bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oerskovia
Authors: Stackebrandt Erko , Schumann Peter
Published: July 2015

O.er.sko'vi.a. N.L. fem. n.
Oerskovia
in honor of J. Ørskov who first described this organism.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Cellulomonadaceae / Oerskovia

Extensively branching vegetative hyphae
(~0.5 µm in diameter) growing on the surface of and penetrating into the agar,
which break up into motile or nonmotile rod‐like elements
. Growth appears bacteroid in smears. No aerial mycelium. Motile or nonmotile. Gram‐stain‐positive; catalase‐positive; oxidase‐positive.
Aerobic to facultatively anaerobic
; strict aerobic strains may occur. Major fatty acids are C
15:0
anteiso, and C
16:0
; C
15:0
iso, C
14:0
, and C
17:0
anteiso occur in smaller amounts.
Major isoprenoid quinone is MK‐9
(

H
4

).

Diamino acid of peptidoglycan is
L
‐lysine

;

the interpeptide bridge consists of either
L
‐Thr

←

d

‐

Asp or
L
‐Thr

←

d

‐
Glu
. Muramic acid residues are acetylated. Major polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol. Widely distributed in soil.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 70.5–75.0.

Type species
:
Oerskovia turbata
(Erikson 1954) Prauser, Lechevalier and Lechevalier 1970, 534
AL
emend. Lechevalier 1972, 263 emend. Stackebrandt, Breymann, Steiner, Prauser, Weiss and Schumann 2002a, 1109 (
Nocardia turbata
Erikson 1954).
Incertae sedis Demequina
Authors: Busse Hans‐Jürgen
Published: July 2015

De.me.qui'na. N.L. fem. n.
Demequina
arbitrary name derived from demethylmenaquinone, an unusual quinone found in this organism.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Cellulomonadaceae / incertae sedis Demequina

Gram‐stain‐positive, strictly aerobic, and slightly halophilic. Oxidase negative, catalase positive and acid‐fast negative. Non‐spore‐forming. Cells are nonmotile rods with round ends. The only isoprenoid quinone is
demethylmenaquinone DMK‐9
(

H
4

). The peptidoglycan contains the

diagnostic diamino acid
L
‐ornithine

and alanine, glycine, serine,
D
‐glutamate, and aspartate.
Cross‐linkage
is of
A‐type
.
D
‐Glutamate represents the N‐terminus of the interpeptide bridge. Predominant
cellular fatty acids
are of the
anteiso‐branched and straight‐chain types
.
Major polar lipids
are
phosphatidylinositol
,
diphosphatidylglycerol
, and an
unknown phospholipid
. Phylogenetically, the genus is affiliated to the order
Micrococcales
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 67.

Type species
:
Demequina aestuarii
Yi, Schumann and Chun 2007, 154
VP
.
Arsenicicoccus
Authors: Lawson Paul A.
Published: July 2015

Ar.se.ni.ci.coc'cus. L. n.
arsenicum
arsenic; N.L. masc. n.
coccus
berry (from Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
grain, seed), N.L. masc. n.
Arsenicicoccus
arsenic coccus, because the type species was recovered from an arsenic enrichment).

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Intrasporangiaceae / Arsenicicoccus

Cells are cocci that occur in clusters
. Gram‐stain‐positive and nonsporeforming.
Facultatively anaerobic and catalase‐positive
. Acid is formed from glucose and some other carbohydrates. Nitrate is reduced. Voges–Proskauer‐negative.
The major long‐chain cellular fatty acids are a complex mixture of straight‐chain saturated
,
monounsaturated
,
iso‐ and anteisomethyl‐branched acids
. Hydroxy fatty acids are not present.
The major respiratory quinone is MK‐8
(

H
4

).
Cell‐wall murein is based on ll‐diaminopimelic acid
(
type
:

ll

‐

Dpm‐glycine
1

). Isolated from arsenic enrichment from sediment containing mine waste (Adak, Boliden region, Sweden).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 72.2.

Type species
:
Arsenicicoccus bolidensis
Collins, Routh, Saraswathy, Lawson, Schumann, Welinder‐Olsson and Falsen 2004, 608
VP
.
Intrasporangium
Authors: Groth Ingrid
Published: July 2015

In.tra.spo.ran'gi.um. L. prep.
intra
within; Gr. n.
spora
a seed; Gr. n.
angeion
a vessel; N.L. neut. n.
Intrasporangium
a name coined to emphasize the possibility of intercalary formation of sporangia in mycelial filaments.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Intrasporangiaceae / Intrasporangium

Branching mycelium
, 0.4–1.2 µm in diameter,
with a tendency to break into fragments of various size and shape
.
No formation of aerial mycelium
. Gram‐stain‐positive, not acid‐fast. Spherical and lemon‐shaped vesicles (5–15 µm in diameter) are formed intercalary and/or at the hyphal apices depending on the age of the cultures.
Nonmotile
.
Aerobic
. Colonies are compact, 1–5 mm, circular, glistening and cream‐whitish. Good growth on complex organic media containing peptone and meat extract and at temperatures of 28–37°C. No growth at 45°C and on the majority of mineral synthetic media routinely employed for actinomycetes. The
peptidoglycan type is A3
γ based on
LL
‐A
2
pm as the characteristic diamino acid. The predominant menaquinone is
MK‐8
. The polar lipids consist of
phosphatidylinositol
,
phosphatidylinositol mannoside
,
phosphatidylglycerol
,
and diphosphatidylglycerol
. The cellular fatty acid profile is dominated by
iso‐ and anteiso‐branched‐chain acids
with major amounts of C
15:0
iso, C
15:0
anteiso, and C
16:0
iso. Mycolic acids are absent. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison,
Intrasporangium
is most closely related to the genera
Humihabitans
and
Terracoccus
. Further close relatives are the genera,
Terrabacter
,
Janibacter
,
Knoellia
, and
Lapillicoccus
. The 16S rRNA gene signature nucleotides that differentiate the genus from the other genera of the family
Intrasporangiaceae
are listed in Table 124.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 68.

Type species
:
Intrasporangium calvum
Kalakoutskii, Kirillova and Krassilnikov 1967, 79
AL
.
Serinicoccus
Authors: Schumann Peter
Published: July 2015

Se.ri.ni.coc'cus. N.L. neut. n.
serinum
serine; N.L. masc. n.
coccus
(from Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
) a grain, seed; N.L. masc. n.
Serinicoccus
a coccus with serine in the cell wall.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Intrasporangiaceae / Serinicoccus

Cells are nonmotile cocci. Gram‐stain‐positive, strictly aerobic, moderately halophilic. Oxidase‐negative, catalase‐positive, not acid‐fast. Nonsporeforming. The
peptidoglycan
type is of the
A type
of cross‐linkage and
contains ornithine
,
alanine
,
lysine
,
serine
,
and glutamic acid
. The acyl type of the glycan chain of peptidoglycan is acetyl. The major menaquinone is
MK‐8
(

H
4

). The major
cellular fatty acids
are of the
iso‐ and anteiso‐methyl‐branched type
. The polar lipids are
phosphatidylglycerol
,
diphosphatidylglycerol
,
phosphatidylinositol
, and one unknown glycolipid. Phylogenetically, this genus is affiliated to the family
Intrasporangiaceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 72.

Type species
:
Serinicoccus marinus
Yi, Schumann, Sohn and Chun 2004, 1587
VP
.
Plantibacter
Authors: Behrendt Undine , Ulrich Andreas , Schumann Peter
Published: July 2015

Plan.ti.bac'ter. L. fem. n.
planta
plant; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Plantibacter
rod of/from plants.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Plantibacter

Pleomorphic cells
which are sometimes arranged in an angle to give V‐formations, 0.3–0.8 × 0.5–1.5 µm.
Nonmotile
. Nonspore‐forming. Cells are
Gram‐stain‐positive
. Growth is
obligatory aerobic
.

Cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains
L
‐DAB

,

d

‐
Glu
,

d

‐
Ala
,
and Gly
corresponding to the
type B2
γ. The muramic acid is
acetylated
. Rhamnose is the predominant cell‐wall sugar.
Fatty acid profiles
are characterized by nonhydroxylated fatty acids in which
anteiso‐ and iso‐methyl‐branched forms are predominant
. Minor amounts of straight‐chain saturated acids are found. Predominant respiratory quinones are menaquinones MK‐10 and MK‐11, MK‐10 or MK‐10 and MK‐9, depending on the species.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 66–70.

Type species
:
Plantibacter flavus
Behrendt, Ulrich, Schumann, Naumann and Suzuki 2002, 1451
VP
.
Salinibacterium
Authors: Kim Seung Bum , Nedashkovskaya Olga I.
Published: July 2015

Sa.li.ni.bac.te'ri.um. L. n.
salinum
salt‐cellar; L. neut. n.
bacterium
a small rod and, in biology, a bacterium (so called because the first ones observed were rod‐shaped); N.L. neut. n.
Salinibacterium
a saline bacterium.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Salinibacterium

Gram‐stain‐positive,
nonmotile
,
aerobic
,
nonsporeforming
,
irregular rods
. Mycolic acid is absent. Metabolism is respiratory, but acids can also be formed from some sugars. Arginine dihydrolase, oxidase, and urease‐negative, but catalase‐positive.
Grows in the presence of NaCl
. Grows at mesophilic temperatures and around neutral pH.
Cell‐wall peptidoglycan is type B
;
lysine and ornithine are the diagnostic diamino acids
.
Muramic acid contains acetyl residues
. Principal phospholipids are phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol (
phospholipid type I
). Cellular fatty acids consist of branched, saturated species; major components are 12‐methyltetradecanoic acid (C
15:0
anteiso) and 14‐methylpentadecanoic acid (C
16:0
iso).
Predominant menaquinone is MK‐11
, and a smaller amount of MK‐10 is also present.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 61.0–63.5.

Type species
:
Salinibacterium amurskyense
Han, Nedashkovskaya, Mikhailov, Kim and Bae 2003, 2065
VP
.
Myceligenerans
Authors: Stackebrandt Erko , Schumann Peter
Published: July 2015

My.ce.li.ge'ne.rans. N.L. neut. n.
mycelium
filamentous cell; L. part. adj.
generans
producing; N.L. neut. subst.
Myceligenerans
hyphae‐forming microbe.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Promicromonosporaceae / Myceligenerans

Gram‐stain‐positive, mycelium‐and spore‐forming organism.
Substrate mycelia are well developed and branched in and on the media
. Aerial mycelium absent.
The surface of substrate mycelium bears fragmented cells and spore chains with one or two spores at the tips of the mycelium
.
Spores are coccoid to rod‐shaped
,
and nonmotile
. Aerobic to microaerophilic.
Peptidoglycan type is A4
α,
variation l‐Lys
←

L

‐
Thr
←

D

‐
Glu
. The acyl type is acetyl. Cell‐wall sugars are glucose, mannose, and galactose.
Major meanquinones are MK‐9
(

H
4

) and MK‐9(H
6
);
predominant fatty acids are C

15
:
0

anteiso and C

15:
0

iso; C
16
may occur. Cells contain phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phospatidylinositol, three unidentified phospholipids, and one unidentified glycolipid. Mycolic acids are absent.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 72–72.3.

Type species
:
Myceligenerans xiligouense
Cui, Schumann, Stackebrandt, Kroppenstedt, Xu, Rohde and Jiang 2004, 1292
VP
.
Ruania
Authors: Busse Hans‐Jürgen
Published: July 2015

Ru.a.n'i.a. N.L. fem. n.
Ruania
named after Ji‐Sheng Ruan, a Chinese microbiologist who has made great contributions to the development of actinomycete taxonomy in China.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Ruaniaceae / Ruania

Gram‐stain‐positive, aerobic, mesophilic, moderately halotolerant, non‐acid‐fast, nonmotile, non‐spore‐forming cocci. The rod–coccus life cycle is not detected. The
peptidoglycan type is A4
α with an

l

‐
Lys–Gly
–

l

‐
Glu
–

l

‐
Glu interpeptide bridge
. The predominant menaquinone
is MK‐8
(

H
4

). The
main fatty acid is C

15
:
0

anteiso. The major
polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol
,
diphosphatidylglycerol
, and one
unknown glycolipid
. Mycolic acids are absent. Phylogenetically, the genus belongs to the order
Micrococcales
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 69.8.

Type species
:
Ruania albidiflava
Gu, Paściak, Luo, Gamian, Liu and Huang 2007, 812
VP
.
Asanoa
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

As.a.n'a. N.L. fem. n.
Asanoa
named after Kozo Asano, the Japanese microbiologist who made the original description of the genus
Catellatospora
.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micromonosporales / Micromonosporaceae / Asanoa

Weakly sporulating branched vegetative hyphae
(0.3–0.4 µm in diameter).
Gram‐stain‐positive
. Nonmotile.
Aerobic
. Mesophilic. Cell wall contains diamino acids
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid and 3‐hydroxydiaminopimelic acid. Orange colony mass. Sporulation only occurs on tap‐water agar and glycerol/calcium malate agar. Aerial mycelium and globose bodies are not observed. Possess a glycolylated peptidoglycan and whole‐cell sugars of arabinose, rhamnose, ribose, xylose, galactose, mannose and glucose. Catalase‐positive. Urease‐negative. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite. H
2
S is not produced. Mycolic acids are not present. MK‐10(H
6
, H
8
) are the major menaquinones. Polar lipid profile comprises phosphatidylethanolamine (a phospholipid type PII pattern). The fatty acid pattern is 2d type.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 69–71.5.

Type species
:
Asanoa ferruginea
Lee and Hah 2002, 970
VP
.
Pilimelia
Authors: Vobis Gernot , Kämpfer Peter
Published: July 2015

Pi.li.mel'i.a. L. n.
pilus
a hair; Gr. fem. n.
melia
Melia, a nymph loved by the river god Inachus; N.L. fem. n.
Pilimelia
an aquatic organism growing on hair substrate.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micromonosporales / Micromonosporaceae / Pilimelia

Members of the genus produce substrate mycelium. Hyphae are Gram‐stain‐positive, 0.2–0.8 µm in diameter, branched, and septate. True aerial mycelium is not developed.
Sporangia
are produced
on the surface of the substrate
on sporangiophores. The shape of sporangia is
spherical, ovoid, pyriform, campanulate, or cylindrical
, approximately 10–15 µm in size. Sporangia contain
numerous spores in chains
that are arranged in parallel or irregularly in swirl‐like rows.
Spores (zoospores
) are
rod‐shaped
(0.4 × 1.2 µm) and
motile
by means of a
laterally inserted tuft of flagella
. Nonmotile spores develop in free chains arranged similarly to the zoospores. Colonies grow only on complex media and are small, compact, soft, pasty, or solid.
Color of substrate mycelium is pale lemon‐yellow, golden yellow, orange, or pale
, turning brown to dark with age. Aerobic and chemo‐organotrophic. Optimal growth is at pH 6.5–7.5 and 20–30°C (minimum 10°C, maximum 38°C).
Strains decompose keratinic substances
(e.g. hair of mammals). The peptidoglycan of the cell walls contains

meso
‐diaminopimelic acid

(
meso
‐
DAP
) and
glycine
, with
xylose
and
arabinose
as characteristic sugars of whole‐cell hydrolysates.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 71 (Miyadoh et al., 2001).

Type species
:
Pilimelia terevesa
Kane 1966, 225
AL
.
Propionicimonas
Authors: Ueki Atsuko , Akasaka Hiroshi , Ueki Katuji
Published: July 2015

Pro.pio.ni.ci.mo'nas. N.L. n.
acidum propionicum
propionic acid; L. fem. n.
monas
a unit, monad; N.L. fem. n.
Propionicimonas
propionic acid‐producing monad.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Propionibacteriales / Propionibacteriaceae / Propionicimonas

Irregular
,
often slightly curved rods
.
Gram‐stain‐positive
. Endospores are not produced. Nonmotile.
Facultatively anaerobic
.
Chemo‐organotrophic
. Negative for oxidase, catalase, and nitrate reduction. Mesophilic.
In the presence of an excess amount of cobalamin
,
acetate and propionate are produced anaerobically as major fermentation products from glucose
. Cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains

meso

‐
diaminopimelic acid
(
DAP
), and major cellular fatty acids are
C

15
:
0

,
C

15
:
0

anteiso,
and C

15
:
0

. The major respiratory quinones are
MK‐9
(

H
4

)
and MK‐10
(

H
4

). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, species in the genera
Micropruina
,
Microlunatus
, and
Friedmanniella
in the
Nocardioidaceae
are the most closely related to those of
Propionicimonas
. Isolated from rice plant residue (straw and roots) in irrigated rice field soil in Japan.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 68.7 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Propionicimonas paludicola
Akasaka, Ueki, Hanada, Kamagata and Ueki 2003, 1996
VP
.
Propioniferax
Authors: Yokota Akira
Published: July 2015

Pro.pio.ni.fe'rax. N.L. n.
acidum propionicum
propionic acid; L. adj.
ferax
fertile; N.L. fem. n.
propioniferax
propionic acid‐producing.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Propionibacteriales / Propionibacteriaceae / Propioniferax

Cells are
Gram‐stain‐positive
, non‐acid‐fast,
nonmotile
, non‐sporing,
pleomorphic rods
, appearing in clusters and V forms.
Facultatively anaerobic
but luxuriant growth occurs aerobically. Oxidase‐ and catalase‐positive. Cell wall contains

ll

‐
diaminopimelic acid
, arabinose, and mannose, but not galactose. Glycine forms the interpeptide bridge of peptidoglycan. Mycolic acids are not present. Major fatty acids are C
15:0
anteiso and C
15:0
iso. The major respiratory quinone is
MK‐9
(

H
4

).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 59–63 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Propioniferax innocua
Yokota, Tamura, Takeuchi, Weiss and Stackebrandt 1994, 581
VP
.
Tessaracoccus
Authors: Seviour Robert J. , Maszenan Abdul M.
Published: July 2015

Tes.sa.ra.coc'cus. Gr. adj. num.
tessares
four; N.L. masc. n.
coccus
(from Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
grain, seed) coccus; N.L. masc. n.
Tessaracoccus
, four round cells.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Propionibacteriales / Propionibacteriaceae / Tessaracoccus

Gram‐stain‐positive, nonsporeforming, facultatively anaerobic nonmotile cocci
0.5–1.1 µm in diameter, arranged in regular tetrads.
Contains polyphosphate granules. Oxidase‐negative, catalase‐positive, and nitrate reduced
. Cell wall contains
LL
‐diaminopimelic acid with an

A3γ' peptidoglycan type and a glycine residue at position 1 of the tetrapeptide. Major menaquinones are MK‐9(H
4
) and MK‐7(H
4
), while the polar lipids are phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol, together with three unidentified glycolipids. The major fatty acid is anteiso hexadecanoic acid. Growth at 20–37°C, with the optimal temperature at 25°C. Growth at pH 6.0–9.0 with optimum pH at 7.5

.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 74.

Type species
:
Tessaracoccus bendigoensis
Maszenan, Seviour, Patel, Schumann and Rees 1999b, 466
VP
.
Actinoalloteichus
Authors: Tamura Tomohiko
Published: July 2015

Ac.ti.no.al.lo.tei'chus. Gr. n.
actis, actinos
ray (used to refer to actinomycetes); Gr. adj.
allos
another, the other; Gr. masc. n.
teichos
wall; N.L. masc. n.
Actinoalloteichus
actinomycete with a different wall.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Pseudonocardiales / Pseudonocardiaceae / Actinoalloteichus

Stains Gram‐positive, not‐acid‐fast. A fine, non‐fragmenting, branching mycelium is produced. Strictly aerobic. Non‐fragmentary substrate mycelia are present. Aerial mycelia are formed with an
aggregate of straight spore chains
. The aerial and substrate mycelia tend to fragment. Good growth occurs at 20–37°C. The organism shows good growth on yeast extract‐malt extract agar and oatmeal agar. Cell walls contain glutamate, glucosamine, alanine, and
meso
‐diaminopimelate. C
17:0
anteiso, C
15:0
iso, C
16:0
iso, and C
15:0
anteiso are the major cellular fatty acids present. The major menaquinone is MK‐9(H
4
); small amounts of MK‐8(H
4
) and MK‐9(H
2
) are also present. Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine are present as diagnostic phospholipids. The acyl type of the cell wall is acetyl.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 72–73.

Type species
:
Actinoalloteichus cyanogriseus
Tamura, Zhiheng, Yamei and Hatano 2000, 1439
VP
.
Haloactinospora
Authors: Trujillo Martha E. , Goodfellow Michael
Published: July 2015

Ha.lo.ac.ti.no.spo'ra. Gr. n.
hals halos
salt; Gr. n.
aktis ‐inos
a ray; Gr. n.
spora
a seed, and in biology, a spore; N.L. fem. n.
Haloactinospora
salt‐loving and spored ray, referring to a halophilic and spore‐forming actinomycete.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptosporangiales / Nocardiopsaceae / Haloactinospora

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, moderately halophilic filamentous actinomycetes which form well‐developed, non‐fragmented hyphae.
Long chains of cylindrical spores with smooth surfaces are formed on the aerial mycelium
.
Short spore chains with wrinkled surfaces and terminal pseudosporangia are formed on the substrate mycelium
. Chemo‐organotrophic with an oxidative type of metabolism.

Whole‐cell hydrolysates contain
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid

,
galactose
,
and ribose
.
Cellular fatty acids are rich in branched
,
straight‐chain
,
and methyl fatty acids
.
Major polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol
,
phosphatidylglycerol
,
phosphatidylcholine
,
and phosphatidylinositol mannoside
. The predominant menaquinones are MK‐10(H
8
), MK‐11(H
6
), and MK‐11(H
8
).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 68 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Haloactinospora alba
Tang, Tian, Zhi, Cai, Wu, Yang, Xu and Li 2008, 2078
VP
.
Thermomonospora
Authors: Trujillo Martha E. , Goodfellow Michael
Published: July 2015

Ther.mo.mo.no.spo'ra. Gr. n.
thermê
heat; Gr. adj.
monos
single, solitary; Gr. fem. n. spora seed; N.L. fem. n.
spora
a spore; N.L. fem. n.
Thermomonospora
the heat (‐loving) single‐spored (organism).

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptosporangiales / Thermomonosporaceae / Thermomonospora

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐alcohol‐fast, chemoorganotrophic actinomycetes which form branched substrate/aerial mycelia.
Single spores with spiny surfaces are borne at the tips of short sporophores arising from the aerial mycelium
. Substrate mycelium may be yellow‐orange to brown. White or light brown aerial mycelium is produced.

Temperature growth range 40–55°C. Cell wall contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid but no diagnostic sugars

. Predominant menaquinones are MK‐9(H
4
), MK‐9(H
6
), and MK‐9(H
8
). Major phospholipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylinositol mannoside.
Rich in straight chain, iso‐ and anteiso‐fatty acids, but lack mycolic acids. Isolated from soil, but is common in composts, manures, and overheated fodders
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): not determined for any members of the genus.

Type species
:
Thermomonospora curvata
Henssen 1957, 401
VP
.
Thermobispora
Authors: Kim Seung Bum
Published: July 2015

Ther.mo.bi.spo'ra. Gr. adj.
thermos
hot; Gr. adj.
bis
two; Gr. fem. n.
spora
seed; N.L. fem. n.
Thermobispora
high temperature, two‐spored organism.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Incertae sedis / Incertae sedis / Thermobispora

Gram‐stain‐positive, aerobic, non‐acid‐fast,
thermophilic
organisms that produce substrate hyphae (0.5–0.8 µm in diameter).
The aerial mycelia branch monopodially and bear longitudinal pairs of spores
, usually arranged alternately on side branches arising from the main hyphae.
The smooth‐surfaced spores are oval to spherical and nonmotile
. Fragmentation of mycelia is not observed on agar or in liquid media. Neither sclerotia, sporangia, nor any other special structures are formed. The cell wall contains a major amount of

meso

‐
diaminopimelic acid
, and
the whole‐cell hydrolysates contain madurose and galactose
.
MK‐9
(

H
0

)
is the major menaquinone
.
The phospholipid pattern is type PIV
, including phosphatidylethanolamine and a small amount of glucosamine‐containing phospholipids. The major fatty acid is 14‐methylpentadecanoic acid (C
16:0
iso).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 71.

Type species
:
Thermobispora bispora
(Henssen 1957) Wang, Zhang and Ruan 1996, 937
VP
.
Collinsella
Authors: Kageyama Akiko , Benno Yoshimi
Published: July 2015

Col.lin.sel'la. N.L. fem. dim. ending ‐
ella
; N.L. fem. n.
Collinsella
named to honor Matthew D. Collins, a contemporary English microbiologist, for his outstanding contributions to microbial systematics.

Actinobacteria / Coriobacteriia / Coriobacteriales / Coriobacteriaceae / Collinsella

Gram‐stain‐positive
,
obligatory anaerobic organism which forms chains of rods
(0.3–0.7 × 1.2–4.3 µm).
Does not form spores or flagella
. Colonies are produced in 2 d at 37°C on EG agar in an anaerobic jar containing 100% CO
2
.
Fermentation products of glucose are ethanol
,
formate
,
hydrogen
,
and lactate
. Cell wall contains an A4 type peptidoglycan. The 16S rDNA sequence analysis shows that the organism is a member of the family
Coriobacteriaceae
, which also includes the genera
Atopobium
,
Coriobacterium
,
Cryptobacterium
,
Denitrobacterium
,
Eggerthella
,
Olsenella
, and
Slackia
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 60–65 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Collinsella aerofaciens
(Eggerth 1935) Kageyama, Benno and Nakase 1999c, 564
VP
.
Cryptobacterium
Authors: Nakazawa Futoshi
Published: July 2015

Crypt.o.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. n.
kruptos
hidden; Gr. n.
bakterion
a small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Cryptobacterium
a hidden rod‐shaped bacterium.

Actinobacteria / Coriobacteriia / Coriobacteriales / Coriobacteriaceae / Cryptobacterium

Cells are very short rods, 0.4 × 0.8–1.0 µm. Gram‐stain‐positive, occasionally Gram‐stain‐negative in stationary phase, having a cell wall typical of Gram‐stain‐positive bacteria (Figure 418).
Nonmotile
,
non‐sporing
,
and obligately anaerobic
.
Catalase‐negative
.
Asaccharolytic and no volatile end product in peptone‐yeast extract‐glucose broth
. Positive for arginine hydrolysis, negative for nitrate reduction and inert in most conventional biochemical tests. Isolated from the periodontal pocket of an adult human with periodontal disease, and from necrotic dental pulp.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 50–51 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Cryptobacterium curtum
Nakazawa, Poco, Ikeda, Sato, Kalfas, Sundqvist and Hoshino 1999, 1199
VP
.
Eggerthella
Authors: Wade William G. , Dewhirst Floyd E.
Published: July 2015

Egg.er.thel'la. N.L. fem. n. named to honor Arnold H. Eggerth (1889–1962), who first described the organism later named
Eubacterium lentum
.

Actinobacteria / Coriobacteriia / Coriobacteriales / Coriobacteriaceae / Eggerthella

Gram‐stain‐positive obligately
anaerobic bacilli, which
are
nonmotile
and do not produce endospores.
Growth
is
stimulated by arginine. Acid is not formed
from sugars. The cell wall contains an A4γ‐type peptidoglycan with an (
L
‐Ala)–
D
‐Glu–
m
‐Dpm–
D
‐Glu peptide subunit with an interpeptide bridge that consists only of
D
‐Glu.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 61–65 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Eggerthella lenta
Wade, Downes, Dymock, Hiom, Weightman, Dewhirst, Paster, Tzellas and Coleman 1999, 599
VP
.
Patulibacter
Authors: Takahashi Yōko
Published: July 2015

Pa.tu.li.bac'ter. L. adj.
patulus
spreading; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
from Gr. n.
baktron
a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Patulibacter
, spreading growth‐bacterium.

Actinobacteria / Thermoleophilia / Solirubrobacterales / Patulibacteraceae / Patulibacter

Cells are rods
, Gram‐stain‐positive, and non‐endospore‐forming. Bacterial respiration is aerobic. Cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains

meso
‐diaminopimelic acid (DAP)

, alanine, and glutamic acid. Cell‐wall type A1γ (based on
meso
‐DAP, direct cross‐linkage). The acyl type of the peptidoglycan is acetyl. The fatty acid profile is dominated by

C
18:1
ω9
c

, C
15:0
anteiso, and C
17:0
anteiso. Mycolic acids are absent. The predominant isoprenoid quinone is
demethylmenaquinone with seven isoprene units (DMK‐7
).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 72.0 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Patulibacter minatonensis
Takahashi, Matsumoto, Morisaki and Ōmura 2006, 405
VP
.
Solirubrobacter
Authors: Whitman William B.
Published: July 2015

So.li.ru.bro.bac'ter. L. n.
solum
soil; L. adj.
ruber
red; N.L. n.
bacter
the masculine equivalent of the Gr. neut. n.
bakterion
a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Solirubrobacter
a soil red rod.

Actinobacteria / Thermoleophilia / Solirubrobacterales / Solirubrobacteraceae / Solirubrobacter

Gram‐stain positive, rod
of medium length.
Nonmotile
. Spores are not formed.
Aerobe
and mesophile. Grows well on common sugars, a few amino acids and other compounds as sole carbon source. The

major phospholipid fatty acids (PFLAs) are C
16:0
iso and C
18:1
ω9
c

, and

MK‐7(H
4
) is the predominant menaquinone

in the only species that has been tested. Some species are sensitive to desiccation.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 71–72 (Lc).

Type species
:
Solirubrobacter pauli
Singleton, Furlong, Peacock, White, Coleman and Whitman 2003, 489
VP
.
Anaerorhabdus
Authors: Shah Haroun N.
Published: July 2015

An.ae.ro.rhab'dus. Gr. pref.
an
not; Gr. n.
aer
air:
anaero
(not living) in air; Gr. fem. n.
rhabdos
rod; N.L. fem. n.
Anaerohabdus
rod‐shaped bacterium not living in air.

Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia / Bacteroidales / Bacteroidaceae / Anaerorhabdus

Short rods
. Nonspore‐forming. Nonmotile. Gram‐negative. Anaerobic.
Nonsaccharolytic
, although a few carbohydrates may be fermented weakly. Acetic and lactic acids are the major metabolic end products in peptone‐yeast extract‐glucose broth (PYG).
Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase is produced
,
but 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
,
malate dehydrogenase
,
and glutamate dehydrogenase are absent
.
Sphingolipids and menaquinones are not produced
. The nonhydroxylated long‐chain fatty acids are primarily of the straight‐chain saturated and
monounsaturated types
.
Methyl branched fatty acids are either absent or present in small amounts
. Isolated from infected appendix, lung abscesses, and abdominal abscesses. Infrequently isolated from human and pig feces.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 34.

Type species
:
Anaerorhabdus furcosa
(Veillon and Zuber 1898) Shah and Collins 1986, 573
VP
[Effective publication:
Anaerorhabdus furcosus
(
sic
) (Veillon and Zuber 1898) Shah and Collins 1986, 86.] [
Bacillus furcosus
Veillon and Zuber 1898, 541;
Fusiformis furcosus
(Veillon and Zuber 1898) Topley and Wilson 1929, 302;
Bacteroides furcosus
(Veillon and Zuber 1898) Hauduroy, Ehringer, Urbain, Guillot and Magrou 1937, 61
AL
;
Ristella furcosa
(Veillon and Zuber 1898) Prévot 1938, 291].
Belliella
Authors: Brettar Ingrid , Christen Richard , Höfle Manfred G.
Published: July 2015

Bel.li.el'la. N.L. fem. dim. n.
Belliella
named in honor the aquatic microbiologist Russell Bell of the University of Uppsala.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Cyclobacteriaceae / Belliella

Rods
occurring as single cells or chains of up to five cells.
Non‐motile
(no flagella, no gliding activity). Gram‐stain‐negative.
Aerobic
. Oxidase‐ and catalase‐positive. Chemoheterotrophic. The dominant fatty acids are C
15:0
iso, C
15:1
iso G, C
17:1
iso ω9
c
, and C
17:1
ω6
c
. Cells contain
carotenoids
but no flexirubin.
NaCl
is
not required
for growth and does not influence growth up to 3%.
Nitrate
is reduced to nitrite.
Gelatin is not hydrolyzed
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 35.3–35.5.

Type species
:
Belliella baltica
Brettar, Christen and Höfle 2 0 0 4 a, 69
VP
.
Arcicella
Authors: Abraham Wolf‐Rainer , Macedo Alexandre J. , Lünsdorf Heinrich , Nikitin Denis I.
Published: July 2015

Ar.ci.cel'la. L. masc. n.
arcus
the arc; L. fem. n.
cella
a store‐room, and in biology a cell; N.L. fem. n.
Arcicella
arc‐shaped cell.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Cytophagaceae / Arcicella

Vibrioid
,
stretched spirals
,
or S‐shaped cells
2.5–3.0 by 0.5–0.75 µm. Colonies on solid media are mucoid and light orange. Growth occurs between 4 and 40°C; optimum, 28–30°C. Optimum pH, ~7. Growth occurs in the presence of NaCl concentrations between 0.5 and 6.0% (w/v); no growth occurs above 6% or in the absence of NaCl. Aerobic. Growth occurs on a wide range of carbohydrates (monosaccharides are preferred) but not on C
1
compounds, amino acids, or salts of organic acids. Ammonium salts and nitrate can be used as nitrogen sources. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite or N
2
. Biopolymers are not hydrolyzed. The main polar lipids are 2‐
N
‐(2′‐hydroxyisopentadecanoyl) amino‐3‐hydroxyisoheptadeca‐4(
E
)‐ene‐1‐(2″‐aminoethyl)‐phosphate and its 3‐hydroxyoctadeca‐4(
E
)‐ene homologs, phosphatidylethylamine, 2‐
D
‐(2′‐
D
‐hydroxyisopentadecanoyl) amino‐3‐
D
‐hydroxyisoheptadecane‐1‐sulfonic acid, and 2‐
N
‐(2″‐hydroxyisopentadecanoyl) amino‐3‐hydroxyisoheptadeca‐4(
E
)‐ene‐1‐hydroxycarbonyl‐6‐deoxy‐6‐amino‐mannopyranoside. The major fatty acids are C
16:0
, C
14:0
, C
18:1
ω6 and C
18:0
. Lives in freshwater habitats.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 34.

Type species
:
Arcicella aquatica
Nikitin, Strömpl, Oranskaya and Abraham 2004 , 683
VP
(
Arcocella aquatica
Nikitin, Oranskaya, Pitryuk, Chernykh and Lysenko 1994, 152).
Effluviibacter
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Ef.flu.vi.i.bac'ter. L. neut. n.
effluvium
outflow; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Effluviibacter
rod from an outflow, referring to the source of isolation of the first strain.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Cytophagaceae / Effluviibacter

Irregular rods 0
.
3–0
.
5
×
1
.
0–3
.
0
μ
m
. Nonmotile.
No gliding motility
. Nonsporeforming. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Obligate aerobes
. Colonies are deep pink. Oxidase‐ and catalase‐positive.
Starch and casein are hydrolyzed
.
Fructose and lactose are utilized
.
Acid is produced from glucose
. The major respiratory quinone is MK‐7. The predominant whole‐cell fatty acids are C
17:1
iso I/anteiso B (36.7%), C
15:0
iso (15.8%), and C
17:0
iso 3‐OH (10.3%).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 59.5.

Type species
:
Effluviibacter roseus
Suresh, Mayilraj and Chakrabarti 2006, 1706
VP
.
Flexibacter
Authors: Nakagawa Yasuyoshi
Published: July 2015

Flex.i.bac'ter. L. part. adj.
flexus
bent, winding; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
from Gr. neut. n.
baktron
little stick or rod; N.L. masc. n.
Flexibacter
intended to mean flexible rod.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Cytophagaceae / Flexibacter

Slender rod‐shaped cells of variable length
, 0.2–0.6 µm wide and typically 10–50 µm long, flexible, and with tapering or rounded ends.
Gliding
, but nonmotile stages may occur. In some species, there is a (cyclic) change in cell morphology. The cell mass is usually pigmented
yellow to orange
, but sometimes vary pale or even colorless. The pigments are cell‐bound and often are
carotenoids and
/
or of the flexirubin type
.
Chemo‐organotrophs
. Strictly aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Peptones and amino acid mixtures serve as nitrogen sources. Various sugars are utilized. Cellulose and agar are not attacked, but chitin and starch are often hydrolyzed.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 37–47.

Type species
:
Flexibacter flexilis
Soriano 1945, 92
AL
.
Rhodothermus
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Rho.do.ther'mus. Gr. n.
rhodon
rose; Gr. masc. adj.
thermos
hot; N.L. masc. n.
Rhodothermus
the red thermophile.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Incertae sedis II / Rhodothermaceae / Rhodothermus

Straight rods
about 0.5 × 2.0–2.5 µm, with curved ends.
Occur singly
,
never in chains or filaments
.
Nonmotile
. Gram‐stain‐negative. A slime capsule is formed on carbohydrate‐rich medium.
Most strains form red colonies
, due to a carotenoid pigment. Colonies are low convex, 3–4 mm in diameter with an entire edge.
Aerobic
.
Thermophilic
,
growing at 54–77
°
C
. Neutrophilic. Heterotrophic.
Growth is strictly salt‐dependent
,
occurring in the range of 0
.
6 to
>
6
%
NaCl
. Catalase‐positive. The oxidase reaction varies among strains. No dissimilatory nitrate reduction occurs.
Growth occurs on most common sugars
. The major cellular fatty acids are C
15
iso, C
15
anteiso, C
17
iso and C
17
anteiso. The major quinone is menaquinone 7. The habitat is submarine freshwater alkaline hot springs, marine hot springs, geothermal sites, and borehole effluents.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 64–66 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Rhodothermus marinus
Alfredsson, Kristjansson, Hjörleifsdottir and Stetter 1995, 418
VP
(Effective publication: Alfredsson, Kristjansson, Hjörleifsdottir and Stetter 1988, 304;
Rhodothermus obamensis
Sako, Takai, Ishida, Uchida and Katayama 1996, 1103.).
Blattabacterium
Authors: Kambhampati Srinivas
Published: July 2015

Blat.ta.bac.te'ri.um. L. fem. n.blattaan insect that shuns the light, the cockroach, chafer, moth, etc.; L. neut. n.bacteriumrod; N.L. neut. n.Blattabacterium, an endosymbiotic bacterium harbored by cockroaches and one termite species.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Blattabacteriaceae / Blattabacterium

Blattabacteriumare present only asintracellular symbionts(endosymbionts) in almost all species of cockroaches (Blattaria: Dictyoptera) studied so far and one species of termite,Mastotermes darwiniensis(Mastotermitidae: Isoptera). Lo, Bandi, Watanabe, Nalepa and Beninati (2007) reported that they could not detect the presence ofBlattabacteriumin members of the cockroach genusNocticola.Plump,slightly curved and straight rods, about 1 µm in diameter and 1.6–9.0 µm in length, usually with rounded ends. Length slightly variable among cockroach species. Within a cockroach species, longer forms occur inside specialized cells of abdominal fat body calledmycetocytes; shorter forms occur in gonads and embryos. Binary fission pairs are common in mycetocytes.Enveloped by host cell membranes. Gram‐stain‐variable to Gram‐stain‐positive staining but has aGram‐negative type cell‐wallstructure composed of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane.Nonmotile.Nonflagellated.Possesses enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and respiratory cytochromes.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 26–28 (Bd).

Type species:Blattabacterium cuenoti(Mercier 1906) Hollande and Favre 1931, 754AL(Bacillus cuenotiMercier 1906, 684).
Fluviicola
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Flu.vi.i.co'la L. masc. n.
fluvius ‐ii
river; L. suff. ‐
cola
(from L. masc. or fem. n.
incola
) inhabitant, dweller; N.L. masc. n.
Fluviicola
river dweller.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Cryomorphaceae / Fluviicola

Rods 0
.
4–0
.
5
×
1
.
5–5
.
7
μ
m
,
with rarer longer filaments of up to 51
μ
m in length
. Nonflagellated.
Motile by gliding
. Gram‐stain‐negative. Strictly aerobic. Cell mass is pigmented yellow‐orange.
Flexirubins are synthesized
.
Temperature range for growth
,
4–25
°
C
; optimum, ~20°C. Catalase‐positive.
Oxidase‐negative
.
Growth does not occur in the presence of Na
+
ions
.
Negative for nitrate and nitrite reduction
.
Glucose is not utilized for growth
. Fatty acids contain a high proportion of branched‐chain fatty acids (mainly C
15:0
iso and C
15:1
iso ω10
c
), as well as significant amounts of hydroxy fatty acids (mainly C
17:0
iso 3‐OH). Isolated from freshwater environments.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 37.2.

Type species:
Fluviicola taffensis
O'Sullivan, Rinna, Humphreys, Weightman and Fry 2005, 2193
VP
.
Aequorivita
Authors: Bowman John P.
Published: July 2015

Ae.quo.ri.vi'ta. L. n.
aequor ‐oris
the even surface of the sea in its quiet state; L. fem. n.
vita
life; N.L. fem. n.
Aequorivita
life (living being) at the sea surface.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Aequorivita

Cells are straight or slightly curved
rods or filaments
, 0.5–20 × 0.2–0.5 µm.
Gram‐stain‐negative
. Cells occur singly or in pairs. Spores and resting cells are not present. Gas vesicles and helical or ring‐shaped cells are not formed.
Nonmotile. Strictly aerobic, having an oxidative metabolism
. Catalase‐positive. Oxidase test is weakly positive.
Chemoheterotrophic. Nonagarolytic. Colonies are orange or yellow
due to production of carotenoids.
Flexirubin pigments are not produced
. Some species
require Na
+
for growth. Tolerates up to 6% NaCl; growth with 10% NaCl is either weak or absent. Best growth occurs in organic media containing 1–3% NaCl or seawater salts. All species

produce alkaline phosphatase and esterase and hydrolyze
L
‐tyrosine and gelatin

. Some species are strongly proteolytic and/or lipolytic.
Psychroactive
. Growth occurs between −2 and 25°C.
Optimal growth occurs at 20°C. Neutrophilic
, with optimal growth occurring at pH 7.0–7.5. The major fatty acids are C
15:1
ω10
c
iso, C
15:1
ω10
c
anteiso, C
15:0
iso, C
15:0
anteiso, C
16:1
ω6
c
iso, C
17:1
ω5
c
iso, C
17:1
ω7
c
anteiso, and C
16:0
3‐OH iso.
Known habitats include polar ocean seawater, sea‐ice, and quartz stone sublithic communities
located in polar maritime ice‐free zones. Also reported to be associated with deep‐sea invertebrates.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 33–39.

Type species
:
Aequorivita antarctica
Bowman and Nichols 2002, 1539
VP
.
Capnocytophaga
Authors: Holt Stanley C.
Published: July 2015

Gr. n.capnossmoke; N.L. fem. n.Cytophagaa bacterial genus name; N.L. fem. n.Capnocytophagabacteria requiring carbon dioxide and related to the cytophagas.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Capnocytophaga

Short to elongate flexible fusiform to rod‐shaped cells, 0.42–0.6 µm in diameter and 2.5–5.7 µm in length. Ends of cells are usually round to tapered. Cells can be pleomorphic. Capsules and sheaths not formed. Gram‐stain‐negative. Resting stages not known. No flagella. Motility when it occurs is by “gliding” on solid culture media (surface translocation). Facultatively anaerobic. Growth occurs in air with 5% CO2. Some strains are reported to grow aerobically without CO2; however,primary isolation and initial growth require CO2. Optimum temperature: 35–37°C. Chemo‐organotrophic, with fermentative type of metabolism.Carbohydrates are used as fermentable substrates and energy sources. Fermentation of glucose yields chiefly acetate and succinate as major acidic end products; trace amounts of isovalerate are formed. Complex polysaccharides such as dextran, glycogen, inulin, and starch may be fermented. Catalase and oxidase reactions differ among species. Positive foro‐nitrophenyl‐β‐D‐galactoside (ONPG) and benzidine. Found in association with both animal and human hosts. Originally isolated from the human oral cavity where the cells occupied periodontal pockets. Pathogenicity is uncertain, but members of the genus have been implicated as pathogens in several human and animal infections.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 34–44.

Type species:Capnocytophaga ochraceaLeadbetter, Holt and Socransky 1982, 266VP(Effective publication: Leadbetter, Holt and Socransky 1979, 14.).
Cloacibacterium
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Clo.a.ci.bac.te'ri.um. L. fem. n.
cloaca
a sewer, canal; L. neut. n.
bacterium
a small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Cloacibacterium
a sewer rod.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Cloacibacterium

Pleomorphic rods
.
Nonmotile
. Gram‐stain‐negative. A flexirubin‐type pigment is not produced.
Yellow to orange carotenoid‐type pigments are produced
.
Facultatively anaerobic
. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive. The major end product of glucose fermentation under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions is pyruvate. Cellular fatty acids consist mainly of branched‐chain fatty acids, with C
13:0
iso, C
15:0
iso, C
15:1
iso, and C
17:0
iso 3‐OH predominating.
The predominant respiratory quinone is MK‐6
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 31.

Type species
:
Cloacibacterium normanense
Allen, Lawson, Collins, Falsen and Tanner 2006, 1314
VP
.
Flaviramulus
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Fla.vi.ra'mu.lus. L. adj.
flavus
yellow; L. masc. dim. n.
ramulus
small branch; N.L. masc. n.
Flaviramulus
small yellow branch.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Flaviramulus

Cells in stationary phase are rods
,
0
.
2–0
.
3
×
1–3
μ
m
. Exponential phase cells are rods, but stationary phase cells are pleomorphic, 0.2–0.3 µm in diameter and 1–30 µm long. Branched and curled cells are also seen in stationary phase cultures. As cultures age, cells degenerate into spheroplasts ranging from 0.15 to 1 µm in diameter.
Cells are motile by polar adhesion to a glass surface
,
with a rotational movement
; cells grip the surface at the opposite pole and then are released at the first pole. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Aerobic
.
Oxidase‐negative
.
Cells contain yellow and orange carotenoids
. Flexirubin‐type pigments are not found.
Seawater
,
yeast extract or thiamine
,
and amino acids are required for growth
. Menaquinone‐6 is the major respiratory quinone.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 31.4 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Flaviramulus basaltis
Einen and Øvreås 2006, 2460
VP
.
Formosa
Authors: Ivanova Elena P.
Published: July 2015

For.mo'sa. L. fem. adj. (used as a substantive)
Formosa
beautiful, finely formed.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Formosa

Rod‐shaped cells
with slightly irregular sides and pointed ends, approx. 0.8–1.8 × 0.4–0.9 µm.
Cells have gliding motility
.
Buds may be produced
.
Do not form endospores or resting stages
.
Gram‐stain‐negative
. Poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate is not accumulated as an intracellular reserve product. An arginine dihydrolase system is not present. Aerobic; however, anaerobic growth can occur on
D
‐glucose by anaerobic respiration with nitrate. Chemo‐organotrophic. Positive for oxidase, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase. May require Na
+
for growth. Agar hydrolysis differs among species. Produce non‐diffusible carotenoid pigments. Flexirubin pigments are not detected. Isolated from marine habitats of the North Pacific.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 34–36.

Type species
:
Formosa algae
Ivanova, Alexeeva, Flavier, Wright, Zhukova, Gorshkova, Mikhailov, Nicolau and Christen 2004, 707
VP
emend. Nedashkovskaya, Kim, Vancanneyt, Snauwaert, Lysenko, Rohde, Frolova, Zhukova, Mikhailov, Bae, Oh and Swings 2006d, 161.
Gaetbulibacter
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Gaet.bu.li.bac'ter. N.L. n.
gaetbulum ‐i
gaetbul, the Korean name for a tidal flat; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
from Gr. neut. n.
baktron
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Gaetbulibacter
rod isolated from a tidal flat.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Gaetbulibacter

Rods
,
0
.
4–0
.
5
×
3
.
0–4
.
5
μ
m
. Non‐flagellated.
Gliding motility is present
. Nonsporeforming. Gram‐stain‐negative. Aerobic. Growth also occurs under anaerobic conditions on marine agar and on marine agar with nitrate. Colonies are yellow. Flexirubin pigments are absent. Optimal pH is 7.0–8.0; weak growth at pH 5.5; no growth at pH 5.0.
NaCl range for growth is 0–7
%; optimum is 2–5%, but no growth is seen at >8%. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive. Urease‐negative. Nitrate is reduced. Starch is hydrolyzed, but not casein or gelatin. Acid is produced from a variety of carbohydrates. The predominant menaquinone is MK‐6. Isolated from tidal flat sediments.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 34.7–34.9 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Gaetbulibacter saemankumensis
Jung, Kang, Lee, Lee, Oh and Yoon 2005, 1848
VP
.
Gelidibacter
Authors: Bowman John P.
Published: July 2015

Ge.li.di.bac'ter. L. adj.
gelidus
ice‐cold or icy; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Gelidibacter
ice‐cold or icy rod.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Gelidibacter

Cells are
rod‐shaped or filamentous with rounded ends
, 0.4–0.6 × 1–15 µm.
Gram‐stain‐negative
. Cells occur singly, in pairs, and occasionally in chains. Spores and resting cells are not present. Gas vesicles and helical or ring‐shaped cells are not formed.
Motile by gliding
.
Strictly aerobic
,
with an oxidative type of metabolism
.
Catalase‐positive
.
Oxidase‐negative
.
Chemoheterotrophic
.
Colonies are yellow
due to production of carotenoids.
Flexirubin pigments are not produced
. Strains
require Na
+
for good growth. Best growth occurs in organic media containing seawater salts. Hydrolyze esculin, produce glutamate decarboxylase, and utilize
D
‐glucose, glycogen and
L
‐proline. Growth occurs between <4 and 25°C (optimum, 20–25°C). Neutrophilic, with optimal growth occurring at pH 7.0–7.5. The major fatty acids include C
15:1
ω10
c
iso, C
15:1
ω10
c
anteiso, C
15:0
iso, C
15:0
anteiso, C
16:1
ω7
c
, and C
16:0
3‐OH iso. The major polyamine is
homospermidine
and the major isoprenoid quinone is
menaquinone‐6
. The organisms inhabit seawater, polar sea‐ice, polar saline lakes, and quartz stone sublithic communities from maritime, ice‐free areas of Antarctica.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 37–42.

Type species
:
Gelidibacter algens
Bowman, McCammon, Brown, Nichols and McMeekin 1997, 675
VP
.
Kaistella
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Ka.is.tel'la. L. dim. suff. ‐
ella
; N.L. fem. dim. n.
Kaistella
arbitrary name after
KAIST
, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Kaistella

Rod‐shaped cells
. Nonsporeforming. Gram‐stain‐negative. Flagella not present. Aerobic. Colonies are yellow. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive.
No growth occurs on MacConkey agar
. Nitrate is not reduced to N
2
.
Indole‐positive
. β‐
Glucosidase‐positive
. Negative for arginine dihydrolase and β‐galactosidase.
No acid is produced from glucose
. Esculin and gelatin are hydrolyzed, but not starch. Glucose, arabinose, and β‐hydroxybutyrate are not assimilated. The major isoprenoid quinone is MK‐6. Isolated from freshwater.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 41–42.

Type species
:
Kaistella koreensis
Kim, Im, Shin, Lim, Kim, Lee, Park, Lee and Lee 2 004, 2323
VP
.