bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relation of Dance Skills to Body Cathexis and Locus of Control Orientation
Authors: Dasch Carol Smith
Published: September 2011

33 subjects provided measures on extent of dance training, dance performance, locus of control orientation, and three measures of body cathexis. Pearson product-moment correlations yielded significant, though modest, positive relations between three measures of body cathexis and performance, and between time dancing and the Levenson Internal scale; and a negative relation between body cathexis 2nd the Levenson Chance scale.
Assessment of Field Dependence in Young Children
Authors: Kojima Hideo
Published: September 2011

In a series of exploratory studies to develop instruments for measuring field dependence in young children, a total of 312 Japanese middle-class children, ages 5 to 6, served as subjects. Without changing the essential nature of the original test, the geometric Embedded-figures test attained relatively high internal consistency (KR-20 in the .80's) and stability ( R = .83 to .52, at intervals of 1.5 to 13 mo.). Correlation pattern between the Embedded Figures Test and Wechsler subscales similar to that of older subjects was influenced by the speed factor in embedded figures and Wechsler performance scales. Correlation between Kato's portable Rod-and-frame test and embedded figures was significant only in boys. In addition, the correlation pattern between the rod and frame and the preschool Wechsler was not consistent with Witkin's conceptualization. A newly developed darkroom Rod-and-Frame Test correlated with embedded figures for both sexes. Additional analyses indicated the need for more refined instructions to subjects regarding the concept of upright. Some children had more than one anchoring point for responding. Nyborg's scoring method and the relationship of Piagetian spatial concept to rod-and-frame performance are discussed.
The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and the Rorschach Inkblot Test: Relationships between Two Measures of Creativity
Authors: Baker Margaret
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study is to determine whether there are any significant correlations between the subscores and total scores of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and the Rorschach Inkblot Test, as scored by the Rorschach Index of Repressive Style. Twenty-six teachers of Grades 3, 4, and 5 and 51 fourth grade students were given, by group administration, the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and the Rorschach Inkblot Test. Results show that although neither the Total Verbal, Total Non-verbal nor Over-all Torrance scores correlate significantly with either the Rorschach Human Movement score or with the Rorschach Total Movement score (HM + FM + m), there are significant relationships between the Total RIR, m score and the Over-all Torrance score. The main conclusion is that the Rorschach HM and Total M score measure artistic, associative, intuitive creativity, while the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and RIR Total score measure divergent thinking.
Effects of Counselor's Eye Contact on Student-Clients' Perceptions
Authors: Kelly Eugene W.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of amount and direction of eye contact with the counselor on a student's perceptions. 48 undergraduate and graduate education majors were randomly assigned to one of six conditions in a 2 × 3 factorial design representing two levels of eye direction (eye-to-eye and eye-to-nose/mouth) and three amounts of eye contact (high = 85%, medium = 50%, low = 15%). Subjects had 10-min. standard interviews that differed only according to the six experimental conditions. Interviews were videotaped to assess maintenance of experimental conditions. Following the interview, subjects rated (5-high to 1-low) the interview on seven variables (comfort, attention, interest, ease, helpfulness, eye contact, and willingness to return). Inter-rater reliability for maintenance of experimental conditions was .87 on amount of eye contact and .03 for direction. Scheffé comparisons showed high and medium eye contact produced significantly higher ratings by student clients on attention, interest, eye contact, and willingness to return than low eye contact. There were no differences for direction of eye contact.
Transformation of Visual Neural Signals into Psychological Information
Authors: Kawabata Nobuo
Published: September 2011

A theory is proposed which transforms visual neural signals into the psychological information and which explains visual illusions. As an example, Poggendorff's illusion is explained.
Age Differences in Visual and Kinesthetic Short-Term Memory
Authors: Jordan Tim
Published: September 2011

30 elderly subjects were matched with 30 young subjects and tested on a kinesthetic short-term memory task which required the replication of criterion moves after a variable retention interval under conditions of either rest, differing interpolated movement tasks, or mental activity. A visual control condition was used. Differing interference and temporal decrements were observed. Both old and young subjects differed significantly between sighted and blindfold conditions; however, there was no difference between the performance of the old and the young in the blindfold (kinesthetic) condition. These findings were discussed with respect to practical implications for the retraining of old subjects on certain motor tasks.
Influence of Local and Central Factors in Dominating Rated Perceived Exertion during Physical Work
Authors: Pandolf Kent B.
Published: September 2011

The literature suggests two major factors determine rated perceived exertion during physical work. These two factors are a local factor, i.e., sensations or feelings of strain in the working muscles and/or joints; and a central factor, i.e., sensations or feelings primarily associated with the cardio-respiratory systems. In some experiments heart rate and minute ventilation (central factors) appear to be the dominant cues for rated perceived exertion, while in others, local factors such as blood lactate concentration and muscular discomfort seem to be the prominent cues. However, it appears that when a particular cue is accentuated by either elevated rate, concentration or value over others it can dominate the over-all rating of perceived exertion. After evaluating the existing literature, a model has been introduced to evaluate differentiated ratings of perceived exertion (local and central) in comparison to the over-all measure. This model may help aid in a better understanding of the mechanisms by which the subjective perception of exertion is determined during different types of physical work.
Body Experience before and after Surgery
Authors: Fisher Seymour
Published: September 2011

20 hospitalized male subjects were evaluated with a battery of body-perception tests both pre- and post-operatively. Their scores were also compared with those of normal healthy adults. The results indicated great stability in organization of body experience even in the context of the surgical experience.
Concordance of Taste Preferences by Neotoma Micropus with Those of other Rodents in a Grassland Community
Authors: Harriman Arthur E.
Published: September 2011

Taste preferences, as measured in 48-hr., Richter-type drinking tests (test solution opposite distilled water), were determined for Southern Plains wood rats (Neotoma micropus micropus). Preferences were recorded for five common sugars and for three salts at each of five different molar concentrations and for two acids at six pH levels. The test results were contrasted with results from other investigations of taste preferences among rodents inhabiting the same geographical area. Despite dissimilar food habits among the species used in the comparison, the different rodents showed significant concordances in patterns of taste preference.
Some Personality Correlates of Time Competence, Temporal Extension and Temporal Evaluation
Authors: Robertson S. A.
Published: September 2011

In a study of the relationship among three temporal dimensions, viz., competence, extension, and evaluation, and a number of personality variables including ego strength, external control, and dogmatism for 21 males and 19 females time competence and temporal evaluation related closely to a number of these variables while the relationship with extension was weak. The implications were discussed with reference to the value and validity of measures of temporal extension.
On the Use of Incumbent-Supplied Job-Characteristics Data
Authors: Stone Eugene F. , Porter Lyman W.
Published: September 2011

Data on satisfaction with the work itself were obtained from incumbents in 15 jobs. Job-scope scores for the same jobs were determined using data from incumbents, peers, and supervisors. Correlational analyses involving these measures showed that (a) the three sets of job-scope scores were highly related ro one another and (b) satisfaction could be predicted as well with job-scope scores of peers or supervisors as it could with scores of incumbents. Implications for research in which ratings of jobs are required, e.g., job enrichment studies, are discussed.
Retrieval Cuing with Organized Concrete and Abstract Information
Authors: Wippich Werner
Published: September 2011

36 concrete and 36 abstract nouns were sorted into 12 subjectively defined categories. In a 2 × 2 design there was a strong effect for concreteness in the free-recall of the previously organized materials under conditions of incidental as well as intentional learning. Part-list retrieval cues did not diminish the concreteness effect. The inefficiency of part-list retrieval cues with organized abstract materials was unexpected and is attributed to a deficient organizational structure.
Effects of Distracting Stimuli on Complex Information Processing
Authors: Zimmer John W. , Brachulis-Raymond Jayne
Published: September 2011

Student performance on an information-processing task was compared under four conditions: popular music, connected speech, industrial noise, and a control condition. Results indicated significant differences between the reading control and industrial-noise conditions. Contrary to previous reports, no facilitative effects were found for the music condition nor was connected speech a significant distractor.
Self-Consciousness and Locus of Control
Authors: Lowe Warren C. , Gormanous Gregory K. , Kersey Ray
Published: September 2011

179 college students were classified as internal or external in locus of control on the basis of I-E scores. Self-consciousness scores showed external subjects were more socially anxious than internal subjects.
Improvement of Visual Acuity in Partially and Fully Sighted Subjects as a Function of Practice, Feedback, and Instructional Techniques
Authors: Overbury Olga , Bross Michael
Published: September 2011

Three experiments were conducted to examine improvement of partially (20/200 or 6/60) and normally (20/20 or 6/6) sighted adults. Measures of resolution and vernier acuity were examined in the first two experiments to determine whether practice, feedback, and instructions would have differential effects on the degree of visual improvement achieved in a 20-min. testing session. The results indicated extensive visual work to be the important factor in the improvement of impaired vision. The third experiment compared monocular and binocular depth perception of individuals with unilateral optic atrophy. The results yielded an unexpected finding where binocular depth perception was, in most cases, inferior to that of the strong eye alone. The first two experiments demonstrated the possibility of improving impaired visual functions and the third experiment suggests important implications for a theoretical model of depth perception with limited vision.
Evaluation of Intelligence in Youthful Offenders: The Kahn Intelligence Tests
Authors: Ream John H.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that there is a correlation between IQs on the Kahn Intelligence Tests and the WAIS. It was predicted that the correlation between the KIT IQs and the WAIS Performance IQs would be significantly higher than those between the KIT IQs and WAIS Verbal and Full Scale IQs. The KIT and WAIS were administered to 30 Negro and 20 white offenders ages 16-0 to 20-11. Pearson rs of .656, .649, and .714 were significant. Contrary to prediction, the r between the KIT IQs and the WAIS Performance was the lowest. Mean IQs were significantly different.
Biofeedback and Meditation: Effects on Muscle Tension and Locus of Control
Authors: Zaichkowsky Leonard D. , Kamen Randy
Published: September 2011

A total of 48 subjects participated in a relaxation experiment to determine whether frontalis muscle EMG biofeedback, Transcendental Meditation, and meditation (Benson technique) produced decreased muscle tension and concomitant changes in locus of control. All three treatments resulted in significant decreases in frontalis muscle tension when compared to a control. Concomitant changes towards an internal locus of control occurred only in the subjects given biofeedback.
Opponent Hues in Visual Masking
Authors: Gamble Michael
Published: September 2011

Temporal interactions among opponent and non-opponent hues were investigated in a visual masking paradigm in which both backward and forward temporal sequences were employed. Subjective confidence ratings rather than identification thresholds alone served as response indicators for masking sequences. Results indicate that in the backward sequence (test stimulus followed by masking stimulus) a greater masking effect occurred when the stimuli were of non-opponent hue pairs (red-yellow, red-blue, green-yellow, green-blue) than when compared with opponent hue pairs (red-green, yellow-blue). For the forward sequence (test stimulus preceded by masking stimulus) the masking effect was reduced when compared with the backward sequence. These findings appear to reflect the presumed temporal and spatial antagonistic qualities of opponent hue processes as postulated in the Hering model of color vision.
The Spontaneous Ending of Sleep
Authors: Webb Wilse B.
Published: September 2011

The last hour of spontaneous awakenings from uninterrupted sleep of 16 young adults was analyzed. In general, sleep was not fitful and broken but a continuation of the sleep process to the point of awakening. There were substantial individual differences in the time of awakening and the stage of sleep from which the sleeper emerged.
Cognitive and Interpersonal Growth during the College Freshman Year: A Structural Analysis
Authors: Eisert Debra C. , Tomlinson-Keasey C.
Published: September 2011

The present paper attempts a structural analysis of the relationship between logical operations, personality organization, and personality traits in college students. Since college students cover a wide range of operational abilities, one should be able to examine this age group to see whether or not different modes of thinking are reflected in personality measures. 55 freshmen were administered a measure of formal operations consisting of eight suboperations and a complete score, the Omnibus Personality Inventory, and the conceptual complexity measure. A structural analysis of the interrelationships is discussed in terms of a core cognitive function.
Relationships among Maternal Attitudes, Perceived Family Environments, and Preschoolers' Behavior
Authors: Ollendick Duane G. , Laberteaux Paul J. , Horne Arthur M.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between parental attitudes and behavioral adjustment in children continues to be explored in current research. In the present study this research was extended. Some measures not used previously were included. A general attitude measure (Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control for Adults), a specific child-rearing attitude measure (Parental Attitude Research Instrument), a new measure on perceived family environments (Family Environment Scale), and the Devereaux Child Behavior Rating Scale were completed by mothers of 25 nursery school children. Responses to measures were significantly intercorrelated, indicating that general attitudes or beliefs interact with specific attitudes on child-rearing. Maternal attitudes and perceptions were also related to their ratings of behavioral adjustment in their children. Results were interpreted as supporting the use of the new Family Environment Scale in future research.
Effects of Arousal Level on Olfactory Sensitivity
Authors: Halpin Bruce
Published: September 2011

36 college students participated in a study designed to determine the effect of induced changes in arousal on olfactory sensitivity. Each subject's sensitivity was measured under conditions of low, moderate, and high arousal. The results showed that sensitivity was significantly decreased under both low and high arousal but not under moderate arousal. No difference between the conditions of low and high arousal was found. The results are discussed in terms of the inverted-U shaped function between arousal and performance.
Relationship between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Physiological Responses to Films
Authors: Cantor Joanne R. , Zillmann Dolf , Day Kenneth D.
Published: September 2011

Subjects' physiological responses and rated reactions to a medical film and an erotic film were assessed. Later cardiovascular fitness levels were determined by subjects' physiological responses to an exercise task. The greater the increase in the subject's systolic blood pressure after exercise and the slower the recovery, the lower the fitness level. A median split on the fitness scores of males and females separately was used to determine levels of relatively low and high fitness. Subjects in low fitness had significantly greater sympathetic-arousal responses to the two films as measured in systolic blood-pressure increases and skin-temperature decreases. Subjects in the two fitness levels did not differ in ratings of their own physiological or emotional responses to the films. Reported interoception of the magnitude of physiological responses was inaccurate, especially for subjects in low fitness.
Maternal Differentiation, Onset and Type of Father's Absence and Psychological Differentiation in Children
Authors: Gershansky Ira S. , Hainline Louise , Goldstein Harris S.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between mothers' and children's levels of psychological differentiation as measured by the rod-and-frame test and the effects of onset and nature of father's absence on this relationship were explored for 209 children between the ages of 8 and 16 yr. and their mothers. There were significantly higher correlations between the scores of children whose fathers were present at home and their mothers than for children whose fathers were absent from home and their mothers. Over-all no significant differences in the mother-child correlations were observed between families where the father's absence resulted from divorce, separation, or desertion and families in which the father had died, although when age of the child at the onset of the father's absence was considered there were significant differences between the group where the father's absence resulted from divorce, separation, or desertion and the group where the father had died.
Linguistic Code and Cognitive Style: Interdomain Analyses
Authors: Poole Millicent E.
Published: September 2011

This study was an investigation of the relationship between linguistic coding and cognitive style. Group tests and individual interviews were administered to 96 adolescents, aged between 15 and 16 yr., to obtain measures in the linguistic and cognitive domains. Interdomain relationships were explored using principal component analysis and canonical correlation. The pattern of relationships between the two domains suggested a ‘specificity’ dimension as being the critical link.
A Scale to Measure Emotive Imagery
Authors: Guy Mary Ellen , McCarter Robert E.
Published: September 2011

The Guy Emotive Imaging Scale was developed to measure the vividness of one's emotive images. A total of 167 undergraduate students completed the questionnaire which yielded an alpha coefficient of .87, indicating that the internal consistency of the scale is satisfactorily high and that further research is appropriate. Each of the 6 emotional modalities, plus the total emotive imagery score, was correlated with each of the 7 sensory modalities on the Betts Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery, plus the total sensory imaging score. The correlation of .50 between the Betts questionnaire and the Guy scale indicates that, although there is some similarity between sensory imaging and emotive imaging, probably the imaging process, there is also a difference, which this paper suggests represents a person's ability to image sensations as compared to a person's ability to image emotions. Uses of the Guy scale in behavioral therapies are discussed.
Some Parameters Involved in Perceived Similarities of Situations
Authors: Buckley Patrick G.
Published: September 2011

How individuals perceive situations was examined. Similarities among 16 simulated situations were rated by 88 male and 110 female university student volunteers. Behavioral attributes influenced the perceived similarities of the situations, but physical characteristics and the sexes of the individuals in the situations did not. The interactionist vs situationist nature of the structure of the perceived similarities of the situations is contemplated along with whether it is hierarchical or dimensional.
Relationship between Typewriting Rate and Responses to Individual Characters on the Typewriter Keyboard
Authors: Hayes V.
Published: September 2011

This study had two purposes: (a) to determine if there was significant variance in reaction time to the alphabetic characters and three punctuation marks among three groups of typists ( ns = 10) who were grouped according to typewriting rate; (b) to determine the relationship between the mean reaction time of skilled typists to the alphabetic characters and three punctuation marks and the frequency of their appearance in printed matter. It was concluded that reaction time to all characters decreased as typewriting rate increased and that reaction time was significantly related to frequency of the appearance of the letters in printed matter.
Wais Subtest Score Characteristics of Institutionalized Mentally Retarded Samples
Authors: Hill A. Lewis
Published: September 2011

Scaled scores on WAIS subtests were compared among five samples of institutionalized mentally retarded (aged 16 to 71 yr.) from the East Coast ( N = 509), West Coast ( N = 436), and three from the Midwest ( Ns = 113, 51, and 111). Four of the five samples showed high correlations between the mean profiles suggesting that the performance of the mentally retarded is reliable across geographical locations. Reasons for the discrepancies between these four samples and the fifth sample are discussed.
Psychology of the Scientist: XXXVIII. Walter Vernon Clarke, 1905–1978
Authors: Merenda Peter F.
Published: September 2011

An obituary tribute to Walter Vernon Clarke, professional psychologist and scientist, 1905–1978, is presented.
Relationship of Reference Group to Perception of Humor
Authors: Buckalew L. W. , Coffield K. E.
Published: September 2011

Psychosocial importance of humor in reduction of anxiety and communication was developed, with specific consideration of group influence on perception of humor. Subjects were 15 black females, 20 white females, 13 black males, and 16 white males. Cartoons depicting seven humorous themes were rank ordered in terms of ‘funniness.’ Group mean ranks were transformed into ordinal integers. Groups applied similar concepts of humor to rankings ( W = .68, p < .05), though rank correlations showed significant relationships only between white females, black females, and white males.
Reliability, Validity, and Veridicality of Questionnaire Items
Authors: Aiken Lewis R.
Published: September 2011

There are several defensible procedures for obtaining information on the reliability and validity of questionnaire items. These procedures are useful but insufficient in determining the psychometric characteristics of single questions. Greater attention should be paid to methods of assessing the veridicality of responses from the viewpoint of the respondent and that of objective reality.
Diagnostic Efficiency of the Trail Making Test as a Function of Cut-off Score, Diagnosis, and Age
Authors: Gordon Norman G.
Published: September 2011

This study is a reinvestigation of the effectiveness of the Trail Making Test in discriminating between brain-damaged ( n = 51) and pseudoneurologic ( n = 72) subjects. All subjects were hospitalized male veterans at the Allen Park Veterans Administration Hospital. An analysis of covariance showed that the pseudoneurologic subjects performed at a significantly higher level than the brain-damaged subjects. Further analysis with two different cutoff scores exhibited unequal discriminatory power throughout the whole range of Trail Making Test scores. These results suggested diagnosing only when the scores were 9 or lower and 13 or higher. This use of extreme scores resulted in an over-all hit rate of 87% in the study. Comparisons with five major subgroupings of the pseudoneurologic subjects yielded only one significant difference: more accurate discrimination with the 12 cut-off score between 10 general-medical and peripheral nerve-damaged subjects (100% correct) and 18 psychotic subjects (39% accuracy).
Effect of Subjective Verbal Uncertainty on Perception of Typographical Errors in a Proofreading Task
Authors: Holbrook Morris B.
Published: September 2011

In contrast to its effect on most perceptual tasks, verbal uncertainty might be expected to facilitate the detection of typographical errors in proofreading. Experimental treatments consisted of messages differing in their levels of verbal uncertainty. In two proofreading tasks, 104 subjects searched for typographical errors systematically introduced into these passages of text. Task I showed a significant positive treatment effect of verbal uncertainty on recognition of errors and a significant positive correlation, across words, between subjective uncertainty and detection of typographical errors. The results for Task II were more equivocal and suggested the need for further research.
Psychometric Correlates of Pain Perception
Authors: Morgan William P. , Horstman Donald H.
Published: September 2011

There is disagreement in the literature as to whether responsivity to painful stimuli possesses psychometric correlates. A series of methodological and statistical factors are specified in this paper which could account for the equivocality of the literature. A series of experiments were performed in which (a) various methodological and statistical issues were first resolved and (b) psychometric correlates of pain perception were then identified by means of a stepwise multiple regression procedure. The criterion variable consisted of the psychophysical judgment of pain during a 2-min. exposure to a 3,000 gm. force on the periosteum of the left fore-finger's second digit. The predictor variables consisted of selected psychological stares and traits measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Somatic Perception Questionnaire, Depression Adjective Checklist, Profile of Mood States, Eysenck Personality Inventory, and the Embedded Figures Test. The test-retest reliability of the pain test ranged from .64 to .84 across trials separated by a 3-wk. period. In the first experiment significant multiple regressions ranging between .57 and .72 were observed, and psychological traits (field dependence, extraversion and trait anxiety) accounted for the variance in these analyses. In the next experiment significant multiple Rs ranging from .62 to .68 were observed. This served as cross-validation for the first experiment. The major difference was that psychological states (depression and vigor) as well as traits entered the multiple regression equations for certain of the analyses. It was concluded that selected psychological states and traits are significantly correlated with the perception of pain.
An Analysis of Variance Model for Assessing Reliability of Naturalistic Observations
Authors: Berk Ronald A.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a subjects × raters partially nested factorial analysis of variance model for estimating coefficients of interrater reliability. Procedures and formulae are described for computing unbiased estimates using the between-subjects and error mean squares from the model. Inclusion or exclusion of rater variance in the estimates is also discussed. Nine specific advantages for using the analysis of variance approach over existing methods are listed. A direction for future research on reliability is suggested.
Perceptions of Movement Patterns: Recall of Movement
Authors: Bairstow Phillip J. , Laszlo Judith I.
Published: September 2011

The present study attempted to characterize the perception, retention, and recall of kinaesthetic information regarding movement sequences (patterns). An attempt was made to draw on and extend conclusions relevant to simple movements (movement amplitude). One group of 10 blindfolded subjects recalled criterion movement patterns that had been actively commanded and 10 subjects recalled passively induced movements. The following conclusions were made. (1) Previous reports of algebraic errors in the recall of simple movement amplitudes are consistent with the finding that criterion perimeter, area, and depth of features were underestimated when recalled. (2) Measures of the accuracy of kinaesthetic perception do not alone account for the generally low level of pattern recall, the large range of individual differences or the underestimation of amplitude. The process of percept formation and of translating a percept into recalled movement are implicated. (3) Conclusions based on the short-term retention and recall of simple movements do not account for the coding, retention, and recall of movement sequences (patterns). (4) Percepts were formed, and patterns were recalled as a sequence of features but not as a sequence of key positions. (5) No direct difference was demonstrated between the recall of actively commanded and passively induced criterion movement patterns. However, the finding of a high gross angle change in the active condition was explained in terms of an unfavourable interaction between corollary discharge and sensory information.
Anxiety Levels of Beginning Scuba Students
Authors: Griffiths T. J. , Steel D. H. , Vaccaro P.
Published: September 2011

Anxiety levels of 29 beginning Scuba students in college classes were determined at rest and prior to standardized Scuba tests. Resting trait and state anxiety levels were significantly lower than norms. Only moderate increases in state anxiety were noticed throughout the testing sequence.
Sex, Video-Taped Feedback and Modeling Effects on Motor Performance
Authors: Del Rey Patricia
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the interaction of augmented information feedback and sex on accuracy and form of an overarm throwing pattern. In Exp. 1, a female model on video-tape was employed for instruction and recall of imposed form by 16 male and 16 female undergraduates. The original hypothesis that indeed there would be an interaction between the subjects' sex and type of augmented information feedback was not observed. In Exp. 2, essentially the same procedures were employed with another, similar group of subjects and several significant results were observed. The data suggest successive investigations to explore the possible effects of the model's sex on motor performance.
Verbal Skills as Factors in the Passageless Validation of Reading Comprehension Tests
Authors: Fowler Bill , Kroll Barry M.
Published: September 2011

The reading passages from the Minnesota Scholastic Aptitude Test were removed from the test booklet and the 30 remaining comprehension questions administered to two adult populations, 101 college freshmen and 17 college faculty. In their answers to these passageless reading comprehension questions, both groups scored better than chance. Comparison of faculty with freshman scores suggested- the hypothesis that verbal skills may be a prominent factor in this task. Correlations of freshman scores on the passageless Minnesota Scholastic Aptitude Test with other measures of their verbal skills were moderately high and significant. Analysis of the test items provided further corroboration of the hypothesis.
Effects of Praise and its Source on Performance
Authors: Stock Cynthia G.
Published: September 2011

Catano's (1975) study was replicated to assess the effects of the experimenter's vs peers' praise and also the shift from quality to quantity in performance as a function of praise. 60 undergraduates worked on one of two designs in a mirror-tracing apparatus. They received either no praise, praise from the experimenter, or praise from a student assistant (peer condition). Performance (error rate) in the experimenter-praised group on both tasks was superior only to the peer-praised condition and showed improvement both in speed and accuracy. Source of praise and trial-block sequence in times for task completion interacted. Source of praise influenced both quality and quantity of performance.
Judgments of Characteristics of Speakers in a Natural Stress Situation
Authors: Sadd Susan , Welkowitz Joan , Feldstein Stanley
Published: September 2011

This paper describes two related studies. The general hypothesis was that the rhythmic patterning of dialogue is related to how onlookers perceive certain psychological characteristics of the speakers. The experimental procedures in both studies involved evaluation by independent observers of the “credibility” of participants. In the first study 30 female college students were assigned to two conditions; each subject was either to read or to listen to monologues and dialogues (between senators and witnesses) from the “Watergate” hearings. There were significant differences in student ratings between listening and reading conditions for witnesses engaged in dialogues. In the second study 53 male and female subjects listened to tapes or read transcripts of dialogue from four senator-witness pairs. As in Study 1 subjects rated witnesses on a number of dimensions including credibility. Non-lexical qualities of speech in the taped dialogues were analyzed using a PDP-12 computer and these data were correlated with subjects' credibility ratings. The multiple regression analyses indicated that mean turn time, variability of pauses, and similarity in duration of pauses and vocalizations were significantly related to ratings of witnesses.
Job Satisfaction and Perceived Congruence of Attitude between Workers and Supervisors in a Mental Health Setting
Authors: Phillips Elizabeth , Hays J. Ray
Published: September 2011

The Community Mental Health Ideology Scale and Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire were administered to the staff of an outpatient treatment facility. Perceived congruence of attitude and job satisfaction including working conditions, pay, agency policy, and other variables were examined. Congruence of attitude between worker and supervisor was positively related to satisfaction with supervisor and agency policy. There were differences among the various disciplinary groups with those workers who had the least education tending to be satisfied in more spheres than those with more education or advanced professional degrees.
Effects of Age and Collateral Behavior on Temporally Discriminated Performance of Children
Authors: Stein Norman , Landis Richard
Published: September 2011

28 5- and 7-yr.-old children were reinforced for key pressing according to a DRL (differential reinforcement of low rates) 5-sec. schedule of reinforcement. For half of the subjects in each age group collateral keys were accessible for use during resting. Results indicated that the 5-yr.-old children acquired significantly fewer reinforcements, were less efficient, and developed less precise temporal discriminations than the 7-yr.-old children. Use of collateral keypressing was more important in moderating DRL performance in 5-yr.-old children than in 7-yr.-olds. Differences were also found in the manner in which the two age groups mediated temporally spaced responses when no programmed opportunities for collateral keypressing were provided.
Language Mediation Hypothesis: Implications of Verbal/Performance Discrepancy and Reading Ability
Authors: Richman Lynn C.
Published: September 2011

This study examined hypotheses regarding the role of verbal mediation in language processing by children with low verbal/high performance WISC profiles. Of specific interest was whether the verbal disability identified by the depressed Verbal IQ was related to either a specific verbal expression deficit or a more general symbolic mediation problem. Children in third through fifth grades (ages 8—12) with low verbal/high performance WISC profiles were evaluated using cognitive tasks which require verbal mediation strategies without requiring vocal responses. When the results of the nonvocal verbally mediated tasks closely approximated the lower Verbal IQ, children were placed in a General Language Disability group, and when results closely approximated the higher Performance IQ, they were considered to have a Specific Verbal Disability. The latter obtained reading scores significantly higher than the former children. The results support the contention that verbal mediation may be a viable construct for differentiating language-learning disabled children.
Apparent Reversals as a Function of Perceiver Group, Distance, and Geometric Shape
Authors: Oreel Tanya N. , Munz David C.
Published: September 2011

3 groups of 3 men (high, medium, low perceivers) repotted more reversals for trapezoids than rectangles. Responses were sensitive to distance, shadowing, and target, as Cahill suggested.
Effect of Mothers' Voices on Auditory Comprehension in Children
Authors: Highnam Clifford L. , Beykirch Hugo L.
Published: September 2011

Normal-speaking/hearing 2-, 3-, and 4-yr.-old children ( N = 15) were asked to point to pictorial representations of words in a forced-choice task. The auditory stimuli were randomized tape-recorded presentations of each subject's mother and a male stranger. An analysis of variance indicated that subjects, regardless of age, understood their mothers better.
Components of Pictorial Informativeness
Authors: Antes James R. , Singsaas Patricia A. , Metzger Richard L.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that parts of a picture rated high on a subjective informativeness dimension contain readily identifiable objects and medium informativeness regions contain contextual information was investigated. One group of 20 subjects (control) saw 100-msec. presentations of pictures and indicated whether an aftercoming picture section had been contained in the flash. Another group of 20 subjects (occlusion) saw the same pictures except that the target section was occluded. Their task was to judge whether the cued section could have been contained in the picture. Subjects in the occlusion group performed significantly worse than those in the control group on high informative sections but not on medium informative sections, supporting the original hypothesis.
Influence of Set on Perception
Authors: Jorgenson Christabel
Published: September 2011

To examine the role which preparatory set plays in visual perception three groups of undergraduates were presented 10 items displayed tachistoscopically in .125-sec. exposures. The two experimental groups were each given a different preparatory set relevant to the content of the items. The third group, the control group, was given no preparatory set. Six of the 10 items displayed were ambiguous items which might be seen as belonging to either set. Although the two experimental groups perceived more items correctly than did the control group, an analysis of the responses indicated that preparatory set did influence perception. Each experimental group perceived three times as many items as belonging to its set as did the other group.
Temporal Characteristics of Topic- and Picture-Elicited Speech of Children
Authors: Leeper Herbert A. , Woodard R. Eugene
Published: September 2011

The temporal characteristics of topic-elicited and picture-elicited speech were compared in 17 young school-age children. Of the 6 temporal measures only total number of pauses differentiated the two types of speech elicitation. The findings are in general agreement with earlier studies of temporal characteristics in adults but suggest that children pause more during speaking casks which demand more cognitive facility.
Different Levels in Processing Simple Geometrical Figures
Authors: Bagnara Sebastiano , Roncato Sergio , Simion Francesca , Umiltà Carlo
Published: September 2011

An experiment has been conducted in order to extend to geometrical figures Posner's (1969) findings of various levels of processing for alphabetical material. Pairs of simple figures (triangles and trapezoids) were tachistoscopically presented to subjects asked to judge if they were “same” or “different.” Subjects were instructed to respond “same” either if the two figures had the same shape or the same name, e.g., a scalene triangle paired with a right-angled one. The results support the theory of different levels of processing also for geometrical figures.
Reciprocal Interference in Learning Two Interleaved Gross Motor Tasks
Authors: Norrie Mary Lou , Henry Franklin M.
Published: September 2011

When 1-min. practice trials alternate between two unrelated motor tasks so that total practice is continuous, each task interferes with the learning of the other ( n = 28 males). Comparison with control group data ( n = 28 males) for each task (practice on the other task being replaced with intertrial rests) shows that interference from the more complex and demanding of the two tasks occurs much earlier (compared with onset of interference from the other) and progresses through a period of cumulating effect which is followed by a period of relatively constant learning deficit.
Effect of Perspective and Slant on Perception of Apparent Size and Distance
Authors: Thompson Jack G. , Valenti Claude A. , Schiffman H. R.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was performed to re-examine the role of linear perspective and floor slant on apparent size and distance scales. Misleading perspective cues did not alter the observers' apparent distance scales but did influence the absolute magnitude of distance judgments; floor slant exerted little influence on apparent distance scales or the absolute magnitude of distance judgments. Neither perspective nor slant manipulation reliably affected apparent size scales or exerted more than a minor influence on the absolute magnitude of size judgments.
Comparison of Two Methods of Developing Manipulative Skills of Children in Upper Elementary Grades
Authors: Koenig Constance R. , Johnson Dewayne J. , Graves Merritt
Published: September 2011

This study assessed the effectiveness of two methods of developing 4 manipulative skills (learning centers vs traditional games) in 116 upper elementary school children (60 boys, 56 girls). Neither method was superior but both methods produced improvement.
Exploratory Behavior in Rats following Bilateral Lesions of the Anterodorsal Caudate Nuclei
Authors: Kirkby Robert J.
Published: September 2011

9 rats received bilateral lesions to the anterodorsal caudate nuclei and 9 rats underwent sham operation procedures. After recovery the subjects were observed in an apparatus allowing access to familiar or novel stimuli. The caudotomized rats spent a significantly greater proportion of time exploring the novel stimuli. The results were not consistent with the suggestions that following damage to the caudate nucleus animals were unresponsive to novelty, however, they did support earlier findings implicating the caudate nucleus in learning and memory processes.
Procedural Controls in Group Auditory Perceptual Listening Tasks
Authors: Montague Jim , Weatherton M. A.
Published: September 2011

This article discusses experimental procedure controls that can assist in producing more reliable listening task experiments for investigators. Issues addressed relate to using appropriate equipment, tape-processing procedures, and listening sessions controls.
Aetiological Factors in Dyslexia: II. Ocular-Motor Programming
Authors: Leisman Gerald , Ashkenazi Maureen , Sprung Lance , Schwartz Joddy
Published: September 2011

A study is presented in which the preprogramming of saccadic eye movements is examined in normal (16 boys, 4 girls) and dyslexic subjects (19 boys, 1 girl), as well as the patterning of ocular-motor differences between subjects, which is consistent with the previous study in which no differences in saccadic control are demonstrated between groups of subjects.
Aetiological Factors in Dyslexia: III. Ocular-Motor Factors in Visual Perceptual Response Efficiency
Authors: Leisman Gerald
Published: September 2011

The study concerned the effects of induced interference employing a backward masking paradigm, on the processing of sensory information and on the formation of perceptual-motor responses in 20 dyslexic and 20 normal children. Results indicate that dyslexics do not exhibit impairment in perceptual localization.
Decision-Sharing in Elementary School Children: Effects on Body-Concept and Anxiety
Authors: Martinek Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

To determine the effects of teacher-directed and decision-sharing models of instruction on the development of body-concept and reduction of anxiety 99 Greensboro public school children in Grades 3 and 4 participated in either a movement program in which the teacher made all the decisions or in a program where they shared in the decision-making. The Cheffers adaptation of Flanders' Interaction Analysis System was used to verify the two treatments. The dependent variables were measured by Osgood's semantic differential for body-concept measures, and Sarason's General Anxiety Scale for Children. There was no significant difference between the groups for improvement in body-concept. Also, girls have more positive concepts about their bodies than do boys. Anxiety scores indicated that levels in fourth-grade children appear to be reduced when exposed to a teacher-directed model. However, a decision-sharing approach had a significant effect on reducing anxiety levels in third-grade children.
Machover Revisited: Impact of Sex-Role Orientation on Sex Sequence on the Draw-a-Person Test
Authors: Paludi Michele A.
Published: September 2011

A significant relationship was obtained between sex of first figure drawn on the Draw-A-Person test and sex-role orientation, as operationalized by scores on the Bern Sex-role Inventory of 76 male and 93 female introductory psychology students. The most striking finding was that most of the women who drew the opposite-sex figure first were “feminine.” To the extent that sex-role orientations can be empirically amalgamated with sex sequence, subsequent theory and research into clinical and diagnostic use of human figure drawings would increase in precision.
Minimal Brain Dysfunction and Otitis Media
Authors: Hersher Leonard
Published: September 2011

The frequency of otitis media among 22 hyperactive children with learning disorders was compared with the frequency of otitis media in a sample of 772 normal children, using the same criteria for the diagnosis of otitis media in both groups. The groups were matched for social class and age when studied (7 to 13 yr. of age). A significantly higher percentage of hyperactive children (54%) had more than 6 episodes of otitis media than was found in the normal group (15%). Thirty-six % of hyperactive children had more than 10 episodes compared to 5% in the normal sample. There was no difference in the percentage of children with no episodes of otitis media (18%). Several alternative hypotheses are offered as possible mechanisms to account for these data.