bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Schools and Libraries
Authors: Heaton E. W.
Published: August 2004

The method of investigation adopted in this book is to see how the diverse literary skills of Israel’s authors, in both poetry and prose, bear witness to their educational background. It is argued that their knowledge of the school-books of Egypt and their use of didactic language and literary forms are explicable only in terms of their training in professional, established and stable institutions. Although there are little specific factual data about Israel’s schools as institutions, a great volume of suggestive evidence has been supplied by archaeologists working in Mesopotamia, Egypt and Syria, and some of this is described; there are also recent finds from two southern military outposts on the edge of the Judaean desert that may provide evidence for a Hebrew school in the eighth century BC, and there is incontrovertible evidence for schools in Hebrew kingdoms from the Siloam Tunnel inscription and the Lachish Letters. There are also scattered references to reading and writing, and various bits of evidence suggesting education in the books of the Old Testament itself, not to mention the editorial process that has been revealed by biblical scholarship. Other topics addressed in the chapter are the evidence for libraries in Israel, its close educational, literary and cultural relationship with Egypt, and evidence for cultivation of the art of speaking.
School‐Books from Egypt
Authors: Heaton E. W.
Published: August 2004

This chapter investigates further a topic introduced in the last: the school-books of Egypt. It identifies many connections and much common ground between the school literature of Egypt and Israel, despite the scanty amount of the former (because they were written on papyri). Specific examples of this are given from various conventional Egyptian instruction manuals, and from other assorted works, which appear to have been favourites in Egyptian schools. The various characteristics shown by miscellaneous other Egyptian works – a story, political propaganda, a satirical letter, love poems and lyrics – are also detailed, and comparisons made with the style of various Old Testament extracts.
Education in Wisdom
Authors: Heaton E. W.
Published: August 2004

This chapter analyses the ‘wisdom’ and school traditions in the Old Testament books of Proverbs and Ecclesiastes, as shown by the instructions that they both give on various matters. Although the two books differ radically in various respects, a comparison between them shows that they give a range of common advice, and also exhibit a similarity in their use of literary genres. Comparisons are also drawn between Proverbs, Ecclesiastes and various much earlier Egyptian school instruction manuals. Many quotations are included to illustrate the points being made.
Prophets and Teachers
Authors: Heaton E. W.
Published: August 2004

The first part of this chapter examines the school tradition in the literary style of the teachings of the prophets – Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and the Book of the Twelve (the minor prophets) – which were compiled by editors in Jerusalem at various stages during the centuries following return from the Babylonian exile. Examples are also given from other Old Testament books (Judith, Proverbs, Samuel, Job, Psalms, Ecclesiastes) where the same subject matter is being covered. The second part of the chapter examines books of the teachers, the schoolmen who rallied to the cause of Jeremiah, and are called here the Deuteronomists; their works include Deuteronomy itself, the prose narratives in Jeremiah, and the historical books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings. The school setting of these teachers is clearly reflected in their style. Once again examples are given from other Old Testament books (Isaiah, Proverbs, Psalms, Ezra, Exodus, Samuel, Kings, Micah) where the same subject matter is being covered.
Story‐Writers
Authors: Heaton E. W.
Published: August 2004

An examination is made of the narrative skills of the Jerusalem school tradition in the stories of the Old Testament. The illustrations include the stories of Joseph, Daniel, Ruth, Rebecca, Adam and Eve, David, and numerous other examples are also given. Comparisons are drawn with various earlier stories from Egyptian school-books. The last part of the chapter looks at the style of Solomon’s Song of Songs, which uses the literary genre to which the Arabic term wasf (meaning extravagant metaphorical language) has been ascribed.
Honest Doubters
Authors: Heaton E. W.
Published: August 2004

The presuppositions of the comfortable outlook – ‘God’s in his heaven: All’s right with the world’ – had been questioned from time to time over the centuries, but Job and Ecclesiastes are the only major works in the Old Testament deliberately undertaken to articulate the doubt and debate then current in the Israeli schools. They are generally thought to come from the fifth or fourth and third centuries BC respectively, but there is no evidence to support the speculation that it was at this period that the age-old conflict between the theories of the theologians and the facts of life became more than usually acute. The two parts of the chapter look first at doubt, disaster, despair and pessimism in Job and then at the same attitudes in Ecclesiastes, and in doing so make comparisons between the two books. The Egyptian and Babylonian precedents to passages in Job suggest that its author is writing within a convention well established in the circles of schoolmen of the Ancient Near East, rather than presenting actual experiences, and the sustained protest of Job’s speeches challenges the two principal (and contradictory) dogmas that had become fossilized in the Israeli school tradition: ‘God moves in a mysterious way his wonders to perform’, and ‘God’s way in the world is not in the least mysterious and may be traced in the prosperity of the righteous and the suffering of the wicked’. Any interpretation of Ecclesiastes, who like Job was a literary stylist, must give due weight to the fact that he was a teacher, but the application of doleful description in the body of the work is discriminating, and probably represents his thought.
Belief and Behaviour
Authors: Heaton E. W.
Published: August 2004

This chapter looks at various aspects of belief and behaviour in the Old Testament, as reflected in the school tradition. It starts with an analysis of the discourse of Elihu in Job – six chapters added late to the book of Job that were made by an angry young man, a teacher who thought that Job had made himself out to be more righteous than God. The next section of the chapter looks at God and goodness, a teaching based on the way that things ought to be, and used for encouragement and warning in the orthodox school tradition. The following section discusses God and the natural order from the viewpoint of the Israeli school tradition, looking at examples from Proverbs, Jeremiah, Isaiah, Job, Ecclesiastes and Deuteronomy. The last section presents final reflections on the school tradition.
Retrospect
Authors: Heaton E. W.
Published: August 2004

It has not been a part of this study to argue the case for the existence of schools in Ancient Israel. From the outset, their work has been taken for granted and the aim has been to demonstrate how this would throw new light on much of the literature of the Old Testament, and provide an explanation for its growth and transmission. The exploration of Israel’s school tradition started out with tentative criteria, adopting the method of reviewing a fairly wide range of Old Testament literature in the hope of finding a distinctive literary stance and style. The selection of the literature to be reviewed has not been entirely arbitrary: it began with those works long recognized as being in some degree ‘intellectual’ and conventionally ascribed to a hypothetical ‘wisdom tradition’; the selection was then extended to include writings which, though not explicitly ‘intellectual’, exhibit features reflecting an educated literary background: the texts that have come to be represented as the product of an imagined ‘Wisdom Movement’; two other groups of texts were then added on the grounds of their general similarity. From this approach a school tradition has emerged that stands apart from a number of the writings of the post-exilic period (such as the books of Chronicles, Leviticus and Numbers), and is fundamentally different from the instruction of the seminary in being moral and intellectual, rather than professionally religious and institutional.
Selina, Countess of Huntingdon: Early Life and the Start of the Connexion
Authors: Harding Alan
Published: August 2004

The future Countess of Huntingdon was born into an aristocratic Leicestershire family in 1707; her marriage to the Earl of Huntingdon in 1728 was a love match that produced seven children. She underwent an evangelical conversion in 1739, and thereafter came into contact with the Moravian Brethren, and leaders of the Revival including the Wesleys and George Whitefield. Gradually she assumed a position of influence within the Revival, as well as using her position to further evangelical religion within fashionable society. Her husband’s death in 1746 left her the care of a young family, but also enabled her to extend her religious activity, for example, by promoting harmony within the Revival in the face of internal divisions, and expanding her links with Anglican Evangelicals. From the early 1760s she began to open her own chapels and to build up a band of clerical helpers to serve at them.
Trevecca College
Authors: Harding Alan
Published: August 2004

Trevecca College, founded by Lady Huntingdon in 1768, was one of the first institutions to be concerned exclusively with training for Christian ministry; it was significant both because of the influence that its achievements (and shortcomings) had upon later forms of ministerial education, and for the impact on evangelical and other congregations of the more than two hundred students who attended Trevecca in the twenty-three years of its existence. The chapter discusses the origins of the college, the initial plans for its curriculum and staffing, and the backgrounds and recruitment of the students. It describes the often haphazard nature of the educational regime at Trevecca (including the conflicting demands of study and preaching); the college’s involvement in foreign missions; its theology; and the diverse sources of authority and influence to which the students were subject. The successor to Trevecca opened at Cheshunt in 1792; its ground rules (particularly clearly defined courses of study, and strict limits on outside preaching) showed that some of the lessons of Trevecca had been learned.
Doctrines and Divisions
Authors: Harding Alan
Published: August 2004

The chapter analyses the differences between Wesley’s Arminianism, and the moderate and hyper-Calvinism held by other sections of the Revival. All groups believed in the Fall of man and in man’s utter dependence on grace; differences arose over such issues as how grace operated, whether man enjoyed any degree of free will, how (if so) that free will related to the sovereignty of God, and where the dividing line lay between God’s justice and his mercy. In the years immediately prior to 1770, despite some personal tension between Lady Huntingdon and John Wesley, relations were generally cordial between the Calvinist and Arminian wings of the Revival; this harmony was broken by Wesley’s Conference Minutes of 1770, which appeared to allow for salvation by works. Lady Huntingdon led the initial Calvinist reaction, expelling non-Calvinist staff from her college, and presiding over a pamphlet war with the Wesleyans, although, as the 1770s progressed, the controversy developed a momentum of its own, and the Connexion did not remain in the vanguard of Calvinist attacks. Occasional rivalry occurred between individual Wesleyan and Connexion congregations (as it did between the Connexion and some other Calvinist groups, such as Whitefield’s Tabernacle Connexion), but by the end of the century the doctrinal controversy had largely played itself out.
The Bible in Qumran and Early Judaism
Authors: Alexander P. S.
Published: August 2004

This is the second of five chapters on the Old Testament and the reader, and presents an analysis of the Bible in Qumran (the site occupied by the early Jewish monastic community who lived near the shores of the Dead Sea) and early Judaism. The first part gives an account of the rediscovery of Midrash—a term initially borrowed from rabbinic literature, where it denotes the specifically rabbinic tradition of Bible exegesis—the commentary created in dialogue with the scared Scripture in early Judaism. The rediscovery of Midrash was prompted in particular by the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls (1947–1956), and the finding of the Codex Neofiti 1 in the Vatican library in 1953; these and other examples of Midrash have given rise to numerous monographs and articles over the last thirty years of the twentieth century. The second part discusses the use of the Scripture and the Dead Sea sect of Qumran, and the third analyses the use of Scripture among other Jewish rabbinical groups in late antiquity. The last two sections look at the Scripture in the Alexandrian schools and among the early Christians, and at the emergence of Judaism and Christianity as ‘Religions of the Book’.
The Hebrew Language
Authors: Emerton J. A.
Published: August 2004

This is the second of five chapters on the text of the Old Testament. It summarizes some developments in the study of the Hebrew language of the biblical period that have taken place since the years surveyed in Tradition and Interpretation (an earlier volume of essays by members of the Society for Old Testament Study, which was published in 1979). Here, attention is focused especially on the history of the development of the Hebrew language, which is important both in itself and because of its bearing on the composition and dating of the books of the Old Testament. Hence, the main section of the chapter is entitled ‘The history of the Hebrew language and its development’. The other, smaller, sections are: Grammar, syntax, and linguistics; The Hebrew verbal system; and Lexicography.
The Pentateuch and the Deuteronomistic History
Authors: Kaiser O.
Published: August 2004

This is the first of six chapters on the Old Testament and its authors. It looks at the Pentateuch and Deuteronomistic history, starting with a brief account of the model proposed by Martin Noth in the middle of the twentieth century in which he sought to establish a connection between the documentary approach and that of tradition‐history. However, since the end of the 1970s, Noth's explanation of the origin of the Pentateuch has, because it connected the history of traditions and documentary approaches, been criticized as methodologically wrong, and in its place a pure tradition‐historical solution has been proposed; various other criticisms of Noth's explanation have also been advanced. This account gives most attention to the new proposals on the Pentateuch and Deuteronomistic history, which strongly question the traditional view (although the documentary hypothesis still has its supporters). The sections are: The state of the question: the plurality of models; Pentateuchal problems; Fundamental questions concerning the Deuteronomistic history; and Retrospect and prospect.
Wisdom in Israel
Authors: Dell K. J.
Published: August 2004

This is the third of six chapters on the Old Testament and its authors. Its subject is wisdom in Israel, and this involves the three wisdom texts of the Bible: Proverbs, Job, and Ecclesiastes, which make up the main wisdom literature, and in addition the phenomenon of wisdom, which is seen to be wider than just these three books. The first section discusses the definition, scope, and influence of the Israelite wisdom. The second analyses the Old Testament wisdom literature—Proverbs, Job, Ecclesiastes, and the wisdom Psalms. The last section discusses the place of wisdom in Old Testament theology.
The History of Israel: The Persian and Hellenistic Periods
Authors: Grabbe L. L.
Published: August 2004

This is the fifth of six chapters on the Old Testament and its authors. It gives an account of a later period of Israelite history than does the preceding chapter, and discusses the Persian and Hellenistic periods—the ‘post‐exilic’ period. The author notes that the sources for the Second Temple period give a series of vignettes into what was happening in the Palestinian region but the complete picture has to be inferred from fragmentary data, and there are major questions about the value of some of the traditional sources. The chapter is arranged in four main sections, which cover the Persian period, the Greek conquest, the Ptolemaic period, and Seleucid rule.
Growing World Trade: Causes and Consequences
Authors: Krugman Paul
Published: August 2004

A highly stylised model of global trade, employment, and wages is developed to analyse the effects of trade with newly industrialised countries (NIEs). It is argued that as NIEs grow, their comparative advantage may shift away from products of very low skill intensity. The extreme view that growing international trade will lead to full factor price equalisation, i.e., wages for unskilled labour in OECD countries will be driven down to their average levels in the world, neglects the fact that this only works so long as a country remains non-specialized. If the change in relative prices is large enough that the OECD no longer produces goods that compete with low-skill imports, any further reduction in the relative price of these goods will have no impact on income distribution. There are also limits to the change in relative wages that trade flows can produce.
The Impact of Globalization on Employment in Europe
Authors: Sapir André
Published: August 2004

This chapter examines the effects of globalisation on the demand for low-skilled workers in Europe and the United States. Although there is little evidence that globalisation is the main cause of the unemployment of low-skilled workers in Europe, it may play a greater role in the future if structural adjustments are slow. There is also a lack of evidence that the growth of exports from developing countries is due to low labour standards. It is argued that domestic reforms are the key to solving Europe’s labour problems.
From Free Trade to Supranational Polity: The European Court and Integration
Authors: Stone Sweet Alec , Caporaso James A.
Published: August 2004

Proposes and tests a theory of legal integration as a process by which a supranational legal system has been constructed in Europe, centred on the European Court of Justice. It argues that legal integration has been driven by the emergence and consolidation of specific causal linkages between three factors: transnational exchange, triadic dispute resolution, and the production of legal rules. Once forged, these linkages generate a self‐sustaining dynamic that serves to expand the scope of supranational governance and to accelerate the institutionalization of existing supranational policy‐making authority at the expense of intergovernmental arrangements. The chapter begins by elaborating the principal‐agent model of delegation that is supported by the intergovernmentalist approach, and provides a theoretic explanation of the process by which bargaining between the principals (national governments) is replaced by decision‐making within the agents (supranational organizations). The application of the theory is tested against two policy domains—the free movement of goods and the provision of social services.
Rules, Transgovernmentalism, and the Expansion of European Political Cooperation
Authors: Smith Michael E.
Published: August 2004

Investigates why the EPC process (and its successor, the Common Foreign and Security Policy) have appeared to be ‘less than supranational, but more than intergovernmental’. First, it outlines a theoretical argument challenging the view that governments have dominated the EPC/CFSP decision‐making process. It then shows how EPC began to evolve (against the wishes of some governments) beyond its intergovernmental origins into a transgovernmental network, producing rules that became associated with European Community rules and procedures, and encouraged the involvement of EC actors. It then describes the process by which EPC was replaced by CFSP, inaugurating a new and supranational institutional basis for CFSP.
Human Rights
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: August 2004

The purpose of this chapter is to articulate an understanding of basic human rights that is sufficiently clear and cogent to serve as the core of a justice‐based moral theory of international law. To accomplish this goal, the concept of human rights is first analysed into its key elements, and the analysis is used to explain how assertions about human rights can be justified, and show that plausible justifications for basic human rights can be grounded in a diversity of moral and religious perspectives. Next, several objections to the claim that there are human rights or that they can play a fundamental role in a moral theory of international law are refuted, and it is argued that the right to minimally democratic governance should be included among the rights that international law ascribes to all persons—whether it is a human right or of instrumental value in securing human rights, or both. It is then shown that the use of coercion to protect basic human rights is compatible with a proper tolerance for the diversity of values, and the chapter concludes with a discussion of how the international legal order can cope with the ineliminable abstractness of human rights norms. The seven parts of the chapter are: I. Clarifying the Idea of Human Rights; II. The Justification of Assertions about the Existence of Human Rights; III. A Plurality of Converging Justifications for Human Rights; IV. Is democracy a Human Right?; V. Critiques of Human Rights; VI. Human Rights and the Bounds of Toleration; and VII. The Inelimable Indeterminacy of Human Rights and its Implications for the Moral Theory of International Law.
Distributive Justice
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: August 2004

This chapter grapples with the most controversial topic in the discourse of human rights: distributive justice. The chief questions to be addressed are (1) whether a justice‐based international legal order should include rights of distributive justice (sometimes called social and economic rights) for individuals that exceed the right to the means of subsistence that is already widely recognized in international and regional human rights instruments, and (2) whether international law should recognize not only individuals but collectivities such as states or “peoples” or nations as having rights of distributive justice. To situate these questions, the chapter begins by considering alternative explanations for widespread skepticism about the possibility that distributive justice can have a significant place in the international legal order. The remaining sections of the chapter discuss: I. The Place of Distributive Justice in International Law; II. Reasons for Rejecting a Prominent Role for Distributive Justice in International Law Today; III. Deep Distributive Pluralism; IV. Societal Distributive Autonomy; and V. Institutional Capacity and Lack of Political Will.
Political Legitimacy
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: August 2004

This second part of the book turns to an examination of the conditions under which it is morally justifiable to exercise political power to enforce international law in the pursuit of justice. Ch. 5 develops a justice‐based conception of political legitimacy, where “political legitimacy” is defined as follows: An entity has political legitimacy if and only if it is morally justified in exercising political power, where the exercise of political power may, in turn, be defined as the (credible) attempt to achieve supremacy in the making, application, and enforcement of laws within a jurisdiction. It is argued that an entity that exercises political power is morally justified in doing so only if it meets a minimal standard of justice, understood as the protection of basic human rights. The conception of political legitimacy offered is meant to be perfectly general, and applies to any entity that wields political power, whether at the state, regional, or international level; it is used again in Chs 6–8. The eight sections of the chapter are: I. Political Legitimacy and the Morality of Political Power; The Irrelevance of the Idea that We Owe Compliance to the Government; III. Explaining the Preoccupation with the Government's Right to be Obeyed; IV. Toward a Theory of Political Legitimacy; V. Why Should Some Persons Rather than Others Wield Political Power?; VI. Democracy and Mutual Obligations among Citizens; and VIII. Conclusions.
Recognitional Legitimacy
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: August 2004

Ch. 5 outlined an argument for a justice‐based general conception of what might be called internal political legitimacy: the conditions under which the exercise of political power within a political entity's own borders is morally justified. This conception of internal political legitimacy is used in Ch. 6 as a component of an account of recognitional legitimacy (also called international legitimacy). The concept of recognitional legitimacy plays a central role in international legal institutions and international affairs, where states, governments, and insurgency movements may all be recognized or not recognized as legitimate by individual states, groups of states, or regional or international organizations. The primary focus of this chapter is recognitional legitimacy as applied to states—i.e. on the judgement that a particular entity should or should not be recognized as a member in good standing of the system of states, with all the rights, powers, liberties, and immunities that go with that status; the guiding idea of the approach is that recognition is an act with serious moral implications and, as such, ought to be governed by rules that are themselves morally justifiable. The three sections of the chapter are: The Concept of Recognitional Legitimacy; II. Justifying the Justice‐Based Theory of Recognitional Legitimacy; and III. Legitimacy of States Versus Legitimacy of Governments.
The Legitimacy of the International Legal System
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: August 2004

Completes the second part of the book, and relies on the conception of political legitimacy delineated in Ch. 5 to advance a justice‐based, rather than a consent‐based, account of system legitimacy: a set of criteria that the international legal system would have to meet in order to be legitimate. Building on groundwork already laid in Chs 1 and 5, it is shown why, contrary to the dominant view among international lawyers, the consent of states cannot confer legitimacy on the international legal system. In addition, it is argued that it is a mistake to assume that political equality among states is a necessary condition for system legitimacy, and that the international legal system, like any system for the exercise of political power, ought to be democratic. It is also shown that the idea of democratizing the international legal system is an ambiguous one and should not be equated with increasing state majoritarianism in the workings of the system; the charge that the international legal system has a “democratic deficit” is valid, but it is a mistake to assume that the remedy is to make the system conform more closely to the ideal of democracy as state majoritarianism. The eight sections of the chapter are: I. The Question of System Legitimacy; II. The Case for Having an International Legal System; III. A Justice‐Based Conception of System Legitimacy; IV. The Consent Theory of System Legitimacy; I. Moral Minimalism and the Consent Theory of System Legitimacy. VI. The Instrumental Argument for State Consent as a Necessary Condition for System Legitimacy; VII. Is Democracy a Necessary Condition of System Legitimacy?; and VIII. The Pursuit of Justice in an Imperfect System.
Principled Proposals for Reform
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: August 2004

Briefly restates the central argument of the book and then summarizes the main proposals for reforming the international legal system that the preceding chapters have developed on its basis. It sets the stage for Ch. 11, which explores morally accessible ways of undertaking the proposed reforms. The four sections of the chapter are: I. A Justice‐Based Approach; II. An International Legal Order Grounded in Obligation, not Mere Permissibility; III. Linking Justice, Legitimacy, and Self‐Determination; and IV. Needed Reforms.
Governing with Judges
Authors: Sweet Alec Stone
Published: August 2004

Advances the thesis that legislative processes are increasingly influenced by constitutional judges and the discursive practices of constitutional adjudication. Parallel to this process, the ordinary judiciary has been carving out wide‐ranging powers of judicial review for itself, seeking to alter statutes deemed unconstitutional. As Stone Sweet argues forcefully, these phenomena have combined to undermine parliamentary sovereignty and to transform the very nature of European government and society. These arguments are illustrated by the detailed comparative examination of five pivotal cases: France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the EU.

The discussion of the immediate subject matter takes place, embedded into a wider set of concerns: what are the sources and consequences of judicial power? Why is judicial rule making often basic to institutionalization and political change? Already a classic in the ongoing debate about constitutional politics, this book offers important contributions to the literature on new institutionalism, rational choice theory, and the new constitutionalism in Continental legal theory.
Norms, Dispute Resolution, and Judicialization
Authors: Stone Sweet Alec
Published: August 2004

The regular and effective settlement of disputes by a third‐party dispute resolver leads to the evolution of a set of behavioural norms, which become authoritative in society. In turn, normative evolution shapes how interests are formed and power operates. In the context of constitutional law and politics, this system of reciprocal influence has led to the judicialization of European politics and the constitutionalization of European law. The final section of this chapter surveys a variety of perspectives on European constitutional politics, including a principal‐agent framework, the legislative politics approach, judicial decision‐making and conceptualizing legal normative autonomy.
Constitutional Adjudication and Parliamentary Democracy
Authors: Stone Sweet Alec
Published: August 2004

Focuses on how and why parliamentary systems of governance have accommodated constitutional review. The American and European models of constitutional review are contrasted, and the history, structure, and function of European constitutional courts are surveyed. The necessity of review in defending human rights and its conceptualization as a means of completing the constitution over time are found to be particularly important across these cases, but factors explaining the variance in the judicialization of European law‐making are also identified. The chapter ends with a discussion of the main determinants of European constitutional politics.
Theory of Constitutional Politics
Authors: Stone Sweet Alec
Published: August 2004

The book's main findings are integrated into a theory of the dynamics of constitutional politics. Politicization and judicialization are expected to be found taking place together, and the conditions under which one produces the other are spelt out, both at the normative macro‐level and the strategically driven micro‐level. The analytically distinct features of the four stages that comprise this circular path are examined individually. In the final evaluation, the techniques of constitutional adjudication are argued to tend to diffuse; therefore, governing with judges also means governing like judges.
Finite Sample Econometrics
Authors: Ullah Aman
Published: August 2004

This book presents a comprehensive and unified treatment of finite sample theory, and its application to estimators and test statistics used in various econometric models. Time series, cross section, and panel data models are considered. The results are explored for linear and nonlinear models, as well as models with normal and nonnormal errors. The book contains seven chapters. Chapter 1 presents an introduction to finite sample econometrics. Chapter 2 gives methods of obtaining the moments of econometric statistics. Chapter 3 provides methods for analysing distributions. Finite sample results for various econometric models are discussed in Chapters 4-7.
Introduction
Authors: Ullah Aman
Published: August 2004

This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion on the importance of finite sample econometrics. The developments in this area are described. An overview of the chapters in this volume is then presented.
Finite Sample Moments
Authors: Ullah Aman
Published: August 2004

This chapter derives techniques for obtaining exact and approximate moments of a function of random vector/matrix. A special case of the function considered is the ratio of quadratic forms, which contains a large class of econometric estimators and test statistics. Results are analysed for both the i.i.d and non-i.i.d observations, and for linear and nonlinear models.
Dynamic Time Series Model
Authors: Ullah Aman
Published: August 2004

This chapter presents the finite sample analysis of the time series models used in economics and finance. It considers the autoregressive model (AR), AR with regressors, and autoregressive moving average models with regressors. The exact and approximate moments, as well as distributions of the estimators of the lag coefficients and regression coefficients were derived and analysed.
Simultaneous Equations Model
Authors: Ullah Aman
Published: August 2004

This chapter analyses the moments and distributions of the estimators in the simultaneous equations models using techniques derived in Chapters 2 and 3. It also discusses literature on finite sample analysis in econometrics.
Market Integrators for Rural‐based Industrialization: The Case of the Hand‐Weaving Industry in Laos
Authors: Ohno Akihiko
Published: August 2004

This chapter discusses how traders in Laos emerge as market integrators in the hand-weaving industry. It presents a profile of the Lao handloom industry, the marketing process and contractual arrangements in the weaving sector, case studies of master weavers, and case studies retailers. It argues that community relations facilitate market integration by deterring agents’ opportunism. This also ensures efficient transactions for the relational contracting system when combined with measures such as process-based trust and governance over the products.
State, Community and Market in the Deterioration of a National Irrigation System in the Philippines
Authors: Kikuchi Masao , Fujita Masako , Hayami Yujiro
Published: August 2004

This chapter examines the role of the state, community and market in deterioration of a national irrigation system in the Philippines. It cites the danger in hastily handing over systems from state to community management without considering the limits of local communities’ organizational capacity. It highlights the need for community-enhancing policies for the efficient management of relatively large-scale local commons.
Liberal Reforms and Community Responses in Mexico
Authors: de Janvry Alain , Dutilly Céline , Muñoz‐Piña Carlos , Sadoulet Elisabeth
Published: August 2004

The ejido communities in Mexico were the product of the state as part of the settlement of a bloody peasant-led revolution at the beginning of the century. The reforms of 1992 devolved to the communities control over the management of common property resources (CPR) and delivery of local public goods, giving them control over the appropriation or preservation of the commons. This chapter examines how communities adjusted their behaviour from state-led to community-led cooperation, and how they took advantage of opportunities offered by the reforms to appropriate CPR as individual tenures, and incorporate new members with decision making rights.
Comments
Authors: North Douglass C.
Published: August 2004

This section presents Douglass North’s comments on the drafts of the chapters discussed during the final conference leading to the current book. He discusses the fundamentals of human interaction, and argues that a useful common denominator of human interaction is a transaction cost approach. Human beings are concerned with costs of measurement, enforcement, and different kinds of exchange conditions. Thus, they follow very different patterns, which have been elucidated in a number of papers in the conference. He makes special mention of several papers, namely those of Yujiro Hayami on vegetable marketing in Indonesia, Akihiki Ohno on hand-weaving in Laos, Jonathan Morduch on China, and Jean-Phillipe Platteau on cooperative.
The Black Sea
Authors: King Charles
Published: August 2004

The Black Sea has long formed a zone of interaction—sometimes cordial, sometimes conflictual—among the peoples and states around its shores, from the Balkans to the Caucasus, from Russia to Turkey. To the ancient Greeks, the sea lay at the edge of the known world. In time the growth of Greek trading colonies linked all the coasts into a web of economic relationships. In the Middle Ages the sea was tied to the great commercial cities of the Mediterranean. Later the Ottomans used the region's resources to build their own empire. In the late eighteenth century the sea was opened to foreign commerce, and the sea coasts were part of a genuinely global system of trade. After the collapse of the Russian and Ottoman empires, the coastline was carved up among a number of newly formed nation-states, with each asserting its right to a piece of the coast and a section of the coastal waters. Today, efforts to resurrect the idea of the Black Sea as a unified region are once again on the international agenda. Based on extensive research in multiple languages, this book provides a comprehensive guide to the history, cultures, and politics of the sea, and its future at the heart of Europe and Eurasia.
Mare Maggiore, 500–1500
Authors: King Charles
Published: August 2004

The Byzantine empire, with its capital in Constantinople, was a quintessentially Black Sea power, yet profiting from the empire's own geography proved difficult. Relations with northern barbarians were a constant concern. In time the Byzantines ceded control of the sea to the commercial Mediterranean empires of Venice and Genoa. The Italians helped to revive the trading relations that had flourished under the ancient Greeks.
Kara Deniz, 1500–1700
Authors: King Charles
Published: August 2004

The Ottomans guarded the Black Sea as a great prize and, after their conquest of Constantinople, gradually restricted access by outside ships. For the first time all the sea's coasts were brought into a single commercial and political network. Trade, especially in slaves, enriched the empire. In time, however, the rise of the Cossacks and, later, Russia turned the sea and its northern coast into a source of insecurity.
Facing the Water
Authors: King Charles
Published: August 2004

Despite the effort to deconstruct the Black Sea region in the twentieth century, there are still vestiges of the sea as a unified space. Since the end of the cold war, politicians have promoted regionalism as a way of building a cooperative economic zone, but poverty and interstate rivalries have remained as obstacles. The legacy of cultural interaction over the centuries is evident, however, and emigration from the region has produced communities abroad with some sense of common identity and a connection to the sea.
Properties of seasonal time series
Authors: Franses Philip Hans , Paap Richard
Published: August 2004

Chapter 2 aims to convince the reader that economic time series show marked seasonality and an obvious trend, and, foremost, that the patterns of these trends and seasonal fluctuations do not seem to be very stable over time, nor do they seem to be similar across time series. We illustrate this for a range of quarterly US industrial production series, but other quarterly series from other countries would have yielded the same qualitative conclusion, as a glance at the relevant literature will indicate. We use graphical techniques and recently developed tests for seasonal unit roots. When economic data show evidence of unit roots, then one can conclude that the trend or the seasonal patterns are of a stochastic nature. This observation provides motivation for considering periodic models for economic data with a stochastic trend.
Periodic models for trending data
Authors: Franses Philip Hans , Paap Richard
Published: August 2004

In Chapter 4 we address the issue of how to incorporate descriptions of trends in periodic models. It is well known that the trend in many economic time series may be characterized by a so-called unit root in the autoregressive part of the model, together with a non-zero intercept, although several series allow for a purely deterministic trend. For periodic models, the notions of unit roots and deterministic trends become a little more complicated as there might be different trends across the seasons, thereby, for example, allowing for increasing or decreasing seasonal variation. If a periodic autoregression has a single unit root, this will appear as a function of all parameters in the model. If this restriction does not coincide with the well-known (1,-1) filter, that is, the first-differencing, then the data are periodically integrated. We discuss testing for periodic integration and the role of deterministic terms in periodic models. All material is illustrated using quarterly US industrial production series.
Model
Authors: Davidson Ivor J.
Published: August 2004

Ambrose models his text on the three books of Cicero's De officiis, written by Cicero to his son Marcus in 44 BC, under the influence of the Stoic philosopher Panaetius (with some further debts to Posidonius and other thinkers). Ambrose highlights the parallels between Cicero's work and his own, retaining a comparable three–book structure and addressing himself to his clerical ‘sons’. He discusses the honourable in Book 1, arranging this around the classical scheme of the cardinal virtues (prudence, justice, courage, temperance); the beneficial follows in Book 2; and Book 3 addresses the relationship between the honourable and the beneficial. The honourable is defined with reference to knowing and pleasing God, and the beneficial as that which contributes to the attainment of eternal life. The two cannot be in tension since both relate to the purposes of God, though the honourable is depicted as the supreme good.
Composition
Authors: Davidson Ivor J.
Published: August 2004

Though it has often been thought that the work was composed out of a series of sermons, De officiis is essentially a written text, even if it draws upon homiletic material in a few places.
Purpose of the Work
Authors: Davidson Ivor J.
Published: August 2004

Ambrose's purpose is not to build bridges between Cicero and Christ, but to replace Cicero's work with a new Christian account of duties, designed to show the gospel's social triumph in a transformed Roman Empire. His text is intended for a variety of readerships: the clergy of Milan and Northern Italy; educated lay Christians; and interested secular sophisticates such as Symmachus.
The Influence of De Officiis
Authors: Davidson Ivor J.
Published: August 2004

Evidence of the text's influence in the early church is actually quite sparse, though it was certainly known by Augustine and Cassiodorus. It was much cited in medieval times, and exercised a very strong interest for many in the Renaissance and the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It may have been more popular for its use of Cicero than for its prescriptions for pastoral theology.
Latinity
Authors: Davidson Ivor J.
Published: August 2004

Ambrose's Latin is saturated with biblical influence. In addition to Cicero, there are also debts to several other classical authors, especially Vergil. While he professed to shun adornment in his style, there are many rhetorical flourishes in his text, and a significant use of imagery. Overall, however, his preoccupation is to ‘sound’ biblical, and to commend biblical material to his readers.
Introduction: Capability and Valuation
Authors: Alkire Sabina
Published: August 2004

Starts with an overview of the problem of capability and valuation in the context of Amartya Sen's capability approach. It describes the book as an attempt to operationalize the capability approach, and takes as a focal problem the need for a methodology by which Oxfam field staff in Pakistan could identify which ‘valuable’ capabilities a development activity had expanded or contracted. The rest of the chapter identifies the problem more precisely: Sen's capability approach is introduced, and several salient criticisms of it are reviewed; the need for a framework is discussed; and the approach taken by John Finnis summarized. Finally, the key terms and sources used in the book are introduced, and the structure of the book is outlined, showing the relation of each chapter to the overall topic. The chapters are tethered to the problem of how to identify, obtain, and process the information that is required to implement the capability approach in the assessment of poverty reduction initiatives at the micro‐economic level.
Poverty and Human Development
Authors: Alkire Sabina
Published: August 2004

Each of the four chapters of Part I of the book synthesizes one aspect that must be specified in the operationalization of the capability approach, then proposes a framework for doing so. The issue of this second chapter is how one ‘specifies’ the dimensions of valuable functioning or capability. Martha Nussbaum's work on central human capabilities and John Finnis's work on basic human reasons for action are both presented, and then alternative accounts of universal human needs and values are briefly considered. The theoretical conception of basic human values that has been developed by Finnis is proposed as being a conception that enables and requires participatory dialogue in application, has objective foundations, and can also coherently engage with and be refined by the large and growing empirical literatures on happiness, subjective well‐being, quality of life indicators, and views of the poor—which have not been well‐integrated with poverty reduction approaches. This conception can also mesh well with methodological literatures on participation, and be used by persons with diverse philosophical approaches and opinions. Ends with a table listing the dimensions of human development from 39 different disciplines.