bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Processos criativos: recorte e colagem como vetores de experiência para a elaboração de novas paisagens
Authors: Góes Margarete Sacht , Lacerda Felipe
Published: December 2020

Este artigo objetiva analisar o processo de criação de crianças de quatro anos de idade, ao utilizarem a técnica do recorte e colagem, perfazendo uma análise comparativa do processo quando monitorado diretamente pelo professor e quando deixado acessível para as crianças criarem e imaginarem.Por meio de recortes e da técnica da colagem, descobrem novas imagens/paisagens a partir da técnica produzida com fragmentos de imagens retiradas de mídias impressas e da memória afetiva que atravessa e constitui as crianças. Fundamenta teoricamente os estudos em Vigotski (2009), Cunha (2018) e Iavelberg (2008), para discutir o ensino da Arte para crianças. Finaliza destacando as diferentes ações que contribuem para os processos de criação para as crianças da Educação Infantil.
Número 14 completo
Authors: Autores Varios
Published: December 2020

Número 14 completo en PDF.
Dannelse og samskaping av utdanning mellom akademia og sykehjem
Authors: Kulla Gunilla , Slettebø Åshild
Published: December 2020

Cultivation and co-creation of education between academy and nursing home: A critical ethnography study
Collaboration between academy and practice in education is emphasized. In this study, we explored and described boundary-crossing spaces, when co-creating an adjusted educational program for nursing students in a nursing home in Norway. How to learn holistic person-centered dementia care, evolved through the participants in a learning community. A critical ethnographic approach and method with observations, field notes, minutes of board, spontaneous meetings, and focus groups particularly with the students were used. Data were analyzed with six-step thematic analysis by Braun and Clarke. There were two main themes: 1) Creating a room for learning communities and 2) The room of the cultivation of students in learning communities. We further suggest, learning communities co-creation in elderly care, might potentiate innovative research- and development methods for the future.
CONTRAPOR É CANSATIVO: A ERA DA PÓS-VERDADE E SUAS APLICAÇÕES NA CAMPANHA ELEITORAL DE JAIR BOLSONARO VIA WHATSAPP
Authors: Lepeck Gabriel , Luiz Zen Rafael
Published: December 2020

O presente artigo tem por objetivo realizar uma análise crítica do conceito de pós-verdade, pela ótica da comunicação social, utilizando como case a campanha do presidente brasileiro Jair Bolsonaro, intitulada “Brasil Acima de Tudo, Deus acima de Todos”. A análise do discurso tem como base pesquisas bibliográficas e divide-se em três momentos. Primeiramente a definição da pergunta de pesquisa; que visa responder se “a pós-verdade pode explicar a crença em massa na imensidão de notícias inverídicas espalhadas no último período eleitoral brasileiro?”. No segundo momento interpreta-se a teoria contemporânea da pós-verdade, na qual fatos objetivos são preteridos em relação a narrativas emocionais; para em seguida relacioná-la com as novas mídias comunicacionais, em um foco nos discursos emitidos via aplicativo WhatsApp. Após a coleta de informações de obras impressas e artigos da internet chega-se ao resultado da pesquisa, onde identificou-se a origem do termo pós-verdade e seus efeitos na atual sociedade, concluindo que ela pode apenas em partes elucidar a convicção nas mensagens não verdadeiras criadas durante a eleição presidencial. Para explicar na totalidade tal fenômeno seriam necessários estudos mais aprofundados na área do marketing político.
A INTERNET COMO NOVA INSTITUIÇÃO PARA CONFISSÕES SOBRE O CORPO
Authors: Bertolini Jeferson , Melani Rocha Paula
Published: December 2020

Este artigo apresenta pesquisa que analisou 7.023 comentários feitos por homens e mulheres na página do programa Bem Estar, da Rede Globo, no Facebook. Buscou-se saber (a) quem, entre homens e mulheres, mais usa a internet para fazer confissões sobre o próprio corpo e (b) quais os assuntos que mais despertam essas confissões. O trabalho adota etnografia de tela. Concilia estudos de jornalismo, de gênero e o conceito de confissão de Michel Foucault (1926-1984). O texto diz que as confissões na web ajudam a formar um conjunto de informações sobre homens e mulheres, e que esse conjunto permite a criação de uma série de saberes/poderes sobre os corpos masculino e feminino.
Travail et symptômes de détresse psychologique : Quel est le rôle des traits d’identité culturelle en lien avec l’ethnicité et le statut d’immigrant dans la main-d’oeuvre canadienne ?
Authors: Kammogne Christiane Liliane , Marchand Alain
Published: December 2020

Cette recherche vise à comprendre en quoi les traits d’identité culturelle, plus particulièrement l’ethnicité et le statut d’immigrant, pourraient modifier la façon dont le travail s’associe aux symptômes de détresse psychologique au sein de la main-d’oeuvre canadienne. Les résultats basés sur les données longitudinales de l’Enquête nationale sur la santé de la population (ENSP) de Statistique Canada font état d’un rôle plus important de l’ethnicité en comparaison au statut d’immigrant.
In vitro Protein Digestibility and Iron Bioavailability According to Agro-Ecological Zone and Stage of Maturity of Moringa oleifera Lam Leaves
Authors: Armel Assiéné Agamou Julien , Edith Fombang Nig , Moses Mbofung Carl
Published: December 2020

This study aims to determine the influence of agro-ecological zone and stage of maturity on in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) and iron bioavailability from Moringa oleifera.leaves. The young and mature leaves were collected from three farms in each agro-ecological zone in Cameroon and processed in powders. Nutrient contents (proteins, total and free iron), bioactive compounds (total fiber, total polyphenols, phytates), IVPD, and iron bioavailability were determined. The stage of maturity affects significantly the variations of total iron contents (90.10%) while the agro-ecological zone affects significantly the variations of total polyphenol (48.28%), total fiber (80.97%), and phytates (46.48%) contents. Total protein contents were affected by the interaction of both (35.88%). Mature leaves have higher total iron, bioactive compounds contents in the mean compared to young leaves, and whatever the agro-ecological zone and stage of maturity of leaves, the IVPD is near casein, and bioavailability of iron is low. The young leaves have higher IVPDs and lower bioavailability of iron while mature leaves have lower IVPDs and higher bioavailability of iron. To alleviate protein malnutrition and iron deficiency through the utilization of M. oleifera leaves, it’s necessary to consider the effects of stage of maturity and agro-ecological zone on bioactive compounds contents and their anti-nutritional properties.
Osthole induces necroptosis via ROS overproduction in glioma cells
Authors: Huangfu Mengjie , Wei Riming , Wang Juan , Qin Jianli , Yu Dan , Guan Xiao , Li Xumei , Fu Minglei , Liu Haiping , Chen Xu
Published: December 2020

Glioma is a common primary malignant tumor that has a poor prognosis and often develops drug resistance. The coumarin derivative osthole has previously been reported to induce cancer cell apoptosis. Recently, we found that it could also trigger glioma cell necroptosis, a type of cell death that is usually accompanied with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, the relationship between ROS production and necroptosis induced by osthole has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we found that osthole could induce necroptosis of glioma cell lines U87 and C6; such cell death was distinct from apoptosis induced by MG‐132. Expression of necroptosis inhibitor caspase‐8 was decreased, and levels of necroptosis proteins receptor‐interacting protein 1 (RIP1), RIP3 and mixed lineage kinase domain‐like protein were increased in U87 and C6 cells after treatment with osthole, whereas levels of apoptosis‐related proteins caspase‐3, caspase‐7, and caspase‐9 were not increased. Lactate dehydrogenase release and flow cytometry assays confirmed that cell death induced by osthole was primarily necrosis. In addition, necroptosis induced by osthole was accompanied by excessive production of ROS, as observed for other necroptosis‐inducing reagents. Pretreatment with the RIP1 inhibitor necrostatin‐1 attenuated both osthole‐induced necroptosis and the production of ROS in U87 cells. Furthermore, the ROS inhibitor N‐acetylcysteine decreased osthole‐induced necroptosis and growth inhibition. Overall, these findings suggest that osthole induces necroptosis of glioma cells via ROS production and thus may have potential for development into a therapeutic drug for glioma therapy.
Efficient Hydrogen Evolution of Oxidized Ni‐N3 Defective Sites for Alkaline Freshwater and Seawater Electrolysis
Authors: Zang Wenjie , Sun Tao , Yang Tong , Xi Shibo , Waqar Moaz , Kou Zongkui , Lyu Zhiyang , Feng Yuan Ping , Wang John , Pennycook Stephen J.
Published: December 2020

For mass production of high‐purity hydrogen fuel by electrochemical water splitting, seawater electrolysis is an attractive alternative to the traditional freshwater electrolysis due to the abundance and low cost of seawater in nature. However, the undesirable chlorine ion oxidation reactions occurring simultaneously with seawater electrolysis greatly hinder the overall performance of seawater electrolysis. To tackle this problem, electrocatalysts of high activity and selectivity with purposely modulated coordination and an alkaline environment are urgently required. Herein, it is demonstrated that atomically dispersed Ni with triple nitrogen coordination (Ni‐N3) can achieve efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance in alkaline media. The atomically dispersed Ni electrocatalysts exhibit overpotentials as low as 102 and 139 mV at 10 mA cm–2 in alkaline freshwater and seawater electrolytes, respectively, which compare favorably with those previously reported. They also deliver large current densities beyond 200 mA cm–2 at lower overpotentials than Pt/C, as well as show negligible current attenuation over 14 h. The X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) experimental analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations verify that the Ni‐N3 coordination, which exhibits a lower coordination number than Ni‐N4, facilitates water dissociation and hydrogen adsorption, and hence enhances the HER activity.
Stretchable Energy Storage Devices: From Materials and Structural Design to Device Assembly
Authors: Gong Xuefei , Yang Qi , Zhi Chunyi , Lee Pooi See
Published: December 2020

Stretchable energy storage devices (SESDs) are indispensable as power a supply for next‐generation independent wearable systems owing to their conformity when applied on complex surfaces and functionality under mechanical deformation. Structural strategies with underlying fundamental mechanics to achieve stretchability and material synthesis for stretchable electrodes and separators as building blocks in the fabrication of SESDs are briefly introduced in this review. Representative SESDs including stretchable supercapacitors and stretchable Li‐based and Zn‐based batteries are also summarized from the perspective of design strategy and performance optimization in terms of voltage output, energy density and capacity retention under mechanical strain. Finally, challenges and future development directions in this promising field are presented.
Relationship between soybean yield from high and low yielding field sites and selected soil characteristics
Authors: Bandara Ananda Y. , Weerasooriya Dilooshi K. , Murillo‐Williams Adriana , White Charles M. , Collins Alyssa A. , Bell Terrence H. , Esker Paul D.
Published: December 2020

The sporadically occurring high and low yielding field sites is a commonly observed manifestation of the within‐farm spatial heterogeneity of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield in Pennsylvania. Understanding the causes behind this phenomenon is important for implementing site‐specific management practices, leading to greater attainable yields at farm scale. To explore the problem, bulk soil samples were systematically collected in 2018 from farmer‐designated high and low yielding sites at V1 (early season) and R8 (late season) soybean growth stages from 14 farms in Pennsylvania. Soil organic matter; cation exchange capacity; pH; P, K, Mg, Ca, S, Zn, and Cu; soil texture; site slope; number of putatively pathogenic fungal colonies (Fusarium, Pythium, and Phytophthora species and Rhizoctonia solani); and plant pathogenic nematodes were assayed. No measured variables differed significantly between two site types at V1 or R8. Principal component analysis did not distinctly cluster high and low sites based on the variables included in the analysis. Hierarchical clustering on principal components showed situations where sites from different farms are more similar than sites from the same farm. Correlation analysis performed for variables collected with high sites showed that yield is significantly and positively correlated with V1‐spiral nematode count, R8‐R. solani colony count, and soil K content at V1 and R8. For low sites, yield was significantly and positively correlated with V1‐spiral nematode count and soil P/Zn content at R8. Taken together, our findings indicate that the causes behind within‐farm spatial heterogeneity of soybean yields are complex and beyond the variables investigated in this study.
Eine Strategie zur Ligandenselektion identifiziert chemische Sonden für die Markierung von SARS‐CoV‐2‐Proteasen
Authors: Peñalver Lilian , Schmid Philipp , Szamosvári Dávid , Schildknecht Stefan , Globisch Christoph , Sawade Kevin , Peter Christine , Böttcher Thomas
Published: December 2020

Aktivitätsbasierte Sonden sind wertvolle Werkzeuge in der chemischen Biologie. Nach wie vor ist es jedoch eine Herausforderung, molekulare Sonden zu entwickeln, die spezifisch an das aktive Zentrum eines bestimmten Enzyms binden. Wir stellen hier eine Strategie zur Ligandenselektion vor, die es ermöglicht, rasch elektrophile Sonden auf ausgewählte Enzyme zuzuschneiden, und zeigen in einer Machbarkeitsstudie ihre Anwendung für die beiden Cysteinproteasen von SARS‐CoV‐2. Die resultierenden Sonden markieren spezifisch die aktiven Zentren von 3CLpro und PLpro mit hinreichender Selektivität sowohl in einem lebenden Zellmodell als auch vor dem Hintergrund eines nativen menschlichen Proteoms. Durch die Nutzung der Sonden als Werkzeuge für das kompetitive Screening einer Bibliothek von Naturstoffen wurden Salvianolsäurederivate als vielversprechende 3CLpro‐Inhibitoren identifiziert. Unsere Strategie zur Ligandenselektion wird für die schnelle Entwicklung von maßgeschneiderten Sonden von großem Nutzen sein und die Entdeckung von Inhibitoren für eine Vielzahl von Zielproteinen ermöglichen, die auch über Coronavirus‐Proteasen hinausgehen.
A Ligand Selection Strategy Identifies Chemical Probes Targeting the Proteases of SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Peñalver Lilian , Schmid Philipp , Szamosvári Dávid , Schildknecht Stefan , Globisch Christoph , Sawade Kevin , Peter Christine , Böttcher Thomas
Published: December 2020

Activity‐based probes are valuable tools for chemical biology. However, finding probes that specifically target the active site of an enzyme remains a challenging task. Herein, we present a ligand selection strategy that allows to rapidly tailor electrophilic probes to a target of choice and showcase its application for the two cysteine proteases of SARS‐CoV‐2 as proof of concept. The resulting probes were specific for the active site labeling of 3CLpro and PLpro with sufficient selectivity in a live cell model as well as in the background of a native human proteome. Exploiting the probes as tools for competitive profiling of a natural product library identified salvianolic acid derivatives as promising 3CLpro inhibitors. We anticipate that our ligand selection strategy will be useful to rapidly develop customized probes and discover inhibitors for a wide range of target proteins also beyond corona virus proteases.
Dynamic electro‐mechanical analysis of highly conductive particle‐elastomer composites
Authors: Stier Simon P. , Uhl Detlev , Löbmann Peer , Böse Holger
Published: December 2020

The availability of stretchable conductive materials is a key requirement for the development of soft and wearable electronics. Although there are many promising materials, the characterization of these materials under realistic conditions is complex and a standardized and reliable procedure has not been etablished yet. We therefore introduce a comprehensive protocol for the practice‐oriented dynamic electro‐mechanical analysis of elastomer‐particle composites. In addition to strain dependence (0–100% strain) and fatigue strength (10,000 cycles), this protocol aims in particular to clarify the influence of strain rate (0–100% s−1) on conductivity. Samples with the commonly used filler representatives carbon black and silver flakes with 20 vol% each were prepared and investigated. Silicone elastomers of different stiffness were used as matrix in order to determine its influence. We found that while the conductivity of the carbon black composites of about 1 × 102 S m−1 proved to be fatigue resistant and largely independent of the strain rate, the silver flake composites lost their initially higher conductivity of 1 × 104 S m−1 at high strain rates and increasing numbers of cycles. In addition, the use of a softer silicone matrix improved the performance of both particle composites, which was also demonstrated on an exemplary wearable electronic device.
The series of smooth muscle structures in the pelvic floors of men: Dynamic coordination of smooth and skeletal muscles
Authors: Muro Satoru , Tsukada Yuichiro , Ito Masaaki , Akita Keiichi
Published: December 2020

Introduction

Recent studies have revealed the extended nature of smooth muscle structures in the pelvic floor, revising the conventional understanding of the “perineal body.” Our aim was to clarify the three‐dimensional configuration and detailed histological properties of the smooth muscle structures in the region anterior to the rectum and anal canal in men.

Materials and methods

Four male cadavers were subjected to macroscopic and immunohistological examinations. The pelvis was dissected from the perineal side, as in the viewing angle during transperineal surgeries. Serial transverse sections of the region anterior to the rectum and anal canal were stained with Masson's trichrome and immunohistological stains to identify connective tissue, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle.

Results

There was a series of smooth muscle structures continuous with the longitudinal muscle of the rectum in the central region of the pelvic floor, and three representative elements were identified: the anterior bundle of the longitudinal muscle located between the external anal sphincter and bulbospongiosus; bilateral plate‐like structures with transversely‐oriented and dense smooth muscle fibers; and the rectourethral muscle located between the rectum and urethra. In addition, hypertrophic tissue with smooth muscle fibers extended from the longitudinal muscle in the anterolateral portion of the rectum and contacted the levator ani.

Conclusions

The series of smooth muscle structures had fiber orientations and densities that differed among locations. The widespread arrangement of the smooth muscle in the pelvic floor suggests a mechanism of dynamic coordination between the smooth and skeletal muscles.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Biological Evaluation and in Silico Studies on Novel (E)‐1‐(Substituted Benzylidene)‐4‐(3‐isopropylphenyl)thiosemicarbazone Derivatives
Authors: Qi Fan , Qi Qianqian , Song Jirong , Huang Jie
Published: December 2020

A series of (E)‐1‐(substituted benzylidene)‐4‐(3‐isopropylphenyl)thiosemicarbazone derivatives were synthesized and characterized by FT‐IR spectrum, elemental analysis, NMR spectrum, HR‐MS spectrum, and X‐ray single crystal diffraction technology. The crystal structures and packing of (E)‐1‐(4‐fluorobenzylidene)‐4‐(3‐isopropylphenyl)thiosemicarbazone and (E)‐1‐(3‐fluorobenzylidene)‐4‐(3‐isopropylphenyl)thiosemicarbazone were maintained through the intramolecular hydrogen bond (N3‐H6⋅⋅⋅N1) and intermolecular hydrogen bonds (N2‐H4⋅⋅⋅S1, C14‐H14⋅⋅⋅F1 and C7‐H7⋅⋅⋅S1). The results obtained by employing the DPPH free radicals scavenging assay indicated that (E)‐1‐(4‐methoxylbenzylidene)‐4‐(3‐isopropylphenyl)thiosemicarbazone had a more significant antioxidant activity compared with other compounds. The results measured by adopting the disc diffusion method elucidated that (E)‐1‐(4‐trifluoromethylbenzylidene)‐4‐(3‐isopropylphenyl)thiosemicarbazone possessed a more prominent antifungal activity than other compounds. Molecular docking showed that (E)‐1‐(4‐chlorobenzylidene)‐4‐(3‐isopropylphenyl)thiosemicarbazone had the highest affinity with receptor protein (1NMT). Moreover, the drug‐likeness characteristic, physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic profiles, and bioactivity scores of all the compounds were predicted through in silico studies. The results illustrated that (E)‐1‐(4‐fluorobenzylidene)‐4‐(3‐isopropylphenyl)thiosemicarbazone had the drug‐likeness characteristic and all the compounds were considered as moderately biological active molecules.
How do childhood conduct problems, callousness and anxiety relate to later offending and adult mental disorder?
Authors: Bamvita Jean‐Marie , Larm Peter , Vitaro Frank , Tremblay Richard , Côté Gilles , Hodgins Sheilagh
Published: December 2020

Background

Various combinations of childhood conduct problems, callous traits and anxiety may confer increased risk of offending, psychopathic traits and mental disorders. Knowledge of these outcomes in adulthood is limited.

Aims

To compare adult criminal convictions, psychopathy checklist scores and mental disorders between five groups of men, variously defined in childhood by: (1) callous traits, (2) conduct problems, (3) conduct problems and callous traits, (4) conduct problems and callous traits and anxiety or (5) developing typically.

Method

Teachers rated conduct problems, callous traits and anxiety at ages 6, 10 and 12 years. Criminal convictions from age 12 to 24 were extracted from official records. The Psychopathy Checklist‐Revised (PCL‐R) and diagnostic interviews were completed at age 33.

Results

Relative to the typically developing group, the groups with conduct problems, with and without callous traits and anxiety, showed 5‐fold elevations in risks of violent convictions and 3 to 4‐fold elevations in risk for antisocial personality disorder, while the groups with conduct problems only and with conduct problems plus callous traits plus anxiety were at increased risk for borderline personality disorder. All risk groups obtained higher PCL‐R total scores than the typically developing childhood group.

Conclusions and implications

It is widely accepted that childhood conduct problems in boys are associated with increased risks of criminal convictions and poorer mental health, but our findings suggest that teachers can identify different subgroups and these have different trajectories. As some subgroups were small, replication is recommended, but our findings offer preliminary support for trialling specific interventions for at risk boys.
An In‐Depth Theoretical Exploration of Influences of Non‐Metal‐Elements Doping on the ORR Performance of Co−gN4
Authors: Fu Cehuang , Luo Liuxuan , Yang Lijun , Shen Shuiyun , Yan Xiaohui , Yin Jiewei , Wei Guanghua , Zhang Junliang
Published: December 2020

Single atom catalysts (SACs) show a great attraction towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) owing to its advantage in overcoming the cost issue of fuel cell because of its high utilization, low cost and great CO tolerance. However, theoretical investigation on the influences of different doping on the ORR catalytic activity of Co SACs has not been systematically performed. In this regard, the influences of non‐metal‐elements doping (B, N, Si, P, S) on the ORR catalytic activity of Co−gN4 is well explored based on density functional theory (DFT). The rate‐limiting step for the ORR on Co−gN4 is the formation of OOH. When the doping content of B increases, the adsorption on Co site becomes weaker which limits the occurrence of 4e− ORR process. N doping shows a weak promotion on the ORR process on Co site. The Si site next to N can be poisoned by OH. The P site next to N will be poisoned by O at high potential and OH at low potential. The S site next on N would be poisoned by O. It is revealed that the ORR process on Co site can be promoted when the carbon next to N is replaced by Si/P/S by promoting the rate‐limiting step.
Mechanistic Studies on the Photooxidation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural by Polyoxometalate Catalysts and Atmospheric Oxygen
Authors: Li Zheng , Zhang Mo , Xin Xing , Lv Hongjin
Published: December 2020

Efficient oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to corresponding furanic products represents an important research focus of biomass valorization, recent research on polyoxometalates (POMs)‐catalyzed aerobic oxidation of HMF usually requires high temperature and sometimes high O2/air pressure. In this work, we report a mild and green approach to photocatalytically transform HMF into various furanic products using atmospheric oxygen as oxidant and POMs as photocatalysts. The influence of different POMs, light sources, and additives were systematically investigated by various experimental and spectroscopic results. Under minimally optimized conditions, 88.0 % HMF can be efficiently photooxidized with as high as 70.2 % furanic yield by TBA‐W10 catalyst after 2 h irradiation of 365 nm UV light when coupling with TEMPO and Na2CO3 as additives. Finally, detailed mechanistic pathways of HMF photooxidation have been proposed to illustrate the transformation of HMF to various furanic products. This work provides some insightful guidelines for photooxidation of biomass‐derived platform chemicals to value‐added products under efficient, mild, and green conditions, exhibiting potential practical applications in the future.
A school‐based eating disorder prevention program (Me, You & Us) for young adolescents in Korea: A 3‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Kwag Kyung Hwa , Han Soo Wan , Cho Ji‐Yeoun , Ko Myeong , Park Eun Jin , Kim Youl‐Ri
Published: December 2020

Objective

The study aimed to examine the feasibility and long‐term effects of a school‐based eating disorder prevention program for young adolescents in Korea.

Method

We followed up the students (n = 133) who had participated in the prevention program at 3 years ago to evaluate changes in body esteem and self‐esteem between postintervention and 3‐year follow‐up, with investigating whether gender moderated the effect of time.

Results

Boys showed no decline in body esteem and self‐esteem from postintervention to 3‐year follow‐up, indicating that the prevention program alleviated decreases in body esteem and self‐esteem over time. Girls showed decreases in body esteem and self‐esteem from postintervention to 3‐years follow‐up.

Discussion

This study provides evidence supporting the feasibility of the school‐based eating disorder prevention program targeting mixed‐sex, young adolescents in Korea. Given the developmental trajectories of decrease in body esteem and self‐esteem during adolescence, the program may be efficient for boys over time. Boosters and/or complementary prevention approaches across gender are needed.
Swimming against the flow—Environmental DNA can detect bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) across a dynamic deltaic interface
Authors: Drymon James Marcus , Schweiss Katherine E. , Seubert Emily A. , Lehman Ryan N. , Daly‐Engel Toby S. , Pfleger Mariah , Phillips Nicole M.
Published: December 2020

Human activities in coastal areas are accelerating ecosystem changes at an unprecedented pace, resulting in habitat loss, hydrological modifications, and predatory species declines. Understanding how these changes potentially cascade across marine and freshwater ecosystems requires knowing how mobile euryhaline species link these seemingly disparate systems. As upper trophic level predators, bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) play a crucial role in marine and freshwater ecosystem health. Telemetry studies in Mobile Bay, Alabama, suggest that bull sharks extensively use the northern portions of the bay, an estuarine–freshwater interface known as the Mobile‐Tensaw Delta. To assess whether bull sharks use freshwater habitats in this region, environmental DNA surveys were conducted during the dry summer and wet winter seasons in 2018. In each season, 5 × 1 L water samples were collected at each of 21 sites: five sites in Mobile Bay, six sites in the Mobile‐Tensaw Delta, and ten sites throughout the Mobile‐Tombigbee and Tensaw‐Alabama Rivers. Water samples were vacuum‐filtered, DNA extractions were performed on the particulate, and DNA extracts were analyzed with Droplet Digital™ Polymerase Chain Reaction using species‐specific primers and an internal probe to amplify a 237‐base pair fragment of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 gene in bull sharks. One water sample collected during the summer in the Alabama River met the criteria for a positive detection, thereby confirming the presence of bull shark DNA. While preliminary, this finding suggests that bull sharks use less‐urbanized, riverine habitats up to 120 km upriver during Alabama's dry summer season.
Clinical significance of spleen stiffness in patients with acute decompensated heart failure
Authors: Saito Yuki , Matsumoto Naoki , Aizawa Yoshihiro , Fukamachi Daisuke , Kitano Daisuke , Kazuto Toyama , Tamaki Takehiro , Fujito Hidesato , Sezai Akira , Okumura Yasuo
Published: December 2020

Aims

Congestive splenomegaly is a classic sign of organ congestion in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). Shear wave elastography (SWE) allows the measurement of spleen stiffness (SS). We hypothesized that SS could quantify the severity of splenic congestion and predict adverse events in ADHF.

Methods and Results

This study included two cohorts: a haemodynamic cohort (62 HF patients) and an outcome cohort (115 ADHF patients). SS was measured by two‐dimensional SWE on the same day of right heart catheterization in the haemodynamic cohort. Right atrial pressure (RAP) independently correlated with SS (β = 0.32, P = 0.002). SS was measured in the outcome cohort before discharge. The 115 patients were divided into three groups on the basis of the tertile value of SS. The third tertile SS group had a higher prevalence of severe tricuspid regurgitation, higher N‐terminal B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT pro‐BNP), and larger right ventricular diastolic diameter, than had the first tertile group and the second tertile group. During a median follow‐up period of 105 (77–135) days, adverse events occurred in 25 patients (one death and 24 rehospitalizations for HF). The third tertile SS group had a significantly higher rate of adverse events (P < 0.001). A higher SS was independently associated with adverse events after adjusting for conventional validated risk score, liver function test, liver stiffness, and estimated RAP.

Conclusions

The degree of SS at discharge can be used as a marker of residual splenic congestion, which is predictive of adverse events in patients with ADHF.
Ferric carboxymaltose for the treatment of iron‐deficient heart failure patients: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Khan Muhammad Shahzeb , Usman Muhammad Shariq , von Haehling Stephan , Doehner Wolfram , Stewart Coats Andrew J.
Published: December 2020

Aims

Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) has been shown to improve functional capacity and quality of life in iron deficient heart failure patients. However, FCM's effect on hospitalizations and mortality remains unclear as previous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and their meta‐analyses have been underpowered to detect significant differences. We sought to conduct an updated meta‐analysis using recently published RCT data.

Methods and results

Online databases were searched from inception until November 2020 for RCTs evaluating the effects of FCM on clinical outcomes in iron‐deficient heart failure patients. Outcomes of interest included heart failure hospitalizations, all‐cause mortality, and cardiovascular mortality. Meta‐analysis was performed using a fixed‐effect model and estimates were reported as odds ratios (ORs), hazard ratios, or rate ratios (RRs) along with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 1947 patients (n = 1062 in the FCM group; n = 885 in the placebo group) were included. FCM, compared with placebo, significantly reduced the risk of the composite endpoint of time to first heart failure hospitalization or cardiovascular death (hazard ratio = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.63–0.90; I2 = 55%). FCM also significantly reduced the risk of recurrent heart failure hospitalizations (RR = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.54–0.85; I2 = 71%) and recurrent cardiovascular hospitalizations (RR = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.59–0.86; I2 = 56%). However, FCM had no significant effect on the risk of all‐cause (OR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.73–1.28; I2 = 0%) or cardiovascular mortality (OR = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.69–1.27; I2 = 0%).

Conclusions

Ferric carboxymaltose reduces heart failure hospitalizations and cardiovascular hospitalizations with no beneficial effect on all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality in iron‐deficient heart failure patients. These findings reinforce the role of FCM as a therapeutic option in heart failure patients.
Efficacy and safety of SGLT2 inhibitors in heart failure: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Butler Javed , Usman Muhammad Shariq , Khan Muhammad Shahzeb , Greene Stephen J. , Friede Tim , Vaduganathan Muthiah , Filippatos Gerasimos , Coats Andrew J. Stewart , Anker Stefan D.
Published: December 2020

Aims

We sought to conduct a meta‐analysis regarding the safety and efficacy of sodium‐glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in patients with heart failure (HF).

Methods and results

MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from their inception to November 2020 for placebo‐controlled randomized controlled trials of SGLT2 inhibitors. Randomized controlled trials were selected if they reported at least one of the prespecified outcomes in patients with HF. Hazard ratios (HRs) or risk ratios and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals were pooled using a random‐effects model. A total of seven trials including 16 820 HF patients (N = 8884 in the SGLT2 inhibitor arms; N = 7936 in the placebo arms) were included. In the overall HF cohort, SGLT2 inhibitors compared with placebo significantly reduced the risk of the composite endpoint of first HF hospitalization or cardiovascular death [HR: 0.77 (0.72–0.83); P < 0.001; I2 = 0%], time to first HF hospitalization [HR: 0.71 (0.64–0.78); P < 0.001; I2 = 0], cardiovascular mortality [HR: 0.87 (0.79–0.96); P = 0.005; I2 = 0%], and all‐cause mortality [HR: 0.89 (0.82–0.96); P = 0.004; I2 = 0%]. Results remained consistent across HF‐specific trials and according to diabetes mellitus status. A trend towards benefit was observed in patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction for the composite of HF hospitalization and cardiovascular death [HR: 0.80 (0.63–1.00); P = 0.05; I2 = 29%]. No increased risk of hypovolaemia, hyperkalaemia, and hypotension was seen with SGLT2 inhibitors compared with placebo.

Conclusions

SGLT2 inhibitors significantly improve cardiovascular outcomes including cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality in patients with HF without an increased risk of serious adverse events. A trend towards benefit was observed in patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction.
Face‐Centered Cubic Platinum Hydride and Phase Diagram of PtH
Authors: Semerikova Anna , Chanyshev Artem D. , Glazyrin Konstantin , Pakhomova Anna , Kurnosov Alexander , Litasov Konstantin , Dubrovinsky Leonid , Rashchenko Sergey
Published: December 2020

Recent research on superconductivity of high‐pressure hydrides generated many phase stability calculations with a lack of their experimental verification; a typical example is Pt–H system. The stability of eight PtH structures was predicted, while the experiments revealed the existence of only hexagonal close‐packed (hcp) and trigonal PtH. Face‐centered cubic (fcc) PtH was predicted to be nearly isoentalpic to the hcp PtH and stable near 100 GPa, but never observed experimentally. Here we report the first synthesis of the fcc PtH using laser‐heated diamond anvil cell. It was found to occupy a high‐temperature area of the phase diagram in a wide pressure range of 20–100 GPa, being metastable at room temperature. Our results look promising for uncovering weak approximations in current high‐pressure hydrides stability ab initio calculations.
Binuclear Gadolinium(III) Pivalates with 4,7‐Diphenyl‐1,10‐Phenanthroline: Synthesis, Structure, Thermal Behavior, Magnetic and Photoluminescence Properties
Authors: Fomina Irina G. , Dolgushin Fedor M. , Koroteev Pavel S. , Mantrova Yulia V. , Korshunov Vladislav M. , Taydakov Ilya V. , Bogomyakov Artem S. , Fedin Matvey V. , Zavorotny Yury S. , Eremenko Igor L.
Published: December 2020

Complexes [Gd2(piv)6(bath)2]⋅2EtOH (1a⋅2EtOH), [Gd2(piv)6(bath)2]⋅1.5EtOH⋅0.5H2O (1b⋅1.5EtOH⋅0.5H2O), and [Gd2(piv)6(bath)2]⋅H2O (1c⋅H2O), where piv is (CH3)3CCO2− and bath is 4,7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline, which have different molecular and crystal structures, were synthesized and studied by X‐ray diffraction. A unique feature of polymorphs 1a, 1b, and 1c is that they exhibit first‐order phase transitions, namely, structural phase transitions, or melting before thermal decomposition. Magneto‐structural data for binuclear gadolinium pivalates with bath (1), bpy (2), phen (3), and Hpiv (4) ligands and the polymeric complex [Gd(piv)3]n (5) are presented. The complexes were characterized by ESR spectroscopy. The energies of the excited singlet S1 and triplet T1 states of the bath ligand in carboxylates 1a⋅2EtOH, 1b⋅1.5EtOH⋅0.5H2O, and 1c⋅H2O were determined.
Overcoming the Hurdles and Challenges Associated with Developing Continuous Industrial Processes
Authors: Baumann Marcus , Moody Thomas S. , Smyth Megan , Wharry Scott
Published: December 2020

Continuous flow chemistry is often viewed as a very simple concept on paper, however scientists with significant flow chemistry experience will highlight a number of challenges that need to be overcome. Critical for the successful development of any flow process is a high level of understanding of potential pitfalls that may be encountered. A collaborative and multi‐disciplinary team of chemists and chemical engineers is essential in the development of a process from lab scale through to production. This Minireview will identify and highlight relevant risks and their subsequent mitigation strategies to ensure successful flow processing.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Arylation of 1H‐Indazoles with Arenes
Authors: Gambouz Khadija , Abbouchi Abdelmoula El , Nassiri Sarah , Suzenet Franck , Bousmina Mostapha , Akssira Mohamed , Guillaumet Gérald , El Kazzouli Saïd
Published: December 2020

A simple method for the direct Pd(OAc)2‐catalyzed oxidative arylation of inactivated 1H‐indazole derivatives with simple arenes is reported. This method exhibits good reaction efficiency and good functional‐group tolerance. Using the developed method, 28 arylated products were prepared in yields up to 80 %.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Reductive Carbonylation of (Hetero) Aryl Halides and Triflates Using Cobalt Carbonyl as CO Source
Authors: Dogga Bhushanarao , Kumar C. S. Ananda , Joseph Jayan T.
Published: December 2020

An efficient protocol for the reductive carbonylation of (hetero) aryl halides and triflates under CO gas‐free conditions using Pd/Co2(CO)8 and triethylsilane has been developed. The mild reaction conditions, enhanced chemoselectivity and, easy access to heterocyclic and vinyl carboxaldehydes highlights its importance in organic synthesis.
Facile One‐Pot Assembly of Push–Pull Imines by a Selective C–F Substitution Process in Aryl Fluorides
Authors: Anga Srinivas , Chandra Shubhadeep , Sarkar Pallavi , Das Shubhajit , Mandal Debdeep , Kundu Abhinanda , Rawat Hemant , Schulzke Carola , Sarkar Biprajit , Pati Swapan K. , Chandrasekhar Vadapalli , Jana Anukul
Published: December 2020

Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of push–pull imines by considering cyclic diamino substituent at the C‐centre and fluoroaryl substituent at the N‐centre. This has been achieved by a selective aromatic nucleophilic substitution of different fluoroarenes by N‐H‐substituted N‐heterocyclic imines (NHIs) at ambient conditions without any additional reagent. Solid‐state molecular structure analysis reveals the elongation of the central C–N bond of the imine functionality, which is consistent with the push–pull nature of these imines. The push–pull nature of these imines is further validated by computational studies.
Theoretical Study of the Mechanism of Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Ester‐Substituted Alkynes
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshihiko
Published: December 2020

The mechanisms of the palladium(0)‐catalyzed cross [2+2+2] cycloaddition of a diyne diester with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and of the [2+2+2] cyclization of a triyne diester were investigated using density functional theory calculations. After evaluating the kinetic and thermodynamic profiles of each reaction, the roles of the ester substituents on the alkyne substrates and of the triphenylphosphine ligand are discussed based on the obtained results. Moreover, the previously unreported cross [2+2+2] cycloaddition of the diyne diester with nitriles was also investigated, in order to evaluate its feasibility under the relevant experimental conditions.
Fungicide Precursor Racemization Kinetics for Deracemization in Complex Systems
Authors: Guillot Michael , de Meester Josephine , ter Horst Joop H. , Riant Olivier , Leyssens Tom
Published: December 2020

In the racemization area, the keto‐enol equilibrium is a major player when it comes to racemizing α‐chiral carbonyl compounds. The racemization kinetics in the co‐crystal induced deracemization of a fungicide precursor is complex as next to the racemization catalyst, which is a base, an acidic co‐former is used to ensure the crystallization of the co‐crystal. Here we show that understanding of the racemization kinetics of the target compound is of key importance for optimization of the co‐crystallization based deracemization process. The racemization rates in solution as a function of solvent and base concentration were determined by measuring the decreasing enrichment of the chiral ketone due to racemization over time, using a polarimeter set‐up with a continuous recycling loop through the polarimeter cell. The established racemization kinetics model aligns with the experimental data giving access to the intrinsic racemization rate constant. The proposed mechanism is first order with respect to the enantiomeric excess of the target compound and the base‐catalyst concentration. The solvent is shown to strongly affect the racemization constant, with protic solvents increasing this rate substantially due to hydrogen‐bond stabilization of the enolate. Finally, we observed the presence of the chiral acid co‐former to alter the reaction mechanism albeit remaining first order with respect to the enantiomeric excess. Though more complex, the mechanism still followed Arrhenius law, providing key information on the impact of temperature.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Sulfonylureas
Authors: De Ventura Tiziano , Zanirato Vinicio
Published: December 2020

Sulfonylureas are employed in a variety of applications including use as drugs to treat type II diabetes and as plant growth regulators or herbicides. Traditionally, the synthesis of sulfonylureas has been accomplished either by the treatment of sulfamides with isocyanates in the presence of a base or through sulfonamides conversion into N‐sulfonyl isocyanates or N‐sulfonyl carbamate derivatives which provide the corresponding sulfonylureas upon treatment with amines. Both approaches are severely limited by the weak nucleophilicity of sulfamides and by the difficulty in synthesizing and handling isocyanate species. Such a drawback could be mitigated by the emergence of protocols establishing the labile electrophilic functional groups in situ so that their coupling with nucleophilic partners takes place in one‐pot. Recently, the development of environmentally friendly methods to prepare sulfonylurea containing compounds without using harmful reagents has attracted considerable attention. The aim of the minireview is to explore the different protocols emerged in the literature to generate sulfonylureas giving importance to the reaction mechanisms of crucial synthetic steps.
Dermal Fungicide Exposure at Realistic Field Rates Induces Lethal and Sublethal Effects on Juvenile European Common Frogs (Rana temporaria)
Authors: Adams Elena , Gerstle Verena , Brühl Carsten A.
Published: December 2020

Viticulture is one of the most pesticide-intensive agricultures in Europe, leading to a spatiotemporal overlap of amphibian migration and pesticide applications. Because postmetamorphic, terrestrial amphibian stages are mostly neglected in ecotoxicological studies, we investigated acute effects of viticultural fungicides on juvenile common frogs (Rana temporaria). Tadpoles from an uncontaminated pond were placed in enclosures in 8 ponds with an increasing degree of pesticide contamination in southwest Germany to represent different aquatic exposure backgrounds. After metamorphosis, juveniles were exposed to soil contaminated with 50% of the recommended field rates of the fungicides Folpan® 80 water dispersible granule (WDG) and Folpan® 500 suspension concentrate with the same amount of folpet as active ingredient and differing additives. After 48 h, effects on the survival, body mass, and behavior were investigated. No effect of the aquatic exposure background on terrestrial sensitivity could be detected. Acute terrestrial exposure led to mean mortality rates of 14% (13–17%, suspension concentrate) and 60% (17–100%, WDG) and resulted in adverse effects on locomotor activity as well as feeding behavior. Moreover, the results suggest that the toxicity of the 2 tested folpet formulations depends on their additives. Because the identified effects may result in severe impairments and thus in declines of amphibian populations, a more protective risk assessment of pesticides is needed for postmetamorphic amphibians to ensure proper conservation of amphibian populations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1289–1297. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Effect of nicotinamide riboside on lipid metabolism and gut microflora‐bile acid axis in alcohol‐exposed mice
Authors: Yu Xiao , Xue Meilan , Liu Ying , Zhou Zhitong , Jiang Yushan , Sun Ting , Liang Hui
Published: December 2020

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is the most common complication of alcohol abuse, while we lack safe and effective treatment for ALD. This study aimed to explore the effects of nicotinamide riboside (NR) on lipid metabolism and gut microflora‐bile acid axis in alcohol‐exposed mice. NR significantly improved liver histopathological damage and abnormal liver function. NR as a provider of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) increased the NAD+/NADH ratio. Meanwhile, NR inhibited the activation of the protein phosphatase 1 signaling pathway, decreased the liver triglyceride and total bile acid levels, and reduced lipid accumulation. According to the results of gut microflora species analysis, NR intervention changed the microbial community structure at the phylum, family and genus levels, and the species abundances returned to a level similar to these of the normal control group. Besides, the results of high‐performance liquid chromatograph‐mass spectrometry showed that NR intervention resulted in fecal bile acid levels tending to be normal with decreased chenodeoxycholic acid level and increased deoxycholic acid and hyocholic acid levels. Spearman's correlation analysis showed a correlation between gut microflora and bile acids. Therefore, NR supplementation has the potential to prevent ALD, and its mechanism may be related to regulating lipid metabolism disorders and the gut microflora‐bile acid axis.