bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Property Crime
Authors: Fidelie Laura Woods
Published: March 2014

Property crimes are offenses committed against the property of others. Property crimes are regulated in order to protect both property interests and personal safety. Property crimes are economically significant, as capitalism demands that people are entitled only to the property that they work in order to earn, and because the rightful possession of property often correlates to a person's ability to make a living. Property crimes are among the most frequently committed in the United States. Property is often classified into several different types. The three categories of property crimes are taking property, damaging or destroying property, and invading property. Many property crimes are also considered white‐collar crimes and cybercrimes. Overall, the frequency of most property crimes has decreased throughout the past decade.
Robbery
Authors: Crowder Stan
Published: March 2014

For as long as there have been those who possess valuables, there have been those with a desire to steal them. Sometimes, stealing valuables involves the crime of robbery. This entry will address the following issues with respect to the crime of robbery: the elements of robbery, motives for robbery, types of robbery, types of robbers, the victims of robbery, the law enforcement response to robbery, and techniques for the intervention and prevention of robbery.
Families and Crime
Authors: Marganski Alison
Published: March 2014

Crimes perpetrated by and against family members have been investigated to understand the development of maladaptive behavioral patterns and their consequences, particularly when it comes to the intergenerational transmission of violence (also known as “the cycle of violence”). In addition to family violence research, research on the family–crime nexus has examined the family's influence on adolescent delinquency and adult criminality. The role of family in the etiology of such behaviors has been studied from numerous perspectives including criminology, psychology, and sociology. From a theoretical standpoint, trait and social process theories have predominantly served as explanations, although other explanations also exist. With knowledge from the research base, strategies have increasingly been formulated and implemented to address the family–crime phenomenon. While advancements have been made in recent years, much remains to be done in order to fully comprehend the family's influence on crime and the most effective means by which it can be addressed.
Curfews
Authors: Deuchar Ross
Published: March 2014

This entry provides a theoretical analysis of the use of curfews as an intermediate sanction, focusing particularly on the perceived benefits and challenges associated with the restrictions related to home confinement. The entry provides a historical overview of the policy and practice associated with electronic monitoring and discusses the controversy that has surrounded the use of the technology in monitoring curfew conditions. A theoretical analysis of the reasons underpinning compliance with curfews is followed by an insight into the author's own empirical findings that demonstrate the impact of curfews on young offenders. The entry ends by suggesting that curfews may be most effective for bringing about desistance when they are accompanied by rehabilitative mechanisms that offer social support alongside the focus on confinement.
Geographies of Crime
Authors: Kim MoonSun
Published: March 2014

Geographies of crime refer to the studies which analyze crime including its effects, the offences, and the offenders to understand the interactions with society and space. In a narrower sense, the geography of crime refers to a subdiscipline of geography which tried to understand crime from spatial perspectives during the 1970s and 1980s. Geography of crime has developed with cartographic, deterministic, and ecological understanding of crime. Despite its great contribution to describing crime patterns by different spatial characteristics, it has limitations in explaining the direct causes of crime, the dynamics of the underlying process, and individual human behaviors.
Ohlin, Lloyd
Authors: Miller Holly Ventura
Published: March 2014

Lloyd Ohlin was an American sociologist best known for his work on the theory of differential opportunity. Ohlin, along with Richard Cloward, published in 1960
Delinquency and opportunity: A theory of delinquent gangs
, which has become of staple of classic criminological thought. The theory by Cloward and Ohlin is viewed as a synthesis of strain and subcultural perspectives and offers an explanation for gang development based on community disorganization and integration.
Conflict Theory
Authors: Morin Robert
Published: March 2014

Conflict theory is a set of criminological theories that holds that those in society who possess the social and economic power, the ruling class, define antisocial behavior. Antisocial behavior results from class conflict and social and economic inequality. The ruling class uses the criminal law and the criminal justice system to protect their interests and to control the lower class. Conflict theory consists of the conflict theoretical perspective, the critical theoretical perspective, and the feminist theoretical perspective.
Brockway, Zebulon R.
Authors: Barton‐Bellessa Shannon M.
Published: March 2014

Best known as the father of modern penology, Zebulon Brockway (1828–1920) would forever change the fabric of modern correctional theory and the professionalism of penology. Most noted for his work as the first superintendent of the New York State Reformatory Elmira, Brockway instituted indeterminate sentencing, labor skills, and education as a means for reformation.
Neurology and Crime
Authors: Geraci Gianni G. , Schug Robert A.
Published: March 2014

The association between neurology and crime has its origins in post‐mortem studies of the brains of criminal individuals and subsequent examinations of persons who became markedly antisocial and violent following traumatic injury to specific brain regions. Recently, the association between brain dysfunction and antisocial behaviors has been extended by more advanced neuroscience techniques such as brain imaging and neuropsychology. Convergent findings have found brain injury, reductions in brain volume, deficits in brain functioning, intellectual impairments, and limitations in executive capabilities to be associated with various forms of criminal, aggressive, violent, and antisocial behavior.
Trait Theories
Authors: Peters David C.
Published: March 2014

Psychology, biology, and sociology theories of traits associated with criminal propensity and behavior are discussed. Evidence of psychological personality traits is backed by considerable research. Psychiatric diagnoses—particularly antisocial personality disorder, which includes behavioral traits such as rule breaking and several personality types such as psychopathy (which in turn includes traits such as lack of remorse and lack of self control)—have been associated with criminal propensity and behavior. Recently, with the help of neuroimaging and genomic testing, biological traits have been correlated with psychological personality traits. The focus has been on the brain—prefrontal cortex and amygdala regions, which are responsible for emotional control and processing—and on genes controlling for various neurochemicals, particularly serotonin. Sociological “traits” such as failure to complete high school, poverty, poor parenting, and gang membership are also associated with crime. However, there is no single psychological, biological, or sociological profile reliably associated with criminal behavior, and trait theories are preliminary and controversial.
Bullying
Authors: Mackey David A.
Published: March 2014

Bullying in school and out of school among school‐aged youths has recently received increased national attention due to a number of suicides among adolescents covered by the national media. Of particular note is the recent attention paid to cyberbullying. The courts have recognized the ability of school districts to sanction speech and actions which have the likelihood of causing a substantial disruption of the educational environment, even speech originating off school grounds where there is a reasonably foreseeable risk that the speech will reach campus and result in the substantial disruption. A school's intervention must address both the student's right to be free from harassment and other students' right to free speech. A school district's failure to act to prevent or remedy incidents of bullying can have serious financial consequences. New technology has transformed the ability of individuals to harass and demean others without the limitations imposed by time and space.
Program Evaluation
Authors: Barnes J. C.
Published: March 2014

Over the course of its history, the criminal justice system has experienced a series of large‐scale ideological shifts that have resulted in drastic changes to administrative practices at all levels. The current administration has emphasized an approach referred to as “evidence‐based criminal justice practices” with the goal of infusing the scientific method into the process of policy/program evaluation. As a result, it has become increasingly important for policy makers, as well as the public in general, to familiarize themselves with the process of evidence generation via the scientific method. This entry unfolds in two parts. First, an introduction to the scientific method is offered by outlining some of the basic elements and concepts germane to science, evidence, and the process of hypothesis testing. Second, several notable studies that have utilized the scientific method to test hypotheses regarding the efficacy of certain criminal justice policies will be reviewed. This latter section will address the process of program evaluation by offering a glimpse into several policies/programs that have emerged as beneficial or, at a minimum, appear promising.
Immigration and Crime
Authors: Bui Hoan N.
Published: March 2014

Theories and perspectives on immigration and crime mainly focus on the roles of individual motivation, cultural conflicts, the social context of immigration resettlement, and assimilation in shaping immigrants' behavior and adaptation outcomes. Research has provided some support for these theories and perspectives, but most of them, except the acculturation model, have not been systematically tested. Because immigrants are not a homogeneous group, knowledge about crime and immigration will benefit from more theory testing with samples that include immigrants from different racial, ethnic, gender, and economic backgrounds to provide better understanding of the relationship between immigration and crime.
Sociology of Law
Authors: Huss Sheila M.
Published: March 2014

The sociology of law looks at the substance and processes of law as they relate to other social and political institutions. It employs multiple theories and examines a wide scope of issues, ranging from interactions within the
US
criminal justice system to America as a legal state or to international courts.
Prisoner Reentry
Authors: Montague David R. , Scott Malcom W.
Published: March 2014

The recidivism of those leaving prison is a serious issue in terms of continued crime, increased resources needed for policing, the courts, and corrections, and the societal loss of potential contributions which could be made by those released from prison if they did not recidivate. Across the United States, numerous stakeholders, including corrections officials, community advocates, victims, families, individuals, and, of course, inmates are involved in efforts to address how to assist those who are incarcerated with better options to help them avoid returning to prison upon reentry to society. Sadly, it is common to find a significant number of prisoners who have been incarcerated more than once, meaning that the set of tools to help them make better decisions upon release were either not provided or not heeded. Various realities with respect to the structure, implementation, and barriers of reentry to society for prisoners exist and are worthy of ameliorative efforts.
Child Maltreatment
Authors: Magers Megan
Published: March 2014

Child maltreatment is a major social problem that affects millions of families each year in the United States. This entry outlines the four major categories of child maltreatment. Also discussed in this entry are the evolving formal responses to child maltreatment and the nature of the collaborative relationships between child welfare agencies and the criminal justice system in the management of child maltreatment cases. In addition, this entry outlines several theories that attempt to pinpoint the underlying biological, psychological, sociological, and economic causes of child maltreatment.
Corruption
Authors: Worley Robert M.
Published: March 2014

Corruption and acts of on‐the‐job deviance are most likely committed by employees in almost every type of law enforcement endeavor. Both rank‐and‐file criminal justice employees and upper‐echelon administrators have engaged in acts of corruption or serious misconduct. These inappropriate acts can range from being minor (e.g., accepting a gift or gratuity) to very serious (e.g., stealing cash and drugs from an arrestee). Much literature has been written on corruption within the criminal justice system, and there are many issues worthy of discussion and scholarly analysis.
Defiance Theory
Authors: Brame Robert , Paternoster Ray
Published: March 2014

Defiance theory is based on the axiom that different people will respond to sanction threats or sanction experiences in a variety of ways. This idea is also present in other neoclassical perspectives that emphasize the ideas of deterrence, rational choice, legal socialization, and procedural justice. A major focus of the defiance perspective is the potential criminogenic effect of sanctions on persons who believe the sanctions are unfairly imposed.
Costs of Crime
Authors: Cohen Mark A.
Published: March 2014

There are many reasons why criminologists and criminal justice policy analysts might want to understand the costs of crime. Among the most important reasons are to rank the severity of different crimes, to compare crime to other social ills, and to conduct cost–benefit analyses of alternative criminal justice policies. Estimating the costs of crime requires a significant amount of information that is not readily available. Crimes not only affect victims (with costs such as medical bills, lost wages, pain and suffering), but they also affect the general public who take precautionary measures to avoid victimization (such as burglar alarms or taking taxis at night), taxpayers who pay for the criminal justice system, and society more generally through lost business, community development, and social cohesion. Economists have developed several approaches to estimating the costs of crime and have begun to use these estimates in conducting cost–benefit analysis of alternative crime control policies.
Mentoring
Authors: Karcher Michael J. , Johnson David A.
Published: March 2014

Mentoring is a relationship in which a more experienced person provides another with guidance, encouragement, instruction, advocacy, or support in the context of an ongoing relationship or for an extended period of time. Research suggests that formalized mentoring programs can foster prosocial development, deter misbehavior, and influence self‐perceptions that can help remediate antisocial behavior among youth who are at risk for or engaging in delinquent activity. While the impact of mentoring is now well established, further research is needed to determine what aspects of mentoring contribute to its beneficial effects, because these aspects, both in the form of what happens in the relationship and how the relationship is supported by others outside the relationship, have the ability to dramatically increase the impact of mentoring on youth.
Theories of Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: Ward Jeffrey T.
Published: March 2014

Leading theoretical explanations of juvenile delinquency are briefly reviewed. Specifically, control theories of delinquency are first explored, followed by discussions of social learning and general strain theories. The dual taxonomy explanation of offending is next explained, followed by a discussion of social disorganization theory. Finally, secondary causes of delinquency are discussed, including specific deterrence and labeling theory.
Economic Conditions and Crime
Authors: Maddan Sean
Published: March 2014

Since the earliest days of criminological thought, crime has been linked to economic conditions within countries, cities, townships or smaller areas, and individuals. Indeed, most criminological theories provide for concepts having to do with macro‐level indicators of economies in decline or micro‐level variables associated with poverty. The prevailing wisdom is that when economic conditions are poor, crime and crime rates will increase. To the contrary, in times of robust economic growth, crime and crime rates either level off or decrease. This article examines the link between economic conditions and crime. In particular, it evaluates crime trends in the United States with associated economic indicators and briefly summarizes the chief criminological theories that evaluate the impact of the economy on crime.
Intimate Partner Homicide
Authors: Hume Wendelin M.
Published: March 2014

When one intimate partner kills another it is considered intimate partner homicide. The majority of intimate partner homicides occur as a result of ongoing interpersonal violence. Females are the victims of intimate partner homicide over four times more often than males. However, victims can be of either gender and intimate partner homicide can occur among same gender couples as well as opposite gender couples. Guns, particularly handguns, are the most typical weapon used in intimate partner homicide. Early intervention in domestic violence cases with better risk of homicide appraisal and realistic safety planning with the victim could proactively save perhaps thousands of lives each year nationwide. Communities through their health care, criminal justice, social services, religious services, and educational systems could proactively raise awareness of this tragic crime and commit resources to training all personnel to assess, apply existing laws, and intervene in violence cases before they become lethal.
Physical Attractiveness and Crime
Authors: Hume Wendelin M.
Published: March 2014

Physical attractiveness refers to how a person's face and body may be seen as good, pleasing, or beautiful by others. It is conceivable that physically attractive individuals are targeted by crime because of their appearance and that unattractive individuals are more likely to commit crime. When exploring how physical attractiveness may be associated with crime there are numerous theories as well as crime types that might be relevant. Quality research is needed to either substantiate a link between appearance and crime, or allow us to move beyond folklore and stereotypes in the study of crime and the development of policies for the future.
Becker, Howard S.
Authors: Lindley Don E.
Published: March 2014

Howard S. Becker (1928–) is a sociologist known for his work in the sociology of deviance, art, qualitative methods, visual sociology, and the practice of research and writing in the social sciences. He is the author ofArt worlds, a seminal book on the sociology of art,Writing for social scientists, andTricks of the trade. His book,Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance, introduced labeling theory as an approach from his perspective for understanding deviance. He obtained hisPhDfrom the University of Chicago, and in 1965 was appointed Professor of Sociology at Northwestern University, where he remained until 1991. After 1991, he taught at a number of universities, including the University of Washington in Seattle and the University of California in Santa Barbara. An accomplished jazz musician, he lives and works in San Francisco, California.
Delinquency and Drift Theory
Authors: Murray Aislinn J. , Topalli Volkan
Published: March 2014

Sykes and Matza proposed neutralization theory as an alternative to subcultural theories. They noted that delinquents maintain a dichotomous attachment to both the mainstream society and the subterranean culture within which they operate. They further argued that delinquents utilize preemptive self‐talk strategies, referred to as the five techniques of neutralization, to temporarily suspend their attachment to society, allowing them to “drift” into a mindset that mitigates the deterrent effects of anticipated guilt. Since the establishment of the original theory, new techniques have been developed, and it has been applied to crimes and offenders beyond youth deviance and juvenile delinquents. There is also some room to expand the theory further in the future within a personality/individual differences framework, which may serve to expand its influence to more applied areas of criminology such as prisoner re‐entry and rehabilitation.
Garland, David
Authors: Zellner Alisha N.
Published: March 2014

David Garland is a multicultural sociologist best known for his work on punishment and penal practices. His work inPunishment and Modern Society: A Study in Social Theory(1990) andThe Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society(2001) shed light on historical practices of the past and modern techniques and methods of the future. Utilizing theoretical frameworks from sociologists and social scientists such as Michel Foucault and Emile Durkheim, Garland enhances the field of criminal justice by explaining how punishment is not merely a form of social control but a direct reflection of social norms and values shaped by the culture it exists within.
Size Dependence of Resistive Switching at Nanoscale Metal‐Oxide Interfaces
Authors: Hou Jiechang , Nonnenmann Stephen S. , Qin Wei , Bonnell Dawn A.
Published: March 2014

Size dependent variations in resistive switching using a metal‐semiconducting oxide model to examine the underlying mechanisms are reported. In the range of 20 nm to 200 nm, Au nanoparticle/SrTiO3 interface transport properties are size dependent. The size dependence is attributed to the combination of geometric scaling and size‐dependent Schottky properties. After electroforming, the observed “eight‐wise” bipolar resistive hysteresis loop is modulated by trap/detrap process. The size‐dependent high resistance state is consistent with changes in both the interfacial area and Schottky properties. The low resistance state exhibits size independent resistance through the dominant fast conductive path. Detrapping requires more work for smaller interfaces due to the associated larger built‐in electric field.
Multifunctional Skin‐Like Electronics for Quantitative, Clinical Monitoring of Cutaneous Wound Healing
Authors: Hattori Yoshiaki , Falgout Leo , Lee Woosik , Jung Sung‐Young , Poon Emily , Lee Jung Woo , Na Ilyoun , Geisler Amelia , Sadhwani Divya , Zhang Yihui , Su Yewang , Wang Xiaoqi , Liu Zhuangjian , Xia Jing , Cheng Huanyu , Webb R. Chad , Bonifas Andrew P. , Won Philip , Jeong Jae‐Woong , Jang Kyung‐In , Song Young Min , Nardone Beatrice , Nodzenski Michael , Fan Jonathan A. , Huang Yonggang , West Dennis P. , Paller Amy S. , Alam Murad , Yeo Woon‐Hong , Rogers John A.
Published: March 2014

Non‐invasive, biomedical devices have the potential to provide important, quantitative data for the assessment of skin diseases and wound healing. Traditional methods either rely on qualitative visual and tactile judgments of a professional and/or data obtained using instrumentation with forms that do not readily allow intimate integration with sensitive skin near a wound site. Here, an electronic sensor platform that can softly and reversibly laminate perilesionally at wounds to provide highly accurate, quantitative data of relevance to the management of surgical wound healing is reported. Clinical studies on patients using thermal sensors and actuators in fractal layouts provide precise time‐dependent mapping of temperature and thermal conductivity of the skin near the wounds. Analytical and simulation results establish the fundamentals of the sensing modalities, the mechanics of the system, and strategies for optimized design. The use of this type of “epidermal” electronics system in a realistic clinical setting with human subjects establishes a set of practical procedures in disinfection, reuse, and protocols for quantitative measurement. The results have the potential to address important unmet needs in chronic wound management.
Simulation‐Experimental Approach to Investigate the Role of Interfaces in Self‐Replenishing Composite Coatings
Authors: Lyakhova Kateryna , Esteves A. Catarina C. , van de Put Marcel W. P. , van der Ven Leo G. J. , van Benthem Rolf A. T. M. , de With Gijsbertus
Published: March 2014

To investigate self‐replenishing on surface‐structured composite coatings a dual simulation‐experimental approach is employed to study the decisive role of polymer‐air and polymer‐particle interfaces. Experimentally, the composite system consists of a cross‐linked polymer network with fluorinated‐dangling chains, embedding colloidal SiO2 nanoparticles which are incorporated in the network via covalent bonding. These particles provide the desired surface structure at the air‐interface before and after damage. Any damage replicates the rough surface, while the polymer layer on top of the particles serves as source of low surface energy groups which are able to reorient towards the new air‐interfaces. Using coarse‐grained simulations details of these self‐replenishing composite systems are revealed such as the minimum thickness of the polymer layer necessary for providing optimal self‐replenishing ability and the distribution profile of the dangling chains at the various interfaces. The principles and dual approach reported here may be applied to other self‐healing composite systems with applications in self‐cleaning, anti‐fouling or low adhesion materials.
Single agent lenalidomide three times a week induces hematologic responses in AL amyloidosis patients on dialysis
Authors: Lichtman Eben I. , Seldin David C. , Shelton Anthony , Sanchorawala Vaishali
Published: March 2014

The combination of lenalidomide and dexamethasone can produce hematologic responses in previously treated patients with AL amyloidosis. Because lenalidomide is primarily excreted unchanged by the kidney, adjustments to the starting dose of lenalidomide are recommended to provide appropriate drug exposure in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment and in patients on dialysis. Here, we report on a study of patients with AL amyloidosis on dialysis treated with lenalidomide at a dose of 10 mg orally three times a week. Seven patients were enrolled. All patients had received prior treatment, with 57% receiving prior high‐dose melphalan and stem cell transplantation. Two patients died before evaluation of response. The most common adverse event was infection; no thromboembolic complications were seen. One patient required dose‐modification. Hematologic responses were obtained by four of the five evaluable patients. Median overall survival was 18 months. In conclusion, adjusted dose lenalidomide was reasonably tolerated and induced sustained hematologic responses in previously treated patients with AL amyloidosis on dialysis. Am. J. Hematol. 89:706–708, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytogenomic and phenotypic analysis in low‐level monosomy 7 mosaicism with non‐supernumerary ring chromosome 7
Authors: Salas‐Labadía Consuelo , Cervantes‐Barragán David E. , Cruz‐Alcívar Roberto , Daber Robert D. , Conlin Laura K. , Leonard Laura D. , Spinner Nancy B. , Durán‐McKinster Carola , Dávila‐Ortíz de Montellano David J. , Del Castillo‐Ruiz Victoria , Pérez‐Vera Patricia
Published: March 2014

We present the literature review of ring chromosome 7 and clinical, cytogenetic and fine molecular mapping of the first postnatal report of a male child with a non‐supernumerary ring chromosome 7, r(7). The patient had dysmorphic features, developmental delay, dermatologic lesions with variable pigmentation, hypogenitalism, lumbar dextroscoliosis, cerebellar and ophthalmological abnormalities, and melanocytic congenital nevi. Cytogenetic analysis of peripheral blood and the nevus sample showed the presence of three different cell lines r(7), monosomy 7, and duplicated r(7) (idic r(7)), while findings on fibroblasts from both light and dark skin showed only mosaicism with r(7) and monosomy 7 cell lines in various proportions. FISH assay of the ring chromosome showed subtelomeric loss in both chromosome arms in all tissues studied. Analysis by genome‐wide single‐nucleotide polymorphism array showed a 0.8 Mb deletion in 7p22.3 (involving eight genes) and a 7.5 Mb deletion in 7q36 (involving 29 genes including some involved in genital and central nervous system development). The combination of results from our karyotypic and array analyses enabled us to establish an accurate genotype‐phenotype relationship. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topical cocaine vs adrenaline in endoscopic sinus surgery: a blinded randomized controlled study
Authors: Valdes Constanza J. , Bogado Mariana , Rammal Almoaidbellah , Samaha Mark , Tewfik Marc A.
Published: March 2014

Background

Adequate surgical field visualization is among the most important factors in preventing complications in functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). The aim of this study was to assess the effect of topical cocaine vs adrenaline on surgical field visualization and intraoperative bleeding during FESS.

Methods

A randomized controlled trial was conducted. A total of 37 patients that underwent FESS for chronic rhinosinusitis were randomized to the side of the nose that received adrenaline or cocaine‐soaked patties, and the side that was operated first. The surgeon evaluating the bleeding was blinded to the vasoconstrictor allocation. At the commencement of surgery and at regular 15‐minute intervals, the operating surgeon evaluated the extent of bleeding in the operative field according to a validated scale. At each assessment, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, and end tidal CO2 were also recorded. At the end of each side, total blood loss was measured.

Results

There was no difference in the mean surgical field scores between the adrenaline and cocaine sides (2.04 ± 0.75 vs 2.17 ± 0.7, p = 0.24), nor the total blood loss (p = 0.43). On the cocaine side, there was a correlation between surgical field grade and duration of surgery (p < 0.05) as well as blood loss (p < 0.05) and MAP (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

There is no difference in the quality of the surgical field achieved through the use of topical cocaine or adrenaline during FESS. Either of these agents can be effectively used for topical decongestion at the onset of surgery.
Rare‐Cell Enrichment by a Rapid, Label‐Free, Ultrasonic Isopycnic Technique for Medical Diagnostics
Authors: Bourquin Yannyk , Syed Abeer , Reboud Julien , Ranford‐Cartwright Lisa C. , Barrett Michael P. , Cooper Jonathan M.
Published: March 2014

One significant challenge in medical diagnostics lies in the development of label‐free methods to separate different cells within complex biological samples. Here we demonstrate a generic, low‐power ultrasonic separation technique, able to enrich different cell types based upon their physical properties. For malaria, we differentiate between infected and non‐infected red blood cells in a fingerprick‐sized drop of blood. We are able to achieve an enrichment of circulating cells infected by the ring stage of the parasite over nonparasitized red blood cells by between two and three orders of magnitude in less than 3 seconds (enabling detection at parasitemia levels as low as 0.0005 %). In a second example, we also show that our methods can be used to enrich different cell types, concentrating Trypanosoma in blood at very low levels of infection, on disposable, low‐cost chips.
Bildung eines homoatomaren, polycyclischen Bismut‐Polyanions, [Bi11]3−, durch Pyridin‐unterstützte Zersetzung von [GaBi3]2−
Authors: Weinert Bastian , Eulenstein Armin Rainer , Ababei Rodica , Dehnen Stefanie
Published: March 2014

Bisher galten polycyclische Bismut‐Polyanionen als unbekannt, wodurch sich Bismut deutlich von seinen leichteren Homologen unterschied. Nach der Synthese von [K([2.2.2]crypt)]3(Bi11)⋅2 py⋅tol können wir nun jedoch das erste strukturell charakterisierte homoatomare, polycyclische Bismut‐Polyanion vorstellen, welches die vom [P11]3− bekannte “Ufosan”‐Struktur aufweist. Es entsteht bei der Behandlung von [K([2.2.2]crypt)]2(GaBi3)⋅en mit Pyridin. Bei der Bildung der Titelverbindung zersetzt sich das binäre Zintl‐Anion [GaBi3]2− unter oxidativer Kupplung von Pyridin‐Molekülen und Freisetzung von H2. Die ungewöhnliche Reaktion und deren (Neben‐)Produkte wurden mittels Spektroskopie, Spektrometrie und DFT‐Studien untersucht. Alle Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die spezifischen Reaktionsbedingungen für die Bildung des [Bi11]3−‐Anions essentiell sind – und dass generell nichts gegen die Bildung weiterer, auch größerer Bismut‐Polyanionen spricht.
Ein zellpermeables und photospaltbares Reagens für die selektive intrazelluläre Protein‐Protein‐Dimerisierung
Authors: Zimmermann Mirjam , Cal Ruben , Janett Elia , Hoffmann Viktor , Bochet Christian G. , Constable Edwin , Beaufils Florent , Wymann Matthias P.
Published: March 2014

Selektive Dimerisierungsreagentien (CIDs; chemical inducers of dimerization) wurden entwickelt, um die Protein‐Dimerisierung und ‐Translokation chemisch zu steuern. Wir stellen hier ein neues, photospaltbares CID (MeNV‐HaXS) vor, das HaloTag‐ und SNAP‐tag‐Fusionsproteine bindet und eine exzellente Selektivität und intrazelluläre Reaktivität besitzt. Die Anregung bei 360 nm spaltet die Methyl‐6‐nitroveratryl‐Gruppe von MeNV‐HaXS, und das “Dimere”, wieder in die beiden Proteine. MeNV‐HaXS verknüpft HaloTag‐ und SNAP‐tag‐Fusionsproteine und erlaubt ihre zielgerichtete Verschiebung an Membranen und Zellorganellen, z. B. Plasmamembran, Endosomen, Lysosomen, Golgi, Mitochondrien und das Aktin Zytoskeleton. Die photolytische Spaltung von MeNV‐HaXS setzt Zielproteine frei und ermöglicht die optische Manipulation der Proteinlokalisation mit hoher subzellulärer Präzision in Raum und Zeit. MeNV‐HaXS ermöglicht so kinetische Studien, Manipulation der Proteindynamik und der subzellulärer Enzymaktivität. Demonstriert wurde die Anwendung von MeNV‐HaXS für die zielgerichtete Protein‐Translokation an den Golgi und die kinetische Erhebung von Importprozessen in den Zellkern.
Late‐Stage Functionalization of Biologically Active Heterocycles Through Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: DiRocco Daniel A. , Dykstra Kevin , Krska Shane , Vachal Petr , Conway Donald V. , Tudge Matthew
Published: March 2014

The direct CH functionalization of heterocycles has become an increasingly valuable tool in modern drug discovery. However, the introduction of small alkyl groups, such as methyl, by this method has not been realized in the context of complex molecule synthesis since existing methods rely on the use of strong oxidants and elevated temperatures to generate the requisite radical species. Herein, we report the use of stable organic peroxides activated by visible‐light photoredox catalysis to achieve the direct methyl‐, ethyl‐, and cyclopropylation of a variety of biologically active heterocycles. The simple protocol, mild reaction conditions, and unique tolerability of this method make it an important tool for drug discovery.
Bidirectional Regulation of mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Using PUF Domains
Authors: Cao Jicong , Arha Manish , Sudrik Chaitanya , Schaffer David V. , Kane Ravi S.
Published: March 2014

The regulation of gene expression is crucial in diverse areas of biological science, engineering, and medicine. A genetically encoded system based on the RNA binding domain of the Pumilio and FBF (PUF) proteins was developed for the bidirectional regulation (i.e., either upregulation or downregulation) of the translation of a target mRNA. PUF domains serve as designable scaffolds for the recognition of specific RNA elements and the specificity can be easily altered to target any 8‐nucleotide RNA sequence. The expression of a reporter could be varied by over 17‐fold when using PUF‐based activators and repressors. The specificity of the method was established by using wild‐type and mutant PUF domains. Furthermore, this method could be used to activate the translation of target mRNA downstream of PUF binding sites in a light‐dependent manner. Such specific bidirectional control of mRNA translation could be particularly useful in the fields of synthetic biology, developmental biology, and metabolic engineering.
Shape Selectivity by Guest‐Driven Restructuring of a Porous Material
Authors: Warren J. E. , Perkins C. G. , Jelfs K. E. , Boldrin P. , Chater P. A. , Miller G. J. , Manning T. D. , Briggs M. E. , Stylianou K. C. , Claridge J. B. , Rosseinsky M. J.
Published: March 2014

A flexible metal‐organic framework selectively sorbs para‐ (pX) over meta‐xylene (mX) by synergic restructuring around pX coupled with generation of unused void space upon mX loading. The nature of the structural change suggests more generally that flexible structures which are initially mismatched in terms of fit and capacity to the preferred guest are strong candidates for effective molecular separations.
Charge Trapping at the Step Edges of TiO2 Anatase (101)
Authors: Setvin Martin , Hao Xianfeng , Daniel Benjamin , Pavelec Jiri , Novotny Zbynek , Parkinson Gareth S. , Schmid Michael , Kresse Georg , Franchini Cesare , Diebold Ulrike
Published: March 2014

A combination of photoemission, atomic force, and scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy measurements shows that excess electrons in the TiO2 anatase (101) surface are trapped at step edges. Consequently, steps act as preferred adsorption sites for O2. In density functional theory calculations electrons localize at clean step edges, this tendency is enhanced by O vacancies and hydroxylation. The results show the importance of defects for the wide‐ranging applications of titania.
Cell‐Permeant and Photocleavable Chemical Inducer of Dimerization
Authors: Zimmermann Mirjam , Cal Ruben , Janett Elia , Hoffmann Viktor , Bochet Christian G. , Constable Edwin , Beaufils Florent , Wymann Matthias P.
Published: March 2014

Chemical inducers of dimerization (CIDs) have been developed to orchestrate protein dimerization and translocation. Here we present a novel photocleavable HaloTag‐ and SNAP‐tag‐reactive CID (MeNV‐HaXS) with excellent selectivity and intracellular reactivity. Excitation at 360 nm cleaves the methyl‐6‐nitroveratryl core of MeNV‐HaXS. MeNV‐HaXS covalently links HaloTag‐ and SNAP‐tag fusion proteins, and enables targeting of selected membranes and intracellular organelles. MeNV‐HaXS‐mediated translocation has been validated for plasma membrane, late endosomes, lysosomes, Golgi, mitochondria, and the actin cytoskeleton. Photocleavage of MeNV‐HaXS liberates target proteins and provides access to optical manipulation of protein relocation with high spatiotemporal and subcellular precision. MeNV‐HaXS supports kinetic studies of protein dynamics and the manipulation of subcellular enzyme activities, which is exemplified for Golgi‐targeted cargo and the assessment of nuclear import kinetics.
A logistic kinetic model for isothermal and nonisothermal cure reactions of thermosetting polymers
Authors: López‐Beceiro Jorge , Fontenot Sean A. , Gracia‐Fernández Carlos , Artiaga Ramón , Chartoff Richard
Published: March 2014

A model describing the low‐temperature crystallization kinetics observed for thermoplastic polymers from the melt by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was shown to accurately predict the cooling curves as a function of time and temperature. The model was successful for treating data for several cooling rates as well as for isothermal DSC data. In this article, we extended the model to cure reactions of thermosetting polymers. The parameters representing lower and upper exotherm reference temperatures in crystallization events have a different meaning for curing events. Thus, the model was modified to account for this change of context. The new model was tested for exothermic reactions of a Hysol® FP4527 epoxy adhesive system using data from DSC ramp heating experiments at several heating rates and also from isothermal experiments. Good fits were obtained for all the varied experimental conditions. The model made use of three fitting parameters with physical significance: a lower critical temperature (Tc) an activation energy (Eb), and a reaction order (τ + 1). Additionally, to complete the kinetic fitting, the dependence of the time to reach the reaction peak maximum for isothermal cure was considered. That dependence was found to follow a more simple model which is formally equivalent to that observed in isothermal crystallization, and which makes use of two parameters related to the limits of the temperature range in which the polymerization may occur. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40670.
Melamine formaldehyde/polyvinyl alcohol composite fiber: Structure and properties manipulated by hydroxymethylation degree
Authors: Xu Weixing , Dong Shujuan , Yu Cihang , Yan Xiang , Xu Jianjun , Jiang Mengjin
Published: March 2014

Composite fibers made of different hydroxymethylation degree (HMD) melamine formaldehyde (MF) resins and polyvinyl alcohol were prepared by wet spinning. The structures of MF resins and composite fibers were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, and Kjeldahl. The fibers' mechanical properties, fire retardant properties, softening point in hot water, and thermal stability were also tested. Results show that with the increase of HMD, the compatibility between MF and PVA gets better; the breaking strength and thermal stability of the fibers increase, while the nitrogen‐loss rate, the elongation at break, and SP decrease. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40678.
Effect of gas permeation temperature and annealing procedure on the performance of binary and ternary mixed matrix membranes of polyethersulfone, SAPO‐34, and 2‐hydroxy 5‐methyl aniline
Authors: Oral Edibe Eda , Yilmaz Levent , Kalipcilar Halil
Published: March 2014

This study investigated the effect of annealing time and temperature on gas separation performance of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) prepared from polyethersulfone (PES), SAPO‐34, and 2‐hydroxy 5‐methyl aniline (HMA). A postannealing period at 120°C for a week extensively increased the reproducibility and stability of MMMs, but for pure PES membranes no post‐annealing was necessary for stable and reproducible performance. The effect of operation temperature was also investigated. The permeabilities of H2, CO2, and CH4 increased with increasing permeation temperature from 35°C to 120°C, yet CO2/CH4 and H2/CH4 selectivities decreased. PES/SAPO‐34/HMA ternary and PES/SAPO‐34 binary MMMs exhibited the highest ideal selectivity and permeability values at all temperatures, respectively. For H2/CO2 pair, when temperature increased from 35°C to 120°C, selectivity increased from 3.2 to 4.6 and H2 permeability increased from 8 to 26.5 Barrer for ternary MMM, demonstrating the advantage of using this membrane at high temperatures. The activation energies were in the order of CH4 > H2 > CO2 for all membranes. PES/SAPO‐34/HMA membrane had activation energies higher than that of PES/SAPO‐34 membrane, suggesting that HMA acts as a compatibilizer between the two phases. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40679.
Twitter users' interest in asteroid 2012 DA14 mirrored the asteroid's trajectory during its Earth flyby
Authors: Stieger Stefan , Swami Viren
Published: March 2014

On February 15, 2013, asteroid 2012 DA14 passed close to Earth during its flyby. We used this opportunity to analyze how the event affected the social‐networking community of Twitter. We analyzed whether the flyby of the asteroid elicited more tweets about the asteroid close to the asteroid's trajectory compared to the neutral search term NASA. A spatio‐temporal analysis of tweets about NASA revealed a natural movement of the geographical mean from east to west, mirroring the Sun's path through the sky. For the geolocation of users tweeting about the asteroid, this east‐west movement changed direction, mirroring the asteroid's trajectory (from south‐east to north‐west) as soon as the asteroid was potentially visible from Earth. This effect appears to represent emotionally contagious flocking behavior among Twitter users influenced by the position of the asteroid itself.
Coordination‐Driven Hierarchical Assembly of Silver Nanoparticles on MoS2 Nanosheets for Improved Lithium Storage
Authors: Pan Long , Liu Yi‐Tao , Xie Xu‐Ming , Zhu Xiao‐Dong
Published: March 2014

We report a novel strategy for the hierarchical assembly of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) on MoS2 nanosheets through coordination by using a multifunctional organic ligand. The presence of Ag NPs on the surface of MoS2 nanosheets inhibits their agglomeration, thereby providing increased interlayer spacing for easy Li+ ion intercalation. Such a unique hybrid architecture also ensures sufficient percolation pathways on the whole surface of the MoS2 nanosheets. Moreover, the high rigidity and low deformability of the Ag NPs effectively preserve the hybrid architecture during the charge–discharge process, which translates into a high cycle stability. A prominent synergistic effect between MoS2 and Ag is witnessed. When the Ag content is only 5 wt %, the Ag–MoS2 hybrid delivers a reversible capacity as high as 920 mA h g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1, making the Ag–MoS2 hybrid an attractive candidate for next‐generation LIBs.
Corncob hydrolysate, an efficient substrate for Monascus pigment production through submerged fermentation
Authors: Zhou Zhongxin , Yin Zheng , Hu Xiaoqing
Published: March 2014

Monascus pigment has traditionally been produced by the fermentation of Monascus using rice powder or glucose as a culture substrate. Submerged fermentation can produce stable Monascus pigment yield and control the accumulation of the by‐product, citrinin, which can then be more easily removed. To reduce the cost of Monascus submerged fermentation, the feasibility of corncob hydrolysate as an alternative substrate was investigated. Results showed that, when compared with a conventional glucose medium, the corncob hydrolysate medium produced an equivalent pigment yield without stimulating citrinin accumulation. Furthermore, the corncob hydrolysate medium and cultivation conditions were optimized to enhance pigment production and decrease citrinin synthesis. When Monascus sp. was cultured under dark conditions in the presence of caprylic acid, pigment production was increased to 25.8 ± 0.8 UA500/mL, which was higher than that achieved in a glucose medium (24.0 ± 0.9 UA500/mL), and those obtained in previously reported Monascus submerged fermentations using the same yield unit; on the other hand, citrinin accumulation was decreased to 26.2 ± 1.9 µg/L, which was significantly lower than that generated in the glucose control (44.3 ± 2.2 µg/L) and in those previously reported fermentations. Thus, corncob hydrolysate was proved to be an efficient alternative substrate for Monascus pigment production through submerged fermentation, which showed significant advantages over a conventional glucose substrate.
College to High School: Kentucky's Dual Enrollment Alternative
Authors: Stephenson Lisa G.
Published: March 2014

This chapter provides an overview of results from a recent qualitative study of two Middle College High Schools in Kentucky. The qualitative study utilized Rapid Assessment Process to identify essential elements needed to implement and maintain educational partnerships.