bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Keragaman Karakter Morfologis Garut (Marantha arundinaceae L.)
Authors: Suhartini Tintin , Hadiatmi NFN
Published: February 2017

Morphological Characteristics Variability of Arrowroot (Marantha arundinaceae L.). The arrowroot has been recognized by most society member of Indonesia as a source of potential foodstuf. The arrowroot has low glicemic index, and high carbohydrate content, high quality of flour and can replace position of wheat flour as food material and industry. Evaluation and characterization are needed to get informations of superior characteristic of arrowroot as source of genetic variability to develop promising new arrowroot varieties. The result showed that the morphological characteristic of 20 arrowroot accecions were not different on the qualitative characteristics. The characteristics of leaf colour, stem and stalk leaf colour, and white colour of tuber were not different among arrowroot accecions. The quantitative characteristics of tuber or rhizomes type (tuber length and tuber circle), plant height, number of tiller/hill, total leaf/main stem, leaf length and leaf width among accecions had low variability. The tuber weight per hill had positive correlation with plant height, number of leaf, tuber length and tuber circle and negative correlation with leaf length, leaf width and stalk length leaf.

 

Abstrak

Garut (Marantha arundinaceae L.) merupakan sumber pangan yang potensial bagi sebagian masyarakat di Indonesia. Garut memiliki indeks glikemik rendah dan kandungan karbohidrat tinggi. Tepung garut dapat menggantikan terigu sebagai bahan makanan dan industri. Evaluasi dan karakterisasi garut perlu dilakukan untuk memperoleh informasi sifat-sifat unggul untuk dapat digunakan dalam perakitan varietas unggul. Hasil evaluasi 20 aksesi garut yang dikarakterisasi menunjukan tidak ada perbedaan morfologis sifat kualitatif. Warna daun, pelepah dan tangkai daun, bentuk daun, bentuk dan warna umbi memiliki kesamaan antaraksesi. Karakter kuantitatif pada bentuk umbi (panjang dan lingkar umbi), tinggi tanaman, jumlah anakan/rumpun, jumlah daun pada batang utama, panjang dan lebar daun antar aksesi plasma nutfah garut memiliki keragaman yang sempit. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa bobot umbi per rumpun berkorelasi positif dengan tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, panjang, lingkar umbi, dan berkorelasi negatif dengan panjang daun, lebar daun, dan panjang tangkai daun.
Potensi Nipah (Nypa fruticans (Thunb.) Wurmb.) sebagai Sumber Pangan dari Hutan Mangrove
Authors: Subiandono Endro , Heriyanto N. M. , Karlina Endang
Published: February 2017

Potency of Nypa as a Food Resource from Mangrove Forest. Research on potency of nypa (Nypa fruticans (Thunb.) Wurmb.) as a food resource was conducted at Sangkimah Lama Village Sangatta, East Kutai District, East Kalimantan Province from September to November 2009. The data collected from five plots with measurement of 10 m x 10 m laid in purposive random sampling procedure. The result showed that the number of tree per hectare was 1,984 included 1,067 trees bearing fruits. Every tree has 3.55 lump of fruit in average with 2.83 lump was ripe fruits and 0.76 lump was unripe. The average number of fruit was 196,120 per hectare. In a hectare of land could yield 1.89 ton unripe fruit and 3.27 tons of nypa powder. The powder was composed of high fiber with low fat and calory. So this food has potency for dietary program.

 

Abstrak

Penelitian potensi nipah atau Nypa fruticans (Thunb.) Wurmb. sebagai sumber pangan dari hutan mangrove dilakukan di Desa Sangkimah Lama, Kecamatan Sengatta Selatan, Kabupaten Kutai Timur, Provinsi Kalimantan Timur dari bulan September sampai Nopember 2009. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode pengukuran plot berbentuk bujur sangkar ukuran 10 m x 10 m, dengan lima plot pengamatan. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan teknik penarikan contoh bertingkat dengan peletakan/ pemilihan satuan contoh tingkat pertama secara terarah dan satuan contoh tingkat kedua secara sistematik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah pohon dapat mencapai 1.984 pohon/ha, 1.067 pohon/ha di antaranya berbuah. Setiap pohon nipah berbuah rata-rata 3,55 bonggol/pohon, 2,83 bonggol buah tua/pohon dan 0,76 bonggol buah muda/pohon; setiap bonggol rata-rata berisi 65 buah nipah. Jumlah buah nipah dalam 1 ha rata-rata 196.120 buah. Dalam 1 ha tegakan nipah dapat menghasilkan 1,89 ton buah muda semacam kolang kaling dan 3,27 ton tepung nipah. Tepung nipah mengandung serat cukup tinggi dengan kandungan lemak dan kalori rendah yang berpotensi untuk dijadikan makanan bagi orang diet.
Pewarisan Sifat Beberapa Karakter Kualitatif pada Tiga Kelompok Cabai
Authors: Arif Abdullah Bin , Sujiprihati Sriani , Syukur Muhamad
Published: February 2017

Inheritance of Several Qualitative Characters in Three Group Pepper. Selection method is one of most important factors in determining the success of pepper breeding programs. Selection method will be effective if it is supported by a complete knowledge of genetic character inheritance. This research was aimed to investigate the information of inheritance pattern of pepper adaptability to qualitative characters. There are two steps in this research i.e makes material genetic and inheritance study of qualitative characters in the field. The result showed that all characters qualitative controlled one gen. There are several characters qualitative that depended action gen full dominant (colour young length and fruit textur) and others characters depended action gen partial dominant (colour young fruit and flower position).

 

Abstrak

Metode seleksi adalah salah satu faktor penting yang menentukan keberhasilan pemuliaan cabai. Metode seleksi akan lebih efektif jika didukung oleh pengetahuan yang lengkap tentang pola pewarisan karakter genetik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola pewarisan yang sesuai untuk karakter-karakter kualitatif. Penelitian ini berlangsung dua tahap, yaitu pembentukan materi genetik dan studi pewarisan karakter kualitatif di lapang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semua karakter kualitatif dikendalikan oleh satu gen. Ada beberapa karakter kualitatif yang dipengaruhi oleh gen dominan penuh (warna batang muda dan tekstur permukaan buah) dan karakter lainnya dipengaruhi oleh gen dominan sebagian (warna buah muda dan posisi bunga).
Evaluasi Keseragaman dan Kestabilan Lima Varietas Kacang Panjang dalam Uji BUSS
Authors: Khadijah Nurdini
Published: February 2017

Evaluation of Uniformity and Stability for Five Yardlong Bean Varieties on DUS Test. Nurdini Khadijah. Uniformity and stability aspects in DUS test for self pollination crop such as yardlongbean usually done by simple assessment methods. The aim of this research is evaluating the assessment of both aspects using statistical tools. The object of the research is five yardlongbean varieties applied for PVP right. The candidates are Brawijaya 1, Brawijaya 3, Brawijaya 4, Bagong 2, and Bagong 3 which belong to Prof. Kuswanto of Brawijaya University. The test was carried out into two planting seasons (April-June 2011 and September-December 2011). Randomized Block Design used as test design with a total population of 60 plants per variety, divided into three replicates and sample size were 21 plants or plant parts per variety. Six varieties of common knowledge KP1, KP7, Putih Super, Hijau Super, Parade, and Pangeran were used as comparable varieties. The observations were recorded on 50 DUS characteristics as listed in the test guideline document of PPU BUSS yardlongbean (PPU/PVT/19/2). Statistical analyses used are cluster analysis, relative variance and homogeneity test used to evaluate the assessment of candidates on uniformity and stability aspects. Results show statistical analysis gives the same decision with the usual simple assessment, but with more accuracy.

 

Abstrak

Uji BUSS untuk tanaman menyerbuk sendiri seperti kacang panjang biasanya menyertakan uji keseragaman dan kestabilan dengan cara penilaian sederhana. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengevaluasi penilaian kedua aspek tersebut dengan bantuan statistik. Obyek penelitian adalah lima varietas kacang panjang yang diajukan hak PVT, yaitu Brawijaya 1, Brawijaya 3, Brawijaya 4, Bagong 2, dan Bagong 3 hasil pemuliaan Prof. Kuswanto dari Universitas Brawijaya. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada dua musim tanam (April-Juni 2011 dan September- Desember 2011) di kebun percobaan Universitas Brawijaya Jatikerto, Malang, Jawa Timur. Pengujian dirancang menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan populasi 60 tanaman per varietas terbagi dengan tiga ulangan. Enam varietas yang sudah dikenal umum dilibatkan dalam pengujian sebagai pembanding, yaitu KP1, KP7, Putih Super, Hijau Super, Parade, dan Pangeran. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap 50 karakteristik tanaman yang tercantum dalam dokumen resmi panduan pengujian kacang panjang (PPU/PVT/19/2). Analisis statistik yang digunakan adalah analisis relatif varians untuk uji keseragaman dan analisis kluster serta uji homogenitas varians dua musim untuk uji kestabilan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa analisis statistik memberikan akhir yang sama dengan penilaian yang selama ini dilakukan secara sederhana, namun dengan tingkat ketelitian yang lebih tinggi.
Keunggulan dan Potensi Pengembangan Sumber Daya Genetik Durian Kalimantan Tengah
Authors: Krismawati Amik
Published: February 2017

Superiority and Potential Development of Durio Germplasm in Central Kalimantan. Amik Krismawati. Indonesia is rich of genetic resources and biodiversity of Durio spp., but its development no so fastly as in Thailand. This is due to plant durio has not managed commercially and it grew hundred years and it origin from generative propagation, caused the durio plantation variety heterogen. To determine the performance and advantage of the diversity of genetic resources should be conducted observations of durio related species the characterization in each district centre. Observation and characterization of related species of durio e.i. Durio zibethinus M. (durian), Durio kutejensis H.B (papaken), Durio oxleyanus (kerantungan/taetungen), and Durio dulcis (layung) were conducted in four districts of Central Kalimantan from August 2004 to January 2005. Seasons fruity and yield of each species to variously among the durio and its related species. Differences among accesions were characterized by fruit type, fruit shape, fruit skin texture, fruit length, fruit skin colour, fruit flesh colour, and taste. The fruiting season and fruit production of each species also varied durio relatives.The result of characterization showed the related species of Durio are indigenous of Indonesia and potencially to development in the future.

 

Abstrak

Indonesia kaya akan sumber plasma nutfah dan keragaman jenis durian (Durio spp.), namun pengembangannya tidak sepesat Thailand. Hal ini disebabkan tanaman durian belum dikelola secara komersial dan tanaman yang ada umumnya sudah berumur ratusan tahun yang berasal dari perbanyakan generatif sehingga tidak memberikan hasil yang optimal. Untuk mengetahui keunggulan dari keanekaragaman sumber daya genetik durian maka dilakukan observasi dan karakterisasi di beberapa lokasi di empat kabupaten di Kalimantan Tengah dari Agustus 2004 hingga Januari 2005. Kerabat durian yang diobservasi dan dikarakterisasi adalah durian (Durio zibethinus M.), papaken (Durio kutejensis H.B.), kerantungan/taetungen (Durio oxleyanus), dan layung (Durio dulcis). Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa karakter buah antarspesies kerabat durian sangat bervariasi. Perbedaan di antara spesies tersebut terletak pada tipe buah, bentuk buah, tekstur kulit buah, panjang buah, warna kulit buah, warna dan rasa daging buah. Musim berbuah dan produksi masing-masing spesies kerabat durian juga bervariasi. Kerabat durian dari jenis Durio (Durio spp.) yang merupakan tanaman asli Indonesia berpotensi dikembangkan.
Pendugaan Parameter Genetik Karakter Umur Panen dan Bobot Per Buah pada Persilangan Cabai Besar dan Cabai Rawit (Capsicum annuum L.)
Authors: Arif Abdullah B. , Oktaviana Linda , Sujiprihati Sriani , Syukur Muhamad
Published: February 2017

Estimation of Genetic Parameter on Days to Harvest and Weight Per Fruit Characters of Hybrization Chilli and Cayyenne Papper (Capsicum annuum L.). Abdullah B. Arif, Linda Oktaviana, Sriani Sujiprihati, and Muhamad Syukur. Selection method is one of the most important factors in determining the success of pepper breeding programs. Selection method will be effective if it is supported by a complete knowledge of genetic character inheritance. The objective of this study was to aim information of inheritance pattern of pepper adaptability of quantitative characters. There are two steps in this experiment i.e developing material genetic and inheritance study of days to harvest and weight per fruit characters in the field. The results showed that days to harvest and weight per fruit characters are not maternal effect. The m[d][h][i][l] genetic model is suitable for days to harvest. The m[d][h][i][j] genetic model is suitable for fruit weight. Broadsense and narrow-sense heritabilities range from low to high.

 

Abstrak

Metode seleksi merupakan faktor penting yang mempengaruhi kesuksesan program pemuliaan cabai. Metode seleksi akan lebih efektif jika didukung oleh sebuah pengetahuan yang lengkap tentang pola pewarisan karakter genetik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan informasi pola pewarisan karakter kuantitatif. Terdapat dua tahapan pada penelitian ini, yaitu pembentukan materi genetik dan studi pewarisan karakter umur panen dan bobot per buah di lapang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terdapat pengaruh tetua betina terhadap karakter umur panen dan bobot per buah. Model genetik m[d][h][i][l] sesuai untuk karakter umur panen. Model genetik m[d][h][i][j] sesuai karakter bobot per buah. Heritabilitas dalam arti luas dan dalam arti sempit berada dalam kisaran rendah sampai tinggi.
Keragaan Karakter Agronomi Padi Hibrida Baru
Authors: Kartina Nita , Widyastuti Yuni , Satoto NFN
Published: February 2017

Agronomic Characters of New Hybrid Rice. Nita Kartina, Yuni Widyastuti, and Satoto. Hybrid rice is the F1 generation derived from the crossing between cytolasmic genetic male sterile and restorer as two parental line. Development of hybrid rice technology obtained throught heterosis This research has the aim was to assess the agronomy characters of some new hybrid rice. Four hundred of Indonesia Center of Rice Research (ICRR) new hybrids rice selected based on yield and phenotipic performances. The activitity conducted in Sukamandi field West Java Province in wet season 2012. The research was arranged in an augmented design that divided in to seven blocks. Each block consist of 20 hybrid rice and five check such as Mapan P.05, Inpari 13, Dodokan, Ciherang, and Hipa 8. There are fourteen hybrids rice showed good agronomic characters and has higher heterosis standard than Ciherang and Hipa 8. Four hybrid rice combinations give the result that significantly different than Ciherang (5.59 t/ha) as check variety. Those hybrids are GMJ11/CRS777 (9.1 t/ha), GMJ12/CRS707 (7.6 t/ha), GMJ13/CRS703 (8.7 t/ha), and GMJ12/CRS795 (7.95 t/ha).

 

Abstrak

Padi hibrida merupakan generasi F1 hasil persilangan antara galur mandul jantan sebagai tetua betina dan galur pemulih kesuburan sebagai tetua jantan. Teknologi padi hibrida dihasilkan melalui pemanfaatan heterosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji keragaan agronomi sejumlah padi hibrida baru. Sebanyak 400 padi hibrida baru rakitan Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi diseleksi berdasarkan daya hasil dan penampilan fenotipik di lapangan menggunakan analisis augmented. Penelitian dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Sukamandi, Jawa Barat, pada MT II tahun 2012 menggunakan lima varietas kontrol, yaitu Mapan P.05, Inpari 13, Dodokan, Ciherang dan Hipa 8 yang ditanam berulang pada tujuh blok dan tiap blok terdiri dari 20 kombinasi padi hibrida. Diperoleh 14 kombinasi padi hibrida yang menunjukkan keragaan yang lebih baik dan memiliki standar heterosis lebih tinggi dari varietas kontrol Ciherang dan Hipa 8. Empat kombinasi hibrida memberikan hasil yang nyata lebih tinggi dibanding Ciherang sebagai varietas pembanding dengan hasil (5,59 t/ha), hibrida tersebut adalah GMJ11/CRS777 (9,1 t/ha), GMJ12/CRS707 (7,6 t/ha), GMJ13/CRS703 (8,7 t/ha), dan GMJ12/CRS795 (7,95 t/ha).
Autekologi Damar Asam Shorea hopeifolia (F. Heim) Symington di Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan, Lampung
Authors: Wardani Marfuah , Heriyanto Nur M.
Published: February 2017

Autecological research of Shorea hopeifolia (F. Heim) Symington was done at Resort Pemerihan, National Park of South Bukit Barisan, Lampung in November 2014. The data was collected using a square plot of 20 m x 20 m, number of sample units made was three plots and each plot was made to four subplots with the distance of 50 m between the subplots, distance between the plots was 2,000 m. The results showed that S. hopeifolia was found at altitudes above 260 m asl, alongside of the hill with a rather steep topography and groups. Vegetation encountered in the surrounding consisted of Dipterocarpus kunstleri King. with IVI of 28.89%, Shorea ovalis Blume with IVI of 18.83% and Lithocarpus elegans Blume with IVI of 15.06%. The physical environment temperature was between 25–35°C, humidity was between 52–76%, slope was between 15–65%, and altitude from sea level was between 276 to 350 m. D. kunstleri King. associated with the most powerful S. hopeifolia (close to 1) Ochiai index of 0.81, followed by S. ovalis Blume Ochiai index of 0.65 and Dillenia excelsa (Jack) Gilg. Ochiai index 0.52. Natural regeneration was assisted by wildlife especially hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros) and the flow of rain water.

 

Abstrak

Penelitian autekologi damar asam (Shorea hopeifolia (F. Heim) Symington) telah dilakukan di Resort Pemerihan, Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan, Lampung pada bulan November 2014. Pengumpulan data menggunakan plot bujur sangkar ukuran 20 m x 20 m, jumlah satuan contoh yang dibuat tiga plot dan masing-masing plot dibuat 4 subplot dengan jarak antarsubplot 50 m, jarak antarplot 2.000 m. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa damar asam dijumpai pada ketinggian tempat di atas 260 m dpl, di pinggir bukit dengan topografi agak curam dan berkelompok. Vegetasi di sekitarnya yang dijumpai adalah kruing (Dipterocarpus kunstleri King.) dengan INP sebesar 28,89%, meranti merah (Shorea ovalis Blume) INP = 18,83%, dan Lithocarpus elegans Blume dengan INP = 15,06%. Lingkungan fisik suhu antara 25–35°C, kelembaban udara antara 52–76%, kemiringan lahan antara 15–65% dan ketinggian tempat dari permukaan laut antara 276 sampai 350 m. Jenis kruing (D. kunstleri King.) berasosiasi dengan damar asam paling kuat (mendekati 1) indeks Ochiai 0,81 diikuti meranti merah (S. ovalis Blume) indeks Ochiai 0,65 dan sempur Dillenia excelsa (Jack) Gilg. indeks Ochiai 0,52. Regenerasi alami dibantu oleh satwa liar terutama burung rangkong (Buceros rhinoceros) dan aliran air hujan.
KERAGAMAN SUMBERDAYA GENETIK TANAMAN BUAH-BUAHAN EKSOTIK DI KABUPATEN BINTAN PROVINSI KEPULAUAN RIAU
Authors: Dahono Dahono , Zurriyati Yayu
Published: February 2017

Indonesia memiliki sumberdaya genetik (SDG) buah-buahan tropis yang sangat beragam. Tercatat lebih dari 400 jenis tanaman buah-buahan yang dapat dimakan terdapat di wilayah Indonesia. termasuk buah eksotik tropis. Saat ini sebagian besar SDG lokal tersebut belum terinventarisasi dan teridentifikasi dengan baik sehingga informasi yang didapatkan sangat terbatas. Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah untuk mendapatkan data dan informasi tingkat keragaman SDG tanaman buah eksotik dan potensi pemanfaatannya. Kegiatan dilaksanakan pada empat kecamatan di Kabupaten Bintan yaitu Kecamatan Teluk Sebong, Teluk Bintan, Sri Kuala Lobam dan Toapaya, Provinsi Kepulauan Riau dengan metode survey melibatkan 20 responden yang dipilih secara purposive random sampling dan observasi lapangan. Tanaman buah eksotik  diinventarisasi berasal dari lahan pekarangan dan lahan di luar pekarangan milik responden. Data yang dkumpulkan meliputi lokasi tempat ditemukannya SDG tanaman buah eksotik mencakup nama desa/dusun dan titik koordinat (LU/LS, BT/BB), jenis tanaman dan deskripsi morfologi utama. Data yang didapat selanjutnya ditabulasi dan dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan bahwa, sumberdaya genetik (SDG) tanaman buah-buahan eksotik di Kabupaten Bintan cukup bervariasi dan telah dideskripsikan berdasarkan karakteristik morfologi utamanya. Terdapat tujuh jenis  tanaman buah eksotik di Kabupaten Bintan, yaitu Buah Rokam (Flacourtia rukam), Namnam (Cynometra cauliflora), Jeruk Kunci (Citrus amblycarpa), Sawo kecek (Pouteria caimito), Lobi-lobi (Flacourtia inermis),  Durian Daun (Durio zibethinus L), dan Jamblang (Syzigium cumini).
Skrining Primer ISSR untuk Autentikasi Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.)
Authors: Subositi Dyah , Widodo Harto , Supriyati Nita
Published: February 2017

Pegagan (Centella asiatica) merupakan salah satu tumbuhan obat populer yang digunakan sebagai bahan baku obat tradsional dan industri kosmetik. Pegagan seringkali dipalsukan atau keliru dengan puser bumi (Hydrocotyle verticillata) yang mempunyai nama lokal sama “pegagan”. Identifikasi morfologi dan marker senyawa kimia yang digunakan untuk autentikasi tumbuhan obat mempunyai kelemahan karena dipengaruhi oleh umur tumbuhan, fisiologi dan kondisi lingkungan.Penanda molekular merupakan salah satu metode yang dapat dipercaya untuk identifikasi dan autentikasi tumbuhan obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk skrining primer ISSR untuk autentikasi pegagan (C. asiatica). Tahap pertama yaitu isolasi DNA pegagan, puser bumi dan campuran keduanya. Sebanyak 30 primer ISSR digunakan untuk amplifikasi dan skrining awal pada pegagan dan puser bumi. Total 164 fragmen DNA terampifikasi, 128 diantaranya polimorfik (78%). Empat primer mampu membedakan pegagan dan puser bumi. Primer (GA)8CTT menghasilkan satu fragmen spesifik yang jelas pada pegagan dan satu fragmen spesifik pada puser bumi dihasilkan dari primer (AG)8T.Primer (CT)8G dan (GT)6CC masing-masing menghasilkan 4 fragmen spesifik pada pegagan dan puser bumi. Pegagan (C. asiatica) dan puser bumi (Hydrocotyle verticillata) dapat dibedakan dengan amplifikasi menggunakan primer ISSR terpilih.
Water Base Barite Filter Cake Removal Using Non-Corrosive Agents
Authors: Ba Geri B. S. , Mahmoud M. , Al-Majed A. A. , Al-Mutairi S. H. , Abdulazeez A. , Shawabkeh R.
Published: February 2017

Barite is one of the most common weighting materials used in drilling fluid for deep oil and gas wells. Consequently, the main source of solids building the filter cake is the weighting material used in drilling fluids ‘Barite particles’. Barite is insoluble in water and acids such as HCl, formic, citric, and acetic acids, as well as the barite has low solubility in chelating agent such as Ethylene Diamine Tetra acetic Acid (EDTA) and Hydroxyethyl Ethylene Diamine Tri Acetic (HEDTA).

The present study introduces a new formulation to dissolve the barite filter cake using two types of treatments. The removal treatment consiting EDTA or HEDTA plus converting catalyst. The removal formulation also contains polymer breaker (Enzyme). Solubility tests conducted using industrial barite particles with size ranged from 30 to 60 micron. The solubility experiments were carried at 200 °F for 24 hours. Different concentrations of catalyst were added to select the optimum concentration. The designed formulation was examined to remove filter cake formed by Barite drilling fluid using High Pressure High Temperature cell (HPHT).

The result of this study showed that the barite filter removal efficiency of new formulation reached to 90 %. The solubility test results presented that the solubility of barite particles in 20 wt. % EDTA was 60 % in 24 hours at 200 °F. Adding one of the catalyst the solution increased the solubility of barite to 85 %. The second treatment with HEDTA perform 60% removal efficiency in the presence of catalyst. The used treatments were not compatible with the polymer breaker (Enzyme) so the filter cake removal must be two stages. The first stage using 10 wt. % enzyme for 24 hours to break the polymer and the second stage using the designed barite formulation.

The investigated formulation that effectively dissolve the barite will change the industrial direction to use the barite as weighting agent because dissolving barite was the most significant limitation of using barite in the drilling fluid.
Dual Parallel Simultaneous Injection and Production SIP Completion in Single Wellbore Reduces Development Costs and Accelerates Production
Authors: Anthony E. , Kaushik P.
Published: February 2017

In Kuwait, the traditional approach to Field Development has been to drill wells, whether Vertical or Horizontal, Single or Dual, with completions dedicated to either Production or Injection. However, as increasingly more wells are being drilled to develop the stacked reservoirs, surface infrastructure is growing in complexity with regard to Production Flowline routing, Gathering Facility location, Satellite Manifold placement, Water Injection distribution lines routing, and access road construction. Also, since the reservoir stack is a combination of areally extensive Carbonates overlying shale & channel sand sequences, optimum surface locations of Injectors for one reservoir is now increasingly conflicting with the optimum surface locations for the Producer of another reservoir.

The North Kuwait team presented options that could reduce the requirement for excessive wellbores for both new Producers and Injectors. One of which is the utilization of a single wellbore to both Produce Oil from one reservoir and Inject Water into another reservoir simultaneously. This novel approach utilized the most popular Dual Completion equipment, but rather than produce or inject concurrently from separate reservoirs or layers, production & injection are achieved simultaneously through either tubing string. Tubing movement calculations were made to ensure that the resultant axial tubing forces exerted by simultaneously injecting cold water and producing hot reservoir fluid would not cause the Dual packer to prematurely unset.

This unique completion has several advantages which include the production acceleration from an adjacent reservoir/layer that would have been postponed for the life of the Injector and the elimination of the drilling of a new producer to access the oil from an adjacent reservoir/layer to the target injection zone. Additionally, the elimination of the drilling of an Injector well if its optimum subsurface location is close to, or coincides with, an existing Producer from an adjacent layer, and the reduction in access road construction and location preparation costs. This strategy will significantly reduce Unit Development Costs while concurrently ramping up production levels. With simple conversion workovers, rather than drilling new wells, Oil Production potential that is presently unexploited in dedicated Injector wells can immediately be realized. Pressure support Injection can be initiated as soon as distribution injection lines are made available via similar conversion workovers.
Wellbore Stability Evaluation for Mishrif Formation
Authors: Alkamil Ethar H. , Abbood Husam R. , Flori Ralph E. , Eckert Andreas
Published: February 2017

During drilling operations for the E oilfield in the Mishrif formation in southern Iraq, stuck pipe has been identified as a significant geomechanical problem for several wells. In this study, a 1-D mechanical earth model (MEM) of the Mishrif formation is compiled based on its state of stress and rock strength parameters and is utilized to assess the contribution of borehole collapse leading to the stuck pipe problems.

The MEM model is based on the principal in situ stresses and their orientation obtained from wireline logs measurements, measuring while drilling (MWD), and leak off test (LOT). Rock strength properties are obtained from empirical equations and extended leak off tests. The in situ stresses are transformed to calculate and analyze mud pressure conditions for all wellbore azimuths and inclinations. Two different failure criteria (the Mohr-Coulomb and Mogi-Coulomb rock failure criteria) are used in order to determine feasible drilling trajectories (with respect to the σH orientation) and mud pressure conditions for several wells.

This work was conducted to study the behavior of the collapse pressure for Mishrif formation under a normal faulting (NF) in situ stress regime. The results of this study show that wells characterized by stuck pipe are drilled along azimuths which promote wellbore collapse. Based on the MEM results, the mud pressure window is calculated, and stable azimuths and inclinations for each well are suggested. If a specific azimuth for a well cannot be altered, an optimum inclination is recommended to reduce the severity of the borehole collapse. This study based on a 1-D MEM model for directional drilling can improve the well drilling efficiency by reducing non-productive time due to the wellbore instability.
Toward Determining Interfacial Tension at Reservoir Conditions Based on Dead Oil Measurements
Authors: Sauerer Bastian , Stukan Mikhail , Abdallah Wael , Buiting Jan
Published: February 2017

Measurements of interfacial tension (IFT) can be an aid in the planning and execution of secondary and tertiary oil recovery programs. Given the strong influence of temperature, pressure, and oil composition on IFT, it is necessary to determine IFT under reservoir conditions. Unfortunately, measurements at reservoir conditions are tedious and costly, so results of measurements on dead oil are often used instead. Therefore, it is desirable to develop a method for computing the live oil IFT from measurements on dead oil.

To investigate the correlation between live oil and dead oil IFT, IFT of the original reservoir live oil against deionized water was measured ata variety of pressures and temperatures using the pendant drop technique.

Isothermal depressurization simulates the phase behavior of a reservoir fluid in the production scenario. Comparable to the pressure depletion in a reservoir over the time of its production, this work demonstrates the change in IFT related to the drop of pressure and the concomitant release of gas previously dissolved in the oil. The main trend observed was thelineardecrease of IFT during isothermal depressurization at reservoir temperature, with resulting gas release and thus, compositional change.

We describe our findings about the effect of thermodynamic conditions on the oil-water IFT. The results presented are a proof of principle for establishing a broad correlation between IFT measurements performed at the surface on dead oil and water and the more relevant IFT of live oil and water at reservoir conditions. Such a correlation could be used by reservoir engineers to compute recovery rates and thereby plan or modify secondary and tertiary production programs.
A Non-Damaging Fracturing Fluid System for High-Temperature Unconventional Formations
Authors: Liang Feng , Li Leiming , Al-Muntasheri Ghaithan A.
Published: February 2017

Many fracturing fluids are based on guar and guar derivatives, primarily because of their abundance and capability to operate at relatively high temperatures when formulated at high pH. However, insoluble residue in guar can damage permeability especially in unconventional formations. Another issue for applying guar-based fluids at high pH is the tendency to form scales with divalent ions. The fluid cost can also be strongly influenced by the volatility of the guar price. A third disadvantage is their low thermal stability when the temperature exceeds around 350 ° F.

To mitigate these operating issues, a low- or non-damaging, high-temperature fluid system without elevated fluid pH is therefore highly desirable. Thermally stable synthetic polymers such as acrylamide-based polymers and copolymers are considered to be low-residue to residue-free. However, acrylamide polymers at high doses may still cause formation damage in circumstances like incomplete degradation. This paper demonstrates the successful application of a specific acrylamide copolymer to formulate a novel low-loading, non-damaging fracturing fluid system that fulfilled high viscosity requirements over a temperature range from 280 to 450°F.

The fracturing fluid system based on the novel acrylamide copolymer demonstrated superior viscosity performance and excellent thermal stability at high temperatures at 450°F or higher. In one example, at the polymer loading as low as 20 lbm/1,000 gallons, the fluid viscosity stayed above 500cP (at 40 s−1 shear rate) at 300°F for about 2.5 hours. In another example, at a polymer loading of 30 pptg, the fluid viscosity stayed above 500cP (at 40 s−1 shear rate) at 400°F for about 1.5 hours. This data indicates that the fluid system has sufficient proppant suspension capability. The fluids could be efficiently broken to allow for good cleanup using oxidative breakers. Proppant-pack conductivity tests showed good regained permeability of over 90% at 300°F, proving the low- to non-damaging potential of the fluid system to formations treated. Moreover, the low-loading fluid system also reduced the fluid cost by about 50% when compared with the commercially available systems with similar viscosity performance. Using the novel low-loading, residue-free acrylamide copolymer has therefore rendered better cleanup, reduced formation damage, lowered operating cost, and enhanced production rates.

The fracturing fluid system based on the novel acrylamide copolymer has demonstrated the unprecedented combination of a number of advantages including low polymer loading, robust high-temperature performance, high regained permeability, low scaling tendency, and reduced operating cost.
In-Situ Wettability Evaluation of Dynamic Water Flooding of Carbonate Rocks Based on NMR-T2 Distribution
Authors: Valori Andrea , Ali Farhan , Abdallah Wael
Published: February 2017

Recovery mechanism due to brine injection (Dynamic Water, Low Salinity, etc.) in carbonate remains a point of discussion and widely open for research. As wettability alteration is heavily suggested as the main driver for recovery, this study focuses on the in-situ evaluation of wettability alteration due to multiple successive dynamic water flooding of carbonate cores plugs.

Five different core flooding with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) T2 monitoring were performed on three different carbonate core plugs. These plugs were fully characterized in terms of petrophysical parameters and petrography. NMR T2 measurements were performed throughout the core flooding experiment including the heat up, brine injection, soaking and cooling down.

Initial results on two samples that are of similar T2 distribution showed relatively different irreducible water saturation (10.7 and 14.9 %) after centrifugation and an NMR T2 inverted wettability after ageing of (-0.15 and -0.04). in the first case, the core was flooded with Gulf sea water. NMR showed clear trend towards increasing water wetness as a result of subjecting the cores with soaking periods, this accompanied with a clear additional recovery following the soaking. In the second case, the core was flooded with Gulf sea water followed by 10 times diluted sea water. Despite a high similarity with the previous core plug, recovery with sea water flooding alone resulted in 57% recovery without further recovery when the other brines were injected. In this case, where most of the effects seems to be happening during the first flooding, NMR, consistently with the production data, did not detect any clear wettability change during the soaking periods.

The results clearly indicate, for the first time, an in-situ wettability alteration due to Dynamic Water injection as demonstrated by NMR T2 distribution analysis.
A New Analytical Procedure to Estimate Interlayer Cross-Flow Rates in Layered-Reservoir Systems Using Pressure-Transient Data
Authors: Nooruddin H. A. , Rahman N. M.
Published: February 2017

We present a new procedure to estimate analytically, from pressure-transient responses, inter-reservoir crossflow rates in multilayer systems separated by tight geological layers, streaks, or baffles. A reservoir system with two neighboring layers, reffered to throughout this study as the tested and the adjacent layers, separated by a semi-permeable barrier, is considered. As production from the tested layer causes a sustained pressure differential across the interface of these poorly-connected layers, prompting fluids to cross flow from the adjacent to the tested layer. For such flow mechanisms, an analytical method is presented to diagnose the conditions of cross flow, characterize the flow barrier, and to quantify the rate of cross flow from transient-pressure data.

Pressure-derivative plots are utilized in diagnosing cross flow between the layers. By matching the test data with the model output, the barrier and the layer parameters are confirmed. The magnitude of the specific barrier permeability and the layer properties are used to compute the cross-flow rate profile as a function of time.

Both the interface of the flow area and the pressure differential at that interface between the layers grow with time for a given magnitude of the specific barrier permeability (Fcb). This is also true for the cross-flow rates. At certain late times, the magnitudes of the pressure drops and cross flow rates attain and maintain their respective plateaus in infinite systems. This also implies that the cross-flow rate grows to a maximum value at some point in time. It is observed that the maximum possible cross-flow rate depends on the ratio of the reservoir flow capacity of the adjacent layer to that of the total reservoir system, comprising both layers. Pressure-derivative versus elapsed time plots are used to determine the onset of cross flow from the adjacent layer, which are impressively supplemented by the respective profiles of the calculated cross-flow rates with time. Field application of the new procedure is illustrated with actual data.
Optimizing Stimulation Design Using Hydrajet Fracturing Process with Coiled Tubing in Saudi Arabia Gas Well
Authors: AlBuali Muhammad , AlDuaij Ahmad Naif , Hardegger Bruno , Bastisya Muhammad Gusti , Khan Faisal
Published: February 2017

A successful evaluation and development program in a tight gas-bearing formation requires considerable analysis, not to mention optimization to help ensure a profitable income. In time where problems arise and impact the performance of the well during completion, the risks of well intervention increase significantly. These problems sometimes are not allowing a hydraulic fracturing treatment to be performed. In a situation where hydraulic fracturing treatment is not feasible, an optimized stimulation design is needed to guarantee commercial gas production from the well within current completion constraints and allocated budget.

In the attempt to find an economical yet effective stimulation solution, the hydrajet fracturing process was chosen to be implemented. This stimulation technique has a proven success rate in onshore applications. To increase the treatment efficiency, a novel acid-soluble abrasive material was used to connect the reservoir to the wellbore, which helped avoid sand cleanout time and use of additional chemicals. It was followed by a pinpoint acid stimulation to unlock the hydrocarbons in a low-pressure area of the reservoir.

The post-treatment result showed a very promising result with the gas rate achieved, which was approximately double the rate expected by a conventional bullhead acid fracturing treatment. This has demonstrated the value that the technique brought to the industry.

This paper discusses not only the result of the technique compared to wells that are completed and evaluated with different completion schemes, but also presents a best practice for the method used to stimulate a well. The success of this operation resulted in providing an alternative to completing their requirements relatively faster and more cost-effectively.
New Approach to Modeling Your Reservoir: A Technique Based on Understanding Modern Deposits, Outcrops and Well-Log Data
Authors: Amer Aimen
Published: February 2017

The main objective of this study was to build a 3D geological model that will allow geologists to be able to better understand facies distribution based on a deep comprehension of depositional model concepts. The goal is to allow the geologist to walk into and traverse in real time such model. This may seem out of the norm, but by the end of this paper you will be able to appreciate this new technique.

The case study that is presented in this article is focused on the Ferron Sandstone Member exposed at the Muddy Creek Canyon located in Utah, USA. Seven vertical wells have been drilled, cored and logged behind the valley walls. Beside basic openhole logs, two wells have been logged with borehole image logs. Detailed outcrop traverses have been performed along the Muddy Creek Canyon area and surface topography along with subsurface facies variations has been captured and integrated with modern day fluvial systems observations from Trinity River, Texas, USA. The latter has served as a modern day analog for parts of our model.

The modeled facies range from deep marine shales, shoreface deposits and delta deposits, all the way to fluvial, swamp and lagoon facies. Sea level fluctuations have been captured and modeled in a sequence stratigraphic fashion.

The model that is produced does not just integration surface and subsurface data into a single 3D geological model, but it also incorporates the concept of sequence stratigraphy and sea level fluctuations. Such approach allowed the comparison between the 3D model, the actual outcrops and modern depositional processes. A number of iterations had to be performed on the model to reach to an actual representation of the outcrops and subsurface data. This was done by taking the model to the outcrop in order to quality check the actual distribution of facies, hence "walking in the model".

The value of doing such exercise is to develop a deeper understanding on reservoir distributions, lateral changes in facies and depositional environment variations, in the subsurface and apply these learnt concepts on oil fields. By doing so, the geologist has a better chance in reducing uncertainties associated with reservoir, seal and source rock distribution, increasing the change of finding hydrocarbon.
Coffee as a Cement Retarder
Authors: Jadhav Rahul , Sen Tamal K. , Deshprabhu Sumukh
Published: February 2017

Retarders are one of the most important additives in oilwell cementing for achieving the desired pumping time of cementitious slurry. Retarders are mainly extracted from natural sources, or they are chemically synthesized. However, synthesized retarders can have significant environmental effects. This paper proposes using coffee powder as a biocompatible retarder in oilwell cementing.

This paper discusses a study wherein coffee powder was used as a cement retarder and its effect on other cement slurry properties was evaluated. Cement slurry was prepared and tested as per API RP 10B2 (2005) procedures for thickening time, compressive strength, fluid loss, and rheology. The performance of coffee powder was tested at various concentrations and temperatures up to 350°F. Its retardation activity was compared to a commonly used lignosulfonate-based retarder as well as a synthetic retarder.

Coffee powder exhibited a predictable and linear thickening time behavior with respect to concentration and temperature variation. Testing at different temperatures revealed that coffee powder alone can be used at temperatures up to 350°F without need for a retarder intensifier. A concentration sensitivity study was performed at 125°F, and the coffee powder displayed expected results. To achieve similar performance, lower amounts of coffee powder are necessary compared to the lignosulfonate-based retarder. The performance of coffee powder was similar to the synthetic retarder. Furthermore, coffee powder does not cause adverse effects on other cement slurry properties, such as compressive strength development, fluid loss, and rheology.

This work presents coffee powder performance as a cement retarder. Coffee is readily available, and it demonstrates a high performance and linear concentration response without hampering other cement properties.
Direct Observation of Low-Salinity Water Effect: Relationship Between Micro-Dispersion Formation and Wettability Alteration
Authors: Facanha Juliana M. , Mahzari Pedram , Sohrabi Mehran
Published: February 2017

Improved oil recovery by low salinity water injection (LSWI) has been linked to wettability alteration. However, the main causes behind this are still debatable. Recently, formation of water-in-oil micro-dispersions has been put forward as the predominant mechanism behind the additional oil recovery by LSWI. This work aims to investigate the role of micro-dispersion formation in wettability alteration by LSWI by performing a series of contact angle measurements.

A dynamic contact angle measurement technique was designed and performed on aged quartz substrates. The substrates were first covered with high salinity brine and then several oil drops were deposited on the substrates to assess the initial wettability of the substrates. Then, the high salinity brine was gradually replaced by a low salinity brine to obtain the response of the same droplets to reduction of water salinity. This approach enabled analysis of wettability alteration due to LSWI. Four crude oil samples with various tendencies to form micro-dispersion were used. Also, two blends of positive and negative crudes were used to test if adding a crude oil with surface active components could make apoor crude oil responsive to low salinity water. A positive oil isa crude oil that forms micro dispersion and a negative oil is one that does not.

It was observed that there was a shift in wettability from mixed-wet and weakly-oil wet towards a more water-wet state once the high salinity brine was replaced by low salinity for the oils that were prone to formation of micro-dispersion. An average change of 10-20° in the value of contact angles was observed for these oil samples depending on initial wettability. However, the contact angles did not exhibit any detectable change for the oils with a weak tendency to form micro-dispersion. Furthermore, the mixing of positive and negative oils resulted in considerable changes in contact angles for the blended oil, which demonstrated the importance of polar components in the wettability alteration process caused by LSWI. In conclusion, the results indicate that the formation of micro-dispersion and the initial wettability are two dominant factors that determinethe outcome of LSWI.