bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The 1910s and 1920s
Authors: Mordden Ethan
Published: March 2023

This chapter covers gay activities in the 1910s and 1920s. It highlights the rise of drag queens despite the antagonism that gay men and women have faced during their fight for visibility and civil rights. A man pretending to be a woman was the standard plot for America’s most prominent drag actor, Julian Eltinge. Another openly gay drag artist was Bert Savoy, who specialized in sophisticated Broadway revues such as Miss 1917 and Greenwich Village Follies. The chapter also looks at Broadway Brevities, a New York tabloid devoted to the doings of the famed and the reckless, as well as “pansies” and “dykes”, which emphasized popular stereotypes. It discusses the works of Mae West that featured narratives combining the outlaw world with Society and destabilized Americans’ respect for the elite.
The 1960s
Authors: Mordden Ethan
Published: March 2023

This chapter looks into the rise of gay characters on Broadway, especially in plays by Britons. It considers the plays featuring gay people written by John Osborne, Shelagh Delaney, Terence Rattigan, Charles Dyer, and Frank Marcus. The Killing of Sister George (1966), The Best Man (1960), and Advise and Consent (1960) are only some of the few American works that featured a full-scale gay relationship. American artists started creating gay theatre from the inside as the gay culture in the industry has been so highly developed despite being legally sub rosa. The chapter expounds on the rise of gay culture in the West End and Broadway by referencing Oscar Wilde, A Patriot For Me (1969), and The Killing of Sister George.
The Present
Authors: Mordden Ethan
Published: March 2023

This concluding chapter explores the boundless possibilities for gay theatre. It notes how Big Broadway can now star drag queens. The Prom (2018) featured a good and solid lesbian musical. The chapter then raises the debate on whether Vanya and Sonia and Masha and Spike (2012) is a gay play in any real sense. It details how John Kander worked on several pieces such as The Nance (2013) and Kid Victory (2015). The chapter also recognizes the works and influence of Edward Albee, who is considered as the Great American Gay Playwright. Finally, it highlights how there has always been an audience for gay theatre, enough to prove that straight people supported it alongside the birthright communicants.
Saving the Protestant Ethic
Authors: Lynn Andrew
Published: March 2023

Going back to the Puritans, Protestant orientations to work and economics have shaped religious practice and wider American culture for several centuries. But setting aside the classical “Protestant ethic” associated with the early Puritans, American Protestantism has encompassed a wide range of orientations to work, some of which channeled religious enerigies away from the activities of day-to-day life. Saving the Protestant Ethic surveys an intra-religious movement seeking to “make work matter to God” among a religious population that previously sequestered religious energies from careers and secular work. Bearing the name the “faith and work movement,” this effort puts on display the creative capacities of religious and lay leaders to adapt a faith system to the changing socioeconomic conditions of advanced capitalism. Building from the insights and theory of Max Weber, Saving the Protestant Ethic draws on archival research and interviews with movement leaders to survey and assess the surging number of new organizations, books, conferences, worship songs, seminary classes, vocational programming, and study groups promoting classically Protestant and Calvinist ideas of work and vocation with American evangelicalism. Such efforts are traced back to early twentieth-century business leaders and theologically trained leaders who saw a desperate need for a new “work ethic” for religious laity occupying professional, managerial, and creative-class work.
Introduction
Authors: Lynn Andrew
Published: March 2023

Sociologists have long been attuned to the role of moral scripts, symbols, and vocabularies that aid individuals in conferring meaning on their work. This project seeks to update understandings of how American evangelicals draw on theological resources to make their work meaningful. The method employed here follows the historical-cultural approaches of Max Weber, R. H. Tawney, Ernst Troeltsch, H. Richard Niebuhr, and E. P. Thompson, attending to the intersection of theological ideas and their location within a particular social stratum. The Introduction presents the central arguments of the book, provides an outline of chapter materials, and defines the terminology used in the work.
The Making of a Movement
Authors: Lynn Andrew
Published: March 2023

This chapter lays out a social movement interpretation of the faith and work movement, tracking the growth of resources drawn upon by culture producers. The emergence and growth of the movement are charted on four different metrics: organizational creation, book production, conference creation, and funding sources. The author draws upon national survey data, demographics of conference attendees, and demographics of movement leaders to develop a tentative evaluation of the current size and scope of the movement. Several factors in this analysis suggest that the movement’s resources primarily find their way to a higher-educated stratum of American evangelicals.
Whose Work Matters to God?
Authors: Lynn Andrew
Published: March 2023

This chapter breaks down the manner in which the faith and work movement intersects with factors of gender, race, and social class. Movement leaders rarely provide precise definition to the term “work,” but often operate from tacit assumptions about work that connect it to the male breadwinner model of work most prominent among white males in the postwar American economy. The author examines the organizational decisions and discourse of faith and work conferences that reinforce this gendered and parochial understanding of work. Several invisible sorting mechanisms are found to be at work in channeling a particular type of worker toward the faith and work space. A review of women writing on faith and work themes reveals a discourse that frames the challenges of work in ways that are distinct from the wider, male-dominant movement. Another part of this chapter looks at sorting mechanisms that tailor faith and work messaging for creative-class workers with high levels of autonomy and room for creativity in their workplaces.
Afro-Protestantism and the Politics of Studying Black Life
Authors: Sorett Josef
Published: March 2023

Chapter 3 highlights the period from the 1930s through the 1940s, which saw race literature and religious practice broaden beyond previous Afro-Protestant paradigms and influence the academic and activist pursuits of a new generation of scholars in powerful ways. This chapter explores how a set of Afro-Protestant logics informed the scholarly pursuits of black intellectuals in these decades and privileged a specific kind of religious orthodoxy aligned with a politics of racial authenticity to set the terms for the study of “The Negro Church” and black religion more broadly. Books by Carter Woodson, Benjamin Mays, Joseph Nicholson, Zora Neale Hurston, and Arthur Huff Fauset, along with W. E. B. Du Bois’s pioneering efforts with Phylon: The Atlanta Review of Race and Culture, present a set of rich and nuanced accounts of black religious life. At the same time, these scholars adhered to and reinscribed an institutional and ethical (Afro) Protestantism as normative for black life, more generally.
The Sniper and the Psychopath
Authors: MacIntosh Duncan
Published: March 2023

This chapter discusses the fundamental question of the defense industry’s role and legitimacy for societies. It begins with a parable of a psychopath doing something self-serving that has beneficial moral consequences. Analogously, it is argued, the defense industry profiting by selling weapons that can kill people makes it useful in solving moral problems not solvable by people with ordinary moral scruples. Next, the chapter argues that while the defense industry is a business, it is also implicated in the security of its home nations. In addition, its products can be used for good or evil. Thus, it must navigate conflicting values, with the result that the rules often thought to rightly regulate the industry—codes of business ethics, engineering ethics, procurement ethics, plus laws of the land and dicta of conscience—need supplementing by general moral reflection. This chapter argues for a principle that tells how to decide when to violate the rules, for a theory of rational choice on which choosing by this principle is rational, and for teaching that theory to defense industry employees to ensure their ethical behavior.
What Ethical Dilemmas? The U.S. Defense Industry and Foreign Arms Sales
Authors: Edward Peartree C.
Published: March 2023

This chapter assesses the locus of ethical dilemmas which arise when the U.S. defense industry sells arms abroad. The chapter argues that with respect to arms exports, ethical dilemmas for the defense industry are few because of the unique level of government oversight to which it is subject. The chapter contends that for an ethical dilemma to exist, a defense firm must have a choice, citing Kant’s famous dictum that “ought” implies “can.” For the industry itself, then, ethical issues have been reduced to questions of compliance. That the industry is largely compliant with these regulatory burdens is not due to any particular virtue in this sector but because firms find cooperation to be in their best interest. Punishment for deviation from the rules is severe (inability to sell its wares), and relying on the government to approve foreign sales provides a shield from liability should something go wrong. The chapter retraces and explains modern U.S. arms export control policy to demonstrate how the U.S. government is morally responsible for foreign weapons sales.
Space Ethics for the Modern Warrior
Authors: Green Brian D.
Published: March 2023

This chapter considers some of the ethical challenges facing the defense industry and the U.S. Department of Defense’s newest service, the Space Force, in relation to technology for outer space. The chapter finds that because many of the “new space” startups are nontraditional contractors, established norms in the defense industrial sector are unfamiliar to such newcomers. This includes matters such as gift rules and restrictions on post-government employment, as well as impartiality and fair dealing standards. These rules have proven to be essential controls for preventing, identifying, and punishing misconduct, and they must be established and enforced anew for the many nondefense contractors in the space sector. The chapter also offers a broad overview of the concerns that motivate the ethical standards governing relationships between the military and the defense industry. The chapter points out that the government’s concern for ethical lapses arises not only from their intrinsic wrongfulness but also from the understanding that such failures can have tertiary consequences potentially harmful to national security interests.
The Compliance Mentorship Program
Authors: Tillipman Jessica , Surampudi Vijaya
Published: March 2023

This chapter proposes to improve compliance in small to midsize contractors by creating a “compliance mentor-protégé program,” addressing in part concerns about small firms that cannot afford comprehensive compliance programs. The chapter contrasts the resources and expertise that large firms dedicate to compliance, also detailing additional burdens placed on defense contractors, with the limited resources that are available to firms with less capital and smaller profit margins. It also notes the strain that this asymmetry places on the entire supply chain: if large contractors depend on small subcontractors for essential components, then the debarment of a small firm for misconduct can have far-reaching ramifications. As a solution, the chapter recommends a model similar to the U.S. mentor-protégé program introduced in 1991. The chapter cites two recent government studies indicating that program is working largely as intended. Accordingly, this program could have wider application abroad. After all, the “critical gap” in internal controls between large and small firms is not only an American problem but is a simple question of economics.
Strange Bedfellows?
Authors: Schooner Steven L. , Matsuda Evan
Published: March 2023

This chapter offers reflections on the potential for the academy’s engagement with the defense industry, which encapsulates the purpose of this entire volume. The preceding chapters ask if the converse in a representative democracy might be “out of sight, out of mind.” How did the United States, which was originally conceived as a government that would be responsive to the will of its people, come to be a nation that boasts the world’s most powerful military, spends the most resources on defense, and exports the most dangerous weapons? How can such a country not study, research, analyze, think, and talk about the ethical aspects of its defense industry? This chapter contends that focusing on the underlying policies, and asking the why question, rather than simply how or what, is a valuable exercise because the military enterprise, the defense industry, and the market that binds private sector contractors with government customers are sprawling—impenetrable to the uninitiated, overwhelming to the casual observer, and riddled with inconsistent policies. The hard work and the thought-provoking issues are endless, notably as the intrinsic ethical dilemmas do not conform to intellectually lazy categories. Indeed, it is not just that these issues are ripe for debate or that they provide innumerable research opportunities. Rather, they are a critically important component of the kind of practical knowledge that citizenship in a representative democracy requires.
The Age of Confessionalisation
Authors: Matthiesen Toby
Published: March 2023

This chapter looks into the Age of Confessionalisation. In the 14th and 15h centuries, clerics delineated boundaries between Sunnism and Shiism more clearly and encouraged rulers to enforce what they considered the right belief. Despite the conflict and differences between the Ottomans and Safavids, both dynasties spearheaded the Muslim Age of Confessionalism. The chapter explains how the respective interpretations of Islam that the two dynasties embraced (Hanafism and Usulism) became the most widespread schools within Sunnism and Shiism respectively. Moreover, both interpretations were well-suited for early modern administration and legitimisation while simultaneously capable of coming to terms with each other.
Roles and Virtues
Authors: Hu Jing Iris
Published: March 2023

Some influential scholars in Confucian philosophy argue that roles rather than virtues are at the centre of Confucian ethics. The advocates of this Confucian Role Ethics maintain that roles are not only important for providing ethical guidance for those who fulfil them; roles also constitute the Confucian moral agent. This chapter defends a controversial claim—roles do not constitute moral agency for Confucian women, and nor can they offer sufficient moral guidance; instead, they are supplemented by virtues. The argument for this claim recognizes that, historically, Confucian women, unlike men, experienced—and were educated to expect—a drastic change of roles and social relationships when leaving their maternal family and moving in with their husbands and in-laws. These changes prepared Confucian women to embrace a view of moral agency through which they learn to focus on virtues as a more reliable source of moral guidance than roles.
John Dewey’s Analysis of Moral Agency as Pragmatist Role Ethics
Authors: Simons John
Published: March 2023

This chapter renders the analysis of moral agency by John Dewey, one of the founders of American pragmatism, as an account of pragmatist role ethics. For Dewey, moral obligations arise naturally in, and are constitutive of, the role relationships that are necessary to a society’s existence. The purpose of morality is regulation of the mutual reciprocal expectations that people have of one another’s conduct in their enactment of social roles. Dewey insists that acts with moral significance are enactments of the self. Thus, when making morally significant choices of role and performance, the agent is choosing the sort of person she is or wants to become. Deliberation over the choice is influenced by three independent sources of normativity, which often diverge in influence: the agent’s own judgement of the moral praiseworthiness of the choice; its socially recognized obligations; and whether the character trait it reveals will be approved by others.
All Together Now
Authors: Taylor Erin
Published: March 2023

This chapter defends a novel account of the connection between social roles and their associated demands. Consider pairs of statements such as: (a) “Maura is Ethan’s mother” and (b) “Maura has an obligation to provide for Ethan.” It is natural to think that such pairs of sentences don’t merely state two unconnected truths about the agents involved. Rather, in each case, the truth of (b) seems to be in some sense explained by the truth of (a). Competing theories of the moral status of social roles, and their associated obligations, aim to explicate the nature and significance of this explanatory connection. The present chapter does this by arguing that many of the obligations or norms that attach to social roles morally bind us by default. These norms are morally binding since, first, they are ultimately explicable in terms of conventional moral duties and, secondly, those conventional duties enjoy a default but defeasible good standing.
The Part We Play
Authors: Isaacs Tracy
Published: March 2023

This chapter explores the nature of social group membership understood as a role. We use social group categories such as gender, race, class, sexuality, etc., to identify social groups to which individuals belong. Roles are parts that people play within a given collective context. The context also defines the roles. Roles’ occupants have powers, obligations, and responsibilities qua role occupant. This chapter’s central question is: does considering social group membership as roles enable us to deepen our ethical understanding of oppressive social and political contexts and of what is morally required of us when we are living in such contexts? The chapter argues that a role analysis of social group membership in oppressive social contexts can help people living within them to gain a more determinate understanding of their obligations with respect to the collective goal of eradicating injustice.
Role Ethics and Institutional Functions
Authors: Cordell Sean
Published: March 2023

This chapter begins by setting out the problem of role-indeterminacy raised in Michael Hardimon’s ‘Role Obligations’. It then considers the prospects for a solution in terms of a functional account of institutions which determine those roles. After giving some instances of the role-indeterminacy problem and focusing on the case of role-requirements being misspecified by institutions (‘ersatz obligations’), three ways in which a functional view might be formulated in response to this problem are discussed. First, a backward-looking etiological approach (roughly, what some institution is ‘there for’ in the first place); secondly a present-focused ‘practical’ view (roughly, what it is ‘used for’); and thirdly a forward-looking teleological account in terms of institutional ends (roughly, what it is ‘good for’). After running through the attractions and shortcomings of these accounts, an alternative view is defended as more coherent. Using language borrowed from Aristotle, this alternative treats institutions as having an ergon, a ‘characteristic activity’.
My Job and Its Requirements
Authors: Smith Thomas H.
Published: March 2023

This chapter concerns the ethics and metaphysics of occupations, such as teacher, waiter, and priest. It argues that teacher is a functional kind, but teachers are not functional objects. If you are a practising teacher, it is likely that you perform a function and serve a purpose, that of imparting knowledge and cultivating minds and skills. This is what teachers, generically, are for, and it is what your school is for. But it is not what you are for. Easily confused senses of ‘job’ are distinguished: occupation, position, requirement, and function. The chapter explains that the requirements of your position and occupation do not entail ability, reasons, or fault (if not complied with), and that if you are not as your position and occupation require, you are not as you ought to be, but it does not follow that there is anything wrong with you. The chapter includes some metaphysical speculation about positions, and examines some sources of, and remedies for, workplace alienation and anxiety.
Three Relations Between Roles and the Good
Authors: Clark Samuel
Published: March 2023

What is the relation between roles and the human good? Between our construction, maintenance, and enaction of institutions, and the life which goes well for the person whose life it is? This chapter reads selected martial autobiographies to explore three relations and what they mean for the nature of the good: 1. Tools for self-shaping: roles are social technology for shaping ourselves towards good understood as fulfilment of desires which are independent of those roles. 2. Good-making practices: roles are parts of good-making practices which transform individuals by creating goods and initiating individuals into them. 3. Self-discovery: roles are a method for gaining self-knowledge. They help each of us discover her unchosen, seedlike, initially opaque self, and thereby discover her particular good, which is that self’s realization. The chapter concludes that some roles’ relation to the good is that they test and reveal the self and therefore its good.
Frequency comb-based multidimensional coherent spectroscopy
Authors: Li Hebin , Lomsadze Bachana , Moody Galan , Smallwood Christopher L. , Cundiff Steven T.
Published: March 2023

In this chapter a novel approach of multidimensional coherent spectroscopy is described. This approach uses multiple optical frequency combs and enables the measurement of comb resolution multidimensional coherent spectra in seconds. This chapter also shows how this new method can probe critical and fundamental processes in samples that have long dephasing times as well as can be used for practical applications such as chemical sensing and imaging.
Three-dimensional coherent spectroscopy
Authors: Li Hebin , Lomsadze Bachana , Moody Galan , Smallwood Christopher L. , Cundiff Steven T.
Published: March 2023

Three-dimensional coherent spectroscopy techniques and experiments are presented in this chapter. The chapter begins with a discussion of different implementations of three-dimensional spectroscopy. The technique can be used to unravel contributions from different quantum pathways, providing a clear picture of the nonlinear response of complex systems. Application of the technique is discussed for three specific systems, including atomic vapors, semiconductor quantum wells, and light-harvesting complexes.
Overview
Authors: Kandybowicz Jason , Baron Bertille , Duncan Philip T. , Katsuda Hironori
Published: March 2023

This chapter provides an overview of both the Ikpana language and the book. It includes a discussion of Ikpana’s genetic classification, its endangerment status, the language’s speakers and their geographical distribution, the dialects of Ikpana, and a brief review of existing Ikpana literature. The chapter sketches a basic overview of the grammar, touching on aspects that will be relevant in later chapters, and concludes with a preview of the findings presented in the remaining chapters of the book. The chapter also introduces a recurrent theme of the book, which is that by bringing formal/theoretical concerns to the fore when documenting a language, a richer description of the grammar is reached in ways that would have been impossible if the task had been approached from a purely descriptive perspective.
Wh- questions
Authors: Kandybowicz Jason , Baron Bertille , Duncan Philip T. , Katsuda Hironori
Published: March 2023

This chapter discusses wh- questions in Ikpana. Although Ikpana is a wh- in situ language, it employs three surface-distinct peripheral wh- constructions: “bare wh- movement constructions,” in which a moved interrogative expression is unaccompanied by a particle in the left periphery; “wh- focus movement constructions,” in which a moved wh- item is followed by a focus marker; and “wh- cleft constructions,” in which a clause-initial wh- element serves as the subject of a null-headed specificational copular clause whose predicate complement is a potentially null-headed relative clause. A number of theoretically relevant wh- structures are documented, including long-distance wh- in situ; partial wh- movement/clefting; and multiple wh- questions. Several other significant theoretical issues are discussed, including: formation of ‘why’ wh- clefts on non-restrictive relative clauses; mapping of the clausal left periphery with respect to wh- items ‘how’ and ‘why’; immunity of wh- movement to superiority effects; intervention effects; and absence of adjunct islands.
Interrogative intonation
Authors: Kandybowicz Jason , Baron Bertille , Duncan Philip T. , Katsuda Hironori
Published: March 2023

This chapter examines Ikpana interrogative intonation. It provides a description of the intonation of declarative sentences as a frame of reference for the intonation of polar and wh- questions. A typologically rare pattern typifies Ikpana declarative intonation—at the right edges of Intonational Phrases, Low tones are depressed and a High/Mid tone reversal takes place. In polar questions, final High and Mid tones maintain their lexical tones, edge-final Low tones rise to sub-Mid levels, and final vowels are lengthened. The intonation of wh- questions and polar interrogatives is comparable, with two exceptions: 1) wh- questions lack final lengthening and 2) final Low tones remain Low. Typologically, the combination of final lengthening and final High maintenance/rising intonation is rare and areally distinctive. Furthermore, Ikpana bucks the cross-linguistic trend for wh- questions and declaratives to have similar intonational profiles, as the intonation of wh- questions is more similar to that of polar questions.
Luxuria: A Short History
Authors: Berno Francesca Romana
Published: March 2023

This chapter provides a history of the term and concept of luxuria from the origin of Latin literature (Cato the Elder) to the late first century ce (Pliny the Elder, Quintilian), with a specific section on sumptuary laws. The analysis is conducted through a close reading of several passages, with attention to each author’s peculiarities, to the specifics of certain periods (e.g. the Augustan Age), and to literary genres, especially historiography and satire. Besides the pervasiveness of some commonplaces, which are particularly frequent in historiography (luxuria as a vice came from the East, expressed in banquets, linked to greed and waste of money, and as a cause of fatal decline), and of some recurrent historical examples (Cleopatra and Marc Antony, Apicius, and so on), some other conclusions can also be drawn: satire generally avoids this term, even if dealing with the subject, in that it is more focused on the phenomenology of vices than on labelling them; poetry, and especially Augustan poetry, does not talk about luxuria, which was a compromising subject if considered in light of the emperor’s propaganda; epic poetry ignores it, with the exception of Lucan, whose moralistic concern shows affinities with historiography.
Seneca’s Luxuria
Authors: Berno Francesca Romana
Published: March 2023

This chapter deals with the charges of immorality made against Seneca, as reported by historical sources and by the author himself in De vita Beata, and his defence, advanced in the same dialogue. The charges hit specifically Seneca’s immense wealth and luxury, which contradicted the philosophical principles he himself proposed. Grounded in Stoic philosophy, and switching from the morally labelled word luxuria to the objective term divitiae, ‘wealth’, Seneca argues that money, as any other exterior thing or event, is completely indifferent to the philosopher, and so he may or may not use it, since he does not care. The final section of the chapter explores Seneca’s attitude towards frugality, with special regard to Cynic philosophy. With regard to this school of thought, Seneca admires its detachment from material goods, but despises its anti-social attitude.
EARTHSEA REVISITED
Authors: Plotz John
Published: March 2023

Looks at Le Guin’s own rereading—and rewriting—of her world after a decades-long hiatus. This second trilogy is not so much an undoing or an apology as it is a new circumnavigation. Suddenly, unexpected second and third angles alter the look of everything you thought you knew from that first view. Trauma rears its head, and history too—and fluidity replaces the seeming solidity of certain fixed differences: between genders, between species, between the living and the dead. She put it well: “It’s been a joy to me to go back to Earthsea and find it still there, entirely familiar and yet changed and still changing.”
Language for (im)possible worlds
Authors: Tolchinsky Liliana , Berman Ruth A.
Published: March 2023

The chapter focuses on thinking and talking about (im)possible worlds—eventualities which may or may not take place in the future—so moving to irrealis mood. It begins by considering the role of predicting and contemplating future possibilities in everyday life and in scientific study, then moves to the linguistic forms and the different grammatical resources that languages use for talking about future contingencies: lexical and syntactic constructions that indicate whether an utterance is factual, and so has a truth value, or whether it makes a modal judgment (expressing desire, doubt, hypothetical reasoning, etc.) and so can only be evaluated for its feasibility. We then review correlates of idea-generation and prediction in the brain and the neurological networks involved in factual, hypothetical, and counterfactual conditional statements. And we conclude by describing how, over time, children show increasing command of the linguistic forms that mark different types of unrealized possibilities—initially for instrumental purposes of expressing wishes and requests, moving to deontic, socially-prescribed modality (should, have to, can’t) and later-acquired epistemic modality expressing individual predictions and contingencies (may, likely, possible), shifting from use of future forms to hypothetical and counterfactual eventualities (if x happened, y would come about versus if x had happened, y would have come about). To conclude, we discuss how these age-related shifts reflect socio-cognitive development in the propositional attitudes that they express.
Language for literacy and literacy for language
Authors: Tolchinsky Liliana , Berman Ruth A.
Published: March 2023

As the title of this chapter suggests, we argue here that achieving literacy for writing, reading, and digital communication is a two-way process of conveying and of gaining knowledge about language and about the world. Following a brief survey of writing systems from the papyrus scrolls of ancient Greece to digital screens, we underline the differences and interrelations between script-literacy (acquiring the alphabetic principle and basic reading and writing skills) on the one hand, and text-literacy (being able to produce and understand pieces of printed and digital discourse from personal notes via school materials and on to research reports) on the other. We then then consider characteristics of writing in academic settings, where expository-type prose is analyzed at the different but interrelated levels of genre appropriateness, global structure, syntactic packaging, and lexical selection. We show that these processes are affected by different rhetorical traditions, comparing the Anglo-American goal-oriented practices to the more philosophically oriented writing of continental and Latin-American usage. Attention then shifts to the interrelations between writing and reading as the two major facets of literacy, to psycholinguistic and pedagogical models proposed to explain these processes, and on to the composition and processing of digital texts. The concluding sections deal with the neurological underpinnings of text composing and reading, developmental trajectories in attaining text-literacy, and the shift in individuals from native to proficient use of language as functioning members of knowledge-based literate societies.
Why Read The Transformation of Europe Today?
Authors: Komárek Jan
Published: March 2023

This article argues that reading Joseph Weiler’s The Transformation of Europe can enhance our understanding of the limits of liberal constitutional imaginary on which Transformation builds, and which it helped to establish in the 1990s. Now, when ‘Western liberalism’ is in retreat, such critical reading may be indispensable for those who seek alternatives. The chapter is structured as follows: it briefly defines the concept of ‘constitutional imaginary’, then provides a brief genealogy of Transformation and offers a critical reading of the whole essay, which prepares the ground for an outline of Transformation’s constitutional imaginary based on liberal-legalist ideology combined with a communitarian utopia. It is shown how each of them contradicts the other, but at the same time none can exist without the other. The chapter then reveals what Transformation (and its imaginary) hides from sight: how its rendering of European integration’s history, reduced to the narrative of Europe’s founding fathers’ reflective choice for Europe, and the ignorance of political economy overlooks the complex and complicated histories of the states that came to form the Union. The conclusion finally connects these findings to the current issues facing the EU and liberal constitutionalism as such.
VITALITY
Authors: Francis Gavin
Published: March 2023

This chapter discusses Brownean perspectives and ruminations on the origins of life. The German novelist W.G. Sebald did much to promote the value of Browne’s writings, and Sebald’s perspective on Browne is introduced. The views on the origins of life and heredity among nineteenth-century writers are examined (Charles Darwin, Mary Shelley), as well as Browne’s vision of the great chain of being: mineral, plant, animal, human, spirit. Browne believed that human lives track that evolution from the mineral to the spiritual. Finally, more modern perspectives of the origins of life on Earth are examined, as well as the prospects for life’s evolution elsewhere or sustenance elsewhere in the solar system.
PIETY
Authors: Francis Gavin
Published: March 2023

Browne studied medicine in Leiden in the Netherlands, a city of piety where he adopted the modest style of dress he adopted ever after. Through a visit to Amsterdam and Leiden the author explores this aspect of Browne’s character, its influence on his work, and the way that ‘piety’ had a different sense in the seventeenth century, before Victorian perspectives transformed it to more closely resemble the sense it holds today. The word appears only rarely in the Bible and ‘piety’, for Browne, was as much about honouring tradition, as it was about a living faith. The chapter examines Browne’s great essay on faith Religio Medici and the role of faith in the art of healing as practised by Browne.
A CONCLUDING LETTER TO DR BROWNE
Authors: Francis Gavin
Published: March 2023

An appraisal of the territory that has been covered by the book is made, and some brief, concluding statements about its themes are offered. The enduring value of Browne’s books is considered and his posthumously published works such as Christian Morals are discussed in the context of Browne’s advice on living well in the knowledge of the inevitability of death.
Nuclear deterrence
Authors: Johnson James
Published: March 2023

How might AI-enabled capabilities weaken or strengthen deterrence? The chapter considers the potential implications of AI and autonomy for nuclear deterrence theory and practice. It argues that AI and autonomy could decrease nuclear stability and increase the tendency for escalation to nuclear use, thereby undermining deterrence. A growing number of great military powers are investing political capital and financial resources to develop the field of AI technology and AI-enhanced “autonomous” weapon systems to derive the maximum potential military benefits—at a tactical, operational, and strategic level—that these systems offer. As a result, the ubiquity of these new classes of advanced capabilities—and the incentives for militaries to adopt them—on the future battlefield is fast becoming a foregone certainty. Given the recent genesis of AI and autonomy in a military context, and the rich body of work that describes these trends, this research is premised on the assumption that AI and autonomy technology will continue to be embraced—at different speeds and for different goals—by global militaries.
Inadvertent escalation
Authors: Johnson James
Published: March 2023

How might AI-enabled capabilities increase inadvertent escalation risk? This chapter revisits Cold War-era thinking about inadvertent escalation to consider how AI technology—especially AI augmentation of advanced conventional counterforce weapons—might influence inadvertent escalation risk between nuclear-armed adversaries during a conventional crisis or conflict through different mechanisms and pathways. Are existing notions of inadvertent escalation still relevant in the digital age? We are now in an era of rapid disruptive technological change, especially in AI technology. This technology is already being infused into military machines, and global armed forces are well advanced in their planning, research and development, and, in some cases, deployment of AI-enabled capabilities. Therefore, the embryonic journey to reorient military forces to prepare for the future digitized battlefield is no longer merely speculation or science fiction.
Catalytic nuclear war
Authors: Johnson James
Published: March 2023

Are existing notions of accidental nuclear war caused by third-party actors still relevant in the age of AI and autonomy? This chapter revisits the Cold War-era concept of “catalytic nuclear war,” considered by many as unworkable, and reconceptualizes it in light of technological change, as well as an improved understanding of human psychology and other factors. It argues that in the modern digital era, the catalyzing chain of reaction and counter-retaliation dynamics set in motion by the deliberate action of a non-state or third-party actor is fast becoming a more accessible and plausible alternative to acquiring a nuclear weapon or manufacturing an improvised atomic device—or “dirty bomb.” The chapter concludes that AI technology is creating new—and exacerbating old—escalation pathways that risk catalyzing accidental nuclear confrontation between nuclear-armed powers, particularly under irrational (or sub-rational) conditions.
Tax Crimes and Illicit Money Flows in the EUs
Authors: Turksen U , Abukari A , Rasmouki F , Kreissl R , Bourton S , Luecke H , Lui A , Mahuta H , Öner S , Grasso C , MacLennan S , Pasculli L
Published: March 2023

The European Union (EU) is one of the attractive jurisdictions for illicit money flows (IMFs) in the world. This is due to structural weaknesses and a comparatively stable economic and political environment in the EU. Criminals engaged in IMFs use sophisticated methods such as trusts, shell companies, and VAT carousel to commit crimes such as money laundering and tax crimes. The link between tax crimes and other IMFs is built on the principle that financial criminals will ensure that their criminal proceeds are safely placed, layered, and integrated into the legitimate financial system. In all these processes, as usually associated with money laundering, the proceeds are susceptible to tax crimes since the criminals would evade payment of taxes in most cases. Using case studies in eleven European States, this chapter maps the variety of main legal approaches to countering tax crime in these jurisdictions. Despite EU’s efforts to unify counter-crime measures in its Member States, the national legal frameworks and institutional settings produce different approaches to tackling tax crimes. This chapter concludes that effective domestic and international cooperation in approaches towards mitigating tax crimes and IMFs are evermore needed.
Tax Fraud Investigation Framework
Authors: Turksen U , Vozza D , Abukari A
Published: March 2023

One of key obstacles to timely and effective cross-border tax fraud investigations stems from the disparate approaches found across Europe. The Tax Fraud Investigation Framework (TFIF) is a toolkit developed within the PROTAX project. Since one of the aims of this book is to offer practical and user-friendly solutions for key stakeholders in tax enforcement, this chapter is devoted to the TFIF, which combines expertise from academia and law enforcement practitioners. The TFIF is designed to harmonize and support law and tax enforcement agencies in order to facilitate successful investigations and prosecutions against tax fraud at national and transnational levels. It aims at promoting: (i) a consistent and logical procedural approach to countering tax fraud at national and EU levels; (ii) common methods and techniques for investigating and prosecuting tax fraud; (iii) a harmonized standard for working across different agencies (multi-agency working) at national and EU levels; (iv) best practices in order to prevent and counter tax fraud by discouraging the criminals from expanding into new fraud ventures; (v) savings of time and resources during cross-jurisdictional legal analysis thus enhancing initial investigation; (vi) effective pathways for transforming information to intelligence and to build an effective response to transnational VAT fraud; (vii) information on the different types of evidence necessary for securing a conviction in selected EU Member States.
The Cesàro Operator
Authors: Garcia Stephan Ramon , Mashreghi Javad , Ross William T.
Published: March 2023

The Cesàro operator on ℓ2, which originates in summability theory, opens the door to subnormal operators. This connection appears when the Cesàro operator is viewed as a multiplication operator on a Hilbert space of analytic functions.
The Hilbert Transform
Authors: Garcia Stephan Ramon , Mashreghi Javad , Ross William T.
Published: March 2023

This chapter emphasizes the Hilbert-space properties of these operators. In particular, we study the boundedness, norm, adjoint, and spectral properties of Hilbert transforms and how these properties relate to harmonic conjugation and Riemann–Hilbert problems.
Toeplitz Operators
Authors: Garcia Stephan Ramon , Mashreghi Javad , Ross William T.
Published: March 2023

This chapter surveys Toeplitz operators Tφ : H2 → H2, Tφf = P + (φf), on the Hardy space H2, where φ ∈ L∞(T) and P+ is the orthogonal projection of L2(T) onto H2. We examine the matrix representations of these operators, their spectral properties, and a characterization of them related to the unilateral shift.
Principle 1: Objective Intention
Authors: Calnan Richard
Published: March 2023

The purpose of Chapter 1 is to describe the guiding principle of contractual interpretation. It is concerned with two issues that can sometimes conflict. The key aim of interpretation is to establish the intention of the legislature, but this must be done objectively. The purpose is to establish what a reasonable person would understand the legislature’s intention to be from the words it has used in the statute.
Principle 3: The Whole Text
Authors: Calnan Richard
Published: March 2023

Chapter 3 describes the principle that the words of a statute must be read as a whole, and explains how that principle is applied in practice. Where particular words are ambiguous, their meaning can be derived from the rest of the statute. But even clear words that seem to mean one thing only in isolation can mean something different if they are read in the context of the statute as a whole.
Principle 6: Ambiguity
Authors: Calnan Richard
Published: March 2023

Chapter 6 explains how the interpreter should deal with ambiguity. If the words of the statute are reasonably capable of more than one ordinary meaning, they are given the meaning the legislature is most likely objectively to have intended.
Epilogue
Authors: Calnan Richard
Published: March 2023

The purpose of the Epilogue is to draw together some of the strands that have been discussed in the various chapters of the book. The first part is a case study, which illustrates how the various principles of statutory interpretation work together to guide the interpreter to the right conclusion. The second part is a comparison of the way in which statutes and contracts are interpreted.
Distrust
Authors: Smith Gary
Published: March 2023

There are three ways in which science is being threatened, ironically by tools created by science itself. (1) Disinformation. Many people don’t trust science or scientists—indeed, some believe that scientists are part of a nefarious conspiracy orchestrated by the ruling class. Ironically, such fanciful nonsense is the kind of dragon that science was intended to slay and is now more powerful than ever because of the Internet that science has created. (2) Data torturing. The scientific demand for empirical evidence rests on the idea of statistical significance. Ironically, this demand has incentivized statistical mischief that undermines the usefulness and credibility of the evidence that scientists report. (3) Data mining. Instead of positing a theory and assembling appropriate data for testing the theory, many researchers now take the shortcut of looking for empirical patterns unencumbered by theory. Ironically, science created the big data and powerful computers that fuel data mining.
The Paranormal Is Normal
Authors: Smith Gary
Published: March 2023

Sometimes, our brain plays tricks on us; sometimes, magicians play tricks on us. More often, imagining the impossible helps us deal with the inexplicable. Bad omens can help us deflect blame. Good omens can help us be more confident. Reading other people’s minds can help us feel less uncertain about what they are thinking. Communicating with the deceased can help us deal with the deaths of loved ones and can also offer the comforting thought that there is life after death. The desire to believe can be so strong that the scientific demand for evidence discredits science instead of eradicating superstition. If scientists dismiss common beliefs, believers may well conclude that science is not to be trusted.
Flying Saucers and Space Tourists
Authors: Smith Gary
Published: March 2023

Scientists didn’t create the Internet and social media in order to discredit science, but that is what is happening. UFOs and faked Moon landings are two sides of the same coin—the belief that governments and scientists are lying to us and cannot be trusted. The supposed proof of these lies is on the Internet for the distrustful to see and to share via social media—including photos and videos created by the incredible editing tools developed by scientists but can be used by anyone to distort reality.
A Post-Fact World
Authors: Smith Gary
Published: March 2023

There was a time when most people got their news from a relatively small number of major newspapers, magazines, radio stations, and television networks that fact-checked (to varying degrees) the stories they reported. Now, the easy access and wide reach of the Internet in general and social media in particular allows pretty much anyone to say pretty much anything and perhaps find a receptive audience. Ironically, such far-fetched nonsense is the kind of dragon that science was intended to slay, but now the dragons of fanciful delusion are more powerful than ever because of the Internet and social media that science created and developed. Like a Frankenstein monster that has gotten out of control, the Internet powers the anti-science movement.