bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multinozzle high efficiency electrospinning with the constraint of sheath gas
Authors: Zheng Gaofeng , Jiang Jiaxin , Chen Dongyang , Liu Juan , Liu Yifang , Zheng Jianyi , Wang Xiang , Li Wenwang
Published: February 2019

In this article, sheath gas is introduced to design a novel multinozzle spinneret to improve the productivity of uniform nanofibers. The sheath gas in laminar flow provides an additional stretching force to overcome the mutual interferences among the nozzles, thus the simultaneous ejection of multiple jets is promoted. In addition, the sheath gas also contributes to the decrease of the diameter and the diameter distribution range of nanofibers. With the constraint of sheath gas, the productivity of nanofibers is 0.618‐0.712 g·h−1, which is about 30‐50 times as high as that from traditional electrospinning. The dynamic properties of the gas–liquid surface are investigated as well. A bead‐on‐strain model based on Maxwell theory is built up to study the motion and rheology behaviors of multiple jets, and the simulation results verify the experimental results well. The proposed method will accelerate the industrial applications of uniform electrospun nanofibrous membrane. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47574.
Production and investigation of structure and properties of polyethylene–polylactide composites
Authors: Rogovina Svetlana , Prut Eduard , Aleksanyan Kristine , Krasheninnikov Vadim , Perepelitsyna Evgeniya , Shashkin Dmitrii , Ivanushkina Natalya , Berlin Aleksandr
Published: February 2019

Under conditions of shear deformations, low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and polylactide (PLA) composites are obtained in rotor disperser. The production of these composites allows one to use polymers derived from natural raw and to reduce the cost of the materials on their base. The addition of rigid PLA leads to increase in elastic modulus from 200 for LDPE to 1190 for LDPE–PLA (50:50 wt %) composites and in tensile strength from 13.3 for LDPE to 17.8 for LDPE–PLA. By differential scanning calorimetry method, it is shown that LDPE and PLA are incompatible. Using X‐ray diffraction analysis, it is found that degree of crystallinity of composites decreases from 46.1 at 50:50 wt % to 36.9 at 80:20 wt % component ratios with the rise in LDPE content. Tests on fungus resistance show that the composites containing 50 wt % PLA are more resistant than the composites containing 30 wt % PLA. First by gel‐permeation chromatography method, it is shown that composite degradation after exposure in soil is accompanied by the PLA chain scission and depolymerization with formation of monomers and dimers (M
w of PLA decreases from 118,860 to 80,100). The obtained composites can be applied as packaging materials. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47598.
Soft core–hard shell latex particles for mechanically strong VOC‐free polymer films
Authors: Limousin Elodie , Ballard Nicholas , Asua José M.
Published: February 2019

Polymer films cast from aqueous polymer dispersions typically suffer from an inherent lack of mechanical strength when compared to their solvent‐borne counterparts. This drawback can be overcome by the use nanostructured hybrid particles that contain both a hard and soft phase. In this work, we demonstrate the use latex particles consisting of a soft core with a multilobed hard shell synthesized by seeded semicontinuous emulsion polymerization with the aim of maximizing the interconnectivity of the hard phase in the resulting polymer film, thus generating films with improved mechanical properties. Films with a minimum film formation temperature (MFFT) close to that of the soft phase are formed while obtaining a Young's modulus up to 4.5 times higher that of a standard homogeneous latex particle. The effect of annealing temperature on film morphology is also investigated, clearly demonstrating that a marked difference in mechanical properties is observed when a percolating network of the hard phase within the film is obtained. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47608.
Preparation of silicone containing 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐4‐piperidinol‐basedN‐chloramine for antibacterial polyethylene via interpenetration in supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Chen Yong , Wang Yuyu , Zhang Qiang , Yang Cuiying , Han Qiuxia
Published: February 2019

Functionalization of polyethylene (PE) with powerful biocides through a friendly and efficient procedure is necessary to obtain extended applications. A novel CO2‐philic 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐4‐piperidinol (TMP)‐basedN‐chloramine silicone was synthesized via Pt‐catalyzed silane alcoholysis between the SiH of poly(methylhydrosiloxane) and OH of TMP and followed by chlorination of amine NH originating from TMP to NCl. The TMP‐basedN‐chloramine silicone was interpenetrated into PE using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as working solvent. It was shown that the thickness of the TMP‐basedN‐chloramine silicone layer on PE can be easily controlled by the interpenetration pressure, reaching a maximum value of 70 nm at 28 mp. The synthetic procedures and the interpenetration results were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In contrast with pristine PE that did not show biocidal ability, the TMP‐basedN‐chloramine silicone modified PE imparted powerful antibacterial abilities, exerting total kills of bothStaphylococcus aureusandEscherichia coliof ~107 cfu mL−1in 30 min. The biocidal functionality was durable toward washings, storage, and ultraviolet exposure and the recoverability of lost chlorines was good. The interpenetration in scCO2tactic provides an environmentally friendly and universal approach to functionalize inert substrates due to no needs of harmful solvent and chemical linkages with biocides. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47614.
Not all has been said about glucose oxidase/peroxidase: New pedagogical uses for a classical and robust undergraduate laboratory experiment
Authors: García‐Ponce Ángel Luis , Martínez‐Poveda Beatriz , Blanco‐López Ángel , Medina Miguel Ángel , Quesada Ana R.
Published: February 2019

The enzymatic determination of glucose in soft drinks, based on the glucose concentration measurement by means of the coupled reactions of glucose oxidase and peroxidase, has been implemented at the University of Malaga and optimized according to the Biochemistry and Chemistry undergraduate students' results and feedback throughout the last few years. This traditional and robust laboratory practical has been reformed, in the light of inquiry‐based and interdisciplinary learning approaches, in order to optimize the students' formative achievements that now are not restricted to the learning of enzymology, but also integrates cross‐curricular knowledge from chemistry and mathematics. In this experiment, inexpensive and feasible to be carried out in a single laboratory session, students have to make the decision of what method is the most suitable for a given analytical problem, anticipating situations that they will probably face throughout their professional careers. It not only illustrates basic issues related to the use of enzymes as reagents for enzymatic analyses and its application to food chemistry, but it is also used to put into practice some principles of statistical analysis and analytical methods evaluation. This can be achieved because students get results from two different enzymatic analysis protocols (kinetic and end‐point methods) using a single reaction mixture. The measurement of glucose concentration in four carbonated soft‐drinks, regular or sugar‐free colas and tonic waters makes students deal with the presence of color interferences that should be either avoided or eliminated. Undergraduate students, having performed this experiment, have found it formative, interesting, and challenging. © 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(3):341–347, 2019.
Simulink‐based teaching design for multipath‐effect elimination utilizing convolution analysis and pade approximation
Authors: Yang Zong‐chang
Published: February 2019

Radio signals which reach the receiving antenna by two or more paths will result in a propagation phenomenon called multipath. It is one common propagation phenomenon in wireless telecommunications. Concept of the multipath is also one of teaching contents in electronic and electrical engineering studies. Along with the rapid development of digital computational technology, CAI (“computer aided instruction”) has become one powerful tool widely applied in teaching and study. Based on convolution analysis from time‐domain analysis and Pade approximation from the S‐transform domain, Simulink‐based teaching design upon elimination of the multipath‐effect is presented in this study. Designs of inverse systems for eliminating the multipath‐effect are implemented in two approaches. One is the Pade approximation‐based approach, which is implemented by rational continuous‐time LTI (“linear Time Invariant”) models from the perspective of S‐transform‐domain analysis. Another is the convolution analysis‐based approach called deconvolution, which is implemented in one amendment approach to gradually eliminate the multipath‐effect from the perspective of time‐domain analysis. The teaching design has been integrated into a basic course of “signals and systems” for undergraduate students at Hunan University of Science and Technology, China in recent years. Simulations and feedback results in teaching practice indicate workability of the presented method. Compared to its physical implement, the Simulink‐based method provides one graphical virtual approach in a convenient and vivid way. The proposed teaching design may benefit electronic and electrical engineering studies.
Claiming best or better? The effect of target brand's and competitor's puffery on holistic and analytic thinkers
Authors: Yang Defeng , Xie Ninghui , Su Sarena J.
Published: February 2019

Previous empirical studies have yielded contradictory results about how consumers react to puffed claims in advertisements. This study addresses this issue by considering how consumers' thinking style and competitors' puffery interact to influence consumers' brand attitude in terms of product puffery. Drawing upon experiments using fictitious and real brand names, three studies provide converging evidence that holistic thinkers will form a more positive brand attitude when exposed to the target brand's low‐puffery (vs. no puffery or high puffery) claims. In contrast, analytic thinkers are less sensitive to puffery, and their brand attitude will not change. Further, holistic thinkers are more sensitive to the presence of competitor's puffery. Holistic thinkers exposed to competitor's high‐puffery (vs. low) claims form a more positive brand attitude toward the target brand. For analytic thinkers, competitor's puffery level will not significantly affect their attitude toward the target brand. Our findings shed fresh light on the inconclusive results of prior studies and offer practical implications for marketing puffery.
Usefulness of ectopic implantation in multiple finger amputation injury
Authors: Yoshida Shuhei , Koshima Isao , Narushima Mitsunaga , Nagamatsu Shogo , Yokota Kazunori , Yamashita Shuji , Harima Mitsunobu
Published: February 2019

Key Clinical Message

Replantation combined with simultaneous ectopic implantation can be considered in patients with multiple finger amputation injury. This technique has the advantages of reducing the operating time and optimizing hemodynamic stability. However, it is only possible when multiple hand and microsurgery team can be organized at short notice.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology in head and neck diagnosis
Authors: Tempesta Angela , Limongelli Luisa , Capodiferro Saverio , Maiorano Eugenio , Favia Gianfranco
Published: February 2019

Key Clinical Message

The proper performing of the fine‐needle aspiration cytology of head and neck neoplasms leads to an accurate preoperative diagnosis by an inexpensive and relatively simple technique.
A case of severe metabolic acidosis during pregnancy
Authors: Alkhasoneh Mo'tasem , Jacobs Jennifer , Kaur Gurwant
Published: February 2019

Key Clinical Message

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a disorder that impairs renal acid‐base regulation leading to normal anion gap metabolic acidosis. It is rare to encounter this entity during pregnancy. Pregnancy can worsen renal tubular acidosis (RTA) due to the physiological changes that happen during pregnancy. Teamwork including nephrologist and obstetrician is very important to identify and properly manage pregnant women with RTA to ensure smooth pregnancy and prevent complications.
A Solution Theory for Quasilinear Singular SPDEs
Authors: Gerencsér Máté , Hairer Martin
Published: February 2019

We give a construction allowing us to build local renormalized solutions to general quasilinear stochastic PDEs within the theory of regularity structures, thus greatly generalizing the recent results of [1, 5, 11]. Loosely speaking, our construction covers quasilinear variants of all classes of equations for which the general construction of [3, 4, 7] applies, including in particular one‐dimensional systems with KPZ‐type nonlinearities driven by space‐time white noise. In a less singular and more specific case, we furthermore show that the counterterms introduced by the renormalization procedure are given by local functionals of the solution. The main feature of our construction is that it allows exploitation of a number of existing results developed for the semilinear case, so that the number of additional arguments it requires is relatively small. © 2018 the Authors. Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics is published by the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selective Laser Sintering of Metal‐Organic Frameworks: Production of Highly Porous Filters by 3D Printing onto a Polymeric Matrix
Authors: Lahtinen Elmeri , Precker Rafaella L. M. , Lahtinen Manu , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie , Haukka Matti
Published: February 2019

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have raised a lot of interest, especially as adsorbing materials, because of their unique and well‐defined pore structures. One of the main challenges in the utilization of MOFs is their crystalline and powdery nature, which makes their use inconvenient in practice. Three‐dimensional printing has been suggested as a potential solution to overcome this problem. We used selective laser sintering (SLS) to print highly porous flow‐through filters containing the MOF copper(II) benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxylate (HKUST‐1). These filters were printed simply by mixing HKUST‐1 with an easily printable nylon‐12 polymer matrix. By using the SLS, powdery particles were fused together in such a way that the structure of the printed solid material resembles the structure of a powder bed. The MOF additive is firmly attached only on the surface of partially fused polymer particles and therefore remains accessible to fluids passing through the filter. Powder X‐ray analysis of the printed object confirmed that printing did not have any negative impact on the structure of the MOF. CO2‐adsorption studies also showed that the activity of the MOF was not affected by the printing process. SLS offers a straightforward and easy way to fabricate tailor‐made MOF‐containing filters for practical applications.
A Cell Culture Platform for the Cultivation of Cryptosporidium parvum
Authors: Jossé Lyne , Bones Alexander J. , Purton Tracey , Michaelis Martin , Tsaousis Anastasios D.
Published: February 2019

Cryptosporidium is a genus of ubiquitous unicellular parasites belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa. Cryptosporidium species are the second largest cause of childhood diarrhea and are associated with increased morbidity. Accompanying this is the low availability of treatment and lack of vaccines. The major barrier to developing effective treatment is the lack of reliable in vitro culture methods. Recently, our lab has successfully cultivated C. parvum in the esophageal cancer–derived cell line COLO‐680N, and has been able to maintain infection for several weeks. The success of this cell line was assessed with a combination of various techniques including fluorescent microscopy and qPCR. In addition, to tackle the issue of long‐term oocyst production in vitro, a simple, low‐cost bioreactor system using the COLO‐680N cell line was established, which produced infectious oocysts for 4 months. This chapter provides details on the methodologies used to culture, maintain, and assess Cryptosporidium infection and propagation in COLO‐680N. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bestimmung eines Modellteilsicherheitsbeiwertes für unbewehrte Mauerwerkswände unter Knickbeanspruchung
Authors: Bakeer Tammam , Salehi Hamidreza
Published: February 2019

The design/verification method in the Eurocodes is based on the partial safety concept. Eurocode 6 suggests a constant partial safety factor for the material γM for all design/verification problems, without consideration of model uncertainty in the design/verification formula. In the following, a model partial safety factor is determined for the problem of unreinforced masonry walls mainly subjected to vertical loading. For that purpose, the newly proposed formula for EC 6, annex G will be considered [1–3]. In order to cover all aspects in tests and to use the results for design purposes, several methods have been included in EN 1990 Annex D for design based on test data. In this study, the recommended methods in Annex D of EN 1990 for resistance of the material are used to extract the partial safety factors. A database including more than 119 experimental tests on unreinforced masonry shear walls is used to compare the model prediction and the test results and to determine the model partial safety factor.
Innovative Bindemitteltechnik für den Mauerwerksbau
Authors: Kanig Martin , Glock Günter
Published: February 2019

The construction variant ”cavity wall“ is a considerable trend in new building projects and has shown growth rates of more than 8 % in newbuild projects in the last two years. Energy‐saving building in combination with a great variety of design possibilities through various formats and colours in the selection of the facing bricks make this construction extremely popular, not only with architects, but also with building owners. Another important argument is based on the sustainability of this construction method and the materials used. This article is concerned with an innovation for the joint mortar in facing brick facades. The quick‐mix S‐FM mortar with its innovative and patented SECON binder technology combines both: ecology and a high degree of safety against leaching and efflorescence.
Mauerwerkskunst – Kunst des Mauerns
Authors: Jaeger Falk
Published: February 2019

Brick masonry is not only a question of building physics, building construction and durability, i.e. sustainability, but has much to do with aesthetics and making sense, which may have been forgotten in modern architecture with its absolute lack of décor. Masonry as an art form has been scarce since the era of brick expressionism. Recently, there have been some exceptions – and thoroughly welcome. The ”Fjordenhus“ in Vejle, Denmark, is an astonishing example.
Ion Hydration and Association in an Aqueous Calcium Chloride Solution in the GPa Range
Authors: Yamaguchi Toshio , Nishino Masaaki , Yoshida Koji , Takumi Masaharu , Nagata Kiyofumi , Hattori Takanori
Published: February 2019

Neutron diffraction measurements of an aqueous 2 mol dm–3 CaCl2 solutions in D2O have been made at 1 GPa, 298 K as well as 0.1 MPa, 298 K. The experimental structure factors are subjected to Empirical Potential Structure Refinement (EPSR) modeling to reveal the ion hydration and association and solvent water at the atomic level. About seven water molecules surround Ca2+ at the Ca–O and Ca–D distances of 2.44 Å and 3.70 Å, respectively, at both pressures, suggesting no significant pressure effect on the cation hydration. On the other hand, the Cl‐ ion shows a drastic change in water oxygen coordination from ca. 7 at 0.1 MPa to ca. 14 at 1 GPa, accompanied by shortening of Cl–O distance from 3.18 Å to 3.15 Å. However, the number of water hydrogen atoms around Cl– does not change significantly as 6.0–6.7 in spite of shortening Cl–D distance from 2.22 to 2.18 Å on compression. The pressure effect on the solvent water structure is also drastic as an increase in water oxygen atoms of 4.7 at the O–O distance of 2.79 Å at 0.1 MPa to 10.3 at 2.85 Å at 1 GPa. The number of water hydrogen atoms, however, does not change as 1.2 at the O‐D distance of 1.74 Å for both pressures, demonstrating the presence of the O···D hydrogen bonds which are significantly bent at 1 GPa at 298 K. This change of hydrogen bonds in water with pressure probably causes the drastic increase in water oxygen atoms around Cl–.
Multifunctional 2‐ and 3‐Fluoropyrroles
Authors: Heeran Darren , Sandford Graham
Published: February 2019

Sequential reaction cascades for the synthesis of polysubstituted 2‐ and 3‐fluoropyrrole derivatives from common polybromopyrrole precursors have been developed. A strategic variation of a combination of regioselective debromolithiation followed by trapping of the corresponding carbanions by electrophilic fluorination and Pd catalysed cross‐coupling reactions allows access to polyfunctional fluoropyrrole products by methodology applicable to drug discovery programs, extending the range of five‐membered fluoroazaheteroaromatic derivatives potentially available for incorporation into screening libraries.
A Game Theory Approach in Long‐Term Strategy Selection in Biofuel Supply Chain
Authors: Allameh Ghazaleh , Saidi‐Mehrabad Mohammad
Published: February 2019

The increasing growth in biofuel consumption induces further demand for different biomass feedstock. Competition for farmland use became an obstacle in producing biofuel since food products would be destined for energy rather than for human or animals. Nowadays, governments lay down regulations to encourage producing nonfood biomass which brought them huge costs. In this article, the long‐term behavior of parties is analyzed in a three player supply chain including farmers, biorefineries, and governments. The dynamic behavior of parties is modeled by using evolutionary game theory and the stable strategy of each party is derived by solving replicator dynamic equations. Finally, a numerical study is presented based on a real case in Iran to give a better understanding of the features of the game model. Sensitivity analyses on some key parameters such as price and governments' penalties leads to interesting managerial insights into long‐term strategies in the proposed supply chain. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13122, 2019
Microbial fuel cells coupled with the bioleaching technique that enhances the recovery of Cu from the secondary mine tailings in the bio‐electrochemical system
Authors: Huang Tao , Liu Longfei , Zhang Shuwen
Published: February 2019

Improper management of dumped tailings not only causes a potential waste of resources but also poses a direct threat to the lives of local residents. A dual‐chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) combining with the bioleaching technique was used in the study to extract Cu from the secondary mine tailings at a fed‐batch scale. A mixed culture of acidophilic bacteria was enriched and isolated from the acidic drainage in a copper mine. The effects of the pulp densities and initial pH on both the bio‐electronic performances and the recoveries of Cu on bio‐electrochemical platform were comparatively investigated. An appropriate increase in the pulp densities and a suitable decrease in the initial pH facilitated increases in power generations and enhanced the recoveries of Cu from the tailing samples. The maximum power density of 30.54 mW/m2 was achieved in the coupling system with the coulomb efficiency of 4.52%, and the internal resistance of 166.58 Ω being synchronously obtained. Correspondingly, the highest recovery efficiency of Cu of 78.72% was got in the two‐dimensional tests under conditions including the pulp density (w/v) of 20% and the initial pH of 1.8. The electrochemical reduction and the chemical precipitation in MFCs were confirmed as two of main mechanisms in obviously influencing the recovery of Cu. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13146, 2019
Acoustic emission monitoring technology for coal and gas outburst
Authors: Li Jiangong , Hu Qianting , Yu Minggao , Li Xuelong , Hu Jie , Yang Huiming
Published: February 2019

In recent years, with the increase in mining depth and strength, coal‐rock gas dynamic disasters, such as coal and gas outburst, have shown an increasing trend. Acoustic emission (AE) technology has been viewed as a promising method that can effectively forecast coal and gas dynamic disasters. This paper first tests the AE characteristics of coal and rock samples during loading. Then, self‐developed AE continuous monitoring and early warning equipment is used to monitor and predict the coal and gas outburst dynamic disasters on the working face. And it is found that the coal samples primarily show ductile failure, and the AE exhibits the evolutionary characteristics of “rise‐peak‐fall”. The rock samples primarily exhibit brittle failure, and the AE evolution mode is almost no falling stage. Coal and gas outbursts occur after the stress peak. Before coal and gas outbursts occur, there is a clear increasing trend in the AE ahead of the gas concentration variation. When the gas‐bearing coal is damaged by the load, the coal body first breaks due to the stress, and the AE value increases. Then, due to the fracture of the coal body, the crack penetrates, gas rushes out, and the gas concentration increases. The research results can provide an advanced technical method for the monitoring and early warning of coal–rock gas dynamic disasters, and improve the prediction accuracy for dynamic disasters.
A longitudinal assessment of aluminum contents in foodstuffs and aluminum intake of residents in Tianjin metropolis
Authors: Ma Jie , Jiang Guohong , Zheng Wenlong , Zhang Mingyue
Published: February 2019

Aim

In this report, we retrieved and analyzed the data of aluminum contents in foodstuffs over a 6‐year span between 2010 and 2015 and assessed the risk of dietary aluminum exposure in residents of Tianjin metropolis.

Methods

A multistage random clustering method was used to survey Tianjin residents between 2010 and 2015. Samples were mainly purchased from breakfast vendors, farmers’ markets, and supermarkets in Tianjin between 2009 and 2015. A total of 1,814 persons aged at least 2 years from 1,262 households from randomly chosen communities were asked to complete the questionnaire on food consumption. Aluminum contents in the food samples were determined.

Results

Totally 21.14% of food samples exceeded the recommended aluminum residue limit over the study period. The mean aluminum levels in the food samples over the 6‐year span were 111.9 7 ± 265.26 mg/kg, and the mean P95 was 597.00 mg/kg. Totally 21.14% of the food samples exceeded the recommended aluminum residue limit (100 mg/kg). The lowest mean aluminum levels in food were detected in 2010, and the highest levels were found in 2015. The highest mean aluminum levels were found in jellyfish. The highest total mean aluminum intake in food was 83.61 mg/day in those aged at least 50 years and younger than 66 years. Meanwhile, children aged at least 2 years and less than 8 years had the highest mean weekly aluminum intake (18.19 mg/kg body weight/week); they also had the highest MOS (18.19).

Conclusion

The findings indicate that despite the implementation since 2014 of the new policy on the use of aluminum food additives in China, residents in Tianjin still face high levels of aluminum exposure in foodstuffs with young children particularly vulnerable. Public awareness of the new policy should be enhanced, and more vigorous supervision of the use of aluminum food additives should be undertaken.
Mechano‐modulation of nuclear events regulating oligodendrocyte progenitor gene expression
Authors: Tsai Eric , Casaccia Patrizia
Published: February 2019

Oligodendrocytes differentiate from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in response to distinct extracellular signals. This process requires changes in gene expression resulting from the interplay between transcription factors and epigenetic modulators. Extracellular signals include chemical and physical stimuli. This review focuses on the signaling mechanisms activated in oligodendrocyte progenitors in response to mechanical forces. Of particular interest is a better understanding on how these forces are transduced into the OPC nuclei and subsequently reshape their epigenetic landscape. Here we will introduce the concept of epigenetic regulation of gene expression, first in general and then focusing on the oligodendrocyte lineage. We will then review the current literature on mechano‐transduction in distinct cell types, followed by pathways identified in myelinating oligodendrocytes and their progenitors. Overall, the reader will be provided with a comprehensive review of the signaling pathways which allow oligodendrocyte progenitors to “sense” physical forces and transduce them into patterns of gene expression.
Transcending time in the brain: How event memories are constructed from experience
Authors: Clewett David , DuBrow Sarah , Davachi Lila
Published: February 2019

Our daily lives unfold continuously, yet when we reflect on the past, we remember those experiences as distinct and cohesive events. To understand this phenomenon, early investigations focused on how and when individuals perceive natural breakpoints, or boundaries, in ongoing experience. More recent research has examined how these boundaries modulate brain mechanisms that support long‐term episodic memory. This work has revealed that a complex interplay between hippocampus and prefrontal cortex promotes the integration and separation of sequential information to help organize our experiences into mnemonic events. Here, we discuss how both temporal stability and change in one's thoughts, goals, and surroundings may provide scaffolding for these neural processes to link and separate memories across time. When learning novel or familiar sequences of information, dynamic hippocampal processes may work both independently from and in concert with other brain regions to bind sequential representations together in memory. The formation and storage of discrete episodic memories may occur both proactively as an experience unfolds. They may also occur retroactively, either during a context shift or when reactivation mechanisms bring the past into the present to allow integration. We also describe conditions and factors that shape the construction and integration of event memories across different timescales. Together these findings shed new light on how the brain transcends time to transform everyday experiences into meaningful memory representations.
Social adaptation and adaptation pressure among the “drifting elderly” in China: A qualitative study in Shanghai
Authors: Ruan Yuhui , Zhu Demi , Lu Jun
Published: February 2019

Objective

In China, a population of “drifting elderly” that is mainly composed of older parents who migrate for nonemployment reasons has emerged and developed rapidly. The need to understand their social adaptation after migration is well recognized but neglected, so we explored this in the current study.

Methods

A qualitative study using a grounded theory approach was undertaken involving 53 elderly interprovincial migrants in five districts of Shanghai from July 2016 to May 2018. This involved in‐depth interviews with participants. Adaptation of the drifting elderly and their motivations for migrating were studied, and differences in daily life when compared with before migrating, difficulties encountered after migrating, and social‐adaptation pressure were analyzed.

Results

The drifting elderly had poor adaptation regarding self‐identity, daily activities, and social context. The adaptation process regarding daily life, social relationships, and obtaining social support was difficult. They experienced both proximate adaptation pressure (induced by providing and/or obtaining social support) and evolutionary adaptation pressure (induced by mismatch and/or constraints).

Conclusion

The social adaptation of the drifting elderly was affected by differences in daily life when compared with before migrating, and adaptation pressure was caused by both proximate and evolutionary factors. The decision to migrate was the result of a rational principle of maintaining the intergenerational support structure, and it was influenced by the evolutionary advantage related to maintaining this structure. Strengthening social support for the drifting elderly is necessary to promote their adaptation.
Corporate governance and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender‐supportive human resource policies from corporate social responsibility, resource‐based, and agency perspectives
Authors: Jiraporn Pornsit , Potosky Denise , Lee Sang Mook
Published: February 2019

Corporate boards are responsible for ensuring that managers enact policies that are in shareholders' best interests, and managers are responsible for implementing strategies that are not only profitable but also responsive to changing legal and societal demands and the resource needs of the firm. In this paper, we use the theoretical lenses of corporate social responsibility (CSR), the resource‐based view, and agency theory to investigate the relationship between corporate governance structure and the implementation of supportive lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) policies. We analyze 10,233 firm‐year observations and 1,594 unique firms, and our results demonstrate that LGBT‐supportive policies are positively associated with firm performance. We also offer new insight into why not all firms adopt such policies. We exploit the passage of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act as an exogenous shock that increased board independence, and our difference‐in‐difference estimation shows that firms forced to raise board independence in 2002 were less likely to invest in LGBT‐supportive policies. Results suggest that human resource management (HRM) policies can be guided by CSR and resource‐based views in the pursuit of wealth maximization, but agency conflict may also be a concern for external majority boards. We discuss implications for HRM research practice and corporate governance regarding LGBT policies in organizations.
Genetic variants in ELOVL2 and HSD17B12 predict melanoma‐specific survival
Authors: Dai Wei , Liu Hongliang , Xu Xinyuan , Ge Jie , Luo Sheng , Zhu Dakai , Amos Christopher I. , Fang Shenying , Lee Jeffrey E. , Li Xin , Nan Hongmei , Li Chunying , Wei Qingyi
Published: February 2019

Fatty acids play a key role in cellular bioenergetics, membrane biosynthesis and intracellular signaling processes and thus may be involved in cancer development and progression. In the present study, we comprehensively assessed associations of 14,522 common single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 149 genes of the fatty‐acid synthesis pathway with cutaneous melanoma disease‐specific survival (CMSS). The dataset of 858 cutaneous melanoma (CM) patients from a published genome‐wide association study (GWAS) by The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center was used as the discovery dataset, and the identified significant SNPs were validated by a dataset of 409 CM patients from another GWAS from the Nurses’ Health and Health Professionals Follow‐up Studies. We found 40 noteworthy SNPs to be associated with CMSS in both discovery and validation datasets after multiple comparison correction by the false positive report probability method, because more than 85% of the SNPs were imputed. By performing functional prediction, linkage disequilibrium analysis, and stepwise Cox regression selection, we identified two independent SNPs of ELOVL2 rs3734398 T>C and HSD17B12 rs11037684 A>G that predicted CMSS, with an allelic hazards ratio of 0.66 (95% confidence interval = 0.51–0.84 and p = 8.34 × 10−4) and 2.29 (1.55–3.39 and p = 3.61 × 10−5), respectively. Finally, the ELOVL2 rs3734398 variant CC genotype was found to be associated with a significantly increased mRNA expression level. These SNPs may be potential markers for CM prognosis, if validated by additional larger and mechanistic studies.
Colorectal cancer exosomes induce lymphatic network remodeling in lymph nodes
Authors: Sun Bo , Zhou Yiming , Fang Yantian , Li Zhenyang , Gu Xiaodong , Xiang Jianbin
Published: February 2019

The lymphatic network remodeling may guide tumor metastasis in a sentinel lymph node (SLN). Although tumor‐derived exosomes have been demonstrated to modify the microenvironment in adjacent organs and initiate a premetastatic niche, their influence on the lymphatic network in SLNs has not been explained. Here, we show that CT26 cell exosomes (Exo) promote the proliferation of lymphatic endothelial cells and the formation of lymphatic network in SLN, facilitating the SLN metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Uptake of Exo by macrophages promoted VEGFC secretion both in vivo and in vitro. Exo increased the frequency of F4/80+ macrophages in the SLN. Macrophage ablation by clodrosome prevented the exosomal effect on lymphatic network remodeling and SLN metastasis. Exosomal IRF‐2 was highly expressed in serum exosomes isolated from CRC patients with LN metastasis relative to patients without LN metastasis and healthy controls. Mechanistically, exosomal IRF‐2 induced the release of VEGFC by macrophages. An IRF‐2 knockdown attenuated the lymphatic network remodeling in the SLN and suppressed the SLN metastasis. Our data suggest that exosomal IRF‐2 remodels the lymphatic network in an SLN and may predict the development of CRC LN metastases.
A compact multiband band slot antenna for wireless applications
Authors: Khan Imran , Ali Tanweer , Devanagavi Geeta D. , Sudhindra Kumbhashi R. , Biradar Rajashekhar C.
Published: February 2019

A compact (20 × 20 × 1.6 mm3) planar four band antenna operating at 1.35 (lower Global Navigation Satellite System [GNSS]), 2.57 (lower Worldwide Microwave Access [WiMAX]), 4.57 (C‐band) and for 5.13 GHz (Wireless Local Area Network [WLAN]) is presented. By utilizing slot method in the radiating patch and the ground plane the aforementioned operating bands are achieved. The antenna has a miniaturized dimension of 0.09λ0 × 0.09λ0 × 0.007λ0 (where λ0 is the free space wavelength at the lower frequency of 1.35 GHz, and exhibits good impedance match, acceptable radiation efficiency and stable radiation pattern at the targeted frequencies.
Evaluating the boundaries of analytic efficiency and control: A consecutive controlled case series of 26 functional analyses
Authors: Jessel Joshua , Metras Rachel , Hanley Gregory P. , Jessel Catherine , Ingvarsson Einar T.
Published: February 2019

We conducted this study to determine if the efficiency of the functional analysis could be improved without detrimental effects on control. In Experiment 1, we reanalyzed functional analyses conducted for the problem behavior of 18 children. We analyzed rates of problem behavior during the first 5 min and first 3 min of the original 10‐min sessions and evaluated if changes in the level of control over problem behavior by the programmed contingency were evident from the analyses of shorter session duration. In Experiment 2, we conducted 8 consecutive functional analyses with 3‐min sessions to further evaluate the utility of brief session durations. We found that control over problem behavior was demonstrated when conducting functional analyses with sessions as brief as 3 min.
Cover Image, Volume 94, Issue 3
Authors: Hu Xingyou , Shen Gaotian , Hu Tao , Guan Guoping , Wang Lu
Published: February 2019

The cover image is based on the Research Article Use of an in vitro dynamic culture system to assess flow shear forces upon cell adhesion within different structures by Xingyou Hu et al., DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5834.

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Design and Synthesis of Some New Analgesic Azole Derivatives Containing Tramadol Moiety
Authors: Khodairy Ahmed , Ahmed Eman A. , Ismael Mohamed , Mohamed Khaled M. , Thabet Shymaa A.
Published: February 2019

Some new triazole, thiadiazole, oxadiazole, thiazole, oxazole, and imidazole derivatives have been synthesized via the reaction of tramadol bearing a hydrazide, hydrazine carbodithioate, and/or acetic acid group with certain reagents. Molecular docking study had been carried out to demonstrate the reactivity of these synthetic compounds for interaction with Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6).
Retention on antiretroviral therapy during Universal Test and Treat implementation in Zomba district, Malawi: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Alhaj Mohammad , Amberbir Alemayehu , Singogo Emmanuel , Banda Victor , van Lettow Monique , Matengeni Alfred , Kawalazira Gift , Theu Joe , Jagriti Megh R , Chan Adrienne K , van Oosterhout Joep J
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Since June 2016, the national HIV programme in Malawi has adopted Universal Test and Treat (UTT) guidelines requiring that all persons who test HIV positive will be referred to start antiretroviral therapy (ART). Although there is strong evidence from clinical trials that early initiation of ART leads to reduced morbidity and mortality, the impact of UTT on retention on ART in real‐life programmatic settings in Africa is not yet known.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study in Zomba district, Malawi to compare ART outcomes of patients who initiated ART under 2016 UTT guidelines and those who started ART prior to rollout of UTT (pre‐UTT). We analysed data from 32 rural and urban health facilities of various sizes. Cox proportional hazards modelling was used to determine the independent risk factors of attrition from ART at 12 months. All analyses were adjusted for clustering by health facility using a robust standard errors approach.

Results

Among 1492 patients (mean age 34.4 years, 933 (63%) female) who initiated ART during the study period, 501 were enrolled in the pre‐UTT cohort and 911 during UTT. At 12 months, retention on ART in the UTT cohort was higher than in the pre‐UTT cohort 83.0% (95% confidence interval (CI): 81.0% to 85.0%) versus 76.2% (95% CI 73.9% to 78.5%). Adolescents, aged 10 to 19 years (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.53; 95% CI 1.01 to 2.32), and women who were pregnant or breastfeeding at ART initiation (aHR 1.87; 95% CI 1.30 to 2.38) were at higher risk of attrition in the combined pre‐UTT and UTT cohort.

Conclusions

Retention on ART was nearly 6% higher after UTT introduction. Young adults and women who were pregnant or breastfeeding at the start of ART were at increased risk of attrition, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions for these groups to achieve the 90‐90‐90 UNAIDS targets in the UTT era.
Synaptic energy metabolism and neuronal excitability, in sickness and health
Authors: Oyarzabal Alfonso , Marin‐Valencia Isaac
Published: February 2019

Most of the energy produced in the brain is dedicated to supporting synaptic transmission. Glucose is the main fuel, providing energy and carbon skeletons to the cells that execute and support synaptic function: neurons and astrocytes, respectively. It is unclear, however, how glucose is provided to and used by these cells under different levels of synaptic activity. It is even more unclear how diseases that impair glucose uptake and oxidation in the brain alter metabolism in neurons and astrocytes, disrupt synaptic activity, and cause neurological dysfunction, of which seizures are one of the most common clinical manifestations. Poor mechanistic understanding of diseases involving synaptic energy metabolism has prevented the expansion of therapeutic options, which, in most cases, are limited to symptomatic treatments. To shed light on the intersections between metabolism, synaptic transmission, and neuronal excitability, we briefly review current knowledge of compartmentalized metabolism in neurons and astrocytes, the biochemical pathways that fuel synaptic transmission at resting and active states, and the mechanisms by which disorders of brain glucose metabolism disrupt neuronal excitability and synaptic function and cause neurological disease in the form of epilepsy.
Highly‐accelerated volumetric brain examination using optimized wave‐CAIPI encoding
Authors: Polak Daniel , Cauley Stephen , Huang Susie Y. , Longo Maria Gabriela , Conklin John , Bilgic Berkin , Ohringer Ned , Raithel Esther , Bachert Peter , Wald Lawrence L. , Setsompop Kawin
Published: February 2019

Background

Rapid volumetric imaging protocols could better utilize limited scanner resources.

Purpose

To develop and validate an optimized 6‐minute high‐resolution volumetric brain MRI examination using Wave‐CAIPI encoding.

Study Type

Prospective.

Population/Subjects

Ten healthy subjects and 20 patients with a variety of intracranial pathologies.

Field Strength/Sequence

At 3 T, MPRAGE, T2‐weighted SPACE, SPACE FLAIR, and SWI were acquired at 9‐fold acceleration using Wave‐CAIPI and for comparison at 2–4‐fold acceleration using conventional GRAPPA.

Assessment

Extensive simulations were performed to optimize the Wave‐CAIPI protocol and minimize both g‐factor noise amplification and potential T1/T2 blurring artifacts. Moreover, refinements in the autocalibrated reconstruction of Wave‐CAIPI were developed to ensure high‐quality reconstructions in the presence of gradient imperfections. In a randomized and blinded fashion, three neuroradiologists assessed the diagnostic quality of the optimized 6‐minute Wave‐CAIPI exam and compared it to the roughly 3× slower GRAPPA accelerated protocol using both an individual and head‐to‐head analysis.

Statistical Test

A noninferiority test was used to test whether the diagnostic quality of Wave‐CAIPI was noninferior to the GRAPPA acquisition, with a 15% noninferiority margin.

Results

Among all sequences, Wave‐CAIPI achieved negligible g‐factor noise amplification (gavg ≤ 1.04) and burring artifacts from T1/T2 relaxation. Improvements of our autocalibration approach for gradient imperfections enabled increased robustness to gradient mixing imperfections in tilted‐field of view (FOV) prescriptions as well as variations in gradient and analog‐to‐digital converter (ADC) sampling rates. In the clinical evaluation, Wave‐CAIPI achieved similar mean scores when compared with GRAPPA (MPRAGE: ØW = 4.03, ØG = 3.97; T2w SPACE: ØW = 4.00, ØG = 4.00; SPACE FLAIR: ØW = 3.97, ØG = 3.97; SWI: ØW = 3.93, ØG = 3.83) and was statistically noninferior (N = 30, P < 0.05 for all sequences).

Data Conclusion

The proposed volumetric brain exam retained comparable image quality when compared with the much longer conventional protocol.

Level of Evidence: 2

Technical Efficacy: Stage 1

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:961–974.