bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apathy in acute stroke patients
Authors: Caeiro L. , Ferro J. M. , Figueira M. L.
Published: September 2011

Background and purpose:  Apathy is a frequent disturbance in stroke patients. The aim of this case–control study was to elucidate whether apathy: (i) was secondary to stroke or related to hospitalization, (ii) was related to thalamic and striatocapsular stroke lesions, (iii) was independent from cognitive impairment and depression in the acute phase of stroke, (iv) was associated with clinical and demographical variables and (v) was associated with a worse functional outcome at discharge.

Methods:  We assessed a sample of 94 consecutive patients with an acute (≤4 days) stroke (22 intracerebral haemorrhages, 72 cerebral infarcts), and a control group of 50 patients with acute coronary syndrome, with the 10‐item Apathy Evaluation Scale‐Clinical. We related apathy with cognition (MMSE), depression (Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale) and with outcome (modified Rankin Scale).

Results:  Apathy was present in 36 (38.3%) acute stroke patients but was also frequent in patients with acute coronary syndrome (24%). Stroke patients were more inaccurate in understanding their problems than patients with acute coronary syndrome (P = 0.005). Logistic regression identified cerebral haemorrhage (OR = 3.5), low educational level (OR = 4.7) and a trend of right hemispherical lesion (OR = 3.0) as independent predictors for apathy (R2 = 32.3%). Cognitive impairment and depression were not associated to apathy. Apathy was associated with a worse outcome (P = 0.03).

Conclusion:  Apathy was frequent in acute stroke patients, and it was predicted by acute intracerebral haemorrhage and right hemispherical acute stroke lesion.
Clinical and molecular genetic factors affecting postoperative seizure control of 183 Chinese adult patients with low‐grade gliomas
Authors: You G. , Huang L. , Yang P. , Zhang W. , Yan W. , Wang Y. , Bao Z. , Li S. , Li S. , Li G. , Jiang T.
Published: September 2011

Background and purpose:  Seizures are a common symptom of patients with primary brain tumors, particularly low‐grade gliomas (LGGs). Poor seizure control after surgery has a great adverse impact on quality of life in these patients. The present study aimed to identify clinical and molecular genetic factors that influence postoperative seizure control.

Methods:  A series of 183 LGGs were analyzed by denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) for 1p and 19q status and by immunohistochemical staining for expression of several molecular markers (P53, Ki‐67, MMP‐9 and MGMT), with particular emphasis on correlations with postoperative seizure control. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used for statistic analysis.

Results:  Of the 183 patients, 134 (73.2%) patients presented with seizures. Most of oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas had LOH 1p and LOH 19q, which were rarely seen in combination in astrocytomas (P < 0.001). Oligodendroglial tumors were more likely to locate in frontal lobe (P = 0.011) and present calcification on MRI (P = 0.024). Temporal location (P = 0.014), and high expression of mutated P53 (P = 0.011) were associated with astrocytomas. Patients achieved much better seizure control after gross‐total resection (P < 0.001) than after subtotal resection. Patients without LOH 19q were more likely to have poor seizure control (P = 0.004) than those with this alteration. Ki‐67 was an independent molecular marker predicting poor seizure control (P = 0.016) if over expressed.

Conclusions:  Gross total resection of the tumor, LOH 19q and low Ki‐67 expression were associated with favorable seizure control after surgery for the patients with LGGs. The possible involvement of other factors should be investigated further.
Continuous monitoring versus HOLTER ECG for detection of atrial fibrillation in patients with stroke
Authors: Gumbinger C. , Krumsdorf U. , Veltkamp R. , Hacke W. , Ringleb P.
Published: September 2011

Background and purpose:  Detection of atrial fibrillation is of vital importance because oral anticoagulation decreases the risk of a stroke by 64%. Current standards for stroke unit treatment require continuous electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring for at least 24 h. Additionally, a 24‐h HOLTER ECG (HOLTER) should be performed in selected patients. It remains unclear whether continuous monitoring at the bedside is equivalent to HOLTER for the detection of atrial fibrillation. Furthermore, we investigate how many additional patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation can be identified as a result of a longer duration of continuous monitoring.

Methods:  In this study, we prospectively compared the detection rates of HOLTER and 24‐h monitoring at the Stroke Unit at the University of Heidelberg over a period of 9 months. Continuous monitoring was analyzed by trained nurses, HOLTER by cardiologists.

Results:  We included 370 patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) in our study. Of these, 192 patients underwent HOLTER. Previously unknown atrial fibrillation was detected in 44 patients, 13 patients had no atrial fibrillation in baseline ECG, but atrial fibrillation was detected by continuous monitoring. In two patients, the HOLTER showed atrial fibrillation; both patients had also been detected by continuous monitoring. Median time to detection of the atrial fibrillation during continuous monitoring was 43 h after hospitalization.

Conclusion:  In this study, use of HOLTER does not give any additional benefit in comparison with continuous monitoring with intermittent analysis by trained staff alone. The median detection time of 43 h emphasizes the importance of longer continuous monitoring.
THE HOLY & WHOLLY OTHER: KIERKEGAARD ON THE ALTERITY OF GOD
Authors: PODMORE SIMON D.
Published: September 2011

In response to prevailing perceptions, I contend that Søren Kierkegaard (1813–55) conceives of the wholly otherness of God via his dialectical category of the ‘infinite qualitative difference’ between the human and the divine, initially through the self's consciousness of sin and ultimately through the self's acceptance of the gift of forgiveness. Therefore, I claim that while the common designation of Kierkegaard's God as ‘Wholly Other’ may initially evoke the alterity of sin; it is not ultimately sufficient to describe the divine alterity which Kierkegaard regards as more faithfully manifest in the ‘impossible possibility’ of forgiveness. Through this reading, I finally suggest that the ‘Wholly Other’ is not ultimately representative of God in Kierkegaard's writings and might be more faithfully supplemented by the appellation of the Holy Other.
Unilateral periventricular leukomalacia in association with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
Authors: SHARMA RUCHI , SHARRARD MARK J , CONNOLLY DANIEL J , MORDEKAR SANTOSH R
Published: September 2011

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) deficiency is a major cause of primary lactic acidosis and neurological dysfunction in infancy and early childhood. A deficiency of PDH E1 alpha, a subunit of the PDH complex, is a prominent cause of congenital lactic acidosis. We describe a female infant born at term and delivered by emergency Caesarean section because of fetal distress. There was no parental consanguinity. She presented at 5 months of age with failure to thrive, microcephaly, hypertonia, and developmental impairment. Her plasma and cerebrospinal fluid lactate were raised. She had raised plasma pyruvate with a normal lactate–pyruvate ratio. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed a focal dilatation of the right lateral ventricle with unilateral periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) with subependymal cyst. Skin fibroblast culture assay revealed PDH deficiency, confirmed by mutation analysis of the E1 alpha subunit. At 18 months of age, she has hypertonia and global impairment and is making slow progress. Denver II assessment showed delay in gross motor, fine motor, adaptive, personal, social, and language categories. She has been treated with dichloroacetate and a ketogenic diet since the age of 10 and 13 months respectively, without any side effects. To our knowledge, unilateral PVL as a neuroradiological feature has not been described in children with PDH deficiency. PDH deficiency should be considered as a differential diagnosis if PVL is unilateral and if the perinatal history is not typical of PVL.
Residue iteration decomposition (RIDE): A new method to separate ERP components on the basis of latency variability in single trials
Authors: Ouyang Guang , Herzmann Grit , Zhou Changsong , Sommer Werner
Published: September 2011

Event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) are important research tools because they provide insights into mental processing at high temporal resolution. Their usefulness, however, is limited by the need to average over a large number of trials, sacrificing information about the trial‐by‐trial variability of latencies or amplitudes of specific ERP components. Here we propose a novel method based on an iteration strategy of the residues of averaged ERPs (RIDE) to separate latency‐variable component clusters. The separated component clusters can then serve as templates to estimate latencies in single trials with high precision. By applying RIDE to data from a face‐priming experiment, we separate priming effects and show that they are robust against latency shifts and within‐condition variability. RIDE is useful for a variety of data sets that show different degrees of variability and temporal overlap between ERP components.
Mass univariate analysis of event‐related brain potentials/fields II: Simulation studies
Authors: Groppe David M. , Urbach Thomas P. , Kutas Marta
Published: September 2011

Mass univariate analysis is a relatively new approach for the study of ERPs/ERFs. It consists of many statistical tests and one of several powerful corrections for multiple comparisons. Multiple comparison corrections differ in their power and permissiveness. Moreover, some methods are not guaranteed to work or may be overly sensitive to uninteresting deviations from the null hypothesis. Here we report the results of simulations assessing the accuracy, permissiveness, and power of six popular multiple comparison corrections (permutation‐based control of the familywise error rate [FWER], weak control of FWER via cluster‐based permutation tests, permutation‐based control of the generalized FWER, and three false discovery rate control procedures) using realistic ERP data. In addition, we look at the sensitivity of permutation tests to differences in population variance. These results will help researchers apply and interpret these procedures.
Salivary cortisol and soluble tumor necrosis factor‐α receptor II responses to multiple experimental modalities of acute pain
Authors: Goodin Burel R. , Quinn Noel B. , King Christopher D. , Page Gayle G. , Haythornthwaite Jennifer A. , Edwards Robert R. , Stapleton Laura , McGuire Lynanne
Published: September 2011

The present study compared cortisol and soluble tumor necrosis factor‐α receptor II (sTNFαRII) responses provoked by cold pressor, hot water, ischemic, and neutral water (i.e., room temperature) modalities. Oral fluid samples were collected before, immediately after, and during recovery to assess physiological responses. From baseline, the cold pressor, but not hot water or ischemic modalities, produced a significant time‐dependent elevation in cortisol, whereas cortisol significantly decreased for the neutral water task. When compared to baseline, the cold pressor, hot water, and ischemic modalities were associated with decreased sTNFαRII responses over time. The sTNFαRII response to neutral water initially decreased but returned to approximate baseline levels. Pain ratings were positively associated with cortisol increase from baseline and the overall cortisol response was negatively associated with the overall sTNFαRII response.
‘Marine protected areas’ off UK overseas territories: comparing the South Orkneys Shelf and the Chagos Archipelago
Authors: SAND PETER H
Published: September 2011

In the wake of the designation of two new ‘marine protected areas’ adjacent to the coastal waters of the South Orkney Islands (British Antarctic Territory) and the Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean Territory), this commentary considers some of the geographical, legal and political implications of these unilateral declarations – taking into account competing claims of jurisdiction by Mauritius and the Maldives; human rights claims of the Chagos islanders; strategic interests of the United States in the Indian Ocean; and shared legislative competences of the European Union in the field of marine fisheries. The two case studies also raise questions of global arms control, diplomatic efforts at ‘greening’ imperialism, and contemporary state practice with regard to the ‘sacred trust of civilisation’ for dependent territories, as spelled out in the United Nations Charter.
Pretransplant severe hepatic encephalopathy, peritransplant sodium and post‐liver transplantation morbidity and mortality
Authors: Brandman Danielle , Biggins Scott W. , Hameed Bilal , Roberts John P. , Terrault Norah A.
Published: September 2011

Background

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) does not enhance the prediction of model of end‐stage liver disease (MELD) wait‐list mortality, but its influence on post‐liver transplantation (LT) morbidity and mortality is largely unknown.

Aims

To examine the association between severe pre‐LT HE and peri‐LT serum sodium levels as well as post‐LT length of stay (LOS) and survival.

Methods

A retrospective cohort of 393 adult patients undergoing first LT for end‐stage liver disease and followed for a median of 4 years post‐LT was performed to evaluate the association between severe HE within the 30 days prior to LT and selected in‐hospital post‐LT outcomes.

Results

Thirty‐nine (10%) of the cohort had severe HE pre‐LT. Patients with severe HE more frequently had Na changes of ≥15 mmol/L in the peri‐LT period (P = 0.002). LOS was significantly longer for severe HE than non‐severe HE patients (16 vs. 8 days, P < 0.0001) and this association was independent of MELD, presence of hepatocellular carcinoma, pre‐LT nadir serum sodium and pre‐ to post‐LT change in serum sodium. The 1‐year mortality was 15% in the severe HE vs. 7% in the non‐severe HE groups (HR = 2.19, P = 0.08), and this difference was attenuated by adjusting for pre‐LT severe hypernatremia, but increased by adjusting for donor risk index.

Conclusion

Severe HE mainly affects LOS, and this association is independent of MELD. Whether the large changes in peri‐LT serum Na, more frequently seen in the severe HE group, contribute to post‐LT morbidity requires further study.
NSC 74859‐mediated inhibition of STAT3 enhances the anti‐proliferative activity of cetuximab in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Chen Wei , Shen Xuning , Xia Xuefeng , Xu Guodong , Ma Tao , Bai Xueli , Liang Tingbo
Published: September 2011

Background

Cetuximab [an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor], which was shown to be effective in rectal and non‐small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs), was only modestly effective in clinical trials of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). STAT3, which is thought to be a determinant of HCC sensitivity to antitumour drugs, may be involved.

Aims

To evaluate the efficacy of combination therapy using cetuximab and NSC 74859 (a novel STAT3 inhibitor) in EGFR and STAT3 overexpressing hepatoma cells.

Methods

Hepatoma cell lines were treated with cetuximab, NSC 74859 or a combination of both drugs. Efficacy of treatment was evaluated by determining cell viability using MTT assays and proliferation by cell counting. Expression and activation of STAT3 were determined using Western blot analysis. We evaluated the role of STAT3 in single and combination therapy using siRNA‐mediated knock‐down of STAT3 or STAT3 overexpression strategies.

Results

HepG2 and Huh‐7 cells, which had lower levels of pSTAT3 than SK‐HEP1 cells, were more sensitive to cetuximab treatment when compared with SK‐HEP1 cells. Although none of these cell lines was sensitive to NSC 74859 alone, NSC 74859 potentiated the antiproliferative effect of cetuximab in all three cell lines. siRNA knock‐down of STAT3 increased the sensitivity of these cell lines to cetuximab, whereas STAT3 overexpression antagonized these effects.

Conclusions

Enhanced growth inhibition in hepatoma cells treated with both NSC 74859 and cetuximab suggests that cetuximab resistance is probably mediated via STAT3. Combination therapy using both inhibitors of EGFR and STAT3 signalling warrants further investigation under in vivo condition.
Ethanol‐Induced Oxidative Stress via the CYP2E1 Pathway Disrupts Adiponectin Secretion from Adipocytes
Authors: Tang Hui , Sebastian Becky M. , Axhemi Armend , Chen Xiaocong , Hillian Antoinette D. , Jacobsen Donald W. , Nagy Laura E.
Published: September 2011

Background:  Adipose tissue is an important target for ethanol action. One important effect of ethanol is to reduce the secretion of adiponectin from adipocytes; this decrease is associated with lowered circulating adiponectin in rodent models of chronic ethanol feeding. Adiponectin is an insulin‐sensitizing, anti‐inflammatory adipokine; decreased adiponectin activity may contribute to tissue injury in response to chronic ethanol. Here, we investigated the role of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and oxidative stress in the mechanism for impaired adiponectin secretion from adipocytes in response to ethanol.

Methods:  Male Wistar rats were fed a liquid diet containing ethanol as 36% of calories or pair‐fed a control diet for 4 weeks. 3T3‐L1 adipocyte cultures, expressing CYP2E1 or not, were exposed to ethanol or 4‐hydroxynonenal (4‐HNE).

Results:  Chronic ethanol feeding to rats suppressed the secretion of adiponectin from isolated epididymal adipocytes. Ethanol feeding induced the expression of CYP2E1 in adipocytes and increased markers of oxidative stress, including 4‐HNE and protein carbonyls. Because adiponectin is posttranslationally processed in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, we investigated the impact of ethanol on the redox status of high‐density microsomes. Chronic ethanol decreased the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione (4.6:1, pair‐fed; 2.9:1, ethanol‐fed) in high‐density microsomes isolated from rat epididymal adipose tissue. We next utilized the 3T3‐L1 adipocyte‐like cell model to interrogate the mechanisms for impaired adiponectin secretion. Culture of 3T3‐L1 adipocytes overexpressing exogenous CYP2E1, but not those overexpressing antisense CYP2E1, with ethanol increased oxidative stress and impaired adiponectin secretion from intracellular pools. Consistent with a role of oxidative stress in impaired adiponectin secretion, challenge of 3T3‐L1 adipocytes with 4‐HNE also reduced adiponectin mRNA expression and secretion, without affecting intracellular adiponectin concentration.

Conclusions:  These data demonstrate that CYP2E1‐dependent reactive oxygen species production in response to ethanol disrupts adiponectin secretion from adipocytes.
Genetic Polymorphisms of Genes Coding to Alcohol‐Metabolizing Enzymes in Western Mexicans: Association of CYP2E1*c2/CYP2E1*5B Allele with Cirrhosis and Liver Function
Authors: García‐Bañuelos Jesús , Panduro Arturo , Gordillo‐Bastidas Daniela , Gordillo‐Bastidas Elizabeth , Muñoz‐Valle José Francisco , Gurrola‐Díaz Carmen M. , Sánchez‐Enríquez Sergio , Ruiz‐Madrigal Bertha , Bastidas‐Ramírez Blanca Estela
Published: September 2011

Background:  Alcoholic cirrhosis constitutes a major public health problem in the world where ADH1B, ALDH2, and CYP2E1 polymorphisms could be playing an important role. We determined ADH1B*2, ALDH2*2, and CYP2E1*c2 allele frequencies in healthy control individuals (C) and patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (AC) from western Mexico.

Methods:  Ninety C and 41 patients with AC were studied. Genotype and allele frequency were determined through polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphisms.

Results:  Polymorphic allele distribution in AC was 1.6%ADH1B*2, 0.0%ALDH2*2, and 19.5%CYP2E1*c2; in C: 6.1%ADH1B*2, 0%ALDH2*2, and 10.6%CYP2E1*c2. CYP2E1*c2 polymorphic allele and c1/c2 genotype frequency were significantly higher (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) in patients with AC when compared to C. Patients with AC, carrying the CYP2E1*c2 allele, exhibited more decompensated liver functioning evaluated by total bilirubin and prothrombin time, than c1 allele carrying patients (p < 0.05). Cirrhosis severity, assessed by Child’s Pugh score and mortality, was higher in patients carrying the c2 allele, although not statistically significant.

Conclusions:  In this study, CYP2E1*c2 allele was associated with susceptibility to AC; meanwhile, ADH1B*2 and ALDH2*2 alleles were not. CYP2E1*c2 allele was associated with AC severity, which could probably be attributed to the oxidative stress promoted by this polymorphic form. Further studies to clearly establish CYP2E1*c2 clinical relevance in the development of alcohol‐induced liver damage and its usefulness as a probable prognostic marker, should be performed. Also, increasing the number of patients and including a control group conformed by alcoholic patients free of liver damage may render more conclusive results. These findings contribute to the understanding of the influence of gene variations in AC development among populations, alcohol metabolism, and pharmacogenetics.
The Effects of Age at Drinking Onset and Stressful Life Events on Alcohol Use in Adulthood: A Replication and Extension Using a Population‐Based Twin Sample
Authors: Lee Lewina O. , Young Wolff Kelly C. , Kendler Kenneth S. , Prescott Carol A.
Published: September 2011

Background:  A study by Dawson and colleagues (Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 31:69) using data from National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Condition found earlier drinking onset age, and higher levels of past‐year stressful life events (SLE) were associated with higher past‐year alcohol consumption. The aims of our study were as follows: (i) to attempt to replicate this interaction; (ii) to extend it by examining sex and event dependence as potential moderators of the effect; and (iii) to estimate the roles of genetic and environmental factors in mediating the overlap of early drinking onset and SLE in their relations with alcohol consumption.

Methods:  Data were from 1,382 female and 2,218 male drinkers interviewed as part of the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. Regression models were used to evaluate the main and interactive effects of early drinking onset and moderate or severe past‐year SLE on past‐year drinking density (PYDD), a weighted quantity‐frequency measure of alcohol consumption. Analyses adjusted for demographic covariates and were stratified by sex and whether SLE were independent or dependent on the person’s actions, as rated by interviewers. Structural twin models were used to estimate the degree to which early drinking onset, SLE, and their interaction accounted for additive genetic, common environmental and individual‐specific variance in PYDD.

Results:  We replicated the prior finding of a main effect of higher alcohol consumption among individuals reporting earlier drinking onset. Age at drinking onset accounted for about 5% of the variation in PYDD, and this association was mostly attributable to overlapping genetic influences. Evidence for an interaction between onset age and SLE was generally weak, possibly because of lower power and other methodological differences from Dawson and colleagues’ study. However, there was some evidence consistent with an interaction of higher PYDD among early drinking men who experienced independent SLE and early drinking women with dependent SLE.

Conclusions:  We confirmed prior findings of an association between early age at drinking onset with higher past‐year drinking among young‐ and middle‐aged adults and found limited evidence supporting a replication for higher stress‐related drinking among early‐onset drinkers. The association is consistent with early onset and stress‐related drinking being attributable to overlapping genetic liability. Among early drinkers, our results suggest sex differences in consumption with regard to event dependence.
The Political Uses of Some Economic Ideas: The Trade‐Off Between Efficiency and Equality
Authors: JIMÉNEZ‐BUEDO MARÍA
Published: September 2011

Abstract

The notion of a trade‐off between efficiency and equality is pervasive in many disciplines across the social sciences. Moreover, an imprecise notion of this well‐known dilemma is an integral part of the discourse of politicians and policy‐makers. The scientific status of the idea of a trade‐off between efficiency and equality is, however, a matter of contention. Philosophical dissections of the idea have already deflated the analytical cogency of most of its versions, while the economic literature trying to assess the empirical relation between growth and equality has shown contradicting results. This article, by focusing on the role this idea plays both in the discourse and strategy of social‐democratic parties, and in the social science explanations of their trajectories, argues that the pervasiveness of the notion of the trade‐off between efficiency and equality is best explained in terms of the political functions it can fulfill.
Application of self‐regulation theory and motivational interview for improving oral hygiene: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Godard Antoine , Dufour Thomas , Jeanne Sylvie
Published: September 2011

Aim

Because patient adherence to oral hygiene is essential for periodontal treatment success, the aim of the study was to assess whether a motivational interview addressing the five dimensions of Leventhal's theory performed better than conventional basic instruction on improving compliance with plaque control among patients with periodontitis.

Materials and Methods

A randomized controlled clinical trial design was used in which a group of patients underwent a motivational interview in addition to classical consultation. A control group received only the standard consultation. The O'Leary Plaque Index was used to judge the oral hygiene at baseline and at 1 month follow‐up. Patient satisfaction with the dental visit was scored using a specific questionnaire.

Results

At baseline, the mean full mouth plaque score varied between 55% (experimental group) and 58% (control group). Patients in the experimental group had a higher oral hygiene improvement (21 ± 20% versus 4 ± 5%, p < 0.001) 1 month post‐treatment. The motivational interview resulted in greater satisfaction scores compared with those of patients in the control group: 10.55 ± 1.53 versus 8.82 ± 2.40, p = 0.014.

Conclusions

This new concept of motivational interview is a promising approach and can be useful for counselling‐related periodontal disorders.
Cognitive vulnerability and the aetiology and maintenance of dental anxiety
Authors: Edmunds Rebecca , Buchanan Heather
Published: September 2011

Edmunds R, Buchanan H. Cognitive vulnerability and the aetiology and maintenance of dental anxiety. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2012; 40: 17–25. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  Objectives: Dental anxiety prevalence has not changed markedly in the last 30 years, in spite of more modern and less painful technology. The objective of this study was to explore the four components (dangerousness, uncontrollability, unpredictability and disgustingness) of the Cognitive Vulnerability Model (CVM) in relation to the acquisition and maintenance of dental anxiety/phobia. Methods: Three hundred and seventy‐five participants were recruited through two dental anxiety online support groups. They completed an online questionnaire which included: a formal dental anxiety measure; open‐ended questions regarding the perceived origins of their dental anxiety, and questions specifically assessing the CVM components in the acquisition and maintenance of their fear. Results: Perceptions of the dental context as uncontrollable and unpredictable were considered important in fear acquisition, however ‘dangerousness’ was not as fully established and ‘disgustingness’ was not considered salient by participants. Three of the key components of the CVM (controllability, dangerousness and disgustingness) predicted current dental anxiety scores explaining 54% of the variance. Unpredictability was not found to have a significant independent relationship with dental anxiety. Conclusions: These findings show general support for the CVM as an explanatory model for maintaining dental anxiety, though its role as a model for fear acquisition is still not fully established.
Sexual transmission of SIVagm in wild grivet monkeys
Authors: Phillips‐Conroy J.E. , Jolly C.J. , Petros B. , Allan J.S. , Desrosiers R.C.
Published: September 2011

This study reports the prevalence of simian immunodeficiency virus and the relationship of serostatus to age and sex among a wild population of Ethiopian grivet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops aethiops). Seropositivity paralleled patterns of sexual activity, being nearly universal in females of reproductive age, and absent in all males except those that were fully adult. One female seroconverted between two capture seasons at an age consistent with first breeding. Our findings support a predominantly sexual mode of transmission among SIVagm infected grivets.
Cervical ripening and uterine contraction induced by prostaglandin E2‐gel in pregnant Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata)
Authors: Shimizu Keiko , Nozaki Masumi , Oshima Kiyoshi
Published: September 2011

Effects of intracervical administration of PGE2‐gel were studied in pregnant Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata) near term. Administration of PGE2‐gel induced cervical ripening and an increase in maternal plasma PGE2 but no change in PGF2α. Ultrastructural observations of the connective tissue of the cervix after PGE2‐gel treatment revealed a decrease in the number of collagenous fibers. These results show that intracervical administration of PGE2‐gel induces cervical ripening without induction of labor in the Japanese monkey.
Gastrointestinal parasites of the Samango monkey, Cercopithecus mitis, in Natal, South Africa
Authors: Appleton C.C. , Krecek R.C. , Verster A. , Bruorton M.R. , Lawes M.J.
Published: September 2011

Eight gastro‐intestinal tracts of Cercopithecus mitis labiatus from Karkloof, Natal, and 121 fecal samples from C. m. erythrarchus from Cape Vidal, Natal, were examined for helminth parasites and/or their eggs. Fecal samples from six of the C. m. labiatus were examined for protozoan cysts. Five protozoon and six helminth species were identified from C.m labiatus. Most adult worms occurred in the caecum and colon, gut regions which also contained the highest volatile fatty acid levels. The eggs of nine helminth species were recovered from C. m. erythrarchus fecal samples; protozoans were not looked for in these samples.
TH1/TH2 subset analysis. I. Establishment of criteria for subset identification in PBMC samples from nonhuman primates
Authors: Ansari Aftab A. , Mayne Ann , Hunt Dirk , Sundstrom J. Bruce , Villinger Francois
Published: September 2011

Cloned T‐cell lines from two nonhuman primate species were phenotyped and their mRNA analyzed for cytokine profiles by RT‐PCR procedures. PBMC from rhesus macaques showed a relatively high frequency of cloned T‐cell lines with a TH1‐like profile; PBMC from sooty mangabeys showed a relatively high frequency of TH2‐like cloned T‐cell lines. In vitro activated macaque PBMC also resulted in a high frequency of CD4+, CD8+ dual marked cells. These findings suggest that cytokine analysis of cloned T‐cell lines from nonhuman primates provides a means to distinguish subsets of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
Kinetics of primary SIV infection in lymph nodes
Authors: Chakrabarti Lisa , Cumont Marie‐Christine , Montagnier Luc , Hurtrel Bruno
Published: September 2011

The very early stages of SIV infection in lymph nodes of rhesus monkeys were characterized by in situ hybridization. Massive viral replication was detected in macrophages and lymphocytes during the first week of infection. In a second phase, SIV RNA concentrated in the developing germinal centers, and colocalized with the follicular dendritic cells. The down‐regulation of the viral load in lymph nodes varied depending on the animal, indicating early differences in the susceptibility to SIV infection.
Adenocarcinoma in the rectum of a capped langur (Presbytis pileata)
Authors: Yanai Tokuma , Hosoi Masayo , Masegi Toshiaki , Ueda Katsumato , Iwasaki Toshiro , Kimura Naoto , Katou Akira , Kotera Shigetaka
Published: September 2011

A rectal adenocarcinoma in a 22‐year‐old capped langur histologically resembling those in human cases is reported. An ill‐defined diffuse tumor with fibrously firm rectal wall showed diffuse infiltrative growth of signet‐ring cancer cells. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated positive staining for CEA, lysozyme, EMA, keratin and B72.3.
A review of studies of the activation of the blood coagulation mechanism in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: ten Cate Hugo , Schenk B. Edwin , Biemond Bart J. , Levi Marcel , van der Poll Tom , Buller Harry R. , ten Cate Jan W.
Published: September 2011

This paper reviews our recent studies of blood coagulation activation in the chimpanzee which were carried out employing sensitive immunoassays that measure activation markers of blood coagulation in plasma. Infused factor VIIa activated both factors IX and X in vivo; this reaction depended on the formation of the factor VIIa‐tissue factor (TF) complex. The infusion of endotoxin also led to assembly of the factor VIIa‐TF complex, enhancing fibrin formation. This process occurred through the intermediate action of specific cytokines.
Primate antibodies to components of the human immune system
Authors: Lögdberg L. , Kaplan E. , Drelich M. , Harfeldt E. , Gunn H. , Ehrlich P. , Dottavio D. , Lake P. , Östberg L.
Published: September 2011

The feasibility to raise nonhuman primate antibodies against selected components of the human immune system was tested. The immunogens were whole cells (human T lymphocytes) or purified, recombinant human proteins (cytokines: TNFα or GM‐CSF; soluble forms of cell surface antigens: sCD4 or sCD25). Significant immunizations, yielding functionally relevant antibodies, were readily achieved in rhesus monkeys, but, not surprisingly, may be less frequent in chimpanzees. The results suggest a general strategy for production of therapeutically useful MAB.
Spontaneous colitis cystica profunda in captive tamarins
Authors: Gozalo Alfonso S. , Dagle Gerald E. , Montoya Enrique J. , Weller Richard E.
Published: September 2011

Of the 232 tamarins (133 Saguinus mystax and 99 Saguinus labiatus) that died at the Center for Reproduction and Conservation of Nonhuman Primates in Iquitos, Peru from January 1987 to December 1990, 23 monkeys (9.9%) were diagnosed as having chronic colitis. Typically, the cecal and colonic mucosa was greyish and small yellowish cysts, measuring 1–4 mm, were found randomly distributed bulging the mucosa. Microscopically, colitis cystica profunda was diagnosed additionally in six more animals, giving a total of 29 cases (12.5%). This is the first report to our knowledge that describes colitis cystica profunda in a nonhuman primate.
Nonsurgical uterine stage preimplantation embryo collection from the common marmoset
Authors: Thomson J.A. , Kalishman J. , Hearn J.P.
Published: September 2011

A nonsurgical technique for the recovery of uterine stage preimplantation embryos was developed for the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). In 54 flush attempts, using 19 different animals, 54 morphologically normal embryos, seven unfertilized oocytes or degenerate embryos, and five empty zonae pellucidae were recovered, giving a recovery rate of 1.0 embryo per flush or 1.2 ovulation products per flush. Because the ovarian cycles of common marmosets can be synchronized with prostaglandin PGF2α, multiple marmosets can be flushed in a short period, providing age‐matched embryos for controlled experiments.
Ventricular septal defect in an infant chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Binhazim A. A. , Alford P. , Miller M.
Published: September 2011

During clinical examinations and imaging studies of a prematurely born chimpanzee, a heart murmur, tachypnea, dyspnea, and disturbances of blood flow were observed. At necropsy, cardiomegaly, ventricular hypertrophy, and septal defects confirmed the presence of congenital VSD.
Antihypertensive effects of captopril without adverse effects on glucose tolerance in hyperinsulinemic rhesus monkeys
Authors: Bodkin N.L. , Hansen B.C.
Published: September 2011

The rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), which has been found to develop spontaneous obesity, non‐insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM; Type 2), and hypertension, was used to evaluate the potential blood pressure‐lowering effects of captopril as well as the specific effects, if any, on the prediabetic state. Intravenous and oral glucose tolerance testing was carried out with oral captopril dosing. Results showed that captopril significantly decreased both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in all monkeys and significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose levels. Based on these preliminary studies in monkeys, we conclude that captopril exerted antihypertensive effects without adverse effects on glucose metabolism.
Presence of virion protein x (Vpx) of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac 251 in target cells in vivo
Authors: Persidsky Yury , Liska Vladimir , Huss Thierry , Gendrault Jean‐Louis , Venet Alain , Muchmore Elisabeth , Traincard François , Kirn André , Aubertin Anne‐Marie
Published: September 2011

Localization of virion‐associated protein x (Vpx) of SIVmac251 was studied in lymph nodes and liver of six SIVmac‐infected monkeys. Vpx was found associated with the network of follicular dendritic cells and macrophages in lymph nodes and/or livers from five out of six animals by immunohistochemistry. Although the humoral response to Vpx occurs in only 50% of the animals, the presence of Vpx in target cell or antibodies to Vpx in all the monkeys studied, suggests that Vpx may be necessary for viral replication in vivo.
A restraining system for rhesus monkeys used in space research
Authors: Florence Geneviève , Riondet Laurent , Malecki Hughes , Blanquie Jean‐Pierre , Martin Franck , Viso Michel , Milhaud Claude Louis
Published: September 2011

A new chronic restraining system has been designed specifically for male rhesus monkeys (8–13 kg) housed in weightlessness for scientific purposes. The restraining system consists of a coat (jacket and skirt) and a chair. The system separates the thorax from the lower part of the body, and allows large movements of the upper part of the body. The macaque can feed and groom itself, and can also sleep in close‐to‐normal position.
Chemotherapy‐induced hemolytic uremic syndrome: Description of a potential animal model
Authors: Hillyer Christopher D. , Duncan Alexander , Ledford M. , Barrett Timothy J. , Klumpp Sherry A. , Anderson Daniel C. , McClure Harold M. , Winton Elliot F.
Published: September 2011

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is an uncommon complication of chemotherapy that contributes to the morbidity of oncology and bone marrow transplant patients. The pathogenesis is not well understood and no established clinical animal model exists. We studied four rhesus monkeys (RM) that developed fatal HUS following high‐dose chemotherapy. Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (pre‐Hct 40% and day 5–8 Hct 31 % (P <.05), increased BUN (168 mg/dl), creatinine (8.2 mg/dl), and lactate dehydrogenase (1458 IU/L) (mean day 5–8 measurements) were observed. Platelets counts decreased to 39±15 × 109/l from a mean of 397±31 × 109/L (P < .0001). vWF, ATIII, thrombin:anti‐thrombin complex (T:AT) and prothrombin fragment F1.2 levels were not different from a control group (N = 2). The data presented describe chemotherapy‐induced HUS with typical clinical and laboratory features which may provide an animal model for the study of this important syndrome.
Magnetic resonance imaging in vivo monitoring of T2 relaxation time: Quantitative assessment of primate brain maturation
Authors: Miot E. , Hoffschir D. , Poncy J.L. , Masse R. , Pape A. Le , Akoka S.
Published: September 2011

This work describes quantitative MRI assessment of primate brain maturation. Nine young baboons were followed from the age of one to 30 months. Assessment of myelination was based on the gray/white matter contrast on MR images and the evolution of T2 relaxation time respectively. The brain maturation began in the posterior fossa and progressed to the olfactory bulbs corresponding to decreasing white matter T2 values. Relaxation parameters provide new opportunities to trace the myelination process in vivo.
Tumor necrosis factor‐alpha in serum of macaques during SIVmac251 acute infection
Authors: Clayette Pascal , Grand Roger Le , Noack Olivier , Vaslin Bruno , Naour Richard Le , Benveniste Olivier , Théodoro Frédéric , Frétier Philippe , Dormont Dominique
Published: September 2011

TNF secretion was explored in sera during acute SIV‐infection of cynomolgus macaques. A peak of TNF was detected in sera of animals in concomitance with SIV replication. Likewise, AZT treatment delayed and reduced peaks of viral replication and TNF production. Thus, SIVmac251‐infected monkey could be an excellent model to explore the interdigitation existing between HIV and TNF in acute and chronic infection and to develop new therapeutic strategies that target the production of this cytokine or its inductive effects.
Origins of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in macaques at The New England Regional Primate Research Center
Authors: Mansfield K.G. , Lerche N.W. , Gardner M.B. , Lackner A.A.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: A cohort of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), obtained from the California Regional Primate Research Center (CRPRC) and necropsied in 1970–72 with lesions suggestive of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, was identified at the New England Regional Primate Research Center (NERPRC). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequence analysis, and in situ hybridization were used to confirm the presence of SIV nucleic acids. This represents the earliest case of SIV infection at the NERPRC and suggests a common source for present day SIV isolates.
Effects of age, sex, and heredity on measures of bone mass in baboons (Papio hamadryas)
Authors: Kammerer Candace M. , Sparks Mary L. , Rogers Jeffrey
Published: September 2011

Abstract: Bone mass and bone density were estimated in 219 pedigreed baboons (Papio hamadryas) by radiographic morphometry of the left second metacarpal. Compact bone width (total bone width – medullary canal diameter) and bone ratio (compact bone width/total bone width) decreased with increasing age squared in both sexes. The heritability of medullary canal diameter was 0.64±0.11, of compact bone width was 0.40±0.15 and of bone ratio was 0.67±0.13. The results indicate baboons are a useful model for studies of age, sex and genetic effects on bone mass.
Arterial vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract in Macaca fascicularis (cynomologus monkey)
Authors: Orliaguet T. , Raynaud P. , Darcha C. , Vanneuville G.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: We describe the origin, course, and distribution of the arteries responsible for vascularization of the subdiaphragmatic gastrointestinal tract of Macaca fascicularis as well as the characteristics of the celiac trunk and the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries, studied in a series of 50 animals. Detailed knowledge of these systems is an essential requirement if experimental surgery is to be successfully performed in these laboratory animals.
Genotypic analysis of infant macaques infected transplacentally and orally
Authors: Amedee Angela Martin , Lacour Nedra , Martin Louis N. , Clements Janice E. , Bohm Rudolf B. , Davison Billie , Harrison Richard , Murphey‐Corb Michael
Published: September 2011

Abstract: The SIV‐infected macaque provides an excellent model to study factors involved in maternal‐fetal transmission of HIV. In our prenatal transmission studies, female macaques were inoculated intravenously during midgestation with either SIV/DeltaB670 or a combination of SIV/DeltaB670 and the macrophage‐tropic molecular clone SIV/17E‐Fr. The females harbored a genetically diverse virus population at parturition, whereas a single genotype from the maternal quasispecies was identified in the infants. One of two variants was transplacentally transmitted to the infants, SIV/17E‐Fr or B670‐Cl 12, a genotype contained within the SIV/DeltaB670 inoculum. Both of these variants have been identified in the central nervous system of macaques that have developed encephalitis and they replicate in vitro on primary rhesus macrophages. These results suggest a critical role for macrophages in fetal infection in utero. In our perinatal transmission studies we have evaluated the viral genotypes found in two newborn macaques infected orally with SIV/DeltaB670 and in one infant infected via amniotic inoculation in late gestation. More than one viral genotype was identified in each infant, moreover, each infant harbored different genotypes. These results suggest different mechanisms are responsible for viral infection via these routes.
Uterine epithelioid leiomyosarcoma in a pig‐tailed macaque
Authors: Birkebak T.A. , Wang N.P. , Weyhrich J.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: During ultrasonographic examination following spontaneous abortion, an approximately 6‐cm diameter mass of mixed echogenicity is detected in the uterine wall of a mature pig‐tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina). Grossly, the mass is associated with the uterine fundus, multilobulate and tan with red‐black mottled foci on cut surface. Microscopically, the invasive mass is composed of poorly differentiated round cells arranged in sheets and bundles supported by a fine fibrous stroma. On immunohistochemical evaluation, neoplastic cells contain vimentin, desmin, muscle actin, and smooth muscle α‐actin antigens and do not react with antibodies to low and high molecular‐weight cytokeratins. Cell morphology and immunohistochemical results indicate a diagnosis of epithelioid leiomyosarcoma (clear cell variant).
The glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, and renal blood flow in the adult male chacma baboon (Papio ursinus)
Authors: Evans J.P. , Candy G.P. , Veller M.G. , Esser J.D.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: The radionuclide determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) has been validated in man, but not in the primate. GFR, ERPF, and renal blood flow (RBF) were measured in a group of 12 adult male chacma baboons using radiopharmaceuticals. GFR was determined using 99mtechnetium‐labelled diethylenetriamine‐pentacetic acid. ERPF was measured with 131iodine‐labelled hippuran. RBF, body surface area, and kidney weights were calculated using standard formulae.

GFR was 49 ± 11 ml/min and ERPF was 237.9 ± 54.2 ml/min. Calculated RBF was 430.7 ± 111.9 ml/min and 507.4 ± 138.4 ml/min/100g of renal tissue.

The results are in agreement with those obtained using more laborious nonradioisotopic techniques such as para‐aminohippurate (PAH) and creatinine clearance and could serve as baseline normal values in the adult male chacma baboon.
Abnormal morphology of vervet monkey sperm
Authors: Seier J.V. , Horst G. vd , Laubscher R.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: Ejaculates of 14 colony‐bred and 14 wild‐caught vervet monkeys were examined for morphologically abnormal sperm. Sperm head abnormalities were rare in both groups, occurring at rates of 0.01–0.29%. Tail abnormalities predominated, particularly bent midpieces and coiled and folded tails, which all occurred at rates of 3.79–17.18%. Except for the nipple acrosome, there was no difference in the rate at which sperm abnormalities were found in both groups. Three abnormalities were found only in colony‐bred and three only in wild‐caught individuals.

Some common abnormalities, all affecting the tail, were highly variable in consecutive ejaculates from the same individuals.