bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A CATALOGUE OF TYPES OF COLEOPTERA IN THE CANADIAN NATIONAL COLLECTION OF INSECTS, SUPPLEMENT I
Authors: McNamara Jean
Published: December 2009

The type material added to the Coleoptera Section of the Canadian National Collection of Insects from 1 January 1969 to 31 December 1973 is catalogued. This new material consists of 258 holotypes and 129 allotypes; 42 species are represented by syntypes and 499 by paratypes or paralectotypes. The reference to the original description for each species is cited. All data associated with the specimens are quoted except in the case of paratypes, paralectotypes, and syntypes. An index to all species is included.
MORTALITY OF ADULT GRAIN BEETLES IN SAMPLE DELIVERY SYSTEMS USED IN TERMINAL GRAIN ELEVATORS
Authors: Bryan J. M. , Elvidge J.
Published: December 2009

The detection of insect infestation by the Canadian Grain Commission is decreased in efficiency by the mortality of adult beetles in the pneumatic sample delivery systems used in terminal elevators in the Vancouver, B.C., area. Dead insects are difficult to see while grading the grain and cannot be extracted by Berlese funnels.

The level of mortality varied with the species of beetle and the system tested, but not with the type of grain. In one system the following mortalities were found: Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), 73%; Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), 65%; Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), 65%; and Sitophilus granarius (L.), 22%. C. ferrugineus, the most important insect infesting Canadian grain, sustained an average mortality of 55% in the five systems tested. No consistent mortality pattern was found among the systems with respect to delivery tube length, number of turns, or approximate grain speed. Berlese funnel extraction was found to be inefficient for O. surinamensis and inconsistent for S. granarius.
INFLUENCE OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND HEAT ON POPULATION TREND OF THREE GRASSHOPPER SPECIES (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Mukerji M. K. , Gage S. H. , Randell R. L.
Published: December 2009

The study examined quantitatively the effects of embryonic development in the preceding fall and cumulative heat units from 1 April to 31 July in the current year on density trends of three major grasshopper species (Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabr.), M. bivittatus (Say), and Camnula pellucida (Scudder)) in Saskatchewan. The influence of adult density of the previous year, embryonic development, heat units, and their interactions were examined by multiple regression analyses for each of the three species to determine their contribution to next year’s adult populations. The models tended to underestimate density during a population increase and to overestimate during a population decline. Combined heat units during the preceding fall and following spring indicated that a general increase in density should occur when heat units were equal to or greater than 1600 °D50.
MATING BEHAVIOR OFNEOCONOCEPHALUS ENSIGER(ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONIIDAE) WITH NOTES ON THE CALLING SONG
Authors: Gwynne Darryl T.
Published: December 2009

Neoconocephalus ensiger(Harris) mating is described from field observations. The sequence of mating events is presented along with a brief description of the physical parameters of the calling song. Mating differs from other tettigoniids in that the copulation time is longer and there is no external evidence of a spermatophore. The significance of these differences is discussed.
NEW SPECIES OF CARDIASTETHUS FIEBER AND MELANOCORIS CHAMPION, AND NEW RECORDS OF EUROPEAN ACOMPOCORIS REUTER AND TEMNOSTETHUS FIEBER IN CANADA (HETEROPTERA: ANTHOCORIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Cardiastethus borealis n. sp. is described from Canada, and Melanocoris longirostris n. sp. from Canada and western United States. Two species described from Europe, Acompocoris pygmaeus (Fallen) and Temnostethus gracilis Horvath, are recorded for the first time from North America. Adults and male genital claspers are illustrated and scanning electron micrographs of their osteolar canals are included.
SUPPRESSION OF BLACK FLY POPULATIONS IN DEEP RIVER, ONTARIO
Authors: Baldwin W. F. , Gross H. P. , Wilson M. L. , Keill D. J. , Stuart R. J. , Sebastien R. J. , Knight A. G. , Chant G. D. , Knight P. A. , West A. S.
Published: December 2009

Data from black fly traps in Deep River over the past 5 years indicate that larvicides applied to breeding sites in streams surrounding the town have substantially reduced the numbers of this pest. Very high numbers occurred in 1972, the result of invasion associated with high westerly and northerly winds at a critical period of time or with heavy protective snow cover during the preceding winter. The lowest population levels occurred in 1975, when treatment included a stream near the town which had not been treated previously. The results indicate that with proper stream management it is possible to substantially reduce the nuisance value of black flies in a small northern town.
STUDIES OF THE COMPOUND EYE OF LYMANTRIA DISPAR (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE) MALES, AND BEHAVIORAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Brown E. A. , Cameron E. Alan
Published: December 2009

Male gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar (L.)) have a superposition compound eye. Electroretinogram (ERG) responses indicate low sensitivity in the ultraviolet region, higher sensitivity from 480 to 590 nm, and essentially no sensitivity in the red region. The microspectrophotometric absorption spectrum of the visual screening pigments shows low absorption in the ultraviolet and red regions and high absorption from 400 to 600 nm. Screening pigments migrate in response to illumination during diurnal activity periods, so the eye acts in the photopic mode. Because these pigments are essentially transparent to ultraviolet wavelengths, the eye may be in effect acting simultaneously in the scotopic mode for these wavelengths.
EFFECTS OF TAXUS CANADENSIS ON TWO INSECTS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE; COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE)
Authors: Perusse F. , Duval A. , Chawla S. S. , Perron J.-M.
Published: December 2009

Plants of the genus Taxus have pharmacologically active materials that elicit hypotensive effects and act on the cardiovascular musculature of dogs (Bourbeau 1954; Duval, unpub. data, 1974). Extracts from Taxus canadensis (Marsh) are more potent than those from T. baccata L. (Vohora 1972). In an investigation of Canadian plants for insecticidal and pharmacological activities, we observed that no insects fed on plants of the genus Taxus. Therefore we tested the toxicity of aqueous extracts of T. canadensis on two species of insects, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Homoptera: Aphididae) and Tribolium confusum Duval (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae).
THE SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF OPLACHANTHA (DIPTERA: STRATIOMYIDAE)
Authors: James Maurice T.
Published: December 2009

The South American species of Oplachantha Rondani are reviewed and a key to them presented. New species are atricalx, Peru; pallida, Colombia; albihirta, Colombia; fuscipes, Venezuela; divisa, Ecuador; and atriceps, Peru. New synonymies are (iubata Enderlein) = pulchella (Williston) and (tristis Enderlein) = cincticornis Enderlein. Allognosta Barbiellinii Bezzi, Hoplacantha nigerrima Lindner, and Antissops Bezzii Lindner, sometimes referred to this genus or to Berismyia, belong to an as yet undetermined genus.
XEROGRAPHY, A NEW TOOL FOR IN SITU STUDY OF INSECTS
Authors: Martel P. , Bélanger A.
Published: December 2009

The development of insects that live within plant tissues has always been difficult to observe. Reliable information on their biology has been obtained by making daily dissections of infested plants but that procedure sacrifices both insects and plants and does not allow continuous observations of individual insects from plant entrance to emergence. Milner et al. (1950) developed an X-ray technique which provided satisfactory delineation of internal infestation of insects in grain. With their method they were able to observe insect development of the granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.), and the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), without any deleterious effects of radiation upon their development. Other techniques applied in seed testing (Metzner 1962), coffee beans, and nut evaluations (Esteves 1959; Vilar 1966) are not applicable to soft vegetable materials such as maize stalk and ear.
A NEW GENUS OF ECITOPHILOUS DIAPRIID WASPS FROM ARIZONA (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA: DIAPRIIDAE)
Authors: Masner Lubomir
Published: December 2009

Ecitovagus gibbus, new genus and new species of diapriid wasps (Diapriinae, Diapriini) associated with the army ant Neivamyrmex nigrescens (Cresson) in Arizona, is described. Taxonomic and ecological relationships with other ecitophilous diapriids are discussed.
EVIDENCE FOR OBLIGATORY PARTHENOGENESIS AND ITS POSSIBLE EFFECT ON THE EMERGENCE PERIOD OF CLOEON TRIANGULIFER (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE)
Authors: Gibbs K. Elizabeth
Published: December 2009

The absence of males in 1000 adults examined over a 2 year period, the facility with which unmated females deposited eggs, and the high percentage (86%) of these eggs which hatched are presented as evidence for obligatory parthenogenesis in Cloeon triangulifer McDunnough. It is suggested that the unusually long (June to November) emergence period of the species is a result of parthenogenesis.
NINHYDRIN-POSITIVE SUBSTANCE ANALYSIS OF LARVAL HEMOLYMPH OF THE EASTERN HEMLOCK LOOPER, LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA FISCELLARIA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) AND GROWTH OF ENTOMOPHTHORA EGRESSA PROTOPLASTS
Authors: Dunphy Gary B. , Nolan Richard A. , Otvos Imre S.
Published: December 2009

A ninhydrin-positive substance analysis of fourth instar larval hemolymph of the eastern hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guenée), was conducted. Two separate larval populations were reared on a defined diet during the early stages and later on fresh, young balsam fir foliage. The results indicated the presence of at least 38 compounds. L-glutamine and(or) L-asparagine, L-histidine, and L-lysine occurred at high concentrations (> 5000 nM/ml). Ammonia, L-arginine, L-threonine, L-serine, L-glutamic acid, glycine, L-alanine, L-valine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-tyrosine, and L-phenylalanine occurred at intermediate levels (1000–5000 nM/ml). The current report of the presence of L-1-methylhistidine and L-3-methylhistidine is the second report of any methylated derivative of histidine in insect hemolymph. The results of the analytical study were used to modify the composition of Grace’s insect tissue culture medium which had previously been found to support growth of protoplasts of the looper pathogen Entomophthora egressa MacLeod and Tyrrell. Fungal growth indicated a shorter generation time (4.7 h) on the medium modified to more closely approximate the looper hemolymph as compared with the generation time (6.2 h) on Grace’s medium.
BIOASSAY OF SEX PHEROMONES IN THE ARMY CUTWORM, EUXOA AUXILIARIS; THE PALE WESTERN CUTWORM, AGROTIS ORTHOGONIA; AND THE EUXOA TRISTICULA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Struble D. L.
Published: December 2009

Euxoa auxiliaris (Grote) females yielded the largest amount of extractable pheromone after they were stored at least 44 days at 10 °C and then 7 days at room temperature. The males would not respond to the pheromone until they were 28 to 37 days of age and their clearest responses were between 2 and 4 h of the dark cycle. Agrotis orthogonia Morrison females produced pheromone within 1 day after emergence and 2-day-old males responded to it between 5 and 7.5 h of the dark cycle when the olfactometer background light intensity was 0.35 lux. Female Euxoa tristicula Morrison produced pheromone 3 days after emergence and the males responded between 3 to 5 h of the dark cycle.
DIFFERENTIATION OF LARVAL PITYOKTEINES ELEGANS AND SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Kirtibutr Nit , Schenk John A.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of Pityokteines elegans Swaine and Scolytus ventralis LeConte are distinguished by differences in coronal suture, frontal suture, antennae, and labium. Anatomical features are illustrated by SEM micrographs.
THE EUROPEAN SPECIES PERIZOMA ALCHEMILLATA (THE SMALL RIVULET (BR.)) (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) IN NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: Morris Ray F. , Bolte K.
Published: December 2009

The European species Perizoma alchemillata (L.), first collected in Newfoundland 22 July 1954, is now widely distributed throughout the island. Notes on its distribution, life-history, and ecology are provided. The adult moths and the male and female genitalia are illustrated to facilitate identification.
SAMPLING PROCEDURES FOR WITHIN-TREE ATTACKING ADULT POPULATIONS OF THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Pulley P. E. , Foltz John L. , Mayyasi Adil M. , Coulson Robert N. , Martin W. C.
Published: December 2009

Quantitative sampling schemes for estimating within-tree populations of attacking Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman were investigated. Accuracy and precision of five small sample procedures were affected by the number and location of the sample heights, the number of sample disks per sample height, and the techniques used for calculating infested surface area and average insect density. Best small sample estimates were obtained from samples near the middle of the infested bole. Unbiased, minimum variance combinatorials were derived. High precision estimates were obtained only by sampling the infested bole at frequent intervals.
SEX DETERMINATION IN LIVING ADULT GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)
Authors: Holliday N. J.
Published: December 2009

Studies of the biology of carabids have been limited by the difficulty of sexing living individuals. Mitchell (1963) described the dissection of adults of two carabid species and stated that the aedeagus of the adult male is visible at all stages of maturity.
STUDIES ON THE ARTHROPOD FAUNA OF ALFALFA: VII. PREDACEOUS INSECTS
Authors: Wheeler A.G.
Published: December 2009

The predator fauna of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., was studied at Ithaca, N.Y., during 1966–69. Predators are separated into species that completed their life cycle on alfalfa (primary), species whose adults took prey from the plants but bred elsewhere (secondary), and species not observed to capture prey on alfalfa (incidental). Seasonal occurrences and prey records are given for the 19 primary species and the secondary species whose prey were identified.
THE BLACK FLIES OF ICELAND (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Peterson B.V.
Published: December 2009

Keys, descriptions, and illustrations are presented for the identification of the larvae, pupae, and adults of the four species of black flies known from Iceland, viz. Prosimulium (Prosimulium) ursinum, Simulium (Psilozia) vittatum, S. (Eusimulium) aureum, and S. (E.) vernum. Maps depicting their distributions within that country, and brief biological notes are given.
A MELANOTIC MUTANT OF THE MOTH MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Bodnaryk Robert P.
Published: December 2009

The bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Wlk., is a periodic pest of rape in western Canada. After a massive outbreak of the species during 1971 and 1972, investigations on the insect were intensified in many laboratories. A technique for rearing the larvae on a semi-defined diet was developed by our Winnipeg-based group and has been used successfully to rear 21 consecutive generations of M. configurata in the laboratory (Bucher and Bracken 1976). Our current culture originated from a few pupae field-collected in Alberta and has been carried through 21 generations without addition of new stock.
A NEW GENUS AND TWO NEW SPECIES OF NEOTROPICAL PYRAUSTINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

Radessa n. gen. is described for R. vittilimbalis n. sp., the type-species, from Colombia and R. pardalota n. sp. from Panama. The genus is related to Omiodes Guenée, 1854, but has conspicuous, probably mimetic, orange and black maculation.
A SURVEY OF CANADIAN POPULATIONS OF THE GERMAN COCKROACH FOR RESISTANCE TO INSECTICIDES
Authors: Batth Surat S.
Published: December 2009

First to sixth generation offspring of samples of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica L., collected from various areas in Canada were tested for resistance to various insecticides applied topically. All collections showed a high level of resistance to chlordane, some resistance to propoxur and malathion, and little or none to chlorpyrifos and diazinon.
POPULATION ASSESSMENT DURING THE ADULT STAGE OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL, HYPERA POSTICA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Guppy J. C. , Harcourt D. G.
Published: December 2009

This paper presents a sampling plan for estimating numbers of H. postica adults in alfalfa. The plan is based on vacuum samples of foliage and ground litter and uses a half ft2 (465 cm2) as the sample unit. For typical levels of infestation during the oviposition period in early spring, estimates with reasonable precision may be obtained by taking 60 randomly selected units from a field, at a total cost of 6 man-hours. For those in early summer, not more than 20 units are required.

For all population densities, the pattern of counts was well described by the negative binomial distribution. However, at densities below unity, the Poisson function described the data equally well.
THE MATURE LARVA AND PUPARIUM OF CANACE MACATEEI (DIPTERA: CANACEIDAE)
Authors: Teskey H.J. , Valiela I.
Published: December 2009

Mature larvae and puparia of Canace macateei Malloch inhabiting mats of blue-green algae in a Massachusetts intertidal marsh are described and compared with other larvae of the Canaceidae.
REDUCTION IN DAMAGE TO POTATOES BY LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) BY MIXTURES OF INSECTICIDES AND SILICA
Authors: Smith B. C. , Halliday C. G.
Published: December 2009

The efficacy of insecticide–silica mixtures depended on brand of silica, i.e. Ar6gen®500, Hi-Sil®233, Micro-Cel®A, and Zeolex®100; number and population density of pest species; and cultivar of potato. In greenhouse tests, changes in the proportions of carbaryl and Arogen®500 in mixtures did not change efficacy; a 600 ppm carbaryl – 5400 ppm Arogen®500 mixture was as good as 1000 ppm carbaryl; and mixtures with either phosmet or pirimiphos-methyl and any silica with 30 ppm of insecticide and 270 ppm of silica were as good as 100 ppm of insecticide using mortality, repellency, and feeding rate as criteria. In the field at high density of L. decemlineata and low aphids, a 600 ppm carbaryl – 5400 ppm Arogen-500 mixture reduced larval populations by 66% and increased yield of Irish Cobbler 18-fold; and foliage treated with a 2000 ppm phosmet – 18,000 ppm Arogen-500 mixture was less attractive to adults than foliage treated with 2000 ppm of phosmet though the mixture was not superior to phosmet in effects on yield. At medium density of L. decemlineata and low aphids, a 500 ppm pirimiphos-methyl – 4500 ppm Zeolex-100 mixture increased yield of Irish Cobbler by about 100% and of Sebago by about 200% and a 600 ppm carbaryl – 5400 ppm Arogen-500 mixture was about 32% better than 1300 ppm carbaryl in effects on yield of Sebago. At low density of L. decemlineata and high density of aphids, 1000 ppm of carbaryl and various mixtures of carbaryl and Arogen-500 increased aphids by 109%, reduced coccinellid predators by one third, and reduced yield of Irish Cobbler and Sebago by 12%.
ATTRACTION OF RHAGOLETIS FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) TO RED SPHERES OF DIFFERENT SIZES
Authors: Prokopy Ronald J.
Published: December 2009

When different size sticky-coated red spheres were positioned within the foliage canopy of sour cherry or apple trees, more Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) flies were always captured on 7.5-cm-diam. ones than on 3.4 or 1.5 cm ones. Early in the season, 7.5 cm spheres attracted fewer or about as many R. pomonella as 23 cm spheres, but later on, 7.5 cm spheres always attracted more. R. fausta (Osten Sacken) and R. cingulata (Loew) flies were always more attracted to 7.5 cm spheres than to any other size tested. However, both these species showed a proportionately greater attraction to smaller spheres than did R. pomonella. The phenomena of super-normal stimuli and learning are proposed as possible explanations of certain of these findings.
CYCLE BIOLOGIQUE DE PISSODES NOTATUS (COLEOPTERA, CURCULIONIDAE) DANS LA REGION TOULOUSAINE (FRANCE)
Authors: Alauzet Claude
Published: December 2009

The maximal emergence of Pissodes notatus (F.) adults takes place during July and August. It results from the different evolution of two populations:

— a first population, whose complete development (from egg to adult) takes 11 or 12 months. This population corresponds to eggs laid after the middle of July (maximum egg laying during September). Most of the larvae having reached the third instar, it shows no more evolution during the winter; the further development takes place during the next spring, and adults emerge from mid-June to mid-July.

— a second population resulting from egg laying, between February and July, of hibernated adults (maximum egg laying during April and May). The whole development being very short (2 to 3 months), the adults, corresponding to these eggs, emerge from the middle of July to the end of August.

The observed differences between durations of the under-bark development (from 2 to 12 months) appear free of diapause and probably result from rates of development changing with temperature and instar.

In our regional field temperature conditions, all the individuals reach finally their under-bark development approximatively at the same time, so that the adult emergence period takes place in July and August.
THERMOREGULATION IN COLONIES OF VESPULA ARENARIA AND VESPULA MACULATA (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE): III. HEAT PRODUCTION IN QUEEN NESTS
Authors: Gibo D. L. , Temporale A. , Lamarre T. P. , Soutar B. M. , Dew H. E.
Published: December 2009

The V. arenaria queen was able to heat her nest shortly after it was constructed, and expended up to 550 cal per hour per gram of biomass to accomplish this. In contrast, the V. maculata colony was not heated until it was 11 days old, by which time the brood consisted of about 15–20 large larvae which probably played a major role in the heat production process. When both colonies were about 2 weeks old, energy expenditures of more than 400 cal/h could be maintained for several hours, and the nest temperature could be elevated as much as 4°C above the ambient. During these periods the larvae probably accounted for as much as 66–71% of this energy expenditure. In addition to playing an active role in heating the nest, the larvae apparently provide the queen with a food source while she is producing heat during non-foraging periods.
REVIEW OF THE WORLD SPECIES OF PROSAPIA FENNAH (RHYNCHOTA: HOMOPTERA: CERCOPIDAE)
Authors: Hamilton K.G.A.
Published: December 2009

Characters of male genitalia and sternal coloration are used to supplement the variable characters of head shape and tegminal colour pattern in determining the species of the world Prosapia. Five new species are described: chiapana, hemelytra, ignifera, and isobar from Mexico, and fortior from Panama. One new combination is created: Prosapia miles (Fowler). Four subspecies are considered valid species: ignipectus (Fitch), inferens (Walker), ripalis Fennah (new status), and teapana Fennah (new status). P. simulons (Walker) (1858) is synonymized with fasciaticollis (Stål) (1864), and bicincta (Say) (1830) is synonymized with fraterna (Uhler) (1864). An illustrated key to males of the 14 world species is provided.
SPECIES OFAPHIS(HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) IN MANITOBA, WITH A KEY, AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES
Authors: Rojanavongse V. , Robinson A.G.
Published: December 2009

A key is given for 37 species ofAphisL. in Manitoba. Three new species ofAphisare described,duckmountainensis,neomonardae, andwhiteshellensis.Aphis monardaeOestlund is declared to be a synonym ofA.gossypiiGlover. Lectotype and paralectotypes are designated forA.rubicolaOestlund. Comments on taxonomy and biology are given for other species in the genus.
AN ENERGY BUDGET FOR MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Bailey C.G. , Singh N.B.
Published: December 2009

An energy budget was evaluated for the bertha army worm, Mamestra configurata (Walker), over its life cycle. Cumulative values for the budget at the end of larval development were: ingestion, 2124 cal; respiration, 372 cal; production, 485 cal; and egestion, 1266 cal. The sixth instar larva accounted for 80.1, 83.2, 81.3, and 78.8% of the total energy in ingestion, respiration, production, and egestion, respectively, during its development. Assimilation efficiency varied from 35.5 to 44.4% with a mean of 40.6%, gross production efficiency varied from 16.6 to 23.8% with a mean of 21.3%, and net production efficiency varied from 37.5 to 61.3% with a mean of 52.7%.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OFPARARGYRACTIS CONFUSALIS, AN AQUATIC PYRALID (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Tuskes Paul M.
Published: December 2009

In northern CaliforniaParargyractis confusalishas two to three generations per year, depending on climatic conditions. Adults lead a terrestrial life, though the female re-enters the water to oviposit. The eggs, larvae, and pupae exist underwater and have been collected to a depth of 4.3 m. Larvae occur in lakes and streams and are most abundant in areas where the water velocity is between 0.4 and 1.4 m/sec. Factors influencing the distribution and density of this species include water temperature, concentration of dissolved oxygen, substrate texture, and algal growth.
A NEW SPECIES OF MACROCHELES (ACARINA: MACROCHELIDAE) FOUND IN BUMBLE BEE NESTS (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Richards K. W. , Richards L. A.
Published: December 2009

The adult female and male, deutonymph, protonymph, and larva of Macrocheles praedafimetorum n. sp. are described from bumble bee nests in southern Alberta, Canada. The new species appears to be a member of the glaber species-group. Various demographic characters are indicated. This mite exploits saprophagous organisms commonly found in dung, decaying matter, or bumble bee nests and has no effect on bumble bee populations.
OBSERVATIONS ON ATHRYCIA CINEREA (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE), A PARASITE OF MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Wylie H.G.
Published: December 2009

Athrycia cinerea (Coq.) is a univoltine parasite of bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Wlk., on rapeseed in the Prairie Provinces of Canada. Details of the parasite’s seasonal life history are presented. Females oviposit on third, fourth, fifth, and sixth instars of bertha armyworm, and the parasite larvae usually develop gregariously and mature on the fifth and sixth instars. Supernumerary parasite larvae on superparasitized hosts starve; surviving larvae develop more rapidly, form smaller pupae with a lower capacity for survival, and eventually produce a consistently though not significantly smaller percentage of female adults than parasites that develop on non-superparasitized hosts. Larvae of A. cinerea are often killed if they compete with larvae of Banchus flavescens Cress., the only other common parasite of bertha armyworm, and a small percentage of the pupae of A. cinerea are killed by a hyperparasitic ichneumonid, Phygadeuon subfuscus Cress.
SIMULIIDAE (DIPTERA) OF RENDALEN, NORWAY: III. FEMALES OF THE EUSIMULIUM RENDALENSE COMPLEX INFECTED WITH MERMITHIDS (NEMATODA)
Authors: Golini Victor I.
Published: December 2009

One female of Eusimulium rendalense Golini and three of E. fallisi Golini, among nearly 470 simuliids captured from Anas boschas L. in Norway, were found naturally infected with mermithid nematodes Two of these infected flies had fully fed on avian blood. The nematodes may be a species of the Gastromermis boophthorae complex Welch and Rubzov.
DISTRIBUTION OF OVIPOSITIONAL ATTACKS BY PARASITOIDS ON OVERWINTERING LARVAE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: McLeod J. M.
Published: December 2009

Parasitism by Apanteles and Glypta spp. on spruce budworm in five localities in Quebec in 1975 was exceptionally high, averaging 52%. The frequency distribution of attacks of these species, and the outcome of inter- and intraspecific progeny competition are described, using dissection data. Superparasitism occurred on a Poisson distribution, but rates of multiparasitism lower than expected indicate interference between Apanteles and Glypta spp.
THE BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE). MORTALITY OF IMMATURE STAGES ON THE RAPE CROP, 1972–1975
Authors: Wylie H. G. , Bucher G. E.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walk., collected in 1972–75 on rapeseed in the prairie provinces of Canada (predominantly in Manitoba), were killed by one virus, one fungus, one microsporidium, seven insect parasites, and by other factors. Mortality from disease was about 24% in 1972 when bertha armyworm was abundant, but much lower in succeeding years after the host’s population density declined. The most important hymenopterous parasite, Banchus fiavescens Cress., was relatively rare in 1972 but subsequently killed over 40% of the host larvae each year. A tachinid, Athrycia cinerea (Coq.), killed over 20% of the mature bertha armyworms in each generation. Each of the other five parasite species was associated infrequently with M. configurata. Details of the biology of each pathogen and parasite are presented. About 12% of the mature host larvae died because they failed to empty the gut, with subsequent penetration of the gut wall by bacteria, or because they did not form a morphologically-sound pupa. Pupae of M. configurata died in the soil following penetration of the gut wall by bacteria, as a result of soil cultivation, and from low temperatures in winter. No pathogens or parasites were recorded in field-collected pupae, though an ichneumonid, Ichneumon canadensis Cress., parasitized pupae in a field cage and may occasionally do so in natural conditions. No pathogens or parasites of bertha armyworm eggs were recorded. A preliminary survival model for bertha armyworm, based on estimates of mortality from various causes identified in this study, is presented. The possibility of preventing or reducing future oubreaks of M. configurata by colonizing additional parasite or pathogen species in the prairie provinces is discussed.
BIOLOGY AND HABITS OF THE WHITE FIR NEEDLE MINER, EPINOTIA MERITANA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE), IN COLORADO
Authors: Yarger Larry C. , Brewer J. Wayne
Published: December 2009

A population of the white fir needle miner, Epinotia meritana Heinrich (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae), infesting white fir, Abies concolor (Gord and Glend.) Lindl., was studied in southcentral Colorado. Adults oviposited from mid-June through mid-August. Eggs were deposited on the concave side of needles, near the base. Larvae hatched in late July and August, then mined needles 1 or more years old before overwintering inside the first or second mined needle. In the spring, each larva mined one or two additional needles before pupating in the last needle during May or June. There was one generation per year.

White firs of all age classes were subject to defoliation, but tops of codominant trees were most heavily damaged. Oviposition occurred most often on 3–5 year old needles and larvae generally did not move to another year’s foliage. Apanteles (Braconidae) was the most prevalent parasitoid observed, causing about 11% larval mortality.
COMPATIBILITY OF 27 CHEMICAL INSECTICIDES WITH BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. KURSTAKI
Authors: Morris O. N.
Published: December 2009

The compatibility of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) with 27 chemical insecticides representing organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides, pyrethrins, chlordimeform, urea derivative, and antifeedant were studied by way of their effects on germination of the bacterial spores, replication of vegetative cells and spore staining, and refractive index characteristics.

The results showed that: (1) Carbamates were generally more compatible with Bacillus thuringiensis than were the other insecticide groups tested. (2) Technical formulations were less harmful to the bacteria than wettable powders which were less harmful than emulsifiable concentrates. (3) Of the 27 pesticides, those most compatible with B.t. were Orthene®, Dylox®, Lannate®, Sevin®, Zectran®, and Dimilin®. These insecticides are considered recommendable for use in integrated control operations with Bacillus thuringiensis if the target insects are susceptible to them and provided that due regard is given to the environmental implications of their use.
A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF ODONTIINAE, WITH REMARKS ON BALAENIFRONS HAMPSON AND TAUROMETOPA MEYRICK (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

Probalaenifrons, n. gen., type-species P. argillacea, n. sp., from Buru, is described. Differential characters are given from the related genera Balaenifrons Hampson and Taurometopa Meyrick. Whalley’s provisional placement of these genera in the Odontiinae is confirmed. His suggestion that they might require a new subfamily because of their complicated tympanic structure is rejected, first because the genitalia are typically odontiine, and second because the only female of Taurometopa examined lacks the tympanic specializations, which are therefore either limited to the male sex or inconstant. The known species of Balaenifrons and Taurometopa are briefly discussed.
INTERACTION BETWEEN AMINO ACIDS AND GLUCOSE IN LARVAL NUTRITION OF THE FLY AGRIA HOUSEI (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE) AT LOW TEMPERATURE
Authors: House H. L.
Published: December 2009

Differences were shown in the rate of larval development of the fly Agria housei Shewell reared axenically at 15° and 30°C on chemically defined (meridic) diets with varied proportions of glucose and an amino acid mixture. Although the rate of larval development differed with amino acid level and rearing temperature, the important finding was an interaction between glucose and suboptimal low levels of amino acids that occurred in suboptimal low (15°C) temperature. This shows that nutritional requirements can change with temperature and is noteworthy because any relationship between the nutrition of an organism and environmental temperature can have ecological significance.
LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE TOXICITIES OF 10 INSECTICIDES TO THE GRASSHOPPER, MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE). I
Authors: McKinlay K. S. , Burrage R. H.
Published: December 2009

Ten insecticides, Bassa® [2-sec-butylphenyl N-methylcarbamate], Bioethanomethrin® [d-Trans ethano chrysanthemate of (5-benzyl-3-furyl) alcohol], carbaryl, diazinon, FMC 33297 [3-phenoxybenzyl (±) -cis-trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate], methamidophos, oxamyl, parathion, SD 41706 [cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-, alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl ester], SD 43775 [benzeneacetic acid, 4-chloro-alpha (1-methylethyl)-, cyano (3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl ester], were tested against grasshoppers (second-instar Melanoplus sanguinipes) to compare their contact toxicities and their persistence on treated vegetation.

SD 41706, SD 43775, and Bioethanomethrin were more toxic than all compounds previously tested in this laboratory against grasshoppers. All three showed some persistence on treated vegetation after 1 day but only SD 41706 and SD 43775 showed persisting toxic effects on treated vegetation 3 days after spraying at the rates tested.
FOREST LEPIDOPTERA ATTRACTED BY KNOWN SEX ATTRACTANTS OF WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORMS, CHORISTONEURA SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Daterman G. E. , Robbins R. G. , Eichlin T. D. , Pierce J.
Published: December 2009

Field tests of (E)-11-tetradecenal and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, the respective sex attractants for western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman and the Modoc budworm, C. viridis Freeman, revealed that these compounds attract several other forest Lepidoptera. The acetate attracted a total of 14 species representing seven families, and the aldehyde accounted for nine species representing four families. This interspecific attraction could influence budworm trapping efficiency and interpretation of results, because of the abundance of other responding species and the fact that two of the species resemble Choristoneura adults in appearance.
STADIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), TO THE INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR DIMILIN®
Authors: Granett J. , Retnakaran A.
Published: December 2009

Dimilin® 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)-urea is an insect growth regulator which disrupts the insect's molting process. It has been field tested against eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, with variable results (Dimond 1975; Retnakaran et al. 1976). In addition to fluctuations in many field parameters, innate variations in susceptibility to Dimilin during different stadia may influence efficacy. Retnakaran and Smith (1976) found that larvae during the 5th and 6th stadia were most susceptible.
A MECHANICAL METHOD OF MASS COLLECTING LEPIDOPTEROUS PUPAE AND PARASITE COCOONS FROM INFESTED SOIL
Authors: Arthur A. P. , Kell W. L.
Published: December 2009

Many species of Lepidoptera, especially cutworms attacking forage, cereal, and oilseed crops, pupate in the soil. Most parasites leave their hosts after they enter the soil and so field collections are an excellent source of healthy pupae and parasite cocoons. Previous methods of obtaining adults involved collecting pupae by placing shovelfuls of soil on screens on a mechanical shaker and removing the exposed pupae. This was suitable for the harvesting of only a few dozen pupae as the capacity of the shaker was limited. A more efficient method of exposing them was required. We describe here a technique which we have used for large-scale collections.
THE EFFECTS OF A JH MIMIC AND CAUTERIZATION OF THE CORPUS ALLATUM COMPLEX ON THE MALE ACCESSORY GLANDS OF AEDES AEGYPTI (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Ramalingam S , Craig G. B.
Published: December 2009

Juvenile hormone, the secretion of the corpus allatum, apparently controls the secretory process of the male accessory glands of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Topical application of a juvenile hormone mimic induces precocious and enhanced secretion. The treatment with the JH mimic not only increases the potency of males to inseminate more numbers of females, but also stimulates secretion in fully depleted glands of A. aegypti which under normal conditions do not renew the secretory process. Males whose accessory glands are depleted due to multiple matings and later treated with the mimic also inseminate. Cauterization of the corpus allatum complex has prevented the secretory function in the glands.
THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS ACHRYSOCHAROIDES (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE)
Authors: Yoshimoto C. M.
Published: December 2009

The name Enaysma Delucchi, 1954 is synonymized with the name Achrysocharoides Girault, 1913. Achrysocharoides is divided into two species-groups, guizoti and gahani. Fifteen North American species are recognized, including five that are new: A. reticulatus, A. bisulcus, A. albus, A. tetrapunctatus, and A. intricatus. A key to species, host lists, and distributions are included.
STUDIES ON NEARCTICCRASPEDOLEPTAENDERLEIN, 1921 (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLOIDEA): TAXONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE SUPERFAMILY
Authors: Journet Alan R. P. , Vickery V. R.
Published: December 2009

This paper reviews the taxonomic relationships among taxa within the superfamily with particular reference to previous discussions ofCraspedoleptaEnderlein, 1921. The genus is considered to belong within the tribe Aphalarini Löw. The paper also identifies the Nearctic species which should be included within the genusCraspedolepta.
NOTES ON A RARE INSECT, DASYLOPHIA THYATIROIDES (LEPIDOPTERA: NOTODONTIDAE), ON BEECH
Authors: Lindquist O.H.
Published: December 2009

The first larval collection of Dasylophia thyatiroides (Walker) by the Ontario Forest Insect and Disease Survey was made in 1975 on St. Joseph Island, southeast of Sault Ste. Marie. Previous Canadian records of this species are from Nova Scotia (Ferguson 1963) and there are a few adult specimens in the Canadian National Collection from Ontario and Quebec.
INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS AS TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS IN MALES OF TWO SPECIES OF ELATERIDAE (COLEOPTERA)
Authors: Brown E. A. , Keaster A. J.
Published: December 2009

Studies of the internal reproductive glands of male Elateridae are rare since only the external genitalia (basal sclerite, aedeagus, and parameres) are used for species determination (cf. Quate and Thompson 1967; Brooks 1960). Knowledge of the internal organs of the female is much more advanced and variations in these organs form the basis for species determination of females (Becker 1958; Dajoz 1964; Quate and Thompson 1967). However, the few cases where the internal glands of the male have been examined have indicated considerable variation in structure among genera and species (Levtshuk 1930; Zacharuk 1958).
THE WINTER STONEFLIES ALLOCAPNIA GRANULATA (TAENIOPTERYGIDAE), TAENIOPTERYX NIVALIS AND T. PARVULA (CAPNIIDAE) IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA
Authors: Flannagan John F.
Published: December 2009

Baumann (1976) lists the zoogeographic range of the Nearctic “winter” stonefly genus Allocapnia as being confined to Eastern North America and the Palaearctic genus Taeniopteryx Pictet as being Amphinorth American (i.e. distributed in the east and west of the continent but not in middle). Allocapnia has never been recorded west of Ontario, in Canada, and although present in some of the east-central states of the U.S.A. (Ross and Ricker 1971) has not been collected in the north flowing Red River system. Taeniopteryx is represented on the Prairies by two species, T. parvula Banks recorded from Aweme, Manitoba and T. nivalis (Fitch) from Alberta (Ricker and Ross 1968).
PROTECTION OF DOUGLAS-FIR FOLIAGE FROM WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) DAMAGE BY EARLY APPLICATIONS OF ACEPHATE (ORTHENE 75S)
Authors: Richmond Charles E. , Averill Robert D. , Crisp Carl E.
Published: December 2009

Acephate (Orthene 75S) was applied to Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirbl. [Franco]) in spring 1976 to determine its efficacy for protecting current year’s foliage from western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman). Results showed budworm mortality for both treatments exceeded the checks by at least 91% at all sample periods. A significant degree of foliage protection was also achieved as measured by mean twig length and mean number of missing needles per twig. Samples of new growth were analyzed for residues of acephate and methamidophos (an active metabolite of acephate) by gas-liquid chromatography. Results showed that high levels of insecticide persisted for about 10 days, then dropped over a 5-day period to lower levels for the rest of the study, about 35 days.
THE WESTERN CHERRY FRUIT FLY, RHAGOLETIS INDIFFERENS (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): 3. DEVELOPING A MANAGEMENT PROGRAM BY UTILIZING ATTRACTANT TRAPS AS MONITORING DEVICES
Authors: AliNiazee M. T.
Published: December 2009

Attractant traps, such as Pherocon ICPY®-MAGO trap and Pherocon®-AM Standard trap, were effective in monitoring emergence of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran. Among the aerial traps tested, ICPY-MAGO, Pherocon-AM Standard, and Saturn yellow colored rectangles and spheres were equally effective. The ammonium carbonate traps were significantly inferior. A management program that utilized aerial traps as monitoring devices reduced the amount of spraying from 20 to 100%, depending on the fly population in the orchard, and resulted in a substantial saving of spray costs.
ON TRIPANURGA ALBICANS (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE)
Authors: Lopes H. De Souza
Published: December 2009

Glaucosarcophaga knabi Townsend is a synonym of T. albicans (Wiedemann), a highly variable species; a comparative study of specimens from South America and Mexico was made.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF TRISETACUS (PROSTIGMATA: ERIOPHYOIDEA) FROM BERRIES OF JUNIPERS IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: December 2009

Female adults of two new species of Trisetacus infesting berries of junipers are described, T. neoquadrisetus from Rocky Mountain juniper and T. batonrougei from eastern red cedar, with remarks on the identity of eriophyoid mites living in juniper berries in North America.
UNUSUAL NEW SPECIES OF TRISETACUS (PROSTIGMATA: ERIOPHYOIDEA) ASSOCIATED WITH CUPRESSACEAE IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: December 2009

Adults of two new species of Trisetacus infesting foliage of Cupressaceae are described, T. distinctus from eastern white cedar based on females and males, and T. macrocarpae from Monterey cypress based on females The possible significance of host plant sympatry of morphological species of Trisetacus is discussed briefly.
A CONSTANT DISTRIBUTION EXHIBITED BY THE COTTON FLEAHOPPER (PSEUDATOMOSCELIS SERIATUS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE)) ON COTTON
Authors: Dupnik Ted , Wolfenbarger Dan A.
Published: December 2009

We found a constant spatial distribution of percentage plants without cotton fleahoppers (Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter)) with Y = ae−bx for 0.019 to 5.4 mean per plants fitted with and without data source variables of fields, dates (years and weeks of 1 year), life stage, sample size, and location. Results include a sampling plan.
GENETICS OF GLOSSINA MORSITANS MORSITANS (DIPTERA: GLOSSINIDAE): I. ELECTROPHORETIC BANDING PATTERNS OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
Authors: Rolseth B.M. , Gooding R.H.
Published: December 2009

Polyacrylamide gel (6%) electrophoresis (at pH 8.2) of the thoraces of adult Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood revealed three xanthine oxidase (XO) phenotypes and six aldehyde oxidase (AO) phenotypes. Each enzyme was postulated to be under the control of a single locus, XO with two alleles and AO with three alleles. Gene frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for both loci in two laboratory populations. Breeding experiments provided direct evidence for single locus control of each enzyme. No significant differences in phenotype frequencies were observed between the colony maintained at the University of Alberta, Canada and the parent colony at the University of Bristol, England. A colony of highly inbred flies from the University of Bristol had only one phenotype of AO and of XO.
GENETICS OF GLOSSINA MORSITANS MORSITANS (DIPTERA: GLOSSINIDAE): II. ELECTROPHORETIC BANDING PATTERNS OF MIDGUT ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE
Authors: Gooding R. H. , Rolseth B. M.
Published: December 2009

The digestive section of the midgut of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood contains a phosphatase with a pH optimum of approximately 9.2 and with low substrate specificity; the enzyme was classified as an alkaline phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.1).

Polyacrylamide gel (6%) electrophoresis (at pH 8.9) of the digestive portion of the midguts of adult G. morsitans morsitans revealed three alkaline phophatase phenotypes. Midgut phosphatase was postulated to be under control of a single locus (designated alkph) with two alleles. Gene frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in two laboratory populations while a third, highly inbred population had only one phenotype. Phenotype frequencies were not significantly different among females of various ages from the Edmonton colony. Breeding experiments provided direct evidence for single locus control of midgut phosphatase.
NEW SPECIES AND RECORDS OF NEW WORLD MICROPEPLIDAE (COLEOPTERA). II
Authors: Campbell J. M.
Published: December 2009

Three new species of Micropeplidae are described from Latin America, Micropeplus newtoni from Mexico, Peplomicrus mexicanus from Mexico, and Peplomicrus pecki from Colombia, bringing the total number of New World species to 21. A revised key to aid in the identification of the Micropeplidae of Latin America is presented. New distributional data are given for 10 other species of the family and revised distributional maps are given for the North American species Micropeplus sculptus, M. laticollis, and M. robustus.