bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of perfectionism and excessive commitment to exercise in explaining dietary restraint: Replication and extension
Authors: McLaren Lindsay , Gauvin Lise , White Donna
Published: August 2002

The etiological complexity of the eating disorders has incited researchers to examine how personality characteristics and other variables operate jointly in the development of deviant eating patterns.

Objective

This study investigated the independent, interactive, and indirect prediction of dietary restraint by perfectionism and excessive commitment to exercise.

Method

Multiple regression analyses designed to test moderating and mediating models were conducted on a sample of female university students (n = 269).

Results

Several dimensions of perfectionism, as well as excessive commitment to exercise, significantly and independently predicted dietary restraint in these women. There was no evidence for an interaction effect. Mediation analyses suggested that for selected dimensions of perfectionism, the direct relationship between perfectionism and dietary restraint is partially explained by excessive commitment to exercise.

Discussion

Interventions aimed at challenging perfectionistic standards in the context of dieting need to address not only one's self‐standards, but one's perceptions of standards held by others. The mediating role of excessive exercise commitment pinpoints this variable as an alternative intervention target in the prevention of excessive dieting. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 307–313, 2001.
Neutron production rate and plasma characteristics of spherically convergent beam fusion
Authors: Yamauchi Kunihito , Takeuchi Yasushi , Ogino Yutaka , Watanabe Masato , Okino Akitoshi , Sunaga Yoshitaka , Hotta Eiki
Published: August 2002

Experimental and simulation results of a spherical glow discharge for a portable neutron source are presented. The experimental device is a 45‐cm‐diameter, 31‐cm‐high stainless‐steel cylindrical chamber, in which a spherical mesh‐type anode 30 cm in diameter is installed. The spherical grid cathode consists of 2.0‐mm‐diameter stainless‐steel wire, which is made into an open spherical grid of 5‐cm diameter. The system is maintained at a constant pressure of 1 to 15 mTorr by feeding hydrogen or deuterium gas. The basic characteristics of breakdown voltages versus pressure and electrostatic potential profiles were measured for hydrogen discharge. Using deuterium, a steady‐state neutron production of 104 s–1 was observed at a discharge of 40 kV, 2 mA. Motions of ions and electrons in the device were simulated by using a particle code, which is one‐dimensional in coordinate system and two‐dimensional in velocity space. It was confirmed by both the measurement and simulation that a virtual anode is formed in the central part inside the grid cathode. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(2): 1–8, 2001
Settlement type and local government environmental policy in Hungary: the role of local economic structure and local government resources
Authors: Pickvance Chris
Published: August 2002

The paper contributes to our understanding of local environmental policy and democratization in post‐socialist societies by providing a picture of the realities of local government environmental policy in Hungary. After outlining the economic, political and organizational context of environmental policy in Hungary, the paper presents the results of a national interview survey of 600 local governments. It is suggested that settlement type (ranging from capital city to small village) is a key influence for two reasons: their characteristic local economic structure and the resources available to their local governments.

Local governments in larger settlements are more likely to be committed to local environmental policy due to their greater resources, and perceived environmental problems and preferred environmental policies vary between localities with different economic structures and sizes. There is a moderate degree of confidence in the effectiveness of local government environmental policy. The survey shows a near‐universal concern for changing the local economic structure, which has significant environmental implications (especially clear in the popularity of hi‐tech industry and tourism), but there is a polarization between localities regarding the expected speed of economic change. Care is taken to distinguish local environmental policy from the local effects of supra‐local policies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Structure–activity analysis of the potentiation by aminothiols of the chromosome‐damaging effect of bleomycin in G0 human lymphocytes
Authors: Hoffmann George R. , Buccola Janet , Merz Miriam S. , Littlefield L. Gayle
Published: August 2002

The radioprotective aminothiols 2‐[(aminopropyl)amino] ethanethiol (WR‐1065) and cysteamine (CSM) potentiate the induction of chromosomal damage by the radiomimetic compound bleomycin (BLM) in G0 human lymphocytes. To investigate the mechanism of potentiation, we measured the clastogenic activity of BLM in the cytokinesis‐block micronucleus assay in the presence and absence of amines, thiols, and aminothiols. The hydroxy analog of WR‐1065, 2‐(3‐aminopropylamino) ethanol (WR‐OH), potentiates BLM only slightly, indicating the critical nature of the thiol group. As thiols, WR‐1065 and CSM may donate electrons for the activation of Fe+2‐BLM or for the regeneration of Fe+2‐BLM from inactive Fe+3‐BLM. The amines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine all potentiate BLM, but they are weaker potentiators than the aminothiols, and they are effective only at high concentrations. Their activity, like that of WR‐OH, is probably a consequence of conformational alteration of DNA. Dithioerythritol (DTE) and 2‐mercaptoethanol (2‐ME), thiols lacking an amino group, are less effective potentiators of BLM than are the aminothiols. The thiol group of WR‐1065 and CSM is therefore essential, but insufficient, for explaining the strong enhancement of BLM activity. The cationic nature of CSM and WR‐1065, conferred by the amino groups, evidently concentrates the active thiol function at the site of BLM action on DNA. As expected on this basis, the diamine WR‐1065 is a more effective potentiator of BLM than is the monoamine CSM, whereas cysteine and N‐acetylcysteine (NAC), which lack a net positive charge, potentiate BLM only weakly. These studies suggest that potentiation of the clastogenic action of BLM by aminothiols can be explained by the combination of a thiol‐mediated redox mechanism and an amine‐mediated targeting of the thiol function to DNA. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:117–127, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved method for measuring the ensemble average of strand breaks in genomic DNA
Authors: Bespalov Vyacheslav A. , Conconi Antonio , Zhang Xiaoyi , Fahy Deirdre , Smerdon Michael J.
Published: August 2002

The cis‐syn cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) is the major photoproduct induced in DNA by low wavelength ultraviolet radiation. An improved method was developed to detect CPD formation and removal in genomic DNA that avoids the problems encountered with the standard method of endonuclease detection of these photoproducts. Since CPD‐specific endonucleases make single‐strand cuts at CPD sites, quantification of the frequency of CPDs in DNA is usually done by denaturing gel electrophoresis. The standard method of ethidium bromide staining and gel photography requires more than 10 μg of DNA per gel lane, and correction of the photographic signal for the nonlinear film response. To simplify this procedure, a standard Southern blot protocol, coupled with phosphorimage analysis, was developed. This method uses random hybridization probes to detect genomic sequences with minimal sequence bias. Because of the vast linearity range of phosphorimage detection, scans of the signal profiles for the heterogeneous population of DNA fragments can be integrated directly to determine the number‐average size of the population. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:166–174, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A high frequency kriging approach for non‐stationary environmental processes
Authors: Fuentes Montserrat
Published: August 2002

Emission reductions were mandated in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 with the expectation that they would result in major reductions in the concentrations of atmospherically transported pollutants. The emission reductions are intended to reduce public health risks and to protect sensitive ecosystems. To determine whether the emission reductions are having the intended effect on atmospheric concentrations, monitoring data must be analyzed taking into consideration the spatial structure shown by the data. Maps of pollutant concentrations and fluxes are useful over different geopolitical boundaries, to discover when, where, and to what extent the U.S. Nation's air quality is improving or declining. Since the spatial covariance structure shown by the data changes with location, the standard kriging methodology for spatial interpolation cannot be used because it assumes stationarity of the process.

We present a new methodology for spatial interpolation of non‐stationary processes. In this method the field is represented locally as a stationary isotropic random field, but the parameters of the stationary random field are allowed to vary across space. A procedure for interpolation is presented that uses an expression for the spectral density at high frequencies. New fitting algorithms are developed using spectral approaches. In cases where the data are distributed exactly or approximately on a lattice, it is argued that spectral approaches have potentially enormous computational benefits compared with maximum likelihood. The methods are extended to interpolation questions using approximate Bayesian approaches to account for parameter uncertainty. We develop applications to obtain the total loading of pollutant concentrations and fluxes over different geo‐political boundaries. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Runoff‐induced sediment yield over dune slopes in the Negev Desert. 2: Texture, carbonate and organic matter
Authors: Kidron Giora J.
Published: August 2002

Runoff‐induced sediments were collected in the Hallamish dune field for four years (1990–1994). Runoff and consequently water‐transported sediments were generated on the dunes owing to the presence of a thin microbiotic crust. These sediments were analysed for their particle‐size distribution and carbonate content. In addition, the organic matter content was calculated by measuring the chlorophyll content within the runoff. The results were compared to the slope parent material, i.e. the crust and the underlying sand, as well as to playa sediments, which are scattered within the Hallamish interdunal areas, and which were previously hypothesized to originate from runoff‐induced sediments.

Higher amounts of fines (silt and clay) and carbonate characterize the footslopes in comparison to the midslopes. Intermediate contents of fines (17 per cent) and carbonate (8 per cent) characterized the sediments in comparison to the fines (27 per cent) and carbonate (15 per cent) of the crust and to the fines (4 per cent) and carbonate (4 per cent) of the underlying sand. The runoff‐induced fines and carbonate contents were significantly different from those of the playas, suggesting that the playa flats do not originate from runoff‐induced sediments.

The sediments were enriched with organic matter. Organic matter which originates from the crust amounted to 0·3–0·4 per cent as compared to ≤0·1 per cent in the bare sand. Nevertheless, the crust was found to be relatively resilient to water flow. Only 0·1–0·5 per cent of the crust was annually eroded off the slope by water, with south‐facing crusts showing higher resilience than north‐facing crusts. The data may thus assist in the evaluation of the crust's residence time. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Channel evolution of the pre‐channelized Danube River in Bratislava, Slovakia (1712–1886)
Authors: Pišút Peter
Published: August 2002

Channel adjustments of the Danube River near Bratislava, Slovakia, are reconstructed from historical river maps for 1712–1886, the period preceding mid‐course channelization. The study reach comprised an anastomosing–meandering planform, characteristic of the upper area of a large alluvial fan. The key mechanisms of channel change were avulsions through channel switching into chute channels, meander development through progression and cutoffs, and abandonment of secondary channels. The gravel‐bed Danube River was characterized by rapid rates of lateral erosion (maxima from 7·5 to 37 m a−1), and extensive areas of point bars and gravel bars. Within three to seven years, new bars were stabilized by Salici–Populetum woodlands which subsequently developed into more stable vegetated islands. Human interventions were relatively common and frequent in the past, though increasing fluvial activity during the 18th century was responsible for their limited effectiveness. Uncontrollable lateral erosion at Petržalka village, terminated only by a switch in position of the Danube River upstream from Bratislava (1766–1774), appears to be closely related to increasing ice‐floods and other high magnitude flood events in the latter half of the 18th century. These events were coincident with the peak of the Little Ice Age. The effect of floods was probably amplified by human works which resulted in stabilization of secondary channels, simplification of the river pattern, and concentration and widening of the main channel. A further sign of channel readjustment to new conditions was the evolution of new large meanders, a tendency for channel switching and production of new anastomosing–meandering parallel channels. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building the evaluation capacity of a school district
Authors: King Jean A.
Published: August 2002

The author tells in this case study how she worked to bring and sustain practical evaluation work on the school district and school building levels.
Extraction and isolation of Salvia desoleana and Mentha spicata subsp. insularis essential oils by supercritical CO2
Authors: Marongiu Bruno , Porcedda Silvia , Porta Giovanna Della , Reverchon Ernesto
Published: August 2002

Dried and ground leaves of different endemic plants of Sardinia (Italy), such as mint, Mentha spicata ssp. insularis, and sage, Salvia desoleana, were used for supercritical extraction with carbon dioxide to isolate the corresponding essential oils. The vegetable fragrances were isolated by supercritical CO2 extraction coupled to a fractional separation technique. GC–MS analysis of the extract allowed the identification of constituents of the oils. The process was carried out by operating at 90 bar and 50 °C in the extraction vessel, at 90 bar and below −5 °C in the first separator to selectively precipitate the cuticular waxes, and at a pressure of 15–20 bar and temperatures in the range 15–21 °C in the second separator to recover the volatile oil. In the case of Salvia desoleana, a comparison with the product obtained by hydrodistillation is also given. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile constituents of Lippia lupulina Cham.
Authors: Zoghbi Maria das Graças B. , Andrade Eloisa Helena A. , da Silva Milton Helio L. , Maia José Guilherme S.
Published: August 2002

The essential oils of Lippia lupulina, collected in three localities of the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, were obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC–MS. The major components identified in the oil from stalks and their leaves of the specimen collected at Chapada dos Guimarães, were terpinen‐4‐ol (41.3%), terpinolene (10.4%) and α‐terpineol (9.2%). The main compounds found in the oil from the same aerial parts of the specimen located at Poxoréo were 1,8‐cineole (15.5%), β‐caryophyllene (12.3%) and endo‐fenchol (10.4%). The oils from stalks and their leaves and flowers of the specimen collected at Santo Antonio do Leverger consisted largely of germacrene D (14.8%, 12.9%), β‐caryophyllene (12.7%, 10.2%) and bicyclogermacrene (11.2%, 15.4%), respectively. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Localities and seasonal variations in the chemical composition of essential oils of Satureja montana L. and S. cuneifolia Ten
Authors: Milos M. , Radonic A. , Bezic N. , Dunkic V.
Published: August 2002

The essential oils of Satureja montana L. and Satureja cuneifolia Ten. were subjected to detailed GC–MS analysis in order to determine possible similarities between them and also the differences in their chemical compositions, depending on the locality and the stage of development. The plant materials were collected prior to, during and after flowering from three different locations in the central part of Dalmatia (Croatia). For both plants the qualitative composition of the components appeared to be constant in three phenological stages and in three different localities. However, considerable differences were found to exist in the amounts of several compounds. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oils of Hypericum olympicum L. and Hypericum perforatum L.
Authors: Gudžić Branislav , Dordević Siniša , Palić Radosav , Stojanović Gordana
Published: August 2002

The essential oil of Hypericum olympicum L. was analysed for the first time and was compared to the essential oil of Hypericum perforatum L. from the same location. Eighteen components were common for both species. The main components of H. olympicim oil were (E)‐anethole (30.7%) and β‐farnesene (12.4%), and for H. perforatum oil they were β‐caryophyllene (14.2%) and 2‐methyl‐octane (13.1%). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of the vertical structure of discontinuous flows
Authors: Stelling Guus S. , Busnelli Marcela M.
Published: August 2002

A numerical method to solve the Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes equations with the presence of discontinuities is outlined and discussed. The pressure is decomposed into the sum of a hydrostatic component and a hydrodynamic component. The numerical technique is based upon the classical staggered grids and semi‐implicit finite difference methods applied for quasi‐ and non‐hydrostatic flows. The advection terms in the momentum equations are approximated in order to conserve mass and momentum following the principles recently developed for the numerical simulation of shallow water flows with large gradients. Conservation of these properties is the most important aspect to represent near local discontinuities in the solution, following from sharp bottom gradients or hydraulic jumps. The model is applied to reproduce the flow over a step where a hydraulic jump forms downstream. The hydrostatic pressure assumption fails to represent this type of flow mainly because of the pressure deviation from the hydrostatic values downstream the step. Fairly accurate results are obtained from the numerical model compared with experimental data. Deviation from the data is found to be inherent to the standard k–ε model implemented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A coupled lattice BGK model for the Boussinesq equations
Authors: Guo Zhaoli , Shi Baochang , Zheng Chuguang
Published: August 2002

In this paper, a thermal lattice BGK model is developed for the Boussinesq incompressible fluids. The basic idea is to solve the velocity field and the temperature field using two independent lattice BGK equations, respectively, and then combine them into one coupled model for the whole system. The porous plate problem and the two‐dimensional natural convection flow in a square cavity with Pr=0.71 and various of Rayleigh numbers are simulated using the model. The numerical results are found to be in good agreement with the analytical solutions or those of previous studies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forecasting Hong Kong's container throughput: an error‐correction model
Authors: Fung Michael K.
Published: August 2002

A three‐player oligopoly model is devised to capture the competitive interaction between operators of the Hong Kong container terminals, the Hong Kong midstream and the Singapore container terminals in providing container handling services. The oligopoly model is then estimated statistically and thereby the structural parameters can be identified. The results of the estimation confirm a substitutability between the services supplied by operators of different types (terminal versus midstream) and different locations (Hong Kong versus Singapore). Moreover, the model proposed in this article generates forecasts of demand for Hong Kong's container handling services that are more accurate than those reported by the government authority, and suggests an earlier construction of new terminals to meet future demand. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heterogeneous expectations of traders in speculative futures markets
Authors: Frechette Darren L. , Weaver Robert D.
Published: August 2002

The representative agent hypothesis is disputable on theoretical grounds because it is inconsistent with observed trading behavior and the existence of speculative markets. In such markets, the representative agent hypothesis implies agents hold homogeneous expectations. If this were true, speculative markets would fail as only one side of the market would be represented, either demand or supply. Nonetheless, the homogeneity assumption has been maintained in the past to ensure tractability because of the difficulty of explicit aggregation across heterogeneous expectations. In this article, we present and apply an approach for analyzing heterogeneity in specific market settings. To do so, our approach specifies an underlying distribution of expectations that is consistent with heterogeneity across expectations. To demonstrate the utility of the approach, we present results from its application to a time series of commodity futures prices. Results are consistent with the conclusion that significant heterogeneity in expectations exists in speculative futures markets. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:429–446, 2001
Genomic gains and losses are similar in genetic and histologic subsets of rhabdomyosarcoma, whereas amplification predominates in embryonal with anaplasia and alveolar subtypes
Authors: Bridge Julia A. , Liu Jian , Qualman Stephen J. , Suijkerbuijk Ron , Wenger Gail , Zhang Ji , Wan Xiaoying , Baker K. Scott , Sorensen Poul , Barr Frederic G.
Published: August 2002

In this investigation, we selected PAX3/FKHR and PAX7/FKHR fusion transcript–positive and –negative alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas (ARMSs) and embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas (ERMSs) with and without anaplastic features, to ascertain genomic imbalance differences and/or similarities within these histopathologic and genetic rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) variants. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies were performed on 45 rhabdomyosarcoma specimens consisting of 23 ARMSs and 22 ERMSs (12 ERMS cases were included from an earlier study). The anaplastic variant of RMS has not previously been subjected to CGH analysis. Overall, the most prominent imbalances were gain of chromosomes or chromosomal regions 2/2q (40%), 7/7q (31%), 8/8p (53%), 11/11q (31%), 12q13‐15 (49%), 13q14 (22%), and 20/20p (31%), and loss of 1p36 (27%), 3p14‐21 (22%), 9q21‐22 (33%), 10q22‐qter (18%), 16q (27%), 17p (22%), and 22 (22%). These gains and losses were distributed equally between ARMS and ERMS histologic subtypes (excluding 7/7q and 11/11q gain that were observed chiefly in ERMS), demonstrating that these entities are similar with respect to recurrent genomic imbalances. Moreover, genomic imbalances were also evenly distributed among the ARMS fusion transcript subtypes, providing evidence for a genetic kinship despite the absence of a fusion transcript in some cases. Genomic amplification was detected in 26% and 23% of the ARMS and ERMS cases, respectively (with nearly all of the latter subset exhibiting anaplastic features). One amplicon, involving 15q25‐26, corresponds to the locus of the insulin‐like growth factor type I receptor (IGF1R) gene. Amplification of IGF1R was confirmed molecularly in the cases exhibiting a 15q25‐26 amplicon. In summary, these results indicate that genomic gains and losses involve alike chromosomes with similar frequencies within the histopathologic and genetic subtypes of rhabdomyosarcoma, that genomic amplification is frequent not only in the alveolar histologic subtype of rhabdomyosarcoma but also in ERMS with anaplasia, and that amplification of IGF1R possibly plays a role in the development or progression of a subset of rhabdomyosarcomas. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic analysis of mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors in children and adolescents
Authors: Schneider Dominik T. , Schuster Amy E. , Fritsch Michael K. , Calaminus Gabriele , Göbel Ulrich , Harms Dieter , Lauer Stephen , Olson Thomas , Perlman Elizabeth J.
Published: August 2002

Primary mediastinal germ cell tumors (M‐GCTs) represent a heterogeneous group of tumors that varies with regard to age at presentation, histologic differentiation, and outcome. We retrospectively analyzed archival tissue samples of mediastinal mature and immature teratomas (n = 15) and malignant nonseminomatous M‐GCTs (n = 20) with comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). The aim of this study was to define distinct genetic subgroups of M‐GCT among the pediatric cohort that may differ in their clinical behavior and prognosis. All pure teratomas showed normal CGH profiles. Malignant M‐GCTs in infants and children < 8 years old most frequently showed a gain of 1q, 3, and 20q and a loss of 1p, 4q, and 6q. Gain of 12p and sex chromosomal abnormalities were not observed in this age group. In contrast, the gain of 12p was the most common aberration in M‐GCTs that arose in children ≥ 8 years old. Additional recurrent changes included the loss of chromosome 13 and the gain of chromosome 21. All ten adolescents with malignant M‐GCT were male, and five showed a gain of the X chromosome. In two of these five patients, Klinefelter syndrome was confirmed by cytogenetic analysis or by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). In conclusion, CGH analysis of M‐GCTs defines distinct genetic subgroups. Mediastinal teratomas show no genetic gains or losses. Malignant M‐GCTs in children < 8 years old show the same pattern of gains and losses identified in sacrococcygeal and testicular GCTs at this age, and they lack sex‐chromosomal abnormalities. Malignant M‐GCTs in children ≥ 8 years old show the same genetic profile previously reported in gonadal GCTs at this age. In addition, approximately 50% demonstrate a gain of the X chromosome, consistent with Klinefelter syndrome. Cooperative group studies reveal a significantly better prognosis of malignant M‐GCT arising in infants compared to that in adolescents, suggesting that these genetic differences are associated with differences in clinical behavior. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic landscapes, artifact taphonomy, and landuse modeling in the western Mediterranean
Authors: Barton C. Michael , Bernabeu Joan , Aura J. Emili , Garcia Oreto , La Roca Neus
Published: August 2002

The Polop Alto valley, in eastern Spain, is characteristic of many Mediterranean landscapes. It has been sporadically reoccupied over the course of at least 80 kyr. Its landforms have undergone various geomorphic processes resulting from late Quaternary environmental fluctuations. During the Holocene, the valley has been modified by millennia of extensive land clearance, cultivation, and terracing. As a result, the evidence for human activity and landuse is a cumulative, but discontiguous palimpsest of the most durable behavioral residues—primarily stone and ceramic artifacts—whose distributions have been affected by diverse natural and cultural formation processes. Human occupation of the Polop Alto spans the evolution of morphologically modern humans and the replacement of foraging economies by farming, arguably the two most significant biobehavioral transitions for human life today. To better understand the changes in human landuse that accompanied these important transitions, we have employed an integrated suite of techniques aimed at unmixing the diverse formation processes that have affected Polop Alto landscapes and material culture. These include patch‐based survey methods, photogrammetry, GIS‐based spatial analysis, and using artifact morphology and distribution to assess artifact taphonomy. This has permitted us to develop a diachronic settlement model for the 80 kyr of human occupation in the Polop Alto. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quantitative sourcing of slackwater deposits at Boila rockshelter: A record of lateglacial flooding and Paleolithic settlement in the Pindus Mountains, Northwest Greece
Authors: Woodward J.C. , Hamlin R.H.B. , Macklin M.G. , Karkanas P. , Kotjabopoulou E.
Published: August 2002

Evidence for large floods in the Pindus Mountains of Northwest Greece during the Lateglacial period is provided by a sequence of fine‐grained slackwater sediments preserved beneath the Late Upper Paleolithic deposits at Boila rockshelter in the Voidomatis River basin. We have applied a quantitative sediment fingerprinting approach to estimate the relative contributions from different catchment sediment sources to these flood sediments. Our approach utilizes recent developments in hydrology and fluvial geomorphology where researchers have used sediment properties to establish the source of suspended sediments transported in rivers during present‐day flood events. The data set used to create the composite sediment source fingerprint comprised nine tracer properties including eight trace elements (determined by X‐ray fluorescence techniques) and magnetic susceptibility. The Boila sequence has been dated by conventional and AMS radiocarbon techniques, and the central and upper part of the flood sediments were deposited between ca. 14,310 ± 200 and 13,960 ± 260 radiocarbon yr B.P. These flood events took place during the global cooling associated with Heinrich event 1, although the sediment fingerprinting data indicate that glacial activity in the Voidomatis basin was no longer supplying large volumes of sediment to the fluvial system at this time. The slackwater deposits are mainly derived from flysch sediments and soils from nonglaciated parts of the Voidomatis River basin. The results of this approach compare well with lithological estimates based on micromorphological analyses and are in good agreement with existing data on the Late Pleistocene and Holocene behavior of this river system. The slackwater sediments offer important insights into the nature of the river environment and the wider catchment system during the Lateglacial period when the Klithi rockshelter (ca. 2 km upstream of Boila) was the focus of Paleolithic activity in the Voidomatis Gorge. In appropriate depositional contexts, quantitative sediment fingerprinting constitutes a valuable geoarchaeological tool for the investigation of rockshelter and cave sediment records that can improve our understanding of site formation processes and their broader environmental context. This approach is a valuable complement to the micromorphological investigation of rockshelter sediment records. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Segmentation defects of Notch pathway mutants and absence of a synergistic phenotype in lunatic fringe/radical fringe double mutant mice
Authors: Zhang Nian , Norton Christine R. , Gridley Thomas
Published: August 2002

Summary: The Notch signaling pathway is important in regulating formation and anterior‐posterior patterning of somites in vertebrate embryos. Here we show that distinct segmentation defects are displayed in embryos mutant for the Notch pathway genes Notch1, Lunatic fringe (Lfng), Delta‐like 1 (Dll1), and Delta‐like 3 (Dll3). Lfng‐deficient mice and Dll3‐deficient mice exhibit very similar defects, and marker analysis suggests that progression of the segmentation clock is disrupted in Dll3 mutants. We also show that Radical fringe (Rfng)‐deficient mice exhibit no obvious phenotypic defects. To assess whether the absence of a phenotype in Rfng‐deficient mice was the result of functional redundancy with the Lfng gene, we generated Lfng/Rfng double homozygous mutant mice. These mice exhibit the skeletal defects normally observed in Lfng‐deficient mice, but we detected no obvious synergistic or additive effects in the double mutant animals. genesis 33:21–28, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A transgenic insertion causing cryptorchidism in mice
Authors: Overbeek Paul A. , Gorlov Ivan P. , Sutherland Richard W. , Houston John B. , Harrison Wilbur R. , Boettger‐Tong Holly L. , Bishop Colin E. , Agoulnik Alexander I.
Published: August 2002

Summary: A distinctive feature of gonadal maturation in mammals is the movement to an extraabdominal location. Testicular descent is a complex, multistage process whereby the embryonic gonads migrate from their initial abdominal position to the scrotum. Failure in this process results in cryptorchidism, a frequent congenital birth defect in humans. We report here a new mouse transgenic insertional mutation, cryptorchidism with white spotting (crsp). Males homozygous for crsp exhibit a high intraabdominal position of the testes, associated with complete sterility. Heterozygous males have a wild‐type phenotype, and homozygous females are fertile. Surgically descended testes in crsp/crsp males show normal spermatogenesis. Using FISH and genetic analyses, the transgenic insert causing the crsp mutation has been mapped to the distal part of mouse chromosome 5. Transgene integration resulted in a 550‐kb deletion located upstream of the Brca2 gene. A candidate gene encoding a novel G protein‐coupled receptor (Great) with an expression pattern suggesting involvement in testicular descent has been identified. genesis 30:26–35, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Caveolin‐1 expression is maintained in rat and human astroglioma cell lines
Authors: Cameron Patricia L. , Liu Changdan , Smart Deedee K. , Hantus Stephen T. , Fick James R. , Cameron Richard S.
Published: August 2002

Caveolin‐1 is the principal structural and functional component of caveolae, a plasmalemmal compartment that has been proposed to sequester lipid and protein components that participate in transmembrane signal transduction processes. Multiple studies reveal a reduction in the expression level of caveolin‐1 mRNA and protein in many carcinomas as well as transformed cells. The human caveolin‐1 gene is localized to a suspected tumor suppressor locus (7q31.1). Collectively, these data have been taken to imply that caveolin‐1 may function in a tumor suppressor capacity. To determine if a reduction in the expression level of caveolin‐1 mRNA and protein accompanied the transformation of astrocytes, we undertook studies of two transformed rat astroglial cell lines, C6 and DI TNC1, as well as several cell lines derived from human glioblastoma tumors: T98G, U87MG, U118MG, U138MG, and U373MG. Ultrastructural, immunolocalization, immunoblot, and Northern blot analyses demonstrated that caveolin‐1 message and protein were expressed in all rat and human glioma cells. The localization pattern, buoyant density, and detergent‐insolubility property of caveolin‐1 protein were indistinguishable from that determined for nontransformed type 1 astrocytes in culture. Nucleotide sequence analyses of caveolin‐1 cDNAs indicate that mutations are not present in the caveolin‐1 sequence in any of the glioma cell types. Taken together with previous analyses, these data indicate that, at least for astrocytes, the process of transformation in and of itself is not solely sufficient to reduce the level of caveolin‐1 expression, and that caveolin‐1 expression in and of itself is not solely sufficient to prevent the acquisition of a transformed phenotype. GLIA 37:275–290, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Platelet‐activating factor induces cell death in cultured astrocytes and oligodendrocytes: Involvement of caspase‐3
Authors: Hostettler Mary Ellen , Knapp Pamela E. , Carlson Sonia L.
Published: August 2002

The biologically active lipid metabolite, platelet‐activating factor (PAF), is thought to contribute to inflammatory processes and tissue damage in a variety of central nervous system (CNS) injuries. In previous studies, we found that after contusion spinal cord injury, treatment with a PAF antagonist led to significantly increased white matter tissue sparing as well as decreased mRNA levels for pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Some studies suggest that PAF can also have toxic effects on neurons in vitro. Few studies, however, have examined the effects of PAF on glial cells of the CNS. In the present study, the potential for PAF to act as a toxin to cultured astrocytes was examined. Also investigated were the effects of PAF on oligodendrocytes at two different stages of development. Treatment with 0.02–2 μM PAF for 72 h resulted in significant levels of cell death in both cell types (P < 0.05), an effect that was blocked by the PAF receptor antagonists, WEB 2170 and BN 52021. To investigate PAF‐induced glial cell death further, we looked for activation of the enzyme, caspase‐3, which can be indicative of apoptosis. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that PAF at all concentrations caused activation of caspase‐3 at 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment in both cell types. Caspase‐3‐dependent cell death was further confirmed using knockout mice (−/−) deficient in the caspase‐3 gene. Toxicity was lost when astrocytes (−/−) were exposed to 0.02–2 μM PAF (P < 0.01). Oligodendrocytes (−/−) were not susceptible to toxicity at 2 μM PAF (P < 0.001). The results demonstrate that the pro‐inflammatory molecule, PAF, induces cell death in cultured CNS glial cells and that this effect is, in part, dependent on caspase‐3 activation. GLIA 38:228–239, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
RANTES stimulates inflammatory cascades and receptor modulation in murine astrocytes
Authors: Luo Yi , Berman Michael A. , Zhai Qiwei , Fischer Falko R. , Abromson‐Leeman Sara R. , Zhang Ye , Kuziel William A. , Gerard Craig , Dorf Martin E.
Published: August 2002

Cultured mouse astrocytes respond to the CC chemokine RANTES by production of chemokine and cytokine transcripts. Stimulation of astrocytes with 1 nM RANTES or 3–10 nM of the structurally related chemokines (eotaxin, macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α and ‐β [MIP‐1α, MIP‐1β]) induced transcripts for KC, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), MIP‐1α, MIP‐2, and RANTES in a chemokine and cell‐specific fashion. Synthesis of chemokine (KC and MCP‐1) and cytokine (TNF‐α) proteins was also demonstrated. RANTES‐mediated chemokine synthesis was specifically inhibited by pertussis toxin, indicating that G‐protein‐coupled chemokine receptors participated in astrocyte signaling. Astrocytes expressed CCR1 and CCR5 (the redundant RANTES receptors). Astrocytes derived from mice with targeted mutations of either CCR1 or CCR5 respond after RANTES stimulation, suggesting multiple chemokine receptors may separately mediate RANTES responsiveness in astrocytes. Preliminary data suggest activation of the MAP kinase pathway is also critical for RANTES‐mediated signaling in astrocytes. Treatment with RANTES specifically modulated astrocyte receptors upregulating intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1) and downregulating CX3CR1 expression. Thus, after chemokine treatment, astrocytes release proinflammatory mediators and reprogram their surface molecules. The combined effects of RANTES may serve to amplify inflammatory responses within the central nervous system. GLIA 39:19–30, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Astrocytes in adult rat brain express type 2 inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptors
Authors: Holtzclaw Lynne A. , Pandhit Siddhesh , Bare Dan J. , Mignery Gregory A. , Russell James T.
Published: August 2002

Astrocytes respond to neuronal activity by propagating Ca2+ waves elicited through the inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate pathway. We have previously shown that wave propagation is supported by specialized Ca2+ release sites, where a number of proteins, including inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptors (IP3R), occur together in patches. The specific IP3R isoform expressed by astrocytes in situ in rat brain is unknown. In the present report, we use isoform‐specific antibodies to localize immunohistochemically the IP3R subtype expressed in astrocytes in rat brain sections. Astrocytes were identified using antibodies against the astrocyte‐specific markers, S‐100β, or GFAP. Dual indirect immunohistochemistry showed that astrocytes in all regions of adult rat brain express only IP3R2. High‐resolution analysis showed that hippocampal astrocytes are endowed with a highly branched network of processes that bear fine hair‐like extensions containing punctate patches of IP3R2 staining in intimate contact with synapses. Such an organization is reminiscent of signaling microdomains found in cultured glial cells. Similarly, Bergmann glial cell processes in the cerebellum also contained fine hair‐like processes containing IP3R2 staining. The IP3R2‐containing fine terminal branches of astrocyte processes in both brain regions were found juxtaposed to presynaptic terminals containing synaptophysin as well as PSD 95‐containing postsynaptic densities. Corpus callosum astrocytes had an elongated morphology with IP3R2 studded processes extending along fiber tracts. Our data suggest that PLC‐mediated Ca2+ signaling in astrocytes in rat brain occurs predominantly through IP3R2 ion channels. Furthermore, the anatomical arrangement of the terminal astrocytic branches containing IP3R2 ensheathing synapses is ideal for supporting glial monitoring of neuronal activity. GLIA 39:69–84, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inducible ablation of astrocytes shows that these cells are required for neuronal survival in the adult brain
Authors: Cui Wei , Allen Nicholas D. , Skynner Michael , Gusterson Barry , Clark A. John
Published: August 2002

To study the function of astrocytes in the adult brain, we have targeted the expression of E. coli nitroreductase (NTR) to the astrocytes of transgenic mice under the control of the GFAP promoter. The astrocytes expressing NTR were selectively ablated after administration of the prodrug CB1954, resulting in motor discoordination. Histological examination showed that the region most affected in the brain was the cerebellum, in which the Bergmann glia were eliminated and the granular neurons had degenerated. Specific effects were also noted on the dendrites of the Purkinje cells, and the junction between these neurons and granular layer was disrupted. Astrocyte ablation was associated with a dramatic decrease in the expression of glutamate transporters, which may account for the degeneration of granular neurons since the excitotoxic effects of glutamate result in a similar phenotype. These results provide the first evidence that astrocytes are important for the survival of neurons in the adult brain in vivo. GLIA 34:272–282, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New tools to trace populations of inflammatory cells in the CNS
Authors: Flügel Alexander , Bradl Monika
Published: August 2002

Cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and immune system communicate regularly. There is a constant surveillance of the intact, healthy CNS by activated T‐cells, and massive infiltration of the CNS by immune cells under pathological conditions such as neurodegeneration or neuroinflammation. Labeling CNS‐infiltrating T‐cells is an essential tool to identify the signals and mechanisms, which mediate the interaction between immune cells and cells of the CNS. In this article, we will present an overview describing currently used cellular markers and demonstrate how these markers have contributed to our current knowledge of CNS inflammation and immune surveillance. GLIA 36:125–136, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive impairment and functional status in elderly institutionalized patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Kurtz Matthew M. , Moberg Paul J. , Mozley Lyn Harper , Hickey Thomas , Arnold Steven E. , Bilker Warren B. , Gur Raquel E.
Published: August 2002

Objective

The relationship of cognitive impairment to functional status in older adults with schizophrenia was investigated.

Patients

Ninety‐three psychiatric inpatients with schizophrenia between the ages of 65 and 88 years. Two subsets of this sample, consisting of 48 and 24 patients, were studied with a greater number of assessment instruments.

Measures

The Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used for brief assessment of overall cognitive functioning, and the Psychogeriatric Dependency Rating Scale (PGDRS) was administered to assess functional status. The cognitive test battery from the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) and/or an expanded neuropsychological battery, was given to a subset of the patients.

Results

In the overall sample, patients with greater global cognitive impairment had higher levels of rated impairment on the individual items that comprised the Orientation and Physical, but not Behavior, subscales of the PGDRS. Furthermore, in the two subsamples, specific neuropsychological measures of problem‐solving, word list learning, naming and constructional praxis were related to overall measures of outcome.

Conclusions

Neuropsychological deficit and psychosocial outcome are multi‐dimensional entities that relate to one another in complex ways. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency of behavioral symptoms characterizes agitation in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Tractenberg Rochelle E. , Gamst Anthony , Weiner Myron F. , Koss Elisabeth , Thomas Ronald G. , Teri Linda , Thal Leon
Published: August 2002

This study describes two well‐characterized groups of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients with similar levels of cognitive functioning, but with different overall behavioral disturbance levels. We sought to determine the nature of this difference—whether AD patients with higher levels of behavioral disturbance (n = 148) differ from less disturbed AD patients (n = 235) in terms of (a) the range of symptoms exhibited, (b) the frequency of occurrence of these symptoms, or (c) both of these. We defined and operationalized ‘diversity of behaviors’ and ‘frequency’ with respect to the item‐level responses on the Cohen‐Mansfield agitation inventory (CMAI). We found that, in these two samples of AD patients, differences occurred in the frequency of 10 out of 21 behaviors, rather than in a variety of endorsed behaviors. These 10 behaviors, observed at different frequencies in both groups, may be useful for monitoring change in studies of drugs or behavioral interventions for behavioral disturbance in persons with AD. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.