bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Speaking of Being: Language, Speech, and Silence in Being and Time
Authors: Absher Brandon
Published: June 2016

Much of the English-language reception of Heidegger's early thinking about language (Sprache) and speech (Rede) is organized around two interpretive devices. The first device is a distinction between “instrumental” and “constitutive” conceptions of language. The second device involves a further distinction between “pragmatic” and “linguistic” readings of Heidegger. In this essay, by contrast, I propose an interpretation of Heidegger's early accounts of language and speech that breaks with these frameworks and that indicates why such readings of Heidegger distort his thinking. Genuine speech, I argue, designates precisely onto-logy—a speaking grounded in silent listening to the ab-sent origin. In contrast to common interpretive devices, then, Heidegger understands language as the expression (Aussprechen) of onto-logy. Unlike the interpretive devices previously mentioned, this interpretation of Heidegger's work makes possible a reading of his account of silence and the call of conscience. Dasein is itself genuinely discovered only in silence, which is a kind of listening in which one hearkens to the call of conscience. The reifying tendencies of the “pragmatic” and “linguistic” readings of Heidegger, however, ultimately conceal these phenomena even though they are central to Heidegger's treatment of language and speech in Being and Time.
Desarrollo y validación de un método para la cuantificación de atorvastatina en tabletas mediante HPLC-DAD
Authors: Funes Joseline Iveth , Meza Meidy Nairoby , Ponce Henry Daniel
Published: June 2016

Se propone un método para la identificación y cuantificación de atorvastatina (ATO) en comprimidos mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución con detector de arreglo de diodos (HPLC-DAD). Se optimizó la mejor separación del analito con una separación en gradiente isocratico, con una fase móvil compuesta de agua ajustando a pH 3.0 con ácido orto fosfórico y acetonitrilo (50:50).El analito se logró separar utilizando una columna C18 de 150 x 4 mm, con un tamaño de partícula de 5μm, a una temperatura de 40 °C y la longitud de onda del detector fue de 245 nm. El método fue validado siguiendo las recomendaciones recogidas por la Conferencia Internacional de Armonización (ICH), observándose buenas relaciones lineales para el analitos (r mayor que 0.998).La precisión y exactitud de los resultados intra e interdías fue del 98.0 al 102 %. El procedimiento propuesto se aplicó con éxito para la determinación del compuesto en preparados farmacéuticos de comprimidos con buena exactitud y precisión (sin interferencia de excipientes), con lo cual el método se puede aplicar a los análisis de rutina del referido compuesto.Revista Portal de la Ciencia, No. 9, diciembre 2015, pp.27-41
Percepción de las familias sobre la violencia juvenil, el caso de la Colonia San Francisco de Comayagüela
Authors: Jiménez Martínez Marlen Yesenia , Castilla Jiménez Juana
Published: June 2016

El presente estudio describe la percepción de las familias de la Colonia San Francisco de Comayagüela sobre la violencia juvenil, tomando en cuenta que la familia es considerada como un sistema dinámico viviente sometido a un continuo establecimiento de reglas y búsqueda de acuerdo a las mismas, en donde sus miembros inician su proceso de desarrollo e interacción con las demás personas. Como parte de la sociedad, las familias están expuestas a un sinnúmero de situaciones que contribuyen a su desarrollo, lo cual puede ser positivo o negativo, tal es el caso de la importancia de conocer a través de sus percepciones qué significa para las familias la violencia, principalmente la juvenil, como un fenómeno que a nivel de país se enfrenta como una problemática que pone en situación de vulnerabilidad principalmente a la niñez y juventud.Esta es una investigación de tipo cualitativa, con alcance descriptivo de corte transversal, con una muestra intencional. Para conocer las percepciones de las familias sobre la violencia juvenil se analizaron las variables definidas en el marco teórico y operacionalización de variables, su unidad de análisis fueron las familias y para el desarrollo de la investigación se contempló, para datos cualitativos, la técnica de la entrevista semiestructurada. Se contó con una muestra de 28 personas distribuidas en 4 familias nucleares, 4 extensivas y 2 monoparentales: todas pertenecientes a los 8 sectores que conforman la Colonia, que de acuerdo con la información obtenida de la misma, cuatro de estos sectores son considerados puntos rojos o puntos de encuentros de jóvenes.En cuanto a los hallazgos es importante decir que las familias que formaron parte de la muestra de estudio, dentro de sus percepciones, consideran que la falta de comunicación, la violencia manifiesta en todas sus representaciones, el desconocimiento e irrespeto de los derechos de las familias, la desintegración familiar, la carencia de la práctica de valores como el respeto, influyen en cuanto a que se tornen los espacios familiares y comunitarios violentos, ya que estos escenarios son diversos, en los cuales se desarrollan las personas, influyendo en su desarrollo pleno.Revista Portal de la Ciencia, No. 9, diciembre 2015, pp.94-115
A Study of State of Food Retail Supply Chain in Saudi Arabia: A Conceptual Framework
Authors: Abunar Salah Mahmoud , Ali Mahmood , Fazelrabbi Mohammed , Ismail Hosam
Published: June 2016

Supply Chain Management has been playing a key role in food retail business in the developed countries by providing various segments of customers with quality products in a highly-efficient manner. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is following the lead of the developed countries through a rapid growth trend in super and hypermarkets. However, the role of supply chain management in proposing products which meet customers’ needs has not, up to now, been definitely-set, well-established or thoroughly investigated because of a lack of readily-made-available data. There is an obvious need for an appropriate framework for KSA’s food retail sector for the purpose of studying the roles and impacts of the various divisions of the supply-chain process. This paper describes a conceptual framework that researchers can utilize to further study the current conditions of supply-chain and its impacts on the food retail sector in Saudi Arabia.
Strategic Planning of the Environmental Sustainable Development: A Case of Imam Khomeini Port
Authors: Dryabari Seyed jamaledin , Nasirifar Habib
Published: June 2016

The purpose of the present study is to compile the strategic planning of environmental sustainable development of Imam Khomeini port. Today, urban regions are regarded as the most basic units of global economic space. The planning on such regions is of high importance because it influences various aspects of human life. Previously, it was supposed that urban issues could be recognized and managed by intellection and science. Nevertheless, in recent years the attitude of system planning and sustainable development perspective have been included in urban planning studies that made serious doubts on this attitude to urban planning. SWOT is one of the most significant models of strategic planning which is used for identification of the strengths and weaknesses of internal and external environment of Imam Khomaini port for sustainable development planning. To this end, natural environment, physical and human systems were investigated through GPS data, synoptic stations, geology data, census and urban comprehensive and developing plan. The results showed that positive and negative points of sub-systems i.e., weaknesses and threats were more than the opportunities and strong points of the system. Moreover, most of the internal negative points were related to the natural sub-system and most of the external threats were related to the physical aspects. According to the results, two main strategies including settling the buildings in the most appropriate direction towards climatic conditions and adapting the accessibility networks with principles of special climatic planning of passages are suggested.
Staatsdenken
Authors: Voigt Rüdiger
Published: June 2016

This compilation presents both a comprehensive explanation of the current theory of the State and a highly detailed examination of the contributions of the most eminent political thinkers and the most important trends in state philosophy to today’s understanding of what the idea of ‘State’ refers to.
In this work, renowned philosophers, historians, and experts in social sciences, cultural studies and law from universities and research institutes throughout Europe present a multifaceted examination of state philosophies from ancient times to post democracy in fifteen equally weighted chapters. Each chapter is based on a specific focus, beginning with classical and conservative state philosophies, and stretching from liberal and feminist thinking to anarchist and religious ideologies. This book places a great deal of emphasis on the underlying principles of states in other cultures, including China, India, the Arab world and post-colonial Africa.
The book’s concluding observations on the idea of the State of the future outline the problems of loss of sovereignty, state collapse and post democracy against a backdrop of globalization, economization and individualization.

Contributions by:
Helga Albrecht, Andreas Anter, Olaf Asbach, Friedrich Balke, Ernst Baltrusch, Michael Becker, Hannah Bethke, Karl-Heinz Breier, Michael Brie, Norbert Campagna, Lars Distelhorst, Sabine Doyé, Dominik Finkelde, Oliver Flügel-Martinsen, Alexander Gantschow, Eva Geulen, Gerhard Göhler, Dieter Grimm, Martin Gronau, Gregor Hain, Hendrik Hansen, Leonhard Harding, Oliver Hidalgo, Wilhelm Hofmann, Frauke Höntzsch, Dana Ionescu, Matthias Jestaedt, Dirk Jörke, John Kannankulam, Stefan Koslowski, Oliver W. Lembcke, Rochus Leonhardt, Roland Lhotta, Mathias Lindenau, Marion Löffler, Gundula Ludwig, Günter Maschke, Jean-Christophe Merle, Dominique Fabian Miething, Andreas Niederberger, Claudia Opitz-Belakhal, Henning Ottmann, Gregor Paul, Thore Prien, Walter Reese-Schäfer, Claudia Ritzi, Samuel Salzborn, Stefano Saracino, Birgit Sauer, Peter Seyferth, Thomas Schölderle, Hans-Martin Schönherr-Mann, Ulrich Seeber, Veith Selk, Harald Sippel, Tine Stein, Kazuhiro Takii, Ulrich Thiele, Andreas Vasilache, Rüdiger Voigt, Christian Wendt, Stefanie Wöhl, Joachim Wurst, Holger Zapf and Barbara Zehnpfennig.
Die Insolvenzverursachungshaftung gemäß § 64 S. 3 GmbHG als Ausschüttungssperre nach dem Vorbild des Wrongful Trading
Authors: Lorys Jakub
Published: June 2016

On 01 November 2008, when MoMiG came into force, the German legislator introduced a new management liability rule – the liability for causing insolvency pursuant to Sec. 64 sent. 3 GmbHG. In German legal literature, there was early consensus that such liability rule is a solvency-based payout block with a narrow scope of application.

Under English law, creditors of limited liability companies are traditionally protected by solvency-oriented payout blocks, the interpretation of which rather follows a prevention than a compensation concept. Against this background, the author develops an interpretation model oriented towards the English wrongful trading rule and focused on the optimization of the prevention concept which he then applies to the liability for causing insolvency, whereby he gives such liability rule a meaningful scope of application and at the same time calls into question the future relevance of the balance sheet-oriented payout block pursuant to Sec. 30 (1) GmbHG.
Die Gestaltbarkeit von Arbeitsbedingungen im Rahmen von § 9 Nr. 2 AÜG
Authors: Röpke Melanie
Published: June 2016

To which extend are the parties to a collective agreement or to an employment contract free to design employment conditions in the scope of the application of § 9 Nr. 2 AÜG? The thesis defines the boundaries of § 9 Nr. 2 AÜG especially with regard to the existence of immanent boundaries. The possibilities of an individual deviation from the applying collective agreement are examined exemplarily according to their compatibility with § 9 Nr. 2 AÜG. Furthermore, the thesis analyses which provisions are applicable in case of a violation of § 9 Nr. 2 AÜG.
Simple Recognition of Halin Graphs and Their
Generalizations
Authors: Eppstein David
Published: June 2016

We describe and implement two local reduction rules that can be used to recognize Halin graphs in linear time, avoiding the complicated planarity testing step of previous linear time Halin graph recognition algorithms. The same two rules can be used as the basis for linear-time algorithms for other algorithmic problems on Halin graphs, including decomposing these graphs into a tree and a cycle, finding a Hamiltonian cycle, or constructing a planar embedding.
These reduction rules can also be used to recognize a broader class of polyhedral graphs. These graphs, which we call the D3-reducible graphs, are the dual graphs of the polyhedra formed by gluing pyramids together on their triangular faces; their treewidth is bounded, and they necessarily have Lombardi drawings.
Propagation Rules for Graph Partitioning Constraints
Authors: Cymer Radosław
Published: June 2016

We review existing methods and present a generic propagation mechanism for graph partitioning constraints based on directed matchings. The task is also to give a set of several propagation rules according to specific partition properties. Every solution of the global constraint corresponds to a subgraph of the corresponding digraph associated with the constraint. The filtering identifies the arcs of the digraph that do not belong to a solution. We illustrate this principle on some common global constraints.
Occurrence and flow of groundwater in crystalline rocks of Sardinia and Calabria (Italy): an overview of current knowledge
Authors: Baiocchi Antonella , Lotti Francesca , Piscopo Vincenzo
Published: June 2016

Crystalline rocks constitute aquifers that are of interest for water supply in many countries. In Italy, the hydrogeological characteristics of crystalline rocks are not well known and the interest in these aquifers is generally scarce. Nevertheless, the large extent of these rocks in Sardinia and Calabria regions and the local scarcity of water resources justify this preliminary analysis. Crossing the information derived by the available data on climate conditions, type of crystalline rock, structural setting, characteristics of wells and springs, base flow of streams and rivers and pumping test results, a preliminary quantification of the potential yield of the crystalline aquifers of both regions was performed. The processing of data involving different aspects confirmed that the crystalline rocks of Sardinia and Calabria form low-permeability aquifers where groundwater circulation occurs in the weathered layer and, mainly, in the most fissured layers closest to the surface. In the heavily fractured zones, it was seen that the groundwater flow is more active and can also occur at a greater depth. Groundwater mainly outflows in the valleys, feeding streams, numerous low discharge springs and surrounding aquifers. Climate, rock covers and tectonic style influence the aquifer yield, which has been evaluated herein to range from 1 to 2 L/s per km2 and from 2 to 12 L/s per km2 in Sardinia and Calabria, respectively. This preliminary characterization shows that there are reasons to deepen the present knowledge on these aquifers in order to optimize the present use of their groundwater resources
A cytoplasmic peptidoglycan amidase homologue controls mycobacterial cell wall synthesis
Authors: Boutte Cara C , Baer Christina E , Papavinasasundaram Kadamba , Liu Weiru , Chase Michael R , Meniche Xavier , Fortune Sarah M , Sassetti Christopher M , Ioerger Thomas R , Rubin Eric J
Published: June 2016

Regulation of cell wall assembly is essential for bacterial survival and contributes to pathogenesis and antibiotic tolerance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, little is known about how the cell wall is regulated in stress. We found that CwlM, a protein homologous to peptidoglycan amidases, coordinates peptidoglycan synthesis with nutrient availability. Surprisingly, CwlM is sequestered from peptidoglycan (PG) by localization in the cytoplasm, and its enzymatic function is not essential. Rather, CwlM is phosphorylated and associates with MurA, the first enzyme in PG precursor synthesis. Phosphorylated CwlM activates MurA ~30 fold. CwlM is dephosphorylated in starvation, resulting in lower MurA activity, decreased cell wall metabolism, and increased tolerance to multiple antibiotics. A phylogenetic analysis of cwlM implies that localization in the cytoplasm drove the evolution of this factor. We describe a system that controls cell wall metabolism in response to starvation, and show that this regulation contributes to antibiotic tolerance.
Kinase-dead ATM protein is highly oncogenic and can be preferentially targeted by Topo-isomerase I inhibitors
Authors: Yamamoto Kenta , Wang Jiguang , Sprinzen Lisa , Xu Jun , Haddock Christopher J , Li Chen , Lee Brian J , Loredan Denis G , Jiang Wenxia , Vindigni Alessandro , Wang Dong , Rabadan Raul , Zha Shan
Published: June 2016

Missense mutations in ATM kinase, a master regulator of DNA damage responses, are found in many cancers, but their impact on ATM function and implications for cancer therapy are largely unknown. Here we report that 72% of cancer-associated ATM mutations are missense mutations that are enriched around the kinase domain. Expression of kinase-dead ATM (AtmKD/-) is more oncogenic than loss of ATM (Atm-/-) in mouse models, leading to earlier and more frequent lymphomas with Pten deletions. Kinase-dead ATM protein (Atm-KD), but not loss of ATM (Atm-null), prevents replication-dependent removal of Topo-isomerase I-DNA adducts at the step of strand cleavage, leading to severe genomic instability and hypersensitivity to Topo-isomerase I inhibitors. Correspondingly, Topo-isomerase I inhibitors effectively and preferentially eliminate AtmKD/-, but not Atm-proficientor Atm-/- leukemia in animal models. These findings identify ATM kinase-domain missense mutations as a potent oncogenic event and a biomarker for Topo-isomerase I inhibitor based therapy.
Pivotal role for skin transendothelial radio-resistant anti-inflammatory macrophages in tissue repair
Authors: Barreiro Olga , Cibrian Danay , Clemente Cristina , Alvarez David , Moreno Vanessa , Valiente Íñigo , Bernad Antonio , Vestweber Dietmar , Arroyo Alicia G , Martín Pilar , von Andrian Ulrich H , Sánchez Madrid Francisco
Published: June 2016

Heterogeneity and functional specialization among skin-resident macrophages are incompletely understood. In this study, we describe a novel subset of murine dermal perivascular macrophages that extend protrusions across the endothelial junctions in steady-state and capture blood-borne macromolecules. Unlike other skin-resident macrophages that are reconstituted by bone marrow-derived progenitors after a genotoxic insult, these cells are replenished by an extramedullary radio-resistant and UV-sensitive Bmi1+ progenitor. Furthermore, they possess a distinctive anti-inflammatory transcriptional profile, which cannot be polarized under inflammatory conditions, and are involved in repair and remodeling functions for which other skin-resident macrophages appear dispensable. Based on all their properties, we define these macrophages as Skin Transendothelial Radio-resistant Anti-inflammatory Macrophages (STREAM) and postulate that their preservation is important for skin homeostasis.
Thin film deposition at atmospheric pressure using dielectric barrier discharges: Advances on three-dimensional porous substrates and functional coatings
Authors: Fanelli Fiorenza , Bosso Piera , Mastrangelo Anna Maria , Fracassi Francesco
Published: June 2016

Surface processing of materials by atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) has experienced significant growth in recent years. Considerable research efforts have been directed for instance to develop a large variety of processes which exploit different DBD electrode geometries for the direct and remote deposition of thin films from precursors in gas, vapor and aerosol form. This article briefly reviews our recent progress in thin film deposition by DBDs with particular focus on process optimization. The following examples are provided: (i) the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of thin films on an open-cell foam accomplished by igniting the DBD throughout the entire three-dimensional (3D) porous structure of the substrate, (ii) the preparation of hybrid organic/inorganic nanocomposite coatings using an aerosol-assisted process, (iii) the DBD jet deposition of coatings containing carboxylic acid groups and the improvement of their chemical and morphological stability upon immersion in water.
Absolute densities of Cu, Zn, Sn, and S atoms in magnetron sputtering plasmas employing a Cu2ZnSnS4 target
Authors: Nafarizal Nayan , Sasaki Koichi
Published: June 2016

Absolute densities of Cu, Zn, Sn, and S atoms in magnetron sputtering plasmas were measured by ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy and vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. A stoichiometric Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) target was used in this work. It was found that, at various Ar pressures, the S density ranged between (2–8) × 1010 cm−3, the Cu and Sn densities ranged between (0.6–3) × 1010 cm−3, and the Zn density ranged between (2–3) × 109 cm−3. The effective depositing flux, which was evaluated from the absolute densities and the sticking probabilities, was comparable with that evaluated from the deposition rate of the CZTS film. However, the composition ratio of Cu, Zn, Sn, and S in the gas phase deviated from the ideal stoichiometry of CZTS. We discussed the possible mechanisms for the difference among the element compositions of the target, the deposited film, and the gas-phase densities.
Coupling discharge and gas dynamics in streamer-less spark formation in supercritical N2
Authors: Agnihotri Ashutosh , Hundsdorfer Willem , Ebert Ute
Published: June 2016

A two-dimensional cylindrically symmetric model is developed to study the streamer-less spark formation in a short gap on the timescale of ion motion. It incorporates the coupling between the electric discharge and the gas through the heat generated by the discharge and the consecutive gas expansion. The model is employed to study electrical breakdown in supercritical N2. We present the simulation results of gas heating by the electrical discharge and the effect of gas expansion on the electrical discharge.
Preparation of self-supporting Au thin films on perforated substrate by releasing from water-soluble sacrificial layer
Authors: Miyamoto Yu , Fujii Yuma , Yamano Masafumi , Harigai Toru , Suda Yoshiyuki , Takikawa Hirofumi , Kawano Takeshi , Nishiuchi Mamiko , Sakaki Hironao , Kondo Kiminori
Published: June 2016

A self-supporting thin film is useful as a target material for laser-driven ion acceleration experiments. In this study, 100-nm-thick sputtered gold (Au) thin films were released from substrates using water-soluble sacrificial layers, and the released films were subsequently scooped up on perforated substrates. Au thin films were deposited by DC plasma sputtering on the sacrificial layers. In the releasing test, sodium chloride (NaCl) was shown to be most suitable as a sacrificial layer for Au thin films. In addition, sputtered Au thin films with thicknesses of 50 and 150 nm were deposited onto NaCl sacrificial layers, released on water, and scooped up on perforated substrates. Self-supporting Au thin films were obtained for all film thicknesses, but wrinkles and cracks appeared in the 50 nm film.
Myiarchusflycatchers are the primary seed dispersers ofBursera longipesin a Mexican dry forest
Authors: Almazán-Núñez R. Carlos , Eguiarte Luis E. , Arizmendi María del Coro , Corcuera Pablo
Published: June 2016

We evaluated the seed dispersal ofBursera longipesby birds along a successional gradient of tropical dry forest (TDF) in southwestern Mexico.B. longipesis an endemic tree to the TDF in the Balsas basin. The relative abundance of frugivorous birds, their frequency of visits toB. longipesand the number of removed fruits were recorded at three study sites with different stages of forest succession (early, intermediate and mature) characterized by distinct floristic and structural elements. Flycatchers of theMyiarchusandTyrannusgenera removed the majority of fruits at each site. Overall, visits toB. longipeswere less frequent at the early successional site. Birds that function as legitimate dispersers by consuming whole seeds and regurgitating or defecating intact seeds in the process also remove the pseudoaril from seeds, thereby facilitating the germination process. The highest germination percentages were recorded for seeds that passed through the digestive system of two migratory flycatchers:M. cinerascensandM. nutingii. Perch plants, mainly composed of legumes (e.g.,Eysenhardtia polystachya, Acacia cochliacantha, Calliandra eryophylla, Mimosa polyantha), serve also as nurse plants since the number of young individuals recruited fromB. longipeswas higher under these than expected by chance. This study shows thatMyiarchusflycatchers are the most efficient seed dispersers ofB. longipesacross all successional stages. This suggests a close mutualistic relationship derived from adaptive processes and local specializations throughout the distribution of both taxa, as supported by the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution.
Identification, expression and variation of theGNPDA2gene, and its association with body weight and fatness traits in chicken
Authors: Ouyang Hongjia , Zhang Huan , Li Weimin , Liang Sisi , Jebessa Endashaw , Abdalla Bahareldin A. , Nie Qinghua
Published: June 2016

Background.TheGNPDA2(glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 2) gene is a member ofGlucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN6P) deaminase subfamily, which encoded an allosteric enzyme of GlcN6P. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown that variations of humanGNPDA2are associated with body mass index and obesity risk, but its function and metabolic implications remain to be elucidated.The object of this study was to characterize the gene structure, expression, and biological functions ofGNPDA2in chickens.

Methods.Variant transcripts of chickenGNPDA2and their expression were investigated using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) system and real-time quantitative PCR technology. We detected theGNPDA2expression in hypothalamic, adipose, and liver tissue of Xinghua chickens with fasting and high-glucose-fat diet treatments, and performed association analysis of variations ofGNPDA2with productive traits in chicken. The function ofGNPDA2was further studied by overexpression and small interfering RNA (siRNA) methods in chicken preadipocytes.

Results.Four chickenGNPDA2transcripts (cGNPDA2-a∼cGNPDA2-d) were identified in this study. The complete transcriptGNPDA2-a was predominantly expressed in adipose tissue (subcutaneous fat and abdominal fat), hypothalamus, and duodenum. In fasting chickens, the mRNA level ofGNPDA2was decreased by 58.8% (P< 0.05) in hypothalamus, and returned to normal level after refeeding. Chicken fed a high-glucose-fat diet increasedGNPDA2gene expression about 2-fold higher in adipose tissue (P< 0.05) than that in the control (fed a basal diet), but decreased its expression in hypothalamus. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms of theGNPDA2gene were significantly associated with body weight and a number of fatness traits in chicken (P< 0.05).

Conclusion.Our findings indicated that theGNPDA2gene has a potential roles in the regulation of body weight, fat and energy metabolism in chickens.
Sonographic Characteristics and Interval Changes of Subacute Thyroiditis
Authors: Lee Yoo Jin , Kim Dong Wook
Published: June 2016

Objectives

This study aimed to assess the sonographic characteristics and interval changes of subacute thyroiditis using follow‐up sonography.

Methods

From January 2008 to December 2014, 85 patients with clinically suspected subacute thyroiditis underwent sonographic examinations by a single radiologist. Subacute thyroiditis was confirmed on the basis of the clinical, sonographic, and cytohistopathologic findings. On the initial and follow‐up sonograms, the individual sonographic findings and interval changes were retrospectively investigated by the same radiologist. According to the sonographic configuration, subacute thyroiditis lesions were categorized as nodular or non‐nodular. The interval changes in the lesions were classified as follows: “disappeared,” “decreased,” “increased,” “eventually smaller,” “eventually larger,” or “no interval change.”

Results

Subacute thyroiditis was confirmed in 64 of the 85 patients. In these 64 patients, nodular (n = 39) and non‐nodular (n = 35) lesions were found; 10 patients had both nodular and non‐nodular lesions. Of the 64 patients, 41 underwent sonographic follow‐up. In both nodular and non‐nodular lesions, the common interval changes included disappeared, decreased, and eventually smaller patterns. Although the increased pattern was found only in 4 nodular lesions, there was no significant difference in the interval changes between nodular and non‐nodular lesions. On follow‐up sonography, a new lesion was detected in 6 patients.

Conclusions

The prevalence rate of nodular subacute thyroiditis lesions on sonography was high, and the interval changes in the lesions were variable.
Fats and Fatty Oils
Authors: Hasenhuettl Gerard L.
Published: June 2016

Fats and oils are composed mainly of triacylglycerols, which are esters of glycerol and linear long‐chain carboxylic acids. Chain length of the acids can vary from 4 to 22 carbon atoms. Fatty acids in oils contain one or morecis(Z) double bonds, while those in fats are more highly saturated. Compositions of fats and oils depend on their origin, which may be derived from animals, fish, vegetables, seeds, or microorganisms.

Crude fats and oils may be isolated by hydraulic pressing, rendering, or solvent extraction; further processing is essential for most applications.

Fats, oils, fatty acids, and their derivatives are used in a variety of applications, such as foods, soaps, detergents, paints and varnishes, lubricants, and biodiesel fuels. In some applications, they compete with petroleum derivatives.
The development of volcanic sequences at rifted margins: New insights from the structure and morphology of the Vøring Escarpment, mid‐Norwegian Margin
Authors: Abdelmalak M. M. , Planke S. , Faleide J. I. , Jerram D. A. , Zastrozhnov D. , Eide S. , Myklebust R.
Published: June 2016

On the Vøring Margin offshore mid‐Norway, Paleogene continental breakup was characterized by the extrusion of large volumes of flood basalts erupted in different depositional environments. The transition from subaerial to submarine emplacement environment is marked by the formation of the Vøring Escarpment which records the early encroachment of flood basalt into the basin and the buildup of a lava delta system. The increased availability of new and reprocessed high‐quality seismic data allows a more detailed characterization of the along‐strike and across‐strike continuity and variability of the different volcanic seismic facies units. Detailed seismic interpretation shows that the ~350 km long NE‐SW trending Vøring Escarpment is a prominent feature along the Vøring Margin with a height ranging between 200 and 1600 m. Structurally, the Vøring Escarpment is segmented along strike into five segments (E1–E5) with different controlling factors leading to variation in accommodation space. Relative sea level change and magma supply are the major controlling factors for segments E2 and E4 which are characterized by a well‐developed lava delta system and significant escarpment height. Tectonic movements along the Jan Mayen Fracture Zone resulted in second‐order segmentation of the E1 segment into pseudoescarpments with a very thin lava delta system and limited escarpment height. Segments E3 and E5, situated along the flanks of Cretaceous/Paleocene highs, are controlled by the structural highs, which were possibly reactivated during breakup time. Our mapping results provide crucial information about the paleogeography and yield important information regarding the paleo–water depth and depocenter locations prior to and during the breakup of the Vøring Margin.
On the applicability of surrogate‐based Markov chain Monte Carlo‐Bayesian inversion to the Community Land Model: Case studies at flux tower sites
Authors: Huang Maoyi , Ray Jaideep , Hou Zhangshuan , Ren Huiying , Liu Ying , Swiler Laura
Published: June 2016

The Community Land Model (CLM) has been widely used in climate and Earth system modeling. Accurate estimation of model parameters is needed for reliable model simulations and predictions under current and future conditions, respectively. In our previous work, a subset of hydrological parameters has been identified to have significant impact on surface energy fluxes at selected flux tower sites based on parameter screening and sensitivity analysis, which indicate that the parameters could potentially be estimated from surface flux observations at the towers. To date, such estimates do not exist. In this paper, we assess the feasibility of applying a Bayesian model calibration technique to estimate CLM parameters at selected flux tower sites under various site conditions. The parameters are estimated as a joint probability density function (PDF) that provides estimates of uncertainty of the parameters being inverted, conditional on climatologically average latent heat fluxes derived from observations. We find that the simulated mean latent heat fluxes from CLM using the calibrated parameters are generally improved at all sites when compared to those obtained with CLM simulations using default parameter sets. Further, our calibration method also results in credibility bounds around the simulated mean fluxes which bracket the measured data. The modes (or maximum a posteriori values) and 95% credibility intervals of the site‐specific posterior PDFs are tabulated as suggested parameter values for each site. Analysis of relationships between the posterior PDFs and site conditions suggests that the parameter values are likely correlated with the plant functional type, which needs to be confirmed in future studies by extending the approach to more sites.
Validation of NeQuick TEC data ingestion technique against C/NOFS and EISCAT electron density measurements
Authors: Nigussie M. , Radicella S. M. , Damtie B. , Yizengaw E. , Nava B. , Roininen L.
Published: June 2016

This paper investigates a technique to estimate near‐real‐time electron density structure of the ionosphere. Ground‐based GPS receiver total electron content (TEC) at low and high latitudes has been used to assist the NeQuick 2 model. First, we compute model input (effective ionization level) when the modeled slant TEC (sTEC) best fits the measured sTEC by single GPS receiver (reference station). Then we run the model at different locations nearby the reference station and produce the spatial distribution of the density profiles of the ionosphere in the East African region. We investigate the performance of the model, before and after data ingestion in estimating the topside ionosphere density profiles. This is carried out by extracting in situ density from the model at the corresponding location of C/NOFS (Communication/Navigation Outage Forecast System) satellite orbit and comparing the modeled ion density with the in situ ion density observed by Planar Langmuir Probe onboard C/NOFS. It is shown that the performance of the model after data ingestion reproduces the topside ionosphere better up to about 824 km away from the reference station than that before adaptation. Similarly, for high‐latitude region, NeQuick 2 adapted to sTEC obtained from high‐latitude (Tromsø in Norway) GPS receiver and the model used to reproduce parameters measured by European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association (EISCAT) VHF radar. It is shown that the model after adaptation shows considerable improvement in estimating EISCAT measurements of electron density profile, F2 peak density, and height.
A real‐time hybrid aurora alert system: Combining citizen science reports with an auroral oval model
Authors: Case N. A. , Kingman D. , MacDonald E. A.
Published: June 2016

Accurately predicting when, and from where, an aurora will be visible is particularly difficult, yet it is a service much desired by the general public. Several aurora alert services exist that attempt to provide such predictions but are, generally, based upon fairly coarse estimates of auroral activity (e.g., Kp or Dst). Additionally, these services are not able to account for a potential observer's local conditions (such as cloud cover or level of darkness). Aurorasaurus, however, combines data from the well‐used, solar wind‐driven, OVATION Prime auroral oval model with real‐time observational data provided by a global network of citizen scientists. This system is designed to provide more accurate and localized alerts for auroral visibility than currently available. Early results are promising and show that over 100,000 auroral visibility alerts have been issued, including nearly 200 highly localized alerts, to over 2000 users located right across the globe.
Multiple fault slip triggered above the 2016 Mw 6.4 MeiNong earthquake in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Mong‐Han , Tung Hsin , Fielding Eric J. , Huang Hsin‐Hua , Liang Cunren , Huang Chung , Hu Jyr‐Ching
Published: June 2016

Rapid shortening in convergent mountain belts is often accommodated by slip on faults at multiple levels in upper crust, but no geodetic observation of slip at multiple levels within hours of a moderate earthquake has been shown before. Here we show clear evidence of fault slip within a shallower thrust at 5–10 km depth in SW Taiwan triggered by the 2016 Mw 6.4 MeiNong earthquake at 15–20 km depth. We constrain the primary coseismic fault slip with kinematic modeling of seismic and geodetic measurements and constrain the triggered slip and fault geometry using synthetic aperture radar interferometry. The shallower thrust coincides with a proposed duplex located in a region of high fluid pressure and high interseismic uplift rate, and may be sensitive to stress perturbations. Our results imply that under tectonic conditions such as high‐background stress level and high fluid pressure, a moderate lower crustal earthquake can trigger faults at shallower depth.
Assessing the volcanic hazard for Rome: 40Ar/39Ar and In‐SAR constraints on the most recent eruptive activity and present‐day uplift at Colli Albani Volcanic District
Authors: Marra F. , Gaeta M. , Giaccio B. , Jicha B. R. , Palladino D. M. , Polcari M. , Sottili G. , Taddeucci J. , Florindo F. , Stramondo S.
Published: June 2016

We present new 40Ar/39Ar data which allow us to refine the recurrence time for the most recent eruptive activity occurred at Colli Albani Volcanic District (CAVD) and constrain its geographic area. Time elapsed since the last eruption (36 kyr) overruns the recurrence time (31 kyr) in the last 100 kyr. New interferometric synthetic aperture radar data, covering the years 1993–2010, reveal ongoing inflation with maximum uplift rates (>2 mm/yr) in the area hosting the most recent (<200 ka) vents, suggesting that the observed uplift might be caused by magma injection within the youngest plumbing system. Finally, we frame the present deformation within the structural pattern of the area of Rome, characterized by 50 m of regional uplift since 200 ka and by geologic evidence for a recent (<2000 years) switch of the local stress‐field, highlighting that the precursors of a new phase of volcanic activity are likely occurring at the CAVD.
Classification of stratospheric extreme events according to their downward propagation to the troposphere
Authors: Runde T. , Dameris M. , Garny H. , Kinnison D. E.
Published: June 2016

This study presents a classification of stratospheric extreme events during northern winter into events with or without a consistent downward propagation of anomalies to the troposphere. Anomalous strong and weak stratospheric polar vortex events are detected from daily time series of the polar cap averaged (60°–90°N) geopotential height anomaly. The method is applied to chemistry‐climate model data (E39CA and WACCM3.5) and reanalyses data (ERA40). The analyses show that in about 80% of all events no significant tropospheric response can be detected. The stratospheric perturbation of both weak and strong events with a significant tropospheric response persists significantly longer throughout the stratosphere compared to the events without a tropospheric response. The strength of the stratospheric perturbation determines the strength of the tropospheric response only to a small degree. Results are consistent across all three data sets.
Reconsidering earthquake scaling
Authors: Gomberg J. , Wech A. , Creager K. , Obara K. , Agnew D.
Published: June 2016

The relationship (scaling) between scalar moment, M0, and duration, T, potentially provides key constraints on the physics governing fault slip. The prevailing interpretation of M0‐T observations proposes different scaling for fast (earthquakes) and slow (mostly aseismic) slip populations and thus fundamentally different driving mechanisms. We show that a single model of slip events within bounded slip zones may explain nearly all fast and slow slip M0‐T observations, and both slip populations have a change in scaling, where the slip area growth changes from 2‐D when too small to sense the boundaries to 1‐D when large enough to be bounded. We present new fast and slow slip M0‐T observations that sample the change in scaling in each population, which are consistent with our interpretation. We suggest that a continuous but bimodal distribution of slip modes exists and M0‐T observations alone may not imply a fundamental difference between fast and slow slip.
Comparative assessment of three‐phase oil relative permeability models
Authors: Ranaee Ehsan , Riva Monica , Porta Giovanni M. , Guadagnini Alberto
Published: June 2016

We assess the ability of 11 models to reproduce three‐phase oil relative permeability (
) laboratory data obtained in a water‐wet sandstone sample. We do so by considering model performance when (i) solely two‐phase data are employed to render predictions of
and (ii) two and three‐phase data are jointly used for model calibration. In the latter case, a Maximum Likelihood (ML) approach is used to estimate model parameters. The tested models are selected among (i) classical models routinely employed in practical applications and implemented in commercial reservoir software and (ii) relatively recent models which are considered to allow overcoming some drawbacks of the classical formulations. Among others, the latter set of models includes the formulation recently proposed by Ranaee et al. (), which has been shown to embed the critical effects of hysteresis, including the reproduction of oil remobilization induced by gas injection in water‐wet media. We employ formal model discrimination criteria to rank models according to their skill to reproduce the observed data and use ML Bayesian model averaging to provide model‐averaged estimates (and associated uncertainty bounds) of
by taking advantage of the diverse interpretive abilities of all models analyzed. The occurrence of elliptic regions is also analyzed for selected models in the framework of the classical fractional flow theory of displacement. Our study confirms that model outcomes based on channel flow theory and classical saturation‐weighted interpolation models do not generally yield accurate reproduction of
data, especially in the regime associated with low oil saturations, where water alternating gas injection (WAG) techniques are usually employed for enhanced oil recovery. This negative feature is not observed in the model of Ranaee et al. (2015) due to its ability to embed key effects of pore‐scale phase distributions, such as hysteresis effects and cycle dependency, for modeling
observed during WAG.
Attribution of regional flood changes based on scaling fingerprints
Authors: Viglione Alberto , Merz Bruno , Viet Dung Nguyen , Parajka Juraj , Nester Thomas , Blöschl Günter
Published: June 2016

Changes in the river flood regime may be due to atmospheric processes (e.g., increasing precipitation), catchment processes (e.g., soil compaction associated with land use change), and river system processes (e.g., loss of retention volume in the floodplains). This paper proposes a new framework for attributing flood changes to these drivers based on a regional analysis. We exploit the scaling characteristics (i.e., fingerprints) with catchment area of the effects of the drivers on flood changes. The estimation of their relative contributions is framed in Bayesian terms. Analysis of a synthetic, controlled case suggests that the accuracy of the regional attribution increases with increasing number of sites and record lengths, decreases with increasing regional heterogeneity, increases with increasing difference of the scaling fingerprints, and decreases with an increase of their prior uncertainty. The applicability of the framework is illustrated for a case study set in Austria, where positive flood trends have been observed at many sites in the past decades. The individual scaling fingerprints related to the atmospheric, catchment, and river system processes are estimated from rainfall data and simple hydrological modeling. Although the distributions of the contributions are rather wide, the attribution identifies precipitation change as the main driver of flood change in the study region. Overall, it is suggested that the extension from local attribution to a regional framework, including multiple drivers and explicit estimation of uncertainty, could constitute a similar shift in flood change attribution as the extension from local to regional flood frequency analysis.
Capillary Electrochromatography
Authors: Yan Chao , Wang Yan , Xue Yun
Published: June 2016

Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is a hybrid separation technique of capillary high‐performance liquid chromatography (cHPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). The mobile phase in a capillary column of CEC is driven by electroosmotic flow (EOF), giving advantages such as high efficiency, high resolution, high selectivity, and low sample and solvent consumption. However, the formation of air bubbles hinders the CEC to become a mainstream separation technique. In order to solve this problem, pressurized capillary electrochromatography (pCEC), with EOF combining hydraulic pressure as its driving force, has been developed and gained more attention. In this article, we introduce the development of CEC and pCEC on their theory, instrumentation, sample introduction, column technology, and applications. Besides, gradient elution and two‐dimensional separation based on CEC and pCEC will also be illustrated.
Neutron Diffraction in Studies of Protein Dynamics and Functions, Application of
Authors: Niimura Nobuo , Takimoto‐Kamimura Midori , Tanaka Ichiro
Published: June 2016

Neutron protein crystallography (NPC) provides the unique information for the study of protein dynamics and functions. After the specific features of the interactions between neutrons and biomacromolecules, and the neutron diffractometers in the world were briefly introduced, the following topics relevant to the protonation states of the polar amino acid residues of several proteins are discussed in detail: they are the pH dependence, proton transfer derived from enzyme reaction, serine protease, the drug design, and charge balance. The proteins described herein are met‐myoglobin, lysozyme, HIV‐1 protease, endothiapepsin, transthyretin (TTR), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), insulin, RNase A,
d
‐xylose isomerase, human C carbonic anhydrase II (HCAII), c‐GMP‐dependent protein kinase, urate oxidase, ferredoxin oxidoreductase, cellulase, peroxidase, several serine proteases (such as trypsin, elastase, thrombin, and achromobacter protease (AP‐I)), toho‐1 β‐lactamase, and farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS).