bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Natural convection heat transfer in an anisotropic porous cavity heated from side (2nd report, experiment using a Hele‐Shaw cell)
Authors: Kimura Shigeo , Okajima Atsushi , Kiwata Takahiro
Published: October 2002

Natural convection heat transfer and flow structure in an anisotropic porous medium of square cavity saturated with a Boussinesq fluid has been studied experimentally using a Hele‐Shaw cell. The permeability ratio defined by K = Ky/Kx was set to three different values: 0.4, 1, and 2.5. The convection patterns at the three permeability ratios are visualized at several different Rayleigh numbers by a pH indicator method. When K is 0.25, the visualized flow is mainly in the vertical direction. On the contrary, for K = 4 the convecting flow is in the horizontal direction. The average heat transfer coefficients are also measured, and the corresponding Nusselt numbers are plotted as a function of K. It is found that the corresponding Nusselt numbers are correlated with (KRa)1/2. The experimental results of the flow pattern and heat transfer are in good agreement with those obtained by our previous theory. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(6): 463–474, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10046
Quasi‐static and chaotic characteristics of the natural convection field between concentric vertical annuli
Authors: Ishida Hideshi , Gomi Manabu , Kimoto Hideo
Published: October 2002

In this study unsteady and chaotic characteristics of thermal convection fields between concentric annuli were experimentally examined, and they were compared with those reported in a vertical slot. The inner cylinder was heated by an embedded heater and the outer one was cooled by temperature‐controlled cold water, and 84 wt% glycerol‐water solution was used for the present test liquid. The main results are as follows: (1) The region where the characteristic frequency of temperature fluctuation is detected is located in the upper portion of the region where the secondary cells exist. (2) The time scale of the temperature change at which the autocorrelation coefficient becomes 1/e is relatively small in the secondary‐cell region, and this corresponds to the result of the natural convection field in a vertical slot. (3) The significant chaotic characteristics of temperature fluctuation are observed in almost the same region where the characteristic frequency of temperature fluctuation is detected, and this also corresponds to the results on the vertical slot. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(6): 486–497, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10048
Evaporating characteristics of a microlayer under a bubble
Authors: Li C.H. , Peng X.F. , Li Z.M.
Published: October 2002

Using the Hallinan‐Ervin model, the flow and evaporation in a bubble microlayer were theoretically analyzed, and the dryout characteristics and Staub's criterion were discussed in detail. It was revealed that the critical dryout radius is associated with the wettability of the heated surface, and that the dominant role for microlayer evaporation is disjoining pressure, not surface tension gradient. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(6): 456–462, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10052
Linear and nonlinear feedback control of chaos in a thermal convection loop
Authors: Yang L. , Wang S.M. , Zhang Y.S. , Jiang X.Q.
Published: October 2002

In this paper, the linear and nonlinear active feedback controls of chaos in thermal convection loop are studied theoretically. The one‐dimensional partial differential equations consisting of mass, momentum, and energy balances are expanded to an infinite set of ordinary differential equations. The first mode of this set of equations is three equations which are similar to the celebrated Lorenz equations. These equations can be decoupled from the rest of the set and can be solved independently of other equations without need of truncation. The temperature difference as the controlling signal and the power input as the controlled signal are used. The linear and nonlinear active feedback control are used to adjust the wall temperature. It is found that the linear and nonlinear active feedback control can change the flow structure in a thermal convection loop. The chaos suppression or enhancement can be realized and some unstable periodic orbits can be stabilized by nonlinear feedback control successfully. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(6): 430–437, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10053
Pharmacokinetics of THC in brain and testis, male gametotoxicity and premature apoptosis of spermatozoa
Authors: Nahas Gabriel G. , Frick Henry Clay , Lattimer John K. , Latour Colette , Harvey David
Published: October 2002

An earlier report described the pharmacokinetics of delta‐9 THC and the resulting brain function responses. In the present studies the pharmacokinetics of THC in plasma, brain and testis were related to impairment of spermatogenesis. THC‐ containing preparations, whatever their route of administration, were associated with the induction of gametotoxicity in all species studied including man. The pharmacokinetics and molecular binding of THC is similar in all experimental models. Concentrations of THC in plasma, fat, testis, brain and spleen were measured following administration of tracer amounts of C14 delta‐8 THC labelled at the C11 position. Rats were administered 2 μCi of the tracer by i.m. injection, and killed at regular intervals after a single or multiple dose of the label. After a single dose, the maximal radioactivity was reached in brain after 2 and 4 h and amounted to 0.06% of the administered dose. In the testis, the concentration did not exceed 0.023% of the administered dose. In epididymal fat, the total radioactivity after 4 h was five times higher than in the brain and after 24 h it was eight times greater. After multiple injections of C14 THC, concentrations of the drug remained low in the plasma, brain and testis not exceeding 2–7 ng/g, but the epididymal fat tracer concentration was 40–80 times higher. Plasma concentrations of C14 THC were of the same magnitude as those measured by GCMS in the plasma of men exposed to marihuana smoke or THC, and in whom alterations of spermatogenesis were observed. In these studies, plasma THC ranged from 9.5×1012 M to 2.4×1014 M. These data illustrate the efficiency of the blood–brain barrier and blood–testicular barrier in limiting the storage of THC into brain and testis. During chronic exposure to THC the pharmacokinetic molecular mechanisms which limit the storage of THC in the brain and testis are not sufficient to prevent a persistent deregulation of membrane signalling and the induction of functional and morphological changes which reflect a premature apoptosis of spermatogenic cells. Long term, longitudinal epidemiological studies have reported decreased spermatogenesis in healthy, fertile adult males. But no study has been initiated to relate the oligospermia of this population to the consumption of widely used psychoactive drugs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of serotonin 1A agonist tandospirone on depression symptoms in senile patients with dementia
Authors: Masuda Yutaka , Akagawa Yusuke , Hishikawa Yasuo
Published: October 2002

The treatment of depression in senile patients with dementia is difficult with the drugs used formerly. The effects of a new anxiolytic drug, tandospirone, were investigated on depression symptoms in nine senile patients with dementia using Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM‐D) items. Tandospirone improved the symptoms, especially the depressive mood, agitation and anxiety, although a slight gastrointestinal symptom was found in one patient. The findings in the present study may suggest that tandospirone is a useful and comparatively safe drug for depression symptoms in senile patients with dementia. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Olanzapine improves social dysfunction in cluster B personality disorder
Authors: Zullino Daniele F. , Quinche Philippe , Häfliger Thomas , Stigler Michael
Published: October 2002

Treatment with antipsychotics is a common approach for personality disorder. Conventional antipsychotics may be efficacious particularly against psychoticism, but less against other symptoms in these patients. They are, furthermore, associated with adverse drug reactions poorly tolerated by patients with personality disorder. Atypical antipsychotics have a more convenient pharmacological profile with a lower risk for extrapyramidal symptoms and a broader therapeutic profile, showing some efficacy against impulsivity, aggressivity and affective symptoms. The medical records of ten patients with a DSM‐IV diagnosis of a cluster B personality disorder who had received olanzapine treatment were reviewed. A mirror‐image design anchored to the start date of olanzapine treatment and extending 8 weeks in either direction was used. The assessment consisted of a qualitative chart review and a retrospective completion of the GCI‐C and an adapted French version of the SDAS, using the observer‐rated items. The olanzapine dose range was 2.5–20 mg during the 8 weeks of observation. The mean SDAS score (items 1–15) was 28.8±8.4 for the 8 weeks preceding olanzapine prescription and was improved to 13.6±5.8 after 8 weeks of treatment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy of clozapine in a non‐schizophrenic patient with psychogenic polydipsia and central pontine myelinolysis
Authors: Mauri M. C. , Volonteri L. S. , Fiorentini A. , Dieci M. , Righini A. , Vita A.
Published: October 2002

Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic drug that has been demonstrated to be a highly effective treatment for polydipsia in schizophrenic patients. The authors report the first case of a non‐schizophrenic patient affected by polydipsia and central pontine myelinolysis who was successfully treated with clozapine. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formulation and application of the unsaturated/saturated catchment models SUSCAT and WEC‐C
Authors: Beverly Craig R. , Croton James T.
Published: October 2002

This paper describes the formulation and application of a coupled unsaturated/saturated model framework developed to investigate the impact of mining on catchment water yield and groundwater dynamics. The model conceptualization was implemented in both a finite‐element (SUSCAT) and finite‐difference (WEC‐C) solution scheme and found to give similar results. The model framework simulates a coupled surface‐water and groundwater system in which a physically based solution scheme was used to simulate one‐dimensional movement through the unsaturated zone, and a distributed model was used to simulate two‐dimensional saturated groundwater flow. Each soil column comprises a series of layers, each layer being connected to adjacent cells. Subsurface lateral flow is considered when any cell within a layer develops a saturated thickness. Simulation results presented are based on a catchment in the Darling Range, Western Australia that was progressively mined and subsequently rehabilitated. The results predicted the groundwater system beneath the mine areas to have a peak rise owing to mining of between 2 and 4 m. Six years after mining, and following vegetation rehabilitation, the groundwater rise had reduced to 1 m above simulated unmined levels. The corresponding streamflow increase as a result of mining was estimated to peak at 21 mm/year and declined to 7·4 mm/year eight years after revegetation of the mined areas. The simulated groundwater response and streamflow results derived from both models were found to be consistent with observed data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multi‐sensor approach to wetland flood monitoring
Authors: Töyrä Jessika , Pietroniro Alain , Martz Lawrence W. , Prowse Terry D.
Published: October 2002

The Peace–Athabasca Delta, Canada, is a 3900 km2 freshwater wetland complex, characterized by numerous river channels, lakes and wetland basins. Periodic flooding of the wetland basins is necessary to maintain the productivity in the delta. The delta experienced a 22 year drying trend between 1974 and 1996, resulting in considerable changes in water boundaries. Availability of water is the dominant mechanism driving the ecosystem response. As such, accurate and frequently updated maps of floodwater extent and vegetation types are necessary for proper wetland management. Owing to the large size, remoteness, and dynamic nature of the delta, flood mapping is only feasible using remote sensing.

This paper evaluates the use of radar and visible/infrared satellite imagery for mapping the extent of flooded wetland areas. The extent of standing water in the delta during May 1996 and May 1998 was mapped using RADARSAT and SPOT imagery. The RADARSAT scenes, the SPOT scenes, and a combination of the two were, for each year, classified into open water, flooded vegetation, and non‐flooded land using a Mahalanobis distance classifier. When the 1996 RADARSAT scene and the 1996 SPOT scene were classified separately, they resulted in Kappa coefficients of 70% and 66% respectively. The accuracy increased to 92% when the RADARSAT and the SPOT scenes were combined and classified together. Classification of the 1998 RADARSAT scene and the 1998 SPOT scene resulted in accuracies of 76% and 80% respectively, whereas a combination of the two scenes resulted in an accuracy of 92%. The results from this study indicate that the information from radar and visible/infrared satellite imagery is complementary and that flood mapping in wetland areas can be achieved with higher accuracy if the two image types are used in combination. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RADARSAT backscatter characteristics of ice growing on shallow sub‐Arctic lakes, Churchill, Manitoba, Canada
Authors: Duguay Claude R. , Pultz Terry J. , Lafleur Peter M. , Drai Déborah
Published: October 2002

Results from an investigation on the evaluation of RADARSAT (C‐HH) imagery for monitoring ice growth and decay, and related processes of shallow sub‐Arctic (tundra and forest) lakes in northern Manitoba, Canada, are presented. Field observations on the structural and stratigraphic characteristics of snow and ice from four lake sites are used in support of the interpretation of changes in synthetic aperture radar backscatter intensity as a function of time and incidence angle (20–49°). Results show that bubble inclusions, most of which are tubular and oriented in the direction of growth, strongly influence backscatter intensity from floating ice in RADARSAT Standard beam mode imagery. It is shown that radar return can vary considerably as a function of incidence angle. Differences of as much as 6·5 dB were observed for the same ice cover when observed at steeper (20–35°) compared with shallower (35–49°) incidence angles. During the early stages of ice growth and/or when the ice volume contains a small amount of tubular bubbles, backscatter intensity from the floating ice measured at shallower incidence angles (35–49°) is similar to that observed from the grounded ice at any incidence angle (−17 to −11 dB). A strong decrease in backscatter was observed at all sites during spring thaw and was explained by the microwave signal being absorbed by the wet snow cover and by specular reflection from the standing water (ponds) on the lake ice surface. With its multiple beam mode configurations, RADARSAT offers an improved temporal coverage over ERS‐1/2, thus making it possible to determine more precisely freeze‐up and break‐up dates, and timing of bottom freezing from shallow Arctic and sub‐Arctic lakes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A numerical model of the river freezing process and its application to the Lena River
Authors: Ma Xieyao , Fukushima Yoshihiro
Published: October 2002

River freezing is a common phenomenon at high latitudes. The Lena River, one of the four largest rivers flowing into the Arctic Ocean, freezes over completely from early December to late April. The process of river‐ice formation affects not only the river flow and local energy regime, but also influences hydrological and thermal conditions in the Arctic Ocean. In this study, a combined hydrological model used for a cold‐region basin (Ma et al., 2000. Hydrological processes 14: 639–651) was further developed to model hydrological processes in the Lena River. A simple method of accumulated degree‐days was used in describing river‐ice growth and decay. River flow routing was used to compute the hydrograph according to the depth of runoff stored in the river and the season. The combined model system was applied to the Lena River basin, using data for the period October 1986 to September 1987, and produced modelled hydrographs at six river sections that were an improvement on those resulting from the earlier study. Although the simulation duration in this study was limited to 1 year, it is expected that the model system will be an effective tool in making hydrological simulations in cold regions in the future. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Field isotope investigations and numerical simulation of lake hydrodynamics
Authors: Murthy J. S. R. , Saravana Kumar U. , Navada S. V. , Rao S. M.
Published: October 2002

A three‐dimensional, numerical free‐surface‐flow simulation model is developed to investigate hydrodynamics of a lake and the predictive capabilities of the numerical model are validated by comparing them with field results obtained from Lake Naini, Uttar Pradesh, using environmental isotope (δ18O, δD and 3H) techniques. This has been carried out in order to understand the hydrodynamics of a lake (i.e. circulations, mixing and transport of water within the lake). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of concentrated flow width in ephemeral gully channels
Authors: Nachtergaele J. , Poesen J. , Sidorchuk A. , Torri D.
Published: October 2002

Empirical prediction equations of the form W = aQb have been reported for rills and rivers, but not for ephemeral gullies. In this study six experimental data sets are used to establish a relationship between channel width (W, m) and flow discharge (Q, m3 s−1) for ephemeral gullies formed on cropland. The resulting regression equation (W = 2·51 Q0·412; R2 = 0·72; n = 67) predicts observed channel width reasonably well. Owing to logistic limitations related to the respective experimental set ups, only relatively small runoff discharges (i.e. Q < 0·02 m3s−1) were covered. Using field data, where measured ephemeral gully channel width was attributed to a calculated peak runoff discharge on sealed cropland, the application field of the regression equation was extended towards larger discharges (i.e. 5 × 10−4m3s−1 < Q < 0·1 m3s−1).

Comparing W–Q relationships for concentrated flow channels revealed that the discharge exponent (b) varies from 0·3 for rills over 0·4 for gullies to 0·5 for rivers. This shift in b may be the result of: (i) differences in flow shear stress distribution over the wetted perimeter between rills, gullies and rivers, (ii) a decrease in probability of a channel formed in soil material with uniform erosion resistance from rills over gullies to rivers and (iii) a decrease in average surface slope from rills over gullies to rivers.

The proposed W–Q equation for ephemeral gullies is valid for (sealed) cropland with no significant change in erosion resistance with depth. Two examples illustrate limitations of the W–Q approach. In a first example, vertical erosion is hindered by a frozen subsoil. The second example relates to a typical summer situation where the soil moisture profile of an agricultural field makes the top 0·02 m five times more erodible than the underlying soil material. For both cases observed W values are larger than those predicted by the established channel width equation for concentrated flow on cropland. For the frozen soils the equation W = 3·17 Q0·368 (R2 = 0·78; n = 617) was established, but for the summer soils no equation could be established. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effector mechanisms of norcantharidin‐induced mitotic arrest and apoptosis in human hepatoma cells
Authors: Chen Yan‐Nian , Chen Jung‐Chou , Yin Sui‐Chu , Wang Guang‐Sheng , Tsauer Wei , Hsu Sheng‐Feng , Hsu Shih‐Lan
Published: October 2002

NCTD is a demethylated form of cantharidin with antitumor properties, which is now in use as a routine anticancer drug against hepatoma. However, there is limited information on the effect of NCTD on human cancer cells. In the present study, NCTD inhibited proliferation, caused mitotic arrest, then progressed to apoptosis within 96 hr in 3 human hepatoma cell lines: HepG2, Hep3B and Huh‐7. NCTD treatment (5 μg/ml) enhanced the expression of Cdc25C and p21Cip1/Waf1, increasing the phosphorylation of these 2 proteins. In addition, NCTD treatment induced an earlier increase in cyclin B1–associated histone H1 kinase activity within 48 hr, but an approximately 70% reduction of both protein level and kinase activity of cyclin B1 was observed at 72 hr. Treatment with NCTD significantly decreased the expression of p53 protein but did not affect the expression of Cdk1 and p27Kip1. Moreover, NCTD treatment also increased the phosphorylation of Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐XL but did not affect the expression of Bax or Bad. Bcl‐2 phosphorylation appears to inhibit its binding to Bax since less Bax was detected in immunocomplex with Bcl‐2 in NCTD‐treated HepG2 cells. In addition, NCTD treatment caused activation of caspase‐9 and caspase‐3, preceding DNA fragmentation and morphologic features of apoptosis. Pretreatment with the broad‐spectrum caspase inhibitor z‐VAD‐fmk markedly inhibited NCTD‐induced caspase‐3 activity and cell death. These results suggest that phosphorylation of p21Cip1/Waf1 and Cdc25C and biphasic regulation of cyclin B1–associated kinase activity may contribute to NCTD‐induced M‐phase cell‐cycle arrest. Furthermore, the increase of p21Cip1/Waf1, phosphorylation of Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐XL, activation of caspase‐9 and caspase‐3 may be the molecular mechanism through which NCTD induces apoptosis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Steady state levels of transforming growth factor‐β1 and ‐β2 mRNA and protein expression are elevated in colonic tumors in vivo irrespective of dietary lipids intervention
Authors: Raju Jayadev , McCarthy Brendan , Bird Ranjana P.
Published: October 2002

Colonic tumors of human origin produce abundant transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β suggesting that TGF‐β is critical to their growth. Dietary lipids regulate a number of growth factors including TGF‐β. Whether elevated TGF‐β levels are consistently expressed in colonic tumors irrespective of the environmental milieu in an in vivo model is not known and forms the main objective of the present study. Male F344 rats were injected with azoxymethane, 10 weeks later, rats bearing preneoplastic lesions were fed a low fat (5% corn oil) diet and 3 high fat (5% corn oil with 18% corn oil, fish oil or beef tallow) diets for 16 weeks. Colonic tumors and mucosae were processed and assessed for TGF‐β status. TGF‐β1 and ‐β2 mRNA levels were upregulated in colonic tumors more than in mucosae of all diet groups. Dietary lipids modulated TGF‐β mRNA in both tumors and mucosae, high corn and fish oil diets upregulated TGF‐β1 significantly more than the low fat corn oil or high fat beef tallow diets. Immunohistochemical assessments of tissues with different biological features revealed that TGF‐β1 and ‐β2 were elevated in tumors and in selected microscopic preneoplastic lesions compared to normal mucosae. This is the first in vivo study, documenting that developing colonic tumors acquire upregulated TGF‐β phenotype even in the presence of lipid environments capable of differentially regulating TGF‐β in normal mucosae. Elevated expression of TGF‐β in a selected subset of microscopic preneoplastic lesions suggests that TGF‐β plays an important role on both early and late stages of colon carcinogenesis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prognostic relevance of MAGE‐A4 tumor antigen expression in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: A tissue microarray study
Authors: Kocher Thomas , Zheng Min , Bolli Martin , Simon Ronald , Forster Thomas , Schultz‐Thater Elke , Remmel Eugenia , Noppen Christoph , Schmid Ulrico , Ackermann Daniel , Mihatsch Michael J. , Gasser Thomas , Heberer Michael , Sauter Guido , Spagnoli Giulio C.
Published: October 2002

TAAs of the MAGE family are mostly studied as targets of specific immune responses. Their potential relevance as tumor markers has also been underlined. We used a MAb, 57B, recognizing MAGE‐A4 protein in paraffin‐embedded sections, to evaluate its expression in bladder cancers by employing TMA including 2,317 samples from 1,849 patients. In 2,090/2,317 cases (90.2%), immunostaining yielded interpretable results. Since for some patients more than 1 sample was available, only interpretable first biopsies (n = 1,628) were considered. MAGE‐A4 protein was expressed at significantly (p < 0.001) higher frequency in squamous (25/55, 45.5%) than in adeno (4/15, 26.7%), sarcomatoid (4/14, 28.6%), small cell (5/20, 25%) or transitional cell (281/1,522, 18.5%) carcinomas. In TCCs, overall MAGE‐A4 positivity was significantly correlated with invasive phenotype (p < 0.001) and high tumor grade (p < 0.0001). Clinical data from 908 TCC patients were retrospectively evaluated, revealing that strong 57B staining was highly significantly associated with decreased tumor‐specific survival (p < 0.0001). These data suggest that evaluation of MAGE‐A4 protein expression is useful in the identification of groups of TCCs characterized by severe prognosis, thus possibly providing indications for early MAGE TAA‐targeted immunotherapy. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment and simulation of atrazine in irrigated soils
Authors: Azevedo A. S. , Pereira L. S. , Kanwar R. S.
Published: October 2002

Groundwater pollution in agricultural areas as a result of the excessive use of fertilizers and herbicides has been a major concern in industrialized countries. This study was conducted to investigate the movement of atrazine through the soil profile, in two different but representative soils of the Sorraia Valley region, Portugal: silty loam and sandy soils. Results from field studies were used to calibrate and evaluate the hydrological and pesticide components of the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM), under irrigated conditions. The RZWQM is effective in simulating plant growth of the maize crop. For both soil types (silty loam and sandy soils) model predictions on soil water content were in agreement with the observed values. During the calibration year, for most of the irrigation events, model predictions of atrazine concentrations were in the same range as the observations. These results indicate that RZWQM can be used, when properly calibrated to simulate the movement of water and atrazine through the soil profile, for Portuguese conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning and communication in sender‐receiver games: an econometric investigation
Authors: Blume Andreas , DeJong Douglas V. , Neumann George R. , Savin N. E.
Published: October 2002

This paper compares stimulus response (SR) and belief‐based learning (BBL) using data from experiments with sender–receiver games. The environment, extensive form games played in a population setting, is novel in the empirical literature on learning in games. Both the SR and BBL models fit the data reasonably well in games where the preferences of senders and receivers are perfectly aligned and where the population history of the senders is known. The test results accept SR and reject BBL in games without population history and in all but one of the games where senders and receivers have different preferences over equilibria. Estimation is challenging since the likelihood function is not globally concave and the data become uninformative about learning once equilibrium is achieved. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel graft PLLA‐based copolymers: Potential of their application to particle technology
Authors: Calandrelli L. , De Rosa G. , Errico M. E. , La Rotonda M. I. , Laurienzo P. , Malinconico M. , Oliva A. , Quaglia F.
Published: October 2002

This study describes the synthesis of novel biodegradable graft copolymers based on a backbone of poly (L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) on which short blocks of polyacrylamide (PAcr) were grafted. Preliminary results of their potential in the field of controlled‐release technologies also have been reported. The copolymers have been synthesized through the radical polymerization of acrylamide initiated by a peroxide in the presence of PLLA. Two different methodologies of synthesis, namely, in solution and in emulsion, have been tested. The structure of the copolymers was studied by 1H‐NMR and infrared spectroscopy and by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and cytotoxicity tests were conducted to assess their biocompatibility. The copolymers were used to prepare particles by the emulsion–solvent evaporation technique. The shapes and dimensions of the particles were dependent on the polymer type and concentration used. The surfaces of the particles were modified by the presence of polyacrylamide residues, as demonstrated by ζ‐potential measurements. The release behavior of the particles was assessed by encapsulating rhodamine B as the model compound. The release was faster for the particles prepared by the grafted polymer as a consequence of its increased hydrophilicity. Based on these novel biomaterials, preliminary results suggest a potential of the particles for peroral or parenteral drug delivery. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 62: 244–253, 2002
Is N2O3 the main nitrosating intermediate in aerated nitric oxide (NO) solutions in vivo? If so, where, when, and which one?
Authors: Nedospasov Andrei A.
Published: October 2002

The widespread opinion that N2O3 as a product of NO oxidation is the only nitros(yl)ating agent under aerobic conditions is based on experiments in homogeneous buffered water solutions. In vivo NO is oxidized in heterogeneous media and this opinion is not correct. The equilibrium in the system being dependent on temperature and ΔG(sol) for NO, NO2, isomers of both N2O3, and N2O4. For polar solvents including water, ΔG(sol) for N2O3 is high enough, and a stationary concentration of N2O3 in the mixture with other oxides is sufficient to guarantee the hydrolysis of N2O3 to nitrite. In heterogeneous media, the mixture contains solvates NO2(sol), N2O3(sol), and N2O4(sol) at stationary nonequilibrium concentrations. As far as ΔG(sol) is decreased in heterogeneous mixtures with low polar solvents and/or at increased temperatures, the equilibrium in such a system shifts to NO2. Although NO2 is a reactive free radical, it almost does not react with water. In contrast, the reaction with most functional protein groups efficiently proceeds by a radical type with the formation of nitrite and new radicals (X) further stabilized in various forms. Therefore, the ratio of the nitrosylated and nitrated products yields depends on actual concentrations of all NOx. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 16:109–120, 2002. DOI 10.1002/jbt.10029
Mean arterial pressure (MAP): An alternative and preferable measurement to systolic blood pressure (SBP) in patients for hypotension detection during hemapheresis
Authors: Henry John Bernard , Miller Matthew C. , Kelly Karen C. , Champney Dorothy
Published: October 2002

Current protocols utilize systolic blood pressure (SBP) of less than 80 mmHg as objective evidence of hypotension during hemapheresis. However, tissue hypoperfusion is the pathophysiologic endpoint of low blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure (MAP), rather than SBP, is the physiologic driving force behind blood flow to organs and tissues. It is thus hypothesized that MAP is more appropriate than SBP in the assessment of hypotension and that a threshold MAP can be utilized as a sensitive indicator of hypotension during hemapheresis. Thirty‐one patients who experienced hypotension during hemapheresis over a 4.5 year period reflecting forty‐four hypotensive episodes were selected. The initial phase of each hemapheresis procedure provided baseline MAP and blood pressure (BP) measurements as control values. BP and MAP were then determined at the onset of subjective hypotension and compared to one another by using regression and sensitivity analyses. Correlation coefficients between SBP and MAP were found to be 0.8097 in baseline normotensive patients and 0.7725 in hypotensive patients. Sensitivity in the detection of hypotension was 0.09% for SBP equal to 80 mmHg and 56.81% for MAP equal to 70 mmHg. An SBP of 80 mmHg or less was therefore concluded to be a less sensitive and physiologically less appropriate measurement of hypotension than MAP. As a single value less than 70 mmHg or a series of successive measurements trending downward toward 70 mmHg, MAP provides an objective assessment of hypotension that may precede hemodynamic decompensation. J. Clin. Apheresis 17:55–64, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Should You Outsource via the Web?
Authors: Harrast Steven A. , Bean LuAnn
Published: October 2002

A revolution is occurring in the way companies buy information technology. Today, the latest trend is to rent

software that is delivered over the Internet. Software rental firms are popping up like fast food restaurants.

And the prices and convenience are irresistible. But will you find it a piece of cake? Or will you instead

wind up in the lobster pot—where it's easy to enter, difficult to live, and painful to escape

from? © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How Are Payoff‐Conscious CEOs Changing IT Trends?
Authors: Edwards James B.
Published: October 2002

After years of throwing more and more money into information technology, CEOs are asking, “When will this

pay off?” That means important changes ahead for IT priorities. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals,

Inc.
What's the Outlook for M&A in an Uncertain Market?
Authors: Gaughan Patrick A.
Published: October 2002

A weak economy may mean great opportunities for buyers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals,

Inc.
Differential expression of a WD protein during squamous differentiation of tracheal epithelial cells
Authors: Kim Y.S. , Hwang S.M. , Lee S.J. , Jung J.S.
Published: October 2002

The lining of the trachea consists of a pseudostratified, mucociliary epithelium that under a variety of conditions, such as vitamin A deficiency, toxic and mechanical injury, becomes a stratified squamous epithelium. Several in vitro cell culture models have been established to study the process of differentiation of airway epithelium. Such studies have indicated that mucosecretory differentiation of tracheal epithelial cells can be modulated by substratum. This study was undertaken to understand molecular mechanisms of squamous differentiation in tracheal epithelia. Primary cultured tracheal cells grown on uncoated filters were differentiated to single layer of squamous cells, whereas cells were grown as stratified columanar cells on collagen‐I coated filters. The responses to secretagogues were altered according to culture conditions. DD‐PCR revealed that FAK and a WD protein expression was increased in squamous tracheal epithelia. Expression of a WD protein was changed by the treatment of retinoic acid in various epithelial cells. These results indicated that squamous differentiation of tracheal cells changes the expression of a variety of genes, and that the experimental model for this study can be employed to study molecular mechanisms of squamous differentiation in airway epithelial cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 86: 194–201, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High levels of exogenous C2‐ceramide promote morphological and biochemical evidences of necrotic features in thyroid follicular cells
Authors: Todaro M. , Catalano M. , Di Liberto D. , Patti M. , Zerilli M. , Di Gaudio F. , Di Gesù G. , Vetri G. , Modica G. , Bono A. , Ciaccio M. , Stassi Giorgio
Published: October 2002

CD95 and ceramide are known to be involved in the apoptotic mechanism. The triggering of CD95 induces a cascade of metabolic events that progressively and dramatically modifies the cell shape by intense membrane blebbing, leading to apoptotic bodies production. Although the CD95 pathway has been abundantly described in normal thyrocytes, the effects of cell permeable synthetic ceramide at morphological and biochemical levels are not fully known. In the present study, we show that thyroid follicular cells (TFC) exposed to 20 μM of C2‐ceramide for 4 h are characterized by morphological features of necrosis, such as electron‐lucent cytoplasm, mitochondrial swelling, and loss of plasma membrane integrity without drastic morphological changes in the nuclei. By contrast, TFC treated with 2 μM of C2‐ceramide for 4 h are able to accumulate GD3, activate caspases cascade, and induce apoptosis. Furthermore, we provide evidence that 20 μM of C2‐ceramide determine the destruction of mitochondria and are not able to induce PARP cleavage and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, suggesting that the apoptotic program is not activated during the death process and nuclear DNA is randomly cleaved as the consequence of cellular degeneration. Pretreatment with 30 μM of zVAD‐fmk rescued TFC from 2 μM of C2‐ceramide‐induced apoptosis, whereas, 20 μM of C2‐ceramide exposure induced necrotic features. Δψm was obviously altered in cells treated with 20 μM of C2‐ceramide for 4 h (75% ± 3.5%) compared with the low percentage (12.5% ± 0.4%) of cells with altered Δψm exposed to 2 μM of C2‐ceramide. Whereas, only 20% ± 1.1% of cells treated with anti‐CD95 for 1 h showed altered Δψm. Additionally, Bax and Bak, two pro‐apoptotic members, seem to be not oligomerized in the mitochondrial membrane following ceramide exposure. These results imply that high levels of exogenous ceramide contribute to the necrotic process in TFC, and may provide key molecular basis to the understanding of thyroid signaling pathways that might promote the apoptotic mechanism in thyroid tumoral cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 86: 162–173, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of novel protein/DNA interactions within the promoter of the bone‐related transcription factor Runx2/Cbfa1
Authors: Drissi Hicham , Pouliot Arlyssa , Stein Janet L. , van Wijnen Andre J. , Stein Gary S. , Lian Jane B.
Published: October 2002

The runt homology transcription factor Runx2/Cbfa1 is essential for bone development and osteoblast differentiation. Regulatory mechanisms that govern Runx2 transcription in osteoblasts define the osteogenic pathways that control skeletal development. In this study, we systematically examined transcription factor binding within the upstream Runx2 P1 promoter, which regulates expression of the bone‐related Runx2 factor. We identified two novel protein/DNA interactions that are mediated by sequence specific factors, based on cross‐competition experiments, point mutations, and gel‐shift immunoassays. One complex recognizes a non‐canonical Runx2 site, whereas the other factor binds to a palindromic sequence. Site‐directed mutagenesis of the novel Runx2 motif (5′TCCCAC3′) within the 0.6 kb rat Runx2 promoter reduces transcription by 2‐fold, indicating that this site supports enhancement of Runx2 promoter activity. Mutation of the palindromic motif (5′AGTACT3′) results in a 2–3‐fold activation of the Runx2 promoter, demonstrating that the wild type sequence contributes to transcriptional repression. These studies, together with our previous findings of auto‐suppression of the Runx2 promoter and negative regulation by 1,25(OH)2 Vitamin D3, suggest that physiological control of Runx2 gene expression is mediated by a series of intricate regulatory mechanisms. J. Cell. Biochem. 86: 403–412, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapidly converging lattice sums for nonelectrostatic interactions
Authors: Ko Gwon Hee , Fink William H.
Published: October 2002

The relative energies of one‐, two‐, and three‐dimensional Bravais lattice Lennard–Jones particles can be calculated by lattice sums. The expression of lattice sums over a Lennard–Jones potential can be manipulated into a form that converges rapidly. A formalism capable of calculating the lattice potential at arbitrary points for a completely general lattice has been developed. This method provides an alternative way to calculate the relative energies from the surface and the interior bulk sites of many chemical systems. The method is illustrated with application to hcp and fcc Lennard–Jonesium, both for the relative binding energy and for calculating the potential along the geometric diffusion pathway between tetrahedral and octahedral interstitial sites. Diffusion from the tetrahedral site to the octahedral site experiences a barrier of 752.600 in units of 4ε. The reverse pathway experiences a barrier of 1035.614 in units of 4ε. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 477–483, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jcc.10031
Electronic state of small and large cavities for methane hydrate
Authors: Ida T. , Mizuno M. , Endo K.
Published: October 2002

It is well known that methane hydrate is aggregates of small and large hydrogen bonded water cavities (composed of 12 pentagonal faces of 20 water molecules, and 12 pentagonal and two hexagonal faces of 24 water molecules, respectively) where one methane molecule is encaged. We calculated the methane molecule in vacuum, the small and large cavities by ab initio MO method to clarify the electronic state. The proton of methane in the cavities is shown to form the weak hydrogen bond (O…H—C) between methane and four water molecules, and the H‐bond lengths and energies in the small and large cavities were estimated as (0.293 nm, 6.8 kJ/mol) and (0.309 nm, 5.2 kJ/mol), respectively. The calculated values of symmetric C—H stretching frequencies and 13C‐NMR chemical shieldings of the methane in the two cluster cavities show good agreement with the experimental ones observed by Sum et al. and Ripmeester and coworker, respectively. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 1071–1075, 2002
Ab initio study of the mechanism of singlet‐dioxygen addition to hydroxyaromatic compounds: Negative evidence for the involvement of peroxa and endoperoxide intermediates
Authors: Bobrowski Maciej , Liwo Adam , Ołdziej Stanisław , Jeziorek Danuta , Ossowski Tadeusz
Published: October 2002

In this article we report our study of two possible mechanisms of photooxidation of hydroxyaromatic compounds, involving the intermediacy of zwitterionic peroxa intermediates or 1,4‐endoperoxides. To study the pathway of the first of them, as yet unexplored by theoretical methods, a simpler system composed of 1,3‐butadiene‐1‐ol and singlet (1Δg) dioxygen was considered first, for which calculations were carried out at the CASSCF/MCQDPT2 ab initio level, mostly with the 6‐31G* basis set. The cumulative activation barrier to this reaction was found to be 20 kcal/mol and corresponded to a proton transfer (from the hydroxy oxygen atom to the attached oxygen molecule) in the cyclic zwitterionic peroxacyclopenta‐3‐ene‐2‐ol intermediate. This intermediate and the proton‐transfer transition state were found to have a closed‐shell character, which enabled us to estimate the corresponding activation barrier for the phenol‐dioxygen system by carrying out optimization at the RHF level and single‐point calculations at the MP2, CASSCF, and MCQDPT2 levels of theory. The energy barrier to the reaction was estimated to at least about 40 kcal/mol, rendering this mechanism for the phenol‐oxygen system unlikely for nonpolar solvents. Similarly, calculations of the barrier to proton transfer from the 1,4‐endoperoxide of phenol to its hydroperoxide were found to exceed 60 kcal/mol, eliminating such a mechanism too, which leaves only the earlier postulated mechanisms involving an initial charge or hydrogen‐atom transfer to dioxygen as probable. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 1076–1089, 2002
Dominated error correcting codes with distance two
Authors: Sagols Feliú , Riccio Laura P. , Colbourn Charles J.
Published: October 2002

We study the hamiltonicity of certain graphs obtained from the hypercube as a means of producing a binary code of distance two and length n, whose codewords are ordered so that for each two consecutive codewords, one dominates the other. One vector dominates the other, if and only if, in all the positions where one of them has a zero, the other has a zero too. These dominated codes have applications in group testing for consecutive defectives. We also determine when the vectors can be ordered so that every two consecutive vectors have the domination property, and are at distance two; this is a natural generalization of Gray codes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 10: 294–302, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jcd.10012
The comparison of the Behavioral Observation System and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale—Expanded
Authors: Mogge Neil L. , LePage James P. , Del Ben Kevin , Murphy James
Published: October 2002

The construct validity of the Behavioral Observation System (BOS), an observational instrument used by line staff to rate psychopathological behaviors, was studied using comparisons with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale—Expanded version (BPRS‐E). A sample of 100 inpatient participants was rated using the BPRS‐E on the same day they were rated by line staff using the BOS. Pearson product–moment correlations were performed, supporting good convergence and divergence. Principle component analysis on the six BPRS‐E scales and the four BOS scales resulted in a three‐factor finding. This analysis was supportive of construct validity. Uses of the BOS in light of these findings were discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 847‐852, 2002.
Antagonistic effect of NK4 on HGF/SF induced changes in the transendothelial resistance (TER) and paracellular permeability of human vascular endothelial cells
Authors: Martin Tracey A. , Mansel Robert E. , Jiang Wen G.
Published: October 2002

Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) is a multi‐function cytokine that has been shown to regulate the expression of cell adhesion molecules in human endothelial cells. It is also a key cytokine in the development and progression of cancer, particularly during metastasis. NK4 is a variant of HGF/SF that has already been shown to be antagonistic to HGF/SF. This study shows that HGF/SF decreased transendothelial resistance (TER) and increased paracellular permeability in human vascular endothelial cells can that such effects can be inhibited by addition of the NK4 variant. In addition, HGF/SF‐stimulated invasion of endothelium by breast cancer cells was inhibited by the addition of NK4. Western blotting revealed that HGF/SF decreased the protein level, and increased tyrosine phosphorylation of ZO‐1, but did not cause a change in level of occludin or claudin‐1, both molecules involved in tight junction function. RT‐PCR revealed that addition of HGF/SF caused no change in signal for claudin‐5 or junctional adhesion molecule (JAM), but there was a decrease in the signal for claudin‐1. NK4 was able to prevent the decrease in levels of ZO‐1 protein by HGF/SF. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.