bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radial forearm flap plus Flexor Carpi Radialis tendon in Achilles tendon reconstruction: Surgical technique, functional results, and gait analysis
Authors: Innocenti Marco , Tani Massimiliano , Carulli Christian , Ghezzi Serena , Raspanti Andrea , Menichini Giulio
Published: September 2015

Background

Wound dehiscence, infection, and necrosis of tendon and overlying skin are severe complications after open repairs of Achilles tendon. A simultaneous reconstruction should be provided in a single stage operation. We evaluated the outcomes of one of the possible options: the radial forearm free flap with Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR) tendon.

Methods

Between 2006 and 2014, six patients affected by infection and necrosis after Achilles tendon open repair underwent multi‐tissutal reconstruction by a composite radial forearm free flap including a vascularized FCR tendon. The mean skin and tendon defect was respectively 9.8 cm × 4.7 cm and 6.5 cm. After reconstruction, patients underwent clinical examination, including the Achilles Tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS) questionnaire, DASH score, MRI study, and a computer‐assisted gait analysis.

Results

All flaps survived and no complications were recorded. Full weightbearing was allowed within 2 months after surgery. The mean follow‐up was 36.2 months (range 12–96). MRI showed an optimal reconstruction of the tendon. Range of motion was minimally reduced if compared to the contralateral side. Gait analysis showed the recovery of a nearly symmetrical stance phase, time to heel off, and step length of the gate. ATRS and DASH score improved to a mean value of 85.2 (range 83–88) and 8.0 (range 3–15) respectively.

Conclusions

This procedure provided an anatomical reconstruction of the Achilles tendon and skin achieving good and objective functional results; donor site morbidity was limited to the sacrifice of the radial artery, which, in our opinion, is a minor drawback if compared to the quality of the results. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:608–614, 2015.
The complex immunological and inflammatory network of adipose tissue in obesity
Authors: Apostolopoulos Vasso , de Courten Maximilian P. J. , Stojanovska Lily , Blatch Gregory L. , Tangalakis Kathy , de Courten Barbora
Published: September 2015

A number of approaches have been utilized in the prevention, management, and treatment of obesity, including, surgery, medication, diet, exercise, and overall lifestyle changes. Despite these interventions, the prevalence of obesity and the various disorders related to it is growing. In obesity, there is a constant state of chronic low‐grade inflammation which is characterized by activation and infiltration of pro‐inflammatory immune cells and a dysregulated production of high levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. This pro‐inflammatory milieu contributes to insulin resistance, type‐2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other related co‐morbidities. The roles of the innate (macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, NK cells, MAIT cells) and the adaptive (CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, regulatory T cells, and B cells) immune responses and the roles of adipokines and cytokines in adipose tissue inflammation and obesity are discussed. An understanding of the crosstalk between the immune system and adipocytes may shed light in better treatment modalities for obesity and obesity‐related diseases.
Synthesis of chalcone‐containing methacrylate‐based hydrogen bonded side chain liquid crystalline polymer and its dielectric properties
Authors: Korkmaz Burak
Published: September 2015

In this work, a new methacrylate‐based hydrogen bonded side chain liquid crystalline polymer having chalcone moieties (HBCP) was prepared from poly(4‐(3‐(pyridin‐4‐yl)acryloyl) phenyl methacrylate) and 11‐(4‐cyanobiphenyl‐4(‐oxy) undekan‐1‐ol (LC11)) by molecular self‐assembly processes via hydrogen bond formation between nitrogen of the HBCP and hydroxyl group of the LC11. The formation of H bond was confirmed by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The phase transition temperatures and liquid crystalline phases of the HBCP were examined by DSC and POM measurements. The dielectric properties of HBCP have been determined by impedance analyzer within the frequency interval of 100 Hz–15 MHz. According to Cole–Cole plot, the equivalent circuit of the LC system has been found as a capacitor in parallel with a resistor. The resonance frequency, fr, of the R–C circuit has also been calculated as 1.59 MHz by phase angle versus frequency curve. The dielectric relaxation type of HBCP has been determined as nearly‐Debye type because the absorption coefficient, α, equals to 0.01655. From the conductivity point of view, HBCP displays dc conductivity at the low and high frequency regions that correspond to 100 Hz–12 kHz and 3.3 MHz–15 MHz, respectively. On the other hand, it has been revealed that the ac conductivity of the LC system investigated obeys Super Linear Power Law (SLPL) at the intermediate frequency domain. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular evidence that invasive adenocarcinoma can mimic prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and intraductal carcinoma through retrograde glandular colonization
Authors: Haffner Michael C , Weier Christopher , Xu Meng Meng , Vaghasia Ajay , Gürel Bora , Gümüşkaya Berrak , Esopi David M , Fedor Helen , Tan Hsueh‐Li , Kulac Ibrahim , Hicks Jessica , Isaacs William B , Lotan Tamara L , Nelson William G , Yegnasubramanian Srinivasan , De Marzo Angelo M
Published: September 2015

Prostate cancer often manifests as morphologically distinct tumour foci and is frequently found adjacent to presumed precursor lesions such as high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN). While there is some evidence to suggest that these lesions can be related and exist on a pathological and morphological continuum, the precise clonal and temporal relationships between precursor lesions and invasive cancers within individual tumours remain undefined. Here, we used molecular genetic, cytogenetic, and histological analyses to delineate clonal, temporal, and spatial relationships between HGPIN and cancer lesions with distinct morphological and molecular features. First, while confirming the previous finding that a substantial fraction of HGPIN lesions associated with ERG‐positive cancers share rearrangements and overexpression of ERG, we found that a significant subset of such HGPIN glands exhibit only partial positivity for ERG. This suggests that such ERG‐positive HGPIN cells either rapidly invade to form adenocarcinoma or represent cancer cells that have partially invaded the ductal and acinar space in a retrograde manner. To clarify these possibilities, we used ERG expression status and TMPRSS2–ERG genomic breakpoints as markers of clonality, and PTEN deletion status to track temporal evolution of clonally related lesions. We confirmed that morphologically distinct HGPIN and nearby invasive cancer lesions are clonally related. Further, we found that a significant fraction of ERG‐positive, PTEN‐negative HGPIN and intraductal carcinoma (IDC‐P) lesions are most likely clonally derived from adjacent PTEN‐negative adenocarcinomas, indicating that such PTEN‐negative HGPIN and IDC‐P lesions arise from, rather than give rise to, the nearby invasive adenocarcinoma. These data suggest that invasive adenocarcinoma can morphologically mimic HGPIN through retrograde colonization of benign glands with cancer cells. Similar clonal relationships were also seen for intraductal carcinoma adjacent to invasive adenocarcinoma. These findings represent a potentially undervalued indicator of pre‐existing invasive prostate cancer and have significant implications for prostate cancer diagnosis and risk stratification. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The damping behavior of magnetorheological gel based on polyurethane matrix
Authors: Yang Pingan , Yu Miao , Fu Jie , Liu Shuzhi , Qi Song , Zhu Mi
Published: September 2015

As a kind of new MR material, Magnetorheological Gel (MRG) can be considered to be the intermediate system between the MR fluids (MRF) and MR elastomers (MRE). And damping performance plays a significant role in its application system (especially in the vibration and noise control). However, the damping mechanism and source of MRG have not been investigated comprehensively. In this study, several samples of MRGs with different iron particle contents (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 wt%) were prepared. The nonmagnetic damping (without magnetic field) and magneto‐induced damping (with several constant magnetic fields) of MRG were systematically studied by using an advanced commercial rheometer under oscillatory shear modes. The influence of time history, strain amplitude and frequency in the zero‐field and several constant magnetic fields on the nonmagnetic damping and magneto‐induced damping of MRG was also systematically studied. The experimental results show that, just the opposite to MRE, the loss factor of MRG decrease with the increase of carbonyl iron powder particles (CIP) content. The reasons are known through theoretical analysis combined with microstructure observation that the polyurethane molecular chain will become shorter with the increase of CIP content is a very important factor, and the formation and thickening of the chain structure of CIP is the reason for the loss factor of MRG decline with the magnetic field. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:1248–1258, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Morphology and electron transport property of polyaniline/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) nanocomposite by the copolymerization of aniline and 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene
Authors: Basavaraja Chitragara , Ho Jung Gyo , Huh Do Sung
Published: September 2015

New conducting copolymer nanocomposites were synthesized by the copolymerization of aniline with 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) via in situ deposition with known amount of EDOT and different aniline concentrations dispersed in aqueous medium using ammonium persulfate as an oxidizing agent. The strong interaction of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) with polyaniline (PANI) to form PEDOT–PANI nanocomposites was supported by spectral characterization and surface morphology studies. To understand the conduction behavior of the composites, their temperature‐dependent electrical conductivity was measured in the range of 293–473 K. The conductivity of PANI was greatly increased by the copolymerization with PEDOT due to the increased delocalization of electrons and mobility of charge carriers. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:E261–E268, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Clinical performance of non‐invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) using targeted cell‐free DNA analysis in maternal plasma with microarrays or next generation sequencing (NGS) is consistent across multiple controlled clinical studies
Authors: Stokowski Renee , Wang Eric , White Karen , Batey Annette , Jacobsson Bo. , Brar Herb , Balanarasimha Madhumitha , Hollemon Desiree , Sparks Andrew , Nicolaides Kypros , Musci Thomas J.
Published: September 2015

Objective

To evaluate the clinical performance of non‐invasive prenatal testing for trisomy 21, 18, and 13 using targeted cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) analysis.

Methods

Targeted cfDNA analysis using DANSR™ and FORTE™ with microarray quantitation was used to evaluate the risk of trisomy 21, 18, and 13 in blinded samples from 799 singleton, twin, natural, and IVF pregnancies. Subjects either had fetal chromosome evaluation by karyotype, FISH, QF‐PCR, or karyotype for newborns with suspected aneuploidy at birth. The results of targeted cfDNA analysis were compared to clinical genetic testing outcomes to assess clinical performance.

Results

Targeted cfDNA analysis with microarray quantification identified 107/108 trisomy 21 cases (99.1%), 29/30 trisomy 18 cases (96.7%), and 12/12 trisomy 13 cases (100%). The specificity was 100% for all three trisomies. Combining this data with all published clinical performance studies using DANSR/FORTE methodology for greater than 23 000 pregnancies, the sensitivity of targeted cfDNA analysis was calculated to be greater than 99% for trisomy 21, 97% for trisomy 18, and 94% for trisomy 13. Specificity for each trisomy was greater than 99.9%.

Conclusion

Targeted cfDNA analysis demonstrates consistently high sensitivity and extremely low false positive rates for common autosomal trisomies in pregnancy across quantitation platforms. © 2015 Ariosa Diagnostics Inc. Prenatal Diagnosis published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Klöppeln für den feinen Ton
Authors: Mathelitsch Leopold , Verovnik Ivo
Published: September 2015

Für Glocken gilt: Die Form bestimmt den Ton. Ihr charakteristischer Klang entsteht durch zwei zueinander senkrechte Grundschwingungen und deren höheren Moden. Die spezielle Form von Kirchenglocken bringt eine Vielfalt von Partialtönen und damit einen vollen Klang hervor. Auch der Zeitpunkt, zu dem der Klöppel eine pendelnde Glocke anschlägt, bestimmt den Klang. Bei großen Glocken kann der tiefste Ton minutenlang nachschwingen.
Renaissance von Watts Technik
Authors: Müller Gerald , Müller Harald
Published: September 2015

In vielen technischen Bereichen entsteht thermische Energie bei relativ niedrigen Temperaturen von 100 bis 150 °C. Typische Quellen sind erneuerbare Energie und industrielle Abwärme. Bestehende Techniken zur Nutzung dieser Energie sind komplex und haben niedrige Wirkungsgrade. An der Universität Southampton wurde daher ein modernes Konzept einer atmosphärischen Dampfmaschine entwickelt. Eine zusätzliche Expansionsphase erhöht ihren theoretischen Wirkungsgrad von 6,5 % auf 18,1 %. Erste Versuche bestätigten diese Vorhersage.
Supraleitung bei Raumtemperatur
Authors: Mankowsky Roman
Published: September 2015

Supraleiter können Strom ohne Widerstand und damit vollkommen verlustfrei transportieren. Alle bekannten Materialien müssen dafür aber mit viel Aufwand auf tiefe Temperaturen gekühlt werden. 2014 entdeckten Forscher, dass der Hochtemperatur‐Supraleiter YBCO durch die Bestrahlung mit Lichtpulsen im Infrarotbereich für wenige Pikosekunden bei Raumtemperatur supraleitend wird. Eine mögliche Ursache dafür konnte nun in Schwingungen des Kristallgitters nach der Anregung identifiziert werden. Dabei verschieben sich die Atome für eine kurze Zeit aus ihren Ruhepositionen. Die neue Struktur wird durchlässig für wandernde Cooper‐Paare. Diese können in Kupraten bei Raumtemperatur existieren.
Kosmische Uhren ticken für Einstein
Authors: Kramer Michael , Wex Norbert
Published: September 2015

Die Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie hat bislang alle Tests mit Bravour bestanden. Anfänglich waren diese nur in schwachen Gravitationsfeldern möglich. Pulsare sind die kompaktesten bekannten Körper im Universum und bieten einzigartige Möglichkeiten, Einsteins Theorie auch in starker Gravitation zu überprüfen. So ermöglichte der Hulse‐Taylor‐Pulsar PSR B1913+16 den indirekten Nachweis von Gravitationswellen. Der 2003 entdeckte Doppelpulsar PSR J0737–3039 erlaubte weitere Tests wie die Messung der relativistischen Spin‐Präzession. Zudem ließen sich bereits eine Reihe alternativer Gravitationstheorien ausschließen. Mit dem derzeit in Planung befindlichen Radioteleskop Square Kilometre Array (SKA) werden vermutlich rund 30000 bislang unbekannte Pulsare hinzukommen, von denen sich einige für neue Tests der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie eignen werden. Neuartige Tests versprechen sich Wissenschaftler auch von möglichen Pulsaren in der Nähe des massereichen Schwarzen Loches im Zentrum unserer Milchstraße, nach denen derzeit intensiv gesucht wird.
Magnetische Materialien nach Maß für die Spintronik
Authors: Vogel Marc , Chumak Andrii V. , Hillebrands Burkard , von Freymann Georg
Published: September 2015

In der Spintronik wird anstelle der elektrischen Elementarladung die zweite elementare Eigenschaft der Elektronen – der Spin – zur Informationsverarbeitung genutzt. Durch die Kopplung der Spins untereinander kann sich eine sogenannte Spinwelle – auch Magnon genannt – im Material ausbreiten. Physikern der TU Kaiserslautern ist jüngst erstmals die gezielte optische Manipulation der Spinwellen‐Propagation gelungen.
Causation, Correlation, and Big Data in Social Science Research
Authors: Cowls Josh , Schroeder Ralph
Published: September 2015

The emergence of big data offers not only a potential boon for social scientific inquiry, but also raises distinct epistemological issues for this new area of research. Drawing on interviews conducted with researchers at the forefront of big data research, we offer insight into questions of causal versus correlational research, the use of inductive methods, and the utility of theory in the big data age. While our interviewees acknowledge challenges posed by the emergence of big data approaches, they reassert the importance of fundamental tenets of social science research such as establishing causality and drawing on existing theory. They also discussed more pragmatic issues, such as collaboration between researchers from different fields, and the utility of mixed methods. We conclude by putting the themes emerging from our interviews into the broader context of the role of data in social scientific inquiry, and draw lessons about the future role of big data in research.
High‐Energy Pollen‐Like Porous Fe2O3/Al Thermite: Synthesis and Properties
Authors: Hu Xiuli , Liao Xin , Xiao Leqin , Jian Xiaoxia , Zhou Weiliang
Published: September 2015

A pollen‐like porous Fe2O3/Al thermite was prepared by a templated method, with aluminium nanoparticles (Al‐NPs) embedded in the porous channels. The thermite prepared by reduced pressure released the largest exothermic heat during DSC testing period compared with Fe2O3/Al thermites prepared by ultrasonic mixing and physical mixing. The exothermic heats in the range of 773 K to 1273 K are 3742.3 J g−1, 2279.0 J g−1, 1981.1 J g−1, and 2621.0 J g−1 for pollen‐like Fe2O3/Al by reduced pressure, pollen‐like Fe2O3/Al by ultrasonic mixing, pollen‐like Fe2O3/Al by physical mixing, and commercial Fe2O3/Al by ultrasonic mixing, respectively. The reactivity between Fe2O3 and Al‐NPs was efficiently improved, corresponding to its enlarged contact surface area between Al‐NPs and the porous pollen‐like Fe2O3, and the reduced pre‐combustion sintering. Furthermore, pollen‐like Fe2O3/Al has good compatibility with both RDX and HMX and it is not compatible with Cl‐20 and GAP.
Galvanomagnetic effects in tellurium whiskers
Authors: Averkiev N. S. , Berezovets V. A. , Savchenko G. M. , Nikolaeva A.
Published: September 2015

Galvanomagnetic effects on Te samples were studied. The measurements were made in the broad range of temperatures (1.5 K ≤ T ≤ 80 K) and the values of the magnetic field induction. Shubnikov–de‐Haas oscillations (SH) were detected in strong magnetic fields (ωcτ ≫ 1, where ωc is the cyclotrone frequency); as well as anomalous temperature dependence of the Hall potential in classically weak (ωcτ ≪ 1) magnetic fields. It was found out that the revealed SH oscillations are due to the Landau quantizations of the energy spectrum of three‐dimensional (3D) charge carriers (holes) in the bulk samples under study. In the area of weak magnetic fields (ωcτ ≪ 1), the effect of anomalous magnetoresistance was found, which was due to the weak localization of 3D holes in the samples . The theory of the Hall effect for holes in weak magnetic fields (B < 0.2 Т) was developed. It is based on the solution of kinetic Boltzmann equation with the specific type of the collision integral; taking into account the carriers energy spectrum in tellurium. It was shown that the peculiarities of the Hall effect temperature dependence; which were found experimentally in weak magnetic fields; can be qualitatively explained if we bear in mind the complex structure of tellurium valence band.
Optimization of THz response of strained‐Si MODFETs
Authors: Delgado‐Notario Juan A. , Meziani Yahya M. , Velázquez‐Pérez J. E. , Fobelets Kristel
Published: September 2015

This paper reports on the study of strained‐Si n‐channel MODFETs as detectors of sub‐THz radiation. Simulations based on a bi‐dimensional hydrodynamic model for the charge transport coupled to a Poisson equation solver were performed. A charge boundary condition for the floating drain contact was implemented to obtain the photovoltaic response of the device. Time‐domain simulations were performed to generate the stationary time series needed to obtain the photovoltaic response. A non‐resonant THz photo‐response was obtained in agreement with experimental results and theoretical works on plasma waves devices. It was found that the photovoltaic response of s‐Si MODFETs with non self‐aligned gates is strongly influenced by both gate's length and topology. In particular, it was demonstrated that at frequencies around 0.3 THz a double‐finger gate delivers a stronger PV response than a conventional single‐finger gate structure. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High structural quality InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well solar cells
Authors: Dogmus Ezgi , Zegaoui Malek , Largeau Ludovic , Tchernycheva Maria , Neplokh Vladimir , Weiszer Saskia , Schuster Fabian , Stutzmann Martin , Foldyna Martin , Medjdoub Farid
Published: September 2015

In this paper, we report on high structural quality of above 15% indium content InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) structures with high equivalent thickness for solar cell applications. The structural and optical characterizations revealed fully strained 25 pairs of InGaN/GaN MQW solar cells with 24% indium content which shows extended spectral response up to 530 nm. In particular, defect density of the active region of In0.15 Ga0.85N/GaN MQW solar cell has been assessed in top view electron beam induced current (EBIC) analysis. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A new model reference control architecture: Stability, performance, and robustness
Authors: De La Torre Gerardo , Yucelen Tansel , Johnson Eric N.
Published: September 2015

In this paper, we develop a new model reference control architecture to effectively suppress system uncertainties and achieve a guaranteed transient and steady‐state system performance. Unlike traditional robust control frameworks, only a parameterization of the system uncertainty given by unknown weights with known conservative bounds is needed to stabilize uncertain dynamical systems with predictable system performance. In addition, the proposed architecture's performance is not dependent on the level of conservatism of the bounds of system uncertainty. Following the same train of thought as adaptive controllers that modify a given reference system to improve system performance, the proposed method is inspired by a recently developed command governor theory that minimizes the effect of system uncertainty by augmenting the input signal of the uncertain dynamical and reference systems. Specifically, a dynamical system, called a command governor, is designed such that its output is used to modify the input of both the controlled uncertain dynamical and reference systems. It is theoretically shown that if the command governor design parameter is judiciously selected, then the controlled system approximates the given original, unmodified reference system. The proposed approach is advantageous over model reference adaptive control approaches because linearity of the uncertain dynamical system is preserved through linear control laws, and hence, the closed‐loop performance is predictable for different command spectrums. Additionally, it is shown that the architecture can be modified for robustness improvements with respect to high frequency content due to, for example, measurement noise. Modifications can also be made in order to accommodate actuator dynamics and retain closed‐loop stability and predictable performance. The main contribution of this paper is the rigorous analysis of the stability and performance of a system utilizing the command governor framework. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed architecture. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Engineering RNA‐binding proteins with diverse activities
Authors: Wei Huanhuan , Wang Zefeng
Published: September 2015

With generations of efforts to understand RNA functions in diverse cellular processes, RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs) have emerged to be one of the central players in regulating RNA‐related pathways. RBPs control almost all aspects of RNA processing via recognizing their RNA target(s). Most of these proteins have a modular configuration, with one or more RNA‐binding domain for target recognition and various functional modules to affect the metabolism and biological functions of RNA. Thus, engineering RNA‐binding factors with customized specificity and function is extremely useful in biological and medical research. In this review, we discuss the current advances in engineering RBPs that specifically bind to diverse targets, with emphasis on the design strategies and their applications as new biological tools in various aspects of RNA metabolism and function. WIREs RNA 2015, 6:597–613. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1296

This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Recognition

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
DFT Study of Polymorphism in Al(OH)3: A Structural Synthon Approach
Authors: Nagendran Supreeth , Periyasamy Ganga , Kamath P. Vishnu
Published: September 2015

All the known polymorphs of Al(OH)3 comprise a stacking of charge neutral layers having the composition [Al2/3□1/3(OH)2] (□: cation vacancy) and designated by the symbol P. Employing a single Al(OH)3 layer (layer group p121/a1) as a structural synthon, the energy profile computed for the translations of P and $\bar{P}$ ($\bar{P}$: mirror image of P) layers relative to each other within a bilayer model, not only show minima corresponding to the four known polymorphs of Al(OH)3 but also predict three new polymorphs with energy minima at the stacking vectors (7/10, 5/18, 1) (polymorph B1), (1/2, 0, 1) (polymorph B2) and (2/5, 1/9, 1) (polymorph B4). Of these B1 and B2 are 0.30 eV and 0.23 eV below the energy of bayerite (B3), but 0.30 eV and 0.37 eV above the global minimum which corresponds to gibbsite. B4 is only 0.08 eV above the energy of bayerite. This quantitative structural synthon approach offers B1, B2, and B4 as legitimate targets for future synthetic efforts.
Mössbauer Spectroscopic Investigation of FeII and FeIII 3,4,5‐Trihydroxybenzoates (Gallates) – Proposed Model Compounds for Iron‐Gall Inks
Authors: Wagner Friedrich E. , Lerf Anton
Published: September 2015

Iron gallates with iron in the oxidation states Fe2+ and Fe3+ were prepared and studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and IR spectroscopy. FeIII 3,4,5‐trihydroxybenzoate (gallate) Fe(C7O5H4)·2H2O, whose structure was first determined by Wunderlich, was obtained by the reaction of gallic acid and metallic iron or by oxidation of the FeII gallate, which was obtained by the reaction of ferrous sulfate with 3,4,5‐trihydroxybezoic acid (gallic acid) under anoxic conditions. Trials to reproduce the hydrothermal preparation method of Feller and Cheetham show that the result depends crucially on the free gas volume in the reaction vessel. If there is no free volume one obtains the same FeIII gallate as in the other preparation methods. With a large free volume another compound was found to form whose composition and structure could not be determined. It could be specified only by Mössbauer spectroscopy. FeIII gallate, the FeII gallate, and the new phase show magnetic ordering at liquid helium temperature.
Erratum to: Novel construction and the monodromy relation for three-point functions at weak coupling
Authors: Kazama Yoichi , Komatsu Shota , Nishimura Takuya
Published: September 2015

In figure 6 on page 23, the identical figure is inadvertently used for all (a), (b) and (c).
The correct figures are the ones shown below:
The collective endeavour of interpreting neuroscience–A collection of Australian based trauma informed research and practice
Authors: Tucci Joe , Mitchell Janise
Published: September 2015

In his latest book, Touch - The Science of Hand, Heart and Mind, respected neuroscientist David Linden (2015) elegantly dives into the complexity of the circuitry that connects the body and the brain in integrative processes of experience. Detailing different types of fibres which conduct information from the sensors in our skin to the brain, he describes how the speed of information flow is critical to the way we can discern various forms of touch.

“…Fast A-fibres are necessary to transmit rapidly changing, highly nuanced signals about object shape, texture, vibration…C-fibres, in contrast, are not built to inform the parts of the brain involved in discriminative, factual aspects of touch sensation, but rather function to integrate information slowly and to discern the emotional tone of the particular touch involved….recently it has become clear that some C-fibres convey a special kind of tactile information: they appear to be tuned for interpersonal touch…C-tactile fibres are caress sensors…(p.78)”.

Amazingly, the human body has evolved so that it has sensors that are sensitive only to the experience of a caress. For children and families, the questions that arise from this insight are numerous and possibly far reaching. How do these fibres develop? Are they involved in embedding a sense of safety into our bodies? Are there circumstances in which they might be damaged? How does stress impact on their development in infants and children?
Increasing the Reliability of Fully Automated Surveillance for Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Snyders Rachael E. , Goris Ashleigh J. , Gase Kathleen A. , Leone Carole L. , Doherty Joshua A. , Woeltje Keith F.
Published: September 2015

OBJECTIVE

To increase reliability of the algorithm used in our fully automated electronic surveillance system by adding rules to better identify bloodstream infections secondary to other hospital-acquired infections.

METHODS

Intensive care unit (ICU) patients with positive blood cultures were reviewed. Central line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) determinations were based on 2 sources: routine surveillance by infection preventionists, and fully automated surveillance. Discrepancies between the 2 sources were evaluated to determine root causes. Secondary infection sites were identified in most discrepant cases. New rules to identify secondary sites were added to the algorithm and applied to this ICU population and a non-ICU population. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and kappa were calculated for the new models.

RESULTS

Of 643 positive ICU blood cultures reviewed, 68 (10.6%) were identified as central line–associated bloodstream infections by fully automated electronic surveillance, whereas 38 (5.9%) were confirmed by routine surveillance. New rules were tested to identify organisms as central line–associated bloodstream infections if they did not meet one, or a combination of, the following: (I) matching organisms (by genus and species) cultured from any other site; (II) any organisms cultured from sterile site; (III) any organisms cultured from skin/wound; (IV) any organisms cultured from respiratory tract. The best-fit model included new rules I and II when applied to positive blood cultures in an ICU population. However, they didn’t improve performance of the algorithm when applied to positive blood cultures in a non-ICU population.

CONCLUSION

Electronic surveillance system algorithms may need adjustment for specific populations.

Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2015;36(12):1396–1400
Lancashire and the “Undeveloped Estates”: The British Cotton Growing Association Fund-Raising Campaign, 1902–1914
Authors: Robins Jonathan
Published: September 2015

This article revisits the idea of “cotton imperialism” in Britain, showing that metropolitan support for cotton projects in the British Empire was uneven. Using the records of the British Cotton Growing Association's (BCGA) fund-raising campaign of 1902–1914, the article shows that “empire cotton” did not receive widespread support in Britain. In Lancashire, some cotton capitalists financed the movement for empire cotton, but many others refused to participate. Investors were uninterested in the BCGA's business model despite their interest in other cotton projects. To make matters worse, the BCGA became a tool for politicians on both sides of the Tariff Reform controversy. Textile workers were the only major segment of the British population to accept the BCGA's claims about the value of empire-grown cotton for Britain. Their support for imperial development was, however, limited and pragmatic. The BCGA's struggle to raise money for empire cotton shows the importance of grounding the rhetoric of empire in empirical findings: in the face of the Lancashire lobby's vocal campaign for empire cotton, Britons in general were reluctant to pay for it themselves.
Roundtable: Imperial History by the Book: A Roundtable on John Darwin's The Empire Project. comment: Geostrategy (and Violence) in the Making of the Modern World
Authors: Lester Alan
Published: September 2015

In an age when both the traditional book form and the world that the British Empire made are arguably in crisis, it is remarkable that big books on British imperialism abound. Contributors to this roundtable assess scale and genre as well as content in their discussion of the claims and impact of John Darwin's tome, The Empire Project. John Darwin's response is also included.
Roundtable: Imperial History by the Book: A Roundtable on John Darwin's The Empire Project. Comment: A Field Divided
Authors: McKenzie Kirsten
Published: September 2015

In an age when both the traditional book form and the world that the British Empire made are arguably in crisis, it is remarkable that big books on British imperialism abound. Contributors to this roundtable assess scale and genre as well as content in their discussion of the claims and impact of John Darwin's tome, The Empire Project. John Darwin's response is also included.
Roundtable: Imperial History by the Book: A Roundtable on John Darwin's The Empire Project. Introduction: Empire of the Book
Authors: Burton Antoinette
Published: September 2015

In an age when both the traditional book form and the world that the British Empire made are arguably in crisis, it is remarkable that big books on British imperialism abound. Contributors to this roundtable assess scale and genre as well as content in their discussion of the claims and impact of John Darwin's tome, The Empire Project. John Darwin's response is also included.
Development of interfirm network management activities: The impact of industry, firm age and size
Authors: Ripollés Maria , Blesa Andreu
Published: September 2015

This article investigates the structural characteristics of firms that promote activities involving partners who coordinate with each other to achieve common or individual goals. The article also aims to verify empirically whether these activities generate advantages for companies embedded in relationships by examining the effects of industry, age and size on interfirm network management activities in a sample of Spanish companies operating in several industries and belonging to networks. The results show differences according to the life cycle stage: growth or maturity. Only the relation between interfirm network management activity and performance has been confirmed in both samples. The findings point to the need to consider the industrial environment when analysing firms’ networking decisions because the situations they face differ in mature or growing industries.
Systemic Effects of Campaign Spending: Evidence from Corporate Contribution Bans in US State Legislatures
Authors: Hall Andrew B.
Published: September 2015

In this paper, I examine the systemic effects of campaign spending, looking at outcomes at the level of the legislature rather than the individual seat. Using a difference-in-differences design, I show that state-level corporate campaign contribution bans have a large effect on electoral outcomes at the legislature level. A 1 percentage-point increase in the Democratic (or Republican) party’s share of all contributions in an electoral cycle is estimated to increase its share of the legislature by roughly half a percentage point. Policy outcomes as well as campaign finance reforms occur at the legislature level; understanding the systemic rather than individual-level effect of campaign spending is therefore directly relevant. Aggregating estimated effects of individual-level campaign finance would not produce this same estimate owing to spillovers and other strategic dynamics. Taken together, the analyses suggest that contribution bans have important electoral effects and thus point to the systemic effects of campaign spending.
Rapid increase in fibroblast growth factor 21 in protein malnutrition and its impact on growth and lipid metabolism
Authors: Ozaki Yori , Saito Kenji , Nakazawa Kyoko , Konishi Morichika , Itoh Nobuyuki , Hakuno Fumihiko , Takahashi Shin-Ichiro , Kato Hisanori , Takenaka Asako
Published: September 2015

Protein malnutrition promotes hepatic steatosis, decreases insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I production and retards growth. To identify new molecules involved in such changes, we conducted DNA microarray analysis on liver samples from rats fed an isoenergetic low-protein diet for 8 h. We identified the fibroblast growth factor 21 gene (Fgf21) as one of the most strongly up-regulated genes under conditions of acute protein malnutrition (P<0·05, false-discovery rate<0·001). In addition, amino acid deprivation increased Fgf21 mRNA levels in rat liver-derived RL-34 cells (P<0·01). These results suggested that amino acid limitation directly increases Fgf21 expression. FGF21 is a polypeptide hormone that regulates glucose and lipid metabolism. FGF21 also promotes a growth hormone-resistance state and suppresses IGF-I in transgenic mice. Therefore, to determine further whether Fgf21 up-regulation causes hepatic steatosis and growth retardation after IGF-I decrease in protein malnutrition, we fed an isoenergetic low-protein diet to Fgf21-knockout (KO) mice. Fgf21-KO did not rescue growth retardation and reduced plasma IGF-I concentration in these mice. Fgf21-KO mice showed greater epididymal white adipose tissue weight and increased hepatic TAG and cholesterol levels under protein malnutrition conditions (P<0·05). Overall, the results showed that protein deprivation directly increased Fgf21 expression. However, growth retardation and decreased IGF-I were not mediated by increased FGF21 expression in protein malnutrition. Furthermore, FGF21 up-regulation rather appears to have a protective effect against obesity and hepatic steatosis in protein-malnourished animals.
THE WRATH OF POSEIDON
Authors: Murgatroyd P.
Published: September 2015

There is a major problem in connection with the wrath of Poseidon in Homer's Odyssey. We are told by Homer and Zeus (Od. 1.20-1, 1.68-75) that Poseidon raged continually against the hero from the time that the Cyclops was blinded until Odysseus reached Ithaca; and, when back on Ithaca the man complains to Athena about her absence and lack of help during the whole period of his wanderings after the fall of Troy, she says at 13.341-3 that she was avoiding confrontation with her angry uncle during all that time. But the only specified manifestation of that anger is the storm roused by the sea-god after Odysseus leaves Calypso in Book 5, in the tenth year after Polyphemus’ prayer to his father for revenge. It seems extraordinary that Poseidon should have waited so long before acting against him, and then have attacked him only once, merely causing him difficulty before he reached Scheria, and not (since it was fated for him to get home, and troubles there are already assured thanks to the suitors) ensuring his late return in a miserable plight on another's ship after losing all his companions, as his blinded son had requested (at 9.532-5).
The Minutes and Papers of the Westminster Assembly
Authors: COOPER TIM
Published: September 2015

In writing this review I am in no small danger of running short of superlatives. To put it simply, this is a sublime scholarly achievement. Knowing the intense labour and demanding exactitude of a project like this, I am very impressed. It is difficult to conceive how Chad van Dixhoorn could have done a better job of putting these minutes and papers at the service of the scholarly community. He had help along the way, to be sure, and the skilful guidance of David F. Wright and John Morrill, but one quickly gets the sense that this is the fruit of his singular vision. If we count his years as a Cambridge PhD student, van Dixhoorn has worked full-time on the Westminster Assembly for longer than it existed in the first place. I recall being told that he had calculated (I think with tape measure in hand) that, yes, all the members of the assembly could squeeze into the smallish Jerusalem Chamber in which they met; he had even taken a shrewd guess, based on the voting records, as to which groups of divines sat next to whom, and where. He once had a dream, he tells us, in which one of the Scottish commissioners to the assembly, Samuel Rutherford, offered to help interpret the nearly impenetrable handwriting of the assembly's main scribe, Adoniram Byfield. It is as good an indication as any of the all-consuming nature of van Dixhoorn's task. Perhaps we should add here a note of thanks not just to him (and his assistants) but to his wife and children as well. For this set represents a generous gift to scholars of the seventeenth century and to all those interested in the development of Reformed Protestantism in the English–speaking world and beyond.
William Whiston: No Longer an Arian
Authors: GILLIAM PAUL R.
Published: September 2015

This article contends that William Whiston (1667–1752) has been misidentified as an Arian for more than three hundred years. Though Whiston was labelled an Arian by his theological opponents, and early in his career naively accepted the Arian label for his own Christological beliefs, he consistently demarcated his own beliefs from those of Arius of Alexandria and Eusebius of Nicomedia. Furthermore, Whiston agreed with the Council of Nicaea's decision to rule Arius’ understanding of the relationship of the Son to the Father out of bounds. Thus, William Whiston should no longer be called an Arian.
Phytoplankton composition in a neritic area of the Balearic Sea (Western Mediterranean)
Authors: Valencia-Vila J. , Fernández De Puelles M.L. , Jansá J. , Varela M.
Published: September 2015

From September 2000 to September 2001 the concentration of chlorophylla, and the abundance and composition of the phytoplanktonic community was studied in a neritic station of the Mallorca Channel (Western Mediterranean). Sampling was performed approximately every 12 days. Chlorophyllaconcentration and phytoplankton abundance reached maxima of 1.79 μg L−land 352 cells mL−1, respectively. It was a relatively productive period, as a result of the high convective mixing in winter and the prevalence of northern waters during most of the cycle. Phytoplankton proliferations (chlorophyllaconcentration >1 mg L−1) were detected in January, February, March and June. Those blooms mainly happened under the influence of northern waters, with the exception of the February proliferation, when mixing conditions were found. During bloom conditions it highlights the presence of coccolithophores as proliferation precursors. During no-bloom situations the phytoplankton community was mainly constituted by nanoplanktonic flagellated forms. The Winter Mixing period was dominated by different groups of nanoflagellates, including coccolithophores, undetermined flagellates and dinoflagellates. However, in the most oligotrophic conditions (from April until November) dinoflagellates were clearly dominant, except in the DCM in summer where diatoms prevailed.
Learning transitive verbs from single-word verbs in the input by young children acquiring English
Authors: NINIO ANAT
Published: September 2015

The environmental context of verbs addressed by adults to young children is claimed to be uninformative regarding the verbs' meaning, yielding the Syntactic Bootstrapping Hypothesis that, for verb learning, full sentences are needed to demonstrate the semantic arguments of verbs. However, reanalysis of Gleitman's (1990) original data regarding input to a blind child revealed the context of single-word parental verbs to be more transparent than that of sentences. We tested the hypothesis that English-speaking children learn their early verbs from parents' single-word utterances. Distribution of single-word transitive verbs produced by a large sample of young children was strongly predicted by the relative token frequency of verbs in parental single-word utterances, but multiword sentences had no predictive value. Analysis of the interactive context showed that objects of verbs are retrievable by pragmatic inference, as is the meaning of the verbs. Single-word input appears optimal for learning an initial vocabulary of verbs.
Lp-type pullback attractors for a semilinear heat equation on time-varying domains
Authors: Sun Chunyou , Yuan Yanbo
Published: September 2015

We present a new method for investigating the Lp-type pullback attractors (2 ≤ p < ∞) of a semilinear heat equation on a time-varying domain under quite general assumptions on the nonlinear and forcing terms. The existing approach does not appear applicable here as it is impossible to show the existence of a pullback absorbing set in Lp space when p is large. A new asymptotic decomposition scheme for a non-autonomous pullback attractor has been introduced. The abstract results and preliminary lemmas are also of independent interest and applicable to other systems.
Design of Ship Course-Keeping Autopilot using a Sine Function-Based Nonlinear Feedback Technique
Authors: Zhang Xian-ku , Zhang Guo-qing
Published: September 2015

Course keeping for ships is the core of automatic navigation in sea transportation. Much work has concentrated on developing novel control strategies for closed loop systems. We have turned our attention the other way to improve the control performance of marine autopilots in this work by “modulating” the control error using a sine function while the construction of the controller is not changed. The nonlinear feedback signal thus obtained is sent to the controller to replace the control error itself, which used to be the deviation between the output response and the reference input of the system. Such a control scheme is called “nonlinear feedback control” hereafter. Theoretical analysis by using a describing function and robust control theory shows that the same control quality is guaranteed with minor control actions for the nonlinear feedback scheme. Simulation experiments were carried out for the ship Yulong of Dalian Maritime University. It is shown that the method postulated in this paper has advantages of safety and energy saving in navigation; the maximum initial rudder angle is reduced by 31·2% with satisfactory control effect.
Synthesis and crystal structure of a palladium(II) complex with the amino acid L-citrulline
Authors: Mascaliovas Bruno Z. , Bergamini Fernando R.G. , Cuin Alexandre , Corbi Pedro P.
Published: September 2015

Synthesis and structural characterization of a novel palladium Pd(II) complex with the amino acid L-citrulline (Cit, C6H13N3O3) are presented in this paper. Elemental analysis indicates a 1:2 metal/ligand molar composition for the complex, with the molecular formula PdC12H24N6O6. The compound was also characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopic measurements and the crystal structure has been solved by powder X-ray diffraction data with simulated annealing strategy in real space. The Pd(II) complex crystallizes in the triclinic system with space group P-1 and cell parameters a = 4.6493(4) Å, b = 5.222(4) Å, c = 18.040(2) Å, α = 77.41(6)°, β = 94.72(7),° and γ = 101.45(7)°. The crystal structure confirms the presence of Pd(II) ions in a nearly square planar environment and the molecular formula with deprotonated citrulline as proposed by analytical and spectroscopic data.