bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enzymatic Mechanism for the Escape of Certain Moths from Their Cocoons
Authors: Kafatos Fotis C. , Williams Carroll M.
Published: October 2006

An "escape hatch" from the cocoon of
Antheraea pernyi
is established by the hydrolytic action of a virtually pure proteinase which the moth first secretes and then dissolves by means of a solvent which maintains the enzyme at optimum
p
H. The proteinase is both synthesized and secreted by the maxillary galeae. The solvent derives from a pair of labial glands which have the form of long convoluted tubules lying alongside the foregut and opening to the exterior through a single aperture in the head.
Reptilian Thermoregulation: Evaluation of Field Studies
Authors: Heath James Edward
Published: October 2006

Inanimate objects may exhibit distributions of temperature similar to those of reptiles in the field. The uncontrolled field methods of collecting body temperatures of reptiles have resulted in the accumulation of much inconclusive data. A return to more comprehensive study is called for.
Mayfly Distribution Indicates Water Quality on the Upper Mississippi River
Authors: Fremling Calvin R.
Published: October 2006

Hordes of mayflies emerge during the summer months from most sections of the Upper Mississippi River, thus creating nuisance problems for shoreline residents and river traffic. The presence of these pollution-sensitive forms indicates, however, that the river is more river-like than sewer-like in a given area.
Stratosphere and Troposphere: Transport of Material between Them
Authors: Kroening John L.
Published: October 2006

Data from two almost simultaneous balloon soundings show that ozone and dust in combination are transported from their stratospheric reservoirs into the troposphere by way of thin laminae measuring about 1 kilometer vertically by at least 480 kilometers horizontally. Transport in this layer occurs across the top of the jet stream in a region of very great vertical wind shear. Stratospheric aerosol may be an important instrument for the destruction of ozone within the stratosphere.
Carcinogenic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Special Vulnerability of Rats
Authors: Huggins Charles B. , Ford Elizabeth , Jensen E. V.
Published: October 2006

Compared with other species, the rat is unusually vulnerable to polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. In the rat, relatively small amounts of carcinogenic aromatics (i) profoundly depress incorporation of thymidine in DNA, (ii) greatly induce menadione reductase in liver, and (iii) then kill the rat.
Siderite (FeCO
3
): Thermal Decomposition in Equilibrium with Graphite
Authors: French Bevan M. , Rosenberg P. E.
Published: October 2006

The thermal stability of siderite (FeCO
3
) was studied by two independent methods in which the oxygen fugacity of the gas phase was controlled by equilibration with graphite. Both series of experiments indicate that siderite decomposes stably to magnetite + graphite between 455° and 465°C at 500 to 2000 bars
P

CO
2

+
P
CO
.
Alaskan Glaciers: Recent Observations in Respect to the Earthquake-Advance Theory
Authors: Post Austin S.
Published: October 2006

Preliminary aerial photographic studies indicate that the Alaskan earthquake produced some rockfalls but no significant snow and ice avalanches on glaciers. No rapid, short-lived glacier advances (surges) are conclusively associated with this earthquake. Recent evidence fails to support the earthquake-advance theory of Tarr and Martin.
Auroral Phenomena
Authors: O'Brien B. J.
Published: October 2006

The array of auroral phenomena involves all the basic types of physical phenomena: heat, light, sound, electricity and magnetism, atomic physics, and plasma physics. The uncontrollability, the unreproducibility, and the sheer enormity of the phenomena will keep experimentalists and theorists busy but unsatisfied for many years to come. The greatest challenge in this field of research is an adequate experimentally verifiable theory of the local energization of auroral particle fluxes. Once that is achieved, there is every likelihood that the multitude of correlations between auroral phenomena can be understood and appreciated. Until that time, however, such correlations are to be regarded like icebergs—the parts that can be seen are only a small fraction of the whole phenomenon, and it is the large unseen parts that can be dangerous to theorists and experimentalists alike.
Somnambulism: All-Night Electroencephalographic Studies
Authors: Jacobson Allan , Kales Anthony , Lehmann Dietrich , Zweizig J. R.
Published: October 2006

Using special techniques allowing for subject mobility, we obtained continuous electroencephalographic recordings of known sleepwalkers. Somnambulistic incidents occurred during periods of slow-wave sleep. The incidents were not related temporally to dream periods, nor did they affect the total time or the percentage of time spent dreaming during the nights on which the subjects were studied.
Sequential Behavior Induced Repeatedly by Stimulation of the Red Nucleus in Free Monkeys
Authors: Delgado José M. R.
Published: October 2006

Rhesus monkeys in a colony were stimulated by means of intracerebral electrodes controlled by radio, for 5 seconds every minute, day and night, for periods up to 14 days. Stimulations of the red nucleus evoked a reliable sequence of behavior including bipedal locomotion, climbing, vocalization, and social interactions. During periods of spontaneous sleep, stimulations produced only a small head movement, but the whole behavioral sequence reappeared as soon as the animal awoke. In monkeys injected with chlorpromazine, the evoked behavior was inhibited in the same way as during spontaneous sleep, while the administration of atropine, Regitine, and Indurol which blocked both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, produced only minor modifications of the sequential response.
Reversion in Hamster Cells Transformed by Rous Sarcoma Virus
Authors: Macpherson Ian
Published: October 2006

Hamster cells of the BHK-21 line are transformable by Rous sarcoma virus (Schmidt-Ruppin strain). The transformed cells form colonies in agar suspension culture, grow on glass in disarray, and initiate tumors in hamsters and chickens, but extracts do not induce tumors in chickens. Chickens bearing tumors develop neutralizing antibody against the virus. Transformed cell clones give rise to "revertants" which form colonies on glass with cells oriented parallel to each other like the original uninfected cells. These revertants do not grow in agar or initiate chicken tumors, and they regain the original low transplantability of untransformed cells in hamsters.
Hydrogen-Bonded Dimers of Adenine and Uracil Derivatives
Authors: Hamlin Roy M. , Lord R. C. , Rich Alexander
Published: October 2006

In concentrated solutions of either 9-ethyladenine or 1-cyclohexyluracil in deuterochloroform, absorption bands in the infrared spectrum demonstrate hydrogen bonding of the adenine and uracil derivatives with themselves. In dilute solutions, there is very little hydrogen bonding. However, when dilute solutions of 9-ethyladenine and 1-cyclohexyluracil are mixed, a series of bands appear which show that these molecules are hydrogen-bonding with each other much more strongly than with themselves. A study of the stoichiometry of this association indicates formation of 1:1 hydrogen-bonded pairs in solution.
Transfer of a Response to Naive Rats by Injection of Ribonucleic Acid Extracted from Trained Rats
Authors: Babich Frank R. , Jacobson Allan L. , Bubash Suzanne , Jacobson Ann
Published: October 2006

Rats were trained in a Skinner box to approach the food cup when a distinct click was sounded. Ribonucleic acid was extracted from the brains of these rats and injected into untrained rats. The untrained rats then manifested a significant tendency (as compared with controls) to approach the food cup when the click, unaccompanied by food, was presented.
Subbottom Profile of Abyssal Sediments in the Central Equatorial Pacific
Authors: Heath G. Ross , Moore Theodore C.
Published: October 2006

A north-south subbottom acoustic profile made in the central Pacific Ocean shows that the first layer (unconsolidated and semiconsolidated sediments) increases in thickness from less than 200 meters at about 14°N to more than 600 meters near the equator. Two major faults, one of which lies on the extension of the Clipperton fracture zone, have produced vertical separations of about 400 meters in the base of the first layer.
Major Urinary Protein Complex of Normal Mice: Origin
Authors: Finlayson J. S. , Asofsky R. , Potter M. , Runner C. C.
Published: October 2006

Mouse serum contains protein having the same charge density and molecular size as the major urinary protein complex of mice. Mouse liver (but not eight other tissues examined) incorporated amino acids labeled with carbon-14 into the complex in vitro. The degree of incorporation was greater in livers from males than from females, and was intermediate in livers from females treated with testosterone.
Magnetic Field Measurements near Mars
Authors: Smith Edward J. , Davis Leverett , Coleman Paul J. , Jones Douglas E.
Published: October 2006

During the encounter between Mariner IV and Mars on 14-15 July, no magnetic effect that could be definitely associated with the planet was evident in the magnetometer data. This observation implies that the Martian magnetic dipole moment is, at most, 3 × 10
-4
times that of the earth.
Participation in Normal Immune Responses of a Metastasis-Inducing Splice Variant of CD44
Authors: Arch Robert , Wirth Karin , Hofmann Martin , Ponta Helmut , Matzku Siegfried , Herrlich Peter , Zöller Margot
Published: October 2006

A variant of the glycoprotein CD44 (CD44v) that shares sequences with variants causally involved in metastasis formation is transiently expressed on B and T lymphocytes and macrophages after antigenic stimulation and in the postnatal period. Antibodies to the variant hinder in vivo activation of both B and T cells. The observation that a protein domain that is expressed on CD44 and required for the lymphatic spread of tumor cells can catalyze an essential step in the process of lymphocyte activation supports the idea that metastasizing tumor cells mimic lymphocyte behavior.
Template Activity of RNA from Antibody-Producing Tissues
Authors: Mach Bernard , Vassalli Pierre
Published: October 2006

An RNA fraction, which represents a small percentage of cellular RNA and which has the characteristics of nuclear messenger RNA, has been isolated from the spleen and lymph nodes of immunized rats by successive phenol extractions of these tissues at increasing temperatures. This fraction increased the amount of protein synthesized in a cell-free extract of
Escherichia coli
as much as 35 times and directed the synthesis of proteins different from those of
E. coli
.
Spectrophotometer: New Instrument for Ultrarapid Cell Analysis
Authors: Kamentsky Louis A. , Melamed Myron R. , Derman Herbert
Published: October 2006

A new device has been developed for measuring and displaying multiple spectrophotometric properties of biological cells at rates exceeding 500 cells per second. Preliminary observations of human cells from different sites in the body were made at wavelengths of 2537 and 4100 angstroms to estimate cellular nucleic acid per unit volume of individual cells of large populations of cells. Display patterns were obtained which were consistent, and characteristically different for certain of the cell populations studied.
Evoked Visual Potentials and Human Color Vision
Authors: Shipley T. , Jones R. Wayne , Fry Amelia
Published: October 2006

The waveform of the evoked visual potential is color specific. This specificity is absent in a color-deficient observer.
Migrant Sound Scatterers: Interaction with the Sea Floor
Authors: Isaacs John D. , Schwartzlose Richard A.
Published: October 2006

Studies on the coast of Baja California show that oceanic zooplankters carried into shallow water provide abundant food for resident predators. The vertically migrating zooplankters apparently are vulnerable when they encounter the sea floor in shoal areas. This ecologically significant mechanism may be of importance to fisheries and military operations.
Spleen as a Production Site for Erythropoietin
Authors: de Franciscis Pietro , De Bella Gregorio , Cifaldi Secondo
Published: October 2006

Mice treated with acellular extracts of spleen and liver show a pronounced and significant increase in blood reticulocytes. In control mice treated with saline and extracts of kidney, muscle, and liver of splenectomizedmice and rats, the number of reticulocytes remained constant in all the cases.
Thyrocalcitonin Inhibition of Bone Resorption Induced by Parathyroid Hormone in Tissue Culture
Authors: Aliapoulios Menelaos A. , Goldhaber Paul , Munson Paul L.
Published: October 2006

Added thyrocalcitonin greatly diminished parathyroid-hormone-induced resorption of bone in tissue culture. The results indicate that bone is a primary site of action of thyrocalcitonin.
Satellite Elongation into a True "Sky-Hook"
Authors: Isaacs John D. , Vine Allyn C. , Bradner Hugh , Bachus George E.
Published: October 2006

The theoretical possibility of self-supporting cables extending into space from earth and from extraterrestrial rotating or revolving bodies is examined. In principle, augmentation (and duplication) of the installation and the launching of masses into orbit or into space could be accomplished with energy derived entirely from the rotation of the central body. In practice, a portion of the total energy requirement would probably be supplied by simple mechanical devices.
Oxygen and Carbon Isotopic Composition of Limestones and Dolomites, Bikini and Eniwetok Atolls
Authors: Gross M. Grant , Tracey Joshua I.
Published: October 2006

Aragonitic, unconsolidated sediments from the borings on the Eniwetok and Bikini atolls are isotopically identical with unaltered skeletal fragments, whereas the recrystallized limestones exhibit isotopic variations resulting from alteration in meteoric waters during periods of emergence. Dolomites and associated calcites are enriched in O
18
, perhaps because of interaction with hypersaline brines.
Aflatoxin B
1
: Binding to DNA in vitro and Alteration of RNA Metabolism in vivo
Authors: Sporn Michael B. , Dingman C. Wesley , Phelps Harriette Longacre , Wogan Gerald N.
Published: October 2006

Aflatoxin B
1
binds to both native and denatured DNA, as shown by spectroscopy and equilibrium dialysis. It also strongly inhibits incorporation of cytidine into rat liver nuclear RNA and lowers the RNA content of the nucleus. The extreme toxicity and carcinogenicity of aflatoxin B
1
may be direct results of the affinity of this agent for DNA.
Maximum Diving Capacities of the Weddell Seal,
Leptonychotes weddelli
Authors: Kooyman Gerald L.
Published: October 2006

The probable maximum diving capacities of the Weddell seal were ascertained from observation of 959 dives and measurement of the depths of 381 dives. The deepest dive was 600 meters; the longest submergence was 43 minutes 20 seconds.
Oxygen Isotope Fractionation in the System Dolomite-Calcite-Carbon Dioxide
Authors: O'Neil James R. , Epstein Samuel
Published: October 2006

Oxygen isotopes were equilibrated between carbon dioxide and calcite at four temperatures in the range 350° to 610° C and between carbon dioxide and dolomite at 350° and 400° C. Carbon of unusual isotopic composition was used as a tracer to demonstrate the nature and extent of the exchange process. Extrapolation of these data at lower temperatures indicates that at 25° C dolomite is enriched in oxygen-18 by 6.8 per mil with respect to calcite. This result indicates that those natural dolomite-calcite assemblages which show very small fractionations were not formed in isotopic equilibrium.
Lower Cretaceous Sediments From The Northwest Pacific
Authors: Ewing Maurice , Saito Tsunemasa , Ewing John I. , Burckle Lloyd H.
Published: October 2006

The first occurrence of deep-sea Lower Cretaceous (Albian) sediments in the Pacific Ocean is reported from the Shatsky Rise at 31°51′N, 157°20′E. Seismic-profile records indicate that the core was taken between the extensive seismic reflectors A′ and B′. Two hundred meters of unconsolidated sediment lies between the core site and basement (B′) and suggests that the sediment just above basement may be at least as old as Middle Jurassic.
In Vitro Synthesis of an Infectious Mutant RNA with a Normal RNA Replicase
Authors: Pace N. R. , Spiegelman S.
Published: October 2006

When purified Qβ-RNA replicase is presented alternately with two genetically different Qβ-RNA molecules, the RNA synthesized is identical to the initiating template. The results establish that the RNA is the instructive agent in the replicative process and hence that it satisfies the operational definition of a self-duplicating entity. The data also eliminate alternative explanations which do not involve self-propagation of the input RNA. An opportunity is now provided for studying the genetics and evolution of a self-duplicating nucleic acid molecule under conditions permitting detailed control of environmental parameters and chemical components.
Copper and the Role of Isopods in Degradation of Organic Matter
Authors: Wieser Wolfgang
Published: October 2006

On an artificial substrate of filter paper,
Porcellio scaber
cannot extract copper from leaf litter. If one increases the copper content of the food by soaking the leaves in solutions of CuSO
4
or in organic extracts, assimilation of copper becomes possible, but only at concentrations higher than 1 microgram of copper per milligram of ash. This is too high a level for primary vegetable matter to be considered a plausible source of copper for isopods. I present evidence that in fecal material the critical level at which assimilation of copper becomes feasible is lower than in primary organic material by nearly an order of magnitude, and that isopods are obliged to switch to coprophagy in order to allow accumulation of copper in their bodies.
Luna 9 Pictures: Implications
Authors: Gold T. , Hapke B. W.
Published: October 2006

Evidence from Luna 9 does not preclude the possibility that the moon may have a surface made up largely of very fine rock particles. The degree to which they attach to each other and the resulting firmness of the ground cannot yet be closely estimated.
High-Pressure Polymorphism in Sodium Chloride: A Reinvestigation
Authors: Johnson Quintin
Published: October 2006

X-ray studies of sodium chloride near 20 kilobars were made in an attempt to verify the reported high-pressure-stable, cesium chloride-type structure. Experiments employing extreme shear forces, elevated temperature, and various moisture contents have shown no indication of a second phase. A reexamination of the original x-ray evidence suggests that the data may be explained by lithium found in the apparatus.
One-Way Stimulation in Mixed Leukocyte Cultures
Authors: Bach Fritz H. , Voynow Nancy K.
Published: October 2006

We have developed an improved method for the mixed leukocyte culture test. Control values, as determined by rates of incorporation of thymidine, are very low, allowing evaluation of low levels of stimulation in homologous cell mixtures. One-way stimulation is assayed by treating the cells of one individual with mitomycin C; treated cells cannot respond (incorporate thymidine) but can still stimulate homologous untreated cells to do so.
Electron Microscopy: Attachment Sites between Connective Tissue Cells
Authors: Ross Russell , Greenlee Theodore K.
Published: October 2006

Regions of attachment have been observed between connective tissue cells from four different structures: fibroblasts in embryonic and fetal tendons, fibroblasts in fetal ligamentum nuchae, odontoblasts, and osteoblasts. Morphologically these sites appear to be focal and to consist of an approximation of the plasma membranes of adjacent cells to within approximately 200 Å. In the region of approximation both the extracellular space and the cytoplasm adjacent to the plasmalemma are increased in density. We have postulated a role for these sites in the maintenance of structural integrity.
Addition Radicals Formed by Hydroxyl Radical Bombardment of Uracil
Authors: Herak Janko N. , Gordy Walter
Published: October 2006

Direct addition of O—H radicals at room temperature to the carbon No. 5 of the uracil ring has been proved by measurement of the proton hyperfine structure in the electron spin resonance of the resulting uracil + O—H radicals. Upon addition of the OH, the H originally bound to carbon No. 5 shifts to No. 6, thus forming a methylene group at carbon No. 6, with the two protons having equivalent coupling of 28 gauss. The spin density on carbon No. 5 is 0.64. The radicals were produced when powdered samples of uracil were subjected to a low-velocity beam of O—H radicals coming from either hydrogen peroxide or water vapor under reduced pressure and subjected to an electric discharge.
Zonal Centrifuges and Other Separation Systems
Authors: Anderson Norman G.
Published: October 2006

This discussion has included only a partial list of the systems now under development at Oak Ridge as part of the feasibility studies for the Molecular Anatomy Program. It is evident that we are still in the "Robert Goddard" phase of this work. It may not be premature, however, to suggest several conclusions.

Biomedical scientists are discouraged on discovering that developmental efforts cost more, by one or two orders of magnitude, than pure research. In part this is because the full cost of development is generally shown, while in pure research some of the costs may be hidden, or the funds supplied by several sources. Regardless of the reason, the fact remains that development is expensive, as is well understood in nuclear physics and space science.

The role and mission of the large national laboratories, and the kinds of research that should be done in them, have been discussed by Weinberg. The studies described here were in part stimulated by his ideas. We have been unable to find an environment outside a large national laboratory where a program like the Molecular Anatomy Program could be undertaken at the present rate. It appears that programs which attempt to make use of the multidisciplinary approach characteristic of national laboratories should be carefully designed and should evolve experimentally. There is less chance of success when a program is an administrative invention than when it evolves from scientific invention and discovery.

It has been pointed out that most program decisions in science are secret decisions in the sense that the scientific community as a whole does not participate in them. If a choice is to be made at some future time between large-scale expenditures for exploring space, for developing new weapons systems, for constructing new accelerators, for designing large reactors, or for systematically developing methods to explore the molecular basis of human disease, then we will need sufficient information to evaluate each alternative fully, and the information should be generally available. It appears desirable, therefore, to allow the Molecular Anatomy Program to proceed to a point where the full range of its contributions and its inherent limitations may be seen. A rational choice may then be made.
Multiple Sclerosis: Correlation between Immunoglobulin-G in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Brain
Authors: Tourtellotte Wallace W. , Parker Julius A.
Published: October 2006

There is a positive correlation between the concentration of immunoglobulin-G in plaques of demyelination due to multiple sclerosis (as well as in white matter of normal appearance) and the concentration of this globulin in the cerebrospinal fluid. The tentative conclusion drawn from these results was that, in patients with multiple sclerosis, the increase in immunoglobulin-G in the cerebrospinal fluid is a reflection of an excess of this globulin in the brain.
Mars Ice Caps
Authors: Leovy C.
Published: October 2006

Minimum atmospheric temperatures required to prevent CO2condensation in the Mars polar caps are higher than those obtained in a computer experiment to simulate the general circulation of the Mars atmosphere. This observation supports the view that the polar caps are predominantly solid CO2. However, thin clouds of H2O ice could substantially reduce the surface condensation rate.
Feedback Inhibition of Key Glycolytic Enzymes in Liver: Action of Free Fatty Acids
Authors: Weber George , Convery Hazel J. Hird , Lea Michael A. , Stamm Nancy B.
Published: October 2006

Increasing concentrations of sodium octanoate were progressively inhibitory to the activities of glucokinase, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase. Glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases were also markedly inhibited. Other enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism such as lactate dehydrogenase, phosphohexose isomerase, and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase were not decreased. Among the key glycolytic enzymes, the inhibition of pyruvate kinase by the fatty acid was most marked. The biological significance of the inhibition of the key glycolytic enzymes is interpreted as a feedback inhibitory mechanism in regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis. The mechanism may function for rapid adaptation by which the organism can use the fatty acid level as a metabolic directional switch in decreasing glycolysis and turning on gluconeogenesis.
Deep-Sea Pleistocene Biostratigraphy
Authors: Lidz Louis
Published: October 2006

The first detailed paleontological analysis of a deep-sea pistoncore from the Caribbean Sea has been completed. The core, P6304-8, was raised from 3927 meters, east of Beata Ridge at 14°59′N, 69°20′W. Formerly, stratigraphic works in this area were based on studies of paleotemperature, measured by the oxygen isotope mass spectrometry method, or on micropaleontological analysis by means of rapid or cursory examinations. For core P6304-8, samples for foraminiferal analysis were taken at 10-centimeter intervals and split into smaller samples containing an average of 710 individuals (smallest sample, 517 individuals); all individuals were then identified and counted. By use of data derived from populations of this size, a statistical reliability was insured within a 5 percent limit. Temperature oscillations, the best method of portraying Pleistocene stratigraphy, were shown by using ratios of the relative abundances of tropical and subtropical planktonic foraminifera to those found in temperate and cooler waters. These ratios correlate well with existing paleotemperature measurements for the same core, obtained by the oxygen isotope mass spectrometry method.
Involvement of Subplate Neurons in the Formation of Ocular Dominance Columns
Authors: Ghosh Anirvan , Shatz Carla J.
Published: October 2006

During development of the mammalian visual system, axon terminals of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) neurons, initially intermixed within layer 4 of the visual cortex, gradually segregate according to eye preference to form ocular dominance columns. In addition to LGN axons and layer 4 neurons, subplate neurons may also participate in interactions leading to column formation. Deletion of subplate neurons before the formation of ocular dominance columns prevents the segregation of LGN axons within layer 4. Thus, interactions between LGN axons and layer 4 neurons are not sufficient; subplate neurons are also required for formation of ocular dominance columns in the visual cortex.
Local Recognition of Histocompatibility Differences in Skin Grafts
Authors: Lambert Peter B. , Frank Howard A.
Published: October 2006

Studies in rabbits of skin grafts tagged with tritiated thymidine indicate a greater proliferation of endothelial cells and fibroblasts at the site of an allograft than at that of an autograft as early as the first day after grafting. It appears, therefore, that allogeneic differences can be recognized and responded to locally almost at once. Labeled nuclear material is found to be transferred from the epithelial cells of skin grafts to host cells of the adjacent tissues. A mechanism therefore exists which might effect a local transfer of information on histocompatibility differences.
Changing Man
Authors: Dobzhansky Theodosius
Published: October 2006

The human condition is changing both culturally and biologically. Although the cultural evolution overshadows the biological, the two are connected by feedback relationships; culture has a biological foundation. Natural selection continues to operate in modern mankind, but its action ought to be supplemented by artificial selection. The problems of the management of human evolution are, however, as much sociological as they are biological. The success of any eugenical program depends on the creation of favorable conditions for human development and self-actualization. In particular, the urgency of the problem of uncontrolled overpopulation exceeds at present that of genetic improvement. Contrary to the alarmist views of some biologists, the evolutionary perspectives for the human species may be regarded as favorable, although, of course, subject to improvement. Man should be the maker of his history, including his evolutionary history. The trend toward increasing social mobility and equality of opportunity may have desirable genetic effects because of the positive assortative mating which it encourages. It makes possible the realization of many hitherto concealed genetically conditioned talents and aptitudes. Rapid progress of both molecular and organismic, Cartesian and Darwinian, biology gives hope of development of new and powerful methods of genetic engineering, control of gene action, betterment of the environment, and improved understanding of the evolutionary processes in the living world, including man.
Activity and Responsivity in Rats after Magnesium Pemoline Injections
Authors: Beach Garnet , Kimble Daniel P.
Published: October 2006

Rats injected intraperitoneally with magnesium pemoline avoided a buzzing sound (conditioned stimulus) associated with an electric shock to the feet (unconditioned stimulus) more frequently than controls. Drug-injected rats did not avoid the foot shock more frequently than controls, although the experimental rats did have shorter response latencies in the active avoidance task. In subsequent experiments which measured activity changes and response to the buzzing sound alone, it was found that magnesium pemoline caused a lesser decrease in activity level and a more sustained responsivity to the buzzer's. sound than did control injections of tragacanth. This may account for the latency differences observed in the avoidance task.
Visual Accommodation in the Green Turtle
Authors: Ehrenfeld David W. , Koch Arthur L.
Published: October 2006

Ophthalmological and anatomical studies indicate that the Atlantic green turtle is extremely myopic when its eyes are out of water. This finding bears on current theories of visual orientation and navigation in these animals.
Relative Brain Size: A New Measure
Authors: Radinsky Leonard
Published: October 2006

The relation of the volume of the endocranial cavity to the area of the foramen magnum is a measure of relative brain size in mammals. The outstanding advantage of this method is that only a skull is required for a set of measurements.
Opal Phytoliths in a North Atlantic Dust Fall
Authors: Folger D. W. , Burckle L. H. , Heezen B. C.
Published: October 2006

Minute bodies (less than 80 microns) of isotropic silica, originally precipitated by terrestrial plants, are found together with freshwater diatoms in falls of dust over the ocean. Eolian transport from Africa can explain the occurrence of similar plant remains in deep-sea sediments of the equatorial Atlantic as far west as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Voluntary Hypothermia in Reptiles
Authors: Regal Philip J.
Published: October 2006

Studies on lizards in laboratory thermal gradients which are not shut down at night reveal complex thermoregulatory behavior. Maintenance of the high, characteristic levels of body temperature known for active lizards may be abandoned. Low levels, which incapacitate the lizards, are selected. Evidence of complex responses of the "thermostat" at a reptilian level of organization suggests a reassessment of our theories concerning the evolutionary status of "torpidity" in birds and mammals.
Enzyme Defect Associated with a Sex-Linked Human Neurological Disorder and Excessive Purine Synthesis
Authors: Seegmiller J. Edwin , Rosenbloom Frederick M. , Kelley William N.
Published: October 2006

A sex-linked familial neurological disease consisting of cerebral palsy, mental retardation, choreoathetosis, and compulsive aggressive behavior is associated with a loss of an enzyme that participates in purine metabolism, namely, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. The production of excessive uric acid in this disorder implies that the enzyme is involved in the normal regulation of purine biosynthesis. This is the first example of a relation between a specific enzyme defect and abnormal compulsive behavior. It is also the first enzyme defect in purine metabolism demonstrated in a neurological disease.
Permanence of Retrograde Amnesia Produced by Electroconvulsive Shock
Authors: Luttges Marvin W. , McGaugh James L.
Published: October 2006

The permanence of retrograde amnesia produced for a single training trial by a single electroconvulsive shock was studied. No recovery from amnesia was found with either single or repeated retention tests. Amnesic effects were found to be permanent with retention intervals as long as 1 month.
Attention Shift and Errorless Reversal Learning by the California Sea Lion
Authors: Schusterman Ronald J.
Published: October 2006

Repeated combinations of a previously well-learned size cue preference with the previously negative form cue followed by gradual reduction of the size cue resulted in nearly errorless performance by two sea lions on a series of nine form-discrimination reversals. Systematic insertion of probe trials, during which the size cue was not present, revealed that attention was primarily focused on the size dimension during early stages of training, when size differences were large, and then was gradually shifted to the form dimension as a function of the increasing difficulty of the size discrimination.
Ionium Dating of Igneous Rocks
Authors: Kigoshi Kunihiko
Published: October 2006

Local fractionation of uranium and thorium, between minerals within a sample of igneous rock at the time of crystallization, makes it possible to date its solidification by use of ionium and uranium. Results on samples of granite, pumice, and lava suggest that this method of dating is reliable.
Dieldrin: Degradation by Soil Microorganisms
Authors: Matsumura F. , Boush G. M.
Published: October 2006

An attempt was made to discover microorganisms that degrade dieldrin, an extremely stable chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide. Examination of more than 500 isolates from soil that had been heavily contaminated with various insecticides revealed the existence of a few microbes that are very active in degrading this compound to various metabolites.
Behavior of Vervet Monkeys and Other Cercopithecines
Authors: Struhsaker Thomas T.
Published: October 2006

A comparison of the communicative gestures of vervets with those of other cercopithecines reveals both similarities and differences. Examples have been given of gestures (i) exhibited by all cercopithecines, (ii) rare or absent in vervets and common in several other species, (iii) demonstrated by vervets and a few other cercopithecines, and (iv) common in vervets and rare or absent in other members of the subfamily. Vervets, baboons, and rhesus monkeys have approximately the same number of visual signals in their behavioral repertoires—46, 42, and 49, respectively. Patas monkeys seem to have a smaller repertoire. Fifty-nine percent of the vervet patterns have also been described for rhesus monkeys, 63 percent for baboons, and 54 percent for patas. In cercopithecines, visual communicative patterns seem to be evolutionarily one of the most stable forms of behavior, in structural terms. Some of the greatest differences in communicative gestures are differences in the temporal aspects. In species of this subfamily, vocal patterns seem to vary more than visual signals. Greater structural differences in communicative gestures may be found in the Cercopithecinae when systematic field studies are made of some of the forest-dwelling species, about which we know very little.
Coordination Polymers of Osmium: The Nature of Osmium Black
Authors: Hanker Jacob S. , Kasler Franz , Bloom Martin G. , Copeland Jay S. , Seligman Arnold M.
Published: October 2006

The design of cytochemical reagents that yield osmiophilic products from which an osmium black may be derived on exposure to osmium tetroxide has resulted in new methods described previously for the ultrastructural demonstration of enzyme activity and functional groups of macromolecules with the electron microscope. Attempts to determine the nature of the osmium black end products have been frustrated by their insolubility. The preparation of water-soluble analogs and their characterization as polymers suggest that the insoluble osmium blacks are coordination polymers. This is consonant with the unusually favorable properties of osmium black in electron microscopy. Although polymers of osmium have frequently been postulated as the end products of reaction of osmium tetroxide with tissue constituents or with other organic compounds, this is the first example of their characterization.
Magnetic Boundaries in the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Heirtzler James R. , Hayes Dennis E.
Published: October 2006

Magnetic boundaries parallel the continental slope and separate undisturbed from disturbed magnetic regions on both sides of the North Atlantic. The boundaries lie 2000 to 2500 kilometers from the axis of the mid-Atlantic ridge and roughly equidistant from it. The undisturbed zone, lying on the continental side of the boundaries, may reflect the long period of no reversals in magnetic polarity that occurred during the late Paleozoic.
Tritiated Thymidine: Effect of Decomposition by Self-Radiolysis on Specificity as a Tracer for DNA Synthesis
Authors: Wand Martin , Zeuthen Erik , Evans E. Anthony
Published: October 2006

Tritiated thymidine undergoes decomposition by self-radiolysis. As shown by beta liquid-scintillation measurement and by autoradiography, the resultant breakdown products did not label DNA, but entered macromolecules, other than nucleic acid, contained in the cytoplasm. Caution should be exercised in using aged tritiated thymidine solutions.
Tertiary Sediment from the East Pacific Rise
Authors: Burckle Lloyd H. , Ewing John , Saito Tsunemasa , Leyden Robert
Published: October 2006

More than 50 cores ranging in age from Pliocene to Lower Miocene have been recovered from the East Pacific Rise. Near the crestal regions the sediment cover is thin or lacking, and only Pleistocene sediments were recovered. On the flanks, the sediment thickness increases and pre-Pleistocene sediments are encountered. This pattern of increasing age and increasing sediment thickness away from the axis of the rise is in agreement with that predicted for spreading of the ocean floor.
Collagen Proline Hydroxylase in Wound Healing, Granuloma Formation, Scurvy, and Growth
Authors: Mussini Emilio , Hutton John J. , Udenfriend Sidney
Published: October 2006

Compared to homologous tissues from adult animals, rapidly growing embryonic and fetal tissues contain large amounts of collagen proline hydroxylase. Lung and skin from scorbutic guinea pigs contain one-third as much enzyme as normal tissues do. A rapid increase in proline hydroxylase occurs on the 2nd day of formation of granuloma after injection of carrageenan and on the 4th day of wound healing. The increase in enzyme activity is associated with the onset of collagen biosynthesis and deposition.
Training and Maintenance of Keypecking in the Pigeon by Negative Reinforcement
Authors: Rachlin Howard , Hineline Philip N.
Published: October 2006

Pigeons were trained to peck a key to escape a pulsing shock of linearly increasing intensity. As the rate of increase was varied from 0.0374 milliamperes per minute to 37.4 milliamperes per minute, the intensity at which most pecking occurred varied from 2.2 to 5.0 milliamperes.
Barometric Pressure Fluctuations: Effects on the Activity of Laboratory Mice
Authors: Sprott Richard L.
Published: October 2006

Fluctuations in naturally occurring levels of barometric pressure appear to be an important determinant of activity in laboratory mice. In three experiments, activity was higher after increases in barometric pressure than it was after decreases. When the barometric pressure remained relatively stable, intermediate levels of activity were observed.
Respiratory Exposure to Lead: Epidemiological and Experimental Dose-Response Relationships
Authors: Goldsmith John R. , Hexter Alfred C.
Published: October 2006

Epidemiologic studies of blood lead levels in general and occupational groups show a logarithmic regression on estimated atmospheric exposure. Experimental results at the same and higher levels show a dose-response relationship which fits the same regression. The data imply that long-term increases in atmospheric lead will result in predictably higher blood lead levels in the exposed populations.
Potato Spindle Tuber Virus: A Plant Virus with Properties of a Free Nucleic Acid
Authors: Diener T. O. , Raymer W. B.
Published: October 2006

Infectious entities, extractable, with phosphate buffer, from tissue infected with potato spindle tuber virus and inciting symptoms on tomato that are typical of this virus, have properties incompatible with those of conventional virus particles. The infectious particles sediment in sucrose density gradients at approximately the same rate as particles with a sedimentation coefficient of 10
S
, are insensitive to treatment with organic solvents, and can be concentrated by ethanol precipitation. Treatment with phenol changes neither their infectivity nor their sedimentation properties. Infectivity is insensitive to deoxyribonuclease, but at low ionic strength it is sensitive to ribonuclease. At high ionic strength, infectivity partially survives incubation with ribonuclease. These properties, as well as elution patterns from columns of methylated serum albumin, suggest that the extractable infectious agent may be a double-stranded RNA.
Human Collagenase: Identification and Characterization of an Enzyme from Rheumatoid Synovium in Culture
Authors: Evanson John M. , Jeffrey John J. , Krane Stephen M.
Published: October 2006

Synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis produces lysis of gels of reconstituted collagen fibrils in culture and releases soluble collagenase when cultured in collagen-free medium. Collagen molecules in solution at neutral
p
H at 20° and 27°C are cleaved by the synovial enzyme into ¾ and ¼; length fragments. In this respect the action of synovial enzyme is similar to that of amphibian collagenase and distinct from that of bacterial collagenase. At 37°C reconstituted collagen fibrils and native fibers are attacked by the enzyme and further degraded to polypeptides of low molecular weight. These polypeptides are produced only after denaturation of the larger fragments, which occurs at temperatures near 37°C.
Visual Form Discrimination after Removal of the Visual Cortex in Cats
Authors: Winans Sarah S.
Published: October 2006

Adult cats were trained to discriminate between erect and inverted triangles after simultaneous ablation of cortical areas 17, 18, and most of 19 of both hemispheres. Postoperative training proceeded through a graded series of similar triangle pairs in which the members of each pair were equated for luminous flux.
Avian Pineal Gland: Progonadotropic Response in the Japanese Quail
Authors: Sayler Anne , Wolfson Albert
Published: October 2006

Pinealectomy in juvenile Japanese quail (
Coturnix coturnix japonica
) exposed to stimulatory photoperiods results in delay of ovarian and oviducal development and decreased pituitary weight. These effects are transitory and occur during a phase of growth immediately preceding the onset of sexual maturity. No effect was found in males. These results suggest that the pineal gland in females has a stimulatory effect on gonadal growth during maturation.
Actinomycin D Blocks Formation of Memory of Shock-Avoidance in Goldfish
Authors: Agranoff Bernard W. , Davis Roger E. , Casola Luigi , Lim Ramon
Published: October 2006

When 2 micrograms of antinomycin D was injected intracranially into goldfish immediately after a training session, the formation of long-term memory of a shock-avoidance was blocked. The results are discussed in relation to similar findings with acetoxycycloheximide and puromycin in the goldfish and with apparently conflicting results in the mouse.
Lunar Surface: Composition Inferred from Optical Properties
Authors: Hapke Bruce
Published: October 2006

The optical characteristics (intensity, polarization, spectrum, and albedo) of the moon surface are compared with those of rock and meteorite powders. The only materials whose optical properties match those of the lunar surface are basic rocks containing lattice iron but little or no free iron, and then only after irradiation of these rocks by a simulated solar wind. Optical properties of chondritic meteorite powders differ from those of the moon in significant respects. The lunar crust is probably not chondritic, but is similar in composition to terrestrial iron-rich basalts. These results are independent of those from the Surveyor V alpha-scattering experiment and, in addition, provide a basis for extrapolating the Surveyor V analysis to other areas of the moon. The Surveyor V experiment has thus confirmed the value of earth-based optical techniques for the study of the structure and composition of the surfaces of other planets.
Stone Meteorites: Time of Fall and Origin
Authors: Wetherill G. W.
Published: October 2006

The fact that twice as many chondritic meteorites are observed falling in the afternoon as in the morning is not believed to be primarily of social origin, but to be a dynamic effect. Monte Carlo calculations show that the observed afternoon excess is not compatible with a lunar or Apollo asteroidal origin. Compatibility appears to require a source having an aphelion near Jupiter, such as could be provided conceivably by the Hilda or Trojan families of asteroids, or by short-period comets.
Isotope Separation by Carrier Diffusion
Authors: Craig H.
Published: October 2006

Nitrogen isotope fractionation in the Hoering-Moore experiment, injection of N
2
into CO
2
carrier and flow through sandstone, is due to diffusion in the gas phase rather than to surface interaction. This process, called "carrier diffusion," produces a characteristic fractionation pattern relative to a fraction coordinate, with points of zero fractionation at 16 and 84 percent and heavy isotope enrichment between these points. Carrier diffusion is an efficient enrichment process for low-abundance isotopes lighter than the abundant species and for helium and hydrogen in gas mixtures.
Immunosuppressant from Group A Streptococci
Authors: Malakian Artin , Schwab John H.
Published: October 2006

A cytoplasmic component of group A streptococci suppresses both 19
S
and 7
S
antibody responses of mice to sheep erythrocytes. Partial purification is achieved by differential centrifugation and gel filtration. When the direct and indirect hemolytic plaque techniques are used, a single injection of this group A material given before injection of erythrocytes produces more than 90-percent suppression of either primary or secondary immune response.
Atmospheric Bismuth-212: Measurement and Some Geophysical Applications
Authors: Gat Joel R. , Assaf Gad
Published: October 2006

The concentrations of lead-212 and its short-lived daughter bismuth-212 in air near the ground were determined simultaneously by adaptation of the immersed-filter, delayed-coincidence technique of Assaf and Gat to measurement of the 3 × 10-7-second bismuth-212 and polonium-212 pair. The radioactive disequilibrium between lead-212 and bismuth-212 depends strongly on the efficiency of the ground in acting as a sink for these nuclides. This efficiency is low under dry conditions.