bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of geostationary satellite-derived cloud parameters associated with environments with high ice water content
Authors: de Laat Adrianus , Defer Eric , Delanoë Julien , Dezitter Fabien , Gounou Amanda , Grandin Alice , Guignard Anthony , Meirink Jan Fokke , Moisselin Jean-Marc , Parol Frédéric
Published: April 2017

Abstract. We present an evaluation of the ability of passive broadband geostationary satellite measurements to detect high ice water content (IWC > 1 g m−3) as part of the European High Altitude Ice Crystals (HAIC) project for detection of upper-atmospheric high IWC, which can be a hazard for aviation. We developed a high IWC mask based on measurements of cloud properties using the Cloud Physical Properties (CPP) algorithm applied to the geostationary Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI). Evaluation of the high IWC mask with satellite measurements of active remote sensors of cloud properties (CLOUDSAT/CALIPSO combined in the DARDAR (raDAR–liDAR) product) reveals that the high IWC mask is capable of detecting high IWC values > 1 g m−3 in the DARDAR profiles with a probability of detection of 60–80 %. The best CPP predictors of high IWC were the condensed water path, cloud optical thickness, cloud phase, and cloud top height. The evaluation of the high IWC mask against DARDAR provided indications that the MSG-CPP high IWC mask is more sensitive to cloud ice or cloud water in the upper part of the cloud, which is relevant for aviation purposes. Biases in the CPP results were also identified, in particular a solar zenith angle (SZA) dependence that reduces the performance of the high IWC mask for SZAs > 60°. Verification statistics show that for the detection of high IWC a trade-off has to be made between better detection of high IWC scenes and more false detections, i.e., scenes identified by the high IWC mask that do not contain IWC > 1 g m−3. However, the large majority of these detections still contain IWC values between 0.1 and 1 g m−3. Comparison of the high IWC mask against results from the Rapidly Developing Thunderstorm (RDT) algorithm applied to the same geostationary SEVIRI data showed that there are similarities and differences with the high IWC mask: the RDT algorithm is very capable of detecting young/new convective cells and areas, whereas the high IWC mask appears to be better capable of detecting more mature and ageing convection as well as cirrus remnants. The lack of detailed understanding of what causes aviation hazards related to high IWC, as well as the lack of clearly defined user requirements, hampers further tuning of the high IWC mask. Future evaluation of the high IWC mask against field campaign data, as well as obtaining user feedback and user requirements from the aviation industry, should provide more information on the performance of the MSG-CPP high IWC mask and contribute to improving the practical use of the high IWC mask.
Hard or Soft Science? Conceptualizing Educational Technology through a Lexical Bundle Analytical Approach
Authors: Kuo Chih-Wei
Published: April 2017

An ongoing discussion on the disciplinary nature of educational technology has been taking place for years. Some view this discipline from the perspective of instructional design and implementation, whereas others conceptualize it from the perspective of media, tool, and system. This study examined educational technology from the perspective of language use by empirically investigating a special sequence of words, referred to as lexical bundles, in educational technology research articles. It aims to capture the distinctive nature of educational technology as soft technology and examine possible associations of educational technology with relevant disciplines. Employing a text analysis tool of AntConc 3.4.3, the researcher compiled a corpus encompassing 323 research articles from six journals with approximately 2.1 million words to identify lexical bundles. All identified bundles were analyzed and further compared with past relevant studies based on the number of different bundles, the content of bundles, and the grammatical structure of bundles. It was found that educational technology as an inter-discipline resembles much more soft science fields in terms of the content and structural categories of bundles. This study not only contributes to a better conceptual understanding of the nature of educational technology but offers a pedagogically beneficial bundle list for informing academic writing instruction in this field.
Cultural Translation and World Literature in Korea
Authors: Kim Youngmin
Published: April 2017

The aesthetics and the ethics of cultural translation create the proper distancing as well as the free linguistic displacement based upon mutual respect and equivalence in every aspect. T. S. Eliot's fragments in the last section of The Waste Land, entitled “What the Thunder Said,” demonstrates such a case of cultural translation. The purpose of this case of cultural translation has been to provide a rationale for the context of the present Korean comparative literary studies. What cultural translation can do is to let the readers understand the foreign cultures and literatures that appear to be untranslatable, by engaging dynamically with the newness and the strangeness, as well as by encountering transcultural initiation beyond the monocultural closure, as Gayatri Spivak clarified in her discussion of “supplementing” in terms of figuring out “the exact shape of a place that is empty in what is to be supplemented, zooming out, but not in competition with zooming in.” From these double perspectives of “cultural translation” and “glocalization” as well as the dynamic interplay of comparative, world literature, and translation studies in a convergent way, world literature studies beyond comparative literature as a discipline in Korea has witnessed a drastic change for the last decade. The conference themes and articles in the journals of the associations in collectivity demonstrate the phenomenon of a new wave of comparative literature in the form of world literature.
Exploring the Cosmopolitan Elements in Lao She's Works
Authors: Sheng Anfeng
Published: April 2017

In this article, the author explores the cosmopolitan elements that are intermingled with his apparently patriotic, even nationalistic, narratives. The author wants to argue that as Lao She's ultimate dream for the entire humanity, this cosmopolitan idealism, or the Great Unity of the world, comes from his own Manchu origin against the backdrop of the Han majority in China, his isolated personal experience as a young lecturer sojourning in London, the bitter experience of him and his family caused by the Western and Japanese invasions, his ambiguous religious beliefs, and his inheritance of the traditional Confucius culturing.
John Milton's Idea of Kingship and its Comparison With Confucianism
Authors: Hao Tianhu
Published: April 2017

Scattered throughout the author's prose and poetical works, kingship is a core concept in John Milton's political and literary practices. According to Milton, a king must first be a “wise and virtuous man” (Paradise Regained), and the Son is the perfect model of kingship. The possession of virtue and a “paradise within” (Paradise Lost) would enable everyone to be kingly. Tyrants like Charles I may be lawfully deposed or even beheaded by their subjects. Milton's republicanism is not only rooted in classical, biblical, and continental traditions, but is also inseparable—in my opinion—from the native British tradition, including important figures such as John of Salisbury (twelfth century) and John Ponet (sixteenth century). This essay also compares Milton's Aristotelian “virtue politics” with Confucianism represented by Confucius and Mencius, pinpointing the former's contemporary relevance.
Geometric Views of Partial Correlation Coefficient in Regression Analysis
Authors: Zeng Bilin , Chen Kang , Wang Cong
Published: April 2017

By describing the geometric analogues of the concepts from various perspectives, this work aims to provide a richer and intuitive comprehension of the concept of partial correlation coefficient in the regression analysis, especially for beginning students. Based on a simple and strictly correct geometric framework, this article geometrically illustrates the concept of partial correlation coefficient in regression analysis from the views of the Frisch-Waugh-Lovell Theorem, partial F test statistics, and the comparisons with other levels of correlation coefficients. In our opinion, the geometric approach sheds lights on the regression analysis as it provides a richer and more concrete understanding for readers, especially for beginners.  This paper can also be served as a supplementary reading material for serious beginners.
Manufacturing and Characterization of High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) Reinforced with Treated Sugarcane Bagasse
Authors: Benini Kelly Cristina Coelho de Carvalho , Voorwald Herman Jacobus , Cioffi Maria Odila Hilá¡rio
Published: April 2017

Natural fibers obtained from sugarcane bagasse were used as reinforcement for high impact polystyrene (HIPS) composites. Fibers were chemically treated with an alkaline solution and then bleached with sodium chlorite and acetic acid, in order to remove amorphous constituents and improve adhesion with polimeric matrix.The alkali-treated and bleached fibers over a range of 10-30 wt% were mixed with HIPS and placed in an injector chamber in order to obtain tensile and flexural test specimens. Chemical treatment effects on composites properties were evaluated through mechanical tests and thermal and microscopy analysis. Experimental results show that composites with 30 wt% of alkali-treated fibers present an improvement in the tensile strength (17%), tensile modulus (96%) and flexural modulus (34%) with a consequent decrease in the ductility and in the thermal properties in comparisson to pure HIPS. An huge increase of 191% in the flexural modulus for composites with 30 wt% of bleached fibers was obtained compared to pure HIPS.
HYDRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF KN-1 VION HEMOSORBTIONAL FIBRE IN SODIUM, IRON, LANTHANUM AND CHROMIC FORMS
Authors: Niftaliyev Sabukhi I. , Peregudov Yuri S. , Eyvazova Yulia Z. , Saranov Igor A.
Published: April 2017

In this article the method of the differential scanning calorimetry was realized for a water state assessment in sodium, iron, lanthanum and chromic forms of an ion-exchange fiber VION KN-1. The technique of carrying out the experiment is described. The objects of research were the hemosorbtional fiber VION KN-1. For study of process of dehydration, the fiber was transferred to metal forms with static upholding in solution of salt of the appropriate metal. Initially, the fiber was in the sodium form. Research of process of dehydration of fiber in metal forms was conducted with the synchronous thermal analysis using STA 449 F3, Jupiter, NETZSCH firm in the atmosphere of nitrogen. The temperature program of heat treatment of fiber is presented. The results of the differential scanning calorimetry are also presented in the form of thermoanalytical curves for iron and chromic forms of fiber of VION KN-1. The dependence of amount of sorbed water on the ionic form of fiber is shown. Availability of water of different level of coherence is revealed. Dependence of level of transformation of substance on temperature is calculated. Diagrams of dependence of logarithm of level of transformation of substance on temperature are constructed. The quantitative characteristics of kinetic unequal molecules of water for the initial and metal forms of fiber in the field of limit bloating are shown. In outputs comparing of water state in metal forms of fiber with its state in the sodium form is carried out. Comparison of results of similar researches of metal forms of fiber for ions of trivalent and bivalent metals is carried out. As a result of the conducted researches it was established that the amount of water of different level of coherence in metal forms of carboxyl- containing fiber VION KN-1 is determined by the nature of anti-ions.Forcitation:Niftaliyev S.I., Peregudov Yu.S., Eyvazova Yu.Z., Saranov I.A. Hydration characteristics of KN-1 VION hemosorbtional fibre in sodium, iron, lanthanum and chromic forms. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 2. P. 33-37.
POLYELECTROLYTE COMPLEX OF CHITOSAN AND CHONDROITIN SULFATE: FORMATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Authors: Novikov Vitaliy Yu. , Dolgopyatova Nataliya V. , Konovalova Irina N. , Kuchina Yuliya A.
Published: April 2017

The formation conditions, stability and solubility of polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) of chondroitin sulphate (CS) and chitosan (CN) were studied. CS was isolated from cartilage of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. The molecular weight determined by nephelometric method was 60 kDa. CN was prepared from the shell of crab Paralithodes camtschaticus, degree of deacetylation is 68.8%, molecular weight is 368 kDa. The conditions of PEC formation are established by mixing solutions of polysaccharides. The comparing the original polysaccharides and their interaction products was carried out on the basis of infrared (IR) spectra study. CS have revealed the presence of absorption near 1250 cm-1, corresponding to the asymmetric stretching vibrations of -SO2- group in organic sulfates. This absorption was absent in the spectrum of CN. In the IR spectra of the PEC this absorption of CS decreased in 2 times that correspond to molar ratio of CS and CN equals to 1:1. The absence of new bands in PEC spectrum compared with spectra of CS and CN was been explained the bonds formation due to electrostatic interactions. PEC formation conditions are studied. At the interaction of CN and CS the PEC suspension is formed, and then dense sediment of PEC drops out, whereas the molar ratio of these polysaccharides remains constant. At addition of solution of CS to the CN solution in the molar ratio 1:3; 1:6 the PEC dispersion is formed that preserves stability during 2-3 days. Possibility of practical application of the PEC formation reaction is considered. The titration of CS solution by CN solution with a known degree of deacetylation can be used to quantify the CS drug's purity. We investigated the possibility of quantitative extraction of CS directly from raw material using CN solution through formation and separation of insoluble PEC. To study the possibilities for further use of PEC its stability in aqueous solutions of electrolytes was considered. In alkaline there is partial dissolution of substances with the absorption close to CS absorption (1250 cm-1), in acid – to CS absorption. Thus, there is partial destruction of PEC in alkaline and acidic media with liberation of polysaccharides, each of which is dissolved at an appropriate pH: CS in alkaline medium, CN in acidic medium. Thus, the PEC formation, its properties and possibilities of practical application were studied in this work. For citation:Novikov V.Yu., Dolgopyatova N.V., Konovalova I.N., Kuchina Yu.A. Polyelectrolyte complex of chitosan and chondroi-tin sulfate: formation, physico-chemical properties. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N2. P. 60-66.
Currículo e Formação de Professores: uma visão integrada da construção do conhecimento profissional
Authors: Dos Santos Felício Helena Maria , Ribeiro da Silva Carlos Manuel
Published: April 2017

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os aspectos da perspectiva integrada de currículo na formação inicial de professores do Brasil. Fundamentados no modelo de “currículo formativo integrado”, realizamos a análise documental dos Projetos Pedagógicos dos Cursos de Pedagogia de Universidade Federais Brasileiras para compreender quais e como os componentes do modelo integrado de formação estão presentes nesses documentos. Os resultados evidenciam: Em relação ao referencial de formação, os projetos apresentam justificativas que fundamentam a integração curricular na valorização dos processos de construção de conhecimento significativo. No que diz respeito à centralidade da prática, verificamos projetos que a concebem como eixo estruturante do curso e outros que a concentram em atividades de estágio. Quanto à organização das unidades curriculares, os projetos indicam organizações por eixos/núcleos temáticos, no entanto prevalece a justaposição das disciplinas. No que concerne à articulação com o contexto profissional, os cursos intencionam a alternância dos espaços formativos desde o início da formação. Finalmente, no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento da práxis, constatamos a preocupação de formar o educador capaz de pensar a sua prática enquanto intervenção crítica no processo de ensino e de aprendizagem. Neste sentido, afirmamos que experiências pontuais não são suficientes para abarcar a complexidade da formação e da atuação profissional, sendo necessário reconhecer o caráter transformador de um currículo integrado, como possibilidade formativa de um perfil profissional que responda às exigências do contexto educacional contemporâneo.
Análise de produtos desenvolvidos no mestrado profissional na área de matemática: possibilidades de adaptações para o uso com estudantes cegos
Authors: Mamcasz Viginheski Lúcia Virginia , Aires João Paulo , De Carvalho Rutz da Silva Sani , Pilatti Luiz Alberto , Frasson Antonio Carlos , Midori Shimazaki Elsa
Published: April 2017

Este artigo teve como objetivo analisar produções técnicas da área de Matemática para o Ensino Fundamental, desenvolvidas no período de junho de 2009 a dezembro de 2013 no Mestrado Profissional em Ensino de Ciência e Tecnologia da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná — Câmpus Ponta Grossa, avaliando a viabilidade de adaptação dos produtos para o ensino de estudantes cegos. A pesquisa apresenta uma abordagem qualitativa para a análise dos dados, sendo utilizada como estratégia a pesquisa bibliográfica, com análise das dissertações defendidas. O programa possui dezenove trabalhos na área de Matemática, sendo seis produções voltadas para o Ensino Fundamental. A análise comparativa dos trabalhos coletou as seguintes informações: procedimentos metodológicos, recursos materiais e processos avaliativos. As propostas de adaptações das produções para os estudantes cegos deram-se a partir do referencial teórico registrado neste estudo. Os resultados desta análise indicam que as produções técnicas podem ser desenvolvidas também com estudantes cegos, desde que realizadas as adaptações conforme as necessidades do aluno.
Communication of Contrast in the Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon with Other Pedal Tendons at the Master Knot of Henry
Authors: Ali Sayed , Griffin Nicole L. , Ellis Whitney , Meyr Andrew J.
Published: April 2017

It is important to have a full appreciation of lower-extremity anatomical relationships before undertaking diabetic foot surgery. We sought to evaluate the potential for communication of the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon with other pedal tendons and plantar foot compartments at the master knot of Henry and to provide cadaveric images and computed tomographic (CT) scans of such communications. Computed tomography and subsequent anatomical dissection were performed on embalmed cadaveric limbs. Initially, 5 to 10 mL (1:4 dilution) of iohexol and normal saline was injected into the FHL sheath as it coursed between the two hallux sesamoids. Subsequently, CT scans were obtained in the axial plane using a multidetector CT scanner with sagittal and coronal reformatted images. The limbs were then dissected for specific evaluation of the known variable intertendinous connections between the FHL and flexor digitorum longus (FDL) and quadratus plantae (QP) muscles. One cadaver demonstrated retrograde flow of contrast into the four individual tendons of the FDL, with observation of a large intertendinous slip between the FHL and FDL on dissection. Another cadaver demonstrated contrast filling in the QP with an associated intertendinous slip between the FHL and QP on dissection. These results indicate that the master knot of Henry (the location in the plantar aspect of the midfoot where the FHL and FDL tendons decussate, with the FDL passing superficially over the FHL) has at least the potential to serve as one source of communication in diabetic foot infections from the medial plantar compartment and FHL to the central and lateral compartments via the FDL and to the rearfoot via the QP.
Distance Between the Malleoli and the Ground
Authors: Aguilar Estela Gomez , Domínguez Águeda Gómez , Peña-Algaba Carolina , Castillo-López José M.
Published: April 2017

Background:

The aim of this work is to introduce a useful method for the clinical diagnosis of leg-length inequality: distance between the malleoli and the ground (DMG).

Methods:

A transversal observational study was performed on 17 patients with leg-length discrepancy. Leg-length inequality was determined with different clinical methods: with a tape measure in a supine position from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the internal and external malleoli, as the difference between the iliac crests when standing (pelvimeter), and as asymmetry between ASISs (PALpation Meter [PALM]; A&D Medical Products Healthcare, San Jose, California). The Foot Posture Index (FPI) and the navicular drop test were also used. The DMG with Perthes rule (perpendicular to the foot when standing), the distance between the internal malleolus and the ground (DIMG), and the distance between the external malleolus and the ground were designed by the authors.

Results:

The DIMG is directly related to the traditional ASIS–external malleolus measurement (P = .003), the FPI (P = .010), and the navicular drop test (P < .001). There are statistically significant differences between measurement of leg-length inequality with a tape measure, in supine decubitus, from the ASIS to the internal malleolus, and from the ASIS to the external malleolus.

Conclusions:

This new method (the DMG) is useful for diagnosing leg-length discrepancy and is related to the ASIS–external malleolus measurement. The DIMG is significantly inversely proportional to the degree of pronation according to the FPI. Conversely, determination of leg-length discrepancy with a tape measure from the ASIS to the malleoli cannot be performed interchangeably at the level of the internal or external malleolus.
Relation Between Nail Consistency and Incidence of Ingrown Toenails in Young Male Runners
Authors: Pico Ana María Pérez , Verjano Elisabeth , Mayordomo Raquel
Published: April 2017

Background:

This study examines the possible influence of factors such as nail shape and consistency, sex, and sports activity on the development of the most common nail disorders in a population of young people.

Methods:

The nail plates of 140 young people (66 females and 74 males) were studied. Of these 140 participants, 72 were runners who trained more than 10 hours a week and competed regularly, and 68 did not habitually do any sports activity. Nail shape, consistency, and disorders were examined, taking into account the sex of the participants and their sports activity.

Results:

A hard nail consistency is more frequent in runners (74.4%) than in people who do no sports activity (25.6%). In contrast, a soft nail consistency is more prevalent in participants who do no sports activity (70%) than in runners (30%). It was also shown that onychocryptosis is related to sex, as females had a higher prevalence of this nail disorder (57.8%, P = .016). However, young male runners showed the highest and most significant percentage of the presence of onychocryptosis (74.1%; P = .002).

Conclusions:

Sports activity by young male runners whose nails have a hard consistency seems to be directly related to the high incidence of onychocryptosis in this population.
A Case Report of Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Diagnosed in a Podiatric Medical Patient
Authors: Amin Kunal , Mckay Douglas
Published: April 2017

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), which is also known as Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, is a group of related disorders characterized by the development of arteriovenous malformations. These malformations occur in almost all organs but predominantly in the skin, intestines, liver, lungs, and brain. This is a case report of a patient with cutaneous manifestations of HHT in the lower extremities as diagnosed by his podiatric physician. To our knowledge, the literature does not present any case reports in which cutaneous manifestations of the lower extremities followed by a further work-up allowed a diagnosis of HHT.
Correlations Among Foot Arching, Ankle Dorsiflexion Range of Motion, and Obesity Level in Primary School Children
Authors: Jankowicz-Szymanska Agnieszka , Mikolajczyk Edyta , Wodka Katarzyna
Published: April 2017

Background:

This study sought to assess the prevalence of flat feet in primary school children and to find correlations among arch height, ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM), and obesity level.

Methods:

The 400 children aged 10 to 12 years who took part in the study had their body height, weight, and fat percentage measured. Based on these measurements, body mass index was calculated and weight status was categorized for all of the participants. The height of the longitudinal arch of the foot was measured on a computerized podoscope and given in Clarke's angles. Dorsiflexion ROM was assessed with the child in the nonweightbearing sitting position with the knees 90° flexed. The arithmetic mean and standard deviation were implemented to analyze the data. Intergroup differences were assessed by Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, and post hoc Tukey tests. Significance was accepted at P = .05.

Results:

Flat feet were found in 36% of participants; limited ROM was found in both feet in 25% of participants and in one foot in 12%. No significant differences in dorsiflexion ROM in children with high-arched, normal, and flat feet were revealed. Excessive body weight was disclosed in 21% of participants. Overweight and obese children had significantly lower foot arches and notably smaller ankle dorsiflexion ROM than those with normal weight.

Conclusions:

Ankle dorsiflexion ROM is similar in children with high-arched, normal, and flat feet. However, limited dorsiflexion ROM is more often found in children with excessive weight.
AMPK and vacuole-associated Atg14p orchestrate μ-lipophagy for energy production and long-term survival under glucose starvation
Authors: Seo Arnold Y , Lau Pick-Wei , Feliciano Daniel , Sengupta Prabuddha , Gros Mark A Le , Cinquin Bertrand , Larabell Carolyn A , Lippincott-Schwartz Jennifer
Published: April 2017

Dietary restriction increases the longevity of many organisms, but the cell signaling and organellar mechanisms underlying this capability are unclear. We demonstrate that to permit long-term survival in response to sudden glucose depletion, yeast cells activate lipid-droplet (LD) consumption through micro-lipophagy (µ-lipophagy), in which fat is metabolized as an alternative energy source. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation triggered this pathway, which required Atg14p. More gradual glucose starvation, amino acid deprivation or rapamycin did not trigger µ-lipophagy and failed to provide the needed substitute energy source for long-term survival. During acute glucose restriction, activated AMPK was stabilized from degradation and interacted with Atg14p. This prompted Atg14p redistribution from ER exit sites onto liquid-ordered vacuole membrane domains, initiating µ-lipophagy. Our findings that activated AMPK and Atg14p are required to orchestrate µ-lipophagy for energy production in starved cells is relevant for studies on aging and evolutionary survival strategies of different organisms.
Læreplananalyse ved fag-/svenneprøven, forankret i arbeidslivets kompetansekrav
Authors: Bjelke Bjørn Wilhelm
Published: April 2017

Bakgrunnen for studien er at Læreplanene i yrkesfag kan oppfattes som uklare som kan resultere i ulikt innhold og ulik grad av relevans i samme yrkesutdanning, og dermed gi manglende validitet i fag- og svenneprøver.Artikkelen belyser hva yrkeskompetanse kan være og hvilke kompetanseelementer ulike yrker har til felles. Den belyser også hvordan kompetanseelementer i læreplanen, som er relevante å prøve til fag-og svenneprøven, kan identifiseres og dermed sikre validitet i prøvene i forhold til yrkenes reelle kompetansebehov. Den teoretiske forankringen til denne studien er knyttet til innholdet i begrepene yrkeskompetanse, vurdering og læreplananalyse og støtter seg blant annet til Goodlads og Engelsens perspektiv på læreplananalyse.Studien hadde en hermeneutisk forskningstilnærming. Metodene som ble brukt i studien var kvalitative intervjuer av fem yrkesutøvere i fem ulike yrker og dokumentanalyse av læreplaner for bedrift/Vg3 i respondentenes yrker.Intervjuene belyser hva yrkeskompetanse er i de ulike yrkene. Funn fra intervjuene kategoriseres og presenteres i form av et verktøy for analyse av læreplaner, som respondentene prøvde ut gjennom analyse av læreplanene for det lærefaget de selv har kompetanse i.Resultatet av studien viser felles kompetanseelementer for ulike yrker. Studien indikerer også manglende samsvar mellom innholdet i læreplanene og kompetansekravet i arbeidslivet, samt behov for videre forskning på analyse av kompetanser og kompetansebeskrivelse. Resultatet av studien er et verktøy for analyse av læreplaner.
Vertical and oblique ionospheric soundings performance comparison over the 12,760 km transequatorial HF link between Antarctica and Spain
Authors: Alsina‐Pagès R. M. , Hervás M. , Altadill D. , Calduch J. , Blanch E.
Published: April 2017

This paper presents the second part of the study of the oblique sounding of a 12,760 km transequatorial ionospheric link between Livingston Island (Antarctica) and Cambrils in Spain. The study consists of the comparison among the oblique sounding results using an inverted V as receiver antenna, the International Telecommunication Union Rec533 HF prediction model, and the vertical sounding results on the path of the long haul channel. The data were collected the last consecutive surveys, when the inverted V antenna was operative (2010–2011, 2011–2012, 2012–2013, and 2013–2014). The ionospheric channel is studied in terms of frequency availability depending on time using the measurements of an oblique incidence sounder (OIS) and also measurements of several vertical incidence sounding stations (VIS) on the path of the long haul channel. The results obtained show similarities between the VIS and the OIS measurements; following previous studies preliminary results, the experiments conducted led us to think that the frequency of large availability can be estimated depending on the VIS sounding results.
High‐Performance Piezoelectric, Pyroelectric, and Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on P(VDF‐TrFE) with Controlled Crystallinity and Dipole Alignment
Authors: Kim Jihye , Lee Jeong Hwan , Ryu Hanjun , Lee Ju‐Hyuck , Khan Usman , Kim Han , Kwak Sung Soo , Kim Sang‐Woo
Published: April 2017

Poly(vinylidenefluoride‐co‐trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF‐TrFE)), as a ferroelectric polymer, offers great promise for energy harvesting for flexible and wearable applications. Here, this paper shows that the choice of solvent used to dissolve the polymer significantly influences its properties in terms of energy harvesting. Indeed, the P(VDF‐TrFE) prepared using a high dipole moment solvent has higher piezoelectric and pyroelectric coefficients and triboelectric property. Such improvements are the result of higher crystallinity and better dipole alignment of the polymer prepared using a higher dipole moment solvent. Finite element method simulations confirm that the higher dipole moment results in higher piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and triboelectric potential distributions. Furthermore, P(VDF‐TrFE)‐based piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and triboelectric nanogenerators (NGs) experimentally validate that the higher dipole moment solvent significantly enhances the power output performance of the NGs; the improvement is about 24% and 82% in output voltage and current, respectively, for piezoelectric NG; about 40% and 35% in output voltage and current, respectively, for pyroelectric NG; and about 65% and 75% in output voltage and current for triboelectric NG. In brief, the approach of using a high dipole moment solvent is very promising for high output P(VDF‐TrFE)‐based wearable NGs.
Vapor‐Phase‐Gating‐Induced Ultrasensitive Ion Detection in Graphene and Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks
Authors: Hao Ji , Li Bo , Jung Hyun Young , Liu Fangze , Hong Sanghyun , Jung Yung Joon , Kar Swastik
Published: April 2017

Designing ultrasensitive detectors often requires complex architectures, high‐voltage operations, and sophisticated low‐noise measurements. In this work, it is shown that simple low‐bias two‐terminal DC‐conductance values of graphene and single‐walled carbon nanotubes are extremely sensitive to ionized gas molecules. Incident ions form an electrode‐free, dielectric‐ or electrolyte‐free, bias‐free vapor‐phase top‐gate that can efficiently modulate carrier densities up to ≈0.6 × 1013 cm−2. Surprisingly, the resulting current changes are several orders of magnitude larger than that expected from conventional electrostatic gating, suggesting the possible role of a current‐gain inducing mechanism similar to those seen in photodetectors. These miniature detectors demonstrate charge–current amplification factor values exceeding 108 A C−1 in vacuum with undiminished responses in open air, and clearly distinguish between positive and negative ions sources. At extremely low rates of ion incidence, detector currents show stepwise changes with time, and calculations suggest that these stepwise changes can result from arrival of individual ions. These sensitive ion detectors are used to demonstrate a proof‐of‐concept low‐cost, amplifier‐free, light‐emitting‐diode‐based low‐power ion‐indicator.
Contexts and consequences of takeovers in hamadryas baboons: Female parity, reproductive state, and observational evidence of pregnancy loss
Authors: Amann Alexis L. , Pines Mathew , Swedell Larissa
Published: April 2017

The evolutionary consequences of sexual selection and sexual conflict are epitomized in the hamadryas baboon, a species characterized by strong sexual dimorphism and intense male–male competition. Hamadryas males coerce individual females into reproductively exclusive one‐male units via aggressive takeovers, and infants involved in such takeovers are at least four times more likely to be killed (or otherwise die) after takeovers compared to other times. Here we examine female reproductive state before and after takeovers to further investigate the determinants of takeovers and their impact on female reproduction. Our data set consists of 162 takeovers over a period of 20 years in a population of wild hamadryas baboons at Filoha, Ethiopia. Results show that, in contrast to their polygynandrous relatives, hamadryas males show no bias with regard to female reproductive state at the time of the takeover, but are more likely to take over nulliparous compared to multiparous females. In addition, these results reinforce previous findings demonstrating the high likelihood of infant loss after hamadryas takeovers and suggest that females may use an additional strategy of pregnancy termination to curtail investment in offspring that are very likely to die anyway. Thus, hamadryas males may target females with high future reproductive value and hamadryas females may employ counterstrategies to help mitigate the effects of sexual coercion and infanticide on their own fitness.
Synthesis, characterization, density functional theory studies and antibacterial activity of a new Schiff base dioxomolybdenum(VI) complex with tryptophan as epoxidation catalyst
Authors: Asgharpour Zeinab , Farzaneh Faezeh , Ghiasi Mina , Azarkish Mohammad
Published: April 2017

A cis‐dioxomolybdenum(VI) complex was prepared with MoO2(acac)2 and a Schiff base ligand (2‐((2‐hydroxybenzylidene)amino)‐3‐(1H‐indol‐3‐yl)propanoic acid) derived from salicylaldehyde and l‐tryptophan in ethanol and designated as [MoO2(Sal‐Tryp)(EtOH)]. It was characterized using several techniques including thermogravimetric and elemental analyses and mass, Fourier transform infrared and UV–visible spectroscopies. Theoretical calculations were performed using density functional theory for studying the molecular structure. An in vitro antibacterial activity evaluation showed that [MoO2(Sal‐Tryp)EtOH] complex exhibits good inhibitory effects against Gram‐positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria in comparison to standard antibacterial drugs. It was also found that [MoO2(Sal‐Tryp)EtOH] complex successfully catalyses the epoxidation of cyclooctene, norbornene, cyclohexene, styrene, α‐methylstyrene and trans‐stilbene, with 45–100% conversions and 64–100% selectivities. Based on the obtained results, the heterogeneity and reusability of the catalyst seem promising.
Hydrothermal preparation and characterization of ZnFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of multi‐substituted imidazoles and study of their anti‐inflammatory activity
Authors: Marzouk Adel A. , Abu‐Dief Ahmed M. , Abdelhamid Antar A.
Published: April 2017

Nanoparticles are key focus of research for a wide range of novel applications. As such, ZnFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized hydrothermally and characterized via scanning and transmission electron microscopies, powder X‐ray diffraction, energy‐dispersive X‐ray and infrared spectroscopies, thermogravimetric analysis and magnetic measurements. They were used as a robust catalyst for the synthesis of a series of biologically active multi‐substituted imidazoles using a multicomponent reaction by the reaction of benzil with various aromatic aldehydes, ammonium acetate and aliphatic amines (N,N‐dimethyl‐1,3‐propanediamine and 1‐amino‐2‐propanol) under solvent‐free conditions. The key advantages of this method are shorter reaction times, very high yield and ease of operation. The thermally and chemically stable, benign and economical catalyst was easily recovered using an external magnet and reused in at least five successive runs without an appreciable loss of activity. All of these novel synthesized compounds were characterized from spectral data and their purities were checked using thin‐layer chromatography, giving one spot. Furthermore, the prepared compounds were tested for their anti‐inflammatory activity.
Influence of coalescing aids on the latex properties and film formation of waterborne coatings
Authors: Berce Peter , Skale Saša , Razboršek Tina , Slemnik Mojca
Published: April 2017

Coalescing aids are organic solvents that are widely used to accommodate the film formation of waterborne coatings. The influence of the volatility, hydrophilicity, and amount of coalescing aids on the properties of waterborne dispersions and the dynamics of film formation was investigated. The results show that coalescing aids increased the viscosity through particle swelling and solvation, with the effect being stronger with more hydrophilic solvents. The results obtained with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and indentation tests show that hydrophilic coalescing aids were more efficient because of the partitioning on the particle interfaces but they could temporarily decrease the water resistance. The ease of coalescence was countered by solvent retention, which complicated the dynamics of film formation. EIS was used to optimize a real‐world coating formulation and identify the pitfalls arising from the complex dynamics of film formation. The best resistance to humidity was obtained with a combination of hydrophobic and hydrophilic coalescing aids. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45142.
Evaluation of parameters of a plankton community's biological rhythms under the natural environment of the Black Sea using the Fourier transform method
Authors: Mel'nikova Ye. B.
Published: April 2017

Night‐time changes in bioluminescence intensity in the coastal area of the Black Sea were recorded. It was noted that the biomass of luminous organisms is closely correlated with the biomass of plankton and other pelagic organisms, including commercial pelagic fish. The parameters of plankton communities' basic biological rhythms were determined using the discrete Fourier transform method. These rhythms were manifest as spatial and temporal changes in the bioluminescence intensity. It was shown that changes in the bioluminescence intensity over a 14.0‐h period were due to the duration of the light/dark cycles. By contrast, changes in bioluminescence intensity with periods of 4.7 and 2.8 h were due to the endogenous rhythms of the plankton community (feeding and cell division). An original method for evaluating of errors in the calculated periods of the biological rhythms was proposed. A strong correlation (r = 0.906) was observed between the measured and calculated values for the bioluminescence intensity, which provided support for the assumptions made.
Dual hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion in liver transplants donated after circulatory death
Authors: van Rijn R , Karimian N , Matton A P M , Burlage L C , Westerkamp A C , van den Berg A P , de Kleine R H J , de Boer M T , Lisman T , Porte R J
Published: April 2017

Background

Experimental studies have suggested that end-ischaemic dual hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (DHOPE) may restore hepatocellular energy status and reduce reperfusion injury in donation after circulatory death (DCD) liver grafts. The aim of this prospective case–control study was to assess the safety and feasibility of DHOPE in DCD liver transplantation.

Methods

In consecutive DCD liver transplantations, liver grafts were treated with end-ischaemic DHOPE. Outcome was compared with that in a control group of DCD liver transplantations without DHOPE, matched for donor age, donor warm ischaemia time, and recipient Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score. All patients were followed for 1 year.

Results

Ten transplantations involving liver grafts treated with DHOPE were compared with 20 control procedures. There were no technical problems. All 6-month and 1-year graft and patient survival rates were 100 per cent in the DHOPE group. Six-month graft survival and 1-year graft and patient survival rates in the control group were 80, 67 and 85 per cent respectively. During DHOPE, median (i.q.r.) hepatic adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) content increased 11-fold, from 6 (3–10) to 66 (42–87) µmol per g protein (P = 0·005). All DHOPE-preserved livers showed excellent early function. At 1 week after transplantation peak serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and bilirubin levels were twofold lower in the DHOPE group than in the control group (ALT: median 966 versus 1858 units/l respectively, P = 0·006; bilirubin: median 1·0 (i.q.r. 0·7–1·4) versus 2·6 (0·9–5·1) mg/dl, P = 0·044). None of the ten DHOPE-preserved livers required retransplantation for non-anastomotic biliary stricture, compared with five of 20 in the control group (P = 0·140).

Conclusion

This clinical study of end-ischaemic DHOPE in DCD liver transplantation suggests that the technique restores hepatic ATP, reduces reperfusion injury, and is safe and feasible. RCTs with larger numbers of patients are warranted to assess the efficacy in reducing post-transplant biliary complications.
Minimization of the Thiolactomycin Biosynthetic Pathway Reveals that the Cytochrome P450 Enzyme TlmF Is Required for Five‐Membered Thiolactone Ring Formation
Authors: Tang Xiaoyu , Li Jie , Moore Bradley S.
Published: April 2017

Thiolactomycin (TLM) belongs to a class of rare and unique thiotetronate antibiotics that inhibit bacterial fatty acid synthesis. Although this group of natural product antibiotics was first discovered over 30 years ago, the study of TLM biosynthesis remains in its infancy. We recently discovered the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) for TLM from the marine bacterium Salinispora pacifica CNS‐863. Here, we report the investigation of TLM biosynthetic logic through mutagenesis and comparative metabolic analyses. Our results revealed that only four genes (tlmF, tlmG, tlmH, and tlmI) are required for the construction of the characteristic γ‐thiolactone skeleton of this class of antibiotics. We further showed that the cytochrome P450 TlmF does not directly participate in sulfur insertion and C−S bond formation chemistry but rather in the construction of the five‐membered thiolactone ring as, upon its deletion, we observed the alternative production of the six‐membered δ‐thiolactomycin. Our findings pave the way for future biochemical investigation of the biosynthesis of this structurally unique group of thiotetronic acid natural products.
Highly Selective Continuous Gas‐Phase Methoxycarbonylation of Ethylene with Supported Ionic Liquid Phase (SILP) Catalysts
Authors: Khokarale Santosh G. , García‐Suárez Eduardo J. , Fehrmann Rasmus , Riisager Anders
Published: April 2017

Supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) technology was applied for the first time to the Pd‐catalyzed continuous, gas‐phase methoxycarbonylation of ethylene to selectively produce methyl propanoate (MP) in high yields. The influence of catalyst and reaction parameters such as, for example, ionic liquid loading, metal concentration, and ligand loadings was studied, and in particular the SILP catalyst activity and stability was found to be strongly dependent on the ligand to metal ratio.
Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer of Gas‐Liquid and Liquid‐Liquid Taylor Flow in Microchannels
Authors: Abiev Rufat , Svetlov Stanislav , Haase Stefan
Published: April 2017

Hydrodynamics and mass transfer of both gas‐liquid and liquid‐liquid Taylor flow simulation in microchannels are reviewed. Theoretical approaches for description of hydrodynamic parameters and mass transfer characteristics are corroborated by comparison with available experimental results. Similarities and peculiarities of liquid‐liquid flows versus gas‐liquid Taylor flows in capillaries are discussed. Tools of mass transfer intensification of gas‐liquid and liquid‐liquid Taylor flow in microchannels are analyzed and optimal process conditions for gas‐liquid Taylor flows are evaluated.
Formal Synthesis of (+)‐Laurencin by Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Dehydrative Alkoxylation
Authors: Lanier Megan L. , Park Hyeri , Mukherjee Paramita , Timmerman Jacob C. , Ribeiro Anthony A. , Widenhoefer Ross A. , Hong Jiyong
Published: April 2017

8‐Membered cyclic ethers are found in a wide range of natural products; however, they are challenging synthetic targets due to enthalpic and entropic barriers. The gold(I)‐catalyzed intramolecular dehydrative alkoxylation of ω‐hydroxy allylic alcohols was explored to stereoselectively construct α,α′‐cis‐oxocenes and further applied in a formal synthesis of (+)‐laurencin. The gold(I)‐catalyzed intramolecular dehydrative alkoxylation may constitute an alternative method for the synthesis of molecular building blocks and natural products that contain highly functionalized 8‐membered cyclic ethers.