bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rural tourism and protected areas – factors to increase resilience of rural areas
Authors: PERPAR Anton , UDOVČ Andrej
Published: December 2023

The study analysed the influence of presence of protected area on the vulnerability and resilience of the surrounding region in different socio-economic and natural shocks and perturbations. For the study two areas were selected: area of Triglav national park (TNP), as area with highly diversified rural tourism and area of Kozjansko regional park (KRP) as area with low level of rural tourism diversification. The primary data collection was conducted with use of in-depth interviews among relevant stakeholders. In each area some interviews were carried out, where some interviews were representing multiple stakeholders also. The results of the analysis mostly confirmed our hypothesis. We could recognize that the diversity of actors and social roles are essential as sources of stabilty, resilience, robustness and integrity in the social dimension of natural resource management, that an ecological regime shift or collapse does not necessarily result in a regime-shift or collapse of the social[1]ecological system, that an adaptive governance framework relies critically on the collaboration of a diverse set of stakeholders operating at different social and ecological scales, that good governance of the socio-economic domain does not necessarily imply maintaining a stable / resilient / robust / integer social-ecological system and that institutions, social networks and organisation interact across scales. On the other hand a hypothesis that more diverse tourism leads to higher stabilty, resilience, robustness and integrity of social[1]ecological systems was not confirmed.
Grafični prikaz besedilnih pomenov v znanstvenem članku o varstvu zelja (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata)
Authors: BIZJAK KONČAR Aleksandra , ŽNIDARČIČ Dragan
Published: December 2023

Glavni namen pričujočega prispevka je osvetliti vprašanje besedilnih vzorcev v znanstvenem članku s področja varstva zelja (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata). Teoretično izhodišče za analizo je sporočilna semantika, ki se naslanja na sistemsko-funkcijski model jezika. V prispevku so uporabljene metode besedilne analize v povezavi z orodji korpusnega jezikoslovja. Pri beleženju jezikoslovnih značilnosti, nanizanih v linearnem poteku besedila, ki bi jim težko sledili z ročnim označevanjem, nam je v pomoč oblikoslovni označevalnik za slovenščino, izdelan na Inštitutu za slovenski jezik ZRC SAZU, pri izpisovanju jezikoslovnih značilnosti besedil pa je uporabljena grafična predstavitev. Graf je nekakšen slikovni model in je tako izhodišče za opis besedilne zgradbe znanstvenega članka.
Causes of nitrate leaching from agriculture land in Slovenia
Authors: PODGORNIK Maja , PINTAR Marina
Published: December 2023

In Slovenia, groundwater is significant source of drinking water. It has been widely reported that contamination of groundwater from agricultural non-point source is one of the major pollution problems. The pollution of groundwater in areas of agricultural activity is a result of using of mineral nitrogenous fertilizers in large quantities. Applying excess nitrate fertilizers directly affects ground water quality, especial for NO3-N, which is highly mobile. Non-point loss of NO3-N from fields to water resources however is not caused by one single factor. Rather is caused by combination of factors including precipitation, crop uptake, irrigation, application of fertilizers and soil property. Although Slovenian areas of intensive agriculture have different soil characteristics, different rainfall regime and agricultural practice, their nitrate leaching regime appears to be similar and in majority related to the precipitation and fertilization.
Food demand in Slovenia
Authors: REGORŠEK Darja , ERJAVEC Emil
Published: December 2023

The objective of this research is to analyse food consumption patterns in Slovenia. Cross-sectional household data from Household budget survey in year 2001 were used. We estimate expenditure and price elasticities for food demand for households segmented by quartile income levels and for Slovenia total. Food items are divided into the following commodity groups: bread and cereals, meat and fish, dairy products, oils and other fats, fruit, vegetables, confectionary. For a complete demand system analysis, we apply linearly approximated Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS). Empirical results show positive expenditure elasticities being close to one for all food groups. In general, demands for dairy products and vegetables could be regarded as the most sensitive to food expenditures. Further on, all Marshallian (uncompensated) and Hicksian (compensated) own price elasticities are negative and less than one. Own price elasticities for meat and fish are estimated as the lowest and for vegetables as the highest. With cross price elasticities close to zero the studied commodity groups seem to be unrelated. The negative sign of uncompensated cross price elasticities indicates complementary type of food groups, while substitution relationship of aggregate foods is indicated by mostly positive Hicksian cross price elasticities. According to these expenditure and price elasticities inhabitants of Slovenia seem to be losing consumption characteristics typical for countries in transition. However some unique food habits persist.
Phenotypic heterogeneity in bacterial populations
Authors: ŽGUR-BERTOK Darja
Published: December 2023

Genetically uniform bacterial cells exhibit heterogeneity such as intrapopulation differences in metabolism as well as variation in growth rate. Additionally, phenotypic heterogeneity in more complex developmental processes where a portion of a population performs specialized functions has been described. Heterogeneity within populations of bacterial cells ensures that a small fraction of the population is prepared to survive adverse environmental conditions. Phenotypic heterogeneity is mediated by two mechanisms: (i) genotypic alterations such as, mutations and rearrangements of specific DNA fragments or (ii) epigenetic phenomenon. Here examples of genotypic as well as epigenetically regulated phenotypic heterogeneity from several bacterial species are presented.
Evaluation of Ethiopian isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens as biocontrol agent against potato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum
Authors: KUARABACHEW Henok , ASSEFA Fasil , HISKIAS Yaynu
Published: December 2023

A total of 50 fluorescent pseudomonas were collected from different potato growing areas in Ethiopia isolated and characterized, and evaluated on king’s B medium for their antibiosis towards Ralstonia solanacearum the pathogen of bacterial wilt of potato. Out of the 50 isolates only three i.e., Pf S2, Pf Wt3 and PfW1 showed inhibition against the growth of the pathogen. To test their antagonistic effect under greenhouse condition an experiment was conducted using sterilized soil. Tubers of bacterial wilt susceptible potato clone CIP 383031.15 were used. The potato tubers were dipped into 48 hrs old culture suspension of the three isolates i.e., Pf S2, Pf Wt3, PfW1 and Pfri (Indian reference strain) for 1 hr and planted in pots containing sterilized soil. Bacterization of tubers with isolates Pf S2, Pf Wt3, and PfW1, significantly reduced by 59.83% the incidence of bacterial wilt compared to the pathogen-inoculated control and increased plant growth (plant height and dry weight) by 59.83%, 76.89% and 28.44%, respectively. This suggests the importance of the studied isolates as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria.
Mestno kmetijstvo - oblike in izkušnje
Authors: VADNAL Katja , ALIČ Vesna
Published: December 2023

Problem mestnega in primestnega kmetijstva postaja vse bolj pereč tudi v Sloveniji, tako zaradi širjenja mest v njihovo ruralno zaledje, kot tudi zaradi vse nižje prehranske kompetence prebivalstva. Osnovni namen prispevka je spodbuditi zanimanje za to dokaj novo področje kmetijstva, njegov cilj pa je prikazati stanje na področju mestnega kmetijstva in primere dobre prakse na tem področju v razvitih državah. Mestno kmetijstvo je definirano kot dejavnost, ki je locirana v mestih, velemestih ali metropolah oziroma v njihovem obrobju in obsega pridelovanje/rejo, predelavo in razpečavanje različnih prehranskih in neprehranskih dobrin, pri čemer v veliki meri uporablja in ponovno izrablja človeške in naravne vire, izdelke/pridelke in storitve, ki so na razpolago neposredno v urbanem območju oziroma v njegovi bližnji okolici ter zagotavlja človeške in gmotne vire, izdelke/pridelke in storitve temu urbanemu območju. Ključne determinante mestnega kmetijstvo so prostorska, ekonomska, sociološka in ekološka umeščenost v živo tkivo sodobnih mest, ki jo generirajo in utrjujejo potrebe meščanov. Najbolj razširjena modela mestnega kmetijstva sta vrtičkarstvo in lokalno podprto kmetijstvo, uveljavljajo pa se tudi novi, komercialno usmerjeni modeli, kot je npr. SPIN kmetijstvo.
Način delovanja in učinki probiotikov v prehrani živali
Authors: VODOVNIK Maša , MARINŠEK-LOGAR Romana
Published: December 2023

Probiotiki so živi mikroorganizmi, ki zaužiti v ustreznem številu, ugodno vplivajo na zdravje gostitelja. Njihovi učinki so praviloma povezani z vzpostavitvijo ugodnega mikrobnega ravnovesja v prebavilih gostitelja ter uravnavanjem njegovega imunskega odziva. Pri domačih živalih so ključni učinki probiotikov povezani z izboljšano učinkovitostjo prireje. Poleg ugodnega vpliva na zdravstveno stanje (predvsem mladih) živali, slednje obsega tudi izboljšano konverzijo krme, povečano hitrost rasti in nekatere druge. Probiotični krmni dodatki registrirani v EU vsebujejo predvsem Gram-pozitivne bakterije iz rodov Bacillus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Streptococcus ter kvasovke Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Kluyveromyces sp. Medtem, ko je večina omenjenih mikroorganizmov načeloma varnih, imajo nekateri lastnosti, ki so lahko škodljive tako za živali, kot tudi za ljudi. Tak primer so enterokoki, pri katerih pogosto opažajo zapise za prenosljive determinante odpornosti proti antibiotikom. Slednji tako predstavljajo potencialno nevarnost za širjenje odpornosti v patogenih mikrobnih populacijah ljudi in živali. Hiter napredek na področju sintetične in sistemske biologije združen s podporo bioinformatike in novimi orodji genskega inženirstva v prihodnosti obeta skoraj neskončne možnosti za pripravo probiotičnih sevov s poljubnimi lastnostmi, vendar pa bodo le-ti lahko prestopili meje laboratorijev šele ob ustrezni spremembi zakonodaje in javnega mnenja.
Spremembe sestave krmnih obrokov za goveje pitance: primer uporabe normativnih in pozitivnih matematičnih metod
Authors: ŽGAJNAR Jaka , KAVČIČ Stane
Published: December 2023

Namen prispevka je prikazati možnost kombiniranja različnih matematičnih metod za analiziranje sestave krmnih obrokov v danih okoliščinah. Z matematičnimi modeli, ki temeljijo na omejeni optimizaciji, smo proučevali cenovno-stroškovna razmerja v obdobju 1998 do 2008 in iskali morebitne spremembe v sestavi racionalnih krmnih obrokov za goveje pitance. Za analizo smo uporabili normativne in pozitivne matematične metode. S pomočjo klasičnega linearnega programa, nadgrajenega s tehtanim ciljnim programom, smo izvedli normativno analizo. Da bi ugotovili, kako bi se v danih razmerah odločal povprečen rejec, pa smo simulacijo izvedli tudi s pozitivnim matematičnim programiranjem. Dobljeni rezultati kažejo, da se je sestava racionalnega krmnega obroka v zadnjih desetih letih nagnila v prid koruzne silaže, izrazito pa se je zmanjšala količina travne silaže v obroku. Zaradi naravnih danosti v Sloveniji take spremembe niso izvedljive, zato bomo morali več pozornosti posvetiti zniževanju stroškov pridelave travne silaže.
Calculation of PrP genotype and NSP type probabilities in Slovenian sheep
Authors: GORJANC Gregor , PLOHL Marko , KOMPAN Drago
Published: December 2023

The PrP genotype probabilities in non genotyped Slovenian sheep were calculated. Altogether 36 083 ewes and rams of various breeds were included into analysis. The PrP genotype was known for 10 504 animals. Five different PrP alleles were present in the data set. Pedigree and genotype data structure differed between breeds. Iterative allelic peeling with incomplete penetrance model was used for the calculation of genotype probabilities for each animal given the genotype data of relatives. Analyses were performed for each breed separately. Additionally, NSP (National Scrapie Plan) type probabilities and the average NSP value were calculated from the genotype probabilities. Results were presented for live animals only. There were no animals with additionally identified PrP genotype or NSP type with certainty. The PrP genotype was additionally identified with 95% probability for 0.0 to 5.7% animals of different breeds. NSP type was additionally identified with the same probability for 0.0 to 34.9% animals of different breeds. We assume that the low number of additional identifications was due to: a large number of alleles, intermediate allele frequencies, data structure, a uniform prior, and the use of incomplete penetrance model. Additional identifications provided some cost savings, but did not prove useful in the selection for scrapie resistance of the entire population. The average NSP value should be used instead, since it can be calculated for all animals and encompasses all information from genotype probabilities.
Ugotavljanje števila probiotičnih mikroorganizmov v krmnih mešanicah
Authors: NOVAK Rok , BOGOVIČ-MATIJAŠIĆ Bojana , ROGELJ Irena
Published: December 2023

V prehrani živali se uporablja širok spekter probiotičnih mikroorganizmov, ki pripadajo mlečnokislinskim bakterijam, kvasovkam ali rodu Bacillus. V raziskavi smo ugotavljali število mikroorganizmov oziroma njihovih spor v različnih krmnih mešanicah in premiksih, ki so vsebovali komercialne probiotične pripravke Bioplus 2b, Vebac ali Biosaf. Pri bakterijskih sevih Bacillus subtilis in Bacillus licheniformis, ki smo ju osamili iz pripravka Bioplus 2b, smo ugotavljali občutljivost za antibiotike, protimikrobno aktivnost ter sposobnost preživetja v simuliranem želodčnem in črevesnem soku. Ugotovili smo, da je bilo v vseh testiranih proizvodih število probiotičnih mikroorganizmov oziroma spor manjše od deklariranega. Razlika med deklariranim in ugotovljenim številom je bila največja pri proizvodih z dodatkom pripravkov Vebac in Biosaf. Izolata B. subtilis in B. licheniformis sta občutljiva za vse izbrane antibiotike razen metronidazola. Test preživetja je pokazal, da simulirana želodčni oz. črevesni sok nimata večjega vpliva na preživetje spor, vegetativne celice obeh sevov Bacillus pa so zelo občutljive za nizke vrednosti pH in žolčne soli. B. licheniformis je inhibiral rast predvsem po Gramu pozitivnih bakterij, medtem ko je bil B. subtilis učinkovitejši proti po Gramu negativnim bakterijam.
Parazitske ogorčice polžev
Authors: LAZNIK Žiga , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

V prispevku je predstavljen pomen, način delovanja in razvojni krog parazitskih ogorčic polžev, ki so lahko pomembni naravni sovražniki polžev slinarjev (Limacidae) in lazarjev (Arionidae). Polži so na različnih območjih sveta gospodarsko pomembni škodljivci gojenih rastlin, uporaba parazitske ogorčice Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita pa predstavlja za njihovo zatiranje eno od najpomembnejših alternativ kemičnim limacidom. V biotičnem varstvu rastlin so parazitske ogorčice polžev manj preučene kot entomopatogene ogorčice, vendar so bile v zadnjih dveh desetletjih izvedene številne raziskave, s katerimi želijo raziskovalci natančneje preučiti njihov pomen.
Changes in floristic composition over three years of Ljubljana marsh grassland in relation to cutting and fertilising management
Authors: VIDRIH Matej , ČOP Jure , TRDAN Stanislav , ELER Klemen
Published: December 2023

A research in Ljubljana marsh was conducted from 2004 to 2006 with the aim to determine how the regime of cutting and fertiliser application over several years influences on the floristic composition of meadow sward. Field sampling plots in split-plot design with four replications were set up on two different types of grassland, one belonging to Arrhenatherion (sampling plot T1), the other to Molinion alliances (sampling plot T2) in 1999. The main plots represented the frequency of 4 cutting regimes (2 cuts with normal and delayed first one, 3 and 4 cuts per year) and sub-plots represented the fertiliser regime (no fertiliser, PK and NPK fertiliser with two different amounts of N). After five years, the cutting, and especially fertiliser application, significantly altered the floristic composition. In floristic composition of Arrhenatherion plot more frequent cutting in combination with higher amount of N fertilisation increased the proportion of grasses (92.7 % on a fresh matter basis). This was mostly observed in 2004. Legumes proportion (15.4 %) increased mainly on plots where PK fertiliser was used and a first cut was retarded. When N fertiliser was used on Molinion plot in all treatments with cutting herbs (forbs) increased their proportion up to 65 % in average. The proportion of legumes in sward of this plot was neglecteable that's way treatments did not have any special effect on them.
Vsebnost esencialnih maščobnih kislin v zelju (Brassica oleracea L.)
Authors: ŽNIDARČIČ Dragan , VIDRIH Rajko
Published: December 2023

Namen raziskave je bil preučiti in s prehranskega vidika ovrednotiti maščobnokislinsko sestavo 12 kultivarjev zelja (Brassica oleraceae L.). Vzorce smo homogenizirali in jim z liofilizacijo odstranili vodo. Maščobnokislinsko sestavo smo določili z izolacijo metilnih estrov in z analizo na plinskem kromatografu. Iz rezultatov je razvidno, da zelje vsebuje malo nasičenih maščobnih kislin. Analiza nenasičenih maščobnih kislin kaže na to, da zelje v povprečju vsebuje 18,8 mg/100 g SS ?-linolenske, 17,1 mg/100 g SS linolne in 14,8 mg/100 g SS oleinske kisline. Zeljne glave vsebujejo v največji meri ravno obe najpomembnejši esencialni maščobni kislini (n-6 in n-3), kar zelju daje visoko prehransko vrednost. Vsebnost posameznih nenasičenih maščobnih kislin se med kultivarji zelja značilno razlikuje. Največji delež ?-linolenske kisline ima cv. 'Maestro' (29,9 mg/100 g SS), linolna kislina je najbolj zastopana v cv. 'Holandsko pozno zelje' (30,6 mg/100 g SS) in oleinska v cv. 'Galaxy' (29,9 mg/100 g SS) in cv. 'Vestri' (26,1 mg/100 g SS).
WOFOST: model za napovedovanje pridelka - 1. del
Authors: POGAČAR Tjaša , KAJFEŽ-BOGATAJ Lučka
Published: December 2023

Model WOFOST je bil odgovor Alterre in centra Plant Research International (oboje Wageningen, Nizozemska) na potrebe po agrometeorološkem simulacijskem modelu za 10-dnevno kvantitativno napovedovanje pridelka na državni ali regionalni ravni in kvalitativni monitoring pogojev za rast različnih poljščin za celotno EU. Celo družino modelov, v katero spada tudi WOFOST, so razvijali v Wageningnu v šoli C. T. de Wita. Prvič je bil dokumentiran leta 1986 (Wolf in sod.), njegov prvotni namen je bil preučevanje potencialnega pridelka različnih poljščin v tropskih državah, s čimer so se ukvarjali van Keulen, Wolf in van Diepen. Uspešne verzije WOFOST-a se že več kot 10 let uporabljajo v različnih raziskavah. Različne aplikacije so bile prilagojene za analizo tveganja pri pridelku, variabilnosti pridelka skozi leto, variabilnosti zaradi različnih tipov tal ali zaradi raznovrstnih agrohidroloških pogojev in razlik med kultivarji, relativne pomembnosti faktorjev, ki določajo rast, setvenih strategij, vplivov podnebnih sprememb, kritičnih period za uporabo agrikulturne mehanizacije in drugega. Trenutno je dostopna verzija WOFOST 7.1.2.
WOFOST je fizikalni model, ki razlaga rast pridelka na osnovi procesov, ki se dogajajo v rastlini in upošteva, kako na te procese vplivajo okoljske razmere. Osnova za izračune produkcije suhe snovi je stopnja asimilacije CO2 v rastlinski odeji, ki je odvisna od absorbirane energije sevanja in je funkcija vpadajočega sevanja in listne površine poljščine. Izbiramo lahko med potencialno in dejansko (omejena količina vode) simulacijo. Meteorološke podatke moramo pripraviti v pravilnem formatu. WOFOST uporablja vodno bilanco, ki v danem časovnem obdobju primerja količino vode, ki pride v koreninsko cono, s tisto, ki gre iz nje, ter določi razliko med njima za spremembo vsebnosti vode v tleh. Upošteva infiltracijo, evaporacijo, transpiracijo, perkolacijo in kapilarni dvig. Pri tem se moramo zavedati, da model ni namenjen natančni fizični obdelavi gibanja vode v tleh, temveč le oceni dostopnosti vode za rastlino. Vpiv hranil (dušik, fosfat in kalij) na pridelek se računa na letnem nivoju na osnovi dela Janssena in sod. iz leta 1990. WOFOST izračuna fenološko fazo iz dnevne temperature in korekcijskega faktorja. Temperaturne vsote, potrebne za doseganje določene faze, so določene v datotekah, ki opisujejo posamezne poljščine. V posebnih prilogah k opisu modela si lahko natančno preberemo vse o enačbah, ki jih model uporablja, o izračunih energije globalnega obsevanja, Gaussovi integraciji, linearni interpolaciji z AFGEN funkcijo, določanju datuma setve, CGMS (Crop Growth Monitoring System) bazi podatkov, uporabi meteoroloških podatkov ter podatkov o poljščinah in tleh v CGMS-u.
Hordeetum murini Libbert, 1932 - A ruderal association in Kosovo
Authors: PAJAZITAJ Qazim
Published: December 2023

The paper deals with the vegetation of the association Hordeetum murini Libbert 1932 (Sisymbrietalia, Sisymbrion) in Kosovo. It is one of six ruderal communities studied in Kosovo during 1988 - 1991. The association Hordeetum murini is a ruderal vegetation that appears later in the spring and disappear in the beginning of the summer. This association is well developed in all habitats of Kosovo. This paper deals with the floristic and syntaxonomic analysis of association (Table 1), which encapsulates 12 relevés out of 62 species. It was also analyzed the biological spectrum of association, and symbols of life forms of each species. Also, in the analysis of floral geoelements, groups of these elements have been determined and presented by its spectrum.
Vegetativna rast in pridelek semideterminantnega paradižnika (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) v odvisnosti od načina zastiranja tal
Authors: BAN Dean , SINČIĆ PULIĆ Blanka , OPLANIĆ Milan , BOROŠIĆ Josip , ŽNIDARČIČ Dragan
Published: December 2023

Cilj raziskave je bil ugotoviti, kako različni načini zastiranja tal vplivajo na vegetativno rast in pridelek semideterminantnega paradižnika na sredozemskem območju Hrvaške. Poljski poskus, ki je bil v dveh vegetacijskih sezonah zasnovan po metodi naključnih blokov v treh ponovitvah, je bil postavljen na družinski kmetiji v Pulju (44° 51' N, 13° 51' E, 12 m n. v.). V obravnavanje so bila vključena gola tla, tla prekrita s črno polietilensko (PE) folijo, in dve rastlinski zastirki (kuštrava grašica - Vicia villosa in inkarnatka - Trifolium incarnatum). Tla, prekrita s črno PE folijo, so v primerjavi z golimi tlemi skrajšala, tla, prekrita z rastlinskimi zastirkami, pa podaljšala število dni, potrebnih za oblikovanje zalistnikov in začetek cvetenja paradižnika. V prvih 15 oz. 30 dneh so rastline paradižnika hitreje rasle na tleh, prekritih s črno PE folijo, kot na tleh z rastlinskimi zastirkami. Prav tako je bil v primerjavi z rastlinskimi zastirkami večji pridelek zgodnjih plodov na tleh, prekritih s črno PE folijo. Način zastiranja pa ni vplival na težo plodov.
Sensory traits of capon meat in three chicken genotypes
Authors: MALOVRH Špela , HRIBERŠEK Katarina , TERČIČ Dušan , VOLK Marko , ŽLENDER Božidar , POLAK Tomaž , HOLCMAN Antonija
Published: December 2023

Capons of three genotypes (Barred Prelux, Sulmtaler, Styrian hen) were fattened outdoors and slaughtered at two ages (163 and 198 days). Cockerels were caponised at age 47 days and at age 84 days were moved to grower houses with free access to pasture. Animals had ad libitum access to food and water. Ten carcasses of each genotype and age were sampled at slaughter for sensory analysis. The four trained panellist assessed three traits of raw carcasses on scale 1–5 and 19 traits on roasted carcasses on scale 1–7. Shear force was measured on cooled meat slices by apparatus Texture Analyser, TA.XT plus, Volodkevich contact cell. Statistical analysis was performed by MIXED procedure in SAS/STAT. Age at slaughter affected nine, genotype five and interaction between age and genotype three sensory traits. Shear force differed among genotypes and it got worse at older age. Any of three genotypes was not superior in most of sensory traits. Thus, decision which genotype to fatten and how long depends on preferences and importance of certain sensory traits by consumers.
Vpliv velikosti delcev organskih komunalnih odpadkov na proizvodnjo bioplina
Authors: SEŽUN Mija , OSOJNIK ČRNIVEC Ilja Gasan , MARINŠEK-LOGAR Romana
Published: December 2023

V Sloveniji postaja problematika komunalnih odpadkov vedno bolj aktualna, saj je ravnanje z odpadki eno najslabše rešenih nalog v okviru varstva okolja. Odlaganje na deponije je trenutno najbolj običajna praksa ravnanja s komunalnimi odpadki. Posledica neprimernega ravnanja z odpadki je tudi prekomerno sproščanje metana iz odlagališč, zato bo potrebno poiskati primernejše rešitve. V tej raziskavi smo ugotavljali, kakšna je potencialna produkcija metana iz organskih komunalnih odpadkov glede na njihovo različno granulacijo (delci različnih velikosti: >100 mm, 40–100 mm, 10–40 mm in <10 mm). Vzorcem smo predhodno določili delež organske snovi (OS), suho snov (SS), skupni organski ogljik (TOC), dušik po Kjeldahlu (TKN), NH4+ in C/N razmerje. Pred inkubacijo in po njej smo določili kemijsko potrebo po kisiku (KPK). Iz podatkov, pridobljenih v testu biokemijskega metanskega potenciala (BMP), smo izračunali naslednje parametre: kumulativno produkcijo metana, metanski potencial in izplen metana. Izkazalo se je, da velikost delcev pomembno vpliva na metanski potencial organskih komunalnih odpadkov in da bo le-te pred presnovo v bioplin potrebno zdrobiti.
New primer combinations with comparable melting temperatures detecting highest numbers of nosZ sequences from sequence databases
Authors: STRES Blaž , MUROVEC Boštjan
Published: December 2023

We explored existing primer sequences targeting nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) gene in order to explore their capability to recognize variant nosZ sequences. Published nosZ sequences longer than 380 AA residues were obtained from FunctionalGene Database /Repository (http://flyingcloud.cme.msu.edu/fungene/) and used for explorations with PrimerChart program. The numbers of sequences recovered using all possible forward and reverse primer combinations were determined and the stringency of primer site recognition was further varied by allowing 1, 2, or 3 primer mismatches to DNA binding site. We identified novel primer combinations resulting in satisfactory amplicon length (> 500 bp) and increased sequence recognition capabilities at comparable forward and reverse primer melting temperatures. Overall, this study indicates that current state of the art molecular methods can be and should frequently be further refined by the use of targeted bioinformatic approaches.
Minerals management in silvopastoral system of karst pasture
Authors: VIDRIH Matej , VIDRIH Anton , POGAČNIK Milan , KOMPAN Drago
Published: December 2023

A survey of mountain pasture topsoil was undertaken first to set up field experiment in karst region on effects of applied P on minerals concentration in herbage. Content of SOM, C, N, CEC of soil and its base saturation are presented in the article. Great variability in depth, pH value and K level was found in soil. Low base saturation and high deficit of P was more common for all soil samples. Six different plant species presenting a great portion of herbage available for grazing and browsing at different occasions during grazing season were sampled and analysed for macro- and some microminerals. Concentration of P was very low in perennial grasses (1.1 g P kg−1 of DM). In leaves of common hazel (Corylus avellana L.) and common beech (Fagus silvatica L.) the concentration of P was identical as in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and the level was high enough to cover animal needs when intake of herbage was sufficient. Leaves of woody plants were high in Mn concentration, but still below the levels that reduced growth rate in lambs. Application of P fertilizer had only small effect on increase of P in herbage, but large one on decrease on concentration of Ca in herbage. There was not clear effect of added P on concentration of Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu. Higher yield of DM induced with added fertilizer had not have any dilution effect on concentration of those minor elements in herbage.
Introduction pilot biogas reactors and application to define biogas potential of basic substrat, swine slurry
Authors: BERNIK Rajko , ZVER Aleš
Published: December 2023

Cooperation between the ‘Panvita Group’ and the Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, resulted in the construction of a pilot biogas reactor – a miniaturised version of the economical biogas reactor. The aim of construction was to support scientific research in the field of biogas generation, while, at the same time, optimising the processes conducted in economical reactors and testing the new substrates in the field of biogas generation. A 2500-litre reactor, containing a 500-litre gasholder, was built to this purpose. In the first operating period, biogas-generation potential of the raw and partially purified swine slurries was tested. The three repetitions allowed us to generate an average of 529 litres CH4 per 1 kilogram of organic dry matter.
Variation of physiological traits and yield components of some maize hybrid (Zea mays L.) in agroecological conditions of Kosovo
Authors: ALIU Sali , ROZMAN Ludvik
Published: December 2023

The aim of this study was to investigate some physiological traits and yield of different maize hybrids in growth conditions of Kosovo. The field experiment was conducted in 2006 and 2007 in Kosovo, near Prishtina. The experiment was based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. For calculating and statistical analysis 10 plants per each plot were randomly chosen. In the study, seven commercial maize hybrids belonging to different FAO groups (FAO 300, 400 and 600), originating from two breeding institutions: Maize Dept. of Bc Institute Rugvica - Croatia (Jumbo 48 [H-1], BC418 [H-2], BC408 [H-3], BC288 [H-4], BC394 [H-5]) and from Pioneer Hi-Bred Int. (Austria) (Pregia [H-6] and Colombo [H-7]), were included. For traits ear leaf area (LA), absolute growth rate (AGR), crop growth rate (CGR) and biological dry matter (BDM) higher values were obtained in the 2nd year in comparison to the 1st year, however the harvest index (HI) of the 1st year was of a higher value than the 2nd year. Also, for all investigated traits, except for HI, statistically significant differences were obtained among the studied maize hybrids. The highest values for all traits, except for HI, expressed the H-6 and these values were statistically significant higher than those of all other hybrids, but not for BDM. Our results indicated that the H-6 was the most appropriate for cultivation in agroecological conditions in Kosovo, while the H-4 and H-5 were less appropriate in the given conditions.
Hop fields in crop rotation
Authors: KOCJAN AČKO Darja
Published: December 2023

A number of factors influenced the increased number of crops on Slovenian farms legal limitation of maize production to two years on the same field, introduction of integrated crop production and certain measures of the Slovene Agri-Environmental Programme. Crop rotation on hop fields that has already been analyzed on 22 hop growing and livestock farms in Spodnja Savinjska dolina in 2008 show that the maize monoculture has been supplemented by some other crops like wheat, barley, lucerne, clover-grass mixtures and high beans; compared to the conventional production in the past, the crop rotation is now longer. Phytosanitary adequacy of two- and three-year rotation could be improved with supplementary crops, that is with fodder crucifers (fodder rapeseed and rape, forage kale), green manure (white mustard, oil radish), legume crops (soya, peas, vetch, field bean, white lupin, crimson clover, Persian clover, Egyptian clover) and compound fodders like Landsberger mixture and mixtures of vetch with oat or barley. Prohibition to sow broad-leafed plants in the quarantine rotation due to hop wilting limits the selection of crops to grasses (Italian rye-grass) and fodder grains (maize, barley), but the farmers could increase the selection of grains with oats, rye, triticale, mixture of wheat and rye, millet, sorghum and Sudan grass. With the use of recommended crop rotations in two-, three- and four-year rotation, we can expect the increased influence of crop rotation on improved health condition of the new hop plantations in the future with simultaneous reduction of the use of pesticides as well.
Effect of 6-benzyladenine application time on apple thinning of cv. 'Golden Delicious' and cv. 'Idared'
Authors: AMBROŽIČ TURK Barbara , STOPAR Matej
Published: December 2023

Apple thinning of cv. 'Golden Delicious' and cv. 'Idared' was studied after the application of 6-benzyladenine (BA) 100 mgl-1 and 50 mgl-1 respectively, applied at different time of blooming period and over a wider range of fruitlet diameter. When BA 100 mgl-1 was applied on cv. 'Golden Delicious', significant reduction in final fruit number per tree was observed if applied at the end of blooming period or when fruitlet diameters were 6 mm, 15 mm or 20 mm, but thinning was not significant if applied at full bloom or at 10 mm or 25 mm fruitlet diameter. The share of bigger fruits of cv. 'Golden Delicious' (> 65mm) was increased at all BA application time treatments, but significantly only in the treatment of hand thinned trees. Regarding the BA applications carried out on cv. 'Idared', significant thinning response was noticed in the case of BA sprayed at the end of bloom and at 10 mm of fruit diameter. The mean fruit weight of cv. 'Idared' apples was increased significantly only if BA was applied at 10 mm fruitlet diameter. Although the thinning results were inconsistent for two studied cultivars it was demonstrated from the trial that BA could be active as a thinner if applied over a wider phenological interval, at the end of blooming period up to 20 mm fruitlet diameter.
Povezave med zavarovanimi območji, turizmom in razvojem podeželja
Authors: ZURC Jana
Published: December 2023

Povezave med zavarovanimi območji, turizmom in razvojem podeželja smo preučevali na primerih Triglavskega narodnega parka in Kozjanskega parka. Na vsakem območju je bilo anketiranih 200 lokalnih prebivalcev. Glede na dobljene rezultate lahko zaključimo, da preučevani zavarovani območji omogočata razvoj podeželskega turizma. Da je razvoj turizma v zavarovanih območjih uspešnejši od razvoja turizma izven zavarovanih območij, ne moremo trditi. Anketirani prebivalci Triglavskega narodnega parka med vsemi gospodarskimi panogami najbolj podpirajo razvoj turizma na območju (86,5 %), kar pa ne velja za anketirane prebivalce Kozjanskega parka, ki se najbolj strinjajo z usmeritvijo območja v kmetijstvo ter razvoj malega podjetništva in obrti. Vseeno ni zanemarljivo dejstvo, da se kljub temu visok delež anketiranih prebivalcev Kozjanskega parka strinja, da bi se moralo območje osredotočiti na razvoj turizma (74,5 %). Da je priložnost zavarovanega območja v boljših možnostih za poslovanje v turizmu, se strinja skoraj polovica anketiranih prebivalcev Triglavskega narodnega parka (47 %) in le 15 % anketiranih prebivalcev Kozjanskega parka. Iz tega lahko sklepamo, da Triglavski narodni park nudi več priložnosti oziroma dodatnih možnosti za poslovanje v turizmu kot pa Kozjanski park. Na zavarovanem območju, kjer je turizem bolj razvit (Triglavski narodni park), anketirani prebivalci menijo, da so strategije varstva narave manj uspešne, in občutijo več negativnih obremenitev turizma (promet in gneča, višje cene). Nasprotno pa v primeru, kjer je turizem na zavarovanem območju manj razvit (Kozjanski park), anketirani prebivalci opažajo, da so strategije ohranjanja narave uspešnejše in da jih turizem manj obremenjuje.
Selen in njegove zvrsti v okolju
Authors: ŽNIDARČIČ Dragan
Published: December 2023

Selen (Se) je esencialen element za ljudi in živali, za rastline pa njegova esencialnost še ni dokazana. Številne študije so tudi pokazale, da imajo nekatere organske oblike Se antikancerogeno delovanje proti določenim oblikam raka. Se je prisoten v tleh (naravno ali zaradi antropogenih vplivov) in pride v prehranjevalno verigo prek rastlin. Se se v okolju nahaja tako v anorganski kot v organski obliki, vključujoč selenoaminokisline in metilirane zvrsti. Sposobnost nekaterih rastlin, da akumulirajo in transformirajo anorganske oblike Se v bioaktivne organske oblike, pomembno vpliva na prehrano in s tem na človekovo zdravje. Esencialnost Se za rastline še ni bila dokazana, vendar so nekatere rastline sposobne absorbirati večje količine tega elementa. Nekatere rastline (vrste iz rodov Astragalus, Stanleya, Morinda in Neptunia) na eni strani lahko akumulirajo več tisoč miligramov Se kg-1 suhe snovi (Se akumulirajoče rastline), na drugi strani pa imamo rastline, ki vsebujejo manj kot 25 mg Se kg-1 suhe snovi (Se neakumulirajoče rastline). V tretjo skupino sodijo Se sekundarno akumulirajoče rastline iz rodov Aster, Atriplex, Castilleja …, ki dobro uspevajo na tleh, bogatih s Se, rastejo pa tudi, če je Se manj, in akumulirajo do 1.000 mg Se kg-1 suhe snovi. Rastline se pred visokimi koncentracijami Se branijo tako, da ohranjajo koncentracijo SeCys in SeMet v celicah, da povečujejo tvorbo nebeljakovinskih aminokislin, da izključijo SeCys iz beljakovin ali s pretvorbo Se v hlapne spojine.
Kateri biofizikalni in biokemični dejavniki lahko pripomorejo k večji odpornosti zelja (Brassica oleraceae L. var. capitata) na napad gospodarsko najpomembnejših škodljivcev
Authors: ŽNIDARČIČ Dragan , MARKOVIČ Damir , VIDRIH Rajko , BOHINC Tanja , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

Raziskava o vplivu nekaterih biofizikalnih (vsebnost epikutikularnega voska) in biokemičnih (obarvanost listov, skupni polifenoli in antioksidacijski potencial) dejavnikov na odpornost zelja (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) proti poškodbam, ki jih povzročajo kapusovi bolhači (Phyllotreta spp.), kapusove stenice (Eurydema spp.) in tobakov resar (Thrips tabaci), je potekala v letu 2010 na Laboratorijskem polju Biotehniške fakultete v Ljubljani. V poljski poskus je bilo vključenih 20 genotipov zelja in sicer 9 zgodnjih, 5 srednje zgodnjih in 6 srednje poznih genotipov (glede na dolžino rastne dobe), 3 rdeči in 17 belih genotipov (glede na barvo listov) ter 14 hibridov in 6 sort (glede na poreklo). Statistična analiza je pokazala, da biofizikalna in biokemična sestava listov zelja najbolj vpliva na odpornost te vrtnine na napad kapusovih bolhačev. Ti namreč kažejo šibko preferenco do zgodnjega in rdečega zelja ter do hibridov, ki imajo visoko vsebnost epikutikularnega voska (r2 = –0,6137, r2 = –0,7603 in r2 = –0,6812). Prav tako smo pri kapusovih bolhačih ugotovili močno negativno korelacijo med antioksidacijskim potencialom in obsegom poškodb pri srednje poznem zelju (r2 = –0,7185), pri rdečem zelju (r2 = –0,7811) in pri sortah zelja (r2 = –0,7802).
Rural women’s attitudes toward their participation in the decision-making process and production of potato crops in Shoushtar, Iran
Authors: MOSAVI Sayedeh Somayeh , OMMANI Ahmad Reza , ALLAHYARI Mohammad Sadegh
Published: December 2023

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate rural women’s' attitudes to their participation in the decision-making process and production of potato crops in Shoushtar, Iran. It is an applied research for which a descriptive-correlation method is chosen. Using the documentary study methodology and field study, required data have been collected and then described in terms of frequency, percentage and standard deviation. According to the size of population, the number of samples was determined to be 288 people. According to the results, there is a significant correlation between the level of attitude and participation in the decision-making process and production. Also, the rural women’s' higher levels of attitude to their participation in decision-making processes regarding crop production and farm work improves their self-confidence, sense of independence and power and, therefore, encourages them to participate in those activities effectively.
Parametrični in neparametrični pristopi za odkrivanje trenda v časovnih vrstah
Authors: KRANER ŠUMENJAK Tadeja , ŠUŠTAR Vilma
Published: December 2023

Eno od najpogosteje uporabljenih orodij za odkrivanje sprememb v časovnih vrstah je analiza trenda. Obstaja veliko parametričnih in neparametričnih testov za odkrivanje značilnih trendov v časovnih vrstah. Slednji se pogosteje uporabljajo zaradi manjšega števila predpostavk potrebnih za njihovo izvedbo. Najpogosteje uporabljen test za odkrivanje značilnih trendov je Mann-Kendallov test, ki še vedno zahteva, da so vzorčni podatki neodvisni. Za odstranitev vpliva serialne korelacije v Mann-Kendallovem testu so bili vpeljani različni popravki in metode pred-beljenja. V tem članku je pregled najpogosteje uporabljenih pristopov za odkrivanje trenda v časovnih vrstah ob prisotnosti serialne korelacije ali brez nje. Na koncu so te metode uporabljene še na realnih podatkih.
Analiza fenofaz paš, pri čebelah v Novem mestu
Authors: JELEN Lucija Glorija
Published: December 2023

Preučevali smo vpliv temperature zraka na izbrane fenološke faze čebel (Apis mellifera carnica Pollman) za obdobje 1971-2007 v Novem mestu. Medletna variabilnost nastopa fenofaz (prva paša čebel, paša na robiniji, paša na lipi) je velika, variacijski razmik znaša od 44 do 86 dni. S časovno analizo smo ugotovili, da se kot posledica višjih temperatur zraka ter zgodnejših rastlinskih fenofaz, tudi fenofaze pri čebelah pojavljajo v zadnjem obdobju zgodnejše. Statistično značilen linearen trend za prvo pašo čebel znaša -19 dni/dekado, za pašo na robiniji pa -10 dni/dekado. Fenofaza paša na lipi nima statistično značilnega trenda. Povezanost med fenološkim razvojem in temperaturo zraka smo preučevali s korelacijsko analizo. Vrednosti koeficientov korelacije so med -0,45 in -0,70. Vse tri fenofaze so najbolj korelirane s povprečnimi dvomesečnimi temperaturami marca in aprila. Izdelali smo enostavne regresijske modele za napoved časa nastopa fenofaz na osnovi temperature zraka. Kot pojasnjevalne spremenljivke modela smo vključili povprečne mesečne temperature zraka in termalni čas, potreben za nastop izbrane fenofaze. Akumuliran termalni čas smo izračunali kot vsoto aktivnih temperatur (vsota pozitivnih temperatur od 1.1. dalje) in efektivnih temperatur (temperaturna vsota nad temperaturnim pragom 10 °C od 28.2. dalje). Koeficienti variabilnosti (KV) za izračunan termalni čas znašajo od 15 % do 43 %. Z metodo regresije po korakih smo oblikovali linearne regresijske modele za napoved časa prve paše čebel in paše na robiniji. Z modeli smo lahko pojasnili od 53 % do 91 % variabilnosti v času nastopa fenofaz.
Virulenčni faktorji glive Verticillium albo-atrum
Authors: MAJER Aljaž , KOSEL Janez
Published: December 2023

Gliva Verticillium albo-atrum je pomemben rastlinski patogen, ki lahko okuži več sto rastlinskih vrst in povzroča precejšnjo škodo v kmetijstvu. O mehanizmih patogeneze te glive je znanega zelo malo, pred kratkim pa je bil sekvenciran njen genom, kar ponuja dobre obete za raziskave na tem področju. V tej raziskavi sva pregledala literaturo o znanih genih gliv, ki sodelujejo pri napadu in pojavu simptomov bolezni, nakar sva v genomu V. albo-atrum z uporabo orodja BLAST poiskala homologe vseh najdenih genov in poskusila prepoznati razloge za virulenco te pomembne patogene glive.
Variance components estimation for type traits in Slovenian Brown Swiss cattle
Authors: ŠPEHAR Marija , ŠTEPEC Miran , POTOČNIK Klemen
Published: December 2023

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for 39 (26 official and 13 new) scored type traits in Slovenian Brown Swiss cattle. Data set included records of 35 386 Brown Swiss cows scored from 2000 to 2011 using method ‘System 97’. The studied type traits were scored on scale from 1 to 9 (29 traits), measured by stick or tape (five traits) or expressed in points from 60 to 90 (five traits). Multiple-trait analyses based on three models were used for estimates of genetic parameters. Fixed class effects in the models were: classifier and year of scoring interaction, calving season, and time from calving to scoring. Body condition score effect was additionally fitted as linear regression in the second model. The third model included time after milking as fixed class effect instead of condition. Direct additive genetic effect and herd were used in the models as random effects. Estimated heritabilities ranged from 0.13 to 0.46 for frame and from 0.03 to 0.22 for form traits. Low to intermediate heritabilities (from 0.10 to 0.25) were estimated for mammary system traits. The lowest heritability estimates, in range from 0.04 to 0.13, were obtained for foot and leg traits. The variance ratio for herd covered between 0.02 and 0.26 of phenotypic variation. Genetic correlations among type traits ranged from −0.41 between rear legs side view and legs overall to 0.99 between rump height measured by tape and rump height linearly scored for frame traits. High genetic correlations were estimated for the following pairs of traits: rump width measured and rump width linearly scored (0.92), central ligament and central ligament redefined (0.97), body depth measured and body depth linearly scored (0.86). Phenotypic correlations between pairs of traits were similar in direction but smaller in magnitude in comparison to genetic correlations. Measured type traits should be replaced with the scored one since genetic correlations between them were high. The replacement will lead to the same efficient but cheaper scoring system.
Geography of Cika cattle breed
Authors: ŽAN LOTRIČ Metka , ŠALEHAR Andrej , KOMPAN Drago
Published: December 2023

The geography of Slovenian autochthonous Cika cattle breed was studied over a 140-year period of its development. The first literature reference regarding the dissemination range of original Cika cattle was found in the year 1872, when Schollmayr (1873) studied cattle breeds in Carniola. In the second half of the 19 century, cattle in Carniola were without their own names of breeds and were characterized by a large phenotypic diversity. A generic term “Carniolan cattle” was the most commonly used name and animals were grouped according to their colour. Povše (1893) reported that the red coloured Gorenjska cattle were to the fullest extent spread in the area which today belongs to Gorenjska statistical region. Under the influence of specific climate and breeding conditions in Bohinj area, the smallest in size and the most dairy type of Cika cattle was developed here. They named it as “Bohinj cattle” and this was the original form of Cika cattle. Breeding of Cika cattle maintained in the same area until the sixties of the past century. In the year 1964 a symposium took place in Kranj, where it was decided that Cika cattle was going to get upgraded by Simmental breed. Today, the breeding of Cika cattle is dispersed across a larger area of the Republic of Slovenia, however, it is the most widespread in the north part of Central Slovenian statistical region (Kamnik area) and Gorenjska, especially in the south-eastern part of Julian Alps (Bohinj area). In these two areas, Cika cattle breeding is still most concentrated.