bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An emerging GHG estimation approach can help cities achieve their climate and sustainability goals
Authors: Mueller K L , Lauvaux T , Gurney K R , Roest G , Ghosh S , Gourdji S M , Karion A , DeCola P , Whetstone J
Published: June 2021

A credible assessment of a city’s greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation policies requires a valid account of a city’s emissions. However, questions persist as to whether cities’ ‘self-reported inventories’ (SRIs) are accurate, precise, and consistent enough to track progress toward city mitigation goals. Although useful for broad policy initiatives, city SRIs provide annual snapshots that may have limited use to city managers looking to develop targeted mitigation policies that overlap with other issues like equity, air quality, and human health. An emerging approach from the research community that integrates ‘bottom-up’ hourly, street-level emission data products with ‘top-down’ GHG atmospheric observations have begun to yield production-based (scope 1) GHG estimates that can track changes in emissions at annual and sub-annual timeframes. The use of this integrated approach offers a much-needed assessment of SRIs: the atmospheric observations are tied to international standards and the bottom-up information incorporates multiple overlapping socio-economic data. The emissions are mapped at fine scales which helps link them to attribute information (e.g. fuel types) that can further facilitate mitigation actions. Here, we describe this approach and compare results to the SRI from the City of Indianapolis which shows a yearly difference of 35% in scope 1 emissions. In the City of Baltimore, we show that granular emission information can help address multiple issues, e.g. GHG emissions, air pollution, and inequity, at the sub-zip code scale where many roots and causes for each issue exist. Finally, we show that the incorporation of atmospheric concentrations within an integrated system provides rapid, near-real-time feedback on CO2 emissions anomalies that can uncover important behavioral and economic relationships. An integrated approach to GHG monitoring, reporting and verification can ensure uniformity, and provide accuracy to city-scale GHG emissions, scalable to states and the nation—ultimately helping cities meet stated ambitions.
A comprehensive uncertainty quantification of large-scale process-based crop modeling frameworks
Authors: Dokoohaki Hamze , Kivi Marissa S , Martinez-Feria Rafael , Miguez Fernando E , Hoogenboom Gerrit
Published: June 2021

Regional and global impact assessment tools are increasingly used to explore and evaluate the impact of climate change and extreme events on crop yield and environmental externalities. However, the large uncertainties associated with the inputs or the parameters in crop models within these tools, limits their predictive ability, exceeding the spatiotemporal variability of observed yields. The objective of this study is to explore and quantify different sources of uncertainties and assumptions made behind initial conditions (IC), soil input, meteorological forcing, management practices and model cultivar parameters by running regional simulations for the time period between 2009 and 2019. Simulations were performed for maize and soybean using the pSIMS platform across the U.S Midwest by incrementally accounting for five sources of uncertainty with a

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resolution using the APSIM and DSSAT crop growth models. First, the relative contribution of different sources of uncertainty was estimated over time and space. Then, a series of nitrate leaching hotpots were identified and a regional maize yield productivity index was estimated by decomposing the uncertainty in the same scenario using a hierarchical Bayesian random-effect model. All factors showed a strong spatial pattern in their contribution to the total uncertainty and their contribution was found to be partially dependent on location. However, across the whole region, it was found that the uncertainty around management is larger than IC, soil and meteorological forcing while showing a strong correlation with each of these factors. Given the high spatial correlation, we hypothesize that constraining soil inputs and management uncertainty could allow for the largest reduction in predictive uncertainty for crop yield. Our results showed vast areas over northern IA, IL and IN with high potential for NO3 leaching and southern IA, IL and east NE with lower maize productivity index compared to the regional average.
Increasing annual streamflow and groundwater storage in response to climate warming in the Yangtze River source region
Authors: Yi Wenxuan , Feng Yuqing , Liang Sihai , Kuang Xingxing , Yan Dezhao , Wan Li
Published: June 2021

Climate warming has been driving hydrological changes across the globe, especially in high latitude and altitude regions. Long-term (1962–2012) streamflow records and permafrost data in the Yangtze River source region were selected to analyze streamflow variations and groundwater storage in response to climate warming. Results of Mann–Kendall test and Morlet wavelet analysis show that the anomalies of both annual streamflow and winter baseflow are near the year 2010, and their main period scales are 37 years and 34 years, respectively. The annual streamflow and the annual baseflow increased significantly, as assessed by the recursive digital filtering baseflow separation. Results of Pearson correlation coefficient indicate that the rising air temperature is the primary cause for the increased streamflow instead of precipitation and evaporation. By using the top temperature of permafrost model, the total permafrost area has decreased by 8200 km2 during the past 50 years, which causes groundwater storage to increase by about 1.62 km3 per year due to climate warming. More space has been made available to store the increasing meltwater during the permafrost thawing. Permafrost thawing and increasing temperature are the direct and indirect causes of the increasing groundwater storage. The results of the cumulative anomaly method and Pearson correlation coefficients show that permafrost thawing has a greater impact than increasing temperature on the increase of groundwater storage. Permafrost thawing due to climate warming show compound effects on groundwater storage–discharge mechanism, and significantly affects the mechanisms of streamflow generation and variation.
Solar power plant in Indonesia: economic, policy, and technological challenges to its development and deployment
Authors: Andor Mulana Sijabat Linus , Mostavan Albayruni
Published: June 2021

The conversion of solar radiation to electricity usually use photovoltaic device. The resource is always available daily. Indonesia is a tropical country that lies on the equator, so every day can receive, on average, the solar radiation energy of 5 kW hours/m2 every day with the best solar sunshine between 4 and 5 hours. Due to the regulation from the government of Indonesia to reduce the effect of global warming in the world, Indonesia will use renewable energy with the target of 23% on the national energy mix in 2025. One of the component solar power with the target of 6.5 GW. Solar power applies for a centralized and distributed power plant, which is installed on rooftop of building or a house, ground-mounted, and floating with an on-grid or off-grid system. Beside, solar power applies to the integration with other system like EV charging, pumping, cold storage, lighting and other. Furthermore, solar power will develop to downstream to build solar cell manufacture to increase domestic component level, decrease solar module price, and create job to improve the nation’s economy.
Study on the utilization of low-grade bioethanol on SI gasoline engine as a mixture of pure gasoline fuel or with the addition of oxygenated additives to improve performance and reduce emissions
Authors: Abikusna Setia , Sugiarto Bambang
Published: June 2021

Utilization Currently, bioethanol has developed into additional fuel or substitute fuel for motorcars as a renewable energy source. Although Indonesia has great potential for developing bioethanol, its utilization continues to be very low. In certain areas in Indonesia, bioethanol is produced on a tiny low scale grade (hydrous) and is barely used as a drink; therefore research and development of the utilization of bioethanol in motorcars are needed, where the grade must be higher (anhydrous). Hydrous bioethanol has slightly different characteristics compared to anhydrous bioethanol. Octane is lower, heating value is lower, the heat energy of vaporization is higher, and the oxygen content is higher. However, the precise values for every characteristic rely on the mixture content and therefore the water content contained so a separate test of the hydrous bioethanol is required. This study could be a study of the utilization of hydrous bioethanol produced from low-grade bioethanol which is converted to high- grade bioethanol through a distillation process using motorcycle exhaust gas as a heat source which is applied to a compact-distillation system consisting of an evaporator, separator, and condenser to distil low-grade bioethanol (around 30%) becomes high-grade bioethanol (> 90%). Followed by testing the utilization of anhydrous bioethanol mixed with gasoline in SI gasoline engines, the composition of the mixture E0, E5, E10, and E15 and therefore the composition of the mixture with the addition of oxygenated additives (cyclohexanol) as secondary alcohols to further improve performance and reduce gas emissions throw it away.
The influence of alternative sources on the efficiency of smart grid systems on campus buildings
Authors: Maizana D , Muthia Putri S , Bahri Z
Published: June 2021

This paper tells about a smart grid system. The system uses electrical energy sources through the National Electricity Company, PV Solar Systems and Batteries as a backup. For the load, the rector building, lecture building, hostel and mosque are used. The method of calculating efficiency values uses conventional methods. In the analysis of the efficiency of the use of electrical energy found the highest efficiency value when there is excess energy from the National Electricity Company and as an additional load used batteries to store the excess energy. Demonstrate that the efficiency of electrical energy in smart grid is not only influenced by dynamic loads but also by the addition of other sources of electrical energy. The fluctuations in the use of electric power it will cause variations in efficiency in the system. The highest average value of efficiency is obtained in the third condition of 98.582% where the system experiences excess energy on Saturdays and Sundays and the excess energy is stored on the battery. The addition of the network may be done to anticipate the excess and lack of electrical energy from one network.
Decarbonizing the electricity system in Sumatra region using nuclear and renewable energy based power generation
Authors: Wahyu Setya Andani Ika , Sugiyono Agus , Khotimah Khusnul , Desryanto Siregar Boanerges
Published: June 2021

The Indonesian national energy policy mandates that the new and renewable energy in 2025 reaches a share of 23% and in 2050 rises a share of 31% in the primary energy mix. The energy mix by types is further detailed in the national energy plan (RUEN). Since Indonesia is committed to participating in efforts to mitigate global climate change, the energy sector is expected to contribute to the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction target of up to 29% (unconditional) and 41% (conditional) under Business as Usual (BAU) by 2030. The use of nuclear power and renewable energy-based power generations can reduce GHG emissions in the electricity sector. Sumatra region is a potential region for the development of renewable energy. In this study, various options were made to reduce GHG emissions by utilizing nuclear power and renewable energy-based power generations. Assuming that electricity planning in the Sumatra region, as stated in the Electricity Supply Business Plan (RUPTL) from PLN as a Business as Usual (BaU) scenario, then an alternative scenario can be made by replacing coal power generation using low-carbon power generation. Hydropower, geothermal, and nuclear power generations are prospective options as they have large capacity per unit. At the same time, the utilization of other renewable energy sources still face some challenges due to the intermittent generation. The east coast regions of Sumatra that do not have the potential hydropower and geothermal sources, suit for nuclear power generation.
Effect of ambient temperature organic Rankine cycle geothermal power plant with Aspen plus
Authors: Sinaga Martinus , Sihombing H V , Ambarita H
Published: June 2021

This study concerns a thermodynamic analysis of the Organic Rankine Cycle for energy conversion from geothermal resources. Some thermodynamic variable was simulated by using Aspen plus. The equation of state is expressed by the Peng-Robinson formulation. Analysis carried out considering the variance of ambient temperature (27°C, 30°C, 33°C, 35°C, and 40 °C) on air-cooled in the condenser. Result is obtained for several set operating parameters, such as the evaporation and condensation pressure for the variance of ambient temperature, the mass flow rate of the geothermal fluid. From results, the ambient temperature has affected for power generated of ORC. The lower ambient temperature then will increase the power generate of the system.
Geometry aspect review of the natural circulation system as innovation in passive cooling of nuclear reactor
Authors: Hariyanto D , Permana S , Suprijadi
Published: June 2021

The passive nuclear reactor cooling system has become a fascinating topic, especially since the nuclear incident in Fukushima Daiichi, Japan. This study proposed to review a natural circulation-based passive cooling system in the geometry aspects of the loop. The numerical review was carried out using COMSOL Multiphysics software to study the geometry effect on the loop’s fluid characteristics. Moreover, related research data to the study of the effect of fluid flow rate on one of the advanced nuclear reactors, namely the Molten Salt Reactor and the effect of loop geometry experimentally, are presented in this study for enrichment purposes. This study clearly showed that geometry aspects need to be considered in designing a natural circulation-based passive cooling system of a nuclear reactor.
Potential development biomass power generation in Bali
Authors: Siagian UWR , Dewi RG , Hendrawan I , Sitorus S
Published: June 2021

Fulfilling Bali’s electricity supply independently, it is crucial to increase the power generation capacity to reduce supply dependence from The Jamali. Until now, the electricity supply for Bali Province has been obtaining from The Jamali electricity system, delivered through a submarine cable. Bali’s electricity consumption reaches 5,032 GWh, with a supply share from The Jamali of 36.9% and local power plants of 63.1%. In this study, the sharing of local power plants will increase to 72.6% in 2038. Bali’s Provincial Government promotes the use of 100% renewable energy sources to meet Bali’s electricity needs independently. The dominant type of fuel used is biomass. Biomass-based energy is low CO2 emissions, fulfils aspects of sustainability, and contributes to reducing carbon emissions. It is in line with the Paris Agreement targets, supported by several regulations related to the development of renewable energy sources that have been stipulated by the Governments. However, the potential capacity of biomass power plants in Bali is only limited to 147 MW. A possible approach is to obtain it from other regions through regional development plans. South Kalimantan is an area that has an enormous potential land to support biomass plantation, which is estimated to reach 1,266 MW. In this study, analytical research or a feasibility study is to identify potential sources of renewable energy, such as Anthocephalus cadamba (jabon), Gmelina Arborea (jati putih), Samanea saman (trembesi). These plants have the potential to be planted in South Kalimantan. The type of technology that may be suitable for Bali’s biomass power plant is fluidized bed technology, as it has higher conversion efficiency and needs less area for biomass plantation. The identified land area that may develop for biomass plantation in South Kalimantan is around 175,600 ha. Meanwhile, the land area demand for biomass plantation for the Bali power plant is 100,000 ha to 171,000 ha with the fluidized bed technology utilizing Anthocephalus cadamba (jabon). The South Kalimantan unused lands and former mines would be sufficient to be used as a biomass plantation area for the Bali power plant with fluidized bed technology utilize Anthocephalus cadamba (jabon).
The potential of renewable-based power plant development towards Bali green and independent electricity supply
Authors: Dewi RG , Siagian UWR , Sevie GN , Hendrawan I , Parinderati R , Rakhmana R
Published: June 2021

This paper presents results of a study on the potential for renewable energy-based power plants development in Bali. The renewable energy-based power plants is developed in order to stop dependence of electricity supply from outside Bali and to increase the share of renewable energy in the power supply mix to achieve Bali green and independent electricity and for climate change mitigation. . In this study, AIM-Enduse model was used to estimate the potential of renewable energy-based power plants and GHG emissions reduction from the deployment of renewables in Bali’s power supply mix. There were three scenarios for representing renewable energy-based power plants development in Bali, i.e. baseline (business as usual) and two scenarios (CM1 and CM2) of the deployment of renewables in the power supply mix. The CM1 described conservative scenario of the deployment of renewable in the energy supply mix of Bali’s power plants while CM2 represented optimistic scenario. Since the renewable is considered as carbon neutral, therefore these scenarios can also relate to the mitigation actions to reduce GHG emissions. Under the CM1, GHG emissions reduction potential from the deployment of renewable energy technology in Bali’s power plants and the conversion of coal to natural gas power plants is accounted to about 22% (1.5 MtCO2e) in 2030 and can be targeted up to 32% (4.0 MtCO2e) in 2050. The deployment of renewable energy under the CM1 is 0.96 GW in 2030 and 1.92 GW in 2050. Under the CM2, the GHG emissions reduction potential from the deployment of renewable energy technology in Bali’s power plants and the conversion of coal to natural gas power plants is accounted to about 23% (2.16 MtCO2e) in 2030 and targeted to achieve 27% (4.75 MtCO2e) in 2050. The deployment of renewable energy under the CM2 is more ambitious compared to those in CM2, i.e. 1.39 GW in 2030 and 2.36 GW in 2050.
Study of rare earth elements potential in acid mine drainage from coal mine: a case study
Authors: Meriestica F L , Badhurahman A , Gautama R S
Published: June 2021

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is one of the crucial impacts of coal mining activities. This issue is becoming increasingly important because acid mine drainage will become a burden in the post-mining period if not appropriately managed. AMD can leach side materials, causing an increase in dissolved heavy metals, including Rare Earth Elements. REE is an essential raw material for applying modern technology whose demand is increasing globally from year to year. Until 2019, 77% of REE production came from China. The combination of scarce supply and high demand has encouraged various studies to evaluate alternative REE resources. In Indonesia, there is few research about the presence of REE in AMD from coal mine. The objective of this study to determine the amount, characteristics and enrichment mechanisms of REE in AMD, moreover this research is a preliminary study on the alternatives of REE resources. Five water samples were subjected to physical tests well as analysis of IC and ICP-MS. The water sample was 5 had a low pH of 2.90 - 3.82. The concentration of Total REE (not include Lu and Tb) from samples ranged from 0.1032 - 0.6174 ppm with an average Total REE of 0.4810−3 ppm.
Quo vadis steam power plant in Indonesia? Implementation of GE-McKinsey matrix analysis on creating the strategy for steam power plant business entity
Authors: Akbar Untoro Adrian , Nico Siagian Herry
Published: June 2021

Although today Indonesia develops renewable energy actively, the energy mix for Steam Power Plant is still dominant at 27% based on RUPTL 2019-2028. Lots of entities are involved in business related to a steam power plant in Indonesia, ranging from mining companies, coal transport companies, and steam power plants owned by PLN, PLN’s subsidiaries, and IPP. This paper aims to conduct an internal and external analysis of the condition of the steam power plant industry and market in Indonesia and to determine the strategies and policies for the management of entities involved in business related to Steam Power Plant. Internal and external analysis is performed using PESTEL Analysis, Porter Analysis and Resource Based Analysis. Then, an analysis is conducted to evaluate the current condition of the portfolio using the GE McKinsey Matrix Analysis to assess the business strength and industry attractiveness of each entity. Based on those analyses, IPP Coastal Steam Power Plant should not only develop Medium Rank Coal-based power plants, but also HRLS (High-Risk Low Sulphur) coal, which is still large in reserves and coal prices tend to fall and has the potential to be sold on the domestic market rather than being sold to the import market (which tends to start leaving behind fossil plants and increasing the share of renewable energy). IPP Mine Mouth Power Plant should start to use Medium Rank Coal (not only Very Low-Rank Coal), considering that there is still a lot of Medium Rank Low Sulphur (MRLS) and Medium Rank High Sulphur (MRHS) coal. As a coal concession owner, not only looking for low-rank concessions or very low-rank coal to be acquired but also looking for medium coal rank (MRLS or MRHS) concessions, especially in Sumatra, which at present valuation will be at a low value.
Is cheap fuel policy a (short-term) remedy for costly transportation in rural Indonesia?
Authors: Ichsan M , Martak YF , Ramadhani M , Septyandrica CR , Yusgiantoro P
Published: June 2021

High fuel prices in rural regions in Indonesia have for years limited the mobility of local communities and their economic development. In addressing the problem, since 2016 the government has implemented a policy called BBM Satu Harga or One Price Fuel to guarantee the provision of fuels at the government’s price control in the last miles. In this paper, we assess the impact of the One Price Fuel policy on averaged domestic transport costs in surrounding intervened villages to see the effectiveness of the policy implementation. Our analysis employs Difference in Difference (DD) regression model covering all villages under districts that contain at least one of the 58 intervened subdistricts and a period between 2014 and 2018. We exercise various control variables, fixed effect, and propensity score matching into the model. Although we consider the One Price Fuel policy as a short-term remedy for the problem, our estimates show that the policy has successfully reduced domestic transport costs in the rural regions by almost 65% on average. However, when we divide the rural regions into two categories: The frontier, outermost and underdeveloped villages (3T villages) and non-3T villages; the policy only affects the former. Also, our estimates suggest that improving transportation infrastructure in the villages is among effective policy options to reduce rural transport costs.
Predicting the future of Indonesia: energy, economic and sustainable environment development
Authors: Wayan Ngarayana I , Sutanto Jepri , Murakami Kenta
Published: June 2021

Indonesia was one of the most top oil exporters which believe it has a vast fossil fuel reserve. However, after some decades of exploration, oil production decreasing gradually. In around 2004, the oil production lowers than consumption that forced Indonesia to enter the period of oil net importer. The other fossil energy resource depletion predicted will happen soon. Indonesia will enter the era of natural gas and coal net importer around 2028 and 2038, respectively. The fast depletion of fossil energy reserves, the momentum of the “golden age” population, environmental protection, and technological limitations to exploit new and renewable energy resources pose particular problems in Indonesian economic development. By using several energy forecasting results that are modelled in several ways, the discussion then is conducted qualitatively from the correlation between energy, economic, and environmental perspectives to predict the future conditions of Indonesia. From this study, we argue that there are several challenge scenarios that will ultimately overcome, especially in increasing energy security or suppressing the growth of energy consumption by curbing industrialization.
Life cycle Assessment of natural gas combined cycle steam power generation systems in Indonesia: case Study on Gresik power plant
Authors: Annisa Rina , Jiwandono Kandu , Marteda Gede , Sinisuka Ngapuli I , Surya Dinata Indra , Reski Hasibuan Ompung , Shoheh Moh. , Fadlilah Imroatul , Adriansyah Taufik
Published: June 2021

The study aims to provide a comprehensive environmental life cycle assessment of electricity production from a steam power plant fuelled only by natural gas. LCA includes the complete phases of the gate to gate, from raw material acceptance until electricity produced as a gate to gate approach. The LCA study was performed using manual calculation and Open LCA 1.9, where the selected impact assessment methodology is CML. A Combined cycle steam power plant is used in generating electricity due to its efficiency by re-using flue gas from the gas turbine by a steam turbine. This LCA study divided all boundaries into four Subsystems: energy preparation package, water production package, electricity production, and support Subsystem. From the calculation, it was found that Acidification Potential (AP) is the most impact, and 50.22% comes from NOx as the most significant resource from the combustion chamber process, followed by Photochemical Oxidant Potential (POCP) and Global Warming Potential (GWP).
Simulation of tipping fee policy to support municipal waste management into alternative fuel in the cement industry: a case study of Tuban landfill Indonesia
Authors: Ummatin K K , Faria N
Published: June 2021

Refused Derived Fuels (RDF) alternative energy materials from municipal waste are alternative materials needed by the cement industry to substitute coal. Apart from the fact that RDF products have high heat, RDF prices are more economical than coal. RDF production is also able to solve municipal solid waste (MSW) problems and reduce CO2 emissions. In Indonesia statute no. 18, 2008, concerning waste management, it has regulated a tipping fee or compensation from the government to process costs per ton of waste. However, not many governments in cities in Indonesia have determined the value of this compensation. The purpose of this study is to simulate a tipping fee policy to support municipal solid waste management as an alternative material for RDF in the cement industry. This research’s case study is municipal solid waste management in Tuban, a cement plant in Tuban. Method stages This research was carried out by making a feasibility study model at the RDF Plant in Tuban. Next, a simulation of the number of tipping fees should be spent. The simulation results will be compared with project feasibility indicators such as NPV, IRR, payback period, and BCR. The results showed that tipping fees were needed to support project sustainability. It was suggested that with the maximum investment of 5 billion Rupiah, the minimum tipping fee is 70 thousand Rupiah per ton for processing 120 tons MSW per day. That should be supported by the sale of a by-product of RDF production in the form of fertilizer.
The effectiveness of the PLN website application as a communication media and services for customers during the pandemic period in Pangkalpinang city
Authors: Kusuma M H , Damiri N
Published: June 2021

PT. PLN (Persero) as one of the state-owned enterprises (BUMN) received a mandate from the Indonesian government to provide electricity services and COVID-19 stimulus assistance to people affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to social distancing policy during current pandemic, PT. PLN (Persero) should provide alternative online media services, such as the PT PLN (Persero) website application to meet all the electricity needs of customers and distribute electricity payment stimulus assistance. Therefore, it was interesting to study the effectiveness of the PT. PLN (Persero) website application as a communication media and services during the pandemic period in Pangkalpinang city. This study used four established variables to assessthe quality of e-service, namely efficiency, fulfillment, service availability, and privacy. The method used in this research was a quantitative method with a questionnaire approach. The number of samples was 399 respondents. The sampling method was purposive sampling with the criteria of respondents was the user of the PT PLN (Persero) website application. Based on the analysis of survey questionnaire results, observation, and other supporting data, it was concluded that PT. PLN (Persero) website application for customers during the pandemic in Pangkalpinang city is significantly effective as it had fulfilled all the variables mentioned above.
Covid-19 and its effect on the changing of energy industrial employment learning methods: analysis of the effectiveness
Authors: Agus Dwino Putra Fajrie , Ariana Sunda , Damiri Nurhayati
Published: June 2021

Although online learning at PT PLN (Persero) UPDL Palembang started in 2017, the level of effectiveness of online learning remains unknown for learning level 3 and above. To carry out cost efficiency in implementing the learning activity and to tackle the COVID-19 outbreak, PT PLN (Persero) UPDL Palembang that has a role in employee development plans to convert all of its learning methods to online learning. The effectiveness of learning activity can be measured by using four variables: delivery media, cognitive presence, social presence, and teaching presence. The learning effectiveness at PT PLN (Persero) UPDL Palembang are assessed by means of descriptive exploratory research using mixed quantitative and qualitative methods. It utilized data collection through questionnaires, interviews, observation, and documentation. Based on the analysis of collected data, it is concluded that online learning at PT PLN (Persero) UPDL Palembang has not been effective as the four parameters have not been fulfilled.
Awareness of environmental and energy issue in Indonesia K-12 education system
Authors: Leslie
Published: June 2021

Indonesia is one of the countries that have a strong commitment to reducing greenhouse gases. The transition to the next-generation also plays a significant role in order to ensure the continuation of the world issue, reducing greenhouse gases, and using renewable energy resources. The author does a survey limited to three schools in Medan to understand how far the students in these schools have been taught about the implementation of environmentally friendly energy resources. From the samples taken, only 13% of these students apply technology and prototyping in the energy field. About 87% of these students claimed that they never apply technology and prototyping in the energy field. The result is then tested through hypothesis testing, and within a 10% significant level, there is enough evidence to say that the students are not being exposed to the implementation of these topics optimally. From the same group of samples, the author then offers two courses that cover the application of technology and programming in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education. For technology and prototyping purposes, a micro bit is used. While for programming, python is used. After the class ends, another survey was carried out, and 80% of these students claimed that those classes give them insight into the application of STEM in real life and motivate them to be a young scientist. Students who claimed have learned these during school lessons are going through the topics by themselves because the schools required them to run a science fair. This study implied that our education department should pay more attention and should include environmental and renewable energy as one of the compulsory lessons at schools.
Nuclear energy development self-management concept to support national energy security and national defense (case study: commercial NPP plans in the West Kalimantan region)
Authors: Santosa Sigit , Khotimah Khusnul , Wahyu Setya Andani Ika , Ratih Kumaraningrum Anggraini
Published: June 2021

Indonesia’s energy consumption is still increasing, including in the West Kalimantan Region, by 8.2% growth in electricity customers. During this time, West Kalimantan still fulfilling its energy needs in imports around 30% of energy supply (200 MW) from Sarawak, Malaysia. This condition can weaken national energy security and national sovereignty because it has not independently met its energy needs from domestic sources. At the same time, the potential for local energy sources in West Kalimantan is to get uranium deposits of 45,730 tons, which are nuclear fuel. Qualitative Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) research method to find the concept of self-management based on 4A (Availability, Affordability, Acceptability, Accessibility) + 1S (Sustainability). The results of the self-management concept obtained by integrating aspects: (1) Accessibility and Acceptability in the form of priorities for improving top-down and bottom-up cross-sectoral coordination management systems, namely the central and regional governments in the development of nuclear power plants with the involvement of local communities from the beginning of planning; (2) Affordability of making technical designs by BATAN with SMR (Small Modular Reactor) technology in the construction of commercial-scale nuclear power plants in terms of the availability of local resources as nuclear raw materials.
Analysis of lightning disturbance at 150 kV high voltage power lines
Authors: Alfita R , Ibadillah A F , Nahari R V , Pramudia M
Published: June 2021

The power transmission line channels electrical energy from power plants to consumers through diverse natural conditions. East Java is an area with a unique topography, where clouds causing rain and lightning are frequently formed. Such clouds strongly interfere with the 500 kV Extra High Voltage Line (SUTET), causing a lightning strikes. Therefore, the lightning strikes along the channel needed to be analyzed. The random method used in this research measured the lightning safety at the tower, within a quarter of the distance from the tower and half the distance from the tower (Lightning disturbance due to back flashover) Based on the calculation, the highest number of disturbances in the phase wire per 100 km2 of conductor per year has obtained and (SFO) was 1.073399.10-3. while tower impedance has found at 273.6219 Ohms.
Genetic polymorphism of GHR|Ssp and Pit1|Stu1 loci of twin and multiple births in local peranakan Ongole cattle
Authors: Anggraeni A , Talib C , Asmarasari S A , Saputra F , Misrianti R
Published: June 2021

Twin or multiple births may happen in beef cattle. Growth family genes directly control on growth traits, but also can affect on fertility of animal. This study aimed to identify genetic polymorphisms of GHR and Pit1 genes in local Peranakan Ongole (PO) cattle from twin and multiple births (M) compared to single birth (S). PO cattle as samples originated from four provinces of South Kalimantan, South Sumatra, Central Java and East Java. SNP variants of the GHR|Ssp locus at exon 8 (A/T) and Pit1|Stu1 locus at exon 3 (C/T) were analyzed by PCR RFLP technique. Allelic frequenciest of the GHR exon 8 g.914T>A locus of the two birth types were high for T allele (M = 78.1–100%, S = 71.4–100%) over A allele. Meanwhile the Pit1 exon 3 c.577C>T locus was monomorphic for the finding only C allele (100 %) without T allele. Some genetic indexes were also calculated for heterozygosity observation (Ho), heterozygosity expectation (He), effective number of alleles (Ne), fixation index (Fis) and polymorphism of information content (PIC). These values were not different between single and multiple births. The conclusion was that allelic frequenciest and genetic index values were almost similar between the two birth types of the local PO cattle.
A single nucleotide polymorphism of CAPN1 gene region 3’UTR in Bali cattle
Authors: Dairoh  , Jakaria  , Ulum M F , Sumantri C
Published: June 2021

Bali cattle (Bos javanicus), as Indonesian origin genetic resources, is domesticated from banteng (Bibos banteng). Bali cattle have the potential to be developed as producer of premium beef. Genes that have important role in meat quality are calcium-activated neutral protease genes, as known as calpains (CAPN). Calpains are classified as Ca2+ dependent intracellular cysteine proteases, including the ubiquitously expressed μ-calpain (CAPN1) and m-calpain (CAPN2). The purpose of this study was to analyze single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) region 3’UTR CAPN1 gene in beef cattle. Polymorphism of CAPN1 gene was analyzed by direct DNA sequencing method in 42 Bali cattle that compared with 11 Belgian Blue, 7 Limousine, 12 Pasundan, and 12 Katingan. The result showed that CAPN1 gene has 7 polymorphic SNPs (g.15284 C>T, g.15347 T>G, g.15525 G>A, g.15674 C>T, g. 15853 G>A, g.15905 G>A and g.15915 G>A) in Bali cattle. These SNPs that polymorphic in Bali cattle were monomorphics in Belgian Blue, Limousine, Pasundan and Katingan cattle. Only one SNP g.15853 G>A in Bali cattle was polymophics in Belgian Blue. Deletion was detected that 8 nucleotides deletion (CTCCCTCC) occurred in Bali, Pasundan, and Katingan cattle at position g.15795 – g.15802, while Belgian Blue and Limousine cattle the deletion was not found.
Reproduction and growth characteristics of ducks and local white Muscovy in Indonesia
Authors: Susanti T
Published: June 2021

Currently at IRIAP, MASTER ducks have been produced as stock superior laying ducks. Efforts to maintain consistency its egg production, both of the parent stock of MASTER duck namely the Alabimaster-1 Agrinak and Mojomaster-1 Agrinak ducks have been selected based on egg production. In addition, PMp ducks have been produced as broiler ducks that can be mated with Muscovy to produce mule ducks. The productivity related to the growth and eggs production in those ducks has been widely disclosed, however, information on their reproductive characteristics was still very limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive characteristics of ducks and white Muscovy that were being developed in IRIAP. The materials in this study were 515 birds consisted of Alabimaster-1, Mojomaster-1, PMp and white Muscovy that were in the layer phase. The variables observed were reproductive characteristics and the growth of ducks in the starter period. The results showed that the fertility obtained was relatively high namely ranging 93% in layer ducks, 85% in PMp ducks and 76% in Muscovy. The hatchability rate of layer ducks was included in the medium category with values ranging 63%. Meanwhile, the hatchability of PMp duck and Muscovy was in the low category, namely 50% and 14% respectively. Embryonic mortality in ducks was relatively moderate, namely 35–37%, while in Muscovy was relatively very high, i.e around 93%. The growth of ducks and Muscovy in starter periode were normal stage.
Identification of animal derivatives contained in commercial chicken feeds using multiplex-PCR
Authors: Cahyadi M , Mayori P E , Hadi R F , Pramono A , Wibowo T , Abdurrahman Z H
Published: June 2021

Availability of commercial feeds for chicken force farmers to use them due to the practicality than hand formulated feed. Cannibalism and spread of infectious disease may be occurred by feed without knowing its contents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine species contained in commercial feeds for chicken using multiplex-PCR mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome b gene. This study used five commercial feeds for chicken produced by five different companies as samples. They were namely PK1, PK2, PK3, PK4, and PK5. Hand-made meat meals from goat, chicken, bovine, and pig were used as positive controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from those samples, and they were used as DNA template for PCR. The PCR products were then visualized using 2% agarose gels under the UV light. The results showed that some samples were positively containing animal derivatives. The PK1 sample contained chicken, bovine, and pig which are respectively indicated by 227, 274, and 398 bp of DNA bands. Moreover, PK4 and PK5 samples contained bovine species. On the other hand, PK2 and PK3 samples did not contain animal derivatives, especially four species used as markers in this study. It can be concluded that animal derivatives have been detected in three commercial feeds for chicken using the multiplex-PCR technique. This study recommended avoiding a commercial feed for chicken since it contained chicken derivatives to prevent cannibalism.
Effect of CYP2E1 gene polymorphisms on lamb odor and flavor in Indonesian sheep
Authors: Harahap R S , Noor R R , Gunawan A
Published: June 2021

The CYP2E1 gene (Cytochrome P450 2E1) plays an important role in the regulation of skatole and androstenone in liver tissue. The aimed of this study was to investigate of the effect of CYP2E1 gene polymorphisms on lamb odor and flavour in Indonesian sheep. A total sample of 100 rams consisting of 20 Javanese fat-tailed (JFT), 20 Javanese thin-tailed (JTT), 20 compass Agrinak sheep (CAS), 20 Barbados cross sheep (BCS), and 20 Garut composite sheep (GCS) aged 10–12 months old were used. Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was performed to identify the polymorphism of CYP2E1 genes. The association of the CYP2E1 genotypes with lamb odor and flavour were performed using T-test. The result showed that there were polymorphisms in CYP2E1 gene indicated by three genotypes namely GG (401 bp), GT (138, 263, and 401 bp), and TT (138 and 263 bp). Gene frequency of CYP2E1 (g.50657948 T>G) was in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE). The GT genotype was common in the population studied. Association of the CYP2E1 genotypes with lamb odor and flavour revealed a significant association (P<0.05) with the skatole (MI). The GG genotype had the highest skatole when compared to other genotypes. The SNP g.50657948 T>G of CYP2E1 gene might be a useful candidate marker for selecting sheep meat with desirable odor and flavour.
The potential of growth traits between Limousin and Ongole Crossbred (PO) cattle at Tuban, Indonesia
Authors: Putri R F , Widodo N , Kuswati  , Suyadi S
Published: June 2021

During growth, cattle increase in weight, size, and also in muscle tissue proportions. Wide variability of carcass traits can be used as base selection on cattle growth. Carcass traits are economical traits that influenced by a complex network of gene interactions in the muscle, and tools such as RNA Sequencing can be used to identify gene interaction for improve important traits. This study aimed to identify the variability of live weight, body measurement and carcass weight of Limousin and PO cattle. A total of 25 animals were used in this research. The results showed that all of body measurements of Limousin cattle were higher than in PO cattle. Live weight and carcass weight of Limousin cattle were higher than PO cattle. Chest grith and body height had a significant correlation in Limousin cattle, meanwhile all of body measurements and carcass weight were not significant in PO cattle. The research concluded that PO and Limousin had a different carcass weight.
Genotyping of Mx Gene Related to Avian Influenza (AI) Using PCR-RFLP Analysis on KUB Chicken
Authors: Sartika T , Hapsari A A R , Komarudin
Published: June 2021

Mx gene is antiviral molecules which is part of the innate immune response. In chicken, antiviral activity against vesicular stomatitis virus and the H5N1 virus has been reported to be dependent on the presence of asparagine (A) at position 631 of the Mx protein. The objective of this study was to detect the genotype of Mx gen on KUB chicken as a basis to do molecular selection on natural antibody trait. A total of 120 KUB chicken were used in this study. DNA fragment of Mx gene was amplified and analyzed using PCR-RFLP method. Three types of restriction enzymes (RsaI, SspI and HpaI) were used to determine Mx gene genotype. The results showed that the frequency of the Mx gene genotype on KUB chicken was polymorphic. The AA genotype frequencies resulted from RsaI, SspI and HpaI restriction enzymes were 0.50, 0.425 and 0.283, respectively. While the AG genotype frequencies were 0.40, 0.492 and 0.634; and GG genotypes were 0.10, 0.083 and 0.083, respectively. The frequency of A and G alleles were 0.657 and 0.343. KUB chicken population in this study remained at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and three types of restriction enzyme could be used to detect Mx gene.
Urea treatment of rice straw: A modelling approach of its degradation kinetics in the rumen
Authors: Ridla M , Dewi M , Laconi E B , Jayanegara A
Published: June 2021

This study aimed to compare between rice straw and urea-treated rice straw with regard to their chemical composition and degradation kinetics in the rumen by employing a modelling approach. Data were collected from various journal articles that comprised of chemical composition (crude protein [CP], neutral detergent fiber [NDF], acid detergent fiber [ADF] and lignin) and degradation kinetic parameters of organic matter (soluble fraction, degradable, undegradable, degradation rate and lag time). Comparison was performed by using a statistical mixed model methodology in which treatments (control vs urea-treated rice traw) were considered as fixed effects whereas different studies were considered as random effects. These data were then used as parameters to build a dynamic model of rice straw degradation in the rumen. Results showed that urea treatment increased CP (P<0.001) while decreased NDF (P<0.01) contents of rice straw. The ADF and lignin contents were similar between the control and urea-treated rice straw. Proportion of degradable fraction and degradation rate of rice straw were enhanced due to urea treatment (P<0.001). However, the treatment did not influence soluble fraction and lag time of the material. Microbial biomass and total volatile fatty acid production in the rumen changed dynamically over time and the values were higher for the urea-treated rice straw.