bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Gold Medallion Representing Fortuna and Glycon From the Necropolis of Chersonesus
Authors: Treister M. Yu. , Zubar V.M.
Published: April 2008

A burial chamber on the western necropolis of Chersonesus yielded, among burial goods of the 2nd-3rd c. A.D., a stamped gold medallion depicting Fortuna and Glycon. The cult of Fortuna was widespread in the Roman Empire, especially after the Antonines, and finds of statuettes show it to have been popular on the N. Black Sea coast too. Images of Glycon, the human-headed snake of Alexander the ps.-Prophet, are uncommon outside Egypt, though are known in Asia Minor: they are very rare accompanied by other deities. It is argued that the medallion was struck at Ionopolis near Miletus and its presence at Chersonesus is not improbable given the intensity of trading links between this city and cities of the S. Black Sea coast in the late 2nd-carly 3rd c. A.D. Also discussed is a two-sided indication, made from a 4th c. B.C. silver coin from Heraclea and found in the same complex of grave goods as the medallion.
Archaeological News From the Northern Pontic Region
Authors: Treister Michail Yu.
Published: April 2008

This article gives a picture of developments in the Classical archaeology of the Northern Pontic region in the 1980's, surveying (Russian- and Ukrainian-language) literature, excavations and finds. The areas and sites covered include the Lower Dniester basin: Tyras, Nikonion, the Kosharskoye settlement, the island of Leuke; Olbia and its chora; Berezan (and its necropolis); the North-Western Crimea: Kalos Limen, Kerkinitis; the Western Crimea: Chersonesus and its Chora (incl. the Heraclean peninsula); Bosporus: Pantikapaion, Iluraton, the rural settlements ; the Lower Don Area: the Taganrog settlement, Tanais, the Elisavetovskoye fortified settlement; the Taman peninsula and the lower Kuban: Kepoi, Phanagoria, Hermonassa, Gorgippia and its chora.
Scythians and Sarmatians of the Northern Caucasus: Recent Archaeological Finds
Authors: Makhortykh S.V.
Published: April 2008

Finds of tumuli in the Northern Caucasus show the permanent presence of Scythians in these parts. Tumuli excavated in the Stavropol' region (at Krasnoye Znamya and Novozavedennoe) and in Kabardino-Balkariya (near Nartan) show the influence of the Near East on early Scythian culture (7th-6th c. B.C.). The great Kuban' barrows excavated in the 1980's reveal sacred platforms or sanctuaries of the 4th c. B.C. Scythian graves have also been found in Checheno-Ingushetiya (near Achkhoi-Martan). About 300 Sarmatian complexes have been studied, largely in the NW Caucasus, revealing the penetration of Sarmatian peoples in this area.
Déesses Et Reines D'Élam
Authors: Amiet Pierre
Published: April 2008

The article deals with reinterpretation of the cylinder seal edited by E. Porada in 1962. The author proposes another division of the composition depicted on the seal and understands it as a meeting of two goddesses which probably symbolized a union of two ethnical elements composing Elamite political entity. The presence of an eagle and a man in the composition seems to be of marginal importance. The author also attracts attention to a terracotta plaque from Susa and an impression of a cylinder seal (AO 30.000) with images of feminine figures which apparently represent Elamite queens of the first half of the 2nd millennium B.C.
Ben Stada and Peter in Lydda
Authors: Schwartz Joshua
Published: April 2008

An enigmatic Rabbinic tradition relates that a certain Ben Stada advocated some type of cult or religion outside the framework of normative Judaism, accordingly, he was entrapped by witnesses specifically planted for that purpose, apprehended, brought before a court and executed. These events took place, according to the Rabbis, in the Palestinian city of Lydda1).
Setting the Lutheran Eucharist
Authors: Palmer Wandel Lee
Published: April 2008

The liturgy took place. To say that is to set the liturgy in specific architectural structures, spatial arrangements, configurations of visual images, as well as in specific human communities with unique traditions of devotional practices. In this essay, the Lutheran liturgy is "set" in two towns, Nuremberg and Rothenburg ob der Tauber, which were geographically and linguistically close. These two towns, however, had different devotional practices, different visual settings for the liturgy, different preachers and differing paces of reform. The article explores the implications of those differences for the meaning of the liturgy within each town. In so doing, it posits possible reconstructions of the liturgy as it might have been experienced, the liturgy not simply as text, but as a ritual, in which image, gesture, and spoken or sung word all participated in the performance and the meaning it conveyed.
Locating the Ottomans Among Early Modern Empires
Authors: Aksan Virginia H.
Published: April 2008

This paper describes the evolution of Ottoman military and defensive strategies in the Balkans from 1600 to 1800. It argues that three major imperial crises, engendered by sustained warfare, forced a transition from a standing army to state commissioned militias. To do so, it sites the Ottoman imperial context in a discussion of multiethnic eastern European empires, comparing Ottoman options and limitations with those of the Habsburgs and the Romanovs for the same period. The geopolitics of Danubian and Black Sea frontier territories, and the relationship between imperial center and native elites serve as two points of comparison, emphasizing the interplay between sovereignty, religious affiliation, and assimilation. By the end of the eighteenth century, Ottoman contraction and the movement of large numbers of Muslim refugees from surrendered territories, meant the increased nomadization of central Ottoman lands, and the almost total reliance on undisciplined, volunteer militias as a fighting force, whose acculturation to "Ottomanism" was never desired nor attempted by the ruling elite.
Chaucer's Prioress, the Jews, and the Muslims
Authors: Delany Sheila
Published: April 2008

This paper explores some implications of the "Asia" setting of Chaucer's Prioress's Tale. Its method is literal and historicist. Its argument is that the tale is meant to present real, not figurative, Jews; that Chaucer had opportunity to meet and know about Jews outside of England (which had expelled its Jews in 1290); that "Asia" in Chaucer's day was under Islamic control and Europe was threatened by Islamic invasion; that Jews were often viewed as allied with, or even interchangeable with, Muslims. The paper considers some recent scholarship on the tale and ends with interpretive options that follow from a literal historicist reading.
Uto-Aztecan studies: A discussion
Authors: Geertz Armin W.
Published: April 2008

This article grew out of participation in the Workshop on Uto-Aztecan Religions and Cosmologies. The goal of the workshop was to explore similarities and differences in the religions and cosmologies of the various Uto-Aztecan societies. In this article I follow two lines of inquiry: The one promotes a comparative discussion of cosmological structural systems, and the other attempts to identify one or more motifs which might prove to be evident in Uto-Aztecan mythologies. Based on the religion of the Hopi Indians of Arizona, I suggest that one of the most productive motifs is that of gender. For the Hopis it is shown that cosmology and gender seem to converge in social and religious statements about gender that include androgynous and duogynous themes. Insights from mythology and ritual are then applied to the social ideals and practices of the Hopis.
Reflections on the work of John Wansbrough
Authors: Adams Charles J.
Published: April 2008

At least some of the negative reactions to and neglect of Wansbrough's work is due to the breadth of his erudition and the turgidity of his style. However, these do not detract from the intriguing methods and theories that he brings to the study of early Islamic texts. Wansbrough's literary method is as problematic for what he believes it suggests about the development of early Islam as for his assertion about what it cannot tell us. Two of his speculative historical reconstructions produced by this method deserve special note. His theory concerning the relatively late canonization of the Qur¸ān has certainly generated considerable opposition. His argument that Near Eastern monotheism played a much greater role in the formation of Islam accounts for the many affinities between Islam and Judaism and Christianity, but perhaps not for Islam's distinctiveness. These contributions, among others, are of such great significance, that no student of Islamic origins can afford to ignore them.
The study of religion: Neutral, scientific, or neither?
Authors: Byrne Peter
Published: April 2008

The aim of this article is to argue that the study of religion can be neutral and scientific, in appropriate senses of these terms. In order for the study of religion to be seen to achieve these ends, however, we need to set aside certain false ways of delimiting its aims and methods. In particular, I argue that it is false to suppose that we are faced with a straight choice between naturalistic and confessional paradigms for the conduct of the subject. We can reject this dichotomy and thereby gain the appropriate understanding of what "neutrality" and "scientific" mean in this context, if we focus on the alternative idea that religious studies has as its chief goal the delineation of an aspect of human meaning.
Description Is Not Explanation: a Methodology of Comparison
Authors: Carter Jeffrey R.
Published: April 2008

This essay presents a methodological framework for the comparative study of religion by analyzing academic description and explanation. It demonstrates how these two methods are in fact different forms of comparison with distinct goals and objectives. It further argues that description and explanation are related according to Bertrand Russell's theory of logical types and that successful comparative study adheres to the principles of logical typing. The essay aims to encourage more confident comparative studies in the History of Religions.
The Re-Orientation of Buddhism in North America!
Authors: Goldberg Ellen
Published: April 2008

This paper applies Edward Said's thesis on the ideology of 'orientalism' to an analysis of the transplantation of Buddhism in North America. To do this, the article examines Martin Bauntann's recent model of transplantation as a strategic adaptation model for the transplantation of Buddhism to North America. In addition to this, the paper looks at the ways, in which a reoriented North American Buddhism has inherited the latent notions of orientalism.
Von einem niederländischen Frühdruck und dessen Datierung
Authors: Langer Gottfried
Published: April 2008

One of the titles in a recueil in the Marienbibliothek at Halle/Saale is an edition of the Tractatus logicalis de demonstrationibus sive de syllogismis demonstrativis cuiusdam excellentissimi philosophi Parisiensis, without date or place of printing and with no printer's name. Polain lists this edition in his catalogue of incunabula in Belgian libraries as probably from the Netherlands and pre-1501. M. E. Kronenberg and B. Kruitwagen follow Polain without investigating further, probably because the copy - at Ghent - described by Polain was no longer available. Other incunabula bibliographies do not mention this edition. On the basis of the types the author demonstrates that the edition must have been printed by Jacob van Breda, which does not necessarily mean that it belongs to the incunabula, since Jacob van Breda also printed after 1501. The same recueil in the Marienbibliothek also contains an edition by the same printer dating from 1506 (to be discussed in a future article). Closer examination shows that the types used in the Tractatus logicalis only appear in editions printed after 10 April 1497. The possibility that the work is an incunablc remains open, therefore, although it cannot be proved that the book was not published after 1501.
Le catalogue des manuscrits de Parc dans la Bibliotheca Belgica manuscripta d'Antoine Sanderus
Authors: Van Balberghe Emilie
Published: April 2008

The first known catalogue of the MSS. from the library of the Norbertine Abbey of Parc, founded in 1129 and situated near Louvain, is the one that was edited in 1635, under the direction of the abbot Johannes Masius, at the request of Antonius Sanderus who published it in the second part of his Bibliotheca Belgica manuscripta (1643 or 1644). As a catalogue it is mediocre and only useful for a reconstruction of the collection. Moreover, at the beginning of the 18th century nearly all the MSS. were bound, and consequently the contents of some volumes may have changed.
Varia bibliographica
Authors: Van Den Branden Lode
Published: April 2008

The question of to what extent Gheraert and Claes Leeu were related has occupied incunabulists for many years. In some respects their business relations are known, but it is only now, thanks to Dr. L. van den Branden's archival discovery (which he has been kind enough to communicate to Quaerendo for publication), that we can be sure that the two men were brothers. The nature of the document, taken on its own, is not, of course, immediately clear; but even so it is welconre news that Gheraert Leeu, and now Claes as well, has again been shown to have been in Bruges in 1484.
L'Université de Leyde et la République des Lettres au 17e siècle
Authors: Dibon Paul
Published: April 2008

Although the University of Leiden was founded in 1575 under the most difficult circumstances, it managed to build up an international reputation, and was frequented by scholars from home and abroad before a quarter of a century had elapsed. In the early seventeenth century already the Academia Lugduno-Batava enjoyed considerable advantages, often the result of a concurrence of extraordinary circumstances and the careful policy of its Curators, so that all through the
Hugo Grotius's edition of Lucan
Authors: Witkam Paula P.
Published: April 2008

In this article the author brings together data concerning the printing of one of Hugo Grotius's classical text editions, Lucan's Pharsalia. The first edition was published by Raphelengius in Leiden in 1614. Reissues of this edition saw print in 1626 and 1627, and probably also in 1639. A revised edition was published in 1643 by Blaeu in Amsterdam. The house of Blaeu also brought out two Grotius editions of the Pharsalia in small format in 1619 and 1627; these editions were reprinted in 1626 and 1636 by Blaeu's neighbour Janssonius.
Een onbekende 16de-eeuwse uitgave van Dit is een suuerlijk boecxken
Authors: Huybens Gilbert
Published: April 2008

Of the oldest printed song-book in the Netherlands: Dit is een suuerlijc boecxken (SB), six editions have been known still to exist. Four editions of SB appeared under this title: one published by A. van Berghen at Antwerp in 1508, one by W. Vorsterman also at Antwerp in 1540, and two undated ones - probably late 16th-century - by H.J. Muller at Amsterdam. Two other editions, equally undated but probably also late 16th-century were published under the title: Dit is een schoon suyverlyck Boecxken (SSB) by Th. Baert at Antwerp (Alkmaar?) and C. Claesz at Am-sterdam respectively (approbations of 17.11.1570). Of each of these editions there are provided a photograph of the title-page, the collation, a depository with classification number, and the main bibli-ography. To the above-mentioned editions a completely unknown 16th-century edition has now been added: Dit is een suyuerlijck boecxken, published by Jan II van Ghelen at Antwerp in 1565. This collection comprises 58 spiritual songs, 23 of which have an air indication, and 48 of which had already appeared in print before 1565.
Das niederländische Städtebuch des Galeazzo Gualdo Priorato (Wien 1973)
Authors: Meurer Peter H.
Published: April 2008

In the first half of his life Galeazzo Gualdo Priorato (b. Vicenza 1608 - d. Vienna 1678) served as an officer in various armies. In about 1640 he embarked on a career as a publicist, and in 1664 was appointed court historian by Emperor Leopold II. Among his many works is a geographical and historical description of the Low Countries (Vienna 1673) to which 138 plans of fortresses are appended. The majority of these are copies after Blaeu and Beaulieu, and only a few are of any value as partially or wholly original sources. From the point of view of the history of science the atlas is a perfect illustration of how the leading role in urban topography gradually passed from the Dutch to the French school during the last third of the seventeenth century.
A short book list compiled by Hugo Grotius
Authors: Witkam Paula P.
Published: April 2008

A manuscript list in Hugo Grotius's own hand, containing 28 titles of books has been preserved in the Municipal Library of Rotterdam. This short list appears to have been excerpted from the Catalogus universalis, No. 1 (Amsterdam 1640), a bibliography of books printed in the Netherlands, which was brought out periodically by the Amsterdam publisher and gazetteer Broer Jansz. Grotius probably used the Catalogus as a source to supplement his knowledge of recently published books, alongside the scholarly news he received in his correspondence or through personal contacts.
Rhetorical conundrum: Der Reden-rijcken Springh-Ader (Haarlem 1614) re-examined
Authors: Simoni Anna E.C.
Published: April 2008

Between the beginning of 1614 and early May of the same year two issues of a book appeared at Haarlem containing the poems presented at a rhetoricians' contest held there the previous August. The first issue, entitled Nootwendich Vertoogh der alleen-suyverende Springh-Ader aller kinderen Gods, was published by David Wachtendonck and dedicated by him to the dignitaries of that city. Two variants exist of the second issue, entitled Der Reden-rijcken Springh-Ader, with the name of either Daniel de Keyser or Pieter Arentsz in the imprint. This new issue in the main retains Wachtendonck's dedication, although it is known that Pieter Arentsz also published a substitute dedication to the same dignitaries composed by the rhetoricians' chamber De Wijngaert-rancken which had organised the contest. The device of a fourth Haarlem publisher, i.e. Vincent Casteleyn, which occurs on the title-pages of the second issues serves to complicate matters further. The article attempts to disentangle this confusion by analysing the dedications and suggests that Casteleyn was the printer of the work in all its guises.
Karel van Mander's Schilder-Boeck (1604): a description of the book and its setting
Authors: Waterschoot Werner
Published: April 2008

Dutch painters, is considered to be a model of renaissance prose-writing. It has been preserved in two editions (1604 and 1618), the first of which was printed during Van Mander's life-time. Nevertheless, due to its greater readability the second edition has long been preferred. Recent research has focussed on the 1604 edition for textual matters; its printing history, however, has not yet generally been appreciated. It is the aim of the present article to study the typographical features of the Schilder-Boeck and to compare these with other books, produced by the same printer Jacob de Meester at Alkmaar. For this purpose, 11 copies of the Schilder-Boeck have been examined along with 20 items originating from the same press. Little attention is paid to the contents of the Schilder-Boeck, as this has already been done in previous bibliographical descriptions. The collational formula reveals some adaptations for the sake of updating and correction. Running-titles occur on every page,
An Ars moriendi with etchings by Romeyn de Hooghe. The history of a cycle of book illustrations
Authors: Coppens Chris
Published: April 2008

Composed in 1673 as the result of the collaboration between the Franciscan David de la Vigne and the Dutch etcher Romeyn de Hooghe, the cycle of illustrations of the Miroir de la bonne mort was actually first drafted in an unillustrated booklet by Father David which appeared in Paris in 1646. The iconography itself was originally conceived in Spain, and a series of drawings survived. It is perfectly possible that De Hooghe elaborated his cycle of etchings on the basis of these models. Some two years later the cycle appeared in a twin edition in the Southern Netherlands.
Printers to Hendrik Niclaes: Plantin and Augustijn van Hasselt
Authors: Valkema Blouw Paul
Published: April 2008

From the chronicles of the Family of Love we know that, besides printers in Deventer and later in Cologne, both Plantin and Augustijn van Hasselt printed for this religious sect. On the basis of this information quite a large number of publications have hitherto been attributed to Plantin, while only one single edition in Latin was reckoned to be the work of Augustijn. An analysis of the typography, however, shows that apart from Hendrik Niclaes's chief work, Den Spegel der Gherechticheyt, Plantin only printed two of his minor writings and that all the other ascriptions to Plantin must be revised in favour of Augustijn van Hasselt. In 1561-2 Augustijn was running a printing shop in the Dutch town of Kampen, specially set up by HN for the purpose of publishing those of his works that had not previously been printed. Plantin, who was partly involved in this enterprise, took the opportunity to have a book printed on this press for his publishing business. The analysis providing the typographical evidence of this collaboration proves for the first time the accuracy of the literary sources as regards Plantin's involvement in the publication of the works of Hendrik Niclaes. In the presentation of the new evidence it was necessary to establish more clearly the date of Plantin's '[1561]' inventory and which roman and German types he owned at what times. The article ends with some notes regarding the end of the 'Bohmbargen' press at Cologne.
Tekstoverlevering van een Middelnederlands ridderdicht
Authors: van Iherusalem Segheliin
Published: April 2008

The Middle Dutch verse romance Segheliin van Iherusalem has survived in the following known extant copies: a manuscript (Berlin, Staatsbibliothek Preussischer Kulturbesitz, MS. Germ. fol. 922, fos. 71r.-122v., on the basis of the watermarks dated by the present author c. 1412-15); an incunabulum (Ghent University Library, Res. 1405 (between 1483 and 1486)); five post-incunabula, all printed in Antwerp (1511-40) and now in The Hague (2 copies), Leiden, Vienna and Paris; and a mid fifteenth-century excerpt (Brussels, Royal Library, Hs. II 116, fos. 2v.-5r.). These sources, all rhyming texts, are described here, and the excerpt is given in full. The gap still facing students of the Segheliin has thus been filled. Both manuscript and incunabulum are incomplete at the end. The text in the sixteenth-century editions differs widely from that of the manuscript version. For its part the incunabulum departs from the text of the post-incunabula with a version (perhaps closer to the original?) which in very many places tends towards the manuscript version, being something of a watershed between the two traditions. Preliminary investigation of the linguistic levels in the text, carried out on the basis of changes in the rhyme words, points to a Flemish and probably more specifically west or south-west Flemish base level (possibly the area where Ingvaonic and Brabantish meet (the region of the Dender), above which there is at least a Brabantish level. This fact, combined with the possibility of an interpretation of the Segheliin to some extent in terms of the context of the medieval veneration of the Cross and the Blood of Christ, more than suggests that the story is of Flemish origin.
Thomas Basson (1555-1613), English printer at Leiden
Authors: Basson Thomas
Published: April 2008

Since the appearance in 1961 of the author's Thomas Basson 1555-1613: English Printer at Leiden, a number of new facts have come to light. Moreover, thirty-three new titles can be added to the checklist of Basson's publications, plus a considerable number of theses printed by Thomas Basson. This brings the total number of Basson imprints to c. 450 instead of the original 180. It is now clear, however, that all or nearly all 1585-7 Basson imprints are books or pamphlets printed for him by others. One of the interesting discoveries since 1961 is a copy of The Coniugations in Englishe and Netherdutche (1586), translated and prefaced by Basson himself. It is the first English-Dutch grammar in history, and was dedicated to the Leiden magistrates. New information clarifies Basson's move to Leiden from Cologne in 1583/4 and his involvement in the 'Family of Love', but the evidence remains circumstantial. In 1593/4 the first Basson press was set up. At first it was capable only of very small books and pamphlets, mainly theses, carmina, and auction catalogues. In 1603-6, however, the Basson press got involved in a major publication: Scaliger's Thesaurus temporum. Passages from Scaliger's correspondence show that Thomas Basson and his son Govert were learning their trade the hard way. After 1606 full-length books became a standard feature of their printing house 'At the Sign of the Music-Book'. The 1606 Thesaurus is also interesting because a specially made music-book device on the title page represents an actual piece of music which turns out to be a two-part canon. One other aspect of the Basson press, finally, is also discussed: its apparent interest in occult books.
Emanuel van Meteren's History as source for the cartography of the Netherlands
Authors: Van Der Heyden H.A.M. , Simoni Translation Anna E. C.
Published: April 2008

The author discusses the publishing history of ten rare maps of the Low Countries - the XVII Provinces -, which occur in the numerous Dutch, German, Latin and French editions of Emanuel van Meteren's 'Dutch History'. [The title of the first Dutch edition is Memorien der Belgische ofte Nederlantsche historie, van onse tijden [...] (Delft, J. C. Vennecool, 1599).] The first of these maps, almost certainly the work of Frans Hogenberg, may have been published as early as 1582; the tenth map, occurring in Jan Jacobsz Schipper's Dutch Van Meteren edition of 1647, is a second state of Willem Jansz Blaeu's map of 1604. This map appears to be a copy of the one J. B. Vrients used in 1608 for an Ortelius edition, the engraving of which - before 1588 - has been attributed to Philips Galle. Although much has been written about Van Meteren's work and the historical plates included in it, the maps have met with little interest. This in itself is proof that historical cartography is to some degree the stepchild of historiography - after all the maps in Van Meteren's 'History' discussed in this article are among the oldest of the Netherlands.
The mysterious writing-master Clemens Perret and his two copy-books
Authors: Croiset Van Uchelen Ton
Published: April 2008

In the first half of the 17th century penmanship in the Dutch Republic flourished as never before or since. Responsible for this flowering were a number of schoolmasters from Brabant and Flanders who in the 1570s and 80s had fled to the North and had settled there as writing-masters. To what level they had raised calligraphy may be seen from a large number of manuscript and printed writing-books that have been preserved. Just as they inspired their followers in years to come they had themselves found a source of inspiration in the two copy-books of Clemens Perret, brought out in 1569 and 1571. The earlier of these, the Exercitatio alphabetica, was not only the first ever to be reproduced entirely by copper engraving, but also the first with examples in seven languages, all of them written in the appropriate hands. Moreover in this book, the first to be produced in the Low Countries in such a large, oblong size, all plates had lavishly executed borders, designed on an architectural framework on which a variety of objects, human figures, grotesques, animals and so on were depicted. The book was obviously designed for collectors, wealthy connoisseurs and fellow writing-masters. The later book, the Eximiae peritiae alphabetum, although containing an equal number of plates, likewise in seven languages and in various hands, lacks the beautiful borders and is of slightly smaller size. It is altogether a more modestly conceived book, surely intended for use at school. Little is known about Perret's life. The title-pages of his books tell us that he was born in Brussels in 1551. A poem in a writing-book by Jacobus Houthusius, published in 1591, refers to his death. A contemporary manuscript note in a pamphlet of 1583 states that the writer Etienne Perret was his father. In the Plantin archives it is recorded that he had a brother, named Paul, and a sister. In a pamphlet of 1599 the writing-master Jan van den Velde states that Perret went to England to serve Queen Elizabeth's Chancellor as writing-master and teach the Queen the Italian hand. This seems unlikely as the Queen is known to have learned italic handwriting from Roger Ascham, while still a girl. The author has examined 26 copies of the Exercitatio in public collections and distinguishes two different editions. The first was probably brought out by Perret himself. Nearly all its plates contain errors in spelling, punctuation and word division. When Plantin took the distribution of the book in hand these mistakes were corrected and another plate added, containing within an engraved border a privilege with the text in letterpress: the 2nd edition. A variant of this edition is identical but for the privilege which is now engraved. The 2nd edition, corrected
New light on the Gouda Erasmiana manuscripts 1
Authors: Klein J.W.E.
Published: April 2008

Two copyists ('A' and 'B') worked on the two Erasmiana manuscripts, known since the publication of P. S. Allen's Opus epistolarum (vol. 1, app. ix) as 'the Gouda Manuscripts'. Both copyists must have been monks of Steyn monastery near Gouda. The hand of copyist 'A' (c. 1520-5), who wrote part of MS 1323 and the whole of MS 1324, can also be found in some page fillings in a Diurnale, which was written in Steyn monastery and is now preserved in the Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague, under shelf-mark 71 J 67. Since 'A' was a monk we should not identify him with the physician Reinier Snoy (cf. Reedijk, Des. Erasmus, Poems). Copyist 'B', who completed MS 1323, was active in c. 1590. This can be established on the basis of the watermarks and the identification of the printed works (published in the 1580s) from which 'B' made abstracts. Copyist 'B' cannot thus be identified with Alardus of Amsterdam who died in 1544 (cf. Reedijk, op. cit.). Archival research has shown that both Erasmiana manuscripts arrived in the Gouda Town Library in 1643, after the confiscation of the Library of Steyn monastery.
A further book printed in Vianen and Wesel
Authors: Valkema Blouw Paul
Published: April 2008

In an earlier number of this journal I described a Dutch New Testament of 1567, issued without an imprint, which consists of two adjoining parts printed in completely different typefaces. The remarkable typographical composition of the book was my point of departure for reconstructing the stock of books published by the printer Augustijn van Hasselt when he acted as Christopher Plantin's factor first in Vianen and then in Wesel. That analysis is now confirmed by the discovery of a Psalmbook from the same year composed in a similar manner. Plantin's secret enterprise thus acquires a still wider range and we can see even more clearly how eager he was to occupy a position in the profitable market of Bible editions in the vernacular.
Paulus de Kempenaer and Petrus Plancius
Authors: Obbema Pieter , Hamilton Alastair
Published: April 2008

In November 1989 the Bibliotheca Philosophica Hermetica in Amsterdam purchased three emblems signed by Paulus de Kempenaer, dated 1597, and forming a self-contained whole. This article offers an interpretation of them. An acrostic in the poem beneath the third emblem tells us that the work was intended for Petrus Plancius. The first emblem representing a man separating the corn from the chaff and the other two, each representing a goose, are a message to the great cartographer, urging him to ignore his rivals and to 'stand fast' in his convictions. The numerous Scriptural references remind him that the end of time is at hand and that the virtuous will soon have their reward. Later marginal notes, however, show the development of Paulus de Kempenaer's ideas after the emblems were completed and his sympathies for the Remonstrant movement. The work thus illustrates various aspects of Dutch culture and history in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century.
Thomas Harding, Joannes Bogardus et An answere to maister Iuelles chalenge: le contrat de 1563
Authors: Vanhulst Henri
Published: April 2008

A notarial deed drawn up at Louvain on 29 November 1563 specifies a number of details concerning the printing of Thomas Harding's An answere to maister Iuelles chalenge. It appears that the printer Joannes Bogardus must have finished printing 750 copies of the book by 3 February 1564, whereas the author has committed himself to correct the proofs and to provide the printer with fifty-six reams of paper. At the end of each week the author will pay the printer an advance as the work proceeds, the rate of which has been fixed at 41 stivers for three formes.
Jan van der Noot's Het Bosken re-examined
Authors: Waterschoot Werner
Published: April 2008

Hitherto it has been assumed that Jan van der Noot's Het Bosken was printed by Henry Bynneman in London. The present investigation shows that this book was the work of two printers: Bynneman printed quires A-I, a colleague, possibly John Day, quires K-L. This is shown by differences in the typographical material, the make of the paper, the type area, the treatment of signatures and catchwords and the spelling habits of the two compositors. This division of labour between the two printers came about on the author's own initiative as he wished to speed up the printing of his book. This places the printing of Het Bosken in 1571 rather than 1570. Three copies of the book are recorded, apart from a recently discovered reissue (Cologne 1572, entitled Verscheiden Poetixe Wercken). There are individual differences between all the copies in their manner of compilation. These adaptations go back to Van der Noot who prepared every copy for a well-defined addressee. The three copies appear to have been distributed, not any more in England, but in the Rhineland where Van der Noot had moved in 1571.
Newly discovered Wierix prints for Plantin's books of hours
Authors: Lee Bowen Karen
Published: April 2008

Among the illustrations used for a 4to Missale Romanum published by Christopher Plantin in 1585 are five prints by Jan Wierix and four anonymous copies of his work, none of which are in Marie Mauquoy-Hendrickx's extensive catalogue, Les Estampes des Wierix (Brussels 1978-83). This new group of religious prints and an already known group of comparably scaled Wierix engravings appear formerly to have been part of a single series of images. A consideration of both the subjects represented and archival evidence suggests that the series had been commissioned for the illustration of books of hours and not the missals in which the engravings are seen today. Finally, a similar examination of the subjects represented in two other sets of Wierix plates catalogued by Mauquoy-Hendrickx (but not part of any known book) suggests that they may also have originally been intended for the illustration of books of hours.
Predated Protestant works in Nijhoff-Kronenberg
Authors: Valkema Blouw Paul
Published: April 2008

This article follows on from my earlier piece in this journal, 'The Van Oldenborch and Vanden Merberghe pseudonyms'. With the demonstration that these were not true people but pseudonyms - the first was even used by various printers - the picture of the history of the Dutch Protestant book has been substantially altered. It was not these 'phantoms' who were the most important publishers in this domain, but Adriaen van Berghen, Matthaeus Crom, and the latter's brother-in-law Steven Mierdmans, while, after 1550, the hitherto unknown Frans Fraet occupied the most prominent position. About half the Dutch-language books which Dr Kronenberg included in her systematic index under the heading Luther: Voor en tegen de Hervorming, appear to date from after 1540 and thus fall actually outside the chronological limits of the Nederlandsche Bibliographie van 1500 tot 1540. We also see that the existing view according to which the role of Antwerp was exhausted after 1540 must be revised. Only after the execution of Fraet at the beginning of 1558 did Emden manage to corner the market. Besides giving a supplementary record of works which have received too early a dating from Nijhoff-Kronenberg, this article gives the titles of a number of theological books which have wrongly been omitted.
A Cologne printer working for William of Orange: Godfried Hirtzhorn jun., 1568-72
Authors: Valkema Blouw Paul
Published: April 2008

The report of Alva's arrival as Philip II's captain-general and the announcement that all those would be prosecuted who had had any connection with the troubles of 1566 led to a massive emigration from the Netherlands. The leader of the Dutch Revolt, William of Orange, withdrew to Germany in order to lead the rebellion from Dillenburg. In order to do this he chose a highly modern medium: the printing press, which was to play a decisive role in arousing the population to armed resistance against Spanish rule. As his collaborator in the propaganda campaign the Prince selected another fugitive, the town pensionary of Antwerp Jacob van Wesenbeke. The latter soon proved immensely active: in 1568 and 1569, on the orders and at the
Saint Jean Chrysostome Et Les Spectacles
Authors: Vandenberghe Bruno H.
Published: April 2008

Is there an opposition between spectacles and the Church? Such is the question that normally comes to one's mind in reading the diatribes of the Fathers of the Church against spectacles. The subject is thicklish and should be handled with precision and tact, without preconceived prejudice. In examining the passages on the subject in ST. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, the author has precisely made the attempt to solve the problem. Methodical in his proceedings, he first examines the part, spectacles played in the life of the peoples of A n t i o c h and C o n s t a n t i n o p l e. So engrossed with the love of spectacles had they become, that the only two things, requested from their masters by this frivolous population, were: bread and games! The whole of Antioch, the whole of Constantinople was to be found in the Circus or in the Theatre. On holidays, christians rushed to the hippodrome, with the same ardor as the pagans. Like so many of the Fathers, C h r y s o s t o m , condemned this frequentation, which he considered an apostasy and a return to the idols, one of the greatest enemies of purity and one of the most serious obstacles to his pastoral mission. Seldom does he attack comedies and tragedies, directing his most strenuous efforts against Pantomimes. In latter years, taking up again the same textes, B o s- s u e t fell into regrettable exaggerations. Austere moralist and rigorist, he condemned the theatre without discrimination. In locating the debates, by first giving an historical account of the struggles which divided the Church and the theatre, the author ascertains that nowadays a more charitable and just conception of the spectacle and the artist, dedicating his life thereto, has been reached. The pleasure of the spectacle is innocent in itself and the Catholic Church finds no fault with it: the sole requirement, the Church imposes, being that this pleasure, in its application, be subjected to the principles of christian morals.
Practical Theology: from Applied to Empirical Theology
Authors: van der Ven J.A. , Van Der Ven Johannes A.
Published: April 2008

In this article the history of practical theology is reconstructed from the perspective of its main problem: the relation between theory and praxis. The first part refers to the academic status of practical theology, interpreted as applied theology. This interpretation fails to solve the problem, as we shall see. The second part entails a proposal towards the re-interpretation of practical theology in terms of empirical theology. After a critical reflection upon the history of this term, already in use since the beginning of this century, the material and the formal object are described, including some methodological aspects of it.
The Proceedings Concerning Prompt Release of Vessels and Crews before the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
Authors: Treves Tullio
Published: April 2008

The proceedings for the prompt release of vessels set out in Article 292 of the Law of the Sea Convention are independent from domestic as well as from other international proceedings. The dispute consists in a disagreement between the parties when a ship flying the flag of a State Party has been detained by another party in violation of the provisions of the Convention for prompt release of vessels upon posting of bond or other financial security. These provisions are Articles 73(2), 220(6) and 220(7), and 226(b) and (c). It is argued that the prompt release proceedings can be resorted to also when the vessel has been detained in contravention to a provision of the Convention prohibiting detention. This might make the proceedings relevant for detention in violation of the 1995 Convention on Straddling Fish Stocks. The proceedings start with an application for release, which may be submitted by the flag state or on its behalf, and have to meet two requirements: reaching a decision expeditiously and ensuring that both parties have a fair chance to present their case. The case will in principle be heard by the full Tribunal even though it may be expedient to formulate rules that permit a Chamber to hear it, without jeopardizing the applicable principles. A hearing is the fulcrum of the proceedings. The decision of the Tribunal-which seems to meet the requirements of a "judgment"-brings the proceedings to a close. The decision shall be final. The detaining state is bound to release the vessel promptly as soon as a bond or other financial security has been posted by the flag state. The decision is also binding as to the reasonableness of the bond or security. In determining whether a bond or security is reasonable two parameters seem essential: the value of the vessel and the amount of the damage or of the monetary penalties claimed. Other elements may, however, be relevant. They may be different according to which rule of the Convention concerning prompt release has been violated. An administrative phase comes after the decision on prompt release. It concerns the utilization of the bond or security.
Observations on Vessel Release under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Authors: Oxman Bernard H.
Published: April 2008

If a foreign ship is detained by a coastal or port state, the flag state may contest the legality of the detention and submit the case to a court or tribunal having jurisdiction under the general dispute settlement provisions of the Convention. Article 292 sets up a more circumscribed, additional procedure for vessel release. It does not entail the submission of a dispute on the merits to a court or tribunal for judgment. The matter must be dealt with "without delay". Articles 294 and 295 are arguably not relevant. Local proceedings are unaffected and local remedies need not be exhausted. Application can be made "by or on behalf" of the flag state. The text provides an alternative. The words "on behalf of" present an option that is not already provided by the word "by". Therefore, these words should be understood to permit the flag state to dispense with the need for official communication from its government in connection with each application for release, such as is necessary for an application "by" the flag state. Instead, the state may designate in advance natural or judicial persons (e.g. owners or operators), who are authorized to bring applications for release on its behalf. Since no application for release "on behalf of the flag State" may be made against its will, the flag state may change, qualify or withdraw its designations at any time. While there is no doubt that the German Government will permit parties before the Tribunal to be represented by counsel of their choice, without regard to the country in which counsel is licensed to practise law, the question remains whether foreign counsel will be permitted to maintain an office in Hamburg even when they are not working on a case before the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. This is, however, less a question of Germany's international obligations, than a question of whether Germany wishes to promote the idea that Hamburg is a global centre for legal activity related to the Law of the Sea.
The EC Directive on Port State Control: A Policy Statement
Authors: Salvarani Roberto
Published: April 2008

The central pillar of European Union policy concerning safety at sea is enforcement of existing international rules and regulations. The EC Directive on Port State Control is a reaction to the fact that, despite the implementation of Port State Control in 1982, the number of substandard ships in European ports has vastly increased. It became evident that the Member States of the Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control (MOU) were not applying the control scheme uniformly. Furthermore, the scheme was obsolete and needed extensive updating. In order to force EU Members to enhance the effectiveness of, and to obey, the rules and standards set, the EC introduced the Directive, which entered into force on 1 July 1996. The Directive sets forth a binding commitment to inspect at least 25 per cent of all ships entering a port and, by inference, an obligation to employ qualified staff proportional to the task. The European Commission will assist the Member States in training Port State Control Officers by granting subsidies. Ships operating under blacklisted flags are targeted as a priority. The practice of releasing a ship under the condition of rectifying the deficiencies in other yards is supplemented by a banning system. A ship that fails to show up at the designated shipyard will be banned from every European port until it proves full compliance with all applicable international rules to the authority that first detained it. The EC Directive also provides for the publication of the names of owners of detained ships, as well as the names of the responsible classification society, where relevant (e.g. not in cases of incompetent crews). Full compliance with all rules set forth by the Directive can now be enforced by means of EC law and procedures, with the Commission monitoring that each Member State applies the law strictly and correctly.