bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Principles of European Law Study Group on a European Civil Code Lease of Goods (PEL LG)
Authors: Lilleholt Kåre , Victorin† Anders , Fötschl Andreas , Konow Berte-Elen R , Meidell Andreas , Tørum Amund Bjøranger
Published: November 2023

The Study Group on a European Civil Code has taken upon itself the task of drafting common European principles for the most important aspects of the law of obligations and for certain parts of the law of property in movables which are especially relevant for the functioning of the common market. Like the Commission on European Contract Law's Principles of European Contract Law, the results of the research conducted by the Study Group on a European Civil Code seek to advance the process of Europeanisation of private law. Among other topics the series tackles sales and service contracts, distribution contracts and security rights, renting contracts and loan agreements, negotiorum gestio, delicts and unjustified enrichment law, transfer of property, and trust law. The principles furnish each of the national jurisdictions a grid reference. They can be agreed upon by the parties within the framework of the rules of private international law. They may provide a stimulus to both the national and European legislator for moulding private law. Beyond this, they aim to further discussion about the creation of a European Civil Code, or a Common Frame of Reference in the area of patrimonial law, by submitting a concrete model. The Principles of European Law are published in co-operation with Bruylant (Belgium), Sellier (Germany), and Staempfli Publishers Ltd. (Switzerland).
The Evolution of Business Knowledge in Smaller Firms
Authors: Thorpe Richard , Jones Oswald , Macpherson Allan , Holt Robin
Published: November 2023

Smaller firms form an important part of any economy. In the United Kingdom, there are 4.3 million firms and 99.8% have less than 250 employees. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) account for 50% of all UK economic activity and 58.7% of private sector jobs (Tilley and Tonge 2003; SBS 2007). In addition to their contribution in GDP terms, small firms are also important sources of innovation (Tether 2000). Notwithstanding this economic contribution, we still know relatively little about the management processes in smaller firms. It is only relatively recently that they have been taken seriously by academic researchers and afforded the importance they deserve.
Knowledge Brokering in High-Tech Start-Ups
Authors: Zhang Joanne Jin , Baden-Fuller Charles
Published: November 2023

It is well established that brokers (boundary-spanning individuals) add value to organizations because they bring together in the course of their brokering activities much needed knowledge (Burt 1992), including information and know-how (Kogut and Zander 1992). Studies in different research streams have emphasized that this knowledge is typically technical or rare and has a measurable influence on the actor’s survival and success, see for instance the work on intra-organization technical communication (Tushman and Scanlan 1981), project-based television and film talent recruiting (Bielby and Bielby 1999), and employee recruiting (Finlay and Coverdill 2000).
Knowledge Integration and Resource Selection in the UK Film Industry
Authors: Lampel Joseph , Jha Pushkar
Published: November 2023

The production of knowledge from other knowledge is a complex and uncertain business. It is complex because the production of knowledge often depends on the integration of disparate bodies of knowledge, and it is uncertain because under most circumstances knowledge cannot be separated from the human beings and the social settings in which it is embedded.

The problem of knowledge integration has therefore two facets.
Rethinking the Role of Management Consultants as Disseminators of Business Knowledge Knowledge Flows, Directions, and Conditions in Consulting Projects
Authors: Sturdy Andrew , Handley Karen , Clark Timothy , Fincham Robin
Published: November 2023

Consultants are seen as core agents in the dissemination of business knowledge through their relative expertise and/or rhetorical and knowledge management practices. However, relatively few studies focus specifically on their role in projects with client organizations. This chapter examines knowledge flow in consultancy projects from longitudinal observation and interview research as well as a survey of clients and consultants working together. Our analysis suggests that the conventional view of consultants as disseminators of new management ideas to clients is, at best, exaggerated and certainly misrepresents their role in project work.
Antagonism, Knowledge, and Innovation: Organizations and Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Hanlon Gerard
Published: November 2023

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has grown as a strategically important area for business over the past twenty years. Most recently, the Economist and Harvard Business Review (2003) ran special issues on CSR, and increasing numbers of academic papers are being written on CSR. On top of this, in the ‘real’ world, corporations such as British Nuclear Fuels Ltd and Shell have embarked upon ongoing dialogues with stakeholders over a number of years in bids to become what Shell called ‘the world’s most admired company’ (Fombrum and Rindova 2000) through a process of engagement and transparency.
Conclusions
Authors: Scarbrough Harry
Published: November 2023

It is risky to generalize too far about a series of studies that ranges so widely across different settings and topics. In surveying the contribution made by preceding chapters, though, it seems safe to claim that they demonstrate the extraordinarily multifaceted nature of knowledge and learning in a business context. Previous studies have rather emphasized the formation and application of particular forms of knowledge, be it through organizational learning, the scientific knowledge produced by R&D functions, or the specialist expertise of engineers and other professional groups. The much richer view that the preceding chapters give us is in many cases testimony to the methodological choices made by their authors. In a number of these chapters, the micro-level or multi-level approach adopted sees knowledge as essentially ‘socially constructed’ (Berger and Luckmann 1967); not so much an input to or output from firms, but rather emerging from the way people work together in different business contexts, both to develop shared understandings of their work and to create and absorb new ideas about it.
Challenge Of International Lawlessness
Authors: Jackson Robert H
Published: November 2023

As men experienced in the conduct of legal institutions which, among men, have largely displaced violence by adjudication, we should have some practical competence in measures to maintain justice among nations. The Roosevelt-Churchill conference has directed discussion toward the implications of the war in terms of peace. But our people are still thinking cynically of all peace plans, for they feel frustrated and aggrieved at the interruption of a peace they had thought to be permanent.
Nurnberg Trials
Authors: Dodd Thomas J
Published: November 2023

The author, a resident of Lebanon, Conn., is special assistant to the Attorney General of the U. S. and has been Chief Trial Counsel for the U. S. in many important prosecutions. During the war years he prosecuted espionage in war fraud cases. He is Vice-President of the International Penal Law Society and was Executive Trial Counsel to Mr. Justice Robert H. Jackson, the Chief American prosecutor at the Nurnberg trial.—adversary proceedings, of the historical facts and forces, before and during the worst war in history.
The Nuremberg Trial
Authors: Lawrence (Lord Oaksey) Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

The Prime Minister, The Rt. Hon. Clement R. Attlee: Ladies and Gentlemen: It is a great privilege to me tonight to introduce to you an old schoolfellow who has done, I think, a very great work. We have seen in the past decade all kinds of standards of civilization swept away. At the Nuremberg Trial it fell to Lord Justice Lawrence to show the whole world what British justice means, and I hold that in that he did a high honour to himself, a high honour to this country and a great service to the world.
The Nuremberg Trials and the Question of Responsibility for Aggression
Authors: Poltorak A I
Published: November 2023

The entire world is troubled by the aggressive actions of the US against the Vietnamese people. During this war, unleashed by the United States, the American warmongers have started to use barbaric means of warfare, such as napalm bombs and poisonous gases which are prohibited under the Geneva Protocol of 1925. The policy being implemented by the US towards the Vietnamese people is a brutal infringement of the UN Charter and the Geneva Agreements of 1954 and it is, in essence, an open and blatant act of aggression, i.e., a crime according to Article 6(a) of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal.
Nuremberg Legacy’
Authors: Bassiouni M Cherif
Published: November 2023

On August 8, 1945, the London Charter was signed, opening the way for the prosecution of the major war criminals of the European theater of operations before the International Military Tribunal (IMT) sitting at Nuremberg.² The following year the Allies established the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) in Tokyo, a counterpart tribunal for the major war criminals of the Asia-Pacific theater of operations. The two, however, are legally distinguishable. The IMT was established by a treaty, originally signed by the Four Major Allies and acceded to by nineteen European states. The IMTFE, however, was established by the military order of General Douglas MacArthur pursuant to his authority as Supreme Allied Commander for the Pacific.
Coping with family and friends
Authors: Selikowitz Mark
Published: November 2023

The birth of any child can increase tensions in a marriage, and the birth of a child with Down syndrome will usually place extra stress on the parents. It is important for parents to be aware of the problems that siblings of a child with Down syndrome may face, and to take steps to minimize these. Grandparents usually feel helpless and it is often best to involve them in some way. You will need to develop strategies for dealing with the occasional hurtful reaction, and it is worthwhile giving some thought to these early on, so that you do not find yourself unprepared.
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS/ME)
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael
Published: November 2023

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) remains one of the most controversial illnesses, both in terms of its causes, and the best ways to treat the illness. For years, sufferers have had to deal with scepticism from their families, employers, and even health care professionals. The vast amount of conflicting advice that has been published up to now has served only to confuse sufferers, and professionals, even more. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: The Facts presents a compassionate guide to this illness, providing sufferers and their families, with practical advice, based solely on scientific evidence. It is unique in being written by both a sufferer and a physician, both of whom have had extensive experience of talking to, and helping, patients. Included in the book is a detailed guide to self-help, written from a patient's perspective, but evidence-based. The book also deals with a number of special issues, advising on how to choose therapies and therapists, and how to deal with CFS in children. The book additionally includes an overview of the history of the illness, looking at the nature and causes of CFS, and the opportunities for the future. The book will be invaluable for sufferers from CFS, their friends and families, and the numerous health professionals who come into contact with sufferers from this illness.
Appropriate exercise
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael
Published: November 2023

You may well have found that doing nothing for a day or two reduces your symptoms. Understandably, therefore, you may have decided that more rest is the answer. However, though we all need reasonable periods of good quality rest, too much rest also has bad effects. It leads to muscle weakness, stiff joints, poor circulation with postural hypotension (loss of blood pressure control causing dizziness on standing up), and back problems. It also causes loss of motivation and poor concentration, and in the long term more fatigue. Research for the American space program me found that prolonged rest—even for periods as short as 2 weeks—can cause these changes, even in fit young people.
Getting the best from today
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael
Published: November 2023

We hope that by trying out some of the strategies for self-help we have outlined in previous chapters your condition will start to improve (even if only very slowly) so that you can look forward to a better tomorrow.
Managing employment
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael
Published: November 2023

You may still be working (even with great difficulty) or you may not be working but have made enough improvement to be able to think about getting back to work. What would be the best way of managing employment without putting too much strain on yourself? As we have said before, each person and each situation is different, so there are no hard and fast rules. However, we can offer some general, tried and tested suggestions.
Methodological Challenges Associated with Public Service Motivation Research
Authors: Wright Bradley E
Published: November 2023

Using individual attitudes and values to explain employee behavior is fraught with difficulties. In particular, any such endeavor will face numerous challenges in both measuring the existence/prevalence of the relevant constructs as well as meeting the conditions necessary for making causal claims between them. Confidence in any theory of work-related behavior can only be developed by building a substantial body of empirical work as no single study can fully satisfy the conditions necessary to establish existence or causality. The study of public service motivation is no exception. To identify some of the more immediate challenges that must be addressed, it is necessary to review the current status of the public service motivation literature as a whole. Given the relative infancy of public service motivation research, it should be neither surprising nor disheartening to find that scholars must still address a number of fundamental methodological challenges.
Behavior in the Public Square
Authors: Houston David J
Published: November 2023

The consequences of public service motivation for work-related attitudes and behaviors have been a focus of scholars (e.g. Crewson, 1997; Kim, 2005; Naff & Crum, 1999). However, public service motivation has implications for behavior beyond the workplace. An ethic that embodies compassion, self-sacrifice, and a commitment to the public interest is likely to influence attitudes and behaviors of individuals in civic community. In this way, public service motivation likely influences behavior in the public square, yet little research attention has focused on this implication. The role that public servants play in the public square is an important topic of research given global concerns over declining social capital. Associational involvement and prosocial behavior are regarded as important for enhancing social trust and capital (Denters et al., 2007; Stolle & Rochon, 1999). To the extent that public service motivation fosters social trust through these acts, public servants are important catalysts for enhancing depleted stores of social capital through both their work and nonwork activities. When levels of social capital are high, government performs better (Cusack, 1999; Knack, 2000; Rice, 2001). Hence, concerns over civic participation and prosocial behavior may be important for making public servants not just better citizens but better servants too (Brewer, 2003).
Reflections: Institutional Theory and World Society
Authors: Meyer John W
Published: November 2023

Sociological institutional (or neo-institutional) theory, as it has developed since the 1970s, has provided a useful perspective from which to understand the rise, nature, and impact of the modern world order or society. For many decades, social theories maintained postures that made it difficult to think of the world as a society, and theorists who did so (e.g., Heintz 1972; Luhmann 1975; Bull and Watson 1984; Robertson 1992) tended to be the exceptions. The world was seen as anarchical (by realists in political science) or as an economy without a regulating polity (by world systems students, following Wallerstein 1974) rather than as a society.
Ending Employment
Authors: Hill Henrietta , Kenyon Richard
Published: November 2023

There are a range of good reasons why an employer may wish to terminate an employee’s employment: lack of capability, misconduct, redundancy, because continuing the relationship would breach a statutory requirement, retirement, or some other substantial reason. Yet the ending of the employment relationship can be one of the most stressful and upsetting experiences for employees to face. We cannot promise that, by following the suggestions we make in this chapter, an employee whose contract is terminated will depart on good terms.
Risk, Dangerousness, and Serious Further Offending
Authors: Nash Mike , Williams Andy
Published: November 2023

One of the most recurrent criticisms of the many inquiries discussed in this book is that the risk assessment of serious harm has been inadequate. This criticism does not only apply to one agency or in one-off situations. Instead it crosses all agencies and refers to decisions at every stage of the criminal justice process. For the public perhaps, the most important stage involves prisoners prior to release. Here is the ‘final opportunity ‘ to get it right so to speak; in other words it is an opportunity to deny release and thereby better protect the public. This would, however, be a false assumption, for those release decisions are not last ditch opportunities, but are the culmination of a series of decisions and intervention phases in the offender ‘s life.
Organizational Structures —MAPPA and NOMS
Authors: Nash Mike , Williams Andy
Published: November 2023

Probably the most commonly cited ‘cause ‘ of a tragedy in child protection or criminal justice is a ‘failure of communication ‘ between agencies (see, for example, Reder, Duncan, and Gray (1993) for child protection). By implication improving the quality and effectiveness of communication will help improve ‘protection ‘, in whatever field. This though is clearly easier said than done when the recurrent frequency of such recommendations is considered. We have to note also that communication is more than a simple exchange of information. There is an exchange of information and then, on top of this, the exchange of the relevant information.
Serious Further Offending— Types, Reviews, and Research
Authors: Nash Mike , Williams Andy
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews the published research on serious further offending. Because this research spans the last ten years, during which time there was a change in the key terminology used, the terms serious incidents and serious further offending are used interchangeably throughout this chapter. In the process of examining this research we have attempted to highlight key themes and issues pertinent to understanding serious further offending. Such offences come in all shapes and sizes and we have introduced in the first section a number of examples that span the range of offences. From these examples we have also highlighted a number of important information points that help identify key warning signs and/or trigger events in the lead up to, and during the commission of the SFO.
Inside the Courts A Sketch of the Courts
Authors: Terris Daniel , Romano Cesare P R , Swigart Leigh
Published: November 2023

International courts and tribunals are complex institutions, with judges constituting a single element among many. In addition to the bench, international courts have administrative arms, often known as the registry, and, if they are criminal tribunals, a prosecutorial unit as well. These various branches of international courts are designed to work together in moving along the process of justice in the most effective manner. Courts are also staffed by large numbers of people who represent diverse nationalities, language and cultural groups, legal traditions, social systems, political ideologies, and worldviews. Some courts may further- more consider cases that come from a wide range of geographic areas and deal with many different substantive issues.
The Intellectual and Social Organization Of the Sciences
Authors: Whitley Richard
Published: November 2023

In a rapidly changing and inter-disciplinary world it is important to understand the nature and generation of knowledge, and its social organization. Increasing attention is paid in the social sciences and management studies to the constitution and claims of different theories, perspectives, and 'paradigms'. This book is one of the most respected and robust analyses of these issues. For this new paperback edition Richard Whitley - a leading figure in European business education - has written a new introduction which addresses the particular epistemological issues presented by management and business studies. He approaches the sciences as differently organized systems for the production and validation of knowledge - systems which become established in particular contexts and which generate different sorts of knowledge. He identifies seven major types of scientific field and discusses the establishment and growth of these sciences, including the major consequences of the nineteenth-century expansion of employment opportunities for researchers; the competitive pursuit of public reputations; and the domination of intellectual work by employees. He also examines the divergences in the way research is organized and controlled both in different fields, and in the same field within different historical circumstances. This book will be of interest to all graduate students concerned with the social study of knowledge, science, technology, and the history and philosophy of science.
Psychology and Industrial Relations
Authors: Brotherton Chris
Published: November 2023

As many contributions to this book point out, industrial relations, as an academic discipline, has experienced an uneven intellectual development. Whilst industrial relations addresses important issues for society there has, at times, been little agreement on precisely what constitutes the scholarly and the scientific agenda for industrial relations as a subject of study. The issue of focus is perhaps made more difficult by the fact that industrial relations, since its inception, has been multi-disciplinary. Within that framework psychology has had an even more chequered history than either other contributing disciplines or industrial relations as a whole. Addressing an audience gathered at Ruskin College, Oxford, in the late 1960s Len Murray, then the General Secretary of the Trade Union Congress, drew the analogy of the quadrille in describing the practice of industrial relations.
Changing Boundaries of Participation in European Public Spheres: Reflections on Citizenship and Civil Society
Authors: Soysal Yasemin
Published: November 2023

The unfolding episodes of world politics in the 1990s have brought intensified attempts to redefine nation-state identities and citizenship. This is clearly linked to a series of world-level developments: large-scale international migration, the political reconfigurations in the former socialist countries, and the emergence of regional and transnational political entities, most clearly observed in the case of the European Union. All these developments are closely associated with the reinvention and reassertion of national(ist) narratives throughout the world: fierce struggles for ethnic or national closures in former Yugoslavia, India, Rwanda, and Ireland; the aggressive vocalization of anti-immigrant groups throughout the United States and Europe; an increasing concern with national sovereignties and borders, exemplified in the reactions of some European governments vis-à-vis the advance of the European Union. In addition, the demise of the welfare state, in Europe but also in the United States, increases the stakes of citizenship, which further stirs up restrictionist sentiments and a general attack on citizenship rights.
Colombia: Political Renewal and Decentralization in a Weak State
Authors: Angell Alan , Lowden Pamela , Thorp Rosemary
Published: November 2023

Decentralization in Colombia has been far-reaching and ambitious in its goals. This applies to its fiscal and administrative dimensions, but most especially to its political aims and implications. The introduction of mayoral elections in 1988 and further decentralizing measures enshrined in the 1991 Constitution were responses to the need perceived by the refom1ers then in power to renovate and re-legitimize the political system. By allowing for a fresh layer of democratic local leadership, it was hoped that the power of the regional bosses, sustained by tightly controlled clientelist networks, would be undennined, or at the least, challenged. The hope of reformers was not only to improve the administrative effectiveness and rectitude of the state at the local level, but also to breathe new life into the institution of democracy itself. Although Colombia was spared the military dictators that swept into power in most of the region in the 1970s, its political system had come to be regarded as exclusionary and corrupt by increasing numbers of the population, not merely the subversive forces making their presence felt by the 1980s. Given that context, it is not surprising that decentralization in Colombia has been a major domestic issue-and the subject of considerable conflict and controversy.
Chile: Decentralization with a Strong State and Weak Regions
Authors: Angell Alan , Lowden Pamela , Thorp Rosemary
Published: November 2023

In contrast to Colombia, Chile provides an interesting example of decentralization where the central state is strong and relatively efficient, and where there has been little pressure for change from the weak regions and municipalities. For most of its independent history, the centre has been reluctant to share any significant power with its regions. Only with the dictatorship of General Pinochet were significant functions transferred to the regions and municipalities.
Implications Of The Human Rights Act 1998
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John
Published: November 2023

The principal provisions of the Human Rights Act 1998 came into force on 2 October 2000.1 Extending to England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, it incorporates into UK law the rights and freedoms set out in the European The Human Rights Act 1998 applies to al1 public authorities. The effect of this is that the articles set out in Schedule 1 to the Act shape the way individuals should be treated by public authorities. The 1998 Act is, therefore, potentially relevant to every act or decision taken by a local authority. With regard to statutory nuisance enforcement, this means that decisions whether to serve an abatement notice, or whether to commence (or discontinue with) a prosecution under section 80 of the Environmental Protection Act J 990 CEPA 1990’), have to be made in the light of the Act. Other decisions relevant
Enforcement: Use Of Abatement Notices
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John
Published: November 2023

The key procedural impact of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 ( •EPA 1990’), was the introduction of the abatement notice as a method of controlling statutory nuisances through administrative action. The abatement notice, once served, requires the recipient to remedy the nuisance. At the centre of control is the local authority, which has a duty to inspect for statutory nuisances and to respond to complaints. Once the authority has formed the view that there is a statutory nuisance, it must serve a notice. The question of the extent to which the authority must consult arises at this stage. Further, since the abatement notice exposes the recipient to the risk of prosecution, the notice itself must be carefully drawn within the powers of the local authority. Finally, it must be properly served.
Section 82 Proceedings
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John
Published: November 2023

As a key mechanism for the local control of polluting activities which are harm- 16.01 ful to people, the control of statutory nuisances lies principally with local authorities. However, there is also a route whereby a private individual may prosecute such proceedings himself. This may be necessary where a local authority fails to act or where the action is against the local authority itself. Section 82 of the Environmental Protection Act I 990 (‘EPA J 990’) enables ·person aggrieved’ by a statutory nuisance to bring proceedings2 in the magistrates’ court against the person responsible.
Overview Of Evidential Issues And Preparation For Court
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John
Published: November 2023

‘The procedures for prosecuting for failure to comply with an abatement notice under section 80(4) of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (‘EPA 1990’), appealing against an abatement notice under section 80(3), or bringing summary proceedings under section 82(1), follow the usual procedural routes for such proceedings in magistrates’ courts.1 However, there are certain aspects in relation to statutory nuisance cases where particular problems and issues may arise. Notable amongst these are the evidential issues relating to the investigation of the nuisance and the use of expert technical and scientific evidence. The rules of advance disclosure can also frequently cause difficulties in practice.
The Acquisition of Symbolic Capital by Consultants: The French Case
Authors: Henry Odile
Published: November 2023

The consultant claims to be an expert and to be vested with a symbolic power (Bourdieu 1987), that is a power to produce, by making a diagnosis, an opinion acknowledged as official and transcending individual interests. The power of the expert and, to a lesser extent, the power of the consultant, is a power that creates social reality, by consecrating or revealing that which already exists. When company executives treat the work of the consultant as a farce, claiming that the consultant is only using their opinions, they underline the symbolic (or magical) aspect of that power which enables a consultant to transform a commonly held and hitherto ignored opinion into an official vision of the company and its failures.
Managers as Marionettes? Using Fashion Theories to Explain the Success of Consultancies
Authors: Kieser Alfred
Published: November 2023

The consulting market is exploding (Ernst and Kieser 2002). In industrialized coun tries the revenues of consultancies grow yearly by 10 to 30 per cent (EDU 1998; Hasek 1997; Rassam and Oates 1991). The market for management books, seminars, confer ences, magazines, etc.-the market of management fashions-is also exploding. It is a central hypothesis of this chapter that the correlation between the two markets is not coincidental. It is shown that by producing management concepts, some of which succeed in becoming management fashions, consultancies are able to create a demand for their services. First, an attempt is made to clarify what a management fashion is.
Promoting Demand, Gaining Legitimacy, and Broadening Expertise: The Evolution of Consultancy-Client Relationships in Australia
Authors: Wright Christopher
Published: November 2023

In recent years a growing literature has highlighted the role of management consultancies in the diffusion of management knowledge. Consultancies have been identified as particularly adept at transforming abstract ideas into commercial products that can be sold to a wide range of clients (Fincham 1995; Wooldridge 1997). More generally, researchers have stressed the role of consultancies as ‘fashion setters’, which have a major impact upon the types of management knowledge that are diffused and the preferred models of organizational restructuring (DiMaggio and Powell 1983; Gill and Whittle 1992; Buczynski 1993b; Abrahamson 1996). Within much of this literature, consultants are portrayed as confident and successful, creating a demand for their services through the skilful manipulation of anxious and gullible managers (O’Shea and Madigan 1997; Ashford 1998; Pinault 2000; Kieser in Chapter 10, above).
Taxation Research as Legal Research
Authors: Freedman Judith
Published: November 2023

There are many traditions of legal research. Academic lawyers disagree on the relative merits of each type of activity but each has its own validity and purpose. The questions raised in relation to taxation research mirror the more general issues arising in relation to legal research as a whole. These general issues must therefore be our starting point here.
Behavioural Studies of Tax Practice
Authors: Hasseldine John
Published: November 2023

The nature of tax practice has radically changed in recent years. Purdie and Roberts (1995) note that tax clients now expect a tax accountant to be a business adviser, and not just a source of technical tax knowledge and provider of routine compliance. Second, there have been a number of changes in practice management, and ﬁnally there has been a growth in the technical competence and expertise required by professional tax accountants.
Bank Runs and Financial Crises: A Discussion
Authors: Rochet Jean-Charles
Published: November 2023

The last three decades have witnessed an impressive wave of banking and financial crises, hitting a very large number of countries. For example, Lindgren et al. (1996) report that roughly three-quarters (130 out of 180) of IMF member countries experienced serious banking problems between 1980 and 1995. The cumulative output loss of these crises was huge: A recent study by the IMF (1998) evaluates the average loss per country to 11.6 percent of GDP. Even more impressive, the same study evaluates the cost of more recent crises in 1998 to more than 40 percent of GDP in Argentina, Indonesia, Korea, and Malaysia.
Comparative Financial Systems: A Discussion
Authors: Allen Franklin , Gale Douglas
Published: November 2023

The purpose of a financial system is to channel funds from agents with surpluses to agents with deficits. In the traditional literature there have been two approaches to analyzing this process. The first is to consider how agents interact through financial markets. The second looks at the operation of financial intermediaries such as banks and insurance companies. Fifty years ago, the financial system could be neatly bifurcated in this way. Rich households and large firms used the equity and bond markets, while less wealthy households and medium and small firms used banks, insurance companies, and other financial institutions. Table 1, for example, shows the ownership of corporate equities in 1950. Households owned over 90 percent. By 2000 it can be seen that the situation had changed dramatically.
Issue Preclusion
Authors: Barnett Peter R
Published: November 2023

Issue preclusion—where brought about by recognising the judgment at common law and pleading issue estoppel thereon—prevents a party or privy in subsequent proceedings from contradicting an issue that has already been distinctly raised and decided between the same parties or privies. This is because:

[a] judical determination directly involving an issue of fact or of law disposes once and for all of the issue, so that it cannot be raised [again] between the same parties.
The Preclusive Effects of Judgments Recognised under the Brussels and Lugano Conventions
Authors: Barnett Peter R
Published: November 2023

Not all foreign civil and commercial judgments are recognised in 7.01 England according to the common law rules. The jurisdiction and judgments recognition scheme synonymous with the Brussels Convention of 1968 (as amended) and the Lugano Convention of 1988 (as amended)—both of which are implemented in the United Kingdom by the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982—accounts for the recognition of civil and commercial judgments that emanate from the courts and tribunals of Contracting States, ostensibly the countries of the European Union and the European Free Trade Association.
The Preclusive Effects of a Foreign Judgment Recognised under the Proposed Hague Convention
Authors: Barnett Peter R
Published: November 2023

Largely as a consequence of the Brussels and Lugano Conventions 8.01 discussed in ch 7 above, the countries of Western Europe enjoy a ‘common judicial market’ throughout which judgments in civil and commercial matters circulate freely. No doubt the success of this European Judgments Convention scheme is one factor that has inspired efforts to regulate international jurisdiction ‘and thereby provide a court network, to match or better the existing arbitration system, on a global scale’.
Edith T. Penrose and Ronald H. Coase on the Nature of the Firm and the Nature of Industry
Authors: Ravix Joël Thomas
Published: November 2023

Although Edith Penrose’s book entitled The Theory of the Growth of the Finn was pub lished about 20 years after Ronald Coase’s famous article on The Nature of the Finn, these two authors share the same object of study, namely the ‘real-world’ firm, and both emphasise the disadvantages arising from the lack of a genuine economic theory of the firm. Nevertheless they ignored each other for a long time, and it is only recently that a minor connection between them has appeared. In the new preface of the third edition of her book, Penrose (1995) recalls the publication of Coase’s article without any comment. In the same way, Coase (1988) only quotes Martin Slater’s foreword to the second edition of Penrose’s book.
Grammar as an underground process
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M
Published: November 2023

There exists, in psycholinguistics, a nagging problem of incompatibility between linguistic and psychological theories and results. Naturally, linguists should be bothered by it as much as psycholinguists. That they are not I take to be due to differences of development, scope, and emphasis in the respective disciplines. Linguists tend to concentrate on their own descriptive problems within a given framework (or ‘paradigm’). They hardly pay any attention to external evidence or considerations. Psycholinguists, on the contrary, tend to take information about grammar as one of their starting points, and see how this fits in with whatever they can find out about cognitive functions.

Quite a few authors have noted the conflict between the transformational linguists’dictations and the results of psychological research. I shall mention only a few, but many more could be quoted. Levelt (1974: iii. 141) concludes that ‘on the one hand the role of linguistic grammars in models of the language user is diminishing in a way, although it is decidedly not to disappear, and on the other hand, the theory of formal languages and grammars appears to be of increasing importance for the nonlinguistic aspects of such models’. Clearly, there is a problem here as long as we adhere to a realistic conception of scientific theories and to the minimal requirement of consistency of science. In his address on the occasion of the official inauguration of the Max Planck Projektgruppe fu r Psycholinguistik (Nijmegen, 4 May 1977), Levelt remarked that human short-term memory has far too limited a capacity to store the whole complex procedure involved in the transformational processing from semantic input to phonetic output.
Autonomous versus semantic syntax †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M
Published: November 2023

It is a widely accepted view nowadays that a grammar must give an explicit account of a native speaker’s knowledge of his or her language. Anyone who knows their language knows, in some implicit, intuitive way, at least what a proper sentence in their language should sound like. They are able to separate proper from improper pronunciations. They also know, in some largely unknown sense, what the sentences of their language mean, or how to interpret them. They are able to separate possible from impossible interpretations.

How to elicit information from native speakers about their tacit knowledge of the language they speak is a different problem that I shall not go into here. Nor do I intend to discuss the well-known difficulty of doubtful or unclear evidence. Let it suffice here to point out that a grammar, in order to be an adequate account of the native speakers’ knowledge of their language, will have to specify for each sentence at least what its proper pronunciations and what its possible interpretations are. Accordingly, the descriptive linguist will have to specify for each sentence a phonetic representation (PR), containing instructions for proper pronunciation, and a semantic representation (SR), containing instructions for proper interpretation. A grammar thus establishes in some way a mapping relation for each sentence of the language between the set of its possible pronunciations and the set of its possible interpretations.
Predicate Raising and dative in French and sundry languages †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M
Published: November 2023

The rule of Predicate Raising (PR) was first proposed by McCawley (1968b) for the prelexical syntax of English causative verbs, such as kill. Chomsky (1972a, ‘Some empirical issues in the theory of transformational grammar’) pointed out that this rule lacked syntactic support. This chapter shows that, while that may be true for English, it is not for French. French provides evidence of the strongest kind that PR is a rule of French syntax. An analysis of certain French verbs shows that the rules relating these verbs to their semantic analyses must be closely interwoven with the rules of French syntax. It also appears that, contrary to superficial evidence, the dative in French originates regularly from the subject of a transitive S which is embedded, usually, under a verb of causing or letting. Through Predicate Raising this subject is raised to the higher S to find itself as a bare NP between the higher subject and its own sister object.

Evers (1971) proposes PR for Dutch and German. Langacker (1973; circulated in 1970) provides evidence for a few Uto-Aztecan languages. Starosta (1971) gives data of morphological causative constructions in Sre and Tagalog which strongly suggest PR (which is, however, rejected by Starosta for lack of syntactic motivation). Instead, Starosta introduces a new category of non-syntactic, purely lexical ‘derivational rules’, whereby new lexical items can be morphologically derived from others. It is maintained in this chapter that lexicalist solutions such as Starosta’s leave much unexplained which is, in fact, predictable if PR is accepted as a syntactic rule. Starosta’s theory is rejected mainly because it deprives general linguistic theory of an obvious generalization and thereby of a means of further restricting the notion of ‘possible grammar of a natural language’.
Operator Lowering †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M
Published: November 2023

In the history of Western linguistic analysis there are two distinct but not totally unrelated traditions, the grammatical tradition and the logical tradition. In the grammatical tradition, which originated in classical antiquity as an application for practical (normative) purposes of the existing standard system of logical analysis, quantifiers never occupied a special place: they were not recognized as a separate category. But in the logical tradition they were. In the Aristotelian system of predicate calculus (APC) the general distinction between subject and predicate was applied, and, as we shall see presently, a calculus was developed that took into account only quantified subjects, not other nominal constituents under a quantifier. Traditional grammar owes its parsing method mainly to this Aristotelian tradition of the subject-predicate distinction, but since grammar was (and remained for a long time) an applied and normative discipline, not at all concerned with the logical calculus of entailments, no need was felt to distinguish quantified subjects as a separate category. Quantified NPs were considered to have the same structure as non-quantified NPs, and quantifying determiners were not taken to differ in any essential way from definite determiners such as the definite article or demonstrative or possessive pronouns.
Semantic transparency as a factor in Creole genesis
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we propose to discuss the transparency principle as one of the factors that maybe said to play an important role in Creole genesis. We shall deal with the notion of semantic transparency (ST) from two very different theoretical perspectives: that of formal linguistics and that of second language acquisition (SLA) research. In recent years the transparency principle has received a great deal of attention from workers in the area of child language acquisition (e.g. Slobin 1977, 1980, 1982) and historical linguistics (e.g. Lightfoot 1979), but its relevance to the study of SLA and pidginization/creolization has hardly been explored. In a preliminary attempt, Wekker (1982) showed how in one specific grammatical area (that of the expression of counterfactualness) the notion of semantic transparency can be applied to the study of both SLA and pidginization/ creolization processes. In simple terms, his claim was this: second language learners and learners of a Pidgin/Creole language will both tend to reanalyse highly marked and opaque areas of the grammar in an attempt to make the language easier to learn, to understand, or to produce (see also Kellerman 1983). However, although the notion of transparency is by no means new (cf. Martinet t955)> it has so far been insufficiently defined and constrained, and what has been lacking, in particular, is a formal unified theory of semantics, syntax, and morphology to which the notion can be explicitly related. In this chapter, given the limitation of time, we shall concentrate on only three important points. First, we propose to discuss the notion of semantic transparency, as seen against the background of Creole genesis as well as in relation to SLA.
Governing London
Authors: Pimlott Ben , Rao Nirmala
Published: November 2023

This timely book is the first to take a close historical look at Ken Livingstone s London. It examines the development of London governance from the demise of the Greater London Council to the establishment of the Greater London Authority. The authors investigate the working of Mayor and Assembly, unravel the underlying politics of London and explore policy debates about transport, crime, and economic development. Finally they pose a question of key importance, not just to Londoners, but also to those interested in urban governance throughout the world: to what extent can the creation of new institutions and instruments of government give a major city the sense of being a political community?
The Mayor and Metropolitan Government
Authors: Pimlott Ben , Rao Nirmala
Published: November 2023

No verdict can yet be reached on the new Greater London Authority. A body whose raison d’etre depends heavily on a strategic planning role can not be judged until its plans are further advanced. Our aim here has been to show how the GLA came into being, setting it in the context of past attempts to govern the capital, with-and without-a London-wide body, and to identify key issues for the future. The concept of London as a world city, which resonated through the decade of the interregnum, will in due time provide a good measure of achievement. A test will be the extent to which this new authority can help to sustain the prosperity of the capital in the face of inter national competition, while at the same time meeting the domestic needs of its cosmopolitan people.