bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Commonly Used Prediction Equations for Estimating Resting Metabolic Rate in Adults With Down Syndrome
Authors: Helsel Brian C. , Sherman Joseph R. , Bodde Amy E. , Washburn Richard A. , Ptomey Lauren T.
Published: February 2025

Background

Resting metabolic rate (RMR), the energy required by the body at rest, is the largest part of total daily energy expenditure. Commonly used prediction equations may overestimate RMR in adults with Down syndrome (DS). The purpose of this study was to assess the equivalency of prediction equations for estimating RMR in adults with DS.

Methods

Twenty‐five adults with DS (24 ± 5 years of age, 64% female) completed RMR assessments at an academic medical centre in the United States between November 2021 and July 2023. Measured RMR (kilocalories per day) was compared to estimated RMR from eight prediction equations using a null hypothesis significance (i.e., a paired t‐test) and equivalence (i.e., a two one‐sided test) tests. Bland–Altman plots, Pearson correlations and linear regressions were used to evaluate the bias between the measured and predicted RMR values.

Results

Measured RMR in adults with DS was 1090 ± 136 kcal/day. Prediction equations overestimated RMR by 8 ± 16% (76 ± 165 kcal/day) to 45 ± 16% (488 ± 165 kcal/day) except for the Bernstein fat‐free mass equation which underestimated RMR by 0.2 ± 11.5% (8 ± 123 kcal/day) and was statistically equivalent to measured RMR in our sample (p = 0.027).

Conclusions

The Bernstein fat‐free mass equation offers better accuracy in adults with DS than other RMR prediction equations, but the equation needs to be evaluated in larger, more diverse samples of adults with DS.
Plate Interface Shear Zone in the Sanbagawa Metamorphic Belt, Constrained by RSCM Thermometry, U–Pb Zircon Dating and Phase Equilibria Modelling in the Sarutagawa Region, Central Shikoku, Japan
Authors: Papeschi Samuele , Kawaguchi Kenta , Okazaki Keishi , Hayasaka Yasutaka , Hirose Takehiro
Published: February 2025

Exhumed high‐P/low‐T complexes are of paramount importance to directly access rocks that experienced subduction zone processes. However, the original tectono‐metamorphic fabrics are often partially obliterated by exhumation and later deformation, hindering our understanding of the processes occurring at depth. We show an example of how multiple field‐ and lab‐based analytical techniques may be used to extract information of the pristine fabrics of polydeformed metamorphic rocks. We investigated a natural cross section through the chlorite, garnet and albite‐biotite zones of the exhumed Shirataki Unit in the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt, exposed in the Sarutagawa (Saruta River) area of the Central Shikoku, coupling structural‐petrographic analysis with Raman Spectroscopy on Carbonaceous Material (RSCM) thermometry, phase equilibrium modelling and U–Pb zircon dating. RSCM thermometry reveals a progressive temperature increase from 350°C–400°C to 500°C–550°C over an ~400 m distance, characterized by condensed metamorphic isograds in the garnet zone. Phase equilibrium modelling indicates slightly decreasing metamorphic pressures through the transect from 0.6–0.9 GPa at low‐T to 0.4–0.7 GPa at high‐T with preserved blueschist‐facies parageneses, documented for the first time in the area, restricted to the ~400°C–450°C range. Hence, rocks developed close to the Sanbagawa subduction gradient are juxtaposed with rocks that experienced significant retrograde heating during exhumation. Moreover, we found that competent lithologies such as quartzite and basic schist along the transect preserve trenchward‐directed deformation structures that are obliterated by orogen‐parallel stretching in the surrounding, incompetent pelitic schists. U–Pb dating shows progressively older youngest detrital zircon ages and syn‐depositional peaks from 79–76 and ~88–80 Ma in the chlorite zone to ~92 and ~100 Ma in the garnet zone, respectively, indicating that the lower grade units were subducted at a later stage and that, hence, different metamorphic grades in the area correspond to different protolith ages. The data discussed above is consistent with the former presence of a regional shear zone that, although partially obliterated by younger deformation, contributed to the exhumation of higher‐T rocks of the albite‐biotite and oligoclase‐biotite zones over subducting rocks of the chlorite and garnet zones, likely exploiting the subduction interface. These results offer a framework to investigate the geological record of subduction in the polyphase metamorphic rocks of the Sanbagawa belt.
Pituitary gonadotropin‐releasing hormone II as a possible mediator of positive estrogen feedback
Authors: Urbanski Henryk F. , Appleman Maria‐Luisa , Fecteau Kristopher M. , Erikson David W. , Kohama Steven G. , MacKinnon Riley , Lomniczi Alejandro
Published: February 2025

It has previously been shown that rhesus macaques express two forms of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GNRH1 and GNRH2) in the hypothalamus and that both forms can stimulate the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) in vivo. However, while much has been published about the role of GNRH1 in reproduction, very little is known about the hypophysiotropic function of GNRH2. To shed light on this issue, we studied the expression pattern of these two genes in different parts of the monkey hypothalamus and pituitary gland under controlled conditions of circulating estrogen levels, using qPCR, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and RNAscope. GNRH1/GNRH1 expression was found throughout the hypothalamus and was largely unaffected by circulating estradiol levels. In contrast, GNRH2/GNRH2 expression was found to be enhanced by long‐term treatment with estradiol and during the late follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, especially in the arcuate nucleus and pituitary gland. Together these findings suggest that pituitary GNRH2/GNRH2 (but not GNRH1/GNRH1) is induced by positive feedback‐like levels of estradiol. This novel finding raises the possibility that GNRH2 plays a major role in triggering the preovulatory LH surge in primates, not only at the level of the hypothalamus but also the pituitary gland.
Conserved DNA methylation signatures in the prefrontal cortex of female newborn and juvenile guinea pigs following antenatal betamethasone exposure
Authors: Kim Bona , Kostaki Alice , Matthews Stephen G.
Published: February 2025

Antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) improve perinatal survival when there is a risk of preterm birth. Although evidence suggests an increased risk of developing neurobehavioural disorders in exposed offspring, the mechanisms involved remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the DNA methylation patterns in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of ACS‐exposed guinea pig offspring. We hypothesized that differential methylation will be evident at both newborn and juvenile ages. In two separate cohorts, pregnant guinea pigs were administered a subcutaneous injection of saline or betamethasone (1 mg/kg) on gestational days 50/51 to mimic a single course of ACS. The gDNA was isolated from the PFC of term‐born female offspring on postnatal day 1 (PND1, n = 7/group) and PND14 (n = 6–7/group) to identify differentially methylated CpG sites (DMCs) using reduced representative bisulphite sequencing. In the PND1 PFC, 1521 DMCs, annotating 144 genes were identified following ACS. Identified genes are involved in pathways regulating ‘developmental cellular process’. In the PND14 PFC, 776 DMCs representing 46 genes were identified and enriched in ‘synaptic signalling’ pathways. Though no individual DMCs were identified at both PND1 and PND14, differential methylation was consistently observed at the binding sites of transcription factors PLAGL1, TFAP2C, ZNF263 and SP1 at both ages. We have established that ACS exposure leads to altered DNA methylation in the PFC of guinea pig offspring at both newborn and juvenile ages. Notably, a unique methylation signature was consistently observed at four key transcription factor binding sites at both post‐natal time points. These changes may predispose the development of altered neurobehavioural phenotypes that have been described in ACS‐exposed offspring.
Successful Treatment of Complex and Refractory Rosacea Using Platelet‐Rich Plasma Injection Therapy: Case Series and Review of the Literature
Authors: Pang Xinyue , Tan Lisha , Zhao Boyu , Kong Xiangjun , Wang Huiping , Hou Shuping
Published: February 2025

Background

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects a notable proportion of the adult population. Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) has been widely used to treat various inflammatory diseases due to its potent anti‐inflammatory and antibacterial properties. Considering its therapeutic potential, PRP is emerging as a promising option for managing rosacea.

Aims

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of PRP therapy in treating distinct clinical presentations of rosacea and explore its potential as an alternative to systemic treatments, particularly in cases where conventional therapies are contraindicated.

Methods

Five patients of rosacea with distinct presentations were treated with PRP therapy. The treatment outcomes were analyzed, and a brief review of relevant literature was conducted to contextualize the findings. Clinical efficacy was assessed using clinical photographs captured at 0 and 30 days after baseline according to the National Rosacea Society Standard (NRSS) grading system. Additionally, the efficacy of combining PRP injections with delicate pulsed light therapy or botulinum toxin injections was assessed.

Results

PRP therapy demonstrated significant efficacy and safety in treating rosacea, offering a viable alternative to systemic treatments. The combination of PRP with delicate pulsed light therapy or botulinum toxin injections showed enhanced therapeutic outcomes, not only alleviating rosacea symptoms but also reducing or eliminating patients' dependence on oral medications.

Conclusions

PRP therapy, both as a standalone treatment and in combination with other modalities, represents a promising approach for managing rosacea. These findings highlight the potential of PRP to address the limitations of conventional therapies and improve patient outcomes. Further research is warranted to validate these results and optimize treatment protocols.
Advancing Research on the Future of Work in the Age of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Authors: Sarala Riikka M. , Post Corinne , Doh Jonathan , Muzio Daniel
Published: February 2025

Technological developments – particularly related to artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and digitalization – are disrupting the workplace in unprecedented ways, particularly in professional and knowledge‐intensive sectors. Scholars' views on the implications of these disruptions range from optimism and pessimism to scepticism. Disciplines vary in how extensively they have considered the implications of these technological developments. With much prior work focusing on the more macro‐level phenomena and effects, the role of institutions, organizations and individuals – as well as their interrelatedness – remains less examined. In this introductory article to the special issue, we discuss the scope, extent and new domains of change related to the Future of Work and, especially, to AI. We also reflect on the consequences of these changes as well as the related processes and mechanisms through which they will manifest. Then, we introduce and summarize the articles included in this special issue along the above dimensions. We conclude by reflecting on the overall contribution of the special issue and on future directions for examining the Future of Work from the perspective of management studies.
Subject‐Based Transfer Learning in Longitudinal Multiple Sclerosis Lesion Segmentation
Authors: Gaj Sibaji , Thoomukuntla Bhaskar , Ontaneda Daniel , Nakamura Kunio
Published: February 2025

Background and Purpose

Accurate and consistent lesion segmentation from magnetic resonance imaging is required for longitudinal multiple sclerosis (MS) data analysis. In this work, we propose two new transfer learning‐based pipelines to improve segmentation performance for subjects in longitudinal MS datasets.

Method

In general, transfer learning is used to improve deep learning model performance for the unseen dataset by fine‐tuning a pretrained model with a limited number of labeled scans from the unseen dataset. The proposed methodologies fine‐tune the deep learning model for each subject using the first scan and improve segmentation performance for later scans for the same subject. We also investigated the statistical benefits of the proposed methodology by modeling lesion volume over time between progressors according to confirmed disability progression and nonprogressors for a large in‐house dataset (937 MS patients, 3210 scans) using a linear mixed effect (LME) model.

Results

The results show statistically significant improvement for the proposed methodology compared with the traditional transfer learning method using Dice (improvement: 2%), sensitivity (6%), and average volumetric difference (16%), as well as visual analysis for public and in‐house datasets. The LME result showed that the proposed subject‐wise transfer learning method had increased statistical power for the measurement of longitudinal lesion volume.

Conclusion

The proposed method improved lesion segmentation performance and can reduce manual effort to correct the automatic segmentations for final data analysis in longitudinal studies.
Simultaneous mandibular Jaw‐in‐a‐Day and maxillary All‐on‐4 rehabilitation in a single surgery for severe facial trauma: A case report
Authors: Jin Zachary , Jelmini Jonathan J. , Schwitzer David M. , Williams Fayette C. , Hockaday Joshua J. , Kim Roderick Y.
Published: February 2025

Advancements in microvascular free‐flap surgery and virtual surgical planning (VSP, 3D Systems) have allowed significant development in immediate reconstruction and dental rehabilitation of maxillofacial defects. These techniques are commonly utilized for dental rehabilitation of ablative defects of the head and neck affected by pathology. The widespread use of the Jaw‐in‐a‐Day protocol has shown to be a feasible and predictable way to immediately reconstruct and dentally rehabilitate in one surgery. However, the literature on applying these advanced techniques in the trauma setting is limited. Furthermore, there are few reported cases in which a Jaw‐in‐a‐Day protocol is used in conjunction with the full arch dental rehabilitation of the opposing jaw. In this scenario, restoring just one arch would not restore a fully functional occlusion. This case report describes a concomitant mandibular Jaw‐in‐a‐Day with a maxillary All‐on‐4 in one surgery for a patient who sustained severe facial trauma from a self‐inflicted gunshot wound.
Plant Leaf Disease Classification in Precision Farming With Hybrid Classifier: Colour, Deep and Pattern‐Based Feature Descriptors
Authors: Tripathi Mukesh Kumar , Neelakantappa Madugundu , Prashanthi Talla , Sukte Chudaman Devidasrao , Pandurang Deshmukh Dilip , Bhosle Nilesh P.
Published: February 2025

In the agricultural sector, pesticides are used to prevent disease transmission and protect crop yields. However, due to the diverse range of diseases, the human observation can often lead to misidentification. It is essential for a timely and precise disease classification approach without human intervention. Classifying the plant leaf diseases with an automated system is the significant need in this scenario. In this work, a hybrid classification model for the categorisation of plant leaf diseases is presented. Preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction and classification of leaf diseases are the four steps in this method. In this work, crops such as grapes and mango are considered. Primarily, preprocessing the input image by utilising Gaussian filtering methods, which enhances the quality of image. The filtered image is then put through a segmentation process using the MBIRCH framework. The segmented image is then used to extract a number of features, including GLCM, ILGBHS, colour, shape and deep features using the VGG16 and AlexNet networks. Following the procedure, the hybrid model—which combines Bi‐GRU and DCNN with TL—is applied to the acquired features, and the final classified result is determined by the enhanced fusion score method.
An Assessment of Demersal Elasmobranch Occurrence and Associated Habitats Using an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV)
Authors: Taylor Jonathon , Howe John A. , Thorburn James , Fox Clive J. , McGonigle Christopher , Rybanska Petra
Published: February 2025

To implement effective management and conservation strategies, an understanding of the spatial ecology, habitat preferences and movement of demersal elasmobranchs is required. This study combines a photographic survey obtained from an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) with existing bathymetric data to help understand elasmobranch ecology within the Firth of Lorn, western Scotland. This area is within the Loch Sunart to Sound of Jura Marine Protected Area (MPA) and designated for the protection of the critically endangered flapper skate (Dipturus intermedius). Two areas of seabed were surveyed using an AUV in water depths of 110–165 m southwest of the Isle of Kerrera. Eight surveys were conducted in total, four in each area. Each area was surveyed twice over 2 days in October 2020 and twice in 2 days in May June 2021. One day used bait on the seabed (October) whilst all the others had no bait. For each survey, the AUV travelled 17 km at a height of 2 m above the seabed in a lawnmower pattern providing 0.5 km2 photographic coverage for ~2 h per survey. Five elasmobranch species, two scyliorhinids (Scyliohinus canicula and Galeus melastomus) and three rajiformes (D. intermedius, Raja clavata and Leucoraja naevus), were identified from a total of 43 k seabed photographs. In total 42 individual animals and 7 egg cases were observed. Although the AUV had short survey times and small study areas the results are encouraging for AUVs being a useful tool in understanding elasmobranch ecology.
Guiding medical trainees' workplace learning for interprofessional collaboration—Looking to physicians or seeing nurses?
Authors: Stalmeijer Renée E. , de Grave Willem S. , Smeenk Frank W. J. M. , Varpio Lara
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Effective healthcare practice requires interprofessional collaboration (IPC) between all members of the healthcare team. Preparing healthcare trainees for IPC has proven to be difficult. Research suggests that workplace learning has a vital role in acquiring IPC competencies. However, guidance is required for trainees to make optimal use of IPC workplace learning opportunities. This study asks (1) To what extent is guidance provided to medical trainees when learning to collaborate interprofessionally?; and (2) Who provides this guidance and how?

Methods

We conducted a constructivist, qualitative study using iterative cycles of semi‐structured interviews and reflexive thematic analysis. A purposive sample of medical trainees (N = 11), nurses (N = 9), advance practice clinicians (APCs)(N = 3) and attending physicians (N = 9) associated with a department of general internal medicine in a non‐academic teaching hospital participated in this study. Data‐analysis was informed by Billett's concept of guidance.

Results

Guidance on IPC was provided to medical trainees both intraprofessionally and interprofessionaly, be it limited, informal and implicit. Nurses and APCs provided more guidance on IPC than attending physicians. Guidance by attending physicians included implicit modelling and only became explicit in response to concerns raised about trainees' IPC by nurses. Nurses and APCs provided continuous guidance on various aspects of IPC but felt hampered by hierarchical issues to provide feedback. Trainees were more focused on feedback provided by attending physicians than they were aware of nurses' feedback.

Conclusion

The potential of workplace learning to learn IPC competencies is currently hampered by a lack of explicit guidance. Optimizing the role of workplace learning in IPC competence development requires more explicit role modelling and collaborative intentionality by attending physicians, more critical reflection by trainees and a strengthening of the feedback role of nurses and APCs.
MmoD and MmoG Are Crucial for the Synthesis of Soluble Methane Monooxygenase in Methanotrophs
Authors: Cheng Minggen , Liu Yongchuang , Yan Xin
Published: February 2025

Soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) from methanotrophs has been extensively investigated for decades. However, major knowledge gaps persist regarding the synthesis mechanism of sMMO, particularly concerning the ambiguous roles of mmoD and mmoG in the sMMO gene cluster. Here, the functions of mmoD and mmoG were investigated in a model methanotrophic strain, Methylotuvimicrobium buryatense 5GB1C. Both genes were found to be essential for the functional expression of sMMO. Genetic and biochemical data supported the hypothesis that MmoG acts as a folding chaperone for both MmoX and MmoR, while MmoD serves as an assembly chaperone for the hydroxylase component. The functional expression of sMMO in Escherichia coli was achieved in an mmoD‐ and mmoG‐dependent manner. In addition, deletion of mmoD dramatically reduced the transcription of the sMMO cluster in M. buryatense 5GB1C, implying that MmoD may regulate the sMMO cluster via an unknown mechanism. Knockout of neither mmoD nor mmoG abolished the essential feature of “copper switch”, indicating that they do not serve as the initial regulators of “copper switch”. These results demonstrate the crucial roles of mmoD and mmoG in sMMO synthesis and offer new insights into heterologous expression of sMMO.
Association Between Intestinal Diseases and Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Wu Yuebo , Ji Daozhi , Chen Xiaoqiu , Wang Lixin , Ye Fang
Published: February 2025

Background

Despite evidence suggesting a potential correlation between intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) with periodontitis (PD), there is a lack of comprehensive systematic reviews and meta‐analyses to consolidate these findings.

Methods

This study investigates studies published until December 31, 2023, in reputable databases such as PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The statistical analysis was conducted using Review Manager Version 5.4, calculating odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) based on the selected research papers, utilizing a fixed‐effects model.

Results

It demonstrates a significant increase in the risk of PD among patients with IBD, as indicated by an OR of 2.11 (95% CI: 1.80–2.49). Further analysis revealed elevated risks of PD for both Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), with respective ORs of 1.96 (95% CI: 1.69–2.26) and 2.14 (95% CI: 1.85–2.47). A direct association was observed between CRC and PD, suggesting a 20% higher risk of PD in patients with CRC (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.06–1.36).

Conclusion

Our meta‐analysis highlights the potential role of PD in managing systemic conditions like IBD and CRC.
Attitude of Undergraduate Dental Students to Oral Mucosal Biopsies From Six European Countries
Authors: Brailo Vlaho , Lončar Brzak Božana , Carey Barbara , Andabak Rogulj Ana , Vidović Juras Danica , Škrinjar Ivana , Freitas Marcio Diniz , Posse Jacobo Limeres , Monteiro Luis , Silva Luis M. , Fricain Jean‐Cristophe , Catros Sylvain , Lodi Giovanni , Lombardi Niccolò , Varoni Elena , Cook Richard , Escudier Michael , Ariyaratnam Raj , Albuquerque Rui
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Multiple studies have been undertaken to assess level of knowledge on the topic of oral mucosal biopsies from a general dental practitioner perspective, but only limited data is available on undergraduate dental students' perspective. The aim of this study was to assess clinical experience and attitudes towards oral mucosal biopsies in final‐year undergraduate dental students.

Material and Methods

Online questionnaire was sent to dental students in six European countries (Croatia, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom). The questionnaire assessed clinical experience, attitudes to oral biopsy, self‐perceived competence, and obstacles for performing a biopsy. Multiple choice questions and 5‐point Likert scale were used.

Results

Two hundred and ninety‐three students (response rate 24% to 88%) participated in the survey. A small proportion of students (54; 21.7%) performed a biopsy during their undergraduate education, mainly in an oral medicine setting. The majority of students did not consider themselves competent in performing a biopsy. The most common listed obstacle for performing a biopsy was lack of clinical experience with oral mucosal lesions.

Conclusion

The results suggest there is a need for more practical training in oral biopsy techniques, as well as a need for increased clinical exposure to different oral mucosal pathologies.
An efficient mRNA delivery system for genome editing in plants
Authors: Qiu Fengti , Xue Chenxiao , Liu Jinxing , Li Boshu , Gao Qiang , Liang Ronghong , Chen Kunling , Gao Caixia
Published: February 2025

Transgene‐free genome editing is important for crop improvement as it reduces unanticipated genomic changes. While mRNA delivery systems offer a powerful method for achieving transgene‐free genome editing, they remain inefficient and challenging in plants. Here we describe an efficient mRNA delivery system for plants with substantially improved editing efficiency. By optimizing the 5′ untranslated regions (5′UTRs) and poly(A) tails of in vitro‐transcribed (IVT) mRNAs and coating the mRNA with protamine during particle bombardment, we have developed an optimized mRNA delivery system termed v2_TMV/DEN2. This system enhanced the efficiencies of knock‐out, A‐to‐G and C‐to‐T base editing by an average 4.7‐, 3.4‐ and 2.5‐fold at various endogenous sites compared with plasmid‐based transient delivery system via particle bombardment in rice suspension cells and wheat immature embryos 48 h post‐transformation. Furthermore, we obtained edited plants with efficiencies of 5.0–180.8% and 26.1–26.2% using v2_TMV/DEN2 in rice and wheat, respectively, compared with 0.0–43.2% and 4.7–10.4% using plasmids. Our study provides a convenient and efficient mRNA delivery system for transgene‐free genome editing in plants.
Evaluating the Cutaneous Manifestations and Associated Comorbidities of Childhood Obesity
Authors: Epstein Samantha , Shah Sonal D.
Published: February 2025

Rates of childhood obesity are rising, making it a public health concern due to its link to numerous poor health outcomes over the lifespan. In adults, obesity is associated with various inflammatory skin conditions; however, this is not well‐studied in children with obesity. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the TrinetX Research Network Database, evaluating children under 18 with and without obesity and various dermatologic conditions and comorbidities. Childhood obesity was associated with increased rates of all dermatologic conditions and associated comorbidities evaluated (p < 0.05). This study highlights associations between various dermatologic conditions and comorbidities in children with obesity, compared with those without, emphasizing the need for early intervention and management strategies to mitigate obesity related health complications in pediatric populations.
A Phase 1, Open‐Label Study of the Pharmacokinetics of Ritlecitinib in Children Aged 6–12 Years With Alopecia Areata
Authors: Gonzalez Mercedes E. , Browning John , Smith Stacy , Plotka Anna , Zhu Jing “Daisy” , Parvatini Shyam , Huh Yeamin , Wolk Robert
Published: February 2025

Background

Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by hair loss that can negatively impact quality of life. AA has a significant pediatric prevalence; however, no systemic treatments are approved for AA in patients aged < 12 years. Ritlecitinib, a JAK3/TEC family kinase inhibitor, is approved to treat adults and adolescents with severe AA aged ≥ 12 years. This study evaluated ritlecitinib pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and safety in pediatric patients with AA aged 6 to < 12 years.

Methods

In this single‐group, uncontrolled, open‐label study, participants received ritlecitinib 20 mg once daily for 7 days. PK parameters of ritlecitinib on Day 7 were measured and summarized descriptively. Safety outcomes, including incidence of adverse events (AEs), were evaluated.

Results

Fifteen participants were enrolled and 14 (93.3%) completed the study. The median time to maximum concentration (Tmax) for plasma concentrations of ritlecitinib on Day 7 was ~0.5 h. The mean half‐life of ritlecitinib was ~1.19 h. Geometric means (% coefficient of variation) for area under the curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC24) and maximum concentration (Cmax) were 437.5 ng·h/mL (30%) and 208.7 ng/mL (38%), respectively. Four AEs were experienced by 3 participants, with 1 AE of urticaria resulting in permanent discontinuation. No severe AEs, serious AEs, or clinically meaningful laboratory abnormalities were reported.

Conclusions

Ritlecitinib PK parameters in pediatric patients were successfully characterized in the present study. Ritlecitinib 20 mg once daily was generally well tolerated in pediatric patients with AA.

Trial Registration

NCT05650333
Clubroot Disease in South Asia: Distribution and Management Practices
Authors: Ghimire Ashish , Devkota Shilpa , Sarkar Ananya , Mittapelly Priyanka , Adhikary Dinesh
Published: February 2025

Clubroot, caused by the biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a devastating root disease that affects all members of the Brassicaceae family. Significant progress has been made in understanding its occurrence, life cycle and management strategies. This disease has posed a considerable threat to producers and breeders globally, including South Asia. The disease has been reported in India, Nepal and parts of Bangladesh, Bhutan, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The cool and moist climatic conditions in the northern Himalayan belt, combined with acidic soils and inadequate disease management systems, are key factors, particularly in areas of India and Nepal prone to clubroot outbreaks. Disease management strategies currently focus on soil amendments, the use of synthetic fungicides and fumigants and the application of resistant genotypes. However, limited research has been conducted on modes of disease transmission. Recent studies revealed that contaminated soil and infected seedlings are major contributors to the spread of the pathogen. Brassica crops such as B. juncea (mustard), B. napus (canola) and B. oleracea (cabbage) are particularly vulnerable. However, resistant cultivars like B. napus ‘Midas’ and B. oleracea ‘Big Sun 111’, ‘Nepa Star’ and ‘Kathmandu Local’, have been identified in India and Nepal, offering some potential for mitigating the disease. To combat clubroot effectively, there is an urgent need for integrated disease management strategies and the development of resistant genetic materials. These efforts should involve diverse stakeholders, including producers, industries, government sectors and academicians, aiming to advance the understanding of clubroot challenges and bridging critical research in South Asia.
Health literacy and frailty: the mediating role of instrumental activities of daily living
Authors: Nakamura Keisuke , Sasaki Tomohiro , Yokokawa Yoshiharu , Yokouchi Shinobu
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Japan has the fastest ageing population worldwide, with a high prevalence of frailty. This study aimed to investigate the impact of communicative and critical health literacy (CCHL) on the progression of frailty in older adults participating in community‐based programs over 1 year, and whether instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) mediate this relationship.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study used data from the Matsumoto City Frailty Prevention Project, involving 373 older adults aged 65 years and over. Health literacy was measured using the CCHL scale, and IADL was assessed using the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence (TMIG‐IC), which includes five items of IADLs. Frailty was classified using the Japanese version of the Cardiovascular Health Study (J‐CHS) criteria. Mediation analysis was used to evaluate the role of IADL in the relationship between health literacy and frailty.

Results

Participants with higher CCHL had significantly better IADL scores (coefficient = 0.127, P = 0.043) and were less likely to progress to frailty (odds ratio: 0.546, P = 0.009). Mediation analysis revealed that IADL accounted for approximately 10.7% of the total effect of health literacy on frailty progression (P = 0.030).

Conclusion

Higher CCHL reduces the risk of frailty progression, with IADL playing a mediating role. Interventions targeting both health literacy and IADL may effectively prevent frailty in older adults.
Formation and ecology of oak shrubby layers during long‐term oak savanna restoration
Authors: Abella Scott R. , Menard Karen S. , Schetter Timothy A. , Sprow LaRae A. , Walters Timothy L. , Brewer Lawrence G. , Berghel Kevin M. , Chiquoine Lindsay P.
Published: February 2025

Woody plant encroachment can eliminate open‐structured habitats and commonly triggers ecological restoration. However, the long‐term dynamics and formation processes of encroaching woody layers are often unclear, including after initial restoration has reestablished open habitats, making sustainability of restoration gains in open habitats uncertain. To examine the multi‐decade change and formation processes of encroaching oak shrubby layers in midwestern U.S. savannas and woodlands undergoing restoration, we measured: (1) oak shrubby layers (primarily Quercus velutina) for 24–34 years on 24 restoration sites receiving 2–17 prescribed fires, (2) demographics of 379 shrubby oak shoots, and (3) age structure to determine recruitment history of oak shoots. The oak shrubby layer did not form until the second or third decade of restoration management. It was maximized when sites had cumulatively received ≥4 fires, but none within 3 years, and overstories were open. Most (91%) small‐diameter (<2.5 cm at 1.4 m) oak shoots were top‐killed by fire if incurring ≥15% scorch, but 99% resprouted. Moreover, the greater the scorch, the faster resprouts subsequently grew. Repeated establishment of the shrubby layer occurred through synchronized, even‐aged pulses the year after fires. Results suggest that the oak shrubby layer, and its resilience, expands decades into restoration management and represents a conundrum. Some oak regeneration must occur to maintain savanna‐woodland structure, and depauperate oak regeneration threatens oak ecosystems in many regions. Yet for restoring savannas, continual restoration inputs were required to perpetually reduce encroachment by oak, and the inputs needed increased—not decreased—as restoration sites aged.
Corporate Governance in a Crypto‐World
Authors: Davidson Sinclair
Published: February 2025

This paper explores the nature of governance both within and by blockchains and the economies they support. There is a widespread assumption that the proper governance model for these economies is political. In this paper, I make an alternative claim, namely that a more accurate model for blockchain governance is as a species of corporate governance. Political and corporate governance are similar, but they solve different problems with different incentives. Political governance, at its base, seeks to create legitimacy for coercive acts. Corporate governance is about solving agency problems with voluntary agreement. I explain why crypto governance is more like the latter, and in so doing draw out some of the lessons of the theory of modern corporate governance that might then usefully apply to the design of blockchain governance mechanisms.
Determinants of Anxiety, Depression and Subjective Wellbeing Among Musicians in Denmark: Findings From the ‘When Music Speaks’ Project
Authors: Musgrave George , Gross Sally Anne , Carney Daniel
Published: February 2025

Some studies have suggested that professional musicians may suffer from elevated levels of mental ill health compared to both non‐professional musicians and the general public. The aim of this study was to explore the levels of anxiety, depression, and subjective wellbeing among musicians in a country famed for high levels of wellbeing: Denmark. More specifically, we sought to evaluate the impact of age, gender, income, and subjective career status (SCS)–that is, seeing music as one's main career—on these variables. 986 musicians from a range of career stages and genres (both popular—or rhythmic as it is referred to in Denmark—and classical) completed a survey measuring anxiety and depression using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and measuring subjective wellbeing using Cantril's self‐anchoring scale. Multiple regression models were used to explore the relationship between the four independent variables and our three outcome measure scores. Additionally, the sample was split on the basis of their respective significant predictor variables combined in order to observe between‐group differences. Firstly, we found that age, gender, and SCS—but not income—significantly predicted anxiety scores. Being younger, being female, and viewing music‐making as one's main career all predicted higher levels of anxiety. Demographic group comparisons confirmed that younger female musicians who viewed music‐making as their main career were particularly at risk in comparison to other groups. Secondly, age (younger) and gender (female) were also predictors of higher depression scores, but SCS status and income category were not. Lastly, age (younger), gender (female), and income (membership of the three lowest income categories) predicted lower scores on the subjective wellbeing measure. The fact that income did not significantly predict anxiety or depression scores suggested that elevated levels of either of these experienced by career‐oriented musicians might not relate to income, or at least may not be solely income‐related. Our findings contribute towards literature that seeks to better understand the determinants of elevated levels of mental ill health among musicians and towards research into mental health and wellbeing in Denmark more generally.
Not Just Against Overpopulation: White Supremacy in Population Control Initiatives
Authors: Lee Yeon‐Hwa
Published: February 2025

Despite extensive scholarship on mid‐twentieth‐century global family planning, the motivations of American elites in launching these initiatives in Asia, Latin America, and Africa remain debated. Based on archival research, this paper reveals that these programs were driven by a racial ideology rooted in white supremacist anxieties, intrinsically tied to fears about demographic changes. Elites framed “non‐white” people as lacking rational capacity, creating both the urgency and legitimacy for interventions aimed at controlling their growth. By tracing how narratives evolved—from early fears of racial degeneration and race suicide to the eugenics movement and the application of the Demographic Transition Model—this paper argues that the global population control campaign was not primarily a response to overpopulation. Instead, it aimed to limit the growth of “non‐white” population as a means of consolidating white supremacy.
Understanding Rural Stayers: The Influence of Definitions and Methods
Authors: Zahl‐Thanem Alexander
Published: February 2025

In recent years, academic interest in individuals who have opted to stay in rural areas has increased, following a period of considerable focus on geographic mobility and internal migration. The shift from focusing primarily on ‘migrants’ and ‘leavers’ to those who stay has informed a more nuanced understanding of the factors influencing their decisions to stay and the reasons behind their choices. This article aims to illustrate how our understanding of ‘rural stayers’ is shaped by the methodological choices we make in defining and measuring the concept. Specifically, using survey data and population registers from Norway, the article empirically demonstrates how employing different operational definitions affects not only the estimated number of rural stayers but also their demographic and socioeconomic profiles, as well as subsequent stayer outcomes. Furthermore, the analyses show that survey data tend to underestimate the number of stayers due to nonresponse bias, whereas population registers tend to overestimate stayers by failing to account for temporary movements related to education. In discussing these issues, the article highlights the critical role that operational definitions and methods play in shaping our understanding of the phenomenon of rural staying.
Research on the Evaluation Method of Surveillance Camera Layout for 3D Spatial Grids
Authors: Wei Changle , Zhou Liangchen , Yin Quanqing , Lin Bingxian
Published: February 2025

With the development of projects like “smart cities,” the assessment of surveillance camera layout has emerged as a pivotal step in pursuing optimized monitoring systems. The current body of research on the evaluation of outdoor camera layouts is deficient in its lack of attention to methods that address complex 3D scenes and local monitoring quality. This paper presents an evaluation system prioritizing monitoring quality in outdoor surveillance camera layouts. A quantitative evaluation method is proposed based on a 3D spatial grid, leveraging camera parameters to construct a detailed camera coverage model. By voxelization of the 3D scene, key metrics such as spatial resolution, distortion factor, and multi‐view coverage factor are calculated. The Analytic Hierarchy Process is employed to determine the weights of these metrics. The method considers varying security requirements, enabling a comprehensive multi‐criteria assessment. This approach facilitates detailed blind spot detection and layout evaluation.
The Outcomes and Surgical Complications of Cats With Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Treated With Total Glosso‐Mandibulectomy: 20 Cases (2008–2022)
Authors: Iwata Taisuke , Ichimata Masanao , Fujita Atsushi , Shiraishi Yozo , Kagawa Yumiko , Toshima Atsushi , Kobayashi Tetsuya
Published: February 2025

Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC) is the most common oral malignancy in cats. In general, FOSCC develops rapidly and is highly locally invasive. The existing treatments for treating FOSCC are limited. The objective of this single‐centre retrospective cohort study was to report the prognosis and surgical complications in cats that underwent total glosso‐mandibulectomy (TGM) for feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC). We investigated the medical records of 20 cats diagnosed with FOSCC by histopathologic examination and treated with TGM. The locations of FOSCC were in the mandible and tongue in 12 and 8 cats, respectively. All cats underwent percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Postoperative complications of TGM were observed in 18 (90.0%) cats; incisional swelling was noted in 11 cats, including three cats with airway obstruction requiring management by tracheal intubation for several days. Postoperative anaemia was observed in 10 cats; two cats required blood transfusions. No cats died during the postoperative period. Progression‐free interval (PFI) and overall survival time (OST) were 914 and 533 days, respectively. The 1‐ and 2‐year survival rates were 50.2% and 37.8%, respectively. On univariate analysis, only histopathologic margin was associated with PFI and OST. TGM was successful in achieving long‐term survival for FOSCC. Conversely, lifelong nutritional support via a gastrostomy tube and routine home care, including the removal of secretions from the palate and throat, was needed. There were no perioperative deaths, but serious complications occurred in some cats. The histopathologic margin was an important prognostic factor.
The value of slough in wounds for the diagnosis of microbiology cultivation
Authors: Li Yunfeng , Cai Meng , Li Nan , Zhang Hua , Huang Ershun , Zhao Jinghui , Jin Mei , Zhang Long
Published: February 2025

Slough is not currently a recommended microbiology culture specimen. The aim of our work is to analyse the concordance of results between slough and swab samples for cultures. A single‐centre, retrospective, cross‐sectional study involving patients (n = 131) with hard to heal wounds was conducted from October 2022 to October 2023. Pairs of slough and swab samples were collected for microbiological analysis and subdivided depending on whether a relatively clean wound bed was obtained. Swab samples were collected using the Levine and deep pus methods, Cohen's κ coefficients calculated to evaluate concordance, and microbiological agreement analysed. Gram‐stain results did not differ significantly between slough and swab samples (𝜒2 = 329.287, p = 0.688; concordance, κ = 0.879, p < 0.001); microbiological agreement was 90.1%. Samples from 87 patients with relatively clean wound beds generated excellent concordance between slough and Levine technique (κ = 0.867, p < 0.001; microbiological agreement, 89.7%). In 44 patients with slough and deep pus swab where a relatively clean wound bed could not be obtained, Gram‐stain also demonstrated excellent concordance (κ = 0.898, p < 0.001; microbiology agreement, 90.9%). Our data provide evidence that slough is a reliable wound specimen from hard to heal wounds for microbiology culture.
On Robin problems with infinite‐point BCs
Authors: Lee Chiun‐Chang
Published: February 2025

We study semilinear equations with Robin‐type infinite‐point boundary conditions, where the boundary conditions depend nonlocally on the solution at infinitely many interior points. To overcome the difficulties arising from the lack of guaranteed variational structure in these models, we establish mappings that correspond to the boundary conditions. Through a combination of asymptotic analysis and fixed‐point arguments, we prove the existence of solutions under specific assumptions. This approach is novel in related research.
The Mediating Role of Physical Function on the Self-Reported Pain and Cognitive Function Association
Authors: Lipat Ania , Peterson Jessica , Strath Larissa , Fillingim Roger B. , Allen Kyle D. , Cruz-Almeida Yenisel
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Studies that have investigated the relationship between pain intensity and interference and cognitive function have failed to fully consider the role physical function may play in this relationship. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the mediating role of physical function in the relationship between self-reported pain intensity and interference and cognitive function in middle-to-older aged adults with knee pain. Methods: Middle-to-older aged participants with knee pain (n = 202) completed the Graded Chronic Pain Scale to assess pain intensity and interference, the Short Performance Physical Battery to assess lower-extremity physical function, and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment to assess global cognitive function. Linear regression-based mediation analyses were used to assess associations between pain intensity and interference and cognitive function, with lower-extremity physical function as the mediator. Results: The direct relationship between pain intensity and cognitive function was significant (β = −0.269, p < .001) and remained significant when physical function was included as a mediator (c’=−0.0854, p = .003). The direct relationship between pain interference and cognitive function was also significant (β = −0.149, p = .023) but was attenuated when physical function was included as a mediator (c’=−0.0100, p = .09). Conclusion: Physical function partially mediated the relationship between pain intensity and cognitive function and fully mediated the relationship between pain interference and cognitive function. Significance/Implications: Higher levels of pain intensity and interference may lead to worse cognitive function when physical function is also impaired. Improving physical function may improve cognitive function in those with pain.