bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mulier Striga, documento atribuido a Bartolo de Sassoferrato. ¿Primera piedra medieval para el retrato de la bruja?
Authors: LARA ALBEROLA Eva
Published: January 2022

In this article we delve into de consilium entitled Mulier striga, attributed to Bartolo de Sassoferrato and dated between 1331-1334. We contribute to spread the fact it is a forgery and that its author was Giovanni Battista Piotti, a sixteenth-century lawyer, a fact hardly known by many specialists who continue to present the texto as medieval. On the other hand, we will analyze in detail the portrait ot the witch present in this work, never examined by the experts before, in order to determine whether the picture offered is anachronistic, as it happens with other aspects of the document, or matches the beliefs of the first half of the fourteenth century.

En este artículo profundizamos en el consilum Mulier striga, atribuido a Bartolo de Sassoferrato y fechado entre 1331-1334. Contribuimos a difundir el hecho de que se trata de una falsificación y que su autor fue Giovanni Battista Piotti, jurista del siglo XVI; cuestión apenas conocida por muchos especialistas que siguen presentando el texto como medieval. Por otra parte, analizaremos pormenorizadamente el retrato de la bruja presente en este escrito, no abordado por los expertos, con el fin de determinar si la imagen ofrecida es anacrónica, como sucede con otros aspectos del documento, o se ajusta a la primera mitad del siglo XIV.
La lanza bajomedieval castellana: una propuesta sobre su origen
Authors: MARTÍN VERA Manuel Ángel
Published: January 2022

This paper addresses the Castilian lanza, making a proposal on its origin, and reveals our stance on an underlying issue regarding this topic: it has been discussed by many Historians from different perspectives that, far from removing all doubt, have generated some confusion. One of these is the time frame. While the available data allow to determine a specific point in time for the emergence of the lanza in Castile, some authors have formulated different hypotheses as a result of either tracking semantic records in all kinds of texts -mainly literary- or following evidence in a military-organizational context. Another research line, also military-related, has been focused on finding equivalents in other late medieval European territories.

Este trabajo pretende incidir en el tema de la lanza Castellana, realizando una propuesta sobre su origen, y poniendo de manifiesto nuestra postura ante un problema latente: la cuestión ha sido abordada por gran parte de la historiografía desde diversos enfoques que, lejos de despejar dudas, han generado cierta confusión. Uno de ellos es el marco temporal, pues, aunque los datos disponibles permiten establecer un ámbito cronológico concreto para la aparición de la lanza en Castilla, algunos autores han planteado ciertas hipótesis, como resultado de rastrear antecedentes semánticos en todo tipo de textos, principalmente literarios; o a través de pistas indiciarias de carácter organizativo-militar. Otra línea de investigación, también de carácter militar, ha orientado sus pesquisas a buscar equivalencias en el entorno europeo bajomedieval.
Baldat Ulit: el origen de Valladolid a través de su topónimo
Authors: PÉREZ MARINAS Iván
Published: January 2022

The toponym Valladolid has been subject of debate and controversy from the 19th century to the present due to the difficulty of unraveling its origin and meaning. The reasons for rejecting the viability of the two most consolidated hypotheses, one of Arab derivation, Balad Walīd, and another with Latin and Celtic elements, Vallis Tolitum, are explained, and Baldat Ulit is presented as the alternative according to the oldest preserved documentation, the rules of phonetic evolution in the Ibero-Romance languages, ​​and the historical, material and cultural context of the Valladolid, both its area and town, during the 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th centuries.

El topónimo Valladolid ha sido objeto de cierto debate y controversia desde el siglo XIX hasta la actualidad debido a la dificultad de desentrañar su origen y significado. Se exponen los motivos para rechazar la viabilidad de las dos hipótesis más consolidadas, una de fundamentación árabe, Balad Walīd, y otra con elementos latinos y célticos, Vallis Tolitum, y se presenta Baldat Ulit como la alternativa basándose en la documentación más antigua conservada, en las normas de la evolución fonética en las lenguas iberorromances y en el contexto histórico, material y cultural de Valladolid, tanto su zona como el núcleo de población, durante los siglos VIII, IX, X y XI.
El impacto político de las creencias primitivas de la clase gobernante sasánida
Authors: RAHIMI JAFARI Narges
Published: January 2022

This article uses various theories that exist about thought, especially the theories of James George Frazer in the Golden Branch as a turning point. In this way, it tries to give prominence to the certain aspects of the history of sassanid Persia, which after analyzing through these theories, they show the impact of primitive beliefs in Sassanid age. Creeds that affected in many aspects of their lives, but in this research we only show their role in the commands or decisions, victories, defeats and dreams of the Sassanids that substantially had influenced their domestic and foreign policies.

Este artículo toma como punto de partida diferentes teorías sobre el pensamiento, en especial las que James George Frazer esbozó en La Rama Dorada. Por esta vía, se busca dar protagonismo a ciertos aspectos de la historia de la Persia sasánida que, al ser analizados a través de estas teorías, muestran el impacto que tuvieron las creencias primitivas. Eran unos credos que influyeron en muchos aspectos de su vida, pero en este estudio solo mostramos su papel en las órdenes o decisiones, victorias, fracasos y sueños de los sasánidas que influyeron, de manera sustancial, en su política interior y exterior.
Un rey para el olvido: la figura de Alfredo el Grande a través de la pantalla
Authors: ROBLES DELGADO Alberto
Published: January 2022

Alfred the Great is, without a doubt, an important figure not only in English history, but also in that of the European Middle Ages. His policies for dealing with the Nordic invasion of England, as well as his cultural, educational and legal reforms, have made this king a revered figure in English intellectual circles, especially in the 19th century. It is striking that, in spite of his popularity, this monarch does not have a more prominent presence within audiovisual media, which is the artistic mass media par excellence of the twentieth and twenty-first century. The objective of the present work is to investigate the historical popularity and audiovisual trajectory of this king, as well as to analyze his representation in the cinema and television productions that have dealt with him.

Alfredo el Grande es, sin duda, una figura importante no solo de la historia inglesa, sino de la propia Edad Media europea. Sus políticas para hacer frente a la invasión nórdica de Inglaterra, así como sus reformas culturales, educativas y jurídicas, han convertido a este rey en un personaje reverenciado en los círculos intelectuales ingleses, sobre todo en el siglo XIX. Resulta llamativo que aun así este monarca no tenga una presencia mucho más destacada dentro de los medios cinematográficos y audiovisuales, los medios artísticos de masas por antonomasia del siglo XX y XXI. Es justo el objetivo del presente trabajo trazar la trayectoria mediática y popular de este rey, así como analizar su representación y construcción en las producciones audiovisuales que han tratado su figura.
Los inicios de la nueva industria sedera en Toledo (1475-1508)
Authors: ROZAS ESPAÑOL Ángel
Published: January 2022

This article details the beginnings of a new kind of silk’s textile production in the city of Toledo at the end of the 15th century: velvet. We examine the precedents of silk production of the city and how it was introduced a new one which partially replaced it. A key point on the analysis is the ordinances Toledo’s velvet weaving of 1485. Throughout this regulation and also through notarial protocols of the city we try to bring an image of the labor organization.

El presente artículo trata sobre los inicios de una nueva forma de producción de tejidos de seda en la ciudad de Toledo a finales del siglo XV: el terciopelo. Se examina las formas de producción en fechas anteriores y la manera en la que se introduce esta nueva modalidad productiva, así como su desarrollo en los siglos siguientes. Un hecho clave para la comprensión de este proceso son las ordenanzas de tejer terciopelo de Toledo del año 1485. A partir de esta reglamentación y de los protocolos notariales toledanos se ofrece una imagen de la organización productiva de esta actividad en la ciudad.
The elusive “indieness"
Authors: Pereira Leônidas Soares
Published: January 2022

This article aims to investigate what are the internal and external marking traits of indie games. Building up on previous efforts from other scholars, we developed a mix method research approach relying on interviews with indie game developers and a quantitative survey. Rather than trying to “re-invent the wheel” by proposing a new definition for the term, we attempt to map out what are the significant distinctive factors present in contemporary indie game from the perspective of developers and non-developers alike, while also discussing the changes of meaning it might have been subject to over time. We found that the determiningtraits of what allows one to perceive a game as indie change over time,andthat,despite thecorefact thatcreative independence remainsthe central feature of all indie games, the conditions for achieving this independence appear to be rather flexible, especially when it comes to issues of funding and publishing agreements. Additionally, our findings point to the term "indie" as being highly mutable and reliant on temporal and contextual aspects, with the qualities that divideindie fromnon-indie games being more akin to a continuum than something rigidly binary.
Harms Of Loot Boxes And Approaching Regulation In Singapore
Authors: Jiow Hee Jhee , Lim Jun Ming
Published: January 2022

‘Loot boxes’ are a type of videogame monetization model that contains randomized rewards of varying rarities which emerged in recent years. The element of chance seeks to entice players into buying loot boxes in hopes of receiving a rare and desirable reward. The design of loot boxes has been identified to be addictive and to entice players to spend more money than they estimate they would. With links to addiction and gambling behaviours, loot boxes may cause social harm if unregulated. Singapore is not new to the videogaming scene and may seek to regulate loot boxes should it emerge as a social problem amongst Singaporeans. By acknowledging existing approaches towards regulating loot boxes and situating loot boxes in Singapore’s social context, this paper explores Lessig’s four modalities of constraint as a framework to hypothesize regulatory options for Singapore.
Latin theological interpretations on templum Dei. A double Christological and Mariological symbol (6th-15th centuries)
Authors:   Department of Art History Complutense University of Madrid, España, Salvador-González José-María
Published: January 2022

El presente artículo pretende destacar los comentarios exegéticos de algunos Padres, teólogos e himnógrafos latinos desde los siglos VI al XV sobre diversas expresiones metafóricas, como templum Dei, tabernaculum, domicilium Deitatis, arca, y otros términos similares referidos a espacios o espacios. contenedores reservados para la divinidad. Hemos utilizado como estrategia metodológica el análisis comparativo de las fuentes primarias del cristianismo latino: los escritos de los Padres y teólogos de la Iglesia y los himnos litúrgicos medievales. Después de recoger el amplio conjunto de comentarios exegéticos al respecto, el análisis comparativo de esos textos nos permite confirmar que todos los maestros cristianos latinos aquí analizados coinciden en interpretar las mencionadas expresiones metafóricas como símbolos elocuentes de la encarnación de Dios Hijo en el seno virginal de María. Sin embargo, más allá de esta significativa concordancia, estos pensadores cristianos produjeron durante estos diez siglos tres variantes exegéticas diferentes, intrínsecamente interconectadas y complementarias: una, estrictamente mariológica; una segunda, estrictamente cristológica; la tercera, como opción binaria, mariológica y cristológica a la vez.
Cirugía de preservación valvular como alternativa en enfermedad de la raíz aórtica. Resultados alejados
Authors: Piccinini Fernando , Aranda Adriana , Vrancic Juan Mariano , Camporrotondo Mariano , Espinoza Juan Carlos , Seoane Leonardo , Navia Daniel
Published: January 2022

Background: Since 1968, ascending aorta replacement with a valved conduit has been the standard practice for aortic root aneurysm. By the end of the 20th century, aortic valve sparing operation emerged and evolved as an alternative to aortic valve replacement. Objective: The aim of this study was to report our experience with aortic valve sparing technique and its long -term outcomes. Methods: A total of 116 consecutive cases with criteria of repairability operated on between 2005 and 2019 were analyzed. Preopera- tive transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and computed tomography angiography (CTA) were used in combination to determine the aortic phenotype based on a previous anatomical and functional classification. Perioperative control was performed and conver- sion to aortic valve replacement was left to the discretion of the attending surgeon. Intraoperative variables, in-hospital morbidity and mortality, freedom from significant aortic regurgitation (AR) and reoperation in the clinical and echocardiographic follow-up were reported. Results: Mean age was 56±15.6 years and 73% were men; 59% were asymptomatic, and the reason for the intervention was the aortic diameter (52±11.7 mm) or progression of AR. After the procedure, 4% of the cases presented mild or trivial AR and 2 patients required conversion to aortic valve replacement (1.7%). In hospital mortality was 0.9%. Actuarial survival was 88% at 10 years, and 79% were free from significant (moderate/severe) AR. Five cases underwent reoperation after a mean interval of 9.1 years and free- dom from reoperation at 10 years was 90%. There were no major thromboembolic or bleeding events. Conclusion: Aortic valve sparing technique in the setting of aortic root disease is a feasible and safe option, and stable over time
Impacto de la técnica de Cusp-Overlap en el requerimiento de marcapasos luego de un implante valvular aórtico percutáneo
Authors: Sztejfman Matias , Giuliani Carlos Maximiliano , Peralta Sebastián , Zaidel Ezequiel José , Stejfman Luis Carlos , Bettinotti Marcelo Omar
Published: January 2022

Background: Persistent bradyarrhythmias requiring permanent pacemaker implantation are a common complication after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), but high implantation with cusp-overlap technique could prevent conduction system disturbances. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the rate of pacemaker use in patients who received TAVI with conventional coplanar technique compared with cusp-overlap technique. Methods: A total of 65 consecutive patients from two centers receiving Evolut-R or Evolut-Pro valve implantation, 50 coplanar and 15 cusp-overlap, were analyzed between 2017 and 2019. Results: Mean age was 80 years, and there were no differences in risk according to the EuroSCORE. The rate of pacemaker requirement was 0% in cusp-overlap procedures compared with 24.9% in those with conventional implantation; p=0.041). In addition, cusp-overlap implants presented lower rate of major complications (6.67% vs. 42%; OR=0.09; 95% CI 0.01-0.8; p=0.011). Conclusions: In this cohort, TAVI procedure with cusp-overlap technique was associated with null pacemaker requirement. Given the potential large-scale impact, external validation of results is needed.
Asociación entre interleuquinas inflamatorias y la presencia de trastornos intraventriculares de la conducción en pacientes con serología positiva para enfermedad de Chagas y función ventricular conservada
Authors: Principato Mario Bruno , Paolucci Analia , Miranda Silvia , Lombardi María Gabriela , Sosa Gustavo , von Wulffen María Alejandra , Villa Fernández Rocío del Cielo , Tomatti Alejandro , Di Girolamo Guillermo , Carbajales Justo
Published: January 2022

Background: Intraventricular conduction disturbances are common in patients with Chagas disease and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, but their association with higher inflammatory activity is unknown. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the presence of an association between interleukin levels and intraventricular conduction disturbances in patients with positive serology for Chagas disease and preserved left ventricular function. Methods: Twenty-two patients between 22 and 80 years of age with positive serology test for Chagas disease with more than 20 years progression and left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50% were included in the study and compared with a control group of 14 healthy individuals. Plasma levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 (p70), IL-15, IL-17A, MCP-1/CCL2, MIP-1 a/CCL3, TNF-a and IL-2 were measured in patients and controls. Right bundle branch block, left anterior hemiblock or left bundle branch block were considered intraventricular conduction disturbances. Results: Among the 22 patients with positive serology for Chagas disease, 10 presented intraventricular conduction disturbances (45.4%). This group had elevated levels of interleukins with high inflammatory effect such as INF-γ, IL-15, IL-2, IL-12, MIP-1 α, compared with the control group, and high levels of IL-10 as a regulatory mechanism of an excessive immune response. Conclusions: The association between elevated levels of inflammatory interleukins and intraventricular conduction disturbances suggests that chronic inflammation may play a role in the development of these abnormalities in patients with positive serology for Chagas disease and preserved left ventricular ejection function.
Clinicopathological Outcome of Patients Undergoing Whipple’s Operation- A Retrospective Study over a Decade in a Tertiary Care Centre
Authors: Butale Pradip Ramabhau , Gawai Sagar
Published: January 2022

Introduction: The surgical procedure pancreaticoduodenectomy is popularly known as Whipple’s operation. Whipple procedure is one of the major surgeries performed in tertiary care centres. Aim: The present research was undertaken to study indications of Whipple’s operation and also to evaluate pathological findings of periampullary tumours with biochemical investigations. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in total 155 patients who had undergone Whipple’s operation over a period of ten years from January 2009 to December 2019 at a tertiary care hospital in a central India. The hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained slides were reviewed and various parameters were studied like presence or absence of the tumour, site of origin of tumour (ampulla/ head of pancreas/distal common bile duct/ duodenum), histological type (adenocarcinoma/neuroendocrine/ lymphoma), differentiation (well/moderate/poor), depth of invasion, Lymphovascular Invasion (LVI), perineural infiltration, lymph node status (metastasis), resection margin status (involved/not involved) and {Tumour (T), Nodes (N), Metastasis (M)} staging. Perioperative complications and postoperative follow-up of minimum 30 days for all patients were studied. Results: The most common indication for Whipple’s operation was periampullary carcinoma irrespective of its site of origin and was most commonly seen in males in age group of 51-60 years. Out of total 155 cases, four cases were excluded as no tumours were found in those cases. Tumours from ampulla were most common (101) followed by those from Common Bile Duct (CBD) (22) and pancreas (22) and duodenum (6). The median size of the tumour in Whipple's specimen was 1.44 cm2. Most frequent histological type was adenocarcinoma (145, 96.02%). Moderate differentiation was most commonly observed histological grade in periampullary carcinomas 116 (76.8%). Perineural and lymphovascular infiltration was seen more commonly in pancreatic cancers 90.9% (20/22). Lymph node metastasis was significantly high in pancreatic cancers. Perioperative complications were seen in 32 patients with common complications were biliary leak. The perioperative mortality was 7.9%. Distal cholangiocarcinoma was found to be more aggressive followed by pancreatic and ampullary cancers. Conclusion: Whipple procedure is associated with a unique set of common complications and continues to be associated with considerable morbidity. With careful patient selection, Whipple procedure can be performed safely.
Histopathological Spectrum of Cutaneous Basal Cell Carcinoma- An 11 Year Retrospective Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Southern Karnataka
Authors: Ravishankar Namratha , Basavaraj Vijaya , Raju Reshma
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is a slow growing, locally invasive, malignant skin tumour with increasing incidence in recent decades. Various histological subtypes of BCC have been described which include nodular, superficial, adenoid, keratotic, basosquamous, and morpheiform. Aim: To analyse the clinical data of patients with BCC and the histomorphological spectrum of BCCs in a population of Southern Karnataka. Materials and Methods: This was an 11 year retrospective descriptive observational study of all histologically confirmed BCCs diagnosed in the Department of Pathology in a tertiary care centre in Southern Karnataka from January 2010 to January 2021. Detailed clinical data of 64 patients including age, gender, clinical diagnosis and anatomic location were analysed. Results: The maximum number of BCCs occurred in the sixth decade with a slight female preponderance. Head and neck lesions were the most common and uncommon sites noted included the vulva and axilla. Most cases presented as an irregular plaque followed by presentation as an ulcerative lesion. Pigmentation was noted in 18 (28%) cases clinically. Majority of patients (63/64 or 98.4%) had a single lesion. Histological types included nodular, superficial, adenoid, basosquamous and BCC with sebaceous differentiation. Nodular BCC was the most commonly encountered type in our setting, followed by superficial BCC. Only one case of basosquamous carcinoma showed evidence of metastasis to lymph nodes. Conclusion: Histological evaluation of BCC is of paramount importance not only to establish the diagnosis but also to predict behaviour and risk of recurrence. In addition to the diagnosis, pathologist should also describe subtypes of the tumour which has a prognostic implication. This study reveals the morphological spectrum of BCC in the population of southern Karnataka and reveals significant patterns in anatomical distribution of BCC. It also highlights a significant percentage of BCCs presenting as pigmented lesions in the Indian population.
A CLINICAL STUDY FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF BALA MOOLA CHURNA IN ASRIGDARA
Authors: PS Manasi , BK Kavitha , Parvathy Manju
Published: January 2022

Menstruation is a physiological function that denotes a healthy reproductive system in a woman. A normal menstrual cycle is vital for every woman's physical and psychological well-being. Asrigdara is a condition where there is excessive or prolonged bleeding. Considering the symptoms, it can be related to Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding, a state of abnormal bleeding without any clinically detectable organic, systemic or iatrogenic causes. It is common in multiparous women than in nulliparous women. Bala Moola mentioned in Chakradutta is undertaken for the present study to evaluate its efficacy in Asrigdara. A randomized clinical study consisting of two groups, with 20 patients in each group were selected. Group A was given trial drug Bala Moola Churna with milk and honey in the dose of 6 gms twice daily after food for three consecutive cycles. Group B was given Tranexamic acid one tablet twice after food for three-cycle. Both the drugs were given till the bleeding stopped or a maximum of 15 days. The study showed that both the drugs, Bala Moola Churna and Tranexamic acid, were equally effective in reducing the symptoms of Asrigdara at the end of treatment.
A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL TRIAL ON EGG YOLK BASTI & VIDARIKANDADI GRANULES IN CHILDHOOD KARSHYA
Authors: Verma Archana , Gautam Ramesh Kumar
Published: January 2022

In this modern era of changing lifestyles, people and children cannot follow the rules of Dincharya and Ritucharya. Children have insufficient nutrients due to irregular food habits, which are triggering factors that cause childhood Karshya, resulting in mental and physical conditions that will not adequately develop. Biological and mentally healthy children are vital parts of a well-developed Nation, and this can be done by supplying nutritional requirements. The research was conducted in Bal Rog OPD, SAC and Hospital Lucknow. In this clinical trial total of 50 patients were selected and divided into group A and group B, having 25 in each group. Group A was treated with Egg Yolk Basti, and group B was treated with Vidarikandadi Granules for three months. In group A, 14 (56%) patients were relieved, 7 (28.0%) patients were moderately improved, 3 (12.0%) patients were mildly improved, and one patient did not show any response. In group B, 13 (52%) patients were relieved, 8 (32.0%) patients were moderately improved, 3 (12.0%) patients were mildly improved, and one patient did not show any response. This study indicates that Egg Yolk Basti and Vidarikandadi Granules can be effective in childhood Karshya.
EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC EFFECT OF TAB TRAILOKYA VIJAYA VATI IN POST-OPERATIVE PAIN IN KSHARKARMA PATIENTS: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Authors: Kunal Kamthe , Pooja Kohli , Tushar Wankhede
Published: January 2022

Despite the advances in technology and robotics, the basics of surgical management are not changed drastically. The science of life, Ayurveda has extensive knowledge of surgeries, including complicated procedures mentioned in the classical texts. However, with time, the ability of anaesthetics and analgesic agents has been lost. This resulted in the lagging of Ayurvedic Surgical wisdom and the rise of modern analgesics and anaesthetics in the market. These current products have potential side effects, and hence a safer and better alternative to these products can boost Ayurveda Surgery worldwide. Trailokya Vijaya Vati (TVV) is one such Ayurvedic formulation that is explained for its potent analgesic activity. The present study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of TVV in post-operative pain management in patients undergoing anorectal procedures. The observational trial suggested a reduction in time to sleep (p < 0.05), less incidence of insomnia and undisturbed sleep in the treatment group than the control. The formulation was also well tolerated with no or minimal requirement of rescue analgesics. The efficacy observed in the study suggests the formulation can be explored further on a larger population with a diverse activity profile.
A CRITICAL REVIEW ON PUSHKARMOOLADI YOGA IN SHWASA ROGA
Authors: Swapnil Khobragade , Prem Shanker Upadhyay
Published: January 2022

Shwasa is a disease of Pranavaha strotas. It is clinically correlated with bronchial asthma. Symptoms of Shwasa are nearly similar to Bronchial Asthma, a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways. Pushkarmoladi yoga is described in Yoga Ratnakara and Bhaishjya Ratnavali. This yoga contains Pushkarmoola, Pippali, Dhanvayasa, Karkatshringi and Ativisha. This study was conducted to know the efficacy of Pushkarmoola diyoga in Shwasa (Bronchial Asthma). The literary review was performed by a collection of material related to the clinical efficacy of Pushkarmooladiyoga with the help of several essential Ayurvedic and Modern textbooks, Research papers and journals. Pushkarmooladi yoga shows bronchodilator property by relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles and antimicrobial activity against various gram +ve and gram-ve bacteria, which are responsible for Shwasa and have antioxidant properties due to the presence of the particular phenolic compound in its ingredients.
CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING OF TRANSVERSE MYELITIS IN AYURVEDA: A CRITICAL REVIEW
Authors: Roshanara Lifam , Kumar Vikram , BS Praveen
Published: January 2022

Transverse myelitis (TM) is a rare neurological disease of spinal cord inflammation. Onslaught inflammation damage the myelin is leading to nervous system scaring. Consequently, the patient presents devastating neurological effects. It can afflict people of any age, gender or race. Symptoms per usual evolve over hours or days and then deteriorate over days to weeks. Symptoms include pain, sensory problems, weakness in the legs and arms, and bladder and bowel problems. Most people partially recover within three months; others may be permanently disabled. There is no cure for TM thus far, but neurological deficit can be minimised. From the purview of Ayurveda, TM can be categorised under the spectrum of Vata disorder. Recent research report the successful treatment of TM. However, each explains the pathology differently. This review will discuss the concepts of TM apropos to Mishravarana (combined occlusion) and its management. We suggest that symptoms and pathology of TM simulate closely with Avaranajanya Vatavyadi (disease of Vata due to occlusion). Mishravarana (combined occlusion) illustrates the complexity of the disease process involved.
New Validation of COVID-19's effects on Micro, small and Medium Enterprise and Its Survival
Authors: Suresh Kanesh
Published: January 2022

MSMEs (Micro, Small, and Medium-sized Enterprises) are the backbone of many economies worldwide, providing income and jobs to many people. The global and Sri Lankan economies have been seriously impacted by the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. MSMEs are the primary victims of the COVID-19 epidemic, which faces numerous obstacles that impede their growth and survival. The analysis aimed to see how COVID-19 afected MSMEs in Sri Lanka. The extent of impacts of the sector was measured using descriptive statistics and SWOT analysis techniques with a Likert scale. From July to September 2020, the study used a mixed method approach, with primary data collected from 200 randomly selected entrepreneurs through a well-designed organized questionnaire survey in the Batticaloa District of Sri Lanka. According to the fndings, 62 percent of entrepreneurs have extremely high job experience power, while 52 percent have extremely low technical adaptation strength during this pandemic era. In terms of weakness, 61 percent and 60 percent of respondents, respectively, revealed a high degree of weakness in their companies, such as a lack of technical skills and expertise. According to the opportunity survey, 87 percent and 86 percent of respondents, respectively, had exceptionally low opportunities in subsidy facilities and social media use. Furthermore, during COVID-19, 59 percent, 68 percent, and 34 percent of respondents experienced extremely high threats due to curfew, increased input prices, and marketing facilities, respectively. To resolve critical situations like the COVID-19 outbreak and improve MSMEs in the region, the study recommended that NGOs, local government bodies, and policymakers develop awareness and support for entrepreneurs through confdence building, planning of workshops, seminars, and exhibitions.
Assessment of Career Development on Employee Performance in Private Health Sector in Isiolo County
Authors: Hallo Adan Hatari , Obuba Robert
Published: January 2022

Developing employees for future positions enables organizations to develop and place employees in positions compatible with their career interests, needs, and goals. However, most previous studies on career development did not focus on the private sector. It is against these that the study sought to assess the influence of career development on employee performance in the private sector in Isiolo County, Kenya. The study was anchored under social exchange theory: job embeddedness theory and burnout theory of engagement. The study adopted a descriptive survey design that targeted 397 private medical practitioners in Isiolo County. Stratified and basic random sampling methods were used to choose the population sample of 199 respondents. A standard questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were calculated using test-retest methods on a sample pilot of 20 medical practitioners chosen from private hospitals in Isiolo County. They were not included in the main study and computed using the alpha coefficient of Cronbach and supervisor guidance. The study established an alpha coefficient of 0.831.  A mixed-method approach was used to collect both Qualitative and quantitative data Frequencies, means, and standard deviations were given by descriptive analysis. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to base inferential statistics. ANOVA was used as inferential tools to evaluate the relationship between the study variables with the help of IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS) version 24. Descriptive results indicated a majority of the employees strongly agreed that there are coaching and mentorship programs for career development (M=4.50, SD=1.229). However, there were mixed reactions to the existence of a well-established career path planning aligned with personal goals and interests in the organization where most of the employees remained neutral (M = 3.36, SD = 1.215). With a regression analysis established an R squared of 62.1%, the study suggested another study to establish the other factors that contribute 37.9% to employee performance in the private health sector in Isiolo County.
Intervention is Urgently Needed to Address Poor Awareness of South Asian Family Caregivers for Dementia Care: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Islam Qazi Shafayetul , Akter Nasima
Published: January 2022

Introduction: “The National Dementia Strategies” in Canada emphasizes improving the knowledge of formal and informal caregivers for better care for the person living with dementia.

Aim: This study aimed at exploring awareness and the attitudes of South Asian Bangladeshi family caregivers towards dementia care.

Methods: It was purposive sampling and a qualitative study. The study included 45 family caregivers (>55 years) for the face-to-face interviews in Toronto, Ontario. The study used semi-structured questions. The duration of the data collection was between February and March 2020.

Results: The study included the three areas related to dementia, such as a) the awareness of dementia, b: awareness of prevention and treatment as well as the awareness of caregivers about what is needed for better dementia care, and c) attitudes of caregivers towards dementia care. Many caregivers described dementia as memory loss and forgetfulness. According to the caregivers, anxiety, depression, and aging were the risk factors of dementia. The caregivers commonly perceived dementia as an unpreventable and incurable disease. Moreover, many caregivers did not know about the appropriate health providers who diagnosed and treated dementia, and they were not aware of non-pharmacological care of dementia. The caregivers perceived dementia as a shameful disease. They would not go for diagnosis if they had risks for dementia and would hide their dementia after diagnosis. Many caregivers confessed that training was essential to improve knowledge about dementia, but they did not want to be a caregiver for the person living with dementia.

Conclusion: The South Asian Bangladeshi family caregivers had not enough awareness about dementia, prevention, and treatment. Dementia was associated with shame, and they had less interest in dementia care. Urgent educational training is needed in their language to improve knowledge, reduce stigma, engage them in dementia care, and achieve the goals of the National Dementia Strategies.
Green Buildings - A Solution to India’s High Energy Consumption
Authors: . Deeptha
Published: January 2022

This paper is to bring into knowledge, a proficiency, which would help us to fight against energy crises using new construction techniques. It discusses the needs and benefits of sustainable Green buildings. It focuses on coming up with new ideas to build green buildings with minimum Embodied Energy. High energy conservation in buildings can be achieved by insulating materials (powerful device for designing and building) and by improving the construction envelope heat safety, which then controls the building envelope's transmissivity. Since the orientation of buildings and their protection from the sun cannot be implemented freely in the urban environment where it is densely built, heat insulation and adoption of bioclimatic architectural principles becomes the need. Green buildings, at the decreased ranges of consumption of resource and energy, the design of green buildings will meet the needs of users. This is a wise approach to use India’s energy in this period of crisis. These buildings will replace most of our present building methodologies. “Energy can neither be created nor destroyed”, hence application of this paper is aimed at utilizing the irrelevant energy consumed in building processes and providing comfort at the cost of sustainability.
Halo Tolerance of Biocontrol Agents against Root Rot of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek var. radiata) Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid in Salt Affected Soils
Authors: Sharavanan P. T. , Satya V. K. , Rajesh M.
Published: January 2022

Root rot of mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek var. radiata] is major disease and claims huge yield loss if they occur in the field. The pathogen is basically soil borne and survivability may vary depends on soil condition. The fungicide chemicals are available to manage the disease; however, the biocontrol agents are nowadays available for the disease management and the microbial activity of the biocontrol agents is influenced by existing soil condition including soil pH. Hence, a study was conducted to find out the halo tolerance capacity of the biocontrol agents against root rot disease in salt affected soils under in vitro, in vivo and field condition. The root rot pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina was isolated from infected root. Efficacy of biocontrol agents against growth of M. phaseolina was assessed in vitro. The results revealed that TNAU strain of Bacillus subtilis reduced the mycelial growth of the M. phaseolina significantly when media supplemented with NaCl at 5% (1.4 cm), 7.5% (1.5 cm), 10% (1.6cm) and 12.5% (1.6 cm) and without NaCl (1.2 cm) and similar trend of reduction also expressed by BCA1 strain of B. subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viride under in vitro. The performance of the biocontrol agents against the pathogen is slightly reduced when media supplemented with NaCl. The reduction of mycelia weight of M.phaeolina was more in media added with TNAU strain of B.subtilis and the performance of TNAU strain of B.subtilis on reduction of mycelial weight of M.phaseolina is reduced when the broth added with NaCl at 5% (3.15g), 7.5% (3.25g), 10% (3.32g) and 12.5%(3.65g) level and which is followed by P. fluorescens, BCA 1 strain of B. subtilis and Trichoderma viride. Under pot culture conditions, the effect of talc formulated biocontrol agents and challenge inoculation with pathogen was assessed against root rot incidence. It was found that the soil application of TNAU strain of B.subtilis performed better in reducing the root rot incidence at pH of 7.0 (2.37%), 7.5 (4.50%), 8.0 (5.53%) and 8.7 (6.57%) and followed by BCA 1 of B.subtilis in all pH level. Among the biocontrol agents, TNAU strain of B.subtilis applied as seed as well as soil application expressed more population in the rhizosphere in all pH level. The biocontrol agents applied as soil application had more populations of the agents in the soil when compared to seed treatment. The halo tolerance performance of the biocontrol agents was also assessed under field condition in pH of 7.5 and 8.7 during 2019-20 and 2020-21. It was found that the minimum root rot incidence and maximum yield was observed from soil application of TNAU strain of B subtilis at 2.5 kg/ha but the effect is on par with soil application of BCA1 strain of B.subtilis at 2.5 kg/ha.
Efficacy of Amendments in TPH Removal during Bioremediation of Agricultural Crude Oil-polluted Soil
Authors: Baranu Barisiale , Ogugbue Chimezie , Okpokwasilli Gideon
Published: January 2022

This study identified the efficacy of different amendments as biostimulants in bioremediation. This experiment was carried out for 4 weeks in the laboratory. One kilogram of pristine soil was spiked with one liter of crude oil in earthen pots, to each pot 10 grams of amendments were added and mixed thoroughly. The amendments used were poultry dropping (C-PD), cow dung (D-CD), N.P.K (E), and a control (A and B) setup undergoing natural attenuation. The microcosms’ initial physicochemical characteristics such as total organic nitrogen, pH, temperature, total organic carbon, total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), and polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). The microbial enumeration was done for total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (HUB). The molecular characterization of the pristine soil (A) and contaminated soil (B) was also done using the shotgun analysis. The THB of A and B was 1.3 x 107 and 2.1 x 102 while the HUB was 1.63 x 105 and 1.1 x 101on day 1 respectively. The THB of treatments during bioremediation at week 2 was 1.75 x 108, 1.89 x 108, 1.5 x 108 and 2.2 x 108 while at week 4, the THB was 1.90 x 108, 2.1 x 108, 2.20 x 108 and 2.25 x 108 while the HUB at week 2 was 1.20 x 105, 3.0 x 105, 2.5 x 105 and 1.98 x 105 while at week 4, the HUB was 2.0 x 106, 2.19 x 106, 2.46 x 106 and 2.1 x 106 for B, PD, CD ,and N.P.K respectively. The molecular characterization of A and B showed there was a higher microbial diversity in the contaminated soil than in the pristine soil. This study has shown that cow dung is more effective in the bioremediation of total petroleum hydrocarbon, and polyaromatic hydrocarbon in crude oil-contaminated soil.
Impact of Storage Period on Fertility and Mortality in Chabro Breeds of Poultry
Authors: Yadav Poonam , Datt Mahesh
Published: January 2022

An investigation was conducted to study the effect of storage period on fertility and hatchability in large, medium and small sized eggs of Chabro breed. The study was conducted at poultry farm of SKN College of Agriculture, Jobner. For the present study, a total of 297 eggs were collected for this study. These eggs were grouped into three egg size categories i.e. Small (38-44 g), medium (45-52 g) and large (53-59 g). To study the impact of incubation period, eggs were stored at 21 ̊C temperature for three different time periods (fresh, 3 day and 6 day). It was observed that egg fertility was increased on 3rd day and decreased on 6th day as compared to 0 day. For small egg class, egg fertility was 95.55, 96.02 and 92.13% respectively, on 0, 3 and 6 day of storage. Similarly, for medium-sized egg class, fertility was 95.17, 95.64 and 90.28% and for large sized egg class, it was 91.11, 92.15 and 87.41% respectively, on 0, 3 and 6 day of storage. Embryonic mortality increased with increase in storage duration. For small egg class, egg mortality was 20.95, 17.56 and 24.87% respectively, on 0, 3 and 6 day of storage. Similarly, for medium-sized eggs class, mortality was 10.15, 8.45 and 12.63% and for large sized egg class, it was 29.30, 20.14 and 33.41% respectively, on 0, 3 and 6 day of storage. The egg fertility and mortality are affected by the storage period. For best hatchability, egg storage should not exceed 3 days.
Alopecia and Dermatitis Caused by Lepoarcarus gibbus in a New Zealand White Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) – Clinical and Parasitological Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Bhavani M. Sandhya , Baranidharan G. R. , Rubinibala B. , Nagarajan L.
Published: January 2022

Aim: Ectoparasites associated dermatological disorders are frequently encountered in laboratory and pet rabbit medicine practice, however, L. gibbus is the only ectoparasite rarely reported in either pet and laboratory rabbits or hares as L. gibbus are usually asymptomatic. The aim of the present report is to describe a case of alopecia and dermatitis associated with Lepoarcarus gibbis in a rabbit from India. Presentation of Case: A 1.5 year old female New Zealand White rabbit was presented to the Dermatology Unit with erythema and poorly demarcated alopecia on the dorsal neck and face. A skin scraping and coat brushings were performed. On microscopic evaluation of hair samples, L. gibbus infestation was confirmed. Treatment with ivermectin (0.3 mg/kg) biweekly once for 3 doses proved effective.

Discussion and Conclusion: L.gibbus may be presented with severe hairfall in the absence of other mites and treatment with ivermectin is effective.

Based on the literature research this may be the first case report on alopecia and dermatitis due to L.gibbus in rabbit from India. Further studies should be planned on the prevalence of the mite as it is reported to have zoonotic potential.
Cobaloxime Complex‐Mediated Organic Chemistry
Authors: Welker Mark E.
Published: January 2022

Cobaloxime complexes are now used to mediate a host of organic reactions. This chapter attempts to cover advances in this field which have occurred between 2000 and 2020. Topics range from the synthesis of new cobaloxime complexes which have been prepared for use in organic reactions to cobaloxime complex‐mediated or ‐assisted organic reactions. Reaction coverage includes, but is not limited to, cycloaddition and cyclization reactions, cross‐coupling reactions, carbonate synthesis and cobaloxime‐mediated oxidations and reductions including radical chemistry, and hydrogen production or removal using cobaloximes.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed CH Activation
Authors: Yoshikai Naohiko
Published: January 2022

This chapter provides an overview of cobalt‐catalyzed CH activation reactions reported from 2010 to mid‐2020. The reactions are categorized primarily by the nature of the cobalt species (i.e., low or high valent) and secondarily by the type of the reaction partner and/or the transformation. “Low‐valent” cobalt catalysts generally refer to catalysts generated
in situ
from Co
II
or Co
III
precatalysts and reductants or those having well‐defined structures with Co
0
or Co
I
oxidation state. “High‐valent” cobalt catalysts are typically Co
III
complexes supported by pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (Cp*) or analogous ligands or cobalt species generated from Co
II
or Co
III
precatalysts under oxidative or nonreductive conditions.
Electrochemical Cobalt‐Catalyzed CH Activations with Potential
Authors: Mei Ruhuai , Samanta Ramesh C. , Dhawa Uttam , Ma Wenbo , Ackermann Lutz
Published: January 2022

Cobalt‐catalyzed oxidative CH functionalization has been recognized as a competent tool for the assembly of CC and CHet bonds, which provides unique potential for transformative applications in molecular sciences. In the earlier advances, stoichiometric and/or toxic transition metals were typically used as sacrificial oxidants for these transformations; thus, the generation of metal‐containing by‐products were inevitable. In contrast, a significant monument was gained by merging the electroorganic synthesis with cobalt‐catalyzed CH functionalization. Thus, electricity is employed as a sustainable and environmentally benign redox reagent, thereby significantly circumventing the consumption of cost‐intensive chemicals. Given the unparalleled potential of the aforementioned approaches for sustainable synthesis, this chapter summarizes the recent progress in electrochemical cobalt‐catalyzed CH activations.