bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Model for high‐frequency Strombolian tremor inferred by wavefield decomposition and reconstruction of asymptotic dynamics
Authors: De Lauro E. , De Martino S. , Del Pezzo E. , Falanga M. , Palo M. , Scarpa R.
Published: February 2008

We study the volcanic tremor time series recorded by a broadband three‐component seismic network installed at Stromboli volcano during 1997. By using decomposition methods in both frequency and time domains, we prove that Strombolian tremor can be described as a linear combination of nonlinear signals in time domain. These “components” are similar to those obtained for explosion quakes, with the only difference being the amplitude enhancement. We characterize each of these nonlinear signals both in terms of their wavefield properties as well as dynamic systems. Moreover, we take into account the complex processes of magma flow and turbulent degassing, looking at time and amplitude modulation of tremor on a suitable scale. The distribution of tremor amplitudes is Gaussian while the intertimes between the maxima in a suitable scale are described by a Poisson clustered process. Starting from these analyses, a first approximate model for volcanic tremor field can be deduced. The recorded signals, i.e., the elastic vibrations at a point, can be described by a nonlinear equation which gives limit cycles (different observed “nonlinear modes”). This equation is governed by a time‐dependent threshold which represents the variability of bubble flux. We take into account some inelasticity in the medium perturbing the elastic potential with a Gaussian function on a suitable scale. It acts as a radiance function modulating the frequency of the limit cycle. This proposed model is able to reproduce waveform, Fourier spectrum, and phase space dimension of one of the extracted nonlinear wave packets.
Pacific offshore record of plinian arc volcanism in Central America: 2. Tephra volumes and erupted masses
Authors: Kutterolf S. , Freundt A. , Peréz W.
Published: February 2008

Sediment gravity cores collected from the Pacific seafloor offshore Central America contain numerous distal ash layers from plinian‐type eruptions at the Central American Volcanic Arc dating back to more than 200 ka. In part 1 of this contribution we have correlated many of those ash layers between cores and with 26 tephras on land. The marine ash layers cover areas of up to 106 km2 in the Pacific Ocean and represent a major fraction (60–90%) of the erupted tephra volumes because the Pacific coast lies within a few tens of kilometers downwind from the volcanic arc. Combining our own mapping efforts on land and published mapping results with our marine data yields erupted volumes of all major tephras along the arc that range from ∼1 to 420 km3. Recalculated to erupted magma mass, the widespread tephras account for 65% of the total magma output at the arc. Complementing our tephra data with published volumes of the arc volcanic edifices and volcano ages, we calculate the long‐term average magma eruption rates for each volcano. Moreover, we use incompatible element variations to calculate the cumulate masses that were fractionated during variable degrees of differentiation. This yields a minimum estimate of long‐term average magma production rate at each volcano, because intrusives without surface expression and losses by erosion are not accounted for. Peak magma production rates increase from Costa Rica to Guatemala, but there is considerable scatter within each region and large differences even between neighboring volcanoes.
Global tidal residual mean circulation: Does it affect a climate OGCM?
Authors: Bessières Laurent , Madec Gurvan , Lyard Florent
Published: February 2008

A global description of the ocean tidal residual mean circulation (TRMC) is provided and its effect on a global ocean climate model is evaluated. The TRMC is computed from a global barotropic tidal model based on pure hydrodynamical equations and forced by the major tidal constituents. It thus includes both Stokes drift and non‐linear tidal dynamics. The TRMC map exhibits remarkable basin scale structures in the Indonesian archipelago‐Australian region and on the Malvinas shelf. Regions of largest transport are characterized by sites of high tidal amplitudes, abrupt topography and western boundaries. Yet transport magnitudes remain at a few tenths of a Sverdrup. This TRMC is introduced as an external forcing in an ocean climate model. At equilibrium, the thermohaline structure and the poleward heat transport of the ocean are almost insensitive to the TRMC. It is concluded that the TRMC is negligible for climate purposes in an ocean climate model.
Properties of AE indices derived from real‐time global simulation and their implications for solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling
Authors: Kitamura K. , Shimazu H. , Fujita S. , Watari S. , Kunitake M. , Shinagawa H. , Tanaka T.
Published: February 2008

Real‐time magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation of the solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere (S‐M‐I) coupling system was used to calculate auroral electrojet (AE) indices. This simulation reproduces the magnetic field configurations in the magnetosphere, magnetospheric convection, and field‐aligned currents (FACs) using the upstream boundary conditions with the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), solar wind speed, temperature, and proton number density measured by the ACE spacecraft. The electrical potential at 3 RE (Earth radii) from the center of the Earth is mapped on the ionosphere. The ionospheric currents are deduced from Ohm's law to match the divergence of Pedersen and Hall currents from FACs. The AE indices are obtained from the magnetic field perturbation caused by the simulated ionospheric currents. We compared the simulated AE indices for 247 d with the AE indices deduced from the magnetic variations at up to 12 stations located around the auroral latitude. The results show that the simulated AE reproduces the observed AE indices well. Of the 247 d, 64% had cross‐correlation coefficients of more than 0.5. We also found that the simulated AE indices do not correlate well with the observed AE indices when the standard deviations of variations in the observed AE indices are less than 100 nT. When variations in the AE indices are small, some of the short‐period perturbations of the electromagnetic energy flowing from the solar wind into the magnetosphere is absorbed or filtered in the real S‐M‐I coupling system by some mechanism that is not included in our MHD simulation and that the resulting fluctuation in the AE indices is damped compared with the simulation.
Study of thermal properties of the metastable supersaturated vapor with the integral equation method
Authors: Nie Chu , Geng Jun , Marlow W. H.
Published: February 2008

Pressure, excess chemical potential, and excess free energy data for different densities of the supersaturated argon vapor at reduced temperatures from 0.7 to 1.2 are obtained by solving the integral equation with perturbation correction to the radial distribution function [F. Lado, Phys. Rev. 135, A1013 (1964)]. For those state points where there is no solution, the integral equation is solved with the interaction between argon atoms modeled by Lennard–Jones potential plus a repulsive potential with one controlling parameter, αexp(−r∕σ) and in the end, all the thermal properties are mapped back to the α=0 case. Our pressure data and the spinodal obtained from the current method are compared with a molecular dynamics simulation study [A. Linhart et al., J. Chem. Phys. 122, 144506 (2005)] of the same system.
Temperature and angular dependences of dynamic spin-polarized resonant tunneling in CoFeB∕MgO∕NiFe junctions
Authors: Miller Casey W. , Schuller Ivan K. , Dave R. W. , Slaughter J. M. , Zhou Yan , Åkerman Johan
Published: February 2008

The bias dependence of tunneling magnetoresistance oscillations due to dynamic resonant tunneling in CoFeB∕MgO∕NiFe magnetic tunnel junctions was studied as functions of temperature and the relative magnetization angle of the two magnetic layers. The effect of temperature is consistent with thermal smearing, while that of the relative magnetic orientation was typical of a spin valve. A model of tunneling between spin-split free electron bands using the exact solution of the Schrödinger equation for a trapezoidal tunnel barrier agrees with experiment, underscoring the simplicity of dynamic resonant tunneling.
Electroacoustic conversion in modulation-doped SiGe∕Si heterostructures
Authors: Khizhnyi V. I.
Published: February 2008

The temperature dependence of the efficiency of linear generation of acoustic waves by electric fields in modulation-doped Si1−xGex∕Si heterostructures is investigated by the method of high-frequency hybrid acoustic spectroscopy at a frequency of ∼225MHz. It is shown that the conversion signal in the temperature region 4.2–150K is due to the presence of space-charge regions in the structure and the Coulomb mechanism of excitation of longitudinal acoustic waves by an electric field normal to the surface of the planar structure. The influence of the Ge concentration x in coherently strained SiGe layers on the amplitude of the conversion signal is investigated. It is found that the effect is highly sensitive to variation of the index x in the interval 0.1<x<0.13. The influence of possible piezoactivity of the SiGe layers on the value of the conversion signal is discussed, as well as the influence on it of charges in deep traps near the Si∕SiGe∕Si interfaces.
Determination of the optimal excitation frequency range in background flows
Authors: Izrailsky Yu. G. , Koshel K. V. , Stepanov D. V.
Published: February 2008

The chaotization of a vortical flow caused by a nonstationary incident flow is studied by the examples of several dynamically consistent models. It is shown that for relatively small values of excitation amplitude, the chaotization of such flows and, correspondingly, chaotic transport of passive scalars is determined by a small number of nonlinear resonances with frequencies close to the excitation frequency. Hence, the analysis of locations and overlaps of these resonances in the considered models makes it possible to derive fairly good estimates of excitation frequencies that are optimal for the chaotic transport.
Transition behavior of surface morphology evolution of Si(100) during low-energy normal-incidence Ar+ ion bombardment
Authors: Ozaydin Gozde , Ludwig Karl F. , Zhou Hua , Zhou Lan , Headrick Randall L.
Published: February 2008

The temperature dependence of the surface morphology evolution during 1000 eV Ar+ ion bombardment of Si(100) surfaces at normal incidence is studied in real time. At room temperature the surface is amorphized by the ion bombardment but remains smooth. Calculations suggest this may be due to ion impact induced lateral mass redistribution. However, at the fluxes used here, surface roughening occurs above 400 °C, and in the range of 400 °C to 500 °C a transition region from amorphous to crystalline surface is observed. Above 500 °C, the surface remains crystalline and the growing corrugations exhibit dynamic scaling with power law growth in amplitude and characteristic length scale. This behavior is characteristic of instabilities driven by surface diffusion processes.
Impact of doping on the performance of short-wavelength InP-based quantum-cascade lasers
Authors: Mujagić E. , Austerer M. , Schartner S. , Nobile M. , Hoffmann L. K. , Schrenk W. , Strasser G. , Semtsiv M. P. , Bayrakli I. , Wienold M. , Masselink W. T.
Published: February 2008

The effect of doping concentration on the performance of short-wavelength quantum-cascade lasers based on the strain-compensated InGaAs/InAlAs/AlAs heterostructure on InP, emitting at 3.8 μm, is investigated for average doping concentrations between 0.3 and 3.9×1017 cm−3 (sheet densities between 1.6 and 20.9×1011 cm−2). Although the threshold current density is rather independent of doping concentration, the maximum current density increases with doping and exhibits a saturation for the highest doping level. Other important performance characteristics such as differential quantum efficiency, peak optical emission power, slope efficiency, and maximum operating temperature are observed to be maximized for structures with an average doping of 2−3×1017 cm−3, corresponding to a sheet density of about 1.5×1012 cm−2.
Electrical, optical, and structural characteristics of Al2O3 thin films prepared by pulsed ultrasonic sprayed pyrolysis
Authors: Carmona-Tellez S. , Guzman-Mendoza J. , Aguilar-Frutis M. , Alarcon-Flores G. , Garcia-Hipolito M. , Canseco M. A. , Falcony C.
Published: February 2008

The optical, structural, and electrical characteristics of aluminum oxide thin films deposited by pulsed ultrasonic sprayed pyrolysis are reported. The films are deposited on crystalline silicon at temperatures from 400to550°C using a chemical solution of aluminum acetylacetonate, as source of aluminum, and N, N-dimethylformamide, as solvent. A H2O–NH4OH mist is supplied simultaneously during deposition to improve the films’ properties. The results showed that the properties of the as deposited films depended strongly on the number of pulses used and on the substrate temperature. The thickness of the films is under 300Å and the best films’ properties showed an index of refraction close to 1.6 and a root mean square surface roughness of about 7.5Å in average. Infrared spectroscopy shows that SiO2 is observed at the interface with silicon of the Al2O3 films and seemed to play, as expected, a dramatic role in the electrical characteristics of the interface. Films with a dielectric constant higher than 8 and an interface trap density at midgap in the 1010eV−1cm−2 range are obtained. Films deposited with three pulses and at 550°C are able to stand an electric field up to 4MV∕cm.
Installation and testing of a focusing mirror at beamline X28C for high flux x-ray radiolysis of biological macromolecules
Authors: Sullivan Michael R. , Rekhi Sandeep , Bohon Jen , Gupta Sayan , Abel Donald , Toomey John , Chance Mark R.
Published: February 2008

The NSLS X28C white-light beamline has been upgraded with a focusing mirror in order to provide increased x-ray density and a wide selection of beam shapes at the sample position. The cylindrical single crystal silicon mirror uses an Indalloy 51 liquid support bath as both a mechanism for heat transfer and a buoyant support to counter the effects of gravity and correct for minor parabolic slope errors. Calorimetric measurements were performed to verify that the calculated more than 200-fold increase in flux density is delivered by the mirror at the smallest beam spot. The properties of the focused beam relevant to radiolytic footprinting, namely, the physical dimensions of the beam, the effective hydroxyl radical dose delivered to the sample, and sample heating upon irradiation, have been studied at several mirror angles.
Catalytic effect of mixed Zr–Fe additives on the hydrogen desorption kinetics of MgH2
Authors: Bazzanella Nicola , Checchetto Riccardo , Miotello Antonio
Published: February 2008

Mg films containing Fe–Zr mixed additives were prepared by rf sputtering and their hydrogen sorption kinetic was studied by Sievert technique. We observed that mixed Fe–Zr additives improve the H2 desorption kinetics better than singly Fe or Zr. X-ray diffraction analysis evidences that mixed additives optimize the Fe distribution that forms smaller clusters than in Mg sample with single Fe catalyst. The presence of mixed additives, with Fe having larger diffusivity than Zr, contributes to maintain the atomic Zr dispersion in the Mg matrix, thus, favoring the presence of a greater number of nucleation sites for MgH2 to Mg transformation.
Defect reduction by epitaxial lateral overgrowth of nanorods in ZnO/(0001) sapphire films
Authors: Cherns D. , Sun Y.
Published: February 2008

It is shown that epitaxial ZnO/(0001) sapphire films grown by pulsed laser deposition have defect-free Zn-polar nanorods protruding from a continuous O-polar underlayer containing high densities of threading dislocations (TDs). By continuing the ZnO growth hydrothermally, the nanorods grew laterally over the O-polar layer. TDs in the underlayer were thereby blocked and only formed in the overlayer when nanorods coalesced. This epitaxial lateral overgrowth produced continuous Zn-polar films with TD densities reduced to 1×109∕cm2 from 7×1010∕cm2 in the underlayer. It is noted that the same growth mode can be achieved in GaN/(0001) sapphire films.
Fabrication of diamond nanopillars and their arrays
Authors: Zou Y. S. , Yang Y. , Zhang W. J. , Chong Y. M. , He B. , Bello I. , Lee S. T.
Published: February 2008

High-density, uniform diamond nanopillar arrays were fabricated by employing bias-assisted reactive ion etching in a hydrogen/argon plasma. Gold nanodots were employed as etching masks. The formation of nanopillar structure is associated with the directional physical etching/sputtering by ion bombardment and selective chemical etching of sp2 carbons by reactive hydrogen atoms and ions. The density and geometry of the nanopillars depend on the initial structure of diamond films and reactive ion etching conditions. The nanopillars with high aspect ratio and large surface area may have potential applications in high-efficiency and high-sensitivity diamond-based biomedical and chemical sensors and in mechanical and thermal management.
A Mutant Allele ofMRE11Found in Mismatch Repair-deficient Tumor Cells Suppresses the Cellular Response to DNA Replication Fork Stress in a Dominant Negative Manner
Authors: Wen Qin , Scorah Jennifer , Phear Geraldine , Rodgers Gary , Rodgers Sheila , Meuth Mark
Published: February 2008

The interaction of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 (MRN) complex is critical for the response of cells to DNA double-strand breaks; however, little is known of the role of these proteins in response to DNA replication stress. Here, we report a mutant allele of MRE11 found in a colon cancer cell line that sensitizes cells to agents causing replication fork stress. The mutant Mre11 weakly interacts with Rad50 relative to wild type and shows little affinity for Nbs1. The mutant protein lacks 3′-5′ exonuclease activity as a result of loss of part of the conserved nuclease domain; however, it retains binding affinity for single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA with a 3′ single-strand overhang, and fork-like structures containing ssDNA regions. In cells, the mutant protein shows a time- and dose-dependent accumulation in chromatin after thymidine treatment that corresponds with increased recruitment and hyperphosphorylation of replication protein A. ATM autophosphorylation, Mre11 foci, and thymidine-induced homologous recombination are suppressed in cells expressing the mutant allele. Together, our results suggest that the mutant Mre11 suppresses the cellular response to replication stress by binding to ssDNA regions at disrupted forks and impeding replication restart in a dominant negative manner.
Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci for Resistance to Southern Leaf Blight and Days to Anthesis in Two Maize Recombinant Inbred Line Populations
Authors: Balint-Kurti P. J. , Zwonitzer J. C. , Pè M. E. , Pea G. , Lee M. , Cardinal A. J.
Published: February 2008

The genetic architecture underlying resistance in maize to southern leaf blight (SLB) caused by Cochliobolus heterostrophus race O is not well understood. The objective of this study was to identify loci contributing to SLB resistance in two recombinant inbred line populations and to compare these to SLB resistance loci in other populations. The two populations used were derived from crosses between maize inbred lines H99 and B73 (HB population–142 lines) and between B73 and B52 (BB population–186 lines). They were evaluated for SLB resistance and for days from planting to anthesis (DTA) in 2005 and 2006. Two replications arranged as randomized complete blocks were assessed in each year for each population. Entry mean heritabilities for disease resistance were high for both populations (0.876 and 0.761, respectively). Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for SLB resistance were identified in bins 3.04 (two QTL), 6.01, and 8.05 in the HB population and in bin 2.07 in the BB population. No overlap of DTA and SLB resistance QTL was observed, nor was there any phenotypic correlation between the traits. A comparison of the results of all published SLB resistance QTL studies suggested that bins 3.04 and 6.01 are ‘hotspots’ for SLB resistance QTL.
Multigenome analysis identifies a worldwide distributed epidemic Legionella pneumophila clone that emerged within a highly diverse species
Authors: Cazalet Christel , Jarraud Sophie , Ghavi-Helm Yad , Kunst Frank , Glaser Philippe , Etienne Jerome , Buchrieser Carmen
Published: February 2008

Genomics can provide the basis for understanding the evolution of emerging, lethal human pathogens such as Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease. This bacterium replicates within amoebae and persists in the environment as a free-living microbe. Among the many Legionella species described, L. pneumophila is associated with 90% of human disease and within the 15 serogroups (Sg), L. pneumophila Sg1 causes over 84% of Legionnaires’ disease worldwide. Why L. pneumophila Sg1 is so predominant is unknown. Here, we report the first comprehensive screen of the gene content of 217 L. pneumophila and 32 non-L. pneumophila strains isolated from humans and the environment using a Legionella DNA-array. Strikingly, we uncovered a high conservation of virulence- and eukaryotic-like genes, indicating strong environmental selection pressures for their preservation. No specific hybridization profile differentiated clinical and environmental strains or strains of different serogroups. Surprisingly, the gene cluster coding the determinants of the core and the O side-chain synthesis of the lipopolysaccaride (LPS cluster) determining Sg1 was present in diverse genomic backgrounds, strongly implicating the LPS of Sg1 itself as a principal cause of the high prevalence of Sg1 strains in human disease and suggesting that the LPS cluster can be transferred horizontally. Genomic analysis also revealed that L. pneumophila is a genetically diverse species, in part due to horizontal gene transfer of mobile genetic elements among L. pneumophila strains, but also between different Legionella species. However, the genomic background also plays a role in disease causation as demonstrated by the identification of a globally distributed epidemic strain exhibiting the genotype of the sequenced L. pneumophila strain Paris.
ALCOHOL IN ITS RELATION TO VENEREAL DISEASE.
Authors: SCHARLIEB MARY
Published: February 2008

A Member of the Royal Commission on Venereal Disease; ex‐President of the Society for the Study of Inebriety; Consulting Physician, Royal Free Hospital, London; late Lecturer on Midwifery, London School of Medicine for Women; Author of “The Seven Ages of Woman,”“What it Means to Marry,” etc.
PERSPECTIVES IN RESEARCH ON OPIATE ADDICTION*
Authors: ISBELL HARRIS
Published: February 2008

I deeply appreciate the honour the Society has done me in asking that I give this Eighth Kelynack Memorial Lecture, and I hope I can in some small measure fulfil the trust it has placed in me.

My purpose tonight is to survey as briefly as possible what has gone on in research on addiction to opiates, and to indicate some of the directions which I think research should take in the future. I shall be referring throughout chiefly to work carried on in the United States. The reason is, of course, that the United States has had, and still has, the greatest problem of opiate addiction of any Western country and has, because of need, expended the greatest effort on the subject.
ALCOHOL AND THE MOTORIST
Authors: DAVIS T. S.
Published: February 2008

I have listened intently to the very learned address that, I am sure, we have all enjoyed so much this evening, and I would like to compliment Dr. Blench on his most excellent review of this matter from all its facets.
Testing and Criticism of Treatment by Rhocya as an “Alcohol‐Repulsion Cure” in Alcoholomania
Authors: HAUMONTÉ M. TH. , WÜRTZ D.
Published: February 2008

In spite of the appearance, in 1947, of Disulfiram in the treatment of alcoholomania, alcoholism remains one of the social scourges of France.
A Brief Survey of a Drug Dependency Unit in a Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: GEORGE H. R. , GLATT M. M.
Published: February 2008

A preliminary, brief review is presented of experiences gained in the treatment of drug dependent patients within the framework of an alcoholisn‐addiction unit situated in a psychiatric hospital. In contrast to middle‐aged addicts the young heroin‐cocaine addict—who usually had started off a few years earlier with smoking reefers and taking amphetamine pills—present a difficult problem as he often lacks motivation to get off drugs, and earnestly to co‐operate and to persevere with treatment.

Un bref compte‐rendu préliminaire a été présenté sur les expériences obtenues de patients dependant de la drogue dans la structure d'une unité d'alcoolisme située dans un hôpital psychiatrique. En contraste des habitués d'âge moyen, les jeunes habitués d'héroine‐cocaine qui ont d'habitude débuté quelques années auparavant en fumant des cigarettes à la marijuana et en prenant des pilules d'amphétamine présentent un problème difficile car ils manquent d'un motif suffisant pour arrêter de se droguer, et d'une volontéà coopérer et à perseverer le traîtement.

Dies ist ein einleitender, kurzer Bericht über Erfahrungen, welche bei der Behandlung von rauschgiftsüchtigen Patienten innerhalb des Rahmens einer Alkoholikergruppe in einem psychiatrischen Krankenhaus gewonnen wurden. Gegenüber den Süchtigen im mittleren Alter stellt der junge Heroin‐Kokainsüchtige, welcher gewöhnlich einige Jahre früher mit Marihuanazigarettenrauchen und Einnehmen von Benzedrinpillen begonnen hatte, ein schwieriges Problem dar, da ihm oft ein Beweggrund zur Aufgabe des Rauschgiftes fehlt und er deshalb weder ernstlich mitarbeitet noch die Behandlung beharrlich verfolgt.
Analgesic Drugs and Drug Dependence*
Authors: MAY E. L.
Published: February 2008

A discussion of our subject this evening, “Analgesic Drugs and Drug Dependence”, should draw from the work of several disciplines; chemistry, physiology, pharmacology, sociology, psychology, as well as general medicine and psychiatry. But I am a chemist with a deeply implanted interest in but a superficial knowledge of pharmacology and must restrict myself mostly to chemical and pharmacological data. Also, though drug dependence and its problems have a much broader connotation, I shall speak only of morphine‐like analgesic agents and drug dependence of the morphine type.
Alcoholism and the Subnormal*
Authors: CRAFT M. , JENKINS C. , VILLA‐LANDA MRS. , CLUTTERBUCKH L.
Published: February 2008

Psychiatric staff working in Cardiff (population 289,700) investigated the hypothesis that the mentally defective were prone to alcoholism. Using a follow‐up, they checked the further hypothesis that alcoholic defectives had a poor prognosis. “Defectiveness” was defined as applying to those with a standard I.Q. of less than 70; “alcoholism” to those needing admission to state institutions of whatever type on two or more occasions, due primarily to over‐use of alcohol.

After checking mental hospitals, mental deficiency colonies, prisons, and welfare institutions in South and Mid Wales, only 9 patients under I.Q. 70 were found to have alcoholism, 4 being in institutions. This is the same proportion as for the general population; the follow‐up shows a better prognosis in terms of community function.

It is concluded that past associations of subnormality and alcoholism were probably due to alcoholics of average intelligence being wrongly called defective in order to institutionalize them.
Conjoint Family Therapy for Alcoholics
Authors: ESSER P. H.
Published: February 2008

Experiments with conjoint family therapy in the city of Haarlem have brought about recently a shift in interest from hospitalization and clinical care towards prolonged aftercare at home in a sociotherapeutic sense. It is important to realize that the family of an alcoholic is a group under stress. This stress is provided by disturbed interactions. Communication has to be restored as soon as possible. Role conflicts within the family are primarily dependent on the differences between the traditional and the new roles. The alcoholic is the identified patient, his alcoholism the identified problem. After appraisal of the drinking situation and the influence it has on the family we must relate the method of approach to the behavior pattern which leads to excessive drinking. Cooperation between psychotherapist and A.A. can be helpful.
A Controlled Study of the Characteristics of Young Male Alcoholics
Authors: HASSALL CHRISTINE
Published: February 2008

Compared with controls young alcoholics suffered considerably more disturbance and deprivation in childhood. They report less satisfactory relationships than the controls on every level. They came to medical attention significantly more often than the controls, and complained more frequently of nervous symptoms. As a group the alcohol addicts were isolated and friendless.

Making limited comparison with groups of alcoholics reported in the literature the young patients show a similar pattern of broken marriages and lack of participation in social activities, but are dissimilar in their lack of familial alcoholism.
Stem cell transplantation for children with Glanzmann thrombasthenia
Authors: Connor P. , Khair K. , Liesner R. , Amrolia P. , Veys P. , Ancliff P. , Mathias M.
Published: February 2008

Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) is a rare autosomal recessive platelet function disorder. Stem cell transplantation (SCT) is curative, but it is only indicated in selected patients with a severe clinical phenotype or who develop anti‐platelet antibodies. SCT have previously been limited to full intensity myeloablative conditioning regimens. This study details the successful outcome of SCT in five consecutive patients with GT, three of whom received reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) with stem cells from non‐sibling donors. This is the first time RIC SCT has been reported in GT, and offers the possibility of curative therapy with reduced late effects.
Genomic profiling reveals different genetic aberrations in systemic ALK‐positive and ALK‐negative anaplastic large cell lymphomas
Authors: Salaverria Itziar , Beà Silvia , Lopez‐Guillermo Armando , Lespinet Virginia , Pinyol Magda , Burkhardt Birgit , Lamant Laurence , Zettl Andreas , Horsman Doug , Gascoyne Randy , Ott German , Siebert Reiner , Delsol Georges , Campo Elias
Published: February 2008

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a T/null‐cell neoplasm characterized by chromosomal translocations involving the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene (ALK). Tumours with similar morphology and phenotype but negative for ALK have been also recognized. The secondary chromosomal imbalances of these lymphomas are not well known. We have examined 74 ALCL, 43 ALK‐positive and 31 ALK‐negative, cases by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and locus‐specific alterations for TP53 and ATM were examined by fluorescence in situ hybridization and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Chromosomal imbalances were detected in 25 (58%) ALK‐positive and 20 (65%) ALK‐negative ALCL. ALK‐positive ALCL with NPM‐ALK or other ALK variant translocations showed a similar profile of secondary genetic alterations. Gains of 17p and 17q24‐qter and losses of 4q13‐q21, and 11q14 were associated with ALK‐positive cases (P = 0·05), whereas gains of 1q and 6p21 were more frequent in ALK‐negative tumours (P = 0·03). Gains of chromosome 7 and 6q and 13q losses were seen in both types of tumours. ALCL‐negative tumours had a significantly worse prognosis than ALK‐positive. However no specific chromosomal alterations were associated with survival. In conclusion, ALK‐positive and negative ALCL have different secondary genomic aberrations, suggesting they correspond to different genetic entities.
Historical and projected interactions between climate change and insect voltinism in a multivoltine species
Authors: TOBIN PATRICK C. , NAGARKATTI SUDHA , LOEB GREG , SAUNDERS MICHAEL C.
Published: February 2008

Climate change can cause major changes to the dynamics of individual species and to those communities in which they interact. One effect of increasing temperatures is on insect voltinism, with the logical assumption that increases in surface temperatures would permit multivoltine species to increase the number of generations per year. Though insect development is primarily driven by temperature, most multivoltine insect species rely on photoperiodic cues, which do not change from year‐to‐year or in response to climate warming, to initiate diapause. Thus, the relationship between climate change and voltinism could be complex. We use a phenology model for grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana (Clemens), which incorporates temperature‐dependent development and diapause termination, and photoperiod‐dependent diapause induction, to explore historical patterns in year‐to‐year voltinism fluctuations. We then extend this model to predict voltinism under varying scenarios of climate change to show the importance of both the quality and quantity of accumulated heat units. We also illustrate that increases in mean surface temperatures > 2 °C can have dramatic effects on insect voltinism by causing a shift in the ovipositional period that currently is subject to diapause‐inducing photoperiods.
Dendritic cells derived from bone marrow cells fail to acquire and present major histocompatibility complex antigens from other dendritic cells
Authors: Bedford Penelope A. , Burke Fiona , Stagg Andrew J. , Knight Stella C.
Published: February 2008

Dendritic cells stimulate primary T‐cell responses and a major activation route is via presentation of antigens pre‐processed by other dendritic cells. This presentation of pre‐processed antigens most likely proceeds through transfer of functional major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens through exosomes, ‘live nibbling’ or apoptotic vesicles. We hypothesized that not all dendritic cell populations may both donate MHC antigen to dendritic cells and present antigens acquired from other dendritic cells. All populations tested, including those derived from bone marrow precursor cells stimulated primary, allogeneic T‐cell responses and acted as accessory cells for mitogen stimulation. Populations of responder type, splenic dendritic cells promoted allogeneic responses indirectly but those derived from bone marrow cells blocked rather than promoted T‐cell proliferation. To identify mechanisms underlying this difference we studied transfer of I‐A antigens between cells. Active, two‐way transfer of allogeneic I‐A occurred between splenic primary antigen presenting cells including CD8α+ lymphoid dendritic cells, CD8α− myeloid dendritic cells and B220+ cells; all these cell types donated as well as acquired MHC molecules. By contrast, the bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells donated I‐A antigens but acquired negligible amounts. Thus, dendritic cells derived directly from bone marrow cells may stimulate primary T‐cell responses through transferring functional MHC to other dendritic cells but may not be able to acquire and present antigens from other dendritic cells. The evidence suggests that T‐cell activation may be blocked by the presence of dendritic cells that have not matured through lymphoid tissues which are unable to acquire and present antigens pre‐processed by other dendritic cells.
Pregnancy‐Induced Adaptation in the Neuroendocrine Control of Prolactin Secretion
Authors: Grattan David R. , Steyn Frederik J. , Kokay Ilona C. , Anderson Greg M. , Bunn Stephen J.
Published: February 2008

During pregnancy, neuroendocrine control of prolactin secretion is markedly altered to allow a state of hyperprolactinaemia to develop. Prolactin secretion is normally tightly regulated by a short‐loop negative‐feedback mechanism, whereby prolactin stimulates activity of tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) neurones to increase dopamine secretion into the pituitary portal blood. Dopamine inhibits prolactin secretion, thus reducing prolactin concentrations in the circulation back to the normal low level. Activation of this feedback secretion by placental lactogen during pregnancy maintains relatively low levels of prolactin secretion during early and mid‐pregnancy. Despite the continued presence of placental lactogen, however, dopamine secretion from TIDA neurones is reduced during late pregnancy. Moreover, the neurones become completely unresponsive to endogenous or exogenous prolactin at this time, allowing a large nocturnal surge of prolactin to occur from the maternal pituitary gland during the night before parturition. In this review, we describe the changing patterns of prolactin secretion during pregnancy in the rat, and discuss the neuroendocrine mechanisms controlling these changes. The loss of response to prolactin is an important maternal adaptation to pregnancy, allowing the prolonged period of hyperprolactinaemia required for mammary gland development and function and for maternal behaviour immediately after parturition, and possibly also contributing to a range of other adaptive responses in the mother.
Locus of control in women with a diagnosis of manic‐depressive psychosis
Authors: BARKER P. J.
Published: February 2008

This study reports the evidence of women with a diagnosis of manic‐depressive psychosis, from two standardized locus of control scales: Rotter's Internal‐External scale and Reid & Ware's 3‐Factor Internal‐External Scale. The study compares a patient sample with a ‘normative’ group reported previously in the locus of control literature. A further comparison between subjects with a history of depression only, and subjects with a history of mania and depression, is also reported. Findings suggest that different factors, within the global locus of control construct, each involving a different form of cognitive vulnerability, may be part of the clinical picture of manic‐depressive psychosis. The implications of these findings for nursing intervention are discussed.
Preconceptions in the nurse – client relationship
Authors: FORCHUK C.
Published: February 2008

Nursing theorist, Hildegard Peplau (1952) has identified the concept of preconceptions as critical in the development of the therapeutic nurse–client relationship. Although stereotypes exist for both nurses and chronic psychiatric clients, very little research has been reported on the preconceptions nurses and psychiatric clients have of each other. This investigation utilized non‐probability, purposive sampling of 20 newly formed nurse–client dyads within programmes serving a chronically mentally ill population in Canada. Subjects were asked to give descriptions of each other. Semantic differentials based on this feedback were then developed and administered to 124 nurse–client dyads. Clients' statements generally evaluated their nurses positively. The generally positive views expressed by nurses and clients did not reflect public stereotypes for either group. The preconceptions the clients had of their nurses, and nurses had of their clients were related to both the quality of the emerging relationship (task, bond and goals) and the duration of the orientation phase. The preconceptions were virtually unchanged over the initial 6 months of the relationship.
Class Barriers to psychotherapy and counseling
Authors: OLLERTON I.
Published: February 2008

This paper focuses on the barriers to the uptake of counselling and psychotherapy from a social class perspective. It begins with a definition of class before discussing particular aspects that inhibit uptake. Barriers focused upon are those regarding travel, costs, child care, appointment times and location of actual therapists. Likewise barriers to the effective outcome, for example cognitive and verbal abilities of clients, are addressed and the way in which these barriers inhibit the referral rate from particular social groups. Finally the self‐imposed barriers of certain social groups are explored regarding self exile from the counselling arena.
The role of empathy in the care of dementia
Authors: NORMAN K. D.
Published: February 2008

The role of empathy in the care of dementia

The concept of empathy in relation to caring is reviewed. A variety of definitions of empathy are considered to show how empathy has been used within general nursing practice A wide range of literature is drawn on to gain insights into the multifaceted and diverse information on this topic. The differing perceptions that arise from various professional viewpoints are explored. A set of attributes are identified for empathy and these are considered in relation to clinical practice in elderly mental health.

Three examples of care are discussed to show how emotive empathy can be employed to give an improved direction to care of dementia clients. The concept is reviewed in relation to the particular needs of caring for dementia. It is suggested that it should be included in mental health training. It is concluded that emotive empathy has a vital part to play in the delivery of care for the elderly mentally ill.
Therapeutic interventions associated with seclusion of acutely disturbed individuals
Authors: MUIR‐COCHRANE E. , HARRISON B.
Published: February 2008

The use of seclusion ‐ i.e. placing an individual in a specially designed room with a locked option in the management of mentally ill individuals whose behaviour is acutely disturbed, and who pose a personal and/or environmental threat. In a grounded theory study of psychiatric nurses' use of seclusion in two closed wards in a metropolitan teaching hospital in Australia, intervening and mainstreaming are the categories that describe nursing interventions developed from constant comparison of the data collected. Details of these interventions are presented, with reference to the skills that participants describe as necessary in the care of a mentally ill patient being secluded and then being re‐integrated into ward life. Considerations for further study on the topic of seclusion are presented.
Pathological gambling: a review of the literature
Authors: GRIFFITHS M.
Published: February 2008

Most national surveys into gambling have concluded that there are more gamblers than non‐gamblers. Although most gamblers can control their gambling behaviour, a small minority can suffer from pathological gambling. The acquisition, development and maintenance of pathological gambling is an area that is continually disputed and was only recognized as a bona fide mental disorder in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM‐III, American Psychiatric Association 1980). The exact causes and reasons for continuing gambling behaviour seem to be dependent upon the individual, but there does seem to be some general underlying factors and reoccurring themes. This paper reviews the prevalence and history of pathological gambling and traces the phases of the pathological gambler's career. It is concluded that explanations of gambling behaviour (and particularly excessive gambling) are best served by an integrated biopsychosocial model, which stresses the individuality and idiosyncratic nature of the development of gambling problems.
Nutrient utilization by caterpillars of the generalist beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua
Authors: MERKX‐JACQUES MAGALI , DESPLAND EMMA , BEDE JACQUELINE C.
Published: February 2008

Abstract Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), caterpillars are destructive crop pests responsible for considerable annual economic losses. These generalist herbivores are challenged with a diversity of dietary choices that can impact their survival, development and fecundity. In the present study, dietary choices of S. exigua caterpillars, based on the protein to digestible carbohydrate (P : C) ratio of the food, and the impact of nutritionally unbalanced foods on caterpillar performance are assessed. In choice experiments, individual third‐instar caterpillars are offered simultaneously a P‐biased and a C‐biased food until pupation. Caterpillars feed nonrandomly and select a slightly P‐biased diet (22P : 20C). In no‐choice experiments, second instar caterpillars are reared until pupation on diets ranging in P : C ratio from extremely P‐ to extremely C‐biased. High mortality and delayed development are observed on the C‐rich, P‐poor diets, highlighting the potential deleterious effects of excess carbohydrates and the importance of protein for growth and development. Diet‐dependent differences in pupal weight or pupal lipid reserves are not observed. This contrasts with closely‐related Spodoptera species where pupal mass and lipid stores increase on C‐rich, P‐poor diets. On the extremely P‐biased diet, performance is similar to that of individuals reared on the self‐selected diet, suggesting that these caterpillars may efficiently be deaminating excess amino acids to generate carbon skeletons, which are shunted into lipid biosynthesis. Spodoptera exigua caterpillars exhibit flexible and efficient pre‐ingestive nutrient intake regulation and post‐ingestive utilization, allowing these generalist feeders to cope with the heterogeneous diets they may encounter.
Differences in cellulose digestive systems among castes in two termite lineages
Authors: FUJITA AI , MIURA TORU , MATSUMOTO TADAO
Published: February 2008

Abstract Termites (Isoptera) are eusocial insects and express polyphenism. Soldiers have specialized morphology for colony defense, but their feeding activity is dependent on other colony members. To determine differences in cellulose degradation between soldier and worker termites, enzymatic activity and cellulase gene expression, as well digestive tract histology, are examined in two phylogenetically distant species. In Hodotermopsis sjostesti (family Termopsidae), endo‐β‐1,4‐glucanase activity is identified in the salivary glands, whereas β‐glucosidase activity is identified in salivary glands and hindgut. The relative expression levels of endo‐β‐1,4‐glucanase genes in soldiers are significantly lower than in workers. Thin sections of salivary gland of workers and soldiers are different in H. sjostedti. In Nasutitermes takasagoensis (family Termitidae), the endo‐β‐1,4‐glucanase activity is restricted to the midgut in four tested castes (i.e. three types of workers and soldier). Examination of activity per termite reveals the highest activity in minor workers and the lowest activity in major workers and soldiers. The β‐glucosidase activity is also concentrated on the midgut in all four castes. The relative expression level of the endo‐β‐1,4‐glucanase gene does not correspond with its activity in the midgut. In thin sections prepared from N. takasagoensis, the folds and pulvillus in the gizzards, and cuticle structure of soldiers are less developed compared with the other three worker castes. The differences in digestive system among termite castes in terms of caste development in each species are discussed.