia). Fusarioid fungi encompass diverse lifestyles, including plant, human, and animal pathogens or associates, saprobes, lichenicolous species, endophytes, and mycophilic taxa. The fusarioid genera in Nectriaceae do not only differ in their sexual morphs, but also in their asexual morphology and biology, although their ecology has remained rather unclear. While genome data are available for numerous species, this has been mostly focused on Fusarium sensu stricto, as the genus encompasses most of the economically important species in this generic complex. To compliment this, we expanded the sampling, and generated whole genome sequences for 40 isolates representing the genera Atractium, Bisifusarium, Cinnamomeonectria, Corinectria, Cosmospora, Cyanonectria, Cylindrodendrum, Dialonectria, Fusarium, Fusicolla, Geejayessia, Ilyonectria, Macroconia, Macronectria, Microcera, Neocosmospora, Neonectria, Pseudofusicolla, Rectifusarium, Rugonectria, Scolecofusarium, Thelonectria, and Tumenectria. Phylogenomic ancestral reconstructions showed that plant pathogenicity is most likely ancestral to Fusarium and cylindrocarpioid genera, and revealed multiple and frequent lifestyle transitions. Although many species are prolific generalists, several genera appear to be more specialised, being primarily plant pathogens, mycophilic, or insect associated, while endophytism or plant pathogenicity evolved several times, and more recently in Fusarium. The broadly sampled Nectriaceae genomes supported morphological differences between most genera of Nectriaceae, mirrored by genome sizes, lactic enzymes, biosynthetic gene clusters, and small secreted proteins. Furthermore, it also supported a narrow circumscription of Fusarium in Nectriaceae that equals its morphology (Gibberella sexual morphs), and biology.
Effect of Deposition Current on Microstructure, Hardness and Residual Stress Distribution of NiCrBSiC Hardfacing Alloy
Authors: Suthar Falgun V. , Shah Hetalkumar N. , Mandal Durbadal , Chaudhury Sujoy K.
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the influence of deposition current on the characteristics of NiCrSiBC alloy hardfacing deposited onto a 316L stainless steel substrate using the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process. The research focuses on evaluating the effect of deposition current on key properties such as Fe dilution, hardness distribution, microstructural features including secondary dendritic arms spacing (SDAS), and lattice strain. Microstructural analysis was conducted using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while dilution analysis performed using energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The microstructural examination revealed a dendritic microstructure typical of such hardfacing, where SDAS increased proportionally with deposition current. Hardness profiling indicated an initial increase away from the fusion line, reaching a plateau beyond a certain distance. Higher deposition currents led to increased temperatures during welding, resulting in greater Fe dilution over a larger area within the hardfacing deposit. Numerical simulations of residual stress distribution demonstrated a significant dependency on deposition current, influencing both the hardfacing bead and substrate.
Environmental Contour Methods for Long-Term Extreme Response Prediction of Offshore Wind Turbines
Authors: Zhang Jixiang , Wang Shan , Shadman Milad , Amiri Mojtaba Maali , Chen Baiqiao , An Chen , Estefen Segen Farid
Published: February 2025

The long-term responses of offshore wind turbines (OWTs) are critical in the design phase, where precise assessments ensure structural reliability and operational efficiency. The environmental contour method (ECM) enables efficient analysis of design responses by focusing on a selected set of critical environmental conditions that predominantly drive long-term extreme responses. Despite its extensive use in offshore engineering, ECM’s application in the structural design and strength assessment of OWTs remains underexplored. This study offers a comprehensive overview of the utilization of ECM in the context of OWT design, incorporating a bibliometric analysis of publications from the Web of Science to identify research trends and key topics. The analysis highlights diverse approaches for estimating long-term extreme responses and constructing environmental contours using statistical distributions. Additionally, the study explores the application of ECM and its modified versions in the design and strength assessment of OWTs. Challenges and opportunities associated with ECM implementation in OWTs are critically analyzed, providing insights into ECM’s potential for enhancing the efficiency and reliability of OWT structural design.
Subcritical Water Extraction of Kānuka (Kunzea ericoides): A Qualitative Analysis of Bioactive Profile Based on Antioxidant Properties
Authors: Devadass Indhuja , Swift Simon , Sreebhavan Sree , Baroutian Saeid
Published: February 2025

Kānuka (Kunzea ericoides) has been traditionally recognised for its health-promoting properties. However, limited comprehensive data on its bioactive profile hinders its potential industrial applications. Therefore, this study investigated the bioactive constituents of the kānuka subcritical water extract, exhibiting maximum antioxidant potential, using LC–MS/MS QTOF. Experiments were performed at different extraction temperatures and times to determine antioxidant content and capacity. The data were statistically analysed to select extracts with the maximum antioxidant response for bioactive screening. The highest recovery of polyphenolics and flavonoids occurred at 170 °C, 5 min (319.96 ± 22.67 mg GAE/g dw and 163.57 ± 9.7 mg QE/g dw), correlating with increased antioxidant activity (DPPH: 87.77 ± 1.74%; ABTS: 97.62 ± 0.12; FRAP: 166.43 ± 25.54 mg TE/g dw). Extracts obtained at 170 °C, 180 °C, 200 °C, and 220 °C with shorter extraction times (5, 10, and 15 min) were selected for bioactive screening using multivariate principal component analysis. Consequently, a rich composition of phenylpropanoids, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, and monolignols, was identified in the kānuka extracts using LC–MS/MS QTOF. Additionally, bioactives previously not found in kānuka extracts were identified, including 2ʹ,6ʹ-Dihydroxy-4ʹ-methoxydihydrochalcone, resveratrol, scopoletin, and naringin, underscoring its potential as a source of valuable metabolites to the pharmaceutical and food industries.
Optimizing CO2 capture from biogas: a comparative study of amine-based solvents through Aspen Plus simulations
Authors: Kopac Turkan , Demirel Yaşar
Published: February 2025

Biogas is a sustainable energy source with ecological, economic, and societal advantages. Composed mainly of CH4 and CO2, it offers a cleaner alternative to fossil fuels, emphasizing the importance of decarbonization. Chemical absorption effectively captures CO2, and process simulations assess separation performance before industrial use. This research aims to explore the potential of three amine-based solvents—AMP, DEA, and MDEA—for CO2 capture from biogas via Aspen Plus simulations to assess absorption/stripping columns. An improved rate-based model enhances the accuracy of mass and heat transfer simulations, with electrolyte NRTL models used for thermodynamic analysis. The study considers two distinct biogas compositions: biogas 1, which comprises 50% CH4, 32.2% CO2, 10% N2, and 7.8% H2O, and biogas 2, which consists of 50% CH4, 25% CO2, 5% N2, 7.8% H2O, 5% H2, and 7.2% H2S. Simulations are conducted to analyze the effects of biogas composition, solvent choice, and thermodynamic models on performance indicators such as the percentage of CO2 captured and the removal efficiencies of both CO2 and H2S within the absorber. The simulation results indicate that DEA has the highest CO2 capture effectiveness among solvents for both biogas compositions, followed by AMP, with MDEA showing the lowest. DEA achieves optimal results when the ENRTL-RK model is used. For biogas 1, DEA results in the highest CO2 removal efficiency, whereas for biogas 2, AMP results in the best H2S removal efficacy. The amine-based CO2 capture simulation suggests viability but highlights the need for further analysis of environmental impacts and costs for sustainability.
Network based differential abundance analysis: bridging community interactions and host microbiome dynamics
Authors: Hossine Zakir , Towers Isaac N. , Kaehler Benjamin D.
Published: February 2025

Differential abundance analysis is a critical task in microbiome research, aiming to identify microbial features (e.g., Amplicon Sequence Variant (ASV), Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU), taxa) that vary across conditions. Despite significant advancements, current leading methods (e.g., Analysis of Compositions of Microbiomes with Bias Correction (ANCOM-BC), ANCOM-BC2) face challenges in robustness and reproducibility, limiting their utility in complex ecological datasets. In this work, we propose a novel network-based approach for differential abundance analysis that integrates microbial interactions to improve accuracy and interpretability. Using simulated data generated from five empirical datasets by a third-party simulator, independent of all methods tested, our approach consistently outperforms ANCOM-BC and ANCOM-BC2 in terms of

$$F_1$$

F
1

scores. Beyond numerical performance, our method uses network analysis to uncover drivers of differential abundance, offering insights into microbial interactions and causal links with environmental or pathological factors. For example, we identify potential endogenous ecological drivers and exogenous influences that traditional binary classifications might overlook. This capability broadens the scope of microbiome research, enabling a deeper understanding of microbial ecology and its connection to host health and environmental conditions. Our findings highlight the potential of network-based approaches to advance both the methodological and biological frontiers of differential abundance analysis.