bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amyloid beta–independent sleep markers associated with early regional tau burden and cortical thinning
Authors: Stankeviciute Laura , Chhatwal Jasmeer P. , Levin Raina , Pinilla Valentina , Schultz Aaron P. , Redline Susan , Johnson Keith A. , Sperling Reisa A. , Kozhemiako Nataliia , Purcell Shaun , Djonlagic Ina
Published: July 2024

INTRODUCTION

Sleep is crucial for memory consolidation and the clearance of toxic proteins associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). We examined the association between sleep characteristics and imaging biomarkers of early amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau pathology as well as neurodegeneration in brain regions known to be affected in the incipient stages of AD.

METHODS

Thirty‐nine cognitively unimpaired (CU) participants of the Harvard Aging Brain Study underwent at‐home polysomnography as well as tau positron emission tomography (flortaucipir‐PET), amyloid PET (Pittsburgh compound B [PiB]‐PET), and magnetic resonance imaging–derived assessment of cortical thickness (CT).

RESULTS

Increased N1 sleep was associated with a higher tau PET signal (β = 0.009, p = 0.001) and lower CT in the temporal composite region of interest (β = –0.017, p = 0.007). Decreased slow‐wave sleep (SWS) was associated with higher tau burden in the temporal composite (β = –0.008, p = 0.005) and lower CT (β = 0.008, p = 0.002), even after controlling for global PiB‐PET.

DISCUSSION

In CU older adults, lower SWS and higher N1 sleep were associated with higher tau burden and lower CT in brain regions associated with early tau deposition and vulnerable to AD‐related neurodegeneration through mechanisms dissociable from amyloid deposition.

Highlights

We report the results of an observational study, which leveraged ‐a well‐characterized cohort of healthy aging (Harvard Aging Brain Study) by adding in‐home full polysomnograms.

By adding at‐home polysomnograms to this unique and deeply phenotyped cohort, we examined variations in sleep architecture that are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathologic changes.

Our results confirmed the association of sleep changes with early tau and cortical neurodegenerative changes that were independent of amyloid.

The results will be of importance in monitoring sleep‐related variations in relation to the natural history of AD pathology and in designing sleep‐focused clinical trials.
NODDI in gray matter is a sensitive marker of aging and early AD changes
Authors: Yu Xi , Przybelski Scott A. , Reid Robert I. , Lesnick Timothy G. , Raghavan Sheelakumari , Graff‐Radford Jonathan , Lowe Val J. , Kantarci Kejal , Knopman David S. , Petersen Ronald C. , Jack Clifford R. , Vemuri Prashanthi
Published: July 2024

INTRODUCTION

Age‐related and Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia–related neurodegeneration impact brain health. While morphometric measures from T1‐weighted scans are established biomarkers, they may be less sensitive to earlier changes. Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI), offering biologically meaningful interpretation of tissue microstructure, may be an advanced brain health biomarker.

METHODS

We contrasted regional gray matter NODDI and morphometric evaluations concerning their correlation with (1) age, (2) clinical diagnosis stage, and (3) tau pathology as assessed by AV1451 positron emission tomography.

RESULTS

Our study hypothesizes that NODDI measures are more sensitive to aging and early AD changes than morphometric measures. One NODDI output, free water fraction (FWF), showed higher sensitivity to age‐related changes, generally better effect sizes in separating mild cognitively impaired from cognitively unimpaired participants, and stronger associations with regional tau deposition than morphometric measures.

DISCUSSION

These findings underscore NODDI's utility in capturing early neurodegenerative changes and enhancing our understanding of aging and AD.

Highlights

Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging can serve as an effective brain health biomarker for aging and early Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Free water fraction has higher sensitivity to normal brain aging.

Free water fraction has stronger associations with early AD and regional tau deposition.
Sepsis shapes the human γδ TCR repertoire in an age‐ and pathogen‐dependent manner
Authors: Giannoni Eric , Sanchez Sanchez Guillem , Verdebout Isoline , Papadopoulou Maria , Rezwani Moosa , Ahmed Raya , Ladell Kristin , Miners Kelly L. , McLaren James E. , Fraser Donald J. , Price David A. , Eberl Matthias ,   Swiss Pediatric Sepsis Study, Agyeman Philipp K.A. , Schlapbach Luregn J , Vermijlen David
Published: July 2024

Sepsis affects 25 million children per year globally, leading to 2.9 million deaths and substantial disability in survivors. Extensive characterization of interactions between the host and bacteria in children is required to design novel preventive and therapeutic strategies tailored to this age group. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are the first T cells generated in humans. These cells are defined by the expression of Vγ9Vδ2 T‐cell receptors (TCRs, using the TRGV9 and TRDV2 gene segments), which react strongly against the prototypical bacterial phosphoantigen HMBPP. We investigated this reactivity by analyzing the TCR δ (TRD) repertoire in the blood of 76 children (0–16 years) with blood culture‐proven bacterial sepsis caused by HMBPP‐positive Escherichia coli or by HMBPP‐negative Staphylococcus aureus or by HMBPP‐negative Streptococcus pneumoniae. Strikingly, we found that S. aureus, and to a lesser extent E. coli but not S. pneumoniae, shaped the TRDV2 repertoire in young children (<2 years) but not in older children or adults. This dichotomy was due to the selective expansion of a fetal TRDV2 repertoire. Thus, young children possess fetal‐derived Vγ9Vδ2 T cells that are highly responsive toward specific bacterial pathogens.
Regiospecific Conversion of Aliphatic Allenes to Dithioacetals via Palladium‐Catalyzed Double Hydrothiolation
Authors: Thakuri Rajendr S. , Rina Yesmin A. , Schmidt Joseph A. R.
Published: July 2024

Unlike aromatic allenes, the hydrothiolation of aliphatic allenes has proven challenging for previously developed catalysts. Herein, a 3‐iminophosphine supported palladium catalyst is shown to be highly effective for the double hydrothiolation of aliphatic allenes, producing dithioacetals in a regioselective and atom‐efficient manner. The utility of this methodology is demonstrated for twelve new dithioacetals formed from aliphatic allenes and aryl thiols and isolated in moderate to excellent yields in all cases.
Synthesis and Characterization of (OC‐6‐33)‐Dichloridobis((4‐(13C2)ethoxy)‐4‐(13C4)oxobutanoato)bis((15N)ethylamine)platinum(IV). Time‐Dependent NMR Spectroscopy and HPLC‐MS Investigations on its Stability in Cell Culture Medium
Authors: Maier Thomas , Keppler Bernhard K. , Galanski Mathea S. , Varbanov Hristo P.
Published: July 2024

In order to investigate the stability of an experimental anticancer platinum(IV) prodrug in cell culture media, (OC‐6‐33)‐dichloridobis((4‐ethoxy)‐4‐oxobutanoato)bis(ethylamine)‐platinum(IV) was synthesized with 15N labeled equatorial and fully 13C labeled axial ligands. The title compound as well as its stability in cell culture media was investigated in depth by 1H, 13C, 15N, and 195Pt one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy as well as HPLC‐MS. Different platinum(IV) compounds as a result of hydrolysis were detected in cell culture media as main species. Besides hydrolysis of one or both equatorial chlorido ligands, also hydrolysis of the ester moiety in the axial ligands and release of ethanol could be observed. The different mono and dihydroxidoplatinum(IV) species were proven by 195Pt and 13C NMR spectroscopy as well as HPLC coupled to MS and HRMS. Reduction of the title compound to the corresponding platinum(II) analog or reaction of the complex with ingredients of the cell culture media were not observed. In cell culture medium supplemented with fetal calf serum (FCS), the formation of hydrolysis species was slowed down by a factor of two.
Building resilience in Sub‐Saharan Africa's food systems: Diversification, traceability, capacity building and technology for overcoming challenges
Authors: Mekonnen Solomon Abate , Jalata Dassalegn Daraje , Onyeaka Helen
Published: July 2024

This review explores the intricate landscape of food system resilience in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA), focusing on the region's unique challenges and vulnerabilities. SSA confronts a myriad of obstacles, including climate change impacts, inadequate infrastructure and limited access to resources. Nevertheless, our analysis reveals promising drivers of food system resilience that offer a path forward. We emphasize the substantial potential inherent in SSA countries to bolster food system resilience (FSR). Abundant agricultural resources, genetic diversity and a youthful population represent untapped assets that can transform the region's food systems. Strategies such as diversifying suppliers, empowering local farmers and reducing reliance on external sources emerge as pivotal steps to fortify SSA's food system resilience. These initiatives enhance self‐sufficiency and foster economic growth and sustainable practices throughout SSA. Furthermore, our review underscores the crucial role of educational programmes and farmer training initiatives in building local capacity. Equipping communities with sustainable agricultural practices and market insights at the grassroots level reinforces resilience. Additionally, knowledge‐sharing platforms and stakeholder collaboration bridge gaps and facilitate the dissemination of best practices. In the digital age, harnessing technology and data becomes paramount in strengthening SSA's food system resilience. Digital tools and data‐driven approaches offer valuable insights and support adaptive strategies. By integrating these multifaceted drivers, SSA can embark on a comprehensive and holistic journey towards a more resilient and secure food system.
Factors affecting food addiction: emotional eating, palatable eating motivations, and BMI
Authors: Bozkurt Osman , Çamli Ayşe , Kocaadam‐Bozkurt Betül
Published: July 2024

Evaluating the factors leading to adult food addiction should shed light on potential preventive and treatment strategies for obesity and eating disorders. This research aimed to assess the relationship between food addiction, emotional eating, palatable eating motivations, and the factors that affected them. Five hundred twenty‐two adults participated in this descriptive, cross‐sectional study in Erzurum, Turkey. Participants completed a questionnaire that included a general information form, anthropometric measurements, Palatable Eating Motives Scale (PEMS), Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), and Emotional Eater Questionnaire (EEQ). In total, 181 (34.7%) men and 341 (65.3%) women participated in the study. While 24.7% were overweight or obese, 65.7% had normal BMI (body mass index). Food addiction (FA) was determined in 18.2% of the participants. The FA group had significantly higher PEMS and EEQ scores (p < .001). The risk of FA was 3.18 times higher in women than in men (95% CI = 1.65, 6.13, p = .001). Significant positive associations between FA, BMI (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.00, 1.11, p = .021), and EEQ (OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.23, 1.38, p = .000) were found. Emotional eating behavior and palatable eating motivations are more common in individuals with food addiction than nonfood addiction. Female gender, emotional eating, and high BMI values were determined as risk factors for food addiction.
Nonindustrial pretreatment and enzymes can yield sufficient calories from lignocellulosic biomass for human survival
Authors: Siva Niroshan , Anderson Charles T.
Published: July 2024

Following a global catastrophe causing reduced sunlight, the environment would become unfavorable for crop growth. Under such conditions, people might need to convert inedible plant biomass into food to meet their daily nutritional requirements. However, the possibility of converting biomass into food under low‐resource conditions has not been thoroughly studied. To address this uncertainty, we evaluated the potential for using resources available in a typical household to extract sugars from willow biomass and meet the carbohydrate needs of an adult. Grinding willow biomass in a household blender for 24 min produced willow particles similar to those produced in a laboratory‐scale Wiley mill. Thermal treatments of these particles with hot water extraction, pressure cooking, or microwaving only extracted 0.5%–0.8% (w/w) glucose from the biomass. Household acid or alkali treatments yielded only 0.5% (w/w) glucose. These sugar yields would be insufficient to provide nutrition to an adult. In contrast, enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated willow at 50°C for 72 h yielded 2%–8% (w/w) glucose, and pretreating willow with sodium hydroxide and pressure before enzymatic treatment increased glucose yields to 28% (w/w). With this pretreatment approach and subsequent enzymatic conversion, ~1.4 kg of biomass/day could potentially fulfill the energy needs of an adult under post‐catastrophic conditions. We posit that while biomass can be successfully pretreated for enzymatic deconstruction at a household level, producing sufficient enzymes for efficient sugar extraction from inedible plant biomass in a post‐catastrophic environment might not be feasible at the household scale, thus requiring community‐scale infrastructure and coordination.
Myelin debris phagocytosis in demyelinating disease
Authors: Gao Rui , Song Sheng‐Jiao , Tian Meng‐Yuan , Wang Li‐Bin , Zhang Yuan , Li Xing
Published: July 2024

Demyelinating diseases are often caused by a variety of triggers, including immune responses, viral infections, malnutrition, hypoxia, or genetic factors, all of which result in the loss of myelin in the nervous system. The accumulation of myelin debris at the lesion site leads to neuroinflammation and inhibits remyelination; therefore, it is crucial to promptly remove the myelin debris. Initially, Fc and complement receptors on cellular surfaces were the primary clearance receptors responsible for removing myelin debris. However, subsequent studies have unveiled the involvement of additional receptors, including Mac‐2, TAM receptors, and the low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 1, in facilitating the removal process. In addition to microglia and macrophages, which serve as the primary effector cells in the disease phase, a variety of other cell types such as astrocytes, Schwann cells, and vascular endothelial cells have been demonstrated to engage in the phagocytosis of myelin debris. Furthermore, we have concluded that oligodendrocyte precursor cells, as myelination precursor cells, also exhibit this phagocytic capability. Moreover, our research group has innovatively identified the low‐density lipoprotein receptor as a potential phagocytic receptor for myelin debris. In this article, we discuss the functional processes of various phagocytes in demyelinating diseases. We also highlight the alterations in signaling pathways triggered by phagocytosis, and provide a comprehensive overview of the various phagocytic receptors involved. Such insights are invaluable for pinpointing potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of demyelinating diseases by targeting phagocytosis.
Examining the relationship between demographic variables and perceived health literacy challenges in Tasmania, Australia
Authors: Spencer Madeline , Kemp Nenagh , Cruickshank Vaughan , Nash Rosie
Published: July 2024

Issue Addressed

Whilst there is a relationship between health literacy and health outcomes, the importance of social and personal demographic characteristics remains understudied., Identifying the factors responsible for creating health literacy challenges would help ensure that responses are tailored to individual or community needs.

Methods

This survey included questions from five domains from the Health Literacy Questionnaire. Descriptive analyses and hierarchical regression were used to explore the relationship between the demographic characteristics and health literacy. Qualitative questions were subjected to thematic analysis, to identify the current barriers and proposed solutions.

Results

A total of 255 participants completed the survey. Demographic characteristics that significantly predicted lower Health Literacy Questionnaire scores were having one or more chronic health conditions and living in an area of more socioeconomic disadvantage. Participants found ‘navigating the health care system’ the most difficult of the five elements measured. A total of 276 individual barriers to health literacy were identified and 162 solutions proposed.

Conclusions

This study provides an overview of our sample's health literacy and how their social demographic characteristics may predict their health literacy challenges. Findings from this study can be used to develop targeted interventions to respond to specific health literacy challenges identified within this population.

So What?

Distinct from other research, whereby solutions are proposed by researchers, the participants in this study were encouraged to share their health literacy challenges and outline potential solutions to address these in their local context.
Revolutionizing diffuse uterine leiomyomatosis treatment: A case report and literature review on “no‐distension” hysteroscopic myomectomy with thoracic tissue forceps
Authors: Zhang Zhengping , Yang Haikun , Pan Ru
Published: July 2024

Diffuse uterine leiomyomatosis (DUL) is a prevalent leiomyoma variant in women of childbearing age, characterized by a uniformly enlarged uterus with numerous interconnected small myomas. Given that most DUL patients are in their reproductive years, treatments that preserve fertility are increasingly vital. This case report introduces an innovative hysteroscopic technique that forgoes uterine distension to remove multiple submucosal fibroids in a single procedure, maintaining endometrial integrity and fertility. A 27‐year‐old single woman experienced prolonged and heavier menstruation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans showed an enlarged uterus with several round‐like masses in the uterine wall/submucosa. Addressing the patient's financial limitations and treatment preferences, a groundbreaking hysteroscopic surgery was performed using thoracic tissue forceps, alongside bedside ultrasonography, enabling fibroid excision without uterine distension. In total, 38 uterine fibroids were successfully excised without complications such as uterine perforation or hyponatremia. According to the FIGO classification system: three were type III, nine were type II, 15 were type I, and 11 were type 0. Postoperative follow‐up indicated normalized menstrual cycles, improved hemoglobin levels, and no recurrence of fibroids. A hysteroscopic examination 1 month after surgery revealed no significant fibroids or endometrial thickening. This case report underscores the effectiveness of a novel hysteroscopic surgical approach in treating DUL. This method eliminates the need for multiple staged surgeries and the risks of endometrial damage inherent in traditional techniques. It offers a minimally invasive, fertility‐preserving alternative for young DUL patients, marking a significant advancement in gynecologic surgery.
Importance of In Vitro Embryo Model Procedure Standardization
Authors: Kılıç Kubilay Doğan , Yılmaz Zeynep Simge
Published: July 2024

In vivo studies offer a detailed understanding of organism functioning, surpassing the insights provided by in vitro studies. These experiments are crucial for comprehending disease emergence, progression, and associated mechanisms in humans, as well as for developing treatments. When choosing experimental models, factors such as genomic similarity, physiological relevance, ethical appropriateness, and economic feasibility must be considered. Standardized protocols enhance the reliability, and reproducibility of scientific methods, promoting the assessment of research in the scientific literature. Researchers conducting embryo studies should establish and document standardized protocols for increased data comparability. Standardization is vital for scientific validity, reproducibility, and comparability in both in vivo and in vitro studies, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of experimental results and advancing scientific knowledge.
Population Pharmacokinetics and Loading Dose Optimization of Intravenous Valproic Acid in Hospitalized Thai Patients
Authors: Sitaruno Sirima , Chumin Tusavadee , Ngamkitpamot Yada , Boonchu Warunee , Setthawatcharawanich Suwanna
Published: July 2024

Our goal is to create a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model and identify the best loading dose (LD) of intravenous valproic acid for hospitalized Thai patients. Data from patients who received intravenous valproic acid and underwent measurement of serum valproic acid concentrations during hospitalization were collected retrospectively. A nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling approach was conducted to estimate the PK parameters of valproic acid. Covariates affecting the PK parameters of valproic acid were examined and ranked based on their impact on the model's performance. Monte Carlo simulations of 1000 patients were conducted to estimate the optimal LD of valproic acid. A total of 120 hospitalized patients (51.7% male) with 167 valproic acid concentrations were included in the study. A linear one‐compartment model with constant residual error was the best base model. An age‐covariate model was the best predictor of valproic acid clearance (CL). The typical values of CL and volume of distribution for valproic acid were 0.77 L/h and 14.56 L, respectively. The LD of 1000‐1200 mg intravenous was identified as the pragmatic option as an empirical regimen for hospitalized Thai patients. The recommended time to initiate maintenance dose (MD) is 4‐8 h following the LD. The population PK model and optimal LD of valproic acid in hospitalized Thai patients has been established, and it may be advisable to initiate the MD at a later time for the elderly.
Amendments promote Douglas‐fir survival on Formosa Mine tailings
Authors: Johnson Mark G. , Olszyk David , Bollman Michael , Storm Marjorie J. , Coulombe Rob A. , Nash Maliha , Manning Viola , Trippe Kristin , Watts Donald , Novak Jeffrey
Published: July 2024

While mining provides valuable metals and minerals to meet societal demands, it can cause environmental contamination from the residuals (i.e., tailings) of mining. Tailings are often acidic, laden with heavy metals, and lacking adequate nutrients and physical conditions for plant growth, precluding the establishment of plant cover to reduce the offsite movement of mining wastes. This paper describes a case study at the Formosa Mine in Douglas County, Oregon, where tailings were amended with a mixture of lime, biosolids, biochar, and microbial inoculum to facilitate establishment of Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirbel] Franco) seedlings. Results show that the tailings pH increased, and Douglas‐fir seedlings survived and grew with these amendments. After 2 years, pH did, however, decrease in some downslope locations and was associated with an increase in tree mortality. This suggests that tailings conditions should be monitored, and amendments should be reapplied as needed, particularly in areas receiving acidic runoff from unamended upslope tailings, until the seedlings are fully established. This study not only provides a prescription for the addition of biochar and other amendments to enhance plant growth for revegetation purposes in low‐pH, metal‐contaminated mine tailings, but it also demonstrates a method that can be used to address similar problems at other mine sites.
High‐density polyethylene microplastics in agricultural soil: Impact on microbes, enzymes, and carbon‐nitrogen ratio
Authors: Moharana Tanushree , Patnaik Aliva , Mishra C. S. K. , Behera Binayak Prasad , Samal Rashmi Rekha
Published: July 2024

Microplastics (MPs), recognized as emerging pollutants, pose a significant threat to diverse organisms and have adverse effects on agricultural soil. High‐density polyethylene (HDPE) holds a prominent position among prevalent forms of MPs. In the current investigations, the impact of HDPE was assessed at four different concentrations (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0%) on agricultural soil, microbial population, exoenzymes activities including amylase, cellulase, and invertase, and alteration in carbon‐to‐nitrogen (C/N) ratio. Both bacterial and fungal populations exhibited a non‐concentration‐dependent response to different concentrations of HDPE over time. In this study, we refer to the concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0% as HT1, HT2, HT3, and HT4, respectively. Initial MP application significantly reduced bacterial colony counts for HT1, HT2, and HT4, while HT3 showed no significant change. On the 60th day, HT1 and HT3 exhibited a higher bacterial colony count compared to the control. On the other hand, fungal populations increased to maximum on day 1 but displayed no distinct time‐dependent trend from days 15 to 60. Furthermore, enzyme activities decreased with increasing concentrations of MPs over an extended period. Molecular docking studies suggest that HDPE can hinder enzyme activity by forming hydrogen bonds with enzymes. The C/N ratio was found to be significantly higher in MP‐treated soils on the 60th day relative to control, suggesting relatively slower degradation of carbon compounds in the MP‐treated soils.
Biomechanical comparison of reverse offset‐L osteotomy and chevron osteotomy in cadaveric hallux valgus surgery
Authors: Cingoz Tunca , Ziroglu Nezih , Bozdag Ergun , Yamak Fatih , Yozgatli Tahir Koray , Bayramoglu Alp , Kocaoglu Baris , Esemenli Behic Tanil
Published: July 2024

Objective

Chevron osteotomy offers near‐excellent clinical results and adequate stability at lower shift percentages, among the techniques used to correct hallux valgus deformity. This cadaveric study aimed to compare the Chevron osteotomy with the reverse offset‐L osteotomy, which may provide a greater surface area and a more stable geometry to withstand higher cantilever forces at higher shift percentages.

Methods

Metatarsal bones obtained from 20 human cadavers with similar bone quality were divided into two groups: Chevron osteotomy was applied to the 1st group and reverse offset‐L osteotomy was applied to the 2nd group. The load‐to‐failure, displacement in the y‐axis, and total displacement values of both groups were compared statistically. Furthermore, bone densities were compared between the groups with computed tomography imaging.

Results

When outliers in both groups were excluded, a statistically significant difference was found in favor of reverse offset‐L (143 ± 42 vs. 204 ± 51.2 N, p = 0.02) in terms of failure load. The groups were similar in terms of displacement on the y‐axis and total displacement values. Bone densities were similar.

Conclusion

The reverse offset‐L osteotomy has been shown to withstand greater loads before failure compared to the standard Chevron osteotomy. This significant difference in load‐to‐failure may enable reverse offset‐L to provide reliable stability in osteotomies performed in advanced HV cases requiring higher shifts.
Application of molecular epidemiology in revealing HIV‐1 transmission network and recombination patterns in Tianjin, China
Authors: Hehe Zhao , Minna Zheng , Qin Fan , Tielin Ning , Yi Feng , Liping Fei , Fangfang Chen , Houlin Tang , Shi Wang , Maohe Yu , Fan Lyu
Published: July 2024

Using a comprehensive molecular epidemiological approach, we characterized the transmission dynamics of HIV‐1 among the MSM population in Tianjin, China. Our findings revealed that 38.56% (386/1001) of individuals clustered across 109 molecular transmission clusters (TCs), with MSM aged 50 and below being the group most commonly transmitting HIV‐1. Among the identified TCs, CRF01_AE predominated, followed by CRF07_BC. Notably, CRF07_BC demonstrated a higher propensity for forming large clusters compared to CRF01_AE. Birth‐death skyline analyses of the two largest clusters indicated that the HIV/AIDS transmission may be at a critical point, nearly all had Re approximately 1 by now. A retrospective analysis revealed that the rapid expansion of these large clusters was primarily driven by the introduction of viruses in 2021, highlighting the crucial importance of continuous molecular surveillance in identifying newly emerging high‐risk transmission chains and adapting measures to address evolving epidemic dynamics. Furthermore, we detected the transmission of drug‐resistant mutations (DRMs) within the TCs, particularly in the CRF07_BC clusters (K103N, Y181C, and K101E) and CRF01_AE clusters (P225H and K219R), emphasizing the importance of monitoring to support the continued efficacy of first‐line therapies and pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Recombination analyses indicated that complex recombinant patterns, associated with increased amino acid variability, could confer adaptive traits to the viruses, potentially providing a competitive advantage in certain host populations or regions. Our study highlights the potential of integrating molecular epidemiological and phylodynamic approaches to inform targeted interventions.
Adeno‐associated viral vector gene therapy: Challenges for the paediatric hepatologist
Authors: Jagadisan Barath , Dhawan Anil
Published: July 2024

Hepatoxicity associated with recombinant adeno‐associated virus gene therapy is being increasingly encountered by hepatologists in tertiary and quaternary referral units due to the recent increase of these therapies for neuromuscular and haematological disorders. The challenges in managing the condition stem from a lack of good‐quality evidence on the appropriate protocols for immunosuppressants due to lack of representative animal models. There is a need for protocols for diagnosing and treating hepatotoxicity and this possible with further research to understand the problem and its management. The review also highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary team in managing hepatotoxicity and recommends further research to better identify at‐risk individuals, define the extent of the problem and assess the long‐term effects of liver injury and immunosuppressants.
Exploring data sources and farmers' perceptions regarding agrochemical use and food safety in Nigeria
Authors: Apeh Andrew Chiahalam , Apeh Chikamso Christian , Ukwuaba Sunday Ifeanyi , Agbugba Ikechi Kelechi , Onyeaka Helen
Published: July 2024

Background

Farmers in Nigeria are using agrochemicals inappropriately which pose health and environmental risks. The current research aims at establishing the socio‐economic pressure factors behind these practices and also assesses the effectiveness of measures into reducing the risky use of agrochemicals. Data were collected from 840 participants comprising farmers and agrochemical marketers using a multistage sampling technique across six states in Nigeria. Descriptive statistics and detailed case studies were employed to explore socio‐economic antecedents of agrochemical application.

Results

Findings of this study showed that market demands, costs, and unavailability of safer compounds put the farmers in a dilemma regarding proper usage of agrochemicals. Among the farmers in Esanland, 96% of them applied agrochemicals in their farming activities without first following the best practices, and the reason was that 61% of them mentioned that they were compelled to use it due to market demands. Likewise in Fadan Daji, 65% farmers revealed that high cost and no training were the causes of their improper use of agrochemicals. This study also established that factors that hindered the prevention of these practices including financial constraints, lack of adequate education and training, and weak enforcement of regulations.

Conclusion

This study suggested that to encourage proper utilization of agrochemicals, extended emphasis needs to be placed on addressing the socio‐economic factors. Hence, the study recommended the following measures: incentives to facilitate the use of sustainable practices by encouraging financial rewards, extensive education, and training on the benefits of sustainable practices as well as new legislation to reduce supply of reckless agrochemicals.
Differential expression of host oncogenes in human papillomavirus‐associated nasopharyngeal and cervical epithelial cancers
Authors: Sheila Santa , Adoquaye Brown Charles , Kafui Akakpo Patrick , Lawrence Edusei , Richard Hooper Andrew , Osbourne Quaye , Ayitey Tagoe Emmanuel
Published: July 2024

Human papillomavirus (HPV)‐related cervical and nasopharyngeal cancers differ in molecular mechanisms underlying the oncogenic processes. The disparity may be attributed to differential expression of oncoproteins. The current study investigated the host oncogenes expression pattern in HPV‐associated cervical and nasopharyngeal cancer. Formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues originating from the nasopharyngeal and cervical regions were screened using Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. Genomic DNA and total RNA were extracted from confirmed cancer biopsies and non‐cancer tissues (NC). HPV was detected by PCR using MY09/GP5+/6+ primers. Protein expression levels of AKT, IQGAP1, and MMP16 in HPV‐infected cancers and controls were determined by immunohistochemistry. RT‐qPCR was used to profile mRNAs of the oncogenes. AKT and IQGAP1 proteins were highly expressed in the epithelial cancers compared with the non‐cancer tissues (p < 0.05). IQGAP1 and MMP16 mRNAs level was significantly higher in the cancers than in the NC (p < 0.05), but not AKT mRNA levels. MMP16 protein was ubiquitously expressed in all tissues. AKT mRNA level was significantly elevated in CC compared with NPC (p < 0.001). However, the difference in AKT, IQGAP1 and MMP16 proteins level between CC and NPC was not significant (p > 0.05). The oncoproteins expression level between the HPV‐positive and HPV‐negative cancer biopsies showed no significant difference (p < 0.05). Current study reports AKT but not IQGAP1 and MMP16 mRNAs differentially expression in cervical and nasopharyngeal cancers, independent of HPV infection status.
Spontaneous vegetation recovery in recently abandoned avocado (Persea americana Mill.) orchards in semi‐arid Central Chile
Authors: Muñoz Alejandra E. , Gil Pilar M. , Saavedra‐Torrico Jorge , Ramírez M. Jesús , Arcos Nicolas , Arellano Eduardo C.
Published: July 2024

Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is an important commodity with substantial global growth in semi‐arid regions under irrigation, such as Central Chile. This region of Chile has faced severe drought that has resulted in the abandonment of avocado orchards, previously established in a global biodiversity hotspot. This study investigates the early effects of abandonment of avocado farms on vegetation recovery and soil after severe droughts. We measured and characterized early plant successional processes by identifying the flora, vegetation coverage, similarity, and soil characterization through 42 transects distributed in four recently abandoned sites, a productive farm, and a natural site. Multivariate analysis was used to identify significant relationships between soil and habitat properties and vegetation abundance and coverage variations for the dominant species. The Jaccard similarity coefficient was used to compare sites. The establishment of native or endemic species was extremely limited and variable between sites. In total, we recorded 55 vascular plants (49.1% were native). The results indicated that Schinus molle L. has become a dominant colonizer, particularly in highly disturbed planting rows in abandoned farms. Factors such as the sources of S. molle propagules, soil salinity, and organic matter accumulation were identified as key predictors of its coverage and presence in abandoned farms. The study concludes that the abandonment of avocado farms, coupled with severe drought, has created favorable conditions for the recruitment of this species, adversely impacting other native species. This research underscores the importance of considering the remaining features of soil and habitat in new successional processes in highly disturbed areas.
Silk Sericin and Its Effect on Skin Wound Healing: A State of the Art
Authors: Mazurek Łukasz , Rybka Mateusz , Jurak Jan , Frankowski Jakub , Konop Marek
Published: July 2024

Despite the significant progress in wound healing, chronic skin wounds remain a challenge for today's medicine. Due to the growing popularity of natural materials, silk protein‐based dressings are gaining more attention in this field. Most studies refer to silk fibroin because sericin has been considered a waste product for years. However, sericin is also worth noting. Sericin‐based dressings are mainly studied in cell cultures or animals. Sericin is the dressings’ main component or can be included in more complex, advanced biomaterials. Recent studies highlight sericin's important role, noting its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and beneficial effects in skin wound healing, such as antibacterial activity, antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects, or angiogenic properties. Developing sericin‐based biomaterials is often simple, free of toxic by‐products, and inexpensive, requiring no highly sophisticated apparatus. As a result, sericin‐based dressings can be widely used in wound healing and have low environmental impact. However, the literature in this area is further limited. The following review collects and describes recent studies showing silk sericin's influence on skin wound healing.
Effect of Fe addition on corrosion behavior of Ni–xFe–5Cr alloys at 570°C in air containing salt vapor
Authors: Yoneda Suzue , Kogin Takashi , Ishikawa Eiji , Murasue So , Hayashi Shigenari
Published: July 2024

The high‐temperature corrosion behavior of Ni–xFe–5Cr alloys (x = 0, 10, or 30 wt.%) was investigated in air containing alkali salt vapor at 570°C to clarify the effect of Fe on the corrosion resistance. Fe addition to Ni–5Cr was found to improve the corrosion resistance under the present conditions. In the case of Ni–5Cr, NiCl2 was formed beneath the NiO scale during the initial stage of corrosion, and it grew thicker over time and then evaporated. The formation and evaporation of NiCl2 resulted in a porous scale that underwent spallation resulting in mass loss. In the Fe‐containing alloys, (Fe, Ni, Cr)3O4 spinel and Fe3O4 decreased the partial pressures of oxygen and chlorine and thus prevented the generation of NiO and NiCl2, leading to superior corrosion resistance compared with Ni–5Cr.
Local and global solutions on arcs for the Ericksen–Leslie problem in RN$\mathbb {R}^N$
Authors: Barbera Daniele , Georgiev Vladimir
Published: July 2024

The work deals with the Ericksen–Leslie system for nematic liquid crystals on the space with . In our work, we suppose the initial condition stays on an arc connecting two fixed orthogonal vectors on the unit sphere. Thanks to this geometric assumption, we prove through energy a priori estimates the local existence and the global existence for small initial data of a solution
for , asking low regularity assumptions on and .
On the Cauchy problem for a two‐component higher order Camassa–Holm system
Authors: Zhou Shouming , Zhou Luhang , Chen Rong
Published: July 2024

In this paper, we focus on the well‐posedness, blow‐up phenomena, and continuity of the data‐to‐solution map of the Cauchy problem for a two‐component higher order Camassa–Holm (CH) system. The local well‐posedness is established in Besov spaces with , which improves the local well‐posedness result proved before in Tang and Liu [Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 66 (2015), 1559–1580], Ye and Yin [arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.00948 (2021)], Zhang and Li [Nonlinear Anal. Real World Appl. 35 (2017), 414–440], and Zhou [Math. Nachr. 291 (2018), no. 10, 1595–1619]. Next, we consider the continuity of the solution‐to‐data map, that is, the ill‐posedness is derived in Besov space with and . Then, the nonuniform continuous and Hölder continuous dependence on initial data for this system are also presented in Besov spaces with and . Finally, the precise blow‐up criteria for the strong solutions of the two‐component higher order CH system is determined in the lowest Sobolev space with , which improves the blow‐up criteria result established before in He and Yin [Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. 37 (2016), no. 3, 1509–1537] and Zhou [Math. Nachr. 291 (2018), no. 10, 1595–1619].
(1,p)$(1,p)$‐Sobolev spaces based on strongly local Dirichlet forms
Authors: Kuwae Kazuhiro
Published: July 2024

In the framework of quasi‐regular strongly local Dirichlet form on admitting minimal ‐dominant measure , we construct a natural ‐energy functional on and ‐Sobolev space for . In this paper, we establish the Clarkson‐type inequality for . As a consequence, is a uniformly convex Banach space, hence it is reflexive. Based on the reflexivity of , we prove that (generalized) normal contraction operates on , which has been shown in the case of various concrete settings, but has not been proved for such a general framework. Moreover, we prove that ‐capacity for open set admits an equilibrium potential with ‐a.e. and ‐a.e. on .
Facile Preparation of Silica/Tannic Acid/Zein Microcapsules Templated from Non‐Aqueous Pickering Emulsions and their Application in Cargo Protection
Authors: Li Yunxing , Xiong Zhiqiang , Feng Yikai , Jiang Hang , Sun Yajuan , Kwok Man‐Hin
Published: July 2024

Microcapsules have attracted significant attention in academia and industry due to their unique properties for protecting and controlling the release of active substances. However, based on water‐insoluble biopolymers, developing a straightforward approach to prepare microcapsules with improved biocompatibility and functional shells remains a great challenge. In this study, zein, a water‐insoluble protein, is employed to prepare robust microcapsules facilely using oil‐in‐aqueous ethanol Pickering emulsions as templates. First, the emulsion template is stabilized by hydrophobic silica nanoparticles with in situ surface modification of tannic acid. The zein is then precipitated at the interface in a controlled manner using antisolvent approach to obtain silica/tannic acid/zein (STZ) microcapsules. It is found that the concentration of zein and the presence of tannic acid played a significant role in the formation of STZ microcapsules with well‐defined morphology and a robust shell. The uniform deposition of zein on the surface of template droplets is facilitated by the interactions between tannic acid and zein via hydrogen bond and electrostatic force. Finally, the resulting STZ microcapsules showed super resistance to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and high temperature for the unstable, lipophilic, and active substance of β‐carotene.
Citric Acid and Polyvinyl Alcohol Induced PEDOT: PSS with Enhanced Electrical Conductivity and Stretchability for Eco‐Friendly, Self‐Healable, Wearable Organic Thermoelectrics
Authors: Lu Lijun , Cao Guibin , Huang Yueting , Yan Yibin , Liang Yongxin , Zhao Boyu , Chen Zhifu , Gao Chunmei , Wang Lei
Published: July 2024

Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) is a promising material for organic thermoelectric (TE) applications. However, it is challenging to achieve PEDOT: PSS composites with stretchable, self‐healable, and high TE performance. Furthermore, some existing self‐healing TE materials employ toxic reagents, posing risks to human health and the environment. In this study, a novel intrinsically self‐healable and wearable composite is developed by incorporating environmentally friendly, highly biocompatible, and biodegradable materials of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and citric acid (CA) into PEDOT: PSS. This results in the formation of double hydrogen bonding networks among CA, PVA, and PEDOT: PSS, inducing microstructure alignment and leading to simultaneous enhancements in both TE performance and stretchability. The resulting composites exhibit a high electrical conductivity and power factor of 259.3 ± 11.7 S·cm−1, 6.9 ± 0.4 µW·m−1·K−2, along with a tensile strain up to 68%. Furthermore, the composites display impressive self‐healing ability, with 84% recovery in electrical conductivity and an 85% recovery in tensile strain. Additionally, the temperature and strain sensors based on the PEDOT: PSS/PVA/CA are prepared, which exhibit high resolution suitable for human–machine interaction and wearable devices. This work provides a reliable and robust solution for the development of environmentally friendly, self‐healing and wearable TE thermoelectrics.
A finite pointset method for Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation based on mixed formulation
Authors: Doss L. Jones Tarcius , Kousalya N.
Published: July 2024

In this paper, a second‐order splitting method is applied to the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation, and then a finite Pointset method (FPM) is employed to solve the resulting coupled system. FPM is a meshfree particle method which is a local iterative procedure based on the weighted least square approximation. The numerical example confirms that the FPM is effective and accurate for this kind of problem.
A novel wideband phase shifter on coupled microstrip line
Authors: Feng Linping , Mo Datie , Yu Xinhua , Zhu Haoshen
Published: July 2024

In this paper, a new 180° broadband phase shifter with coupled microstrip line with enhanced coupling by etched slots is proposed, which uses the energy coupling between the parallel‐coupled microstrip lines on the upper layer of the dielectric substrate and the etched rectangular slots (RS) structure on the bottom floor to circumvent the problem for achieving wide operating broadband and low insertion loss with compact size and simple structure. First, the main line and the reference line of the proposed phase shifter are composed of two parallel coupled lines and a uniform transmission line, respectively. Then, its working mechanism is described. Afterward, the phase shifter introduced an RS structure to increase the coupling strength, achieving a broadband of 69.7% and very low insertion loss (0.09 dB) with a phase shift of 180 ± 5°. Finally, a prototype 180° phase shifter with a center frequency of 3.0 GHz was designed, fabricated, and measured, and the measured results are good in agreement with the simulated ones.
Quantitative BOLD (qBOLD) imaging of oxygen metabolism and blood oxygenation in the human body: A scoping review
Authors: Alzaidi Ahlam A. , Panek Rafal , Blockley Nicholas P.
Published: July 2024

Purpose

There are many approaches to the quantitative BOLD (qBOLD) technique described in the literature, differing in pulse sequences, MRI parameters and data processing. Thus, in this review, we summarized the acquisition methods, approaches used for oxygenation quantification and clinical populations investigated.

Methods

Three databases were systematically searched (Medline, Embase, and Web of Science) for published research that used qBOLD methods for quantification of oxygen metabolism. Data extraction and synthesis were performed by one author and reviewed by a second author.

Results

A total of 93 relevant papers were identified. Acquisition strategies were summarized, and oxygenation parameters were found to have been investigated in many pathologies such as steno‐occlusive diseases, stroke, glioma, and multiple sclerosis disease.

Conclusion

A summary of qBOLD approaches for oxygenation measurements and applications could help researchers to identify good practice and provide objective information to inform the development of future consensus recommendations.