bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A review of perioperative immune‐modulating and metabolic‐modulating nutrition strategies for bowel resection surgery
Authors: Walsh Maura , Martindale Robert
Published: May 2024

Focused perioperative nutrition strategies have proven benefits on the outcomes for patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. In this brief article, we will review these strategies and the evidence to support them with a focus on gastrointestinal anastomotic healing. We will elaborate the risks and benefits of enteral feeds, immune‐ and metabolic‐modulating formulas, prebiotics and probiotics, and prehabilitation in preparation for surgery. Additionally, we will discuss the role of fish oils (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) in the surgical patient and new data on specialized proresolving mediators in inflammation resolution. Finally, this article will consider the harmful impact surgical trauma has on the microbiome and the potential for perioperative dietary modulation to attenuate these negative effects.
Femtosecond Laser 3D Nano‐Printing for Functionalization of Optical Fiber Tips
Authors: Bian Peng , Hu Zhi‐Yong , An Ran , Tian Zhen‐Nan , Liu Xue‐Qing , Chen Qi‐Dai
Published: May 2024

Functionalized optical fiber tips featuring miniature sizes and diverse functions have broken the limitations of traditional optical fiber with fixed shapes and single materials, significantly enriching the application scenarios in communication, sensing, imaging, and other fields. However, the unconventional shape presents challenges in manufacturing arbitrarily sophisticated 3D micro/nano structures on optical fiber tips. Femtosecond laser 3D nano‐printing (FL‐3DNp) technology injects new vitality into the functionalization of fiber tips due to its high‐precision, customizable structure, and real 3D processing abilities, as well as advantages of non‐vacuum, maskless, and plentiful materials. This paper extensively compares the key performance parameters of various micro‐nano manufacturing technologies for functionalizing optical fiber probes and focuses on the FL‐3DNp technology. In addition, the latest research progresses are systematically presented from the perspective of structure and application. Finally, the current research challenges and future development directions in this emerging field are discussed, aiming at providing scientific and industrial guidance for FL‐3DNp in functionalizing optical fibers.
Accelerated motion correction with deep generative diffusion models
Authors: Levac Brett , Kumar Sidharth , Jalal Ajil , Tamir Jonathan I.
Published: May 2024

Purpose

The aim of this work is to develop a method to solve the ill‐posed inverse problem of accelerated image reconstruction while correcting forward model imperfections in the context of subject motion during MRI examinations.

Methods

The proposed solution uses a Bayesian framework based on deep generative diffusion models to jointly estimate a motion‐free image and rigid motion estimates from subsampled and motion‐corrupt two‐dimensional (2D) k‐space data.

Results

We demonstrate the ability to reconstruct motion‐free images from accelerated two‐dimensional (2D) Cartesian and non‐Cartesian scans without any external reference signal. We show that our method improves over existing correction techniques on both simulated and prospectively accelerated data.

Conclusion

We propose a flexible framework for retrospective motion correction of accelerated MRI based on deep generative diffusion models, with potential application to other forward model corruptions.
Aqueous CuS nanocrystals via a flow synthesis approach
Authors: Decker Helena , Wolf Andre , Kemmler Moritz , Lesnyak Vladimir
Published: May 2024

Aqueous synthesis of covellite CuS nanoparticles holds significant importance in the field of nanomaterials and environmental sustainability. Using water as a solvent and reactant in the synthesis process aligns with green chemistry principles. It enhances nanoparticle production's scalability and safety. CuS nanoparticles have gained attention for their diverse applications in catalysis, energy storage, and environmental remediation. Aqueous synthesis reduces the environmental footprint associated with hazardous organic solvents, making it an eco‐friendly approach. We report on synthesis routes toward covellite CuS nanocrystals (NCs), emphasizing easy and fast synthesis techniques. Additionally, we develop a flow synthesis of small near infrared active CuS NCs in a custom‐made flow reactor. Combining the advantages of aqueous synthesis and flow chemistry yields a robust and sustainable method for producing covellite CuS NCs readily dispersible in water medium, paving the way for their widespread application in diverse fields.
Star poly(ionic liquid)s: Chain architecture‐property relationships
Authors: Nixon Kevin D. , Sun Rui , Elabd Yossef A.
Published: May 2024

In this study, we report the synthesis of 3‐, 4‐, and 6‐arm star poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) (specifically, star poly(vinylbenzyl methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide) (poly(VBMIm‐TFSI))) via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization with a core‐first approach, followed by quaternization and anion exchange. The impact of star polymer architecture on properties was explored by measuring the thermal, mechanical, and ion transport properties of each star PIL compared to those of an analogous linear PIL. The star PILs exhibited up to 2‐fold higher ionic conductivity, 150% higher elastic modulus, and 465% higher ultimate tensile strength compared to the analogous linear PIL. The Williams‐Landel‐Ferry (WLF) equation was employed to explore the effect of increased free volume on the improved ion transport properties of the star PILs. These results highlight the impact of star polymer architecture on PILs and star PILs as promising materials for electrochemical energy devices.
Dynamics and Stability via Thin‐Shell of Approximated Black Holes in f(Q)$f(\mathbb {Q})$ Gravity
Authors: Javed Faisal , Lin Ji , Mustafa Ghulam , Tawfiq Ferdous M. O.
Published: May 2024

The current study is devoted to exploring the geometrical configuration of a thin‐shell in the background of symmetric teleparallel gravity. For this purpose, the well‐known cut‐and‐paste approach by matching the inner flat and outer newly calculated class of approximated black hole (BH) solutions in symmetric teleparallel gravity are considered, i.e., uncharged, charged, and anti‐de‐Sitter BHs. The dynamical analysis of thin‐shell configuration by adopting the massive and massless scalar field via Klein‐Gordon's equation of motion is discussed. The effective potential and proper time derivative of shell radius for both massive and massless scalar shells are used to discuss the collapse, expansion, and oscillatory behavior. The stable configuration of thin‐shell is observed through the linearized radial perturbation approach with a phantomlike equation of state, i.e., quintessence, dark energy, and phantom energy. It is noted that stable/unstable behavior of thin‐shell is found after the expected position of the event horizon of an exterior manifold. It is concluded that the stability of a thin‐shell is greater for BH with cosmological constant as compared to the uncharged and charged  BHs.
Synthesis, antifungal evaluation, two‐dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship and molecular docking studies of isoxazole derivatives as potential fungicides
Authors: Tripathi Kailashpati , Kaushik Parshant , Yadav Dinesh Kumar , Kumar Rakesh , Misra Sameer Ranjan , Godara Rajni , Bashyal Bishnu Maya , Rana Virendra Singh , Kumar Rajesh , Yadav Jagdish , Shakil Najam Akhtar
Published: May 2024

BACKGROUND

Sheath blight and bakanae disease, prominent among emerging rice ailments, exert a profound impact on rice productivity, causing severe impediments to crop yield. Excessive use of older fungicides may lead to the development of resistance in the pathogen. Indeed, a pressing and immediate need exists for novel, low‐toxicity and highly selective fungicides that can effectively combat resistant fungal strains.

RESULTS

A series of 20 isoxazole derivatives were synthesized using alkoxy/halo acetophenones and N,N‐dimethylformamidedimethylacetal. These compounds were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques, namely 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C NMR and liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry, and were evaluated for their fungicidal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium fujikuroi. Compound 5n (5‐(2‐chlorophenyl) isoxazole) exhibited highest activity (effective dose for 50% inhibition [ED50] = 4.43 μg mL−1) against R. solani, while 5p (5‐(2,4‐dichloro‐2‐hydroxylphenyl) isoxazole) exhibited highest activity (ED50 = 6.7 μg mL−1) against F. fujikuroi. Two‐dimensional quantitative structural–activity relationship (QSAR) analysis, particularly multiple linear regression (MLR) (Model 1), highlighted chi6chain and DistTopo as the key descriptors influencing fungicidal activity. Molecular docking studies revealed the potential of these isoxazole derivatives as novel fungicides targeting sterol 14α‐demethylase enzyme, suggesting their importance as crucial intermediates for the development of novel and effective fungicides.

CONCLUSION

All test compounds were effective in inhibiting both fungi, according to the QSAR model, with various descriptors, such as structural, molecular shape analysis, electronic and thermodynamic, playing an important role. Molecular docking studies confirmed that these compounds can potentially replace commercially available fungicides and help control fungal pathogens in rice crops effectively. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
A stability‐indicating method development and validation for the determination of related substances in novel synthetic decapeptide by HPLC
Authors: Pawar Ramesh , Tivari Sunil , Panchani Divya , Makasana Jayanti
Published: May 2024

In the present scenario, peptide is an emerging field of research having vast therapeutic applications. Diverse impurities may rise from various stages of the synthesis process and storage of the peptides. Because these contaminants may have an impact on the therapeutic safety and effectiveness of peptides in their approaching applications, they must be identified and carefully monitored. Considering the pharmaceutical importance of the extent of peptides, we were motivated to synthesize a decapeptide and establish a novel gradient reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) method for its analysis along with efficient separation of its six related impurities. Different buffers, organic modifiers, and columns were used in the tests for good separation of these impurities. To establish a stability‐indicating method, a stress study was also conducted. The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines have been followed for validation of the developed analytical method. The validated method revealed sufficient accuracy, specificity, linearity, robustness, precision, and high sensitivity for its intended use. The proposed method could be appropriate for routine analysis and stability assessment of the decapeptide, which might be useful for further scientific investigation.
A case of pulmonary primary MALT lymphoma with distinctive bronchoscopic findings
Authors: Miura Hiroyuki , Miura Jun , Goto Shinichi , Yamamoto Tomoko
Published: May 2024

Mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is a low‐grade lymphoma, but cases in which it has transformed into a high‐grade lymphoma have been reported, necessitating an accurate diagnosis. The patient was a 79‐year‐old nonsmoking Japanese female with history of ocular sarcoidosis. A computed tomography scan of her chest revealed a 35‐mm nodule in the left S1 + 2, contiguous with the lymph nodes. Additional nodules were observed around the left B5 and B10a. Bronchoscopy revealed stenosis caused by a white, glossy, elevated lesion with angiogenesis at the orifice of the left upper lobe bronchus. The biopsy specimen demonstrated the dominance of lymphoid cells and tested positive for CD20, CD79a, Bcl‐2, and IRTA‐1, which is consistent with the findings in MALT lymphoma. Therefore, in the presence of multiple infiltrative shadows along the bronchi with glossy elevated lesions without necrosis on bronchoscopy, it is important to consider MALT lymphoma as a differential diagnosis.
Calcifying fibrous tumour of the pleura without gross calcification
Authors: Lee Hwan Jin , Jeong Jae Seok , Lee Yong Chul
Published: May 2024

Key message

Calcifying fibrous tumours of the pleura (CFTP) typically appear as calcified, non‐enhancing lesions on chest CT scans. However, enhancing pleural lesions can mimic malignancy like mesothelioma. We report a rare case that enhancing pleural thickening, confirmed as CFTP through pathological examination, despite the absence of visible calcification on radiological imaging.
Posttraumatic stress disorder symptomology as measured by PCL‐5 and its relationships to resilience, hostility and stress among paramedics and social professionals
Authors: Alexandrov Anna , Román Nóra , Kovács Petra , Ritz Anna , Viszket Mónika Kissné , Kaló Zsuzsa
Published: May 2024

This survey study aimed to contribute to the extensive debate on the dimensionality of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for the DSM‐5 (PCL‐5) questionnaire by examining the psychometric properties and construct validity of its Hungarian version and relying on the inspection of a conceptual network of related variables, that is, perceived stress, hostility, and resilience. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM) and path analysis were applied on data collected from 177 paramedics and 66 professionals from the social field (58.4% male; Mage = 43.5 ± 9.96 years). Despite the acceptable fit indices gained with CFA when testing the original four‐factor DSM‐5 model of PCL‐5, strong associations (r = 0.69–0.90) between subscales were found. Thus, ESEM was applied and as a result a new, three‐factor version of the DSM‐5 model of PCL‐5 was proposed due to significant crossloadings that was theoretically also supported. The Reexperiencing and Avoidance subscales were merged and named Difficulty with Assimilation of Experience (DAE). In the path analysis only two of the tested associations were not significant using the new factor structure, in which stress fully mediated the relationship between resilience and DAE, and resilience and Hyperarousal. Overall, the hypothesised pathways between variables fit the collected data well. (weighted least squares mean‐and variance‐adjusted χ2 = 503.750 (df = 270), comparative fit index = 0.948, Tucker–Lewis index = 0.939, root mean square error of approximation (90% confidence interval) = 0.064 (0.055–0.073), weighted root mean square residual = 1.024). Our analysis of the Hungarian version of PCL‐5 contributes to the testing of a DSM‐5‐based questionnaire measuring posttraumatic stress disorder symptomology.
Large black hole entropy from the giant brane expansion
Authors: Beccaria Matteo , Cabo-Bizet Alejandro
Published: May 2024

Abstract

We show that the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of large supersymmetric black holes in AdS5 × S5 emerges from remarkable cancellations in the giant graviton expansions recently proposed by Imamura, and Gaiotto and Lee, independently. A similar cancellation mechanism is shown to happen in the exact expansion in terms of free fermions recently put-forward by Murthy. These two representations can be understood as sums over independent systems of giant D3-branes and free fermions, respectively. At large charges, the free energy of each independent system localizes to its asymptotic expansion near the leading singularity. The sum over the independent systems maps their localized free energy to the localized free energy of the superconformal index of U(N) $$\mathcal{N}$$ = 4 SYM. This result constitutes a non-perturbative test of the giant graviton expansion valid at any value of N. Moreover, in the holographic scaling limit N → ∞ at fixed ratio $$\frac{{\text{Entropy}}}{{N}^{2}}$$, it recovers the 1/16 BPS black hole entropy by a saddle-point approximation of the giant graviton expansion.
Is mesh pore size in polypropylene meshes associated with the outcome in Lichtenstein inguinal hernia repair: a registry-based analysis of 22,141 patients
Authors: Albrecht H. C. , Trawa M. , Köckerling F. , Adolf D. , Hukauf M. , Riediger H. , Gretschel S.
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Experimental data show that large-pored meshes reduce foreign body reaction, inflammation and scar bridging and thus improve mesh integration. However, clinical data on the effect of mesh porosity on the outcome of hernioplasty are limited. This study investigated the relation of pore size in polypropylene meshes to the outcome of Lichtenstein inguinal hernioplasty using data from the Herniamed registry.

Methods

This analysis of data from the Herniamed registry evaluated perioperative and 1-year follow-up outcomes in patients undergoing elective, primary, unilateral Lichtenstein inguinal hernia repair using polypropylene meshes. Patients operated with a non-polypropylene mesh or a polypropylene mesh with absorbable components were excluded. Polypropylene meshes with a pore size of 1.0 × 1.0 mm or less were defined as small-pored meshes, while a pore size of more than 1.0 × 1.0 mm was considered large-pored.

Unadjusted analyses and multivariable analyses were performed to investigate the relation of pore size of polypropylene meshes, patient and surgical characteristics to the outcome parameters.

Results

Data from 22,141 patients were analyzed, of which 6853 (31%) were operated on with a small-pore polypropylene mesh and 15,288 (69%) with a large-pore polypropylene mesh. No association of mesh pore size with intraoperative, general or postoperative complications, recurrence rate or pain requiring treatment was found at 1-year follow-up. A lower risk of complication-related reoperation tended to be associated with small-pore size (p = 0.086). Furthermore, small-pore mesh repair was associated with a lower risk of pain at rest and pain on exertion at 1-year follow-up.

Conclusion

The present study could not demonstrate an advantage of large-pore polypropylene meshes for the outcome of Lichtenstein inguinal hernioplasty.
Enhanced interannual drought resilience in mixed stands: unveiling possible complementarity effects between tree species of the Spanish Northern Plateau
Authors: Jankowski Przemysław A. , Calama Rafael , Madrigal Guillermo , Pardos Marta
Published: May 2024

Climate change is expected to intensify drought in the Mediterranean region. Previous studies indicate that tree species mixing may reduce the water stress. Our study investigates the response to past drought events of four co-occurring Mediterranean species: Pinus pinea L. (stone pine), Pinus pinaster Ait. (maritime pine), Juniperus thurifera L. (Spanish juniper) and Quercus ilex L (holm oak). The study was performed at an interannual scale, both in monospecific and mixed stands. Annual tree ring widths data measured on increment cores and stem discs obtained from 281 trees were used to quantify the responses to drought events using complementary resilience indices. Additionally, we assessed tree intra- and inter-specific competition impact over the past 25 years. We fitted and compared generalised linear mixed models to determine the influence of species identity, stand composition as intra-specific and inter-specific competition on complementary resilience indices and annual basal area increment. The co-existence with other species enhanced the resistance to drought of the stone pine as the resilience capacity of the Spanish juniper. Conversely, maritime pine’s drought resistance declined considerably in mixed stands. Notably, only the anisohydric species Spanish juniper and holm oak were able to return to pre-disturbance growth rates after the drought. The influence of competition on tree growth was found to differ according to the hydrological conditions of each year and varied based on the specific source of competition. Our study showed that mixed stands in the Spanish Northern Plateau, especially with holm oak and Spanish juniper, are more resilient to prolonged droughts due to spatio-temporal complementarity and subsequent competition reduction. That is another reason for which such composed mixed stands should be promoted in the arid conditions of the Spanish Northern Plateau.
Aligning Event-Related Potentials with Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation for Modulation—a Review
Authors: Boetzel Cindy , Stecher Heiko I. , Herrmann Christoph S.
Published: May 2024

This review aims to demonstrate the connections between event-related potentials (ERPs), event-related oscillations (EROs), and non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), with a specific focus on transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). We begin with a short examination and discussion of the relation between ERPs and EROs. Then, we investigate the diverse fields of NIBS, highlighting tACS as a potent tool for modulating neural oscillations and influencing cognitive performance. Emphasizing the impact of tACS on individual ERP components, this article offers insights into the potential of conventional tACS for targeted stimulation of single ERP components. Furthermore, we review recent articles that explore a novel approach of tACS: ERP-aligned tACS. This innovative technique exploits the temporal precision of ERP components, aligning tACS with specific neural events to optimize stimulation effects and target the desired neural response. In conclusion, this review combines current knowledge to explore how ERPs, EROs, and NIBS interact, particularly highlighting the modulatory possibilities offered by tACS. The incorporation of ERP-aligned tACS introduces new opportunities for future research, advancing our understanding of the complex connection between neural oscillations and cognitive processes.
Stochastic ordering in multivariate extremes
Authors: Corradini Michela , Strokorb Kirstin
Published: May 2024

The article considers the multivariate stochastic orders of upper orthants, lower orthants and positive quadrant dependence (PQD) among simple max-stable distributions and their exponent measures. It is shown for each order that it holds for the max-stable distribution if and only if it holds for the corresponding exponent measure. The finding is non-trivial for upper orthants (and hence PQD order). From dimension $$d\ge 3$$

d
≥
3

these three orders are not equivalent and a variety of phenomena can occur. However, every simple max-stable distribution PQD-dominates the corresponding independent model and is PQD-dominated by the fully dependent model. Among parametric models the asymmetric Dirichlet family and the Hüsler-Reiß family turn out to be PQD-ordered according to the natural order within their parameter spaces. For the Hüsler-Reiß family this holds true even for the supermodular order.
Studying tomato brown rugose fruit virus longevity in soil and virion susceptibility to pH treatments helped improve virus control by soil disinfection
Authors: Molad Ori , Smith Elisheva , Luria Neta , Bakelman Elena , Lachman Oded , Reches Meital , Dombrovsky Aviv
Published: May 2024

Background and aims

Tobamoviruses are highly stable soil-borne pathogens posing a challenge to a monoculture practice. Biochemical and physical properties of tobamovirus virions were studied by analyses of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Little is known about tomato brown rugose fruit tobamovirus (ToBRFV) regarding longevity in soil and virion stability. Our aims were to determine ToBRFV longevity in naturally-contaminated soil and study virion stability in a range of acidic and alkaline conditions to promote new strategies for soil remediation.

Methods

ToBRFV longevity in naturally-contaminated soil was tested by collecting an earth pile after a growth-cycle of ToBRFV-infected tomato plants. The soil was sampled at different time points and root-truncated tomato seedlings were planted. Virion stability at a range of pH values was determined by testing virus infectivity on Nicotiana glutinosa; by amplifying large genome segments using RT-PCR; and by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) visualization.

Results

ToBRFV-infectivity in naturally-contaminated soil was profoundly reduced by day 184 of pile-age and was abolished between 205 and 385 days of pile-age. Virion stability and genome integrity were preserved over the pH range of 2-10. At pH 1, ToBRFV-infectivity and efficiency of large genome segment amplifications were reduced. At pH values above 10, modified particle morphologies were visualized by TEM, and virus infectivity was abolished. Treatment of ToBRFV-contaminated soil with an alkaline chlorinated-trisodium phosphate solution profoundly reduced soil-mediated virus infection of root-truncated tomato seedlings.

Conclusions

pH values above 10 compromised ToBRFV particle morphology, genome integrity, and virus infectivity. An alkaline disinfectant enhanced soil remediation following natural ToBRFV contamination.
Enacted institutions, participatory sense-making and social norms
Authors: Werner Konrad
Published: May 2024

This paper argues that institutions are higher-level autonomous systems enacted by patterns of participatory sense-making. Therefore, unlike in the standard equilibrium theory, institutions are not themselves thought of as behavioural patterns. Instead, they are problem domains that these patterns have brought forth. Moreover, these are not merely any patterns, but only those devoted to maintaining a specific strategy of problem solving, called the strategy of ‘letting be’. The latter refers to, following Hanne de Jaegher, a balance between underdetermination and overdetermination of individual behaviour by a collective. Such an understanding of institutions becomes an option once a hybrid ‘equilibrium + rules’ theory of institutions, such as the one proposed by Frank Hindriks, is supplemented with insights from enactivism. In this light, drawing a connection between these two areas is the additional, meta-theoretical goal of this paper. This connection is beneficial, I argue, in particular since it allows for a satisfactory, in-depth account of the normative character of institutions as well as their local character.
Rethinking core affect: the role of dominance
in animal behaviour and welfare research
Authors: Carranza-Pinedo Víctor
Published: May 2024

This paper critically examines the philosophical underpinnings of
current experimental investigation into animal affect-related decision-making.
Animals’ affective states are standardly operationalised by linking
positively valenced states with “approach” behaviours and negatively
valenced states with “avoidance” behaviours. While this
operationalisation has provided a helpful starting point to investigate the
ecological role of animals’ internal states, there is extensive evidence that
valenced and motivational states do not always neatly align, namely, instances where
“liking” does not entail “wanting” (and vice versa). To
address this limitation, this paper proposes the (re-)integration of dominance as a dimension of affect. In particular, I
argue that dominance, construed as a measure of organisms’ self-assessed
behavioural control, can provide the necessary nuance to understand animal
affect-related decision-making. Thus, after addressing the theoretical and
methodological challenges related to incorporating dominance into a definition of
“core affect”, this paper introduces the
“Valence-Arousal-Dominance” model of animal affect. This model is
explored for its potential applications in two domains. Firstly, in the study of
animal affect-related decision-making under predation risk, and secondly, in the
study of animal wellbeing. Through these applications, this model aims to bring
experimental paradigms of animal affect-related behaviour closer to ecologically
relevant scenarios.
Photon-counting detector computed tomography for metal artifact reduction: a comparative study of different artifact reduction techniques in patients with orthopedic implants
Authors: Pallasch Fabian Bernhard , Rau Alexander , Reisert Marco , Rau Stephan , Diallo Thierno , Stein Thomas , Faby Sebastian , Bamberg Fabian , Weiss Jakob
Published: May 2024

Purpose

Artifacts caused by metallic implants remain a challenge in computed tomography (CT). We investigated the impact of photon-counting detector computed tomography (PCD-CT) for artifact reduction in patients with orthopedic implants with respect to image quality and diagnostic confidence using different artifact reduction approaches.

Material and methods

In this prospective study, consecutive patients with orthopedic implants underwent PCD-CT imaging of the implant area. Four series were reconstructed for each patient (clinical standard reconstruction [PCD-CTStd], monoenergetic images at 140 keV [PCD-CT140keV], iterative metal artifact reduction (iMAR) corrected [PCD-CTiMAR], combination of iMAR and 140 keV monoenergetic [PCD-CT140keV+iMAR]). Subsequently, three radiologists evaluated the reconstructions in a random and blinded manner for image quality, artifact severity, anatomy delineation (adjacent and distant), and diagnostic confidence using a 5-point Likert scale (5 = excellent). In addition, the coefficient of variation [CV] and the relative quantitative artifact reduction potential were obtained as objective measures.

Results

We enrolled 39 patients with a mean age of 67.3 ± 13.2 years (51%; n = 20 male) and a mean BMI of 26.1 ± 4 kg/m2. All image quality measures and diagnostic confidence were significantly higher for the iMAR vs. non-iMAR reconstructions (all p < 0.001). No significant effect of the different artifact reduction approaches on CV was observed (p = 0.26). The quantitative analysis indicated the most effective artifact reduction for the iMAR reconstructions, which was higher than PCD-CT140keV (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

PCD-CT allows for effective metal artifact reduction in patients with orthopedic implants, resulting in superior image quality and diagnostic confidence with the potential to improve patient management and clinical decision making.
Tailoring Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Inconel 625 by Remelting Strategy in Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Authors: Ledwig Piotr , Pasiowiec Hubert , Cichocki Kamil , Lisiecka-Graca Paulina , Gola Kewin , Wróbel Rafał , Dubiel Beata
Published: May 2024

This study investigates the effect of laser power applied for a remelting scan in the laser powder bed fusion process on the formation of a bimodal microstructure and its impact on the mechanical properties of Ni-based Inconel 625 superalloy. Comparison of primary and remelting scans at similar surface energy densities revealed that the melt pools obtained in the remelting scan are smaller than in the primary scan. To achieve comparable remelted melt pool sizes, the 25 pct increase in energy is required. The shape and size of the remelted melt pools significantly affect the microstructure and material texture. The lower surface energy density in laser powder bed fusion favors the formation of a bimodal microstructure with large columnar grains and fine grain bands. Application of higher energy results in the formation of large columnar grains with Goss texture along build direction and separated by a large amount of low angle grain boundaries. Remelting scan also affects reduction of porosity and increasing of the area fraction of nanometric oxide inclusions. The study revealed that the samples subjected to a remelting laser scan and tensile tested along the direction of columnar grains exhibited higher ductility, which was associated with a slight decrease in the ultimate tensile strength compared to the samples that were not remelted. It was demonstrated that the remelting scan in the laser powder bed fusion process offers the possibility of improving the reliability of additively manufactured Inconel 625 superalloy by reducing porosity and tailoring its microstructure towards single-crystal-like, and thus improving the mechanical properties.

Graphical Abstract
Factors Influencing the Resilience of Created Tidal Marshes in the Fraser River Estuary, British Columbia
Authors: Stewart Daniel , Lievesley Megan , Paterson James E. , Hennigar Daniel , Ingham Robyn , Knight Rob , Mason Brad , Balke Eric
Published: May 2024

More than 100 tidal marsh creation projects were constructed throughout the Fraser River Estuary, British Columbia, Canada from the 1980s to present. Past studies described and evaluated many of these projects and found varied success, but the underlying factors that determine project outcomes remain uncertain. Combining field sampling, spatial analysis, and statistical modeling of plant communities, we aim to address this knowledge gap by asking what factors influence the resilience of created marshes, as measured by (1) persistence of marsh vegetation, (2) native species dominance, and (3) species richness. We observed marsh recession in 40 of the 78 projects visited, representing 23,666 m2 (9.3%) of the 254,357 m2 of created marsh surveyed. Increases in mean site elevation had a negative effect on percent recessed area, while sites in the north branch of the river and sites further upriver were more prone to recession. From field observations and data interpretation we suggest that wake erosion and Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) herbivory may be drivers behind these losses and warrant further investigation. Dominance of native species declined with distance upriver, though invasive cattail (Typha angustifolia, T. × glauca) defied this trend, dominating outer estuary sites, particularly closed embayments, when present. Native and non-native richness shared similar patterns and were comparable between reference and created marshes, increasing on average with elevation and distance upriver. These findings offer insight into how site design and location influence the outcome of marsh creation projects, and the challenges presented by stressors and environmental change in estuaries.
Contact Breast Injuries Among Female Athletes: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bibby Kilian , Kenny Ian C. , Cahalan Róisín , Purtill Helen , Comyns Tom M.
Published: May 2024

Background

Robust surveillance of injury aetiology and epidemiology is recognised as fundamental for effective injury reduction and management programmes. However, while sex-specific differences in injury type and nature are noted in the literature, it is unclear if these are reflected in surveillance practices, and how the athlete is affected.

Objective

Therefore, this study aimed to systematically review contact breast injuries (CBIs) among adult female athletes.

Methods

The following databases were searched: PubMed, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus including MEDLINE, Web of Science and Scopus. The literature search was conducted in May 2023 and the search was limited to articles in the English and German language. Studies including female athletes, aged 18 years and above, in any sports (team or individual) at any level (amateur, semi-professional and professional), where an occurrence of CBI was documented were included. Studies were included irrespective of their investigated timeframes (e.g. the whole career, one or multiple seasons). Findings were categorised (e.g. sport, level of competition and investigated timeframe of the study) to enable possible comparisons. Case studies were excluded due to the non-generalisability of findings.

Results

Of the six studies included, rugby codes (rugby union, rugby league and rugby sevens) had the highest occurrence rate (62.0%) of CBIs among eight different investigated sports (rugby codes 62.0%, softball 59.5%, Australian Football League (AFL) 51.0%, water polo 50.0%, soccer 46.7%, basketball 27.6–48.8%, volleyball 34.6%, boxing 0.0%). Between 25.6% and 62.0% of participants reported incurring a CBI and between 0.0% and 42.9% of CBIs were reported to a medical professional or support staff. The reported treatment rate for CBIs ranged between 0.0% and 2.1%, The main mechanisms for CBIs (where reported) were contact with another athlete (AFL 37.6%, rugby codes 56%) the ball (AFL 31.6%, rugby codes 25.5%) and the ground (AFL 6.6%, rugby codes 22%). Between 18.2% and 48% of the participants reported that CBIs negatively affected their performance. Risk factors increasing CBIs were positional differences, larger breast size and higher body mass index (BMI). In-season injury data collection and surveillance supported through education of both players and medical staff were identified to be of relevance for future CBI prevention. None of the studies reported incidence rate.

Conclusion

Despite the frequent occurrence of CBIs among female athletes, reporting and treatment remains low. Awareness and education of all stakeholders are fundamental to ensuring better breast safety in female sport. Identifying the mechanics, severity and risk factors of CBIs through thorough injury surveillance must be a focus of further research.

Registration

The study was preregistered on Open Science Framework (OSF).
A kinetic theory approach to modeling prey–predator ecosystems with expertise levels: analysis, simulations and stability considerations
Authors: Menale Marco , Venturino Ezio
Published: May 2024

In this paper a kinetic modeling approach for an ecological system is proposed, based on the prey–predator structure in terms of individuals experience. Specifically, a system of nonlinear kinetic equations is formulated using standard tools. Both conservative and nonconservative events are considered since proliferative/destructive rates and an external force field occur. These results are compared to the ones of the classical theory of dynamical system to show their consistency. In addition to a first local analytical result, some numerical simulations are performed. The results thus obtained ensure that the kinetic model behaves in a way consistent with other similar ecological models formulated by dynamical systems, involving ordinary differential equations with lumped dependent variables. For each simulation, stationary solutions are shown. Moreover, oscillations appear for some values of the parameters of the ecological system, and this suggests that bifurcations may appear.
Do visual depictions of monster orcs involve visual racial stereotypes? A brief report
Authors: Ferguson Christopher J.
Published: May 2024

Orcs are monsters with origins in Irish folklore popularized in the Lord of the Rings book and movie series, and also widely used in the Dungeons and Dragons (D&D) game systems. In recent years, controversies have arisen regarding whether orcs involve racist depictions or may promote racism in real life. Recent evidence from other studies finds that playing D&D is not associated with real-life racism, and most people including people of color don’t find depictions of orcs to be offensive or racist. However, it may still be possible that racist stereotypes are used in visual depictions of orcs. The current study sought to address this with a content analysis of 78 images of orcs from the D&D game or from the Lord of the Rings and Hobbit movies from the 1970s and 2000s. Use of racist stereotypes were very rare in visual depictions of orcs and incidental when they did occur. Evidence did not support that visual depictions of orcs depended upon visual stereotypes of real-life human groups.
Modeling the Complex Interplay: Dynamics of Job Displacement and Evolution of Artificial Intelligence in a Socio-Economic Landscape
Authors: Idrisi M. Javed , Geteye Delelegn , Shanmugasundaram P.
Published: May 2024

This research explores the intricate dynamics of job displacement resulting from artificial intelligence (AI) using a sophisticated non-linear dynamical system modeled through the Lotka-Volterra equations, commonly employed in ecology to elucidate predator–prey dynamics. In this study, we interpret human jobs as the “prey” and AI technology as the “predator,” identifying two equilibrium points: E1 ≡ (0, 0) signifies a state with no jobs and no AI technology, while E2 ≡ (s/β, r/α) denotes a balanced coexistence where job growth and AI development are in equilibrium. Qualitative analysis reveals four regions characterized by different trends in job expansion and AI development, with Region IV indicating a co-evolutionary phase marked by positive feedback. Stability analysis demonstrates that while E1 remains consistently unstable, E2 remains stable, providing valuable insights into system dynamics. Scenarios presented suggest a promising future where balanced growth fosters sustainable coexistence between human workers and AI, although challenges arise when AI outpaces human job growth, emphasizing the necessity of effective policy responses to mitigate adverse effects and maximize the benefits of technological advancement. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for policymakers to navigate the complexities of AI-induced job displacement and ensure equitable societal outcomes.
Glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenases (1 and 2) in cancer and other diseases
Authors: Oh Sehyun , Mai Xuan Linh , Kim Jiwoo , de Guzman Arvie Camille V. , Lee Ji Yun , Park Sunghyouk
Published: May 2024

The glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle (GPS) is composed of two different enzymes: cytosolic NAD+-linked glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1) and mitochondrial FAD-linked glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (GPD2). These two enzymes work together to act as an NADH shuttle for mitochondrial bioenergetics and function as an important bridge between glucose and lipid metabolism. Since these genes were discovered in the 1960s, their abnormal expression has been described in various metabolic diseases and tumors. Nevertheless, it took a long time until scientists could investigate the causal relationship of these enzymes in those pathophysiological conditions. To date, numerous studies have explored the involvement and mechanisms of GPD1 and GPD2 in cancer and other diseases, encompassing reports of controversial and non-conventional mechanisms. In this review, we summarize and update current knowledge regarding the functions and effects of GPS to provide an overview of how the enzymes influence disease conditions. The potential and challenges of developing therapeutic strategies targeting these enzymes are also discussed.
The epigenetic regulators EP300/CREBBP represent promising therapeutic targets in MLL-rearranged acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Wu Wenqi , Jiang Yanan , Xing Donghui , Zhai Yixin , Sun Huimeng , He Xiang , Luo Kaiping , Xu Pengpeng , Pan Feng , Dong Guolei , Ren Guibing , Zhao Zhigang
Published: May 2024

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) gene rearrangements (MLL-r) is an aggressive subtype of blood cancer with dismal prognosis, underscoring the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. E1A-binding protein (EP300) and CREB-binding protein (CREBBP) function as essential transcriptional coactivators and acetyltransferases, governing leukemogenesis through diverse mechanisms. Targeting EP300/CREBBP holds great promise for treating leukemia with some certain cytogenetic abnormalities. Here, we demonstrated that EP300 and CREBBP are core epigenetic regulators in the pathogenesis of MLL-r AML through assaying the transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq). Knocking-out EP300/CREBBP and inhibitor (A-485) treatment depressed the MLL-r cells proliferation, while the MLL wild-type cells remained uninfluenced. We found that the CDK4/RB/E2F axis was downregulated specifically in MLL-r AML cell after A-485 treatment by RNA-seq, western blot and cut-tag analyses. EP300/CREBBP inhibitor selectively exerted potent anti-leukemia activity through blocking the MLL-r-BET complex binding to H3K27Ac modification on critical genes loci, distinct from global histone acetylation. Collectively, our study identified EP300/CREBBP as a critical epigenetic driver of MLL-r leukemia and validated their therapeutic potential through targeting inhibition, offering a promising avenue for improving clinical outcomes in this aggressive leukemia.
The role of IFI16 in regulating PANoptosis and implication in heart diseases
Authors: Chang Xindi , Wang Bei , Zhao Yingli , Deng Bing , Liu Ping , Wang Yiru
Published: May 2024

Interferon Gamma Inducible Protein 16 (IFI16) belongs to the HIN-200 protein family and is pivotal in immunological responses. Serving as a DNA sensor, IFI16 identifies viral and aberrant DNA, triggering immune and inflammatory responses. It is implicated in diverse cellular death mechanisms, such as pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. Notably, these processes are integral to the emergent concept of PANoptosis, which encompasses cellular demise and inflammatory pathways. Current research implies a significant regulatory role for IFI16 in PANoptosis, particularly regarding cardiac pathologies. This review delves into the complex interplay between IFI16 and PANoptosis in heart diseases, including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and diabetic cardiomyopathy. It synthesizes evidence of IFI16’s impact on PANoptosis, with the intention of providing novel insights for therapeutic strategies targeting heart diseases.
Social and environmental transmission spread different sets of gut microbes in wild mice
Authors: Raulo Aura , Bürkner Paul-Christian , Finerty Genevieve E. , Dale Jarrah , Hanski Eveliina , English Holly M. , Lamberth Curt , Firth Josh A. , Coulson Tim , Knowles Sarah C. L.
Published: May 2024

Gut microbes shape many aspects of organismal biology, yet how these key bacteria transmit among hosts in natural populations remains poorly understood. Recent work in mammals has emphasized either transmission through social contacts or indirect transmission through environmental contact, but the relative importance of different routes has not been directly assessed. Here we used a novel radio-frequency identification-based tracking system to collect long-term high-resolution data on social relationships, space use and microhabitat in a wild population of mice (Apodemus sylvaticus), while regularly characterizing their gut microbiota with 16S ribosomal RNA profiling. Through probabilistic modelling of the resulting data, we identify positive and statistically distinct signals of social and environmental transmission, captured by social networks and overlap in home ranges, respectively. Strikingly, microorganisms with distinct biological attributes drove these different transmission signals. While the social network effect on microbiota was driven by anaerobic bacteria, the effect of shared space was most influenced by aerotolerant spore-forming bacteria. These findings support the prediction that social contact is important for the transfer of microorganisms with low oxygen tolerance, while those that can tolerate oxygen or form spores may be able to transmit indirectly through the environment. Overall, these results suggest social and environmental transmission routes can spread biologically distinct members of the mammalian gut microbiota.