bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endothelial cell-specific overexpression of developmental endothelial locus-1 does not influence atherosclerosis development in ApoE-/- mice
Authors: Prucnal Marta , Gercken Bettina , Economopoulou Matina , Hajishengallis George , Chavakis Triantafyllos , Subramanian Pallavi
Published: August 2017

Supplementary Material to this article is available online at www.thrombosis-online.com.
ANÁLISE DA PROPAGANDA DE MEDICAMENTOS DIRIGIDA A PROFISSIONAIS DE SAÚDE
Authors: Abdalla Marcela Campos Esqueff , Castilho Selma Rodrigues de
Published: August 2017

A propaganda de medicamentos consiste na divulgação do produto pela indústria farmacêutica, com ênfase na marca, visando a promover sua prescrição e/ou aquisição. Essa prática deve cumprir os preceitos legais vigentes determinados pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. O presente trabalho objetivou analisar peças publicitárias de medicamentos disponibilizadas pela indústria dirigidas aos profissionais de saúde. A captação de peças publicitárias ocorreu em consultórios médicos de diversas especialidades, hospitais públicos e privados e revistas direcionadas a profissionais de saúde. A análise das peças coletadas envolveu a verificação da legibilidade e visualização de informações obrigatórias, bem como o atendimento da legislação sanitária que regulamenta a promoção e publicidade de medicamentos no Brasil – Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada n. 96/2008. Os resultados demonstraram que nenhuma peça cumpre a legislação sanitária na íntegra. A maioria das indústrias emprega estratégias que dificultam o acesso a informações de restrição de uso do medicamento, como contraindicações, por exemplo, constituindo um obstáculo ao uso racional. Também foi observada a presença de indicações outras que não as aprovadas pela agência, bem como indicação de uso para faixas etárias diferentes das especificadas no registro do produto. É evidente a necessidade de um novo modelo fiscalizador e regulador mais rígido, que priorize, acima de todos os interesses particulares, um interesse maior, que é o da sociedade. Esta deve ser protegida da propaganda enganosa e abusiva, sendo conscientizada sobre o uso racional do medicamento.
Os Lugares Invisíveis
Authors: Leite Maria Angela Faggin Pereira
Published: August 2017

No Brasil dos últimos 40 anos, discursos desenvolvimentistas e, mais recentemente, o discurso neoliberal, sempre procuraram justificar a substituição da vida comunitária pela sociedade individualista, em cujos horizontes não se pode vislumbrar a possibilidade de construção de um modo de vida solidário. Apoiando-se neste discurso, alguns programas públicos de intervenção espacial, apesar de suas intenções de representar o território com o totalidade, o fazem apenas parcialmente e, freqüentemente, sobre lugares que, por sua visibilidade, detêm algum poder de comando na organização espacial, agravando o problema da fragmentação e do individualismo
Methodological Standards for Meta-Analyses and Qualitative Systematic Reviews of Cardiac Prevention and Treatment Studies: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Authors: Rao Goutham , Lopez-Jimenez Francisco , Boyd Jack , D’Amico Frank , Durant Nefertiti H. , Hlatky Mark A. , Howard George , Kirley Katherine , Masi Christopher , Powell-Wiley Tiffany M. , Solomonides Anthony E. , West Colin P. , Wessel Jennifer
Published: August 2017

Meta-analyses are becoming increasingly popular, especially in the fields of cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment. They are often considered to be a reliable source of evidence for making healthcare decisions. Unfortunately, problems among meta-analyses such as the misapplication and misinterpretation of statistical methods and tests are long-standing and widespread. The purposes of this statement are to review key steps in the development of a meta-analysis and to provide recommendations that will be useful for carrying out meta-analyses and for readers and journal editors, who must interpret the findings and gauge methodological quality. To make the statement practical and accessible, detailed descriptions of statistical methods have been omitted. Based on a survey of cardiovascular meta-analyses, published literature on methodology, expert consultation, and consensus among the writing group, key recommendations are provided. Recommendations reinforce several current practices, including protocol registration; comprehensive search strategies; methods for data extraction and abstraction; methods for identifying, measuring, and dealing with heterogeneity; and statistical methods for pooling results. Other practices should be discontinued, including the use of levels of evidence and evidence hierarchies to gauge the value and impact of different study designs (including meta-analyses) and the use of structured tools to assess the quality of studies to be included in a meta-analysis. We also recommend choosing a pooling model for conventional meta-analyses (fixed effect or random effects) on the basis of clinical and methodological similarities among studies to be included, rather than the results of a test for statistical heterogeneity.
Randomized Comparison of Ridaforolimus- and Zotarolimus-Eluting Coronary Stents in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Kandzari David E. , Smits Pieter C. , Love Michael P. , Ben-Yehuda Ori , Banai Shmuel , Robinson Simon D. , Jonas Michael , Kornowski Ran , Bagur Rodrigo , Iniguez Andres , Danenberg Haim , Feldman Robert , Jauhar Rajiv , Chandna Harish , Parikh Manish , Perlman Gidon Y. , Balcells Mercedes , Markham Peter , Ozan Melek Ozgu , Genereux Philippe , Edelman Elazer R. , Leon Martin B. , Stone Gregg W.
Published: August 2017

Background:

The safety and efficacy of a novel cobalt alloy-based coronary stent with a durable elastomeric polymer eluting the antiproliferative agent ridaforolimus for treatment of patients with coronary artery disease is undetermined.

Methods:

A prospective, international 1:1 randomized trial was conducted to evaluate in a noninferiority design the relative safety and efficacy of ridaforolimus-eluting stents (RESs) and slow-release zotarolimus-eluting stents among 1919 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention at 76 centers. Inclusion criteria allowed enrollment of patients with recent myocardial infarction, total occlusions, bifurcations lesions, and other complex conditions.

Results:

Baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics were similar between the groups. Overall, mean age was 63.4 years, 32.5% had diabetes mellitus, and 39.7% presented with acute coronary syndromes. At 12 months, the primary end point of target lesion failure (composite of cardiac death, target vessel-related myocardial infarction, and target lesion revascularization) was 5.4% for both devices (upper bound of 1-sided 95% confidence interval 1.8%,
P
noninferiority
=0.001). Definite/probable stent thrombosis rates were low in both groups (0.4% RES versus 0.6% zotarolimus-eluting stent,
P
=0.75); 13-month angiographic in-stent late lumen loss was 0.22±0.41 mm and 0.23±0.39 mm (
P
noninferiority
=0.004) for the RES and zotarolimus-eluting stent groups, respectively, and intravascular ultrasound percent neointimal hyperplasia was 8.10±5.81 and 8.85±7.77, respectively (
P
noninferiority
=0.01).

Conclusions:

In the present trial, which allowed broad inclusion criteria, the novel RESs met the prespecified criteria for noninferiority compared with zotarolimus-eluting stents for the primary end point of target lesion failure at 12 months and had similar measures of late lumen loss. These findings support the safety and efficacy of RESs in patients who are representative of clinical practice.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01995487.
Incidence Rate of Cardiovascular Disease End Points in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Astronaut Corps
Authors: Ade Carl J. , Broxterman Ryan M. , Charvat Jacqueline M. , Barstow Thomas J.
Published: August 2017

Background

It is unknown whether the astronaut occupation or exposure to microgravity influences the risk of long‐term cardiovascular disease (
CVD
). This study explored the effects of being a career National Aeronautics and Space Administration (
NASA
) astronaut on the risk for clinical
CVD
end points.

Methods and Results

During the Longitudinal Study of Astronaut Health, data were collected on 310
NASA
astronauts and 981 nonastronaut
NASA
employees. The nonastronauts were matched to the astronauts on age, sex, and body mass index, to evaluate acute and chronic morbidity and mortality. The primary outcomes were composites of clinical
CVD
end points (myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, stroke, and coronary artery bypass surgery) or coronary artery disease (
CAD
) end points (myocardial infarction and coronary artery bypass surgery). Of the astronauts, 5.2% had a clinical
CVD
end point and 2.9% had a
CAD
end point compared with the nonastronaut comparisons with 4.7% and 3.1% having
CVD
and
CAD
end points, respectively. In the multivariate models adjusted for traditional risk factors, astronauts had a similar risk of
CVD
compared with nonastronauts (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.08; 95%
CI
, 0.60–1.93;
P
=0.80). Risk of a
CAD
end point was similar between groups (hazard ratio, 0.97;
CI
, 0.45–2.08;
P
=0.93). In astronauts with early spaceflight experience, the risk of
CVD
(hazard ratio, 0.80;
CI
, 0.25–2.56;
P
=0.71) and
CAD
(hazard ratio, 1.23;
CI
: 0.27–5.61;
P
=0.79) compared with astronauts with no experience were not different.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that being an astronaut is not associated with increased long‐term risk of
CVD
development.
Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Long‐Term Changes in Aortic Stiffness: The Whitehall II Study
Authors: Ahmadi‐Abhari Sara , Sabia Severine , Shipley Martin J. , Kivimäki Mika , Singh‐Manoux Archana , Tabak Adam , McEniery Carmel , Wilkinson Ian B. , Brunner Eric J.
Published: August 2017

Background

Physical activity is associated with reduced cardiovascular disease risk, mainly through effects on atherosclerosis. Aortic stiffness may be an alternative mechanism. We examined whether patterns of physical activity and sedentary behavior are associated with rate of aortic stiffening.

Methods and Results

Carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (
PWV
) was measured twice using applanation tonometry at mean ages 65 (in 2008/2009) and 70 (in 2012/2013) years in the Whitehall‐
II
study (N=5196). Physical activity was self‐reported at
PWV
baseline (2008/2009) and twice before (in 1997/1999 and 2002/2003). Sedentary time was defined as sitting time watching television or at work/commute. Linear mixed models adjusted for metabolic and lifestyle risk factors were used to analyze
PWV
change. Mean (
SD
)
PWV
(m/s) was 8.4 (2.4) at baseline and 9.2 (2.7) at follow‐up, representing a 5‐year increase of 0.76 m/s (95%
CI
0.69, 0.83). A smaller 5‐year increase in
PWV
was observed for each additional hour/week spent in sports activity (−0.02 m/s [95%
CI
−0.03, −0.001]) or cycling (−0.02 m/s [−0.03, −0.008]). Walking, housework, gardening, or do‐it‐yourself activities were not significantly associated with aortic stiffening. Each additional hour/week spent sitting was associated with faster
PWV
progression in models adjusted for physical activity (0.007 m/s [95%
CI
0.001, 0.013]). Increasing physical activity over time was associated with a smaller subsequent increase in
PWV
(−0.16 m/s [−0.32, −0.002]) compared with not changing activity levels.

Conclusions

Higher levels of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity and avoidance of sedentary behavior were each associated with a slower age‐related progression of aortic stiffness independent of conventional vascular risk factors.
Trajectories in Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Risk of Stroke in Women in the California Teachers Study
Authors: Willey Joshua Z. , Voutsinas Jenna , Sherzai Ayesha , Ma Huiyan , Bernstein Leslie , Elkind Mitchell S.V. , Cheung Ying K. , Wang Sophia S.
Published: August 2017

Background and Purpose—

Whether changes in leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) over time are associated with lower risk of stroke is not well established. We examined the association between changes in self-reported LTPA 10 years apart, with risk of incident stroke in the CTS (California Teachers Study). We hypothesized that the risk of stroke would be lowest among those who remained active.

Methods—

Sixty-one thousand two hundred and fifty-six CTS participants reported LTPA at 2 intensity levels (moderate and strenuous activity) at 2 time points (baseline 1995–96; 10-year follow-up 2005–2006). LTPA at each intensity level was categorized based on American Heart Association (AHA) recommendations (moderate, >150 minutes/week; strenuous, >75 minutes/week). Changes in LTPA were summarized as follows: (1) not meeting recommendations at both time points; (2) meeting recommendations only at follow-up; (3) meeting recommendations only at baseline; and (4) meeting recommendations at both time points. Incident strokes were identified through California state hospitalization records. Using multivariable Cox models, we examined the associations between changes in LTPA with incident stroke.

Results—

Nine hundred and eighty-seven women were diagnosed with stroke who completed both questionnaires. Meeting AHA recommendations at both the time points was associated with a lower risk of all stroke (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.72–0.98). The protective effects for stroke were driven by meeting AHA recommendations for moderate activity and largely observed for ischemic strokes (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.55–0.88).

Conclusions—

Meeting AHA recommendations for moderate activity had a protective effect for reducing ischemic stroke risk. Participants who met AHA recommendations at baseline but not at follow-up, however, were not afforded reduced stroke risk.
Self-Replicators Emerge from a Self-Organizing Prebiotic Computer World
Authors: Greenbaum B. , Pargellis A. N.
Published: August 2017

Amoeba, a computer platform inspired by the Tierra system, is designed to study the generation of self-replicating sequences of machine operations (opcodes) from a prebiotic world initially populated by randomly selected opcodes. Point mutations drive opcode sequences to become more fit as they compete for memory and CPU time. Significant features of the Amoeba system include the lack of artificial encapsulation (there is no write protection) and a computationally universal opcode basis set. Amoeba now includes two additional features: pattern-based addressing and injecting entropy into the system. It was previously thought such changes would make it highly unlikely that an ancestral replicator could emerge from a fortuitous combination of randomly selected opcodes. Instead, Amoeba shows a far richer emergence, exhibiting a self-organization phase followed by the emergence of self-replicators. First, the opcode basis set becomes biased. Second, short opcode building blocks are propagated throughout memory space. Finally, prebiotic building blocks can combine to form self-replicators. Self-organization is quantified by measuring the evolution of opcode frequencies, the size distribution of sequences, and the mutual information of opcode pairs.
Molecular Robots Obeying Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics
Authors: Kaminka Gal A. , Spokoini-Stern Rachel , Amir Yaniv , Agmon Noa , Bachelet Ido
Published: August 2017

Asimov's three laws of robotics, which were shaped in the literary work of Isaac Asimov (1920–1992) and others, define a crucial code of behavior that fictional autonomous robots must obey as a condition for their integration into human society. While, general implementation of these laws in robots is widely considered impractical, limited-scope versions have been demonstrated and have proven useful in spurring scientific debate on aspects of safety and autonomy in robots and intelligent systems. In this work, we use Asimov's laws to examine these notions in molecular robots fabricated from DNA origami. We successfully programmed these robots to obey, by means of interactions between individual robots in a large population, an appropriately scoped variant of Asimov's laws, and even emulate the key scenario from Asimov's story “Runaround,” in which a fictional robot gets into trouble despite adhering to the laws. Our findings show that abstract, complex notions can be encoded and implemented at the molecular scale, when we understand robots on this scale on the basis of their interactions.
Navigating the Cyber Museum: Reconstructing Indigenous Living History in A Journey into Time Immemorial
Authors: Fortin Claude , Hennessy Kate , Bizzocchi Jim
Published: August 2017

This article closely examines aspects of the Virtual Museum of Canada’s website A Journey into Time Immemorial to investigate the relationship between the poetics of new media and contemporary curatorial practices in Indigenous cultural heritage. In this interactive cyber museum, detailed reconstructions of a longhouse village, engaging motion graphics and video interviews with Elders are combined to represent the historical practices of Stó:l̄-Coast Salish peoples and their enduring significance today. The objective of this research is to reflect on how computational tools and spatial design were used to express temporal aspects of tangible and intangible heritage preservation and transmission.
Understanding Parenting Influence on Chinese University Students’ Well-Being
Authors: Cui Ming
Published: August 2017

Because emotional and behavioural problems among young adults are an evolving public health concern, it is critical to identify parenting behaviour in family of origin that prevents or exacerbates such problems. Further, it is particularly important to focus on university students in China, a country with rapid growth in university student population and changing dynamics of parenting. In this study, I proposed and tested the impact of multiple dimensions of parenting behaviour (parental warmth, hostility and overprotection) during childhood and adolescent years on behavioural and emotional problems (anxiety, depression and drinking behaviour) among Chinese university students who were entering university and starting their independent living. Using a sample of 545 university students attending a large university in China, results from logistic and multiple linear regression analyses suggested that: (1) fathers’ hostility was associated with university students’ report of drinking and anxiety, and (2) mothers’ overprotection was associated with anxiety and depression. Lack of findings on the effects of parental warmth may suggest cultural variation in expression of parental warmth. Further, the findings revealed some gender differences in parenting behaviour. Other demographics were also included. Implications for cross-cultural comparisons and parenting and university student health interventions were discussed.
Evolutionary Adaptation of Korean Divination to Religious Markets
Authors: Yoo Kwang Suk
Published: August 2017

Although divination is admittedly the oldest religious tradition constructed in human societies, there are few sociological researches on divination. This article explains different features of three divination communities in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) in contemporary Korea and then analyses their theoretical significance and implication in terms of religious market theory. Different patterns of competition that each divination community faces in a religiously pluralistic market are influenced by a religio-economic rationality and a socio-structural limitation specific to each niche market. However, a new relationship between local diviners and the municipal government is made with the construction of a “divination valley”: a divination community to encourage religious competition and innovation as well as to attract more city tourists as a local cultural property. Based on the evolution of divination communities, the paper applies the notion of “elective affinity” to the relationship between religious diversity and a polytheistic rationality in the context of contemporary Korean religious market.
Species circumscription of the Caltha leptosepala polyploid complex (Ranunculaceae) based on molecular and morphological data

Authors: WEFFERLING KEIR M. , HOOT SARA B.
Published: August 2017

The Caltha leptosepala species complex (Ranunculaceae) is taxonomically unresolved, with authors of various regional floras recognizing different names and numbers of species. Integrating molecular, morphological, cytological, and geographic data, we describe three species in the complex, restoring two species names, C. biflora and C. chionophila, in addition to recognizing C. leptosepala. Based on chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal phylogenies, we illustrate key morphological synapomorphies for the three Caltha species, assess the usefulness of previously used morphological characters, and provide a dichotomous key for their field identification. A neotype is designated for C. leptosepala var. howellii because the originals were lost or destroyed.
Begonia ufoides (sect. Coelocentrum, Begoniaceae), a new species from limestone areas in central Guangxi, China
Authors: QIN YONG-HUA , LIANG YONG-YAN , XU WEI-BIN , LIN CHE-WEI , PENG CHING-I
Published: August 2017

A peltate-leaved species of Begonia was recently collected from a limestone hill in central Guangxi, China. Based on a careful study of literature, herbarium material, and plants both in the wild and in cultivation reveals that it is a new species of Begonia sect. Coelocentrum, which we hereby describe as B. ufoides. In addition to a full taxonomic account, color plates and line drawings are provided to aid in identification. Begonia ufoides may be confused with B. umbraculifolia Y. Wan & B.N. Chang in southwestern Guangxi and B. phuthoensis H.Q. Nguyen in northern Vietnam, both of which are peltate-leaved calciphilous species in sect. Coelocentrum, but the new species  is clearly distinguishable in many morphological characters. A table comparing salient features of the three species is presented.
Taxonomy and nomenclature of seven names in Bacidia (Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales) described from Russia
Authors: GERASIMOVA JULIA V. , EKMAN STEFAN
Published: August 2017

We aim to increase understanding and improve taxonomy of seven names currently treated in Bacidia that were described from Russian territory based on material collected during 19th-century expeditions: Bacidia alborussula, B. freshfieldii, B. graminum, B. indigens, B. primigenia, B. subabbrevians, and B. xylophila. B. alborussula, B. graminum, and B. indigens are transferred here to Haematomma, Lecania, and Bacidina, respectively. Bacidia freshfieldii and B. subabbrevians belong in the Ramalinaceae and are provisionally kept in Bacidia even though none of them is congeneric with the type of that genus. B. primigenia belongs in Arthrorhaphis, but we refrain from making any new combination owing to its questionable status as a species distinct from A. grisea. B. xylophila is a younger synonym of Lecania subfuscula. We designate lectotypes for names previously not typified and for which syntypes exist: Lecidea alborussula, L. graminum, L. indigens, and L. subabbrevians.
A new species of Trachygamasus from Poland, a new definition of the genus, and a key to the world species (Parasitiformes: Parasitidae)
Authors: WITALIŃSKI WOJCIECH
Published: August 2017

A new mite species, Trachygamasus gerdi sp. nov. from the environs of Kraków (southern Poland) is described. A modified diagnosis of Trachygamasus, as well as a key to adults of 10 world species—of 11 known species of the genus—are presented.
A new Peruvian species and new records of the genus Piestus Gravenhorst (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)
Authors: PÉREZ LUIS , RODRÍGUEZ MARYZENDER , ASENJO ANGÉLICO
Published: August 2017

A new species of the genus Piestus Gravenhorst is described from Peru, P. chullachaqui sp. nov. (Cuzco). Photographs and drawings of the major diagnostic characters are provided. A key to Piestus species is modified to include the new species. New records are provided for Piestus angularis Fauvel, Piestus bicornis (Olivier), Piestus fronticornis (Dalman), Piestus lacordairei Laporte, Piestus longipennis (Fauvel), Piestus mexicanus Laporte, Piestus minutus Erichson, Piestus pennicornis Fauvel, Piestus spinosus (Fabricius), Piestus sulcatus Gravenhorst, Piestus surrufus Caron et al. and Piestus validus Sharp. Cladistic analysis is made to know the relationship of the P. chullachaqui sp. nov. within Piestus.
Four new species of Azygophleps Hampson, 1892 (Lepidoptera, Cossidae, Zeuzerinae) from Africa
Authors: YAKOVLEV ROMAN V. , WITT THOMAS J.
Published: August 2017

Azygophleps snizeki Yakovlev & Witt, sp. nov. (type locality Kenya, E of Mwingi, W of Enguni), Azygophleps wahlbergi Yakovlev & Witt, sp. nov. (type locality Kenya, Garissa, S of Bura), Azygophleps defreinai Yakovlev & Witt, sp. nov. (type locality South Africa, KwaZulu Natal Prov., Südl. Drakensberge Region, 30 km SSW Underberg, Coleford Nature Reserve) and Azygophleps junkeri Yakovlev & Witt, sp. nov. (type locality Angola, prov. Benguela, btw Cutembo & Caluquembe, 14 km E Cutembo) are described.
Evaluation of Snow Water Equivalent in NARCCAP Simulations, Including Measures of Observational Uncertainty
Authors: McCrary Rachel R. , McGinnis Seth , Mearns Linda O.
Published: August 2017

This study evaluates snow water equivalent (SWE) over North America in the reanalysis-driven NARCCAP regional climate model (RCM) experiments. Examination of SWE in these runs allows for the identification of bias due to RCM configuration, separate from inherited GCM bias. SWE from the models is compared to SWE from a new ensemble observational product to evaluate the RCMs’ ability to capture the magnitude, spatial distribution, duration, and timing of the snow season. This new dataset includes data from 14 different sources in five different types. Consideration of the associated uncertainty in observed SWE strongly influences the appearance of bias in RCM-generated SWE. Of the six NARCCAP RCMs, the version of MM5 run by Iowa State University (MM5I) is found to best represent SWE despite its use of the Noah land surface model. CRCM overestimates SWE because of cold temperature biases and surface temperature parameterization options, while RegCM3 (RCM3) does so because of excessive precipitation. HadRM3 (HRM3) underestimates SWE because of warm temperature biases, while in the version of WRF using the Grell scheme (WRFG) and ECPC-RSM (ECP2), the misrepresentation of snow in the Noah land surface model plays the dominant role in SWE bias, particularly in ECP2 where sublimation is too high.
The Artisan and His Audience: Identification with Work and Price Setting in a Handicraft Cluster in Southern India
Authors: Ranganathan Aruna
Published: August 2017

Using ethnographic, experimental, and survey data from a handicraft cluster in southern India, this paper reports on a study of when and why people who identify with their work might sacrifice financial rewards in their economic decisions. Based on findings from ethnographic fieldwork, I hypothesize that the monetary value that individuals who identify with their work seek for their output depends on their audience: when they encounter discerning audiences, who are knowledgeable about and appreciative of their work, they underemphasize financial gains; transactions with non-discerning audiences, however, result in a focus on monetary rewards. I propose that the mechanism underlying this behavior is product attachment: people who identify with their work develop affection for the output of their labor and prefer to transact with audiences who will take care of their products beyond the point of sale, even if doing so results in lower monetary rewards. I substantiate this theory with a field experiment by demonstrating that handicraft artisans in India who identify with their work sell their products at different prices to discerning and non-discerning groups of buyers. This paper contributes to our understanding of economic decision making in the context of meaningful work by highlighting the moderating role of audiences and uncovering the mechanism of product attachment.
Surrounded by violence: How do individual perceptions and community context shape views about violence?
Authors: Sargeant Elise , Wickes Rebecca , Murphy Kristina , Mazerolle Lorraine
Published: August 2017

In this paper we examine the community- and individual-level characteristics associated with individuals’ perceptions of violence. We use data collected in the Australian Community Capacity Study Wave 3 survey of over 4000 individuals living in 148 local residential communities in Brisbane and employ multilevel models to examine the association between community context, individual perceptions of police effectiveness and the belief that people in one’s community support violence to resolve conflict. We find communities with histories of violent crime and more negative views about police effectiveness tend to be communities where residents perceive their neighbours will support the use of violence to resolve conflict.
Care-criminalisation: The involvement of children in out-of-home care in the New South Wales criminal justice system
Authors: McFarlane Kath
Published: August 2017

This article discusses the involvement in the New South Wales criminal justice system of a cohort of children in out-of-home care. The paper reports the findings of a four-year research project that investigated the relationship between the child welfare and justice systems as experienced by a cohort of children in the New South Wales Children’s Court criminal jurisdiction. Analysis of 160 case files identified that children in out-of-home care appeared before the Children’s Court on criminal charges at disproportionate rates compared to children who were not in out-of-home care. The out-of-home care cohort had a different and negative experience of the justice system, entering it at a significantly younger age and being more likely to experience custodial remand, than children who had not been in out-of-home care. While both cohorts shared many of the risk factors common to young offenders appearing before the Children’s Court, the out-of-home care cohort experienced significant additional disadvantage within the care environment (‘care-criminalisation’), such that living arrangements designed to protect them from harm instead created the environment for offending. The paper concludes by arguing that a paucity of research exists regarding the drivers and dynamics of care-criminalisation and that more research is needed to explore the criminogenic impacts of a childhood spent in out-of-home care.
The Legitimacy of Representation: How Descriptive, Formal, and Responsiveness Representation Affect the Acceptability of Political Decisions
Authors: Arnesen Sveinung , Peters Yvette
Published: August 2017

We examine how descriptive representation, formal representation, and responsiveness affect the legitimacy of political decisions: Who are the representatives, how are they selected, what is the outcome of the decision-making process, and to what extent do these three aspects matter for decision acceptance among the citizens? We examine this from the citizens’ perspective, and ask whether decisions are perceived as more legitimate when they are made by groups that reflect society in certain characteristics and chosen according to certain selection procedures. In a Norwegian survey experiment, we find that people are more willing to accept a decision when it is made by a group of people like them, and who are assigned as decision makers based on their expertise. Descriptive representation also serves as a cushion for unfavorable decisions. Moreover, when asked, the traditionally less advantaged groups tend to value descriptive representation more than other citizens.
Becoming a patient-illness representations of depression of Anglo-Australian and Sri Lankan patients through the lens of Leventhal’s illness representational model
Authors: Antoniades Josefine , Mazza Danielle , Brijnath Bianca
Published: August 2017

Background:

Depression is prevalent globally. While the uptake of mental health services is poor in the general community, the lack of service engagement is particularly profound in migrant and refugee communities. To understand why there is under-utilisation cross-cultural comparisons of how people make sense of mental illnesses such as depression are essential.

Aims:

To verify how differing cultural aetiologies about depression influence mental health service use, this study investigated illness representational models of depression held by Sri Lankan migrants and Anglo-Australians living with depression.

Methods:

In-depth interviews ( n = 48) were conducted with Sri Lankan migrants and Anglo-Australians living with depression to explore their illness beliefs. Data were analysed using Leventhal’s illness representational model.

Results:

Significant overlaps in illness representational models were noted but distinctive differences were found between causal and chronicity beliefs; Sri Lankan migrants more frequently endorsed depression as a time-limited condition underpinned by situational factors, whereas Anglo-Australians endorsed a chronic, biopsychosocial model of depression.

Discussion and conclusion:

Findings highlight the importance of forging a shared understanding of patient beliefs in the clinical encounter to ensure that interventions are coherent with illness beliefs or at least work towards improving mental health literacy. Differences in illness beliefs also provide insights into possible interventions. For example, psychosocial interventions that align with their illness beliefs may be more suited to Sri Lankan migrants than pharmaceutical or psychological ones.
Attitudes within the general population towards seeking professional help in cases of mental distress
Authors: Roskar Saska , Bracic Mark Floyd , Kolar Urska , Lekic Ksenija , Juricic Nusa Konec , Grum Alenka Tancic , Dobnik Bogdan , Postuvan Vita , Vatovec Mojca
Published: August 2017

Background:

Although effective treatment is available for a variety of mental disorders, the treatment and help-seeking gap remains high. One of the main obstacles to help-seeking behaviour is prevailing stigmatizing attitudes.

Aim:

To examine attitudes within the general population towards seeking professional help in times of mental distress.

Methods:

A representative general population survey ( N = 594) was conducted in Slovenia by means of an Internet-based questionnaire, covering data on demographic variables and attitudes towards help-seeking behaviour.

Results:

More stigmatizing attitudes towards help-seeking behaviour were found in men, single persons, those of a younger age and lower educational achievement and in respondents coming from regions with a high suicide rate. Furthermore, 52.50% of the total sample have had an experience with psychological problems, yet only 41.50% of those have sought professional help. Experience with help-seeking behaviour in the past was associated with less stigmatizing attitudes.

Conclusion:

Knowledge and understanding of mental health problems are necessary prerequisites to seeking help, but not the only ones. To improve help-seeking behaviour, it is also important to combat stigmatizing attitudes. Additionally, destigmatizing campaigns should also focus on social norms.
A parametric study of linear and nonlinear models for moisture diffusion in composite sandwich structures
Authors: Paulson Shane , Peddieson John , Liu Jane , Mills Steve
Published: August 2017

Disagreement has persisted in the modeling of Fickian moisture diffusion in sandwich structures as to the correct continuity conditions at the core/facesheet interface. The purpose of the present work is to compare moisture diffusion predictions based on two of the most widely used sets of these continuity conditions. The model problem of one-dimensional time-dependent moisture diffusion in a symmetric sandwich slab is selected for analysis. Finite difference numerical solutions reveal very little difference between the predictions of models assuming continuity of relative humidity and continuity of relative concentration over a wide variety of parametric conditions.
Prolonged Grief, Autobiographical Memory, and Its Interaction With Value Orientations in China and Switzerland
Authors: Xiu Daiming , Maercker Andreas , Yang Yuting , Jia Xiaoming
Published: August 2017

As a psychopathological function of prolonged grief (PG) disorder, disruptions in autobiographical memory have been shown in bereaved individuals in terms of preferred access of loss-related memory and reduced specificity in non-loss-related memory. The present study examined these features in two distinct cultural groups. The cultural differences between these two groups were further investigated in the light of their personal value orientations. A sample of 30 Chinese and 30 Swiss bereaved parents who had lost their child completed the Autobiographical Memory Test and self-reported scales to assess the severity of PG and traditional versus modern value orientations. Consistent with previous studies, more severe PG was found to be associated with a greater proportion of loss-related memories and reduced specificity of non-loss memories in the combined sample, particularly in response to negative cues. These manifestations were observed in the Chinese sample as a whole (but more salient in participants with low traditional values), as well as in the Swiss participants with low traditional values. By contrast, Swiss bereaved parents with high traditional values showed deliberate grief avoidance, as more severe PG was associated with a smaller proportion of loss-related memory for negative cues but a greater proportion of specific non-loss-related memory. These findings indicate that although the same psychopathological memory retrieval process applies to bereaved parents from different cultural backgrounds, the manifestations of disruptions in autobiographical remembering are moderated by culture and personal value orientations.
Implanted Dental Pulp Cells Fail to Induce Regeneration in Partial Pulpotomies
Authors: Mangione F. , EzEldeen M. , Bardet C. , Lesieur J. , Bonneau M. , Decup F. , Salmon B. , Jacobs R. , Chaussain C. , Opsahl-Vital S.
Published: August 2017

Cell-based partial pulp regeneration is one of the promising approaches to obtain newly formed functional dentin-pulp complex. It relies on the preservation of the healthy tissue while regenerating the damaged pulp. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this regenerative process could be achieved by implanting porcine dental pulp cells (pDPCs) in pulp defects in the minipig. By split-mouth model, self-assembling injectable nanopeptide hydrogel, with and without pDPCs, was implanted after cameral pulpotomy in premolars and molars. At day 21 after surgery, 3-dimensional morphometric characterization, Masson’s trichrome staining, and immunolabeling for DSP and BSP (dentin sialoprotein and bone sialoprotein) were performed on treated teeth. This study demonstrated no pulp regeneration but systematic reparative dentinogenesis. In fact, regardless of the presence of pDPCs in the scaffold, an osteodentin bridge—the microarchitecture of which significantly differed from the native dentin—was systematically obtained. Furthermore, the presence of pDPCs significantly affected the microstructure of the dentin bridges. In the radicular area of each treated tooth, hyperemia in the remaining pulp and external root resorptions were observed. Under the conditions tested in this work, pulp regeneration was not achieved, which highlights the need of further investigations to develop favorable regenerative microenvironment.
The Institutional Foundations of Medicalization: A Cross-national Analysis of Mental Health and Unemployment
Authors: Buffel Veerle , Beckfield Jason , Bracke Piet
Published: August 2017

In this study, we question (1) whether the relationship between unemployment and mental healthcare use, controlling for mental health status, varies across European countries and (2) whether these differences are patterned by a combination of unemployment and healthcare generosity. We hypothesize that medicalization of unemployment is stronger in countries where a low level of unemployment generosity is combined with a high level of healthcare generosity. A subsample of 36,306 working-age respondents from rounds 64.4 (2005–2006) and 73.2 (2010) of the cross-national survey Eurobarometer was used. Country-specific logistic regression and multilevel analyses, controlling for public disability spending, changes in government spending, economic capacity, and unemployment rate, were performed. We find that unemployment is medicalized, at least to some degree, in the majority of the 24 nations surveyed. Moreover, the medicalization of unemployment varies substantially across countries, corresponding to the combination of the level of unemployment and of healthcare generosity.
The Mental Health Acts 1983 and 2007 and the offender-patient who absconds from hospital
Authors: Andoh Benjamin
Published: August 2017

Absconding from mental hospitals is a topic worth investigating because absconding usually has a variety of adverse consequences, not only for the absconders but also for the public and so forth. From a medical perspective, there have been several studies of absconding by mental patients and the harm they cause to themselves and others while they are at large. However, there is a paucity of such studies from a purely legal perspective. This study aims to contribute to the literature from a legal perspective by focusing on the offender-patient who absconds from hospital. It is argued, inter alia, that given the various ramifications of absconding from hospital, it is unsatisfactory that some offender-patients (specifically those on a hospital order without restrictions; s37 of the Mental Health Act 1983) could only be retaken within 28 days when they abscond from hospital, whereas non-offender patients in hospital under s3 of the same Act could be retaken within six months at least. Recommendations for reform of the law are duly tendered.
Does Venue Type Matter for HIV-Related Risk Behavior in Urban Adolescent and Young Adult Men Who Have Sex With Men?
Authors: Arrington-Sanders Renata , Fields Errol , Greenberg Lauren , Henry-Reid Lisa , Stines Pehoua Stephanie , Korelitz James , Kapogiannis Bill , Ellen Jonathan , Boyer Cherrie B.
Published: August 2017

Venue-based strategies offer effective means of targeting men who have sex with men. Few studies have sought to focus on where younger men congregate and understand risk behaviors that may occur at lower (i.e., community centers) versus higher risk venues. Data from 1,311 young men who have sex with men (YMSM) aged 12- to 24-years-old recruited from publicly accessible venues was used to examine the association between venue type (bar/club, community center, mixed [adjacent to bar/club, including parking lot/alley]) and HIV-related risk factors. YMSM recruited from community venues were more likely than those from bars/clubs to report more partners in last year, receive money in exchange for sex, and to be tested for HIV in prior 6 months, whereas YMSM from mixed-use venues were more likely to have ever received money in exchange for sex, and injected drugs. Community and mixed venues may be key access points for YMSM.
Building Bridges
Authors: Kornbluh Mariah Elsa
Published: August 2017

The exploration of social networking sites (SNS) offers great potential for understanding novel forms of youth civic engagement within the 21st century. SNS can foster a young person’s social capital by connecting them to others with different backgrounds, thereby exposing them to alternative perspectives and lived experiences within a growingly polarized political environment. This study provides an innovative framework for examining the communication trends and perceived sociopolitical benefits for adolescents engaging diverse groups in a youth-led social-justice-oriented SNS. The author linked three school-based youth participatory action research projects involving 54 high school students through an SNS. Employing a mixed-method approach (i.e., social network analysis, key student interviews), results indicate an increase in communication between students in different schools and an increase in levels of civic participation. In addition, interviewees reported perceived gains in communication, perspective taking, and sociopolitical awareness. Implications for practitioners, as well as future research, are discussed.
‘The battle is all there is’: philosophy and history in International Relations theory
Authors: Devetak Richard
Published: August 2017

There is an expectation today that International Relations (IR) theory ought to engage with philosophy as a meta-knowledge capable of grounding and legitimizing knowledge claims in the discipline. Two assumptions seem to lie behind this expectation: first, that only philosophy can supply the necessary meta-theoretical grounding needed; second, that theory is inherently a philosophical register of knowledge. This article treats these assumptions with scepticism. While not denying philosophy’s contribution to IR theory, the article makes the case for contextual intellectual history as an alternative mode of political and international theory. It seeks to shed light on the ‘philosophization of IR’ by depicting the broad contours of the historical and continuing rivalry between philosophy and history in the humanities and social sciences and, by reference to Machiavelli and Renaissance humanism, reminding the discipline of IR of the value of studying politics and international relations in a historical mode.
Regional Variation in Early Modern English: The Case of the Third-Person Present Tense Singular Verb Ending in Norfolk Correspondence
Authors: Joby Christopher
Published: August 2017

A well-known example of variation in Early Modern English is found in the morphology of the third-person singular present tense indicative verb. In general terms there was a gradual shift from - th to - s (e.g., pleaseth to pleases). However, previous studies such as Kytö (1993) and Nevalainen and Raumolin-Brunberg (2003) found that this shift was by no means uniform, varying by, for example, region, type of text, and author. More specifically, Nevalainen, Raumolin-Brunberg, and Trudgill (2001) analyzed the distribution of endings for the third-person singular present indicative verb in Early Modern East Anglian English, i.e., the variety of English used in the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. However, for the final twenty-year period of their study (1660-1680), they only have four informants. This article analyzes the distribution of verb endings for a larger number of informants during this period, which marks the final stages of - th recession in East Anglian English, using letters written in Norfolk. The corpus based on these letters allows for a detailed analysis of linguistic and extralinguistic factors that influenced this distribution. Linguistic factors include the stem-final sound and verb-type ( have, do, and say are analyzed separately). Among the extralinguistic factors analyzed are the sex of the author and addressee, the level of formality, and the author’s social class. One of the informants in this study is Sir Thomas Browne. The distribution of verb endings in his correspondence makes him an outlier. His usage has led some authors to exclude his results from their analysis. The present article offers a new approach to dealing with such cases. The overall results are compared with those for other parts of England from the same period in order to identify patterns of regional variation. Finally, an analysis of correspondence for the period 1680-1750 indicates that by this time - th had more or less disappeared from Norfolk correspondence.