bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trends and projections of annual birth volumes in the State of Qatar: 1970–2025
Authors: Greer William
Published: July 2013

Background: The ethnic profile of Qatar is a combination of its indigenous peoples (Qataris) and non-resident foreigners (non-Qataris). Its population has increased dramatically during the last 30 years to around 1.9 m (although only 15% are Qataris) leading to an increase in the number of local births. A recent unexpected surge in births has lead to a need to re-evaluate the trends in birth numbers and develop more reliable predictions for both near- (2015) and far-term (2025) annual numbers of births to support the many healthcare planning initiatives which are currently underway. Methods: There is considerable information already available in Qatar which can facilitate such a study. This paper collates these various data, charts and investigates their visible trends and develops a simple mathematical model which projects the annual number of births which might reasonably be expected to emerge later in this decade and beyond. Results: The Qatari sub-population has maintained a reliable linear increase in birth numbers since data first began to be collected. The births among the non-GCC and Asian sub-populations are the primary cause of the recent nonlinear increase which can be well-described in the near-term by a simple quadratic curve. Far-term projections require a non-linear mathematical model which combines the regular linear increase among the Qataris with an exponentially decreasing demand for “in-Qatar” births from the non-Qataris. The trend for multiple births in Qatar (i.e. the annual number of live-born twins, triplets etc.) has shown significant increases during the last 20 years but may be reaching a plateau. Among Qataris the numbers have been higher but – at least for triplets and higher-order births – this gap has decreased in the last few years. It appears that the increase in multiple births has been associated with the current expansion of IVF programs and other forms of assisted conception in Qatar. Conclusions: The annual number of births in Qatar has recently shown a significant departure from its previous trend, requiring a radical reassessment of future projections. There has also been a concomitant increase in multiple births which has been associated with the expansion of IVF programs and other forms of assisted conception. A simple quadratic model predicts that there will be ∼22,500 births in 2015, of which ∼8,000 will be Qatari. A far-term projection for 2025 suggests that this number is likely to rise to ∼27,000 but with some small additional increase yet to come.
Role of growth factors in preeclampsia: Early detection and treatment
Authors: Munir Sadia
Published: July 2013

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific condition characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. It complicates about 10% of all pregnancies. It is a major cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Interestingly, preeclampsia may have an impact on the health of the mother or infant, beyond the pregnancy. It is believed that several ligands and receptors of different families of growth factors have been involved in the development of preeclampsia. We performed a systematic search of PubMed including combination of terms such as preeclampsia, growth factors, treatment, vascular endothelial growth factor A, activin A, inhibin A, placental growth factor, transforming growth factor β-1, Nodal, placenta, trophoblast cells, biomarkers and detection. In this review we have summarized current knowledge on the role of growth factors in early detection and treatment of preeclampsia. Although these growth factors have significant roles in normal and complicated pregnancies, the current value of these growth factors as biomarkers, for the precise prediction of preeclampsia, has its limitation. Therefore, future studies need to be done to support some of the very promising and interesting data to develop affordable and widely available tests for early detection and treatment of preeclampsia.
Role of prostaglandins in colorectal tumorigenesis: Localization and expression of COX-1, COX-2, microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1 and the EP2 receptor
Authors: Hedin Lars , Rask Katarina , Zhu Yihong , Wickman Anna , Wang Wanzhong , Brevinge Hans , Thörn Magnus , Pontén Fredrik , Sundfeldt Karin
Published: July 2013

Background:Prostaglandins, in particular prostaglandin E2(PGE2), are elevated in adenomas and colorectal cancers (CRC). Experimental and epidemiological studies have demonstrated reduced incidence of adenomas and CRC by inhibitors of prostanoid synthesis (NSAIDs). This study aimed to characterize the expression and localization of key enzymes/receptors for PGE2synthesis in adenomas and CRC in comparison to normal colon.Methods:Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry were used for semi-quantitative and qualitative analysis of COX-1, COX-2, mPGES-1 and the EP2receptor in biopsies from patients undergoing resection of adenomas or surgery for CRC (Dukes' A-C). Normal colon served as control for the corresponding tumor in each of the CRC patients.Results:COX-1 was decreased significantly in all groups of CRC (Dukes' A-C) compared to normal colon. In contrast, COX-2 was increased, but only in the combined group of CRC. Microsomal PGES-1 was increased in CRC (Duke's B), and EP2was augmented in adenomas and CRC. The localization was predominantly epithelial in normal colon and in adenomas, while in CRC both epithelial- and stromal expression was demonstrated.Conclusions:The results support the PGE2- pathway, with epithelial- stromal interactions, in the evolvement of adenomas and in the progression of CRC. Co-expression of COX-1 and COX-2 is in line with the preventive effects of non-specific NSAIDs on adenoma formation. The decrease of COX-1, in combination with an increase of COX-2, favors the potential use of selective COX-2 inhibitors as an adjunct therapy in CRC.
Correlates of early motherhood in slum areas of Rajshahi City, Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Md. Mahfuzur , Goni Md. Abdul , Akhter Md. Rizvi
Published: July 2013

Background:Teenage pregnancy comprises 24.2 percent of the total pregnancies of Bangladesh, which is a great threat to the overall health of the country. In Bangladesh, a large number of young women migrate to urban areas for work and most of them live in slum areas. This study aims at shedding light on the factors that contribute to the incidence of pregnancy among the women before reaching the age 18 in slum areas.Methods:This study is based on primary data, and a total of 522 samples were sorted out from the total 609 interviewed ever married women. These 609 respondents were interviewed using purposive sampling technique. Both bivariate and multivariate analytical techniques have been applied to analyze the data.Results:Result shows that as much as about 83.7 percent respondents were found to be married before reaching age 18, and 79 percent conceived before age 18. Incidence of early conception decreases with the increase in the education of respondents and in the education of their husbands. Respondents—with higher family income, and who have ever used family planning are less likely to experience early conception compared to their counterparts.Conclusions:The situation indicates that the overall health of the community is at stake. For the traction of the situation, priority should be given to enhance education and income level of slum people, especially women. Family planning programmes should be strengthened and improved with a special focus to the coverage of the slum areas.
Barriers and facilitators influencing the physical activity of Arabic adults: A literature review
Authors: Benjamin Kathleen , Donnelly Tam Truong
Published: July 2013

Physical inactivity is a global health concern. Evidence suggests low levels of physical activity among Arabic adults living in Middle Eastern countries. To help ensure the success of strategies to promote physical activity, a better understanding of the barriers and facilitators to physical activity is needed. The objective of this article is to present a review of the literature that focuses on the barriers and facilitators to physical activity among Arabic adults. A socio-ecological framework was used to guide this review. Following a database search (2002–2013), a total of 15 studies were included in this review. The findings revealed that barriers (i.e., factors that impede physical activity), occurred at the individual level (e.g., lack of time, health status), social/cultural/policy level (e.g., traditional roles for women, lack of social support, use of housemaids), and the environmental level (e.g., hot weather, lack of exercise facilities). Some of the facilitators (i.e., factors that enable/promote physical activity) were: Muslim religion, desire to have slimmer bodies, and having good social support systems. Future intervention studies aimed at promoting physical activity among Arabic adults need to address these multiple influencing factors.
Examining the links between air quality, climate change and respiratory health in Qatar
Authors: Teather Kevin , Hogan Natacha , Critchley Kim , Gibson Mark , Craig Susanne , Hill Janet
Published: July 2013

Little information exists concerning (i) source contributions to airborne particulate pollution in Qatar, (ii) the potential impact that deteriorating air quality may have on the respiratory health of residents, and (iii) how climate change may affect respiratory health through its impact on air quality. Air quality in Qatar may be negatively affected by naturally occurring contributions including dust/sand originating from adjacent desert regions, microbial communities that may be associated with these particulates, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by blooms of phytoplankton in coastal waters. Of increasing concern are anthropogenic contributions, including emissions from the rapidly growing number of vehicles, from ships travelling in the Persian Gulf, and from industrial and construction activities. We examine the relative importance of these contributions and discuss some of the expected impacts on respiratory health. We conclude by speculating on the impact that climate change may have on air quality and respiratory health around Qatar.
Impact of a Low-Pressure Polyurethane Adult Endotracheal Tube on the Incidence of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A before and after Concurrence Study
Authors: Schweiger John , Karlnoski Rachel , Mangar Devanand , Kolla Jaya , Munoz Gerardo , Thompson Peggy , Sprenker Collin , Downes Katheryne , Camporesi Enrico M.
Published: July 2013

Background. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, encompassing up to 15% of all hospital acquired infections. Our hospital implemented a facility-wide conversion from a low-volume high-pressure polyvinyl cuffed endotracheal tube (PV-cuffed ETT) to a high-volume low-pressure (HVLP) polyurethane-cuffed endotracheal tube (PU-cuffed ETT) in an effort to reduce the incidence of VAP. Methods. We completed an IRB approved, retrospective chart review comparing the number of episodes of VAP 12 months preceding and following the introduction of a new ETT. A diagnosis of VAP was made based upon the guidelines of our institution, consistent with the Center of Disease Control and Prevention definition. Results. The number of patients developing VAP the year after the ETT conversion reduced to 32 (16.3%) from 68 (24.7%) the year before the conversion (). The rate of VAP was reduced by 56% per ventilator day after the implementation of the PU-cuffed ETT (). No significant differences were observed in length of hospital stay, length of mechanical ventilation, or mortality before or after the conversion. Conclusions. We found that HVLP PU-cuffed ETTs were associated with a statistically significant reduction of VAP in the adult ICUs.
Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in Antarctic lichen Usnea antarctica. I. Light intensity- and light duration-dependent changes in functioning of photosystem II
Authors: Barták Miloš , Hájek Josef , Očenášová Petra
Published: August 2013

The paper deals with the differences in sensitivity of Antarctic lichen to photoinhibition. Thalli of Usnea antarctica were collected at the James Ross Island, Antarctica (57°52´57´´W, 63°48´02´´S) and transferred in dry state to the Czech Republic. After rewetting in a laboratory, they were exposed to 2 high light treatments: short-term (30 min), and long-term (6 h). In short-term treatment, the sample were exposed to 1000 and 2000 µmol m-2 s-1 of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). In long-term experiment, PAR of 300, 600, and 1000 µmol m-2 s-1 were used. Photosynthetic efficiency of U. antarctica thalli was monitored by chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, potential (FV/FM) and actual (FPSII) quantum yield of photochemical processes in photosystem II in particular. In short-term treatments, the F0, FV and FM signals, as well as the values of FV/FM, and FPSII showed light-induced decrease, however substantial recovery after consequent 30 min. in dark. Longer exposition (60 min) to high light led to more pronounced decrease in chlorophyll fluorescence than after 30 min treatment, however dark recovery was faster in the thalli treated before for longer time (60 min). Long-term treatment by high light caused gradual decrease in FV/FM and FPSII with the time of exposition. The extent of the decrease was found light dose-dependent. The time course was biphasic for FV/FM but not for FPSII. The study showed that wet thalli of Usnea antarctica had high capacity of photoprotective mechanisms to cope well either with short- or long-term high light stress. This might be of particular importance in the field at the James Ross Island, particularly at the begining of growing season when melting water is available and, simultaneously, high light stress may happen on fully sunny days.
Effect of reindeer overgrazing on vegetation and animals of tundra ecosystems of the Yamal peninsula
Authors: Golovatin Mikhail G. , Morozova Ludmila M. , Ektova Svetlana N.
Published: August 2013

Currently, 380 000 domestic reindeers are grazed on 106000 km2 of the Yamal peninsula. This unique situation was analyzed from a view of an ecosystem role of indigenous people. Attention was paied to two key points: the impact of overgrazing on (1) vegetation and (2) vertebrates. The results of our 30-years investigations were compared with the published vegetation data from the 1930-ies. In our paper, it is demonstrated, that overgrazing has resulted in a substantial transformation of vegetation, mostly in lichen tundra. Recent situation is close to total extinction of lichen pastures on the Yamal peninsula. Due to overgrazing, total availability of grasses and shrubs have also decreased, in grasses by 1.5-2.0 times, low shrubs - almost 8 times, tall shrubs – 2.0 times. The degradation of vegetation leads to desertification of the peninsula. The area of ​​sandy spots with no vegetation is on average about 5.5% of the peninsula land, however, it could reach up to 19% locally. Overgrazing affected the animal populations too. Since 1990, the peaks of lemmings have never reached former high values and become locally-limited and patchy. This has led to a decrease in the number of predators. The number of other tundra birds decreased as well. The decrease reached almost 2 times lower numbers in geese, 3 times in hygrophillous waders, 5.5 times in Lapland bunting, and 2 times in long-tailed Duck and Willow grouse on watershed. The Nenets themselves can not control reindeer population because of rigid social and psychological attitudes based on their traditions. The main aim of the Nenets reindeer-farming is not to create marketable products for a profit, but increasing the reindeer number of itself. A situation has formed, that, on the one hand, the Nenets are not economically dependent upon the society, and on the other hand, the society contributes to preservation of their traditional farming. The Nenets reindeer-farming, thus become an important factor contributing to rapid transformation of tundra ecosystem.
Perinatal Pathologic Examination of Nonintact, Second-Trimester Fetal Demise Specimens: The Value of Standardization
Authors: Gawron Lori M. , Hammond Cassing , Ernst Linda M.
Published: July 2013

Context.—Management of second-trimester intrauterine fetal demise via dilation and evacuation results in nonintact specimens for pathologic examination. Surgical pathology examination is often mandated; however, evidence on expected findings and specimen evaluation guidelines are lacking.

Objectives.—To assess pathologic findings of nonintact, second-trimester fetal demise specimens, through comparison of anatomic abnormalities identified on standardized perinatal examination to individualized general pathology examinations.

Design.—Single institution, retrospective chart review of 14- to 24-week gestational size fetal demise cases was conducted from May 2006 to October 2010. Suspected abnormalities, chromosomal and pathologic diagnoses were collected. A general surgical pathology examination occurred between May 2006 and October 2008, while a perinatal pathologist examined specimens between October 2008 and October 2010. Statistical analysis consisted of t tests and χ2 tests by Stata/SE 12.1.

Results.—One hundred eighteen specimens were included and mean gestational size was 16.0 weeks (standard deviation, 1.6 weeks). Perinatal pathologic evaluation diagnosed significantly more abnormalities than did general pathologic examination (77.3% [34 of 44] versus 9.5% [7 of 75], P < .001). Forty-eight abnormalities were identified: 77.0% (n = 37) were placental and 23.0% (n = 11) were fetal. Chromosomal analysis was done on 73.7% (n = 87 of 118) with 12.6% (n = 11 of 87) showing abnormalities. Among aneuploid specimens, the perinatal pathologist confirmed abnormalities in 66.7% (n = 4 of 6) of cases while general pathologists confirmed abnormalities in 0% (n = 0 of 5) (P = .02).

Conclusions.—Systematic surgical pathology examination of nonintact, second-trimester fetal demise specimens yields increased information on fetal or placental abnormalities, which may be clinically useful. Institutions with high-risk obstetrical practices and dilation and evacuation providers should consider integrating a standardized perinatal checklist into educational and practice guidelines.
Interference From Anti-Streptavidin Antibody
Authors: Rulander Nichole Johnson , Cardamone David , Senior Marilyn , Snyder Peter J. , Master Stephen R.
Published: July 2013

Immunoassays are commonly used for clinical diagnosis, although interferences have been well documented. The streptavidin-biotin interaction provides an efficient and convenient method to manipulate assay components and is currently used in several immunoassay platforms. To date, there has been no report in the literature of interference from endogenous anti-streptavidin antibodies; however, such antibodies would potentially affect multiple diagnostic platforms. We report results from a patient being treated for thyroid dysfunction who demonstrated a T-uptake result of less than 0.2 and a nonlinear thyroid stimulating hormone dilution that suggested an immunoassay interference. Protein-A sepharose pretreatment corrected the nonlinear dilution and revealed an interference trend of falsely decreased results, as measured by sandwich assay, and falsely elevated results, as measured by competitive assay. The results of streptavidin-agarose adsorption were comparable to adsorption with protein-A sepharose. To our knowledge, this is the first published description of an endogenous anti-streptavidin antibody interfering with clinical laboratory assays.
Editorial
Authors: Andrade Inez Barcellos de
Published: August 2013

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Estudo de casos de movimentos de massa às margens da BR101 no município de Campos dos Goytacazes/ RJ sentido Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Dias Filho José Luiz Ernandes , Fernandes Priscila Alves Marques , Alves Maria da Glória
Published: August 2013

Movimentos de massa são fenômenos naturais contínuos e de dinâmica externa, como os processos de intemperismo e erosão. Foi objeto de estudo apresentar uma análise dos movimentos de massa ocorridos ao longo da rodovia BR101, em Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ. Para isso foi desenvolvido um levantamento de campo, onde foram identificadas e analisadas as causas de 13 ocorrências de movimentos de massa. As ocorrências foram relacionadas à deficiência e manutenção das formas de drenagem, associadas à ação intempérica, numa região de média suscetibilidade a erosão. Os movimentos de massa apresentados oferecem baixos risco à população.
Mortality related to neonatal and pediatric fungal infections
Authors: Manzoni Paolo , Castagnola Elio
Published: August 2013

Thanks to the recent advances in the treatment of neonatal fungal infections, the burden of mortality has been decreasing. However a widely accepted definition is yet to be found, since different thresholds of survival are used in the published trials, and therefore mortality is assumed as occurring 7, 20, 30, or 90 days after treatment, according to the different studies. Regardless of the uncertainty of the definitions, it is more important to know if the patient died with the fungal infection or because of the fungal infection. The new antifungal drugs currently available for neonatal patients were able to increase the survival rates: the attention should, therefore, be focused on the long-term seque­lae, which, on the contrary, still affect a big amount of patients. In particular, neurobehavioral and neurosensorial disorders become often evident with age.
Iron deficiency anemia: current strategies for the diagnosis and management
Authors: Kaya Zühre
Published: August 2013

Iron deficiency is one of the commonest nutritional deficiencies in the world. It is multifactorial and may be caused by lack of intake, blood loss and intestinal causes. Clinical features are highly variable, and most patients are asymptomatic. Typical laboratory features of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) include a hypochromic microcytic anemia, low serum iron level, high total iron binding capacity, low serum ferritin level. Usefulness of monitoring serum transferrin receptor level (sTfR) and hepcidin for identifying IDA have been examined in a few studies. Available data suggest that sTfR can potentially become a valuable tool for regular testing of patients in the future. Despite IDA is easily corrected with iron therapy, establishing the cause can be difficult, particularly in cases caused by disorders of iron transport. Education for clinician needs to focus on increasing awareness of the importance of failure respond to iron supplementation. The aim of this review was to outline the current strategies for the diagnosis and management of IDA in the light of the latest reports.
The Operatics of Cabiria (1914): Intermediality in Early Italian Cinema
Authors: Kuhn Bernhard
Published: July 2013

This article presents an intermedial analysis of the Italian silent film Cabiria by Giovanni Pastrone within the cultural context of its time. Employing theories developed by Werner Wolf and Irina Rajewsky, the article lays out the intermedial and transmedial relationships of Cabiria with other media, in particular opera, literature, and painting, and illustrates that operatic references are incorporated recognizably during key moments of the film. By contrasting these references with specific cinematic techniques, Pastrone demonstrates that film is able to elicit an operatic sensation and that film is a distinct and valuable form of art.
Foreign Constellations in a National Drama: Becoming American in Boucicault's Belle Lamar
Authors: Meer Sarah
Published: July 2013

This article examines Dion Boucicault's nearly forgotten 1874 play about the American Civil War, Belle Lamar. It discerns a ‘transatlantic imaginationrsquo; in Belle Lamar, which aptly reflected the New York theatre itself in the mid nineteenth-century. This theatre not only catered for a city of immigrants, but was itself transatlantic, since many of its actors, managers and writers were themselves tourists, migrants, or at least expatriates. The reception of Belle Lamar illustrates both an intense contemporary interest in developing a national drama and international, or cosmopolitan, expectations of the theatre. These were particularly manifested in attention to voice, vocabulary and accents. Although Boucicault is often treated as important to the development of a national drama, this article stresses his transatlanticism. It reveals points of similarity with John Brougham, a fellow Dubliner in New York, who provided a burlesque model for Boucicault's paradoxically transatlantic national drama. Burlesque offered both men strategies for an ironic expression of multiple and conflicted allegiances. Their work directs us to view this period of theatrical history not as insufficiently national, but as fascinatingly and productively fluid in its identities.
Film Exhibition in Vaudeville: What We Learn from Keith-Albee Managers' Reports
Authors: Slowik Michael
Published: July 2013

This article focuses on the role played by vaudeville houses in early film exhibition by examining a neglected resource: Keith-Albee managers' reports. Countering the notion that vaudeville merely served as a neutral holding area for early films, the article argues instead that vaudeville's treatment of film as a Vaudeville actrsquo; granted it an early opportunity to function as a mass entertainment form via the presence of a balanced program of films. Moreover, specific exhibition strategies in vaudeville - most centrally the exhibition of particular film genres - prefigured the mass culture aims of the 1920s full program in the movie house.
Independência do Brasil na Bahia
Authors: Dias Tavares Luís Henrique
Published: August 2013

Este livro examina os principais episódios de guerra pela independência do Brasil na província da Bahia, que se instalou em Salvador em fevereiro de 1822, estendendo-se até o dia 02 de julho de 1823, data em que o exército e a marinha de Portugal deixaram a Bahia. O título expõe que o desconhecimento a respeito da guerra pela independência é injusto e procura mostrar que a situação singular da Bahia, com a resistência e a luta armada contra o exército português, tornou impossível qualquer acerto conciliatório entre o Brasil e Portugal.
Quem tem medo da geração shopping? uma abordagem psicosocial
Authors: Bulcão Nascimento Angelina
Published: August 2013

Nestas páginas, nos propomos a tecer algumas considerações teóricas sobre a adolescência, numa perspectiva psicossocial, procurando identificar e analisar as principais mudanças e repetições dos comportamentos e papéis dos adolescentes contemporâneos (trecho retirado da Apresentação do livro).
On the trail of a tropical disease
Authors: Sánchez Alvarado Alejandro
Published: July 2013

Learning more about the cells that enable parasitic worms called schistosomes to reproduce inside snails could lead to new treatments that prevent these parasites from being transmitted to humans.
How to switch a master switch
Authors: Hein Christopher , Wittinghofer Alfred , Dötsch Volker
Published: July 2013

The crystal structure of a nucleotide exchange factor in white blood cells reveals an autoinhibitory mechanism that reinforces the switch-like behaviour of the signalling protein Ras.
More Than 50 Years of Progress in Satellite Gravimetry
Authors: Bouman Johannes , Floberghagen Rune , Rummel Reiner
Published: July 2013

“What's up?” is a question that is answered by the gravity field. Gravity not only determines what is up and down but also reflects the Earth's mass distribution and its changes with time.
2013 AGU Medalists, Awardees, and Prize Recipient Announced
Authors: Finn Carol , McKenzie Judith Ann
Published: July 2013

The Honors and Recognition Committee is proud to present the 2013 AGU honorees. These individuals have distinguished themselves by their transformational discoveries, persistence, dedication, and pursuit of excellence. We are pleased to recognize their breakthrough achievements in advancing Earth and space science and their outstanding contributions and service to the scientific community. Their passion, vision, creativity, and leadership have expanded our scientific understanding, have illuminated new research directions, and have made Earth and space science thrilling, immediate, and relevant to audiences beyond as well as within the scientific community.
Brief communication: Effect of nomadic subsistence practices on lactase persistence associated genetic variation in Kuwait
Authors: Hill Sarah Catherine , Mohammad Talal Ramadan , Kivisild Toomas
Published: July 2013

Lactase persistence (LP)—the ability to digest lactose in adulthood—is paradigmatic of Holocenic dietary change affecting the evolutionary trajectory of specific populations. Kuwait represents one location of high LP where the variation in associated genomic regions has not been examined. Here, we present new sequence data from a 427 bp amplicon 14 kb upstream of the LCT (lactase) gene for two Bedouin tribal populations, the Ajman and Mutran. We estimate the frequency of known LP associated alleles and discuss the impact of nomadic‐pastoralism on the associated genetic variation. We observe high frequency (56% on average) of the −13,915*G allele in both tribes, which is consistent with the high prevalence of LP in Kuwait. Whilst LP associated alleles occur in Kuwait at a similar frequency to other regional populations, we suggest that the −13,915*G allele frequency among the Kuwaiti Bedouin may be higher than among non‐Bedouin Kuwaitis, possibly due to greater historical reliance on milk consumption or genetic drift. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:140–144, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mitochondrial diversity in human head louse populations across the Americas
Authors: Ascunce Marina S. , Fane Jackie , Kassu Gebreyes , Toloza Ariel C. , Picollo Maria I. , González‐Oliver Angélica , Reed David L.
Published: July 2013

Anthropological studies suggest that the genetic makeup of human populations in the Americas is the result of diverse processes including the initial colonization of the continent by the first people plus post‐1492 European migrations. Because of the recent nature of some of these events, understanding the geographical origin of American human diversity is challenging. However, human parasites have faster evolutionary rates and larger population sizes allowing them to maintain greater levels of genetic diversity than their hosts. Thus, we can use human parasites to provide insights into some aspects of human evolution that may be unclear from direct evidence. In this study, we analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from 450 head lice in the Americas. Haplotypes clustered into two well‐supported haplogroups, known as A and B. Haplogroup frequencies differ significantly among North, Central and South America. Within each haplogroup, we found evidence of demographic expansions around 16,000 and 20,000 years ago, which correspond broadly with those estimated for Native Americans. The parallel timing of demographic expansions of human lice and Native Americans plus the contrasting pattern between the distribution of haplogroups A and B through the Americas suggests that human lice can provide additional evidence about the human colonization of the New World. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:118–129, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sex differences in 2D:4D and aggression in children and adolescents from five regions of Russia
Authors: Butovskaya Marina , Fedenok Julija , Burkova Valentina , Manning John
Published: July 2013

The aim of this study was to consider digit ratio (2D:4D: a putative marker of prenatal testosterone and estrogen levels) and aggression in a sample of 1,452 children and adolescents (mean age 13.6 years) from five regions of Russia. The 2D:4D was calculated from direct measurements of the fingers, and aggression scores were obtained from completed Buss and Perry (J Pers Soc Psychol 63 (1992) 452–459) aggression questionnaires. The 2D:4D demonstrated significant sexual dimorphism, with lower 2D:4D in boys in all regions. Physical aggression scores were highest in boys, but verbal aggression, anger and hostility were highest in girls. The highest right hand 2D:4D in boys was found in the most northerly population (Central Russia Region). Our data revealed small, but highly significant negative correlations between right 2D:4D, right–left 2D:4D (DR‐L) and self‐ratings on physical aggression in boys, but not in girls. These relationships remained after considering Russian ethnics only, and controlling for region. We suggest that the associations may be due to sex differences in prenatal androgen secretion. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:130–139, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brief communication: Swimming and diving behavior in apes (Pan troglodytes and Pongo pygmaeus): First documented report
Authors: Bender Renato , Bender Nicole
Published: July 2013

Extant hominoids, including humans, are well known for their inability to swim instinctively. We report swimming and diving in two captive apes using visual observation and video recording. One common chimpanzee and one orangutan swam repeatedly at the water surface over a distance of 2–6 m; both individuals submerged repeatedly. We show that apes are able to overcome their negative buoyancy by deliberate swimming, using movements which deviate from the doggy‐paddle pattern observed in other primates. We suggest that apes' poor swimming ability is due to behavioral, anatomical, and neuromotor changes related to an adaptation to arboreal life in their early phylogeny. This strong adaptive focus on arboreal life led to decreased opportunities to interact with water bodies and consequently to a reduction of selective pressure to maintain innate swimming behavior. As the doggy paddle is associated with quadrupedal walking, a deviation from terrestrial locomotion might have interfered with the fixed rhythmic action patterns responsible for innate swimming. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:156–162, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Carbene adduct of cyclopalladated ferrocenylimine‐assisted synthesis of aminopyridine derivatives by the amination of chloropyridines with primary and secondary amines
Authors: Mu Bing , Li Jingya , Wu Yangjie
Published: July 2013

An efficient, simple way to synthesize aminopyridine derivatives is presented, based on Buchwald–Hartwig aminations. Using 1 mol% N‐heterocyclic carbene adduct of cyclopalladated ferrocenylimine in the presence of 1.5 equiv. tBuOK as base in dioxane at 110°C offered moderate to excellent yields in the reaction of chloropyridines with primary and secondary amines, including sterically hindered amines and alkyl amines.
Synthesis, structural characterization and catalytic activity of benzimidazole‐functionalized Pd(II) N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes
Authors: Diao Yalin , Hao Rong , Kou Junfeng , Teng Mingyu , Huang Guoli , Chen Yegao
Published: July 2013

Two Pd(II)–NHC complexes bearing benzimidazole and pyridine groups have been successfully prepared and fully characterized by NMR and X‐ray diffraction analysis. The structure of palladium complexes are a typical square‐planar with palladium surrounded by two pairs of trans‐arranged benzimidazole and carbene ligands. The Pd–NHC complexes have been proved to be a highly efficient catalyst for the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction of aryl halides with various substituted acrylates under mild conditions in excellent yields. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancement of the antibacterial activity of natural rubber latex foam by the incorporation of zinc oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Rathnayake W. G. I. U. , Ismail H. , Baharin A. , Bandara I. M. C. C. D. , Rajapakse Sanath
Published: July 2013

The synthesis and characterization of ZnO‐nanoparticle‐incorporated natural rubber latex foam (NRLF) are described in this article. ZnO nanoparticles were added as the primary gelling agent by the replacement of the microsized ZnO particles, whereas the control sample of the NRLF was made without the addition of any ZnO particles. ZnO nanopowder was evaluated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), whereas the aqueous dispersion of nano‐ZnO was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrograph analysis. The modified NRLF materials were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)–energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis and XRD analysis. The antibacterial activities of the modified NRLF samples were evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively by antibacterial susceptibility tests against Gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram‐negative Escherichia coli bacteria. We found that the XRD peaks matched perfectly with reference code 98‐002‐6593, which was the hexagonal phase. The particle sizes given by TEM image analysis were less than 60 nm. Most of the XRD peaks obtained for the modified NRLF matched with that of the ZnO nanopowder; this proved the presence of nano‐ZnO in the modified NRLF. Further, it was proven by SEM and EDX analysis. The NRLF modified by nanosized ZnO inhibited the growth of the so‐called bacteria in a very strong manner. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39601.
Analyses of structurally modified quasi‐solid‐state electrolytes using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for dye‐sensitized solar cells
Authors: Seo Seok‐Jun , Hinsch Andreas , Veurman Welmoed , Brandt Henning , Kang Moon‐Sung , Shin Sung‐Hee , Moon Seung‐Hyeon
Published: July 2013

Electrochemical properties of structurally modified quasi‐solid‐state electrolytes were examined using porous substrates (PSs). The PS was prepared into two categories by a phase inversion method with a brominated poly(phenylene oxide) (BPPO): the sponge and finger types. Effects of the humidification and cosolvent compositions on the morphology of the PS were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. In all cases of the PSs, a higher VOC was observed of about 0.1 V than that of a liquid electrolyte owing to a suppressed back electron charge transfer. In addition, the PS prepared by the polymer solution of 1 : 4 : 1 (BPPO : N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone : butyl alcohol) with the humidification process showed better photovoltaic properties in terms of the current density and conversion efficiency owing to the appropriate combinations of pore size, tortuosity, and interconnectivity. Effects of the pore structures were intensively examined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The impedance results revealed that large pores at the surface layers are advantageous for a lower RS and RTiO2. Meanwhile, the straight inner structure is beneficial for the facile I−/I3− diffusion, thus lowering RPt. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39739.
A Corpus‐based Psychodynamic Analysis of Body Boundary Imagery in Hitler's Mein Kampf
Authors: Cariola Laura A.
Published: July 2013

This study employs a corpus‐based approach to make justifiable psychodynamic interpretations based on the statistical relationships that exist between linguistic variables in written texts. The text examined is Hitler's Mein Kampf (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1943), which was assessed on the strengths of associations between body boundary imagery, primordial thought language and emotional language. The results largely confirm the research hypotheses identifying the use of body boundary functions as a defense mechanism associated to borderline and narcissistic organization for separating trauma from conscious awareness and for containing a fragile self‐image and body schema. The discussion interprets the language pattern by drawing on various psychoanalytic theories in conjunction with Hitler's biographical notes and Langer's psychohistorical study of Hitler's life (The mind of Adolf Hitler: The secret wartime report. London: Pan, 1973). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal control strategies with an extended cell transmission model for massive vehicular‐pedestrian mixed flows in the evacuation zone
Authors: Zhang Xin , Chang Gang‐len
Published: July 2013

This paper presents an integrated model to design routing and signal plans for massive mixed pedestrian‐vehicle flows within the evacuation zone. The proposed model, with its embedded formulations for pedestrians and vehicles in the same evacuation network, can effectively take their potential conflicts into account and generate the optimal routing strategies to guide evacuees toward either the pickup locations or their parking areas during an evacuation. The proposed model, enhancing the cell transmission model with the notion of sub‐cells, mainly captures the complex movements in the vehicle‐pedestrian flows and can concurrently optimizes both the signals for pedestrian‐vehicle flows and the movement paths for evacuees. An illustrating example concerning the evacuation around the M&T Bank Stadium area has been used to demonstrate the application potential of the proposed model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ELF magnetic fields tuned to ion parametric resonance conditions do not affect TEA‐sensitive voltage‐dependent outward K+ currents in a human neural cell line
Authors: Gavoçi Entelë , Zironi Isabella , Remondini Daniel , Virelli Angela , Castellani Gastone , Del Re Brunella , Giorgi Gianfranco , Aicardi Giorgio , Bersani Ferdinando
Published: July 2013

Despite the experimental evidence of significant biological effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MFs), the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Among the few mechanisms proposed, of particular interest is the so called “ion parametric resonance (IPR)” hypothesis, frequently referred to as theoretical support for medical applications. We studied the effect of different combinations of static (DC) and alternating (AC) ELF MFs tuned on resonance conditions for potassium (K+) on TEA‐sensitive voltage‐dependent outward K+ currents in the human neuroblastoma BE(2)C cell line. Currents through the cell membrane were measured by whole‐cell patch clamp before, during, and after exposure to MF. No significant changes in K+ current density were found. This study does not confirm the IPR hypothesis at the level of TEA‐sensitive voltage‐dependent outward K+ currents in our experimental conditions. However, this is not a direct disprove of the hypothesis, which should be investigated on other ion channels and at single channel levels also. Bioelectromagnetics 34:579–588, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cross‐linguistic influence of first language writing systems on brain responses to second language word reading in late bilinguals
Authors: Yokoyama Satoru , Kim Jungho , Uchida Shinya , Miyamoto Tadao , Yoshimoto Kei , Kawashima Ryuta
Published: July 2013

Introduction

How human brains acquire second languages (L2) is one of the fundamental questions in neuroscience and language science. However, it is unclear whether the first language (L1) has a cross‐linguistic influence on the processing of L2.

Methods

Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare brain activities during L2 word reading tasks of phonographic Japanese Kana between two groups of learners of the Japanese language as their L2 and who had different orthographic backgrounds of their L1. For Chinese learners, a L1 of the Chinese language (Hanji) and a L2 of the Japanese Kana differed orthographically, whereas for Korean learners, a L1 of Korean Hangul and a L2 of Japanese Kana were similar.

Results

Our analysis revealed that, although proficiency and the age of acquisition did not differ between the two groups, Chinese learners showed greater activation of the left middle frontal gyrus than Korean learners during L2 word reading.

Conclusion

Our results provide evidence that strongly supported the hypothesis that cross‐linguistic variations in orthography between L1 and L2 induce differential brain activation during L2 word reading, which has been proposed previously.
The relationship between re‐endothelialization and endothelial function after DES implantation: Comparison between paclitaxcel eluting stent and zotarolims eluting stent
Authors: Murase Suguru , Suzuki Yoriyasu , Yamaguchi Toshikazu , Matsuda Osamu , Murata Akira , Ito Tatsuya
Published: July 2013

Background

Several studies have reported re‐endothelialization and endothelial function after drug‐eluting stent (DES) implantation; however, the relationship between re‐endothelialization and endothelial function after DES implantation has not been investigated yet.

Methods

A total of 14 patients underwent evaluation of re‐endothelialization by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and endothelial function by incremental Ach infusion at 9 months after DES implantation (ZES: N = 7, PES: N = 7). The neointimal thickness (NIT) inside each strut, strut coverage, and malapposition at every 1 mm cross‐section were evaluated by OCT and the endothelial function was estimated by measuring the coronary vaso‐reactivity in response to acetylcholine (Ach) infusion into coronary arteries.

Results

Zotarolims eluting stent (ZES), compared with paclitaxcel eluting stent (PES), showed more homogeneous neointimal coverage of stent struts and low rate of malapposition. Vasoconstriction in response to Ach in the peri‐stent region was also less pronounced in ZES than PES. In particular, vasoconstriction was more often observed in cases with inhomogeneous neointimal coverage of stent struts in the PES group.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that endothelial function seems to be better preserved with ZES than PES, and homogeneous neointimal coverage of stent struts seem to be associated with the preserved endothelial function. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quality of prostate cancer care among rural men in the Veterans Health Administration
Authors: Skolarus Ted A. , Chan Stephanie , Shelton Jeremy B. , Antonio Anna Liza , Sales Anne E. , Malin Jennifer L. , Saigal Christopher S.
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

Patient travel distances, coupled with variation in facility‐level resources, create barriers for prostate cancer care in the Veterans Health Administration integrated delivery system. For these reasons, the authors investigated the degree to which these barriers impact the quality of prostate cancer care.

METHODS

The Veterans Affairs Central Cancer Registry was used to identify all men who were diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2008. Patient residence was characterized using Rural Urban Commuting Area codes. The authors then examined whether rural residence, compared with urban residence, was associated with less access to cancer‐related resources and worse quality of care for 5 prostate cancer quality measures.

RESULTS

Approximately 25% of the 11,368 patients who were diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2008 lived in either a rural area or a large town. Rural patients tended to be white (62% urban vs 86% rural) and married (47% urban vs 63% rural), and they tended to have slightly higher incomes (all P < .01) but similar tumor grade (P = .23) and stage (P = .12) compared with urban patients. Rural patients were significantly less likely to be treated at facilities with comprehensive cancer resources, although they received a similar or better quality of care for 4 of the 5 prostate cancer quality measures. The time to prostate cancer treatment was similar (rural patients vs urban patients, 96.6 days vs 105.7 days).

CONCLUSIONS

Rural patients with prostate cancer had less access to comprehensive oncology resources, although they received a similar quality of care, compared with their urban counterparts in the Veterans Health Administration integrated delivery system. A better understanding of the degree to which facility factors contribute to the quality of cancer care may assist other organizations involved in rural health care delivery. Cancer 2013;119:3629–3635. © 2013 American Cancer Society.