bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphometric Analysis of the Intestine of Domestic Quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) Treated with Different Levels of Dietary Calcium
Authors: Aptekmann K. P. , Artoni S. M. Baraldi , Stefanini M. A. , Orsi M. A.
Published: March 2003

The aim of this study was to perform a morphometric analysis of the various parts of the intestine of the domestic quail. Twenty‐four female quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) aged 37 weeks were used and accommodated in laying cages for 12 weeks. Each group was fed a standardized diet containing different quantities of calcium: 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0% and 3.5%. The birds were weighed, killed, and samples of 1 cm were collected from the duodenum, jejunum and ileum and submitted to the histological routine. The sections obtained were stained in haematoxylin & eosin (H&E). For morphometric analysis, 30 villi and 30 crypts of each segment of the small intestine were measured in order to determine the height and area of the villi, as well as the depth of the crypts. The results showed that although the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract was maintained in all the birds treated with the different calcium levels, a calcium level of 3.0% showed the most promise, as the levels of 2.0% and 2.5% did not cause any alteration in the intestinal tract. Furthermore, a calcium level of 3.5% led to a significant reduction in the height of the villosities, and in consequence reduced the digestive and absorptive capabilities.
The Application of Three‐Dimensional Internal Structure Microscopy in the Observation of Mare Ovary
Authors: Kimura J. , Tsukise A. , Yokota H. , Nambo Y. , Higuchi T.
Published: March 2003

The ovary of the mare has a unique structure which differs totally from that of other mammals. However, because of its relatively large size, conventional histological techniques were unsuitable for the observation of the internal structure of the whole ovary. Three‐dimensional internal structure microscopy (3D‐ISM) consists of a cryotome–CCD camera–laser disc recorder–PC‐based control system coupled with a graphic workstation. The internal structure of the ovary is observed by processing over more than 1000 stored images of serially sliced surfaces of each frozen equine ovary. The 3D reconstruction was done using the full‐coloured, volume‐rendering method. The relationship between the localization of medulla, cortex and ovulation fossa was clarified. The ovulation fossa is localized in the centre of the ovary and is surrounded by a broad ovarian cortex. A trace of ovulation was observed only at the ovulation fossa. Medulla are localized in narrow peripheral areas. The phenomenon of the competition to occupy the cortical area ahead of the ovulation fossa by developing secondary follicles was visualized. Spatial localization of various sized follicles was identified from 3D‐reconstructed images. In this study, it has been clarified that application of this novel computerized technique can clarify the anatomical arrangements of the equine ovary and the complex mechanism of equine follicular development.
Functional Morphology of the Zona Pellucida
Authors: Sinowatz F. , Töpfer‐Petersen E. , Kölle S. , Palma G.
Published: March 2003

The zona pellucida (ZP) is an extracellular matrix surrounding the oocyte and the early embryo that exerts several important functions during fertilization and early embryonic development. The ZP of most mammalian species is composed of three major glycoproteins that show considerable heterogeneity due to extensive post‐translational modifications. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the ZP reveals three to four glycoproteins which have been nominated ZP1, ZP2, ZP3 and ZP4. As cloning and characterization of the ZP genes of a variety of mammalian species including domestic animals show a high homology, three classes of ZP genes, ZPA, ZPB and ZPC can be discerned. The corresponding proteins were named ZPA, ZPB and ZPC. Whereas in the mouse ZPB is the primary sperm receptor, the situation is more complicated in other species. For instance, in the pig ZPA has been shown to possess receptor activity. Interaction between gametes during fertilization is at least in part regulated by carbohydrate moieties of the ZP and carbohydrate‐binding proteins of the sperm surface. In domestic animals zona proteins are expressed in both the oocyte and granulosa cells in a stage‐specific pattern and may play a role in granulosa cell differentiation. The role of ZP glycoproteins in immunocontraception is briefly discussed.
Carbohydrate Histochemistry of the Alimentary Canal of the Shi Drum, Umbrina Cirrosa L.
Authors: Pedini V. , Scocco P. , Radaelli G. , Fagioli O. , Ceccarelli P.
Published: March 2003

Histochemical staining techniques, which differentiate the main categories of carbohydrates, were applied to sections from different segments of the alimentary canal of the shi drum Umbrina cirrosa L. to study patterns of distribution of epithelial glycoconjugates. In the oesophagus, mucous cells contained sulphomucins, together with a small amount of sialomucins. Stomach epithelial cells secreted neutral and acidic glycoconjugates, while gastric glands only produced small quantities of sialomucins. Goblet cells showed the presence of sialo and sulphomucins in the pyloric caeca, whereas intestinal mucous cells secreted sulphated glycoconjugates. This work serves as a baseline for further studies on carbohydrate composition of the mucosa of the shi drum digestive system.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Inhibin Subunits in the Testis of the Bull
Authors: Matsuzaki S. , Cruzana M. B. C. , Budipitojo T. , Hondo E. , Watanabe G. , Taya K. , Sasaki M. , Kitamura N. , Yamada J.
Published: March 2003

The differential localization of the inhibin β subunits βA and βB in the testis of adult bull was studied using specific monoclonal and polyclonal primary antibodies. Inhibin βA‐ and βB‐subunits were localized only in the Sertoli cells. The inhibin βA‐subunit was observed in the cytoplasm while the βB‐subunit was localized in the nucleus. No specific findings depending on spermatogenic stages were observed among the seminiferous tubules. Moreover, the inhibin α‐subunit was not detected in the testis of the bulls. In addition, no inhibin subunits were detected in the Leydig cells and spermatogenic cells. These findings indicate the presence of βA‐ and βB‐subunits in the bull, which may suggest a possibility that activin is produced and/or stored in the Sertoli cells and regulates spermatogenesis in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Moreover, the inhibin βB‐subunit may be produced in the nucleus but the functional meaning of this is not yet clear.
Histological and Histochemical Studies on the Lingual, Preglottal and Laryngeal Salivary Glands of the Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) at the Post‐hatching Period
Authors: Liman N. , Bayram G. , Koçak M.
Published: March 2003

The postnatal development and histochemistry of mucins of the lingual, preglottal and laryngeal glands in the quails were investigated by means of light microscopy using specific staining for complex carbohydrates. In this study, the tongues were taken from female and male quails from day 1 to day 60 after hatching. The salivary glands in quail’s tongue comprised the lingual gland, with lateral and medial (paraentoglossal gland) portions that differ in morphology and histochemical staining, and the preglottal gland, with two lateral portions and one medial portion. The medial portion of the preglottal gland, which extended to the row of the laryngeal papillae on each side of the glottis, was described as the laryngeal gland. The salivary glands were present at hatching and their cells were functionally mature and secreted mucins. In quail of all ages, the histochemical reactions revealed that the cytoplasms of the secretory cells of the preglottal, laryngeal and paraentoglossal gland (medial portion of lingual gland) contained sialomucins and weakly sulphated epithelial mucins. Neutral mucins were absent in the paraentoglossal gland, while a small amount of neutral mucins was present in other glands. The mucins with vicinal diol groups, sialomucins and weakly sulphated epithelial mucins were mixed within the secretory cells of all the glands. All the histochemical reactions were restricted to the supranuclear regions of the secretory cells within the lateral portion of the lingual gland. In conclusion, the contents of mucins in the lingual, preglottal and laryngeal glands varied between different age groups, however, no differences in the glands’ histochemistry between male and female quails were observed.
Effects of Dimecron on Developing Chick Embryo: Malformations and other Histopathological Changes
Authors: SAHU C. R. , GHATAK S.
Published: March 2003

The effect of dimecron, an organophosphorus insecticide, on developmental alterations and histopathological damage was determined in the developing chick embryo. The insecticide was administered at two different doses (25 μg and 35 μg) into the egg yolk through a pore into the equatorial region at day 0 of incubation. Significant abnormalities in relation to organogenesis and overall retardation in growth were noted in the insecticide‐treated embryos. Histopathological study of the treated whole embryo showed abnormal features in the formation of different vital organs. The liver and kidney were severely affected by the pesticide at both doses. Based upon these findings it may be concluded that dimecron does play a role in producing embryotoxicity at different stages of embryogenesis.
Level of Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione Peroxidase and Uric Acid in Thioacetamide‐Induced Cirrhotic Rats
Authors: ABUL H. , MATHEW T. C. , DASHTI H. M. , AL‐BADER A.
Published: March 2003

Levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were determined in blood and hepatic tissues of thioacetamide‐induced cirrhotic rats and compared to levels in age‐matched control animals. The plasma level of uric acid was also determined in these animals. A general decrease was noticed in the level of all the antioxidants examined as compared to the control. This decrease was statistically significant in the level of all the antioxidants studied, except for the level of superoxide dismutase in blood. A decrease in the antioxidant level may indicate an increase in free radical level and thereby an increase in cellular damage in cirrhotic rats. The changes in the level of antioxidants showed a direct correlation with the changes in the level of trace elements observed in our previous studies. These studies suggest that antioxidants alone or in combination with trace elements may have beneficial effects in treating liver cirrhosis.
Responses of the Ultimobranchial Gland to Vitamin D3 Treatment in Freshwater Mud Eel, Amphipnous cuchia, Kept in Different Calcium Environments
Authors: Srivastav A. K. , Tiwari P. R. , Srivastav S. K. , Suzuki N.
Published: March 2003

Freshwater mud eel, Amphipnous cuchia, were injected intraperitoneally daily with 100 ng of vitamin D3/100 g body weight and maintained in media containing either no calcium or different calcium concentrations. The eels were killed after 1, 3, 5, 10 and 15 days following the treatment and their serum calcium levels were measured. The ultimobranchial glands were fixed and processed using the routine paraffin method for histological studies. The results of the present study indicate that vitamin D3 can induce hypercalcaemia in eels kept in different calcium environments. Also, the ultimobranchial glands became hyperactive following vitamin D3 treatment. It is concluded that in mud eels, the gland has a calcium‐regulating function.
Characteristics of Myofibres in the Masseter Muscle of Mice during Postnatal Growth Period
Authors: GOJO K. , ABE S. , IDE Y.
Published: March 2003

Functional maturation of muscles is related to the constitutional proportion of muscle protein isoforms during development and growth. Although the mouse masseter muscle (MS) is classified as a fast limb muscle, its functions are different from those of a limb muscle. This study investigated the differentiation of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms during the postnatal development periods in mouse MS and mouse tibialis anterior (TA), which is a fast limb muscle. Many anti‐MHC slow‐type‐positive fibres were observed in neonatal MS and TA; these fibres decreased during development. Adult MS was composed of anti‐MHC fast‐type‐positive fibres. MHC isoforms in MS were composed of MHC‐2a and MHC‐2d soon after birth. MHC‐2b was expressed, but MHC‐2a was not seen after 21 days. Expression of MHC‐2b agreed with the weaning period, that is 2–3 weeks after birth. This fact suggested that the transformation from suckling to mastication changed the MHC isoforms during this period. In this study, the expressions of MHC‐2b agree with the weaning period.
A Novel Method for Preparing Histology Slides Without a Microtome
Authors: TROYER D. L. , CASH W. C. , PROVO‐KLIMEK J. , KENNEDY G. A.
Published: March 2003

A study was undertaken to determine if it might be possible to prepare tissue sections on slides without the use of paraffin embedding, microtome sectioning, or cryostat sectioning which involve equipment and training not always available to scholars or professionals wishing to examine tissue microscopically. After evaluating many different reagents, cutting instruments and solid supports, we developed a method involving application of super glue to a slide, adhering a section of tissue to it, cutting the tissue with a disposable microtome blade, staining the tissue and removing the superglue with a commercially available product. The sections are similar to those sectioned on a microtome, but do not at this time equal their quality. However, histoarchitecture is preserved and individual cell morphology is usually good. We conclude that this is a viable method for preparing histology sections without the use of a microtome or cryostat, something long thought impossible. We have dubbed the method `RAMP' (Rapid Adhesive‐Mediated Procedure).
Allometric Analysis of the Postnatal Development of the Syrian Golden Hamster Pancreas
Authors: Hassunuma R. M. , Assis G. F. , Cestari T. M. , Taga R.
Published: March 2003

The objective of the present study was to analyse allometrically the growth of the Syrian golden hamster pancreas during days 2 to 70 of postnatal development. Body and pancreatic mass were determined, followed by stereological determination of the absolute volume of each morphological compartment of the pancreas. The marked pancreatic growth, by 4360%, was due to an increase in the absolute volume of all morphological compartments, mainly the acini which showed an increase of 10 431%. Bivariate allometric analysis of pancreatic mass and morphological compartmental volume in relation to body mass gain showed: (1) a biphasic pattern for pancreatic mass, acinar volume, excretory duct volume and stromal volume, with the first phase being observed from 2 to 21 days of age and the second from 21 to 70 days of age, with allometry coefficients of 1.537–0.513, 1.770–0.543, 1.651–0.506 and 0.967–0.258, respectively, and (2) a monophasic pattern from 2 to 70 days for intercalated duct volume and islet volume, with allometry coefficients of 0.913 and 1.727, respectively. These results show that during the growth of the pancreas in relation to that of the body some structures – acini and excretory ducts – follow the growth pattern of the organ, while others – intercalated ducts and islets – show a different pattern. This may be related to the genetic growth characteristics of each compartment itself or to some relationship between compartments during some stage of the ontogenetic development of this organ.
Morphology of the Dorsal Lingual Papillae in the Japanese Macaque and Savanna Monkey
Authors: Emura S. , Hayakawa D. , Chen H. , Shoumura S.
Published: March 2003

The dorsal lingual surfaces of infant Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) and adult savanna monkey (Cercopithecus aethiopus) were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Filiform, fungiform, foliate and vallate papillae were found. The filiform papillae were distributed over the entire dorsal surface of the tongue. The fungiform papillae were round in shape, and more densely distributed on the lingual apex. The foliate papillae were seen on the dorsolateral aspect of the tongue. The three vallate papillae were arranged like a triangle with the apex of the triangle directing caudally. Each papilla was surrounded by a groove. The rudiments of the fungiform, foliate and vallate papillae were visible earlier than those of the filiform papillae.
Expression of Cytokeratin 18 During Pre‐ and Post‐Natal Porcine Lung Development
Authors: Schlichenmaier H. , Steffl M. , Sinowatz F. , Amselgruber W. M.
Published: March 2003

The expression pattern of the intermediate filament protein cytokeratin 18 (CK 18) is described during pre‐ and post‐natal development of the porcine lung using a monoclonal antibody aginst human CK 18. Lungs from 16 foetuses in pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular and alveolar stages of lung development and lungs from 12 pigs ranging in age from birth to 49 days after birth were studied by immunohistochemistry.

In the early pseudoglandular stage of development (day 70 of gestation) all the columnar epithelial cells lining the tubular endbuds strongly expressed CK 18 predominantly in the apical cell compartment. A modest staining was found in the more cuboidal cells of the canalicular stage (day 80 of gestation) where the labelling occurred as a distinct positive rim at the apical cell membrane in most of the cells lining the canaliculi. In 96‐ and 100‐day‐old foetuses, parts of the gas exchanging area were formed as terminal sacs by extreme attenuation of the epithelium. In this stage, CK 18 was clearly detectable in the flat type I as well as in the cuboidal type II alveolar epithelial cells. A marked change of the CK 18 expression pattern occurred during formation of the alveoli by septal outgrowth and maturation of the epithelium in 105‐ and 111‐day‐old foetuses. Differentiated type I cells no longer expressed CK 18, whereas type II cells were still labelled. Moreover, a specific change in the subcellular distribution pattern from the luminal peripherie in immature porcine type II cells to a cytoplasmic localization in differentiated type II cells could be observed. Our investigation additionally demonstrated that the epithelium of bronchi, bronchioli and terminal bonchioli expressed CK 18 in all pre‐ and post‐natal developmental stages. From the 96 days of gestation onwards the epithelial cells of developing bronchial glands were also labelled. Our results clearly show that during porcine lung development profound changes in the cellular expression pattern of CK 18 occur and that CK 18 can be regarded as a selective marker for differentiated porcine alveolar type II cells from the 105th day of gestation onwards. We also assume that the intermediate filament CK 18 could be of significance in the maturation process of the type II alveolar cells.
Effects of Bovine Serum Albumin and Estrous Cow Serum on Development and Ultrastructure of In Vitro‐Produced Porcine Embryos
Authors: OTT MONIKA , SCHERNTHANER WOLFGANG , SINOWATZ FRED , WOLF ECKHARD
Published: March 2003

This study evaluated the effects of bovine serum albumin (BSA; 4 mg/ml) and estrous cow serum (ECS; 10%) in North Carolina State University (NCSU) 23 medium on the development of in vitro‐matured and in vitro‐fertilized porcine oocytes. Early cleavage rate was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in NCSU/ECS (71.3 ± 14.7%) vs. NCSU/BSA (60.6 ± 4.7%). Cleavage beyond the four‐cell stage was not different between the two culture media (43.5 ± 9.5% and 41.4 ± 17.7%, respectively). The proportion of development to blastocysts was – with borderline significance (P = 0.05) – higher in NCSU/BSA (28.0 ± 4.4%) than in NCSU/ECS (20.4 ± 7.3%). Blastocysts produced in NCSU/BSA had significantly (P < 0.001) higher cell numbers than those cultured in NCSU/ECS (29.5 ± 20.1 vs. 16.9 ± 10.8). The ultrastructure of in vitro‐produced blastocysts from both culture systems was compared vs. in vivo‐derived blastocysts. The latter showed a clear differentiation between trophectoderm (TE) and inner cell mass (ICM) cells. The TE cells were anchored to other TE cells or ICM cells by long, well‐developed junctional complexes. The apical membrane of trophoblast cells was covered with numerous microvilli. Mitochondria were abundant, round to elongated in shape, and showed clear transverse cristae. The ultrastructure of blastocysts cultured in NCSU/BSA mimicked that of in vivo‐derived embryos closely. In contrast, blastocysts from the NCSU/ECS culture system displayed an irregular ultrastructure with reduced numbers of organelles and numerous cytoplasmic inclusions, such as lipid‐yolk‐vacuoles and vacuoles with lipid content. In some sections of these embryos, cellular debris was detected in cytoplasm. The shape of mitochondria was more ovoid and cristae were not visible. In summary, our results demonstrate a beneficial influence of ECS in the culture medium on initial cleavage of in vitro‐produced porcine embryos. Clearly negative effects of ECS in the subsequent culture period are associated with marked ultrastructural changes of embryonic cells.
Ultrastructure of the Spermatozoa from Three Odontocetes: a Killer Whale (Orcinus orca), a Pacific White‐Sided Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) and a Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas)
Authors: MILLER D. L. , STYER E. L. , DECKER S. J. , ROBECK T.
Published: March 2003

Semen was collected from three captive odontocetes: a killer whale (Orcinus orca); a Pacific white‐sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) and a beluga (Delphinapterus leucas). Semen was collected from the killer whale and Pacific white‐sided dolphin using behavioural commands, whereas semen from the beluga was collected postmortem. Ultrastructure of the spermatozoa was examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Species differences were more pronounced in the head sections followed by the midpiece and finally, the tail sections. Spermatozoa from the killer whale and beluga were similar but differed from the Pacific white‐sided dolphin spermatozoa.
Morphological and Biochemical Aspects of Apoptosis, Oncosis and Necrosis
Authors: Van Cruchten S. , Van den Broeck W.
Published: March 2003

Summary Recent investigations have demonstrated the need for a precise differentiation of various forms of cell death such as apoptosis, oncosis, necrosis and programmed cell death. Apoptosis is marked by cellular shrinking, condensation and margination of the chromatin and ruffling of the plasma membrane with eventually breaking up of the cell in apoptotic bodies. Cell death marked by cellular swelling should be called oncosis, whereas the term necrosis refers to the morphological alterations appearing after cell death. Apoptosis and oncosis are therefore pre‐mortal processes, while necrosis is a post‐mortal condition. The term programmed cell death refers to the `fixed' pathway followed by dying cells, whether or not with the characteristic morphology of apoptosis. Three mechanisms are actually known to be involved in the apoptotic process: a receptor‐ligand mediated mechanism, a mitochondrial pathway and a mechanism in which the endoplasmic reticulum plays a central role. All three mechanisms activate caspases which are responsible for the characteristic morphological changes observed during apoptosis. A review of the different methods used for detecting apoptotic cells demonstrates that most of these techniques are not entirely specific.
August Schummer (1902–1977): Wegbereiter einer neuzeitlichen Korrosionsanatomie
Authors: Vollmerhaus B.
Published: March 2003

About 70 years ago, when the so‐called polymeric science succeeded in producing synthetic materials and making it available to industrial manufacturing, August Schummer intuitively recognized and reconnoitred the use of these new materials for corrosion casting anatomy. Through the employment of this method, which was named after him, an epoch‐making step was achieved in the anatomy of corrosion casting. In the year that followed there has been a very successful progress in the exploration of blood vessels right through into the capillaries of the organs. On the occasion of the 100th birthday of August Schummer (born 13th of December 1902 in Sǎlişte near Hermannstadt, died 1st of March 1977 in Gießen), former Professor of Veterinary Anatomy at the Universität Gießen, we commemorate the life and work of this exceptionally talented and passionate anatomist.
Nitric Oxide Signalling System in Rat Brain Stem: Immunocytochemical Studies
Authors: Nazli M. , Thippeswamy T.
Published: March 2003

Nitric oxide is a free radical, which is produced in several tissues of the body and is thought to be the first of a new class of neural messenger molecules and a retrograde modulator of synaptic transmission in the brain. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is the enzyme that produces nitric oxide from the substrate l‐arginine. The pattern of the distribution of neuronal isoform of NOS was investigated in neurones and fibres in the brain stem using standard immunocytochemistry. In our results, NOS positive neurones and processes were seen in the spinal trigeminal nucleus, gracile nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, nucleus ambiguus, reticular nuclei and lateral to the pyramidal tract of the medulla. In the pons, heavily labelled NOS containing neurones were seen in the pedunuclopontine tegmental nucleus, ventral tegmental nucleus and in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. The localization of neuronal NOS expressing neurones suggests a widespread neuromodulatory role for the nitric oxide in the central nervous system of rat.
Spermiophagy in the Spermatheca of Melipona bicolor Lepeletier, 1836 (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini)
Authors: Da Cruz‐Landim C.
Published: March 2003

The presence of spermatozoa in vesicles in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells that constitute the spermathecal wall of Melipona bicolor queen (Meliponini) is discussed in relation to the organ structure. The epithelial wall is lined by an apparently continuous cuticle in the luminal surface that should be a non‐transposable barrier to the luminal spermatozoa. However, some spermatozoa were seen crossing the cuticle through interruptions that was first interpreted as sectioning defects. Nevertheless, the sperm cells in well‐structured cytoplasmic vesicles, bound by membranes and sometimes associated to multivesicular bodies, as well as cytoplasmic structures representative of intracellular digestion and the occurrence of the phenomenon in two of the three spermathecae studied, suggest a real spermiophagic hole in the spermathecal epithelial cells.
Histomorphological Changes in the Oviduct Epithelium of the Rabbit During Early Pregnancy
Authors: Anzaldúa S. R. , Camacho‐Arroyo I. , Cerbón M. A.
Published: March 2003

In this study, we determined the histomorphological changes in different regions of the oviduct (fimbriae, infundibulum, ampullae and isthmus) during early pregnancy (days 1–4) of the rabbit. It was observed that the number of secretory cells (PAS‐positive cells) diminished in the fimbriae during the first 4 days of pregnancy with the corresponding increase in the number of non‐secretory cells (PAS‐negative cells). In contrast, there was an increase in the number of PAS‐positive cells in the isthmus during early pregnancy. In both the infundibulum and the ampullae the number of PAS‐positive cells was increased on day 3. A significant decrease in the height of the epithelium was observed in the fimbriae during early pregnancy. On the contrary, a significant increase in this parameter was observed in the isthmus during the first 3 days of pregnancy. A slight decrease in the height of the epithelium was observed in the infundibulum on day 4 of pregnancy, while in the ampullae it was significantly increased on days 1 and 3. The overall results indicate that during early pregnancy there is a selective modification in the histomorphological characteristics of the different regions of the rabbit oviduct.
Giant Muscle Fibres in Pigs with Different Ryr1 Genotype
Authors: Fazarinc G. , Čandek‐Potokar M. , Uršič M. , Vrecl M. , Pogačnik A.
Published: March 2003

This study examined the frequency, morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of the giant fibres in the longissimus muscle of local Krško polje pigs with different Ryr1 genotypes. Giant fibres were round‐shaped and had significantly increased cross‐sectional area compared with normal muscle fibres. Only fast‐twitch glycolytic fibres were affected, usually showing enhanced succinate dehydrogenase activity. On the ultrastructural level, the dilation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, swelling of mitochondria and destruction of myofilaments was observed. The incidence of giant fibres was the highest in Ryr1 dimutant pigs (Ryr1 nn), which also exhibited lower muscle pH1 than heterozygous (Ryr1 Nn) or pigs with the wild Ryr1 gene (Ryr1 NN). However, the giant fibres were also present in pigs free of Ryr1 gene mutation. Our results suggest that the giant fibre syndrome depends mostly upon the rate and intensity of early post‐mortem glycolysis, which results in acidity of muscle tissue. We suppose that the giant fibre formation is a result of excessive intracellular lactate accumulation in some fast‐twitch glycolytic fibres. This process could also explain the ultrastructural alterations and the consequent changes in the oxidative enzymes and myofibrillar ATPase staining pattern observed in our and some previous studies.
Morphological Characteristics of C1 and C2 Adrenergic Neurone Groups in Marmoset Monkey Brainstem by using Antibody against Phenylethanolamine‐N‐methyltransferase
Authors: Jeong Y.‐G. , Lee N.‐S. , Chung S.‐H. , Lee K.‐Y. , Suh J.‐G. , Hyun B.‐H. , Kang T.‐C. , Oh Y.‐S. , Won M. H.
Published: March 2003

This work describes a mapping study of phenylethanolamine‐N‐methyltransferase (PNMT) immunoreactive neurones and fibres in the medulla oblongata of the marmoset monkey, Callithrix jacchus. Two groups of PNMT‐immunoreactive neurones were found in the marmoset monkey medulla oblongata: a ventrolateral (C1 group) and a dorsomedial PNMT‐immunoreactive cells group (C2 group). The PNMT‐immunoreactive cells in the ventrolateral group C1 were found to be located around the lateral reticular nucleus. The PNMT‐immunoreactive somata within the ventrolateral medulla are round to oval, and mostly multipolar with branched processes. In the dorsomedial group C2, PNMT‐immunoreactive cell bodies appeared near the obex. The majority of the dorsomedial PNMT‐immunoreactive neurones were observed in the nucleus tractus solitarius; although some were present in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. The PNMT‐immunoreactive somata in the dorsomedial medulla were small and round or ovoid. These results provide information upon the adrenergic system in the medulla oblongata of a species that presents a useful model of a small primate brain, the marmoset monkey.
Galanin‐Immunoreactive Cells and Their Relation to Calcitonin Gene‐Related Peptide‐, Substance P‐ and Somatostatin‐Immunoreactive Cells in Rat Lumbar Dorsal Root Ganglia
Authors: Yoon Y. S. , Hwang I. K. , Lee I. S. , Suh J.‐G. , Shin J. W. , Kang T.‐C. , Oh Y. S. , Won M. H.
Published: March 2003

We report upon the distribution of galanin‐immunoreactive (GAL‐IR) cells in the lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of the rat, and upon the distribution of GAL‐IR cells, which also contain calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP)‐, substance P (SP)‐ and somatostatin (SOM)‐immunoreactivity. Neuropeptide‐immunoreactive lumbar DRG cells were 55.8% for CGRP, 12.7% for SP, and 6.5% for GAL in lumbar DRG cells. There was no significant difference between the right and left DRGs (L1−L6) for any neuropeptide‐immunoreactive cell (P<0.01). In terms of size distribution, CGRP‐immunoreactive cells were identified below 1500 μm2, and SP‐, and GAL‐IR cells below 600 μm2. Neuropeptide immunoreactive cells showed various immunoreactivities in the cytoplasm according to each neuropeptide. CGRP and SP immunoreactive cells were colocalized with GAL immunoreactive cells in the serial sections about 83.3 and 60% respectively, but SOM colocalizing with GAL‐IR cells were not in evidence. The current results confirm and extend previous results, and show that neuropeptides can coexist in single sensory neurones of the rat DRG. In addition, our results demonstrate that the normal distribution of some neurotransmitters modulating sensory action in Wistar Kyoto rat, make this model more prone to develop neuropathic pain than Sprague‐Dawley rat.
Ultra‐Structure of Intracellular Lipid Vesicles of Porcine GV‐oocytes after in vitro Fertilization and Parthenogenetic Activation
Authors: Isachenko V. , Isachenko E. , Rahimi G. , Mallmann P. , Krivokhrchenko A. , Nawroth F.
Published: March 2003

The aim of our investigation was to compare the ultra‐structure of lipid droplets in porcine pronuclear oocytes obtained after in vitro fertilization (IVF) or parthenogenetic activation (PGA) of Metaphase II (MII) oocytes. The ultra‐structure of lipids in the IVF or PGA pronuclear oocytes after vitrification was also studied. There are two kinds of lipid droplets in porcine GV oocytes: ‘dark’ and homogenous vesicles next to ‘grey’ vesicles with electron‐lucent streaks. After IVF or PGA and following 16‐h culture, only the presence of ‘grey’ vesicles was detected in IVF and PGA oocytes. Ultra‐structure of lipid vesicles of PGA and IVF oocytes was similar. The PGA oocytes can be as model of the two pronuclear stage IVF oocytes.
Diprosopiasis in a Lamb. A Case Report
Authors: Mazzullo G. , Germanà A. , De Vico G. , Germanà G.
Published: March 2003

Conjoined twinning has been reported in most of the domestic animal species. Among them, sheep have the highest incidence of craniofacial defects. A live male crossbreed dystocic two‐headed lamb was delivered from a 2‐year‐old Pinzerita sheep after first mating. After 40 h of life, the lamb spontaneously died. The most important gross findings involved the head, whereas the examination of different organ and tissue sections did not reveal remarkable histomorphological changes. The lamb was classified as a conjoined twinning and, on the basis of the facial duplication, as a diprosopus tetraophtalmus.
Immunohistochemical Characterization of Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Subpopulations of the Spleen, Thymus, Tongue and Heart in Cyclophosphamide‐induced Immunosuppressed Rat
Authors: Yoon S. , Yoo H. J. , Shim N. R. , Baek S. Y. , Kim B. S. , Kim J. B. , Jun E. J. , Son Y. K. , Lee S. Y. , Yoo Y. H.
Published: March 2003

This study was undertaken to investigate the immunohistochemical characterization of different subpopulations of macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) of the spleen, thymus, tongue and heart in cyclophosphamide (CY)‐induced immunosuppressed rat. After CY treatment, remarkably, ED1+, ED2+ and ED3+ macrophage subpopulations, in general, exhibited signs of cellular activation such as an increase in number and size of cell, and an upregulation of the ED1, ED2 and ED3 reactive surface molecule expression in all the organs studied, except for some macrophage subpopulations including ED1+ macrophages in the non‐lymphoid tissues. Subpopulations of DCs showed a differential sensitivity to CY. Lymphoid DCs were more sensitive to CY than non‐lymphoid interstitial DCs. CY induced a conspicuous upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) expression in the vascular endothelial cells, splenic marginal zone and thymic cortex. In this study, we demonstrated the in vivo effects of CY treatment on subpopulations of macrophages and DCs as well as on ICAM‐1 expression in the rat spleen, thymus, tongue and heart. Moreover, our results shed more light on the activation effects of CY on certain subpopulations of macrophages, on the differential sensitivity of DCs to CY between the immature and mature ones, on the functional role of different subpopulations of macrophages, and on the significance of upregulated ICAM‐1 expression in the splenic marginal zone and thymic cortex after CY treatment.
Morphological Relationship Between Intercalated Duct and Pancreatic Islet in Streptozotocin and/or Camostat Mesilate Administrations in the Chicken
Authors: Nagasao J. , Sugiyama D. , Yoshioka K. , Amasaki H. , An T. , Yue Z. , Mutoh K.
Published: March 2003

Present electron microscopical and immunocytochemistrical studies elucidated some morphological relationship between intercalated duct (ICD) and pancreatic islet cells in the chicken in streptozotocin (STZ) and/or camostat mesilate (CM) administrations. Twenty‐one chickens were set into four experimental groups: (1) control group, (2) STZ administration group, (3) CM administration group, and (4) STZ + CM administration group. Cytoplasms of ICD cells stained more strongly with eosin in STZ administration group than other groups, and electron‐dense materials and intercalated processes between ICD and islet cells were also increasing in time dependence in STZ administration. Number of pancreatic islet in STZ + CM co‐administration was about 3.1 times larger than other groups. Many small sized cells were detected at surrounding area of ICD and they incorporated 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine better than other experimental groups. Present morphological data suggested that ICD cells might support some tolerances of pancreatic endocrine cells against toxic substances and also involve in regeneration of new pancreatic islet cells in STZ + CM co‐administration.
New and little‐known lepidopteran (Lepidoptera) phytophages on the poplars (Populus spp.) in Bulgaria
Authors: Georgiev By G. , Beshkov S.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Investigations were carried out during the period 1997‐1999 on lepidopteran entomofauna deleterious to poplars (Populus spp.) in Bulgaria. The phytophages were collected in larval and pupal stage and were reared under laboratory con‐ditions to the adult stage. In two regions of Bulgaria, Sofia and Montana, 18 new and little‐known phytophages in seven families were established on the trees in Populus genus: Limenitis populi (L.) (Nymphalidae); Anacampsis populefia (Cl.), Gelechia turpella (Den. & Schiff.) (Gelechiidae); Synanthedon melliniformis (Lasp.) (Sesiidae); Euproctis similis (Fuessl.) (Lymantriidae); Drymonia velitaris (Hufn.), Notodonta tritophus (Den. & Schiff.) (Notodontidae); Amphipyra pyramidea (L.), Catocala nupta (L.), Cosmia trapezina (L.), Enargia paleacea (Esp.), Eupsilia transversa (Hufn.), Ipomorpha subtusa (Den. & Schiff.), Parastichtis ypsilon (Den. & Schiff.), Scoliopteryx libatrix (L.) (Noctuidae); Gastropacha quercifolia (L.), Phyllodesma tremulifolia (Hb.) and Poecilocampa populi (L.) (Lasiocampidae). G. turpella and S. melliniformis are new records for Bulgaria and D. velitaris was found for the first time in Northern Bulgaria. Thirteen species (L. populi, E. similis, D. velltaris, N. tritophus, A. pyramidea, C. nupta, C. trapezina, E. transversa, I. subtusa, P. ypsilon, G. quercifolia, P. tremulifolia and P. populi) were established for the first time in Bulgaria to have a trophic relationship with poplars. G. turpella and L subtusa were occurred in the highest population densities – up to 1.6 larvae/m and up to 1.1 larvae/m respectively. The remaining species occurred in low population densities in the studied habitats and were not considered to be pests on the poplars.
Environmental management and biological aspects of the two eriophyoid fig mites Aceria ficus (Cotte) and Rhyncaphytoptus ficifoliae Keifer in Egypt
Authors: Abou‐Awad By B. A. , El‐Sawaf B. M. , Reda A. S. , Abdel‐Khalek A. A.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Mites associated with abandoned fig trees in Egypt were observed during a 2‐year study. This study included species diversity and seasonal fluctuations as well as some biological aspects of common eriophyoid species. Three phytophagous species consisted of the fig bud mite Aceria ficus (Cotte), the fig leaf mite Rhyncaphytoptus ficifoliae Keifer and the two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch, representing a basic trophic level, were fed upon by three of predacious mites (Pronematus ubiquitus (McGregor), Amblyselus swirskii Athias‐Henriot, Agistemus exsertus Gonzalez). Population abundance of the injurious mites were affected by the prevailing climatic conditions, action of predators and leaf age. A control measure of one summer pesticide (abamectin) application throughout the year seemed to be the most successful management of harmful mites. Life table parameters showed that the population of A. ficus multiplied 28.52 times in a generation time of 17.90 days, while R. ficifoliae population increased 16.50 times in a generation time of 14.61 days. Field and laboratory studies indicated that the viviparity is a typical character in the reproduction of R. ficifoliae.
Behandlung von Reis mit Neem und Diatomeenerde zur Bekämpfung der vorratsschädlichen Coleopteren Sitophilus oryzae und Tribolium castaneum
Authors: Ulrichs Von CH. , Mewis I.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: The commercial available diatomaceous earth Fossil Shield® and the neem product Neem Azal‐T/S® are tested as single treatments and in combination as controls for the stored product pests Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). The diatomaceous earth, applied in concentrations of 0.5 g, 1 g and 2 g kg‐1 rice, reduced numbers of surviving beetles significantly (over a period of 3 weeks). A single treatment with the neem product, in concentrations of 0.01 g, 0.1 g, 0.2 g and 1 g azadirachtin kg‐1 rice, increased the mortality rate for both species significantly. The combination of neem and diatomaceous earth (1 g diatomaceous earth with 0.2 g or 1 g azadirachtin kg‐1 rice) was more effective than the single treatment in reducing numbers of surviving beetles.
Suction air traps vs. crops in monitoring Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.) in Central Europe (Hom., Aphididae)
Authors: Starý By Petr , Lukášová Hana
Published: March 2003

Summary: The Russian wheat aphid (=RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.) is an exotic expansive aphid on the small grains determined in the Czech republic since 1993 (1995). Determination of RWA flight patterns by suction air traps (= SATs) between 1994‐1998 indicated some banker, less important, or indicated RWA distribution areas. A comparison of the RWA monitoring by SATs and by crop samples in areas more or less distant from individual SAT locations manifested a high silmilarity of RWA evidence in its overall distribution and area‐influenced population numbers. Owing to geographic area‐dependent features of its life‐cycle (holocycly) and host plant preferences, RWA seems to be most injurious to spring barley. In spite of the role of SATs in aphid forecasting, RWA samples are recommended to be taken also from the crops at the early ripening stage as the respective SAT evidence reflects only the emigration of the alate aphids originating from the decreasing populations. In general, RWA detection by SATs was either simultaneously or successively found to reflect the RWA presence in the more or less distant crops. The 30km perimeter of a SAT is agreed to be representative for mon‐toring RWA populations in a sampled area.
Long‐term effects of an insecticide application on non‐target arthropods in winter wheat ‐ a field study over 2 seasons
Authors: Wick By M. , Freier B.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: The effects of the insecticide lambda‐cyhalothrin (Karate) on non‐target arthropods in winter wheat were studied throughout two successive seasons in 1998 and 1999. The study particularly focussed on the crop in the growing season after insecticide application (also winter wheat) for detection of potential long‐term effects and for determination of the suitability of different sampling methods.The investigations were based on the assumption that arthropod immigration from surrounding areas is limited in large fields. For this reason a simple approach seemed to be feasible. Two plots of equal size (10 ha, adjusted to each other) were defined in a 100 ha field and designated control and treatment plots. Ten sampling points were established on each plot. The following monitoring methods were utilised: visual counting, sweep netting and pitfall trapping. In the first year of investigation, countings and catches were carried out 2 days prior to insecticide application and 2, 16, 30 and 44 days after application. In the next year, they were carried out 365 days and 384 days after insecticide application in the successive crop of winter wheat.At the time of the first sampling prior to insecticide application, the two plots showed significant differences with respect to arthropod density or activity, particularly in visual counting and to a minor degree to sweep netting and pitfall trapping. Lower densities or activities were observed in the plot reserved for treatment. Measures for mathematical equalisation of the results of population densities before pesticide treatment should be considered.After insecticide application, the densities or activities of non‐target arthropods decreased, particularly in visual counting and sweep netting. After one year, these effects disappeared to a large extent. Several groups of arthropods reached even higher levels in the treated plot than in the untreated one. The pitfall traps revealed weak activity‐decreasing effects in carabids and spiders in the treated plot, but the opposite tendency for staphylinids. Hence, it seems that the conditions in a large field are less homogeneous, and that smaller scale conditions can support processes of recovery in non‐target populations.
On‐going expansion of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.) in central Europe (Horn.: Aphididae)
Authors: Starý By Petr
Published: March 2003

Abstract: A supplementary research on Russian wheat aphid (= RVA), Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.) between 1998‐99 documented the pest distribution all over the Czech republic already. RVA abundance was proved to be significantly area‐dependent within the state. The banker areas are in southern Moravia (district Znojmo, the frontier area near Austria) up to central Moravia. The determined RWA distribution area is much broader than presumed on grounds of climatic characteristics.

The abundance of RVA generally decreases from the SE to the NW and N direction, as well as with the increasing altitude within the area.The highest altitude a.s.l. of RWA occurrence in the crop was 762 in. The re‐classified main expansion route was determined to follow two directions (sourcing from Hungary and Austria) to southern‐central‐northem Moravia, and to southern Bohemia and further on to the central Bohemian lowland. The field information indicated the development of preference of RWA for barley.