bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Policy Dilemmas for Controlling Child Labor
Authors: Basu Kaushik
Published: September 2006

This essay attempts to show that seemingly reasonable policy interventions can easily backfire in the area of child labor. Thus, policy interventions cannot be left at the level of broad-brush statements but need to be crafted carefully. The general possibility of pathological reactions to policy interventions will be discussed, and one particular pathology will be spelled out in some detail because this is a problem that seems not to have been discussed in the literature, and also because it provides a generic illustration of the hazard of using standard instruments for curbing child labor.
The Primacy of Education
Authors: Case Anne
Published: September 2006

Many economists believe that education is key to economic development. The first section of this essay highlights what is known about the role of education in three interrelated areas: income generation, health status, and fertility. It discusses reasons why measuring the impact of education is difficult, and presents the best current estimates for the effects of education in these important areas. In bringing education to people in the developing world, an understanding of which school inputs are most effective and at what levels of education is paramount. The second half of the essay discusses why little is known about which inputs are most effective, and contrasts different approaches to assessing the impact of school inputs. The essay concludes with a discussion of programs that promise to be more successful in helping governments and policy makers decide how best to invest in human capital.
Intellectual Property and Health in Developing Countries
Authors: Tirole Jean
Published: September 2006

This essay focuses on the impact of intellectual property rights (IPRs) on low- and middle-income countries’ health care. There are two different reasons why poor countries may not have access to needed vaccines and drugs. In the case of global diseases, such as diabetes or cancer, patents may hinder the diffusion of pharmaceuticals. In the case of neglected or tropical diseases, such as malaria, tuberculosis, and leishmaniasis, the corresponding vaccines or drugs are not developed because of low profitability due to the poverty of potential customers. The important role of compulsory licensing for low- and middle-income countries is discussed.
Poor but Rational?
Authors: Duflo Esther
Published: September 2006

When theoretical work made it clear that being poor meant being cut off from many opportunities that were available to others, the task of empirical economics shifted to providing evidence for market inefficiencies and the potential of economic policies to alleviate them. A new paradigm, “poor but neoclassical”, helped define an empirical agenda and structure a vision of the world, even though it often remained implicit in empirical work. While the poor (and the rich) are all perfectly rational, the markets, left to themselves, may not produce an efficient outcome. In turn, many of the predictions of this body of work have been substantiated by the data. But there are also some fundamental facts for which this view of the world does not account. This essay explores this agenda using two classic examples, which have been very fertile ground for research in development economics: insurance and agricultural investment.
Better Choices to Reduce Poverty
Authors: Mullainathan Sendhil
Published: September 2006

A growing number of researchers are studying how to integrate psychological insights into economic reasoning. In this perspective, people sometimes make bad choices, ones that they themselves would like to improve on. This perspective is opening up new ideas, such as how good institutions might help people improve their decisions. This essay discusses these insights using a few choice examples. The goal is to provide a glimpse of how radically different policy suggestions might be in 10 or 20 years as the integration of psychology and economics deepens.
Nonmarket Institutions
Authors: Munshi Kaivan
Published: September 2006

The pervasiveness and persistence of nonmarket institutions in developing economies demand an explanation from economists. This essay describes what has been learned about these institutions: why they emerge, why they persist, the inefficiencies that are associated with their presence, and how the presence of these institutions might affect the design of development policy. These institutions serve a useful purpose when markets function imperfectly. At the same time, the restrictions on individual behavior within these institutions may leave the community ill equipped to respond to a changing world. This, in turn, suggests a role for policy. How external interventions can help move the community out of its traditional equilibrium when the economic environment changes is discussed.
Racial Stigma: Toward a New Paradigm for Discrimination Theory
Authors: Loury Glenn C.
Published: September 2006

This essay examines interconnections between “race” and economic inequality in the United States, focusing on the case of African Americans. It is crucially important to distinguish between racial discrimination and racial stigma in the study of this problem. Racial discrimination has to do with how blacks are treated, while racial stigma is concerned with how black people are perceived. It is argued that a so-called reward bias (unfair treatment of persons in formal economic transactions based on racial identity) has become a less significant barrier to the full participation by African Americans in U.S. society than a so-called development bias (restricted access to resources critical for personal development but available only via informal social transactions that are difficult to regulate because they do not take place in a market context).
Aspirations, Poverty, and Economic Change
Authors: Ray Debraj
Published: September 2006

This essay discusses a particular aspect of poverty: its close and brutal association with a failure of aspirations. This is not an assertion about individuals who are poor; it is a statement about the condition of poverty itself. Poverty stifles dreams, or at least the process of attaining dreams. Thus, poverty and the failure of aspirations may be reciprocally linked in a self-sustaining trap. This essay seeks to draw out various aspects of this theme and, in the process, to introduce and discuss an aspirations-based view of individual behavior.
Pluralism and Ambivalence
Authors: Wong David B.
Published: September 2006

The case for pluralistic relativism begins with discussing a discomforting kind of moral disagreement that gives rise to moral ambivalence: this is not simply disagreement in which both sides run out of reasons that are persuasive to the other, but is also a disagreement in which coming to understand the other side brings along an appreciation of its reasons. The root of moral ambivalence is the existence of plural and irreducible moral values (e.g., special duties to particular people and groups, rights, utility, perfectionist ends or values, commitment to one’s own projects and undertakings, and attunement to the world) and our coming to understand how others could have made choices different from the ones we make in the face of conflicts among these values. Moral ambivalence poses difficulties for universalism. A case in point is ambivalence in the face of conflict between personal values (special duties, commitment to one’s own projects) and impersonal values (rights possessed by everyone, utility).
Community and Liberal Theory
Authors: Wong David B.
Published: September 2006

This chapter argues for the crucial role of intermediate associations in the promotion of effective moral agency. Communitarians often criticize liberal ethical theory as neglecting this role, and moreover, argue that liberal theory (e.g., Rawls’ theory of justice) is ill suited to the nature and moral qualities of some of the most crucial associations such as the family. It is argued here that liberal theory does tend to neglect the role of intermediate associations and to gloss over moral conflicts between loyalties to these associations and loyalties to the larger society. However, it is also argued that liberal conceptions of justice are not so much ill suited to families but provide incomplete normative perspectives on them, and that values of care and communitarian conceptions of justice need to be brought into play along aside the liberal conceptions.
Coping with Moral Difference
Authors: Wong David B.
Published: September 2006

This final chapter returns to practical problems arising from accepting a plurality of true or justified moralities: (1) problems about how to have confidence in one’s moral commitments while recognizing that different commitments are equally justified, and (2) problems about how to act toward others who have those different commitments and about how we might learn from others. Regarding (1), it is suggested, following Zhuangzi, that we can strive to make our moral commitments broader and more inclusive, trying to incorporate what we appreciate in others’ commitments. With regard to (2), approaches embodying the value of accommodation are advocated: accept that serious disagreement is a pervasive, inescapable fact of our moral lives, strive to maintain constructive relationship toward those with whom one disagrees, remain open to compromise, to joining forces with them on other issues, and to working on those parts of one’s moral projects that more likely to gain consensus. Particular issues such as abortion and substantial inequality in income and wealth, and the alleged divisiveness of multiculturalism are discussed. Finally, a conception of ritual derived from Confucianism is applied to the problem of how one might regard voting in elections as a means to promote the spirit of accommodation.
The Plague of Dissent
Authors: Beneke Chris
Published: September 2006

The story opens in the first three decades of the 18th century when dissenters were still treated as political subversives and unorthodox doctrines still compared to contagious diseases. This chapter briefly summarizes the long history of persecution in Europe and America, emphasizing the ideal of religious uniformity and the practice of religious localism. It then traces the emergence of toleration and the limits of the “divine right of private judgment”. The chapter concludes with an account of an early religious controversy involving Benjamin Franklin to underscore the relationship between the growth of the print trade and the expansion of religious autonomy.
Partial Judgments and Divided Churches
Authors: Beneke Chris
Published: September 2006

This chapter focuses on the disruptive religious revivals of the 1740s and 1750s, known as the First Great Awakening. It explores how the impressive mobility and astonishing popularity of itinerant ministers gave new meaning to the right of private judgment. It also documents the rash of revival-inspired church separations, which broadened the range of religious alternatives and undermined traditional religious authority. The travails of a humble minister named Ebenezer Parkman dramatize the sometimes painful consequences of religious diversity, as well as its liberating possibilities.
“None Are Tolerated”
Authors: Beneke Chris
Published: September 2006

This chapter details the end of exclusive religious establishments and the birth of a more civil religious climate in America. As the Revolution neared, the ideal of “religious liberty” assumed prominence. At the same time, the traditional ideal of toleration was rejected by those whose ancestors would have gladly received it. Voluminous newspaper and pamphlet disputes over a colonial Anglican bishop and the campaigns for religious liberty in Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania revealed the contours of a new cultural environment. In the integrated religious setting of pre-revolutionary America, harsh language itself could seem like a violation of religious liberty. With a much larger range of groups participating freely in the discussion of public problems, the scope of injury was widened to include the intangible slights that once would have gone unnoticed. The end of toleration left revolutionary-era Americans with the challenging task of articulating their differences through inoffensive rhetoric.
Globalization and Labor Conditions
Authors: Flanagan Robert J.
Published: September 2006

This book explains how the three main mechanisms of globalization — international trade, international migration, and international capital flows — alter working conditions (particularly wages, work hours, and job safety) and labor rights (freedom of association, nondiscrimination, and the elimination of forced and child labor). An important sub-theme is the relative importance of international markets and international regulation in providing improvements in labor conditions around the world. The book presents evidence on how labor conditions changed during the late 20th-century globalization, and on how economic growth, international trade, migration, and multinational companies influence labor conditions around the world. Drawing on analyses of an international database on labor conditions prepared for this study and on numerous research studies, the book finds a general improvement in labor conditions during the late 20th century and documents the positive influence of economic development on those conditions. Chapters on the role of trade, migration, and multinational companies find that each mechanism of globalization is associated with the improvements in working conditions and with improvements in most labor rights. In contrast, the evidence does not support the view that increasing economic integration initiates an international race to the bottom that produces sweatshop labor conditions. The book also considers the influence of national and international labor regulations on working conditions and labor rights around the world. The evidence indicates that in contrast with trade, migration, and international capital flows, labor standards regulation has had a limited role in advancing labor conditions. The book concludes by showing how several policies that create opportunities for targeted worker groups show promise for supplementing the positive effects of globalization on labor conditions.
Introduction
Authors: Flanagan Robert J.
Published: September 2006

This chapter contrasts the predictions of globalization skeptics with international economic analysis regarding the effect of globalization on labor conditions. Skeptics argue that globalization encourages sweatshop labor conditions and increases world poverty and inequality, while economic analysis predicts that international competition produces a convergence of working conditions that reduces world inequality. The chapter makes a key semantic distinction between labor conditions (the actual working conditions and labor rights that workers experience) and labor standards (policy objectives or legal requirements regarding the treatment of labor). The chapter concludes by explaining the questions addressed in the rest of the book.
Labor Conditions around the World
Authors: Flanagan Robert J.
Published: September 2006

This chapter introduces the measures of working conditions and labor rights that are the focus of the book and shows how labor conditions changed in the late 20th century. The key working conditions are pay, hours of work, and workplace health and safety. The four key labor rights (emphasized in policy discussions by international organizations) are freedom of association, nondiscrimination, abolition of forced labor, and reduction of child labor. Evidence presented in this chapter shows that measures of these working conditions and labor rights improved during the late 20th century, a period of increased international economic integration. The data also show that countries that are open to international trade have superior labor conditions.
International Migration and Labor Conditions
Authors: Flanagan Robert J.
Published: September 2006

This chapter shows the powerful role of international labor market competition in narrowing differences in labor conditions between countries that remain open to migration flows. International migration produced a large convergence in real wages between Europe and the New World during the transatlantic migrations of the late 19th century. Concerns about the impact of immigration on workers in destination countries resulted in policies that significantly limited international migration during much of the 20th century and gave rise to significant illegal immigration. Dropping these policy barriers would increase world output and significantly reduce inequality between the richest and poorest nations of the world. The chapter also considers whether the emigration of skilled workers (brain drain) harms poor countries, weighing the loss of skills against remittances and other offsetting factors.
Jewish Babylonia between Persia and Roman Palestine
Authors: Kalmin Richard
Published: September 2006

The Babylonian Talmud was compiled in the 3rd through 6th centuries CE, by rabbis living under Sasanian Persian rule in the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. What kind of society did these rabbis inhabit? What effect did that society have on important rabbinic texts? This book offers a re-examination of rabbinic culture of late antique Babylonia. It shows how this culture was shaped in part by Persia on the one hand, and by Roman Palestine on the other. The mid 4th century CE in Jewish Babylonia was a period of particularly intense “Palestinianization,” at the same time that the Mesopotamian and east Persian Christian communities were undergoing a period of intense “Syrianization.” The book argues that these closely related processes were accelerated by 3rd-century Persian conquests deep into Roman territory, which resulted in the resettlement of thousands of Christian and Jewish inhabitants of the eastern Roman provinces in Persian Mesopotamia, eastern Syria, and western Persia, profoundly altering the cultural landscape for centuries to come. The book also offers new interpretations of several fascinating rabbinic texts of late antiquity. It also demonstrates how Babylonian rabbis interacted with the non-rabbinic Jewish world, often in the form of the incorporation of centuries-old non-rabbinic Jewish texts into the developing Talmud, rather than via the encounter with actual non-rabbinic Jews in the streets and marketplaces of Babylonia.
Roman Persecutions of the Jews
Authors: Kalmin Richard
Published: September 2006

This chapter examines ancient rabbinic accounts of Roman interference with the practice of Judaism during the first few decades of the 2nd century CE. Sources attributed to Tannaim in the Bavli are compared to those attributed to Tannaim in Palestinian compilations. It is shown that Babylonian portrayals tend to emphasize Roman prohibition of Torah study, while Palestinian portrayals do so only rarely, if at all. This will be the first of many respects in which Babylonian rabbis place greater stress on Torah study than do Palestinian rabbis, which is easily explicable according to the claim that the universe of experience of Babylonian rabbis, more so than of Palestinians, tended not to extend beyond the four walls of the study house.
Jewish Sources of the Second Temple Period in Rabbinic Compilations of Late Antiquity
Authors: Kalmin Richard
Published: September 2006

This chapter further exemplifies the claim regarding the Bavli's tendency to depict the most powerful groups and the major institutions of the distant past as controlled by rabbis, as opposed to the tendency of Palestinian rabbis to acknowledge the prominent role played by nonrabbis. It also supports the claim that the nonrabbinic Jewish world penetrated the walls of the Babylonian rabbinic study house in the form of literary traditions deriving from Roman Palestine, and perhaps from elsewhere in the Roman provincial world. It is shown that the rabbis domesticated these traditions by supplying them with a rabbinic veneer that transformed them into fit objects of Torah study. Several pre- and nonrabbinic traditions have been incorporated into the Tosefta, the Yerushalmi, and the Bavli, and all have been subjected to varying degrees of editorial revision and distortion. Palestinian rabbis emended these stories less radically than Babylonian rabbis, for reasons discussed in the previous chapter. This finding is significant, since it means that if we are able to correct for the distortions, rabbinic literature is a fruitful repository of nonrabbinic thought, belief, behavior, and gossip.
Introduction
Authors: Kalmin Richard
Published: September 2006

This introductory chapter lays out the theoretical foundations of the book. Topics discussed include Judiasm and Christianity between Persia and eastern Roman provinces during the 4th century, Babylonian rabbis between Persia and Roman Palestine, dating and interpreting rabbinic traditions, and competing theories of the character of the Bavli.
Gemstone of Paradise
Authors: Murphy G. Ronald
Published: September 2006

The story of the Grail, usually identified as some kind of mystical vessel, has gripped the imaginations of millions since it first appeared in several medieval romances. Of these, Wolfram von Eschenbach's Middle High German Parzival (c. 1210) is generally recognized as the most complex and beautiful. Strangely, in Parzival, the Grail is identified as a stone rather than a cup or dish. This oddity is usually seen as just another mystery, further evidence of the difficulty of discerning the true sources of the Grail legend. This book seeks to illuminate this mystery and to enable a far better appreciation of Wolfram's insight into the nature of the Grail and its relationship to the Crusades. The Grail, container of the sacred body and blood of Christ, Wolfram was saying, was where God said it would be: on the altar at the consecration of the Mass. Wolfram's “sacred stone” was none other than a consecrated altar, precious by virtue of the sacrament but also, this book argues, by virtue of the material from which it was made: a green gem, one of the precious stones associated with the rivers of Paradise. The book explores what it signifies for the Grail to be a translucent gemstone and an altar made portable only by a woman. Wolfram's stone is a sacramental reference to the stone the Crusaders fought to obtain — the Holy Sepulchre. Parzival, the book states, was intended as an argument against continued efforts by Latin Christians to recover the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem by force of arms. In Wolfram's story, warring Christian and Muslim brothers are brought together in peace by the power of Wolfram's Holy Grail.
Prologue: In the Beginning
Authors: Murphy G. Ronald
Published: September 2006

This chapter begins with a brief discussion of the earliest written accounts about the Grail. It then lays out the theoretical foundations of this book. The first is to address the question of the nature and profound meaning of the stone that Wolfram calls the Grail within Parzival, and the second is to approach the challenging mystery of whether or not Wolfram's actual stone Grail could still exist and be found.
The Grail in the Inner Story
Authors: Murphy G. Ronald
Published: September 2006

This chapter argues that Wolfram modifies Chrétien's story in accordance with his interpretation of this journey and of the nature of its goal, the Holy Grail. It is impossible to detail every change he makes, nor would it be desirable to attempt to do so in the case of an author who constantly attempts to connect everything to everything. However, it is useful to see if the poet's conception of the holy Grail stone is present by its effects, as it should be, as Wolfram transforms the tale. As in the case of most quests, what is sought is already there. It is just that the seeker, a homo viator, slowly wise, takes a while to realize it.
The Paradise Altar of Bamberg
Authors: Murphy G. Ronald
Published: September 2006

This chapter focuses on the (Bamberg) Paradise Altar. It is believed to be the stone that Wolfram was thinking of, or inspired by, when he came to his realization about the true nature of the Grail. The altar has the small size and proportions of an average medieval portable altar: it is 24.7 centimeters (9.8 inches) long, 15.5 centimeters (6.2 inches) wide, and about 14.9 centimeters (5.9 inches) high. It is dated to the second half of the 12th century, and thus was in use at the time (c. 1202-1210) Wolfram was composing his Parzival.
Ignorance and Imagination
Authors: Stoljar Daniel
Published: September 2006

This book advances a novel way to resolve the central philosophical problem about the mind: how it is that consciousness or experience fits into a larger naturalistic picture of the world. The correct response to the problem, it is argued, is not to posit a realm of experience distinct from the physical, nor to deny the reality of phenomenal experience, nor even to rethink our understanding of consciousness and the language we use to talk about it. Instead, we should view the problem itself as having its origin in our ignorance of the relevant physical facts. This change of orientation is shown to be well motivated historically, empirically, and philosophically, and to have none of the side effects it is sometimes thought to have. The result is a philosophical perspective on the mind that has a number of far-reaching consequences: for consciousness studies, for our place in nature, and for the way we think about the relationship between philosophy and science.
Error from Ignorance
Authors: Stoljar Daniel
Published: September 2006

This chapter takes up the conditional thesis that if the ignorance hypothesis is true, the logical problem is solved. The defense of this thesis begins from the idea that there are a number of distinctive ways that a modal argument can go wrong — a number of standard mistakes. The philosophical challenge presented by the modal arguments that are constitutive of the logical problem is that it is hard to see in these cases that we are making any of these standard mistakes. On the other hand, if the ignorance hypothesis is true, it becomes immediately plausible to suppose that we are making one of (or a combination of) these mistakes. This suggests in turn that E1 is true: if the ignorance hypothesis is true, the logical problem is solved.
Russellian Speculations
Authors: Stoljar Daniel
Published: September 2006

This chapter explores Russell’s idea that reflection on the nature of scientific inquiry prompts a version of the ignorance hypothesis, an idea much discussed in contemporary philosophy. As interpreted here, Russell’s idea is that empirical inquiry acquaints only with relational or dispositional features of physical objects, rather than their categorical or intrinsic features. A version of the epistemic view based on this idea is explicated.
Objections and Replies
Authors: Stoljar Daniel
Published: September 2006

Two objections to the epistemic view are addressed. According to the first, the epistemic view is mistaken because if the problem at issue is understood correctly, we are in possession of the relevant truths. According to the second, the epistemic view is mistaken because it has a range of alarming side effects, some of which have been suggested by proponents of the view themselves. These objections raise important questions, but it is suggested that reflection on them strengthens, rather than weakens, the epistemic view.
A Posteriori Entailment
Authors: Stoljar Daniel
Published: September 2006

This chapter presents the view that the supervenience of the experiential on the non-experiential is irreducibly a posteriori — the a posteriori entailment view. The main problem for this view emerges when we notice that Kripke, the philosopher who did most to make it prominent, also considered and rejected it. The lesson of Kripke’s discussion on this point is that the mere idea of a posteriori entailment does not solve the problem of experience, and therefore that a proponent of the a posteriori entailment view is obliged to add further material. On the other hand, an examination of what this further material might be yields the result that either the a posteriori entailment view has no answer to the arguments, or else collapses into the epistemic view.
Introduction
Authors: Stoljar Daniel
Published: September 2006

The main position to be defended and debated in this book — called “the epistemic view” — can be stated by first formulating a hypothesis about our epistemic situation that the author calls “the ignorance hypothesis”, which says that we are ignorant of a type of non-experiential truth relevant to the nature of experience. In the light of this hypothesis, the epistemic view says, first that if the ignorance hypothesis is true, the problem of experience or consciousness is solved, and, second, that the view is true. The reader is also introduced to the example of the slugs and tiles — the main aid to thought in the book.
Paul in Israel's Story
Authors: Meech John L.
Published: September 2006

The self has become a problem in postmodern thought, and this problem poses a sharp challenge for dialogue between Christians and others who tell different stories of self and community. A healthy suspicion of the self’s transcendence lets the self approach the other in humility, but what can create the community where the self and other can embrace? Paul was humbled before Christ, yet to embrace the crucified Christ in one community he had to retell his community’s story. Can the Church today repeat Paul’s costly embrace? Paul in Israel’s Story addresses the problem of the self in community in a theological hermeneutics that brings together recent biblical scholarship and constructive theology. Proponents and critics of the new perspective on Paul join philosophers in an ongoing conversation about selfhood. Paul’s story extends Paul Ricoeur’s “hermeneutics of the self” into stories of communities; hermeneutics deepens our sense of Paul’s “I have been crucified with Christ” and “Christ lives in me”. Linking hermeneutics with Paul’s story is a critical engagement with Rudolf Bultmann. Avoiding the stark either/or that can characterize critiques of Bultmann, the book reconceives demythologizing as an ongoing conversation about how to embrace the other from out of the past in one community. It concludes by situating the communal self in a contextual framework built on Jürgen Moltmann’s “community in Christ” and Robert Jenson’s pneumatology. This framework carries communal selfhood into interreligious and ecumenical dialogue, ecclesiology, and pneumatology. Just as retelling Israel’s story challenged Paul’s self-understanding, Paul in Israel’s Story challenges us to risk our reliable understandings of self and community to embrace Christ crucified and the other in Christ.
Rudolf Bultmann's Story of Paul: The Detour Not Taken
Authors: Meech John L.
Published: September 2006

Should Paul’s communal sense of self remain in any sense normative for us, or is it simply an outmoded husk we should shell to get at the kernel? This chapter argues, rather, that to embrace Paul as another we must take a final detour to the self through community: We must interpret Paul’s horizon, interpret our own horizon, and narrate the continuity between the two as the historical life of one community. The chapter argues that Rudolf Bultmann’s attempt to avoid this detour on appeal to a transcendental self cannot be sustained. Yet two crucial aspects of Bultmann’s work are retrieved: First, a phenomenological account articulates the transcendence of self and other in the encounter with the risen Lord. Second, a variant of demythologizing bridges the gap between Paul’s context and ours — but a demythologizing that invites greater suspicion of our own framework while affirming the work of the Spirit in our community.
Narrative Expresses Being: An Ontology of the Self in Community
Authors: Meech John L.
Published: September 2006

Narrative articulates the self, yet the self is not its narrative. Is there a discourse that is not just another narrative but that can articulate the being of the self? At the end of his hermeneutics of the self, Ricoeur constructs a multi-layered ontology of the self whose fragmented nature reflects the halting path of the itinerary. Yet after certain extraordinary encounters (like Paul’s encounter with the crucified and resurrected Christ) the community’s story may have to be retold to let the suffering other come into phrases. How does an ontology of the self fare in such encounters? This chapter argues that an ontology of the self is the correlate of a conversation in a community. The real that resists being interpreted otherwise can only be articulated properly when one considers simultaneously the self, the other and the community in which they meet — a community that, correlatively, only appears where self and other meet. Such an ontology of the self in community could be superseded, but only at the expense of a profound challenge to the community’s self-understanding.
Conclusion: The Crucified and Resurrected Self
Authors: Meech John L.
Published: September 2006

To correlate the ontology of the self in community with Paul’s communal self is to affirm what we share with Paul while acknowledging our real distance from him. This correlation responds to two interrelated questions. First, how can the ontology help us to understand Paul? Second, how can the ontology help us to let Paul address us again? The chapter responds to these questions, first by correlating Rudolf Bultmann’s account of Pauline anthropology with the ontology of the self in community. How is such a correlation justified? In conversation with Jürgen Moltmann and Robert Jenson, the chapter concludes with a theological account of interpretation in community: Paul can speak again in our interpretations because we live with him in the community of the living and dead in Christ, and because the Spirit of Christ is the subject of the conversation in our community.
Thérèse of Lisieux
Authors: Nevin Thomas R.
Published: September 2006

Thérèse of Lisieux (1873-1897), also known as St. Thérèse of the Child Jesus and the Holy Face, and popularly referred to as the Little Flower, is arguably one of the most beloved women in modern history. A Carmelite nun, doctor of the church, and patron of a score of causes, she was famously acclaimed by Pope Pius X as the greatest saint of modern times, and called a living icon of God by Pope John Paul II. Her autobiography, Story of a Soul, has been translated into more than sixty languages. Having long transcended national and linguistic boundaries, she has crossed even religious ones; as daughter of Allah, she is venerated widely in Islamic cultures. This book draws on previously untapped archival sources from the Carmel of Lisieux, numerous untranslated documents, formative texts of Carmelite spirituality, childhood readings, and unpublished photographs to provide a portrait of the saint's life and thoughts. It explores the dynamics of her family life and the early development of her spirituality, drawing on the correspondence of her mother and documenting her influence on Thérèse's autobiography and spirituality. It also charts the development of Thérèse 's career as a writer and gives close attention to her poetry and plays usually dismissed as undistinguished arguing that they have great value as texts by which she addressed and informed her Carmelite community.
On Her Mother
Authors: Nevin Thomas R.
Published: September 2006

This chapter focuses on the life of Thérèse's mother, Zélie, who died of breast cancer. She was an inspiration to Thérèse who, within Carmel, had not only the maternal load of training novices but undertook on her own to approach and deal with a few Carmelites who were standoffish or unsociable. Zélie continued posthumously as mother to Thérèse through the stories Thérèse heard and the saved letters she read while writing her first manuscript.
Tubercular
Authors: Nevin Thomas R.
Published: September 2006

This chapter addresses the following questions: what was the nature and what the course of the diseases which afflicted Thérèse? What did French medical practitioners in her time know about these diseases? How did Thérèse respond to these diseases and make them integral to her spirituality? What distinguishes Thérèse as a tubercular patient from almost everyone else who has left a record of facing this illness is that she welcomed it. In the seeking of Christ, her attentiveness to suffering had suddenly been pointed to its apogee, its final sense. She had for years sensed that she would not live long and now that tacit awareness had found dramatic confirmation. Far more important, however, is the fact that this pulmonary affliction came concurrently with her maturing spirituality and perhaps informed it in recondite ways.
Introduction: Vices and Virtue‐Theory
Authors: Taylor Gabriele
Published: September 2006

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the vices considered in this essay, namely, sloth, envy, avarice, pride, anger, lust, and gluttony. It argues that these so-called ‘deadly sins’ were correctly named and correctly classed together. Irrespective of their theological background, they are similar in structure in that the agent’s thoughts and desires, while differing in content depending on the vice in question, focus primarily on the self and its position in the world. They are similar also in that in each case they are destructive of that self and prevent its flourishing.
Envy and Covetousness
Authors: Taylor Gabriele
Published: September 2006

This chapter focuses on the miserly avaricious. It is argued that the miserly avaricious defeat their own purposes. The possession of money, which is supposed to be of such value to them does, on the contrary, lead to frustration. They live in a shrinking world and lose control over their lives, for they are at the mercy of their dominating desire. In all its forms, vicious envy spoils the good it covets. In this, as in other respects, the structural features of this vice resemble those of avarice. As in the case of avarice, the desired good is not the superficially obvious one, namely, others’ and one’s own possessions, respectively. The object of their desire is a more fundamental one, namely the self under a specific description.
Self and Self‐Consciousness
Authors: Taylor Gabriele
Published: September 2006

This chapter explores the nature of self and self-consciousness. The self is that which gives a person her identity as she herself sees it, and that means that she has sufficient complexity to be able to form intentions, to evaluate and select. Self-consciousness is itself constitutive of the self, and constituent of the self are consequently evaluations and decisions about what it is worthwhile to do and what to avoid, about the sort of life one wants to lead, and the kind of person one wants to be. The interdependence of the elements of the shape of experiences means that they will be ‘edited’, that some experiences will be seen as important and others as negligible according to how they fit into existing frameworks of beliefs and inclinations.
Pride and Anger
Authors: Taylor Gabriele
Published: September 2006

Pride is vice which most patently involves consciousness of self and self-evaluation. The assessment of its nature and implicit harm will depend on the features of the self set out in the preceding chapter. There are different types of pride and, as in the case of envy, not all of them are corruptive.
Introduction
Authors: Thomas Alan
Published: September 2006

This introductory chapter begins with a brief description of the aim of this book, which is the development of a contextualist approach to epistemology. This is followed by a discussion of the theoretical foundations of this contextualist approach. An overview of the chapters included in this volume is also presented.
A Critique of Expressivism
Authors: Thomas Alan
Published: September 2006

This chapter examines the expressive/projective strategy, which covers a family of views with interrelated common themes. The two most highly developed themes, norm expressivism (defended by Allan Gibbard) and projectivism (defended by Simon Blackburn), are considered. Both focus on the crucial issue of how we should understand our desire to explain the ethical within a generally naturalistic framework. One way in which the theories discussed in this chapter differ from earlier forms of non-cognitivism is that they are intended to constitute a general theory of normativity, which, while it is supposed to bolster some of the intuitions underlying the prevalent conception of value, does not exactly match the extension of that term. The non-cognitivists discussed in this chapter operate with a descriptive/normative distinction, not a fact/value distinction.
Non‐Objectivism and Internal Realism
Authors: Thomas Alan
Published: September 2006

This chapter discusses the non-objectivist position. The non-objectivist argument emerges from an immanent, transcendental placing of the various ways in which we conceive of different areas of thought or language. Rather than announcing itself as a sceptical conclusion, the sceptical line of reflection that emerges can be allowed, in Tractarian fashion, to show its truth. It is in this way that the non-objectivist critique emerges as the most powerful means of undermining the cognitivist argument traced so far. Underpinned by a worked-out programme in the philosophy of truth, namely minimalism, non-objectivism is also powered by a distinctive vision of a modern society.
Political Liberalism and Civic Republicanism
Authors: Thomas Alan
Published: September 2006

This chapter addresses the unresolved problem for Rawls described at the end of the previous chapter. The problem is that given the demanding nature of the duty of mutual restraint invoked when citizens deliberate about constitutional and legislative fundamentals, some account is necessary of how people are actually motivated to act in accordance with such a demanding ideal of citizenship. It is argued that the problem can be solved by extending political liberalism to cover a specific set of claims drawn from the republican tradition.
Crisis, Stabilization, and Economic Reform
Authors: Bruno Michael
Published: September 2006

This book examines the phenomenon of the high inflation processes of the 1970s and 1980s as exemplified by Argentina, Brazil, and Israel. It explores the common characteristics of such processes and their possible cures — with some emphasis on the lessons of the Israeli experience in respect of the role of incomes policy and the political economy of stabilization. The discussion of the theoretical underpinnings of ‘shock’ treatments provides a good example for the blending of a number of disciplines: lessons of economic history, open economy monetary and macro theory, game-theory applications to economic policy design (concepts such as dynamic inconsistency, government reputation, and credibility), and the rationalization of incomes policy.
High Inflation, Growth Crisis, and Reform: Historical Perspective and Brief Overview
Authors: Bruno Michael
Published: September 2006

This chapter begins with a comparison of the recent inflationary experiences of heavily indebted and middle-income countries. It then discusses the historical antecedents of high inflation rates, chronic high inflation in recent history, the emergence of the ‘heterodox’ approach to stabilization, and structural crisis and reform. An overview of the chapters included in this volume is presented.
The Gathering Storm: Israel's Structural Crisis in the 1970s
Authors: Bruno Michael
Published: September 2006

This chapter examines Israel’s structural crisis during the early 1970s. It covers the growth and development of business sector GDP, an international comparison of growth and inflation, the government budget, the increase in internal and external debt, and the impact of high government expenditures. It is shown that every aspect of public-sector policy — including its transfer policy and high taxation, the misallocation of labour force, and distorted subsidization of private investment — were all working in the direction of hampering sound economic growth. Moreover, the government’s own lack of restraint had a direct behavioural impact on the response of economic units in the private sector.
Preparing for a Comprehensive Stabilization Programme 1981–1985: Doctrinal Debates, Politics, and Trial by Error
Authors: Bruno Michael
Published: September 2006

This chapter examines the political economy of failed partial attempts to stabilize, and the reasons for delays in the implementation of a heterodox programme, which was proposed in different versions since the beginning of 1981. Inherent risk aversion and short-term planning horizons of politicians as well as inconclusive professional debates amongst economists each played their respective delaying roles in the process, culminating in the economic and political impasse that led to the design and final implementation of the shock-stabilization programme in 1985.
Latin American Comparisons: Failures, Successes, Heterogeneity
Authors: Bruno Michael
Published: September 2006

This chapter focuses on specific lessons that emerged from some of the more extreme Latin American episodes of high inflation and low growth. It discusses the lessons from Chile’s costly orthodox stabilization and successful, though slow, process of structural reform. It further considers the reasons for the failures in the case of Argentina and Brazil, and also discusses the 1990-91 turnaround in Argentina. The chapter ends with a comparison of the successful Mexican reform with that of Israel. There was considerable similarity in programmes, but enough differences in underlying institutions and market structure to make this comparison a particularly relevant one.
Dualism in the Silk-reeling Industry in Suwa from the 1910s to the 1930s
Authors: Matsumura Satoshi
Published: September 2006

This chapter argues that there was a substantial diversity in the forms of production used in the silk-reeling industry in modern Japan. Although export growth led to the development of this industry, the domestic market for raw silk also contributed to the increase in total demand after the first decade of the 20th century. The reason why domestically-oriented manufacturers did not adopt the factory system of production, but instead used various forms of production such as independent operation, subcontracting to small-scale factories, and putting-out was discussed.
The Humble Origins of Modern Japan's Machine Industry
Authors: Suzuki Jun
Published: September 2006

This chapter discusses the importance of artisan workshops in the development of the machine manufacturing industry. Silk-reeling and coal mining, which played the significant role in Japan’s industrialization, depended on these workshops with low priced boilers and pumps. This association is an example of the way positive linkages worked between small-scale production and leading export-oriented industries. Similar interconnections contributed to the establishment of modern machine manufacturing factories by providing training for skilled workers and forming markets for machinery.
How Local Trade Associations and Manufacturers' Associations Worked in Pre-war Japan
Authors: Ōmori Kazuhiro
Published: September 2006

This chapter focuses on the role of trade and manufacturers’ associations in Japan’s industrialization. Focusing on two typical traditional industries, pottery and straw goods manufacturing, the various activities of associations such as quality control, technological improvement, material purchasing, and product marketing are investigated. The associations made significant contributions to the development of traditional industries, especially the industries dominated by small manufacturing firms.