bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental and theoretical research on creep‐fatigue behaviors of 316L steel with and without 650°C thermal aging
Authors: Mao Jianfeng , Yang Jiadong , Zhu Jian , Ding Zhenyu , Zhong Fengping , Wang Dasheng
Published: January 2022

In this paper, tensile test and creep‐fatigue test at 650°C were carried out for 316L steel with and without prior thermal aging. The effect of aging on creep‐fatigue interaction of 316L steel is analyzed in detail. Microscopic observations are performed on fatigue and creep‐fatigue specimens to study the microstructure characteristics affected by aging, creep, and fatigue. Actually, three strain amplitude loadings of ±0.3%, ±0.4%, and ±0.5% are adopted in creep‐fatigue tests. The creep‐fatigue behaviors of unaged and aged 316L steel are investigated in depth for varying strain amplitude. The creep‐fatigue constitutive model is constructed by using Chaboche mixed softening and hardening model combined with strain hardening creep. Life prediction models are compared and used to do prediction. The applicability of different models is recommended. The accuracy of the models is analyzed by comparing with the test data. The agreement is achieved between theoretical and experimental predictions.
Timing and magnitude of climate‐driven range shifts in transboundary fish stocks challenge their management
Authors: Palacios‐Abrantes Juliano , Frölicher Thomas L. , Reygondeau Gabriel , Sumaila U. Rashid , Tagliabue Alessandro , Wabnitz Colette C. C. , Cheung William W. L.
Published: January 2022

Climate change is shifting the distribution of shared fish stocks between neighboring countries’ Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) and the high seas. The timescale of these transboundary shifts determines how climate change will affect international fisheries governance. Here, we explore this timescale by coupling a large ensemble simulation of an Earth system model under a high emission climate change scenario to a dynamic population model. We show that by 2030, 23% of transboundary stocks will have shifted and 78% of the world's EEZs will have experienced at least one shifting stock. By the end of this century, projections show a total of 45% of stocks shifting globally and 81% of EEZs waters with at least one shifting stock. The magnitude of such shifts is reflected in changes in catch proportion between EEZs sharing a transboundary stock. By 2030, global EEZs are projected to experience an average change of 59% in catch proportion of transboundary stocks. Many countries that are highly dependent on fisheries for livelihood and food security emerge as hotspots for transboundary shifts. These hotspots are characterized by early shifts in the distribution of an important number of transboundary stocks. Existing international fisheries agreements need to be assessed for their capacity to address the social–ecological implications of climate‐change‐driven transboundary shifts. Some of these agreements will need to be adjusted to limit potential conflict between the parties of interest. Meanwhile, new agreements will need to be anticipatory and consider these concerns and their associated uncertainties to be resilient to global change.
Fire and rain: A systematic review of the impacts of wildfire and associated runoff on aquatic fauna
Authors: Gomez Isaza Daniel F. , Cramp Rebecca L. , Franklin Craig E.
Published: January 2022

Climate and land‐use changes are expected to increase the future occurrence of wildfires, with potentially devastating consequences for freshwater species and ecosystems. Wildfires that burn in close proximity to freshwater systems can significantly alter the physicochemical properties of water. Following wildfires and heavy rain, freshwater species must contend with complex combinations of wildfire ash components (nutrients, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and metals), altered light and thermal regimes, and periods of low oxygen that together can lead to mass mortality events. However, the responses of aquatic fauna to wildfire disturbances are poorly understood. Here we provide a systematic review of available evidence on how aquatic animals respond to and recover from wildfire disturbance. Two databases (Web of Science and Scopus) were used to identify key literature. A total of 83 studies from across 11 countries were identified to have assessed the risk of wildfires on aquatic animals. We provide a summary of the main ecosystem‐level changes associated with wildfires and the main responses of aquatic fauna to such disturbances. We pay special focus to physiological tools and biomarkers used to assess how wildfires impact aquatic animals. We conclude by providing an overview of how physiological biomarkers can further our understanding of wildfire‐related impacts on aquatic fauna, and how different physiological tools can be incorporated into management and conservation plans and serve as early warning signs of wildfire disturbances.
Headache neuroimaging: A survey of current practice, barriers, and facilitators to optimal use
Authors: Reynolds Evan L. , Burke James F. , Evans Lacey , Syed Faiz I. , Liao Eric , Lobo Remy , Cooper Wade , Charleston Larry , Callaghan Brian C.
Published: January 2022

Objective

The objective of this study was to understand current practice, clinician understanding, attitudes, barriers, and facilitators to optimal headache neuroimaging practices.

Background

Headaches are common in adults, and neuroimaging for these patients is common, costly, and increasing. Although guidelines recommend against routine headache neuroimaging in low‐risk scenarios, guideline‐discordant neuroimaging is still frequently performed.

Methods

We administered a 60‐item survey to headache clinicians at the Veterans Affairs health system to assess clinician understanding and attitudes on headache neuroimaging and to determine neuroimaging practice patterns for three scenarios describing hypothetical patients with headaches. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize responses, stratified by clinician type (physicians or advanced practice clinicians [APCs]) and specialty (neurology or primary care).

Results

The survey was successfully completed by 431 of 1426 clinicians (30.2% response rate). Overall, 317 of 429 (73.9%) believed neuroimaging was overused for patients with headaches. However, clinicians would utilize neuroimaging a mean (SD) 30.9% (31.7) of the time in a low‐risk scenario without red flags, and a mean 67.1% (31.9) of the time in the presence of minor red flags. Clinicians had stronger beliefs in the potential benefits (268/429, 62.5%) of neuroimaging compared to harms (181/429, 42.2%) and more clinicians were bothered by harms stemming from the omission of neuroimaging (377/426, 88.5%) compared to commission (329/424, 77.6%). Additionally, APCs utilized neuroimaging more frequently than physicians and were more receptive to potential interventions to improve neuroimaging utilization.

Conclusions

Although a majority of clinicians believed neuroimaging was overused for patients with headaches, many would utilize neuroimaging in low‐risk scenarios with a small probability of changing management. Future studies are needed to define the role of currently used red flags given their importance in neuroimaging decisions. Importantly, APCs may be an ideal target for future optimization efforts.
Do adverse childhood experiences and genetic obesity risk interact in relation to body mass index in young adulthood? Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health
Authors: Inoue Yosuke , Graff Mariaelisa , Howard Annie Green , Highland Heather M. , Young Kristin L. , Harris Kathleen Mullan , North Kari E. , Li Yun , Duan Qing , Gordon‐Larsen Penny
Published: January 2022

Background

Few studies have focused on the role of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in relation to genetic susceptibility to obesity.

Objective

We aimed to examine the interaction between the presence of ACEs (i.e., physical, psychological and sexual abuse) before the age of 18 and BMI polygenic score.

Methods

Data came from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) Wave IV (2007/2008) where saliva samples were collected for DNA genotyping and information on BMI and ACEs were obtained from 5854 European American (EA), 2073 African American (AA) and 1448 Hispanic American (HA) participants aged 24 to 32 years old. Polygenic scores were calculated as the sum of the number of risk alleles of BMI‐related SNPs which were weighted by effect size. A race/ethnicity‐stratified mixed‐effects linear regression model was used to test for differential association between BMI polygenic score and BMI by the presence of ACEs.

Results

We did not find any evidence of significant interaction between ACEs and polygenic score in relation to BMI among EA (p = 0.289), AA (p = 0.618) or HA (p = 0.870). In main effects models, polygenic score was positively associated with BMI in all race/ethnic groups, yet the presence of ACEs was associated with increased BMI only among EA.

Conclusion

We did not find any evidence that ACEs exacerbate genetic predisposition to increased BMI in early adulthood.
Open innovation and information technology use: Towards an operational alignment view
Authors: Cui Tingru , Tong Yu , Tan Chuan‐Hoo
Published: January 2022

A centralised open innovation search approach refers to setting up a dedicated and specialised sourcing unit to search external sources for knowledge, while a decentralised open innovation search approach refers to empowering employees in various functional units to search external sources for knowledge during their routine research and development work. This research examines the operational alignment of the open innovation search approach with information technology (IT) use given that open innovation search can be significantly enhanced by IT. We theorise that organisations that have a high extent of employing a centralised (decentralised) open innovation approach and a high IT use intensity for external (internal) information flows are likely to have a high extent of exploratory (exploitative) innovation. We further posit that harnessing exploratory and exploitative innovation can lead to organisational innovation performance. This theory was validated through a field survey involving 186 organisations. The findings from this study advance the IT and open innovation literature by gaining an understanding of the interplay among different open innovation search approaches and IT use, and the resulting variances in innovation performance in terms of new product sales and patents.
White light emission of wide‐bandgap silicon carbide: A review
Authors: Kar Ajitesh , Kundu Kusumita , Chattopadhyay Himadri , Banerjee Rajat
Published: January 2022

White light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) are the most promising alternative to the conventional lighting sources due to their high efficacy and energy saving in illumination. Silicon carbide (SiC) has a wide optical bandgap and could be tailored to emit light at different wavelengths across the entire visible spectrum by introducing different dopants. Donor and acceptor (DA) co‐doped fluorescent SiC (f‐SiC) is a potential candidate for replacing phosphor material in white LEDs, as it has been observed as a good wavelength converter overcoming the disadvantages of rare earth‐containing phosphors, such as poor color‐rendering index (CRI), short lifetime, and short degradation time. The current study attempts to present an overview on the available approaches to fabricate f‐SiC for generating the white light emission and challenges in fundamental research issues to enhance quantum efficiency, color rendering performance, stability, reproducibility of color quality, and lifetime of f‐SiC.
Double perovskite Sr2FeReO6 oxides: Structural, dielectric, magnetic, electrical, and optical properties
Authors: Leng Kai , Tang Qingkai , Wu Zhiwei , Yi Kang , Zhu Xinhua
Published: January 2022

Double perovskite Sr2FeReO6 (SFRO) powders were synthesized by so‐gel process and annealed in argon atmosphere. Their structural, dielectric, magnetic, electrical, and optical properties were comprehensively investigated. It was found that the SFRO powders possessed a tetragonal crystal structure with I4/m space group and exhibited spherical shapes with some agglomeration due to the magnetic interactions between particles of the powders. Quantitative energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometer data revealed the atomic ratio of Sr, Fe, Re, and O elements close to the nominal values of 2:1:1:6. X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy spectra reveal two species of Re5+ and Re6‐7+ coexist in the SFRO powders. Sr, Fe, and O elements are present as Sr2+, Fe3+, and lattice oxygen, respectively.

Dielectric property measurements revealed a Maxwell–Wagner type dielectric dispersion in the SFRO ceramics. Ferromagnetic behavior was verified by the observed magnetic hysteresis loops in the SFRO powders at 2 K and 300 K. The remanent magnetization and coercive field at 2 K were 8.23 emu/g and 3152 Oe, respectively, and the saturated magnetization was estimated to be 21.8 emu/g (or 2.0 μB/f.u.), smaller than the theoretical value of 3.0 μB/f.u. owing to the presence of the anti‐site defects. Magnetic Curie temperature (TC) was estimated to be 432.3 K. Intergranular tunneling magnetoresistance and hysteresis phenomena were observed in the SFRO powders at low temperatures, and the MR (2 K, 6 T) was measured to be −15% and −10% for MR (100 K, 6 T). Electrical transport and optical absorption measurements demonstrate the semiconducting nature of the SFRO with optical band gap of 1.39 eV. The electrical transport process follows the small polaron variable range hopping theory. The unique combination of high TC ferromagnetism with the semiconductivity enables the SFRO to be a promising candidate for spintronic devices.
Patients' and family members' views on pacemaker reuse: An international survey
Authors: Hughey Andrew B. , Muthappan Palaniappan , Badin Auroa , Baman Timir , Baig‐Ansari Naila , Jawed Fayez , Khan Abdul B. , Jiang Qingmei , Hughey Katherine L. , Toruño Rolando J. , Machado Christian , Refaat Marwan M. , Zakka Patrick , Hotait Mostafa , Eagle Kim A. , Crawford Thomas C.
Published: January 2022

Introduction

The reuse of cardiac implantable electronic devices may help increase access to these therapies in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). No published data exist regarding the views of patients and family members in LMICs regarding this practice.

Methods and Results

An article questionnaire eliciting attitudes regarding pacemaker reuse was administered to ambulatory adult patients and patients' family members at outpatient clinics at Centro Nacional Cardiologia in Managua, Nicaragua, Indus Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan, Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín, and Hospital Eugenio Espejo in Quito, Ecuador, and American University of Beirut Medical Center in Beirut, Lebanon. There were 945 responses (Nicaragua – 100; Pakistan – 493; Ecuador – 252; and Lebanon – 100). A majority of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that they would be willing to accept a reused pacemaker if risks were similar to a new device (707, 75%), if there were a higher risk of device failure compared with a new device (584, 70%), or if there were a higher risk of infection compared to a new device (458, 56%). A large majority would be willing to donate their own pacemaker at the time of their death (884, 96%) or the device of a family member (805, 93%). Respondents who were unable to afford a new device were more likely to be willing to accept a reused device (79% vs. 63%, p < .001).

Conclusions

Patients and their family members support the concept of pacemaker reuse for patients who cannot afford new devices.
Extraction and classification of apple defects under uneven illumination based on machine vision
Authors: Wang Bao , Yin Jiaqi , Liu Junjie , Fang Honggang , Li Jiansen , Sun Xia , Guo Yemin , Xia Lianming
Published: January 2022

The extraction and classification of different kinds of defects can achieve a more sophisticated classification of apples. In this study, a region of interest (ROI) extraction algorithm based on background separation, brightness correction, and the global threshold was designed for the extraction of apple decay and bruise under uneven light conditions. After brightness correction, we calculate the average gray value of the apple region and multiply the value by 0.8 as the threshold. In this way, the threshold of different apple images can be determined automatically without a manual setting. After extracting ROI, we realized the classification of the two kinds of defects by extracting texture features. Based on the selected texture features, the support vector machine discriminant models were established. The accuracy of the model based on angular second moment was 94.8% and the model based on entropy was 94.7%. The total time from ROI extraction to classification was approximately 1.2 s. The results showed that this extraction and classification process had application prospects in practical detection classification.

Practical Applications

Ungraded fruits were not easy to store, transport, or sell at a price based on quality. The classification was directly related to fruit packaging, transportation, storage and sales of the results, and benefits, so it was very important to carry out fruit classification. Machine vision technology can achieve objective and nondestructive rapid detection. Many studies had achieved extraction of defective parts. However, they directly classified apples with defects into one category without further classification of types of the defects. In many classification standards, such as GBT10651‐2008, they need to classify apples more finely according to the defect types. This study achieved extraction and classification of different kinds of apple defects by machine vision technology and achieved a satisfactory accuracy and detection speed, which provided theoretical support for the realization of strict and fine classification of apple in industrial applications in the future.
The effects of person‐specific, task, and environmental factors on digital transformation and innovation in auditing: A review of the literature
Authors: Barr‐Pulliam Dereck , Brown‐Liburd Helen L. , Munoko Ivy
Published: January 2022

This study reviews literature examining digital transformation in the external audit setting. Our review will inform the standard‐setting initiatives of the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) related to the use of technology in auditing. We identified 36 articles on digital transformation in the external audit published between 2000 and 2021 across 20 journals ranked A*, A, B, and C on the Australian Business Deans Council (ABDC) 2021 Journal Quality List. We also identified 18 advanced working papers. These articles cover conceptual frameworks and archival, experimental, interviews, case studies, and survey research methods. Fifty percent of the published articles appear in A* or A journals, of which nine were published in one of the premier six accounting research journals (i.e., A*) since 2020. This trend is a promising sign that there appears to be increasing interest in publishing digital transformation‐related research in these general interest journals. We use the Bonner judgment and decision‐making framework, coupled with the four primary data analytic tools, to organize and evaluate the literature. This study examines descriptive and diagnostic analytics; more complex techniques, such as predictive and prescriptive, are not as prevalent. Further, existing research insufficiently addresses how data analytic tools impact auditor judgment and decision‐making, providing multiple future inquiry lines.
Syndicated green lending and lead bank performance
Authors: Del Gaudio Belinda L. , Previtali Daniele , Sampagnaro Gabriele , Verdoliva Vincenzo , Vigne Samuel
Published: January 2022

This study investigates the effect of the green lending propensity of banks on profitability and risk. Using a sample of 217 green facilities financing syndication worldwide, we create a variable of green lending approach measuring the weight of green loans on total credit exposure of the lead bank and investigate the effect of the green propensity so as the structure of syndication on bank accounting performance. We find two relevant findings. First, a higher propensity to green lending is associated with lower profitability, more moderate default risk, and lower credit risk than banks with a less green investment approach. Second, more collateralization and duration of green lending increase bank performance, while the larger syndicate size reduces profitability and risk. Overall, our study suggests that banks are prone to invest in green projects, but the risks may offset profitability requiring public support to empower the role of the banking sector in boosting ecological transition.
Environmental violations, refinancing risk, and the corporate bond cost in China
Authors: Ma Rufei , Ji Qiang , Zhai Pengxiang , Yang Ruibo
Published: January 2022

This paper examines the relationship between environmental violations and the cost of corporate bonds, and further analyzes whether refinancing constraints, the lending restrictions on penalized firms, are an important channel through which environmental violations affect the cost of corporate debt financing in China. Using the manually collected environmental violation events from 2008 to 2020, we find that the bond cost of firms violating environmental regulations increases significantly after being penalized. The finding is robust to potential sample selection bias and endogeneity problems. Furthermore, we find that the effect of environmental violations on the cost of corporate bonds is more profound in short‐term debt‐dependent firms and can be alleviated by the internal financing dependence. These results confirm that the refinancing risk arising from China's green loan policy on pollution‐intensive firms plays a key role in the relation between environmental violations and the cost of capital in the firms. In the context of the growing concerns of global society about climate change, our findings have great implications for pollution‐intensive firms, bond investors, and regulatory authorities in emerging economies to manage the increasing environmental risk.
Sovereign green bond and country value and risk: Evidence from European Union countries
Authors: Dell'Atti Stefano , Di Tommaso Caterina , Pacelli Vincenzo
Published: January 2022

The sovereign green bond market has been growing rapidly worldwide since its debut in 2016. The study investigates the empirical response of the stock and credit default swap (CDS) market to green bond issuance by 10 EU countries during the period 2016–2021. We document that the issuance of a green bond is regarded by the investors as reflecting as value‐enhancing and risk‐reducing behavior by EU countries. The issuance of sovereign green bond provides a strong signal of the country's involvement to a low‐carbon economy by increasing the social and reputational benefits. This effect is even more evident during the pandemic crisis. The reaction of stock and CDS market is driven by several factors such as bond and country characteristics. Overall, our findings suggest that the sovereign issuance of green bonds acts as mitigation mechanism for country risk.
Predicting miscarriage using systemic immune‐inflammation index
Authors: Turgut Ezgi , Yildirim Muradiye , Sakcak Bedri , Ayhan Sule G. , Tekin Ozlem M. , Sahin Dilek
Published: January 2022

Aim

To evaluate the clinical significance of the systemic immune‐inflammation index (SII) for patients who had miscarriages.

Materials

The retrospective study included 709 pregnant women who had a miscarriage (nonviable intrauterine pregnancy up to 20 weeks of gestation) and 676 women who carried a viable intrauterine pregnancy up to 20 weeks of gestation—serving as the control group. The study and the control group were compared in terms of demographic characteristics, laboratory test results, and SII values. Furthermore, laboratory test results and SII values were compared between patients in the study group and the control group with a history of genital bleeding (threatened abortion).

Results

The mean gestational week of pregnancy was 9.5 ± 3 for the control group and 8.3 ± 2.5 for the study group (p = 0.150). The SII values were higher in the study group than in the control group (p = 0.030). In all participants with a clinical history of genital bleeding, the leukocyte count, neutrophil count, neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and SII values were higher in the miscarriage group than the group with viable fetus (p = 0.031, p = 0.003, p = 0.002, p < 0.001). Based on a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the SII cutoff value for miscarriage was 883.95 (109/L) (62.6% sensitivity, 62% specificity) in patients with a clinical history of threatened abortion.

Conclusion

High SII values in early pregnancy may be used as an additional marker for the prediction of miscarriage, in pregnant women with threatened abortion. Further prediction models including maternal risk factors and multiple markers may be more valuable for clinical practice.
The influence of the blood–brain barrier in the treatment of brain tumours
Authors: Rathi Sneha , Griffith Jessica I. , Zhang Wenjuan , Zhang Wenqiu , Oh Ju‐Hee , Talele Surabhi , Sarkaria Jann N. , Elmquist William F.
Published: January 2022

Brain tumours have a poor prognosis and lack effective treatments. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) represents a major hurdle to drug delivery to brain tumours. In some locations in the tumour, the BBB may be disrupted to form the blood–brain tumour barrier (BBTB). This leaky BBTB enables diagnosis of brain tumours by contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging; however, this disruption is heterogeneous throughout the tumour. Thus, relying on the disrupted BBTB for achieving effective drug concentrations in brain tumours has met with little clinical success. Because of this, it would be beneficial to design drugs and drug delivery strategies to overcome the ‘normal’ BBB to effectively treat the brain tumours. In this review, we discuss the role of BBB/BBTB in brain tumour diagnosis and treatment highlighting the heterogeneity of the BBTB. We also discuss various strategies to improve drug delivery across the BBB/BBTB to treat both primary and metastatic brain tumours. Recognizing that the BBB represents a critical determinant of drug efficacy in central nervous system tumours will allow a more rapid translation from basic science to clinical application. A more complete understanding of the factors, such as BBB–limited drug delivery, that have hindered progress in treating both primary and metastatic brain tumours, is necessary to develop more effective therapies.
Neural correlates of sleep quality in children: Sex‐specific associations shown by brain diffusion tractography
Authors: Raja Rajikha , Na Xiaoxu , Badger Thomas M. , Ou Xiawei
Published: January 2022

Background and Purpose

Sleep quality is important for healthy growth and development of children. We aimed to identify associations between sleep disturbances in healthy children without clinical diagnosis of sleep disorders and brain white matter (WM) microstructure using an advanced diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW‐MRI) based tractography analysis, and to explore whether there are sex differences in these associations.

Methods

Brain DW‐MRI data were collected from sixty‐two 8‐year‐old children (28 boys, 34 girls) whose parents also completed Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). Track‐weighted imaging (TWI) measures were computed from the DW‐MRI data for 37 WM tracts in each subject. Sex‐specific partial correlation analyses were performed to evaluate correlations between TWI measures and a set of sleep disturbance scores derived from the CSHQ.

Results

Significant correlations (P < .05, FDR‐corrected; r: .48‐.67) were identified in 13 WM tracts between TWI and sleep disturbance scores. Sexually dimorphic differences in correlations between sleep disturbance scores and WM microstructure measurements were observed. Specifically, in boys, daytime sleepiness positively correlated with track‐weighted mean or radial diffusivity in 10 WM tracts (bilateral arcuate fasciculus, left cingulum, right middle longitudinal fasciculus, and three bilateral segments of superior longitudinal fasciculus). In girls, total CSHQ score, night walking, or sleep onset delay negatively correlated with track‐weighted fractional anisotropy or axial diffusivity in 4 WM tracts (bilateral inferior longitudinal fasciculus and uncinate fasciculus).

Conclusions

The findings suggest that sleep disturbances without clinical diagnosis of sleep disorders are associated with lower WM microstructural integrity in children. Additionally, the associations possess unique patterns in boys and girls.
Historical museum samples enable the examination of divergent and parallel evolution during invasion
Authors: Stuart Katarina C. , Sherwin William B. , Austin Jeremy J. , Bateson Melissa , Eens Marcel , Brandley Matthew C. , Rollins Lee A.
Published: January 2022

During the Anthropocene, Earth has experienced unprecedented habitat loss, native species decline and global climate change. Concurrently, greater globalization is facilitating species movement, increasing the likelihood of alien species establishment and propagation. There is a great need to understand what influences a species’ ability to persist or perish within a new or changing environment. Examining genes that may be associated with a species’ invasion success or persistence informs invasive species management, assists with native species preservation and sheds light on important evolutionary mechanisms that occur in novel environments. This approach can be aided by coupling spatial and temporal investigations of evolutionary processes. Here we use the common starling, Sturnus vulgaris, to identify parallel and divergent evolutionary change between contemporary native and invasive range samples and their common ancestral population. To do this, we use reduced‐representation sequencing of native samples collected recently in northwestern Europe and invasive samples from Australia, together with museum specimens sampled in the UK during the mid‐19th century. We found evidence of parallel selection on both continents, possibly resulting from common global selective forces such as exposure to pollutants. We also identified divergent selection in these populations, which might be related to adaptive changes in response to the novel environment encountered in the introduced Australian range. Interestingly, signatures of selection are equally as common within both invasive and native range contemporary samples. Our results demonstrate the value of including historical samples in genetic studies of invasion and highlight the ongoing and occasionally parallel role of adaptation in both native and invasive ranges.
Didymodon sinicus (Pottiaceae, Musci), a new species from China and its phylogenetic position based on molecular data
Authors: Feng Chao , Kou Jin , Wu Ting‐Ting , Wang Jian‐Li , Zhang Guo‐Li
Published: January 2022

A new species, Didymodon sinicus C. Feng & J. Kou, is described and illustrated based on materials collected from Inner Mongolia, Yunnan and Tibet of China. It is characterized by ovate‐lanceolate to ovate‐triangular leaves that are erect to patent when wet, auriculate leaf base, acute leaves apices, distally bistratose leaf margins, the yellowish color in KOH, short‐excurrent costa with guide cells in 2–3 layers and without ventral stereids, and smooth laminal cells. A phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences of ITS, rps4, trnM‐trnV conﬁrms D. sinicus as a sister to the clade of D. obtusus J. Kou, X.‐M. Shao & C. Feng and the new species belongs to the genus Didymodon s.str.
Kin recognition in Drosophila: rearing environment and relatedness can modulate gut microbiota and cuticular hydrocarbon odour profiles
Authors: García‐Roa Roberto , Domínguez‐Santos Rebeca , Pérez‐Brocal Vicente , Moya Andrés , Latorre Amparo , Carazo Pau
Published: January 2022

From inbreeding avoidance to kin‐selected cooperation, social behaviours are frequently reliant on kin recognition. However, kin recognition mechanisms are costly to evolve and currently not very well understood. Recent evidence suggests that, by altering their host's odour, gut and other host‐associated microorganisms may provide a promising avenue for understanding kin recognition. In Drosophila melanogaster, kin recognition can mediate mate choice, sexual conflict and larval competition/cooperation, underscoring its important functional role. As is commonly the case, kin recognition in this species depends on both familiarity (i.e. shared rearing environment) and relatedness, and seems to rely mainly on body odours determined by cuticular hydrocarbons. Here, we investigated the degree to which larval rearing environment and relatedness (full‐sibs versus unrelated) determine co‐variation between gut microbiota and cuticular hydrocarbons in D. melanogaster. We found that rearing environment strongly determined microbiota composition and cuticular hydrocarbon profiles, but that these effects were independent from each other. In contrast, relatedness did not influence microbiota composition, but had a strong influence on microbiota diversity, which in turn covaried significantly with cuticular hydrocarbon profiles. Our results show that, in D. melanogaster, odours may convey information about both familiarity and relatedness via an interaction between: 1) direct effects of the rearing environment on cuticular hydrocarbons and 2) indirect effects of relatedness on cuticular hydrocarbons via gut microbiota diversity.
The rice heavy‐metal transporter OsNRAMP1 regulates disease resistance by modulating ROS homoeostasis
Authors: Chu Chuanliang , Huang Renyan , Liu Liping , Tang Guilin , Xiao Jinghua , Yoo Heejin , Yuan Meng
Published: January 2022

Crop diseases threaten food security and sustainable agriculture. Consumption of crops containing nonessential toxic metals leads to health risks for humans. Therefore, cultivation of disease‐resistant and toxic metal‐safe crops is a double‐gain strategy that can contribute to food security. Here, we show that rice heavy‐metal transporter OsNRAMP1 plays an important role in plant immunity by modulating metal ion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homoeostasis. OsNRAMP1 expression was induced after pathogenic bacteria and fungi infections. The osnramp1 mutants had an increased content of H2O2 and activity of superoxide dismutase, but decreased activity of catalase, showing enhanced broad‐spectrum resistance against bacterial and fungal pathogens. RNA‐seq analysis identified a number of differentially expressed genes that were involved in metal ion and ROS homoeostasis. Altered expression of metal ion‐dependent ROS‐scavenging enzymes genes and lower accumulation of cations such as Mn together induced compromised metal ion‐dependent enzyme‐catalysing activity and modulated ROS homoeostasis, which together contributed towards disease resistance in osnramp1 mutants. Furthermore, the osnramp1 mutants contained lower levels of toxic heavy metals Cd and Pb and micronutrients Ni and Mn in leaves and grains. Taken together, a proof of concept was achieved that broad‐spectrum disease‐resistant and toxic heavy‐metal‐safe rice was engineered by removal of the OsNRAMP1 gene.
DNA methylation in tomato fruit ripening
Authors: Liu Zhiya , Wu Xuetong , Liu Huwei , Zhang Meiling , Liao Weibiao
Published: January 2022

Fleshy fruit, the most economical and nutritional value unique to flowering plants, is an important part of our daily diet. Previous studies have shown that fruit ripening is regulated by transcription factors and the plant hormone ethylene, but recent research has also shown that epigenetics also plays an essential role, especially DNA methylation. DNA methylation is the process of transferring –CH3 to the fifth carbon of cytosine residues under the action of methyltransferase to form 5‐methylcytosine (5‐mC). So far, most works have been focused on tomato. Tomato ripening is dynamically regulated by DNA methylation and demethylation, but the understanding of this mechanism is still in its infancy. The dysfunction of a DNA demethylase, DEMETER‐like DNA demethylases 2 (DML2), prevents the ripening of tomato fruits, but immature fruits ripen prematurely under the action of DNA methylation inhibitors. Additionally, studies have shown that the relationship between fruit quality and DNA methylation is not linear, but the specific molecular mechanism is still unclear. Here, we review the recent advances in the role of DNA methylation in tomato fruit ripening, the interaction of ripening transcription factors and DNA methylation, and its effects on quality. Then, a number of questions for future research of DNA methylation regulation in tomato fruit ripening is proposed.
Bacteria in biofloc technology aquaculture systems: roles and mediating factors
Authors: Abakari Godwin , Wu Xia , He Xi , Fan Lipeng , Luo Guozhi
Published: January 2022

The abundance of nitrogen compounds, phosphorous compounds and organic matter in biofloc technology (BFT) aquaculture systems creates an ideal medium for increasing microbial communities and load. The abundance of microbial DNA found in BFT aquaculture systems is hypothesised to be among the greatest in current aquaculture systems. Several factors mediate the bacterial diversity, relative abundance and dynamics in BFT systems. This review focusses on the bacteria in BFT aquaculture systems, their role as food for animals present in the culture and their various relationships with major nutrients. The analytical techniques available for determining bacterial integrity and function are reviewed along with the factors that affect microbial community structure, water quality and production performance. Future investigations to characterise bacteria in BFT aquaculture systems and their roles and mediating factors are suggested.
Assessing Milankovitch forcing in disconformity‐prone cyclic shallow‐water carbonates, Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian), Adriatic Platform, Croatia
Authors: Husinec Antun , Read J. Fred
Published: January 2022

Most Upper Jurassic studies of astronomical forcing have focused on deeper‐water sections which are relatively continuous. An Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) section on the greenhouse Adriatic Carbonate Platform, Croatia, was studied to determine if astronomical forcing can be recognized in a 5.8 ± 0.1 Myr duration, disconformity‐prone shallow platform succession. The succession consists of metre‐scale subtidal parasequences intermixed with peritidal parasequences, and intermittent subaerial breccias at sequence boundaries. Ages were constrained by biostratigraphy and δ13C chemostratigraphy, and most sequence boundaries appear to match those of the coastal onlap curve of Haq (2018). Logged sections were converted into depth–rank time series and parasequence–thickness time series. Accumulation rates were statistically evaluated for the rank series against an astronomical‐forcing model, and compared with long‐term accumulation rates (thickness divided by time). The statistical rates were used to select the ca 100 kyr eccentricity cycle to tune the series. Spectral analysis showed peaks at ca 400 kyr (superbundles) and ca 100 kyr (bundles), along with obliquity (38 kyr and 27 kyr) and precessional (18−22 kyr) cycles (parasequences). The Kimmeridgian sequences are ca 400 kyr, ca 800 kyr and ca 1.1 Myr duration. Sequence scale (0.4 to 1.2 Myr) stratigraphic completeness based on statistical accumulation rates versus long‐term rates is ca 60%. This study estimates ca 1 Myr missing time in parasequences stacked into superbundles and 1.6 Myr in four major sequence boundaries. Given that the Kimmeridgian was the hottest time of the Middle and Late Jurassic, aquifer eustasy may have influenced the timing of sequence boundaries, although documented late Kimmeridgian cooling could have triggered a glacio‐eustatic component.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐C*16:184 allele by next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Gatouillat Grégory , Tabary Thierry , Tonye‐Libyh Marcelle , Pham Bach Nga , Giusti Delphine
Published: January 2022

HLA‐C*16:184 differs from HLA‐C*16:02:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution at position 737 in exon 3.
Lack of xyloglucan in the cell walls of the Arabidopsis xxt1/xxt2 mutant results in specific increases in homogalacturonan and glucomannan
Authors: Sowinski Evan E. , Westman Bryce M. , Redmond Celeste R. , Kong Yingzhen , Olek Anna T. , Olek Jan , McCann Maureen C. , Carpita Nicholas C.
Published: January 2022

Mutations in both ArabidopsisXyloglucan Xylosyltransferase1 (XXT1) and Xyloglucan Xylosyltransferase2 (XXT2) result in the absence of the major hemicellulose, xyloglucan (XyG). The growth physiology, tensile strength, and cell wall compositions of etiolated hypocotyls of xxt1/xxt2 double and xxt1/xxt2/xxt5 triple mutants were characterized and compared with those of mur2 and mur3 mutations that alter the side group composition of XyG. Wild type and mur2 demonstrated normal elongation growth, whereas the xxt double and triple mutants and mur3 showed reduced elongation and cell swelling at the base of the hypocotyl at the later stages of elongation. Whereas mur3 hypocotyls had reduced tensile strength, the xxt double and triple mutants had similar tensile strengths as wild type, but reached breaking points at lower strains. Loss of XyG in hypocotyls and rosette leaf cell walls was associated with specific increases in the relative abundance of homogalacturonan and the hemicellulose glucomannan, but not arabinoxylan. The increased homogalacturonan and glucomannan abundance did not result from enhanced expression of their polymer synthases. An analysis of published transcriptomic data indicated that genes encoding some members of the expansin, xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase, arabinogalactan‐protein, and structural protein families were upregulated in the xxt mutants. We hypothesize that an as yet unknown mechanism exists by which pectin and hemicellulose abundance can be altered other than by increased rates of biosynthesis to maintain a structurally sound cell wall.
Power Efficient Active Vibration Control Via Twin Rotor Damper in the Presence of Gravity
Authors: Terrill Richard , Starossek Uwe
Published: January 2022

The twin rotor damper (TRD) is a device which primarily utilizes centrifugal forces for active vibration control. In its basic form, the TRD consists of two eccentric control masses rotating about two parallel axes. In a preferred mode of operation, the continuous rotation mode (CRM), the control masses rotate in opposite directions with a constant and equal angular velocity. This rotational motion results in a harmonic control force. In previous research, it has been shown that, in the CRM, the TRD can effectively damp vibrations while requiring little to no power from its actuators. However, this holds only for lateral vibrations, vibration perpendicular to gravitational forces, ergo gravity has no influence on the motion of the control masses. In this paper, the influence of gravity on the CRM is investigated analytically for the first time. It is shown that the TRD requires substantially greater power in the CRM to periodically lift the control masses against gravity. Subsequently, the CRM is augmented with an auxiliary function in the form of a Fourier series. This function is optimized such that the increase in power due to gravity is minimized while maintaining the damping performance of the TRD. The effects of augmenting the CRM are investigated, and a control algorithm is developed for the operation in the augmented CRM. In a numerical design example, it is shown that, with the augmented CRM, the power efficiency of the TRD can be regained at the cost of moderately reducing its damping performance.
Hip–Knee Joint Coordination Patterns are Associated With Patellofemoral Joint Cartilage Composition in Patients With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Samaan Michael A. , Pedoia Valentina , Tanaka Matthew S. , Souza Richard B. , Benjamin Ma C. , Li Xiaojuan
Published: January 2022

Joint coordination variability during walking that is associated with patellofemoral joint cartilage degeneration after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to assess between-limb differences in joint coordination variability and to determine the relationship of coordination variability with postoperative patellofemoral joint cartilage composition. Thirty-five patients underwent bilateral gait analysis and a magnetic resonance exam of the reconstructed knee joint at 6 months post anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Vector coding was used to assess coordination variability during the early (1%–33%), mid (34%–66%), and late (67%–100%) stance phase. The T1ρ/T2 mapping was used to evaluate the glycosaminoglycan–collagen matrix of the patellar and femoral trochlear cartilage. Compared with the uninjured limb, the reconstructed limb exhibited higher hip sagittal/knee sagittal plane coordination variability during midstance as well as higher knee sagittal/ankle sagittal plane coordination variability during both mid and late stance. The hip sagittal/knee sagittal plane coordination variability during midstance predicted 14.6% of the variance in patellar cartilage T1ρ values within the reconstructed limb. In addition, sex of participants was able to predict 32.4% and 13.7% of the variance in femoral trochlea T1ρ and T2 values, respectively. The study results demonstrate that a multijoint mechanism may be associated with early patellofemoral joint cartilage degeneration at 6 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Transcriptomics Reveals How Minocycline-Colistin Synergy Overcomes Antibiotic Resistance in Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Brennan-Krohn Thea , Grote Alexandra , Rodriguez Shade , Kirby James E. , Earl Ashlee M.
Published: January 2022

Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria are a rapidly growing public health threat, and the development of novel antimicrobials has failed to keep pace with their emergence. Synergistic combinations of individually ineffective drugs present a potential solution, yet little is understood about the mechanisms of most such combinations.
Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Simulations of Cost-Effective Dosage Regimens of Ceftolozane-Tazobactam and Ceftazidime-Avibactam in Patients with Renal Impairment
Authors: Dheyriat Lucile , Bourguignon Laurent , Perpoint Thomas , Ferry Tristan , Goutelle Sylvain
Published: January 2022

The pharmacokinetics of ceftolozane-tazobactam (TOL-TAZ) and ceftazidime-avibactam (CEF-AVI) is influenced by renal function. Application of recommended dosages in patients with renal impairment requires the use of fractions of the full dose, as only one dosage is available for both antibiotics.
Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Intravenous RTD-1
Authors: Park A. Young J. , Tran Dat Q. , Schaal Justin B. , Wang Mengxi , Selsted Michael E. , Beringer Paul M.
Published: January 2022

Severe illness caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by an overexuberant inflammatory response resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and progressive respiratory failure (
1
). Rhesus theta (θ) defensin-1 (RTD-1) is a macrocyclic host defense peptide exhibiting antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities.
The Anti-COVID-19 Drug Remdesivir Promotes Oncogenic Herpesvirus Reactivation through Regulation of Intracellular Signaling Pathways
Authors: Chen Jungang , Dai Lu , Kendrick Samantha , Post Steven R. , Qin Zhiqiang
Published: January 2022

Recently, Remdesivir and Molnupiravir were approved for treating COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, little is known about the impact of these drugs on other viruses preexisted in COVID-19 patients.