bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Myocardial Expression of a Dominant-Negative Form of Daxx Decreases Infarct Size and Attenuates Apoptosis in an In Vivo Mouse Model of Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Roubille François , Combes Stéphane , Leal-Sanchez Juani , Barrère; Christian , Cransac Frédéric , Sportouch-Dukhan Catherine , Gahide Gérald , Serre Isabelle , Kupfer Elodie , Richard Sylvain , Hueber Anne-Odile , Nargeot Joël , Piot Christophe , Barrère-Lemaire Stéphanie
Published: November 2007

Background—

Apoptosis has been described extensively in acute myocardial infarction and chronic heart failure. Because Daxx (death-associated protein) appears to be essential for stress-induced cell death and acts as an antisurvival molecule, we tested the hypothesis that Daxx is involved in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion–induced cell death in vivo.

Methods and Results—

Transgenic mice overexpressing a dominant-negative form of Daxx (Daxx-DN) under the control of the β-actin promoter and control wild-type mice underwent an ischemia/reperfusion protocol: 40 minutes of left coronary artery occlusion and 60 minutes of reperfusion. Area at risk and infarct size were measured after dual staining by triphenyltetrazolium chloride and phthalocyanine blue dye. Apoptosis was measured in the ischemic versus the nonischemic part of the left ventricle by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP biotin nick end labeling staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blotting of caspase-3, caspase-8, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. The mitogen-activated protein kinase status was investigated by Western blot analysis. Comparison between groups was assessed by ANOVA or Student
t
test (statistical significance:
P
<0.05). Left ventricle tissues from transgenic mice expressed Daxx-DN at the protein level. Area at risk/left ventricle values were comparable among groups. Infarct size/area at risk was 45% reduced in Daxx-DN versus wild-type mice (
P
<0.001). This cardioprotection was maintained for a 4-hour reperfusion. Ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis was significantly decreased and ERK1/2 prosurvival pathway was activated in ischemic Daxx-DN hearts.

Conclusions—

Our study clearly indicates that Daxx participates in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion proapoptotic signaling in vivo.
Influence of a Pressure Gradient Distal to Implanted Bare-Metal Stent on In-Stent Restenosis After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Jensen Lisette Okkels , Thayssen Per , Thuesen Leif , Hansen Henrik Steen , Lassen Jens Flensted , Kelbaek Henning , Junker Anders , Hansen Knud Noerregaard , Boetker Hans Erik , Krusell Lars Romer , Pedersen Knud Erik
Published: November 2007

Background—

Fractional flow reserve predicts cardiac events after coronary stent implantation. The aim of the present study was to assess the 9-month angiographic in-stent restenosis rate in the setting of optimal stenting and a persisting gradient distal to the stent as assessed by a pressure wire pullback recording in the entire length of the artery.

Methods and Results—

In 98 patients with angina pectoris, 1 de novo coronary lesion was treated with a bare-metal stent. After stent implantation, pressure wire measurements (P
d
=mean hyperemic coronary pressure and P
a
=mean aortic pressure) were performed in the target vessel: (1) P
d
/P
a
as distal to the artery as possible (fractional flow reserve per definition); (2) P
d
/P
a
just distal to the stent; (3) P
d
/P
a
just proximal to the stent; and (4) P
d
/P
a
at the ostium. Residual abnormal P
d
/P
a
was defined as a pressure drop between P
d
/P
a
measured at points 1 and 2. Fractional flow reserve distal to the artery after stenting was significantly lower (0.88±0.21 versus 0.97±0.05;
P
<0.001), and angiographic in-stent binary restenosis rate was significantly higher (44.0% versus 8.1%;
P
<0.001) in vessels with a residual abnormal P
d
/P
a
. Residual abnormal P
d
/P
a
(odds ratio, 4.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.10 to 18.16;
P
=0.034), reference vessel size (odds ratio, 0.17; 95% confidence interval, 0.04 to 0.69;
P
=0.013), and stent length (odds ratio, 1.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 1.21;
P
=0.009) were predictors of angiographic in-stent restenosis after 9 months.

Conclusions—

A residual abnormal P
d
/P
a
distal to a bare-metal stent was an independent predictor of in-stent restenosis after implantation of a coronary bare-metal stent.
Influence of Albuminuria on Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Solomon Scott D. , Lin Julie , Solomon Caren G. , Jablonski Kathleen A. , Rice Madeline Murguia , Steffes Michael , Domanski Michael , Hsia Judith , Gersh Bernard J. , Arnold J. Malcolm O. , Rouleau Jean , Braunwald Eugene , Pfeffer Marc A.
Published: November 2007

Background—

Patients with chronic kidney disease are at increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We assessed the association between albuminuria and the risks for death and cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary disease.

Methods and Results—

We studied patients enrolled in the Prevention of Events with an ACE inhibitor (PEACE) trial, in which patients with chronic stable coronary disease and preserved systolic function were randomized to trandolapril or placebo and followed up for a median of 4.8 years. The urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) assessed in a core laboratory in 2977 patients at baseline and in 1339 patients at follow-up (mean 34 months) was related to estimated glomerular filtration rate and outcomes. The majority of patients (73%) had a baseline ACR within the normal range (<17 μg/mg for men and <25 μg/mg for women). Independent of the estimated glomerular filtration rate and other baseline covariates, a higher ACR, even within the normal range, was associated with increased risks for all-cause mortality (
P
<0.001) and cardiovascular death (
P
=0.01). The effect of trandolapril therapy on outcomes was not modified significantly by the level of albuminuria. Nevertheless, trandolapril therapy was associated with a significantly lower mean follow-up ACR (12.5 versus 14.6 μg/mg,
P
=0.0002), after adjustment for baseline ACR, time between collections, and other covariates. An increase in ACR over time was associated with increased risk of cardiovascular death (hazard ratio per log ACR 1.74, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.82).

Conclusions—

Albuminuria, even in low levels within the normal range, is an independent predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.
First-in-Human Evaluation of Anti–von Willebrand Factor Therapeutic Aptamer ARC1779 in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Gilbert James C. , DeFeo-Fraulini Tia , Hutabarat Renta M. , Horvath Christopher J. , Merlino Patricia G. , Marsh H. Nicholas , Healy Judith M. , BouFakhreddine Sleiman , Holohan Thomas V. , Schaub Robert G.
Published: November 2007

Background—ARC1779 is a therapeutic aptamer antagonist of the A1 domain of von Willebrand Factor (vWF), the ligand for receptor glycoprotein 1b on platelets. ARC1779 is being developed as a novel antithrombotic agent for use in patients with acute coronary syndromes.

Methods and Results—This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 47 healthy volunteers of doses of ARC1779 from 0.05 to 1.0 mg/kg. Pharmacodynamic effects were measured by an ELISA for free vWF A1 binding sites and by a platelet function analyzer. In terms of pharmacokinetics, the concentration-time profile of ARC1779 appeared monophasic. The observed concentration and area under the curve were dose proportional. The mean apparent elimination half-life was ≈2 hours, and mean residence time was ≈3 hours. The mean apparent volumes of distribution (at steady state and during terminal phase) were approximately one half the blood volume, suggesting that ARC1779 distribution is in the central compartment. The mean clearance ranged from ≈10% to ≈21% of the glomerular filtration rate, suggesting that renal filtration may not be a major mechanism of clearance of ARC1779. Inhibition of vWF A1 binding activity was achieved with an EC90value of 2.0 μg/mL (151 nmol/L) and of platelet function with an EC90value of 2.6 μg/mL (196 nmol/L). ARC1779 was generally well tolerated, and no bleeding was observed. Adverse events tended to be minor and not dose related.

Conclusions—This is the first-in-human evaluation of a novel aptamer antagonist of vWF. ARC1779 produced dose- and concentration-dependent inhibition of vWF activity and platelet function with duration of effect suitable for the intended clinical use in acute coronary syndromes.
Causal Perception in Virtual Reality and its Implications for Presence Factors
Authors: Cavazza Marc , Lugrin Jean-Luc , Buehner Marc
Published: November 2007

Causality is an important aspect of how we construct reality. Yet, while many psychological phenomena have been studied in their relation to virtual reality (VR), very little work has been dedicated specifically to causal perception, despite its potential relevance for user interaction and presence. In this paper, we describe the development of a virtual environment supporting experiments with causal perception. The system, inspired from psychological data, operates by intercepting events in the virtual world, so as to create artificial co-occurrences between events and their subsequent effects. After recognizing high-level events and formalizing them with a symbolic representation inspired from robotics planning, it modifies the events' effects using knowledge-based operators. The re-activation of the modified events creates co-occurrences inducing causal impressions in the user. We conducted experiments with fifty-three subjects who had to interact with virtual world objects and were presented with alternative consequences for their actions, generated by the system using various levels of plausibility. At the same time, these subjects had to answer ten items from the Presence Questionnaire corresponding mainly to control and realism factors: causal perception appears to have a positive impact on these items. The implications of this work are twofold: first, causal perception can provide an interesting experimental setting for some presence determinants, and second, the elicitation of causal impressions can become part of VR technologies to provide new forms of VR experiences.
TimbreFields: 3D Interactive Sound Models for Real-Time Audio
Authors: Corbett Richard , van den Doel Kees , Lloyd John E. , Heidrich Wolfgang
Published: November 2007

We describe a methodology for virtual reality designers to capture and resynthesize the variations in sound made by objects when we interact with them through contact such as touch. The timbre of contact sounds can vary greatly, depending on both the listener’s location relative to the object, and the interaction point on the object itself. We believe that an accurate rendering of this variation greatly enhances the feeling of immersion in a simulation. To do this, we model the variation with an efficient algorithm based on modal synthesis. This model contains a vector field that is defined on the product space of contact locations and listening positions around the object. The modal data are sampled on this high dimensional space using an automated measuring platform. A parameter-fitting algorithm is presented that recovers the parameters from a large set of sound recordings around objects and creates a continuous timbre field by interpolation. The model is subsequently rendered in a real-time simulation with integrated haptic, graphic, and audio display. We describe our experience with an implementation of this system and an informal evaluation of the results.
The Body Surface as a Communication System: The State of the Art after 50 Years
Authors: Gallace Alberto , Tan Hong Z. , Spence Charles
Published: November 2007

The suggestion that the body surface might be used as an additional means of presenting information to human-machine operators has been around in the literature for nearly 50 years. Although recent technological advances have made the possibility of using the body as a receptive surface much more realistic, the fundamental limitations on the human information processing of tactile stimuli presented across the body surface are, however, still largely unknown. This literature review provides an overview of studies that have attempted to use vibrotactile interfaces to convey information to human operators. The importance of investigating any possible central cognitive limitations (i.e., rather than the peripheral limitations, such as related to sensory masking, that were typically addressed in earlier research) on tactile processing for the most effective design of body interfaces is highlighted. The applicability of the constraints emerging from studies of tactile processing under conditions of unisensory (i.e., purely tactile) stimulus presentation, to more ecologically valid conditions of multisensory stimulation, is also discussed. Finally, the results obtained from recent studies of tactile information processing under conditions of multisensory stimulation are described, and their implications for haptic/tactile interface design elucidated.
Racial Primes and Black Misandry on Historically White Campuses: Toward Critical Race Accountability in Educational Administration
Authors: Smith William A. , Yosso Tara J. , Solórzano Daniel G.
Published: November 2007

Background: Racial primes are an outgrowth and inculcation of a well-structured, highly developed, racially conservative, “race-neutral” or “color-blind” racial socialization process in which children learn race-specific stereotypes about African Americans and other race/ethnic groups. As they get older, they continue to receive—both involuntary and voluntary—corroborating messages of anti-Black stereotypes from adults, friends, games, folklore, music, television, popular media, and the hidden curriculum. A result of this belief system is Black misandry. Black misandry refers to an exaggerated pathological aversion toward Black men created and reinforced in societal, institutional, and individual ideologies, practices, and behaviors.

Findings: Through the use of focus group interview data from African American male students at four universities, it reveals that potent Black misandric beliefs exist in both academic and social spaces in the collegiate environment.

Conclusions: Using critical race theory as a framework, the counterstory in this article provides an interpretation of how racially primed Black misandric beliefs influence the collegiate racial climate and how educational administrator might respond.
A Procedure for Generating Batch-Means Confidence Intervals for Simulation: Checking Independence and Normality
Authors: Chen E. Jack , Kelton W. David
Published: November 2007

Batch means are sample means of subsets of consecutive subsamples from a simulation output sequence. Independent and normally distributed batch means are not only the requirement for constructing a confidence interval for the mean of the steady-state distribution of a stochastic process, but are also the prerequisite for other simulation procedures such as ranking and selection (R&S). We propose a procedure to generate approXimately independent and normally distributed batch means, as determined by the von Neumman test of independence and the chi-square test of normality, and then to construct a confidence interval for the mean of a steady-state eXpected simulation response. It is our intention for the batch means to play the role of the independent and identically normally distributed observations that confidence intervals and the original versions of R&S procedures require. We perform an empirical study for several stochastic processes to evaluate the performance of the procedure and to investigate the problem of determining valid batch sizes.
Determining the Drying Time of Apparel Fabrics
Authors: Laing Raechel M. , Wilson Cheryl A. , Gore Shani E. , Carr Debra J. , Niven Brian E.
Published: November 2007

The objective of this work was to determine the drying time of a range of apparel fabrics simulating both during and after wear and in doing so, develop: (1) a laboratory method for wetting specimens in a reproducible manner, applicable to a wide variety of apparel fabrics and a large number of specimen; and (2) a method for determining drying time, including a practical laboratory definition for the end-point `dry'. The methods were applied to seventeen fabrics varying in fiber content and in fabric structure. Fabric specimens can be wetted by machine, can be line dried, and can be dried using a simulated on-skin method. A workable laboratory definition of `dry' is provided.
Structures and Properties of the Goose Down as a Material for Thermal Insulation
Authors: Jing Gao  , Weidong Yu  , Ning Pan
Published: November 2007

As a natural filling material, the goose down is well known for its superior thermal insulating properties and is widely used as an insulated filling material for winter outerwear and quilters. However, our understanding of the material is so poor that we still cannot fully explain the mechanisms or the sources for its high thermal insulation. This paper reports an extensive investigation of the chemical compositions, morphological structure and the physical properties, pertaining to thermal resistance of the down and down assemblies compared with other fiber assemblies. Detailed experimental work and data analysis were conducted on the properties influencing the thermal insulation of the down.
Alien experience: Foreign national prisoners after the deportation crisis
Authors: Singh Bhui Hindpal
Published: November 2007

This article explores the experiences of foreign national prisoners both before and after April 2006, when it was discovered that over 1000 had been released without first being considered for deportation by the Immigration and Nationality Department (IND).2 It is argued that negative representations of this group of prisoners have exaggerated the threat they pose to society, masked their individuality and encouraged unequal treatment within the prison and immigration systems. The article draws largely on interviews conducted during two major investigations by HM Inspectorate of Prisons. 3 A central consideration of the article is the impact of immigration problems on other issues such as resettlement, rates of self-harm and the experience of prisoners' families.
Preliminary Insights into M-commerce Adoption in Ghana
Authors: Boadi Raymond A. , Boateng Richard , Hinson Robert , Opoku Robert A.
Published: November 2007

Utilizing case studies of farmers and fishermen in Ghana, we investigated the mobile commerce (m-commerce) idiosyncrasies of two rural businesses. We specifically examined the investment cost associated with m-commerce, and the m-commerce adoption practices of farmers and fishermen in selected rural districts in Ghana. We adopted a qualitative research approach and conducted in-depth interviews with management and operational personnel, in our target respondent firms. We found that m-commerce facilitates cost reduction for farmers and fishermen, and affords them opportunities for deepening internal and external business relationships. M-commerce also facilitates the delivery of time-sensitive information, which enhances decision-making in transactions. Whilst m-commerce clearly enhances various value delivery propositions for the farming and fishing companies we profiled, it cannot entirely replace their business value chains. The originality of this study lies in the fact that, it is one of the few scholarly investigations focusing on m-commerce from the perspective of a sub-Saharan country.
Perception of Delayed Stiffness
Authors: Pressman Assaf , Welty Leah J. , Karniel Amir , Mussa-Ivaldi Ferdinando A.
Published: November 2007

Advanced technology has recently provided truly immersive virtual environments with teleoperated robotic devices. In order to control movements from a distance, the human sensorimotor system has to overcome the e fects of delay. Currently, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie haptic estimation in delayed environments. The aim of this research is to explore the e fect of a delay on perception of surfaces sti fness. A forced choice paradigm was used in which subjects were asked to identify the sti fer of two virtual spring-like surfaces based on manipulation without visual feedback. Virtual surfaces were obtained by generating an elastic force proportional to the penetration of the handle of a manipulandum inside a virtual boundary. The elastic force was either an instantaneous function of the displacement, delayed at 30 or 60 milliseconds after the displacement or led the displacement (by means of Kalman predictor) by 50 milliseconds. It was assumed that, to estimate sti fness, the brain relates the experienced interaction forces with the amount of penetration. The results of the experiment indicate a systematic dependence of the estimated sti fness upon the delay between position and force. When the force lagged the penetration, surfaces were perceived as sti fer. Conversely, when the force led the penetration, surfaces were perceived as softer. The perceptual findings were compared with different regression models. This allowed some candidate models to be discarded. To further refine the analysis, a second experiment was carried out in which the delay was introduced only during part of the hand/surface interaction, either while the hand was moving into the spring-like surface or when it was moving out of it. Findings are consistent with sti fness estimates based on dividing the maximum force by the perceived amount of penetration. Findings are not consistent with an estimate of compliance based on the maximum position or local sti fness on the way out nor with linear estimates of sti fness based on the entire force/motion history.
In Vivo Model Estimation and Haptic Characterization of Needle Insertions
Authors: Barbe L. , Bayle B. , de Mathelin M. , Gangi A.
Published: November 2007

During percutaneous interventions, the haptic perception of transitions and ruptures in the tissues is fundamental. In the medical robotics context, these events should be conveyed to a remote telemanipulating practitioner or should be taken into account in a robotic control scheme. However, this problem is extremely complex given the nature and the variety of tissues involved in percutaneous procedures. In this article, in vivo percutaneous experiments associated with an online model estimation of the interaction between tissues and a surgical needle are presented for the first time. The estimation scheme is then used to provide a robust method to automatically detect the transitions that occur during needle insertion. Finally, the principle of a modified teleoperation scheme that would allow better haptic discrimination of ruptures is proposed and illustrated.
The Psychological Effects of Solitary Confinement on Prisoners in Supermax Units
Authors: Arrigo Bruce A. , Bullock Jennifer Leslie
Published: November 2007

This article examines the psychological consequences of short- and long-term solitary confinement for prisoners in the United States subjected to administrative or disciplinary segregation. Particular attention is paid to the use of secure housing units, alternatively known as control units or supermax units. These correctional entities allow for the isolation of convicts under conditions that offer little sensory stimulation and minimal opportunities for interaction with other people. The circumstances typically found in these units and the heightened potential for the abuse of prisoners are described. The connections between internment and mental illness—as well as isolation and race, gender, and class—are explored. A set of recommendations for the reform of secure housing is presented.
Macroporous Scaffolds Based on Chitosan and Bioactive Molecules†
Authors: Kirsebom H. , Aguilar M.R. , San Roman J. , Fernandez M. , Prieto M.A. , Bondar B.
Published: November 2007

Chitosan-based macroporous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications are developed by cryogelation in aqueous media. The cryogels obtained are modified using a new RGD-containing peptide developed in this laboratory. A RGD-containing peptide is chemically attached to the surface of the cryogels to improve cell adhesion to the 3D-structure chitosan-based scaffolds. The synthesis, physico-chemical, and biological evaluations of the system are described, and the optimization of the formulations is carried out by varying the reaction parameters. Fibroblasts and endothelial cells are used in cell cultures to determine cell behavior and the cytocompatibility of the macroporous cryogels. Cell spreading and actin cytoskeleton organization process are assessed by confocal microscopy. Cells colonize the porous structure of the chitosan-based cryogel and are observed to be growing inside the pores.
Everything Is Dangerous: A Critique of `Normative Power Europe'
Authors: Merlingen Michael
Published: November 2007

The article builds on the existing critique of `Normative Power Europe' (NPE), extending it in previously unexplored directions by drawing on the work of Michel Foucault. The author conceptualizes and empirically demonstrates the hidden face of European Union (EU) norm diffusion. The EU promotes human agency abroad through the promotion of fundamental civil, political and economic rights. This is the celebrated face of European foreign policy. Its other face — ignored by students of NPE (proponents and critics alike) — is that the EU's self-styled mission for humanity inscribes the very agency of those it seeks to empower in relations characterized by epistemic violence, the technologization of politics and administrative arbitrariness. The author delimits a conceptual space for investigating the two faces of NPE, making the case for a micropolitical analysis of EU norm diffusion. In two empirical snapshots, the article brings into focus the deep ambiguity of the EU's post-sovereign normative power.
Organizing the Dual Sporting-Social Project for High-Level Athletes in France
Authors: Honta Marina
Published: November 2007

Following on from studies focusing on the working of the state administration, the aim of this study is to conduct an empirical examination of the way in which one particular public policy — that concerning the dual social and sporting training of high-level athletes in France — is implemented. Because the aim is to respond as effectively as possible to the specifics of the problems encountered, it is on the local level that stakeholders have to come to an agreement and find common solutions built around coordination between departments. Through an analysis of the registers of action elaborated by the stakeholders in charge of this mission — the local civil servants of two Ministries (Sport on the one hand, National Education on the other) — the aim here is to see how they construct the rules of the collective action required to manage this dual project. This investigation was conducted through semi-directive interviews and reveals that the institutional positions and professional logic of each category of stakeholder create tensions within the partnership, that have a negative influence on the effectiveness of the way this dual project is organized.
Adaptive Tuned Vibration Absorber based on Magnetorheological Elastomer
Authors: Deng H.X. , Gong X.L.
Published: November 2007

This study presents an adaptive tuned vibration absorber (ATVA) which is based on magnetorheological elastomer (MRE). Traditional dynamic absorber has limited its application and vibration absorption capacity for its narrow working frequency bandwidth. MRE is a kind of smart material whose modulus can be controlled by applied magnetic field. Based on MREs, an ATVA which works on shear mode is proposed in this study. After the vibration mode shapes of the ATVA are analyzed, the mechanical structure of the ATVA is brought forward. Then the magnetic circuit of the ATVA is identified by ANSYS software. By using a modified dipole model, the shift-frequency properties of the ATVA versus magnetic field and strains are theoretically analyzed and simulated. Furthermore, by employing a beam with two ends supported, its shift-frequency property and vibration absorption capacity are experimentally justified. The experimental results demonstrate that the designed ATVA has better performance than traditional passive absorber in terms of frequency-shift property and vibration absorption capacity.
Magnetorheological Isolators Using Multiple Fluid Modes
Authors: Brigley Mikel , Choi Young-Tai , Wereley Norman M. , Choi Seung-Bok
Published: November 2007

This study presents the experimental and theoretical evaluation of an MR (magnetorheological) isolator using multiple fluid modes including shear, flow and squeeze. For doing so, a novel type of multi-mode MR isolator against multi-degree-of-freedom excitations is proposed and fabricated. The experimental testing of the proposed MR isolator is conducted by an MTS machine and its damper characteristics are experimentally evaluated by equivalent damping and complex stiffness methods. To construct a theoretical model of the MR isolator, its dynamic equation is derived and important model parameters are identified by the force averaging method using the force—displacement or the force-velocity plots. Using the theoretical model, the damper characteristics of the MR isolator are also predicted and compared to those computed using the experimental data.
The Reliability and Validity of Self- and Investigator Ratings of ADHD in Adults
Authors: Adler Lenard A. , Faraone Stephen V. , Spencer Thomas J. , Michelson David , Reimherr Frederick W. , Glatt Stephen J. , Marchant Barrie K. , Biederman Joseph
Published: November 2007

Objective: Little information is available comparing self- versus investigator ratings of symptoms in adult ADHD. The authors compared the reliability, validity, and utility in a sample of adults with ADHD and also as an index of clinical improvement during treatment of self- and investigator ratings of ADHD symptoms via the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS). Method: We analyzed data from two double-blind, parallel-design studies of 536 adult ADHD patients, randomized to 10-week treatment with atomoxetine or placebo. Outcome variables included ADHD symptom severity (CAARS self- and investigator ratings), psychiatric symptom comorbidity, and functioning. Results: All five CAARS subscales showed good internal consistency at each time point. Similarly, interrater reliability was acceptable for each subscale. Following treatment, CAARS total scores and subscale scores improved significantly from baseline. CAARS subscales also predicted changes in other psychiatric symptoms and functioning. Overall, baseline investigator ratings were stronger predictors of treatment outcome than baseline self-report scores. Conclusions: The CAARS demonstrated good internal consistency and inter-rater reliability, as well as sensitivity to treatment outcome. The finding of greater predictive power of investigator-rated baseline scores merits further investigation. ( J. of Att. Dis. 2008; 11(6) 711-719)
Evaluations That Consider the Cost of Educational Programs
Authors: Ross John A. , Barkaoui Khaled , Scott Garth
Published: November 2007

Cost studies are program evaluations that judge program worth by relating program costs to program benefits. There are three sets of strategies: cost—benefit, cost-effectiveness, and cost-utility analysis, although the last appears infrequently. The authors searched relevant databases to identify 103 cost studies in education and then reduced the set to 31 using criteria focused on rigor in determining program effects and assessment of costs. They found that cost studies provide evidence of the worth of educational spending at the macro and individual program levels, information that is not provided by other evaluation approaches; provide direction for program improvement that differs from recommendations based solely on effect sizes; and contribute to knowledge development by constructing and testing models that link spending to student learning.
A study of peer-to-peer information in a domain of uncertainty: the case of epilepsy
Authors: Lorence Daniel , Chen Li
Published: November 2007

As increasing amounts of complex health information become available via the Internet, providers frequently advise that it is important for health consumers to carefully consider the source of lay information, as well as discuss the clinical information they find with their healthcare provider. Beyond clinical indicators and standards, however, there exist few evaluative frameworks for assessing health information, especially within peer-to-peer networks. Traditional methods of analyzing online discussion content, such as keyword examination or network structure analysis, have proven largely unsatisfactory for unstructured health data analysis. Using a disease-specific illustration, this study proposes a theoretical framework that is broad enough to encompass a variety of poorly understood healthcare domains, and provides one example of an often misunderstood and ambiguous disease that lends itself to online patient-centered discussion, which can serve to supplement traditional clinical information exchange.
Learning mechanisms and differential performance in alliance portfolios
Authors: Heimeriks Koen H. , Duysters Geert , Vanhaverbeke Wim
Published: November 2007

This study assesses the differential performance effects of learning mechanisms in alliance portfolios. Investigating two distinct types of learning mechanisms (i.e. integrating and institutionalizing mechanisms), the results show that different learning mechanisms have different performance effects at distinct levels of alliance experience.The results are based on a detailed survey among alliance managers and vice-presidents of 192 firms reporting on over 3400 alliances formed over the period 1997—2001.The main lesson from this study is that firms can deliberately develop their alliance capabilities by using integrating mechanisms to transfer prior experiences.
IL-2– and IL-15–induced activation of the rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 pathway in malignant CD4+ T lymphocytes
Authors: Marzec Michal , Liu Xiaobin , Kasprzycka Monika , Witkiewicz Agnieszka , Raghunath Puthiyaveettil N. , El-Salem Mouna , Robertson Erle , Odum Niels , Wasik Mariusz A.
Published: November 2007

We examined functional status, activation mechanisms, and biologic role of the mTORC1 signaling pathway in malignant CD4+ T cells derived from the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Whereas the spontaneously growing CTCL-derived cell lines displayed persistent activation of the TORC1 as well as the PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK pathways, the IL-2–dependent cell lines activated the pathways in response to IL-2 and IL-15 but not IL-21. Activation of mTORC1 and MEK/ERK was nutrient dependent. The mTORC1, PI3K/Akt, and MEK/ERK pathways could also be activated by IL-2 in the primary leukemic, mitogen-preactivated CTCL cells. mTORC1 activation was also detected in the CTCL tissues in the lymphoma stage–dependent manner with the highest percentage of positive cells present in the cases with a large cell transformation. Rapamycin inhibited mTORC1 signaling and suppressed CTCL cell proliferation but showed little effect on their apoptotic rate when used as a single agent. Activation of the mTORC1, PI3K/Akt, and MEK/ERK pathways was strictly dependent on the Jak3 and Jak1 kinases. Finally, mTORC1 activation was transduced preferentially through the PI3K/Akt pathway. These findings document the selective γc-signaling cytokine-mediated activation of the mTORC1 pathway in the CTCL cells and suggest that the pathway represents a therapeutic target in CTCL and, possibly, other T-cell lymphomas.
GEDI: a user-friendly toolbox for analysis of large-scale gene expression data
Authors: Fujita André , Sato João R , Ferreira Carlos E , Sogayar Mari C
Published: November 2007

Background

Several mathematical and statistical methods have been proposed in the last few years to analyze microarray data. Most of those methods involve complicated formulas, and software implementations that require advanced computer programming skills. Researchers from other areas may experience difficulties when they attempting to use those methods in their research. Here we present an user-friendly toolbox which allows large-scale gene expression analysis to be carried out by biomedical researchers with limited programming skills.

Results

Here, we introduce an user-friendly toolbox called GEDI (Gene Expression Data Interpreter), an extensible, open-source, and freely-available tool that we believe will be useful to a wide range of laboratories, and to researchers with no background in Mathematics and Computer Science, allowing them to analyze their own data by applying both classical and advanced approaches developed and recently published by Fujita et al.

Conclusion

GEDI is an integrated user-friendly viewer that combines the state of the art SVR, DVAR and SVAR algorithms, previously developed by us. It facilitates the application of SVR, DVAR and SVAR, further than the mathematical formulas present in the corresponding publications, and allows one to better understand the results by means of available visualizations. Both running the statistical methods and visualizing the results are carried out within the graphical user interface, rendering these algorithms accessible to the broad community of researchers in Molecular Biology.
Deficiency of G1 regulators P53, P21Cip1and/or pRb decreases hepatocyte sensitivity to TGFβ cell cycle arrest
Authors: Sheahan Sharon , Bellamy Christopher O , Dunbar Donald R , Harrison David J , Prost Sandrine
Published: November 2007

Background

TGFβ is critical to control hepatocyte proliferation by inducing G1-growth arrest through multiple pathways leading to inhibition of E2F transcription activity. The retinoblastoma protein pRb is a key controller of E2F activity and G1/S transition which can be inhibited in viral hepatitis. It is not known whether the impairment of pRb would alter the growth inhibitory potential of TGFβ in disease. We asked how Rb-deficiency would affect responses to TGFβ-induced cell cycle arrest.

Results

Primary hepatocytes isolated from Rb-floxed mice were infected with an adenovirus expressing CRE-recombinase to delete the Rb gene. In control cells treatment with TGFβ prevented cells to enter S phase via decreased cMYC activity, activation of P16INK4A and P21Cip and reduction of E2F activity. In Rb-null hepatocytes, cMYC activity decreased slightly but P16INK4A was not activated and the great majority of cells continued cycling. Rb is therefore central to TGFβ-induced cell cycle arrest in hepatocytes. However some Rb-null hepatocytes remained sensitive to TGFβ-induced cell cycle arrest. As these hepatocytes expressed very high levels of P21Cip1 and P53 we investigated whether these proteins regulate pRb-independent signaling to cell cycle arrest by evaluating the consequences of disruption of p53 and p21

Cip1
. Hepatocytes deficient in p53 or p21

Cip1
showed diminished growth inhibition by TGFβ. Double deficiency had a similar impact showing that in cells containing functional pRb; P21Cip and P53 work through the same pathway to regulate G1/S in response to TGFβ. In Rb-deficient cells however, p53 but not p21

Cip
deficiency had an additive effect highlighting a pRb-independent-P53-dependent effector pathway of inhibition of E2F activity.

Conclusion

The present results show that otherwise genetically normal hepatocytes with disabled p53, p21

Cip1
or Rb genes respond less well to the antiproliferative effects of TGFβ. As the function of these critical cellular proteins can be impaired by common causes of chronic liver disease and HCC, including viral hepatitis B and C proteins, we suggest that disruption of pRb function, and to a lesser extend P21Cip1 and P53 in hepatocytes may represent an additional new mechanism of escape from TGFβ-growth-inhibition in the inflammatory milieu of chronic liver disease and contribute to cancer development.
Inhibition of cell motility by troglitazone in human ovarian carcinoma cell line
Authors: Yang Yuh-Cheng , Ho Tsung-Chuan , Chen Show-Li , Lai Huei-Yi , Wu Ju-Yun , Tsao Yeou-Ping
Published: November 2007

Background

Troglitazone (TGZ) is a potential anticancer agent. Little is known about the effect of this agent on cancer cell migration.

Methods

Human ovarian carcinoma cell line, ES-2 cells were treated with various concentrations of TGZ. Cell migration was evaluated by wound-healing and Boyden chamber transwell experiments. PPARγ expression was blocked by PPARγ small interfering RNA. The effects of TGZ on phosphorylation of FAK, PTEN, Akt were assessed by immunoblotting using phospho-specific antibodies. The cellular distribution of paxillin, vinculin, stress fiber and PTEN was assessed by immunocytochemistry.

Results

TGZ dose- and time-dependently impaired cell migration through a PPARγ independent manner. TGZ treatment impaired cell spreading, stress fiber formation, tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and focal adhesion assembly in cells grown on fibronectin substratum. TGZ also dose- and time-dependently suppressed FAK autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of the C-terminal of PTEN (a phosphatase). At concentration higher than 10 μM, TGZ caused accumulation of PTEN in plasma membrane, a sign of PTEN activation.

Conclusion

These results indicate that TGZ can suppress cultured ES-2 cells migration. Our data suggest that the anti-migration potential of TGZ involves in regulations of FAK and PTEN activity.
Regulatory module network of basic/helix-loop-helix transcription factors in mouse brain
Authors: Li Jing , Liu Zijing J , Pan Yuchun C , Liu Qi , Fu Xing , Cooper Nigel GF , Li Yixue , Qiu Mengsheng , Shi Tieliu
Published: November 2007

Background

The basic/helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are important components of the transcriptional regulatory network, controlling a variety of biological processes, especially the development of the central nervous system. Until now, reports describing the regulatory network of the bHLH transcription factor (TF) family have been scarce. In order to understand the regulatory mechanisms of bHLH TFs in mouse brain, we inferred their regulatory network from genome-wide gene expression profiles with the module networks method.

Results

A regulatory network comprising 15 important bHLH TFs and 153 target genes was constructed. The network was divided into 28 modules based on expression profiles. A regulatory-motif search shows the complexity and diversity of the network. In addition, 26 cooperative bHLH TF pairs were also detected in the network. This cooperation suggests possible physical interactions or genetic regulation between TFs. Interestingly, some TFs in the network regulate more than one module. A novel cross-repression between Neurod6 and Hey2 was identified, which may control various functions in different brain regions. The presence of TF binding sites (TFBSs) in the promoter regions of their target genes validates more than 70% of TF-target gene pairs of the network. Literature mining provides additional support for five modules. More importantly, the regulatory relationships among selected key components are all validated in mutant mice.

Conclusion

Our network is reliable and very informative for understanding the role of bHLH TFs in mouse brain development and function. It provides a framework for future experimental analyses.
Turkey's Constraining Position on Western Reform Initiatives in the Middle East
Authors: Sever Aysegul
Published: November 2007

This essay points out that Turkey.s long.standing democratization steps and its long.running relations with the West can portray Turkey as an appropriate candidate to contribute to any democratization process or initiative in the region whether be it through a Western.originated project or otherwise. Having said that, Turkey.s own domestic shortcomings, like the Kurdish/PKK issue, the ambivilance toward the implementation of secularism in the country, its recently marked vicissitudes in its relations with the EU and the US, the unfavorable regional circumstances such as the worsening conditions in Iraq, and the deepening problems in the Palestinian.Israeli debacle, currently constrain Turkey.s potential to serve the Middle East region in the capacity of soft.security provider by means of creating inspration for democratization and socioeconomic developments.
Global inertia tensors expressed by 4 × 4 matrices: Case of complex joints and pseudo-parameters
Authors: Sandel A , Fayet M
Published: November 2007

A new presentation of global inertia tensors is given in the form of a 4 × 4 matrix, putting together all the inertia characteristics of a generalized body. It leads to a very condensed form of the inertia coefficients (coefficients of the kinetic energy matrix and Christoffel's symbols), which are present in the equations of motion. This theory offers a systematic method for obtaining the dynamic model of multibody systems (rigid bodies), in which only matrix products appear, generated by the use of homogeneous coordinates. Furthermore, the mathematical developments are made in the framework of general complex joints, allowing a one degree-offreedom relative motion, and treat the case of pseudo-parameters, which have non-holonomic properties. As examples, the main results of the derivative-free computations of the dynamic model are given for a free solid and a simplified model of a car.
A non-linear dynamic model for planetary gear sets
Authors: Al-Shyyab A , Kahraman A
Published: November 2007

A discrete non-linear torsional vibration model of a single-stage planetary set is proposed in the current study. The model includes all possible power flow configurations, any number of planets in any spacing arrangement and any planet mesh phasing configurations. It also includes time variation of gear mesh stiffnesses as well as clearance (backlash) non-linearities. The non-linear equations of motion are solved semi-analytically using multi-term harmonic balance method (HBM) in conjunction with inverse discrete Fourier transform and Newton-Rapson method. The HBM solutions are compared with numerical simulation results to demonstrate the accuracy of the HBM formulation. Another comparison with predictions of a deformable-body dynamic model is also provided to assess the accuracy of the discrete model. Limited parametric studies are presented at the end, to show the influence of key gear design parameters on dynamic response.
Self-assembly and Nanostructure Formation of Multi-functional Organic π-Donors
Authors: Iyoda Masahiko , Hasegawa Masashi , Enozawa Hideo
Published: November 2007

Self-assembly of tetrathiafulvalenes, their conjugated oligo-mers, and giant macrocyclic oligothiophenes in solution leads to important solvatochromic, thermochromic, electrochromic, and switching properties. Furthermore, based on the self-assembly in solution, various nanostructures can be constructed in the solid state to produce nanowires, nanoparticles, nanotubes, tapes, ribbons, and microcrystals. This article highlights the self-aggregation of organic π-donors in solution and the formation of nanostructures from these π-donors in the solid state.
Crystallization of Glycine by Photon Pressure of a Focused CW Laser Beam
Authors: Sugiyama Teruki , Adachi Takuji , Masuhara Hiroshi
Published: November 2007

An intense CW-YVO4 laser beam of 1064 nm was focused into a supersaturated D2O solution of glycine, leading to its crystallization. At the focal point on an air–solution interface, a small single glycine crystal was trapped and grew quickly. The crystallization mechanism is considered in view of gathering and organization of large solute clusters of glycine by photon pressure.
Reusable Rhodium(I)/Cationic Bipyridyl-catalyzed Polymerization of Phenylacetylenes in Water under Aerobic Conditions
Authors: Wang Yun-Hua , Tsai Fu-Yu
Published: November 2007

A [Rh(cod)Cl]2 and cationic bipyridyl ligand system was found to be an efficient catalyst for the polymerization of phenylacetylenes in water under aerobic conditions at room temperature. Poly(phenylacetylene) was obtained in high yield with high molecular weight and cis content, and the reused aqueous phase showed activity for recycle run. Mono-substituted phenylacetylenes could also be polymerized by this system in the presence of KOH.