bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ARBERIA OU L'IMPORTANCE DE LA THEORIE EN BOTANIQUE STRUCTURALE
Authors: Barabé Denis
Published: April 2006

This paper presents a point of view on the recent proposal, made by Schmid and Stevenson (1976), concerning the creation of a new journal of structural botany. For the author a discussion on this subject implies a more complex problem than just a creation of a new journal, it implies the role of theory in the progress of botany. After a brief survey of the importance of theory in plant morphology, it is concluded that ARBERIA is justified as a journal to research guide lines for botany. It is impossible to carry out morphological research without guide lines. “Hard cold facts” (Hirsch, 1975) do not exist totally independently of any theoretical assumptions.
TYPIFICATION OF THE GENERIC DESMID NAME MICRASTERIAS DESMIDIACEAE
Authors: de M. Bicudo Carlos E. , Sormus Laine
Published: April 2006

Historical analysis of the various generic concepts of Micrasterias (Desmidiaceae, Zygnemaphyceae) since its original description by C. Agardh in 1827 leads to the following conclusions: 1) the name Micrasterias of C. Agardh, 1827, is not valid since it was published before the starting point for nomenclature in the Desmidiaceae (Ralfs, 1848); 2) the valid generic name is Micrasterias C. Agardh ex Ralfs non Micrasterias Kützing; and 3) M. furcata C. Agardh ex Ralfs non M. furcata C. Agardh must be considered the type species for the genus.

Without a doubt, typification is one of the most important problems to be settled in the study of the Desmidiaceae. Lack of nomenclatural types for genera and infrageneric taxa in this family is virtually absolute. Contributing to this lack, among others, are the following: 1) the existence of a late nomenclatural starting point for the family; 2) a frequent negligence of specialists in the family to designate types when describing new taxa; 3) the paucity of taxonomic and nomenclatural revisionary studies in the family; and 4) the relative difficulty of preservation of type specimens of unicellular microscopic freshwater algae.
MORE ON THE TYPIFICATION OF MALVASTRUM (DC.) A. GRAY (MALVACEAE)
Authors: Fryxell P. A. , Hill S. R.
Published: April 2006

Previous lectotypifications (of which there have been five) have not taken into account (or in Rydberg's case have misinterpreted) the DeCandollean protologue. Schumann's (1890) choice of Malvastrum wrightii A. Gray as lectotype is inadmissible because this species was not included by DeCandolle. The choice of Malvastrum coccineum (Pursh) A. Gray made by Rydberg (1913) and by others is also unacceptable for the same reason (and for other reasons as well). The lectotypification proposed by Kearney (1947, 1955) is the earliest that is consistent with the DeCandollean protologue, although it did not take it into account and is therefore only accidentally consistent. The choice that we here propose is intended to preserve the sense and intent of Kearney's choice and to conform to Recommendation 7B (Stafleu et al., 1972) “to preserve current usage.”
STUDIES ON THE COTYLEDONARY LEAVES OF SOME CONVOLVULACEAE
Authors: Sampathkumar R.
Published: April 2006

The usefulness of the cotyledonary leaf characteristics in the taxonomy of Convolvulaceae has been highlighted. Certain characters of the mature cotyledonary leaves of seedlings, such as the mean area, depth of lobing, depth of basal sinus, angle between the lobes, pattern of venation, stalk length and other features offer much scope for the taxonomists, in view of their high level of constancy. Furthermore, being quite conservative, these characters shed considerable light on the systematic relationship existing among the taxa. The cotyledonary leaves of Merremia tridentata are very similar to those of Ipomoea coptica, suggesting parallel evolution. Among the varieties of I. nil and I. batatas, there exist certain differences, while the two varieties of I. pes‐tigridis register greater similarity. Evolvulus alsinoides and E. nummularius show but a slight difference in size. Cressa cretica is unique in having linear cotyledons. Cuscuta chinensis stands apart from the rest of the family, being acotyledonous, thus affording yet another reason for its segregation from Convolvulaceae. Rivea hypocrateriformis and Argyreia cuneata show similar characteristics, giving additional support in favour of the generic merger of Rivea with Argyreia.
POLYPLOIDY IN MONTANOA CERV. (COMPOSITAE, HELIANTHEAE)
Authors: Funk V. A. , Raven P. H.
Published: April 2006

Polyploidy is reported for the first time for Montanoa Cerv., in which x = 19; we here report speciesat the 6x, 8x, and 12x levels. The 12x count (n = 110‐120) was originally reported, owing to a printing error, as Melanthera aspera (Jacq.) Rendl., and is significant as it is the highest reported number in Compositae.
AUTONYMS AND NEW CONFUSION IN THE INTERNATIONAL CODE
Authors: Reveal James L. , Broome C. Rose
Published: April 2006

Under the present provision of Article 33 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, automatic autonyms, for taxonomic ranks of certain categories mandated by past editions of the Code, can be considered as validly published and must be taken into consideration for nomenclatural purposes in some specific instances. As the Codes under which this provision was allowed implied that such autonyms were to be automatically established and were not to be taken into consideration for purposes of priority, nor were authorships assigned to such autonyms, it is suggested that the present Code be modified so as to exclude previously mandated autonyms from considerations of priority.
WOOD ANATOMY OF DIPSACACEAE
Authors: Carlquist Sherwin
Published: April 2006

Study of two species of Pterocephalus and three of Scabiosa shows that wood of Dipsacaceae is unusual, compared with families claimed to be allied to it, in having several primitive features. All species of the present study have tracheids, rather than libriform fibers, as the imperforate tracheary element type. Vestigial perforation plates are common in Pterocephalus dumetorum secondary xylem and occur in primary xylem of all species. Wood anatomy (especially that of rays) shows that the family is probably primitively woody, perhaps shrubby. Wood features are related to the dry mediterranean‐type climates in which the species studied occur.
CONSPECTUS OF A NEW CLASSIFICATION OF THE EUPHORBIACEAE
Authors: Webster Grady L.
Published: April 2006

A new classification of the suprageneric taxa of Euphorbiaceae is presented in outline, including a key to the five subfamilies recognized. Latin descriptions are provided for seven new tribes and ten new subtribes.
A POSTERIORI WEIGHTING OF DESCRIPTORS
Authors: Legendre Pierre
Published: April 2006

The Adansonian and the more traditional taxonomic principles may be combined in an iterative information‐seeking strategy of classification. Uniqueness is not a property of biological classifications, and even the wishfully fundamental principle of parsimony has not brought to taxonomy the strong basis on which uniqueness could rest. On the other hand, it can be shown that descriptors have different values along the scale of taxonomic categories, and that different descriptors have different values for the same partition. It is then suggested that an ideal taxonomic treatment should begin with a large body of equally weighted descriptors, and lead to deletion, re‐structuring and a posteriori weighting of the descriptors, through recognition of the main clusters and a measure of the contribution of each descriptor to each partition of the objects. The analysis could then continue, for each partition independently, by an iteration between clustering, discrimination and weighting, until stability is reached.

Il est possible de combiner les principes d'Adanson avec ceux de la taxonomie classique, en une stratégie itérative qui améliore à chaque cycle la classification produite. Les classifications biologiques n'ont pas la propriété d'unicité; même le principe de parcimonie, que l'on a voulu fondamental, n'a pas apporté à la taxonomie cette base sur laquelle on aurait pu rechercher des classifications uniques. D'autre part, on peut démontrer que les descripteurs n'ont pas la même valeur tout au long de l'échelle des catégories taxonomiques, et que différents descripteurs ont aussi des valeurs différentes pour une même partition. Un traitement taxonomique idéal devrait donc débuter avec un grand nombre de descripteurs à poids égaux, mais permettre par la suite de laisser tomber, de re‐structurer ou d'attribuer a posteriori des poids aux descripteurs, après que l'on ait reconnu les principaux groupes d'objets et que l'on ait mesuré la contribution de chaque descripteur à chacune des partitions des objets. L'analyse pourrait alors se poursuivre de façon indépendante pour chaque partition, par un cycle: groupement des objets, discrimination, et modification du poids attribué à chaque descripteur, jusqu'à ce que l'on en arrive à une solution de stabilité.
DIPHELYPAEA (OROBANCHACEAE), NOM. NOV. AND OTHER CAUTERIZATIONS ON A NOMENCLATURAL HYDRA
Authors: Nicolson Dan H.
Published: April 2006

Phaelypea Browne (1756) is proposed as a nom. rej. under Stemodia L. (1759), nom. cons. in Scrophulariaceae. Diphelypaea is a nom. nov. for Phelypaea L. (1758), non Phaelypea Browne (1756) with new combinations. Typification and other nomenclatural problems are discussed for various genera and their homonyms.
SUPRAGENERIC NAMES ATTRIBUTABLE TO ARACEAE
Authors: Nicolson Dan H.
Published: April 2006

Known validly published suprageneric names attributable to Araceae, including family names, are accounted for. Comments are made on nomenclatural problems in these ranks with particular reference to parenthetic author citation (sparingly accepted) and the apparently continuing illegitimate status (not accepted) of suprageneric names based on formerly illegitimate names that have been conserved. Table 1 lists the names alphabetically by the type generic name. Appendix 1 evaluates the status of each name in terms of the recent updating of Engler's system of the family; seven names must be changed. Appendix 2 and 3 add Anadendreae Bogner et French, trib. nov. and Bognereae Mayo et Nicolson, trib. nov., the latter based on Bognera Mayo et Nicolson, gen. nov.
DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF A MICROCOMPUTER SPECIMEN‐ORIENTED DATABASE FOR THE FLORA OF MOUNT KINABALU
Authors: Beaman John H. , Regalado Jacinto C.
Published: April 2006

A computerized database is being developed for the flora of Mount Kinabalu (northern Borneo). The methodology for its development and management is described. The data can be manipulated to produce enumerations (checklists), determination lists, itineraries, specimen citations, exsiccatae lists, annotation labels, type specimen registers, distribution maps, and otherwise queried on‐line at independent work stations or through a network. With minor modifications the system could be adapted for other floristic projects and for general computerization of herbarium specimens.
SCHIZYMENIA DAWSONII AND ITS RELATION TO THE GENUS SEBDENIA (SEBDENIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA)
Authors: Hansen Gayle I.
Published: April 2006

The red alga Schizymenia dawsonii Abbott has been found to have both vegetative and reproductive features that link it closely with the widespread tropical/subtropical genus Sebdenia Berthold. The new binomial Sebdenia dawsonii (Abbott) comb. nov. is proposed.
CULTIVAR GROUPING IN RELATION TO THE INTERNATIONAL CODE OF NOMENCLATURE FOR CULTIVATED PLANTS
Authors: Brandenburg W. A. , Schneider F.
Published: April 2006

Two important problems hamper progress towards an unambiguous classification of cultivated plants.

The first problem arises from the incompatibility between the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) and the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP). The ICBN is restricted to nomenclature, the ICNCP treats nomenclature, classification and registration. Each code has different rules for the naming of hybrids causing ambiguity in the naming of cultivated hybrid plants. The second problem is the insufficient way in which the ICNCP defines the cultivar group, its relation to botanical classification and its nomenclature.

This article presents these problems in a general way with the intention to stimulate further discussion, thereby helping to bring into line both Codes with respect to the classification of cultivated plants.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF LEPIANTHES RAF. (PIPERACEAE)—A DIFFERENT VIEWPOINT
Authors: Jones Almut G. , Lamboy Warren F.
Published: April 2006

The lectotypification of Lepianthes Raf. with L. granulatum Raf. by Wilbur [Taxon 34(2): 287. 1985] is superfluous because this generic name has been previously and effectively lectotypified by Howard (J. Arnold Arb. 54: 380. 1973) with his choice of Piper umbellatum L. as the “TYPE SPECIES.”
BOTANICAL EXPLORATION AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHY OF COLOMBIA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
Authors: Forero Enrique
Published: April 2006

An overview of botanical exploration as related to plant distribution patterns in Colombia is presented. Reference is made to current efforts to study the natural vegetation, and the need for intensive work in many areas of the country is emphasized.
LINDERNIA CAESPITOSA, COMB. NOV. PROPOSED TO REPLACE LINDERNIA PUSILLA AUCT. NON BOLDINGH (SCROPHULARIACEAE)
Authors: Panigrahi G.
Published: April 2006

Lindernia pusilla Boldingh (Oct. 1916) is recognized as a validly described ‘new’ species with its own (unspecified) type. L. caespitosa (Bl.), comb. nov. (≡Diceros caespitosa Blume 1826) is proposed to replace L. pusilla (Thunb.) Merrill (Nov. 1916), L. pusilla (Willd.) Schlechter (1924) and L. pusilla sensu Philcox (1968), non Boldingh (1916).
AN UNNECESSARY INFRASPECIFIC COMBINATION IN MEDICAGO (FABACEAE)
Authors: Rabeler Richard K.
Published: April 2006

Medicago sativa subsp. x varia (T. Martyn) O. Bolòs & Vigo is determined to be unnecessary.
FRAGARIASTRUM (SER. EX DC.) SCHUR (1853)‐AN ISONYM OF FRAGARIASTRUM HEIST. EX FABR. (1759) (ROSACEAE)
Authors: Panigrahi G. , Diskhit B. K.
Published: April 2006

Fragariastrum (Ser. ex DC.) Schur (1853) is established as an isonym of Fragariastrum Heist. ex Fabr. (1759).
TYPIFICATION OF MIMOSA NATANS LINN. F. (MIMOSACEAE)
Authors: Panigrahi G.
Published: April 2006

Mimosa nutans Linn. f. (1782) typified by ‘Hab. in Tranquebar (1777), Koenig’ s.n. (1228.4–LINN) is established as a validly described legitimate name, with its own type, not a nomen confusum. Since Neptunia natans (Linn. f.) Druce (1917) is a later heterotypic homonym of N. natans Theob. (1883) [as ‘(Willd.) Theob.’], N. triquetra (Willd.) Benth. is the correct name for the terrestrial taxon, M. natans Linn. f., the former based on Desmanthus triquetrus Willd. (1806) [Mimosa triquetra Vahl (1794), nom. illeg.; M. natans Linn. f.].
TWO NOMENCLATURAL NOVELTIES BASED ON RHEEDE'S “HORTUS MALABARICUS”
Authors: Suresh C. R. , Nicolson Dan H.
Published: April 2006

Ellertonia Wight (1848, Apocynaceae) is an illegitimate renaming of Kamettia Kostel. (1834). Kamettia caryophyllata is a new combination for the taxon previously known as Ellertonia rheedei Wight, nom. illeg. pro Echites caryophyllata Roxb. (1814). Phrynium rheedei (Marantaceae) is a new name for Phrynium capitatum Willd., nom. illeg. pro Pontederia ovata L., non Phrynium ovatum Nees et Mart. (1823).
RAFINESQUE'S VALENTIANA VOLUBILIS AND THE EARLY BOTANICAL COLLECTIONS FROM ETHIOPIA
Authors: Friis Ib
Published: April 2006

On circumstantial evidence it is suggested that the hitherto unidentified name Valentiana volubilis Raf., based on a description of a plant grown from seeds collected in Ethiopia, is a synonym of Thunbergia alata Sims (Acanthaceae). No nomenclatural changes are necessary if this identification is accepted.
TRITICALE: A CASE OF NOMENCLATURAL MISTREATMENT
Authors: Stace C. A.
Published: April 2006

A brief history of the wheat‐rye hybrid triticale is provided, and an as complete as possible list of published names referring to this taxon is annotated with nomenclatural details. Only 2 of 6 generic names and 2 of 33 specific names appear to be valid and legitimate. The correct nothogeneric name for plants derived fromTriticum×Secalecrosses is ×TriticosecaleWittmack ex A. Camus. No correct name at species level is available for the commonest crop triticales. It is recommended that crop triticales be named by appending the cultivar name to the nothogeneric name, e.g. ×Triticosecale‘Newton‘.
AN ILLEGITIMATE PERGULARIA AND THE TRIBAL NAMES CEROPEGIEAE, MARSDENIEAE AND STAPELIEAE (ASCLEPIADACEAE)
Authors: Swarupanandan K.
Published: April 2006

Apparently unaware of Pergularia R. Br. (1811a), a later homonym of Pergularia L. (1767a, and b), Sundell (1980) retained the names for the tribes typified by the genera Ceropegia L., Marsdenia R. Br. and Stapelia L. respectively as Ceropegieae Benth. (1876), Marsdenieae N. E. Br. (1907) and Stapelieae Benth. (1868). However all the available suprageneric names based on Pergularia are truly based on Pergularia R. Br. non L. and are illegitimate. Accordingly Ceropegieae Dcne. (1842), Marsdenieae Benth. (1868) and Stapelieae Dcne. (1844) are the correct names for the tribes.
REVISED SECTIONAL NOMENCLATURE IN PAPAVER L.
Authors: Kiger Robert W.
Published: April 2006

In an earlier article (Kiger, 1973) I reviewed the sectional nomenclature of Papaver, as governed by the then‐current Seattle Code. Subsequent revision of Article 35 at the Leningrad Congress has altered the status of several names relating to sections commonly recognized in the genus, four of which now have different correct names. Here I present a revised synopsis of all names proposed in Papaver at the sectional level, arranged according to Fedde's (1936) taxonomy, and I lectotypify Lasiotrachyphylla Bernh.
THE IDENTITY OF GOMARA RACEMOSA (BUDDLEJACEAE)
Authors: Barringer Kerry
Published: April 2006

Gomara racemosa Ruiz & Pavón, described as Scrophulariaceae, is transferred to the Buddiejaceae. It is synonymous with Sanango durum Bunting and Duke and replaces that name.
RE‐LECTOTYPIFICATION OF CUCUMIS SATIVUS L.
Authors: Pas H. N. ten , Schoenaker J. W. P. , Oost E. H. , Jarvis C. E.
Published: April 2006

The existing lectotypification of C. sativus L. has been examined. The choice of lectotype, based on the phrase name of C. sativus, is questioned. It is proposed that this lectotype is rejected and superseded by the designation of a new lectotype, based on a specimen of C. sativus L. from the Burser Herbarium (UPS).
THE IDENTITIES AND SYSTEMATIC RELATIONSHIPS OF MATHIEUA KLOTZSCH AND PLAGIOLIRION BAKER (AMARYLLIDACEAE)
Authors: Meerow Alan W.
Published: April 2006

Mathieua and Plagiolirion are two poorly known, monotypic genera of petiolate‐leaved neotropical Amaryllidaceae that have been variously treated as synonyms for Eucharis, Urceolina or Hymenocallis subg. Elisena. Taxonomic history, morphological characters, phytogeography, and ecology of both genera are reviewed. From the available data, Mathieua appears most closely related to Stenomesson. Plagiolirion shows greatest relationship to Hymenocallis subg. Elisena. The supposition that Linden's combination of Eucharis galanthoides was based on Mathieua galanthoides is shown to be false, and E. galanthoides is declared a nomen nudum. The significance of a number of rare and small or monotypic genera of Amaryllidaceae in the northern Andes, with characters intermediate between various larger genera, is discussed.
TYPIFICATION OF PONTEDERIA AND ITS LINNAEAN SPECIES NAMES (PONTEDERIACEAE)
Authors: Horn Charles N. , Haynes Robert R.
Published: April 2006

Typification is established or reviewed for the names of Pontederia (Pontederiaceae) published by Carl Linnaeus. It is concluded that the lectotype of Pontederia is P. cordata. The correct name for Pontederia ovata L. is Phrynium rheedei Suresh & Nicolson (Marantaceae) and for P. hastata L. Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms‐Laubach (Pontederiaceae). Pontederia rotundifolia L. is correct.
LINNAEAN NAMES IN THE GENUS GLOBULARIA L. (GLOBULARIACEAE) AND THEIR TYPIFICATION
Authors: Milletti N. , Jarvis C. E.
Published: April 2006

The typification of the seven species names published in the genus Globularia by Linnaeus has been studied. One of these, G. orienlalis, has already been typified by a specimen in LINN. The remaining six names are typified. Three are lectotypified by specimens in LINN, one by a specimen in the Burser herbarium (UPS), and another by a Plukenet illustration. A neotype is proposed for G. spinosa.
REINSTATEMENT OF THE GENUSMASTOCARPUSKÜTZING (RHODOPHYTA)
Authors: Guiry M. D. , West J. A. , Kim D.‐H. , Masuda M.
Published: April 2006

Morphological, life history and biochemical characters are used to show why the genusMastocarpusshould be reinstated for four widely distributed species ofGigartina(Gigartinaceae).Mastocarpusspecies have channelled thalli on which the female reproductive structures and carposporophytes are formed on specially formed papillate structures, have heteromorphic‐type (and associated direct‐type) life histories involving an alternation with tetrasporophytes previously referred to the genusPetrocelis, and tetrasporangia are formed singly.Gigartinaspecies do not have specially formed papillae, have isomorphic gametophytes and sporophytes, and tetrasporangia are produced in branched or unbranched chains.Mastocarpusspecies share many features in common with the Phyllophoraceae and Gigartinaceae but it is proposed that the Petrocelidaceae Denizot be adopted for this genus on the basis of the character of the formation of tetrasporangia singly rather than in chains.
PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE OCCURRENCE OF ABIETANE‐TYPE DITERPENOIDS IN SALVIA SECT. ERYTHROSTACHYS (LAMIACEAE)
Authors: Ramamoorthy T. P. , Esquivel Baldomero , Sánchez Ana Adela , Rodríguez‐Hahn Lydia
Published: April 2006

The presence of abietane derived diterpenoids in a few members of the large American Salvia subgenus Calosphace suggests that it may have differentiated from groups ancestral to the Old World salvias or even prior to the differentiation of the groups in Salvia.
CORDIA AFRICANA LAM. (BORAGINACEAE), THE CORRECT NAME FOR BRUCE'S “WANZEY”
Authors: Warfa A. M.
Published: April 2006

Cordia africana Lam. is shown to be the correct name for Bruce's “Wanzey”, the tropical African tree that was until recently generally called C. abyssinica R. Br.
REDUCTION OF MEDICAGO MAKRANICA (LEGUMINOSAE TRIBE TRIFOLIEAE) TO INDIGOFERA NEPHROCARPA (TRIBE INDIGOFERAE)
Authors: Small Ernest , Jomphe Marcel , Heyn Clara C.
Published: April 2006

Medicago makranica Heyn (Leguminosae tribe Trifolieae) is based on a misidentification of Indigofera nephrocarpa Balf. f. (tribe Indigoferae).
GERARD AND JAUME: TWO NEGLECTED FIGURES IN THE HISTORY OF JUSSIAEAN CLASSIFICATION (PART THREE)
Authors: Williams Roger L.
Published: April 2006

Part I: Louis Gérard (1733–1819); his development of a system of natural classification; the Flora Gallo‐Provincialis (1761) and its fate. Part II: The progress of the idea of natural classification in the later eighteenth century; the cult of sensibility vs. the cult of reason; and the academic politics of the French Revolution. Part III: Jean‐Henri Jaume Saint‐Hilaire (1772–1845) and his Exposition des families naturelles (1805); the task of popularizing natural classification; and a new role for botany in the democratization of society in the nineteenth century.
WITHIN‐SPECIES ORGANIZATION IN WYETHIA AND BALSAMORHIZA AND AN ASSESSMENT OF EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATIONS
Authors: Robson K. A. , Scagel R. K. , Maze J.
Published: April 2006

The assertion that ontogeny and phylogeny are closely related phenomena seems to be valid, but the nature of this relationship has not been explored in sufficient depth. The present study details some quantitative methods through which the nature of speciation and development can be simultaneously addressed. Within‐species variation was assessed for species of the related genera Wyethia, Balsamorhiza, and Helianthella (Asteraceae, Heliantheae) for three data sets consisting of shoot, terminal head, and cauline leaf variables. Although the changes in organization that occur through development could not be directly measured here, variation among mature plants permits inferences to be made regarding the product of ontogeny. Within‐species variation appears to be unique and unpredictable, even among species that are sympatric or share membership in small monophyletic groups. Such unique and unpredictable variation can be interpreted as changes in organization that occur as the partial manifestation of phylogenesis. Studies on other plants indicate similar changes in variation occur during ontogeny. These results imply that studies concerned with changing organization will provide clarification of the relationship between development and speciation. A necessary prerequisite to a systematic study is an understanding of the development and integration of characters used in the study. A discussion of explanations claiming to address biological change and their applicability to these results is provided. Neo‐Darwinian theory appears incapable of providing an adequate explanation of the results presented here, as changing organization and increasing complexity would not be predicted from it. On the other hand, Brooks and Wiley's theory of evolution, based on non‐equilibrium thermodynamics, does predict an irreversible increase in complexity in biological systems as they change with time. Explication of the relationships between ontogeny and phylogeny may be forthcoming from studies stressing the description of ontogenetic variation among individuals set within an independently derived phylogenetic framework.
TYPIFICATION OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN ANTENNARIA GAERTNER (ASTERACEAE: INULEAE); SEXUAL SPECIES OF SECTIONS ALPINAE, DIOICAE, AND PLANTAGINIFOLIAE
Authors: Bayer Randall J.
Published: April 2006

It has been shown that eight well‐defined species of Antennaria should be recognized (A. aromatica, A. corymbosa, A. marginata, A. media, A. microphylla, A. racemosa, A. rosulata, and A. umbrinella). A proposed synonymy for these eight diploid species, based on the similarity matrix and discriminant analysis, is presented here. These species appear to be the sexual progenitors for the polyploid agamic complexes comprising A. rosea and A. parvifolia. Relationships between the diploids and the polyploids are discussed.
STUDIES IN CYPERACEAE 6. NOMENCLATURE OF THE SUPRAGENERIC TAXA IN THE CYPERACEAE
Authors: Goetghebeur Paul
Published: April 2006

Recent taxonomic investigation of the suprageneric classification of the Cyperaceae has made clarification of the nomenclature an urgent necessity. A list of the effectively published suprageneric names attributable to the Cyperaceae is presented here, with an indication of their nomenclatural status. For this purpose, a dichotomous identification key was constructed. Attention is drawn to various problems concerning the interpretation of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature with regard to the names of suprageneric taxa. Finally, two new tribes are described, Eleocharideae and Trilepideae.
ON TYPIFICATION OF DAVID DON'S NAMES, I.E., CYMBIDIUM LONGIFOLIUM (ORCHIDACEAE)
Authors: Hara Hiroshi
Published: April 2006

D. Don (Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 1825) studied unnumbered Nepalese materials distributed in 1818‐1819 by Wallich to Lamberg but Don rarely annotated the specimens. The Lambert Herbarium was later (1842) acquired by the British Museum. Don's types (BM) can be recognized by notes on the back and contemporary annotations on the front by an unknown botanist (BM) with Don's names.

A specimen (BM), annotated on the back as ‘Gosaingsthan Wallich 1819‘ and on the front as Cymbidium longifolium D. Don, must be recognized as the type of Don's (1825) name, not Wallich 7356A, the latter representing Cymbidium longifolium Lindley (1833), non D. Don (1825).
TAXONOMIC REARRANGEMENT OF BISCUTELLA LYRATA L. (CRUCIFERAE)
Authors: Raffaelli Mauro
Published: April 2006

Under the name Biscutella lyrata Linnaeus included two different taxa, one based on a Spanish plant and the other on a Sicilian plant figured in Boccone (1674, pl. 23).

The specimen n. 831.3 in LINN, which is of Spanish origin, has been selected as lectotype of B. lyrata L. This specimen is the only element which agrees with the morphological characters specified in the protologue and, also, it was in the possession of Linnaeus at the date of publication of Mantissa Pl. Alt. (1771).

Biscutella lyrata, although disregarded by the Spanish authors, belongs really to the Spanish flora, while the Sicilian plant, figured in Boccone and cited by Linnaeus as synonym of B. lyrata, is a different taxon. The examination of its morphological characters suggests that it should be regarded as a distinct subspecies of B. lyrata with the name: B. lyrata L. ssp. maritima (Ten.) Raffaelli, stat. nov.
THE EFFECT OF MICROWAVE OVEN‐DRYING ON THE INTEGRITY OF SPORE AND POLLEN EXINES IN HERBARIUM SPECIMENS
Authors: Arens Nan Crystal , Traverse Alfred
Published: April 2006

An investigation of the effect of microwave oven‐drying on spores and pollen is presented. As was expected of moisture‐containing bodies, microwaving does damage many spores and pollen when the plant materials containing them are so dried. However, enough grains remain intact to permit morphological study. Once dried by conventional technique, spores and pollen are no longer damaged by microwaving. A technique of intermittent bursts of microwaving during drying, in place of continuous treatment, apparently minimizes spore/pollen damage.
SCROPHULARIA VALENTINA ROUY: THE CORRECT NAME FOR S. AURICULATA SENSU AUCT. PL., NON L. (SCROPHULARIACEAE)
Authors: Crespo Manuel B. , Mateo Gonzalo
Published: April 2006

The name Scrophularia valentina Rouy is revived for plants of eastern Spain and the Balearic Islands, traditionally referred to S. auriculata L. The most important affinities and differences existing among this taxon and other very closely related ones, into which sometimes it had been included, are discussed.

Se recupera el nombre Scrophularia valentina Rouy para denominar al taxon iberolevantino‐balear identificado tradicionalmente como S. auriculata L. Se discuten las afinidades que presenta éste con otros táxones próximos, a los que en algunas ocasiones ha sido referido.
Tylophora splendida, a new name for Tylophora grandiflora Ridley (Asclepiadaceae)
Authors: Forster Paul I.
Published: April 2006

Forster, P. I.: Tylophora splendida, a new name for Tylophora grandiflora Ridley (Asclepiadaceae). ‐ Taxon 41: 750. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Tylophora splendida is a replacement name for T. grandiflora Ridley 1924, non R. Br. 1810.
Lectotypification of Stachytarpheta urticifolia Sims (Verbenaceae)
Authors: Daniel P. , Rajendran A.
Published: April 2006

Daniel, P. & Rajendran, A.: Lectotypification of Stachytarpheta urticifolia Sims (Verbenaceae). ‐ Taxon 41: 751. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The previously designated lectotype of Stachytarpheta urticifolia Sims is not extant; a new lectotype, Sim's illustration, is designated instead.
Typification of Koelera laurifolia Willd. (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. , Levin Geoffrey A.
Published: April 2006

Levin, G. A.: Typification of Koelera laurifolia Willd. (Euphorbiaceae). ‐ Taxon 41: 57–59. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Koelera laurifolia Willd. was based on elements now assigned to Drypetes alba and D. lateriflora (both Euphorbiaceae), and Xylosma coriacea (Flacourtiaceae). The material of D. lateriflora corresponds most closely to the protologue and so is designated as the lectotype. Koelera Willd. is treated as a later homonym of Koeleria Pers.
A Chilean wild potato species and the publication of its name, Solanum maglia (Solanaceae)
Authors: Hawkes John G.
Published: April 2006

Hawkes, J. G.: A Chilean wild potato species and the publication of its name, Solanum maglia (Solanaceae). – Taxon 42: 671–673. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

It has been claimed that the name was validly published by Molina in 1776. A survey of Molina's publications shows that, although he mentioned the vernacular name “maglia”, he did not use it as a species epithet under Solanum. Schlechtendal was the first, in 1841, to validly publish the name Solanum maglia.
Aneuploidy in the Centaureinae (Compositae): is n = 7 the end of the series?
Authors: Garcia‐Jacas Núria , Susanna Alfonso , İAlarslan Reşit
Published: April 2006

Garcia‐Jacas, N., Susanna, A. & İlarslan, R.: Aneuploidy in the Centaureinae (Compositae): is n = 7 the end of the series? – Taxon 45: 39‐42.1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The subtribe Centaureinae is known for its remarkable aneuploidy, from n = 16 to n = 8. A new, even lower basic number is added to the series, n = 7 for Centaurea patula (sect. Ammocyanus). Correlations between the aneuploid series and morphology, biogeography and DNA‐based phytogeny of the subtribe are suggested.
Issue dates of the first 83 numbers of the Smithsonian contributions to botany
Authors: Nicolson Dan H.
Published: April 2006

Nicolson, D. H.: Issue dates of the first 83 numbers of the Smithsonian contributions to botany. – Taxon 45: 43‐48. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The official date of publication of each Contribution is given, with author(s), title, and pagination. Special problems, due to inconsistencies in the sources of issue dates (hand‐stamped in a few copies and published in the Smithsonian year), are discussed. The issue dates appearing in the Smithsonian year are reliable, except in recent years when the published date sometimes was incomplete.
Typification of the name Thismia fumida Ridl. (Burmanniaceae)
Authors: Saunders Richard M. K.
Published: April 2006

Saunders, R. M. K.: Typification of the name Thismia fumida Ridl. (Burmanniaceae). – Taxon 45: 107‐109. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Thismia fumida is here lectotypified by a previously unpublished illustration (held at K) made by the original author.
THE EPHEDRA‐SPECIES OF P. FORSSKÅL: IDENTITY AND TYPIFICATION
Authors: Freitag Helmut , Maier‐Stolte Maria
Published: April 2006

The names of the two Ephedra‐species validly published in P. Forsskål's Flora aegyptiaco‐arabica are typified: E. aphylla Forssk. by means of a neotype, and E. foeminea Forssk. by designation of a lectotype. Arguments and details in support of the decisions are provided. Hitherto, E. aphylla has usually been called E. alte C. Meyer. The type material of the later published E. alte is in fact a mixture of E. aphylla (male specimens) and E. foliata Boiss. ex C. Meyer (female specimens). Ephedra foeminea also has priority against E. campylopoda C. Meyer. The species and their closer relatives are compared with respect to their morphology, ecology and distribution.
TECHNICAL AIDS FOR SYSTEMATIC BOTANY III. MORE IDEAS ON METHYL‐CELLULOSE ADHESIVES
Authors: Tillett Stephen S.
Published: April 2006

The following adhesives for mounting herbarium specimens, based on methyl‐cellulose, are described and discussed: methyl‐cellulose in alcoholic solutions for mounting labels and packets; specimen mounting‐glue based on a mixture of methyl‐cellulose and polyvinyl acetate; strapping with cotton tape or string impregnated with methyl‐cellulose; and a liquid cellulosic substitute for cloth strapping.
SEDUM CRETICUM PRESL (CRASSULACEAE): TYPIFICATION AND INFRASPECIFIC VARIATION
Authors: Hart H. 't
Published: April 2006

Sedum creticum Presl has been found to comprise two vicariant ecotypes which differ in growth‐form. The type specimen represents the perennial, oligocarpic mountain form. The strictly monocarpic, annual or biennial lowland form was earlier described as S. creticum Boiss. & Heldr. (=S. cretense Maire). It is named here var. monocarpicum stat. et nom. nov.
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES AND LECTOTYPIFICATION OF ALKANNA LUTEA MORIS (BORAGINACEAE)
Authors: Rizzotto Milena
Published: April 2006

Under priority, Alkanna lutea Moris (1845) should be used instead of its later homonym, A. lutea A. DC. (1846), which is, for this reason, illegitimate. Also it is proved that A. lutea A. DC. is a heterotypic synonym of Moris' name. The type of A. lutea Moris is designated.
Clarification of morphological terms used in the Stipeae (Gramineae), and a reassessment of Nassella in Australia
Authors: Jacobs S. W. L. , Everett J. , Barkworth M. E.
Published: April 2006

Jacobs, S. W. L., Everett, J. & Barkworth, M. E.: Clarification of morphological terms used in the Stipeae (Gramineae), and a reassessment of Nassella in Australia. – Taxon 44: 33‐41. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Terms used for describing the apical regions of the lemma of the Stipeae have been used inconsistently in the past. Those terms are listed and defined, and recommendations made for consistent usage where either more than one term has been used for the same structure or the same term has been used for more than one structure. Nassella is accepted as a segregate genus of Stipa but S. caudata and S. brachychaeta, two species confused in the past, are excluded from Nassella and are best placed in Achnatherum.
Chromosome numbers in the Arthropodium–Dichopogon complex (Asparagales: Anthericaceae)
Authors: Westphalen Grant , Conran John G.
Published: April 2006

Westphalen, G. & Conran, J. G.: Chromosome numbers in the Arthropodium–Dichopogon complex (Asparagales: Anthericaceae). – Taxon 43: 377‐381.1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The genera Arthropodium and Dichopogon (Asparagales: Anthericaceae) are considered to be closely related, if at all distinct. Limited evidence from previous cytological studies suggested a polyploid series within the complex where Arthropodium taxa have 2n = 22 chromosomes, intermediate species, 2n = 44, and Dichopogon taxa, 2n = 66. Examination of chromosomes in two thirds of the species in the Arthropodium–Dichopogon complex did not support that suggestion, as most of the species in both genera have a chromosome complement of 2n = 22. Evidence of polyploidy was found in D. strictus (2n = 22, 66), A. curvipes and D. preissii (2n = 44). The chromosomes are too small to provide useful information on chromosome morphology and C‐band patterns. The lack of morphological features to delimit the two genera unequivocally, combined with the prevailing 2n = 22 karyotype across both, supports merging them under the name Arthropodium.
The infrageneric classification of Eragrostis (Poaceae)
Authors: Van den Borre An , Watson Leslie
Published: April 2006

Van den Borre, A. & Watson, L.: The infrageneric classification of Eragrostis (Poaceae). – Taxon 43: 383‐422. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

A world‐wide sample of 53 Eragrostis, 1 Diandrochloa and 2 Eragrostiella species was examined in terms of 442 newly recorded characters. These data were stored in the DELTA system and used for generating full natural language descriptions. A selection of morphological and anatomical characters (58 and 60, respectively) were analysed through a variety of phenetic and cladistic methods, revealing significant character correlations and intrageneric species relationships. The analyses are discussed in detail. A revised description of the genus Eragrostis is presented, and two subgenera are recognized, and fully described.
The “Zavada hypothesis”: a rebuttal rebutted
Authors: Gibbs Peter
Published: April 2006

Gibbs, P.: The “Zavada hypothesis”: a rebuttal rebutted. ‐ Taxon 40: 583–595. 1991. ‐ISSN 0040‐0262.

The Zavada hypothesis, that there is a correlation between the various types of self‐incompatibility mechanisms found in angiosperms and details of pollen exine sculpturing, is addressed again. In the light of a recent further defence of the hypothesis, some errors in the original data on which it was based are considered, and some criticisms by Zavada of a different data base are discussed.
Bubani's binomials in Fracastora Bubani, non Adanson (Lamiaceae)
Authors: Rivera‐Nuñez D. , Obón‐de Castro C.
Published: April 2006

Rivera‐Nuñez, D. & Obón‐de Castro, C.: Bubani's binomials in Fracastora Bubani, non Adanson (Lamiaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 632–634. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Fracastora Bubani, non Adanson, included six binomials. All are attributable to species of Sideritis and three are illegitimate renamings. Fracastora Adanson is first lectotypified.
Echinochloa esculenta, comb. nov. — the correct name of the Japanese barnyard millet(Gramineae)
Authors: Scholz H.
Published: April 2006

Scholz, H.:Echinochloa esculenta, comb. nov. — the correct name of the Japanese barnyard millet(Gramineae). — Taxon41: 522–523. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.

The new combinationEchinochloa esculentabased onPanicum esculentumA. Braun is proposed to replaceE. utilisOhwi & Yabuno, a junior synonym of it. A neotype is designated in the Körnicke Herbarium, now in Berlin (B): a cultivated plant grown from seeds collected in Japan 1860–1861.
Some considerations on Latin geographical epithets in binomials
Authors: Manara Bruno
Published: April 2006

Manara, B.: Some considerations on Latin geographical epithets in binomials. — Taxon 41: 524–528. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.

Different possibilities of forming Latin geographical adjectival epithets in binomials are analysed, and suggestions are presented to standardize their formation.
Systematic botany in the states successor to the Soviet Union
Authors: Jeffrey C.
Published: April 2006

Jeffrey, C.: Systematic botany in the states successor to the Soviet Union. – Taxon 43: 233‐239. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The need for international supplementary funding of both the physical infrastructure of systematic botany and current research in the countries that constituted the Soviet Union is pointed out. Without it, the necessary development of our knowledge of the plant biodiversity, and its importance for global ecology, of about 14 % of the earth's land surface area cannot be ensured.
Monti's Indices botanici (1753), a pre‐starting‐point work
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. , Soldano Adriano
Published: April 2006

Soldano, A.: Monti's Indices botanici (1753), a pre‐starting‐point work. – Taxon 43: 243‐244. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The Indices botanici of Gaetano Lorenzo Monti were published before 1 May 1753 and, therefore, names appearing in it are not validly published.
On the vegetative and floral development in Saxifraga ser. Ceratophyllae and ser. Pentadactylis (Saxifragaceae)
Authors: Vargas Pablo
Published: April 2006

Vargas, P.: On the vegetative and floral development in Saxifraga ser. Ceratophyllae and ser. Pentadactylis (Saxifragaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 41–43. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Species formerly placed in Saxifraga ser. Ceratophyllae but having terminal inflorescences are segregated from those with axillary inflorescences as Saxifraga ser. Pentadactylis, comb, nova.
The Indo‐Pacific strand Scaevola (Goodeniaceae) ‐‐ yet again!
Authors: Green P. S.
Published: April 2006

The Indo‐Pacific strand Scaevola (Goodeniaceae) ‐‐ yet again! ‐ Taxon 40: 118–122. 1991 ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

It is asserted that, after all, the correct name for the widespread Indo‐Pacific species of Scaevola is Scaevola taccada (Gaertner) Roxb.
Typification of six Philip Miller names of temperate North American Toxicodendron (Anacardiaceae) with proposals (999–1000) to reject T. crenatum and T. volubile
Authors: Reveal James L.
Published: April 2006

Reveal, J. L.: Typification of six Philip Miller names of temperate North American Toxicodendron (Anacardiaceae) with proposals (999–1000) to reject T. crenatum and T. volubile. ‐ Taxon 40: 333–335. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

When Philip Miller proposed Toxicodendron (Anacardiaceae) for those species of Rhus generally called “poison‐ivy” he accounted for six species from temperate eastern North America; previously, Linnaeus had recognized only two in Rhus. To date the Miller names have been essentially ignored, and none effectively typified. As now typified, T. pubescens becomes the earliest available name for the illegitimate T. toxicarium Gillis and for T. quercifolium (Michaux) E. Greene. Two Miller names are proposed for rejection, T. crenatum and T. volubile, to allow continued use of T. rydbergii Small ex Rydb. This is proposed simply to preserve nomenclatural stability.
NOMENCLATURAL AND TAXONOMIC NOTES ON CIRRIPHYLLUM (BRACHYTHECIACEAE, BRYOPHYTA)
Authors: Karttunen Krister
Published: April 2006

Cirriphyllum Grout is delimited to include C. cirrhosum (Schwaegr.) Grout, C. piliferum (Hedw.) Grout, and C. tommasinii (Boul.) Grout. Cirriphyllum tommasinii is the correct name for the taxon recently called C. tenuinerve (Lindb.) Wijk & Marg.; Rhynchostegiella tenuicaulis (Spruce) Kartt. for C. germanicum (Grebe) Loeske & Fleisch.; Eurhynchium flotowianum (Sendtn.) Kartt. for C. reichenbachianum (Hübn.) Wijk & Marg.; and Eurhynchium crassinervium (Wils.) Schimp. for C. crassinervium (Wils.) Loeske & Fleisch. These names are typified and their nomenclature and taxonomy is discussed along with Hypnum filiforme Dubois and H. lamarckii DC.
THE TRUE IDENTITY OF SPOROBOLUS POIRETII (GRAMINEAE)
Authors: Veldkamp J. F.
Published: April 2006

Sporobolus poiretii is a synonym of S. junceus, not of S. indicus, as generally supposed.
NEOTYPIFICATION OF ALOE GLABRATA, BASIONYM OF HAWORTHIA GLABRATA (ASPHODELACEAE: ALOOIDEAE)
Authors: Smith Gideon F. , Greyling H. P.
Published: April 2006

Haworthia glabrata (Salm‐Dyck) Baker is a horticulturally common but taxonomically little known species. A detailed taxonomic and biosystematic study of H. glabrata and its apparent allies was recently undertaken and has revealed that this species name has never been typified. Aloe glabrata Salm‐Dyck, the basionym of Haworthia glabrata, is here neotypifled.
Typification of Linnaeus's names for European species of Sedum subgen. Sedum (Crassulaceae)
Authors: Hart H. 't , Jarvis C. E.
Published: April 2006

Hart, H. 't & Jarvis, C. E.: Typification of Linnaeus's names for European species of Sedum subgen. Sedum (Crassulaceae). — Taxon 42: 399–410. 1993. — ISSN 0040–0262.

Lectotypes are proposed for Linnaeus's names for European species belonging to Sedum subgen. Sedum, i.e. S. acre L., S. album L., S. annuum L., 5. atratum L., S. caeruleum L., S. cepaea L., S. dasyphyllum L., S. hispanicum L., S. reflexum L., 5. rubens L., S. rupestre L., S. stellatum L., S. villosum L., and for Tillaea rubra L., which is the basionym of S. rubrum (L.) Thell. For S. sexangulare L. a neotype is proposed which has been chosen from the material in the Linnaean herbarium in Stockholm. The typification of these names in all cases serves to maintain general usage. In particular, the typification of S. sexangulare, S. rubens, S. rupestre, and Tillaea rubra helps to settle disputes about the application of these names, guarantees their unambiguous use, and thus serves stability of nomenclature.
A NEW COMBINATION IN NOVENIA (COMPOSITAE: INULEAE)
Authors: Freire Susana E. , Hellwig Frank
Published: April 2006

A new combination, Novenia acaulis (Benth.) Freire & Hellwig, is established based on Dolichogyne acaulis Wedd. ex Benth.
A provisional synopsis of the sections of the genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Webster Grady L.
Published: April 2006

Webster, G. L.: A provisional synopsis of the sections of the genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae). – Taxon 42: 793‐823. 1993. – ISSN0040‐0262.

The 19th century classification of Croton by Müller Argoviensis is highly artificial. A revised system that incorporates the sections proposed by Baillon and Grisebach is presented, with a key to the 40 sections recognized. For each section, types and synonymy are indicated, along with a description and list of representative species. Described as new are 2 sections (C. sect. Anadenocroton, sect. Corylocroton) and 3 subsections (C. subsect. Cuneati, subsect. Matourenses, subsect. Sampatik); 2 new sectional names (C. sect. Argyrocroton, sect. Luntia) represent changes in rank.
Salm‐Dyck's Catalogues
Authors: Rowley G. D.
Published: April 2006

Rowley, G. D.: Salm‐Dyck's Catalogues. – Taxon 42: 845‐851. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

A tabulation is provided of all known editions of Salm‐Dyck's catalogues and smaller publications relating to succulent plants. All are rare and some were almost unknown prior to the sale of the author's library in 1992. Their relevance is assessed to nomenclature and to the introduction of new succulents in the first half of the nineteenth century in Germany.