bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Isothiazole Derivatives: Synthesis, Reactivity, Physicochemical Properties and Pharmacological Activity
Authors: Regiec Andrzej , Machoń Zdzisław , Miedzybrodzki Ryszard , Szymaniec Stanisław
Published: July 2006

The synthesis and biological investigation of the series of amide and ester derivatives 10–20 of 5‐(4‐chlorobenzoyl)amino‐3‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolecarboxylic acid 5 are presented. Because the amide series of 5‐benzoylamino‐3‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolecarboxylic acid 2 has been studied extensively and from this series denotivir (vratizolin) 4 [1, 2] became the antiviral drug. The influence of exchanging the N‐benzoyl for a N‐(4‐chlorobenzoyl) group at position 5 of the isothiazole ring on the pharmacological activity of 5‐benzoylamino‐3‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolecarboxylic acid 2 derivatives is dealt with here. The effect of structure modifications in the carboxylic group of the 5‐(4‐chlorobenzoyl)amino‐3‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolecarboxylic acid 5 series of derivatives on their biological activity is discussed. Some of the tested 5‐(4‐chlorobenzoyl)amino‐3‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolecarboxylamides revealed significant anti‐inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced edema and air‐pouch inflammation tests. Physicochemical properties of 6‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐methylisothiazolo[5,4‐d]‐4H‐1,3‐oxazin‐4‐one 6 are described. Its use in the synthesis of isothiazole derivatives and its reactivity are also presented.
Mechanism of Remote Conjugate Addition of Lithium Organocuprates to Polyconjugated Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Yoshikai Naohiko , Yamashita Tatsuya , Nakamura Eiichi
Published: July 2006

Regioselective reaction of a lithium organocuprate (R2CuLi) and a polyconjugated carbonyl compound affords a remote‐conjugate‐addition product. This reaction proceeds particularly cleanly when the conjugation is terminated by a CC triple bond. The reaction pathways and the origin of the regioselectivity of this class of transformations are explored with the aid of density functional calculations. The outline of the reaction pathway is as follows. An initially formed β‐cuprio(III) enolate intermediate undergoes smooth copper migration along the conjugated system. This process takes place faster than reductive elimination of intermediary σ/π‐allylcopper(III) species, since the latter reaction disrupts the conjugation in the substrate and hence is not preferred. The copper migration to the acetylenic terminal affords a σ/π‐allenylcopper(III) intermediate, which undergoes facile and selective CC bond forming reductive elimination at the terminal carbon atom. The present mechanistic framework shows good agreement with some pertinent experimental data, including 13C NMR chemical shifts and kinetic isotope effects.
One‐Shot Double Elimination Process: A Practical and Concise Protocol for Diaryl Acetylenes
Authors: Orita Akihiro , Taniguchi Hisataka , Otera Junzo
Published: July 2006

A variety of diaryl acetylenes were obtained in good yields when lithium hexamethyldisilazide was added to a solution of arylmethyl sulfone, aryl aldehyde, and chlorodiethylphosphate in THF. In this one‐shot process, a number of transformations such as aldol reaction, phosphorylation of aldolate, and double elimination of the resulting β‐substituted sulfone proceeded successively to afford the desired acetylenes. The one‐shot process was accelerated by the substitution of halogen atoms on the phenyl groups, and unsymmetrically substituted diaryl acetylenes were obtained without contamination of the dehalogenated products. Diaryl acetylenes with other substituents such as CF3, ethoxycarbonyl, dimethylamino, TMS‐acetylene groups, as well as pyridinyl and thienyl moieties were also accessible with this method. However, methoxy‐substituted compounds were obtained in moderate yields under the same conditions, but the yields were increased when lithium diisopropylamide was used instead.
Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure promotes differentiation of pituitary corticotrope‐derived AtT20 D16V cells
Authors: Lisi Antonella , Ledda Mario , Rosola Emanuela , Pozzi Deleana , Emilia Enrico D′ , Giuliani Livio , Foletti Alberto , Modesti Andrea , Morris Stephen J. , Grimaldi Settimio
Published: July 2006

The pituitary corticotrope‐derived AtT20 D16V cell line responds to nerve growth factor (NGF) by extending neurite‐like processes and differentiating into neurosecretory‐like cells. The aim of this work is the study of the effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF‐EMF) at a frequency of 50 Hz on these differentiation activities. To establish whether exposure to the field could influence the molecular biology of the cells, they were exposed to a magnetic flux density of 2 milli‐Tesla (mT). Intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i ) and intracellular pH (pHi) were monitored in single exposed AtT20 D16V cells using fluorophores Indo‐1 and SNARF for [Ca2+]i and pHi, respectively. Single‐cell fluorescence microscopy showed a statistically significant increase in [Ca2+]i followed by a drop in pHi in exposed cells. Both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission microscopy of exposed AtT20 D16V cells show morphological changes in plasma membrane compared to non‐exposed cells; this modification was accompanied by a rearrangement in actin filament distribution and the emergence of properties typical of peptidergic neuronal cells—the appearance of secretory‐like granules in the cytosol and the increase of synaptophysin in synaptic vesicles, changes typical of neurosecretory‐like cells. Using a monoclonal antibody toward the neurofilament protein NF‐200 gave additional evidence that exposed cells were in an early stage of differentiation compared to control. Pre‐treatment with 0.3 µM nifedipine, which specifically blocks L‐type Ca2+ channels, prevented NF‐200 expression in AtT20 D16V exposed cells. The above findings demonstrate that exposure to 50 Hz ELF‐EMF is responsible for the premature differentiation in AtT20 D 16 V cells. Bioelectromagnetics 27:641–651, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Corporate environmental performance evaluation: a measurement model and a new concept
Authors: Xie Shuangyu , Hayase Kohji
Published: July 2006

While many third‐party organizations are practically evaluating corporate environmental performance (CEP), few academic studies have paid attention to third‐party environmental performance evaluation (EPE). To answer the question of what should be measured for third‐party EPE, we develop an environmental performance measurement (EPM) model consisting of environmental management performance (EMP) and environmental operational performance (EOP), and hypothesize that EMP be measured by four management performance indicators (MPIs: organizational system, stakeholder relations, operational countermeasures and environmental tracking) and EOP be measured by two operational performance indicators (OPIs: inputs and outputs). Further, to answer the question of how to enable third‐party EPE comparable across companies from different (sub‐)sectors, we propose to use the environmental intensity change index (EICI) as a measure of OPIs. Empirical tests confirm that the EICI and the evaluation based on it are comparable across companies from different sub‐sectors. Empirical tests also support the existence of the MPIs and OPIs and the two‐dimensioned constructs of CEP. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Bilateral duplicated internal jugular veins: Case study and literature review
Authors: Downie S.A. , Schalop L. , Mazurek J.N. , Savitch G. , Lelonek G.J. , Olson T.R.
Published: July 2006

A rare bilateral duplication of the internal jugular vein (IJV) was discovered during cadaveric dissection. From each jugular foramen, a single IJV descended to the level of the hyoid bone then divided into medial and lateral veins. The medial IJVs traveled in the carotid sheath; the lateral IJVs coursed posterolateral to the sheath across the lateral cervical region (posterior triangle) of the neck. On the right side, medial and lateral IJVs entered the subclavian vein separately. C2–C3 anterior rami and the suprascapular artery passed between the medial and lateral IJVs. The right external jugular vein passed aberrantly between the heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) into the subclavian vein anterior to the lateral IJV. On the left side, the medial IJV drained into a large bulbous jugulovertebrosubclavian (JVS) sinus that received six main vessels. The lateral IJV diverged posterolaterally toward the border of the trapezius muscle, received the transverse cervical vein, and then turned sharply anteromedially to drain into the JVS sinus. The lateral IJV also gave an aberrant additional large vein that passed laterally around the omohyoid muscle before entering the JVS sinus. The left external jugular vein paralleled the anterior border of SCM before passing posterolaterally to terminate in the JVS sinus. Jugular vein anomalies of this magnitude are very rare. Determining the frequency of multiple IJVs is hampered by inconsistent terminology. We suggest that IJV duplication differs from fenestration anatomically and, potentially, developmentally. Criteria for characterizing IJV duplication and fenestration are proposed. The mechanism of development and the clinical significance of multiple IJVs are discussed. Clin. Anat. 20:260–266, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axillary arch in Bulgarian population: Clinical significance of the arches
Authors: Georgiev G.P. , Jelev L. , Surchev L.
Published: July 2006

In order to study the incidence of the axillary arch in the Bulgarian population, we examined the axillary regions of 56 formol–carbol fixed human cadavers and observed two cases with a unilateral axillary arch. In the first case, the variant structure was situated on the right side of a 58‐year‐old female cadaver. The axillary arch extended from the lateral border of the latissimus dorsi to the posterior layer of the pectoralis major tendon. In the second case, the axillary arch was found on the left side of a 63‐year‐old male cadaver and had the same attachment points as in the first case. The innervation and blood supply of the arches are discussed. We have also reviewed extensive information concerning the clinical importance of the axillary arch, and for the first time, it was summarized clearly for clinicians. The summary consists of three parts: “diagnosis” of the axillary arch by physical investigation or imaging techniques; the axillary arch and surgical interventions in the region of the axilla; the axillary arch as an entrapment site for the axillary vessels and nerves. Clin. Anat. 20:286–291, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Position and altitude tracking control for toe support phase of biped walking robot
Authors: Takahashi Taro , Kawamura Atsuo
Published: July 2006

No paper has been published on the active use of the foot toe of biped walking robots. In other words, the sole of the supporting leg is usually assumed to completely contact the ground. To maintain this condition, the robot walking has a restriction such as the maximum walking speed limitation. If the point contact of the toe to the ground through walking is available, a variety of walking can be realized. In this paper, a new control method for biped robots, in which the contact of the sole to the ground becomes a point contact, is proposed. The COM (Center of Mass) and swing leg can track the desired path and each heel joint angle can be controlled by the proposed controller while a biped walking robot is following a forward falling. Therefore, the motion of the body does not need to be limited to quiet motion. The proposed method is verified by simulation and experimental results with “Ken,” a six‐joint DOF biped robot. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(1): 72–79, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (http://www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20094
Robust feedforward control system considering sudden disturbance for optical disk recording system
Authors: Ohishi Kiyoshi , Miyazaki Toshimasa , Inomata Koichi , Koide Daiichi , Tokumaru Haruki
Published: July 2006

This paper proposes a new robust feedforward tracking servo system for optical disk recording systems in the case of a sudden disturbance for the optical disk recording system. In optical recording systems, the tracking servo system must suppress tracking error below its tolerance. This paper designs the robust feedback control system by using the coprime factorization and disturbance observer. The proposed robust feedback control system suppresses the sudden disturbance caused by walking and running. The detecting signal of optical disk recording systems is only a tracking error. Hence, the feedforward controller of the proposed tracking control system is constructed based on both Zero Phase Error Tracking (ZPET) control theory and prediction of tracking error. The experimental results point out that the proposed tracking servo system has a quick and precise tracking response and keeps the residual tracking error below its tolerance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(4): 60– 68, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20257
Modified multiobjective particle swarm optimization method and its application to energy management system for factories
Authors: Kitamura Syoichi , Mori Kazuyuki , Shindo Seiichi , Izui Yoshio
Published: July 2006

Conventional energy management systems (EMS) for factories have been developed to minimize energy costs. However, we have to reduce energy consumption and CO2emissions to preserve the environment. This paper proposes a multiobjective optimization method based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) to minimize energy costs and CO2emissions, and presents its effectiveness through simulation results. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(4): 33–42, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20269
Transient analysis on current sensor of resin molded type for measurement of power factor in power distribution system
Authors: Furukawa Tatsuya , Ohchi Masashi , Watanabe Yuki
Published: July 2006

The authors have proposed the resin molded type of voltage–current sensor for the real‐time observation of the power factor. The sensor has been designed and implemented based on the FEM; however, the current waveform and practical power distribution system includes harmonic components due to the inverter‐fed power apparatuses in households and factories. Therefore, it is necessary to apply not the conventionaljω method but the finite‐difference approximation to the time derivative term in a transient electromagnetic field analysis using FEM. In the paper, the authors will show the result of electromagnetic field analysis of the sensor adopting the finite‐difference approximation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(1): 1–9, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (http://www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20294
Gait control for redundant legged biped robot at constant velocity and constant height of the waist
Authors: Shima Ryoichi , Haishi Masahiko , Shibata Masaaki
Published: July 2006

In this paper, we propose a gait control method for redundant legged biped robot based on leg center of mass (COM) position control at constant velocity and constant height of the waist. The developed biped robot has redundant legs, which have four degrees of freedoms (DOFs) on each in the sagittal plane. The redundant DOF enables movement of its leg tip position and its leg COM position independently. Therefore, the proposed robot has structural capability to control the leg COM position for maintaining the projection of the total COM inside the support polygon without upper body motion. Such capability enables the stable static walk in the arbitrarily desired velocity and height of the waist motion. The validity of the proposed method for the static walk at constant velocity and constant height of the waist in the leg COM position control for redundant legged biped robot is confirmed by several results of simulation and experiment. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(4): 51–59, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20357
Sustainable society formed by unselfish agents
Authors: Kikuchi Toshiko
Published: July 2006

It has been pointed out that if the social configuration of the three relations (market, communal, and obligatory relations) is not balanced, a market‐based society as a total system fails. Using multiagent simulations, this paper shows that a sustainable society is formed when all three relations are integrated and function appropriately.

When agent trades are based on the market mechanism (i.e., agents act in their own interest and thus only market relations exist), weak agents who cannot perform transactions die. If a compulsory tax is imposed to enable all weak agents to survive (i.e., obligatory relations exist), then the fiscal deficit increases.

On the other hand, if agents who have excess income undertake the unselfish action of distributing their surplus to the weak agents (i.e., communal relations exist), then the trade volume increases. It is shown that the existence of unselfish agents is necessary for the realization of a sustainable society.

The survival of all agents, however, is difficult in a communal society. In an artificial society, for all agents to survive and fiscal balance to be maintained, all three social relations must be fully integrated. These results show that adjusting the balance of the three social relations will lead to the realization of a sustainable society. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(1): 38–46, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (http://www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20368
Film properties and polycrystallization of organic dyes on ITOs with surface treatment for organic light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Iwama Yuki , Mori Tatsuo , Mizutani Teruyoshi
Published: July 2006

ITO (indiuTatsuooxide) has now been widely used as the transparent anode for organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs). We used various methods of ITO surface treatment and examined their effects by measuring contact angle and calculating surface energy. We also prepared OLEDs with ITO treated by each method, and estimated their characteristics. The surface of ITO treated by UV‐O3 or O2‐plasma was more hydrophilic than that treated by only organic rinse or no treatment, and consequently the characteristic of the OLED was improved. We suppose these treatments affect the hole injection from ITO into the organic layer, due to ionization potential or surface cleanness. We also investigated the time degradation of NPD films on the ITO substrates. The films deposited with a high deposition rate polycrystallized faster. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(4): 1– 8, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20379
Improvement of frequency change at Japan standard time
Authors: Hanado Yuko , Hosokawa Mizuhiko , Imamura Kuniyasu , Kotake Noboru
Published: July 2006

Japan Standard Time is an average atomic time generated by a group of Cs clocks at NICT. Several years ago, a problem was found in the timescale, that is, the frequency change by the removal of a clock from the group. The reason turned out to be improper clock‐rate estimation of each Cs clock. We fixed the problem by revising the clock‐rate estimation method. After this revision, the frequency change on clock removal became small. We also derived a formula to express the frequency change of the timescale by using the data of the removed clock. In some simulations and actual Japan Standard Time, this formula demonstrated its validity for estimating the frequency change. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(1): 29–37, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (http://www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20384
Epitopes of human fibrin recognized by the rheumatoid arthritis‐specific autoantibodies to citrullinated proteins
Authors: Sebbag Mireille , Moinard Nathalie , Auger Isabelle , Clavel Cyril , Arnaud Jacques , Nogueira Leonor , Roudier Jean , Serre Guy
Published: July 2006

Formation of the epitopes recognized by the rheumatoid arthritis (RA)‐specific autoantibodies to citrullinated proteins (ACPA) on filaggrin and on the α‐ and β‐chains of fibrin, their synovial target, requires conversion of their arginyl residues into citrullyl residues, but is also affected by their amino‐acyl environment. Using competition with five citrullinated filaggrin‐derived peptides bearing major ACPA epitopes, we confirmed the close cross‐reactivity between filaggrin and citrullinated fibrin. To identify the sequential epitopes recognized on fibrin by ACPA, 71 citrullinated 15‐mer peptides derived from all the sites of the α‐ and β‐chains of fibrin harboring arginyl residues were tested by ELISA using ACPA‐positive RA sera exhibiting different reactivity profiles to the five filaggrin peptides. We identified 18 fibrin‐derived peptides bearing ACPA epitopes. Regarding the ability of fibrinogen arginyl residues to be citrullinated in vitro, 11 of the peptides likely correspond to in vivo targeted epitopes. Two out of them bear major epitopes and are located in the central globular domain of the protein. In the synovial tissue, fibrin citrullination and ACPA binding could impair fibrin degradation by plasmin. The immunological conflict between ACPA and fibrin could therefore sustain synovial inflammation not only via pro‐inflammatory effector mechanisms but also via impairment of fibrinolysis.
An Enantioselective Fluorescence Sensor for Glucose Based on a Cyclic Tetrapeptide Containing Two Boronic Acid Binding Sites
Authors: Heinrichs Guido , Schellenträger Marc , Kubik Stefan
Published: July 2006

The synthesis and binding properties of carbohydrate receptor 1d, which contains two boronic acid binding sites facing each other at opposing sides of a cyclotetrapeptide cavity, are presented. According to electrospray mass spectrometry, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy, this receptor forms stable 1:1 complexes with D‐glucose (Ka = 24800 ± 1200 M–1) and L‐glucose (Ka = 11900 ± 1600 M–1) in water/methanol (1:1) at pH = 11.7. Complexes with D‐galactose, D‐mannose, and D‐allose are significantly less stable, while D‐fructose, D‐ribose, and D‐xylose cannot be bound by cooperative action of both boronic acid binding sites. Thus, 1d possesses high affinity and selectivity in glucose recognition combined with good enantioselectivity. Moreover, fluorescence of 1d is quenched upon substrate binding, which allows the use of this receptor as an optical sensor for glucose in aqueous solution. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Cover Picture: Thermal Behaviour of Selected C10H16 Monoterpenes (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 15/2006)
Authors: Stolle Achim , Brauns Claudia , Nüchter Matthias , Ondruschka Bernd , Bonrath Werner , Findeisen Matthias
Published: July 2006

The cover picture shows three molecules that constitute a thermal reaction network. On the left‐hand side the monoterpene hydrocarbon β‐pinene is depicted, which occurs in many resins of conifers, e. g. pine (lat. Pinus) or spruce. The molecules on the right‐hand side, limonene and myrcene, are thermal isomerisation products of β‐pinene pyrolysis and have a refreshing odour that is reminiscent of lemon or lime. Myrcene is a component of the essential oil of herbs like oregano, tarragon or hop. The article of B. Ondruschka et al. on p. 3317 ff. deals with the thermochemical network based upon the thermal isomerisation of β‐pinene.
Poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide)‐grafted polyacrylamide: A self‐coating copolymer for sieving separation of native proteins by CE
Authors: Zhang Jiyou , Tran Nguyet Thuy , Weber Jérémie , Slim Cyrine , Viovy Jean‐Louis , Taverna Myriam
Published: July 2006

The potential of a series of newly synthesized poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) grafted polyacrylamide (PAM) copolymers (P(AM‐PDMA)) as a replaceable separation medium for protein analysis was studied. A comparative study with and without copolymers was performed; the separation efficiency, analysis reproducibility and protein recovery proved that the P(AM‐PDMA) copolymers were efficient in suppressing the adsorption of basic proteins onto the silica capillary wall. Furthermore, the size‐dependent retardation of native proteins in a representative P(AM‐PDMA) copolymer was demonstrated by Ferguson analysis. The results showed that the P(AM‐PDMA) copolymers combine the good coating property of PDMA and the sieving property of PAM and could be applied as a sieving matrix for the analysis of native proteins.
CE‐based analysis of hemoglobin and its applications in clinical analysis
Authors: Wang Junhua , Zhou Shilai , Huang Weihua , Liu Yanming , Cheng Cheng , Lu Xin , Cheng Jieke
Published: July 2006

This review focuses on the developments and trends in CE including CIEF, CZE, MEKC, two‐dimensional conjunction of CIEF‐capillary gel electrophoresis, and MEKC‐CZE on microfluidic devices coupled to different detection approaches, such as UV absorbance, LIF, MS, and chemiluminescence etc. for performing analysis of hemoglobin (Hb), also with an emphasis on its applications in clinical analysis. Analysis of human Hb is of important clinical sense for numerous hemoglobinopathies associated with the congenital defects and abnormal contents of Hb. The diversiform modes render CE a comprehensive primary clinical tool for Hb analysis, which is rapid, sensitive, high‐resolution, and not labor‐intensive.
Disposition and pharmacokinetics of a lubricant contaminant, 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl 4‐nitrophenol, in grafted human skin
Authors: Pershing Lynn K. , Nelson Joel L. , Corlett Judy L. , Briggs G. Bruce , Still Kenneth R. , Jederberg Warren W.
Published: July 2006

Disposition and uptake/elimination profiles of topical 2,6‐di‐t‐butyl, 4‐nitrophenol (DBNP), the nitrated metabolite of an antioxidant additive of lubricant and hydraulic fluids was quantified in human skin grafted on athymic mice after a single topical 75 µg dose in corn oil. DBNP was quantified throughout the stratum corneum (SC), epidermis (E) and dermis (D) in punch biopsies collected from treated skin 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h after application. SC samples were harvested from the treated skin with 20 adhesive discs. E and D were generated from the biopsy using a manual sectioning method. Detectable DBNP concentrations were measured in all skin compartments at all time points investigated. The Cmax of DBNP in SC was 1663 ± 602 µg cm−3, and ∼30 and ∼300 fold greater than the Cmax for E and D, respectively. Tmax occurred at 1.0, 0.5 and 1.0 in the SC, E and D, respectively. Over a 24 h interval (AUC0−24 h) there was 52 and 520 fold more DBNP in the SC than E and D, respectively. The elimination half‐life of DBNP was 11 h from the SC and 9 h from both E and D. Thus, DBNP was quickly absorbed into the outermost layer of skin and established a steep concentration profile through human skin. The data are consistent with the vast majority of DBNP remaining on the surface (77%) or within human skin (15%) in vivo with only 0.2% of the DBNP dose quantified in the systemic blood circulation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and characterization of a porous poly(methyl methacrylate) scaffold with controllable modulus and permeability
Authors: Shimko Daniel A. , Nauman Eric A.
Published: July 2006

Functional restoration following extensive bone injury often requires bone grafting. The primary source of graft material is either autograft or allograft. The use of both material sources is well established, however both suffer limitations. In response, grafting alternatives are being investigated. This manuscript presents the development of a highly porous scaffold with controllable elastic modulus and permeability for use in tissue grafting and tissue engineering applications that is manufactured from FDA approved poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Fifteen protocol variations based on the commonly used porogen leaching technique for porous scaffold fabrication were employed to control scaffold pore size, pore interconnectivity, and structural strength. Scaffolds were tested for porosity, permeability, elastic modulus, cell culture compatibility, and fatigue tested in compression. Scaffold permeability ranged from 6.6 × 10−16 m2 to 1.4 × 10−10 m2, and elastic modulus was adjustable between 14 and 322 MPa; data similar to cancellous bone specimens from a variety of species and anatomic locations. Fatigue evaluations revealed 65% strength maintenance after 80,000 loading cycles, and in vitro culture with marrow‐derived stromal cells show no cytotoxic effects based on Live/Dead assay. The scaffolds detailed herein will help broaden the spectrum of available orthopaedic tissue scaffolds for research in this evolving field. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Sterilization of bacterial spores by using supercritical carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Hemmer Jason D. , Drews Michael J. , LaBerge Martine , Matthews Michael A.
Published: July 2006

It was hypothesized that supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) treatment could serve as an alternative sterilization method at various temperatures (40–105°C), CO2 pressures (200–680 atm), and treatment times (25 min to 6 h), and with or without the use of a passive additive (distilled water, dH2O) or an active additive (hydrogen peroxide, H2O2). While previous researchers have shown that SC‐CO2 possesses antimicrobial properties, sterilization effectiveness has not been shown at sufficiently low treatment temperatures and cycle times, using resistant bacterial spores. Experiments were conducted using Geobacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus atrophaeus spores. Spore strips were exposed to SC‐CO2 in commercially available supercritical fluid extraction and reaction systems, at varying temperatures, pressures, treatment times, and with or without the use of a passive additive, such as dH2O, or an active additive, such as H2O2. Treatment parameters were varied from 40 to 105°C, 200–680 atm, and from 25 min to 6 h. At 105°C without H2O2, both spore types were completely deactivated at 300 atm in 25 min, a shorter treatment cycle than is obtained with methods in use today. On the other hand, with added H2O2 (<100 ppm), 6 log populations of both spore types were completely deactivated using SC‐CO2 in 1 h at 40°C. It was concluded from the data that large populations of resistant bacterial spores can be deactivated with SC‐CO2 with added H2O2at lower temperatures and potentially shorter treatment cycles than in most sterilization methods in use today. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
The phylogenetic distribution of metazoan microRNAs: insights into evolutionary complexity and constraint
Authors: Sempere Lorenzo F. , Cole Charles N. , Mcpeek Mark A. , Peterson Kevin J.
Published: July 2006

How complex body plans evolved in animals such as fruit flies and vertebrates, as compared to the relatively simple jellyfish and sponges, is not known, given the similarity of developmental genetic repertoires shared by all these taxa. Here, we show that a core set of 18 microRNAs (miRNAs), non‐coding RNA molecules that negatively regulate the expression of protein‐coding genes, are found only in protostomes and deuterostomes and not in sponges or cnidarians. Because many of these miRNAs are expressed in specific tissues and/or organs, miRNA‐mediated regulation could have played a fundamental evolutionary role in the origins of organs such as brain and heart—structures not found in cnidarians or sponges—and thus contributed greatly to the evolution of complex body plans. Furthermore, the continuous acquisition and fixation of miRNAs in various animal groups strongly correlates both with the hierarchy of metazoan relationships and with the non‐random origination of metazoan morphological innovations through geologic time. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B: 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genome evolution and functional divergence in Yersinia
Authors: Gu Jianying , Neary Jennifer L. , Sanchez Maribel , Yu Jian , Lilburn Timothy G. , Wang Yufeng
Published: July 2006

The steadily increasing number of prokaryotic genomes has accelerated the study of genome evolution; in particular, the availability of sets of genomes from closely related bacteria has made exploration of questions surrounding the evolution of pathogenesis tractable. Here we present the results of a detailed comparison of the genomes of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis IP32593 and three strains of Yersinia pestis (CO92, KIM10, and 91001). There appear to be between 241 and 275 multigene families in these organisms. There are 2,568 genes that are identical in the three Y. pestis strains, but differ from the Y. pseudotuberculosis strain. The changes found in some of these families, such as the kinases, proteases, and transporters, are illustrative of how the evolutionary jump from the free‐living enteropathogen Y. pseudotuberculosis to the obligate host‐borne blood pathogen Y. pestis was achieved. We discuss the composition of some of the most important families and discuss the observed divergence between Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. pestis homologs. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid evolution in a pair of recent duplicate segments of rice
Authors: Jiang Huifeng , Liu Dongyuan , Gu Zhenglong , Wang Wen
Published: July 2006

Gene duplication has been considered the most important way of generating genetic novelties. The subsequent evolution right after gene duplication is critical for new function to occur. Here we analyzed the evolutionary pattern for a recently duplicated segment between rice chromosomes 11 and 12. This duplication event was estimated to occur about 6 million years ago, during the divergence of the B‐ and C‐genome rice species. The duplicate segment in chromosome 12 has significantly higher frequency of sequence rearrangement rate than non‐duplicated regions. The rearrangement rate is ∼6.5 breakages/Mb per million years, about six times higher than the fastest rate ever reported in eukaryotes. The genes within both segments experienced accelerated nucleotide substitution rates revealed by synonymous (Ks) and non‐synonymous divergence (Ka) between Oryza sativa indica and O. sativa japonica. Analysis using EST data also implicates rapid divergence in expression between these segmental duplicate genes. These overall rapid changes from different perspective for the first time provide evidence that relaxation of selection also occurs in large‐scale duplications. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ancient complexity of the non‐Hox ANTP gene complement in the anthozoan Nematostella vectensis. Implications for the evolution of the ANTP superclass
Authors: Kamm Kai , Schierwater Bernd
Published: July 2006

The origin and evolution of ANTP superclass genes has raised controversial discussions. While recent evidence suggests that a true Hox cluster emerged after the cnidarian bilaterian split, the origin of the ANTP superclass as a whole remains unclear. Based on analyses of bilaterian genomes, it seems very likely that clustering has once been a characteristic of all ANTP homeobox genes and that their ancestors have emerged through several series of cis‐duplications from the same genomic region. Since the diploblastic Cnidaria possess orthologs of some non‐Hox ANTP genes, at least some steps of the expansion of this hypothetical homeobox gene array must have occurred in the last common ancestor of both lineages—but it is unknown to what extent. By screening the unassembled Nematostella genome, we have identified unambiguous orthologs to almost all non‐Hox ANTP genes which are present in Bilateria—with the exception of En, Tlx and (possibly) Vax. Furthermore, Nematostella possesses ANTP genes that are missing in some bilaterian lineages, like the rough gene or NK7. In addition, several ANTP homeobox gene families have been independently duplicated in Nematostella. We conclude that the last cnidarian/bilaterian ancestor already harboured the almost full complement of non‐Hox ANTP genes before the Hox system evolved. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolution after gene duplication: models, mechanisms, sequences, systems, and organisms
Authors: Roth Christian , Rastogi Shruti , Arvestad Lars , Dittmar Katharina , Light Sara , Ekman Diana , Liberles David A.
Published: July 2006

Gene duplication is postulated to have played a major role in the evolution of biological novelty. Here, gene duplication is examined across levels of biological organization in an attempt to create a unified picture of the mechanistic process by which gene duplication can have played a role in generating biodiversity. Neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization have been proposed as important processes driving the retention of duplicate genes. These models have foundations in population genetic theory, which is now being refined by explicit consideration of the structural constraints placed upon genes encoding proteins through physical chemistry. Further, such models can be examined in the context of comparative genomics, where an integration of gene‐level evolution and species‐level evolution allows an assessment of the frequency of duplication and the fate of duplicate genes. This process, of course, is dependent upon the biochemical role that duplicated genes play in biological systems, which is in turn dependent upon the mechanism of duplication: whole genome duplication involving a co‐duplication of interacting partners vs. single gene duplication. Lastly, the role that these processes may have played in driving speciation is examined. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of lipoxygenase in Australian white wheat flour: the effect of lipoxygenase on the quality properties of white salted noodles
Authors: Cato Larisa , Halmos Andrew L , Small Darryl M
Published: July 2006

The enzyme lipoxygenase has a number of functions in breadmaking. Although white salted noodles are a staple food in various countries, the significance and potential of lipoxygenase in noodlemaking are less well understood. In these products a bright, uniform appearance is particularly important and so the aim of the present research has been to study the effect of endogenous and exogenous lipoxygenase upon discolouration of white salted noodles as well as on the textural and structural attributes. Similar lipoxygenase levels were recorded in the flours studied and no significant losses of activity were found during noodle manufacture and subsequent storage. Less discolouration occurred in treated noodle sheets compared with control samples. Discolouration happened to a lesser extent when samples were cooked immediately after preparation or drying for both treated and control noodles. Whiter noodle sheets were obtained when a soybean lipoxygenase was added to the formulation. Textural and structural properties of white salted noodles were not adversely affected by enzyme addition, giving firm, elastic and non‐sticky products. It is concluded that the incorporation of the lipoxygenase preparation offers prospects for colour enhancement of white salted noodles. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
The impact of genomics on crops for industry
Authors: Smallwood Maggie
Published: July 2006

The complete sequence of the genomes of two model plants is now available together with technology for the parallel analysis of thousands of genes, the proteins that they encode and the metabolites whose production they control. This review focuses on application of these technologies to engineer output characteristics of crops specifically relevant to non‐food use. Following a brief introduction to the resources available for genomic analysis, some examples are provided of how genomics is enabling both transgenic and non‐GM manipulation of agricultural materials such as carbohydrates, oils, fibres and speciality chemicals for use as industrial feedstocks. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Indian Turmeric and its Use in Cationic Photopolymerizations
Authors: Crivello James V. , Bulut Umut
Published: July 2006

Curcumin, an intensely yellow dye isolated from Indian turmeric is an excellent electron‐transfer photosensitizer for cationic vinyl and ring‐opening polymerizations. Especially attractive features of curcumin are its strong absorption, broad spectral sensitivity, efficient electron‐transfer, low toxicity and low cost. Using curcumin as a photosensitizer, the cationic photopolymerizations of a variety of monomers were carried out including such naturally derived monomers as epoxidized terpenes and epoxidized vegetable oils. The impact of this technology on applications such as housing, boat‐building and water distribution is discussed.
Synthesis of Dendrimer‐Like Star‐Branched Poly(methyl methacrylate)s of Generations Consisting of Four Branched Polymer Chains at Each Junction by Iterative Methodology Involving Coupling and Transformation Reactions
Authors: Watanabe Takumi , Tsunoda Yuji , Matsuo Akira , Sugiyama Kenji , Hirao Akira
Published: July 2006

A series of dendrimer‐like star‐branched poly(methyl methacrylate)s (PMMA)s of generations consisting of four branched segments at each junction have been successfully synthesized by developing an iterative methodology. It involves two reaction steps in each iterative reaction sequence, (a) a coupling reaction of the α‐functionalized living anionic PMMA with four tert‐butyldimethylsilyloxymethylphenyl (SMP) groups with benzy bromide (BnBr)‐chain‐functionalized PMMA and (b) a transformation of SMP group into BnBr functionality. By repeating the reaction sequence thrice, the above‐mentioned dendrimer‐like star‐branched (PMMA)s of up to third‐generation made up of 4, 20, and 84 PMMA segments and 16, 64, and 256 BnBr termini were synthesized by the first, second, and third iterative processes, respectively. The resulting polymers all were well‐defined in branched architecture and precisely controlled in chain length.
Cationic Polymerization of Hexamethylcyclosiloxane (D3): Kinetics and Mechanism of Cyclics Formation
Authors: Toskas G. , Moreau M. , Sigwalt P.
Published: July 2006

In cationic polymerization of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3) in methylene chloride, a control of the mol wts could be observed with various initiators such as RCOCl/ SbCl5 or trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH) and its derivatives. But an important difference with usual living polymerizations is the simultaneous formation of large amounts of cyclic oligomers D3x, their weights increasing linearly from the origin. A second population of much larger DPn has been shown to consist of macrocycles (MC). It was concluded that while MC result from end‐to‐end ring closure of a fraction of linear macromolecules, the small D3x cycles (essentially D6) are formed independently by a selective back‐biting reaction involving oxonium end‐groups. However, it has been proposed again in recent publications in which various initiators were used (including TfOH) that D3x cyclics of all sizes result from end‐to‐end ring closure reactions between the (electrophilic) active site for propagation and a silanol end group.

In the present paper, the initiator used was the mixed anhydride of trifluoroacetic and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, which give non‐nucleophilic CF3CO2(CH3)2Si end‐groups. The residual acid present in the anhydride was neutralized by varying amounts of 4‐methyl,2,6‐di‐t‐butylpyridine (MDTBP). The linear increase of the HP molecular weight and the formation of large amounts of D3x oligomers were observed again. The weight ratio of D6 was larger than for TfOH initiation (1 < D6/HP < 1,5) and when a large excess of MDTBP on the acid was used, D6/HP was even higher but MC formation was completely suppressed. This confirms the difference in the mechanisms giving MC and D6 and agrees with small D3x cyclics formation involving the silyltriflate end‐groups alone (and probably the derived oxonium sites).
Conducting Polymer Coated DNA
Authors: Bardavid Yosef , Kotlyar Alexander B. , Yitzchaik Shlomo
Published: July 2006

Gold electrode was modified with a 4‐aminothiophenol layer (4‐ATPh) to immobilize DNA. The immobilized DNA served as a template for the alignment of positively charged anilinium ions. The electrochemical oxidation of the anilinium ions resulted in wrapping of the DNA with polyaniline. This polyaniline coated DNA was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), impedance spectroscopy and UV‐VIS absorption spectroscopy.
Polymerization Processes in Ionic Liquids. Cationic Polymerization of Styrene
Authors: Baśko Małgorzata , Biedroń Tadeusz , Kubisa Przemysław
Published: July 2006

There is an increasing interest in using ionic liquids as solvents for polymerization processes. Most published data deals with controlled radical polymerization. It has been shown that ionic liquids offer several advantages for conducting Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP), such as good solubility of catalyst and improved kp/kt ratio. Ionic liquids are highly polar therefore they seem to be suitable solvents for conducting also ionic polymerization processes. In our preliminary communication we reported on cationic polymerization of styrene initiated by R‐Cl/TiCl4 system in ionic liquid. To clarify the mechanism of this process, racemization of optically active 1‐phenylethyl choride (initiator and the model of dormant species) was studied and it was shown that in ionic liquid racemization proceeds even in the absence of coinitiator (TiCl4). Because racemization proceeds through ionization of CCl bond, this explains the cationic polymerization of styrene initiated by R‐Cl alone (in the absence of coinitiator). Chain transfer, however, cannot be eliminated, therefore polymerization is not controlled.
Closed‐Loop Phase Behavior and Baroplasticity of deuterated Polystyrene‐block‐Poly(n‐pentyl methacrylate) Copolymer investigated by SANS and FTIR Spectroscopy
Authors: Lee Dong Hyun , Kim Hye Jeong , Kim Jin Kon
Published: July 2006

The closed‐loop phase behavior of deuterated polystyrene‐block‐poly(n‐pentyl methacrylate) copolymer (dPS‐PnPMA) was investigated by small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS) and temperature‐dependent Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy. The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the transition temperatures was studied by using SANS. We found that dPS‐PnPMA has large pressure coefficients of transition temperatures (dT/dP = ±725 °C/kbar). Since this block copolymer exhibited excellent baroplastic property, it was easily molded into a desirable shape at a relatively low temperature under medium pressure. On the other hand, commercially available polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐block‐polystyrene copolymers were not molded at the same processing condition. Finally, we investigated the driving force inducing the closed‐loop phase behavior by using temperature‐dependent FT‐IR.
New Prospects for the Grafting of Functional Groups onto Aliphatic Polyesters. Ring‐Opening Polymerization of α‐ or γ‐Substituted ε‐Caprolactone Followed by Chemical Derivatization of the Substituents
Authors: Lecomte Philippe , Riva Raphaël , Schmeits Stéphanie , Rieger Jutta , Van Butsele Kathy , Jérôme Christine , Jérôme Robert
Published: July 2006

Recent progress in the synthesis of aliphatic polyesters, substituted by pendent functional groups, has been reviewed. Two main strategies have to be distinguished. The first route consists of the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone substituted by various functional groups, protected if needed, in α‐ or γ‐position. In a second strategy, the functional groups are grafted onto preformed polyesters chains in α‐position of the carbonyl groups. α‐chloro‐ε‐caprolactone is quite an interesting monomer because, after polymerization, the activated chloride can be easily derivatized by atom transfer radical addition and “click” chemistry, respectively. Similarly, γ‐acrylic‐ε‐caprolactone is precursor of (co)polyesters well‐suited to derivatization of the pendent double bonds by Michael addition.