bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polymer Chemistry: An Overview
Authors: Suresh Bommakanti , Subhranjali Rout , Jeebanjyoti Mohapatra , Satyapriya Nath , Biswal Bishnu P.
Published: August 2023

Natural and synthetic polymers have made human life much more comfortable and have become an integral part of our daily lives. Their unique features, such as low cost, corrosion resistance, low density, thermal, or electrical insulation, enable these materials to find various potential applications in distinct fields. In this introductory chapter, we focus on the polymers' origin, history, and evolution, and present a comprehensive overview of the types of distinct polymers, classification based on different aspects, and various synthetic strategies to achieve the desired polymers through functional group linkage chemistry. We discuss the major polymerization techniques and the underlying mechanistic aspects, including step-growth, radical, interfacial, coordination polymerization, and so on. A brief discussion of the characterization and application of the polymers is provided. In addition, we describe the evolution of higher dimensional framework/network structures, which emerged as state-of-the-art materials.
Covalent Organic Framework-based Hybrid Materials and Their Applications
Authors: Ghosh Samrat
Published: August 2023

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as the next-generation porous polymers for functional applications ranging from materials to medicine. In the last two decades, significant progress has been made in the design and synthesis of crystalline, porous, and stable COFs, and various properties have been explored. In comparison to other porous polymers, COFs exhibit superior properties, which can be enhanced and tuned further through the integration of other functional materials with COFs at bulk, meso- or nanoscale. The incorporation of functional materials in the COF matrix results in achieving desired properties in comparison to the individual components. In this chapter, the chemistry of COF-based hybrid materials is introduced, and their preparation, multifunctional properties, and applications in various fields are summarized.
Sustainable zinc–air battery chemistry: advances, challenges and prospects
Authors: Wang Qichen , Kaushik Shubham , Xiao Xin , Xu Qiang
Published: August 2023

Sustainable zinc–air batteries are considered promising energy storage devices owing to their inherent safety, high energy density, wide operating temperature window, environmental friendliness, etc., showing great prospect for future applications.
An ultrasensitive photoelectrochemical assay for tumor necrosis factor-alpha based on hollow CdS cubes as a signal generator and NiCo2O4-Au as a signal extinguisher
Authors: Fu Yamin , Fan Baohuan , Chang Shenzhen , Guo Dongyu , Wang Fuxiang , Pan Qinhe
Published: August 2023

A photoelectrochemical aptasensor was constructed for ultrasensitive TNF-α assay based on the signal generator of hollow CdS cubes and the signal extinguishing activity of Ni2Co2O4-Au.
Synthesis of Tröger's base-based [3]arenes for efficient iodine adsorption
Authors: Niu Pengbo , Shi Conghao , Jiao Jianmin , Xie Wang , Qiu Heng , Yang Zhen , Jiang Juli , Wang Leyong
Published: August 2023

Enantiomers of Tröger's base-based [3]arenes R6N-E[3] and S6N-E[3] were synthesized successfully as two optically pure Tröger's base-based macrocycles in which three Tröger's base subunits were incorporated.
Nanoporous YVO4 as a luminescent host for probing molecular encapsulation
Authors: Brito Milena Lima , Huband Steven , Walker Marc , Walton Richard I. , de Sousa Filho Paulo C.
Published: August 2023

A reverse microemulsion route enabled to probe the interfacial crystallisation of luminescent nanoporous YVO4 and to encapsulate dye molecules in the nanoparticle cavities.
Microdroplet accelerated reaction for high-efficiency carbon disulfide conversion
Authors: Gao Yuanji , Xia Bing
Published: August 2023

The combination of electrospray ionization and microbubble bursting successfully achieved rapid and efficient conversion of trace CS2 in the environment into dithiocarbamic acid.
Accurate structures and spectroscopic parameters of α,α-dialkylated α-amino acids in the gas-phase: a joint venture of DFT and wave-function composite methods
Authors: Barone Vincenzo
Published: August 2023

Accurate computations of structural, conformational and spectroscopic properties in the gas phase have been performed for two α,α-dialkylated α-amino acids, namely aminoisobutyric acid and cyclopropylglycine.
Balanced electro-optical properties and off-axis haze performance of a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal film via refractive index matching
Authors: Yu Meina , Xu Jianjun , Zhang Luoning , Wang Qian , Zou Cheng , Gao Yanzi , Yang Huai
Published: August 2023

A smart dimming film with enhanced electro-optical properties and off-axis haze performance was prepared by refractive index matching.
Raman and IR spectra of water under graphene nanoconfinement at ambient and extreme pressure–temperature conditions: a first-principles study
Authors: Hou Rui , Li Chu , Pan Ding
Published: August 2023

We compute the Raman and IR spectra of water nanoconfined by graphene at ambient and extreme pressure–temperature conditions using ab initio simulations.
Toward solid-state Limetal–air batteries; an SOFC perspective of solid 3D architectures, heterogeneous interfaces, and oxygen exchange kinetics
Authors: Wachsman Eric D. , Alexander George V. , Moores Roxanna , Scisco Gibson , Tang Christopher R. , Danner Michael
Published: August 2023

Solid-state Li–O2 battery, 3D architecture and cycling performance.
Nano-structured hydrotrope-caged cytochrome c with boosted stability in harsh environments: a molecular insight
Authors: Bharadwaj Pranav , Sarkar Dheeraj Kumar , Bisht Meena , Shet Sachin M. , Kotrappanavar Nataraj Sanna , Lokesh Veeresh , Franklin Gregory , Brezovsky Jan , Mondal Dibyendu
Published: August 2023

Suitability of ATP and [Cho][Sal] to form nanostructured hydrotropes and their utility in protein packaging in extreme conditions are discussed. The engineered molecular nano-cages surrounding Cyt c resulted higher peroxidase activity than native Cyt c with exceptionally high thermal tolerance.
Electronic and active site engineering in Rh metallene via phosphorus and sulfur dual-doping for electrocatalytic sulfion recycling and hydrogen generation
Authors: Wang Hongjing , Liang Yuqin , Liu Songliang , Mu Xu , Yu Hongjie , Deng Kai , Wang Ziqiang , Xu You , Wang Liang
Published: August 2023

Phosphorus and sulfur dual-doping into Rh metallene boosts its electrocatalytic performance for both sulfion recycling and hydrogen generation.
The in situ decoration of Ti3C2 quantum dots on Cu nanowires for highly efficient electrocatalytic reduction of nitric oxide to ammonia
Authors: Li Baojing , Shen Dongcai , Xiao Zhengting , Li Quan , Yao Shuo , Wang Wentai , Liu Licheng
Published: August 2023

An efficient and stable electrocatalyst (Ti3C2 QDs/Cu NWs) with greatly improved NO conversion performances were developed for NORR, which is regarded as a promising alternative for the traditional Haber–Bosch process.
Copper-catalyzed functionalization/transformation of styrenes with polyhaloalkanes and arenes enables the synthesis of heteroarene-containing gem-dihaloalkenes
Authors: Zhao Yi-Lin , Yao Yong , Li Wan-Ting , Qin Jing-Hao , Sun Qing , Li Jin-Heng , Ouyang Xuan-Hui
Published: August 2023

A new copper-catalyzed three-component functionalization/transformation of styrenes using polyhaloalkanes and arenes is disclosed, allowing the synthesis of versatile functionalized heteroarene-containing gem-dihaloalkenes.
The development of ZnO nanoparticle-embedded graphitic-carbon nitride towards triple-negative breast cancer therapy
Authors: Padmanabhan Varun Prasath , Sivashanmugam Pugalmani , S. M. Mubashera , Sagadevan Suresh , Kulandaivelu Ravichandran
Published: August 2023

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer studies of ZnO/(g-C3N4).
Effect of microplastics on the binding properties of Pb(ii) onto dissolved organic matter: insights from fluorescence spectra and FTIR combined with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy
Authors: Liang Weiqian , Wei Shuyin , Lan Longxia , Chen Jinfeng , Zhou Yingyue , Zhao Jiawei , Wang Hao , Gao Rui , Zeng Feng
Published: August 2023

Heavy metal cations are a typical type of inorganic pollutant that has persistent distribution characteristics in aquatic environments and are easily adsorbed on carriers, posing serious threats to ecological safety and human health.
Texture-structure-based liquid metal filling for blind-end microchannels and its application on multi-layer chips
Authors: Li Yuqing , Zhang Huimin , Li Qian , Deng Yuqin , Ye Zi , Gui Lin
Published: August 2023

Multi-layer liquid metal high-precision filling with only one injection inlet.
Younger Researchers of the Brazilian Chemical Society: a network fostering representation, communication, and collaboration
Authors: Bueno Paula C. P. , Valli Marilia , Moreira Eduarda A. , Mannochio-Russo Helena , Nascimento Vanessa
Published: August 2023

The Younger Researchers of the Brazilian Chemical Society committee supports early career researchers promoting communication, collaboration, education, networking, representation, and career development.
Lipid doping of the sponge (L3) mesophase
Authors: Brasnett Christopher , Squires Adam M. , Smith Andrew J. , Seddon Annela M.
Published: August 2023

The addition of dopant lipids to monoolein sponge mesophases can significantly alter the observed mesophase.
Intermediates and their conversion into highly selective multicarbons in photo/electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reactions
Authors: Yang Long , Pawar Amol U. , Sivasankaran Ramesh Poonchi , Lee Donkeun , Ye Jinhua , Xiong Yujie , Zou Zhigang , Zhou Yong , Kang Young Soo
Published: August 2023

Reactive intermediates and their transformations in photocatalytic and electrocatalytic CO2 reduction are reviewed to get highly selective multicarbon production.
Interfacial assembly of a durable superhydrophobic polyurethane sponge with “scalelike” structures for efficient oily emulsion separation
Authors: Liu Zhanjian , Yang Jinyue , Jing Jing , Zhang Xiguang , Fu Yuxin , Li Meiling , Yuan Ruixia , Wang Huaiyuan
Published: August 2023

A durable superhydrophobic/superlipophilic polyurethane sponge with “scalelike” pore structures was synthesized by interfacial assembly via in situ anchoring of SiO2 and H-CNTs accompanied by the bonding effect and active sites from polydopamine.
Structural modulation and resonant level enable high thermoelectric performance of GeTe in the mid-to-low temperature range
Authors: Wu Guangjie , Guo Zhe , Wang Ruoyu , Tan Xiaojian , Cui Chen , Sun Peng , Hu Haoyang , Wu Jiehua , Liu Guoqiang , Jiang Jun
Published: August 2023

A peak ZT of 2.1 at 773 K and a high average ZT of 1.61 (400–773 K) are obtained in the Sb–InSe codoped GeTe by the synergistic effects of structural modulation and esonant level.
Galactomannan-graft-poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles induce an anti-inflammatory phenotype in human macrophages
Authors: Sosnik Alejandro , Zlotver Ivan , Peled Ella
Published: August 2023

Macrophages are immune cells that can be activated into either pro-inflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes.
The Importance of Looking at the REST of the Swallow in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Gregor Jessica W.
Published: August 2023

Purpose:

The swallowing continuum is highly complex and interrelated and has both upstream and downstream implications for volitional swallowing behaviors, anatomic and physiologic impairments, and interventions. Pathologic reflux can cause a plethora of upstream anatomic and physiologic changes in the swallow with associated consequences. Although pathologic reflux can occur in isolation, there is a high incidence of both pathologic reflux and esophageal pathology in patients with head and neck cancer. Along with their known oropharyngeal dysfunction that can evolve over time posttreatment and cause downstream effects in the swallowing continuum, pathologic reflux and esophageal pathology can cause upstream effects, further complicating the interplay and contributing to the overall swallowing impairment.

Conclusions:

The entire swallowing continuum should be evaluated with videofluoroscopy at yearly intervals in patients with head and neck cancer so that the multidisciplinary dysphagia team understands the interplay, which informs best interventions. The Robust Esophageal Screening Test (REST) is a standardized, validated esophageal screening protocol that can be implemented during the videofluoroscopic swallowing study to better identify potential esophageal pathology, which can be of complex etiology in this population. Results of a recent quality improvement project implementing REST protocol with patients with head and neck cancer found significant esophageal pathology and enhanced team collaborations and decision making for optimal patient care (Gregor & Watts, 2022).
The nature of the solar wind electron temperature and electron heat flux
Authors: Hubert Daniel , Salem Chadi S. , Pulupa Marc
Published: August 2023

Aims. We analyze the properties of a phenomenological model of the solar wind electron energy equation in a spherical expansion, with a radial power law for the electron heat flux, a radial interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), and a constant or smooth increase of the solar wind speed.

Methods. We define a critical electron heat flux that is a fraction of the electron thermal energy convected at the solar wind speed, and which plays a crucial role in the electron energy equation solution. When the electron heat flux is equal to the critical heat flux, the electron temperature is driven solely by the dissipation of the heat flux and the electron temperature is a simple radial power law. This defines an heat dissipation dominated (HDD) expansion of the electrons. When the electron heat flux is not equal to the critical electron heat flux, both adiabatic cooling and dissipation of the heat flux drive the electron temperature evolution. These two processes are quantitatively evaluated all along the expansion, in a composite expression of the electron temperature.

Results. We establish generic radial electron temperature laws for different values of the electron heat flux index α. We discuss the derivation of the electron temperature as ∝r−2/7 in the solar wind. We show that a model of the electron energy equation where the Spitzer and Härm (SH) heat conduction law is a closure, with a constant or smooth increase of the solar wind speed and a radial IMF, is an HDD expansion. We also show that the electron temperature follows a radial power law as ∝r−0.4. We obtain constraints on the nature of the electron temperature and the electron heat flux power law index for the SH law to be verified in a large range of radial distance from the Sun. An application of the generic temperature law to kinetic numerical simulations of the solar wind accurately predicts the electron temperature characteristics and evolution.
Productivity and resistance to stress factors of winter wheat varieties bred by ARC “Donskoy”
Authors: Ivanisov Michael , Marchenko Dmitriy , Shishkin Nicholay , Gaze Valentina
Published: August 2023

The purpose of the research is to evaluate modern varieties of winter soft wheat bred by the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Agrarian Research Center “Donskoy” (ARC “Donskoy”) in terms of yield, elements of its structure and resistance to bio and abiotic stress factors. On average, over the years of the study (2019–2021), the yield of winter soft wheat varieties bred by the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution ARC “Donskoy” for the predecessor maize for grain changed from 6.33 t/ha for the Don 107 standard to 7.23 t/ha for the new varieties Flagman. Reliable yield increases in all years of the study were formed by the following varieties: Volny Don (+0.61 t/ha; +0.70 t/ha; +0.39 t/ha), Region 161 (+0.67 t/ha; +0.41 t/ha; +0.41 t/ha) and Flagman (+0.57 t/ha, +0.99 t/ha; +1.14 t/ha). An analysis of the correlation relationships between the yield of winter soft wheat varieties with elements of its structure showed that productivity in the conditions of 2019–2021 the following indicators had the maximum influence: productive bushiness (r=0.27±0.15), weight of 1000 grains (r=0.32±0.14) and density of productive stems (r=0.45±0.10). High frost resistance was noted in such varieties as Zhavoronok (74.4%), Region 161 (84.2%) and Aksai (70.5%). According to the results of the correlation analysis of yield with resistance to bio and abiotic environmental factors, no significant relationships were found. This indicates the possibility of combining high productivity and resistance to the studied stress factors in one genotype.
Problems of ensuring conditions for the formation of legality in the field of agro-industrial complex and their impact on ensuring food security in Russia
Authors: Saraev Nikolay
Published: August 2023

Purpose: The purpose of the work is to study the problems of legal regulation of issues related to providing the population with high-quality and safe products, sustainable development and modernization of agriculture and fisheries and the infrastructure of the domestic market. Design/methodology/approach: The methodological basis of the study was made up of general scientific and private scientific methods (comparative legal, statistical and expert assessment method). Findings: In recent years, fundamental documents have been adopted and are being implemented, providing for a set of tools to counter internal and external threats in the food sector. At the same time, according to the results of inspections, there is a negative trend of an increase in the number of violations detected at food facilities, including those related to expired products, non-compliance with storage conditions, falsification. At the regulatory level, in order to minimize low-quality products, a system of risk indicators has been introduced. Originality/value: The conducted research allowed us to draw the following conclusions: ignoring and underestimating the principle of legality at the doctrinal level is closely related to the negative phenomena of law-making and law enforcement activities. We consider it timely and necessary to adopt the Concept of Ensuring the Rule of Law, ensuring the principle of universality of compliance with legal regulations, excluding the framework nature of such an important area of activity of state bodies as providing the population with high-quality and safe products.
Methods of eliminating homonymy within different, grammatically similar word groups
Authors: Sirojiddinov Sh. S. , Elov B. B. , Axmedova X. I.
Published: August 2023

The problem of automatic processing of natural language remains relevant for more than half a century. One of the important problems in the field of NLP is the creation of a semantic analyzer, which in turn goes through a number of steps. Determining homonymy is important in the semantic analysis of sentences. A method based on rules, a method based on statistical data, and methods based on machine learning are also used to determine homonymy. Statistical methods are mainly used to determine homonymy between grammatically similar word groups. In this article discusses the use of homonymy between two grammatically similar nouns and adjectives using statistical methods, namely Frequency and Bayesian methods. If bigrams and trigrams are used in the Bayesian method, the characteristics of word groups are classified in the frequentist method, and the parameters that can distinguish them are determined. The identified parameters are converted into numbers as a result of observations and probabilistic decisions are made.
An interdisciplinary approach to the study of the concept of value
Authors: Minnikulov I. U. , Babanov B. A.
Published: August 2023

We have studied the essence of the concept of value from the viewpoints of various disciplines and clarified its conceptual content. The essence of this concept is explained based on the principle of interdisciplinarity. In particular, this concept is defined and described within the framework of anthropology, philosophy, sociology, psychology, linguistics, and is characterized according to the fields of these sciences, and its conceptual content is consequently determined. The conceptual content of this notion is studied as a basic category that is an integral part of a person and his life, regardless of the field or object of science. We can note that value is an object of investigation of a wide varieties of disciplines on account of its importance in the life of a person. We claim that its interdisciplinary character can be substantiated by the following facts that values can be the basis for the formation of theories within various spheres of social life and they regulate social relations in the society as well as evaluate objects, phenomena, activities of the people of the society accordingly. It is reflected in language as a means of representing axiological information on people, their actions, objects, phenomena and etc.
The role of middle-weight molecules and the detoxication activity of mixed saliva albumin in the development of periodontal pathology in oil refinery workers
Authors: Bekjanova Olga , Miraziz Adizov
Published: August 2023

The study evaluated the biochemical effects of chronic exposure to the oil refining industry on medium-weight molecules and the detoxifying activity of mixed saliva albumin in the development of periodontal pathology in oil refinery workers in the mixed saliva of workers in hazardous production. The workers of the main specialties of the Bukhara oil refinery were examined.
Indicators for assessing the development potential of monotowns of the republic of Kazakhstan
Authors: Tovma Nataliya , Akhmetova Zauresh , Tulebayeva Nazym , Malikova Rilla , Abdikul Shinar
Published: August 2023

In Kazakhstan, the problem of the development of monotowns is one of the most urgent. The purpose of the article is to propose indicators for the development of monotowns in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article applied the method of system analysis, which made it possible to identify additional indicators of the development of monotowns. The experience of foreign countries in the revival of monotowns is analyzed. A very fruitful and innovative approach to the revival of monotowns was applied in the Netherlands in the single-industry town of Helmond, where a Volvo plant was built, which led to a construction boom. To solve the problem of the development of monotowns, we need our own approach, which involves assessing the development potential of monotowns. This article discusses the main indicators of the development of monotowns in the Republic of Kazakhstan, proposed by various authors. Statistical indicators of the development of monotowns are given. A system of indicators characterizing the development potential of single-industry monotowns of the Republic of Kazakhstan is proposed. Suggestions for the development of monotowns of the Republic of Kazakhstan are given.
The Pathophysiology of Cerebral Arterial Gas Embolism
Authors: Mitchell Simon , Gorman Des
Published: August 2023

Bubbles are introduced to the arterial circulation in many patients undergoing cardiac surgical procedures, and some of these distribute to the cerebral vessels. Larger bubbles may arrest in cerebral arterioles, causing ischemia and neuronal injury in the downstream territory. Smaller bubbles may redistribute through the cerebral circulation, but this is not a benign event. Their passage may cause transient ischemia and cause damage to endothelium. Margination and activation of leukoctyes follows, and may cause a secondary ischemia. Although the potential of large bubbles to cause cerebral injury is not disputed, there is controversy over the significance of exposure to small bubbles in cardiac surgery. It is known that postsurgical neuropsychological deficits do correlate positively with numbers of emboli to which patients are exposed, but to date, the technology to distinguish between gaseous and particulate emboli or to size emboli accurately is not readily available. Until this technology becomes available and is applied in large studies designed to determine the importance of small bubbles, it seems prudent to take all practical steps to prevent introduction of arterial bubbles in cardiac surgery.
A Review of Risk Factors for Adverse Neurologic Outcome After Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Nussmeier Nancy A.
Published: August 2023

Although the incidence of overt sequelae has traditionally been higher in patients undergoing isolated intracardiac procedures such as valve replacement or repair, recent studies show that the incidence of stroke for intracardiac procedures now approximates that for isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), in the range of 1 to 4%. In both intracardiac and extracardiac surgery, macroemboli (>200 mm in diameter) and microemboli (<40 mm in diameter) seem to be responsible for most neurologic complications. The risk of overt stroke is clearly increased in patients who undergo more complicated, combined procedures such as CABG plus valve replacement or CABG plus carotid endarterectomy. For isolated CABG, preoperative risk factors include advanced patient age, proximal aortic atherosclerosis, hypertension, previous stroke or transient ischemic attack, diabetes, and female gender. One area of controversy and current research concerns whether hypothermia is better than normothermia during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Another debatable issue is whether CPB itself results in neurologic damage, owing to nonpulsatile perfusion, complement activation and the “inflammatory response,” or a greater propensity for platelet activation and aggregation into microemboli in this setting. Strategies for preventing adverse neurologic outcome (new paradigms for managing intra-aortic plaque and controlling the cerebral reperfusion temperature) and for acute intervention (using specific cerebral protective agents) are under investigation. Further research into techniques for preventing or mitigating cerebral injury, particularly in high-risk patients, is clearly mandated.
Clinical Application of Retrograde Cerebral Perfusion for Brain Protection During Surgery of Ascending Aortic Aneurysm— A Report of 50 Cases
Authors: Dong Peiqing , Guan Yulong , He Meiling , Yang Jing , Wan Caihong , Du Shunping
Published: August 2023

This study was designed to discuss the effects on the brain by different protective methods in ascending aortic aneurysm surgery retrospectively. Two hundred seventy-one surgeries of ascending aortic aneurysm have been done in the past 15 years. There were 65 patients with a dissecting aneurysm of the aortic arch or right arch. To protect the brain, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) combined with retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) through superior vena cava (N = 50) and simple DHCA (N = 15) were used during the procedure. Blood samples for lactic acid level from the jugular vein were compared in both groups. Perfusion blood distribution and oxygen content difference between the perfused blood and returned blood were measured in 5 and 10 of RCP patients, respectively. The DHCA time was 35.86 ± 18.81 min (10 ∼ 63 min) and DHCA + RCP time was 45.5 ± 17.21 min (16 ∼ 81min). The resuscitation time was 7.11 ± 1.59 h (4.4 ∼ 9.4 h) in DHCA versus 5.43 ± 2.15 h (2 ∼ 9 h) in RCP patients. The operation death rate was 3/15 in DHCA group and 1/50 in RCP patients. Central nervous complication occurred in 3/12 of DHCA patients and 1/49 of RCP patients (p < .01). The overall survival rate was 96% (RCP) versus 67% (DHCA); the central nervous system dysfunction was 20% in DHCA versus 2% in RCP (p < .001). The blood lactic acid level increased significantly after reperfusion in DHCA than that in RCP. The measurement of blood distribution indicated that approximately 20% of the perfused blood returned from arch vessels. The difference of oxygen content between perfused and returned blood showed that the oxygen uptake was adequate in RCP group. The application of RCP can prolong the safety duration of circulation arrest. Continuous cerebral perfusion may maintain the brain at a cooler temperature and flush out particulate and air emboli while open anastomosis of the aortic arch to the prosthesis can be safely performed. Therefore, RCP is a preferable method for brain protection in our clinical practices.
Myocardial Protection Related to Magnesium Content of Cold Blood Hyperkalemic Cardioplegic Solutions in CABG
Authors: Ji Bingyang , Feng Zhengyi , Liu Jinping , Long Cun
Published: August 2023

The objective of this study was to investigate whether the addition of magnesium to a hyperkalemic cardioplegic solution containing 1.2∼1.5 mmol/L ionized calcium improves myocardial protection. Twenty-seven coronary artery disease (CAD) patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) received hyperkalemic (20∼22 mmol/L potassium) cardioplegic solutions containing 1.2∼1.5 mmol/L ionized calcium and were randomized to one of the following groups: Group A (n = 9) received 3∼4 mmol/L magnesium cool blood cardioplegia (4°C), Group B (n = 9) received 8∼10 mmol/L magnesium cold blood cardioplegia (4°C). Group C (n = 9) received 16∼18 mmol/L magnesium cold blood cardioplegia (4°C). The effect of myocardium protection of the three kinds of cardioplegic solutions were evaluated by clinical outcome, cTnI and CK-MB mass. Serial venous blood samples were obtained before induction, after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), postoperative 6 h, 24 h, 72 h, and 6th day, respectively. The percentage of myocardial autoresusciation in group B (100%) was significantly higher than that in groups A (77.8%) and C (66.7%). One patient in group A and two patients in group C needed an interim pacemaker, but none in group B. The period of postoperative mechanical ventilation and ICU stay in group B was shorter than in the other two groups. The level of cTnI and CK-Mb mass increased from postoperative 6 h (p < .05), reached peak in 24 h∼72 h, and recovered postoperative 6th day. As compared with groups A and C, the plasma concentrations of cTnI and CK-MB mass in group B were significantly lower at 6 h, 24 h, and 72 h (p < .01). 8∼10 mmol/L magnesium cold blood cardioplegia provides better myocardium protection than higher or lower concentrations.
A Multicenter Investigation into the Occurrence of High-Pressure Excursions
Authors: Myers Gerard J. , Weighell Patrick R. , McCloskey Brian J. , Holt Alison M. , McTeer Scott , Maxwell Sandy L.
Published: August 2023

The occurrence of sudden increases in premembrane pressures and membrane pressure differentials has drawn considerable attention and debate in the perfusion community. Several terms have been applied to this phenomenon, but the term that best describes this event is “high-pressure excursion” (HPE). The exact causes of HPE are still uncertain, but nonetheless widely speculated. However, their increased appearance seems to be very closely related to the removal/absence of human serum albumin from priming solutions. To investigate the reasons why HPE occur in some cardiopulmonary bypass cases, we present our findings in a multicenter, retrospective analysis of 2696 cardiopulmonary bypass cases. Of the 31 cases of HPE that were documented from the analysis, 60 preoperative and perioperative variables were gathered from the participating tertiary care centers. Our findings indicate that these pressure excursions had an occurrence of 1.14% in the three centers involved with this analysis. The largest occurrence of HPE tended to be in male (87.1%) coronary artery disease patients (96.8%) during the presence of the IV anesthetic Diprivan (74.2%). In conclusions, HPE are not perfusate related because it occurred in the presence of three perfusate combinations. They also do not seem to be oxygenator related or exclusive to hypothermic temperatures or heat exchangers.
Reduction of Microemboli Count in the Priming Fluid of Cardiopulmonary Bypass Circuits
Authors: Merkle Frank , Boettcher Wolfgang , Schulz Fritz , Kopitz Michael , Koster Andreas , Hennig Ewald , Hetzer Roland
Published: August 2023

Microemboli may impair cognitive function in patients undergoing heart surgery. Prebypass filtration has been shown to reduce particle load in the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) priming fluid. This study was performed to detect the embolic load of CPB priming fluid, to determine the efficacy of a 0.2 μm prebypass filter (PBF) in reducing emboli in the range of 0.1–5 μm and to provide guidelines for the handling of the device. A total of 12 CPB circuits were tested in two groups, using a laser light scattering particle counter, sensitive to microemboli in the range of 0.1–5 μm. In control group A, priming fluid before administration to the CPB circuit was analyzed. Group B circuits contained microporous membrane oxygenators (N = 5); group C consisted of CPB circuits with excluded membrane oxygenators (N = 7). When group A was compared to groups B and C, significantly more microemboli were found in the categories 0.2 μm, 0.5 mμ, 0.8 μm for both groups B and C (p < .05). Group C circuits had higher microemboli counts in the categories 1.5 μm and 3 μm (p < .05) when compared to group B. Microemboli bigger than 0.2 μm could be eliminated after 2 min of prebypass filtration with a CPB flow of 5 L/min. The number of microemboli smaller than 0.2 μm was reduced substantially. Small microemboli with a size of 0.1 μm originate mainly from the priming solution. Microemboli in the range of 0.2 μm, 0.5 μm, and 0.8 μm originate mainly from the CBP circuit. In circuits with bypassed membrane oxygenators, a higher microemboli count in the range of 1.5 μm and 3 μm may be explained by a possible filtering capacity of membrane oxygenators. The 0.2 μm PBF is an effective tool to reduce the particle load in the CPB priming fluid.
Quantification of the Effect of Altering Hematocrit and Temperature on Blood Viscosity
Authors: Stammers Alfred H. , Vang See N. , Mejak Brian L. , Rauch Eric D.
Published: August 2023

Rheological changes occurring with the conduct of cardiopulmonary bypass affect the distribution of blood throughout the cardiovascular system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of changing physical characteristics of fluid on the dynamics of blood flow in an in vitro model. An extracorporeal model simulating coronary vessel constriction was designed that consisted of tubing with varying internal diameters. Tubing sizes were selected as percentage reductions (11, 33, 56, and 78%) of a normal sized (3.6 mm) coronary artery. Flow rates were randomly varied between 150 and 300 mL min−1 temperatures of 6 and 37°C, and hematocrits of 0, 20, and 38%. Endpoints included viscosity, pressure drop, and volume distribution. As temperature fell from 37 to 6°C, viscosity increased with hematocrit as follows: 192% at 0%, 225% at 20%, and 249% at 38%, p < .001. Pressure drop increased significantly across each tubing size ranging from 173–351%, p < .01, as fluid was cooled from 37 to 6°C. However, intraconduit statistical differences in volumetric distribution of flow were not achieved. Although the induced hypothermia resulted in increases in resistance, statistical significance was only seen in the smallest lumen conduit. In conclusion, the effects of changing temperature has profound influence on fluid distribution secondary to changing blood viscosity in an in vitro model for fluid distribution. Knowledge of such flow alterations may aid in determining optimal perfusion strategies where vessel constrictions are encountered.
The Effects of Aprotinin on Platelet Function in Blood Exposed to Eptifibatide: An In Vitro Analysis
Authors: Schmer Ryan G. , Stammers Alfred H. , Ahlgren Rebecca L. , Ellis Tunisia A. , Gao Chen , Nutter Bernadette T. , Holcomb Hunter B. , Hock Lynette M.
Published: August 2023

The preoperative use of platelet inhibitors has increased the risk of bleeding during cardiac surgery. Aprotinin has been shown to preserve hemostatic function in patients undergoing CPB. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aprotinin on coagulation in blood exposed to eptifibatide. Freshly collected bovine blood was used in an in vitro model of extracorporeal circulation. Blood was separated into two groups: activated (60 minutes exposure to bubble oxygenation) and nonactivated. Within each group there were four subgroups: control (n = 3), eptifibatide (2.8 µg/mL, n = 3), aprotinin (250 KIU/mL, n = 3), and eptifibatide with aprotinin (2.8 µg/mL, 250 KIU/mL, n = 3). Twenty-four modified extracorporeal circuits utilizing a hard-shell venous reservoir and cardioplegia heat exchangers were used. Blood flow was maintained at a rate of 1.25 L/min for a total of 170 minutes, at 37 ± 1°C. Samples were collected at 0, 20, 50, and 110 minutes with the following variables measured: thromboelastograph (TEG), activated clotting time (ACT), and hematocrit (Hct). Results demonstrated that at 110 minutes, the TEG index (TI) was decreased by fourfold in the activated group compared to the nonactivated group (−4.6 ± 1.2 vs. 1.4 ± 1.5, p. < .05). The administration of aprotinin resulted in preservation of the TI as compared to eptifibatidetreated blood (−4.9 ± 1.2 vs. −7.9 ± 1.2, p < .05). Aprotinin combined with eptifibatide reduced coagulation derangements when compared to eptifibatide alone (−5.2 ± 1.2 vs. −7.9 ± 1.2, p < .05). In conclusion, aprotinin attenuated the platelet inhibition effect of eptifibatide during in vitro CPB, resulting in improved coagulation.
Emergent Cardiopulmonary Bypass during Cardiac Surgery
Authors: White Amy M. , Riley Jeffrey B. , Stulak John M. , Greason Kevin L.
Published: August 2023

During orientation to the cardiac surgery operating room, new staff may not be exposed to emergent situations. Allowing team members the opportunity to practice their roles during less common, high-stakes emergency cardiac surgical scenarios may better prepare them when crises do arise in the OR. The Emergency Cardiopulmonary Bypass Course was developed to meet the needs of new staff starting in cardiac surgery. Recently, the course has expanded to include experienced staff. This communication describes a high fidelity simulation based course that includes four emergent cardiac surgery scenarios.
Dactylogyrus spp. (Dactylogyridae, Monogenea) from tinfoil barb, Barbonymus schwanenfeldii imported into South Africa: morphometric and molecular characterisation
Authors: Molokomme Prince S. , Benovics Michal , Luus-Powell Wilmien J. , Lukhele Linda P. , Přikrylová Iva
Published: August 2023

This study reports on three species of Dactylogyrus Diesing, 1850 (Dactylogyridae) collected from tinfoil barb, Barbonymus schwanenfeldii (Bleeker) which were imported into South Africa as ornamental fish from Sri Lanka and Thailand. Supplementary morphometric characterisation and molecular data (partial 18S and 28S rDNA, and ITS1 region sequences) are presented for Dactylogyrus lampam (Lim & Furtado, 1986), Dactylogyrus tapienensis Chinabut & Lim, 1993 and Dactylogyrus viticulus Chinabut & Lim, 1993. Prevalence of Dactylogyrus spp. infection was 87% and 80% for fish from Sri Lanka and Thailand, respectively. Composition of the parasites between the fish of each origin differed. All three species were found to infect fish from Thailand, but only D. lampam was present on the fish received from Sri Lanka. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the position of studied species, with D. lampam clustering within the lineages of varicorhini-type species, while D. tapienensis and D. viticulus form a sister lineage to Dactylogyrus spp. associated with Cyprinus carpio L. and Carassius spp., species parasitising central African large cyprinids (Labeo Cuvier), and species parasitising African and Middle Eastern Carasobarbus spp.
Research on International Cultural Communication Carriers in China: Taking Hong Kong Film, Hangzhou Animation, and Online Novels as Examples
Authors: Xue Yan , Shi Shen
Published: August 2023

The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China stated that “Extending the reach and appeal of Chinese civilization.” “We will deepen exchanges and mutual learning with other civilizations and better present Chinese culture to the world.” Xi Jinping emphasized during the 30th study session of the Po-litical Bureau of the Central Committee：”We must promote Chinese culture beyondour national borders, advocating common values, sharing our ideas, and increasing m-utual understanding.” Therefore, the question arises that “how to better promote Chinese culture going global”? Cultural communication as a medium for spreading culture is the basis of international cultural communication. Building a cultural carrier is crucial to promoting Chinese culture to the world, building a discourse system with Chinese characteristics, and developing international cultural communication theories. Furthermore, what characteristics should the cultural carrier have to better adapt tothe psychology of the audience and effectively carry out international cultural communication? This article studies from the perspective of social psychology and combinesthe theory of communication, and adopts the method of case study. Taking Chinese Hong Kong movies, Hangzhou animation and network novels as examples, analyze their characteristics of international cultural communication. Hope to summarize the enlightenment of the construction of international cultural communication carriers from the perspective of China. The conclusion is that Hangzhou animation is more suitable as the main cultural carrier to promote Chinese culture globally.
Diagnostik und Therapie bei der Hüftgelenksluxation des
Schafes
Authors: Altenbrunner-Martinek Birgit , Schieder Katrin , Vidoni Britta , Wittek Thomas , Krametter-Frötscher Reinhild
Published: August 2023

Ein 2,5 Jahre altes weibliches Walliser Schwarznasenschaf wurde mit dem
Vorbericht einer plötzlich nach dem Scheren aufgetretenen Lahmheit an
die Universitätsklinik für Wiederkäuer der
Veterinärmedizinischen Universität Wien überwiesen. Das
Schaf zeigte eine mittelgradige gemischte Lahmheit der rechten
Hinterextremität, der Hüftgelenksbereich war bei Palpation
schmerzhaft, die Beckengliedmaße wurde gestreckt vorgeführt.
Nach der klinischen Untersuchung wurde die Verdachtsdiagnose einer
rechtsseitigen Hüftgelenkluxation gestellt, die im Anschluss
radiologisch bestätigt wurde. Es lag eine Luxatio ossis femoris dextra
nach kaudoventral und medial vor. Unter Vollnarkose erfolgte eine offene,
manuelle Reposition. Als prosthetischer Bandersatz für das Femurkopfband
wurde ein Toggle Pin eingesetzt, die weitere Stabilisierung erfolgte mittels
einer iliofemoralen Schlingenfixation in der Faszie der Glutealmuskulatur. Die
Bewegungsmöglichkeiten des Schafes während der postoperativen
Heilungsphase wurden stark eingeschränkt und 8 Wochen Boxenruhe
eingehalten. Die Heilung verlief komplikationslos. Bei telefonischer Nachfrage 6
Monate nach dem chirurgischen Eingriff war das Schaf lahmheitsfrei, lief mit der
Herde mit und zeigte ein ungestörtes Allgemeinverhalten.

Die offene, chirurgische Reposition des Hüftgelenkes nach erfolgter
Luxation ist auch beim Schaf sehr gut durchführbar, die Wahl der
Operationstechniken wird vom Ausmaß der traumatischen Schädigung
und der Luxationsrichtung bestimmt. Limitierend für den Operationserfolg
und den Einsatz in der Nutztierpraxis sind neben dem raschen Eingreifen nach
erfolgtem Trauma vorwiegend die Bereitschaft des Tierbesitzers, die mit dem
Eingriff in Vollnarkose verbundenen Kosten zu tragen und die lange postoperative
Nachbetreuung mit kontrollierter Bewegungseinschränkung
durchzuführen.
Visible-Light-Promoted Synthesis of Vinyloxaziridines from Conjugated Carbonyls
Authors: Moura-Letts Gustavo , Austin Brooke E. , Palner Ryan P. , Tobias Elissa M. , Madiu Rufai , Doran Erin L. , Doran Jenna M. , Howard Amari M. , Stroud James L. , Rossi Morgan E. , Moskovitz Dylan A. , Rivera Dominic A. , Mullen Michael D. , Zinsky Amy H. , Rosario Rose A.
Published: August 2023

We report the first visible-light-promoted synthesis of vinyloxaziridines from simple conjugated nitrones. We have found that vinyl nitrones formed by the condensation reaction between conjugated carbonyls and hydroxylamines undergo visible-light-promoted energy-transfer isomerization to the respective vinyloxaziridines in very high yields and selectivities. The reaction scope expands to a large array of substitution patterns, and evidence indicates that the proposed energy-transfer pathway is the predominant mechanism for this transformation.
Correction of Angular Limb Deformities in Two Dogs Using a Conformation-Based Surgical Approach and Planning Software
Authors: Wyatt Tyler J. , Lynch Albert C.
Published: August 2023

The aim of this study is to describe a novel conformation-based approach to surgical planning and execution, as well as novel orthopaedic planning and rehearsal software. This report presents two cases of angular limb deformity correction, utilizing a novel conformation-based technique. A combination of computed tomography and radiographs was used to characterize the deformities for each case. Case 1 presented with a biapical deformity of the left antebrachium. Case 2 presented with deformities affecting the left femur and tibia. Rendering of a three-dimensional (3D) bone model, surgical planning, and production of multistep surgical jigs were executed using a traditional mesh-modeling workflow for case 1, whereas case 2 utilized the described novel software. No intraoperative complications were encountered while using the surgical kits. The multistep surgical jigs facilitated major procedural steps with precision, including application of definitive fixation. The novel software reduced the surgical planning time and the operator's requirement for 3D modeling skill. All osteotomies were stabilized in compression with acceptable alignment and good patient outcomes. This novel conformation-based approach and planning software, developed by the corresponding author, may provide an alternative method of correcting canine angular limb deformities. Further research on this technique and software is indicated before commercial availability.
Impact of Maternal Diabetes Mellitus on Neonatal Outcomes among Infants <32 Weeks of Gestation in China: A Multicenter Cohort Study
Authors: Yuan Jing , Gu Xinyue , Yang Jie , Lin Xinzhu , Hu Jingfei , Jiang Siyuan , Du Lizhong , Zhou Wenhao , Cao Yun , Lee Shoo K. , Shan Ruobing , Zhang Lan ,   the Chinese Neonatal Network
Published: August 2023

Objective Our study aimed to determine the relationship between maternal diabetes mellitus (MDM) and mortality and major morbidities for very preterm infants, as well as the effects of insulin-treated MDM, in the Chinese population.

Study Design This retrospective cohort study included all preterm infants born at 240/7 to 316/7 weeks of gestation and admitted to 57 tertiary neonatal intensive care units participating in the Chinese Neonatal Network in 2019. All infants were followed up until discharging from the hospitals.

Results A total of 9,244 very preterm infants were enrolled, with 1,584 (17.1%) born to mothers with MDM. The rates of mortality or any major morbidity in the MDM and non-MDM groups were 45.9% (727/1,584) and 48.1% (3,682/7,660), respectively. After adjustment, the risk of mortality or any morbidity was not significantly increased in the MDM group (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94–1.22) compared with the non-MDM group. Among MDM mothers with treatment data, 18.0% (256/1,420) were treated with insulin. Insulin-treated MDM was not independently associated with the risk of mortality or any morbidity (aOR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.76–1.34) among very preterm infants, but it was associated with an elevated risk of severe retinopathy of prematurity (aOR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.13–5.04).

Conclusion While the MDM diagnostic rate for mothers of very preterm infants was high in China, MDM was not associated with mortality or major morbidities for very preterm infants.

Key Points