bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Establishment of performance‐based seismic design factors for precast concrete floor diaphragms
Authors: Zhang Dichuan , Fleischman Robert B.
Published: November 2015

This paper presents an analytical study used to establish design factors for a new seismic design methodology for precast concrete floor diaphragms. The design factors include diaphragm force amplification factors Ψ and diaphragm shear overstrength factors Ωv. The Ψ factors are applied to the ASCE7‐05 diaphragm design forces to produce diaphragm design strengths aligned to different performance targets. These performance targets are based on diaphragm detailing choices, and include: (i) elastic diaphragm behavior or (ii) limiting inelastic deformation demand on the diaphragm reinforcement (connectors between precast units or reinforcing bars in a topping slab) to within their reliable deformation capacities. The Ωv factors provide overstrength relative to the diaphragm bending strength for capacity protection against shear failure. The analytical study was performed by conducting nonlinear time history analyses of a simple evaluation structure, of which the dimensions and structural properties were varied. The analytical model used in the study is constructed and calibrated on the basis of extensive physical testing. The analytically obtained values of the diaphragm design factors are presented as functions of the geometric and structural properties of the building. The design factors presented here have been verified through evaluation of a set of realistic precast prototype structures. The diaphragm design methodology is currently in the codification process. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hemodynamic response function abnormalities in schizophrenia during a multisensory detection task
Authors: Hanlon Faith M. , Shaff Nicholas A. , Dodd Andrew B. , Ling Josef M. , Bustillo Juan R. , Abbott Christopher C. , Stromberg Shannon F. , Abrams Swala , Lin Denise S. , Mayer Andrew R.
Published: November 2015

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response has commonly been used to investigate the neuropathology underlying cognitive and sensory deficits in patients with schizophrenia (SP) by examining the positive phase of the BOLD response, assuming a fixed shape for the hemodynamic response function (HRF). However, the individual phases (positive and post‐stimulus undershoot (PSU)) of the HRF may be differentially affected by a variety of underlying pathologies. The current experiment used a multisensory detection task with a rapid event‐related fMRI paradigm to investigate both the positive and PSU phases of the HRF in SP and healthy controls (HC). Behavioral results indicated no significant group differences during task performance. Analyses that examined the shape of the HRF indicated two distinct group differences. First, SP exhibited a reduced and/or prolonged PSU following normal task‐related positive BOLD activation in secondary auditory and visual sensory areas relative to HC. Second, SP did not show task‐induced deactivation in the anterior node of the default‐mode network (aDMN) relative to HC. In contrast, when performing traditional analyses that focus on the positive phase, there were no group differences. Interestingly, the magnitude of the PSU in secondary auditory and visual areas was positively associated with the magnitude of task‐induced deactivation within the aDMN, suggesting a possible common neural mechanism underlying both of these abnormalities (failure in neural inhibition). Results are consistent with recent views that separate neural processes underlie the two phases of the HRF and that they are differentially affected in SP. Hum Brain Mapp 37:745–755, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bone Mass and Strength in School-Age Children Exhibit Sexual Dimorphism Related to Differences in Lean Mass: The Generation R Study
Authors: Medina-Gomez Carolina , Heppe Denise HM , Yin Jia-Lian , Trajanoska Katerina , Uitterlinden André G , Beck Thomas J , Jaddoe Vincent WV , Rivadeneira Fernando
Published: November 2015

Bone strength, a key determinant of fracture risk, has been shown to display clear sexual dimorphism after puberty. We sought to determine whether sex differences in bone mass and hip bone geometry as an index of strength exist in school-age prepubertal children and the degree to which the differences are independent of body size and lean mass. We studied 3514 children whose whole-body and hip scans were measured using the same densitometer (GE-Lunar iDXA) at a mean age of 6.2 years. Hip dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans underwent hip structural analyses (HSA) with derivation of bone strength indices. Sex differences in these parameters were assessed by regression models adjusted for age, height, ethnicity, weight, and lean mass fraction (LMF). Whole-body bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) levels were 1.3% and 4.3% higher in girls after adjustment by LMF. Independent of LMF, boys had 1.5% shorter femurs, 1.9% and 2.2% narrower shaft and femoral neck with 1.6% to 3.4% thicker cortices than girls. Consequent with this geometry configuration, girls observed 6.6% higher stresses in the medial femoral neck than boys. When considering LMF, the sexual differences on the derived bone strength indices were attenuated, suggesting that differences in muscle loads may reflect an innate disadvantage in bone strength in girls, as consequence of their lower muscular acquisition. In summary, we show that bone sexual dimorphism is already present at 6 years of age, with boys having stronger bones than girls, the relation of which is influenced by body composition and likely attributable to differential adaptation to mechanical loading. Our results support the view that early life interventions (ie, increased physical activity) targeted during the pre- and peripubertal stages may be of high importance, particularly in girls, because before puberty onset, muscle mass is strongly associated with bone density and geometry in children. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Postcranial osteogenesis of the helmeted water toad Calyptocephalella gayi (Neobatrachia: Calyptocephalellidae) with comments on the osteology of australobatrachians
Authors: Muzzopappa Paula , Pugener L. Analía , Báez Ana María
Published: November 2015

Calyptocephalella gayi is one of over 6,000 neobatrachians arranged into two main groups, Hyloides and Ranoides. Phylogenetically, C. gayi is placed in Australobatrachia, a Gondwanan clade that is either the most basal clade of Hyloides or the sister group of Hyloidea, depending on the cladistic hypothesis; as such, this species is a key taxon in the study of the early evolution of Neobatrachia. The ontogeny of the postcranial skeleton of C. gayi is described in this article. The description is based on pattern of chondrification and ossification of skeletal elements in a growth series of tadpoles, on juveniles and adult individuals. Particular attention was devoted to some developmental aspects and morphological traits of the adult skeleton. The body of Presacral Vertebra VIII is formed from three centers of ossification, in contrast to the usual two dorsolateral centers observed in the remaining vertebrae of C. gayi, as well as in most anuran taxa for which the development of the axial skeleton is known. Each half of the pelvic girdle arises from a single cartilaginous element. The early development of the autopodia of both the forelimb and hindlimb includes the presence of an additional chondral element, which occurs during the formation of Distal Carpal 5 and the transient formation of Distal Tarsal 4 before the latter is incorporated in the cartilaginous distal end of the fibular. Some osteological aspects of other australobatrachian anurans also are reviewed (e.g., presence of intervertebral discs) based on reports in the literature, as well as first hand observations. In the course of this study, it became evident that further osteological studies are needed to formulate a clear picture of the evolution of skeletal characters not only within Australobatrachia, but also within Neobatrachia. J. Morphol. 277:204–230, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Myoanatomy and anterior muscle regeneration of the fireworm Eurythoe cf. complanata (Annelida: Amphinomidae)
Authors: Weidhase Michael , Bleidorn Christoph , Beckers Patrick , Helm Conrad
Published: November 2015

Amphinomidae or so‐called “fireworms” are known for their inflammatory substances and their regeneration ability. Recent transcriptome‐based molecular analyses revealed that these remarkable annelids are a basal branching taxon outside the annelid main radiation (Pleistoannelida). Although several studies dealing with analyses of the morphology of these annelids have been published, detailed investigations of the anterior muscle regeneration and the musculature in general are largely lacking for amphinomids. Using histology, phalloidin labeling together with subsequent confocal laser scanning microscopy (cLSM), and further light microscopic image acquisition of different regeneration stages, we here present the first morphological study describing the myoanatomy and muscular regeneration. During anterior muscular regeneration, longitudinal muscle bundles develop prior to transverse muscle fibers and segment boundaries. Additionally, Eurythoe cf. complanata develops an independent muscular ring surrounding the mouth opening in an early stage of regeneration. Detailed investigation of adult body wall musculature and the parapodial muscle complex in amphinomids show that E. cf. complanata bears well‐developed dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscle bundles as well as outer transverse muscles comparable to the pattern described for several Pleistoannelida. Furthermore, the biramous parapodia possess a complex meshwork of distinct muscle fibers allowing detailed comparisons with other annelid families. J. Morphol. 277:306–315, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular epidemiology of norovirus in children and the elderly in Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Authors: Yi Jumi , Wahl Kelly , Sederdahl Bethany K. , Jerris Robert R. , Kraft Colleen S. , McCracken Courtney , Gillespie Scott , Anderson Evan J. , Kirby Amy E. , Shane Andi L. , Moe Christine L.
Published: November 2015

Noroviruses are an important cause of gastroenteritis, which can be severe at the extremes of ages. Data documenting the endemic burden of norovirus among children and elderly adults are lacking. Stool specimens submitted for clinical testing were collected from elderly (≥65 years) adults and children (<18 years) with acute vomiting and/or diarrhea seeking care at several metropolitan Atlanta adult and pediatric hospitals from January 2013–June 2013. Specimens were tested for norovirus with real‐time RT‐PCR and sequenced if norovirus was detected. Corresponding clinical and demographic data were abstracted from retrospective chart review. Norovirus was detected in 11% (11/104) of elderly specimens and 11% (67/628) of pediatric, with GII.4 Sydney_2012 detected in 64% (7/11) of elderly norovirus‐positive and 11% (8/67) of pediatric specimens, P < 0.001. In comparison to hospitalized children, hospitalized elderly with norovirus were more commonly admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) (36% vs. 7%, P = 0.02). Norovirus in the elderly can be associated with severe illness requiring ICU admissions. The pediatric group demonstrated greater variability in genotype distribution. Ongoing surveillance of norovirus genotypes is crucial for norovirus vaccine development in understanding circulating and emerging genotypes. J. Med. Virol. 88:961–970, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three‐dimensional ultrastructural analysis of development at the supraspinatus insertion by using focused ion beam/scanning electron microscope tomography in rats
Authors: Kanazawa Tomonoshin , Gotoh Masafumi , Ohta Keisuke , Shiba Naoto , Nakamura Kei‐ichiro
Published: November 2015

To obtain a successful outcome after rotator cuff repair, the repaired tendon must be biologically anchored to the bone. However, the histological structure at the repaired tendon‐bone interface differs from that of the site of normal tendon insertion. Therefore, analyzing postnatal development in detail will contribute to understanding the repaired tendon‐bone interface after rotator cuff repair. In this study, we analyzed postnatal development at the tendon‐bone insertion in terms of temporal changes in SOX9/SCX expression and three‐dimensional (3D) ultrastructure with FIB/SEM tomography, a new scanning electron microscopic method. Sixteen postnatal Sprague–Dawley rats were used for the study. One‐, two‐, three‐, and four‐week‐old rats were sacrificed and both right and left shoulders were removed; eight normal supraspinatus tendon insertions were isolated for each time point. At each time point, four specimens were evaluated with fluorescent immunostaining for SOX9/SCX expression, and the remaining four specimens were evaluated with FIB/SEM tomography. Even in postnatal development, SOX9+/SCX+ expression was observed at the tendon insertion; expression gradually decreased with postnatal development at the normal tendon insertion. In 3D ultrastructure, the morphology of the cells and the number/orientation of the cell processes drastically changed by postnatal week 4. The pattern of SOX9/SCX expression and 3D ultrastructural changes obtained in this study contribute to an understanding of the complicated development of normal tendon‐bone insertion. Therefore, this study helps elucidate the pathophysiology of tendon‐bone insertion, especially in cases of rotator cuff tear and repair. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:969–976, 2016.
Ultra high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for the rapid analysis and global characterization of multiple constituents from Zibu Piyin Recipe
Authors: Dong Peipei , Zhang Lin , Zhan Libin , Liu Yanqiu
Published: November 2015

Zibu Piyin Recipe is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been used for the clinical treatment of memory loss in China. However, the chemical components have not been thoroughly studied so far. To quickly identify the chemical components and understand the chemical profiles related to cognition improvement activity, ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry has been applied. The analysis was performed on an Agilent 1290 ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography system with a Poroshell 120 EC‐C18 column (3.0 × 150 mm, 2.7 μm) using gradient elution. Using the optimized method, 155 chemical components in Zibu Piyin Recipe were tentatively identified. Among them, 112 components in negative ion mode, 73 constituents in positive ion mode, and 30 compounds in both modes could be detected. The major components were identified from Red Ginseng, Dan shen Root, White Paeony Root, liquorice root, Radix Polygalae, Tangerine Red Epicarp, Grassleaf Sweetflag Rhizome, Indian Buead, and lotus seed. These results suggest that the established rapid and robust method will be useful for identifying multiple constituents of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions. This method could provide helpful chemical information for further in vivo pharmacological mechanism research of Zibu Piyin Recipe and new drug development for cognition improvement.
Why sinonasal disease spares the inferior turbinate: An immunohistochemical analysis
Authors: White Lauren C. , Weinberger Paul , Coulson Hannah , Guo Dehuang , Jang David , Gurrola Jose , Kountakis Stilianos E.
Published: November 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

Clinically, inflammatory polyps are found in the middle turbinate (MT) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) but not in the inferior turbinate (IT). The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in protein expression between IT and MT tissue in patients with CRS.

Study Design

Prospective cohort.

Methods

Pathologic specimens obtained from patients with CRS undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery with IT reduction were evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis of inflammatory markers cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor (CysLT1R), toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2), and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1). Protein expression was quantified with nuance multispectral analysis and results compared between MT and IT tissue.

Results

The total expression of VCAM1 and CysLT1R was decreased in the IT compared to the MT. There was no difference in total TLR2 expression between the IT and MT. When comparing patients with eosinophilic CRS to noneosinophilic CRS (neCRS), there was decreased expression of VCAM1 in the IT of patients with neCRS. When comparing patients with nasal polyposis to those without polyps, there was decreased expression of VCAM1 in the IT of patients without polyps.

Conclusions

There is a difference in protein receptor expression of VCAM1 and CysLT1R in MT compared to IT tissue. Although the leukotrienes are a well‐known target for treatment of chronic sinusitis, this is the first study demonstrating an upregulation of VCAM1 expression in the MT and could be a potential future target for the treatment of CRS.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 126:E179–E183, 2016
Laryngeal pacing via an implantable stimulator for the rehabilitation of subjects suffering from bilateral vocal fold paralysis: A prospective first‐in‐human study
Authors: Mueller Andreas H. , Hagen Rudolf , Foerster Gerhard , Grossmann Wilma , Baumbusch Katrin , Pototschnig Claus
Published: November 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate the performance and safety of the newly developed Laryngeal Pacemaker System (LP System) for the treatment of bilateral vocal fold paralysis (BVFP).

Study Design

Feasibility, first‐in‐human, single‐arm, open‐label, prospective, multicenter study with a group sequential design and a 6‐month follow‐up period.

Methods

Nine symptomatic BVFP subjects were implanted unilaterally with the LP System. Pre‐ and 6‐month postimplantation evaluations consisted of the 6‐Minute Walk Test (6MWT), the Peak Expiratory and Inspiratory Flow (PEF and PIF) evaluation, the PEF meter analysis, the 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36), the Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI), the 12‐Item Voice Handicap Index (VHI‐12), and the Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing. The safety profile of the LP System was continuously monitored.

Results

The LP System implantation was achieved in 8/9 cases. Seven of the nine subjects completed the study. Absolute PEF and PIF values improved significantly 6 months postimplantation (P < .05). 6MWT results showed a non–statistically significant improvement (P = .09). The mental component of the SF‐36 showed a significant improvement (P = .043), whereas the other SF‐36 components, the GBI, and the VHI‐12 results did not changed significantly. The LP System did not affect the voice and swallowing quality and maintained a reliable safety profile for the duration of the study.

Conclusions

This feasibility study showed that the LP System has the potential to become an effective and safe treatment for BVFP subjects without compromising the patients' voice.

Level of Evidence

2b Laryngoscope, 126:1810–1816, 2016
‐symmetry and Schrödinger operators. The double well case
Authors: Mecherout Nawal , Boussekkine Naima , Ramond Thierry , Sjöstrand Johannes
Published: November 2015

We study a class of ‐symmetric semiclassical Schrödinger operators, which are perturbations of a selfadjoint one. Here, we treat the case where the unperturbed operator has a double‐well potential. In the simple well case, two of the authors have proved in that, when the potential is analytic, the eigenvalues stay real for a perturbation of size . We show here, in the double‐well case, that the eigenvalues stay real only for exponentially small perturbations, then bifurcate into the complex domain when the perturbation increases and we get precise asymptotic expansions. The proof uses complex WKB‐analysis, leading to a fairly explicit quantization condition.
On generalized criss‐cross and near‐commutativity for n‐tuples
Authors: Benhida C.
Published: November 2015

Here, we study multivariable versions of a generalization of Jacobson's lemma and give common spectral properties for n‐tuples that satisfy generalized criss‐cross or near commutativity.
Multiple myeloma cells modify VEGF/IL‐6 levels and osteogenic potential of bone marrow stromal cells via Notch/miR‐223
Authors: Berenstein Rimma , Nogai Axel , Waechter Marlies , Blau Olga , Kuehnel Aline , Schmidt‐Hieber Martin , Kunitz Annegret , Pezzutto Antonio , Dörken Bernd , Blau Igor Wolfgang
Published: November 2015

Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMMSCs) represent a crucial component of multiple myeloma (MM) microenvironment supporting its progression and proliferation. Recently, microRNAs have become an important point of interest for research on micro‐environmental interactions in MM with some evidence of tumor supportive roles in MM. In this study, we examined the role of miR‐223 for MM support in BMMSCs of 56 patients with MM (MM‐BMMSCs). miR‐223 expression in MM‐BMMSCs was reduced by the presence of MM cells in vitro in a cell‐contact dependent manner compared to mono‐cultured MM‐BMMSCs. Co‐cultivation of MM cells and MM‐BMMSCs induced activation of notch amongst others via jagged‐2/notch‐2 leading to increased expression of Hes1, Hey2, or Hes5 in both cell types. Cultivation of MM‐BMMSCs with increasing levels of recombinant jagged‐2 reduced miR‐223 and increased Hes1 levels in a concentration‐dependent manner. Transient reduction of miR‐223 levels increased VEGF and IL‐6 expression and secretion by MM‐BMMSCs. In addition, reduction of miR‐223 degraded the osteogenic differentiation potential of MM‐BMMSCs. Inhibition of notch signaling induced apoptosis in both MM cells and MM‐BMMSCs. Furthermore, it increased miR‐223 levels and reduced expression of VEGF and IL‐6 by both cell types. These data provide first evidence that miR‐223 participates in different MM supporting pathways in MM‐BMMSCs inlcuding regulation of cytokine secretion and expression as well as osteogenic differentiation of MM‐BMMSCs. More insights on the role of miR‐223 in MM‐BMMSCs and in cellular interactions between MM cells and MM‐BMMSCs could provide starting points for a more efficient anti‐myeloma treatment by targeting of notch signaling. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Comparison of the Combined Toxicity between Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive Bacteria: a Case Study of Antibiotics and Quorum‐sensing Inhibitors
Authors: Wang Dali , Lin Zhifen , Ding Xiruo , Hu Jingyun , Liu Ying
Published: November 2015

Quorum‐sensing inhibitors (QSIs) are being used increasingly in diverse fields, and are likely to end up in the environment, where they may encounter the antibiotics and consequently cause joint effects on biological systems. However, the potential joint effects of QSIs and antibiotics have received little attention. In this study, the joint effects of antibiotics, represented by sulfonamides (SAs) and penicillin, as well as three potential QSIs, were investigated using both Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli, E. coli) and Gram‐positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, B. subtilis). It was found that E. coli tend to be more sensitive to the individual drugs than B. subtilis, whereas the joint effects on the two bacteria showed no difference regarding the same combination of antibiotics and QSIs. In general, SAs presented additive effects with γ‐Valerolactone and 2‐Pyrrolidinone, but antagonistic effects with L‐(+)‐Prolinol; penicillin exhibited antagonistic effects with all three QSIs. Moreover, it was found that the rate of resistance in E. coli against the individual antibiotics was reduced through the addition of the QSIs, which suggests a promising use of the QSIs in the bacterial infection treatment. This study also offers a valuable reference for the risk assessment of the antibiotics and QSIs in the real environment.
Ensuring safety and functionality of electroglottography measurements during dynamic pulmonary MRI
Authors: Özen Ali Caglar , Traser Louisa , Echternach Matthias , Dadakova Tetiana , Burdumy Michael , Richter Bernhard , Bock Michael
Published: November 2015

Purpose

To combine vocal tract measurements with dynamic MRI of the lungs to provide fundamental insights into the lung physiology during singing.

Methods

To analyze vocal fold oscillatory patterns during dynamic lung MRI, an electroglottography (EGG) system was modified to allow for simultaneous EGG measurements during MR image acquisitions. A low‐pass filter was introduced to suppress residual radiofrequency (RF) coupling into the EGG signal. RF heating was tested in a gel phantom to ensure MR safety, and functionality of the EGG device was assessed in a volunteer experiment at singing frequencies from A5 to A3. In the recorded EGG signals, remaining RF interferences were removed by independent component analysis post processing, and standard EGG parameters such as fundamental frequency, contact quotient and jitter were calculated. In a second volunteer experiment, EGG recordings were compared with lung diameter measurements from 2D time‐resolved trueFISP acquisitions.

Results

RF heating measurements resulted in less than 1.2°C temperature increase in the gel phantom. EGG parameters measured during MR imaging are within the range of ideal values. In the lung measurement, both the lung diameter and the EGG recordings could be successfully performed with only minimal interference.

Conclusion

EGG recording is pos sible during dynamic lung MRI, and glottal activity can be studied safely at 1.5T. Magn Reson Med 76:1629–1635, 2016. © 2015 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Diffusion MRI noise mapping using random matrix theory
Authors: Veraart Jelle , Fieremans Els , Novikov Dmitry S.
Published: November 2015

Purpose

To estimate the spatially varying noise map using a redundant series of magnitude MR images.

Methods

We exploit redundancy in non‐Gaussian distributed multidirectional diffusion MRI data by identifying its noise‐only principal components, based on the theory of noisy covariance matrices. The bulk of principal component analysis eigenvalues, arising due to noise, is described by the universal Marchenko–Pastur distribution, parameterized by the noise level. This allows us to estimate noise level in a local neighborhood based on the singular value decomposition of a matrix combining neighborhood voxels and diffusion directions.

Results

We present a model‐independent local noise mapping method capable of estimating the noise level down to about 1% error. In contrast to current state‐of‐the‐art techniques, the resultant noise maps do not show artifactual anatomical features that often reflect physiological noise, the presence of sharp edges, or a lack of adequate a priori knowledge of the expected form of MR signal.

Conclusions

Simulations and experiments show that typical diffusion MRI data exhibit sufficient redundancy that enables accurate, precise, and robust estimation of the local noise level by interpreting the principal component analysis eigenspectrum in terms of the Marchenko–Pastur distribution. Magn Reson Med 76:1582–1593, 2016. © 2015 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Imaging gray matter with concomitant null point imaging from the phase sensitive inversion recovery sequence
Authors: Mougin Olivier , Abdel‐Fahim Rasha , Dineen Robert , Pitiot Alain , Evangelou Nikos , Gowland Penny
Published: November 2015

Purpose

To present an improved three‐dimensional (3D) interleaved phase sensitive inversion recovery (PSIR) sequence including a concomitantly acquired new contrast, null point imaging (NPI), to help detect and classify abnormalities in cortical gray matter.

Methods

The 3D gradient echo PSIR images were acquired at 0.6 mm isotropic resolution on 11 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 9 controls subjects using a 7 Tesla (T) MRI scanner, and 2 MS patients at 3T. Cortical abnormalities were delineated on the NPI/PSIR data and later classified according to position in the cortex.

Results

The NPI helped detect cortical lesions within the cortical ribbon with increased, positive contrast compared with the PSIR. It also provided improved intrinsic delineation of the ribbon, increasing confidence in classifying the lesions' locations.

Conclusion

The proposed PSIR facilitates the classification of cortical lesions by providing two T1‐weighted 3D datasets with isotropic resolution, including the NPI showing cortical lesions with clear delineation of the gray/white matter boundary and minimal partial volume effects. Magn Reson Med 76:1512–1516, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Reverse fiber type disproportion: A distinct metabolic myopathy
Authors: Cooper Christopher B. , Dolezal Brett A. , Riley Marshall , Verity M. Anthony , Shieh Perry B.
Published: November 2015

Introduction

In this investigation we characterized the physiological and metabolic responses to incremental exercise in 13 subjects with a predominance of type II fibers on muscle biopsy.

Methods

Subjects underwent incremental exercise testing with measures of maximum oxygen uptake (
O2 max), maximum heart rate (fc max), chronotropic index (fc/
O2 slope), maximum ventilation (
emax), blood lactate, ammonia, and creatine kinase (CK) levels. Muscle fiber type was determined by myosin ATPase histochemistry.

Results

Muscle biopsies showed more type II fibers (75%) in subjects compared with normal individuals (P < 0.01). Subjects exhibited normal
O2 max and end‐exercise lactate, whereas ammonia and CK levels at maximum exercise were significantly higher.

Conclusions

Subjects with type II muscle fiber predominance exhibited exaggerated increases in ammonia and elevated CK levels during exercise. Predominance of type II fibers on muscle biopsy is the opposite finding of congenital fiber type disproportion; we suggest these patients be referred to as having “reverse fiber type disproportion.” Muscle Nerve 54: 86–93, 2016
Guidelines and enabling objectives for training primary healthcare providers, gynecologists and obstetric and gynecology residents in Female Pelvic Floor Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Contreras Ortiz Oscar , Rizk Diaa EE. , Falconi Gabriele , Schreiner Lucas , Gorbea Chávez Viridiana
Published: November 2015

Aim

For four decades, the training for fellows in Urogynecology has been defined by taking into account the proposals of the relevant international societies. Primary health care providers and general OB/GYN practitioners could not find validated guidelines for the integration of knowledge in pelvic floor dysfunctions. The FIGO Working Group (FWG) in Pelvic Floor Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery has looked for the consensus of international opinion leaders in order to develop a set of minimal requirements of knowledge and skills in this area.

Method

This manuscript is divided into three categories of knowledge and skills, these are: to know, to understand, and to perform in order to offer the patients a more holistic health care in this area.

Results

The FWG reached consensus on the minimal requirements of knowledge and skills regarding each of the enabling objectives identified for postgraduate obstetrics and gynecology physicians and for residents in obstetrics and gynecology.

Conclusions

Our goal is to propose and validate the basic objectives of minimal knowledge in pelvic floor medicine and reconstructive surgery. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:514–517, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topological Control of Columnar Stacking Made of Liquid‐Crystalline Thiophene‐Fused Metallonaphthalocyanines
Authors: Suzuki Hiroyuki , Kawano Koki , Ohta Kazuchika , Shimizu Yo , Kobayashi Nagao , Kimura Mutsumi
Published: November 2015

The spontaneous organization of two‐dimensional polyaromatic molecules into well‐defined nanostructures through noncovalent interactions is important in the development of organic‐based electronic and optoelectronic devices. Two regioisomers of thiophene‐fused zinc naphthalocyanines ZnTNcendo and ZnTNcexo have been designed and synthesized to obtain photo‐ and electroactive liquid crystalline materials. Both compounds exhibited liquid crystalline behavior over a wide temperature range through intermolecular π–π interactions and local phase segregation between the aromatic cores and peripheral side chains. The structural differences between ZnTNcendo and ZnTNcexo affected the stacking mode in self‐assembled columns, as well as symmetry of the two‐dimensional rectangular columnar lattice. The columnar structure in liquid crystalline phase exhibited an ambipolar charge‐transport behavior.
Implications of Augmented Renal Clearance on Drug Dosing in Critically Ill Patients: A Focus on Antibiotics
Authors: Hobbs Athena L. V. , Shea Katherine M. , Roberts Kirsten M. , Daley Mitchell J.
Published: November 2015

Augmented renal clearance (ARC) has been reported in approximately 30–65% of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) despite the presence of a normal serum creatinine concentration. In certain ICU patient populations (e.g., patients with sepsis or trauma), the incidence increases to roughly 50–85%. Risk factors for ARC include the following: age younger than 50–55 years, male sex, higher diastolic blood pressure, fewer comorbidities, and a lower Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) or modified Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score at ICU admission. In addition, patient populations with the highest reported incidence of ARC include those with major trauma, sepsis, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and central nervous system infection. Due to the high incidence of ARC in patients with a normal serum creatinine concentration, clinicians should consider screening ICU patients deemed high risk by using the ARC scoring system or the identification and assessment algorithm provided in this review. In addition, an 8‐hour continuous urine collection should be considered to assess a measured creatinine clearance for evaluating the necessity of medication dosage adjustments. There is a clear association between ARC and subtherapeutic antibiotic concentrations as well as literature suggesting worse clinical outcomes; thus, the risk of underdosing antibiotics in a patient with ARC could increase the risk of treatment failure. This review examines strategies to overcome ARC and summarizes current pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic literature in patients with ARC in an effort to provide dosing guidance for this patient population.
Influenza Antiviral Expenditures and Outpatient Prescriptions in the United States, 2003–2012
Authors: Suda Katie J. , Hunkler Robert J. , Matusiak Linda M. , Schumock Glen T.
Published: November 2015

Study Objectives

The clinical efficacy and cost‐effectiveness of influenza antiviral use are controversial, with recent analyses suggesting potentially limited value. Thus, the objectives of this study were to describe influenza antiviral expenditures overall and by health care setting over a 10‐year period (2003–2012) and to assess the correlation between outpatient influenza antiviral prescription use and influenza‐like illness (ILI) outpatient visits.

Design

Retrospective, cross‐sectional study.

Data Sources

IMS Health National Sales Perspectives and Xponent databases and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ILINet national influenza surveillance system database.

Patients

All prescriptions for oseltamivir, rimantadine, or zanamivir from community pharmacies, mail order pharmacies, clinics, nonfederal hospitals, and other health care settings (federal hospitals, military facilities, jails and prisons, universities, staff‐model health maintenance organizations, veterinary hospitals and clinics, and long‐term care facilities) between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2012.

Measurements and Main Results

Prescribing rates were calculated (prescriptions/1000 persons) for each year from 2003 to 2012 by using U.S. Census Bureau data. Influenza season was defined as July 1–June 30 of each calendar year. Linear regression assessed the correlation between influenza antiviral expenditures, prescription use, and ILI diagnoses. From 2003 to 2012, influenza antiviral drug expenditures accounted for $3.74 billion, with the majority from community pharmacies. After adjusting for inflation, no growth was observed for expenditures. A total of 32.8 million influenza antiviral prescriptions were dispensed from community pharmacies during the study period, and these prescriptions experienced 133.2% growth from 2003 to 2012. One third of expenditures and one quarter of dispensed prescriptions were in 2009. Influenza seasons were correlated with ILI and antiviral prescriptions. Annual community pharmacy expenditures were also associated with influenza antiviral prescriptions dispensed over the 10‐year period.

Conclusion

Influenza antivirals totaled $3.74 billion in the United States from 2003 to 2012, with the majority in 2009 and from community pharmacies. Influenza antivirals constituted a small proportion of total medication expenditures, but unforeseen pandemics resulted in unusually high use and expenditures. Influenza antiviral prescriptions dispensed from community pharmacies were associated with ILI and drug expenditures.
Monitoring Enoxaparin with Antifactor Xa Levels in Obese Patients
Authors: Lee Young R. , Vega Jose A. , Duong Hanh‐Nhi Q. , Ballew Austin
Published: November 2015

Study Objectives

To characterize antifactor Xa peak levels (as therapeutic, subtherapeutic, and supratherapeutic) in morbidly obese patients receiving treatment doses of enoxaparin, using a therapeutic range of 0.5–1.1 units/ml, and to assess the occurrence of bleeding complications in these patients.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Community hospital.

Patients

Ninety‐nine morbidly obese patients (body mass index [BMI] higher than 40 kg/m2 or total body weight more than 150 kg) who received at least three doses of the standard treatment dosage of enoxaparin and had steady‐state antifactor Xa peak levels between April 2009 and January 2014.

Measurements and Main Results

Data were collected from patients' medical records on age, sex, height, weight, BMI, serum creatinine concentration, creatinine clearance (using lean body weight as well as adjusted body weight), antifactor Xa level, and time of blood collection for measurement of antifactor Xa level. Enoxaparin therapy was monitored by using antifactor Xa levels; steady‐state enoxaparin antifactor Xa levels were measured 4 hours after administration of the third dose for peak level monitoring. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients whose steady‐state antifactor Xa peak values were in the therapeutic (0.5–1.1 units/ml), subtherapeutic, and supratherapeutic ranges. The secondary outcome was occurrence of major bleeding. Univariate regression analysis was performed to identify the correlation between baseline patient characteristics and antifactor Xa levels. Most of the patients (50 [50.5%]) had supratherapeutic levels, 35 (35.4%) had levels within the therapeutic peak range (0.5–1.1 units/ml), and 14 (14.1%) had subtherapeutic levels. No bleeding was observed in any of the 99 patients. Univariate analysis revealed a negative association between antifactor Xa levels and serum creatinine concentration (r = −0.262, p=0.009).

Conclusion

Based on the results of this study, monitoring antifactor Xa levels is warranted to ensure the safety and efficacy of enoxaparin in the obese patient population (defined as a total body weight more than 150 kg or BMI higher than 40 kg/m2). Enoxaparin dose individualization and antifactor Xa level monitoring need further validation with clinical outcomes.
Azithromycin‐Induced, Biopsy‐Proven Acute Interstitial Nephritis in an Adult Successfully Treated with Low‐Dose Corticosteroids
Authors: Woodruff Ashley E. , Meaney Calvin J. , Hansen Elizabeth A. , Prescott Gina M.
Published: November 2015

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is a form of acute kidney injury (AKI) characterized by a rapid deterioration of renal function, inflammatory infiltration of interstitial tissues, and renal edema. Drug‐induced AIN is the most common etiology of AIN, but AIN can also have infectious, autoimmune, or idiopathic causes. β‐Lactam antibacterials, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and proton pump inhibitors are recognized as leading causes of AIN; however, many other drugs have been identified as causes. We describe the case of a 59‐year‐old white male who developed AIN that required hemodialysis following azithromycin treatment. He presented to the hospital with complaints of nausea, vomiting, malaise, and fever over the past 3 days, along with no urine output in the preceding 24 hours. Two weeks earlier, he had completed a 5‐day course of azithromycin 500 mg on day 1 followed by 250 mg/day on days 2–5 (total dose 1.5 g) for an upper respiratory tract infection. On admission, the patient's serum creatinine (Scr) concentration was 7.4 mg/dl (baseline = 1.3 mg/dl). He reported a similar episode of kidney failure 2 years earlier after taking azithromycin; however, at that time it was believed the AKI was likely due to benazepril use in the setting of acute infection, and a kidney biopsy was not performed. His Scr concentration peaked at 11.4 mg/dl, and three sessions of hemodialysis were required. A kidney biopsy was performed that revealed AIN. Low‐dose prednisone 0.3 mg/kg (30 mg)/day, tapered over the next 3 months, was administered, and his renal function improved to near baseline prior to discharge; 6 months later, his Scr concentration was 1.4 mg/dl. Despite lower than recommended dosing, this patient responded well to prednisone and did not experience long‐term sequelae from renal injury. Use of the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale indicated a definite relationship (score of 10) between azithromycin exposure and the manifestation of AIN. To our knowledge, this is the first report of azithromycin‐induced acute interstitial nephritis with near‐complete resolution of renal injury in an adult. This case report illustrates the importance of rapid recognition of drug‐induced renal injuries and discontinuation of the offending agent. Select use of corticosteroids may improve both time to and extent of renal function recovery.
Solar cell efficiency tables (version 47)
Authors: Green Martin A. , Emery Keith , Hishikawa Yoshihiro , Warta Wilhelm , Dunlop Ewan D.
Published: November 2015

Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined, and new entries since July 2015 are reviewed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biodeactivation of Lipopolysaccharide Correlates with Surface‐Bound NO3 After Cold Atmospheric Plasma Treatment
Authors: Bartis Elliot A. J. , Luan Pingshan , Knoll Andrew J. , Graves David B. , Seog Joonil , Oehrlein Gottlieb S.
Published: November 2015

Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) treatment of biological surfaces results in important changes of biological functions, but little knowledge on specific surface‐chemical changes is available. We measured surface‐bound NO3 on polymer and biomolecular films after CAP treatment. An O2/N2‐based surface microdischarge was used to deactivate lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an immune‐stimulating biomolecule found in Gram negative bacteria. The observed LPS biodeactivation was highest for low N2 concentrations in O2, increased roughly linearly with surface NO3, and then saturated. NO3 was also observed after treatment by a very different source: an atmospheric pressure plasma jet operating with an Ar carrier gas. Thus, NO3 formation is a generic surface chemical modification of these materials by CAP sources.
Susceptibility to insecticides and activities of glutathione S‐transferase and esterase in populations of Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Mississippi
Authors: Fleming Daniel E , Krishnan Natraj , Catchot Angus L , Musser Fred R
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) is a serious pest of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Mississippi, particularly in the Delta region. This may be due to decreased insecticide susceptibility in that region. Research has revealed populations of L. lineolaris in the Delta region with high levels of insecticide resistance; however, comparisons with populations in the remainder of the state are limited.

RESULTS

Experiments were undertaken to compare the LC50 values and activities of detoxification enzymes of L. lineolaris populations. The results of these studies indicated that the LC50 values were not different between the Delta and Hills regions, but differences were significant between populations within and across regions. Results of the detoxifying enzyme activity assays revealed significantly higher esterase activity in the Delta region when compared with the Hills. Glutathione S‐transferase activity was not different between regions, but differences within and across regions were significant.

CONCLUSION

The results indicated that glass‐vial assays to determine and compare LC50 values may be less accurate than enzymatic assays for detecting insecticide susceptibility differences. Higher esterase activity is likely a contributing factor to the difficulties with managing L. lineolaris in the Mississippi Delta region. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Photonic nanostructures for advanced light trapping in silicon solar cells: the impact of etching on the material electronic quality
Authors: Trompoukis Christos , Stesmans Andre , Simoen Eddy , Depauw Valérie , El Daif Ounsi , Lee Kidong , Gordon Ivan , Mertens Robert , Poortmans Jef
Published: November 2015

Dry plasma etching, commonly used by the Photonics community as the etching technique for the fabrication of photonic nanostructures, could be a source of device performance limitations when used in the frame of silicon photovoltaics. So far, the lack of silicon solar cells with state‐of‐the‐art efficiencies utilizing nanophotonic concepts shows how challenging their integration is, owing to the trade‐off between optical and electrical properties. In this study we show that dry plasma etching results in the degradation of the silicon material quality due to (i) a high density of dangling bonds and (ii) the presence of sub‐surface defects, resulting in high surface recombination velocities and low minority carrier lifetimes. On the contrary, wet chemical anisotropic etching used as an alternative, leads to the formation of inverted nanopyramids that result in low surface recombination velocity and low density of dangling bonds. The proposed inverted nanopyramids could enable high efficiency photonic assisted solar cells by offering the potential to achieve higher short‐circuit current without degrading the open circuit voltage. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)