bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of the exposure to oxidation and malondialdehyde on turkey and rabbit meat protein oxidative stability
Authors: Soglia Francesca , Baldi Giulia , Petracci Massimiliano
Published: August 2020

The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of the exposure to a strong oxidative environment (100 mM NaClO) and the concurrent incubation with different malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations (0 to 5 mM) on protein carbonylation, free thiol groups, total heme pigments, and on the relative concentration of the different myoglobin (Mb) derivatives in turkey thigh and rabbit hind leg meat to elucidate their eventual role in inducing oxidative modifications on the protein fraction. With regard to turkey meat, the addition of a strong oxidant resulted in remarkably higher (P < 0.001) carbonyls along with a reduction in free thiol groups (which become undetectable). The relative concentration of MbO2 and MetMb was significantly affected (P < 0.001) and total heme pigment was reduced by 62% when fresh meat is compared to its oxidized counterpart. The addition of MDA 2.5 mM (or greater) resulted in a 1.4‐fold increase in carbonyls and a tendency (P = 0.07) has been observed for free thiol groups whose content decreased as the MDA level increased. Overall, the aforementioned results are in agreement with those obtained on rabbit hind leg meat in which a three‐fold increase (P < 0.001) in carbonyls and a remarkably higher (P < 0.001) MetMb content coupled with a 53% reduction in free thiol groups were found. No significant differences ascribable to MDA addition were found. In conclusion, exposing turkey and rabbit meat to the same environment resulted in distinctive oxidative changes that might be related to the compositional traits and a species‐specific susceptibility of the meat toward oxidation.

Practical Application

Protein and lipid oxidation have been investigated in different meat types; nevertheless, the knowledge concerning the interaction between these two phenomena is limited. According to their compositional traits (high Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and heme pigment content), turkey and rabbit leg meats are particularly susceptible to oxidation. Providing information concerning the oxidative stability of turkey thigh and rabbit hind leg meat exposed to strong oxidative conditions and to a concurrent increasing content of a secondary product of lipid oxidation, the findings of the present study can be useful when proper processing strategies and storage conditions have to be implemented for manufacturing processed products.
An innovative protein expression system using RNA polymerase I for large‐scale screening of high‐nucleic‐acid content Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains
Authors: Zeng Duwen , Qiu Chenxi , Shen Yu , Hou Jin , Li Zailu , Zhang Jixiang , Liu Shuai , Shang Jianli , Qin Wensheng , Xu Lili , Bao Xiaoming
Published: August 2020

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the preferred source of RNA derivatives, which are widely used as supplements for foods and pharmaceuticals. As the most abundant RNAs, the ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) transcribed by RNA polymerase I (Pol I) have no 5′ caps, thus cannot be translated to proteins. To screen high‐nucleic‐acid content yeasts more efficiently, a cap‐independent protein expression system mediated by Pol I has been designed and established to monitor the regulatory changes of rRNA synthesis by observing the variation in the reporter genes expression. The elements including Pol I‐recognized rDNA promoter, the internal ribosome entry site from cricket paralytic virus which can recruit ribosomes internally, reporter genes (URA3 and yEGFP3), oligo‐dT and an rDNA terminator were ligated to a yeast episomal plasmid. This system based on the URA3 gene worked well by observing the growth phenotype and did not require the disruption of cap‐dependent initiation factors. The fluorescence intensity of strains expressing the yEGFP3 gene increased and drifted after mutagenesis. Combined with flow cytometry, cells with higher GFP level were sorted out. A strain showed 58% improvement in RNA content and exhibited no sequence alteration in the whole expression cassette introduced. This study provides a novel strategy for breeding high‐nucleic‐acid content yeasts.
Association of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder with diabetes mellitus in US adults
Authors: Xu Guifeng , Liu Buyun , Yang Wenhan , Snetselaar Linda G. , Jing Jin
Published: August 2020

Background

Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood‐onset neurodevelopmental disorder that usually persists into adulthood. However, limited evidence is available regarding its influence on adult health outcomes beyond neuropsychiatric comorbidities. This study aimed to examine the association of ADHD with diabetes in US adults.

Methods

We analyzed data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a leading health survey of a nationally representative sample in the United States. We included adults aged 20‐79 years who participated in the NHIS 2007 and 2012. Physician‐diagnosed ADHD and diabetes were reported during an in‐person household interview. Logistic regression with survey sampling weights was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of diabetes.

Results

This analysis included 52 821 adults (weighted mean age 45.5 years; 48.6% males). Among them, 1642 participants reported a diagnosis of ADHD and 4631 reported a diagnosis of diabetes. In the multivariable analysis adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education level, family income level, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, and body mass index, the OR of diabetes among adults with ADHD vs those without ADHD was 1.54 (95% CI, 1.16‐2.04). In the stratified analyses, the significant association of ADHD with diabetes remained in most strata, and the associations were not significantly modified by age, sex, race/ethnicity, or obesity status.

Conclusions

In a nationally representative sample of US adults, we found a significant association between a history of ADHD diagnosis and diabetes.
Clinical manifestations, clinical course, and outcomes of immunoglobulin G4‐related disease
Authors: Phaopraphat Kamonchanok , Ngamjanyaporn Pintip , Narongroeknawin Pongthorn , Kasitanon Nuntana , Katchamart Wanruchada
Published: August 2020

Background

Immunoglobulin G4‐related disease (IgG4‐RD) is an uncommon chronic systemic autoimmune disease, pathologically characterized by lymphoplasma cell and IgG4 plasma cell infiltration with storiform fibrosis. IgG4‐RD is a new disease and is not yet widely recognized. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical manifestations and outcomes in Thai patients with IgG4‐RD.

Methods

This multicenter retrospective cohort study included patients aged ≥ 18 years who were diagnosed with IgG4‐RD, according to the 2011 comprehensive or consensus diagnostic criteria, between 2000 and 2019 in four academic centers in Thailand. Baseline characteristics, laboratory and pathologic findings, treatments, and outcomes were systematically reviewed.

Results

The study included 110 patients (71% male) with a mean age (SD) of 59.6 (13.3) years and median disease duration (interquartile range [IQR]) of 28.8 (14.6‐53.5) months. Single organ involvement was observed in 60 patients (54.5%). Most patients (96%) had an IgG4 level of more than 135 mg/dL at presentation. Also, most (92%) were treated with corticosteroid (CS) alone or in combination with immunosuppressive agents. The most commonly used immunosuppressive agents were azathioprine (47%) and methotrexate (11%). Additionally, 20% required surgery, and 6.4% underwent stent insertion. One‐quarter (26%), 37%, and 29% were in remission with successfully tapering CS, complete and partial response. Nevertheless, 22% relapsed, with a median time to relapse (IQR) of 22.2 (12.8‐41.1) months.

Conclusion

IgG4‐RD is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease with diverse manifestations, response to treatment, and outcomes. Most patients responded well to treatments but with a notable relapse rate.
Preemption contests between groups
Authors: Barbieri Stefano , Konrad Kai A. , Malueg David A.
Published: August 2020

We consider a preemption game between competing groups; firms lobbying individually for their groups' interests provide an empirical example. Among symmetric groups, the first firm to take action bears an (unobserved) cost and wins the prize on behalf of its group. In equilibrium, the firm with the lowest cost takes action, but with delay. More competition and a smaller ratio of costs to benefits reduce delay. Firms in larger groups wait longer, but group action can occur earlier, as the probability of a low‐cost firm is higher. Asymmetries in group size or strength of externalities also matter.
From me to us: Strengthening our Financial Capabilities
Authors: Brown Jeremiah Thomas , Banks Marcus , Bowman Dina
Published: August 2020

For low‐income or precariously employed households in Australia, the re‐allocation of risk over the past forty years has four crucial economic dimensions: the fraying of the social security net; changes in labour market dynamics; heightened uncertainty arising from income volatilities; and new hazards generated by the financialisation of daily life. Household financial capabilities are negatively influenced by the compounding impacts of each of these risks. Case examples from a BSL study illustrate each impact and their interactions. The dominant idea that individual capabilities are malleable (and thus can be optimised) whilst circumstances and norms are fixed is countered by an expanded view of Sen’s/Nussbaum’s capability approach (CA) that includes collective capabilities. Collective capabilities can change norms, and so, the concept provides a needed link between the political and macroeconomic movement of risk re‐allocation and individual or household financial capabilities. The Australian Unemployed Workers’ Union is used as an example to show how collective action can challenge structural conditions, and expand or protect the capabilities of individuals.
Sorting and gene mutation verification of circulating tumor cells of lung cancer with epidermal growth factor receptor peptide lipid magnetic spheres
Authors: Wang Sheng‐guang , Zhang Bin , Li Chen‐guang , Zhu Jian‐quan , Sun Bing‐sheng , Wang Chang‐li
Published: August 2020

Background

This study aimed to identify an efficient, simple, and specific method of detecting mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene in isolated lung cancer circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and to improve the ability to obtain tumor tissue clinically.

Methods

EGFR peptide lipid magnetic spheres (EG‐P‐LMB) were prepared by reverse evaporation, and characterization and cell capture efficiency assessed. The peripheral blood samples of 30 lung cancer patients were isolated and identified with the EG‐P‐LMB using 20 healthy volunteers as controls. Finally, the isolated CTCs were tested for EGFR gene mutations, and the tissue samples selected for comparison.

Results

The prepared magnetic spheres had a smaller particle size and higher stability according to the particle size potential test. Their morphology was homogeneous by atomic force observation, and the UV test showed that there were peptides on the surface. The separation efficiency of EG‐P‐LMB was greater than 90% in PBS and greater than 80% in the blood simulation system. Compared with the tissue sample results, the positive rate of EGFR gene mutations was 94%. The CTC test results of 27 patients were consistent with the tissue test results of the corresponding patients, and the consistency with the tissue comparison test results was 90% (27/30).

Conclusions

EG‐P‐LMB can effectively capture CTCs in the peripheral blood of patients with lung cancer. CTC detection can accurately identify mutations in the EGFR gene and improve the ability to obtain tumor tissue in clinical practice.

Key points

Significant findings of the study

EG‐P‐LMB can effectively capture CTCs in the peripheral blood of patients with lung cancer. CTC detection can accurately identify mutations in the EGFR gene and improve the ability to obtain tumor tissue in clinical practice.

What this study adds

This study added EGFR peptide lipid magnetic spheres to capture CTCs in the blood. Genetic testing was performed and compared with tissues. It solves the problem of clinically difficult tumor tissue sampling.
Value Relevance of Comprehensive Income for the Canadian Market*
Authors: Djaballah Abderrahmane , Fortin Anne
Published: August 2020

The value relevance of comprehensive income (CI) compared to net income (NI) remains unresolved. We look at this issue in the Canadian market, using association methods to determine the value relevance of reporting CI and other comprehensive income (OCI) components for stock prices and returns. The sample consists of all the firms in the S&P/TSX Composite Index that prepared their financial statements according to Canadian standards or International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) over the 2008–2016 period. Although we find no evidence that CI is more value relevant than NI for stock prices and returns, we note that some OCI components are incrementally value relevant beyond NI for both amounts. In addition, financial services firms differ from other companies in terms of the relationships between some of their OCI components and prices or returns, with such firms even driving some relationships. Relationships between OCI components and prices or returns are also affected when data from the financial crisis period are excluded, with some relationships even changing after IFRS adoption. These results inform Canadian standard setters and financial statement users that OCI components are decision useful for the Canadian market.
Accuracy of ultrasound to measure the cricoid cartilage diameter in children
Authors: Hao Jianhong , Zhang Jie , Wu Zanqing , Cai Wenbo , Dong Buhuai , Luo Zhenguo
Published: August 2020

Background

Ultrasonography is used to pre‐operatively predict the endotracheal tube size required for intubation by measuring the cricoid cartilage diameter. This study aimed to determine the accuracy of ultrasound measurements of the transverse diameters of the cricoid cartilage in children.

Methods

We examined 50 children who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans at the HongHui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, from February 2019 to December 2019. Each child underwent MRI and ultrasound scans for measurement of the transverse diameters of the cricoid cartilage. The data measured by each technique were compared using Bland‐Altman analysis and linear regression analysis.

Results

Results of linear regression and Bland‐Altman analysis showed strong correlation in the level of agreement between MRI and ultrasound measurements (r = 0.94, P < .001). The estimated bias was 0.11 mm; precision, 0.25 mm; and the limit of agreement, −0.47 to 0.70 mm.

Conclusion

Ultrasound is a reliable tool for measuring the transverse diameters of the cricoid cartilage in children.
Programmed intermittent boluses vs continuous epidural infusion in labor using an adrenaline containing solution: A randomized trial
Authors: Haidl Felix , Arne Rosseland Leiv , Rørvik Anne‐Marte , Dahl Vegard
Published: August 2020

Background

Traditionally, epidural analgesia has been maintained using a continuous infusion (CEI) with the addition of patient‐controlled boluses (PCEA). In recent years, programmed intermittent boluses (PIEB) has emerged as an alternative showing better efficacy in randomized studies. In this study, the aim was to test PIEB + PCEA vs CEI + PCEA using an epidural solution containing adrenaline.

Methods

In total, 150 nulliparous and multiparous laboring women were randomized to maintain epidural analgesia with either PIEB + PCEA (5 ml bolus every hour, 5 ml PCEA bolus lockout 20 minutes) or CEI + PCEA (5 ml/h, 5 ml PCEA bolus, lockout 20 minutes) using a solution of bupivacaine 1mg/ml, fentanyl 2 mcg/ml and adrenaline 2 mcg/ml. The primary outcome was total hourly consumption of the epidural solution. Secondary outcomes included hourly pain scores, motor block at 60 minutes and 10 cm cervical dilation, maternal satisfaction, and the need for anesthetist intervention and time to this intervention.

Results

We found no differences in hourly drug consumption between the groups (mean 9.0 ml/h (SD 3.7) (CEI group) vs. 8.1 ml/h (SD 2.0) (PIEB group), P = .08). We found a significant difference in number of successfully administered PCEA boluses (mean no. 3.9 (SD 4.1) (CEI group) vs. 1.9 (SD 2.0) (PIEB group), P < .001). We found no significant differences in pain score, motor block, maternal satisfaction and the need for anesthetist intervention.

Conclusion

In this study, we found no clinically relevant differences using PIEB + PCEA compared to CEI + PCEA when using an epidural solution containing adrenaline.

Editorial Comment

For labor epidural analgesia infusions, to optimize the analgesic effect, additional programmed intermittent boluses can be used as an alternative to patient‐controlled boluses only. In this clinical trial, no differences in drug consumption or analgesic effect was observed when comparing these two different epidural bolus controls programs.
GSK3‐ARC/Arg3.1 and GSK3‐Wnt signaling axes trigger amyloid‐β accumulation and neuroinflammation in middle‐aged Shugoshin 1 mice
Authors: Rao Chinthalapally V. , Farooqui Mudassir , Madhavaram Avanish , Zhang Yuting , Asch Adam S. , Yamada Hiroshi Y.
Published: August 2020

The cerebral amyloid‐β accumulation that begins in middle age is considered the critical triggering event in the pathogenesis of late‐onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). However, the molecular mechanism remains elusive. The Shugoshin 1 (Sgo1−/+) mouse model, a model for mitotic cohesinopathy‐genomic instability that is observed in human AD at a higher rate, showed spontaneous accumulation of amyloid‐β in the brain at old age. With the model, novel insights into the molecular mechanism of LOAD development are anticipated. In this study, the initial appearance of cerebral amyloid‐β accumulation was determined as 15‐18 months of age (late middle age) in the Sgo1−/+ model. The amyloid‐β accumulation was associated with unexpected GSK3α/β inactivation, Wnt signaling activation, and ARC/Arg3.1 accumulation, suggesting involvement of both the GSK3‐Arc/Arg3.1 axis and the GSK3‐Wnt axis. As observed in human AD brains, neuroinflammation with IFN‐γ expression occurred with amyloid‐β accumulation and was pronounced in the aged (24‐month‐old) Sgo1−/+ model mice. AD‐relevant protein panels (oxidative stress defense, mitochondrial energy metabolism, and β‐oxidation and peroxisome) analysis indicated (a) early increases in Pdk1 and Phb in middle‐aged Sgo1−/+ brains, and (b) misregulations in 32 proteins among 130 proteins tested in old age. Thus, initial amyloid‐β accumulation in the Sgo1−/+ model is suggested to be triggered by GSK3 inactivation and the resulting Wnt activation and ARC/Arg3.1 accumulation. The model displayed characteristics and affected pathways similar to those of human LOAD including neuroinflammation, demonstrating its potential as a study tool for the LOAD development mechanism and for preclinical AD drug research and development.
Indications for Computed Tomography in Older Adult Patients With Minor Head Injury in the Emergency Department
Authors: Mori Kosuke , Abe Takeru , Matsumoto Jun , Takahashi Kohei , Takeuchi Ichiro
Published: August 2020

Older age is a risk factor for intracranial injury after head trauma, and computed tomography (CT) is generally recommended. We aimed to develop a clinical prediction rule for risk stratification to avoid CT head imaging in older adult patients with minor head injury, named Computed Tomography of the Head for the patients at Advanced age (CTHEAD).

This was a single‐center observational study in Japan that used retrospective chart review data to service a prediction rule that was prospectively validated. Patients aged ≥ 65 years who presented to our emergency department with a chief complaint of head trauma and a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of ≥13 were eligible. Patients were excluded if they had GCS score < 13, anticoagulant therapy, focal neurologic symptoms, posttraumatic seizures, penetrating injury, evident depressed fracture, unknown mechanism, or CT not undertaken. The primary outcome was acute traumatic lesion on head CT.

We screened 1,494 patients; 538 were included in the derivation cohort, and 580, in the validation cohort. Multivariable analysis of the derivation group found that high‐risk mechanisms of injury, vomiting, witnessed loss of consciousness, and anterograde amnesia were significantly associated with traumatic head findings on CT. A clinical prediction rule was developed from these four risk factors. The negative predictive value (NPV) of the absence of the four components was 95.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 92.9% to 96.7%), and the positive predictive value (PPV) of one or more risk factors was 20.6% (95% CI = 17.3% to 24.4%). The rule was validated prospectively with an NPV of zero risk factors of 94.5% (95% CI = 92.4% to 96.1%) and a PPV of one or more risk factors of 15.9% (95% CI = 13.0% to 19.3%). Fifty‐three (9.1%) patients in the validation cohort experienced the primary outcome.

The results suggest that older adult patients with minor head injury may forgo head CT if they do not have high‐risk mechanisms of injury, vomiting, witnessed loss of consciousness, or anterograde amnesia. External validation of this rule is needed.
Interoceptive signaling in alcohol cognitive biases: Role of family history and alliesthetic components
Authors: Leganes‐Fonteneau Mateo , Buckman Jennifer , Pawlak Anthony , Vaschillo Bronya , Vaschillo Evgeny , Bates Marsha
Published: August 2020

The role of interoceptive signals in the development of cognitive biases for drug‐related cues has been hypothesized in the past; however, experimental evidence is lacking. This report examined the relationship between physiological responses and memories for alcohol cues. Participants (n = 158) were categorized as having either a positive or negative family history of alcohol use disorder (AUD). They were assigned to an alcohol, placebo, or control beverage condition to which they were blinded. All participants were presented with alcohol, neutral, and emotional cues. Heart rate variability (HRV) at 0.1 Hz, as an index of viscero‐afferent reactivity, and in the high‐frequency range was measured during picture‐cue exposure. Participants then completed free recall and repetition priming tasks to assess memories for previously presented stimuli. Participants with a positive family history (FHP) for AUD who received an alcohol beverage displayed a positive relationship between 0.1 Hz HRV and free recall. This effect was specific to alcohol cues, highlighting the relevance of physiological signals in the development of alcohol cognitive biases. These results support the hypothesis of a coordinated brain‐body interaction in the development of drug‐related behaviors. FHP as an AUD risk factor may increase the mapping of physiological responses onto cognitive biases for alcohol cues. Increased ratings of subjective intoxication dampened this relationship, suggesting that perceived bodily states may modulate incentive salience processes. This report provides novel evidence for the involvement of interoceptive signals in addictive processes, setting a precedent for the exploration of brain‐body interactions in the study of alcohol cognitive biases.
Ear type in sheep is associated with the MSRB3 locus
Authors: Paris J. M. , Letko A. , Häfliger I. M. , Ammann P. , Drögemüller C.
Published: August 2020

Ear morphology is an important determinant of sheep breeds. It includes different variable traits such as ear size and erectness, suggesting a polygenic architecture. Here, we performed a comprehensive genome‐wide analysis to identify regions under selection for ear morphology in 515 sheep from 17 breeds fixed for diverse ear phenotypes using 34k SNP genotyping data. GWASs for two ear type traits, size and erectness, revealed a single genome‐wide significant association on ovine chromosome 3. The derived marker alleles were enriched in sheep with large and/or floppy ears. The GWAS signal harboured the MSRB3 gene encoding methionine sulphoxide reductase B3, which has already been found to be associated with different ear types in other species. We attempted whole‐genome resequencing to identify causal variant(s) within a 1 Mb interval around MSRB3. This experiment excluded major copy number variants in the interval, but failed to identify a compelling candidate causal variant. Fine‐mapping suggested that the causal variant for large floppy ears most likely resides in a 175 kb interval downstream of the MSRB3 coding region.
Mineral composition and microstructure of the abaxial hoof wall in dairy heifers after biotin supplementation
Authors: Queiroz Paulo José Bastos , Assis Bruno Moraes , Silva Danilo Conrado , Noronha Filho Antônio Dionísio Feitosa , Pancotti Alexandre , Rabelo Rogério Elias , Borges Naida Cristina , Vulcani Valcinir Aloisio Scalla , Silva Luiz Antônio Franco da
Published: August 2020

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of daily biotin supplementation on the mineral composition and microstructure of the abaxial hoof wall in dairy heifers. The heifers were housed on a concrete floor and fed for weight gain more than 800 g per day, which is a challenging environment for the hoof. Twelve crossbred dairy heifers (Jersey × Holstein) were divided into two treatment groups. Animals in the control group (n = 6) received a diet without supplemental biotin, while the heifers in the biotin‐supplemented feed group (n = 6) each received 20 mg of biotin daily for 120 days. Samples of the abaxial hoof wall were collected from the outer claw of the fore and hind limb, before and after supplementation. The samples were evaluated by X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry, computed microtomography, atomic force microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Biotin supplementation increased the sulphur content and decreased the calcium and potassium content in the abaxial hoof wall. Biotin treatment also increased the percentage of horn tubules with smaller diameter marrow (17–51 µm). However, biotin did not influence the surface relief of the hoof wall, suggesting that its action is limited to the inner layers of the stratum corneum. Daily supplementation with 20 mg of biotin promoted changes in the mineral composition and microstructure of abaxial hoof wall of crossbred dairy heifers. These findings suggest biotin supplementation improves hoof quality and may help to understand the function of biotin in the stratum corneum.
Anatomical variations in cervical vertebrae in two species of neotropical canids: What is the meaning?
Authors: Martins Felipe Pratalli , Souza Erick Candiota , Bernardes Fernanda Coelho Simas , Abidu‐Figueiredo Marcelo , Kasper Carlos Benhur , de Souza‐Junior Paulo
Published: August 2020

Anatomical variation in wild canids is rarely described. Altered shapes, uni‐ or bilaterally situated, were observed in ventral laminae of C6 and/or in C7 vertebral body of two fox species: Lycalopex gymnocercus and Cerdocyon thous. The specimens were young adults, collected dead on highways in southern Brazil. Deformities were considered anatomical variations because apparently there was no interference in function. The occurrence of such variations in two related species from the same area can suggest an environmental common cause rather than genetic issues. Future studies may deepen the understanding between cause and effect of these vertebral deformities in wild canids.
Multiple Psychiatric Morbidity and Continued Use of Naltrexone for Alcohol Use Disorder
Authors: Muvvala Srinivas B. , O'Malley Stephanie S. , Rosenheck Robert
Published: August 2020

Background and Objectives

Despite substantial evidence of the efficacy of naltrexone in treating alcohol use disorder (AUD), naltrexone is used infrequently and often for short durations. Understanding factors related to the initiation and continued use of naltrexone could identify targets for improving its use in clinical practice.

Methods

We used the Fiscal year 2012 national data from the Veterans Health Administration to identify the proportion of veterans diagnosed with AUD who initiated and then continued to receive naltrexone for AUD over a 6‐month period (N = 67,788). We further examined correlates of any use and continued use, and patterns of use in inpatient and outpatient mental health services and psychotropic prescription fills. Comparisons were made using bivariate analyses and multinomial logistic regression.

Results

Among the veterans diagnosed with AUD, 2.02% initiated treatment with naltrexone. Naltrexone initiation was associated with recent homelessness, concurrent psychiatric disorders, receipt of psychiatric outpatient services, psychotropic prescription fills, residential treatment, and psychiatric and medical‐surgical hospitalization. Of the 1,366 patients initiating naltrexone, 43.2% (590) received 2 to 5 prescriptions and 16.3% (223) received more than 5 prescriptions for naltrexone. Use of naltrexone beyond one prescription was associated with homelessness, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, psychotropic medication use, and psychiatric hospitalization.

Conclusion

Veterans with AUD who used and continued naltrexone were primarily those with multimorbidity and extensive involvement in psychiatric treatment.

Scientific Significance

Prior studies examined the correlates of initiation of naltrexone but retention in treatment has received less attention. This study identified the frequency and important patient and service correlates of continued use of naltrexone. (Am J Addict 2021;30:55–64)
Adults with a more extensive body involvement, moderate to extremely severe vitiligo and a prolonged clinical course have an early onset in childhood in addition to other prognostic factors as compared to individuals with later‐onset vitiligo
Authors: Mahajan Vikram K , Verma Yog Raj , Mehta Karaninder S , Chauhan Pushpinder Singh , Sharma Reena , Sharma Anuj , Sharma Hitender , Rana Ashwani
Published: August 2020

Background

The extent and disease severity, duration and other associated prognostic cofactors in vitiligo in adults may vary with the age of onset (before or after 10 years of age).

Objectives

To compare extent and disease severity, duration and other cofactors in adults with early‐onset and late‐onset vitiligo.

Methods

The medical records of 408 (M:F 1:1.1) adults aged 20‒75 years diagnosed with vitiligo between January 2016 and December 2019 were examined retrospectively. The extent and severity of vitiligo were defined. Characteristics of vitiligo with early onset and late onset were compared statistically and odds ratios calculated for risk assessment.

Results

31 (7.6%, M:F 1:2.4) patients had early‐onset vitiligo, and 377 (92.4%, M:F 0.8:1) patients had later‐onset vitiligo. Compared to late onset, patients with early‐onset vitiligo had a significant number of males (71% vs 45.9%), higher percentages of body surface area involvement and moderate to extremely severe disease (29% vs 10.6%), longer duration of disease (41.9% vs 9%), Koebner’s phenomenon (48.4% vs 15.6%) and halo nevus (9.7% vs 1.9%). Differences between the two groups were not significant for types of vitiligo, family history of vitiligo and presence of cutaneous and systemic/autoimmune diseases.

Conclusion

The adults, males in particular, with generalised vitiligo (>10% BSA involvement) appear to have an early onset and a prolonged clinical course. The presence of Koebner’s phenomenon and halo nevus in patients with early‐onset vitiligo was other poor prognostic factors compared to patients with late‐onset vitiligo. The retrospective, hospital‐based cross‐sectional design and small sample size for stratification remain major limitations.
Assessing the risk of viral infection from gases and plumes during intra‐abdominal surgery: a systematic scoping review
Authors: Gavin Dominic J. , Wilkie Bruce D. , Tay Jia , Loveday Benjamin P. T. , Furlong Timothy , Thomson Benjamin N. J.
Published: August 2020

Background

The aim of this study was to identify the current evidence regarding the risk of acquiring viral infections from gases or plumes during intra‐abdominal surgery. Peritoneal fluids may contain cellular material and virus particles. Electrocautery smoke and plumes from energy devices may aerosolize harmful substances and viral particles. Insufflation and desufflation during laparoscopic surgery may also aerosolize and distribute biological material. A systematic scoping review was performed to assess the evidence and inform safe surgical practice.

Methods

A systematic search of the PubMed and Medline databases was undertaken until June 2020, observing Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses methodology, to identify articles associating viral infection of operating room staff from surgical gases and plumes. All evidence levels were included. The search strategy utilized the search terms ‘surgery’, ‘laparoscopy’, ‘laparoscopic’ ‘virus’, ‘smoke’, ‘risk’, ‘infection’.

Results

The literature search identified 74 articles. Eight articles relevant to the subject of this review were included in the analysis, two of which specifically related to intra‐abdominal surgery. Of the remaining six, four involved gynaecological surgery and two were in‐vitro studies. No evidence that intra‐abdominal surgery was associated with an increased risk of acquiring viral infections from exsufflated gas or smoke plumes was identified.

Conclusion

There is currently no evidence that respiratory viruses can be found in the peritoneal fluid. Whilst there is currently no evidence that desufflated carbon dioxide or surgical smoke plumes present a significant infectious risk, there is not a wealth of literature to inform current practice. Further clinical research in this area is required.
Colorectal cancer in younger adults from a Bi‐National Colorectal Cancer Audit registry
Authors: Kong Joseph C. , Su Wai Kin , Ng Chu Woon , Guerra Glen R. , Chakraborty Joy , Lutton Nicholas , Morris Bradley , Gourlas Peter
Published: August 2020

Background

The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in younger adults (<50 years old) is rising worldwide, at a rate of 1% per annum since mid‐1980s. The clinical concern is that younger adults may have more advanced disease leading to poorer prognosis compared to their older cohort due to lack of screening. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the incidence and short‐term outcomes of colorectal cancer in younger adults.

Methods

This is a retrospective study from a prospectively maintained bi‐national database from 2007 to 2018.

Results

There were 1540 younger adults diagnosed with CRC, with a rise from 5.8% in 2007 to 8.4% in 2018. Majority had lower American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) scores (89%), rectal cancers (46.1%) and higher tumour stage (65.4%). As a consequence, they were likely to have higher circumferential resection margin positivity (6%, P = 0.02) and to receive adjuvant chemotherapy (57.1%, P < 0.001) compared to their older cohort. Multivariate analysis showed disadvantaged socioeconomic status (odds ratio (OR) 3.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.37–7.94, P < 0.001) and increasing tumour stage (OR 14.9, 95% CI 1.89–116.9, P < 0.001) were independent predictors for circumferential resection margin positivity whereas being female (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.53–0.95, P = 0.02), higher ASA score (OR 175.3, 95% CI 26.7–1035.5, P < 0.001), urgent surgery (OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.84–4.11, P < 0.001) and anastomotic leak (OR 5.02, 95% CI 3.32–7.58, P < 0.001) were predictors of inpatient mortality.

Conclusion

There is a steady rise in the incidence of colorectal cancer in younger adults. Both physicians and younger adults should be aware of the potential risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) and appropriate investigations performed so not to delay the diagnosis.
The Making of Speculative Biodiesel Commodities on the Agroenergy Frontier of the Brazilian Northeast
Authors: Manzi Maya
Published: August 2020

In this paper, I examine the speculative dimensions of biodiesel production in Northeast Brazil under the National Program for the Production and Use of Biodiesel (PNPB), by focusing on the case of castor oil plant (Ricinus communis) in semi‐arid Bahia, a promising flex crop that was said to generate social, environmental and economic benefits, especially for the historically marginalised Northeast peasantry. I argue that speculative practices over castor have relied on state policies and discourses as well as biophysical and biotechnological (im)materialities that are transforming agrarian relations in ways that compromise peasants’ control over their (re)productive systems while promoting the expansion of the agroindustrial frontier. By examining the everyday, performative and place‐based character of speculative biodiesel practices and their uneven and contested socioenvironmental implications, this paper contributes to current political ecology debates on the nexus between agroenergy development, nature’s capitalist valuation and rural dispossession.
The Ambiguities of Homelessness Governance: Disentangling Care and Revanchism in the Neoliberalising City
Authors: Clarke Andrew , Parsell Cameron
Published: August 2020

Whilst “caring” responses to homelessness (e.g. shelters, drop‐in centres) have been held up by some as a counter‐current to the revanchist city, recent US studies highlight how the structural dynamics of neoliberalisation can implicate caring spaces in revanchist processes of discipline and spatial control. In this paper, we employ an assemblage approach to examine the intersections between care, revanchism and neoliberalisation in Brisbane, Australia. We extend the insights of recent studies by showing how the vulnerability of care to the revanchist pressures of neoliberalisation play out outside the US, despite the prominence of care rationalities and a milder revanchist politics. However, we also push beyond this insight to demonstrate the ongoing progressive potential of care in the neoliberalising city, despite its vulnerabilities to revanchism. Specifically, we highlight the capacity of housing‐focused responses to homelessness to shield people from criminalisation and to prefigure and call‐forth post‐neoliberal practices and spaces.
Evaluation of cardiac beat synchronization control for a rotary blood pump on valvular regurgitation with a mathematical model
Authors: Ogawa Daisuke , Kobayashi Shinji , Yamazaki Kenji , Motomura Tadashi , Nishimura Takashi , Shimamura Junichi , Tsukiya Tomonori , Mizuno Toshihide , Takewa Yoshiaki , Tatsumi Eisuke , Nishinaka Tomohiro
Published: August 2020

We have studied the cardiac beat synchronization (CBS) control for a rotary blood pump (RBP) and revealed that it can promote pulsatility and reduce cardiac load. Besides, patients with LVAD support sometimes suffer from aortic and mitral regurgitation (AR and MR). A control method for the RBP should be validated in wider range of conditions to clarify its benefits and pitfalls prior to clinical application. In this study, we evaluated pulsatility and cardiac load reduction obtained with the CBS control on valvular failure conditions with a mathematical model. Diastolic assist could reduce cardiac load on the left ventricle by decreasing external work of the ventricle even in MR cases while it was not so effective in AR cases. Systolic assist can still promote pulsatility in AR and MR cases; however, aortic valve function should be carefully confirmed since pulse pressure can be wider not due to systolic assist but to AR.
Cystatin C: A more reliable biomarker of renal function in young infants? A longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Kandasamy Yogavijayan , Rudd Donna
Published: August 2020

Aim

We carried out a longitudinal cohort study to measure serial CysC (Cystatin C) in a cohort of neonates born preterm until the age of 2 years. We hypothesised that CysC levels are independent of body weight and would not vary with gestational age.

Methods

This prospective cohort study was conducted from August 2014 until October 2016, and follow‐up was completed in October 2018. Preterm infants at less than 28 weeks of gestation (extremely preterm infants) were recruited and followed up until the age of 24 months. Blood samples for measurement of CysC were collected at regular intervals.

Results

We recruited 58 preterm neonates with mean gestation was 26.2 (1.5) weeks, and a mean birth weight was 917 (140) g. One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) did not show any significant difference in CysC levels between 28, 32 and 37 weeks' gestation (P = .09) despite a significant increase in body weight (P < .001). The mean CysC level was higher in the neonatal period and subsequently plateaued by 24 months.

Conclusion

Serum CysC level is independent of body weight and not influenced by postnatal age nor by gender.
Constructing Inequalities: Tenure Trajectories of Immigrant Workers and Union Strategies in the Milan Construction Sector
Authors: Frangi Lorenzo , Zhang Tingting , Banerjee Rupa
Published: August 2020

In this mixed‐methods study, we examined the employment trajectories of immigrant employees in the construction sector in Milan and the role of unions in promoting their labour market inclusion. Drawing on a unique dataset of 417,004 contracts representing more than 166,000 construction workers over a 12‐year period (2000–2011), we employed Growth Curve Modelling (GCM) to explore national group differences in contract, firm and sector tenure trajectories. We found Egyptian and Romanian workers suffer from lowest tenure levels. To investigate these results, we conducted 15 interviews with key informants. Results suggested firm characteristics and position along the production process (mono‐task), pervasive immigrant hiring queues (mono‐national) and union's use of class strategies are interlocking forces that shape deep labour market segregation. We recommend unions develop and apply tailored ethnic strategies to empower highly segregated immigrant groups.
The coloniality of private forest lands: Harvesting levels, land grants, and neoliberalism on Vancouver Island
Authors: Ekers Michael , Brauen Glenn , Lin Tian , Goudarzi Saman
Published: August 2020

This paper examines how colonial land grants and the neoliberalization of forestry policy have enabled an aggressive harvesting regime on a massive tract of private land on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. We detail the intensity of industrial logging activities of three forestry companies—Island Timberlands, TimberWest, and Western Forest Products—on private land on Vancouver Island. We draw on 11 years of harvesting volume records from the public British Columbia Harvest Billing System to examine the rate of harvest on private land by the aforementioned companies. The paper maps the harvesting volumes we report in relation to forest land ownership and the boundaries of land grants to demonstrate the enduring settler‐colonial character of fee simple forest land and industrial harvesting activities. We argue that neoliberal legislation introduced in 2003 deregulated forestry operations on private lands, facilitating the harvesting regimes we detail. We further suggest that settler‐colonial enclosures set in motion by the Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railway Company land grants starting in 1884 have been foundational to the establishment and management of private forest lands on Vancouver Island and continue to represent barriers for Indigenous communities as they assert their rights and title to private forest land.
RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase, RdRP, a promising therapeutic target for cancer and potentially COVID‐19
Authors: Machitani Mitsuhiro , Yasukawa Mami , Nakashima Jotaro , Furuichi Yasuhiro , Masutomi Kenkichi
Published: August 2020

A recent outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has driven a global pandemic with catastrophic consequences. The rapid development of promising therapeutic strategies against COVID‐19 is keenly anticipated. Family Coronaviridae comprises positive, single‐stranded RNA viruses that use RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) for viral replication and transcription. As the RdRP of viruses in this family and others plays a pivotal role in infection, it is a promising therapeutic target for developing antiviral agents against them. A critical genetic driver for many cancers is the catalytic subunit of telomerase: human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), identified initially as an RNA‐dependent DNA polymerase. However, even though hTERT is a DNA polymerase, it has phylogenetic and structural similarities to viral RdRPs. Researchers worldwide, including the authors of this review, are engaged in developing therapeutic strategies targeting hTERT. We have published a series of papers reporting that hTERT has RdRP activity and that this RdRP activity in hTERT is essential for tumor formation. Here, we review the enzymatic function of RdRP in virus proliferation and tumor development, reminding us of how the study of the novel coronavirus has brought us to the unexpected intersection of cancer research and RNA virus research.
Desmoid with biweekly methotrexate and vinblastine shows similar effects to weekly administration: A phase II clinical trial
Authors: Nishida Yoshihiro , Hamada Shunsuke , Urakawa Hiroshi , Ikuta Kunihiro , Sakai Tomohisa , Koike Hiroshi , Ito Kan , Emoto Ryo , Ando Yuichi , Matsui Shigeyuki
Published: August 2020

Low‐dose methotrexate (MTX) plus vinblastine (VBL) chemotherapy is an effective treatment for desmoid‐type fibromatosis (DF). However, previous reports have described a weekly regimen, with no reports available on a biweekly one. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical outcomes of a biweekly regimen in a cohort prospectively treated in our single institution. Since 2010, we have prospectively treated refractory DF patients with biweekly MTX (30 mg/m2) + VBL (6 mg/m2). Efficacy, progression‐free survival (PFS), and correlating factors were analyzed. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded. In total, 38 patients received low‐dose MTX + VBL therapy, and its efficacy was assessed in 37 of them. Nineteen (51%) patients showed partial response (PR). Clinical benefit rate was 95%. PFS at 5 y was 80.8%. In PR cases, median time to response was 10 mo. Longer duration of therapy was significantly associated with the response of PR (P = .007) by univariate analysis. There was no clear association between various clinicopathological factors, including tumor size, location, catenin beta‐1 (CTNNB1) mutation status with effect. Only 3 AEs of grade 3/4 were observed. Tumor regrowth after MTX + VBL discontinuation was observed in 5 (20%) of 25 patients. Biweekly administration of MTX + VBL chemotherapy was well tolerated compared with weekly administration, and its efficacy was anticipated in DF patents, although the time needed to achieve a response may be relatively long. The treatment interval should be determined taking into account both the condition of the tumor and the patient's preference.
Do Mothers or Children Lead the Dance? Disentangling Individual and Influence Effects During Conflict
Authors: Sokolovic Nina , Plamondon Andre , Rodrigues Michelle , Borairi Sahar , Perlman Michal , Jenkins Jennifer M.
Published: August 2020

Are mother–child conflict discussions shaped by time‐varying, reciprocal influences, even after accounting for stable contributions from each individual? Mothers were filmed discussing a conflict for 5 min, separately with their younger (ages 5–9, N = 217) and older (ages 7–13, N = 220) children. Each person’s conflict constructiveness was coded in 20‐s intervals and data were analyzed using dynamic structural equation modeling, which separates individual and influence effects. Children influenced their mothers’ behavior under certain conditions, with evidence for developmental differences in the magnitude and direction of influence, whereas mothers did not influence their children under any circumstance. Results are discussed in the context of child effects on parent behavior and changes in parenting across middle childhood.