bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSXII-28 Effect of corn type and tylosin inclusion on performance and liver function in feedlot heifers
Authors: Crawford David M , McCann Joshua C
Published: December 2019

The objective was to compare the effect of corn type and tylosin inclusion on heifer growth performance, liver function, and carcass characteristics. Angus and Simmental × Angus heifers (n = 120; 188 ± 2.6 kg) were blocked by initial body weight (BW) and alloted to 8 pens. Pens were randomly assigned on d 0 to either be fed tylosin (T+) or no tylosin (T-). Heifers were adapted to the finishing diets utilizing a common adaptation proccess over 35 d. On d 36, pens were then assigned to a high moisture corn-based diet (HMC) or a dry-rolled corn-based diet (DRC) to achieve a 2 × 2 factorial design. Body weight was recorded and blood was collected on d 0, 35, and approximately every 28 d following. Rumen fluid and fecal grab samples were collected on a subset (n = 48) every 56 d. Treatment did not affect BW (P ≥ 0.14) or overall average daily gain (P ≥ 0.65) throughout the trial. No differences (P ≥ 0.21) were observed in overall dry matter intake. There was a diet × tylosin inclusion effect (P = 0.02) for estimated starch digestibility to be greatest for HMC/T+ heifers. On d 252, HMC heifers had greater (P = 0.03) ruminal pH before feeding compared to DRC. Heifers fed DRC/T- had the greatest (P = 0.01) blood urea nitrogen concentrations of all treatments. Aspertate aminotransferase was greater in T+ heifers compared with T- (P < 0.01). Heifers fed HMC had a larger (P = 0.04) longissimus muscle area than heifers fed DRC. Heifers fed HMC T+ had the most (P = 0.04) desireable yield grade. Although corn type and tylosin inclusion did not affect growth performance, corn type may affect starch digestibility, ruminal pH and blood markers of liver function.
PSXII-23 Effects of a recombinant fibrolytic enzyme on fiber digestion, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen balance and total tract digestibility of heifers fed a high forage diet
Authors: Ran Tao , Saleem Atef , Shen YiZhao , Ribeiro Gabriel , Tsang Adrian , Beauchemin Karen A , Yang Wenzhu , McAllister Tim
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a recombinant fibrolytic enzyme (RFE; xylanase XYL10C) on ruminal pH and fermentation characteristics, total tract digestibility and nitrogen balance in beef heifers. The experiment was a cross-over design with two treatments and two periods, using eight ruminal cannulated beef heifers. The treatments were a basal diet containing 60% barley silage, 30% barley straw and 10% supplement (DM basis) without (control) or with RFE. The RFE XYL10C was selected specifically for ruminants using a high throughput in vitro micro assay and was sprayed onto the barley straw at a rate of 6.6 × 104 IU/kg DM 24 h before feeding. The diet was prepared daily using a data ranger. Each period was 21 d, with a 14-d adaptation and 7-d sample collection period. The digestibility and nitrogen balance were measured by total fecal and urine collection. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS with fixed effects of treatment, and random effects of period and heifer. Feed intake (8.9 kg/d) and total tract digestibility of DM (65.5%), NDF (57.2%) and ADF (51.2%) were not affected by RFE. Ruminal pH including mean (6.52), minimum (5.79), maximum (7.05), and duration of pH < 5.8 (0.64, h/d) did not differ between treatments. No treatment effects were observed for total VFA concentration (106 mM), molar proportion of acetate (68.2%) and propionate (17.5%) and acetate to propionate ratio (3.94). However, adding RFE vs. control tended (P < 0.08) to increase ruminal NH3-N concentration (5.75 vs. 5.23 mM) and endoglucanase activity (44.3 vs. 40.7 µmol glucose/min/mL wet rumen contents). There were no differences in nitrogen utilization and rumen microbial protein synthesis (90.7 g/d) between treatments. The results indicate that RFE XYL10C did not improve fiber digestion in heifers fed a high forage diet.
PSXII-20 Effects of association between monensin, calcium nitrate and tannin on enteric methane production in cannulated beef cattle
Authors: Assumpçao Alice H , Tropaldi Cristiane , Sene Guilherme , Tseu Ramos , Junior Flávio Perna , Nunes Tamires , Silva Tauane , Rodrigues Paulo H
Published: December 2019

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the association between different feed additives on ruminal fermentation parameters especially ruminal methane on cannulated beef cattle. Five Nellore cows, 480 ± 55 kg, ruminally cannulated were used. The experimental was a 5 x 5 Latin square design and the experimental unit was the animal within each period (n = 25 experimental units). The diets offered differed only by the inclusion or not of monensin, calcium nitrate or tannin, totaling five treatments: Control (without addition of additives), Monensin (30 ppm in the diet), Nitrate (3.0% of DM), Tannin (1.5% of DM) and Pool (combination of the three additives), being supplied in a basal diet with a concentrate: roughage (corn silage) ratio of 60:40. The study was divided into five periods, each one with 26 days. Sixteen days were used for adaptation to the experimental diets; ruminal fluid samples were collected at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12h after feeding at 22nd day. To evaluate CH4 production and ammoniacal nitrogen balance, samples were incubated ex situ on equality ruminal conditions and then analyzed by gas chromatography and UV spectrophotometric, respectively. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS and differences were declared significant at 5%. There was interaction between sampling time and treatment (P < 0001) and all the additives were efficient in decreasing the methane production in mol/g/hour (P < 0001), mol/kg/day (P < 0001) and g/kg/day (P < 0001). Comparing to the Control all additives decreased CH4 production, and decreases were 9.5% for monensin, 18.75% for tannin, 19.8% for calcium nitrate and 28.8% for the Pool (monensin, nitrate and tannin). Concentration and balance of rumen NH3-N was not affected by any treatments. It was possible to conclude that association of additives of different mechanism of action presented a partial additive effect.
PSXII-17 Fiber content in diets for feedlot lambs: carcass characteristics
Authors: Biava Janaina S , Eckermann Nathalia R , Sturion Thamires U , Polizel Daniel M , Junior Paulo Dias , Silva Adrielly da , Carlis Matheus , Riet Rebecca , Assis Rhaissa Garcia de , Pires Alexandre Vaz , Ferreira Evandro M
Published: December 2019

The objectives of this trial were to evaluate the effects of levels of fiber in high-grain diets on carcass characteristics of feedlot lambs. Fifty-eight Dorper x Santa Inês ram lambs (initial BW 20.7 ± 1.19 kg and 75 ± 10.83 d old) were assigned to a randomized complete block design. The treatments were defined by the fiber (“Coastcross” hay) content in the diets (CP: 16,12% ± 0.92): 0F: no forage diet (NDF: 10.4%); 5F: 5% of forage (NDF: 12.1%); 10F: 10% of forage (NDF: 15.0%); 15F: 15% of forage (NDF: 15.5%); 20F: 20% of forage (NDF: 20.8%) and 25F: 25% of forage (NDF: 23.5%). The experiment lasted 89 days, at the end of this time, the animals were slaughtered (169 ± 10.83 d old) to evaluate carcass characteristics. There was a quadratic response for slaughter BW (0F: 46.3; 5F: 48.1; 10F: 49.4; 15F: 50.3; 20F: 48.5; 25F: 43.3 kg; P < 0.01), hot carcass weight (0F: 24.8; 5F: 25.6; 10F: 26.0; 15F: 25.7; 20F: 24.3; 25F: 21.8 kg; P = 0.01), cold carcass weight (0F: 24.3; 5F: 25.1; 10F: 25.4; 15F: 25.1; 20F: 23.8; 25F: 21.2 kg; P = 0.01) and longissimus dorsis area (0F: 16.3; 5F: 16.5; 10F: 17.4; 15F: 16.5; 20F: 16.0; 25F: 15.1 cm2; P = 0.04). There was a linear decrease in the hot carcass yield (0F: 53.0; 5F: 53.3; 10F: 52.5; 15F: 50.9; 20F: 50.1; 25F: 50.2%; P < 0.01), cold carcass yield (0F: 52.0; 5F: 52.2; 10F: 51.4; 15F: 49.8; 20F: 49.0; 25F: 48.9%; P < 0.01) and body wall thickness (0F: 16.2; 5F: 17.0; 10F: 16.3; 15F: 16.3; 20F: 15.1; 25F: 13.6 kg; P = 0.01). There was no effect on subcutaneous fat thickness. In conclusion, the diet with up to 5% of forage allowed higher carcass yield; however, the heavier carcasses were produced by the lambs that received 10F diet.
PSXII-33 Effects of feed additives on performance of yearling bulls fed high forage diet
Authors: Miszura Alexandre A , Polizel Daniel M , Barroso José P R , Martins André S , Oliveira Gabriela B , Limede Arnaldo C , Sardinha Lairana A , Neto Francisco M , Marques Rodrigo S , Pires Alexandre Vaz
Published: December 2019

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of three additives (narasin, lasalocid, and virginiamycin) on the performance of bulls fed a high-forage diet. One hundred and sixty Nellore (Bos indicus) yearling bulls were assigned to a randomized completed block design, according to initial BW (212.5 kg ± 3.1; 10 pen/treatment; 4 animals/pen). Yearling bulls were fed daily and diets were composed of 96% of coastcross haylage (12% CP) and 4% of concentrate, used as the delivery vehicle for the additives. Once a day, the concentrate and forage were offered separately. The forage was offered after the entire consumption of the concentrate. The experimental diets consisted of CON: Control (no additives); NAR: 13 ppm of narasin; LAS: 20 ppm of lasalocid; and VIR: 20 ppm of virginiamycin. The experimental period lasted 140 d and the yearling bulls were individually weighed at d 0, 28, 56, 84, 112 e 140 after 14h of feed and water restriction. The orts were recorded to determine the DMI. Data were analyzed as repeated measures over time using the MIXED procedure of SAS and the LSMEANS option was used to generate individual means. There was a treatment effect on DMI (CON: 5.26b: NAR: 5.69a; LAS: 5.16b; VIR: 5.11b kg/d; SEM = 0.14; P = 0.03), ADG (CON: 0.451b; NAR: 0.557a: LAS: 0.498ab; VIR:0.459b kg; SEM = 0.03; P = 0.04), FE (0.080c, 0.095a, 0.092ab and 0.085bc; SEM = 0.0044; P = 0.05) and final BW (CON: 273.9b; NAR: 287.8a; LAS: 277.1b; VIR: 275.7b kg SEM = 3.4; P = 0.03). In conclusion, the inclusion of 13 ppm of narasin improves the performance of yearling bulls fed high-forage diets.
PSXII-36 Modelling in vitro gas production kinetics of fresh alfalfa incubated with inocula from five ruminant species
Authors: Lobo Richard R , Marcondes Marcos I , Rodrigues Paulo H , Faciola Antonio , Pinheiro Rafael , Bueno Ives C
Published: December 2019

The objective was to identify the non-linear model with the best fit for cumulative gas production from fermentation of fresh alfalfa, with or without tannin extract, incubated with rumen fluid from five different species of ruminants. Fifteen animals (Taurine and Zebuine cattle, water buffaloes, sheep and goats) were used as inoculum donors. During incubation, 500 mg of fresh alfalfa, with or without 150 mg of acacia tannin extract, were used as substrate in the semi-automated gas production technique. Experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial arrangement with five inoculum sources (ruminant specie) and two treatments (with or without tannin extract). We used the PROC NLMIXED to fit ten mathematical models and the best one was chosen based on the lowest AIC and MSE and highest R2. Lastly, the best model was validated using the cross validation technique. The model with the best fit was the Groot model (AIC 1255.5; MSE 174.01; R2 0.9496) comparatively to others methods and the most part of error is from random effect (97.7%). Tannin inclusion reduced parameters potential gas production (A) and time to produce half of total gas production (T1) (P > 0.0001); however, no difference was observed on the gas production rate (k) (P > 0.1181). When no tannin was added, differences between the two cattle category were observed. Comparing water buffaloes’ inoculum with Taurine inoculum, no differences were observed for “A,” however, this parameter differed among water buffaloes and Zebuine cattle. In conclusion, Groot model had the best fit on in vitro bioassay with alfalfa substrate and treated or not with tannin extract. The tannin extract reduced the potential gas production; however, it did not change the gas production rate. For evaluation of alfalfa by cumulative gas production technique, the potential gas production was changed by using different animal categories as inoculum donor.
PSXIV-21 Effect of high-tannin sorghum grain on rumen fermentation and methane production in vitro
Authors: Méndez-Sánchez Adolfo Raramuri , Beauchemin Karen A , Corona Luis , Márquez-Mota Claudia Cecilia , Romero-Pérez Atmir
Published: December 2019

Tannins are natural compounds with potential to reduce enteric methane (CH4) emissions in ruminants. High-tannin sorghum (HTS) varieties are cultivated in different regions of the world, including Mexico. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of HTS on rumen fermentation and CH4 production using a batch culture system. The experiment was set up as a completely randomized block design using a 3 × 5 factorial arrangement with 3 grains [HTS, low-tannin sorghum (LTS), and corn, with 19.6, 0.07 and 0 g of condensed tannins (CT)/kg dry matter (DM) respectively] and 5 grain to forage (alfalfa hay) proportions (20:80, 40:60, 60:40, 80:20 and 100:0). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic effects of grain:forage proportions. A decrease of 2.96% in CH4 concentration was observed for sorghum treatments compared to corn (P < 0.01). However, HTS and LTS were not different from each other (P = 0.76). Furthermore, CH4 production (mL/d) decreased (P < 0.01) by 19.13 and 8.53% with HTS compared with corn and LTS respectively. This reduction was associated with a decrease (P < 0.01) of 14.52 and 10.04% in total gas production with HTS as compared to corn and LTS. Both, CH4 and gas production decrease, were associated with reduced DM digestibility for HTS, which can be a negative effect of CT in HTS. Sorghum treatments produced 14.56% less CH4 (mL/g DM; P < 0.01) than corn. This was partially explained by a 7.98% decrease in DMD with sorghum treatments. As expected, gas production linearly increased and rumen pH linearly decreased with increasing levels of grain (P < 0.01). In conclusion, HTS had no advantage over LTS in terms of CH4 production. Nonetheless, sorghum grain, substituted for corn, can be an option to decrease CH4 production in ruminants, but digestibility might be compromised.
PSXIV-8 Inclusion of byproducts derived from the process of corn ethanol production in finishing cattle diets
Authors: Antunes Silvio , Machado Djonatan , Batalha Camila Delveaux Araujo , Gouvêa Vinícius , Meschiatti Murillo A , Ventorin João , Antolnelo Daniel , MacDonald James , Santos Flavio
Published: December 2019

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance and metabolism responses of finishing cattle to dietary inclusion of corn ethanol byproducts. All diets were isonitrogenous and contained 15% corn silage, 12% soyhulls, 0.55 to 0.85% urea and 2.25% mineral supplement. Treatments were (dry basis): Control [8% whole cottonseed, 5% soybean meal and 56.9% ground corn (GC)]; High Protein Distillers Grains (HPDG; 10.3% HPDG and 59.65% GC); Dry Distillers Grains plus Solubles (DDBS; 30% DDBS and 39.65% GC); Wet Distillers Brain plus Solubles (WDGS; 30% WDGS and 39.65% GC). In Exp. 1, 268 Nellore bulls were blocked by initial body weight (423.3 kg ± 36.6 kg), assigned to 44 pens in a randomized complete block design and fed for 110 days. Dry matter intake (DMI) tended (P = 0.058) to be greater for DDBS compared with WDBS (11.2 vs. 10.3 kg, respectively). Average daily gain was greater (P < 0.05) for DDBS compared with HPDG (1.62 vs 1.45 kg respectively) and tended (P = 0.086) to be greater for DDBS compared with control (1.62 vs. 1.48 kg respectively). Hot carcass weight was greater (P < 0.05) for DDBS compared with the other treatments (332 vs. 321 kg respectively). Feed efficiency, carcass dressing, ribeye area and back fat thickness were not affected (P > 0.05) by treatments. In Exp. 2, four rumen cannulated Nellore steers (389 ± 37 kg) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Total tract digestibility of dry matter was greater (P < 0.05) for HPDG compared with DDBS (76.8 vs. 68.5% respectively). Rumen acetate:propionate ratio was less (P < 0.01) for HPDG and DDBS (2.01) compared to control and WDBS (2.72). The greater HCW of bulls fed DDBS may be the result of its positive effect on DMI and rumen VFA profile.
PSXIV-27 Use of narasin in diets for lactating ewes
Authors: Assis Rhaissa Garcia de , Biava Janaina S , Eckermann Nathalia R , Sturion Thamires U , Souza Terezinha T de , Cerutti Maria Fernanda , Paula Matheus F F V de , Polizel Daniel M , Pires Alexandre Vaz , Ferreira Evandro M
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to define the ideal level of narasin to be used in diets for lactating ewes. Forty Dorper vs. Santa Inês ewes (53.6 ± 9.6 kg BW and 14 d in milk) were penned individually and used in a complete randomized block design. Ewes were fed a basal diet (16.77 ± 0.35% CP) containing 50% concentrate and 50% coastcross hay. The treatments were: 0N - control diet; 13N - 13 mg of narasin/kg of DM; 20N - 20 mg of narasin/kg of DM; 27N - 27 mg of narasin/kg of DM. Ewes were fed the diets from the wk 2 to 10 of lactation. Milk production was determined every 7 d during the experiment. Ewes were separated from lambs and mechanically milked for emptying of the mammary gland. After 3 hours, using the same procedure, milk production was recorded and samples collected for milk composition analysis. For DMI, there was a quadratic effect of treatments (0N=2.417; 13N=2.491; 20N=2.334; 27N=2.078 kg/d; P = 0.02). The milk production (g/3h) presented a quadratic response to levels of narasin (0N=186.37; 13N=194.91; 20N=194.01; 27N=164.49 g/3h; P = 0.03). In the milk composition, there was a linear reduction in the content of protein (0N=5.31; 13N=5.13; 20N=4.94; 27N=5.00%; P = 0.01) and ESD (0N=11.22; 13N=11.15; 20N=10.84; 27N=10.98 %; P = 0.03). However, the contents of fat, lactose and total solids were not affected by the treatments. As a consequence, the productions (g/3 hours) of fat, lactose and total solids were not affected by the diets. A quadratic response was observed for the productions (g/3 h) of protein (0N=9.86; 13N=9.76; 20N=9.52; 27N=8.29; P = 0.04) and ESD (0N=20.73; 13N=21.45; 20N=21.18; 27N=18.28; P = 0.03). In conclusion, 13 mg/kg of DM is the best concentration of narasin to be used in diets for ewes, values higher than this can compromise milk production and composition.
PSX-37 Effect of forage neutral detergent fiber level for feedlot lambs: Digestibility
Authors: Godinez Josue , Castrejón-Pineda Francisco , Plascencia Alejandro , García-Pérez Águeda , Corona Luis
Published: December 2019

Fiber plays an important role to maintain the normal functioning of the rumen in cattle fed with high-concentrate diets. However, the optimal incorporation of fiber in the finishing diets should counteract the two main limitations of this ingredient in fattening due to the limitation in the ingestion of the diet and the dilution of diet energy as result to its low energy content. Therefore, efforts have been made to determine the optimal level of NDF in the finishing diets where the negative associative effects of the NDF are avoided without undermining its role as a functional feed in fattening. For the above, eight lambs (30.50± 4.44 kg initial weight) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design in order to evaluate effective neutral detergent fiber (eNDF) levels (4, 8, 12, and 16% diet DM) on growing-finishing diets in lambs. Experiment had 4 period of 21 days each (17-d to diet adaptation and 4-d to sampling). Dietary treatments consisted of a cracked corn-based diet in which the eNDF concentration of diet was manipulated by replacing cracked corn grain by corn stubble. As the level of eNDF increased, intake of DM, MO, NDF, and GE were linearly increased (P < 0.01), but starch intake was decreased. The apparent digestible energy (Mcal/kg) showed a quadratic effect (P < 0.01) being maximal at 8% eNDF level increased. Ruminal pH increased (P < 0.01) from 5.77 to 6.70 as the level of eNDF increased. It is concluded that 4% of eNDF level in corn-cracked based finishing diet is enough so as not affect ruminal health in lambs. Digestible energy was optimized at 8% of eNDF level.
PSX-40 Effects of nutritional plane before breeding on performance of hair sheep
Authors: Lourencon Raquel , Dawson Lionel , Puchala Ryszard , Ribeiro Luana P , Gipson Terry A , Loetz Erick , Rojas Miguel , Calle Mauricio , Scronce Adaven , Goetsch Arthur L
Published: December 2019

The objective of the study was to determine effects of the nutritional plane before breeding on performance of different hair sheep breeds. Twenty-five Dorper, 27 Katahdin, and 32 St. Croix ewes with initial BW of 65.6, 65.7, and 54.3 kg (SEM=1.95) and body condition score (BCS; 1–5) of 3.35, 3.29, and 3.09, respectively, consumed wheat straw ad libitum for 11 wk before breeding. Ewes of each breed were divided into four groups, with two groups per nutritional plane (NP). Ewes on a low NP (Low-NP) were supplemented with 0.16% BW (DM) of soybean meal (SBM) and ewes on the high NP (High-NP) received 0.8% BW (DM basis) of 0.25% soybean meal and 0.75% ground corn. Ewes were divided into two groups for estrus synchronization. Four rams of each breed were used, two for the first 17 d of breeding and the other two from d 17 to 34. Conception and embryo mortality were determined by ultrasound imaging at 25 and approximately 40 d post-breeding. Average daily gain and BCS change were similar among breeds, but both were greater for High-NP vs. Low-NP (ADG: 57 vs. -4 g, SEM=8.1; BCS change: 0.22 vs. -0.02, SEM=0.041). Wheat straw DMI was greater (P = 0.01) for Low-NP than for High-NP (2.02 and 1.58% BW, respectively; SEM=0.042) and for St. Croix than for Dorper and Katahdin (P = 0.04; 1.96, 1.68, and 1.74% BW, respectively, SEM=0.060). There were no differences in the number of services or conception (P > 0.05), and no embryo mortality was noted. In conclusion, NP did not influence reproductive performance assessed early after breeding despite differences in ADG and BCS change. This may be due to moderate initial BCS and increased straw intake by Low-NP ewes.
PSX-34 Ruminating and lying behavior of dairy goats in confinement or grazing
Authors: Ribeiro Luana P , Ischii Sanae , LeShure Shirron , Gipson Terry A
Published: December 2019

Behavior is a key indicator of animal welfare and wellbeing. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of management system [confinement (C) or grazing (G)] on the behaviors of rumination time (RT) and lying/standing (L/S) in dairy goats. Forty Alpine goats (57.7±5.7 kg) in late lactation were randomly assigned to one of four groups. A replicated switchback design was used with Groups A and C the Confinement-Grazing-Confinement (CGC) sequence and Groups B and D the Grazing-Confinement-Grazing (GCG) sequence. Each group spent 1 wk in each management system. A 40% forage diet was offered free-choice in both systems, with some growing forage available for goats in G as well. Goats were fitted with two tri-axial accelerometers, one in an elastic, nose-band halter and the other attached to the hind leg. Data from tri-axial accelerometers were processed using SAS with prediction equations for RT and L/S. A mixed model analysis was conducted with RT or L/S as the dependent variable, and replicate (1, 2), sequence (CGC, GCG), management system (confinement, grazing), and interactions as independent variables, and animal as random. Rumination time and L/S were not affected (P > 0.10) by sequence or replicate. Goats in G had greater (P < 0.01) RT than those in C (12.7 vs 10.2 min/h; SEM=0.509). Regardless of management system, goats had lower RT in the second week than in the first or third week of the experiment (12.2, 10.2, and 11.9 min/h in wk 1, 2, and 3, respectively; SEM=0.574). Daily L/S behavior was not affected (P > 0.10) by management. Lying time was 726 min/d in C and 699 min/d in G (SEM=16.7). Standing time was 714 min/d in C and 741 min/d in G (SEM=16.7). These results indicate that management system affects rumination time but not lying/standing behavior in dairy goats.
PSX-33 Effect of supplementing different proportions of sericea lespedeza with alfalfa silage on intake, digestibility, and nitrogen balance in sheep
Authors: Niyigena Valens , Coffey K P , Coblentz W K , Philipp D , Savin M C , Diaz J , Park S P , Shelby S L
Published: December 2019

Dietary manipulations to include tannins can change the proportion and amounts of N excreted in the urine and feces as well as improve N-use efficiency in ruminants. This study was conducted to investigate effects on animal digestion parameters of adding different proportions of sericea lespedeza hay (SL) to alfalfa silage. Alfalfa was harvested in June 2018 at 75% bloom, chopped, and then packed at 55% moisture into plastic-lined bins and allowed to ensile for 3 months. Alfalfa silage was either offered alone or mixed with 9, 18, or 27% SL on a DM basis. These diets were offered randomly for ad libitum consumption to 16 ewes (41.8 ± 4.61 kg BW) in a randomized complete block design experiment with 2 periods to provide 4 observations per treatment per experimental period, each consisting of a 14-d dietary adaptation period followed by 5 d of total fecal and urine collection. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS and orthogonal linear and quadratic trend analyses were tested. Digestibility (%) of DM and OM and digestible DM and OM intake (g/kg BW) decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing SL addition to the diet. Digestibility of NDF and ADF decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing SL, and apparent absorption (%) of N decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing SL in the diet. Urinary N excretions (g/d) tended (P = 0.10) to decrease linearly while fecal N (g/day) tended to increase (P = 0.10) linearly with increasing SL proportion in the diet. In this study, supplementation with sericea lespedeza as a tannin source to alfalfa silage decreased forage digestibility and digestible organic matter intake and did not positively influence nitrogen use. The study was supported in part by USDA-ARS specific cooperative agreement 58-3655-4-052 and by USDA NIFA grant 2018-67019-27804.
PSX-25 Narasin inclusion and levels of forage on performance of feedlot lambs
Authors: Sardinha Lairana A , Polizel Daniel M , Miszura Alexandre A , Limede Arnaldo C , Barroso José P R , Martins André S , Oliveira Gabriela B , Ferreira Evandro M , Biava Janaina S , Pires Alexandre Vaz
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to determinate the effects of forage levels and narasin inclusion on the performance of feedlot lambs. Forty-four lambs were allotted in a randomized complete block design, defined by initial body weight (BW), in a 2x2 factorial arrangement. The first factor was forage (coastcross hay) inclusion (10 or 20%, DM basis) and the second factor was narasin (0 or 13 ppm). The experimental diets were isonitrogenous (17.4%, DM basis). The experiment lasted 112 days, divided into two periods of 56 d each. The lambs were weighed after a fasting period of 14 hours on days 0, 56, and 112. Average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI) and feed efficiency (FE) were determined in each period. Data were analyzed as repeated measures over time using the MIXED procedure of SAS and the LSMEANS option was used to obtain the means. The effects were considered significant when P < 0.05. There was no interaction between forage levels and narasin inclusion. Narasin did not affect the DMI, ADG, and FE. There was hay levels and period interaction for DMI and ADG. Increase levels of hay did not affect the DMI during the first period; however, 20% of hay inclusion increased DMI in the second period (1.16 vs 1.30 kg/d; P = 0.01). The inclusion of 10% of hay increased the ADG in the first period (0.28 vs 0.24 kg/d; P < 0.01), however, there was no effect in the second period. Consequently, 10% of forage inclusion increased the FE (0.23 vs 0.21; P = 0.01). In summary, diets containing 10% of forage improves the FE, and narasin inclusion did not affect the lamb’s performance.
PSX-23 Effect of feeding ‘Serala’ sericea lespedeza hay on indicators of gastrointestinal parasitism in goats
Authors: Hazard Tony , Whitley Niki , Batchu Phaneendra , Pulsifer Chelsea , Kouakou Brou , Terrill Thomas H
Published: December 2019

Thirty-eight intact Spanish male goats 5–6 months old and 26.1 ± 0.16 kg BW were used in a 7-week trial to investigate effects of Serala sericea lespedeza (SER; Lespedeza cuneata) on gastrointestinal parasitism. Naturally-infected goats were individually housed in 1.5x1.5 m pens. Treatments consisted of SER hay (n = 13), and bermudagrass hay without (n = 13; CON) or with anthelminitic treatment (n = 12; CDW). A corn-soybean meal-based supplement ensured isonitrogenous (18%), isocaloric diets. Diets were fed to 10% orts. Treatments were assigned for similar initial FEC and BW. At the start of the study and weekly thereafter, fecal and blood samples were collected for determination of fecal egg counts (FEC) and coccidia oocyst counts (FOC) via the modified McMaster’s technique (eggs or oocysts per gram feces; epg or opg) and percentage packed red blood cell volume (PCV) via microhematocrit centrifugation. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedures of SAS for repeated measures. The FEC and PCV were impacted by a treatment by day interaction (P < 0.0001) in which, compared to day 0, FEC was lower and PCV was higher for each weekly sample for CDW (P < 0.003; ranges: FEC: 315 ±332 epg to 573±332 epg, PCV: 17.5±1.2% to 27.8±1.2%). For CON, FEC were only lower (P < 0.0008) on week 7 (day 0 2630±327 epg vs 1015±332 epg week 7) while PCV was higher on week 5 through 7 for CON (range PCV 18.4 ± 1.2% to 23.6 ± 1.2%). For SER, FEC were lower at week 4 (P < 0.02; 1413±320 epg) and 7 (P < 0.0001; 884±320 epg) compared to day 0 (2688±329 epg) while PCV was higher for each weekly sample for SER (P < 0.04; PCV: 18.0±1.2% to 25.7±1.2%). Overall, there were no effects of SER on FEC and FOC, but PCV was improved.
PSX-1 Preference for inorganic sources of magnesium and phosphorus in sheep
Authors: Villalba Juan J , Pedernera Mariana , Mereu Alessandro
Published: December 2019

We determined whether sheep discriminate among mineral supplements containing P and Mg and if they modify their selection as a function of need. During 3 consecutive days, 40 lambs under a basal diet of alfalfa pellets and barley grain were offered 4-way choices among= (1) MgO-powder form (MgO-82% Mg), (2)MgO-coarse form (C-MgO-82% Mg), (3) Magnesium Phosphate (Bolifor® Mag33-33% Mg, 2.7% P), and (4)Magnesium Phosphate (Bolifor® MGP-25% Mg, 15% P), and 2-way choices between MGP and each of the other minerals, and between MgO and C-MgO (Baseline). Subsequently, lambs were randomly assigned to 4 groups (10 lambs/group) and fed rations such that the levels of Mg and P were low (LMg-LP), adequate (NMg-NP), low in Mg and adequate in P (LMg-NP), or adequate in Mg and low in P (NMg-LP). After 29 d, groups received again the described choices (post-deficiency). Intake and preference indexes during choice tests were analyzed as a split-plot design with lambs nested within group and day as the repeated measure. During Baseline, lambs ate and preferred Mag33 > C-MgO = MGP > MgO (P < 0.05). This pattern remained during post-deficiency, but lambs in LMg showed the greatest preference for Mag33 (P < 0.05). All lambs preferred C-MgO over MgO or MGP (P < 0.05), but lambs in LMg-NP showed the greatest preference for C-MgO (P < 0.05) and the lowest preference for MGP (P < 0.05). Serum concentrations of P (7.1 to 8.4±0.2 mg/dL) and Mg (3.0 to 3.9±0.1 mg/dL) increased after post-deficiency tests relative to Baseline (P < 0.05). Lambs discriminated among different mineral sources and the physical form of MgO influenced preference. Groups in low Mg diets favored sources of Mg with no or low concentration of P, and when P was adequate (LMg-NP), they reduced their preference for the source with the greatest concentration of P (MGP).
PSX-11 Effects of lamb’s breed and energy concentration of diet on nutrient digestibility and growth performance
Authors: Pereira Anderson , Lima Hyane , Freitas Leonardo M , Parente Henrique , Lima Antônio , Xavier Lavínia , Zanine Anderson , Anjos Luana dos , Oliveira Graziele , Bandeira Danrley , Rocha Karlyene , Filho Miguel A Moreira , Parente Michelle
Published: December 2019

The accumulation of subcutaneous adipose deposits occurs in many genotypes of animals adapted to tropical arid conditions. In sheep, good adaptation of fat-tailed sheep breeds, as Rabo Largo, to arid environmental conditions and food shortages can also undergo digestive and metabolic adaptation, including a greater capacity for digestion of poor roughage. Forty lambs (18±3 kg initial BW) were assigned in a randomized completely block design with a 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments, with 2 breeds – B (Santa Inês- SI and Rabo Largo-RL) and 2 diets – D (low and high energy), resulting in four treatments: SILE, SIHE, RLLE and RLHE. Lambs (20 SI and 20 RL) were individually penned during 43 d and fed 1 of 2 diets with different concentrate: roughage ratio: low energy-LE (with 70% hay and 10.7% CP, DM basis) and high energy-HE (70% concentrate and 12.7% CP, DM basis). At the end of performance period, the intake was recorded and total feces collected for 5 d. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and when a significant effect (P < 0.05) was found, means were compared using Tukey’s method. The G:F ratio had effect only for D (0.12, 0.22, 0.10 and 0.24 for SILE, SIHE, RLLE and RLHE, respectively). There was observed an effect of D and B (P < 0.05) for all variables related to growth and digestibility, with higher means for SI and HE, except for NDF intake (495, 322, 340 and 268 g/d for SILE, SIHE, RLLE and RLHE, respectively) and NDF digestibility (63, 58, 59 and 45% for SILE, SIHE, RLLE and RLHE). It was observed an interaction D x B on CP intake, NDF intake and NDF digestibility. Breed and diets affected the performance and digestibility of lambs. However, RLLE increased the NDF digestibility, but decreased the ADG, suggesting higher fat depots accumulation.
PSX-5 Reproductive organ weights, morphology and sperm reserves in intact and short scrotum post-pubertal male dairy sheep lambs
Authors: Wildeus Stephan , Schoenian Susan , Sponenberg D Philip , Bennett Mary Beth , O’Brien Dahlia
Published: December 2019

This study evaluated the use of short-scrotum castration to create sterile ram lambs. East Friesian x Lacaune male lambs born in February on a commercial sheep dairy were left intact (n = 19; IN) or rendered short-scrotum (n = 17; SS) within 10 d of birth. At 3 mo of age lambs were transferred to the study site and grazed as one group, while being supplemented with a grain mixture at 0.7 kg/d. Lambs were harvested at 6 mo of age, and reproductive tract of 5 IN and 5 SS lambs collected at random and shipped cold overnight for processing. Testis and epididymis were weighed. Segments of the left testis and epididymis were processed for histology, while a subsample of testicular parenchyma and epididymal segments of the right side were used to determine sperm reserves by tissue homogenization. Differences between testis types were determined using GLM of SAS. Testes and epididymal weights were reduced (P < 0.001) in SS (115 and 22 g) compared to IN (364 and 50 g) lambs. Seminiferous tubule diameter was also smaller (P < 0.001) in SS (142 µm) than IN (234 µm) lambs. Daily sperm production per gram testicular parenchyma (DSPG) was not different between types (3.8 vs. 2.3 million sperm/g; P = 0.06), but total daily sperm production was lower (P < 0.01) in SS (0.23 billion) than IN (1.34 billion) ram lambs. Considerable variation was noted in DSPG in IN lambs suggesting still incomplete development at this age, and accounting for the lack of a significant difference. Epididymal sperm reserves were markedly reduced (P < 0.001) in SS (0.1 billion) compared to IN (10.5 billion), and decreased along the epididymis, supported by evidence of phagocytic action by the epididymal epithelium. Data suggest that ram lambs rendered short-scrotum shortly after birth develop smaller testes with reduced sperm production, making them effectively infertile.
PSXIII-26 Are consumers’ culinary skills related to their purchasing attitudes towards pork?
Authors: Argemí-Armengol Imma , Villalba Daniel , Ripoll Guillermo , Teixeira Alfredo , Latorre María Ángeles , Álvarez-Rodríguez Javier
Published: December 2019

Consumers’ food-related lifestyles may affect purchasing attitudes towards meat. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of consumers’ culinary skills on their attitudes towards pork in two country regions of North-Eastern Spain and Portugal. Survey data were collected through an on-line questionnaire (Catalonia, n = 442; Aragon, n = 342; Northern Portugal, n = 190; all of whom consumed pork). Each respondent was asked questions regarding consumer purchasing habits that were used to segment the consumers through hierarchical clustering according to their culinary skills. A 5-point Likert scale was used to assess the importance of intrinsic and extrinsic cues towards pork (20 questions). Wilcoxon tests with pair-wise comparisons were conducted to cross consumer clusters with their purchasing drivers. Two optimal clusters were identified: “uninvolved” consumers that liked cooking to a lesser extent (P < 0.001), normally ate out on working days (P < 0.001), considered traditional recipes best (P = 0.008), spent less time cooking (P < 0.001), did not like changes in their meals (P < 0.001), considered less important meal planning for family nutrition (P < 0.001), enjoyed to a lesser extent shopping for food (P < 0.001), payed less attention to advertisements (P = 0.03) and food label information (P < 0.001) than “innovative cook lovers.” Interestingly, the two clusters did not differ in enjoying social eating out, following a shopping list, preferring butchers rather than supermarkets, or over the counter purchases rather than packaged meat. “Best before date,” “safety” and “appeal (colour, drip loss)” were the most important criteria for purchase decision in both clusters. The “price” importance was greater (P < 0.05) whereas “cooking ease” was less valued (P = 0.04) by “innovative cook lovers” than by “uninvolved” consumers. The least rated driver was “slaughter method,” although it was scored greater by “innovative cook lovers” than by “uninvolved” consumers (P = 0.04). In summary, innovative cook lovers may be more exigent consumers (price and animal welfare sensitive).
PSXIII-27 Meat and fat quality of gilts intended for Spanish dry-cured ham: effect of immunocastration and feeding
Authors: Pérez-Ciria Leticia , Miana-Mena Francisco Javier , Ripoll Guillermo , Latorre María Ángeles
Published: December 2019

Currently, gilts intended for Spanish high quality dry-cured ham are characterized by lack of fatness detected at backfat depth covering the ham and also in the intramuscular fat content, necessary for an optimum dry-curing process and for the consumer acceptability, respectively. Trying to solve it, a trial was carried out with 90 Duroc x (Landrace x Large White) females to assess the impact of immunocastration and different diets on meat and fat quality. Half of gilts were entire (EG) and the other half were immunocastrated (IG) by two injections of Vacsincel® at 58 and 76 kg of body weight (BW). Three diets were tested (76–134 kg BW) in both groups: A=control, B=high net energy content and C=low lysine level. A sample of meat from each carcass (n = 15) and 48 samples of subcutaneous fat chosen at random (n = 8) were analyzed. Data were processed as a factorial 2 (sexes) x 3 (diets) using the GLM procedure of SAS. Meat from IG showed lower moisture (P = 0.04) and higher intramuscular fat content (P = 0.01) than that from EG. Fat from IG presented higher proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (P = 0.002) and lower of polyunsaturated (PUFA) (P = 0.02) and PUFA:SFA ratio (P = 0.007) than that from EG, but the n6:n3 ratio was not influenced. About feeding, the only effects observed were that in IG, diet C and B increased the water holding capacity (P < 0.01). It can be concluded that immunocastration improved the chemical composition of meat, but feeding had scarce effects on pork quality. Besides, fat from EG seems healthier but fat from IG would be fitter for technological processes, such as curing. This work (Project AGL2016-78532-R) was funded by MINECO.
PSXIII-20 Low birth weight pigs gain muscle more efficiently than normal birth weight pigs when limit-fed sow milk replacer formula
Authors: Yonke Joseph , Seymour Kacie
Published: December 2019

Postnatal muscle growth is impaired in low birth weight (LBWT) neonatal pigs. Dietary leucine supplementation has been established as a dietary intervention to enhance muscle growth in growing animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of supplementing LBWT neonatal pig diets with branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) to enhance the rate of protein accretion. Twenty-four pigs were housed in individual cages starting at 1 d of age. LBWT and normal birth weight (NBWT) were defined when birth weight was 2 SD below or within 0.5 of the litter average. Each LBWT pig was matched with a NBWT same sex littermate and assigned to either the control diet or supplemented with 1% BCAA in a 2×2 factorial arrangement. Diets were isocaloric, isonitrogenous and met NRC requirements. Pigs were fed 250 ml/kg BW/day of control or BCAA sow milk replacers. Carotid and jugular catheters were surgically placed on day 21 for blood sampling. Body composition was measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry on day 0 and 28. On day 29, blood samples were taken over 4 h following a meal. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS version 9.4. Plasma leucine, isoleucine, and valine concentrations were greater in pigs fed BCAA (P < 0.001). LBWT pigs had lower weight gain (P < 0.001), average daily gain (P < 0.01), and feed conversion (P < 0.0001), and accreted protein more efficiently (P < 0.0001) than NBWT pigs regardless of diet. Although BCAA supplementation had no effect, these data suggest that LBWT pigs grow leaner and more efficiently than NBWT pigs when limit-fed.
PSXIV-29 Influence of prerequisite courses on performance of students in an animal nutrition course: A one-year summary
Authors: Smith William B
Published: December 2019

Anecdotes abound in departmental curriculum committees surrounding the purpose and necessity of prerequisite courses for major subjects. Some believe that a student should have as much exposure as possible to subject matter prior to attempting to gain a full understanding of the material. Others believe that prerequisite courses put an undue burden on students to take excessive coursework and that most of the students’ needs can be provided in a single course. The objective of this study was to ascertain the influence of prerequisite courses in animal science, biology, and chemistry on performance of students in an undergraduate animal science course. In the spring semester of 2019, students taking the animal nutrition course at Tarleton State University were enrolled in the experiment. On the second day of class, students were given a comprehensive exam resembling a final examination to assess knowledge on entry to the course. Subsequently, students completed an online survey to record demographics and educational background in relevant courses. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED and PROC CORR of SAS v. 9.4. Females had an average score of 39 and males had an average score of 35 on the pre-test, but these numbers were statistically similar (P = 0.16). Student scores on the pre-tests were positively correlated the number of biology (r = 0.52; P < 0.01) and chemistry (r = 0.46; P < 0.01) courses taken, but showed no association (r = 0.14; P = 0.37) with the number of previous animal science courses. Similarly, the number of previously taken biology and chemistry courses were positively correlated (r = 0.70; P < 0.01). Results are interpreted to mean that prior experience in biology and chemistry, but not animal science, are major factors for student performance in animal nutrition and should be considered for prerequisite courses.
Size and sex bias in air-exposure behavior during low tide of the intertidal hermit crab Clibanarius virescens (Krauss, 1843) (Decapoda: Anomura: Diogenidae)
Authors: Yoshikawa Akihiro , Goto Ryutaro , Yasuda Chiaki I , Asakura Akira
Published: December 2019

Many species of the hermit crab Clibanarius (Diogenidae) live on rocky shores of tropical and warm temperate regions. Some of these species are known to climb out from tidal pools onto rock surfaces exposed to air during low tide. The ecological significance of this behavior, however, remains unclear. We investigated the differences between air-exposed and non-air-exposed Clibanarius virescens (Krauss, 1843) in relation to their body size, sex, and infestation by three species of parasitic bopyrid isopods. Our generalized additive model (GAM) analyses showed a significant effect of the “smoothing factor” of the interaction between body size and sex for the occurrences of the “air-exposure behavior.” The presence of the ectoparasitic isopods did not affect the air-exposure behavior. Females of C. virescens showed a more distinct trend than in males, whereas air-exposure in both sexes had a peak in approximately 3.0–4.0 mm shield size (comparatively larger size in females, and middle-size in males) and decreased after this size range. Intraspecific and/or interspecific competition for shells may be intense in hermit crabs of this size range because of size overlap, and the individuals that carry suitable shells may avoid such competition by actively escaping from tide pools at low tide.
Awake Craniotomy and Memory Induction Through Electrical Stimulation: Why Are Penfield's Findings Not Replicated in the Modern Era?
Authors: Curot Jonathan , Roux Franck-Emmanuel , Sol Jean-Christophe , Valton Luc , Pariente Jéremie , Barbeau Emmanuel J
Published: December 2019

From the 1930s through the early 1960s, Wilder Penfield
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collected a large number of memories induced by electrical brain stimulation (EBS) during awake craniotomy. As a result, he was a major contributor to several neuroscientific and neuropsychological concepts of long-term memory. His 1963 paper, which recorded all the cases of memories he induced in his operating room, remains a substantial point of reference in neuroscience in 2019, although some of his interpretations are now debatable.

 However, it is highly surprising that, since Penfield's
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reports, there has been no other surgical publication on memories induced during awake surgery. In this review, we explore this phenomenon and analyze some of the reasons that might explain it. We hypothesize that the main reasons for lack of subsequent reports are related to changes in operative procedures (ie, use of anesthetics, time constraints, and insufficient debriefings) and changes in EBS parameters, rather than to the sites that are stimulated, the pathology treated, or the tasks used. If reminiscences are still induced, they should be reported in detail to add valuable contributions to the understanding of long-term memory networks, especially memories that are difficult to reproduce in the laboratory, such as autobiographical memories.