bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differentiating literacy volunteers: a segmentation analysis for target marketing
Authors: Wymer Jr Walter W.
Published: July 2006

Learning how an organisation's volunteers differ from volunteers serving in other organisations can provide managers with important information. This information can assist managers in identifying potential volunteers, and this information can help managers better understand what to communicate to potential volunteers. This paper presents a segmentation study of literacy volunteers as an example of a proposed methodology for differentiating sub‐groups of volunteers. Managerial implications of research findings and ideas for future research are also presented. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications
Taking the quantum leap: nonprofits are now in business. an Australian perspective
Authors: Goerke Jacinta
Published: July 2006

The fact that they need to deliver more essential social services is accepted by most professionals working in nonprofit organisations. Yet, needing to become more competitive, increasingly ‘businesslike’ and to start creating partnerships with profit‐driven businesses may require a quantum leap to take place. This hard reality imposed by recent changes in government policy is challenging for many social service workers still coming to terms with a decade of turbulent and changing times. From origins of ‘she'll be right mate’ and a community‐held belief that it is the government's responsibility to finance all essential social services, today's nonprofits are increasingly fighting over smaller funding budgets and feeling the pinch as they have to implement business practices that will ultimately make them more accountable, profitable and attractive to prospective business partnerships. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to present an option to larger Australian nonprofit organisations keen to move away from a dependency model of service delivery and open to exploring the possibility of implementing a marketing communications charter which includes the appointment of a business development manager. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications
Applying sales promotion competitions to nonprofit contexts
Authors: Peattie Sue
Published: July 2006

This paper discusses the applicability of sales promotions within not‐for‐profit (NFP) marketing, and argues that some of the widely held prejudices about sales promotions have acted to obscure their potential contribution to a range of NFP markets. Understanding this potential requires a clearer understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of specific sales promotion techniques. The paper presents frameworks for classifying both sales promotions and marketing contexts, which can help an understanding of which sales promotions might work in particular NFP contexts. The paper then focuses on a specific type of sales promotion, which represents a potentially valuable and versatile tool for NFP marketers, the sales promotion competition. It details the benefits that sales promotion competitions can offer NFP marketers, and also contributes some guidelines to aid in running them effectively. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications
How should charitable organisations motivate young professionals to give philanthropically?
Authors: Kottasz Rita
Published: July 2006

One hundred and fifty‐eight bankers, accountants and corporate lawyers, aged under 40 years, earning more than £50,000 annually and working in the City of London were questioned about their attitudes and behaviour in relation to charitable giving. A conjoint analysis of the respondents' preferences revealed strong predilections for certain types of charitable organisation; for ‘social’ rewards in return for donating (invitations to gala events and black tie dinners for example); and for well‐known charities with established reputations. ‘Planned giving’ whereby donors receive tax breaks and other financial incentives to donate (as increasingly practised in the USA) did not represent a significant inducement to give so far as this particular sample was concerned. Overall the results suggest that young affluent male City employees constitute a distinct market segment for charity fundraisers, with unique characteristics that need to be addressed when developing donor products. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Target marketing in a social marketing context: gender differences in importance ratings of promoted intrinsic and extrinsic restricted exchange benefits of military enlistment
Authors: Marshall Kimball P. , Brown Ulysses J.
Published: July 2006

Social marketing involves influencing voluntary behaviour of people towards a social end. Examples of social marketing range from campaigns to encourage healthy physical behaviour to efforts to encourage tax support for public education, overcome racism, or stimulate ‘patriotic’ behaviour. Using data from a summer 2001 telephone survey of 600 young adults, this paper investigates how recruitment campaigns may benefit from considering gender differences in importance ratings of a variety of benefits promoted by the military in the USA. Importance ratings are assessed using differences in means and variances tests. Findings identify gender specific differences that may be used to enhance recruitment campaigns. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Do‐it‐yourself DRTV: a practical guide to making direct response television advertising work for charities
Authors: Aldrich Tobin
Published: July 2006

Direct response television advertising (DRTV) has been used by charities as a form of promotion for many years; in the case of the UK for over two decades. In that period many charities have tried the medium but only a handful have achieved consistent success. In the process, a layer of mystique has attached itself to DRTV and a number of outright myths have been perpetuated.

DRTV should work for many more charities than currently use it. This is in contrast to other media which are in danger of being swamped by overuse by charities. Any charity raising or wishing to raise money from the general public should at least consider this medium. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Making the case for investment in fundraising
Authors: Sayer Kate
Published: July 2006

Fundraisers frequently find that trustees are reluctant to commit funds to investment in fundraising initiatives, whether this is developing existing fundraising work or investment in new areas. On the other hand, trustees often report that the plans put forward by fundraisers are too vague and do not present the case well enough. Commonly, there is more work to be done on both sides. First, this paper focuses on some of the financial plans that should be developed as part of the case for investment, as this is often the weakest area. The paper then demonstrates how this assists in appraising the risk profile of new initiatives and finally looks at the policy framework needed for decisions to be made. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Reasons for lapse: the case of face‐to‐face donors
Authors: Sargeant Adrian , Jay Elaine
Published: July 2006

Face‐to‐face fundraising is attracting increasingly hostile media coverage in the United Kingdom in the run up to the publication of the Charities Act in 2004. Despite the antipathy comparatively little is known about how donors view this technique and why they might elect to terminate their support having been recruited by this medium. This paper reports the results of a survey of 4,800 face‐to‐face recruits, comparing the attitudes and profiles of both active and lapsed supporters. The results suggest that donors exhibit high levels of satisfaction with the recruitment process and lapse primarily because of a change in their financial circumstances rather than feelings of having being pressurised to offer their support. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Charity law reform: implementing the Strategy Unit proposals
Authors: Pratten Belinda
Published: July 2006

This paper discusses the recommendations arising from the Strategy Unit review of charities and the wider voluntary sector in England and Wales and the government's response to these. The proposed reforms will involve an updating of charity law; changes to the regulatory framework governing the sector; and a greater emphasis on improving the accountability, transparency and performance of charities and voluntary organisations. In the main these proposals have been welcomed by the sector. In particular there is a clear recognition of the need to modernise the legal position of charities to reflect changes in society and changing public perceptions of what is, or should be, charitable. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Town centre management schemes in the UK: marketing and performance indicators
Authors: Hogg Sophie , Medway Dominic , Warnaby Gary
Published: July 2006

While town centre management (TCM) has proved to be a successful strategy to maintain, improve and regenerate town centres through local partnership, there has been relatively little attention drawn to the marketing of TCM schemes. This paper explores the issues surrounding the use of key performance indicators (KPIs) for the marketing of TCM schemes in the context of wider place marketing activities undertaken by towns and cities. Drawing on evidence from a questionnaire survey of town centre managers, it is posited that they might usefully employ carefully selected KPI data to maintain and attract private investment to TCM schemes from internal and external town centre stakeholders. The paper then introduces a typology for the use of KPI marketing in town centre management. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Donors: how much do they give in a lifetime?
Authors: Magson Nigel
Published: July 2006

In a relational approach to fundraising, nonprofit‐making organisations have the task of developing profitable relationships with their supporters. This approach requires the definition of ‘lifetime value’ in order to assess its performance.

Yet the paradox of calculating a lifetime value is that the only accurate definition of any particular individual's value can be made once they are no longer a donor – when they have died or have stopped giving. At this point they may appear of no use. However, it is by understanding past donors that present donors can be understood in terms of their existing and potential ongoing value.

This paper, building on recent debate and research within the sector,[Sargeant, A. and McKenzie, J. (1998) ‘An Investigation of Donor Lifetime Value’, Paper presented to ICFM Conference, University of Warwick.] refers to the practicalities of creating and using not one, but a variety of measures from information sources that exist within such organisations. The paper specifically explores the way measures can be created and used. It raises a number of the practical issues involved in terms of accounting definitions and information availability. Understanding and using the value measures of supporters are key to ensuring that this relationship is dealt with in the most effective way for the organisation. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
A brand new world for nonprofits
Authors: Ritchie Robin J. B. , Swami Sanjeev , Weinberg Charles B.
Published: July 2006

Brands provide a number of benefits that can make them a powerful tool for the nonprofit sector. Among other things, they make it possible for organisations to convey a consistent overall positioning while tailoring offerings for multiple publics. They also facilitate the development of trust between the nonprofit and its constituencies, provide insulation from competitive pressures and raise the organisation's profile. Brands are not appropriate for all nonprofit organisations, however, and the decision to adopt a branding strategy is one that requires careful consideration. This paper explores the pros and cons of nonprofit branding, and describes the balancing act that managers face when deciding whether and how to adopt abrand. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
Cause‐related marketing and values in Australia
Authors: Kropp Fredric , Holden Stephen J. S. , Lavack Anne M.
Published: July 2006

An investigation is conducted into attitudes towards cause‐related marketing (CRM) among Australian consumers, with attention to the underlying differences in consumer values. It is found that those who place greater importance on values such as warm relationships, self‐fulfilment and security are likely to have more positive attitudes towards CRM. In addition, females appear to have somewhat more positive attitudes towards cause‐related marketing than males. Interestingly, the degree to which consumers are susceptible to interpersonal influence is not related to attitudes towards CRM. The implications are that cause‐related marketing efforts are therefore best directed at females and those who value relationships, self‐fulfilment and security. Efforts to support CRM through social influences (ie via compliance and conformity) would appear to be unlikely to succeed. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
Nonprofit Internet review: just what resources are available?
Authors: Stathopoulou C.
Published: July 2006

This paper, the first of a number of short reviews of nonprofit Internet activity, outlines the nature of the resources that are currently available to nonprofits on‐line. It lists a number of sites on the Internet and gives a short summary of what is obtainable on each site. The paper concludes with information about general search engines and recommends perseverance in trying the different engines in order to find the relevant data. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
Fundraising communications: the role of experience in perceptions of media risk
Authors: West Douglas , Sargeant Adrian
Published: July 2006

This paper examines fundraising communications for charities in respect to their use of media. The questions posed were the extent to which knowledge and experience affect the perceptions of risk in media decision‐making, and to what extent direct marketing reduces risk owing to its measurability. Based on a mail survey, direct mail was perceived as less risky than advertising. However, less risk was generally perceived when using familiar media. Managerially, the implications are that fundraisers may be lulled into a false sense of security by their familiarity with the media that they are using. The research emphasises the importance of perceptions in risk‐taking and the need continually to re‐evaluate positions on media choice. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
Towards a better understanding of the financial donor: an examination of donor behaviour in terms of value structure and demographics
Authors: Todd Sarah J. , Lawson Rob W.
Published: July 2006

While marketing academics have long advocated the application of marketing principles by not‐for‐profit organisations, a review of the literature suggests that attempts to segment financial donors have primarily concentrated on demographic variables. Recently, there have been moves to gain a better understanding of more psychographic influences on individuals' propensity to contribute to charities. It is proposed that the concept of values offers potential for enhancing this understanding.

Findings confirm some earlier studies in that demographics such as age, education and household income significantly discriminate between heavy and light donors. Additionally, ten of the initial 56 values tested contribute to the overall discriminant model obtained. The profiles obtained suggest that distinct promotional strategies, with emphasis on different reasons for donating, may appeal to the two groups. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
Exploring an alternative direct mail fundraising approach for a cancer research charity: a case study
Authors: Orme Andrew
Published: July 2006

The Association for International Cancer Research (AICR) successfully uses sweepstakes techniques to generate funds to support cancer research projects. These methods have taken AICR to the top 80 of UK charities, in terms of gross voluntary income. It is recognised, however, that this approach only motivates one constituency of potential supporters among the population. Recently AICR tested an alternative approach, designed to appeal to a different constituency of support. This paper summarises the thinking behind the trial programme and presents some of the initial findings. It also considers the fulfilment requirements and how they were addressed. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
Threat appeals in social marketing: death as a ‘special case’
Authors: Henley Nadine , Donovan Robert J
Published: July 2006

Death is commonly used as a threat, both by fear‐appeal researchers and by social marketing and health promotion practitioners (eg ‘Quit smoking or you'll die’). Fear (or threat) appeal researchers have frequently used death to arouse fear, and particularly in the ‘high’ fear condition. It is argued here that death is a ‘special case’ threat, and that the introduction of death in high fear conditions is a confounder in that death is a qualitatively different negative outcome from the non‐death negative outcomes used in low fear conditions. The use of death in threat appeals requires attention in its own right for a number of reasons. First, death will occur eventually regardless of the message recipient's behaviour. Hence, messages that threaten death may arouse defensive responses in the target audience (eg ‘you've got to go sometime’), and unresolvable anxiety in the general population. Secondly, death can vary on a number of attributes (eg age at death, sudden versus prolonged, etc), and, while most threat appeals imply premature death, few studies have made this point explicit. Thirdly, the fear of death is multidimensional and some dimensions are more readily acknowledged as fearful than others. For example, a threat specifying the effect of one's death on loved ones might have more impact than a threat of death to oneself. Fourthly, people may fear death differently, or, for religious or other reasons, may not fear death at all. Furthermore, there may be age and gender differences in response to threat appeals using death. It is concluded that systematic research is required to determine whether and for whom death threats are effective. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
Managing ambiguity: merger activity in the nonprofit housing sector
Authors: Mullins David
Published: July 2006

Merger behaviour in the nonprofit sector has been relatively neglected, yet has considerable marketing implications. This paper draws on a range of sources to explore the nature of merger activity in the nonprofit housing industry. It locates mergers within debates about inter‐organisational strategies, and explores the context, extent, motivations for and regulation of mergers in the housing industry. While there are many similarities in environmental stimuli to and processes of negotiating mergers between the profit‐distributing and nonprofit sectors, there are some distinctive features. This research explores the ambiguous nature of the merger activity among housing organisations. This ambiguity infects the terminology and record‐keeping systems and helps to explain a significant gap between rhetoric and activity. Such ambiguity may be more than a negotiating strategy. It may represent the attempt to manage conflicting pressures to market nonprofit organisations as ‘sensitively serving the needs of society’ by on the one hand being competitive and efficient while on the other remaining value based and locally accountable. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
Poor marketing or the decline of altruism? Young people and volunteering in the United Kingdom
Authors: Smith Justin Davis
Published: July 2006

This paper addresses the issue of the apparent decline in youth volunteering, looking at the factors that may be turning young people off or preventing them from getting involved. It draws on a new (unpublished) survey of young people's attitudes towards volunteering commissioned by the Institute for Volunteering Research, which suggests that volunteering may have an image problem, and suggests ways by which volunteer‐involving organisations can make themselves more attractive to a younger age group. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
The affinity credit card as a fundraising tool for charities
Authors: Cowton Christopher J. , Gunn Christine J.
Published: July 2006

Over the past decade or so, many examples of the charity affinity credit card have been launched in the UK. This paper reports the results of a survey of charities that collected quantitative data on the characteristics and progress of more than 20 such cards. The survey also found that several other charities were contemplating following their example, and the paper goes on to identify and discuss some of the issues that should be addressed by any charity thinking of launching its own affinity card. Copyright © 2000 Henry Stewart Publications
Changes in UK tax‐effective giving: implications for donor fundraising strategies
Authors: Morgan Gareth G.
Published: July 2006

Strategies for fundraising from committed donors in the UK have long placed considerable emphasis on tax‐efficient giving, in particular the use of deeds of covenant and gift aid which enables charities to recover tax paid by the donor and thus increase the value of a donor's gift.

However, recent developments and proposed developments in UK legislation and Inland Revenue procedures are about to make radical changes to this regime. Although in general the changes are beneficial to charities, the precise implications will, in many cases, require a significant change in fundraising strategies to make effective use of the new giving environment.

This paper seeks to analyse the nature of those changes and the consequence for fundraising strategies. In relation to three main strategies some approaches to further research are proposed, which a charity may wish to apply in order to assess whether and to what extent new approaches to committed donor fundraising are required.

A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the Institute of Charity Fundraising Managers Convention (Academic Stream) in July 1999, but it has been substantially changed to take account of further government announcements made in November, 1999. Copyright © 2000 Henry Stewart Publications
Lifecycle‐based donor performance analysis
Authors: Miller Bryan , Wyk Jon van
Published: July 2006

With charities of all sizes now having the ability to collect and store very large quantities of data about their donors on in‐house database systems, detailed donor performance analyses have an increasingly essential role to play in the effective planning and management of fundraising. If, however, such activities are to support fully the work of fundraisers then it is important that they are undertaken from the perspective of the fundraiser rather than of the specialist data analyst. This paper introduces an approach to donor performance analysis that is founded on what is termed a ‘donor lifecycle model’. The aim of this is to provide a formal analysis methodology that provides end results that can be more easily interpreted by nonspecialists and so more effectively used in support of the efficient planning of fundraising programmes. Copyright © 2000 Henry Stewart Publications
Improvement of thermal and mechanical properties of poly(L‐lactic acid) with 4,4‐methylene diphenyl diisocyanate
Authors: Li Bo‐Hsin , Yang Ming‐Chien
Published: July 2006

In this study, the thermal and mechanical properties of biodegradable poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLA) were improved by reacting with 4,4‐methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). The resulting PLA samples were characterized with Fourier transformation infrared spectrometer (FT‐IR). The glass transition (Tg) and decomposing (Td) temperature of the resulting products were measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The tensile properties were also measured with a tensile tester. The results show that when the molar ratio of NCO to OH was 2:1, the Tg value can be increased to 64°C from the original 55°C, and the tensile strength increased from 4.9 to 5.8 MPa. This demonstrated that by reacting PLA with MDI at an appropriate portion, both the thermal and mechanical performance of PLA can be increased. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrepancies between medication records of anticoagulation clinics and pharmacy records
Authors: Schalekamp Tom , Smit Carolien , van Geest‐Daalderop Johanna H. H. , de Vries‐Goldschmeding Hanneke , de Boer Anthonius
Published: July 2006

Purpose

To determine whether there were discrepancies between with coumarin anticoagulants interacting medications recorded in medical files of anticoagulation clinics (AC‐records) and computerized records of community pharmacies (pharmacy records).

Methods

A descriptive study was conducted at two Dutch anticoagulation clinics (AC's). Records of with coumarin anticoagulants interacting drugs at the AC's were compared with the pharmacy records. A drug registered in the pharmacy records but not in the AC‐records, was recorded as a discrepancy, while a drug registered in AC‐records as well as in pharmacy records, was recorded as a match.

Results

Of the 117 identified interacting drugs registered in pharmacy records 32 (27%) were not registered in the AC‐records. In four out of seven patients of whom the use of a pharmacokinetically interacting drug was not registered in the AC‐records, several INR‐values exceeded the upper therapeutic range.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that a substantial percentage of drugs of which an interaction with coumarin anticoagulants can be expected, is not registered in the medical files of anticoagulation clinics. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A model of local‐minima distribution on conformational space and its application to protein structure prediction
Authors: Li Hongzhi
Published: July 2006

A quantitative two‐parameter model is developed to describe local energy minima distribution. On a conformational space measured by least‐square‐fitting root‐mean‐squared distance (RMSD), the number of local minima in a r RMSD region is proposed to be proportional to exp(−1/r). As part of the model derivations, the minimum RMSD of decoys from the largest cluster, the number of decoys in the largest cluster, and the RMSD distribution of the decoys have inner connections with each other. The model is successfully verified on a 49 helix‐packing decoy set and a 30 loop‐prediction decoy set, as well as both knowledge‐based potential (DFIRE) and physical force‐fields (OPLS and CHARMM). One of the model's applications is predicting behaviors of a large amount of decoys (e.g., minimum RMSD of 40,000 decoys) by generating only a small number of decoys (e.g., 500). It may be applied to structure predictions guided by any Lennard‐Jones‐like potential functions and can be extended to other sampling methods guided by simple energy terms. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonlinear intersubband optical absorption of Si δ‐doped GaAs under an electric field
Authors: Yıldırım Hasan , Tomak Mehmet
Published: July 2006

We study the nonlinear intersubband optical absorption of a single Si δ‐doped GaAs sheet placed in the middle of a GaAs quantum well and subjected to an electric field. The Schrödinger and Poisson equations are solved self‐consistently for various electric field strengths. The self‐consistent solutions provide us with the correct confining potential, the wave functions, the corresponding subband energies and the subband occupations. The nonlinear optical intersubband absorption spectra are discussed within the framework of the density matrix formulation for various electric field strengths, well widths, and sheet thicknesses in which Si atoms are distributed uniformly. We include both the depolarization and exciton shifts in calculations. The depolarization effect not only shifts the peak value but also makes the nonlinear absorption spectrum strongly asymmetric with the increasing intensity of the optical field. The blue‐shift associated with the depolarization shift is decreased when the intensity is increased. The absorption line shape becomes more asymmetric at smaller well widths and thicker doping layers. The electric field restores the symmetry of the absorption line shape at larger well widths and thinner doping layers, but it decreases the peak value of the line shape. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Coherent control of exciton–biexciton beats: direction selectivity of four‐wave‐mixing signals in experiment and microscopic theory
Authors: Voss Tobias , Rückmann Ilja , Gutowski Jürgen , Axt Vollrath Martin , Kuhn Tilmann
Published: July 2006

In experiments and simulations based on a microscopic theory the optical coherent control of exciton–biexciton beats in coherent four‐wave‐mixing signals from a semiconductor quantum well is demonstrated. It is found that a reduction of the beat amplitude for one four‐wave‐mixing direction may at the same time coincide with a large beat amplitude for the other direction. The results can be understood by considering that at least two‐photon processes are required to coherently excite biexcitonic transitions which are responsible for the occurrence of the beat structure in the four‐wave‐mixing signals. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Generation of a DC Fiske current by coupling of Bloch and in‐plane cyclotron oscillations in a semiconductor superlattice
Authors: Kosevich Yu. A. , Hummel A. B. , Roskos H. G. , Köhler K.
Published: July 2006

The coherent coupling between electron Bloch and in‐plane cyclotron oscillations in semiconductor superlatttices in tilted electric and magnetic fields induces a unidirectional quasi‐DC current in analogy to the DC Fiske effect observed when a superconductor Josephson junction or a superfluid weak link is coupled to an electromagnetic respectively an acoustic resonator. In all cases, the coupling opens an elastic rectifying transport channel. We explore the effect for the case of a superlattice both experimentally and theoretically, and specifically address the influence of the coupling on the frequency of the magneto‐Bloch oscillations. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phonon‐induced disentanglement of confined excitons
Authors: Roszak Katarzyna , Machnikowski Paweł , Jacak Lucjan
Published: July 2006

We show that phonon‐induced pure dephasing of excitons in quantum dots, which leads only to partial decay of system coherence, may completely erase entanglement between two excitons. We also discuss the role of the distance between the subsystems for this disentanglement process. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The normal and cancerous living cell
Authors: Ladik Janos
Published: July 2006

We do not have a definition of the living and cancerous states; we can give only their main characteristics at the different levels of organization: cell, organ, and organism. A simple model is proposed for a normal eukaryotic cell based on Prigogine's equation of chemical kinetics with diffusion. In this model, possibly only a few hundred key biochemical reactions should be selected together with their rate and diffusion constants. To solve these coupled nonlinear partial differential equation systems, it is proposed that the model cell be subdivided into compartments and that the problem be worked out always for one compartment (finite element method). This is possible, since the most important biochemical reactions and reaction cycles occur in different parts of the cell. The solutions (concentrations) obtained in one compartment can be used as input to the other compartments (together with the components entering from the environment). As an example, the problem of 10 reactions and 3 compartments has been solved by discretizing the space coordinates and choosing time steps. The solutions obtained by solving the 10 differential equations directly and by the compartmentalization agree very well. The main obstacles to further progress lie in the right choice of reactions and compartments, as well as in the correct estimation of the rate and diffusion constants, which were measured in only a few cases. If such a model cell can be obtained, the solutions should be investigated to determine (i) for their stability (homeostasis); (ii) whether changing the input concentrations to a larger degree one would obtain a new stationary state showing the characteristics of a precancerous state; and (iii) a method of extracting those input concentrations, or functions of them, which are the most important regulatory parameters. If successful, this would provide a scientific definition of the living state in the normal and cancerous states, respectively, at least at the cell level. Finally, outline is provided showing how the model might be extended to multicellular cases, as well as the main difficulties of such a process. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Dissociation of the fluorine molecule: CASCCSD method and other many‐particle models
Authors: Ivanov Vladimir V. , Adamowicz Ludwik , Lyakh Dmitry I.
Published: July 2006

The recently developed CAS(n,m)CCSD method is applied to describe the difficult case of the dissociation of the fluorine molecule, F2. The results of the CASCCSD calculations are compared with the results obtained using the CR‐CCSD method, the RMR‐CCSD method, and other approaches. We demonstrate that among the methods compared CAS(n,m)CCSD provides the most accurate solution for the whole dissociation path in comparison with the full CI (FCI) results. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Empirical analysis of eco‐industrial development in China
Authors: Geng Yong , Haight Murray , Zhu Qinghua
Published: July 2006

The increasing resource and environmental pressures have impeded China's efforts to quickly promote its people's quality of life, while protecting its natural environment. Due to lack of resources, technologies and capital, China needs to seek a more integrated development strategy. Industrial ecology (IE) may be one solution as it aims at optimizing the use of materials and energy in products, processes, industrial sectors and economies by systemically mimicking natural systems in an industrial setting. The relevant practices and experiences in the developed world have proved that there is a degree of effectiveness and efficiency to development through the application of IE. It is even more critical to apply the principles of IE in China, where resources are scarce. However, compared with developed nations, China faces different environmental, economic and social constraints. Therefore, China has to adopt different approaches to implement the concept of IE. In this paper, we first review the current practices in eco‐industrial development in China. Then the advantages and barriers to applying IE in China are analyzed and recommendations are provided. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Integration of wind power in the liberalized Dutch electricity market
Authors: Ummels B. C. , Gibescu M. , Kling W. L. , Paap G. C.
Published: July 2006

Wind power is becoming a large‐scale electricity generation technology in a number of European countries, including the Netherlands. Owing to the variability and unpredictability of wind power production, large‐scale wind power can be foreseen to have large consequences for balancing generation and demand in power systems. As an essential aspect of the Dutch market design, participants are encouraged to act according to their energy programs, as submitted day‐ahead to the system operator. This program responsibility shifts the burden of balancing wind power away from the system operator to the market. However, the system operator remains the responsible party for balancing any generation/load imbalances that may still be arising in real time. In this article, features that are unique for the Dutch market design are presented and their implications on the system integration of wind power are investigated. It is shown that the Dutch market design penalizes the intermittent nature of wind power. A discussion of opportunities and threats of balancing wind power by use of market forces is provided. Last, an outline is given of future work. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.
A fuzzy logic pitch angle controller for power system stabilization
Authors: Jauch Clemens , Cronin Tom , Sørensen Poul , Jensen Birgitte Bak
Published: July 2006

In this article the design of a fuzzy logic pitch angle controller for a fixed speed, active‐stall wind turbine, which is used for power system stabilization, is presented. The system to be controlled, which is the wind turbine and the power system to which the turbine is connected, is described. The advantages of fuzzy logic control when applied to large‐signal control of active‐stall wind turbines are outlined. The general steps of the design process for a fuzzy logic controller, including definition of the controller inputs, set‐up of the fuzzy rules and the method of defuzzification, are described. The performance of the controller is assessed by simulation, where the wind turbine's task is to dampen power system oscillations. In the scenario simulated for this work, the wind turbine has to ride through a transient short‐circuit fault and subsequently contribute to the damping of the grid frequency oscillations that are caused by the transient fault. It is concluded that the fuzzy logic controller enables the wind turbine to dampen power system oscillations. It is also concluded that, owing to the inherent non‐linearities in a wind turbine and the unpredictability of the whole system, the fuzzy logic controller is very suitable for this application. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.
Seven cases of Pompe disease from Greece
Authors: Kroos M. , Manta P. , Mavridou I. , Muntoni F. , Halley D. , van den Helm R. , Zaifeiriou D. , van der Ploeg A. , Reuser A. , Michelakakis H.
Published: July 2006

We present seven cases of Pompe disease (McKusick 232300; glycogen storage disease type II; acid maltase deficiency) from Greece. The onset of symptoms varied from early childhood to late adulthood, and the patients had quite variable duration of disease. All but one of them had muscle weakness and all had mildly to highly elevated serum creatine kinase. The diagnosis in all cases was confirmed by the finding of acid α‐glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.3/20) deficiency in cultured skin fibroblasts. Thirteen mutant alleles were identified and nine different pathogenic mutations were encountered. Four were new: c.2071_2072insAGCCG leads to frameshift and total loss of function; c.1856G > A (p.Ser619Asn) leads to 90–95% loss of function; and the splice‐site mutations c.1552−3C > G and c.2331+4A > G reduce the number of correct splicing events by more than 90%. The splice‐site mutation c.‐32‐13T > G (IVS1‐13T > G) was encountered four times and seems equally common among Greek and other caucasians. The other mutations: c.925G > A (p.Gly309Arg), c.[307T > G; 271G > A] (p.Cys103Gly; Asp91Asn), c.271del and c.1655T > C (p.Leu552Pro) have been reported earlier. Our study highlights the heterogeneity of Pompe disease in Greece and provides tools for diagnosis and carrier detection.
The socialization of adolescent coping behaviours: Relationships with families and teachers
Authors: Zimmer‐Gembeck Melanie J. , Locke Elizabeth M.
Published: July 2006

A motivational theory of children's coping identified aspects of relationships—involvement, structure and autonomy support—that are expected to determine whether coping will be characterized by approach (active) or avoidance. Associations between adolescents’ (, Age ) relationships with families and teachers, and coping behaviours were examined. Whether a Family Primacy Model or a Context‐Specific Model best explained the findings was also determined. A Family Primacy Model received predominant support; adolescents with more positive family relationships used more active coping with problems at home and school. Positive relationships with teachers predicted more active coping behaviours, especially at school.
The relationship between maternal and paternal psychological symptoms and ratings of adolescent functioning
Authors: Renk Kimberly , Oliveros Arazais , Roddenberry Angela , Klein Jenny , Sieger Karin , Roberts Rex , Phares Vicky
Published: July 2006

Families with an adolescent between the ages of 11 and 18 years participated in a study examining the relationship between parental depressive and anxiety symptomatology and parental ratings of adolescents’ functioning. This study indicated that mothers, fathers, and adolescents exhibited significant cross‐informant correspondence (i.e. correlations) and very few significant differences in ratings of adolescents’ functioning. After controlling for demographic variables and the ratings of other informants, mothers’ depressive symptomatology was a significant predictor of mothers’ ratings of adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing behavior problems and competence. With regard to fathers’ ratings, fathers’ depressive symptomatology was a significant predictor of adolescents’ internalizing behavior problems and competence, whereas fathers’ depressive and anxious symptomatology was a significant predictor of adolescents’ externalizing behavior problems. The findings of this study suggested the importance of considering maternal and paternal depressive symptomatology when parents are asked to provide ratings of their adolescents’ functioning.
Associations between COMTVal158Met polymorphism and cognition: direct or indirect effects?
Authors: Krabbendam Lydia , Isusi Pilar , Galdos Paloma , Echevarria Elena , Bilbao José Ramón , Martin-Pagola Ainhoa , Papiol Sergi , Castaño Luis , Van Os Jim
Published: July 2006

Background:

Previous work suggests that reaction time variability (RTV) in attentional tasks, as a measure of cognitive stability, is associated with degree ofValloading in COMTVal158Metgenotype, and that this association may be relevant for the aetiology of schizophrenia. This study examined (i) to what degree RTV pertaining to tasks of varying cognitive complexity would be associated with increased risk for schizophrenia and (ii) to what degree this would be mediated byValloading.

Methods:

COMT genotyping was investigated in a sample of 23 patients with schizophrenia, 33 first-degree relatives, and 21 controls. All participants performed the Flanker continuous performance test.

Results:

Schizophrenia liability was associated with number of correct trials of the Flanker test, but not with RTV, and this association was not mediated by COMTVal158Metgenotype. Similarly,Metloading was associated with number of correct trials and with RTV, but this was not mediated by schizophrenia liability.

Conclusions:

Associations between COMTVal158Metgenotype and RTV do not appear to reflect transmission of schizophrenia liability in families. Differential associations withValandMetalleles across studies suggest indirect effects through gene–gene interactions or the influence of a functional polymorphism near COMTVal158Met.
Derivation of the consensus DNA‐binding sequence for p63 reveals unique requirements that are distinct from p53
Authors: Ortt Kori , Sinha Satrajit
Published: July 2006

p63 is a member of the p53 family of proteins and plays an important role in epithelial development and differentiation. Although some p63 binding sites in the regulatory elements of epithelial genes have been identified, the optimal DNA‐binding sequence has not been ascertained for this transcription factor. Here, we identify the preferred DNA‐binding site of p63 by performing in vitro DNA selection experiments. Our analysis shows that the optimal p63 DNA‐binding consensus motif consists of a CA(T)TG core and an AT‐rich 5′ and 3′ flanking sequence. Gel shift and competition experiments demonstrate that there are specific sequence requirements that confer high DNA‐binding affinity for p63 and that significant deviation from the consensus sequences result in poor or no binding. This pattern of DNA‐binding is similar for both recombinant p63 and the endogenous protein present in keratinocyte nuclear extracts. Furthermore, we show that the consensus sequence is distinctly different from that of p53, particularly in the flanking sequences. Identification of the p63 consensus DNA‐binding sequence will facilitate the validation of in vivo p63‐responsive elements that mediate transcriptional regulation of a wide variety of target genes.
The p53‐induced Wig‐1 protein binds double‐stranded RNAs with structural characteristics of siRNAs and miRNAs
Authors: Méndez Vidal Cristina , Prahl Magdalena , Wiman Klas G.
Published: July 2006

Wig‐1 is a p53‐induced zinc finger protein. Here we show that human Wig‐1 binds long (⩾23 bp) dsRNAs with 5′‐overhangs. The first zinc finger domain is necessary but not sufficient for this dsRNA‐binding in vitro. Wig‐1 also binds dsRNA in living cells via zinc fingers 1 and 2. Both zinc fingers 1 and 2 are important for Wig‐1‐mediated growth suppression. Moreover, Wig‐1 binds 21 bp dsRNAs with 3′‐protruding ends. These findings demonstrate that human Wig‐1 can bind different types of dsRNAs, including dsRNAs resembling small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), and indicate that dsRNA binding has a role in Wig‐1‐mediated regulation of cell growth.
Applying an alternative method of echo-integration
Authors: Aksland Magnar
Published: July 2006

Estimators of mean Echo Value Constant (the ratio between echo abundance and the number of fish) in an alternative echo-integrating method were tried with the SIMRAD EK 60 split-beam echosounder. The mean fish-density estimates of NE Arctic cod were compared with corresponding estimates by the classical echo-integration method; the two methods gave similar results. The alternative method uses integrated single-fish echoes, and a new algorithm to extract and integrate single-target echoes is introduced and used. This algorithm uses echo shape and angle stability, not echo amplitude, to test for the presence of single-target echoes. Apparent single-target echoes with a dynamic range of 60 dB in integrated echo intensity were extracted.
Genetic variation among cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars for mote frequency
Authors: BOLEK Y.
Published: July 2006

Motes are cotton (Gossypium spp.) ovules that fail to ripen into mature seeds. These aborted ovules represent a loss in yield and can cause imperfections in yarn and cloth quality. The present study was conducted to determine whether 10 widely grown cotton cultivars differ in some boll characters that are undesirable for the textile industry. The bolls at the first positions of fruiting branches formed at 1st (bottom), 6th (middle) and 11th (top) nodes of the main stem were compared in 10 varieties in 2 years for the number of motes and their weights, mote production frequency, and long fibre mote frequency within a boll.

Mote frequencies and mote weights were affected by varieties and years. Moreover, mote frequencies were higher at the bottom and middle plant positions compared with the top position.

Fibre length for long fibre motes ranged from 18 to 21 mm. In both years, cultivars Deltaopal, Sayar 314 and Suregrow 125 had consistently lower mote and long fibre mote frequencies. Thus, these cultivars could be useful in breeding programmes to improve seed-set. Cotton breeders also need to consider long fibre motes in plant improvement studies.