bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and Qualification of a New Wirelessly Controlled Retrofit Safety Valve: An Alternative to Well Workover That Enhances Well Safety and Maximizes Production Uptime
Authors: Champion B.P. P , Gandini G.. , Gabbiani A..
Published: February 2011

There are many examples of wells around the world today that are shut in because of failure of surface-controlled subsurface safety valves (SCSSVs). While these valves are generally very reliable, the control line that runs to the surface in the annulus is susceptible to plugging by contaminants in the hydraulic control fluid and also to corrosion, which causes leaks; both are outcomes that render the valve inoperable. The failure of the control line also means that the contingency solution of installing a wireline-retrievable surface-controlled subsurface safety valve (WR-SCSSV) is not possible.

When a safety valve fails, the most common remedial solution today involves installing a subsurface-controlled safety valve (SSCSV), such as an ambient valve or storm choke. While this solution is lower cost and more straightforward than performing a full rig-based well workover, it is not as safe. SSCSVs are directly influenced by changing well-flow conditions, such as high flow rates and low pressures, or by water slugs, and thus are notoriously unpredictable in operation. Additionally, they are not controllable from surface and not fail-safe, which is undesirable from a wellcontrol and safety standpoint.

By transmitting electromagnetic (EM) signals from surface to downhole, it is possible to control downhole hardware. A wirelessly controlled safety valve has been developed that can be retrofitted into a well using conventional slickline intervention equipment and procedures. Being controllable from surface and of a fail-safe closed design, this valve offers both functional and safety advantages over existing SSCSV solutions. This new valve also offers a retrofittable solution for wells having no hydraulic control line installed. In situations where a capillary string may need to be installed for foam- or chemical-injection purposes, it also provides an opportunity to free up the hydraulic control line.

A prototype valve was subjected to qualification and functionality testing in accordance with a modified International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 10432 test procedure. This testing was followed by installation in an onshore gas well for a 6-month trial that involved both flowing and injection phases. The valve was cycled and inflow-tested regularly and performed reliably, consistently, and fully in accordance with specification throughout the trial period.

This successful trial of a new wirelessly controlled safety valve marks the introduction of a more-controllable and -predictable alternative to an ambient valve or storm choke, minimizes deferred production, and increases the well's safety. Following the successful onshore trial, the valve is now considered ready for wide-scale field application onshore, and at the time of writing this paper, plans for performing a first trial on an offshore platform are well advanced.
High-Normal HbA1c Is a Strong Predictor of Type 2 Diabetes in the General Population
Authors: Bonora Enzo , Kiechl Stefan , Mayr Agnes , Zoppini Giacomo , Targher Giovanni , Bonadonna Riccardo C. , Willeit Johann
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) recently has been recommended for the diagnosis of diabetes by the American Diabetes Association, but its value in the prediction of type 2 diabetes is poorly understood. In this study we evaluated how high-normal HbA1c levels predict type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We measured HbA1c in 919 Caucasian subjects, aged 40–79 years, and recorded new cases of type 2 diabetes in the following 15 years. Diabetes was diagnosed with HbA1c.

RESULTS

Subjects were stratified according to baseline HbA1c (<5.0, 5.00–5.49 [reference], 5.50–5.99, and 6.00–6.49%). Sex- and age-adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) for type 2 diabetes were 1.11 (0.30–4.41), 1.00, 3.79 (1.79–8.06), and 12.50 (5.51–28.34), respectively. Results did not change after adjusting for several putative confounding factors and were confirmed when models with updated variables were used.

CONCLUSIONS

HbA1c is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Subjects with high-normal levels of HbA1c deserve particular attention because they have a strong risk of developing diabetes.
Assessment of the Antifungal Activity of Natural Compounds to Reduce Postharvest Gray Mould (Botrytis Cinerea Pers.: FR.) of Kiwifruits (Actinidia Deliciosa) During Storage
Authors: Shirzad Habib , Hassani Abbas , Ghosta Youbert , Abdollahi Ali , Finidokht Rasool , Meshkatalsadat Mohammad
Published: February 2011

Assessment of the Antifungal Activity of Natural Compounds to Reduce Postharvest Gray Mould (Botrytis Cinerea Pers.: FR.) of Kiwifruits (Actinidia Deliciosa) During Storage

Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), ajowan (Carum copticum L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) and summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) were assessed under in vivo condition for antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea on kiwifruits. Inoculated and oil-treated fruits were kept in storage, 90 days. Evaluation of the antifungal activity of essential oils showed that with the increase of their concentrations the antifungal activity was increased, but no significant differences were observed. In addition, the quality parameters such as total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acidity (TA) and vitamin C reduced in fruits treated with essential oil. Weightloss and firmness values were not affected by essential oil treatment and essential oil treated kiwifruits showed off-flavor in compare to control. Results of this study suggest that application of essential oil to control postharvest pathogens is worthy of future works.
Quantification of Avoidable Yield Losses in Oilseed Brassica Caused by Insect Pests
Authors: Kular Jagdev , Kumar Sarwan
Published: February 2011

Quantification of Avoidable Yield Losses in OilseedBrassicaCaused by Insect Pests

A six year field study was conducted from 2001-2002 to 2006-2007 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India to study the losses in seed yield of differentBrassicaspecies (B. juncea, B. napus, B. carinata, B. rapaandEruca sativa) by the infestation of insect pests. The experiment was conducted in two different sets viz. protected/sprayed and unprotected, in a randomized block design, with three replications. Data on the infestation of insect pests, and seed yield were recorded at weekly intervals and at harvest, respectively. The loss in seed yield, due to mustard aphid and cabbage caterpillar, varied from 6.5 to 26.4 per cent.E. sativasuffered the least loss in seed yield and harboured the minimum population of mustard aphid (2.1 aphids/plant) and cabbage caterpillar (2.4 larvae/plant). On the other hand,B. carinatawas highly susceptible to the cabbage caterpillar (26.2 larvae/plant) and suffered the maximum yield loss (26.4%).
Molecular Approaches to Disease Resistance in Fragaria SPP.
Authors: Korbin Małgorzata
Published: February 2011

Molecular Approaches to Disease Resistance inFragariaSPP.

Resistance to economically important diseases is one of the most desired traits to have in plant crops. TheFragariagenus including 21 wild and cultivated species (Fragariaxananassa), contains genetic sources of diseases resistance that are quite rich but not fully exploited in breeding for resistance. Usefulness of different molecular techniques and high throughput technologies for the dissection of genetic resistance mechanisms and the explanation of plant diversity in relation to pathogens at the DNA level are described in this paper. The descriptions are based on the results of different studies on genome ofFragariathat were carried out in many research institutions in the world. The proposed model of comprehensive exploration of the strawberry genome, summarized with generating resistance markers and identification of genes involved with induction or regulation of plant response to pathogen attack, appear to be very useful in breeding strawberry for resistance.
Multiple Paradigm Research on Organisational Culture: An Introduction of Complexity Paradigm
Authors: Podjed Dan
Published: February 2011

Multiple Paradigm Research on Organisational Culture: An Introduction of Complexity Paradigm

The author presents multiple paradigm research into the organisational culture of a birdwatching association, where he conducted his ethnographic research. On top of the functionalist, interpretive, radical structuralist and radical humanist paradigms as presented by Gibson Burrell and Gareth Morgan, he applies the fifth paradigm into the analysis of the organisation. The so-called complexity paradigm, which was formed in 1980's based on findings about complex systems and networks that emerged in natural and social sciences, summarizes all other paradigms, integrating them into a coherent unit. According to the author, the approach that exploits the benefits of each previously known paradigm illustrates comprehensively the complexity of organisational cultures, whereas the new paradigm upgrades our previous knowledge on organisations.
Long- to short-term denudation rates in the southern Apennines: geomorphological markers and chronological constraints
Authors: Gioia Dario , Martino Claudio , Schiattarella Marcello
Published: February 2011

Long- to short-term denudation rates in the southern Apennines: geomorphological markers and chronological constraints

Age constraints of geomorphological markers and consequent estimates of long- to short-term denudation rates from southern Italy are given here. Geomorphic analysis of the valley of the Tanagro River combined with apatite fission track data and radiometric dating provided useful information on the ages and evolution of some significant morphotectonic markers such as regional planated landscapes, erosional land surfaces and fluvial terraces. Reconstruction of paleotopography and estimation of the eroded volumes were perfomed starting from the plano-altimetric distribution of several orders of erosional land surfaces surveyed in the study area. Additional data about denudation rates related to the recent and/or active geomorphological system have been obtained by estimating the amount of suspended sediment yield at the outlet of some catchments using empirical relationships based on the hierarchical arrangement of the drainage network. Denudation rates obtained through these methods have been compared with the sedimentation rates calculated for two adjacent basins (the Pantano di San Gregorio and the Vallo di Diano), on the basis of published tephrochronological constraints. These rates have also been compared with those calculated for the historical sediment accumulation in a small catchment located to the north of the study area, with long-term exhumation data from thermochronometry, and with uplift rates from the study area. Long- and short-term denudation rates are included between 0.1 and 0.2 mm/yr, in good agreement with regional data and long-term sedimentation rates from the Vallo di Diano and the Pantano di San Gregorio Magno basins. On the other hand, higher values of exhumation rates from thermochronometry suggest the existence of past erosional processes faster than the recent and present-day exogenic dismantling. Finally, the comparison between uplift and denudation rates indicates that the fluvial erosion did not match the tectonic uplift during the Quaternary in this sector of the chain. The axial zone of the southern Apennines should therefore be regarded as a landscape in conditions of geomorphological disequilibrium.
Gravity instabilities in the Dohrn Canyon (Bay of Naples, Southern Tyrrhenian Sea): potential wave and run-up (tsunami) reconstruction from a fossil submarine landslide
Authors: di Fiore Vincenzo , Aiello Gemma , D'Argenio Bruno
Published: February 2011

Gravity instabilities in the Dohrn Canyon (Bay of Naples, Southern Tyrrhenian Sea): potential wave and run-up (tsunami) reconstruction from a fossil submarine landslide

We discuss a mathematical model for wave and run-up generated submarine landslides in the canyons of the Bay of Naples (Magnaghi-Dohrn canyon system). The morpho-bathymetry and submarine gravity instabilities of such incisions have been investigated through the interpretation of a high resolution DEM. The canyons are located in a sector of the bay where there is a variable interaction of volcanic activity (Phlegrean Fields and Ischia and Procida Islands) with sedimentary processes due to the Sarno-Sebeto rivers. At present the Naples canyon-system is inactive, as is shown by the Holocene sedimentary drapes deposited during the present sea-level highstand, but gravity instabilities occurred in the recent past at the canyons' heads. In particular the Dohrn Canyon is characterized by a double regressive head, while the Magnaghi Canyon shows a trilobate head, formed by the junction of three main tributary channels and coincident with the retreat of the shelf break around the 140 m isobath. The results of a simulation of failures in the above source areas show that the amplitude of wave run-up, expressed in terms of the sea floor depth percentage, may range up to 2.5 % of the water depth at the sea bottom.
Quaternary alluvial fan systems of the Agri intermontane basin (southern Italy): tectonic and climatic controls
Authors: Giano Salvatore
Published: February 2011

Quaternary alluvial fan systems of the Agri intermontane basin (southern Italy): tectonic and climatic controls

The Agri River high valley is a Quaternary intermontane basin located in southern Italy. The tectonic evolution of this basin was controlled by Lower Pleistocene strike-slip master faults, subsequently reactivated as normal faults until the Middle Pleistocene. The Quaternary sediments of the basin infill are mainly constituted of continental clastics, represented by coarse-grained alluvial deposits divided by unconformities. The arrangement of clastic deposits suggests that the Pleistocene to Holocene alluvial fan system developed along the eastern margin of the valley. Five generations of slope and alluvial fan systems have been recognized in the Agri basin. The oldest fans have formed on both slope and alluvial deposits. The younger alluvial fans are located along the entire valley floor and arose upon the earlier fan apexes originating in these valleys. The youngest fans are arranged in two different generations and show proximal facies distributed along the foot slopes. Plan view morphology, fan slope profiles, and sedimentary features of the fan system have been used here to determine the magnitude of the tectonic deformation episode affecting the faulted mountainous front of the Agri basin eastern margin. Both fast and slow tectonic episodes occurred during the different regional Quaternary tectonic stages that affected the southern Apennine chain. These tectonic episodes have therefore been analysed in relation to climatic conditions in order to determine their contributions to the evolution of the Pleistocene to Holocene fan systems.
Governing Competing Demands for Forest Resources in Sweden
Authors: Sandström Camilla , Lindkvist Anna , Öhman Karin , Nordström Eva-Maria
Published: February 2011

Changing and competing land use, where we make use of a growing share of resources, potentially undermines the capacity of forests to provide multiple functions such as timber, biodiversity, recreation and pasture lands. The governance challenge is thus to manage trade-offs between human needs and, at the same time, maintain the capacities of forests to provide us with these needs. Sweden provides a clear example of this kind of challenge. Traditionally, timber has been the most apparent contribution of the forest to Swedish national interests. However, due to competing land use, the identification of the wider role of forests in terms of multifunctionality has been recognized. Today, a number of functions, such as water quality and biodiversity together with cultural and social activities related to forests, are increasingly included as potential demands on forests in competition with traditional functions such as timber production. The challenge is thus related to trade-offs between different functions. How to balance the relationship and guide trade-offs between different functions of forests is, to a large extent, a matter of policy choice and the design of appropriate governance institutions and pro-active management activities. Based on perceptions among stakeholders on future competing demands and a literature review, the paper explore the multifunctionality of the Swedish forests and how it is affected by competing demands for land use; how multifunctionality is currently governed; and concludes by suggesting promising decision support methods to manage trade-offs between different functions.
Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology—An Update
Authors: Stander Leo , Theodore Louis
Published: February 2011

Some engineers and scientists are either directly or indirectly involved with nanotechnology issues. Nanotechnology concerns dealing with environmental implications and regulatory compliance encompass practicing areas for these technical individuals. Areas of particular concern include current/proposed environmental regulations and procedures for quantifying both health risks and hazard risks. This article addresses both of these issues.
Synthesis of 1-Substituted Carbazolyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- and Carbazolyl-3,4-dihydro-β-carboline Analogs as Potential Antitumor Agents
Authors: Shen Ya-Ching , Chang Yao-To , Lin Chun-Ling , Liaw Chia-Ching , Kuo Yao Haur , Tu Lan-Chun , Yeh Sheau Farn , Chern Ji-Wang
Published: February 2011

A series of 1-substituted carbazolyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- and carbazolyl-3,4-dihydro-b-carboline analogs have been synthesized and evaluated for antitumor activity against human tumor cells including KB, DLD, NCI-H661, Hepa, and HepG2/A2 cell lines. Among these, compounds 2, 6, 7, and 9 exhibited the most potent and selective activity against the tested tumor cells. As for inhibition of topoisomerase II, compounds 1–14 and 18 showed better activity than etoposide. Among them, compounds 3, 4, 7, 9, and 10 exhibited potent activity. The structure and activity relationship (SAR) study revealed correlation between carbon numbers of the side chain and biological activities. The molecular complex with DNA for compound 2 was proposed.
Electrically Conductive Epoxy Adhesives
Authors: Sancaktar Erol , Bai Lan
Published: February 2011

Conductive adhesives are widely used in electronic packaging applications such as die attachment and solderless interconnections, component repair, display interconnections, and heat dissipation. The effects of film thickness as functions of filler volume fraction, conductive filler size, shape, as well as uncured adhesive matrix viscosity on the electrical conduction behavior of epoxy-based adhesives are presented in this work. For this purpose, epoxy-based adhesives were prepared using conductive fillers of different size, shape, and types, including Ni powder, flakes, and filaments, Ag powder, and Cu powder. The filaments were 20 μm in diameter, and 160 or 260 μm in length. HCl and H3PO4 acid solutions were used to etch and remove the surface oxide layers from the fillers. The plane resistance of filled adhesive films was measured using the four-point method. In all cases of conductive filler addition, the planar resistivity levels for the composite adhesive films increased when the film thickness was reduced. The shape of resistivity-thickness curves was negative exponential decaying type and was modeled using a mathematical relation. The relationships between the conductive film resistivities and the filler volume fractions were also derived mathematically based on the experimental data. Thus, the effects of surface treatment of filler particles, the type, size, shape of fillers, and the uncured epoxy viscosity could be included empirically by using these mathematical relations based on the experimental data. By utilizing the relations we proposed to model thickness-dependent and volume fraction-dependent conduction behaviors separately, we were able to describe the combined and coupled volume fraction-film thickness relationship mathematically based on our experimental data.
Bateaux de Saône: 3000 ans d'évolution
Authors: Bonnamour Louis
Published: February 2011

Until 1982, our Knowledge ofthe boats used on the Saône before the 19th century was limited to the chance discovery ofseveral small logboats.

Seven of them were found at the end of the last century, in the Upper Saône as well as at Chalon and Tournas. Three of thèse only, the Saint-Albin, Apremont and Rigny dugouts, were able to be saved by the muséums of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Besançon. These discoveries alone, which have been incorrectly dated and little studied or not at ail, could hardly answer the current questions of researchers. It is obvious that during the last decades, the dredging carried out in the lowest water level of the river with more and more powerful means, has led to the destruction oftens or even hundreds of boats from ail periods, mainly around the fordable shallow areas. With rare exceptions, thèse discovenes hâve gone unnoticed for the simple reason that they were quite banal for the dredger workers. Since 1982, within the framework ofthe activities of the « Archeology » section ofthe Museum of Chalon, regular excavation campaigns and underwater prospecting on the Saône bed hâve led to the discovery ofsix new wrecks ranging from the end ofthe Bronze Age to the 19th century. Only three of them have, today, been part of an excavation or salvage programme. Even if all thase small crafts have not been studied exhaustively, the research has, nevertheless, provided a coherent vision of the evolution of boats on the Saône over the last three thousand years.
The logboat in Scotland
Authors: Mowat Robert J. C.
Published: February 2011

L'embarcation monoxyle, en Ecosse, a depuis longtemps retenu l'attention des archéologues ; son étude est associée à celle d'autres objets d'intérêt ethnographique tels que les cercueils monoxyles, les auges de cuisine et les auges de type «bog butter». Un nombre considérable d'embarcations monoxyles ont été recensées au XVIIIe s. lors de l'assèchement des marais (ce type d'embarcation était alors encore utilisé). Au siècle suivant, d'autres ont été trouvées au cours de fouilles, dans des crannogs {en particulier par Munro) et lors de travaux de construction (docks de Glasgow notamment). De nos jours encore, des embarcations monoxyles sont retrouvées sur des chantiers ou lors de prospections effectuées par des plongeurs amateurs.

Au moins cent-cinquante embarcations monoxyles ont été inventoriées (une trentaine étant enregistrées en détail). La plupart ont été découvertes dans le sud-ouest de l'Ecosse (Dumfries, Galloway, Ayrshire, Glasgow...). Toutefois, les séries identifiées dans certains lochs des Highlands attestent que ces embarcations étaient utilisées ailleurs. Leur rareté apparente dans l'est du pays s'explique probablement par l'absence d'enregistrement.

Presque toutes les embarcations recensées sont deforme simple. Un grand nombre d'entre elles possède des arrières à tableau et porte fréquemment des traces de réparation. Sur certaines, on peut remarquer des virures de plat-bord assemblées ou des pièces (membrures assemblées également) qui paraissent dériver d'une construction à bordé. Elles sont pour la plupart, répertoriées comme étant en « chêne », mais cela peut être dû à une erreur d'enregistrement ou à des différences de conservation. L'une des embarcations (apparemment ancienne) est réalisée en bois tendre.

Dix embarcations monoxyles ont été datées par radiocarbone. La majorité remonte à la période V-XIIe s. apr. J.-C, l'une d'entre elles, est datée du XIXe s. av. J.-C. D'autres ont été construites dans des crannogs (de la fin de la préhistoire ou du début de l'histoire). Les vestiges trouvés dans des sédiments profonds ou de hautes terrasses fluviatiles semblent indiquer qu'il reste encore des embarcations anciennes à découvrir.

Plusieurs embarcations monoxyles sont conservées dans des musées (à Glasgow notamment). L'une d'entre elles a été reconstruite à titre expérimental (à Anstruther), un programme de datation dendrochronologique est en cours. L'auteur prépare actuellement la publication d'un index géographique et d'une analyse typologique.
Les pirogues néolithiques de Paris-Bercy
Authors: Arnold Béat
Published: February 2011

The excavation, between 1991-1992, ofa branch ofthe Seine in Paris revealed three neolithic dwellings on the south bank: two front the middle neolithic period and one front the end of the neolithic or chalcolithic period. Ten oak dugouts were discovered at the foot of these sites, together with neolitic objects in secondary position, six examples have already been dated using C14 analysis. The weight of the sediment covering these vestiges (which were substantially deformed) and their rather fragmented state, does not allow for a study of their forms. This can only be done at a later stage, after completion of the conservation and restoration process. However, it is essential to proceed with the analysis of the marks left by the tools (or workmanship traces) before this work due to their being barely visible and their superfìcial aspect.

The interest ο f these skiffs is not so much in their form (they are all incomplete) as in the building process. Three of them have carbonised traces protruding from the bottom which is, sometimes, exceptionally thin. This proves that the prehistoric people mastered the practice of hollowing out by fire from the beginning of the middle neolithic period (n° 1).

The use οf different techniques and tools for making the bottom and sides has also been noted. The first one has a szries of parallel lines with the longitudinal axis, made up of a succession of cupulas produced by hitting with an adze. The sides, however, bear oblique traces (n° 3, 7 and 8) sometimes in the form of a group of offset marks, the layout ο f which indicates the uses ο f axes (also confirmed by the space available for thè handle). Finally, occasionai cubie tenons (n° 4), long tenons (n° 3), cross reinforcement (n° 2) and in the case of the dugout 3, a cross groove have been observed. The latter could well correspond to an original means for controlling the thickness of the bottom during the last stage of hollowing out.

Thanks to the analysis of the workmanship traces, sometimes very unclear, the Paris-Bercy dugouts, although incomplete, open new perspectives with regards to their function and building techniques. This analysis would have been impossible, seeing the decomposed and fragmented state of the wood, without an excellent collaboration with the team responsible for the restoration work.
Conversion d'un navire de mer en navire de lac (lac Léman)
Authors: Blœsch Paul
Published: February 2011

Lorenzo Dentale, a ship carpenter from Nice, was ordered in 1671 by the Duke of Savoy to build two merchant vessels on the lake of Genera. This shipbuilding programme was part οf an ambitions mercantilistic project aimed at shifting the trade routes from the city of Geneva to the specially built savoyan port and storehouse of Bellerive.

The transport barges then in use on the lake were considered unfitfor this great business, and it was therefore decided to have a lake version ofthe mediterranean lateen-rigged barca to be built.

It can be shown that the mediterranean moulding method allowed a skilled shipwright to conceive in his mind and to build a new ship type without having recourse to trial and error.
Les épaves grecques du VIe siècle av. J.-C. de la place Jules-Verne à Marseille
Authors: Pomey Patrice
Published: February 2011

Several ancient wrecks were discovered during the excavation carried out in 1992-1993 in Marseille, place Jules-Verne, near the present « Vieux Port», on part of the ancient shore and its harbour installations. Among these, two Greek wrecks abandonned at the end of the 6th century BC were excavated in the summer ο f 1993.

The remains of the first are homogeneous over 5 m of length and 1,50 m of width, but one of the ends have totally disappeared. Its main interest is the System of assembly entirely done with lashing, some of which are still in place. From the quality of the remains, this little wreck is a perfect example of the ancient sewn boats of the Mediterranean and of the lashing assembly technique used in archaic times. The second is preserved over a length of 14 m and a width of 4,70 m. The hull is broken in many places but nevertheless has very complete forms (whole keel, forms of the ends known, wall conserved up to the third wale). Its most remarkable characteristic is its double assembly System consisting of « tenon and mortise » οf an even earlier type for the greater part ofthe hull planking, but also by the lashing for certain other parts. The frames are directly nailed to the hull. This ship, built according to transitional techniques shows, in an excep- tional way, the passage from the ancient archaic assembly method by lashing to the new « tenon and mortise » building technique which was to predominate later ail over the ancient Mediterranean.

Once excavated, the two wrecks were removed in order to be treated for conservation before being exhibited in the Musée d'Histoire de Marseille.
Simulated clinkers in the 3rd century BC Mediterranean
Authors: Frost Honor
Published: February 2011

Lorsqu'un navire navigue à vitesse élevée, la surface ondulée de la coque à clin traditionnelle (par oppositoin à la coque à franc- bord) projette automatiquement l'eau vers l'extérieur. L'exposé illustrera la théorie de la projection des filets d'eau et certaines de ses applications modernes sur les bateaux rapides à moteur et à coque lisse. Techniquement, ce facteur explique la ceinture de faux clin sculptée au niveau de la ligne de flottaison de la coque à franc-bord du navire de combat punique de Marsala. Historiquement, la raison pour laquelle les constructeurs de navires carthaginois ont choisi de simuler des bordages à clin au lieu d'adopter une des autres solutions possibles reste une question fascinante à laquelle les découvertes archéologiques marines en Méditerranée ou plus au nord, permettront éventuellement de répondre.
The sailing characteristics of Saxon ships
Authors: Gifford Edwin W. , Gifford Joyce
Published: February 2011

La littérature romaine révèle que, vers 473 déjà, les Saxons utilisaient des bateaux à voile, mais nous ne disposons d'aucune indication concernant leur capacité. Pour en savoir plus à ce sujet, les auteurs ont construit des maquettes à échelle 1/2 des bateaux découverts en Angleterre. La première maquette, Ottor, est celle du navire marchand de 13,5 m du Xe s. trouvé à Graveney dans le Kent. La seconde, Sae Wylfing, représente le «navire long» royal de 28 m du vif s. découvert à Sutton Hoo près d'Ipswich.

Nous avons respecté la forme et la méthode de construction des bateaux originaux mais, par souci d'économie, le bordé a été réalisé en pin scié et les membrures en lamelle. Le gréement carré est basé sur les découvertes faites en Méditerranée car il est probable que les Saxons avaient acquis leurs talents de navigateurs auprès de la flotte romaine.

Les deux navires sont stables, marins, ils gouvernent et manœuvrent bien, leur comportement à la mer est prévisible, et ils ont de bonnes performances tant à la voile qu'à l'aviron. Par des vents de force 4, les vitesses suivantes ont été relevées:

Vent de travers et vent arrière En remontant au vent

Ottor

4.5 nœuds 1 nœud

Sas Wylfing

6 nœuds 1.5 nœud

Le Sae Wylfing devrait pouvoir atteindre la vitesse de 7 nœuds lors de prochaines expériences. Cela équivaut à 10 nœuds pour le bateau de taille réelle, et donnerait des vitesses de traversée moyennes de 6 nœuds par temps stable. Il serait ainsi possible de faire la traversée Ipswich-Canterbury par Wantsum Channel en un jour, et d'atteindre la France le lendemain. Le voyage aller-retour entre le Danemark et le Suffolk (Angleterre) pourrait se faire en trois jours en ligne droite à travers la mer du Nord.

Ces essais préliminaires sur les modèles à échelle 1/2 semblent indiquer que les Saxons avaient bien développé des navires rapides et marins dès le Ve s. de notre ère.
Carvel-planking and carvel ships in the North ο f Europe
Authors: Sleeswyk André W.
Published: February 2011

Deux chroniques hollandaises, datant de 1551 et de 1604, laissent entendre que la caravelle portuguaise, attestée en Flandre dès 1439, a donné son nom au bordé à franc-bord, et à un type de navire à mâts multiples dont la coque était construite de façon similaire. Cette caravelle était gréée avec une voile d'artimon latine au lieu de la voile d'artimon carrée que l'on utilisait à l'époque, en Flandre. Ces innovations d'origine méditerranéenne ont révolutionné la construction navale en Europe septentrionale au cours des années 1460.
Les épaves de la bataille de la Hougue (Manche)
Authors: L'Hour Michel , Veyrat Elisabeth
Published: February 2011

An important programme ofunderwater archaeological research has been led, since 1990, by the authors on the site of the wrecks from the battle of the Hougue, near the isle of Tatihou in the Channel. Discovered by a norman diver in 1985, the wrecks studied are those offive first-rate vessels setfire to in thè bay ofthe Hougue by enghsh fire-ships, after having participated on may 29, 1692, in a fight bringing together the french fleet and the anglo-dutch coalition off Barfleur. The réhabilitation of the isle of Tatihou and the project to create a departmental naval muséum there, has incited the « Conseil Général de la Manche » to finance an extensive archaeological programme on the remains of vessels conserved around the island. About a hundred searchers have totalized in five campaigns, almost 4500 hours of underwater work to perform this study.

The five first-rate vessels at Tatihou have a dual interest in providing construction dates extending over more than a quarter of a century, from 1664 to 1691, and coming from three royal naval shipyards: Toulon, Rochefort and Brest. They bear witness to the evolution of the building of large french ships ofthe Une in the last third of the 17th century. The characteristics ofeach archaeological entity have led up to the choice of four of the sites which appear both, the most preserved and the most likely to supply complementary information: the wrecks designated as A-B, C, E and F. The two first have the traditional Levant architecture based on a simple frame - this principle of construction shows a notable evolution between the two wrecks - whereas the third has already, a structure of double frames which tended to be predominant in the west, at the end of the century. The last one, presents a specifie structure of double frames which could be a middle technical solution between the traditional simple frame and the continuous double frames used in the 18th century. The comparison of the materia! with the written documents allowed us to specify for each wreck, its original identity. The observation ο f tool traces and woodwork techniques, the way it was all assembled and the insertion séquences of architectural pieces should enable us, at last, to obtain consistent data on the structural construction and design of vessels at the end of the 17th century.
Recent developments in shell-first construction
Authors: Riccardi Edoardo
Published: February 2011

Résumé: En 1992, le centre de plongée de Madoogali (République des Maldives) a commandé la construction d'un «80 Safari Cruiser»

de 25 m de long et 8 m de large.

Le projet a été confié à l'architecte Ahmed Abbas de «Studio 1 », Maldives-Malè, et il a été réalisé dans un chantier naval local situé sur

l'île de Feridoo.

Le navire est construit «bordé premier» et réalisé selon la méthode de l'alternance; la membrure est moins importante que le bordé.

Contrairement au bateau «Dhoni», les chevilles en bois assurant la jonction des bordés sont remplacées par des clous en cuivre; les

couples sont composites et alternent avec des demi-couples.

Le résultat final est un bateau de croisière moderne construit selon une technique ancienne. Mon exposé décrit les différentes étapes de sa

construction.
Les reliefs d'érosion différentielle dans les massifs intrusifs de l'Ouest écossais
Authors: Le Cœur Charles
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

L'analyse des formes d'érosion différentielle dans les complexes intrusifs tertiaires d'Ecosse montre que la variété de comportement des roches cristallines traduit les oppositions de composition et de mise en place : les reliefs granitiques circulaires correspondent à des corps intrusifs placés à des niveaux différents ; ils sont guidés par les enveloppes résistantes des coupoles emboîtées. Les masses basiques et ultrabasiques offrent des reliefs monoclinaux qui mettent en valeur les variations de composition associées au litage cristallin ; mais les injections successives peuvent altérer les paramètres de résistance. Les formes d'érosion ont été réaménagées au cours de l'évolution quaternaire, qui a accusé certains traits, sans modifier l'agencement des volumes.
L'agriculture bas-normande : stabilité et mutations
Authors: Sieper Michel
Published: February 2011

Agriculture in Lower Normandy has often a traditionnal picture in the common ima- ginery. It deserves a more various light. In spite of politic and economic constraints, the domination of milk-farming is not put off. However, agricultural dynamics are given by expansion of the pattern of cultivating plains on grazing-farming zones. Their diversified resistance takes much after specific characters of Pays of which makes them.
Les Britanniques en Basse-Normandie
Authors: Mallard Patrick , Marie Jean , Rochart Thierry
Published: February 2011

The purchases of rural properties by British people in Low Normandy turned out a great success up to 1990. Since this time they are about 250 or 300 proceedings every year. Some départements or communes are prefered more than others. Distribution and welcome vary inside of regional area.
La dynamique industrielle en Basse-Normandie
Authors: Diguet Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2011

L'industrialisation de la Basse-Normandie est récente, c'est seulement dans les années soixante que la déconcentration parisienne a permis la diversification des productions régionales. Le tissus industriel est marqué par une spécialisation et une concentration autour de trois pôles : Caen, Cherbourg, Fiers. Si les mutations d'une économie post-fordienne affectent particulièrement les industries de main d'oeuvre, elles renforcent la polarisation autour des agglomérations qui disposent de potentialités de recherche et deformation.
L'utilisation des systèmes d'information géographique : exemples d'application en Basse-Normandie
Authors: Chesnais Michel
Published: February 2011

With the dynamism of scientific research in Caen, Geographical Information Systems find natural application in Low Normandy with their progressive integration in the server NORDSIGHT.
SPECIAL ISSUE ON PROPERTY VALUATION
Authors: Diaz III Julian , Hansz J. Andrew
Published: February 2011

„Special issue on property valuation” International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 14(1), p. 1
GLOBAL CONVERGENCE IN CONSTRUCTION
Authors: Kim Sun Kuk
Published: February 2011

„Global convergence in constructiont” International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 14(2), p. 87-88.
WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN POST DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION: PERSPECTIVES ON POLICIES AND FRAMEWORKS
Authors: Thurairajah Nirooja , Baldry David
Published: February 2011

There has been an increase in the occurrence of natural disasters and their impact has aroused the interest of many stakeholders to incorporate different strategies on disaster management. Although disasters may end many opportunities and lives, the lives of survivors do not cease in the disaster affected areas. The impact of natural disasters and the consequent partial reconstruction efforts have specifically presented many challenges to women. In this context, the main research investigates the empowerment of women during post disaster reconstruction particularly in Sri Lanka.

Among the factors that influence women's empowerment, existing policies and frameworks is one of the important factors that can play a major role within the post disaster reconstruction in Sri Lanka. Hence, in order to gain an understanding of the existing framework of women's empowerment, this study investigates the national and international policies and frameworks that exist within the post disaster context in Sri Lanka. The study found that even though polices are gender neutral, they are not gender sensitive. In addition, it was found that having a single policy or framework for the whole country is unlikely to be a success, therefore, any frameworks should have room to be adopted to the local situation.

Santruka

Stichiniu nelaimiu padaugejo, taigi del ju poveikio daug interesu grupiu susidomejo, kaip nelaimems valdyti pasitelkti ivairias strategijas. Nors nelaimes atima daug galimybiu ir gyvybiu, išlikusieji tebegyvena nelaimes nuniokotose teritorijose. Del stichiniu nelaimiu poveikio ir po ju vykstant daliniams atstatymo darbams, ypač daug sunkumu kyla moterims. Atsižvelgiant i tai, pagrindiniame tyrime nagrinejamas didesniu teisiu suteikimas moterims vykstant atstatymo po nelaimiu darbams, ypač Šri Lankoje. Be kitu veiksniu, kurie daro itaka suteikiant didesnes teises moterims, svarbi yra politika ir gaires, o ju reikšme Šri Lankoje atstatant nelaimes nuniokotas vietoves gali būti didžiule. Taigi siekiant suprasti esamas didesniu teisiu suteikimo moterims gaires, šiame tyrime nagrinejama nacionaline ir tarptautine politika bei gaires, Šri Lankoje taikomos darbu po nelaimiu kontekste. Tyrime nustatyta, kad net jei politika pirmenybes neteikia ne vienai lyčiai, i lytims svarbius klausimus ji neatsižvelgia. Be to, nustatyta, kad visoje šalyje taikant viena politika arba gaires vargu ar galima tiketis sekmes. Taigi visose gairese reikia numatyti galimybiu jas priderinti prie vietines situacijos.
LOCAL STABILITY OF WEB OF TAPERED BEAM SUBJECTED TO PURE BENDING
Authors: Šapalas Vaidotas
Published: February 2011

This paper deals with a theoretical and a numerical analysis of local stability of web of tapered beams subjected to a pure bending moment. A standard FEM code COSMOS/M has been used for a numerical estimation of a critical load multiplier. It has been assumed that the critical stress of the web of tapered beam could be calculated in an analogous way as for uniform member just with an additional correction factor αb.w. A large number of simulations carried out within a wide range of the ratios of second moments of area allowed to determine the proper values of that factor. In the paper there was investigated the influence of steel grade, relative slenderness and beam's ends cross‐section moments of inertia ratio to the local stability of web of the tapered beam subjected to pure bending. Santrauka Straipsnyje aprašyti teoriniai ir skaitmeniniai grynai lenkiamu trapeciniu siju sieneles vietinio pastovumo tyrimai. Kritinis apkrovos daugiklis gautas baigtiniu elementu metodo programa COSMOS/M. Atlikus teorinius tyrimus nustatyta, kad trapecines sijos sieneles vietini pastovuma galima apskaičiuoti kaip pastovaus skerspjūvio sijai naudojant papildoma koeficienta . Atlikus skaitinius eksperimentus kintant sijos galu skerspjūvio inercijos momentu santykiui, gautos tikslios šio koeficiento reikšmes. Straipsnyje nagrineta plieno klases, sijos sieneles salyginio liaunio ir sijos galu skerspjūvio inercijos momentu santykio itaka grynai lenkiamai trapecinei sijai.
Effect of Low-Level HCV Viraemia at Week 24 on HCV Treatment Response in Genotype 1 Patients
Authors: Baleriola Cristina , Rawlinson William D , Dore Gregory J , Chaverot Sandra , Stelzer-Braid Sacha , Yoshihara Motoko , Crawford Darrell , Sievert William , McCaughan Geoffrey , Weltman Martin , Cheng Wendy , Rizkalla Bishoy , Dubois Dwight , Thommes James , Roberts Stuart
Published: February 2011

Background

We examined the detection of low-level viraemia at week 24 as a predictor of sustained virological response (SVR) and viral relapse/breakthrough, and the agreement between the Roche Cobas TaqMan™ HCV RNA assay (TaqMan) and Roche Cobas® Amplicor HCV qualitative assay (Amplicor; both Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Pleasanton, CA, USA) for detection of low-level viraemia.

Methods

A total of 871 treatment-naive HCV genotype 1 patients participating in an induction-dose pegylated interferon therapy study had virological responses assessed using TaqMan. A total of 151 patients with HCV RNA levels ≤500 IU/ml had samples tested in parallel using the Amplicor and TaqMan assays.

Results

SVR was significantly lower and relapse/breakthrough significantly higher in patients with low-level residual viraemia at week 24 compared with those who had undetectable viraemia: SVR was 72%, 29% and 14% ( P<0.0001) and relapse/breakthrough 28%, 71% and 86% ( P<0.0001) in patients with viraemia that was undetectable, detectable <15 IU/ml and detectable 15–<50 IU/ml, respectively, at week 24. The negative predictive value (NPV) for a week-24 virological response for SVR was 86%, 90% and 90% using Taq-Man cutoffs of undetectable, <15 IU/ml and <50 IU/ml, respectively. The percentage agreement between Amplicor and TaqMan was similarly high for TaqMan cutoffs of 50 IU/ml and 15 IU/ml, but lower for undetectable viraemia (83%, 83% and 70%, respectively).

Conclusions

These data emphasize the importance of achieving undetectable HCV RNA during pegylated interferon therapy to maximize SVR; however, the current 24-week stopping rule of undetectable HCV RNA appears too stringent when using sensitive PCR assays given the observed lower NPV for SVR using the Taq-Man undetectable cutoff. Our data also suggest that a TaqMan <15 IU/ml result is comparable to an Amplicor-negative result (that is, below the assay cutoff value) when monitoring viral response.
Les villes allemandes du XVe au XVIe siècle
Authors: Rohmann Gregor
Published: February 2011

Si, du XV e au XVII e siècle, une multitude de chroniques urbaines et de livres de familles (familienbücher) furent écrites dans l’Allemagne du Sud, cette tradition était bien moins vivace en Allemagne du Nord. Les chercheurs ont tenté d’expliquer cela par les structures économiques différentes entre les centres du capitalisme naissant, comme Nuremberg ou Augsbourg, et les villes de la Ligue hanséatique, formées par le commerce maritime. Une comparaison fine entre Augsbourg et Hambourg révèle des différences plus profondes : alors que la métropole souabe avait adopté la structure familiale agnatique et patrilinéaire, celle du lignage, les dignitaires marchands de Hambourg (Kaufmannshonoratioren) maintenaient la filiation cognatique et bilatérale, celle de la parentèle, comme matrice sociale dominante. Ce caractère cognatique de la structure de parenté influe sur l’écriture domestique de trois manières : premièrement, il empêche le développement d’une identité généalogique ancrée dans le temps long ; deuxièmement, les structures de parentèles sont variables et donc difficilement transcriptibles sur les registres ; troisièmement, ils freinent la transmission des écrits des générations précédentes. Ainsi, les registres historiques et généalogiques sont un phénomène étroitement lié à des structures spécifiques de parenté. Lorsqu’au XVI e siècle, les élites hambourgeoises commencèrent à écrire l’histoire de leur famille, cela indiquait, et en même temps renforçait, le processus d’adoption du nouveau modèle du « lignage ».
Les ouvriers dans la ville Nantes au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Guicheteau Samuel
Published: February 2011

Au XVIII e siècle, Nantes est une grande ville industrielle et de nombreux ouvriers y travaillent. L’industrie est d’ailleurs omniprésente dans la ville. Sans faire disparaître ses caractéristiques traditionnelles, le développement économique transforme la présence industrielle et ouvrière dans la cité. L’identité sociale et culturelle des ouvriers se manifeste à travers plusieurs pratiques urbaines, tant au centre de la ville que sur ses marges. L’enracinement de cette identité contribue à la pérennité de ces pratiques.