bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current Trends and Perspectives of Pressure Wire-Based Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Takami Yoshiyuki , Maekawa Atsuo , Yamana Koji , Akita Kiyotoshi , Amano Kentaro , Niwa Wakana , Matsuhashi Kazuki , Takagi Yasushi
Published: January 2025

Fractional flow reserve (FFR) has been well validated as a modality for evaluating myocardial ischemia, demonstrating the superiority of FFR-guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) over conventional angiography-guided PCI. As a result, the strategy for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is shifting toward FFR guidance. However, the advantage of FFR-guided CABG over angiography-guided CABG remains unclear. While FFR-guided CABG can help avoid unnecessary grafting in cases of moderate stenosis, it may also carry the risk of incomplete revascularization. The limited use of FFR due to the need for hyperemia has led to the development of non-hyperemic pressure ratios (NHPRs). NHPR pullback provides trans-stenotic pressure gradients, which may offer valuable insights for CABG strategies. Recently, computed tomographic coronary angiography (CTCA) has emerged as a non-invasive modality that provides accurate data on lesion length, diameter, minimum lumen area, percentage stenosis, and the volume and distribution of high-risk plaques. With the introduction of FFR-CT, CTCA is now highly anticipated to provide both functional evaluation (of myocardial ischemia) via FFR-CT and anatomical information through serial quantitative assessment. Beyond the diagnostic phase, CTCA, augmented by automatic artificial intelligence, holds great potential for guiding therapeutic interventions in the future.
Evaluation of Colon Capsule Utilisation in Europe—CAPTURE EU Survey Findings
Authors: Lei Ian Io , Robertson Alexander , Koulaouzidis Anastasios , Arasaradnam Ramesh , the international Capsule Endoscopy Research (iCARE) Group
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Colon capsule endoscopy (CCE) is a non-invasive method for visualising the colon, but its clinical adoption has been slow. Although the COVID-19 pandemic reignited interest in CCE, its role in conventional gastrointestinal investigations remains unclear, leading to varied practices across Europe. This highlights the need for a comprehensive understanding of diverse approaches to CCE in clinical practice. Method: A web-based survey was conducted from January to July 2024, targeting European gastroenterologists and colorectal surgeons interested in capsule endoscopy through the International Capsule Endoscopy Research (iCARE) Group. The survey aimed to understand CCE application across Europe and investigate factors influencing its uptake. Results: Thirty-eight (n = 38) valid responses were received from 19 European countries. While 88% reported access to CCE, only 45% had local services readily available, and just 7% included CCE in national guidelines. The most common indication for CCE was for patients who declined or could not tolerate colonoscopy (30%), with 77% of CE specialists preferring its use in fit patients. Ease of access was significantly associated with service availability (p = 0.0358). Barriers to uptake included lack of reimbursement, insufficient knowledge, and limited use in research settings. Only 27% of specialists viewed CCE positively, while 57% had a negative perception. Conclusions: This study reveals the wide variation in CCE practices and critical factors influencing its uptake. Understanding common indications and patient groups is the key to guiding its future development, particularly as AI and telemedicine enhance its potential for rapid full digestive tract visualisation.
From Cell Interactions to Bedside Practice: Complete Blood Count-Derived Biomarkers with Diagnostic and Prognostic Potential in Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Murariu-Gligor Emma Eugenia , Mureșan Simona , Cotoi Ovidiu Simion
Published: January 2025

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), encompassing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is a significant burden on health and economic systems worldwide. Improved VTE management calls for the integration of biomarkers into diagnostic algorithms and scoring systems for risk assessment, possible complications, and mortality. This literature review discusses novel biomarkers with potential diagnostic and prognostic value in personalized VTE management. The pathophysiology of thrombosis starts with cell interactions in the vascular environment and continues with more complex, recently discussed processes such as immunothrombosis and thromboinflammation. Their clinical applicability is in the use of complete blood count (CBC)-derived immuno-inflammatory indices as attractive, readily available biomarkers that reflect pro-thrombotic states. Indices such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR = neutrophil count divided by lymphocyte count), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR = platelet count divided by lymphocyte count), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII = NLR multiplied by platelet count) have demonstrated predictive value for thromboembolic events. Nevertheless, confounding data regarding cutoffs that may be implemented in clinical practice limit their applicability. This literature review aims to investigate neutrophil and platelet interactions as key drivers of immunothrombosis and thromboinflammation while summarizing the relevant research on the corresponding CBC-derived biomarkers, as well as their potential utility in day-to-day clinical practice.
How We Treat ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: A Focus on the Maintenance Therapy
Authors: Roccatello Dario , Fenoglio Roberta , De Simone Emanuele , Sciascia Savino
Published: January 2025

Recent progress has notably improved outcomes for patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV), namely granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis. Since 2021, several international scientific societies have recommended rituximab (RTX) as the preferred primary treatment for maintaining remission in AAV patients. Decisions regarding retreatment with RTX are based on individual patient risk factors for disease flare-ups and the potential consequences of such flares. In reviewing available evidence and reporting our experiences at G. Bosco Hub Hospital in Turin, Italy, we explore various trials focusing on the maintenance therapy in AAV and discuss areas of unmet need.
Reply to Pennington, T.E.; Thompson, J.F. Sentinel Node Biopsy in Melanoma Remains a Valuable Clinical Tool. Comment on “Dixon et al. Primary Cutaneous Melanoma—Management in 2024. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 1607”
Authors: Dixon Anthony Joseph , Sladden Michael , Zouboulis Christos C. , Popescu Catalin M. , Nirenberg Alexander , Steinman Howard K. , Longo Caterina , Dixon Zoe Lee , Thomas Joseph Meirion
Published: January 2025

We note with interest the commentary by Pennington and Thompson (P&T) regarding our detailed update on the management of primary cutaneous melanoma in 2024 [...]
Continuous Treatment with Tofacitinib but Not Filgotinib Is Effective in Non-Responders with Active Ulcerative Colitis: A Propensity Score-Matching Analysis
Authors: Yagi Soichi , Fukui Hirokazu , Ikenouchi Maiko , Shiraishi Tetsuya , Kaku Koji , Wakita Midori , Takagi Yasuhiro , Sato Toshiyuki , Kawai Mikio , Kamikozuru Koji , Yokoyama Yoko , Takagawa Tetsuya , Tomita Toshihiko , Shinzaki Shinichiro
Published: January 2025

Background: Few studies have compared the efficacy and safety of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). We compared the real-world effectiveness and safety of tofacitinib (TOF) and filgotinib (FIL) as induction therapy for UC by propensity score-matching analysis. Methods: We enrolled 230 patients with active UC who received either TOF (n = 197) or FIL (n = 33) as induction therapy. The primary outcome was the clinical response at week 8, and the secondary outcomes were the clinical response/remission rates from weeks 2–8, including the course of patients without a clinical response/remission at week 4. Results: Propensity score-matching analysis revealed that the clinical response rate gradually increased to 72.2% at 8 weeks in the TOF group, whereas it tended to decrease to 48.5% in the FIL group. Clinical remission rates increased from 2 (36.7% vs. 36.7%) to 8 weeks (63.6% vs. 48.5%) after treatment in the TOF and FIL groups, respectively. The clinical response rate was higher in the TOF group than in the FIL group at week 8 in patients without a clinical response at week 4 (38.5% vs. 0%; p = 0.011). The clinical remission rate was also higher in the TOF group than in the FIL group at week 8 in patients without clinical remission at week 4 (50.0% vs. 16.7%; p = 0.046). The incident rates of infection and anemia were higher in the TOF group than in the FIL group. Conclusions: TOF may be more effective than FIL at 8 weeks for patients with UC who do not respond to treatment within the first 4 weeks.
Examining the Relationship Between Sarcopenia and Rotator Cuff Tears: A Retrospective Comparative Study
Authors: Kim Jae-Hwa , Jang Inseok , Jeong Simho , Shin Jeeseop , Yoon Siyeong , Lee Hyunil , Lee Soonchul
Published: January 2025

Background: With the rapid increase in the aging population, the number of patients complaining of shoulder pain is also increasing. Among shoulder ailments, rotator cuff tears (RCTs) are most frequently observed in middle-aged and elderly individuals. Sarcopenia refers to the decline in muscle mass (lean body mass) and the subsequent decrease in muscle function that is linked to the natural aging process. To the best of our knowledge, there is currently limited information available regarding the association between RCTs and sarcopenia. Methods: The study included only individuals who had undergone dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and body composition assessments. After applying the exclusion criteria, the participants were divided into sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia groups by the body composition tests. Next, those diagnosed with RCTs were assigned to the experimental group, and those without RCTs were assigned to the control group. The matching was performed using propensity score matching. Sarcopenia was defined as a skeletal muscle index lower than 7.0 kg/m2 in males and 5.4 kg/m2 in females. Multivariable logistic regression with backward elimination was performed. Results: After propensity score matching, there were no significant differences in age, sex, and bone mineral density between the RCT and control groups. In the univariate analysis, it was observed that most of the baseline data and demographic factors did not exhibit significant differences, except for calcium levels and the presence of chronic kidney injury. According to the multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors related to RCTs, sarcopenia was unrelated to RCTs, but chronic kidney injury and Ca levels were significantly associated. Also, there was also no significant association between sarcopenia and RCT size and severity. Conclusions: In conclusion, we cannot find a significant relationship between sarcopenia and RCTs.
A PVA–Brookite Composite: The Effect of Plasma Pre-Treatment on the Thermal, Mechanical, and Photochromic Properties
Authors: Evdokimova Anastasia , Shibaeva Valeriya , Sirotkin Nikolay , Kraev Anton , Manakhov Anton , Khlyustova Anna
Published: January 2025

A composite material based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and brookite-phase titanium dioxide (TiO2) was synthesized using a straightforward method that involved combining the polymer with a sol as a filler. The composites were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mechanical testing. The effects of treating the sol with underwater discharge plasma utilizing different electrode materials on the surface morphology, mechanical properties, thermal stability, and optical (photochromic) characteristics of the composites were investigated. FTIR spectral analysis indicated the presence of a chemical bond between the polymer matrix and the filler particles, as evidenced by the appearance of new peaks in the region of 700–500 cm−1. Preliminary plasma treatment was shown to enhance the thermal stability, strength, and elasticity of the PVA-based composite. These improvements resulted from the modification of the filler (sol) due to plasma activity. The resulting composites exhibited a low photocolorization rate and a high bleaching rate. Such composites represent a promising material for use as inks in 3D printing.
Energy-Efficient Outdoor Fencing with Air Layers: A Review of the Effect of Solar Radiation on the Exterior Fencing of Buildings Made of Composite Material
Authors: Zhangabay Nurlan , Zhangabay Aizhan , Utelbayeva Akmaral , Tursunkululy Timur , Sultanov Murat , Kolesnikov Alexandr
Published: January 2025

In this study, the authors conducted a comprehensive review of the scientific and technical literature in the field of heat transfer in outdoor enclosures with an air layer of composite material, reviewing the effect of solar radiation on these areas. The review of the problem was carried out both at the national scale in the Republic of Kazakhstan and at the international level. It was found that an impressive number of scientists are involved in this topic, which is confirmed by the recent reviews, which analyzed more than 2700 relevant scientific and technical reports. The authors also reviewed the chronology of the development of hinged facade systems made of composite material on an international scale. Following the comprehensive review, a critical analysis was carried out on the most appropriate works, where a number of contradictions and discrepancies in the results were found. Taking into account these circumstances, the authors proposed to investigate the effects of climatic parameters considering barometric pressure. Using the regularity of the ideal gas equation, the dependences on the change in the volume of gas (air) when exposed to temperature loads and the influence of barometric pressure were determined. The results obtained will elucidate future research directions and can be taken into account in further studies of outdoor fences with an air layer considering solar radiation and territorial terrain.
Friction Stir Spot Welding of Aluminum Alloy to Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Coated by Thermoplastic Resin Using Tools with Different Surface Shapes
Authors: Tanaka Kazuto , Nagae Yuki
Published: January 2025

To achieve carbon neutrality, a reduction in car body weight is essential. Multi-material structures that use lightweight materials such as carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) and aluminum (Al) alloy are used to replace parts of steel components. This multi-material method requires specific joining techniques for bonding dissimilar materials. Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is one of the joining techniques used for joining dissimilar materials, enabling rapid and strong joints. FSSW for bonding A5052 Al alloy and carbon fiber-reinforced thermosetting resin (CFRTS) utilizing composite laminates with integrally molded thermoplastic resin in the outermost layer has been developed. However, joints using this method cause pyrolysis due to excessive frictional heating at the tool’s bottom, which may affect joint strength and promote corrosion in Al alloy. Therefore, this study developed new tools, a concave-shaped tool without a probe, a concave-shaped tool with a probe and a conventional FSSW tool, and investigated the influence of heat distribution and joint strength using the three new tools. The newly developed concave-shaped tool with a probe suppressed 7% of maximum heat input, decreased the pyrolysis area of epoxy resin by 47%, and increased joint strength by 4%. Finite element analysis also showed the suppression of heat input through the newly developed concave-shaped tool with a probe, achieved by reducing the contact area between the tool and Al alloy.
Osteoblastic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on P3HT Thin Polymer Film
Authors: Campione Paola , Rizzo Maria Giovanna , Bauso Luana Vittoria , Ielo Ileana , Messina Grazia Maria Lucia , Calabrese Giovanna
Published: January 2025

Bone defects restoration has always been an arduous challenge in the orthopedic field due to the limitations of conventional grafts. Bone tissue engineering offers an alternative approach by using biomimetic materials, stem cells, and growth factors that are able to improve the regeneration of bone tissue. Different biomaterials have attracted great interest in BTE applications, including the poly(3-hexylthiofene) (P3HT) conductive polymer, whose primary advantage is its capability to provide a native extracellular matrix-like environment. Based on this evidence, in this study, we evaluated the biological response of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured on P3HT thin polymer film for 14 days. Our results suggest that P3HT represents a good substrate to induce osteogenic differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells, even in the absence of specific inductive growth factors, thus representing a promising strategy for bone regenerative medicine. Therefore, the system provided may offer an innovative platform for next-generation biocompatible materials for regenerative medicine.
Acute Effects of Passive Stretching with and Without Vibration on Hip Range of Motion, Temperature, and Stiffness Parameters in Male Elite Athletes
Authors: Jochum Daniel , Vogel Viola , Warneke Konstantin
Published: January 2025

Objectives: Increasing exercise intensity and performance output with superimposed vibration gains interest, especially in high-performance training. However, the additional benefit of vibration in passive stretching exercises and its mechanisms remain unclarified. Methods: Passive stretching with (ST+V) and without (ST) vibration (20 Hz) was performed in male Olympic youth skiing athletes (n = 8, age: 17.9 ± 1.0 years) using a single-blinded randomized cross-over design. Acute hip abduction, hip anteversion, knee extension, and hamstrings (stand and reach straight leg raise) range of motion (ROM) were assessed using a digital goniometer, while stiffness was examined via MyotonPRO. The skin temperature of the whole leg was captured with infrared thermography and analyzed in different segments. Results: Both stretching interventions increased ROM compared to the control group (CG) (p < 0.001–0.033, d = 1.0–1.6) without differences between ST+V and ST (p = 0.202–0.999). While skin temperature decreased in the CG and ST, ST+V maintained a constant temperature in the lower legs. Stiffness was not affected by both stretching interventions. Conclusions: The stretching intervention leads to significant increases in flexibility, while additional vibration did not further enhance the ROM.
Corrected Axial Length and Choroidal Thickness: A Correlation Analysis for Scientific Purposes
Authors: Gioia Marco , De Bernardo Maddalena , Cione Ferdinando , De Luca Martina , Rosa Nicola
Published: January 2025

Purpose: Choroidal thickness (ChT) is an important measurement for evaluating eye and systemic disorders, but it is influenced by numerous elements, especially axial length (AL). It is known that the presence of a linear relationship between ChT and AL exists, but recently it has been shown that the AL measurement obtained with the current optical biometry is not very precise and needs to be corrected. This study aimed to verify if a similar correlation also persists with this corrected AL (ALc). Methods: All subjects underwent a complete eye examination, including spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) with enhanced depth image (EDI) mode and AL measurement with IOLMaster. After a normality check of the data, the correlations between ChT with AL and ALc were investigated through the Pearson correlation coefficient. p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: In total, 100 eyes of 50 healthy patients were evaluated. The mean AL was 24.36 ± 1.23 mm and mean ALc was 24.25 ± 1.22 mm. The mean nasal ChT, subfoveal ChT, and temporal ChT were, respectively, 250.57 ± 93.93 µm, 307.18 ± 101.66 µm, and 313.72 ± 88.86 µm. A significant negative linear correlation was found by comparing both AL and ALc to ChT (all r < −0.500, all p < 0.050). The negative linear correlation was stronger between nasal ChT and both AL and ALc (all r = −0.581). Conclusions: Through OCT and optical biometry, we confirmed that a statistically significant correlation persists between ALc and ChT, equal to the uncorrected AL. On these bases, in ChT studies or protocols, we recommend stratifying population according to ALc because linear correlation is still present; however, the cut-off values should be changed according to the systematic errors in optical biometry. In addition, both AL and ChT changes should be evaluated according to ALc.
Advancements and Challenges in Endovascular Revascularization for the Total Occlusion of the Femoropopliteal Artery: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Lee Jen-Kuang , Hsieh Mu-Yang , Su Hung-Chi , Hsu Po-Chao , Hsu Chung-Ho , Lee Hsin-Fu
Published: January 2025

Endovascular revascularization is a critical strategy in managing total occlusions of the femoropopliteal artery, a significant challenge in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). This review provides a comprehensive analysis of procedural strategies, highlighting the role of drug-coated balloons, atherectomy devices, and advanced crossing techniques like subintimal recanalization and re-entry methods. It discusses the importance of lesion-specific considerations, such as the use of atherectomy devices for un-crossable or un-dilatable lesions and the effectiveness of drug-coated balloons in reducing restenosis. Emerging techniques, including the PIERCE needle-cracking method and intravascular lithotripsy, offer novel approaches for treating heavily calcified plaques. Moreover, the review compares endovascular interventions with surgical bypass, noting that while minimally invasive techniques are preferred for high-risk patients, a hybrid approach may be optimal for selected cases. Despite advances, challenges remain regarding long-term outcomes and the management of complex calcified lesions, emphasizing the need for ongoing research and innovation in this field.
Coastal Sceneries of Albania, An Emerging 3S Destination: Analysis of Physical Characteristics and Human Activity Impacts
Authors: Fernández Enríquez Alfredo , Mooser Alexis , Anfuso Giorgio , García-Onetti Javier
Published: January 2025

The increase in tourism economic benefits is the most common purpose along the Mediterranean coastal regions but, very often, conflicts of interest arise between short-term benefits and long-term conservation goals. This is particularly the case of Albania, a very popular emerging “Sun, Sea and Sand” (3S) destination characterized by massive fluxes of national/international visitors during the summer period. Among beach users’ preferences, global studies show that five parameters of greater importance stand out from the rest, i.e., safety, facilities, water quality, no litter, and scenery, and the latter is the main concern of this study. Albania is well known for its outstanding natural coastal beauty which was assessed at 40 sites by using the Coastal Scenic Evaluation System (CSES) method. Based on the evaluation of 26 physical/human parameters and using weighting matrix parameters and fuzzy logic mathematics, the technique enables one to obtain an Evaluation Index (D) that allows one to classify each investigated site into five scenic classes, from Class I (extremely attractive natural sites; D ≥ 0.85) to Class V (very unattractive developed urban/industrial sites; D < 0.00). Pragmatically, the higher the “D” value is, the better the site scenery is. After a long process of field testing along the whole Albanian coastline (ca. 523 km in length), selected sites were chosen in rural/remote environments (22), villages (6), and urban (4) and resort areas (8) to reflect the Albanian coastal typicity and characterize the scenic impact of human activities. Most sites belonged to Class III (14), Class IV (13), Class II (8), and Class I (1). Several sites could be upgraded to Class I or Class II with slight management efforts, e.g., by carrying out cleaning operations or by reducing intrusive beach facilities.
Friction Torque in Miniature Ball Bearings
Authors: Cojocaru Denis , Ianuș Gelu , Cârlescu Vlad , Chiriac Bogdan , Olaru Dumitru
Published: January 2025

The problem of estimation the friction torque in operating miniature ball bearings lubricated with oil or grease is a complex one. Generally, in an angular contact ball bearing (ACBB), various types of losses can appear including losses caused by kinematics in ball-race contacts (rolling, sliding and pivoting), losses between the cage and the balls and between the cage and the guiding race and losses generated by lubricant, especially at high speeds. In the miniature ACBB, the applied loads have generally low values, and some losses can be ignored. In these circumstances, the most important contribution to the increase in the losses in miniature ACBB is the presence of the lubricant. In normal rolling bearings, the lubricant has an important contribution to decrease the losses and increase the reliability in miniature ball bearing; the lubricant (oil or grease) leads to the increase in the losses compared to the dry or limit lubrication conditions. The catalogues of various rolling bearing companies have not provided more details referring to the friction losses in miniature ball bearings. In order to evaluate the total friction torque in the rolling bearings, some empirical complex relations are presented via the SKF methodology, which can be applied only to moderate and high loads applied to the rolling bearings. Other empirical relations are presented by the Schaeffler catalogue. Based on previous experiments, the authors determined the friction torque in a 7000C ACBB with the spin-down method. The experimental results were correlated with the results obtained via the theoretical model developed by Houpert for IVR lubrication conditions. The theoretical results evidenced that the hydrodynamic rolling resistance generated by the lubricant is the most important component of the friction torque for 7000C ACBB. The experimental and theoretical results were compared to the results obtained according to the SKF and Schaeffler relations. The experimental results and the results obtained with the Houpert model generally had higher values compared to the results obtained with the SKF and Schaeffler relations.
High-Strength Ultrafine-Grained Al-Mg-Si Alloys Exposed to Mechanical Alloying and Press-Forming: A Comparison with Cast Alloys
Authors: Zhong Wenjie , Song Lin , Tang Huaguo , Wu Xu , Qiao Zhuhui , Liu Xunyong
Published: January 2025

A high-strength Al-Mg-Si alloy was prepared using mechanical alloying (MA) combined with press-forming (PF) technology, achieving a strength of up to 715 MPa and a hardness of 173 HB. The microstructures were comparatively analyzed with conventional cast Al-Mg-Si alloys using XRD, TKD, and TEM. The XRD results showed that the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the alloy prepared by MA+PF was significantly broadened and accompanied by a shift in the diffraction peak. TKD revealed that the grain size of the MA+PF processed alloy was significantly reduced to approximately 260 nm, indicating substantial refinement compared to the cast alloy. Additionally, using TEM, it was found that the newly developed MA+PF alloy exhibited a distinct morphology of Mg2Si precipitation phases and a high density of stacking faults (SFs), characteristics that differed from those in the cast alloy. The significant enhancement in strength can be attributed to the synergistic strengthening effects of grain refinement, second-phase precipitation, and stacking fault strengthening, as synthesized and analyzed.
Detailed Analysis of the Debris-Fretting Damage Areas on Coated Fuel Cladding
Authors: Pašta Ondřej , Kopeć Marcin , Cvrček Ladislav , Krejčí Jakub , Halodová Patricie , Sihelská Kristína
Published: January 2025

Fuel failure caused by fretting damage to cladding remains a relevant issue despite decades of research and development aimed at enhancing the physical parameters of fuel. This paper presents the results of experiments conducted at the Research Centre Řež on Zr-1%Nb alloy tube specimens covered with protective coatings made of chromium (Cr) and nitrogen (N) compounds. The experiments involved debris-fretting tests under dry conditions at room temperature as well as microscopic measurements of groove depths. A detailed analysis was performed using the Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy, Electron Backscatter Diffraction, and Focused Ion Beam techniques. The objectives of the tests were (1) to compare the debris-fretting resistance between the reference Zr-1%Nb specimens and those of the same alloy coated with various compositions, and (2) to demonstrate the positive effects of coating applications on the endurance of fuel cladding. The conducted analysis revealed a significant advantage in using cladding with a thin, wear-resistant layer compared to standard cladding material, with the CrN-coated specimens exhibiting 36 times better fretting resistance.
State of Health Estimation and Battery Management: A Review of Health Indicators, Models and Machine Learning
Authors: Li Mei , Xu Wenting , Zhang Shiwen , Liu Lina , Hussain Arif , Hu Enlai , Zhang Jing , Mao Zhiyu , Chen Zhongwei
Published: January 2025

Lithium-ion batteries are a key technology for addressing energy shortages and environmental pollution. Assessing their health is crucial for extending battery life. When estimating health status, it is often necessary to select a representative characteristic quantity known as a health indicator. Most current research focuses on health indicators associated with decreased capacity and increased internal resistance. However, due to the complex degradation mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries, the relationship between these mechanisms and health indicators has not been fully explored. This paper reviews a large number of literature sources. We discuss the application scenarios of different health factors, providing a reference for selecting appropriate health factors for state estimation. Additionally, the paper offers a brief overview of the models and machine learning algorithms used for health state estimation. We also delve into the application of health indicators in the health status assessment of battery management systems and emphasize the importance of integrating health factors with big data platforms for battery status analysis. Furthermore, the paper outlines the prospects for future development in this field.
Features of Structure and Flow Field in Homemade Co-Current Cavitation Water Jet Nozzle
Authors: Guo Chenhao , Dong Xing , Song Haorong , Jiang Yun
Published: January 2025

The cavitation water jet cleaning and coating removal technique represents an innovative sustainable method for cleaning and removing coatings, with the nozzle serving as a crucial component of this technology. Developing an artificially submerged nozzle with a reliable structure and excellent cavitation performance is essential for enhancing cavitation water jets’ cleaning and coating removal efficacy in an atmosphere environment (non-submerged state). This study is based on the shear flow cavitation mechanism of an angular nozzle, the resonance principle of an organ pipe, and the jet pump principle. A dual-nozzle co-current cavitation water jet nozzle structure was designed and manufactured. The impact of the nozzle’s inlet pressure on the vapor volume percentage, as well as the axial and radial velocities inside the flow field, were examined utilizing ANSYS Fluent software with the CFD method. The dynamic change rule of the cavitation cloud is derived by analyzing the picture of the cavitation cloud in the nozzle’s outflow field utilizing pseudo-color imaging techniques. The results show that the maximum vapor volume percentage is more significant than 95% for different inlet pressures in the internal nozzle. The changes that occur in the cavitation cloud exhibit notable regularity, including the four stages of cavitation, which are inception, development, shedding, and collapse. A change period is 1.5 ms, which proves that the homemade co-current cavitation water jet nozzle can achieve good cavitation effects.
Preparation of Fe3O4/C Composite Material from Red Mud for the Degradation of Acid Orange 7
Authors: Cai Jiaxing , Cao Yunye , Yang Bingfei , Li Jiajie , Hitch Michael
Published: January 2025

This study presents a novel Fe3O4/C composite material synthesized from red mud through a process of magnetic roasting and separation. The research explores the impact of Fe3O4/C dosages, sodium persulfate (PS) concentrations, and initial solution pH on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency using Acid Orange 7 as a model pollutant. Optimal conditions were identified as 3 g/L Fe3O4/C, 20 mM PS, and an initial pH of 2, achieving a 94.11% COD removal efficiency within 30 min. X-ray diffraction and photoelectron spectroscopy analyses confirmed that the magnetization roasting process effectively transformed red mud’s ferric oxide (Fe2O3) into magnetite (Fe3O4). Concurrently, Fe3O4 interacted with residual carbon to form the Fe3O4/C composite. This composite demonstrated superior catalytic performance, along with excellent recyclability and reusability.
An Initial Study of Ultra High Performance Concrete as Reusable Mold Material for Aluminum Casting
Authors: Link Janna , Teichmann Fabian , Wetzel Alexander , Müller Sebastian , Middendorf Bernhard
Published: January 2025

The initial investigation evaluates the feasibility of ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) as a material for reusable molds in aluminum casting. Two specific UHPC formulations were investigated: one based on ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and another utilizing alkali-activated materials (AAM). The study focused on investigating the surface through roughness measurements and the thermal durability through repeated casting cycles. The thermal stability of the molds was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, mercury intrusion porosimetry, crack segmentation, optical microscopy, and electron microscopy. Results indicate that molds fabricated from AAM-UHPC exhibit relatively better performance in terms of maintaining structural integrity and surface quality over repeated uses. AAM-UHPC molds were able to withstand up to ten casting cycles with acceptable surface degradation and no significant failure, while OPC-UHPC molds exhibited a faster degradation under similar conditions. Microstructural changes and the interaction of UHPC materials with molten aluminum were investigated, highlighting the low adhesion and defect formation. Additionally, the molds demonstrated sound casting quality, with a grain size comparable to that achieved using traditional steel molds (~ 90 µm), underscoring the potential of UHPC materials for enhancing casting quality and efficiency. The study concludes that UHPC, particularly with alkali-activated formulations, shows promise for low-pressure casting environments.
Enhancement of Air-Entrained Grout-Enriched Vibrated Cemented Sand, Gravel and Rock (GECSGR) for Improving Frost and Thawing Resistance in CSGR Dams
Authors: Baah Wambley Adomako , Jia Jinsheng , Zheng Cuiying , Jia Baozhen , Wang Yue , Wu Yangfeng
Published: January 2025

Cemented Sand, Gravel, and Rock (CSGR) dams have traditionally used either Conventional Vibrated Concrete (CVC) or Grout-Enriched Roller Compacted Concrete (GERCC) for protective and seepage control layers in low- to medium-height dams. However, these methods are complex, prone to interference, and uneconomical due to significant differences in the expansion coefficient, elastic modulus, and hydration heat parameters among CSGR, CVC, and GERCC. This complexity complicates quality control during construction, leading to the development of Grout-Enriched Vibrated Cemented Sand, Gravel, and Rock (GECSGR) as an alternative. Despite its potential, GECSGR has limited use due to concerns about freeze–thaw resistance. This project addresses these concerns by developing an air-entrained GECSGR grout formulation and construction technique. The study follows a five-phase approach: mix proportioning of C1806 CSGR; optimization of the grout formulation; determination of grout addition rate; evaluation of small-scale lab samples of GECSGR; and field application. The results indicate that combining 8–12% of 223 kg/m3 cement grout with 2–2.23 kg/m3 of admixtures, mud content of 15%, a marsh time of 26–31 s. and a water/cement ratio of 0.5–0.6 with the C1806 parent CSGR mixture achieved a post-vibration in situ air content of 4–6%, excellent freeze–thaw resistance (F300: mass loss <5% or initial dynamic modulus ≥60%), and permeability resistance (W12: permeability coefficient of 0.13 × 10−10 m/s). The development of a 2-in-1 slurry addition and vibration equipment eliminated performance risks and enhanced efficiency in field applications, such as the conversion of the C1804 CSGR mixture into air-entrained GECSGR grade C9015W6F50 for the 2.76 km Qianwei protection dam. Economic analysis revealed that the unit cost of GECSGR production is 18.3% and 6.33% less than CVC and GERCC, respectively, marking a significant advancement in sustainable cement-based composite materials in the dam industry.
A Fractal Analysis of the Size Effect in Quasi-Brittle Materials: Experimental Tests and Peridynamic Simulations
Authors: Friedrich Leandro Ferreira , Kosteski Luis Eduardo , Cezar Édiblu Silva , Colpo Angélica Bordin , Bremm Caroline , Lacidogna Giuseppe , Iturrioz Ignacio
Published: January 2025

In the design of structures involving quasi-brittle materials such as concrete, it is essential to consider the scale dependence of the mechanical properties of the material. Among the theories used to describe the phenomenon of size effect, the fractal theory proposed by Carpinteri and colleagues has attracted attention for its results in the last three decades of research. The present study employs the fractal perspective to examine the scale effect in three-point bending tests conducted on expanded polyethylene (EPS) beam specimens. The influence of size on flexural strength, fracture energy, and critical angle of rotation is investigated. Additionally, numerical simulations based on peridynamic (PD) theory are performed based on the experimental tests. The global behavior, brittleness, failure configuration, and fractal scale effect obtained numerically are evaluated. The numerical results show a good correlation with the experimental ones and, moreover, both the experimental and numerical results are in agreement with the fractal theory of scale effect. More precisely, the error of the sum of the fractal exponents, computed with respect to the theoretical one, is equal to −1.20% and −2.10% for the experimental and numerical results, respectively. Moreover, the classical dimensional analysis has been employed to demonstrate that the scale effect can be naturally described by the PD model parameters, allowing to extend the results for scales beyond those analyzed experimentally.
Numerical Semigroups with a Fixed Fundamental Gap
Authors: Moreno-Frías María Ángeles , Rosales José Carlos
Published: January 2025

A gap a of a numerical semigroup S is fundamental if {2a,3a}⊆S. In this work, we will study the set B(a)=S∣SisanumericalsemigroupandaisafundamentalgapofS. In particular, we will give an algorithm to compute all the elements of B(a) with a given genus. The intersection of two elements of B(a) is again one element of B(a). A B(a)-irreducible numerical semigroup is an element of B(a) that cannot be expressed as an intersection of two elements of B(a) containing it properly. In this paper, we will study the B(a)-irreducible numerical semigroups. In this sense we will give an algorithm to calculate all of them. Finally, we will study the submonoids of (N,+) that can be expressed as an intersection (finite or infinite) of elements belonging to B(a).
Attempting the Impossible: Enumerating Extremal Submodular Functions for n = 6
Authors: Csirmaz Elod P. , Csirmaz Laszlo
Published: January 2025

Enumerating the extremal submodular functions defined on subsets of a fixed base set has only been done for base sets up to five elements. This paper reports the results of attempting to generate all such functions on a six-element base set. Using improved tools from polyhedral geometry, we have computed 360 billion of them, and provide the first reasonable estimate of their total number, which is expected to be between 1000 and 10,000 times this number. The applied Double Description and Adjacency Decomposition methods require an insertion order of the defining inequalities. We introduce two novel orders, which speed up the computations significantly, and provide additional insight into the highly symmetric structure of submodular functions. We also present an improvement to the combinatorial test used as part of the Double Description method, and use statistical analyses to estimate the degeneracy of the polyhedral cone used to describe these functions. The statistical results also highlight the limitations of the applied methods.
New Analytical Formulas for the Rank of Farey Fractions and Estimates of the Local Discrepancy
Authors: Tomás García Rogelio
Published: January 2025

New analytical formulas are derived for the rank and the local discrepancy of Farey fractions. The new rank formula is applicable to all Farey fractions and involves sums of a lower order compared to the searched one. This serves to establish a new unconditional estimate for the local discrepancy of Farey fractions that decrease with the order of the Farey sequence. This estimate improves the currently known estimates. A new recursive expression for the local discrepancy of Farey fractions is also given. A second new unconditional estimate of the local discrepancy of any Farey fraction is derived from a sum of the Mertens function, again, improving the currently known estimates.
Enhancing Convolutional Neural Network Robustness Against Image Noise via an Artificial Visual System
Authors: Li Bin , Todo Yuki , Tao Sichen , Tang Cheng , Wang Yu
Published: January 2025

The convolutional neural network (CNN) was initially inspired by the physiological visual system, and its structure has become increasingly complex after decades of development. Although CNN architectures now have diverged from biological structures, we believe that the mechanism of feature extraction in the visual system can still provide valuable insights for enhancing CNN robustness and stability. In this study, we investigate the mechanism of neuron orientation selectivity and develop an artificial visual system (AVS) referring to the structure of the primary visual system. Through learning on an artificial object orientation dataset, AVS acquires orientation extraction capabilities. Subsequently, we employ the pre-trained AVS as an information pre-processing block at the front of CNNs to regulate their preference for different image features during training. We conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the AVS–CNN framework across different image tasks. Extensive results demonstrated that the CNNs enhanced by AVS exhibit significant model stability enhancement and error rate decrease on noise data. We propose that incorporating biological structures into CNN design still holds great potential for improving overall performance.
Mortality in Antinuclear Antibody-Positive Patients with and Without Rheumatologic Immune-Related Disorders: A Large-Scale Population-Based Study
Authors: Shani Uria , David Paula , Balassiano Strosberg Ilana , Regev Ohad , Yihia Mohamad , Ben-Shabat Niv , McGonagle Dennis , Weinstein Orly , Amital Howard , Watad Abdulla
Published: January 2025

Background & Objectives: To explore the potential association between positive ANA serology and all-cause mortality in a large cohort of patients, including those with and without rheumatological conditions and other immune-related diseases. Material and Methods: A retrospective cohort study analyzed all-cause mortality among 205,862 patients from Clalit Health Services (CHS), Israel’s largest health maintenance organization (HMO). We compared patients aged 18 and older with positive ANA serology (n = 102,931) to an equal number of ANA-negative controls (n = 102,931). Multivariable Cox regression models were used to assess hazard ratios (HR) for mortality, adjusting for demographic and clinical factors. Results: ANA positivity was strongly associated with increased mortality (adjusted HR [aHR] 4.62; 95% CI 4.5–4.7, p < 0.001). Significant predictors of mortality included male gender (39.2% vs. 24.4%, p < 0.001), older age at testing (72.4 ± 13.0 vs. 50.1 ± 17.3 years, p < 0.001), and Jewish ethnicity (89.6% vs. 83.2%, p < 0.001). Certain ANA patterns, such as mitochondrial (and dense fine speckled (DFS-AC2)), were highly predictive of mortality, with aHRs of 36.14 (95% CI 29.78–43.85) and 29.77 (95% CI 26.58–33.34), respectively. ANA-positive patients with comorbid rheumatological immune-related disorders (RIRDs) demonstrated a higher survival rate compared to those without such a condition (aHR 0.9, 95% CI 0.86–0.95, p < 0.001). This finding remained significant after adjusting for several parameters, including age. Conclusions: ANA positivity is associated with increased all-cause mortality, particularly in individuals without rheumatologic disorders, after adjusting for confounders such as age. This may indicate occult malignancies, cardiovascular pathology, or chronic inflammatory states, necessitating more vigilant surveillance
Midline Anterior Neck Inclusion Cyst in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report and Literature Review with a Dermatologic Perspective
Authors: Brigenti Noemi , Bardelli Rachele , Paolino Giovanni , Danese Elisabetta , Gisondi Paolo , Zerbinati Nicola , Girolomoni Giampiero , Carugno Andrea
Published: January 2025

Midline Anterior Neck Inclusion Cysts (MANICs) are rare congenital anomalies caused by improper embryonic fusion. These superficial benign lesions typically appear yellowish and cystic without deeper anatomic connections. We describe an 11-month-old boy with a stable, asymptomatic, yellow, elastic cystic lesion on the midline of the anterior neck, measuring 4 mm and present since shortly after birth. Clinical, dermoscopic, and ultrasound evaluations confirmed the diagnosis of MANIC. Over six months of observation, the lesion remained stable without growth, infection, or symptoms. MANICs are benign epidermoid cysts with minimal risk of complications that are often mistaken for thyroglossal duct cysts, dermoid cysts, or other congenital anomalies. Unlike thyroglossal duct cysts, they do not move during swallowing or tongue protrusion. Management is usually conservative, with surgery reserved for symptomatic or cosmetically significant cases. This case highlights the importance of parental reassurance and avoiding unnecessary intervention for asymptomatic lesions. Recognition of MANICs is essential for dermatologists and pediatricians evaluating midline neck lesions. A conservative approach with regular monitoring ensures optimal care while minimizing interventions. Further research may clarify the pathogenesis and long-term outcomes of these rare lesions.