bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning Statistics with a Multimedia Resource
Authors: Adesope Olusola O.
Published: February 2012

Researchers have often reported the negative attitude and low performance of students in statistics (Francis, 2002; Gordon, 1995; Ograjenšek & BavdažKveder, 2003). While considerable efforts and research have been undertaken to remedy this situation, researchers, educators, and policy makers have admitted a degree of failure in the teaching and learning of statistics and advocated a radical rethinking in the way statistics education is implemented (Cobb & Moore, 1997; Moore, 1997, 2005; Weldon, 2005). One approach that has been advanced is the use of multimedia instruction. Nolan and Lang (2006) observed that the potential for multimedia to enhance the statistics curriculum is clear, but there are challenges to developing instructional materials that take advantage of the riches of multimedia. It requires more than a simple translation of textbooks into the computer in order to obtain a tool that is effective for learning statistics. While statistical tools like SPSS have improved analyses of data, it has not significantly improved the learning of statistical concepts (Hawkins, Jolliffe, & Glickman, 1992). This has necessitated recommendations that technologies should not only be used as a computational tool, but also as a means for providing students with opportunities to explore conceptual ideas (Franklin & Garfield, 2006). It seems plausible that effectively-designed multimedia resources may help alleviate some of the difficulties students face in learning statistics. This chapter describes a prototype digital resource (StatConquer) for learning about correlation of bivariate data1, an important topic in many introductory statistics courses. The Chapter also explains how application of some principles in cognitive load theory and multimedia learning theory might facilitate students’ understanding of correlation. It is expected that by delineating the pedagogical approach of StatConquer, educators, researchers, policy makers, and instructional designers may adapt this design framework for developing other learning tools.
An Interdisciplinary Exploration of the Climate Change Issue and Implications for Teaching STEM through Inquiry
Authors: Urban Michael J. , Marker Elaine , Falvo David A.
Published: February 2012

The importance of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines, and teaching through an inquiry approach, are critical facets in education today. The purpose of this chapter is to share useful observations and recommendations about teaching STEM through inquiry for practicing teachers. Three cases are used to collect data about participant interactions with an interdisciplinary activity related to climate change, human population growth, and atmospheric pollution (e.g., greenhouse gases and smog). Fifty-five participants, most of whom were pre-service teachers, completed a technology-rich activity, post-test assessment, and survey about the experience. The findings discussed include research results, the perspectives of the facilitating instructor, and recommendations for teaching technology-laden investigations through an inquiry approach. In general, the challenges related to teaching with technology and time constraints were found to be significant limiting factors in the success of inquiry-based teaching in STEM.
Femtocell Network Synchronization
Authors: Hasan Mohammad , Saeed Rashid , Hassan Aisha A.
Published: February 2012

Presently, femtocell technology is emerging for cellular wireless networks, which have rapidly engrossed the cellular industry. The main advantage of femtocell to the mobile operators is a reduction of cost and an improvement of the signal quality in indoor coverage, which is also considered a possible path to the Fixed–Mobile Convergence (FMC) goal. Femtocell extends network coverage and delivers high-quality mobile services inside residential and business buildings through broadband networks (i.e. ADSL). Femtocell Access Points (FAP) or Home Base Stations (HBS) are intended to serve small number of users (i.e. 4 users) and cover about 30-square meters, similar to existing WiFi access points. However, femtocell introduces new challenges to the telecom industries in terms of handoff between femto and microcells, interference management, localization, and synchronization. Among all of these challenges, synchronization is considered as the cornerstone for the femtocells to function properly. The problematic issue in femtocell synchronization is that all the data and control traffic travels through an IP broadband network. The IP broadband network is usually owned and managed by a third party and not by the mobile operator which can complicate the synchronization. Unsynchronized FAPs may cause harmful interference and wrong handover dictions. In this chapter, the authors investigate and overview the current femtocell synchronization techniques and make comparisons between them. Possible improvements and recommendations for each method have been identified. Future research areas and open issues are also discussed.
Culturally Compatible Usability Work
Authors: Iivari Netta
Published: February 2012

This paper analyzes how organizational culture is intertwined with usability work in software (SW) development organizations. Usability is an important quality characteristic of software products and systems. However, the development of usability is challenging in SW development. Organizational culture has been argued to affect usability work in SW development organizations, thus, this paper takes a culture-oriented approach in the analysis of usability work in two SW development organizations operating in the product development context. First, based on a literature review, a definition of usability work is offered. An interpretive view of organizational culture, acknowledging its recent critique, is then introduced and utilized in the empirical analysis. The empirical results suggest that differences exists in how usability work is modified and interpreted in the organizations with divergent cultural contexts, those advocating different motives and practices for usability work. Finally, the importance of understanding the cultural context into which usability work is introduced is emphasized, and it is argued that culturally compatible strategies to usability work should be adopted.
E-portfolios
Authors: Flanigan Eleanor J.
Published: February 2012

Compiling a digital portfolio is a strong contribution to a student’s learning path as well as providing a business professional with a means of collecting and preserving valuable projects. Continual reflection upon their work arms students and business people alike with more confidence in their own competence and worth as they embark on their professional careers or justify their desires for advancement. This chapter will confine itself to the types of portfolios most frequently used in the business world or in preparation for entering a career, showing that content in each can be cumulative or separate. It will describe ideas for the types of artifacts to compile along with how to format them effectively and digitize them creatively.
The Reality of Using Standards for Electronic Business Document Formats
Authors: McGrath Tim
Published: February 2012

This chapter presents the challenges faced when developing and using standard formats for electronic business document exchange and tries to identify the real values and costs. As a reference it takes the OASIS Universal Business Language (UBL) and demonstrates how, despite the challenges, UBL can provide a common bridging format (sometimes called a “lingua franca”) for exchanging business information between different communities.
Trust Management and User’s Trust Perception in e-Business
Authors: Costante Elisa , Petkovic Milan , den Hartog Jerry
Published: February 2012

Trust is essential in the e-business world: to allow the cooperation needed in this setting, independent service providers have to trust each other and, also, end-users have to trust service providers. Trust Management, i.e. the process of establishing trust amongst the parties involved in a transaction, can be carried out using different approaches, methods and technologies. The end-user is an important party involved in this process. Trust Perception models attempt to understand the end-user’s point of view and the pattern he adopts to trust a service over the Internet. In this chapter the authors provide a state of the art for Trust Management in e-business. They review the most important Trust Management technologies and concepts including credentials and PKI, reputation, authorization and access control, trust policies, and trust languages. A conceptual map is presented clarifying the meaning and the links between different elements of a Trust Management system. Moreover, the authors discuss the end-user’s Trust Perception. The chapter presents a literature study on Trust Perception models and introduces the new model, able to list the trust signals the end-user considers to make trust decision. Examples of such signals can be the reputation of a website, the use of security protocols, the privacy policies adopted, and the look and feel of its user interface. Finally, the directions of future work are presented, and conclusions are drawn.
Privacy-Conscious Data Mashup
Authors: Barhamgi Mahmoud , Ghedira Chirine , Tbahriti Salah-Eddine , Mrissa Michael , Benslimane Djamal , Medjahed Brahim
Published: February 2012

Modern enterprises across all spectra are increasingly adopting SOA-based data integration architectures to rapidly respond to transient data business needs. In this chapter, the authors analyze a new class of enterprise data integration application, called Data Mashup, in which data services are composed on the fly to answer new data business demands. The chapter reviews the different approaches to data mashup, discusses their limitations, and identifies the main requirements to data mashup. The authors next propose a declarative data mashup approach addressing the identified requirements. Finally, the chapter presents some research directions that must be followed in order for data mashup technology to mature.
An Event-Based Middleware for the Management of Choreographed Services
Authors: Ardissono Liliana , Furnari Roberto , Petrone Giovanna , Segnan Marino
Published: February 2012

A critical issue in the choreographed services development is the conciliation of interaction protocol mismatches that affect the cooperation among the services to be integrated in the composite service. This chapter attempts to answer such an issue by presenting a mediation framework that supports the development and management of choreographed services by offering a loosely-coupled integration model and a flexible management of protocol mismatches. Such features are obtained by introducing (i) an action-based representation of the functions offered by a Web service; (ii) an explicit management of the state of the choreographed service, which determines the operations to be carried out in order to contribute to the service completion; (iii) an event-driven Web service execution model, which makes it possible to abandon the direct invocation of Web service operations in favour of an autonomous execution of actions, based on the available context information.
Integrating Interactive TV Services and the Web through Semantics
Authors: Tsetsos Vassileios , Papadimitriou Antonis , Anagnostopoulos Christos , Hadjiefthymiades Stathes
Published: February 2012

Interactive TV has started to penetrate broadcasting markets, providing a new user experience through novel services to subscribers and new revenue opportunities for companies. Personalization and intelligent behavior, such as proactive content delivery are considered key features for the services of the future TV. However, most of the work in this area is limited to personalization of electronic program guides and advanced program recommendation. In this article, the authors adopt a more horizontal approach and describe the application of concepts, practices and modern Web trends to the TV domain in the context of the POLYSEMA platform. A key characteristic of this approach is the formal modeling of multimedia and user semantics that enables novel TV services. Specifically, Semantic Web methodologies are employed (e.g., ontologies and rules) while compatibility with the MPEG-7 standard is also pursued. The paper describes the overall architecture of the platform, provides implementation details and investigates business issues.
Teaching Arabic Online
Authors: Garman Arifa
Published: February 2012

Teaching Arabic online came with its own set of challenges and opportunities to employ technology to focus on students’ learning, engagement, and enjoyment. Using instructional design principles, three Arabic courses were designed and delivered as learner-centered. With the use of technology tools such as video conferencing, screen-casting and audio recording, and editing software, the focus was on students’ collaboration and engagement with the content, the instructor, and with each other. Because the structure of Arabic is very unlike English and the Romance languages, it presents special challenges because neither the symbols nor the words are familiar to students. The teaching methodology, the audience, and the political and social realities that make the study of Arabic important are discussed in this chapter.
Using Alternative Technologies for Teacher Training in Developing Countries
Authors: Frank Victoria L.
Published: February 2012

In this chapter the author discusses how developing countries are using technology in education when Internet connectivity or electricity is not dependable. Developing countries are embracing educational technologies because they are the fastest, cheapest, and most consistent way to train large numbers of teachers and support education reform. Emerging nations are also enjoying funding opportunities that include public/private partnerships, which contribute to the needed infrastructure, providing significant amounts of computers and networking hardware and software from the likes of Microsoft, Cisco, Dell, and Oracle. Many outstanding ICT case studies and examples abound, but most rely on the Internet in whole or in part (Trucano, 2010). One of the great challenges in the developing world is finding sustainable methods for improving teacher training where Internet and electricity are not a given. Some of the ways these obstacles have been overcome in developing countries are discussed in this chapter.
Integrating and Measuring Business and Technology Services in the Context of Enterprise Architecture
Authors: Fehér Péter
Published: February 2012

The main goal of this chapter is to analyse the relationship between business value-adding processes and technology solutions (integration of business/processes and technology through service structures), and to guide measurement, control, and optimisation efforts of organisations based on the enterprise service structure. To achieve these goals is to develop an enterprise architecture model that includes business and IT services, business and IT processes, and measurement possibilities.
Line Drawings that Appear Unsharp
Authors: Dehlinger Hans
Published: February 2012

A straight line, pen-drawn and executed on a pen-plotter, is by default sharp and crisp. This is the nature of a straight line between two points. Likewise, drawings generated from such lines are by definition sharp. This paper considers generative line drawings, executed on a pen-plotter which appears to be wholly or in part unsharp when viewed. Described here are some strategies based on systematic experiments with geometric transformations to produce such drawings. The topic is approached from an artist’s point of view with a focus on the generative and algorithmic issues involved, and the results are demonstrated by examples.
Gecko‐Inspired Nanomaterials
Authors: Greiner Christian
Published: February 2012

“Gecko‐inspired” – or perhaps more aptly named “bioinspired” – adhesives have attracted great interest during recent years that has not been limited to adhesion experts or biologists working in the field, but has also affected the general public. Whilst initially this might relate to the attraction of the gecko as an animal, a more convincing argument is that these adhesives hold great promise for general use. In the near future, they might be used on the desk, in the kitchen, or a robot might even explore other planets using a gecko‐inspired adhesive to enable it to climb over rocks and gravel. These admittedly futuristic examples will not serve as the content of this chapter, however; rather, attention will be focused (after having discussed the physical origin of gecko adhesion and how to mimic its abilities) on applications in the life sciences, despite this field being in its very early stages and very few studies having been reported to date. This is also the reason why previous reviews have not focused on potential biomedical applications. Yet, this vibrant field of research continues to progress so rapidly that new reports are made weekly, and current reviews are most likely already out of date. In this chapter, the physical principles behind gecko adhesion will first be established, since a profound knowledge is required to understand the peculiarities of this animal's climbing abilities, and how these may be mimicked by man‐made adhesives. The fabrication approaches selected to achieve this will form another major part of the text, and the different techniques used to quantify adhesion, its most common descriptors, and the main conclusions drawn to date will also be discussed. Finally, a brief summary will be provided, and some future perspectives proposed.
Bioinspired Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Loeffler Andrew P. , Ma Peter X.
Published: February 2012

Bioinspired nanomaterials play a crucial role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. For example, nanofibrous scaffolds provide a three‐dimensional (3‐D) template to guide new tissue formation and organization. The scaffold materials are intended to provide the characteristics of the extracellular matrix (ECM), both structurally and functionally, for tissue regeneration. It is beneficial for the scaffolds to mimic certain material characteristics of the natural ECM that cause cells to accelerate natural developmental and wound‐healing processes. In this chapter, the three fabrication techniques for nanofibrous scaffolds (electrospinning, self‐assembly, and phase separation), and their applications to tissue engineering, are briefly reviewed. Details are also included of many modification technologies for nanofibrous, nanocomposite, and nanostructured scaffolds. The characteristics of ECM‐mimicking nanostructured biomaterials, which actively regulate many biological effects and cellular responses such as adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, which also be discussed. Examples of enhanced cellular functions, tissue functions, and regenerative outcomes are provided throughout the chapter, demonstrating the significance of biomimetic nanomaterials for tissue engineering and regeneration.
Bioinspired Layered Nanomaterials in Medical Therapy
Authors: Choy Jin‐Ho , Oh Jae‐Min , Choi Soo‐Jin , Jung Hyun
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Features of Layered Nanomaterials

Anionic Layered Nanomaterials: Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs)

Cationic Layered Nanomaterials: Clays

Layered Nanomaterials in Medical Applications

LDHs

Biomolecule Stabilization

Drug‐Delivery Systems

Enhanced Cellular Uptake

Targeted Cellular Delivery

Applications of Layered Aluminosilicate and Clay

Toxicity

Effects ofLDHChemical Composition on Cytotoxicity

Effects ofLDHParticle Size on Cytotoxicity

Conclusions
Biological and Biomimetic Synthesis of Metal Nanomaterials
Authors: Xie Jianping , Tan Yen Nee , Lee Jim Yang
Published: February 2012

In recent years, an increasing emphasis has been placed on the development of cleaner methods to prepare nanomaterials in the pursuit of nanotechnology. The synthesis of nanoparticles by organisms or biomolecules is ideal from the point of a reduced environmental footprint. It is also particularly suitable for end uses in medicine and related fields, where biocompatibility is a major requirement. In this chapter, the current progress in biological and biomimetic synthesis of metal nanoparticles is summarized (using nanogold and nanosilver as examples). In particular, the differences between biological/biomimetic syntheses and conventional chemical syntheses are highlighted, and the fundamental principles involved are discussed.
Gold Nanocomposite Biosensors
Authors: Pividori María Isabel , Alegret Salvador
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Electrochemical Biosensing and Transducing Features

Modification Strategies of Gold Surfaces and Gold Nanoparticles with Biomolecules

Physisorption

Physisorption of Proteins

Physisorption of Oligonucleotides andDNA

Chemisorption Based on Self‐Assembled Monolayers (SAMs)

Chemisorption of Proteins

Chemisorption ofDNAProbes

Covalent Immobilization of Self‐Assembled Monolayers (SAMs)

Spacer Arms

Synthesis and Properties of Gold Nanoparticles

Composites and Nanocomposite Materials in Biosensors

Biological and Engineering Composites

Nanostructured Composite and Nanocomposites

Conducting Composites

Polymer Composites

Conducting Composites Based on Conducting Polymers

Conducting Composites Based on Nonconducting Polymers

Carbon Conducting Composites Based on Nonconducting Polymers

Rigid Conducting nanoAu‐GECsfor Improved Immobilization of the Bioreceptor in Genosensing Devices

Other Approaches Based on Gold Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Biosensing

Final Remarks
Quantum Dot Nanocomposites
Authors: Wang Jianxiu , Long Yunfei , Zhou Feimeng
Published: February 2012

Quantum dots (QDs), with dimensions ranging from 0.2 to 100 nm, exhibit unique electronic, optical, magnetic, and mechanical properties. Due to the broad excitation spectra, narrow size‐tunable emission spectra, high quantum yield, excellent photostability, and chemical stability, QDs have proven to be the ideal candidate for fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)‐based biosensors. In this chapter, attention is focused on recent developments in the construction, characterization, and representative applications of QD nanocomposites, with emphasis placed on the use of these nanocomposites as FRET‐based biosensors for investigations of donor–acceptor distance distribution, macromolecule conformation, receptor–ligand binding, DNA hybridization, antigen–antibody recognition, and DNA–protein interaction.
Nanocomposites for Drug Delivery
Authors: Shen Shoucang , Dong Yuan‐Cai , Ng Wai Kiong , Chia Leonard , Tan Reginald Beng Hee
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Nanoparticle Composites for Drug Delivery

Polymeric Nanoparticle Composites

PLGANanoparticle Composites

Chitosan Nanoparticle Composites

Liposomes

Solid Lipid Nanoparticle Composites

Micelles

Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Composites for Drug Delivery

Silica Nanoparticle Composites

Nanofiber Composites for Drug Delivery

Delivery of Antibiotics

Delivery of Anticancer Drugs

“Smart” Nanofiber Drug Carriers

Multifunctional Nanofibers

Two‐Dimensional Mesoporous Material‐Incorporated Nanocomposites

Inorganic 2‐DNanoporous Composites

Oxide‐Modified Nanoporous Composites

Mesoporous Bioactive Glasses

Magnetic Functionalized Mesoporous Composites

Luminescent Mesoporous Composites

Polymer–Silica Nanocomposites

Stimuli‐Responsive Nanocomposites

Three‐Dimensional Nanostructured Nanocomposites

Hydrogel Nanocomposite Drug Carriers

Summary and Outlook
Synthesis, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications of Graphene
Authors: Dato Albert , Radmilovic Velimir , Frenklach Michael
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Synthesis of Graphene

Chemical Exfoliation

Epitaxial Growth

Substrate‐Free Gas‐Phase Synthesis

Chemical Vapor Deposition

Arc Discharge of Graphite Electrodes

Liquid‐Phase Production

Characterization of Graphene

Raman Spectroscopy

Transmission Electron Microscopy

Electron Diffraction

Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy

Elemental Analysis

Biomedical Applications of Graphene

Biocompatible Graphene Paper

Drug Delivery

Biodevices

Imaging of Soft Materials

Conclusions
Carbon Nanohorns and Their Biomedical Applications
Authors: Zhu Shuyun , Xu Guobao
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Structure and Properties

Functionalization

Covalent Functionalization

Noncovalent Functionalization

Biomedical Applications

Toxicity Assessment of
SWCNHs

SWCNHs
Used in Drug‐Delivery Systems

SWCNHs
Used in Magnetic Resonance Analysis

Biosensing Applications of
SWCNHs

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Bio‐Inspired Magnetic Carbon Materials
Authors: Titus Elby , Gracio José , Fagg Duncan P. , Singh Manjo K. , Sousa Antonio C. M.
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Allotropic Forms of Carbon

Magnetism in Diamond

Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Diamond

Magnetism in Graphite

Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Graphite

Magnetism in Carbon Nanotubes/Fullerenes

Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Carbon Nanotubes/Fullerenes

Magnetism in Graphene

Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Graphene

Conclusion
Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Drug Delivery
Authors: Levi‐Polyachenko Nicole
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Gene Therapy

Antibacterial Therapy

Wound Healing

Chemotherapy

Hyperthermic Drug Delivery Using
CNTs

Drug Transport Using
CNTs

Summary and Future Perspectives
Carbon Nanotube‐Based Three‐Dimensional Matrices for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Firkowska Izabela , Giersig Michael
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Nanotubes for Matrix Enhancement

Cellular Responses toCNT‐Based Matrices

CNTEngineering into Three‐Dimensional Matrices

Vertically AlignedCNT‐Based Matrices

Three‐Dimensional Cavity Network of Interconnected Nanotubes

FreestandingMWNT‐Based Matrix

Modification of theMWNT‐Based Matrix Surface with Bioactive Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles
Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Claussen Jonathan C. , Shi Jin , Diggs Alfred R. , Porterfield D. Marshall , Fisher Timothy S.
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

CNTProperties

Mechanical

Electrical

Chemical/Electrochemical

Electrochemical Biosensing

CNT‐Based Electrode Fabrication

Adsorption

Covalent Bonding

Polymer Entrapment

Aligned Arrays

Nanoelectrodes

Hybrid (CNT/Metal Nanoparticle) Electrodes

Applications

Nonenzymatic Biosensing

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH)

Homocysteine

Dopamine

Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)

Enzymatic Biosensing

Glucose

Glutamate

Ethanol

Conclusions
Carbon Nanotubes for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Gmeiner William H.
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Limitations of Current Therapy Options

Developing Nanomaterials for Cancer Treatment

CNTs
: Physical Properties, Manufacture, and Chemical Modifications

Hyperthermia for Cancer Treatment

Current Ablative Technologies

Use of
CNTs
for Hyperthermia Treatment

CNTs
for Drug Delivery

Localization of
CNTs
to Malignant Tissues

Drug Delivery Using
CNTs

Imaging Using
CNTs

CNT
‐Related Toxicity

Summary and Future Perspective

Acknowledgments
Cancer Treatment with Carbon Nanotubes, Using Thermal Ablation or Association with Anticancer Agents
Authors: Harrison Roger G. , Neves Luís F. F. , Prickett Whitney M. , Luu David
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Use of Nanotubes as Heated Particles

Use of Anticancer Agents Associated with Nanotubes

Future Perspective

Acknowledgments
Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Therapy, Including Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (
BNCT
)
Authors: Chakrabarti Amartya , Patel Hiren , Price John , Maguire John A. , Hosmane Narayan S.
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Carbon Nanotubes in the Treatment of Cancer

Drug Delivery

Imaging and Probing

Photothermal and Photoacoustic Therapy

BNCT
and Its Development through Nanotechnology

BNCT
: A Brief Overview

Liposomes

Dendritic Macromolecules

Magnetic Nanoparticles

The Role of Carbon Nanotubes in
BNCT

Summary and Future Outlook
Fullerenes in Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Sharma Sulbha K. , Huang Ying‐Ying , Mroz Pawel , Wharton Tim , Chiang Long Y. , Hamblin Michael R.
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Photodynamic Therapy

Traditional Photosensitizers

Photophysics and Photochemistry inPDT

Anticancer Mechanism ofPDT

Cellular Effects

In Vivo Effects

Antimicrobial Mechanism ofPDT

Fullerenes as Photosensitizers

Photophysics of Fullerenes

Photochemistry of Fullerenes

Interactions of Fullerenes withDNA

Drug‐Delivery Strategies for Fullerenes

Strategies to Overcome the Unfavorable Spectral Absorption of Fullerenes

Covalent Attachment of Light‐Harvesting Antennae to Fullerenes

Two‐PhotonPDT

Anticancer Effects of Fullerenes

In VitroPDTwith Fullerenes

In VivoPDTwith Fullerenes

Fullerenes for Antimicrobial Photoinactivation

Photoinactivation of Viruses

Photoinactivation of Bacteria and Other Pathogens

Summary and Future Perspectives

Acknowledgments
Towards Self‐Healing Organic Nanogels: A Computational Approach
Authors: Kolmakov German V. , Duki Solomon F. , Yashin Victor V. , Balazs Anna C.
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Methodology

Towards Self‐Healing Organic Nanogels

Response of Samples to Tensile Deformation

Stress–Strain Curve

Tensile Strength of Nanogel Samples

Modeling Viscoelastic Nanogel Particles

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Multifunctional Pharmaceutical Nanocarriers: Promises and Problems
Authors: Torchilin Vladimir P.
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Established Paradigms: Longevity and Targetability

Polymers for Longevity

Long‐Circulating Liposomes

Nonliposomal Long‐CirculatingDDSs

Combination of Longevity and Targeting

Stimuli‐Sensitivity and Intracellular Targeting

pH‐Sensitive Systems

Temperature‐Sensitive Systems

Magnetically Sensitive Systems

Ultrasound‐Sensitive Systems

Redox‐Sensitive Systems

Intracellular Delivery of Pharmaceutical Nanocarriers

A New Challenge: Theranostics
Synthetic Approaches to Organic Nanoparticles
Authors: Köstler Stefan , Ribitsch Volker
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Types of Organic Particle and Scope of This Chapter

Characteristics of Organic Nanoparticles

Methods of Organic Nanoparticle Preparation

Top‐Down Approaches to Organic Nanoparticles

Reduction of Particle Size by Mechanical Forces

Lithographic Methods

Bottom‐Up Approaches to Organic Nanoparticles

Solution‐Based Bottom‐Up Methods

Vapor Condensation‐Based Methods

Application of Organic Nanoparticles

Summary and Future Perspectives
Core–Shell Polymeric Nanomaterials and Their Biomedical Applications
Authors: Haidar Ziyad S. , Tabrizian Maryam
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Core–Shell Nanomaterials of Biomedical Interest

Core–Shell Polymeric Nanoparticles

Biodegradable Core–Shell Polymeric Nanoparticles

Core–Shell Colloids

Surface Properties and Modification Techniques

Biomedical Applications of Core–Shell Polymeric Nanostructures

Bioimaging, Biological, and Cellular Labeling

Cytotoxicity of
QDs

Glucose Monitoring and Biosensing in Diabetes Mellitus

Drug Delivery

Natural Polymer‐Based Drug‐Delivery Systems: Layer‐by‐Layer Self‐Assembly

Synthetic and Composite Drug‐Delivery Systems: Functionalized Nanoshells

Cancer

Miscellaneous Applications

Future Prospects

Acknowledgments
Polymer Nanoparticles and Their Cellular Interactions
Authors: Mailänder Volker , Landfester Katharina
Published: February 2012

During the past decade, nanoparticles (NPs) and their interaction with human cells have been a focus of many investigations. The main advantages of NPs over other nanoparticulate systems (such as liposomes and micelles) are their increased colloidal stability, chemical resistance, and simple formulation procedures. Progress in the field of understanding and harnessing the interactions of polymeric NPs with different cell types is discussed and reviewed. Attention is focused on NPs synthesized by the miniemulsion process, as this route has proved to be the most versatile for formulating different polymeric materials via this platform technology. Nanomaterials are of interest only if they make use of the specific properties of supramolecular assemblies and nanomaterials, so that hitherto inaccessible effects can be exploited for new applications. Examples for such new properties are superparamagnetism or the high surface area that is valuable for catalysis and adsorption. Although not an effect triggered by quantum mechanics, the uptake of NPs into a wide variety of cells seems to be specific for materials in the range of 50–200 nm. Uptake can be further enhanced by surface modifications (positive or negatively charged side groups of the polymers, amino acids or specific peptides/proteins). Factors such as size, surface properties, cell type and endocytotic pathways enable the optimization of labeling and selection of cells and NPs for applications bothin vitroandin vivo.
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles to Improve Brain Drug Delivery
Authors: Blasi Paolo , Schoubben Aurélie , Giovagnoli Stefano , Rossi Carlo , Ricci Maurizio
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The General Problem of Brain Drug Delivery

Basic Brain Physiology

Brain Drug‐Delivery Strategies

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery

General Information

Physico‐Chemical Aspects of Lipid Packing andSLNStructure

Surfactants andSLNs for Brain Targeting

Evidence of Brain Drug Accumulation

SLNPotentiality in Brain Imaging

Toxicity Issues

Concluding Remarks
Controlling the Shape of Organic Nanostructures: Fabrication and Properties
Authors: Al‐Kaysi Rabih O. , Bardeen Christopher J.
Published: February 2012

Given the rapid advances in the fabrication of nanostructures composed of inorganic materials, scientists have in recent years sought new methods for the fabrication of nanostructures composed of organic molecules. Organic nanostructures are promising for applications ranging from drug delivery to photomechanical actuation. This chapter will survey the methods used for producing organic nanostructures (nanoparticles, nanorods, nanotubes, nanowires), with attention focused on the use of hard templates for the fabrication of organic nanostructures with well‐defined shapes and dimensions. The unique properties and applications of these organic nanostructures will be reviewed.
Conducting Polymer Nanowires and Their Biomedical Applications
Authors: Lee Robert , Wanekaya Adam K.
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Fabrication of Conducting Polymer Nanowires

Surface Modification of Conducting Polymer Nanowires

Assembly/Alignment of Conducting Polymer Nanowires

Biomedical Applications of Conducting Polymer Nanowires

Sensing and Detection

Proteins and Disease Markers

Detection of Bacteria

Detection of Small Molecules

Detection of Heavy‐Metal Ions and Pesticides

Drug Delivery and
DNA
Carriers

Summary and Future Perspectives
Organic Nanowires and Nanotubes for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Jeong Keunsoo , Park Chong Rae
Published: February 2012

Organic one dimensional (1‐D) structures such as nanowires (NWs) and nanotubes (NTs), including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), have recently undergone extensive investigation for possible applications in biosensing, photothermal and/or radiofrequency ablation therapy of cancer, and bioimaging. As few data exist on this particular topic, the aim of this chapter is to encompass the state of the art of these peculiar materials, by describing the various fabrication technologies for NWs and NTs, which include self‐assembly, template synthesis, and modification of CNTs. Also described are some representative recent applications of NWs and NTs in biomedical areas, including biosensors, cancer therapy via photothermal and/or radiofrequency ablation, and optical bioimaging. Future research to solve the currently pending problems, and to broaden the application areas of NWs and NTs, are also discussed.
“Frenemies, Fraitors, and Mean‐em‐aitors”: Priming Effects of Viewing Physical and Relational Aggression in the Media on Women
Authors: Coyne Sarah M. , Linder Jennifer Ruh , Nelson David A. , Gentile Douglas A.
Published: February 2012

Past research has shown activation of aggressive cognitions in memory after media violence exposure, but has not examined priming effects of viewing relational aggression in the media. In the current study, 250 women viewed a video clip depicting physical aggression, relational aggression, or no aggression. Subsequent activation of physical and relational aggression cognitions was measured using an emotional Stroop task. Results indicated priming of relational aggression cognitions after viewing the relationally aggressive video clip, and activation of both physical and relational aggression cognitions after viewing the physically aggressive video clip. Results are discussed within the framework of the General Aggression Model.
Synthesis, Characterization and Bioactivity Evaluation of Porous Barium Titanate with Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite Coating for Biomedical Application
Authors: Zarkoob Hoda , Ziaei‐Rad Saeed , Fathi Mohammadhossein , Dadkhah Hossein
Published: February 2012

Nano phase hydroxyapatite (HA) bioceramics have gained importance in the biomedical field due to their superior biological properties. In this study, nanostructured HA coating was used to increase the bioactivity of a piezoelectric bioceramic, barium titanate (BT). Early reports on the influence of collagen piezoelectricity in remodeling of bone have attracted many researchers to piezoelectric bioceramics such as BT. Hence; porous BT was used as the matrix of a new bone graft composite and then coated with nanostructured HA. BT ceramic was foamed via a direct foaming method with a spray of polyurethane foam. The surface of the foam voids was coated with HA via sol–gel and dip‐coating methods. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were used to characterize the prepared coated foam. XRD and TEM analysis showed that the HA coating had a nanostructure with crystallite size of 20–30 nm. SEM images of the prepared samples showed that the HA coating has about 25 µm thickness. The bioactivity of the prepared composite was evaluated in an in vitro study. The variation of Ca2+ and PO43− ions versus time in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution were measured by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis during 1 month and the results showed that the mineralization of calcium phosphate (Ca‐P) on HA coated porous samples was much more than that in non‐coated sample. The SEM micrographs and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS or EDX) analysis of the samples after 1 month of immersing in SBF confirm that Ca‐P phase (bone‐like apatite) was significantly mineralized on HA coated porous BT samples. It was concluded that the nanostructured HA coating would improve the bioactivity of BT foam.
High‐Sensitivity p–n Junction Photodiodes Based on PbS Nanocrystal Quantum Dots
Authors: Pal Bhola N. , Robel Istvan , Mohite Aditya , Laocharoensuk Rawiwan , Werder Donald J. , Klimov Victor I.
Published: February 2012

Chemically synthesized nanocrystal quantum dots (NQDs) are promising materials for applications in solution‐processable optoelectronic devices such as light emitting diodes, photodetectors, and solar cells. Here, we fabricate and study two types of p‐n junction photodiodes in which the photoactive p‐layer is made from PbS NQDs while the transparent n‐layer is fabricated from wide bandgap oxides (ZnO or TiO2). By using a p–n junction architecture we are able to significantly reduce the dark current compared to earlier Schottky junction devices without reducing external quantum efficiency (EQE), which reaches values of up to ∼80%. The use of this device architecture also allows us to significantly reduce noise and obtain high detectivity (>1012 cm Hz1/2 W−1) extending to the near infrared past 1 μm. We observe that the spectral shape of the photoresponse exhibits a significant dependence on applied bias, and specifically, the EQE sharply increases around 500–600 nm at reverse biases greater than 1 V. We attribute this behavior to a “turn‐on” of an additional contribution to the photocurrent due to electrons excited to the conduction band from the occupied mid‐gap states.
Extruded Saloplastic Polyelectrolyte Complexes
Authors: Shamoun Rabih F. , Reisch Andreas , Schlenoff Joseph B.
Published: February 2012

Tough, dense polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) with well‐defined cross‐sections are prepared using a laboratory extruder and plasticizing the complexes with salt water. Stoichiometric starting materials yield stoichiometric complexes of poly(diallyldimethylammonium) (PDADMA) and poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS). As an example of this enabling technology, macroscopic tubes of PEC are produced. Microscopy images of cross‐sections of rods, tape, and tubes show a pore volume of less than 10% in the bulk of the extruded complex and fully dense material towards the surface, where the shear is greatest. Thermal gravimetric analysis reveals the expected salt content for PECs doped with NaCl, and a lack of salt for PECs rinsed in water. The fact that doped PECs are transparent suggests they are supersaturated with salt. Residual stress following extrusion is relieved by exposure to solutions of NaCl. Stress relaxation experiments show decreasing equilibrium moduli as a function of increasing salt doping, consistent with prior results on multilayers of the same polymers.
Heat‐integrated distillation columns: Vapor recompression or internal heat integration?
Authors: Harwardt Andreas , Marquardt Wolfgang
Published: February 2012

Internally, heat‐integrated distillation columns (HIDiC) and vapor recompression (VRC) constitute alternative design options to provide sustainable distillation processes. However, the design is often based on heuristic rules or the experience of the designer, as no systematic methodology driven by economics has been established so far. The increased complexity of heat‐integrated columns can hardly be dealt with using simulation studies but rather calls for a systematic design procedure. A new design methodology is presented here; it builds on a superstructure, mixed‐integer minimization of total annualized cost of operation and rigorous thermodynamic modeling. Optimal VRC and HIDiC designs are identified for the separation of binary, multicomponent, and nonideal mixtures and benchmarked against conventional distillation column designs. A small number of intermediate heat exchangers is optimal for these HIDiC configurations, eventually reducing to a single heat exchanger similar to VRC. Therefore, VRC designs are often more cost efficient due to simpler equipment. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Data‐based linear Gaussian state‐space model for dynamic process monitoring
Authors: Wen Qiaojun , Ge Zhiqiang , Song Zhihuan
Published: February 2012

This article develops a data‐based linear Gaussian state‐space model for monitoring of dynamic processes under noisy environment. The Kalman filter is introduced for construction of the linear Gaussian state‐space model, and an iterative expectation‐maximization algorithm is used for model parameters learning. With the incorporation of the dynamic data information, a new fault detection and identification approach is proposed. The feasibility and effectiveness of the two monitoring statistics in the new method are theoretically evaluated and further confirmed through two case studies. Furthermore, detailed fault smearing effect analysis of the proposed method is provided and compared with other identification methods. Based on the simulation results of two case studies, the superiority of the proposed method is explored. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Dynamic effects in capillary pressure relationships for two‐phase flow in porous media: Experiments and numerical analyses
Authors: Das Diganta Bhusan , Mirzaei Mahsanam
Published: February 2012

Well defined experiments and numerical analyses are conducted to determine the importance of dynamic effect in capillary pressure relationships for two‐phase flow in porous media. Dynamic and quasi‐static capillary pressure‐saturation (Pc‐Sw) and, ∂Sw/∂t‐t curves are determined. These are then used to determine the dynamic effects, indicated by a dynamic coefficient (τ) in the porous domains which establishes the speed at which flow equilibrium (∂Sw/∂t = 0) is reached. τ is found to be a nonlinear function of saturation which also depends on the medium permeability. Locally determined τ seems to increase as the distance of the measurement point from the fluid inlet into the domain increases. However, the functional dependence τ‐Sw follows similar trends at different locations within the domain. We argue that saturation weighted average of local τ‐Sw curves can be defined as an effective τ‐Sw curve for the whole domain which follows an exponential trend too. © 2012 The Authors. AIChE Journal, published by Wiley on behalf of the AIChE. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. AIChE J, 58: 3891–3903, 2012
Elutriation and Species Segregation Characteristics of Polydisperse Mixtures of Group B Particles in a dilute CFB Riser
Authors: Chew Jia Wei , Parker Drew M. , Hrenya Christine M.
Published: February 2012

Experiments in a dilute, gas‐solids circulating fluidized bed have been conducted, with an emphasis on the impact of polydispersity on elutriation and species segregation. Two categories of polydispersity were studied: binary mixtures with various compositions and continuous particle size distributions (PSDs) with various widths. Qualitative differences between the two include (i) total elutriation flux of binary mixtures increases with the composition of fines (Ut < Us) but not so for continuous PSDs and (ii) elutriation flux of coarse particles (Ut > Us) depends non‐monotonically on fines composition for binary mixtures but monotonically for continuous PSDs. These differences are explained by the increasing size disparity of continuous PSDs as distribution width increases, while the size disparity remains constant in binary mixtures of varying compositions. A third qualitative difference is the monotonic decrease in mass % of coarse particles with riser height observed for continuous PSDs, and a nonmonotonic behavior for binary mixtures. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 84–95, 2013