bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Liana litter decomposes faster than tree litter in a multispecies and multisite experiment
Authors: Roeder Mareike , Dossa Gbadamassi G. O. , Cornelissen J. Hans C. , Yang Xiaodong , Nakamura Akihiro , Tomlinson Kyle W.
Published: July 2022

Lianas account for a small fraction of forest biomass, but their contribution to leaf or litter biomass and thus to food webs can be substantial. Globally liana exhibit fast life‐history traits. Thus, liana litter may decompose faster than tree litter, and could enhance the decomposition of tree litter (complementarity effect). The differences in decomposition may also vary with mesofauna access or across forest communities. The contribution of these factors to nutrient biogeochemical cycling is poorly understood.

We examined the decomposition of litter of 20 liana and 20 tree species of three different tropical forest communities in southern China, over 1 year. (i) We incubated the litter in bags with coarse and fine mesh to distinguish mesofaunal and microfaunal effects. (ii) We used single‐species litter bags to compare decomposition rates of lianas and trees, to test which functional traits best explained decomposition, and whether those traits differed between lianas and trees, and among forest types. (iv) We used mixed‐species litter bags to test whether liana litter enhances decomposition in litter mixtures. (v) We evaluated how leaf litter nutrients decayed in relation to litter mass.

Litter decayed faster in coarse‐mesh than fine‐mesh bags, but there was no interaction effect with forest type or growth form. Liana litter decayed faster than tree litter in single‐species bags with mesofauna access and in mixed bags (liana‐only mix, tree‐only mix) without mesofauna. Lianas had higher nitrogen content and specific leaf area and lower leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and toughness than trees. Decomposition rate was significantly negatively related to LDMC. Litter of evergreen broadleaved forest decomposed slower than that of other forest types. Liana litter did not enhance the decomposition of tree litter in mixtures. Liana litter released calcium slightly faster than trees.

Synthesis: Leaf litter decomposes faster for lianas than trees, despite high variability of traits and decomposition rates within each growth form and overlap between growth forms, and we found no evidence for the complementarity hypothesis. Our study sheds light on the potential role of lianas within brown food webs and their importance on terrestrial biogeochemistry.
Exploring melting behaviours of different cheese products by structural characteristics and rheological properties
Authors: Fu Wei , Yano Hiroyuki
Published: July 2022

The melting behaviours of three types of commercial melting cheeses were compared. Melting natural cheese (MNC) and melting processed cheese (MPC) showed great meltability and stretchability, while melting vegan cheese (MVC) showed little meltability or stretchability. In the dynamic viscoelastic test performed by a temperature sweep, MNC and MPC showed flow characteristics, whereas MVC showed solidity. In the electron micrographs, MNC and MPC held extensible structures, whereas large cracks appeared in MVC This study was designed to contribute a methodology that helps to understand the relationship among melting behaviours, rheological properties and structural characteristics, and thereby helps to facilitate the designing of the melting cheese effectively.
Cervical ablation versus excision for CIN2/3: What is the current evidence?
Authors: Papoutsis Dimitrios
Published: July 2022

Linked article: This is a mini commentary on Zhang et al., pp. 153–161 in this issue. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.17251
The Costs of Waiving Audit Adjustments
Authors: CHOUDHARY PREETI , MERKLEY KENNETH , SCHIPPER KATHERINE
Published: July 2022

We analyze the disposition of auditor‐proposed adjustments to financial statements. Our analyses address concerns, expressed by regulators and others, that auditors and their clients fixate on quantitative thresholds and overlook qualitative factors in assessing the materiality of discovered misstatements. Using a large sample of Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB)‐inspected audits, we examine the frequency with which management records versus waives auditor‐proposed adjustments and whether waiving‐proposed adjustments ha consequences for reporting reliability and the audit process. We find waived adjustments are linked to lower financial reporting quality measured by material misstatements, to incentives to meet/beat earnings targets, and to the audit process, as measured by higher next‐period audit effort and fees and higher next‐period proposed adjustments. These effects on the audit process are consistent with auditors responding to the increased risk associated with waived adjustments. In an exploratory analysis, we find that controlling for the amount of proposed adjustments, auditor resignations are negatively associated with waived adjustments.
Effect of soy protein hydrolysates incorporation on dough rheology, protein characteristic, noodle quality, and their correlations
Authors: Guo Xingfeng , Sun Xiaohong , Zhang Yingying , Zhu Tingwei
Published: July 2022

Soy protein hydrolysates (SPHs) have bioactive and nutritional functions that can be used as fortifier of noodles. The objective of this study is to explore the effect of SPHs on dough rheology and noodle quality. Two kinds of SPHs, with a hydrolysis degree of 4.43% (SPH4) and 7.47% (SPH7), were added to wheat flour at a ratio of 5:95 to make dough and noodles. The addition of SPHs decreased the gluten yield, gluten index, peak viscosity, final viscosity, and setback of flour paste. Dough stability decreased, but the extensibility increased because of the addition of SPHs. SPHs decreased the high molecular weight glutenin subunits and SDS‐unextractable polymeric protein proportion, and the results of scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy also showed that the gluten network in SPH7 dough was more discontinuous than that in SPH4, suggesting a stronger negative effect of SPH7 on the formation of the gluten network compared to that of SPH4. The incorporation of SPHs decreased the hardness and springiness of cooked noodles but increased their cooking loss, protein loss, and water absorption. The correlation analysis showed that high molecular weight subunits and SDS‐unextractable polymeric protein in SPH‐fortified dough were positively correlated with the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, resilience, force, and distance at break of noodles, and these texture properties of noodles were positively correlated with pasting, gluten, and farinographical properties of SPH‐fortified flour. These results suggested that SPHs could improve some qualities of noodles, such as smoothness and cooking yield, and resist pasted starch aging.

Practical Application

Soy protein hydrolysates have many bioactive functions. This study demonstrated the feasibility of incorporating soy protein hydrolysates into wheat flour to prepare noodles. The addition of soy protein hydrolysates gives noodles smoother mouthfeel and increases the cooking yield. The addition of soy protein hydrolysates decreases the setback value of flour paste, suggesting that soy protein hydrolysates may help to resist starch aging, which is favorable for starch‐containing foods such as precooked noodles. Thus, soy protein hydrolysates possess potential applications in noodle products.
Status of treatment strategies for Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome with a focus on prelamin: A posttranslational modification
Authors: Chen Xue , Yao Haidong , Andrés Vicente , Bergo Martin O. , Kashif Muhammad
Published: July 2022

Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by premature ageing and early death at a mean age of 14.7 years. At the molecular level, HGPS is caused by a de novo heterozygous mutation in LMNA, the gene encoding A‐type lamins (mainly lamin A and C) and nuclear proteins, which have important cellular functions related to structure of the nuclear envelope. The LMNA mutation leads to the synthesis of a truncated prelamin A protein (called progerin), which cannot undergo normal processing to mature lamin A. In normal cells, prelamin A processing involves four posttranslational processing steps catalysed by four different enzymes. In HGPS cells, progerin accumulates as a farnesylated and methylated intermediate in the nuclear envelope where it is toxic and causes nuclear shape abnormalities and senescence. Numerous efforts have been made to target and reduce the toxicity of progerin, eliminate its synthesis and enhance its degradation, but as of today, only the use of farnesyltransferase inhibitors is approved for clinical use in HGPS patients. Here, we review the main current strategies that are being evaluated for treating HGPS, and we focus on efforts to target the posttranslational processing of progerin.
Elevated gamma‐glutamyl transferase levels are associated with stroke recurrence after acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack
Authors: Li Siqi , Wang Anxin , Tian Xue , Zuo Yingting , Meng Xia , Zhang Yumei
Published: July 2022

Aims

Gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) is considered a marker of oxidative stress in vivo. In this study, we aimed to examine the association of serum GGT levels with 3‐month and 1‐year stroke recurrence in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).

Methods

We conducted a large and multicenter cohort study. Participants with ischemic stroke or TIA who had a baseline GGT measurement were enrolled in the China National Stroke Registry‐3 study from August 2015 to March 2018. They were divided into four groups according to sex‐specific quartiles of GGT levels. The effect of GGT on stroke recurrence and other vascular events was examined during the 1‐year follow‐up period. Multivariate Cox regression models were performed to evaluate the association. Discrimination tests were used to examine the degree to which incorporating GGT into the conventional model predicted stroke adverse outcomes.

Results

A total of 12,504 patients were enrolled. At both the 3‐month and 1‐year follow‐ups, patients in the highest quartile group of GGT levels exhibited a higher risk of stroke recurrence [HR 1.32 (95% CI 1.07–1.63), HR 1.34 (95% CI 1.13–1.60)], ischemic stroke [HR 1.37 (95% CI 1.10–1.71), HR 1.37 (95% CI 1.14–1.64)], and combined vascular events [HR 1.34 (95% CI 1.09–1.65), HR 1.34 (95% CI 1.13–1.59)] than those in the lowest quartile group. Moreover, the Kaplan–Meier curves revealed that the incidence rates of stroke adverse outcomes were quite different in the four groups. The highest quartile group showed the highest cumulative incidence, while the lowest quartile group showed the lowest cumulative incidence. After applying discrimination tests, adding GGT into the conventional model resulted in slight improvements in predicting stroke adverse outcomes (NRI: 10%–14%).

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that elevated GGT levels were positively associated with an increased risk of stroke adverse outcomes, namely, recurrence, ischemic stroke, and combined vascular events.
The severity of nutrition and pneumonia predicts survival in patients with aspiration pneumonia: A retrospective observational study
Authors: Yanagita Yorihide , Arizono Shinichi , Tawara Yuichi , Oomagari Masaki , Machiguchi Hikaru , Yokomura Koshi , Katagiri Norimasa , Iida Yuki
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Aspiration pneumonia is a common problem among older adults; it has a high mortality rate and the prevalence is increasing. Reports on the risk factors for mortality in patients with aspiration pneumonia are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors for 90‐day survival in patients with aspiration pneumonia.

Methods

This retrospective observational study was conducted at Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital between 1 April 2015 and 31 March 2016. Patients with aspiration pneumonia who had dysphagia or aspiration confirmed by modified water swallow test or VideoEndoscopic examination of swallowing were included. The primary endpoint was 90‐day survival. We performed univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses with survival and non‐survival at 90 days as the independent variables.

Results

A total of 276 patients were recruited for this study. The A‐DROP score (odds ratio [OR] = 2.440; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.400–4.270; p < 0.01), Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index score (OR = 0.383; 95% CI, 0.178–0.824; p < 0.05) and sex (OR = 0.365; 95% CI, 0.153–0.869; p < 0.05) were independent early predictors of mortality.

Conclusion

The results suggest that nutritional status and the severity of pneumonia are important factors that predict life expectancy in patients with aspiration pneumonia.
Incidence of immune checkpoint inhibitor mediated cardiovascular toxicity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Malaty Michael M. , Amarasekera Anjalee Thanuja , Li Cindy , Scherrer‐Crosbie Marielle , Tan Timothy C.
Published: July 2022

Background

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are a novel class of anti‐cancer therapy becoming increasingly associated with fatal cardiovascular toxicities (CVTs). The aim is to determine the incidence of CVTs in cohorts treated with ICIs as sole anti‐cancer therapy.

Methods

A systematic literature search of scientific and medical databases was performed using PRISMA principles to identify relevant cohorts (PROSPERO registration CRD42021272470). Data for specific CVTs (pericardial disease, myocarditis, heart failure, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction/ischaemia and angina), CVT‐related death and CV risk factors were extracted. Presence of CVTs in ICI‐monotherapy versus combination‐ICI therapy, and programmed death 1/programmed death ligand 1‐ (PD1/PDL1‐) versus cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated protein 4‐ (CTLA4‐) inhibitor groups were dichotomised and meta‐analysed using random‐effect models.

Results

Forty‐eight studies (11,207 patients) were identified, from which 146 CVTs were observed (incidence 1.30%). ICI‐monotherapy led to more CVTs than combination therapy (119/9009; 1.32% vs. 18/2086; 0.86%). Across monotherapies, PD1/PDL1‐inhibitors had lower incidence of CVTs compared to CTLA4‐inhibitors (62/6950; 0.89% vs. 57/2059; 2.77%). Based on eight studies that were meta‐analysed, no significant difference was observed comparing monotherapy versus combination‐ICI therapy (RR‐0.69, 95% CI −1.47 to 0.09) for all CVTs, or PD1/PDL1‐ to CTLA4‐inhibitors (RR‐0.27, 95% CI −2.06 to 1.53), for all CVTs including CVT‐death. CV risk factors could not be attributed to an ICI group as data was population based rather than individual based.

Conclusion

ICI‐mediated CVTs are rare and potentially fatal. The role of CV risk factors in their development remains unclear.
Merchants and missionaries: Chinese evangelical networks and the transnational resacralization of European urban spaces
Authors: Cao Nanlai
Published: July 2022

This article sheds new light on the diverse modes in which migration and religion intersect in shaping everyday transnational practices by exploring the articulations of religion and business migration in an emerging Chinese‐led transnational mission field. Drawing on multisited ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Wenzhou, Rome and Paris, I show how a large group of transnational Chinese merchants has adopted a vigorous homegrown evangelical Christianity as the spiritual and social anchor of their territorial mercantile culture in diaspora. These merchants have actively engaged in producing religious activities and events that link China to Europe and in resacralizing secular real estate and attaching evangelistic meanings to Europe's historic urban spaces. For rural‐originated migrants who embrace a global hierarchy of places, the evangelical discursive distinction between the mundane and the transcendent spheres finds expression in their perceived opposition between the peripheral local and the modern global centre in the global market economy.
Reimagining consumer involvement: Resilient system indicators in the COVID‐19 pandemic response in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Shih Patti , Hallam Laila , Clay‐Williams Robyn , Carter Stacy M. , Brown Anthony
Published: July 2022

Background

Reflections on the response to the COVID‐19 pandemic often evoke the concept of ‘resilience’ to describe the way health systems adjusted and adapted their functions to withstand the disturbance of a crisis, and in some cases, improve and transform in its wake. Drawing from this, this study focuses on the role of consumer representatives in healthcare services in initiating changes to the way they participated in the pandemic response in the state of New South Wales in Australia.

Methods

In‐depth interviews were conducted with two cohorts of consumer representatives. Cohort A included experienced and self‐identified consumer leaders, who worked together in a COVID‐19 Consumer Leaders Taskforce; Cohort B included participants outside of this group, and purposively included consumer representatives from rural and regional areas, and culturally and linguistically diverse communities.

Results

The pause in consumer engagement to support health service decision‐making in responding to the pandemic forced consumer representatives to consider alternative approaches to participate. Some initiated networking with each other, forming new collaborations to produce consumer‐led research and guidelines on pandemic‐related patient care. Others mobilized support from community and politicians to lobby for specific healthcare issues in their local areas.

Conclusion

The response to the COVID‐19 pandemic made visible the brittle nature of previous engagement processes of involving consumers in organizational design and governance. However, the momentum for proactive self‐organization in an unexpected crisis created space for consumer representatives to reset and reimagine their role as active partners in health services. Their ability to adapt and adjust ways of working are key assets for a resilient health system.

Patient or Public Contribution

This project is a collaborative study between academic researchers and health consumer (patient and public) representatives. It followed the principles of codesign and coresearch, whereby both consumer representatives and academic researchers contributed equally to all stages of the project. The study was cofunded by both academic institutions and consumer representative organizations.
Clinical, pathological genetics and intratumoral immune milieu of serrated adenocarcinoma of the colon
Authors: Yılmaz Osman , Crabbe Andrew , Neyaz Azfar , Pankaj Amaya , Lee Soo Hyun , Hosseini Sahar , Rickelt Steffen , Cerda Sandra , Zhao Qing , Leijsen Lieve , Dineaux Anne , Shroff Stuti G , Crotty Rory , Zhang M Lisa , Yilmaz Omer H , Patil Deepa T , Berger David , Deshpande Vikram
Published: July 2022

Background

Serrated adenocarcinoma (SAC), a recognised WHO variant of colonic adenocarcinoma, is the purported end‐product of serrated neoplasia. However, the diagnosis of SAC is infrequently rendered, and little is known about its prognosis, immune microenvironment and molecular alterations.

Materials and methods

We assessed 903 consecutive colon carcinomas and recognised tumours with ≥ 5% (n = 77) serrated and ≥ 50% serrated patterns (n = 13). We assessed precursor polyps and synchronous polyps. We recorded demographic/clinical parameters, histological features and mismatch repair (MMR) status. We performed immunohistochemistry and quantification on tissue microarray for HLA class I/II proteins, B2MG, CD8, CD163, LAG3, FoxP3, PD‐L1 and BRAF V600E.

Results

We identified ≥ 5% epithelial serration prevalence in 8.5% of cases and ≥ 50% epithelial serration prevalence in 1.4% of cases. Precursor lesions were present in 21.4% of cases; these were mostly tubular adenomas with two traditional serrated adenomas identified. SAC with ≥ 5% serrations exhibited lower numbers of CD8‐positive lymphocytes (P = 0.002) and lower B2MG expression (P = 0.048), although neither value was significant at ≥ 50% serration threshold. There was no difference in HLA class I/II, or PD‐L1 expression on tumour cells and no difference in PD‐L1, LAG3, FoxP3 and CD163 expression on immune cells. There was no association with MMR status, or BRAFV600E relative to conventional adenocarcinoma. There was improved disease‐specific survival on univariate (but not multivariate) analysis between carcinomas with serrated pattern and non‐mucinous conventional colonic carcinomas at ≥ 5% epithelial serrations (P = 0.04).

Conclusion

SAC category shows a limited impact on survival, and this phenotype may harbour a unique immunological milieu.
Patterns and lived realities: Exploring informal social protection across race and education
Authors: Oppel Annalena
Published: July 2022

Informal social protection (ISP) has been recognised as a source of livelihood support for the poor and a critical element of the welfare mix in the global South. While the potential of ISP in contributing to economic welfare is well‐documented, less is known about its role in responding to and maintaining horizontal inequalities. Group‐based inequality is a key concern of transformative social protection, particularly discriminatory practices and exclusion that shape them. By using a mixed‐method approach to social networks, and including non‐poor and poor individuals, I provide insights into how support practices differ across race and education in urban Namibia thereby reflecting continued economic inequalities. I argue that ISP plays an important role in understanding transformative approaches to social protection; both by highlighting the importance of exploring ISP beyond a conceptual lens on poverty as well as its potential in maintaining power imbalances in a stratified, unequal society.
Research activities in general medicine: a scoping survey by the Internal Medicine Society of Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Aung Ar K. , Pickles Robert , Knight Anne , Shannon Leigh‐anne , Bowers Andrew , Donnelly Sinead , Johnson Douglas F. , Scott Ian A. , Potter Elizabeth L. ,   Internal Medicine Society of Australia and New Zealand Research Network (IMSANZ‐RN) Working Group
Published: July 2022

Background

In developing an effective framework for a collaborative research network (RN) that supports members involved in research, the Internal Medicine Society of Australia and New Zealand (IMSANZ) required a better understanding of the current level of research activity and engagement by general physicians, and factors influencing such engagement.

Aims

To explore the current research landscape amongst general physicians in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand.

Methods

A questionnaire exploring research participation, scope, research enablers and barriers was disseminated to IMSANZ members over a 3‐month period. Core functions of IMSANZ‐RN, research priorities, potential solutions to perceived barriers and required level of support were also evaluated.

Results

A total of 82 members, mostly senior medical staff (74.4%), responded to the survey (11.8% response rate). More than 70% were involved in impactful research across multiple disciplines, encompassing a wide range of research themes and topics. However, there is limited support and resources available to conduct research, with most projects being self‐instigated and self‐funded. There is overwhelming support to increasing the profile of research in general medicine through the establishment of IMSANZ‐RN, whose principal purposes, as identified by respondents, are to foster collaboration, promote research, provide research education and training, and share information among general physicians. Quality improvement studies (56.1%) and clinical trials (41.5%) were also identified as priority research types.

Conclusions

This study has profiled the constraints faced by general physicians in conducting high‐quality collaborative research and provides insights into what is needed to support greater research engagement, through development of a discipline‐specific clinical RN.
PARD3gene variation as candidate cause of nonsyndromic cleft palate only
Authors: Cui Renjie , Chen Dingli , Li Na , Cai Ming , Wan Teng , Zhang Xueqiang , Zhang Meiqin , Du Sichen , Ou Huayuan , Jiao Jianjun , Jiang Nan , Zhao Shuangxia , Song Huaidong , Song Xuedong , Ma Duan , Zhang Jin , Li Shouxia
Published: July 2022

Nonsyndromic cleft palate only (NSCP) is a common congenital malformation worldwide. In this study, we report a three‐generation pedigree with NSCP following the autosomal‐dominant pattern. Whole‐exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing revealed that only the frameshift variant c.1012dupG [p. E338Gfs*26] inPARD3cosegregated with the disease. In zebrafish embryos, ethmoid plate patterning defects were observed with PARD3 ortholog disruption or expression of patient‐derived N‐terminal truncatingPARD3(c.1012dupG), which implicated PARD3 in ethmoid plate morphogenesis. PARD3 plays vital roles in determining cellular polarity. Compared with the apical distribution of wild‐type PARD3, PARD3‐p. E338Gfs*26 mainly localized to the basal membrane in 3D‐cultured MCF‐10A epithelial cells. The interaction between PARD3‐p. E338Gfs*26 and endogenous PARD3 was identified by LC–MS/MS and validated by co‐IP. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that PARD3‐p. E338Gfs*26 substantially altered the localization of endogenous PARD3 to the basement membrane in 3D‐cultured MCF‐10A cells. Furthermore, seven variants, including one nonsense variant and six missense variants, were identified in the coding region ofPARD3in sporadic cases with NSCP. Subsequent analysis showed that PARD3‐p. R133*, like the insertion variant of c.1012dupG, also changed the localization of endogenous full‐length PARD3 and that its expression induced abnormal ethmoid plate morphogenesis in zebrafish. Based on these data, we revealPARD3gene variation as a novel candidate cause of nonsyndromic cleft palate only.
Susceptibility assessment and mapping of Ips typographus (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in oriental spruce forests in Artvin, Turkey
Authors: Alkan Akıncı Hazan , Genç Çağla , Akıncı Halil
Published: July 2022

Ips typographus, which was first identified in 1984 in the oriental spruce forests of Artvin, Turkey, has killed millions of cubic metres of trees. Severe outbreaks of I. typographus following storms resulting in fallen trees and salvage logging done as a part of control activities have caused gaps in the stand canopy of oriental spruce forests. These forests, which have many important functions, such as supplying water, soil conservation and preventing natural disasters in the area they spread, have a fragmented structure because of beetle damages and various traditional utilization practices of the local community. In this study, the local spread of I. typographus in the forests of Hatila Valley National Park and the neighbouring Taşlıca Forest Sub‐District was evaluated, and the areas susceptible to the beetle were determined using the frequency ratio method. A total of 120 pheromone traps were employed in the study. A beetle density map of the study area was produced using the inverse distance weighting interpolation method based on the total number of beetles caught by the traps. Then, the correlation between the regions with high I. typographus density and environmental factors that contributed to this situation were determined using the frequency ratio method. An average 6528.70 beetles were caught by the pheromone traps as a result of this study. The density of the beetles was high in 60.64% of the study area, and an average 10,844.25 beetles were caught by the pheromone traps in these areas. The difference in the total number of beetles between areas with high beetle density and those with low or medium beetle density was significant. It was determined that 32.53% of the study area had very high or high susceptibility to I. typographus. Different parameters such as altitude, slope, aspect, distance to forest roads, stand type, topographic wetness index and area solar radiation were found to be associated with the susceptibility of an area to I. typographus.
Which factors may influence the implementation of drug dispensing in community pharmacies? A qualitative study
Authors: Cerqueira‐Santos Sabrina , Rocha Kérilin S. S. , Araújo Dyego C. S. A. , Santos Júnior Genival A. , Menezes Pedro W. S. , Sanchez Júlia M. , Mesquita Alessandra R. , Lyra Júnior Divaldo P.
Published: July 2022

Rationale, Aims and Objectives

Implementation of clinical pharmacy services, such as drug dispensing, is a complex process. It is necessary to understand the challenges associated with this practice from the perspective of the actors involved to help ensure optimal service provision. Thus, this study aimed to understand the factors that may influence the implementation of drug dispensing in community pharmacies, according to the perceptions of pharmacists.

Method

This qualitative study was based on semistructured, face‐to‐face interviews. The participants were pharmacists who worked in a chain of community pharmacies in Brazil, selected based on their direct participation in the implementation process. The interview recordings were transcribed full verbatim and were independently analyzed using thematic analysis, followed by consensus meetings between researchers. The factors identified by the participants were classified according to the Apoteca framework. This study was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research and all participants signed an informed consent form.

Results

We conducted 18 interviews, with 47 factors that may influence the implementation of drug dispensing in community pharmacies being identified. These factors were allocated to seven categories: support from community pharmacy chain (4), pharmacy infrastructure (11), characteristics of the pharmacy, medicines and other health products (4), pharmacist (16), dispensing work process (2), pharmacy team (2) and patient (8). The classification of factors according to the Apoteca framework allocated most of them to administrative (14) and technical (15) domains, followed by attitudinal (13) and political (5) domains.

Conclusion(s)

This study identified several factors that can influence the implementation of drug dispensing and classified them according to the domains of the Apoteca framework, highlighting the multifactorial nature of the implementation process. The results of this study can guide the planning of strategies aimed at providing efficient drug dispensing in community pharmacies.
Sea trout (Salmo trutta) straying rate decreases as distance from river mouth increases
Authors: Chat Joelle , Lamarins Amaia , Lepais Olivier
Published: July 2022

For both conservation and management purposes, it is important to identify the natal origin of migratory individuals entering a river, particularly in genetically spatially structured species like brown trout (Salmo trutta) where the migrant ecotype (called sea trout) can originate from different populations. Nonetheless, little attention has been paid to the spatial distribution of non‐local fish at the level of an entire river catchment. The objective of the study was to quantify the proportion of non‐local sea trout entering a river catchment (i.e., straying rate) and estimate the spatial extent of their upstream migration. Here, the authors considered dispersal in three distinct rivers, taking advantage of 10 sampling sites. Sea trout, either trapped or rod‐caught, were genotyped and genetically assigned to their source populations using appropriate baselines. Based on 1437 sea trout fish classified as local or non‐local, the authors empirically demonstrate that straying rate declines in each river as distance from the coast increases in a non‐linear fashion. Straying rate exceeds 50% near the mouth, and then decreases gradually to reach <10% 40–50 km inland. A similar spatial pattern is found in the three rivers investigated suggesting an underlying common behaviour of non‐local sea trout. The data and results presented here suggest that straying in is far more constrained spatially than first expected. The majority of non‐local sea trout were found within the first 25 km of the estuary in the three rivers investigated.
The movement ecology of fishes
Authors: Cooke Steven J. , Bergman Jordanna N. , Twardek William M. , Piczak Morgan L. , Casselberry Grace A. , Lutek Keegan , Dahlmo Lotte S. , Birnie‐Gauvin Kim , Griffin Lucas P. , Brownscombe Jacob W. , Raby Graham D. , Standen Emily M. , Horodysky Andrij Z. , Johnsen Sönke , Danylchuk Andy J. , Furey Nathan B. , Gallagher Austin J. , Lédée Elodie J.I. , Midwood Jon D. , Gutowsky Lee F.G. , Jacoby David M.P. , Matley Jordan K. , Lennox Robert J.
Published: July 2022

Movement of fishes in the aquatic realm is fundamental to their ecology and survival. Movement can be driven by a variety of biological, physiological and environmental factors occurring across all spatial and temporal scales. The intrinsic capacity of movement to impact fish individually (e.g., foraging) with potential knock‐on effects throughout the ecosystem (e.g., food web dynamics) has garnered considerable interest in the field of movement ecology. The advancement of technology in recent decades, in combination with ever‐growing threats to freshwater and marine systems, has further spurred empirical research and theoretical considerations. Given the rapid expansion within the field of movement ecology and its significant role in informing management and conservation efforts, a contemporary and multidisciplinary review about the various components influencing movement is outstanding. Using an established conceptual framework for movement ecology as a guide (i.e., Nathanet al., 2008: 19052), we synthesized the environmental and individual factors that affect the movement of fishes. Specifically, internal (e.g., energy acquisition, endocrinology, and homeostasis) and external (biotic and abiotic) environmental elements are discussed, as well as the different processes that influence individual‐level (or population) decisions, such as navigation cues, motion capacity, propagation characteristics and group behaviours. In addition to environmental drivers and individual movement factors, we also explored how associated strategies help survival by optimizing physiological and other biological states. Next, we identified how movement ecology is increasingly being incorporated into management and conservation by highlighting the inherent benefits that spatio‐temporal fish behaviour imbues into policy, regulatory, and remediation planning. Finally, we considered the future of movement ecology by evaluating ongoing technological innovations and both the challenges and opportunities that these advancements create for scientists and managers. As aquatic ecosystems continue to face alarming climate (and other human‐driven) issues that impact animal movements, the comprehensive and multidisciplinary assessment of movement ecology will be instrumental in developing plans to guide research and promote sustainability measures for aquatic resources.
Octa‐nonagenarians can perform video capsule endoscopy safely and with a higher diagnostic yield than 65–79‐year‐old patients
Authors: Thurm Tamar , Gluck Nathan , Barak Orly , Deutsch Liat
Published: July 2022

Background

Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is an effective, noninvasive modality for small bowel (SB) investigation. Its usage in the older adults is rising. However, data in octa‐nonagenarians regarding diagnostic yield and motility are lacking. Our aim was to evaluate and compare safety and efficacy of VCE between age subgroups of older adult patients.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of prospectively documented data. All consecutive VCEs of patients ≥65 years (01/2010–12/2017) were included. Patients unable to swallow the capsule or videos with significant recording technical malfunction were excluded. The cohort was divided into the younger group aged 65–79 years old and octa‐nonagenarians aged ≥80 years old. Indications for referral, diagnostic yield and transit times were compared between groups.

Results

A total of 535 VCEs were performed in 499 older adult patients (51.2% males); 82.8% were 65–79 years old and 17.2% were ≥80 years old. The ≥80‐year‐old group had higher rates of clinically significant findings (52.7% vs. 40.0%, p = 0.025), active bleeding (12.5% vs. 6.5%, p = 0.053) and angioectasia (36.0% vs. 23.4%, p = 0.014). Crohn's disease was newly diagnosed in approximately 8% of the entire cohort and 12% of the ≥80 years old. Anemia was the most common indication in both groups, followed by overt bleeding in the ≥80‐year‐old group (25% vs. 9.9% in 65–79‐year‐old group, p < 0.001) and Crohn's disease in the 65–79 years old (17.2% vs. 5.4% in ≥80 years old, p = 0.004). Groups were comparable in transit time and cecal documentation rates.

Conclusions

In octa‐nonagenarians, VCE is as safe as in younger older‐adults with a higher diagnostic yield of significant and treatable conditions.
Patent Licensing, Non‐Practising Entities, and Investment in R&D*
Authors: Bergin James
Published: July 2022

This paper studies the impact of Non‐Practising Entities (NPE's) on investment in innovation. The issue is considered in an environment with strategic investment behavior and licensing. Patent strength turns out to be central in determining the impact of an NPE on innovation. A patenting scheme which assigns rights only to incremental innovation improvement (relative to the innovations of competitors) raises aggregate investment relative to a ‘winner‐takes‐all’ scheme. In a ‘winner‐takes‐all’ scheme the most successful/encompassing innovation obtains all the intellectual property rights, and less successful innovators none, and in this environment the presence of an NPE negatively impacts aggregate investment.
Margin of safety of extended‐duration transdermal buprenorphine solution following multiple‐dose administrations to cats
Authors: Clark Terrence P. , Linton Deborah D. , Freise Kevin J. , Reinemeyer Craig , Newkirk Kim M. , Aulbach Adam , Lin Ting‐Li
Published: July 2022

Transdermal buprenorphine solution (TBS) is approved for the control of postoperative pain in cats where a single preoperative dose provides 4 days of analgesia. It is administered as a unit dose of 8 mg to cats weighing 1.2–3 kg and 20 mg to cats weighing to >3–7.5 kg, which is equivalent to a dosage on a bodyweight basis of 2.7–6.7 mg/kg. In this safety study, the 1X dose was defined as 6.7 mg/kg. Thirty‐two cats (16 males and 16 females) were randomly allocated to placebo, 1, 2, and 3X TBS administered topically to the dorsal cervical skin every 4 days for 3 doses. Clinical observations, behavioral scores, mydriasis score (yes/no), and physiological variables were assessed or measured prior to each dose administration (0 h) and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h following each treatment and prior to euthanasia on Day 12 or 13. Blood samples for clinical pathology were collected on Days ‐ 1, 4, 8, and prior to euthanasia. There was little evidence of respiratory, cardiovascular, or gastrointestinal effects. Respiratory rates were above the reference range in all groups and lower by 10 breaths/min in the 3X group during the third dosing interval compared to placebo. There were no differences in heart rates. Constipation was transiently observed in approximately equal numbers in placebo‐ and TBS‐treated cats. Behavioral scores showed sedation or euphoria was transient in the first dosing interval but became more prolonged with each dosing interval. Mydriasis was prolonged in the first dosing interval and diminished by the third dosing interval consistent with accommodation. Mean body temperatures in TBS‐treated cats were up to 0.6°C (1.8°F) greater than placebo‐treated cats. There were no clinically relevant changes to serum chemistry, hematology, or urinalysis outcomes nor gross or microscopic observations attributable to TBS. These data demonstrate that TBS is safe and well‐tolerated when administered to 16‐week‐old cats at multiples of the approved dose and duration and supports clinical safety in the event of delayed buprenorphine metabolism, medication errors, or alterations in the dosing regimen.
Biodiversity and intellectual property rights: Conflict or synergy
Authors: Sharma Rahul , Madhusoodanan Lavanya , Soni Patrika , Dubey Amit
Published: July 2022

India is a country with a diverse ecosystem. Traditional knowledge (TK) is an important element of Indian culture and society. Because of its diversity, India has been a victim of biopiracy on multiple occasions, though it has learned from the haldi, neem, and basmati episodes. While it is critical for countries to maintain their biodiversity and indigenous knowledge, it is also critical to protect the rights of those who add value to it and expand its usage through intellectual property rights (IPR). As a result, biodiversity conservation and IPR come into conflict. Biodiversity conservation conventions and statutes aim to strike a balance between the interests of both parties. The Biodiversity Act of 2002 in India stipulates that indigenous tribes must give their prior informed consent before accessing and utilizing a bioresource. It also establishes a legal framework for benefit sharing in various ways in the event that any intellectual property on the bioresource or relevant TK is acquired. However, putting the plan into action is still a struggle. This, in turn, deprives the true bearers of the relevant TK, who have either nurtured bioresources for years. The framework of biodiversity conservation legislation as a way of protecting TK holders' rights in the international and Indian contexts is discussed in this study.
Care providers' experiences regarding barriers to maternal participation in neonatal pain management
Authors: Neshat Hanieh , Hassankhani Hadi , Negarandeh Reza , Jabraeili Mahnaz , Hosseini Mohammad Bagher , Mahallei Majid
Published: July 2022

Background

Mothers' involvement in the pain management of infants admitted to the intensive care unit can alleviate the infants' pain. Despite International guidelines, maternal involvement in neonatal pain management is low. Hence, investigating the perspectives of care providers (CPs) on barriers to maternal participation can be helpful in developing practice guidelines.

Aims

The purpose of this study was to investigate the experiences of CPs on barriers to maternal involvement in neonatal pain management in the intensive care unit.

Design

In this study, a qualitative design based on the content analysis approach was used.

Method

We included 24 nurses and physicians in the neonatal intensive care unit from February to September 2020. Data were collected through conducting 11 individual interviews and two focus group discussions with eight and five participants, respectively.

Results

Three main categories and seven sub‐categories were found, including maternal barriers (inadequate emotional readiness and unfamiliarity with role), CPs' barriers (time pressure, fear of family‐care provider tension, and insufficient knowledge), and organizational barriers (neglected joint decision‐making and restricted organizational participative policies).

Conclusions

The identified barriers could be classified into those related to mothers, care providers, and organizations. The lack of appropriate interaction and cooperation between parents and care‐providers can affect the emergence of barriers related to the mothers and staff.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

There is a lack of knowledge regarding neonatal pain management in the health care team and mothers. Educating mothers and CPs about the benefits and ways of mothers' participation can increase readiness and capabilities. Providing clear guidelines about family‐centred care and promoting parent‐CPs' interactions can increase the mothers' participation.
The effects of a single aerobic exercise session on mood and neural emotional reactivity in depressed and healthy young adults: A late positive potential study
Authors: Ligeza Tomasz S. , Maciejczyk Marcin , Wyczesany Miroslaw , Junghofer Markus
Published: July 2022

Depression has been characterized by lowered mood and unfavorable changes in neural emotional reactivity (altered brain responses to emotional stimuli). Physical exercise is a well‐established strategy to improve the mood of healthy and depressed individuals. Increasing evidence suggests that exercise might also improve emotional reactivity in healthy adults by increasing or decreasing brain responses to positive or negative stimuli, respectively. It is unknown, however, if exercise could also benefit emotional reactivity in depressed individuals. We investigated the effects of a single aerobic exercise session on mood and emotional reactivity in 24 depressed and 24 matched healthy young adults. Self‐reported mood and neural reactivity to emotional pictures (indexed by the EEG late positive potential, LPP) were assessed before and after two experimental protocols: exercise (36 min of moderate‐intensity exercise at 75% of maximal heart rate) and seated rest condition (36 min). In the healthy control group, exercise improved self‐reported mood and neural emotional reactivity (increasing LPP to positive pictures). In the depressed group, exercise improved self‐reported mood; however, it did not affect neural emotional reactivity. Additional analyses performed on both groups revealed that exercise‐induced changes in emotional reactivity are associated with the severity of depressive symptoms: the effectiveness of exercise in improving emotional reactivity decreases with the severity of depressive symptoms. Overall, the study further strengthens the claim of a beneficial role of exercise on mood and emotional reactivity. It also suggests that a single aerobic exercise session might have a limited influence on neural emotional reactivity in depressed individuals.
Multispecies comparative analysis reveals transcriptional specificity during Mongolian horse testicular development
Authors: Zhang Fa‐Li , Zhang Xiao‐Yuan , Zhao Jin‐Xin , Zhu Ke‐Xin , Liu Shu‐Qin , Zhang Teng , Sun Yu‐Jiang , Wang Jun‐Jie , Shen Wei
Published: July 2022

Mongolian horses have been bred and used for labor and transport for centuries. Nevertheless, traits of testicular development in Mongolian horses have rarely been studied; particularly, studies regarding the transcriptional regulation characteristics of testicular development are lacking. In this paper, transcription specificity during testicular development in Mongolian horses is highlighted via a multispecies comparative analysis and weighted gene co‐expression network analysis (WGCNA). Interestingly, the results showed that most genes were up‐regulated in the testes after sexual maturity, which is a phenomenon conserved across species. Moreover, we observed nine key genes involved in regulating Mongolian horse testicular development. Notably, unique transcription signatures of testicular development in Mongolian horses are emphasized, which provides a novel insight into the mechanistic study of their testicular development.