bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Household expenditure patterns in Kuwait
Authors: Alalo Mohammad , Aljabber Abdullah , Naseeb Adel
Published: March 2020

Household expenditure is the second prominent component of GDP for Kuwait, consisting of 43% GDP, and it has been moderately growing for the past decade. It is essential to understand the nature of household expenditure, a fundamental macroeconomic driver with immense significance for policymaking. This paper utilises the latest Kuwait Household Expenditure Survey data to study household expenditure patterns in Kuwait. It examines and compares the variation of household expenditure patterns for nationals (Kuwaitis) and expatriate households over nine different major commodity groups. The paper investigates the patterns of household expenditure and the response of their characteristics on the level of expenditure by employing Heckman two-step estimation method. The results suggest that different factors affect the probability of consuming a commodity and the level of expenditure between the two household groups. Kuwaiti’s expenditure is more responsive to food, housing, communication and recreation commodities and less responsive to clothing, health, transportation and restaurants than expatriates. In general, there is a significant variation of expenditure patterns across all commodities between the two household groups.
Analisis Kemampuan Mengembangkan Bahan Ajar yang Kontekstual Berbasis Power Point pada Guru SMP Negeri 11 Merauke
Authors: Bahri Syamsul , Silubun Helga C. A. , Riyana Minuk
Published: March 2020

SMP Negeri 11 Merauke terletak di Distrik Sota yang peserta didiknya cukup beragam, bahkan ada dari negara tetangga, yaitu PNG. Hasil ujian nasional peserta didik, khususnya mata pelajaran IPA pada tiga tahun terakhir terus mengalami penurunan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa hasil belajar peserta didik tergolong rendah. Salah satu hal yang menyebabkan rendahnya hasil belajar peserta didik adalah pembelajaran yang belum dilengkapi dengan media pembelajaran yang kontekstual.Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kemampuan guru IPA agar mampu mebuat media pembelajaran yang kontekstual dengan menggunakan PowerPoint. Media pembelajaran ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar peserta didik, khususnya pada ujian nasional. Adapun subjek dalam kegiatan ini adalah guru-guru SMP Negeri 11 Merauke yang terletak di Distrik Sota yang merupakan daerah perbatasan antara RI dengan Papua New Guinea yang berjumlah 15 orang. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian adalah dengan melakukan pelatihan, pendampingan serta pembuatan media pembelajaran IPA yang kontekstual dengan mengintegrasikan ke dalam PowerPoint. Hasil pelaksanaan kegiatan menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan kemampuan menggunakan PowerPoint untuk media pembelajaran sebesar 24,5%, yaitu dari 27,3% menjadi 45,7%. Secara umum, pengetahuan dan kemampuan guru menggunakan PowerPoint sebagai media pembelajaran masih tergolong rendah cukup rendah. Oleh karena itu, diharapkan kepada seluruh stakeholder untuk memperhatikan kemampuan guru di dalam menggunakan TIK, khususnya yang berhubungan langsung dengan pembelajaran. Hal ini tentunya akan mendukung karakteristik pembelajaran abad 21 serta pembelajaran di era revolusi industri 4.0 (I4.0).
Pemberdayaan Kelompok Wanita Tani (KWT) : Pengolahan Jagung di Dusun Karangnongko Desa Ngloro Kecamatan Saptosari Kabupaten Gunung Kidul
Authors: Susilawati Desi , Rachmawati Putri
Published: March 2020

Dusun Karangnongko, Desa Ngloro, Kecamatan  Saptosari, Kabupaten Gunung Kidul memiliki hasil panen jagung dan singkong yang berlimpah. Namun hasil panen ini belum diolah oleh masyarakat secara optimal.  Dusun Karanongko memiliki potensi  kewirausahaan, karena ada  beberapa kelompok wanita tani yang sudah memiliki usaha kecil seperti olahan Kripik Tempe,  namun belum  ada  kelompok usaha yang mengolah jagung. Pelaksanaan KKN PPM ini menggunakan metode ESD (Education for Sustainable Development). ESD adalah metode pembelajaran untuk mendukung pembangunan berkelanjutan, yaitu jenis pembelajaran yang memberikan kesadaran jiwa wirausaha yang inovatif  dan kreatif. Program yang dilakukan meliputi: 1) Ceramah tentang pentingnya kegiatan pasca panen, 2)  penyuluhan untuk meningkatkan jiwa wirausaha, 3)Pelatihan dan praktik mengolah jagung menjadi eggroll, 4) Pelatihan Packaging /labelling sehingga kemasan menjadi lebih menarik dan memasarkan produk. Hasil kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah tumbuhnya keasadaran keluarga berjiwa wirausaha yang mandiri, meningkatnya pengetahuan dan keterampilan kelompok wanita tani dalam mengolah makanan berbahan dasar jagung,terjalin kerjasama dengan UKM Putri 21 menjadi pemasok jagung dan singkong.
Pelatihan Penanganan Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus Bagi Instruktur, Konselor, dan Relawan Yayasan Mitra Netra dan Persatuan Tunanetra Indonesia
Authors: Brebahama Alabanyo , Triman Arif , Kumalasari Dewi
Published: March 2020

Berdasarkan data Kementerian Sosial tahun 2010, jumlah penyandang disabilitas di Indonesia sudah mencapai 11.580.117 jiwa, dan tunanetra menempati urutan teratas yakni sebesar 3.474.035 jiwa. Sebagai upaya untuk mengatasi masalah ketunanetraan, berdirilah Persatuan Tunanetra Indonesia (PERTUNI) dan Yayasan Mitra Netra. Meskipun sudah lama bergerak dalam bidang pelayanan tunanetra, kedua lembaga tersebut belum memiliki tenaga Psikolog professional. Akibatnya, timbul kendala dalam memberikan layanan psikologis, terlebih ketika muncul fenomena Multi Disable Visual Impairment (MDVI), yaitu jenis disabilitas netra yang disertai dengan hambatan lain, seperti tunanetra dengan disabilitas intelektual, tunanetra dengan Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder, dan sebagainya. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut, dikembangkanlah program pelatihan penanganan anak berkebutuhan khusus bagi konselor, instruktur, dan relawan kedua lembaga. Pelatihan ini bertujuan untuk membekali peserta dengan definisi, indikator, penanganan awal anak berkebutuhan khusus. Pelatihan ini dilaksanakan selama dua hari dengan peserta sebanyak 26 orang, yang terdiri dari 2 konselor, 8 instruktur, 10 instruktur Yayasan Mitra Netra, dan 6 orang tenaga relawan Yayasan Mitra Netra dan PERTUNI. Materi disampaikan dengan metode ceramah, diskusi, tanya jawab, dan studi kasus. Efektivitas pelatihan diukur dengan menggunakan pre-test dan post-test yang terdiri dari 15 item soal, yang mengukur pemahaman peserta terhadap materi. Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data dengan teknik One Sample T - Test, terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara rata-rata skor pre-test dibandingkan dengan rata-rata skor post-test (sig = 0,000). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pelatihan ini efektif dalam meningkatkan pemahaman peserta mengenai penanganan beberapa jenis ABK.
Lesión por presión relacionada a un dispositivo médico en los profesionales de la salud en época de pandemia
Authors: Oliveira Ramalho Aline , de Souza Silva Freitas Paula , Cristina Nogueira Paula
Published: March 2020

Ante el número de casos de infección por el coronavirus (COVID-19), la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) declaró que la enfermedad se trata de una pandemia de alarma y movilización mundial, estando presente en varios países y continentes. En Brasil, la pandemia llegó a finales de febrero del 2020 y está causando alarma por el aumento en el número de contaminados relacionado con la alta capacidad de transmisión de la enfermedad. En los enfermos afectados el virus puede causar desde síntomas simples, que pueden ser tratados en casa, hasta ingresos hospitalarios, asistencia en unidades de terapia intensiva y puede incluso llevar a la muerte.
Figuras del mal gobierno
Authors: Velázquez Castro Marcel
Published: March 2020

En la segunda sección de su obra, denominada “Buen gobierno”,Guaman Poma nos ofrece algunas de las más detalladas y vívidasdescripciones del funcionamiento del poder colonial. Este ensayo revisadichas interacciones a partir de dos perspectivas complementarias: (i)la inmensa brecha entre el “deber ser” y la acción social frecuentede esas autoridades; (ii) la condena a la violencia ejercida contralos indios, la cual adoptaba las fguras del castigo físico, el robo, laexplotación laboral, la violación sexual, la amenaza verbal, entre otras.La explicación de esta violencia como ejercicio del poder colonialse solía representar con dos vicios: codicia y lujuria. A partir de laproblemática social que la obra de Guaman Poma revela, me interesadestacar la función que desempeñó la representación del cuerpo de losindios como un espacio en el que se materializaba el poder colonial, asícomo el ambivalente rol de la sexualidad en dicha dinámica.
Máscaras cirúrgicas em tempos de coronavírus
Authors: Franco Amanda Gonçalves , Franco Aline Batista Gonçalves , De Carvalho Geraldo Alberto Pinheiro , Ramos Elimário Venturin , Dias Sérgio Candido
Published: March 2020

Desde que foram registrados os primeiros contágios, uma infecção por coronavírus (Covid-19) deu uma maneira bastante rápida. Neste cenário, dentre os EPI's (Equipamentos de Proteção Individual), os que mais ganharam destaque no combate à doença foram as máscaras cirúrgicas como forma de prevenção desse contágio. Alguns protocolos devem ser seguidos para usar como máscaras de maneira correta. Além das máscaras cirúrgicas, nos casos aplicáveis, faz-se necessário o uso de máscaras de proteção respiratória. No entanto, como máscaras cirúrgicas e de proteção respiratória cirúrgica vem desempenhando um papel importante no controle da disseminação desse microrganismo e são monitorados por um excelente método de acesso acessível.
A new species for mycobiota of Russia — Phlebia setulosa (Meruliaceae, Basidiomycota)
Authors: Kotkova V. M.
Published: March 2020

The data on the first record in Russia of rare aphyllophoroid fungus with irpicoid hymenophore — Phlebia setulosa (Berk. et M. A. Curtis) Nakasone from Leningrad Region are provided. Its morphological description, locality in Russia and general distribution are given.
Biodiversity of clavarioid fungi in the tundra zone of Yakutia
Authors: Shiryaev A. G.
Published: March 2020

Totally 27 species of 8 genera of clavarioid fungi have been found in the tundra zone of Yakutia. Typhula pertenius is recorded for the first time for Eurasia and the Arctic. The role of Typhula-group is higher in comparison with the western districts, as well as the role of litter-inhabiting species.
Contributions to the lichen flora of Meshchyora Lowland (within Vladimir and Ryazan Regions)
Authors: Zhdanov I. S. , Volosnova L. F.
Published: March 2020

The annotated list of 176 lichen species is presented, including preliminary data of the lichen flora of Meshchyora National Park (Vladimir Region, 154 species) and additions and corrections to the list of lichens of Okskiy Biosphere Reserve (Ryazan Region, 46 species). Ten lichen species are new to Central Nechernozemie.
Fuscopannaria sorediata (Pannariaceae) — a new lichen species for Russia
Authors: Makryi T. V.
Published: March 2020

Fuscopannaria sorediata P. M. Jørg. is reported for the first time to Russia, Republic of Buryatia. The description and locality are reported.
Leptogium saxatile (Collemataceae), a new lichen species from Baikal Siberia, and two Leptogium species new for Mongolia
Authors: Makryi T. V.
Published: March 2020

A new lichen species of Leptogium sect. Mallotium, L. saxatile Makryi is described. The peculiarities of ecology and geographic distribution of the species are discussed. It is pointed out that six hairy species of Leptogium occur in Baikal Siberian Region: L. asiaticum P. M. Jorg., L. burnetiae C. W. Dodge, L. furfuraceum (Harm.) Sierk, L. hildenbrandii (Garov.) Nyl., L. saturninum (Dicks.) Nyl. and L. saxatile, but five species ― in Mongolia. Key to these species of Leptogium is provided. L. asiaticum and L. furfuraceum are reported for the first time to Mongolia. The regional distribution maps are presented for L. saxatile, L. furfuraceum, and L. hildenbrandii.
To the lichen flora of Far East Marine Biosphere State Nature Reserve
Authors: Rodnikova I. M.
Published: March 2020

Nine lichen species are reported for the first time for Far East Marine Biosphere State Nature Reserve. Additional information on distribution and substrate preference of 53 lichen species is presented.
An annotated list of lichens of Bolshekhekhtsirsky Nature Reserve (Khabarovsk Territory)
Authors: Skirina I. F.
Published: March 2020

The records of 211 lichen species and allied fungi from Bolshekhekhtsirsky Nature Reserve are presented. Among them 41 are new for the investigated territory. Habitats and substrates are recorded for each species.
To bryoflora of the southwest extremity of Koryak Upland (Kamchatka Territory, Penzhinsky District)
Authors: Kuzmina E. Yu. , Neshataev V. Yu. , Neshataeva V. Yu. , Korablev A. P.
Published: March 2020

Results of processing of the collection of mosses from the south-western part of the Koryak Upland are presented. For the first time the new data on the bryoflora of Penzhinsky District of Kamchatka Territory are published. The annotated list includes 77 species, 9 of them — new for the Koryak Upland. The geographical analysis of species composition has shown that belongingness of moss species to the geographical elements is typical for zonal position of the territory and it is obvious that the boreal features of the bryoflora are increasing to the south.
The additional data for the flora of conjugates (Streptophyta, Zygnematophyceae) of Mshinskaya Wetland System (Leningrad Region)
Authors: Luknitskaya A. F.
Published: March 2020

51 species from 18 genera of Streptophyta, Zygnematophyceae (Actinotaenium, Bambusina, Closterium, Cylindrocystis, Cosmarium, Cosmoastrum, Docidium, Euastrum, Micrasterias, Mougeotia, Netrium, Pleurotaenium, Raphidiastrum, Spirogyra, Staurastrum, Staurodesmus, Tetmemorus, Xanthidium) were found in Mshinskaya Wetland System (Leningrad Region, Russia). Leading genera are Cosmarium (10 species), Closterium (10), Staurastrum (8 species).
Assessing the 2014 Cadbury controversy through the Theory of Planned Behavior
Authors: Kasirye Faiswal , Radwan Hassan , Kreya Math
Published: March 2020

The purpose of this study is to assess the 2014
Cadbury controversy through the framework of the Theory of planned behavior.
The study examined how Cadbury IMC campaign changed the attitudes,
behaviors and the perceived behavioral control of the audience towards
purchasing Cadbury chocolates. Content analysis was employed to analyze the Cadbury IMC video campaign
that circulated widely during the saga in addition to the Cadbury social
platforms that aided in data collection. Themes like Quality standards, halal
certification, ingredients and supervision were generated from the data. The analysis
of the data discovered, that Cadbury tried to involve the public while
trying to resolve their halal certification issues as well as those related to
the two bars that were in question. A number of issues were discovered in
relation to TPB however, the study found out that there were underlying factors
missing in most of the Cadbury campaigns carried out during the 2014 PIG DNA
saga. So the government should consider establishing stringent mechanisms of
controlling hala certification among Malaysian companies and those seeking to
do business in the country at large.
Africological Historiography: Primary Considerations
Authors: Adé Taharka
Published: March 2020

Africological Historiography is scholarship dedicated to the preservation of African cosmology in the telling of African history. Such an historiography also serves as a means to tease out the agency of African people in any circumstance of marginality, misinterpretation, suppression, and omission of said historical agency. For the purposes of developing Africological Historiography, Africologists may take on various interests in other fields in order to garner the data necessary for their inquiries. However, it is important to make sure that the data garnered from other disciplines are approached using Afrocentric methodology or they will be no good for Africological research. In this article, I explore the benefits and dangers of other fields of interests, the dangers of Eurocentric theoretical models, afrophobic historiographies, and the inherent praxis of the discipline in its use for producing Africological Historiography. These are primary considerations for Africologists in the presentation of African history.
tugas hukum tata negara
Authors: haznan Fauzyl
Published: March 2020

Sistem Campuran pada hakekatnya merupakan bentuk variasi dari sistem pemerintahan parlementer dan sistem pemerintahan presidensiil. Hal ini disebabkan situasi dan kondisi yang berbeda sehingga melahirkan bentuk-bentuk semuanya. Apabila dilihat dari kedua sistem pemerintahan di atas (parlementer dan prsidensiil), sistem pemerintahan quasi bukan merupakan bentuk sebenarnya. Dalam sistem ini dikenal bentuk Campuran parlementer dan Campuran presidensiil.
Sebaran Peluang Acak Kontinu, Distribusi Normal, Distribusi Normal Baku, Distribusi T, Distribusi Chi Square, dan Distribusi F
Authors: Pratikno Ahmad Sudi
Published: March 2020

In statistics, there are various terms that may feel unfamiliar to researcher who is not accustomed to discussing it. However, despite all of many functions and benefits that we can get as researchers to process data, it will later be interpreted into a conclusion. And then researcher can digest and understand the research findings. The distribution of continuous random opportunities illustrates obtaining opportunities with some detection of time, weather, and other data obtained from the field. The standard normal distribution represents a stable curve with zero mean and standard deviation 1, while the t distribution is used as a statistical test in the hypothesis test. Chi square deals with the comparative test on two variables with a nominal data scale, while the f distribution is often used in the ANOVA test and regression analysis.
Administrasi Layanan Khusus
Authors: Pratiwi Doni , Afriansyah Hade
Published: March 2020

Special service administration consists of: Library, UKS, Canteen, Transportation, Labor, Workship Facilities, Cooperatives, and Dormitory. The purpose of special service administration is to facilitate all activities in schools and complementary student needs so that learning objectives can be achieved effectively and efficiently.
ARTIKEL ALGORITMA PEMPROGRAMAN DAN STRUKTUR DATA
Authors: putra Erwan suganda
Published: March 2020

ARTIKEL ALGORITMA PEMPROGRAMAN DAN STRUKTUR DATA
tugas hukum administrasi negara
Authors: haznan Fauzyl
Published: March 2020

Setiap Keputusan Administrasi Pemerintahan/Tata Usaha Negara, selalu dianggap sah dan benar serta harus dijalankan apabila belum ada penetapan pengadilan yang menyatakan bahwa Keputusan Administrasi Pemerintahan/Tata Usaha Negara tersebut tidak sah.Keputusan Administrasi Pemerintahan/Tata Usaha Negara yang dikeluarkan oleh Badan atau Pejabat Tata Usaha Negara harus senantiasa berdasarkan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan dan asas-asas umum pemerintahan yang baik.
SISTEM PEMERINTAHAN PRESIDENSIAL YANG EFEKTIF
Authors: Rajabsyah
Published: March 2020

Indonesia menganut sistem pemerintahan presidensial, akan tetapi sistem presidensial ini diterapkan dalam konstruksi politik multipartai. Sistem multipartai merupakan sebuah konteks politik yang sulit dihindari karena Indonesia merupakan negara yang memiliki tingkat kemajemukan masyarakat yang sangat tinggi dan tingkat pluralitas sosial yang kompleks. Secara teoretis, presidensialisme menjadi masalah kalau berkombinasi dengan sistem multipartai. Ketidakstabilan pemerintahan dalam sistem presidensial diyakini semakin kentara bila dipadukan dengan sistem multipartai. Pengalaman di beberapa negara yang mampu membentuk pemerintahan yang stabil karena memadukan sistem presidensial dengan sistem dwi partai, bukan multipartai, contohnya Amerika Serikat.
Pola Pembinaan Kepribadian dan Keagamaan Remaja Masjid Al-Fatah Di Kelurahan Girian Indah Kecamatan Girian Kota Bitung
Authors: Rumondor Prasetio , Gobel Puspasari M. Y.
Published: March 2020

The rapid development of technology and the influence of the environment is very instrumental inshaping adolescents. There are many cases involving teenagers, this is a problem in the process ofIslamic education in adolescents. Therefore, BTM Al-Fatah decided to establish youth mosque inorder to avoid them from this influence. This research aimed to know how the coaching pattern ofpersonality and religious adolescent Al-Fatah mosque. The data analysis used was qualitativedescriptive analysis. The results showed that the emphasis is on the pattern of mosque youth coachingthrough the alignment of mosque youth activities with BTM activities, hence they might synergizeand strengthen each other. There are studies about Islam to form an Islamic character for mosqueyouth and to support mosque youth activities such as quality training in Basic Leadership Trainingand skills training in computer training funded by BTM, attitude personality development, andrefresher are almost similar to skills training. Efforts to overcome the problem are to continue to fosterand support mosque youth activities in financial terms, creating a conducive environment when thereare disputes between the management of BTM and the Imam of the Mosque and keep activatingvacuum activities so that mosque youth can work and innovate in positive activities.
local conformal invariance surface
Authors: Kuyukov Vitaly
Published: March 2020

local conformal invariance surface
Embodying Gender/sex Identity during Infancy: A Theory and Preliminary Findings
Authors: Fausto-Sterling Anne , Sung Jihyun , Hale Malika , Krishna Gopika , Lin Matthew
Published: March 2020

In this paper we tried to loosen the following knot: at somepoint in mid toddlerhood, children evidence a gender/sex—a personal sense of group belonging which alsopredicts individual behaviors and wants—play, dress andpeer preferences. Yet at birth, although individual patterndifferences in embodied responses to new stimuli exist,these do not appear to correlate with gender/sex (Kagan,1994), and few measurable differences exist betweenfemale-designated and male-designated infants. As gender/sex becomes visible and measurable, it already seems toemanate from deep within the body. How does individual—apparently non-gender/sex-correlated-- variability turninto individual gender/sex identity? How do measurablegender/sex-related group differences appear? In this essaywe contrast process-based theories of gender/sex identityand development with theories that posit identity as aninherent trait. From our own research, we offer data thatdemonstrate differences in behavior and infant handlingin mother-son compared to mother-daughter dyads. Weuse these findings and others in the literature to develop atheory of embodiment and conclude with a proposalto refocus research in the field of infant gender/sexdevelopment. Specifically, we urge the use of longitudinal,multi-disciplinary research designs and analytical tools thatemphasize emerging properties and developmental process.
sumber kewenangan pemerintahan
Authors: salsabila Desri tiara
Published: March 2020

Hukum administrasi negara
Visualizing mineralization processes and fossil anatomy using synchronous synchrotron X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction mapping
Authors: Gueriau Pierre , Réguer Solenn , Leclercq Nicolas , Cupello Camila , Brito Paulo M. , Jauvion Clément , Morel Séverin , Charbonnier Sylvain , Thiaudière Dominique , Mocuta Cristian
Published: March 2020

Paleontologists have always tested, used and developed cutting edge imaging techniques to produce the most complete and accurate descriptions of their fossils. Nowadays, efforts are largely driven by taphonomic studies, especially those investigating the exceptional preservation of organic molecules or soft tissues, leading to a series of developments towards molecular and elemental imaging. Paradoxically, although fossils are mostly mineralized materials only the latter is commonly used to infer their mineral composition, but X-ray diffraction, which specifically provides phase identification, received little attention. Here, we show the use of synchrotron radiation to generate, synchronously to X-ray fluorescence major-to-trace elemental maps, megapixel mineralogical maps in transmission geometry using a two-dimensional area detector placed behind the fossil. This approach was applied to millimeter-thick cross-sections prepared through three-dimensionally preserved fossils, as well as to flat fossils. It allows for mineral phases identification (benefitting from the elemental information collected synchronously) and localization at the microscale over centimetric lateral size objects, and further gives information on texture (preferential orientation), crystallites size and local strain, showing great potential for taphonomic studies, as well as other poorly understood (bio)mineralization processes in environmental sciences. We also illustrate that mineralogical contrasts between fossil tissues and/or the encasing sedimentary matrix can be used to visualize hidden anatomies in fossils.
Intolerance of uncertainty and novelty facilitated extinction: The impact of reinforcement schedule
Authors: Wake Shannon Jade , Dodd Helen Frances , Morriss Jayne
Published: March 2020

Individuals who score high in Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) display reduced threat extinction. Recently, it was shown that replacing threat associations with novel associations during extinction learning (i.e. presenting a novel tone 100% of the time) can promote threat extinction retention in individuals with high IU. This novelty facilitated extinction (NFE) effect could be driven by the tone’s novelty or reliability. Here we sought to address this question by adjusting the reliability of the novel tone (i.e., the reinforcement rate) during NFE. We measured skin conductance response during an associative learning task in which participants (n = 92) were assigned to one of three experimental groups: standard extinction, NFE 100% reinforcement or NFE 50% reinforcement. For standard extinction, compared to NFE 100% and 50% reinforcement groups, we observed a trend for greater recovery of the conditioned response during extinction retention. Individuals with high IU relative to low IU in the standard extinction group demonstrated a larger recovery of the conditioned response during extinction retention. These findings tentatively suggest that NFE effects are driven by the novelty rather than the reliability of the new stimulus. The implications of these findings for translational and clinical research in anxiety disorder pathology are discussed.
Effect of Synchronized Linked Band Selection on Speech Intelligibility of Bilateral Cochlear Implant Users
Authors: Gajęcki Tom , Nogueira Waldo
Published: March 2020

Normal hearing listeners have the ability to exploit the audio input perceived by each ear to extract target information in challenging listening scenarios. Bilateral cochlear implant (BiCI) users, however, do not benefit as much as normal hearing listeners do from a bilateral input. In this study, we investigate the effect that bilaterally linked band selection, bilaterally synchronized electrical stimulation and ideal binary masks (IdBMs) have on the ability of 10 BiCIs to understand speech in background noise. The performance was assessed through a sentence-based speech intelligibility test, in a scenario where the speech signal was presented from the front and the interfering noise from one side. The linked band selection relies on the most favorable signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) ear, which will select the bands to be stimulated for both CIs. Results show that no benefit from adding a second CI to the most favorable SNR side was achieved for any of the tested bilateral conditions. However, when using both devices, speech perception results show that performing linked band selection, besides delivering bilaterally synchronized electrical stimulation, leads to an improvement compared to standard clinical setups. Moreover, the outcomes of this work show that by applying IdBMs, subjects achieve speech intelligibility scores similar to the ones without background noise.
Telephone Delivery of Health Behaviour Change Interventions: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bigland Kirsteen , Johnston Marie
Published: March 2020

Background: Behaviours are among the leading causes of preventable disease worldwide and effective, feasible interventions are required. Telephone delivery could reduce costs, logistic barriers and waiting times. This review aims to systematically review evidence for the efficacy, feasibility and acceptability of theory-based, solely telephone-delivered interventions to change diet, physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption.Method: A structured search of Medline, Embase, Cinahl and PsycInfo was conducted for studies published in English between 2005 and 2020. Included studies reported interventions with a stated theoretical basis delivered to adults solely via verbal telephone to change smoking, alcohol consumption, diet or exercise.Results: From a search returning 4751 studies, 32 were included in the review: nine physical activity, six smoking, five diet, three alcohol consumption and nine with combined focus. Twenty-six reported significant behavioural improvements. Interventions typically involved approximately 6 phone calls, average 19.4 minutes duration, over 3-6 months. In 10 studies gathering quantitative participant feedback, telephone interventions were rated positively by over 65% of participants. Numbers of participants dropping out of the studies did not largely differ based upon which group they were engaging in; intervention, control or follow-up (M = 17.4%, 20.7% and 12.8% respectively).Conclusion: Satisfaction was high, attrition rates acceptable and the time required feasible. Given their effectiveness, telephone interventions to improve health behaviours would appear to be acceptable and feasible while offering possible advantages over face-to-face interventions.
Pendidikan vokasional dalam tingkat SMP sebagai upaya mempercepat pemenuhan tenaga ahli abad 21
Authors: Miftakhuddin
Published: March 2020

Perkembangan IPTEKS selalu diiringi dengan pertambahan kebutuhan dan berdampak pada penetrasi tenaga kerja, investasi dan teknologi. Saat ini liberalisasi pasar dan kerjasama regional tidak terhindarkan. Faktanya, negara paling banyak mengalami penetrasi adalah negara dengan SDA melimpah (Indonesia). Indonesia sudah mempersiapkan pembangunan infrastruktur dan penetapan kebijakan ekonomi, namun kurang fokus pada investasi melalui pendidikan vokasi. Pendidikan vokasional berorientasi pada pemenuhan kebutuhan masyarakat dibidang industri dan usaha. Pendidikan vokasional penting karena era perdagangan bebas membutuhkan tenaga ahli. Di Indonesia pendidikan vokasi dimulai pada tingkat SMU dengan PSG 4 bulan, sistem ini tidak efektif karena praktik hanya sebentar. Akan lebih efektif jika pendidikan vokasi dimulai pada jenjang SMP, dengan PSG mulai kelas satu sampai lulus (sistem pembelajaran 50:50), tujuannya adalah membuat aktivitas belajar siswa menjadi aplikatif langsung dengan konsep dasar learning by doing. Dengan kata lain pendidikan vokasional sejak pendidikan menengah pertama seperti ini akan mempercepat pemenuhan kebutuhan akan tenaga ahli
Reanalyzing the factor structure of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire
Authors: Harper Craig A. , Rhodes Darren
Published: March 2020

The moral foundations theory (MFT) is an influential multifactorial model that posits how decision-making in the moral context originates from a set of six intuitive moral foundations: care, fairness, authority, loyalty, purity, and liberty. The established measure of these foundations – the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ) – has been used extensively in a range of empirical projects. However, recent analyses of its factor structure and the internal consistency of the each of the foundation clusters have called its validity into question. In this paper, data from a large sample of British voters was used to re-examine the factor structure of the MFQ. As opposed to a six-factor structure, only three meaningful clusters emerged in an exploratory principal factors analysis (Study 1; N = 428): traditionalism, compassion, and liberty. This structure was broadly confirmed in an independent sample (Study 2; N = 322). Concurrent validity was established via correlations with measures of ‘social change’ and ‘systemic inequality’ insecurities (Study 1) and voting behavior and preferences (Study 2). Significant differences on each of the three factors of the revised MFQ (MFQ-r) were observed between the voters of different political parties (Study 1) and sides of the Brexit issue (Study 2). Implications for moral foundations theory and its measurement are discussed.
Hierarchical Control
Authors: Sasso Greg , Turner Ian R , Li Christopher
Published: March 2020

Theories of political accountability typically focus on voter-politician relationships. However, overall government performance depends on both elected politicians and unelected bureaucrats. Politicians are agents of voters while serving as principals to bureaucrats. We develop a model of electoral accountability in governance hierarchies, treating it as a chain of relational contracts. The problem of optimizing electoral control reduces to a classic static consumer problem, and we illustrate how voter welfare and governance quality respond to changes in the political-economic environment.
Presidential entrepreneurship and policy change: The case of the telecommunications reform in Mexico (1990 – 2015)
Authors: Aranda-Jan Ana C.
Published: March 2020

This article studies presidential policy change by using the agenda-setting theory of Kingdon (1984) and Baumgartner and Jones (1993). It focuses on studying the reform of the telecommunications sector in Mexico from the administrations of Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1988 – 1994) to Enrique Peña Nieto (2012 – 2018). The process of creating a common understanding of the problem and its solutions contribute to generating policy change. It considers that the president is an actor that takes an active role in policymaking. This analysis uses a most-similar comparative approach. The analysis shows that policy changes are sensitive to presidential policy entrepreneurship.
The role of partnering and assortative mating by social origin for income inequality: The case of Finland, 1991–2014
Authors: Erola Jani , Kilpi-Jakonen Elina
Published: March 2020

Previous studies covering various developed countries suggest that changes in assortative mating by education have contributed only a little to the changes in income inequality, opposite to the expectations of many. In this paper we consider two potential reasons for the zero effects: a) that it is the selection into partnerships rather than assortative mating according to specific characteristics that matters; and b) that for assortative mating to matter, a broader spectrum of matching characteristics than just education should be considered, such as matching by employment and social origin. We study these assumptions using register data on household income inequalities, education, employment and parental class background in Finland 1991–2014. We analyze men and women separately and focus on individuals aged 35–40. We concentrate on between group income inequality as measured by the Theil index. The results suggest that selection into partnership is an important factor behind income inequality and can explain most of the changes in income inequality. Assortative mating does not matter much, even if more sorting characteristics are taken into account. All in all, social origin contributes very little to the income inequality of families in Finland.
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity studies of underground bulbs of Ledeboria hyderabadensis
Authors: Veenaa B Soni , Sujatha E
Published: March 2020

Plants are good source for the bioactive compounds and are used as traditional medicines. Phytochemical investigation of plants emphasizes in traditional medicines has yielded various bioactive compounds with different pharmacological activities. In the Hyacinthaceae family, Ledebouria genus is the weakly evergreen bulbs. Ledebouria hyderabadensis is a new toxin exist in the Hyderabad city of Telangana state, India. In the present study, we have carried out isolation of homoisoflavone from the underground bulbs of L. hyderabadensis and phytochemical screening of crude extracts of bulbs of L. hyderabadensis. The methanol extract of underground bulbs and isolated compound were screened for antimicrobial activity. Both the methanol extract and isolated compound Scillascillin shows significant antimicrobial activity.
Kidney disorders and management through herbs: A Review
Authors: Das Sneha , Vasudeva Neeru , Sharma Sunil
Published: March 2020

Kidneys have a vital role in the normal physiology of humans. Worldwide chronic kidney disease has become a major cause for disability and in worst circumstances leads to death. Major renal disorders occur due to diabetes and its complications termed as diabetic nephropathy (DN). Also nephrolithiasis occurs due to presence of organic debris of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins and supersaturation with calcium oxalate in the renal system. The article comprises of various herbs proven to be used in management of these disorders
Preventive effects of aqueous extract of the whole plant of Eleusine indica (Linn) Gaertn. (Poaceae) against L-NAME induced nephrotoxicity in rat
Authors: Huguette Tchoupou Tchinda , Tom Ngo Lemba Esther , Florence Ngueguim Tsofack , Farouck Aboubakar Bibi , Joseph Njiaza , Théophile Dimo
Published: March 2020

Background: The entire plant of Eleusine indica is used in Cameroonian folk medicine to treat several diseases including renal problems. We investigated the preventive effects of Eleusine indica aqueous extract (EIAE) against L-NAME induced renal damages in rats. Methods: Animals were divided into a control group (0.9 % saline, 10 mL/kg, ip) and 4 experimental groups. The rats in the negative control group received L-NAME (30 mg/kg, ip). The positive group was treated with losartan (12.5 mg/kg, per os) and L-NAME while the two last groups received EIAE (100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg, per os) and LNAME injection. After 60 days of treatment, blood pressure was measured; lipid profile, kidney and some oxidative stress parameters were evaluated. Results: Intraperitoneal injection of L-NAME induced a significant elevation in blood pressure, of total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-c, with a significant reduction of HDL-c levels as compared to the control groups. Nephrotoxicity was evidenced by significant elevation in serum levels of creatinine, urea and K+ , accompanied by a significant reduction of Na+ and GFR as compared to controls. Catalase, GSH and nitrites were significantly decreased in L-NAME injected group. L-NAME solution gave simultaneously with Eleusine indica prevented the rise of blood pressure, improve lipid profile, kidney function and antioxidant defenses. Conclusion: These results confirm the nephroprotective effects of Eleusine indica aqueous extract and highlight its protective properties in L-NAME-induced renal failure and its antioxidant capacities against kidney damages.
Hypolipidemic effect of ethanolic extracts of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp on hyperlipidemic albino rats
Authors: Abdelgadir Nafisa A. A. , Salih Abdelkareem MM , Ayoub Saad MH
Published: March 2020

Recently hyperlipidemia has become an overwhelming disorder, as food diminished for fibers rich in fats and carbohydrates. Adansonia digitata is an iconic tree of Africa, noteworthy has a considerable number of benefits for health and the environment. The present study was carried out to evaluate hypolipidemic properties of 96% maceration and Soxhlet ethanolic extracts of A. digitata fruit pulp. Serum lipid parameters; (cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) were investigated. Twenty-four hyperlipidemic Wister albino rats (males) weighing 160-240g were divided randomly into four groups, six for each. All sub groups were orally administered extracts once daily for twenty-eight days by two doses (200 & 400) mg/kg.bwt from each maceration and Soxhlet extracts. Blood samples were investigated at 14 and 28 days. Both extracts significantly lowered serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein, not affecting high density lipoprotein. Soxhlet extraction was more efficient, degree of effectiveness depends more on concentration and continuation of treatment. Phytochemical screening revealed presence of all constituents except anthracenes.
Rapid Detection of Tetracycline Residues in Chicken
Authors: Patrabansh Shraddha , Parajuli Niranjan , Jha Vinay Kumar
Published: March 2020

Antibiotic residues in meat are a serious public health concern as a result of its harmful effects on consumer health. This study aimed at estimating the residues levels of commonly used antibiotics (Tetracycline) in chicken samples using two analytical methods; Rapid Screening Kit and HPLC.

Twenty chicken samples were collected from various meat shops of Kathmandu valley. Qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses with Quicking Tetracycline rapid Test kit, which detect tetracycline above 100 ppb in tissue revealed that two samples were positive for antibiotic residues in the chicken for tetracycline. The concentration of residues of tetracycline, which were positive in rapid test kit was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a UV detector (HPLC-UV). One muscle sample and one liver sample of chicken have found the concentration of tetracycline as 229 and 339 μg/kg, respectively while chlortetracycline was not detected. This result confirmed widespread misuses of antibiotics especially tetracycline in farm and lack of application of recommended withdrawal times. Antimicrobial assay of chicken extracts was also performed by using the disc-diffusion agar method.The plates were incubated overnight at 37 °C for 18-24 hours, butmicrobial  growthwas not observed in all the samples tested.

Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 8(1): 14-20
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) among Animals in Nepal
Authors: Parajuli Pratiksha , Pandit Sudiksha , Kaphle Krishna
Published: March 2020

Foot and Mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease, affecting all domestic as well as wild cloven-hoofed animals caused by Apthovirus of Picornaviride family. FMD is endemic in Nepal causing substantial economic losses to livestock industry mainly cattle and buffalo, directly by decreasing the production and change in herd structure, and indirectly losses by cost of FMD control. The predominant serotype responsible for endemic outbreak of FMD in Nepal is ‘O’ however serotypes ‘A’ and ‘Asia-1’ have also been detected. Peak level of occurrence is noticed during pre-monsoon (April - May) and post-monsoon (Oct-Nov) period, however it occurs throughout the year. Movement of animals within the country mainly during festival season, illegal trading of livestock between Nepal and India because of open border, poor knowledge about the disease among farmers, high cost of treatment and control, lack of strict quarantine practices are the major factors contributing to high frequency of outbreak. Cattles were most frequently affected followed by buffalo, goat, sheep and pig. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the current scenario of FMD in Nepal, its transmission, diagnostic approaches and prevention and control measures. This paper is based on review of different articles from various journals, magazines, epidemiological bulletin, and reports from government of Nepal. The present approach to control this disease is through the vaccination of animal by imported multivalent vaccines. Vaccinations based on the matching of a vaccine strain to a field strain can be a better approach.

Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 8(1): 7-13
Buffaloes Production and Reproduction Efficiencies as Reviewed for Parity in Nepal
Authors: Lamsal Sadikshya , Subedi Deepak , Kaphle Krishna
Published: March 2020

Buffalo rearing is major part of Nepalese agriculture and they are reared for milk, meat, draft power and manure. Buffaloes are the main source of milk production in Nepal producing about 65.3% of the total annual milk in the country. Different indigenous breeds such as Lime, Parkote and Gaddi as well as Indian Murrah and Nili Ravi are recorded in Nepal and they are raised in different management and production system. Different genetic and non-genetic factors cause variation in production and reproduction performance between these breeds and within these breeds also. Non genetic factors affecting the performance of these buffaloes are season of calving, parity, management practices, nutrition etc. In this paper, effect of parity on production traits such as colostrum period, lactation length, lactation yield and days to reach peak milk yield as well as reproduction traits such as calving interval, dry period and service period are reviewed. Thus, this paper after reviewing related articles from various journals, proceedings and magazines is aimed to evaluate the effect of parity on reproductive and production efficiency of buffaloes of Nepal. Though the performance of indigenous breed is generally considered low, there is high potential of these breeds under proper breeding and management programs.

Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 8(1): 1-6.
Perinatal and Maternal Outcomes in Two Groups of Normal and At the Risk of Borderline Oligohydramnios in Late Preterm Pregnancy
Authors: Hassan Saddiqa , Ali Sana , Sherazi Sajid Hussain
Published: March 2020

Background: Pregnancy outcomes of a borderline oligohydramnios versus normal relatively comes to be slightly increasing meconium‐stained fluid, low Apgar scores and hyper bilirubinemia on follow up as perinatal outcomes and increased risk of C section as maternal outcome. There is currently insufficient evidence to recommend additional perinatal and maternal testing based on a borderline oligohydramnios. Clinical determination is considered in evaluating meconium‐stained fluid, low Apgar scores and hyper bilirubinemia. Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the adverse perinatal and maternal outcomes in uncomplicated late preterm pregnancies with borderline oligohydramnios. Setting: A total of 38 patients were studied, 19 were with normal AFI and 19 patients were of borderline AFI. Patients with normal AFI were referred as Group 1 and the other as Group 2. This study was conducted at Niazi Medical and Dental College, Sargodha. Population: Pregnant women with normal AFI at term and borderline patients with late preterm pregnancy and borderline oligohydramnios. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted at Niazi Medical and Dental College, Sargodha. This study comprised of 38 patients with normal AFI and border line AFI. Data of 19 patients with normal AFI and 19 patients with border line AFI was collected. The Inclusion Criteria was 19 singleton pregnancies of 36+6 weeks, with AFI ≤ 8 cm and 19 singleton pregnancy 37+ weeks with upto 24 cm AFI. In both groups, Maternal and perinatal outcomes were assessed. The results of both groups were compared in the end. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that borderline AFI was not a risk for adverse perinatal and maternal outcomes in uncomplicated, late preterm pregnancies.   

Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 8(1): 29-32