bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Radicalization of Brexit Activists
Authors: Mason Clare B. , Winter David A. , Schmeer Stefanie , Berrington Bibi T. J. S. L.
Published: February 2022

Brexit activists demonstrating outside the British Houses of Parliament were studied in situ to examine their potential for pro-group extreme behavior. This involved activists of two polarized, opposing views; those of Leave and Remain. The research engaged concepts linking the different theoretical perspectives of identity fusion and personal construct psychology. The study measured participants' degree of fusion to their group using a verbal measure. Willingness to undertake extreme acts was assessed in several ways: a measure of willingness to fight for the group, adaptations of the trolley dilemma and questions regarding political violence. Individual construing was examined using repertory grid technique and a semi-structured interview. Results were similar for both Leave and Remain participants. The majority of activists identified as “fused” to their group and, if so, were more likely to undertake hypothetical extreme behavior compared to those who did not identify as “fused.” Repertory grid technique indicated that becoming an activist provided individuals with a clearer and more positive view of themselves. Opposition activists were construed more negatively and extremely than fellow activists, and this construal was associated with an increased willingness to undertake extreme pro-group behavior. This was consistent with the personal construct model of radicalization and was heightened in those who were “fused.” Interview data provided support for the constructivist model and revealed characteristics and concerns of the two groups. Overall, the findings indicate that campaigning organizations contain fused individuals, who are more likely to undertake hypothetical pro-group violence including self-sacrifice. This has broader implications which may be particularly pertinent, given the violent impact of extremist activists around the globe.
The Effect of Adult Children's Education Attainment on Their Parents' Cognitive Health: An Intergenerational Support Perspective
Authors: Xu Ying , Luo Yaping
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between adult children's education attainment and their parents' cognitive health, and to further explore the mechanism of intergenerational support. Based on empirical analysis of data from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey, our study finds a positive association between children's educational attainment and parents' cognitive health. This correlation is provided for by emotional communication of informal caregiving, financial support, and healthy behaviors shaped in the parents by adult children. The strength of the effect varied by the adult child's gender. While sons' education attainment significantly improves parental cognitive parameters through informal caregiving, financial support, and development of healthy behaviors, the effect of daughters' education derives from financial support and healthy behaviors, not being related to informal caregiving. The study enriches the evidence on the mobility of children's human capital toward their parents and provides practical insights for advancing children's participation in family caregiving.
Growth Differentiation Factor-15 in Immunity and Aging
Authors: Pence Brandt D.
Published: February 2022

Aging increases susceptibility to and severity of a variety of chronic and infectious diseases. Underlying this is dysfunction of the immune system, including chronic increases in low-grade inflammation (inflammaging) and age-related immunosuppression (immunosenescence). Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a stress-, infection-, and inflammation-induced cytokine which is increased in aging and suppresses immune responses. This mini review briefly covers existing knowledge on the immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory roles of GDF-15, as well as its potential importance in aging and immune function.
Tyrosine Kinases and Phosphatases: Enablers of the Porphyromonas gingivalis Lifestyle
Authors: Lamont Richard J. , Miller Daniel P.
Published: February 2022

Tyrosine phosphorylation modifies the functionality of bacterial proteins and forms the basis of a versatile and tunable signal transduction system. The integrated action of tyrosine kinases and phosphatases controls bacterial processes important for metabolism and virulence. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone pathogen in periodontal disease, possesses an extensive phosphotyrosine signaling network. The phosphorylation reaction is catalyzed by a bacterial tyrosine (BY) kinase, Ptk1, and a Ubiquitous bacterial Kinase UbK1. Dephosphorylation is mediated by a low-molecular-weight phosphatase, Ltp1 and a polymerase and histidinol phosphatase, Php1. Phosphotyrosine signaling controls exopolysaccharide production, gingipain activity, oxidative stress responses and synergistic community development with Streptococcus gordonii. Additionally, Ltp1 is secreted extracellularly and can be delivered inside gingival epithelial cells where it can override host cell signaling and readjust cellular physiology. The landscape of coordinated tyrosine kinase and phosphatase activity thus underlies the adaptive responses of P. gingivalis to both the polymicrobial environment of bacterial communities and the intracellular environment of gingival epithelial cells.
Ketorolac Administration After Colorectal Surgery Increases Anastomotic Leak Rate: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review
Authors: Chen Wen , Liu Jing , Yang Yongqiang , Ai Yanhong , Yang Yueting
Published: February 2022

Objective

This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate whether ketorolac administration is associated with an increased anastomotic leak rate after colorectal surgery.

Methods

The literature was searched using the Web of Science, Embase, and PubMed databases, and the search ended on May 31, 2020. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used to assess methodological quality. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using the Chi-square Q test and I2 statistics. Subgroup analysis was performed, and Egger's test was used to assess publication bias.

Results

This meta-analysis included seven studies with 400,822 patients. Our results demonstrated that ketorolac administration after surgery increases the risk of anastomotic leak [OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 0.81–2.49, Z = 1.21, P = 0.23]. Low heterogeneity was observed across these studies (I2 = 0%, P = 0.51). The results of subgroup analysis showed that the use of ketorolac in case–control and retrospective cohort studies significantly increased the risk of anastomotic leak (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the subgroup analysis revealed that ketorolac use increased anastomotic leak rate in patients in the United States and Canada, and ketorolac plus morphine use did not increase anastomotic leak rate in Taiwanese patients (P < 0.05). No significant publication bias was observed (P = 0.126). Moreover, the analysis of risk factors related to anastomotic leak rate indicated that the total use of ketorolac did not increase the risk of anastomotic leak similar to the control group (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

The meta-analysis indicates that the use of ketorolac increases the risk of anastomotic leak after colorectal surgery.

Systematic Review Registration

PROSPERO, identifier CRD42020195724.
Minimally Invasive Posterolateral Approach for Surgical Resection of Dumbbell Tumors of the Lumbar Spine
Authors: Kerimbayev Talgat T. , Tuigynov Zhandos M. , Aleinikov Viktor G. , Urunbayev Yermek A. , Kenzhegulov Yergen N. , Baiskhanova Dinara M. , Abishev Nurzhan B. , Oshayev Meirzhan S. , Solodovnikov Makar P. , Akshulakov Serik K.
Published: February 2022

Minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) has many advantages over traditional open surgical procedures that can be conducted for the therapy of different diseases of the spine. MISS provide many prospective advantages such as, for example, small incisions, less damage to soft tissues, early activation of patients, and a shorter postoperative hospital stay. The aim of the study was to evaluate institutional experience with Dumbbell tumors and metastatic lesions of the lumbar spine and compare it with traditional open surgical resection of this type of tumors. Fourteen patients underwent the surgery with minimally invasive posterolateral approach in experimental group, and 10 patients of the control group were operated using the traditional open surgery procedure at the Department of spinal neurosurgery and pathology of peripheral nervous system of JSC “National Center for Neurosurgery.” The intraoperative neuro monitoring system (ISIS IOM System Compact, Inomed, Germany) was used in both groups. Sensory and motor evoked potentials were intraoperatively recorded. The present study was approved by the local Ethics Committee of the National Center for Neurosurgery. Patients signed informed consent before the surgical procedure. The experimental group included 14 patients, that underwent the surgery during the period from January 2020 till March 2021. And the control group included 10 patients that was operated from January 2018 to December 2019. The results of the treatment in both groups were assessed according to the generally accepted visual analog scale (VAS) and the Oswestry scales before, on the third day, and 3 months after the surgery. In experimental group, average reduction of the pain syndrome of 3.36 points (from 3 to 0 points) was observed in patients postoperatively according to the VAS 3 days, and of 4.0 points (from 2 to 0 points) 3 months after surgical procedures. Improvement by 23.86% (36–16%) was also observed using the Oswestry Disease Index (ODI) 3 days after the surgery, and then reduced to 21.00% (16–34%) in average in 3 months. All patients were revived 3 h after transfer to the specialist department. The average stay in the hospital was 6.5 (9–4) days in both groups. In control group, average reduction of the pain syndrome of 2.60 points (from 4 to 1 points) was observed postoperatively according to the VAS 3 days after the operation, and of 3.9 points (from 2 to 0 points) 3 months after the surgery. The ODI of patients was also improved by an average of 35.40% (50–20%) 3 days after the surgical procedure, and reduced to 24.20% (16–32%) in average 3 months after the surgery.
Expression and Potential Prognostic Value of SOX9, MCL-1 and SPOCK1 in Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Luo Wenyi , Nagaria Teddy S. , Sun Hongxia , Ma Junsheng , Lombardo Jamie L. , Bassett Roland , Cao Austin C. , Tan Dongfeng
Published: February 2022

Gastric cancer is a common malignancy and remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths, though its incidence is in decline in most developed countries. One of the major challenges of treating gastric cancer is tumor heterogeneity, which portends a high degree of prognostic variance and the necessity for different treatment modalities. Tumor heterogeneity is at least in part due to divergent differentiation of tumor cells to clones harboring different molecular alterations. Here we studied the expression of emerging prognostic markers SOX9, MCL-1, and SPOCK1 (Testican-1) in a cohort of gastric cancer by immunohistochemistry and investigated how individual biomarkers and their combinations predict disease prognosis. We found frequent expression of SPOCK1 (in both nuclei and cytoplasm), MCL-1 and SOX9 in gastric cancer. In univariate analysis, nuclear SPOCK1 expression and pathologic TNM stage were negative prognostic markers in this cohort. In multivariate analysis, SOX9 expression stood out as a predictor of poor prognosis. Further subgroup analysis suggested prognostic value of SOX9 expression in poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma. MCL-1 showed no prognostic role in this cohort.
Disentangling the Benefits of Organic Farming for Beetle Communities (Insecta: Coleoptera) in Traditional Fruit Orchards
Authors: Rosas-Ramos Natalia , Asís Josep D. , Tobajas Estefanía , de Paz Víctor , Baños-Picón Laura
Published: February 2022

The conversion of traditional land-use systems into more intensive agriculture forms plays a main role in biodiversity loss. Within this framework, organic management has received widespread attention since it is assumed to enhance multiple taxa, including different groups of insects and plants. However, its contribution to the promotion of organism diversity is still controversial. We developed a study in traditional cherry orchards from the Jerte Valley (western Spain) to examine how coleopteran and plant assemblages are driven by farming system (organic vs. conventional), topographic features, and seasonality. The coleopteran community was examined on the basis of its taxonomic and trophic guild response. Organic orchards supported a higher number of beetle families and a greater plant species richness. Additionally, beetle and plant communities were highly correlated; conventional orchards were more homogeneous in terms of both plant and beetle composition, while organic orchards were more heterogeneous, their composition being also shaped by the hillside aspect. From a more functional approach, the different coleopteran trophic guilds exhibited varying responses to the factors analyzed. The benefits of organic farming were notable even when working in traditional systems: highly valuable habitats for overall biodiversity. Therefore, we highlight the potential of organic orchards for conservation purposes.
Experimental Investigation on the Impact of Drying–Wetting Cycles on the Shrink–Swell Behavior of Clay Loam in Farmland
Authors: Qi Wei , Wang Ce , Zhang Zhanyu , Huang Mingyi , Xu Jiahui
Published: February 2022

Soil shrink–swell behavior is a common phenomenon in farmland, which usually alters the process of water and solute migration in soil. In this paper, we report on a phenomenological investigation aimed at exploring the impact of drying–wetting cycles on the shrink–swell behavior of soil in farmland. Samples were prepared using clay loam collected from farmland and subjected to four drying–wetting cycles. The vertical deformation of soil was measured by a vernier caliper, and the horizontal deformation was captured by a digital camera and then calculated via an image processing technique. The results showed that the height, equivalent diameter, volume and shrinkage-swelling potential of the soil decreased with the repeated cycles. Irreversible deformation (shrinkage accumulation) was observed during cycles, suggesting that soil cracks might form owing to previous drying rather than current drying. The vertical shrinkage process consisted of two stages: a declining stage and a residual stage, while the horizontal shrinkage process had one more stage, a constant stage at the initial time of drying. The VG-Peng model fit the soil shrinkage curves very well, and all shrinkage curves had four complete shrinkage zones. Drying–wetting cycles had a substantial impact on the soil shrinkage curves, causing significant changes in the distribution of void ratio and moisture ratio in the four zones. However, the impact weakened as the number of cycles increased because the soil structure became more stable. Vertical shrinkage dominated soil deformation at the early stage of drying owing to the effect of gravity, while nearly isotropic shrinkage occurred after entering residual shrinkage. Our study revealed the irreversible deformation and deformation anisotropy of clay loam collected from farmland during drying–wetting cycles and analyzed the shrink–swell behavior during cycles from both macroscopic and microscopic points of view. The results are expected to improve the understanding of the shrink–swell behavior of clay loam and the development of soil desiccation cracks, which will be benefit research on water and solute migration in farmland.
Modeling and Experimental Validation of the Atomization Efficiency of a Rotary Atomizer for Aerial Spraying
Authors: Li Gen , Chen Liping , Li Longlong , Yi Tongchuan , Ding Chenchen , Wang Juan , Zhao Chunjiang , Zhang Ruirui
Published: February 2022

Rotary atomizers are mainly used in agricultural manned aircrafts. Atomization characteristics at high speeds have been studied, but methods to measure the atomization efficiency have not been elucidated. The atomization efficiency of rotary atomizers under high-speed airflow was investigated using an IEA-I high-speed wind tunnel experimental installation, AU5000 rotary atomizer, and a laser diffraction particle size analyzer. Accordingly, a model equation for atomization efficiency measurements was innovatively obtained. When the flow rate, fan blade angle of the atomizer, and wind speed were used as variables, the experimental results showed that the atomization efficiency mainly depended on the fan blade angle. When the fan blade angle was 35°, the atomization efficiency was optimal, regardless of wind speed. In contrast, when the fan blade angle of the atomizer was 65°, it exhibited the worst atomization efficiency, regardless of the wind speed. The experimental data from this study can provide guidance for aerial application in fixed-wing manned aircraft, such as the flow rate, and operating speed.
Wood-Ash Fertiliser and Distance from Drainage Ditch Affect the Succession and Biodiversity of Vascular Plant Species in Tree Plantings on Marginal Organic Soil
Authors: Zuševica Austra , Celma Santa , Neimane Santa , von Cossel Moritz , Lazdina Dagnija
Published: February 2022

Cutaway peatland is a marginal land, which without further management is an unfavourable environment for plant growth due to low bearing capacity, high acidity and unbalanced nutrient composition of the soil. After wood-ash application, the soil becomes enriched with P and K, creating better conditions for tree growth. In addition to being economically viable, tree plantations ensure long-term carbon storage and promote habitat restoration. In a three-year term, we studied how distance from a drainage ditch and three different doses of wood-ash—5, 10, and 15 tons per hectare—affect the diversity of vascular plants in a tree plantation on a cutaway peatland. Plant species richness, vegetation cover and composition were positively affected by the distance from the drainage ditch and application with fertiliser, but in most cases, fertiliser dose had no significant effect. Both cover and species diversity were not affected by the planted tree species. In a tree plantation, herbaceous plants provide soil fertility by decay and recycling, and reduce mineral leaching in the long term. Since vascular plants play an important role in both the development of habitats and tree growth, it is important to know how multiple factors influence the development of vegetation in tree plantations.
Absence of 2899C<T Mutation in the WNK4 Gene in a Free-Ranging Lion (Panthera leo) with Polymyopathy
Authors: Dalton Desiré L. , Pretorius Chantelle , de Klerk-Lorist Lin-Mari , Reininghaus Bjorn , Buss Peter , Mitchell Emily P.
Published: February 2022

Polyphasic skeletal muscle degeneration, necrosis and mineralization of skeletal muscle was diagnosed in eight juvenile free-ranging lions (Panthera leo), from five different litters in the Greater Kruger National Park area that were unable to walk properly. A detailed investigation was not possible in free-ranging lions, so the cause could not be determined. The cases resembled hypokalemic polymyopathy in domestic cats with muscle weakness. A candidate-gene approach previously identified a nonsense mutation in the gene coding for the enzyme lysine-deficient 4 protein kinase (WNK4) associated with the disease in Burmese and Tonkinese cats. In this study, we sequenced all 19 exons of the gene in one case, and two control samples, to identify possible mutations that may be associated with polymyopathy in free-ranging lions. Here, no mutations were detected in any of the exons sequenced. Our findings indicate that the WNK4 gene is not a major contributor to the condition in these lions. Further studies into the pathogenesis of this condition are needed to inform conservation policies for this vulnerable, iconic African species.
Associations of Transcription Factor 21 Gene Polymorphisms with the Growth and Body Composition Traits in Broilers
Authors: Shen Linyong , Yu Jiaqiang , Ge Yaowen , Li Hui , Li Yumao , Cao Zhiping , Luan Peng , Xiao Fan , Gao Haihe , Zhang Hui
Published: February 2022

This study aims to identify molecular marker loci that could be applied in broiler breeding programs. In this study, we used public databases to locate the Transcription factor 21 (TCF21) gene that affected the economically important traits in broilers. Ten single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected in the TCF21 gene by monoclonal sequencing. The polymorphisms of these 10 SNPs in the TCF21 gene were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with multiple growth and body composition traits. Furthermore, the TT genotype of g.-911T>G was identified to significantly increase the heart weight trait without affecting the negative traits, such as abdominal fat and reproduction by multiple methods. Thus, it was speculated that the g.-911T>G identified in the TCF21 gene might be used in marker-assisted selection in the broiler breeding program.
Spineless Cactus plus Urea and Tifton-85 Hay: Maximizing the Digestible Organic Matter Intake, Ruminal Fermentation and Nitrogen Utilization of Wethers in Semi-Arid Regions
Authors: Mora-Luna Robert E. , Herrera-Angulo Ana M. , Siqueira Michelle C. B. , Conceição Maria Gabriela da , Chagas Juana C. C. , Monteiro Carolina C. F. , Véras Antonia S. C. , Carvalho Francisco F. R. , Ferreira Marcelo A.
Published: February 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing Tifton-85 hay (Cynodon spp. cv. Tifton 85) with 0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 g/kg dry matter (DM) of spineless cactus (SC, Nopalea cochenilifera Salm-Dyck) plus urea and ammonium sulfate (UAS; 9:1) on DM, digestible organic matter (DOM) and indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) intakes, as well as ruminal fermentation, N-balance, and microbial protein supply (MPS). Five rumen-fistulated and cannulated crossbred wethers, weighing 43.8 ± 5.80 kg, were randomized in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Isonitrogenous diets (14% crude protein) were supplied with a roughage/concentrate ratio of 70:30. The DOM intake, N-retained, and MPS showed quadratic responses (p < 0.05), with maximum values estimated at the levels of SC+UAS of 414, 438 and 418 g/kg DM, respectively. Rumen pH and ammonia nitrogen, iNDF intake, N-urinary excretion, and serum urea and plasma ammonia reduced linearly (p < 0.05) with increasing SC+UAS inclusion. Ruminal acetate and propionate concentrations increased linearly with increasing SC+UAS inclusion. In wethers fed diets with a roughage/concentrate ratio of 70:30, roughage constituted of a SC+UAS/hay (Tifton-85) ratio of 41:29 is recommended in order to maximize the DOM intake, N-retention, and MPS.
Acknowledgment to Reviewers of Antibiotics in 2021
Authors:   Antibiotics Editorial Office
Published: February 2022

Rigorous peer-reviews are the basis of high-quality academic publishing [...]
Approaching the Attosecond Frontier of Dynamics in Matter with the Concept of X-ray Chronoscopy
Authors: Błachucki Wojciech , Wach Anna , Czapla-Masztafiak Joanna , Delcey Mickaël , Arrell Christopher , Fanselow Rafał , Juranić Pavle , Lundberg Marcus , Milne Christopher , Sá Jacinto , Szlachetko Jakub
Published: February 2022

X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) have provided scientists opportunities to study matter with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolutions. However, access to the attosecond domain (i.e., below 1 femtosecond) remains elusive. Herein, a time-dependent experimental concept is theorized, allowing us to track ultrafast processes in matter with sub-fs resolution. The proposed X-ray chronoscopy approach exploits the state-of-the-art developments in terahertz streaking to measure the time structure of X-ray pulses with ultrahigh temporal resolution. The sub-femtosecond dynamics of the saturable X-ray absorption process is simulated. The employed rate equation model confirms that the X-ray-induced mechanisms leading to X-ray transparency can be probed via measurement of an X-ray pulse time structure.
An Artificial Neural Network-Based Equation for Predicting the Remaining Strength of Mid-to-High Strength Pipelines with a Single Corrosion Defect
Authors: Lo Michael , Vijaya Kumar Suria Devi , Karuppanan Saravanan , Ovinis Mark
Published: February 2022

Numerical methods such as finite element analysis (FEA) can accurately predict remaining strength, with strong correlation with actual burst tests. However, parametric studies with FEA are time and computationally intensive. Alternatively, an artificial neural network-based equation can be used. In this work, an equation for predicting the remaining strength of mid-to-high strength pipelines (API 5L X52, X65, and X80) with a single corrosion defect subjected to combined loadings of internal pressure and longitudinal compressive stress was derived from an ANN model trained based on FEA results. For FEA, the pipe was assumed to be isotropic and homogenous, and the effects of temperature on the pipe failure pressure were not considered. The error of remaining strength predictions, based on the equation, ranged from −6.33% to 2.39% when compared to an unseen FEA dataset, with a correlation value (R2) of 0.9975. A parametric study was subsequently performed using the equation to determine the effects of material property, defect depth, defect length, and longitudinal compressive stress on the remaining strength of pipelines with a single corrosion defect. Defect depth reduced the failure pressure by more than 65% on average, longitudinal compressive stress by more than 20% on average, and defect length by more than 21% on average.
A Preliminary Neutron Imaging Study of Moisture Transport in Cement-Based Materials on PKUNIFTY (A Compact Accelerator Based Neutron Imaging Facility at Peking University)
Authors: Wang Dongyang , Zou Yubin , Zhang Peng , Zhao Jie , Zhao Kaiyue , Han Meiyun , Wei Tianhao , Xia Yin , Lu Yuanrong
Published: February 2022

Understanding moisture transport is an important step in the study of the durability of cement-based materials. A neutron imaging detection method for water transport in cement-based materials, based on a compact neutron source is provided. We visualize the moisture transport and obtain the capillarity coefficients for different cement-based materials using PKUNIFTY.
Improved Durability of Wood Treated with Nano Metal Fluorides against Brown-Rot and White-Rot Fungi
Authors: Usmani Shirin M. , Voss Linn , Stephan Ina , Hübert Thomas , Kemnitz Erhard
Published: February 2022

Low-water soluble metal fluorides such as magnesium fluoride (MgF2) and calcium fluoride (CaF2) were evaluated for decay protection of wood. Initially, the biocidal efficacy of nano metal fluorides (NMFs) against wood destroying fungi was assessed with an in-vitro agar test. The results from the test showed that agar medium containing MgF2 and CaF2 was more efficient in preventing fungal decay than stand-alone MgF2 or CaF2. These metal fluorides, in their nanoscopic form synthesized using fluorolytic sol-gel synthesis, were introduced into the sapwood of Scots pine and beech wood and then subjected to accelerated ageing by leaching (EN 84). MAS 19F NMR and X-ray micro CT images showed that metal fluorides were present in treated wood, unleached and leached. Decay resistance of Scots pine and beech wood treated with NMFs was tested against wood destroying fungi Rhodonia placenta and Trametes versicolor in accordance with EN 113. Results revealed that mass losses were reduced to below 3% in wood treated with the combination of MgF2 and CaF2. It is concluded that NMFs provide full protection to wood even after it has been leached and can be used as wood preservatives in outdoor environments.
Special Issue: Advances in Architectural Acoustics
Authors: Papadakis Nikolaos M. , Garai Massimo , Stavroulakis Georgios E.
Published: February 2022

Satisfactory acoustics is crucial for the ability of spaces such as auditoriums and lecture rooms to perform their primary function [...]
Review of the Methods to Optimize Power Flow in Electric Vehicle Powertrains for Efficiency and Driving Performance
Authors: Mazali Izhari Izmi , Daud Zul Hilmi Che , Hamid Mohd Kameil Abdul , Tan Victor , Samin Pakharuddin Mohd , Jubair Abdullah , Ibrahim Khairul Amilin , Kob Mohd Salman Che , Xinrui Wang , Talib Mat Hussin Ab
Published: February 2022

Electric vehicles (EV) are quickly gaining a foothold in global markets due to their zero tailpipe emissions and increasing practicality in terms of battery technologies. However, even though EV powertrains emit zero emissions during driving, their efficiency has not been fully optimized, particularly due the commonly used single-speed transmission. Hence, this paper provides an extensive review on the latest works carried out to optimize the power flow in EV powertrains using multispeed discrete transmission, continuously variable transmission and multi-motor configurations. The relevant literatures were shortlisted using a keyword search related to EV powertrain in the ScienceDirect and Scopus databases. The review focused on the related literatures published from 2018 onwards. The publications were reviewed in terms of the methodologies applied to optimize the powertrain for efficiency and driving performance. Next, the significant findings from these literatures were discussed and compared. Finally, based on the review, several future key research areas in EV powertrain efficiency and performance are highlighted.
The Stability Analysis of a Vibrating Auto-Parametric Dynamical System Near Resonance
Authors: Amer Tarek S. , Starosta Roman , Almahalawy Ashraf , Elameer Abdelkarim S.
Published: February 2022

This paper examines a new vibrating dynamical motion of a novel auto-parametric system with three degrees of freedom. It consists of a damped Duffing oscillator as a primary system attached to a damped spring pendulum as a secondary system. Lagrange’s equations are utilized to acquire the equations of motion according to the number of the system’s generalized coordinates. The perturbation technique of multiple scales is applied to provide the solutions to these equations up to a higher order of approximations, with the aim of obtaining more accurate novel results. The categorizations of resonance cases are presented, in which the case of primary external resonance is examined to demonstrate the conditions of solvability of the steady-state solutions and the equations of modulation. The time histories of the achieved solutions, the resonance curves in terms of the modified amplitudes and phases, and the regions of stability are outlined for various parameters of the considered system. The non-linear stability, in view of both the attained stable fixed points and the criterion of Routh–Hurwitz, is investigated. The results of this paper will be of interest for specialized research that deals with the vibration of swaying buildings and the reduction in the vibration of rotor dynamics, as well as studies in the fields of mechanics and space engineering.
S-Adenosylmethionine, a Promising Antitumor Agent in Oral and Laryngeal Cancer
Authors: Mosca Laura , Vitiello Francesca , Pagano Martina , Coppola Alessandra , Veglia Tranchese Roberta , Grillo Roberta , Cacciapuoti Giovanna , Porcelli Marina
Published: February 2022

Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC), which includes cancers of the oral cavity and larynx, is one of the most common and highly aggressive malignancies worldwide, despite significant efforts committed in recent decades in its detection, prevention, and treatment. The intrinsic or acquired drug resistance during treatment is the main limitation to chemotherapy, increasing mortality and cancer recurrence. Therefore, there is a growing scientific interest in identifying and developing adjuvant chemotherapies able to improve currently available treatments. S-Adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), a safe and nontoxic natural cofactor with pleiotropic effects on multiple cellular processes and the main biological methyl donor in transmethylation reactions, has been considerably studied as a therapeutic compound. Its application, alone or in combination with other drugs, is emerging as a potentially effective strategy for cancer treatment and for chemoprevention. This review summarizes the structural, pharmacological, and clinical aspects of AdoMet and provides an overview of the recent results highlighting its anticancer activity in the treatment of oral and laryngeal cancer, with particular emphasis on its molecular mechanisms and the promising chemoprotective and synergistic effects exerted in combination with cisplatin and specific microRNAs.
Influence of Wind Barriers with Different Curvatures on Crosswind Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Train-Bridge System
Authors: Lou Ping , Tao Wei , Cai Chenzhi , He Xuhui , Zou Yunfeng , Ai Yuyan
Published: February 2022

Wind barriers can effectively reduce the risk of overturning and derailment of high-speed trains running on a bridge under crosswind. However, it can adversely affect the wind resistance of the bridge. There are few studies on the aerodynamic performance of curved wind barriers. In this paper, the effects of curved wind barriers with four curvatures (0, 0.2, 0.35, and 0.50) and different train-bridge combinations on the crosswind aerodynamic characteristics of a train-bridge system are investigated. The results show that the curved wind barrier can significantly reduce the wind speed below a certain height on the bridge deck. The curved wind barrier with small curvature can better reduce the aerodynamic force of the train; however, it greatly increases the aerodynamic force of the bridge. A wind barrier with a curvature of 0.35 is recommended because it takes into account the aerodynamic characteristics of the train and bridge at the same time. The porosity of a wind barrier greatly influences the aerodynamic performance of the train on the track of the windward side of the bridge, while the wind barrier has little effects on the train on the track of the leeward side of the bridge. The aerodynamic performance of the train on the track of the windward side of the bridge is less affected by whether or not a train on the track of the leeward side of the bridge is present.
3D Finite Element Simulation and Experimental Validation of a Mole Rat’s Digit Inspired Biomimetic Potato Digging Shovel
Authors: Yu Jiangtao , Ma Yunhai , Wang Shuo , Xu Zihe , Liu Xuanting , Wang Hubiao , Qi Hongyan , Han Lijun , Zhuang Jian
Published: February 2022

To reduce the draught force of a traditional planar potato digging shovel (DZ), a biomimetic potato digging shovel (YS), inspired by the mole rat’s digits, is designed, using the biomimetic macroscopic surface modification method. The finite element simulations, soil bin experiments, and field experiments for DZ and YS are conducted to explore the factors affecting draught force and to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the biomimetic potato digging shovel. Results show that the soil–shovel interaction models predict the draught force well, but the simulations for the soil rupture distance ratio need to be further improved. The studied factors all have a great influence on the draught force of DZ and YS and they follow the order of cutting speed > digging depth > mounting angle. For the single shovels, YS, compared with DZ, increases the draught force at a low mounting angle but decreases the draught force by over 8.41% when the mounting angle is higher than 30°; for the grouped shovels, the draught force and fuel consumption of YS, compared with those of DZ, decline by over 13.33% and 9.18%, respectively. The reasons for the reduction in the draught force of YS are to make the soil mass tend to move upward and to change the soil’s state of motion and stress continually; thus, the compaction to the soil is reduced, and the soil becomes easier to be broken.
The Behavior of Moist Potential Vorticity in the Interactions of Binary Typhoons Lekima and Krosa (2019) in with Different High-Resolution Simulations
Authors: Yong Jianlin , Ren Simin , Zhang Shaoqing , Wu Guoxiong , Shao Caixia , Zhao Haoran , Yu Xiaolin , Li Mingkui , Gao Yang
Published: February 2022

The binary typhoon systems of Lekima and Krosa (2019) have been simulated using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model with 27 km, 9 km, and 3 km resolutions and their behaviors of moist potential vorticity (MPV) in these simulations have been analyzed. All the simulations clearly show that the main sources of instability energy include two parts of MPV—the convective energy from the environmental field (MPV1) and the internal transferring energy between the binary typhoons (MPV2). While typhoons absorb the convective energy from the upper ocean through vortex effects on their periphery as the main external MPV sources, there is an MPV conveying belt at the middle-low layer of the atmosphere in the binary typhoon system, transferring energy between binary typhoons and causing atmospheric baroclinicity changes. While all three-resolution simulations show the fundamental features of MPV and its transferring in the binary typhoon system, the 3 km resolution cloud-resolving simulation yield more detailed and accurate MPV structures inside the individual typhoon, which may have non-negligible feedbacks on the background. Based on the comprehensive characteristics of MPV in binary typhoon interactions, further understanding of the interactions of internal detailed structures inside typhoons and their feedbacks on the background may provide a theoretical basis for improving the forecast of typhoon intensity and track.
Weather Preferences for Urban Tourism: An Empirical Study in the Greek Capital of Athens, Greece
Authors: Kapetanakis Dimitrios , Georgopoulou Elena , Mirasgedis Sevastianos , Sarafidis Yannis
Published: February 2022

Several climate indices have been developed to analyze the relationship between climatic variables and tourist comfort at different destinations, although, none of the indices applied so far in cities have been informed by empirical data collected exclusively at urban tourist destinations. The present paper aims to cover this gap by developing an “Urban Climate Comfort Index” (UCCI) that integrates critical climate variables for urban tourism and is informed by empirical data from an in-situ survey conducted in southern Europe, namely, in close proximity to the Acropolis Museum in Athens, Greece. The survey provided input on the ideal and unacceptable climatic conditions as perceived by urban tourists and on the relevant weight of the selected climatic parameters. Tourist preferences were then translated into a numerical scale by assigning utility scores of 0% and 100% to the “unacceptable” and “ideal” values while using a linear change for the intermediate values. Hence, a best-fitting utility function for each climatic variable was created, and all utility functions were then aggregated through their relative weights to form the UCCI index. The new index can be applied to other similar urban tourist destinations and assist impact assessment studies and tourism management measures, including climate change adaptation.
Long Term Observation of Fractional Vegetation Cover in Qingyang of Gansu Province and Its Response to Climate Change
Authors: Li Jing , Zhang Jianyun , Wang Xiaojun , Wang Guoqing
Published: February 2022

Vegetation is seen as a sensitive indicator of global change because of its crucial role in connecting the atmosphere, soil, and water. Fractional vegetation cover (FVC), in turn, is an important indicator of vegetation status. Qingyang is a typically ecologically sensitive region, with a range of changes in vegetation in the last decade as a result of climatic and non-climatic factors. However, the exact impact of climate change and human activities remains unclear. Satellite observations can help to clarify that impact, allowing us to assess trends in vegetation change in the last two decades (2000–2019). In this study, daily and composite time series vegetation variations were derived from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data and the impact of climate and human activity factors was examined for different administrative districts. By deploying multiple regression models, the research revealed that human activity has contributed 46% to the FVC variation, while the remaining 54% was led by climate factors. In areas where FVC was increasing, human activity contributed 55.89% while climate factors contributed 44.11%. In areas where FVC was decreasing, human activity and climate factors contributed 24.58% and 75.42%, respectively. The study also looks at the impacts of El Nino/IOD events in FVC dynamics in the study site. The FVC inversion result from MODIS proved capable of capturing long-term and seasonal vegetation patterns and thus provide a valuable archive for decadal-scale vegetation dynamics in the study area. Moreover, the improvement in FVC was a dual effect of climatic and human activities, while the latter owns a higher contribution especially for the implementation of ecological construction projects.
Static Impurities in a Weakly Interacting Bose Gas
Authors: Panochko Galyna , Pastukhov Volodymyr
Published: February 2022

We present a comprehensive discussion of the ground-state properties of dilute D-dimensional Bose gas interacting with a few static impurities. Assuming the short-ranged character of the boson-impurity interaction, we calculated the energy of three- and two-dimensional Bose systems with one and two impurities immersed.
A New Approach to Assessing the Energy Efficiency of Industrial Facilities
Authors: Verstina Natalia , Solopova Natalia , Taskaeva Natalia , Meshcheryakova Tatiana , Shchepkina Natalia
Published: February 2022

The modern climate policy of different countries, decarbonization, the principles of ESG and sustainable development determine the main trends in the world economy, the result of which is a new vision of the energy-saving problem. The authors’ research is based on the key idea that in the modern world, systematic measures are needed to improve the energy efficiency of enterprises in the industrial sector of the economy. The article analyzes the systems used for assessing the energy efficiency of objects for various purposes, and on this basis, their advantages and limitations in application are revealed, which were taken by the authors as a basis for developing a new approach to assessing the energy efficiency of industrial facilities. The study gives preference to the point-rating assessment. The authors have developed a system of indicators structured by groups: building energy efficiency, technological process energy efficiency, energy efficiency and environmental friendliness management. The system of indicators of energy efficiency of an industrial facility proposed by the authors has been replaced as a basis for ranking industrial facilities by energy efficiency classes.
Study on Wind Loads of Different Height Transmission Towers under Downbursts with Different Parameters
Authors: Wang Zhisong , Yang Fei , Wang Yujie , Fang Zhiyuan
Published: February 2022

Disaster investigation results have shown that most wind-induced damage to transmission towers is related to downbursts. To clarify the effects of downbursts’ parameters on transmission towers with different heights, studies were conducted on five transmission towers with different diameters under static and moving downburst wind conditions. As a comparison, the responses of the towers under normal wind conditions were studied. The results showed that the effect of downbursts on the response of the transmission tower increased with the distance between the downburst center and the tower (r) when r < 1.0 Djet (Djet is the jet diameter of downburst) and then decreased when r > 1.0 Djet. The effects of jet diameter on the response of transmission towers with different tower heights were similar. As the jet diameter increased, the response of the tower continued growing until it reached a peak value and then steadily decreased soon thereafter. When the tower height was below 81.5 m, the wind load of the downburst on the transmission tower was significantly greater than that of the normal wind. As the tower height increased, the ratio of the transmission tower’s response under the two types of wind fields rapidly declined to about 0.91–1.01.
Renovation of Modernist Architecture Study Based on Selected Cases
Authors: Jablonska Joanna , Wojciechowski Lukasz
Published: February 2022

Modernist architecture is one of the most significant movements which serve as grounds for contemporary creations. At the beginning of the 20th century, the impact of new structural and building technologies allowed designers to find new ways of architectural expression. It is rooted in thought-out composition and simplicity which serve as a background for the exposition of structure. The geometrical interplay of a building’s elements highlights the impressively thin structures and raw surfaces of novel building materials. Nowadays, in selected regions, the architecture of the Modernist Period is neglected or loosely refurbished. As an effect of this phenomenon, buildings are demolished or deprived of aesthetical values. Thus, this article aims at showing an overview of sectional research on good practice. We base the study of on-site design implementations of several modernist architecture refurbishments and focus on technology and design assumptions with optimised thermal modernisation. The paper reveals a set of examples for the refurbishment of modernist architecture, with calculations of heat energy coefficients of the initial and design phase. The presented thermal modernisations aim at adjusting buildings to new requirements concerning energy without any loss of initial architectural expression.
Whole Cell Biocatalysis of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural for Sustainable Biorefineries
Authors: Cunha Joana T. , Romaní Aloia , Domingues Lucília
Published: February 2022

The implementation of cost-effective and sustainable biorefineries to substitute the petroleum-based economy is dependent on coupling the production of bioenergy with high-value chemicals. For this purpose, the US Department of Energy identified a group of key target compounds to be produced from renewable biomass. Among them, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) can be obtained by dehydration of the hexoses present in biomass and is an extremely versatile molecule that can be further converted into a wide range of higher value compounds. HMF derivatives include 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF), 5-hydroxymethyl-furan-2-carboxylic acid (HMFCA), 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF), 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (FFCA) and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), all presenting valuable applications, in polymers, bioplastics and pharmaceuticals. Biocatalysis conversion of HMF into its derivatives emerges as a green alternative, taking into account the high selectivity of enzymes and the mild reaction conditions used. Considering these factors, this work reviews the use of microorganisms as whole-cell biocatalysts for the production of HMF derivatives. In the last years, a large number of whole-cell biocatalysts have been discovered and developed for HMF conversion into BHMF, FDCA and HMFCA, however there are no reports on microbial production of DFF and FFCA. While the production of BHMF and HMFCA mainly relies on wild type microorganisms, FDCA production, which requires multiple bioconversion steps from HMF, is strongly dependent on genetic engineering strategies. Together, the information gathered supports the possibility for the development of cell factories to produce high-value compounds, envisioning economical viable biorefineries.