bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observations on the Structure of Nerve-Fibre
Authors: Clark J. Lockhart
Published: April 2021

Whenever we wish to ascertain the natural appearance and structure of the nerve-cells and nerve-fibres, these tissues should be examined in some transparent part during life, or on removal immediately after death, and with the addition only of a little serum of the blood. But when it is intended to investigate, in the nervous centres of the vertebrata, the mutual relation of these elementary parts, and their natural arrangement, such as the grouping of the cells and the course of the fibres, it becomes necessary to harden the nervesubstance in some kind of fluid, so that it may be cut into thin sections, which can then be rendered more transparent by a further process. The method which I extensively employ for such investigations is as follows:
On the frequent Occurrence of Vegetable Parasites in the Hard Tissues of the Lower Animals
Authors: Kölliker A.
Published: April 2021

In examining the scales of Beryx omatus, Ag., from the chalk formation in England, I noticed peculiar tubular structures, presenting an elegant stelliform figure, of which I was at first at a loss what to make. Their similarity in form to pigment-cells led me at first to think they might be of that nature, but this idea was abandoned when I found that the structures in question occurred not merely in the external layers of the scales, but in the interior as well. At the same time I was unable to entertain any other supposition, since the structure exhibited no points of resemblance with any of the known forms of tubular and cellular structures of bones and scales.
New Experiments on Heterogenesis, by means of the Air contained in the Closed Cavities of Plants
Authors: Joly MM. N. , Mussey CH.
Published: April 2021

At the beginning of the year, the authors communicated to the Academy the result of some experiments instituted with the view of satisfying themselves with respect to the origin of the Microphytes and Microzoa, which are always and everywhere produced in infusions of organic matters. After new experiments, continued uninterruptedly for six months, they are prepared with fresh evidence in the cause now at issue between the partisans and the opponents of heterogenesis.
On a New Species of Gregarina To be Called Gregarina Gigantea
Authors: Beneden Edouard Van
Published: April 2021

The little organisms known as Gregarinæ have much attracted the attention of naturalists during late years. Their organisation is exceedingly simple; they consist of merely a single cell, but the history of their development, of their reproduction, and of their metamorphoses, has exercised the sagacity of a great number of eminent observers, and the profusion with which they are spread through nature has caused them to come under the notice of many naturalists. The literature relating to these inferior organisms is very rich, but, nevertheless, several points relating to their organisation and to their development are still completely unknown.
Bioplasm, and its Degradation; with Observations on the Origin of Contagious Disease
Authors: Beale Lionel S.
Published: April 2021

Hitherto I have employed the simple term germinal or living matter, to denote that matter which takes part in the formation of all living beings and their tissues and organs -, but the term is lengthy, and in some respects perhaps awkward and inconvenient. It cannot be used alone when speaking of a single particle, nor can it be employed adjectively. The word “protoplasm” has been much used for some years past, but the vagueness attached to it renders it unfitted for employment here. I require a word to denote living, forming, growing, self-producing matter, as distinguished from matter in every other state or condition whatever. Now “protoplasm” has been applied, both in this country and in Germany, to lifeless matter as well as to living matter, to formed matter and tissue as well as to the formative matter. And more recently Prof. Huxley and others have added to the confusion by giving it a still wider signification—so very wide, indeed, that almost anything that ever formed part of an organism may, according to their view, be denominated protoplasm. Dead matter and living matter, and roast mutton, boiled as well as unboiled white of egg, and a number of other things, moist and dry, having structure and structureless, alive and dead, are said to be protoplasm, so that the word ceases to be distinctive of matter in any particular state. It becomes, in fact, useless.
On some Compounds derived from the Colouring Matter of Blood
Authors: Sorby H. C.
Published: April 2021

Several months ago I determined to thoroughly investigate the colouring matter of blood, in order to be able to apply to the detection of blood-stains all the improved methods of experiment which I had devised since the publication of my first paper on that subject.1 I anticipated being able to finish this inquiry in time to publish an account of my observations in this number of the ‘Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science,’ but so many unexpected phenomena presented themselves that I have not yet been able to clear up several important questions. However, not wishing to entirely postpone the subject for another three months, I will now give a short account of some of my conclusions.
Principles and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence
Authors: Taylor Alfred Swaine
Published: April 2021

If any one will take the trouble to compare this work with those that have preceded it, he will at once perceive to how large an extent the study of medical jurisprudence is indebted to inquiries conducted by the aid of the microscope. It was an early hope of those who had investigated the tissues of the animal body with the microscope, that one day its results would influence decisions in our courts of law, and that its power to detect the nature of blood-produced stains might take from the murderer his too frequent excuse, that the spots of blood on his garments were those of some of the lower animals. These hopes have been more than realised by the application of the microscope to almost every department of medico-legal inquiry. In the great work which has been produced by Dr. Taylor, and which may be justly regarded as the most important and reliable in the British language, he has everywhere indicated where the inquiries of the medical jurist may be aided by the use of the microscope. It would be impossible for us here to go through the details of this great work on medical jurisprudence, to show where the microscope is needed ; but we will endeavour to pass in review some of the points where medicolegal inquiries may be justly regarded as imperfect without the aid of this instrument.
On the Development of the Enamel in the Teeth of Mammals, as illustrated by the various Stages of Growth demonstrable in the Evolution of the Fourth Molar of a young Elephant (Ei.Ephas Indicus), and of the Incisor Teeth in the Fœtal Calf (Bos Taurus)
Authors: Rolleston George
Published: April 2021

A Naked-Eye examination of a spirit preparation of a developing molar tooth of an elephant, such as is represented in Pl. VI, appears to be sufficient to show that in development the dentine takes precedence of the enamel in the tooth. In such a tooth a certain number of the more anteriorly placed denticles may be seen to be formed of caps of dentine, of a yellowish colour, encrusted, for various distances from their apices downwards, with opaque white deposits of enamel. Posteriorly to the denticles of this composite character, we see a few denticles consisting of dentine alone, upon which no deposition of enamel has as yet taken place; and, most posteriorly of all, we see processes of the dentinal pulp, which, as yet, are devoid of any covering of dentine.
On the Structure of Tendon
Authors: Bruce J. Mitchell
Published: April 2021

The doctrine of the structure of tendon has entered upon a perfectly new phase since the publication of Ranvier’s celebrated paper on the subject.1 In this paper Ranvier describes the tendon of the tail of the rat as consisting of bundles of fibrillar connective tissue, between which regular hollow cylinders are imbedded. These cylinders are built up of quadrilateral nucleated cell-plates, each of which forms an element of the cylinder by being rolled up until its two opposite meet; or, conversely, each element of the cylinder, when opened out, represents a quadrilateral cell-plate. This conception on the part of Ranvier of the arrangement of the cells in tendon is, therefore, completely different from those of former histologists, the majority of whom held that the cellular elements found lying between the bundles of tendon represent spindle-shaped nucleated cells; his description was accordingly very variously received.
On the Present Condition of English Object-Glasses as regards Defining Power
Authors: Royston-Pigott G. W.
Published: April 2021

The very considerable improvement that has taken place in the construction and performance of the best English glasses during the last two or three years leaves in the minds of many persons a conviction that nothing further need be done in this direction. Even three years ago Mr. Wenham pronounced them perfectly corrected; but the great advance made since that time has in some measure modified this opinion. Mr. Wenham’s opinion was thus expressed, ‘Monthly Micro. Journal,’ p. 302, 1870, in reply to the researches of the writer, on the residuary aberration of the microscope:—
The Micrographic Dictionary
Authors: Griffith J. W , Berkeley M. J. , Jones T. Rupert
Published: April 2021

We have received from the publishers several parts of the new edition of this dictionary, but have deferred noticing them critically until a sufficient number had appeared to enable us to judge fairly of its character and merits. Having now examined what must be considered a fair example of the work, we feel constrained to say that the new edition is by no means what might be expected of the editors, the publishers, or the great reputation which the dictionary at one time enjoyed; and that in certain important departments very little lias been done towards bringing it up to the standard of the present day. It is true that the branches of microzoology and botany, for which Mr. Rupert Jones and Mr. Berkeley are reponsible bear evident traces of the care with which these gentlemen have applied their remarkable knowledge in the improvement of the dictionary. Of these branches we. do not now speak ; but of histology on the other hand we must say that this subject appears to have been treated with conspicuous neglect. We have, in fact, virtually the histology of 1856, several very important articles remaining almost textually the same as in the first edition completed in that year ;—as if science had stood still in the interval.
On the Heart of Appendicularia Furcata and the Development of its Muscular Fibres
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

Appendicularia (Fritillaria) furcata of Gegenbaur occurs not uncommonly in the spring on the surface of the Bay of Naples. The drawings and observations which I made two years since relating to this species have,, to a large extent, Been anticipated by the very valuable work of M. Hermann Fol, who has described and figured in a lavish manner several species of the genus. There are some points, as to the mode of communication between the exterior and the branchial region of the pharynx, in which I do not find my notes quite confirmed by M. Fol’s observations, and I hope to look further into that subject during the present spring. But at this moment I may draw attention to a structure in Appendicularia which has not hitherto been noticed by any one who has observed these interesting forms, excepting in a note by myself in the ‘Annals of Nat. History,’ 1873. The matter to which I now allude is one of histological interest bearing more or less directly upon the nature of transversely-striped muscular fibre. It also has a wider embryological interest, for I shall point out that an organ so important— usually so complex—as the heart—is in Appendiculariaformed by only two nucleated cells, and actively functions whilst consisting of no more than two ultimate units, corpuscles, or plastids. The figures 6, 7, 8, in Pl. XII, represent the heart of A. furcata, drawn whilst under observation with a Härtnack’s 10, à immersion, the movement having been caused to cease and the structure rendered clearer by the action of a solution of Picric Acid allowed to flow under the covering glass which held the specimens.
A Preliminary Account of the Development of the Elasmobranch Fishes.
Authors: Balfour F. M.
Published: April 2021

During the spring of the present year I was studying at the Zoological Station, founded by Dr. Dohrn at Naples, and entirely through its agency was supplied with several hundred eggs of various species of Dog-fish (Selachii)—a far larger number than any naturalist has previously had an opportunity of studying. The majority of the eggs belonged to an oviparous species of Mustelus, but in addition to these I had a considerable number of eggs of two or three species of Scyllium, and some of the Torpedo. Moreover, since my return to England, Professor Huxley has most liberally given me several embryos of Scyllium stellare in a more advanced condition than I ever had at Naples, which have enabled me to fill up some lacunæ in my observations.
On Chlamydomyxa Labyrinthuloides, nov. gen. et sp., a New Freshwater Sarcodic Organism
Authors: Archer WM.
Published: April 2021

Some short time after the appearance of Cienkowski’s memoir on a new type of Sarcodic organisms met with by him in the sea (at Odessa), which he named Labyrinthuleæ, I was not a little surprised and interested on meeting with a form from the freshwater so wonderfully resembling those described by him, as, notwithstanding one circumstance, hereafter to be adverted to, even still to render it a matter of considerable question whether it may not truly belong to that group, even though it should not be congeneric with the typical Labyrinthula (Cienkowski).1
On some New Points in the Structure of Amphioxus, and their Bearing on the Morphology of Vertebrata
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

With the assistance of my pupil, Mr. Fanning, of Exeter College, I have recently (December to March) prepared a large number of specimens of Amphioxus by means of transverse, oblique, horizontal, and vertical sections. The specimens were collected by me at Naples in 1871 and some 1874, were preserved in absolute alcohol simply, others had been previously treated with dilute picric acid (according to Kleinenberg’s plan), others had been first of all placed in H. Müller’s fluid. The dissection and slicing of these specimens was carried on in the histological laboratory of Exeter College, but I had also made some examination and drawings of Amphioxus in the living state when at Naples.
On the Structure and Development of the Vertebrate Ovary
Authors: Balfour F. M.
Published: April 2021

The present paper records observations on the ovaries of but two types, viz., Mammalia and Elasmobranchii. The main points dealt with are three:—1. The relation of the germinal epithelium to the stroma. 2. The connection between primitive ova in Waldeyer’s sense and the permanent ova. 3. The homologies of the egg membranes.
The Microphytes which have been found in the BLOOD and their RELATION to DISEASE.1
Authors: Lewis Timothy Richards
Published: April 2021

Before entering on a minute description of the microscopic organisms found in the blood which are more allied to plants than to animals, it will be advantageous to consider to what special subdivisions of the vegetable kingdom these bodies seem to belong. No small amount of confusion has arisen from want of a clear knowledge of this point, especially on the part of strictly medical writers who have discussed the subject of the connection of disease with vegetable parasites. Nögeli, in his remarkably suggestive work,2 recently published, has placed this matter in a very clear light, and, being an authority of the first rank, especially on the botanical phase of the subject which forms the text of this paper, his statements on this particular point are worthy of exceptional attention. The forms of plantlife which have been recognised as having been more or less closely associated with changes in living animal substances are the lower kinds of fungi. These Nageli separates into three groups: (1) Moulds, characterised by branched, segmented, or unsegmented filaments ; (2) Sprouting fungi, yeast cells of various kinds, consisting of more or less oval corpuscles, which multiply by means of sprouts from their surfaces ; and (3) Cleft-fungi or Schizomycetes—minute spherical or oval bodies, which are multiplied by fission only, and which sometimes remain isolated, at others form unbranched rows (rods, threads, fee.), but only occasionally present a cubiform aspect. To this group the bacterium, vibrio, vibrio-bacillus, spirillum, fee., belong.
Observations on the Fly affecting the Mangold Wurzel Crops, in the year 1861.
Authors: Houghton W.
Published: April 2021

The mangold wurzel crops have, as is too well known amongst farmers in some parts of this country, suffered considerably from the attacks of the larvæ of some insect during the last year. In the report of the meeting of the Entomological Society, July 1, 1861, Professor Westwood observed “that although mangold wurzel has been usually considered almost free from the attack of insects, yet the crops this season in many distant countries, Devon, York, Hereford, Oxon, &c., were attacked by the larvæ of a dipterous insect, Fam. Muscidæ, and probably allied to Tephritis, which mine into the leaves, forming large blotches, which soon shrivel up and do much damage to the plants.” In the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, vol. vii, p. 399 (1847), Mr. Curtis has published some ‘Observations on the Nat. Hist, and Economy of a Weevil affecting Pea-crops, and various insects which injure or destroy the Mangold Wurzel and Beet,’ and at p. 411, he has described the male of a species of Aiithoinyia, which he appropriately calls Amthomyia bclæ. Mr. Curtis states that his acquaintance with this fly was made from a communication sent him by a gentleman of Crawford, and that he was indebted to him for the history of its economy. “The maggots were brought to me from Surrey, on the 26th of June, found feedingbetween the skins of the leaves, the integuments of which they cut rapidly, giving the plants attacked a blistered appearance. They were of a greenish colour, a quarter of an inch long, pointed at the head, and rather abruptly cut off at the tail, they turned to pupæ in situ, as you may see by the fragments of the leaves, and hatched July 17th and 20th;” it may be added that the plant whence the insects were obtained had been destroyed by their attacks, and that the sugar-beet had also suffered from the same cause.
Migration of Entozoa. Reply to M. V. Beneden’s Note
Authors: Pouchet MM. Verrier
Published: April 2021

Our doubts respecting the migrations of the Entozoa are justified to some extent by those which have been expressed by the two most celebrated French helminthologists themselves. Nevertheless we have not ventured to bring them forward without long and laborious critical study and experiment.
On the Classification of Cryptogams
Authors: Bennett Alfred W.
Published: April 2021

The classification of Cryptogams proposed in the fourth edition of Sachs’s ‘Lehrbuch der Botanik’—differing in some important points from that in the third edition, from which the English translation has been made—is an undoubted index of a considerable advance in our knowledge of the relationships of the lower forms of flowerless plants. That it will in some points be modified as our knowledge further advances, its author would be the last to dispute ; there are some other points to which I wish to call attention in the present paper, in which that distinguished botanist does not appear to me to have been so successful in pointing out natural affinities.
On the Lymphatic System of the Skin and Mucous Membranes
Authors: Klein E.
Published: April 2021

In No. III (New Series) of the Reports of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council and Local Government Board, I have given an extensive summary of an anatomical investigation of the lymphatic system of the serous membranes and the lung, carried on during 1871 and 1872, with special reference to the process of chronic infective inflammation and tuberculosis.
On the Further Development of Welwitschia Mirabilis
Authors: Bower F. O.
Published: April 2021

Since the publication of my paper “On the Germination and Histology of the Seedling of Welwitschia miralilis “(‘Quart. Journ. Mier. Sei.,’ Jan. 1881), I have been put in a position to study the structure of older plants, some specimens of these having been supplied to me from the Kew collections, others being kindly presented by Chev. D. J. de Nauet Monteiro. It is the object of the present paper to describe the structure of these older plants, and to show how it corresponds with that of the young seedling as already described.
Note on Open Communication between the Cells in the Pulvinus of Mimosa pudica
Authors: Gardiner Walter
Published: April 2021

An anatomical investigation of the organs of motion in certain plants which I have undertaken at the suggestion of Professor Sachs has already led to some results which appear of sufficient interest for publication. A point of primary importance was to endeavour to ascertain whether any means of communication exists between the protoplasm of neighbouring cells. My attention has as yet been chiefly occupied with a study of the pulvini of Mimosa, Robinia, Ainicia, and Phaseolus.
On a Crustacean Larva at one time supposed to be the Larva of Limulus
Authors: Willemoes-Suhm R. von
Published: April 2021

(Published by permission of the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury.)

[The manuscript and figures of Dr. v. Willemoes-Suhm relative to a Crustacean larva, which he at one time was led to regard as the larval form of Limulus molluccanus, have been placed in my hands for publication. I am informed by Professor Moseley that before his death Suhm was definitely of opinion that the larva in question belonged to a Cirrhipede. In the mean time a reference to its supposed connection with Limulus had been published in Suhm’s ‘Challenger Briefe,’ In consequence of this, as well as in view of the intrinsic interest of the form, I think it well to publish Suhm’s drawings and description in full. In the description I have in brackets made such additions as are consistent with Suhm’s later interpretation of the larvæ.—E. Ray Lankester.]
On Haplobranchus, a New Genus of Capitobranchiate Annelids
Authors: Bourne Alfred Gibbs
Published: April 2021

This very interesting worm was kindly placed in my hands for description by Professor Lankester, who received it last November in quantity from Mr. Thomas Bolton, F.R.M.S., of Birmingham, accompanied by a sketch of the animal in its tube, which I have reproduced in a modified form in fig. 1. Respecting its habitat, I may quote the words of Mr. W. H. Shrubsoil, who writes as follows:—
Observations on the Genus Pythium (Pringsh.)
Authors: Ward H. Marshall
Published: April 2021

Among the numerous species and genera of fungi which have become known to science of late, there are perhaps none more important from a biological point of view —unless Bacteria be excepted—than the minute, and for a long time ill-understood organisms comprising the genus Pythium, founded by Pringsheim in 1858 as a group subordinate to the Saprolegniæ. During some recent investigations which I have lately made for the purpose of obtaining a clearer insight into certain obscure processes in the vegetable cell, I had the good fortune to obtain material which afforded an opportunity for a study of these plant-devouring fungi, under exceptionally favorable circumstances. It appears worth while, therefore, to describe these observations, not only because they embrace important facts of general biological interest, but also because the organisms concerned have been apparently almost ignored in England.1 Whether they are to be regarded as morphologically of such importance as they are believed to be may remain an open question until they have been further examined.
A Contribution to the Knowledge of Rhabdopleura
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

Rhabdopleura was discovered by the Rev. Alfred Merle Norman, in deep water (90 fathoms) off the Shetlands, in 1868. The original specimens were described by Professor Allman in this Journal, vol. ix, 1869, p. 57, and many of the remarkable characters of the new genus which he founded for the reception of this form were fully recognised and discussed by him. Subsequently Prof. G. O. Sars published (Christiania, 1872) an account of Rhabdopleura, based upon specimens obtained at a depth of 200 fathoms off the Lofoten Islands, and studied by him in the living state. Sars’s memoir was reproduced in this Journal in 1874 (vol. xiv, p. 23). The specimens studied by Sars were regarded by him as belonging to a different species from that described by Allman, for which he proposed the name Rhabdopleura mirabilis, Allman having named his species Rh. Normani after the eminent naturalist, who detected it in the contents of his dredge, and sent it to Allman for study, I spent part of the summer (end of July to beginning of September) of 1882 at Lervik, on the Island of Stordoe, at the mouth of the Hardanger Fjord, near Bergen in Norway, in order, among other things, to obtain living specimens of Rhabdopleura, in the hope of clearing up certain doubtful points in its anatomy, and, if fortune favoured me, of obtaining material for the study of its development from the egg. In 1879, Dr. Norman had for a second time encountered Rhabdopleura, having dredged it at this spot (Lervik) in water of 150 fathoms’ depth, growing upon the dead parts of the corallum of the beautiful Lopbohelia proliféra, which is so abundant on this coast. Dr. Norman very kindly gave me minute instructions as to the exact spot at which he had made this second find of Rhabdopleura, and within a few days of establishing myself at Lervik I was successful in obtaining some specimens.1 A little later, Dr. Norman himself joined me at Lervik and gave me the immense advantage of his help in dredging operations. We very soon obtained Rhabdopleura from a depth of 40 fathoms only, and growing not upon a hard corallum, but upon a much more favorable substance for the purposes of study, namely, on the test of Ascidia méntula. At the same spot, at the very mouth of the harbour of Lervik, south of the lighthouse island, we obtained a specimen (the fourth on record) of the Bonellia-like Gephyræan Hamingia arctica, which was remarkable not only for its occurrence south of the Arctic Circle and in comparatively shallow water, but for retaining its præoral appendage in full perfection (see ‘Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ Jan., 1883).
Blastopore, Mesoderm and Metameric Segmentation
Authors: Caldwell W. H.
Published: April 2021

A year ago my observations on the development of certain, forms of invertebrate animals suggested an explanation of the behaviour of the blastopore, and led me to consider the various speculations concerning the middle germinal layer put forward in recent years. The theory which I thus deduced embraces the question of metameric segmentation. On my voyage to Australia I wrote the present paper. Meanwhile my friend Mr. Sedgwick, to whom I had written some of my conclusions, was preparing a contribution to the same subject. Since then Mr. Sedgwick’s paper1 has appeared, and I find not only that my conclusions as to the meaning of segmentation are fundamentally different, but also that he leaves the larger question of mesoderm untouched. The origin of mesoderm in Phoronis was the startingpoint of my inquiry. I shall first describe the facts in this animal, and I would point out that my discoveries are due entirely to the facilities for investigating minute embryos afforded by my method of obtaining automatic series of sections. I failed to observe the details which are contained in the present paper in my original sections from which a preliminary account (‘ Proc. Roy. Soc.’ 1882) was composed.
The Early Development of Julus Terrestris1
Authors: Heathcote F. G.
Published: April 2021

My investigations, the results of which are contained in the following paper, were begun in June, 1882. I collected a number of Chilognatha and kept them in glass jars, the bottoms of which were covered with damp earth. I soon found that Julus terrestris2 was the species best suited for my purpose, as though the eggs presented some difficulties not present in the eggs of other species, yet they were of a convenient size and were easily to be procured in great numbers.
On the Anatomy of the Nervous System in the Lumbricus Terrestris
Authors: Rorie James
Published: April 2021

Up to a very recent date, anatomists have generally regarded the nervous system of the Insecta, Mollusca, and Annulosa, as consisting of a structure essentially different in its microscopical characters from that of man and the higher mammalia generally. The nerve centres of these animals, for instance, have usually been considered as composed of unipolar cells, from which minute fibres arise and pass directly to the muscles and organs supplied. That such an arrangement is the correct one has, however, now been called in question, not only on anatomical but also on physiological grounds; for if we admit that these nerve-cells are unipolar, then we must also admit that each cell is a separate nerve centre having no connection or relation with its neighbouring cells. This view, while opposed to all analogy, will be shown by the following notes to be equally opposed to correct observation. It is not, however, to be wondered at, that such a view should have been so generally received. On examining the nervous system, particularly of the Insecta, the appearance of unipolar cells is often presented, and it is only by very careful management of the light that a correct knowledge of the arrangement of the nerve-cells and nerve-fibres can be arrived at. In the present paper I propose to consider the anatomy of the nervous system of the common earth worm, (lumbricus terrestris,) because it presents to our view a nervous system of a very simple form, and especially because on account of its small size and transparency the different ganglia can be examined entire without our being obliged to have recourse to sections.
Notes on the Anatomy of Sagitta
Authors: Pagenstecher H. A.
Published: April 2021

H. A. Pagenstecher*has described what he regards as a new species of Sagitta, occurring at Cette. But as, unfortunately, he appears to have met with only a single specimen, his determination of its specific distinction cannot be regarded as definitive.
On the General Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology of Limax Maximus (Moquin-Tandon)
Authors: Lawson Henry
Published: April 2021

It has often occurred to my mind that the objects by which we are almost invariably surrounded are not unfrequently those with whose characters and history we are least acquainted. How many are there who, though on terms of intimacy with the utmost minutiæ of some arabesque, or specimen of mediæval ornamentation, can accurately depict from memory alone the pattern of a well-known carpet or the design of a drawing-room’s tapestry ? If so commonplace a comparison be not inadequate to the subject, I beg to offer it as one of the circumstances which instigated the researches, upon which the results stated in the following page’s have been based.
A Remarkable Crustacean Parasite, and its Bearing on the Phylogeny of the Ento-mostraca
Authors: Fowler G. Herbert
Published: April 2021

In a decalcified specimen of Bathyactis symmetrica, dredged on the expedition of H.M.S. “Challenger” from a depth of 2300 fathoms (Lat. 35°41’ N., Long. 157°42’ E., Station 241), I was fortunate enough to meet with the remarkable parasite for which I propose the name of Petrarca bathyactidis, gen. et sp. n. Its morphological interest, and the improbability that further material will be obtained for some time, are justification sufficient for the presentation of an account which is unavoidably incomplete, owing to the minuteness of the animal and to the fact that only three specimens have been at my disposal.
Karyokinesis and its Relation to the Process of Fertilization
Authors: Waldeyer W.
Published: April 2021

The phenomenon which is indicated by the name “Karyokinesis “depends essentially on the appearance of distinctly visible and readily stained thread-like structures in the cell-nucleus, which change their form during its division. These structures were observed and figured before they were recognised as general and important occurrences. For example, Henle in his ‘Splanchnologie ‘(1865, p. 355) gave the first drawings of karyokinetic figures for cells of the testis. Again, Heller and A. Kowalevsky (1869), and later on W. Krause (1870)—if we here leave out of consideration botanical writers—may be added as observers of facts in karyokinesis, without, however, giving a correct explanation of them. The honour of discovering karyokinetic (indirect, metamorphic or mitotic) nuclear division as a regular phenomenon, with its three chief constituents—chromatic nuclear figure, achromatic spindle and polar stars—belongs to A. Schneider, the zoologist of Breslau, at that time in Giessen. In his memoir, “Untersuchungen über Platyelminthen,” in the ‘Jahrb. der oberhessische Gesellschaft für Naturund Heilkunde ‘(1873), he describes facts about the division of egg- and sperm-cells, as well as of tissue-cells, in a certain Flatworm (Mesostomum). Owing to its publication in an obscure journal, Schneider’s work was overlooked, and the discovery was independently made, shortly after, for a second time by Bütschli (41, 42) and H. Fol (65). Dr. Schleicher, one of van Bambeke’s pupils in Ghent, invented in 1878(179) the name “Karyokinesis”—i.e. nuclear movement, for the series of phenomena in question; whilst Mayzel (133, 134), of Warsaw, and especially Strasburger (190 —194), of Bonn, W. Flemming (57—63), of Kiel, E. van Beneden (18—24), of Liège, and recently Rabi (165), of Prague, have been the chief contributors to the advance of our knowledge of the process. Flemming must be particularly noted, as his version in the controversy of opinion has gained the most adherents. Place will be found in the course of the description for several further data in the development of our knowledge of karyokinesis. An accurate history of the literature will be found in the following monographs:—Stras-burger’s ‘Zellbildung und Zelltheilung,’ 3 Aufl., 1880; ‘Neue Untersuchungen über der Befructungs Vorgang bei den Phanerogamen als Grundlage für eine Theorie der Zeugung,’ 1884; ‘Ueber Kern_und Zell-theilung im Pflanzenreiche nebst einem Anhange über Befructung,’ Jena, 1888; Flemming’s ‘Zellsubstanz, Kernund Zell-theilung,’ Leipzig, 1882; and van Beneden’s ‘Recherches sur la maturation de l’œuf, la fécundation et la division cellulaire,’ Ghent, Leipzig, Paris, 1883. Again, reference should be made to the works of Rabi (“Ueber Zelltheilung,” ‘Morph. Jahrb.,’ x), of Mark (“Maturation, Fecundation, and Segmentation of Limax campestris,” ‘Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,’ of Harvard Coll., Camb., Mass., U.S.A., vol. vi, No. 12), and of Carnoy, in his journal ‘La Cellule,’ vols, i, ii, iii, iv.
The Anatomy of Pentastomum teretiusculum (Baird)
Authors: Spencer W. Baldwin
Published: April 2021

During the summer of 1887-8 the Field Naturalist Club of Victoria arranged for the annual collecting expedition of its members to be made to King Island. The latter lies to the west of Bass Straits, halfway between the mainland of Victoria and Tasmania, and is a wild and, save for two lighthouse keepers, uninhabited island. Whilst collecting we came across very numerous specimens of the copper-head snake (Hoplocephalus superbus), and in one of these my attention was drawn by my friend and pupil, Mr. E. Dombrain, to the presence of a parasite in the lung, which proved on examination to be a large specimen of some species of Pentastomum. Shortly afterwards I killed another snake of the same species, and on cutting the body open found the lung to be crowded with the same parasite. The weather was extremely warm, and, as we were on the tramp, all that could be done was to put the animal into spirits, and trust to finding the parasite again for the purpose of watching it alive. This opportunity has unfortunately not occurred, though since that time I have cut open many “copper-heads” in the hope of finding the Pentastomum. Mr. D. McAlpine has been good enough to give me four specimens of the same species of Pentastomum, which he has found in the lungs of a black snake (Pseudechys por - phyriacus) in Victoria.
A few Words on the Choice of a Microscope
Authors: Plumer J. J.
Published: April 2021

There are, perhaps, few instruments of the present day in which theoretical perfection has been so nearly reached in its practical results as in the modern microscope. In saying this, I am of course speaking of it in its most perfect form, in which the highest optical skill is combined with the most consummate mechanical contrivance. A large number of works have been published on the microscope,* on its history and manner of using it, on its manufacture by our chief opticians, and lastly, on the countless variety of objects which nature and art present for its investigation.† Dr. Carpenter’s great work, ‘The Microscope and its Revelations,’ is, in fact, a complete Cyclopædia of itself, in which the above subjects are most ably and fully discussed. The choice, therefore, of a microscope, about which so much has been, and we may safely add is being written, which has become so important an instrument in the hands of the medical student and physiologist, and which opens to the general observer the secrets of minute Nature with a clearness and ease till of late unexampled—the choice at the outset of the most efficient instrument that can be procured by the lover of microscopic research according to his means and requirements is a point of some consequence, and about which I propose now to say a few words. And in doing this, I am merely going to give my own experience in the matter, with such positive and direct advice as may help to guide the inexperienced purchaser in his choice. And firstly, my observations shall be addressed to those who can afford to possess themselves of the most perfect and expensive instruments. I would say, then, to such, what I shall probably have occasion to repeat more than once—Begin by procuring the best microscope stand that the best optician can give you. To explain the optical principles and somewhat complicated mechanism of the compound achromatic microscope with such books as Dr. Carpenter’s, and Mr. Quekett’s, and others before the public, would be altogether superfluous in a little paper like the present. Nor is it necessary to enter into the details of its elementary construction, now that illustrated catalogues within the reach of all are issued by some of our first opticians, with all the various parts figured and described. Besides, it may be taken for granted that a person about to invest a large sum in the purchase of a microscope has a general notion of its form and build. He may fairly be supposed to know the eyepiece from the object-glass, why they are so called, and that on the union of both depends the magnifying power. He may be supposed to know that the stand of the microscope usually consists of two supports, which carry the body into which the glasses fit, together with the stage on which the object rests, and the apparatus necessary for illuminating the object.
Balanoglossus otagoensis, n. sp
Authors: Benham W. Blaxland
Published: April 2021

Hitherto no example of the Hemichorda has been recorded from New Zealand; and, indeed, it is only quite recently that any member of the group has been demonstrated to occur on the shores of Australasia. In 1893, Mr. T. P. Hill, of Sydney University, recorded the capture of a specimen of Ptychodera Australiensis,of which he gave a detailed account in 1895. But the genus Balanoglossus has hitherto not been discovered in the Southern Hemisphere (fide Spengel, 1893), hence the species about to be described gains in interest.
The Movements of Copepoda
Authors: MacBride E. W.
Published: April 2021

Since the time of Brady it has been generally supposed that amongst the Copepoda the most important locomotor organs were the antennules. This belief is categorically stated in Huxley’s text-book on ‘The Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals,’ p. 235.
The Structure and Classification of the Arthropoda
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

[BY the great kindness of the proprietors of the tenth edition of the ‘Encyclopædia Britannica’ I have received permission to reprint in this journal the articles ARTHROPODA and ARACHNIDA, which I contributed to its pages. I have been anxious that morphologists should consider the views which I have put forward in these articles (written now nearly four years ago). At the same time I have observed that they have entirely escaped the notice of two authors who have recently written general essays on the Arthropoda, viz. Dr. A. S. Packard, of Salem, Mass., and Mr. G. H. Carpenter, of Dublin. I have revised both articles only in regard to verbal inaccuracies, excepting where I have definitely stated that new matter is introduced. I hope that in their present form these articles will not fail to come under the notice of zoologists.—E. R. L.]
On the Propagation, Structure, and Classification of the Family Sphæromidæ
Authors: Hansen H. J.
Published: April 2021

Three years ago H. F. Moore (“Rep. Porto Rican Isopoda,” in ‘U. S. Fish Comm. Bull.’ for 1900, vol. ii, p. 172, 1901) wrote on the Sphæromidæ : “No attempt is made to furnish a key to the genera, owing to the extreme confusion that exists in this family, and it is doubtful if the following two species are properly assigned generically. The dissimilarity of the sexes has frequently misled authors into placing them in widely separated genera, and, while this has not been done in the present case, the limitations of the genera are so indefinitely established that the author has not been able to satisfy himself of the generic affinities of the species described.” It may be added that Moore, in reality, refers both his species to genera to which they do not belong. But his critical remarks quoted are correct, and convey an idea on the state of things ; other authors have complained in a rather similar way, and the extreme difficulty in arriving at some clearness has probably been felt by every carcinologist who has attempted to name or describe a number of animals belonging to the family Sphæromidæ.
The Life-Cycle of “Cystobia” irregularis (Minch.), together with Observations on other “Neogamous” Gregarines.
Authors: Woodcock H. M.
Published: April 2021

The Gregarines of Holothurians were first brought to my notice by Professor Minchin, who suggested that I might suitably devote a portion of my time as Derby Scholar in endeavouring to obtain further stages in the life-history of Cystobia (Gregarina) irregularis. This Gregarine, which is parasitic in Holothuria forskåli,1 the “cotton-spinner” of our South-Western coast, was originally described by him (25), but, in view of the recent important advance in our knowledge of the life-cycle of many Gregarines, it appeared desirable to try and ascertain more fully to what extent Cystobia agrees with, or diverges from, other members of the order.
Review of Dr. Richard Goldschmidt’s monograph of Amphioxides1
Authors: Willey A. , Cantab M.A.
Published: April 2021

Among the many acquisitions of the German Expedition to the Deep Sea in the S.S. “Valdivia” (1898—1899), which was organised under the direction of Professor Carl Chun, not the least valuable was the relatively large series (27 specimens) of pelagic Acraniata belonging to the genus Amphioxides, Gill. This material was entrusted to the skilled hands of Dr. Richard Goldschmidt, who may be congratulated on his important monograph, which takes its place in a section of zoological literature associated with the honoured names of Johannes Müller, A. von Kölliker, de Quatrefages, Kowalevsky, Hatschek, Huxley, Ray Lankester, van Wijhe.
The Molluscan Radula: its Chemical Composition, and Some Points in its Development
Authors: Sollas Igerna B. J.
Published: April 2021

The molluscan radula, or dental ribbon, has been the subject of research for at least a century and a half. Aristotle (3), though he speaks of teeth in Limax, alludes apparently to the ridges on the jaw, and there is no evidence that he knew of the existence of the radula: but it is interesting to find that the great naturalist was well aware of the fact that whelks bore holes in shells with the proboscis, although he cannot have fully understood the process. Poli made a jest of the tale as a fable, but Osler re-affirmed it in 1832 without knowing of previous work, and is now credited with having been the first to observe this interesting habit.
Doridoeides gardineri: a Doridiform Cladohepatic Nudibranch
Authors: Eliot Sir Charles , Evans T. J.
Published: April 2021

The nudibranchiate mollusc which forms the subject of this paper presents an unusual combination of characters. It has the external appearance of a Dorid, except that it has no gills, but its digestive organs are arranged on the cladohepatic plan. It was originally described by Sir Charles Eliot as Doridomorpha gardineri in Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner’s ‘Fanna and Geography of the Maldives and Laccadives, Nudibranchiata,’ pp. 544-5. Professor Bergh, however, has pointed out (“Ueber dadound holohepatische nudibranchiate Gastropoden,” ‘Zool. Jahi.b.’ Bd. xxiii, Heft 6, p. 740) that Doridomorpha was used in 1832 by Audouin and Milne Edwards. The animal to which they gave the name cannot now be identified, but it is unfortunately incorrect according to the laws of nomenclature to apply it to a new form and Doridoeides is now proposed as a substitute of equivalent meaning.
On Archerina, Golenkinia and Botryococcus
Authors: Lankester Sir Ray
Published: April 2021

In the year 1885 I described in this Journal—vol. xxv, new ser., p. 61—and figured in a coloured plate, a minute chlorophyllogenous organism, for which I formed the genus “Archerina.” I named the species “A. boltoni.” Nine years later1 Professor Chodat, of Geneva, described the same organism under the name “Golenkinia radiata,” in Morot’s ‘Journal de Botanique,’ Tome viii, 1894, September 16th. Professor Chodat obtained his specimens from a small duck-pond in the public park at Geneva. My specimens were sent to me in a bottle-full of living material by Mr. Thomas Bolton, of Birmingham. I have now reason to believe that the “gathering “was obtained by Mr. Bolton from the duck-pond of the gardens of the Royal Botanical Society in Regent’s Park, whence I have since obtained Archerina.
Studies on Ceylon Hæmatozoa: No. 1.—The Life Cycle of Trypanosoma vittatæ
Authors: Robertson Muriel
Published: April 2021

In August, 1907, I went to Ceylon with a view to investigating the Protozoan blood parasites of Reptiles. The following memoir gives an account of the Trypanosome infection found in the soft Tortoise Emyda vittata.
The Formation of the Layers in Amphioxus and its Bearing on the Interpretation of the Early Ontogenetic Processes in Other Vertebrates
Authors: MacBride E. W.
Published: April 2021

The readers of the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science have been treated in a recent number to a brilliant essay on the early ontogenetic stages of vertebrates from the well-known pen of Professor Hubrecht (18), who has dealt with the subject from the point of view of a specialist in mammalian embryology, and may be said to have envisaged the development of vertebrates through mammalian spectacles.