bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi‐Technique Characterization of Adhesives Used in Medieval Jewellery
Authors: Aceto M. , Agosta E. , Arrais A. , Calà E. , Mazzucco E. , Lomartire S. , Agostino A. , Fenoglio G.
Published: March 2017

In this work, a multi‐technique analytical approach was used to characterize adhesive samples taken from medieval chef d'oeuvres jewellery, three manuscript bindings and a crucifix produced in northern Italy between the 8th and the 11th century ad, according to art‐historical evaluation and 14C dating executed on adhesives. These materials being complex mixtures, mostly of organic/inorganic nature, various analytical techniques were utilized to thoroughly elucidate their composition. A preliminary survey with portable X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), applied in situ, suggested the presence of inorganic phases. X‐ray diffraction analysis was used to identify crystalline phases. Fourier transform – infrared and Raman spectroscopies were used to identify the major components. Finally, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to identify, in the most accurate way possible, the organic compounds present in the mixtures. The combined approach of non‐invasive measurements, applied for the first time to such precious objects, and of micro‐invasive techniques allowed a complete characterization of the samples, widening the present view on such poorly studied materials.
Chemical Alteration of Lithic Artefacts: an Experimental Case Study on the effect of Guano on Stone Flakes and Its Contextualization in the Archaeological Assemblage of Azokh Cave (Southern Caucasus)
Authors: Asryan L. , Ollé A. , Moloney N. , King T. , Murray J.
Published: March 2017

Chemical weathering of archaeological material is well known; however, while there have been a number of experimental studies demonstrating different types and degrees of chemical alteration on faunal remains, little attention has been paid to stone tools, and the few studies that exist relate mainly to siliceous materials and water‐induced chemical alteration. Azokh Cave, located in the South Caucasus, contains a Middle Pleistocene to Holocene infill, and detailed macro‐ and microscopic examination of the lithic assemblages recovered there indicates potential chemical weathering of the stone artefacts. The cave is also currently home to one of the largest bat colonies in the region, and their guano forms a significant component of the infill of the inner galleries. Based on these two factors, an experimental pilot study was set up to artificially chemically alter a range of stone flakes produced specifically for the task, in order to determine the nature and likely cause of weathering. The experimental flakes, produced from different raw materials, were buried in fresh bat guano for up to two years. The results reported herein demonstrate that in a relatively short time, the highly acidic composition of bat guano strongly affects calcium‐bearing rocks (e.g., limestone, basalt) altering their entire surface. Similar comparisons may be made with chemical alteration evident on archaeological lithics from Azokh Cave, suggesting that bat guano has played a significant role in diagenetic alteration.
Spatial occupancy patterns and activity of arid rangeland cattle grazing small riparian pastures
Authors: Larson Larry , Johnson Douglas E. , Wilson Marie , Wilson Kerry , Louhaichi Mounir , Williams John
Published: March 2017

The spatial occupancy patterns and activity of cattle grazing three riparian pastures was investigated in northeastern Oregon using Global Positioning System (GPS) collars logging at 1‐sec intervals. Cattle consistently selected plant communities as grazing areas that had forage in sufficient volume to meet their requirements and favored communities as resting areas that were dry and open. Cattle were stationary for more than 50% of the time in each pasture and consistently rested between dark and 04:00 hours. Interaction with stream channels was found to be 1‐2% of total occupancy time and occurred on less than 10% of channel length. Cattle were indifferent or avoided channel areas relative to their area and, when in this zone, they spent most of their time moving not resting. Cattle did not prefer the stream bank zone and spent only 2% of their time in that zone. When occupied, the stream bank zone was used as a travel corridor to gain access to water or cross the channel to access other pasture areas. These results are in contrast with the general belief that cattle are a primary occupant of the stream bank/channel area; additional research is needed to define factors influencing cattle occupancy.
Assessing mission drift at venture capital impact investors
Authors: Cetindamar Dilek , Ozkazanc‐Pan Banu
Published: March 2017

In this article, we consider a recent trend whereby private equity available from venture capital (VC) firms is being deployed toward mission‐driven initiatives in the form of impact investing. Acting as hybrid organizations, these impact investors aim to achieve financial results while also targeting companies and funds to achieve social impact. However, potential mission drift in these VCs, which we define as a decoupling between the investments made (means) and intended aims (ends), might become detrimental to the simultaneous financial and social goals of such firms. Based on a content analysis of mission statements, we assess mission drift and the hybridization level of VC impact investors by examining their missions (ends/goals) and their investment practices (means) through the criteria of social and financial logic. After examining eight impact‐oriented VC investors and their investments in 164 companies, we find mission drift manifest as a disparity between the means and ends in half of the VC impact investors in our sample. We discuss these findings and make suggestions for further studies.
Dual targeting of MCL1 and NOXA as effective strategy for treatment of mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Höring Elisabeth , Montraveta Arnau , Heine Simon , Kleih Markus , Schaaf Lea , Vöhringer Matthias C. , Esteve‐Arenys Anna , Roué Gael , Colomer Dolors , Campo Elias , Ott German , Aulitzky Walter E. , van der Kuip Heiko
Published: March 2017

Imbalances in the composition of BCL2 family proteins contribute to tumourigenesis and therapy resistance of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), making these proteins attractive therapy targets. We studied the efficiency of dual targeting the NOXA/MCL1 axis by combining fatty acid synthase inhibitors (NOXA stabilization) with the CDK inhibitor Dinaciclib (MCL1 reduction). This combination synergistically induced apoptosis in cell lines and primary MCL cells and led to almost complete inhibition of tumour progression in a mouse model. Apoptosis was NOXA‐dependent and correlated with the NOXA/MCL1 ratio, highlighting the importance of the NOXA/MCL1 balance for effective cell death induction in MCL.
How we manage iron overload in sickle cell patients
Authors: Coates Thomas D. , Wood John C.
Published: March 2017

Blood transfusion plays a prominent role in the management of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), but causes significant iron overload. As transfusions are used to treat the severe complications of SCD, it remains difficult to distinguish whether organ damage is a consequence of iron overload or is due to the complications treated by transfusion. Better management has resulted in increased survival, but prolonged exposure to iron puts SCD patients at greater risk for iron‐related complications that should be treated. The success of chelation therapy is dominated by patient adherence to prescribed treatment; thus, adjustment of drug regimens to increase adherence to treatment is critical. This review will discuss the current biology of iron homeostasis in patients with SCD and how this informs our clinical approach to treatment. We will present the clinical approach to treatment of iron overload at our centre using serial assessment of organ iron by magnetic resonance imaging.
Sickle cell disease in Africa: an overview of the integrated approach to health, research, education and advocacy in Tanzania, 2004–2016
Authors: Tluway Furahini , Makani Julie
Published: March 2017

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the single most important genetic cause of childhood mortality globally. Tanzania has one of the highest annual births of SCD individuals in the world, estimated to reach 11 000 births a year. Without intervention, 50–90% of children will die in childhood. However, cost‐effective interventions have the potential to reduce childhood mortality by up to 70%. The effects of SCD are multi‐dimensional, ranging from causing high morbidity and mortality, and reducing the quality of life, to imposing a high socio‐economic burden on individuals, families and health systems. In the past 12 years, the SCD programme in Tanzania has developed, with local and global partnerships, a systematic framework for comprehensive research that is integrated into providing healthcare, training and advocacy in SCD. This report outlines the approach and achievements of collective initiatives for management and control of SCD in Tanzania.
High concordance of findings obtained from transgluteal magnetic resonance imaging ‐ and transrectal ultrasonography‐guided biopsy as compared with prostatectomy specimens
Authors: Steurer Stefan , Rico Sebastian Dwertmann , Simon Ronald , Minner Sarah , Tsourlakis Maria Christina , Krech Till , Koop Christina , Graefen Markus , Heinzer Hans , Adam Meike , Huland Hartwig , Schlomm Thorsten , Sauter Guido , Lumiani Agron
Published: March 2017

Objectives

To determine the utility of our transgluteal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐guided prostate biopsy approach.

Patients and Methods

A total of 960 biopsy series, taken within the period of 1 year, were evaluated, including 301 MRI‐guided and 659 transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)‐guided biopsies.

Results

The positivity rate and proportion of high grade cancers were significantly higher in MRI‐guided than in TRUS‐guided biopsies. Of 301 MRI‐guided biopsies, 65.4% contained cancer while 57.2% of 659 TRUS biopsies contained cancer (P = 0.016). Gleason grade 3 + 3 = 6 disease was observed in 16.8% of 197 MRI‐guided and in 36.1% of 377 TRUS‐guided biopsies (P < 0.001). There was also a markedly higher quantity of cancer tissue in MRI‐guided biopsies. In all cancers, the mean cancer surface area was 64.8 ± 51.6 mm2 in MRI‐guided biopsies as compared with 23.0 ± 31.4 mm2 in non‐MRI‐guided biopsies (P < 0.001). With respect to the tissue quantity, superiority of MRI‐guided biopsy was highest in Gleason grade 3 + 3 = 6 cancers (20.9 ± 27.9 vs 5.1 ± 10.2 mm2; P < 0.001) and in Gleason grade 3 + 4 = 7 cancers (59.7 ± 38.0 vs 17.7 ± 18.4 mm2; P < 0.001). Comparison of biopsy Gleason grades with findings in prostatectomy specimens was possible in 80 patients with MRI‐guided and in 170 patients with non‐MRI‐guided biopsies. This comparison showed a very high but almost identical concordance of TRUS‐ and MRI‐guided biopsies with the prostatectomy specimen findings. With both approaches, undetected high‐risk cancers were present in ~10% of patients with low‐risk biopsy results. A significant difference was observed, however, in the proportion of patients who had clinically insignificant cancers and who underwent surgery. The proportion of patients with Gleason grade 3 + 3 = 6 carcinoma in their prostatectomy specimen was 11.2% in the post‐TRUS biopsy cohort, but only 2.5% in the post‐MRI biopsy cohort (P = 0.021).

Conclusion

MRI‐guided transgluteal prostate biopsy has a high detection rate for high‐risk carcinomas, while the risk of detecting clinically insignificant carcinomas appears to be reduced. This may by itself lead to a reduction of unnecessary prostatectomies. Overtreatment may be further avoided by better applicability of molecular testing to MRI‐guided biopsies because of the excessive amount of tissue available for analysis, especially in patients with potential low‐risk carcinomas.
Exome sequencing deciphers a germline MET mutation in familial epidermal growth factor receptor‐mutant lung cancer
Authors: Tode Naoki , Kikuchi Toshiaki , Sakakibara Tomohiro , Hirano Taizou , Inoue Akira , Ohkouchi Shinya , Tamada Tsutomu , Okazaki Tatsuma , Koarai Akira , Sugiura Hisatoshi , Niihori Tetsuya , Aoki Yoko , Nakayama Keiko , Matsumoto Kunio , Matsubara Yoichi , Yamamoto Masayuki , Watanabe Akira , Nukiwa Toshihiro , Ichinose Masakazu
Published: March 2017

Lung cancer accompanied by somatic activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, which is associated with a significant clinical response to the targeted therapy, is frequently found in never‐smoking Asian women with adenocarcinoma. Although this implies genetic factors underlying the carcinogenesis, the etiology remains unclear. To gain insight into the pathogenic mechanisms, we sequenced the exomes in the peripheral‐blood DNA from six siblings, four affected and two unaffected siblings, of a family with familial EGFR‐mutant lung adenocarcinoma. We identified a heterozygous missense mutation in MET proto‐oncogene, p.Asn375Lys, in all four affected siblings. Combined with somatic loss of heterozygosity for MET, the higher allele frequency in a Japanese sequencing database supports a causative role of the MET mutation in EGFR‐mutant lung cancer. Functional assays showed that the mutation reduces the binding affinity of MET for its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor, and damages the subsequent cellular processes, including proliferation, clonogenicity, motility and tumorigenicity. The MET mutation was further observed to abrogate the ERBB3‐mediated AKT signal transduction, which is shared downstream by EGFR. These findings provide an etiological view that the MET mutation is involved in the pathogenesis of EGFR‐mutant lung cancer because it generates oncogenic stress that induces compensatory EGFR activation. The identification of MET in a family with familial EGFR‐mutant lung cancer is insightful to explore the pathogenic mechanism of not only familial, but also sporadic EGFR‐mutant lung cancer by underscoring MET‐related signaling molecules.
One‐pot cascade synthesis and in vitro evaluation of anti‐inflammatory and antidiabetic activities of S‐methylphenyl substituted acridine‐1,8‐diones
Authors: Mallu Lavanya , Thirumalai Dhakshanamurthy , Asharani Indira Viswambaran
Published: March 2017

Various S‐methylphenyl substituted acridine‐1,8‐dione series (4a–i) were synthesized through a one‐pot cascade synthetic approach involving the reaction of 4‐(methylthio)benzaldehyde and dimedone with a variety of amines as nitrogen source under reflux in ethanol. All the synthesized derivatives were characterized by using spectroscopic methods. In vitro evaluations of anti‐inflammatory and antidiabetic efficacies of all the synthesized compounds were investigated. The anti‐inflammatory results infer that the compounds 4c and 4d are showing excellent activity with an inhibition percentage of 80.58 ± 0.42, 81.72 ± 1.72 by membrane stabilization and 77.72 ± 0.76, 78.76 ± 0.81 by albumin denaturation methods, which is comparable with the standard diclofenac at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. Further, the antidiabetic assay revealed the moderate activity for the synthesized compounds at a concentration of 100 μg/ml with respect to their standard drug, acarbose.
Interpersonal Development in Infancy: The Interconnectedness of Emotion Understanding and Social Cognition
Authors: Reschke Peter J. , Walle Eric A. , Dukes Daniel
Published: March 2017

Understanding emotion in interpersonal contexts involves appreciating others’ relations with the environment. This ability is related fundamentally to social cognition, including understanding the actions and goals of social partners. However, the significance of infants’ emotion understanding has been largely underemphasized in recent studies on infants’ social‐cognitive development. In this review, we highlight the interconnectedness of emotion understanding and social cognition in socioemotional development. We incorporate a relational view of emotion to bridge empirical and theoretical work on emotional and social‐cognitive development, and to demonstrate the utility of this approach for advancing novel areas of inquiry.
Encouraging Maternal Guidance of Preschoolers’ Spatial Thinking During Block Play
Authors: Borriello Giulia A. , Liben Lynn S.
Published: March 2017

Spatial thinking, an important component of cognition, supports academic achievement and daily activities (e.g., learning science and math; using maps). Better spatial skills are correlated with more spatial play and more parental attention to spatial concepts. Tested here was whether informing mothers about spatial thinking and ways to encourage it would increase the spatial guidance they provide to their preschool children (N = 41;M = 5.23 years) during dyadic block play. Mothers given such instructions indeed produced more spatial language and spatial guidance than mothers asked to play as usual. In instructed dyads, children also used more spatial language; both mothers and children engaged in less pretend play. Findings offer support for designing interventions to encourage parents to foster their children's spatial skills.
Paracentral acute middle maculopathy as a finding in patients with severe vision loss following phacoemulsification cataract surgery
Authors: Creese Katarina , Ong Daini , Sandhu Sukhpal S , Ware David , Alex Harper C , Al‐Qureshi Salmaan H , Wickremasinghe Sanjeewa S
Published: March 2017

Importance

Paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM) diagnosed by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) in patients with poor visual outcome post cataract surgery.

Background

Case series of severe vision loss due to PAMM after cataract surgery.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Participants

Cases from five surgical centres in Victoria, Australia.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of cases with unexplained ‘patch‐off’ vision loss post cataract surgery. All patients in our cohort had PAMM and presumed diagnosis of central or transient retinal artery occlusion.

Main Outcome Measures

A review of the patient histories focusing on pre‐operative ocular and systemic vascular risk factors, anaesthetic and operative factors.

Results

Ten cases were included. All patients had 6/72 Snellen visual acuity or worse noted on day one post surgery. Three patients had features of central retinal artery occlusion consisting of retinal pallor with a ‘cherry red’ macula but absent relative afferent pupillary defect. Seven had no features of retinal pallor or attenuation of retinal arterioles. On SD‐OCT, all eyes had evident PAMM. Six patients had a history of cardiovascular disease or blood dyscrasia.

Conclusions and Relevance

PAMM should be considered in patients with ‘patch off’ visual loss and absence of other fundal signs. We hypothesise that spasm or transient occlusion of central retinal artery leads to arterial hypoperfusion with subsequent ischaemia or infarction of the retina. Underlying arterial disease may have led to pre‐existing hypoperfusion that may have been further compromised by raised intraocular pressure during the procedure itself or via raised orbital pressure from the anaesthesia.
Neural tube closure and embryonic metabolism
Authors: Yamaguchi Yoshifumi , Miyazawa Hidenobu , Miura Masayuki
Published: March 2017

Neural tube closure (NTC) is an embryonic process during formation of the mammalian central nervous system. Disruption of the dynamic, sequential events of NTC can cause neural tube defects (NTD) leading to spina bifida and anencephaly in the newborn. NTC is affected by inherent factors such as genetic mutation or if the mother is exposed to certain environmental factors such as intake of harmful chemicals, maternal infection, irradiation, malnutrition, and inadequate or excessive intake of specific nutrients. Although effects of these stress factors on NTC have been intensively studied, the metabolic state of a normally developing embryo remains unclear. State‐of‐the art mass spectrometry techniques have enabled detailed study of embryonic metabolite profiles and their distribution within tissues. This approach has demonstrated that glucose metabolism is altered during NTC stages involving chorioallantoic branching. An understanding of embryonic metabolic rewiring would help reveal the etiology of NTD caused by environmental factors.
Effect of allergens and irritants on levels of natural moisturizing factor and corneocyte morphology
Authors: Koppes Sjors A. , Ljubojević Hadžavdić Suzana , Jakasa Ivone , Franceschi Nika , Riethmüller Christoph , Jurakić Tončic Ružica , Marinovic Branka , Raj Nidhin , Rawlings Anthony V. , Voegeli Rainer , Lane Majella E. , Haftek Marek , Frings‐Dresen Monique H.W. , Rustemeyer Thomas , Kezic Sanja
Published: March 2017

Background

The irritant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is known to cause a decrease in the stratum corneum level of natural moisturizing factor (NMF), which in itself is associated with changes in corneocyte surface topography.

Objective

To explore this phenomenon in allergic contact dermatitis.

Methods

Patch testing was performed on patients with previously positive patch test reactions to potassium dichromate (Cr), nickel sulfate (Ni), methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI)/methylisothiazolinone (MI), or p‐phenylenediamine. Moreover, a control (pet.) patch and an irritant (SLS) patch were applied. After 3 days, the stratum corneum from tested sites was collected, and NMF levels and corneocyte morphology, expressed as the amount of circular nanosize objects, quantified according to the Dermal Texture Index (DTI), were determined.

Results

Among allergens, only MCI/MI reduced NMF levels significantly, as did SLS. Furthermore, only MCI/MI caused remarkable changes at the microscopic level; the corneocytes were hexagonal‐shaped with pronounced cell borders and a smoother surface. The DTI was increased after SLS exposure but not after allergen exposure.

Conclusions

MCI/MI significantly decreased NMF levels, similarly to SLS. The altered corneocyte morphology suggests that skin barrier damage plays a role in the pathogenesis of MCI/MI contact allergy. The DTI seems to differentiate reactions to SLS from those to the allergens tested, as SLS was the only agent that caused a DTI increase.
Ownership Dilemmas: The Case of Finders Versus Landowners
Authors: DeScioli Peter , Karpoff Rachel , De Freitas Julian
Published: March 2017

People sometimes disagree about who owns which objects, and these ownership dilemmas can lead to costly disputes. We investigate the cognitive mechanisms underlying people's judgments about finder versus landowner cases, in which a person finds an object on someone else's land. We test psychological hypotheses motivated directly by three major principles that govern these cases in the law. The results show that people are more likely to favor the finder when the object is in a public space compared to a private space. We find mixed support for the hypothesis that people are less likely to favor a finder who is employed by the landowner. Last, we find no support for the hypothesis that people are more likely to favor finders for objects located above ground compared to below ground. We discuss implications for psychological theories of ownership and potential applications to property law.
Maternal Socioeconomic Status Influences the Range of Expectations During Language Comprehension in Adulthood
Authors: Troyer Melissa , Borovsky Arielle
Published: March 2017

In infancy, maternal socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with real‐time language processing skills, but whether or not (and if so, how) this relationship carries into adulthood is unknown. We explored the effects of maternal SES in college‐aged adults on eye‐tracked, spoken sentence comprehension tasks using the visual world paradigm. When sentences ended in highly plausible, expected target nouns (Exp. 1), higher SES was associated with a greater likelihood of considering alternative endings related to the action of the sentence. Moreover, for unexpected sentence endings (Exp. 2), individuals from higher SES backgrounds were sensitive to whether the ending was action‐related (plausible) or unrelated (implausible), showing a benefit for plausible endings. Individuals from lower SES backgrounds did not show this advantage. This suggests maternal SES can influence the dynamics of sentence processing even in adulthood, with consequences for processing unexpected content. These findings highlight the importance of early lexical experience for adult language skills.
Oral health related quality of life depending on oral health and specific factors in patients after lung transplantation
Authors: Schmalz Gerhard , Wendorff Horst , Marcinkowski Anna , Weinreich Gerhard , Teschler Helmut , Haak Rainer , Sommerwerck Urte , Ziebolz Dirk
Published: March 2017

Introduction

Patients after lung transplantation (LuTx) were found to present oral health deficiencies. The investigation of potentially underlying or influencing factors appears to be of clinical relevance.

Objectives

Aim of this study was to evaluate the oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) in a group of patients after LuTx and compare this to a healthy control group (HC). Furthermore, the influence of dental and periodontal condition, as well as specific factors like immunosuppression, time after LuTx and causal underlying disease should be investigated.

Methods

The OHRQoL was assessed using the German short form of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP G14). Dental examination included the decayed (D‐), missing (M‐), and filled (F‐) teeth index (DMF‐T). Periodontal condition was classified based on clinical attachment loss and/or pocket depth as no/mild or moderate/severe periodontitis. Statistical analysis: Mann‐Whitney‐U‐test, Kruskal‐Wallis test (P < .05).

Results

A total of 60 patients after LuTx and 70 HC were included. The DMF‐T, D‐T, and M‐T as well as periodontal disease severity was significantly higher in LuTx group (P < .01). The OHIP G14 differed neither clinically relevant, nor statistically significant (LuTx: 1.70 ± 2.70, HC: 1.54 ± 2.86, P = .15). While in HC the DMF‐T, M‐T, and periodontal condition had an influence on OHIP G14 values (P < .05), in LuTx no influence was detected for dental and periodontal condition as well as specific factors investigated.

Conclusions

The oral health perception of LuTx patients does not reflect the apparent oral health deficiencies. Consequently, sensitization and motivation for an increased dental behavior is needed.
Red cell distribution width and uric acid in patients with obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Sunnetcioglu Aysel , Gunbatar Hulya , Yıldız Hanifi
Published: March 2017

Background

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), characterized by recurrent partial or complete pharyngeal closure, resulting in apnea or hypopnea, is closely associated with cardiovascular disorders (CVDs). Elevated red cell distribution width (RDW) and serum uric acid (SUA) levels have also been associated with CVDs and the consequent mortality. The aim of this study is to determine SUA levels and RDW in patients with OSA which is major a risk factor for CVDs.

Methods

This was a retrospective study involving 600 subjects evaluated by polysomnography. Patients were grouped according to the apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI), expressed as control group or as mild OSA, moderate OSA, and severe OSA groups.

Results

The mean RDW and the mean SUA were significantly higher in the severe OSA group than in all other groups (P < .015 and P < .003, respectively, for all). RDW was negatively correlated with minimum SpO2 (r = −.142, P < .01) and positively correlated with mean oxygen desaturation time (r = .113, P < .05). SUA was negatively correlated with minimum SpO2 (r = −.229, P < .01). The RDW was significantly higher in the OSA patients with CVDs than in those with OSA only (P < .05), although there was no significant difference between the OSA patients with and without CVDs in terms of the SUA in any of the groups (P > .05).

Conclusions

Elevated levels of SUA and RDW were associated with OSA severity, as defined by AHI. In addition, RDW was significantly higher in severe OSA with CVDs.
Brain natriuretic peptide levels in middle aged subjects with normal left ventricular function in relation to mild–moderate COPD
Authors: Kraen Morten , Frantz Sophia , Nihlén Ulf , Engström Gunnar , Löfdahl Claes‐Göran , Wollmer Per , Dencker Magnus
Published: March 2017

Background

Levels of plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) have been shown to be elevated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) especially in connection with cor pulmonale (CP) and the late stages of the disease. BNP is also raised in left sided heart failure which sometimes coincides with COPD. Whether BNP is elevated in subjects with mild–moderate stable COPD and normal left ventricular function is not clear.

Objective

To investigate BNP levels in subjects with mild–moderate COPD and normal left ventricular function.

Methods

This was a cross sectional study of 450 subjects from a population‐based respiratory questionnaire survey. All subjects were examined with echocardiography and spirometry and blood samples were drawn for BNP measurements. Subjects with left sided heart disease (n = 26) or echocardiographic signs of elevated filling pressure (n = 75), COPD stages III and IV (n = 5) or missing data (n = 13) were excluded.

Results

In the final study population (n = 331) spirometry identified 86 subjects with COPD (GOLD stage I, n = 65 and GOLD stage II, n = 21). In comparison with the rest of the study population subjects with COPD were significantly older, longer and with a male predominance. In a multivariate linear regression analysis with log‐normalized (lnBNP) as the dependent variable a significant correlation was found with age, left atrial volume, body surface area and haemoglobin, but not with any pulmonary variables. Even when comparing groups no significant difference could be found between the plasma levels of lnBNP in normal subjects (1.8 ± 0.7 mean ± SD, pmol/L) subjects and in COPD subjects (1.9 ± 0.7, P = 0.47).

Conclusions

In a population with normal left ventricular function no significant differences in BNP levels between stable mild–moderate COPD subjects and normal individuals could be found.
Alcohol and disadvantaged men: A feasibility trial of an intervention delivered by mobile phone
Authors: Crombie Iain K. , Irvine Linda , Falconer Donald W. , Williams Brian , Ricketts Ian W. , Jones Claire , Humphris Gerry , Norrie John , Slane Peter , Rice Peter
Published: March 2017

Introduction and Aims

Disadvantaged men suffer substantial harm from heavy drinking. This feasibility study developed and evaluated the methods for a trial of a brief intervention delivered by text messages to disadvantaged men. It aimed to test the methods for recruitment and retention, to monitor engagement with the intervention and assess the overall acceptability of study methods.

Design and Methods

Disadvantaged men aged 25–44 years who had ≥2 episodes of binge drinking (≥8 units in one session) in the preceding month were recruited. Two recruitment strategies were assessed: recruitment from general practice registers and by a community outreach strategy. Theoretically and empirically based text messages were tailored to the target group.

Results

The study recruited 67 disadvantaged men at high risk of alcohol‐related harm, exceeding the target of 60. Evaluation showed that 95% of text messages were delivered, and the men engaged enthusiastically with the intervention. Retention at follow up was 96%. Outcomes were successfully measured on all men followed up. This provided data for the sample size calculation for the full trial. Post‐study evaluation showed high levels of satisfaction with the study.

Discussion and Conclusions

This study has shown that disadvantaged men can be recruited and follow‐up data obtained in an alcohol intervention study. The study methods were acceptable to the participants. The men recruited were at high risk of alcohol‐related harms. It also clarified ways in which the recruitment strategy, the baseline questionnaire and the intervention could be improved. The full trial is currently underway. [Crombie IK, Irvine L, Falconer DW, Williams B, Ricketts IW, Jones C, Humphris G, Norrie J, Slane P, Rice P. Alcohol and disadvantaged men: A feasibility trial of an intervention delivered by mobile phone. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:468‐476]
Does alcohol outlet density differ by area‐level disadvantage in metropolitan Perth?
Authors: Foster Sarah , Hooper Paula , Knuiman Matthew , Trapp Georgina , Wood Lisa
Published: March 2017

Introduction and Aims

Research suggests that there are area‐level disparities in alcohol outlets, with greater density in disadvantaged areas. In part, this might be explained by the inequitable distribution of retail, attracted by lower rents to disadvantaged neighbourhoods. This ecological study examines the distribution of liquor licences in Perth, Australia, and whether discrepancies in the distribution of retail land‐uses could account for a socio‐economic gradient.

Design and Methods

Area disadvantage was determined for each Statistical Area 1 (SA1) using the Australian Bureau of Statistics Index of Relative Socio‐economic Disadvantage, and licence locations were mapped in GIS. Negative binomial loglinear models examined whether licence densities within SA1s differed by area disadvantage, controlling for demographics and spatial correlation. Models included an offset term, so the estimated effects of area‐level disadvantage were on licences per km2, or licences per retail destination.

Results

In the area‐based analyses, for every unit increase in disadvantage decile (i.e. a reduction in relative disadvantage), general licences reduced by 15% (P = 0.000) and liquor stores reduced by 7% (P = 0.004). These gradients were not apparent when licences were examined as a function of retail; however, for every unit increase in disadvantage decile, the density of on‐premise licences per retail destination increased by 14% (P = 0.000).

Discussion and Conclusions

The direction of the socio‐economic gradient for general licences and liquor stores in Perth is concerning, as all licences selling packaged alcohol were more abundant in disadvantaged areas. However, the over‐representation of packaged liquor in disadvantaged areas may relate to the increased provision of retail.
Neuroscientific insights into the development of analogical reasoning
Authors: Whitaker Kirstie J. , Vendetti Michael S. , Wendelken Carter , Bunge Silvia A.
Published: March 2017

Analogical reasoning, or the ability to find correspondences between entities based on shared relationships, supports knowledge acquisition. As such, the development of this ability during childhood is thought to promote learning. Here, we sought to better understand the mechanisms by which analogical reasoning about semantic relations improves over childhood and adolescence (e.g. chalk is to chalkboard as pen is to…?). We hypothesized that age‐related differences would manifest as differences in the brain regions associated with one or more of the following cognitive functions: (1) controlled semantic retrieval, or the ability to retrieve task‐relevant semantic associations; (2) response control, or the ability to override the tendency to respond to a salient distractor; and/or (3) relational integration, or the ability to consider jointly two mental relations. In order to test these hypotheses, we analyzed patterns of fMRI activation during performance of a pictorial propositional analogy task across 95 typically developing children between the ages of 6 and 18 years old. Despite large age‐related differences in task performance, particularly over ages 6–10 but through to around age 14, participants across the whole age range recruited a common network of frontal, parietal and temporal regions. However, activation in a brain region that has been implicated in controlled semantic retrieval – left anterior prefrontal cortex (BA 47/45) – was positively correlated with age, and also with performance after controlling for age. This finding indicates that improved performance over middle childhood and early adolescence on this analogical reasoning task is driven largely by improvements in the ability to selectively retrieve task‐relevant semantic relationships.
Risk factors and outcome differences in hypoglycaemia‐related hospital admissions: A case‐control study in England
Authors: Zaccardi Francesco , Webb David R. , Davies Melanie J. , Dhalwani Nafeesa N. , Housley Gemma , Shaw Dominic , Hatton James W. , Khunti Kamlesh
Published: March 2017

Aims

To evaluate risk factors for hospital admissions for hypoglycaemia and compare length of hospitalization, inpatient mortality and hospital readmission between hypoglycaemia‐ and non‐hypoglycaemia‐related admissions.

Materials and methods

We used all admissions for hypoglycaemia in individuals with diabetes to English NHS hospital trusts between 2005 and 2014 (101 475 case admissions) and 3 random admissions per case in individuals with diabetes without hypoglycaemia (304 425 control admissions). Risk factors and differences in the 3 outcomes were estimated with logistic and negative binomial regressions.

Results

A U‐shaped relationship between age and risk of admission for hypoglycaemia was observed until the age of 85 years; compared to the nadir at 60 years, the risk was progressively higher in younger and older patients and steadily declined after 85 years. Social deprivation (positively) and comorbidities (negatively) were associated with the risk of admission for hypoglycaemia. Compared to Caucasians, other ethnic groups had lower (Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Indians) or higher (Caribbean) risk of admission for hypoglycaemia. Length of hospitalization was 26% shorter while risk of rehospitalization was 65% higher in individuals admitted for hypoglycaemia. Compared to admissions for hypoglycaemia, risk of inpatient mortality was 50% lower for unstable angina but higher for acute myocardial infarction (3 times), acute renal failure (5 times) or pneumonia (8 times).

Conclusions

Among hospital‐admitted individuals with diabetes, age, social deprivation, comorbidities and ethnicity are associated with higher frequency of hospitalization for hypoglycaemia. Admission for hypoglycaemia is associated with a greater risk of readmission, a shorter length of hospitalisation and a generally lower inpatient mortality compared to admissions for other medical conditions. These results could help in identifying at‐risk groups to reduce the burden of hospitalization for hypoglycaemia.
Gender Inequality and Economic Development: Fertility, Education and Norms
Authors: Kleven Henrik , Landais Camille
Published: March 2017

We document the evolution of gender inequality in labour market outcomes—earnings, labour supply and wage rates—over the path of economic development, and present evidence on the potential reasons for this evolution. To this end, we have created a micro database that compiles 248 surveys from 53 countries between 1967 and 2014, covering a wide range of per capita income levels. There is large convergence in the earnings of men and women over the path of development, driven by female labour force participation and wage rates. We argue that the single most important factor behind this convergence is demographic transition: the effects of children on gender gaps (‘child penalties’) are large at both low and high levels of development, but fertility declines drastically over the growth process and thus reduces the aggregate implications of children. We also document gender convergence in educational attainment and consider its effects on earnings inequality, arguing that these are significant but less dramatic than the effects of fertility. Finally, we document striking changes in the values or norms surrounding the role of women with children, implying that such changes could serve as a reinforcing mechanism for gender convergence.
Testing systemic fungicides for control of Phytophthora oak root disease
Authors: González M. , Caetano P. , Sánchez M. E.
Published: March 2017

Potassium phosphite (PP) formulations registered as fertilizers are now prohibited in Spain. Therefore, we evaluated the systemic fungicide fosetyl‐aluminium (fos‐al) in comparison with PP, against root rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi in Quercus woodlands. The direct effect of both systemic fungicides was evaluated in vitro on P. cinnamomi mycelial growth. Protection of cork and holm oak against infection was also evaluated in planta. Metalaxyl was included in both in vitro and in planta experiments for comparison purposes. At 100 μg/mL, PP totally inhibited colony radial growth, in comparison with 75% achieved by fos‐al. At doses recommended by manufacturers, with fos‐al and metalaxyl applications, root symptoms remained similar to the uninfected control levels. Based on these results, fos‐al is a candidate substitute product for PP in Quercus woodlands for control of Phytophthora oak root disease.
Heidegger, Art, and the Overcoming of Metaphysics
Authors: Dill Matt
Published: March 2017

In this paper, I advance a new interpretation of Heidegger's reflections on art as we find them in his essay, ‘The Origin of the Work of Art’. I begin, in Section 1, by uncovering the fundamental concern that motivates Heidegger's essay. I show that Heidegger's reflections on art are part of his attempt to uncover a path beyond the history of metaphysics. I then suggest, in Section 2, that while Heidegger does think that art may allow for the overcoming of metaphysics, recent interpreters [Dreyfus (), Thomson (), and Young ()] have mistook the kind of art that Heidegger has in mind here. The kind of art that can allow for the overcoming of metaphysics, I argue, is not art that simply thematizes and/or reconfigures cultural worlds (as these interpreters have argued). It is instead what Heidegger calls ‘primal poesy’. After discussing the nature of primal poesy, I show in more detail how this kind of art may be capable of getting us beyond the history of metaphysics in Section 3. Finally, in Section 4, I reconsider the more common reading of ‘The Origin of the Work of Art’ in light of the interpretation I've offered in Sections 2 and 3.
Selection by higher‐order effects of salinity and bacteria on early life‐stages of Western Baltic spring‐spawning herring
Authors: Poirier Maude , Listmann Luisa , Roth Olivia
Published: March 2017

Habitat stratification by abiotic and biotic factors initiates divergence of populations and leads to ecological speciation. In contrast to fully marine waters, the Baltic Sea is stratified by a salinity gradient that strongly affects fish physiology, distribution, diversity and virulence of important marine pathogens. Animals thus face the challenge to simultaneously adapt to the concurrent salinity and cope with the selection imposed by the changing pathogenic virulence. Western Baltic spring‐spawning herring (Clupea harengus) migrate to spawning grounds characterized by different salinities to which herring are supposedly adapted. We hypothesized that herring populations do not only have to cope with different salinity levels but that they are simultaneously exposed to higher‐order effects that accompany the shifts in salinity, that is induced pathogenicity ofVibriobacteria in lower saline waters. To experimentally evaluate this, adults of two populations were caught in their spawning grounds and fully reciprocally crossed within and between populations. Larvae were reared at three salinity levels, representing the spawning ground salinity of each of the two populations, or Atlantic salinity conditions resembling the phylogenetic origin ofClupea harengus. In addition, larvae were exposed to aVibrio spp. infection. Life‐history traits and gene expression analysis served as response variables. Herring seem adapted to Baltic Sea conditions and cope better with low saline waters. However, upon a bacterial infection, herring larvae suffer more when kept at lower salinities implying reduced resistance againstVibrioor higherVibriovirulence. In the context of recent climate change with less saline marine waters in the Baltic Sea, such interactions may constitute key future stressors.
Recent advances in control algorithms for smart structures and machines
Authors: Gutierrez Soto Mariantonieta , Adeli Hojjat
Published: March 2017

This paper presents a state‐of‐the‐art review of recent control algorithms used primarily for vibration control of smart structures and machines. Control algorithms can be divided into open loop, feedback, feedforward, and combined feedback and feedforward control. Solutions proposed can be subdivided into (a) classical control, (b) optimal control, (c) robust control, (d) intelligent control, and (e) self‐sustaining solutions and energy harvesting used in centralized and decentralized configurations. The most recent research on novel autonomous control systems intersects distributed control theory, agent‐based modeling, bioinspired computational learning, and optimization algorithms.
Development of a multiprobe electrical resistivity tomography prototype system and robust underground clustering
Authors: Kutbay Uğurhan , Hardalaç Fırat
Published: March 2017

This study reports a 24‐probe electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) prototype system and its empirical evaluation in a case study setting. The system was designed using the Wenner soil resistivity measurement method. The performance and outputs of the approach and the developed prototype system were assessed and approved by the General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration of Turkey. This study is also supported by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology through the project “Distinguishing of Metallic Targets (code number is 1064.STZ.2011‐2).” The state of the art of this study is multiprobe ERT, which has a touchscreen for ease of use and improved measurement accuracy for minimizing RMS (root mean square) error using a 16‐bit ADC. Similar to other ERT systems, the prototype system that we have developed allows the user to change the current and probe interval via the touchscreen user interface. In addition to this system, a new fuzzy clustering algorithm named robust colored image fuzzy C‐mean was developed in this study. The robust colored image fuzzy C‐mean performs underground clustering in RGB colors, which provides improved clustering results compared to those of the conventional fuzzy C‐mean clustering algorithm.