bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Komunikacijske barijere medicinskih sestara u primarnoj zdravstvenoj zaštiti / Communication barriers of nurses in primary health care
Authors: Ćurguz Biljana
Published: November 2017

In the process of communication in health institutions one of the main barriers to communication of medical staff with patients is lack of time. Due to the small number of employees and increased workload, members of the medical staff in health institutions are usually burdened with many responsibilities and must take a hard schedule your work day or during the working day. This often make at the expense of communication with patients, which becomes superficial and insufficient.The use of technical and colloquial terms could represent a significant barrier in communication with the patient. Often medical professionals forget that the patients come from different backgrounds and most of them do not have the level of education that allows them to understand the professional medical terminology. All these medical terms that experts handle daily for patients are confusing and often terrifying, which significantly complicates communication. Therefore, in an interview of nurses to patients, it is necessary to adapt their speech skills and the ability to understand patients.Emotional attitude and empathy are one of the most important parts of successful communication in general, and especially the medical staff and patients. We are witnessing, unfortunately, that severe socio-economic relations model the behavior not only in medical institutions but to the whole community. Patients often referred arrogance, recklessness, rudeness and lack of empathy medical staff as a reason for a complete breakdown of communication and expression of general discontent to healthcare professionals. Empathic communication skills can and must learn if the medical staff has a value system that places emphasis on establishing a therapeutic relationship with the patient. All health care professionals need to develop a certain level of taking care of the patient and learn how to better listen, provide support and comfort.
The quality of life of opiate addicts in Novi Sad // Kvalitet života zavisnika od opijata u Novom Sadu
Authors: Babin Bojana , Dugandžija Tihomir
Published: November 2017

Dependence on psychoactive substances is periodic or chronic intoxication with natural and synthetic psychoactive substances. The aim of the research is to assess the overall quality of life, health and living areas (physical, psychological, social functioning and environment).The research instrument is a standardized questionnaire of the World Health Organization for the measurement of the general quality of life, expressed in the WHOQOL-BREF index that reflects the quality of life assessment based on the assessment of respondents who bring their own standards. Results - The survey covered 200 respondents who were stratified by gender, work status and place of residence. There are no significant differences in the quality of life between the sexes. There is no difference between the group of respondents living in the village and the group living in the city on the physical, mental, social and quality of life. A significant difference between these two groups occurs in general health, where respondents living in the village achieve an average of higher values than those living in the city. There is a difference in the extent of physical and mental health, social relations and the environment between employees and unemployed respondents, where employees achieve higher values.In our research, 75.5% of respondents have below-average values of quality of life, 63.5% of respondents have under-average general health, 51.0% of subjects have below average quality in the field of physical health and 60.5% of subjects have below average quality in the domain environment.
Influence of some social subjects on the media culture
Authors: Rašević Dragana
Published: November 2017

Th is paper analyzes the problem of media culture today on the global andregional level in relation to its dominant social actors. Media culture in thework involves media content and the means of its transmission, high technologicalachievements (which are used in the process of collection, processingand dissemination of information) and a source of culture that we areadopting. Th e aim of this paper is to point out the infl uence of the dominantsocial actors - economic and scientifi c centers of power - the media culture.Th e problems that arise as a consequence of the most powerful determinantsof media culture are considered. Special attention is paid to research on freedomof media of American NGO Freedom House and IREX (InternationalResearch and Exchange Board) ProMedia. Th e position and freedom of themedia today compared to the past ten years is considered. Media freedom ismeasured by the score of freedom of speech, level of professional standards ofquality, reliable and objective information, economic business and independenceof editorial policies and actions of media institutions in the function ofprofessional media interest. It is noted that there are more and more countrieswhere press freedom is declined and that most of the countries of Europe andEurasia are in a precarious economic position, because they are not free increating media content and media culture, is often dependent on the powercenters that work in its fi eld.
Efekti dodatne nastave na razvoj funkcionalnih sposobnosti kod učenika osnovnih škola
Authors: Branković Nataša , Milenković Dejan , Lolić Nikša
Published: November 2017

Istraživanje je sprovedeno na uzorku od 26 ispitanika, učenika osnovnih škola, starih 13 i 14 godina, obuhvaćenih nastavnim radom u okviru dodatne nastave osnovnih škola u Nišu. U istraživanju je primenjeno 3 varijble za procenu funkcionalnih sposobnosti i to: vitalni kapacitet pluća (FVKPL), Margarija test (FMARG) i makimalna potrošnja kiseonika (FO2LM).Osnovni cilj istraživanja je bio da se utvrde globalne kvantitativne promjene (razlike) funkcionalnih sposobnosti nastale pod uticajem programiranog rada u okviru dodatne nastave.Za analizu eventualnih promena (razlika) između inicijalnog i finalnog merenja funkcionalnih sposobnosti primenjena je kanonička diskriminativna analiza.Na osnovu dobiijenih rezultata kanoničke diskriminativne analize utvrđeno je da programirani nastavni rad u okviru dodatne nastave proizveo statistički značajne globalne kvantitativne promene funkcionalnih sposobnosti.
Mogućnosti razvoja peintbola na Fruškoj gori
Authors: Vujko Aleksandra , Plavša Jovan
Published: November 2017

Peintbol bi u prirodnom okruženju uticao na kompletan bio-psiho-socijalni status čoveka, tako da bi sama aktivnost bila jedan od najboljih sredstava otklanjanja negativnih efekata modernog načina života. U tom smislu za cilj rada je postavljeno da se prikažu dobrobiti koje peintbol može imati za čoveka i potencijali Fruške gore za njegovo upražnjavanje. Intervju sa stručnjacima iz Pokrajinskog sekreatrijata za zaštitu životne sredine, Nacionalnog Parka i kluba za peintbol, pomoglo je u analizi prednosti i nedostataka, povoljnosti i nepovoljnosti peintbola kao dela turističke sportsko-rekreativne antistres ponude Fruške gore.
Evaluacija efekata transformacionih procesa funkcionalnih sposobnosti primjenom dva modela rada kod učenika
Authors: Goranović Slobodan , Lolić Nikša , Mandić Pane , Srdić Velibor
Published: November 2017

U ovom radu urađena je evaluacija kumulativnih efekata transformacionih procesa funkcionalnih sposobnosti, nakon primjene dva modela rada, a na osnovu procjene finalnog stanja. Uzorak ispitanika čini 52 učenika osnovnih škola, hronološke starosti od 11-12 godina (± 6 mjeseci), podjeljenog u dvije grupe: I grupu (kontrolnu) čini 26 učenika kojima je redovna nastava fizičkog vaspitanja bila jedini oblik vježbanja, a II grupu (eksperimentalnu) čini 26 učenika koji su pored nastave fizičkog vaspitanja bili uključeni u precizno definisani eksperimentalni program rada (intenzivno hvatanja i dodavanja lopte u rukometu), u trajanju od 12 sedmica. U ovom istraživanju su obrađeni podaci prikupljeni nakon inicijalnog i finalnog testiranja učenika, sa ciljem da se utvrde transformacije funkcionalnih sposobnosti učenika, metodom paralelne analize rezultata eksperimentalne grupe u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju da je kod ispitanika eksperimentalne grupe na kraju eksperimentalnog perioda u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu došlo do statistički značajnog povećanja nivoa kod svih primjenjenih testova funkcionalnih sposobnosti.
Uticaj programa odbojke na bazične i situaciono-motoričke sposobnosti učenika uzrasta 13 – 14 godina
Authors: Šmigalović Mensur , Bajrić Osmo , Lolić Dejan
Published: November 2017

Osnovni cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se utvrde parcijalne kvantitativne promjene (razlike) bazičnih i situaciono-motoričkih sposobnosti nastale pod uticajem tromjesečnog programa odbojke kod učenika uzrasta 13-14 godina, iz JU OŠ ‚’Tojšići’’, a koji su uključeni u dodatnu nastavu iz područja odbojkaške igre. U istraživanju je primijenjeno 15 varijabli za procjenu bazičnih motoričkih sposobnosti i 5 varijabli za procjenu situaciono-motoričkih sposobnosti. Za analizu eventualnih promjena (razlika) između inicijalnog i finalnog mjerenja bazičnih i situaciono-motoričkih sposobnosti primijenjeni su rezultati T-test za zavisne uzorke.Na osnovu dobijenih parametara testiranih T-testom utvrđeno je da su dobijene značajne pozitivne promjene (parcijalni transformacioni kvantitativni efekti) kod svih primijenjenih varijabli u prostoru bazične i situacione motorike, kao rezultat primijenjenog programa odbojke, a u okviru dodatne nastave.
Povezanost bazičnih i situaciono - motoričkih sposobnosti kod karatista kadetskog uzrasta
Authors: Kovač Relja , Trivun Milomir , Bajrić Osmo
Published: November 2017

Istraživanje je sprovedeno na uzorku od 98 ispitanika selekcionisanih kadetskih karate takmičara uzrasta 15-16 godina, iz sljedećih karate klubova: KK „Ilidža“, iz Istočne Ilidže, KK „Pale“ iz Pala, KK „Rogatica“ iz Rogatice, KK „Romanija“ iz Sokoca i KK „Sarajevo“ iz Sarajeva. U istraživanju je primijenjen skup od petnaest varijabli za procjenu bazičnih motoričkih sposobnosti i pet varijabli za procjenu situaciono-motoričkih sposobnosti. Osnovni cilj istraživanja bio je utvrđivanje povezanosti bazičnih motoričkih sposobnosti i situaciono-motoričkih sposobnosti mladih karatista.Za utvrđivanje povezanosti dva istraživana prostora, bazičnih motoričkih i situaciono-motoričkih sposobnosti primijenjena je kanonička korelaciona analiza. Primjenom kanoničke korelacione analize izolovan je jedan par kanoničkih faktora.Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata kanoničke korelacione analize može se konstatovati da postoji statistički značajna povezanost bazičnih motoričkih sposobnosti i situaciono-motoričkih sposobnosti  kod mladih karatista. Povezanost izolovanog para kanoničkih faktora iz sistema varijabli motoričkih sposobnosti i sistema varijabli situaciono-motoričkih sposobnosti pokazuje da selekcionisani karatisti postižu bolje rezultate u specifično motoričkim testovima zahvaljujući visokom nivou bazičnih motoričkih sposobnosti.
Intenzifikacija časa fizičkog vaspitanja primenom rograma high-low aerobika
Authors: Mandarić Sanja , Sibinović Aleksandra
Published: November 2017

Nekoliko decenija unazad, u okviru školskog sistema jedan od aktuelnih problema je intenzifikacija i racionalizacija nastave fizičkog vaspitanja. Postizanje optimalnog fiziološkog opterećenja i prilagođavanje metoda rada, potrebama učenika za kretanjem u nastavi fizičkog vaspitanja, nije nimalo lak i jednostavan zadatak. Polazeći od programskog i organizacionog aspekta časa fizičkog vaspitanja u okviru istraživanja, primenjen je program high-low aerobika, kao jedan inovativni program vežbanja u nastavi fizičkog vaspitanja. Uzorak ispitanika su sačinjavale učenice sedmih razreda osnovne škole „Vožd Karađorđe“ (N=30) iz Leskovca prosečne starosti 13,3 godina. Frekvencija srca kod učenica proveravana je palpacijom na radijalnoj arteriji na početku časa, a zatim svakih 5 minuta. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju da, program high-low aerobika kao inovativni metodičko-organizacioni oblik rada, doprinosi većoj intenzifikaciji vežbanja tokom časa.
Struktura kognitivnih sposobnosti mladih selekcionisanih džudista
Authors: Mitić Dragana , Mučibabić Milanko , Stanković Nemanja
Published: November 2017

Većina ciljeva u džudo sportu teško se može ostvariti bez poz­navanja kognitivnih sposobnosti, zbog toga što one ograničavaju ili stimulišu ljudske sposobnosti. Zato su kognitivni faktori predmet većeg broja istraživanja, kako bi se saznalo u kojoj je meri moguće na te dimenzije uti­cati, ili pak, u kojoj meri zavisi uspeh u nekoj grani sporta od pojedinih dimenzija ličnosti. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi struktura kognitivnih sposobnosti mladih selekcionisanih džudista. Za istraživanja su izabrana tri reprezentativna testa. Rezultati istraživanja koji su dobijeni na osnovu Momirovićevog B6 kriterijuma su pokazali da je izolovana jedna latentna dimenzija koja omeđuje celokupni prostor od tri kognitivna testa sa oko 36,27% zajedničke varijanse.
Komparativna analiza efikasnosti šutiranja u rukometu na ep 2012. godine // A Comparative Analysis of Shooting Efficiency in Handball at Euro 2012
Authors: Ćeleš Naim , Vojvodić Milenko , Skender Nijaz
Published: November 2017

Analizom situacione efikasnosti 47 utakmica u obe faze takmičenja sa Evropskog prvenstva u rukometu održanog 2012. godine u Srbiji utvrđena je situaciona efikasnost šutiranja na gol sa šest pozicija (šut sa 6 m, šut sa 9 m, šut sa 7 m, šut iz prolaza, šut sa krila i šut iz kontra napada), sa napomenom da je svaki šut sa ovih pozicija analiziran kao uspješno šutiranje ili neuspješno šutiranje. Uzorak je bio podijeljen u dvije grupe (pobjeda i poraz). Rezultati deskriptivne statistike su pokazali razlike prosječnih rezultata u svim varijablama između pobjedničkih i poraženih ekipa. Značajnost razlika je provjerena T testom. Utvrđeno je da se prosječni rezultati između pobjedničkih i poraženih ekipa statistički značajno razlikuju u varijablama UBG, PROC, ŠKRUS i Š9MNE, dok ostale utvrđene razlike nisu statistički značajne na ovom nivou zaključivanja.
Rezultatska uspješnost ronjenja na dah (apnea) u zavisnosti od uslova sredine // Resultative Success of Breath-Hold Diving (Apnea) Depending From Environment Conditions
Authors: Trivun Milomir , Tošić Jovica , Pašić Goran
Published: November 2017

Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 21. ispitanika - studenta Fakulteta fizičkog vaspitanja i sporta Univerziteta u Istočnom Sarajevu, upisanih u III godinu studija školske 2010/2011, muškog pola, starosti 23 godine ± 6 mjeseci. Slučajnim izborom podijeljeni u dvije grupe za vrijeme izvođenja nastave aktivnosti u prirodi u studentskom kampu na Tjentištu. Osnovni cilj istraživanja je da se utvrdi rezultatska uspješnost ronjenja apneom (u dužinu) u zavisnosti od prirodnih uslova sredine (temperatura vode i vazduha). Uzorak varijabli predstavljali su: dužina ronjenja na dah (apneom) izražena u metrima, temperatura vode izražena u stepenima (º C) i temperatura vazduha izražena u stepenima (º C).Testiranje svih ispitanika izvršeno je u dva vremenska termina, pri različitim temperaturama vode u bazenu koja je varirala od 17 do 22º C i vazduha koja je varirala od 22 do 26º C.Za utvrđivanje rezultatske uspješnostu u ronjenju apneom u dužinu u zavisnosti od temperature vode u bazenu i temperature vazduha, izvršena je komparacija rezultata osnovnih centralnih i disperzionih parametara i analize rezultata t-testa. Analizom dobijenih rezultata, može se zaključiti da temperatura vode u bazenu i temperatura vazduha imaju značajan uticaj na dužinu ronjenja apneom i to tako što je povećanje temperature vode u bazenu za 3 do 5ºC i temperature vazduha za 2 do 4º C doprinijelo postizanju boljih rezultata u ronjenju apneom (u dužinu).
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis of Body Composition in Karate Athletes Regarding The Preparatory Period // Analiza telesnog sastava karatista bioelektričnom impedansom pre i posle pripremnog perioda
Authors: Pluncević Gligoroska Jasmina , Mančevska Sanja , Matveeva Niki , Sivevska Elizabeta , Kostovski Žarko
Published: November 2017

The aim of the paper was to asses changes in body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) methodology in members of national karate team after teen week preparatory training period. The investigation was carried out on 11 male karate contestants, aged 18 to 28 years mean age (21.82± 3.58). The body composition was analyzed with In Body 720. The BIA outcomes were divided in 3 group of variables: body fluid and body composition variables, obesity diagnose variables and segmental analysis variables. All BIA variables were insignificantly higher at second measuring (p>005). Only Body mass index (BMI=24.1 vs 24.55); mineral (4.69 kg vs 4.77 kg) and osseous (3.85 kg vs 3.92 kg), were significantly higher (p≤0.05) after preparatory period. Body fat mass (BFM=10.34 kg vs 10.75 kg, p=0.329) and body fat percent (BF%= 12.73 vs13.22%) insignificantly increased after preparatory period. The skeletal mass has changed from 40.03kg to 40.55kg (p=0.276). Body composition analysis, changes in weight, BMI and body fluids are essential for weight categories dependent sports such as karate. Positive changes in body components and in body fluids suggest that the training process during the preparatory period did not show negative effects on body components and the hydration of the karate athletes.
Comparison of Maximum Oxygen Intake (VO2max) In Ten and Fourteen-Year-Old Girls // Usporedba maksimalnog primitka kisika (VO2max) djevojčica dobi 10 i 14 godina
Authors: Badrić Marko , Prskalo Ivan , Srdić Velibor
Published: November 2017

The objective of the present research was to determine whether aerobic capacity of fourteen-year-old girls is higher than that of ten-year-old girls. The research aimed to establish if the level of cardio respiratory fitness in girls decreases with age, and if their overall physical activity also decreases. A low level of cardio respiratory fitness from an early age has been confirmed in a number of studies, and it has been highly correlated with a sedentary lifestyle. Research participants were 94 fourth and eighth grade primary school girls. The variables were anthropometric measures for body height, body weight, waist circumference, and hips circumference. All the measurements were done in accordance with the International Biological Program (IBP). Body fat percentage (BF%) was also measured with the Omron (Type BF511, Japan). A multistage 20m shuttle run test was used to obtain the values for aerobic capacity, and PAQ-C questionnaire was used to estimate the level of physical activity. The results indicate that only 5% of female students meet the recommendations for physical activity while 83% engage in moderate physical activity. Statistically significant differences were determined for the variables used to estimate the aerobic capacity, with ten-year-old girls (p=0.00) having better aerobic capacity than the fourteen-year-old girls. Furthermore, ten-year-old girls were found to be significantly more physically active (p=0.00). The results of the correlation test between the aerobic capacity (VO2 max) and the overall physical activity (PA) indicate significant positive correlation (r = 0.42; p = 0.00). Girls who do not engage in physical activity at least for the recommended 60 minutes need to be directed towards various forms of healthy lifestyle with a special emphasis on everyday physical exercise that may increase their aerobic capacity.
Medical Exemption From Physical Education in Secondary School Students // Oslobođanje učenika srednjih škola od nastave fizičkog vaspitanja
Authors: Marković Lidija , Đorđić Višnja
Published: November 2017

Physical education of today faces many challenges, one of them being students’ medical exemption. Previous studies suggest that reasons for exemption from physical education might not be only medical, but related to students’ lack of motivation, miscommunication with PE teacher etc. The aim of the study was to examine the extent of the problem of medical exemption from physical education in secondary schools. The sample included 5226 students, 2068 males and 3158 females, from secondary schools in Novi Sad (Serbia). Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and chi-square test. In addition a set of conversational interviews with PE teachers was conducted and analyzed. Total percentage of medically exempted students was 3.73%. A significant relation between gender and medical exemption was identified, while age and PE teachers’ gender were not significantly related to medical exemption. The results indicate that female students are more likely to be medically exempted from physical education in secondary school than their male counterparts. Qualitative data revealed that in addition to medical reasons, there might be others, as well: less interest in physical activity, instructional content that does not meet students’ needs, self-consciousness about physical appearance, girls’ perceptions of physical activity and sports as non-feminine, etc. PE teachers should plan for diverse and positive learning experiences for all student, while motivating them to develop an active lifestyle.
State Nutrition of Pre-School Children // Stanje uhranjenosti predškolske dece
Authors: Pelemiš Vladan M. , Branković Predrag , Banović Marko
Published: November 2017

The aim of the research was to analyse the state of nutrition in pre-school children. The sample enrolled 325 children, among which 196 boys and 129 girls. There was measuring in May 2015. The data were analysed by descriptive statistics methods and multivariate (MANOVA) variance analyses for p≤0.05. It was established that boys and girls of pre-school age significantly differ in statistical terms as far as nutrition state is concerned. Univaried (ANOVA) variance analyses pointed to differences also in following variables Body Mass, Ideal Body Mass and Body Mass Index in favor of girls and Relative Body Mass in favor of boys. The percentage of undernourished children was extremely high (31.76%), at the same time there were 13.54% of overweight children. 54.70% of children were found to be of normal nutritional status.
Efekti kinezioloških aktivnosti na transformaciju morfoloških karakteristika i motoričkih sposobnosti žena različite životne dobi / Effects of Kinesiological Activities on Transformation of Morphological Characteristics and Motor Abilities of Women of Different Ages
Authors: Mijatović Vladimir , Stanković Nedjeljko , Ameti Vullnet , Ganiu Visar , Memishi Shpresa
Published: November 2017

This research was conducted with the aim of determining the effects of various kinesiology activities on the morphological transformation of features and motor abilities of women of different ages. The sample was consisted of 160 respondents - workers in the shoe industry “Obuća” Zvornik, ages 20-44. The same pattern was divided on the basis of chronological age on 4 sub-samples/ groups, as follows: 20-25 years, 26-31 years, 32-37 years and 38-44 years old. In this research were applied ten (10) variables of morphological characteristics and ten (10) variables to estimate the motor abilities. To determine the difference between experimental groups on the final measuring by fragmentation difference between the groups at the initial measuring and determining the effects of kinesiological treatment on the transformation of morphological characteristics and motor abilities was applied multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), and the invariant level was applied the invariant analysis of covariance ( ANCOVA). So in a global assessment of the quality and justification of applying the programmed kinesiology treatment in six months, we can say that it produced significant effects on the transformation of morphological characteristics and motor abilities in the study sample. Statistically the most significant effects of kinetic activities (experimental treatment), were achieved at the first and second groups of women who are in chronological age from 20-25 and 26-31 years old.
Research Review of the Development of the Explosive Strength in Basketball // Pregled istraživanja razvoja eksplozivne snage u košarci
Authors: Nikolić Dušan , Kocić Miodrag , Đošić Anđela , Veličković Marina
Published: November 2017

The ultimate performance in every sport, including basketball, is the result of a series of “bricks” stacked in the correct order. One of the dice is definitely an explosive power that is defined as the ability to manifest the maximum power for the maximum short time. The aim of this study was to gather previous studies that dealt with the development of the explosive strength in basketball. Total amount of 49 studies published between 2001 and 2016 was collected and subjected to analysis. The results showed that, for the development of the explosive strength, the plyometric training method is usually used, both with male and female basketball players. Also, the explosive force can be developed by using the complex training; the aquatic plyometric training; a combination of plyometric training and some other kind of training (dynamic stretching, strengthening without weights, sprinting, weight training, training of strength (no lifting)); specific sprint training; SAQ training; skipping rope; training consisting of strength training, different types of stamina and basketball technique; circuit breaker program; circuit training; combination of  the sprint training exercises with weights; the plyometric training with additional load and the training of dynamic stretching.
Defective synaptic transmission causes disease signs in a mouse model of juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis
Authors: Grünewald Benedikt , Lange Maren D , Werner Christian , O'Leary Aet , Weishaupt Andreas , Popp Sandy , Pearce David A , Wiendl Heinz , Reif Andreas , Pape Hans C , Toyka Klaus V , Sommer Claudia , Geis Christian
Published: November 2017

Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL or Batten disease) caused by mutations in the CLN3 gene is the most prevalent inherited neurodegenerative disease in childhood resulting in widespread central nervous system dysfunction and premature death. The consequences of CLN3 mutation on the progression of the disease, on neuronal transmission, and on central nervous network dysfunction are poorly understood. We used Cln3 knockout (Cln3Δex1-6) mice and found increased anxiety-related behavior and impaired aversive learning as well as markedly affected motor function including disordered coordination. Patch-clamp and loose-patch recordings revealed severely affected inhibitory and excitatory synaptic transmission in the amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellar networks. Changes in presynaptic release properties may result from dysfunction of CLN3 protein. Furthermore, loss of calbindin, neuropeptide Y, parvalbumin, and GAD65-positive interneurons in central networks collectively support the hypothesis that degeneration of GABAergic interneurons may be the cause of supraspinal GABAergic disinhibition.
Subcellular analysis of pigeon hair cells implicates vesicular trafficking in cuticulosome formation and maintenance
Authors: Nimpf Simon , Malkemper Erich Pascal , Lauwers Mattias , Ushakova Lyubov , Nordmann Gregory , Wenninger-Weinzierl Andrea , Burkard Thomas R , Jacob Sonja , Heuser Thomas , Resch Guenter P , Keays David A
Published: November 2017

Hair cells are specialized sensors located in the inner ear that enable the transduction of sound, motion, and gravity into neuronal impulses. In birds some hair cells contain an iron-rich organelle, the cuticulosome, that has been implicated in the magnetic sense. Here, we exploit histological, transcriptomic, and tomographic methods to investigate the development of cuticulosomes, as well as the molecular and subcellular architecture of cuticulosome positive hair cells. We show that this organelle forms rapidly after hatching in a process that involves vesicle fusion and nucleation of ferritin nanoparticles. We further report that transcripts involved in endocytosis, extracellular exosomes, and metal ion binding are differentially expressed in cuticulosome positive hair cells. These data suggest that the cuticulosome and the associated molecular machinery regulate the concentration of iron within the labyrinth of the inner ear, which might indirectly tune a magnetic sensor that relies on electromagnetic induction.
An Eya1-Notch axis specifies bipotential epibranchial differentiation in mammalian craniofacial morphogenesis
Authors: Zhang Haoran , Wang Li , Wong Elaine Yee Man , Tsang Sze Lan , Xu Pin-Xian , Lendahl Urban , Sham Mai Har
Published: November 2017

Craniofacial morphogenesis requires proper development of pharyngeal arches and epibranchial placodes. We show that the epibranchial placodes, in addition to giving rise to cranial sensory neurons, generate a novel lineage-related non-neuronal cell population for mouse pharyngeal arch development. Eya1 is essential for the development of epibranchial placodes and proximal pharyngeal arches. We identify an Eya1-Notch regulatory axis that specifies both the neuronal and non-neuronal commitment of the epibranchial placode, where Notch acts downstream of Eya1 and promotes the non-neuronal cell fate. Notch is regulated by the threonine phosphatase activity of Eya1. Eya1 dephosphorylates p-threonine-2122 of the Notch1 intracellular domain (Notch1 ICD), which increases the stability of Notch1 ICD and maintains Notch signaling activity in the non-neuronal epibranchial placodal cells. Our data unveil a more complex differentiation program in epibranchial placodes and an important role for the Eya1-Notch axis in craniofacial morphogenesis.
A transatlantic perspective on 20 emerging issues in biological engineering
Authors: Wintle Bonnie C , Boehm Christian R , Rhodes Catherine , Molloy Jennifer C , Millett Piers , Adam Laura , Breitling Rainer , Carlson Rob , Casagrande Rocco , Dando Malcolm , Doubleday Robert , Drexler Eric , Edwards Brett , Ellis Tom , Evans Nicholas G , Hammond Richard , Haseloff Jim , Kahl Linda , Kuiken Todd , Lichman Benjamin R , Matthewman Colette A , Napier Johnathan A , ÓhÉigeartaigh Seán S , Patron Nicola J , Perello Edward , Shapira Philip , Tait Joyce , Takano Eriko , Sutherland William J
Published: November 2017

Advances in biological engineering are likely to have substantial impacts on global society. To explore these potential impacts we ran a horizon scanning exercise to capture a range of perspectives on the opportunities and risks presented by biological engineering. We first identified 70 potential issues, and then used an iterative process to prioritise 20 issues that we considered to be emerging, to have potential global impact, and to be relatively unknown outside the field of biological engineering. The issues identified may be of interest to researchers, businesses and policy makers in sectors such as health, energy, agriculture and the environment.
Colour change of twig-mimicking peppered moth larvae is a continuous reaction norm that increases camouflage against avian predators
Authors: Eacock Amy , Rowland Hannah M. , Edmonds Nicola , Saccheri Ilik J.
Published: November 2017

Camouflage, and in particular background-matching, is one of the most common anti-predator strategies observed in nature. Animals can improve their match to the colour/pattern of their surroundings through background selection, and/or by plastic colour change. Colour change can occur rapidly (a few seconds), or it may be slow, taking hours to days. Many studies have explored the cues and mechanisms behind rapid colour change, but there is a considerable lack of information about slow colour change in the context of predation: the cues that initiate it, and the range of phenotypes that are produced. Here we show that peppered moth (Biston betularia) larvae respond to colour and luminance of the twigs they rest on, and exhibit a continuous reaction norm of phenotypes. When presented with a heterogeneous environment of mixed twig colours, individual larvae specialise crypsis towards one colour rather than developing an intermediate colour. Flexible colour change in this species has likely evolved in association with wind dispersal and polyphagy, which result in caterpillars settling and feeding in a diverse range of visual environments. This is the first example of visually induced slow colour change in Lepidoptera that has been objectively quantified and measured from the visual perspective of natural predators.
Bed site selection by a subordinate predator: an example with the cougar (Puma concolor) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
Authors: Kusler Anna , Elbroch L. Mark , Quigley Howard , Grigione Melissa
Published: November 2017

As technology has improved, our ability to study cryptic animal behavior has increased. Bed site selection is one such example. Among prey species, bed site selection provides thermoregulatory benefits and mitigates predation risk, and may directly influence survival. We conducted research to test whether a subordinate carnivore also selected beds with similar characteristics in an ecosystem supporting a multi-species guild of competing predators. We employed a model comparison approach in which we tested whether cougar (Puma concolor) bed site attributes supported the thermoregulatory versus the predator avoidance hypotheses, or exhibited characteristics supporting both hypotheses. Between 2012–2016, we investigated 599 cougar bed sites in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem and examined attributes at two scales: the landscape (second-order,n = 599) and the microsite (fourth order,n = 140). At the landscape scale, cougars selected bed sites in winter that supported both the thermoregulatory and predator avoidance hypotheses: bed sites were on steeper slopes but at lower elevations, closer to the forest edge, away from sagebrush and meadow habitat types, and on southern, eastern, and western-facing slopes. In the summer, bed attributes supported the predator avoidance hypothesis over the thermoregulation hypothesis: beds were closer to forest edges, away from sagebrush and meadow habitat classes, and on steeper slopes. At the microsite scale, cougar bed attributes in both the winter and summer supported both the predator avoidance and thermoregulatory hypotheses: they selected bed sites with high canopy cover, high vegetative concealment, and in a rugged habitat class characterized by cliff bands and talus fields. We found that just like prey species, a subordinate predator selected bed sites that facilitated both thermoregulatory and anti-predator functions. In conclusion, we believe that measuring bed site attributes may provide a novel means of measuring the use of refugia by subordinate predators, and ultimately provide new insights into the habitat requirements and energetics of subordinate carnivores.
Attribute amnesia is greatly reduced with novel stimuli
Authors: Chen Weijia , Howe Piers D.L.
Published: November 2017

Attribute amnesia is the counterintuitive phenomenon where observers are unable to report a salient aspect of a stimulus (e.g., its colour or its identity) immediately after the stimulus was presented, despite both attending to and processing the stimulus. Almost all previous attribute amnesia studies used highly familiar stimuli. Our study investigated whether attribute amnesia would also occur for unfamiliar stimuli. We conducted four experiments using stimuli that were highly familiar (colours or repeated animal images) or that were unfamiliar to the observers (unique animal images). Our results revealed that attribute amnesia was present for both sets of familiar stimuli, colour (p < .001) and repeated animals (p = .001); but was greatly attenuated, and possibly eliminated, when the stimuli were unique animals (p = .02). Our data shows that attribute amnesia is greatly reduced for novel stimuli.
Zebrafish swimming in the flow: a particle image velocimetry study
Authors: Mwaffo Violet , Zhang Peng , Romero Cruz Sebastián , Porfiri Maurizio
Published: November 2017

Zebrafish is emerging as a species of choice for the study of a number of biomechanics problems, including balance development, schooling, and neuromuscular transmission. The precise quantification of the flow physics around swimming zebrafish is critical toward a mechanistic understanding of the complex swimming style of this fresh-water species. Although previous studies have elucidated the vortical structures in the wake of zebrafish swimming in placid water, the flow physics of zebrafish swimming against a water current remains unexplored. In an effort to illuminate zebrafish swimming in a dynamic environment reminiscent of its natural habitat, we experimentally investigated the locomotion and hydrodynamics of a single zebrafish swimming in a miniature water tunnel using particle image velocimetry. Our results on zebrafish locomotion detail the role of flow speed on tail beat undulations, heading direction, and swimming speed. Our findings on zebrafish hydrodynamics offer a precise quantification of vortex shedding during zebrafish swimming and demonstrate that locomotory patterns play a central role on the flow physics. This knowledge may help clarify the evolutionary advantage of burst and cruise swimming movements in zebrafish.
Innovative Prospects for Suicide Prevention and Action Opportunities for the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Government of Canada
Authors: Lesage Alain , Tra Christophe , Rahme Elham , Renaud Johanne , Thibodeau Lise , Séguin Monique
Published: November 2017

Responsibility for suicide prevention falls to the Government of Canada and Health Canada. The issue of suicide affects Canadians of all ages and in all regions of the country, hence the need for a pan-Canadian strategy aimed at reducing suicide deaths and reaching all Canadians. The availability and accessibility of mental health services constitute important resources for suicide prevention and a target for interventions that can be made to rapidly reduce the suicide rate. Such a strategy to improve services should include quality surveillance and quality control programs, such as suicide audits and the use of linked government administrative databases. Population-based strategies to prevent and treat depression must also be established and should be based on the Nuremberg model. In particular, development of equitable access to psychotherapy and mental health literacy programs should be priority goals.
Biomagnetism
Authors: Malmivuo Jaakko
Published: November 2017

Biomagnetic fields are generated by the same phenomenon as the bioelectric fields. They are induced by the electric currents generated by the activating tissues. These are primarily nerve and muscle tissues. The theoretical difference between these fields is based on the distribution of the elements of the volume sources generating these fields. Bioelectric and biomagnetic fields are generated by the flux and vortex source distributions, respectively. Although the flux and vortex source distributions are independent, the fields they generate are only partially independent. This means that with the biomagnetic measurement it is possible to obtain only partially new independent information on the source in addition to the bioelectric measurement. This is the fundamental issue in the application of biomagnetic methods and this will be discussed in detail in this article. In addition to the theoretical difference, bioelectric and biomagnetic methods have technical differences due to the different technologies that they use. This issue is also discussed in this article.
Spatial Representativeness of Surface‐Measured Variations of Downward Solar Radiation
Authors: Schwarz M. , Folini D. , Hakuba M. Z. , Wild M.
Published: November 2017

When using time series of ground‐based surface solar radiation (SSR) measurements in combination with gridded data, the spatial and temporal representativeness of the point observations must be considered. We use SSR data from surface observations and high‐resolution (0.05°) satellite‐derived data to infer the spatiotemporal representativeness of observations for monthly and longer time scales in Europe. The correlation analysis shows that the squared correlation coefficients (R2) between SSR times series decrease linearly with increasing distance between the surface observations. For deseasonalized monthly mean time series, R2 ranges from 0.85 for distances up to 25 km between the stations to 0.25 at distances of 500 km. A decorrelation length (i.e., the e‐folding distance of R2) on the order of 400 km (with spread of 100–600 km) was found. R2 from correlations between point observations and colocated grid box area means determined from satellite data were found to be 0.80 for a 1° grid. To quantify the error which arises when using a point observation as a surrogate for the area mean SSR of larger surroundings, we calculated a spatial sampling error (SSE) for a 1° grid of 8 (3) W/m2 for monthly (annual) time series. The SSE based on a 1° grid, therefore, is of the same magnitude as the measurement uncertainty. The analysis generally reveals that monthly mean (or longer temporally aggregated) point observations of SSR capture the larger‐scale variability well. This finding shows that comparing time series of SSR measurements with gridded data is feasible for those time scales.
High‐Isolation Low Cross‐Polarization Phased‐Array Antenna for MPAR Application
Authors: Saeidi‐Manesh Hadi , Karimkashi Shaya , Zhang Guifu , Doviak Richard J.
Published: November 2017

The design and analysis of 12 × 12‐element planar array of a dual‐polarized aperture‐coupled microstrip patch antenna operating in the frequency band of 2.7 GHz to 3.0 GHz for multifunction applications are presented. High‐isolation between horizontal and vertical polarization ports and low cross‐polarization are achieved through an aperture‐coupled feed. The reflection coefficient and the isolation of horizontal and vertical ports at different scan angles are examined. The array antenna is fabricated and its radiation patterns are measured in the far‐field and near‐field chambers. The embedded element pattern of designed element is measured in the near‐field chamber and is used for calculating the array scanning radiation pattern.
High‐Pressure Granulite Facies Overprinting During the Exhumation of Eclogites in the Bangong‐Nujiang Suture Zone, Central Tibet: Link to Flat‐Slab Subduction
Authors: Zhang Xiu‐Zheng , Wang Qiang , Dong Yong‐Sheng , Zhang Chunfu , Li Qing‐Yun , Xia Xiao‐Ping , Xu Wang
Published: November 2017

The geometric transformation of a descending plate, such as from steep to flat subduction in response to a change from normal to overthickened oceanic crust during subduction, is a common and important geological process at modern or fossil convergent margins. However, the links between this process and the metamorphic evolution of the exhumation of oceanic (ultra)high‐pressure eclogites are poorly understood. Here we report detailed petrological, mineralogical, phase equilibria, and secondary ion mass spectrometry zircon and rutile U‐Pb age data for the Dong Co eclogites at the western segment of the Bangong‐Nujiang suture zone, central Tibet. Our data reveal that the Dong Co eclogites experienced peak eclogite‐facies metamorphism (T = 610–630°C, P = 2.4–2.6 GPa) and underwent multiple stages of retrograde metamorphism. P‐T pseudosections and compositional isopleths of garnet define a complex clockwise P‐T‐t path (including two stages of decompression‐dominated P‐T path and one of isobaric heating), suggesting varying exhumation velocities. Combining previous studies with our new results, we suggest that the transformation from rapid to slow exhumation is dominated by the transition from steep to flat subduction. The flat‐slab segment, caused by subduction of buoyant oceanic plateau, led to an extremely slow exhumation and a strong overprinting of HP granulite facies at a depth of ~50 km at ~177 Ma. The slab rollback that followed in response to a substantial density increase of the eclogitized oceanic plateau resulted in another rapid exhumation process at ~168 Ma and triggered the formation of abundant near‐simultaneous or later magmatic rocks.
Successive Rifting Events in Marginal Basins: The Example of the Coral Sea Region (Papua New Guinea)
Authors: Bulois Cédric , Pubellier Manuel , Chamot‐Rooke Nicolas , Delescluse Matthias
Published: November 2017

Reactivation of extensional structures is commonly inferred during rift evolution. In that context, we present original seismic interpretation to explore the geometry and interactions of three successive rifting events in the Coral Sea region, Papua New Guinea. The first event (R1), poorly documented, occurred during the Triassic along an older N‐S Permian structural fabric. During the Jurassic, extensional faults were reactivated through a second extensional episode (R2), which formed small (~10/20 km) basins bounded by N‐S, NE‐SW, and E‐W listric faults. Extension prolonged during the Lower Cretaceous with seafloor spreading in the Owen Stanley Oceanic Basin, now incorporated in the Papuan fold and thrust belts. A third Late Cretaceous extensional phase (R3) gently reactivated some of the faults with very limited landward tilt in most basins and deformation located along the present continent‐ocean transition. Seafloor spreading in the Coral Sea followed from Danian to Ypresian. This extensional system is sealed by unequally preserved Eocene strata that mark the onset of postrift thermal subsidence prior to the margin inversion from Oligocene onward. This overall evolution suggests various extensional systems that are geographically and temporarily defined the one another. The early rifting of the crust is controlled by preexisting continental features resulting in the local Pangaea breakup. In contrast, the Coral Sea propagator cuts through the rifted margin and is controlled by a subduction complex in accordance with the Tasman Sea opening. This evolution underlines the interactions existing between two extension modes in agreement with variations of the regional geodynamical setting around Australia.
Production and Anisotropic Tensile Behavior of Resin‐Metal Interpenetrating Phase Composites
Authors: Zhou Zhaoyao , Yao Bibo , Duan Liuyang , Qin Jie
Published: November 2017

Metal‐polymer composites can be used to synthesize material properties. A variety of interpenetrating phase composites have been produced by spontaneously infiltrating porous short‐fiber preforms with unsaturated polyester resin under vacuum conditions. Porous preforms are fabricated by compacting and sintering short 304 stainless steel fibers from cutting stainless steel fiber ropes. Tensile experiments are conducted, and fractographs are examined via scanning electron microscopy. The results reveal that the tensile strength, elongation at maximum stress, and elasticity modulus of the IPCs increase with the increasing fiber fractions and exhibit anisotropy in different directions. The tensile strength and elongation at maximum stress are significantly improved compared with the consistent preforms. A nonlinear elastic behavior and sawtooth‐like fluctuation during yield deformation are noted. Compared with the through‐thickness direction, a higher tensile strength and larger elongation at maximum stress are observed in the in‐plane direction. Finer‐diameter fibers can improve the strength and increase the elongation at maximum stress. The tensile fracture surfaces show a mixture of brittle and plastic fracture characteristics.