bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conditional Party Government and Campaign Contributions: Insights from the Tobacco and Alcoholic Beverage Industries
Authors: Taylor Andrew J.
Published: December 2004

I examine whether tobacco and alcoholic beverage PAC giving in the 1975‐to‐2000 period has followed trends inferred by the conditional party government (CPG) model. I look specifically at these PACs because they should be especially sensitive to shifting veto points in the legislative process and, consistent with CPG, contribute increasingly more to the majority party and its leadership and relatively less to members of relevant standing committees. My results show both sectors to give more to leadership as party becomes more important. Increasing CPG, however, generally results in greater giving by tobacco to members of the majority party and relatively larger contributions from alcoholic beverages to committee members and their chairs. I reveal a principal cause of this difference to be issue salience and conclude by arguing that contributions from some PACs are reacting to increased partisanship in the House but PACs interested in issues of relatively low salience still behave as if dealing with a chamber organized along distributive lines—a development that is consistent with CPG.
Procedural Contexts, Party Strategy, and Conditional Party Voting in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1971–2000
Authors: Roberts Jason M. , Smith Steven S.
Published: December 2004

In this article, we provide a critical review of the evidence and arguments about party polarization in the House of Representatives during the late 20th century. We show that inferences about party polarization are significantly affected by voting reform in the early 1970s. We observe that a decomposed roll‐call record alters our view of the timing of changes in party polarization and therefore requires that we reconsider explanations of the trend. We revisit explanations of party polarization and establish a strong case for placing substantial emphasis on party strategies in explanations of party polarization in floor behavior during the 1980s and 1990s.
Institutionalizing Peace: Power Sharing and Post‐Civil War Conflict Management
Authors: Hartzell Caroline , Hoddie Matthew
Published: December 2004

This article examines how power‐sharing institutions might best be designed to stabilize the transition to enduring peace among former adversaries following the negotiated settlement of civil wars. We identify four different forms of power sharing based on whether the intent of the policy is to share or divide power among rivals along its political, territorial, military, or economic dimension. Employing the statistical methodology of survival analysis to examine the 38 civil wars resolved via the process of negotiations between 1945 and 1998, we find that the more dimensions of power sharing among former combatants specified in a peace agreement the higher is the likelihood that peace will endure. We suggest that this relationship obtains because of the unique capacity of power‐sharing institutions to foster a sense of security among former enemies and encourage conditions conducive to a self‐enforcing peace.
ThePoliticalEconomy of Growth: Democracy and Human Capital
Authors: Baum Matthew A. , Lake David A.
Published: December 2004

Democracy is more than just another brake or booster for the economy. We argue that there are significant indirect effects of democracy on growth through public health and education. Where economists use life expectancy and education as proxies for human capital, we expect democracy will be an important determinant of the level of public services manifested in these indicators. In addition to whatever direct effect democracy may have on growth, we predict an important indirect effect through public policies that condition the level of human capital in different societies. We conduct statistical investigations into the direct and indirect effects of democracy on growth using a data set consisting of a 30‐year panel of 128 countries. We find that democracy has no statistically significant direct effect on growth. Rather, we discover that the effect of democracy is largely indirect through increased life expectancy in poor countries and increased secondary education in nonpoor countries.
Presidential Press Conferences over Time
Authors: Eshbaugh‐Soha Matthew
Published: December 2004

Scholars have debated whether the president's public activities are a function of political and economic factors (presidency‐centered variables) or individual presidents and their administration's tendencies (president‐centered variables). This article examines one of the only quantitative studies that assesses the influence of these variables on presidential press conferences over time. I replicate this study (Hager and Sullivan 1994) and find the authors' conclusions to be misleading. I then present methodologically correct analyses that show—consistent with the qualitative evidence—that the behavior of individual presidents offers the best explanation of press conferences over time.
Measuring Attitudes toward the United States Supreme Court
Authors: Gibson James L. , Caldeira Gregory A. , Spence Lester Kenyatta
Published: December 2004

It is conventional in research on the legitimacy of the U.S. Supreme Court to rely on a survey question asking about confidence in the leaders of the Court to indicate something about the esteem with which that institution is regarded by the American people. The purpose of this article is to investigate the validity of this measure. Based on a nationally representative survey conducted in 2001, we compare confidence with several different measures of Court legitimacy. Our findings indicate that the confidence replies seem to reflect both short‐term and long‐term judgments about the Court, with the greater influence coming from satisfaction with how the Court is performing at the moment. We suggest a new set of indicators for measuring the legitimacy of the Court and offer some evidence on the structure of the variance in these items.
Contagion Effects and Ethnic Contribution Networks
Authors: Tam Cho Wendy K.
Published: December 2004

Many political behavior theories explicitly incorporate the idea that context matters in politics. Nonetheless, the concept of spatial dependence—in particular, that behavior in geographic units is somehow related to and affected by behavior in neighboring areas—is not extensively explored. The study of campaign finance is no exception. Research in this area concentrates on the attributes of the individual donor, leaving context underexplored. Concepts such as contribution networks, for instance, are not rigorously tested. This article reexamines the impact of conventional socio‐demographic covariates on campaign donation behavior by ethnic contributors and explicitly models spatial effects. The spatial analysis reveals that patterns of campaign donations are geographically clustered (exhibiting both spatial dependence, implying a neighborhood effect, and spatial heterogeneity, implying a regional effect), and that this clustering cannot be explained completely by socio‐economic and demographic variables. While socio‐demographic characteristics are important components of the dynamic underlying campaign contributions, there is also evidence consistent with a contagion effect whereby ethnic contribution networks are fueling funds to candidate coffers.
Marginal Analyses of Clustered Data When Cluster Size Is Informative
Authors: Williamson John M. , Datta Somnath , Satten Glen A.
Published: December 2004

Summary.  We propose a new approach to fitting marginal models to clustered data when cluster size is in‐ formative. This approach uses a generalized estimating equation (GEE) that is weighted inversely with the cluster size. We show that our approach is asymptotically equivalent to within‐cluster resampling (Hoffman, Sen, and Weinberg, 2001, Biometrika73, 13–22), a computationally intensive approach in which replicate data sets containing a randomly selected observation from each cluster are analyzed, and the resulting estima‐ tes averaged. Using simulated data and an example involving dental health, we show the superior performa‐ nce of our approach compared to unweighted GEE, the equivalence of our approach with WCR for large sam‐ ple sizes, and the superior performance of our approach compared with WCR when sample sizes are small.
Bayesian Multiple Testing for Two‐Sample Multivariate Endpoints
Authors: Gönen Mithat , Westfall Peter H. , Johnson Wesley O.
Published: December 2004

Summary. In clinical studies involving multiple variables, simultaneous tests are often considered where both the outcomes and hypotheses are correlated. This article proposes a multivariate mixture prior on treatment effects, that allows positive probability of zero effect for each hypothesis, correlations among effect sizes, correlations among binary outcomes of zero versus nonzero effect, and correlations among the observed test statistics (conditional on the effects). We develop a Bayesian multiple testing procedure, for the multivariate two‐sample situation with unknown covariance structure, and obtain the posterior probabilities of no difference between treatment regimens for specific variables. Prior selection methods and robustness issues are discussed in the context of a clinical example.
Bootstrap Choice of Estimators in Parametric and Semiparametric Families: An Extension of EIC
Authors: Liquet B. , Sakarovitch C. , Commenges D.
Published: December 2004

Summary. Ishiguro, Sakamoto, and Kitagawa(1997,Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics49,411–434) proposed EIC as an extension of Akaike criterion (AIC); the idea leading to EIC is to correct the bias of the log‐likelihood, considered as an estimator of the Kullback‐Leibler information, using bootstrap. We develop this criterion for its use in multivariate semiparametric situations, and argue that it can be used for choosing among parametric and semiparametric estimators. A simulation study based on a regression model shows that EIC is better than its competitors although likelihood cross‐validation performs nearly as well except for small sample size. Its use is illustrated by estimating the mean evolution of viral RNA levels in a group of infants infected by HIV.
Development and validation of a brief, descriptive Danish pain questionnaire (BDDPQ)
Authors: Perkins F. M. , Werner M. U. , Persson F. , Holte K. , Jensen T. S. , Kehlet H.
Published: December 2004

Background:  A new pain questionnaire should be simple, be documented to have discriminative function, and be related to previously used questionnaires.

Methods:  Word meaning was validated by using bilingual Danish medical students and asking them to translate words taken from the Danish version of the McGill pain questionnaire into English. Evaluative word value was estimated using a visual analog scale (VAS). Discriminative function was assessed by having patients with one of six painful conditions (postherpetic neuralgia, phantom limb pain, rheumatoid arthritis, ankle fracture, appendicitis, or labor pain) complete the questionnaire.

Results:  We were not able to find Danish words that were reliably back‐translated to the English words ‘splitting’ or ‘gnawing’. A simple three‐word set of evaluative terms had good separation when rated on a VAS scale (‘let’ 17.5±6.5 mm; ‘moderat’ 42.7±8.6 mm; and ‘stærk’ 74.9±9.7 mm). The questionnaire was able to discriminate among the six painful conditions with 77% accuracy by just using the descriptive words. The accuracy of the questionnaire increased to 96% with the addition of evaluative terms (for pain at rest and with activity), chronicity (acute vs. chronic), and location of the pain.

Conclusions:  A Danish pain questionnaire that subjects and patients can self‐administer has been developed and validated relative to the words used in the English McGill Pain questionnaire. The discriminative ability of the questionnaire among some common painful conditions has been tested and documented. The questionnaire may be of use in patient care and research.
Comparison of 27‐gauge (0.41‐mm) Whitacre and Quincke spinal needles with respect to post‐dural puncture headache and non‐dural puncture headache
Authors: Santanen U. , Rautoma P. , Luurila H. , Erkola O. , Pere P.
Published: December 2004

Background:  The incidence of headache after spinal anaesthesia has varied greatly between studies. We compared the incidence of postoperative headache in general and postdural puncture headache (PDPH) when using 27‐gauge (G) (outer diameter 0.41 mm) Quincke and Whitacre spinal needles in ambulatory surgery performed under spinal anaesthesia.

Methods:  In a prospective, randomized study, 676 ASA physical status I–II day‐case outpatients were given a spinal anaesthetic through either a 27‐G (0.41 mm) Quincke or a 27‐G (0.41 mm) Whitacre spinal needle. The incidence of any type of postoperative headache was assessed and the type of headache defined using a standardized questionnaire including PDPH criteria. The severity of the headache was defined using a 100‐mm visual analogue scale.

Results:  For the final analysis, 529 patients were available (259 patients in the Quincke group and 270 patients in the Whitacre group). The overall incidence of postoperative headache was 20.0%, but the incidence of true PDPH was very low (1.51%). The incidence of PDPH in the Quincke group was 2.70%, while in the Whitacre group it was only 0.37% (P < 0.05). The overall incidence of non‐dural puncture headache was 18.5% and did not differ between the study groups.

Conclusions:  True PDPH seldom occurs when a 27‐G (0.41 mm) spinal needle is used, although postoperatively a non‐specific headache is common. Using the 27‐G (0.41 mm) Whitacre spinal needle further reduced the incidence of PDPH. Thus, we recommend routine use of the 27‐G (0.41 mm) Whitacre spinal needle when performing spinal anaesthesia.
Retrograde tracheal intubation: beyond fibreoptic endotracheal intubation
Authors: Weksler N. , Klein M. , Weksler D. , Sidelnick C. , Chorni I. , Rozentsveig V. , Brill S. , Gurman G. M. , Ovadia L.
Published: December 2004

Background:  Flexible fibreoptic laryngoscopy is the method of choice for coping with difficult tracheal intubations, a leading cause of catastrophic outcomes in anaesthesia. However, this technique is not always available or feasible. Retrograde intubation is a minimally invasive airway management technique with a flat learning curve and a high level of skill retention.

Methods:  A retrospective review of the anaesthesia records of 24 patients who underwent retrograde intubation. The success rate and the incidence of complications were recorded.

Results:  Retrograde tracheal intubation was successful in all 24 patients. In 21 patients it succeeded on the first attempt. In two patients it succeeded when the technique was changed from sliding over a guide wire to a pulling technique. The most common complication was a sore throat in almost 60% of the patients. Two patients had mild subcutaneous emphysema and one had minimal bleeding at the puncture site.

Conclusions:  In these patients retrograde tracheal intubation was easy to perform, had a high success rate and a low incidence of complications. It is a reliable alternative when fibreoptic intubation is precluded, fails or is unavailable.
Effect of remifentanil on intracranial pressure and cerebral blood flow velocity in patients with head trauma
Authors: Engelhard K. , Reeker W. , Kochs E. , Werner C.
Published: December 2004

Background:  Remifentanil, an ultra‐short‐acting opioid, is used as an on‐top analgesic in head trauma patients during transient painful procedures, e.g. endotracheal suctioning, physiotherapy, on the intensive care unit. However, previous studies have shown that opioids may increase intracranial pressure and decrease cerebral blood flow.

Methods:  The present study investigates the effect of remifentanil on mean arterial blood pressure, intracranial pressure measured with intraparenchymal or epidural probes, and on cerebral blood flow velocity assessed by transcranial Doppler flowmetry in 20 head trauma patients sedated with propofol and sufentanil. Ventilation was adjusted for a target PaCO2 of 4.7–5.1 kPa. After baseline measurements a bolus of remifentanil (0.5 µg·kg−1 i.v.) was administrated followed by a continuous infusion of remifentanil (0.25 µg·kg−1·min−1 i.v.) for 20 min.

Results:  There was no change in mean arterial blood pressure, intracranial pressure, and cerebral blood flow velocity in response to remifentanil infusion over time. Statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test.

Conclusions:  These data suggest that remifentanil can be used for on‐top analgesia in head trauma patients without adverse effects on cerebrovascular haemodynamics, cerebral perfusion pressure or intracranial pressure.
Effect of aminophylline on bispectral index
Authors: Turan A. , Memiş D. , Karamanlỳoðlu B. , PamukÇu Z. , Süt N.
Published: December 2004

Background:  The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of aminophylline on BIS as well as clinical recovery in patients anesthetized with sevoflurane.

Methods:  Sixty patients with status of ASA I–II scheduled for elective surgery were enrolled in this study. Anesthesia was induced by 2 mg kg−1 of propofol and 0.5 mg kg−1 of atracurium, maintained with 1:1 ratio of oxygen and nitrous oxide and 2–2.5% sevoflurane, keeping BIS values at 50 ± 5. During the last 30 min of the operation no muscle relaxant was given and anesthesia was continued without decreasing anesthetic concentration. After sevoflurane discontinuation, saline was given to Group P, and 5 mg kg−1 of aminophylline was given to Group A. Bispectral index values, heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation were determined in all the patients before and every min after injection of the test drug for 15 min. The following variables were measured in both groups: eye opening, extubation time, response to command, Aldrete scores, and performing three simple arithmetic calculations.

Results:  Between groups there was no statistically significant difference in mean arterial blood pressure, SpO2 and anesthesia time. Heart rate was found to be statistically higher (P < 0.001) at 2 to 6 min in Group A when compared with group P. Eye opening, verbal response, extubation and arithmetic calculation times were significantly shorter (P < 0.001) in Group A. Bispectral index scores were significantly higher in Group A at 1 to 12 min after aminophylline injection when compared with placebo (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:  Recovery from sevoflurane anesthesia and BIS scores are improved in early period when aminophylline is given at emerging from anesthesia.
Outcome of the elderly critically ill after intensive care in an era of cost containment
Authors: Walther S M. , Jonasson U.
Published: December 2004

Background:  Economical constraints have, in many countries, led to a reduction in provision of health care services, including care of the critically ill, after decades of expansion. We hypothesized that elderly critically ill patients may be particularly vulnerable to these changes. The purpose of the present study was to examine survival of patients ≥75 years between 1993 and 1999 when overall staff and ICU/HDU‐beds were stepwise reduced, but the nurse/bed ratio increased.

Methods:  Patient demographics, reason for admission, APACHE II and TISS scores were retrieved from a prospectively collected clinical database, and 180‐day mortality was secured from a national database. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the role of year of admission on outcome.

Results:  The annual number of elderly admissions (mean 656, range 611–702) and their APACHE II‐derived probability of death (mean 0.25, range 0.24–0.26) did not alter significantly during the period. For patients admitted after anesthesia and surgery, length of stay was significantly shorter (P<0.001) and TISS points per admission were fewer (P<0.05) at the end of the period, whereas 180‐day survival remained unchanged (mean 27.5%, range 25.3–29.3%). Year of admission had no explanatory power with an odds ratio of 1.0 (95% CI 0.9–1.1) per year.

Conclusion:  Reduction of intensive care services led to shorter stay and lower TISS allocation for elderly critically ill without any significant increase in 180‐day mortality.
Anaesthetic considerations in Kartagener's syndrome – a case report
Authors: Mathew P. J. , Sadera G. S. , Sharafuddin S. , Pandit B.
Published: December 2004

Kartagener's syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by the triad of situs inversus, including dextrocardia, bronchiectasis and paranasal sinusitis. We report the anaesthetic management of a patient with Kartagener's syndrome and postrenal transplant immunosuppression, presenting for repair of uterovaginal prolapse. Combined spinal epidural anaesthesia was administered to this patient. The anaesthetic considerations of this rare disorder and the relative advantages of the regional technique over general anaesthesia in this situation are discussed.
Desflurane results in higher cerebral blood flow than sevoflurane or isoflurane at hypocapnia in pigs
Authors: Holmström A. , Rosén I. , Åkeson J.
Published: December 2004

Background:  In clinical neuroanaesthesia, the increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and intracranial pressure caused by the cerebral vasodilative effects of an inhalational anaesthetic agent is counteracted by the cerebral vasoconstriction induced by hypocapnia. Desflurane and sevoflurane may have advantages over the more traditionally used isoflurane in neuroanaesthesia but their dose‐dependent vasodilative effects at hypocapnia have not been compared in the same model using truly equipotent minimal alveolar concentrations (MACs).

Method:  Desflurane, sevoflurane and isoflurane were administered in a randomized order to six pigs at 0.5 and 1.0 MAC. The intra‐arterial xenon clearance technique was used to calculate CBF. Blood pressure was invasively monitored. Cerebral and systemic physiological variables were recorded first at normocapnia (PaCO2 5.6 kPa) and then at hypocapnia (PaCO2 3.5 kPa). Electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was continuously recorded.

Results:  None of the three agents abolished cerebrovascular reactivity to hyperventilation, and at 0.5 MAC all had similar effects on CBF at hypocapnia. Desflurane at 1.0 MAC was associated with 16% higher CBF (P = 0.027) at hypocapnia than isoflurane, and with 24% higher CBF (P = 0.020) than sevoflurane. There was no seizure activity in the EEG.

Conclusion:  More cerebral vasodilation at hypocapnia with high doses of desflurane than with sevoflurane or isoflurane indicates that desflurane might be less suitable for neuroanaesthesia than sevoflurane and isoflurane.
Increased spillover of norepinephrine to the portal vein during CO2‐pneumoperitoneum in pigs
Authors: Myre K. , Rostrup M. , Eriksen M. , Buanes T. , Ræder J. , Stokland O.
Published: December 2004

Background:  Elevated intra abdominal pressure (IAP) during CO2‐insufflation has been associated with increased catecholamine concentrations in plasma. We have previously indicated that this may be due to a regional increased spillover from the abdominal region. In this experimental study we investigated catecholamine spillover from the drainage area of the portal vein during CO2‐pneumoperitoneum.

Methods:  Eight pigs under general anesthesia were investigated before and after CO2‐pneumoperitoneum with an IAP of 15 mmHg. Regional spillover of catecholamines was determined by measuring plasma catecholamine concentrations and flow simultaneously. Plasma concentrations of catecholamines were measured from the portal and femoral veins, the pulmonary and carotid arteries. Flow data were collected with laser‐Doppler transit time flow probes around the portal and femoral veins. Cardiac output was measured by the thermo‐dilution technique. Estimated spillover was calculated by the veno‐arterial difference multiplied by flow.

Results:  We found a significant increase in estimated spillover of norepinephrine from the drainage area of the portal vein from 10 (−1.2, 78) ng·min−1 to 27 (1.8, 475) ng·min−1[median (range)] (P = 0.05), but no change in estimated spillover of norepinephrine from the drainage area of the femoral vein. Plasma concentrations of norepinephrine increased in central venous and arterial blood. There was no significant change in epinephrine concentrations in arterial blood.

Conclusion:  Estimated norepinephrine spillover from the drainage area of the portal vein increased during CO2‐pneumoperitoneum in pigs. This may indicate that the increased norepinephrine concentrations found in arterial plasma reflects a local activation of sympathetic nerves in the region of the portal drainage area.
Respiratory changes during prolonged increased intra‐abdominal pressure in pigs
Authors: Gudmundsson F. F. , Heltne J. K.
Published: December 2004

Background:  Increased intra‐abdominal pressure (IAP) elevates thoracic pressure and airway pressures and reduces lung compliance in humans and laboratory animals. We studied respiratory alterations and arterial blood gas changes in pigs with IAP maintained at 20 mmHg or 30 mmHg for 3 h.

Methods:  Domestic pigs of both sexes weighing 30.0 ± 5.1 kg (mean ± SD) (n = 21) were divided into three groups. The animals were anesthetized and kept at 20 mmHg IAP (n = 7) or 30 mmHg IAP (n = 7) for 3 h. The third group (n = 7) served as control without an elevated IAP. We recorded respiratory alterations and changes in acid‐based parameters at baseline and after 90 min and 180 min of increased IAP.

Results:  No significant hypoxia or hypercarbia was found in animals with an IAP of 20 mmHg IAP. At an IAP of 30 mmHg, pO2 decreased to an average 19.6 kPa and pCO2 increased to about 6 kPa, and the animals were slightly acidotic. Airway pressure increased significantly and lung compliance decreased in both groups of elevated IAP.

Conclusion:  In our porcine model, an IAP of 20 mmHg or higher for 3 h is harmful for the respiratory function of the animals due to deterioration of respiratory parameters, increased airway pressure and decreased lung compliance.
The foreshore: geographical implications of the three legal systems in Great Britain
Authors: McGlashan Derek J , Duck Robert W , Reid Colin T
Published: December 2004

Despite the word ‘foreshore’ being in common usage relating to the coast, it has three distinct legal definitions in Great Britain. There are three property law regimes, English law in England and Wales, Scots law (feudal) in Scotland and Udal tenure in parts of Orkney and Shetland. These result in the boundaries between private property interests and public property interests lying in a different position on the beach area under each of these property regimes. This paper examines the physical extent of each of the foreshore definitions and highlights a number of associated issues that rely on these different boundaries fundamentally impacting upon the management of the coast.
Space and time in river bank erosion research: a review
Authors: Couper Pauline R
Published: December 2004

The intention of this article is to identify the ways in which ideas about space and time are manifest in river bank erosion research, thus linking abstract theoretical discussion with the ‘practice’ of geomorphological research. Bank erosion research to date has involved a range of space‐ and time‐scales, different perspectives resulting from these views. Scale linkage via mathematical translation has been attempted in some cases, but studies are often contextualized through loosely hierarchical ideas. The application of hierarchy theory and notions of space–time are considered, concluding with the identification of questions that might usefully be considered in future research
Reconsidering the concept of therapeutic landscapes in J D Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye
Authors: Baer Leonard D , Gesler Wilbert M
Published: December 2004

Researchers usually examine therapeutic landscapes, spaces that have or are felt to have healing properties, in positive terms. We reconsider the therapeutic landscape notion by applying it to J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye. The main character, Holden Caulfield, is sickened by his transition between childhood and adulthood, and he relies on therapeutic landscapes as an imaginary escape. Yet his therapeutic landscapes are oversimplified and unrealistic. Through examples from Holden's experiences, we explore therapeutic landscapes as ambivalent, nuanced spaces. We argue that therapeutic landscapes should be considered beyond exceptional cases, in everyday experience.
Emotionally intelligent research
Authors: Bennett Katy
Published: December 2004

Key to this paper is not so much the emotions of the researcher that emanate from fieldwork, but those of the researched (and their emotional intelligence). Using a vignette of research on the impact of the 2001 foot and mouth disease outbreak on rural economies in the north of England, the paper explores emotions as clues and ways of seeing. It is broadly influenced by a social constructionist approach that views emotion as created and understood in the context of relationships with others and made meaningful through discourses, language and signifiers. It does not, though, deny the physical sensations that accompany emotion and the ways in which emotions are embodied as individuals interact with others (human and non‐human).
Social geographies of rural mental health: experiencing inclusions and exclusions
Authors: Parr Hester , Philo Chris , Burns Nicola
Published: December 2004

A dominant urban focus in previous research on the social geographies of mental health has obscured the experiences of people with mental health problems living in rural localities. Critiquing this urban focus, we report on research conducted in the rural and remote Scottish Highlands. Evidence derived from in‐depth interviews with over 100 users of psychiatric services in the Highlands is deployed to investigate the complex socio‐spatial dynamics of inclusion and exclusion experienced by these users on a daily basis. A discussion of the explanations that users themselves offer of their experiences is accompanied by a theoretical framing of these issues pivoting on relations of proximity–distance and intimacy–repulsion.
Free independent travellers? British working holiday makers in Australia
Authors: Clarke Nick
Published: December 2004

There is a renewed interest among geographers in tourism and how tourism makes the world and its people modern. In this paper, I engage with this renewed interest by way of a case study: British working holiday makers in Australia. Drawing on two modes of research practice, ethnography and political economy, I argue that, while working holidays may be structured in numerous ways, they also involve challenges, active individuals, heterogeneous spaces, and slow time (for reflection and inscription), which together, in a sense, make their makers modern. I frame this engagement, this argument, with a debate familiar to geographers: the problem of Free Independent Travellers.
The role of the extrinsic thoracic limb muscles in equine locomotion
Authors: Payne R. C. , Veenman P. , Wilson A. M.
Published: December 2004

Muscles have two major roles in locomotion: to generate force and to absorb/generate power (do work). Economical force generation is achieved by short‐fibred pennate muscle while the maximum power output of a muscle is architecture independent. In this study we tested the hypothesis that there is an anatomical and structural separation between the force‐generating anti‐gravity muscles and the propulsive (limb/trunk moving) muscles of the equine forelimb. Muscle mass and fascicle length measurements were made on the thoracic limb extrinsic muscles of six fresh horse cadavers. Physiological cross‐sectional area and maximum isometric force were then estimated. Maximum power was estimated from muscle volume and published contraction velocity data. The majority of extrinsic forelimb muscles were large with long fascicles arranged in parallel to the long axis of the muscle. Muscles arranged in this way are optimised for doing work. The architecture of serratus ventralis thoracis (SVT) was unique. It had short (48 ± 17 mm) fascicles, arranged at about 45° to the long axis of the muscle, which would suggest a force‐generating, anti‐gravity role. The muscle belly of SVT was sandwiched between two broad, thick sheets of aponeurosis. Hence, SVT could make a significant contribution to the overall elastic properties of the thoracic limb.
Transmitter receptors and functional anatomy of the cerebral cortex
Authors: Zilles Karl , Palomero‐Gallagher Nicola , Schleicher Axel
Published: December 2004

The currently available architectonic maps of the human cerebral cortex do not match the high degree of cortical segregation as shown by functional imaging. Such functional imaging studies have demonstrated a considerable number of functionally specialized areas not displayed in the architectonic maps. We therefore analysed the regional and laminar distribution of various transmitter receptors in the human cerebral cortex, because these signalling molecules play a crucial role in cortical functions. They may provide a novel and functionally more relevant insight into the regional organization of the cortex, which cannot be achieved by architectonic observations in cell body‐ or myelin‐stained sections. Serial cryostat sections through whole human hemispheres were used for quantitative receptor autoradiography. The regional and laminar densities of numerous receptors of classic transmitter systems were analysed. Alternating sections were stained for comparisons based on cyto‐ or myeloarchitectonic criteria. Our results demonstrate that the regional distribution of transmitter receptors reflects well‐established cyto‐ and myeloarchitectonically defined borders of cortical areas, but in addition enables the identification of more cortical areas than previously demonstrated. Moreover, the laminar distribution patterns of a given receptor type in different cortical areas as well as those of different receptor types in the same cortical area reveal novel and functionally relevant data concerning the intracortical organization in the human cerebral cortex.
Effects of fasting on temporal changes in plasma concentrations of sex steroids, growth hormone and insulin‐like growth factor I, and reproductive investment in Arctic charr
Authors: Frantzen M. , DamsgÅrd B. , Tveiten H. , Moriyama S. , Iwata M. , Johnsen H. K.
Published: December 2004

Proportions of maturing fish and reproductive output [egg size, relative fecundity, spermatocrit and gonado‐somatic index (IG)] were studied in repeat‐spawning (+4 year old) male and female Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus, subjected to periods of fasting. Groups of individually tagged Arctic charr were fasted for c. 3, 6, 7 and 9 months, from November 1998. In the period February to November 1999, size (fork length and mass), specific growth rate (G), condition factor (K) and plasma concentrations of growth hormone (GH), insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I), oestradiol‐17β(E2; females) and 11‐ketotestosterone (11KT; males), were monitored monthly. Maturing fish in each group started to gain mass soon after food was made available, and both sexes reached the highest K and G c. 2 months after the onset of feeding. The fasting regimes resulted in different growth patterns during spring and summer when energy stores are normally replenished in Arctic charr, and K prior to the breeding season was significantly higher in the groups fasted for 3 and 6 months compared to the groups fasted for 7 and 9 months. There were significant positive correlations between K during the period prior to the breeding season and reproductive output in terms of the IG, spermatocrit and relative fecundity. There was, however, no clear relationship between the length of starvation and the proportion of maturing fish. Likewise, no clear relationships were found between reproductive development and plasma levels of GH and IGF‐I, although both showed marked seasonal changes, being ‘down‐regulated’ during winter months and ‘up‐regulated’ throughout summer months.
Consumption, abundance and habitat use of Anguilla anguilla in a mesotrophic reservoir
Authors: Schulze T. , Kahl U. , Radke R. J. , Benndorf J.
Published: December 2004

The role of the eel Anguilla anguilla as a piscivorous species was investigated in a biomanipulation experiment in the mesotrophic Saidenbach Reservoir. The distribution and abundance of the eels were investigated by point abundance sampling, snorkelling and scuba diving. Also, the total yearly consumption of the eel population was compared with the standing stock of prey fishes and the production of roach Rutilus rutilus eggs. A restricted availability of shelter habitats at low water levels had no influence on the distribution of the eels during the nocturnal activity period. Fishes were consumed in low numbers but in high proportions of biomass by large eels. The maximum estimate of the annual consumption of the prey fish standing stock by the eels was 19%. Fish eggs were consumed during a small time period by a large proportion of the eels but the total consumption was <10% of the total annual production of roach eggs. By consuming small individuals of planktivorous fishes, the eels contribute to the biomanipulation programme in the Saidenbach Reservoir.
Electroencephalogram recordings from the olfactory bulb of juvenile (0 year) Atlantic cod in response to amino acids
Authors: Yacoob S. Y. , Browman H. I. , Jensen P. A.
Published: December 2004

Olfactory sensitivity of juvenile (0 year) Atlantic cod Gadus morhua to 20 L‐amino acids was studied by recording electroencephalograms (EEG) from the olfactory bulb. Leucine, methionine, asparagine, glutamine, alanine and threonine were highly stimulatory; proline, phenylalanine, aspartic acid and tryptophan were the least stimulatory. Threshold concentrations determined for four amino acids were 10−8 M for alanine, 10−7 M for arginine and leucine and 10−6 M for glutamic acid.
Comparison of electrofishing and trammel netting variability for sampling native fishes
Authors: Paukert C. P.
Published: December 2004

The variability in size structure and relative abundance (CPUE; number of fish ≥200 mm total length, LT, collected per hour of electrofishing or trammel netting) of three native Colorado River fishes, the endangered humpback chub Gila cypha, flannelmouth sucker Catostomus latipinnus and bluehead sucker Catostomus discobolus, collected from electrofishing and trammel nets was assessed to determine which gear was most appropriate to detect trends in relative abundance of adult fishes. Coefficient of variation (CV) of CPUE ranged from 210 to 566 for electrofishing and 128 to 575 for trammel netting, depending on season, diel period and species. Mean CV was lowest for trammel nets for humpback chub (P = 0·004) and tended to be lower for flannelmouth sucker (P = 0·12), regardless of season or diel period. Only one bluehead sucker >200 mm was collected with electrofishing. Electrofishing and trammel netting CPUE were not related for humpback chub (r = −0·32, P = 0·43) or flannelmouth sucker (r = −0·27, P = 0·46) in samples from the same date, location and hour set. Electrofishing collected a higher proportion of smaller (<200 mm LT) humpback chub (P < 0·001), flannelmouth suckers (P < 0·001) and bluehead suckers (P < 0·001) than trammel netting, suggesting that conclusions derived from one gear may not be the same as from the other gear. This is probably because these gears fished different habitats, which are occupied by different fish life stages. To detect a 25% change in CPUE at a power of 0·9, at least 473 trammel net sets or 1918 electrofishing samples would be needed in this 8 km reach. This unattainable amount of samples for both trammel netting and electrofishing indicates that detecting annual changes in CPUE may not be practical and analysis of long‐term data or stock assessment models using mark‐recapture methods may be needed to assess trends in abundance of Colorado River native fishes, and probably other rare fishes as well.
The Appointments Dilemma
Authors: McCarty Nolan
Published: December 2004

In a separation of powers political system, effective bureaucratic control may be undermined by the fact that the power to appoint bureaucrats is controlled by a different set of principals from those that may control them through statutory or budgetary means. In particular, executives have proposal power over bureaucratic appointments and removals while legislators have proposal power over laws. In this article, I explore the consequences of this division of authority for bureaucratic outcomes. I argue that this pattern of authority often produces outcomes inferior to those generated when appointment, removal, and legislative powers are centralized as is the case in many parliamentary systems. The model reveals that restricting executive removal power can mitigate these problems. Finally, I discuss the relevance of this
appointments dilemma
for bargaining over bureaucratic structures with a focus on removal powers, independent commissions, and civil service rules.
Constitutionalism and Presidential Prerogative: Jeffersonian and Hamiltonian Perspectives
Authors: Fatovic Clement
Published: December 2004

Scholars, the courts, and the public have been ambivalent about prerogative, the power of presidents to take extraordinary actions without explicit legal authorization in emergencies, because it seems to defy core principles of liberal constitutionalism. This article examines the relation between prerogative and liberal constitutionalism by comparing the approaches of two Founders with different conceptions of executive power, Jefferson and Hamilton. Although they both endorsed a Lockean conception of prerogative that makes it possible to secure vital substantive ends that might be imperiled by strict adherence to ordinary legal forms in an emergency, they disagreed over the constitutionality of prerogative. Whereas Hamilton located the authority for prerogative within the implied powers of the Constitution, Jefferson expected presidents to admit wrongdoing and seek post‐hoc approval from the public, a difference with important implications for both democracy and constitutional practice that can be traced back to ambiguities in Locke's theory of prerogative.
The Government Agenda in Parliamentary Democracies
Authors: Martin Lanny W.
Published: December 2004

Lawmaking is a challenge for coalition governments because it inherently demands cooperation and compromise by parties with divergent policy goals. The jurisdictional system of cabinet government exacerbates the problem by providing parties the means to undermine the coalition bargain in the pursuit of their own policy interests. In this article, I explore whether arrangements that allow partners to police one another induce compromise on one of the most important decisions taken by a government—the organization of the policy agenda. In an analysis of original data on the timing and policy content of over 800 government bills from four European democracies, I show that coalition governments pursue a largely “accommodative” agenda. Policy initiatives dealing with issues that are more attractive to all partners in the coalition are likely to be given priority on the agenda, while those dealing with relatively unattractive issues are likely to be postponed.
Political Sophistication and Policy Reasoning: A Reconsideration
Authors: Goren Paul
Published: December 2004

The sophistication‐interaction theory of mass policy reasoning, which posits that the strength of the relationship between abstract principles and policy preferences is conditional on political sophistication, dominates the study of public opinion. This article argues that the sophistication‐interaction theory does not hold to the degree the consensus claims. Specifically, it challenges the proposition that sophistication promotes the use of domain‐specific beliefs and values. Analysis of 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988, and 1990 NES data yields two compelling findings. First, a series of confirmatory factor analyses indicate that beliefs about equal opportunity, self‐reliance, and limited government in the social welfare domain and about militarism and anticommunism in the foreign policy domain are structured coherently and equivalently in the minds of citizens at different levels of sophistication. Second, structural equation model results demonstrate that political sophistication does not systematically enhance the impact these principles have on policy preferences.
Quality Counts: Extending the Strategic Politician Model of Incumbent Deterrence
Authors: Stone Walter J. , Maisel L. Sandy , Maestas Cherie D.
Published: December 2004

Competitive elections are essential to representative democracy. Competition in U.S. House elections is low in part because incumbents have strategic advantages that deter strong potential candidates from running. Many observers conclude that incumbents retain their seats without full accountability to the electorate, but the mechanisms of deterrence have never been fully explored from the perspective of strong potential candidates. Based on a survey of potential House candidates designed to capture perceptions of incumbents' personal quality and reelection prospects, we find strong evidence for the “strategic politicians” thesis (Black 1972; Jacobson and Kernell 1983). We extend the logic of the strategic model first by showing that incumbents' reelection prospects are affected by their personal quality and second by demonstrating that incumbents' personal qualities deter strong challengers from running, independent of their electoral prospects. Our findings prompt us to suggest revisions to our understanding of competition and representation in contemporary House elections.
Political Partisanship and Welfare State Reform in Advanced Industrial Societies
Authors: Allan James P. , Scruggs Lyle
Published: December 2004

In this article we evaluate two claims made in recent studies of the welfare states of advanced industrial societies: first, that welfare states have remained quite resilient in the face of demands for retrenchment; and second, that partisan politics have ceased to play a decisive role in their evolution. Addressing the first claim, we present analysis from a new data set on unemployment insurance and sickness benefit replacement rates for 18 countries for the years 1975–99. We find considerably more evidence of welfare retrenchment during the last two decades than do recent cross‐national studies. Second, we examine the “end of partisanship” claim by estimating the effects of government partisanship on changes in income replacement rates in sickness and unemployment programs. Our results suggest that, contrary to claims that partisanship has little impact on welfare state commitments, traditional partisanship continues to have a considerable effect on welfare state entitlements in the era of retrenchment.
Certainty or Accessibility: Attitude Strength in Candidate Evaluations
Authors: Peterson David A. M.
Published: December 2004

Attitude strength is an important, but contested, subject in social psychology. Political scientists often rely on measures of attitude strength such as attitude importance, accessibility, or certainty in their work while ignoring the politically meaningful differences across types of strength. This omission is particularly relevant in the discussion of the formation of candidate evaluations. The research reported here indicates that accessibility is not the relevant type of attitude strength when describing how voters use issues in evaluating candidates. Instead, voters' reliance on issues when evaluating candidates depends on the voter's certainty about where the candidates stand. Given the different antecedents of certainty and accessibility, this result suggests that that citizens are able to more carefully process and use information available to them during an election campaign than would be expected by the prevailing theories of attitude formation.