bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulation of polar stratospheric clouds in the specified dynamics version of the whole atmosphere community climate model
Authors: Wegner T. , Kinnison D. E. , Garcia R. R. , Solomon S.
Published: April 2013

We evaluate the simulation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) in the Specified Dynamics version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model for the Antarctic winter 2005. In this model, PSCs are assumed to form instantaneously at a prescribed supersaturation, with a prescribed size distribution and number density. We use satellite observations of the Antarctic winter 2005 of nitric acid, water vapor, and PSCs to test and improve this PSC parameterization. Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization observations since 2006 show that in both hemispheres, the dominant PSC type throughout the entire polar winter is a mixture of Nitric Acid Trihydrate (NAT) and Supercooled Ternary Solutions droplets, but typical assumptions about PSC formation in the model at a given supersaturation do not produce such a population of particles and lead to earlier removal of HNO3 from the gas phase compared to observations. In our new PSC scheme, the formation of mixed PSCs is forced by only allowing a fraction of total available HNO3 to freeze to NAT and the remaining part to form STS. With this approach, a mixture of both is present throughout the winter, in agreement with observations. This approach yields good agreement with observations in terms of temperature‐dependent removal of gas‐phase HNO3 and irreversible denitrification. In addition to nitric acid containing PSCs, we also investigate ice PSCs. We show that the choice of required saturation ratio of water vapor for ice formation can significantly improve the calculated vertical distribution of water vapor and is required to produce good agreement with observations.
Diagnosing evaporative fraction over land from boundary‐layer clouds
Authors: Gentine Pierre , Ferguson Craig R. , Holtslag Albert A. M.
Published: April 2013

The potential use of continental fair‐weather shallow cumuli as a way to retrieve the daily surface evaporative fraction over land is evaluated in convective conditions. The proposed method utilizes the fact that both the timing of cloud occurrence and the cloud‐base height at the time of occurrence provide strong constraints on the surface energy balance and evaporative fraction. The retrieval is especially reliable in the presence of relatively stable and humid‐free troposphere profiles. The advantage of the method is that it provides a more direct estimate of the surface evaporative fraction than indirect estimation based on inversion of a highly parameterized land‐surface model. In addition, the evaporative fraction is obtained at a scale of a few kilometers, which is more pertinent for weather and climate studies. The retrieval strategy is tested and validated for three contrasting climates: the U.S. southern Great Plains, West Africa, and the Netherlands. We suggest that the use of satellite observations of shallow cumuli can help constrain the retrieval of the surface evaporative fraction within a data assimilation scheme/reanalysis.
Simulating the effect of potassium fertilization on carbon sequestration in soil
Authors: Bar‐Yosef Bnayahu , Ben Asher Jiftah
Published: April 2013

The impact of horticultural management on carbon sequestration in soils has been limited so far to tillage and nitrogen fertilization. Our objective was to evaluate by mathematical modeling the effect of potassium fertilization on CO2 binding in cropland soils. The developed model integrates three subunits: (1) A published simulator of crop dry‐matter (DM) production in response to N, P, K fertilization, but not DM partitioning; (2) a published soil–crop–atmosphere model predicting crop yield and DM partitioning as a function of N but not K fertilization; (3) an original model computing the organic‐inorganic carbon transformations, inorganic‐carbon reactions and transport in soil, CO2 diffusion, and soil carbon sequestration. The model described the K‐fertilization effect on C binding in soil as a function of the soil pH, the Ca2+ concentration in the soil solution, hydraulic properties, air temperature, and crop DM production, and partitioning characteristics. In scenarios of corn (Zea mays L.) growth in clayey soil and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in loam soil, the computed K‐induced CO2 sequestration amounted to ≈ 14.5 and 24 kg CO2 (kg K)–1, respectively (0 vs. 100 kg ha–1 K application). The soil CO2 sequestration declined by 8% when corn grew in sandy instead of clayey soil and by 20% when the temperature was 10°C higher than the temperature prevailing in mild semiarid zones. All predicted CO2‐sequestration results were approximately 30‐fold higher than the 0.6 kg CO2 emitted per kg of K manufactured in industry.
Discrepancies in utilization of density fractionation along with ultrasonic dispersion to obtain distinct pools of soil organic matter
Authors: Griepentrog Marco , Schmidt Michael W. I.
Published: April 2013

Density fractionation along with ultrasonic dispersion is widely applied in soil science to obtain distinct fractions of soil organic matter. Density cut‐off and dispersion energy are crucial parameters to yield fractions closely corresponding to their conceptual definitions. Our literature review revealed methodological discrepancies in the utilization of density‐fractionation schemes. Strikingly, reasons for the selection of specific density or dispersion energy were rarely explained. Thus, it is not known how results of different approaches relate to each other. We therefore recommend testing and reporting effects of fractionation parameters on chemical and physical properties of fractions, to achieve agreement and coherence on parameters to be used and facilitate comparability in future studies.
Effects of climatic control on tomato yield and nutritional quality in Mediterranean screenhouse
Authors: Leyva Rocío , Constán‐Aguilar Christian , Blasco Begoña , Sánchez‐Rodríguez Eva , Romero Luis , Soriano Teresa , Ruíz Juan M
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUND

The quality of vegetables for fresh consumption is a complex issue. In this study the yield and quality of cherry tomato fruits were assessed under different environmental control conditions, namely in a screenhouse (S), in a screenhouse equipped with a fogging system (SF) and in a screenhouse with complements such as plastic sheeting to maintain the microclimate created by the fogging system (SFS), as well as under open field (OF) cultivation. Levels of vitamin C, carotenoids (lycopene, β‐carotene and lutein), phenolic compounds (flavonoids and phenolic acids), sugars (fructose, glucose and sucrose), organic acids (citric acid and malic acid) and flavour indices were measured. The aim of the study was to determine how different environmental control technologies could influence production and quality traits in tomato cherry fruits cultivated in a Mediterranean area.

RESULTS

The results showed that the fogging system treatment's decline in maximum vapour pressure deficit (by 0.7 kPa compared with OF cultivation), increase in mean fruit weight (by about 4 g per fruit) and low radiation and temperature values may exert a positive effect on lycopene accumulation.

CONCLUSION

For the production and nutritional parameters measured, it is postulated that the fogging system treatment offers a better balance between production and nutritional quality. This treatment proved to be best in terms of productivity, vitamin C and lycopene contents and antioxidant capacity. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Serum miR‐19a expression correlates with worse prognosis of patients with non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Lin Qunying , Chen Tingjian , Lin Qingyu , Lin Guosheng , Lin Juan , Chen Guohuan , Guo Lijing
Published: April 2013

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression levels of miR‐19a in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissue and serum, and to clarify the relationships of serum miR‐19a expression with clinical factors and prognosis of NSCLC patients.

Methods

Expression levels of miR‐19a in 25 paired NSCLC, paracancerous tissues and serum, and sera from 103 controls and 201 NSCLC patients were respectively detected using real‐time quantitative PCR.

Results

Compared with the paracancerous tissue, miR‐19a was overexpressed in NSCLC tissue (P = 0.006), and there was a strong correlation between expression levels of miR‐19 in 25 paired sera and tissues (P = 0.001). Serum miR‐19a expression in NSCLC patients was significantly upregulated compared with those in healthy individuals (P = 0.001). High serum miR‐19a expression was significantly correlated with TNM stage and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.004 and 0.017, respectively). Survival analysis revealed that overall survival rate of patients with high serum miR‐19a expression was significantly worse than those of patients with low serum miR‐19a expression (hazard ratio = 1.438, 95% confidence interval 1.007–2.052, P = 0.046).

Conclusion

High serum miR‐19a expression may be an independent poor prognostic factor for survival in NSCLC patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:767–771. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Biodegradable Polymersome Containing Bcl‐xL siRNA and Doxorubicin as a Dual Delivery Vehicle for a Synergistic Anticancer Effect
Authors: Kim Hyun‐Ouk , Kim Eunjung , An Yonghee , Choi Jihye , Jang Eunji , Choi Eun Bi , Kukreja Aastha , Kim Myeong‐Hoon , Kang Byunghoon , Kim Dong‐Joo , Suh Jin‐Suck , Huh Yong‐Min , Haam Seungjoo
Published: April 2013

Combined cancer treatment via co‐delivery of siRNAs and an anticancer drug can be a promising strategy due to the synergistic effect of simultaneously minimizing gene/drug administration. In this study, Bcl‐xL siRNA and doxorubicin (DOX) are encapsulated into designed methoxy‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(D,L‐lactic acid) (mPEG‐b‐PLA) block copolymer polymersomes (PSomes). A study of the cytotoxicity of Bcl‐xL siRNA and DOX co‐encapsulated PSomes (CPSomes) shows more inhibited proliferation of MKN‐45 and MKN‐28 human gastric cancer cell lines than only gene‐ and drug‐loaded ones. Consequently, these results demonstrate that co‐delivery of genes and drugs using PSomes results in a synergistic efficacy and indicates the potential of PSomes as efficient nanocarriers for combined cancer therapy.

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The Role of Baseline Physical Similarity to Humans in Consumer Responses to Anthropomorphic Animal Images
Authors: Connell Paul M.
Published: April 2013

While humans have a long history of anthropomorphizing animals and the use of animal imagery in the marketplace and popular culture is commonplace, the phenomenon has received little attention. This research investigates the role of how consumers respond to anthropomorphic portrayals of animal mascots that differ on their baseline physical resemblance to humans. In order to test this assertion, an experimental study was conducted with 62 undergraduate participants from a large state university in the Northeastern United States. Results from the study indicate that evaluations of anthropomorphic portrayals of animals with a lower baseline physical similarity to humans are less favorable than nonanthropomorphic portrayals. In contrast, evaluations of anthropomorphic portrayals of animals with a higher baseline physical similarity are more favorable than nonanthropomorphic portrayals.
Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in various water types by zinc gluconate
Authors: Ivušić F. , Lahodny‐Šarc O. , Alar V.
Published: April 2013

The effect of zinc gluconate on the corrosion inhibition of carbon steel DIN RSt 37‐2 in various water types has been evaluated using Tafel polarization and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Experiments were performed using 6 types of water, namely, soft tap water from Dubrovnik region, hard tap water from Zagreb region, 3.5% sodium chloride solution, sea water from Dubrovnik region, biologically inert sea water from Dubrovnik region and demineralized water. The concentration of zinc gluconate varied from 0.1 to 3 gl–1. The results show that substantial corrosion inhibition using zinc gluconate can be obtained with low concentrations in tap waters along with demineralized water and with moderate concentrations in 3.5% sodium chloride solution and sea waters. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of zinc ions which are incorporated in the protective layer of carbon steel specimen. The corrosion inhibition is predominately obtained by anodic mechanism.
Detection and geographical distribution of the organophosphate resistance‐associated Δ3Qace mutation in the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi)
Authors: Kakani Evdoxia G. , Sagri Efthymia , Omirou Michalis , Ioannides Ioannis M. , Mathiopoulos Kostas D.
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUND

The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is the most important pest of olives. Its control is based mostly on organophosphate (OP) insecticides, a practice that has led to resistance development. OP resistance in B. oleae has been associated with three mutations in the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the product of ace gene. The current study presents new diagnostic tests for the detection of the ace mutations and aims at monitoring the frequency of the Δ3Q mutation, which appears associated with resistance at higher OP doses in natural olive fly populations.

RESULTS

An allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a PCR‐RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) and a Taq‐Man test were developed for the Δ3Q mutation detection and a new duplex quantitative PCR assay was designed for the G488S and I214V mutations. Moreover, the frequency of Δ3Q mutation was examined in ten populations of eight countries around the Mediterranean basin. The highest frequencies (10%) were found in Greece and Italy, whereas a gradual decrease of Δ3Q frequency towards the western Mediterranean was noted.

CONCLUSION

Robust tests for insecticide resistance mutations at their incipient levels are essential tools to monitor the increase and geographical spread of such mutations. Three different tests were developed for AChE‐Δ3Q that indicated its association with OP applications across the Mediterranean. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Value of transvaginal sonography in diagnosing heterotopic pregnancy after in‐vitro fertilization with embryo transfer
Authors: Li X. H. , Ouyang Y. , Lu G. X.
Published: April 2013

Objectives

To assess the value of transvaginal sonography (TVS) in the diagnosis of heterotopic pregnancy (HP) in the first trimester after in‐vitro fertilization with embryo transfer (IVF‐ET).

Methods

This was a retrospective review of women undergoing IVF‐ET between January 2005 and December 2011. Women were diagnosed with an HP using TVS if a visible intrauterine gestational sac was observed with any of the following: (i) an inhomogeneous adnexal mass; (ii) an empty extrauterine gestational sac seen as a hyperechoic ring; or (iii) a yolk sac and/or fetal pole with or without cardiac activity in an extrauterine sac.

Results

Overall, 16 483 consecutive women who underwent IVF had TVS during the study. Of these, 174 cases were diagnosed on TVS as having an HP, and 10 cases were missed. Fifty‐two cases were treated expectantly and were excluded from the analysis. Three types of ultrasonographic presentation of ectopic pregnancy (EP) were seen in HP patients, with a gestational sac found in 70 cases, a ring sign in 21 and an adnexal mass in 31. The sensitivity and specificity of TVS for the detection of HP were 92.4 and 100%, respectively, with positive and negative predictive values of 100 and 99.9%. The HP cases comprised 103 tubal EPs and 29 non‐tubal EPs. In 93 patients (70.5%), their intrauterine pregnancy resulted in a live birth, 37 patients (28.0%) suffered an early miscarriage and two patients (1.5%) had a late miscarriage.

Conclusion

Early TVS performed by an experienced sonographer has a high sensitivity for making the correct diagnosis of HP after IVF‐ET. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Development of episomal vectors carrying a nourseothricin‐resistance marker for use in minimal media for Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Ahn Jiwon , Won Misun , Kyun Mi‐Lang , Kim Yong Sung , Jung Cho‐Rock , Im Dong‐Su , Song Kyung‐Bin , Chung Kyung‐Sook
Published: April 2013

In the post‐genomic era, an immediate challenge is to assign biological functions to novel proteins encoded by the genome. This challenge requires the use of a simple organism as a genetic tool and a range of new high‐throughput techniques. Schizosacchromyces pombe is a powerful model organism used to investigate disease‐related genes and provides useful tools for the functional analysis of heterologous genes. To expand the current array of experimental tools, we constructed two series of Sz. pombe expression vectors, i.e. general and Gateway vectors, containing nourseothricin‐resistance markers. Vectors carrying nourseothricin‐resistance markers possess advantages in that they do not limit the parental strains with auxotrophic mutations with respect to availability for use in clone selection and can be used together with vectors carrying nutrient markers in minimal media. We modified the pSLF173, pSLF273 and pSLF373 vectors carrying a triple haemagglutinin epitope (3×HA) and an Ura4 marker. The vectors described here contain the nmt1 promoter with three different episomal expression strengths for proteins fused with 3×HA, EGFP or DsRed at the N‐terminus. These vectors represent an important contribution to the genome‐wide investigation of multiple heterologous genes and for functional and genetic analysis of novel human genes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Holographic models for undoped Weyl semimetals
Authors: Gürsoy Umut , Jacobs Vivian , Plauschinn Erik , Stoof Henk , Vandoren Stefan
Published: April 2013

Abstract

We continue our recently proposed holographic description of single-particle correlation functions for four-dimensional chiral fermions with Lifshitz scaling at zero chemical potential, paying particular attention to the dynamical exponent z = 2. We present new results for the spectral densities and dispersion relations at non-zero momenta and temperature. In contrast to the relativistic case with z = 1, we find the existence of a quantum phase transition from a non-Fermi liquid into a Fermi liquid in which two Fermi surfaces spontaneously form, even at zero chemical potential. Our findings show that the boundary system behaves like an undoped Weyl semimetal.
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: Understanding What Parents Plan to Tell Their Children About Their Conception
Authors: Kosicka‐Slawinska Monika , Clarke Angus , Lashwood Alison
Published: April 2013

Over 10,000 babies have been born by PGD and PGS worldwide (Simpson, Prenatal Diagnosis 30(7): 682–695 2010). The experience of parents who have undergone this procedure and their children's well‐being are documented, but no research to date has explored whether parents intend to tell their children how they were conceived and whether this raises special issues for them. PGD practitioners recommend research in this area as parents of children born by PGD increasingly ask questions pertaining to disclosure. We conducted 30 in‐depth interviews with couples who have had a baby conceived by PGD. We explored what couples plan to tell their children about how they were conceived, when they plan to do this, and issues they anticipate may arise. The couples had a family history of a monogenic disorder or chromosome rearrangement. Six themes emerged which highlight key issues: (1) To tell or not to tell? (2) Primary reason for undergoing PGD, (3) The ideal time to tell, (4) Situations which may warrant earlier disclosure, (5) Words which parents might choose, and (6) Issues which parents anticipate may arise. We conclude that parents are likely to inform their children about PGD because there is an affected sibling or relative about whom they ask questions, and/or their children are carriers of a condition their parents feel obliged to tell them about. Parents felt they would benefit from access to a genetic counsellor at the time of disclosure and are optimistic about the future of reproductive technology for their children.
Prevalence and correlates of truancy in the US: Results from a national sample
Authors: Vaughn Michael G. , Maynard Brandy R. , Salas‐Wright Christopher P. , Perron Brian E. , Abdon Arnelyn
Published: April 2013

Truancy has been a persistent problem in the United States for more than 100 years. Although truancy is commonly reported as a risk factor for substance use, delinquency, dropout, and a host of other negative outcomes for youth, there has been surprisingly little empirical investigation into understanding the causes and correlates of truancy using large, nationally representative samples. Using the adolescent sample (N = 17,482) of the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study presents the prevalence of truancy and examines individual, school engagement, parental, and behavioral correlates of truancy. Overall, 11% of adolescents between the ages of 12–17 reported skipping school in the past 30 days. Results from multinomial logistic regression models indicate skipping school was robustly associated with an increased probability of reporting externalizing behaviors, less parental involvement, and engagement and lower grades in school. Implications for theory, prevention, and policy are discussed.
The Concept of ‘Eurasia’: Kazakhstan's Eurasian Policy and its Implications
Authors: Mostafa Golam
Published: April 2013

The term Eurasia is a contentious and illusive one and there is no consensus or agreement among authors on its meanings, implications and ramifications. President Nursultan Nazarbayev of the Republic of Kazakhstan introduced and developed his own vision, policies, perceptions and values of Eurasianism which he has been propagating and practicing on a continuous and consistent basis. In fact, the concept of Eurasianism and Eurasian policies have turned into state ideologies which are reflected in domestic, regional and foreign policies as well as in the foundation of the recent regional integration process. The purpose of the article is: to study and review the genesis of the old, popular as well as contemporary schools and thoughts of Eurasianism, their underlying goals, objectives and purposes in order to locate and understand Kazakhstan's views and concepts of Eurasianism in a broad historical and comparative perspectives; to review and critically analyze how President Nazarbayev's visions and policies of Eurasianism are reflected in the country's domestic, regional and foreign policies and what are their implications.
Zinc‐binding and structural properties of the histidine‐rich loop of Arabidopsis thaliana vacuolar membrane zinc transporter MTP1
Authors: Tanaka Natsuki , Kawachi Miki , Fujiwara Takashi , Maeshima Masayoshi
Published: April 2013

The vacuolar Zn2+/H+ antiporter of Arabidopsis thaliana, AtMTP1, has a cytosolic histidine‐rich loop (His‐loop). We characterized the structures and Zn2+‐binding properties of the His‐loop and other domains. Circular dichroism analyses revealed that the His‐loop partly consists of a polyproline type II structure and that its conformational change is induced by Zn2+ as well as the C‐terminal domain. Isothermal titration calorimetry of the His‐loop revealed a binding number of four Zn2+ per molecule. Numbers of Ni and Co associated with the His‐loop were approximately one ion per molecule and the thermodynamic parameters of the association with these ions were different from that of Zn2+. These results suggest the involvement of the His‐loop in sensing cytosolic Zn2+ and in the regulation of zinc transport activity through Zn2+‐induced structural change.
Ethical Considerations in Using Facebook for Health Care Support: A Case Study Using Concussion Management
Authors: Ahmed Osman Hassan , Sullivan Stephen John , Schneiders Anthony G. , Anderson Lynley , Paton Chris , McCrory Paul R.
Published: April 2013

Social networking sites (SNS) are now part of everyday life, and SNSs such as Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter are among the most accessed Web sites on the Internet. Although SNSs are primarily used for staying in touch with friends and family, they are increasingly being used for health‐related purposes for a variety of conditions, including concussion awareness. As health interventions begin to be more commonly provided through SNSs (particularly Facebook), ethical issues have been raised with regard to confidentiality, privacy, and trust; these issues need to be addressed. This article outlines some of the key considerations when providing a concussion intervention through Facebook and discusses potential solutions to these issues.
Infinite Dimensional Optimization and Control Theory
Authors: Fattorini Hector O.
Published: April 2013

This book is on existence and necessary conditions, such as Potryagin's maximum principle, for optimal control problems described by ordinary and partial differential equations. These necessary conditions are obtained from Kuhn–Tucker theorems for nonlinear programming problems in infinite dimensional spaces. The optimal control problems include control constraints, state constraints and target conditions. Evolution partial differential equations are studied using semigroup theory, abstract differential equations in linear spaces, integral equations and interpolation theory. Existence of optimal controls is established for arbitrary control sets by means of a general theory of relaxed controls. Applications include nonlinear systems described by partial differential equations of hyperbolic and parabolic type and results on convergence of suboptimal controls.
General Cohomology Theory and K-Theory
Authors: Hilton P. J.
Published: April 2013

These notes constitute a faithful record of a short course of lectures given in São Paulo, Brazil, in the summer of 1968. The audience was assumed to be familiar with the basic material of homology and homotopy theory, and the object of the course was to explain the methodology of general cohomology theory and to give applications of K-theory to familiar problems such as that of the existence of real division algebras. The audience was not assumed to be sophisticated in homological algebra, so one chapter is devoted to an elementary exposition of exact couples and spectral sequences.
Studies on Anglo-Saxon Institutions
Authors: Chadwick H. Munro
Published: April 2013

First published in 1905, H. Munro Chadwick's Studies on Anglo-Saxon Institutions applied his study of philology to a re-analysis of the historical evidence for early English law and administration. In the first part he examines the development of the monetary and social systems, coming to some controversial interpretations. The second part of the book looks at the administration at national and local levels, land tenure and the origin of the nobility. He shows that there was considerable variation between different Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and their legal and social organisation. Chadwick combined his knowledge of languages, history and archaeology to highlight new areas for further research, and he had considerable influence on the development of the study of Anglo-Saxon and related subjects at Cambridge.
Dictionary of the Hausa Language
Authors: Robinson Charles Henry
Published: April 2013

Hausa is an African language originating in Niger and northern Nigeria and spoken widely in West and Central Africa as a lingua franca. Charles Henry Robinson (1861–1925) was the first student of the short-lived Hausa Association, formed in 1891 to promote the study of the Hausa Language and people. The Association sponsored Robinson to stay in northern Nigeria from 1894 to 1895 to gain more experience in the language. On his return Robinson published an anthology of Hausa texts in 1896 and a Hausa grammar in 1897 as well as this two-volume dictionary in 1899. His efforts contributed greatly to Western knowledge of the language despite criticisms of his relatively short experience of Hausa-speaking communities. Volume 2 is an English–Hausa dictionary, intended for those who wished to speak colloquial Hausa. The version reissued here is the 1925 fourth edition.
Introduction to Uniform Spaces
Authors: James I. M.
Published: April 2013

This book is based on a course taught to an audience of undergraduate and graduate students at Oxford, and can be viewed as a bridge between the study of metric spaces and general topological spaces. About half the book is devoted to relatively little-known results, much of which is published here for the first time. The author sketches a theory of uniform transformation groups, leading to the theory of uniform spaces over a base and hence to the theory of uniform covering spaces. Readers interested in general topology will find much to interest them here.
Genetics and Philosophy
Authors: Griffiths Paul , Stotz Karola
Published: April 2013

In the past century, nearly all of the biological sciences have been directly affected by discoveries and developments in genetics, a fast-evolving subject with important theoretical dimensions. In this rich and accessible book, Paul Griffiths and Karola Stotz show how the concept of the gene has evolved and diversified across the many fields that make up modern biology. By examining the molecular biology of the 'environment', they situate genetics in the developmental biology of whole organisms, and reveal how the molecular biosciences have undermined the nature/nurture distinction. Their discussion gives full weight to the revolutionary impacts of molecular biology, while rejecting 'genocentrism' and 'reductionism', and brings the topic right up to date with the philosophical implications of the most recent developments in genetics. Their book will be invaluable for those studying the philosophy of biology, genetics and other life sciences.
Estimating Groundwater Recharge
Authors: Healy Richard W. , Scanlon Bridget R.
Published: April 2013

Understanding groundwater recharge is essential for successful management of water resources and modeling fluid and contaminant transport within the subsurface. This book provides a critical evaluation of the theory and assumptions that underlie methods for estimating rates of groundwater recharge. Detailed explanations of the methods are provided - allowing readers to apply many of the techniques themselves without needing to consult additional references. Numerous practical examples highlight benefits and limitations of each method. Approximately 900 references allow advanced practitioners to pursue additional information on any method. For the first time, theoretical and practical considerations for selecting and applying methods for estimating groundwater recharge are covered in a single volume with uniform presentation. Hydrogeologists, water-resource specialists, civil and agricultural engineers, earth and environmental scientists and agronomists will benefit from this informative and practical book. It can serve as the primary text for a graduate-level course on groundwater recharge or as an adjunct text for courses on groundwater hydrology or hydrogeology. For the benefit of students and instructors, problem sets of varying difficulty are available at http://wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/projects/GW_Unsat/Recharge_Book/
Shakespeare and the Book Trade
Authors: Erne Lukas
Published: April 2013

Shakespeare and the Book Trade follows on from Lukas Erne's groundbreaking Shakespeare as Literary Dramatist to examine the publication, constitution, dissemination and reception of Shakespeare's printed plays and poems in his own time and to argue that their popularity in the book trade has been greatly underestimated. Erne uses evidence from Shakespeare's publishers and the printed works to show that in the final years of the sixteenth century and the early part of the seventeenth century, 'Shakespeare' became a name from which money could be made, a book trade commodity in which publishers had significant investments and an author who was bought, read, excerpted and collected on a surprising scale. Erne argues that Shakespeare, far from indifferent to his popularity in print, was an interested and complicit witness to his rise as a print-published author. Thanks to the book trade, Shakespeare's authorial ambition started to become bibliographic reality during his lifetime.
Ecological Climatology
Authors: Bonan Gordon B.
Published: April 2013

This book introduces an interdisciplinary framework to understand the interaction between terrestrial ecosystems and climate change. It reviews basic meteorological, hydrological and ecological concepts to examine the physical, chemical and biological processes by which terrestrial ecosystems affect and are affected by climate. The textbook is written for advanced undergraduate and graduate students studying ecology, environmental science, atmospheric science and geography. The central argument is that terrestrial ecosystems become important determinants of climate through their cycling of energy, water, chemical elements and trace gases. This coupling between climate and vegetation is explored at spatial scales from plant cells to global vegetation geography and at timescales of near instantaneous to millennia. The text also considers how human alterations to land become important for climate change. This restructured edition, with updated science and references, chapter summaries and review questions, and over 400 illustrations, including many in colour, serves as an essential student guide.
The Emergence of Probability
Authors: Hacking Ian
Published: April 2013

Historical records show that there was no real concept of probability in Europe before the mid-seventeenth century, although the use of dice and other randomizing objects was commonplace. Ian Hacking presents a philosophical critique of early ideas about probability, induction, and statistical inference and the growth of this new family of ideas in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries. Hacking invokes a wide intellectual framework involving the growth of science, economics, and the theology of the period. He argues that the transformations that made it possible for probability concepts to emerge have constrained all subsequent development of probability theory and determine the space within which philosophical debate on the subject is still conducted. First published in 1975, this edition includes an introduction that contextualizes his book in light of developing philosophical trends. Ian Hacking is the winner of the Holberg International Memorial Prize 2009.
Essentials of Positioning and Location Technology
Authors: Bartlett David
Published: April 2013

Mystified by locating and positioning technologies? Need to get the best from your location system? This guide is invaluable for understanding how the positions and movements of objects can be measured and used for real-world applications. From it, you'll learn how to optimise and manage system performance by working with parameters such as velocity, orientation, time, proximity and direction, and consider not only accuracy, but also reliability, integrity, response time and uncertainty. Packed with practical examples, this concise book gives you an overview of terrestrial radiolocation techniques, including comparative system architectures and real-world performance and limitations. It describes inertial navigation principles and techniques, including low-cost MEMS sensors for consumer products, and a range of applications, such as those benefiting from hybrid positioning techniques.
An African Slaving Port and the Atlantic World
Authors: Candido Mariana
Published: April 2013

This book traces the history and development of the port of Benguela, the third largest port of slave embarkation on the coast of Africa, from the early seventeenth to the mid-nineteenth century. Benguela, located on the central coast of present-day Angola, was founded by the Portuguese in the early seventeenth century. In discussing the impact of the transatlantic slave trade on African societies, Mariana P. Candido explores the formation of new elites, the collapse of old states and the emergence of new states. Placing Benguela in an Atlantic perspective, this study shows how events in the Caribbean and Brazil affected social and political changes on the African coast. This book emphasizes the importance of the South Atlantic as a space for the circulation of people, ideas and crops.
Graph Theory, Coding Theory and Block Designs
Authors: Cameron P. J. , Lint J. H. van
Published: April 2013

These are notes deriving from lecture courses given by the authors in 1973 at Westfield College, London. The lectures described the connection between the theory of t-designs on the one hand, and graph theory on the other. A feature of this book is the discussion of then-recent construction of t-designs from codes. Topics from a wide range of finite combinatorics are covered and the book will interest all scholars of combinatorial theory.
Homological Group Theory
Authors: Wall C. T. C.
Published: April 2013

In 1977 several eminent mathematicians were invited to Durham to present papers at a short conference on homological and combinatorial techniques in group theory. The lectures, published here, aimed at presenting in a unified way new developments in the area. Group theory is approached from a geometrical viewpoint and much of the material has not previously been published. The various ways in which topological ideas can be used in group theory are also brought together. The volume concludes with an extensive set of problems, ranging from explicit questions demanding detailed calculation to fundamental questions motivating research in the area. These lectures will be of interest mainly to researchers in pure mathematics but will also prove useful in connection with relevant postgraduate courses.
Groups and Geometry
Authors: Lyndon Roger C.
Published: April 2013

This book, which was originally published in 1985 and has been translated and revised by the author from notes of a course, is an introduction to certain central ideas in group theory and geometry. Professor Lyndon emphasises and exploits the well-known connections between the two subjects and, whilst keeping the presentation at a level that assumes only a basic background in mathematics, leads the reader to the frontiers of current research at the time of publication. The treatment is concrete and combinatorial with a minimal use of analytic geometry. In the interest of the reader's intuition, most of the geometry considered is two-dimensional and there is an emphasis on examples, both in the text and in the problems at the end of each chapter.
Exact Constants in Approximation Theory
Authors: Korneichuk N.
Published: April 2013

This book is intended as a self-contained introduction for non-specialists, or as a reference work for experts, to the particular area of approximation theory that is concerned with exact constants. The results apply mainly to extremal problems in approximation theory, which in turn are closely related to numerical analysis and optimization. The book encompasses a wide range of questions and problems: best approximation by polynomials and splines; linear approximation methods, such as spline-approximation; optimal reconstruction of functions and linear functionals. Many of the results are based on deep facts from analysis and function theory, such as duality theory and comparison theorems; these are presented in chapters 1 and 3. In keeping with the author's intention to make the book as self-contained as possible, chapter 2 contains an introduction to polynomial and spline approximation. Chapters 4 to 7 apply the theory to specific classes of functions. The last chapter deals with n-widths and generalises some of the ideas of the earlier chapters. Each chapter concludes with commentary, exercises and extensions of results. A substantial bibliography is included. Many of the results collected here have not been gathered together in book form before, so it will be essential reading for approximation theorists.
The Cambridge Introduction to Theatre Directing
Authors: Innes Christopher , Shevtsova Maria
Published: April 2013

This Introduction is an exciting journey through the different styles of theatre that twentieth-century and contemporary directors have created. It discusses artistic and political values, rehearsal methods and the diverging relationships with actors, designers, other collaborators and audiences, and treatment of dramatic material. Offering a compelling analysis of theatrical practice, Christopher Innes and Maria Shevtsova explore the different rehearsal and staging principles and methods of such earlier groundbreaking figures as Stanislavsky, Meyerhold and Brecht, revising standard perspectives on their work. The authors analyse, as well, a diverse range of innovative contemporary directors, including Ariane Mnouchkine, Elizabeth LeCompte, Peter Sellars, Robert Wilson, Thomas Ostermeier and Oskaras Koršunovas, among many others. While tracing the different roots of directorial practices across time and space, and discussing their artistic, cultural and political significance, the authors provide key examples of the major directorial approaches and reveal comprehensive patterns in the craft of directing and the influence and collaborative relationships of directors.
Fed-Batch Cultures
Authors: Lim Henry C. , Shin Hwa Sung
Published: April 2013

Many, if not most, industrially important fermentation and bioreactor operations are carried out in fed-batch mode, producing a wide variety of products. In spite of this, there is no single book that deals with fed-batch operations. This is the first book that presents all the necessary background material regarding the 'what, why and how' of optimal and sub-optimal fed-batch operations. Numerous examples are provided to illustrate the application of optimal fed-batch cultures. This unique book, by world experts with decades of research and industrial experience, is a must for researchers and industrial practitioners of fed-batch processes (modeling, control and optimization) in biotechnology, fermentation, food, pharmaceuticals and waste treatment industries.
Methods of Applied Mathematics for Engineers and Scientists
Authors: Co Tomas B.
Published: April 2013

Based on course notes from over twenty years of teaching engineering and physical sciences at Michigan Technological University, Tomas Co's engineering mathematics textbook is rich with examples, applications and exercises. Professor Co uses analytical approaches to solve smaller problems to provide mathematical insight and understanding, and numerical methods for large and complex problems. The book emphasises applying matrices with strong attention to matrix structure and computational issues such as sparsity and efficiency. Chapters on vector calculus and integral theorems are used to build coordinate-free physical models with special emphasis on orthogonal co-ordinates. Chapters on ODEs and PDEs cover both analytical and numerical approaches. Topics on analytical solutions include similarity transform methods, direct formulas for series solutions, bifurcation analysis, Lagrange–Charpit formulas, shocks/rarefaction and others. Topics on numerical methods include stability analysis, DAEs, high-order finite-difference formulas, Delaunay meshes, and others. MATLAB® implementations of the methods and concepts are fully integrated.
Ovid and Hesiod
Authors: Ziogas Ioannis
Published: April 2013

The influence on Ovid of Hesiod, the most important archaic Greek poet after Homer, has been underestimated. Yet, as this book shows, a profound engagement with Hesiod's themes is central to Ovid's poetic world. As a poet who praised women instead of men and opted for stylistic delicacy instead of epic grandeur, Hesiod is always contrasted with Homer. Ovid revives this epic rivalry by setting the Hesiodic character of his Metamorphoses against the Homeric character of Virgil's Aeneid. Dr Ziogas explores not only Ovid's intertextual engagement with Hesiod's works but also his dialogue with the rich scholarly, philosophical and literary tradition of Hesiodic reception. An important contribution to the study of Ovid and the wider poetry of the Augustan age, the book also forms an excellent case study in how the reception of previous traditions can become the driving force of poetic creation.
Foundations of Modern International Thought
Authors: Armitage David
Published: April 2013

Between the early seventeenth and mid-nineteenth centuries, major European political thinkers first began to look outside their national borders and envisage a world of competitive, equal sovereign states inhabiting an international sphere that ultimately encompassed the whole globe. In this insightful and wide-ranging work, David Armitage – one of the world's leading historians of political thought – traces the genesis of this international turn in intellectual history. Foundations of Modern International Thought combines important methodological essays, which consider the genealogy of globalisation and the parallel histories of empires and oceans, with fresh considerations of leading figures such as Hobbes, Locke, Burke and Bentham in the history of international thought. The culmination of more than a decade's reflection and research on these issues, this book restores the often overlooked international dimensions to intellectual history and recovers the intellectual dimensions of international history.
An Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
Authors: Morrison Faith A.
Published: April 2013

This is a modern and elegant introduction to engineering fluid mechanics enriched with numerous examples, exercises and applications. A swollen creek tumbles over rocks and through crevasses, swirling and foaming. Taffy can be stretched, reshaped and twisted in various ways. Both the water and the taffy are fluids and their motions are governed by the laws of nature. The aim of this textbook is to introduce the reader to the analysis of flows using the laws of physics and the language of mathematics. We delve deeply into the mathematical analysis of flows; knowledge of the patterns fluids form and why they are formed and also the stresses fluids generate and why they are generated is essential to designing and optimising modern systems and devices. Inventions such as helicopters and lab-on-a-chip reactors would never have been designed without the insight provided by mathematical models.
Thucydides
Authors: Thucydides
Published: April 2013

Thucydides' classic work is a foundational text in the history of Western political thought. His narrative of the great war between Athens and Sparta in the fifth century BC is now seen as a highly sophisticated study of the nature of political power itself: its exercise and effects, its agents and victims, and the arguments through which it is defended and deployed. It is therefore increasingly read as a text in politics, international relations and political theory, whose students will find in Thucydides many striking contemporary resonances. This edition seeks to present the author and the text in their proper historical context. The new translation is particularly sensitive to the risks of anachronism, and the notes and extensive reference material provide students with all the necessary historical, cultural and linguistic background they need to engage with the text on its own terms.