bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of apalutamide in the treatment landscape for patients with advanced prostate cancer: an expert opinion statement of European clinical practice
Authors: Bögemann Martin , Facchini Gaetano , Bauernhofer Thomas , Cathomas Richard , Xylinas Evanguelos , Tombal Bertrand
Published: March 2023

Background

Patients with advanced prostate cancer have a poor prognosis, and well-tolerated new treatment strategies are required to improve survival outcomes. Apalutamide is a novel androgen signalling inhibitor developed to be used in combination with continuous androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for the treatment of patients with advanced prostate cancer. Based on evidence from two phase 3 pivotal clinical trials in non-metastatic castration-resistant (nmCRPC; SPARTAN) and metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC; TITAN), ADT plus apalutamide significantly extends overall survival compared with the standard of care.

Aims

To provide practical recommendations to guide optimal use in the real-world setting as the use of apalutamide in clinical practice increases.

Methods

Expert opinion from a group of European physicians is presented here to educate on the use of apalutamide in combination with ADT in patients with mHSPC and patients with nmCRPC who are at risk of developing metastatic disease, focusing on practical considerations such as patient selection, monitoring, and management of side effects.

Results

In clinical practice, apalutamide in combination with ADT can be used in a broad patient population including patients with high and low volume/risk mHSPC, patients with de novo metastatic disease or metastases following treatment for localised disease, as well as older patients. Apalutamide in combination with ADT is well tolerated, with manageable side effects which do not impact health-related quality of life compared to ADT alone.

Conclusions

Real-world experience with apalutamide supports the efficacy and safety findings reported by the SPARTAN and TITAN clinical trials.
Coconut Oil and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Authors: Schwingshackl Lukas , Schlesinger Sabrina
Published: March 2023

Purpose of Review

This narrative review summarizes the current peer-reviewed literature and mechanisms surrounding the cardiovascular health impact of coconut oil.

Recent Findings

No randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and/or prospective cohort studies have investigated the effect or association of coconut oil with cardiovascular disease. Evidence from RCTs indicated that coconut oil seems to have less detrimental effects on total and LDL-cholesterol compared to butter, but not compared to cis-unsaturated vegetable oils, such as safflower, sunflower, or canola oil. The isocaloric replacement (by 1% of energy intake) of carbohydrates with lauric acid (the predominant fatty acid in coconut oil) increased total cholesterol by 0.029 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.014; 0.045), LDL-cholesterol by 0.017 mmol/L (0.003; 0.031), and HDL-cholesterol by 0.019 mmol/L (0.016; 0.023).

The current evidence from shorter term RCTs suggests that replacement of coconut oil with cis-unsaturated oils lowers total and LDL-cholesterol, whereas for the association between coconut oil intake and cardiovascular disease, less evidence is available.
Evolution of risk prediction models for post-operative mortality in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Kalo Eric , George Jacob , Read Scott , Majumdar Avik , Ahlenstiel Golo
Published: March 2023

The perception of high surgical risk among patients with cirrhosis has resulted in a long-standing reluctance to operate. Risk stratification tools, first implemented over 60 years ago, have attempted to assess mortality risk among cirrhotic patients and ensure the best possible outcomes for this difficult to treat cohort. Existing postoperative risk prediction tools including the Child–Turcotte–Pugh (CTP) and Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) provide some prediction of risk in counselling patients and their families but tend to overestimate surgical risk. More personalised prediction algorithms such as the Mayo Risk Score and VOCAL-Penn score that incorporate surgery-specific risks have demonstrated a significant improvement in prognostication and can ultimately aid multidisciplinary team determination of potential risks. The development of future risk scores will need to incorporate, first and foremost, predictive efficacy, but perhaps just as important is the feasibility and usability by front-line healthcare professionals to ensure timely and efficient prediction of risk for cirrhotic patients.
Migration, Embeddedness, and Vulnerability During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: O’Dell Kevin Patrick , Fransen Sonja , Jolivet Dominique
Published: March 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic and concomitant policy measures have disproportionally affected the lives of migrants worldwide. Focusing on inequalities between social groups, studies have tended to neglect the role of local embeddedness as a factor influencing the extent to which individuals are affected by COVID-19. In this paper, we study the vulnerabilities of people with different migration experiences in an urban setting in the early stages of the pandemic, focusing on three key livelihood assets: economic, social, and human capital (health). Our analyses are based on online survey data (n = 1381) collected among international migrants, second-generation residents (those with at least one parent born abroad), and non-migrants residing in Amsterdam in July 2020. We find that international migrants, and particularly those who arrived in the city more recently, reported larger shocks to their economic and social capital than other city residents. This finding illustrates the vulnerabilities of “newcomers” to the city and their limited resilience to shocks. Second-generation residents were particularly vulnerable in terms of health, but this relationship was strongly mediated by education and neighborhood effects. In all three groups, those with poor relative wealth and those who were self-employed were more vulnerable to economic shocks. Our findings illustrate how the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated inequalities in vulnerabilities across migrant and non-migrant groups, and how those who were locally embedded, including migrants and non-migrants, were less likely to be negatively affected by the pandemic.
Local Migration Governance in European Shrinking Areas: a German and an Italian Case
Authors: Martins José Ricardo , Davino Chiara
Published: March 2023

Governance represents the dynamics related to a society more densely integrated into flows and not one-dimensional hierarchy relations and embodies a more cooperative mode where state and non-state actors participate in mixed public/private networks. This research explores innovative perspectives in local governance, based on two case studies in rural, shrinking areas in Germany and Italy in quest of revitalisation and the emplacement of asylum seekers and refugees in their territories. Based on empirical situations inherent in the category of “shrinking areas,” the article aims to bring out points of tangency, useful for providing recommendations and future research directions that can relate local territorial realities, united by similar processes, belonging to a larger European scale. Methodologically, this is qualitative research, based on literature and document review, interviews with key actors, group discussion, and observant participation. We conclude that although the German and Italian realities are quite diverse in terms of their shrinking trajectory, the present challenges for the emplacement of migrants are similar, such as housing and employment hardship, and that governance follows diverse parameters: while in Germany, it is more structured and coordinated, with a clear distribution of roles (civil society actors follow the leadership of the political actors), in the Italian case, the leadership is sometimes contested mainly due to political instability at the national level and the consequent effects on the reception system, which is reduced in its operation.
A synthesis of mercury research in the Southern Hemisphere, part 1: Natural processes
Authors: Schneider Larissa , Fisher Jenny A. , Diéguez María C. , Fostier Anne-Hélène , Guimaraes Jean R. D. , Leaner Joy J. , Mason Robert
Published: March 2023

Recent studies demonstrate a short 3–6-month atmospheric lifetime for mercury (Hg). This implies Hg emissions are predominantly deposited within the same hemisphere in which they are emitted, thus placing increasing importance on considering Hg sources, sinks and impacts from a hemispheric perspective. In the absence of comprehensive Hg data from the Southern Hemisphere (SH), estimates and inventories for the SH have been drawn from data collected in the NH, with the assumption that the NH data are broadly applicable. In this paper, we centre the uniqueness of the SH in the context of natural biogeochemical Hg cycling, with focus on the midlatitudes and tropics. Due to its uniqueness, Antarctica warrants an exclusive review of its contribution to the biogeochemical cycling of Hg and is therefore excluded from this review. We identify and describe five key natural differences between the hemispheres that affect the biogeochemical cycling of Hg: biome heterogeneity, vegetation type, ocean area, methylation hotspot zones and occurence of volcanic activities. We review the current state of knowledge of SH Hg cycling within the context of each difference, as well as the key gaps that impede our understanding of natural Hg cycling in the SH. The differences demonstrate the limitations in using NH data to infer Hg processes and emissions in the SH.
In-Fiber Thermally Diffused Coupler and Fiber Bragg Grating Inscribed in Twin-Core Fiber for Sensitivity-Enhanced Vector Bending Sensing
Authors: Meng Lingzhi , Wang Hongye , Xia Qi , Yuan Tingting , Zhang Xiaotong , Yuan Libo
Published: March 2023

A vector bending fiber sensor based on core-by-core inscribed fiber Bragg gratings in a twin-core fiber has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated. An in-fiber integrated vector bending sensor is realized by using the thermal diffusion technique to fabricate the coupler. The characteristics of the coupler fabricated by thermal diffusion are simulated and experimented. By inscribing fiber Bragg gratings with different reflection wavelengths in the two cores of a symmetrical twin-core fiber, the curvature sensitivity can be enhanced by tracking the wavelength difference between the fiber Bragg gratings of the two cores. The measured bending sensitivity of the fiber Bragg grating ranges from −161.6 pm/m−1to +165.5 pm/m−1. The differential sensitivity of the two cores is twice that of a conventional single grating, and the temperature-induced crosstalk is also reduced. The bending sensor proposed in this paper has the advantages of high integration, enhancing the sensitivity and two-dimensional orientation recognizability, and reducing temperature crosstalk, which can be a promising candidate for structural health monitoring or wearable artificial electronics applications.
What Can Restructuring Laws Do? Geopolitical Shocks, the New German Restructuring Regime, and the Limits of Restructuring Laws
Authors: Eidenmüller Horst
Published: March 2023

In this article, I discuss the possibilities and limitations of restructuring laws against the background of geopolitical shocks such as the Covid-19 pandemic and the current energy crisis. I make two claims, one narrow and focused on German bankruptcy law, and one broad with a cross-jurisdictional reach. My narrow claim relates to ‘StaRUG’, the new German restructuring regime. I argue that this law is a superfluous and flawed instrument. It should be repealed. My second claim is much broader. I argue that bankruptcy laws, including restructuring laws, are generally ill-suited to deal with the economic consequences of geopolitical or macroeconomic shocks as a ‘first line of defence’. Bankruptcy laws are not designed to provide the structural assistance at scale which the businesses affected by these shocks need. At the same time, massive state aid for distressed businesses in times of crisis and, in particular, ad hoc bailouts of large critical firms are also problematic. I propose that firms’ resilience against geopolitical or macroeconomic shocks should be strengthened, and that best practices (‘Principles’) for bailouts should be developed.
A Comparison of Wavelet Packet, Wavelet Leaders Multifractal, and p-Leader Multifractal Method in Chatter Detection
Authors: Zheng Zehui , Jing Xiubing , Wang Yangyang , Song Xiaofei , Li Huaizhong
Published: March 2023

An efficient stability analysis contributes to the improvement of machining stability and chatter suppression. First, this paper presents three chatter detection approaches that were developed on the application of wavelet transforms. Second, the feasibility of the methods for chatter detection is verified by combining numerical simulations and experimental research. Finally, the recognition performance of the three methods is compared. The analysis results indicate that the proposed three methods can distinguish different machining states. Thep-leader multifractal method (PLMM) provides the best recognition performance but takes the longest time, the wavelet leader multifractal method (WLMM) comes second, and the wavelet packet method (WPM) is the worst but takes the shortest amount of time. Therefore, the PLMM can be used for identifying signals with high accuracy requirements, whereas the WLMM or WPM can be used otherwise.
Mortality Prediction of Various Cancer Patients via Relevant Feature Analysis and Machine Learning
Authors: Bozkurt Caner , Aşuroğlu Tunç
Published: March 2023

Breast, lung, prostate, and stomach cancers are the most frequent cancer types globally. Early-stage detection and diagnosis of these cancers pose a challenge in the literature. When dealing with cancer patients, physicians must select among various treatment methods that have a risk factor. Since the risks of treatment may outweigh the benefits, treatment schedule is critical in clinical decision making. Manually deciding which medications and treatments are going to be successful takes a lot of expertise and can be hard. In this paper, we offer a computational solution to predict the mortality of various types of cancer patients. The solution is based on the analysis of diagnosis, medication, and treatment parameters that can be easily acquired from electronic healthcare systems. A classification-based approach introduced to predict the mortality outcome of cancer patients. Several classifiers evaluated on the Medical Information Mart in Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) dataset. Diagnosis, medication, and treatment features extracted for breast, lung, prostate, and stomach cancer patients and relevant feature selection done with Logistic Regression. BestF1 scores were 0.74 for breast, 0.73 for lung, 0.82 for prostate, and 0.79 for stomach cancer. Best AUROC scores were 0.94 for breast, 0.91 for lung, 0.96 for prostate, and 0.88 for stomach cancer. In addition, using relevant features, results were very similar to the baseline for each cancer type. Using less features and a robust machine-learning model, the proposed approach can be easily implemented in hospitals when there are limited data and resources available.
Cloning and structural basis of fluorescent protein color variants from identical species of sea anemone, Diadumene lineata
Authors: Horiuchi Yuki , Makabe Koki , Laskaratou Danai , Hatori Kuniyuki , Sliwa Michel , Mizuno Hideaki , Hotta Jun-ichi
Published: March 2023

Diadumene lineata is a colorful sea anemone with orange stripe tissue of the body column and plain tentacles with red lines. We subjected Diadumene lineata to expression cloning and obtained genes encoding orange (OFP: DiLiFP561) and red fluorescent proteins (RFPs: DiLiFP570 and DiLiFP571). These proteins formed obligatory tetramers. All three proteins showed bright fluorescence with the brightness of 58.3 mM−1·cm−1 (DiLiFP561), 43.9 mM−1·cm−1 (DiLiFP570), and 31.2 mM−1·cm−1 (DiLiFP571), which were equivalent to that of commonly used red fluorescent proteins. Amplitude-weighted average fluorescence lifetimes of DiLiFP561, DiLiFP570 and DiLiFP571 were determined as 3.7, 3.6 and 3.0 ns. We determined a crystal structure of DiLiFP570 at 1.63 Å resolution. The crystal structure of DiLiFP570 revealed that the chromophore has an extended π-conjugated structure similar to that of DsRed. Most of the amino acid residues surrounding the chromophore were common between DiLiFP570 and DiLiFP561, except M159 of DiLiFP570 (Lysine in DiLiFP561), which is located close to the chromophore hydroxyl group. Interestingly, a similar K-to-M substitution has been reported in a red-shifted variant of DsRed (mRFP1). It is a striking observation that the naturally evolved color-change variants are consistent with the mutation induced via protein engineering processes. The newly cloned proteins are promising as orange and red fluorescent markers for imaging with long fluorescence lifetime.

Graphical abstract
Synthesis, structural, and optical properties of (Ag/ZnS) core–shell nanostructures and their applications to polycrystalline silicon solar cells
Authors: Seoudi Roshdi , Alghamdi Samiyah A. , Allehyani Saud
Published: March 2023

The present work focuses on the two-step chemical synthesis of Ag/ZnS nanoparticles as core–shell nanoparticles. Various techniques were used to characterize nanoparticles, including UV–Vis spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and a Solar Simulator. UV–Vis spectral analysis of Ag/ZnS core–shell nanoparticles at 450, 469, and 498 nm reveals broad plasmon resonance bands. The solution of silver nanoparticles was redshifted by increasing its concentration. Core and shell images obtained from each nanoparticle show different contrasts, indicating that the core and shell materials differ. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of ZnS NPs around AgNPs. Incorporating Ag/ZnS into polycrystalline silicon solar cells has improved efficiency from 13.02 to 14.29%.
“Harnessing Customer Feedback for Product Recommendations: An Aspect-Level Sentiment Analysis Framework”
Authors: Yadav Nimesh Bali
Published: March 2023

This research paper presents a novel approach for recommending products to customers based on their cared aspects by performing sentiment analysis on customer feedback. The proposed approach utilizes the WordNet database to identify and extract aspects from customer reviews and feedback, and then applies sentiment analysis techniques to determine the sentiment associated with each aspect. The resulting sentiment scores are then used to generate personalized product recommendations that align with the customer’s preferences and priorities. Here we extract the comments from an e-commerce website that is Amazon, and we then choose the most cared aspects from those comments. The dataset is publicly available online which contains reviews of each product. The chosen most cared aspects are price, colour, battery, and screen. These cared aspects are keywords that shopping online and recommending, will help to categorize the comments based on price, colour, battery, and screen. After categorizing the comments, it will be defined as the set of explicit comments. After an explicit comment set is defined, sentiment analysis is performed to systematically identify the interest of the customer through comments. Here the comments are classified into the polarity of given texts in an explicit comment set into positive, negative, and neutral. Finally, scores were calculated for all brands which will help to recommend the product.
The Controversial Involvement of Non-State Actors in the Commission of Enforced Disappearances: An Introduction
Authors: Ayat Mohammed
Published: March 2023

Enforced disappearance is one of the most horrific crimes of our time. This is a crime that causes excruciating suffering to its victims: the disappeared and their families and relatives. Thousands of people have suffered, and are still suffering, all over the world from enforced disappearances. To combat this scourge, a United Nations Convention was adopted in 2006 and entered into force in 2010. It adopted a definition of enforced disappearance that includes an important element: the direct or indirect involvement of the State Party in the commission of the enforced disappearance. Yet, private entities (commonly referred to as non-State actors) can also commit acts similar to enforced disappearances. However, in the absence of the element of the State Party’s involvement, can we go so far as to qualify the acts perpetrated by non-State actors as enforced disappearances? This question has generated and continues to generate an interesting debate.
Pure point spectrum for dynamical systems and mean, Besicovitch and Weyl almost periodicity
Authors: LENZ DANIEL , SPINDELER TIMO , STRUNGARU NICOLAE
Published: March 2023

We consider metrizable ergodic topological dynamical systems over locally compact,
$\sigma $
-compact abelian groups. We study pure point spectrum via suitable notions of almost periodicity for the points of the dynamical system. More specifically, we characterize pure point spectrum via mean almost periodicity of generic points. We then go on and show how Besicovitch almost periodic points determine both eigenfunctions and the measure in this case. After this, we characterize those systems arising from Weyl almost periodic points and use this to characterize weak and Bohr almost periodic systems. Finally, we consider applications to aperiodic order.
Phylogenetic diversity in conservation: A brief history, critical overview, and challenges to progress
Authors: Cardillo Marcel
Published: March 2023

Species that are evolutionarily distinct have long been valued for their unique and irreplaceable contribution to biodiversity. About 30 years ago, this idea was extended to the concept of phylogenetic diversity (PD): a quantitative, continuous-scale index of conservation value for a set of species, calculated by summing the phylogenetic branch lengths that connect them. This way of capturing evolutionary history has opened new opportunities for analysis, and has therefore generated a huge academic literature, but to date has had only limited impact on conservation practice or policy. In this review, I present a brief historical overview of PD research. I then examine the empirical evidence for the primary rationale of PD that it is the best proxy for “feature diversity,” which includes both known and unknown phenotypic characters, contributing to utilitarian value, ecosystem function, future resilience, and evolutionary potential. Surprisingly, it is only relatively recently that this rationale has been subject to systematic empirical scrutiny, and to date, there are mixed results on the connection between PD and phenotypic diversity. Finally, I examine the least well-studied, but potentially greatest challenge for PD: its dependence on the reliability of phylogenetic inference itself. The very few studies that have investigated this so far show that the ranking of species assemblages by their PD values can vary substantially under alternative, routine, phylogenetic methods and assumptions. If PD is to become more widely adopted into conservation decision-making, it will be important to better understand the conditions under which it performs well, and those under which it performs poorly.
An evaluation of journalistic reporting on schizophrenia in the Irish news media
Authors: Godfrey Emmet , Gavin Conor , Haskins Elaine , O’Meara Áine , O’Connor Karen , Donohoe Gary
Published: March 2023

Objectives:

Schizophrenia represents one of the most stigmatised of mental disorders. Despite public awareness campaigns to raise awareness and increase understanding of mental health disorders, schizophrenia continues to be poorly understood. In this context, this study aims to provide a descriptive analysis of reporting on schizophrenia in the Irish online print news media.

Methods:

Online printed news articles which made reference to schizophrenia or related terms in 2021, the latest year for which full date was available, were collected. A list of criteria considered good reporting practise on mental illness in the media was curated. Additionally, a scale was developed based on these criteria to assign a valence to each article in terms of characteristics that were either stigma reinforcing or stigma challenging.

Results:

A total of 656 articles were included in the analysis. A majority of articles were found to avoid stigma reinforcing criteria (e.g. use of pejorative language). By contrast, few characteristics considered stigma challenging criteria were being endorsed (e.g. inclusion of a first person account). Overall sample valences show good reporting practises, but also suggested targets for improvement.

Conclusions:

While Irish online print news reports on schizophrenia and related illnesses avoid many stigmatising characteristics, many opportunities to challenge stigma remain.
Points to consider in the development of national human genome editing policy
Authors: Nicol Dianne , Niemeyer Simon , Paxton Rebecca , Rudge Christopher
Published: March 2023

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and other genome editing technologies have the potential to transform the lives of people affected by genetic disorders for the better. However, it is widely recognised that they also raise large ethical and policy questions. The focus of this article is on how national genome editing policy might be developed in ways that give proper recognition to these big questions. The article first considers some of the regulatory challenges involved in dealing these big ethical and social questions, and also economic issues. It then reviews the outcomes of a series of major reports on genome editing from international expert bodies, with a particular focus on the work of the World Health Organization’s expert committee on genome editing. The article then summarises five policy themes that have emerged from this review of the international reports together with a review of other literature, and the authors’ engagement with members of the Australian public and with a wide range of experts across multiple disciplines. Each theme is accompanied by one to three pointers for policymakers to consider in developing genome editing policy.
A Pricean Formalization of Gaia
Authors: Bourrat Pierrick
Published: March 2023

The compatibility of the Gaia hypothesis with Darwinism is often challenged on the grounds that (1) to be potent, natural selection requires the existence of a population (whereas Gaia is a single entity), and (2) natural selection requires the entities forming a population to reproduce (whereas Gaia merely persists). However, using the Price equation, I argue, following others, that the Gaia hypothesis can fit squarely within a Darwinian framework because Gaia can exhibit adaptations if a process at a lower level (e.g., an ecosystem) can occur, and the notion of natural selection can be extended to accommodate evolution without reproduction.
Is Lottery a Better Way of Resource Distribution Than Baseline Funding?
Authors: Sakamoto Takahiro
Published: March 2023

Recently, several funding agencies have introduced the distribution of funds by a lottery system; however, the effects of this system on the productivity of the research community are unclear. Simulation studies in philosophy of science have argued that a combination of peer review and lottery is an optimal method. However, these models overlook several important aspects of research activities, such as baseline funding through block grants. In this article, I present a general theoretical model that incorporates these aspects and argue that the conventional combination of peer review and baseline funding outperforms the combination of peer review and lottery in many situations.
Robustness and Dark-Matter Observation
Authors: Antoniou Antonis
Published: March 2023

Current cosmological observations place little constraints on the nature of dark matter, allowing the development of a large number of models and various methods for probing their properties, which seem to provide ideal grounds for the employment of robustness arguments. In this article, the extent to which such arguments can be used to overcome various methodological and theoretical challenges is examined. The conclusion is that although robustness arguments have a limited scope in the context of dark-matter research, they can still be used to increase the scientists’ confidence about the properties of specific models.
The Evolutionary Roots of Moral Responsibility
Authors: Fischborn Marcelo
Published: March 2023

Judging a person as morally responsible involves believing that certain responses (such as punishment, reward, or expressions of blame or praise) can be justifiably directed at the person. This paper develops an account of the evolution of moral responsibility judgment that adopts Michael Tomasello’s two-step theory of the evolution of morality and borrows also from Christopher Boehm’s work. The main hypothesis defended is that moral responsibility judgment originally evolved as an adaptation that enabled groups of cooperative individuals to hold free riders responsible more safely by acting in a coordinated way.
Cooperative Epistemic Trustworthiness
Authors: DiMarco Marina
Published: March 2023

Extant accounts of trust in science focus on reconciling scientific and public value judgments, but neglect the challenge of learning audience values. I argue that for scientific experts to be epistemically trustworthy, they should adopt a cooperative approach to learning about the values of their audience. A cooperative approach, in which expert and nonexpert inquirers iteratively refine value judgments, better achieves important second-order epistemic dimensions of trustworthiness. I suggest that strong objectivity in the feminist standpoint theoretic sense is sometimes a prerequisite for trustworthiness.
Problems and challenges a path to the future
Authors: Steiner J. E.
Published: March 2023

This is a story of trouble and action—of an industry's trouble—of a company's, and in particular a division's actions, to ensure that there would be, in fact, a path to the future. The future, it turns out, probably will never be quite the same as the past—and I will cover some of that too. I have titled the three parts of the story Reduction in Cost, Increase in Sales, and Results and Comments.

Part of the material contained in this paper was originally written in early 1972 when I was Vice-President and General Manager of Boeing's largest commercial division, the one with which the paper is primarily concerned. The material was written for presentation to the management of another company in serious trouble. The story is that of a traumatic series of years in the life of one of the world's major companies. It is viewed of necessity from my position at that time as head of the company's largest division and does not constitute an official history of that period of life of The Boeing Company, even though some of the charts apply to the company as a whole rather than to just the division involved.
QSTOL Aircraft
Authors: Haley J. D.
Published: March 2023

As an introduction to this paper, it would be worth defining a QSTOL aircraft, although it is not important that this be a rigid definition. The letters QSTOL stand for “Quiet Short Take-Off and Landing”, and may sometimes be abbreviated to STOL. A true STOL aircraft is capable of taking off and landing on a 2000 ft runway, this distance including the safety requirement to clear a 35 ft obstacle.

From the point of view of quietness, which is a subjective matter, dependent upon many factors, a quiet aircraft (according to one method of measurement) would produce a noise intensity no higher than 90 perceived noise decibels over an area of about 0·9 sq miles, of length 4 m, compared with an area of 16 sq m, length 14 m for such relatively quiet aircraft as TriStar and the DC-10, already in service (Fig. 1).

For the purposes of this paper, I shall call aircraft STOL if they can get in and out of runways up to 4000 ft long with a full payload, and any aircraft needing a longer distance will be conventional or CTOL aircraft.
Vortex shedding characteristics of eccentrically mounted prisms
Authors: Ramamurthy A. S. , Subramanya K. , Souriyal N.
Published: March 2023

Vortex shedding is an important factor in the design of structural elements subject to flow induced vibrations. Several reviews have appeared on this topic. However, in model testing, the vortex shedding frequency of a bluff body may change when the model mounting is eccentric (Fig. 1). This has not been studied in detail. Available information in this regard is restricted to the data of Shaw whose tests were conducted in a towing tank.

This technical note presents experimental data on the vortex shedding characteristics of equiangular prisms (Fig. 2) mounted eccentrically in a wind tunnel. Explanations for the possible flow behaviour are also presented.
Helicopters—the changing scene
Authors: Jones J. P.
Published: March 2023

If I may I will begin with a few words of explanation and apology. It is always difficult to talk about helicopters to an audience not familiar with their peculiarities and it is doubly difficult to do so in a Memorial Lecture. For, although the helicopter industry has and has had its great men, they are few in number compared to those who made their names in the traditional field and it is not easy to find a direct connection. Indeed it is not unknown for the leaders of the fixed wing industry to be violently opposed to the helicopter in any shape or form. Fortunately I have not been able to discover such antagonism on the part of J. D. North; equally I have been unable to find that he was a supporter of the helicopter. Therefore I cannot begin in the traditional manner of a Memorial Lecturer by showing some sketch or brief excerpt written by him which will illuminate precisely the points it will take me ten pages to say. But I have been made very conscious of North's abilities and hope to pay some respect to him indirectly by laying emphasis on helicopter control.
Some European collaborative research programmes in aerodynamics
Authors: Küchemann D.
Published: March 2023

Collaboration or co-operation is variously described as helpfulness, joint effort, team work, working together, sink or swim together, ‘a long pull, a strong pull, and a pull all together’. It implies cheerful consent and eagerness, cordiality and goodwill. All these are characteristics inherent in the human make-up. Men learnt early on that they could, and had to, specialise and share the work and that they could, and had to, trust one another. These characteristics are probably largely responsible for the survival of our species. In what I want to say, collaboration means all these things. My main theme will be that these characteristics must now motivate us to ensure the survival of aerospace research and its application to keep European aviation alive and competitive. All my remarks will be confined to research matters.
Paying for Design
Authors: Leech D. J. , Smart P. M.
Published: March 2023

The objective of design is the production of manufacturing drawings which are right. This objective will rarely be achieved without first making mistakes which require experiment to rectify so that design is the work of a team which includes designers who draw, development engineers and experimental manufacturing operatives.

Design must have an output which can be valued and the value of the output must exceed its costs. In the aircraft industry, the cost of design is a considerable part of the cost of the product and must be recovered directly from the customer. Because underestimating the cost of design is endemic and because some work done to obtain orders will not be successful, not all cost of design can be recovered from the customer and so some costs must be written off.
Engine testing using advanced techniques
Authors: Stewart P. A. E.
Published: March 2023

For years, the development and testing of aero gas turbines has been hampered by the inability of development and test engineers to perceive and readily measure the positional changes of static and moving components within the engines due to the opaque nature of the engine casing walls. ‘Touch’ or abradable probes have been used but require special engine builds to employ them.

With the introduction of high strength materials and the thinning of engine structures and as the performance requirements have become more demanding, small component movements during engine handling have become more important. This is particularly true in areas where the airflow has the greatest work potential such as the tip and root seals of the high pressure turbine and the root seals of the final compressor stages.
Digital computing techniques in the manufacture and operation of engine management systems
Authors: Davies R. J.
Published: March 2023

The fuel control system for a modern gas turbine engine has to meet far more stringent requirements than demanded by early engines. To achieve greater efficiency the controlling parameters such as pressure and temperature must be measured and acted upon with a greater degree of accuracy. A 5°C change in turbine entry temperature can cause a 200 hour decrease in the life of a turbine with an expected life of 2000 hours. With increased fuel efficiency, a saving of less than 1% in fuel consumption is a vital economic factor. These higher demands can be met in most instances by mechanical or hydromechanical fuel systems but the problems of these systems such as hysteresis, friction, fuel temperatures and coefficients of expansion increase rapidly with the search for higher performance. The complexity and number of moving parts becomes greater and so the system is commensurately less reliable.
Some aerodynamic measurements in helicopter flight research
Authors: Brotherhood P.
Published: March 2023

The aim of this paper is to describe some flight research on the aerodynamics of helicopters recently carried out by the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Bedford. Helicopter flight research has been a continuous part of the RAE programme since a Sikorsky R4 helicopter was delivered to Farnborough in 1945. Various types of single rotor helicopter including such types as the Sycamore, Sikorsky R6 and S51, Bell 47, Westland Wasp and Whirlwind have been used as test vehicles in the intervening period. More recently, two aircraft, a Westland Wessex and Westland Research Scout, have been used on aerodynamic research which includes performance, handling stability and control and some operational problems particularly those associated with operation from ships. Currently a Puma is being instrumented to take over the role of the Wessex. There is of course other flight research activity at RAE, notably in the general area of avionics in which other helicopters are used. All the tests described in this paper were made on a Wessex and are concerned with the aerodynamics of the main rotor. The work on the Research Scout which has a hingeless rotor with characteristics similar to the Lynx is used mainly for stability control and handling research and is not specifically discussed in this present paper.
Laminar streamwise corner flow with suction
Authors: El-Gamal H. A. , Barclay W. H.
Published: March 2023

The flow along the corner formed by two semi-infinite intersecting flat plates is considered in which the corner line is parallel to the streamlines of a uniform incident flow and a uniform suction is applied at the plate surfaces.
The Design of the WG-13
Authors: Rogers V. A. B.
Published: March 2023

As described in Mr. Austin's paper “The Concept of the WG-13”, the Lynx stems from a series of project studies for a small tactical twin-engined helicopter, begun as long ago as 1963.

In 1967, an agreement was reached between the French and British Governments to produce, jointly, three helicopter types as a package for service with the Armed Forces of both nations. The package consisted of the Puma (SA.330-14000 lb auw) the Gazelle (SA.341-3500 lb auw) and the Lynx (WG-13 basic aircraft-8000 lb auw).
Anglo-French collaboration — Concorde and supersonic transport
Authors: Chevalier R.
Published: March 2023

When Louis Bleriot crossed the Channel for the first time on the 25th July 1909, he certainly did not realise that he was sowing the seeds of a very fruitful co-operation between our two countries in the aeronautical field.

The heaviest inter-city air traffic in Europe is between London and Paris, Bleriot took 37 minutes to cross the Channel but today it takes about three hours to travel from the middle of Paris to the middle of London.
Self correcting wind tunnels
Authors: Sears W. R.
Published: March 2023

One of the early triumphs of the Lanchester-Prandtl wing theory was that it explained the effects of wind tunnel boundaries and provided explicit and simple formulae to correct wind tunnel measurements for these effects. As every aerodynamicist knows, this theory tells us, with the help of “images”, that the boundaries, in the presence of a lifting wing, produce extraneous velocity components in the flow. At least two generations of experimenters have routinely corrected their angles of attack and their measured drag values for the presence of the vertical component.
The effect of stream surface convergence on turbomachine blade boundary layers
Authors: Dunham J.
Published: March 2023

The design and analysis of axial turbomachine blade profiles has usually been done assuming the flow to be two-dimensional, that is assuming the blade-to-blade stream surfaces are parallel planes. Similarly, most of the detailed experimental studies of blade profiles have been done in nominally two-dimensional cascades or using wall boundary layer suction to achieve (on average) two-dimensional conditions. In an actual compressor or turbine, however, this condition rarely obtains.
The plane jet growth rate as influenced by a wall in the plane of the nozzle
Authors: Arnot Smith P.
Published: March 2023

The plane free jet is a difficult flow in which to make accurate measurements because of the high intensity of the turbulence. Nevertheless, a reasonable agreement might be expected between comparable measurements of a quantity such as growth rate.

As can be seen in Table I, however, a variation of 10% exists in measurements made by various experimenters in fully-developed jets (x/b>100). If the results are grouped according to the value of (x/c)max,where c is the width of the wall in the x = 0 plane (see Fig. 1), a consistent variation can be seen, with the rate of growth for x/c<1, being 10% higher than for x/c>l.
The heat pipe: its development, and its aerospace applications
Authors: Reay D. A.
Published: March 2023

The transport of thermal energy from one location to another, for example from a heat source to a remote heat sink, has been a major topic of study over the past decade.

Most of the work has been directed at improving the efficiency of heat transport, while retaining the simplicity and reliability of what is, in general, considered as a secondary part of any system.

One device which has fulfilled most of the requirements of such a heat transport system is the heat pipe. The heat pipe was first proposed by Gaugler of the General Motors Corporation (US) in 1942, and was the subject of a patent published in 1944. Because the heat transfer problems of that time could be solved by more conventional methods, Gaugler's ideas remained unexploited for approximately 20 years. It was not until the early 1960s that Grover, without knowledge of Gaugler's proposals, in effect re-invented the heat pipe while working at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Grover and his colleagues were working on spacecraft power generation systems at the time.
Noise — future targets
Authors: Lilley G. M.
Published: March 2023

Today we speak of the quality of life and the need to improve the quality of the environment. The removal of all kinds of pollution from our environment is a laudable aim and for some types of pollution positive action and an awareness of the problem can make improvements with a minimum of cost. However, in the case of most forms of pollution, and this includes noise, improvement in the quality of the environment can only proceed at a price. Thus there is considerable need for phased reductions in pollution and future planning with imposed realistic targets is paramount. In this region of social planning the problem of cost benefit analysis cannot always be applied and pressures are exerted to directing funds for economic gains and combating other pressures in national and international life in directions which lead away from pollution control. Nevertheless improvements to the environment dependent on the supply of finance can only be achieved, all other things being equal, when the economic state of a country is stable and attention of governments is directed with a willingness to achieve what at first sight is a downright impossibility.
The future world demand for civil aircraft
Authors: Ellison A. P. , Stafford E. M.
Published: March 2023

In 1972 civil sales formed some 30% of the US aerospace industry. Although in 1973 there was a swing back to defence products, civil sales retain an important position. Not surprisingly, aerospace industries without sizeable civil projects on hand, such as Britain's and Canada's, are looking with concern at their future prospects.

Such increasing dependence brings its own problems, for civil sales have been characterised by large fluctuations in the past. Predictions have often been wrong and costly, yet accuracy is a prerequisite of the industry's steady development. The heavy research and development and expenditure involved in a major civil programme necessitates a forecasting horizon of up to a decade.
Left and right in cockpit evolution
Authors: Coombs L. F. E.
Published: March 2023

I will put forward what I hope are reasonable explanations of why some of the more important features of the aircraft cockpit and the way in which an aircraft is controlled have been related to a particular side or direction of turning and circling; including the much debated origin of the left-hand circuit.

The ergonomists and the human factors researchers talk of the man/machine relationship and before getting down to detail cases we need to look closely at the human component of the man/machine interface in aviation. Relevant to the subject are the hand and side preferences of the human component, the pilot.
The effect of deflecting flaps on strike/fighter aircraft wing design
Authors: Stanniland D. R.
Published: March 2023

The designer of a strike/fighter wing must bear in mind the many manoeuvres which the aircraft must perform. It is not sufficient to consider a single altitude cruise design point. Instead one must aim for:

(a) An economic altitude cruise, i.e. a moderately high Mach number and lift coefficient without drag rise.

(b) A sea level dash capability, i.e. a high subsonic Mach number and a low lift coefficient without drag rise.

(c) Good manoeuvrability at intermediate and high subsonic Mach numbers, requiring high maximum usable lift coefficients.

(d) Good field performance with very high lift coefficients in both take-off and landing configurations.

(e) Some supersonic capability.

Such a wide range of performance inevitably leads to some incompatability in the design. The high speed requirements are necessarily in conflict with those at low speed and similarly there is an inconsistency between the needs for altitude cruise and sea level dash. Reference 1 develops a design procedure based on fixed geometry sections, which attempts to satisfy all the design requirements in a reasonable manner. This paper is restricted to consideration of a method in which flap deflections may be incorporated into the design conditions so that the general performance can be improved without seriously degrading any of the individual requirements.