bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RNA decay: a novel therapeutic target in bacteria
Authors: Eidem Tess M. , Roux Christelle M. , Dunman Paul M.
Published: February 2012

The need for novel antibiotics is greater now than perhaps any time since the pre‐antibiotic era. Indeed, the recent collapse of most pharmaceutical antibacterial groups, combined with the emergence of hypervirulent and pan‐antibiotic‐resistant bacteria have, in effect, created a ‘perfect storm’ that has severely compromised infection treatment options and led to dramatic increases in the incidence and severity of bacterial infections. To put simply, it is imperative that we develop new classes of antibiotics for the therapeutic intervention of bacterial infections. In that regard, RNA degradation is an essential biological process that has not been exploited for antibiotic development. Herein we discuss the factors that govern bacterial RNA degradation, highlight members of this machinery that represent attractive antimicrobial drug development targets and describe the use of high‐throughput screening as a means of developing antimicrobials that target these enzymes. Such agents would represent first‐in‐class antibiotics that would be less apt to inactivation by currently encountered enzymatic antibiotic‐resistance determinants. WIREs RNA 2012, 3:443–454. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1110

This article is categorized under:

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Accuracy of PET‐CT in Predicting Survival in Patients with Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Brown Claire , Howes Ben , Jamieson Glyn G. , Bartholomeusz Dylan , Zingg Urs , Sullivan Thomas R. , Thompson Sarah K.
Published: February 2012

Background

Positron emission tomography (PET) is an integral part of tumor staging for patients with esophageal cancer. Recent studies suggest a role for PET scan in predicting survival in these patients, but this relationship is unclear in the setting of neoadjuvant therapy. We examined pretreatment maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax) of the primary tumor in patients treated with and without neoadjuvant therapy.

Methods

All patients undergoing esophagectomy with a preoperative PET scan over a nine‐year period (2001–2010) were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Positron emission tomography data were obtained from computers housing the original PET scans. Overall survival was correlated with SUVmax of the primary tumor.

Results

A total of 191 patients were identified, and 103 patients met inclusion criteria. Eighty‐two had an adenocarcinoma (80%), and 21 (20%) had a squamous cell carcinoma. Fifty‐seven (55%) patients received neoadjuvant therapy. In the surgery alone group, a SUVmax of > 5.0 in the primary tumor was associated with poor prognosis [Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.32; p = 0.007], but this factor did not retain its significance on multivariate analysis (HR 0.65; p = 0.43). Pretreatment SUVmax in patients who underwent neoadjuvant therapy was not significant in predicting overall survival (p = 0.10).

Conclusions

This study does not support the use of SUVmax on pretreatment PET scans as a prognostic tool for patients with esophageal cancer, especially in those who have received neoadjuvant therapy. Lymph node status is a more accurate predictor of outcome, and efforts to improve pretreatment staging should focus on this factor.
Counterspaces: A Unit of Analysis for Understanding the Role of Settings in Marginalized Individuals’ Adaptive Responses to Oppression
Authors: Case Andrew D. , Hunter Carla D.
Published: February 2012

Research and theory on the intervening variables that enable individuals who experience marginalization and oppression to achieve well‐being have historically relied on an individual level of analysis. Yet, there is a growing body of literature that highlights the roles that contexts play in facilitating processes that result in wellness among marginalized individuals. This paper proposes a conceptual framework that highlights a specific type of setting, referred to as “counterspaces,” which promotes the psychological well‐being of individuals who experience oppression. Counterspaces are theorized to enhance well‐being by challenging deficit‐oriented societal narratives concerning marginalized individuals’ identities. The conceptual frame proposed here suggests that “challenging” can occur through at least three processes: (1) narrative identity work, (2) acts of resistance, and (3) direct relational transactions. This paper articulates each of these challenging processes. Additionally, the utility of using the Counterspaces framework for thinking critically about and investigating how settings—and the transactional processes that unfold within them—are associated with the promotion of psychological wellness for various marginalized populations is discussed.
Exploring the Benefits of Double Gloving During Surgery
Authors: Korniewicz Denise , El‐Masri Maher
Published: February 2012

Breaches in the glove barrier pose a risk for transmission of bloodborne pathogens during surgical procedures. Double gloving or double gloving with an indicator glove system may provide added protection. For this 24‐month study, we used a comparative design to examine the effect of double gloving with inner indicator gloves on the durability of inner gloves and the detection of glove tears or perforations during surgery. The frequency of seeing blood on the hand after surgery was greater with single gloving than with double gloving, and the frequency of changing gloves during surgery was significantly higher among those who double gloved with an indicator glove system versus double gloving alone. The majority of health care providers in our study expressed favorable views about double gloving.
Comparison of Current and Past Surgical Smoke Control Practices
Authors: Edwards Ben E. , Reiman Robert E.
Published: February 2012

In 2010, we teamed with AORN to repeat a simple web‐based survey on surgical smoke control practices first conducted in 2007. This survey of AORN members assessed the level of compliance with established surgical smoke control measures (ie, use of wall suction with an in‐line particulate filter, use of a smoke evacuator, use of an N95 or other National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health‐approved respirator) in various medical specialties and facilities throughout North America, as well as the extent to which compliance rates may have changed since 2007. Survey responses indicate that while the use of wall suction as a control measure has increased for nearly all procedures, progress in the adoption of other control measures has been mixed, with improvement for some procedures, no change for most procedures, and a decrease in compliance for a few procedures.
17beta‐estradiol induces both up‐regulation and processing of cyclin E in a calpain‐dependent manner in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells
Authors: Hou Jianmei , Wang Xudong , Li Yang , Liu Xiaohong , Wang Zhuting , An Jing , Yang Li , He Yan
Published: February 2012

In the current study, we investigated whether 17beta‐estradiol (E2) induces cyclin E expression and triggers cyclin E processing via calpain in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells. We found that E2 induced increased expression of cyclin E in a slow and persistent manner, and a rapid yet sustained processing of cyclin E. In addition, estrogenic ethanol was able to stimulate cyclin E truncation. Calpeptin or ALLN greatly suppressed the E2‐triggered cyclin E processing and its expression, suggesting a calpain‐mediated action for E2. Finally, the E2‐induced effects could also be significantly suppressed by BAPTA or U0126, indicating involvement of calcium/ERK signaling. Taken together, these results show that estrogen may contribute to both up‐regulation and proteolysis of cyclin E through calpain in MCF‐7 cells.
Regulation of EMT by TGFβ in cancer
Authors: Heldin Carl-Henrik , Vanlandewijck Michael , Moustakas Aristidis
Published: February 2012

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGFβ) suppresses tumor formation since it inhibits cell growth and promotes apoptosis. However, in advanced cancers TGFβ elicits tumor promoting effects through its ability to induce epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) which enhances invasiveness and metastasis; in addition, TGFβ exerts tumor promoting effects on non‐malignant cells of the tumor, including suppression of immune surveillance and stimulation of angiogenesis. TGFβ promotes EMT by transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of a group of transcription factors that suppresses epithelial features, such as expression of components of cell junctions and polarity complexes, and enhances mesenchymal features, such as production of matrix molecules and several cytokines and growth factors that stimulate cell migration. The EMT program has certain similarities with the stem cell program. Inducers and effectors of EMT are interesting targets for the development of improved diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of cancer.
Analysis of unsteady behaviour in shockwave turbulent boundary layer interaction
Authors: Grilli Muzio , Schmid Peter J. , Hickel Stefan , Adams Nikolaus A.
Published: February 2012

The unsteady behaviour in shockwave turbulent boundary layer interaction is investigated by analysing results from a large eddy simulation of a supersonic turbulent boundary layer over a compression–expansion ramp. The interaction leads to a very-low-frequency motion near the foot of the shock, with a characteristic frequency that is three orders of magnitude lower than the typical frequency of the incoming boundary layer. Wall pressure data are first analysed by means of Fourier analysis, highlighting the low-frequency phenomenon in the interaction region. Furthermore, the flow dynamics are analysed by a dynamic mode decomposition which shows the presence of a low-frequency mode associated with the pulsation of the separation bubble and accompanied by a forward–backward motion of the shock.
Effects of a wheat bran extract containing arabinoxylan oligosaccharides on gastrointestinal health parameters in healthy adult human volunteers: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial
Authors: François Isabelle E. J. A. , Lescroart Olivier , Veraverbeke Wim S. , Marzorati Massimo , Possemiers Sam , Evenepoel Pieter , Hamer Henrike , Houben Els , Windey Karen , Welling Gjalt W. , Delcour Jan A. , Courtin Christophe M. , Verbeke Kristin , Broekaert Willem F.
Published: February 2012

Wheat bran extract (WBE) is a food-grade soluble fibre preparation that is highly enriched in arabinoxylan oligosaccharides. In this placebo-controlled cross-over human intervention trial, tolerance and effects on colonic protein and carbohydrate fermentation were studied. After a 1-week run-in period, sixty-three healthy adult volunteers consumed 3, 10 and 0 g WBE/d for 3 weeks in a random order, with 2 weeks' washout between each treatment period. Fasting blood samples were collected at the end of the run-in period and at the end of each treatment period for analysis of haematological and clinical chemistry parameters. Additionally, subjects collected a stool sample for analysis of microbiota, SCFA and pH. A urine sample, collected over 48 h, was used for analysis ofp-cresol and phenol content. Finally, the subjects completed questionnaires scoring occurrence frequency and distress severity of eighteen gastrointestinal symptoms. Urinaryp-cresol excretion was significantly decreased after WBE consumption at 10 g/d. Faecal bifidobacteria levels were significantly increased after daily intake of 10 g WBE. Additionally, WBE intake at 10 g/d increased faecal SCFA concentrations and lowered faecal pH, indicating increased colonic fermentation of WBE into desired metabolites. At 10 g/d, WBE caused a mild increase in flatulence occurrence frequency and distress severity and a tendency for a mild decrease in constipation occurrence frequency. In conclusion, WBE is well tolerated at doses up to 10 g/d in healthy adults volunteers. Intake of 10 g WBE/d exerts beneficial effects on gut health parameters.
Impacts of climate change and alternative adaptation options on winter wheat yield and water productivity in a dry climate in Central Europe
Authors: THALER S. , EITZINGER J. , TRNKA M. , DUBROVSKY M.
Published: February 2012

The main objective of the present crop simulation study was to determine the impact of climate change on the winter wheat production of a dry area situated in north-east Austria (Marchfeld region) based on the CERES-Wheat crop-growth simulation model associated with global circulation models (GCMs). The effects of some of the feasible regional- and farm-based adaptation measures (management options) on crop yield and water and nitrogen (N) balance under the climate scenarios were simulated. Climate scenarios were defined based on the ECHAM5, HadCM3 and NCAR PCM GCM simulations for future conditions (2021–50) as described in the Special Report on Emission Scenarios A1B (Nakicenovic & Swart 2000). The potential development, yield, water demand and soil N leaching were estimated for winter wheat and all of the defined climates (including rising CO2 levels) and management scenarios (soil cultivation, windbreaks and irrigation).

The results showed that a warming of 2°C in the air temperature would shorten the crop-growing period by up to 20 days and would decrease the potential winter wheat yield on nearly all of the soil types in the region. Particularly, high-yield reductions were projected for light-textured soils such as Parachernozems. A change from ploughing to minimum tillage within the future scenario would lead to an increase of up to 8% of the mean yield of winter wheat. This effect mainly resulted from improved water supply to the crop, associated with higher soil water storage capacity and decrease of unproductive water losses. Hedgerows, which reduce the wind speed, were predicted to have particularly positive effects on medium and moderately fine-textured soils such as Chernozems and Fluvisols. With both management changes, regional mean-yield level can be expected to be +4% in comparison with no management changes in the future conditions. Compared with the baseline period, water demand for the potential yield of winter wheat would require 6–37 mm more water per crop season (area-weighted average). The highest water demand would be on medium-textured soils, which make up the largest amount of area in the study region. Additionally, the effects of snow accumulation near hedgerows would further increase the yield, but would also lead to higher N leaching rates. However, specific management options, such as minimum tillage and hedgerows, could contribute towards reducing the increasing water demand.
Milking parlour size, pre-milking routine and stage of lactation affect efficiency of milking in single-operator herringbone parlours
Authors: O'Brien Bernadette , Jago Jennifer , Edwards J. Paul , Lopez-Villalobos Nicolas , McCoy Finola
Published: February 2012

Efficient milking systems, in terms of labour demand, capital investment and cow udder health are critical to successful dairy herd expansion. The objective of this study was to establish the effect of two primary influencing factors on efficient milking performance, i.e. parlour size (number of milking units) and pre-milking routine (full and nil) of spring-calved cows, in a single-operator side-by-side, swing-over milking parlour. Efficiency parameters investigated in a 5×2 factorial design included milk-flow and yield, row time, over-milking duration and operator idle time. Five combinations of parlour size (14, 18, 22, 26 and 30 milking units) each with two different pre-milking routines (Full: spray, strip, wipe, attach clusters, and Nil: attach clusters) were examined with one milking operator. The trial was carried out over 40 milking sessions and cows (up to 120) were randomly assigned to groups (n=14, 18, 22, 26 or 30) before each milking session. Row within a milking session was the experimental unit. The experiment was carried out at both peak and late lactation. The data were analysed with a mixed model using GenStat 13.2. The full pre-milking routine reduced time to milk let-down and milking time, increased average flow rate but did not affect milk yield. As milking unit number increased, the duration of over-milking (defined as time at milk flow rate <0·2 kg/min) increased more with a full compared with nil routine. Thus, the use of pre-milking preparation decreased milking time per cow but as parlour size increased, milking row times, as well as the proportion of cows that were over-milked, also increased, thereby reducing overall efficiency. These results have implications for milking management in single-operator swing-over, tandem and rotary parlours with seasonally calved herds.
Influence of polyphenols on allergic immune reactions: mechanisms of action
Authors: Magrone Thea , Jirillo Emilio
Published: February 2012

The increased incidence of allergic disease seems to rely on many factors. Among them, the association between genetic variations of the immune response and environmental pressure by allergens, infectious agents and pollutants should be taken into consideration. In alternative to conventional treatments with corticosteroids and antihistaminics, nutraceuticals have been shown to act on allergic disease either during allergic sensitisation or on consolidated disease. In this review, special emphasis is placed on the effects of dietary polyphenols on three major allergic diseases, namely atopic eczema, food allergy and asthma. Interference of polyphenols with T-helper 2 activation seems to be the main mechanism of their inhibitory effects on allergy development. Moreover, deficits of T-regulatory cells seem to play a pathogenic role in allergic disease and, therefore, these cells may represent a major target of polyphenol activity.
What has proteomics taught us aboutLeishmaniadevelopment?
Authors: TSIGANKOV POLINA , GHERARDINI PIER FEDERICO , HELMER-CITTERICH MANUELA , ZILBERSTEIN DAN
Published: February 2012

Leishmaniaare obligatory intracellular parasitic protozoa that cycle between sand fly mid-gut and phagolysosomes of mammalian macrophages. They have developed genetically programmed changes in gene and protein expression that enable rapid optimization of cell function according to vector and host environments. During the last two decades, host-free systems that mimic intra-lysosomal environments have been devised in which promastigotes differentiate into amastigotes axenically. These cultures have facilitated detailed investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlyingLeishmaniadevelopment inside its host. Axenic promastigotes and amastigotes have been subjected to transcriptome and proteomic analyses. Development had appeared somewhat variable but was revealed by proteomics to be strictly coordinated and regulated. Here we summarize the current understanding ofLeishmaniapromastigote to amastigote differentiation, highlighting the data generated by proteomics.
The effect of counselling, graded exercise and usual care for people with chronic fatigue in primary care: a randomized trial
Authors: Ridsdale L. , Hurley M. , King M. , McCrone P. , Donaldson N.
Published: February 2012

Background

To evaluate the effectiveness of graded exercise therapy (GET), counselling (COUNS) and usual care plus a cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) booklet (BUC) for people presenting with chronic fatigue in primary care.

Method

A randomized controlled trial in general practice. The main outcome measure was the change in the Chalder fatigue score between baseline and 6 months. Secondary outcomes included a measure of global outcome, including anxiety and depression, functional impairment and satisfaction.

Results

The reduction in mean Chalder fatigue score at 6 months was 8.1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 6.6–10.4] for BUC, 10.1 (95% CI 7.5–12.6) for GET and 8.6 (95% CI 6.5–10.8) for COUNS. There were no significant differences in change scores between the three groups at the 6- or 12-month assessment. Dissatisfaction with care was high. In relation to the BUC group, the odds of dissatisfaction at the 12-month assessment were less for the GET [odds ratio (OR) 0.11, 95% CI 0.02–0.54, p=0.01] and COUNS groups (OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.03–0.53, p=0.004).

Conclusions

Our evidence suggests that fatigue presented to general practitioners (GPs) tends to remit over 6 months to a greater extent than found previously. Compared to BUC, those treated with graded exercise or counselling therapies were not significantly better with respect to the primary fatigue outcome, although they were less dissatisfied at 1 year. This evidence is generalizable nationally and internationally. We suggest that GPs ask patients to return at 6 months if their fatigue does not remit, when therapy options can be discussed further.
War and first onset of suicidality: the role of mental disorders
Authors: Karam E. G. , Salamoun M. M. , Mneimneh Z. N. , Fayyad J. A. , Karam A. N. , Hajjar R. , Dimassi H. , Nock M. K. , Kessler R. C.
Published: February 2012

Background

Suicide rates increase following periods of war; however, the mechanism through which this occurs is not known. The aim of this paper is to shed some light on the associations of war exposure, mental disorders, and subsequent suicidal behavior.

Method

A national sample of Lebanese adults was administered the Composite International Diagnostic Interview to collect data on lifetime prevalence and age of onset of suicide ideation, plan, and attempt, and mental disorders, in addition to information about exposure to stressors associated with the 1975–1989 Lebanon war.

Results

The onset of suicide ideation, plan, and attempt was associated with female gender, younger age, post-war period, major depression, impulse-control disorders, and social phobia. The effect of post-war period on each type of suicide outcome was largely explained by the post-war onset of mental disorders. Finally, the conjunction of having a prior impulse-control disorder and either being a civilian in a terror region or witnessing war-related stressors was associated with especially high risk of suicide attempt.

Conclusions

The association of war with increased risk of suicidality appears to be partially explained by the emergence of mental disorders in the context of war. Exposure to war may exacerbate disinhibition among those who have prior impulse-control disorders, thus magnifying the association of mental disorders with suicidality.
Facial emotion recognition in adolescents with psychotic-like experiences: a school-based sample from the general population
Authors: Roddy S. , Tiedt L. , Kelleher I. , Clarke M. C. , Murphy J. , Rawdon C. , Roche R. A. P. , Calkins M. E. , Richard J. A. , Kohler C. G. , Cannon M.
Published: February 2012

Background

Psychotic symptoms, also termed psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in the absence of psychotic disorder, are common in adolescents and are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia-spectrum illness in adulthood. At the same time, schizophrenia is associated with deficits in social cognition, with deficits particularly documented in facial emotion recognition (FER). However, little is known about the relationship between PLEs and FER abilities, with only one previous prospective study examining the association between these abilities in childhood and reported PLEs in adolescence. The current study was a cross-sectional investigation of the association between PLEs and FER in a sample of Irish adolescents.

Method

The Adolescent Psychotic-Like Symptom Screener (APSS), a self-report measure of PLEs, and the Penn Emotion Recognition-40 Test (Penn ER-40), a measure of facial emotion recognition, were completed by 793 children aged 10–13 years.

Results

Children who reported PLEs performed significantly more poorly on FER (β=−0.03, p=0.035). Recognition of sad faces was the major driver of effects, with children performing particularly poorly when identifying this expression (β=−0.08, p=0.032).

Conclusions

The current findings show that PLEs are associated with poorer FER. Further work is needed to elucidate causal relationships with implications for the design of future interventions for those at risk of developing psychosis.
Chebyshev curves, free resolutions and rational curve arrangements
Authors: DIMCA ALEXANDRU , STICLARU GABRIEL
Published: February 2012

First we construct a free resolution for the Milnor (or Jacobian) algebra M(f) of a complex projective Chebyshev plane curve d : f = 0 of degree d. In particular, this resolution implies that the dimensions of the graded components M(f)k are constant for k ≥ 2d − 3.

Then we show that the Milnor algebra of a nodal plane curve C has such a behaviour if and only if all the irreducible components of C are rational.

For the Chebyshev curves, all of these components are in addition smooth, hence they are lines or conics and explicit factorizations are given in this case.
Two Dirichlet series evaluations found on page 196 of Ramanujan's Lost Notebook
Authors: BERNDT BRUCE C. , CHAN HENG HUAT , TANIGAWA YOSHIO
Published: February 2012

On page 196 in his lost notebook, S. Ramanujan offers evaluations of two particular Dirichlet series. In this paper, we establish Ramanujan's evaluations and more general results by various approaches. The different evaluations arising from different methods yield intriguing, unsuspecting identities.
Endemic Lagos bat virus infection inEidolon helvum
Authors: HAYMAN D. T. S. , FOOKS A. R. , ROWCLIFFE J. M. , McCREA R. , RESTIF O. , BAKER K. S. , HORTON D. L. , SUU-IRE R. , CUNNINGHAM A. A. , WOOD J. L. N.
Published: February 2012

Phylogenetic analyses suggest lyssaviruses, including Rabies virus, originated from bats. However, the role of bats in the maintenance, transmission and evolution of lyssaviruses is poorly understood. A number of genetically diverse lyssaviruses are present in Africa, including Lagos bat virus (LBV). A high seroprevalence of antibodies against LBV was detected inEidolon helvumbats. Longitudinal seroprevalence and age-specific seroprevalence data were analysed and capture–mark–recapture (CMR) analysis used to follow 98 bats over 18 months. These data demonstrate endemic infection, with evidence of horizontal transmission, and force of infection was estimated for differing age categories. The CMR analysis found survival probabilities of seronegative and seropositive bats were not significantly different. The lack of increased mortality in seropositive animals suggests infection is not causing disease after extended incubation. These key findings point towards acute transmission of bat lyssaviruses in adapted bat hosts that occurs at a far higher rate than the occurrence of disease.
Molecular epidemiology of humanCampylobacter jejunishows association between seasonal and international patterns of disease
Authors: McCARTHY N. D. , GILLESPIE I. A. , LAWSON A. J. , RICHARDSON J. , NEAL K. R. , HAWTIN P. R. , MAIDEN M. C. J. , O'BRIEN S. J.
Published: February 2012

We sought to explain seasonality and other aspects ofCampylobacter jejuniepidemiology by integrating population genetic and epidemiological analysis in a large 3-year longitudinal, two-centre, population-based study. Epidemiological information was collected for 1505 isolates, which were multilocus sequence-typed. Analyses compared pathogen population structure between areas, over time, and between clinical presentations. Pooled analysis was performed with published international datasets. Subtype association with virulence was not observed. UK sites had nearly identicalC. jejunipopulations. A clade formed by ST45 and ST283 clonal complexes showed a summer peak. This clade was common in a Finnish dataset but not in New Zealand and Australian collections, countries with less marked seasonality. The UK, New Zealand and Australian collections were otherwise similar. These findings map to knownin-vitrodifferences of this clade. This identifies a target for studies to elucidate the drivers of the summer peak in humanC. jejuniinfection.
Detection and characterization of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coliin faeces and lymphatic tissue of free-ranging deer
Authors: EGGERT M. , STÜBER E. , HEURICH M. , FREDRIKSSON-AHOMAA M. , BURGOS Y. , BEUTIN L. , MÄRTLBAUER E.
Published: February 2012

Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) have led to outbreaks worldwide and are considered emerging pathogens. Infections by STEC in humans have been reported after consumption of mainly beef, but also deer. This study investigated the occurrence of STEC in deer in Germany. The virulence geneseae,e-hlyAandsaa, thestxsubtypes, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns and serovars were studied. In total, 120 samples of 60 animals were screened by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR results showed a high detection rate ofstxgenes (83%). Mainly faecal samples, but also some lymphatic tissue samples, testedstx-positive. All isolates carriedstx2, wereeae-negative and carriede-hlyAin 38% andsaain 9% of samples. Serovars (O88:[H8], O174:[H8], O146:H28) associated with human diseases were also identified. In some animals, isolates from lymphatic tissue and faecal samples showed undistinguishable PFGE patterns. The examined deer were shown to be relevant reservoirs of STEC with subtypestx2bpredominating.
The Emergence of Bone Technologies at the End of the Pleistocene in Southeast Asia: Regional and Evolutionary Implications
Authors: Rabett Ryan J. , Piper Philip J.
Published: February 2012

For many decades Palaeolithic research viewed the development of early modern human behaviour as largely one of progress down a path towards the ‘modernity’ of the present. The European Palaeolithic sequence — the most extensively studied — was for a long time the yard-stick against which records from other regions were judged. Recent work undertaken in Africa and increasingly Asia, however, now suggests that the European evidence may tell a story that is more parochial and less universal than previously thought. While tracking developments at the large scale (the grand narrative) remains important, there is growing appreciation that to achieve a comprehensive understanding of human behavioural evolution requires an archaeologically regional perspective to balance this.

One of the apparent markers of human modernity that has been sought in the global Palaeolithic record, prompted by finds in the European sequence, is innovation in bonebased technologies. As one step in the process of re-evaluating and contextualizing such innovations, in this article we explore the role of prehistoric bone technologies within the Southeast Asian sequence, where they have at least comparable antiquity to Europe and other parts of Asia. We observe a shift in the technological usage of bone — from a minor component to a medium of choice — during the second half of the Last Termination and into the Holocene. We suggest that this is consistent with it becoming a focus of the kinds of inventive behaviour demanded of foraging communities as they adapted to the far-reaching environmental and demographic changes that were reshaping this region at that time. This record represents one small element of a much wider, much longerterm adaptive process, which we would argue is not confined to the earliest instances of a particular technology or behaviour, but which forms part of an on-going story of our behavioural evolution.
Sarmatian Mirrors and Han Ingots (100 BC–AD 100): How the Foreign became Local and Vice Versa
Authors: Yao Alice
Published: February 2012

Concepts such as creolization and hybridity offer inclusive frameworks to study identity formation emanating from cross-cultural interaction. The borrowing of such concepts developed from recent history must contend with their relevance for the past as well as their applicability for understanding objects with mixed cultural features. This article reassesses the hybrid concept by contrasting a cognitive approach that identifies the figurative processes behind the local adaptation of foreign things. Looking at objects from Han China and the northern Black Sea, I examine how nomads and imperial agents conceptualized foreign objects through metonymic and metaphoric associations to influence understandings of self and group identity.
Biological Sample Preparation for SEM Imaging of Porcine Retina
Authors: Moran Patrick , Coats Brittany
Published: February 2012

Sample preparation is a critical step in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. This is especially true for biological samples because of charge build-up and sensitivity to vacuum and electron beam damage. In terms of ultrastructure imaging, a variety of advancements in detectors and approaches have improved biological imaging such that fewer steps are required for sample preparation. However, the conventional approach incorporating osmium tetroxide fixing, ethanol dehydrating, critical-point drying, and coating still finds useful application. This paper evaluates three biological sample-preparation methodologies for imaging the ultrastructure of immature porcine retina. The three preparation methods examined are critical-point drying (CPD), hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) dehydration, and direct imaging by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). Preparation methodologies were evaluated based on resulting image quality and reduced potential for artifacts.
Charakteristika der Alkohol- erkrankung bei Bundeswehrsoldaten in der stationären Versorgung im Vergleich zu zivilen Patienten
Authors: Zimmermann Peter , Kowalski Jens , Heinrich Michaela , Willmund Gerd , Heinz Andreas
Published: February 2012

Fragestellung: Stationäre Behandlungssettings in der Suchtmedizin sollten Zielgruppen-orientiert ausgerichtet sein. Diese Studie untersucht, ob spezifische Charakteristika alkoholkranker Bundeswehrsoldaten in der stationären Akutversorgung im Vergleich zu zivilen Patienten abgrenzbar sind. Methodik: 158 Patienten, die im Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Berlin aufgrund einer Alkoholerkrankung stationär behandelt wurden (115 Soldaten, 43 Zivilpatienten) wurden retrospektiv bzgl. der Erkrankungsdauer, Diagnose und Trinkmenge evaluiert und mit einer stationär-psychiatrischen militärischen Kontrollgruppe (n = 46) im Hinblick auf psychosoziale, medizinische und militärische Merkmale verglichen. Ergebnisse: Zivile Patienten wiesen (alterskorreliert) eine im Mittel signifikant längere Trinkdauer, höhere Trinkmenge und häufiger eine Alkoholabhängigkeit auf als militärische Patienten. Familiäre Konflikte standen signifikant mit einer höheren, Konflikte im militärischen Umfeld mit einer geringeren Trinkmenge in Verbindung. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Charakteristika von Bundeswehrsoldaten in der stationären Akutversorgung der Alkoholerkrankung unterscheiden sich von zivilen Patienten und bilden damit den in internen Richtlinien der Bundeswehr festgelegten frühen Behandlungsbeginn bereits bei schädlichem Gebrauch ab. Dies sollte in der Gestaltung militärbezogener therapeutischer Settings verstärkt berücksichtigt werden.
Check dein Spiel: Internetbasierte Prävention von problematischem Glücksspiel
Authors: Jonas Benjamin , Tossmann Peter , Leuschner Fabian , Pauly Anne , Bender-Roth Heike , Brand Thomas , Lang Peter
Published: February 2012

Hintergrund: Im Zuge der Ausweitung von Glücksspielangeboten im Internet gewinnen auch webbasierte Angebote der Suchtprävention weiter an Bedeutung. Interaktiven Angeboten kommt hierbei eine besondere Rolle zu, da sie die Anpassung präventiver Inhalte an die Situation und Bedürfnisse der Nutzer erlauben. Um der Verbreitung problematischen Glücksspielverhaltens vorzubeugen, entwickelte die Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (BZgA) im Jahr 2007 mit „Check dein Spiel“ (CDS) ein entsprechendes Angebot im Internet. Ziele: Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die interaktiven Inhalte der Webseite und erläutert, wie diese in der Prävention und Frühintervention bei problematischem und pathologischem Glücksspielverhalten eingesetzt werden. Zunächst wird hierbei der datenbankbasierte Selbsttest dargestellt, bei dem Glücksspielteilnehmende eine individuelle Rückmeldung über das eigene Glücksspielverhalten erhalten können. Darüber hinaus wird das strukturierte mehrwöchige Beratungsprogramm von CDS beschrieben und über die Erfahrungen mit dem Programm seit seinem Online-Start berichtet.
Dependence of the amplitude of Pc5‐band magnetic field variations on the solar wind and solar activity
Authors: Takahashi Kazue , Yumoto Kiyohumi , Claudepierre Seth G. , Sanchez Ennio R. , Troshichev Oleg A. , Janzhura Alexander S.
Published: February 2012

We have studied the dependence of the amplitude of magnetic field variations in the Pc5 band (1.6–6.7 mHz) on the solar wind and solar activity. Solar wind parameters considered are the bulk velocity Vsw and the variation of the solar wind dynamic pressure δPsw. The solar activity dependence is examined by contrasting observations made in 2001 (solar activity maximum) and 2006 (solar activity declining phase). We calculated hourly Pc5 amplitude using data from geostationary satellites at L = 6.8 and ground stations covering 1 < L < 9. The amplitude is positively correlated with both Vsw and δPsw, but the degree of correlation varies with L and magnetic local time. As measured by the correlation coefficient, the amplitude dependence on both Vsw and δPsw is stronger on the dayside than on the nightside, and the dependence on Vsw (δPsw) tends to be stronger at higher (lower) L, with the relative importance of the two solar wind parameters switching at L ∼ 5. We attribute the Vsw control to the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability on the magnetopause, occurring both at high and low latitudes, and the δPsw control to buffeting of the magnetosphere by variation of solar wind dynamic pressure. The GOES amplitude is higher at the solar maximum at all local times and the same feature is seen on the ground in the dawn sector at L > 6. A radial shift of the fast mode wave turning point, associated with the solar cycle variation of magnetosphere mass density, is a possible cause of this solar activity dependence.
Interannual similarity and variation in seasonal circulation of Mars' atmospheric Ar as seen by the Gamma Ray Spectrometer on Mars Odyssey
Authors: Sprague Ann L. , Boynton William V. , Forget Francois , Lian Yuan , Richardson Mark , Starr Richard , Metzger Albert E. , Hamara David , Economou Thanasis
Published: February 2012

More than 3 Mars' years (MY) of atmospheric argon (Ar) measurements are used to study annual and seasonal variations in atmospheric transport and mixing. Data are obtained over the period 20 May 2002 to 4 May 2008 by the Gamma Subsystem (GS) of the Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS) on the Mars Odyssey spacecraft in orbit around Mars. Here we augment previous studies of Mars' Ar in which strong seasonal variations were observed and horizontal meridional mixing coefficients for the southern hemisphere were computed. Comparison of year‐to‐year seasonal abundance shows strong similarity but also some short‐period (∼15°–30° Ls) and interannual variations. Evidence for short periods of strong eddy transport is exhibited during autumn and winter. The seasonal change in Ar concentration for southern latitudes is relatively gradual and well defined, but seasonal changes at high northern latitudes are chaotic and indicate that atmospheric disturbance is ubiquitous. Major topographic landforms (Elysium, Tharsis, Noachis Terra, Hellas) apparently have little control over seasonal Ar concentration at the spatial resolution of the GRS data set. Some indication of local enhanced Ar concentration is present from 30°N to 60°N for the Hellas and Tharsis sectors in late winter and early spring. The data show some significant (3σ) differences between MY 26 and MY 27 in geographical sectors that are likely produced by local weather. The GS data do not show seasonal variation of Ar at equatorial and low‐latitude zones, in contrast to those from the Alpha Particle X‐ray Spectrometer (APXS) measurements from the Mars Exploration Rovers.
An improved lake model for climate simulations: Model structure, evaluation, and sensitivity analyses in CESM1
Authors: Subin Zachary M. , Riley William J. , Mironov Dmitrii
Published: February 2012

Lakes can influence regional climate, yet most general circulation models have, at best, simple and largely untested representations of lakes. We developed the Lake, Ice, Snow, and Sediment Simulator (LISSS) for inclusion in the land‐surface component (CLM4) of an earth system model (CESM1). The existing CLM4 lake model performed poorly at all sites tested; for temperate lakes, summer surface water temperature predictions were 10–25°C lower than observations. CLM4‐LISSS modifies the existing model by including (1) a treatment of snow; (2) freezing, melting, and ice physics; (3) a sediment thermal submodel; (4) spatially variable prescribed lake depth; (5) improved parameterizations of lake surface properties; (6) increased mixing under ice and in deep lakes; and (7) correction of previous errors. We evaluated the lake model predictions of water temperature and surface fluxes at three small temperate and boreal lakes where extensive observational data was available. We also evaluated the predicted water temperature and/or ice and snow thicknesses for ten other lakes where less comprehensive forcing observations were available. CLM4‐LISSS performed very well compared to observations for shallow to medium‐depth small lakes. For large, deep lakes, the under‐prediction of mixing was improved by increasing the lake eddy diffusivity by a factor of 10, consistent with previous published analyses. Surface temperature and surface flux predictions were improved when the aerodynamic roughness lengths were calculated as a function of friction velocity, rather than using a constant value of 1 mm or greater. We evaluated the sensitivity of surface energy fluxes to modeled lake processes and parameters. Large changes in monthly‐averaged surface fluxes (up to 30 W m−2) were found when excluding snow insulation or phase change physics and when varying the opacity, depth, albedo of melting lake ice, and mixing strength across ranges commonly found in real lakes. Typical variation among model parameterization choices can therefore cause persistent local surface flux changes much larger than expected changes in greenhouse forcing. We conclude that CLM4‐LISSS adequately simulates lake water temperature and surface energy fluxes, with errors comparable in magnitude to those resulting from uncertainty in global lake properties, and is suitable for inclusion in global and regional climate studies.
Roles of VWRPY motif‐mediated gene repression by Runx proteins during T‐cell development
Authors: Seo Wooseok , Tanaka Hirokazu , Miyamoto Chizuko , Levanon Ditsa , Groner Yoram , Taniuchi Ichiro
Published: February 2012

Runx transcription factor family proteins have essential roles during T‐cell development by either activating or repressing target genes. For instance, lineage‐ and stage‐specific expression of Cd4 and ThPOK is controlled by a transcriptional silencer embedded in each locus, whose activity requires bindings of Runx complexes. The evolutionarily conserved VWRPY penta‐peptide sequences in Runx proteins have been shown to be responsible for repressive function as a platform to recruit Groucho/TLE transcriptional corepressors. However, it remains elusive whether requirement for the VWRPY motif differs among Runx target genes. By examining mice lacking VWRPY motifs in both Runx1 and Runx3 proteins, here, we show a full and partial derepression of Cd4 and ThPOK in CD8‐linegae T cells, respectively. Thus, whereas Cd4 silencing completely depends on the VWRPY motif, both VWRPY‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms operate to repress ThPOK gene. These results indicate that Runx proteins utilize different modes to repress expression of different target genes.
Obese Women's Barriers to Mammography and Pap Smear: The Possible Role of Personality
Authors: Friedman Asia M. , Hemler Jennifer R. , Rossetti Elisa , Clemow Lynn P. , Ferrante Jeanne M.
Published: February 2012

Obese women are at increased risk of developing and dying from cancer, but are less likely than nonobese women to receive cancer screening examinations. Our qualitative study explores obese women's barriers to Pap smears and mammograms in greater depth than previous research. We also seek to understand why some obese women undergo screening whereas others do not. A purposive sample of moderately to severely obese women over age 40 was recruited from community‐based organizations, health clinics, and retail establishments. Semi‐structured in‐depth interviews (N = 33) informed by the Theory of Care‐Seeking Behavior and three prior focus groups of obese women (N = 18) were recorded and transcribed. Qualitative analysis was iterative, using a grounded theory approach involving a series of immersion/crystallization cycles. Participants verified many barriers to cervical and breast cancer screening previously identified in the general population, including fear, modesty, competing demands, and low perceived risk. Participants also highlighted several weight‐related barriers, including insensitive comments about weight and equipment and gowns that could not accommodate them. Comparison of participants who were up‐to‐date with both Pap smears and mammograms with those not up‐to‐date with either screening showed no discernable differences in these barriers, however. Instead, we found that the participants who followed through on their cancer screenings may share certain personality traits, such as conscientiousness or self‐regulatory ability, that allow them to complete difficult or feared tasks. Our research therefore suggests that personality may act as an important mediator in health behavior, and should be taken into account in future theoretical models and health behavior interventions, particularly for obese women.
Coronin 1C harbours a second actin-binding site that confers co-operative binding to F-actin
Authors: Chan Keefe T. , Roadcap David W. , Holoweckyj Nicholas , Bear James E.
Published: February 2012

Dynamic rearrangement of actin filament networks is critical for cell motility, phagocytosis and endocytosis. Coronins facilitate these processes, in part, by their ability to bind F-actin (filamentous actin). We previously identified a conserved surface-exposed arginine (Arg30) in the β-propeller of Coronin 1B required for F-actin binding in vitro and in vivo. However, whether this finding translates to other coronins has not been well defined. Using quantitative actin-binding assays, we show that mutating the equivalent residue abolishes F-actin binding in Coronin 1A, but not Coronin 1C. By mutagenesis and biochemical competition, we have identified a second actin-binding site in the unique region of Coronin 1C. Interestingly, leading-edge localization of Coronin 1C in fibroblasts requires the conserved site in the β-propeller, but not the site in the unique region. Furthermore, in contrast with Coronin 1A and Coronin 1B, Coronin 1C displays highly co-operative binding to actin filaments. In the present study, we highlight a novel mode of coronin regulation, which has implications for how coronins orchestrate cytoskeletal dynamics.