bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical properties of fiber‐reinforced calcium sulfoaluminate cement mortars
Authors: Xu Linglin , Cai Qiang , Ouyang Jun , Liu Sijia , Yang Zhenghong , Wu Kai
Published: December 2023

Fiber contributes to the mechanical strength and toughness improvement of cementitious materials. In this study, effects of fibers types on the mechanical properties of sulphoaluminate (CSA) cement mortar were studied from aspects of mechanical strength and toughness. Polyvinyl alcohol fiber (PVAF) and steel fiber (SF) were chosen, with consecutive volumetric content from 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2%, to 1.6%. Results show that the compressive strength of CSA cement mortar increases gradually with the increase of PVAF content within 1.2%. When the content exceeds 1.6%, the strength of PVAF reinforced CSA cement mortar decreases due to the agglomeration of fibers. The compressive strength of SF reinforced mortar increases with the increase of fiber content. Owing to the high bending stress and strength, SF shows better toughness in the bending test. PVAF exhibits better toughness in the tensile test, which is related to its better bonding with matrix.
Spatially resolved analysis of the progression of freeze‐thaw damage in concrete
Authors: Kind Vanessa Mercedes , Werneck Chiara , Müller Matthias , Unbehau Sophie , Ludwig Horst‐Michael , Dehn Frank
Published: December 2023

To assess the durability of concrete structures, it is necessary to understand not only how deterioration evolves over time but also how the damage progresses through the structure. To determine the evolution of the freeze‐thaw damage, different damage criteria were examined in a spatially resolved manner during the CIF test. By measuring the ultrasound pulse velocity (UPV) in different axes, depth‐dependent changes of the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity (RDME) were investigated. The RDME started to decrease in regions close to the surface, whereas the RDME in regions farther from the test surface decreased with higher speed. Changes in the water content during the CIF test were examined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The freeze‐thaw exposed specimens showed an increase in their water content that is assumed due to the micro‐ice‐lens pump as well as microstructural changes. These changes progressed from the surface into deeper layers of the specimens, following an increase of saturation also progressing into the concrete. To consider the frost damage evolution in service life design, the authors propose the use of depth‐dependent threshold values for freeze‐thaw exposed concrete structures.
Einflussfaktoren auf den Rapid Chloride Migration Test zur Bewertung des Chloridwiderstands von Beton
Authors: Fischer Christian , Drenkard Hannah
Published: December 2023

Dauerhafte Stahlbetonbauwerke sind besonders unter chloridexponierten Umgebungsbedingungen entscheidend von Art und Ausführung des Betons abhängig. Ein wesentlicher Parameter für die Bewertung ist in diesem Zusammenhang der Chloridwiderstand des Betons. Der häufig zur Bestimmung dieses Parameters eingesetzte Rapid Chloride Migration Test (RCM‐Test) ist für den deutschen und europäischen Bereich in der DIN EN 12390‐18, dem BAW Merkblatt MDCC und dem NT Build 492 geregelt. Die meisten Randbedingungen sind identisch, doch gibt es u.a. Unterschiede in der Zusammensetzung der Prüflösung (Katholyt). Der NaCl‐Gehalt und die Verwendung von KOH können, je nach Prüfvorschrift, in gewissen Grenzen gewählt werden. Die variierenden Chlorid‐ und Alkalikonzentrationen wurden an Mörtel‐ und Betonproben mit unterschiedlichen Bindemitteln untersucht. Es zeigt sich ein differenzierter Einfluss auf den Migrationskoeffizienten. Zusammenfassend kann festgehalten werden, dass der ermittelte Chloridmigrationskoeffizient mit zunehmendem Chloridgehalt und abnehmender Alkalikonzentration in der Prüflösung steigt. Vor dem Hintergrund des Konzepts der Expositions‐Widerstandsklassen können die Ergebnisse einen Beitrag zur besseren Interpretation der im RCM‐Test gewonnenen Daten leisten.
Resource and energy saving technology of specialpurpose cements
Authors: Khrystych Olena , Shabanova Halyna , Korohodska Alla , Gamova Olga
Published: December 2023

By obtaining and studying special‐purpose building materials based on the wastes of various industrial fields it has been found that that they exhibit a complex of predefined properties, and are both hydraulic and air binding materials. Physico‐mechanical properties of such materials vary over a wide range: water‐cement ratio – 0.12 – 0.25; initial set – from 50 minutes to 1 hour 50 minutes, final set – from 2 hours 15 minutes to 3 hours 25 minutes; compressive strength after 3 days of setting – 30 – 60 MPa, compressive strength after 28 days of setting – 50 – 85 MPa. In addition, experimental materials exhibit a complex of special properties: computed mass absorption ratio 200 – 280 cm‐1, sulfate resistance ratio after 6 months of setting in aggressive medium – 1.1 – 1.2. It is possible to obtain the following materials from chemical industry wastes: sand lime bricks (silicon‐containing wastes), heavy fillers for special purpose concretes (chromium wastes), various types of ceramics (calcium‐containing wastes), and in particular ferromagnetic ceramics (barium‐containing wastes).
Entwicklung von Carbonfasermörteln als schützende Chloridbarriere für neue und junge Stahlbauwerke
Authors: Kunz Annika , Orlowsky Jeanette
Published: December 2023

Kurzfassung

Die Bewehrungskorrosion reduziert die Lebensdauer von Bauwerken aus Stahlbeton maßgeblich. Eine Hauptursache sind Chloride aus Tausalzen oder Meerwasser, die in den Beton eindringen. Daher haben sich die Industriepartner instakorr GmbH, Massenberg GmbH, Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials GmbH und Forschungspartner FH Münster sowie TU Dortmund zusammengeschlossen, um im Rahmen eines ZIM‐Forschungsprojektes den präventiven Schutz durch eine Chloridbarriere zu untersuchen. Die TU Dortmund führt innerhalb des Projektes Untersuchungen zu Mörtelzusammensetzungen durch und charakterisiert diese. Eine weitere Besonderheit ist der Nachhaltigkeitsaspekt, da recycelte Carbonfasern für die Steigerung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit eingesetzt werden. Dafür kommen verschiedene Faserarten, ‐geometrien und ‐gehalte zum Einsatz. In dieser Veröffentlichung werden Ergebnisse aus der Definition und Variation der Parameter sowie Daten der Laborversuche gezeigt und die leistungsfähigsten Kombinationen im Hinblick auf den Einsatz in der Chloridbarriere dargestellt.
Interaction of layered double hydroxide phases with chloride ions
Authors: Machner Alisa
Published: December 2023

For the sustainable transition of the construction sector, the durability of cementitious materials needs to be guaranteed. This requires a fundamental understanding of the deterioration mechanisms for example how the ingress of potentially detrimental ions affects the composition of the pore solution as well as the phase assemblage. This contribution links results from several research projects investigating the changes in layered double hydroxides (LDH) composition upon exposure to chlorides. The Cl/Al ratio in chloride‐containing AFm phases depends on the chloride concentration as well as on the pH of the liquid phase. In addition, the amount of AFm phases is affected by the pH. Another member of the LDH group, hydrotalcite (Ht), can also incorporate chloride ions into the interlayer and exhibit a similar chloride‐binding capacity as stoichiometric Friedel's salt. However, the chloride‐binding capacity of Ht also depends on the composition of the pore solution. These findings aid the fundamental understanding of chloride‐binding mechanisms of cementitious materials. This is especially important, as the pH and calcium availability in the pore solution of hydrated cement may be altered during its service life. Moreover, the results may help to accurately predict the durability performance of samples in the laboratory.
Performance‐Prüfverfahren für den Sulfatwiderstand von Beton
Authors: Vollpracht Anya , Feldrappe Volkert , Overmann Steffen , Haufe Johannes , Ehrenberg Andreas , Beutel Ralf , Matschei Thomas
Published: December 2023

Kurzfassung

Die aktuellen Normen für die Anwendung von Beton sehen deskriptive Regeln für den Einbau in sulfathaltigen Böden und Grundwässern vor. Diese Vorgehensweise schränkt die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von neuen Bindemitteln und alternativen Betonrezepturen erheblich ein, da diese Baustoffe eine Zustimmung im Einzelfall oder eine allgemeine bauaufsichtliche Zulassung benötigen. Im Zulassungsbereich steht aktuell für die meisten Bindemittel nur das sehr zeitintensive modifizierte SVA‐Verfahren zur Verfügung, mit dem erst nach 2 Jahren Versuchslaufzeit eine Zulassung erfolgen kann. Es wurde daher ein Performance‐Prüfverfahren erarbeitet, das auf der Prüfung der Zugfestigkeit von in Sulfatlösung gelagerten Betonproben basiert. Das Verfahren wurde anhand von 23 verschiedenen Bindemitteln im Hinblick auf seine Aussagekraft untersucht und Abnahmekriterien vorgeschlagen. Derzeit werden Vergleichsuntersuchungen im Labor mit unterschiedlichen w/z‐Werten durchgeführt und es laufen Auslagerungsversuche in einem Anhydrit‐Bergwerk, wo die Proben einer Sulfatkonzentration von 1500 bis 2000 mg/l ausgesetzt sind. Die Proben wurden im Juli 2018 ausgelagert. Darüber hinaus ist ein Ringversuch in Bearbeitung. In diesem Beitrag wird über die Fortschritte zur Etablierung des Prüfverfahrens berichtet.
Utilization of Cement and Concrete for Deep Sea Infrastructure
Authors: Takahashi Keisuke , Kobayashi Mari
Published: December 2023

The use of cementitious materials in deep sea environments, focusing on the durability challenges of low‐temperature seawater and hydraulic pressure, are presented in this paper. The authors conducted laboratory and deep‐sea field experiments, thermodynamic calculation, and evaluated the performance of different types of binders in deep sea conditions. Durability of rebar in cementitious materials was investigated. In situ construction methods using cementitious materials was demonstrated on the deep‐sea field. Testing results revealed that deep sea conditions, especially low‐temperature seawater, can accelerate the disintegration of cement hydrates, and the use of pozzolanic admixture and calcium aluminate cement can improve its resistance. Our study provides valuable insights and applicability of cementitious materials to deep sea infrastructure construction.
Impact of NaCl on deterioration of hardened cement paste due to sulfuric acid attack
Authors: Yoshida Natsuki , Nakayama Kenichi
Published: December 2023

In sewage pipelines, H2SO4 is formed by the action of H2S gas generated from sewage and bacteria inhabited on the walls, resulting in H2SO4 attack on the concrete above the sewage level. In Osaka city, Japan, it was found that the deterioration degree of sewage pipelines became greater in coastal areas. In the coastal areas, the groundwater derived from seawater flowed through the joints of the sewage pipes. We assumed that seawater with high Cl content may accelerate the deterioration of concrete by adding the effect of NaCl to H2SO4 attack. In this study, hardened cement paste specimens were immersed in a solution of 0.1 mol/L H2SO4 mixed with NaCl to clarify the effect of NaCl, the main component of seawater, on H2SO4 attack of concrete. The specimens were analyzed using EPMA, XRD, and FT‐IR after the immersion test, and the immersion solution was analyzed using ion chromatography. The deterioration degree of the specimens increased as the amount of NaCl added to H2SO4 increased. Relatively more gypsum was formed and delaminated under the condition of 2 % Cl addition. It has been reported that HCl causes the formation of highly soluble salt (CaCl2) and the dissolution of Ca. The addition of NaCl to H2SO4 is assumed to accelerate the deterioration degree of hardened cement paste by adding the effect of HCl acid.
Budget‐Friendly Generation, Biochemical Analyses, and Lentiviral Transduction of Patient‐Derived Colon Organoids
Authors: Rigaux Emilie , Chen Jia‐Wei , George Fabienne , Lemaire Julien , Bertrand Claude , Faugeras Laurence , Fattaccioli Antoine , Gilliaux Quentin , D'Hondt Lionel , Michiels Carine , Renard Henri‐François , Zanin Natacha
Published: December 2023

For the past decade, three‐dimensional (3D) culture models have been emerging as powerful tools in translational research to overcome the limitations of two‐dimensional cell culture models. Thanks to their ability to recapitulate the phenotypic and molecular heterogeneity found in numerous organs, organoids have been used to model a broad range of tumors, such as colorectal cancer. Several approaches to generate organoids exist, with protocols using either pluripotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells, or organ‐restricted adult stem cells found in primary tissues, such as surgical resections as starting material. The latter, so‐called patient‐derived organoids (PDOs), have shown their robustness in predicting patient drug responses compared to other models. Because of their origin, PDOs are natural offspring of the patient tumor or healthy surrounding tissue, and therefore, have been increasingly used to develop targeted drugs and personalized therapies. Here, we present a new protocol to generate patient‐derived colon organoids (PDCOs) from tumor and healthy tissue biopsies. We emphasize budget‐friendly and reproducible techniques, which are often limiting factors in this line of research that restrict the development of this 3D‐culture model to a small number of laboratories worldwide. Accordingly, we describe efficient and cost‐effective techniques to achieve immunoblot and high‐resolution microscopy on PDCOs. Finally, a novel strategy of lentiviral transduction of PDCOs, which could be applied to all organoid models, is detailed in this article. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Establishment of PDCOs from biopsies

Basic Protocol 2: Long‐term maintenance and expansion of PDCOs in BME domes

Basic Protocol 3: Cryopreservation and thawing of PDCOs

Basic Protocol 4: Lentiviral transduction of PDCOs

Basic Protocol 5: Immunoblot and evaluation of variability between donors

Basic Protocol 6: Immunofluorescence labeling and high‐resolution microscopy of PDCOs

Basic Protocol 7: Transcriptomic analyses of PDCOs by RT‐qPCR
Relative contribution of photodegradation to litter breakdown in Australian grasslands
Authors: Butler Freja E. B. , Good Megan K. , Morgan John W. , Schultz Nick L.
Published: December 2023

Grassy ecosystems cover ~40% of the global land surface and are an integral component of the global carbon (C) cycle. Grass litter decomposes via a combination of photodegradation (which returns C to the atmosphere rapidly) and biological decomposition (a slower C pathway). As such, decomposition and C storage in grasslands may vary with climate and exposure to solar radiation. We investigated rates of grass litter decomposition in Australian temperate grasslands along a climate gradient to uncouple the relative importance of photodegradation and climate on decomposition. Litterbags containing leaf litter from two common native grass species (Poa labillardierei, Themeda triandra) were deployed at six grassland sites across a precipitation gradient (380–890 mm) in south‐eastern Australia. Bags were retrieved over 39 weeks to measure mass loss from decomposition. We used shade treatments on the litter of one species (T. triandra) to partition photodegradation from biological decomposition. The shade treatment reduced the rate of decomposition of T. triandra relative to the full‐sun treatment at all sites, by an average of 38% at 39 weeks; the effect size of the shade treatment was not correlated with site productivity. The rate of decomposition in both species was positively correlated with rainfall midway through the experiment, but there were no significant differences in total decomposition among sites after 39 weeks. By week 39, total decomposition of T. triandra was significantly greater than for P. labillardierei. In general, we observed relatively linear decomposition rather than the strong negative exponential decay observed in many global litter decomposition studies. Synthesis: We found that solar radiation exposure was a strong contributor to litter decomposition in temperate Australian grasslands across a broad climate gradient, which may be related to a period of photopriming prior to further biotic decomposition. This study highlights the importance of litter composition and solar radiation exposure in our understanding of how decomposition patterns contribute to global C cycling.
Feeding ecology of a lesser‐known arboreal giant: Grizzled Giant Squirrel (Ratufa macroura), Southern Western Ghats, India
Authors: Thomas Kiran , Šmejkal Marek , Nameer Paingamadathil Ommer
Published: December 2023

Animal dietary choices help us understand a species' feeding behaviour and are particularly relevant in conservation management. The aim of this study was to gather knowledge on dietary choices and the foraging behaviour of the Grizzled Giant Squirrel (Ratufa macroura) in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India. The objectives were in particular to determine the food composition, seasonal fluctuations in food selection and feeding technique. Through an observational sampling method, focal animal sampling, the Grizzled Giant Squirrel in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary was found to feed on 30 plant species belonging to 18 families. The most used plant family was Fabaceae, with eight species, followed by Moraceae (four species) and Anacardiaceae (two species). The food species consumed included 22 trees, four climbers, one liana, one paraphyte, one shrub and one succulent species. The squirrel spent the most time feeding on Bauhinia racemosa (19.79%), followed by Tamarindus indica (14.08%) and Nothopegia beddomei (9.89%). The squirrel's diet choice was primarily influenced by the availability of food tree species and food resources rather than the season and nontree species were also found in the diet of Grizzled Giant Squirrel. Although the Grizzled Giant Squirrel exhibits some plasticity in its dietary choices, the available diversity of mature trees and plants as food sources appears to be important for its conservation in the fragmented riparian forest of the Western Ghats in Southern India.
Regioselective Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of 2,7‐Functionalized 1,3,6,8‐Tetraethynylpyrenes
Authors: Li Mingsheng , Wang Yijie , Su Guangchen , Yao Li , Yang Wenlong
Published: December 2023

We report a facile synthesis of regioselectively multi‐functionalized pyrenes through one‐pot reactions. These reactions involve Stille and Suzuki coupling reactions, which are proven effective in forming 1,2,3,6,7,8‐hexaphenylethynylpyrene for the first time. The 1,3,6,8‐tetraphenylethynyl pyrenediboronates are essential in synthesizing multi‐functionalized pyrenes, and the results indicate that the Stille coupling reaction is more effective than the Sonogashira coupling reaction in forming these boronate compounds in good yields. Furthermore, the experimental and theoretical investigations into the photophysical and electrochemical properties of the obtained 1,2,3,6,7,8‐multifunctionalized pyrenes show that the phenylethynyl groups at 2,7‐positions further increase the system conjugation, which is significant in developing new materials with enhanced properties.
Modified ESR‐based photosafety test (ESR‐PT) detecting singlet oxygen and free radical formation
Authors: Hinoshita Masumi , Abe Takayuki , Sato Asako , Maeda Yosuke , Takeyoshi Masahiro
Published: December 2023

The electron spin resonance‐based photosafety test (ESR‐PT) was modified using a new parameter, photoreactivity index (PRI), to detect singlet oxygen and free radical photoproducts simultaneously. With this modification, the modified ESR‐PT is expected to reduce the number of false negative results due to chemicals producing free radical photoproducts other than singlet oxygen. The assay performance of the modified ESR‐PT was evaluated using 56 chemicals, including hydrophobic chemicals. When using the PRI cutoff value of 2.0 in the modified ESR‐PT, the accuracy relative to photosafety reference data was 91.1%, and the applicability (100%) was better than the other non‐animal photosafety test. Among the chemicals producing positive results, bithionol, fenticlor, and doxycycline HCl were considered positive based on the detection of free radical photoproducts, suggesting that these three chemicals may have phototoxic or photoallergic potential via radical reactions. Additionally, this finding demonstrated the fundamental advantage of the modified ESR‐PT using ESR spectroscopy, which can detect radicals selectively and quantitatively. Accordingly, the new parameter PRI is effective for photosafety evaluations based on not only singlet oxygen but also free radical photoproducts generated from chemicals. Therefore, the modified ESR‐PT has a great potential for a photosafety test method applicable to various chemicals.
When should we offer antenatal sequencing for urinary tract malformations? A systematic review, cohort study and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sonner Sarah , Reilly Kelly , Woolf Adrian S. , Chandler Natalie , Kilby Mark D. , Maher Eamonn R. , Flanagan Cheryl , McKnight Amy Jayne , Mone Fionnuala
Published: December 2023

Objective

Determine the incremental yield of prenatal exome sequencing (PES) over chromosome microarray (CMA) and/or karyotype for urinary tract malformations (UTMs).

Method

A prospective cohort study encompassing data from the English Genomic Medicine Service North Thames Laboratory Hub for fetuses with bilateral echogenic kidneys (BEKs) was combined with data from a systematic review. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, MedRxiv and GreyLit were searched from 01/2010‐02/2023 for studies reporting on the yield of PES over CMA or karyotype in fetuses with UTMs. Pooled incremental yield was determined using a random effects model. PROSPERO CRD42023364544.

Results

Fourteen studies (410 cases) were included. The incremental yield for multisystem UTMs, any isolated UTMs, and BEKs was 31% [95% CI, 18%–46%; I2 = 78%], 16% [95% CI, 6%–26%; I2 = 80%] and 51% [95% CI, 27%–75%; I2 = 34%]. The most common clinical diseases and syndromes identified, based on the variant genes detected, were Bardet‐Biedl syndrome (BBS genes), dominant and recessive polycystic kidney diseases (PKD1, PKD2 and PKHD1) and renal cysts and diabetes syndrome (HNF1B).

Conclusion

There was a notable incremental genetic diagnostic yield when PES was applied to multisystem UTMs and BEKs. There was a modest incremental yield when this technique was used for UTMs other than BEKs.
Monitoring experiment and simulation on solidification of DNAN based melt‐cast explosive with FBG sensors
Authors: Yuan Junming , Sun Hu , Sha Hongbo , Hu Fei , Qin Yue , Liu Yan , Cai Xingwang
Published: December 2023

In order to obtain the change rule of the temperature field and the mechanism of defect formation during the solidification process of melt‐cast explosive, the temperature field change data were tested during the solidification process of DNAN based melt‐cast explosive by using an arrayed spatially distributed Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) temperature sensor device. The temperature field variation during the solidification experiment was obtained under the condition that the cooling rate of the boundary water‐bath temperature was 0.2 °C/min. On the basis of the solidification experiments, the macroscopic solidification process of small‐caliber grenade at different boundary cooling rates was simulated using ProCAST software. The simulation results show that when the boundary cooling rate is 0.2 °C/min, the temperature fields during the solidification process of DNAN based melt‐cast explosive are in good agreement with that of the experimental monitoring points; the size of the melt‐cast charge defects decreases as the boundary cooling rate becomes smaller; and the location of the charge defects is closer to the tail of the grenade as the cooling rate decreases. In addition, a mesoscopic model of DNAN based melt‐cast explosive was established in the paper. At the mesoscopic level, the generation, formation, and evolution of charge defects in DNAN based melt‐cast explosive during solidification were investigated. The study results provide theoretical guidance for the formulation design and process optimization of DNAN based melt‐cast explosives, as well as for improving the charge quality of ammunition.
Initiation Step in the Condensed Phase Decomposition Process of Ammonium Perchlorate
Authors: Patel Jay , Panchal Hardik , Chowdhury Arindrajit , Kumbhakarna(s) Neeraj
Published: December 2023

Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is a commonly used oxidizer in solid propellant compositions. As a result, numerous experimental and theoretical studies have been carried out in order to better understand the behavior of its decomposition in both the liquid and gas phases. In this work, the first step of Ammonium perchlorate (AP) decomposition in the condensed phase has been investigated using quantum mechanics‐based calculations. The process of proton transfer from ammonium ion (NH4+) to perchlorate ion (ClO4−) was investigated in‐depth as it is thought to be the preferred reaction for the initiation of AP decomposition in the condensed phase. The calculations were carried out using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP level in conjunction with the 6‐311G++(d,p) basis set. The current study revealed that proton transfer from ammonium cation to perchlorate anion takes place in two steps. The first step involves the decomposition of ClO4− to ClO2− and O2 followed by the second step which is H+ transfer from NH4+ to ClO2− giving NH3 and HClO2. In order to better understand protonation and deprotonation, it is essential to know the proton affinity (PA) of the involved species. In this study, the CBS‐QB3 method is used to determine the PA of various energetic ionic compounds. These compounds include guanidinium azotetrazolate, triaminoguanidinium azotetrazolate, guanidinium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium perchlorate. Based on the results of the calculations, it is concluded that direct proton transfer process does not occur in the condensed phase because the proton affinities of all cations are significantly higher than those of the corresponding anions. In conjunction with experimental studies, this modelling study can help in the development of a better understanding of AP decomposition in the condensed phase.
Synthesis and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Evaluation of Coumarin‐Linked Carbazole Derivatives
Authors: Tharamak Sorachat , Wisarutwanit Tipanan , Songoen Weerasak , Saparpakorn Patchreenart , Pluempanupat Wanchai
Published: December 2023

The cholinesterase inhibitory activity was examined of synthetic carbazole‐coumarin hybrids, with long chain hydrocarbons, triazole, or piperazine as linkers. The most effective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor was 7‐((12‐(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)dodecyl)oxy)‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one (3 l), with an IC50 value of 6.86 μM and a high selectivity over butyrylcholinesterase. Compound 3 l also exhibited mixed‐type AChE inhibition in a kinetic study, with a Ki value of 4.87 μM. In addition, molecular docking of compound 3 l toward AChE was done to elucidate the inhibition at both the peripheral anionic and catalytic active sites. Furthermore, the HepG2 and Vero cells were unaffected by toxicity from compound 3 l. Therefore, these findings could be exploited to create a number of carbazole‐coumarin hybrids for future potential treatments for Alzheimer's disease.
Wafer‐Scale Fabrication of 2D Nanostructures via Thermomechanical Nanomolding
Authors: Kiani Mehrdad T , Sam Quynh P , Jung Yeon Sik , Han Hyeuk Jin , Cha Judy J
Published: December 2023

With shrinking dimensions in integrated circuits, sensors, and functional devices, there is a pressing need to develop nanofabrication techniques with simultaneous control of morphology, microstructure, and material composition over wafer length scales. Current techniques are largely unable to meet all these conditions, suffering from poor control of morphology and defect structure or requiring extensive optimization or post‐processing to achieve desired nanostructures. Recently, thermomechanical nanomolding (TMNM) has been shown to yield single‐crystalline, high aspect ratio nanowires of metals, alloys, and intermetallics over wafer‐scale distances. Here, TMNM is extended for wafer‐scale fabrication of 2D nanostructures. Using In, Al, and Cu, nanomold nanoribbons with widths < 50 nm, depths ≈0.5–1 µm and lengths ≈7 mm into Si trenches at conditions compatible is successfully with back end of line processing . Through SEM cross‐section imaging and 4D‐STEM grain orientation maps, it is shown that the grain size of the bulk feedstock is transferred to the nanomolded structures up to and including single crystal Cu. Based on the retained microstructures of molded 2D Cu, the deformation mechanism during molding for 2D TMNM is discussed.
An MML Embedded Approach for Estimating the Number of Clusters
Authors: Silvestre Cláudia , Cardoso Margarida G. M. S. , Figueiredo Mário
Published: December 2023

Assuming that the data originate from a finite mixture of multinomial distributions, we study the performance of an integrated Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm considering Minimum Message Length (MML) criterion to select the number of mixture components. The referred EM-MML approach, rather than selecting one among a set of pre-estimated candidate models (which requires running EM several times), seamlessly integrates estimation and model selection in a single algorithm. Comparisons are provided with EM combined with well-known information criteria – e.g. the Bayesian information Criterion. We resort to synthetic data examples and a real application. The EM-MML computation time is a clear advantage of this method; also, the real data solution it provides is more parsimonious, which reduces the risk of model order overestimation and improves interpretability.
Cenotes and Placemaking in the Maya World: Biocultural Landscapes as Archival Spaces
Authors: Montes Khristin N. , Clark Dylan J. , McAnany Patricia A. , Alpuche Adolfo Iván Batún
Published: December 2023

In the Yucatán Peninsula, freshwater sinkholes known ascenotesare the only natural water systems beyond seasonal rainfall. In addition to their role as sustainable sources of water, certain cenotes were sacred to ancestral Maya peoples. Unfortunately, today, cenotes are threatened by pollution and contamination due to trash-dumping, intensive farming, and the effects of tourism. In response to these threats,InHerit: Indigenous Heritage Passed to Present(University of North Carolina), partnered with the Universidad de Oriente (UNO) in Valladolid, Mexico, and nine middle schools in Maya towns throughout Yucatán. Together, we developed curriculum resources focused on the environmental and cultural preservation of cenotes. Our initiative not only generated conservation activities but archival materials related to cenotes. These include photographs and landscape drawings by students, community oral histories about cenotes, and illustrations related to cenotes in the Maya codices—ancestral books of prophecy and fate authored by Yucatec Maya scribes before the sixteenth century. Through our multi-disciplinary exploration of the relationship between biocultural heritage and place, we investigate whether or not cenotes as landscape markers and archaeological caches, themselves, can also be archives—spaces with the capacity to collect, preserve, protect, and convey intergenerational memory and knowledge in the Yucatec Maya world.
Ihuan Yehhuan Tlacuauh Tlamauhtiah in Ichcapixqueh. “And the Shepherds Are Inspiring Great Fear”. Environment, Control of Resources and Collective Agency in Colonial and Modern Tlaxcala
Authors: Olko Justyna
Published: December 2023

This chapter explores selected aspects of Tlaxcalan history, showcasing the complexity of human–environment relations that have been affected both by climate change and by colonization and postcolonial domination. I explore historical texts in Nahuatl and Spanish that reveal complex battlegrounds upon which the Tlaxcaltecah strove to maintain control over land and environment, protecting essential components of their well-being and rights within the context of colonial domination. The analyzed sources illustrate the resistance to Spanish settlement and different forms of dispossession, coping with climatic and economic challenges, resisting the expansions of haciendas, securing land and water rights or defending traditional ritual practices. Tying together the common threads of microhistories across longer periods of time, different places and available documentary genres, not only attests to Indigenous agency but also makes us aware of a longer historical process in which some of these battles were won and some were eventually lost. Many of the historical phenomena traced in early modern Tlaxcala can also be linked to contemporary developments, including massive heritage language loss and environmental challenges.
Beyond the Horizon: Matching Legal Proceedings to Problems in Custody Disputes
Authors: Hellner Agnes , Kaldal Anna
Published: December 2023

Finding a good match between legal proceedings and the problems they will be used to address, is by no means a new challenge. The complexity of custody disputes—the variations in underlying factors, the child’s individual needs, experience, and views, and the health and life circumstances of the parents—can make the challenge seem overwhelming. Therefore, rather than diving into the details of the law applicable to custody disputes, the present anthology seeks to address broader perspectives, and look for new ways forward, perhaps beyond those set out in current laws.
Nordic Family Mediation: Towards a System of Differentiated Services?
Authors: Nylund Anna
Published: December 2023

This contribution maps and analyses the definition, purpose, and content of alternative legal proceedings in custody conflicts in the various Scandinavian legal systems. It finds that such proceedings occur both as part of legal and social services, but there is a lack of coordination between them. Expert mediators are involved in some of the proceedings, but their qualifications and methods are not yet defined. Ultimately, the conclusion is drawn that the lack of clear content, role definition, and coordination, results in alternative legal proceedings that insufficiently account for the rights and perspectives of the child.
Custody Disputes From a Socio-Legal Perspective
Authors: Rejmer Annika
Published: December 2023

This chapter examines high-conflict custody disputes in court and discusses whether Swedish legislation is suited to providing for children’s rights and the best interests of the child in these disputes. With a qualitative and quantitative study of 33 Swedish court cases, this socio-legal contribution identifies and analyses the most common conflicts arising in family disputes, and to what extent the legal system can effectively solve them. For the author, conflicts in custody disputes can be divided into, first, conflicts of interest; and second, conflicts of value. The legal system is designed to deal with the former—concerning issues of residence, finance, time, and information. However, it is not well-equipped to deal with the latter, which dominate custody disputes: lack of childcare capacity, cooperation difficulties, violence, threats and abuse, access sabotage, among other conflicts of value. For this reason, the author concludes that the legal system is dysfunctional and that the best interests of the child remain insufficiently accounted for in custody conflicts.
Children’s Health Matters in Custody Conflicts: Best Interests of the Child and Decisions on Health Matters
Authors: Haugli Trude , Sigurdsen Randi
Published: December 2023

This chapter addresses conflicts of interest that might arise when there are ongoing custody disputes and, in particular, how legal instruments can be used where parents disagree regarding a decision concerning a child’s health. When a child is younger than 16 years, their parents must, as a rule, give consent regarding health matters. The child has a right, however, to be heard, and the parents must act in the best interests of the child. Through the analysis of several potential scenarios, the authors discuss, from a Norwegian legal context, whether parents in conflict are in factableto act in the best interests of the child, and whether the child’s right to participation is respected. The authors conclude that the limited legal or other tools provided to parents and/or health institutions can lead to sole custody being the only way to resolve the disagreement. However, the authors also point out the dilemma in cases where the custody dispute or the parental conflict is thereasonbehind the child’s need for treatment.
Unravelling the trophic ecology of poorly studied and threatened elasmobranchs inhabiting the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman
Authors: Navarro Joan , Rastgoo Ali Reza , Giménez Joan
Published: December 2023

Elasmobranch population declines due to human impacts have been documented at a global scale, having impacts on the functioning and structure of marine ecosystems. This situation leads to an international focus on the conservation of their populations and a key step in the management and conservation of elasmobranch populations is to understand their trophic ecology. Here, by using stable isotopes analysis, we investigated the trophic relationships, trophic niche breadth, and trophic redundancy among 21 batoids and 12 sharks inhabiting the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, two productive areas of the Arabian Sea considered global elasmobranch hotspots. Isotopic results revealed differences in the trophic niche and trophic position among the elasmobranch sampled at species and at family level. For example, the batoids of the family Torpedinidae and the sharks of the family Triakidae occupied higher trophic positions and the family Glaucostegidae showed a lower trophic niche width, whereas the batoids of the family Myliobatidae or Gymnuridae, in overall, showed lower higher trophic niche width, reflecting the trophic habits described for most of the sampled species. We also provided some insights into the ecology of poorly known species, especially relevant for those that are endangered at a global or regional scale. In conclusion, we provide new information about the trophic ecology among batoids and sharks inhabiting the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. This information is highly useful to study the consequences of future changes on their feeding preferences due to natural or human-related factors.
Zeta function of some Kummer Calabi-Yau 3-folds
Authors: Burek Dominik
Published: December 2023

We compute Hodge numbers and zeta function of a Kummer Calabi-Yau 3-folds introduced by M. Andreatta and J. Wiśniewski in [2] and investigated by M. Donten-Bury in [13].
Good weather for a ride (or not?): how weather conditions impact road accidents — a case study from Wielkopolska (Poland)
Authors: Pińskwar Iwona , Choryński Adam , Graczyk Dariusz
Published: December 2023

This study offers a likely assessment of extreme meteorological events’ impact on human perceptivity, frame of mind or even health during driving which might have had a consequence as a car accident. Research covered an analysis of car accidents during period 2010–2019 in the Wielkopolska (Poland) and four indices like maximum daily temperature, maximum value of humidex, difference between maximum temperatures observed from day to day and also difference between mean atmospheric pressure at the sea level observed from day to day. A distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) approach was used to obtain the relationship between these indices and car accidents. Our finding evidence that the “good weather for a ride” conditions are actually generating an increased risk of accidents. For indices related to high temperature, i.e., maximum temperature and humidex, it was possible to identify the critical values by which the risks of car accidents were the highest.
Neuroendocrine disturbances in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: an update and future directions
Authors: Męczekalski Błażej , Niwczyk Olga , Battipaglia Christian , Troia Libera , Kostrzak Anna , Bala Gregory , Maciejewska-Jeske Marzena , Genazzani Alessandro D. , Luisi Stefano
Published: December 2023

Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is one of the most common causes of both primary and secondary amenorrhea in women of reproductive age. It is characterized by chronic anovulation and the absence of menses that appear as a result of stressors such as eating disorders, excessive exercise, or psychological distress. FHA is presumed to be a functional disruption in the pulsatile secretion of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which in turn impairs the release of gonadotropin. Hypoestrogenism is observed due to the absence of ovarian follicle recruitment. Numerous neurotransmitters have been identified which play an important role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and of which the impairment would contribute to developing FHA. In this review we summarize the most recent advances in the identification of contributing neuroendocrine disturbances and relevant contributors to the development of FHA.
Vapor growth of V-doped MoS2 monolayers with enhanced B-exciton emission and broad spectral response
Authors: Zheng Biyuan , Sun Xingxia , Zheng Weihao , Zhu Chenguang , Ma Chao , Pan Anlian , Li Dong , Li Shengman
Published: December 2023

Dynamically engineering the optical and electrical properties in two-dimensional (2D) materials is of great significance for designing the related functions and applications. The introduction of foreign-atoms has previously been proven to be a feasible way to tune the band structure and related properties of 3D materials; however, this approach still remains to be explored in 2D materials. Here, we systematically demonstrate the growth of vanadium-doped molybdenum disulfide (V-doped MoS2) monolayers via an alkali metal-assisted chemical vapor deposition method. Scanning transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that V atoms substituted the Mo atoms and became uniformly distributed in the MoS2 monolayers. This was also confirmed by Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Power-dependent photoluminescence spectra clearly revealed the enhanced B-exciton emission characteristics in the V-doped MoS2 monolayers (with low doping concentration). Most importantly, through temperature-dependent study, we observed efficient valley scattering of the B-exciton, greatly enhancing its emission intensity. Carrier transport experiments indicated that typical p-type conduction gradually arisen and was enhanced with increasing V composition in the V-doped MoS2, where a clear n-type behavior transited first to ambipolar and then to lightly p-type charge carrier transport. In addition, visible to infrared wide-band photodetectors based on V-doped MoS2 monolayers (with low doping concentration) were demonstrated. The V-doped MoS2 monolayers with distinct B-exciton emission, enhanced p-type conduction and broad spectral response can provide new platforms for probing new physics and offer novel materials for optoelectronic applications.

Graphical abstract
Mapping Seismic Hazard for Canadian Sites Using Spatially Smoothed Seismicity Model
Authors: Feng Chao , Hong Han-Ping
Published: December 2023

The estimated seismic hazard based on the delineated seismic source model is used as the basis to assign the seismic design loads in Canadian structural design codes. An alternative for the estimation is based on a spatially smoothed source model. However, a quantification of differences in the Canadian seismic hazard maps (CanSHMs) obtained based on the delineated seismic source model and spatially smoothed model is unavailable. The quantification is valuable to identify epistemic uncertainty in the estimated seismic hazard and the degree of uncertainty in the CanSHMs. In the present study, we developed seismic source models using spatial smoothing and historical earthquake catalogue. We quantified the differences in the estimated Canadian seismic hazard by considering the delineated source model and spatially smoothed source models. For the development of the spatially smoothed seismic source models, we considered spatial kernel smoothing techniques with or without adaptive bandwidth. The results indicate that the use of the delineated seismic source model could lead to under or over-estimation of the seismic hazard as compared to those estimated based on spatially smoothed seismic source models. This suggests that an epistemic uncertainty caused by the seismic source models should be considered to map the seismic hazard.
Study of optimization for material processing parameters by means of probabilistic methodology for multi-objective optimization
Authors: Zheng Maosheng , Yu Jie
Published: December 2023

Optimization for material processing parameters is a typical problem of multi-objective optimization, therefore selection and use of proper multi-objective optimization approach is indispensible. The inherent characteristic of newly proposed probabilistic methodology for multi-objective optimization is that it is with the feature of optimization of multiple objectives at the same time in viewpoint of system theory and in spirit of probability theory. In the present paper, the probabilistic methodology is employed to perform the designs of materials processing for improving quality and cost saving at the same time. The laser welding process of ANSI 304 austenitic stainless steel by using a pulsed Nd: YAG laser welding system and thin-wall machining of milling aluminum alloy 2024-T351 are taken as two examples. The quantitative optimum design of materials processing is performed equitably by conducting the assessment of preferable probability of each alternative. The studies indicate that: (1). the optimized parametric combination for the laser welding process of 2 mm thickness ANSI 304 austenitic stainless steel by using a pulsed Nd: YAG laser welding system is at laser parameters of 2.7 kW peak power, welding speed of 2 cm/min and pulse duration of 4 ms; (2). the optimized combination parameter for the thin-wall machining of milling aluminum alloy 2024-T351 is at tool diameter of 8 mm, feed per tooth of 0.06 mm/z, axial cut depth of 24 mm and radial cut depth of 0.625 mm. The optimal configurations guarantee the comprehensive quality of product and reducing energy consumption.
Are individual differences in loss aversion related to ADHD symptomatology?
Authors: McKee Tara E. , Reilly Kerry
Published: December 2023

Loss aversion, or the greater sensitivity to losses than equivalent gains, has been shown to vary across individuals, but has yet to be thoroughly examined in relation to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptomatology. Examining factors related to decision-making in ADHD has important implications for interventions as well as understanding engagement in risky behavior. Undergraduates (N = 98; 73% women) completed questionnaires measuring ADHD symptomatology, loss aversion, and gambling preference as well as the Balloon Analog Risk Task. Individuals with high ADHD symptomatology (n = 50) were less loss averse than those low in symptomatology, even after controlling for individual differences in risk taking and gambling preference. Inattention symptoms were not related to loss aversion after controlling for hyperactivity/impulsivity, risk taking, and gambling preference. Greater hyperactivity/impulsivity was related to less loss aversion, even after covariates were controlled. It is unclear if group differences were the result of reduced sensitivity to losses, increased attraction to gains, or both. Future research should examine if reduced loss aversion in those with high ADHD symptomatology replicates using other decision-making paradigms and whether or not loss aversion mediates the relationship between ADHD and risk-taking behavior.