bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vacas terminadas em campo nativo suplementadas com farelo de trigo ou farelo de arroz integral contendo ou não monensina sódica
Authors: Osmari Milene Puntel , Arboitte Miguelangelo Ziegler , Brondani Ivan Luiz , Kuss Fernando , Alves Filho Dari Celstino , Restle João
Published: January 2009

Foram avaliados o desempenho, composição física, rendimento de cortes comerciais e a qualidade da carne de vinte e oito vacas Charolês, Nelore e suas cruzas, com peso vivo médio inicial de 409 kg, terminadas em campo nativo com alta participação de Eragrostis plana Nees., suplementadas por 99 dias com farelo de trigo (FTR) ou farelo de arroz integral (FAI), a 0,5% do peso vivo na matéria seca, com ou sem a inclusão de monensina sódica, separados em grupos de sete para a composição dos tratamentos. O uso de farelo de trigo proporcionou melhor conformação da carcaça (P<0,05), classificando essa como "regular +" (9,90 pontos). As demais características estudadas não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelo tipo de suplemento. A inclusão de monensina sódica não proporcionou diferenças significativas (P>0,05) nas variáveis estudadas.
Avaliação de máquinas e equipamentos que oferecem riscos à segurança do trabalhador nas etapas de pós-colheita do café
Authors: Carvalho Cinara da Cunha Siqueira , Borém Flávio Meira , Rabello Giovanni Francisco
Published: January 2009

A Lei Brasileira nº 6.514, de 22 de dezembro de 1977 (BRASIL, 2004) e as leis aprovadas pela portaria nº3.067, de 12 de abril de 1988 que cuida das questões de saúde e segurança do trabalhador, prometem o direito subjetivo do trabalhador urbano e rural, a redução dos riscos do trabalho mediante normas de saúde, higiene e segurança. Considerando que essas leis atualmente estão sendo aplicadas em fazendas e unidades de processamento de café, no intuito de preservar o bem-estar do trabalhador, conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de avaliar o estado de conservação de máquinas e equipamentos que podem oferecer riscos à saúde e comprometer a segurança do funcionário, e verificar sua conformidade com as normas regulamentadoras durante a fase de pós-colheita de café. Foram observados e registrados os riscos oferecidos pelas máquinas e equipamentos, existentes em trinta unidades de beneficiamento de café do município de São Sebastião do Paraíso - MG, e avaliados de forma qualitativa. Foi observado que o estado de conservação desses equipamentos é irregular, pois apresentam ruído, temperaturas extremas, poeira e oferecem riscos de choques e acidentes mecânicos que comprometem a saúde do trabalhador.
Investimento direto externo e industrialização no Brasil
Authors: Curado Marcelo , Cruz Marcio José Vargas da
Published: January 2009

Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir o papel do investimento direto externo - IDE no processo de industrialização da economia brasileira entre 1860 e 1980. Utiliza-se como referência de periodização desse processo a proposta elaborada por Tavares (1975) e Mello (1982), que apresenta a seguinte configuração: (1) Crescimento com diversificação da atividade industrial (1860-1933); (2) Industrialização restringida (1933-1955); e (3) Industrialização pesada (1955-1980). A análise demonstra que o comportamento dos IDEs deve ser entendido à luz das condições vigentes no plano interno e externo, como proposto originalmente por Possas (1983).
Produtividade, salários e taxa de câmbio: uma análise da experiência brasileira nos anos 1990
Authors: Romanatto Eduiges , Porcile Gabriel , Curado Marcelo
Published: January 2009

O propósito deste trabalho é analisar as relações entre salário real, produtividade, emprego e taxa de câmbio real na economia brasileira durante os anos 1990. Esse período é particularmente interessante, já que combinou liberalização comercial, valorização da moeda e aumentos elevados de produtividade. Com esse objetivo, testou-se, através de um modelo VEC, um modelo teórico baseado em concorrência monopolística. O modelo fez as previsões corretas quanto à relação salário real e produtividade, mas não quanto à relação salário real e emprego.
Trabalho e rendimentos na nova série do sistema de contas nacionais
Authors: Hallak Neto João , Kozovits Luciene Rodrigues , Ramos Roberto Luis Olinto , Pereira Sandra Rosa
Published: January 2009

Este artigo tem como objetivo comparar os resultados do fator trabalho e dos rendimentos a ele associados entre as séries antiga e nova do SCN do Brasil. Assim, foram apresentados os principais aspectos conceituais e metodológicos e as diferenças existentes na construção e nos resultados obtidos pelas duas séries do SCN. Para avaliar os novos resultados, eles foram comparados com os dados de outras bases estatísticas freqüentemente utilizadas nos estudos relativos ao mercado de trabalho: PNAD, POF e Rais. O confronto dos resultados do SCN com os das bases selecionadas ratificaram a conclusão de que essas variáveis estão mais bem mensuradas na nova série do SCN, e que se encontravam subestimadas nos anos finais da série antiga.
Effect of inoculation associated to leaf sprayed Co+Mo on the yield and grain nutrients in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)
Authors: Berton Junior João Francisco , Santos Julio Cesar Pires , Coelho Cileide Maria Medeiros , Klauberg Filho Osmar
Published: January 2009

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of nitrogen fixing inoculum associated with Co + Mo leaf spray on the common bean grain yield and grain nutrients, cv. FT Nobre. Three dosages of the inoculant (0, 200 and 400 g/50 kg seeds), combined with four Co + Mo leaf spray levels (T0=0,0; T1=4.9,49; T2=7.3,73; and T3=9.7,97 g ha-1 of Co and Mo, respectively) were tested. The grain yield with the use of the inoculant (400 g / 5O kg seed-1) associated with the higher level of Co+Mo (T2 and T3) was very similar to the mineral nitrogen condition fertilizer recommended for the bean (70 kg ha-1 of N). With the increased inoculant dosage, an increase of the protein content and of P and Mg in the grain was also observed. The results indicated that the mineral nitrogen source could be replaced by inoculation of the seeds with Rhizobium tropici combined with Co + Mo leaf spray.
Micropropagation of Alibertia edulis Rich
Authors: Silva Fernanda Augusta Boato da , Pereira Luiz Alfredo Rodrigues , Silveira Conceição Eneida dos Santos
Published: January 2009

The aim of this work was to develop a micropropagation protocol for Alibertia edulis, a medicinal Brazilian Cerrado plant. A. edulis seeds were sterilized and germinated in water-agar. Fifteen millimeter long explants from the seedlings cultivated for 50 days were used for the multiplication in three consecutive subcultures. The cytokinin benzyladenine (BA) alone or combined with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was added to ¼ MS medium. The treatments containing combinations of the BA + IBA induced more shoot proliferation than the BA alone, with the optimum concentration of 0.5 mg.L-1 for both growth regulators. A. edulis shoots elongated easily and the presence of growth regulators did have a positive effect on the shoot elongation. Consecutive subcultures also had a positive effect on both sprouting and shoot elongation. Activated charcoal was essential for rooting, and all rooted plants were able to acclimatize.
Mortality of Bemisia tabaci biotype B (sternorrhyncha: aleyrodidae) adults by aliphatic and aromatic synthetic sucrose esters
Authors: Alves Mariangela , Boscolo Maurício , Fernandes Odair Aparecido , Nunes Maria Andréia
Published: January 2009

The B-strain of Bemisia tabaci Gennadius is a key pest of several crops and chemical control is the main control method used by growers, although reduction in efficacy due to insecticide resistance has already been reported. The aim of this work was to investigate the insecticidal effect of an array of synthetic sucrose esters with the aliphatic and aromatic groups on whitefly adults. Sucrose butyrate, caprate, octanoate, palmitate, oleate, octaacetate, phthalate, benzoate, and sucrose diacetate hexaisobutyrate were tested. The solutions were prepared and applied on the adults caught on yellow sticky traps using the Potter spray tower. Long-chains sucrose aliphatic esters were more effective against the silverleaf whiteflies and the highest mortality was obtained with sucrose oleate and sucrose octanoate. Since these compounds were tensoactive, sodium dodecylsulphate was also tested for the comparison but no effect was observed. Sucrose butyrate and other aliphatic and aromatic sucrose polyesters showed negligible effect on the silverleaf whiteflies.
Repellent, antifeedant and insecticidal effects of neem oil on Microtheca punctigera
Authors: Mikami Adriana Yatie , Ventura Maurício Ursi
Published: January 2009

The effects of concentrations (0.00, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00%) of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica - Meliaceae) oil emulsion on the behavioral and biological parameters of M. punctigera were investigated in the laboratory. Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) host plant was used. Multiple and no-choice feeding preference assays were conducted which shown multiple effects. The males were repelled by the neem oil in multiple-choice assay. The adult (multiple-choice) and larvae (multiple and no-choice) feeding were deterred. The larvae mortality was higher in the neem oil treated than the control leaves. Further investigations are suggested to test neem oil in the management of the pest in the field.
Effect of the extract of Ricinus communis L. on the osmotic fragility, labeling of red blood cells with Technetium-99m and morphology of the cells
Authors: Mousinho Kristiana Cerqueira , Correia Marília Bezerra Libório , Silva Jailson Oliveira da , Magnata Simey de Souza Leão Pereira , Souza Ivone Antônia de , Catanho Maria Teresa Jansem de Almeida
Published: January 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the proteic extract of R. communis on the cell physiology by the osmotic fragility, labeling of the blood elements with the 99mTc and cell morphology. To evaluate the osmotic fragility, the blood samples of the Wistar rats were incubated with the concentrations of R. communis and with the solutions of NaCl (0.4; 0.7; 0.9%). In the labeling of the blood elements procedure, the rat blood was treated with a solution of Tc-99m and TCA at 5%, determining the rate of radioactivity (%ATI) in the plasma (P) and in the red blood cells (RBC). The soluble and insoluble fractions of the plasma were also evaluated. The cells morphology submitted to the extract was evaluated by the optical microscopy (x40). The results indicated that the rate of the hemolysis increased in the presence of 0.125 mg/mL of the extract. There was a decay of 49.69% in the rate of ATI in the insoluble fraction of the cells, with the morphological alterations in the red blood cells. These results suggested that the extract changed the capability of binding of the red blood cells due to the stannous ion oxidation, modifying the cells structure.
Evaluation of activity of the crude ethanolic extract of Magonia pubescens St. Hil (Sapindaceae) against larvae of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) (Acari: Ixodidae)
Authors: Fernandes Fernando de Freitas , Bessa Priscilla Antunes Diógenes , Freitas Edméia de Paula e Souza
Published: January 2009

The acaricidal potential of the crude ethanolic extract (c.e.e.) of the stem peel of Magonia pubescens was evaluated against larvae of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The larvae were placed in filter paper envelopes impregnated with different concentrations of c.e.e., dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and distilled water for determination of lethal concentrations (LC). The following treatments were used: 1. Envelopes of dry filter paper; 2. Envelopes of filter paper moistened with distilled water; 3. Envelopes of filter paper moistened with a solution of DMSO in distilled water; and 4. Envelopes moistened with 2 mL of each concentration of the c.e.e. to be tested. The bioassays were carried out in quadruplicate at 27°±1° C and RH e"80% and 12h light. Mortality was observed after 48 h, LC50 and LC99 values of 365 and 4,000 ppm being obtained. There was no significant mortality in larvae exposed to the first three treatments (p < 0.05).
Ketoconazole- and fluconazole-induced embryotoxicity and skeletal anomalies in wistar rats: a comparative study
Authors: Amaral Vanessa Cristiane de Santana , Nunes Junior Guilhermino Pereira
Published: January 2009

Ketoconazole and fluconazole are two broad-spectrum azole antifungals used for the treatment of superficial and systemic mycoses. Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity have been reported in some studies when those drugs are administered at high doses to pregnant rats. The aim of this study was to present a comparative study of embryotoxic effects as well as the skeletal anomalies in fetuses of Wistar rats which received ketoconazole and fluconazole at teratogenic doses on gestational days (GD) 6 through 15 (organogenesis period). On gestational day (GD) 21, the dams were euthanized and examined for standard parameters of reproductive outcome. Fetuses were stained with alizarin red and the bones of the head, trunk, forelimb and hindlimb were examined for detection of skeletal anomalies. The frequency of skeletal anomalies in the ketoconazole-treated group was significant when compared to the fluconazole and the control group.
Profile of milk fatty acids from moxotó goats fed with different levels of manicoba (Manihot Glaziovii Muel Arg.) silage
Authors: Mesquita Ítala Viviane Ubaldo , Costa Roberto Germano , Queiroga Rita de Cássia Ramos do Egypto , Medeiros Ariosvaldo Nunes de , Schuler Alexandre Ricardo Pereira
Published: January 2009

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the manicoba silage use (Manihot glaziovii Muel Arg.) in different roughage:concentrate ratios (30:70; 40:60; 50:50 and 60:40 %) on the fatty acids profile of the milk from Moxotó goats. Eight multiparous goats with approximately 60 post-birth days and weigh 44 kg on average were used in a Double Latin Square with four treatments, four periods and four animals. Each period lasted 15 days with 10 days of adaptation to experimental diets and 5 days of milk collection. The results of the fatty acids analyses were submitted to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression. An increasing linear effect for the miristic acid (C14:0) and decreasing for the linoleic acid (C18:3) was observed in function of the silage levels in diet. The milk fat presented high contents of desirable fatty acids (C18:0 + unsaturated acids), considered as nutritionally important due to their benefits to the human health. It could be concluded that the manicoba silage could be included in the diet with the participation of up to 60%, presenting a nutrient supply of high nutritional value.
Predacious activity of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in conventional and in No-till agriculture systems
Authors: Lange Denise , Fernandes Wedson Desidério , Raizer Josué , Faccenda Odival
Published: January 2009

This study had the objective of assessing the differences in foraging activity of the predacious ants between two areas, one conventional and other with no-till agriculture systems. The research was conducted in two contiguous 1.5 ha plots in Dourados MS, Brazil, from February 2001 to December 2003. Each plot received 750 baits (Nasutitermes termites), 425 at daylight and 325 at night. The termites were placed on the filter paper, on the ground, and ant attack was monitored for 15 min, until removed. Sixteen ant species were found in the no-till system and nine in the conventional system. Baits removed from no-till were significantly higher than the conventional plots and were influenced by the sampling time, at day or night. The seasons of the year did not significantly explain the variations in the structure of the predacious ant communities in neither of the systems. The significant differences at foraging activity and ant richness between the areas indicated that the no-tillage system could improve environmental quality of the cropping and therefore, became an important tool for the integrated pest management programs.
Thermal characterization of partially hydrolyzed cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch granules
Authors: Lacerda Luiz Gustavo , Azevedo Jayme Augusto Menegassi , Carvalho Filho Marco Aurélio da Silva , Demiate Ivo Mottin , Schnitzler Egon , Vandenberghe Luciana Porto de Souza , Soccol Carlos Ricardo
Published: January 2009

Cassava starch, partially hydrolyzed by fungal á-amylase, was characterized using thermal analysis, light microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Thermal degradation was initiated at lower degradation temperatures after enzymatic treatment and the DSC (Differential scanning calorimetry) analysis showed almost similar range of gelatinization temperature, but the enthalpies of gelatinization were quite increased for the partially hydrolyzed starch granules. The results suggested that the partial degradation of the starch granules was concentrated in the amorphous regions.
Hydrolysis of whey lactose by immobilized β-Galactosidase
Authors: Mariotti Marcela Panaro , Yamanaka Hideko , Araujo Angela Regina , Trevisan Henrique Celso
Published: January 2009

Hydrolysis of whey lactose to glucose and galactose by immobilized galactosidase comes as an alternative to enlarge the possibilities of commercial use of this feedstock. To be applied at industrial scale, the process should be performed continuously .This work aimed to study the hydrolysis of whey lactose by an immobilized enzyme reactor. b-Galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae was immobilized on silica and activity and stability were evaluated. The best immobilization results were attained by using glutaraldehyde as support's activator and enzyme stabilizer. The optimized enzyme proportion for immobilization was 15-20 mg g-1 of support. Treatments of whey were performed (microfiltration, thermal treatment and ultrafiltration), seeking the elimination of sludge, and the effects on operating the fixed bed reactor were evaluated. Ultrafiltration was the best treatment towards a proper substrate solution for feeding the reactor.
L(+)-Lactic acid recovery from cassava bagasse based fermented medium using anion exchange resins
Authors: John Rojan P. , Nampoothiri K. Madhavan , Pandey Ashok
Published: January 2009

The properties of the ion exchange resins, Amberlite IRA 402, a strong anion exchange resin and IRA 67, a weak anion exchange resin were determined to evaluate their comparative suitability for lactic acid recovery from fermented cassava bagasse. Data on binding capacities and recovery proved that weak base resin in chloride form was the most favourable ones for lactic acid recovery from aqueous solutions and fermentation media. Fermented media obtained through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cassava bagasse starch hydrolysate based medium were used for lactic acid recovery study using weak base resin column. Amberlite IRA 67 had much more efficiency than Amberlite IRA 402 to recover lactic acid. Like in other reports, due to the presence of nutrients and ions other than lactate, the binding capacity was slightly lesser while using fermented media (~93%) instead of aqueous lactic acid solutions (~98%).
Performance of the constructed wetland system for the treatment of water from the corumbataí river
Authors: Borges Ana Kleiber Pessoa , Tauk-Tornisielo Sâmia Maria , Domingos Roberto Naves , Angelis Dejanira de Franceschi de
Published: January 2009

The aim of this work was to study the constructed wetland system for the treatment of water from the Corumbataí river simulated on a laboratory scale. The parameters analyzed at different points of the system were ammonia, biochemical demand for oxygen (BDO), chemical demand for oxygen (CDO), chlorides, apparent color, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), silicon (Si), total phosphorous, total coliforms and Escherichia coli, total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, and macrophyte biomass. The results demonstrated that this alternative water treatment system was effective in removing the microorganisms (total coliforms and E. coli), among other parameters analyzed, for varying periods of the treatment, promoting notable improvement in the quality of the water treated from the Corumbataí River.
Aterosclerose carotídea avaliada pelo eco-Doppler: associação com fatores de risco e doenças arteriais sistêmicas
Authors: Freitas Procopio de , Piccinato Carlos Eli , Martins Wellington de Paula , Mauad Filho Francisco
Published: January 2009

CONTEXTO: A aterosclerose carotídea apresenta alta prevalência populacional e associação com vários fatores de risco, contribuindo para altos índices de morbidade e mortalidade. OBJETIVO: Pesquisar a freqüência e associação da aterosclerose de carótidas extracranianas com: idade, sexo, hipertensão arterial, doença coronária isquêmica, tabagismo, diabetes melito tipo 2, obesidade, doença arterial oclusiva periférica, acidente vascular cerebral, oclusão carotídea, espessamento médio-intimal e acotovelamento. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas as artérias carótidas extracranianas, bilateralmente, de 367 indivíduos (132 homens e 235 mulheres) com idade média de 63 anos (35 a 91 anos) por anamnese, semiologia clínica e ultra-sonografia. A possibilidade da associação entre aterosclerose carotídea representada por placas ateromatosas inespecíficas com estenose > 10%, ateromatose discreta e difusa com estenose < 10% e os fatores de risco enunciados foi analisada estatisticamente pelo odds ratio e seus intervalos de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS: A freqüência da aterosclerose carotídea foi de 52%, e do espessamento médio-intimal, de 30,2%. Houve associação entre a aterosclerose (ateromatose discreta e difusa e placas ateromatosas inespecíficas) com idade > 64 anos, acidente vascular cerebral, obesidade e tabagismo. Considerando-se somente estenoses carotídeas > 60%, houve associação com idade > 64 anos, oclusão carotídea e doença coronária. O espessamento médio-intimal apresentou associação com idade > 64 anos, acotovelamento, oclusão carotídea, hipertensão arterial e índice tornozelo-braquial < 0,9. CONCLUSÃO: A aterosclerose carotídea apresentou alta freqüência populacional (52%) e associação com idade, obesidade, acidente vascular cerebral, coronariopatia e tabagismo.
Oclusão duodenal após cirurgia da aorta abdominal: relato de caso
Authors: Góes Junior Adenauer Marinho de Oliveira , Petnys Alexandre , Rabboni Edgar , Neves Junior Milton Alves das , Petterle Paulo Henrique , Melo Rafael Couto , Protta Tatiana Rocha , Terci Weverton
Published: January 2009

A maior parte dos artigos sobre obstrução duodenal após cirurgia aórtica cita dados referentes às correções da doença aneurismática e não da doença aterosclerótica. Não obstante, é consenso que se trata de uma complicação rara, cuja incidência é menor do que 1%. Os autores relatam o caso de um paciente submetido a enxerto aorto-bifemoral que apresentou, como complicação pós-operatória, oclusão duodenal. O paciente foi tratado com reintervenção cirúrgica e uso de remendo de grande omento para síntese do retroperitônio. A revisão da literatura indica que a maioria dos casos responde bem ao tratamento conservador, e a conduta cirúrgica normalmente só é necessária quando aderências são a causa da obstrução ou quando o tratamento clínico não é satisfatório após 2 semanas.
Metabolic substrates are not mobilized from the osmoregulatory organs (gills and kidney) of the estuarine pufferfishes Sphoeroides greeleyi and S. testudineus upon short-term salinity reduction
Authors: Prodocimo Viviane , Souza Carine F. , Pessini Cristina , Fernandes Luiz Claudio , Freire Carolina A.
Published: January 2009

The marine-estuarine species of pufferfishes Sphoeroides testudineus and S. greeleyi are very efficient osmoregulators. However, they differ with respect to their tolerance of salinity reduction. During low tide S. testudineus remains in diluted estuarine waters, whereas S. greeleyi returns to seawater (SW). The hypothesis tested here was that the short-term mobilization of metabolic substrates stored in their main osmoregulatory organs would correlate with this differential tolerance. Fishes exposed to 5‰ (for 6 h) were compared to those kept in 35‰. Branchial and renal contents of triglycerides, protein and glycogen were evaluated, and total ATPase activity accounted for the tissues' metabolism. Plasma osmolality, chloride and glucose, hematocrit, and muscle water content were also measured. Total triacylglycerol content was higher in S. greeleyi than in S. testudineus in both salinities and in both organs. Kidney glycogen contents were higher in S. greeleyi than in S. testudineus in 5 and 35‰. Total ATPase activity was reduced in 5‰ when compared to 35‰ in the kidney of S. greeleyi, and was higher in the gills of S. greeleyi than in those of S. testudineus, in both salinities. Upon exposure to dilute SW, both species displayed a similar osmoregulatory pattern: plasma osmolality and chloride were reduced. Again in both species, stability in muscle water content indicated cellular water content control. Although the metabolic substrates stored in the osmoregulatory organs of both species were not mobilized during these short-term sea water dilution events, some differences could be revealed between the two species. S. greeleyi showed more metabolic reserves (essentially triacylglycerols) in these organs, and its gills showed higher total ATPase activity than those S. testudineus.
A multi-approach analysis of the genetic diversity in populations of Astyanax aff. bimaculatus Linnaeus, 1758 (Teleostei: Characidae) from Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Pamponet Vanessa de Carvalho Cayres , Carneiro Paulo Luiz Souza , Affonso Paulo Roberto Antunes de Mello , Miranda Viviam Souto , Silva Júnior Juvenal Cordeiro , Oliveira Claudine Gonçalves de , Gaiotto Fernanda Amato
Published: January 2009

Few reports are available about the ichthyofauna of typical semi-arid rivers, although the regional diversity has been constantly threatened by human activities, mainly related to impoundment and construction of dams. The goal of the present work was to evaluate using different methods, the population genetic structure of a characin fish, Astyanax aff. bimaculatus, widespread throughout hydrographic basins of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil. Morphological (meristic and morphometric data), cytogenetic (karyotype and Ag-NOR), and molecular (RAPD and SPAR) analyses were carried out in specimens collected upstream and downstream of Pedra Dam, in the main channel of Contas River (Contas River Basin), and in the Mineiro stream, which belongs to the adjacent Recôncavo Sul basin. Few external differences were detected among populations, where the individuals collected upstream of Pedra Dam were slightly larger than the others. Cytogenetic data also showed a similar karyotypic pattern (2n=50; 6m+28sm+12st+4a; FN= 96) and NORs located on the short arms of up to two chromosome pairs, with numerical inter- and intra-populational variation. Nonetheless, RAPD and SPAR analyses differentiated reliably the three populations, revealing striking differences in the allele frequencies among the localities studied and a significant difference in population structure index (Fst=0.1868, P<0.0001). The differences between populations within a same river were as significant as those between distinct hydrographic basins, indicating that the dam/reservoir represents an effective barrier to gene flow. Additionally, environmental peculiarities from each locality are also believed to influence the genetic patterns detected herein. On the other hand, the similarity between samples from Contas River and Recôncavo Sul basins could be related to a common evolutionary history, since both basins are geographically close to each other. Finally, the present study shows that a multi-approach analysis is particularly useful in identifying the population structure of widely distributed species and to evaluate the impacts of human activities on natural fish populations.
Mechanisms of pigmentation loss in subterranean fishes
Authors: Felice Vanessa , Visconti Maria Aparecida , Trajano Eleonora
Published: January 2009

Troglobitic (exclusively subterranean) organisms usually present, among their apomorphies related to the subterranean life (troglomorphisms), the regression of eyes and melanic pigmentation. The degree of regression varies among species, from a slight reduction to the complete loss of eyes and dark pigmentation, without a taxonomic correlation. While mechanisms of eye reduction have been intensively investigated in some troglobites such as the Mexican blind tetra characins, genus Astyanax, and the European salamander, Proteus anguinus, few studies have focused on pigmentation. The Brazilian subterranean ichthyofauna distinguishes not only by the species richness (23 troglobitic fishes so far known) but also by the variation in the degree of reduction of eyes and pigmentation. This study focused on Brazilian fishes completely devoid of melanic pigmentation: the characiform Stygichthys typhlops (Characidae) and the siluriforms Ancistrus formoso (Loricariidae), Rhamdiopsis sp.1 (Heptapteridae; from caves in the Chapada Diamantina, Bahia) and Rhamdiopsis sp. 2 (cave in Campo Formoso, Bahia). In order to investigate if such depigmentation is the result of blockage in some step in the melanogenesis, in vitro tests of administration of L-DOPA were done, using caudal-fin fragments extracted from living fish. Except for Rhamdiopsis sp. 2, all the studied species were DOPA(+), i.e., melanin was synthesized after L-DOPA administration. This indicates these fish do have melanophores but they are unable to convert L-tyrosine to L-DOPA. On the other hand, Rhamdiopsis sp. 2, like the albino specimens of Trichomycterus itacarambiensis previously studied (which correspond to one third of the population), are DOPA(-), either because the block of melanin synthesis occurs downstream in melanogenesis, which is probably the case with T. itacarambiensis (monogenic system in view of the phenotypic discontinuity), or because the so-called albinos do no possess melanophores. The physiological loss in the ability to synthesize melanin, apparently caused by different genetic processes in DOPA(+) and in DOPA(-) fishes, may co-exist in subterranean populations with a decrease in the density of melanophores, as observed in the pigmented two thirds of T. itacarambiensis population, a morphological reduction apparently controlled by polygenic systems producing a continuous phenotypic variation.
Stomach contents and notes on the reproduction of the Onefin Skate Gurgesiella dorsalifera (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae) off Southern Brazil
Authors: Rincon Getulio , Vaske Junior Teodoro , Vooren Carolus M.
Published: January 2009

The Brazilian endemic deep-water onefin skate (Gurgesiella dorsalifera) is a rare small species recently described in the 80's. No biological information is available on this species and its extremely restricted geographic distribution has been used to classify it as a vulnerable species under IUCN red list criteria. Twenty four specimens (115 to 207 mm disc width) were captured off southern Brazilian coast at the region of Cape Santa Marta Grande (State of Santa Catarina) by deep-water otter trawl (430-524 m). The analysis of stomach contents revealed an apparent opportunistic predation on juveniles of Urophycis brasiliensis (IRI = 6944), with an average total length of 21 mm, followed by mysidaceans (IRI = 2938), unidentified teleosts (IRI = 1969), the copepod Bradyidius plinioi (IRI = 393), and decapod crustaceans (IRI = 297). One mature female with 207 mm DW had two egg cases in its uteri.
The collapse of the scallop Euvola ziczac (Linnaeus, 1758) (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) fishery in Brazil: changes in distribution and relative abundance after 23 years of exploitation
Authors: Pezzuto Paulo Ricardo , Borzone Carlos Alberto
Published: January 2009

In Brazil, an industrial trawling fishery directed to Euvola ziczac started in 1973 and collapsed after 1980, when scallop landings reached 8,800 t. Since 1995 E. ziczac landings have not surpassed a few hundred kilograms. Based on surveys carried out in 1974-1975 and in 1995-1996, this work assesses temporal changes occurred in scallop distribution and relative abundance patterns and analyzes the current stock situation under the present management regimes applied to the local demersal trawling fishery. In the 1970's E. ziczac was concentrated in a main bed extending from southern São Paulo to northern Santa Catarina States and between 30 and 50 m depth. This pattern changed dramatically during the 1990's, when only two very small and low-density concentrations were found in the region. Cumulative effects of reducing areas and density within the remnant concentrations produced a reduction in the stock biomass of 98%. Management of the local double rig trawler fishery has always focused on its first main target, the shrimps Farfantepenaeus paulensis and F. brasiliensis. Additional measures have not been implemented, even after substantial part of the fleet has directed its effort to alternative shelf and slope resources. The collapse of the Brazilian scallop fishery provides a striking example of irreversible damage caused by uncontrolled fishing redirection allocated to other resources, demonstrating the need of changes in the Brazilian demersal fishery management model.
An evaluation of the accumulation of intracellular inorganic nitrogen pools by marine microalgae in batch cultures
Authors: Lavín Paris L. , Lourenço Sergio O.
Published: January 2009

Methods of extraction, changes in concentrations with growth, and effects of culture conditions on intracellular inorganic nitrogen pools (IIN - ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate) were studied in nine species of marine microalgae in batch cultures. The microalgae were analysed to compare three methods of extraction of IIN, one of them developed in this study. The extraction of IIN occurs efficient by with all three methods for four out of the nine species tested. However, for five species significant differences were found among the methods, the best results being obtained with the new method. Microalgae accumulate inorganic forms of nitrogen in different proportions. The species show higher concentrations of either ammonia or nitrate, and always lower concentrations of nitrite. Microalgae of smaller cellular volumes tend to attain higher values of IIN per cubic micrometer (the converse in large-volume species), with some exceptions (Amphidinium carterae and Nannochloropsis oculata). The use of aeration in the cultures determines a decrease in the concentrations of IIN, favours nitrogen assimilation, and generates an increase in growth rates and C:N ratio. High concentrations of IIN are characteristic of the exponential growth phase, but in some cases their occurrence may result from carbon deficiency.
Seasonal changes in the mixed and barrier layers in the western Equatorial Atlantic
Authors: Silva Alex , Araujo Moacyr , Medeiros Carmen , Silva Marcus , Bourles Bernard
Published: January 2009

Climate is closely related to the dynamics of the surface layer of the tropical Atlantic and the exchange between this latter and the atmosphere, and wearther forecasting will improve with increasing understanding of the processes that govern the relative distribution of thermodynamic properties of the water column. This paper focuses on the isolation of warm surface waters from the cold ones of the deep ocean by a salinity induced barrier layer (BL) in the western equatorial Atlantic (3ºS-7ºN; 40º-52ºW), based on 487 CTD profiles (REVIZEE - 1995-2001). The main process contributing to the seasonal BL formation is the discharge of low salinity waters from the Amazon river. During boreal late winter/spring (Mar-May; high river discharge), deeper isothermal (Z T) and mixed layers (Z M) prevail and the formation of a 16m-thick BL was clearly determined the formation of a salt-induced marked pycnocline within a deeper isothermal layer. However, during the boreal autumn (Oct-Dec; low river discharge), density stratification was mainly determined by temperature distribution (Z M m Z T; BLT = Z M - Z T m 0). There was no clear register of a BL on the Amazon shelf, but a maximum BL (40 m) formed near the shelf break at 45°W.
Use of the video transect method for characterizing the Itacolomis reefs, eastern Brazil
Authors: Cruz Igor C. S. , Kikuchi Ruy K. P. , Leão Zelinda M. A. N.
Published: January 2009

The video-transect method consists of a field survey performed with a video-camera along a line of fixed length, with the registered images further analyzed using a computer. This method was successfully applied in Brazil for the first time in the coral reefs of Todos os Santos Bay. The main goal of this work was to define the minimum sampling effort needed to describe the coral community when the video-transect method was applied to a selected reef site, namely the Pedra do Silva Reef in the Itacolomis reef complex, inside the Corumbau Marine Extractive Reserve, in Southern Bahia. Each transect was analyzed throughout its length, in successive captured video frames. The findings revealed that six 20 m long transects with an analysis of twenty points per image (frame) was sufficient for sampling the broad taxonomic categories of hard corals and major reef benthos, and that the whole field operation could be performed during one dive per station.
Preditores da adesão ao tratamento em pacientes com asma grave atendidos em um centro de referência na Bahia
Authors: Santos Pablo de Moura , D'Oliveira Júnior Argemiro , Noblat Lúcia de Araújo Costa Beisl , Machado Adelmir Souza , Noblat Antonio Carlos Beisl , Cruz Álvaro Augusto
Published: January 2009

OBJETIVO: Determinar a taxa de adesão ao tratamento padrão com corticóide inalatório em pacientes com asma grave, identificar seus fatores preditores e avaliar a relação entre adesão ao tratamento e os parâmetros de resposta clínica e funcional. MÉTODOS: Coorte prospectiva de pacientes atendidos no Programa de Controle da Asma e da Rinite Alérgica na Bahia, Brasil. O estudo incluiu 160 pacientes com asma grave, acompanhados por um período de 180 dias para medida da adesão (variável dependente) ao corticóide inalatório prescrito. As variáveis independentes foram determinadas na avaliação inicial e durante seis meses através de entrevistas e aplicação de questionário estruturado. Os pacientes registraram em um diário as doses não utilizadas. RESULTADOS: Do total de 160 pacientes, 158 completaram o estudo. A taxa de adesão ao tratamento foi de 83,8%. Dos 158 pacientes, 112 (70,9%) foram considerados aderentes ao tratamento (ponto de corte: 80% de todas as doses administradas). Houve associação significante entre o controle da asma e adesão ao tratamento. Os fatores relacionados a uma baixa adesão foram efeitos adversos, local de residência distante do centro de referência, dificuldade de pagar pelo transporte e regime posológico. Outros fatores, como sintomas depressivos, religião e classe econômica, não tiveram relação com a adesão. CONCLUSÕES: A adesão ao tratamento foi considerada elevada, havendo relação com a resposta clínica ao tratamento em uma amostra de pacientes com asma grave atendidos em um programa público com fornecimento gratuito de medicamentos e atendimento multidisciplinar em unidade de referência.
Influência do dreno pleural sobre a dor, capacidade vital e teste de caminhada de seis minutos em pacientes submetidos à ressecção pulmonar
Authors: Lima Vanessa Pereira de , Bonfim Daniela , Risso Thais Telles , Paisani Denise de Moraes , Fiore Junior Julio Flavio , Chiavegato Luciana Dias , Faresin Sonia Maria
Published: January 2009

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência do dreno pleural sobre a distância percorrida no teste de caminhada de seis minutos, da intensidade da dor e da capacidade vital de pacientes submetidos à ressecção pulmonar. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados treze pacientes consecutivos, internados na Enfermaria da Cirurgia de Tórax do Hospital São Paulo, submetidos à drenagem pleural fechada (dreno tubular multiperfurado de 0,5 polegada), no período pós-operatório de ressecção pulmonar (lobectomia, segmentectomia e nodulectomia). A opção pela retirada do dreno seguiu critérios clínicos definidos por médicos da equipe cirúrgica alheios ao estudo. A determinação da capacidade vital, da intensidade da dor através da escala visual analógica de dor e da distância percorrida no teste de caminhada de seis minutos foram realizadas 30 min antes da retirada do dreno e 30 min após. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada através do teste t pareado, com nível de significância estabelecido em 0,05. RESULTADOS: Após a retirada do dreno, os valores obtidos na avaliação da escala visual analógica de dor foram significativamente menores (3,46 cm vs. 1,77 cm; p = 0,001), e a distância percorrida no teste de caminhada de seis minutos foi significativamente maior (374,34 m vs. 444,62 m; p = 0,03). A capacidade vital antes e após a retirada do dreno não foi alterada de forma significativa (2,15 L vs. 2,25 L, respectivamente; p = 0,540). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a presença do dreno pleural é um importante fator associado à dor pós-operatória e à limitação funcional em pacientes submetidos à ressecção pulmonar.
Embolia pulmonar séptica secundária à tromboflebite jugular: um caso de síndrome de Lemierre
Authors: Silva Denise Rossato , Gazzana Marcelo Basso , Albaneze Ricardo , Dalcin Paulo de Tarso Roth , Vidart Josi , Gulcó Nei
Published: January 2009

A síndrome de Lemierre é caracterizada pela infecção aguda da orofaringe, complicada por trombose venosa jugular interna secundária à tromboflebite séptica, e por infecções metastáticas a vários órgãos distantes-mais freqüentemente os pulmões. Relatamos um caso de síndrome de Lemierre em uma mulher de 56 anos que se apresentou com massa cervical à direita e febre. Trombose venosa jugular interna foi demonstrada na ecografia. A tomografia computadorizada de tórax revelou múltiplas opacidades em ambos os pulmões. Uma biópsia pulmonar cirúrgica foi realizada por suspeita de metástases pulmonares. O exame anatomopatológico revelou êmbolos sépticos em parênquima pulmonar. Retrospectivamente, a paciente relatou história de faringite duas semanas antes da hospitalização. Após o diagnóstico, foi tratada com antibióticos de amplo espectro (cefuroxima por 7 dias e azitromicina por 5 dias e, posteriormente, devido à persistência de febre, cefepime por 7 dias). A tomografia computadorizada de tórax, realizada um mês após, mostrou resolução das opacidades.
66.2: An Approach for Achieving Ideal Readability on Electronic Paper: Extraction of Essential Disadvantages in Conventional Displays
Authors: Omodani Makoto , Imai Junko
Published: January 2009

This study aims to clarify the factors behind readability of paper documents; the clarification is intended to yield good guidelines for realizing truly readable Electronic Paper. Proofing tasks were prepared on various reading conditions; display area was varied from 1/2 page to 4 pages on the screens. Performance is shown to increase with the number of pages simultaneously provided. This result agrees to our general impression that we generally feel that it is difficult to complete proofing tasks on a computer screen, which usually provides less than one page.
66.3: Visual Ergonomic Effects of Screen Gloss on LCDs
Authors: Brunnström Kjell , Josefsson Katarina , Andrén Börje , Nordin Helena , Rydell Niclas
Published: January 2009

This study investigated if a requirement for screen gloss is needed in the TCO Requirements and was, therefore, targeted towards finding an acceptable reflex level. The results show that a glossy surface has an impact on the visual ergonomics, and for this reason we believe that a requirement is needed. Although, the results do not point to a single value that is better than another, so a selection for a requirement level has to be augmented with additional information. Such a discussion is given and 60 gloss units at 60 degrees (GU60) was selected as the new requirement level for the TCO Requirements (TCO '03 and TCO '05).
67.2: Permanent Bistable Twisted Nematic Displays Using Bi‐Directional Alignment Surface
Authors: Li Yuet‐Wing , Lee Chung Yung , Kwok Hoi Sing
Published: January 2009

A new bi‐directional alignment surface is developed. Such alignment surface can be used to control the backflow direction of the liquid crystal. Base on this new alignment layer, a bistable twisted nematic LCD which switches between U and T states without surface anchoring energy breaking has been fabricated successfully.
67.3: Electrophoretically Controlled Nematic LCD: Plastic Bistable Technology with Memorized Intrinsic Grey Scale
Authors: Sikharulidze David , Rudin John , Kramer Laura , Combs Gregg
Published: January 2009

Here is presented a nematic LCD based on an electrophoretically controlled orientational effect in suspension of solid nanoparticles in nematic liquid crystal: electrophoretically controlled nematic (EPCN). Polarity controlled electromigration of the nanoparticles, results in the stabilization of the molecular alignment and provides the bistable/multistable switching in a conventional nematic LC cell. The EPCN display allows multiplexing with intrinsic grey scale capability, high resolution and contrast, uses standard LCD materials and techniques and is easily producible by plastic technology.
68.2: Achieving High Color Gamut with Microcavity on White OLED
Authors: Lee Sungsoo , Chu Changwoong , Chung Jinkoo , Lee Joohyeon , Choi Junho , Ha Jaekook , Kim Seongmin , Choi Joonhoo , Jung Jaehoon , Kim Chiwoo , Lee Jinseok
Published: January 2009

We have demonstrated bottom‐emission white OLED devices, which have RGBW sub‐pixel and high color gamut over 100% NTSC ratio with White‐to‐Green microcavity technique. Large‐Sized AMOLED TV has to show very high quality display images to overcome LCD TV. However, the R, G and B colors filtered by LCD color‐filters are not saturated enough. Especially, green emission peak is very broad because blue emission peak is not removed perfectly by green color‐filter. Therefore, we fabricate white OLED having saturated green color by adapting microcavity technique. The results of green pixels are (0.211, 0.723) in color coordinates, and the efficiency of green is 15.4 cd/A, which was (0.217, 0.600) and 7.5 cd/A. And the color gamut with microcavity reaches more than 100% NTSC.
68.3: High Efficient All‐Fluorescence White OLED with Double ETL and Its Analysis
Authors: Kim Mu‐Gyeom , Lee Sunghun , Song Jung‐Bae , Kim Sang‐Yeol , Tamura Shinichiro , Kang Sung‐Kee , Kim Jong‐Min
Published: January 2009

Without using P/N doping materials, all‐fluorescence white OLED having double ETL showed efficiencies of 18.4cd/A, 11.5lm/W, and 8.4% at 5.0V, emitting 4000cd/m2 with CIEx,y color of (0.31,0.35) comparable to P/N doped one. We investigated its principle of high efficiency and degradation by getting relative exciton profile from an optical simulation and spectrum transient EL.
68.4: Micro‐cavity Design of RGBW AMOLED for 100% Color Gamut
Authors: Lee Baek‐woon , Hwang Young In , Lee Hae‐yeon , Kim Chi Woo , Ju Young‐gu
Published: January 2009

We report two optical structures for bottom‐emitting white OLED. We employed RGBW color system because of its high efficiency. for RGB‐subpixels, the cavity resonance was enhanced by dielectric mirror, and for W‐subpixel, the mirror was removed. Optical lengths were controlled by two different methods: by the thickness of dielectric filler on top of the mirror or by the angle of oblique emission. with both methods, we were able to fabricate AMOLEDs that exhibited color gamut exceeding 100% NTSC. More importantly, the transmission of white OLED through R/G/B color filters was significantly higher (up to 50%) than that of the conventional structure employing no mirror, even though the color gamut increased from ∼75% to ∼100%.
69.1: Invited Paper: Time Multiplexed Optical Shutter (TMOS) — Advantages & Advances
Authors: Van Ostrand Dan , Cox B. Tod
Published: January 2009

This paper will outline the concept of Time Multiplexed Optical Shutter (TMOS) technology, the operational principle of an innovative Frustrated Total Internal Reflection (FTIR) display system, discussing the range of advantages and advances offered by this technology.