bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease 1 processing of AP sites with 5′ mismatches
Authors: Fairlamb Max S. , Whitaker Amy M. , Freudenthal Bret D.
Published: July 2018

Despite the DNA duplex being central to biological functions, many intricacies of this molecule, including the dynamic nature of mismatched base pairing, are still unknown. The unique conformations adopted by DNA mismatches can provide insight into the forces at play between nucleotides. Moreover, DNA-binding proteins apply their own individualized steric and electrochemical influences on the nucleotides that they interact with, further altering base-pairing conformations. Here, seven X-ray crystallographic structures of the human nuclease apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease 1 (APE1) in complex with its substrate target flanked by a 5′ mismatch are reported. The structures reveal how APE1 influences the conformations of a variety of different mismatched base pairs. Purine–purine mismatches containing a guanine are stabilized by a rotation of the guanine residue about the N-glycosidic bond to utilize the Hoogsteen edge for hydrogen bonding. Interestingly, no rotation of adenine, the other purine, is observed. Mismatches involving both purine and pyrimidine bases adopt wobble conformations to accommodate the mismatch. Pyrimidine–pyrimidine mismatches also wobble; however, the smaller profile of a pyrimidine base results in a gap between the Watson–Crick faces that is reduced by a C1′–C1′ compression. These results advance our understanding of mismatched base pairing and the influence of a bound protein.
Predicting data quality in biological X-ray solution scattering
Authors: Wang Chenzheng , Lin Yuexia , Bougie Devin , Gillilan Richard E.
Published: July 2018

Biological small-angle X-ray solution scattering (BioSAXS) is now widely used to gain information on biomolecules in the solution state. Often, however, it is not obvious in advance whether a particular sample will scatter strongly enough to give useful data to draw conclusions under practically achievable solution conditions. Conformational changes that appear to be large may not always produce scattering curves that are distinguishable from each other at realistic concentrations and exposure times. Emerging technologies such as time-resolved SAXS (TR-SAXS) pose additional challenges owing to small beams and short sample path lengths. Beamline optics vary in brilliance and degree of background scatter, and major upgrades and improvements to sources promise to expand the reach of these methods. Computations are developed to estimate BioSAXS sample intensity at a more detailed level than previous approaches, taking into account flux, energy, sample thickness, window material, instrumental background, detector efficiency, solution conditions and other parameters. The results are validated with calibrated experiments using standard proteins on four different beamlines with various fluxes, energies and configurations. The ability of BioSAXS to statistically distinguish a variety of conformational movements under continuous-flow time-resolved conditions is then computed on a set of matched structure pairs drawn from the Database of Macromolecular Motions (http://molmovdb.org). The feasibility of experiments is ranked according to sample consumption, a quantity that varies by over two orders of magnitude for the set of structures. In addition to photon flux, the calculations suggest that window scattering and choice of wavelength are also important factors given the short sample path lengths common in such setups.
The rise of neutron cryo-crystallography
Authors: Kwon Hanna , Langan Patricia S. , Coates Leighton , Raven Emma L. , Moody Peter C. E.
Published: July 2018

The use of boiled-off liquid nitrogen to maintain protein crystals at 100 K during X-ray data collection has become almost universal. Applying this to neutron protein crystallography offers the opportunity to significantly broaden the scope of biochemical problems that can be addressed, although care must be taken in assuming that direct extrapolation to room temperature is always valid. Here, the history to date of neutron protein cryo-crystallography and the particular problems and solutions associated with the mounting and cryocooling of the larger crystals needed for neutron crystallography are reviewed. Finally, the outlook for further cryogenic neutron studies using existing and future neutron instrumentation is discussed.
2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-4,6-dimethyl-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-1-ium acetate
Authors: Rasheeda Kedila , Samshuddin Seranthimata , Swathi Phadke N. , Alva Vijaya D. P. , Mague Joel T. , Ramli Youssef
Published: July 2018

In the title compound, C12H15N2O+·C2H3O2
−, the phenoxy group is nearly perpendicular [80.73 (11)°] to the dihydropyrimidinium ring. In the crystal, O—H...O, N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds form corrugated layers parallel to the ac plane.
Archival research considerations for CRSP data
Authors: Francis Rick N. , Mubako Grace , Olsen Lori
Published: July 2018

Purpose

This study aims to remind researchers that measurement errors and inappropriate inferences may result from improperly combining and adjusting certain Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) measures.

Design/methodology/approach

In addition to real-world working examples, the study uses earnings announcements data to examine the effects of improperly combining and adjusting CRSP measures.

Findings

This study assists researchers with the following two considerations when using CRSP data: stand-alone share prices adjusted with CRSP adjustment factors are inaccurate in the presence of property dividend, spin-off and rights offering events; and ignoring covertly missing stock returns may create misleading test results. The primary objectives of the study are to help researchers increase the integrity of their studies and the probability of publication.

Research limitations/implications

Inadequate consideration for the two issues discussed in the paper may change the researcher’s statistical inferences.

Originality/value

Archival researchers who overtly address and discuss the existence of these issues achieve two important and related benefits. First, the researcher increases his or her credibility with editors and reviewers, which enhances the probability of a published study. Second, the researcher increases his or her perceived technical competency, which potentially affects promotion and tenure decisions, editorial membership decisions, co-authorship opportunities and other professional effects. Doctoral students will find this study to be particularly useful.
The UK Stewardship Code and investee earnings quality
Authors: Lu Chun , Christensen Jacqui , Hollindale Janice , Routledge James
Published: July 2018

Purpose

The UK Stewardship Code was the first voluntary governance code specifically for institutional investors. The Code sets out the principles of effective stewardship by institutional investors toward their investee companies with the aim of improving long-term risk-adjusted returns to shareholders. This paper aims to examine whether compliance by institutional investors with UK Stewardship Code is related to the earnings quality of their investee companies.

Design/methodology/approach

The association between institutional investor Code compliance and Code compliance quality and investee company accruals quality is investigated.

Findings

For a sample of large UK listed companies from 2013, the authors find reasonably high levels of compliance with the Code by institutional investors. The analysis does not suggest that Code compliance is positively related to investee company earnings quality. Rather, the finding is that substantial or long-term investments are more likely to result in effective stewardship regardless of Code compliance.

Originality/value

This study offers valuable insights regarding the efficacy of the Stewardship Code’s policy approach to improving corporate governance by institutional investors.
Performance measurement and management systems as IT artefacts
Authors: Marchand Marie , Raymond Louis
Published: July 2018

Purpose

Considering performance measurement and management systems (PMMS) to be “mission-critical” information systems for many business organisations, calls have been made for researchers to shift from studying the use of such systems to studying their “effective” use, and in so doing to focus on their characterisation as information technology (IT) artefacts. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

In seeking to answer these calls, the authors apply Burton-Jones and Grange’s theoretical framework to study the dimensions, contextual drivers and benefits of the effective use of PMMS. This is done through a field study of 16 PMMS artefacts as used in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).

Findings

In characterising, contextualising and valuing the effective use of PMMS, this study provides answers to the following questions: What constitutes the effective use of PMMS? What are the user, artefactual and task-related drivers of such use? And what are the benefits for SMEs of using performance measurement and management (PMM) systems effectively?

Practical implications

With regard to the design of a PMMS artefact, the findings imply that one should concentrate on those artefactual attributes that most enable informed action on the part of owner-managers, as it is these actions have the greater consequences for the realisation of IT business value in SMEs. Moreover, the nomological network resulting from this research provides the theoretical and methodological underpinnings of a diagnostic tool meant to develop the PMM function in SMEs.

Originality/value

This study provides further empirical grounding and understanding. This study provides further empirical grounding and understanding of the concept of effective use, as well as further applicability and actionability to this concept and to the nomological network of its dimensions, contextual drivers and benefits in the case of PMMS and in the context of SMEs.
Women’s football studies: an integrative review
Authors: Valenti Maurizio , Scelles Nicolas , Morrow Stephen
Published: July 2018

Purpose

Women’s football has received increasing attention in the academic literature, partly due to its growing popularity worldwide. However, women’s football research remains scattered across numerous academic domains. Focusing on the social sciences, humanities and management disciplines, the purpose of this paper is to map and organise contributions, and to identify research directions for future studies within these disciplines.

Design/methodology/approach

Using the keywords “women”, “girls”, “female” and “football” or “soccer” to initially identify articles, an integrative approach was followed to evaluate and analyse relevant literature. In all, 117 academic journals were classified and subsequently divided into 26 themes according to the subject area, topic and level examined.

Findings

Results of this integrative review show an increasing trend of journal publications since 1998, with a large representation of studies related to historical and sociological research, where qualitative methods are dominant. Articles investigating economic, managerial and marketing areas appeared in more recent times. Women’s football has been researched from different perspectives (players, fans, sport organisations) and across various countries.

Research limitations/implications

The restricted scope of this review (i.e. its focus on social sciences) and the manual classification of articles represent two limitations of this study. However, the synthesis of academic literature provided may assist scholars who are interested in women’s football and women’s sports research to fill identified research gaps and contribute to further advance academic investigations in this area.

Originality/value

This paper provides an overview of salient research avenues and represents the first attempt to critically appraise the direction of academic contributions in women’s football for the purpose of advancing scholarly inquiry in this sport.
Social Epigenetics: A Science of Social Science?
Authors: Chung Emma , Cromby John , Papadopoulos Dimitris , Tufarelli Cristina
Published: July 2018

Epigenetics has considerable potential to transform social science by embedding mutually regulative reciprocal connections between biological and social processes within the human activities it studies. This paper highlights common epigenetic methods and outlines practical considerations in the design of ‘social epigenetics' research addressing the identification of biomolecular pathways, statistical inference of causality, conceptualization of the environment as a biochemical event, heritability of epigenetic alterations and intergenerational accountability, and concept of time implied by attempts to capture complex, non-linear gene-environment interactions. Finally, we reflect on the social epigenome as a conceptual space and try to identify barriers to translation, and practical and ethical issues raised by epigenetics research. In order for social epigenetics and social science to contribute to the emergence of this putative ‘science of social science’’ and to capture meaningful human experience they will both need to change significantly.
SOME NOTES ON GEOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL ENGINEERING
Authors: Olsson Gunnar
Published: July 2018

"A main source of our failure to understand is that we do not command a clear view of the use of our words." Ludwig Wittgenstein in Philosophical Investigations. "Instead of posing as prophets we must become the makers of our fate. We must learn to do things as well as we can and to look out for our mistakes." Karl Popper in The Open Society and Its Enemies.
Mind wandering, together with test anxiety and self‐efficacy, predicts student's academic self‐concept but not reading comprehension skills
Authors: Desideri Lorenzo , Ottaviani Cristina , Cecchetto Carla , Bonifacci Paola
Published: July 2018

Background

Mind wandering (MW) has commonly been linked to bad scholastic performance; however, such association has rarely been investigated in the classroom. Moreover, in examining such association, motivational variables have been largely ignored.

Aim

We aimed at examining the associations between the dispositional tendency to engage in MW and a series of reading comprehension skills and measures of academic self‐concept above and beyond the role of sex, age, test anxiety, self‐efficacy, and self‐regulation strategies.

Sample

Late adolescents (N = 272, 133 females; 17.23 ± 1.10 years) recruited from 15 classes in public high schools.

Methods

Students were examined in their classroom during regular teaching activities and first performed a reading comprehension test. Then, they underwent a battery assessing literacy skills, academic self‐concept, the dispositional tendency to mind wander, and aspects related to self‐regulated learning.

Results

Reading comprehension and literacy skills (decoding, orthographic awareness, spelling skills, and phonological abilities) were not associated with the tendency to mind wander. Instead, MW, test anxiety, and self‐efficacy – but not self‐regulatory strategies – were independent predictors of academic self‐concept.

Conclusions

This study highlights the importance of evaluating the effects of MW on academic self‐concept, taking into account a complex pattern of motivational and emotional variables.
Clinical profile of gilteritinib in Japanese patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia: An open‐label phase 1 study
Authors: Usuki Kensuke , Sakura Toru , Kobayashi Yukio , Miyamoto Toshihiro , Iida Hiroatsu , Morita Satoshi , Bahceci Erkut , Kaneko Masahito , Kusano Mikiko , Yamada Shunsuke , Takeshita Shigeru , Miyawaki Shuichi , Naoe Tomoki
Published: July 2018

Gilteritinib, a novel, highly specific, potent fms‐like tyrosine kinase 3/AXL inhibitor, demonstrated antileukemic activity in patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this open‐label phase 1 study (NCT02181660), Japanese patients (aged ≥18 years) with R/R AML received once‐daily gilteritinib, escalating from 20 to 300 mg/d. Primary endpoints were safety/tolerability, including the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and the recommended dose (RD); secondary endpoints were antileukemic activity and pharmacokinetics (PK). Twenty‐four Japanese patients with R/R AML received once‐daily oral gilteritinib in 1 of 6 dose‐escalation cohorts (20, 40, 80, 120, 200, and 300 mg/d). Gilteritinib was well tolerated. The MTD was 200 mg/d; dose‐limiting toxicities were grade 3 tumor lysis syndrome (120 mg/d; n = 1); and grade 3 elevated blood lactate dehydrogenase, amylase, blood creatine phosphokinase levels, and syncope (all n = 2; 300 mg/d). The RD was 120 mg/d. The most common drug‐related grade ≥3 adverse events were thrombocytopenia (n = 4 [16.7%]) and increased blood creatine phosphokinase (n = 3 [12.5%]). Gilteritinib had a dose‐proportional PK profile. Among patients with mutated fms‐like tyrosine kinase 3, the overall response rate (ORR) was 80% (n = 4 of 5; complete remission [CR] with incomplete platelet recovery, 1 [20%]; CR with incomplete hematologic recovery, 2 [40%]; partial remission (PR), 1 [20%]). Among patients with wild‐type fms‐like tyrosine kinase 3, ORR was 36.4%; (n = 4 of 11; CR, 1 [9.1%]; CR with incomplete platelet recovery, 2 [18.2%]; PR, 1 [9.1%]). In conclusion, gilteritinib was well tolerated and demonstrated antileukemic activity in a Japanese R/R AML population.
Injury among children and young people with and without attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder in the community: The risk of fractures, thermal injuries, and poisonings
Authors: Prasad Vibhore , West Joe , Sayal Kapil , Kendrick Denise
Published: July 2018

Background

Injuries commonly cause morbidity and mortality in children and young people (CYP). Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the commonest neurobehavioural disorder in CYP and is associated with increased injury risk. However, large, population‐based estimates of the risk of specific injuries are lacking. We aimed to provide estimates of the risk of fractures, thermal injuries, and poisonings in CYP with and without ADHD.

Methods

In this population‐based cohort study, we used primary and secondary care medical records from England from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. There were 15,126 CYP with ADHD frequency‐matched to 263,724 without, aged 3–17 years at diagnosis. The risk of (a) fractures, (b) thermal injuries, and (c) poisonings in CYP with ADHD was compared with those without.

Results

The absolute rate of injury per thousand person‐years at risk in CYP with versus without ADHD was fracture 28.9 (95% CI [27.5, 30.3]) versus 18.7 (95% CI [18.5, 19.0]), long bone fracture 17.7 (95% CI [16.7, 18.8]) versus 11.8 (95% CI [11.6, 12.0]), thermal injuries 4.4 (95% CI [3.9, 4.9]) versus 2.2 (95% CI [2.1, 2.3]), and poisonings 6.3 (95% CI [5.7, 6.9]) versus 1.9 (95% CI [1.9, 2.0]). Adjusting for age, sex, geographical region, deprivation, and calendar year, CYP with ADHD had 25% increase in risk of fracture (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.25; 95% CI [1.19, 1.31]), 21% increase in risk of long bone fracture (HR = 1.21; 95% CI [1.13, 1.28]), double the risk of thermal injury (HR = 2.00; 95% CI [1.76, 2.27]), and almost four times the risk of poisoning (HR = 3.72; 95% CI [3.32, 4.17]).

Conclusions

CYP with ADHD are at greater risk of fracture, thermal injury, and poisoning compared with those without. Paediatricians and health care professionals should provide injury prevention advice at diagnosis and reviews.
Doxorubicin conjugated carbon dots as a drug delivery system for human breast cancer therapy
Authors: Kong Tingting , Hao Liying , Wei Yuanyuan , Cai Xiaoxiao , Zhu Bofeng
Published: July 2018

Objectives

Carbon dots (CDs) are one of the most promising carbon‐based materials in bioimaging and drug/gene delivery applications. In this study, we have attempted to study the drug carrying capacity of highly fluorescent CDs for delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) and investigate the therapeutic activity of the CDs‐DOX drug delivery system.

Materials and methods

Carbon dots were synthesized by means of a hydrothermal approach with mixing citric acid and ethylenediamine. The properties of CDs were characterized in respects of spectral property, zeta potential, particle morphology and chemical composition. The drug loading efficiency (DLE) and release profile of CDs‐DOX were determined by a fluorescence spectrophotometer. We investigated the cellular toxicity and pharmaceutical activity of CDs and CDs‐DOX in L929 cells and MCF‐7 cells by the CCK‐8 assay. We also studied the cellular uptake of CDs‐DOX with the methods of confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. In addition, the effect of CDs‐DOX on cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry.

Results

The obtained CDs possessed good biocompatibility and showed a potential capacity of promoting proliferation. DOX was successfully conjugated to CDs through electrostatic interaction, and the results of the DLE and loading content (DLC) suggested a relatively high drug loading capacity of CDs. Compared with free DOX, the CDs‐DOX complex had a higher cellular uptake and better anti‐tumour efficacy on MCF‐7 cells.

Conclusions

The results of this study indicated that the CDs‐DOX drug delivery system had a potential value in cancer chemotherapeutic application.
Enhanced thalamo‐hippocampal synchronization during focal limbic seizures
Authors: Aracri Patrizia , de Curtis Marco , Forcaia Greta , Uva Laura
Published: July 2018

Objective

The key factors that promote the termination of focal seizures have not been fully clarified. The buildup of neuronal synchronization during seizures has been proposed as one of the possible activity‐dependent, self‐limiting mechanisms. We investigate if increased thalamo‐cortical coupling contributes to enhance synchronization during the late phase of focal seizure‐like events (SLEs) generated in limbic regions.

Methods

Recordings were simultaneously performed in the nucleus reuniens of the thalamus, in the hippocampus and in the entorhinal cortex of the isolated guinea pig brain during focal bicuculline‐induced SLEs with low voltage fast activity at onset.

Results

Spectral coherence and cross‐correlation analysis demonstrated a progressive thalamo‐cortical entrainment and synchronization in the generation of bursting activity that characterizes the final part of SLEs. The hippocampus is the first activated structure at the beginning of SLE bursting phase and thalamo‐hippocampal synchronization is progressively enhanced as SLE develops. The thalamus takes the lead in generating the bursting discharge as SLE end approaches.

Significance

As suggested by clinical studies performed during pre‐surgical intracranial monitoring, our data confirm a role of the midline thalamus in leading the synchronous bursting activity at the end of focal seizures in the mesial temporal regions.
Gender in the Context of Same‐Sex Divorce and Relationship Dissolution
Authors: Kim Suzanne A. , Stein Edward
Published: July 2018

This article identifies ways that judges, lawyers, researchers, and policy makers may attend to the role of gender and gender dynamics facing same‐sex couples upon divorce or other relationship dissolution. When same‐sex couples marry, the legal system and society at large may project conceptions of gender onto same‐sex couples, often in a manner that conflicts with couples' intentions and practices. Gender and gender dynamics may affect the bases for dissolution, the financial aspects of dissolution, and the determination of child custody. The article also suggests directions for future research on the impact of gender on the dissolution of same‐sex relationships.
Interdisciplinary Teamwork in Family Law Practice
Authors: Mosten Forrest S. , Traum Lara
Published: July 2018

For attorneys who engage in matrimonial practice, work is often performed by a sole practitioner. While members of other professions have already demonstrated that interdisciplinary practice and teamwork are integral to efficiency, client satisfaction, and career success, matrimonial attorneys are just beginning to work in deliberately constructed interdisciplinary teams. In this article, we examine the definition of teamwork and highlight the characteristics of an effective team, drawing examples from the business, medical, and mental health fields. We then determine how successful teams are built and explore the application of such approaches within matrimonial practice, offering recommendations for research and effective use of teams to help families that are facing conflict and reorganization.
HORMAD2 methylation‐mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression in thyroid cancer
Authors: Lin Qiuyu , Hou Sen , Guan Feng , Lin Chenghe
Published: July 2018

This study is aimed to investigate the methylation level of candidate genes and its impact on thyroid carcinoma (THCA) development. Infinium Human Methylation 450 BeadChip Arrays by Illumina (Illumina HM450K) was the most popular CpG microarray platform widely used in biological and medical research. The methylation level of differentially expressed genes and their corresponding CpG sites were analysed by R programme. The expression of HORMAD2 was evaluated by qRT‐PCR and Western blot, while the methylation level was examined via methylation‐specific PCR. Cell viability, metastasis, cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by MTT assay, transwell and wound healing assay and flow cytometry, respectively, after treatment with 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine (5‐Aza). Tumour formation assay was used to analyse thyroid tumour growth in nude mice in vivo. The methylation levels of all 116 differentially expressed genes were analysed. HORMAD2 was significantly hypermethylated and its mRNA expression was inhibited in THCA cells. After treatment with 5‐Aza, HORMAD2 expression was up‐regulated in THCA cells and its overexpression can suppress thyroid cancer cell viability, mobility and invasiveness remarkably. Up‐regulation of HORMAD2 in THCA cells could prolong G0/G1 phase and shorten S phase to impede cell mitosis as well as promote thyroid cancer cells apoptosis. Furthermore, tumour formation assay showed that increased HORMAD2 level impeded tumour growth in vivo. Hypermethylation of HORMAD2 could induce THCA progression, while hypomethylation of HORMAD2 retard cell growth and mobility and facilitate apoptosis through increasing its mRNA expression.
Replacement reactions and deformation by dissolution and precipitation processes in amphibolites
Authors: Giuntoli Francesco , Menegon Luca , Warren Clare J.
Published: July 2018

The deformation of the middle to lower crust in collisional settings occurs via deformation mechanisms that vary with rock composition, fluid content, pressure, and temperature. These mechanisms are responsible for the accommodation of large tectonic transport distances during nappe stacking and exhumation. Here, we show that fracturing and fluid flow triggered coupled dissolution–precipitation and dissolution–precipitation creep processes, which were responsible for the formation of a mylonitic microstructure in amphibolites. This fabric is developed over a crustal thickness >500 m in the Lower Seve Nappe (Scandinavian Caledonides). Amphibolites display a mylonitic foliation that wraps around albite porphyroclasts appearing dark in panchromatic cathodoluminescence (CL). The albite porphyroclasts were dissected and fragmented by fractures preferentially developed along the (001) cleavage planes and display lobate edges with embayments and peninsular features. Two albite/oligoclase generations, bright in CL, resorbed and overgrew the porphyroclasts, sealing the fractures. Electron backscattered diffraction shows that the two albite/oligoclase generations grew both pseudomorphically and topotaxially at the expense of the albite porphyroclasts and epitaxially around them. These two albite/oligoclase generations also grew as neoblasts elongated parallel to the mylonitic foliation. The amphibole crystals experienced a similar microstructural evolution, as evidenced by corroded ferrohornblende cores surrounded by ferrotschermakite rims that preserve the same crystallographic orientation of the cores. Misorientation maps highlight how misorientations in amphibole are related to displacement along fractures perpendicular to its c‐axis. No crystal plasticity is observed in either mineral species. Plagioclase and amphibole display a crystallographic preferred orientation that is the result of topotaxial growth on parental grains and nucleation of new grains with a similar crystallographic orientation. Amphibole and plagioclase thermobarometry constrains the mylonitic foliation development to the epidote amphibolite facies (˜600°C, 0.75–0.97 GPa). Our results demonstrate that at middle to lower crustal levels, the presence of H2O‐rich fluid at grain boundaries facilitates replacement reactions by coupled dissolution–precipitation and favours deformation by dissolution–precipitation creep over dislocation creep in plagioclase and amphibole.
Outpatient preoperative oral nutritional support for undernourished surgical patients: A systematic review
Authors: van Noort Harm H.J. , Ettema Roelof G.A. , Vermeulen Hester ,  Huisman‐de Waal Getty ,   the Basic Care Revisited Group (BCR)
Published: July 2018

Aims and objectives

To evaluate the effects of preoperative nutritional support using a regular diet for undernourished surgical patients at the outpatient clinic.

Background

Undernutrition (or malnutrition) in surgical patients has severe consequences, that is, more complications, longer hospital stay and decreased quality of life. While systematic reviews show the effects of oral nutritional supplements (ONS), enteral and parenteral nutrition in surgical patients, the effects of normal foods and regular diets remain unclear.

Design

A systematic review.

Methods

PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library and EMBASE were searched up to July 24, 2017. Studies on undernourished patients receiving nutritional support using regular or therapeutic diet, performed preoperatively at the outpatient clinic, were considered eligible. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Two reviewers independently performed study selection, quality assessment and data extraction.

Results

Six studies with moderate risk of bias were included. Interventions were preoperatively performed in mainly oncological outpatients by dieticians and aimed to reach nutrient requirements. Interventions included consults for counselling and advice, follow‐up meetings and encouragements, and ONS. Nutritional status, nutrient intake and quality of life improved in supported patients. Improvements were better in counselled patients compared to patients using supplements. Unsupported patients experienced worse outcomes.

Conclusion

Frequent consults with counselling and advice as nutritional support for undernourished patients before surgery result in improvements to nutritional status, intake and quality of life. This statement is supported by weak evidence due to few studies and inadequate methods.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nutritional support should be provided to all undernourished surgical patients during preoperative course. Nurses are in key position to provide nutritional support during outpatient preoperative evaluations.
The Helicobacter pylori cell shape promoting protein Csd5 interacts with the cell wall, MurF, and the bacterial cytoskeleton
Authors: Blair Kris M. , Mears Kevin S. , Taylor Jennifer A. , Fero Jutta , Jones Lisa A. , Gafken Philip R. , Whitney John C. , Salama Nina R.
Published: July 2018

Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori can lead to the development of gastric ulcers and stomach cancers. The helical cell shape of H. pylori promotes stomach colonization. Screens for loss of helical shape have identified several periplasmic peptidoglycan (PG) hydrolases and non‐enzymatic putative scaffolding proteins, including Csd5. Both over and under expression of the PG hydrolases perturb helical shape, but the mechanism used to coordinate and localize their enzymatic activities is not known. Using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry we identified Csd5 interactions with cytosolic proteins CcmA, a bactofilin required for helical shape, and MurF, a PG precursor synthase, as well as the inner membrane spanning ATP synthase. A combination of Csd5 domain deletions, point mutations, and transmembrane domain chimeras revealed that the N‐terminal transmembrane domain promotes MurF, CcmA, and ATP synthase interactions, while the C‐terminal SH3 domain mediates PG binding. We conclude that Csd5 promotes helical shape as part of a membrane associated, multi‐protein shape complex that includes interactions with the periplasmic cell wall, a PG precursor synthesis enzyme, the bacterial cytoskeleton, and ATP synthase.
Ssb2 is a novel factor in regulating synthesis and degradation of Gcn4 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Jung Youjin , Seong Ki Moon , Baek Je‐Hyun , Kim Joon
Published: July 2018

Yeast cells respond to environmental stress by inducing the master regulator Gcn4 to control genes involved in biosynthesis of amino acids and purine pathways. Gcn4 is a member of the basic leucine Zipper family and binds directly as a homodimer to a conserved regulatory region of target genes. Ssb2 was discovered to rescue the mutant Gcn4 which has a point mutation that decreases DNA‐binding affinity. Ssb2 is part of the Hsp70 protein family responsible for protein quality control and it is thought that Ssb2 assists the passage of nascent polypeptide chains from the ribosomes. To characterize the mechanism behind the rescue of the mutant gcn4 phenotype, transcriptional activity and protein levels of Gcn4 were analyzed. We found that Ssb2 improved the expression of Gcn4 target genes by increasing the DNA‐binding affinity of gcn4 mutants to target gene promoters under conditions of amino acid starvation. Gcn4 levels increased at both translational and post‐translational levels without regulating GCN4 steady‐state mRNA levels. We also found that the nuclear export signal of Ssb2 is required for interaction with Gcn4 and rescue of the gcn4 mutant phenotype. These findings suggest that Ssb2 is a critical factor that modulates Gcn4 functions in the nucleus and cytosol.
Accessory gland proteins of males in the male‐diphenic ant Cardiocondyla obscurior
Authors: Fuessl Marion , Santos Carolina G. , Hartfelder Klaus , Schrempf Alexandra , Heinze Jürgen
Published: July 2018

Seminal fluid proteins are important agents in sperm competition and sexual conflict. In solitary insects, males and females may have different interests concerning the outcome of a mating episode, and males may use seminal fluid to manipulate the physiology and behaviour of the female against the latter's fitness interests. Less is known about the role of seminal fluids in social insects, where the interests of mating partners are more aligned because of life‐long pair‐bonding. In the male‐diphenic ant Cardiocondyla obscurior, mating even with sterilized males appears to prolong the lifespan of queens, suggesting a positive role of seminal fluids. In the present study, using two approaches (two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis/mass spectrometry and representational difference analysis), we analyze the seminal fluid and the male accessory glands of both winged and wingless males of C. obscurior. The results obtained reveal the presence of hundreds of proteins, of which proteases and protease inhibitors are also widespread in the seminal fluids of other insects.
Large‐scale coral reef rehabilitation after blast fishing in Indonesia
Authors: Williams Susan L. , Sur Christine , Janetski Noel , Hollarsmith Jordan A. , Rapi Saipul , Barron Luke , Heatwole Siobhan J. , Yusuf Andi M. , Yusuf Syafyudin , Jompa Jamaluddin , Mars Frank
Published: July 2018

The severely degraded condition of many coral reefs worldwide calls for active interventions to rehabilitate their physical and biological structure and function, in addition to effective management of fisheries and no‐take reserves. Rehabilitation efforts to stabilize reef substratum sufficiently to support coral growth have been limited in size. We documented a large coral reef rehabilitation in Indonesia aiming to restore ecosystem functions by increasing live coral cover on a reef severely damaged by blast fishing and coral mining. The project deployed small, modular, open structures to stabilize rubble and to support transplanted coral fragments. Between 2013 to 2015, approximately 11,000 structures covering 7,000 m2 were deployed over 2 ha of a reef at a cost of US$174,000. Live coral cover on the structures increased from less than 10% initially to greater than 60% depending on depth, deployment date and location, and disturbances. The mean live coral cover in the rehabilitation area in October 2017 was higher than reported for reefs in many other areas in the Coral Triangle, including marine protected areas, but lower than in the no‐take reference reef. At least 42 coral species were observed growing on the structures. Surprisingly, during the massive coral bleaching in other regions during the 2014–2016 El Niño–Southern Oscillation event, bleaching in the rehabilitation area was less than 5% cover despite warm water (≥30°C). This project demonstrates that coral rehabilitation is achievable over large scales where coral reefs have been severely damaged and are under continuous anthropogenic disturbances in warming waters.
The yin‐yang of the interaction between myelomonocytic cells and NK cells
Authors: Molgora Martina , Supino Domenico , Mavilio Domenico , Santoni Angela , Moretta Lorenzo , Mantovani Alberto , Garlanda Cecilia
Published: July 2018

NK cells are innate lymphoid cells, which play a key role in the immune response to cancer and pathogens and participate in the shaping of adaptive immunity. NK cells engage in a complex bidirectional interaction with myelomonocytic cells. In particular, macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils promote differentiation and effector function of NK cells and, on the other hand, myelomonocytic cells express triggers of checkpoint blockade (eg PD‐L1) and other immunosuppressive molecules, which negatively regulate NK cell function. In addition, NK cells express high levels of IL‐1R8, which acts as a checkpoint for IL‐18 driven differentiation and activation of NK cells. Evidence suggests that targeting the myeloid cell‐NK cell crosstalk unleashes effective anti‐tumour and anti‐viral resistance.
Voting Turnout and Referendum Outcomes on Same‐Sex Marriage, 1998–2015*
Authors: Simon Christopher A. , Matland Richard E. , Wendell Dane G. , Tatalovich Raymond
Published: July 2018

Objectives

This analysis of referenda voting on same‐sex marriage (SSM) from 1998 until Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) focuses on the impact of turnout, which has been neglected in previous research on gay marriage referenda.

Methods

We employ OLS regression analysis with clustered standard errors by state to analyze voting on SSM referenda with eight county‐level variables and seven state‐level variables. Our novel data set includes 2,610 counties across 34 different states.

Results

Higher referendum turnout consistently produced less support for banning SSM. Additionally, we find that the gap between the polling numbers and referendum results was caused by low turnout levels. A higher turnout would reduce that gap, so that polling would have more closely approximated public opinion.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that impact of voter turnout on public policy is understudied, and including turnout measures may help future researchers better understand the electoral behavior of morality policy referenda.
Discovery of HLA‐B*58:92, a novel HLA‐B*58 variant, in a Taiwanese individual
Authors: Yang K.‐L. , Lin P.‐Y.
Published: July 2018

One nucleotide substitution at residue 86 of HLA‐B*58:01:01:01 results in a novel allele, HLA‐B*58:92.
An Identity to Retain: Self-Expressive Chinese Indonesians under the Rule of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
Authors: Ingketria Enny
Published: July 2018

From the Dutch colonial era until the end of Suharto administration, Chinese Indonesians have perpetually been the victims of racial prejudice and negative stereotyping addressed by pribumi. However, the most difficult situations and unpleasant experiences occurred under Suharto's New Order, where the forced assimilation policy was implemented and Chinese Indonesians at that time were drawn to Chinese films and series to search for their Chinese-ness, while escaping reality. The previous researches did not provide comprehensive studies on the identity formation of Chinese Indonesians in Post-Suharto era, especially after the reformation era, under different presidents. Therefore, the subjective reality of third and fourth generations of Chinese Indonesians who spent their adolescence and/or adulthood over the course of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY)’s tenure has been explored in this study. From the constructive nature of reality to the situational constraints that shape inquiry, the Chinese Indonesians were indeed more emotionally expressive, supported by a more stable political and economic condition, exposure to the new media, and enhanced bilateral partnership between China and Indonesia. The use of new media in disseminating the Chinese cultural values through the media product, as well as the Chinese cultural practice publicly held by mostly Chinese communities in Indonesia became the influential factors in connecting those younger generations of Chinese Indonesia to their heritage. Ethnic pride and cultural long-distance nationalism can be eventually observed.
Review Article: Hydrogenated graphene: A user’s guide
Authors: Whitener Keith E.
Published: July 2018

Graphene’s chemical versatility is unique among two-dimensional materials. One of the simplest and most well-studied chemical modifications of graphene is hydrogenation. The electronic, optical, and mechanical properties of hydrogenated graphene can differ significantly from those of unmodified graphene, and the tunability of these properties has played a major factor in the broad interest in hydrogenated graphene throughout the scientific community. Here, the author presents a practical review of the state of the art in hydrogenated graphene research. The target audience is the researcher who is interested in working with hydrogenated graphene but lacks practical experience with the material. The author focuses on considerations of the working scientist, highlighting subtleties in preparation and characterization that are generally only gained by experience in the laboratory. In addition, the author enumerates a number of the most important categories of results concerning the properties of hydrogenated graphene. In particular, the author examines what these results mean for potential near- and long-term applications of hydrogenated graphene.
The Influence of Compression Socks During a Marathon on Exercise-Associated Muscle Damage
Authors: Zaleski Amanda L. , Pescatello Linda S. , Ballard Kevin D. , Panza Gregory A. , Adams William , Hosokawa Yuri , Thompson Paul D. , Taylor Beth A.
Published: July 2018

Context:Compression socks have become increasingly popular with athletes due to perceived enhancement of exercise performance and recovery. However, research examining the efficacy of compression socks to reduce exercise-associated muscle damage has been equivocal, with few direct measurements of markers of muscle damage.Objective:To examine the influence of compression socks worn during a marathon on creatine kinase (CK) levels.Design:A randomized controlled trial.Setting:2013 Hartford Marathon, Hartford, CT.Participants:Adults (n = 20) randomized to control (CONTROL; n = 10) or compression sock (SOCK; n = 10) groups.Main Outcome Measures:Blood samples were collected 24 hours before, immediately after, and 24 hours following the marathon for the analysis of CK, a marker of muscle damage.Results:Baseline CK levels did not differ between CONTROL (89.3 [41.2] U/L) and SOCK (100.0 [56.2] U/L) (P = .63). Immediately following the marathon (≤1 h), CK increased 273% from baseline (P < .001 for time), with no difference in exercise-induced changes in CK from baseline between CONTROL (+293.9 [278.2] U/L) and SOCK (+233.1 [225.3] U/L;P = .60 for time × group). The day following the marathon (≤24 h), CK further increased 1094% from baseline (P < .001 for time), with no difference in changes in CK from baseline between CONTROL (+ 1191.9 [1194.8] U/L) and SOCK (+889.1 [760.2] U/L;P = .53 for time × group). These similar trends persisted despite controlling for potential covariates such as age, body mass index, and race finishing time (Ps > .29).Conclusions:Compression socks worn during a marathon do not appear to mitigate objectively measured markers of muscle damage immediately following and 24 hours after a marathon.
Modeling chemotherapy-induced stress to identify rational combination therapies in the DNA damage response pathway
Authors: Alkan Ozan , Schoeberl Birgit , Shah Millie , Koshkaryev Alexander , Heinemann Tim , Drummond Daryl C. , Yaffe Michael B. , Raue Andreas
Published: July 2018

Modeling DNA repair and cell survival dynamics predicts efficacy of combination therapy.
Lower Airway Bacterial Colonization Patterns and Species-Specific Interactions in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Jacobs David M. , Ochs-Balcom Heather M. , Zhao Jiwei , Murphy Timothy F. , Sethi Sanjay
Published: July 2018

Little is known about interactions between nontypeable
Haemophilus influenzae
,
Moraxella catarrhalis
,
Streptococcus pneumoniae
, and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
in the lower respiratory tract in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. We characterized colonization by these four bacterial species, determined species-specific interactions, and estimated the effects of host factors on bacterial colonization among COPD patients.
Detection of Respiratory Colonization by Kingella kingae and the Novel Kingella negevensis Species in Children: Uses and Methodology
Authors: Yagupsky Pablo
Published: July 2018

The recognition of the role of
Kingella kingae
as one of the main etiologic agents of skeletal system infections in young children and the recent discovery of the novel
Kingella negevensis
species have resulted in an increasing interest in these two emerging pediatric pathogens. Both bacteria colonize the oropharynx and are not detected in nasopharyngeal specimens, and the colonized mucosal surface is their portal of entry to the bloodstream.
The Mucosal Vaccine Adjuvant LT(R192G/L211A) or dmLT
Authors: Clements John D. , Norton Elizabeth B.
Published: July 2018

Perhaps the best-studied mucosal adjuvants are the bacterially derived ADP-ribosylating enterotoxins. This adjuvant family includes heat-labile enterotoxin ofEscherichia coli(LT), cholera toxin (CT), and mutants or subunits of LT and CT.