bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN SELF- AND CONSPECIFIC-PARASITIZED HOSTS IN THE APHID PARASITOIDPRAON PEQUODORUMVIERECK (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE)
Authors: Danyk T.P. , Mackauer M.
Published: November 2009

We evaluated host discrimination and oviposition restraint in the waspPraon pequodorumViereck, a solitary parasitoid of the pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris). In dichotomous preference tests, wasps attacked more unparasitized than equally available parasitized aphids, and more self-parasitized aphids than aphids parasitized by conspecific females. The conditional probability of a female laying an egg into an attacked aphid was independent of the host type. Host discrimination apparently involves a volatile and individual-specific pheromone marker. Females expecting to compete with other (conspecific) wasps for a limited host supply may ensure possession of the host by self superparasitism. Because host examination requires considerably more time than oviposition inP.pequodorum(and eggs contain few resources), it may be adaptive for a female to lay an egg in an examined host regardless of variations in host quality.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST AND FINAL INSTAR OF THE HEMLOCK LOOPERS LAMBDINA ATHASARIA (WALKER) AND LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA (GUENÉE) (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Grehan J.R. , Parker B.L. , Dearborn R.G.
Published: November 2009

Larvae of the hemlock loopers Lambdina athasaria (Walker) from Vermont and L. fiscellaria (Guenée) from Maine are described for color, chaetotaxy, and gross morphology of the head, body, and legs. Body color varies from pale white-grey to dark green-brown with pigmented sclerotized bands. Head capsule color varies from pale grey-white to dark brown, with dark sclerotized spots of variable size. Many L. fiscellaria larvae are a lighter color than L. athasaria, but no consistent differences were found. The chaetotaxy of micro- and macrosetae conforms to the Geometridae, but the lack of detailed descriptions for other Lambdina species precludes a generic diagnosis. The homology of setae L and SV in Geometridae requires further resolution, particularly with respect to the presence or absence of L3 and SV2.
SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF SPECIES AND CULTIVARS OF CANOLA AND MUSTARD TO INFESTATION BY ROOT MAGGOTS (DELIA SPP.) (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Dosdall L.M. , Herbut M.J. , Cowle N.T.
Published: November 2009

Four species of Cruciferae [canola species Brassica rapa L. and Brassica napus L., and mustard species Brassica juncea (L.) and Sinapis alba L.], and various cultivars of each species, were evaluated for susceptibilities to infestation by Delia spp. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) under field conditions in central Alberta, Canada. Susceptibility was measured throughout the season by recording numbers of eggs of Delia spp. laid on or near individual plants, and at the end of the season by a semi-quantitative determination of injury inflicted by larvae on taproots. Differences in susceptibility occurred among and within canola and mustard species. Plants of B. rapa were most susceptible to Delia spp.; both mean eggs per plant and mean damage ratings per plant on B. rapa significantly exceeded those of all other species studied. Intermediate susceptibility was observed for plants of B. napus and B. juncea; plants of S. alba were least susceptible. In general, differences in susceptibility were greater among species than among cultivars within species. Root damage generally correlated with oviposition among and within species, suggesting that the mechanism of resistance by cruciferous species to infestation by Delia spp. is antixenosis or nonpreference. Results of this study indicate that canola growers in regions infested annually by high population densities of Delia spp. should seed B. napus or B. juncea rather than B. rapa. However, if a short growing season necessitates seeding B. rapa, then growers should select the more resistant cultivars of this species.
METAMASIUS CALLIZONA (CHEVROLAT) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), AN IMMIGRANT PEST, DESTROYS BROMELIADS IN FLORIDA
Authors: Frank J.H. , Thomas M.C.
Published: November 2009

Metamasius callizona (Chevrolat), a previously obscure weevil species known from Mexico, Guatemala, and Panama, was discovered in Florida (USA) in 1989. In Mexico and Florida its larvae mine meristemmatic tissue and flower-stalks of epiphytic Tillandsia bromeliads, which they kill. In Florida, populations of Tillandsia utriculata L. are being decimated; the weevils also mine and kill introduced ornamental bromeliads of 12 other genera, including Ananas. Fruits of Ananas comosus (L.) (pineapple) are destroyed. Where they occur in southern Florida, populations of the weevil are now much greater than could be found in Mexico in July 1992. In Florida, M. callizona seems to breed throughout the year. Females deposit eggs singly into slits cut in leaf bases of the host-plants. Fully grown larvae pupate in a fibrous cocoon, and development time from oviposition to adult is approximately 11 weeks in the laboratory. No insect parasitoids of the weevil have been found, but Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) was found as a pathogen in Mexico.
ORIGIN AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE WEEVILS OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Anderson Robert S. , Peck Stewart B.
Published: November 2009

The naturally occurring weevil (Curculionidae) fauna of Dade and Monroe counties in southern Florida is composed of 100 genera and 222 species. Another 20 species are adventive; their presence is due to the unintentional action of humans. Twenty-eight species occur only on the islands of the Florida Keys, 118 species occur only on mainland south Florida, and 76 species are shared by the mainland and the islands. Greater habitat diversity on the mainland accounts for its higher species diversity. The species distributions and faunal affinities are 60% Nearctic and 40% Neotropical or West Indian. Thirty-five species are known to occur only in southern Florida. This probably reflects poor knowledge of their distribution in the Caribbean rather than southern Florida as an important site for species origin. Most of the weevil species (133; 60%) are habitat specific and few species (22; 10%) are found in three or more habitat types. Wetland-inhabiting species are predominant (76; 34%), followed by hardwood hammock species (47; 21%). Flightlessness in adults is uncommon (35 species; 16%), but more prevalent in the species endemic to southern Florida (12 species; 34%). Extrapolation from data on weevil diversity yields a conservative estimate of over 5000 species of insects in southern Florida.
EFFECTS OF APPLICATION DATE ON THE PERSISTENCE OF CLOFENTEZINE RESIDUES: IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT OF RESISTANCE IN THE EUROPEAN RED MITE
Authors: Marshall D.B. , Pree D.J. , McGarvey B.D. , Thistlewood H.M.A.
Published: November 2009

The effects of timing of applications on the persistence of chemical and biologically active residues of clofentezine were tested on apple foliage during two seasons. Residues from prebloom and petal fall applications were less persistent than those in mid-season. Early season applications were toxic to European red mite for 7–21 days but mid-season applications were toxic for as long as 50–62 days. Chemical residue losses were also faster in the early season. Persistence of chemical residues was related to the rate of leaf growth and expansion. In 1991, foliage area expanded 244% per week during the prebloom period, 23% per week at petal fall, and 10% per week in July (mid-season).In a field test, applications of clofentezine at petal fall reduced European red mite populations within 7 days and mite numbers remained below economic thresholds for 6 weeks.
METHOD TO QUANTIFY LEAF BEETLE CONSUMPTION OF LEAF DISKS USING IMAGE ANALYSIS
Authors: Kokko E.G. , Clerck-Floate R.A. De , Leggett F.L.
Published: November 2009

This study describes an image analysis method that reliably quantifies feeding damage by leaf beetle larvae (Altica spp.) to Canada thistle leaf disks. Quantification is objective, uncomplicated, precise, rapid, and usable with any image analyzer. Image analysis of dried, pressed leaf disks is not recommended, as the amount of shrinkage of the eaten area upon drying varies with the amount eaten. Analysis of fresh material is advised. Image analysis of fresh leaf disks will be a useful method of comparing rates of consumption of two Altica species, one of which is being considered as a new candidate for the biocontrol of Canada thistle, and also other insects with similar feeding habits.
EVALUATION OF AN OVIPOSITION TRAP FOR MONITORING EGG POPULATIONS OF DIABROTICA SPP. (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN FIELD CORN
Authors: Mulock Barbara S. , Ellis Cliff R. , Whitfield Gary H.
Published: November 2009

Traps consisting of open, cylindrical tins containing moistened clay aggregates were evaluated as field oviposition sites for corn rootworm, Diabrotica spp. Six trap features were investigated: clay aggregate size, water saturation level, trap opening, trap cover, trap volume, and trap position relative to corn plants. More eggs were recovered in traps containing clay aggregates ranging from 0.5 to 3.5 mm diameter compared with aggregates from 2.5 to 8.0 mm diameter. Saturation of the trap to 2.5 cm from the opening resulted in greater egg recovery compared with traps saturated to 6.0 cm from the opening. Covering the exposed surface of the trap with a metal ring and/or a corn leaf increased egg recovery in the field.

Oviposition traps were placed in four commercial corn fields in 1990 and three in 1991 to monitor egg populations. Egg recovery from traps and estimates of the absolute egg population in the soil were compared with densities of adult corn rootworm to predict larval damage on roots of corn planted the next year. In five fields, adult populations were above the current economic threshold of one beetle per plant. However, economic damage to roots occurred only in the field in which the most eggs were recovered from traps (226.6 eggs per trap) and soil samples (30.2 eggs per litre). Mean egg recovery per trap per field was correlated with mean damage ratings from untreated corn.
MONOTERPENE OVIPOSITION DETERRENTS FOR CABBAGE MAGGOTS, DELIA RADICUM (L.) (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Ntiamoah Yaw A. , Borden John H.
Published: November 2009

The cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (L.), is a major root-infesting pest of cruciferous crops (Davidson and Lyon 1979). Current control methods include soil drenches with fensulfothion, carbofuran, and chlopyrifos (Matthews-Geringer and Hough-Goldstein 1988). Partial deterrency of oviposition by cabbage maggots was achieved using turpentinesoaked stakes (Havukkala 1982), and 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamica cid, produced in the frass of a lepidopteran pest of cabbage (Jones et al. 1988). A blend of three monoterpenes (3-carene, limonene, and p-cymene) was found by Ntiamoah et al. (1996) to be the major oviposition deterrent for the onion maggot, Delia antiqua (Meigen), in a commercial pine oil, Norpine 65 (Northwest Petrochemicals, Annacortes, Washington). Our objectives were to evaluate this blend, and a more complex blend containing three additional constituents, as oviposition deterrents in the laboratory for the cabbage maggot.
OVIPOSITION AND FECUNDITY OF PINE FALSE WEBWORM (HYMENOPTERA: PAMPHILIIDAE)
Authors: Lyons D. Barry
Published: November 2009

Oviposition and fecundity of the pine false webworm, Acantholyda erythrocephala (L.), were investigated in the field and in controlled environments in the laboratory. Females mated and began ovipositing soon after emergence from the soil. Most eggs were mature and ready for deposition at female emergence. Potential fecundity of females at emergence from the ground was a linear function of adult wet or dry weight. However, a few eggs matured following emergence of the females from the soil. The amount of defoliation of the host plant caused by the sawfly in the previous year was inversely related to size and potential fecundity of emerging adults.

Realized fecundity was independent of temperature over the range of rearing temperatures examined. Mean realized fecundity at constant temperatures ranged from 32.9 eggs per female at 14.9°C to 42.0 eggs per female at 26.6°C. These differences were not statistically significant. Oviposition and ageing rates were temperature dependent. Average female longevity ranged from 27 days at 14.9°C to 6.6 days at 26.6°C. Females were diurnal and oviposition occurred during daylight hours. Oviposition pattern of the sawfly was described by a model based on temperature-dependent oviposition and ageing-rate functions. The model accurately predicted female survival and egg deposition in an outdoor insectory. However, predicted oviposition pattern of natural populations was delayed when compared with the observed pattern and may have resulted from microclimatic effects or inaccuracy of the model at low temperatures.
PHOTOPERIODISM AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF AN APHID, MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE (THOMAS), IN OILSEED FLAX
Authors: Lamb R.J. , Wise I.L. , MacKay P.A.
Published: November 2009

The potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Homoptera: Aphididae), is a host-alternating species and an important pest of Canadian flax. Populations of this aphid are highest in flax when the weather is warm and dry in July. Field-plot studies show that populations of the potato aphid increase rapidly in late July and early August and decline rapidly in mid-August. In some years potato aphids die because of a fungal epizootic or drought-induced senescence of the crop, but usually these factors do not account for the population decline. Field cage studies show that the potato aphid emigrates from the crop in mid-August. The photoperiodic response of the potato aphid and resulting emigration explain the population decline in flax, which occurs in mid-August each year regardless of the growth stage of the crop, population density, or average temperature at the time of the photoperiodic cue. Male and mating female potato aphids, born at the end of August, have time to develop, mate, and lay eggs before temperatures drop below the developmental threshold. The population decline assures that farmers need not sample or control the potato aphid in flax after mid-August.
EFFECT OF RH-5992, A NONSTEROIDAL ECDYSONE AGONIST, ON THE SPRUCE BUDWORM,CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA(LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): LABORATORY, GREENHOUSE, AND GROUND SPRAY TRIALS
Authors: Retnakaran A. , Smith L.F.R. , Tomkins W.L. , Primavera M.J. , Palli S.R. , Payne N. , Jobin L.
Published: November 2009

Ingestion of 0.1 μg of RH-5992, tebufenozide, by early 6th instar larvae of the spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana(Clem.), prior to the appearance of the ecdysone peak in the hemolymph, resulted in the induction of a precocious incomplete moult that was lethal. The larvae stopped feeding within 8 h post ingestion and remained quiescent just as they do in preparation for a normal moult. Head capsule slippage started at 12 h post ingestion, became pronounced by 24 h, and by 48 h an untanned new head capsule was visible behind the old one. The lack of tanning of the new cuticle was due to the failure of dopadecarboxylase gene expression. Although the old cuticle was loose around the entire body, indicating that apolysis had occurred, there was no evidence of ecdysis of the old cuticle, suggesting that eclosion hormone was probably not released. Earlier instars required a lower dose than the later ones to elicit an "all or none" type of moulting response. The most effective routes of entry were by intrahemocoelic injection, followed by ingestion. Topical application was effective only when nonaqueous carriers such as acetone or dimethyl sulfoxide were used. The larvae were unable to discriminate between treated and untreated diet over a 48-h period. The transcription factor,Choristoneurahormone receptor 3, which is normally expressed at the onset of the hemolymph ecdysone peak, was expressed in the epidermis 1 h post ingestion of RH-5992, reached a peak level by 3 h, and became undetectable by 24 h, confirming that this analogue acts through the ecdysone receptor system. Greenhouse tests using potted white spruce trees sprayed with RH-5992 and colonized with 4th-instar spruce budworm indicated that field dosages of 35, 70, 140, and 280 g/ha would all be effective. Ground spray trials conducted in a spruce budworm infested white spruce stand in Zee Casault, Gaspé, Quebec, using a backpack sprayer showed that ≥ 70 g/ha of RH-5992 reduced the insect population by 100% with very little defoliation and was better than Chlorfluazuron®(an analogue of the chitin synthesis inhibitor, diflubenzuron or Dimilin®) treatment, which was used as a positive control. The unique mode of action of this ecdysone agonist and its effectiveness as an environmentally benign control agent for the spruce budworm are discussed.
DENSITY AND PUPATION SITE OF APTEROUS FEMALE BAGWORMS, METISA PLANA (LEPIDOPTERA: PSYCHIDAE), INFLUENCE THE DISTRIBUTION OF EMERGENT LARVAE
Authors: Rhainds Marc , Gries Gerhard , Saleh Ahmad
Published: November 2009

In an oil palm plantation in northeast Sumatra, Indonesia, we tested the hypotheses that selection of pupation site by female bagworms, Metisa plana (Walker), influences the distribution of emergent larvae, and that intertree dispersal by larvae is density dependant. Similar intratree distributions of empty female pupal cases and early instars and significant regressions between numbers of female pupal cases and larvae per leaf for 36 out of 39 palms indicated that larvae generally remain on the same leaf where they emerged. Proportions of early instars per female pupal case decreased with increasing densities of female pupal cases per tree and were greater on trees surrounding most heavily infested palms, suggesting that intertree dispersal of early instars is density dependent. Interspecific comparisons of life history constraints between M. plana and the allopatric bagworm Oiketicus kirbyi (Guilding) reveal different selective pressures that may have converged and favoured the development of an identical life history trait.
MARKING THE PACKAGE OR ITS CONTENTS: HOST DISCRIMINATION AND ACCEPTANCE IN THE ECTOPARASITOID DENDROCERUS CARPENTERI (HYMENOPTERA: MEGASPILIDAE)
Authors: Chow Andrew , Mackauer Manfred
Published: November 2009

Dendrocerus carpenteri (Curtis) was reared in the laboratory on prepupae of Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) developing in pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). To test alternative hypotheses about host-marking behaviour and discrimination, we transferred unparasitized and previously parasitized A. ervi prepupae from donor to recipient mummies, which were either "unparasitized" or "parasitized." Females accepted already parasitized hosts within unparasitized mummies, but they rejected unparasitized hosts within previously parasitized mummies. Host discrimination was not influenced by self and conspecific parasitism. Eggs were frequently placed directly on the mummy shell, rather than on the primary parasitoid, or on dummies made from dental wax. Prepupae removed from their mummy shell were not accepted for oviposition. We propose that the "search template" of D. carpenteri is defined, primarily, by the aphid mummy, which is being marked with a contact pheromone after oviposition.
NATURAL MORTALITY OF THE GYPSY MOTH ALONG A GRADIENT OF INFESTATION
Authors: Nealis V.G. , Roden P.M. , Ortiz D.A.
Published: November 2009

Natural mortality of gypsy moth [Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)] eggs, larvae, and pupae was examined at several locations along a gradient of infestation in Ontario, Canada. Most mortality of eggs was the result of exposure to winter weather. This mortality was mitigated in egg masses located near ground level where they benefited from snow cover. At least six species of parasitoids were found attacking gypsy moth larvae and pupae. The most common species were present in the same rank order of abundance at all sites. Identified pathogens were also present in most sites but their relative abundance varied greatly. The mycopathogen Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu & Soper (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) was found at all sites and usually was responsible for the highest levels of observed, single-source mortality at the site.
EMERGENCE OF IPS PINI AND HYLURGOPS POROSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) FROM DUFF AT THE BASE OF LODGEPOLE PINES (PINACEAE) KILLED BY MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Safranyik L. , Linton D.A. , Shore T.L.
Published: November 2009

Lodgepole pines, Pinus contorta var. contorta Engelmann, killed by mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, are often subsequently infested by other scolytid species (Safranyik et al. 1996). Ips pini (Say) breeds in the phloem region of the main bole and larger branches in areas not occupied by mountain pine beetle. Adults emerge in the fall and drop to overwinter in the duff near the bases of their brood trees (Safranyik et al. 1996). Hylurgops porosus (LeConte) infests lodgepole pine (Keen 1952; Bright 1976) stumps or severely weakened trees near the root collar and in large roots (Wood 1982). We examined the pattern of emergence of I. pini and H. porosus from the duff around infested trees to describe changes in density over distance from the trees.
DOSE-DEPENDENT AND SPECIES-SPECIFIC RESPONSES OF PINE BARK BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) TO MONOTERPENES IN ASSOCIATION WITH PHEROMONES
Authors: Miller Daniel R. , Borden John H.
Published: November 2009

Monoterpenes affected the attraction of three sympatric species of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to pheromone-baited multiple-funnel traps in stands of lodgepole pine. Catches of Ips pini (Say) in traps baited with its pheromone, ipsdienol, were directly related to the release rates of 3-carene, β-phellandrene, and β-pinene. Catches of Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins in traps baited with exo-brevicomin and cis- and trans-verbenol were directly related to the release rates of 3-carene, myrcene, and β-phellandrene. Ips latidens (LeConte) exhibited preferences for traps baited with ipsenol and β-phellandrene or β-pinene but not in a dose-dependent fashion. Catches of I. latidens in traps baited with its pheromone, ipsenol, were inversely proportional to the release rates of 3-carene, myrcene, and terpinolene. Similarly, catches of I. pini in traps baited with its pheromone, ipsdienol, were inversely proportional to the release rates of myrcene and terpinolene. These results demonstrate a degree of species specificity among three phloeophagous species with respect to preferred host odours. The bark beetle predators–associates Lasconotus complex LeConte (Coleoptera: Colydiidae) and Corticeus Piller and Mitterpacher sp. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) demonstrated some measure of specificity to monoterpenes in their responses to ipsdienol-baited funnel traps. γ-Terpinene increased attraction of L. complex but had no effect on Corticeus sp., whereas α- and β-pinene increased attraction of Corticeus sp. but had no effect on L. complex.
EFFECTS OF LARVAL AGE ON SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SPODOPTERA LITURA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) TO SPODOPTERA LITURA MULTIPLE NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS
Authors: Monobrullah M.D. , Nagata Masao
Published: November 2009

Susceptibility of many insects to baculoviruses decreases with host development (Hochberg 1991), whereas the time required for infected hosts to die increases with larval age (Boucias et al. 1980; Bucher and Turnock 1983; Smits and Vlak 1988). The actual mechanism of this phenomenon, however, has not been established in many cases. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of larval age on the susceptibility of Spodoptera litura Fabricius to nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) through oral and intrahaemocoelic routes of infection.
A NEW SPECIES OF NEUROCORDULIA (ODONATA: ANISOPTERA: CORDULIIDAE) FROM EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Brunelle Paul-Michael
Published: November 2009

The new species Neurocordulia michaelisp.nov. from New Brunswick and Maine differs from other northeastern species in the genus in its short mesotibial keel and from all congeners in the great width of its abdomen. The species is obligate crepuscular and can be locally abundant at its riverine habitat. Larvae of the species have the lowest dorsal spines in the genus and cling to the underside of rocks in rapids.
FIVE GENERA OF NEW-WORLD “SHOVEL-HEADED” AND “SPOON-BILL” LEAFHOPPERS (HEMIPTERA: CICADELLIDAE: DORYCEPHALINI AND HECALINI)
Authors: Hamilton K.G.A.
Published: November 2009

New-world leafhoppers with strongly flattened heads are here assigned to three tribes: Deltocephalini (six genera), Dorycephalini (two genera), and Hecalini (seven genera). Revised keys are presented to the new-world genera, and 44 new-world species of the Nearctic generaAttenuipygaOman (Dorycephalini) andNeohecalusLinnavuori, the Holarctic generaHecalusStål andMemnoniaBall, and the widespread new-world genusSpangbergiellaSignoret (Hecalini). In Dorycephalini,Attenuipyga(with subgenusDorycaraEmeljanov,stat.nov.) has nine species, includingAttenuipyga(s.s.)joyceaesp.nov. from Manitoba andDorycephalus sinuatusBeamer, 1942b=Dorycephalus minorOsborn, 1920,syn.nov. In Hecalini, 10 species inHecalus, 3 inNeohecalus, and 15 inMemnoniaare recognized, including 20 species formerly inParabolocratusFieber, plusHecalus finnamoreisp.nov.,Neohecalus magnificussp.nov.,Memnonia anthalopussp.nov.,Memnonia maiasp.nov., andMemnonia panzerisp.nov. from the northern prairies andMemnonia leptaleasp.nov. from the Gulf states.Parabolocratus continuusDeLong, 1938 andParabolocratus planusShaw, 1932 are reduced to subspecific status inHecalus montanus, and three names are synonymized:Parabolocratus inflatusDeLong, 1938 =Hecalus montanus(Ball, 1900);Parabolocratus rotundusDeLong, 1938 =Hecalus major(Osborn, 1915); andParabolocratus elongatusDeLong, 1938 =Memnonia grandis(Shaw, 1932)syn.nov.
TROPHIC INTERACTION BETWEEN SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) AND SPRING WHEAT: IMPLICATIONS FOR YIELD AND SEED QUALITY
Authors: Lamb R.J. , Tucker J.R. , Wise I.L. , Smith M.A.H.
Published: November 2009

Larvae of the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), feed on developing seeds of common and durum wheats, Triticum aestivum L. and Triticum durum L. (Graminae). The trophic relationships between insect and plant were quantified as biomass gains or losses using plants infested artificially in the laboratory and naturally in plots and commercial fields. The biomass of seeds from different parts of a wheat spike varied, but seeds in all parts of a spike were infested, independently of their potential biomass. Most infested seeds had 1–3 larvae, but at least 11 larvae could mature on a single seed without reducing larval biomass. When larvae finished feeding and seeds attained about one third of their biomass, specific impact varied from 4.1 to 8.5 mg of seed biomass lost for each milligram of biomass gained by a larva, with the impact declining as the number of larvae per seed increased. Specific impact rose to 100 mg/mg as seeds of T. aestivum and a primitive wheat, Triticum monococcum L., matured, and higher still for T. durum. Wheat plants did not compensate for wheat midge damage, and no indirect damage to uninfested seeds was detected. The distribution of biomass for infested seeds was bimodal, with over 40% less than 8 mg when hand harvested, whereas infested seeds harvested mechanically had a unimodal distribution, with nearly all of the most severely damaged seeds removed during harvest. A visual rating system of six damage categories was related to the biomass of the seeds. The germination and early growth rate of infested seeds were reduced compared with those of uninfested seeds. Based on the biomass relationships for the insect–plant interaction and the visual rating of damage, high-protein number 1 grade common and durum wheat and number 1 grade durum wheat can tolerate up to 6% of the seeds being infested by larvae, before downgrading is likely. For other grades, the economic threshold is 10% of the seeds infested, based on yield loss. Seed growers can adopt the threshold for number 1 wheat (6% infestation) to prevent downgrading, which would also reduce the effects of infestation on seed germination to an acceptable level.
STATUS OF AGENIASPIS FUSCICOLLIS (HYMENOPTERA: ENCRYTIDAE), AN INTRODUCED PARASITOID OF THE APPLE ERMINE MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: YPONOMEUTIDAE)
Authors: Cossentine J.E. , Kuhlmann U.
Published: November 2009

The apple ermine moth, Yponomeuta malinellus Zeller, is a univoltine pest species that defoliates apple, Malus domestics (Borkh) (Rosaceae), in the temperate region of the Palaearctic. First instars overwinter within a communal hibernaculum beneath the covering of the egg batch (Kock 1998). In spring, larvae emerge to initially mine apple leaves and subsequently feed externally within a communal tent (Menken et al. 1992). During heavy infestations, the communal tents may envelop the entire apple tree, resulting in total defoliation (Parker and Schmidt 1985). There have been several accidental introductions and subsequent eradications of the apple ermine moth in eastern North America (Hewitt 1917; Parker and Schmidt 1985) but, by 1989, the pest was found in the Fraser River Valley in British Columbia, in Whatcom county, Washington, and in northwestern Oregon (Antonelli 1991; Unruh et al. 1993).
Resistance against Pissodes strobi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in severed leaders and in a water-soluble bark extract of Picea sitchensis (Pinaceae): evidence for a post-ingestive mode of action
Authors: Sahota T.S. , Manville J.F. , Hollmann J. , Leal I. , Ibaraki A. , White E.
Published: November 2009

The levels of ovarian growth and transcription of the vitellogenin gene were compared in Pissodes strobi Peck (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) feeding on severed leaders from susceptible and resistant Picea sitchensis (Bong) Carr (Pinaceae) and in weevils given a dose of an aqueous extract from the bark of such leaders. A force-feeding method was developed to deliver the extracts into the alimentary canal of the weevils. Weevils given one dose of the aqueous extract from resistant leaders, followed by feeding on sections of laterals from susceptible trees, exhibited a 60% inhibition of oocyte growth relative to insects given the extract from susceptible leaders. In similar experiments, transcription of the vitellogenin gene of the weevils was inhibited by about 48%. Transcription of the vitellogenin gene was reduced by about 60% in weevils feeding on the severed leaders from the resistant clone relative to those feeding on severed leaders from susceptible trees. Results indicate that these effects of resistance do not require an intact tree. Experiments using extracts show that the observed effects result from a post-ingestive effect of the extract.
Influence of diet on development and oviposition of Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera: Forficulidae)
Authors: Berleur Ghislain , Gingras Jean , Tourneur Jean-Claude
Published: November 2009

In North America, the life cycle of the European earwig (Forficula auricularia L.) can be divided into a nesting phase (hypogean phase) and a free-foraging phase (epigean phase) (Crumb et al. 1941; Behura 1956; Lamb and Wellington 1975). Adults spend the nesting phase in the soil; females burrow into the ground at the onset of the cold weather, lay eggs, and then care for the eggs. Hatching occurs in spring; first- or second-instar nymphs move to the soil surface for the free-foraging period. The earwig, a nocturnal insect, spends the entire daylight period of hiding under trash or in dark crevices. Where two broods occur, females reenter the ground a second time (Lamb and Wellington 1975). Stomach content analyses (Crumb et al. 1941; Sunderland and Vickerman 1980) and food preference tests (McLeod and Chant 1952; Buxton and Madge 1976) revealed that the European earwig is omnivorous. Under laboratory conditions, nymphs fed freshly frozen aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), survive better than those fed green algae or carrots, develop faster, and produce heavier females (Phillips 1981; Carrillo 1985).
Immature stages of the gallerDiplolepis triforma(Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) with comments on the role of its prepupa
Authors: Shorthouse Joseph D. , Leggo Jonathan J.
Published: November 2009

Sections of stem galls induced byDiplolepis triformaShorthouse and Ritchie obtained by plant histological techniques were used to examine anatomical features of immature stages of the insect foundin situ. First-instar larvae feed over the entire surface of larval chambers, whereas maturing larvae feed only at one end of the chambers. Last-instar larvae undergo two phases of development: feeding occurs in the first phase, whereas in the second, or prepupal phase, feeding has ceased, the mid- and hind-guts become joined, contents of the gut are voided, and compound eyes, gonads, and internal ovipositional apparatus begin to differentiate. The prepupal phase also consists of two phases: the first occurs in the fall and winter, and the second occurs in the spring prior to pupation. The spring phase exhibits external adult features within the integument of the last-instar and moults to the pupa. Sections of some maturing larvae contained endoparasitoid larvae of the genusOrthopelmaTaschenberg (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae).
Sex pheromone and diel periodicity of Cydia strobilella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) pheromonal communication
Authors: Bédard C. , Gries R. , Gries G. , Bennett R.
Published: November 2009

The sex pheromone of the spruce seed moth, Cydia strobilella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), has not yet been identified, but several chemicals were found to be attractive to males (reviewed by Grant et al. 1989). E8-Dodecenyl acetate (E8-12:OAc) at 0.3-3.0 μg doses was the only effective attractant for males in field experiments in British Columbia, Ontario, and Newfoundland (Grant et al. 1989). Our objectives were to (i) confirm that female C. strobilella produce E8-12:OAc as a pheromone component, (ii) determine whether females produce additional pheromone components, and (iii) investigate the die1 periodicity of pheromonal communication.
Stroke in neurological services in Italy
Authors: De Falco Fabrizio Antonio , Leone Maurizio A. , Beghi Ettore
Published: November 2009

o assess the stroke workload of Italian neurological services and to correlate it with indicators of each hospital’s emergency setting. A semi-structured questionnaire was sent to the 220 neurology units (NU) located in hospitals with an emergency room (ER) (155 responders, 71%). Stroke was the most common discharge diagnosis (29%) (273 patients/year/NU on average) and condition requiring consultation in ER (28%). A stroke unit was available in 28% of NU, bedside monitors in 45%, a 24 hour/day and 7 day/week (24/7) CT scan in 90%, a 24/7-MRI in 32%, a 24/7 on-duty neurologist in 36%. The stroke workload was correlated only with the number of ER consultations per year, and marginally to the presence of stroke units and the number of monitored beds in the univariate, but not in the multivariate analysis. The stroke workload in Italian NU is very high, but is largely unrelated to their structural and functional characteristics, in contrast with the international indications requiring several essential criteria for the best hospital management of all stroke patients.
Novel Enantioselective Sequentially Rhodium(I)/BINAP‐ Catalyzed Cycloisomerization–Hydrogenation–Isomerization– Acetalization (CIHIA)
Authors: Körber Nadine , Rominger Frank , Müller Thomas J. J.
Published: November 2009

Linear, easily accessible alkyl and (hetero)aryl‐substituted alkynyl allyl alcohols are readily and enantioselectively transformed into 2,7‐dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes by a sequential rhodium‐catalyzed process. Based on the initial cycloisomerization, the in situ generated rhodium(I)‐BINAP complex enables a subsequent reduction with hydrogen and the transformation into bicyclic frameworks.
7,8‐Dihydro‐4H‐cyclohepta[b]furan (thiophene) skeleton from furyl (thiophene)‐derived tertiary allylic alcohols
Authors: Kula Jozef , Balawejder Maciej , Bonikowski Radoslaw , Sikora Magdalena
Published: November 2009

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2,6‐Dimethyl‐7,8‐dihydro‐4H‐cyclohepta[b]furan and 2,6‐dimethyl‐7,8‐dihydro‐4H‐cyclohepta[b]thiophene were prepared by direct cyclization of 3‐methyl‐5‐(5‐methylfuran‐2‐yl)‐pent‐1‐en‐3‐ol and 3‐methyl‐5‐(5‐methyltiophen‐2‐yl)‐pent‐1‐en‐3‐ol, respectively. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Solvent‐free route to β‐enamino dichloromethyl ketones and application in the synthesis of novel 5‐dichloromethyl‐1H‐pyrazoles
Authors: Martins Marcos A. P. , Peres Rodrigo L. , Frizzo Clarissa P. , Scapin Elisandra , Moreira Dayse N. , Fiss Gabriela F. , Zanatta Nilo , Bonacorso Helio G.
Published: November 2009

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An efficient procedure to prepare a series of five 4‐amino‐1,1‐dichloro‐3‐penten‐2‐ones [CHCl2C(O)CHC(Me)NR1R2, where R1/R2 = H/Ph, H/Bn, H/CH2CH2OH, (CH2)4,(CH2)2O(CH2)2] from the solvent‐free reaction of 1,1‐dichloro‐4‐methoxy‐3‐penten‐2‐one with primary and secondary amines is reported. 1,1‐Dichloro‐4‐methoxy‐3‐penten‐2‐one was reacted with hydrazine hydrochloride, phenylhydrazine hydrochloride and semicarbazide hydrochloride to obtain 5‐dichloromethyl‐3‐methylpyrazoles. Aminoguanidine hydrochloride and 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride were also reacted with 1,1‐dichloro‐4‐methoxy‐3‐penten‐2‐one to obtain 5‐dichloromethyl‐3‐methylpyrazoline and 5‐dichloromethyl‐1,2,3‐trimethyl pyrazolium chloride, respectively. All cyclocondensation reactions were performed in one‐pot procedures. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
A new and efficient approach to the synthesis of nicotine and anabasine analogues
Authors: Huang Kun , Ortiz‐Marciales Margarita , De Jesús Melvin , Stepanenko Viatcheslav
Published: November 2009

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A straightforward and practical approach was established for the synthesis of nicotine and anabasine analogues by the cyclization of mesylated 1‐(3‐pyridinyl)‐1,4, and 1,5‐diol derivatives to form the pyrrolidino or piperidino fragments. Nicotine analogue (S)‐15was prepared with good enantioselectivity using the developed azacyclization procedure of nonracemic (R)‐1‐pyridin‐3‐yl‐butane‐1,4‐diol, which was obtained by the borane‐mediated reduction of ketone12in the presence of the spiroborate ester derived from diphenyl prolinol and ethylene glycol. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Synthesis of 4‐substituted 2‐(4‐methylpiperazino)pyrimidines and quinazoline analogs as serotonin 5‐HT2A receptor ligands
Authors: Saczewski Jaroslaw , Paluchowska Aldona , Klenc Jeffrey , Raux Elizabeth , Barnes Samuel , Sullivan Shannon , Duszynska Beata , Bojarski Andrzej J. , Strekowski Lucjan
Published: November 2009

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The addition reaction of lithium reagents to the 4 position of 2‐chloropyrimidine or 2‐chloroquinazoline followed by oxidation of the resultant dihydro intermediate product is a powerful tool for the synthesis of 4‐substituted 2‐chloropyrimidines or 2‐chloroquinazolines. 4‐Vinyl derivatives undergo a conjugate nucleophilic addition across the vinyl group. A nucleophilic displacement of chloride in 4‐substituted 2‐chloropyrimidines or 2‐chloroquinazolines by treatment with 4‐methylpiperazine provides compounds that are antagonists of the serotonin 5‐HT2A receptor. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
An efficient, three‐component synthesis of spiro[benzo[g]chromene‐4,3′‐indoline]‐3‐carbonitrile and spiro[indoline‐3,5′‐pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidine]‐6′‐carbonitrile derivatives
Authors: Ghahremanzadeh Ramin , Amanpour Tayebeh , Bazgir Ayoob
Published: November 2009

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Spiro[benzo[g]chromene‐4,3′‐indoline]‐3‐carbonitriles and spiro[indoline‐3,5′‐pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidine]‐6′‐carbonitriles were synthesized via a three‐component reaction of isatins, 2‐hydroxynaphthalene‐1,4‐dione or 2‐methylpyrimidine‐4,6‐diol, and malononitrile in aqueous media. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Three‐component one‐pot synthesis of pyrimidinone derivatives in fluorous media: Ytterbium bis(perfluorooctanesulfonyl)imide complex catalyzed Biginelli‐type reaction
Authors: Hong Mei , Cai Chun
Published: November 2009

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The condensation of aromatic aldehyde, cyclopentanone, and urea or thiourea in the presence of Ytterbium bis(perfluorooctanesulfonyl)imide complex in perfluorodecalin was used to synthesize a variety of benzylidene heterobicyclic pyrimidinones in excellent yields. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Synthesis and antibacterial activity of novel pyridine and pyrazine derivatives obtained from amidoximes
Authors: Gobis Katarzyna , Foks Henryk , Kędzia Anna , Wierzbowska Maria , Zwolska Zofia
Published: November 2009

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The new pyridine, 4‐pyridine N‐oxide and pyrazine derivatives exhibiting an antibacterial activity have been synthesized. Amidoximes were transformed into N‐hydroxyimidoyl chlorides and then into appropriate oximes. Upon treatment of pyridinecaboxamidoximes with methyl iodide 1‐methylpyridynium iodides were formed. Reaction of amidoximes with various carbamoyl chlorides led to corresponding 5‐aminocarbonyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazoles. Some of carboxamides have undergone thermal decarboxylation to tertiary amines. The newly synthesized compounds were tested in vitro for their tuberculostatic activity. MIC of the most active compound 9 was 12.5 μg/mL for H37Rv strain. Their activity towards 25 strains of anaerobic and 25 strains of aerobic bacteria was also studied. Derivative 18 was active against both aerobic and anaerobic types of the bacteria. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
The arylimines of 2,4‐dioxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidine‐5‐carbaldehyde: Synthesis and their application in 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction
Authors: Osyda Dominika , Motyka Radosław , Walczak Krzysztof Z.
Published: November 2009

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A number of aldimines have been obtained in very good yield in reaction of 5‐formyl‐1,3‐dimethyluracil with various substituted anilines in boiling methanol. Selected aldimines were treated with nitrile oxides generated from 4‐chlorobenzaldoxime or 4‐methylbenzaldoxime forming the appropriate 1,3‐cycloadducts in moderate yields. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Cadmium–carbon wavenumber analysis using B3LYP level theory calculations in investigations of dimethylcadmium decomposition
Authors: Kim Young Seok , Won Yong Sun , Omenetto Nicoló , Anderson Timothy J.
Published: November 2009

Computational chemistry has been widely used to understand homogeneous reactions and to support spectroscopy analysis. Thus, it is a useful tool to understand gas‐phase dynamics of metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). In this study, we report that the basis set selection possibly results in unequivocal peak assignment in Raman spectroscopy, especially when an effective core potential (ECP) is employed. The basis set selection for the decompositionof dimethylcadmium (DMCd), for example, was examined using five different ECPs (i.e. CRENBS, CRENBL, SDD, LanL2DZ and SBKJC for Cd atom combined with STO‐3G, 3‐21G, 6‐31G(d), 6‐311G(d) and 6‐311++G(2d,2p) for C and H atoms). The analyses demonstrated that the SDD/STO‐3G/3‐21G combination for Cd/C/H atoms best reproduce the experimentally reported CdC vibrational stretching modes of Cd(CH3)2 (DMCd) and •CdCH3 (MMCd). Although the SDD/STO‐3G/3‐21G combination consists of simple and basic basis sets, we found that a good potential balance between metal (Cd) and auxiliary (C) atoms is essential to estimate frequencies suitable for spectroscopy analysis computationally. The same combination of basis set was then used to examine other possible reaction steps, and Raman experiments successfully detected one of the suggested intermediates of (CdCH3)2. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Novel Method to Fabricate Silicon Nanowire p–n Junctions by a Combination of Ion Implantation and in-situ Doping
Authors: Kanungo PratyushDas , Kögler Reinhard , Werner Peter , Gösele Ulrich , Skorupa Wolfgang
Published: November 2009

We demonstrate a novel method to fabricate an axial p–n junction inside <111> oriented short vertical silicon nanowires grown by molecular beam epitaxy by combining ion implantation with in-situ doping. The lower halves of the nanowires were doped in-situ with boron (concentration ~1018cm−3), while the upper halves were doubly implanted with phosphorus to yield a uniform concentration of 2 × 1019 cm−3. Electrical measurements of individually contacted nanowires showed excellent diode characteristics and ideality factors close to 2. We think that this value of ideality factors arises out of a high rate of carrier recombination through surface states in the native oxide covering the nanowires.
Impact of Saturated, Polyunsaturated and Monounsaturated Fatty Acid‐Rich Micelles on Lipoprotein Synthesis and Secretion in Caco‐2 Cells
Authors: Jackson Kim G. , Bateman Paul A. , Yaqoob Parveen , Williams Christine M.
Published: November 2009

Meal fatty acids have been shown to modulate the size and composition of triacylglycerol (TAG)‐rich lipoproteins influencing the magnitude and duration of the postprandial plasma TAG response. As a result there is considerable interest in the origin of these meal fatty‐acid induced differences in particle composition. Caco‐2 cells were incubated over 4 days with fatty acid mixtures resembling the composition of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)‐rich meals fed in a previous postprandial study to determine their impact on lipoprotein synthesis and secretion. The MUFA‐ and PUFA‐rich mixtures supported greater intracellular TAG, but not cholesterol accumulation compared with the SFA‐rich mixture (P < 0.001). The MUFA‐rich mixture promoted significantly greater TAG and cholesterol secretion than the other mixtures and significantly more apolipoprotein B‐100 secretion than the PUFA‐rich mixture (P < 0.05). Electron microscopy revealed the SFA‐rich mixture had led to unfavourable effects on cellular morphology, compared with the unsaturated fatty acid‐rich mixtures. Our findings suggest the MUFA‐rich mixture, may support the formation of a greater number of TAG‐rich lipoproteins, which is consistent with indirect observations from our human study. Our electron micrographs are suggestive that some endocytotic uptake of MUFA‐rich taurocholate micelles may promote greater lipoprotein synthesis and secretion in Caco‐2 cells.
Long‐term depression of pain‐related cerebral activation in healthy man: An fMRI study
Authors: Rottmann Silke , Jung Kerstin , Vohn René , Ellrich Jens
Published: November 2009

Electrical low‐frequency stimulation (LFS) of cutaneous afferents reliably induces long‐term depression (LTD) of nociception and pain in man. In this study LFS effects on cerebral activation were investigated by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

In 17 healthy volunteers, nociceptive fibers of right hand dorsum were electrically stimulated via a concentric electrode. Test stimulation sessions consisted of three alternating stimulation periods and rest periods. They were performed before (Pre) and after (Post) conditioning LFS (1200 stimuli, 1 Hz) or 20 min break (Control). Volunteers rated sensory and affective pain perception.

Before LFS, test stimulation produced activation in bilateral primary and secondary somatosensory cortex (S1, S2), insula, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), superior temporal cortex (STG), prefrontal cortex and right inferior parietal lobule (IPL). After LFS, exclusively right IPL was activated. Contrast between Pre and Post LFS indicated significant activity decrease in bilateral S1, S2, and ACC and right insula, IPL, and STG. Pre Control and Pre LFS were not different. Activity in Control experiments remained unchanged. Sensory and affective pain rating solely decreased after LFS. Subsequent regression analysis showed significant correlation between pain relief and increased activity after LFS in ACC, anterior insula, striatum, frontal and temporal cortex.

The study revealed LTD of pain‐related cerebral activation, involving sensory, affective, cognitive, and attentional processes. Positive correlation between pain relief and increased brain activation after LFS may indicate involvement of endogenous pain control mechanisms in LTD. These experiments may help to judge the potency of LTD for future chronic pain treatment.