bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Approach to Quantifying the Effect of the Density of Sand Cores on Their Gas Permeability
Authors: Sundaram Dinesh , Svidró József Tamás , Svidró Judit , Diószegi Attila
Published: July 2022

The density of moulding mixtures used in the foundry industry plays a significant role since it influences the strength, porosity, and permeability of moulds and cores. The latter is routinely tested in foundries using different solutions to control the properties of the moulding materials that are used to make moulds and cores. In this paper, the gas permeability of sand samples was measured using a custom-made setup to obtain the gas permeability in standard units instead of the usual permeability numbers (PN) with calibrated units. The aim of the work was to explore the effect of density variations in moulding materials on their gas permeabilities. Permeability in this work is quantified in SI units, square metres [m2]. The setup works based on Darcy’s law and the numbers obtained from the measurements can be used to deduce the gas permeability, k, of a sample. Two furan resin bonded mixtures with the same grain size distribution were hand-rammed with varying compaction forces to obtain a variation in density. Cylindrical samples (50 × 50 mm) were prepared using a silica sand aggregate sourced from a Swedish lake. The results of the measurement provided the difference in gas permeability between the samples that have varying densities. The results of permeability were then extrapolated by modifying the viscosity value of the air passed through the sample. In order to find the effect of apparent density variation on the pore characteristics of the samples, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) was also performed. The results were in line with the gas permeability measurements.
Arl15 upregulates the TGFβ family signaling by promoting the assembly of the Smad-complex
Authors: Shi Meng , Tie Hieng Chiong , Divyanshu Mahajan , Sun Xiuping , Zhou Yan , Boh Boon Kim , Vardy Leah A , Lu Lei
Published: July 2022

The hallmark event of the canonical transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) family signaling is the assembly of the Smad-complex, consisting of the common Smad, Smad4, and phosphorylated receptor-regulated Smads. How the Smad-complex is assembled and regulated is still unclear. Here, we report that active Arl15, an Arf-like small G protein, specifically binds to the MH2 domain of Smad4 and colocalizes with Smad4 at the endolysosome. The binding relieves the autoinhibition of Smad4, which is imposed by the intramolecular interaction between its MH1 and MH2 domains. Activated Smad4 subsequently interacts with phosphorylated receptor-regulated Smads, forming the Smad-complex. Our observations suggest that Smad4 functions as an effector and a GTPase activating protein (GAP) of Arl15. Assembly of the Smad-complex enhances the GAP activity of Smad4 toward Arl15, therefore dissociating Arl15 before the nuclear translocation of the Smad-complex. Our data further demonstrate that Arl15 positively regulates the TGFβ family signaling.
Association between IL-1A and IL-1B gene polymorphisms with peri-implantitis in a Portuguese population—a pilot study
Authors: Cardoso José Maria , Ribeiro Ana Clara , Palos Constança , Proença Luis , Noronha Susana , Alves Ricardo Castro
Published: July 2022

Background

Scientific evidence indicates that biological complications in dental implants tend to be concentrated in a subset of individuals, which seems to imply that the host response may play a determining role in implant success. Over the last few decades, several polymorphisms have been studied. Polymorphisms in the interleukin (IL) 1 gene cluster have been associated with periodontitis. There are some similar features in the sequence of immunopathological events in peri-implant and periodontal infections. We aimed to investigate if individuals carrying the genetic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the IL-1A (rs1800587) and IL-1B (rs1143634) genes are more susceptible to develop peri-implantitis.

Methods

A cross-sectional analytic pilot study was conducted in 20 Caucasian Portuguese subjects divided into two groups: 10 subjects with peri-implantitis and 10 subjects with peri-implant health (control group). Samples containing cells from the buccal mucosa were stored at −20 °C and later submitted to the DNA extraction process. Genetic analysis was performed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistical methodologies.

Results

For the IL-1A (−889) gene polymorphism, it was observed that the mutated allele was present in a higher percentage in the peri-implantitis group compared to the control group (30% vs 15% respectively, Fisher’s exact test, p = 0.45). For the IL-1B (+3954) gene polymorphism, it was also observed that the altered allele was present in a higher percentage in the disease group compared to the control group (35% vs 10% respectively, Fisher’s exact test, p = 0.13). The positive genotype (at least one allele with nucleotide sequence changed in both genes) was detected in six patients, five belonging to the disease group and one to the health group.

Conclusions

Regarding IL-1 gene polymorphisms, there was no statistically significant difference between the health and disease group, however a trend should be highlighted, showing a potential link between the IL-1 genotype and peri-implantitis. More studies are needed to clarify the role of genetic polymorphisms in the development of peri-implantitis.
Acoustic and vibrational signaling in true katydid Nesoecia nigrispina: three means of sound production in one species
Authors: Korsunovskaya Olga S. , Zhantiev Rustem D.
Published: July 2022

The males of Mexican katydids Nesoecia nigrispina (Stal, 1873) produce calling songs and protest sounds using the typical stridulatory apparatus, situated, as in most of the other Ensifera, at the bases of the tegmina. It includes a stridulatory file on the upper tegmen and a plectrum on the lower one. The calling sounds, which are of two types (fast and slow), are two-syllabic series, with a repetition rate fluctuate within 3–4.5 s−1 (fast) and 1.2–2 s−1 (slow). After tactile stimulation, males produce protest signals in the form of short trills of uniform syllable duration. The syllable repetition rate is higher than that of the calling sounds: 7.7 s−1. The frequency spectra of these signals have maxima in the band of 14–15 kHz. However, in addition to the sounds described, both males and females are capable of producing protest signals of the second type, with the help of another sound apparatus, namely the hind wings. Apparently, the sound is produced by the friction of the hind wings on the lower tegmen. The dominant frequencies in the frequency spectra of these sounds are 40–60 kHz. In adults of both sexes and older nymphs, in response mainly to tactile stimulation, short clicks are recorded, which they produce, apparently, by the mandibles. Thus, N. nigrispina seems to have the most extensive acoustic repertoire among pseudophyllines and three means of emitting sound signals. Tremulatory substrate-borne vibrations are produced by individuals of both sexes during courtship and by males completing the calling signal cycle and after copulation. It is possible that vibrational signals are an additional factor in the reproductive isolation of sympatric species, since the calling sound signals in representatives of the genus Nesoecia are similar and exhibit considerable variability. The type and parameters of the calling signal used by the female during recognizing a conspecific mate remain unclear.
Socio-demographic and Clinical Profile of Treatment-seeking Drug Abusers Attending a Hospital in South Kashmir: A Cross-sectional Hospital-based Study
Authors: Shah Seema Batool , Dar Mansoor Ahmad , Kumari Pinki , Shiekh Javid Ahmad , Mushtaq Zain Bin , Tailie Junaid Ahmad
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Substance abuse is one of the major public health problems in the present world, and so in Kashmir. The geographical location of Kashmir and the prevailing conflict has made the population vulnerable to drug abuse. Data from different areas of Kashmir has pointed out the changing pattern of substance abuse, and the rising trend of opioid use. However, there have been no studies from southern Kashmir. Aim: To study the socio-demographic and clinical profile of treatment-seeking drug abusers attending General Psychiatric Outpatient Department (OPD) at the newly established Government Medical College, Anantnag, Kashmir, India. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, hospital-based study was conducted from January 2020 to June 2021. A total of 213 treatment-seeking drug abusers were included in the study. Diagnosis of substance dependence was established by applying the International Classification of Disease version 10. The clinical and socio-demographic variables were studied using a semi-structured proforma, and the variables were presented as frequency and mean. The data were analysed using Epi Info software version 7.0. Results: The mean age of the study population was 23.4 years. Young adults were the most common population using substances. Opioids (25.3%) were the predominantly used drug, although polysubstance formed the majority at 48.8%. More than 60% of patients were intravenous drug users. Peer pressure and curiosity were the most common specified reasons for initiation of substance (47.4% and 12.2%, respectively). More than 50% of cases had past failed attempts at abstinence. Craving was still the most common reason for relapse (42.8%). Conclusion: The present study results reiterate the presence of a hazardous pattern of substance use in the young population. The intravenous drug use and the secondary infections arising out of that are alarming. The results encourage the conduct of large scale community-based studies and robust policy making and law enforcement.
Studies on Cultural, Morphological and Pathogenic Variability among the Isolates of F. verticillioides Associated with Maize Stalk Rot in Telangana State, India
Authors: Ch. Mamatha , Mallaiah B. , Chorgasti Nandappa , Bhadru D.
Published: July 2022

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the important cereal crops of the world and world’s third most leading cereal crop, after wheat and rice. Maize is affected by various biotic and abiotic stresses. Among the biotic stresses, fusarium wilt of maize caused by Fusarium verticillioides is most serious disease of maize. Tweleve isolates of F. vericillioides were studied for its cultural, morphological and pathogenic variability. Microconidia were hyaline, oval to club shaped with a flattened base and measured 5.12-7.11 μm X 2.04-3.18 μm (L×W). Macroconidia were sickle shaped with 3-5 septa and measured 20.01-31.12 μm X 2.01-3.21 μm (L×W). The radial mycelial growth of test isolates ranged from 4.32 mm to 8.65 mm at 10 days after inoculationon on PDA medium. However, maximum mycelial growth was recorded by the isolate F-ISO-5 in all the three mediums and mean maximum growth of isolates were observed in CMA. The fungal colony of Fusarium isolates on PDA were initially white, floccose which turned  purple to dark brown after 7 days of incubation at 28 ± 2ºC. Cultures developed pigmentation like pink, light purple, dark violet which varied with age. All the tested isolates were pathogenic on tested maize cultivar (kaveri- 50). However, the disease severity was varied among the isolates. Fusarium isolates F-ISO-7 was highly virulent which caused severe disease upon inoculation with disease score of 8.0 on 1-9 scale followed by  F-ISO-1, F-ISO-3, F-ISO-4, F-ISO-5, F-ISO-6 and F-ISO-8.
Effect of Partial Root Drying and Deficit Irrigation on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Tomato Grown Under Greenhouse
Authors: Anil Chavan , Thiyagarajan G. , Selvakumar S. , Velmurugan M. , Kannan Balaji
Published: July 2022

Water conservation strategies are becoming increasingly important as a result of the shortage of water and climate change. The purpose of this study is to address water-saving irrigation strategies by evaluating the effect of partial root drying irrigation (PRD) and Deficit Irrigation (DI) practice on the yield and water use efficiency of tomatoes (Shivam variety). The treatments were partial root drying (PRD) at 75% and 50% crop evapotranspiration, ETc (PRD25 and PRD50, respectively), and deficit irrigation (DI) at 75% and 50% of ETc (DI25 and DI50, respectively). The PRD practice requires wetting one half of the root zone and keeping the other half dry, consequently using less amount of irrigation water that was applied. In the successive irrigations, the wet and dry sides were alternated. Over a growing season after transplanting, the highest fruit yield was obtained under FULL irrigation (225 t ha-1). In comparison to deficit irrigation that received the same quantity of water, the PRD treatments produced an increased yield of 5–10%. PRD and DI irrigation improved WUE considerably, and that was 30.35% and 25.71% respectively higher than FI. Results suggest that PRD treatment may be an option in a water shortage.
Mid-parent and Better Parent Heterosis Study on Highland Quality Protein Maize Hybrids in Ethiopia
Authors: Mekasha Goshime Muluneh , Chere Adefris Teklewold , Woreti Demewoz Negera
Published: July 2022

Determination of heterosis in maize hybrids is necessary for the identification of superior F1 hybrids for breeding programs. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate the amount of mid parent (MPH) and better parent heterosis (BPH) for grain yield, yield-related, agronomic, and morphological traits. Hybrid development from fixed inbred lines is one of the strategies for the improvement of maize production. The national average maize yield in Ethiopia is low and thus, selection of promising germplasm, knowledge of combining ability, and heterotic grouping are prerequisites to developing high-yielding maize varieties. Forty-two Quality Protein Maize (QPM) crosses (21 inbred lines each crossed with two testers) along with three popular standard hybrids were evaluated in two replications using alpha lattice during the 2017 cropping season at Ambo and, Arsi-Negele. Parental line trials consisting of 21 lines, two testers, and one conventional maize (CM) parent check (FS67) were established in two replications laid out using RCBD side by side with the hybrid trials at Ambo and Arsi-Negele. At Ambo, almost all crosses showed positive and significant BPH except three crosses (L1xT1, L4xT1, and L13xT1). The maximum BPH (276.2%) was obtained from L17xT2. Similarly, at Arsi-Negele, most of the crosses had positive and significant BPH except for five crosses for BPH which are showing negative heterosis. The highest BPH was obtained from L10xT2 at Arsi-Negele. Generally, the high yielding crosses had reasonable BPH. Based on the result promising crosses and lines were identified. Some of the crosses showed good performance in terms of heterosis against the mid parent and better parent: L17xT2 (329.88% MPH, 276.18% BPH), L3xT2(320.05% MPH, 273.91%BPH), and L19xT2(2802.57% MPH, 247.31% BPH) at Ambo, whereas at Arsi-Negele L10xT2 (128.38% MPH, 111.27%BPH) and L11xT2(115.33% MPH, 98.00% BPH) showed the higher heterosis compared with the mid parent and better parent. Crosses that showed best yield performance were: L8xT2, L7xT1, L8xT1, L19xT1, L6xT2, and L18xT1. These crosses should be reconsidered for further evaluation and possible release.
A Portable Laser Urine Glucose Meter – a Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Al-Saleh Wafa M. , Masilamani Vadivel , Vignesh N. Muniraj
Published: July 2022

The most common method of detection/monitoring Diabetic Meletus (DM) is to draw capillary blood and measure pre-prandial or post- prandial glucose level. In addition, HbA1c is often done to measure glycated red blood cell (RBC) to monitor glucose level in blood over a certain period time (about 2 – 3 months). In any case, drawing blood is the only procedure to measure glucose in circulating fluid, blood. It is minimally invasive procedure and with some level of pain and discomfort. Yet, it is indeed an ordeal process of sharp needle pricking the tissue for repeated monitoring, particularly for those who have been diagnosed with Type 1DM and have to maintain strict control, The minor discomfort becomes an issue for old persons, infants and juvenile (of Type 1DM). If there could be a procedure and reliable technique to measure and monitor glucose in urine, the whole population of DM, will heave a sigh of relief. Also, if glucose level in urine, for borderline cases could be identified, this will be a major step for mass screening, more importantly for poor villagers of many Asian and African countries. The purpose of this research is to device a portable laser spectrometer for monitoring glucose concentration in urine. It is a preliminary study, done as a proof of concept, to explore the possibilities of reliable, alternative for DM detection technique.
Editorial by Peter Hubbard
Authors: Hubbard Peter
Published: July 2022

The articles in this, the first volume, reflect something of the spirit of the development of psychotherapy in New Zealand, which has been somewhat singular in the world for its inclusive nature in a field of professional endavour more noted for its tendancy to fragment. So these articles cover a range of topics and interests. For an inaugural volume it may be said that there are some interesting absences. Not all our cultural strands are by any means represented here. Yet this is the first volume, and needs to be celebrated for its inception and the possibilities it thereby opens up for the future.
A Return Journey to the Concept of Top-Dog/Under-Dog
Authors: Caradoc-Davies Gill
Published: July 2022

The concept of Top-dog/Under-dog is referred to in textbooks, but is less frequently taught due to a perception that it lacks clinical usefulness. This article sets out to revitalise the concept, changing the language used, and to re-integrate the term with its analytical/object relational roots.
From the Sublime to the Sublimated
Authors: Asher Annette
Published: July 2022

The paper is about Mozart's most symbolical opera The Magic Flute- Die Zauberflöte.  Mozart was most certainly the world's greatest musical genius and often the beauty and charm of his music is linked to what is commonly described as a happy childhood. He had a close and loving relationship with his parents- reflected in volumes of affectionate letters which passed between him and them. Compared to some great composers, who often seem to have lived unhappy, frustrating and occasionally mentally disturbed lives, without the benefit of supportive parents, Mozart's life was not at all bad by 18th century standards. However, the biographies of Mozart as well as the letters also reveal much that would cause us, as curious psychotherapists rather than as musicologists, to wonder whether all was as well internally as his music and his biographies suggest.
Reflections on Warren Farrell's 'The Myth of Male Power'
Authors: Murphy Mike
Published: July 2022

My response towards this book varied from astonishment, that I've never seen discrimination against men so clearly, to discomfort with what seems to be Farrell's bitterness and resentment towards woman, and some of the specious conclusions he reaches. Between those extremes, I experienced many painful memories of what it meant for me to grow up to be, and to be, a man.
Counselling for Sexual Abuse: K MacDonald, I Lambie & L Simmonds, OUP
Authors: Palmer Helen
Published: July 2022

Reviewing this book affords a satisfying sense of what is fitting for this inaugural issue of the NZAP Journal. Both book and journal are evidence of a thriving therapeutic community becomming increasingly visible to itself and the society in which it operates. This book arose from a series of workshops in 1992 presented by the authors as staff of the Leslie Centre in Auckland.
A White Retinal Lesion With Calcification in an 11-Year-Old Boy
Authors: Lando Leonardo , Mallipatna Ashwin , Gallie Brenda
Published: July 2022

An 11-year-old boy was referred to assess a retinal mass in the left eye found on his first routine ophthalmic evaluation. A white, translucent solid lesion with calcification was noticeable in the inferonasal quadrant of the left eye. What would you do next?
Thermal Properties and Joinability Investigation of BaO–SrO–SiO2–B2O3Glasses for Oxygen Transport Membrane Application
Authors: Li Xinfang , Groß-Barsnick Sonja M. , Baumann Stefan , Koppitz Thomas , Meulenberg Wilhelm A. , Natour Ghaleb
Published: July 2022

Three new BaO–SrO–SiO2–B2O3(BS) glasses with different SrO contents (6–25 mol%) are developed for oxygen transport membrane (OTM) joining application. The content of strontium is investigated first in terms of its effect on the glass‐forming tendency, thermal expansion coefficient, crystallization, shrinkage behavior, and viscous flow properties. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is carried out. Dilatometric tests are performed to obtain coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) of BS glasses. The crystallization behavior of the BS glasses is investigated by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD). Sinking dilatometric measurements simulate the joining procedure and observe the shrinkage behavior of the BS glasses. The viscous flow behavior of the BS glasses is examined via hot stage microscopy. The glass with 15 mol% SrO (BS15) glass shows the best glass‐forming tendency, most matching CTE (11.9 × 10−6 K−1), densest microstructure, highest shrinkage rate (24%), and good viscous behavior at high joining temperatures compared with other BS glasses. BS15 glass is chosen for helium leak test and assembly test joining with Aluchrom and SrTi0.75Fe0.25O3−δmembrane (STF25). The sandwiched sample with two Aluchrom plates sealed by BS15 glass at 1075 °C for 5 min achieves good gas‐tightness with low helium leakage rate <10−9 mbar·l s−1.
Electrically Conductive 2D Material Coatings for Flexible and Stretchable Electronics: A Comparative Review of Graphenes and MXenes
Authors: Orts Mercadillo Vicente , Chan Kai Chio , Caironi Mario , Athanassiou Athanassia , Kinloch Ian A. , Bissett Mark , Cataldi Pietro
Published: July 2022

There is growing interest in transitioning electronic components and circuitry from stiff and rigid substrates to more flexible and stretchable platforms, such as thin plastics, textiles, and foams. In parallel, the push for more sustainable, biocompatible, and cost‐efficient conductive inks to coat these substrates has led to the development of formulations with novel nanomaterials. Among these, 2D materials, particularly graphene and MXenes, have received intense research interest due to their increasingly facile and scalable production, high electrical conductivity, and compatibility with existing manufacturing techniques. They enable a range of electronic devices, including strain and pressure sensors, supercapacitors, thermoelectric generators, and heaters. These new flexible and stretchable electronic devices developed with 2D material coatings are poised to unlock exciting applications in the wearable, healthcare and Internet of Things sectors. This review surveys key data from more than 200 articles published over the past 6 years to provide a quantitative analysis of recent progress in the field and shed light on future directions and prospects of this technology. It is found that despite the different chemical origins of graphene and MXenes, their shared electrical properties and 2D morphology guarantee intriguing performance in end applications, leaving plenty of space for shared progress and advancements in the future.
Efficient and Stable Tin Perovskite Solar Cells by Pyridine‐Functionalized Fullerene with Reduced Interfacial Energy Loss
Authors: Li Bo , Wu Xin , Zhang He , Zhang Shoufeng , Li Zhen , Gao Danpeng , Zhang Chunlei , Chen Muqing , Xiao Shuang , Jen Alex K.‐Y. , Yang Shangfeng , Zhu Zonglong
Published: July 2022

In tin perovskite solar cells (PSCs), fullerene (C60) and fullerene derivative [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) are commonly utilized electron transport materials. However, the energetic disorder, inadequate passivation, and energy level mismatch of C60 and PCBM limit the improvement of power conversion efficiency (PCE) and lifespan of tin PSCs. In this work, a multifunctional interface manipulation strategy is developed by introducing a pyridine‐functionalized fullerene derivative, fullerene‐n‐butyl‐pyridine (C60‐BPy), into the interface between the tin perovskite and the electron transport layer (ETL) to improve the photovoltaic performance and stability of tin PSCs. The C60‐BPy can strongly anchor on the perovskite surface via coordination interactions between the pyridine moiety and the Sn2+ ion, which not only reinforces the passivation of the trap‐state within the tin perovskite film, but also regulates the interface energy level alignment to reduce non‐radiative recombination. Moreover, the improved interface binding and carrier transport properties of C60‐BPy contribute to superior device stability. The resulting devices have achieved the highest PCE of 14.14% with negligible hysteresis, and are maintained over 95% of their initial PCE under continuous one‐sun illumination for 1000 h.
Multifunctional Nanofibrous Scaffolds with Angle‐Ply Microstructure and Co‐Delivery Capacity Promote Partial Repair and Total Replacement of Intervertebral Disc
Authors: Han Feng , Yu Qifan , Chu Genglei , Li Jiaying , Zhu Zhuang , Tu Zhengdong , Liu Changjiang , Zhang Weidong , Zhao Runze , Mao Haijiao , Han Fengxuan , Li Bin
Published: July 2022

There is an urgent clinical need for the treatment of annulus fibrosus (AF) impairment caused by intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration or surgical injury. Although repairing injured AF through tissue engineering is promising, the approach is limited by the complicated angle‐ply microstructure, inflammatory microenvironment, poor self‐repairing ability of AF cells and deficient matrix production. In this study, electrospinning technology is used to construct aligned core–shell nanofibrous scaffolds loaded with transforming growth factor‐β3 (TGFβ3) and ibuprofen (IBU), respectively. The results confirm that the rapid IBU release improves the inflammatory microenvironment, while sustained TGFβ3 release enhances nascent extracellular matrix (ECM) formation. Biomaterials for clinical applications must repair local AF defects during herniectomy and enable AF regeneration during disc replacement, so a box defect model and total IVD replacement model in rat tail are constructed. The dual‐drug delivering electrospun scaffolds are assembled into angle‐ply structure to form a highly biomimetic AF that is implanted into the box defect or used to replace the disc. In two animal models, it is found that biomimetic scaffolds with good anti‐inflammatory ability enhance ECM formation and maintain the mechanical properties of IVD. Findings from this study demonstrate that the multifunctional nanofibrous scaffolds provide inspirations for IVD repair.
Generation and Control of Coherent Terahertz Phonons in Silicon Metasurfaces
Authors: Martins Renato Juliano , Petit Marlène , Brûlé Yoann , Billard Franck , Hertz Edouard , Cluzel Benoit , Demichel Olivier
Published: July 2022

Semiconductor nanostructures are used in many applications, from electronics to nanophotonics to cite just a few, and most of these applications are based on silicon or silicon‐related technologies. With the miniaturization of these nanoscale devices, heat dissipation becomes a limitation to their efficiency, robustness, and reliability. Hence, managing thermal effects at nanoscale is attracting a growing interest and a promising approach relies on the control of acoustic phonons that are responsible of heat transfers. However, these phonons in silicon have high frequencies in the terahertz range which makes them hard to control and detect, thus limiting basic investigation and practical implementations. In this work, employing coherent control of femtosecond laser pulses and inelastic scattering spectroscopy, it is reported on the coherent generation, the control, and the detection of acoustic phonons in silicon metasurfaces in which light–matter interactions are enhanced.
Excavating the Communication Performance in GaN‐Based Green Micro‐LEDs: Modular‐Architectured p‐Type Region
Authors: Huang Zhen , Tao Renchun , Li Duo , Yuan Zexing , Sheng Shanshan , Wang Tao , Li Tai , Chen Zhaoying , Yuan Ye , Kang Junjie , Liang Zhiwen , Wang Qi , Tian Pengfei , Shen Bo , Wang Xinqiang
Published: July 2022

To improve the performance of GaN‐based green micro‐light emitting diodes (μ‐LEDs) array, a modular‐architected p‐type region, which consists of polarization‐induced graded AlGaN and Al0.2Ga0.8N/GaN superlattices (SLs), is proposed to enhance p‐type conductivity. The designed p‐type structure shows a hole concentration of 1.7 × 1018 cm−3 which leads to an excellent conductivity of 2.48 Ω−1 cm−1. As a result, the fabricated μ‐LEDs array with 16 × 16 pixels exhibits a differential resistance of 7 Ω and a light output power of 7.9 mW, which is about 4 times in magnitude lower and 2 times in magnitude higher than those of μ‐LEDs array equipped with the p‐type layer using graded AlGaN and p‐GaN, respectively. Furthermore, in a visible light communication test, it exhibits a data rate improvement of 35%, with a value of 1.03 Gbps. A new approach is provided to enhance the p‐type conductivity of III‐nitride devices, which is definitely promising to improve their performance and expand their applications.
Quantitative Theory for the Electrical Breakdown of High‐Temperature Dielectric Materials under High Temperature and Electric Field
Authors: Wang Ruzhuan , Li Weiguo
Published: July 2022

The electrothermal breakdown of high‐temperature dielectric materials has received increasing attention. However, the theoretical characterization of quantitative relationship between breakdown strength and temperature has been a challenge. Herein, a theory termed energy storage capacity has been developed to generate and understand the nature of this quantitative relationship. This theory defines a limit value of stored energy associated with the material breakdown, including electric energy and the equivalent heat energy. Then, a parameter‐free theoretical model of temperature‐dependent breakdown strength of materials is developed, which takes into account the effects of dielectric constant and melting point. This non‐fitting model, without the need to carry out any destructive experiments and data fitting, is validated with excellent agreement between the predicted and measured values of both polymers and ceramics, monolithic and multilayered polymer/ceramic composites. It is shown that the failure of large classes of substances, including ceramics and polymers under heat and electrical force or mechanical force can be accurately modeled using the concept of the temperature independent limit value of the stored energy. This should become the new insight and entry point for the development of quantitative characterization of temperature‐dependent physical and mechanical properties of materials.
The contribution of the Online Agricultural and Resource Economics Seminar to diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging in agricultural and applied economics
Authors: Bellemare Marc F. , Bloem Jeffrey R.
Published: July 2022

In the early days of the COVID‐19 pandemic, we launched the Online Agricultural and Resource Economics Seminar (OARES) in an ostensible effort to maintain a semblance of normalcy in agricultural and applied economics. Our goal with the OARES was to break down the privilege barrier in two ways: by (i) featuring research mainly by junior, female, or minority scholars, and (ii) bringing frontier research to those who may not have had access to a regular seminar series prior to the pandemic. We thus discuss the contribution of the OARES to diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging in agricultural and applied economics.
Beryllium disease among construction trade workers at Department of Energy nuclear sites: A follow‐up
Authors: Cloeren Marianne , Dement John , Gaitens Joanna , Hines Stella , Diaz Liliana , Tembunde Yazmeen , Cranford Kim , Shorter Janet , Mosier Terry , Ringen Knut ,   Beryllium in Construction
Published: July 2022

Background

Construction workers at U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) nuclear weapons facilities are screened to identify DOE‐related occupational illnesses, including beryllium sensitization (BeS) and chronic beryllium disease (CBD). The study objectives were to estimate beryllium disease risks and the CBD claims acceptance rate in the energy workers' benefits program.

Methods

Workers diagnosed with BeS via beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT) included in screening examinations were interviewed about subsequent diagnosis of CBD. We estimated the proportion who developed CBD based on the ratio of CBD cases, based on self‐reported compensation claim status, to all workers with BeS interviewed. We used stratified analyses to explore trends in disease frequency by age, race, sex, DOE employment duration, site, trade group, and cigarette smoking history.

Results

Between 1998 and 2020, 21,854 workers received a BeLPT; 262 (1.20%) had BeS (two abnormals or one abnormal plus one borderline test); 212 (0.97%) had a single abnormal BeLPT. Of 177 BeS workers interviewed, 35 (19.8%) reported an accepted CBD compensation claim. The claims acceptance rate among BeS workers increased with years of DOE employment, from 8.4% with <5 years to 33.3% for >25 or more years. Five of 68 interviewed workers with a single positive BeLPT reported CBD claim acceptance; an additional CBD case was confirmed by chart review (8.8%).

Conclusions

Years of DOE work predict the risk of developing CBD among those sensitized and getting a claim for CBD accepted. Ongoing surveillance and increased awareness of the risk of beryllium exposure and CBD as an occupational disease among construction workers are needed.
Synthesis of α‐Aryl Ketones by Harnessing the Non‐Innocence of Toluene and its Derivatives: Enhancing the Acidity of Methyl Arenes by a Brønsted Base and their Mechanistic Aspects
Authors: Sreedharan Ramdas , Pal Pradeep Kumar , Panyam Pradeep Kumar Reddy , Priyakumar U. Deva , Gandhi Thirumanavelan
Published: July 2022

Ketones are the key functional group that recurs in chemistry and biology, and accessing them through simple and economic ways is highly desirable. Herein, we report the synthesis of unsymmetrical ketones from abundant toluene and alkyl esters, where volatile alcohols are the sole byproduct. This protocol applies to a repertoire of substrates bearing electron‐donating, electron‐withdrawing, and neutral substituents. Most importantly, the organometallic ferrocenyl ester underwent aroylation with ease. This method is the first example to furnish diketones from methyl arenes and diesters. Furthermore, cyclic imide was synthesized by this protocol utilizing KN(SiMe3)2 as a ′nitrogen′ source. Density functional theory studies provide insight into deprotonation of toluene by K+‐π interaction by increasing its acidity, and this being the rate‐determining step.
Suppressing Electron Back‐Donation for a Highly CO‐tolerant Fuel Cell Anode Catalyst via Cobalt Modulation
Authors: Yang Yu , Gao Fei‐Yue , Zhang Xiao‐Long , Qin Shuai , Zheng Li‐Rong , Wang Ye‐Hua , Liao Jie , Yang Qing , Gao Min‐Rui
Published: July 2022

Platinum on carbon (Pt/C) catalyst is commercially adopted in fuel cells but it undergoes formidable active‐site poisoning by carbon monoxide (CO). In particular, given the sluggish kinetics of hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in anion‐exchange membrane fuel cell (AEMFC), the issues of Pt poisoning and slow rate would combine mutually, notably worsening the device performances. Here we overcome these challenges through incorporating cobalt (Co) into molybdenum‐nickel alloy (MoNi4), termed Co‐MoNi4, which not only shows superior HOR activity over the Pt/C catalyst in alkali, but more intriguingly exhibits excellent CO tolerance with only small activity decay after 10 000 cycles in the presence of 500 parts per million (ppm) CO. When feeding with CO (250 ppm)/H2, the AEMFC assembled by this catalyst yields a peak power density of 394 mW cm−2, far exceeding the Pt/C catalyst. Experimental and computational studies reveal that weakened CO chemisorption originates from the electron‐deficient Ni sites after Co incorporation that suppresses d→CO 2π* back‐donation.
Lösungsmittelabhängige oxidative Addition und reduktive Eliminierung von H2 an einer Gallium‐Zink‐Bindung
Authors: Morris Louis J. , Rajeshkumar Thayalan , Okumura Akira , Maron Laurent , Okuda Jun
Published: July 2022

H2 addiert reversibel an die Metall‐Metall‐Bindung von [(BDI)Ga(H)‐Zn(tmeda)(thf)][BAr4F] (BDI−=[HC{C(CH3)N(2,6‐iPr2‐C6H3)}2]−, TMEDA=N,N,N′,N′‐Tetramethylethylendiamin, BAr4F−=[B(C6H3‐3,5‐(CF3)2)4]−). Aufgrund der stabilisierenden Wirkung der Lösungsmittelkoordination werden in THF die Hydrierungsprodukte [(BDI)GaH2] und [(tmeda)ZnH(thf)][BAr4F] bevorzugt, aber THF‐freie Mischungen aus [(BDI)GaH2] und [(tmeda)ZnH(OEt2)][BAr4F] neigen zur entropisch getriebenen Dehydrierung zu [(BDI)Ga(H)‐Zn(tmeda)][BAr4F] in Fluorbenzol.
Over 70 % Faradaic Efficiency for CO2 Electroreduction to Ethanol Enabled by Potassium Dopant‐Tuned Interaction between Copper Sites and Intermediates
Authors: Ding Lianchun , Zhu Nannan , Hu Yan , Chen Zheng , Song Pin , Sheng Tian , Wu Zhengcui , Xiong Yujie
Published: July 2022

It is highly desired yet challenging to steer the CO2 electroreduction reaction (CO2ER) toward ethanol with high selectivity, for which the evolution of reaction intermediates on catalytically active sites holds the key. Herein, we report that K doping in Cu2Se nanosheets array on Cu foam serves as a versatile way to tune the interaction between Cu sites and reaction intermediates in CO2ER, enabling highly selective production of ethanol. As revealed by characterization and simulation, the electron transfer from K to Se can stabilize CuI species which facilitate the adsorption of linear *COL and bridge *COB intermediates to promote C−C coupling during CO2ER. As a result, the optimized K11.2%‐Cu2Se nanosheets array can catalyze CO2ER to ethanol as a single liquid product with high selectivity in a potential area from −0.6 to −1.2 V. Notably, it offers a Faradaic efficiency of 70.3 % for ethanol production at −0.8 V with as is stable for 130 h.
Antibiotic‐Derived Radiotracers for Positron Emission Tomography: Nuclear or “Unclear” Infection Imaging?
Authors: Gouws Arno Christiaan , Kruger Hendrik Gerhardus , Gheysens Olivier , Zeevaart Jan Rijn , Govender Thavendran , Naicker Tricia , Ebenhan Thomas
Published: July 2022

The excellent features of non‐invasive molecular imaging, its progressive technology (real‐time, whole‐body imaging and quantification), and global impact by a growing infrastructure for positron emission tomography (PET) scanners are encouraging prospects to investigate new concepts, which could transform clinical care of complex infectious diseases. Researchers are aiming towards the extension beyond the routinely available radiopharmaceuticals and are looking for more effective tools that interact directly with causative pathogens. We reviewed and critically evaluated (challenges or pitfalls) antibiotic‐derived PET radiopharmaceutical development efforts aimed at infection imaging. We considered both radiotracer development for infection imaging and radio‐antibiotic PET imaging supplementing other tools for pharmacologic drug characterization; overall, a total of 20 original PET radiotracers derived from eleven approved antibiotics.
Solvent‐Dependent Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination of H2 Across a Gallium‐Zinc Bond
Authors: Morris Louis J. , Rajeshkumar Thayalan , Okumura Akira , Maron Laurent , Okuda Jun
Published: July 2022

H2 adds reversibly across the metal‐metal bond of [(BDI)Ga(H)−Zn(tmeda)(thf)][BAr4F] (BDI=[HC{C(CH3)N(2,6‐iPr2‐C6H3)}2]−, TMEDA=N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine, BAr4F−=[B(C6H3‐3,5‐(CF3)2)4]−). Due to the stabilising effect of solvent coordination, hydrogenation products [(BDI)GaH2] and [(tmeda)ZnH(thf)][BAr4F] are favoured in THF solution, but THF‐free mixtures of [(BDI)GaH2] and [(tmeda)ZnH(OEt2)][BAr4F] are predisposed towards entropically driven dehydrogenation to [(BDI)Ga(H)−Zn(tmeda)][BAr4F] in fluorobenzene solution.
In‐depth study of the heme‐binding ability to five heavy metals: Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, and As
Authors: Lan Wenbo , Wang Xiaofeng , Kong Xianghe , Nie Changming
Published: July 2022

The molecular structural characteristics of the complexes formed by the substitution of the central atom of heme (iron, Fe) by mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), or arsenic (As) were studied using density functional theory (DFT). The simulated infrared and ultraviolet–visible spectra, Wiberg bond levels, frontier molecular orbital energy levels, and the binding capacity of the heme ligand to the central atom were assessed for all complexes. The results showed that when Fe was replaced by Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, or As, the resulting complex was stable, with unique spectroscopic characteristics. Interestingly, the binding capacity of the heme ligand to Pb was about 10 times greater than that of the heme ligand to Fe and more than 10 times greater than that of the heme ligand to any of the other four heavy metals. The complex in which Fe was replaced by Cd had the greatest chemical stability. These results will provide an important reference for the future pollution control programs and will support efforts to enrich the five studied heavy metals using heme ligands, especially the specific capture of Pb and the enrichment of Cd.
Photocatalyst‐free Light‐driven Dehydrogenation of Alcohols into Carbonyl Compounds under Mild Conditions
Authors: Fan Qiangwen , Zhang Honglei , Ren Huijun , He Yanling , Gu Yuhang , Wu Guorong , Zhu Haibo , Xie Zongbo , Le Zhanggao
Published: July 2022

Herein, we reported a photocatalyst‐free, facile and eco‐friendly method for conducting dehydrogenation of alcohols to corresponding aldehydes or ketones with high selectivity under mild conditions. The methodology exhibited outstanding tolerance with electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing groups and afforded series of aldehydes or ketones in considerable yields. Furthermore, the plausible mechanism was investigated by control experiments and DFT calculations. The advantages of readily accessible, atomic economy and green reaction conditions for the present method will endow it with prospective application in chemical synthesis.
Mechanisms of Enzymatic Transduction in Nanochannel Biosensors
Authors: Perez Sirkin Yamila A. , Vigil De Maio Manuel , Tagliazucchi Mario
Published: July 2022

The immobilization of enzymes in solid‐state nanochannels is a new avenue for the design of biosensors with outstanding selectivity and sensitivity. This work reports the first theoretical model of an enzymatic nanochannel biosensor. The model is applied to the system previously experimentally studied by Lin, et al. (Anal. Chem. 2014, 86, 10546): a hourglass nanochannel modified by glucose oxidase for the detection of glucose. Our predictions are in good agreement with experimental observations as a function of the applied potential, pH and glucose concentration. The sensing mechanism results from the combination of three processes: i) the establishment of a steady‐state proton concentration gradient due to a reaction‐diffusion mechanism, ii) the effect of that gradient on the charge of the adsorbed enzymes and native surface groups, and iii) the effect of the resulting surface charge on the ionic current. Strategies to improve the sensor performance based on this mechanism are identified and discussed.
Synthesis of n‐type [60]Fullerene Derivatives with Sterically Bulky tert‐Butyl Groups for Vacuum Deposition Processes
Authors: Shibuya Hiromasa , Suk Choi Yeong , Choi Taejin , Yun Sungyoung , Moon Juhee , Matsuo Yutaka
Published: July 2022

[60]Fullerene derivatives with high thermal stability can be used for vacuum deposition under heating to fabricate thin films for organic electronic devices. Here, we investigated the thermal stability of [60]fullerene derivatives with various bulky substituents for thermal evaporation under vacuum by means of thermogravimetric analysis under reduced and normal pressure. We found sterically bulky groups such as tert‐butyl groups of [60]fullerene derivatives lowered the vacuum deposition temperature. Also, we performed isothermal thermogravimetric analysis to examine the long‐term thermal stability of the designed compounds under heating conditions. Furthermore, we investigated the UV‐Vis absorption patterns of the deposited films. Absorption in the blue wavelength range, which was attributed to intermolecular HOMO–LUMO transitions among the molecular orbitals of adjacent [60]fullerenes, was dramatically modified. These results were associated with the prevention of aggregation among neighboring [60]fullerene by the sterically bulky groups. This concept could contribute to expanding the use of evaporable [60]fullerene derivatives in organic thin‐film electronics research fields.
Non‐Uniform Distribution of Current in Plane of Large‐Area Lithium Electrodes
Authors: Yari Saeed , Van Bael Marlies. K. , Hardy An , Safari Mohammadhosein
Published: July 2022

This work asserts that increasing the planar area of a lithium (Li) electrode is a challenge in view of ensuring a uniform plating and stripping and spatial uniformity for the state‐of‐health over the surface of lithium. A significant in‐plane heterogeneity is observed for the symmetric Li cells with the stack area in the range of 24 to 96 cm2. The cycling of the large‐area lithium electrodes is performed inside a dedicated home‐made electrochemical setup capable of incorporating electrodes of different sizes. The cycling data and post‐mortem analysis reveal a clear non‐uniformity in the distribution of current and aging for the lithium electrodes having a size larger than the coin‐cell and relevant to the commercial applications. It is shown that the inhomogeneous aging manifests mainly in the formation of dead Li film with a spatial variation in thickness and impedance over the surface of the Li electrode.
The role of tumor neogenesis pipelines in tumor progression and their therapeutic potential
Authors: Fu Zhanqi , Yuan Yuan
Published: July 2022

Pipeline formation between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a key event leading to tumor progression. These pipelines include blood vessels, lymphatics, and membranous vessels (the former two can be collectively referred to as vasculature). Pipeline regeneration is a feature of all solid tumors; it delivers nutrients to tumors and promotes tumor invasion and metastasis such that cancer cells grow rapidly, escape unfavorable TME, spread to secondary sites, generate tumor drug resistance, and promote postoperative tumor recurrence. Novel tumor therapy strategies must exploit the molecular mechanisms underpinning these pipelines to facilitate more targeted drug therapies. In this review, pipeline generation, influencing factors, pipeline functions during tumor progression, and pipeline potential as drug targets are systematically summarized.