bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paper 33: Effect of the Space Environment on Lubricants and Rolling Element Bearings
Authors: Anderson W. J. , Glenn D. C.
Published: June 2010

The effects of spatial environmental factors such as the very low ambient pressure and the absence of oxygen on lubrication are discussed. The low pressure causes liquids, and even solids, to boil away, so that their vapour pressure and evaporation rates become important. Evaporation experiments with metals, liquids, greases and solid lubricants are discussed. Silicone oils and silicone-based greases appear to have the lowest evaporative loss among the fluids investigated. Bearing experiments indicate that liquids and greases, when properly shielded, can provide longer bearing lives than bonded solid lubricants or metal platings. Silicone fluids yield the best bearing life, confirming the results of evaporation tests. Life results with bonded solid films are generally poor. Results are considerably better when the solid lubricant is used as a constituent in a solid-composite material. Bearing reliability in space applications may be a problem because considerable life scatter is observed where a particular lubricant or lubrication techniqueis evaluated in multiple tests. Life ratios of 10 were common.
Paper 21: Use of Grease in Rolling Bearings
Authors: Scarlett N. A.
Published: June 2010

Lubricating greases are semi-fluid or solid lubricants consisting of a thickening agent in a liquid lubricant. They differ from conventional lubricating oils in that they are non-Newtonian in behaviour and will not flow unless stressed under shear beyond a certain value, known as the yield value. It is this ‘non-flowing’ characteristic of greases that enables them to offer certain advantages over lubricating oils and results in their extensive use for the lubrication of rolling contact bearings.

This paper outlines the uses and limitations of grease lubrication in rolling bearings. In particular, factors that can influence performance, such as bearing design, speed and temperature, are dealt with in some detail. In addition, new lubrication problems encountered in atomic reactors and aerospace equipment, involving nuclear radiation and inert atmospheres, are discussed, together with steps taken to solve the problems.

In conclusion, the paper outlines observations made on the mechanism by which a grease lubricates and also suggests possible future trends in grease development which will be required to cater for the more exacting operating conditions demanded by modern machinery.
Paper 1: Natural Convection in the Supercritical Region
Authors: Parker J. D. , Mullin T. E.
Published: June 2010

In the region just above the thermodynamic critical point, the thermodynamic properties vary rapidly with small changes in temperature. The rapid variation of the physical properties exerts a strong influence on the natural convection heat transfer process. Relatively large heat transfer coefficients are experienced in this region.

Consideration of the fundamental equations involving conservation of mass momentum and energy has led to the establishment of a set of significant parameters to be considered in this problem. The derivation is essentially an extension of the work of Sparrow and Gregg (I) and is more adaptable to actual solution of the general variable property problem.

The technique allows for variation in density, specific heat, viscosity, and thermal conductivity. An important step in the development is the use of thermodynamic relationships to obtain derivatives of properties with respect to temperature. A demonstration of the technique is made for Freon 114 using a Martin (2) equation of state along with Sutherland and Bromley equations for viscosity and thermal conductivity, corrected for pressure (3) (4). The use of a reference temperature in the variable property problem is critically discussed.
Paper 10: Experience with Aluminium Alloys for Exterior Trim
Authors: Bigford H. M. , Thomas R. W.
Published: June 2010

One sphere in which corrosion has presented little or no problem is that of bright anodized exterior trim on motor vehicles. A brief survey is made in this paper of the principal aluminium alloys used for this purpose, the nature of the anodizing process, and methods used for quality control.

The excellent service performance is a result of the use of high-purity materials coupled with the extreme care and cleanliness required at all stages of production and fabrication to produce materials of anodizing quality. Reference is also made to maintenance, design, fixing, and painting of anodized trim.
Paper 3: Corrosion Prevention in Automotive Vehicle Bodies
Authors: Higgins W. A.
Published: June 2010

There is an internal vehicle body corrosion problem which can be most effectively controlled by petroleum-based rustproofing compounds. A series of laboratory tests are reported which can be used to accurately predict the application and performance characteristics of these compounds. It is also established that these compounds provide more effective internal protective coatings than conventional factory applied finishes.
Paper 1: Skidding of Vehicles Due to Locked Wheels
Authors: Koiter W. T. , Pacejka H. B.
Published: June 2010

The present paper combines older work by the first author with more recent research by the second author. A basic simplifying assumption of the entire investigation is that the height of the centre of gravity of the vehicle above the road surface has been neglected, such that the vertical wheel reactions remain constant.

In the earlier analysis it was also assumed that the drift angle of rolling wheels under lateral forces may be neglected, and the possibility of lateral skidding of rolling wheels was also ignored. The equations of motion may then be reduced to a comparatively simple non-linear second-order system of ordinary differential equations. The equations may be given a non-dimensional form in several ways, and two such methods are employed to reveal some characteristic properties of the skidding phenomenon.

The more recent analysis has been refined considerably by proper allowance for the drift angle of rolling wheels under the action of lateral forces, for the possibility of sideways skidding of rolling wheels, and for braking action on the rolling wheels. The equations of motion then reduce to a third-order system which may be solved in closed form in the linear case of small deviations from a rectilinear motion. It appears that the drift angle of rolling wheels under the action of lateral forces leads to a small increase of the critical speed and to a significant reduction of the danger when the critical speed is exceeded. The non-linear equations for larger deviations from a rectilinear motion cannot so easily be discussed qualitatively, but detailed results have been obtained by means of a digital computer.
Paper 5: Vehicle Behaviour in Combined Cornering and Braking
Authors: Harris A. J. , Riley B. S.
Published: June 2010

This paper considers first the steady-state motions of a simple two-wheeled vehicle model having non-linear sideway force relationships with respect to tyre slip angle. It is shown that any steady-state conditions may be represented and their solutions found by simple graphical means, using only the non-linear curves. The curves can be modified to take into account the influence of vehicle parameters such as compliance, roll steer, wheel camber, and load transfer.

Stability boundaries are discussed and criteria are presented showing that stability of the motion depends only on the slopes of the curves and the speed of the manoeuvre at the cornering acceleration being considered.

A more involved four-wheeled vehicle model is then considered when subjected to braking while cornering on a fixed radius path of 45·8 m on a wet Bridport macadam surface. Actual sideway force–slip angle curves for combined braking and cornering, as presented by Holmes and Stone (see reference (6))†, are used with the equations of motion derived for the quasi-steady state conditions of decelerating while cornering. The effects of front wheel steered angle and body slip angle on the forces necessary for the manoeuvre are also considered.

An envelope of maximum cornering acceleration at various braking decelerations is presented. This shows that for those particular conditions up to about 70 per cent of maximum deceleration may be obtained before there is more than about 10 per cent loss in maximum cornering ability. Outside the envelope the vehicle fails to maintain the path. At the lower deceleration the car spins, and at higher values it continues tangentially to its original path without spinning.

It is also shown that the total sideway force–slip angle curve for a pair of front or rear wheels, when one or both wheels have a high braking force coefficient, can have a sharp peak, such that for small increase in slip angle there is a rapid fall in sideway force. It is suggested that this is why a rear wheel skid which occurs while braking and cornering is more difficult to correct than one which occurs when only cornering.
Paper 4: Adhesion of Metals in Hot Oxidizing Gases
Authors: Phillips K. F. , Pritchard C.
Published: June 2010

Metals in contact at high temperature in oxidizing gases have been found to adhere together. This ‘static adhesion’ can have a considerable effect on the forces required to operate mechanisms after dwell periods. Tests have been carried out to measure the adhesion of several different materials in carbon dioxide and air at temperatures up to 600°C. Apart from those which were corrosion resistant at the test temperature, most steels were found to adhere at temperatures above 300°C. The forces necessary to pull adhered surfaces apart or to slide them were measured. The probability of adhesion increased with increasing temperature but was relatively insensitive to the normal loading on the surface. The use of dry lubrication, pre-corroding, chromizing, and grit blasting of surfaces to prevent adhesion has been studied.
Paper 8: Tribology of Stainless Steel in Sodium Liquid and Vapour
Authors: Todd M. J. , Garnham A. L. , Turner S.
Published: June 2010

Austenitic stainless steels find widespread use in sodium-cooled reactor systems because of their low corrosion rates and adequate strength. These steels are usually associated with severe galling wear and high unsteady friction when in contact in the absence of conventional lubrication.

Experimental work in liquid sodium and in sodium vapour has shown clearly, however, the existence of mild wear processes in which the surface damage is slight and the friction relatively smooth. This type of wear persists for a greater sliding distance in sodium vapour than in sodium liquid at low temperature.

Boundary lubrication by complex oxides is shown to be the likely cause of the mild wear, and the effects of changes of oxygen level in the liquid sodium are reported. A tentative explanation of the friction and wear behaviour is given, based on thermodynamic data.
Paper 4: A Feasibility Study on Powered Lower-Limb Prostheses
Authors: Witt D. C.
Published: June 2010

The paper investigates the feasibility of externally powered lower-limb prostheses, in particular those in which walking motions would be automatically controlled. The lack of a suitable power supply is a major obstacle to the rapid development of a practical prosthesis, but a theoretical and practical study is being made of a ‘prototype walking device’, out of which, if successful, a prosthesis might evolve. The configuration of this device is outlined, with reasons for the choice, and possible actuators and sensors are discussed. A mathematical model is formulated and a control scheme is outlined which should enable the device to walk stably on small feet over uneven terrain. Results of analogue simulation of the device are summarized.
Paper 12: Design of an Experimental Arm Prosthesis: Engineering Aspects
Authors: Montgomery S. R.
Published: June 2010

Externally powered arm prostheses have, to date, with few exceptions been made with simple velocity control of each movement. In order to make such devices controllable the dynamic response must be relatively poor. A prosthesis is being built experimentally for which the specification is based on the biological requirements discussed in McWilliam's paper (see Paper 13). The arms are pneumatically powered and provided with position-control systems. The paper describes the design and construction of such a pair of arms, including a discussion of the problems involved in meeting the design specification while making the device acceptable in terms of weight and appearance.
Paper 8: Advanced Materials for Gas Turbines
Authors: Glenny R. J. E.
Published: June 2010

Further progress in the development of gas turbines, particularly aero engines, depends on our ability to provide materials with improved strength/weight ratios and with better retention of their strength properties at higher temperatures. In addition, any new material must possess adequate resistance to fatigue and corrosion, adequate toughness, and satisfactory stability for the design life. This paper discusses the prospects for materials that are potentially useful for the major components, viz. compressor blading, compressor and turbine discs, turbine rotor blading, nozzle guide vanes, and the combustion and exhaust areas. It emphasizes the need for closer co-operation between the design, materials, production and development engineers, particularly where fabricability is of paramount importance and where it is necessary to consider materials with a low or negligible capacity for plastic deformation, e.g. cast high temperature alloys, fibre composites and ceramics.
Fretting Corrosion of Cu-Ni–Al against Plain Carbon Steel
Authors: Vaessen G. H. G. , Commissaris C. P. L. , de Gee A. W. J.
Published: June 2010

Fretting corrosion of a Cu-Ni-Al alloy against plain carbon steel has been studied in air with 60 per cent relative humidity, nitrogen with 100 p.p.m. oxygen, and silicone oil. As was to be expected on the basis of already existing evidence, the wear in air exceeded that in nitrogen or silicone oil by a factor of 3 to 5. However, contrary to the generally accepted opinion, the high rate of wear in air is not ascribed to the formation of hard abrasive oxides. Instead, the influence of the environment is explained by assuming that in nitrogen with 100 p.p.m. oxygen, and under silicone oil containing dissolved air, an iron oxide with adhesion-reducing properties is formed. The influence of amplitude and frequency has been studied extensively. The observed effects are explained in terms of contact time and deformation of the microwelds.
Calculation of the Effect of the Compressibility of Grease on the Performance of a Twin-Line Dispensing System
Authors: Hutton J. F.
Published: June 2010

The compressibility of a grease can affect in two ways the time required for the operation of a twin-line dispensing system. First, during the application of pump pressure to one of the two main pipes of the system, time is taken to compress grease into the pipe in addition to that taken to supply grease to the bearings along the pipe. Secondly, during the next cycle, when that pipe is opened to the atmosphere and the other one is being pressurized, time is required for the compressed grease to flow back into the reservoir and thus for the pressure in the pipe to fall to a value sufficiently low to allow the dispensing valves to operate.

Formulae are given for calculating these time factors, and for typical modern practice times of about 2 or 3 min are obtained. This explains the observation that some twin-line systems cannot be successfully operated on cycle times as short as 3 min. The formulae may be useful in the design of twin-line systems.
Rheological Behaviour of a New High-Temperature Synthetic Grease
Authors: Yousif A. E. , Bogie K. D.
Published: June 2010

The thermal stability of greases has become an important factor in modern mechanical engineering applications. With this in mind, experiments were conducted with a carbon black as a filler in a carrier fluid of siloxane (MS 550) in order to obtain higher operating temperatures. It was determined that the colloidal system formed depended upon solids concentration by weight. Viscosity–shear rate characteristics were observed to be highly non-Newtonian for high solid concentrations and less marked for lower concentration, resulting in poor mechanical stability. Special surface treatment of the carbon black showed an improvement. When subjected to oscillatory shearing of variable strain amplitude the system was again observed to depend upon the percentage solid concentration. The fundamental wave suggests stronger elastic properties at low strain amplitude than for similar systems tested for frequency dependence.
Paper 14: Numerical Solutions of Flows behind Shock Waves in Non-Uniform Regions
Authors: Gururaja J. , Deckker B. E. L.
Published: June 2010

Different computational schemes for the calculation of multi-dimensional non-stationary problems of gas dynamics with shock waves present are reviewed. A differencing scheme developed in the last few years at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, known as the ‘fluid-in-cell’ method, has been employed to obtain numerical solutions for the time-dependent two-dimensional flows initiated by the passage of a shock wave in a duct with either a gradual or sudden change in cross-section and in a branched duct. The numerical results have been displayed in the form of contours of density, pressure, and internal energy. The main features of the computed solutions have been compared with the experimental flow patterns obtained by the authors. Comparison of pressure–time records shows good agreement.

The fluid-in-cell method is well suited for machine calculation on a high-speed electronic computer and can treat unsteady two-dimensional compressible flow problems involving a single material within closed boundaries, without excessive demands on storage and computing time.
Paper 21: Investigation of Flow in the Nozzle-Less Spiral Casing of a Radial Inward-Flow Gas Turbine
Authors: Bhinder F. S.
Published: June 2010

Nozzle-less spiral casings are used frequently with radial inward-flow gas turbines of small turbochargers for automotive type diesel engines. The broad performance characteristics and low cost of this type of casing are two particularly attractive features for turbocharger applications. Considerable data on the performance of radial inward-flow gas turbines have appeared recently in the technical literature, but in contrast very little has been published on the performance of volute casings. The paper presents the results of a theoretical and experimental investigation in which three nozzle-less volute casings of a 2·85-in diameter turbine were studied. The theoretical analysis, based on the assumptions of steady isentropic one-dimensional flow and the conservation of mass and of angular momentum, is essentially design orientated.
Paper 10: Measurement of an Average Size and Number of Droplets during Spontaneous Condensation of Supersaturated Steam
Authors: Petr V.
Published: June 2010

This paper presents the results of measurements to determine the average size and number of droplets which appear during spontaneous condensation of expanding undercooled steam. The measurements were carried out in a non-symmetric convergent–divergent nozzle for three expansion rates, , of 2000, 5000, and 8000 units per second, and pressure in the Wilson region of 0·4–1·5 bar. The method is based on the measurement of monochromatic light beam intensity attenuation when passing through a layer of wet steam of length l (width of the nozzle) and static pressure variation through the nozzle axis. The photometric method was verified by measuring the droplet sizes in sulphur emulsion.

The average size and number of droplets during spontaneous condensation were found to be dependent on the expansion rate and pressure in the Wilson region, and the results of the measurement are in qualitative agreement with those obtained by Gyarmathy. The average droplet size measured by the photometric method is about 25–60 per cent greater than the corresponding values of Gyarmathy. The droplet size measuring error, determined by an approximate analysis, was found to be in the range 15–30 per cent.
Paper 23: The Collision of Drops with Dry and Wet Surfaces in an Air Atmosphere
Authors: Parker G. J. , Bruen E.
Published: June 2010

This paper describes an investigation into the behaviour of drops which impinge upon dry and wet surfaces. This is of particular interest in the context of the wet steam turbine. Two approaches have been made in the studies; these are:

(1) Drops were made to impinge normally on to various types of dry, stationary surfaces. The drops were in the size range 300–1500 μm diameter with velocities of 2–9 m/s. (2) Drops were made to impinge on to surfaces moving with considerable velocity at right angles to the motion of the drop. Surface velocities ranged up to 45 m/s.

The latter study is of direct interest for the splashing of drops on turbine casings at small glancing angles, as occurs near drainage belts. Analysis of the mechanisms involved is made from the records of high-speed ciné photography.
Session 1(c): Basic Techniques—Coding Materials: Preparation, Properties and Application of Luminescent Organic Resins for Letter Facing, Classification and Address Coding
Authors: Harrison J.C. , Rickard E. F. , Forster C. F. , Walker A.D.
Published: June 2010

Resins showing delayed luminescence at room temperature were developed by the British Post Office for postal mechanization as they seemed to offer the best combination of low cost, reliability, and freedom from interference. The materials are prepared by polymerizing a small proportion of ‘activator’ into a cyanuric acid-formaldehyde resin. The properties controlled by the ‘activator’ are the waveband required for stimulation of the resin and the waveband and half-life of the delayed luminescence. Properties, methods of application, effect of operational variables, methods of testing, and quality control are discussed in detail.
Session 4: Coding: Coding Principles and Practice
Authors: Andrews J. D.
Published: June 2010

An initial examination of the factors which affect the development of postal systems is followed by discussion on the use and value of address and machine codes. Finally, a description is given of the coding system adopted in the U.K., with justification of the methods employed.
Containerization for Parcels and Bulk Mails in the Post Office
Authors: Slatford J. M.
Published: June 2010

The use of wheeled containers was originally proposed by the Post Office in 1962, for handling parcels between major centres with conventional Post Office road vehicles. Subsequent development has produced much improved interim designs suitable for transport by rail and by I.S.O. type containers as well as by road vehicles. Mechanical handling devices for containers and the problems associated with their development are reviewed. In 1967 a plan was formulated for the modernization of the parcels system including the replacement of mail bags by containers. It was decided to carry out a design study on a countrywide basis, with the intention, using a computor programme, of producing container designs capable of meeting all the requirements, including the bulk transport of letters by container. Progress of the study to date is described.
Special Environmental Problems Associated with Mechanized Sorting Offices
Authors: Marriott P. E.
Published: June 2010

This paper surveys the problems involved in the provision of a good working environment in mechanized sorting offices, particularly those problems, such as heat, noise, dust, and lighting, which stem from or are accentuated by the introduction of postal machinery. Current design standards and methods are outlined and estimates are made of the additional costs which can be attributed to mechanization. Possible ways of easing these problems in future generations of sorting offices are discussed.
On the Reading of Postal Codes by Machine
Authors: Coombs A. W. M.
Published: June 2010

The paper describes the current position of a long-term research project for the sorting of mail by automatic reading of the postal codes. Of the four sub-problems, i.e. manipulation (of the envelopes), extraction (of the information), location (of the code), and recognition (of the code once located and extracted), the fourth alone is considered; in particular, attention is concentrated on machine-printed characters. It is necessary to describe the characters in terms of ‘features’, which will conceal differences in style but exaggerate differences in kind. This leads to the concept of a ‘three-layer’ machine, possessing quite remarkably brain-like qualities. The ideal feature list, conceived as a basic set of vectors in an abstract hyper space, has very interesting properties.
Paper 11. The Development of a Roller Chain Power Transmission System for the Automobile
Authors: Davies D. N. C. , Owen P. J.
Published: June 2010

The paper describes the development of primary chain drives, especially for those cars which have transverse engines driving the front wheels. Particular attention is paid to the development of satisfactory means of adjustment and the achievement of high standards of silence in operation under all conditions, coupled with satisfactory life in service. Intensive rig and road tests, and the means of measuring results are described. The conclusions reached thus far are summarized.
Paper 15. Automatic Gearboxes (Hydrokinetic), Trans-axle and Light Cars
Authors: Atkins A. J.
Published: June 2010

This paper outlines the essential requirements for light car transmissions and shows how they differ from those suitable for larger cars. Apart from the obvious size and weight limitations these transmissions must be sufficiently flexible to cope with the usually lower power/weight factors. They must have less power losses and be produced at a cost in proportion to the price of the cars. Comment is made on the intrinsic problems of designing transmissions that are sturdy enough to accept heavy duty and yet are lightweight, efficient, and trouble free while remaining within the price range of the motorist who expects economy with adequate performance.
Paper 28. Computer Programs for Calculation of Automotive Driveline Bearing Applications
Authors: Andréason S.
Published: June 2010

This paper describes two different computer programs for the calculation of rolling bearing applications in an automotive driveline. The first program gives the effect of bearing preload or internal clearance on bearing deflections and nominal lives in bearing applications with taper roller bearings. As an example, the paper deals with a front hub bearing arrangement with two taper roller bearings used in a front wheel driven car, and also with a pinion of a final drive unit and a gearbox mainshaft incorporating two taper and one cylindrical roller bearing. The second program is used to determine the influence of misalignment and shaft deflection on the load and life of a deep groove ball bearing. To illustrate this effect the layshaft of an automotive gearbox is studied.
Investigation of Local Mixture Strength and Flame Propagation with Aided and Unaided Ignition
Authors: Lange K. , Spindler W.
Published: June 2010

The investigation of the mixture formation and combustion in internal-combustion engines with aided and unaided ignition is of great interest in relation to the diesel engine and the hybrid engine. Cold starting, mean effective pressure, and smoke are influenced by mixture strength and other parameters. Additional problems arise with film vaporization from the combustion-chamber wall.

High-speed photography, spectral analysis, pressure measurements, and gas analysis are some of the methods used to investigate the process of mixture formation and combustion. Using these methods, the mixture distribution, ignition, and flame propagation are investigated for aided and unaided ignition. Part of this experimental work was carried out by K. Feierlein and A. Held.
Paper 10: Experience with Glandless Pumps on the Winfrith Steam Generating Heavy Water Reactor
Authors: Negus B. , Smith D.
Published: June 2010

This paper describes experience with glandless pumps on the S.G.H.W.R., both wet and dry stator types being included. The performance of the pumps is discussed and details given of the problems which arose in operations. Experience suggests that deposition in the pumps of radioactive corrosion products will not be a significant problem. The paper is in four parts: the functions, characteristics, and instrumentation of the pumps are outlined, followed by a description of some of the key results from commissioning tests.
Paper 12: Determination of the ‘Hot Spot’ Temperature Rise from P.V.C. Insulation Characteristics
Authors: Twaites S. W. , Murray R. F.
Published: June 2010

It is normal practice when designing electrical machines to design for operation within the maximum temperature limits of the insulation. If part of the winding is not effectively cooled under these conditions, the resulting temperature rise can damage the insulation and seriously reduce the length of operational service of the machine. This paper discusses a method of detecting high-temperature regions within a winding and of estimating the ‘hot spot’ temperature.

The investigation has been concentrated on the design associated with a direct water-cooled winding, although the results could be applied generally on other electrical machines.
Paper 1: Diaphragm Valves for Controlling Opposed Pad Hydrostatic Bearings
Authors: Rowe W. B. , O'Donoghue J. P.
Published: June 2010

The diaphragm valve described is of very simple construction and may be used to control opposed pad hydrostatic bearings as an alternative to capillaries, orifices, or other types of control device. Experiments and analysis for flat pad bearings show good agreement. Data have been computed for a range of operating characteristics in a form suitable for use by designers. A reference bearing system is proposed for correcting errors in long slideways in which the reference is a diaphragm controlled hydrostatic bearing. The computed data provides information necessary to design such a system.
Paper 6: Turbulent Lubrication Theory Applied to Fluid Film Bearing Design
Authors: Taylor C. M.
Published: June 2010

The fluid film bearing designer is encountering situations of turbulent lubrication with ever-increasing regularity. This paper is not concerned with the fundamentals of turbulent lubrication but more with an assessment of the methods available to the bearing designer for the examination of turbulent flow conditions and with the effect of turbulence. The two main ‘engineering’ approaches to turbulence are delineated and their quantitative predictions compared for the case of a finite width plane inclined slider thrust bearing hydrodynamically lubricated with an isoviscous incompressible fluid.
Paper 10: A Hydrodynamic Pocket Journal Bearing
Authors: Sheldon D. F. , O'Donoghue J. P. , Hooke C. J.
Published: June 2010

The authors present theoretical and experimental results for a hydrodynamic pocket bearing. The bearing has a geometry similar to that of a conventional hydrostatic bearing, but no control device is incorporated in the supply line other than a non-return valve which prevents the leakage of fluid from those pockets where a pressure is generated. The load capacity of such bearings is greater than that of a circumferentially grooved hydrostatic bearing over the operating range of eccentricity tested by the authors, and is much greater than that of two short hydrodynamic bearings equal to the side sealing lands. Because of this the bearing offers a useful alternative mode of operation for a bearing (externally pressurized) which suffers a loss of its high-pressure oil supply.
Paper 19: Comparison of Performance of Compensated and Uncompensated Externally Pressurized Short Multi-Grooved Journal Bearings
Authors: Chen N. N. S.
Published: June 2010

It is generally accepted that the performance of compensated externally pressurized journal bearings is superior to ordinary journal bearings. This paper presents the experimental results of performance studies of compensated and uncompensated journal bearings under static and alternating loading with an operating frequency of 327 c/min. The length/diameter ratio of the test bearings was 1/3 and both bearings had 10 closed-end grooves machined in the bearing surfaces.

Film pressure surveys reveal considerable differences in the film pressure distribution in the two bearings, and explain the difference in the performance characteristics of these bearings. Comparisons are made in terms of measured load capacity, stiffness, and lubricant flow rates. The relative costs of manufacture and the operating costs of these bearings are also discussed.
Paper 2: Developing a Diesel for an Industrial Market Sector
Authors: Senior N. R. , Clarke D. J.
Published: June 2010

This paper discusses the controlling of the processes of design and installation. The need for continuous communication between the design and development teams, and with the customer and specialist suppliers, is emphasized. It is considered that involvement with the customer throughout the design and development stages, followed by field testing and approval, will ensure that the new product will meet all market requirements.
Paper 2: A Procedure for Parameter Optimization When Designing Tractor Components
Authors: Caywood J. A. , Basrai H. S.
Published: June 2010

This paper presents a practical computer-aided method called the ‘grid and star search technique’ for determining the values of adjustable design parameters. The objective is to find that set of values necessary to obtain a solution as nearly optimum as possible. The technique is a systematic search for the best set of parameters in a bounded region of possible answers. A ‘performance index’ must be defined to determine the merit of the solution after each iterative step in the procedure. The design of a spool type hydraulic relief valve is used as a practical example. The adjustable parameters are spring rate, metering orifice size, damping orifice area, and the volume of oil trapped between the pressure-sensing end of the spool and the damping orifice. The driving function is a step input of rated flow, and the optimum response is one with zero pressure overshoot. When the valve was made and tested, comparison between actual and predicted response was satisfactory.
Paper 16: A Study of Tractor Noise Control
Authors: Matthews J. , Talamo J. D. C.
Published: June 2010

A high incidence of hearing loss has been encountered among tractor drivers, and noise levels are shown to be further increased by the addition of cabs, particularly those which are structurally strong to resist crushing if the vehicle overturns. Some reductions in the noise level of the operator's environment can be obtained by covering the engine or by exhaust system modifications, while possible future improvements to diesel engine design may effect a significant improvement. However, it is proposed that noise reduction is likely to be achieved by attention to acoustic features of the operator's cab. The inclusion of resilient mounts, substantial floors and bulkheads, and acoustically absorbent linings are all shown to provide worthwhile improvements and, in combination, these measures can reduce noise levels from more than 100 dBA to 90 dBA or less. Where the tractor is fitted with a safety frame only, a low noise fabric cladding is shown to be feasible.
A Novel Free Radical Probe Based on a Preluminescent Iridium Complex Bearing a Nitronyl Radical Moiety
Authors: Yoshikawa Hirofumi , Kobayashi Minako , Takahashi Takuya , Awaga Kunio
Published: June 2010

A novel iridium complex with an iminonitroxide bipyridine ligand, [Ir(ppy)2(MebpyIN)]Cl (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine and MebpyIN = 4-methyl-4′-(1-oxyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazolin-2-yl)-2,2′-bypyridine), was prepared as a preluminescent probe to detect free radicals. Although a related material, [Ir(ppy)2(bpy)]Cl, exhibits strong red luminescence, the emission of [Ir(ppy)2(MebpyIN)]Cl was quenched nearly completely by the nitronyl radical moiety in the ligand. However, the carbon-centered free radicals, generated from azobisbutyronitrile by UV irradiation, brought about a dramatic recovery of the luminescence of [Ir(ppy)2(MebpyIN)]Cl, with a linear relation between the luminescence intensity, and the free radical concentrations up to 120 mM. EPR measurements indicated that the luminescence recovery was caused by the free radical trapping at the nitronyl-radical moiety.
Tetra(p-t-butyl)thiacalix[4]arenetetrol Forms 4:1 Complex with Tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridinio)porphyrin
Authors: Hirakawa Kazutaka , Segawa Hiroshi
Published: June 2010

A liquid–liquid extraction of cationic porphyrin (tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridinio)porphyrin, TMPyP) by tetra(p-t-butyl)thiacalix[4]arenetetrol (TCA) from an aqueous phase to a dichloromethane phase was performed. TCA stoichiometrically formed 4:1 complexes with TMPyP in dichloromethane phase within a few seconds. On the other hand, tetra(p-t-butyl)calix[4]arenetetrol did not form the complex with TMPyP.
Cardinal Scales for Health Evaluation
Authors: Harvey Charles M. , Østerdal Lars Peter
Published: June 2010

Policy studies often evaluate health for an individual or for a population by using measurement scales that are ordinal scales or expected-utility scales. This paper develops scales of a different type, commonly called cardinal scales, that measure changes in health. Also, we argue that cardinal scales provide a meaningful and useful means of evaluating health policies. Thus, we develop a means of using the perspective of early neoclassical welfare economics as an alternative to ordinalist and expected-utility perspectives.
Large incident angle tolerance of guided-mode resonant gratings by light coupling via waveguide end faces
Authors: Sato Akira , Iwai Nobuyuki , Sato Makoto
Published: June 2010

By designing and fabricating appropriate structures, guided-mode resonant gratings can be used as optical filters to attain extremely narrow bandwidths. This high performance makes it difficult to couple light into a waveguide via the grating, which demands extremely high mechanical accuracy to adjust the incident conditions. This paper shows both numerically and experimentally that the incident angle tolerance is significantly wider when the incident light is coupled into the waveguide through an end face rather than via the grating.
The Measurement of Sociomoral Reasoning in Adolescents With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Pilot Investigation
Authors: Dooley Julian J. , Beauchamp Miriam , Anderson Vicki A.
Published: June 2010

Moral reasoning skills are crucial for appropriate and adaptive social functioning. Impairments in moral reasoning have been associated with aggressive and violent behaviours. Traditional measures of moral reasoning may provide limited insight into daily behavioural functioning as these measures are dependent on several higher order cognitive skills and, as such, may be limited in their utility with certain clinical populations. In Study 1, new measures of sociomoral reasoning and maturity, the So-Moral and So-Mature, were described. Further, the psychometric properties of the So-Moral and So-Mature were investigated in a sample of 50 adolescents aged 11 to 19 (mean age = 14.5,SD= 2.6 years, 25 male). Preliminary support was found for the validity and reliability of both tasks. In Study 2, the clinical applicability of the So-Moral and So-Mature were examined in a sample 25 adolescents with traumatic brain injury (TBI; mean age = 13.8,SD= 2.3 years, 15 male). Response trends suggested that adolescents with TBI generated less developmentally mature responses to sociomoral dilemmas and those with more severe injuries performed most poorly. The sociomoral reasoning tasks described promote participant's emotional involvement and investment as well as being appropriate for use with clinical populations.
Challenges Faced and Lessons Learned in the Development of a New Measure of Social Competence for Children and Adolescents With Acquired Brain Injury (ABI)
Authors: Muscara Frank , Catroppa Cathy , Beauchamp Miriam H. , Anderson Vicki
Published: June 2010

Recently, there has been a surge of interest and research in social functioning throughout childhood and adolescence, and how social development is affected by acquired brain injury (ABI). Despite ongoing research and theoretical advances, there remains a lack of specific, relevant and robust measurement tools that draw upon current clinical and social neuroscience knowledge, and which are developmental in nature, to assess social competence within the nonclinical and the ABI population. The aim of the current project was to develop a questionnaire to measure social competence and the quality of relationships of children and adolescents between the ages of 5 and 18 years. This questionnaire, the Developmental Assessment of Social Competence (DASC), also aimed to be sensitive to the specific social problems often associated with children who have suffered ABI. The current article outlines the process and challenges faced in developing such a measure up to the initial pilot stage. Participants included a pilot group of 40 parents who completed the pilot questionnaire, as well as an established questionnaire that assesses social functioning. Parents rated their own children who were aged between 6 and 14 years, and who were within the nonclinical population. Preliminary analyses found that the children generally scored highly on the DASC, and that a higher score on most scales of the DASC tended to be associated with a higher score on an established questionnaire measuring social skills. These data are promising, and provide important information for the following stages of development and evaluation of this new questionnaire.
Measures of Participation Outcomes and Environmental Considerations for Children With Acquired Brain Injury: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ziviani Jenny , Desha Laura , Feeney Rachel , Boyd Rosyln
Published: June 2010

This systematic review examined the psychometric properties and application of assessments used to evaluate participation outcomes and environmental factors for children with acquired brain injury (ABI). An electronic search of eight databases for articles published up to June 2009 revealed reference to 98 outcome measures. According to inclusion criteria based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF: Child and Youth version), five were identified as measures of participation (Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment [CAPE], Child and Adolescent Scale of Participation [CASP], Assessment of Life Habits for Children [LIFE-H], Participation Index of the Mayo-Portland Adaptability Index [M2PI], and the Participation Subscale of the School Function Assessment [SFA-PS]). Six were identified as measures of environment (Child and Adolescent Scale of Environment [CASE], Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors [CHIEF], European Child Environment Questionnaire [ECEQ], Family Inventory of Life Events and Changes [FILE], HOME Inventory, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Scale [MSPSS]). The measures were critiqued in relation to content, validity, reliability, clinical utility, responsiveness, and overall strengths/weaknesses. These measures need to be evaluated more extensively with children who have ABI to further determine their psychometric properties and clinical usefulness with this population.
Henry of Ghent on the Reality of Non-Existing Possibles – Revisited
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: June 2010

According to a well-known interpretation, Henry of Ghent holds that possible but non-existent essences – items merely with what Henry labels ‘esse essentiae’ – have some reality external to the divine mind, but short of actual existence (esse existentiae). I argue that this reading of Henry is mistaken. Furthermore, Henry identifies any essence, considered independently of its existence as a universal concept or as instantiated in a particular as an item that has some kind of reality in the divine intellect, and that constitutes an object of thought for that intellect. This object is distinguished from the universal concepts of creaturely cognition.
"Sons of White Fathers": Mulatto Vengeance and the Haitian Revolution in Victor Séjour's "The Mulatto"
Authors: Daut Marlene L.
Published: June 2010

Marlene L. Daut, "'Sons of White Fathers': Mulatto Vengeance and the Haitian Revolution in Victor Séjour's 'The Mulatto'"(pp. 1–37)

Although many literary critics have traced the genealogy of the tragic mulatto/a to nineteenth-century U.S. letters, in this essay I argue that the theme of tragedy and the mixed-race character predates the mid-nineteenth-century work of Lydia Maria Child and William Wells Brown and cannot be considered a solely U.S. American concept. The image can also be traced to early-nineteenth-century French colonial literature, where the trope surfaced in conjunction with the image of the Haitian Revolution as a bloody race war. Through a reading of the Louisiana-born Victor Séjour's representation of the Haitian Revolution, "Le Mulâtre" or "The Mulatto," originally composed in French and first published in Paris in 1837, this essay considers the implications of the conflation of the literary history of the tragic mulatto/a with the literary history of the Haitian Revolution in one of the first short stories written by an American author of African descent.
Beyond the Cheated Eye: Dickinson's Lyric Sociality
Authors: Cull Ryan
Published: June 2010

Ryan Cull, "Beyond the Cheated Eye: Dickinson's Lyric Sociality" (pp. 38–64)

During the past generation, Dickinson scholarship has shown how historicist and printculture methodologies can illuminate the social nexus of even a notoriously reticent figure. It has also had a broader impact on how we think about lyric poetry in general. For Emily Dickinson's experiments with dual authorship, hybrid-collage forms, and the blurring of stylistic and formal lines between poem and letter indicate the social embeddedness of what critics often still consider a private genre. This essay blends these two lines of thought in order to consider the lyric (and here, especially, Dickinson's lyrics) not only as a socio-historically embedded form but also as a form that may have application to our theorizing of the social. The essay argues that in a sequence of poems and letters in the period from 1862 to 1863 Dickinson identifies a possessiveness at the heart of the lyrical subjectivity that poisons social relations and stands as the most pervasive legacy of Romanticism. The essay then shows how Dickinson criticism, which can serve as a microcosm of critical trends in general, critiques but never casts aside this post-Romantic subjectivity that still limits our social theorizing. Then it shows how Dickinson seeks to do just this, to present within her lyrics an alternative poetic subjectivity that makes possible a revolutionary, pacifistic (though not passive) form of social relation.