bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetik der Sauerstoffübertragung aus CO2 an die Oberfläche von Metallen
Authors: Grabke H.‐J.
Published: August 2023

Die Geschwindigkeit der Sauerstoffübertragung aus CO2 an die Oberfläche der Metalle Au, Ag, Pd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe und W nach magnified image wurde in einer Durchströmungsapparatur bei hohen Reaktionstemperaturen (um 1000 °C) und eingestelltem Gleichgewicht mit Hilfe von radioaktiv indiziertem Kohlendioxid gemessen. Das Geschwindigkeitsgesetz für die Hinreaktion lautet magnified image Die Sauerstoffaktivität aO an der Metalloberfläche ist bestimmt durch das Verhältnis p/pCO. Die Reaktion an den edleren Metallen ist unabhängig von der Sauerstoffaktivität (m = 0). Für die Reaktion an Co, Fe und W ist m > 0, d.h., durch hohe Sauerstoffbedeckung ist die Sauerstoffübertragung gehemmt. Die effektiven Aktivierungsenergien und Häufigkeitsfaktoren wurden bestimmt und diskutiert. Die relativen Aktivitäten der Metalle nehmen mit der Bildungsenthalpie ihrer Oxide zu bis zu einem Maximum beim Co; die Metalle Fe und W zeigen wieder geringere katalytische Aktivität, offenbar durch den hemmenden Einfluß der Bedeckung mit Sauerstoff.
Theorie der Phasenumwandlung in Polymeren
Authors: Blasenbrey S. , Pechhold W.
Published: August 2023

Zur thermodynamischen Beschreibung eines Systems aus Kettenmolekülen wird von einem defektfreien Kettenbündel (Idealkristall) ausgegangen. Durch Einführung stabiler Defekte (Kinken, Kettentorsionen, jogs, Falten), die mit dem intra‐ und intermolekularen Potential im Kettenbündel verträglich sind, gelangt man zum Realkristall.

Die kooperativ‐statistische Behandlung des Defektkristalls führt – unter einer gewissen Bedingung – zu einer Phasenumwandlung 1. Ordnung, die durch einen Sprung in der Defektkonzentration charakterisiert ist. Die Anordnungen von Molekülsegmenten, die in der Paarapproximation erfaßt werden, beschreiben die Nahordnung des Kettenbündels insbesondere im Schmelzzustand. Die in die Theorie eingehenden Parameter sind molekular definiert und können aus den intra‐ und intermolekularen Potentialen berechnet werden. Für PÄ wird ein Parametersatz angegeben, der Schmelzpunkt, Schmelzwärme, Volumensprung, Ausdehnungskoeffizient und Kompressibilität der Schmelze jeweils in Abhängigkeit vom Druck quantitativ erklärt.

Die Einbeziehung von kooperativ angeordneten gauche‐Flächen stellt die Isotropie der Schmelze sicher und liefert ein neues, thermodynamisch begründbares, Strukturmodell der Schmelze.

Die in einigen Polymeren auftretende Festkörperumwandlung (z. B. trans‐PBD) wird als Übergang des Defektkristalls in eine Kinkblock‐struktur beschrieben.
Konformation, übermolekulare Struktur und weitreichende Ordnung in nichtkristallinen und nichtstereospezifischen Polymeren Teil I. Sichtbare übermolekulare Strukturen und weitreichende Ordnungen in nichtkristallinen Blockcopolymeren
Authors: Kämpf G. , Hoffmann M. , Krömer H.
Published: August 2023

Mit Elektronenmikroskopie, Elektronenkleinwinkelbeugung, Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung und anderen Verfahren werden in besonders einheitlichen und gut charakterisierten Butadien‐Styrol‐Blockcopolymeren die Formen und Größen der sich bei der Entmischung der Sequenzen bildenden Aggregate in Abhängigkeit vom Styrolgehalt, von der Sequenzanordnung und von der molekularen Uneinheitlichkeit bestimmt. Von besonderem Interesse sind dabei die in den elektronenmikroskopischen Aufnahmen erkennbaren, weit über die Länge gestreckter Moleküle hinausgehenden und sehr genauen Fernordnungen der übermolekularen Strukturen.
Strukturveränderungen in getemperten Polyäthylenglykolterephthalatfäden
Authors: Jellinek G. , Ringens W. , Heidemann G.
Published: August 2023

Parallelisierte Versuchsfäden von Polyäthylenglykolterephthalat wurden mit monochromatischer CuKα‐Strahlung im Zählrohrdiffraktometer in Durchstrahlungstechnik untersucht. Dabei ergab eine Abtastung bei verschiedenen Azimuten, d. h. längs verschiedener Nullpunktsgeraden in einer zur Faserachse parallelen Ebene im reziproken Raum eine Anisotropie der Streustrahlung des nichtkristallinen Anteils. Dieser Anteil läßt sich formal zerlegen in einen diffusen Halo und in eine diffuse, langgestreckte Äquatorsichel bei dem gleichen Ablenkungswinkel. Nach einer Behandlung der Proben bei verschiedenen Temperaturen und unter verschiedenen Fadenspannungen ändern sich die Intensitäten von Halo und Sichel sowie die azimutale Halbwertsbreite der Sichel. Diese Änderungen lassen sich phänomenologisch zu Änderungen textiler Eigenschaften der Fäden in Beziehung setzen.
Isotopic Self‐Diffusion in Liquids
Authors: Mills R.
Published: August 2023

The self‐diffusion coefficients of three important liquids benzene, water and argon as reported in the literature vary widely. Recent developments designed to improve this situation are described and an assessment made of the best self‐diffusion values for each in the light of all the evidence available.
Theory of Molecular Reorientation in Liquids II: ESR Line Shapes for Slow Anisotropic Rotation
Authors: Sillescu Hans
Published: August 2023

The master equation approach to molecular reorientation in liquids is discussed with respect to ESR line shapes. The example of a non axially symmetricg‐tensor is considered for slow molecular reorientation by anisotropic rotational diffusion, and rotational jumps. The rotational jump model with arbitrary step length is augmented by an additional term which allows for anisotropic motions.
Theory of the Raman Band Profiles of Diatomic Molecules in Inert solvents
Authors: Maréchal Emile
Published: August 2023

The theory of Bratos, Rios, and Guissani concerning the IR spectra of diatomic molecules dissolved in inert solvents is extended to the Raman spectra.
Linear Response Theory and Macroscopic Measurements
Authors: Oppenheim Irwin
Published: August 2023

We discuss how linear response theory can be used to interpret macroscopic experiments which measure the transport properties of non‐equilibrium systems. The results of these experiments can be related to the results of measurements of fluctuations in equilibrium systems. It is possible to obtain the macroscopic equations describing transport and equilibrium correlation function expressions for transport coefficients from the molecular theory. It is also possible to obtain explicit expressions for the dependence of equilibrium correlation functions of macroscopic variables on the time in terms of correlation functions of non conserved variables and certain small coupling parameters.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies and Self‐Diffusion at Critical Points in Fluid Systems
Authors: Hamann H. , Hoheisel C. , Richtering H.
Published: August 2023

A short review of different types of nmr‐studies at critical points in one‐ and two‐component systems is given. The main part is concerned with determinations of self‐diffusion coefficients by means of the spin‐echo technique. Tracer studies are also mentioned. Most of the experimental results indicate that there is no anomaly for the self‐diffusion coefficient D* at the critical point within the precision of the measurements (± 2 to 5 percent in D and for the approach to the critical point obtained (∣(T— Tc)/Tc ≈︁ 10−4; (c — cc)/cc ≈︁ 10−2). The same holds true for the measurements of the spin‐lattice relaxation time. In a few nmr‐studies under high spectral resolution, however, certain critical anomalies have been observed close to the critical solution point in binary liquid systems.
Association Theory and the Nature of the Critical State
Authors: Ginell Robert , Kirsch Albert S. , Ginell A. Margot
Published: August 2023

The association theory of liquids previously presented is used to formulate a description of the Critical State. This description accounts logically for the persistance of density differences after the refractive index boundary has disappeared. The theory predicts that x, the degree of association of the large particles would be 5 or more at the critical point. Approximate calculations are presented for 15 substances, giving the minimum and maximum limits for α. The lower limit for these substances is about 5.3 while the upper limit is around 30.
Phase Behavior and Critical Phenomena in Fluid Mixtures under Pressure
Authors: Schneider G. M.
Published: August 2023

Three different types of two‐phase equilibria have to be considered in fluid mixtures: liquid‐gas, liquid‐liquid, and gas‐gas equilibria. The pressure dependence and critical phenomena of these kinds of phase equilibria will be shortly reviewed and recent data will be presented: since mainly high‐pressure work, say above 300 bar up to several kbar, will be discussed, liquid‐liquid and gas‐gas equilibria in particular will be considered.

New developments during recent years have shown that the limits between these three forms of phase equilibrium in fluid mixtures are not well defined at high temperatures and pressures and that continuous transitions between all these types occur. This continuity will be demonstrated for binary mixtures of hydrocarbons with CO2and H2O.
Detection of protamine based on competitive adsorption onto the surface of functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Yiğit Makbule , Bayraktutan Tuğba
Published: August 2023

This study developed an adsorption‐based determination system for protamine. A multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), which is a strong adsorbent, was used. The competitive adsorption process between dyes and protamine formed the basis of the sensor system. The adsorption process was followed over the dyes by UV–Vis. absorption spectroscopy. This sensor system was developed using the thermodynamic parameters. Transmission electron microscopy and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy techniques were used for the characterization of the sensor system. It was determined that the sensor system remained stable at physiological temperature and pH range. Limit of detection values of PyB‐COO‐MWCNT and PyY‐COO‐MWCNT systems were found to be 1.32 and 1.12 ng mL−1, respectively. The applicability of the sensor systems was demonstrated using bovine serum solutions.
Contribution A L'étude des Composés Sesquiuterpéniques. V. — Structure du Bicyclovétivénol et du Véticadinol, Alcools Tertiaires de L'Huile de Vétiver du Congo
Authors: Chiurdoglu G. , Delsemme A.
Published: August 2023

Bicyclovetivene (V) and veticadinene (VI) have been prepared and isolated from the products of dehydration of a mixture of bicyclovetivenol (I) and veticadinol (II), tertiary sesquiterpenic alcohols of vetiver oil.

Dihydrobicyclovetivene (VII) and dihydroveticadinene (VIII) were also obtained by dehydration of the corresponding dihydro‐alcohols.

The structure of the diolefins (V and VI) and the olefins VII and VIII have been determined.

The structures of the alcohols I and II could thus be deduced without being isolated. Bicyclovetivenol is seen to be the 2‐methylene‐6‐methyl‐9‐(β‐hydroxyisopropyl)‐bicyclo‐(0,3,5)‐decane (I) and veticadinol (II) is the 2‐methylene‐8‐methyI‐(β‐hydroxyisopropyl)‐bicyclo‐5‐(0,4,4)‐decane (II).
Modeling diabetic endothelial dysfunction with patient‐specific induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Gorashi Rayyan , Rivera‐Bolanos Nancy , Dang Caitlyn , Chai Cedric , Kovacs Beatrix , Alharbi Sara , Ahmed Syeda Subia , Goyal Yogesh , Ameer Guillermo , Jiang Bin
Published: August 2023

Diabetes is a known risk factor for various cardiovascular complications, mediated by endothelial dysfunction. Despite the high prevalence of this metabolic disorder, there is a lack of in vitro models that recapitulate the complexity of genetic and environmental factors associated with diabetic endothelial dysfunction. Here, we utilized human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐derived endothelial cells (ECs) to develop in vitro models of diabetic endothelial dysfunction. We found that the diabetic phenotype was recapitulated in diabetic patient‐derived iPSC‐ECs, even in the absence of a diabetogenic environment. Subsequent exposure to culture conditions that mimic the diabetic clinical chemistry induced a diabetic phenotype in healthy iPSC‐ECs but did not affect the already dysfunctional diabetic iPSC‐ECs. RNA‐seq analysis revealed extensive transcriptome‐wide differences between cells derived from healthy individuals and diabetic patients. The in vitro disease models were used as a screening platform which identified angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) that improved endothelial function in vitro for each patient. In summary, we present in vitro models of diabetic endothelial dysfunction using iPSC technology, taking into account the complexity of genetic and environmental factors in the metabolic disorder. Our study provides novel insights into the pathophysiology of diabetic endothelial dysfunction and highlights the potential of iPSC‐based models for drug discovery and personalized medicine.
Brachial plexopathy as a result of anatomical prone position in COVID‐19 patients—Systematic review
Authors: Toruńska Ewa , Owczarek‐Konopka Marcjanna , Konopka Mikołaj , Gielecki Jerzy Stanisław , Klepacki Łukasz
Published: August 2023

In patients with COVID‐19 different methods improving therapy have been used, including one of the anatomical position–prone position, to support ventilation. The aim of this review was to summarize the cases of brachial plexopathy as a consequence of the prone position in COVID‐19 patients, and thus bring closer the issue of the brachial plexus in the face of clinical aspects of its function, palsy, and consequences. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses statement was followed, inclusion criteria were created according to Patients, Interventions, Comparisons, Outcomes (PICO). PubMed and Scopus were searched until April 1, 2023 by entering the key term with Boolean terms. The risk of bias was assessed using JBI's critical appraisal tools. Fifteen papers with 30 patients were included in the review. This study showed that brachial plexopathy after the prone position occurs more often among males, who are at least 50 years old with comorbidities like hypertension, overweight, and diabetes mellitus. The most common symptoms were weakness, pain, and motion deficits. Duration of the prone position session and the number of episodes were different as well as the modification of positioning. Brachial plexopathy is a significant problem during prone position, especially when hospitalization is prolonged, patients are males, have comorbidities, and changes in body weight. Attention should be drawn to understand the anatomy of the brachial plexus, correct positioning, avoiding factors worsening the prognosis, and proper nutrition of the patients.
Association of emotional support with quality of life, mental health, and survival in older adults with gastrointestinal malignancies–Results from the CARE registry
Authors: Clausing Daniel , Fowler Mackenzie E. , Harmon Christian , Tucker Abigail , Outlaw Darryl , Akce Mehmet , El‐Rayes Bassel , Giri Smith , Williams Grant R.
Published: August 2023

Background

Emotional support (ES) is the most frequently reported support need among older adults with cancer. Yet, the association of ES with cancer outcomes is largely unknown. This study examined the association of ES with health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), mental health, and survival among older adults with gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies.

Methods

We included newly diagnosed older adults (≥60 years) with GI cancer undergoing self‐reported geriatric assessment at their first clinic visit. ES was measured using an adaptation of the Medical Outcomes Study (dichotomized adequate ES vs. inadequate ES). Outcomes included physical and mental HRQoL, anxiety, depression, and survival. Multivariable linear regression evaluated the association between ES and HRQoL scores. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated the association of ES with anxiety and depression. All models were adjusted for age at geriatric assessments, race, sex, and cancer type/stage.

Results

795 participants were included. Median patient age was 68 years (IQR: 64–74), 58% were male, and most cancers were either colorectal (37.9%) or pancreatic (30.8%). Most (77.6%) had adequate ES. Patients with inadequate ES were more likely to be Black (31.5 vs. 20.8%, p = 0.005), disabled (24.1 vs. 10.4%, p < 0.001), widowed/divorced (54.2 vs. 24.8%, p < 0.001) and had lower physical and mental HRQoL t‐scores (Physical β: −3.35, 95% CI: −5.25, −1.46; Mental β: ‐2.46, 95% CI: −4.11, −0.81) and higher odds of depression (aOR: 2.22, CI: 1.34–3.69). This study found no difference between those with adequate ES versus inadequate ES in the proportion of deaths within 1 year of diagnosis (24.3% vs. 24.2%, p = 0.966), or within 2 years of diagnosis (32.4% vs. 33.2%, p = 0.126).

Conclusions

Older adults with inadequate ES have worse physical and mental HRQoL and higher odds of depression compared to those with adequate ES.
Comparison of deep learning‐based recurrence‐free survival with random survival forest and Cox proportional hazard models in Stage‐I NSCLC patients
Authors: Kar İrem , Kocaman Gökhan , İbrahimov Farrukh , Enön Serkan , Coşgun Erdal , Elhan Atilla Halil
Published: August 2023

Background

The curative treatment for Stage I non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is surgical resection. Even for Stage I patients, the probability of recurrence after curative treatment is around 20%.

Methods

In this retrospective study, we included 268 operated Stage I NSCLC patients between January 2008 and June 2018 to analyze the prognostic factors (pathological stage, histological type, number of sampled mediastinal lymph node stations, type of resection, SUVmax of the lesion) that may affect relapse with three different methods, Cox proportional hazard (CoxPH), random survival forest (RSF), DeepSurv, and to compare the performance of these methods with Harrell's C‐index. The dataset was randomly split into two sets, training and test sets.

Results

In the training set, DeepSurv showed the best performance among the three models, the C‐index of the training set was 0.832, followed by RSF (0.675) and CoxPH (0.672). In the test set, RSF showed the best performance among the three models, followed by DeepSurv with 0.677 and CoxPH methods with 0.625.

Conclusion

In conclusion, machine‐learning techniques can be useful in predicting recurrence for lung cancer and guide clinicians both in choosing the adjuvant treatment options and best follow‐up programs.
Diagnosis of a SMARCA4‐deficient undifferentiated tumor using multigene panel testing: A case report
Authors: Marumo Yoshiaki , Yoshida Takashi , Ina Kenji , Matsunaga Naohiro , Furukawa Yuki , Kamiya Ayumi , Kataoka Takae , Kayukawa Satoshi
Published: August 2023

Key Clinical Message

SMARCA4‐deficient thoracic carcinoma is a malignant tumor that may present as cancer of unknown primary. This tumor is refractory and requires a novel approach. In addition to identifying therapeutic targets, multigene panel testing can reveal novel genetic mutations, leading to more pathologically relevant diagnoses and appropriate tumor care.

SMARCA4‐deficient undifferentiated tumors are characterized by SMARCA4 inactivation. We present a case of a 74‐year‐old man with an undifferentiated tumor and a novel SMARCA4 mutation detected using multigene panel testing. The tumor was multiagent and refractory to three chemotherapy lines. The test results helped guide appropriate medical management.
A case report of severe hyponatremia secondary to Paxlovid‐induced SIADH
Authors: Mohamed Sarah , Reda Mostafa Mostafa , Magdi Eid Mohamed , AbdelQadir Yossef Hassan , Abdelghafar Yomna Ali , Swed Sarya , Jahshan Bishara , El‐Radi Waddah Abd
Published: August 2023

Key Clinical Message

Nirmatrelvir‐ritonavir (Paxlovid) is a brand‐new oral antiviral medication for treating mild to severe COVID‐19. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for ritonavir‐nirmatrelvir on December 22, 2021, to treat COVID‐19. We describe a case of mild COVID‐19 infection who developed severe hyponatremia following the administration of Paxlovid. Clinical and laboratory evaluations suggest SIADH, likely secondary to Paxlovid. The potential side effects of this medication still require further study.
RNA‐Selective Small‐Molecule Ligands: Recent Advances in Live‐Cell Imaging and Drug Discovery
Authors: Chan Ka Hin , Wang Yakun , Zheng Bo‐Xin , Long Wei , Feng Xinxin , Wong Wing‐Leung
Published: August 2023

RNA structures, including those formed from coding and noncoding RNAs, alternative to protein‐based drug targets, could be a promising target of small molecules for drug discovery against various human diseases, particularly in anticancer, antibacterial and antivirus development. The normal cellular activity of cells is critically dependent on the function of various RNA molecules generated from DNA transcription. Moreover, many studies support that mRNA‐targeting small molecules may regulate the synthesis of disease‐related proteins via the non‐covalent mRNA‐ligand interactions that do not involve gene modification. RNA‐ligand interaction is thus an attractive approach to address the challenge of “undruggable” proteins in drug discovery because the intracellular activity of these proteins is hard to be suppressed with small molecule ligands. We selectively surveyed a specific area of RNA structure‐selective small molecule ligands in fluorescence live cell imaging and drug discovery because the area was currently underexplored. This state‐of‐the‐art review thus mainly focuses on the research published within the past three years and aims to provide the most recent information on this research area; hopefully, it could be complementary to the previously reported reviews and give new insights into the future development on RNA‐specific small molecule ligands for live cell imaging and drug discovery.
Valence in the eyes: An emotion decoding profile of adults with major depressive disorder and a history of childhood maltreatment
Authors: Nilsson Kristine Kahr , Nygaard Signe , Ebsen Simone , Østergård Ole Karkov
Published: August 2023

Background

Individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) and childhood maltreatment have been proposed to constitute a subgroup with worse illness course and outcomes. To elucidate a potential social cognitive vulnerability in this subgroup, this study compared the emotion decoding abilities of MDD patients with and without a history of childhood maltreatment.

Methods

Participants with a diagnosis of MDD were recruited from nationwide mental health organizations. Emotion decoding abilities were assessed using the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, while childhood maltreatment was measured with the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire.

Results

The MDD patients with a history of childhood maltreatment exhibited poorer emotion decoding abilities than MDD patients without such past. This difference applied specifically to the decoding of positive and negative emotions, while no group differences emerged for the decoding of neutral emotions. When specific maltreatment types were considered as predictors only emotional neglect was associated with lower emotion decoding abilities. These associations remained when adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates.

Conclusions

By indicating that emotion decoding difficulties characterize the MDD subgroup with childhood maltreatment, the findings highlight a potential vulnerability that merits further examination in terms of its developmental antecedents and prognostic relevance.
Arginine methylation of PPP1CA by CARM1 regulates glucose metabolism and affects osteogenic differentiation and osteoclastic differentiation
Authors: Zhang Lu , Jiao Guangjun , You Yunhao , Li Xiang , Liu Jincheng , Sun Zhenqian , Li Qinghui , Dai Zihan , Ma Jinlong , Zhou Hongming , Li Gang , Meng Chunyang , Chen Yunzhen
Published: August 2023

Background

The imbalance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts may lead to osteoporosis. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts have different energy requirements, with aerobic glycolysis being the prominent metabolic feature of osteoblasts, while osteoclast differentiation and fusion are driven by oxidative phosphorylation.

Methods

By polymerase chain reaction as well as Western blotting, we assayed coactivator‐associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) expression in bone tissue, the mouse precranial osteoblast cell line MC3T3‐E1 and the mouse monocyte macrophage leukaemia cell line RAW264.7, and expression of related genes during osteogenic differentiation and osteoclast differentiation. Using gene overexpression (lentivirus) and loss‐of‐function approach (CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated knockout) in vitro, we examined whether CARM1 regulates osteogenic differentiation and osteoblast differentiation by metabolic regulation. Transcriptomic assays and metabolomic assays were used to find the mechanism of action of CARM1. Furthermore, in vitro methylation assays were applied to clarify the arginine methylation site of PPP1CA by CARM1.

Results

We discovered that CARM1 reprogrammed glucose metabolism in osteoblasts and osteoclasts from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis, thereby promoting osteogenic differentiation and inhibiting osteoclastic differentiation. In vivo experiments revealed that CARM1 significantly decreased bone loss in osteoporosis model mice. Mechanistically, CARM1 methylated R23 of PPP1CA, affected the dephosphorylation of AKT‐T450 and AMPK‐T172, and increased the activities of phosphofructokinase‐1 and pructose‐2,6‐biphosphatase3, causing an up‐regulation of glycolytic flux. At the same time, as a transcriptional coactivator, CARM1 regulated the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 3, which resulted in the inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and inhibition of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, leading to a subsequent decrease in the flux of oxidative phosphorylation.

Conclusions

These findings reveal for the first time the mechanism by which CARM1 affects both osteogenesis and osteoclast differentiation through metabolic regulation, which may represent a new feasible treatment strategy for osteoporosis.
First record of Risso's dolphin Grampus griseus (Cuvier, 1812) in Icelandic waters
Authors: Chosson Valérie , Randhawa Haseeb S. , Sigurðsson Guðjón M. , Halldórsson Sverrir D. , Björnsson Þorvaldur Þ. , Svansson Vilhjálmur , Granquist Sandra M. , Gunnarsson Karl , Samarra Filipa I. P. , Pampoulie Christophe
Published: August 2023

In July 2022, two Risso's dolphins were reported stranded in Hrútafjörður (N65° 09,503; W21° 05,529), a fjord in northern Iceland. These events represent the first confirmed observations and strandings of Risso's dolphins in Icelandic waters. Given the uniqueness of these events, a decision was made to conduct full necropsies on these individuals. This study reports findings from viral and parasitological investigations, morphological and fitness measurements, as well as stomach and intestine content analysis for each of the Risso's dolphin specimens. The results of the necropsies do not suggest any other cause of death than lack of food and exhaustion. A large plastic fragment in one individual's stomach supports these suggestions. The presence of those specimens in the middle of the subarctic ocean illustrates ongoing changes in spatial distribution expanding northward, impacting not only Risso's dolphins but more generally marine life and biodiversity.
Alginate/guacamole edible films as moisture barrier layers in multicomponent foods
Authors: de Matos Matheus Carvalho , de Medeiros Jackson Andson , Santos Leticia Bueno , de Azeredo Henriette M. C.
Published: August 2023

In multicomponent foods having both moist and dry components (e.g., pizzas and tacos), moisture migration between components causes undesirable texture changes (e.g., loss of crispiness of the dry component). In this study, different proportions of alginate (film matrix), guacamole (hydrophobic component with sensory appeal), and glycerol (plasticizer) were combined to form edible films to be used as a moisture barrier between moist and dry components of multicomponent foods. Alginate was the component that most contributed to increase the film strength and to reduce its water vapor permeability (WVP). Guacamole, due to the presence of avocado lipids, enhanced the film hydrophobicity, although not having decreased the WVP (as expected), since it promoted discontinuities in the alginate structure. The film with the lowest WVP (containing an alginate/guacamole/glycerol dry mass ratio of 25/60/15) was inserted between nachos and tomato sauce, being able to reduce the crispiness loss of nachos during a 50‐min storage.
Challenges in human centric intelligent systems for wireless sensor networks: A state of art
Authors: Alferaidi Ali , Yadav Kusum , Alharbi Yasser , Alshudukhi Jalawi Sulaiman , Alreshidi Abdulrahman , Alreshidi Eissa Jaber , Kachout Mnaouer , Sharif Md Haidar
Published: August 2023

Human centric computing is a technique that is gaining more attention nowadays and integrates innovative processing methods for analyzing extensive data collection. Human centric intelligent systems focus on handling the interactions between customers, companies, communities and systems of computing to represent social and institutional concepts effectively. However, this interaction between the companies and customers will lead to various privacy challenges in human centric intelligent systems. This paper briefly studies cyber‐physical systems and various privacy challenges in human centric intelligent systems. In parallel, this article enunciates the human‐centric pipe water monitoring system framework in detail. It also discusses the smart body area network (SBAN) as a typical example of space cooperation. SBAN employs low‐power wireless devices in a compact form that can be incorporated inside the human body for health monitoring. This study examines the challenges of privacy, propagation, and trust assessment that human‐centric systems face.
Why Aren't Salmon Responding to Habitat Restoration in the Pacific Northwest?
Authors: Bilby Robert E , Currens Ken P , Fresh Kurt L , Booth Derek B , Fuerstenberg Robert R , Lucchetti Gino L
Published: August 2023

Declines in populations of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. in the Pacific Northwest have led to listings under the Endangered Species Act. One objective of current recovery efforts is the restoration of freshwater and estuarine habitats, which had been occurring prior to Endangered Species Act listing but increased dramatically afterwards. However, few listed populations are improving. We believe that there are five factors contributing to the lack of population response to habitat restoration: Not enough restoration has been done.We are not doing the right things in the right places at the right times.Ongoing habitat degradation is offsetting restoration benefits.Not enough time has passed.Monitoring has been inadequate to detect changes in Pacific salmon abundance.

All factors contribute to the disappointing progress on Pacific salmon recovery, although their importance varies. Two factors are more consistently significant than the others. Resources available to address habitat damage remain insufficient. The scale of the problem is large, so the response needs to be correspondingly large to yield desired outcomes. Of equal significance is the failure of restoration programs to identify elements controlling fish production. Implementing the right projects in the right places is key to improving the outcomes of restoration.
Investigation of rheological, physicochemical, and sensorial properties of traditional low‐fat Doogh formulated
Authors: Rahmati Fatemeh , Mahjoorian Abbas , Fazeli Fatemeh , Ranjbar Sharagim
Published: August 2023

Doogh is a fermented beverage made from yoghurt with water and salt. Similarly, drinks based on yoghurt are available in different countries with varying degrees of dilution, fat content, rheological properties, and taste. In this project, the use of mathematical calculations in describing rheological parameters from traditional low‐fat Doogh enriched with Caspian Sea (Huso huso) gelatin (0.4 w/v %), xanthan hydrocolloids (0.4 w/v %), and their mixture at a ratio of 0.2:0.2 w/v % studied. Also, serum isolation, pH, and sensory evaluation of samples were investigated. Also, the relationship between apparent viscosity and temperature of Doogh samples using the Arrhenius equation was studied. The sensory evaluation revealed that the overall acceptance scores of the samples containing gelatin, xanthan, mix, and control were 4.31, 4.33, 4.58, and 4.12, respectively. The study on serum separation value showed control sample (45.07) and mix sample (0.84) at the end of 30 days. On the first day, the pH of the Doogh samples decreased with the addition of hydrocolloids, and this trend was time dependent. pH reduction was higher in Doogh with gelatin than in other samples. Mathematical calculations showed that the low‐fat Doogh is a non‐Newtonian type and shear‐thinning (Pseudoplastic) fluid. The activation energy was calculated between 11.65 and 19.15 kJ/mol. According to the obtained results, it concluded that the use of two hydrocolloid compounds improved the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the low‐fat Doogh samples. Also, the Ostwald‐de Waele mathematical model had a high correlation with the rheological behavior of the samples.
Pulse granuloma presenting as a lateral neck mass: An unusual presentation of a fourth branchial cleft fistula
Authors: Wang Tiffany , Roof Scott , Westra William H.
Published: August 2023

Background

The pulse granuloma (PG) is believed to represent a distinctive foreign body reaction to ingested particles of legumes. Its presentation in the neck is entirely unexpected.

Methods

A woman presented with a mass of the lower neck that recurred following incision and drainage. The recurrent mass was found to be associated with an open sinus tract at the apex of the left pyriform sinus. The opening of the sinus tract was closed and the cyst was removed.

Results

Histologic examination of the neck mass showed vegetable material with an associated granulomatous reaction known as PG.

Conclusions

The documentation of a PG arising in the neck would seemingly discredit the legume theory, but it only further supports it. Its association with a fourth branchial cleft cyst provides evidence for the existence of the complete fourth branchial cleft fistula with seeding of ingested material through sinus tract opening.
Boxing Configuration Management – Configuration Change Management Meets the 4‐Box Development Model
Authors: Herzog Erik , Axehill Johanna Wallén , Larsson Åsa Nordling
Published: August 2023

Systems Engineering and Configuration Management are essential ingredients in development of complex, safety‐critical systems of today. However, our experience within the fighter aircraft industry shows different understanding of how to best manage and control development between the Systems Engineering and Configuration Management communities. This is particularly true when a system is developed incrementally, and where there are multiple concurrent change‐controlled development activities. Using the 4‐box development model as a basis for incremental development, the paper highlights the nature of development planning and Configuration Change Management. Three types of change items are identified, to capture the needs to handle:

1) Long‐term, static changes with a large scope to be agreed with the stakeholders.

2) Short‐term, dynamic changes with small scope for each development team.

3) Short‐term, static changes with a varying scope depending on what is available for integration into a specific product configuration.

Finally, this model of handling changes is exemplified by a toy example, showing the relationships between the changes and flexibility in handling re‐planning during the long‐term development. With the proposed approach, we hope to narrow the gap between the Systems Engineering and Configuration Management communities.
Preserving and Sharing Knowledge – Extending the UAF Security Views with Libraries, Patterns and Profiles
Authors: Adejokun Ademola Peter , Hause Matthew , System Mitchell Brooks , Huang LiGuo
Published: August 2023

Knowledge and experience are gained during the execution of every project. This knowledge remains in the heads of the engineers, but often is not distributed more widely. In Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) projects, this knowledge can include problem solving techniques, algorithms, libraries of types, patterns, interfaces, components, etc. One of the ways to preserve this knowledge is by creating libraries of these reusable assets. For example, the newest version of Unified Architecture Framework (UAF) included a library developed by Mitre of 1200 different security controls defined in National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard 800‐53r5. These controls can be referenced on projects to mitigate many common security risks. Each defined control can be integrated with the corresponding risks, security metrics, mitigating elements, solutions, and so forth. All these elements could then be used to construct Security Patterns showing risks that the security controls can mitigate as well as abstract solutions that can satisfy these controls. Patterns publicly provided as a curated, searchable, solution set library could be leveraged by projects and augmented over time, preserving their Intellectual Property (IP) and knowledge assets. This paper discusses these concepts and methods and demonstrates how they can be applied to improve system security.
Modeling System Configurations Over Time
Authors: Hause Matthew , Kihlström Lars‐Olof
Published: August 2023

One of the most troublesome and challenging parts of systems engineering is that systems keep changing. Some changes are planned as part of a phased system rollout. Others can occur because of changes in the environment, technology, customer need, unexpected emergent properties, competition, discovered system vulnerabilities, etc. Regardless of why, the systems engineer needs to document these configurations as part of a digital thread leading to physical systems that will be manufactured and installed. When using SysML as part of MBSE, there are advantages and disadvantages regarding the modeling variability using inheritance and other structural modeling techniques. Elements in a so‐called superclass will be inherited by all members. This is advantageous for additive systems but can cause issues when configurations require removal of systems. This paper will examine system configuration over time showing how to model configurations and changes. It will also look at other techniques such as Product Line Engineering (PLE) with OVM and Feature Based Modeling.
Architecting Digital Engineering Requirements for Risk Management & Systems Architecting
Authors: Dubicki Shannon , Gorospe Risa
Published: August 2023

This paper describes the risk management and system architecting digital thread within Digital Engineering (DE). It uses a systems engineering methodology that begins at source processes and ultimately provides component‐level requirements that software tools will need to satisfy to provide the risk management and system architecting digital thread capability. The risk management and system architecting digital thread is analyzed throughout each step of the systems engineering methodology. The methodology used is also presented as a way other DE digital threads can be analyzed from source processes to component‐level requirements.
Organizational System Resilience to Disinformation: A Viable Systems Model Exploration
Authors: Caskey Susan , Gunda Thushara
Published: August 2023

This paper explores the utility of organizational system modeling frameworks to provide valuable insight into information flows within organizations and subsequently the opportunities for increasing resilience against disinformation campaigns targeting the system's ability to utilize information within its decision making. Disinformation is a growing challenge for many organizations and in recent years has created delay in decision making. The paper has utilized the viable systems model (VSM) to characterize organizational systems and used this approach to outline potential subsystem requirements to promote resilience of the system. The results of this paper can support the development of simulations and models considering the human elements within the system as well as support the development of quantitative measures of resilience.
Case Studies in Disaster: Modern Digital Engineering Methods and Error Detection
Authors: Jugovic Heidi , Swickline Christopher
Published: August 2023

The promise of Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) includes the ability to detect potential errors earlier and more accurately. This paper examines whether modern Digital Engineering (DE) techniques could have averted engineering disasters of the past had they been employed at the time. Three case studies are presented: Apollo XIII, Therac‐25, and a modern surface naval system. For each, the nature of the system and the error are discussed, and an abbreviated architectural model is presented, using a style designed for a semi‐automated model syntax analy‐sis technique called validation. A validation suite was executed against the example model to de‐termine if the defect which caused the failure was detected. Practitioners of systems engineering interested will benefit through these technical examples in leveraging MBSE for early develop‐ment defect reduction. Conclusions about which types of defects are detectable using modern MBSE techniques are presented with recommendations for future research.
1. Model‐Based Acquisition (MBAcq): Uniting Government and Industry around a Common Standard
Authors: Hart Laura E , Hause Matthew C
Published: August 2023

The Digital Engineering Strategy released in June 2018 outlined the DoD's strategic goals which “promote the use of digital artifacts as a technical means of communication across a diverse set of stakeholders.” Ultimately, by involving a variety of perspectives in the design decisions, one can increase quality and speed without increasing risks. “In addition to build, test, field and sustainment of defense systems, emphasis was placed on the acquisition and procurement of systems and the importance of digital engineering. This was further reinforced in the Feb 2022 release of the Engineering of Defense Systems Guidebook which contains Digital Engineering sections in each chapter. The norm for Systems Engineering has become Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) in which models are used at all phases of development. To complete the digital thread from concept to disposal, models will be required for the acquisition phase. This paper will describe Model‐Based Acquisition (MBAcq), and how it can be used to increase clarity for compliance and understanding in Systems and Software Acquisition.” (Hause, Hart, 2022) MBAcq can supplant the use of document‐based specification but only if we come together as an industry to develop and agree upon some standardization. A word of caution, model‐based approaches will only be successful if they are grounded in sound systems engineering practices. The thought process to create the models are as equally important as the resulting models themselves. This paper will discuss the work being done by the OMG MBAcq User Group, which is a broad industry body with participation from INCOSE, Armed Services, OUSD, DoD CIO, NDIA, DAU, FFRDCs and many industry suppliers, such as Boeing, Northrup Grumman, and Lockheed Martin, working together to successfully create both the standardization and guidance to successfully deploy MBAcq to the larger community. Parts of this paper were first published by the authors in (Hause, Hart, 202)
Rhizosphere interface microbiome reassembly by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi weakens cadmium migration dynamics
Authors: Wang Hong‐Rui , Du Xin‐Ran , Zhang Zhuo‐Yun , Feng Fu‐Juan , Zhang Jia‐Ming
Published: August 2023

The prevalence of cadmium (Cd)‐polluted agricultural soils is increasing globally, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can reduce the absorption of heavy metals by plants and improve mineral nutrition. However, the immobilization of the rhizosphere on cadmium is often overlooked. In this study, Glomus mosseae and Medicago sativa were established as symbiotes, and Cd migration and environmental properties in the rhizosphere were analyzed. AMF reduced Cd migration, and Cd2+ changed to an organic‐bound state. AMF symbiosis treatment and Cd exposure resulted in microbial community variation, exhibiting a distinct deterministic process (|βNTI| > 2), which ultimately resulted in a core microbiome function of heavy metal resistance and nutrient cycling. AMF increased available N and P, extracellular enzyme activity (LaC, LiP, and CAT), organic matter content (TOC, EOC, and GRSP), and Eh of the rhizosphere soil, significantly correlating with decreased Cd migration (p < 0.05). Furthermore, AMF significantly affected root metabolism by upregulating 739 metabolites, with flavonoids being the main factor causing microbiome variation. The structural equation model and variance partial analysis revealed that the superposition of the root metabolites, microbial, and soil exhibited the maximum explanation rate for Cd migration reduction (42.4%), and the microbial model had the highest single explanation rate (15.5%). Thus, the AMF in the rhizosphere microenvironment can regulate metabolite–soil–microbial interactions, reducing Cd migration. In summary, the study provides a new scientific explanation for how AMF improves plant Cd tolerance and offers a sustainable solution that could benefit both the environment and human health.
User‐generated content and micro‐celebrity posts encourage Generation Z consumers to search social media for online purchase: A study on Dhaka City, Bangladesh
Authors: Shetu Sabakun Naher
Published: August 2023

This study aims to examine the impact of user‐generated content (UGC) and micro‐celebrity posts on Generation Z consumers' online purchasing behavior. The role of search intent as a mediator is examined. The stimulus–organism–response (SOR) theory included in it has not yet been widely found in Bangladesh's existent study literature that examines Generation Z consumers' preferences regarding their online buying behavior. Using a cross‐sectional study approach, the primary data were collected via a self‐administered questionnaire. The population consisted of members of Generation Z in the city of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Systematic random sampling was used to select participants from six universities in Dhaka for the study involving Generation Z. Besides, non‐probability sampling techniques, convenience sampling, were used to acquire the primary data. A total of 565 samples were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Direct and indirect analyses of the expected linkages revealed considerable correlations between user‐generated content (UGC), micro‐celebrity posts, intention to search, and online purchase behavior. The investigation's findings demonstrated the mediational relationship between users' search intentions and other constructs. Significant contributions have been made to the theory of online buying behavior decision‐making and the social media marketing strategies that should be used.