bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colapso de la red de drenaje y repercusiones urbanas en la zona costera de Acapulco, México, derivados de la tormenta tropical Manuel, 2013-2020
Authors: Rivera González Oscar Daniel
Published: December 2020

El motivo de realizar el siguiente artículo de investigación, parte del objetivo de evidenciar y criticar la falta de estrategias en los procesos de gestión pública urbana llevadas a cabo por el Municipio de Acapulco, relacionadas con la infraestructura urbana y enfocadas con la saturación de la red de drenaje tras el paso de fenómenos hidrometeorológicos como lo acontecido después de la tormenta tropical Manuel, misma que impactó la zona costera de Acapulco en el año 2013, es por ello que se analizaron problemáticas ambientales-urbanas, mismas que se relacionan con afectaciones a la población, particularmente con el colapso de la red de drenaje, problemática que actualmente se sigue presentado en dicha zona costera, misma que deberá resolverse de manera inmediata, ya que la población se encuentra vulnerable debido al bajo nivel socioeconómico, lo cual afectará directamente a su grado de recuperación.
El rururbano de la ciudad de Bahía Blanca (provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina): ¿residentes vulnerables a los cambios?
Authors: Sereno Claudia
Published: December 2020

La ciudad de Bahía Blanca experimenta, en los últimos años, una expansión del suelo urbano hacia la periferia sufriendo alteraciones, en particular, de sus bordes. En este sentido, los residentes más antiguos del rururbano bahiense, dedicados a tareas agropecuarias, son vulnerables -debido al crecimiento de usos incompatibles, en general, con sus rutinas- y a través de sus prácticas cotidianas, demuestran arraigo y tendencia a permanecer o desarraigo y disposición a abandonar sus propiedades. El trabajo identifica los impactos de la urbanización en el área y la percepción de sus pobladores respecto a esta situación, así como establece la vulnerabilidad, en especial, de los pobladores más antiguos cuyas decisiones y estrategias incidirán en la tendencia al cambio del borde. La metodología combina técnicas cuali-cuantitativas y está basada, en el trabajo en el terreno, la aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas a los pobladores y la incorporación de los datos en un SIG para confeccionar la cartografía síntesis de vulnerabilidad.
Optimización de tareas de logística en tiempos de pandemia. El caso de la asignación de voluntarios para asistir a personas que no pueden salir de sus hogares
Authors: Barbero Dante Andrés
Published: December 2020

En el marco de la actual cuarentena establecida con el objetivo de contener el avance de la pandemia de coronavirus (COVID-19), este trabajo analiza cómo asignar de forma óptima voluntarios a personas que requieren asistencia por verse imposibilitadas de salir de sus hogares. Para ello se presenta la estructura de un sistema de soporte para la toma de decisiones el cual, a partir de la geolocalización de los voluntarios y de las personas que demandan asistencia, puede sugerir cómo deben asignarse a los efectos de optimizar (minimizar en este caso) la suma de las distancias (o de los tiempos que demanda el recorrrido) entre los domicilios de cada par voluntario-demandante. Poder identificar la asignación óptima permitirá reducir los desplazamientos necesarios o el tiempo de circulación requerido para realizar las tareas de asistencia y hará posible la ayuda a aquellas personas que lo necesitan.
El discurso nuevo-regionalista y las regiones productivas en la estrategia de desarrollo de la Argentina reciente (2006-2015)
Authors: Seval Martín
Published: December 2020

La categoría región observa continuidad en Argentina pese a su desacreditación y abandono por parte importante de la geografía y otras ciencias sociales. Esta situación es evidente a inicios del siglo XXI por la promoción de regiones productivas desde una estrategia de desarrollo que involucra la aplicación de nuevos conceptos regionalistas sugeridos por organismos de financiamiento internacional. En este contexto, el objetivo de este artículo es el de contextualizar y caracterizar la irrupción del discurso nuevo-regionalista en el debate regional vernáculo con el objetivo de analizar su difusión y territorialización en Argentina en el primer decenio de aplicación de esta estrategia (2006-2015). Para ello se tomarán aportes de la geografía regional y la geografía económica y se analizarán los programas desplegados y los casos impulsados, buscando apreciar las características de las regiones productivas en la Argentina reciente.
Programas habitacionales, estrategias residenciales y modos de vida. La construcción de territorios ‘inapropiados’ en la ciudad de Santa Fe
Authors: Carné Martín
Published: December 2020

A partir de 2012, el Estado nacional y el de la provincia de Santa Fe implementaron programas de crédito para la construcción de vivienda y para la urbanización de suelo que expandieron la trama urbana, acentuando problemáticas típicas de ‘ciudades difusas’: áreas residenciales monofuncionales, mayores distancias de desplazamientos, déficits de equipamiento colectivo, entre otras. En base a entrevistas semiestructuradas a jefes/as de hogar del barrio Nueva Esperanza Este de la ciudad de Santa Fe, se analizan las estrategias residenciales de hogares de sectores sociales medios, sus cambios en los modos de vida asociados a la nueva localización y el territorio que así construyen. Los resultados informan que la propiedad de la vivienda es priorizada a su localización y subordina las prácticas (familiares, laborales, recreativas) cotidianas, configurándose modos de vida más exigentes. Estos y la presencia cercana de grupos sociales percibidos como ‘amenazantes’, construyen un territorio ‘inapropiado’: parcialmente apropiado, usado, controlado.
Osteopathic Manual Treatment vs Kaltenborn-Evjenth Orthopedic Manual Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Proposal for a Protocol for Randomized Trials
Authors: Lizis P , Kobza W , Manko G , Jaszczur-Nowicki J , Bukowska J , Perlinski J , Para B , Wisniewski D , Nawara J
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Numerous modalities of conservative therapeutic interventions are available to achieve the best health benefits in people with Low Back Pain (LBP), e.g., kinesiotherapy, physical therapy, behavior therapy. People with LBP continue to experience pain and disability despite receiving the best evidence based therapy. Osteopathic Manual Therapy (OMT) and Kaltenborn-Evjenth Ortopedic Manual Therapy (KEOMT) are the other options, although their effectiveness remains controversial. The aim of this study is a proposal for a protocol for randomized trials to compare the effectiveness of OMT vs. KEOMT on pain and disability in people suffering from LBP. Methods and analysis: It’s a randomized study with two-arms parallel, designed with concealed allocation, the assessor’s blinding with intention to-treat analysis. It will include 34 people a group with severe disability ranged from 41 to 60% in Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). There will be two groups: a treatment group (OMT) and a comparison group (KEOMT). All the patients in both groups will receive 2 treatments a week for 5 weeks. Each session in both groups will not exceed 30 minutes. During each session OMT and KEOMT techniques will be repeated 3 times. A baseline assessment will be performed pre and post intervention, two days later. The following parameters will be assessed during the evaluations: Numeric Pain Rating Scale – NPRS, ODI. Ethics and dissemination: The trial was approved by the Scientific Research Ethics Committee of University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland. Registration approval number: 9/2018. Trial registration: The study protocol was prospectively registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on December 28, 2019 (registration ID: ChiCTR1900028580). Strengths and Limitations of this Study The participants’ random allocation to the experimental and the control groups. The same experienced physiotherapist, blind to the outcome measures, provides the interventions. The same assistant, blind to the group allocation, administrates the outcomes. The same number of the interventions, the compared contact time with the physiotherapist providing the interventions. A short follow-up period and/or a rather small sample size.
Genetic and Environmental Factors Contributing to Visceral Adiposity in Asian Populations
Authors: Williams Rachel , Periasamy Muthu
Published: December 2020

Obesity-associated metabolic illnesses are increasing at an alarming rate in Asian countries. A common feature observed in the Asian population is a higher incidence of abdominal obesity—the “skinny-fat” Asian syndrome. In this review, we critically evaluate the relative roles of genetics and environmental factors on fat distribution in Asian populations. While there is an upward trend in obesity among most Asian countries, it appears particularly conspicuous in Malaysia. We propose a novel theory, the Malaysian gene-environment multiplier hypothesis, which explains how ancestral variations in feast-and-famine cycles contribute to inherited genetic predispositions that, when acted on by modern-day stressors—most notably, urbanization, westernization, lifestyle changes, dietary transitions, cultural pressures, and stress—contribute to increased visceral adiposity in Asian populations. At present, the major determinants contributing to visceral adiposity in Asians are far from conclusive, but we seek to highlight critical areas for further research.
Association between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Metabolic Syndrome in 118,609 Korean Never Smokers Verified by Self-Reported Questionnaire and Urine Cotinine
Authors: Kim Ji Hye , Kim Byung Jin , Hyun Young Youl , Kang Jin Ho
Published: December 2020

Background: No study has reported the association between secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in self-reported never smokers verified by both self-reported questionnaire and urine cotinine.Methods: A total of 118,609 self-reported and cotinine-verified never smokers (38,385 male; age 34.8±7.1 years) who participated in the Kangbuk Samsung Health Study between 2011 and 2016 were included. Cotinine-verified never smokers were defined as individuals with urinary cotinine <50 ng/mL. SHS exposure was defined as current exposure to passive smoking indoors at home or workplace.Results: Prevalence of SHS exposure in the overall population was 22.6% (27.4% for males and 20.3% for females (P<0.001). The overall prevalence of MetS was 6.8% and was higher in males than in females (10.7% vs. 4.9%, P<0.001). In both genders, MetS prevalence was higher in the SHS exposure group than the non-SHS exposure group (11.3% vs. 10.4%, P=0.010 for males; 5.8% vs. 4.6%, P<0.001 for females). However, there was significant gender interaction for the association between SHS exposure and MetS (P for interaction=0.010). In the multivariate regression analyses, SHS exposure was associated with increased MetS odds only in females (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.02 [0.94 to 1.11] in male vs. 1.17 [1.06 to 1.29] in female). In particular, females with SHS exposure of ≥1 hour/day and ≥3 times showed increased odds of MetS compared with those without SHS exposure (1.22 [1.02 to 1.45], 1.30 [1.14 to 1.49]).Conclusion: This cross-sectional study showed that SHS exposure was significantly associated with prevalence of MetS in self-reported and cotinine-verified female never smokers.
Reindustrialization on the Basis of Innovative Development. Foreign Experience and Russian Reality
Authors: Rassadina Alla
Published: December 2020

The reasons for reduction of industrial sphere in European countries and in the USA during last decades considerably differ from those in Russia during post-soviet period. The main reasons of Russian deindustrialization lie in the export-raw orientation of economic development. Further existence in such an economic development model leads to the conservation of economic depression and poses threat to national security. The paper depicts one of the two alternative approaches to the change of Russian economic development strategy, based on reindustrialization within structural transformation and diversification of economy. Such complicated structural transformation may be possible in case of competent industrial policy implementation. Basing on western and Russian expert estimates, we study the reasons and possibilities of western and Russian reindustrialization and prove the new high-technological innovative industrialization — as a necessary condition for sustainable economic growth.
The Major Trends in Logistics Transformation in the Course of Neoindustrialization
Authors: Rachkovskaya Irina
Published: December 2020

The article deals with oncoming Neoindustrialization (New Industrial Revolution) influence on logistics’ nature. The author analyzes the impact of the Internet of Things and additive technologies for economic development. Special attention is paid to the basic tendencies of transformation of logistics in terms neoindustrialization. Basic ways for logistic transformation under the Industrie 4.0 are considered on the base of modern changes in the supply chains management. Conclusions of this research can be used as recommendations for to design of logistics strategy of the company and process descriptions.
«Moscow University Economics Bulletin»: contemporary history (review of journal publications 1991–2016)
Authors: Pahalov Alexandr
Published: December 2020

Lomonosov Moscow State University Faculty of Economics was founded in 1941. Five years
later, in 1946, the university started to publish scientific journal «Mocow University Economics, Philosophy and Law Bulletin». Since 1966 economists have their own journal «Moscow University Economics Bulletin». This paper reviews the most cited publications and the main directions of research in the modern history of the journal, from 1991. During last 25 years, the journal was changing with the development of the faculty, the university and the Russian economic science. However it always remains o ne of the most influential scientific journals in the field of economics and management.
Hot Plasma Flows and Oscillations in the Loop-top Region During the 2017 September 10 X8.2 Solar Flare
Authors: Reeves Katharine K. , Polito Vanessa , Chen 陈 Bin 彬 , Galan Giselle , Yu 余思 Sijie 捷 , Liu Wei , Li Gang
Published: December 2020

In this study, we investigate motions in the hot plasma above the flare loops during the 2017 September 10 X8.2 flare event. We examine the region to the south of the main flare arcade, where there is data from the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) and the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) on Hinode. We find that there are initial blueshifts of 20–60 km s−1 observed in this region in the Fe xxi line in IRIS and the Fe xxiv line in EIS, and that the locations of these blueshifts move southward along the arcade over the course of about 10 minutes. The cadence of IRIS allows us to follow the evolution of these flows, and we find that at each location where there is an initial blueshift in the Fe xxi line, there are damped oscillations in the Doppler velocity with periods of ∼400 s. We conclude that these periods are independent of loop length, ruling out magnetoacoustic standing modes as a possible mechanism. Microwave observations from the Expanded Owens Valley Solar Array (EOVSA) indicate that there are nonthermal emissions in the region where the Doppler shifts are observed, indicating that accelerated particles are present. We suggest that the flows and oscillations are due to motions of the magnetic field that are caused by reconnection outflows disturbing the loop-top region.
Bénévoles et bénévolat
Authors: Alliances et cultures Association
Published: December 2020

Le bénévolat, activité non rétribuée et librement choisie, est une composante structurelle des centres sociaux et culturels. Ceux qui exercent comme bénévole de terrain ou bénévole de gestion sont le plus souvent des habitants des territoires d’implantation. « Donner du temps », « Donner et recevoir », « Engagement individuel solidaire et collectif » sont les motivations communes aux engagements. Co-acteurs avec les salariés, ils sont une composante de la dynamique créatrice des centres sociaux et vecteurs d’implication citoyenne dans la vie des territoires.
Les centres sociaux, lieux intermédiaires de coéducation et de liens sociaux
Authors: Garcia Serge
Published: December 2020

Les centres sociaux peuvent, par leur approche globale et souple des populations sur un territoire, faire vivre des espaces intermédiaires de proximité répondant aux besoins des enfants et des familles en matière d’éducation, de lien social et d’inclusion. Une démarche de projet soucieuse de la prise en compte de l’autre dans son altérité et soutenant le processus créatif de l’enfant peut engager des possibles et placer le sujet comme auteur de son propre trajet de vie.
Polymorphie de la crise
Authors: Carel André , Ascoli-Bouin Christine
Published: December 2020

André Carel propose de différencier trois modes de transformation de la crise dans la psyché, individuelle et collective: l’épreuve, la névrose traumatique, la catastrophe. Chacune appelle des formes spécifiques de traitement psychique, notamment dans le registre de l’historisation. Ces trois modalités peuvent être associées dans la même psyché. La périnatalité psychique offre une clinique précieuse quant à cette diversité. À propos de la catastrophe, l’accent est mis sur le négativisme dans la rencontre. Il menace le traitement, mais il est le passage obligé pour fonder l’alliance et mener vers le travail du négatif et la reconnaissance mutuelle.
L’arrêt d’une surexposition aux écrans peut-il normaliser un score d’autisme à la CARS ? Réponse en trois cas cliniques
Authors: Bossière Marie-Claude , Dieu Osika Sylvie , Osika Éric
Published: December 2020

Après une analyse du contexte sociétal d’envahissement des foyers par les écrans et un recensement d’études internationales prouvant les effets toxiques des écrans sur le développement de l’enfant, trois cas d’enfants de moins de 3 ans 1/2 sont évalués cliniquement et par l’échelle cars avant et après arrêt des écrans, montrant une amélioration notable en cas de réel arrêt de la surexposition.
Les designers font leur révolution
Authors: Gallot Geneviève
Published: December 2020

Face au changement climatique en cours, la nécessité de modifier nos modes de vie et de préparer nos sociétés à s’adapter aux conséquences à venir de ce changement est devenue incontestable. Pour ce faire, chaque individu a sa propre part de responsabilité, mais comme le montre ici Geneviève Gallot, ceux qui façonnent notre quotidien, les designers, ont aussi un rôle essentiel à jouer, et nombre d’entre eux ont commencé à investir ce rôle. Que ce soit au travers des objets eux-mêmes, de leur fonction au quotidien, des matériaux utilisés ou des acteurs de leur fabrication, de plus en plus de designers, en France comme dans le monde entier, s’impliquent dans le développement d’un « design durable ». Geneviève Gallot propose ici un panorama de la façon dont ces designers agissent pour un monde plus durable, plus solidaire, plus respectueux de la nature, et s’emploient à nous aider à modifier nos modes de vie en ce sens.  S.D.
Leadership : vers la parité femmes-hommes
Authors: Cailleba Patrice
Published: December 2020

Si la vague féministe des années 1960-1970 a permis une réelle émancipation des femmes dans les sociétés développées, seul un petit bout du chemin a été parcouru sur le plan de la parité hommes-femmes dans le monde du travail. Le fameux « plafond de verre » qui symbolise le fait qu’à travail égal, celles-ci ne bénéficient pas du même salaire que leurs homologues masculins, n’a pas été brisé en France. Pourtant, comme le montre ici Patrice Cailleba, les choses avancent, et la progression du niveau d’éducation des femmes, qui leur permet d’accéder de plus en plus à des postes à responsabilités, laisse penser qu’à moyen-long terme, le rattrapage pourrait s’opérer. Cet article présente les éléments qui accréditent cette tendance en France : présence croissante et majoritaire des femmes dans l’enseignement supérieur et évolutions législatives incitant les entreprises à rééquilibrer les effectifs de direction en leur faveur. Et si des verrous demeurent, en particulier dans les entreprises privées où la féminisation des effectifs de cadres paraît nettement plus lente que celle des effectifs globaux, ils devraient finir par sauter grâce à la présence croissante des femmes dans les grandes écoles formant les cadres dirigeants de demain, et à la diffusion de valeurs considérées comme féminines dans les sociétés.  S.D.
Plan de relance français : des investissements d’avenir ?
Authors: Papon Pierre
Published: December 2020

Pour faire face à l’épidémie de Covid-19, le gouvernement français a mis en place dès le début de la crise, au printemps 2020, d’importantes mesures de soutien aux entreprises et à la population active, qui ont été prolongées ou étendues lors du deuxième confinement, à l’automne. Mais au-delà des mesures conjoncturelles, et en raison de l’acuité de la crise économique et sociale qui accompagne la crise sanitaire et va se prolonger de longues années encore, le gouvernement a également établi, en septembre 2020, un Plan de relance de l’économie française d’un montant de 100 milliards d’euros. Ce plan comporte trois volets principaux : l’écologie, la compétitivité et la cohésion sociale. Est-il à la hauteur des enjeux d’avenir qui vont se poser à la société française ? Pierre Papon examine la question dans cette tribune, principalement sous l’angle des enjeux scientifiques et technologiques. Après avoir présenté la substance et l’aspect salutaire du Plan de relance, il souligne un certain nombre d’aspects mal ou non traités, qui incitent à envisager quelques compléments pour préparer l’avenir au mieux.  S.D.
La répression des étudiants en Égypte : expansion et diversification d’un dispositif historique
Authors: Ramzy Farah
Published: December 2020

Au cours du XX e  siècle en Égypte, les étudiants du supérieur émergent comme avant-garde contestataire. L’État développe alors une « boîte à outils » spécifique pour contrôler leurs activités politiques. Cet article retrace la récurrence des pratiques de répression des mobilisations étudiantes, des séquences d’interaction et des acteurs pour mettre en avant la construction d’un répertoire. Cette étude analyse ensuite la suspension de la répression avec la révolution 2011, puis sa reprise avec le coup d’État de 2013, rompant avec les pratiques historiques et culminant avec le choix d’introduire une entreprise de sécurité privée dans les campus universitaires en 2014. Cette stratégie est révélatrice de l’expansion du dispositif sécuritaire et de sa diversification par la privatisation, et s’inscrit dans une reconfiguration plus générale de l’autoritarisme avec le nouveau régime.
« Ils ne mouraient pas tous, mais tous étaient frappés » : répression et violence structurelle au Soudan
Authors: Deshayes Clément , Mahé Anne-Laure
Published: December 2020

À partir de « trajectoires de répression » de militants opposés au régime soudanais de l’Inqaz (1989-2019) et d’une enquête ethnographique, l’article se propose d’étudier le « système répressif » de cette situation autoritaire. Il mobilise à cette fin le concept de continuum de la violence qui met en évidence les interactions entre violence d’État, violence structurelle et violence interpersonnelle et permet de questionner l’idée d’une violence propre au régime. L’analyse de la mise en œuvre de la violence d’État démontre la grande porosité de celui-ci aux hiérarchies sociales établies au cours du processus de construction postcoloniale de l’État. Le projet civilisationnel fondé sur l’arabisation et l’islamisation de la société porté par l’Inqaz provoque toutefois une reconfiguration des liens entre violence structurelle et violence d’État, cette dernière se déployant à travers un ensemble de pratiques d’humiliations et de violences quotidiennes. La répression est enfin une relation sociale dont le déroulement est défini en partie par l’autonomie limitée de l’appareil répressif aux normes et hiérarchies régissant la société dans son ensemble.
L’organisation de la formation des ingénieurs en France
Authors: Grelon André
Published: December 2020

L’organisation de formations spécialisées pour les ingénieurs émerge en France au cours du xviiie siècle. La Révolution française transforme cet ensemble en formations d’application d’une nouvelle institution, l’École polytechnique qui assure l’enseignement scientifique de base. En même temps, les universités sont fermées. Sous Napoléon, une autre organisation structure l’enseignement supérieur en facultés qui dépendent directement du ministère et n’ont aucun lien entre elles. Le développement industriel appelle l’emploi d’ingénieurs pour la société civile. L’École centrale des arts et manufactures, créée en 1829, forme des ingénieurs industriels à qui elle délivre un diplôme, ce qui constitue une innovation. Dans la seconde moitié du siècle, d’autres écoles sont progressivement ouvertes. Avec le rétablissement des universités en 1896 et l’ouverture d’instituts de formation d’ingénieurs dans les facultés des sciences, le diplôme d’ingénieur se généralise. À l’issue de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, dans une période d’expansion économique, de nombreuses écoles sont créées. Cette croissance a continué jusqu’à nos jours : on compte aujourd’hui plus de 200 formations d’ingénieurs en France.
Les premiers ingénieurs industriels issus de l’École polytechnique
Authors: Moatti Alexandre
Published: December 2020

Quels ont été les premiers polytechniciens industriels et comment peut-on les caractériser ? Rappelant les grandes masses agrégatives des carrières polytechniciennes dans la première moitié du xixe siècle, l’article examine cinq carrières de polytechniciens pendant cette période, à dix promotions d’écart : Dufaud, Vicat, Guimet, Lafarge, Goüin. Ces ingénieurs industriels apparaissent aussi comme ingénieurs-savants, ingénieurs-inventeurs, ingénieurs-entrepreneurs et même ingénieurs-investisseurs dans des entreprises industrielles. Deux d’entre eux développent leur « innovation » au sein même des corps d’État auxquels ils appartiennent. Cet échantillon laisse entrevoir ce qu’une prosopographie des polytechniciens industriels de la période 1800-1840 apporterait à l’histoire industrielle française et à l’étude des relations entre État et industrie privée.
Les aléas d’usine, ou l’ingénierie industrielle mise à l’épreuve
Authors: Hatzfeld Nicolas
Published: December 2020

Dans la vie d’une usine, illustrée ici par le site de Peugeot-Sochaux durant la période 1945-1970, les aléas surviennent avec une grande abondance. De fait, ils occupent une grande partie de l’activité du directeur du site et des équipes d’ingénieurs qu’il coordonne, en charge des principales usines et fonctions dans le site. Pour préserver le programme industriel fixé par l’entreprise, ceux-ci s’emploient à surmonter les obstacles imprévus, aussi disparates que, par exemple, des défaillances de fournisseurs, des accidents climatiques ou des troubles politiques. Au-delà de la réaction au cas par cas, ils cherchent à parer d’éventuelles récidives et, pour cela, à élaborer des mesures d’anticipation, à aménager des dispositifs de régulation. L’article étudie les façons dont ces dispositions mettent en jeu l’organisation même de la production, au sein de l’usine ou dans son système élargi d’approvisionnement, ou touchent aux relations que l’usine établit avec son environnement.
Le diplôme d’ingénieur
Authors: Godelier Éric
Published: December 2020

La reconnaissance en 1934 du diplôme d’ingénieur en France par la Commission des titres d’ingénieurs continue de faire débat. Faut-il y voir une manifestation du retard du capitalisme français ou à l’inverse considérer que cette chronologie témoigne de sa spécificité ? La communauté des ingénieurs semble marquée par une grande hétérogénéité. Comment expliquer la place spécifique du diplôme dans l’émergence visiblement inaboutie d’un groupe intégré ? Le texte propose trois pistes de réflexions. Premièrement, cette histoire peut être comprise via un premier axe centré sur les « questions de gouvernance ». Deuxièmement, la mise en place d’un diplôme résulte d’un ensemble de choix en termes de contenus et de méthodes de formation. Troisièmement, la mise en place progressive d’un diplôme à partir du xixe siècle paraît pouvoir être appréhendée comme une forme de consécration d’une identité ou d’une culture qui distingue une catégorie sociale, les ingénieurs, en pleine croissance dans ce nouveau capitalisme industriel.
Des travaux et des cours
Authors: Lembré Stéphane
Published: December 2020

L’industrialisation de l’Europe qui s’affirme au xixe siècle provoque un vaste bouleversement des qualifications ouvrières. La remise en cause des savoir-faire artisanaux face à la mécanisation ne signifie en rien la disparition des qualifications. La mutation des savoirs et des savoir-faire requis peut être saisie à travers le recours à la formation au travail. Les changements sont cependant complexes selon les métiers, selon les lieux, et sans continuité chronologique parfaite : un vaste ensemble d’institutions, très variées, peut être identifié à travers l’Europe. Leur fondation et leur fonctionnement révèlent la pluralité des motivations de l’enseignement technique industriel, encore cantonné à une minorité des hommes et des femmes jusqu’aux années 1930.
Histoire, cultures et représentations d’une matière-déchet : les mâchefers du xviiie siècle à nos jours
Authors: Letté Michel
Published: December 2020

Les résidus solides de la combustion issus de l’industrie comme de l’incinération des ordures ménagères sont désignés par un même terme : les « mâchefers ». Ils ont en commun d’avoir subi l’épreuve du feu avant de devenir déchets. Pourtant leurs propriétés comme leurs usages diffèrent depuis le xviiie siècle. Les premiers ont disparu à la fin du xxe siècle. Les seconds se sont au contraire accumulés depuis. Ce sont eux que l’on souhaite aujourd’hui convertir en matériaux recyclables. Leur usage se heurte toutefois à la réticence des publics. On s’interroge ici sur leurs perceptions tout au long de l’industriali­sation et jusqu’à nos jours, considérant qu’elles fondent en partie le rejet des mâchefers et leur relégation parmi les matières immondes. On explore ainsi la variété des représentations dont le mâchefer est l’objet au travers de la production culturelle et des manifestations de son existence ordinaire.
Renal hyperfiltration, fatty liver index, and the hazards of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in Finnish men
Authors: Ould Setti Mounir , Voutilainen Ari , Tuomainen Tomi-Pekka
Published: December 2020

OBJECTIVES: Renal hyperfiltration (RHF) and fatty liver are separately associated with adverse health outcomes. In this study, we investigated the mortality hazard of coexisting RHF and fatty liver.METHODS: Middle-aged men from the Kuopio Ischaemic Disease Risk Factor Study (n=1,552) were followed up for a median of 29 years. Associations among RHF, fatty liver index (FLI) score, age, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and hypertension status were assessed using logistic regression. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality with respect to RHF and fatty liver.RESULTS: Of the men, 5% had RHF (n=73), whereas a majority had fatty liver (n=848). RHF was associated specifically with smoking, and fatty liver was associated specifically with overweight. The all-cause mortality hazard was highest (HR, 1.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27 to 3.01) among men with RHF and fatty liver (n=33). Among men with RHF but normal FLI (n=40), the HR of all-cause mortality was 1.67 (95% CI, 1.15 to 2.42). Among men with fatty liver but a normal estimated glomerular filtration rate (n=527), the HR of all-cause mortality was 1.35 (95% CI, 1.09 to 1.66). CVD mortality hazard was associated with RHF, but not fatty liver. We detected no interaction effect between RHF and fatty liver for all-cause (synergy index, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.21 to 2.67) or CVD (synergy index, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.34 to 2.60) mortality.CONCLUSIONS: RHF and fatty liver are independently associated with all-cause and CVD mortality
YÖRESEL YEMEKLERİN YİYECEK İÇECEK İŞLETMELERİNDE KULLANIM DURUMU; ISPARTA İNCELEMESİ
Authors: KALKAN Gürkan , KÜÇÜKYAMAN Mehmet Anıl
Published: December 2020

Araştırma somut olmayan kültürel miraslar arasında gösterilen yöreselyemeklerin halen kullanım durumları üzerine yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya konu olan Isparta yöresel yemek reçetelerine ulaşılmış ve kültürün bir parçası olan bu yemeklerin günümüze ulaşılabilirliği irdelenmiştir. İç turizm ve dış turizm hareketlilik alanında olan Isparta ilinin gelen turistlere kültürel mirasın bir parçası olan ve güçlü çekim özelliği ile bilinen yöresel yemeklerin yapılan nitel araştırma yönetimi sonucunda yiyecek içecek işletmeleri menülerinde sınırlı sayıda olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ürün tercih edilebilirliği açısından değerlendirilen menülerde daha güçlü sunumlarla hem var olan mirasın sürdürülebilirliği hem de destinasyon alanı özelliklerini güçlü kılma adına yöresel yemeklere daha fazla alanın ayrılması gerekliliği önerisi sunulmuştur
Yaşlanma Sürecinde Mitokondrinin Rolü
Authors: Çıracı Enver , Aksoyer Sezgin Saadet Busra
Published: December 2020

ÖZET

Mitokondri, hücresel fonksiyonlarda kullanılan ATP'yi üreten hücrenin güç merkezleri olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Mitokondriyal disfonksiyon yaşlanma sürecinin önemli bir parçasını oluşturmaktadır. Hücreler yaşlandıkça solunum zincirinin etkinliği azalmakta, elektron kaçağı artarak ve ATP oluşumunu azalmasına neden olmaktadır. Farklı hücre tipleri farklı sayıda mitokondriye sahiptir ve kendi DNA’larına sahip oldukları için, içinde bulundukları hücreden bağımsız olarak bölünebilmektedirler. Diğer bir ifadeyle, mitokondriyal replikasyon hücre bölünmesine bağlı değildir. Üreme sırasında, bir çocuğun DNA'sının yarısı babalarından, yarısı da annelerinden gelmektedir. Bununla birlikte, çocuk her zaman Mitokondriyal DNA’larını (mtDNA) annelerinden almaktadır. Mitokondriyal hastalıkların çoğunluğu, mitokondriye neden olan ürünleri etkileyen nükleer DNA'daki mutasyonlardan kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu mutasyonlar kalıtsal veya kendiliğinden olabilmektedir. Mitokondri çalışmayı bıraktığında, içinde bulundukları hücre enerjiden yoksun kalır. Bu nedenle, hücrenin tipine bağlı olarak semptomlar büyük ölçüde değişebilmektedir. Kalp kası hücreleri ve sinirler gibi en çok miktarda enerjiye ihtiyaç duyan hücreler, en çok hatalı mitokondrilerden etkilenmektedir. 62 yıl önce Harman, yaşlanmaya reaktif oksijen türleri (ROS) ile oluşan makromolekül hasarının aracılık ettiğini ileri sürmüştür. ROS mitokondride enerji üretiminin bir yan ürünü olarak üretilir ve bu yapılar DNA'ya, yağlara ve proteinlere zarar vermektedir. Artık yaşlanmada hedef mitokondriye odaklanmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalar, oksidatif stresin, mitokondriyal DNA mutasyonlarının, mitokondri turnover'ındaki azalmanın hücresel yaşlanmaya aracılık ettiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu derlemede, mitokondrinin insan yaşlanma sürecindeki rolü, elde edilen son bulgular temelinde gözden geçirilmesi hedeflenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Mitokondrial DNA; mitokondri; yaşlanma; serbest radikaller; oksidatif stres
Transfer of Technology and Formation of the Technical Language: The Case of Turkish Terminology of Architecture
Authors: ÖRMECİOĞLU Hilal Tuğba
Published: December 2020

Turks are a moving nation that traveled around different geographies until they came to Anatolia 1000 years ago. During this move they met different societies and adopted different customs and phrases from these societies. At the point when they began to construct new settlements; they welcomed planners and architects from the neighboring countries. In this way, various professional terminology is transferred into Turkish along with new building types and building techniques. Turkish language became a medium for them which can give clues about this history, since it is a living thing affected by the changing environments and encountering diverse factors.
The aim of this study is to uncover these clues by using the etymological traces. Nevertheless, following the etymological traces of foreign terminology transferred from Persian, Arabic, or other languages in architecture from Turkish lexicons, would uncover the Asian, Middle Eastern, and European connections of Turkish architecture and construction sector.
Tarih Düşürme Ustası Kandî ve Manzum Tarihleri
Authors: ÇINARCI Mehmet Nuri
Published: December 2020

Tarih düşürme, ebced hesabı denilen ve Arap harflerinin her birine sayısal bir değer verilerek oluşturulan sistematikle tarihte meydana gelen önemli bir hadisenin kronolojik tespiti demektir. Elbette bu tespiti yapan bir şair olunca rakamları kullanmak yerine temel enstrümanı olan şiire başvurur. Tarihte ilk tespitinin XV. yüzyılda yapıldığı tarih düşürme geleneği, günümüzde de devam etmektedir. Klasik Türk edebiyatında tarih düşürme ustası olarak anılan birçok şair mevcuttur. Bursalı Haşimî, Seyyid Osman Surûrî ve Antepli Aynî bu türün en güzel örneklerini veren şairlerdendir. XVI. yüzyılda Osmanlı toplumunda yetişmiş olan Kandî de kaynakların tarih manzumelerini övdükleri müverrihlerin başında gelmektedir. XVI. yüzyıl tezkirecilerinin aracılığıyla haberdar olduğumuz Kandî’nin hayatı hakkında elimizde çok az bilgi vardır. Şiirleri ve tarihleriyle ilgili örnekler bugün şair tezkirelerinde ve şiir mecmualarında bulunmaktadır. Tezkirecilerin şair ile ilgili varmış oldukları ortak kanaat onun şiirlerinden ziyade tarih manzumeleriyle bilindiği ve şöhretini bu yolla elde ettiği yönündedir. Bundan dolayı Kandî için şair sıfatının yanı sıra müverrih ibaresi de sıkça kullanılır. Elbette Kandî dışında tarih düşüren çoğu şairin tarih manzumeleri ile ilgili akademik çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Ancak hakkında çalışma yapılan şairlerin bugün elimizde divanları ya da başka bir eserleri mevcutken Kandî’nin eserlerinden geriye kalmış kalıntıları başka kaynaklardan temin etmekteyiz. Bu çalışmada XVI. yüzyılda yazılan yedi adet tezkireden elde edilmiş kısıtlı bilgilerden hareketle Kandî’nin tarih manzumeleri ile ilgili bilgi verilmeye çalışılacaktır.
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Uluslararası Din Özgürlüğü Raporları: Türkiye Örneği
Authors: UNLU Nesrin
Published: December 2020

Son yıllarda din özgürlüğünü teşvik etme çabası uluslararası ilişkilerde artarak devam eden bir ivme kazanmıştır. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri din özgürlüğüne ‘ilk hak’ olarak inanan bazı vatandaşları ile uluslararası din özgürlüğünün en ateşli savunucularından olmuştur. Bu makale ABD Uluslararası Din Özgürlüğü Ofisi ve ABD Uluslararası Din Özgürlüğü Komisyonu’nun Türkiye raporlarını incelemektedir. Makale ilk olarak Ofis ve Komisyonun kurulmasına sebep olan 1998 Uluslararası Din Özgürlüğü Yasası’nın nasıl vücut bulduğunu ve neler içerdiğini anlatmaktadır. Makale ardından Türkiye raporlarını analiz eder ve raporların din özgürlüğü ihlalleri ile ideal din-devlet ilişkileri üzerinde cereyan eden siyasi tartışmaları birbirinden ayrı kategoriler olarak görmediğini iler sürer. Benzer bir şekilde, raporlar dini azınlıkların yaşadığı münferit hadiselerle sistematik hak ihlallerini aynı kategoride değerlendirir. Raporlardaki bu birbirine karışmış yaklaşım Amerikan sekülerizm ve din özgürlüğü paradigmasının bir yansıması olduğu izlenimi vermektedir.  Ayrıca raporlar ‘toplumsal tavırlar’ ve ‘toplumsal zulümler’ bölümlerinde Türkiye toplumunu dini aidiyet çizgileri ile bölmekte ve dini özgürlük hakkını bir bütün olan insan haklarından ayırmaktadır.
Cami Mimarisi ve Detaylandırması
Authors: SARI ÇETİN Aysu
Published: December 2020

Günümüzde camiler toplanan değer yargıları çok önemli bir yere sahiptir. Müslüman ülkeler için ibadethanelerin olduğu yer kutsal sayılmaktadır. Camilerin tarihi süreçleri ile Hz Muhammed'in İslamiyeti yaydığı dönemlerde bu ibadet hanelerin mimari formunun Selçuklular, Osmanlılar ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti dönemlerinde nasıl değiştiği, toplumlar hangi önemli değere sahip olduğu araştırılmıştır. Modern teknolojinin camilerin bu günlere kadar nasıl bir süreçten geçerek geldiği incelenmiştir. Bu geçiş dönemi Hz. Muhammed'in İslamiyeti yayılış tarihi bu güne kadar geçen sürede camilerin iç mekanların da olması gereken detayların aktarımı yapılmıştır. Geleneksel ve çağdaş mimari arasındaki form alıntılarının gösterdiği şekli,
Historical Perspectives of War, Conflict, and Intervention and their Transformation in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Lomia Ekaterine
Published: December 2020

Throughout the historic development, conflicts have constantly existed in all the countries of the world and every level of society. Civilization’s perpetual struggle for freedom, independence, justice, and self-determination has many times grown into a direct or indirect confrontation between the opposing sides. However, World War I and World War II were one of the major transformative events in the history of the twentieth century, which resulted in the deaths of millions of humans and numerous destructive consequences. Furthermore, the wars and their results have fundamentally changed the World Order in post-war Europe and the US.  The article aims at providing a better understanding of the phenomenon of war, conflict, and intervention. It also seeks to examine their place in contemporary international relations of today. In particular, the article has aimed to analyze a historical overview of the social, political, and cultural conflicts and studies, how it has been transformed in a modern era of the twenty-first century.  The paper is concluded by highlighting the major principles of the UN on war and intervention since the organization is “Based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its members”. The norms of the Helsinki Final Act and Just War Theory are also highlighted in the context. This study has been prepared as a result of examining articles and books written by many authors who have influential opinions in the field of wars, conflicts, and interventions. The article is particularly helpful to those scholars interested in peace and conflict studies.
Vivian Maier Fotoğraflarında Sokaktaki Çocuk İmgesi
Authors: KILINÇARSLAN Yasemin , KARAPINAR Mert
Published: December 2020

Vivian Maier, İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası soğuk savaş dönemde yaşamış olan fotoğraf sanatının en gizemli fotoğrafçılarından birisidir. Sanatçı yaşamı boyunca birçok fotoğraf çekmiş olmasına rağmen fotoğrafları ancak 2007 yılında ortaya çıkmıştır. Vivian Maier yaşamını dadılık yaparak kazanmış bu esnada da sokak fotoğrafçılığı ile ilgilenmiştir. Sonradan keşfedilen bu fotoğraf sanatçısının çalışmaları dönemine son derece net bir ışık tutmaktadır. Hem toplumu hem de bireyi anlık fotoğraflarla derin bir biçimde anlatan bu fotoğraflar aynı zamanda güçlü birer toplumsal belgesel fotoğrafçılık ürünleridir. Bu çalışma için fotoğrafçının çekmiş olduğu birçok fotoğraf arasından çocuk konusunu ön plana çıkaran fotoğraflar seçilmiş ve bunlar örneklem olarak kabul edilmiştir. Makalede Vivian Maier’in toplumsal sorunları fotoğraflarla ne şekilde aktardığı ve belgelediği ele alınmakta, çocuklar üzerinden Amerikan halkı arasındaki eşitsizlik, ayrım, yozlaşma ve iktidar/toplum ilişkileri gözler önüne serilmektedir. Bu amaçla dünyanın karanlık yönünü görme eğilimindeki bir dadının, kendi yaşadığı dönemi değerlendirerek çekmiş olduğu çocuk fotoğrafları üzerinden göstergebilimsel bir analiz yapılmıştır. İmgenin vurucu gücü fotoğraf analizleri yardımıyla ortaya çıkarılmıştır.
Optimization of 5G Accessibility in Non Standalone and Standalone Mode
Authors: Belguidoum Adel Bouzid , Tounsi Mohamed Lamine , Mekaoui Slimane
Published: December 2020

In this paper, we have analyzed and developed different types of algorithms related to 5G accessibility procedures for Non Standalone (NSA) and Standalone (SA) mode. The 5G accessibility depends on 5G radio parameters of each procedure, such as contention based Random access (CBRA), contention free random access (CFRA), Radio admission control (RAC), Radio resource control (RRC) and Radio bearer reconfiguration. The random access procedure for NSA is similar to SA mode. The goal is to improve the accessibility by optimizing timers and tune the main 5G radio parameters related to Random access channel (RACH), RRC reconfiguration and RAC procedures.
Classifications of Breast Cancer Diagnosis using Machine Learning
Authors: Iqbal Hajra Naveed , Nassif Ali Bou , Shahin Ismail
Published: December 2020

Breast Cancer (BC) is amongst the most common and leading causes of deaths in women throughout the world. Recently, classification and data analysis tools are being widely used in the medical field for diagnosis, prognosis and decision making to help lower down the risks of people dying or suffering from diseases. Advanced machine learning methods have proven to give hope for patients as this has helped the doctors in early detection of diseases like Breast Cancer that can be fatal, in support with providing accurate outcomes. However, the results highly depend on the techniques used for feature selection and classification which will produce a strong machine learning model. In this paper, a performance comparison is conducted using four classifiers which are Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and Random Forest on the Wisconsin Breast Cancer dataset to spot the most effective predictors. The main goal is to apply best machine learning classification methods to predict the Breast Cancer as benign or malignant using terms such as accuracy, f-measure, precision and recall. Experimental results show that Random forest is proven to achieve the highest accuracy of 99.26% on this dataset and features, while SVM and KNN show 97.78% and 97.04% accuracy respectively. MLP shows the least accuracy of 94.07%. All the experiments are conducted using RStudio as the data mining tool platform.
El Instituto: Centering Language, Culture, and Power in Bilingual Teacher Professional Development
Authors: Stacy Jen , Fernández Yesenia , Reyes McGovern Elexia
Published: December 2020

Teacher education programs have the obligation to prepare bilingual teachers, new and established, to challenge pervasive deficit and racist ideologies, to cultivate students’ identities/knowledges, and to thwart oppressive ideologies through counter-hegemonic discourses. This paper presents a case study of El Instituto, one Hispanic Serving Institution’s immersive professional development program for Spanish-speaking bilingual teachers in Los Angeles County. Conducted entirely in Spanish, the program aimed to center teachers’ sociocultural realities and community cultural wealth while honoring their linguistic capital, deepening their Spanish-language knowledge, and developing critical consciousness. Findings suggest that utilizing a sociocultural approach to simultaneously study Spanish language and critical pedagogy while centering teachers’ community cultural wealth led to deep insights about intersections of languages and culture within larger power structures that cultivate systemic oppression. However, epistemological shifts about fostering more humanizing and critical professional development for bilingual educators are necessary to achieve these goals.
Narratives of Racial Reckoning: Oppression, Resistance, and Inspiration in English Classrooms
Authors: Morales Joanelle , Bardo Nick
Published: December 2020

This narrative inquiry traces the experiences of five racially and ethnically diverse English Language Arts teachers as they move from their university coursework in a teacher education program to their student teaching and then into their first years teaching in a large urban school district in the Southeast. Through narrative inquiry, these teachers describe how language was/is used as a tool of racial oppression in their professional lives, how language served as resistance to racist discourses in their classrooms, and furthermore how language functioned to inspire through the disruption of racist discourse. These narratives illuminate the intersections of race, ethnicity, language, education, and power and how teachers can both disrupt and sustain canonical narratives and discourses.