bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behavior in preschool children with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Klaassen Petra , Duijff Sasja , Swanenburg de Veye Henriette , Vorstman Jacob , Beemer Frits , Sinnema Gerben
Published: December 2012

Children with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) are at an increased risk of psychiatric problems from pre‐adolescence; little is known, however, about behavioral problems at a preschool age and the relationship between speech and behavior in this group. Parents of 90 children (aged 1.42–5.99 years) with 22q11DS filled out the Child Behavior Checklist, documenting behaviors including speech problems. Their profiles were compared with those of a comparison group consisting of 33 children with nonsyndromic orofacial clefts without 22q11DS, since both children with 22q11DS and children with clefts are expected to have speech problems. In the 22q11DS group, data on intelligence was acquired by means of formal tests. Parents of children with 22q11DS reported significantly higher mean scores on withdrawn behavior, affective problems and pervasive developmental problems compared to children with nonsyndromic clefts. Approximately 30% of children with 22q11DS had a score above the 97th percentile on at least one of the behavior subscales, indicating psychopathology. In children with 22q11DS, the reported behavioral problems were not associated with speech problems. Behavioral problems were found in 30% of young children with 22q11DS and were unlikely to be caused by speech problems. Within the 22q11DS group, behavioral problems were not related to the degree of cognitive impairment. This shows that many children with 22q11DS, known to be at an increased risk of psychiatric problems from pre‐adolescence, already show behavioral problems before the age of 6 years. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Increase in central striatal dopamine transporters in patients with Shwachman–Diamond syndrome: Additional evidence of a brain phenotype
Authors: Booij Jan , Reneman Liesbeth , Alders Marielle , Kuijpers Taco W.
Published: December 2012

Patients with Shwachman–Diamond syndrome (SDS) do not only experience well‐described physical features like skeletal abnormalities and hematological dysfunctions, but recent studies also suggested attention and working memory deficits in SDS. Indeed, a recent structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study demonstrated smaller brain regions in SDS. Regarding attention and working memory, however, an important role for the neurotransmitter dopamine is well established. Therefore, in this study we assessed in vivo dopamine transporters (DATs; a specific marker of dopaminergic cells expressed in nerve terminals) and performed structural MRI in SDS. In 6 and 5 young SDS patients, respectively, we were able to acquire DAT single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and MRI examinations, and the data were compared to age‐matched control data. Striatal DAT binding was significantly increased in SDS patients as compared to controls. In addition, we observed significantly smaller volumes particularly posteriorly and caudally located in the brain: the corpus callosum, brainstem, and cerebellum. Also the thalamus was smaller in SDS patients than in controls. In conclusion, our data replicate earlier findings on smaller brain regions in SDS. In addition, our novel molecular imaging data suggest that SDS patients may have a dysregulated dopaminergic system. These findings may be of relevance to increase our understanding of behavioral and cognitive deficits in SDS. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“Mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly” caused by EFTUD2 mutations: Expanding the phenotype
Authors: Luquetti Daniela V. , Hing Anne V. , Rieder Mark J. , Nickerson Deborah A. , Turner Emily H. , Smith Joshua , Park Sarah , Cunningham Michael L.
Published: December 2012

Heterozygous mutations in the EFTUD2 were identified in 12 individuals with a rare sporadic craniofacial condition termed Mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly (MIM 610536). We present clinical and radiographic features of three additional patients with de novo heterozygous mutations in EFTUD2. Although clinical features overlap with findings of the original report (choanal atresia, cleft palate, maxillary and mandibular hypoplasia, and microtia), microcephaly was present in two of three patients and cognitive impairment was milder in those with head circumference proportional to height. Our cases expand the phenotypic spectrum to include epibulbar dermoids and zygomatic arch clefting. We suggest that craniofacial computed tomography studies to assess cleft of zygomatic arch may assist in making this diagnosis. We recommend consideration of EFTUD2 testing in individuals with features of oculo‐auriculo‐vertebral spectrum and bilateral microtia, or individuals with atypical CHARGE syndrome who do not have a CHD7 mutation, particularly those with a zygomatic arch cleft. The absence of microcephaly in one patient indicates that it is a highly variable phenotypic feature. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cardiac anomalies in Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome due to a novel FOXC1 mutation
Authors: Gripp Karen W. , Hopkins Elizabeth , Jenny Kim , Thacker Deepika , Salvin Jonathan
Published: December 2012

Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome (ARS) is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by ophthalmologic anterior segment abnormalities and extraocular findings including dental anomalies and redundant periumbilical skin. Intragenic mutations in the homeobox gene PITX2 or the transcription factor encoding FOXC1 were identified, and genomic rearrangements encompassing either gene also cause ARS. A molecular etiology is identified in 40–60%. Extraocular anomalies occur more often with intragenic PITX2 than FOXC1 mutations. We report on a patient with infantile glaucoma presenting at age 21 months with congestive heart failure due to a dysplastic arcade mitral valve necessitating valve replacement, and mildly hypoplastic left ventricular outflow tract and aortic arch. Family history included early onset glaucoma in four relatives; congenital hip dysplasia requiring surgery in three; and an atrial septal defect in the affected maternal grandmother. Despite the absence of dental or umbilical abnormalities, anterior chamber abnormalities consistent with ARS were present in affected individuals. Molecular testing revealed a novel FOXC1 mutation (c.508C>T; p.Arg170Trp) in the proband and his affected mother; other family members were unavailable. A literature review revealed four reports of congenital heart disease associated with intragenic FOXC1 mutations, and none with intragenic PITX2 mutations. Previously, mouse studies showed Foxc1 (Mf1) expression in the developing valves and atrial septum, supporting a causal relationship of FOXC1 mutations for valvar anomalies and ASD. Hip dysplasia in three family members suggests a role for FOXC1 in the femoral head dysplasia of de Hauwere syndrome with 6p25 deletions. Further reports of clinical and molecular diagnoses will clarify genotype–phenotype correlation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
No evidence of association between mutant alleles of the CYP27B1 gene and multiple sclerosis
Authors: Ban Maria , Caillier Stacy , Mero Inger‐Lise , Myhr Kjell‐Morten , Celius Elisabeth G. , Aarseth Jan , Torkildsen Øivind , Harbo Hanne F. , Oksenberg Jorge , Hauser Stephen L. , Sawcer Stephen , Compston Alastair
Published: December 2012

An association has previously been reported between susceptibility to multiple sclerosis and the rare mutant alleles of the CYP27B1 gene responsible for autosomal recessive vitamin D–dependent rickets type 1 (VDDR1). In an attempt to replicate this finding, we screened 495 multiplex families and 2,092 single affected families, together with 4,594 cases and 3,583 controls (a total of 17,073 individuals) but were unable to find any evidence supporting this putative association. Our data do not indicate that mutations responsible for VDDR1 influence the risk of developing multiple sclerosis. ANN NEUROL 2013;73:430–432
A Novel Antifungal Agent with Broad Spectrum: 1‐(4‐Biphenylyl)‐3‐(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)‐1‐propanone
Authors: Roman Gheorghe , Mareş Mihai , Năstasă Valentin
Published: December 2012

A series of (1‐substituted aryl)‐3‐(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)‐1‐propanones was synthesized through the N‐alkylation of imidazole with 3‐dimethylamino‐1‐(substituted aryl)‐1‐propanone hydrochlorides (ketonic Mannich bases). A second series of N1‐substituted imidazoles was obtained by the reduction of the carbonyl function of the imidazole–ketones in the previous series by means of NaBH4. All of the compounds were evaluated for antifungal activity against 16 strains of Candida, and 3‐(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)‐1‐(4‐biphenylyl)‐1‐propanone emerged as a broad‐spectrum antifungal agent. Several 3‐(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)‐1‐(2′‐(substituted benzyl)oxyphenyl)‐1‐propanones were also active towards Candida kefyr.
On the calculation of percentile‐based bibliometric indicators
Authors: Waltman Ludo , Schreiber Michael
Published: December 2012

A percentile‐based bibliometric indicator is an indicator that values publications based on their position within the citation distribution of their field. The most straightforward percentile‐based indicator is the proportion of frequently cited publications, for instance, the proportion of publications that belong to the top 10% most frequently cited of their field. Recently, more complex percentile‐based indicators have been proposed. A difficulty in the calculation of percentile‐based indicators is caused by the discrete nature of citation distributions combined with the presence of many publications with the same number of citations. We introduce an approach to calculating percentile‐based indicators that deals with this difficulty in a more satisfactory way than earlier approaches suggested in the literature. We show in a formal mathematical framework that our approach leads to indicators that do not suffer from biases in favor of or against particular fields of science.
Orthogonal control of endogenous gene expression in mammalian cells using synthetic ligands
Authors: Liang Jing , McLachlan Michael J. , Zhao Huimin
Published: December 2012

Gene switches have wide utility in synthetic biology, gene therapy, and developmental biology, and multiple orthogonal gene switches are needed to construct advanced circuitry or to control complex phenotypes. Endogenous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF‐A) is crucial to angiogenesis, and it has been shown that multiple alternately spliced VEGF‐A isoforms are necessary for proper blood vessel formation. Such a necessity limits the utility of direct transgene delivery, which can provide only one splice variant. To overcome this limitation, we constructed a gene switch that can regulate the (VEGF‐A) locus in mammalian cells by combining an engineered estrogen receptor (ER) ligand‐binding domain (LBD), a p65 activation domain, and an artificial zinc‐finger DNA binding domain (DBD). Our gene switch is specifically and reversibly controlled by 4,4′‐dyhydroxybenzil (DHB), a small molecule, non‐steroid synthetic ligand, which acts orthogonally in a mammalian system. After optimization of the gene switch architecture, an endogenous VEGF‐A induction ratio of >100‐fold can be achieved in HEK293 cells at 1 µM DHB, which is the highest endogenous induction reported to date. In addition, induction has been shown to be reversible, repeatable, and sustainable. Another advantage is that the ligand response is tunable by varying the clonal composition of a stably integrated cell line. The integration of our findings with the technology to change ligand specificity and DNA binding specificity will provide the framework for generating a wide array of orthogonal gene switches that can control multiple genes with multiple orthogonal ligands. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1419–1429. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acute closure after stenting
Authors: Badr Salem , Dvir Danny , Pichard Augusto D. , Waksman Ron
Published: December 2012

This is a classic case of intramural hematoma causing acute myocardial infarction soon after successful stenting. This case illustrates the importance of intravascular ultrasound imaging to diagnose the underlying cause of coronary occlusion after successful stenting to guide the optimal treatment in such cases. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Facile Synthesis of 4,5‐Disubstituted 2H‐1,2,3‐Triazoles by Catalyst‐free Cycloaddition between Substituted Vinyl Sulfones and Sodium Azide under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Yang Jinjin , Yin Wei , Liu Renhua , Chu Changhu
Published: December 2012

A highly efficient method for readily preparing 4,5‐disubstituted 2H‐1,2,3‐triazoles was found. Under ambient conditions, a catalyst free cycloaddition between substituted vinyl sulfones and sodium azide could be completed in a very short time. In this cycloaddition process, sulfonyl group acts as a leaving group, while its ester group was retained.
Novel and Efficient Syntheses of Four Useful Shikimate‐derived Epoxy Chiral Building Blocks via Cyclic Sulfite Intermediates
Authors: Quan Na , Nie Liangdeng , Shi Xiaoxin , Zhu Ruiheng , Lü Xia
Published: December 2012

All of the four stereoisomers of methyl 4,5‐epoxy‐3‐hydroxy‐cyclohex‐1‐ene‐carboxylate (1a–1d) are useful chiral building blocks. Novel and efficient syntheses of these four epoxy chiral building blocks from naturally abundant (−)‐shikimic acid (2) via cyclic sulfite intermediates are described in this article. The targeted compound (3R,4R,5S)‐1a was synthesized via four steps from (−)‐shikimic acid in 79% overall yield. The other three targeted compounds (3S,4R,5S)‐1b, (3S,4S,5R)‐1c and (3R,4S,5R)‐1d were synthesized via seven steps from (−)‐shikimic acid in 56%, 64% and 65% overall yields, respectively.
One‐pot Three Component Synthesis of Polyfluoroarylated Arylacetates via VNSAr‐SNAr Reaction
Authors: Xiong Yang , Wu Jingjing , Xiao Senhan , Cao Song
Published: December 2012

A series of 2‐polyfluoroaryl arylacetates were synthesized by a one‐pot three‐component VNSAr‐SNAr reaction of polyfluoroarenes, ethyl 2‐chloropropionate, and ortho‐substituted nitrobenzenes.
Packed‐Column of Granular Activated Carbons for Removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand from Industrial Wastewater
Authors: Laohaprapanon Sawanya , Marques Marcia , Kaczala Fabio , Hogland William
Published: December 2012

In the present study, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal by packed‐columns of activated carbon (AC) derived from two different materials (coal activated carbon, CAC and wood activated carbon, WAC) is reported as part of an on‐site wastewater treatment system for handling small volumes of wastewater generated at wood‐floor industries for which there are no proper on‐site treatment options available in the market. The performance of the sorbents, the effect of bed depth (0.19 and 0.57 m) and volumetric load (0.10 and 0.24 m h−1) on the breakthrough curve of sorption systems were studied. The results indicated the feasibility of using both ACs to treat these wastewaters. At the bed depth (0.57 m), volumetric load (0.24 m h−1), and 30% breakthrough, CAC and WAC showed treatment capacity of 40.5 L kg−1 in 250 h and 23.8 L kg−1 in 63 h, respectively. This indicated that CAC requires longer retention times to reach a performance similar to WAC. The experimental data was fit into the bed depth‐service time model showing that under the same conditions, CAC had higher maximum sorption capacity (N0) than WAC. Moreover, thermal regeneration at 500°C temperature could be a cost‐effective procedure since the reuse of spent AC through such regeneration process for further treatment could still achieve 90% of the initial sorption capacity, reducing then costs for the use of new sorbents and also the need for waste disposal.
Recycle of Ag+ and Zn2+ with Magnetic Adsorbent in Process of Its Purification from Wastewater
Authors: Wu Fan , Zhang Ying Xue , Le Chen Yong , Qian Hao
Published: December 2012

A highly reusable magnetic polymer beads was employed as adsorbent to extract Ag+ and Zn2+ from aqueous solution. Because of its excellent ability to adsorb Ag+ and Zn2+, after adsorption, the residual concentration of Zn2+ or Ag+ is far lower than the wastewater discharge Standard of China. The pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model was suitable to describe the responding adsorption behavior. The adsorption isotherm of Ag+ fitted best with Langmuir model, suggesting a monolayer adsorption occurred between metal ions on these magnetic beads. But the adsorption isotherm of Zn2+ could be well described by Freundlich model. From the thermodynamic parameters, it indicated that this adsorption process was endothermic. Furthermore, the binding metal ions on the magnetic adsorbent could be easily recovered by eluting with acidic solution without changing the valance state of these metal ions. Moreover, the responding regeneration of these magnetic beads could be performed in alkali solution. Even after 20 runs of adsorption–desorption–regeneration, the adsorption ability of these magnetic beads changed little. These advantages, including excellent stability, favorable adsorption capacity, simple operation, and prominent recoverability, bring great potential to this technology in the removal of hazardous heavy metal ions from wastewater.
The Effects of Different Substrates on Ammonium Removal in Constructed Wetlands: A Comparison of Their Physicochemical Characteristics and Ammonium‐Oxidizing Prokaryotic Communities
Authors: Huang Xu , Liu Chaoxiang , Wang Zhen , Gao Chunfang , Zhu Gefu , Liu Lin
Published: December 2012

A vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) filled with natural zeolite had higher ammonium removal (82.4–94.0%) than another VFCW filled with volcanic rock (51.3–69.4%) treating piggery wastewater under any of three recirculation ratios. To reveal the underling reasons, physicochemical characteristics and ammonium‐oxidizing prokaryotes (AOPs) of two substrates were determined. The calculated maximum ammonium adsorption of zeolite (11.6 mg g−1) was remarkably higher than that of volcanic rock (0.21 mg g−1), mainly because the former contains two cationic binding crystalline species, ${\rm AlSi}_{{\rm 3}} {\rm O}_{{\rm 8}}^{- } $ and montmorillonite. Quantitative analyses indicated that ammonium‐oxidizing archaea (AOA) are the dominant AOP of zeolite and ammonium‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) are the dominant AOP of volcanic rock respectively. Diversity and phylogenetic analysis further showed that both AOB and AOA communities were significantly different between two substrates. Nitrosospira‐like AOB (92.6%) and sediment/soil clade AOA (71.4%) were the main components of AOB and AOA in natural zeolite, whereas Nitrosomonas‐like AOB (76.1%) and water/sediment clade AOA (77.1%) dominated the AOB and AOA in volcanic rock. These results suggest that the substrates show high selectivity to AOP community. Thus, in addition to physicochemical characteristics, the AOP of substrates is very likely to affect ammonium removal in VFCWs.
Site of origin of and sex differences in the vasopressin innervation of the mouse (Mus musculus) brain
Authors: Rood Benjamin D. , Stott Ryan T. , You Samantha , Smith Caroline J.W. , Woodbury Maya E. , De Vries Geert J.
Published: December 2012

Defining how arginine vasopressin (AVP) acts centrally to regulate homeostasis and behavior is problematic, as AVP is made in multiple nuclei in the hypothalamus (i.e., paraventricular [PVN], supraoptic [SON], and suprachiasmatic [SCN]) and extended amygdala (i.e., bed nucleus of the stria terminalis [BNST] and medial amygdala [MeA]), and these groups of neurons have extensive projections throughout the brain. To understand the function of AVP, it is essential to know the site of origin of various projections. In mice, we used gonadectomy to eliminate gonadal steroid hormone–dependent expression of AVP in the BNST and MeA and electrolytic lesions to eliminate the SCN, effectively eliminating those AVP‐immunoreactive projections; we also quantified AVP‐immunoreactive fiber density in gonadectomized and sham‐operated male and female mice to examine sex differences in AVP innervation. Our results suggest that the BNST/MeA AVP system innervates regions containing major modulatory neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin and dopamine) and thus may be involved in regulating behavioral state. Furthermore, this system may be biased toward the regulation of male behavior, given the numerous regions in which males have a denser AVP‐immunoreactive innervation than females. AVP from the SCN is found in regions important for the regulation of hormone output and behavior. Innervation from the PVN and SON is found in brain regions that likely work in concert with the well‐known peripheral AVP actions of controlling homeostasis and stress response; female‐biased sex differences in this system may be related to the heightened stress response observed in females. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:2321–2358, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Alternative Caregiving Figures and their Role on Adult Attachment Representations
Authors: Zaccagnino Maria , Cussino Martina , Saunders Rachel , Jacobvitz Deborah , Veglia Fabio
Published: December 2012

Background

The present work represents the first Italian study investigating whether and how mothers who describe unloving experiences with both parents during childhood could become more secure as adults (termed earned‐secures).

Method

The sample consisted of 94 women from northern Italy. All the subjects were administered the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) and fill in a screening test evaluating depressive symptoms.

Results

No significative differences were found regarding depressive symptomatology across the different attachment classifications. The majority of the samples (84%) remember an important alternative support figure during childhood (before 12 years old). Earned‐secures significantly differ from continuous‐secure and insecure groups (F = 27.202; p ≤ 0.01) on the amount of the emotional support from the main alternative support figure and on the average amount of emotional support across alternative support figures (F = 10.44; p ≤ 0.01). The majority of alternative support figures (80%) were grandparents.

Conclusions

A corrective emotional experience allows the subject to work through his negative childhood experiences and acquire modalities of interaction that enable him/her to function more effectively in the world. The clinical implications of this study will be discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Attachment theory.

Clinical implications of attachment experiences.

Corrective emotional experience.
Optimal rate and power allocation under quality‐of‐service requirements for wireless multihop networks
Authors: Wang Fei , Liao Xiaofeng , Guo Songtao , Huang Hongyu
Published: December 2012

In wireless networks, real‐time applications have strict QoS requirements for packet delay, packet loss, and reliability. However, most existing work has not considered these QoS metrics when allocating wireless resources so that the QoS requirements of real‐time applications may not be satisfied. To overcome this shortcoming, a rate and power allocation framework incorporating these QoS metrics is first proposed for slow‐fading systems. Second, two distributed algorithms are developed to solve this optimization framework although it is nonconvex and nonseparable. Third, an improved framework is proposed to deal with the rate and power allocation with QoS requirements for fast‐fading systems. It is shown that the fast‐fading state of the network does not need to be considered in this improved framework, and it can be solved using algorithms that are similar to those for the framework of slow‐fading systems. In the end, simulations show that our algorithms converge closely to the globally optimal solution. By comparison with an existing model, simulations also verify the validity of our frameworks on dealing with the rate and power allocation with QoS requirements. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microsatellite and mtDNA analysis of lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, from Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territories: impacts of historical and contemporary evolutionary forces on Arctic ecosystems
Authors: Harris Les N. , Howland Kimberly L. , Kowalchuk Matthew W. , Bajno Robert , Lindsay Melissa M. , Taylor Eric B.
Published: December 2012

Resolving the genetic population structure of species inhabiting pristine, high latitude ecosystems can provide novel insights into the post‐glacial, evolutionary processes shaping the distribution of contemporary genetic variation. In this study, we assayed genetic variation in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Great Bear Lake (GBL), NT and one population outside of this lake (Sandy Lake, NT) at 11 microsatellite loci and the mtDNA control region (d‐loop). Overall, population subdivision was low, but significant (global FST θ = 0.025), and pairwise comparisons indicated that significance was heavily influenced by comparisons between GBL localities and Sandy Lake. Our data indicate that there is no obvious genetic structure among the various basins within GBL (global FST = 0.002) despite the large geographic distances between sampling areas. We found evidence of low levels of contemporary gene flow among arms within GBL, but not between Sandy Lake and GBL. Coalescent analyses suggested that some historical gene flow occurred among arms within GBL and between GBL and Sandy Lake. It appears, therefore, that contemporary (ongoing dispersal and gene flow) and historical (historical gene flow and large founding and present‐day effective population sizes) factors contribute to the lack of neutral genetic structure in GBL. Overall, our results illustrate the importance of history (e.g., post‐glacial colonization) and contemporary dispersal ecology in shaping genetic population structure of Arctic faunas and provide a better understanding of the evolutionary ecology of long‐lived salmonids in pristine, interconnected habitats.
Neogene origins and implied warmth tolerance of Amazon tree species
Authors: Dick Christopher W. , Lewis Simon L. , Maslin Mark , Bermingham Eldredge
Published: December 2012

Tropical rain forest has been a persistent feature in South America for at least 55 million years. The future of the contemporary Amazon forest is uncertain, however, as the region is entering conditions with no past analogue, combining rapidly increasing air temperatures, high atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, possible extreme droughts, and extensive removal and modification by humans. Given the long‐term Cenozoic cooling trend, it is unknown whether Amazon forests can tolerate air temperature increases, with suggestions that lowland forests lack warm‐adapted taxa, leading to inevitable species losses. In response to this uncertainty, we posit a simple hypothesis: the older the age of a species prior to the Pleistocene, the warmer the climate it has previously survived, with Pliocene (2.6–5 Ma) and late‐Miocene (8–10 Ma) air temperature across Amazonia being similar to 2100 temperature projections under low and high carbon emission scenarios, respectively. Using comparative phylogeographic analyses, we show that 9 of 12 widespread Amazon tree species have Pliocene or earlier lineages (>2.6 Ma), with seven dating from the Miocene (>5.6 Ma) and three >8 Ma. The remarkably old age of these species suggest that Amazon forests passed through warmth similar to 2100 levels and that, in the absence of other major environmental changes, near‐term high temperature‐induced mass species extinction is unlikely.
Neutral Dimethylzirconocene Complexes as Initiators for the Ring‐Opening Polymerization of ϵ‐Caprolactone
Authors: Villaseñor Elena , Gutierrez‐Gonzalez Rubén , Carrillo‐Hermosilla Fernando , Fernández‐Galán Rafael , López‐Solera Isabel , Fernández‐Pacheco Ana Rodríguez , Antiñolo Antonio
Published: December 2012

The synthesis, structures, and ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) activity of new dimethyl‐ansa‐ and ‐non‐ansa‐zirconocene complexes are reported. The substituted indene precursors 1‐C9H7R [R = CH3 (1), CH2Ph (2) and C2H4(C4H7O2) (3)] were synthesised by treating RBr [R = CH2Ph and C2H4(C4H7O2)] or MeI with indenyllithium. Likewise, bridged indenyl/cyclopentadiene compounds [Me2Si(3‐C9H6R)(C5Me4H)] [R = H (4), CH3 (5), CH2Ph (6) and C2H4(C4H7O2) (7)] were obtained by treating the lithium salt of the appropriately substituted indene with ClSiMe2(C5Me4H). ansa‐Indenyl–cyclopentadienylmetallocenes [Zr{Me2Si(3‐η5‐C9H5R)(η5‐C5Me4)}Cl2] [R = H (8), CH3 (9), CH2Ph (10), C2H4(C4H7O2) (11)] were subsequently obtained by treating the dilithium salts of the corresponding ligands with ZrCl4 in toluene. The dimethyl derivatives [Zr{Me2Si(3‐η5‐C9H5R)(η5‐C5Me4)}Me2] [R = H (12), CH3 (13), CH2Ph (14), C2H4(C4H7O2) (15)] were prepared by treating the corresponding ansa‐zirconocene dichloride complex with MgMeBr. Dialkyl derivative [Zr{Me2Si{3‐η5‐C9H5(CH2Ph)}(η5‐C5Me4)}(CH2SiMe3)2] (16) was prepared by adding 2 equiv. of LiCH2SiMe3 to complex 10. Mixed indenyl/cyclopentadienylzirconocene complexes [Zr(η5‐C9H6R)(η5‐C5H5)Cl2] [R = H (17), C2H4(C4H7O2) (18)] were prepared by treating the lithium salt of the appropriately substituted indene with [Zr(η5‐C5H5)Cl3]. Likewise, dimethyl derivatives [Zr(η5‐C9H6R)(η5‐C5H5)Me2] [R = H (19), C2H4(C4H7O2) (20)] were prepared by treating the corresponding mixed indenyl/cyclopentadienyl dichloride complex with 2 equiv. of MgMeBr. The X‐ray crystal structures of 7, 12, and 13 were also established. Finally, comparative catalytic studies of zirconium complexes 12–16, 19 and 20 in ROP reactions of ϵ‐caprolactone are described.
Volatile Methylplatinum Complexes – Formation and Reactions in Anhydrous HF
Authors: Friedemann Roland , Seppelt Konrad
Published: December 2012

[(CO)2Pt(CH3)2], [(PF3)2Pt(CH3)2], and [(CF3)2PC2H4P(CH3)2Pt(CH3)2] [dfmpe = (CF3)2PC2H4P(CF3)2] are obtained by ligand exchange reactions. The thermal stability of the complexes increases in the given sequence, whereas their volatility decreases. Demethylation reactions with anhydrous HF cleave one methyl group. The addition of AsF5 and SbF5 often cleaves both methyl groups. The resulting L2Pt2+ compounds are obtained in crystalline form with the corresponding [AsF6]–, [SbF6]–, [Sb2F11]–, and [B12F12]2– anions. Bridged dimeric or trimeric platinum complexes are also formed.
Spin Crossover at the Nanometre Scale
Authors: Shepherd Helena J. , Molnár Gábor , Nicolazzi William , Salmon Lionel , Bousseksou Azzedine
Published: December 2012

From the development of new methods for the synthesis and patterning of nanometre‐scale thin films and particles, to the first investigations of charge transport and photonic properties, there has been a proliferation of research concerning spin crossover nanomaterials in recent years. Studies have aimed at addressing fundamental questions concerning size‐reduction effects, as well as striving towards practical applications in this important class of bistable molecular materials. This microreview describes the most recent achievements and highlights possible future directions in this field.
The Stability of Imidazolidinones is the Primary Influence on the Catalytic Activity of Proline Amides and Proline Sulfonamides in Enamine Catalysis Using Alkyl Aldehyde Substrates
Authors: Tin Sergey , Fuentes José A. , Lebl Tomas , Clarke Matthew L.
Published: December 2012

Some N‐substituted proline derivatives catalyse the reactions of alkyl aldehydes with electrophilic partners, and others give negligible amounts of product. The key reaction between the aldehyde and the proline derivative has been studied, and a rationale for the reactivity observed is presented. Simple proline amides derived from aromatic amines (poor catalysts) form stable imidazolidinones quite rapidly at the expense of enamines, the latter being detected, if at all, for less than an hour. Less basic proline amides form a kinetic diastereomer of an imidazolidinone that very slowly inverts its stereochemistry to give a final thermodynamic product. The stereochemistry of these diastereomers was fully assigned by 1H NMR, NOE, and TOCSY experiments. A proline amide derived from an alkylamine (good catalyst) forms high concentrations of enamine that is only slowly (days) converted into a single diastereomer of an inert imidazolidinone. In contrast, another good catalyst, a proline sulfonamide, immediately forms a reactive imidazolidinone, that rapidly ring‐opens and exchanges with other aldehydes. This presumably drip‐feeds iminium ions and enamines into the catalytic cycle. Thus, there are two quite different mechanistic regimes that lead to efficient catalysis. These mechanistic insights should now allow some element of rational design of prolinamides for enamine reactions using aldehydes.
Aristolochic acid nephropathy: Harbinger of a global iatrogenic disease
Authors: Grollman Arthur P.
Published: December 2012

This review constitutes an overview of our investigations of aristolochic acid nephropathy, a chronic kidney disease associated with carcinomas of the upper urinary tract. Our studies began by confirming the hypothesis that chronic dietary poisoning by aristolochic acid was responsible for endemic (Balkan) nephropathy. A unique TP53 mutational signature in urothelial tumors and the presence of aristolactam‐DNA adducts in the renal cortex, defined in the course of this research, proved to be robust biomarkers of exposure to this potent nephrotoxin and human carcinogen. Armed with this information, we used molecular epidemiologic approaches and novel mechanistic information to establish the causative role of aristolochic acid in upper urinary tract carcinoma in Taiwan, where one‐third of the population had been prescribed herbal remedies containing Aristolochia, and the recorded incidence of upper urinary tract cancers is the highest in the world. As traditional Chinese medicine is practiced similarly in Taiwan and China, it is likely that upper urinary tract carcinomas and their attendant aristolochic acid nephropathy are prevalent in China and other Asian countries where Aristolochia herbs have been used for centuries in the treatment and prevention of disease, creating a potential public health problem of considerable magnitude. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The isolation and characterization of renal cancer initiating cells from human Wilms' tumour xenografts unveils new therapeutic targets
Authors: Pode‐Shakked Naomi , Shukrun Rachel , Mark‐Danieli Michal , Tsvetkov Peter , Bahar Sarit , Pri‐Chen Sara , Goldstein Ronald S. , Rom‐Gross Eithan , Mor Yoram , Fridman Edward , Meir Karen , Simon Amos , Magister Marcus , Kaminski Naftali , Goldmacher Victor S. , Harari‐Steinberg Orit , Dekel Benjamin
Published: December 2012

There are considerable differences in tumour biology between adult and paediatric cancers. The existence of cancer initiating cells/cancer stem cells (CIC/CSC) in paediatric solid tumours is currently unclear. Here, we show the successful propagation of primary human Wilms' tumour (WT), a common paediatric renal malignancy, in immunodeficient mice, demonstrating the presence of a population of highly proliferative CIC/CSCs capable of serial xenograft initiation. Cell sorting and limiting dilution transplantation analysis of xenograft cells identified WT CSCs that harbour a primitive undifferentiated – NCAM1 expressing – “blastema” phenotype, including a capacity to expand and differentiate into the mature renal‐like cell types observed in the primary tumour. WT CSCs, which can be further enriched by aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, overexpressed renal stemness and genes linked to poor patient prognosis, showed preferential protein expression of phosphorylated PKB/Akt and strong reduction of the miR‐200 family. Complete eradication of WT in multiple xenograft models was achieved with a human NCAM antibody drug conjugate. The existence of CIC/CSCs in WT provides new therapeutic targets.

→See accompanying article http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/emmm.201202173
The stem and roots of Wilms' tumours
Authors: Hohenstein Peter
Published: December 2012

See related article in EMBO Molecular Medicine http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/emmm.201201516
Skyline‐based ground motion selection method for nonlinear time history analysis of building structures
Authors: Shi Wei , Pan Peng , Ye Lieping , Xu Yajun , Wang Chaokun
Published: December 2012

This paper develops a novel ground motion selection procedure for nonlinear time history analysis of critical structures. The skyline query originated from computer science is first introduced, including its concept and related algorithms. Then, the ground motion selection procedure based on skyline query is developed. Meanwhile, a new five‐dimensional vector‐valued intensity measure is defined as a critical ingredient of the selection procedure to measure the damage potential of ground motions. Finally, the process of the selection procedure is illustrated through examples of three shear models, and its efficiency is also validated. Through the examples of three shear models, the ground motion selection procedure based on skyline query proposed in this paper is proven to be capable of selecting a limited set of ground motions with high damage potentials for the nonlinear time history analysis purpose. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amyloid and its association with default network integrity in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Adriaanse Sofie M. , Sanz‐Arigita Ernesto J. , Binnewijzend Maja A.A. , Ossenkoppele Rik , Tolboom Nelleke , van Assema Daniëlle M.E. , Wink Alle Meije , Boellaard Ronald , Yaqub Maqsood , Windhorst Albert D. , van der Flier Wiesje M. , Scheltens Philip , Lammertsma Adriaan A. , Rombouts Serge A.R.B. , Barkhof Frederik , van Berckel Bart N.M.
Published: December 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between functional connectivity and β‐amyloid depositions in the default mode network (DMN) in Alzheimer's disease (AD), patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and healthy elderly. Twenty‐five patients with AD, 12 patients with MCI, and 18 healthy controls were included in the study. Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess functional connectivity in the DMN. In parallel, amyloid burden was measured in the same subjects using positron emission tomography with carbon‐11‐labeled Pittsburgh Compound‐B as amyloid tracer. Functional connectivity of the DMN and amyloid deposition within the DMN were not associated across all subjects or within diagnostic groups. Longitudinal studies are needed to examine if amyloid depositions precede aberrant functional connectivity in the DMN. Hum Brain Mapp 35:779–791, 2014. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Frontal and temporal contributions to understanding the iconic co‐speech gestures that accompany speech
Authors: Dick Anthony Steven , Mok Eva H. , Beharelle Anjali Raja , Goldin‐Meadow Susan , Small Steven L.
Published: December 2012

In everyday conversation, listeners often rely on a speaker's gestures to clarify any ambiguities in the verbal message. Using fMRI during naturalistic story comprehension, we examined which brain regions in the listener are sensitive to speakers' iconic gestures. We focused on iconic gestures that contribute information not found in the speaker's talk, compared with those that convey information redundant with the speaker's talk. We found that three regions—left inferior frontal gyrus triangular (IFGTr) and opercular (IFGOp) portions, and left posterior middle temporal gyrus (MTGp)—responded more strongly when gestures added information to nonspecific language, compared with when they conveyed the same information in more specific language; in other words, when gesture disambiguated speech as opposed to reinforced it. An increased BOLD response was not found in these regions when the nonspecific language was produced without gesture, suggesting that IFGTr, IFGOp, and MTGp are involved in integrating semantic information across gesture and speech. In addition, we found that activity in the posterior superior temporal sulcus (STSp), previously thought to be involved in gesture‐speech integration, was not sensitive to the gesture‐speech relation. Together, these findings clarify the neurobiology of gesture‐speech integration and contribute to an emerging picture of how listeners glean meaning from gestures that accompany speech. Hum Brain Mapp 35:900–917, 2014. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An analysis of relationships among transformational leadership, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and organizational trust in two Turkish hospitals
Authors: Top Mehmet , Tarcan Menderes , Tekingündüz Sabahattin , Hikmet Neşet
Published: December 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among employee organizational commitment, organizational trust, job satisfaction and employees' perceptions of their immediate supervisors' transformational leadership behaviors in Turkey. First, this study examined the relationships among organizational commitment, organizational trust, job satisfaction and transformational leadership in two Turkish public hospitals. Second, this investigation examined how job satisfaction, organizational trust and transformational leadership affect organizational commitment. Moreover, it was aimed to investigate how organizational commitment, job satisfaction and transformational leadership affect organizational trust. A quantitative, cross‐sectional method, self‐administered questionnaire was used for this study. Eight hundred four employees from two public hospitals in Turkey were recruited for collecting data. The overall response rate was 38.14%. The measurement instruments of survey were the Job Satisfaction Survey (developed by P. Spector), the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (developed by J. Meyer and N. Allen), the Organizational Trust Inventory‐short form (developed by L. Cummings and P. Bromiley) and the Transformational Leadership Inventory (TLI) (developed by P. M. Podsakoff). Five‐point Likert scales were used in these measurement instruments. Correlation test (the Pearson's rank test) was used to examine relationships between variables. Also, multiple regression analysis was used to determine the regressors for organizational commitment and organizational trust. There were significant relationships among overall job satisfaction, overall transformational leadership and organizational trust. Regression analyses showed that organizational trust and two job satisfaction dimensions (contingent rewards and communication) were significant predictors for organizational commitment. It was found that one transformational leadership dimension (articulating a vision), two job satisfaction dimensions (pay and supervision) and two organizational commitment dimensions (affective commitment and normative commitment) were significant regressors for organizational trust. There is a lack of research in the health organizations regarding organizational commitment, organizational trust, job satisfaction and transformational leadership. The investigator of the proposed study intends to add to the literature and intends to prove that the proposed study would be important for healthcare organizations. A number of specific measures should be undertaken to reduce factors that negatively affect organizational commitment, organizational trust and job satisfaction of hospital personnel and to improve transformational leadership behaviors of hospital administrators. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent advances in the brain imaging of social anxiety disorder
Authors: Fouche Jean‐Paul , van Der Wee Nic J.A. , Roelofs Karin , Stein Dan J.
Published: December 2012

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most common and disabling anxiety disorders, yet much remains to be learned about its psychobiology. Although functional imaging has emphasized the role of the amygdala and other limbic structures in the neurobiology of SAD, structural and connectivity imaging techniques have emphasized the possibility of abnormalities in other regions and in whole‐brain networks. The involvement of a broad range of networks in SAD is consistent with current understandings of the neuroanatomy of emotion and of social processing. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pain coping and acceptance as longitudinal predictors of health‐related quality of life among people with haemophilia‐related joint pain
Authors: Elander J. , Morris J. , Robinson G.
Published: December 2012

Background

Interventions based on coping and acceptance can be adapted for people with different painful conditions. Evidence about baseline characteristics that predict improved outcomes is informative for matching people to interventions, whereas evidence about changes that predict improved outcomes is informative about the processes that interventions should target.

Methods

Participants in a low‐intensity programme to promote self‐management of haemophilia‐related chronic joint pain (n = 101) reported pain intensity, coping, acceptance and quality of life at baseline and 6‐month follow‐up. Baseline and change measures of pain intensity, coping and acceptance were used to predict follow‐up quality of life, taking account of baseline quality of life.

Results

Changed (reduced) pain intensity predicted better physical quality of life, independently of age, haemophilia severity, baseline pain intensity and baseline physical quality of life. Lower baseline passive coping and changed (increased) pain acceptance predicted better mental quality of life, independently of age, severity and baseline mental quality of life. Increased activity engagement but not pain willingness predicted better mental quality of life when pain acceptance was decomposed. Changed (reduced) negative thoughts also predicted better mental quality of life when separate acceptance subscales were used. Active pain coping did not predict physical or mental quality of life.

Conclusions

Initially high levels of passive coping may be an obstacle to improving mental quality of life. Acceptance rather than coping may be a more useful behavioural change target, but more research is needed about the meanings and therapeutic implications of different elements of pain acceptance.
Hyperspectral multimodal CARS microscopy in the fingerprint region
Authors: Pegoraro Adrian F. , Slepkov Aaron D. , Ridsdale Andrew , Moffatt Douglas J. , Stolow Albert
Published: December 2012

A simple scheme for multimodal coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy is based on the spectral focusing of ultrafast‐oscillator‐derived pump/probe light and synchronous photonic crystal fiber (PCF) fiber‐generated broadband Stokes light. To date, such schemes allowed rapid hyperspectral imaging throughout the CH/OH high frequency region (2700–4000 cm‐1). Here we extend this approach to the middle (1640–3300 cm‐1) and fingerprint regions (850–1800 cm‐1) of the Raman spectrum. Our simple integrated approach to rapid hyperspectral CARS microscopy in the fingerprint region is demonstrated by applications to label‐free multimodal imaging of cellulose and bulk bone, including use of the phosphate resonance at 960 cm‐1. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)