bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Humeral Cross‐Sectional Shape in Suspensory Primates and Sloths
Authors: Patel Biren A. , Ruff Christopher B. , Simons Erin L.R. , Organ Jason M.
Published: June 2014

Studies on the cross‐sectional geometry of long bones in African apes have documented that shape ratios derived from second moments of area about principle axes (e.g., Imax/Imin) are often correlated with habitual locomotor behaviors. For example, humeral cross‐sections tend to appear more circular in more arboreal and forelimb suspensory chimpanzees compared with terrestrial quadrupedal gorillas. These data support the hypothesis that cross‐sections that are more circular in shape are adapted for multidirectional loading regimes and bending moments encountered when using acrobatic locomotor behaviors. Whether a more circular humerus reflects greater use of forelimb suspension in other primates and nonprimate mammals is unknown. In this study, cross‐sections at or near midshaft of the humerus were obtained from anthropoid primates that differ in their use of forelimb suspension, as well as from two genera of suspensory sloths. Imax/Imin ratios were compared within and between groups, and correlations were made with behavioral data. In broad comparisons, observed differences in morphology follow predicted patterns. Humeri of suspensory sloths are circular. Humeri of the more suspensory hominoids tend to be more circular than those of quadrupedal taxa. Humeri of the suspensory atelines are similar to hominoids, while those of Cebus are more like nonsuspensory cercopithecoids. There is, however, considerable overlap between taxa and within finer comparisons variation between species are not in the predicted direction. Thus, although Imax/Imin ratios of the humerus are informative for characterizing generalized locomotor modes (i.e., forelimb suspensory vs. quadrupedal), additional structural information is needed for more fine‐grained assessments of locomotion. Anat Rec, 296:545–556, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Airway Morphology From High Resolution Computed Tomography in Healthy Subjects and Patients With Moderate Persistent Asthma
Authors: Montesantos Spyridon , Katz Ira , Fleming John , Majoral Carolin , Pichelin Marine , Dubau Cecile , Piednoir Benoit , Conway Joy , Texereau Joëlle , Caillibotte Georges
Published: June 2014

Models of the human respiratory tract developed in the past were based on measurements made on human tracheobronchial airways of healthy subjects. With the exception of a few morphometric characteristics such as the bronchial wall thickness (WT), very little has been published concerning the effects of disease on the tree structure and geometrical features. In this study, a commercial software package was used to segment the airway tree of seven healthy and six moderately persistent asthmatic patients from high resolution computed tomography images. The process was assessed with regards to the treatment of the images of the asthmatic group. The in vivo results for the bronchial length, diameter, WT, branching, and rotation angles are reported and compared per generation for different lobes. Furthermore, some popular mathematical relationships between these morphometric characteristics were examined in order to verify their validity for both groups. Our results suggest that, even though some relationships agree very well with previously published data, the compartmentalization of airways into lobes and the presence of disease may significantly affect the tree geometry, while the tree structure and airway connectivity is only slightly affected by the disease. Anat Rec, 296:852–866, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Prognostic Biomarker for Gastric Cancer With Lymph Node Metastases
Authors: Zhang Mei‐Hua , Xu Xiao‐Hong , Wang Yue , Linq Qi‐Xin , Bi Yun‐Tao , Miao Xiao‐Jie , Ye Chao‐Fu , Gao Shang‐Xian , Gong Cheng‐Yu , Xiang Hang , Dong Mao‐Sheng
Published: June 2014

Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of tumor‐related deaths in China. The tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) classification system is useful for predicting clinical prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. However, determining the presence of lymph node involvement in the early stages of gastric cancer is difficult without biopsy. Therefore, it is necessary to identify novel serum biomarkers for TNM cancer staging and prognostic follow‐up. In this study, we have reported fibrinopeptide‐A (FPA) with alanine truncation at the N‐terminal as a novel biomarker to differentiate gastric cancer with and without lymph node metastases. We analyzed 369 individual serum samples including gastric cancer patients without lymph node metastases (n = 33), gastric cancer patients with lymph node metastases (n = 157; confirmed by pathology), and age‐ and sex‐matched healthy individuals (n = 179). The data showed that 85.4% of patients with lymph node metastases were positive for FPA with alanine truncation at the N‐terminal (degAla‐FPA, 1,465.63 Da), as determined by tandem mass spectrometry (MS). Using degAla‐FPA as the biomarker, the sensitivity was 85.4% for gastric cancer patients with lymph node metastases, and the specificity was 100% for gastric cancer patients without lymph node metastases. The high sensitivity and specificity achieved with serum degAla‐FPA levels indicated that MS technology could facilitate the discovery of a novel and quantitative prognostic biomarker for gastric cancer with lymph node involvement. Anat Rec, 296:590–594, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomy and Evolution of Heterocercal Tail in Lamniform Sharks
Authors: Kim Sun H. , Shimada Kenshu , Rigsby Cynthia K.
Published: June 2014

Lamniformes is a small shark group consisting of 15 extant species with remarkably diverse lifestyles and a wide range in heterocercal tail morphology. The caudal fin morphology must be related to their lifestyle because the tail is a main locomotive structure in sharks, but such relationships have remained largely uninvestigated. Here, the morphology‐lifestyle relationship in lamniforms is examined through phylogenetic mapping. This study suggests that, within Lamniformes, caudal fins with a more horizontally directed curvature of the vertebral column are plesiomorphic, whereas those with a large dorsally directed curvature of the vertebral column are apomorphic. It also shows that caudal fins with posteriorly directed hypochordal rays are plesiomorphic, and that those with ventrally directed hypochordal rays are apomorphic within Lamniformes. Four basic caudal fin types are recognized in lamniforms on the basis of these skeletal variables in which one corollary is that the evolution of external morphology of caudal fin does not necessarily correspond to the evolution of its skeletal anatomy. This study also demonstrates that specific lifestyles seen in different lamniforms are indeed correlative with different caudal fin types in which a less asymmetrical heterocercal tail is a derived feature in lamniforms that evolved for fast swimming to capture fast swimming prey. Anat Rec, 296:433–442, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Morphological Interaction Between the Nasal Cavity and Maxillary Sinuses in Living Humans
Authors: Holton Nathan , Yokley Todd , Butaric Lauren
Published: June 2014

To understand how variation in nasal architecture accommodates the need for effective conditioning of respired air, it is necessary to assess the morphological interaction between the nasal cavity and other aspects of the nasofacial skeleton. Previous studies indicate that the maxillary sinuses may play a key role in accommodating climatically induced nasal variation such that a decrease in nasal cavity volume is associated with a concomitant increase in maxillary sinus volume. However, due to conflicting results in previous studies, the precise interaction of the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses, in humans, is unclear. This is likely due to the prior emphasis on nasal cavity size, whereas arguably, nasal cavity shape is more important with regard to the interaction with the maxillary sinuses. Using computed tomography scans of living human subjects (N=40), the goal of this study is to assess the interaction between nasal cavity form and maxillary sinus volume in European‐ and African‐derived individuals with differences in nasal cavity morphology. First, we assessed whether there is an inverse relationship between nasal cavity and maxillary sinus volumes. Next, we examined the relationship between maxillary sinus volume and nasal cavity shape using multivariate regression. Our results show that there is a positive relationship between nasal cavity and maxillary sinus volume, indicating that the maxillary sinuses do not accommodate variation in nasal cavity size. However, maxillary sinus volume is significantly correlated with variation in relative internal nasal breadth. Thus, the maxillary sinuses appear to be important for accommodating nasal cavity shape rather than size. Anat Rec, 296:414–426, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Role of Cross‐Sectional Geometry, Curvature, and Limb Posture in Maintaining Equal Safety Factors: A Computed Tomography Study
Authors: Brassey Charlotte A. , Kitchener Andrew C. , Withers Philip J. , Manning Phillip L. , Sellers William I.
Published: June 2014

The limb bones of an elephant are considered to experience similar peak locomotory stresses as a shrew. “Safety factors” are maintained across the entire range of body masses through a combination of robusticity of long bones, postural variation, and modification of gait. The relative contributions of these variables remain uncertain. To test the role of shape change, we undertook X‐ray tomographic scans of the leg bones of 60 species of mammals and birds, and extracted geometric properties. The maximum resistible forces the bones could withstand before yield under compressive, bending, and torsional loads were calculated using standard engineering equations incorporating curvature. Positive allometric scaling of cross‐sectional properties with body mass was insufficient to prevent negative allometry of bending (Fb) and torsional maximum force (Ft) (and hence decreasing safety factors) in mammalian (femur Fb∞Mb0.76, Ft∞Mb0.80; tibia Fb∞Mb0.80, Ft∞Mb0.76) and avian hindlimbs (tibiotarsus Fb∞Mb0.88, Ft∞Mb0.89) with the exception of avian femoral Fb and Ft. The minimum angle from horizontal a bone must be held while maintaining a given safety factor under combined compressive and bending loads increases with Mb, with the exception of the avian femur. Postural erectness is shown as an effective means of achieving stress similarity in mammals. The scaling behavior of the avian femur is discussed in light of unusual posture and kinematics. Anat Rec, 296:395–413, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphogenesis of Lateral Choroid Plexus During Human Embryonic Period
Authors: Shiraishi Naoki , Nakashima Takashi , Yamada Shigehito , Uwabe Chigako , Kose Katsumi , Takakuwa Tetsuya
Published: June 2014

The morphological and histological changes of the choroid plexus (CP) during Carnegie stage (CS) 18 and CS23 were presented, based on magnetic resonance imaging data and histological serial section of human embryos from the Kyoto Collection of Human Embryos. The primordium of the CP was initially detected as a small lump at CS19 that grew caudally, so that the CP became crescent shaped. It developed in all directions after CS21, as the dorsal and frontal growth also became prominent. The CP formed a number of undulating surfaces at CS20, irregular bulges at CS21, and then three large clusters with two deep fissures on the caudal surface at CS23. The mean volume of the CP was 0.282±0.141 mm3 at CS19; it reached 16.8±8.77 mm3 at CS23. Additionally, the histology was different depending on the regions of the CP at all stages after CS20. The epithelium and angioblasts in the center of the stroma were proliferated in the proximal region, whereas the epithelium was differentiated and lobulated in the distal region where the blood vascular system was organized. The histological differentiation was mapped on the CP reconstructed from histological serial sections. The data suggested the correlation between morphological information obtained from magnetic resonance data sets and distribution of the differentiation. With the help of morphological analysis and histological findings, we have been able to categorize each CP into specific stages. These findings will be useful in clinical evaluation of development during the embryonic period. Anat Rec, 296:692–700, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Morphometric Study of the Semicircular Canals Using Micro‐CT Images in Three‐Dimensional Reconstruction
Authors: Lee Ju‐Young , Shin Kang‐Jae , Kim Jeong‐Nam , Yoo Ja‐Young , Song Wu‐Chul , Koh Ki‐Seok
Published: June 2014

It is generally accepted that the three semicircular canals are set at right angles to each other and the lateral semicircular canal is smaller than the anterior and posterior semicircular canals. Precise knowledge of the size and spatial relationships of the semicircular canals is vital, and so the 40 petrous parts of the temporal bones were scanned by micro‐CT at a slice thickness of 35 µm. The micro‐CT images were used in reconstructing three‐dimensional models of the bony labyrinth using computer software. Various dimensions of the semicircular canals were measured using the software, and statistical analysis was performed. The anterior semicircular canal was slightly wider than the posterior semicircular canal, and their heights were similar. The radius of curvature of the lateral semicircular canal was 20% smaller than those of the anterior and posterior semicircular canals. The angles between the three canals were not exactly 90 degrees: they were 92.1, 84.4, and 86.2 degrees between the anterior and posterior, anterior and lateral, and posterior and lateral semicircular canals, respectively. We obtained high‐resolution images of the semicircular canals using three‐dimensional reconstruction software, and these were used to precisely measure the angles between the semicircular canals and the area of the distorted circle formed by each semicircular canal. Anat Rec, 296:834–839, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Suppression of Chloride Channel 3 Expression Facilitates Sensitivity of Human Glioma U251 Cells to Cisplatin Through Concomitant Inhibition of Akt and Autophagy
Authors: Su Jing , Xu Ye , Zhou Lei , Yu Hui‐Mei , Kang Jin‐Song , Liu Ning , Quan Cheng‐Shi , Sun Lian‐Kun
Published: June 2014

Cisplatin resistance is a difficult problem in clinical chemotherapy, and the mechanisms involved in cisplatin resistance require further study. In this study, we investigated the role of chloride channel‐3 (ClC‐3) in cisplatin resistance. Autophagy was demonstrated by accumulation of LC3‐II, beclin 1 and Atg12‐Atg5. The ultrastructure changes were observed under electron microscope. Chemical staining with acridine orange or MDC was used to detect acidic vesicular organelles. Quantification of apoptosis was detected by PI and Annexin V staining. The mechanisms involved in the Akt pathway and autophagy were studied by western blot analysis. Our results showed that Akt phosphorylation and autophagy were induced by cisplatin in human glioma U251 cells. Specific inhibition of ClC‐3 by ClC‐3 siRNA sensitized the apoptosis‐resistant U251 cells to cisplatin‐mediated cell death and downregulated phosphorylated Akt. Interestingly, ClC‐3 suppression also inhibited induction of autophagy by cisplatin although the Akt/mTOR pathway was deregulated. Counteracting the autophagic process by 3‐methylademine enhanced cytotoxicity of cisplatin, revealing that autophagy plays a key role in chemoresistance. Suppressing the Akt/mTOR pathway by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyl iodonium (DPI) indicated that cisplatin‐induced activation of Akt/mTOR pathway requires generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through NADPH oxidase. Collectively, our results suggest that ClC‐3 suppression causes the inhibition of Akt and autophagy, which can enhance the therapeutic benefit of cisplatin in U251 cells. Anat Rec, 296:595–603, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trigeminal Nerve Morphology in Alligator mississippiensis and Its Significance for Crocodyliform Facial Sensation and Evolution
Authors: George Ian D. , Holliday Casey M.
Published: June 2014

Modern crocodylians possess a derived sense of face touch, in which numerous trigeminal nerve‐innervated dome pressure receptors speckle the face and mandible and sense mechanical stimuli. However, the morphological features of this system are not well known, and it remains unclear how the trigeminal system changes during ontogeny and how it scales with other cranial structures. Finally, when this system evolved within crocodyliforms remains a mystery. Thus, new morphological insights into the trigeminal system of extant crocodylians may offer new paleontological tools to investigate this evolutionary transformation. A cross‐sectional study integrating histological, morphometric, and 3D imaging analyses was conducted to identify patterns in cranial nervous and bony structures of Alligator mississippiensis. Nine individuals from a broad size range were CT‐scanned followed by histomorphometric sampling of mandibular and maxillary nerve divisions of the trigeminal nerve. Endocast volume, trigeminal fossa volume, and maxillomandibular foramen size were compared with axon counts from proximal and distal regions of the trigeminal nerves to identify scaling properties of the structures. The trigeminal fossa has a significant positive correlation with skull length and endocast volume. We also found that axon density is greater in smaller alligators and total axon count has a significant negative correlation with skull size. Six additional extant and fossil crocodyliforms were included in a supplementary scaling analysis, which found that size was not an accurate predictor of trigeminal anatomy. This suggests that phylogeny or somatosensory adaptations may be responsible for the variation in trigeminal ganglion and nerve size in crocodyliforms. Anat Rec, 296:670–680, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brain Atlas of an Emerging Teleostean Model: Nothobranchius furzeri
Authors: D'angelo Livia
Published: June 2014

Nothobranchius furzeri has emerged as a new fish model for neurobiological and age research over recent years, due to the exceptionally short lifespan, age‐dependent cognitive/behavioral decline, expression of age‐related biomarkers. The growing interest in this teleost has raised the need to construct an atlas of the whole brain of N. furzeri. The study has been carried out on adult specimens belonging to the long lived strain, originating from Mozambique and named MZM 04/10. In the atlas, the external features of brain, images of sections stained with luxol fast bleu/violet and schematic drawings of the most representative sections are showed. The identification and description of brain structures has been carried out on methodological and hodological studies. Comparative analyses have revealed remarkable and peculiar neuroanatomical characteristics of N. furzeri brain architecture. Thus, a comprehensive whole brain atlas of N. furzeri has been constructed aiming to provide a baseline for structural and functional future experiments on this emerging model organism. Anat Rec, 296:681–691, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sequence and Bioinformatic Characterization of Expressed Sequence Tags Originated From Gloydius shedaoensis shedaoensis Venom Gland
Authors: Chunmei Guo , Shuqing Liu , Ming‐Zhong Sun
Published: June 2014

First, a cDNA library from Gloydius shedaoensis shedaoensis venom gland (GSSG) was constructed using SMART technique. The total RNA in a pair of GSSGs was separated and the mRNA was further isolated from it. The first‐strand cDNA was synthesized through PowerScript™ reverse transcriptase by a CDS III/3′ PCR primer. A SMART IV™‐oligonucleotide was used as the template for the synthesis of double‐strand cDNA and amplified by long‐distance polymerase chain reaction (LD‐PCR). LD‐PCR product was purified, digested, fractionated, and finally ligated to pDNR‐LIB vector. The recombinant DNA was transformed into Escherichia coli DH10B. The titer of this library was 8 × 107 cfu/mL. Most inserts were > 1,000 bp with great recombination efficacy. 216 GSSG‐cDNAs were randomly analyzed and obtained 211 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in high quality. A total of 84 ESTs were known functional genes showing significant similarities to known function proteins, 29 ESTs were unknown functional genes showing significant similarities to unknown function proteins, and 98 ESTs were novel genes with no match in any database, which account for 39.8%, 13.7%, and 46.5% of obtained ESTs. We successfully constructed a cDNA library and characterized partial ESTs of GSSG, which provides a solid base for cloning and expressing target genes and studying the biological functions of target proteins from GSS. Anat Rec, 296:807–814, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Left Ventricular Morphology of the Giraffe Heart Examined by Stereological Methods
Authors: Østergaard Kristine H. , Baandrup Ulrik T. , Wang Tobias , Bertelsen Mads F. , Andersen Johnnie B. , Smerup Morten , Nyengaard Jens R.
Published: June 2014

The giraffe heart has a relative mass similar to other mammals, but generates twice the blood pressure to overcome the gravitational challenge of perfusing the cerebral circulation. To provide insight as to how the giraffe left ventricle (LV) is structurally adapted to tackle such a high afterload, we performed a quantitative structural study of the LV myocardium in young and adult giraffe hearts. Tissue samples were collected from young and adult giraffe LV. Design‐based stereology was used to obtain unbiased estimates of numbers and sizes of cardiomyocytes, nuclei and capillaries. The numerical density of myocyte nuclei was 120 × 103 mm−3 in the adult and 504 × 103 mm−3 in the young LV. The total number (N) of myocyte nuclei was 1.3 × 1011 in the adult LV and 4.9 × 1010 in the young LV. In the adult LV the volume per myocyte was 39.5 × 103 µm3 and the number of nuclei per myocyte was 4.2. The numerical density of myocytes was 24.1 × 106 cm−3 and the capillary volume fraction of the adult giraffe ventricle was 0.054. The significantly higher total number of myocyte nuclei in the adult LV, the high density of myocyte nuclei in the LV, and the number of nuclei per myocyte (which was unusually high compared to other mammalian, including human data), all suggest the presence of myocyte proliferation during growth of the animal to increase wall thickness and normalize LV wall tension as the neck lengthens and the need for higher blood pressure ensues. Anat Rec, 296:611–621, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Stockpile of Ova in the Grass Frog Rana temporaria is Established Once for the Life Span. Do Ovaries in Amphibians and in Mammals Follow the Same Evolutionary Strategy?
Authors: Ogielska Maria , Kotusz Agnieszka , Augustyńska Renata , Ihnatowicz Jerzy , Paśko Łukasz
Published: June 2014

Most anuran amphibians produce high numbers of eggs during several consecutive breeding seasons. The question is still open whether oocytes are formed anew as a result of oogonial proliferation after each spawning or the definitive pool of oocytes is established during the juvenile period and is sufficient for the whole reproductive life span of a female. Our quantitative studies show that primary oogonia in adult female frogs can proliferate, but they fail to differentiate further and do not enter meiosis, and thereby there is no supplementation of new generations of oocytes after each spawning. Ovaries of one‐year‐old grass frogs contain (median) 53,447 diplotene oocytes, in two‐years‐old frogs this number decreased to 33,583 and eventually reached 25,679 in virgin mature females. More than 50% decrease in the total oocyte number was accompanied by massive degeneration (atresia) of oocytes. The final number of oocytes in a female forms a stock for 11–12 breeding seasons and exceeds the number of eggs produced during the potential reproductive life span of this species. The phylogenetic context of oocyte recruitment modes in the major clades of vertebrates is discussed in respect to their ability to replenish the stock (a renewable stock in ovaries named “open” vs. a non‐renewable stock in ovaries named “closed”). Anat Rec, 296:638–653, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Macrophages are unsuccessful in clearing aggregated alpha‐synuclein from the gastrointestinal tract of healthy aged Fischer 344 rats
Authors: Phillips Robert J. , Billingsley Cherie N. , Powley Terry L.
Published: June 2014

With age, alpha‐synuclein (α‐SYNC) misfolds and forms insoluble deposits of protein in the myenteric plexus, leading presumably to dystrophy and degeneration in the circuitry controlling gastrointestinal (GI) function. The present experiment examined aggregates of α‐SYNC in the aging small intestine and investigated how macrophages in the wall of the GI tract respond to these aberrant deposits. Groups of adult and aged Fisher 344 rats were studied. Whole mounts of duodenal, jejunal, and ileal smooth muscle wall, including the myenteric plexus, were prepared. Double labeling immunohistochemistry was used to stain α‐SYNC protein and the phenotypic macrophage antigens CD163 and MHCII. Alpha‐synuclein accumulated in dense aggregates in axons of both postganglionic and preganglionic neurons throughout the small intestine. Staining patterns suggested that deposits of protein occur initially in axonal terminals and then spread retrogradely toward the somata. Macrophages that were adjacent to dystrophic terminal processes were swollen and contained vacuoles filled with insoluble α‐SYNC, and these macrophages commonly had the phenotype of alternatively activated phagocytes. The present results suggest that macrophages play an active phagocytotic role in removing α‐SYNC aggregates that accumulate with age in the neural circuitry of the gut. Our observations further indicate that this housekeeping response does not clear the protein sufficiently to eliminate all synucleinopathies or their precursor aggregates from the healthy aging GI tract. Thus, accumulating deposits of insoluble α‐SYNC in the wall of the GI tract may contribute, especially when compounded by disease or inflammation, to the age‐associated neuropathies in the gut that compromise GI function. Anat Rec, 296:654–669, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolutionary Anatomy and Phyletic Implication of the Extrinsic Cardiac Nervous System in the Philippine Tarsier (Tarsius syrichta, Primates) in Comparisons With Strepsirrhines and New World Monkeys
Authors: Kawashima Tomokazu , Thorington Richard W. , Murakami Kunio , Sato Fumi
Published: June 2014

To provide information on evolutionary morphological differences and similarities between Tarsiformes (tarsiers) and other primates (Strepsirrhini and Platyrrhini), we examined the previously undescribed extrinsic cardiac nervous system (ECNS) and surrounding structures in three Philippine tarsiers (Tarsius syrichta). We found that the complicated ECNS morphology shows little variation in contrast to significant anatomical diversity of the surrounding somatic structures in tarsiers as reported in our previous primate studies. Further, our comparative morphological data on the ECNS show the following aspects of evolutionary anatomical significance; (1) the traits of the general relationship between the superior cervical ganglion and the spinal nerves are common to the Tarsii and Strepsirrhini, (2) the traits of the general composition of the cervicothoracic ganglion, its communicating branches to spinal nerves, and its cardiac nerve are common to the Tarsii and Platyrrhini, and (3) the traits of the general relationship between the middle cervical ganglion and the spinal nerves and its cardiac nerve are common among Strepsirrhini, Tarsii, and Platyrrhini. Therefore, the general anatomical characteristics of the ECNS in tarsiers retain a primitive state for some traits and exhibit a derived state for others. These characteristics of the ECNS also reflect an evolutionary history without the modification and specialization as seen in the surrounding somatic structures. It may play a key role in unifying future studies on molecular phylogeny and updating evolutionary anatomical information. Anat Rec, 296:798–806, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plasticity in the Cerebellum and Primary Somatosensory Cortex Relating to Habitual and Continuous Slender Branch Climbing in Laboratory Mice (Mus musculus)
Authors: Byron Craig D. , Vanvalkinburgh Daniel , Northcutt Katharine , Young Virginia
Published: June 2014

The origin of the mammalian order Primates is nested within a Euarchontan ancestry that was probably exploiting the fine branch arboreal niche in a facultative way. A putative transition into this habitat may have begun with a more generalized small‐bodied mammal that lacked climbing specializations for grasping hands and feet. Here, we investigate whether mice exhibit central nervous system (CNS) plasticity associated with learning to grasp/climb proficiently. House mice were used to study phenotypic plasticity within the cerebellum and primary somatosensory cortex associated with the fine branch niche. This experimental treatment has previously been shown to influence skeletal plasticity in part because climb‐training encourages tail use and facultative pedal grasping. The CNS necessary to coordinate and control these locomotor behaviors was investigated in a standard mouse model (N = 10 male CD‐1/ICR mice), and plasticity was detected by histomorphometric and immunohistologic changes within the cerebellum and cerebrum. The climbing group had a significantly smaller relative granule cell layer in cerebellar lobule 1–3 than the control group (P < 0.10), but increased nerve growth factor immunoreactivity in white matter tracts of these lobules (P < 0.05). Qualitative observations in the primary somatosensory cortex revealed greater pyramidal/stellate cell counts in climbers. We suggest that coordinated tail and hindlimb learning within the arboreal milieu is facilitated by increased growth factor expression and neuronal alterations in the CNS. These findings suggest that mammals with a generalized Euarchontogliran body plan were capable of facultative pedal grasping and tail use so as to exploit the terminal branch niche. Anat Rec, 296:822–833, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of Cortical Bone Geometry in the Human Femoral and Tibial Diaphysis
Authors: Gosman James H. , Hubbell Zachariah R. , Shaw Colin N. , Ryan Timothy M.
Published: June 2014

Ontogenetic growth processes in human long bones are key elements, determining the variability of adult bone structure. This study seeks to identify and describe the interaction between ontogenetic growth periods and changes in femoral and tibial diaphyseal shape. Femora and tibiae (n = 46) ranging developmentally from neonate to skeletally mature were obtained from the Norris Farms No. 36 archeological skeletal series. High‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography scans were collected. Whole‐diaphysis cortical bone drift patterns and relative bone envelope modeling activity across ages were assessed in five cross‐sections per bone (total bone length: 20%, 35%, 50%, 65%, and 80%) by measuring the distance from the section centroid to the endosteal and periosteal margins in eight sectors using ImageJ. Pearson correlations were performed to document and interpret the relationship between the cross‐sectional shape (Imax/Imin), total subperiosteal area, cortical area, and medullary cavity area for each slice location and age for both the femur and the tibia. Differences in cross‐sectional shape between age groups at each cross‐sectional position were assessed using nonparametric Mann‐Whitney U tests. The data reveal that the femoral and tibial midshaft shape are relatively conserved throughout growth; yet, conversely, the proximal and distal femoral diaphysis and proximal tibial diaphysis appear more sensitive to developmentally induced changes in mechanical loading. Two time periods of accelerated change are identified: early childhood and prepuberty/adolescence. Anat Rec, 296:774–787, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cell Proliferation Patterns in Early Zebrafish Development
Authors: Mendieta‐Serrano Mario A. , Schnabel Denhi , Lomelí Hilda , Salas‐Vidal Enrique
Published: June 2014

Although cell proliferation is an essential cell behavior for animal development, a detailed analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of proliferation in whole embryos are still lacking for most model organisms. Zebrafish embryos are particularly suitable for this type of analysis due to their transparency and size. Therefore, the main objective of the present work was to analyze the spatial and temporal patterns of proliferation during the first day of zebrafish embryo development by indirect immunofluorescence against phosphorylated histone H3, a commonly used mitotic marker. Several interesting findings were established. First, we found that mitosis metasynchrony among blastomeres could begin at the 2‐ to 4‐cell stage embryos. Second, mitosis synchrony was lost before the midblastula transition (MBT). Third, we observed a novel pattern of mitotic clusters that coincided in time with the mitotic pseudo “waves” described to occur before the MBT. Altogether, our findings indicate that early development is less synchronic than anticipated and that synchrony is not a requirement for proper development in zebrafish. Anat Rec, 296:759–773, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mapping Superficial Lymphatic Territories in the Rabbit
Authors: Soto‐Miranda Miguel A. , Suami Hiroo , Chang David W.
Published: June 2014

Little is known about the anatomy of the lymphatic system in the rabbit with regard to relationships between the lymphatic vessel and lymph node. According to our previous studies in human cadavers and canines, the superficial lymphatic system could be divided into lymphatic territories. The aim of this study was to completely map the superficial lymphatic system in the rabbit. We used our microinjection technique and histological analysis for dissecting studies and recently developed indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescent lymphography for demonstrating dynamic lymph flow in living rabbits. Real‐time ICG fluorescent lymphography was performed in two living New Zealand White rabbits, and direct dye microinjection of the lymphatic vessels was performed in eight dead rabbits. To assess the relationships between the vascular and lymphatic systems in rabbits, we performed radiocontrast injection into arteries in two dead rabbits prior to the lymphatic injection. The ICG fluorescent lymphography revealed eight lymphatic territories in the preauricular, submandibular, root of the lateral neck, axillary, lumbar, inguinal, root of the tail, and popliteal regions. We injected blue acrylic dye into every lymphatic vessel 0.1 mm in diameter or larger. We then dissected and chased the stained lymphatic vessels proximally until the vessels connected to the first tier lymph node. This procedure was repeated throughout the body until all the relationships between the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes were defined. The lymphatic system of the rabbit could be defined as eight lymphatic territories, each with its own lymphatic vessels and lymph node. Anat Rec, 296:965–970, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interspecific Variations of Inner Ear Structure in the Deep‐Sea Fish Family Melamphaidae
Authors: Deng Xiaohong , Wagner Hans‐Joachim , Popper Arthur N.
Published: June 2014

Inner ear structures are compared among three major genera of the deep‐sea fish family Melamphaidae (bigscales and ridgeheads). Substantial interspecific variation is found in the saccular otoliths, including the presence of a unique otolithic “spur” in the genera Melamphaes and Poromitra. The variation in the saccular otolith is correlated with an increase in the number of hair bundle orientation groups on the sensory epithelia from the genera Scopelogadus to Poromitra to Melamphaes. The diverse structural variations found in the saccule may reflect the evolutionary history of these species. The sensory hair cell bundles in this family have the most variable shapes yet encountered in fish ears. In the saccule, most of the hair bundles are 15–20 μm high, an exceptional height for fish otolithic end organs. These bundles have large numbers of stereovilli, including some that reach the length of the kinocilium. In the utricle, the striolar region separates into two unusually shaped areas that have not been described in any other vertebrates. The brains in all species have a relatively small olfactory bulb and optic tectum, as well as an enlarged posterior cerebellar region that is likely to be involved in inner ear and lateral line (octavolateral) functions. Data from melamphaids support the hypothesis that specialized anatomical structures are found in the ears of some (if not most) deep‐sea fishes, presumably enhancing their hearing sensitivity. Anat Rec, 296:1064–1082, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative Analysis of the Cochlea using Three‐Dimensional Reconstruction based on Microcomputed Tomographic Images
Authors: Shin Kang‐Jae , Lee Ju‐Young , Kim Jeong‐Nam , Yoo Ja‐Young , Shin Chuog , Song Wu‐Chul , Koh Ki‐Seok
Published: June 2014

The aim of this study was to provide data on various dimensions of the normal cochlea using three‐dimensional reconstruction based on high‐resolution micro‐CT images. The petrous parts of 39 temporal bones were scanned by micro‐computed tomography (CT) with a slice thickness of 35 μm. The micro‐CT images were used in reconstructing three‐dimensional volumes of the bony labyrinth using computer software. The volumes were used to measure 12 dimensions of the cochlea, and statistical analysis was carried out. The dimensions of cochleae varied widely between different specimens. The mean height and length of the cochlea were 3.8 and 9.7 mm, respectively. The angle between the basal and middle turns was slightly larger in males than in females, while none of the other 11 dimensions differed significantly between males and females. The cochlear accessory canals were observed in about half of the cases (51.3%). Correlation analysis among measured items revealed positive correlations among several of the measured dimensions. The present study could investigate the detailed anatomy of the normal cochlea using high‐resolution imaging technologies. The results of the present study could be helpful for the precise diagnosis of congenital cochlear malformations and for producing optimized cochlear implants. Anat Rec, 296:1083–1088, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative Examination of the Bottlenose Dolphin Cerebellum
Authors: Hanson Alicia , Grisham William , Sheh Colleen , Annese Jacopo , Ridgway Sam
Published: June 2014

Neuroanatomical research into the brain of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) has revealed striking similarities with the human brain in terms of size and complexity. However, the dolphin brain also contains unique allometric relationships. When compared to the human brain, the dolphin cerebellum is noticeably larger. Upon closer examination, the lobule composition of the cerebellum is distinct between the two species. In this study, we used magnetic resonance imaging to analyze cerebellar anatomy in the bottlenose dolphin and measure the volume of the separate cerebellar lobules in the bottlenose dolphin and human. Lobule identification was assisted by three‐dimensional modeling. We find that lobules VI, VIIb, VIII, and IX are the largest lobules of the bottlenose dolphin cerebellum, while the anterior lobe (I–V), crus I, crus II, and the flocculonodular lobe are smaller. Different lobule sizes may have functional implications. Auditory‐associated lobules VIIb, VIII, IX are likely large in the bottlenose dolphin due to echolocation abilities. Our study provides quantitative information on cerebellar anatomy that substantiates previous reports based on gross observation and subjective analysis. This study is part of a continuing effort toward providing explicit descriptions of cetacean neuroanatomy to support the interpretation of behavioral studies on cetacean cognition. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Idiopathic Microscopic Colitis of Rhesus Macaques: Quantitative Assessment of Colonic Mucosa
Authors: Ardeshir Amir , Oslund Karen L. , Ventimiglia Frank , Yee Joann , Lerche Nicholas W. , Hyde Dallas M.
Published: June 2014

Idiopathic chronic diarrhea (ICD) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality among juvenile rhesus macaques. While lesions may be absent at colonoscopy, the histopathologic evaluation of the biopsy specimens is consistent with human macroscopic colitis (MC). In this study, we developed an isotropic uniform random sampling method to evaluate macroscopic and microscopic changes and applied it on proximal ascending colon in monkeys. Colonic tissue and peripheral blood specimens were collected from six MC and six control juvenile macaques at necropsy. Uniform random samples were collected from the colon using punch biopsy tools. The volume of epithelium and lamina propria were estimated in thick (25 µm) sections using point probes and normalized to the area of muscularis mucosae. Our data suggests a significant increase of the Vs of the lamina propria (1.9‐fold, P = 0.02) and epithelium (1.4‐fold, P = 0.05) in subjects with MC. The average colonic surface mucosa area in the MC monkeys increased 1.4‐fold over the controls (P = 0.02). The volume of the proximal colon in animals with MC showed a 2.4‐fold increase over the non‐diarrhea control monkeys (P = 0.0001). Cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor levels in peripheral blood were found to be correlated with the volume estimate of the lamina propria and epithelium. We found that ICD in macaques has features which simulates human MC and can be used as a spontaneous animal model for human MC. Furthermore, this developed sampling method can be used for unbiased preclinical evaluation of therapeutics in this animal model. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inflammatory Process Induced by Carrageenan in Adjacent Tissue Triggers the Acute Inflammation in Deep Digital Flexor Tendon of Rats
Authors: Vieira Cristiano Pedrozo , De Aro Andrea Aparecida , Da Ré Guerra Flávia , De Oliveira Letícia Prado , De Almeida Marcos Dos Santos , Rosa Pimentel Edson
Published: June 2014

Tendinopathy is a pathology found mainly in the rotator cuff, patellar, Achilles and flexor tendons. Tendinopathy is a significant impediment to performance in athletes and in workers in the labor market. Some studies have indicated that inflammation in adjacent tissues may affect the rotator cuff and Achilles tendon. In this study alterations were verified in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the deep digital flexor tendon after two periods (12 and 24 hr) of induction inflammation in rat paw. Wistar rats were divided into three groups: those that received injection of 1% carrageenan; those that received 0.9% NaCl; and those that received no application. The tendon was divided into distal (d), proximal (p), and intermediate (i) regions. Biochemical analyses were performed and included non‐collagenous proteins (NCP), glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), hydroxyproline (HoPro) and metalloproteinases 2 and 9. Tissue sections were stained with toluidine blue, hematoxylin‐eosin, and Ponceau SS and observed under polarization microscopy. Remarkable results were detected that included the presence of MMP‐9, degradation of NCP and GAG and the presence of cellular infiltrate closer to digits in d region. The different concentrations of HoPro, as well as alterations in the organization of the collagen fibers showed the collagenous matrix undergoing some alterations. The results indicated that the induced inflammation in rat paw exhibited characteristics similar to the typical acute inflammatory process observed in tendons. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cellular Neuroinflammation in a Lateral Forceps Compression Model of Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Vaughn Chloe N. , Iafrate Julia L. , Henley Jessica B. , Stevenson Edward K. , Shlifer Igor G. , Jones T. Bucky
Published: June 2014

Postinjury inflammation has been implicated in secondary degeneration following injury to the spinal cord. The cellular inflammatory response to injury has not been described in the lateral compression injury model, although various types of compression injuries account for ∼20% of human spinal cord injuries (SCI). Here, we used forceps to induce a moderate compression injury to the thoracic spinal cord of female Sprague‐Dawley rats. We evaluated innate and adaptive components of the inflammatory response at various times postinjury using immunohistochemical techniques. We show that components of innate immunity (e.g., macrophages and dendritic cells) peak between 1 and 2 weeks postinjury but persist through 42 days postinjury (dpi). CD163 and CD206 expression, associated with an anti‐inflammatory, reparative phenotype, was upregulated on activated macrophages in the injury site, as were MHC class II antigens. The expression of MHC class II antigens is necessary for the initiation of adaptive immunity and was accompanied by an influx of T cells. T cells were initially restricted to gray matter at the injury epicenter but were later observed throughout the lesioned parenchyma. In summary, we demonstrate that lateral forceps compression of the spinal cord produces a neuroinflammatory response similar to that described in human spinal cord trauma and in other experimental models of spinal cord trauma, thus is an appropriate model to study secondary neurodegeneration in SCI. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physiological Distal Drift in Rat Molars Contributes to Acellular Cementum Formation
Authors: Tsuchiya Shinobu , Tsuchiya Masahiro , Nishioka Takashi , Suzuki Osamu , Sasano Yasuyuki , Igarashi Kaoru
Published: June 2014

Occlusal forces may induce the physiological teeth migration in humans, but there is little direct evidence. Rat molars are known to migrate distally during aging, possibly caused by occlusal forces. The purpose of this study was to determine if a reduction in occlusion would decrease teeth migration and affect associated periodontal structures such as cementum. To reduce occlusal forces, the right upper first molar (M1) in juvenile rats was extracted. The transition of the position of upper second molar (M2) and formation of M2 cementum was followed during aging. From the cephalometric analyses, upper M2 was located more anterior compared with the original position with aging after M1 extraction. Associated with this “slowing‐down” of the physiological drift, cementum thickness on distal surface, but not on mesial surface, of M2 root was significantly increased. The accumulation of alizarin red as vital stain indicative of calcification, was observed in the distal cementum of M2 root only on the side of M1 extraction. Extraction of M1 that results in less functional loading, distinctly attenuates the physiological drift only in the upper dentition. The decreased physiological drift appears to activate acellular cementum formation only on distal surface of M2 root, perhaps due to reduced mechanical stress associated with the attenuated distal drift. In conclusion, the physiological distal drift in rat molars appears to be largely driven by the occlusal force and also affects the formation of acellular cementum. These findings provide additional direct evidence for an important role of occlusal forces in tooth migration. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.