bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pear, Insect Growth Regulator Tests, 1987
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Mature pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate pesticides for control of pear pests. Plots consisted of 5 single-tree replicates in randomized block design. Treatments were applied 3 times, 29 Apr (petal fall), 29 May, and 20 Jul. Treatments were evaluated for PP and mite control by counts made at 2-wk intervals. Adult PP were counted from a 5 beating-tray sample/ replication. PP nymphs and mites were counted from a 50-leaf sample/replication. Leaf samples consisted of the proximal, distal, and 3 leaves from between on each of 10 terminal shoots. Leaves were brushed and resulting slides were examined using a binocular dissecting microscope. PP and PRM russet were rated according to U.S. grade standards for fresh market Bartlett' pears on 2 samples of 25 mature fruits per replication. Fruit and foliage were examined after each spray for phytotoxicity. The test orchard was sprayed with Pydrin 2.4 EC 1 pt/acre at cluster bud stage of tree growth to reduce density of overwintered adult PP.
Pear, Acaricide Evaluation, 1987
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied 8 Aug by handgun operating at 200 psi to 14-yr-old pear trees. Treatments consisted of 4 single-tree replicates arranged in a randomized block. Trees were blocked according to mite population levels (4 blocks) to ensure the initial spider mite density was similar in each treatment. Leaves on each tree were sampled on 3 scaffold limbs from the center to the periphery of the canopy (25 leaves/tree; 100/treatment). Leaves were processed with a mite-brushing machine.
Cherry, Insecticide Evaluation, 1987
Authors: Howitt A. , Biddinger D. J.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to 35-yr-old 'Montmorency' trees in single unreplicated blocks of approximately one-half acre, each with about 40 trees. Applications were made with a 32 TMG Myer sprayer, which traveled at 4.03 km/h and delivered 100 Jal/acre. Dates of application were 13 May (petal fall) for plum curculio control and 1 and 14 Jul for maggot control. The first maggot application was timed jne week after the first adult catch on yellow sticky boards baited with ammonia acetate. The fungicide program consisted of Tilt at 240 ml/acre at petal fall ind Benelate 50WP at 680 g/acre included with the two maggot control applications in July. Evaluations of the treatments consisted of picking 8 pints of cherries from centrally located trees in each treatment block. The fruit was then blended in an electric blender at low speed. The resulting slurry was sieved to remove the pulp, and the remaining material was examined for maggot larvae.
Nectarine, Carzol for Thrips Control, 1987
Authors: Yonce Carroll E.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted in a small block of nectarines (selection 7-738) at Byron, Ga. Control was directed at critical times of flower and fruit development to determine which treatment times were best for effective control. Carzol 90SP at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre was applied at 4 different timing regimens based on previous population distribution patterns in the same orchard location. A randomized complete experimental block design was used. Emphasis was directed at early season and population build-up of flower thrips populations. Thrips sampling began at pink bud and continued each 2 wk until harvest. Fruit samples were taken just following shuck split, and sampling continued each 2 wk until harvest. A total of 360 fruit were examined for thrips damage from each treatment during the entire sampling period.
Pesticide Evaluation for Erineum Mite Control, 1987
Authors: Aim Steven R. , Williams Roger N.
Published: March 2022

Test insecticides and miticides were applied to 5-yr-old ‘Riesling’ grapevines planted 9 × 7 ft. A randomized complete block experimental design with 4 single-vine replicates was used for evaluation. Applications were made on 15 Jun and 6 Jul with a hand-held C02 sprayer at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) with a 95005-E-Tee Jet nozzle. A count of infested leaves/50 sampled on 10 shoots was made on 18 Jul.
Insecticide Evaluation for Grape Berry Moth and Grape Leafhopper Control, 1987
Authors: Aim Steven R. , Williams Roger N.
Published: March 2022

Test insecticides were applied to 5-yr-old ‘Riesling’ grapevines planted 2.7 by 2.1 m. A completely randomized experimental design with 8 single-vine replicates was used for evaluation. Applications were made on 15 Jun and 6 and 31 Jul with a hand-held C02 sprayer and a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2). A count of the infested berries was made on 31 Jul. This count evaluated the effectiveness of 2 sprays applied to control the first grape berry moth generation and the beginning of the second generation (based on pheromone trap data). A count of leafhopper-damaged leaves/25 leaves sampled was made on 22 Aug. Ten clusters were weighed on 28 Sept to determine the yield loss caused by larval berry moth feeding.
Grape Berry Moth Insecticide Evaluation, 1987
Authors: Howitt A. , Biddinger D. J.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to 40-yr-old ‘Concord’ grapes in a semiabandoned vineyard. Rows were 9 ft apart and vines were 6 ft apart within the row. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a completely randomized block with each block consisting of 10 vines in a row with at least 1 buffer row between each replicate. Treatments were applied with a 32 TMG Meyer airblast sprayer traveling 4.83 km/hr and delivering 50 gal/acre. Applications were timed according to pheromone trap catch for both generations. The dates of insecticide application were 2, 14, and 25 Jun; 7 and 21 Jul; 3, 17, and 28 Aug; and 9 Sept. The fungicide program consisted of Bayleton 50WP at 86 g/acre which was included in the last 6 insecticide application dates listed above, starting with 7 Jul. The treatments were evaluated by examining 25 randomly picked clusters from each replicate for a total of 100 clusters/treatment.
Bioassay Evaluation of Insecticides on Strawberry Foliage, 1987
Authors: Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S.
Published: March 2022

Test plots were in a 1-yr-old strawberry planting at Moreland, Ohio. Each replicate consisted of 18 ft2 of strawberry row with 4 replicates/treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays on 29 May and 10 and 25 Jun, using a hand-held constant-pressure C02 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. On 25 Jun, after insecticides had dried on the foliage, random samples of 5 leaves per replicate were taken. These were taken back to the laboratory and placed in 400-ml ventilated plastic containers. Twenty-four hours later, 10 adults of each of the test species were added to containers. Insects in this study were from an untreated alfalfa field. Insect mortality was read 24 h after placement on treated foliage.
Evaluation of Danitol Against Mites on Texas Citrus, 1987
Authors: Victor French J. , Villarreal J.
Published: March 2022

Danitol alone and tank mixed with NR 440 oil were compared to Vendex for efficacy against CRM and TCM. Treatments were randomly assigned to 4-tree plots and replicated 3 times in a 26-yr-old ‘Ruby Red’ grapefruit orchard on 16 ft × 25 ft spacing. Treatments were applied on 18 Jun utilizing a FMC 1229 FTM air blast sprayer with speed, nozzling and pressure adjusted for 250 gal/acre. CRM were counted in 2, 1-cm2 lens fields at 10 × on each of 25 fruit per replicate randomly selected at arms length inside the tree canopy. At each count date, 24 leaves per replicate were randomly collected and processed through a mite brushing machine. TCM motiles were collected on detergent-coated glass disks and counted under a binocular microscope at 25 × .
Citrus Rust Mite (CRM) Control, 1986
Authors: Knapp J. L. , Anderson H. A. , Appelboom T. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to completely randomized 4 tree plots replicated 4 times using a single nozzle hand gun at 200 psi sprayed to run-off (approx. 2 gal/tree). All treatments included 2 lb metallic copper (Kocide)/ac; 1 qt/ac Zn nitrate; and 2 qt/ac Zn citrus Gluco. CRM were counted weekly in 2-lcm2 10 × lensfields on opposite sides of 20 fruit selected at random on each tree; 80 fruit/replicate; or 320 fruit/treatment.
Citrus Rust Mite (CRM) Control, 1986
Authors: Knapp Joseph L. , Anderson H. E. , Appelboom T. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to completely randomized 1.5 acre plots replicated 4 times using an FMC 380 speed sprayer at 200 psi traveling at 1.87 mph applying 353 gpa. All treatments included 11 lb/acre Techmangam. CRM were counted weekly in 2-lcm2 10 × lensfield on opposite surfaces of 20 fruit selected at random around 5 trees in each replicate for a total of 400 fruit/treatment.
Aphid Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1987
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard R.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticides were evaluated for control of the blackmargined aphid and the yellow pecan aphid on pecan. The study was conducted at the LSU Pecan Research-Extension Station, Robson, La., on 52-yr-old ‘Stuart’ pecan trees. Plots were laid out in a randomized complete block design consisting of 3 blocks, with 1 tree per treatment per block. Pretreatment counts were made 13 Aug. Applications of foliar applied materials were made on 14 Aug using an FMC 957 speed sprayer delivering 27 gal of finished spray per tree (247 gal per acre). Posttreatment counts were made at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment. Samples consisted of counting the number of aphids (nymphs and adults) on 10 compound leaves.
Nematodes Screened Against Pecan Weevil Larvae, 1986
Authors: Ring Dennis R. , Schroeder William J. , Nyczepir Andrew P. , Payne Jerry A. , Snow J. Wendell
Published: March 2022

Pecans infested with pecan weevils were collected from an insecticide free orchard at Byron, Ga., in late Sep. Nuts were held in the laboratory and weevil larvae were collected as they emerged. Top soil from this same orchard was collected and sterilized. The soil moisture content was brought to field capacity (13%). Soil was then placed in 30 cc cups and 2500 infective juveniles of Steinernema feltae All strain, Steinernema feltae Mexican strain, Heterorhabditis sp. ex citrus weevil from Orlando, Florida and one ml water as a control were pippetted on top of the soil in 100 cups each. One mature weevil larva was placed in each cup and cups were sealed with a plastic lid on 16 Oct. Weevil larvae were dissected and examined for nematodes on 13 and 20 Nov. Comparisons of weevil mortalities among treatments were made using binomial tests for equal probabilities.
Control of Corn Earworm on Sweet Corn, 1989
Authors: Cartwright Bob
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was seeded on 26 Jun with rows spaced 3 ft apart and 10-12 inches between plants. Insecticides were tested for control of CEW by making directed sprays of silks at 3 d intervals, commencing with 10% silk emergence. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with a single nozzle calibrated to deliver 21 gal/acre using 2 passes/plot. Plots consisted of a single row, 20 ft long and were separated by an unplanted bed. Applications of each insecticide were made on the following dates; 17, 20, 23 and 25 Aug. Efficacy was evaluated at harvest by counting larvae in each ear and by rating damage on a 1-5 scale on untrimmed ears and trimmed ears (with the proximal 1.5 in removed). The rating scale was as follows: 1 = no damage, 2 = slight, 3 = moderate, 4 = heavy and 5 = extremely heavy.
Ear Infesting Insect Control in Sweet Corn, 1989
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Koch Timothy A. , Vaughn Ty T.
Published: March 2022

‘Sundance’ sweet corn was planted 8 Jun at the Snyder Farm, OARDC. Plant spacing was 30 inches between rows and 8 inches between plants. Plots consisted of 2 rows, 25 ft in length, with an untreated guard row between plots and 4 ft at either end of each plot. Treatments were applied during the silking period, on 1, 4, 7, 10, 14 Aug, using a backpack sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 50 psi with a flat fan nozzle for the first 2 applications and a high-boy boom sprayer with drop hollow cone nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 50 psi to the ear zone. Plots were evaluated 17 Aug, by examining 50 ears/plot for any larval pests infesting the silks or ear.
Corn Earworm and European Corn Borer Control on Sweet Corn, 1988
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

Snowbelle’ sweet corn was planted on 25 May, near Benson, NC. Single row plots, 10 ft long on 42 inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft separated replicates. Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle (18X) operating at 60 psi to apply 80 gal/ acre. Treatments were initiated at early tassel stage, and were applied 18, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29 Jul, 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 13, and 16 Aug. All mature ears in each plot were harvested 11 and 17 Aug and scored for larval damage. Counts were combined, and the percent damaged ears determined.
Leafminer Control, Spring 1989
Authors: Rethwisch Michael D.
Published: March 2022

Twelve treatments and a water only control were applied to commercial head lettuce near harvest on 27 Mar at a Bruce Church Inc. of Arizona ranch located near Yuma, AZ. Experimental design was randomized complete block. Treatments were applied by a backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 26.4 gal/acre at 30 psi using a single T-Jet 8004 nozzle. Treatments were replicated 4 times and each plot was 25 ft long on beds centered 42 inch apart. Samples were taken 3 and 8 DAT. Three samples/plot were taken 3 DAT. Each sample was 5 consecutive wrapper leaves from a plant. A single sample/plot was taken 8 DAT. This sample was 5 wrapper leaves, 1 from each of 5 consecutive plants. All samples were placed in plastic bags and held for 2 d at room temperature. Immature leafminers that exited leaves were counted.
Bell Pepper, Corn Earworm and European Corn Borer Control, 1988
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

Marengo’ pepper was transplanted 18 May, near Benson, NC. Single row plots, 10 ft long on 60 inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft separated replicates. Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle (18 x) operating at 60 psi to apply 54 gal/acre. Treatments were applied 23 Jun, 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 Jul, 4, 11, 18, 25 Aug, 2 and 13 Sep. When Orhtene 75 SP and Asana XL were sprayed alternate weeks, Orthene was applied the first time. Fruit was harvested 28 Jul, 4, 11, 18, 25 Aug, 1, 12, 21, and 23 Sep, and scored for earworm and corn borer damage. Counts were combined, and the percent damaged fruit determined.
Potato Insect Control, 1989
Authors: Mayer D. F. , Lunden J. D. , Miliczky E. R.
Published: March 2022

Plots were established in a field of ‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes plnated 17 Apr at Prosser, WA. First bloom was 6 Jun and 50% bloom 13 Jun. Standard planting, fertility and weed control practices were followed. Plant spacing was 6 inches with 34 inches between rows. Plot size was 4 rows × 20 feet and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied 24 May at first CPB egg hatch. On 3 Jun insecticide treatments were reapplied to all plots except the Pydrin. Applications were with a R&D CO2 pressurized sprayer at a rate of 25 gal/acre using a hand-held boom with 4 (LF3) nozzles. Spray water pH was 7.5. NuFilm (16 oz/acre) was used with the applications of Trident, ABG-6263 and M-One. Bond (5 ml/gal) was used with the applications of Foil. Evaluations were made on 26, 31 May and 7, 13 Jun by counting egg masses, live larvae and adult beetles on 10 plants in the center 2 rows in each plot. Defoliation estimates from CPB feeding were done on 13 Jun.
Alfalfa Insect Control, 1989
Authors: Moellenbeck D. J. , Muegge M. A. , Quisenberry S. S.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated on a 3-yr-old stand of 'Fla. 77' alfalfa at the Red River Research Station near Bossier City, La. Plots, 20 by 15 ft, were arranged in a randomized complete design with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied 18 Aug with a CO2 backpack sprayer delivering 15.9 gal/acre at 42 psi with 8002 flat-fan nozzles on a 7 ft boom. Plant height was ca. 18 inches tall at treatment. Conditions at treatment were <5 mph wind with air temperature ca. 90°F. Samples were obtained at pretreatment and 3, 7, and 14 d posttreatment with a standard 15-inch sweep net. Samples, 10 pendulum sweeps/plot, were bagged and frozen for later separation and counting.
Seedcorn Maggot Control in Navy Bean, 1988
Authors: Noetzel David , Sheets Becky
Published: March 2022

The trial was located at the Staples Irrigation Station, Staples, MN. Soils were irrigated sandy loams. Plots were 2 rows × 35 ft in length. Treatments were paired and the pair arranged in a randomized complete block design. The field was marked with the planter, and baited with a 1:1:1 mixture of blood and bone meal and meat scraps in the planter tracks. It was then irrigated. The seed was treated using methocel as a sticker, allowed to dry for 24 hr and planted using a John Deere 4-row Maximerge planter. Granular insecticides (usually paired with the same chemical as a seed treatment) were applied in a 6 inch band following planting and lightly covered. The field was again irrigated to provide uniform emergence. Stand and damage counts were taken on 20 ft of row. Ten ft of each row were harvested for yield. The threshed seed was cleaned, dried and a moisture taken. Final yields reported were adjusted to a standard moisture.
Corn Rootworm Control with Nonconventional Treatments, 1989
Authors: Chaddha S. , Ostlie K.
Published: March 2022

Trials comparing the performance of a soil insecticide and several nonconventional treatments were established at 2 locations in southern MN, the Rosemount Experiment Station°Rosemount and the Southwest Experiment Station—Lamberton. Treatments were applied infurrow at corn planting on 10 May and 17 May, respectively, to plots measuring 1 row (30-inch centers) × 50 ft. Two nonconventional products, disintegrating sulfur granules and sugar, were chosen to evaluate existing, possibly successful farm practices. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 6 replications at Lamberton and 3 replications at Rosemount. Treatments were applied with modified Noble granular insecticide applicators mounted on a John Deere 7100 MaxiMerge Planter. Applicator units were calibrated to deliver the desired rates at 4 mph. To ensure sufficient corn rootworm pressure at Lamberton, plots were infested with 400 WCR eggs per row-ft. The infestation at Rosemount was a mixed natural population of WCR and NCR. Treatment performance was evaluated by rating root injury using the Iowa 1 to 6 scale on 5 roots/plot at Lamberton and 8 roots/plot at Rosemount.
Chemigation to Control Fall Armyworm in Field Corn, 1989
Authors: Chandler L. D. , Sumner H. R.
Published: March 2022

Field corn was planted 23 Aug on USDA facilities, Tifton, GA. Plots were 6 rows wide (36-inch spacing) and 40 ft long with 3 ft alleys separating plots on the same row. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plants were in the whorl stage at the time of applications. Chemigation treatments were applied with a chemigation simulator calibrated to deliver 2172 gal of water/acre through 4 E53 whirljet nozzles at 10 psi. Desired insecticide concentrations were mixed in either vegetable oil or water at a rate of 2.1 qt of material/acre. Thirty plants/plot were randomly selected from the 2 center rows, and the number of freshly damaged plants and larval species composition noted. Counts were performed prior to initiation of the test and 48 h after each treatment.
Comparative Efficacy of Corn Rootworm Insecticide Rates in South Dakota, 1988
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , Walgenbach D. D.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide trials were conducted in dryland corn using standard recommended and reduced rates of commonly used granular insecticides. Brookings, Nunda, Chamberlain, Pierre, and Fort Thompson sites served as locations for these studies. The experimental design for all studies was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual treatment plots consisted of single rows, 15 meters in length, with 96.5 cm row spacing. Granular formulations of insecticides were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze, 4-row corn planter. The metering units were ground-driven, and all units were calibrated on the planter. Insecticide granules were applied in a 7-inch band in front of the furrow-closing wheels and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. Furrow applications were directed immediately between the double disk furrow openers. A seeding rate of 22,100/acre at all study locations. Five roots/replication were dug from each treatment. Roots were washed, examined for rootworm feeding damage, and rated in accordance to the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. The 1988 growing season began with spring seedbeds being moderately moist at best. As the season progressed, soil moisture levels became abnormally low at most dryland locations.
Wireworm Larval Control, 1989
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Gilford J. M. , Spike B. P. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: March 2022

Wireworm baits (2-oz mixtures of wheat and corn buried 4 inches deep) placed out in early spring, indicated the presences of wireworms in a field that had received wireworm damage in 1988 (Gilbert location). Another test plot was established in a field requiring replanting because of wireworm damage (Hardy location). At Hardy, the seedbed was prepared by field cultivating out the reduced stand in a severely damaged area of the field. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to single, 40-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a tractor speed of 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was constantly monitored to insure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Drag chains were used for incorporation. Seed treatments were machine planted with each seed treatment assigned to its own seed hopper. Following corn emergence, stand counts were taken and the seeds/seedlings were carefully extracted from two 1-m sections of each row, inspected, and rated for damage on the following 1 to 4 damage scale: (1) seed/seedling undamaged, (2) seed/seedling damaged but plant established, (3) seed/seedling damaged, plant showing some signs of stress, (4) seed/seedling damaged, no plant or questionable establishment. The percentage of damaged seeds/seedlings was calculated from the rating scale. Insecticide efficacy was using analysis of variance procedures. Significant feeding damage occurred at both locations.
Fall Armyworm Control in Late-Planted Field Corn, 1989
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Southards C. J. , Onks D. O.
Published: March 2022

‘Pioneer 3147’ corn was planted on 25 Jun at the Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield. Eighteen treatments replicated 4 times were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 30 ft × 6 rows with 10 ft alleys between plots and blocks. Rows were spaced 40 inches apart with 37 plants/30 row ft. The 4 inner rows were treated and the 2 middle rows were evaluated for whorl damage and harvested for yield determinations. Liquid formulations were applied using 2.5 gal compressed CO2 sprayers at 30 psi and 30 gal/acre. Granular insecticides were applied with shaker jars. Insecticides were applied on 18 Jul when 90% of the plants were infested with an average of 1.33 larvae/plant. Whorls newly damaged by the fall armyworm (FAW) were counted on 25 Jul, 1 and 8 Aug. Ensilage yields were determined on 30 Oct at 60% moisture. Soil type was Dixon silt loam, 2-5% slope, pH 6.0.
Plant Bug Mortality in Cages, 1989
Authors: Dacus Jeff , Tugwell N. P. , Stringer Steve
Published: March 2022

The purpose of this test was to determine the mortality associated with insecticides that, if used in cotton, primarily would be directed at insects other than the tarnished plant bug. Chemical treatments, applied 11 Aug at the Cotton Branch Experiment Station, Marianna, AR, were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 4 row × 27 ft. Spray treatments were applied at a rate of 16.2 gal/acre of spray with 3 nozzles/row using a CO2 powered 4-row backpack sprayer and set at 32 psi. Prior to treatment, 3 organdy sleeve cages, 9-inch diam by 22 inches long, were secured to individual plants by tying the lower end of each cage around the plant ca 1 ft from the terminal with twist-ties. The cages were rolled down to the tie and covered with aluminum foil. Terminals were left exposed. Following treatment the foil was removed, the cage was pulled up, and 5 tarnished plant bugs from the University of Arkansas stock culture were placed into each cage. Cage tops were secured with twist-ties. Cages were left on the plants for 72 hr, after which the plants were cut below the cage and taken to an enclosed area. Cages were removed and the terminal shaken over white paper. Living and dead insects were counted.
Ovicidal and Aphicidal Actrvtty of Insecticide Combinations, 1989
Authors: Graham L. C. , Gaylor M. J.
Published: March 2022

A field evaluation of insecticides on cotton for ovicidal and aphicidal activity was conducted at the Auburn University Wiregrass Substation, Headland, AL. Conventionally-tilled cotton was planted in 36-inch rows on 31 May. Thirteen treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 8 rows × 75 ft with 25-ft alleys. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer at the rate of 10.0 gal spray/acre (4.5 mph, 72 psi, 2 Teejet TX10 nozzles/row). Foliar applications of insecticides were made on 14 and 28 Jul to assess aphicidal activity. Additional treatments were applied 9 and 15 Aug during a heavy Heliothis spp. moth flight. In addition to the treatments, malathion was applied to the plots as needed for the boll weevil eradication program. On 25 Jul, aphid abundance was determined by taking counts on terminals in the field. On 31 Jul, counts were made by removing aphids from the terminal with a 95% ethanol wash and then filtering the ethanol to remove the aphids. Heliothis spp. eggs were collected 1 d after application and monitored daily for ca. 1 wk for viability. White eggs, those deposited after the insecticide was applied were separated from older, brown eggs that were present during insecticide application. Eggs collected from the control plots were reared to adults to determine their species. Eggs were collected on 10 and 16 Aug. Samples for all tests were taken randomly from the middle 4 rows of each plot.
Ovicides and Heliothis on Cotton, 1988
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F.
Published: March 2022

The objectives of this test was to compare ovicide mortality of candidate ovicides for control of Heliothis on cotton, and to evaluate neonate larval mortality. Plots were sprayed on 18 Jul. The cotton was grown using standard cultural practices. The experimental area was divided so that chlordimeform plots were located down wind from the other plots with 50 ft separation; thus, reducing volatile effects of Chlordimeform. With that exception, the plots were in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Plots were 8 rows wide and 40 ft long. Application of ovicides was with cone tips at the rate of 10 gal/acre. Two hours after application the eggs were collected and white and brown eggs separated. Approximately 10 eggs of each color stage were collected per plot. The leaf tissue was trimmed away from the egg without disturbing egg attachment. Two eggs were then placed in diet cups containing Heliothis diet. Cups were held at 25°C. After 72 hr the percent egg hatch was determined. The number of larvae which survived to 168 hr was determined. Eclosion was identified if an exit hole was found. The percent control was determined based on the original number of eggs for both sets of data.
Thrips Control; Effect on Plant Growth, 1989
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted to evaluate insecticides applied in-furrow for thrips control and determine the effect on plant height and earliness. The plots were 4 rows wide, 40 ft long, with 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied in-furrow at planting with a John Deere Flex 71 planter on 20 Apr. The .soil type was a Dalco Clay. Plants from the outside rows were pulled and beaten on hardware screen over a white pan and thrips and aphids counted on 25 plants/plots. Thrips and aphid counts were made on 8 and 19 May. Plant height was measured on 5 consecutive plants on each of the center rows on 25 May. Plant height was determined by measuring from the cotyledon node to the first unfolded leaf. Earliness was determined by counting white and red blooms every other day on the center 2 rows from the first week of bloom, 23 to 30 Jun. Yield was determined by brush stripping the two center rows of each plot on 27 Sep.
Activity of Selected Insecticides Against Arthropods in Cotton, 1989
Authors: Micinski Stephen , Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

A field evaluation of 9 insecticides was conducted at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine the ovicidal activity and residual toxicity of the selected materials against Heliothis spp. on cotton. Experimental plots were 8 rows × 30.5 m and were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Cotton was planted on 25 Apr on 1.02-m centers. Insecticides were applied on 21 Jun with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Insecticides were applied in 11.4 liters of finished spray solution/acre at 60 psi with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart. Only the center 4 rows of each 8-row plot were sprayed. Eggs were collected 4 and 48 h posttreatment. Egg samples (10/plot or 40/treatment) consisted of newly oviposited white eggs less than one d old and the foliage to which they were attached. Eggs were transported to the laboratory where the eggs were removed with a small section of foliage and placed individually into 1-oz plastic cups half filled with an artificial diet for Heliothis spp. Mortality to eggs and neonate larvae was determined 120 h after each field collection. Plant bug and beneficial arthropod data were collected from each plot (50 sweeps/plot) at 2, 24, and 48 h posttreatment with a standard insect sweep net (38.1 cm diam). A trace amount of rainfall occurred within 24 h of treatment.
Control of Cotton Aphid, 1989
Authors: Parker Roy D. , Huffman Raymond L.
Published: March 2022

Five chemical treatments and an untreated control were compared in 6 row by 1,254-ft plots of cotton grown on 38-inch rows on a commercial farm located near Robstown, TX. All treatments were applied on 4 May and were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Tractor mounted spray equipment was calibrated to deliver a total spray volume of 10 gal/acre through 2, size 8002 nozzle tips/row at 38 psi. Flat fan spray tips were used due to the wind speed (15-28 mph) and the small size of plants (pinhead square stage). However, wind was blowing exactly parallel with the treatd rows, thus drift between plots was minimal. Insecticide efficacy was measured by (1) counting the no. of aphids on 20 randomly chosen individual plant “key leaves” from the center 2 rows of each plot (the “key leaf was the third leaf down the main stem from the terminal; usually it is the highest fully expanded leaf on the plant), (2) hand harvest of 13.75 row-ft subplots on 10 and 18 Jul at 3 sites from the center 2 rows of each plot, and (3) evaluation of cotton fiber properties. Harvested seed cotton was ginned on a 10-saw Eagle laboratory machine. Lint samples were sent to the International Center for Textile Research and Development, Lubbock, TX for fiber analysis on a High Volume Instrument Tester manufactured by Motion Control.
Seasonal Dilute Insecticide Experiment, 1989
Authors: Hull L. A. , Barrett B. A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of'Golden Delicious' and 2 replicates of'Yorking'. Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 35 ft. Sprays were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35 gal/min pump, equipped with a spray mast carrying 7 spray guns arranged to wet the uniformly trimmed trees (ca 400 GPA). Approximately 6.0 gal of spray were applied/replicate tree. Dates of application were: 26 Apr (RH compounds only); 23 May; 8 and 21 Jun, 5 and 19 Jul; 2, 15, and 30 Aug. The treatments XRD-473 (with and without Lorsban 50 WP), at 563 ml/100 gals, received 1.69 liters/100 gal (0.1875 lb AI/100 gal) of XRD-473 on the spray dates of 23 May and 8 Jun instead of the rates listed in the tables. Guthion 35 WP was added to the RH-5849 treatment on 23 May, 8 Jun, 19 Jul, 2 and 15 Aug. Effectiveness on the aphid complex was evaluated by counting the number of aphid-infested leaves/10 top terminals, and the number of aphids/most infested leaf. The effect of the sprays on the white apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs/25 leaves/tree. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on the European red mite and Z. mali was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. Spotted tentiform leafminer was evaluated by a 5-min count of mines around the periphery of the test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and 2 picked samples on 15 Aug and 19 Sep. Apple samples averaged 198 fruits/replicate and 792/treatment. Pest pressure was heavy throughout the season. Russet ratings were based on 50 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 100/treatment. Fruits were rated as follows: 0 = no russeting or enlarged lenticels; 1 = no russeting lent lenticels enlarged, rough and raised to touch; 2 = 1-10% surface russeted; 3 = 11-15% surface russeted; 4 = 26-50% surfce russeted; and 5 = >50% surface russeted.
Delta Aphid Test-II, 1988
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R.
Published: March 2022

Nine treatments were tested for relative efficacy against aphids in irrigated cotton planted 14 Jun at the Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, MS. Plots were 8 rows by 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to the 4 center rows of each plot by high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed air plot spray system calibrated for 5 gal/acre using 2 TX-4 nozzles/row. Insecticide application was made on 29 Jul. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. Data were collected by picking 10 leaves in each plot, the 4th leaf down from the terminal, and returning them to the laboratory to count aphids.
Evaluation of Early Season Thrips Control—MSU Location, 1988
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R.
Published: March 2022

Eleven treatments were evaluated for early season thrips control in cotton planted 14 May in dry conditions in sandy loam soil at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS. Furrow irrigation was applied 3 d post-plant because soil moisture was thought to be inadequate for seedling survival. Plots were 4 rows by 50 ft with 4 rows of cotton planted between plots. Granular materials were applied with “Gandy” boxes, and liquids were applied with a CO2 powered sprayer with an 8002E nozzle adjusted in line with the furrow so as to spray directly into the furrow during planting at a rate of 10 gal/acre. The foliar application of Capture 2 EC and Orthene 75 S was applied 26 May and 1 Jun by high clearance spray tractors equipped with compressed air plot spray system calibrated for 5 gal/acre using 1 TX-6 nozzle/row on 19 inch band. Sampling was accomplished by collecting 10 plants at random from the 2 center rows of each plot, placing them in a qt canning jar and returning them to the lab. In the laboratory the plants were washed with detergent and rinsed onto a 115 mesh sieve. The thrips were then rinsed onto filter paper for counting via a binocular dissection microscope.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Lesser Cornstalk Borer on Plants, 1989
Authors: Miller M. K. , Mack T. P. , Buckelew L. D.
Published: March 2022

This test consisted of 2 parts, a field application and a laboratory bioassay. The field application was applied to conventionally planted and tilled peanuts in a light loamy sand soil at the Wiregrass Substation of Auburn University at Headland, AL. Ten treatments and a control were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 6 rows wide (36 inch row spacing) and 50 ft long. Granular treatments were applied, at pegging, on 30 Jun with a small-plot granular applicator in a 7 inch band over the row. Penncap M was applied over the row once a week on four consecutive weeks beginning 30 Jun. It was applied, in water, using a boom sprayer with one hollow cone nozzle/row at 40 psi, delivering 8 gal/acre. One soil sample was taken from each plot at 0, 6, 11, 19, 25, 39, 53, and 67 DAT. Each soil sample was taken by collecting 3 subsamples (12-inch wide by 4-inch long by 1-inch deep) from within each plot. Sampled areas were flagged to prevent resampling. Soil samples were taken to the laboratory and refrigerated at 0°C until use. Soil from each treatment was air dried to <1.0% moisture and placed at a depth of 0.5 inch in 1-oz plastic cups. Larvae were placed in these cups and provided sorghum seedlings as a continuous food source. Pesticide efficacy was evaluated by exposing 27 first-instar lesser cornstalk borer larvae (3 replicates times 3 cups per replicate times 3 larvae per cup) to each soil sample or treatment. At the end of 72 h exposure, the number of live and dead insects was counted.
Rangeland Grasshopper Control with Baits, 1989
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A. , DeBrey Larry D.
Published: March 2022

A short-term evaluation of insecticidal baits was conducted on rangeland 10 mi north of Fort Collins, CO. Insecticides were applied to 0.5-acre field plots and 0.1-acre roadside plots. Each treatment was replicated 4 to 6 times in a randomized complete block design. Bait applications were made with a truck-mounted gasoline-powered bait spreader calibrated to deliver 2 lb/acre. Grasshoppers consisted of 2% 1st instars, 8% 2nd instars, 32% 3rd instars, 27% 4th instars, 25% 5th instars and 6% adults. Grasshoppers were counted in 10, 1-ft2 sampling rings in each plot, on each sampling date. Within Sevin-treated field plots, 3 canopy heights were identified (2 to 7 inches dominated by Carex filafolia, 14 to 20 inches dominated by Bromus tectorum and 28 to 34 inches dominated by Stipa comata). Within each canopy height, grasshoppers were sampled with 5 counts at 3 locations, on each sampling date. Effects of the treatments were assessed on the grasshopper community, without specific regard to species differences. During treatment application on Jul 27, winds were from 5 to 10 mph and the temperature was 90°F. Grasshopper populations were sampled on the day of treatment and 48 h after treatment.
Soybean Looper Control, Test 1, 1989
Authors: Felland C. M. , Pitre H. N.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated for control of soybean looper in Holmes County, MS in a commercial field of maturity group VI soybean planted on 1 Jun in 40-inch row spacing. The soybean was in the R6 growth stage, with mean height of 34 inches and open canopy, and had not received prior insecticide applications. Treatments were 4 rows × 50 ft with 4 replications. The insecticides were applied between 9-11 a.m. on 9 Sep using a hand-held compressed-air sprayer and cone spray pattern at 30 psi in a total volume of 10 gal of water/acre. Temperature at application was 85°F, with sunshine, and wind speed of 3-5 mph. Light rainfall occurred about 3 h after the last insecticide was applied. Treatments were evaluated 4 and 7 DAT using one 6 ft of row drop-cloth sample from each plot. Larval size was recorded as small (1st & 2nd instar), medium (3rd & 4th instar), or large (5th & 6th instar). Data were analyzed using the untreated check to estimate percent control in each replications, with the mean separation procedure performed on data subjected to the arcsine transformation.
Soybean Looper Control, 1988
Authors: Felland C. M. , Pitre H. N.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in controlling soybean loopers in Holmes County, MS, in a commercial field of maturity group VII soybean planted 3 May in 20-inch row spacing. At the time of application the soybean was in the R6 growth stage, was 47 inches tall with closed canopy, and had not received prior insecticide applications. Treatment plots were 4 rows by 50 ft, established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The insecticides were applied 21 Sep (4-7 p.m.) using a hand-held compressed-air sprayer with cone spray pattern, calibrated to apply 15 gallons/acre at 30 psi. Temperature at application was 88.5°F, with sunshine, and wind speed was 0-2 mph. Treatments were evaluated 2 (36 h) and 6 DAT by cutting and removing plants from one 6 ft section of row per plot, and immediately visually searching for larvae (2 DAT) or larvae and pupae (6 DAT). Pretreatment samples indicated that when the plants were cut and removed from the field, loopers clung to the foliage, and less than one looper per sample was dislodged.
Control of Southern Green Stink on Soybean, 1989
Authors: Wier A. T. , Boethel D. J.
Published: March 2022

Selected insecticides were tested for control of SGSB in 2 separate experiments. In Test I, plots measuring 45 ft × 8 rows (36 inch spacing) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 1 Sep to R6 beans with a CO2 pressurized backpacker sprayer calibrated to deliver 15 gal/acre at 21 psi through 8002 nozzles. Samples were taken 2, 7, and 14 DAT using two 25-sweep samples per plot. In Test II, plot size, experimental design, application equipment, and posttreatment sampling intervals were identical to Test I. Treatments were applied 15 Sep to ‘Centennial’ soybeans in the R5 growth stage.
Early Season Rosy Apple Aphid Control, 1989
Authors: Johnson1 James W. , Biddinger David
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to mature trees in Douglas, MI at a rate of 150 gal/acre with a FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Application dates are given in the table. Difolitan, Bayleton, Captec, Cyprex, Baycor, and Stik were applied separately to all treatments. At each of the 3 evaluations, 100 terminals/replicate or 400 terminals/treatment were rated for the presence or absence of RAA.
Aphid Control with Foliar Insecticides in Winter Wheat, 1988
Authors: Hein Gary L.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer equipped with a hand-held boom with four nozzles (11003) at 20 inch spacings. The sprayer delivered 21 gal/acre at 30 psi. Plots were 6 ft by 50 ft with a 3-4 ft buffer between treatment plots. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Spring Trial (McGrew, NE): Treatments were applied on May 27 when the wheat was at plant stage 10 (Feekes). RWA infestations were variable across the 4 replicates, averaging 36% of the tillers infested and 41.7 aphids per infested tiller. Plots were evaluated before treatment and at 1 and 3 weeks post-treatment. To determine the infestation level, 5 sets of 10 tillers were examined for the presence of RWA in each plot. In addition, 10 symptomatic tillers in each plot were collected, bagged and returned to the lab for RWA counting. Fall Trial (Banner Co., NE): Treatments were applied 2 Dec when the wheat was in growth stage 3 (Feekes). Several consecutive days of warm weather (above 60°F) enabled treatments to be applied. Plots were evaluated at 11 days post-treatment. Evaluations consisted of digging up three, 1-ft lengths of row in each treatment. These samples were then examined in the lab for the presence of aphids.
Mite Control with EL-436, 1989
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied dilute by handgun operating at 200 psi to 11-yr-old apple trees. Treatment rates given assume a spray volume of 400 gal/acre. Trees were sprayed to the drip point. To encourage ERM buildup, trees were sprayed on 8 May with a low rate of Pydrin 2.4 EC (1.3 fl oz/100 gal). By early Jul ERM populations had built up sufficiently and sprays were applied 7 Jul. Treatments consisted of 4 singletree replicates. Trees were blocked according to population levels of ERM (mobiles and eggs combined) to make sure initial ERM density in each treatment was similar. On each tree, leaves were sampled on 3 scaffold limbs from the center to the periphery of the canopy (25 leaves/tree; 100/treatment). Mites were removed from leaves with a mite brushing machine onto a sticky glass plate and counted under a stereo microscope. Leaf samples were taken before and 1 wk after treatment and from then on every other week until early September.
Early Season Mite Control with Andalin, 1989
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied dilute by handgun operating at 200 psi to 10-yr-old Newton and 30-yr-old Red Delicious trees. Treatment rates given assume a spray volume of 400 gal/acre. Treatments consisted of 3 single-tree replicates. Each tree was sprayed to the drip point. A standard insect and disease control program was applied to the whole block (3 cover sprays of Guthion, Bayleton against mildew, Cyprex against apple scab). Hatch of overwintering ERM eggs had reached 67% when sprays were applied. On each tree, leaves were sampled on 3 scaffold limbs from the center to the periphery of the canopy (25 leaves/tree; 75/treatment). Mites were removed from leaves with a mite brushing machine onto a sticky glass plate and then counted under a stereo microscope. Leaf samples were taken 1 wk after treatment and every 2 wk from then on until the end of Jul.
Full-Season Insecticide Evaluations, 1989
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

Timing and rates of several experimental insecticides were evaluated for control of major apple pests and for their effect on phytophagous and predatory mites. Sprays were applied dilute by handgun operating at 200 psi to 22-yr-old Red Delicious' trees. Treatment rates given assume a spray volume of 400 gal/acre. Treatments consisted of 4 single-tree replicates in a randomized block. Trees were sprayed to runoff. Fungicides (Cyprex, Bayleton) were applied as needed to the whole test plot. Each treatment consisted of 4 cover sprays which were timed according to codling moth development (see Washington State University Extension Bulletin 1072). The degree-day (°D) figures in the tables are calculated from Biofix (1st CM catch in pheromone traps on 29 Apr). Insect growth regulator-type compounds were applied 100 to 150 °D (base 50°F) ahead of the standard Guthion program to coincide with the beginning and peak of egg-laying in each generation. Dipel (BT = Bacillus thuringiensis) and the Dipel-Guthion combination were applied at the same time as the Guthion sprays. At mid-season (11 Jul) and at harvest (28 Sep), 100 fruit/treatment (25/tree) were inspected for insect damage. In addition, leaves were sampled twice during the season to evaluate mite, WALH, and WTLM populations (25 leaves/tree; 100/treatment). Leaves were first scanned under a stereo microscope for WALH nymphs and WTLM mines. Then they were processed with a mite brushing machine to evaluate mite populations.