bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Persistence of Urban Identity in the Global World
Authors: Mocca Elisabetta
Published: January 2024

Since the late 1980s–early 1990s, when globalisation reached its peak, much ink was poured to describe and examine this process and its effect on cities. While, for some commentators, cities have been undergoing the inevitable homogenisation of many aspects of the urban life, for others, cities have been safeguarding their urban identity, that is, those unique features that make them different. By critically reviewing the debate between supporters and detractors of globalisation, this chapter seeks to rehabilitate the distinctiveness of the urban dimension, which, as some theoretical approaches suggest, seems to be dissolved in the global world. By taking a sceptical stand against globalisers and glocalisers’ positions, this chapter rejects those arguments heralding the irrelevance, or even the death, of the local and underscores the cultural and political specificities of cities. Underpinning this argument is the conceptualisation of local autonomy in its identitarian form. In such a view, urban identity becomes an instance of local autonomy, seen as the freedom of cities to define their own selves.
Child Abuse Imagery, Abuse and Grooming
Authors: David Matthew
Published: January 2024

Does the increased circulation of child abuse imagery increase the production of such content? Increased circulation might reduce production. Does the increased availability increase the market for such material, and if so, does this increase the likelihood of consumers becoming direct abusers themselves? Even if watching child pornography does not ‘directly’ cause a person to become an abuser, does wider availability ‘normalize’ such action and so disinhibit action by persons already predisposed? Online networks challenge national legal regulations, but the affordances of digital networks have provoked international harmonization of laws. While ‘sexting’ and ‘livestreaming’ of explicit content represents a new form of abusive communications, it is easier to expose and regulate such interaction because it is digital. However, not all digital content is recorded by service providers. Most child sexual abuse occurs in localized and mainly familial contexts. Recent exposés of child sexual exploitation have started with online disclosures.
Revolt Against One-Worldism: Radical Claims on Land and Work Post-1968
Authors: Bresnihan Patrick , Millner Naomi
Published: January 2024

This chapter identifies a key conjuncture in the development of modern environmentalism in the period 1968–1974. On the one hand, ideas of a single, shared global environment were emerging as the basis for international collaboration and planning frameworks. On the other hand, radical social movements interrupted the idea of ‘one-worldism’, as colonised peoples, women, people of colour, students and workers refused to be exploited within imperialist and capitalist systems. While such transnational movements did not always directly address issues of environmental degradation or biodiversity, we emphasise how much these adjacent movements were part of the same field of ideas and nourished environmental debates.
Earth Politics: Disagreement and Emergent Indigeneity in the So-Called Anthropocene
Authors: Bresnihan Patrick , Millner Naomi
Published: January 2024

This chapter focuses on the period after 2010–2012, and we contrast the way that momentum and resonance are built around ‘techno-fix’ type environmental solutions that place emphasis on globalised markets in environmental futures, with new kinds of imagining inspired by global gatherings of Indigenous and rural groups in the name of ‘earth politics’. Invoking at once a commitment to materiality and ‘earthiness’ and to diverse cosmologies, earth politics include room for multiple possible worlds and invites dialogue between them, rather than starting from presumed agreement and universal starting points.
Remembrance and Historicization: Transformation of Individual and Collective Memory Processes in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Bohleber Werner
Published: January 2024

For a long time, a collective defense against acknowledging and taking responsibility for the horrific Nazi crimes was prevalent in German society. As a result, the memory culture was characterized by contentious memories, which repeatedly provoked new debates, but nevertheless made historical clarifications possible and gradually removed the ground from the tendencies towards denial and not wanting to know. Understanding them in depth requires the insights of psychoanalysis on how to deal with affect-laden memories, with feelings of fear, guilt, and shame, and with the defensive movements to protect a self-image experienced as threatened. The phases of the societal struggle to remember the Holocaust and other Nazi crimes are described together with its transgenerational consequences. In Germany the memory cannot be a purely victim-identified memory culture. The perpetrators and their deeds must be included in a so-called “negative memory” which cannot be outsourced from a positive collective identity or purified from it. A further question is discussed how the abysmal nature of the crimes and the immeasurable suffering of the victims can be transmitted to the memory formation of future generations.
Enlisting Lived Memory: From Traumatic Silence to Authentic Witnessing
Authors: Kidron Carol A.
Published: January 2024

This chapter presents a self-reflexive and self-critical account of the author’s scholarship on second and third generation Holocaust descendant memory contextualized within the Israeli commemorative landscape. Focusing on the evolution of the author’s epistemological and ideological interpretive lens, the chapter explores the way the author’s three scholarly trajectories were shaped by the following: critical constructivism and hegemony theory; critical perspectives on trauma theory and pathologization; and the author’s personal positioning as Holocaust descendant protective of survivor family silence and authenticity. Vignettes from ethnographic participant observation at a support group for second generation Holocaust descendants and ethnographic interviews with second and third generation descendants are presented, illustrating scholarship from each trajectory, followed by a self-critical analysis of the way each interpretive lens constituted the resultant scholarship. Implications are raised pertaining to the politics of memory and memory scholarship and the way the politics of memory is forever entangled with formative ideological and emotive moral missions. Moving beyond the micro case study of Israeli politics of memory to broader epistemological and ethical questions, the chapter problematizes the way subjective moralistic scholarly and personal positions shape our analytical lens.
How Difficult Pasts Complicate the Present: Comparative Analysis of the Genocides in Western Armenia and Rwanda
Authors: Caponi Jacob , Müge Göçek Fatma
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines contentious memory production through a comparative analysis of the 1915 Armenian Genocide and the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi in Rwanda. We first outline an interpretive lens that shifts the analysis of genocide as a singular act to a relational process which reveals contention is entangled throughout the conceptualization of genocide, the agency of social actors, and narration of the larger context of genocide, especially in the post-genocidal phase. In applying our interpretive lens to our two cases, we suggest that the temporal and spatial boundaries of genocide expand beyond the initial collective physical destruction in the short-term to a long-term process of boundary making around trust, accountability, memory-making, and forgetting. Further, the public narration of genocide develops with attention to four often temporally linear, historical macro-episodes: colonization, nation-state formation, internal polarization, and post-genocidal (re)narration. Throughout these periods, powerful social actors work to abrogate claims about their accountability for acts of physical violence. By analyzing contentious memory production with our interpretive lens, we argue knowledge production about genocide must focus on accountability as it is ultimately what separates acknowledgement from denial.
Neo-liberalism Comes to Johannesburg: Changing the Rules of the Game
Authors: Webster Edward , Dor Lynford
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores how the rise of neo-liberalism changed the rules of the game, undermining the gains made by workers in the 1980s and eroding the standard employment relationship through outsourcing. The chapter begins by reflecting on different cycles of municipal workers’ resistance in Johannesburg. Then it goes on to show how these municipal workers rediscover their power and attempt to resist casualisation and privatisation. The contention is that, by failing to extend its struggle to the community (utilising societal power), the SAMWU lost an opportunity to broaden its power resources. The chapter concludes by showing how, in the age of globalisation, neo-liberalism has captured the state, social democratic labour’s historical ally. This has drawn sections of the union leadership into corrupt practices. In terms of Jelle Vissers’ typology, SAMWU is an example of dualisation, where unions defend existing strongholds and focus on workers in stable jobs. This opens up a growing representational gap as more and more precarious workers are left without a voice.
Crossing the Divide: Informal Workers and Trade Unions
Authors: Ludwig Carmen
Published: January 2024

This chapter analyses a traditional union, the Amalgamated Transport and General Workers’ Union of Uganda (ATGWU), that has successfully revitalised by crossing the divide and organising the new workers – boda boda riders – emerging in the informal economy. It shifts the narrative on trade unions as ‘victims of globalisation’, and instead shows their agency and power. The union has been transformed into a hybrid organisation – something between a traditional trade union and an informal association of micro-businesses. From 2,000 members 15 years ago, it now has nearly 100,000 members. Part I gives an historical account of the role of trade unions, particularly in Africa, and the distinctive nature of the African labour market. Part II turns to an examination of the move to cross the divide between formal and informal workers by focusing on the ATGWU as an example of the successful integration of formal and informal transport workers.
‘Raise Your Hand If …’: Teen Dating Violence Prevention in Rural Secondary Schools
Authors: Blackburn Kaiti , Brungardt Christie , Farrington Jennifer , Moravek Rachel
Published: January 2024

With the purpose to better understand common gender-based violence behaviours and to gather data on the frequency of teen dating violence in rural communities, Jana’s Campaign has administered the ‘Raise Your Hand’ activity from the 2007 edition of Building Healthy Relationships across Virginia: A Facilitator’s Guide to Teen Dating Violence Prevention in 27 rural secondary schools in Kansas, Colorado and Nebraska with 2,866 middle and high school students. To participate, students are asked to close their eyes and place their heads on their desks for confidentiality purposes. Activity facilitators read a series of statements and data is recorded when students raise their hands to identify the unhealthy behaviours as something they or someone they know has experienced. The findings from this activity are used to guide Jana’s Campaign’s violence prevention education efforts with youth in schools and communities.
The Needs of Intimate Partner Violence Victims in Rural America
Authors: Qi Ziwei , Jimenez Cristina , Lizarraga Viviana , Hanson Brandi
Published: January 2024

Victims in rural and isolated areas often face unique and complex obstacles when attempting to leave abusive situations because of culturally constructed gender roles, the stigma of abuse, poverty, a lack of access to housing and services, and many other challenges. Given the difficulties intimate partner violence (IPV) victims commonly encounter, the need to better measure the magnitude of IPV and resulting tangible and intangible costs becomes even more urgent. In this chapter, an extensive literature review examines the prevalence, incidences, needs and costs of IPV victimisation in rural areas. The authors provide a localised study on victimisation and rurality; the researchers surveyed service providers in Kansas, a predominantly rural state in the United States, for quantitative and qualitative data to explore the cost of IPV from practitioners’ perspectives. The chapter identifies the costs of IPV while providing critical knowledge to the field regarding the availability, accessibility, equity and effectiveness of the approaches to address IPV in rural communities. The goal is to understand how service providers in a rural area estimate IPV costs, both tangible and intangible, the challenges to estimating these costs, and any adverse circumstances that may mitigate or contribute to a higher risk of IPV. The chapter ends with empirically driven policy suggestions on access to rural justice to other rural communities.
Rural Rape Crisis Centres and Extreme Financial Deprivation
Authors: Kirkner Anne
Published: January 2024

This chapter focuses on the effects of austerity governance policies, or deep cuts to social programmes that fall disproportionately on rural rape crisis centres (RCCs). These policies operate in such a way that leads not just to increased barriers for survivors accessing services in rural areas but adds to further harm for survivors and the people who serve them. Data come from 22 in-depth interviews with executive directors of RCCs in a Midwestern state, with 11 interviews from providers in rural counties. Respondents were asked about their experiences during a two-year state-wide budget impasse where RCCs and other social services received no money from the state, losing up to 80 per cent of their operating budgets overnight for an indefinite (at the time) period. The data show rural RCCs were hit harder than their non-rural counterparts throughout the state, revealing themes of hardship and uncertainty along with strategies for survival such as using volunteers more, laying off or furloughing staff, and relying on lines of credit to pay staff and overheads. These issues are an example of how austerity governance policies fall disproportionately on services relied upon by women and marginalised groups and reinscribe harm, constituting another form of gendered violence.
Neoliberalism: A Critique
Authors: Lane David
Published: January 2024

Chapter 3, Neoliberalism: A CritiqueDespite many crises and widespread public and academic criticism, neoliberalism survives as a hegemonic ideology. Following a summary of neoliberalism’s development, seven dimensions of theory and practice are outlined where it may be faulted. Neoliberal theory by putting individual behaviour as the drivers of economic development and wealth creation gives insufficient attention to the unequal division of economic and political power. The absence of countervailing power may lead to economies operating for long periods of time at sub-optimal conditions. States, rather than countervailing economic forces, have resolved economic crisis caused by systemic economic imbalances. While promoting diversity and mobility, neoliberalism ignores the constitution of inequality which is based on the unequal ownership of property. The theory is unable to articulate holistic knowledge. It is contended that societies and collaborative human behaviour create civilisations, rather than the neoliberal assumptions of individual self-interest working through market mechanisms.
Socialist Visions
Authors: Lane David
Published: January 2024

Chapter 4, Socialist Visions, outlines ideas that have driven the socialist movement – both social democratic and socialist. Whereas liberalism in is various forms was grounded on the rights of individuals, socialism promotes collective rights, which in turn liberate individuals. Socialism is a social and political system that is predicated on the universal fulfilment of human needs, which can only be met by the attainment of three other objectives: public property, social equality and a classless society. Two distinct approaches to socialism are delineated, social democracy and socialism. which have remained the two foremost adversaries of capitalism. The views of Durkheim, Mill, Marx and Engels are contrasted. The practice of state socialism and the planned socialist economy is considered an alternative to liberal competitive capitalism and social democratic welfarist forms of capitalism. Social democracy and socialism have a collectivist, rather than an individualistic, frame of reference.
The Decay of Social Democracy
Authors: Lane David
Published: January 2024

In the immediate post-Second World War period, Western European countries introduced coordinated welfare societies, exemplified by the British Labour Party. The reforms sought to promote social equality and social justice, and they were accompanied by significant nationalisation of key industries, high levels of taxation, a full employment policy and the introduction of comprehensive social services. The chapter discusses the decline of Labour’s socialist policy and electoral failure followed by Margaret Thatcher’s turn to neoliberalism.The chapter explains her success. Like the Eastern European societies, industrial and commercial developments had led to the rise of a non-manual middle class. There arose a new spirit of capitalism and a post-industrial political culture. Concurrently, capitalism became global in character accompanied by de-industrialisation and the decline of the nation state. Social democracy failed as an alternative to the neoliberal moral and economic order which, from the 1980s, became a potent international force, Neoliberalism provided feasible answers to the inadequacies of post-war forms of economic and political coordination.
Ecological ‘Catastrophe’
Authors: Lane David
Published: January 2024

Chapter 13, Ecological ‘Catastrophe’, considers the toxicities that are destroying the environment, the extent to which they are caused by human action and how they may be remedied. The chapter outlines the environmentalists’ critique of the exploitation of nature by industrial development, which is considered a threat to human life. The extent and geographical spread of environmental hazards are described, and Marxist and environmentalist approaches are contrasted. The former considers that industrialisation is positive, the threat lies with the capitalistic nature of globalisation, whereas environmentalists question the role of an urban-industrial civilisation and advocate convivial degrowth policies. Market and statist policies promoting sustainable development are contrasted in the light of the unequal geographical effects of convivial de-growth policies.
Community
Authors: Atkins Ed
Published: January 2024

This chapter adopts a perspective of justice as recognition to explore how communities, institutions, and local governments might play new, active roles in an energy transition. It highlights examples of community energy projects, reflecting on the complexity of the term and the wide variety of community-centred energy transitions. The chapter moves to detail the history of community-centred energy in the UK, highlighting processes that have both supported and stymied these schemes. Drawing on the example of the re-municipalisation of energy in Germany, it highlights the active role that local government might take in an energy transition, as well as reflecting on how this role can be hindered through the case of Bristol Energy. The chapter argues for the development of direct links between renewable energy schemes and the broader transformation of local and regional economies. It ends by detailing the third rule for a just energy transition: foregrounding community-centred energy projects in local goals of community wealth-building.
Financialization, Quantification and Evaluation
Authors: van der Heide Arjen
Published: January 2024

The main purpose of this book is to document and explain a process of cultural change in the British life insurance industry, away from traditional actuarial practices of prudence and profit participation and towards a system of financialized governance that relies on the explicit quantification of financial risk. This task can be subdivided into three components: (1) a description of how life insurers came to organize uncertainty around the explicit quantification of financial risk; (2) an explanation of why financial risk became incorporated into insurers’ evaluation machinery in the way it did; and (3) an examination of the consequences of insurers’ changing evaluation machinery. In this chapter, I outline the theoretical approach I follow to study the process of cultural change and the remaking of the boundaries between British life insurance and the financial sector more generally. The chapter contains three sections. First, I explain what is meant here by financialization, drawing on the work of Eve Chiapello and colleagues, who, in Weberian spirit, link the evolution of capitalism to the tools and instruments employed to render capital visible, deployable and manageable. Second, I review the social science literature on insurance. This section enables us to see how the insurance logic changes with the appropriation and institutionalization of new financial evaluation practices. Third and finally, I outline the theoretical apparatus that underpins the analysis of how the boundaries between finance and insurance were remade. I draw on, and integrate, three sociological perspectives: the social studies of finance, field theory and the sociology of professions.
Introducing the Film Analysis Framework
Authors: Muir Robyn
Published: January 2024

This section introduces the first facet of the Disney Princess Phenomenon: the films. It outlines the film analysis framework created to analyze the Disney Princess films. It introduces the framework, along with guidance questions so it can be used by scholars, students, and audiences. To analyze the Disney Princess films I created a new film analysis framework to produce a thick description of the film facet of the Disney Princess Phenomenon. Not only will this help scholars in Disney Studies who wish to analyze and create a typology to identify the changes in representation within the Disney Princess Phenomenon or in wider Disney animation/franchises, but due to the transferable nature of the film framework it can be used to explore a variety of popular culture from a feminist media studies perspective.
‘Lost Dreamers’: A Narrative Shift in the Princess Phenomenon
Authors: Muir Robyn
Published: January 2024

This chapter introduces the second wave of the Disney Princess Phenomenon: Eilonwy, Ariel, Belle, and Jasmine. Their films are situated within their cultural context, before the dominant images of femininity in the wave are introduced and discussed: assertiveness, rebelliousness and bravery and desiring a romantic relationship, with the chapter identifying them as ‘lost dreamers’.
‘Innovative Leaders’: A Progressive Era of Princesses
Authors: Muir Robyn
Published: January 2024

This chapter introduces the fifth wave of the Disney Princess Phenomenon: Merida, Anna, Elsa and Moana. Their films are situated within their cultural context, before the dominant images of femininity in the wave are introduced and discussed: assertiveness, leadership, female support and lack of romantic relationships, with the chapter identifying them as ‘innovative leaders’..
Playing Dress Up: Disney Princess Merchandising and Marketing
Authors: Muir Robyn
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores the connection between the images of femininity found in Disney Princess films and their remediations through the phenomenon’s second facet: merchandise and marketing. A content analysis of Disney Princess merchandise demonstrates which princesses and waves were most dominant. Distinguishing which of these waves are dominant in remediations of the films is imperative to outline which models of femininity are being promoted to consumers.
Conclusion: Happily Ever After?
Authors: Muir Robyn
Published: January 2024

This chapter concludes by identifying the Disney Princesses as role models, and therefore inherently political. It summarizes the key arguments of the book, explaining how the study of Disney Princesses must continue to measure their relationship with audiences and what this means for the conceptualization of gender. . Throughout this book I have sought to discover how femininity is depicted within the Disney Princess Phenomenon through three facets: films, merchandising/marketing, and park experiences. I examined the film facet first, as this is where a princess’ mediation journey begins. I created a film analysis framework that allowed me to use the examination of speech, movement, plot lines, narratives, and treatment of characters to identify characteristics displayed by each princess.
(Re)Imagining Meritocracy in Unequal Migrations
Authors: Varriale Simone
Published: January 2024

Chapter 3 explores how participants (re)imagine Northern meritocracy in unequal migrations, focusing on the conditions under which it remains an emotionally resonant imaginary and category of practice. The chapter shows that meritocracy remains meaningful when participants experience economic and symbolic recognition. The latter includes feeling that work is not entirely removed from one’s identity, or that hard work – in the fields of employment or education – is fairly rewarded. For Black Italians, the experience of feeling ‘like everyone else’ is central to the resonance of meritocratic imaginaries. The chapter shows that the emotional rewards of meritocracy are unequally distributed. Gendered processes of precarization affect especially women, making insecure and ‘meaningless’ work more common to their experiences. Inequalities of class background feed into classed forms of upward and downward social mobility, exposing participants to longer-term experiences of insecurity. These experiences can make meritocracy dissonant or muted, and can lead participants to revise meritocratic imaginaries.
Problematizing the Migrant–Refugee Distinction in Latin America
Authors: Cintra Natalia , Owen David , Riggirozzi Pía
Published: January 2024

The concept ‘migrant’ encompasses a heterogeneous range of individuals who move from one place to another for different reasons, within or across state borders, involving pendular, circular, or return movements. This chapter focuses on the distinction between ‘migrants’ and ‘refugees’, and the implications of the ways this distinction is mobilized in, and plays out across, legal, political and social contexts with significant effects on the rights and wellbeing of those subject to this schema, which is particularly important in the case of displaced Venezuelan women and girls. The primary reasons for their displacement are poverty, lack of medical services, gender-based violence, and lack of sustenance, which are not straightforwardly encompassed by categories of international refugee protection and, therefore, may fail to be recognized as entitled to the necessary protection. We consider debates around the category of ‘refugee’ and the political role of such debates, before exploring the way in which the refugee/migrant distinction is gendered and establishes a rights hierarchy in the treatment of border-crossing people. We argue for a framework in which the categories of displaced persons is specified instead by the concept of ‘necessary fleers’.
Protecting the Human Right to Health of Women and Girls from Venezuela as Necessary Fleers
Authors: Cintra Natalia , Owen David , Riggirozzi Pía
Published: January 2024

When women and girls reach their countries of destination, issues of documentation matter, both in how they experience their (health) rights in their everyday circumstances, but also in how they perceive themselves and are socially perceived as rights-holders. Even in contexts where legal definition of status and documentation might not theoretically affect access to basic rights, such as healthcare, in practice, barriers to access to healthcare affect enjoyment of the human rights that migrant women are entitled to. Despite systems of protection and normative frameworks in place, whether documented or not, gender, race, ethnicity and class intersect with women and girls’ migrant status in affecting their everyday experiences of rights. This chapter argues that everyday barriers associated with social perceptions and practices create inequalities and injustices that affect women fleers’ enjoyment of their right to sexual and reproductive health and agency. We make the case for the importance of going beyond issues of documentation and status for effective and gendered responsive systems of protection.
Recruitment and Data Collection
Authors: Papadopoulos Ioannis
Published: January 2024

This chapter includes practical details concerning the study’s recruitment strategy and data collection process, and comprehensive information is provided on how Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis is applied in each interview stage respectively. First, an in-depth review occurs concerning the author’s steps towards successfully overcoming the involved difficulties and eventually building trust with unaccompanied children before progressing to holding interviews. The same analysis takes place with respect to the followed process during the second and third interview stage, where practitioners participated individually and in the form of a focus group. Before proceeding to the third stage, the relation between Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis and focus groups is emphasised and the difference of opinion among scholars on the subject is demonstrated. Hence, the author’s methodology throughout all interview stages is presented in detail, coupled with information regarding the participants’ background and the questions that were addressed to them in the context of the discussion.
Ultimate Reflections
Authors: Papadopoulos Ioannis
Published: January 2024

This chapter is based on the participants’ ultimate reflections which were shared at the end of each interview session. Initially, the professionals’ insights are presented regarding the use of detention processes for unaccompanied children in Greece. In addition, the role of non-governmental organisations in safeguarding the rights of migrant children is emphasised, followed by the participants’ understanding on whether professionals of the humanitarian sector can assist towards the same direction. As the analysis progresses, the importance of correctly applying the right to be heard in favour of detained unaccompanied children is discussed. The second part is structured around the participants’ input as regards the changes that they would implement to the context of detention, followed by suggestions on alternative measures, thus allowing for a phenomenological review of their statements to take place and for the author to demonstrate how the voice of participants allowed for awareness to be gained.
From Disaster Woes to Economic Windfall: The Case of San Juan Women of Sta. Rita, Samar
Authors: Cular Anita G.
Published: January 2024

The extent of the damage that was brought about by super typhoon Haiyan creates an avenue for the numerous survivors to tell stories of how they suffered, survived, and moved on during and after the disaster. This is an ethnographic study about the residents of San Juan, Sta. Rita, Samar, who were survivors of super typhoon Haiyan. As a qualitative approach, data were collected through a series of visits, interactions, and interviews among the research participants, mostly the women of San Juan. From their narratives, the women’s pre-Haiyan socio-economic realities were similar to those of women in rural poor communities characterized by very low incomes, unmet basic needs, low levels of education, despondency, and constraint. This worsened after the disaster. However, this hopelessness changed when they were able to access financial assistance which they used to tap their entrepreneurial skills in ecotourism. These positive transformations that surfaced among the women were in dark contrast to their pre-Haiyan disposition. The women are agents of change benefiting the whole community of San Juan. While the women are not conscious of it, these changes are initial steps toward the fulfillment of Sustainable Development Goals that every country aspire to in the year 2030.
The Political Economy of Punishment in the Global Periphery: Incarceration and Discipline in Brazilian Prisons
Authors: Santo Luiz Dal
Published: January 2024

The re-emergence of the political economy of punishment in criminological accounts has prompted a growth in comparative analyses among different countries. This work, however, have been basically limited to the core countries of capitalism, yet Southern countries have often been overlooked by this work. This chapter brings a Southern and peripheral reality to the contemporary criminological debate on the political economy of punishment. It also shows how the uncritical importation of criminological theories fails to understand the reality and demands of peripheral societies and their contexts. By contrast, appropriate contextualization of accumulated criminological knowledge can be helpful to make sense of distinct phenomena experienced in peripheral regions. This is shown by the relation between punishment, imprisonment and discipline in Brazilian prisons. Accordingly, this chapter explores historical and contemporary powers, forces and events that have deeply influenced patterns and trends of punishment in Southern penal systems.
Colonial Violence, Contemporary Conflict and Socio-Ecological Renewal: Analysis from Bougainville
Authors: Iruinu Blaise , Lasslett Kristian
Published: January 2024

The idea of colonial violence eludes comprehensive conceptual definition because of its depth and complexity. Grappling with this violence remains a pressing challenge for those who have lived through it. This chapter represents an intervention by Chief Blaise Iruinu who discusses the Bougainville conflict (1988–1997), and the independence movement it precipitated. He locates the war in a social crisis that Iruinu traces back to 1886, when Indigenous social systems in Bougainville first became disrupted through formal annexation by European powers. This precipitated a process of social alienation and dependency subsequently accelerated by the emergence of a mining economy in the 1960s. Out of these contradictions emerged the seeds for major conflict Eventually the war-generated deprivation precipitated a renewal of Indigenous social systems providing a foundation for meaningful independence and justice, through which Bougainville can work in solidarity with the international community in challenging the harmful socio-ecological drives of global capitalism.
Social Mobilization and Victims of Violence: Emotional Responses to Justice in an Urban Periphery
Authors: Oliveira Valéria Cristina de , Placencia Jaqueline Garza
Published: January 2024

The chapter analyses the role of emotions in the building of coordinated responses to violent deaths of residents of a favela in the east of São Paulo based on ethnographies and interviews conducted between 2016 and 2017. We argue that the most traditional forms of protest and other ways of honouring victims in daily life (such as graffiti in memory of friends and tributes at public events such as football matches), indicate different ways to express the feeling of ‘outraged justice’. This sense of outrage is a result of violence that articulates economic deprivation and lack of access to formal justice in these peripheries. In this endeavour, we resort to the literature that discusses affections and emotions configuring the popular manifestations in response to the different violent forms of violation of rights, especially those perpetrated by the state.
Conclusion/Afterword
Authors: Cavalcanti Roxana Pessoa , Waseem Zoha , Squires Peter
Published: January 2024

This final chapter, a brief conclusion, draws together the core themes of the book, reiterating the main themes and reinforcing the ways in which the separate chapters contribute to the overriding themes of the work. The conclusion closes by suggesting a number of ‘pathways for future research’.
Practice Spotlight: Using #QueerInSTEM and Related Hashtags to Promote Your Science Communication
Authors: Lopez Luis , Roca Alberto I.
Published: January 2024

What effective strategies can queer scientists and communicators use to network with one another and to find their intended audience? This spotlight details the practical tactics queer scientists and communicators use on Twitter to network with one another and reach a public audience. It identifies relevant hashtags that have gained traction and approaches that seem to gain support, offering useful guidance for queer tweeters in STEM.
Have Rainbow, Will Collect Data: How Citizen and Community Science Engages Queer Volunteers
Authors: Harwell Todd A.
Published: January 2024

Citizen and community science has been recognized as an impactful development in science communication and has become an important avenue for potential lifelong STEM engagement. This chapter focuses on LGBTIQA+ people’s experiences participating in citizen science projects in the US with recommendations for improving their experiences and broadening participation. The chapter highlights how few community and citizen science projects have focused on queer topics, issues, or participants in the US and elsewhere.
Practice Spotlight: Queer Communicators in Environmental, Climate Change, and Sustainability Conversations
Authors: Weder Franzisca
Published: January 2024

The story of climate change, of destruction and loss, is well represented in mass media around natural hazards and new scientific data. In contrast, new concepts of restoration, eco-cultural identities, and sustainability are not picked up widely in public discourses. There is a similarity here with the fact that the perspectives of non-government organization communicators, activists, and queer science communicators are not often heard or visible in the media. This spotlight focuses on queer communicators showing alternative pathways to overcome the binary between well mediatized climate science and – so far – less told stories about a more sustainable future.
Practice Spotlight: How LGBTIQA+ Representation in Organization Leadership Impacts Inclusivity and Visibility
Authors: Durcan Sarah , Bandelli Andrea
Published: January 2024

This spotlight focuses on how extensive LGBTIQA+ representation in an organization’s senior management team can influence workplace dynamics and science communication practices. Drawing on the example of Science Gallery International, the spotlight describes how the Gallery’s senior management team and board influences their approach to science communication. The open, queer-positive dynamic of their workplace led to staff establishing the LGBTQ+ STEM Day that is now a worldwide initiative.
Respect for the Will and Preferences of People with Mental Disorders in German Law
Authors: Henking Tanja , Scholten Matthé
Published: January 2024

This chapter provides an overview of German laws that are particularly relevant to the rights of people with mental disorders. While its focus is on guardianship law, the chapter also briefly discusses Mental Health Assistance Laws, the implications of the United Nations Convention of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and the Patients’ Rights Law. Key elements of German guardianship law include respect for autonomy, a prioritisation of supported over substitute decision-making, a prioritisation of the person’s will and preferences over objective categories of well-being, and protection of the deeply held will and preferences of individuals who lack mental capacity and pose a considerable risk of harm to themselves. The primary task of the guardian is to support the person concerned in managing their own legal affairs. Only if the provision of adequate support does not enable the person concerned to make decisions based on their own will and preferences, the guardian can act on their behalf. Substitute decisions made by a guardian must be consistent with the deeply held values and preferences of the person concerned, as derived from the person’s advance directive, preferences they expressed previously, or the person’s ‘presumed will’. Various actions of the guardian are subject to court approval, including financial investments, security deposits, high-stake medical decisions and involuntary interventions. A central element in the court proceedings is an in-person hearing of the person concerned. Involuntary interventions are additionally subject to strict conditions of proportionality.
Introduction
Authors: Gerhardt Hannes
Published: January 2024

The introduction starts by asking whether it is possible to envision a world beyond capitalism. The book is then presented as the exploration of one proposition that attempts to do so, predicated on the increasingly popular conceptualization and enactment of the ‘commons’. More specifically, it is a proposal rooted in the idea that our current state of economic and technological development makes the adoption of openness, cooperation, and shared ownership/governance a more rational economic choice in meeting the needs and wants of humanity than one based on competition, artificial scarcity, and the pursuit of profit. The rest of the book is then summarized as an attempt to critically assess, organize, and hone this emerging outlook under the term ‘compeerism’.
The Digital Commons’ Elusive Potential
Authors: Gerhardt Hannes
Published: January 2024

Chapter 2 considers the question of how the expansion of commons-based digital value production could be expanded to the point of challenging and eventually outcompeting capital, as per Karl Marx’s vision in Grundrisse. Non-capitalist forms of digital commons contributions are presented, including from government, non-profits, and cooperatives. The cooperative framework and movement is shown to be particularly aligned with compeerism, a recurring theme throughout the book. The key takeaway from the chapter, however, is the need for commons-based digital value producers to engage in greater solidarity, or ‘boundary commoning’, in order to significantly boost the expansion of the digital commons. Especially critical is the establishment of a peer-property regime that can protect commons-sourced digital value from unwanted exploitation, thus enabling the producers of this value to challenge capital in a market context.
Democratizing Infrastructure
Authors: Gerhardt Hannes
Published: January 2024

Chapter 4 is the first of three chapters to tackle the challenge of translating compeerism to the material realm by focusing on the electricity and information technology (IT) infrastructures on which the digital economy depends. Immediate forms of exit such as opting out of the electrical or internet ‘macrogrid’ are considered, before possible longer-term options for decapitalizing critical infrastructure are explored. Compeerism here seeks alternatives to the top-down, centralized arrangement prevalent in the delivery of IT and electricity services by promoting localized, smaller operators and ‘prosumers’ (individuals participating in production) that would enable greater community autonomy and control. At the same time, the limits of localization are identified, pointing to the need for state engagement to pursue a decapitalization of larger-scaled infrastructural assets. The creation of networked and highly democratized stakeholder cooperatives is presented as the most promising organizational approach to commonifying the trans-local, material basis of our electricity and internet delivery systems.
Conclusion
Authors: Gerhardt Hannes
Published: January 2024

The conclusion begins by noting that we live at a time when humanity possesses wealth, knowledge, and productive capabilities that are truly immense.Nonetheless, our world is characterized by massive inequality, widespread poverty, environmental collapse, and political instability and conflict. Clearly, a better outcome should be possible. The conclusion thus goes on to review the compeerist proposal presented in the previous chapters as offering an outline of what a path to such a better outcome could entail. The final takeaway is that another world is, indeed, achievable. The question that remains is whether enough of humanity will be able to find the right inspiration, motivation, and tactics to actually make it happen.
Data Bounds Are Reinforced by Policy
Authors: Lawson B.T.
Published: January 2024

The opening empirical chapter outlines Trade-Off: the dominant data bound of the pandemic that positioned economic indicators and health metrics in direct opposition to each other. As GDP growth, unemployment and trade improved, cases, hospitalizations and deaths declined – and vice versa. The chapter argues that Trade-Off dominated because of the government’s response to coronavirus. In adopting a mitigation strategy, they engaged in a constant trade-off: they would introduce national lockdowns when health metrics worsened – even if this affected the economy badly – and then open up society when health metrics were suitably low – allowing the economy to grow again. This stood in direct opposition to other countries, mainly in East Asia and Australasia, that took an elimination or containment approach. It was here that an alternative data bound emerged: Protect Both. In these countries, the prevailing logic was that over the long term you either protected both the economy and health or saw them both decline. The message from this chapter is clear: policy structured the data bound that emerged.
Quantitative Realism Underpins Data Bounds
Authors: Lawson B.T.
Published: January 2024

This chapter argues that data bounds are underpinned by quantitative realism – the idea that reality can and should be quantified to reveal an objective reality. Mapping out the history of ‘close contact’ – defined by being within two metres of an infected person for 15 minutes or longer – the chapter emphasizes two points. First, quantitative realism dominates in the sciences and public discourse. Second, and more importantly, this belief is embedded and strengthened through a three-part process involving language, measurement and documentation. The language of mathematics is one of precision, this materializes in a range of measurement devices (for example, clocks or rulers) and – alongside other types of representation – becomes immortalized as knowledge through the process of documentation in lab books, journal articles, books and press releases. This allows the quantitative to bind together the sciences with the certainty of numbers – and facilitate the spread of numbers-based knowledge from the sciences to the public sphere.
A Typology for the Various UCP Practices
Authors: Janzen Randy
Published: January 2024

Based on the foundational goals of unarmed civilian protection (UCP), this chapter introduces a framework that divides UCP into three broad categories: traditional peacekeeping, creating space for nonviolent activism, and protection of communities from endemic external and internal violence. This framework forms the basis for the exploration of how UCP core values (such as nonviolence) influence varying manifestations of UCP and how key principles (such as nonpartisanship) need to be approached differently according to the category of UCP implemented. The framework also explores the important dimension of communities creating their own protection versus inviting outsiders (that is, internationals) to provide protection. The framework also compares UCP approaches to those conventional forms of security (from military peacekeeping and law enforcement agencies to armed insurgent groups to street gangs), which UCP attests to replace, in order to emphasize the relevance and potential for future expansion of UCP.