bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nucleus-highlighting (terminal/lethal) staining of adherent live U2-OS cells by Erythrosine B v1
Authors: Koksharov Misha
Published: January 2022

Erythrosine B (tetraiodofluorescein; ErB) is a negatively charged viability stain commonly used to assess cell viability in a hemocytometer or in adherent mammalian cell cultures. Being considered membrane-impermeable, it preferentially stains dead cells that have lost their membrane integrity (pink color within 1 min of treatment). It is often recommended over Trypan Blue staining for providing a faster and more reliable dead cell staining and for being a generally non-toxic reagent. While exposure to Trypan Blue is toxic to mammalian cells, ErB is often stated to be relatively harmless and suitable for non-terminal cell staining. However, Erythrosine B actually enters live cells and eventually stains them lethally but the speed of this process varies considerably between cell lines and can take from several minutes (U2-OS) to more than 30 minutes (HEK293T). In the presence of 0.06% w/v (or higher) ErB in serum-free media the adherent U2-OS cells get efficiently stained after 10 min resulting in a pronounced nuclear and a faint cytoplasmic staining while retaining the general cell morphology and adherence. This can be used for a fast terminal staining and counting of adherent U2-OS cells or other cell lines that interact with ErB in the same way. Lower ErB concentrations in serum-free media often lead to a fast cell disintegration and loss of nuclei in U2-OS cells without staining. The discussed possible destructive and toxic effects of Erythrosine B on mammalian cells should be taken into account when using it as a vital dye. The presence of serum in the media temporarily protects live U2-OS cells from the toxic action of ErB (at concentrations below 0.1% w/v), so it can be recommended when staining dead cells to avoid affecting the live ones.
Open and minimally invasive surgery for hypertensive intracranial hemorrhages. Surgey outcomes of 500 patients
Authors: Dashyan V. G. , Godkov I. M. , Prirodov A. V. , Burov S. A. , Khamurzov V. A. , Grin A. A. , Krylov V. V.
Published: January 2022

The objective of the research: to compare the outcomes of three surgical methods used in a large cohort of patients with hemorrhagic stroke.Materials and methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of surgery outcomes in 500 patients with hypertensive intracranial hemorrhages (ICHs) operated on in N.V. Sklifosovskiy Research Institute of Emergency Medicine between 1997 and 2020. Mean patients’ age was 53.1 ± 12.2 years. The sample included 335 men (67 %) and 165 women (33 %). Mean time to surgery was 3.3 ± 2.6 days. More than half of the patients underwent open surgeries (n = 271; 54.2 %); 98 patients (19.6 %) had puncture aspiration and local fibrinolysis of intracranial hemorrhages; 131 patients (26.2 %) had endoscopic aspiration. Radicality of ICH removal was evaluated using brain computed tomography performed within 24 h postoperatively. Outcomes were assessed 30 days postoperatively using the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS).Results. Open surgery had the highest radicality (94.0 % [range: 79 %; 100 %]), whereas the radicality of endoscopic aspiration and puncture aspiration with local fibrinolysis was 80.0 % [range: 58 %;95 %] and 72.0 % [range: 58 %; 84 %], respectively (K.-W. = 52.7, p < 0.0001). The highest ICH recurrence rate (27.6 %) was observed after puncture aspiration and local fibrinolysis. Endoscopic aspiration and open surgery resulted in relapses in 16.8 % and 9.2 % of individuals, respectively (χ2 = 19.7, p = 0.00005). The mRS outcomes were as follows: type 0 in 84 patients (16.8 %); type 1 in 37 patients (7.4 %); type 2 in 46 patients (9.2 %); type 3 in 38 patients (7.6 %); type 4 in 43 patients (8.6 %); type 5 in 142 patients (28.4 %); type 6 in 110 patients (22.0 %). The outcomes depended on ICH location and surgical method. Patients with lobar ICHs had better outcomes after open surgery, while patients with lateral and cerebellar ICH had better outcomes after puncture aspiration, local fibrinolysis, and endoscopic aspiration (χ2 = 8.1, p < 0.02).Conclusion. Each surgical technique (open surgery, puncture aspiration, local fibrinolysis, and endoscopic aspiration) has its advantages and disadvantages depending on ICH location. Open surgery ensured better outcomes in patients with lobar ICHs, while individuals with deep ICH and cerebellar ICH demonstrated better outcomes after puncture aspiration, local fibrinolysis, and endoscopic aspiration.
Remembering what the doctor said: how much of medical information will the patient remember?
Authors: Sinbukhova E. V. , Shimanskiy V. N. , Tanyashin S. V. , Shevchenko K. V. , Poshataev V. K. , Abdurakhimov F. D. , Lubnin A. Yu.
Published: January 2022

Introduction. Patients must be fully informed about their disease, about different variants of the treatment of their disease, complications and prognosis to make decisions to accept the treatment. The most important they should be able to remember this information.The aim of the study was studying the level of learned information by patients about the upcoming surgery “removal of vestibular schwannoma”. Materials and methods. 44 patients with vestibular schwannoma were included in this prospective study. Average age was 39,8 + 7,2 years, gender distribution was 16 males and 28 females. Education: secondary special – 56,82, and higher – 43,18 %. We used scales for evaluation “Checklist. Surgery to removal of vestibular schwannoma” developed by authors, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in the adaptation by Y.L. Hanin, assessment of depression – The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale by Zigmond A.S., Snaith R.P. (HADS). R-Studio (Version 1.0.1532009–2017 RStudio) was used for statistical analisis.Results. Patients were able to remember correctly 24,8 % of medical information on the next day after consultation by a neurosurgeon on average. We got negative correlation between anxiety, depression to the level of information assimilated by patients (r = –0,52; r = –0,47; r = –0,85, respectively). The higher level of anxiety and depression before surgery led to decrease remembering of medical information by the patients.Conclusion. The level of remembering of the medical information by the patient about their disease was low. Quantity of the remembering information depends on the level of anxiety and depression of patients. It is necessary to increase remembering of medical information by patients because of it is allowing to improve the results of treatment.
BATALISTICS IN FOREIGN AND UKRAINIAN ART HISTORY
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko national University of Kyiv, Averianova Nina
Published: January 2022

he author of the article shows that in art there have always been and are works of art that accurately reflect life conflict situations. They become an object of study for their further prevention and leveling. In turn, the artistic understanding of conflict phenomena complements, strengthens and facilitates the scientific analysis of the problems of the emergence of conflicts and the dynamics of their passage. In the visual arts, the works of the master depicting war, armed conflicts and confrontations are singled out in a separate - battle genre. Its origins can be found in many ancient cultures around the world. Draws attention to the fact that each of the stages in the development of culture leaves the next generations with examples of art with the fixation of external signs of the way of life. As well as social, national, spiritual, aesthetic issues of their time. Renaissance artists in battle compositions not only glorified the victories of commanders and conquerors and recorded important historical moments of military campaigns, but also filled these plots with new deep content. Artists of the 17th century openly addressed the realities of contemporary life, in particular, such dramatic phenomena as war and armed conflicts. In their works, they praised heroes, kings and generals, at the same time exposed robberies, looting and cruelty of soldiers. During the Napoleonic War, artists concentrated on conveying victories, heroism and glory in the war. They also showed his ugly sides: fear of hunger, cruelty, executions of prisoners, rape and human degradation. In the twentieth century. the methods and means of warfare have changed significantly, this clearly manifested itself during the First World War. Accordingly, the art of this period is the art of great upheavals, revolutions and world wars. Nowadays, both foreign and domestic artists, mainly work in a realistic style, they depict in detail military equipment, elements of combat, soldiers in dynamics. The point is that such paintings are replacing color photography, because today they are in significant demand. Proves that the plots of wars, battles and conflicts remain in demand in art, they continue to actively influence people's emotions and the formation of public opinion.
Taxonomic Composition of Small Vertebrates from the Pleistocene Deposits in the South Chamber of Denisova Cave
Authors:   A.A. Borisiak Paleontological Institute RAS, Agadjanian A.K. , Shunkov M.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Kozlikin M.B. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

The article presents the results of the study of small vertebrate bone remains from the Pleistocene deposits in the South Chamber of Denisova Cave. The taxonomic structure offossil communities was established by 10,842 bones from lithological layers 16-11. According to preliminary data, this part of the profile formed in the interval from the end of MIS 7 to the first half of MIS 3. The general paleogeographic assessment of the natural complexes of the Anui River valley indicates mosaic landscapes during the accumulation of layers 16-11. Taiga massifs alternated with areas of steppe and meadow biotopes. The river flow regime did not change fundamentally. Covering glaciers did not affect this region. Climatic fluctuations were reflected in the changing ratios of the dispersal areas of the forest, steppe, rocky and meadow biotopes. The general trend of climate and natural association changes was expressed in the gradual reduction offorest and expansion of steppe and meadow biotopes. The study of bone samples from the South Chamber showed that the preservation of paleontological material in the sediments in this part of the cave is somewhat better than in the taphocenoses of the Main and East Chambers. Better preservation of bones throughout the section makes it possible to refine the identification and supplement the taxonomic composition of small mammals. Analysis of the ground squirrel cheek teeth morphology from the deposits of layers 16, 15, 13, and 12 showed that they belong to the fossil red-cheeked ground squirrel Spermophillus erythrogenis palaeosibiricus. In the fossil record of layer 11, a form that predates the present-day field vole Microtus agrestis has been preserved, which indirectly indicates the time of the emergence of this taxon.
Environmental Fluctuations in the West of the Tugnui-Suhara Valley (on the Example of the Tri Skaly Site in the Western Trans-Baikal) in the Late Pleistocene – Holocene
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Antonova Yu.E. , Tashak V.I. ,   Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies SB RAS, Kobylkin D.V. ,   V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

The article presents results of the multidisciplinary studies conducted at the multilayered archaeological site of Tri Skaly in the Tugnui-Suhara valley (Western Trans-Baikal) in 2021. Recognition of the paleoecological conditions of human habitation in this area makes it possible to reconstruct the interconnections between humans and nature at various chronological periods in the Pleistocene - Holocene. The conducted nature-science analyses were based on the derived data on soil pH, soil granulometric structure, calcareousness, and cation-exchange capacity (CEC). The derived results together with the data on the morphology of a particular stratigraphic unit allow revealing noticeable variations of the strata characteristics, which reflect the specific conditions of deposition. Based on cumulative data of archeology and natural sciences, environmental fluctuations have been defined for several chronological periods in Tugnui-Suhara Valley. The upper part of the profile bearing materials of the medieval period and the underlying strata with the Neolithic materials have been dated to the Holocene represented by the soils of dry intermountain depressions. The middle part of the profile demonstrates alternation of short cold / warm periods characteristic for the second part of the terminal Pleistocene. The lower part of the stratigraphic sequence revealed the most abundant archaeological material. The Upper Palaeolithic materials of the Tolbaga blade-based culture have been recovered from this part of deposits. Abundant Palaeolithic artifacts are associated with two lithological layers (4a and 5) representing the Karginian interglacial deposits. The upper part (4a) was considerably redeposied during the Sartanian, the lower part contained buried soil of the Karginian interglacial. Structural elements of the cultural horizon in the form of fire places and artifact and bone concentrations were associated with the lower Karginian layer. The environmental conditions of human habitation at Tri Skaly during the Karginian interglacial have been defined as temperate, landscapes -predominantly steppe.
Late Paleolithic of the Maritime Region after LGM
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Gladyshev S.A.
Published: January 2022

Paleolithic sites in the Russian Primorye appeared not earlier than 18,000 cal. BP. In the territories to the south and southwest, there are a large number of sites with microblade industries dating back to the time before the beginning of LGM. The largest number of dated sites falls at the beginning of LGM (24,000-20,000 cal. BP). Researchers suggest that after 20,000 and up to 15,000 cal. BP, due to the changes in climate, there was an outflow of population from the Korean Peninsula and from northeast China. In Korea, the most prominent representatives of the post-glacial lithic industries are the Hopyeong-dong, Hahwagye-ri, Songdu-ri, and Gigok sites, in northeast China—Datong and Yuafang. The industrial complexes of these sites are characterized by wedge-shaped microcores, end scrapers, burins, punctures, drills, leaf-shaped bifaces, arrowheads, and retouched microblades. In the Russian Primorye, the closest parallels to these complexes are found in the collections of the Ustinovka group of sites. The materials of the early sites, Suvorovo 4, Ustinovka 5, 7 (18,000-16,000 cal. BP) demonstrate direct parallels with the industries of the Hopeyong-dong and Hahwagye-ri sites (25,000-19,000 cal. BP). Later Paleolithic complexes, Suvorovo 3, Ustinovka 6, Ilistaya 1, and Gorbatka 3, are similar to the industries of the Korean Songduri and Gigok sites, and the Chinese Datong and Yuafang sites. Due to the cold period, mobility of ancient man increases rapidly, he actively began to develop coastal areas freed from the sea. Along the coastal strip, there were migrations to the neighboring territories of the Russian Primorye. This process was repeated and was active in both directions.
Field Research in the Bulunsky District (the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)) in 2021
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Kandyba A.V. , Pavlov I.S. ,   Department for the Study of Mammoth Fauna, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Bochkarev V.V. ,   Yakutsk State United Museum of History and Culture of the Peoples of the North, Gladysheva M.Yu. ,   State natural reserve “Ust-Lensky”, Protopopov A.V. ,   Yakutsk State United Museum of History and Culture of the Peoples of the North
Published: January 2022

The study of the problem of the initial development and subsequent settlement by ancient human populations of extreme natural zones is difficult to study, but, in the case of discovering archaeological and paleontological locations, it is a very informative source. The first discoveries of traces of the presence of an ancient man in the Bulunsky district date back to the beginning of the 19th century, and they continued sporadically throughout the entire 20th century, and especially intensified at the beginning of the 21st century. The discovered locations are represented by both mass material and single finds. In 2021, field studies were carried out in Neelov Bay on the side of the Bykovsky peninsula and the Kozhevin-Vollosovich interfluve in the north of the Kotelny Island of the Anju archipelago of the New Siberian Islands. These areas represent the arctic tundra with active thermal denudation processes, which contribute to the discovery of paleontological remains of mammoth fauna, and often lead to the regular seasonal destruction of paleontological and archaeological sites. New archaeological and paleontological material found on the southeastern coast of Neelov Bay demonstrates the intensity of the development of the most ancient populations of people in the Arctic zone of Eastern Siberia. The result was the discovery of new Pleistocene fauna complexes, as well as the verification of the previously discovered Taba-Yuryakh location. The obtained osteological material belongs to the Late Pleistocene mammoth complex. On some of the bones, traces of human influence were found, presumably hunting or cutting, which indicates the active development of the ancient population of the Arctic zone of Yakutia in the Paleolithic. The obtained data will make it possible to significantly correct the existing ideas of the chronology and sequence of development of the Paleolithic industries and paleoecological settings of this region at a later stage of the Quaternary age.
Studies of Verkhnyaya Sibiryachikha Cave in the 2021 Field Season
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Kolobova K.A. , Kharevich V.M. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Vasilyev S.K. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Bocharova E.N. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Chistyakov P.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Parkhomchuk E.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Kharevich A.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Krivoshapkin A.I. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

The Verkhnyaya Sibiryachikha Cave was discovered in the vicinity of the Okladnikov Cave in the course of the IAET SB RAS survey excavation in 2020; the cave studies were continued in 2021. The karst cavity was documented as a paleontological site, Sibiryachikha-6, by the famous paleontologist N.V Ovodov in the late 20th century. In 2021, the existing test-pit was enlarged by 2 sq. m. Five stratigraphic units were established, four of which contain numerous paleontological materials. Lithic artifacts adding to the small assemblage of the previous year were found in two strata. Preliminary absolute AMS dates indicate that the cave was recurrently visited by ancient people during the Upper Paleolithic and late Middle Paleolithic. The species composition, interspecies ratio, and set of preserved bone remains of the lower layers are typical for cave taphocenoses formed as a result of food activity of large predators, primarily cave hyenas. The taphocenosis of the site is dominated by species of open spaces; a smaller numbers of species offorest-steppe, forest, and rocky biotopes were identified. The study of the Verkhnyaya Sibiryachikha Cave sediments, synchronous to culture-bearing deposits of Okladnikov Cave by preliminary absolute dating, provides an opportunity for detailed reconstruction of paleoenviroment during the Neanderthal habitation. The results of the latest field season suggest that the Upper Sibiryachikha Cave was a den of predators during the late Pleistocene, occasionally visited by various populations of ancient humans.
Results of Field Works at the Northern Okhotsk Sea Shore and in Kamchatka in 2021
Authors:   North-East Interdisciplinary Scientifi c Research Institute FEB RAS, Lebedintsev A.I. , Prut A.A. ,   LLC «Geokord», Fedorchenko A.Yu. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Kharitonov R.M. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Ptashinskiy A.V. ,   Kamchatka State University named after Vitus Bering, Makarov I.V. ,   LLC «Geokord», Grebenyuk P.S. ,   North-East Interdisciplinary Scientifi c Research Institute FEB RAS
Published: January 2022

The article presents the main results of field research in Northern Okhotsk Sea shore and Kamchatka in 2021. The research was focused on Palaeolithic, Neolithic, Paleometal, and Iron Age sites located in the Olsky District of the Magadan Region and the Bystrinsky District of the Kamchatka Region. Archaeological works were carried out at Astronomicheskiy and Bratiev Capes in Babushkin Bay in the northern Okhotsk Sea. Samples for AMS dating have been collected at all the sites under study. Materials attributable to the terminal Upper Palaeolithic were found in the vicinity to the Anavgai village in the central Kamchatka; these finds provide an insight into the processes of human habitation on the Kamchatka in the Late Pleistocene. The exact coordinates and boundaries of previously established archaeological sites at Bratiev Cape in Babushkin Bay have been determined. The archaeological collections from the Northern Okhotsk region include various types of stone, bone, and wood implements and anthropological fings attributable to the Ancient Koryak culture in Babushkin Bay. The unique finds including fragments of bronze ornaments and a glass bead are significant for the cultural interpretation of the identified burial complexes. New types of artefacts including wooden objects and ornamented bone items were found. These collections add information of the material complex of the Ancient Koryak culture , which probably existed in the Babushkin Bay area synchronously with the Atargan settlement (10th-13th centuries AD). Clarification of the age and characteristics of the main periods of development of the Ancient Koryak culture remains an urgent problem.
Natural Scientifi c and Archaeological Evidence from the Pleistocene Layers of Kaminnaya Cave
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Markin S.V.
Published: January 2022

This article discusses the results of a comprehensive study of Pleistocene sediments from Kaminnaya Cave located in mid-elevation erosional middle mountains of the Northwestern Altai, where a variety of material evidence on ancient human environment and culture has been found. The stratigraphic sequences of the site are constituted by loamy deposits often enriched by products of bedrock disintegration. Geomorphology, stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and chronology of that karst site are discussed on the basis of palaeomagnetic studies, measurements of absolute age, and data on relative position of lithological units. It has been discovered that sedimentation in a considerable part of the cultural-bearing sediments in the cave occurred in the zone of overglacial forest-steppe, overglacial steppe and forest-steppe, and overglacial mountain-forest landscapes. It has been established that during the Sartan period, Kaminnaya Cave was a large habitation camp with complete cycle of lithic reduction and processing. This combination of camp and workshop could only be possible if there were sources of raw materials in the immediate vicinity. The assemblages of the site, belonging to different climatic-stratigraphic subdivisions of the Sartan glaciation, contained stone and bone artefacts from the Final Upper Paleolithic of the region. The petrographic properties of stone inventory and sources of raw materials have been identified, and typological and technological features of the techno-complexes have been analyzed. The toolkits contained a combination of the Upper Paleolithic and archaic types, typical of the Late Upper Paleolithic in Southern Siberia. The conclusion is that a stable cultural tradition of the ancient society was preserved for a considerable period of the Upper Paleolithic in the Northwestern Altai between 28,000 and 10,000 BP.
Southern Boundaries of Osipovka Cultural Area
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Medvedev V.E. , Filatova I.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS,   Amur State University of Humanities and Pedagogy, Girchenko E.А. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

The article concentrates on the Early Neolithic Osipovka culture of the Lower Amur and its southern boundaries. Due to the resumption of excavations at the Xiaonanshan site in the left bank of Ussuri River, Heilongjiang province, China, recently, it has become possible to conduct a comparative study of technical and typological characteristics of the ceramic material of these two territories. The following features were revealed: 1. Ceramics in both cases is loose, the composition of clay molding masses demonstrate the presence of additives: grus, sand, plant fibers, and crushed shell. 2. Prolonged low-temperature firing is typical of both territories. 3. Most common ceramic types are flat-bottomed vessels with a wide mouth of a truncated-conical shape. 4. The surface of the vessel was first covered with a reddish clay engobe, then with an ornament, and the authors also recorded the traces of smoothing the surface with grass. 5. Vessels were ornamented by narrow parallel grooves or grooves with a flat path between the edges made with a hard comb instrument. 6. The rim was ornamented with dissected narrow depressions or through holes. Among the investigated stone tools, bifacial spearheads and arrows as well as sinkers of various shapes prevail, which indicates that the economy of both Osipovka culture bearers and the inhabitants of the Xiaonanshan site were based on a combination of fishing and hunting. The revealed similarities probably indicate that these materials represent a complex of cultures of a single areal. Moreover, the artifacts found at the Xiaonanshan site show definite differences from other materials found in northern China and differ significantly from the traditions typical for the Middle Yellow River or the Yangtze Valley. Probably, the south-west of the Lower Priamurye, the wide-known autochthonous center of ancient pottery, could be a zone of contacts of this region and both more southern and more eastern territories. The Osipovka influence went beyond the Amur region, which is very important for understanding the processes of Neolithization in the North East Asia.
Geoarchaeological Studies at the Sukhaya Mechetka Middle Paleolithic Site in 2021
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Otcherednoy A.K. ,   Institute for the History of Material Culture RAS, Yanina T.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS,   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Romanis T.V. ,   V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute, Kurbanov R.N. ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Taratunina N.М. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS,   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Eltsov M.V. ,   Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science RAS, Kazakov E.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Ivanov Ya.D. ,   Saint-Petersburg State University, Kupriyanova M.D. ,   Saint-Petersburg State University, Klimenko P.G. ,   State institution “Volgograd Regional Research and Production Center for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Sites”, Remizov S.O. ,   Historical, Ethnographic and Architectural Museum-Preserve “Old Sarepta”
Published: January 2022

In 2021, the Lower Volga Paleolithic research team of the IAET SB RAS, participating in the Interdisciplinary Lower Volga Expedition organized by the IIMK RAS, the study of the Sukhaya Mechetka Middle Paleolithic site located in the northern outskirts ofVolgograd City was continued. The research was aimed at studying the chronostratigraphic position of the cultural layer and reconstructing the paleoclimate during the Neanderthal habitation period. In 2021, an additional geological section was established to the west of the buffer zone of the excavation area to study the stratigraphy of the right-side slope of the Sukhaya Mechetka gully. In 2021 the upper part of SM 14-18 (SМ East) stratigraphic sequence has been completely excavated (26 m thick). The new SM West stratigraphic sequence was established in 155 m westwards. Preliminary correlation of the layers and paleosol horizons in these two profiles was carried out. Samples for palynological, micromorphological, physicochemical and phytholithic analyses with the purpose to correlate the two sequences have been collected. Sediments were sampled for OSL dating. Studies of the buried paleosol are extremely important for understanding the dynamics of the climatic changes during the cultural layer accumulation at Sukhaya Mechetka. Pedogenetic levels that have been revealed in 2021 are comparable to the buried paleosol identified at the site earlier in depths, continuity and features of pedogenesis. Texturally graded buried paleosol described here for the first time for the SM West sequence expand our understanding of the soil spatial inhomogeneity, and, consequently, conditions of human habitation. Results of the ongoing field investigation will allow determining the cultural-chronological position of Sukhaya Mechetka in the context of the Eastern and Central European Middle Paleolithic complexes for the first time.
Raw Material Selection Strategies in the Kulbulak Middle Paleolithic Complexes
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Pavlenok K.K. , Pavlenok G.D. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Kogai S.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Mukhtarov G. ,   National Center of Archaeology Academy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan, Khuzhinazarov М. ,   National Center of Archaeology Academy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan
Published: January 2022

The paper addresses analyses of the raw material of the Middle Paleolithic lithic complexes of the Kulbulak site (layers 12.1, 12.3, 14, 16, and 17.1). The lithic industries described in the paper are characterized by the nearest provenance of raw materials (within 1.5 km) including flint outcrops and alluvial effusive pebbles. Flint predominated; it was used for both Levallois and bladelet production, the bladelet share increases up the profile. Effusive rocks were used for large flake and point production through the Levallois and radial techniques. Other Middle Paleolithic raw material selection strategies were noted in the neighbor valleys (within 30 km from the Kulbulak site). Kattasai-1 and -2 and Ertashsai-9 show the preference of effusive or metamorphic rocks despite availability of flint in relative proximity. These industries do not have any Upper Paleolithic features in their technological repertoire and show practicing the Levallois technology in several versions. Such raw material choice could indicate the absence of the Upper Paleolithic skills in stone working or their uselessness. Thus, the Kulbulakian version of raw material procurement demonstrates the greatest variability in terms of technological necessity among mentioned Middle Paleolithic complexes.
Early Middle Paleolithic of the Northeastern Caucasus (Evidence from the Darvagchay-Zaliv-1 Site)
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Rybalko A.G.
Published: January 2022

This study analyzes the lithic assemblages from the Middle Paleolithic site Darvagchay-Zaliv-1, which are highly relevant for understanding this stage in Northeastern Caucasus. Paleoclimatic conditions prevailing during sedimentation at this site are described. The lithic objects discovered have been compared with industries from the synchronous sites of Dagestan and Caucasus. The artifacts were found in minimally disturbed paleosol (layer 3); they represent the typical Middle Paleolithic toolkit, and Levallois technique of primary reduction. Judging by the presence of fire pits without additional structures and scattering of finds over a large area, these sites reveal multiple short-term stays. The dates of the sites, obtained using paleomagnetic and OSL methods correspond to the Riss-Wurm (Eemian, Mikulino) interstadial (MIS 5e) of ca. 100-120 ka BP. Whereas no direct parallels with any Caucasian Middle Paleolithic industries can be found, the industries from Darvagchay-Zaliv-1 are consistent with the general evolutionary path of the Paleolithic in the Caucasus.
Raw Material Base for Stone Industries of the Early Paleolithic in Southeastern Dagestan
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Rybalko A.G. , Kulik N.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

This article presents the results of petrographic studies into collections of artifacts from the Acheulean complexes located in the Darvagchai Geoarchaeological District in Southeastern Dagestan. Throughout the entire Stone Age, raw stone was a crucial resource for subsistence of ancient humans. The lack of high-quality flint raw materials had been previously considered to be the main factor for concluding that this area was rarely visited by ancient humans. Archaeological research over the past decade has shown the opposite. During the exploration works, over ten Paleolithic sites were discovered and studied. Analysis of raw material sources has revealed that there are several main types of rocks in the area of the sites. The petrographic composition of the collections indicates that the overwhelming majority of artifacts were made of flint, while sporadic artifacts were made of limestone and sandstone. Flint raw materials which were used at the sites are distinguished by large number of internal defects, primarily, fracturing. The raw material factor played a very important role in the area. All large, carefully shaped macro-tools were made of sandstone and limestone, while mostly poorly shaped small artifacts were made of flint. Thus, sizes, methods, and intensity of processing stone tools demonstrate direct dependence on the type of raw material.
Lithic Caches in the Paleolithic – Neolithic in the Far East: Terminological and Functional Aspects of Discussion
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Tabarev A.V.
Published: January 2022

This article addresses the caches of stone artifacts of the Final Paleolithic - Neolithic/Jomon (35,000-2500 cal. BP), which have been found in the Russian part of the Far East and the Japanese Archipelago, focusing on terminology and functional purpose of the artifacts. There are less than dozen of such complexes in the Russian part (Novopetrovka culture on the Middle Amur, Osipovka culture on the Lower Amur, Ustinovska complexes in Primorie, and Ushki sites in Kamchatka), whereas there are over four hundred sites of the Final Paleolithic - Jomon on the Japanese Archipelago. Although caches significantly differ in terms ofnumber of artifacts and their types, production techniques, location, and raw materials, in almost all cases, a single term is used for this category of finds both in Russian and Japanese archaeological literature. This term seems to be too general and does not reflect the diversity and specific junctional features of the evidence. As an example of the typological division of caches, the author mentions the experience of specialists working with the evidence of Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA, 12,000-8500 cal. BP) in the Near East and Western Asia, as well as ritual complexes of bifacial artifacts belonging to the Classical (3rd-10th centuries AD) and Post-Classical (10th-15th centuries AD) periods in Mesoamerica. The variants proposed for dividing caches into functional (deposits, reserves), those temporarily excluded from the technological chain, and symbolic (votive, dedicatory, joint), intended exclusively for the ritual realm, are discussed, and prospects for further research of this topic are suggested.
Studies of the Kozya New Altai Middle Palaeolithic Cave Site in Field Season 2021
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Kharevich V.M. , Bocharova E.N. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Chistyakov P.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Gashenko A.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Koliasnikova A.S. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Parkhomchuk E.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Serduk N.V. ,   Borissiak Paleontological Institute RAS, Alekseytseva V.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Kharevich A.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Kolobova K.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

Studies of a new Middle Paleolithic site in Altai, the Kozya Cave, had been conducted by the team of researchers from IAET SB RAS in 2021. The site was discovered in the course of archaeological survey in 2020. The cave is located in the northwestern Altai, in the Charyshski District of Altai Region. The excavation trench of 3 m2 revealed four stratigraphic units, three of which were attributed to the Pleistocene. Archaeological material was found in layers 2-3.2. Layer 2 contained a truncated-faceted tool. The assemblage of layer 3 consists of 8 artifacts, half of which have been defined as tools. The cultural marker is a fragment of the Levallois point from layer 3.1 with convergent scars on the dorsal surface and a convex faceted striking platform. The zooarchaeological analysis of the paleofaunal collection from layers 3.1 and 3.2 showed that the accumulation of faunal remains in the cave resulted mainly from activity of predators periodically using it as a den. At the same time, finds of bones with traces of premeditated splitting indicate that ancient people also visited the Kozya (Goat) Cave and participated in the accumulation of bone remains. Analysis of the faunal collection of small mammals showed that the deposition took place in open spaces. The inhabitants of taiga and shrub biotopes are few in the fossil fauna. The data of 2021 field season allowed us to clarify the age of the cave deposits formation. The morphology of lithic artifacts and the faunal material as well as the infinite date of layer 3.2 (>55000 (GV3067)) suggest attribution of the archaeological complex of Kozya layer 3 to the Middle Paleolithic. The culture marking artifacts tentatively indicates that this complex belongs to the Denisova trend of the Altai Middle Paleolithic.
Bone Tools in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic Complexes of Denisova Cave: 2021 Materials
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Shunkov M.V. , Kozlikin M.B. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Fedorchenko A.Yu. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

The article presents the results of unshaped and formal bone tools investigation from the Pleistocene deposits found in the south gallery of Denisova Cave. Bone retouchers of the Late Middle and Early Upper Paleolithic were found in layers 12 and 11, respectively. It has been established that, compared to the Middle Paleolithic retouchers, tools of this type from layer 11 are distinguished by the shaping processing of bone blanks. Fragments of diaphysis have traces of deliberate truncation of transverse edges, trimming of longitudinal edges, removal of sharp edges of fractures by retouching. In addition to the percussion technique, these retouchers were also used for pressure technique retouching, which is consistent with tool samples from the accompanying lithic industry. Formal bone tools from layer 11 include two intact and fragmented polishers, two pins, an awl fragment, a perforator, an eyed needle, and an indeterminate tool blank. These tools were used mainly at various stages of the tanning production: polishers were used for primary processing of hides in order to soften them and remove the hide cuttings, an awl and perforator—for perforating a relatively thick or thinner hide, a needle—when stitching a carefully finished material, stringing or attaching ornaments to clothes. The detailed analysis made it possible to identify a characteristic set of wear signs on each of the tools indicating their long-term use. The toolkit is supplemented by unique bone pins, which, based on the nature of processing and traces of disposal, could have been used to fasten various parts of the costume of the Upper Paleolithic inhabitants of Denisova Cave.
Impact of Fire on Wooden Structures of the Umrevinskiy Ostrog
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Borodovskiy A.P.
Published: January 2022

The article discusses the interpretation of the burning traces on the remains of various wooden structures of the Umrevinskiy ostrog from the first half of the 18th century. The tasks of the research were to identify, systematize, and analyze the origin of thermal exposure on preserved parts of the wooden defensive and residential structures of the ostrog. The absence of fire traces on the bases of the logs preserved in the grooves from the log fence indicates that they were not subjected to any special heat treatment before being placed into the ground. Based on written sources of the first third of the 18th century, it is because of this that the back walls of the Umrevinskiy ostrog collapsed rather quickly. In another site, the southwestern corner tower, the fire traces are associated with its destruction in the second half of the 18th century. Note that the piles of the tower foundation, similarly to the log fence, did not have any special burning to provide waterproofing. For the base of the tower frame, this function was performed by clay bedding. In the central part of the ostrog, burned-out ruins of a residential structure were recorded. The abundance of numismatic material in the ruins allows dating this event no later than the late 18th century. Traces of fire exposure on residential buildings of the 18th century were also found in the posad (settlement) of the Umrevinskiy ostrog, in the area of the discovery of the treasure of silver coins, consisting of the “drip” kopeks of the Peters time (minted until 1718). Separate facts of burning are recorded in some burials from a later necropolis that was formed in the inner area of the ostrog no earlier than at the turn of the 18-19th centuries. Generally, the topography of fire traces in the Umrevinskiy ostrog is characterized by local nature, which excludes the impact of large-scale forest fires on fortifications and residential structures. Such natural disasters were recorded in the written sources for the north of the Upper Ob Region in the end of the 17th century and were one a factor of their destruction and the need for restoration of the Siberian ostrogs.
Frame-and-Post Buildings of Ust-Voikar Fortifi ed Settlement in the Context of Dendroarcheology
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Garkusha Yu.N.
Published: January 2022

This article analyzes frame-and-post dwellings of the Ust-Voikar fortified settlement - a multilayered site inhabited by the indigenous population of the North of Western Siberia, which existed in the Middle Ages and Modern Age. The Ust-Voikar archaeological site is one of rare settlement complexes in this region with the frozen cultural layer. Dendrochronological analysis has revealed that the frame-and-post dwellings of the settlement existed in the late 13th — early 14th centuries and in the second half of the 15th — mid 18th centuries. A significant gap between these periods was caused by uneven study in different parts of the settlement. Reconstruction of settlement architecture is mostly possible using the evidence of large dwellings. In their structure they are close to other dwellings found in the region in frozen cultural layers. Main features of such buildings include closed central room, open hearth in the center, and passage along the perimeter of the central room. The available evidence shows that already in the mid 15th century, the inhabitants of the settlement knew the techniques used for constructing log structures which were used in frame-and-post buildings in Ust-Voikar settlement locally, for example while making doorways and hearths in rectangular frames. Since the mid 17th century, small log houses began to replace frame-and-post dwellings of the same size. Since the early 18th century, this process began for large dwellings. By the mid 18th century, log houses completely replaced frame-and-post dwellings. For a long time, large buildings occupied specific places, forming layers in the ground and thereby becoming a factor in invariability of basic principles of spatial organization at the settlement.
Casting Mold for Producing Socketed Bronze Axe of the Late Krotovo (Cherno-Ozerye) Culture
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Durakov I.A. , Molodin V.I. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

This article presents a ceramic casting mold for producing socketed bronze axe, found in the burial of the Late Krotovo (Cherno-Ozerye) caster at the Sopka-2/5 burial ground located in the Baraba forest-steppe. The mold included the fragments of two halves, aligned along the dividing line. A part of working chamber with cavities for fastening the core has survived. The mold was made of a mixture of clay, fine calibrated sand, and organic matter. The axe had an L-shape, rhomboid crosssection of the working part, and round socket with straight upper edge. The working chamber shows traces of thermal impact from repeated use. It could have become destroyed during its use and was placed in the grave as a replacement for a whole object, as a necessary tool of a caster. This type of axe is considered to be imported for the Late Krotovo (Cherno-Ozerye) culture, manifesting the Andronovo (Fedorovo) influence. Thus, socketed axes which significantly changed the capacity of the syncretic culture, should be added to previously identified set of bronze objects introduced into autochthonous Krotovo environment by the carriers of the Andronovo (Fedorovo) culture, who migrated from the west. This set also includes daggers of the Srubno-Andronovo type and bracelets with spiral ends. In the meantime, a casting mold for producing axes from the Late Krotovo burial is indisputable proof that such axes were manufactured by the local casters. There was a large amount of metal implements accompanying the deceased caster, and the presence of weapons (dagger and celt axe) indicated his privileged position. Apparently, the Late Krotovo (Cherno-Ozerye) society had a large property differentiation, and casters might have had a special status.