bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local expression and distribution of a storage protein in the ovary ofHyphantria cunea
Authors: Cheon Hyang‐Mi , Kim Hong‐Ja , Chung Duck‐Hwa , Kim Myeong‐Ok , Park Joong‐Suk , Yun Chi‐Young , Seo Sook‐Jae
Published: October 2004

Storage protein‐1 (HcSP‐1) is a major storage protein found in the hemolymph and fat body ofHyphantria cunea. HcSP‐1 has a high methionine (6.0%) and low aromatic amino acid content (8.5%) (Cheon et al., 1998). In this study, the accumulation and expression of HcSP‐1 in ovary was investigated using biochemical and immunocytochemical methods. HcSP‐1 was detected in the ovaries in 6‐day‐old pupae and accumulated toward the end of pupal life, when HcSP‐1 transcripts were detectable by Northern blot analysis and RT‐PCR. In situ hybridization showed that the HcSP‐1 mRNA was located in the nurse cells and follicular epithelial cells, but not in the oocyte. Though most of the HcSP‐1 that is incorporated in the yolk bodies of the oocyte is probably sequestered from the surrounding hemolymph, HcSP‐1 is an important yolk protein contributing to early yolk body formation before the development of patency by the follicular epithelium. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 48:111–120, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of alternating low frequency magnetic fields on reactivity of central dopamine receptors in neonatal 6‐hydroxydopamine treated rats
Authors: Sieroń Aleksander , Brus Ryszard , Szkilnik Ryszard , Plech Andrzej , Kubański Norbert , Cieślar Grzegorz
Published: October 2004

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF MF) on the reactivity of the central dopamine D1 receptor in rats with dopamine neurons chemically damaged by 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA), an animal model of human's Parkinson's disease. The experiment was carried out on male Wistar rats. On day 3 of postnatal life, a lasting and selective chemical damage of the central dopamine system was induced in the rats by infusion of 6‐OHDA HBr (133.4 μg intracerebroventricular, base form) given bilaterally into lateral ventricles of the brain. Control animals received similar treatments injecting only vehicle. At 2 months of age, both 6‐OHDA treated and control rats were randomly divided into two groups. Rats from the first group were exposed to 10 Hz sinusoidal, 1.8–3.8 mT magnetic field one hour daily for 14 days. Rats of the second group were sham exposed, with the applicator solenoid turned off. On the day after the final exposure the evaluations were made of the rat's spontaneous irritability, oral activity, and catalepsy. The MF exposed rat with chemically induced dopamine neurons damage exhibited a reduction of irritability and oral activity when stimulated with SKF 38393 (the agonist of central dopamine D1 receptor) and some increase of catalepsy after administration of SCH 23390(the antagonist of central dopamine D1 receptor). These results indicate that ELF MF reduce the reactivity of central dopamine D1 receptors in rats. Bioelectromagnetics 22:479–486, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulsed electromagnetic fields affect the intracellular calcium concentrations in human astrocytoma cells
Authors: Pessina G.P. , Aldinucci C. , Palmi M. , Sgaragli G. , Benocci A. , Meini A , Pessina F.
Published: October 2004

Experiments assessed whether long term exposure to 50 Hz pulsed electromagnetic fields with a peak magnetic field of 3 mT can alter the dynamics of intracellular calcium in human astrocytoma U‐373 MG cells. Pretreatment of cells with 1.2 μM substance P significantly increased the [Ca2+]i. The same effect was also observed when [Ca2+]i was evaluated in the presence of 20 mM caffeine. After exposure to electromagnetic fields the basal [Ca2+]i levels increased significantly from 143 ± 46 nM to 278 ± 125 nM. The increase was also evident after caffeine addition, but in cells treated with substance P and substance P + caffeine we observed a [Ca2+]i decrease after exposure. When we substituted calcium‐free medium for normal medium immediately before the [Ca2+]i measurements, the [Ca2+]i was similar to that measured in the presence of Ca2+. In this case, after EMFs exposure of cells treated with substance P, the [Ca2+]i, measured without and with addition of caffeine, declined from 824 ± 425 to 38 ± 13 nM and from 1369 ± 700 to 11 ± 4 nM, respectively, indicating that electromagnetic fields act either on intracellular Ca2+ stores or on the plasma membrane. Moreover the electromagnetic fields that affected [Ca2+]i did not cause cell proliferation or cell death and the proliferation indexes remained unchanged after exposure. Bioelectromagnetics 22:503–510, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solutions and linearization of the nonlinear dynamics of radiation damping
Authors: Rourke David E.
Published: October 2004

The techniques of Painlevé analysis and Lie algebra analysis were applied to the nonlinear Bloch equations with radiation damping. Painlevé analysis is useful in finding when explicit solutions exist to a nonlinear system. It was applied to the radiation‐damped system with damping time Tr, and with T1 and T2 relaxation, but with no externally applied radiofrequency (RF) pulse. Two cases were identified where explicit solutions could be found. The first case (1/T1=0) is well known, the second case (1/T1=1/Tr + 1/T2) is apparently not previously known. Lie algebra analysis was used to show that the system with no relaxation, but with an externally applied RF pulse, could be transformed into a linear system. This simplifies the forward problem of finding the magnetization response to a given pulse. It also allows the inverse problem to be solved, where the pulse is calculated to result in a given magnetization response as functions of both resonance offset and radiation damping time. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 14: 112–129, 2002
Macroscopic molecular diffusion in liquid NMR, revisited
Authors: Jeener J.
Published: October 2004

This paper has three independent parts. First, Torrey's treatment of molecular diffusion in NMR is directly extended to polyatomic molecules by the introduction of a position‐dependent average density operator. Second, some improvement is proposed for the study of “abnormal” diffusion by spin–echo experiments, by directly answering the following question: “Which statistical properties of the molecular motion are directly measured in simple spin–echo experiments”? Third, a simple numerical technique is proposed for the prediction of the effects of diffusion in spin echo experiments of the CRAZED type, in which the relevant dipolar field inhomogeneities have the spatial periodicity of the magnetization helix. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 14: 79–88, 2002
Michel‐Eugène Chevreul: From laws and principles to the production of colour plates
Authors: Viénot Françoise
Published: October 2004

Michel‐Eugène Chevreul (1786–1889) did major scientific work in the fields of chemistry and colour and pioneered the study of simultaneous contrast. His book De la loi du contraste simultané des couleurs (The Principles of Harmony and Contrast of Colours) was published in 1839. Here, his studies pertained to simultaneous contrast, when two or more colours seen contiguously are influenced in brightness and/or in hue, and on successive contrast, when afterimages modify colour perception. He also investigated the mixed contrast that appeared in tapestries in which a mixture of colours was obtained by the plying of yarn or by hatching. Later, he reported on the influence exerted on vision by coloured objects in circular motion around an axis perpendicular to their plane (1879). Many examples and numerous experimental checks documented in his books supported his demonstration of contrast. Of particular interest are the colour plates attached to the books. Another significant work by Chevreul was a three‐dimensional colour classification system (1864), after which he manufactured a colour atlas showing colour circles and monochrome lightness scales. Data are presented from recent measurements of Chevreul's atlas circles and plates, and there is a discussion of his choice of complementary colours. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 4–14, 2002
Overtraining in back‐propagation neural networks: A CRT color calibration example
Authors: Alman David H. , Ningfang Liao
Published: October 2004

A condition of overtraining a back‐propagation neural network exists when excessive model degrees of freedom are used in network training. A CRT color calibration experiment was done to illustrate methods to avoid an overtrained condition in model development. Cross‐validation, in which the experimental data are split into parameter‐training and independent‐test data sets, is advocated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 122–125, 2002; DOI 10.1002/col.10027
The dynamic process of apoptosis analyzed by flow cytometry using Annexin‐V/propidium iodide and a modified in situ end labeling technique
Authors: Span L.F.R. , Pennings A.H.M. , Vierwinden G. , Boezeman J.B.M. , Raymakers R.A.P. , de Witte T.
Published: October 2004

Background

To study the apoptotic process in time, we used the following flow cytometric (FCM) techniques: phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation by Annexin‐V (AnV), DNA fragmentation by in situ end labeling (ISEL), and propidium iodide (PI) staining. Because PS translocation is assumed to be an early feature of programmed cell death (PCD), we questioned if AnV positivity implies inevitable cell death.

Methods

Apoptosis was induced in Jurkat cells by γ‐irradiation, incubation with camptothecin (CPT), or cytosine β‐D‐arabinofuranoside (Ara‐C). At different time intervals, PCD was quantified by AnV/PI and ISEL. To analyze the influence of cell handling procedures on PCD, we applied these three FCM techniques on CD34+ bone marrow (BM) stem cells after selection and after a freeze‐thaw procedure. Various AnV/PI− CD34+ fractions were cultured in a single‐cell single‐well (SCSW) assay.

Results

Jurkat cells under three different detrimental conditions showed essentially the same pattern of apoptosis in time. Initially developed AnV+/PI− cells subsequently (within 1 h) showed ISEL positivity, after which they turned into AnV+/PI++ cells with even higher levels of ISEL positivity (80–90%). Eventually, they lost some of their PI and ISEL positivity and formed the AnV+/PI+ fraction. Cell handling of CD34+ cells caused high and variable AnV+/PI− fractions (overall range 23–62%). Within total AnV+ and AnV+/PI− populations, only a minority of CD34+ cells showed ISEL positivity (range 4–8% and 0.8–6%, respectively). Different fractions of AnV+/PI− CD34+ cells did have clonogenic capacity.

Conclusions

PCD of cell suspensions in vitro can be followed accurately in time by these three FCM techniques. PS translocation is followed rapidly (within 1 h) by oligo‐nucleosomal DNA fragmentation, after which cell (and nuclear) membrane leakage occurs. Detection of PS asymmetry by AnV‐fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) is not always associated with (inevitable) apoptosis, as can be concluded from the proliferative capacity of AnV+ /PI− CD34+ cells in the SCSW assay. Cytometry 47:24–31, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical utility of CD23 and FMC7 antigen coexistent expression in B‐cell lymphoproliferative disorder subclassification
Authors: Ahmad Ejaz , Garcia Diana , Davis Bruce H.
Published: October 2004

Background: CD23 and FMC7 are normal B‐cell antigens utilized during diagnostic immunophenotyping of suspected lymphoproliferative disorders. However, the diagnostic utility of coexistent antigenic expression patterns with simultaneous two‐color staining and flow cytometric analysis has not been studied extensively. Methods: Using multiparameter flow cytometry, we evaluated the expression pattern of FMC7 and CD23 in 218 cases of B‐cell lymphoma from blood and bone marrow specimens. Results: The CD23(+)/FMC7(‐) pattern was the most common pattern in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and related variants. The widest variation of patterns was found in patients with follicular cell lymphoma, large cell lymphoma, and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, a lymphoplasmacytoid disorder, although most cases expressed the CD23‐/FMC7(+) pattern. The CD23 and FMC7 antigen, along with the CD5 coexpression pattern, provides critical adjunctive data. These data allow accurate classification of the majority of cases, thereby providing a key aspect of a reliable diagnostic algorithm. The CD23 and FMC7 antigen expression pattern, along with selected other antigens, was predictive of subtypes in >95% of lymphoproliferative cases and narrowed the differential diagnosis in the remaining cases. Conclusion: The flow cytometric CD23/FMC7 expression pattern achieved by multicolor immunophenotyping facilitates accurate and reproducible classification of B‐cell lymphomas and has diagnostic utility. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:1–7, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel cell surface antigen, 4C8, is expressed on human eosinophils
Authors: Aoyama Yasutaka , Yamane Takahisa , Hino Masayuki , Ohta Kensuke , Suzuki Kenichi , Kitagawa Seiichi , Masuyama Jun‐ichi , Tatsumi Noriyuki
Published: October 2004

Background: A novel monoclonal antibody, anti‐4C8, reacted with human peripheral lymphocytes and monocytes but not with neutrophils. In this study, we investigated whether the 4C8 antigen is expressed on human peripheral eosinophils. Methods: Expression of the 4C8 antigen on eosinophils was analyzed by flow cytometry and molecular analysis of the antigen was performed with eosinophils by Western blotting. Results: Among human peripheral granulocytes, the 4C8 antigen was expressed on CD16‐negative cells but not on CD16‐positive cells. The 4C8 antigen also appeared to be expressed on eosinophils. To confirm the latter finding, eosinophils were purified from peripheral blood. On flow cytometric analysis, anti‐4C8 antibody reacted with purified eosinophils. On Western blotting analysis, anti‐4C8 reacted with a single band of 80 kDa in lysates from purified eosinophils. The correlation between the percentage of eosinophils determined by May‐Giemsa staining and the percentage of 4C8‐positive/CD16‐negative cells among granulocytes was good (r = 0.91, P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Only a few cell surface antigens are available to distinguish human peripheral eosinophils from neutrophils. The novel cell surface antigen, 4C8, is a useful new marker of human eosinophils. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:8–13, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of EDTA and heparin on lipopolysaccharide binding and cell activation, evaluated at single‐cell level in whole blood
Authors: Coló Brunialti Milena Karina , Kallás Esper Georges , Freudenberg Marina , Galanos Chris , Salomao Reinaldo
Published: October 2004

Background: The use of whole blood (WB) in studying lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced cellular activation preserves the milieu in which LPS‐cell interaction occurs in vivo. However, little information is available on using such a system at a single‐cell level. We evaluated LPS binding and cell activation in WB by using flow cytometry. The influence of heparin or EDTA as anticoagulants was also addressed. Methods: Blood was obtained from healthy donors in EDTA and/or heparin tubes. Biotinylated LPS (LPSb) was used to evaluate cell binding of LPS in WB. Cells were surface stained with appropriate antibodies and LPSb was detected by adding streptavidin‐allophycocyanin (APC). LPS‐induced activation was evaluated by the expression of surface activation markers and by the detection of intracellular tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α). Results: LPSb bound promptly to monocytes in EDTA‐ and heparin‐treated blood. In EDTA‐treated blood, membrane‐bound LPSb decreased after 60 min of incubation, whereas it remained detectable in heparinized blood during the 6 h of incubation. LPS induced TNF‐α and enhanced the expression of HLA‐DR in monocytes, as well as the expression of CD69 in T and B lymphocytes. Induction of both TNF‐α in monocytes and CD69 in lymphocytes was more efficient in heparinized blood. Conclusion: Detection of membrane‐bound LPSb on monocytes differed in EDTA or heparin‐treated blood, and cell activation was better obtained in heparinized blood. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:14–18, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Walker tumor cells express larger amounts of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl‐2 and presents higher resistance to toxic concentrations of Ca2+ than the tumor cells K 562
Authors: Milani Graziela , Kowaltowski Alicia J. , Saad Sara T.O. , Metze Konradin , Vercesi Anibal E.
Published: October 2004

Ca2+ homeostasis was studied in two tumor cell lines (Walker 256 and K 562) previously shown to exhibit different mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation capacity. When intact, both cells present cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations within the range expected for mammalian cells, as determined through fura‐2 fluorescence ratios. In order to study intracellular Ca2+ distribution, digitonin was used to permeabilize the plasma membrane without affecting intracellular organelle structure, as assessed using electron microscopy. Digitonin‐permeabilized Walker 256 cells incubated with Ca2+ presented uptake of the cation exclusively through mitochondrial activity. In addition, very large Ca2+ loads were necessary to promote a disruption of Walker 256 mitochondrial membrane potential. K 562 cells presented active Ca2+ uptake through both nonmitochondrial and mitochondrial compartments and suffered disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential at lower Ca2+ loads than Walker 256 mitochondria. The higher Ca2+ resistance in Walker 256 cells could be attributed to Bcl‐2 overexpression, as evidenced by immunocytochemical staining. Thus, we correlate natural Bcl‐2 overexpression, observed in Walker 256 cells, with higher resistance to mitochondrial Ca2+ overload, as was shown previously in mitochondria from cells transfected with the bcl‐2 gene. Drug Dev. Res. 52:508–514, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radioresistant Burkitt’s lymphoma cells exhibit defective MAPK signalling
Authors: Michael‐Robinson Julie M. , Spring Kevin J. , Lavin Martin F. , Watters Dianne J.
Published: October 2004

Using a pair of isogenic Burkitt’s lymphoma cell lines, one of which is sensitive (BL30A) and the other resistant (BL30K) to apoptosis induced by ionising radiation and exogenous ceramide, we investigated mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling to determine which members of this kinase family are involved in the apoptotic process in these cells. We have previously shown that BL30A cells produce ceramide after irradiation and that this does not occur in BL30K cells (Michael et al. [1997] Cancer Res 57:3600–3605). We show that p38 MAPK is activated transiently in both cells after ionising radiation. On the other hand, although JNK is rapidly activated in both cells, this activation is only transient in the resistant cells, whereas in the sensitive cells the activation is sustained. Addition of exogenous ceramide resulted in only a transient activation of JNK in both cells. Interestingly, ERK activity was decreased in BL30A cells after ceramide treatment, whereas no such decrease occurred in the resistant cells. Treatment of BL30A cells with phorbol ester before irradiation, which blocks the increase in ceramide and apoptosis, also prevents the sustained increase in JNK activity. At the same time, ERK activity is increased. Our results suggest that p38 MAPK is not required for apoptosis signalling in response to ionising radiation in Burkitt’s lymphoma cells and that sustained activation of JNK is necessary for apoptosis in these cells. These results also support the hypothesis that a balance between JNK and ERK activity determines cell fate after exposure to ceramide or ionising radiation. In addition, our results suggest different signalling pathways from exogenous ceramide and radiation, supporting the concept of different intracellular pools of active ceramide. Drug Dev. Res. 52:534–541, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dissecting the apoptotic mechanisms of chemotherapeutic drugs and lymphocytes to design effective anticancer therapies
Authors: Ruefli Astrid A. , Davis Joanne E. , Sutton Vivien R. , Trapani Joseph A. , Smyth Mark J. , Johnstone Ricky W.
Published: October 2004

It has now been demonstrated that chemotherapeutic drugs and killer cells can activate both common and unique programmed cell death pathways to effectively eliminate tumor cells. Although chemotherapy and radiation treatments are effective methods of reducing tumor burden, minimal residual disease often enables the recurrence and emergence of more resistant and aggressive tumors. Immune cells have evolved over millions of years to discriminate self from nonself and to destroy cells that harbor pathogens. Therefore, enhancing innate immune response in combination with chemotherapy or irradiation may offer improved treatment of many cancers—in particular, hematological malignancies. Better understanding and dissection of cell death pathways may advance the development of more effective chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic therapies that can activate specific apoptotic pathways to overcome the antiapoptotic effects of tumorigenic genetic mutations. Drug Dev. Res. 52:549–557, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proapoptotic plasma membrane pore: P2X7 receptor
Authors: Morelli Anna , Ferrari Davide , Bolognesi Giorgio , Rizzuto Rosario , Virgilio Francesco Di
Published: October 2004

ATP is not only the universal currency of energy metabolism but also a ubiquitous extracellular messenger. Among its many effects the ability to trigger cell death has attracted considerable interest. The plasma membrane receptor responsible for this effect has been cloned and shown to belong to the P2X family (P2X7). The P2X7 receptor is a plasma membrane ion channel that, under certain conditions, can grow to form a nonselective pore. Prolonged opening of this receptor is a potent apoptotic stimulus for several cell types. The main mechanism responsible for this deadly effect seems to reside in the drastic upset of the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ as well as K+. The loss of intracellular K+ has a permissive effect on the progression of apoptosis by causing the activation of key proapoptotic enzymes such as caspase 3 and NUC18. The P2X7 receptor could be an interesting model for the study of apoptotic pathways triggered by plasma membrane channels. Drug Dev. Res. 52:571–578, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term protection of brain tissue from cerebral ischemia by peripherally administered peptidomimetic caspase inhibitors
Authors: Deckwerth Thomas L. , Adams Lisa M. , Wiessner Christoph , Allegrini Peter R. , Rudin Markus , Sauter Andre , Hengerer Bastian , Sayers Robert O. , Rovelli Giorgio , Aja Teresa , May Rachel , Nalley Kip , Linton Steve , Karanewsky Donald S. , Wu Joe C. , Roggo Silvio , Schmitz Albert , Contreras Patricia C. , Tomaselli Kevin J.
Published: October 2004

Apoptotic cell death occurs in the injured and diseased central nervous system. It is mediated by a family of caspases, which are activated by the lethal stimulus and cleave multiple protein substrates that are critical for cell viability. Previous studies demonstrated that caspase‐mediated apoptotic cell death contributes to the loss of brain tissue after experimental cerebral ischemia and that peptidic caspase inhibitors can be efficacious in reducing infarct size after icv administration. Here we present the novel small molecule peptidomimetic caspase inhibitor IDN5370/CGP82630, which belongs to the structural class of oxoazepinoindoline caspase inhibitors. It is 10–100‐fold more potent than current peptidic inhibitors in inhibiting multiple caspases in vitro and promoting neuronal survival. IDN5370 and a derivative, IDN7866, were tested for their ability to reduce infarct size after permanent and transient cerebral ischemia. When administered icv to rats subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), IDN5370 significantly reduced cortical infarct as measured by magnetic resonance imaging at 2 days after artery occlusion. Protection of brain tissue persisted for 28 days after artery occlusion. To determine whether compounds of this structural class could reduce infarct size after peripheral administration, IDN7866, which penetrates the blood–brain barrier and inhibits caspase 3 in situ in the hippocampus after kainate‐induced seizures, was administered iv in both permanent and transient MCAO models. Infarct size was reduced significantly in both models 24 h after artery occlusion. These results demonstrate that peripherally administered peptidomimetic caspase inhibitors can attenuate brain injury after cerebral ischemia and confer a long‐lasting protective effect on the infarcted brain tissue. Drug Dev. Res. 52:579–586, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Griseofulvin: Interaction with normal and subtilisin‐treated tubulin
Authors: Chaudhuri Asish Ray , Ludueña Richard F.
Published: October 2004

Griseofulvin, an antifungal drug, possesses antimitotic activity by inhibiting microtubule assembly. The interaction of griseofulvin with tubulin is unique in that it increases the sulfhydryl titer of tubulin without affecting the hydrophobic areas. Because the C‐terminal regions of both α‐ and β‐tubulin influence the conformational and the drug‐binding properties of tubulin, we decided to study the interaction of griseofulvin with αβ tubulin and tubulin treated with subtilisin to selectively remove the C‐terminal regions from both the α‐ and β‐subunits (αsβs). We found that the apparent Kd of griseofulvin for αsβs tubulin (83 μM) was virtually unaltered compared to its Kd for αβ tubulin (91 μM) as determined by the tryptophan fluorescence quenching assay. The increment of the sulfhydryl titer (0.47 mol/mol) by griseofulvin was not affected by removing the C‐termini from the α‐ and β‐subunits. Moreover, the lack of effect of griseofulvin on the hydrophobic areas was not changed after the cleavage of the C‐termini of the α‐ and β‐subunits. These data therefore strongly suggest that griseofulvin binds at a certain region of tubulin distant from the C‐terminal domains of the α‐ and β‐subunits and that the C‐terminal domains of both subunits do not have any conformational influence over the binding site of griseofulvin. Determining the binding site of griseofulvin will help in understanding its role in regulating microtubule assembly and dynamics. Drug Dev. Res. 53:44–49, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two Na,K‐ATPase β2 subunit isoforms are differentially expressed within the central nervous system and sensory organs during zebrafish embryogenesis
Authors: Rajarao Johannes R. , Canfield Victor A. , Loppin Benjamin , Thisse Bernard , Thisse Christine , Yan Yi‐Lin , Postlethwait John H. , Levenson Robert
Published: October 2004

We have identified cDNAs encoding a second zebrafish ortholog of the human Na,K‐ATPase β2 subunit. The β2b cDNA encodes a 292 amino acid‐long polypeptide with 74% identity to the previously characterized zebrafish β2a subunit. By using a zebrafish meiotic mapping panel, we determined that the β2b gene (atp1b2b) was tightly linked to markers on linkage group 5, whereas the β2a gene was located on linkage group 23. In situ hybridization analysis shows that in developing zebrafish embryos, atp1b2a and atp1b2b are predominantly expressed in the nervous system. β2a transcripts were abundantly expressed throughout brain as well as spinal cord neurons and lateral line ganglia. In contrast, β2b mRNA expression was primarily detected in sensory organs, including retina, otic vesicles, and lateral line neuromast cells. These results suggest that the β2a and β2b genes play distinct roles in developing brain and sensory organs, and raise the possibility that the functions encoded by the single mammalian β2 gene may be partitioned between the two zebrafish β2 orthologs. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temporal sequence of gene expression leading caudal prosencephalon to develop a midbrain/hindbrain phenotype
Authors: Hidalgo‐Sánchez Matías , Alvarado‐Mallart Rosa‐Magda
Published: October 2004

Transplantation of prosomeres 1‐2 into the cerebellar plate were used, by using chick/quail chimeras, to analyse the temporal sequence of the genetic cascade leading the graft to develop a midbrain/hindbrain phenotype. Our results show that (1) at Hamburger and Hamilton (HH) stage 13, Pax2 and En2 are already induced within the graft, before all other genes of the cascade, whereas misexpression of Fgf8 is also observed within the contiguous host cerebellar plate; (2) within the graft, Otx2 repression and Gbx2 induction (see Hidalgo‐Sánchez et al. [1999] Development 126:3191–3203) are secondary events that affect, from stages HH14–15, the areas in contact with the host Gbx2/Fgf8‐expressing cerebellar plate; (3) at these stages, the repressed Otx2 territory extends beyond the areas induced to express Gbx2, with the two territories not abutting before HH17–18; (4) Fgf8 expression becomes progressively induced within the Otx2‐repressed/Gbx2‐induced territory, starting at HH15–16. Our results support the hypothesis that the host‐Gbx2/graft‐Otx2 interface could trigger the genetic cascade induced within the graft and that the Gbx2‐induced domain could play a key role during the establishment of the induced intragraft midbrain/hindbrain boundary. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PDGF‐a/PDGF alpha‐receptor signaling is required for lung growth and the formation of alveoli but not for early lung branching morphogenesis
Authors: Boström Hans , Gritli‐Linde Amel , Betsholtz Christer
Published: October 2004

Platelet‐derived growth factors (PDGF) constitute a family of four gene products (PDGF‐A–D) acting by means of two receptor tyrosine kinases, PDGFRα and β. Three of the ligands (PDGF‐A, ‐B, and ‐C) bind to PDGFRα with high affinity. Knockout of pdgf‐a in mice has demonstrated a role for PDGF‐A in the recruitment of smooth muscle cells to the alveolar sacs and their further compartmentalization into alveoli. Although this is a late, postnatal step in lung development, pdgf‐a antisense oligonucleotides were previously shown to inhibit epithelial branching in rat lung explants in vitro, which reflects an early embryonic process. These conflicting results may be explained by substitution of genetic loss of pdgf‐a by maternal transfer of PDGF‐A to the knockout embryo or the presence of other PDGFRα agonists (PDGF‐B and ‐C) in vivo, potentially masking an effect of PDGF‐A on branching morphogenesis. Alternatively, the administration of pdgf‐a antisense oligonucleotides affected other processes than the intended. To discriminate between these opposing possibilities, we have analyzed lung development in pdgfrα −/− embryos and lung primordia grown in vitro. Our analysis shows that, while the pdgfrα −/− lungs and explanted lung rudiments were smaller than normal, branching morphogenesis appears qualitatively intact and proceeds until at least embryonic day 15.5, generating both prospective conducting and respiratory airways. We conclude that, although PDGF‐AA signaling over PDGFRα may have direct or indirect roles in overall lung growth, it does not specifically control early branching of the lung epithelium. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Importance of size in defining binge eating episodes in bulimia nervosa
Authors: Keel Pamela K. , Mayer Stephanie A. , Harnden‐Fischer Jennifer H.
Published: October 2004

Objective

This study sought to determine if amount of food consumed is important in defining binge eating episodes in individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN).

Method

Women (N = 30) with DSM‐IV BN (OBN) and women (N = 25) who would have met DSM‐IV criteria for BN except that their binge episodes were not objectively large (SBN) were recruited from the community. Subjects completed telephone interviews and questionnaires.

Results

Results demonstrated no significant differences between women with OBN and SBN in levels of dietary restraint, disinhibition, or hunger; no significant differences in general psychopathology; and significant differences in frequency of binge/purge episodes and impulsiveness. Differences in impulsiveness remained after controlling for frequency of binge/purge episodes.

Discussion

These results partially validate current diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa and elucidate one factor, impulsiveness, that may be important in understanding objective binge episodes in bulimia nervosa. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 294–301, 2001.
Blind adaptive detection using differential CMA for CDMA systems
Authors: Miyajima Teruyuki
Published: October 2004

In this paper, we consider the application of adaptive linear filters adjusted by stochastic gradient algorithms to the suppression of multiple‐access interference in DS/CDMA communications. It is pointed out that the linearly constrained constant modulus algorithm (LCCMA) cannot converge to the optimum point if the desired user magnitude is less than a critical value. Next, we propose to use the linearly constrained differential constant modulus algorithm (LCDCMA), and show that the LCDCMA always converges to the optimum point regardless of the desired user magnitude. Several simulation results show the following three points. First, the LCDCMA provides better performance than existing algorithms because the variance of the weight vector adjusted by the LCDCMA is less than that by existing algorithms. Second, the LCDCMA is relatively insensitive to the estimation error of the desired signal vector. Third, the LCDCMA combined with a blind channel estimation algorithm is useful. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(1): 1–13, 2002
Investigation of not‐in‐phase synchronization on coupled system of four oscillators
Authors: Sekiya Hiroo , Yoshinaga Tetsuya , Moro Seiichiro , Mori Shinsaku , Sasase Iwao
Published: October 2004

Recently, synchronization phenomena on four three‐dimensional chaotic oscillators full‐coupled by capacitors have been investigated. In this system, four‐phase synchronization can be observed. Four‐phase synchronization means that a pair of anti‐phase synchronizations are locked at 90°, and are never observed in the coupled system of van der Pol oscillators. However, there has been no theoretical discussion of the conditions for generating a locked pair of anti‐phase synchronizations, such as four‐phase synchronization on coupled identical oscillators. In this paper, we give the necessary and sufficient conditions for generating an independent pair of anti‐phase synchronizations in the coupled system of four oscillators with odd functions as nonlinear characteristics. The systems that do not satisfy the conditions generate a locked pair of anti‐phase synchronizations. Therefore, it is the first theoretical clarification of generating a locked pair of anti‐phase synchronizations. We investigate the synchronization phenomena on the coupled system of three‐dimensional oscillators and indicate the validity of the necessary and sufficient conditions. When each oscillator oscillates with direct components, when there are variables having direct components in the coupling terms, and when direct components of oscillations synchronized at anti‐phase are equal in amplitude, the system loses symmetry, which is the condition for generating an independent pair of anti‐phase synchronizations. Carrying out numerical calculations, we confirm the generation of four‐phase synchronization and in‐ and anti‐phase synchronization. In particular, generation of stable in‐ and anti‐phase synchronization is the first observation. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(2): 1–12, 2002
Wavelet‐based image coding using all‐pass filters
Authors: Kamimura Seiya , Zhang Xi , Yoshikawa Toshinori
Published: October 2004

FIR wavelet filters are mainly used in conventional wavelet‐based image coding. However, FIR filters, except for the Haar wavelet, cannot satisfy both the exactly linear phase and orthonormality conditions. For example, the well‐known Daubechies‐9/7 wavelet is biorthogonal. In this paper, an effective implementation of the all‐pass‐based wavelet filters is presented for wavelet‐based image coding. Since all‐pass filters are IIR, both the exactly linear phase and orthonormality conditions can be simultaneously satisfied, so that better compression performance can be expected. Also, IIR filters can be realized with a lower computational complexity than can FIR filters. Finally, the proposed IIR wavelet filters are evaluated by using SPIHT to compress the practical images, and the influence of the all‐pass filters and delay elements on the compression performance is investigated. It is shown through the experimental results that the IIR wavelet filters proposed in this paper have a lower computational complexity than the Daubechies‐9/7 wavelet, with a comparable compression performance. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(2): 13–21, 2002
A realization of oversampled cosine modulated filter banks with perfect reconstruction
Authors: Itami Fumio , Watanabe Eiji , Nishihara Akinori , Yanagisawa Takeshi
Published: October 2004

In the design of filter banks, the cosine‐modulated filter bank (CMFB) has drawn attention due to reduced computational overhead and case of design. In the conventional design method for a linear‐phase CMFB, delay elements are added to the transfer function in order to realize the paraunitary property. Therefore, the polyphase structure carries out the rate transformation in two steps and the computation of the prototype filter is executed in a form where the rate is not completely reduced. Hence, the scheme is not optimum in terms of the computational overhead per unit time. Also, the splitting shape of the linear‐phase split filter is a special one and is not equally split. In consideration of the above, a new method of realization is considered in this paper for an oversampled linear‐phase CMFB. In its realization, reduction of the overall computation overhead is considered. At the same time, a transfer function with an equally split shape is presented. From the proposed transfer function, a polyphase structure is derived in which the computation is possible with a completely reduced rate for an arbitrary integer sampling. In realization of the perfect reconstruction, a method is proposed in which the paraunitary property is removed and the synthesis side can be constructed with a small amount of computation. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(2): 32–42, 2002
Optimal Backup Policies for a Database System with Incremental Backup
Authors: Qian Cunhua , Nakamura Syouji , Nakagawa Toshio
Published: October 2004

When the data of a database are frequently updated, the operation of incremental or cumulative backup is usually adopted so as to make the backup copies efficiently. Such backups are suitably executed between the operations of complete backup for most mass database systems. This paper considers three backup policies for two schemes of export backup in a database system: The reliability measures of these policies are derived, using the theory of cumulative processes. Comparisons between two schemes of export backup are made. Specifically, an optimal backup scheme and an optimal time of a full backup are discussed. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(4): 1–9, 2002
A Method for Changing Sound‐Image Position Using the Linear Loudspeaker Array and Two‐Dimensional FIR Digital Filter
Authors: Nishikawa Kiyoshi , Yokoyama Tetsuya , Miyagishi Mikiko
Published: October 2004

In this paper, the problem of sound‐image control is considered as that of wave front shape of the acoustic beam radiated from a speaker array. A method is proposed for realizing the sound‐image control in an acoustic beam by providing the necessary delay characteristics to a two‐dimensional FIR filter as the group delay. The filter design is carried out by means of a two‐dimensional Fourier series approximation in which the fan‐shaped passband amplitude is specified for formation of the radiation pattern in addition to the required group delay. It is found that the degree of approximation in the filter design can be improved substantially by making the radius of the circle set for modification infinite. Further, the center of the circle forms a focal point as in an optical system and this point becomes a virtual sound source and hence the position of the sound image. The wave is expanding in a manner of concentric circles from this point. The width of the acoustic beam generated from this sound image is determined by the spread of the speaker array and the position of the sound image. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(4): 20–31, 2002
Approximation of multiplicatively weighted crystal growth Voronoi diagram and its application
Authors: Kobayashi Kei , Sugihara Kokichi
Published: October 2004

A multiplicatively weighted crystal growth Voronoi diagram is a type of planar segmentation diagram that can result when crystals grow at different speeds from several points. In this paper, we first define a multiplicatively weighted crystal growth Voronoi diagram, discuss its properties, and find the analytic solution for the simple case. The approximate solution method for the complex case is constructed by using a difference method for partial differential equations called the fast marching method. Then the multiplicatively weighted crystal growth Voronoi diagram is used to construct a technique for optimum path planning of competing mobile robots. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(6): 21–31, 2002
A novel slip‐power recovery system using a PWM boost rectifier
Authors: Hoshi Nobukazu , Oguchi Kuniomi
Published: October 2004

A novel compact slip‐power recovery system having sinusoidal rotor currents is proposed. In this system, a PWM boost rectifier is used as a substitute for a diode rectifier and a boost chopper in a conventional compact slip‐power recovery system. The conventional compact system has the disadvantage that it has a rectangular rotor current, and a motor torque with large ripple, because a diode rectifier remains in the system. Also, the rotor current cannot reach the current reference value near the synchronous speed, because the voltage drop caused by the resistance of the semiconductor devices and so on cannot be neglected when the rotor voltage becomes smaller near the synchronous speed. The use of the system proposed in this paper has solved these problems. The effectiveness of the proposed system was verified through computer simulations and experiments. As a result, the proposed system brings the sinusoidal rotor current, the small torque ripple, and wide controllable range near the synchronous speed. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 139(2): 52–60, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.10012
Electronic and optical properties of liquid‐crystalline poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) derivatives and their functional application
Authors: Onoda Mitsuyoshi , Tada Kazuya , Ozaki Masanori , Yoshino Katsumi
Published: October 2004

Poly(2‐methoxy, 5‐(4‐decyloxy‐biphenyl‐4‐′(1,10‐dioxydecane))‐p‐phenylene vinylene), MDBD‐PPV, with a long side chain containing alkoxybiphenyl mesogenic unit has been synthesized and its electrical and optical properties have been investigated. This polymer showed a microscopic texture typical to the liquid‐crystalline phase and a sharp X‐ray diffraction peak due to the smectic layer structure. The band gap of MDBD‐PPV in the liquid‐crystalline phase has been estimated to be about 2.3 eV. An electroluminescent (EL) device has been fabricated using this liquid‐crystalline polymer, MDBD‐PPV, as an emissive layer and the polarity effect has been observed in the emission spectra of this EL device. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(3): 1–8, 2002
Numerical analysis of effects of electric field and pulse duration on discharge DeNOx performance
Authors: Ito Kohei , Hagiwara Katuyuki , Nakaura Hiroyuki , Onda Kazuo , Tanaka Hidekazu
Published: October 2004

By virtue of its comparatively high denitrification (deNOx) efficiency and its compactness, the pulsed‐discharge deNOx process is considered to be one of the deNOx processes suitable for combustion gas. However, there has been insufficient clear guidance on the optimum electric field, pulse duration, and pulse repetition frequency, and no clear understanding of pulsed‐discharge deNOx process. In this study, we have simulated the pulsed‐discharge deNOx process by solving the Boltzmann equation for discharge electrons and the deNOx chemical reaction equations simultaneously, and we have shown the time change of chemical species concentration, extracting the main deNOx reactions. The simulation shows that the pulsed‐discharge deNOx process consists of two processes, the reduction of NO to N2 by N radicals and the oxidation of NO to HNO3 and HNO2 by OH and O radicals, and that the amounts of radicals produced and consumed are governed by parameters such as the electric field, pulse duration, and pulse repetition frequency. In our simulation, such parameters are varied widely to examine their quantitative effect on the deNOx energy consumption, NxOy removal efficiency, and reduction ratio in the discharge deNOx process. The preliminary pulsed‐discharge deNOx performance is estimated from our simulation, indicating that the discharge deNOx process has almost the same performance as the electron‐beam deNOx process. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 139(2): 1–11, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.1149
A data mining method for short‐term load forecasting in power systems
Authors: Mori Hiroyuki , Kosemura Noriyuki
Published: October 2004

This paper proposes a method for daily maximum load forecasting in power systems. It is based on the integration of the regression tree and the artificial neural network. In this paper, the regression tree is used to extract knowledge or rules as a data‐mining method. That is useful for the information processing of the complicated data. As a result, the proposed method has an advantage in clarifying the cause and effect of dynamic load behavior in load forecasting. However, the regression tree does not necessarily yield good prediction results in spite of good classification. Therefore, this paper proposes a method for combining the classification results of the regression tree with the multilayer perceptron of a universal nonlinear approximator. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated in real data. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 139(2): 12–22, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.1150
Influences of the inclination of gratings on the alignment accuracies in moiré alignment systems
Authors: Furuhashi Hideo , Zhou Lizhong , Liu Jingnan , Matsuo Akihito , Uchida Yoshiyuki
Published: October 2004

In the lithographic processes of VLSIs, high setting accuracies between masks and wafer are required. The methods using moiré signals obtained by gratings were found to give very high alignment accuracies. In this paper, influences of the inclination of gratings for the alignment accuracies in modified and differential moiré systems have been investigated. The moiré signals and the alignment point have been calculated using computer simulation. As a result, it has been shown that the effects are small and the inclinations do not affect alignment accuracies in the moiré alignment systems. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 139(2): 46–51, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.1152
Measurement of the source impedance of conducted emission using mode separable LISN: Conducted emission of a switching power supply
Authors: Miyashita Junichi , Mitsuzawa Masayuki , Karube Toshiyuki , Yamasawa Kiyohito , Sato Toshiro
Published: October 2004

In the procedure for reducing conducted emissions, it is helpful to know the noise source impedance. This paper presents a method of measuring noise source complex impedances of common and differential mode separately. We propose a line impedance stabilization network (LISN) to measure common and differential mode noise separately without changing LISN impedances of each mode. With this LISN, conducted emissions of each mode are measured inserting appropriate impedances at the equipment under test (EUT) terminal of the LISN. Noise source complex impedances of switching power supply are well calculated from measured results. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 139(2): 72–78, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej1154