bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investment funds are responsible for substantial environmental and social impacts
Authors: Popescu Ioana-Stefania , Schaubroeck Thomas , Gibon Thomas , Petucco Claudio , Benetto Enrico
Published: July 2024

Sustainable investing is under risk of being watered down by greenwashing given the lack of standardized and reliable indicators for measuring impact at financial product level. Here we propose 13 environmental and 13 social life-cycle-based, ready-to-use, and policy-relevant impact indicators that can be adapted for sustainability assessment of financial products. These indicators are aligned primarily with the EU Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR) for investment funds. As practical application, we estimate the impacts of a sample of 230 self-labeled sustainable investment funds for all indicators. Their total estimated environmental impacts and social impacts are large and vary between 2.1 and 28.4 times the impacts associated with the consumption of a one million EU citizens, depending on the indicator. Moreover, we have found similar impact ranges within a sample of conventional funds, given the heterogeneity of funds. However, when comparing two funds that are equivalent sustainable/non-sustainable pairs, we find that the sustainable fund is better on specific impact categories, but not all of these, therefore hinting towards trade-offs in terms of impact categories also for sustainable funds.
Compound hazard mapping for tropical cyclone-induced concurrent wind and rainfall extremes over India
Authors: Ranjan Ravi , Karmakar Subhankar
Published: July 2024

India is the worst affected region in the world by tropical cyclones (TCs), causing an average 2% annual GDP loss. TCs instigate many other natural hazards that have a compounding effect on the adversely affected population and present significant challenges to the resilience of emergency response systems and infrastructure. Hence, any risk assessment on TC is inherently multivariate/compound in nature. This study investigates co-occurring wind and rainfall extremes during TCs across India (1979–2020) using a novel quasi-Lagrangian approach, focusing on location-specific hazards. Eastern coastal states and adjacent inland areas experience the highest frequency (≥10 cyclones in 40 years) of concurrent extremes (wind gusts ≥ 16 m/s and rainfall ≥ 18 mm/h). Whereas duration-wise, the eastern coastal states and Gujarat state experience frequent concurrent extremes lasting more than a day annually, with the Krishna–Godavari delta region particularly vulnerable to highly severe events (duration of concurrent extremes ≥ 24 h). This study provides a high-resolution cartographic product of compound hazard from TC-induced extremes for the first time over the entire India, highlighting regional heterogeneity and aiding targeted national-level risk mitigation and adaptation planning.
Prostate Cancer: A Comprehensive Overview
Authors: Almabrouk Tarek , Alashkham Abduelmenem
Published: July 2024

Prostate cancer is a common malignancy that affects the prostate gland in males. The prostate gland’s abnormal cellular growth leads to prostate cancer, which is usually a slow-growing disease that may not cause any symptoms in its early stages. Even though the condition may initially appear to be limited to a particular area, it has the ability to progress and spread to other regions of the body, leading to the development of more severe diseases. There are several risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing prostate cancer, such as advanced age, a family history of the disease, and the presence of certain genetic mutations. The primary method of diagnosis for prostate cancer involves a combination of blood tests, specifically measuring the levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and conducting a biopsy of the prostate gland. The treatment options for prostate cancer are determined by the stage and aggressiveness of the disease, which may include active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. The decision to choose a particular course of treatment is made with the intention of achieving the optimal outcomes while taking into consideration the potential benefits and side effects, all while ensuring that the patient’s quality of life is not negatively impacted. Regular monitoring and follow-up care are indispensable in detecting any recurrence or progression at an early stage. The progress in screening, diagnosis, and treatment has led to better outcomes for prostate cancer patients. Nevertheless, further research is necessary to improve the understanding and management of this disease.
Nanoplastics and Microplastics and Their Impact on Male Reproduction—Uncovering the Hidden Hazards Using the Drosophila Model
Authors: Demir Eşref , Demir Fatma Turna
Published: July 2024

The ubiquitous presence of plastic waste in large swathes of land and water means that such debris will eventually degrade into microplastics/nanoplastics (MNPLs). Because they may also act as a vehicle for toxic trace elements like metals, these tiny particles are a growing concern. Demonstrating the global scale of the problem, MNPLs are found in all major ocean basins, even in remote and pristine environments. Despite the magnitude of the potential threat, the ultimate consequences of exposure to MNPLs are not fully understood and remain elusive because animal testing for risk assessment is limited by ethical considerations, tedious procedures, and substantial financial burdens. Here, Drosophila melanogaster gains prominence as a valued biological model. This fruit fly also shares many biological similarities with humans, having orthologs that correspond to approximately 77% of human disease-related genes. Drosophila is widely used as an in vivo model organism in genetic research, to gain valuable insights into various diseases, and to test potential contaminants in developmental toxicology and nanogenotoxicity research in a controlled and reproducible manner. This chapter presents an outline of environmental and public health risks associated with MNPLs and the importance of conducting risk assessments through Drosophila research.
Strain engineering of the mechanical properties of two-dimensional WS2
Authors: Jahn Yarden Mazal , Alboteanu Guy , Mordehai Dan , Ya'akobovitz Assaf
Published: July 2024

We compress 2D WS2 using the buckling metrology, which demonstrated mechanical softening due to sequential atomic-scale buckling events. We tune the mechanics of WS2 and shed light on its fundamental physics.
Tetrazolopyrimidine-tethered phenothiazine molecular hybrids: synthesis, biological and molecular docking studies
Authors: Iniyaval Shunmugam , Saravanan Vadivel , Mai Chun-Wai , Ramalingan Chennan
Published: July 2024

Molecular hybrids integrating phenothiazine and tetrazolopyrimidine structural motifs were designed, synthesized through a one-pot multi-component reaction and, evaluated for their radical scavenging, cytotoxicity and molecular docking studies.
Selection and characterization of a peptide-based complement modulator targeting C1 of the innate immune system
Authors: Hamers Sebastiaan M.W.R. , Abendstein Leoni , Boyle Aimee L. , Jongkees Seino A.K. , Sharp Thomas H.
Published: July 2024

Structure-inspired peptide design and RaPID selection identifies a macrocyclic peptide with immunotherapeutic potential, and inspires development of complement-modulating drugs.
Polymorph driven diversification of photosalient responses in a zinc(ii) coordination complex
Authors: Pham-Tran Victoria N. P. , Moffat James G. D. , Marczenko Katherine M.
Published: July 2024

Diversification of the photosalient effect among polymorphs of a Zn(ii) coordination complex is reported.
A bimetallic MOF-derived MnCo spinel oxide catalyst to enhance toluene catalytic degradation
Authors: Gao Bin , Bi Fukun , Zhou Zhuoxuan , Zhang Yaofei , Wei Jiafeng , Lv Xutian , Liu Baolin , Huang Yuandong , Zhang Xiaodong
Published: July 2024

Herein, MnCo spinel catalysts with large surface area were successfully prepared by using Mn/Co-MOFs as precursors for toluene catalytic degradation.
Tf2O-mediated [4+2]-annulation of anthranils with 2-chloropyridines: enabling access to pyridoquinazolinones and euxylophoricine B
Authors: Awasthi Annapurna , Tiwari Khushboo , Tiwari Dharmendra Kumar
Published: July 2024

An efficient approach for the synthesis of pyridoquinazolinones in the presence of triflic anhydride utilizing anthranil and 2-chloropyridines as starting materials has been developed.
ZnCl2-catalysed transfer hydrogenation of carbonyls and chemoselective reduction of the CC bond in α,β-unsaturated ketones
Authors: Sheokand Sonu , Sharma Sunita , Mohite Manali A. , Rajaraman Gopalan , Balakrishna Maravanji S.
Published: July 2024

This manuscript describes the ZnCl2-catalysed transfer hydrogenation of aldehydes and ketones and chemoselective reduction of CC bonds in α,β-unsaturated ketones using iPrOH as a hydrogen source.
Robust bifunctionality in an oxygen electrode via core–shell heterostructure construction
Authors: Feng Yumei , Li Xianwei , Ma Zhiyong , Liu Kaiyi , Li Yi , Li Chen , Li Chunsheng , Sun Yan , Yang Zehui
Published: July 2024

A Co–CoSe core–shell heterostructure encapsulated into nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes enables superior zinc air battery performance (172 mW cm−2) and stability (970 h).
Unravelling the kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics, and mass transfer behaviours of Zeolite Socony Mobil - 5 in removing hydrogen sulphide resulting from a dark fermentative biohydrogen production process
Authors: Asman Muhammad Khairul Adha , Lutpi Nabilah Aminah , Wong Yee-Shian , Ong Soon-An , Hanif Muhammad Adli , Ibrahim Naimah , Dahalan Farrah Aini , Taweepreda Wirach , Raja Nazri Raja Nazrul Hakim
Published: July 2024

The speciation of sulphur and hydrogen molecules produced by thermophilic dark fermentation has been elucidated through surface studies of solid–gas systems utilising real biogas (biohydrogen) streams.
The effect of ionic association on the electrochemistry of redox mediators for Li–O2 batteries: developing a theoretical framework
Authors: Horwitz Gabriela , Kunz Vera , Niblett Samuel P. , Grey Clare P.
Published: July 2024

The kinetics and thermodynamics of the electrochemical reactions of redox mediators for lithium–air batteries depend on ionic association strength with Li+ ions and on specific pathways, potentially affecting the energetic efficiency of devices.
DFT study of the moiré pattern of FeO monolayer on Au(111)
Authors: Ascrizzi Eleonora , Goniakowski Jacek , Yang Jijin , Agnoli Stefano , Ferrari Anna Maria
Published: July 2024

Specific features of the three high-symmetry domains of the FeO/Au moiré superstructure (surface electrostatic potential, work function, local film rumpling, interface distance and charge transfer) are identified thanks to VASP-DFT calculations.
Iridium single-atoms anchored on a TiO2 support as an efficient catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Li Wenxuan , Yin Dashu , Li Peng , Zhao Xinhua , Hao Shengcai
Published: July 2024

A highly efficient Ir@TiO2 catalyst with an ultralow Ir loading of 1.35 wt% is designed and synthesized based on a TiO2 support.
Highly selective hydrolysis of amides via electroreduction
Authors: He Jin-Yu , Wang Yan-Zhao , Duan Wen-Xi , Li Jia-Rong , Xu Hao , Zhu Cuiju
Published: July 2024

Deprotection of amides is a virtually universal transformation in organic synthesis, often employing traditional active reductants. Herein, we describe a sustainable electrocatalytic hydrolysis of amides utilizing water as the hydrogen source.
The role of silicon in drug discovery: a review
Authors: Panayides Jenny-Lee , Riley Darren Lyall , Hasenmaile Felix , van Otterlo Willem A. L.
Published: July 2024

This review aims to highlight the role of silicon in drug discovery.
Antimicrobial zeolites and metal–organic frameworks
Authors: Oheix Emmanuel , Daou T. Jean , Pieuchot Laurent
Published: July 2024

The literature on antimicrobial applications of zeolites and metal–organic frameworks is reviewed with a focus on analytical techniques, antimicrobial mechanisms, and functional materials design.
Computational approaches to enhance charge transfer and stability in TPBi–(PEA)2PbI4 perovskite interfaces through molecular orientation optimization
Authors: Naqvi Syed Muhammad Kazim Abbas , Zhu Yanan , Long Hui , Nazir Zahid , Vasiliev Roman B. , Kulakovich Olga , Chang Shuai
Published: July 2024

Computational studies reveal the optimized range of TPBi molecule orientations for enhanced binding stability and improved charge transfer kinetics at the TPBi–(PEA)2PbI4 interface.
The short route to chalcogenurea-substituted 3a,6-epoxyisoindoles via an intramolecular Diels–Alder furan (IMDAF) reaction. Antibacterial and antifungal activity
Authors: Mertsalov Dmitriy F. , Shchevnikov Dmitriy M. , Lovtsevich Lala V. , Novikov Roman A. , Khrustalev Victor N. , Grigoriev Mikhail S. , Romanycheva Anna A. , Shetnev Anton A. , Bychkova Olga P. , Trenin Alexey S. , Zaytsev Vladimir P.
Published: July 2024

A concise preparative IMDAF strategy for the synthesis of chalcogenurea-substituted 3a,6-epoxyisoindoles, which display antifungal and antibacterial activity, starting from readily available materials was proposed.
Designing organic bridging linkers of metal–organic frameworks for enhanced carbon dioxide adsorption
Authors: Parveen Kahkasha , Pakhira Srimanta
Published: July 2024

The global rate of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emission is rising, which urges the development of efficient carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies.
An ab initio investigation on BaXO3 (X = Cr, Mn, Sc) oxide perovskites for spintronic applications
Authors: Balasubramanian Sudharsan , Priyanka Shobana , Manickam Srinivasan , Brito Klinton , Eswaramoorthy Nandhakumar , Bojarajan Arjun Kumar , Sangaraju Sambasivam
Published: July 2024

In this study, we investigate the spin-polarized characteristics of barium-based oxide perovskites BaXO3 (X = Cr, Mn, Sc).
A lead-free zero-dimensional hybrid antimony halide perovskite X-ray scintillator with exceptional emission efficiency and excellent stability as a highly sensitive fluorescent probe
Authors: Wang Yu-Yin , Jia Guo-Hao , Huo Meng-Rui , Cheng Ming-Tao , Chen Xiang-Yu , Chang Ai-Rui , Zhang Jie , Li Yun-Yun , Lin Guo-Ming
Published: July 2024

A zero-dimensional perovskite [FPPP]2SbCl7 with 99.26% PLQY is an efficient X-ray scintillator (46 927 photons per MeV) with a low detection limit and a PL probe for nitrobenzene.
Design of Cr3+-activated broadband NIR phosphors with tunable and abnormal thermal quenching behavior for NIR pc-LEDs
Authors: Zhu Qijian , Huo Jiansheng , Ni Quwei , Zhang Qiuhong , Li Junhao , Ni Haiyong , Zhou Jianbang
Published: July 2024

The decreased energy difference between 4T2 and 2E states leads to tunable and abnormal thermal quenching performance of Lu3−xCaxGa5−xSixO12:Cr3+ phosphors.
From a distance: Shuttleworth revisited
Authors: Heyden Stefanie , Bain Nicolas
Published: July 2024

We derive the linear constitutive relation of soft surfaces, and show that the measured elastic moduli depend on sample preparation.
Ionic-liquid-processed keratin-based biocomposite films with cellulose and chitin for sustainable dye removal
Authors: Polesca Cariny , Passos Helena , Nakasu Pedro Y. S. , Coutinho João A. P. , Freire Mara G. , Hallett Jason P.
Published: July 2024

Abundant biopolymers derived from wastes were used to prepare bio-based films, resulting in notable enhancements in their properties and promising potential as effective adsorbent materials.
Crosslinked high-performance anion exchange membranes based on poly(dibenzyl N-methyl piperidine) and pentafluorobenzoyl-substituted SEBS
Authors: Jeon Soomin , Han SeongMin , Lee Junghwa , Min Kyungwhan , Nam Sang Yong , Kim Tae-Hyun
Published: July 2024

The x-PDB-m-F5-SEBS membrane, which is chemically crosslinked betweenPDB and Br-Hex-m-F5-SEBS, exhibits excellent phase separation, due to the introduction of a partial fluorine group, and high ionic conductivity, together with chemical stability.
Regulation of intermediate microenvironment for efficient C–C coupling in electrochemical CO2 reduction
Authors: Mei Hao , Hua Qingfeng , Su Lina , Li Jiayao , Ge Yiyao , Huang Zhiqi
Published: July 2024

This review summarizes the recent progress in the regulation of local reaction intermediates and protons near active sites and discusses how their microenvironment affects the C–C coupling efficiency in the electrocatalytic CO2RR.
Molecule-bridged electron-selective contact for high-efficiency halide-based perovskite solar cells
Authors: He Kun , Zhang Jie , Zhao Xiaoliang , Liu Fei , Chen Ruiqian , Ma Jintao , Du Bin , Wang Yanlong , Song Lin
Published: July 2024

This paper achieves efficient and stable PSCs by constructing molecular bridges between the buried interfaces. PSCs passivated by the H2Mi interface molecular bridge have been proven to have a high PCE of 24.34% and excellent light stability.
Correction: V-Doping coupled H2O2 pre-oxidation synergistically promote NiCo-LDH for urea oxidation-assisted hydrogen production
Authors: Guo Jiawei , Zhang Heng , Yang Yusen , Wei Min , Zhang Hui
Published: July 2024

Correction for ‘V-Doping coupled H2O2 pre-oxidation synergistically promote NiCo-LDH for urea oxidation-assisted hydrogen production’ by Jiawei Guo et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TA01763C.
A quasar-galaxy merger at z ∼ 6.2: Rapid host growth via the accretion of two massive satellite galaxies
Authors: Decarli Roberto , Loiacono Federica , Farina Emanuele Paolo , Dotti Massimo , Lupi Alessandro , Meyer Romain A. , Mignoli Marco , Pensabene Antonio , Strauss Michael A. , Venemans Bram , Yang Jinyi , Walter Fabian , Wolf Julien , Bañados Eduardo , Blecha Laura , Bosman Sarah , Carilli Chris L. , Comastri Andrea , Connor Thomas , Costa Tiago , Eilers Anna-Christina , Fan Xiaohui , Gilli Roberto , Jun Hyunsung D. , Liu Weizhe , Marshall Madeline A. , Mazzucchelli Chiara , Neeleman Marcel , Onoue Masafusa , Overzier Roderik , Pudoka Maria Anne , Riechers Dominik A. , Rix Hans-Walter , Schindler Jan-Torge , Trakhtenbrot Benny , Trebitsch Maxime , Vestergaard Marianne , Volonteri Marta , Wang Feige , Zhang Huanian , Zou Siwei
Published: July 2024

We present JWST/NIRSpec integral field spectroscopy in the rest-frame optical bands of the system PJ308–21, a quasar at z = 6.2342 caught as its host galaxy interacts with companion galaxies. We detect the spatially extended emission of several emission lines (Hα, Hβ, [O III], [N II], [S II], and He II), which we used to study the properties of the ionized phase of the interstellar medium: the source and hardness of the photoionizing radiation field, metallicity, dust reddening, electron density and temperature, and star formation. We also marginally detected continuum starlight emission associated with the companion sources. We find that at least two independent satellite galaxies are part of the system. While the quasar host appears highly enriched and obscured, with photoionization conditions typical of an Active Galactic Nucleus, the western companion shows minimal dust extinction, low metallicity (Z ∼ 0.4 Z⊙), and star formation driven photoionization. The eastern companion shows higher extinction and metallicity (Z ∼ 0.8 Z⊙) compared to the western companion, and it is at least partially photoionized by the nearby quasar. We do not find any indication of AGN in the companion sources. Our study shows that while the quasar host galaxy is already very massive (Mdyn > 1011 M⊙), it is still rapidly building up by accreting two relatively massive (Mstar ∼ 1010 M⊙) companion sources. This dataset showcases the power of JWST in exposing the buildup of massive galaxies in the first gigayear of the Universe.
Inferring intrahalo light from stellar kinematics
Authors: Marini I. , Saro A. , Borgani S. , Boi M.
Published: July 2024

Context. In the context of structure formation, disentangling the central galaxy stellar population from the stellar intrahalo light can help us shed light on the formation history of the halo as a whole, as the properties of the stellar components are expected to retain traces of the formation history. Many approaches are adopted to assess the task, depending on different physical assumptions (e.g. the light profile, chemical composition, and kinematical differences) and depending on whether the full six-dimensional phase-space information is known (much like in simulations) or whether one analyses projected quantities (i.e. observations).

Aims. This paper paves the way for a new approach to bridge the gap between observational and simulation methods. We propose the use of projected kinematical information from stars in simulations in combination with deep learning to create a robust method for identifying intrahalo light in observational data to enhance understanding and consistency in studying the process of galaxy formation.

Methods. Using deep learning techniques, particularly a convolutional neural network called U-Net, we developed a methodology for predicting these contributions in simulated galaxy cluster images. We created a sample of mock images from hydrodynamical simulations (including masking of the interlopers) to train, validate and test the network. Reinforced training (Attention U-Net) was used to improve the first results, as the innermost central regions of the mock images consistently overestimate the stellar intrahalo contribution.

Results. Our work shows that adequate training over a representative sample of mock images can lead to good predictions of the intrahalo light distribution. The model is mildly dependent on the training size and its predictions are less accurate when applied to mock images from different simulations. However, the main features (spatial scales and gradients of the stellar fractions) are recovered for all tests. While the method presented here should be considered as a proof of concept, future work (e.g. generating more realistic mock observations) is required to enable the application of the proposed model to observational data.
GRAVITY for MATISSE
Authors: Woillez J. , Petrov R. , Abuter R. , Allouche F. , Berio P. , Dembet R. , Eisenhauer F. , Frahm R. , Gonté F. , Haubois X. , Houllé M. , Jaffe W. , Lacour S. , Lagarde S. , Leftley J. , Lopez B. , Matter A. , Meilland A. , Millour F. , Nowak M. , Paladini C. , Rivinius T. , Salabert D. , Schuhler N. , Varga J. , Zins G.
Published: July 2024

Context. MATISSE, the mid-infrared spectro-imaging instrument of VLTI, was designed to deliver its designed performance when paired with an external second-generation fringe tracker. Science observations started in 2019, demonstrating imaging capabilities and faint science target observations. Now, the GRAVITY fringe tracker stabilises the MATISSE fringes, which allows the use of all spectroscopic modes and improves sensitivity and data accuracy.

Aims. We present how the MATISSE and GRAVITY instruments were adapted to make the GRAVITY fringe tracker work with MATISSE, under the umbrella of the aptly named GRA4MAT project, led by ESO in collaboration with the two instrument consortia.

Methods. We detail the software modifications needed to implement an acquisition and observing sequence specific to GRA4MAT, including simultaneous fringe tracking and chopping and a narrow off-axis capability inspired by the Galactic Centre and exoplanet capability of GRAVITY. We explain the modified data collection and reduction processes. We show how we leveraged the recent fringe tracker upgrade to implement features specific to its use with MATISSE, for example mitigation of fringe jumps with an improved group delay control, and simultaneous fringe tracking and chopping with a new state machine.

Results. We successfully demonstrate significant improvements to the MATISSE instrument. Observations can now be performed at higher spectral resolutions of up to R ~ 3300 and across the full LM bands at once. Long detector integration times, made possible with stabilised fringes, have improved the LM-band sensitivity by a factor of 10. Low flux biases in coherently reduced N-band data have been eliminated. The L-band transfer function is now higher and more stable. We finally illustrate the scientific potential of GRA4MAT with a preview of the first exoplanet observation made by MATISSE on β Pictoris b.
The enigma of Li-rich giants and its relation with temporal variations observed in radial velocity and stellar activity signals
Authors: Rolo Inês , Delgado Mena Elisa , Tsantaki Maria , Gomes da Silva João
Published: July 2024

Context. Despite the large number of studies focused on the characterisation of Li-rich stars and understanding the mechanisms leading to such enrichment, their origin remains a mystery.

Aims. Magnetic activity, particularly the phenomena usually associated with it (e.g. spots and plages), and the Li abundance (A(Li)) of stars, are in general thought to be connected. As of today, however, just how they are connected is unclear. In this work, we study a sample of young but evolved intermediate-mass red giants that are inhabitants of open clusters where planets have been searched for. Our aim is to use radial velocity (RV) and stellar activity indicator signals to look for relations between Li abundances and stellar activity or variability.

Methods. We explored how the standard deviation (STD), peak-to-peak amplitude (PTP), mean, and median of typical stellar activity indicators (BIS, FWHM, Teff, and Hα index) change as a function of the Li content of 82 red giants. Furthermore, we computed weighted Pearson correlation coefficients (ρw) between time series of RV measurements and the stellar activity indicators for the stars in our sample. To aid our results, we also studied generalized Lomb–Scargle periodograms (GLSP) to capture possible significant periodic temporal variations in our data.

Results. Our analysis indicates that the STD and PTP of BIS and FWHM, the mean and median of the Hα index, and υ sin(i) increase exponentially with A(Li) in our sample of red giants. Significant temporal variations and correlations between RVs and activity indicators also tend to be found preferentially for stars where high A(Li) is observed. Most of the Li-rich stars in our sample either show strong correlations of RV with at least one of the stellar activity indicators or reveal significant periodic temporal variations in their GLSPs of stellar activity indicators that are consistent with those found for RV.
Central oxygen abundances in the spiral galaxies of the MaNGA survey: Galaxies with central starbursts
Authors: Pilyugin L. S. , Tautvaišienė G.
Published: July 2024

We examine whether there are deviations of the local central oxygen abundances in spiral galaxies from the general metallicity gradients. We compare the values of the central intersect oxygen abundances estimated from the metallicity gradient based on the integral field unit (IFU) spectroscopy from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at the Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey and the local central oxygen abundances obtained from the single-fibre observations from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Special attention is placed on galaxies with recent and currently ongoing central starbursts (cSB galaxies). We selected a sample of 30 cSB galaxies from our total sample of 381 MaNGA galaxies, using the decrease in the Dn4000 index (a stellar age indicator) in the circumnuclear region as the selection criterion. We found that the local central oxygen abundances follow the general metallicity gradients in the galaxies well and agree with the central intersect abundances within uncertainties of the central abundances determinations. Starbursts in the centres of cSB galaxies do not produce noticeable oxygen enrichments. The central starbursts imply that an appreciable amount of gas is present at the centres of cSB galaxies. The gas at the centre of galaxy can serve not only as a raw material for the star formation, but also as a fuel for the activity of the galactic nucleus (AGN). We found that the AGN is the main source of the ionising radiation at the centres of six cSB galaxies in our sample.
Dynamical evolution timescales for the triple supermassive black hole system in NGC 6240
Authors: Berczik P. , Sobolenko M. , Ishchenko M.
Published: July 2024

Aims. Based on the available observational data from the literature, we analysed the dynamics of the NGC 6240 galaxy central supermassive black hole (SMBH) system.

Methods. For the dynamical modelling of this triple SBMH system, we used the massively parallel and GPU accelerated φ-GPU direct summation N-body code. Following a long-timescale modelling of the triple system, we carried out a very detailed time output analysis of the von Zeipel–Lidov–Kozai (ZLK) oscillations for the black holes.

Results. According to our Newtonian simulation results, for all models and randomisations, the bound system from S1+S2 components formed at ≈3.6 Myr. The formation of the bound hierarchical triple system S+N occurred at ≈18 Myr. Over the course of these Newtonian simulations of the evolution of the triple SMBH system and the surrounding environment in NGC 6240, ZLK oscillations were detected (in most cases) for the binary components. The inclination angle between the orbital angular momentum of binary components aptly coincides with the theoretical calculations of the ZLK mechanism.

Conclusions. In our set of randomised 15 Newtonian N-body dynamical galaxy models in 13 systems, we were able to detect a ZLK mechanism. In contrast, our extra few-body post-Newtonian runs (for one randomisation case) show it is only for the large inner binary initial eccentricity (in our case ≳0.9) that we are able to observe the possibility of the inner binary merging, due to the post-Newtonian energy radiation effects. For the lower eccentricity cases, the test runs show no sign of possible merging or any ZLK oscillations in the system.
The Solar System could have formed in a low-viscosity disc: A dynamical study from giant planet migration to the Nice model
Authors: Griveaud P. , Crida A. , Petit A. C. , Lega E. , Morbidelli A.
Published: July 2024

Context. In the context of low-viscosity protoplanetary discs (PPDs), the formation scenarios of the Solar System should be revisited. In particular, the Jupiter-Saturn pair has been shown to lock in the 2:1 mean motion resonance while migrating generally inwards, making the Grand Tack scenario impossible.

Aims. We explore what resonant chains of multiple giant planets can form in a low-viscosity disc, and whether these configurations can evolve into forming the Solar System in the post gas disc phase.

Methods. We used hydrodynamical simulations with the code FARGOCA to study the migration of the giant planets in a disc with viscosity parameter of α = 10−4. After a transition phase to a gas-less configuration, we studied the stability of the obtained resonant chains through their interactions with a disc of leftover planetesimals by performing N-body simulations using rebound.

Results. The gaps opened by giant planets are wider and deeper for lower viscosity, reducing the damping effect of the disc. Thus, when planets enter a resonance, the resonant angle remains closer to circulation, making the chain weaker. Exploring numerous configurations, we found five stable resonant chains of four or five planets. In a thin (cold) PPD, the four giant planets revert their migration and migrate outwards. After disc dispersal, under the influence of a belt of planetesimals, some resonant chains undergo an instability phase while others migrate smoothly over a billion years. For three of our resonant chains, about ~1% of the final configurations pass the four criteria to fit the Solar System. The most successful runs are obtained for systems formed in a cold PPD with a massive planetesimal disc.

Conclusions. This work provides a fully consistent study of the dynamical history of the Solar System’s giant planets, from the protoplanetary disc phase up to the giant planet instability. Although building resonant configurations is difficult in low-viscosity discs, we find it possible to reproduce the Solar System from a cold, low-viscosity protoplanetary disc.
Timing irregularities and glitches from the pulsar monitoring campaign at IAR
Authors: Zubieta E. , García F. , del Palacio S. , Araujo Furlan S. B. , Gancio G. , Lousto C. O. , Combi J. A. , Espinoza C. M.
Published: July 2024

Context. Pulsars have a very stable rotation overall. However, sudden increases in their rotation frequency, known as glitches, perturb their evolution. While many observatories commonly detect large glitches, small glitches are harder to detect because of the lack of daily cadence observations over long periods of time (years).

Aims. We aim to explore and characterise the timing behaviour of young pulsars on daily timescales, looking for small glitches and other irregularities, in order to further our comprehension of the real distribution of glitch sizes. Our findings have consequences for the theoretical modelling of the glitch mechanism.

Methods. We observed six pulsars with up to daily cadence between December 2019 and January 2024 with the two antennas of the Argentine Institute of Radio Astronomy (IAR). We used standard pulsar timing tools to obtain the times of arrival of the pulses and to characterise the pulsar’s rotation. We developed an algorithm to look for small timing events in the data and calculate the changes in the frequency (ν) and its derivative (ν̇) at those epochs.

Results. We find that the rotation of all pulsars in this dataset is affected by small step changes in ν and ν̇. Among them, we find three new glitches that have not been reported before: two glitches in PSR J1048−5832 with relative sizes of Δν/ν = 9.1(4)×10−10 and Δν/ν = 4.5(1)×10−9, and one glitch in the Vela pulsar with a size of Δν/ν = 2.0(2)×10−10. We also report new decay terms on the 2021 Vela giant glitch, and on the 2022 giant glitches in PSR J0742−2822 and PSR J1740−3015, respectively. In addition, we find that the red noise contribution significantly diminished in PSR J0742−2822 after its giant glitch in 2022.

Conclusions. Our results highlight the importance of high-cadence monitoring with an exhaustive analysis of the residuals to better characterise the distribution of glitch sizes and to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms behind glitches, red noise, and timing irregularities.
A Markovian description of the multi-level source function and its application to the Lyman series in the Sun
Authors: Krikova K. , Pereira T. M. D.
Published: July 2024

Aims. We introduce a new method to calculate and interpret indirect transition rates populating atomic levels using Markov chain theory. Indirect transition rates are essential to evaluate interlocking in a multi-level source function, which quantifies all the processes that add and remove photons from a spectral line. A better understanding of the multi-level source function is central to interpret optically thick spectral line formation in stellar atmospheres, especially outside local thermodynamical equilibrium (LTE).

Methods. We compute the level populations from a hydrogen model atom in statistical equilibrium, using the solar FALC model, a 1D static atmosphere. From the transition rates, we reconstruct the multi-level source function using our new method and compare it with existing methods to build the source function. We focus on the Lyman series lines and analyze the different contributions to the source functions and synthetic spectra.

Results. Absorbing Markov chains can represent the level-ratio solution of the statistical equilibrium equation and can therefore be used to calculate the indirect transition rates between the upper and lower levels of an atomic transition. Our description of the multi-level source function allows a more physical interpretation of its individual terms, particularly a quantitative view of interlocking. For the Lyman lines in the FALC atmosphere, we find that interlocking becomes increasingly important with order in the series, with Ly-α showing very little, but Ly-β nearly 50% and Ly-γ about 60% contribution coming from interlocking. In some cases, this view seems opposed to the conventional wisdom that these lines are mostly scattering, and we discuss the reasons why.

Conclusions. Our formalism to describe the multi-level source function is general and can provide more physical insight into the processes that set the line source function in a multi-level atom. The effects of interlocking for lines formed in the solar chromosphere can be more important than previously thought, and our method provides the basis for further exploration.
Periodic variable A-F spectral type stars in the southern TESS continuous viewing zone
Authors: Skarka M. , Henzl Z.
Published: July 2024

Aims. Our primary objective is to accurately identify and classify the variability of A-F stars in the southern continuous viewing zone of the TESS satellite. The brightness limit was set to 10 mag to ensure the utmost reliability of our results and allow for spectroscopic follow-up observations using small telescopes. We aim to compare our findings with existing catalogues of variable stars.

Methods. The light curves from TESS and their Fourier transform were used to manually classify stars in our sample. Cross-matching with other catalogues was performed to identify contaminants and false positives.

Results. We have identified 1171 variable stars (51% of the sample). Among these variable stars, 67% have clear classifications, which includes δ Sct and γ Dor pulsating stars and their hybrids, rotationally variables, and eclipsing binaries. We have provided examples of the typical representatives of variable stars and discussed the ambiguous cases. We found 20 pairs of stars with the same frequencies and identified the correct source of the variations. Additionally, we found that the variations in 12 other stars are caused by contamination from the light of faint nearby large-amplitude variable stars. To compare our sample with other variable star catalogues, we have defined two parameters reflecting the agreement in identification of variable stars and their classification. This comparison reveals intriguing disagreements in classification ranging from 52 to 100%. However, if we assume that stars without specific types are only marked as variable, then the agreement is relatively good, ranging from 57 to 85% (disagreement 15–43%). We have demonstrated that the TESS classification is superior to the classification based on other photometric surveys.

Conclusions. The classification of stellar variability is complex and requires careful consideration. Caution should be exercised when using catalogue classifications.
Ethik der künstlichen Intelligenz in der Medizin
Authors: Maio Giovanni
Published: July 2024

Die künstliche Intelligenz (KI) hält zunehmend Einzug in die Medizin, und es ist noch nicht absehbar, wie sie die Praxis der Medizin und auch das Selbstverständnis der Ärztinnen und Ärzte verändern wird. In dem Beitrag werden die ethischen Grenzen der KI erarbeitet, indem (1.) der in der KI schon enthaltende Reduktionismus des Zugangs auf die Welt erörtert wird, (2.) die problematischen Implikationen einer Algorithmisierung herausgearbeitet werden und (3.) die mangelnde menschliche Kontrolle als ethische Grenze markiert wird. Als Schlussfolgerung ergibt sich daraus, dass die KI zwar ein nützliches Werkzeug zur Unterstützung ärztlicher Beurteilung darstellt, dass sie aber unabdingbar auf menschliche Entscheidungshoheit angewiesen ist, um sich tatsächlich als segensreich für die Medizin zu erweisen.
Utility of Global Hemostatic Assays in Patients with Bleeding Disorders of Unknown Cause
Authors: Mehic Dino , Assinger Alice , Gebhart Johanna
Published: July 2024

Bleeding disorder of unknown cause (BDUC) is a diagnosis of exclusion after exhaustive evaluation of plasmatic coagulation and platelet function. This review explores the utility of global hemostatic assays as confirmatory tests and in elucidating the pathophysiology of BDUC. Unlike traditional hemostatic tests that focus on coagulation factors, global assays are conducted both in plasma and also whole blood. These assays provide a more comprehensive understanding of the cell-based model of coagulation, aid in the identification of plasmatic factor abnormalities that may reduce hemostatic capacity, and allow for the assessment of impaired platelet–endothelial interactions under shear stress, as well as hyperfibrinolytic states. While clinical tests such as skin bleeding time and global assays such as PFA-100 exhibit limited diagnostic capacity, the role of viscoelastic testing in identifying hemostatic dysfunction in patients with BDUC remains unclear. Thrombin generation assays have shown variable results in BDUC patients; some studies demonstrate differences compared with healthy controls or reference values, whereas others question its clinical utility. Fibrinolysis assessment in vitro remains challenging, with studies employing euglobulin clot lysis time, plasma clot lysis time, and fluorogenic plasmin generation yielding inconclusive or conflicting results. Notably, recent studies suggest that microfluidic analysis unveils shear-dependent platelet function defects in BDUC patients, undetected by conventional platelet function assays. Overall, global assays might be helpful for exploring underlying hemostatic impairments, when conventional hemostatic laboratory tests yield no results. However, due to limited data and/or discrepant results, further research is needed to evaluate the utility of global assays as screening tools.
Binding Promiscuity of Therapeutic Factor VIII
Authors: Reyes Ruiz Alejandra , Bhale Aishwarya S. , Venkataraman Krishnan , Dimitrov Jordan D. , Lacroix-Desmazes Sébastien
Published: July 2024

The binding promiscuity of proteins defines their ability to indiscriminately bind multiple unrelated molecules. Binding promiscuity is implicated, at least in part, in the off-target reactivity, nonspecific biodistribution, immunogenicity, and/or short half-life of potentially efficacious protein drugs, thus affecting their clinical use. In this review, we discuss the current evidence for the binding promiscuity of factor VIII (FVIII), a protein used for the treatment of hemophilia A, which displays poor pharmacokinetics, and elevated immunogenicity. We summarize the different canonical and noncanonical interactions that FVIII may establish in the circulation and that could be responsible for its therapeutic liabilities. We also provide information suggesting that the FVIII light chain, and especially its C1 and C2 domains, could play an important role in the binding promiscuity. We believe that the knowledge accumulated over years of FVIII usage could be exploited for the development of strategies to predict protein binding promiscuity and therefore anticipate drug efficacy and toxicity. This would open a mutational space to reduce the binding promiscuity of emerging protein drugs while conserving their therapeutic potency.
An Interprofessional Graduate Student and Family Coaching Program in Naturalistic Communication Techniques
Authors: Gallegos Erin , Gevarter Cindy , Binger Cathy , Hartley Mary
Published: July 2024

Researchers implemented a short-term cascading coaching model focusing on naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention with three participant triads. Triads consisted of a graduate student clinician, a minimally verbal child with autism spectrum disorder, and the child's parent. Coaching and intervention occurred during an interprofessional summer clinic that included graduate student clinicians from special education and speech and hearing sciences departments. The efficacy of short-term instruction, researcher coaching for student clinicians, and student clinician coaching of parents was evaluated using a multiple baseline across participants' design. The dependent variables were student clinician's and parent's use of elicitation techniques (creating communication temptations, waiting, and prompting) and response techniques (naturally reinforcing children's communication and providing spoken language models). Following coaching, parents and student clinicians from all triads increased their use of elicitation and response techniques, with very large effect sizes across all variables. Visual analysis findings suggest individualized differences and variability across triads. Implications for graduate education and parent coaching programs are discussed.
An Applied Model of Interprofessional Collaboration—Assessment (AMIC–A): A Process-Based Approach to Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Authors: Reuter-Yuill Lilith M. , Slim Lina M. , Kasper Tamara S. , Castaño Leslie , Dower Nikia R. , Gevarter Cindy B.
Published: July 2024

Speech-language pathologists and board-certified behavior analysts both provide important support services to children who are candidates for augmentative and alternative communication. Current assessment practices neglect critical socioecological factors that are necessary to inform communication-based interventions. By leveraging the unique knowledge, research, and expertise of both disciplines, an interprofessional approach to assessment may help realize individualized or precision interventions and personalized supports that address the unique communication needs of each person. The purpose of this article is to introduce a process-based approach to assessment called the “Applied Model of Interprofessional Collaboration—Assessment (AMIC–A).” The AMIC–A will be defined and detailed including the rationale for development, a description of the approach, and recommendations for implementation. A case study example is provided to illustrate implementation of the AMIC–A.
Pharmacotherapy for Venous Thromboprophylaxis following Total Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis
Authors: Yong Bryan Song Jun , Ling Ryan Ruiyang , Ramanathan Kollengode , Fan Bingwen Eugene , Li Ruiqi , Poh Jane Wenjin , Tan Chuen Seng , Ho Sean Wei Loong , Rochwerg Bram , Arya Roopen
Published: July 2024

The optimal pharmacological prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism (VTE) after hip or knee arthroplasty is uncertain. We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of various medications. We searched multiple databases for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing medications (including factor Xa inhibitors, factor IIa inhibitor, warfarin, unfractionated heparin [UFH], low-molecular-weight heparin [LMWH], aspirin, pentasaccharide) for VTE prophylaxis post-arthroplasty. Outcomes included any postoperative VTE identified with screening, major bleeding, and death. We used LMWH as the main comparator for analysis and performed trial sequential analysis (TSA) for each pairwise comparison. Certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessments, Developments and Evaluations). We analyzed 70 RCTs (55,841 participants). Factor Xa inhibitors decreased postoperative VTE significantly compared with LMWH (odds ratio [OR]: 0.55, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.44–0.68, high certainty). Pentasaccharides probably reduce VTE (OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.36–1.02, moderate certainty), while the factor IIa inhibitor dabigatran may reduce VTE (OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.40–1.42, low certainty). UFH probably increases VTE compared with LMWH (OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 0.91–1.89, moderate certainty), and other agents like warfarin, aspirin, placebo, and usual care without thromboprophylaxis increase VTE (high certainty). Factor Xa inhibitors may not significantly affect major bleeding compared with LMWH (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 0.81–1.39, low certainty). No medications had a notable effect on mortality compared with LMWH (very low certainty). TSA suggests sufficient evidence for the benefit of factor Xa inhibitors over LMWH for VTE prevention. Compared with LMWH and aspirin, factor Xa inhibitors are associated with reduced VTE after hip or knee arthroplasty, without an increase in bleeding and likely no impact on mortality.