bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protecting Collective Voice and Promoting Cooperation in the Workplace
Authors: Estlund Cynthia
Published: November 2023

We have seen that the law that governs the demographics of the workplace and that aims to promote intergroup equality—what I have called “the equal protection clause” of the workplace—produces both intended and unintended effects on intergroup relations and the quality of workplace interactions. Let us now extend our inquiry to the law that affects workplace interactions and relationships among co-workers generally. What could the law do to enrich the capacity of workplaces to foster constructive co-worker interactions and relations within what we hope will be demographically integrated workforces?

What follows skips across the surface of a vast landscape of labor and employment law. Even more than my foray into the law of intergroup equality, this is offered as a quick tour of some sites of interest and a glance down some of the possible pathways of reform. We will begin by looking for some footholds in existing law for the promotion of informal sociability, cooperation in the work itself, and the sharing of workplace concerns among co-workers.
No Margin, No Mission
Authors: Pearson Steven D , Sabin James E , Emanuel Ezekiel J
Published: November 2023

Can the ethical mission of health care survive among organizations competing for survival in the marketplace? On this question hinges not only the future of health care in the US, but that of the health care systems of all advanced countries. This book presents both an analytic framework and a menu of pragmatic answers. The team of authors, physician-ethicists from Harvard Medical School and the National Institutes of Health, worked with a consortium of health care organizations to explore some of the most challenging dilemmas in health care today: How can health plans determine medical necessity in a way that ensures quality care, controls costs, and builds trust with patients and physicians? What are the strategies for caring for vulnerable populations that meet their special needs without dramatically increasing costs? To answer these and other similar questions the authors blend ethical analysis with real-world example. The outcome is a rich analysis of the ethical challenges facing health care organizations, combined with tangible examples of exemplary methods to address these challenges. This book will help health care leaders, regulators, and policy makers incorporate exemplary practices, and the underlying themes they embody, into the very heart and soul of health care organizations.
Language meatters
Authors: Napoli Donna Jo
Published: November 2023

Is Ebonics really a dialect or simply bad English? Do women and men speak differently? Will computers ever really learn human language? Does offensive language harm children? These are only a few of the issues surrounding language that crop up every day. Most of us have very definite opinions on these questions one way or another. Yet as linguist Donna Jo Napoli points out in this short and highly entertaining volume, many of our most deeply held ideas about the nature of language and its role in our lives are either misconceived or influenced by myths and stereotypes.L Napoli provides an entertaining tour through the world of language, examining these and other vexing and controversial language-related questions. Throughout, she encourages and leads the reader to use common-sense and everyday experience rather than preconceived notions or technical linguistic expertise. Both her questions and her conclusions are surprising, sometimes provocative, and always entertaining. This volume is sure to engage both general readers and students of language and linguistics at any level.L
within ourselves: psychological needs that make us seek leaders
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean
Published: November 2023

An intricate cluster of psychological needs sparks our search for leaders. Together, those deep-seated forces impel us to find a safe and meaningful place in the world. They also seduce us into believing toxic leaders’ unfulfillable triple promise: to keep us safe, anoint us as special, and offer us a seat at the community table.
Torture, Terrorism, and Interrogation
Authors: Posner Richard A
Published: November 2023

The well-grounded fears of international terrorism that were aroused by the attacks on the United States of September 11,2001 have led to a reconsideration of extreme measures for the protection of the nation, and among them is the use of torture to obtain information from suspected terrorists. At least three questions should be addressed: What methods of interrogation should the word “torture” connote? What criterion should be used to determine how coercive an interrogation should be permitted, whether or not it should be deemed torture? And what should be the legal regime for the application of the criterion to particular interrogations? Those are the three questions I address in this brief essay.
Chemokine Receptor and Ligand Genes
Authors: Tang Jianming “James”
Published: November 2023

As members of the cytokine superfamily, small and inducible chemokine ligands (CLs) and their Gprotein–coupled, transmembrane receptors (CRs) form a complex entity in their own right. Some 44 structurally and functionally related CL genes and 20 CR genes have been identified in the human genome. Their protein products interact either on a strict oneto-one basis or with varying degrees of promiscuity and redundancy (Devalaraja and Richmond 1999; Luster 1998; Rossi and Zlotnik 2000). Signal transduction following CL–CR binding and receptor dimerization is responsible for a wide range of biological phenomena, including angiogenesis, inflammation, graft-versushost disease, and immune defense against microbial infections.
A Theory of Ellipsis
Authors: Mcshane Marjorie J
Published: November 2023

This book presents a comprehensive theory of ellipsis that supports the formal, cross-lingusitic description of elliptical phenomena. In contrast to earlier work, this study focuses on the interconnected factors that determine whether ellipsis should or should not be used in a given context.
Cardiogenic Fields and Heart Tube Formation
Authors: Kirby Margaret Loewy
Published: November 2023

All vertebrates go through a type of development in which a primary PLEURIPOTENTIAL FIELD of cells is established that is subdivided into organ fields as development proceeds. Heart development is initiated when bilateral CARDIOGENIC FIELDS are established in the mesodermal GERM LAYER. These cardiogenic fields become spatially and molecularly subdivided into chamber-forming regions or fields. The mode in which the bilateral fields are brought together and fuse, as well as how the chamber forming regions are established, contribute to the complexity in understanding heart tube formation. The cardiogenic fields provide the myocardium and some of the endocardium used to build the heart tube. This chapter focuses on the myocardium, although formation of the heart tube necessitates formation of an endocardial tube, and these steps are covered briefly at the end of the chapter. The endocardium as a separate entity is covered in Chapter 9. An initial heart tube forms and begins to beat to initiate circulation even though more myocardium and endocardium are added to the INFLOW AND OUTFLOW (VENOUS AND ARTERIAL, RESPECTIVELY) POLES to lengthen the tube. The final myocardium is added to the arterial and venous poles from part(s) of the cardiogenic field that does not differentiate as myocardium with the rest of the cardiogenic mesoderm to form the initial heart tube. The cells in this subdivision of the cardiogenic fields are set aside during formation of the initial myocardial heart tube and are added later to lengthen the tube.
Epicardium and Coronary Vessel Development
Authors: Kirby Margaret Loewy
Published: November 2023

During its early existence the wall of the tubular heart is composed of only two cellular layers, the myocardium and endocardium. These cellular layers are separated by an acellular cardiac jelly. The third cellular layer, the epicardium, develops mostly from an extracardiac population of cells called the proepicardium. The proepicardium spreads over the myocardial surface during looping, which is well after the heart begins to function. The proepicardium originates from the splanchnic mesoderm caudal to the attachment of the sinus venosus. Protrusions of cells form near the sinus venosus. The protrusions elongate to form fingerlike processes that touch the dorsal wall of the ventricle. From this initial contact the proepicardium invests all of the myocardium of the atria, atrioventricular canal, and ventricles in a single layer of epithelial cells called the epicardium. A completely separate source of cells derived from the splanchnic mesoderm of the ventral pharynx near the attachment of the outflow pole forms the epicardium of the outflow tract. The epicardium covering the atrioventricular canal and ventricles generates an extensive population of cells by epithelial–mesenchymal transformation. These cells form the coronary vasculature (endothelium and smooth muscle), blood progenitors, and fibroblasts (connective and cushion tissue). Under certain in vitro conditions, epicardially derived cells can be forced to adopt a myocardial cell lineage suggesting that these cells represent a type of multipotent stem cells.
The Debate Over Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: May Steve , Cheney George , Roper Juliet
Published: November 2023

Should business strive to be socially responsible, and if so, how? The Debate over Corporate Social Responsibility updates and broadens the discussion of these questions by bringing together in one volume a variety of practical and theoretical perspectives on corporate social responsibility. It is perhaps the single most comprehensive volume available on the question of just how "social" business ought to be. The volume includes contributions from the fields of communication, business, law, sociology, political science, economics, accounting, and environmental studies. Moreover, it draws from experiences and examples from around the world, including but not limited to recent corporate scandals and controversies in the U.S. and Europe. A number of the chapters examine closely the basic assumptions underlying the philosophy of socially responsible business. Other chapters speak to the practical challenges and possibilities for corporate social responsiblilty in the twenty-first century. One of the most distinctive features of the book is its coverage of the very ways that the issue of corporate social responsibility has been defined, shaped, and discussed in the past four decades. That is, the editors and many of the authors are attuned to the persuasive strategies and formulations used to talk about socially responsible business, and demonstrate why the talk matters. For example, the book offers a careful analysis of how certain values have become associated with the business enterprise and how particular economic and political positions have been established by and for business. This book will be of great interest to scholars, business leaders, graduate students, and others interested in the contours of the debate over what role large-scale corporate commerce should take in the future of the industrialized world.
Corporate Social Responsibility in Asia: A Confucian Context
Authors: Whelan Glen
Published: November 2023

While there is now a very extensive literature in the theory and practice of corporate social responsibility (CSR) that has been growing over the last few years, it is still, for the most part, very heavily focused on European and American cultures.
Regulation
Authors: Llewellyn John
Published: November 2023

As this chapter is being written, the world is coming to grips with a natural disaster of monumental proportions—an undersea earthquake and the tsunamis it spawned. The death toll is 283,000. The initial aid commitment from the U.S. government was $35 million; it was characterized as “stingy$3x201D; by an official of the United Nations. Then came the announcement by President George W. Bush of an increased U.S. commitment of $350 million and his angry response to the earlier criticism (Sanger and Hoge, 2005).
Nontraditional Careers for Chemists: New Formulas in Chemistry
Authors: Batstone William W , Damon Cynthia
Published: November 2023

A Chemistry background prepares you for much more than just a laboratory career. The broad science education, analytical thinking, research methods, and other skills learned are of value to a wide variety of types of employers, and essential for a plethora of types of positions. Those who are interested in chemistry tend to have some similar personality traits and characteristics. By understanding your own personal values and interests, you can make informed decisions about what career paths to explore, and identify positions that match your needs. By expanding your options for not only what you will do, but also the environment in which you will do it, you can vastly increase the available employment opportunities, and increase the likelihood of finding enjoyable and lucrative employment. Each chapter in this book provides background information on a nontraditional field, including typical tasks, education or training requirements, and personal characteristics that make for a successful career in that field. Each chapter also contains detailed profiles of several chemists working in that field. The reader gets a true sense of what these people do on a daily basis, what in their background prepared them to move into this field, and what skills, personality, and knowledge are required to make a success of a career in this new field. Advice for people interested in moving into the field, and predictions for the future of that career, are also included from each person profiled. Career fields profiled include communication, chemical information, patents, sales and marketing, business development, regulatory affairs, public policy, safety, human resources, computers, and sever others. Taken together, the career descriptions and real case histories provide a complete picture of each nontraditional career path, as well as valuable advice about how career transitions can be planned and successfully achieved by any chemist.
Flipping markets in vice to markets in virtue
Authors: Braithwaite John
Published: November 2023

Competition policy has been a good thing for the wealth of the world. Yet we have seen it has its downside. Just as competition can deliver improvements in things we regard as virtuous, competition in vice is also a reality. The very idea of a corporate tax department being a profit centre is that it is a department that competitively pursues goods (sometimes non-virtuously), rather than one that controls bads (costs, non-compliance). Enron’s tax department was so much a profit centre that it was set annual revenue targets (Johnston, 2003: 297). Referring to the profits that can be made by trading losses, one of my informants joked that when large corporates are finding the Tax Department the biggest profit centre in the company you know the economy is in recession. Ed Kleinbard (1999) may be right that the growth in corporate tax shelter activity is an integral part of competition for efficiency in corporate management - corporate tax liabilities are treated, along with other business liabilities, as costs that respond to aggressive management techniques to turn them into benefits.
Terror in the Balance
Authors: Posner Eric A , vermeule Adrian
Published: November 2023

In Terror in the Balance, Posner and Vermeule take on civil libertarians of both the left and the right, arguing that the government should be given wide latitude to adjust policy and liberties in the times of emergency. They emphasize the virtues of unilateral executive actions and argue for making extensive powers available to the executive as warranted. The judiciary should neither second-guess security policy nor interfere on constitutional grounds. In order to protect citizens, government can and should use any legal instrument that is warranted under ordinary cost-benefit analysis. The value gained from the increase in security will exceed the losses from the decrease in liberty. At a time when the ‘struggle against violent extremism’ dominates the United States’ agenda, this important and controversial work will spark discussion in the classroom and intellectual press alike.
Fair Trade For All
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E , Charlton Andrew
Published: November 2023

Winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics and author of the New York Times bestselling book Globalization and Its Discontents, Joseph E. Stiglitz here joins with fellow economist Andrew Charlton to offer a challenging and controversial argument about how globalization can actually help Third World countries to develop and prosper. In Fair Trade For All, Stiglitz and Charlton address one of the key issues facing world leaders today--how can the poorer countries of the world be helped to help themselves through freer, fairer trade? To answer this question, the authors put forward a radical and realistic new model for managing trading relationships between the richest and the poorest countries. Their approach is designed to open up markets in the interests of all nations and not just the most powerful economies, to ensure that trade promotes development, and to minimize the costs of adjustments. The book illuminates the reforms and principles upon which a successful settlement must be based. Vividly written, highly topical, and packed with insightful analyses, Fair Trade For All offers a radical new solution to the problems of world trade. It is a must read for anyone interested in globalization and development in the Third World.
Separateness, Suffering, and Moral Theory
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: November 2023

What I call the Singer principle has an awkward consequence. Section 1 explains the principle. Section 2 explains the problem. The problem tells us something about the nature and limits of morality and moral theorizing, as later sections explain.
Comprehensive Review of Headache Medicine
Authors: Baskin Steven M , Bigal Marcelo E , Lipton Richard B , Markley Herbert G , McGeeney Brian E , Newman Lawrence C , Rapoport Alan M , Rapoport Mark J , Shapiro Robert E , Sheftell Fred D , Tepper Stewart J , Ward Thomas N , Weeks Randall E
Published: November 2023

A broad review of headache pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment, this book is divded into four parts. Part 1 covers head pain physiology and anatomy, headache epidemiology, and current concepts regarding headache pathophysiology. Part 2 is devoted to diagnosis of the primary headache disorders. Part 3 covers the diagnosis of secondary headaches. Part 4 is concerned with treatment of primary headaches including special considerations such as paediatric treatment, surgical treatment and inpatient treatment.
The National Security Court System
Authors: Sulmasy Glenn
Published: November 2023

The recent Boumediene v. Bush decision, which tossed aside the dysfunctional military court system envisioned by the Bush administration and upheld the right of habeas corpus for detainees, promises to throw national security law into chaos, and will also probably lead to the closing of Guantanamo. In this timely and much-needed book, Glenn Sulmasy, one of America’s leading experts on national security law, opens with a much-needed history of America’s long and complicated experience with such courts since the early days of the Republic. After tracing their evolution in the contemporary era, Sulmasy argues for a more sensible approach to the global war on terror’s unique set of prisoners. He proposes a reasonable “third way” solution that avoids even more extreme measures, on the one hand, and a complete shuttering of the court system, on the other. Instead, he advocates creating a separate standing judicial system, overseen by civilian judges, that allows for habeas corpus appeals and which focuses exclusively on existing war-on-terror cases as well as the inevitable cases to come. For all those who want to explore the crucial legal issues behind the headlines about Gitmo and the rights of detainees, The National Security Court System offers a clear-headed assessment of where we are and where we ought to be going.
Pro Bono, The Public Good, And The Legal Profession: An Introduction
Authors: Granfield Robert , Mather Lynn
Published: November 2023

Lawyers at the New York law firm of Arnold & Porter in 2004 represented the State of Israel and the World Jewish Restitution Organization in federal court to allocate a $1.2 billion settlement fund established to compensate heirs of Nazi victims whose assets were hidden by Swiss banks. Elsewhere, lawyers from Goodwin Procter filed a lawsuit on behalf of a class of homeless children to overcome hurdles to uninterrupted educational access. A team of 42 litigators and professional staff from Goodwin Procter participated in more than 30 separate depositions, resulting in sweeping changes in the policy for educating homeless children in Suffolk County and the rest of New York State. Attorneys at another law firm, Hunton & Williams, have served as counsel for asylum-seekers from Tibet and two African countries.
Lawyers’ Pro Bono Service And Market-Reliant Legal Aid
Authors: Sandefur Rebecca L
Published: November 2023

In the United States, many services that facilitate people’s participation in our common life are provided through markets or, for those who cannot afford market rates, through a combination of public and private sources of labor and of public and charitable funding—so many that this model of provision might be termed “American-style.” For example, transitional housing for people moving out of homelessness and into stable housing is provided in this way (Barrow & Zimmer 1999), as is the distribution of surplus food to hungry people (Barrett 2002), as is temporary accommodation and counseling for women seeking safety from battering partners (Roberts & White 2007; see generally Abel in this volume; Katz 1996:283–334, 2001; Marwell 2004). Among many other services provided in this way are subsidized civil legal services, or civil legal assistance.
The Institutionalization Of Pro Bono In Large Law Firms: Trends and Variation Across the AmLaw 200
Authors: Boutcher Steven A
Published: November 2023

Over the past decade, the practice and organization of pro bono publico has undergone dramatic changes within the American legal profession. The formalization of pro bono has been one of the major projects of the professional bar in recent years. Recent scholarship has illustrated the varied ways that pro bono has rapidly and profoundly changed in form over the past decade (Cummings 2004). Historically, the delivery of pro bono was idiosyncratic; however, pro bono is now a systematic enterprise throughout the legal profession. As Cummings (2004:4) notes, “Whereas pro bono had traditionally been provided informally—frequently by solo and small-firm practitioners who conferred free services as a matter of individual largesse—by the end of the 1990s pro bono was regimented and organized, distributed through a network of structures designed to facilitate the mass provision of free services by law firm volunteers acting out of professional duty.”
Ubiquitous but Invisible: The Presence of Women Singers within a Basque Male Tradition
Authors: Larranaga Carmen
Published: November 2023

One of the most celebrated traditions in the Basque Country is bertsolaritza. This is a tradition that consists of singing in an improvised way, preferably in open spaces such as market-places and squares, but also in theatres, cider bars, and taverns. The understanding of bertsolaritza as a male-dominated public event has led people to believe that this tradition only involves men. As a result a very significant dimension of activity that relates bertsolaritza to women has been ignored. Although outdoor gatherings are thought to be this tradition’s ‘genuine’ and only location, which encourages an almost automatic association with men, the truth is somewhat more complex. No matter how masculine, and how ‘naturally’ it is believed to relate to the public world of performance, the whole process of learning and mastering this tradition is linked to domestic life, and, as will shortly become apparent, to women. Little if any effort has been made to explain the absence of women from public bertsolaritza. But this absence is not as conclusive as appears at first sight, even though in the public history of this oral tradition their traces have almost faded into oblivion.
Trade Unions in the Labour Movement 1934-1939
Authors: Clegg Hugh Armstrong
Published: November 2023

The Trades Union Congress met annually in the first full week of September to discuss the report of its General Council, to debate resolutions submitted by its 200-odd affiliated unions or by the Council, and to choose the members of the Council for the following twelve months. For this purpose the unions were divided into seventeen groups, to each of which was allotted one, two, or three seats on the Council, roughly according to the membership covered by the group. Every union within a group was entitled to nominate candidates for the allotted seats. There was also an eighteenth group for women, with two seats on the Council, to which all unions with women members were entitled to nominate candidates-making thirty-two seats in all. Election to the Council, however, was by the vote of Congress as a whole. Each affiliated union was entitled to send one delegate to Congress ‘for every 5,000 members or fraction thereof. Not all of them filled their quotas, but that did not diminish their voting strength, since voting was by cards, issued to each union ‘on the basis of one vote for every 1,000 members or fractional part thereof represented’.
Medicine and the Renaissance
Authors: Park Katharine
Published: November 2023

LIKE Giovanni Boccaccio’s Decameron, the Renaissance period was overshad owed by plague. The Decameron begins with a vivid description of the Black Death, which had attacked the city of Florence four years earlier, in 1348. ‘It started in the East,’ Boccaccio wrote,

Plague dominated the experience of Europeans from 1348 until well into the seventeenth century, returning repeatedly in a series of epidemics of vary ing severity. Its demographic consequences were devastating; between a third and a half of all Europeans died in the Black Death of 1348-53, and the popu lation continued to drop catastrophically through the later fifteenth century, when the plague began gradually and intermittently to loosen its grip. In the 1490s, however, plague was joined by another frightening ‘new’ illness, in the form of syphilis, often known as morbusgallicus(French pox). Although syphilis never rivalled plague as a threat to collective health, its chronic character and the virulent and disfiguring form it took in its early years made it a special object of horror.
History of Universities
Authors: Burnett Charles
Published: November 2023

Volume XIV of History of Universities contains the customary mix of learned articles, book reviews, conference reports, and bibliographical information, which makes this annual publication such an indispensable book for the historian of higher education.
Vicissitudes of a World Power 1500–1700
Authors: Kamen Henry
Published: November 2023

All other empires began through violence and force of arms,’ a Spanish commentator noted in 1597, ‘only that of Spain began through just means, since the greater part came together through succession.’ The claim was by no means exaggerated. The combination of territories that came to form the vast Spanish ‘empire’ could not have been put together by systematic conquest, for the territories of the peninsula did not have the manpower or arms adequate to the purpose. The union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon in the persons of Ferdinand and Isabella began the chain of hereditary links that brought Spain’s empire into existence.
The ‘Quad’: Dynamics Of Institutional Change
Authors: Haftendorn Helga
Published: November 2023

Few institutions in international affairs have started with an explicit concern that they not be formally institutionalized. When the ‘Interallied Working Group on Questions Relating to the So-called GDR, Berlin and the Transit Routes’ first met on 14 December 1955, at the suggestion of the United States, no one in the six-year-old Federal Republic of Germany wanted any hint of a prolongation of the occupation regime which had ended only a few months before. The three western powers (France, Britain, and the United States) wished to consult with Bonn about technical issues concerning Berlin and intra-German relations, and they wished to do so on a very low administrative level whenever the latter’s cooperation was necessary.
Anaphora, Discourse, and Understanding
Authors: Cornish Francis
Published: November 2023

This was a different man, said Mr Welbecker. "Listen! This man was called Hamlet and his uncle had killed his father because he wanted to marry his mother." "What did he want to marry his mother for?" said William. "I've never heard of anyone wanting to marry their mother."* In almost any conversation the meaning of what is said depends on the listener seeing how some words refer to what has already been said, and that others must be related to the characteristics of time, place, or person of the situation around which the conversation revolves. These modes of reference, anaphora and deixis respectively, involve surprisingly complicated cognitive and syntactic processes, which people (normally) perform easily and unerringly. But they present formidable problems for the linguist and cognitive scientist trying to explain precisely how comprehension is achieved. Anaphora and deixis are thus a central research focus in syntactic theory, while understanding and modelling their operation in discourse are important targets in computational linguistics and cognitive science. In this ambitious work, Francis Cornish sets out an original theory of anaphora and deixis, and proposes a new and elegant theoretical model to represent the transfer of meaning in discourse. Dr Cornish considers anaphoric reference in discourse from both psychological and linguistic perspectives. He argues that anaphora and deixis are essentially parts of integrative discourse procedures that facilitate the linking of representations held in working memory. He brings together work by linguists, formal semanticists, psychologists, and researchers in artificial intelligence, as well as drawing on his own extensive experimental work on a variety of corpora of different genres in French and English. Anaphora, Discourse, and Understanding will interest researchers and advanced students in a variety of fields within and outside linguistics, including cognitive science, artificial intelligence, syntactic theory, formal semantics, and the analysis of discourse. [* from William - The Pirate by Richmal Crompton, London, Macmillan, 1932]
Diachronic Prototype Semantics
Authors: Geeraerts Dirk
Published: November 2023

Prototype theory makes a crucial distinction between the central and peripheral sense of words. Geeraerts explores the implications of this model for a theory of semantic change, in the first full-scale treatment of the impact of the most recent developments in lexicological theory on the study of meaning change. He identifies structural features of the development of word meanings which follow from a prototype-theoretical model of semantic structure, and incorporates these diachronic prototypicality effects into a theory of meaning change. The author strikes a balance between theoretical exploration and diachronic description, supporting each step in the argumentation with detailed case studies which chart the semantic development of particular words, or illustrate specific mechanisms of semantic change. Thus the book provides both a theoretical model for diachronic semantics and a number of methodological strategies and representational formats that exemplify how changes of word meaning can be studied in practice.
Bilingual Acquisition
Authors: deuchar Margaret , Quay Suzanne
Published: November 2023

This book aims to explore the implications for language acquisition theory of a case study in bilingual acquisition. The subject is a child who acquired English and Spanish from birth, and the analysis focuses on various aspects of her language development during the second year of her life. The authors analyse aspects of the development of her sound system, her vocabulary, her early syntax, and her ability to choose languages appropriately. They discuss issues such as: What are the important cues used by children when acquiring contrasts in their sound systems? How are the sound systems from two languages differentiated by children? Is it possible for children to have two words meaning the same thing in their early vocabulary? Is it possible to identify two linguistic systems in the early two-word utterances of bilinguals? How early are children able to make appropriate language choices? This study is unusual in that it focuses on a bilingual child under the age of two. The methodology of data collection is fully discussed, and the book includes a extensive lists of the child's words in English and Spanish, as well as her two-word utterances.
Evaluation: An Introduction
Authors: Thompson Geoff , Hunston Susan
Published: November 2023

In most holiday destinations, high summer naturally means high season, but around the capital cities of Europe the streets are often practically deserted. This makes July and August the perfect time to catch up on your culture so whilst the Parisians flock to Corsica or the Cote d’Azur, you can enjoy Paris without the traffic jams and experience the city’s many open spaces at their best. Barcelona is perfect for a summer break, and you can be both culture vulture and beach bum depending on your mood.
Beach-la-Mar to Bislama
Authors: Crowley Terry
Published: November 2023

Oxford Studies in Language Contact Series editors: Professor Suzanne Romaine, Merton College, Oxford and Dr Peter Mülhäusler, Linacre College, Oxford This series aims to make available a collection of research monographs which present case studies of language contact around the world. The series will consider factors which give rise to language contact and the consequences of such contact in a broad inter-disciplinary context. Given the prevalence of language contact in communities throughout the world, there are as yet insufficient studies to permit typological generalization about the subject: this series aims to fill that gap. Bislama is the variety of Melanesian Pidgin spoken in Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides). In this book Terry Crowley describes its history and development from the 1940s to the present. In the first chapters the labour history of Vanuatu is reviewed in detail in order to establish what were the contacts between speakers of various languages with one another over the period. The written record is thoroughly examined for evidence about how people communicated in the early contact period, and how the contact language developed over the time. In the later chapters the author gives a detailed treatment of selected grammatical constructions and their evolution, including syntactic developments that are currently in progress. In this discussion he addresses the controversial issue of the source of grammatical constructions in Bislama, considering in particular the possible role of substratum patterns. He concludes that while there is good evidence for substratum influence in the grammer of Bislama, the mere existence of stuctural parallels between Bislama and the substrate is not itself sufficient evidence. There are a range of other explanations that may also be drawn upon to account for these similarities.
The Human Rights Committee
Authors: Goldrick Dominic Mc
Published: November 2023

As we noted in chapter r the principle of establishing a Human Rights Committee (HRC), a permanent human rights body to implement the Covenant, only just survived the drafting process. The HRC emerged as the only organ with express functions with respect to the Covenant and the Protocol. However, key changes had been made in the Third Committee concerning the composition and functions of the proposed Committee. This chapter examines the composition, organization, functions, nature, and status of the HRC.
Pornography and the Social Construction of Sexual Inequality
Authors: Itzin Catherine
Published: November 2023

This chapter is based on the assumptions: 1. That sexual inequality exists. 2. That it is institutionalized in social structures and internalized in the attitudes, beliefs and behaviour of individuals. 3. That sexual inequality is ‘socially constructed’, not ‘biologically determined’. 4. That pornography plays a part in the social construction of sexual inequality. What follows is an account of what this means in practice in the lives of women and men.
Pornography and Racism: Sexualizing Oppression and Inciting Hatred
Authors: Forna Aminatta
Published: November 2023

FACT: In Bombay, the production cost of a blue movie is around 28,000 rupees (around ￡1,000). The female model used is paid around ￡30. As many as 20,000 copies of the video will be produced and circulated to markets in India, the Middle East and Europe. FACT: In Nazi Germany, Hitler’s regime disseminated anti-Semitic propaganda depicting Jews as sexually voracious, Jewish men as rapists and Jewish women as sexually insatiable.
The Social Science and Psychological Research Evidence: Perceptual and Behavioural Consequences of Exposure to Pornography
Authors: Weaver James
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines recent theory and research on the perceptual and behavioural effects of exposure to mass-media depictions of human sexual behaviour, especially sexually explicit materials consumed as entertainment (i.e. pornography). First, it outlines the basic contentions in the debate on sexually explicit materials. Next, it summarizes pertinent empirical research highlighting the perceptual and behavioural consequences of exposure to contemporary pornography. Finally, it discusses some potential implications suggested by the growing volume of investigations.*
Discretion: Power, Quiescence, and Trust
Authors: Handler Joel
Published: November 2023

Discretion has emerged from the shadows. Always known, grudgingly tolerated, it is now celebrated. Command-and-control regulation is challenged by decentralization, bargaining, and flexibility. Alternative-dispute resolution-various alternatives to formal adjudication-is now an industry: there are numerous and multiple forms of ‘informal-justice’ structures, a large scholarly literature, and public and foundation support. Even the very essence of legal practice is questioned; lawyers, we are being told, may well serve their clients better by replacing an adversary approach with bargaining or cooperative styles of negotiation. Trends in practice are reflected in jurisprudence and critical theory. A common theme in Critical Legal Studies, feminist jurisprudence, and continental reflexive law is that space has to be created within structural frameworks to allow for the flexible, creative resolution of conflicts. Modern and postmodern philosophers argue for conversation, for dialogue, and for community, rather than governing relationships through rules.1
The Swedish Sentencing Reform
Authors: Jareborg Nils
Published: November 2023

A hundred years ago, the general penalties of the Swedish Penal Code (1864) were restricted to capital punishment, fines, and two forms of determinate incarceration, one for longer sentences (penal labour) and one for shorter sentences (imprisonment). The prisons were in principle run according to the Philadelphia system (single-cell prisons). The first decade of the twentieth century witnessed the reluctant and cautious introduction of legal measures based on preventive considerations: compulsory education for criminals aged 15-17 years (1902), the suspended sentence (1906), and parole (1906). Capital punishment was abolished in 1921 (the last execution occurred in 1901). The so-called day-fine system was adopted in 1931. Two forms of indeterminate incarceration for dangerous offenders were introduced in 1927, and another form of indeterminate incarceration for young offenders (youth imprisonment, primarily for offenders aged 18-20 years) in 1935. The English Borstal system served as a model for the latter sanction.
Sentencing Reform Across National Boundaries
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

At first sight, sentencing looks much the same in most Western countries. In circumstances of some formality, after a process that signals the symbolic importance of the state’s possible taking of a citizen’s liberty or property, an impartial judicial official soberly announces the penalty the offender will suffer. It seems quite simple, almost universal. Without acceptable excuse or justification, an individual has done something that the law forbids, and the state has declared him blameworthy and deserving of punishment. The problems that can arise-that the fact-finding process is unfair or unreliable, that judges are capricious or biased or idiosyncratic, that penalties are ineffective or cruel or inconsistently applied-also are universal. Different legal systems should, it would appear, want and be able to learn from one another about such elemental problems. In recent decades, however, there has been relatively little transfer of sentencing technology and learning between legal systems. That is understandable, but a pity.
Types of Appointments
Authors: Amerasinghe C F
Published: November 2023

International organizations do not use a single type of appointment in their practice of employment. As already seen, most organizations base their employment relationship initially on a contract of employment. It is only a few organizations, such as the European Communities and the OECD, that in general resort to a statutory instrument to create the employment relationship without any reference to the agreement of the person appointed. But even such organizations may resort to the contract of employment to engage some of their personnel. Thus, the CJEC uses the contractual method to employ temporary and auxiliary staff.
Termination for Other Reasons than Unsatisfactory Service
Authors: Amerasinghe C F
Published: November 2023

Termination of a staff member’s appointment may take place for other reasons than unsatisfactory service, whatever the nature of his appointment. Thus, the written law of international organizations provides for termination of appointments for reasons such as abolition or suppression of post (because of a reduction in the size of an organization, for purposes of reorganization, or for other reasons), ill-health or invalidity, disciplinary measures, abandonment of post, or retirement These are but a few examples of the reasons for termination of appointments which are referred to in the written law of international organizations. International administrative tribunals have not hesitated to control and review the decisions taken by organizations to end the employment relationship in any of these circumstances. Generally, they have sought to apply the written law while interpreting it sometimes in the light of general principles of law and the practice of the organizations. Consequently, it is mainly these interpretations, particularly in the light of such general principles and practices, that are of special interest in connection with the termination of appointments for reasons other than unsatisfactory service.
Fixed-Term Contracts
Authors: Amerasinghe C F
Published: November 2023

International organizations often resort to the fixed-term appointment as a means of employing personnel. The written law of most organizations has special provisions relating to such appointments. Thus, UN Staff Rule 104.12 (b) states that: ‘The fixed-term appointment, having an expiration date specified in the letter of appointment may be granted for a period not exceeding five years’. in most cases fixed-term appointments are temporary appointments which have a minimum duration of one year and do not exceed five years. Temporary appointments for less than a year are short-term appointments which are usually but not always dealt with differently in the Staff Rules of organizations.
Migrant Workers in International Human Rights Law
Authors: Cholewinski Ryszard
Published: November 2023

Migrant workers and their families outnumber refugees and displaced persons, but are given far less attention when it comes to the international protection of their rights. Indeed, to be an economic migrant today carries with it a stigma in a word where barriers to voluntary international migration are growing ever higher. This timely work evaluates the international protection of the rights of migrant workers and their families in countries of employment focusing on their economic, social, cultural, political, and residence rights. The book begins with an overview of international labour migration and its relationship to the right to development. It examines the rights of migrant workers as aliens in general international human rights law as well as the specific efforts and measures of the International Labour Organization and the United Nations. The final part contains a comprehensive case study of the multifarious standards adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe and the European Union to protect this increasingly vulnerable group of human beings.
The Legal Science of Society and Adjudicative Government
Authors: Murphy W T
Published: November 2023

Well into the early modern period, the business of government was con ducted in courts. Adjudication provided the central or pivotal mechanism of ruling, which is to say that the art of government and the art of adjudication were for a long time largely indistinguishable.
Germany
Authors: ächter Wolfgang Kleinw
Published: November 2023

Germany, one of Europe’s biggest media markets, is undergoing a deep transformation of its media system in the last decade of this century. For over forty years, since the end of World War II, the general political and legal framework for the media was stable and remained relatively unchanged with only one main innovation in the 1980s: the introduction of private broadcasting.
Marshalling Of Securities
Authors: Ali Paul A U
Published: November 2023

This book provides an extensive analysis of the equitable doctrine of marshalling as it applies to secured debt. There is detailed and systematic reference to the application of marshalling in the United Kingdom, in particular the conditions that must be satisfied before marshalling will assist a secured creditor and the limitations imposed on its effective operation. There is also substantial comparative material, with extensive analysis of Commonwealth law and selected US authorities. This book will appeal equally to those specialists working in equity, finance and insolvency law and to commercial lawyers more generally.
Individualism and Holism in the Social Sciences
Authors: Boudon Raymond
Published: November 2023

In a much quoted letter Max Weber once wrote: ‘Sociology itself can only proceed from the actions of one or more separate individuals and must therefore adopt strictly “individualistic” methods’. Interestingly, Weber put the term ‘individualistic’ in inverted commas, doubtless to indicate that he did not mean it in its traditional ethical or sociological sense. In its ethical sense, individualism is a doctrine which makes of the person—the individual—a point of reference which cannot be transcended. In this sense, ‘individualism’ is opposed particularly to’ collectivism’.In its sociological sense, a society is taken as individualist when the autonomy conferred upon individuals by law, custom, and social constraints is very wide.