bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE GÖYNÜK AND SEYITOMER OIL SHALES OF TURKEY
Authors: Pütün E. , Akar A. , Ekinci E. , Frere B. , Bartle K. D. , Snape C. E. , Citiroglu M.
Published: December 2008

The Göynük and Seyitomer oil shales overlie coal seams. An investigation of their geochemistry by solid‐state and high‐resolution nuclear magnetic resonance, infra‐red spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the extracted bitumen suggests a classification as immature Type I kerogens. However, the n‐alkane distribution is consistent with a substantial input from terrestrial plants.
THERMAL MATURITY AND HYDROCARBON GENERATION IN ROCKS FROM THE SEDIMENTARY BASINS OF MADAGASCAR
Authors: Ramanampisoa L. , Radke M.
Published: December 2008

Oil exploration in Madagascar has been concentrated on the Morondava Basin in the SW of the island, which is well‐known for its large deposits of tar sand and heavy oil at Bemolanga and Tsimiroro. Petroleum shows have frequently been encountered in exploration wells, but source‐rock identification has remained inconclusive. Thus, the present study of a wildcat was originally related mostly to geochemical prospect appraisal. Due to the uniform organic matter type and wide range of thermal evolution stages sampled, the case history has more general implications, however, as regards relationships between thermal maturation and hydrocarbon generation.

Evaluation of eleven rock samples taken at depths of between 1,100 and 2,500m by Rock‐Eval, solvent extraction and vitrinite reflectance (Rr) methods revealed only poor source rocks for oil with marginal through to post‐mature Type III kerogens (Rr between 0.5% and 1.4%). Discrepancies in yield profiles of total C15+ ‐hydrocarbons peaking at higher Rr in the Morondava and Douala Basin (Cameroon) wells than in a Deep Basin (West Canada) well are tentatively attributed to their different geothermal histories. However, yield trends of specific saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon families, as determined by capillary gas chromatography, did not testify to the suspected effect of geothermal rate variations on generation curves, which hence remain unproven.

Based on systematic changes with depth in the distribution of methylated di‐ and tri‐aromatics, the interpretation of maturation levels with respect to hydrocarbon generation was refined. When converted to vitrinite reflectance equivalents (Rr), molecular parameters such as the Trimethylnaphthalene Ratio (TNR 1) and the Methylphenanthrene Index (MPI 1) were able to disclose gradual maturity changes.

In contrast to the large Morondava Basin, the smaller Majunga Basin in NW Madagascar has been the site of little exploration activity until recently. Based on organic‐geochemical analysis of seven rock samples from two exploration wells by the above‐mentioned methods, it was found that good source rocks for oil are absent. Some of the samples may have a considerable gas generation potential, which at best has been partially realised. Certainly, maturities inadequate for substantial gas generation are indicated by aromatic parameters.
RESERVOIRS IN FRACTURED BASEMENT ON THE CONTINENTAL SHELF OF SOUTHERN VIETNAM
Authors: Areshev E. G. , Dong Tran Le , San Ngo Thuong , Shnip O. A.
Published: December 2008

A number of oil‐ and gasfields have recently been discovered on the continental shelf of Southern Vietnam, the largest of which is White Tiger. The main pay‐zone in this field is in the basement, which is composed of granites and granodiorites, lithologies which are found in the basement elsewhere on the shelf. The granites have undergone severe alteration as a result of tectonic, hydrothermal and surface weathering processes.

Reservoirs are related to cavernous fracture porosity in deep basement zones, and to “porous cavernous” fracturing at more shallow levels. Total reservoir thickness exceeds 1 km, and the oil‐water contact has not yet been located. Flow‐rates reach 2,000 cu. m/d. Drilling data indicates that the granitoids are overlain by argillaceous‐terrigenous rocks of Oligocene and younger ages which have a thickness of 2.5–4.4 km (up to 8 km in places, according to seismic data).

Source rocks are mostly early Oligocene argillites, from which oil probably migrated into upthrown basement blocks.
OILFIELD BRINES OF METEORIC AND CONNATE ORIGIN IN THE EASTERN NIGER DELTA
Authors: Amajor L. C. , Gbadebo A. M.
Published: December 2008

A study of oilfield brines in the Afam, Imo River, Bodo‐West and Umuechem oilfields in the Eastern Niger Delta petroleum sub‐province of Nigeria was undertaken in an attempt to determine their genetic affinities.

On the basis of their contents of bicarbonate, chloride and sulphate ions, and total dissolved solids, most of the formation waters from the Imo River oilfield are shown to be meteoric in origin, whereas those from Afam, Bodo‐West and Umuechem are connate waters. The relationship between salinity and total dissolved solids can be expressed by a simple linear equation.

Formation‐water resistivity and total dissolved solids from these oilfields are parabolically related. The amount of total dissolved solids is also depth‐controlled, and increases with depth. This relationship is thought to be a function of post‐depositional processes.
Studies on the Muscular Physiology of the Genital Tract
Authors: GENELL SUNE
Published: December 2008

Myometrial tonus varies with, the sexual phase. It is low in the heat phase, high in the quiescent phase. The fall of tonus in the heat phase is elicited by the heat hormone of the ovary, oestrin.

Myometrial tonus is not influenced by castration as such. It remains unchanged within that space of time following castration during which muscular atrophy has not yet appeared.

It is probable that the uterine muscle possesses a certain state of normal tonus, maintained largely by unknown factors. We only know that the tonus of the uterus depends on ionic factors, on the osmotic pressure of the blood, and on the hydrogen‐ion concentration, but little is known of the mechanism through which these factors act. Under the action of oestrin the normal state of tonus falls during the heat phase. The mechanism of this oestrin action is unknown.
The Absorption of Ethyl Alcohol from the Gastro‐Intestinal Tract as a Diffusion Process
Authors: BERGGREN SVEN M. , GOLDBERG LEONARD
Published: December 2008

After a survey of earlier literature on the passage of ethyl alcohol from the gastro‐intestinal tract to the blood, the factors are discussed that may possibly have to bear on this passage, the basis of the discussion being the laws of diffusion. From these laws formulae have been deduced, in which the percentage of the blood alcohol, the blood flow through the mucous membrane of the stomach and the concentration and the volume of the alcoholic solution ingested have been taken into consideration. The validity of these formulae is not only confined to the diffusion of alcohol but also applies to all the cases in which a pure process of diffusion is concerned.

By means of a series of determinations of the alcohol percentage in the contents of the stomach of cat with intact and ligated pylori as well as on human subjects—both normal individuals and patients—by means of fractional withdrawal of ingested alcohol, an attempt has been made to show that the passage of alcohol through the mucous membrane of the stomach is to be regarded as a pure process of diffusion. The results of the experiments are:

The absorption of ethyl alcohol from the stomach follows the laws of diffusion. This means that the greater the concentration of the alcohol ingested, the more rapidly will absorption take place with a higher and earlier blood alcohol maximum (cp fig. 1). The so‐called diffusion factor is constant in the case of constant blood flow and constant volume.

A cat with ligated pylorus absorbs in 30 min about 38% of the alcohol ingested, when given in a solution of 5 per cent by volume, about 62% after 60 min and 76% after 120 min; of a solution of 17 per cent proportionally more is absorbed.

On human subjects with closed pylori the corresponding figures for a solution of 5 per cent by volume are 40% after 30 min, 70% after 60 min and about 100% after 120 min. If the stomach is emptied, on the other hand, the whole quantity of alcohol ingested can disappear in less than 30 min.
Eine einfaehe und für klinische Zwecke geeignete Mikromethode zur Bestimmung des Harnstoffstickstoff's (UrN) im Blute durch Ureasebehandlung und direkte Nesslerisierung
Authors: OHLSSON Von WILHELM
Published: December 2008

Es wird eine einfache Methode zur Bestimmung des Harnstoffstickstoffs an 0.2 ml Blut beschrieben. Ihr Vorzug besteht darin, dass das Blut in eine Lösung gebracht wird, die gleichzeitig als eine für optimale Ureasewirkung geeignete Pufferlösung und nach leichter Ansäuerung als Eiweissfällungsmittel dient. Man erhält ein eiweissfreies Zentrifugat und nimmt darauf, in Gegenwart von Gummi arabicum als Schutzkolloid, nach direkter Nesslerisierung eine kolorimetrische Bestimmung vor.

Für einen Geldbeitrag zur Ausführurig der Arbeit möchte ich der ←Kungl. Fysiografiska Sällskapet→ in Lund meinen Dank aussprechen.
Colour Receptors of the Frog's Retina
Authors: GRANIT RAGNAR
Published: December 2008

Spikes have been recorded with micro‐electrodes, amplifier and cathode ray oscillograph from the retinae of light‐adapted frogs and during dark‐adaptation.

The chief aim of this work has been to collect a large number of curves showing the distribution of sensitivity to spectral light of single or a restricted number of elements.

Most elements have a distribution of sensitivity which coincides with the average curve with its maximum in 0.560 μ and legs extending over a relatively large part of the spectrum (see fig‐ 9).

But there are also narrow bands of sensitivity with maxima ranging between 0.450–0.600 μ. The maxima of these bands are chiefly gathered around 0.580–0.600 μ, 0.520–0.540 μ, and 0.450–0.470 μ. Curves from the last mentioned group are rare.

Curves illustrating dark‐adaptation (or recovery of sensitivity) for different wave‐lengths are given in the paper and compared with visual purple regeneration.

The blue‐sensitive elements recover at a faster rate than others after light‐adaptation and in this way can also be isolated from the region around 0.500 μ occupied by the absorption band of visual purple.

The kind of mechanism of colour reception that might be expected from such a system is briefly discussed, and it is suggested that in many respects it may be very like that of man.
Untersuchimgen iifoer die periphere Blut‐versorgung des Herzmuskels
Authors: ENGSTRAND LARS
Published: December 2008

Eine Methode ist ausgearbeitet worden zur möglichst schnellen Fixierung der Blutbahnen im Herzmuskel, die quantitative kapillare Studien möglich macht.

Eine intramurale Durchblutung scheint unter der Systole vor sich zu gehen, docn unter erhohtem Wiederstand, was haupt‐sachlich auf der Kompression der quergehenden kapillaren Ana‐stomosen und Venen beruht.

Bei Variation der Herzfrequenz von 380 zu 820 stellte sich lieraus, dass linearer Zusammenhang zwischen der kapillaren Kontaktflache und dem längsten Diffusionsabstand auf der einen Seite und der Länge der diastolischen Herzphase auf der anderen herrscht.

Azetylcholin in intravenöser Injektion ergab in grosser Dosen mit Frequenzsenkung eine starke Vergrösserung von Ka‐pillarquerschnitt und Kapillaranzahl bei wachen und mit Per‐nokton betäubten Tieren.

Pernokton bewirkt nach subkutaner Inj ektion erst bei tief er Narkose, im Stadium von Eespirations‐ und periphere Zirkulations‐insuffizienz, eine deutliche Dilatation der Herzarterioli und Ka‐pillaren.
On the Action of the Optical Isomers of Adrianol, Corhasil, Sympatol and Ephedrine on Isolated Intestine
Authors: EMILSSON BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

The action of the optical isomers of adrianol, corbasil, sympatol and ephedrine on isolated rabbit's intestine has been studied.

The 1‐isomers of adrianol, corbasil and sympatol inhibit the intestine in all cone, whereas the d‐isomers stimulate the intestine in small doses and inhibit it in larger ones.

The 1‐isomers of adrianol, corbasil and sympatol have a greater inhibiting activity than the d‐isomers. Thus 1‐adrianol is 10 000 times as active as d‐adrianol, 1‐corbasil 200 times as active as d‐corbasil and 1‐sympatol 2 times as active as d‐sym‐patol.

1‐, dl‐ and d‐Ephedrine are equally active on isolated intestine, stimulating it in small doses and inhibiting it in larger ones.

Considering the stimulating effect of d‐adrianol, d‐corbasil and d‐sympatol on the intestine as well as the different ratios between the activities of the isomers on blood pressure respective on isolated intestine, it is concluded that there is a qualitative difference in the mode of action of the optical isomers of the investigated drugs.

Without itself affecting the motility of the intestine d‐adrianol abolishes the inhibiting effect of 1‐adrenaline and 1‐adria‐nol but does not diminish the response to 1‐corbasil.

The theoretical interpretation of the different pharmaco‐dynamical action of enantiomorphic compounds is discussed.
Temporal Sequence of Component Potentials in the Frog's Retina and the Electrotonic Potential in the Optic Nerve
Authors: BERNHARD C. G.
Published: December 2008

The temporal sequence of the component potentials Pu and Pni in the retina, the electrotonic potential and the spike activity in the optic nerve has been analyzed for the frog's eye with directly coupled amplifier and oscillograph.

The slow potential changes follow in the sequence: P11], Pu, electrotonic potential and spike discharge both at onset and cessation of illumination. Their respective latencies are given for maximal stimuli. A diagram is shown in fig. 5.

The electrotonic potential reproduces the properties of Pn. The theoretical significance of this result is being discussed.
Blood Coagulation and Species Specificity of Fibrinogen
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE , DARLING SVEN
Published: December 2008

The influence of an alteration in pH on the action of thrombin on fibrinogen has been investigated several times. In the present paper this relation is investigated for the fibrinogens of ox, chicken, horse and man.

The action of thrombin on fibrinogen of various species in relation to pH is investigated.

Fibrinogen shows species specificity.

This work has been aided by grants from «Danmarks tekniske Hojskoles Fond for teknisk Kemi» and from «Lovons kemiske Fabrik», Copenhagen.
Spectral Properties of the Visual Receptor Elements of the Guinea Pig
Authors: GRANIT RAGNAR
Published: December 2008

Microelectrode, amplifier and cathode ray have been used for the recording of “spikes” of activity from isolated elements of the retina of the guinea pig in response to monochromatic light of known energy distribution.

The average distribution of sensitivity to spectral light of photopic (light‐adapted) and scotopic (dark‐adapted) eyes suggests that visual purple is the main substance mediating sensations in this eye. These curves are given in figs. 2 and 3.

Individual units of scotopic retinae follow the absorption curve for visual purple very closely.

In the photopic state most units are activated by a narrow sensitivity band with the maximun of visual purple; some units respond to a narrow band with maximum in 0.530 μ. But there are also elements with maximum in the blue region around 0.460 μ. As a rule these units cannot be isolated from those with maximum in 0.500 JX.

But assuming the “blue” elements to represent narrow bands of the type given by the “green” ones (maxima in 0.500 and 0.530 p.) the average photopic curve, which possesses a hump in the blue region of the spectrum, can be combined by adding up the three elementary curves in the right proportion. Thus it has become possible to give a complete description of the spectral properties of the photopic elements in the guinea pig's eye.

Isolated elements are easily obtained in this eye and their reaction types have been described.

The possible relation of the “blue” substance to lactoflavin and “transient orange” has been discussed. Of all retinae hitherto studied this one has the most prominent sensitivity to blue light.

The author is indebted to the Rockefeller Foundation for a grant to this laboratory.
After Potentials in Mammalian Voluntary Muscle
Authors: BERNHARD C. G. , EULER U. S. v.
Published: December 2008

The spike potential accompanying single isometric twitches in the cat's tibialis anticus muscle elicited by indirect stimulation is followed by a slow potential of negative sign (NAP).

The negative after potential, as a rule, rapidly reaches a maximum and then in about a second approaches the resting potential level Repeated stimuli of frequencies of about 5/sec and more give rise to a summed negativity, the magnitude of which depends on the shape of the single NAP and on the frequency and duration of stimulation up to certain limits, persisting for as long as a minute.

At the height of the post‐tetanic negativity the single NAP is reduced in amplitude and duration, in inverse proportion to the total negativity. As the total negativity falls after the cessation of the stimuli, the single NAP recovers and reaches its original magnitude when the post‐tetanic negativity has passed.

No correlation was found between the degree of potentiation of the post‐tetanic twitch tension and the posttetanic negativity or the single NAP.

Potassium chloride injected into the arteries of the muscle caused the NAP to decrease, or disappear, or even to change into a positive potential. In the latter case the usual post‐tetanic negativity was changed into a positive potential. Even in the complete absence of the NAP, the muscle twitch tension and the spike potential may be of normal magnitude.
On the Influence of the Pulse Amplitude on the Carotid Sinus Pressure Reflex
Authors: BÁRÁNY. ERNST
Published: December 2008

Superposition of sinusoidal pulsations upon a steady mean pressure in the isolated carotid sinus has no influence on the blood pressure.
The Localization of the Adenylic Acids in Striated Muscle‐Fibres
Authors: CASPERSSON T. , THORELL. BO
Published: December 2008

Ultra‐violet absorption‐spectra have been measured of individual isotropic and anisotropic segments in striated muscle‐fibres from insects. By means of comparisons with ultra‐violet micro‐photographs it is shown to be probable that the results obtained in this way are applicable to striated musculature in general. The absorption‐curves show that the main part of the adenine derivatives (adenylic acid and adenyl‐pyrophosphoric acid) in the resting muscle are localized in I. These segments seem to have their main function as the seat of chemical energetic processes while A is the seat of the contractile elements. From observations on fatigued muscle‐fibres one deduces that energy is transferred from I to A by adenyl‐pyrophosphate whose energy is released by the phosphatase that is bound to the myosin.

The background to the striation of the muscle‐fibres thus seems to be a differentiation of contractile parts and chemically‐working parts respectively. The transport of energy from the latter to the former is performed by adenyl‐pyrophosphoric acid.

The work has been supported by funds from the Rockefeller Foundation and the foundation “Thérèse oeh Johan. Anderssons minne.”
Selective Activation of a Transient Reflex by Restricting Stimulation to Certain Frequencies
Authors: BERNHARD C. G. , SKOGLUND. C. R.
Published: December 2008

Experiments have been carried out on decerebrate cats with a view to studying the effect of frequency of stimulation upon reflex activity.

With frequencies between 50–100 per sec. stimulation of the sciatic nerve activated a late secondary extensor reflex after a latent period of 3–5 sec. This reflex was transient in the sense that it lasted only about 15–30 sec. The optimal frequency, for which this transient reflex was maximal, was 90—100 per sec.

The transient extensor contraction was found to be part of a complex general defensor pattern involving extension of all limbs, ventroflexion of the trunk and the tail, wihdrawal of the head, and a number of vegetative components such as micturition, raise of blood pressure (cf. Aschkenaz 1939), and pupil dilatation. The vegetative effects were also observed in animals which had received dial and therefore did not show the motor reactions. The whole defensor reflex pattern was optimally evoked by the frequency optimal for the extensor contraction.

The transient extensor reflex turned up bilaterally. When evoked by an ipsilateral stimulus in the midst of a crossed extensor it showed itself as a transitory contraction in the trough of the ipsilateral inhibitory effect. However, it turned up equally well without a background of crossed extension. When elicited by crossed stimulation the transient effect had the shape of a hump on the ordinary crossed extensor reflex, provided that the frequency of the stimulus was sufficiently high.

No proprioceptive background was necessary for the transient extensor contraction, as shown by deafferentation.

Section of the spinal cord in the lower thoracic region did not abolish the reflex.

The transient reflex could be elicited from n. popliteus but not from nn. peroneus, saphenus and glut. sup.
On the Prothrombin Content in Milk
Authors: SCHØNHEYDER FRITZ , THOMSEN. SVEND BAASTRUP
Published: December 2008

The milk prothrombin level was studied in cows and human beings. In the months before and directly after calving one can demonstrate considerable amounts of prothrombin in cow's milk. The woman colostrum also contains prothrombin but only in small amounts. At other times in the lactation period the cow's milk and human milk contain only negligible amounts of prothrombin.

The prothrombin content in the cow's colostrum is of no importance to the increase of the prothrombin in the blood of the new‐born calf.
Uber eine Depressorsulbstanz, die sich im Serum in vitro bildet
Authors: SJÖBERG KNUT , æRBLOM. ERIC
Published: December 2008

Bewahrt man steriles Serum von Mensch, Pferd oder Rind einen bis mehrere Tage bei 38° C. auf, so bildet sich eine Substanz, die bei intravenöser Injektion bei der Katze oder beim Kaninchen eine stark blutdruckssenkende Wirkung besitzt. Diese Wirkung ist von Histaminnatur, die Substanz ist aber mit diesem Stoff oder anderen bekannten Depressorsubstanzen nicht identisch. Zur Herbeiführung einer Blutdruckssenkung ist eine gewisse Mindestmenge der betreffenden Substanz erforderlich.

Überlebender Meerschweinchendarm wird nicht beeinflusst.

Die Wirkung bleibt besteben, wenn das Eiweiss aus dem Serum ausgefällt wird.

Die Substanz ist ausser in Wasser auch in Alkohol und Äther löslich.

Aktives Serum erträgt eine 30 Min. lange Erhitzung auf 60–65° C., ohne dass die Wirkung beeinträchtigt wird. Gereinigte Präparate sind dagegen temperaturempfindlich.
Cystine and Methionine Determinations in Cytochrome c
Authors: AKESON. A.
Published: December 2008

In previous reports from this institute (Theorell 1936, Theorell and Åkeson 1941), it has been shown that cytochrome c contains 6 atoms of sulphur per molecule. Two of these belong to the cysteine‐remains in porphyrin c (Theorell 1939, 1940). Concerning the four other S‐atoms contained in the protein‐component nothing has hitherto been known. By way of supplementing previously published analyses of amino acids (Theorell and Åkeson 1941) a determination of the sulphur‐containing amino acids is of a certain interest.
Determination of the Red Corpuscle Content
Authors: HEVESY G. , ZERAHN. K.
Published: December 2008

A simplification of the method of determination of the red corpuscle content (the erythron) previously communicated is described.

A blood sample taken from a rabbit is shaken in the thermostat at 37° for about 2 hours in the presence of labelled sodium phosphate and, then, it is reintroduced into the circulation of the rabbit. A comparison of the total labelled phosphorus content (radioactivity) of the corpuscles injected with the total labelled phosphorus content of corpuscle samples secured few minutes after the injection took place leads to the value of the erythron.

The corpuscle content of the rabbits investigated varied between 20.5 and 26.5 gm per kg of rabbit weight.

The authors wish to express their heartiest thanks to Professor Niels Bohr for numerous facilities kindly put at their disposal.
The Rôle of the Reticulo‐endothelial System in the Ripening of Reticulocytes.
Authors: JACOBSEN ERIK , PLUM CLAUS MUNK
Published: December 2008

We briefly describe a method of estimating the amount of reticulocyte ripening principle, present in liver extracts and in plasma.

Unlike liver extracts the reticulocyte ripening principle in plasma cannot be further activated by tyrosine. The treatment of plasma with acetone for example transforms the ripening principle into a state in which it can be activated.

By means of splenectomy and the intravenous injection of trypan blue we blocked the reticulo‐endothelial system in rabbits.

The effect of the blocking was controlled by a modification of the Congo red method, the colour of the plasma being measured in the Pulfrich photometer.

After blocking the reticulo‐endothelial system the amount of the ripening principle in plasma first decreases considerably and then increases slowly, following closely the recovery of the reticuloendothelial system. The diminislied quantity of ripening substance can be activated by tyrosine and this obtaining the same effect as before the blocking of the reticulo‐endothelial system. These findings make it seem probable that tyrosine and an unknown substance are linked together in the reticulo‐endothehal system and thus form the reticulocyte ripening principle found in plasma.
Antithormbin and Heparin
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE , DARLING SVEN
Published: December 2008

1. The formation of an antithrombic substance from heparin is investigated.

2. In accordance with earlier authors the presence of a thermolabile substance in blood plasma is found to be necessary for the formation of an antithrombic substancc from heparin. This substance is called thrombin coinhibitor.

3. The thrombin coinhibitor is found to be a more labile substance than hitherto assumed. It is destroyed after heating to 56° for 5 minutes. It is only found in plasma, and is not present in serum, while it is destroyed during the clotting process.

4. It is found that the thrombin coinhibitor is not identical with the normal antithrombin of plasma and serum.

5. To distinguish between the normal antithrombin and the antithrombic substance formed from heparin the last mentioned substance is called thrombin inhibitor, as the two substances are not identical.

6. Thrombin inhibitor is much more stable than the thrombin coinhibitor, and almost as stable as the normal antithrombin.

7. While normal antithrombin seems to combine with thrombin to form an undissociable compound, the compound between thrombin inhihitor and thrombin, as well as the compound between heparin and thrombin coinhibitor, seems to be highly dissociable.

8. Thrombin is inactivated much more rapidly by thrombin inhibitor than by antithrombin.

9. The discrepancies between our results and those of earlier authors are discussed.
Studies on the Conducting Properties of the Human Skin to Direct Current
Authors: ROSENDAL THOMAS
Published: December 2008

The resistance to direct current (voltage 0–12 V) of a 7 cm2 skin area on the volar side of the forearm has been determined under different conditions, using polarization‐free silver‐silver chloride electrodes.

The skin resistance is almost exclusively located in the stratum corneum and decreases very markedly with increasing electrolyte content of this layer. The conductivity of the stratum germinativum corresponds to that of the internal tissue which is rich in electrolyte, and behaves like a low ohmic resistance to d. c.

On 7 cm2 of skin area, the stratum corneum shows polarity to d. c. at currents below 1 mA, since the resistance to anodic conduction increases with increasing e. m. f. up to 2–4 volts, while the resistance to cathodic conduction decreases. At voltages above 2–4 volts, the resistance to both directions of current decreases to a value which corresponds to the resistance of the internal tissue. This decrease in resistance is presumably due to a short‐circuiting of the stratum corneum. The polarity of the stratum corneum, which is highest when voltages around 2 volts are applied, is brought into relation to a possible electric charge of the stratum corneum and to the type and the concentration of the contact electrolyte.

The pH of the contact electrolyte (4 cc I per cent KCl‐solution) decreased after standing on the skin for 20–45 min to a mean value of 4,97, determined on 4 persons in 14 experiments. In contradistinction to REIN'S investigations, no change in the pH of the contact electrolyte after anodic and cathodic conduction of d. c. through the skin could be observed.
Muscle Action Potentials during Electric and Chemical Stimulation of the Motor Area of the Cerebral Cortex in the Waking Animal and under Anaesthesia.1
Authors: JUUL AKSEL
Published: December 2008

1) We have performed local leading off by means of ADRIAN and BRONK'S concentric needle electrode from the extensors of the forearm of rabbits during direct electric and chemical stimulation of the motor area of the cortex partly in the waking animal and partly under anaesthesia.

2) By electrical stimulation of the cortical motor area agreement between the frequency of the muscle action potential and the frequency of the stimulation is only seen when the latter is below 10 cycles.

3) In electrical as well as in chemical stimulation of the motor area of the cortex a pronounced after‐activity was found, often persisting for several minutes. This after‐activity is of central origin.

4) The frequency of the muscle action potentials varies during electric and chemical stimulation of the cortex between 2–3 per second and c. 80–90 per second. During strychnine action a frequency of up to 125 per second was found.

5) Quinine has an inhibitory effect on the muscle action potentials (the motor end‐plate) produced by the action of strychnine on the cortex. Calcium has no effect on the strychnine contractions.

6) Picrotoxin acts much the same as strychnine on the motor area of the cortex, while cardiazol in a 10 % solution has only a very slight central effect.
Borsäure und Standardstoffwechsel.
Authors: LILJESTRAND G. , NYLIN. G.
Published: December 2008

Bei vier gesunden männlichen Versuchspersonen hatte 3 g Borsäure, täglich während 11–16 Tage genommen, keinen Einfluss auf den Standardstoffwechsel.
Calcium metabolism and citric acid
Authors: NICOLAYSEN RAGNAR , NORDBØ RAGNVALD
Published: December 2008

Injections of citric acid will not cure rickets in rats. Ca subnourishment depresses the citric acid content of the bones but only in proportion to the reduction of the ash content.

In vitamin D deficient rats the citric acid content of the bones is greatly reduced, but in disproportion to the decrease of the ash content. The ratio ash/citric acid in the experiments here reported was about doubled.
The Antinarcotic Effect of Estrone on Alcohol Intoxication
Authors: GOLDBERG LEONARD , STÖRTEBECKER(Oslo) TORE PATRICK
Published: December 2008

The effect of estrone treatment on ethyl alcohol intoxation in castrated rabbits has been studied; the degree of intoxication being established by means of reflex criteria and referred to the blood alcohol level.

1. Estrone treatment diminishes the degree of alcohol intoxication, STÖRTEBECKER'S (1937 b) observation being confirmed.

2. After estrone treatment the animals only attain the same degree of intoxication at a higher blood alcohol level. The difference in blood alcohol concentration has been used as a measure for the antinarcotic effect of estrone.

3. The general alcohol metabolism is not affected by estrone, the oxidation rate β and the distribution factor γ being unaltered. The effect of estrone on alcohol intoxication must thus be searched for elsewhere, e. g. in the central nervous system.

4. The varying resistance to alcohol depends i. a. on the hormonal state of the individual, and the amount of estrogens in the organism seems to be an important cause.
Über die Oestronwirkung auf den Sauerstoffverbrauch normaler, hypophysenloser und hypophysenstieldurchtrennter Kaninchen.1
Authors: JACOBSOHN D. , WESTMAN A.
Published: December 2008

Untersuchung des 02,‐Verbrauches narmaler, hypophysenloser und stieldurchtreniiter Kaninchen vor und zu verschiedenen Zeiten nach einer Oestronbehandlung.

Der 0,‐Verbrauch stieldurchtrennter Kaninchen ist ebenso stark herabgesetzt wie nach einer Hypophysektomie.

Durch die Oestronbehandlung sinkt der 02‐Verbrauch normaler Tiere, während er bei hypophysenlosen und stieldurchtrennten unverändert bleibt.
Studies in Acute but Moderate CO‐Poisoning.
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING. , KNUDSEN E. O. E.
Published: December 2008

The effect of, acute but moderate CO‐poisoning (25–32 pCt HbCO in the blood) is studied on two normal men. It is found, that the relative cell volume of the blood as well as the plasma protein concentration are augmented after inhalation of CO, suggesting a leaking‐out of fluid from the vessels, presumably due to peripheral vasodilatations. An increased rate of filtration could not be detected in the lower extremity. The amount of glucose and lactic acid in the blood is unaffected by this degree of CO‐intoxication so long as the subject remains quiet. In moderate work the amount of lactic acid increases, whereas the blood sugar still remains normal. The tolerance for glucose is unaffected by this degree of CO‐poisoning. In one of the two subjects the intestine lost its ability to absorb large quantities of water, presumably due to a compensatory vasoconstriction in the intestine. An attempt to demonstrate the effect of a shift of blood from the central (thoracic) vessels to the periphery on the vital capacity of the lungs, failed.
The Effect of Xanthine Derivatives on Parasympathetically Innervated Organs
Authors: BRÅHAMMAR N. S. , EMMELIN N.
Published: December 2008

The fact that the xanthine derivatives lessen the effect of parasympathetic stimuli on smooth muscles seems not to be due to their influence on the parasympathetic end mechanism, since a similar antagonism cannot be elicited on other structures (heart, salivary glands). As the motor effect of histamine on the bladder is diminished by xanthine derivatives one might infer that these substances act on the smooth muscle cells themselves.
Über eine fällungstitrimetrische Mikromethode zur schnellen Bestimmung des Cholcsterins
Authors: THUESEN WILHELM
Published: December 2008

Es wird ein neues Mikroverfahren beschrieben, nach welchem das Cholesterin durch direkte Titration mit einer bekannten Digitoninlösung bestimmt werden, kann. Damit die Fällungsreaktion nach der stöchiometrischen Gleichung verlaufen soll, muss ein Lösungsmittel verwendet werden, in welchem das Cholesterindigitonid praktisch unlöslich ist. Hochprozentiger Alkohol, der gewöhnlich bei Digitoninfällungen zu Anwendung kommt, erfüllt bekanntlich diese Forderung nicht. Das zu bestimmende Cholesterin, das aus dem Untersuchungsmaterial in geeigneter Weise extrahiert ist, wird daher in Aceton gelöst und ein aliquoter Teil mit einer genau bekannten Lösung von Digitonin in 50 prozentigem Alkohol titriert. Die Fällungsreaktion wird sich hierbei im Lösungsmittelsystem Aceton‐Wasser‐Alkohol abspielen; die Löslichkeit des Digitonids in diesem Gemisch ist sehr gering und wird von der wechselnden Zusammensetzung desselben praktisch nicht beeinflusst.

Die Titrationen werden in kleinen Zentrifugengläsern ausgeführt und der Titrationsendpunkt lässt sich in der Wiese bestimmen, dass man von der Masslösung so lange zugibt, bis in der jedesmal durch Zentrifugieren geklärten Flüssigkeit keine Trübung mehr entsteht. Die Bestimmung wird sich am einfachsten gestalten, wenn man zunächst durch eine Vortitration einen Näherungswert für den gesuchten Verbrauch ermittelt. Bei einer zweiten Titration wird von vornherein fast die gesamte zur Fällung erforderhche Menge Masslösung zugesetzt und der Endpunkt schärfer ermittelt. Von der empirischen Masslösung soil 1 ml genau 1.00 mg Cholesterin entsprechen; sie wird auf einen be‐kannten Cholesterinstandard eingestellt. Die mittlere Fehlerbreite beträgt etwa ± 1–2%.

Die Cholesterinbestimmung im Blut wird an Hand zweier Analysenbeispiele beschrieben und für die Verseifung und Extraktion des Blutserums wird eine besondere Vorschrift gegeben. Die Methode ist sehr einfach und schnell ausführbar; sie dürfte sich deshalb zu klinischen Untersuchungszwecken gut eignen.
On the Regulation of Circulation during Muscular Work.
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING , NIELSEN MARIUS , WIETH‐FEDERSEN G.
Published: December 2008

In a series of experiments the cardiac output, the blood pressure and the pulse rate have been determined during electrically induced—and normal voluntary Work. The results showed that the circulation was increased corresponding to the oxygen consumption independently of the kind of work performed. From these results it is concluded, that the cortical impulses play no part‐in the regulation of the circulation in the steady state of muscular work. This together with other evidence discussed in this paper makes it probable, that the regulation of the circulation during muscular work is governed by reflex impulses from the working muscles.
On the Alleged Relationship between the Erythrocyte Membrane and the Fibrinogen.
Authors: JORPES ERJK
Published: December 2008

The author calls attention to a previously unrecognized circunistance with regard to the composition of the stroma protein of the erythrocytes and of the fibrinogen, which allows the conclusion to be drawn that the stroma protein, after hemolysis, can not be transformed into fibrinogen. As a matter of fact, the amino acid content of the different blood proteins is quite different, each one having its own specific composition. It is evident, therefore, that there is no direct transformation of stroma protein into fibrinogen when the erythrocytes disintegrate and the ghosts disappear from the blood stream. Furthermore the author, interpreting recent experimental findings of Fåhraeus et al., calls attention to the fact that the amount of fibrinogen produced during the course of a few days through the influence of the hemolyzed blood corpuscles exceeds sixfold the amount of stroma protein liberated through the hemolysis.
Hemolysis by Hypertonic Solutions of Neutral Salts.
Authors: SÖDERSTRÖM. NILS
Published: December 2008

An investigation on hemolysis by hypertonic solutions of neutral salts has proved that the phenomenon occurs without any regard to the so‐called impermeability of the red cell membrane to cations. With concentrations in which hemolysis is produced, alkali chlorides, at least, penetrate almost in their entirety into the cell interior within a short space of time.

In this connection a description is given of a phenomenon not previously reported, which has been termed paradoxical hypotonic hemolysis.

Earlier observations concerning the significance of the ion series in the processes of hemolysis discussed in this paper have been confirmed in the main.

In a clinical investigation, the erythrocytes were found to posheess normal resistance to hypertonic solutions of NaCl in a number of diseases of interest, among others familial hemolytic jaundice. Divergences from the normal values were only noted in connection with hypochromic anemias of diverse origin, in which the red blood corpuscles shoMed a raised resistance to hypertonid solutions of NaCl.
Untersuchungen über Dextran und sein Ver‐halten bei parentersler Zufuhr. I.
Authors: Von GRÖNWALL ANDERS , INGELMAN BJÖRN
Published: December 2008

Früher sind verschiedene hochmolekulare Stoffe als therapeu‐tisches Substitut für die normalen Serumproteine vorgeschlagen worden. Eine Substanz, die mit Rücksicht auf ihre Anwendbarkeit als solches noch nicht untersucht worden ist, ist das neutrale Polysaccharid Dextran.

Nach einer kurzen Wiedergabe unserer wichtigsten Kenntnisse über das Dextran werden eigene chemische und physikalisch‐chemische Untersuchungen über diesen Stoff mitgeteilt, sowie seine Darstellung aus Zuckerrübensaft, der init Leuconostoc mesenteroides infiziert war, beschrieben. Durch Dialyse und Fallung und wiederholte Umfällung mit Alkohol wird ein reines stickstoffreies Dextran erhalten. Die Analyse dieses Produktes zeigt. dass es einzig aus Glukose aufgebaut ist. Physikalisch‐chemische Untersuchungen ergeben eine sehr hohe Viskosität. in Phosphatpuffer bei pH 6.8 eine sehr langsame elektrophore‐tische Wanderung zur Pluselektrode, sowie eine spezifische Dre‐hung [α]20°D = + 195°. Bei der ddsorptionsanalyse wird nur eine Kohlehydratkomponente beobachtet. Das Dextranmolekül ist nach allem zu urteilen langgestreckt, doch von nicht einheitlicher Molekularlänge. Die Bestimmung der Sedimentationskonstanten, der Diffusionskonstanten und des partiellen spezifischen Volumens zeigt, dass das Molekulargewicht sehr hoch ist, iron der Grössen‐ordnung vide Millionen. Ein exaktes Molekulargewicht kann wegen der uneinheitlichen Molekulargrössen nicht angegeben werden.

Das hier vorliegende Dextran ruft keine Präzipitinbildunp hervor.

Die Verfasser möchten Herrn Professor Arne Tiselius für alle guten Ratschläge bei der Ausführung dieser Untersuchungen besonders danken. Die Arbeit ist in den Laboratorien der Professo‐ren The Svedberg und Arne Tiselius am Physikalisch‐chemi‐schen Institut in Upsala ausgefuhrt worden. Svenska Socker‐fabriks A.‐B. hat durch finanzielle Hilfe die Durchführung der Arbeitr unterstützt.
Über den Umsatz der Brenztraubensäure, α‐Ketoglutarsäure und Citronensäure bei B‐Avitaminosen.
Authors: SIMOLA Von P. E.
Published: December 2008

Im Anschluss an frühere Untersuchungen des Verfassers wer‐den komplettierende Versuche dargestellt, worin unter Anwen‐dung von quantitativen Methoden der Umsatz von Brenztrau‐bensäure, α‐Ketoglutarsaure und Citronensäure bei B‐avita‐minotischen Ratten untersucht wurde. Bei der gleichzeitigen Be‐stimmung von Brenztraubensäure und α‐Ketoglutarsäure im Harn und Blut wurde ein neues Prinzip zu Hilfe genommen.

Die Resultate gingen in Bezug auf den Umsatz der α‐Keto‐sauren in gleicher Richtung wie friiher. Von den Faktoren des B‐Vitaminkomplexes verursacht vor allem der Mangel an B1‐Vitamin eine starke Zunahme des α‐Ketosäuregehaltes. Hierbei kommt am ehesten eine Steigerung der Ausscheidung von α‐Ketoglutarsäure in Frage. In der Ausscheidung von Brenztraubensäure konnte keine gróssere Steigerung festgestellt werden.

Gleichzeitig tritt im Blut eine Zunahme der Carbonylverbin‐dungen auf. Dies ist zum Teil auf die Zunahme der Brenztrau‐bensäuremenge zurückzuführen. Zum Teil kann auch das Auf‐treten von α‐Ketoglutarsäure und möglicherweise irgendwelcher unbekannten Ketoverbindungen der Grund hierfür sein.

Eine deutliche Erhöhung des Gehaltes an Citronensäure im Harn, welche bei Normaltieren haufig mit der experimentell—z. B. durch Verabreichung von Natriumsalz der Brenztrauben‐säure — hervorgerufenen Steigerung der Ausscheidung von α‐Ketoglutarsaure verbunden ist, war bei B‐Vitaminmsngelzustän‐den nicht nachzuweisen. Vielmehr konnten bai Endstadien der Avitaminossn mitunter relativ niedrige Citronensänrewerte fest‐gestellt werden.
The Amino Acid Composition of the Muscle Protein from some Species of Swedish Fish.
Authors: AGREN GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

The amino acid composition of the muscle protein from some Swedish fishes, commonly used for food consumption has been investigated. The amino acids determined correspond to more than 90 per cent by weight of the protein. By incorporation of the alanine values obtained by other authors, more than 95 per cent of the amino acid content has been recognized. The nutritional quality of the fish protein must be classified as rather high since all the indespensable amino acids —possibly with the exception of valine — are present in amounts which corresponds to those reported to be present in rabbit‐ and human muscle protein.

The writer is indebted to the Swedish Fur Breeders Corporation for their grants which supported the present investigation. He further acknowledges his thanks to Messrs Eklund and Berglund and to Mrs Ågren for their valuable assistance throughout the investigation.
The Exchange of Ions between Cells and Extracellular Fluid
Authors: KROGH AUGUST , LINDBERG ANNA‐LOUISE , SCHMIDT‐NIELSEN BODIL
Published: December 2008

Methods are described for studying the exchange of ions between the heart muscle of the frog and the bathing fluid along with the muscle contractions and for estimating the ion concentrations within the muscle cells.

Analyses of the serum of a few frogs and toads have given values for potassium and calcium which are definitely higher than those used in Ringer solutions, but the differences appear to be of no consequence.

Although the kation concentration of the bathing fluid is about 130 mM the total kations of the heart muscle dissolved in the quantity of water present will produce a higher concentration (about 170 mM), and evidence is presented to show that a fraction of the potassium which averages 82 mM in all, is chemically combined, so as to exert no osmotic pressure, and not readily exchangeable with 42K.

The calcium concentration is small (3–7 mM) and it seems probable that the calcium is mainly present in chemical combination.

A large fraction of the potassium and calcium present in a heart can be removed by repeated treatment with small volumes of sodium solutions, and the quantities thus lost are reabsorbed from normal Ringer, if the washing out has riot been carried too far. The reabsorption of K+ is not accelerated by higher concentrations. When potassium is lost sodium enters the cells and is again driven off daring the reabsorption process.

The response of a heart to a potassium free solution is gradual and takes a few minutes to develop, during which the heart becomes show and somewhat irregular. When the solution is replaced by complete Ringer it again takes some minutes for the heartbeat to become normal.

The response to changes in calcium concentration is much more abrupt. It is concluded that the action of K+ and Ca++ are mainly located in cell surfaces, that both ions can be to a certain extent replaced from the interior of the cells and that the replacement of Ca is much slower than that of potassium, while calcium from the bathing fluid acts almost at once.

On the assumption that the effects of potassium and calcium are due to ions adsorbed or otherwise combined at the cell surfaces an attempt was made to determine the quantities adsorbed in the case of calcium, but these attempts failed.

It is concluded that the heart muscle cells have the power of actively transporting potassium ions from the outside into the cells and sodium ions in the opposite direction.
Isolation from Urine of a Volatile Base with Nicotine‐like Action.
Authors: EULER U. S. v.
Published: December 2008

A physiologically active volatile base has been isolated as pic‐rate from cow's urine.

Qualitatively its action resembles that of nicotine on the blood pressure of the cat and rabbit, the motility of the isolated intestine of the rabbit and the respiration on the cat, though it is about 20 times weaker.

The action is not abolished by cocain and is partly inhibited by ergotamine.

The possible physiological significance of the occurrence in normal urine of a substance with a general synaptotropic action is pointed out.
Method for the Determination of Oxnloacetic Acid in Biologic Systems.
Authors: DARLING SVEN
Published: December 2008

In the present paper different earlier methods for determination of oxaloacetic acid are mentioned.

A method for the determination of oxaloacetic acid in biologic systems with special consideration of spontaneous decar‐boxylation is described.

The accurary of the method is elucidated by experiments.