bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formation control of large‐scale mobile sensor networks based on semilinear parabolic system
Authors: Qian Xueming , Cui Baotong
Published: November 2022

This paper is concerned with the formation control problem for a class of large‐scale mobile sensor networks. The dynamic of mobile sensors are modelled by class of semilinear parabolic system, which is a class of partial differential equation (PDE) and has rich geometric family. In this model, the communication topology of agents is a chain graph and fixed. Leader feedback laws which designed in a manner to the boundary control of semilinear parabolic system allow the mobile sensors stable deployment onto planar curves. By constructing appropriate Lyapunov functional and using linear matrix inequality, several sufficient criteria are derived ensuring the mobile sensor networks to be globally asymptotically stable at the equilibrium. A simulation example is provided to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed formation control scheme.
Combining magneto-hydrostatic constraints with Stokes profiles inversions
Authors: Borrero J. M. , Pastor Yabar A.
Published: November 2022

Context. Electric currents play an important role in the energy balance of the plasma in the solar atmosphere. They are also indicative of non-potential magnetic fields and magnetic reconnection. Unfortunately, the direct measuring of electric currents has traditionally been riddled with inaccuracies.

Aims. We study how accurately we can infer electric currents under different scenarios.

Methods. We carry out increasingly complex inversions of the radiative transfer equation for polarized light applied to Stokes profiles synthesized from radiative three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations. The inversion yields the magnetic field vector, B, from which the electric current density, j, is derived by applying Ampere’s law.

Results. We find that the retrieval of the electric current density is only slightly affected by photon noise or spectral resolution. However, the retrieval steadily improves as the Stokes inversion becomes increasingly elaborated. In the least complex case (a Milne-Eddington-like inversion applied to a single spectral region), it is possible to determine the individual components of the electric current density (jx, jy, jz) with an accuracy of σ = 0.90 − 1.00 dex, whereas the modulus (∥j∥) can only be determined with σ = 0.75 dex. In the most complicated case (with multiple spectral regions, a large number of nodes, Tikhonov vertical regularization, and magnetohydrostatic equilibrium), these numbers improve to σ = 0.70 − 0.75 dex for the individual components and σ = 0.5 dex for the modulus. Moreover, in regions where the magnetic field is above 300 gauss, ∥j∥ can be inferred with an accuracy of σ = 0.3 dex. In general, the x and y components of the electric current density are retrieved slightly better than the z component. In addition, the modulus of the electric current density is the best retrieved parameter of all, and thus it can potentially be used to detect regions of enhanced Joule heating.

Conclusions. The fact that the accuracy does not worsen with decreasing spectral resolution or increasing photon noise, and instead increases as the Stokes inversion complexity grows, suggests that the main source of errors in the determination of electric currents is the lack of realism in the inversion model employed to determine variations in the magnetic field along the line of sight at scales smaller than the photon mean-free path, along with the intrinsic limitations of the model due to radiative transfer effects.
The Gaia-ESO survey: Mapping the shape and evolution of the radial abundance gradients with open clusters
Authors: Magrini L. , Viscasillas Vázquez C. , Spina L. , Randich S. , Romano D. , Franciosini E. , Recio-Blanco A. , Nordlander T. , D’Orazi V. , Baratella M. , Smiljanic R. , Dantas M. L. L. , Pasquini L. , Spitoni E. , Casali G. , Van der Swaelmen M. , Bensby T. , Stonkute E. , Feltzing S. , Sacco G. G. , Bragaglia A. , Pancino E. , Heiter U. , Biazzo K. , Gilmore G. , Bergemann M. , Tautvaišienė G. , Worley C. , Hourihane A. , Gonneau A. , Morbidelli L.
Published: November 2022

Context. The spatial distribution of elemental abundances and their time evolution are among the major constraints to disentangling the scenarios of formation and evolution of the Galaxy.

Aims. In this paper we used the sample of open clusters available in the final release of the Gaia-ESO survey to trace the Galactic radial abundance and abundance-to-iron ratio gradients, and their time evolution.

Methods. We selected member stars in 62 open clusters, with ages from 0.1 to about 7 Gyr, located in the Galactic thin disc at galactocentric radii (RGC) from about 6 to 21 kpc. We analysed the shape of the resulting [Fe/H] gradient, the average gradients [El/H] and [El/Fe] combining elements belonging to four different nucleosynthesis channels, and their individual abundance and abundance ratio gradients. We also investigated the time evolution of the gradients dividing open clusters in three age bins.

Results. The [Fe/H] gradient has a slope of −0.054 dex kpc−1. It can be better approximated with a two-slope shape, steeper for RGC ≤ 11.2 kpc and flatter in the outer regions. We saw different behaviours for elements belonging to different channels. For the time evolution of the gradient, we found that the youngest clusters (age < 1 Gyr) in the inner disc have lower metallicity than their older counterparts and that they outline a flatter gradient. We considered some possible explanations, including the effects of gas inflow and migration. We suggest that the most likely one may be related to a bias introduced by the standard spectroscopic analysis producing lower metallicities in the analysis of low-gravity stars.

Conclusions. To delineate the shape of the ‘true’ gradient, we should most likely limit our analysis to stars with low surface gravity log g >  2.5 and microturbulent parameter ξ <  1.8 km s−1. Based on this reduced sample, we can conclude that the gradient has minimally evolved over the time-frame outlined by the open clusters, indicating a slow and stationary formation of the thin disc over the last 3 Gyr. We found a secondary role of cluster migration in shaping the gradient, with a more prominent role of migration for the oldest clusters.
Solar-wind-dependent streamline model for Mercury’s magnetosheath
Authors: Schmid D. , Narita Y. , Plaschke F. , Volwerk M. , Nakamura R. , Baumjohann W. , Heyner D. , Pump K. , Aizawa S.
Published: November 2022

Context.Mercury’s magnetosphere and magnetosheath are unique in the Solar System plasmas as they are highly time dependent, since the planet has only a small-scale magnetosphere originating from the weak intrinsic planetary magnetic field. Yet, it is believed that the plasma therein reaches a quasi-stationary state, that is, the ground state of magnetospheric dynamics, when the solar wind smoothly passes by the magnetosphere without energy or momentum exchange in quiet conditions.

Aims.Here, we aim to construct a semi-analytical streamline model for Mercury’s magnetosheath to extend the modeling effort from the magnetospheric plasma to the magnetosheath plasma. The magnetosheath model should have the capability of determining the plasma density and the bulk velocity as a function of the radial distance from the planet, the zenith angle to the Sun, and the solar wind condition.

Methods.Our magnetosheath model was constructed with (1) the steady-state continuity equation around a magnetospheric obstacle where the bow shock and magnetopause location may depend on the solar wind condition, (2) the jump conditions at the bow shock, and (3) the adiabatic behavior in the magneotsheath.

Results.Our magnetosheath model reasonably explains and reproduces the in-situ measurements around Mercury by the MErcury Surface, Space Environment, GEochemistry and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft as well as numerical simulations.

Conclusions.The presented streamline model of Mercury’s magnetosheath serves as a useful tool for the on-going two spacecraft BepiColombo mission when analyzing the plasma data by tracing the plasma parcel along the streamline both forward from one spacecraft to another and backward, locating the shock crossing coordinate, or when estimating the elapsed time of plasma parcel after the shock crossing.
eRASSt J040515.6 − 745202, an X-ray burster in the Magellanic Bridge
Authors: Haberl F. , Vasilopoulos G. , Maitra C. , Valdes F. , Lang D. , Doroshenko V. , Ducci L. , Kreykenbohm I. , Rau A. , Weber P. , Wilms J. , Maggi P. , Bailyn C. D. , Jaisawal G. K. , Ray P. S. , Treiber H.
Published: November 2022

Context. During the third all-sky survey (eRASS3), eROSITA, the soft X-ray instrument aboard Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma, detected a new hard X-ray transient, eRASSt J040515.6 − 745202, in the direction of the Magellanic Bridge.

Aims. We arranged follow-up observations and searched for archival data to reveal the nature of the transient.

Methods. Using X-ray observations with XMM-Newton, NICER, and Swift, we investigated the temporal and spectral behaviour of the source for over about 10 days.

Results. The X-ray light curve obtained from the XMM-Newton observation with an ∼28 ks exposure revealed a type-I X-ray burst with a peak bolometric luminosity of at least 1.4 × 1037 erg s−1. The burst energetics are consistent with a location of the burster at the distance of the Magellanic Bridge. The relatively long exponential decay time of the burst of ∼70 s indicates that it ignited in a H-rich environment. The non-detection of the source during the other eROSITA surveys, twelve and six months before and six months after eRASS3, suggests that the burst was discovered during a moderate outburst which reached 2.6 × 1036 erg s−1 in persistent emission. During the NICER observations, the source showed alternating flux states with the high level at a similar brightness as during the XMM-Newton observation. This behaviour is likely caused by dips as also seen during the last hour of the XMM-Newton observation. Evidence for a recurrence of the dips with a period of ∼21.8 h suggests eRASSt J040515.6 − 745202 is a low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) system with an accretion disk seen nearly edge on. We identify a multi-wavelength counterpart to the X-ray source in UVW1 and g, r, i, and z images obtained by the optical/UV monitor on XMM-Newton and the Dark Energy Camera at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory. The spectral energy distribution is consistent with radiation from an accretion disk which dominates the UV and from a cool late-type star detected in the optical to infrared wavelengths.

Conclusions. After the discovery of X-ray bursts in M 31, the Magellanic Bridge is only the second location outside of the Milky Way where an X-ray burster was found. The burst uniquely identifies eRASSt J040515.6 − 745202 as an LMXB system with a neutron star. Its location in the Magellanic Bridge confirms the existence of an older stellar population which is expected if the bridge was formed by tidal interactions between the Magellanic Clouds, which stripped gas and stars from the clouds.
The demographic and clinical characteristics of women living with HIV and the opportunistic infections they experience in Manokwari Regency, West Papua
Authors: Widiyanti Mirna , Adiningsih Setyo
Published: November 2022

The number of women living with HIV (WLHIV) in Indonesia, especially Papua, is increasing yearly, along with the increasing number of men who transmit HIV to their partners. WLHIV are susceptible to opportunistic infections, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. This study, aiming to identify the characteristics and opportunistic infections among WLHIV in Manokwari Regency, West Papua, was descriptive with a cross-sectional study design involving 70 WLHIV who routinely received antiretroviral treatment at the VCT of RSUD Manokwari as respondent. Data on demographic and clinical variables were obtained through interviews using structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed by fisher exact tests to measure the association of opportunistic infections with demographic and clinical variables. The results showed that the demographic characteristics of WLHIV: aged18-35 years (47.1%), high school education (42.9%), private employment (47.1%), married (65.7%), ethnic Papuan (65.7%), and heterosexual risk factor (97.1%). Meanwhile, their clinical characteristics were clinical stage III (62.9%), CD4+ ≥350 cell/mm3 (62,9%), detectable viral load (55,7%), and underweight (38.6%). The most opportunistic infections among them were pulmonary tuberculosis (58.6%). The clinical stage of HIV and CD4+ cells was significantly associated with opportunistic infections among WLHIV. For these reasons, it is necessary to intervene by applying antiretroviral administration strategies and specific antimicrobial therapy.
Comparison of Characteristics of Posyandu Services During the Covid-19 Pandemic Before and after Revitalization of Posyandu and Empowerment of Cadres through Integrated Program
Authors: Budiana Irwan , Dwi Setiyawati Yuni , Hoshitanisita Hastrin
Published: November 2022

The Covid-19 pandemic has disrupted maternal and child health services at the Integrated Health Center (Posyandu). Posyandu play central role for early detection of stunting when a child fails to grow to the proper height for his or her age inchildren under five (toddler). Currently Posyandu target to reach at least 80% attendance rate has also not met. Before pandemic, Posyandu has started to even become less attractive, as evidenced by the increasing number of community absenteeism at the Posyandu, from 25.5% (2007) to 34.3% (2018). Weak implementation of Posyandu and the lack cadres’ ability in carrying out their task as one of the factors for the low level of community participation. We aim to provide a pilot intervention to address these issues. The purpose of this study was to compare the characteristics of Posyandu services during the Covid-19 pandemic and after Covid-19 pandemic with interventions given in the form of revitalizing posyandu and empowering cadres. This research method useds descriptive research with survey research design. The population in this study were 85 targeted children in four 4 Posyandus across Ende district. The sampling technique is simple random sampling. The results showed that before the intervention 78.8% of respondents received more than one type of health service and increased to 80% after the intervention. The visiting frequency to posyandu increased from 57.6% to 82.5%, There is a slight decrease in Posyandu’s attendance due to Pandemic, from 77.6% to 75%. It can be concluded that the intervention in the form of revitalizing posyandu and empowering cadres through an integrated program is one solutions to provide improvement in Posyandu services.
Effekte einer ambulanten Kneippkur als multimodale
Lebensstilintervention für die primäre Insomnie: eine
randomisierte kontrollierte Studie
Authors: Immich Gisela , Frisch Dieter , Oberhauser Cornelia , Schuh Angela , Stier-Jarmer Marita
Published: November 2022

Einleitung In Deutschland leiden 6–10% der Menschen an
klinisch relevanten Schlafstörungen, insbesondere unter der arbeitenden
Bevölkerung. Werden diese chronisch, können sie zu
schwerwiegenden Erkrankungen führen und einen beträchtlichen
Teil der Abwesenheit vom Arbeitsplatz ausmachen. Deshalb wurde ein
Kneippkurprogramm für nicht-organische Schlafstörungen als ein
nicht-medikamentöses Behandlungskonzept im Kurort Füssen
entwickelt und überprüft.

Methodik Randomisierte monozentrische klinische Studie mit 5
Erhebungszeitpunkten (prä-/post-Intervention, 1, 3 und 6 Monate
nach Intervention). Intervention: 19-tägiges multimodales Kneippprogramm
(Ordnungstherapie, Hydro- und Thermotherapie, Bewegungstherapie).
Primäre Zielgröße: Subjektive Schlafqualität
(PSQI-Gesamtscore von 0–21 Punkte:≤5 Punkte=gesunder
Schlaf, PSQI-Wert 5–10 Punkte=schlechte Schlafqualität,
PSQI-Gesamtscore>10 Punkte=chronische Schlafstörung).
Sekundäre Zielgrößen: Allgemeines Wohlbefinden
(WHO-5-Wellbeing-Index), chronische Stressbelastung (TICS), dysfunktionale
Überzeugungen zum Schlaf (DAB-16), Teilnehmerzufriedenheit.

Ergebnisse 96 Erwachsene mit Schlafstörungen (mittleres Alter 56
Jahre, 83% weiblich) wurden in eine Interventionsgruppe IG
(N=47) und Wartekontrollgruppe WG (N=49) randomisiert. Zu
Studienbeginn gab es keine relevanten Gruppenunterschiede (PSQI-Gesamtwerte: IG
11,7±3,1, WG: 10,6±3,0). Nach 1, 3 und 6 Monaten erhöhte
sich der Anteil guter Schläfer deutlich stärker in IG versus WG:
34 vs. 10% nach 1 Monat, 40 vs. 12% nach 3 Monaten sowie 28 vs.
14% nach 6 Monaten. Nach 1, 3 und 6 Monaten reduzierte sich der mittlere
PSQI-Gesamtscore deutlich stärker in IG als in der WG:
− 4,44 Pkt. vs. − 1,14 Pkt. nach 1 Monat
(p=0,001), − 4,19 Pkt. vs. − 1,14 Pkt.
nach 3 Monaten (p=0,014]) und − 3,53 Pkt. vs.
− 1,28 Pkt. nach sechs Monaten (p=0,111). Dabei erzielte
die IG eine klinisch relevante Reduktion des PSQI-Scores von minus 3 Punkten zu
allen Messzeitpunkten im Follow-up. Vergleichbare positive Effekte zeigten sich
bei der IG bzgl. des allgemeinen Wohlbefindens, der chronischen Stressbelastung
und den dysfunktionalen Gedanken zum Schlaf.

Schlussfolgerung Die ambulante multimodale Kneippkur erzielte signifikante
Verbesserungen bei Schlafqualität und Wohlbefinden sowie eine Reduktion
der chronischen Stressbelastung bei Erwachsenen mit nicht-organischen
Schlafstörungen. Die Nachhaltigkeit der Effekte über 6 Monate
hinaus müssten in weiteren Studien untersucht werden.
Endoscopic severity and classification of lesions with pan-enteric capsule endoscopy and ileocolonoscopy in ileocolonic Crohn’s disease
Authors: Brodersen Jacob Broder , Kjeldsen Jens , Knudsen Torben , Jensen Michael Dam
Published: November 2022

Background and study aims Recent evidence supports the use of pan-enteric capsule endoscopy (CE) for the diagnosis and follow-up of Crohn’s disease (CD). The aim of this study was to examine the agreement between CE and ileocolonoscopy (IC) for determining the severity and classification of lesions in ileocolonic CD.

Patients and methods In a prospective blinded multicenter study, patients with suspected CD were examined with CE and IC within 2 weeks. Ninety-nine participants with a full IC and CE were included in the analysis. The ileocolonic disease severity was assessed with the Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s Disease (SES-CD).

Results CD was diagnosed in 30 patients with IC and CE. The mean SES-CD was 9.8 (CI 7.9–11.8) and 10.6 (CI 8.2–13.1), respectively (P = 0.69). There was a substantial agreement (ICC 0.83, CI 0.68–0.92) and a strong correlation between SES-CD assessed with IC and CE (rs = 0.78, P < 0.001). 55 bowel segments had ulcerations with both modalities (terminal ileum 24, right colon 12, transverse colon eight, left colon eight and rectum three). Mean sub-scores for ulcer size, area of ulcerated surface and area of affected surface did not differ between modalities. The inter-modality agreement (κ) was 0.46, 0.34 and 0.43, respectively (P < 0.001).

Conclusions There is a strong correlation between IC and CE for the severity of ileocolonic CD. The agreement for SES-CD sub-scores is fair to moderate. CE could be an alternative to IC for the assessment of endoscopic severity in selected patients with suspected CD.
Precision of Dynamic Infrared Thermography in Anterolateral Thigh Flap Planning: Identification of the Perforator Fascia Passage
Authors: Illg Claudius , Krauss Sabrina , Lauer Henrik , Daigeler Adrien , Schäfer Ruth Christine
Published: November 2022

Background The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap is commonly utilized in reconstructive surgery. Preoperative perforator mapping facilitates dissection. Dynamic infrared thermography can be applied to identify ALT perforators. However, its accuracy has not been evaluated in detail before. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the precision of dynamic infrared thermography in ALT perforator localization.

Methods The survey site was defined as a 25 × 8 cm rectangle on the anterolateral thigh and a coordinate system was established. The area was examined consecutively by dynamic infrared thermography with a FLIR ONE camera after 2-minute fan precooling. Two surgeons then independently performed color duplex ultrasound on the basis of the identified hotpots.

Results Twenty-four healthy subjects were examined. About 74.8% of perforators were musculocutaneous or musculoseptocutaneous. The mean distance between study area center and perforator or hotspot center was 51.8 ± 27.3 and 46.5 ± 26.2 mm, respectively. The mean distance from hotspot center to sonographic perforator fascia passage was 15.9 ± 9.9 mm with a maximum of 48.4 mm. The positive predictive value of thermographic ALT perforator identification was 93%.

Conclusion Thermographic hotspot and perforator location diverge widely in ALT flaps. Dynamic infrared thermography can therefore not be used as standalone technique for preoperative ALT perforator identification. However, the application before color duplex ultrasound examination is a reasonable upgrade and can visualize angiosomes and facilitate the examination.
Identifying diffusion limiting current to unravel the intrinsic kinetics of electrode reactions affected by mass transfer at rotating disk electrode
Authors: Xu Mian-le , Chen Wei , Liao Ling-wen , Wei Zhen , Cai Jun , Chen Yan-xia
Published: November 2022

Rotating disk electrode systems are widely used to study the kinetics of electrocatalytic reactions that may suffer from insufficient mass transfer of the reactants. Kinetic current density at certain overpotential calculated by the Koutecky-Levich equation is commonly used as the metrics to evaluate the activity of electrocatalysts. However, it is frequently found that the diffusion limiting current density is not correctly identified in the literatures. Instead of kinetic current density, the measured current density normalized by diffusion limiting current density (j/jL) has also been frequently under circumstance where its validity is not justified. By taking oxygen reduction reaction/hydrogen oxidation reaction/hydrogen evolution reaction as examples, we demonstrate that identifying the actual diffusion limiting current density for the same reaction under otherwise identical conditions from the experimental data is essential to accurately deduce kinetic current density. Our analysis reveals that j/jL is a rough activity metric which can only be used to qualitatively compare the activity trend under conditions that the mass transfer conditions and the roughness factor of the electrode are exactly the same. In addition, if one wants to use j/jL to compare the intrinsic activity, the concentration overpotential should be eliminated.
Fast electron and slow hole spin relaxation in CsPbI3 nanocrystals
Authors: Dey Amrita , Strohmair Simone , He Fei , Akkerman Quinten A. , Feldmann Jochen
Published: November 2022

Spin-dependent properties of lead halide perovskites (LHPs) have recently gained significant attention paving their way toward spin-optoelectronic applications. However, separate measurements of the electron and hole spin relaxation rates are so far missing in LHPs. The knowledge of the electron and hole spin relaxation timescales is necessary to understand the spin-dependent properties of LHPs. Here, we report on the spin polarization dynamics in CsPbI3 nanocrystals (NCs). We employ polarization dependent ultrafast differential transmission spectroscopy (DTS) at room temperature to study the spin polarization dynamics in this system. In the case of pure CsPbI3 NCs, it is not possible to measure separately electron and hole spin relaxation rates from the polarization dependent DTS. Here, we introduce the soluble fullerene derivative PC60BM as an electron acceptor along with CsPbI3 to create an imbalance between the photoexcited electrons and holes in the NCs and, thus, affecting their spin-dependent carrier distribution. CsPbI3:PC60BM blend sample shows a distinct difference in the spin dependent kinetics of the DTS spectra as compared to the NCs-only sample. With the help of a kinetic model for the spin-dependent charge carrier distributions, we separately determine the electron and hole spin relaxation times in CsPbI3 NCs. We find that the room temperature hole spin lifetime (τh ∼ 5 ps) is ∼13 times longer than the electron spin lifetime (τe ∼ 0.4 ps). We ascribe the fast electron spin relaxation to the presence of strong spin–orbit coupling in the conduction band, which is ineffective for holes in the s-type valence band.
Resistive wall tearing mode disruptions in DIII-D and ITER tokamaks
Authors: Strauss H. R. , Lyons B. C. , Knolker M.
Published: November 2022

Disruptions are a serious problem in tokamaks, in which thermal and magnetic energy confinement is lost. This paper uses data from the DIII-D experiment, theory, and simulations to demonstrate that resistive wall tearing modes (RWTMs) produce the thermal quench (TQ) in a typical locked mode shot. Analysis of the linear RWTM dispersion relation shows the parameter dependence of the growth rate, particularly on the resistive wall time. Linear simulations of the locked mode equilibrium show that it is unstable with a resistive wall and stable with an ideally conducting wall. Nonlinear simulations demonstrate that the RWTM grows to sufficient amplitude to cause a complete thermal quench. The RWTM growth time is proportional to the thermal quench time. The nonlinearly saturated RWTM magnetic perturbation amplitude agrees with experimental measurements. The onset condition is that the q = 2 rational surface is sufficiently close to the resistive wall. Collectively, this identifies the RWTM as the cause of the TQ. In ITER, RWTMs will produce long TQ times compared to present-day experiments. ITER disruptions may be significantly more benign than previously predicted.
Passive dual-probe near-field microscopy
Authors: Sakuma R. , Nagai Y. , Nakajima H. , Lin K.-T. , Kajihara Y.
Published: November 2022

Accurate and simultaneous multiposition near-field measurements are essential to study the time-dependent local dynamics, including heat and carrier transfer. The existing passive long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) systems with a single probe cannot perform precise near-field measurements of the heat or carrier transporting process at the nanoscale level. Therefore, in this study, we developed a passive LWIR s-SNOM system with two probes. To test the effectiveness of the proposed passive LWIR dual-probe s-SNOM system, each probe was precisely controlled using a shear-force feedback system, and the mechanical interference between the probes was used to monitor the distance between the probes. We achieved simultaneous near-field measurements at two different positions 500 nm apart using the proposed passive LWIR dual-probe s-SNOM system. The simultaneously detected near-field signals from two different points were extracted individually, making this technique an effective nanoscale analysis tool for local carrier dynamics.
Deformable lithium-ion batteries for wearable and implantable electronics
Authors: Wang Shi , Cheng Tao , Zhang Yi Zhou , Wu Xinyi , Xiao Shijun , Lai Wen-Yong
Published: November 2022

Deformable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have attracted increasingly widespread attention due to their enormous prospects for powering flexible electronics. In recent years, technological advances in manufacturing deformable LIBs at the material and device levels have promoted the rapid and sustainable development in energy storage. Despite recent advances, there is so far no review to make a comprehensive introduction focusing on the topic of deformable LIBs for future wearable and implantable electronics. This review systematically summarizes the recent progresses in deformable LIBs and their applications in various scenarios. Specifically, we classify the deformable LIBs into several categories such as stretchable LIBs, self-healing LIBs, shape memory LIBs, biodegradable LIBs, etc. Initially, the fundamentals of LIBs, such as their components and working mechanism, are introduced. Then, various strategies for constructing deformable LIBs are discussed in detail, with a particular focus on stretchable LIBs. Subsequently, the latest advances in the application of deformable LIBs in wearable/implantable electronic systems are summarized. To finalize, the challenges and prospects are outlined to promote further development in this booming field. This review has the potential to inspire researchers working on the development of high-performance deformable energy storage devices and to contribute to the future development of flexible electronics.
Enhanced Curie temperature and skyrmion stability by strain in room temperature ferromagnetic semiconductor CrISe monolayer
Authors: Shen Zhong , Xue Yufei , Wu Zebin , Song Changsheng
Published: November 2022

We report a CrISe monolayer as a room temperature ferromagnetic (FM) semiconductor with the Curie temperature (TC), magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE), and bandgap being 322 K, 113 μeV, and 1.76 eV, respectively. The TC and MAE can be further enhanced up to 385 K and 313 μeV by a tensile strain. Interestingly, the magnetic easy axis can be switched between off-plane and in-plane by compressive strain. Particularly, due to the broken inversion symmetry and strong spin–orbital coupling of Se atoms, a large Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI) of 2.40 meV is obtained. More importantly, by micromagnetic simulations, stable skyrmions with sub-10 nm radius are stabilized by the large DMI above room temperature in a wide range of strain from −2% to 6%. Our work demonstrates CrISe as a promising candidate for next-generation skyrmion-based information storage devices and provides guidance for the research of DMI and skyrmions in room temperature FM semiconductors.
AC conductivity of hBN thin film on Si(111): A high temperature study
Authors: Le Thi Hao , Abate Marye Shambel , Tumilty Niall
Published: November 2022

Boron nitride (BN) is a layered two-dimensional insulator with excellent chemical, thermal, mechanical, and optical properties. We present a comprehensive characterization of hBN as a dielectric thin film using a high impedance measurement system (100 T Ω ) to reveal the AC conductivity and dielectric properties of reactively RF sputtered 200 nm thick films to 480 °C. The experimental results are analyzed with reference to various theoretical models proposed for electrical conduction in disordered or amorphous semiconductors. Electrical measurements indicate that the mechanism behind hBN AC conductivity is via correlated barrier hopping (CBH) and is assigned to localized states at the Fermi level, where N(EF) ∼ 1018 eV−1 cm−3. Our measurements also reveal a σdc component, with resistance reducing from ∼1010 Ω (50 °C) to 3 × 108 Ω (480 °C). Single RC parallel circuit fits to Cole–Cole plots are achieved signifying a sole conduction path with capacitance values of ∼8 × 10−11 F. These findings may be of interest to material and device scientists and could open new pathways for hBN both as a dielectric material encapsulant and for semiconductor device applications including high-temperature operation.
Tuning room-temperature TCR of La0.7K0.3−
xSrxMnO3 (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.3) films by K and Sr co-occupying A-site
Authors: Guan Xiaoli , Li Hongjiang , Yu Zhiyuan , Yu Xiaohan , Jin Shuaizhao , Gu Xin , Liu Xiang
Published: November 2022

A series of La0.7K0.3−xSrxMnO3 (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.3) films were fabricated on LaAlO3 substrates using a sol-gel spin-coating technique. The relationship between electrical transport properties and a microstructure was explained via the Jahn–Teller effect, a phenomenological percolation model, and a double-exchange mechanism. The results revealed the strong impact of K and Sr co-occupying A-sites on the formation of Mn3+/Mn4+ pairs, crystal structure, conductivity, surface morphology, and in-plane and out-of-plane strains. The as-fabricated La0.7K0.25Sr0.05MnO3 films showed a peak temperature coefficient of resistivity of 16.63% K−1 at 298.3 K.
Engineering of plasmonic gold nanocrystals through pulsed laser irradiation
Authors: González-Rubio Guillermo , Albrecht Wiebke
Published: November 2022

Gold nanocrystals (NCs) have drawn tremendous interest in the scientific community due to their unique ability to interact with light. When irradiated with ultrafast pulsed lasers, the lattice temperature of gold NCs can rapidly increase, even above the melting and evaporation thresholds, which results in strong morphological, structural, and aggregation state modifications. Thereby, ultrafast pulsed laser irradiation can lead to the formation of metastable gold nanostructures with distinctive physicochemical features. In this Perspective, we discuss the implementation of femtosecond and nanosecond pulsed lasers to engineer gold NCs. We underline the importance of controlling the heating and cooling dynamics to achieve desired reshaping and restructuring of gold NCs at temperatures below and above its melting point. In addition, we demonstrate the need for advanced electron microscopy characterization techniques and single-particle studies to understand the detailed atomistic mechanisms behind the modifications following pulsed laser irradiation. Finally, we provide our views of the evolving opportunities of ultrafast laser irradiation as a unique tool for the fabrication of unprecedented nanomaterials and catalysts from metal and multimetal NCs to semiconductors.
Elastic and glancing-angle rate coefficients for heating of ultracold Li and Rb atoms by collisions with room-temperature noble gases, H2, and N2
Authors: Kłos Jacek , Tiesinga Eite
Published: November 2022

Trapped ultracold alkali-metal atoms can be used to measure pressure in the ultra-high-vacuum and XHV pressure regimes, those with p < 10−6 Pa. This application for ultracold atoms relies on precise knowledge of collision rate coefficients of alkali-metal atoms with residual room-temperature atoms and molecules in the ambient vacuum or with deliberately introduced gasses. Here, we determine combined elastic and inelastic rate coefficients as well as glancing-angle rate coefficients for ultracold 7Li and 87Rb with room-temperature noble gas atoms as well as H2 and 14N2 molecules. Glancing collisions are those processes where only little momentum is transferred to the alkali-metal atom and this atom is not ejected from its trap. Rate coefficients are found by performing quantum close-coupling scattering calculations using ab initio ground-state electronic Born–Oppenheimer potential energy surfaces. The potentials for Li and Rb with noble gas atoms and also for Rb(2S)–H2(XΣg+) and Rb(2S)–N2(X1Σg+) systems are based on the non-relativistic spin-restricted coupled-cluster method with single, double, and noniterative triple excitations [RCCSD(T)]. For Li(2S)–N2(X1Σg+), the potential is computed at the explicitly correlated spin-restricted RCCSD(T)-F12 level. For Rb, Kr, and Xe atoms, scalar relativistic corrections to the core electrons have been included, while second-order spin–orbit corrections from the valence electrons have been estimated. Data for Li–H2 and Li–He were taken from the existing literature. We estimate standard uncertainties of the rate coefficients by comparing rate coefficients calculated using potentials found with electronic basis sets of increasing size, including estimates of relativistic spin–orbit corrections and the uncertainty of the van der Waals coefficients. The relative uncertainties of rate coefficients are 1%–2% with the exception of 7Li or 87Rb colliding with 20Ne. Those have relative uncertainties of 9% and 8%, respectively. We also show that a commonly used semiclassical approximation for the total elastic rate coefficient agrees with the quantum calculations to 10% with the exception of 7Li and 87Rb collisions with H2, where the semiclassical value underestimates the quantum value by 20%.
Steady states stability features of the electron–positron plasma diode
Authors: Kuznetsov V. I. , Bakaleinikov L. A. , Flegontova E. Yu.
Published: November 2022

Stationary states stability features of a planar geometry diode with electron and positron counter flows are studied. Such a diode may be considered as a model to elucidate the nature of the pulsar radio emission. The equation for the electric field perturbation amplitude is derived. The exact solution of this equation for the homogeneous stationary field is found. On the basis of the plasma dispersion relation, the stability threshold in terms of the electron current density is found above which the stationary solutions become unstable. This threshold turned out to be 2 times higher than the known Pierce threshold. It can be expected that the development of the detected instability will lead to the electric field oscillations that induce electromagnetic radiation.
Probabilistic computations of virial coefficients of polymeric structures described by rigid configurations of spherical particles: A fundamental extension of the ZENO program
Authors: Bansal Arpit , Schultz Andrew J. , Douglas Jack F. , Kofke David A.
Published: November 2022

We describe an extension of the ZENO program for polymer and nanoparticle characterization that allows for precise calculation of the virial coefficients, with uncertainty estimates, of polymeric structures described by arbitrary rigid configurations of hard spheres. The probabilistic method of virial computation used for this extension employs a previously developed Mayer-sampling Monte Carlo method with overlap sampling that allows for a reduction of bias in the Monte Carlo averaging. This capability is an extension of ZENO in the sense that the existing program is also based on probabilistic sampling methods and involves the same input file formats describing polymer and nanoparticle structures. We illustrate the extension’s capabilities, demonstrate its accuracy, and quantify the efficiency of this extension of ZENO by computing the second, third, and fourth virial coefficients and metrics quantifying the difficulty of their calculation, for model polymeric structures having several different shapes. We obtain good agreement with literature estimates available for some of the model structures considered.
Wind Turbine Aerodynamics Modeling Using CFD Approaches
Authors: Bangga Galih
Published: November 2022

As countries seek clean, renewable, low-cost, domestic alternatives to fossil fuels, wind energy is an increasingly important source of power generation worldwide. Scientists and industry professionals require better tools to understand and expand the performance and efficiency. Wind Turbine Aerodynamics Modeling Using CFD Approaches provides a comprehensive and focused introduction to computational approaches for wind turbine aerodynamic calculations, ranging from the simple cost-efficient engineering modeling to high fidelity computational fluid dynamics methods.

This broad-reaching book:Provides a thorough introduction to numerical methods as applied to the simulation of wind turbine aerodynamicsIncludes a comprehensive and focused introduction to computational approaches for wind turbinesProvides state-of-the-art information serving as a primer for deeper study

The book is an ideal first text for students, researchers, and industry professionals working in wind engineering and in wind energy computations.
Modeling Turbulence for Wind Turbine Simulations
Authors: Bangga Galih
Published: November 2022

Wind turbines are exposed to complex flow conditions in real operations, which include atmospheric turbulence. This chapter begins with a quick review of the impacts of atmospheric turbulence and the importance of its modeling. Then, several models to artificially generate turbulent flow will be presented. Common approaches to include the generated turbulent flow into the simulation domain will be described, both for engineering models and computational fluid dynamics computations.
Consistency between Engineering Models and High Order Methods
Authors: Bangga Galih
Published: November 2022

This chapter is dedicated to highlight the results consistency between engineering models and high-fidelity computations such as computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This arises from the fact that engineering models rely on many assumptions, which are not always correct. Reliable polar data and consistent inflow conditions are identified as two major factors that could be improved to enable consistent computational results. This includes the usage of CFD synthesized polar and inflow turbulence field. Systematic guidance on how to prepare such approaches will be presented in this chapter.
Developmental origins of anti-Black bias in White children in the United States: Exposure to and beliefs about racial inequality
Authors: Rizzo Michael T. , Britton Tobias C. , Rhodes Marjorie
Published: November 2022

Anti-Black racism remains a pervasive crisis in the United States. Racist social systems reinforce racial inequalities and perpetuate prejudicial beliefs. These beliefs emerge in childhood, are difficult to change once entrenched in adolescence and adulthood, and lead people to support policies that further reinforce racist systems. Therefore, it is important to identify what leads children to form prejudicial beliefs and biases and what steps can be taken to preempt their development. This study examined how children’s exposure to and beliefs about racial inequalities predicted anti-Black biases in a sample of 646 White children (4 to 8 years) living across the United States. We found that for children with more exposure to racial inequality in their daily lives, those who believed that racial inequalities were caused by intrinsic differences between people were more likely to hold racial biases, whereas those who recognized the extrinsic factors underlying racial inequalities held more egalitarian attitudes. Grounded in constructivist theories in developmental science, these results are consistent with the possibility that racial biases emerge in part from the explanatory beliefs that children construct to understand the racial inequalities they see in the world around them.
Relating utterance fluency to perceived fluency of interpreting
Authors: Han Chao , Yang Liuyan
Published: November 2022

The prospect of automated scoring for interpreting fluency has prompted investigations into the predictability of
human raters’ perceived fluency based on acoustically measured utterance fluency. Recently, Han, Chen, Fu and Fan (2020) correlated ten utterance fluency measures with raters’ perceived fluency ratings. To
verify previous correlational patterns, the present study partially replicated Han et al.
(2020). Our analysis shows that most of the correlations observed in Han et al.
(2020) were successfully replicated. To produce overall interim estimates of the true relationships, we conducted a
mini meta-analysis of correlation coefficients reported in six relevant studies, informed by the “continuously cumulating
meta-analysis” approach (Braver et al. 2014). We found that phonation time ratio, mean
length of run, and speech rate had relatively strong correlations with perceived fluency. We discuss these findings in light of
automated fluency assessment and the need for replication and meta-analysis in translation and interpreting studies.
The coronavirus pandemic: Danger, risk or threat?
Authors: Battistelli Fabrizio
Published: November 2022

The coronavirus pandemic has sparked a heated debate both in political and academic terms. A dialectic has been revealed between the Left and Right. Progressive governments resort to containment measures which are an expression of a ‘collectivist’ position, while conservative governments adopt policies of tolerance which are an expression of an ‘individualist’ laissez faire orientation. Another dialectic is reflected in a disciplinary difference between the inductive approach of sociologists and the deductive approach of philosophers like Giorgio Agamben. Sociology views the harms provoked by the coronavirus as a matter of fact, without, however, excluding the social construction of the pandemic. It is misleading on the part of governments to present the containment of the disease as a ‘war’ and the virus as an ‘enemy’. The confusion between real threats, (originating in malicious intentionality), and dangers, (unintentional phenomena of natural origin), is being exploited. This is even more true concerning the confusion between threats and risks, i.e. possible harms (as well as possible benefits) coming from ‘our’ decisions. It must be recognised that the pandemic is a danger as regards its origin, but its development is magnified by other processes, such as environmental degradation. It means shifting responsibility from an external agent to the responsibility of an internal decision-maker. This should inspire policies no longer focused on an exaggerated concern with external threats, but aimed at redirecting material and intangible resources towards structural and situational prevention of dangers.
Final report on GULFMET supplementary comparison of high voltage transformer measuring systems (GULFMET.EM-S6)
Authors: Velychko O , Kikalo V , Cayci H , Ayhan B , Qoud Saad Bin
Published: November 2022

Main text

A comparison of high voltage transformer measuring systems between SE "Ukrmetrteststandard" (Ukraine), TÜBİTAK (Turkey) and NMCC SASO (Saudi Arabia), conducted between November 2020 and December 2021. Voltage transformers ПЭТН-6/10 and НЛЛ-35 are used as the traveling standards and SE "Ukrmetrteststandard" acted as the pilot laboratory. Measurements were performed at a current from 6 kV to 35 kV at frequencies 50 Hz and 60 Hz.

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCEM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Simulation and accuracy analysis of orbit determination for TianQin using SLR data
Authors: An Zicong , Shao Kai , Gu Defeng , Zhu Jubo , Li Ming , Tong Lisheng , Wei Chunbo
Published: November 2022

TianQin project is a space gravitational wave detection project initiated by Sun Yat-sen University. It has high requirements for detectors’ orbit accuracy in the stages of orbit entry and scientific experiment operation. We obtain the different combinations of radial position errors and along-track velocity errors after analyzing the detectors orbit errors according to the stability requirements of TianQin constellation. Satellite laser ranging (SLR) is the space geodetic technique with the highest accuracy of range measurement, which is a commonly used method for satellite orbit determination. This paper uses solely simulated SLR data to determinate the precise orbit of TianQin detectors. We examine how the number of stations, the distribution of stations, and the measurement errors affect the SLR-only orbit determination accuracy. The results demonstrate that: (a) for the 7 days solution with 1 cm random errors and 0.5 cm systematic errors of SLR simulations, the average orbit determination accuracy of TianQin detectors is increasing from 27.37 m when using 5 Chinese stations to 9.34 m when using 6 Chinese stations. (b) The orbit determination accuracy can be significantly improved by optimizing the distribution of stations, which is increasing from 9.34 m for regional distribution to 1.75 m for global distribution when the number of stations is six. (c) When employing 6 Chinese stations, each 1 cm of random errors results in a deterioration in position accuracy by 19% and in velocity accuracy by 23%, each 1 cm of systematic errors affects 14% for position accuracy and 15% for velocity accuracy, respectively. While the impact of measurement errors on the orbit determination accuracy is aggravated when using 6 global distribution stations, which are 35% and 33% of 1 cm random errors and 17% and 20% of 1 cm systematic errors, respectively.