bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and Initial Validation of the Social Work Values Inventory
Authors: King Pike Cathy
Published: March 2007

This article reports the development and initial validation of the Social Work Values Inventory (SWVI). The SWVI was developed by using six tasks compiled by the author from the general literature on instrumentation. They include (a) developing a definition of values, (b) using the literature to select those values to be measured by the instrument, (c) using a theory of instrument construction, (d) relating the definition of values to the actual instrument, (e) developing unambiguous stimuli, and (f) determining scaling and scoring techniques. Preliminary reliability estimates ranged from acceptable to good across four data collections. Examinations of content, factorial, and construct validity provided excellent support of the instrument as a valid measure of social work practice values.
Significance of Peer Social Support With Dually Diagnosed Clients: Findings From a Pilot Study
Authors: Klein Amelia Rocco , Cnaan Ram A. , Whitecraft Jeanie
Published: March 2007

This article examines a special peersocial support program, which provides support to high-risk dually diagnosed chents. A pilot study of 10 randomly selected clients in the study group, and 51 in the comparison group, who had been in community care 1 year prior to this investigation was carried out. Service was provided for a 6-month period Findings suggest that coupling peer social support with intensive case management is associated with positive system outcomes. The number of crisis events of the comparison group far exceeded that of the study group. The number of hospitalizations was dramatically lower for the study group. Chents in the study group reported improved quality of life and perceived their physical and emotional well-being as improved over the course of the study. This pilot study indicates that peer support has a potential of improving system and clients' outcome; however, further replication is required.
Social Work Practice in the 21st Century
Authors: Sheldon Brian
Published: March 2007

This invited article takes the opportunity occasioned by the approach of the millennium to look both backward and forward at the ills and the achievements of social work as a profession, at the changing political context in which we work, and at the successes and failures brought about by attempts to put the question of the worth of what we do beyond ideology through empirical research—in particular, through controlled experiments.
Predicting Children's Domestic Violence Service Participation and Completion
Authors: Peled Einat , Edleson Jeffrey L.
Published: March 2007

This study was conducted at a large Midwestern domestic violence agency. It identified (a) the agency's potential child client population, (b) the agency's actual child client population, and (c) factors that enhance the likelihood of a child's participation in and completion of the agency's children's program. The study sample included 194 children exposed to domestic violence associated with battered women and battering men. Analysis were performed on vanables associated with children's participation in or completion of the program. Less than one third of the potential child client population used available services. A child's participation in services was closely associated with whether the child was living with his or her mother and the level of services provided to the mother. A child's completion of the program was associated with the level of services provided to that child's mother and father as well as with the child's age.
Qualitative Research and the Question of Rigor
Authors: Davies Deirdre , Dodd Jenny
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors discuss the issue of rigor in relation to qualitative social research. It takes a critical focus on the inadequacy of applying a quantitative concept of rigor to evaluate qualitative research. Informed through the researchers’own experience, suggestions are made for a concept of rigor that meets the needs of qualitative research more adequately. Incorporating a notion of ethics, the authors develop a cluster of terms around which they argue that qualitative research can meaningfully speak about rigor: attentiveness, empathy, carefulness, sensitivity, respect, reflection, conscientiousness, engagement,awareness, and openness.
Maternal Understanding of Infant Crying: What does a Negative Case Tell Us?
Authors: Drummond Jane E. , Wiebe C. Faye , Elliott M. Ruth
Published: March 2007

In this report, data analysis of a negative case is presented. The purpose of the original study was to delineate how 18 new mothers, both primiparous and multiparous, came to understand the crying of their infants. That process, which arose from the 17 congruent cases of the sample, is summarized here. Data analysis of the negative case validated the process developed from those cases, and demonstrated that further refinement of the original process is probably both necessary and useful for nursing. The elements of the concept of empathy were used to operationalize the refinement. Further, analysis of the negative data lead to the identification of three likely blocks to the process of maternal understanding of infant crying. Questions regarding the nature of blocks to the process of maternal understanding of infant crying, not dealt with in the original data analysis nor in the research reviewed, were posed.
The Triggers of Heightened Parental Uncertainty in Chronic, Life-Threatening Childhood Illness
Authors: Cohen Marsha H.
Published: March 2007

Advances in the treatment of childhood diseases have created a population of technology-dependent and medically fragile children whose life expectancy is unknown and whose future quality of life is unpredictable. Seven commonly occurring events were found to precipitate increased parental anxiety by triggering a heightened awareness of the uncertainty concerning the child's survival. These triggers are presented, with supporting data from parental interviews and published autobiographical accounts, as a set of causes, contexts, conditions, and interactions that account for predictable variation in the intensity of parental awareness of uncertainty. The findings reported here constitute one aspect of the grounded theory of living under conditions of sustained uncertainty for families who have a child with a chronic, life-threatening illness. That theory, it is proposed, is related to the larger chronic illness trajectory framework of Strauss and associates. Implications for practice are suggested.
A Practical Approach to Analyzing and Reporting Focus Groups Studies: Lessons from Qualitative Market Research
Authors: Henderson Naomi R.
Published: March 2007

Market research studies often have a purpose and focus quite different from qualitative health research studies. An appreciation of approaches, techniques for analysis and interpretation, and reporting can broaden the traditional researcher's perspective and may suggest new approaches. This article provides some insights about ways a small and busy qualitative research company analyzes focus group data and prepares reports for clients. Reports are used to support clients in making key decisions that affect organizational programs and policies, and the marketing and advertising of products and services.
The Development of a Social Support Intervention among African American Women
Authors: DeJoseph Jeanne F. , Norbeck Jane S. , Smith Renee T. , Miller Suellen
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this feminist qualitative study was the development of a psychosocial intervention to reduce the number of low birthweight babies among lower income, socially isolated, pregnant, African American women. Using data from both group and individual interviews, we constructed a series of interactive sessions. The focus of these sessions was skill building, both to develop self-esteem and to access social support; and acknowledgment of the pregnant women's lives and experiences.
The Boston Study: Analysis of a Major Metropolitan Business- and Technical-Communication Market
Authors: Buchholz William J.
Published: March 2007

This article presents the results of a year-long study of the business- and technical-communication market in Boston, Massachusetts. The study iden tifies the abundance of professional titles, duties, attitudes, responsibilities, aptitudes, and skills in business and technical communication included in six large categories ofpractice: technical communication, publishing, public rela tions, marketing, development, and training. Based on the Boston communication-market research and on occupational data from the U.S. De partment of Labor, this study suggests that, in the decade ahead, communica tion practitioners can expect healthy growth in the profession.
Ethics: A Bridge for Studying the Social Contexts of Professional Communication
Authors: Speck Bruce W.
Published: March 2007

A growing concern about ethical behavior in business suggests that profes sional communicators, often major players in the business community, ought to be aware of the ethical dimensions of their writing. Teachers can prepare fu ture professional communicators to consider the ethical dimension of their writing activities by using Lawrence Kohlberg's hierarchy of moral develop ment. When Kohlberg's hierarchy is applied to fictional business settings, stu dents have the opportunity to investigate the relationship between action morality and agent morality. This type of investigation is an essential part of teaching professional communication because the written language used in business transmits values.
Interpersonal Conflict in Collaborative Writing: What We Can Learn from Gender Studies
Authors: Lay Mary M.
Published: March 2007

Gender-studies scholars describe the ways relationships within the family in fluence the gender identity of males and females, while composition special ists study the social nature of writing. In the areas of self-disclosure, control, trust, perceptions ofgroup and ofconflict, congruence, and reward, these gen der roles affect the abilities of men and women to collaborate successfully and determine their responses to interpersonal conflict. Through classroom activi ties and journal keeping, students can learn the limits ofgender roles and have access to a full range of collaborative strategies.
Learning about and from Group Support Systems
Authors: Sawyer John E. , Ferry Diane L. , Kydd Christine
Published: March 2007

A framework for using Group Support Systems (GSS) to aid learning about group problem-solving processes is presented. The authors describe a typical group problem-solving process and GSS. A framework for matching GSS tools to stages of the group problem-solving process is presented. The authors then detail how two simulations were developed for use with GSS. The simulations were used to provide students with experience in using GSS and in developing an agenda for group problem solving. Evidence of effectiveness of the simulations is presented. The authors conclude with considerations for developing simulations for presenting GSS and group problem-solving processes.
Student-Generated Cases as a Transformation Tool
Authors: Ashamalla Maali H. , Crocitto Madeline M.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the student-generated case as a form of active and reflective learning that overcomes some limitations of traditional analysis and group discussion of written cases. The student-generated case is a learning method that involves a description of an experience-based situation, analysis of the situation and the self, theoretical connections to experience, generation of alternatives, development of an action plan, and individual reflection. The method has various benefits, including moving the focus of learning onto the student, bridging the gap between theory and practice, improving writing and analytical skills, promoting lifelong learning, addressing the weaknesses of the traditional case analysis in the implementation of alternatives and reflection on one’s perceptions and behaviors, and enhancing teacher-student partnership in the learning process.
Structuring-By-The-Numbers: A Process for Discovering and Understanding Organizational Structure
Authors: Lyons Paul R. , Nicol David M.
Published: March 2007

Structuring-by-the-Numbers is an experiential classroom activity intended to promote understanding of organizational design and structure, particularly in the context of organizational activities and objectives. It provides a forumfor challenging assumptions and conventional wisdom through a sequential, stepped process in which students, with instructor guidance, create an organizational structure in response to a given situation. The activity transforms what is often perceived as pure context, part of the wallpaper, into something that can be seen to have direct relevance to organizational action. Structuring-by-the-Numbers presents an opportunity for the deconstruction of commonly held ideas and models of structure.
Facilitating Transfer of Skills between Group Projects and Work Teams
Authors: Ettington Deborah R. , Camp Richaurd R.
Published: March 2007

As organizations have adopted team-based work arrangements, the use of group projects in education has also grown. One objective is to help prepare students to be effective team members in organizations. Yet, student comments and instructor observations suggest we may not be achieving this objective. This article shows how to apply transfer of learningprinciples, and findings related to work team effectiveness, to improve the chances of skill transfer between school and work. Recommendations include specific ideas for instructors to use before, during, and after group work, and for faculty to consider from a program-level perspective.
False Arrest: A Rejoinder to "The Killer Group"
Authors: Cohen Allan R.
Published: March 2007

In response to the questions raised by the "Killer Group," this article advocates that we should (a) take advantage of the fact that behavior in our classrooms is just as "real life" as students will experience after graduation, (b) explicitly provide students with dilemmas of the type described in the "Killer Group," and (c) allow students to experience the consequences of their choices in the same way they will in the workplace.
A Comparison of Two Teaching Designs Using the Organization Game as a Measure of Outcome Performance
Authors: Naumes Michael J.
Published: March 2007

According to the model of managerial readiness to develop, the classroom simulation of an organization should occur in a systematic, planned fashion, moving from simple to complex simulations, because students need to practice with the former to succeed with the latter. To test this idea, an organizational psychology class was taught using two different formats: (a) lecture-discussion training with a low level of complexity and (b) training with increasingly complex experiential exercises. The performance of each class was compared by using the objective performance indicators of the Organization Game, a complex simulation used to measure the relative performance of each class. The mean performance indicator for the experiential training classes was 87.8, which was significantly higher than the lecture-discussion mean of 64.8. These results support the idea of a continuum of complexity that should be considered when planning the use of experiential exercises.
Ethics Integration: The Management/Organizational Behavior Fundamentals Course and Broader Concerns
Authors: Payne Stephen L.
Published: March 2007

Efforts in business colleges to integrate topics of ethics and social responsibility across all business curricula often face serious obstacles. Faculty members given the responsibility for ethics integration in a particular business discipline or for the business college as a whole should try to anticipate and respond to explicit and implicit faculty reservations about ethics integration. Counseling and curricular suggestions for undertaking this challenge are suggested along with specific recommendations for improved ethics integration in the introductory management/organization behavior course.
Designing Organizational Culture Courses: Fundamental Considerations
Authors: Lundberg Craig C.
Published: March 2007

Organizational culture courses are popular yet are taught in a variety of ways. This article explores six basic considerations (three philosophical and three pedagogical) that shape organizational culture instruction.
Creating a Networked, Learning Organization in the Classroom
Authors: O'Brien Charlene D'Andrea , Buono Anthony F.
Published: March 2007

As organizations strive to become more flexible and adaptable to a rapidly changing environment, they are developing flatter structures composed of networks of task-focused teams. The resultant horizontal, cross-functional processes shift the flow of information and human interaction from vertical superior-subordinate to peer-to-peer relationships. These networked organizations further require that coworkers, as colleagues across the organization, develop the ability to continually learn together. Based on an application of the classroom as organization model, this article presents an approach that can assist students in developing the type of skills that will prepare them for these changes.
Decisive Decision Making: An Exercise Using Ethical Frameworks
Authors: Mallinger Mark
Published: March 2007

The article presents an exercise dealing with ethical behavior and demonstrates the application of five ethical frameworks. The exercise encourages students to become actively involved in their learning, asks them to share multiple perspectives in assessing ethical behavior, and allows them to recognize the value of using frameworks to assist in the decision process. Results from students who have completed the exercise, including results from cross-cultural groups, are discussed.
Leadership Jazz: An Exercise in Creativity
Authors: Lengnick-Hall Mark L. , Lengnick-Hall Cynthia A.
Published: March 2007

Creatively using limited resources is a skill exhibited by outstanding leaders. Effective leaders must develop their own creative capacities and nurture creativity in their followers. In this exercise, students work alone and/or in small groups to create musical instruments (and play a tune) using only the resources they have with them. Students are provided the opportunity to confront and overcome some of the most common barriers to creativity. Furthermore, students can learn firsthand techniques that research has shown to be effective for overcoming obstacles to creative thinking.
Intergenerational Geriatric Remotivation
Authors: West Mary , Hutchinson Sally
Published: March 2007

This piece of a larger study on intergenerational geriatric remotivation discusses influential program variables. Interviews, participant observation, and videotapes were used to study a program in the Southeast and a comparison program in the Midwest. The variables examined were frequency, longevity, and constancy of intergenerational contact, problem discovery and problem resolution procedures, physical environment, and activity structure. As practitioners contemplate establishing intergenerational programs, a number of issues regarding program structure need to be considered to ensure that outcomes match expectations.
Home Health Care
Authors: Albrecht Mary Nies , Perry Kathleen M.
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this national study were (a) to determine priority research questions in home health care nursing and (b) to develop a home health research network group. Collaborative brainstorming was used initially by an interdisciplinary research team to generate a list of research questions. The major content areas covered in the questionnaire were questions relating to home health care as a delivery system, patient classification, quality assurance, nursing diagnosis, and nursing professionalism. A survey of 450 practicing home health care nurses was completed. The questions were rated by the respondents on a scale of high, medium, or low research priority. The response rate was 52%, with home health nurses responding from 30 states. The results clearly indicated the top 10 research priorities for home health care nursing research. The formation of the home health care research network groups are also discussed.
Validity and Reliability of a Quality-of-Life Instrument
Authors: Martin Linda L.
Published: March 2007

A pilot study was done to evaluate criterion-related validity and test-retest reliability of the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRQ). The CRQ examines how chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) effects quality of life, and evaluates four dimensions: dyspnea, fatigue, emotional function, and mastery. The pilot study did not establish validity. One of the dimensions, mastery, did not correlate with any of the criterion instruments. Reliability was demonstrated when the instrument was retested after 9 days. The recommendation, based on this research, is that the CRQ may be useful in clinical settings, but not for research.
Self-Caring in a Family Unit of an HIV-Positive Individual
Authors: Saunders Judith M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this longitudinal, qualitative study is to understand self-caring in the context of the spectrum of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) disease. This article presents the personal perspective of one family affected by HIV disease. The findings are presented through discussing a pattern of self-caring, being outside in the health care system, where stigma was an influential factor. The methodology used to understand self-caring was the hermenuetic phenomenology of Heidegger. Interpretations of transcribed interviews make evident the mechanisms, interactions, and themes that limit patients and their families participating as full members of the health care team.
Cooperation during Morning Care between Nurses and Severely Demented Institutionalized Patients
Authors: Hallbierg Ingalhll R. , Holst Goran , Nordmark Asa , Edberg Anna-Karen
Published: March 2007

Nurse-patient cooperation during morning care in two wards for the care of severely demented patients (107 observations) were analyzed by using a hermeneutic-phenomenological approach. Nurse-patient cooperation was found to be characterized by their acting in mutuality or unilaterality and in or out of pace with each other. When acting in pace and mutuality, the nurse and patient turned to each other as persons as well as to the task. This theme related to confirming nurse actions and actions that provided opportunities for the patient to participate. When acting out of pace and unilaterality, cooperation was mainly task oriented and related to acts of resistance, the use of force, loss of attention or turning to others, or the patient wanted to escape. The findings were interpreted within the contexts of power, empowerment and powerlessness and may serve as indicators of low- or high-quality nurse-patient cooperation during morning care provided for demented patients.
The Effect of Pain on Infant Behaviors
Authors: Fuller Barbara F. , Conner Douglas A.
Published: March 2007

Facial body, and cry behaviors, heart rate, palmer sweating, and acoustic cry measures were compared across differing levels of infant pain. Eighty-eight infants were placed in a 16-cell matrix of 4 ages (O to 3 mo., 4 to 6 mo., 7 to 9 mo., and 10 to 12 mo.) and levels of pain (WOP) (none, mild, moderate, severe) with 5 to 6 infants occupying each cell Matrix placement was determined by agreement of >75% among five pediatric clinical nurse specialists who viewed videotapes and read information about the infants history, diagnosis, medical and/or surgical status, medications, and nutritional/fluid status. Coded infant behaviors and acoustic cry parameters were compared using a 2-level (LOP, age) MANOVA. Behaviors that differed across LOP were influenced by infant development. Facial expressions were clinically useful LOP indicators only for 0- to 3-month-old infants. Facial and body behaviors and cry measures that differed across LOP in younger infants did not differ in older infants due to the development of intentionality. Cry orientation and consolability may be useful clinical indicators of pain with older infants.
Outcomes of Individualized Interventions in Patients with Severe Eating Difficulties
Authors: Jacobsson Catrine , Axelsson Karin , Norberg Astrd , Asplund Kjell , Wenngren Britt-Inger
Published: March 2007

The aim of this case study is to describe the outcomes of individualized interventions for patients with severe eating difficulties. The participants were 15 patients who had severe eating difficulties following a stroke or brain tumor and were receiving oral feeding or tube feeding. Interventions focused on training functions needed for eating, activities in eating, and discussions with the patient improvements were especially noted in eating activities, and some improvements were noted in oral movements and nutritional status. Before the interventions, none of the patients ate regular food afterward, six did, and in four patients, the feeding tube was removed The patients said eating was easier and they could eat in a safe way. Furthermore, they appreciated the attention to their experience during meals. Although the impairments were not always alleviated, the patients found means to cope with their eating difficulties.
Psychosocial Predictors of Children's Postoperative Pain
Authors: Palermo Tonya Mizell , Drotar Dennis D. , Lambert Sally
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of psychosocial variables in the prediction of children's pain intensity following surgery. Forty-two children, ages 7 to 17 years (M = 12.26, SD = 3.06), completed an interview 1 week prior to surgery assessing anticipatory distress related to their forthcoming surgery and history of coping strategy use. Following surgery, children reported the intensity of their pain using visual analog scales. Findings demonstrated that the majority of children experienced moderate to severe postoperative pain, Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that psychosocial variables added to the prediction of children's postoperative pain after controlling for the influence of surgery-related and demographic variables. These findings lend initial support for the inclusion of psychosocial assessment measures (e.g., anticipatory surgery distress) in the preoperative assessment of pediatric patients who may be at risk for excessive postsurgical pain.
Social Support and Positive Health Practices in Young Adults
Authors: Mahon Noreen E. , Yarcheski Adela , Yarcheski Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which loneliness mediates the relationship between perceived social support and positive health practices of young adults, ages 22 to 34, by testing a mediational model of relationships in a three-variable system developed through theory and previous research Data were collected from 70 young adults who were attending classes in a large urban university. They responded to the PRQ85—Part H, the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, the Lifestyle Questionnaire, and a demographic data sheet. Statistically significant correlations were found between perceived social support and positive health practices, perceived social support and loneliness, and loneliness and positive health practices. A series of regression analyses designed to test for mediation were performed. The results indicated that loneliness is a dominant mediator in the relationship between perceived social support and positive health practice. Implications for practices are discussed.
Shifting Paradigms
Authors: Kriger Mark P. , Malan Leon-C.
Published: March 2007

Where should the field of management inquiry be heading? What should be the role of "personal knowledge" in management? How should management scholars and teachers attempt to bridge the currently perceived gap between the theories of academics and the direct experience of practitioners? The aim of this essay is to provocatively explore these questions and to argue for six normative propositions: (a) the importance of soft data and often "invisible" organizational processes, (b) the need for management scholars to be more venturesome in their writing and research, (c) the need for greater relevance, (d) the need for research to be more "actionable," (e) the need for academic scholars to be creating more and taking less credit, and (f) the need for greater openness to "wisdom." Some recent trends in the above directions are noted with the concluding observation that underlying these trends is the movement toward a paradigm shift in the way in which science, not just management science but science as a whole, is conceived of and conducted.
The Relationship between Leadership and Time Orientation
Authors: Thoms Peg , Greenberger David B.
Published: March 2007

A number of authors have suggested that leaders and organizations have temporal orientations that influence the behavior of individuals within those organizations. However, this literature and empirical evidence from psychology regarding temporal orientation have been largely ignored by leadership experts and practitioners. This has left the leadership literature with a big hole in terms of our ability to explain many leadership issues and select and train leaders. Here we present a model of the relationship between leadership and time orientation that can serve as a springboard for further discussion and research. This model introduces the concepts of temporal alignment and temporal skills and suggests that successful leaders must temporally attune themselves to both tasks and situations. We also explore the practical implications of the model for the selection and development of leaders.
Low Cycle Fatigue and Cycle Dependent Creep with Continuum Damage Mechanics
Authors: Wang June
Published: March 2007

A continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model for low cycle fatigue cou pled with cycle dependent creep is presented. The cycle-creep and damage behavior of hot rolled type RS50 steel is analysed by the damage model and compared with those mea sured in satisfactory agreement. The model can describe the gradual acceleration of creep rate under constant stress amplitude and mean stress in low cycle fatigue, a phenomenon which can never be explained by conventional mechanics. The model also results in a con venient experimental method for the measurement of damage values.
Elastic Parameters of Brittle, Elastic Solids Containing Slits — Critical State
Authors: Krajcinovic Dusan , Sumarac Dragoslav , Mallick Kaushik
Published: March 2007

The present study focuses on the determination of the critical density of rectilinear slits in a two-dimensional elastic continuum. The critical slit density was deter mined using the percolation theory for several different distributions of damage. The derived results were subsequently discussed in terms of the phase transition indicating some as yet unresolved and not entirely understood aspects of the theory.
On the Concept of Damage in Creep and in the Brittle-Elastic Range
Authors: Kachanov Mark
Published: March 2007

A comparative examination of the concept of damage in creep and in the brittle-elastic range is given. Differences between these two classes of problems are dis cussed. It is pointed out, in particular, that damage models in the brittle-elastic range should be compatible with the existing knowledge of the effective elastic properties.
A Supplementary Regulation of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Regarding the Punishment for Corruption and Bribery
Authors: Ping Yu He
Published: March 2007

On July 1, 1979, the National People's Congress (NPC) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) adopted the first criminal law code in the history of the PRC. The code went into effect on January 1, 1980. That was at the beginning of the period of Open Policy and Reform that followed the Cultural Revolution. As a result of the new policies and reforms, many new organizations came into being and economic activity increased in the country quite rapidly. That increase also led to the emergence of more and more economic crime, which was not adequately addressed by the new criminal code.
A Descriptive Analysis of Japanese Organized Crime: The Boryokudan from 1945 to 1988
Authors: Huang Frank F. Y. , Vaughn Michael S.
Published: March 2007

Even though Japan has modernized at an unprecedented rate, its crime rate is relatively low in comparison to that of Western industrialized democracies. Japanese society is not crime-free, how-ever. Organized criminal syndicates known as the boryokudan commit much of the serious crime in Japan. This article traces the development of the boryokudan in postwar Japan, dividing the era into five periods. The boryokudan are characterized by violence, organizational structure, camaraderie, discipline, and illegitimate activities. Modern boryokudan trends of monopolizing, internationalizing, warring. racketeering, and solidifying are explored within the context of Japanese heritage and culture. In addition, this article examines the level and degree to which the government and the Nlational Police Agency are combating organized crime. The article concludes by focusing on the acceptance of crime syndicates in Japanese culture and the way in which the societal infrastructure facilitates their existence and demands their services.
Toward a Cross-Cultural Theory of Aboriginal Crime: a Comparative Study of the Problem of Aboriginal Overrepresentation in the Criminal Justice Systems of Canada and Australia
Authors: Smandych Russell , Lincoln Robyn , Wilson Paul
Published: March 2007

This article provides a theoretical starting point for the development of a more encompassing cross-cultural theory of aboriginal crime. The authors contend that any attempt to develop such a theory has to proceed on three fronts: (a) through offering a cross-cultural explanation of the problem of aboriginal overrepresentation; (b) through undertaking comparative research aimed at accounting for aboriginal offending patterns that often lie outside the official picture of overrepresentation; and (c) through developing a primarily societal-based (as opposed to individualist) cross-cultural theory of aboriginal criminality that is able to account for identified cross-national patterns of aboriginal overrepresentation and aboriginal offending. As a takeoff point for this series of interconnected and overlapping comparative research efforts, the authors undertake an examination of the state of research and theory about the causes of aboriginal overrepresentation in the criminal justice systems of Canada and Australia. In order to explain the similar patterns of overrepresentation found among aboriginal peoples in Canada, Australia, and other countries, the authors identify and synthesize a number of different cross-cultural theories of crime recently developed by comparative criminologists that can be used in working toward the development of a more encompassing cross-cultural theory of aboriginal crime.
Community Service in the Netherlands: Its Effects on Recidivism and Net-Widening
Authors: Spaans E. C.
Published: March 2007

Community service was introduced in the Netherlands in 1981 in an effort to reduce the use of short-term imprisonment. Following the successful example of Great Britain, an experiment with community service for adult offenders was started in eight jurisdictions. To make sure that community service would be used as a substitute for incarceration, rules prescribed that community service could only be imposed to replace an intended unconditional prison sentence of six months or less. Sentencing people to perform unpaid work rather than spend time in prison was supposed to lower the pressure on prison capacity, save money, and have a negative effect on reoffending. Community service turned out to be a "popular" sentence. The number of community service orders (CSOs) annually imposed increased from 213 in 1981 to 12,737 in 1995. In 1989 community service became the third principal penalty under the Dutch Penal Code. Despite its popularity, however, there are strong indications that the work sentence is not always being used as an alternative to short-term incarceration but is being employed as an alternative to nonincarcerative sentences as well. Similarly, the effects of community service on reoffending are less clear than was expected. This article describes the major outcomes of recently conducted research into community service in the Netherlands. By comparing persons who received a CSO to persons who were sentenced to a short prison term, the effect of community service on recidivism and the application of the work sentence will be discussed.
A Cross-Cultural Study of Personality and Leadership
Authors: Kenis Izzettin
Published: March 2007

Previous studies have indicated differences in managerial characteristics between supervisors from different nationalities and cultures. A compar ison of the personalities of Turkish and American first-line supervisors and their attitudes toward participative, considerate, and directive lead ership, and a comparison of the perceived leadership behavior of their superiors showed that the Turks were more authoritarian than the Americans and that the Americans had a slightly higher need for inde pendence than the Turks. The American managers (superiors), as per ceived by their subordinates, appeared to exercise more participative and considerate leadership than did the Turkish managers. The American supervisors demonstrated higher satisfaction with participative, consid erate, and directive superiors than did the Turks. The difference between the two groups with respect to satisfaction with participative and consid erate superiors can be explained partially by a difference in authoritar ianism and other cultural values.
The Use of Systems-Improvement Research in Developing a Change Strategy for Human-Service Organizations
Authors: Dimock Hedley G.
Published: March 2007

OD practitioners are faced with the dilemma of using their diagnostic skills to create high-quality change plans, yet the clients must be involved to increase the likelihood of the change plans being implemented. Sys tems Improvement Research (SIR) resolves the dilemma by establishing a team composed of inside workers and outside consultants who jointly collect data and make plans for change. The development of SIR, its theoretical bases, and several field experiences with the approach are described.
Situational Leadership, Perception, and the Impact of Power
Authors: Hersey Paul , Blanchard Kenneth H. , Natemeyer Walter E.
Published: March 2007

This article integrates the concept of power with situational leadership by relating the perception of a leader's power bases with various leader ship styles. The sources of power are identified; situational leadership is reviewed; and a new instrument, the Power Perception Profile, is de scribed and discussed. Maturity levels are defined, and their relation ships to power sources and leadership styles are discussed.
Classifying and Reviewing the Empirical Work on MBO: Some Implications
Authors: Mcconkie Mark L.
Published: March 2007

This review classifies, according to levels of empirical rigor, the empirical work dealing specifically with management by objectives (MBO) and it summarizes the major findings of the research and suggests observations regarding the implementation and maintenance of MBO programs.
Emotional Arousal During Sensitivity Training as a Function of Length of the Experience
Authors: Smith Peter B. , Lubin Bernard
Published: March 2007

Emotional arousal was studied during sensitivity training groups of one-, three-, and five-day durations. Emotional arousal was measured by re peated administrations of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (Zuck erman & Lubin, 1965). Data were obtained from fifteen one-day, nine three-day, and eight five-day T-groups, all held in England. No significant effects were found among one-day groups. Three-day groups showed initial increase and subsequent decrease in depression and hostility. Five-day groups showed a rise followed by afall in anxiety, depression, and hostility, with a second rise in depression and hostility later in the week. It was concluded that the rise-and-fall pattern found in this and earlier studies is dependent on adequate time for the elicitation of negative affect and may also require the isolation of the group from contact with other groups. Appropriate leader behaviors at different stages of this progression are discussed.
International Organization Development: Goals, Problems, and Challenges
Authors: Zeira Yoram , Adler Seymour
Published: March 2007

This paper illustrates the complexity, ambiguity, and conflict inherent in the multinational-corporation system. These problems occur because each of the human components (headquarters, expatriate managers, host-country nationals, and host-country organizations) must adapt to unique environmental demands from five critical sectors in the parent and host countries. The goals and patterns of each component are usually incongruent with those of the other components. Therefore, a planned, systematic change that includes all four human components is proposed. Appropriate modifications to the standard action-research technique are recommended.
Social Facilitation Effects on Behavioral and Perceptual Task Performance Measures: Implications for Work Behavior
Authors: Ferris Gerald R. , Rowland Kendrith M.
Published: March 2007

The present investigation examined the effects of the presence of others on both behavioral and perceptual task performance measures and job attitudes, serving as a constructive replication and extension of Ferris and Rowland (1980). It was hypothesized that the presence of others would demonstrate effects on the behavioral measure of performance quality but not quantity, and that effects would be found on both perceived effort and perceived performance. Null findings were predicted for the effects of the presence of others on job satisfaction. The results provided support for the first hypothesis and partial support for the second hypothesis. While the effects found for performance quality and not quantity replicated Ferris and Rowland, the pattern of results across conditions was different. The results are discussed relative to the distraction-conflict theory of social facilitation and to their implications for work behavior in organizations.
Exploring Polarization in Organizational Groups
Authors: Polley Richard Brian
Published: March 2007

The central polarizations inherent in management theory are systematically analyzed. Group field dynamics, an integration and extension of Bales's SYMLOG and Lewin's field theory, is presented as a unifying model that allows for the detailed exploration of polarizations within management groups. A stereotypical key management group is then taken as the starting point for a consideration of polarization within organizations. A computer-assisted method of polarization analysis and an automated report writer are demonstrated and three other configurations of group members are discussed in terms of level of polarization and predicted team effectiveness.
Effects of Organizational and Life Variables on Job Satisfaction and Burnout
Authors: Drory Amos , Shamir Boas
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the relative effect of three sets of variables, namely, organizational characteristics, task characteristics, and extraorganizational variables, on job satisfaction and burnout. A total of 266 prison guards from four prison facilities in Israel were administered questionnaires containing scales of intraorganizational conflict, ambiguity, management support, and task charac teristics, as well as measures of family role conflict, community support and appreciation of the employee's job, job satisfaction, and burnout. The results suggest that both intraorganizational variables and external variables account significantly for the two criteria. Extraorganizational support and appreciation was the single best correlate of job satisfaction, while management support was the major correlate of burnout. The results are discussed in terms of their practical implications for organizational diagnosis and intervention, and in particular the importance of dealing with extraorganizational factors in OD practice.
Organization Development Scene in Asia
Authors: Putti Joseph M.
Published: March 2007

The applicability of organizational design (OD) to the Asian context is illustrated by data that were collected from a sample of 49 companies in Singapore. The results show that only large and established organizations seem to have OD programs. Furthermore, the data indicate that behavioral changes form the major part of OD programs. The top-down approach is common in introducing change through OD efforts. A major barrier to the practice of OD in many Asian countries seems to be lack of climate for open discussion.
Understanding Leader Emotional Intelligence and Performance
Authors: Sosik John J. , Megerian Lara E.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine whether self-awareness of managers (defined as agreement between self and other leadership ratings) would moderate relationships between (a) aspects of emotional intelligence and transformational leadership behavior, and (b) transformational leadership behavior and managerial performance. Multisource data were collected from 63 managers (who responded about their emotional intelligence and transformational leadership behavior), 192 subordinates (who rated their manager’s transformational leadership behavior and performance outcomes), and 63 superiors of focal managers (who rated managerial performance). Results indicated that correlations between emotional intelligence aspects, leader behavior, and performance varied as a function of self-awareness of managers. The practical implications of these findings are discussed.
An Ethological Model for Implementation in Mobile Robots
Authors: Hallam Bridget E. , Hallam John C. T. , Halperin Janet R. P.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a neuroethological model of learning and motivation that accounts for many of the behavioral phenomena observed in animals. Unusual predictions from the model have been tested and shown to be demonstrable in laboratory Siamese fighting fish. In addition, the model is sufficiently mathematically well defined to be implementable in a robot or in computer simulation. A trial implementation in a mobile robot was carried out as part of this work. This article describes a simplified version of the model that was programmed into the robot, a thought experiment designed to show the main features of the model, and the preliminary robot experiments that were carried out. Using robots for ethological models of animal behavior is interesting for both robotics and ethological research: The study of robot autonomy can be enhanced through an understanding of complex and realistic models of animal autonomy, and ethological research should benefit from a supply of guaranteed "naive" agents on which rigorous testing of such models is tractable.