bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal intake of vitamin E and birth defects, national birth defects prevention study, 1997 to 2005
Authors: Gilboa Suzanne M. , Lee Kyung A. , Cogswell Mary E. , Traven Flavia K. , Botto Lorenzo D. , Riehle‐Colarusso Tiffany , Correa Adolfo , Boyle Coleen A. ,   the National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUND In a recent study, high maternal periconceptional intake of vitamin E was found to be associated with risk of congenital heart defects (CHDs). To explore this association further, we investigated the association between total daily vitamin E intake and selected birth defects. METHODS: We analyzed data from 4525 controls and 8665 cases from the 1997 to 2005 National Birth Defects Prevention Study. We categorized estimated periconceptional energy‐adjusted total daily vitamin E intake from diet and supplements into quartiles (referent, lowest quartile). Associations between quartiles of energy‐adjusted vitamin E intake and selected birth defects were adjusted for demographic, lifestyle, and nutritional factors. RESULTS: We observed a statistically significant association with the third quartile of vitamin E intake (odds ratio [OR], 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.35) and all CHDs combined. Among CHD sub‐types, we observed associations with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction defects, and its sub‐type, coarctation of the aorta and the third quartile of vitamin E intake. Among defects other than CHDs, we observed associations between anorectal atresia and the third quartile of vitamin E intake (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.01–2.72) and hypospadias and the fourth quartile of vitamin E intake (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.09–1.87). CONCLUSION: Selected quartiles of energy‐adjusted estimated total daily vitamin E intake were associated with selected birth defects. However, because these few associations did not exhibit exposure‐response patterns consistent with increasing risk associated with increasing intake of vitamin E, further studies are warranted to corroborate our findings. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 100:647–657, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Novel Use of a Heterozygous Knockout Mouse for Embryofetal Development Assessment of a Glucokinase Activator
Authors: Mitchard Terri , Stewart Jane
Published: April 2014

Glucokinase activators (GKAs), such as AZD1656, are designed as antihyperglycemic agents for diabetics and can cause dose‐limiting hypoglycemia in normal animals used in embryofetal development studies. Genetically modified heterozygous GK knockout (gkdel/wt) mice are less susceptible to severe GKA‐induced hypoglycemia than wild‐type mice due to their elevated baseline glucose levels. In this study, the gkdel/wt mouse was used as an alternative rodent strain for embryofetal development studies with AZD1656. Heterozygous global knockout gkdel/wt females were dosed with 20, 50, or 130 mg/kg/day of AZD1656 or vehicle for a minimum of 14 consecutive days before mating with wild‐type males and throughout organogenesis. Maternal effects were confined to slightly reduced food consumption, reduced body weight gain, and the pharmacologic effect of decreased plasma glucose. Fetuses were genotyped. Fetal weights at the high dose were slightly reduced but there was no effect on fetal survival. There were two specific major malformations, omphalocele and right‐sided aortic arch, with increased fetal incidence in mid‐ and high‐dose fetuses (e.g., omphalocele fetal incidence of 0.6, 0.7, 4.6, and 2% across the dose groups) plus increased incidences of minor abnormalities and variants indicative of either delayed or disturbed development. Fetal weight and abnormalities were unaffected by fetal genotype. The fetal effects are considered hypoglycemia related. There was no effect on embryofetal survival in the gkdel/wt mouse at AZD1656 exposures, which were 70× higher than those causing 75% fetal death in rabbits. This illustrates the value of genetically modified animals in unraveling target versus chemistry‐related effects.
Outlier detection method in GEEs
Authors: Pardo María del Carmen , Hobza Tomáš
Published: April 2014

The generalized estimating equations (GEEs) method has become quite useful in modeling correlated data. However, diagnostic tools to check that the selected final model fits the data as accurately as possible have not been explored intensively. In this paper, an outlier detection technique is developed based on the use of the “working” score test statistic to test an appropriate mean‐shift model in the context of longitudinal studies based on GEEs. Through a simulation study it has been shown that this method correctly singled out the outlier when the data set had a known outlier. The method is applied to a set of data to illustrate the outlier detection procedure in GEEs.
Asymptotics for Object Descriptors
Authors: Telschow Fabian J. E. , Huckemann Stephan F. , Pierrynowski Michael
Published: April 2014

This is a discussion of the following paper: “Overview of object oriented data analysis” by J. Steve Marron and Andrés M. Alonso.
Object Oriented Data Analysis: A few methodological challenges
Authors: Sangalli Laura M. , Secchi Piercesare , Vantini Simone
Published: April 2014

This is a discussion of the paper “Overview of object oriented data analysis” by J. Steve Marron and Andrés M. Alonso.
Shape and object data analysis
Authors: Dryden Ian L.
Published: April 2014

This is a discussion of the paper: ‘Overview of object oriented data analysis’ by J. Steve Marron and Andrés M. Alonso.
Photoluminescence properties of hybrid SiO2‐coated CdTe/CdSe quantum dots
Authors: Liu Ning , Yang Ping
Published: April 2014

Hybrid SiO2‐coated CdTe/CdSe quantum dots (QDs) were prepared using CdTe/CdSe QDs prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. A CdSe interlayer made CdTe/CdSe cores with unique type II heterostructures. The hybrid SiO2‐coated CdTe/CdSe QDs revealed excellent photoluminescence (PL) properties compared with hybrid SiO2‐coated CdTe QDs. Because of the existence of spatial separations of carriers in the type II CdTe/CdSe core/shell QDs, the hybrid QDs had a relatively extended PL lifetime and high stability in phosphate‐buffered saline buffer solutions. This is ascribed to the unique components and stable surface state of hybrid SiO2‐coated CdTe/CdSe QDs. During the stabilization test in phosphate‐buffered saline buffer solutions, both static and dynamic quenching occurred. The quenching mechanism of the hybrid QDs was not suited with the Stern–Volmer equation. However, the relative stable surface of CdTe/CdSe QDs resulted in lower degradation and relative high PL quantum yields compared with hybrid SiO2‐coated CdTe QDs. As a result, hybrid SiO2‐coated CdTe/CdSe QDs can be used in bioapplications. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate the regulation of DNA‐DNA attraction by H4 histone tail acetylations and mutations
Authors: Korolev Nikolay , Yu Hang , Lyubartsev Alexander P. , Nordenskiöld Lars
Published: April 2014

The positively charged N‐terminal histone tails play a crucial role in chromatin compaction and are important modulators of DNA transcription, recombination, and repair. The detailed mechanism of the interaction of histone tails with DNA remains elusive. To model the unspecific interaction of histone tails with DNA, all‐atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out for systems of four DNA 22‐mers in the presence of 20 or 16 short fragments of the H4 histone tail (variations of the 16–23 a. a. KRHRKVLR sequence, as well as the unmodified fragment a. a.13–20, GGAKRHRK). This setup with high DNA concentration, explicit presence of DNA‐DNA contacts, presence of unstructured cationic peptides (histone tails) and K+ mimics the conditions of eukaryotic chromatin. A detailed account of the DNA interactions with the histone tail fragments, K+ and water is presented. Furthermore, DNA structure and dynamics and its interplay with the histone tail fragments binding are analysed. The charged side chains of the lysines and arginines play major roles in the tail‐mediated DNA‐DNA attraction by forming bridges and by coordinating to the phosphate groups and to the electronegative sites in the minor groove. Binding of all species to DNA is dynamic. The structure of the unmodified fully‐charged H4 16–23 a.a. fragment KRHRKVLR is dominated by a stretched conformation. The H4 tail a. a. fragment GGAKRHRK as well as the H4 Lys16 acetylated fragment are highly flexible. The present work allows capturing typical features of the histone tail‐counterion‐DNA structure, interaction and dynamics. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 1051–1064, 2014.
Anxiety in first year medical students taking gross anatomy
Authors: Grochowski Colleen O'Connor , Cartmill Matt , Reiter Jerry , Spaulding Jean , Haviland James , Valea Fidel , Thibodeau Patricia L. , McCorison Stacey , Halperin Edward C.
Published: April 2014

To study anxiety levels in first‐year medical students taking gross anatomy. Thirty medical students per year, for 2 years, completed the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) 10 times during a 13‐week gross anatomy course. In addition, behavioral observations were made by a psychiatrist during gross anatomy for demonstrations of assertive, destructive, neutral, or passive behavior. Additional qualitative outcome measures were group exit interviews with the faculty and students. The mean BAI for all 60 students per year, for 2 years, was 2.19 ± 3.76, 93% of the scores indicated minimal anxiety, and 89% of BAI values were less than five which confirmed a minimal level of anxiety. The low level of reported BAI contrasted sharply with verbal reports by the same students and face‐to‐face exit interviews with the psychiatrist. Symptoms of stress and anxiety emerged as a result of these conversations. The high levels of subjective stress and anxiety revealed by the interviews were unknown to the gross anatomy faculty. The low scores of students on the BAI's stand in sharp contrast to the BAI's reported for medical students in other published reports. Although it is possible that our students were truthfully devoid of anxiety, it is more likely that our students were denying even minimal anxiety levels. There have been reports that medical students feel that admitting stress, depression, or anxiety put their competitiveness for a residency at risk. We conclude that students may be in frank denial of experiencing anxiety and, if so, this behavior is not conducive to good mental health. Clin. Anat. 27:835–838, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improvement in autologous human fat transplant survival with SVF plus VEGF–PLA nano‐sustained release microspheres
Authors: Li Liqun , Pan Shengsheng , Ni Binting , Lin Yuanshao
Published: April 2014

Early neovascularization is important for autologous fat transplant survival. SVF cells are ideal seed cells. Both vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and SVF cells can promote neovascularization. However, the half‐life (about 50 min) of VEGF is too short to sustain an adequate local concentration. We have investigated whether VEGF–polylactic acid (PLA) nano‐sustained release microspheres plus SVF cells can improve neovascularization and survival of transplanted fat tissues. SVF cells were harvested and constructed VEGF–PLA nano‐sustained release microspheres in vitro. Human fat tissues was mixed with SVF cells plus VEGF–PLA, SVF cells alone or Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium as the control. These three mixtures were injected into random sites in 18 nude mice. Two months later, the transplants were weighed and examined histologically; and capillaries were counted to quantify neovascularization. Hematoxylin–eosin (HE) and anti‐VEGF stains were applied to reveal cell infiltration. The mean wet weight of fat in the SVF plus VEGF–PLA, SVF alone, and control transplants were 0.18 ± 0.013 g, 0.16 ± 0.015 g, and 0.071 ± 0.12 g, respectively; the differences between groups were statistically significant. More vessels were present in the SVF plus VEGF–PLA transplants than in the other two types. Transplants mixed with SVF cells also had an acceptable density of capillaries. Histological analysis revealed that both the SVF plus VEGF–PLA and SVF alone transplants, but not the control transplants, were composed of adipose tissue, and had less fat necrosis and less fibrosis than control specimens. SVF plus VEGF–PLA transplants had significantly greater capillary density and VEGF expression than the other two transplant groups. Thus transplanted fat tissue survival and quality can be enhanced by the addition of VEGF–PLA nano‐sustained release microspheres plus SVF cells.
Stem cell and extracellular matrix‐related molecules increase following melatonin treatment in the skin of postmenopausal rats
Authors: Uslu Serap , Oktem Gulperi , Uysal Aysegul , Soner Burak Cem , Arbak Serap , Ince Umit
Published: April 2014

The menopause has a negative effect in the skin. Melatonin affects skin functions and structures through actions mediated by cell‐surface and putative‐nuclear receptors expressed in skin cell. We have therefore determined the effects of melatonin treatment on stem cell in the epidermis and extracellular matrix related molecules in the dermis the skin of postmenopausal rats. A total of 45 female rats were divided into 5 groups: control group, group A [ovariectomy (OVX)], group B (OVX +10 mg/kg/day melatonin), group C (OVX +30 mg/kg/day melatonin), group S (sham operated + 10 mg/kg/day melatonin). Ventral skin samples were excised at 12th week after ovariectomy. Hematoxylin‐eosin, periodic acid‐ methylamine silver, elastic van Gieson staining techniques were used to measure histomorphometrically the thickness of elastic fibers and basement membrane, depths of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fat layer. Immunohistochemical staining methods were used for fibroblast growth factor β (FGF β), collagen type I, fibronectin, β‐catenin, c‐kit, c‐Myc evaluation. Epidermal thickness, subcutaneous fat layer, and elastic fibers were significantly decreased in group C, and there was a significant increase after melatonin treatment. Although there was no difference in dermal thickness of group C, melatonin also significantly increased the dermal thickness. High FGF β, type I collagen, fibronectin, β‐catenin, c‐Myc immunoreactivity developed following melatonin in all groups. Thus melatonin treatment of postmenopausal rats was mostly due to the decrease of stem cell and extracellular matrix‐related molecules in the skin.
Transcatheter closure of an iatrogenic ventricular septal defect after SAPIEN valve implantation
Authors: Levi Daniel S. , Salem Morris , Suh William
Published: April 2014

A 57‐year‐old woman developed progressive calcific mitral and aortic valve disease with a porcelain aorta secondary to a history of radiation therapy. She was considered a very poor operative candidate and referred for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Four weeks after extensive coronary artery stenting, a TAVR was performed with a 23 mm Edwards SAPIEN valve (Edwards Life Sciences, Irvine, CA) through a transapical approach. Post‐operatively, her symptoms of dyspnea persisted and worsened. She was found to have an acquired ventricular septal defect (VSD) measuring 8 mm by 5 mm by transesophageal echocardiogram and by a CT angiogram. Percutaneous VSD closure was accomplished with an 8 mm Muscular VSD Occluder (St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN) with elimination of her shunt, improvement of her dyspnea, and marked improvement in exercise tolerance. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure Determination and Electronic Structure of Cu3Au0.5N.
Authors: Soto G. , Ponce I. , Moreno M. G. , Yubero F. , De la Cruz W.
Published: April 2014

Thin films of Cu3Au0.5N are prepared by reactive d.c.
ChemInform Abstract: Storage of Visible Light for Long‐Lasting Phosphorescence in Chromium‐Doped Zinc Gallate.
Authors: Bessiere Aurelie , et al. et al.
Published: April 2014

ZnGa2O4:Cr3+ exhibits near‐infrared long‐lasting phosphorescence suitable for in vivo bioimaging, activated by virtually all wavelengths of the visible range.
ChemInform Abstract: Enhanced Luminescence by Monovalent Alkali Metal Ions in Sr2SiO4:Eu3+ Nanophosphor Prepared by Low Temperature Solution Combustion Method.
Authors: Nagabhushana H. , Sunitha D. V. , Sharma S. C. , Daruka Prasad B. , Nagabhushana B. M. , Chakradhar R. P. S.
Published: April 2014

Porous and irregular shaped nanoparticles of Sr2SiO4:Eu3+ and Sr2SiO4:Eu3+:M+ (M: Na, K, Li) are prepared by low temperature combustion synthesis of an aqueous solution of metal nitrates and oxalyl dihydrazide as the fuel (muffle furnace, 500 °C, 5 min) followed by grinding and heating of the resulting powder (900 °C, 2 h).
ChemInform Abstract: In situ Synthesis of ZnMn2O4—ZnO—C and ZnMn2O4—C Nanohybrids as High Performance Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes.
Authors: Li Guangda , Wang Yuyan , Yang Lishan , Ma Wanyong , Wang Meng
Published: April 2014

ZnMn2O4—ZnO—C and ZnMn2O4—C nanohybrids are synthesized from mixtures of ZnMnO3, acetylene black, and EtOH followed by calcination at 600 °C under an argon atmosphere for 5 h.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Transformation Synthesis of Novel Ag2O/Ag2CO3 Heterostructures with High Visible Light Efficiency in Photocatalytic Degradation of Pollutants.
Authors: Yu Changlin , Li Gao , Kumar Santosh , Yang Kai , Jin Rongchao
Published: April 2014

Core/shell‐like Ag2O/Ag2CO3 nanoheterostructures with tailored junctions are fabricated by a facile, low‐cost, and one‐step phase transformation method involving precipitation of Ag2O from aqueous solutions of Ag2CO3 with AgNO3 followed by calcination in air (220 °C, 10 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Halogen and Chalcogen Cation Pools Stabilized by DMSO. Versatile Reagents for Alkene Difunctionalization.
Authors: Ashikari Yosuke , Shimizu Akihiro , Nokami Toshiki , Yoshida Jun‐ichi
Published: April 2014

By modification of the procedure, also the corresponding alcohols are accessible in a diastereoselective one‐pot reaction [viz.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Enantioselective Friedel—Crafts Reaction of Naphthol with β,γ‐Unsaturated α‐Keto Esters
Authors: Lee Hyun A. , Kim Dae Young
Published: April 2014

using a binaphthyl‐modified squaramide as organocatalyst
ChemInform Abstract: The Use of 2‐Chloro‐4H‐4‐oxo‐pyridol[1,2‐a]pyrimidine as a Building Block in the Synthesis of Some New Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Badawy Doria S. , Awad Noha M. , Abdel‐Galil Ebrahim
Published: April 2014

such as pyridopyrimidodiazepine (IV), pyrazolopyridopyrimidine (V), tetrazolopaphthyridine (VI) et al.
ChemInform Abstract: Rearrangement Reactions of Lithiated Oxiranes.
Authors: Ramachandran B. Ramu , Waithe Shannon , Pratt Lawrence M.
Published: April 2014

The first computational study of the rearrangement reactions of oxiranes initiated by dialkylamides is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Role of Vanadium and Pyridine in Heteropolycompounds for Selective Oxidation of Alcohols with Hydrogen Peroxide.
Authors: Palermo Valeria , Villabrille Paula I. , Vazquez Patricia G. , Caceres Carmen V. , Tundo Pietro , Romanelli Gustavo P.
Published: April 2014

A variety of vanadium‐ and pyridine‐modified heteropolyacids are synthesized and applied as catalysts for the selective oxidation of alcohols by aqueous H2O2.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalysis Approach to Trifluoromethylation with Fluoroform.
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Fujiu Motohiro , Serizawa Hiroki , Mikami Koichi
Published: April 2014

A new method for the trifluoromethylation of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic chlorides, and carboxylic esters in the presence of PTBU is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Broensted Acid Mediated Glycosylation with Recognition of Alcohol Chirality.
Authors: Kimura Tomoya , Sekine Maiko , Takahashi Daisuke , Toshima Kazunobu
Published: April 2014

Application of this method is demonstrated by the synthesis of flavan glycoside (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Trifluoromethide as a Strong Base: [CF3‐] Mediates Dichloromethylation of Nitrones by Proton Abstraction from the Solvent.
Authors: Behr Jean‐Bernard , Chavaria Dani , Plantier‐Royon Richard
Published: April 2014

The dichloromethylation and cyanomethylation of nitrones in the presence of the strong base [CF3‐] is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Sharpless Dihydroxylation Reaction of Chiral Bishomoallylic Alcohols: Application to the Synthesis of the C1—C10—C5 Fragment of FR225654.
Authors: Mohammad Shabbair , Dhambri Sabrina , Gori Didier , Vaxelaire Carine , Sorin Geoffroy , Ardisson Janick , Lannou Marie‐Isabelle
Published: April 2014

A series of different ligands is screened for the asymmetric dihydroxylation of bishomoallylic alcohols to produce 1,2,5‐pentanetriol derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed Cyclotetramerization of Acrylates.
Authors: Matsuoka Shin‐ichi , Namera Shoko , Washio Atsushi , Takagi Koji , Suzuki Masato
Published: April 2014

It is proposed that the unprecedented cyclotetramerization of acrylates proceeds via a new umpolung/cyclization sequence to provide cyclopentenones in low to moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric NHC‐Catalyzed Redox α‐Amination of α‐Aroyloxyaldehydes.
Authors: Taylor James E. , Daniels David S. B. , Smith Andrew D.
Published: April 2014

The NHC‐catalyzed reaction of aldehydes (I) with N‐aryl‐N‐aroyldiazenes gives α‐hydrazino esters with high enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of a Novel Multifunctional N,P Ligand for Highly Enantioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Etherification of Alcohols and Silanols.
Authors: Ye Fei , Zheng Zhan‐Jiang , Li Li , Yang Ke‐Fang , Xia Chun‐Gu , Xu Li‐Wen
Published: April 2014

The synthesis of the title air stable multidentate chiral phosphine ligand by a simple protocol and the application of the ligand for the asymmetric Pd‐catalyzed allylic esterification of alcohols and silanols is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorous Chiral Bis(oxazolines): Synthesis and Application in Asymmetric Henry Reaction.
Authors: Deng Tao , Cai Chun
Published: April 2014

The newly synthesized ligand can be easily recovered and reused at least three times without significant loss of activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Aryloxydefluorination of Pentafluorobenzene Without Noble Metal Catalysis.
Authors: Adonin Nicolay Yu. , Bardin Vadim V.
Published: April 2014

Pentafluorobenzene reacts with phenols in the presence of K2CO3 to give diaryl ethers (III) in excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: High Diastereoselectivity Induced by a Fluorous Alkyl Group in the Asymmetric Michael Reaction of Nitroalkenes Catalyzed by a Prolinol Methyl Ether.
Authors: Funabiki Kazumasa , Ohta Masaya , Sakaida Yuta , Oida Kiyofumi , Kubota Yasuhiro , Matsui Masaki
Published: April 2014

Reuse of the catalyst in a second cycle requires a much longer reaction time (134 h) for a satisfactory result.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Synthesis of N,N′‐Alkylidenebisamides Promoted by Nano‐SnCl4·SiO2
Authors: Mirjalili Bibi Fatemeh , Mirhoseini Mohammad Ali
Published: April 2014

via condensation reactions of aldehydes with two equivalents of amides (16 examples)
ChemInform Abstract: Potassium Isopropoxide: For Sulfination It is the Only Base You Need!
Authors: Sayah Mahmoud , Organ Michael G.
Published: April 2014

Potassium isopropoxide, either in form of iPrOK or as mixed base system (tBuOK/iPrOLi), is identified as the key ingredient for Pd‐catalyzed sulfination.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Alkynyl‐, 4‐Alkynyl‐, and 2,7‐Dialkynyl‐1,8‐bis(dimethylamino)naphthalenes and the Unexpected Influence of ortho‐Alkynyl Groups on Their Basicity.
Authors: Filatova Ekaterina A. , Pozharskii Alexander F. , Gulevskaya Anna V. , Vistorobskii Nikolay V. , Ozeryanskii Valery A.
Published: April 2014

2‐Alkynyl derivatives (III) and (IV) of proton sponge are readily prepared starting from iodide (I).
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Trifluoromethylthiophthalimide: A Stable Electrophilic SCF3‐Reagent and Its Application in the Catalytic Asymmetric Trifluoromethylsulfenylation.
Authors: Bootwicha Teerawut , Liu Xiangqian , Pluta Roman , Atodiresei Iuliana , Rueping Magnus
Published: April 2014

A highly enantioselective method for the preparation of quaternary carbon atoms substituted with a SCF3 group by using the moisture and air‐stable N‐trifluoromethylthiophthalimide as SCF3‐source is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Cascade Radical Cyclization of 1,6‐Enynes with Aldehydes.
Authors: Luo Jian‐Yi , Hua Hui‐Liang , Chen Zi‐Sheng , Zhou Zhao‐Zhao , Yang Yan‐Fang , Zhou Ping‐Xin , He Yu‐Tao , Liu Xue‐Yuan , Liang Yong‐Min
Published: April 2014

One new C(sp2)—C(sp2) and two C(sp2)—C(sp3) bonds are formed simultaneously in one pot to afford a wide range of tricyclic fluorene derivatives in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Novel Spiro‐Furo‐Pyrido‐Pyrimidine‐Indolines by Manganese Ferrite Nanoparticles as a Highly Active Magnetically Reusable Nanocatalyst in Water.
Authors: Naeimi Hossein , Rashid Zahra , Zarnani Amir Hassan , Ghahremanzadeh Ramin
Published: April 2014

The manganese ferrite nanoparticles can be easily separated using an external magnet and retain their catalytic activity for at least five repeated uses.
ChemInform Abstract: Vaulted Biaryls in Catalysis: A Structure—Activity Relationship Guided Tour of the Immanent Domain of the VANOL Ligand.
Authors: Guan Yong , Ding Zhensheng , Wulff William D.
Published: April 2014

An examination of different substituted chiral VANOL ligands for the asymmetric synthesis of aziridines from dinitro acetic esters and imines is described.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Intermolecular Synthesis of γ‐Lactones via Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis.
Authors: Wei Xiao‐Jing , Yang Deng‐Tao , Wang Lin , Song Tao , Wu Li‐Zhu , Liu Qiang
Published: April 2014

Hydroxyalkylation of aromatic alkenes and following transesterification allows the direct γ‐lactone formation via a light promoted photoredox reaction in the presence of an Ir‐catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Phthalimides from Phthalic Acids in One Step.
Authors: Chorell Erik , Chorell Elin
Published: April 2014

This process allows a fast, convenient, and economic access to a wide range of 2‐substituted phthalimides.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(II) Catalyzed C(sp3)—H Oxidation of Dimethyl Carbamoyl Tetrahydrocarbazoles.
Authors: Nakano Yuji , Lupton David W.
Published: April 2014

The reaction is broadly applicable to tetrahydrocarbazole derivatives, but unsuitable for alternate ring sizes such as cyclohepta‐ or cyclopentaindole analogues or non annulated compounds such as ethyl indole derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions: Synthesis of 5‐Benzyl‐1‐(2′,4′‐dibromophenyl)‐3‐(4′′‐substituted phenyl)‐3a,4,6,6a‐tetrahydro‐1H,5H‐pyrrolo[3,4‐c]pyrazole‐4,6‐dione Derivatives.
Authors: Kaur Manpreet , Singh Baldev , Singh Baljit
Published: April 2014

1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines, generated in situ from hydrazonoyl bromides (I), with N‐benzylmaleimide provides stereoselectively the cis‐fused pyrrolopyrazole derivatives (III) (9 examples) in good yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Initial Biological Evaluation of Substituted 1‐Phenylamino‐2‐thio‐4,5‐dimethyl‐1H‐imidazole Derivatives.
Authors: Yurttas Leyla , Duran Murat , Demirayak Seref , Gencer Huelya Karaca , Tunali Yagmur
Published: April 2014

A variety of new imidazole derivatives (VI) (40 examples) are synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activities.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Synthesis of Chiral Oxazolidinones from the Amino Acid L‐Serine.
Authors: Nogueira Thais C. M. , Pinheiro Alessandra C. , Kaiser Carlos R. , Wardell James L. , Wardell Solange M. S. V. , de Souza Marcus V. N.
Published: April 2014

The synthesis assumes N‐Cbz protection of L‐serine and is preceded by N‐methylation of the hydrazide.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3,5‐Diarylisoxazoles under Solvent‐Free Conditions Using Iodobenzene Diacetate.
Authors: Sekhar Kondapalli Venkata Gowri C. , Sasank Thripuraribhatla V. N. V. T. , Nagesh Hunsur Nagendra , Suresh Narva , Naidu Kalaga Mahalakshmi , Suresh Amaroju
Published: April 2014

A simple and solvent‐free reaction of chalcone oximes with iodobenzene diacetate to synthesize 3,5‐diarylisoxazoles (II) (17 examples) in good yields is shown.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity of Some New Fluorinated Schiff Bases Derived from 1,2,4‐Triazoles.
Authors: Kumar Basavapatna N. Prasanna , Mohana Kikkeri N. , Mallesha Lingappa
Published: April 2014

10 Title compounds of type (VI) are prepared and evaluated for their antiproliferative effects.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1H‐1,2,3‐Triazoles—Rufinamide Analogues by 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition and Electrocyclization Reactions of Trifluoroacetyl Enolethers under Thermal Solventless Conditions.
Authors: Bonacorso Helio G. , Moraes Maiara C. , Wiethan Carson W. , Luz Fabio M. , Meyer Alexandre R. , Zanatta Nilo , Martins Marcos A. P.
Published: April 2014

Rufinamide analogues of type (III)/(IV) are prepared by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition and/or electrocyclization reactions of trifluoroalkenones of type (I) with 2,6‐difluorobenzyl azide (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel 4‐Nitropyrrole‐based 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Derivatives as Antimicrobial and Antitubercular Agents.
Authors: Rane Rajesh A. , Bangalore Pavankumar , Borhade Sheetal D. , Khandare Preeti K.
Published: April 2014

A variety of novel 4‐nitropyrrole‐based 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles (III) (42 examples) are synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial, antifungal, and antitubercular activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Some Heteroaromatic Derivatives of 3‐But‐2‐enoyl‐chromen‐2‐one and Their Potential as Antiinflammatory Agents.
Authors: Dixit Priyanka , Tripathi Avinash C. , Saraf Shailendra K.
Published: April 2014

A variety of novel chromen‐2‐one derivatives containing pyrazole, isoxazole, oxazine and thiazine moieties are synthesized starting from chalcone (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Antibacterial, and Antiviral Evaluation of New Heterocycles Containing the Pyridine Moiety.
Authors: Salem Marwa S. , Sakr Sameh I. , El‐Senousy Waled M. , Madkour Hassan M. F.
Published: April 2014

A variety of heterocycles containing the pyridine moiety is prepared starting from (IV) and (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Naphtho‐pyrido‐Annulated Iodonium Salt and Pd‐Catalyzed Transformation to 7H‐Naphtho[1,8‐bc][1,5]naphthyridine.
Authors: Letessier Julien , Geffe Mario , Schollmeyer Dieter , Detert Heiner
Published: April 2014

The molecular structure of the compound (VI) is confirmed by X‐ray analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient One‐Pot Four‐Component Synthesis of Fused Thiazolopyridin‐2‐ones in Ionic Liquid
Authors: Singh Prashant , Kumari Kamlesh , Kaithwas Gaurav , Mehrotra Gopal K.
Published: April 2014

30 examples
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Oxidative Enamine Catalysis and 1,5‐Hydride Transfer/Cyclization: Synthesis of Tetrahydroquinoline Derivatives.
Authors: Kim Mi Hyun , Kim Dae Young
Published: April 2014

Synthetically useful fused tetrahydroquinoline derivatives are obtained in good yield and diastereoselectivity via a hitherto not reported organocatalytic oxidative enamine catalysis and hydride transfer/ring closure reaction cascade.
ChemInform Abstract: Four‐Component Assembly of Natural‐Product‐Like Ring‐Fused Isoquinuclidines.
Authors: Sellstedt Magnus , Dang Hung The , Prasad G. Krishna , Sauer Uwe , Almqvist Fredrik
Published: April 2014

Coupling of 2‐pyridones with aldehydes, amines, and activated alkenes is found to allow access to pharmacologically interesting ring‐fused isoquinuclidines.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Double C—H Activation: One‐Pot Synthesis of Benzo[c]pyrazolo[1,2‐a]cinnolin‐1‐ones from 5‐Pyrazolones and Aryl Iodides.
Authors: Fan Zhoulong , Wu Kui , Xing Li , Yao Qizheng , Zhang Ao
Published: April 2014

The structure of the product (Ve) is confirmed by X‐ray analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pyrimidones and Evaluation of Their Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities.
Authors: Gurupadaswamy Handuvinahalli Devanna , Girish Virupaksha , Zameer Farhan , Hegdekatte Raghavendra , Chauhan Jyoti Bala , Khanum Shaukath Ara
Published: April 2014

Title compounds (V) exhibit good inhibitory activities against xanthine oxidase.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis and in vitro Antibacterial Activity of Novel Spiro‐aminopyrimidones.
Authors: Balalaie Saeed , Moghimi Hamid , Bararjanian Morteza , Rominger Frank , Bijanzadeh Hamid Reza , Sheikhahmadi Masoumeh
Published: April 2014

An easy and efficient method for the formation of the title compounds (IV) and (VIII) via three‐component reaction is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapidly and Highly Yielded Synthesis of Pyrimidine, Dihydropyrimidinone, and Triazino[2,1‐b]quinazolin‐6‐ones Derivatives
Authors: Mohamed Shaaban K. , Soliman Ahmed M. , El Remaily Mahmoud A. A. , Abdel‐Ghany H.
Published: April 2014

via reaction of guanidine (I) with several active methylene compounds
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,3‐Thiazine‐2,4‐diones with Potential Anticancer Activity.
Authors: Ferreira Misael , Assuncao Laura Sartori , Filippin‐Monteiro Fabiola Branco , Creczynski‐Pasa Tania Beatriz , Sa Marcus Mandolesi
Published: April 2014

Compounds (IIb) and (IIf) show selective antitumoral activity against leukemia cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Schiff Bases and Polycyclic Fused Thiopyranothiazoles Containing 4,6‐Dichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine Moiety.
Authors: Polovkovych Svyatoslav V. , Karkhut Andrew I. , Marintsova Natalia G. , Lesyk Roman B. , Zimenkovsky Borys S. , Novikov Volodymyr P.
Published: April 2014

The screening of the in vitro anticancer activity of the synthesized compounds shows that compounds (IVa), (VIIIb), (VIIId) are the most active compounds against different cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Phosphorus Ylides 31: Reaction of Azidocoumarin with Active Phosphonium Ylides, Synthesis and Antitumour Activities of Chromenones.
Authors: Maigali Soher S. , Abd‐El‐Maksoud Mansoura A. , Soliman Fouad M.
Published: April 2014

Reaction of 4‐azidochromenone (I) with nucleophilic phosphacumulene ylides provides access to new triazole, triazepine, aziridine, and pyrrolone derivatives containing a coumarin moiety.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Michael Addition of α‐Aryl‐α‐isocyanoacetates to Vinyl Selenone: Synthesis of α,α‐Disubstituted α‐Amino Acids and (+)‐ and (‐)‐Trigonoliimine A.
Authors: Buyck Thomas , Wang Qian , Zhu Jieping
Published: April 2014

The title reaction in the presence of a cinchona‐alkaloid affords Michael adducts in excellent yields and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Isolation of a New Labdane‐Type Diterpene from Vitex rotundifolia
Authors: Kim You Ah , Kim Da Seul , Oh Kwang‐Suk , Seo Youngwan
Published: April 2014

isolation and structure of new labdane‐type diterpene (I) together with five known diterpenes
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of C‐Glycosyl Pyrrolo[3,4‐c]carbazole‐1,3(2H,6H)‐diones as a Scaffold for Check Point Kinase 1 Inhibitors.
Authors: Ichikawa Satochi , Tatebayashi Nana , Matsuda Akira
Published: April 2014

Compounds (I) are tested for their potential as Chk1 inhibitors and show good activities with IC50 values of 0.5‐9.5 μM.
ChemInform Abstract: A Cytotoxic Pyrrolidinoindoline Diketopiperazine Dimer from the Algal Fungus Eurotium herbariorum HT‐2.
Authors: Li Ye , Sun Kun‐Lai , Wang Yi , Fu Peng , Liu Pei‐Pei , Wang Chen , Zhu Wei‐Ming
Published: April 2014

The new cytotoxic bispyrrolidinoindoline diketopiperazine alkaloid cristatumin E (I) shows weak antibacterial activity against E.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐α‐Noscapine.
Authors: Mao Yongjun , Song Shuai , Zhao Dongmei , Cheng Maosheng
Published: April 2014

The synthesis of the title compound (I) is achieved on a gram scale.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Properties of Thiazole‐Analogues of Pyochelin, a Siderophore of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Authors: Noel Sabrina , Hoegy Francoise , Rivault Freddy , Rognan Didier , Schalk Isabelle J. , Mislin Gaetan L. A.
Published: April 2014

Among several thiazole analogues of pyochelin synthesized, compounds (I) are the two first pyochelin analogues with the ability to bind FptA (the outer membrane transporter responsible of ferric‐pyochelin uptake) without promoting any iron uptake in P.
ChemInform Abstract: Cytotoxic Xanthones from Hypericum chinense.
Authors: Li Yinke , Xu Yong , Wu Jia , Wang Sujuan , Meng Yanlin , Ye Yanqing , Yang Haiyin , Gao Xuemei , Hu Qiufen
Published: April 2014

Two new xanthones are isolated and their structures are elucidated.
ChemInform Abstract: Sortase A Inhibitory Metabolites from the Roots of Pulsatilla koreana.
Authors: Lee Sooryun , Song Inn‐Hye , Lee Jung‐Ho , Yang Woo‐Young , Oh Ki‐Bong , Shin Jongheon
Published: April 2014

Three new lignans (I) and (II) are isolated together with eight known lignans and propanoids from dried roots of Pulsatilla koreana.
ChemInform Abstract: The Largely Unknown Class of Microporous Hybrid Materials: Clays Pillared by Molecules
Authors: Herling Markus M. , Breu Josef
Published: April 2014

Review: 103 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development and Outlook of Chiral Carbene—Gold(I) Complexes Catalyzed Asymmetric Reactions.
Authors: Gu Peng , Xu Qin , Shi Min
Published: April 2014

Review: [41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Fused Bicyclic Heterocycles and Their Corresponding Benzo‐Fused Analogs
Authors: Elwahy Ahmed H. M. , Shaaban Mohamed R.
Published: April 2014

Review: 74 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ultrafast Polyene Dynamics: the Ring Opening of 1,3‐Cyclohexadiene Derivatives
Authors: Arruda Brenden C. , Sension Roseanne J.
Published: April 2014

Review: 154 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Cobalt‐Catalyzed Transformations
Authors: Pellissier Helene , Clavier Herve
Published: April 2014

Review: 602 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Potential Biological Activity of 1,4‐Substituted‐1H‐[1,2,3]triazoles
Authors: Ganesh A.
Published: April 2014

Review: 19 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Applications of Nitrenium Ions
Authors: Wardrop Duncan J. , Bowen Edward G.
Published: April 2014

Review: [electronic structure and the reactivity of alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl and heteroatm‐stabilized nitrenium ions; 225 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Interplay of Invention, Observation, and Discovery in the Development of Lewis Base Activation of Lewis Acids for Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis
Authors: Beutner Gregory L. , Denmark Scott E.
Published: April 2014

Review: 101 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterogeneous Catalysis for Tandem Reactions
Authors: Climent Maria J. , Corma Avelino , Iborra Sara , Sabater Maria J.
Published: April 2014

Review: 201 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hybrid Diphosphorus Ligands in Rhodium Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydroformylation
Authors: Chikkali Samir H. , van der Vlugt Jarl Ivar , Reek Joost N. H.
Published: April 2014

Review: 170 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Toxicity of Ionic Liquids: Eco(cyto)activity as Complicated, but Unavoidable Parameter for Task‐Specific Optimization
Authors: Egorova Ksenia S. , Ananikov Valentine P.
Published: April 2014

Review: [111 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanosilver‐Based Antibacterial Drugs and Devices: Mechanisms, Methodological Drawbacks, and Guidelines
Authors: Rizzello Loris , Pompa Pier Paolo
Published: April 2014

Review: 180 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 25th Anniversary Article: Organic Electronics Marries Photochromism: Generation of Multifunctional Interfaces, Materials, and Devices
Authors: Orgiu Emanuele , Samori Paolo
Published: April 2014

Review: 221 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid Dispersions: A Review on Drug Delivery System and Solubility Enhancement
Authors: Allawadi Dharna , Singh Neelam , Singh Sukhbir , Arora Sandeep
Published: April 2014

Review: 50 refs.
The long‐term extreme price risk measure of portfolio in inventory financing: An application to dynamic impawn rate interval
Authors: He Juan , Wang Jian , Jiang Xianglin , Chen Xiangfeng , Chen Lei
Published: April 2014

Different from the short‐term risk measure for traditional financial assets (stocks, bonds, etc.), the key to illiquid inventory portfolio traded in the over‐the‐counter markets is to estimate the long‐term extreme price risk with time varying volatility. In this article, a new long‐term extreme price risk (value at risk and conditional value at risk) measure method for inventory portfolio and an application to dynamic impawn rate interval are proposed. To realize this, we first establish AutoRegressive Moving Average‐Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity‐Extreme Value Theory model and multivariatet‐Copula to depict the autocorrelation, fat tails, and volatility clustering of returns of inventories and the nonlinear dependence structure of inventories. Furthermore, we obtain the long‐term extreme price risk with time varying volatility via Monte Carlo simulation instead of square‐root‐of time rule. The results show that, first, benefits from risk diversification is significant; second, long‐term extreme price risk measure of inventory portfolio via Monte Carlo method outperforms the square‐root‐of time rule; the last is that the dynamic rate interval based on the long‐term price risk is superior to the crude rules of thumb in terms of reducing efficiency loss and improving risk coverage. In summary, this article provides a new quantitative framework for managing the risk of portfolio in inventory financing practice for banks constrained by risk limitation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 20: 17–34, 2015
Biological hypercomputation: A new research problem in complexity theory
Authors: Maldonado Carlos E. , Gómez Cruz Nelson A.
Published: April 2014

This article discusses the meaning and scope of biological hypercomputation (BH) that is to be considered as new research problem within the sciences of complexity. The framework here is computational, setting out that life is not a standard Turing Machine. Living systems, we claim, hypercompute, and we aim at understanding life not by what it is, but rather by what it does. The distinction is made between classical and nonclassical hypercomputation. We argue that living processes are nonclassical hypercomputation. BH implies then new computational models. Finally, we sketch out the possibilities, stances, and reach of BH. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 20: 8–18, 2014
A novel quasi‐Z‐source indirect matrix converter
Authors: Liu Shuo , Ge Baoming , You Xuyang , Jiang Xinjian , Abu‐Rub Haitham , Peng Fang Zheng
Published: April 2014

A new type of three‐phase quasi‐Z‐source indirect matrix converter (QZS‐IMC) is proposed in this paper. It uses a unique impedance network for achieving voltage‐boost capability and making the input current in continuous conduction mode (CCM) to eliminate the input filter. The complete modulation strategy is proposed to operate the QZS‐IMC. Meanwhile, a closed‐loop DC‐link peak voltage control strategy is proposed, and the DC‐link peak voltage is estimated by measuring both the input and capacitor voltages. With this proposed technique, a high‐performance output voltage control can be achieved with an excellent transient performance even if there are input voltage and load current variations. The controller is designed by using the small‐signal model. Vector control scheme of the induction motor is combined with the QZS‐IMC to achieve the motor drive. A QZS‐IMC prototype is built in laboratory, and experimental results verify the operating principle and theoretical analysis of the proposed converter. The simulation tests of QZS‐IMC based inductor motor drive are carried out to validate the proposed converter's application in motor drive. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of two liquid preservatives for SurePath™ slides prepared from voided urine
Authors: Ohsaki Hiroyuki , Shigematsu Yumie , Irino Satoshi , Hirakawa Eiichiro , Norimatsu Yoshiaki
Published: April 2014

Blood‐rich gynecologic specimens can be problematic in the processing of liquid‐based cytology. However, little is known about the influence of erythrocytes and protein on urine specimens. In addition, the SurePath™ system has two preservatives for non‐gynecologic specimens. In this study, we compared the epithelial cell counts and cytomorphology obtained from CytoRich™ (CR) Red and CR Blue.

A total of 98 voided urine samples were processed using both CR Red and CR Blue. We made an assessment of the epithelial cell counts, fixation, and staining quality, and backgrounds of both slides. Urine protein and urine erythrocyte counts were analyzed, and those data were compared with the epithelial cell counts in CR Red and CR Blue slides.

Overall, epithelial cell counts were equivalent for both CR Red and CR Blue slides. However, in high‐level proteinuria cases, the CR Red slides showed higher epithelial cell counts than the CR Blue slides. On the other hand, in microscopic hematuria cases, the CR Blue slides showed higher epithelial cell counts than the CR Red slides.

We have found both CR Red and CR Blue to be available for urine cytology. However, it is important to note that CR Blue is inferior to CR Red in epithelial cell recovery rates in cases of high‐level proteinuria. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:423–427. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Induction of the ganglion cell differentiation program in human retinal progenitors before cell cycle exit
Authors: Pacal Marek , Bremner Rod
Published: April 2014

Background: Despite the disease relevance, understanding of human retinal development lags behind that of other species. We compared the kinetics of gene silencing or induction during ganglion cell development in human and murine retina. Results: Induction of POU4F2 (BRN3B) marks ganglion cell commitment, and we detected this factor in S‐phase progenitors that had already silenced Cyclin D1 and VSX2 (CHX10). This feature was conserved in human and mouse retina, and the fraction of Pou4f2+ murine progenitors labeled with a 30 min pulse of BrdU matched the fraction of ganglion cells predicted to be born in a half‐hour period. Additional analysis of 18 markers revealed many with conserved kinetics, such as the POU4F2 pattern above, as well as the surprising maintenance of “cell cycle” proteins KI67, PCNA, and MCM6 well after terminal mitosis. However, four proteins (TUBB3, MTAP1B, UCHL1, and RBFOX3) showed considerably delayed induction in human relative to mouse retina, and two proteins (ISL1, CALB2) showed opposite kinetics, appearing on either side of terminal mitosis depending on the species. Conclusion: With some notable exceptions, human and murine ganglion cell differentiation show similar kinetics, and the data add weight to prior studies supporting the existence of biased ganglion cell progenitors. Developmental Dynamics 243:712–729, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.