bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compact conformations of α‐synuclein induced by alcohols and copper
Authors: Natalello Antonino , Benetti Federico , Doglia Silvia Maria , Legname Giuseppe , Grandori Rita
Published: October 2010

The intrinsically disordered protein α‐synuclein aggregates into amyloid fibrils, a process known to be implicated in several neurodegenerative states. Partially folded forms of the protein are thought to trigger the aggregation process. Here, α‐synuclein conformers are characterized by analysis of the charge‐state distributions observed in electrospray‐ionization mass spectrometry under negative‐ion mode. It is found that, even at neutral pH, a small fraction of the molecular population is in a compact conformation. Several distinct partially folded forms are then identified under conditions that promote α‐synuclein aggregation, such as solutions of simple and fluorinated alcohols. Specific intermediates accumulate at increasing concentrations of ethanol, hexafluoro‐2‐propanol, and trifluoroethanol. Finally, extensive folding induced by Cu2+ binding is revealed by titrations in the presence of Cu2+–glycine. The data confirm the existence of a single, high‐affinity binding site for Cu2+. Because accumulation of this partially folded form correlates with enhancement of fibrillation kinetics, it is likely to represent an amyloidogenic intermediate in α‐synuclein conformational transitions. Proteins 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hybrid organic–inorganic materials for integrated optoelectronic devices
Authors: Wehlus T. , Körner T. , Nowy S. , Frischeisen J. , Karl H. , Stritzker B. , Brütting W.
Published: October 2010

A device containing a microcavity organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) and a magnetooptically active bismuth iron garnet (BIG) Bi3Fe5O12 waveguide combines a planar source for polarized light generation with the material exhibiting the highest known Faraday rotation at room temperature. To build such a device an optimization of garnets and OLEDs has to be done. For a good functionality of the device it is essential to maximize the light coupled from the OLED into the waveguide and to seperate s‐ and p‐polarized emitted light. To optimize the OLED emisson numerical simulations have been performed where material and thickness of the metal anode, as well as the thickness of the hole and the electron conducting layers were varied. The stacks with the best separation of s‐ and p‐polarized light and the highest coupling into the waveguide were determined, fabricated, and characterized regarding their electrical and optical properties. OLEDs have to be deposited on plane surfaces for exhibiting low leakage currents and thus being functional. In order to get plane and crack free BIG surfaces the garnet growth and surface formation were examined on various gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) Gd3 Ga5 O12 and buffered non‐garnet substrates. GGG substrates with different cuts and lattice constants were characterized as well as yttrium iron garnet (YIG) Y3Fe5O12 and GGG buffered sapphire, silicon, and fused silica substrates. The garnet had to be structured to fabricate a planar waveguide. Therefore laser structuring and plasma etching techniques were utilized. The structured garnets were characterized regarding the wall roughness. The optical constants of YIG and BIG were determined from films deposited on silicon using ellipsometric measurements. The combination of microcavity OLED and garnet waveguide resulted in an integrated magnetooptical modulator whose functionality has been proven by applying an external magnetic field and measuring the rotation of the polarized light.
Geochemical implications of gabbro from the slow-spreading Northern Central Indian Ocean Ridge, Indian Ocean
Authors: RAY DWIJESH , MISRA SAUMITRA , BANERJEE RANADIP , WEIS DOMINIQUE
Published: October 2010

Gabbro samples (c. < 0.4 Ma old) dredged from close to the ‘Vityaz Megamullion’ on the slow-spreading Northern Central Indian Ridge (NCIR, 18–22 mm yr−1) include mostly olivine gabbro and Fe–Ti oxide gabbro. The cumulate olivine gabbro shows ophitic to subophitic texture with early formed plagioclase crystals in mutual contact with each other, and a narrow range of compositions of olivine (Fo80–81), clinopyroxene (magnesium number: 85–87) and plagioclase (An67–70). This olivine gabbro could be geochemically cogenetic with the evolved oxide gabbro. These gabbro samples are geochemically distinct from the CIR gabbro occurring along the Vema, Argo and Marie Celeste transform faults and can further be discriminated from the associated NCIR basalts by their clinopyroxene (augite in gabbro, and diopsidic in basalts) and olivine (gabbro: Fo80–81, basalts: Fo82–88) compositions. Our major oxide, trace element and REE geochemistry analyses suggest that the gabbro and the NCIR basalts are also not cogenetic and had experienced different trends of geochemical evolution. The clinopyroxenes of the present NCIR gabbros are geochemically similar to primitive melt that is in equilibrium with mantle peridotite, and do not show any poikilitic texture with resorbed plagioclase; these results negate the possibility of these gabbros being a pre-existing cumulate that has been brought up to the shallower oceanic crust and interacted with the NCIR basalt. The Sr, Pb and Nd isotopic data of the gabbro substantially differ from those of the NCIR basalts and suggest significant contamination of the depleted mantle source of the gabbro, most likely by the Indian Ocean pelagic sediments. The Pb-isotope data suggest that the proportion of pelagic sediment that mixed in the depleted mantle source of the NCIR gabbro is much higher than the level of contamination observed for the Indian Ocean MORBs.
Who Is Punished? Regional Intergovernmental Organizations and the Enforcement of Democratic Norms
Authors: Donno Daniela
Published: October 2010

Scholars have found an association between membership in regional intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and democracy, and IGO enforcement is often credited as an important factor explaining this link. But empirical evidence reveals great variation in whether these organizations actually respond to violations of democratic norms, even in democratic regions. Why do IGOs punish some norm-violating countries but not others? What does this variation imply for theories about how IGO membership helps states make credible commitments? This article presents a theoretical framework for understanding variation in multilateral norm enforcement. It identifies two obstacles to enforcement—the presence of competing geopolitical interests and uncertainty about the nature and scope of norm violations—and it argues that international monitoring can help mitigate these obstacles by revealing and publicizing information that pressures reluctant member states to support enforcement. An original data set of democracy enforcement in Latin America and postcommunist countries is used to examine regional IGO enforcement in response to one prevalent type of democratic norm violation: electoral misconduct. I find that enforcement is less likely in countries of high geopolitical importance, but the presence of election observers increases the probability of enforcement, and the content of observers' reports influences the type of enforcement that is imposed. These findings suggest that the link between IGO membership, credible commitments, and democracy should be theorized and tested as a conditional relationship, depending on country- and incident-specific factors that influence the likelihood of enforcement.
Goliath's Curse: Coercive Threats and Asymmetric Power
Authors: Sechser Todd S.
Published: October 2010

States typically issue compellent threats against considerably weaker adversaries, yet their threats often fail. Why? Expanding on a standard model of international crisis bargaining, I argue that a theory of reputation-building can help shed light on this puzzle. The model casts reputation as a strategic problem, showing that challengers issuing compellent threats have incentives to anticipate the reputation costs that target states incur when appeasing aggressors. If challengers can recognize these costs and offset them with side payments or smaller demands, then even reputation-conscious targets will acquiesce. I argue, however, that military strength contributes to information problems that make challengers more likely to underestimate their targets' reputation costs and insufficiently compensate them. In this way, military power can undermine the effectiveness of compellent threats. The logic is illustrated by the 1939 Russo-Finnish crisis, and the argument's implications for the study of coercive diplomacy are explored.
The Conscription of Wealth: Mass Warfare and the Demand for Progressive Taxation
Authors: Scheve Kenneth , Stasavage David
Published: October 2010

The dominant narrative of the politics of redistribution in political science and economics highlights the signature role of the rise of electoral democracy and the development of political parties that mobilize working-class groups. We argue in this article that this narrative ignores the critical role played by mass warfare in the development of redistributive public policies. Focusing attention on the determinants of progressive taxation, we argue that mobilization for mass warfare led to demands for increased taxation of the wealthy to more fairly distribute the burden for the war effort. We then show empirically that during the past century, mass mobilization for war has been associated with a notable increase in tax progressivity. In the absence of war, neither the establishment of universal suffrage, nor the arrival of political control by parties of the left is systematically associated with large increases in tax progressivity. In making these arguments, we devote particular attention to a “difference-in-differences” comparison of participants and nonparticipants in World War I.
Nature or Nurture? Judicial Lawmaking in the European Court of Justice and the Andean Tribunal of Justice
Authors: Alter Karen J. , Helfer Laurence R.
Published: October 2010

Are international courts power-seeking by nature, expanding the reach and scope of international rules and the courts' authority where permissive conditions allow? Or, does expansionist lawmaking require special nurturing? We investigate the relative influences of nature versus nurture by comparing expansionist lawmaking in the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and the Andean Tribunal of Justice (ATJ), the ECJ's jurisdictional cousin and the third most active international court. We argue that international judges are more likely to become expansionist lawmakers where they are supported by substate interlocutors and compliance constituencies, including government officials, advocacy networks, national judges, and administrative agencies. This comparison of two structurally identical international courts calls into question prevailing explanations of ECJ lawmaking, and it suggests that prevailing scholarship puts too much emphasis on the self-interested power-seeking of judges, the importance of institutional design features, and the preferences of governments to explain lawmaking by international courts.
Tuning turbines in a tidal channel
Authors: VENNELL ROSS
Published: October 2010

As tidal turbine farms grow they interact with the larger scale flow along a channel by increasing the channel's drag coefficient. This interaction limits a channel's potential to produce power. A 1D model for a tidal channel is combined with a theory for turbines in a channel to show that the tuning of the flow through the turbines and the density of turbines in a channel's cross-section also interact with the larger scale flow, via the drag coefficient, to determine the power available for production. To maximise turbine efficiency, i.e. the power available per turbine, farms must occupy the largest fraction of a channel's cross-section permitted by navigational and environmental constraints. Maximising of power available with these necessarily densely packed farms requires turbines to be tuned for a particular channel and turbine density. The optimal through-flow tuning fraction varies from near 1/3 for small farms occupying a small fraction of the cross-section, to near 1 for large farms occupying most of the cross-section. Consequently, tunings are higher than the optimal through-flow tuning of 1/3 for an isolated turbine from the classic turbine theory. Large optimally tuned farms can realise most of a channel's potential. Optimal tunings are dependent on the number of turbines per row, the number of rows, as well as the channel geometry, the background bottom friction coefficient and the tidal forcing.
Decay laws, anisotropy and cyclone–anticyclone asymmetry in decaying rotating turbulence
Authors: MOISY F. , MORIZE C. , RABAUD M. , SOMMERIA J.
Published: October 2010

The effect of a background rotation on the decay of grid-generated turbulence is investigated from experiments using the large-scale ‘Coriolis’ rotating platform. A first transition occurs at 0.4 tank rotation (instantaneous Rossby number Ro ≃ 0.25), characterized by a t−6/5 → t−3/5 transition of the energy-decay law. After this transition, anisotropy develops in the form of vertical layers, where the initial vertical velocity fluctuations remain trapped. The vertical vorticity field develops a cyclone–anticyclone asymmetry, reproducing the growth law of the vorticity skewness, Sω(t) ≃ (Ωt)0.7, reported by Morize, Moisy & Rabaud (Phys. Fluids, vol. 17 (9), 2005, 095105). A second transition is observed at larger time, characterized by a return to vorticity symmetry. In this regime, the layers of nearly constant vertical velocity become thinner as they are advected and stretched by the large-scale horizontal flow, and eventually become unstable. The present results indicate that the shear instability of the vertical layers contributes significantly to the re-symmetrization of the vertical vorticity at large time, by re-injecting vorticity fluctuations of random sign at small scales. These results emphasize the importance of the nature of the initial conditions in the decay of rotating turbulence.
Revisiting Russian Serfdom: Bonded Peasants and Market Dynamics, 1600s–1800s
Authors: Stanziani Alessandro
Published: October 2010

The notion of the “second serfdom” has to be revisited. I claim that the introduction, the evolution, and the abolition of serfdom in Russia should be seen as a long-term process, beginning no later than the late sixteenth century and ending at the eve of the First World War. In particular, I show that serfdom was never officially institutionalized in Russia and that the rules usually evoked to justify this argument actually were not meant to “bind” the peasantry but to distinguish noble estate owners from state-service nobles and “bourgeois.” Contrary to what has been argued by Witold Kula and Immanuel Wallerstein, the rise of capitalism in the West did not exploit the rise of serfdom in the East, but both East and West were part of the same global wave of commercialization, protoindustrialization, and industrialization.
Transformations in the Feminization of Unfree Domestic Labor: A Study ofAbaawaor Prepubescent Female Servitude in Modern Ghana
Authors: Akurang-Parry Kwabena O.
Published: October 2010

This article breaks new ground for the study of postslavery gender and social formations in modern Ghana and Africa as a whole: It examines the expansion of involuntary female domestic labor known asabaawain what is today Ghana. The study traces the transformative institutional processes that shaped the exploitation of involuntary female labor in the precolonial, colonial, and postcolonial periods. Based on a variety of primary sources, including colonial, indigenous African newspapers, Christian missionary accounts, and oral history, the article maps out the paradoxical expansion of involuntary female labor during the age of abolition in the colonial period and the postslavery phase of social and gender formations in the era of the postcolonial state. The pivotal argument is that social and gender formations that emerged as a result of abolition, social change, and economic transformation benefited more males than females. As a result, males used innovative, empowering avenues of social mobility in both the colonial and postcolonial periods. For their part, disempowered females, especially those in backwater enclaves, were consigned toabaawalabor, which has ostensibly been projected as a benign, kinship-based, and apprenticeship-bound institution. In reality, contemporaryabaawahas all the exploitative vagaries of slavery and debt-bondage of the pre/colonial epoch.
Neo-Bondage: A Fieldwork-Based Account
Authors: Breman Jan
Published: October 2010

On the basis of anthropological fieldwork carried out in South Gujarat in the early 1960s, I described and analyzed a system of bonded labor that dominated the relationship between low-caste farm servants and high-caste landowners (Patronage and Exploitation: Changing Agrarian Relations in South Gujarat, India, 1974). More recently, I have gone back to the study of agrarian bondage of the past in order to explore in greater detail the emergence of unfree labor in the precolonial era and comment on its demise as a result of efforts made by the colonial state, the nationalist movement, and peasant activists (Labour Bondage in West India from Past to Present, 2007). A recurrent research theme during my fieldwork in the last few decades has been drawing attention to practices of neo-bondage (neobecause the relationship between bosses and workers is less personalized, of shorter duration, more contractual, and monetized) at the bottom of India's informal-sector economy. Additionally, the elements of patronage that offered a modicum of protection and security to bonded clients in the past have disappeared while the transition to a capitalist mode of production accelerated.
Not Every Family: Selective Reunification in Contemporary US Immigration Laws
Authors: Hwang Maria Cecilia , Parreñas Rhacel Salazar
Published: October 2010

This article questions the notion that family reunification is the cornerstone of US immigration policies and points to the violation of the right to family reunification in US law. It specifically looks at the forcible separation of legal residents from their families, including foreign domestic workers in the Labor Certification Program; US-born children with undocumented relatives, including parents and siblings; and guest workers. We argue that the growing influence of nationalist politics and big businesses trumps the interests of the family in US immigration policies, resulting in the prolonged and forcible separation of working-class and poor migrant families.
Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Immigrant Political Incorporation: The American Experience
Authors: Gerstle Gary
Published: October 2010

This essay offers a historical overview of processes of immigrant political incorporation in the United States. It identifies three dimensions of incorporation—legal, cultural, and institutional—and argues that the unevenness of progress among these three dimensions has rendered the process of incorporation fraught and frequently marked by contradiction. It also distinguishes between “acquiescent” and “transformational” modes of incorporation and stresses that the latter, though often perceived as threatening by the native-born, is often the more enduring and meaningful way of becoming American. Finally, it assesses the prospects for incorporation among immigrants in the United States today.
The “New Normal”? Reflections on the Shifting Politics of the Immigration Debate
Authors: Gutiérrez David G.
Published: October 2010

The intensity of the recent debate over the presence of an estimated eleven to twelve million unauthorized persons in the United States often creates the impression that the current situation somehow represents a historical anomaly in the long-running debate over US immigration policy and citizenship law. This brief commentary contests that view, suggesting instead that the mass circulation and permanent presence of unauthorized persons has been a normative feature of US economic activity for more than a century and that the exigencies of global economic competition make it likely that this state of affairs will persist into the foreseeable future.
The Forsaken: The Unfinished Business of Making Plutonium in Russia
Authors: Brown Kate
Published: October 2010

For Nadezhda Kutepova, the path to becoming a human rights lawyer started in her hometown in the Southern Russian Urals. I met Kutepova in the summer of 2009 while doing research on Ozersk, a closed city specially built in the 1940s for workers of the vast Soviet plutonium plant called Maiak. One thinks of a nuclear site as being staffed with highly educated scientists and technicians, gingerly and knowledgeably running complicated machinery to irradiate uranium and process it into plutonium. But unlike a weapons lab, a plutonium plant is a vast factory employing thousands of blue-collar workers who push carts, run bulldozers, measure solutions, plumb, build, scrub, repair, and guard doors. And like most factories, the plutonium plant polluted liberally. In fact, plutonium production is the messiest stop on the vast assembly line of nuclear weapons production.
Higher Education and Class Mobility in the State of California: “What Is to Be Done?”
Authors: Chatterjee Choi
Published: October 2010

I met Gabriela Macias a few months ago in an undergraduate class in history that I teach to prospective high school teachers. A diminutive middle-aged woman, Gabriela was watchful in class and seemed indifferent to my attempts to reach through her stony silences. But a couple of weeks into the class, I made a breakthrough. We had been discussing the role of passion in education. I had started the discussion by insisting that unless teachers feel a real sense of commitment to the student body and feel passionate about empowering students with knowledge and ideas, they have no business being in the classroom. In retrospect, my statements seemed a little extreme, but it is hard to entice students to enter the teaching profession by the prospect of tests, more state-administered tests, and even more standardized examinations! When Gabriela started speaking, the class fell silent. But it was not her eloquence that silenced us; it was her accent. Her accent was impenetrable! I am troubled by this public admission and even considered omitting this sentence from this essay. As an immigrant from India, I find people often have trouble understanding the stubborn Indian cadences that litter my superficially Americanized speech. But that day we all strained to understand Gabriela.
Commonwealth and “Commonism”
Authors: Merrill Michael
Published: October 2010

Both Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri inCommonwealth(2008) and Peter Linebaugh inThe Magna Carta Manifesto(2009) want to put the commons and communism—understood as a form of society in which private property has been replaced by property in common—“back on the agenda.” They even insist that just such a social and economic order “grounded in the common” is “already in process” and that communism is thus more relevant and possible than ever. To a certain extent, they are right. We need a functioning commons if human society is to remain viable. But we also need a functioning commercial economy capable of feeding the billions that human society has and most likely will continue to produce.
Why don't we talk about ‘violence’ in International Relations?
Authors: THOMAS CLAIRE
Published: October 2010

In this article I pose two questions to traditional International Relations (IR) theory: why does it not use the concept of violence more often, and why does it not discuss the meaning of violence? I aim to highlight the way in which violence is hidden in the way we talk about IR, and that the way IR talks about violence without naming it functions to legitimise state violence. I do this by analysing the way the concept of violence is used in traditional IR literature, and then looking at how violence has been defined. I argue that a narrow definition is most useful for the study of IR, and that it should not be used merely to refer to anything we do not like. But this must not preclude challenging the normative uses of violence that suggest that it is only state violence that is legitimate, and that hides personal violence from the scope of IR.
Resisting exile and asserting musical voice: the Dixie Chicks are ‘Not Ready to Make Nice’
Authors: Watson Jada , Burns Lori
Published: October 2010

In 2003, Natalie Maines of the Dixie Chicks denounced President George W. Bush from a concert stage in London, England leading to serious career consequences for the country music trio. In response to three years of public criticism and radio boycotts, the Dixie Chicks released their single ‘Not Ready to Make Nice’, with an accompanying video critiquing the oppressive institutional power that sought to silence them. Through an analysis of music, text and images in this song, this paper explores how the Dixie Chicks responded to the backlash and regained their voice in the music industry. The paper offers a critical summary of the political incident, an interpretation of the images of symbolic containment and resistance that are prevalent in the video, and an interpretation of the musical elements in relation to the lyrics and images. Through the intersection of lyrics, music and images the Dixie Chicks create a platform of resistance to the social and institutional oppression they experienced.
Marking time and sounding difference: Brubeck, temporality and modernity
Authors: Birtwistle Andy
Published: October 2010

In critical writing on the music of Dave Brubeck, little attention has been paid to the use of polyrhythm, despite the fact that this has been central to Brubeck's approach to jazz since the late 1940s. Focusing on work recorded by the ‘classic’ Dave Brubeck Quartet, the article aims to re-evaluate Brubeck's use of polyrhythm by situating it within a cultural history of modernity, rather than the established discourses of jazz musicology. The article revisits the early 1960s to reconstruct the context provided for the music not only by articles printed in the music press, but also by news stories and features run in the popular press, and by the visual signifiers that coalesce around Brubeck. Articulated through the key tropes of modernity and difference, the press's construction of Brubeck during this period signals the broad cultural context of Modernism as an alternative frame within which his musical practice might be usefully situated. The article explores how two key cultural artefacts emerging from this context – Brubeck's Oakland home, and the Miró canvas featured on the cover of the album Time Further Out – might serve to provide a productive means by which to re-evaluate the radical potential of Brubeck's polyrhythm.
Crossover: Sam Katzman'sSwitchblade Calypso Bop Reefer Madness Swamp Girlor ‘Bad Jazz,’ calypso, beatniks and rock 'n' roll in 1950s teenpix
Authors: Stanfield Peter
Published: October 2010

This essay challenges the received wisdom that teenpix of the 1950s were dominated by a soundtrack of rock 'n' roll. I argue that this cycle of film production was marked by a diversity of musical genres, styles and types. Not only rock 'n' roll, but rhythm 'n' blues, folk, rockabilly, swing, West Coast jazz, bebop, Latin music such as the mambo, the rhumba, the cha cha chá, and Caribbean calypsos were all heavily featured in these films. This study is carried out through a focus on the temporal arrangements – fads, cycles, trends – that govern serial production and consumption of movies and popular music. Following Philip Ennis' thesis that rock 'n' roll is best defined by its ability to ‘crossover’ musical boundaries – to move, for example, across the pop, country, and rhythm 'n' blues charts – I argue that the film industry chose not to overly limit the music it had on offer and instead provided a varied package, some of which, it expected, would crossover and appeal to diverse and capricious teenage tastes.
A many-headed beast: progressive rock as European meta-genre
Authors: Anderton Chris
Published: October 2010

There has been a marked resurgence of interest in progressive rock music both commercially and critically, with a number of articles and books now reassessing its styles, meanings, politics and appeal. Despite this, there has been a tendency to define progressive rock through a ‘symphonic orthodoxy’ which preferences a limited, albeit highly successful, number of British groups operating in a relatively narrow sonic landscape. This article questions that orthodoxy by drawing on the lay definitions and understandings of fans to extend the definitions and geographies of progressive rock, and to characterise it as a European meta-genre. It examines the meta-genre's formative years at the beginning of the 1970s, and argues that progressive rock was inspired by the explorations of a European youth counterculture whose music was influenced by local socio-political and economic contexts, as well as by the music and attitudes of the American counterculture and of European Romanticism.
‘A small Utopia’: Unterstützer not Anhänger. Einstürzende Neubauten's Supporter Initiative
Authors: Shryane Jennifer
Published: October 2010

This paper argues that the Internet strategy created and used by Berlin musicians, Einstürzende Neubauten, emulates many aspects of Attali's (2006) hopes for the future of music – in particular, the creation of new social relations through a participatory listening and, in Chris Cutler's words (2008), to be ‘research as well as entertainment’. I set out to show that Neubauten's use of the world wide web made their Supporter Initiative a radical innovation. My evidence is that their Subskribentenmodell provided access during 2002–2007 to web-streamed ‘open studio’ rehearsals which facilitated a new relationship between artist and recipient in its declaration of fallibility and attention to feedback. Secondly, I argue that Neubauten's international network of 2,000 Unterstützers (not Anhängers) became a virtual and actual ‘extended family’ who created the cottage industry ethos necessary for successful independence. This family not only supported the band financially and contributed to artistic and practical decisions – as with the DIY Berlin concert Grundstück – but also provided grass roots knowledge and skill for independent dissemination and touring (in 2008) of Alles Wieder Offen. Finally, this anti-record company model now offered a paradigm to ‘infect’ other fringe artists and hence upheld Beuysian/Cageian social aims of art.
Rotational Stability Index (RSI) point: postural stability in planar bipeds
Authors: Dip Goswami , Prahlad Vadakkepat
Published: October 2010

The postural stability of bipedal robots is investigated in perspective of foot-rotation during locomotion. With foot already rotated, the biped is modeled as an underactuated kinematic structure. The stability of such biped robots is analyzed by introducing the concept ofrotational stability. Therotational stabilityinvestigates whether a biped would lead to a flat-foot posture or the biped would topple over. Therotational stabilityis quantified as a ground reference point named “rotational stability index (RSI)” point. Conditions are established to achieverotational stabilityduring biped locomotion using the concept of the RSI point. The applicability of the RSI point is illustrated through experimentation for the landing stability analysis of the bipedal jumping gaits.

The traditional stability criteria such as zero-moment point (ZMP) [M. Vukobratovic and B. Borovac, “Zero-moment point – thirty five years of its life,”Int. J. Humanoid Robot. 1(1), 157–173 (2004)] and foot-rotation indicator (FRI) [A. Goswami, “Postural stability of biped robots and the foot-rotation indicator (FRI) point,”Int. J. Robot. Res. 18(6), 523–533 (1999)] are not applicable to analyze biped's postural stability when foot is already rotated. The RSI point is established as a stability criteria for planar bipedal locomotion in presence of foot rotation.
Sagittal stability PD controllers for a biped robot using a neurofuzzy network and an SVR
Authors: Ferreira João P. , Crisóstomo Manuel , Coimbra A. Paulo
Published: October 2010

The real-time balance PD control of an eight-link biped robot using a zero-moment point (ZMP) dynamic model is implemented using two alternative intelligent computing control techniques that were compared: one based on support vector regression (SVR) and another based on a first order Takagi–Sugeno–Kang (TSK) -type neural-fuzzy (NF). Both methods use the ZMP error, and its variation as inputs and the output is the correction of the robot's torso necessary for its sagittal balance. The SVR and the NF were trained based on simulation data, and their performance was verified with a real biped robot. Two performance indexes are proposed to evaluate and compare the online performance of the two control methods.

The ZMP is calculated by reading four force sensors placed under each robot's foot. The gait implemented in this biped is based on ankle and hip human trajectories that were acquired and adapted to the robot's size. Some experiments are presented and the results show that the implemented gait combined either with the SVR controller or with the TSK NF network controller can be used to control this biped robot. The SVR and the NF controllers exhibit similar stability, but the SVR controller runs at 0.2 ms, about 50 times faster than the NF controller and much faster than a controller based on full ZMP dynamic model equations.
EAGER FOR FAIRNESS OR FOR REVENGE? PSYCHOLOGICAL ALTRUISM IN ECONOMICS
Authors: Clavien Christine , Klein Rebekka A.
Published: October 2010

To understand the human capacity for psychological altruism, one requires a proper understanding of how people actually think and feel. This paper addresses the possible relevance of recent findings in experimental economics and neuroeconomics to the philosophical controversy over altruism and egoism. After briefly sketching and contextualizing the controversy, we survey and discuss the results of various studies on behaviourally altruistic helping and punishing behaviour, which provide stimulating clues for the debate over psychological altruism. On closer analysis, these studies prove less relevant than originally expected because the data obtained admit competing interpretations – such as people seeking fairness versus people seeking revenge. However, this mitigated conclusion does not preclude the possibility of more fruitful research in the area in the future. Throughout our analysis, we provide hints for the direction of future research on the question.
TWO KINDS OF WE-REASONING
Authors: Hakli Raul , Miller Kaarlo , Tuomela Raimo
Published: October 2010

People sometimes think in terms of ‘we’ referring to a group they belong to. When making decisions, they frame the decision problem as: ‘What should we do?’ instead of ‘What should I do?’. We study one particular approach to such ‘we-reasoning’, economist Michael Bacharach's theory of ‘team reasoning’, and relate it to philosopher Raimo Tuomela's distinction between ‘I-mode’ reasoning and ‘we-mode’ reasoning. We argue that these theories complement each other: Tuomela's philosophical theory provides a conceptual framework augmenting Bacharach's theory, and Bacharach's mathematical results support Tuomela's view on the irreducibility of the we-mode to the I-mode. We-mode reasoning can explain some kinds of human cooperative behaviour left unexplained by standard game theory. Standard game theory is not well-equipped to deal with we-mode reasoning but it can be extended by the methods developed by Bacharach. However, we argue that both standard game theory and Bacharach's theory require more attention to the information-sharing stages that precede actual decision making, and we describe a stage-based model of we-reasoning.
HEDONISM AND WELFARE ECONOMICS
Authors: Hausman Daniel M.
Published: October 2010

This essay criticizes the proposal recently defended by a number of prominent economists that welfare economics be redirected away from the satisfaction of people's preferences and toward making people happy instead. Although information about happiness may sometimes be of use, the notion of happiness is sufficiently ambiguous and the objections to identifying welfare with happiness are sufficiently serious that welfare economists are better off using preference satisfaction as a measure of welfare. The essay also examines and criticizes the position associated with Daniel Kahneman and a number of co-authors that takes welfare to be ‘objective happiness’ – that is, the sum of momentary pleasures.
INTERPERSONAL COORDINATION AND EPISTEMIC SUPPORT FOR INTENTIONS WITH WE-CONTENT
Authors: Roy Olivier
Published: October 2010

In this paper I study intentions of the form ‘I intend that we . . .’, that is, intentions with a we-content, and their role in interpersonal coordination. I focus on the notion of epistemic support for such intentions. Using tools from epistemic game theory and epistemic logic, I cast doubt on whether such support guarantees the other agents' conditional mediation in the achievement of such intentions, something that appears important if intentions with a we-content are to count as genuine intentions. I then formulate a stronger version of epistemic support, one that does indeed ensure the required mediation, but I then argue that it rests on excessively strong informational conditions. In view of this I provide an alternative set of conditions that are jointly sufficient for coordination in games, and I argue that these conditions constitute a plausible alternative to the proposed notion of epistemic support.
IDENTIFICATION AND ESTIMATION BY PENALIZATION IN NONPARAMETRIC INSTRUMENTAL REGRESSION
Authors: Florens Jean-Pierre , Johannes Jan , Van Bellegem Sébastien
Published: October 2010

The nonparametric estimation of a regression function from conditional moment restrictions involving instrumental variables is considered. The rate of convergence of penalized estimators is studied in the case where the regression function is not identified from the conditional moment restriction. We also study the gain of modifying the penalty in the estimation, considering derivatives in the penalty. We analyze the effect of this modification on the identification of the regression function and the rate of convergence of its estimator.
REVISION OF THE MEDITERRANEAN AND SOUTHERN AFRICAN TRIGLOCHIN BULBOSA COMPLEX (JUNCAGINACEAE)
Authors: Köcke A. V. , Von Mering S. , Mucina L. , Kadereit J. W.
Published: October 2010

The Triglochin bulbosa complex (Juncaginaceae) from the Mediterranean region and Africa is revised. One new species, Triglochin buchenaui Köcke, Mering & Kadereit, and two new subspecies, Triglochin bulbosa subsp. calcicola Mering, Köcke & Kadereit and Triglochin bulbosa subsp. quarcicola Mering, Köcke & Kadereit, are described from South Africa. The only two Mediterranean taxa in the complex (Triglochin barrelieri, T. laxiflora) are elevated to species rank. Altogether seven species and four subspecies are recognised: Triglochin barrelieri, T. buchenaui, T. bulbosa subsp. bulbosa, T. bulbosa subsp. calcicola, T. bulbosa subsp. quarcicola, T. bulbosa subsp. tenuifolia, T. compacta, T. elongata, T. laxiflora and T. milnei. An identification key, detailed descriptions and accounts of the ecology and distribution of the taxa are provided. An IUCN conservation status is proposed for each taxon.
COPROPHILOUS FUNGI OF THE FALKLAND ISLANDS
Authors: Watling R. , Richardson M. J.
Published: October 2010

Ninety-seven taxa of coprophilous fungi are recorded from the Southern Atlantic archipelago of the Falkland Islands. Several other fungi are discussed in the light of the distribution of these coprophils. Fungi are recorded for the first time from some of the smaller islands adjacent to East and West Falkland. Two new combinations, Coprinopsis cordispora (T.Gibbs) Watling & M.J.Richardson and Coprinopsis ephemeroides (DC.) Watling & M.J.Richardson, are made.
ADDENDUM TO ‘SYNOPSIS OF RIVEA (CONVOLVULACEAE)’ – RIVEA BERNOULLIANA RESOLVED
Authors: Staples G. W. , Austin D. F.
Published: October 2010

The status of Rivea bernoulliana (Convolvulaceae) is resolved.
Assessing the effect of lexical aspect and grounding on the acquisition of L2 Spanish past tense morphology among L1 English speakers
Authors: SALABERRY MAXIMO RAFAEL
Published: October 2010

The present study compares the relative effect of inherent lexical aspect and discursive grounding on the use of L2 Spanish Preterit and Imperfect. The study is based on the analysis of responses to a written 40-item discourse-based forced-choice task among 286 English-speaking learners of Spanish. The analysis of data (repeated measures ANOVA) reveals that as learners gain more experience with the target language, the effect of both lexical aspect and grounding on past tense marking increases. That is, contrary to previous predictions, learners constantly move towards prototypical associations of lexical-narrative factors with morphological markers as knowledge of the second language increases. Second, grounding is the construct that most clearly distinguishes learners from native speakers.
Unterscheiden sich Subgruppen rechengestörter Kinder in ihrer Arbeitsgedächtniskapazität, im basalen arithmetischen Faktenwissen und in den numerischen Basiskompetenzen?
Authors: Schuchardt Kirsten , Mähler Claudia
Published: October 2010

Zusammenfassung. Die vorliegende Studie beschäftigt sich mit kognitiven Merkmalen bei Subgruppen rechenschwacher Kinder. Dabei wurde im Einzelnen überprüft, ob Leistungsbeeinträchtigungen in der bereichsübergreifenden Arbeitsgedächtniskapazität sowie in bereichsspezifischen Fähigkeiten des basalen arithmetischen Faktenabrufs und der numerischen Basiskompetenzen vorliegen und ob Unterschiede zwischen rechenschwachen Kindern mit und ohne zusätzliche Schriftsprachschwierigkeiten bestehen. Hierzu wurden 22 Kinder mit der Diagnose Rechenstörung (F 81.2 nach ICD-10), 30 Kinder mit der Diagnose Kombinierte Störung schulischer Fertigkeiten (F 81.3 nach ICD-10) und 30 nach Alter parallelisierte Kontrollkinder mit einer umfangreichen Testbatterie in Einzelsitzungen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse belegen für alle rechengestörten Kinder Defizite in allen drei Bereichen, wobei die Kinder mit kombinierten Schulleistungsstörungen im Vergleich zu den isoliert gestörten Kindern umfassendere Beeinträchtigungen aufweisen.
Phonologisches Arbeitsgedächtnis bei Kindern mit diagnostizierter Lese- und/oder Rechtschreibstörung
Authors: Hasselhorn Marcus , Schuchardt Kirsten , Mähler Claudia
Published: October 2010

Zusammenfassung. Kinder mit der Diagnose „Lese-Rechtschreibstörung”, die das Diskrepanzkriterium zur Intelligenz über die Leseleistung, die Rechtschreibleistung oder sowohl die Lese- als auch die Rechtschreibleistung erfüllten sowie gleichaltrige unauffällige Kinder des gleichen Intelligenzniveaus bearbeiteten Gedächtnisspannenaufgaben mit einsilbigen und dreisilbigen Wörtern und Kunstwörtern. Neben statistisch bedeutsamen Haupteffekten für die Faktoren Itemlänge (bessere Leistung bei kürzeren Items), Lexikalität (bessere Leistung bei Wörtern im Vergleich zu Kunstwörtern) und Gruppe (schwächere Leistungen bei kombinierter Lese- und Rechtschreibstörung) sowie einem Interaktionseffekt zwischen Itemlänge und Lexikalität (Itemlängeneffekt bei Kunstwörtern stärker ausgeprägt als bei Wörtern) zeigte sich eine bedeutsame Interaktionen zwischen Gruppe und Lexikalität und eine tendenzielle Interaktion zwischen Gruppe und Itemlänge. Der direkte Vergleich zwischen Kindern mit isolierter Lese- vs. isolierter Rechtschreibstörung ergab als Grund für die beiden letztgenannten Interaktionen eine stärkere Ausprägung des Lexikalitätseffektes bei Kindern mit isolierter Lesestörung und einen ausgeprägteren Effekt der Itemlänge bei Kindern mit isolierter Rechtschreibstörung. Die Befunde legen nahe, dass zumindest im deutschen Sprachraum den Lese- vs. den Rechtschreibstörungen von Kindern unterschiedliche phonologische Arbeitsgedächtnisdefizite zugrunde liegen.
Zeigen Kinder mit schulischen Minderleistungen sozio-emotionale Auffälligkeiten?
Authors: Fischbach Anne , Schuchardt Kirsten , Mähler Claudia , Hasselhorn Marcus
Published: October 2010

Zusammenfassung. Die vorliegende Studie geht der Frage nach, ob Kinder mit Minderleistungen im Lesen, Rechtschreiben und/oder Rechnen von sozio-emotionalen Auffälligkeiten betroffen sind. Dabei wird unterschieden, ob bei diesen Kindern eine Lernstörung (diagnostiziert nach ICD 10, F81, Umschriebene Entwicklungsstörung schulischer Fertigkeiten) oder eine Lernschwäche vorliegt. Die Lernschwäche unterscheidet sich von der Lernstörung nur darin, dass das für umschriebene Entwicklungsstörungen schulischer Fertigkeiten erforderliche Diskrepanzkriterium zwischen Schulleistung und Intelligenz nicht erfüllt wird. Die Daten von 317 untersuchten Grundschulkindern mit schulischen Minderleistungen zeigen, dass bei Kindern mit einer diagnostizierten Lernstörung als auch mit Lernschwächen Auffälligkeiten im sozio-emotionalen Bereich vorliegen. Dabei ist es unerheblich, ob die Lernschwierigkeiten in der Schriftsprache oder im Rechnen bestehen. Bedeutsam stärker sind jedoch Kinder betroffen, die in der Schriftsprache als auch im Rechnen kombinierte Lernschwierigkeiten haben. Bei den kombinierten Lernschwierigkeiten zeigt sich zudem, dass Lernstörungen im Vergleich zu Lernschwächen verstärkt mit behavioralen und sozialen Problemen sowie Aufmerksamkeitsdefiziten einhergehen.
A rock magnetic study of loess from the West Kunlun Mountains
Authors: Zan Jinbo , Fang Xiaomin , Yang Shengli , Nie Junsheng , Li Xiangyu
Published: October 2010

West Kunlun Mountains have continuous loess deposits. However, very few papers have explored the rock magnetic characteristics of loess deposited there. Thus, although Kunlun Mountains loess is one of the useful paleoclimate archives, its importance has not been emphasized. Here we present detailed rock magnetic and bulk grain‐size studies on a 207 m loess core on the northern slope of the West Kunlun Mountains. We find that magnetic susceptibility of loess from the northern slope of the West Kunlun Mountains is not controlled by changes in the concentration of ultrafine pedogenic magnetite and maghemite, but instead controlled by changes in the concentration of aeolian multidomain magnetite and maghemite. This is unsurprising given the low rainfall of the Kunlun region and the lack of postdepositional weathering and soil formation in these aeolian sequences. In addition, we find that magnetic susceptibility values increase dramatically at 111 m corresponding to an age of ∼0.5 Ma. The magnetic susceptibility increase is accompanied by coarsening of both bulk and magnetic grain size and softening of magnetic mineralogy. We tentatively tie these changes in rock magnetic and grain‐size parameter records to an expansion of desert environment.