bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Being Able to Work Without Oppression and Harassment
Authors: Blustein David L.
Published: June 2019

This chapter reviews the broad array of obstacles and barriers emerging from the social and economic context that impedes individuals’ capacity to attain decent and dignified work. Initially, marginalizing forces, such as racism, sexism, poverty, heterosexism, immigration, and prejudice due to disability and age, are reviewed. The narratives from the Boston College Working Project deepen the discussion by exploring individual experiences of oppression and harassment in relation to people’s working lives. When considered collectively, the material presented in this chapter serves to expose the growing erosion of working in America, which is particularly painful for those who are marginalized. The chapter concludes with a review of racial color-blindness and critical consciousness and provides useful ways to understand and combat oppression and harassment at work.
Exodus
Authors: Davis Ellen F.
Published: June 2019

Together the two parts of Exodus—Israel in Egypt and in Sinai—form one of the master narratives of the Bible. The first part pits against each other two opposite responses to YHWH’s self-revelation: while Moses yields to God’s will, Pharaoh consistently resists manifestations of God’s presence and power. The second part introduces three elements of Israel’s formation as a people. The gift of manna establishes a godly food economy. The treatment of covenant provides theological reflection on divine sovereignty, divine dangerousness, the goodness of creation, and the problem of slavery. Finally, the instructions for the building of the tabernacle and its completion show Israel’s initial resistance to God’s commands and their eventual obedience; it also provides a humanizing counterpoint to Israel’s slave labor in Egypt.
Hope for a Better Future
Authors: Diamond Arthur M.
Published: June 2019

Pessimists predict the end of technological progress, but secular (long-term) stagnation is due to bad policies, not to having picked the low-hanging fruit, as illustrated by innovative medical entrepreneurs who have been constrained from bringing us quicker and better cures for cancer. Funded researchers must stick to their original protocols even in the face of promising serendipitous discoveries. Medical incumbents protect their turf by mandating costly double-blind studies for innovations, and then refusing to enroll their patients in the studies. Trial-and-error experimental tinkering allowed Emil Freireich and his Society of Jabbering Idiots to develop the chemotherapy cocktail that allowed many to be cured of childhood leukemia, and allowed Vincent DeVita to develop the chemotherapy cocktail that allowed many to be cured of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Yet FDA protocols restrict trial-and-error experimentation, resulting in many needless deaths. In medicine, as elsewhere, our future will be better if we unbind the innovative entrepreneur.
Dynamic Governance
Authors: Aligica Paul Dragos , Boettke Peter J. , Tarko Vlad
Published: June 2019

Chapter 3 present a set of key notions to be employed in framing and approaching the dynamic governance process, and the phenomena associated with it, in ways that are particularly relevant for governance analysis and design: (a) the very idea of process-focused, dynamic governance itself, having at its core the voluntary action principle; (b) the notions of countervailing powers and voluntary sector, nonstate governance, leading to the overarching and encapsulating notion of polycentricity, the governance keystone of the normative individualist system of classical-liberal inspiration; and (c) the epistemic dimension, and the conceptualization of the role of knowledge discovery, production, aggregation and distribution in society, as well as the associated epistemic and institutional processes all seen as a natural complement of the notion of polycentricity.
Polycentric Stakeholder Analysis
Authors: Aligica Paul Dragos , Boettke Peter J. , Tarko Vlad
Published: June 2019

Chapter 9 pushes further the frontier of the discussion into a new, growing and controversial governance debate area: that of corporate social responsibility. One of the most sensitive issues in polycentric governance systems, with their hybrid institutional arrangements at the dynamic interface between the “public” and the “private,” is to specify what are—and what are not—the responsibilities of the private sector—business firms and enterprises—when it comes to the public domain. This chapter offers an exploratory attempt to address this challenge. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has emerged in the last several decades as a preeminent concept and issue area engaging the problem of public role of private business. This chapter demonstrates how the ideas and theories discussed so far combine, complement, and bolster this literature and the applied-level insights based on it.
The Rule of the Eurydice’s Sons
Authors: Carney Elizabeth Donnelly
Published: June 2019

This chapter discusses the rule of all three of Eurydice’s sons (Alexander II, Perdiccas III, and Philip II), but pays less attention to Philip II because his reign has been discussed in so many places at great length. The brief reign of Alexander II was shaped by his initially successful but ultimately disastrous invasion of Thessaly. His failure there led to Theban intervention in Macedonian affairs and then his assassination. It examines claims that Eurydice married his assassin and had a hand in his death. It also considers the possibility that her supposed lover/husband, Ptolemy, briefly reigned. Theban intervention forced Ptolemy to become regent for Alexander II. Alexander, in turn, murdered Ptolemy and ruled on his own until he, along with a much of a Macedonian army, died in a massacre. Philip II then took the throne, dealt with assorted foreign and domestic invasions and threats, rapidly stabilized Macedonia, and initiated its expansion to become the dominant power of the Greek peninsula. The chapter concludes with analysis of the factors that enabled the sons of Eurydice to defeat other Argead claimants.
Community, Group, Group Work
Authors: Nadel Meryl
Published: June 2019

“Community, Group, Group Work” continues to explore ideas undergirding social work in summer camps, examining how social science thinking about communities and groups informed both the developing profession of social work and the field of organized camping. The chapter discusses the notion of community, suggesting that summer camps be considered intentional communities. The development of such concepts as mutual aid, phases of group development, and group interaction are presented. The emergence of social group work is explored, including its historical background in settlement houses and other organizations, as well as its process of affiliation with the broader social work profession. The contributions of camp group work “pioneers” such as Louis H. Blumenthal are reviewed. By the 1920s and 1930s, Blumenthal and others recognized the many opportunities for growth and development inherent in the group life found in camps.
How to Be a Biological Racial Realist
Authors: Spencer Quayshawn
Published: June 2019

Quayshawn Spencer shows that there is a widely used race talk in American English where race is a biological division and biologically real. That race talk is the Office of Management and Budget’s since 1997. Spencer shows that what race is, in this race talk, is just a set of five biological populations in the human species. After defending this qualified biological racial realism, Spencer shows how his qualified biological racial realism is helpful in answering the question of whether any folk racial scheme has epistemic value in medical genetics.
Is Race an Illusion or a (Very) Basic Reality?
Authors: Glasgow Joshua
Published: June 2019

Joshua Glasgow argues in this chapter that ‘race’ in the ordinary sense is defined such that races are supposed to be large groups of humans organized according to certain visible traits, like skin color. Biology cannot validate the existence of such groups, even if it can identify other human populations. So Glasgow argues that race is not biologically real. And because the relevant traits do not change when social facts change, race is not a social construction. This suggests that race is not socially real, either. Consequently, it seems that race is not real. However, Glasgow also considers another possibility: that race is real, neither biologically nor socially, but in a more basic sense. According to this view, races are real by virtue of facts that find no home in any of the sciences, biological or social. Their only significance is that which people choose to give them. In the course of making his arguments, Glasgow explores how we should identify the meanings of our terms and how to proceed when scientific and ordinary meanings diverge. He concludes by leaving it open whether race is simply not real, or whether it is real in that basic sense.
New Urban Spaces
Authors: Brenner Neil
Published: June 2019

The urban condition is today being radically transformed. Urban restructuring is accelerating, new urban spaces are being consolidated, and new forms of urbanization are crystallizing. How can these transformations be deciphered? In this book, critical urban theorist Neil Brenner argues that confronting this challenge requires not only intensive research on urban restructuring but new theories of urbanization. To this end, Brenner proposes an approach that breaks with inherited conceptions of the urban as a bounded settlement unit—the city or the metropolis—and explores the multiscalar constitution, political mediation, and ongoing rescaling of the capitalist urban fabric, from the local and the regional to the national and the planetary. New Urban Spaces offers a paradigmatic account of how rescaling processes are transforming inherited formations of urban life, the role of multiscalar state spatial strategies in animating them, and their variegated consequences for emergent patterns and pathways of urbanization. The book also advances an understanding of critical urban theory as radically revisable: key urban concepts, methods, and cartographies must be continually reinvented in relation to the relentlessly mutating worlds of urbanization they aspire to illuminate.
Restructuring, Rescaling, and the Urban Question
Authors: Brenner Neil
Published: June 2019

Since the 1990s, the scalar dimensions of global urban restructuring have been reflexively explored within several major streams of critical urban studies. Against the background of earlier rounds of debate on the shifting spatialities of the urban question, this chapter offers a critical evaluation of these recent scalar turns. What is the theoretical specificity of a scalar approach to urban restructuring? A relatively narrow, but analytically precise, definitional proposal is put forward through a series of theoretical, epistemological, and methodological propositions. This approach aims to destabilize methodologically localist, city-centric understandings of the urban while also distinguishing processes of scalar structuration from other key dimensions of sociospatial relations related to place-making, territorialization, and networking. This relatively abstract definitional foray is the first of several efforts in this book to demarcate the proper conceptual parameters—and limits—of scale in relation to specific terrains of urban studies.
Cities and the Political Geographies of the “New” Economy
Authors: Brenner Neil
Published: June 2019

This chapter develops a scalar reinterpretation of contemporary political strategies to promote urban regeneration through the clustering of so-called new economy industries specialized in the production and deployment of advanced informational and communications technologies. In contrast to much of the hyperbole that has surrounded the new economy concept, this analysis of European trends suggests that urban growth strategies oriented toward such firms and sectors have generally involved rescaled, broadly market-disciplinary approaches to the regulation of uneven spatial development that seriously exacerbate, rather than resolve, the crisis tendencies and contradictions of post-Keynesian capitalism. However, despite their destabilizing macroeconomic consequences and the often vague, ideologically slippery spatial visions attached to projects to promote a new economy, such neoliberalizing regulatory rescalings continue to play a key role in the production of new urban spaces and new forms of urbanization.
A Thousand Layers: Geographies of Uneven Development
Authors: Brenner Neil
Published: June 2019

The question of uneven spatial development has long been a central concern for critical sociospatial theorists. But how, precisely, is the spatiality of this process to be conceptualized? Drawing on Henri Lefebvre’s striking metaphor of social space as a mille-feuille—a flaky French pastry composed of “a thousand layers”—this chapter argues that the geographies of uneven development are best conceived as a polymorphic superimposition and interpenetration of sociospatial relations. Alongside its scalar dimensions, uneven spatial development is also mediated through the dynamics of territorialization, place-making, and networking. The morphologies of sociospatial relations under capitalism are too intricately interwoven to be reduced to a single dimension, scalar or otherwise. This chapter thus offers a series of autocritical reflections on the scalar analytics elaborated in the preceding chapters while also outlining several major challenges for future research on the variegated spatialities of capitalist urbanization.
Introduction: Egypt in the Garden
Authors: Barrett Caitlín Eilís
Published: June 2019

This introductory chapter sets out an agenda for the larger research project; investigates problems of definition and interpretation; provides a critical review of past and current scholarship on Roman “Aegyptiaca”; and makes a case for new theoretical and methodological approaches that engage with current intellectual developments in the broader fields of archaeology and art history. It is argued that research on Roman Aegyptiaca can gain much from, and is poised to contribute substantially to (1) twenty-first-century archaeology’s “material turn”; (2) the construction of new interpretive frameworks for cross-cultural interactions; and (3) increased attention to the relationships between artifacts, contexts, and assemblages.
Imagining the Nile
Authors: Barrett Caitlín Eilís
Published: June 2019

Chapter 2 analyzes general patterns in the iconography and contexts of Nilotic imagery at Pompeii. A discussion of the “cultural biography” of Nilotic imagery positions these frescoes and mosaics within the broader context of Roman artistic emulation of earlier visual cultures. While Roman emulations of Greek material culture have traditionally attracted the most intense scholarly attention, this chapter argues for framing “Classicizing” art as part of a larger “retrospective” phenomenon that also included Roman adaptations of Egyptian objects and images. This chapter also provides a synthetic contextual analysis of Nilotic scenes at Pompeii, discussing the reasons for their frequent association with domestic gardens. Within gardens, Nilotic imagery is often associated with water features and installations for dining and drinking, producing an environment that mirrors many aspects of the scenes themselves. The context of the imagery thus provokes viewers to compare themselves to the figures it depicts.
Self, “Other,” and Beyond in the Casa del Medico
Authors: Barrett Caitlín Eilís
Published: June 2019

Within the general framework outlined by chapter 2, different domestic contexts might structure viewers’ encounters with Nilotic imagery in quite different ways. Chapter 4 explores this variability by examining another case study: the Casa del Medico. As at the Casa dell’Efebo, this house constructs close contextual associations between Nilotic frescoes, garden space, watery settings, and dining. Here, however, the framing and content of the imagery suggest different meanings. Among other things, this assemblage places much more emphasis on the “grotesque” potential of pygmy scenes. Although scholars often take the violent imagery of the Casa del Medico frescoes as paradigmatic for all Nilotic scenes, a close analysis points instead to the thematic multivalence of domestic Nilotica. Additionally, since the Casa del Medico is smaller and less luxurious than the Casa dell’Efebo, these two case studies enable us to compare the uses of Nilotic imagery at different points along the socioeconomic spectrum.
Making Meaning on the Margins
Authors: Barrett Caitlín Eilís
Published: June 2019

In chapters 3 and 4, we see Nilotic imagery playing a central role in garden ensembles. However, many other Nilescapes served not as centerpieces but as peripheral elements in larger compositions. Chapter 5 examines the use of Nilotica as marginalia at the Casa del Fauno, where a Nilotic mosaic occupies the threshold between a peristyle garden and a side room showcasing the famous “Alexander mosaic.” This chapter also explores the relationships between Egyptian landscapes and marginal spaces within Pompeian homes. Even when Nilotic scenes occupy more prominent visual positions, their frequent association with gardens still locates them on the margins of household space. However, the Casa del Fauno demonstrates the ability of such peripheral visual culture to reframe viewers’ encounters with larger images. Marginality emerges as a paradoxical source of power, enabling “ornamental” elements to shape the ways viewers experience the images—and the domestic spaces—that they enclose.
Introduction
Authors: Cardoso Leonardo
Published: June 2019

What exactly is “noise” in the urban space? With limited resources, often navigating within turbulent political and economic contexts, public officials prefer to regulate sounds that they: 1) can easily specify and identify; 2) hear as imbued with negative ramifications (for health, for the economy, for political stability, for safety, for morals, etc.), especially when they have the support of the citizenry; and 3) can combat under the auspices of scientific facts. This is not an easy task, however, as all three parameters constantly undergo change. The introduction discusses noise as entailed with spatial and ontological axes. It relates the concept of sound-politics to citizenship studies, particularly insurgent citizenship, differentiated citizenship, and microcitizenship.
Administrative Flows
Authors: Cardoso Leonardo
Published: June 2019

The chapter focuses on two law enforcement institutions. The first is the police, one of the most visible state actors in the city and a recurrent choice for dealing with community noise. The second institution is the Urban Silence Program (Programa de Silêncio Urbano, or PSIU), a municipal agency created in 1994. After tracing the administrative flows inside the police and the PSIU, I suggest a comparative analysis of the two institutions. By following sound as it circulates within each of these governmental bodies, I argue that, different than the groups considered so far, the main concern for the executive branch is not so much ontological or epistemological issues surrounding noise, but rather consolidating (1) legal-bureaucratic stability, (2) budgetary principles, and (3) political party affiliations.
Death in the Afternoon
Authors: Campbell Ian
Published: June 2019

This chapter focuses on the curfew declared by the Italians one hour after the attack on Graziani, the arrests and detention of Ethiopians that followed, and atrocities carried out by Blackshirts and Fascist civilians in Addis Ababa during the course of the afternoon. An account is also provided of the siege laid to the city by the Italian military, deploying armored cars, tanks, and the Italian Air Force. The chapter provides information on the establishment of temporary detention camps, based on the testimony of eye witnesses.
The Cover-Up
Authors: Campbell Ian
Published: June 2019

The author describes how the Italian government attempted to deny or minimize the reports of the massacre in the international press. Although the British, American and French envoys wrote detailed reports, they were largely ignored by their respective governments. The British government, in particular wanted to appease Mussolini to prevent him joining forces with Adolf Hitler’s Nazi movement, so they avoided charging Mussolini with war crimes. However, following Germany’s invasion of Poland, which led Britain to declare war on Germany, in 1940 Mussolini declared war on Britain, which meant that Italy was now Britain’s enemy. Deploying Commonwealth troops, Britain invaded Italian-occupied Ethiopia and arranged for Emperor Haile Selassie to leave his exile in England and return to Addis Ababa. Ethiopia attempted to have the Italian officials who had authorized atrocities in Ethiopia committed to trial under the UN War Crimes Commission, but failed due to further obstruction by the British government, which favored an Italian government run by former Fascists as a bulwark against the rising tide of communism in Europe.
“They Absolutely Took Their Skin Off”
Authors: Kolker Robert P. , Abrams Nathan
Published: June 2019

This chapter provides a clear and detailed chronology of the longest shoot in the history of filmmaking, which came about because its director wanted perfection in every scene. Performances, particularly those of the central characters, were carefully crafted, moving beyond realism to a heightened state. The length of the shoot caused actors like Harvey Keitel and Jennifer Jason Leigh to leave and to be replaced by Sydney Pollack and Marie Richardson. But the change of actors were only part of the churn of the production. Locations were dressed and then abandoned for others more suitable. The orgy was meticulously choreographed. Every element of the production had to suit Kubrick’s scrutiny and attention or be changed to do so.
Ursula Graham Bower and Military Leadership
Authors: McFate Montgomery
Published: June 2019

This chapter asks: how does a young, British woman succeed in leading a group of patriarchal, hierarchically organized, tribal head hunters? In Burma during World War II, Ursula Graham Bower recruited, trained and led a group of Naga head hunters successfully against the Japanese. She was the only woman to hold a de facto combat command in the British Army during WWII. This chapter distinguishes between transactional and transformational models of leadership, discusses some of findings on the role of gender in transformational leadership and then examines the literature on cross-cultural leadership, which indicates that roles and norms of leadership depend on the cultural context. If desirable leadership traits are culturally dependent, then it seems likely that the Naga would not have accepted Bower as a leader under any circumstances. Yet, in a society where leadership was hereditary, male, and based on the collective, Ursula Graham Bower was able to lead the Naga successfully against the Japanese. This chapter considers the topics of cultural difference, cultural congruence, rapport and cultural adjustment in cross-culture in extremis military leadership.
On Inwardness and Place in Rilke’s Sonnets to Orpheus
Authors: Reid James D.
Published: June 2019

Rilke’s poetry can be read, under the influence of Heidegger, as entangled in the philosophy of subjectivity inaugurated by Descartes and brought to completion in the writings of Nietzsche, and so, by implication, belonging to a tradition to be overcome. The Sonnets occasionally appeal to human subjectivity as a creative source of the world’s being and meaning, but they also contest modern assumptions about subjectivity, and in ways that invite comparison with Heidegger’s own ambition to locate sources of significance beyond the Cartesian subject. This becomes especially palpable when one focuses on Rilke’s use of the language of space and place. The present chapter explores Rilke’s views on interiority and romantic inwardness and argues, against the grain of Heidegger’s interpretation, that the Sonnets develop a set of topological insights into the nonsubjective sources or places of human significance and the roots of an affirmative way of inhabiting the world.
The Modernism of The Sonnets to Orpheus
Authors: Eldridge Hannah Vandegrift
Published: June 2019

Although Rilke does not fit neatly within any of the movements that made up European modernism, he nonetheless takes up the problems they identified and articulated: problems of the human relation to the world; the meaning of that world and the things in it; the potential loss of meaning in the face of various modes of alienation; the roots of alienation in objectifying modes of thought or the monumental shifts occasioned by technological advances; and the confrontation with human mortality and finitude in the absence of meaning-granting institutions. This essay argues that Rilke’s engagement with the visual arts offers some his most direct statements of how aesthetic making responds to these problems prior to demonstrating that The Sonnets to Orpheus are Rilke’s poetic working-through of how both the themes and specific language-use of poetry might help salvage world relations threatened by a stance of technological mastery and reduction to use value.
Telling
Authors: Halkitis Perry N.
Published: June 2019

Gay men experience the process of coming out to various groups of individuals, in myriad contexts, and throughout the course of their lives. For many gay men, telling one’s parents and families represents the most significant act of disclosure. Methods used for coming out to parents, circumstances by which the men came out, and reactions of their families in both the short and long term are explored. A variety of different approaches are evidenced in the life stories. The impact of these critical life events is considered in relation to the well-being and health of each of the men. Coming out to parents and family is challenging in every generation, but the circumstances related to coming out are influenced and shaped by both the sociopolitical contexts of the time and the crisis of each generation.
Holding the Line on the Suez Canal
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

During a high-profile visit by Soviet head of state Nikolay Podgorny in June 1967, a desperate Egyptian President Nasser offered to formally join the Warsaw Pact in exchange for direct Soviet support of Egypt’s shattered forces. Moscow balked at such a formal commitment but took advantage of Nasser’s offer of free use of Egyptian air and naval bases. A military delegation led by Chief of Staff Matvey Zakharov took advantage of renewed hostilities in early July to establish presence of Soviet naval units and marines to stabilize the defense of the Suez Canal against further Israeli advance. The Soviet Navy’s Mediterranean squadron, which had been massively reinforced and activated in the run-up to the June war, was now officially created as a permanent formation opposite the US Sixth Fleet.
Sadat Proves his Stability and Loyalty
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

The U-2 deployment to monitor the ceasefire along the Suez Canal accelerated Soviet preparations to deploy the USSR’s most advanced and yet-experimental aircraft, later known as the MiG-25 or Foxbat, which was unmatched for speed and ceiling. This, and increased supplies of Soviet weapons, was facilitated by the moves of Nasser’s successor in the Egyptian presidency, Anwar Sadat, to cement his loyalty to and dependence on Soviet support despite putting out early feelers toward Washington. With Soviet backing, he resorted to brinkmanship by delaying renewal of the ceasefire and limiting duration of the next term. Conversely, Egyptian SAM crews began to return from training in the USSR and taking over the missile systems from the Soviets, which enabled the latter to consider withdrawal and demands for US reciprocation. The withdrawal was also motivated by the politically unpopular high profile of Soviet dependents and furloughed servicemen in Egyptian cities.
Return of the Foxbats
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

In early 1971 the Soviet Air Force began preparations to redeploy in Egypt its high-altitude, mach-3 aircraft, which would later be called MiG-25 or, by NATO, Foxbat. The authors’ previous book “Foxbats over Dimona” documented this yet-experimental model’s use in May 1967 for provocative flights over Israel’s nuclear facility that precipitated the Six-Day War. Two craft each of the interceptor and the reconnaissance/bomber versions, with top pilots, were included in a special formation, the 63rd Air Group, and dispatched secretly to Egypt where their presence was soon detected. However, as there was no western match for the MiG-25’s performance, they began carrying out photoreconnaissance sorties over Sinai and Israeli proper with impunity. The flights were meant primarily to prepare an ultimate crossing of the Suez Canal, but they helped to cause a war scare while fruitless talks continued about an interim settlement to include an Israeli withdrawal from the Canal.
The Ultimate Test of Ashraf Marwan
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

Israeli and US intelligence had ample field reports of Soviet as well as Egyptian and Syrian war preparations well before Yom Kippur, 6 October 1973, but these were disregarded in favor of an unchanged assessment that an Arab offensive was unlikely – among other reasons, for assumed lack of Soviet support. One cause was the priority assigned to the input of “Mossad spy” Ashraf Marwan, who did not relay a warning until after the mass evacuation of Soviet advisers’ dependents from Egypt and Syria on 4 October provided an unmistakable indication. It was, however, misinterpreted as signaling Soviet dissociation from the impending offensive. Marwan’s warning came too late for effective mobilization of Israeli reserves, and also included a spurious assurance that the USSR was not involved. In a continuing internecine Israeli controversy about Marwan’s role, this supports the claim that he acted as an efficient Egyptian double agent.
Ethnic and Regional Ferment in Iran
Authors: Bromberger Christian
Published: June 2019

This chapter demonstrates how the identity claim is restricted to its cultural dimension. Claims are indeed limited to cultural activism and translate into an editorial and associative fever. Two paths explain the disparities in intensity of demands in ethnic conflicts. The first path takes into account both the specificity and the liveliness of cultural identities: the greater the gap between the ways of being and the attitudes of a given group, and those that are expressed at the core of the nation, the more pronounced such differences will be, the more intense the friction, and the more vehement the claims. The second path suggests an opposite move: rather than starting from groups and their cultural differences, the idea is to start from the state, its very nature and its acceptance of differences. The chapter then considers the situation of minorities in the Iranian state and looks at the case of Gilân, a province of northern Iran.
Introduction
Authors: Kastoryano Riva
Published: June 2019

This book addresses the question of space and territory in globalization. It takes as a case study the jihadis who declared jihad, a global war, on states. Through an analysis of the trajectories and burials of the suicide bombers who carried out the attacks of 11 September 2001 in New York (9/11), 11 March 2004 in Madrid (11-M) and 7 July 2005 in London (7/7) (and updated with the Paris attacks of January and November 2015), this study highlights forms of spatiality in globalization, underscoring the nature of the issues states are now obliged to face: global, transnational and diasporic. The issue is global when suicide bombers move freely from place to place, leaving no trace, as was the case for 9/11. It is transnational when the jihadis are first-generation immigrants and maintain permanent relations with their country of origin, such as the perpetrators of the Madrid bombings. And it is diasporic when young jihadis are recognize as “homegrown”, born in the country of immigration, socialized and radicalized in the country where they hold citizenship, coming and going between their real “ancestral” land—or an imagined one, such as Pakistan or Syria—and their country of citizenship, as was the case of the London bombers and the attackers in Paris....
The Question of Burial
Authors: Kastoryano Riva
Published: June 2019

If burial implies associating a name and a place,1 the burial of jihadis raises practical questions – about land and traces. For states, it often amounts to, reterritorializing the body. Faced with a discourse drawing on a religious repertoire calling for a non-territorial war, the challenge for states is to preserve their sacredness and develop a narrative to counteract the rhetoric denying their power in the name of a superior divine force that drives the martyr to his death.
Trajectories and Burials
Authors: Kastoryano Riva
Published: June 2019

The four human bombs that perpetrated the 7/7 attacks were all British nationals. Three of them were born in the United Kingdom to Pakistani parents. The fourth was born in Jamaica and arrived in the U.K. at a very early age. Examination of the trajectory of these four jihadis highlights the importance of the “gang” or “clique” phenomenon analyzed by Marc Sageman.5 Unlike the September 11, 2001 hijackers, who had traveled from Asia to Europe and from Saudi Arabia to the United States through complex networks to prepare the most spectacular attacks so far this century, the young men who perpetrated the London bombings had organized locally. The British authorities immediately labeled them “homegrown terrorists.” “the Home Office returned the bodies and body parts to the families with dignity so that they could organize "normal" funeral services in keeping with the Muslim religion”.
The Homegrown Terrorist
Authors: Kastoryano Riva
Published: June 2019

The existence of homegrown terrorists came as a surprise to intelligence services and immigration, integration and assimilation specialists as well. The burial of the perpetrators of 7/7 places the homegrown terrorist phenomenon within the larger issue of territory and belonging that connects citizenship and transnational networks, nationality and the extent of the diaspora. The term radicalization appears in official and academic discourse with respect to the homegrown terrorists of July 7, 2005. These youths are described as locally established individuals, acting alone or in small groups, in any case autonomously, with limited resources and as amateurs, particularly in bomb-making.
War and Order
Authors: Mara Gerald M.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 2 examines how Thomas Aquinas and Niccolo Machiavelli relate war to political order. Both offer different substantive judgments and divergent methodological commitments. Aquinas’s political order is set within a comprehensive natural order that human beings should recognize and respect. Machiavelli’s is constructed by an aggressive praxis that seeks to harness human passions, always unsuccessfully. Philosophically, Aquinas depends on a theological teleology that Machiavelli rejects. If we read these texts comparatively we find that each author identifies dimensions of politics that the other overlooks. Further, their individual political narratives show the limitations of their theoretical frameworks. Comparing Aquinas with Machiavelli helps not only to reveal tensions between political philosophy’s two partners, but also to show why such tensions cannot be addressed by giving either one of these pre-eminence. These readings underscore questions about the relationship between political order and war that are muted in more contemporary analyses.
The Brain from Inside Out
Authors: Buzsáki György
Published: June 2019

The Brain from Inside Out takes a critical look at contemporary brain research and reminds us that theoretical framework does matter. Current technology-driven neuroscience is still largely fueled by an empiricist philosophy assuming that the brain’s goal is to perceive, represent the world, and learn the truth. An inevitable consequence of this framework is the assumption of a decision-making homunculus wedged between our perception and actions. In contrast, The Brain from Inside Out advocates that the brain’s fundamental function is to induce actions and predict the consequences of those actions to support the survival and prosperity of the brain’s host. Brains constantly test their hypotheses by producing actions rather than searching for the veridical objective world. Only actions can provide a second opinion about the relevance of the sensory inputs and provide meaning for and interpretation of those inputs. In this inside-out framework, it is not sensations that teach the brain and build up its circuits. Instead, the brain comes with a preconfigured and self-organized dynamics that constrains how it acts and views the world. Both its anatomical and physiological organizations are characterized by an enormous diversity which spans several orders of magnitude. The two ends of this continuous landscape give rise to apparently distinct qualitative features. A small core of strongly interconnected, highly active neurons provides fast and “good-enough” answers in needy situations by generalizations, whereas detailed and precise solutions rely on the contribution of the more isolated and sluggish majority. In this non-egalitarian organization, preexisting nonsense brain patterns become meaningful through action-based experience. The inside-out framework offers an alternative strategy to investigate how brain operations give rise to our cognitive faculties, as opposed to the outside-in approach that explores how our preconceived ideas map onto brain structures.
Internally Organized Activity During Offline Brain States
Authors: Buzsáki György
Published: June 2019

A prime example of internally organized patterns is observed during sleep. The best studied of these is the sharp wave ripple in the hippocampus. Neuronal sequences during ripple events reach back to the past to replay snippets of waking experience at times when the brain is disengaged from the outside world. This process may consolidate episodic memories and stitch together discontiguous experiences, thereby giving rise to creative thoughts. In addition, neuronal assembly sequences during ripples also act as internalized, vicarious, trial-and-error mechanisms that can assist with subconscious optimization of future plans. Because the same neuronal substrate can perform both retrospective and prospective operations, it is not clear whether the traditional separation of postdiction (i.e., memory) from prediction (i.e., planning) is justified.
Assessment of Distress, Disorder, Impairment, and Need in the Population
Authors: Eaton William W. , Mojtabai Ramin , Stuart Elizabeth A. , Sheppard Leoutsakos Jeannie-Marie , Myllyluoma Jaana
Published: June 2019

This chapter reviews the most important devices for assessing the prevalence of mental disorders, as well as assessing levels of distress, impairment, and need. A brief discussion of the history of methods in psychiatric epidemiologic studies of prevalence is included. The assessment devices include those for screening, such as the K-6 scale, the CESD-r, and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS). Also included are assessment instruments designed for use by clinicians, such as the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnosis (SCID) and Structured Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN). A brief section includes guidance for conducting field surveys of mental disorders in the general population. Methods of evaluating the measurement properties are discussed, and a review of studies of agreement between survey interviewers and clinicians is presented.
Turkey as an Islamic Actor in Central Asia and the Caucasus
Authors: Balci Bayram
Published: June 2019

Because of its kinship with Central Asian and Caucasian peoples, Turkey was among the first to recognize the new independent states and to develop various political, cultural and economic relations with them. One of the most important dimensions of Turkish interest in the former Soviet Union was Islam. Indeed, considering that religion is a way to bring these countries closer to Turkey, Ankara charged the Diyanet (Direction for the management of religious affairs) to develop Islamic links between Turkey and Central Asia and the Caucasus. For that purpose, the Diyanet formed new Islamic elites in Central Asia, and contributed to the rehabilitation and construction of new mosques, among other initiatives for the emergence of a moderate and modern Islam. In addition to this Turkish official and governmental Islamic activism, various non-governmental actors, brotherhoods and foundations have played the same role in the post-Soviet sphere, where they developed various Islamic activities.
South Asia’s Influence on the Revival of Islam in Central Asia
Authors: Balci Bayram
Published: June 2019

Several centuries old, the relationships between contemporary Central Asia and South Asia—mainly the Indian subcontinent—have been consolidated through the Moghul dynasty, founded by Central Asian conquerors. After a long period of non-relations between the two regions, the collapse of the Soviet Union permitted new Islamic exchanges between Central Asia and India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. This new Islamic link is mainly the work of a very influential and transnational organization, called Jama’at al Tabligh. Its members work for the diffusion of faith and piety in their country, promoting an Islam influenced by the Deoband school of India.
The Rise and Fall of the Constitutional Movement
Authors: vom Bruck Gabriele
Published: June 2019

This chapter sketches the consolidation of the imamate since the departure of the Ottomans from Yemen in 1918-19, and the formation of an opposition movement against the autocratic rule of Imam Yahya Hamid al-Din in the 1930s and 40s. It highlights ‘Abdullah al-Wazir’s career as the prime negotiator and signatory of the Treaty of Ta’if following the first Saudi-Yemeni war in 1934 and as the supreme leader (Imam) of the embryonic constitutional imamate in 1948. Dealing with key data such as the failure of the constitutional revolt and ‘Abdullah al-Wazir’s and Amat al-Latif’s husband’s execution, this chapter provides the backdrop against which the following ones become intelligible.
The Registration Challenge
Authors: Kennedy John James , Shi Yaojiang
Published: June 2019

The registration of households has a long history in China, from the imperial period to the People’s Republic of China. The baojia system of security and local registration was used in China from its inception during the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127) to the Republican period (1912–1949). After 1949, the Chinese Communist Party began massive registration campaigns. The household registration (hukou) law was introduced in 1958. Incessant problems associated with local leader autonomy and inconsistent reporting persisted from the traditional baojia into the current hukou system. Indeed, birth registration was a challenge for the Chinese Communist Party from the beginning and continued to be so into the reform era, especially with the massive administrative changes and decentralization in rural China that began in 1979. Uneven implementation meant that the birth registration process was inconsistent over time and geographically across rural China.
The Flow of Matter
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: June 2019

Chapter 1 argues that matter flows. This is the first and central thesis from which the entire conceptual framework of kinesthetics follows. In order to understand what the minimal structure of the image is, such that it is capable of being in motion, we begin with its most basic aspect: the flow of matter. The flow of matter is defined by its movement and continuity; by its extensive and intensive features, by its pedesis, bifurcations, and confluences. The flow is the material condition for the emergence of images, which are defined by the folding of matters. In the concept of flow we have the necessary, but not yet sufficient, conditions for the emergence and mobility of the image.
Myanmar's 'Rohingya' Conflict
Authors: Ware Anthony , Laoutides Costas
Published: June 2019

Myanmar's Rohingya Muslims have been subject to human rights abuses, been denied citizenship, and most recently, faced ethnic cleansing. Well over half the Rohingya population who use to live in Myanmar have been displaced by violence, with over a million Rohingya refugees now sheltering in Bangladesh. This conflict has become a litmus test for change in Myanmar, a country in transition, and current assessments are far from positive. Whitewashing by the military, and a refusal by Aung San Suu Kyi's government to even use the name 'Rohingya', adds to international skepticism. This book explores this long-running tripartite conflict between the Rohingya, Rakhine and Burman ethnic groups, and offers a new analysis of the complexities of the conflict: the fears and motivations driving it and the competition to control historical representations and collective memory. By exploring these competing narratives in detail and interrogating their historicity, by offering detailed sociopolitical analysis of the conflict dynamics against models of conflict in the literature, and by examining the international dimensions of the conflict, this book offers new insights into what is preventing a peaceful resolution to this intractable conflict.
The Concealed Influence of Custom
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2019

This volume provides a reading of Hume’s Treatise as a whole, foregrounding Hume’s understanding of custom and its role in the Treatise. It shows that Hume grounds his understanding of custom in its usage in English legal theory, and that he takes custom to be the foundation for normativity in all of its guises, whether moral, epistemic, or social. The book argues that Hume’s project in the Treatise is to provide a socially inflected cognitive science—to understand how persons are constituted through an interaction of individual psychology and their social matrix—and that custom provides the ligature that ties together Hume’s naturalism and skepticism. In doing so, it shows that Hume is a consistent Pyrrhonian skeptic, but that he takes the positive part of the skeptical program seriously, showing not only that our practices have no foundation, but that they need none, and that custom alone serves to explain and to justify our practices.
The Passions and Human Nature
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2019

This chapter addresses the causes of the passions and their role in Hume’s psychology. I argue that the passions form the foundation of Hume’s naturalistic program to explain human nature and normativity. It also addresses the relationship between the passions and the idea of the freedom of the will, showing that the account of the passions undergirds Hume’s critique of the idea of freedom. This chapter also shows how central our social context is to the development of the passions, and to our psychology in general, in virtue of Hume’s argument that not only is our social nature determined by our passions, but that many of our passions are conditioned by social factors.