bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intruded and Relict Groundwater of Marine Origin
Authors: Fetter C. W.
Published: October 2011

Intruded and Relict Groundwater of Marine Origin is the proceedings volume of the seventh salt water intrusion meeting held, September 1981, in Uppsala, Sweden. There are 22 papers divided into four topical areas: descriptive contributions (9), field methods (4), modeling (8), and applications (1). Most of the papers contain some descriptive material on saline groundwater, including those from the field methods and modeling sessions. Saline groundwater in areas of Sweden, the Netherlands, Italy, Poland, Spain, Germany, and Belgium is discussed. The hydrogeochemical effects of flushing of aquifers alternately with fresh and saline groundwater as a result of repeated marine transgressions and regressions are discussed in one paper. Another paper addresses the flow of fresh and saline groundwater over a salt dome under consideration for construction of a nuclear waste repository. Field methods discussed include the use of VLF‐resistivity to identify saline groundwater and methods of collecting water quality samples from between packers in deep boreholes. Papers on modeling include applications of vortex distributions to model fresh water storage in saline aquifers, consideration of simultaneous flow of heat and mass in a fresh‐salt water system, a finite difference model for flow of fresh and saline water at a beach, and several papers addressing the shape of a fresh water lens under various conditions. The applications paper reports on a pilot study of the injection of freshwater into a saline aquifer for purposes of storage.
AGU announces 15,000th member
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

AGU's membership topped 15,000 in September. James Philip McPhee was elected the 15,000th member. McPhee is a student at Purdue University. His thesis research is in seismotectonic interpretation of the gravity and magnetic data from the Anna, Ohio seismic area. This research includes the data acquisition, reduction, and enhancement of potential field data and the modeling and interpretation of basement features in relation to the Grenville Front in Ohio and a midcontinent rift complex. He has designed and conducted an extensive gravity survey in northeastern Indiana and northwestern Ohio. During his graduate research assistantship, he has participated in investigations of potential seismic hazards related to the northeast extension of the New Madrid Fault Zone; research of seismic wave propagation from coal mine blasts; the planning and deployment of portable seismographs in and around the AMAX Wright Coal Mine in Indiana; the digitization of National Uranium Resource Evaluation aeronomagnetic profiles; and the compilation of total magnetic intensity anomaly maps.
MMS, BLM assessed
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

After reviewing the Department of the Interior's organizational structure for federal energy and minerals resource management, the U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) concluded that the ‘accountability and management of minerals programs are weakened by the current split of responsibilities between the Bureau of Land Management [BLM] and Minerals Management Service [MMS].’ Moreover, ‘to facilitate efficient, comprehensive management of these resources and to clarify lines of authority and accountability,’ GAO recommends that ‘to the extent permitted by law’ Secretary of the Interior James Watt should ‘consolidate the department's onshore minerals management responsibilities in the Minerals Management Service.’

Mineral management programs within BLM are fragmented, GAO says, which makes for difficult routine monitoring of program costs and results. ‘As major sources of federal receipts and domestic supplies of fuel and nonfuel minerals, these resource management programs require, but are lacking, clear lines of repsonsibility and organization for efficient operations and program review.’ However, MMS ‘has the potential to provide comprehensive management of these resources,’ GAO concludes.
Centaur upper‐stage rocket for shuttle
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

A popular topic for discussion among those still hoping that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) space shuttle will be able to launch large scientific space probes from earth orbit is the matter of the so‐called US, or upper‐stage, rocket vehicle. Programs slated for the middle of the decade that include sending probes deep into space will not be possible without a very powerful upper‐stage rocket, and thus there was a surge of optimism among space scientists and NASA officials this past September when Congress voted not to eliminate the big Centaur rocket from space shuttle's portion of the NASA 1983 fiscal year budget.

Support for construction of the Centaur followed the Air Force's requirement for greater lifting power because of the shielding required to prevent contamination of certain classified payloads (Science, 1 October 1982). The large rocket will also be needed to place massive communications satellites into geosynchronous earth orbit.
To Venus with spare parts
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is studying the possibilities of developing a special spacecraft to fly to Venus to replace the more costly Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar (VOIR) mission. According to a recent JPL Newsletter, the new Venus Radar Mapper (VRM) spacecraft is to be constructed mainly of spare parts left over from other missions. The VRM is to be landed in the spring of 1988 by means of either the space shuttle/ two‐stage inertial upper‐stage (IUS) combination or, preferably, with the much more powerful shuttle/Centaur upper‐stage rocket. Once boosted into orbit around Venus, the scientific objections of VRM are clear. Venus has about the same mass and composition as the earth, and yet little is known about its geology. It will be possible for the VRM to map Venus by radar from an elliptical orbit, which is a lower cost option than would have been possible with the VOIR. VRM will carry a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) that operates with variable angles ranging from 51° for the lowest altitudes (250 km) to 24° for the highest altitudes (1900 km). A total of about 92% of Venus' surface will be mapped at a resolution of 1 km/line or better.
Infrared telescope to orbit in '80's
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Infrared (IR) detectors flown in earth‐orbiting spacecraft are mostly aimed at the earth for the evaluation of agriculture, resource, military, and numerous other worldwide surveys. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) also has a major program in IR astronomy to examine the thermal emission of celestial and planetary objects. For the IR astronomy studies it is necessary to locate sensors beyond the influences of the atmosphere, and thus, according to a recent report (Indust. R&D, Sept. 1982), NASA plans to build a highly sophisticated IR telescope that could become operational in the next few years. With cryogenically cooled apparatus, it should be possible to obtain IR data on many more IR sources in space than are known now. The infrared spectra will be free of the water absorption bands characteristic of the earth's atmosphere. The proposed IR telescope will be named the Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) and is planned to follow the NASA Space Shuttle Optical Space Telescope, which is to be placed into earth orbit in the mid‐1980's.
Synchrotron light and experimental geophysics
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Probably there is no single research innovation in laboratory and experimental geophysics with more potential than proposed applications of synchrotron radiation. Three large specialized machines for these and other applications are to come on line this year, including the existing synchrotron rings at Stanford University (SLAC, Stanford Linear Accelerator Facility), Cornell Univesity (CHESS, Cornell High‐Energy Synchrotron Source), and a totally new facility at Brookhaven National Laboratory (NSLS, National Synchrotron Light Source). These synchrotrons are special in that they release almost pure white X radiation of exceedingly high intensity that can be utilized in a variety of diffraction experiments. This will be the first time sufficient X ray intensity has been available to track the atom‐by‐atom kinetics of rapid phase transitions at one atmosphere and at high pressures in special apparatus. It is also the first time that experiments at high pressures and temperatures about 1000°C and extending to 4000°C, thus duplicating conditions as intense as those at the earth's core‐mantle boundary, can be analyzed by in situ X ray diffraction.
Meteorites: A Petrologic‐Chemical Synthesis
Authors: Duke M. B.
Published: October 2011

Meteoritics is an intricate multidimensional jigsaw puzzle where most of the pieces are missing and where recognizing which pieces fit requires powers of observation that are inadequately developed. In such a discipline, the role of the summarizer is to describe the current appearance of the puzzle in order to assist those who will continue the construction and to convince others that the matched pieces really fit.

Dodd summarizes meteoritics up to about 1980 in a format suitable for use as a textbook in a university course. The viewpoint is largely petrographic, but he introduces many aspects of meteorite chemistry and chronology necessary to recognize the pieces that may, or may not, fit the puzzle. The petrographic approach is valid because meteoritics is still in its description and classification stage; however, he acknowledges that study of the cache of meteorites, discovered recently in Antarctica, may add to and partially modify the descriptive framework. He describes a current consensus, which considers carbonaceous chondrites and ordinary chondrites as separable groups (and subgroups), enstatite chondrites and achondrites as a related assemblage, iron meteorites and pallasites as possible relatives, the eucrites, howardites, diogenites, and mesosiderites as genetic relatives, plus a number of unclassified achondrites and metallic meteorites that may be unrelated to the others. Recent major advances in understanding the origin of meteorites and the relationship of the groups discussed include the characterization of calc‐aluminous inclusions (CAI) in carbonaceous chondrites and the discovery of isotopic anomalies that apparently reflect the pre‐solar and initial processes of solar system formation; the characterization of chondrules in unequilibrated ordinary chondrites that apparently formed in different environments than the CAI and may have been metamorphosed to form equilibrated chondrites; an understanding through isotopic studies that the formative period of chondrites was probably less than 100 million years after condensation began in the solar system, with the carbonaceous chondrites representing an earlier stage than the ordinary chondrites; that iron meteorites, pallasites, and enstatite meteorites are inadequately studied, but show more variety and sub‐classification than was possible in the past; and that the eucrite association represents basaltic volcanism shortly after the origin of the solar system. The current view is that most of the meteorites formed in smallish asteroidal bodies, although recently there have been speculations that the rare unassociated Shergottite achondrites may be from a Mars‐like planet. The range of possible meteorite formation scenarios is growing somewhat more limited; however, the complexity and diversity of parent bodies is more evident now than it was ten years ago, and a uniform model for solar system formation and early planetary history is still far off.
Eden chairs AGU Meetings
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

The earth‐related sciences are in a time of great excitement, and, moreover, we are seeing the advent of a strong multidisciplinary approach to the underlying themes in these sciences, according to H. Frank Eden, the recently appointed AGU Meetings Chairman for 1983 and 1984. He succeeds Martin Walt, who completes his term as Meetings Chairman with the upcoming meeting. Eden and Walt have been working closely on the 1982 Fall Meeting

As senior science associate of the National Science Foundation's Directorate for Astronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Sciences (AAEO), Eden brings to the chairmanship a multidisciplinary approach from AAEO that is akin to AGU's longtime approach to its annual meetings. ‘The broad spectrum of disciplines genuinely interests me. I think the fact that scientists from all these disciplines get together twice each year is unique’ and is one of AGU's major strengths, he said. ‘I don't know any other broad branch of science where this happens.’ The best evidence of this approach at work is the increasing number of papers presented at the AGU meetings; this year's Fall Meeting is the largest AGU meeting ever, necessitating 8 full days of sessions.
Edward O. Hulburt 1890–1982
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Edward Olson Hulburt was born in Vermillion, South Dakota, on October 12, 1890, and died at his home in Easton, Maryland, on October 11, 1982. For 31 years he carried on a distinguished research career at the Naval Research Laboratory. From 1924 to 1949 he was head of the Physical Optics Division; then from 1949 to 1955 he served as the Laboratory's first director of research.

At his passing, Hulburt was perhaps the last of a remarkable generation of scientists who participated in the discovery of the ionosphere and developed much of our earliest understanding of solar terrestrial relationships. The story of those early years of discovery contains Hulburt's most brilliant research.
Science education problems summarized
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Chief among the concerns over the declining quality of science, mathematics, and technology education is declining achievement and participation at a time of increasing national needs, according to the first formal report of the National Science Board Commission on Precollege Education in Mathematics, Science, and Technology. The report defines the problems and sets the stage for the next year's work. The commission, formed earlier this year (Eos, June 15, p. 538), will conclude its 18—month effort next October.

Exacerbating the education problems, the report says, are a growing shortage of qualified secondary school mathematics and physical science teachers; inadequate classroom facilities and instructional time; and curricula sorely in need of revision. The report also concludes that ’in general, precollege mathematics, science, and technology instruction has yet to take advantage of the advances in technology and behavioral sciences of the past 20 years.’
Law of the sea: Deep‐ocean mining
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

It has taken 14 years for the Law of the Sea Convention to adopt an agreement to control and regulate activities by nations on the world's ocean floors. Of particular concern to the United States was the subject of deep ocean mining; adoption of the convention's draft was voted on at United Nations headquarters this past April 30th (see Eos, June 1, p. 523). The United States voted not to adopt the draft; the Reagan administration announced that the President will not sign the Law of the Sea Convention later this year when it is opened for signature in Caracas, Venezuela. There is a lot at stake from the standpoint of both the need for strategic metals, such as manganese, that exist on the deep‐ocean floor and the protection of the technology of ocean‐floor mining. Regulations on deep‐ocean mining practices could threaten the interests of the major nations.
[Comment on “Natural and man‐made hazards”]“Hazards Session” wins support
Authors: Johnson A. Ivan
Published: October 2011

Joseph V. Smith's ‘Hazards session’ proposal (Eos, September 14, Forum section) was very interesting and well worth serious consideration by AGU. Scientists should become more active in public affairs, especially in providing the scientific facts that can contribute to rational public decisions. The proposed special sessions would have even more impact if they were followed by a published summary that could be presented to appropriate public officials.

In addition to the list provided by Smith, there are a number of hydrologic hazards, such as floods, that could be considered. A hazard of special interest to me is land subsidence, or land‐surface sinking. To a large extent this is a man‐induced hazard resulting from the withdrawal of water, oil, or gas from subsurface zones and which can create, for example, such serious conditions as the 9m (29 ft) of subsidence that has occurred since 1925 in the San Joaquin Valley, California (see cover). Because subsidence frequently occurs so subtly and slowly that it does not make news headlines, the public doesn't become concerned until the situation is of crisis proportions.
Bacon‐Bercy Award To Hart
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

‘I was five years old when I first asked my mother about the lights in the night sky, and I haven't run out of questions yet.’ So says Helen Hart, the 1982 recipient of the June Bacon‐Bercy Scholarship for Women in Atmospheric Sciences.

A graduate student in the astrophysics department at the University of Colorado in Boulder, Hart earned her B.A. degree in 1981 with high honors in physics at the University of Montana in Missoula. Her research interests center on atmospheric structures and motions and on the developmental history o f the solar system. ‘I would like to study the effects of albedo changes over varying scale lengths on energy distribution and atmospheric dynamics,’ Hart said. Currently, she is a research assistant for the Voyager 2 photopolarimeter team at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the university. She is working on using data on the polarization of scattered light to model the atmospheres of Saturn and its satellite,Titan.
Chemical history of the Earth's core
Authors: Brush Stephen G.
Published: October 2011

The history of ideas about the earth's core is reviewed, from the l9th century to the present. Following the determination of the outer core boundary by B. Gutenberg and the establishment of the fluidity of the core by H. Jeffreys, the current model for the overall physical structure was completed by Inge Lehmann's discovery of the inner core and the proposal by F. Birch and K.E. Bullen that the inner core is solid >

The traditional assumption that the core is primarily iron was challenged by several scientists in the 1940's, especially W.H. Ramsey, who proposed that the core boundary marks a change in physical but not chemical state. His hypothesis, that the core is a liquid ‘metallized silicate,’ was refuted by research on the properties of silicates at high pressures, but it raised the question whether a theory of the present state of the earth's interior should be consistent with some plausible theory of its origin and development. While Western geophysicists tended to ignore this criterion, a group of Russian scientists developed a theory which satisfied it, although it was difficult to maintain the metallized silicate hypothesis. A compromise model, proposed in the 1970s, involves iron and oxygen in proportions chosen to satisfy density conditions but also derivable by physicochemical evolution from an initially homogeneous earth.
Distant Quasar found
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

An international team has peered farther into the universe than ever before. Observers from the United States, Great Britain, and Australia, working through the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), report that a quasar, designated PKS 2000‐330, is more than 12 billion light years away. The quasar is approximately 1 billion light years farther away than what had previously been the most distant observed object.

Light arriving at the earth from PKS 2000‐330 began its long journey here before the solar system, and probably the Milky Way This page galaxy, were formed, according to the team. Considering that the solar system is believed to be about 4.6 billion years old and the Milky Way is believed to have formed about 10 billion years ago, this is old light indeed.
Search for ET
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A new commission of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) has been established to formally coordinate efforts to search for extraterrestrial life. Commission 51, Search for Extraterrestrial Life, was approved at the 18th IAU General Assembly held in Greece this past August.

Among the new commission's objectives are the search for planets around other stars; the search for radio transmissions, intentional or unintentional, of extraterrestrial origin; the search for biologically relevant interstellar molecules and the study of their formation processes; the examination of detection methods for potential spectroscopic evidence of biological activity; and the coordination of efforts in all these areas at the international level and the establishment of collaborative programs with other international scientific societies with related interests.
Nation's water remains high
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Streamflow conditions throughout most of the nation remained normal to above normal during October, the fifth straight month of wet conditions across the country, according to a month‐end check of water resources conditions by the U.S. Geological Survey. USGS hydrologists said that 86% of the 188 key index gaging stations across the country reported normal to well‐above normal flows during October, with 10 stations in the West and Midwest reporting record highs for the month.

As a general indication of the nation's water resources conditions, combined flow of the nation's “Big Five” rivers—Mississippi, St. Lawrence, Columbia, Missouri, and Ohio—averaged 508 billion gallons a day (bgd) during the month, 7% above normal. Individually, only the Ohio River was running below normal for this time of year, averaging about 17 bgd, 27% below normal.
Allan Hills A81005: A rare bird
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

A sole, crystalline metal grain about 1 mm in diameter is lodged in a small sample (3×2.5×3 cm) of anorthositic breccia that was collected with other pristine meteorites in the ice floe at Allan Hills, Antarctica. The fascination of sample ALHA81005 is that it is a very unusual anorthositic breccia, the only such meteorite ever found. This breccia sample is composed mostly of Ca‐rich plagioclase, averaging An 97 (range An 95–98), with striking similarity to anorthositic samples collected during the Apollo missions from the lunar highlands. Only time and the results of chemical analyses of major and trace elements will tell whether this is the first meteoritic sample identified from the moon. Meanwhile, in the Antarctic Meteorite Newsletter (Nov. 1982), Brian Mason describes this sample as ‘a very rare bird’ indeed.
The golden years
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

AGU's membership has been increasing steadily each year. Recently, that number passed 15,000 (Eos, October 12). The number of Life Members has also been increasing. Life Members are defined in the By‐Laws as those whose years of membership plus age total 90 and they have retired. The good life of a geophysicist plus the aid of the calendar ensures this category.
Ices: Minerals with a geophysical future
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Planetologists have focused their attention recently on a family of minerals known in the jargon as the ‘planetary ices.’ A small part of this special interest derives from the expectation of Comet Halley in 1985. Comets are often classified by planetary petrologists as ‘dirty snowballs.’ In large part, however, interest in the ices stems from the exciting results of the Voyager spacecraft missions. Most of Saturn's rings, indeed most of the moons of Saturn and Venus, have turned out to be icy. The interiors of the giant planets are made up of ices. Pluto has ice; so has its large moon, Charon.
How do Halley's ices mase?
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

As Halley's comet returns to the interior of the solar system in 1986, efforts will be made to measure its properties as a maser (Microwave amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation) , i.e., is it characterized by the natural microwave emission process from which the concept of the laser was developed? The very core of the comet is composed of a mixture of planetary ices, made mostly of water but also of frozen methane and ammonia. Ions of these ices will emit radiowaves of 18‐cm wavelength. Synchronized emission can form a maser.
AWRA moves
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The American Water Resources Association (AWRA) has relocated its national headquarters to 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 220, Bethesda, MD 20814 (telephone: 301‐493‐8600). AWRA purchased a permanent home at the Renewable Natural Resources Center at Wild Acres in Bethesda, Md. Also headquartered at the site are the Renewable Natural Resources Foundation, the Society of American Foresters, the American Fisheries Society, the American Land Forum, the American National Metric Council, and the Wildlife Society.
New oceanographic research emphases at ONR
Authors: Anderson A. L.
Published: October 2011

The environmental sciences program of the Office of Naval Research (ONR) is planning new research emphases in three areas. Although the scientific areas for research emphasis can and do change in the more stable, or core portion, of the program, much of the growth and modification of direction of the research program occur by identification of discrete packages of potential research effort for special emphasis over a planned time interval. These packages of potential research effort are called Special Focus Programs (SFPs). Their duration is typically on the order of 5 years, although the lifetime of any specific task or investigation may be significantly shorter or may extend beyond the SFP duration by being incorporated within a new emphasis or within the core program.
Arkansas' Earthquake Laboratory
Authors: Johnston Arch C.
Published: October 2011

During the first 9 months of 1982, more than 17,000 earthquakes have occurred within a very confined shallow crustal region of north central Arkansas. This is the largest earthquake swarm ever recorded in the central or eastern United States. Lifelong residents recall no previous activity, nor are there any instrumental records of earlier shocks. Although located in an area of considerable geological complexity, no prominent geological structure or geophysical anomalies can be associated with the swarm area. Why, then, is this earthquake swarm occurring, and why is it occurring in this particular location? If these questions ultimately can be answered, the results will have significant implications for attempts to quantify seismic hazards and identify potential seismic risk zones in the central and eastern U.S.
South Atlantic anomaly campaign
Authors: Gledhill A. J.
Published: October 2011

Ever since the days of the first satellite observations of the fluxes of high‐energy particles in the South Atlantic Anomaly, there has been interest in the possible atmospheric effects of the precipitating particles. Recently, Gledhill and Hoffman (J. Geophys. Res., 86, 6739–6744, 1981) have published electron fluxes observed near 300‐km altitude by the AE‐C satellite. From the observed fluxes it may be estimated that there should normally be extra ionization observable in the D and E regions, especially at night, and about 1 R of emission at 391.4 nm.

Project ISAAC (International South Atlantic Anomaly Campaign) is designed to investigate these predictions. The research vessel SA Agulhas will pass through the region of greatest precipitating electron flux, as observed by Gledhill and Hoffman, carrying an ionosonde, a riometer, and photometers. Simultaneously, observations will be made by groups in countries around the South Atlantic—Argentina, Chile, Brazil, and South Africa—and by the Antarctic stations run by the United Kingdom, the United States, and South Africa. Some of these will focus on electromagnetic waves passing through the anomaly; others will focus on upper‐atmospheric phenomena via the conventional methods—ionosondes, riometers, airglow photometers, etc.
MIZEX Field Study
Authors: Martin Seelye , Muench Robin , Overland James , Cavalieri Donald
Published: October 2011

Oceanographers and meteorologists will investigate the movement and breakup of pack ice in the Bering Sea Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) during an intensive field study this February. Ships, aircraft, and remote recording instruments will be involved in this first of a series of field programs to investigate sea ice properties, the atmospheric and oceanic forces driving ice deformation, and the resultant ice response in marginal ice zones. Subsequent programs are planned for both the Bering and Greenland sea regions.

The upcoming field program, dubbed MIZEX WEST, will study interior ice deformation, oceanography, meteorology, wave decay and ice band activity, ice melting, and largescale deformation. The research will lead to the development of a theoretical computer model that will be used to forecast changes in ice position. Before they develop an accurate forecasting model, however, scientists need to understand better how the horizontal movement, shape alteration, and melting of sea ice in the marginal ice zone contribute to where the ice edge is and its properties.
New look at fluid inclusions
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The long‐held fascination with natural fluid inclusions in minerals is alive and well, partly as a result of new analytical techniques. The fluids and precipitated crystals in these submillimeter‐dimension inclusions could yield evidence of the last stages of crystallization of their host minerals. They are remnants of the fluids with which the mineral was in equilibrium. Thus they could be highly valuable in the interpretation of hydrothermal mineral and ore deposits, metamorphic and igneous deposits, and petroleum‐bearing rocks.
Space telescope history project
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Historians of science from the Johns Hopkins University and the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum have begun an historical study of the development of the Space Telescope.

The Space Telescope Historical Project, designed to enhance the public's understanding of the Space Telescope, is under the direction of Robert Kargon, the Willis K. Shepard Professor and chairman of the department of history of science at Johns Hopkins, and Paul Hanle, chairman of the department of space science and exploration at the National Air and Space Museum. One of the goals of the project is to write a history of the telescope and to publish it at a time proximate to the telescope's launch, which is scheduled for early 1985.
Mountain Weather and Climate
Authors: Piaget A.
Published: October 2011

As Barry says in his preface, this is the first book dealing with mountain weather and climate worldwide and represents a review of all publications on the subject. As a matter of fact, this approach is not the best because information is not always extensively presented. It looks like a colorful stone mosaic, where a lot of stones are missing. Barry says in his introduction that the studies were ‘often viewed only in the context of a particular local problem.’
[Comment on “Open scientific communication urged” “Technology transfer–A growing problem” and “Update: Science and security”] DOD funds
Authors: Walder Joseph
Published: October 2011

The most significant observation to be made about the recent (Oct. 5, 12, and 19) news items in Eos on ‘technology transfer’ is that several key issues were never even addressed. For example, actual or potential censorship of technical papers is reported to have caused ‘considerable clamor within the scientific community,’ yet never once were directly relevant questions asked. For example: Should academic researchers depend upon military funding for their support? Does acceptance of financial support from military sources make individuals and institutions dependent clients of the Pentagon? In this context it is ironic to note that the Oct. 12 issue of Eos also featured an article entitled ‘DOD to Fund Major Instruments,’ describing the manner in which DOD intends to spend $150 million to equip university laboratories in the next 5 years. This article noted explicitly that ‘For example, computers obtained with the program funds are to be used only for defense‐related projects’ (my emphasis). It seems that scientists should reflect a bit about a funding system that channels dollars through the military.
Geodesy: The Concepts
Authors: Sünkel H.
Published: October 2011

Geodesy has changed dramatically during the last few decades; totally new technologies have both rejuvenated and beautified its face. This fast development is well documented by the recent fashion of prominent geodesists, textbook writing. Most of them are concerned with a subset of geodesy rather than geodesy at large. Geodesy: The Concepts is one of the few exemptions in this respect. It is intended as a textbook for both technological and undergraduate and graduate courses at the university level, a goal usually difficult to achieve in less than 700 pages without making significant sacrifices. This is why the authors have confined themselves to the presentation of the concepts only.
SPR awards
Authors: Neugebauer Marcia
Published: October 2011

The First Occasional Solar Planetary Relationships Award Ceremony was held in conjunction with the annual SPR banquet on December 8, 1982. The following awards were presented:

The Golden Palate Award to Bruce T. Tsurutani for his intrepid tasting and superb menu planning;

The Traveling Intercontinental Disturbance Award to Murray Dryer and Peggy Shea for their unflagging efforts to track down every last piece of relevant data;
AGU Scholars
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

In recognition of the strong support and substantial contribution given by the American Geophysical Union to the American Geological Institute's Minority Participation Program, 16 of the 1982–83 scholarship recipients were designated ‘AGU Scholars.’ Because of a matching grant from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration to increase the number of minority students studying in fields related to the development of marine and coastal resources, five of this group were designated ‘AGU Sea Grant Scholars.’ The AGU Scholars, all of whom are following courses of study related to AGU's broad areas of interest, are Torin J. Edwards, a student of geophysics at the University of New Orleans; Gwendolyn Hofler, geophysics, Virginia State University; Jolecia Mitchell, environmental sciences, Howard University; Louis F. Montiel, geohydrology, Northern Arizona University; Alex M. Richards, geophysics, Northern Arizona University; Roxanne C. Rogers, geophysics, Colorado School of Mines; John F. Vargas, geophysics, University of Kansas; Toni M. VanDam, geophysics, University of Colorado; Edith G. Williams, geophysics, Stanford University; Saundra F. Willis, geosciences, California State University, Northridge; and Lacy B. Ward, geophysics, Virginia State University.
Tapping the magnetosphere
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Scientists may have found a way to tap the earth's magnetosphere to help power global communications. A team of scientists and engineers from Lockheed's Palo Alto Research Laboratory, from Stanford University, and from the U.S. Office of Naval Research reported at the recent AGU Fall Meeting/ASLO Winter Meeting that they have confirmed a long‐held theory that man‐made very low frequency (VLF) radio waves move along the earth's magnetic field lines to great altitudes within the magnetosphere and dislodge electrons into the ionosphere. The confirmation of the theory aids in the understanding of communication disturbances caused by increased sunspot activity and broadens the potential for advancement in new forms of radio communication.

The magnetosphere is the region of space where the earth's geomagnetic field is confined by the solar wind. The ionosphere, closer to the earth than the magnetosphere, is that part of the earth's atmosphere that contains free, electrically charged particles.
IAHS notes
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Nominations from national committees and commissions for the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) elections—to be held in Hamburg, F.R.G., during the XVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, August 15–27, 1983—should be submitted as soon as possible to J. C. I. Dooge, Department of Civil Engineering, University College, Upper Merion Street, Dublin 2, Ireland. Dooge is chairman of the IAHS nominations panel. Others on the panel are Dr. Bogoiavlensky, N.B. Ayibotele, Dr. Rodier, and Mark Meier.

In addition, nominations from national committees for the 1983 International Hydrology Prize will be open until April 1. Nominations should contain a statement (up to 1000 words) describing the qualifications and merits of the candidate. By definition, candidates should have made an outstanding contribution to the advancement of hydrology. Send nominations to IAHS Secretary General John C. Rodda, Institutes of Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BB, UK.
Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management
Authors: Trask Newell J.
Published: October 2011

As a result of the Reagan administration's commitment to nuclear energy as a significant future energy source and of attempts by the 97th Congress to grapple with legislative aspects of the problem, increased attention has focused recently on the problem of safely disposing of nuclear waste. These proceedings of the Third Symposium on Nuclear Waste Management of the Materials Research Society provide insight into the status of investigations on the subject as of late 1980. As with volumes 1 and 2 of this series, the 77 contributions are all short progress reports of ongoing research with the emphasis fittingly on materials science. Readers who wish extensive background material on the problems of nuclear‐waste management and disposal, details of specific sites, or overviews of the programs of research in this country and abroad will have to look elsewhere.
Alfred Wegener Conference
Authors: Fuchs K. , Wänke H.
Published: October 2011

From August 28–31, 1982, the Alfred Wegener‐Stiftung held its 1st Alfred Wegener Conference on ‘Geophysical, Geochemical and Petrological Evidence on Deformation and Composition of the Continental Subcrustal Lithosphere’ at Seeheim/F.R. Germany. It was convened by K. Fuchs (University of Karlsruhe) and H. Wanke (Max‐Planck‐Institut Mainz).

The main results and questions from this conference may be summarized as follows: Geophysical, petrological, and geochemical models of the earth's continental lithosphere have been refined recently so far that they are no longer independent of one another. From an analysis of xenoliths the compositions proposed for this part of the earth were confronted with seismic velocities measured in situ at depth. Both observations are not compatible unless seismic anisotropy is present in the upper mantle. Triaxial anisotropy was also required in the asthenosphere from a world‐wide inversion of surface wave data. Seismic anisotropy was recognized as a possible tracer of mantle convection. Whether it signifies a paleomotion or is generated by recent flow patterns depends on a number of material parameters that require future research in the field, in the laboratory, and in numerical modeling, e.g., experiments on stress relations at low strain rates, on seismic velocities and their partial derivatives at seismic frequencies under upper‐mantle conditions, and on field experiments to map anisotropy in the mantle and lower crust. The conference showed that geophysical, petrological, and geochemical models can and should be integrated, since they offer mutual constraints.
IGY commemorated
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Resolved, That the House of Representatives commemorates the 25th Anniversary of the beginning of the International Geophysical Year [IGY], and reaffirms the commitment of the House of Representatives to a new, vigorous era of international cooperation in all the sciences.

The House of Representatives unanimously passed this resolution, H.R. 514, just before the close of the 97th Congress. The resolution ‘mentions just a fraction of the scientific advancements achieved during the 18‐month period of IGY,’ Tim Wirth (D.‐Colo.) told colleagues in the House. He introduced the resolution last June and testified before the House Science and Technology Committee on behalf of the resolution (Eos, August 24, 1982, p. 617).
Glomar Challenger finds ophiolite
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) hole 504B located in the eastern equatorial Pacific, 201 km south of the Costa Rica Rift (CRR), is unique in several ways. Hole 504B extends 1.35 km below the seafloor, which is at a depth of 3.46 km; it has penetrated seismic layers 2A, 2B, and part of 2C and for the first time has provided a very complete section; and it has bottomed in what has been interpreted as a true ophiolite complex. These results constitute for the first time long awaited confirmation of accepted models upon which most oceanic crust theory has been based.

A recent report of DSDP Hole 504B noted that ‘… one is led to question the validity of using ophiolite as models of ocean crust’ (Nature, December 16, 1982). That statement was representative of the state of uncertainty that existed before the hole was drilled. The drill site is located on magnetic anomaly 3′, which has an age estimate of 6.2 m.y. The location, south of the CRR, lies on the easternmost arm of the Galapagos Spreading Center, ideally situated over ophiolite lithostratigraphy, if most current models of the oceanic crust are correct. Hesitation with the acceptance of these models has arisen in recent years from the rarity of dredged and drilled rocks that can be positively identified as being samples of an ophiolite complex. Hole 504B, being along the southern flank of the CRR, should be a good test case.
New computer at NCAR
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Atmospheric scientists who have had to postpone analysis of their data for the lack of computer resources may not have to wait much longer. The University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) has awarded a $4 million contract to Cray Research, Inc., for the installation of a second CRAY‐1A computer system at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). A one‐million word CRAY system will be installed at the NCAR facility in Boulder, Colo., in the second quarter of 1983, according to a Cray spokesman.

‘Machines of the capability of the CRAY‐1 have made possible many important advances in the atmospheric sciences,’ said Wilmot N. Hess, NCAR director and president of the AGU Atmospheric Sciences section. ‘In the areas of climate research, oceanography, severe storms, and sun‐earth relationships, both speed and memory are of critical importance. Our first CRAY‐I [purchased in 1977] opened many research doors for us and our university colleagues. The second CRAY will serve many scientists who are waiting for additional resources,’ he added.
Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Polar Meteorology and Glaciology
Authors: Ohtake Takeshi
Published: October 2011

The symposium was held on January 13–14, 1981, at the National Institute of Polar Research in Tokyo. The proceedings consist of 29 research papers. The papers are further divided into major groups of POLEXSouth, POLEX‐North, Antarctic aerosols, Antarctic precipitation physics, Lidar observation, atmospheric circulation, oxygen isotopes, and glaciological studies in the Antarctica.

The first seven papers report the meteorological observations at Syowa Station (69°00′S, 39°35′E) and Mizuho Station (70°42′S, 40°20′E, 2230 m MSL, 270 km inland from Syowa Station). Two papers by Yamanouchi et al. are concerned with radiometric measurements at Syowa and column water vapor amount at Mizuho. The total precipitable water at Mizuho in summer was 0.15 g/cm2 , and some diurnal variations were observed. The seven papers mainly describe the methods and preliminary results of meteorological observations as related to the POLEX‐South project. Further interpretation, statistics, and discussions of the results are left for the future. The purpose of the observations aims at studying the heat budget of the eastern Antarctica.
Budget boosts overall research but cuts NOAA and USGS funds
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Science in general, and physical sciences in particular, show growth far above projected inflation in President Ronald Reagan's fiscal 1984 budget proposal. Total funding requested for all federal research and development, including facilities, is $47 billion, up 17.2% over fiscal 1983, jumping hurdles over the 5% projected inflation rate. Defense R&D is slated to soar 29% to $30.3 billion, while non‐defense R&D would rise 0.4% to $16.7 billion. Table 1 shows the proposed research and development budgets by major departments and agencies.
Tectonophysique et Géodynamique: Une Synthése Géologie Structurale‐Géophysique Interne
Authors: Le Pichon Xavier
Published: October 2011

Lliboutry is an imaginative physicist with a vast scientific knowledge. On most problems that he discusses, he likes to formulate his own solutions, and he formulates them with frankness and, often, abruptness. I was, thus, curious to read his new textbook, which is for geological as well as geophysical university students.

I must say that I was not disappointed. This is an original and interesting book, and I know of no equivalent. It has an excellent table of contents: earthquakes and structure of the earth; earth magnetic field; remanent magnetization; seafloor spreading; subduction; present plate kinematics; past plate kinematics; nature of crust and mantle; isostasy, low velocity zone, and heat flow; vertical motion; elastic and plastic deformations and ruptures; mechanical properties of plates and mantle; nature of lower mantle and differentiation of crust and hot spots; driving mechanisms; tectonic mechanisms; and orogenesis. There is a limited amount of mathematics. Consequently, geologists should not find it too hard reading, although the demonstrations may be too concise for most students in geology. On the other hand, the geological vocabulary is very limited, and each new term is introduced by a short explanation. No previous knowledge of any geology or geophysics is assumed. References are given in an abbreviated form within the text, and there is a combined subject‐author index. The book is well illustrated, mostly with generally well‐chosen figures from major papers.
Another option for ocean drilling
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

After reviewing long‐range plans for crustal studies, a National Science Foundation (NSF) advisory group unanimously agreed that the most economic and favorable platform for scientific ocean drilling would be neither the Glomar Explorer nor the Glomar Challenger. The group's choice: to lease a commercial drilling ship.

Unlike previous groups, the NSF Ad Hoc Advisory Group on Crustal Studies, chaired by AGU President‐elect Charles Drake, examined ocean drilling while considering other crustal studies and budget projections. The Conference on Scientific Ocean Drilling (COSOD) (Eos, December 22, 1981, p. 1197), the National Science Board (Eos, April 6, 1982, p. 219), and a National Research Council committee (Eos, November 2, 1982, p. 835) all chose the Glomar Explorer as the desired option; however, they weighed alternatives based only on the scientific merits of drilling and did not look at crustal studies as a whole or look at budget projections.