bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate Change and the Struggle for Climate Justice
Authors: Ikporukpo Chris O. , Ikporukpo Ninane Nina
Published: November 2024

Climate change is one of the greatest global challenges. The phenomenon and actions taken to address it have thrown up some contentious issues. One of such issues is climate justice. This paper analyses the bases for climate justice and the attempts at achieving it. The basic sources of data were the publications/documents of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) secretariat and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Information was also obtained from the publications and websites of the climate negotiation blocs, such as G77 + China and Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), and several Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) such as Climate Action Network, Oxfam, GreenPeace and Third World Network. The climate justice struggle has been necessitated mainly by two driving forces. These are the experiences of the impact of climate change and the environmental legal principles that have emerged from environmental and climate change challenges. In spite of the fact that climate change and its impact are global, vulnerabilities vary across regions and socio-economic groups. The disproportionate impact of climate change is one of the drivers of the struggle for climate justice. The environmental/climatic legal principles that have formed bases for the climate justice struggle derive largely from UNFCCC, the Rio Declaration and the Paris Agreement. They are, to an extent, related to the Principle of Disproportionate Climate Burden. The principles include Common But Differentiated Responsibilities, Polluter Pays, No-Harm (to others) and Beneficiary Pays. Strategies employed in the struggle for climate justice include advocacy, focused negotiations at CoPs, protests/strikes, and litigation. Although, the developing countries have been the leaders in the struggle for climate justice, CSOs have been particularly prominent. The demand for increased financing of climate mitigation and adaptation has been characteristic. The struggle has resulted in more climate action. However, the ultimate focus must be the achievement of net zero emissions.
An Overview of Malaysia’s Retail Organic Foods Market and Its Consumption Behavior
Authors: Hussin Harniyati , Abdul Wahid Nabsiah
Published: November 2024

Growing global awareness of health and environmental sustainability has significantly increased the demand for organic foods, a trend gaining traction in Malaysia. This research provides a comprehensive overview of consumer consumption patterns and purchase intentions for organic foods in Malaysia’s retail sector, identifying key factors influencing their choices. The study examines Malaysia’s broader food retail landscape, focusing on the growing organic segment and its evolving consumption patterns. It also explores the organic food market, considering domestic production and the availability of imported goods that shape consumer choices and market growth. The study offers practical insights into consumer decision-making within the retail food market by examining consumption behavior, such as purchase intentions. The review uncovers critical insights into the organic food market, including its size, rising demand and consumption trends, government and retailer initiatives, and the demographic profiles of consumers who purchase or intend to purchase organic foods. These findings contribute to existing research on organic food consumption in Malaysia and provide valuable guidance for policymakers, government agencies, and retailers aiming to enhance the adoption of organic foods in the Malaysian retail sector.
A discrete crystal model in three dimensions: The line-tension limit for dislocations
Authors: Conti Sergio , Garroni Adriana , Ortiz Michael
Published: November 2024

We propose a discrete lattice model of the energy of dislocations in three-dimensional crystals which properly accounts for lattice symmetry and geometry, arbitrary harmonic interatomic interactions, elastic deformations and discrete crystallographic slip on the full complement of slip systems of the crystal class. Under the assumption of diluteness, we show that the discrete energy converges, in the sense of Γ-convergence, to a line-tension energy defined on Volterra line dislocations, regarded as integral vector-valued currents supported on rectifiable curves. Remarkably, the line-tension limit is of the same form as that derived from semidiscrete models of linear elastic dislocations based on a core cutoff regularization. In particular, the line-tension energy follows from a cell relaxation and differs from the classical ansatz, which is quadratic in the Burgers vector.
Structural performance of boards through nanoparticle reinforcement: An advance review
Authors: Mirindi Derrick , Hunter James , Mirindi Frederic , Sinkhonde David , Yazdandoust Fatemeh
Published: November 2024

Under the turbulence of global change, the production of boards has been influenced by the rising demand and price of wood-based materials. To improve the structural performance of boards, reinforcement materials have been added, such as nanoparticles. The purpose of this review is to explore the application of nanomaterials, including nano-SiO2, nano-Al2O3, nano-ZnO, nano-Fe2O3, nano-cellulose, nano-lignin, and nano-chitosan, to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of particleboards. These nanoparticles have demonstrated their ability to reduce formaldehyde emissions, enhance the dimensional stability, bending strength, bending stiffness, fire resistance, and resistance to thermal conductivity in board production. For example, the addition of nano-SiO2, known for its hydrophilicity, attracts and holds water molecules and acts as a thermal barrier due to its high melting point and low thermal conductivity. In contrast, nano-Al2O3 is known for its high compressive strength (up to 3 GPa), hardness strength (9 Mohs scale), and high thermal conductivity, which helps to dissipate heat more effectively. This comprehensive evaluation brings together recent advances in producing particleboards and medium density fiberboard reinforced with nanoparticles, which are essential for future research and industry applications. The study emphasizes how innovative nanoparticles can contribute to sustainable urban development and construction practices, reduce deforestation, preserve natural habitats, and provide affordable housing. The research indicates that nanoparticle boards meet (e.g., nanoclay and nanoalumina panels) and in some cases exceed the minimum requirement for general-purpose panels set standards such as the ANSI/A208.1-1999, including water absorption of 8%, thickness swelling of 3% and EN 312 for the bending strength (15–16 MPa) and bending stiffness (2.2–2.4 GPa) for P4 and P6 boards, respectively. These results support the transformative power of nanomaterials in promoting a more sustainable and future solution for boards in the building construction industry.
Hochqualitatives Recycling von Titanspänen für die additive Fertigung
Authors: Denkena Berend , Friebe Sven , Kettelmann Simon , Schaper Florian
Published: November 2024

Titanlegierungen sind aufgrund ihrer Materialeigenschaften ein wichtiger Werkstoff für verschiedene Industriezweige. Die Herstellung von Titan ist allerdings sehr energieintensiv. Das Recycling von Titanspänen zu Pulver für die additive Fertigung birgt Potenzial für eine signifikante Verbesserung der ökologischen Nachhaltigkeit. Durch die Recyclingprozesskette kann Pulver produziert werden, das vergleichbare Eigenschaften zu kommerziell verfügbarem Titanpulver aufweist. Dies ermöglicht die Herstellung von hochqualitativem Titanpulver für die additive Fertigung aus Spänen.
MITO-Modell-bezogene ganzheitliche Corporate-Governance-Systemimplementierung
Authors: Binner Hartmut F.
Published: November 2024

Vorgestellt wird in diesem Beitrag ein standardisiertes Vorgehensmodell zu der ganzheitlichen prozessorientierten Organisationsentwicklung und -gestaltung mit der MITO-Modellstruktur und der Umsetzung über das MITO-Methoden-Tool. Die Stärke dieses Ansatzes liegt in der klaren strategischen Geschäftsmodellentwicklung und Vorgabe mit der praxisbezogenen operativen Umsetzung über eine toolgestützte, standardisierte Vorgehensweise, immer mit digitaler Nachweisführung zur Erfüllung einer großen Anzahl von gesetzlich vorgegebenen Berichtspflichten und Offenlegungsanforderungen.
Economías colaborativas, nuevas tendencias de consumo y retos para Latinoamérica y Colombia
Authors: Quintero María Isabel
Published: November 2024

This document presents an insight about the impact collaborative economies have in both Colombian and Latin-American consumers, and how these economies transform lifestyles habits and consumption relations. The analysis is made through a revision of primary and secondary sources, framing the phenomenon in four global consumption tendencies, its development in the European and North American markets, and its viability for regions such as Latin America, where a context of social inequality, environmental issues and a lack of trust, plays a key role. To approach this phenomenon at a local and regional level, we consulted primary sources: consumers, entrepreneurs and startups. These inputs helped usto build a picture with different perspectives of collaborative economies and consumption.Secondary sources provided us with figures and projections for the region. As a conclusion, we suggest plans to enhance opportunities in the fields of innovation, entrepreneurship and social inclusion
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ УДАРНО-ИНДУЦИРОВАННОГО ПЫЛЕНИЯ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ СИНХРОТРОННОГО ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ
Authors: М.В. АНТИПОВ , А.Б. ГЕОРГИЕВСКАЯ , В.А. ОГОРОДНИКОВ , А.Л. МИХАЙЛОВ , И.А. СПИРИН , Д.А. КАЛАШНИКОВ , А.А. УТЕНКОВ , И.В. ЮРТОВ , О.Б. СОГРИНА , А.В. ФЕДОСЕЕВ , К.А. ТЕН , Э.Р. ПРУУЭЛ , А.О. КАШКАРОВ , И.А. РУБЦОВ
Published: November 2024

При исследовании процесса ударно-индуцированного пыления, особенно когда потоки частиц движутся в газе или вызваны несколькими ударными волнами, необходимо получать экспериментальные данные о динамике изменения плотности в этих потоках в различные моменты времени начиная от выхода ударной волны на свободную поверхность образца. Для проведения таких измерений был использован метод скоростной рентгенографии с помощью синхротронного излучения. В экспериментах на свободную поверхность образцов из олова, имевших шероховатость Rz 5, 20 и 60, выходили одна или, последовательно, две ударные волны с давлением ≈40 ГПа. Разгрузка ударной волны происходила в вакуум или газовую среду (воздух, гелий, азот) с начальными давлениями 1 ÷ 8 атм. В работе приведены постановки экспериментов и полученные в экспериментах данные по динамике изменения плотности в пылевых потоках, образовавшихся под действием одной и двух последовательных ударных волн после их выхода на свободную поверхность образцов в вакууме и газовых средах.

When studying the process of shock-induced dusting, especially when particle fluxes move in a gas or are caused by several shock waves, it is necessary to obtain experimental data on the time history of density in these fluxes starting from the arrival of the shock wave at the free surface of the sample. In this work, such measurements were performed using high-speed radiography with synchrotron radiation. In the experiments, one or two successive shock waves with a pressure of ≈40 GPa arrived at the free surface of tin samples with a roughness Rz 5, 20 and 60. Shock-wave unloading occurred in vacuum or gas (air, helium, nitrogen) at initial pressures 1–8 atm. The paper presents the experimental setups and experimental data on the density dynamics in dust fluxes formed upon exposure to one and two successive shock waves after their arrival at the free surface of samples in vacuum and gas media.
О МОДИФИКАЦИИ КОМБИНИРОВАННЫХ КУМУЛЯТИВНЫХ ОБЛИЦОВОК ПОЛУСФЕРА - ЦИЛИНДР ДЛЯ РАСШИРЕНИЯ ДИАПАЗОНА СКОРОСТЕЙ ПОЛУЧАЕМЫХ КОМПАКТНЫХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ
Authors: С.В. ФЕДОРОВ , И.А. БОЛОТИНА
Published: November 2024

Используемые в настоящее время кумулятивные заряды с облицовкой комбинированной формы полусфера — цилиндр позволяют получать компактные стальные элементы со скоростями на уровне 6 км/c. На основе численного моделирования в рамках двумерной осесимметричной задачи механики сплошных сред рассмотрены возможности модификации облицовок полусфера — цилиндр для расширения диапазона скоростей получаемых компактных элементов. Моделирование проводилось применительно к кумулятивному заряду диаметром 100 мм с облицовкой из меди. Струеобразующей части облицовки придавалась дегрессивная (уменьшающаяся от вершины к основанию) толщина при полусферической либо полуэллипсоидальной форме ее наружной поверхности и при полуэллипсоидальной либо полусуперэллипсоидальной форме внутренней поверхности. В результате расчетов были подобраны геометрические параметры комбинированных облицовок для формирования компактных элементов максимально возможной массы со скоростями в диапазоне 5 ÷ 9.5 км/с. Для элемента со скоростью около 9.5 км/c масса составляла около 5 г.

The currently used shaped charges with combined hemisphere–cylinder liners allows obtaining compact steel elements with velocities of about 6 km/s. In this work, the possibility of modifying hemisphere–cylinder liners to expand the velocity range of the resulting compact elements was investigated by numerical simulation within the framework of the two-dimensional axisymmetric problem of solid mechanics. The simulation was carried out for a 100 mm diameter shaped-charge charge with a copper liner. The jet-forming part of the liner had a degressive (decreasing from top to bottom) thickness, a hemispherical or semi-ellipsoidal shape outer surface, and a semi-ellipsoidal or semi-superellipsoidal inner surface. As a result of the calculations, the geometric parameters of combined liners to form compact elements of maximally possible mass with velocities of 5–9.5 km/s were selected. For an element with a velocity of about 9.5 km/s, the mass was about 5 g.
СТРУКТУРА НЕУСТОЙЧИВОГО ДЕТОНАЦИОННОГО ФРОНТА В ЖИДКИХ ВЗРЫВЧАТЫХ ВЕЩЕСТВАХ
Authors: В.А. СОСИКОВ , С.И. ТОРУНОВ , Д.Ю. РАПОТА , В.М. МОЧАЛОВА , А.В. УТКИН , С.А. КОЛДУНОВ
Published: November 2024

Проведены эксперименты по исследованию неустойчивости детонационных волн в смесях нитрометана, тетранитрометана и ФИФО с инертными разбавителями посредством регистрации свечения детонационного фронта скоростной восьмиканальной шестнадцатикадровой электронно-оптической камерой НАНОГЕЙТ-22/16. В области неустойчивости детонации зарегистрировано неоднородное свечение детонационного фронта, которое связывается с турбулентным течением в зоне реакции. Формирование ячеистых структур с реакцией взрывчатого вещества в косых и поперечных волнах в исследованных составах не наблюдалось.

Experiments are conducted to study the instability of detonation waves in mixtures of nitromethane, tetranitromethane, and FIFO with inert diluents by recording the detonation front glow with a NANOGATE-22/16 high-speed eight-channel sixteen-frame electron-optical camera. In the detonation instability region, the detonation front exhibits a nonuniform glow, which is associated with a turbulent flow in the reaction region. The formation of cellular structures with the reaction of the explosive in oblique and transverse waves is not observed in the compositions studied.
ОТКОЛЬНОЕ РАЗРУШЕНИЕ СТАЛИ 12Х18Н10Т, ИЗГОТОВЛЕННОЙ ПО ТЕХНОЛОГИИ СЕЛЕКТИВНОГО ЛАЗЕРНОГО ПЛАВЛЕНИЯ
Authors: А.М. ПОДУРЕЦ , И.В. ПИКУЛИН , В.Г. СИМАКОВ , Т.О. СКЛЯДНЕВА , И.А. ТЕРЕШКИНА , М.И. ТКАЧЕНКО , И.Р. ТРУНИН , Е.Е. ШЕСТАКОВ , И.С. ГНУТОВ
Published: November 2024

Приведены результаты цикла исследований по определению динамических прочностных характеристик образцов, изготовленных по технологии селективного лазерного плавления порошков на основе стали 12Х18Н10Т, и их сравнение со свойствами стали 12Х18Н10Т, полученной по традиционной технологии горячекатаного проката, при ударно-волновом нагружении в диапазоне давлений сжатия 3 ÷ 7 ГПа. Показано, что образцы из стали, изготовленные по технологии селективного лазерного плавления, имеют большую сопротивляемость кратковременному растяжению, возникающему в результате взаимодействия встречных волн разгрузки, по сравнению с горячекатаной сталью 12Х18Н10Т.

This paper presents the results of a series of studies to determine the dynamic strength characteristics of samples manufactured using selective laser melting technology of 12Kh18N10T steel powders and compares them with the properties of 12Kh18N10T steel obtained by traditional hot rolling under shock-wave loading in a compression pressure range of 3–7 GPa. It is shown that the steel samples manufactured using selective laser melting technology have greater resistance to short-term tension resulting from the interaction of counter-current unloading waves compared to the hot-rolled 12Kh18N10T steel.
ЧИСЛЕННОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ КУМУЛЯТИВНОЙ СТРУИ ИЗ ВРАЩАЮЩЕГОСЯ КУМУЛЯТИВНОГО ЗАРЯДА
Authors: С.С. РАССОХА
Published: November 2024

Представлены результаты численного моделирования функционирования вращающихся кумулятивных зарядов. Продемонстрировано отсутствие влияния скорости радиального расширения высокоскоростных полых цилиндрических ударников, которые имитируют элемент кумулятивной струи, на глубину их проникания. Проведен численный анализ процесса растяжения вращающегося растягивающегося металлического цилиндра (струи) с гармоническим профилем боковой поверхности. Оценено влияние различных параметров, в том числе угловой скорости струи, на ее сплошность в осевом и радиальных направлениях. Предложена зависимость для оценки коэффициента предельного удлинения вращающейся кумулятивной струи. Сравнение результатов расчетов с экспериментальными данными демонстрирует удовлетворительное согласование.

This paper presents the results of numerical simulation of the operation of rotating shaped charges. The results show the that the velocity of radial expansion of high-speed hollow cylindrical projectiles simulating shaped-charge jet elements has no influence on their penetration depth. Numerical analysis was performed to study the stretching of a rotating stretchable metal cylinder (jet) with a harmonic lateral surface profile. The influence of various parameters, including the angular velocity of the jet, on its continuity in the axial and radial directions was evaluated. A relation for estimating the ultimate elongation coefficient of a rotating shaped-charge jet is proposed. Comparison of calculation results with experimental data shows that they are in satisfactory agreement with each other.
СКОРОСТЬ ДЕТОНАЦИИ МОДЕЛЬНЫХ ВЗРЫВЧАТЫХ СМЕСЕВЫХ СОСТАВОВ И ЕЕ ЗАВИСИМОСТЬ ОТ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ КОМПОНЕНТОВ И ДИАМЕТРА ЗАРЯДА
Authors: А.А. МАТВЕЕВ , В.Н. КУЛИКОВ , А.Н. ОСАВЧУК , А.Р. РЯБОКОН , Н.И. ШИШОВ
Published: November 2024

Приведены результаты экспериментально-расчетных исследований влияния ряда факторов на скорость детонации модельных взрывчатых смесевых составов: типа взрывчатого вещества и полимерного связующего, содержания и размера частиц компонентов (взрывчатого вещества, алюминиевого порошка, окислителя), диаметра заряда. Установлено, что скорости детонации взрывчатого вещества (ВВ) — окфола и смесевых составов на активном связующем при содержании ВВ 60 ÷ 80 % (СL-20, октоген) близки между собой. Наиболее заметное снижение скорости детонации наблюдается для смесевых составов с массовым содержанием алюминия более 20 % при повышении концентрации окислителя от 6 до 30 %. Увеличение размера частиц взрывчатого вещества и окислителя приводит к некоторому росту экспериментальной скорости детонации взрывчатого состава. Предельный диаметр детонации смесевых составов на основе активного связующего составляет 40 ÷ 80 мм в зависимости от содержания компонентов.

This paper presents the results of experimental and computational studies of the influence of a number of factors on the detonation velocity of model mixed explosive compositions: type of explosive and polymer binder, content and particle size of components (explosives, aluminum powder, oxidizer), and charge diameter. It has been found that the detonation velocities of the explosive okfol and mixed compositions based on an active binder with an explosive content of 60–80 % (CL-20, HMX) are close to each other. The most marked decrease in detonation velocity is observed for mixed compositions with a mass content of aluminum higher than 20% with increasing oxidizer concentration from 6 to 30%. An increase in the particle size of the explosive and oxidizer leads to an increase in the experimental detonation velocity of the explosive composition. The critical detonation diameter of mixed compositions based on the active binder is 40–80 mm depending on the content of components.
Hannos Arendt politiškumo samprata
Authors:   , Merkinaitė Simona
Published: November 2024

Hannah Arendt‘s concept of the political
Lessons in Pushkin Studies in the Editorial Practice of A. G. Dostoevskaya
Authors: Stepchenkova Valentina
Published: November 2024

A. S. Pushkin had a great influence on the development of Russian culture in the 19th century, including book publishing. Pushkin’s motifs and images have repeatedly appeared in the works of F. M. Dostoevsky. The last year of the writer’s life was marked by the triumphant “Pushkin’s Speech,” which turned the overall idea of Russian literature upside down. A. G. Dostoevskaya, who began an active bibliographic and publishing life after the death of her husband, followed the tradition of Pushkin’s publications in it. By the time the Complete Works of F. M. Dostoevsky were published, Pushkin studies had already actively solved textual problems, thereby facilitating subsequent researchers and publishers to work on compiling collections of works and bibliographies of writers. Systematizing her husband’s collected materials, A. G. Dostoevskaya focused on the bibliographic index of Pushkin’s works “Puschkiniana,” compiled by V. I. Mezhov. This is evidenced by the notes she made in her notebooks. The main consultant to the writer’s widow, who for several years had been independently preparing the first bibliography of Dostoevsky for publication, was P. A. Efremov, bibliographer, Pushkin scholar and editor of the Complete Works of A. S. Pushkin. In the poet’s anniversary year of 1899, A. G. Dostoevskaya published Dostoevsky’s Pushkin’s Speech in a separate edition, calling it “Pushkin” and thereby contributing to the celebration of the founder of Russian literature. Pushkin’s work played a significant role not only in Dostoevsky’s biography and literary legacy, but also in the bibliographic and traditional activities of the writer’s wife.
Iron Content in Wild Animal Meats: A Systematic Review Comparing Mammals and Birds
Authors: Bezerra de Oliveira Amanda Letícia , Dos Santos Medeiros Ana Luisa , Araújo de Medeiros Maria Fernanda , Tregidgo Daniel , da Silva Maia Juliana Kelly , Medeiros Jacob Michelle Cristine
Published: November 2024

This study explores the iron content in wild animal meats, a critical component of the diets of several Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLC) worldwide. Our research aimed to: (i) characterize the iron content in the muscles and viscera of wild mammals and birds, and (ii) assess whether wild bird muscle contains less iron than wild mammal muscle. Employing a systematic literature review guided by PRISMA standards and utilizing databases such as Web of Science, Medline/PubMed, and Scopus, we analyzed data from eight pertinent studies. No data regarding bird viscera were identified. Our findings indicate a significant disparity in iron content between the viscera and muscle of mammals, with the former exhibiting over six times the iron content (mean of 15.25 mg per 100g) compared to the latter (mean of 2.24 mg per 100g). Contrary to our hypothesis, the iron content in the muscles of birds (mean of 3.75 mg per 100g) and mammals did not significantly differ (p=0.120), with birds, descriptively, demonstrating a nearly 70% higher iron content. This unexpected result may be attributed to the influence of slaughter methods, such as gunshot, which prevents external bleeding, or animal behavior. Our research underscores the necessity of considering slaughter techniques in nutritional assessments of meat. These findings not only contribute to our understanding of nutritional values of wild meat but also prompt further investigation into their role in human diets, especially among IPLC.
Las ocupaciones de las mujeres según los censos de 1864 y 1883 en Costa Rica, y su relación con la feminidad
Authors: Gamboa María Isabel
Published: November 2024

El objetivo de este estudio es presentar un acercamiento a las ocupaciones ejercidas por las mujeres en Costa Rica, desde una perspectiva comparativa basada en los datos de los censos de 1864 y de 1883. Se busca explorar la relación de estas ocupaciones y algunas representaciones de género. Los principales resultados de la investigación revelan cambios cuantitativos significativos entre los censos, los cuales tuvieron relación no solo con factores económicos, sino también culturales, específicamente. con las representaciones de género.
Reconstrucción del discurso social sobre la desigualdad en Costa Rica, 2014-2022
Authors: Carballo Chaves Pablo
Published: November 2024

En este artículo se continúa la reflexión sobre la desigualdad social en Costa Rica desde la categoría del discurso social, a partir de una estrategia metodológica cualitativa. Desde esta categoría se reconstruye, a partir de grupos narrativos (la élite de gobierno, la oposición parlamentaria y los sindicatos), lo que se ha venido creando sobre la desigualdad social en función de sus interacciones. El análisis se centra en cuatro períodos de gobierno que van desde 2006 hasta el 2022, en los cuales dos partidos políticos han estado en el gobierno, cada uno de manera consecutiva, estos son: el Partido Liberación Nacional y el Partido Acción Ciudadana. Para esta segunda parte del estudio se considera el periodo de 2014-2022, y recuperando lo trabajado en la primera parte. Entre las conclusiones más importantes están el papel de la desigualdad social en la creación de un clima de injusticia que ha permitido que surjan nuevas élites de gobierno, así como nuevos líderes sociales, entre los que ha aparecido un liderazgo conservador religioso reclamando presencia sociopolítica.
Complejidad en el concepto de comunidad en estudios académicos en ciencias sociales: reflexiones y desafíos
Authors: Uribe Lopera Lucas , González Montero Sebastian Alejandro , Vinaccia Alpi Stefano , Montoya Tomás
Published: November 2024

El concepto de comunidad es ampliamente utilizado en las ciencias sociales, perosu uso polisémico y general puede limitar la comprensión de realidades socialescomplejas. Este artículo presenta una reflexión sobre el concepto de comunidad a partir de un análisis sistemático de su uso en la literatura académica de 2022. Se priorizaron 2430 artículos académicos y se analizaron 7 categorías conceptuales donde se evidencia una diversidad de enfoques y perspectivas, pero también una falta de claridad conceptual y una falta de atención a la simetría de los actores  humanos y no humanos en la construcción de comunidades.
Promoting Religious Moderation Among Bandung's Youth: Insights from SALIM Community
Authors: Pratama Predi M. , Turmudi Hamzah
Published: November 2024

This research is aimed at finding out how Sahabat Lintas Iman (SALIM) organizes activities containing the value of religious moderation, analyzed using Anthony Giddens' theory regarding social movements. By using this sociological approach, the author tries to reveal the facts in the field regarding the socialization of religious moderation to the young generation of Bandung. The method used is descriptive by presenting the social phenomena obtained in narrative form. The type of data in this research is qualitative, equipped with data collection techniques through observation and interviews. In the research, data was found regarding the socialization of religious moderation carried out by the SALIM community to the young generation of Bandung. Researchers found three activities that have religious moderation values, namely: First, religious cafes are a place that combines enthusiastic young people with the experience of wise parents. Not just a meeting, but also an encounter that builds mutual understanding that inspires new perspectives. Second, the tour of places of worship is one of SALIM Bandung's programs in socializing religious moderation to the young generation of Bandung. The activities take place when one religion is celebrating its religious holiday. Third, the Interfaith Friends Meeting (PASINI) is a meeting between religious followers, without feeling low or high and without any secret agenda or goals.
PoliTune: Analyzing the Impact of Data Selection and Fine-Tuning on Economic and Political Biases in Large Language Models
Authors: Agiza Ahmed , Mostagir Mohamed , Reda Sherief
Published: November 2024

In an era where language models are increasingly integrated into decision-making and communication, understanding the biases within Large Language Models (LLMs) becomes imperative, especially when these models are applied in the economic and political domains. This work investigates the impact of fine-tuning and data selection on economic and political biases in LLMs. In this context, we introduce PoliTune, a fine-tuning methodology to explore the systematic aspects of aligning LLMs with specific ideologies, mindful of the biases that arise from their extensive training on diverse datasets. Distinct from earlier efforts that either focus on smaller models or entail resource-intensive pre-training, PoliTune employs Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) techniques, which allow for the alignment of LLMs with targeted ideologies by modifying a small subset of parameters. We introduce a systematic method for using the open-source LLM Llama3-70B for dataset selection, annotation, and synthesizing a preferences dataset for Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) to align the model with a given political ideology. We assess the effectiveness of PoliTune through both quantitative and qualitative evaluations of aligning open-source LLMs (Llama3-8B and Mistral-7B) to different ideologies. Our work analyzes the potential of embedding specific biases into LLMs and contributes to the dialogue on the ethical application of AI, highlighting the importance of deploying AI in a manner that aligns with societal values.
A Formal Account of Trustworthiness: Connecting Intrinsic and Perceived Trustworthiness
Authors: Bisconti Piercosma , Aquilino Letizia , Marchetti Antonella , Nardi Daniele
Published: November 2024

This paper proposes a formal account of AI trustworthiness, connecting both intrinsic and perceived trustworthiness in an operational schematization. We argue that trustworthiness extends beyond the inherent capabilities of an AI system to include significant influences from observers' perceptions, such as perceived transparency, agency locus, and human oversight. While the concept of perceived trustworthiness is discussed in the literature, few attempts have been made to connect it with the intrinsic trustworthiness of AI systems. Our analysis introduces a novel schematization to quantify trustworthiness by assessing the discrepancies between expected and observed behaviors and how these affect perceived uncertainty and trust. The paper provides a formalization for measuring trustworthiness, taking into account both perceived and intrinsic characteristics. By detailing the factors that influence trust, this study aims to foster more ethical and widely accepted AI technologies, ensuring they meet both functional and ethical criteria.
Unsocial Intelligence: An Investigation of the Assumptions of AGI Discourse
Authors: Blili-Hamelin Borhane , Hancox-Li Leif , Smart Andrew
Published: November 2024

Dreams of machines rivaling human intelligence have shaped the field of AI since its inception. Yet, the very meaning of human-level AI or artificial general intelligence (AGI) remains elusive and contested. Definitions of AGI embrace a diverse range of incompatible values and assumptions. Contending with the fractured worldviews of AGI discourse is vital for critiques that pursue different values and futures. To that end, we provide a taxonomy of AGI definitions, laying the ground for examining the key social, political, and ethical assumptions they make. We highlight instances in which these definitions frame AGI or human-level AI as a technical topic and expose the value-laden choices being implicitly made. Drawing on feminist, STS, and social science scholarship on the political and social character of intelligence in both humans and machines, we propose contextual, democratic, and participatory paths to imagining future forms of machine intelligence. The development of future forms of AI must involve explicit attention to the values it encodes, the people it includes or excludes, and a commitment to epistemic justice.
A Qualitative Study on Cultural Hegemony and the Impacts of AI
Authors: Brown Venetia , Larasati Retno , Third Aisling , Farrell Tracie
Published: November 2024

Understanding the future consequences of artificial intelligence requires a holistic consideration of its cultural dimensions, on par with its technological intricacies and potential applications. Individuals and institutions working closely with AI, and with considerable resources, have significant influence on how impact is considered, particularly with regard to how much attention is paid to epistemic concerns (including issues of bias in datasets or potential misinterpretations of data, for example) versus normative concerns (such as societal and ecological effects of AI in the medium- and long-term). In this paper we review qualitative studies conducted with AI researchers and developers to understand how they position themselves relative to each of these two dimensions of impact, and how geographies and conditions of work influence their positions. Our findings underscore the need to gather more perspectives from low- and middle-income countries, whose notions of impact extend beyond the immediate technical concerns or impacts in the short- to medium-term. Rather, they encapsulate a broader spectrum of impact considerations, including the deleterious effects perpetrated by global corporate entities, the unwarranted influence of wealthy nations, the encroachment of philanthrocapitalism, and the adverse consequences of excluding communities affected by these phenomena from active participation in discussions surrounding impact.
MoJE: Mixture of Jailbreak Experts, Naive Tabular Classifiers as Guard for Prompt Attacks
Authors: Cornacchia Giandomenico , Zizzo Giulio , Fraser Kieran , Hameed Muhammad Zaid , Rawat Ambrish , Purcell Mark
Published: November 2024

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) in diverse applications underscores the pressing need for robust security measures to thwart potential jailbreak attacks. These attacks exploit vulnerabilities within LLMs, endanger data integrity and user privacy. Guardrails serve as crucial protective mechanisms against such threats, but existing models often fall short in terms of both detection accuracy, and computational efficiency. This paper advocates for the significance of jailbreak attack prevention on LLMs, and emphasises the role of input guardrails in safeguarding these models. We introduce MoJE (Mixture of Jailbreak Expert), a novel guardrail architecture designed to surpass current limitations in existing state-of-the-art guardrails. By employing simple linguistic statistical techniques, MoJE excels in detecting jailbreak attacks while maintaining minimal computational overhead during model inference. Through rigorous experimentation, MoJE demonstrates superior performance capable of detecting 90% of the attacks without compromising benign prompts, enhancing LLMs security against jailbreak attacks.
How Should AI Decisions Be Explained? Requirements for Explanations from the Perspective of European Law
Authors: Fresz Benjamin , Dubovitskaya Elena , Brajovic Danilo , Huber Marco F. , Horz Christian
Published: November 2024

This paper investigates the relationship between law and eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). While there is much discussion about the AI Act, which was adopted by the European Parliament in March 2024, other areas of law seem underexplored. This paper focuses on European (and in part German) law, although with international concepts and regulations such as fiduciary duties, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and product safety and liability. Based on XAI-taxonomies, requirements for XAI methods are derived from each of the legal fields, resulting in the conclusion that each legal field requires different XAI properties and that the current state of the art does not fulfill these to full satisfaction, especially regarding the correctness (sometimes called fidelity) and confidence estimates of XAI methods.
A Conceptual Framework for Ethical Evaluation of Machine Learning Systems
Authors: Gupta Neha R. , Hullman Jessica , Subramonyam Hariharan
Published: November 2024

Research in Responsible AI has developed a range of principles and practices to ensure that machine learning systems are used in a manner that is ethical and aligned with human values. However, a critical yet often neglected aspect of ethical ML is the ethical implications that appear when designing evaluations of ML systems. For instance, teams may have to balance a trade-off between highly informative tests to ensure downstream product safety, with potential fairness harms inherent to the implemented testing procedures. We conceptualize ethics-related concerns in standard ML evaluation techniques. Specifically, we present a utility framework, characterizing the key trade-off in ethical evaluation as balancing information gain against potential ethical harms. The framework is then a tool for characterizing challenges teams face, and systematically disentangling competing considerations that teams seek to balance. Differentiating between different types of issues encountered in evaluation allows us to highlight best practices from analogous domains, such as clinical trials and automotive crash testing, which navigate these issues in ways that can offer inspiration to improve evaluation processes in ML. Our analysis underscores the critical need for development teams to deliberately assess and manage ethical complexities that arise during the evaluation of ML systems, and for the industry to move towards designing institutional policies to support ethical evaluations.
A Causal Framework to Evaluate Racial Bias in Law Enforcement Systems
Authors: Han Jessy Xinyi , Miller Andrew Cesare , Watkins S. Craig , Winship Christopher , Christia Fotini , Shah Devavrat
Published: November 2024

We are interested in developing a data-driven method to evaluate race-induced biases in law enforcement systems. While recent works have addressed this question in the context of police-civilian interactions using police stop data, they have two key limitations. First, bias can only be properly quantified if true criminality is accounted for in addition to race, but it is absent in prior works. Second, law enforcement systems are multi-stage and hence it is important to isolate the true source of bias within the "causal chain of interactions" rather than simply focusing on the end outcome; this can help guide reforms.

In this work, we address these challenges by presenting a multi-stage causal framework incorporating criminality. We provide a theoretical characterization and an associated data-driven method to evaluate (a) the presence of any form of racial bias, and (b) if so, the primary source of such a bias in terms of race and criminality. Our framework identifies three canonical scenarios with distinct characteristics: in settings like (1) airport security, the primary source of observed bias against a race is likely to be bias in law enforcement against innocents of that race; (2) AI-empowered policing, the primary source of observed bias against a race is likely to be bias in law enforcement against criminals of that race; and (3) police-civilian interaction, the primary source of observed bias against a race could be bias in law enforcement against that race or bias from the general public in reporting (e.g. via 911 calls) against the other race. Through an extensive empirical study using police-civilian interaction (stop) data and 911 call data, we And an instance of such a counter-intuitive phenomenon: in New Orleans, the observed bias is against the majority race and the likely reason for it is the over-reporting (via 911 calls) of incidents involving the minority race by the general public.
What's Distributive Justice Got to Do with It? Rethinking Algorithmic Fairness from a Perspective of Approximate Justice
Authors: Hertweck Corinna , Heitz Christoph , Loi Michele
Published: November 2024

In the field of algorithmic fairness, many fairness criteria have been proposed. Oftentimes, their proposal is only accompanied by a loose link to ideas from moral philosophy -- which makes it difficult to understand when the proposed criteria should be used to evaluate the fairness of a decision-making system. More recently, researchers have thus retroactively tried to tie existing fairness criteria to philosophical concepts. Group fairness criteria have typically been linked to egalitarianism, a theory of distributive justice. This makes it tempting to believe that fairness criteria mathematically represent ideals of distributive justice and this is indeed how they are typically portrayed. In this paper, we will discuss why the current approach of linking algorithmic fairness and distributive justice is too simplistic and, hence, insufficient. We argue that in the context of imperfect decision-making systems -- which is what we deal with in algorithmic fairness -- we should not only care about what the ideal distribution of benefits/harms among individuals would look like but also about how deviations from said ideal are distributed. Our claim is that algorithmic fairness is concerned with unfairness in these deviations. This requires us to rethink the way in which we, as algorithmic fairness researchers, view distributive justice and use fairness criteria.
The Ethico-Politics of Design Toolkits: Responsible AI Tools, From Big Tech Guidelines to Feminist Ideation Cards (Extended Abstract)
Authors: Hollanek Tomasz
Published: November 2024

This paper interrogates the belief in toolkitting as a method for translating AI ethics theory into practice and assesses the toolkit paradigm’s effect on the understanding of ethics in AI research and AI-related policy. I start by exploring the ethico-political assumptions that underly most ethical AI toolkits. Through a meta-critique of toolkits (drawing on a review of existing ‘toolkit-scoping’ work), I demon-strate that most toolkits embody a reductionist conception of ethics and that, because of this, their capacity for facili-tating change and challenging the status quo is limited. Then, I analyze the features of several ‘alternative’ toolkits – informed by feminist theory, posthumanism, and critical design – whose creators recognize that ethics cannot be-come a box-ticking exercise for engineers, while the ethical should not be dissociated from the political. Finally, in the concluding section, referring to broader theories and cri-tiques of toolkitting as a method for structuring the design process, I suggest how different stakeholders can draw on the myriad of available tools, ranging from big tech com-panies’ guidelines to feminist design ideation cards, to achieve positive, socially desirable results, while rejecting the oversimplification of ethical practice and technosolu-tionism that many responsible AI toolkits embody. The analysis thus serves to provide suggestions for future toolkit creators and users on how to meaningfully adopt the toolkit format in AI ethics work without overselling its transformative potential.
On the Pros and Cons of Active Learning for Moral Preference Elicitation
Authors: Keswani Vijay , Conitzer Vincent , Heidari Hoda , Schaich Borg Jana , Sinnott-Armstrong Walter
Published: November 2024

Computational preference elicitation methods are tools used to learn people’s preferences quantitatively in a given context. Recent works on preference elicitation advocate for active learning as an efficient method to iteratively construct queries (framed as comparisons between context-specific cases) that are likely to be most informative about an agent’s underlying preferences. In this work, we argue that the use of active learning for moral preference elicitation relies on certain assumptions about the underlying moral preferences, which can be violated in practice. Specifically, we highlight the following common assumptions (a) preferences are stable over time and not sensitive to the sequence of presented queries, (b) the appropriate hypothesis class is chosen to model moral preferences, and (c) noise in the agent’s responses is limited. While these assumptions can be appropriate for preference elicitation in certain domains, prior research on moral psychology suggests they may not be valid for moral judgments. Through a synthetic simulation of preferences that violate the above assumptions, we observe that active learning can have similar or worse performance than a basic random query selection method in certain settings. Yet, simulation results also demonstrate that active learning can still be viable if the degree of instability or noise is relatively small and when the agent’s preferences can be approximately represented with the hypothesis class used for learning. Our study highlights the nuances associated with effective moral preference elicitation in practice and advocates for the cautious use of active learning as a methodology to learn moral preferences.
How Are LLMs Mitigating Stereotyping Harms? Learning from Search Engine Studies
Authors: Leidinger Alina , Rogers Richard
Published: November 2024

With the widespread availability of LLMs since the release of ChatGPT and increased public scrutiny, commercial model development appears to have focused their efforts on `safety' training concerning legal liabilities at the expense of social impact evaluation. This mimics a similar trend which we could observe for search engine autocompletion some years prior. We draw on scholarship from NLP and search engine auditing and present a novel evaluation task in the style of autocompletion prompts to assess stereotyping in LLMs. We assess LLMs by using four metrics, namely refusal rates, toxicity, sentiment and regard, with and without safety system prompts. Our findings indicate an improvement to stereotyping outputs with the system prompt, but overall a lack of attention by LLMs under study to certain harms classified as toxic, particularly for prompts about peoples/ethnicities and sexual orientation. Mentions of intersectional identities trigger a disproportionate amount of stereotyping. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings about stereotyping harms in light of the coming intermingling of LLMs and search and the choice of stereotyping mitigation policy to adopt. We address model builders, academics, NLP practitioners and policy makers, calling for accountability and awareness concerning stereotyping harms, be it for training data curation, leader board design and usage, or social impact measurement.