bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remnants of Parens Patriae in the Adjudicatory Hearing: Is a Fair Trial Possible in Juvenile Court?
Authors: Sanborn Joseph B.
Published: March 2007

Traditionally, adjudicatory hearings in juvenile court operated under the direction of the parens patriae doctrine, the state's obligation and license to care for children. Adjudications were achieved in informal, clinic-like sessions. The Supreme Court purportedly transformed juvenile court hearings into criminal-like trials via the Gault and Winship decisions. This research examines the extent to which juvenile court personnel currently perceive remnants of parens patriae in the adjudicatory hearing. One hundred workers (judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and probation officers) from three different juvenile courts (urban, suburban, and rural) were interviewed concerning sources of unfairness in the contemporary adjudicatory hearing. The results indicate that court workers see numerous obstacles to fairness in the juvenile court adjudicatory hearing.
Unfit for Human Consumption: The Problem of Flawed Writing in Criminal Justice and What to do about it
Authors: Gibbons Don C.
Published: March 2007

This article provides an account of the processes that are involved in the production of Crime & Delinquency. It also discusses the various “warts” and “blemishes” that are common in the submissions received by the journal. The problem of flawed writing in criminology and criminal justice appears to be a systemic rather that an individual one. Finally, a number of suggestions are offered to authors regarding ways in which writing can be improved.
Police Civil Liability and the First Amendment: Retaliation Against Citizens Who Criticize and Challenge the Police
Authors: Vaughn Michael S.
Published: March 2007

This article explores Section 1983 civil liability against police officers who retaliate against citizens exercising their First Amendment rights. The retaliation cases are categorized into three groups, using the standard developed by the United States Supreme Court in Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle (1977). The article then identifies three defenses successfully used by police officers, and concludes that officers must develop skills in anger management and interpersonal communication, so when confronted with verbal challenges, they can de-escalate the situation without risking First Amendment liability.
Factors Perceived to Affect Delinquent Dispositions in Juvenile Court: Putting the Sentencing Decision into Context
Authors: Sanborn Joseph B.
Published: March 2007

The dispositional stage is the most critical decision-making level delinquent youths encounter in juvenile court. Previous research has produced inconsistent results concerning what motivates court officials in making sentencing decisions. One hundred workers (judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and probation officers) from three juvenile courts (urban, suburban, and rural) were interviewed to ascertain their perspectives as to factors which should and do influence dispositions in juvenile court. The data demonstrate that the factors perceived to affect these decisions vary among juvenile courts and that research may never be able to determine precisely the impact any of the factors has on the dispositional outcomes.
The Efficiency of Working Under One Roof: An Evaluation of Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Centers
Authors: Zhang Sheldon X.
Published: March 2007

This study evaluated the efficiency and effectiveness of the unique operational structure of the two juvenile justice centers developed by the Los Angeles County Probation Department. These centers, which house all the agencies involved in juvenile justice under the same roof, were compared to the conventional processing system. The unified structure was found to be far more efficient than the conventional system of separate agencies handling different stages of the processing of juvenile referrals. However, the emphasis on judicial continuity and closer supervision, brought about by the centralization, did not reduce recidivism.
Criminological Theory as an Art Form: Implications for Criminal Justice Policy
Authors: Leavitt Glen
Published: March 2007

This essay provides a brief review of the development and current status of criminological theory. The central argument is that criminological theorizing is in considerable part an art form, in which relatively fuzzy theoretical arguments are commonplace. As a result, our potential for informing public policy has been and probably will continue to be limited.
Islam, Media and Minorities in Denmark
Authors: Hussain Mustafa
Published: March 2007

This article examines the contribution of Denmark's news media to the formation of intolerant opinions about ethnic minorities. Based on an empirical investigation using discourse analysis and a narrative approach to the contents of the daily news flow on ethnic affairs in the dominant news media, the article argues that the media have played an important role in the (re)production of a prejudiced discourse on ethnic minorities. In this discursive process, Muslim minorities have been the primary victims. In the absence of social interaction between the majority population and minority groups, the cognitive frame of reference through which members of the ethnic majority premise their arguments is largely based on mental models of ethnic events that are constituted by media-mediated themes and topics on minority issues in the daily news flow of the national media.
The Face of Nature: Environmental Ethics and the Boundaries of Contemporary Social Theory
Authors: Smith Mick
Published: March 2007

Social and cultural theorists readily deconstruct what they regard (with some justification) as the naturalistic pretensions of environmental ethics. However, despite innovative attempts to incorporate environmentalism's values into theoretical frameworks as varied as those of Habermas and Foucault, contemporary social theory has often failed to reflect on the disciplinary limitations of its own critique. To the extent that it poses a fundamental challenge to both anthropocentrism and a sociological reduction of ethical values environmental ethics not only re-evaluates our relations with nature but may also be in the process of engendering a more reflexive sociology.
Professional Group Power in Developing Societies
Authors: Krause Elliott A.
Published: March 2007

Professions need a certain amount of independence from the state in order to carry out their activities, yet they need the state as well to give them a monopoly to protect their activities. In the developing world, where states are themselves in process of formation, professions have to confront nondemocratic regimes or regimes that are only pseudo-democratic. In these kinds of situations, the development of the independence of professional institutions is a chancy thing, as regimes will often interfere with professional activities where they threaten either the short-term or the long-term interests of these regimes. Added to this set of facts is one other of critical importance - the worldwide success of capitalism is leading to the same pressures everywhere: professions are gradually being reformed in a more capitalistic manner with the professionals working for owners of the means of production rather than working for themselves. In others words, gradual independence from these developing states, if achieved, may soon lead to the dependence of professions on capitalists, who have their own profit motive in mind rather than the development of strong professional institutions. The article illustrates this thesis by referring to long-term historical and sociopolitical developments in Egypt, Indonesia and Mexico. Provisional hypotheses, to be tested in research over the coming years, are given at the conclusion of the article.
From Seattle to Porto Alegre: The Anti-Neoliberal Globalization Movement
Authors: Seoane José , Taddei Emilio
Published: March 2007

The first World Social Forum, held in Porto Alegre in January 2001, illustrated the growing importance and breadth acquired by the movement protesting against neoliberal globalization. The authors analyse the genesis of this complex movement from the First International Encounter for Humanity and Against Neoliberalism (Chiapas, Mexico, 1996) to the recent Forum in Porto Alegre, describing the different social movements which, from a variety of perspectives, now converge in the international struggle against neoliberal policies. Particular interest is shown in the social protest experiences in Latin America during the 1990s, undertaken by numerous movements that actively participated in the Forum. A reflection is then put forward on the challenges this movement poses for the construction of a new internationalism which, acknowledging the far-reaching social transformations that have occurred in capitalism and on the international plane, will reflect and harbour the demands of a varied and heterogeneous group of social organizations and movements. The article also presents the core debates around which the discussions at Porto Alegre were structured.
Making Sociology More Inclusive
Authors: Eichler Margrit
Published: March 2007

Reviewing all the addresses of the presidents of the American Sociological Society over approximately a 100-year span, we find that the presidents disagree about whether or not sociology is `in crisis', whether it needs to be further professionalized, and whether a liberatory or conservative orientation is the most appropriate one. There has been a strong tendency to be inward looking, a generally sexist orientation, agreement on sociology's core task and an overwhelming lack of concern with the unsustainability of our current way of organizing ourselves. Nature is seen as irrelevant, in spite of the fact that humans are totally dependent on it. The article argues that sociology in the 21st century would profit from becoming more non-sexist and from integrating a sustainability perspective into all its subdisciplines. Some components are identified on which we can build by combining a sociological, feminist and environmental perspective.
Historical Patterns of Workplace Organization: From Mechanical to Electronic Control and Beyond
Authors: Simpson Ida Harper
Published: March 2007

This article examines social changes in the organization of work brought about by the shift from mechanical to electronic technology. Whereas mechanical technology fixed work in time and place, the electronic is lifting those constraints and initiating new processes. Two of the most notable are the decomposition of the labor force, including the decoupling of work from the employing organization, and the substitution of electronic for bureaucratic control. These shifts are redirecting structural and normative features of the workplace, institutionalized during the mechanical era, toward direct market control. Longstanding work expectations concerning work schedules, job security and predictable career progression are being challenged. The workplace is increasingly anomic and workers increasingly vulnerable.
Negotiating Disciplinary Boundaries
Authors: Massey Doreen
Published: March 2007

This article, in responding to the Presidential address by Immanuel Wallerstein, agrees that current disciplinary divisions leave a lot to be desired, but warns against simple abandonment. Instead, it is proposed that we engage far more in boundary-crossing negotiations. This in turn, however, would involve rethinking what we mean by `boundary' and by `disciplinary identity'. The example of studies of globalization is taken as a case in point. Leading from this, the argument is made for particular negotiations with `economics'. Finally, the article touches on the already deepening relationship between sociology and geography (and history) in arguing for the importance - in all of the social sciences - of thinking in terms of spacetime.
Issues-Based Education
Authors: Penick John E.
Published: March 2007

What is consistent from culture to culture is not the institutions; what is consistent are the social problems. What is recurrent from society to society is solutions to these problems. (Goldschmidt, 1966, p. 31)
The Micropolitical Orientation of Teachers toward Closed School Principals
Authors: Blase Joseph J.
Published: March 2007

Basically my principal is a fascist. He is impersonal and distant. His attitude is that teachers exist to serve the PR needs of the administration, not necessarily the needs of the students. His goals: grease the squeaky wheels, keep the community off his back. He is receptive to ideas only if they fit into the framework.... Minimize his problems and you will be left alone.... I try to keep him in check.... I do not visit with him. I do not socialize with him. I do not tell him of any school or personal problems.
Charter Schools
Authors: Wayson William W.
Published: March 2007

" This school is failing every child in it. That is your responsibility. The usual excuses-bad kids, poor parents, lousy administrator, bad curriculum-will not be acceptable. You are the only people in the world who can solve the problem. You have all the knowledge and skills to find ways to meet the problem, but it will require that we all learn them together. If the principal is bad, get rid of him; if the curriculum is bad, throw it out the window and develop something that you think will work. The job of the administrator is to create conditions in which you can help kids learn and to protect you from pressure to do the same old things" (quoted in Wayson, 1971, p. 169).
The Fourteenth Amendment: Its Significance for Public School Educators
Authors: La Morte Michael W.
Published: March 2007

Courts have increasingly been asked to determine significant educational questions in recent years. Often their decisions are based on an interpretation of the due process or equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. The purpose of this paper is to provide educators with a better understanding of the continuing development of this important amendment.
Educational Policy Study and the Historical Perspective
Authors: Johnson Henry C.
Published: March 2007

Because of the nature of policy-making, and its crucial difference from decision-making, more than empirical knowledge is required. Consequently, according to this article, programs for educating educational administrators ought to include the perspective provided by the humanities, and particularly history.
Integrating Cultural and Political Perspectives: The Case of School Restructuring in England
Authors: Wallace Mike
Published: March 2007

The argument is developed that combining cultural and political theoretical perspectives has great potential for deepening our understanding of interaction in educational administration. Application of the integrated cultural and political perspective is demonstrated through a case study of districtwide restructuring of schools in England to adjust to the declining numbers of students attending local schools.
Educators, Illegal Behavior, and Deterrence: A Resource Allocation Approach to Malpractice in Education
Authors: Nelson F. Howard
Published: March 2007

This analysis concentrates on determining optimal policies to combat illegal behavior in education. A resource allocation model is used to help policy makers balance the legal interests of students, teachers, and governments with the practical concerns that school officials have in the effective and efficient administration of schools. Effective use offines or their equivalent is urged so that officials can effectively weigh the benefits of "illegal" activity against the probability of being caught and punished.
Administrators' Perceptions of Teacher Candidates in Dyad and Panel Interviews
Authors: Young I. Phillip
Published: March 2007

Dyad and panel formats as used in selection interviews were investigated in a simulated teacher selection experiment. Extant research addressing group decision making suggests that decisions arrived at through the group process are different from those arrived at by an individual. Findings from this study suggested that this was true in the selection interview situation. Decisions made by administrators conducting dyad interviews were differentfrom those made by administrators in the panel interview situation.
Evolution in Administrator Preparation Programs
Authors: Miklos Erwin
Published: March 2007

Developments in beliefs and practices regarding the preparation of educational administrators are described in terms offour major themes. These themes relate to the growth of preparation programs, program content, theory-practice relationships, and program differentiation. Changes in administrator preparation have resultedfrom the generation of proposals for improving such specific aspects as the knowledge on which programs are based, the methods of instruction, and the application of concepts to the practice of administration. Although there have been significant developments in each of these areas over the past three decades, the basic issues and challenges are still evident and demand renewed attention.
Ecological Inference in Administrative Reporting and Decision Making
Authors: Hanson Marjorie , Gardner David W. , McNamara James F.
Published: March 2007

Conclusions from aggregate data included in urban school district policy documents are compared to conclusionsfrom measures taken on individuals. Variables likely to be involved in fallacious inferences regarding relationships among characteristics of students if measured at the school level are identified. Administrative reporting and decision making modifications are suggested.
Rethinking Power in Schools
Authors: Dunlap Diane M. , Goldman Paul
Published: March 2007

Understanding facilitative aspects of power is necessary for analyzing processes and outcomes in today's schools. Facilitative, interactive power has become commonplace when no single individual or role commands decision-making control without dependence on expert knowledge and cooperation of colleagues. Specific examples of such circumstances include the individualized educational program process in special education and current practices in clinical supervision. These demonstrate the limitations of traditional concepts of power and the usefulness of facilitative power for capturing the essential nature of professional interactions between principals, staff, and nonprofessionals in schools.
Law and Policy in Conflict: Including Students with Disabilities in Parental-Choice Programs
Authors: McKinney Joseph R. , Mead Julie F.
Published: March 2007

Intradistrict parental choice programs are increasingly prevalent in the American educational landscape. How those programs include students with disabilities while maintaining compliance with federal special education statutes has received little attention This article addresses that issue. It provides a thorough legal analysis of the issues and examines the successes and failures of five major urban districts' attempts to achieve meaningful choice.
Complexities and Paradoxes of Community: Toward a more Useful Conceptualization of Community
Authors: Shields Carolyn M. , Seltzer Patricia Ann
Published: March 2007

This article uses data from a longitudinal ethnographic study of two predominantly Navajo schools to prompt a reexamination of the concept of community. To that end, these reflections are situated in a description of the social and educational context of these two schools and identify some of the concepts that have led to the authors' reconceptualization of the notion of community: the issue of bilingualism, diverse community goals and attitudes, understandings of culture, and conflicting values. These vignettes provide the basis for discussion of the school as a moral community, a community of difference, and a community of dialogue. Incorporating these concepts into an understanding of community will help minimize the cognitive dissonance that is currently associated with normative concepts of community and lead to the more useful concept of communities of difference that will be helpful to educators in other diverse and cross-cultural settings.
The Work Behavior of Israeli Elementary School Principals: Expectations Versus Reality
Authors: Rosenblatt Zehava , Somech Anit
Published: March 2007

The work behavior of 94 elementary school principals in Israel was examined using a structured observation technique. The work finctions of these principals was compared with a formal job description document which was used as a performance criterion. The Israeli principals exhibited the work characteristics of brevity, variety, and fragmentation, supporting previous research on the nature of administrators'work. However, the Israeli principals were different in various dimensions, including higher levels of initiation and planning and strong social orientation. They also exhibited a unique profile of functional prioritization in terms of time allocation. These results are explained in light of sociocultural features of the Israeli work environment and structural characteristics of the Israeli educational system.
Group Overlap as a Basis for Effect Size
Authors: Huberty Carl J , Lowman Laureen L.
Published: March 2007

The research content of interest herein is that of comparison of means. It is generally recognized that statistical test p values do not adequately reflect mean comparison assessments. What is desirable is some effect-size assessment. The typical effect-size indexes used in mean comparisons are restricted to the variance homogeneity condition. What is proposed here is the use of the group-overlap concept. Group overlap may be assessed via prediction of group assignment, that is, using predictive discriminant analysis. The effect-size index proposed is that of improvement-over-chance classification ( I). The I index may be used in situations that are univariate, multivariate, homogeneous, heterogeneous, or any combination thereof. Some very tentative suggestions for cutoffs of I values to define index magnitude for some data situations are made.
An Approximately Reproducing Scoring Scheme That Aligns Random Response and Omission
Authors: Boldt R.F.
Published: March 2007

One formulation of confidence scoring requires the examinee to indicate as a number his personal probability of the correctness of each alternative in a multiple-choice test. For this formulation, a linear transformation of the logarithm of the personal probability of the correct response is maximized if the examinee reports accurately his personal probability. To equate the score assigned to omitted items with the score assigned to chance scores, the transformation can be chosen so that the score is zero if the examinee indicates complete uncertainty. If this is done, the scoring function depends on the number of alternatives. One could also align uncertainty and response omission by granting credit for omitting items, though it is felt this might be hard to explain to examinees.
Relationships Between Creative Thinking Abilities and a Measure of the Creative Personality
Authors: Halpin Gerald , Halpin Glennelle , Torrance E. Paul
Published: March 2007

Persons with creative abilities might be expected to have creative personality characteristics. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the relationships between a creative personality measure, What Kind of Person Are You? Test, and three verbal and four figural creative ability measures derived from the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. The subjects were 65 males and 164 female undergraduates enrolled in the introductory course in educational psychology at the University of Georgia. For the males, multiple coefficients of correlation were .57 for all seven creative ability measures, .42 for the three verbal measures, and .51 for the four figural measures (all significant at the .01 level). For the females, multiple coefficients of correlation were .33 for all seven measures, .22 for the three verbal measures, and .30 for the four figural measures (all significant at or beyond the .05 level).
A Computational Starting Point for Rao's Canonical Factor Analysis: Implications for Computerized Procedures
Authors: Kaiser Henry F.
Published: March 2007

Initial uniqueness estimates given by the diagonal matrix U2 = I are suggested as a useful starting point in carrying out by computers canonical factor analyses.
Preschool Racial Attitude Measure II
Authors: Williams John E. , Best Deborah L. , Boswell Donna A. , Mattson Linda A. , Graves Deborah J.
Published: March 2007

The earlier version of the Preschool Racial Attitude Measure (PRAM I) has been found to be a useful measure in attitude development and modification studies of young children. This paper describes the lengthened and otherwise revised version of this procedure—PRAM II. Standardization data are reported for 252 Caucasian and 140 Negro children, ranging in age from 37 to 85 months (mean = 64 months), who were tested by Caucasian and Negro examiners. Analyses of the racial attitude scores revealed that the measure had good internal consistency (r = .80), and satisfactory test-retest reliability (r = .55, over a one-year interval). It was demonstrated that the test may be divided into two equivalent short-forms, for test-retest purposes. Other findings were that the racial attitude scores were found to vary systematically with race of subject, but not with sex of subject, IQ, or age. Evidence regarding race of examiner effects was inconclusive. It was concluded that PRAM II provides a reliable index of racial attitudes, and that the same rationale could be employed in the assessment of other attitudes at the preschool level. Theories of racial attitude development are discussed.
Effects of a Confidence Weighted Scoring System on Measures of Test Reliability and Validity
Authors: Pugh Richard C. , Brunza J. Jay
Published: March 2007

The validity of a confidence scored vocabulary test was investigated by demonstrating an increase in its reliability without changing the relative difficulty of the test items and without detecting any personality bias in the confidence scoring system. The reliability estimate of the vocabulary test increased from .57 using a traditional scoring system to .85 using a confidence scoring system. No significant interaction was found between the difficulty of the test items and the type of scoring system. Three personality measures failed to correlate significantly with the confidence scores of the vocabulary test.
On Splitting the Tails Unequally: a New Perspective on One-Versus Two-Tailed Tests
Authors: Braver Sanford L.
Published: March 2007

The controversy that has raged since the early fifties regarding the admissibility of one-tailed tests of hypotheses was examined. From the review of that literature, it was concluded that the main advantage of the one-tailed test was the gain in power for the prediction while its main disadvantage was its inability to test for significance if the results were opposite to prediction. It is argued here that splitting α unequally between the two tails, placing most of the rejection region on the side of the prediction but a smaller fraction on the opposite side provides both power and the ability to detect opposite-to-prediction outcomes. This compromise procedure requires a finer choice in the splitting of α than the dichotomous choice of putting either all or exactly half of α in the favored tail, i.e., the choice between a one- or a two-tailed test. Rules for the most effective split, based on Bayesian considerations, are prescribed. The fraction of α in the predicted tail should be equal to the investigator's a priori probability that the predicted order, as opposed to the reversed order, of sample means will be obtained. A table of t-values is presented which gives critical regions for significance, both "expected" and "unexpected," at specified levels of a priori probability.
Convergent and Discriminant Validities of Two Sets of Measures of Spatial Orientation and Visualization
Authors: Price Lewis , Eliot John
Published: March 2007

Responses from high school sophomores to the Eliot-Price and the Guilford-Zimmerman tests of spatial orientation and visualization were evaluated in terms of the multitrait-multimethod matrix technique. The Eliot-Price tests were found to meet all criteria for convergent and discriminant validity. However, the Guilford-Zimmerman tests did not meet one of the criteria for discriminant validity. The Eliot-Price tests appeared to be more nearly precise measures of spatial orientation and visualization.
Minimum Redundancy Item Analysis
Authors: Neill John A. , Jackson Douglas N.
Published: March 2007

The problem of constructing tests showing high levels of reliability and minimum mutual redundancy is considered in terms of item analysis and optimization. Certain item indices designed to optimize homogeneity while reducing redundancy are evaluated and compared. An analysis was undertaken with the aim of reducing 40-item to 20-item scales with optimal levels of the desired properties of mutual independence and homogeneity. Twenty sets of parameters yielded different levels of redundancy, evaluated in terms of the size of the first principal component, the number of 'large' components, and Gini's coefficient of concentration. It was found that item selection procedures can markedly reduce inter-scale redundancy while maintaining optimal levels of homogeneity.
A Validation Study of the Faculty and Course Evaluation (Face) Instrument
Authors: Barnoski Robert P. , Sockloff Alan L.
Published: March 2007

Consistent with the distinction between student ratings (ratings assigned) and class ratals (ratings received), various properties of the FACE Instrument scales were investigated. Preliminary analyses revealed that the scales were composed of appropriate items and that the scales possessed high reliabilities. The distinction between student rating scales and class ratal scales was empirically verified. Similar factorial compositions were obtained for both sets of scales. Although for the student rating scales some support was found for convergent and discriminant validity, for the class ratal scales equivocal support for convergent validity and no support for discriminant validity were obtained.
The Consistency of High School Grade Point Average and of the Verbal and Mathematical Portions of the Scholastic Aptitude Test of the College Entrance Examination Board, as Predictors of College Performance: an Eight Year Study
Authors: Larson James R. , Scontrino M. Peter
Published: March 2007

This study examined the validity of high school grade point average (GPA) and of the verbal (V) and mathematical (M) portions of the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) of the College Entrance Examination Board, as predictors of college performance over an eight year period. It was found that both multiple regression predictions involving use of all three of these variables in combination and predictions based upon high school GPA as a single predictor had consistently high correlations with four-year college GPA. These correlations evidenced little shrinkage when cross-validated over either one-year or five-year periods. Interestingly, it was found that the SAT scores added relatively little precision to the prediction equations for females, even though the inclusion of these scores was statistically significant.
A Psychometric Analysis of the Ross Educational Philosophical Inventory (REPI
Authors: Ziomek Robert L. , Smith L. Glenn , Menne John W.
Published: March 2007

This research was directed at an examination of the pyschometric properties of the Ross Educational Philosophical Inventory (REPI), an instrument designed to investigate underlying philosophical beliefs influencing teaching behaviors and policy decisions of educational administrators. The REPI claims to measure individual attitudes with respect to four philosophical systems—Idealism; Realism; Existentialism; Pragmatism. Content evaluation and second-order factor analyses resulted in the dimensionalizing of two higher-order factors empirically fitting the REPI categories of Idealism and Existentialism. Reliability estimates for these two dimensions suggest further research directed at improving these two scales.
A Microcomputer Program for Anova Using a Tape Unit
Authors: Dreger Ralph Mason
Published: March 2007

A microcomputer program for two-way analysis of variance is described. Both the program and cell entries are stored on tape. Output consists of both intermediate and final products. Advantages of using a tape unit with a microcomputer are convenience, capacity, and flexibility. Limitations are found in not having data on cards and in the inability of the program to handle nested or mixed designs.
Nonorthogonal Analysis of Variance in Repeated Measures Experimental Designs
Authors: Woodward J. Arthur , Overall John E.
Published: March 2007

A convenient, two-stage general linear regression approach to analysis of variance is described for use in univariate or multivariate designs involving one repeated measurement factor and one or more independent classification factors. A brief illustrative example is provided.
The Factorial Analysis of Perceptual and Abstract Reasoning Abilities in Tests of Concrete Operational Thought
Authors: Carlson Jerry S. , Heinz Wiedl Karl
Published: March 2007

In a previous analysis with 180 first, second and third grade children it was found that recently developed measures of concrete operational thought require simultaneous information integration with the most salient marker variable for this process being the Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM). Reanalysis of the data was done through using a differentiated method of scoring the CPM, which was based on the factorially determined structure of the test. Factor analysis of all test scores indicated that primarily perceptual abilities are required for solution of the Piagetian tests, although abstract reasoning is involved in the solution of matrices and in conservation of substance (equivalence) tasks.
The Relationship between Inner Versus Outer Locus of Control and Achievement in Black Middle School Children
Authors: Guttentag Marcia , Klein Isobel
Published: March 2007

Minority children's expectancies account for a large proportion of the variance in their achievement. This study examined the relationship between each of several dimensions of the expectancies of fifth through eighth grade children and their school achievement. The study was designed to reveal whether these children showed the differentiated expectancies, e.g., individual vs. system blame, and racial militancy which characterize minority adolescents. Middle school children did not show this expectancy differentiation. They did not discriminate between racial and non-racial items. Two important factors were found: (a) general personal efficacy and (b) interpersonal control.
Little Jiffy Factor Scores and Domain Validities
Authors: Kaiser Henry F. , Michael William B.
Published: March 2007

For the factor analytic method, Little Jiffy, Mark IV, which was developed by Kaiser and Rice and reported in 1974 in EDUCATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT, a formula is derived for ascertaining factor scores. This formula is then employed to derive a second one giving an exact determination of the generalized Kuder-Richardson estimate of the reliability (or its square root, the domain validity) of scores on a Little Jiffy factor.
Construct Validation of the Arizona Clinical Interview Rating Scale
Authors: Stillman Paula L. , Brown David R. , Redfield Doris L. , Sabers Darrell L.
Published: March 2007

The Arizona Clinical Interview Rating Scale is examined for construct validity as an instrument to evaluate the interviewing techniques of medical students. Evidence was gathered in the areas of convergent and discriminant validity, sensitivity to change, internal consistency, and objectivity.
Student Placement Utilizing Incomplete Data Records
Authors: Bohannon Tom , Smith W.B.
Published: March 2007

A method is proposed for the construction of a classification rule based on both complete and incomplete data records. This method incorporates the Hocking-Smith estimation procedure to find estimates of the mean vectors and variance-covariance matrices from samples which may contain incomplete data vectors. The resulting estimates are used to construct a discriminant function. We will demonstrate that these incomplete observation vectors contain information relevant to classification and should not be discarded. The proposed method is applied to the placement of students into one of two college algebra courses at Tarleton State University. The standard procedure that ignores incomplete observation vectors in the construction of a classification rule is also applied to the same data, and comparisons are made between the two methods. The proposed method that utilizes the incomplete observation vectors correctly classifies a higher percentage of students than does the standard method.
Convergent and Discriminant Validity in Item Analysis
Authors: Krus David J. , Ney Robert G.
Published: March 2007

Described is an alternative algorithm for item analysis in which item discrimination indices have been defined for item distractors in addition to their traditional definition for the scored alternative. Also, the Campbell and Fiske concept of convergent and discriminant validity was reconceptualized from the test to the item level and proposed as an aid in interpretation of results of item analysis.
Chi-B: Sample Size Calculation for Chi-Square Tests
Authors: Pohl Norval F. , Tsai San-Yun W.
Published: March 2007

A computer program for calculating the sample size necessary to control for both Type I and Type II errors in chi-square tests for hypotheses concerning multinomial probabilities is described. Based on numerical analysis, this program evaluates any noncentral chi-square distribution formed by considering a specific alternative hypothesis. Two unique features of the program are its interactive/ tutorial mode and the calculation of the chi-square noncentrality factor (X) and Cohen's "effect size" index (w).
A Fortran Computer Program for Q Sort Calculations
Authors: Dunlap William R.
Published: March 2007

The Q Sort method is a rank order procedure. This FORTRAN program calculates a total value for any group of cases for the items in the Q Sort and rank orders the items according to this composite value.
Preliminary Evidence Regarding the Validity of a Modified Cloze Procedure for Lower Elementary Esl Students
Authors: Baldauf Richard B. , Propst Ivan K.
Published: March 2007

The CLOZE procedure, which research has shown to provide a valid measure of reading achievement, requires language production skills and reading strategies not yet available to elementary school English-second-language (ESL) pupils who are not literate in their vernacular. A modified CLOZE procedure, designed to overcome this problem, was found to have high concurrent validity with traditional vocabulary and reading measures.
Empirical Evaluation of Formulae for Correction of Item-Total Point-Biserial Correlations
Authors: Berk Ronald A.
Published: March 2007

Three formulae developed to correct item-total correlations for spuriousness were evaluated. Relationships among corrected, uncorrected, and item-remainder correlations were determined by computing sets of mean, minimum, and maximum deviation coefficients and Spearman rank correlations for nine test lengths. The results indicated that the Guilford or Cureton formula should be applied to item-total correlations below .4 in item pools with as few as 18 to 20 items.
Segmented Trend Analysis for Stimulus Generalization Studies
Authors: Halperin Silas
Published: March 2007

An analysis of variance model is recommended for data which display a peaked trend. This type of data is particularly common in psychological studies of stimulus generalization. The model consists of quadradic polynomial segments which are constrained to meet in a peak at a predetermined value of the quantitative independent variable. A variety of hypotheses are suggested and the testing of these hypotheses is illustrated with some data contrived to be consistent with results from a published article.
Edwards Personal Preference Schedule Scores of Rural High School Students
Authors: Pasewark Richard A. , Sawyer Robert N.
Published: March 2007

A sample of 559 males and 986 females enrolled in three Wyoming High Schools were administered the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS). Percentile equivalents of the EPPS scores were derived for both males and females. No significant differences in mean scores of Edwards' college sample and the present high school sample were discerned. Sex differences on each of the scales did not uniformly follow those reported for Edwards' college sample.
Partial Omega Squared for Anova Designs
Authors: Keren Gideon , Lewis Charles
Published: March 2007

The present paper is concerned with measuring the size of an effect for fixed effects factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) experimental designs. A brief review of the literature is provided, emphasizing the need to use such a measure in actual research. Measuring strength of effect is discussed in correlational terms, taking advantage of the linear model formulation for fixed effects ANOVA. It is concluded that a squared partial correlation between factor and response (partialing out effects of other factors) is usually to be preferred to the corresponding un-partialled measure (ω2) advocated by Hays (1963) and others. Examples are provided to illustrate the practical implications of this distinction.
The Development and Validation of Several Measures of Confidence and Self-Image in Relation to Science for Two Samples of Preservice Elementary School Teachers
Authors: Crowther Henry I.G. , Preece Peter F.W.
Published: March 2007

Instruments were developed to measure the confidence and self-image of preservice elementary school teachers in relation to both biology and physical science. High reliability and convergent and discriminant validity were displayed by the instruments, both in the initial test development stage and in subsequent confirmatory studies.
A Computer Program for Measuring Levels of Overall and Partial Congruence Among Multiple Observers on Nominal Scales
Authors: Watkins Marley W. , McDermott Paul A.
Published: March 2007

A computer program entitled Program CONGRU is presented which analyzes the overall conjoint agreement among many observers for their classifications on categorical scales. A special feature assesses the significance of observers' congruence in assignments to each nominal category considered.
A Comparative Analysis of the Factorial Structures of two Administrations of the Piers-Harris Children's Self Concept Scale to One Group of Elementary School Children
Authors: Platten Marvin R. , Williams Larry R.
Published: March 2007

Data obtained from two administrations of the Piers-Harris Children's Self Concept Scale to a single group of 159 elementary pupils were factor analyzed to determine the stability of factors from one test to another. Of ten factors from each test administration extracted and rotated by means of the varimax method, five in each test sample were found to have sufficient item content commonalities to warrant joint interpretation and labeling. The findings suggest that the factorial dimensions of the Piers-Harris scale can vary considerably even within one study group. Researchers therefore would do well to determine the factorial structure of their own test data as well as to consider carefully the variance accounted for by each factor if they wish to draw meaningful conclusions from findings involving changes in self-concept in terms of particular constructs. Implications of further factorial validity research of the Piers-Harris scale are discussed.
Is the G Index a Correlation Coefficient?
Authors: Vegelius Jan
Published: March 2007

For three different definitions of the correlation coefficient concept is examined whether the G index is a correlation coefficient or not. According to the Pearson definition it is not. However, it is equal to the Pearson coefficient, obtained from double scoring. The G index is shown to be a correlation coefficient according to the definition by Kendall. It is also shown to be an E-correlation coefficient.
The Predictive Validity of the Pharmacy College Admission Test as Compared With That of Other Academic Predictors
Authors: Sisson Harriet E. , Dizney Henry F.
Published: March 2007

For the pharmacy class of 103 juniors who entered Oregon State University in 1974, the predictive power of entering grade point average (GPA) was compared with that of GPA combined with other academic predictors and with that of sections of the Pharmacy College Admission Test (PCAT). A regression equation incorporating entering GPA, calculus grade, and grades in two sections of the PCAT was significantly more useful than entering GPA alone. A minimum sum of scores in three PCAT sections was found to be the most effective screen. Cross-validation efforts with new samples were strongly recommended.
Tukknife: A Jackknife Supplement to Canned Statistical Packages
Authors: Lindell Michael K. , St. Clair James B.
Published: March 2007

This program performs jackknife computations on matrices of coefficients derived from multivariate analytic procedures. It accepts as input the matrices of coefficients (such as factor loadings) from externally supplied multivariate analytic programs to compute robust estimates of the coefficients and of the standard errors of those coefficients. The program is written in FORTRAN EXTENDED (FTN) for CDC 6000 series computers, but is designed to be minimally machine-dependent.
A Comparison Between Two Methods of Clinical Evaluation in G Analysis
Authors: Meyer Lennart , Holley Jasper W.
Published: March 2007

Compares two methods for evaluating persons in G analysis. The first method is based on an orthogonal system of rotation while the second utilizes a simple G co-relationship, which can be regarded as the same as an oblique system. A mathematical rationale for the equivalent accuracies of the two techniques is offered. In addition, an empirical demonstration, using clinical data, is shown to give re sults consistent with the analytical model.
The Use of Multidimensional Scaling in the Measure of Conceptual Level
Authors: Pratt Jamie H. , Mackay David B. , Baxendale Sid
Published: March 2007

This research attempts to improve the procedure utilized by Schroder, Driver and Streufert (1967) for using multidimensional scaling in the measure of conceptual level. A series of monte carlo simulation runs and a laboratory experiment highlight potential incongruities related to the degree of error in the input data required by the Schroder et al. process. Accordingly, several methodological recommendations are made and briefly evaluated.
Generalizable Observation of the Teaching Process
Authors: Smith Philip L. , Waller Michael I. , Waller Suzanne P.
Published: March 2007

Recent reviews of the literature have indicated that the absence of a relationship between teacher behavior/classroom climate and student outcomes may be attributable to the unreliability of the measures used. This in turn may be due to measures which are poorly constructed and/or inappropriately applied. The present study describes an observation instrument designed to be applicable across teaching situations (both grade levels and educational strategies) and provides evidence regarding the efficiency and generalizability of this instrument. The dependability of the different scores yielded by the procedure is assessed via generalizability theory; recommendations concerning number and type of items needed for generalizable measures are suggested.
The Fan-Spread Hypothesis and the Adjustment for Initial Differences between Groups in Uncontrolled Studies
Authors: Preece Peter F. W.
Published: March 2007

The validity of various reliability-corrected procedures for adjusting for initial differences between groups in uncontrolled studies is established for subjects exhibiting linear fan-spread growth. The results are then extended to a non-linear model of growth.