bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Features of the Grey Granites of Aberdeenshire
Authors: Cameron James
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

The area containing the quarries discussed in this paper extends inland from the City of Aberdeen for a distance of about twenty miles and is bounded on the north and south by the rivers Don and Dee. This is the area of the Newer Granites of Aberdeenshire, which C. B. Bisset has described in “A Contribution to the Study of Some Granites near Aberdeen” and has divided the acid igneous rocks into:—

1. The Skene Complex: consisting of diorite, adamellite, grey granites, transition types and minor intrusions.

2. Later Group: consisting of coarse red granites.
Evidence for a New Major Fault in North-East England
Authors: Fowler A.
Published: May 2009

The Magnesian Limestone of England forms a comparatively narrow outcrop stretching southwards for about 150 miles from South Shields to Nottingham. At either end the formation is fairly well known from the many quarries and sections opened up in the industrial areas of East Durham on the one hand and South Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire on the other. Away from these regions, however, our knowledge is scanty, and particularly so in the North Riding of Yorkshire, in the tract of country between the rivers Tees and Swale. Information is lacking mainly because the district is so thickly covered with Glacial and Recent deposits that, except at the extreme ends of this Tees-Swale stretch, rock is nowhere exposed. All the way from the Darlington country down to Catterick and beyond, for sheer lack of evidence the Trias—Magnesian Limestone boundary was assumed to be of normal, unfaulted character, but all was so uncertain that any borings in the area were likely to prove invaluable. How invaluable will be gathered from the following account of two recent bores, which throws an entirely new light, not only on the geological structure but also on the stratigraphy of this obscure region.
An Outline of the Geomorphological Evolution of British Malaya
Authors: Richardson J. A.
Published: May 2009

Much has been written about the alluvial tin deposits of Malaya by Wray, Scrivenor, Jones, Cameron, and others, but little has been published concerning the development of the country's drainage system. A complete geological bibliography for Malaya up to 1931 is given in Scrivenor's The Geology of Malaya (1931). The purpose of this paper is to record a few ideas developed by the writer during nearly five years of field work before war broke out in South-East Asia. The writer thanks Messrs. J. B. Scrivenor and E. S. Will-bourn, who read and commented upon the paper, and the Directorate of Military Survey, War Office, who supplied maps of Malaya.
The History of the German Geological Survey
Authors: Bentz Alfred
Published: May 2009

The “Prussian Geological Survey” was formed in Berlin on 1st January, 1873. This was the final step in a development which started at the very beginning of the science of geology. It soon became apparent that the best way to present the geological observations made in the field was to have them printed on maps, which. could easily be re-studied and corrected by subsequent surveyors. Besides this the collection of geological observations forms the base for the application of geology in mining and for other economic purposes. Geological maps soon proved to be indispensable.
The Origin of the Amphibole-Schist Series of Pahang, Malaya
Authors: Richardson J. A.
Published: May 2009

The Amphibole-Schist Series appears to be confined to Malaya east of the Main Range, and it is most abundantly developed in north-west Pahang. It occurs partly in the Main Range Foothills, partly between them and the Main Range granite in the Sua-Kerla-Kelubi-Tempoi river system of the Telom Valley, in the Jelai Kechil valley, in the Sungei Lipis and in the Chembatu-Batu-Cheroh system between Batu Malim and Cheroh, Raub District. So far as is known these crystalline schists do not extend far northwards into Kelantan, and they are likewise but poorly developed south of Pahang in Negri Sembilan. They are everywhere associated with the Arenaceous Formation of the Main Range Foothills, quartzites, quartzite-conglomerates, shales, cherts, phyllites, quartz- and mica-schists, which may be either Triassic according to Scrivenor (1911, 1931) or perhaps older than the adjacent Permocarboniferous shales and limestones according to Service, Alexander, and the writer (Ann. Rep., 1940, para. 39; 1939, 1946). In some areas they lie partly on the Main Range granite (Text-fig. 1).
A Remarkable Example of Superficial Folding due to Glacial Drag, near Aberystwyth
Authors: Challinor John
Published: May 2009

At a distance of about two and a half miles from Aberystwyth, the road leading eastwards towards Devil's Bridge curves round the north side of a small knoll on the ridge separating the larger valley of the Rheidol on the north from the smaller valley of the Paith on the south. The road here reaches a height of 400 feet and the knoll rises a further 100 feet above it. Opening directly from the south side of the road, a quarry (now disused) has been excavated in the knoll and in this quarry the Aberystwyth Grits present a very striking appearance, showing a zig-zag structure with one fold above the other.
Gala-Tarannon Beds in the Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh
Authors: Lamont Archie
Published: May 2009

Robert Etheridge, Jnr. (1874a, p. 310), records that the same species ofSpirorbisas that in the Lesmahgow Silurian occurs in the North Esk section. The D. J. Brown collection with the specimens referred to is missing at the Royal Scottish Museum; but it would be interesting to know how closely these specimens compare withS. lewisiiJ. de C. Sowerby from the English Wenlock and Ludlow.
On Dayia navicula (J. de C. Sowerby) and Whitfieldella canalis (J. de C. Sowerby) from the English Silurian
Authors: Alexander F. E. S.
Published: May 2009

During 1931–4 several hundred specimens of these two species were collected, including a quantity of excellently preserved silicified material from an exposure of the Dayia Shales (Elles and Slater, 1906, pp. 197 and 198), near Norton in Shropshire. Serial sections and development of the material have made possible the detailed descriptions which follow.
The Middle Grits of Derbyshire
Authors: Swinnerton H. H.
Published: May 2009

The River Amber on its way from the Erewash Valley Coalfield to its junction with the Derwent near Ambergate crosses the upturned edges of the Millstone Grit Series. Near the point where the river enters the grit belt at Bullbridge a boring for water was put down in the grounds of the Amber Dye Works during the latter half of the year 1936. My thanks are due to the directors of Stevensons (Dyers), Limited, for giving me every facility for examining the core, and to Mr. S. G. Clift for assisting me in the examination and in collecting. My thanks are also due to Dr. C. J. Stubblefield for valuable criticisms and suggestions during the writing up of this note.
The Geology and Petrography of Rockall.
Authors: Tyrrell G. W.
Published: May 2009

All students of the Thulean (Brito-Arctic) province of igneous rocks will be interested to learn of the landing effected on the islet of Rockall in June, 1921, by Dr. Charcot, of Antarctic fame, at the instigation of Professor A. Lacroix, of Paris, who has recently described the new material thus obtained. The writer believes that an account of the results so far achieved will be welcomed by British workers.
Note on the Geology of the Bath Springs
Authors: Rastall R. H.
Published: May 2009

The high temperature of the Bath springs, their saline character, and their content of radioactive substances all combine to show that the waters must rise from a great depth. If we take the average temperature of normal spring water at 50° F. and that of the Bath Springs at 120° F., this gives an excess of 70° above the normal. Accepting the usual temperature gradient in England as being 1° F. for every 64 feet of depth, this makes the position of the: ultimate source 4,480 feet below the surface. This figure must, however, be regarded as a minimum, since no allowance is here made for cooling on ascent. This is an unknown factor, and sufficient data are not available for a reliable estimate. In any case the depth is unlikely to be less than 5,000 ft. and is probably far greater. This water, then, is obviously something very unlike the ordinary surface springs fed by atmospheric waters circulating in the upper layers of the earth's crust.
The Term Gotlandian and its Implications
Authors: Greenly Edward
Published: May 2009

Some of us are old enough for our geological infancy to have been nourished on books which were written at a time when the “Silurian System” was threatening to annex the whole of the Lower Palaeozoic Rocks. Most of us welcomed Lapworth's arrangement, which now seems to have won general approbation. In the interim, however, the following compromises were proposed:

Neither of them has been widely adopted. It is to be noted that De Lapparent's proposal of “Gotlandian” was made because he had already made use of “Silurian” as an inclusive designation. His selection of the term was of course founded upon the fact that the beds in question are finely developed in Gothland.
Studies in the Corallian Lamellibranch Fauna of Oxford, Berks, and Wilts
Authors: Arkell W. J.
Published: May 2009

A Glance at the exhibited collections in any of our leading museums, such as the British Museum, the Geological Survey Museum, or the Oxford University Museum, shows that the naming and identification of many of the Mesozoic fossils is in a very unsatisfactory state. The private collector or the student who becomes thoroughly familiar with the fauna of his own district and then goes to these museums to classify and identify it will usually come away with many misconceptions. He finds, moreover, that the various museums contradict one another.
On the Probable Origin of the Members of the Bushveld Igneous Complex (Transvaal)
Authors: Sandberg C. G. S.
Published: May 2009

The Bushveld Igneous Complex lately formed the object of a study by the Shaler Memorial Fund Expedition and some members of the staff of the Geological Survey of South Africa, the principal object being to ascertain and fix its relation towards the upper division of the Waterberg Sedimentary System. Their report, published in the Journal of Geology, would seem to furnish the necessary complementary data to fix the origin of the magmatic complex concerned, to a degree of extreme probability, as may be shown in the following.
An Oolitic Rhaxella Chert from Little Hayes, South-East Essex
Authors: Davies A. Morley
Published: May 2009

I have been asked by Professor Gregory to examine and describe two pebbles which he has collected from the pre-glacial gravel of Little Hayes, in the Crouch Valley, South-East Essex. Examined in thin section under the microscope, one of these pebbles agrees very well with the typical chert of Arngrove (Bucks) and Studley (Oxon) in size of spicules, their mineralization, their number in a given field, and the proportion of angular sand-grains.
Note on Red Colouration under Climatic Influence in the Sudan
Authors: Grabham G. W.
Published: May 2009

The following remarks have been suggested by the perusal of Mr. E. B. Bailey's draft of his paper on the “Subterranean Penetration by a Desert Climate”.
Radioactivity and the Floor of the Oceans
Authors: MacCarthy Gerald R.
Published: May 2009

Recently a mechanism allowing the escape of the heat generated by radioactivity in the basaltic under-crust of the earth has been proposed by Dr. Holmes, and a very similar one by Dr. Joly has gained wide attention. In these theories the excess heat generated by radioactive changes is supposed to be dissipated by an alternate fusion and solidification of the basaltic magmas assumed to make up the lower levels of the outer crust, the heat escaping through the floor of the oceans during so long a period of time that while, in the aggregate, the amount of heat thus passed out is very great, yet at no time is the temperature of the oceans sensibly affected.
A Foraminiferous Clay at Bredwardine, Herefordshire
Authors: Grindley H. E.
Published: May 2009

Half a mile above Bredwardine Bridge on the Wye, 11½ miles above Hereford, the river on the right bank runs at the foot of an exposure of drift about 50 feet high, showing the following section: Clayey red sand with sandstone pebbles, subangular; lower 10 feet, more clayey with limestone and claystone pebbles, striated.
The Formation of Inselberge
Authors: Bain A. D. N.
Published: May 2009

1. Inselberge, which form striking features in the landscape of most of tropical Africa, have attracted the attention of many writers, and various theories have been advanced to explain their formation. Passarge (I) considered that desert conditions are the most favourable for their maintenance, as wind scour was believed to be a potent factor in the deepening of the hollows between them. Bornhardt (2) and Falconer (3) suggest that they may result from repeated cycles of pluvial erosion, due to normal crustal oscillations, and with this view Theile and Wilson agree (4). From a study of the inselberge in Nigeria, the writer will endeavour to show that the climate of the Sudan, with its alternate wet and dry seasons, is favourable to the production of inselberg landscape.
Note on the Interpretation of the Wegener Frequency Curve
Authors: Douglas G. Vibert , Douglas A. V.
Published: May 2009

Wegener bases his theory of the drifting continents on the assumption that there are two distinct levels to be taken into account, the surface of the masses of “sal” which form the continents and the surface of the “sima” in which they float. His justification of this fundamental assumption appears to be based on the frequency curve obtained by measuring heights positively and depths negatively from sea-level, and plotting the frequencies of such measurements as in Fig. 1. Because two maxima appear, Wegener draws the conclusion that therefore two layers must be considered as having been acted upon to produce the elevations and depressions of the earth's surface, and he implies that there would be but one maximum (Fig. 1, dotted curve) if only one layer were involved.
Eocene Echinoids from N.W. Peru
Authors: Brighton A. G.
Published: May 2009

The fossils to be described were collected by Messrs. C. Barrington Brown and R. A. Baldry, to whom I am indebted both for the opportunity of examining these forms and for the details given below of their horizon and locality, for which they are entirely responsible. The collection has been presented by them to the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge.
Tarsophlebiopsis mayi n.g. et n.sp., a Dragon-fly, found in the body-chamber of a Corallian Ammonite
Authors: Tillyard R. J.
Published: May 2009

The remarkable specimen dealt with in this paper was discovered by Mr. R. May, of Downing College, Cambridge, in the earlier part of the year 1922, and was forwarded to me by Mr. Henry Woods, F.R.S., for study and description. Mr. Woods informs me that “the specimen was found in the Boulder Clay of Hertfordshire, and consists of a portion of a body-chamber of a Perisphinctoid Ammonite in the matrix of which there are wings of a dragon-fly. The ammonite is, of course, derived. It has been examined by Dr. L. F. Spath, Dr. F. L. Kitchin, and Mr. J. Pringle, each of whom has stated that he believes it has come from the Ampthill Clay (of Corallian age)”.
A New Fossiliferous Deposit in West Sussex
Authors: Ferguson J. C.
Published: May 2009

At the southern end of Thorney Island, about three miles S.S.W. of Emsworth, in West Sussex, there are low cliffs of London Clay covered by Pleistocene deposits. The London Clay has been folded near the top, and its surface presents a series of basin-like depressions, 3 to 10 feet in diameter, and evidently caused by downward pressure. These basins are occupied by Pleistocene gravel, which contains numerous erratics—many of igneous rocks—and resembles the better-known Erratic Gravel of Selsey. The Erratic Gravel is covered by Coombe Rock and Brickearth, which form the top of the cliff, as shown in the diagram.
New Fossils from Girvan
Authors: Cowper Reed F. R.
Published: May 2009

Since the establishment of the two genera Tentaculites and Cornulites by Schlotheim in 1820 their relations have frequently been discussed, but no general agreement has been reached, and their characters have been differently defined by various authors, so that the generic position even of well-known species is rather an open question. For instance, the proper reference of “Tentaculites” anglicus Salter is still somewhat undecided.
The Crystalline Metamorphic Rocks of South-Western Togoland
Authors: Robertson Thomas
Published: May 2009

1. A belt of gneiss of dioritic composition lies along the west side of the Togo Range, and is exposed at intervals practically all the way from Pode to Atakpame.

2. Associated with it are hornblende- and mica-schists, garnet-amphibolites, and hypersthene-gneisses resembling rocks of the charnockite series. These last form the greater part of Agu Mountain, and also occur at several places along the foot of the Togo scarp.

3. The valley of the Dsawoë River appears to be in large part underlain by gabbro and dolerite types of rock, with associated dyke rocks.

4. A tract of garnetiferous biotite-gneiss, partly granitic in composition, occupies that part of the basin of the Amu River due south of Atakpame. It is associated with schists similar to those accompanying the dioritic gneiss.

5. Basic intrusions occur in the gneisses, e.g. serpentine at Djeti and pyroxenite north of Pode. A pyroxenite north of Akata is intrusive in rocks of the Togo series. No granitic intrusions were found.

6. The rocks described form a basement upon which the rocks of the Togo series and other younger ones rest.
The Zonal Nomenclature of the Upper Kimmeridge Clay
Authors: Neaverson E.
Published: May 2009

Previous to the year 1913 the English Kimmeridge Clay was divided into two zones only, which were believed tq be “intimately blended”. In 1913 Dr. H. Salfeld instituted a more detailed subdivision of eleven zones, the upper three of which constitute the Upper Kimmeridge Clay as since defined by Dr. F. L. Kitchin. Salfeld's sequence of zones was emended in 1922 by Messrs. Chatwin and Pringle, who showed that at Swindon the zone of Pectinatites pectinatus (Phill.) occurs below the Swindon Clay, and not above it, as Salfeld had supposed. In the early part of last year Mr. S. S. Buckman also presented a similar scheme of zones, and subdivided Salfeld's zone of P. pectinatus, which he placed in the Lower Portland, as in Salfeld's original scheme.
The Geology of Roade Cutting
Authors: Thompson Beeby
Published: May 2009

Roade cutting was considered to be one of the great works in the construction of the original London and Birmingham Railway (afterwards the London and North-Western Railway) between 1833 and 1838, being about 1½ mile in length, of considerable average depth, a good part of which consisted of hard rock—the Great Oolite Limestone.
River Drainage and the Production of Floods
Authors: Weatherall R.
Published: May 2009

A River flood is produced whenever the supply of water is in excess of what can be accommodated by the bed alone. Such a condition can be produced either by a sufficiently large obstruction in the bed of the river, or more frequently by an increase in the volume of water coming down the valley, or a combination of these two causes.
“Farey's Grit.”
Authors: Challinor J.
Published: May 2009

The present paper deals briefly with the historical aspect of the boundary between the Pendleside Series and the Millstone Grit Series in the Roches district and surrounding country of North Staffordshire some 4 miles north-east of Leek; and particularly with the term “ Farey's Grit ”. It seems to me probable that the difficulties as to limitation and classification of these divisions of the Carboniferous System are by no means limited to the small area with which I am familiar. The substance of this paper is derived from the works listed at the end, and has formed itself as a result of attempts to map the rocks in detail.
Note on Fossiliferous Strata on the Galapagos Islands explored by W. H. Ochsner of the Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences in 1905–6
Authors: Dall W. H.
Published: May 2009

One of the most interesting results of the exploration of the Galapagos Islands by the Academy's expedition was the discovery of sedimentary fossiliferous strata on several of the islands. A report was prepared with descriptions of the fossils by the writer in 1916, but the publication so far, has been delayed.

The interest attaching to this discovery is so great, the islands having been regarded hitherto as entirely eruptive, that it seems desirable to put on record a brief abstract of the results, as recorded by Mr. Ochsner.
Pedology as a Branch of Geology
Authors: Robinson Gilbert Wooding
Published: May 2009

To the geologist the soil is an inconvenient mantle hiding the more important material which he wishes to study. Even the drift geologist, who is more particularly interested in superficial deposits, generally dismisses the soil as lying above his zone of interest. Yet the processes which go on in the soil horizons have an importance apart from their significance in practical agriculture. The study of soils has, perhaps, suffered from its close relationship to practical affairs, for it has naturally been left to the agricultural chemist, who has been obliged to approach it with an applied bias. We have in our own country scarcely any research in which the material is treated from a purely scientific point of view and studied in the same way as rocks have been studied by geologists.
Fossil Arthropods from the Tyne Coalfield
Authors: Gill E. Leonard
Published: May 2009

Remains of arthropods are among the rarest of fossils in the Coal Measures. Rare as they are, however, they have been recorded in some numbers from nearly all the principal coalfields, including those of the British Isles, the Continent of Europe, and North America. But of the larger British coalfields, that of Northumberland and Durham appeared till recently to be conspicuously poor in fossil arthropods.
On the Contemporaneity of Certain Ammonite Beds in England and France
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

ON the advice of Prof. L. W. Collet, of the University of Geneva, M. E. Bovier has, for several years now, been studying the Liassic deposits in what he terms the “second range” of the Jura Mountains, north of Bellegarde in the Department of the Ain, France. He collected a large number of ammonites in the quarry at Prébasson, near Champfromier, where the Upper Sinemurian is well developed, especially deposits in the oxynotum zone. The stratigraphical details and full lists of fossils have now been published by M. Bovier in a paper entitled “Les Ammonites du Simémurien supérieur de Champfromier (Jura français)”. The object of the present note is merely to direct attention to some facts of importance for the correlation of Liassic deposits, facts that confirm the suspected unsoundness of polyhemeral Liassic chronology. The whole problem of correlation over wider areas is being discussed more fully in connection with higher beds in the Jurassic. M. Bovier compared his ammonites with the Liassic material in the Geological Department of the British Museum, collected in the corresponding Upper Sinemurian beds at Charmouth. For it was Dr. Lang's collection, in the first instance, being the only material available that had been carefully collected, on which the original subzones (within the obtusum zone) were based, as well as the later subdivisions of the oxynotum and raricostatum zones. I ought to make it clear in this connection that the term zone is here used in its original meaning. Thus d' Orbigny in 1850 already spoke of his Kimmeridgian stage as the “zone of Ammonites lallieri, of Ostrea deltoidea and O. virgula,” while Oppel, six years later, wrote of “zones” or “horizons” as being distin uished by the constant and exclusive occurrence of certain species. Therefore the zone is defined by the range or vertical distribution of species (or better an assemblage of organic remains), irrespective of stratal or lithological incidentals. Sub-zones consequently are smaller divisions of geological time, characterized by the local restriction of certain index species. The value of these local subzones for purposes of an ideal time-scale (Oppel's “ideales Profil”), in my opinion, is nil. If the Champfromier sequence had been worked out before that at Charmouth, the order of Upper Sinemurian “hemerae” (rashly adopted in some textbooks) would have been very different. It is clear that the restricted occurrence of any particular ammonite at a given locality is something entirely different from the actual date of existence (range or hemera) of this species.
Leucite-Basanite in East Lothian
Authors: Balsillie D.
Published: May 2009

ONE mile due east of Tantallon Castle, on the East Lothian coast, there stands a conspicuous tower or beacon. Its purpose is to afford an offshore warning to mariners. It has been constructed upon the seaward extremity of a northerly-extending ridge of volcanic ash or agglomerate. In recent years the rocks exposed here have been carefully examined by a well-known Edinburgh geologist, the late Mr. T. Cuthbert Day, and his results are reported in an interesting paper entitled “Volcanic Vents on the Coast, from Tantallon Castle eastwards to Peffer Sands, and at Whitberry Point” (Trans. Edin. Geol. Soc., xii, 1930, p. 213). Mr. Day thought that the ash and agglomerate lying south of the beacon represented the materials belonging to two contiguous but distinct volcanic vents of Lower Carboniferous age. To the twin orifices he applied the designation—“ The Car Double Vent.” In the northerly vent there occur two basaltic intrusions intersecting the pyroclastic rock. One of these, an irregular 4 ft. dyke, trends north-west hard by the easterly side of the beacon. The other, an oval plug covering 500 square feet, or thereby, is situated about 100 yards to the south-east. Both masses were determined petrographically by Mr. Day as “ dark red basalt with conspicuous dark crystals of augite, somewhat decomposed, but appearing under the microscope to approach a limburgitic type ”. It is in reference to these “ limburgitic ” intrusions that I present the following brief note, because, lately, I have discovered that they consist of leucite-basanite, a rock of basic felspathoidal character not previously known to occur in this country.
Rhaphidograptus, a new Graptolite Genus.
Authors: Bulman O. M. B.
Published: May 2009

THE genus Dimorphograptus was founded by Lapworth (1876) for uni-biserial graptolites transitional between Diplograptus and Monograptus, evolution along what is now termed the “ Monograptid trend ” leading to the production of a uniserial proximal portion of the rhabdosome. Akidograptus has been proposed more recently by K. A. Davies for an early stage in the Dimorphograptus series, represented by the species Ak. acuminatus (Nicholson) and Ak. ascensus Davies.
The Geology of an Area in the Kavirondo District, Kenya Colony
Authors: Pulfrey William
Published: May 2009

Previous to 1931 the Kakamega area, in the Central Kavirondo Reserve of Western Kenya, was almost unknown from a geological standpoint. Gregory (1, 1921) had made brief references to it, but no detailed geological or petrographical examinations had been made of any part. Following on the discovery there in 1931 of alluvial and reef gold, and subsequently the entry of mining companies into the field, a great deal of geological research has been carried out.
During 1934–5 the author, whilst mapping a 35 square miles concession (originally owned by the Eldoret Mining Syndicate—E.M.S.—and subsequently examined by East Africa Concessions, Ltd.), was enabled to make a detailed field examination of a part of the area, and later to examine a series of thin slices of the rocks concerned. The account now given is based on facts accumulated during these investigations.
Arctic and Some Other Species of Streptelasma
Authors: Cox Ian
Published: May 2009

Collections of fossils from the Lower Palaeozoic rocks of the Arctic usually contain species ofStreptelasma. These, with other forms, have often been considered indicative of horizon. Now it is unfortunately true that none of the original descriptions or figures of species described from the Arctic, or of those relevant species long known in America, are adequate for strict identification. It is a matter for no surprise, therefore, that many false identifications have been made.
On a Freshwater Shale with Viviparus from Johore (Malay States)
Authors: Cox L. R.
Published: May 2009

The fossiliferous rock now reported upon has been submitted to me by Mr. E. S. Willbourn, Director of the Geological Survey of the Federated Malay States, in the hope that examination of the fossils might lead to some definite conclusion as to the age of the coal-bearing strata with which it is associated. The locality is Durian Chondong, Kepong, in the Unfederated Malay State of Johore, and the material examined comprises a number of bore samples obtained from depths varying from 88 feet to 145 feet. These all consist of a grey marly shale containing numerous fossil shells, mainly more or less crushed, but sometimes well preservedand even retaining traces of their colour-ornamentation. The only other fossils obtained from the samples, beyond a few obscure plant impressions, are some small and indeterminate fish teeth.
The Compression and Stretching of Continental Layers
Authors: Thompson P. R.
Published: May 2009

The forces which produced the folds of the Alps, and caused waves of compression to be transmitted as far as the Weald, may have been sufficiently powerful to start a drift displacement of Europe towards the north-east. As there does not appear to have been any similar compression in North America, a north-easterly movement of Europe would have caused shear in the strong continental layers which are considered to have connected the two continents. Tensile stresses would probably have arisen in these layers, unless the layers had begun to thin out before the state of tension was reached. There would have been a limit to the extent to which thinning could have proceeded, since a certain thickness of rock would have been needed to produce the necessary stress-differences. This thinning out process may have come into operation, except in a number of kilometres immediately below the surface, where tensile stresses may have arisen as drift continued. Under these circumstances the uppermost part of the crust would have sagged upon the thinning region, nd been broken up by a system of tension fractures.
The Distribution of Deep-focus Earthquakes
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

During the years 1918–1931, there were 270 earthquakes with unusually deep foci, 167 in the Northern Hemisphere, 101 in the Southern, and two with epicentres on the equator. The normal depth of focus is assumed to be about 50 km. or ·008 of the earth's radius. The focal depths of the above earthquakes range from ·005 to ·090 of the earth's radius below the normal depth, or from 50 to 380 miles beneath the surface. Throughout this paper, the depth, when given in terms of the earth's radius, is referred to the normal depth; when given in miles, to the surface of the earth.
Note on a Pegmatitic Hornblende from the Carsphairn Complex
Authors: Deer W. A.
Published: May 2009

A Number of small pegmatitic patches occur in the development of the later stages of the hornblende hybrids of the Cairnsmore of Carsphairn Complex. These are best seen on the eastern side of the Gairy of Cairnsmore, and it is within these pockets of late residuum crystallization that this hornblende occurs. The pegmatites consist of milky quartz, greenish-black hornblende and a clove coloured sphene. The two latter minerals develop idiomorphic crystals. The hornblende, though usually only 1½ inch in length, occasionally grows to 1½ inches long in slender prismatic crystals showing the faces (100), (110), (110), (130), (130), (010), (011), and (011).
Genesis of Rhombic Pyroxene in Thermal Metamorphism
Authors: Tilley C. E.
Published: May 2009

Rhombic pyroxene as a constituent of thermally altered sediments has hitherto been recorded only from a few contact zones, and, as the conditions under which it is generated in metamorphosed sediments are of some interest, these may be examined.
The Greenstone Ridge at Ty'n-y-coed, Radnorshire
Authors: Smith H. G.
Published: May 2009

In an earlier paper (8)an olivine-basalt was described from this locality; the present contribution may be looked upon as a continuation of the study then begun. This basalt is best exposed at the southern end of the ridge in a small quarry, but several exposures are to be seen farther north. All these, where the compact, fresh-looking basalt is to be observed, are situated along or near the eastern margin of the ridge, a fact particularly well shown near the northern end. On the western side of this strip are several exposures of fine-grained, brownish rock, so well jointed that it is almost impossible to get a good specimen; an additional feature of importance is that the exposed surfaces are frequently striated. That these striations are not of glacial origin is demonstrated by their occurrence on newly-quarried surfaces, and also by the fact that specimens bounded on two sides by these striated surfaces may be collected.
Extensions of the Monteregian Petrographical Province to the West and North-West
Authors: Stansfield J.
Published: May 2009

The occurrences herein described have been brought to light as a result of the work of the Road Materials Division of the Geological Survey of Canada. Those at Ste. Monique and at Husereau's Farm, near Oka, were discovered by Mr. H. Gauthier in 1916 (1), and those at Isle Cadieux, Como and Cascades Point were discovered by Mr. R. H. Picher in the same year (2). It is owing to the kindness and courtesy of Mr. William McInnes, at that time directing geologist of the Geological Survey of Canada, and of Dr. L. Reinecke, at that time chief of the Road Materials Division of the Geological Survey of Canada, that the writer has been given the opportunity of studying these rocks.
Intrusion of Cone-Sheets
Authors: Kuenen Ph. H.
Published: May 2009

Summary

Evidence from Mull and Ardnamurchan is brought forward to show that the injection of cone-sheets is accompanied by a vertical lifting of the upper wall. This confirms Anderson's explanation. It is argued that the fracturing and injection are of a quite sudden character and that it is in the nature of the process that no evidence from recent volcanoes has yet been obtained of contemporary cone-sheet injection.
On the Carboniferous FishEucenturus paradoxus, Traquair
Authors: Moy-Thomas J. A.
Published: May 2009

A Remarkable little fossil fish,Eucenturus paradoxus, was described by Traquair (1905) from a single specimen from the Calciferous Sandstone Series of Ardross, Fifeshire. Traquair's description is as follows: “This extraordinary little organism measures 2⅜ inches in length, of which ½ inch may be allotted to the head, and ¾ inch to the body, and 1⅛ inch to the tail. The head is a mass of calcareous matter, in which something suggestive of a broad curved mandible can be seen, but admits of no further description. The body, ⅜ inch broad in front, is composed of a greyish film, which, when examined by a strong lens, is seen to consist entirely of minute, slender, slightly-curved and sharp-pointed spinelets. The tail is tapering in form, consisting of amorphouslookingcalcareous matter, but on each side (assuming that the creature is crushed vertically) is a conspicuous row of double spinelets arranged exactly opposite each other. From a common base arise two spinelets, which are placed close together, and nearly parallel to each other; one of them, the anterior, being only half the length of the posterior one, which just behind the body may attain a length of 1/16 inch, though towards the end of the tail they become smaller; both spinelets are slender, slightly curved, round in transverse section, smooth externally, sharply pointed, and traversed internally by a central tubular pulp cavity. No trace either of internal skeleton, or of limbs, or of fins of any sort can be seen.”
The Shell of Cornulites
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

The Geological Department of the British Museum is much indebted to Dr. Cowper Reed for his careful description of the Girvan fossils which he assigns to Cornulites (Geol. Mag., Vol. LX, 1923, pp. 268–76). A slight correction, unfortunately, is necessary. Various specimens received from Mrs. Robert Gray as “Tentaculites” were registered in the Department under the numbers correctly quoted by Dr. Reed. He himself, in returning the specimens to us, pointed out, also correctly, that some of them were of quite different nature. He omitted, however, in some instances, to remove those numbers from the lists that he quoted. To prevent further confusion, the numbers to be cancelled are given below. At the same time, opportunity is taken to quote the number of the specimen that is hereby selected as the holotype of each new species. The numbers then remaining will denote the paratypes.
Nomenclature and Relations of the Lamprophyres
Authors: Stansfield J.
Published: May 2009

The alnoites form one of the rarest groups of dike rocks. Owing to their restricted distribution, they have remained comparatively little known, outside of the original alnoite of Alnö I., and a few North American occurrences, until the last few years. Recently, owing to discoveries in Canada (near Montreal), and near the Bohemian Mittelgebirge (in the Polzen valley), a great deal of interesting information regarding the alnoites has come to hand, which shows that the alnoites form a composite group of great interest; that the field relations of the alnoites indicate that absorption of limestone may have had an important effect in establishing the type of magma from which the alnoites are derived; and that absorption of limestone has undoubtedly given rise to a number of interesting rock types, which are to be regarded as branches of the main alnoitic stem. Most of these new rock types have been described by Scheumann (1), from the Polzen district. Some have been found near Montreal, and have been described by Harvie (2), Bowen (3), Howard (4), and the writer (5). The description by the writer of a plutonic rock (okaite) from near Montreal, which is clearly related to the hypabyssal alnoite group, adds interest to a general view of this group of lamprophyre dikes, and suggests ideas which may be extended to the monchiquite, fourchite, and camptonite groups of dike rocks.
Sandstone “Dykes” in the Dodoma District of Tanganyika Territory
Authors: Reeve W. H.
Published: May 2009

Sandstone “dykes” have not previously been noted in Tanganyika Territory. Those described below were observed by the writer while engaged in regional mapping in the Dodoma district during 1936.
Note on the Sequence across Central Spitsbergen from Advent Bay to Agardhs Bay
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

The collections described by Mr. Spath were made during Sir Martin Conway's Expedition across Spitsbergen in 1896, and include also those then collected by Professor Garwood and presented by him to the British Museum of Natural History.
On Camerina petri M. G. Rutten and Nummulites striatoreticulatus L. Rutten
Authors: Barker R. Wright
Published: May 2009

During recent work on a collection of Camerinidae from Mexico the species recently described by M. G. Rutten, from Cuba, were considered in some detail, since Cuban and Mexican foraminiferal faunas show close affinities. No Cuban species of Camerina or Operculina were found in the Mexican Tertiary material, but some interesting points were discovered regarding Camerina petri Rutten.
On the Differentiation of the Glen More Ring-dyke, Mull
Authors: Koomans Cath , Kuenen Ph. H.
Published: May 2009

Summary

New analyses are given of the Glen More Ring-dyke. The basic end of the variation diagram is found to differ considerably from that of the Normal Magma Series. The magma variation is explained by gravitative sinking of augite and iron-ore (and plagioclase), the olivine of the Normal Series playing only a subordinate part. Various objections are brought forward to the explanation of the magmas by hybridization. The peculiar microscopic aspect of the intermediate rocks is tentatively attributed to pneumatolytic emanations from the lower reaches of the column. It is shown that a gradual transition from basic to acid already existed before the final consolidation of the magma took place.
The Evolution of the Granodioritic Rocks of the South-Eastern End of the Kopaonik Batholith, Yugoslavia
Authors: Wilson Gilbert
Published: May 2009

Summary and Conclusions

The composite granodiorite batholith of the Kopaonik Mountains forms one of the more southerly members of the peri-Adriatic tonalitic intrusions. In the area discussed in this paper it intrudes a series of sedimentary rocks which range from dominantly calcareous to pelitic types. Metamorphism of these rocks has produced crystalline limestones, skarns, and calc-silicate hornfelses, which grade downwards into mica-, amphibole-, epidote-, and locally cordierite-bearing rocks. The pelitic and amphibole-bearing hornfelses are in immediate proximity to the batholith on the surface. The amphibole-bearing types are mainly confined to a relatively small area, well within the zone of high-grade metamorphism and overlying the southerly pitching nose of the intrusion. With them are associated hornfelses which carry porphyroblasts of albitic feldspar. It appears that the persistence of the amphibole and the development of these feldspar porphyroblasts may have been caused by hydrous and probably sodic emanations which permeated the sediments above and ahead of the advancing igneous mass.
The Nomenclature of Some Lower Chalk Ammonites
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

One of the most widely quoted but least common Chalk ammonites is Ammonites navicularis Mantell, which has been the subject of a very careful paper by the late G. C. Crick. Judging by the literature, however, this species is still generally misunderstood, and inquiries from correspondents are partly responsible for the present note. There is no doubt that widely different forms have been included in A. navicularis, from Sowerby's time (1827) down to the present (e.g. Collignon, 1931), and I have on previous occasions separated, with new names certain forms wrongly attributed to this species by Sharpe (1857), Guéranger (1867), and de Grossouvre (1912). But although a good deal remains to be done, without figuring typical specimens and without having material for comparison from India, Portugal, and Madagascar, it is not advisable to express opinions on the ammonites figured as A. navicularis by yet other authors, e.g. Stoliczka (1865), Choffat (1898), or Boule Lemoine, and Thévenin (1907).
The Glaciation of Ireland
Authors: Kendall Percy F.
Published: May 2009

DURING the year 1920 two contributions on the subject of Irish Glacial Geology have appeared, differing greatly in scope and treatment. Mr. Wright's paper on “Minor Periodicity in Glacial Retreat” is frankly speculative, but his speculations are based upon an accurate and fairly exhaustive survey of the glacial evidences in the country about the head of Kenmare River, the deep ria lying between Bantry Bay, Dingle Bay, and the lake region of Killarney.
The Relative Age of Concretions
Authors: Richardson W. Alfred
Published: May 2009

The age of a concretion, relative to that of the parent-rock, must be either:—

1. Contemporaneous.—The concretion grew on the sea-floor at the same time, and at about the same rate, as the surrounding deposit was laid down.

2. Penecontemporaneous.—The concretion segregated more or less close to the surface of recently deposited sediment.

3. Subsequent.—The concretion formed after deposition had finished, and after the strata had largely consolidated, but, perhaps, before cementation had taken place to any noteworthy extent.
The Boulders of the Travellers' Rest Gravel Pit, Cambridge
Authors: Whealler J. E. A.
Published: May 2009

ABOUT twelve years ago Dr. R. H. Rastall and Mr. J. Romanes published an account of the Boulders of the Cambridge Drift. In this paper a list was given of the rock-types recognized at that time in the gravels of the Travellers' Rest Pit, situated about a mile north-west of the town of Cambridge on the Huntingdon Road. Since that time Professor Marr has paid much attention to this pit, among others, with special reference to the Palæolithic implements there found. He has embodied his results in two important papers. In the course of this work Professor Marr collected a number of interesting erratics, and the same pit has also been investigated by many geologists connected with the University, both members of the Sedgwick Club and others. During the last ten years, though the North Pit has been abandoned, the South Pit has been very actively worked for gravel, and has been greatly increased in size. In consequence of this a large amount of additional material has been collected, including many new types, while some of the older specimens, whose origin had been left indeterminate by Rastall and Romanes, have been now identified. Hence it is felt that the time has now arrived when these more recent results should be put on record.
Rejuvenation on Akpatok Island: A Topographical Unconformity in North-Eastern Canada
Authors: Cox Ian
Published: May 2009

In the summer of 1931 the Oxford University Hudson Straits Expedition spent five weeks on Akpatok Island, Ungava Bay, North-Eastern Canada. It was then that the writer made notes which result in the following communication.
Notes on the Geology of Sule Stack, Orkney
Authors: Stewart Malcolm
Published: May 2009

Sule Stack is composed of an orthogneiss traversed by shatter belts and small pegmatite veins composed of microcline and quartz. The chief constituent minerals of the gneiss are oligoclase and orthoclase felspars, hornblende altering towards chlorite, augite, and apatite. In addition some sections show magnetite and a few quartz. Comparisons are made between the gneiss of Sule Stack and that of the neighbouring island of Sule Skerry.
The Age of the Rocks and Topography of Middle Northern Iceland
Authors: Hawkes L.
Published: May 2009

Northern Iceland between Skagafjord on the west and Skjalfandi Bay on the east is a deeply dissected upland built up of plateau basalts with subordinate intercalations of clastic volcanic sediments. The main valley, the Eyjafjord, is traceable northwards as a groove in the sea floor down to–500 metres. To the east of the upland the country is less elevated; marine Pliocene deposits are present in the Tjörnes peninsula, and recent lava flows are prominent. The contrasted regions adjoin along the BarQardal fault running N.–S. and marking the western boundary of the great graben which has been the site of Recent and Quaternary volcanic activity. Thoroddsen considered the upland rocks to be Tertiary (Miocene) in age, and that the Pliocene sediments had been laid down in a bay formed after the faulting and erosion of the older series.
Problems of Ammonite Nomenclature. 2. Schlotheim's Types of Ammonites Capricornus
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

In my Catalogue of the Ammonites of the Liassic Family Liparo-ceratidae in the British Museum, now in press, I was obliged to discuss one of the commonest and most widely quoted of ammonite species, namely Schlotheim's Amm. capricornus.1 Clearly it was impossible to ignore this species, merely because “its precise application was not known”2 I am not only in agreement with H. Douvillé3 that it is of capital importance always to respect a specific [trivial] name, however much generic names may be changed, but among the foreign ammonites in the British Museum there were several different forms labelled Amm.