bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defining Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Kaplan Jerry
Published: November 2020

What is artificial intelligence?

That’s an easy question to ask and a hard one to answer—for two reasons. First, there’s little agreement about what intelligence is. Second, there’s scant reason to believe that machine intelligence bears much relationship to human intelligence, at least so...
The Intellectual History of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Kaplan Jerry
Published: November 2020

Where did the term artificial intelligence come from?

The first use of “artificial intelligence” can be attributed to a specific individual—John McCarthy, in 1956 an assistant professor of mathematics at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire. Along with three other, more senior researchers (Marvin...
Dementia
Authors: Sabat Steven R.
Published: November 2020

People have often asked me questions such as “Is Alzheimer’s worse than dementia?” or “When will we find a cure for dementia?” So, even though this book is titled Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia, it would make sense first to understand what dementia itself...
Alzheimer’s Disease: The Subjective Experience
Authors: Sabat Steven R.
Published: November 2020

The biomedical approach to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and dementia in general during most of the 20th century limited the general public’s knowledge about AD primarily to what was wrong with people, and those diagnosed were often described in the mass media as “empty shells.” Thus,...
Introduction
Authors: Wenk Gary L.
Published: November 2020

Your brain is in your head. At first glance, this seems like a dreadful place for your delicate brain to reside. Why is your brain located inside your head? It would be much safer hidden deep inside your chest. With very few exceptions, brains are...
What is a Memory?
Authors: Wenk Gary L.
Published: November 2020

Your brain is never static; it continually rewires itself as you experience life and learn new things. This ability is termed plasticity. Plasticity allows you to be smart, adaptive, and better able to survive in a changing and challenging environment. This same plasticity has a...
Why Do I Feel This Way?
Authors: Wenk Gary L.
Published: November 2020

“How do you feel?” You have asked, and been asked, this question many times. How does your brain answer this question? How you feel is determined by far more factors than your level of happiness or depression. Maybe you feel thirsty or hungry or cold;...
How do Food and Drugs Influence my Brain?
Authors: Wenk Gary L.
Published: November 2020

The brain is the organ of your mind; therefore, food and drugs can have a profound influence on how you think, act, and feel. These effects can be profound, subtle, or barely noticeable. Why do some chemicals in your diet affect your brain and how...
Why do I Sleep and Dream?
Authors: Wenk Gary L.
Published: November 2020

Our bodies are full of rhythms that are controlled by the brain. Why? A clue to the answer lies in the fact that these rhythms closely follow the rhythms of our planet. Our many biological rhythms exist and are so vital to our survival because...
How Does The Brain Age?
Authors: Wenk Gary L.
Published: November 2020

This is an essential question to answer because the brain is a key regulator of your lifespan. Your body ages almost as fast as your brain; thus, anything that you do to slow the aging of your body will be reflected in a slower aging...
The Cosmopolitan Argument
Authors: Anderson Maxwell L.
Published: November 2020

What does the contextual argument leave unanswered?

As discussed in chapter 3, the archaeological community looks upon objects with and without accompanying information about context as two altogether different classes of material. Objects that have been scientifically excavated often enjoy a wealth of...
Divining Originals, Pastiches, and Forgeries
Authors: Anderson Maxwell L.
Published: November 2020

What are the origins of copying and forging antiquities?

The copying of works of art is a predictable phenomenon that reaches back to remote antiquity. Today’s “sampling” in the music industry is but the latest example of a deeply rooted impulse to borrow from others’...
International Conventions and Treaties
Authors: Anderson Maxwell L.
Published: November 2020

What prompted a global conversation about conventions on cultural property?

In this chapter we will consider the efforts by countries to regulate the international trade in archaeological heritage. Notwithstanding the superficially reasonable language of formal treaties and laws, there remain, even within countries, conflicting views...
National Laws and Statutes
Authors: Anderson Maxwell L.
Published: November 2020

How do national laws intersect with foreign legal systems?

The relative ineffectiveness of international treaties has led source countries to pursue looted works through national courts. Turkey enacted a law in 1983 titled the Law on Protection of Cultural and Natural Antiquities, which strengthened earlier...
Modern National Identities
Authors: Anderson Maxwell L.
Published: November 2020

What modern nations first codified the concept of cultural patrimony or state ownership?

Proprietary instincts to protect archaeological heritage as a function of national, rather than religious or cultural identity, originated by definition with the rise of nation-states. Throughout European history, the aggregation of defined...
Realities of Storage, Dispersal, and Display
Authors: Anderson Maxwell L.
Published: November 2020

What happens once antiquities are excavated?

Once removed from an excavated trench or the ocean bottom, legally obtained antiquities are today typically dispatched to a storage facility, either at the excavation site or in a neighboring city museum. The speed with which they are transferred...
Replication of Ancient Objects
Authors: Anderson Maxwell L.
Published: November 2020

What is meant by replication?

With decreasing access to authentic antiquities obtainable from the legal market, one alternative for those seeking to experience the creativity of ancient craftsmanship in their home or workplace is through replicas. Digital images are one form of replication, which are...
The Prospect of an Enlarged Legal Market
Authors: Anderson Maxwell L.
Published: November 2020

Will the legal antiquities market ever expand to include source countries?

The licit, or legal, trade in antiquities is effectively confined to market nations in Europe and North America. Source countries view cultural heritage discovered in their territorial limits as state property, ineligible for sale....
Looking Ahead
Authors: Anderson Maxwell L.
Published: November 2020

Are claims likely to increase in the coming years?

Isolated cultural property claims advanced by a few source nations—most notably Italy, Turkey, India, and Cambodia—have been in the headlines over the last decade.1 An increase in successful claims, illustrated databases of museum acquisitions,...
The Basics
Authors: Waxman Dov
Published: November 2020

Who is the conflict between?

To understand any conflict, the first and most basic task is to accurately identify the parties involved. When it comes to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, this is not as straightforward as it might seem. As with so much about the conflict,...
The Beginning of the Conflict
Authors: Waxman Dov
Published: November 2020

When did the conflict begin?

By far the most enduring popular myth about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is that it is an age-old conflict. All too often, one hears the claim that the conflict has been going on for thousands of years. Some even believe that...
Conclusion
Authors: Waxman Dov
Published: November 2020

Is a two-state solution still possible?

A two-state solution to the century-old conflict over Palestine has been recommended for more than eight decades. The British government was the first to propose dividing the territory into two separate states—one for Jews, the other for Palestinian Arabs—back...
Campus Politics
Authors: Zimmerman Jonathan
Published: November 2020

Universities are usually considered bastions of the free exchange of ideas, but a recent tide of demonstrations across college campuses has called this belief into question, and with serious consequences. Such a wave of protests hasn't been seen since the campus free speech demonstrations of the 1960s, yet this time it is the political Left, rather than the political Right, calling for restrictions on campus speech and freedom. And, as Jonathan Zimmerman suggests, recent campus controversies have pitted free speech against social justice ideals. The language of trauma--and, more generally, of psychology--has come to dominate campus politics, marking another important departure from prior eras. This trend reflects an increased awareness of mental health in American society writ large. But it has also tended to dampen exchange and discussion on our campuses, where faculty and students self-censor for fear of insulting or offending someone else. Or they attack each other in periodic bursts of invective, which run counter to the “civility” promised by new speech and conduct codes. In Campus Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know®, Jonathan Zimmerman breaks down the dynamics of what is actually driving this recent wave of discontent. After setting recent events in the context of the last half-century of free speech campus movements, Zimmerman looks at the political beliefs of the US professorate and students. He follows this with chapters on political correctness; debates over the contested curriculum; admissions, faculty hires, and affirmative action; policing students; academic freedom and censorship; in loco parentis administration; and the psychology behind demands for "trigger warnings" and "safe spaces." He concludes with the question of how to best balance the goals of social and racial justice with the commitment to free speech.
Professorial Speech and The Fate of Academic Freedom
Authors: Zimmerman Jonathan
Published: November 2020

What is academic freedom?

Here’s what it isn’t: a license for professors do whatever they want. Consider the case of James Tracy, a tenured associate professor of communications who was fired by Florida Atlantic University in early 2016. Tracy has repeatedly asserted that the...
How did that Make You Feel?
Authors: Zimmerman Jonathan
Published: November 2020

When did the psychology of college students become a public issue?

Adults have always been anxious about the well-being of the young; in many ways, that’s our job. But until the twentieth century, we worried about the rising generation’s moral and religious standing rather...
The Global Book Business
Authors: Shatzkin Mike , Riger Robert Paris
Published: November 2020

What are the various segments within the book business and how do they differ?

The “book business” referred to in the title of this book is largely the trade book business in the United States. It seemed worth putting this segment of the overall...
Audiobooks
Authors: Shatzkin Mike , Riger Robert Paris
Published: November 2020

What is the current landscape of audiobook publishing?

Audiobooks, whose first organized venture in the form of recordings for the blind came at the same time as mass-market paperbacks, are now coming into their own as the fastest growing segment of trade publishing, after...
The Future of Publishing
Authors: Shatzkin Mike , Riger Robert Paris
Published: November 2020

What is the impact of nontraditional sales on the trade book industry?

This book has focused on how traditional trade publishing operates today within the confines of the historical functions of publishing companies. We’ve addressed the growth of e-book publishing by trade publishers and...
Definitions and History
Authors: Anderson Rick
Published: November 2020

What is “scholarly communication” and what forms does it take?

Scholarly communication is something of an umbrella term that refers to the many different ways in which authors and creators of scholarly and scientific work share information with each other and with the rest of...
What Does the Scholarly Communication Marketplace Look Like?
Authors: Anderson Rick
Published: November 2020

How many scholars and scientists are publishing articles and books?

This is a reasonable question, but unfortunately a terribly difficult one to answer. It is difficult to determine how many scholarly and scientific authors are currently producing scholarly work, partly because there is no universally...
What Is the Role of the Library?
Authors: Anderson Rick
Published: November 2020

What do we mean when we say “libraries”?

Obviously, there are many different kinds of libraries with a variety of missions: Public libraries, corporate libraries, hospital libraries, subscription libraries, school libraries, and academic libraries all exist to do subtly but significantly different things. Since this...
The Role of University Presses
Authors: Anderson Rick
Published: November 2020

How did university presses come into existence?

University press publishing has its origins with two of the first universities in the Western Hemisphere: those at Oxford and Cambridge. Both of those universities were printing books and other scholarly documents on a relatively small scale by...
Metadata and Why It Matters
Authors: Anderson Rick
Published: November 2020

What is metadata?

Literally, the word “metadata” means “data about data,” and it refers to a huge variety of information types. A caption printed under a photograph is an example of metadata; so are the catalog record for a library book, a citation to...
Open Access: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Anderson Rick
Published: November 2020

What is “open access”?

Open access (OA) has to do with making access to scholarly content freely available to all. As a term, it is often used in opposition to “toll access,” which refers to the prevailing system in scholarly communication now—one whereby people gain...
Problems and Controversies in Scholarly Communication
Authors: Anderson Rick
Published: November 2020

What is the “serials crisis”?

For the past several decades, librarians and other observers and participants in the scholarly communication ecosystem have been expressing alarm over the degree to which annual price increases for scholarly journals—especially those in the STM disciplines—tend to outstrip library budget...
The Future of Scholarly Communication
Authors: Anderson Rick
Published: November 2020

The obvious question for us to address in this final chapter is a deceptively simple-sounding one: What will the future of scholarly communication look like? But we should probably break that question into more manageable chunks.
The Basics
Authors: Sugimoto Cassidy R. , Larivière Vincent
Published: November 2020

What is this book about?

Research is a complex social activity. It is performed in a variety of environments by a wide array of actors, and includes many different activities. Production of new knowledge is built upon countless hours of work in laboratories and...
The Data
Authors: Sugimoto Cassidy R. , Larivière Vincent
Published: November 2020

What is a citation index?

A citation index is a bibliographic database that contains, in addition to basic metadata on information resources—such as authors, publication year, title of documents, and journal names—the references made by these documents, which allows for the creation of citation...
The Indicators
Authors: Sugimoto Cassidy R. , Larivière Vincent
Published: November 2020

How is authorship defined and measured?

Authorship is at the heart of bibliometric indicators: It is authors, whose names and institutions appear on a document, who are measured. Historically, the term author was synonymous with writer. In contemporary parlance, however, authorship denotes...
The Big Picture
Authors: Sugimoto Cassidy R. , Larivière Vincent
Published: November 2020

Who controls research measurement?

Scholarship is often lauded as a public good—that is, a product that is expensive to hold exclusively and whose value does not lessen with sharing. This notion, however, is challenged by the nearly exclusive hold of scholarship by for-profit publishers....
The 2011 Uprising and Its Aftermath
Authors: Rutherford Bruce K. , Sowers Jeannie L.
Published: November 2020

What Happened on January 25, 2011?

Egyptian activists called for street protests against the long-standing rule of President Hosni Mubarak on January 25, 2011 using a variety of social media platforms including Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. They chose January 25 because it is National Police...
The Rise of Modern Egypt
Authors: Rutherford Bruce K. , Sowers Jeannie L.
Published: November 2020

How Has Geography Shaped Egypt?

A quick glance at a satellite photo of Egypt reveals the country’s unusual geography: a narrow strip of green along the Nile River fanning into a verdant river delta, surrounded on both sides by vast deserts. Ninety-five percent of Egypt’s...
Environmental Issues, Natural Resources, and Quality of Life
Authors: Rutherford Bruce K. , Sowers Jeannie L.
Published: November 2020

How Do Environmental Problems Affect Egypt?

Egypt faces grave environmental problems that negatively impact the health and well-being of its citizens and threaten the country’s unique natural and cultural heritages. Like many middle and low-income “developing” countries, Egypt must grapple with environmental problems associated with...
Religion
Authors: Rutherford Bruce K. , Sowers Jeannie L.
Published: November 2020

What Role Do Coptic Christians Play in Egyptian Politics and Society?

Egypt held an important position in the early development of Christianity. In the three centuries after the death of Jesus, Alexandria was one of the primary centers for debate over the doctrine and beliefs...
Prospects and Challenges for the Future
Authors: Rutherford Bruce K. , Sowers Jeannie L.
Published: November 2020

Is Egypt Likely to Democratize?

Democracy is generally understood to have two components: the selection of a country’s leadership through competitive elections in which most adults may run for office and vote; and the creation of institutions that constrain state power, render the state accountable...
First Contact
Authors: Day David
Published: November 2020

How did Antarctica become the desolate, ice-cloaked continent we know today?

Hundreds of millions of years ago, Antarctica was part of a much bigger continent. Dubbed “Gondwana” or “Gondwanaland” by the Austrian geologist Eduard Suess, different parts of the continent broke away and gradually moved...
War on the Ice
Authors: Day David
Published: November 2020

Why did Nazi Germany send an expedition to Antarctica?

Although Germany had been involved in Antarctic exploration since the early twentieth century, its expeditions failed to meet the expectations of their supporters. In the 1930s the Germans also had a growing involvement in the whaling...
The Antarctic Treaty of 1959
Authors: Day David
Published: November 2020

Why were the Russians and other claimants suddenly prepared in the late 1950s to reach agreement on the governance of Antarctica?

The onset of the Cold War and the arrival of Russian whaling fleets had raised fears that territorial rivalry in Antarctica could erupt into...
The Future of Antarctica
Authors: Day David
Published: November 2020

What agreements are in place for the protection of Antarctic marine life?

There are three agreements that are designed to protect marine life in the seas around Antarctica. The first one to be concluded was the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (CCAS), which...
Overview
Authors: Day David
Published: November 2020

Antarctica is the driest, coldest, and windiest continent on Earth. It is also the most inhospitable, being almost totally covered by an ice sheet that is up to 5 kilometers (3 miles) deep. This ice sheet contains 90 percent of the world’s fresh water and...
Arctic Homelands
Authors: Dodds Klaus , Nuttall Mark
Published: November 2020

The Arctic, if defined by land and sea (and ice) lying north of the Arctic Circle, is home to 4 million people. The majority of residents are found in the Russian North, and overwhelmingly non-indigenous. Development policy and population movement in the 1930s onward in...
From Colonization to Cooperation
Authors: Dodds Klaus , Nuttall Mark
Published: November 2020

The Arctic has undergone profound human and natural change over millennia. When we record that the Arctic is home to some 4 million people, it is a mere fraction of a world population currently approaching 8 billion people. Apart from the Antarctic, the Arctic remains...
Resourceful Arctic
Authors: Dodds Klaus , Nuttall Mark
Published: November 2020

While awareness of the effects of climate change on the Arctic is growing and provoking anxiety over ecosystem thresholds and tipping points, circumpolar places are also increasingly presented to global audiences as dynamic, emerging, global regions that are “open for business.” Depending on whom you...
Introduction
Authors: Dodds Klaus , Nuttall Mark
Published: November 2020

Every week, stories about the Arctic, usually addressing the state of sea ice extent and thickness, diminishing glaciers, rapidly thawing permafrost, acidification of the Arctic Ocean, the resource potential of the region, the opening of new shipping routes, and possible geopolitical tensions, appear in the...
Before the Deluge: The Middle East, 1945–2011
Authors: Gelvin James L.
Published: November 2020

What is the Middle East?

The Middle East

“Middle East” is one of several terms that refer to the territory of southwest Asia and North Africa. Other terms for the same region include Greater Middle East, Near East, and Middle East and...
The Arab Uprisings and their Fallout
Authors: Gelvin James L.
Published: November 2020

How did the Arab uprisings begin?

On December 17, 2010, a Tunisian street vendor, Muhammad Bouazizi, set himself on fire in front of the local government building in Sidi Bouzid, a town in central Tunisia. Earlier in the day, a policewoman had confiscated his...
Patrons, Proxies, and Freelancers: The International Relations of the New Middle East
Authors: Gelvin James L.
Published: November 2020

How much did US strategy in the Middle East change under Barack Obama?

Measured on American terms, the United States was extraordinarily successful in the Middle East during the Cold War. Although it was not able to secure the peaceful resolution of all conflicts...
A Brief History of Women’s Sport
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: November 2020

How long have women played sport?

Women have always engaged in various sport forms. Much of our knowledge about these activities is pieced together from archeological evidence, artistic renderings, and literary traces, all of which are subject to the fickle nature of interpretation. In addition,...
The Influence of Title IX
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: November 2020

What is Title IX?

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 is an amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It states, “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits...
Sexualities and Sport
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: November 2020

What were the historical concerns about women’s sexuality in sport?

For the first three decades of the twentieth century, argues historian Susan K. Cahn in Coming on Strong: Gender and Sexuality in Twentieth-Century Women’s Sport, there were fears that sport would incite women’s...
The Olympic and Paralympic Games
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: November 2020

How is the Olympic Movement organized and what role do women play in its organization?

The Olympic Movement includes organizations and individuals who comply with the rules, guidelines, and fundamental principles defined in the Olympic Charter. There are three main constituents of the Olympic Movement:...
Women, Sport, and the Media
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: November 2020

Do male and female athletes receive the same amount of coverage in sport media?

Studies conducted in North America, Europe, Australasia, Canada, Africa, and parts of Asia have all yielded similar results: Women are significantly under-represented in sport media. Dependent on the culture, sportswomen receive...
The Sport–Health Connection
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: November 2020

Is sport healthy?

Sport can be a healthy pursuit associated with a variety of physical, psychological, and social benefits, as mentioned in Chapter 1. It is therefore important that everyone has access to sport and other forms of physical activity. Yet too many...
Historical Background
Authors: Campbell John , Page Matthew T.
Published: November 2020

The history of what is now Nigeria stretches far back into antiquity. However, before British organization of the colony of Nigeria, completed only in 1914, there was no overarching cultural or political unity among what were highly disparate territories. Instead, there was a wide...
Nigeria and the World
Authors: Campbell John , Page Matthew T.
Published: November 2020

Informed opinion in the United States has long concluded that Nigeria was Africa’s most important country strategically. Factors cited have been its huge population, oil production, contributions to international organizations, leadership in African conflict resolution, and especially, participation in multilateral peacekeeping missions. There has...
Introduction
Authors: Campbell John , Page Matthew T.
Published: November 2020

Nigeria has by far the largest population of all African countries, with an estimated one out of every five sub-Saharan Africans being a Nigerian. It is now one of the largest democracies in the world. Nigerians claim that its economy alternates with South Africa’s...
Revolutions and Revolutionaries
Authors: Wasserstrom Jeffrey N. , Cunningham Maura Elizabeth
Published: November 2020

Who was Sun Yat-sen?

Sun Yat-sen has been hailed as the founding father of the ROC and likened to George Washington in more than a few Chinese textbooks. Sun has the rare distinction of having been treated as a hero on both sides of...
US–China Misunderstandings
Authors: Wasserstrom Jeffrey N. , Cunningham Maura Elizabeth
Published: November 2020

What is the most common thing Americans get wrong about China?

The preceding chapters have drawn attention to some important sources of US misunderstanding of Chinese realities. Discussion of the One-Child Policy, for example, noted a tendency for Americans to treat unintended side-effects of...
The Chemical Environment
Authors: Landrigan Philip J. , Landrigan Mary M.
Published: November 2020

What are the origins of the chemical manufacturing industry?

The chemical manufacturing industry had its origins in Germany and Switzerland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In the first decades of the 20th century, the industry spread to England, and then in the...
Children’s Unique Vulnerability to Toxic Chemicals in the Environment
Authors: Landrigan Philip J. , Landrigan Mary M.
Published: November 2020

Are children more vulnerable than adults to toxic chemicals in the environment?

Children are far more sensitive to toxic chemicals than adults. This sensitivity reflects the combination of children’s disproportionately greater exposures plus their exquisite biological sensitivity.
The Links Between Toxic Chemicals in the Environment and Disease in Children
Authors: Landrigan Philip J. , Landrigan Mary M.
Published: November 2020

In recent decades, enormous growth has occurred in knowledge about the connections between toxic chemicals in the environment and disease in children, and this powerful body of medical and scientific evidence continues to grow. New discoveries of links between chemical exposures and childhood diseases are...
Lead IN THE HOME
Authors: Landrigan Philip J. , Landrigan Mary M.
Published: November 2020

Lead is a toxic metal. It can permanently damage a child’s brain, heart, and kidneys. At high levels, lead poisoning can cause seizures, coma, and even death.

But even small amounts of lead can harm children. The brain is especially sensitive. Studies have shown that...
Endocrine Disruptors in the Home
Authors: Landrigan Philip J. , Landrigan Mary M.
Published: November 2020

Endocrine disruptors are man-made chemicals that can hack the body’s chemical-based signaling system—the endocrine system.

The endocrine system is the network of glands that regulate growth and development in children, reproduction in young adults, and aging in older adults. The endocrine system includes the pituitary,...
Daycare
Authors: Landrigan Philip J. , Landrigan Mary M.
Published: November 2020

Finding the right caregiver for a child outside of home can be a challenge—financially, logistically, emotionally. An added concern, and surely one on most parents’ minds when touring a prospective childcare facility, is whether the environment and facilities are safe, healthy, and clean. So no...
Introduction
Authors: Landrigan Philip J. , Landrigan Mary M.
Published: November 2020

Children today live longer, healthier lives and suffer less disease than children at any previous time in history. A child born this year in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, France, Australia, Italy, or Japan can expect to live for 80 years and more—nearly...
Geology, Soils, and Vegetation
Authors: Plotkin Mark J.
Published: November 2020

What is the geological history of Amazonia?

The supercontinent Gondwana began breaking up approximately 180 million years ago. South America and Africa started to drift apart about 40 million years after this as the southern Atlantic Ocean formed between them. A highland arose on the eastern edge of South America,...
Rivers
Authors: Plotkin Mark J.
Published: November 2020

The Amazon is a river of unparalleled vastness. Born high in the southern Andes of Peru, the Amazon flows north and then east, forming a national boundary with Colombia before crossing much of northern Brazil and then emptying into the Atlantic, draining an area of...
Indigenous Peoples
Authors: Plotkin Mark J.
Published: November 2020

When did the first humans arrive in Amazonia?

Deciphering the prehistory of ancient Amazonia presents a multitude of challenges. Bodies do not readily mummify in the ubiquitous heat, humidity, and constant precipitation. There exist no written records of pre-​Columbian Amazonia that can be deciphered Champollion-​like with some...
Nomenclature
Authors: Stavans Ilan
Published: November 2020

How did the term “Latino” come about?

An attempt at understanding the essential role Latinos play in America needs to start with a basic etymological discussion. The term “Latino” came about in the late 20th century to describe the rich, heterogeneous minority made up...
The Legacy of Colonization
Authors: Stavans Ilan
Published: November 2020

Is the colonial period for the United States the same as for Latinos?

No, it isn’t. Historically, the colonial period in the United States is the time between the arrival of the English Separatists on the Mayflower in 1620 and the subsequent...
The Sleeping Giant
Authors: Stavans Ilan
Published: November 2020

Are Americans in general aware of the way Latinos as a minority are a sum of parts?

The Latin motto of the United States, e pluribus unum, about which I reflected earlier, was established in 1776, the year of the nation’s independence....
Economic Development
Authors: Giugale Marcelo M.
Published: November 2020

There is much discussion about global poverty and the billions of people living with almost nothing. Why is it that governments, development banks, think-tanks, academics, NGOs and many others can't just fix the problem? Why is it that seemingly obvious reforms never happen? Why are prosperity and equity so elusive? The revised second edition of Economic Development: What Everyone Needs to Know® brings readers right into the trenches of development policies to show what practitioners are actually doing and explains the issues, dilemmas, options, frustrations and opportunities they face, day in and day out. In straightforward language and a question-and-answer format, Marcelo M. Giugale outlines the frontier of the development practice or, as he puts it, "...the point at which knowledge stops and ignorance begins." He takes readers from why it is so difficult to get governments to function, to the basic policies that economies need to work well, the powerful new tools for social assistance, and the challenges of inclusion, education, health, infrastructure, technology, data, and foreign aid. Giugale gives no definitive, universal answers. They don't really exist. Rather, he highlights what works, what doesn't, and what's promising. Drawing from examples across the world, his overall message is clear: economic development, and the poverty reduction that goes with it, have never been more possible for more countries.
Governments: One Day, They Will Work for You
Authors: Giugale Marcelo M.
Published: November 2020

Why do obvious reforms never happen?

Case One. An African country spends 4 percent of its gross domestic product (GDP) every year paying for the gasoline consumed by its relatively few rich people. That would be enough money to double the budget for...
Economic Policy: The Basics You’ve Got to Get Right
Authors: Giugale Marcelo M.
Published: November 2020

Why do governments struggle to prop up the world’s economy?

“Out of ammo,” “helicopter money,” “monetary impotence,” “infrastructure push,” “savings glut.” These are the kind of strange handles economists use when debating why the world’s economy has been stuck since the great recession of 2008–2009...
Inclusion: Those Who Are Always Left Behind
Authors: Giugale Marcelo M.
Published: November 2020

Will we ever reach gender parity?

If it could rid itself of gender discrimination, the average developing country would see its economy grow at least 2 percentage points faster every year. That would generate enough public resources to double the size of most social protection...
Overview
Authors: Gardner Daniel K.
Published: November 2020

Why Should We Be Interested in China’s Environmental Pollution?

Is it China’s problem alone when its particulate matter makes its way downwind to Korea and Japan, blanketing them with hazardous smog? Is it China’s problem alone when its particulate matter, carried by easterly winds, shows...
Historical Background
Authors: Gardner Daniel K.
Published: November 2020

What Are Some of the Main Environmental Challenges China Has Faced Historically?

By the end of the first millennium BCE, the population in China was already 50 million; by 1000 CE it had doubled, and by the mid-19th century it had reached 400 million. Population...
Economic Development and the Environment
Authors: Gardner Daniel K.
Published: November 2020

What Accounts for China’s Economic Growth Since the Late 20th Century?

Mao Zedong died in 1976, and two years later Deng Xiaoping became China’s paramount leader. Convinced that the Chinese economy was stagnating, Deng and others introduced a series of reforms meant to improve economic...
Water Contamination and Water Scarcity
Authors: Gardner Daniel K.
Published: November 2020

What Is Contaminating China’s Water Resources?

Viewed in the context of the skyrocketing industrialization, urbanization, and population growth of the past 30 years, the widespread contamination of the water supply that now plagues China would seem almost inevitable. Yet, because the country’s water has been...
Soil Pollution and Agriculture
Authors: Gardner Daniel K.
Published: November 2020

How Much of China’s Land Is Contaminated?

China’s land area is about 3.7 million square miles (world’s third largest after Russia and Canada). Roughly 11.5% to 15%, depending on the source, is arable (approximately 334 million acres). This represents about 7% to 9% of the...
Pollution and Public Health
Authors: Gardner Daniel K.
Published: November 2020

What Are the Major Health Consequences of Air, Water, and Soil Pollution?

When the smog settles in, coughing, wheezing, watering of the eyes, and shortness of breath are common, but these are relatively benign effects of air pollution. More serious respiratory problems associated with exposure...
China’s Pollution and the World
Authors: Gardner Daniel K.
Published: November 2020

How Has Globalization Contributed to China’s Pollution?

As discussed in Chapter 3, globalization has fueled much of the economic growth China has enjoyed since 1980. With its large labor force, low wages, and large supply of cheap energy, the country became the “workshop...
The Search for Cleaner Energy
Authors: Gardner Daniel K.
Published: November 2020

Where Is China’s Coal Consumption Trending?

Coal has been the primary energy source driving China’s recent “economic miracle.” In 2000 the country went through 1.5 billion tons of coal, and as energy demands have continued to skyrocket, so too has the consumption of coal. By...
Asymmetries and Terrorism
Authors: Sandler Todd
Published: November 2020

Why Are Asymmetries Important for Terrorism?

At 11:18 a.m. on October 12, 2000, a small fiberglass boat sped toward the port side of the USS Cole, moored for a routine fuel stop at Aden harbor in Yemen. On the Cole’s...
Food and Nutrition
Authors: Newby P.K.
Published: November 2020

From gluten-free to all-Paleo, GMOs to grass-fed beef, our newsfeeds abound with nutrition advice. Whether sensational headlines from the latest study or anecdotes from celebrities and food bloggers, we’re bombarded with "superfoods" and "best ever" diets promising to help us lose weight, fight disease, and live longer. At the same time, we live in an over-crowded food environment that makes it easy to eat, all the time. The result is an epidemic of chronic disease amidst a culture of nutrition confusion-and copious food choices that challenge everyday eaters just trying to get a healthy meal on the table. But the exhilarating truth is that scientists know an astounding amount about the power of food. A staggering 80% of chronic diseases are preventable through modifiable lifestyle changes, and diet is the single largest contributing factor. And we also know the secrets to eating sustainably to protect our planet. In Food & Nutrition, Harvard- and Columbia-trained nutrition scientist Dr. P.K. Newby examines 134 stand-alone questions addressing "need to know" topics, including how what we eat affects our health and environment, from farm to fork, and why, when it comes to diet, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts-and one size doesn’t fit all. At the same time, Newby debunks popular myths and food folklore, encouraging readers to "learn, unlearn, and relearn" the fundamentals of nutrition at the heart of a health-giving diet. Her passion for all things food shines through it all, as does her love of the power of science, technology, and engineering to help create healthier diets for ourselves, and a more sustainable future for the planet we share.
Global Food and Nutrition Challenges
Authors: Newby P.K.
Published: November 2020

Who is affected by hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition?

Global hunger has been decreasing steadily in recent years, from about 900 million in 2000 to 777 million in 2015, or about 1 in 9 individuals worldwide. Despite population growth, hunger in the developing world...
Diets and Food Environments Today
Authors: Newby P.K.
Published: November 2020

What are the influencers and major drivers of eating behavior and food choices in today’s world?

For millions of years during the course of evolution, the human diet was driven simply by hunger and accessibility. As civilizations developed, money also became a factor in...
A Brief History of Nutrition
Authors: Newby P.K.
Published: November 2020

How do we know what we know about food and health?

We eat every day, and we know how food makes us feel. Perhaps because of this, many overlook that nutrition is a discipline dedicated to understanding how what we eat and drink impacts...
Creating a Colorful Plate
Authors: Newby P.K.
Published: November 2020

How do vegetables differ nutritionally?

Botanically, vegetables are the edible parts of plants and, thus, technically include fruits (the seed-containing, mature ovary). Vegetables are mainly carbohydrates, including starch, nonstarch polysaccharides, and fibers with varying levels of vitamins C, K, E, B6,...
Whole Grains, Refined Grains, and Gluten
Authors: Newby P.K.
Published: November 2020

What are cereal grains and “pseudograins”?

Grains like wheat, corn, oats, and rice are cereal grasses, the fruit or seed of the grass family; many grains are thus referred to as “cereals.” Some plants from the broadleaf family, like amaranth, buckwheat, and quinoa, are...
Plant Protein Power
Authors: Newby P.K.
Published: November 2020

What are legumes, and why are they unique in nutrition and agriculture?

A legume is the fruit or seed of plants including beans (e.g., black, kidney, pinto, lima, fava, soy), peas (e.g., split, green, black-eyed), and lentils. There are about 20 legume species currently...
Land Animals and Animal-Based Foods
Authors: Newby P.K.
Published: November 2020

What animals are consumed for food, and how do they differ nutritionally?

Between 1970 and 2011, the number of animals raised for food increased three-fold, from 7.3 billion to 24.2 billion. A wide variety of animals are eaten across the world and contribute up...
Water Dwellers
Authors: Newby P.K.
Published: November 2020

What are the nutritional benefits of seafood?

Like other animal foods, fish and shellfish are excellent sources of protein, as well as a number of B-complex vitamins, vitamin D, and minerals like iron, zinc, and selenium. There are five major categories of seafood. ...
Sweet Drinks
Authors: Newby P.K.
Published: November 2020

How many sugar-sweetened beverages are we drinking, and are they related to obesity?

Beverages comprise 47% of added sugar intakes in American diets, of which 39% come from sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). SSBs include soft drinks (25%); fruit drinks, not including 100% fruit juices (11%);...
White Working-Class People and Voting
Authors: Gest Justin
Published: November 2020

What are white working-class voting trends over time?

The Clinton presidency and Blair government marked parallel pivots in the trajectory of the Democratic and Labour parties—a pursuit of what has been termed a “Third Way.” Since the 1930s, the parties had been associated with unionism,...
How are Individuals Radicalized to Join a Terrorist Group?
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark
Published: November 2020

How can personal grievance radicalize an individual?

Imagine you have been wronged. Imagine the person or people who wronged you represent a superior power, like the government. Imagine that your pain is too great to just forget about it and continue living your life as...
How are Small Groups Radicalized to use Terrorism as a Tactic?
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark
Published: November 2020

How can interaction of like-minded people make them more extreme?

Imagine you got together with some friends for dinner, and in the course of the evening a politically charged topic came up— implementing prayer in school or making abortion illegal, for example. Because you are...
What is Different About Lone Wolf Terrorists?
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark
Published: November 2020

Who is a lone wolf terrorist?

Sometimes called a lone actor terrorist, a lone wolf terrorist acts alone, without support from a terrorist group or organization. Modern use of the term goes back to Tom Metzger, founder of the White Aryan Resistance, who argued in...
Are Suicide Bombers Suicidal?
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark
Published: November 2020

Answering this question requires knowing a little about suicide.
Is it Possible to Prevent Radicalization to Terrorism?
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark
Published: November 2020

What if we just jailed every ISIS sympathizer?

How many ISIS sympathizers are there? A 2017 internet poll of about 200 US Muslims asked two questions about ISIS:1

“Overall, do you have a favorable or unfavorable opinion of the Islamic State of Iraq and...
Is It Possible to Deradicalize Terrorists?
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark
Published: November 2020

What is the difference between deradicalization and desistence?

Many assume that deradicalization requires giving up both radical political ideas and radical action. In particular, it is often assumed that giving up radical ideas is the only or best pathway to giving up terrorist violence. This...
What are Mass Identity Manipulations (MIMS)—Pictures, Songs/Chants, Rumors, Rituals, and Symbols?
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark
Published: November 2020

What is a mass identity?

Imagine having to complete 10 statements that start “I am . . .”. Your responses would likely span your individual identity (student, welder), your group identity (mother, union member), and your mass identity (American, Catholic). These identities define many of...
Is Mass Radicalization a Problem in the United States?
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark
Published: November 2020

Is there mass radicalization in the United States today?

Yes.

When we published Friction in 2011, the book’s subtitle, “How Conflict Radicalizes Them and Us” was itself radical.1 Our idea was that not only the bad guys, the terrorists, but also...
God and Creation
Authors: McAuliffe Jane
Published: November 2020

What does the Qur’an say about God?

Some verses of the Qur’an are so important in Muslim thought and practice that they have been given names. One of these is Q 2:255, known as the “Throne Verse.” It is worth repeating in full, for it...
Revelation, Prophecy, and History
Authors: McAuliffe Jane
Published: November 2020

Why is Muhammad Called both a Prophet and a Messenger?

The proper name “Muhammad” appears only four times in the Qur’an. Far more frequently, the Qur’an refers to Islam’s founder as “prophet” or “messenger” or both. When combined, the term “messenger”—sometimes translated from the Arabic...
Behavior and Judgment
Authors: McAuliffe Jane
Published: November 2020

What does the Qur’an say about Death and Life after Death?

For pre-Islamic Arabs, fate was the agent of death, and the only immortality lay in the memories of one’s tribal kin. Muhammad, however, preached a very different view of death and its aftermath. Suddenly...
Recitation
Authors: McAuliffe Jane
Published: November 2020

How do Muslims Study the Qur’an? What if they don’t Speak Arabic?

Turning a corner in downtown Dakar some years ago, I stumbled onto a sidewalk school. Clustered around a teacher under a small shade tree sat a group of young children with chalk boards...
Scholarship
Authors: McAuliffe Jane
Published: November 2020

How have Non-Muslims Studied the Qur’an?

Non-Muslims have always taken an intense interest in the Qur’an, but their motivations for doing so have been mixed. Through at least the first ten centuries after the birth of Islam— and sometimes still today—the usual reasons for studying...
Influence
Authors: McAuliffe Jane
Published: November 2020

How did the Qur’an Shape Islamic Philosophy and Theology?

The Qur’an’s core message is that God is one, that he is both creator and judge, and that the text reveals his will and guidance for his creation. These themes reinforce earlier forms of theological monotheism...
What is Political Polarization?
Authors: McCarty Nolan
Published: November 2020

Commentators use few words to describe the American political scene as frequently as they use the word “polarized.” But unfortunately, the terms polarized and polarization have taken on such a wide variety of meanings among journalists, politicians, and scholars that they often confuse, rather than...
Are Partisan Elites Polarized?
Authors: McCarty Nolan
Published: November 2020

One of the signature achievements of Barack Obama’s presidency was the passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2010. Because the bill received almost no Republican support, its passage required a very complicated set of parliamentary maneuvers to get through the House and the...
What are the Causes of Polarization?
Authors: McCarty Nolan
Published: November 2020

Much of the academic interest in polarization focuses on trying to uncover its causes. Since the underlying idea of causation is so important for these arguments, it is worth stopping to address the question of what it means to cause polarization.

It has become...