bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of the cerebellar afferent system in the shark Scyliorhinus canicula: Insights into the basal organization of precerebellar nuclei in gnathostomes
Authors: Pose‐Méndez Sol , Candal Eva , Adrio Fátima , Rodríguez‐Moldes Isabel
Published: July 2013

The cerebellum is recognized as an evolutionary innovation of jawed vertebrates, whose most primitive group is represented by the chondrichthyans, or cartilaginous fishes. A comprehensive knowledge of cerebellar connections in these fishes might shed light on the basal organization of the cerebellar system. Although the organization of the precerebellar system is known in adults, developmental studies are essential for understanding the origin and evolution of precerebellar nuclei. In the present work we performed a developmental study of cerebellar connections in embryos and juveniles of an advanced shark species, Scyliorhinus canicula, by application of tract tracing in combination with immunohistochemical techniques. Main precerebellar cell populations were located in the diencephalon (pretectum and thalamus), mesencephalon (reticular formation and nucleus ruber), rhombencephalon (cerebellar nucleus, reticular formation, and inferior olive), and spinal cord (ventral horn). The order of arrival of cerebellar afferent projections throughout development revealed a common pattern with other jawed vertebrates, which was helpful for comparison of stages of cerebellar development. The neurochemical study of the inferior olive and other precerebellar nuclei revealed many shared features with other gnathostomes. Furthermore, because many precerebellar nuclei originate from rhombic lips, the first analysis of neuronal migrations from these lips was performed with markers of neuroblasts. The shared features of development and organization of precerebellar connections observed between sharks and amniotes suggest that their basic pattern was established early in gnathostome evolution. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:131–168, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of plasma membrane estrogen receptors in mediating the estrogen induction of progesterone receptors in hypothalamic ventromedial neurons
Authors: Sá Susana I. , Pereira Pedro A. , Malikov Viacheslav , Ferreira Isabel M.P.L.V.O. , Madeira M. Dulce
Published: July 2013

Progesterone is well known for its role in the modulation of sexual behavior. In the ventromedial nucleus (VMN), a part of the mediobasal hypothalamus that regulates sexual behavior in female rodents, estrogens induce the expression of progesterone receptors (PRs). This effect is known to be dependent on the activation of nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs). However, recent studies have documented estrogen activation of genomic transcription triggered by protein–protein phosphorylation cascades initiated at membrane receptors. The aim of this study was to examine if membrane‐initiated estradiol (E2) stimulation is able to induce PR expression in the VMN or, at least, to modulate nuclear ER action. To achieve this goal, 2‐month‐old ovariectomized Wistar rats were injected bilaterally, in the vicinity of VMN, with free E2 and with E2 conjugated with bovine serum albumin (E2BSA), alone or in sequence, by using a two‐pulse injection paradigm. Stereological methods and western blot analysis were used to estimate the total number of PR‐immunoreactive neurons in the VMN and the PR protein content of the VMN, respectively. The results showed that the administration of E2BSA alone increases the number of PR‐immunoreactive neurons and the expression level of PR protein to values similar to those resulting from E2 administration. They also showed that the sequential administration of E2 and E2BSA potentiates the effects resulting from the injection of E2 or E2BSA alone. These data provide the first evidence that membrane‐initiated E2 stimulation is able to induce and to potentiate the genomic activation of PR expression in the VMN. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:298–307, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Near‐Infrared‐Emitting CdxHg1−xSe Nanorods Fabricated by Ion Exchange in an Aqueous Medium
Authors: Gupta Shuchi , Kershaw Stephen V. , Susha Andrei S. , Wong Tai Lun , Higashimine Koichi , Maenosono Shinya , Rogach Andrey L.
Published: July 2013

Whereas CdSe nanorods that are grown in organic solution have a hexagonal wurtzite structure, which is the limiting case for exchange, HgSe is more commonly encountered as a cubic zinc blende system. An exchange process was performed at room temperature and at atmospheric pressure in an aqueous environment after phase transfer of the original CdSe nanorods, which reinforced the tendency for the endpoint of HgSe to be cubic. Consequently, we observed that under ambient conditions, the exchange process terminated with an average composition of only Cd0.9Hg0.1Se. Following the changes during the process by optical spectroscopy and high angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), we observed that the Hg2+ ions diffused into the rods to a point limited by the formation of stacking faults due to the different lattice structures of the two limiting cases of zinc blende and wurtzite. HAADF‐STEM and energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses also confirmed that the Hg substitution did not occur uniformly throughout the individual nanorods, as Hg‐poor and Hg‐rich regions coexist around the stacking faults. The formation of near‐infrared‐emitting alloyed CdxHg1−xSe nanorods in an aqueous medium highlights the subtle dependence of the ion‐exchange process on the differences in the crystal structures of the two endpoint lattices.
Effect of Channel Confinement on the Coarsening Kinetics of Nanoparticles Deposited on Semicrystalline Polymer Templates
Authors: Pavan Mariela J. , Shenhar Roy
Published: July 2013

Dodecanethiol‐capped gold nanoparticles (NPs) deposited onto a poly(ethylene glycol) substrate quickly coarsen over a timescale of days when stored under ambient conditions. The NP coarsening was studied at different surface coverages and temperatures. The coarsening of NPs depended on their location on the film; NPs located inside the channels coarsened in a different fashion than NPs deposited on the plateaus. Size distributions studied by image analysis and comparison to theoretical distribution functions shed light on the coarsening mechanism in each case, revealing the role of dimensionality.
The Cag pathogenicity island and interaction between TLR2/NOD2 and NLRP3 regulate IL‐1β production in Helicobacter pylori infected dendritic cells
Authors: Kim Dong‐Jae , Park Jong‐Hwan , Franchi Luigi , Backert Steffen , Núñez Gabriel
Published: July 2013

Helicobacter pylori colonization of the stomach affects about half of the world population and is associated with the development of gastritis, ulcers, and cancer. Polymorphisms in the IL1B gene are linked to an increased risk of H. pylori associated cancer, but the bacterial and host factors that regulate interleukin (IL)‐1β production in response to H. pylori infection remain unknown. Using murine BM‐derived DCs, we show that the bacterial virulence factors cytotoxin‐associated genes pathogenicity island and CagL, but not vacuolating cytotoxin A or CagA, regulate the induction of pro‐IL‐1β and the production of mature IL‐1β in response to H. pylori infection. We further show that the host receptors, Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) and nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), but not NOD1, are required for induction of pro‐IL‐1β and NOD‐like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) in H. pylori infected DCs. In contrast, NLRP3 and the adaptor ASC were essential for the activation of caspase‐1, processing of pro‐IL‐1β into IL‐1β, and IL‐1β secretion. Finally, we show that mice deficient in caspase‐1, IL‐1β, and IL‐1 receptor, but not NLRP3, are impaired in the clearance of CagA‐positive H. pylori from the stomach when compared with WT mice. These studies identify bacterial cag pathogenicity island and the cooperative interaction among host innate receptors TLR2, NOD2, and NLRP3 as important regulators of IL‐1β production in H. pylori infected DCs.
Proinflammatory stimuli induce galectin‐9 in human mesenchymal stromal cells to suppress T‐cell proliferation
Authors: Gieseke Friederike , Kruchen Anne , Tzaribachev Nikolay , Bentzien Frank , Dominici Massimo , Müller Ingo
Published: July 2013

Human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are clinically applied to treat autoimmune diseases and graft‐versus‐host disease due to their immunomodulatory properties. Several molecules have been identified to mediate these effects, including constitutively expressed galectin‐1. However, there are indications in the literature that MSCs exert enhanced immunosuppressive functions after interaction with an inflammatory environment. Therefore, we analyzed how inflammatory stimuli influence the expression of the galectin network in MSCs and functionally tested the relevance for the immunomodulatory effects of MSCs. We found that galectin‐9 was strongly induced in MSCs upon interaction with activated PBMCs. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), and also ligands of the Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4 elicited similar induction of galectin‐9 in activated PBMCs. Galectin‐9 was not only upregulated intracellularly, but also released by MSCs in significant amounts into the supernatant after exposure to proinflammatory stimuli. In proliferation assays, MSCs with a galectin‐9 knockdown lost a significant portion of their antiproliferative effects on T cells. In conclusion, we found that unlike constitutively expressed galectin‐1, galectin‐9 is induced by several proinflammatory stimuli and released by MSCs. Thus, galectin‐9 contributes to the inducible immunomodulatory functions of MSCs.
Facile Access to Functional Building Blocks of C60 Involving C3‐Symmetrical Addition Patterns
Authors: Gmehling Alexander , Hirsch Andreas
Published: July 2013

A new class of C3‐symmetrical fullerene building blocks with a well‐defined spatial arrangement of addends has been developed. They comprise compounds with a e,e,e‐trisaddition pattern and a mixed octahedral hexakisaddition pattern. Fullerenophosphates with a e,e,e‐addition pattern were used for the spatial preorganization of the addends. After deprotection seven different trisbromides (12–16, 15a, 16a) with varying chain lengths and orientation of the functional groups were obtained. Acetylenes could be coupled to these compounds by click chemistry through an intermediate trisazide. For the synthesis of mixed hexakisadducts 19–21 a template system based on a central benzyl moiety was attached to the free hemisphere of the trisadduct fullerenophosphates. It was shown that the phosphate and the benzyl template can be removed independently. Fully deprotected building block 24 bearing both terminal bromide and hydroxy moieties was prepared. In addition, rather complex hybrid architecture 29 bearing three porphyrin units in the polar addend zone was successfully synthesized.
Annulated Heterocyclic Derivatives of 1,3,6,8‐Tetraazapyrene
Authors: Martens Susanne C. , Hahn Lena , Lombeck Florian , Rybina Arina , Wadepohl Hubert , Gade Lutz H.
Published: July 2013

Polyheterocyclic aromatic compounds combining the electron‐poor 1,3,6,8‐tetraazapyrene (TAPy) unit with electron‐rich heterocycles are reported. They were obtained as side‐products from the reaction of the tin “double salt” of tetraaminonaphthalene hydrochloride with trifluoroacetic anhydride in pyridine. Apart from the target product, 2,7‐bis(trifluoromethyl)‐1,3,6,8‐tetraazapyrene (1), several novel heteroaromatics were obtained resulting from the annulation of a furan (2) or indolizine unit (3) to the TAPy core. Upon recrystallization from methanol, methanol added to compound 2 to yield the racemate of the homochiral diastereomer [(R,R)‐ and (S,S)‐2a]. Compound 3 is strongly fluorescent (φ = 0.68 in toluene) and the emission spectra display a significant bathochromic shift with increasing solvent polarity. The HOMO of 3 is located on the indolizine part of the molecule, whereas the LUMO primarily resides on the tetraazapyrene unit, which suggests considerable intramolecular charge transfer in the corresponding π*←π transition.
A unified approach for the design of high ductility steel frames with concentric braces in the framework of Eurocode 8
Authors: Marino Edoardo M.
Published: July 2013

Eurocode 8 (EC8) stipulates design methods for frames with diagonal braces and for chevron braced frames, which differ as regards the numerical model adopted, the value of the behavior factorqand the estimation of the lateral strength provided by braces. Instead, in this paper, the use of the same design method is suggested for both types of concentrically braced frames. The design method is a generalization of the one proposed for chevron braced frames in a previous study. A numerical investigation is conducted to assess the reliability of this design method. A set of concentrically braced frames is designed according to the EC8 and proposed design methods. The seismic response of these frames is determined by nonlinear dynamic analysis. Finally, it is demonstrated that the proposed design method is equivalent to those provided by EC8, because it can ensure the same level of structural safety which would be expected when using EC8. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relative changes in CO emissions over megacities based on observations from space
Authors: Pommier Matthieu , McLinden Chris A. , Deeter Merritt
Published: July 2013

Urban areas are large sources of several air pollutants, with carbon monoxide (CO) among the largest. Yet measurement from space of their CO emissions remains elusive due to its long lifetime. Here we introduce a new method of estimating relative changes in CO emissions over megacities. A new multichannel Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) CO data product, offering improved sensitivity to the boundary layer, is used to estimate this relative change over eight megacities: Moscow, Paris, Mexico, Tehran, Baghdad, Los Angeles, Sao Paulo, and Delhi. By combining MOPITT observations with wind information from a meteorological reanalysis, changes in the CO upwind‐downwind difference are used as a proxy for changes in emissions. Most locations show a clear reduction in CO emission between 2000–2003 and 2004–2008, reaching −43% over Tehran and −47% over Baghdad. There is a contrasted agreement between these results and the MACCity and Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research v4.2 inventories.
Plasma levels of interleukin‐6 and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor response in patients with major depressive disorder
Authors: Yoshimura Reiji , Hori Hikaru , Ikenouchi‐Sugita Atsuko , Umene‐Nakano Wakako , Katsuki Asuka , Atake Kiyokazu , Nakamura Jun
Published: July 2013

Objective

We investigated the plasma levels of interleukin (IL)‐6 and 5‐HTT polymorphisms in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). This is the first report, to our knowledge, of an investigation into the association between 5‐HTT gene polymorphism, plasma IL‐6 levels, and responses to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in Japanese patients with MDD.

Method

One‐hundred and eighteen patients (51 male, 67 female) who met the DSM‐IV criteria for MDD were enrolled. Their ages ranged from 24 to 78 (mean ± SD = 44 ± 12) years. The patients were treated with SSRIs (paroxetine in 66 cases, sertraline in 42 cases) for 8 weeks.

Results

The plasma levels of IL‐6 were significantly higher in the SSRI responders than in the nonresponders (p = 0.0328), and the changes in plasma IL‐6 levels correlated significantly with the changes in severity of depressive state (p = .0.007). No difference was found in baseline and the changes in plasma IL‐6 levels between the patients with a 5‐HTT gene (5‐HTTLPR) L‐carrier and those with S/S.

Conclusion

These results suggest that the plasma levels of IL‐6 reflect the severity of MDD and that plasma IL‐6 levels might be another biological‐state marker for the depressive state. In addition, the 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism might be independent of plasma IL‐6 levels. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
4.1: Invited Paper: Electronic Structure, Carrier Transport, Defects and Impurities in Amorphous Oxide Semiconductor
Authors: Kamiya Toshio , Nomura Kenji , Hosono Hideo
Published: July 2013

This review paper provides the present status of amorphous oxide semiconductor technology along with knowledge obtained to date on their carrier transport, defects and impurities in relation to their stability issues.
5.2: Invited Paper: TFT‐LCDs as the Future Leading Role in FPD
Authors: Ukai Yasuhiro
Published: July 2013

TFT‐LCDs are now facing challenge of AMOLEDs in various applications. This paper discusses some critical comparisons between TFT‐LCDs and AMOLEDs, specifically focusing on power consumption and device life time. Also this paper discusses the importance of light throughput and manufacturing cost reduction by the in‐cell technology of TFT‐LCDs.
6.2: Flexible Display Driven by Solution‐Processed OTFTs Manufactured Using All‐Sputtered Electrodes
Authors: Lee Jung Eun , Kim Kyung Min , Na Hyung II , Park Chang Bum , Yoo Soon Sung , Yang Myoung Su , Kang In Byeong , Yeo Sang Deog
Published: July 2013

We have developed a 3.5‐inch flexible display driven by solution‐processed organic thin‐film transistors manufactured using all‐sputtered electrodes. For large area and mass production of OTFTs, low‐cost and low‐resistance copper electrode is adopted for S/D and Gate electrodes. There is no significant degradation after delamination of plastic substrate from the glass and bending stress.
7.3: A Simulation Study of a Flat Panel Detector Based on Shadow Mask PDP
Authors: Zhang Panpan , Tu Yan , Yang Lanan , Ma Shanle , Zhang Wei , Tolner Harm
Published: July 2013

A new type of detector, the shadow mask flat panel detector, is proposed and its characteristics are investigated by the program Garfield. The results reveal how the avalanche process and gain of the detector depend on the voltages applied and the structure. It proves that higher positive anode voltage and lower negative shadow mask voltage can enhance the gain. To ease the limitation of the Paschen breakdown, a new design enabling high gain values by suppressing ion feedback is proposed.
8.1: Invited Paper: Optical and System Considerations for Mobile Touch Screen Applications
Authors: Bathiche Steven , Oliver Tom , Cady Andy , Dighde Rajesh
Published: July 2013

The tradeoffs of a mobile computer industrial design include pixel density, optical effects, ambient lighting influence, touch screen weight and power. In this paper, we analyzed the significance of these based on human eye's acuity, contrast sensitivity, focusing ability and lighting condition.
9.2: A Wide‐view High Resolution 3D Display Using Real‐time Rendering Relating to Viewer Position
Authors: Yang Yingbao , Higashi Amane , Uehara Toshinori , Kasai Taiki , Koito Takeo
Published: July 2013

Abstract: We have developed a wide‐view glass‐less 3D display using head‐tracking technology. In the head‐tracking system, the viewer's positions are captured by a real‐time camera and dedicated software and the 3D image is displayed with real‐time rendering relating to the viewer's positions. 3D crosstalk has been suppressed a low level by using an interesting multi‐pixel rendering method. 3D resolution above 170ppi has been achieved by adopting a high resolution LTPS LCD.
11.2: Invited Paper: Development of Large‐size Oxide TFT‐LCD TV with ADSDS Technology
Authors: Zhang Mi , Wang Gang , Lee Seung‐Kyu , Lee Woo‐Bong , Liu Xiang , Yuan Guang‐Cai , Xu Yu‐Bo , Yoon Yong‐Jun , Yang Hai‐Peng , Chen Jian , Park Han‐Jun , Dong You‐Mei
Published: July 2013

We have developed the UHD 4K*2K resolution large‐size oxide TFT‐LCD TV with ADSDS (Advanced Super Dimension Switch) technology. The pixel aperture ratio and panel transmission could be increased and the voltage shift could be reduced by the new pixel design and process optimization. Meanwhile, the mask reduction process is suitable for large‐scale production line.
12.2: Invited Paper: Electrochemical Display for Color e‐Paper and Dual Mode Display
Authors: Kobayashi Norihisa
Published: July 2013

This paper aims to fabricate novel electronic paper technology with electrochemical reaction. Particularly, electrochromism including electrodeposition is effective to realize color e‐paper. We also demonstrated novel display device with dual reflective and emissive modes by combining both electrochromic (EC) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) materials in a single cell. The device functions as an EC cell in the reflective mode, and as an ECL cell in the emissive mode.
15.4: Function Integrated LC GRIN Lens for Partially Switchable 2D/3D Display
Authors: Takagi Ayako , Uehara Shinichi , Kashiwagi Masako , Baba Masahiro
Published: July 2013

For switching the lens function partially in a display screen with a single LC cell, we propose rectangular coupled electrode and extended flag bit driving. Each rectangular area includes slanted lens edge electrodes with vertically connected and common electrodes with horizontally coupled. The extended flag bit driving controls the applied voltage between the lens edge electrodes and common electrodes, so that in a 3D image area the voltage is over the lens threshold voltage. Thanks to the proposed structure and driving method, in a 2D area the voltage becomes lower than the lens threshold voltage, hence the lens effect is not observed. 17‐inch partial 2D/3D display has been developed.
16.4: Photostability Improvement of a‐InGaZnO TFTs by Introducing a Transparent UV Shielding Layer
Authors: Tsai Min‐Yen , Tsai Yun‐Chu , Teng Li‐Feng , Liu Po‐Tsun , Shieh Han‐Ping D.
Published: July 2013

The photosensitivity and stability of a‐IGZO TFTs can be efficiently improved by introducing a transparent passivation layer made of Mo‐doped ZnO (MZO). Under a negative bias illumination stress (NBIS) with photoenergy (∼3.4eV), the ΔVth of MZO‐passivated TFTs was 0.39 V after 5400 sec of NBIS, whereas the unpassivated TFTs showed a large ΔVth of −10.56 V. Moreover, the unpassivated TFTs exhibited a slight positive Vth shift of 1.69 V after 5400 sec of positive bias stress (PBS), while the ΔVth of MZO‐passivated TFTs was only 0.45 V.
17.1: Invited Paper: Polymer‐Stabilized Blue Phase Liquid Crystal Displays Applying Novel Groove Cell Structure
Authors: Tsai Cheng‐Yeh , Tseng Te‐Jen , Wang Lin‐Yung , Yu Fang‐Cheng , Lan Yi‐Fen , Huang Pu‐Jung , Lin Szu‐Yu , Chen Kuan‐Ming , Tseng Bo‐Shiang , Kuo Chia‐Wei , Lin Ching‐Huan , Lu Jen‐Kuei , Sugiura Norio
Published: July 2013

Blue phase liquid crystal displays (BPLCDs) have attracted considerable attention in recent years because of its many advantages. However, BPLCDs exhibit narrow temperature range, high driving voltage, and tough process.

In our works, polymer‐stabilized technology using newly optimized BPLC material was applied to enlarge BP temperature range. In order to overcome high driving voltage, 2D1G design was used to apply conventional source driver IC for cost. Furthermore, novel groove cell structure which could gain more effective electric field without adding special masks for the groove was successfully implemented. Finally, 10‐inch BPLCDs was demonstrated by optimization of ODF process.
17.3L: Late‐News Paper: Enhancing the Contrast Ratio of Blue Phase LCDs
Authors: Liu Yifan , Lan Yi‐fen , Zhang Hongxia , Zhu Ruidong , Xu Daming , Tsai Cheng‐Yeh , Lu Jen‐Kuei , Sugiura Norio , Lin Yu‐Chieh , Wu Shin‐Tson
Published: July 2013

Experimental evidence proves that polymer‐stabilized blue phase liquid crystal is not perfectly optically isotropic. The optical rotatory power (ORP) of double twist cylinders causes the polarization axis of the transmitted light to rotate a small angle, and leaks through the crossed polarizers. Rotating the analyzer by ∼2o to correct this ORP can improve the contrast ratio by 3X.
A 3.4‐in. Flexible High‐Resolution Full‐Color Top‐Emitting AMOLED Display
Authors: Chida Akihiro , Hatano Kaoru , Inoue Tatsunori , Senda Naoyuki , Sakuishi Tatsuya , Ikeda Hisao , Seo Satoshi , Hirakata Yoshiharu , Yasumoto Shunpei Yamazaki Seiji , Sato Masataka , Yasuda Yuki , Okazaki Shoji , Nakamura Wataru , Mitsui Seiichi
Published: July 2013

In this paper, we report a 3.4‐inch flexible top‐emitting AMOLED display with remarkably high resolution using oxide TFTs. Our transfer technology has an advantage of fabricating high‐performance TFTs and a high‐resolution AMOLED Display on a flexible substrate.
19.1: Efficiency Enhancement of Indium Phosphide (InP) Based Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes by Shell Thickness Tuning
Authors: Kim Yohan , Ippen Christian , Greco Tonino , Wedel Armin , Park Myeongjin , Lee Changhee , Han Chul Jong , Kim Jiwan
Published: July 2013

We investigated the optoelectronic characteristics of QD‐LEDs by tuning ZnS shell thickness of InP/ZnSe/ZnS multishell QDs. Current efficiency of our QD‐LEDs fabricated using thicker ZnS shell of QDs was enhanced up to 4.65 cd/A. It is one of the promising results reported so far for Cd‐free QD‐LEDs.
20.1: Color Holographic Display Based on Fast‐Response Liquid Crystal Cell
Authors: Li Xiao , Chen Chao Ping , Gao Hongyue , He Zhenghong , Hu Wei , Xiong Yuan , Li Hongjing , Su Yikai
Published: July 2013

A multiplexed holographic video has been achieved with a passive liquid crystal cell, whose response time is in the order of several milliseconds. Meanwhile, reconstructed RGB images are merged as a white color image, providing a possibility of real‐time color holographic three‐dimensional display. In addition, the dependence of the intensities of reconstructed images on the polarization direction of reading beam is investigated.
21.2: Distinguished Paper: 55‐inch OLED TV using InGaZnO TFTs with WRGB Pixel Design
Authors: Nam Woo‐Jin , Shim Jong‐Sik , Shin Hong‐Jae , Kim Jin‐Mog , Ha Woo‐Suk , Park Kwan‐Ho , Kim Hong‐Gyu , Kim Bum‐Sik , Oh Chang‐Ho , Ahn Byung‐Chul , Kim Bong‐Chul , Cha Soo‐Youle
Published: July 2013

In this paper, we suggest panel design schemes for large size OLED panel. With considerations on the reliability of oxide TFT, new pixel circuit is proposed to compensate threshold voltage shift of TFT and is designed in each WRGB sub‐pixel. Also, the panel design concept for improving power supplying is explained. Low resistivity Cu metal is used to allow large panel current with uniformly supplying power voltage. 55‐inch panel is successfully fabricated and demonstrated. Oxide TFT and white OLED with color layers are promising technologies for OLED TV.
22.4: Multi‐stable LCD with Dual‐frequency Reverse‐mode Polymer Stabilized Cholesteric Texture
Authors: Peli‐Smith Andrew M. , Wu Cheng‐Che , Wang Che‐Syuan , Chiu Tien‐Lung , Lee Jiunn‐Yih , Lee Jiun‐Haw
Published: July 2013

In this paper, we have demonstrated a LCD which can be stabilized with multiple states (tansmittance 10–90%) at 0 bias which can maintain for over 2 weeks by using reverse mode polymer stabilized texture with dual frequency LC materials.
23.4: Delamination Effect on Flexible LTPS‐TFTs
Authors: Lu Ssu‐Hui , Lee Ming‐Hsien , Hsu Yuan‐Jun , Peng Chia‐Tien
Published: July 2013

A flexible TFT employing ultra‐low‐temperature process (< 400 degree‐C) was demonstrated. Two impacts after delamination were observed, including threshold voltage shift and punch‐through‐like deterioration. Scenarios regarding gate insulator quality and carrier injection was proposed and discussed.
25.2: Invited Paper: ESD and EOS Impacts during Module Assembly Processes for Display Panels
Authors: Chen Tung‐Yang , Ker Ming‐Dou
Published: July 2013

In the manufacturing process of the display module assembly, from the integration of PCB and LCD glass to each module to be assembled, there will be a lot of transferred moving and contacted behavior by equipment or personnel, inevitably. Therefore, the ESD and EOS phenomenon occurring in those production processes will impact the reliability of finished or semi‐finished products owing to the damage of ESD/EOS sensitive semiconductor elements. The failure processes and root causes have been addressed to improve the production yield of LCM for display panels.
26.2: A Two Step Wave Field Projection Method for Fast Hologram Pattern Generation
Authors: Wey Hocheon , Lee Seok , Nam Dongkyung , Park Dusik
Published: July 2013

Fast hologram pattern generation method is proposed. First 3D wave field is projected on reference depth plane by point source based method, and final hologram pattern at SLM plane is obtained by FFT based method. Experimental results show that proposed method is 878 times faster than analytic method.
26.3: Volumetric Display System Using Multiple Mini‐Projectors
Authors: Song Weitao , Zhu Qiudong , Huang Tao , Liu Yue , Wang Yongtian
Published: July 2013

A new type of volumetric display is developed using multiple mini‐projectors and a rotating screen. A novel illumination subsystem is designed to ensure accurate synchronization between the projectors and the rotating screen. Therefore, low‐speed and low‐cost miniature display devices can be used in the mini‐projectors to realize dynamic volumetric imaging with full color and high resolution.
28.3: A Novel Vertically‐aligned In‐plane‐switching LCD Mode with Great Picture Quality
Authors: Tsao Sau‐Wen , Chen Cho‐Yan , Ting Tien‐Lun , Kung Yen‐Ying , Lu Mei‐Ju , Hsu Wen‐Hao , Su Jenn‐Jia
Published: July 2013

In this work, an LCD mode with vertical alignment and in‐plane switching electrodes (VA‐IPS) is proposed to improve optical performance. This mode can control tilt angles of LC molecules via combinations of various distances of the in‐plane‐switching electrodes, and thus improve color washout. Also, a new driving scheme combining T‐T type driving method with charge‐shared (CS) structure is presented to further improve the picture quality at oblique viewing angle by not only adjusting spacing of in‐plane‐switching electrode pairs but also creating an extra voltage difference by CS structure in one pixel. After simulation and optimization, this mode possesses very small oblique gamma distortion and TRDI as low as 0.13.
28.5L: Late‐News Paper: Wide‐Color‐Gamut and Wide‐Viewing‐Angle Color Reflective LCD with Novel Anisotropic Diffusion Layer
Authors: Ishinabe Takahiro , Kusama Kentaro , Fujikake Hideo , Shoshi Satoru
Published: July 2013

We have developed a color‐reflective liquid crystal display with a wide color gamut, wide viewing angle, and motion picture capability. Control over the anisotropy of optical diffusion was achieved by optimizing the internal refractive index distribution using a novel diffusion layer, resulting in a high reflectivity across a wide angle range.
30.3: Comparison of On‐Screen Display‐based and ICC Profile‐based Calibration for OLED Displays
Authors: Wu Chih‐Lei , Badano Aldo , Cheng Wei‐Chung
Published: July 2013

The tone reproduction curves of an OLED display were measured and modeled as a function of three on‐screen display (OSD) settings. The optimal OSD settings, derived from the model, outperformed two ICC profile‐based color calibration kits by reducing the calibration errors from 2.89% to 0.25% and the quantization errors from 9.28% to 0%.
33.3L: Late‐News Paper: Optimizing Nanostructures to Enhance Optical Outcoupling of OLED Microdisplays
Authors: Pfeifer Richard , Fehse Karsten , Vogel Uwe , Leo Karl
Published: July 2013

We present optical simulations of a nanostructured OLED‐anode design to enhance the optical outcoupling efficiency. The design allows for the integration of a grating structure with high refractive index contrast into top‐emitting OLED microdisplays using CMOS‐compatible techniques.
70.3L: Late‐News Paper: All Wet Processable Barrier Film for Flexible OLED Displays
Authors: Kikuchi Tomoyuki , Nagayama Kenichi , Yamada Yukika , Usami Hisanao
Published: July 2013

We have succeeded in developing a world‐top‐class high barrier film with the water vapor transmission ratio of 3times10−5(g/m2/day). The developed film is all‐wet‐processable and crack‐free and realized by a layer‐by‐layer assembly of clay nanosheets. The clay nanosheets are grown by alternately depositing exfoliated montmorillonite clay and cationic binder. The mechanism of the enhanced barrier performance is presumably due to increased path length of gas diffusion along nanosheets. The developed barrier film is sufficiently impermeable to moisture and will provide a cost‐effective solution to produce flexible OLEDs.
35.1: High Resolution AMOLED Pixel Using Negative Feedback Structure for Improving Image Quality
Authors: Keum Nack‐Hyeon , Kwon Oh‐Kyong
Published: July 2013

An active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) pixel structure is proposed to improve image quality of high resolution small sized displays. The proposed pixel structure increases luminance uniformity by decreasing the distortion of the voltage in the storage capacitors using negative feedback structure. The simulation results show that the distortion of the voltage in the storage capacitors with negative feedback structure decreases to 55.3% compared to that without negative feedback structure and the emission current error of the proposed pixel structure ranges from −0.71 LSB to 0.56 LSB when the threshold voltage of the driving TFT varies from −0.2 V to 0.2 V.
36.1: Visual Comfort and Viewing Time of S3D Content on Mobile Devices
Authors: Shibata Takashi , Oshima Keisuke , Muneyuki Fumiya , Kawai Takashi
Published: July 2013

The authors conducted an experiment that examined the relationship between visual comfort and an individual observer's near phoria in terms of the length of time spent viewing 3D content on a mobile device. Two experimental parameters were used: the position of the stereo video images (in front of the screen and behind the screen) and the time for which the images were viewed (three, nine, and fifteen minutes). The results showed that observers with a higher degree of exophoria tend to prefer stereo images that are presented behind the screen when the viewing time is short.
37.1: Invited Paper: Third Generation OLED by Hyperfluorescence
Authors: Adachi Chihaya
Published: July 2013

Although typical organic molecules are simply composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) atoms, their unique bonding manners based on sp3, sp2 and sp hybrid orbitals enables very sophisticated molecular architectures, leading to unique functions. By using unlimited freedom of molecular structures, we designed new light emitting molecules, the hyper fluorescence‐highly efficient delayed fluorescence. With the proper molecular design, the energy levels of the excited states, i.e., singlet (S1) and triplet (T1) excited states, are minimized, promoting efficient upconversion from T1 to S1 states, resulted in an ultimate EL efficiency.
38.2: Comparative Analysis of Alignment Characteristics of Polyimide Films Using Near Edge X‐ray Adsorption Fine Structure
Authors: Kwak Musun , Kim Kyoungri , Choi Seungkyu , Kim Nakwon , Kang Dongwoo , Choi Youngseok , Jeon Suho , Kim Kijeong , Kim Bongsoo
Published: July 2013

We studied the structural characteristics of poly imides (PI) chains according to the film thickness and the temperature treatment using the angle resolved near edge X‐ray adsorption fine structure (AR‐NEXAFS). The molecular directional angle a of the twisted nematic (TN) and the in‐plane switching (IPS) mode alignment film (AF) decrease the tilt angle as increasing the film thickness. These films also shows the temperature dependence of C=C * according to the annealing conditions. In case TN mode sample lost its angular dependency after annealing 230 °C for 2400 sec on the hot plate, but IPS mode sample maintained its angular dependency after same annealing condition with TN mode sample.
39.1: Invited Paper: The Next Touch Evolution Advancing the Consumer Experience in Other Realms: Tasks and Tough Environments
Authors: Norman Donald , Wadia Bahar
Published: July 2013

Billions of people appreciate the simplicity of touch technology, but for the industrial sector, including home white goods and consumer goods, rugged conditions have been a roadblock to integrating this technology. The new evolution is the multi‐touch that works under rigorous conditions. Even though multi‐touch screens are widely popular on today's consumer phones and tablets the design principles for industrial applications and demanding environments are different for those in the rather controlled consumer environment for mobile phones and tablets. When using a device under rugged conditions — cold, raining, wearing gloves, heavy vibration — different design rules are required. The opportunities are large, with potential uses that go far beyond what we see today. Great opportunity brings great challenges. We explore the requirements and the design rules for overcoming them.
39.2: Invited Paper: Natural and Intuitive User Interfaces: Technologies and Applications
Authors: Bhowmik Achintya K.
Published: July 2013

How we interface and interact with computing, communications, and entertainment devices is going through revolutionary changes, with natural user inputs based on touch, gesture, and voice replacing or augmenting the use of traditional user interfaces based on keyboard, mouse, trackballs, joysticks, etc. This paper will review the key technologies towards realizing natural user interfaces and implementations of new interactive applications.
41.1: Distinguished Paper: Viewer Preferences for Shadow, Diffuse, Specular, and Emissive Luminance Limits of High Dynamic Range Displays
Authors: Daly Scott , Kunkel Timo , Sun Xing , Farrell Suzanne , Crum Poppy
Published: July 2013

Once HDR displays were developed, a constant question persisted about how much dynamic range is needed for display. If one uses physical scene luminances or human visual system threshold detections to answer this question, the needed ranges are unachievable at exorbitant cost, and likely to remain so for decades. Therefore we designed studies to find the range that is preferred by human observers, and for suprathreshold appearances. Two studies address the diffuse reflective regions, and a third study tested preferences of highlight regions. Test images were specifically designed to test these limits without the perceptual conflicts that usually occur in these types of studies. For the diffuse range, we found displays capable of a dynamic range between 0.1 and 650 cd/m2 match the average preferences. However, to satisfy 90% of the population, a dynamic range from 0.005 to ∼3,000 cd/m2 is needed. Since a display should be able to produce values brighter than the diffuse white maximum, as in specular highlights and emissive sources, the highlight study concludes that the average preferred maximum luminance for highlight reproduction satisfying 50% of viewers is ∼2,500 cd/m2. This value increases to marginally over 20,000 cd/m2 when catering to 90%. Though there is some variability in preferred brightness between certain demographics, the call for a more capable display is still evident, as preferred luminances found in this study exceed even the best of consumer displays today.
41.2: Evaluation on the Colorfulness of Displays
Authors: Nakatsue Takehiro
Published: July 2013

We evaluated the difference in color performance between displays for various maximum luminances of white and various NTSC gamut area ratios. Our results and analyses indicated that either the colorfulness index or the product of the power functions of the maximum luminance of white and the NTSC gamut area ratios or metric chroma could predict the colorfulness of images on displays.
42.1: A Real‐time 3D Multi‐view Rendering From a Real‐time 3D Capture
Authors: Doyen Didier , Thiebaud Sylvain , Drazic Valter , Thébault Cédric
Published: July 2013

As often declared by customers, wearing glasses is a clear limiting factor for 3D adoption in the home. Auto‐stereoscopic systems bring an interesting answer to this issue. These systems are evolving very fast providing improved picture quality. Nevertheless, they require adapted content which are today highly demanding in term of computation power. The system we describe here is able to generate in real‐time adapted content to these displays: from a real‐time stereo capture up to a real‐time multi‐view rendering. A GPU‐based solution is proposed that ensures a real‐time processing of both disparity estimation and multi‐view rendering on the same platform.
43.2: Invited Paper: Light Outcoupling for OLED: Double the Efficiency While Keeping the Dark Current Low
Authors: Lecamp Guillaume
Published: July 2013

We have developed an outcoupling solution for OLED based on scattering high index layer. We demonstrate an increase of the efficiency by a factor 2 together with low dark currents on large, white, standard OLED. These results have been obtained thanks to an optimization of the scattering properties of the layer and a careful work on the surface quality.
46.4: Self‐Aligned Bottom‐Gate Amorphous IGZO Thin Film Transistor using the Back Side Exposure Technique
Authors: Park Sang‐Moo , Lee Kyoung‐Soo , Choi Kye‐Chul , Lee Hyoung‐Jo , Seo Hyun‐Sik , Ha Chanki , Kim Bong‐Chul , Kim Jong‐Woo , Cha Soo‐Youl
Published: July 2013

In this work, we proposed new fabrication equipment for using the back side exposure technique in Gen.8 glass size and discussed a self‐alignment technique for fabrication of a‐IGZO TFTs which result in inverted staggered bottom gate devices, to simplify the OLED array processing. The Cgs of a‐IGZO TFTs with back side exposure process was lower about 40% than that of a a‐IGZO TFTs with typical process. The decrease in capacitance value of the back side exposure process a‐IGZO TFTs is because the overlap area between the gate and source/drain electrodes has become decrease. At Vds of 10V, the back side exposure process a‐IGZO TFTs represent μsat of 12.43 cm2/Vs, Vth of 0.75V, on‐current of 74.4uA, S‐Factor of 0.23V/dec.
48.2: Light field rendering of multi‐view contents for high density light field 3D display
Authors: Park Juyong , Nam Dongkyung , Choi Seo Young , Lee Jin‐Ho , Park Du Sik , Kim Chang Yeong
Published: July 2013

Though the light field display which can reconstruct the directional light field information has several advantages in representing more realistic 3D images, one of the key problems is to generate the light field information from the natural scene. In this paper, we propose a generalized light field rendering method from the multi‐view video contents and show the experiment results in the developed 300Mpixels light field display.
48.4: Dead‐Zone‐Free 2D/3D Switchable Barrier Type 3D Display
Authors: Wu Hsuan‐Yi , Chang Ching‐Tsun , Lin Chiung‐Liang
Published: July 2013

For the general design of parallax barrier, human eyes must be located at designed position and viewing distance for the best 3D perception. Once the eyes deviate from the right position and distance, the wrong signal started to enter human eyes and people have bad 3D experience. In this paper, we fabricated a 2‐view landscape‐mode LC moving barrier display combined with eye‐tracking system, which achieves dead‐zone‐free 3D experience. The design of LC moving barrier is the main point in this paper.
49.1: Invited Paper: Solution‐Processed OLEDs: Unique Challenges and Advantages
Authors: Prakash Shiva , Sims Marc , Wyrsta Ines , Parker Ian D. , Kondakov Denis , Gao Weiying
Published: July 2013

Currently, solution‐processed OLED displays are believed to have a significant cost advantage over conventional evaporated OLED displays. However, the nature of the fabrication process for the solution‐processed device results in important differences in device physics. Examples are different molecular orientations, intermixing between layers, and broader recombination profiles. These among other topics will be discussed.
54.3: Full Color, High Contrast Front Projection Display on True‐Black Emissive Screen
Authors: Sun Ted , Pettitt Greg , Ho Nguyen T. , Eckles Kurt , Clifton Ben , Cheng Botao
Published: July 2013

We demonstrate full color, high contrast front projective display on true black emissive screen. It comprises of a novel black fluorescent screen, and digital projector with optic output that excite the screen. The image contrast from the emissive screen is superior to conventional projection screen in ambient light, with large viewing angles.
55.2: Ink‐Jet Printed AMOLED Displays Based on High Mobility IGZO TFTs: Cost Does Matter!
Authors: Chen Chih‐Lei , Chung Yi‐Chen , Chen Chien‐Chuan , Chen Peng‐Yu , Lee Chia‐Hwa , Cheng Ling‐I , Tsai Lun , Ting Hung‐Che , Lin Li‐Fong , Chen Chih‐Cheng , Shih Tsung‐Hsiang , Chen Chia‐Yu , Chang Lee‐Hsun , Lin Yusin
Published: July 2013

AMOLED displays based on metal oxide film as active channel layer are fabricated. To achieve cost‐competitive process in OLED manufacturing, solution‐processed HIL, HTL and pixilated EML (RGB) layers followed by evaporation process for other layers are demonstrated in this work. Meanwhile, the AMOLED backplanes possessing low power consumption and high frequency were fabricated on metal oxide TFTs with high mobility (23.13 cm2/Vs) technology. A 14” qHD AMOLED in 79 ppi‐resolution was realized with IGZO based active matrix panel.
56.1: Development of IGZO‐TFT and Creation of New Devices Using IGZO‐TFT
Authors: Kataoka Yoshiharu , Imai Hajime , Nakata Yukinobu , Daitoh Tohru , Kimura Takuya Matsuo Naofumi , Nakano Taketoshi , Mizuno Yukio , Oketani Taimi , Takahashi Masahiro , Tsubuku Masashi , Miyake Hiroyuki , Hirakata Tetsuji Ishitani Yoshiharu , Koyama Jun , Yamazaki Shunpei , Koezuka Junichi , Okazaki Kenichi
Published: July 2013

Sharp succeeded the production of high performance LCD using IGZO for the first time in the world. With the extraordinary TFT characteristics, IGZO‐TFT LCD can realize (1)lower power consumption and (2)higher touch panel performance than a‐Si TFT LCD. In this paper, we report the development of IGZO‐TFT and new LCD devices.
58.1: Invited Paper: Advanced Glass Substrate for the Enhancement of OLED Lighting Out‐coupling Efficiency
Authors: Nakamura Nobuhiro , Domercq Benoit , Billet Sophie , Roquiny Philippe , Wada Naoya , Fukumoto Nao , Tanida Masamichi , Aoki Yumiko , Ohgawara Masao
Published: July 2013

An out‐coupling technology using high refractive index glass scattering layer was established. Out‐coupling efficiency of 2.1 times higher than reference was obtained by the light‐scattering substrate with white OLED. To apply this technology to current production lines of OLED panels, cost‐cutting structure and processes for Gen. 2.5 were also developed. We also show the guideline for OLED stacks on the developed substrates.
63.4L: Late‐News Paper: New Technology for Thinner Cover Glass Substrates: Improvement of Surface Strength by Polishing after Chemical Strengthening
Authors: Ohkawa Hiroyuki , Yamanaka Kazuhiko , Saiki Hitoshi , Nakagawa Aya , Fukawa Makoto , Ishimaru Naohiko
Published: July 2013

Recently, thinner cover glass is required therefore the glass strength is more important. It was found that surface polishing after chemical strengthening improved surface strength. In chemical strengthening process hydrogen enters the glass surface and creates chemical defects. Surface strength is improved by removing them.
64.2: Objective LC Lens Array for a Near‐to‐Eye Display
Authors: Valyukh Sergiy , Slobodyanyuk Oleksandr
Published: July 2013

An objective liquid crystal microlens array enables one to see a microdisplay located at the immediate vicinity of the eye, e.g. such that built into a contact lens or glasses. However, implementation of this microlens array is associated with two problems — correct conjugation of the image provided by the microdisplay with the retina of the eye and the light leakage to a microlens from the adjacent pixels that causes the image blur. In this work, we consider these problems and their possible solutions.
66.1: Invited Paper: Outcoupling Efficiency Enhancement Strategies in OLED Lighting Panels
Authors: Lu Min‐Hao Michael
Published: July 2013

Panel efficacy is one of the most important metrics in OLED lighting. We review strategies for outcoupling enhancement and propose a new device architecture: OLEDs with meshed cathodes to reduce energy loss to the metal cathode, otherwise known as loss to the metal surface plasmon polariton modes. The amount of outcoupling enhancement and practical implementation will be discussed.