bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autocovariance Estimation in Regression with a Discontinuous Signal and m‐Dependent Errors: A Difference‐Based Approach
Authors: Tecuapetla‐Gómez Inder , Munk Axel
Published: November 2016

We discuss a class of difference‐based estimators for the autocovariance in nonparametric regression when the signal is discontinuous and the errors form a stationary m‐dependent process. These estimators circumvent the particularly challenging task of pre‐estimating such an unknown regression function. We provide finite‐sample expressions of their mean squared errors for piecewise constant signals and Gaussian errors. Based on this, we derive biased‐optimized estimates that do not depend on the unknown autocovariance structure. Notably, for positively correlated errors, that part of the variance of our estimators that depend on the signal is minimal as well. Further, we provide sufficient conditions for
‐consistency; this result is extended to piecewise Hölder regression with non‐Gaussian errors.

We combine our biased‐optimized autocovariance estimates with a projection‐based approach and derive covariance matrix estimates, a method that is of independent interest. An R package, several simulations and an application to biophysical measurements complement this paper.
Experimental analysis of piezomagnetic behaviour of ferromagnetic steels subjected to tensile stress
Authors: Bao S. , Gu Y. , Hu S. , Lou H.
Published: November 2016

The purpose of this paper is to explore the correlation between the mechanical actions and the piezomagnetic field variations of ferromagnetic steels. The continuous examination of changes in the piezomagnetic behaviour was performed during tensile tests of Q235 and Q345 steels. The results obtained allowed the division of the magnetic behaviour of the investigated steels into four stages corresponding to four distinct loading stages. The piezomangtic fields demonstrate apparently different variation characteristics in different loading stages. Furthermore, the field intensity firstly reaches its extremum before the yield point. The variation of the ratio between the stress of the extreme point and the yield strength shows regular changes. The characteristics of the piezomagnetic responses are discussed in terms of the mechanical and microstructural condition of the steel. Additionally, a comparison of the piezomagnetic field variations in Q235 and Q345 steels demonstrates that the piezomagnetic properties are unique attributes of the material, which may result from the different chemical composition and microstructure of the two steels.
Skin lesion in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Kothari Atul , Shalin Sara C. , Crescencio Juan Carlos Rico , Burgess Mary J.
Published: November 2016

We present the case of a 51‐year‐old man with acute myeloid leukemia who developed fevers with a skin lesion following the first cycle of induction chemotherapy. Skin biopsy showed evidence of invasive fungal infection. Cultures remained negative, but polymerase chain reaction on tissue detected Rhizopus oryzae complex. The patient was started on liposomal amphotericin B and underwent surgical debridement. He was switched to posaconazole, with plans for allogeneic hematopoetic stem cell transplant in the future.
Transmission of chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 via cord blood transplantation
Authors: Yamada Yuji , Osumi Tomoo , Imadome Ken‐Ichi , Takahashi Etsuko , Ohye Tamae , Yoshikawa Tetsushi , Tomizawa Daisuke , Kato Motohiro , Matsumoto Kimikazu
Published: November 2016

Chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 (ciHHV‐6) can be transmitted via allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. To date, only a few cases have been reported. Here, we report a case identified as transmission of ciHHV‐6 via cord blood transplantation. Distinguishing transmission of ciHHV‐6 from HHV‐6 reactivation in cases with high titer of HHV‐6 DNA load after transplantation is important to prevent unnecessary exposure to antiviral drugs that could be toxic.
Design of an optimal promoter involved in the heat‐induced transcriptional pathway in Arabidopsis, soybean, rice and maize
Authors: Maruyama Kyonoshin , Ogata Takuya , Kanamori Norihito , Yoshiwara Kyouko , Goto Shingo , Yamamoto Yoshiharu Y. , Tokoro Yuko , Noda Chihiro , Takaki Yuta , Urawa Hiroko , Iuchi Satoshi , Urano Kaoru , Yoshida Takuhiro , Sakurai Tetsuya , Kojima Mikiko , Sakakibara Hitoshi , Shinozaki Kazuo , Yamaguchi‐Shinozaki Kazuko
Published: November 2016

Interactions between heat shock (HS) factors (HSFs) and heat shock response elements (HSEs) are important during the heat shock response (HSR) of flora and fauna. Moreover, plant HSFs that are involved in heat stress are also involved in abiotic stresses such as dehydration and cold as well as development, cell differentiation and proliferation. Because the specific combination of HSFs and HSEs involved in plants under heat stress remains unclear, the mechanism of their interaction has not yet been utilized in molecular breeding of plants for climate change. For the study reported herein, we compared the sequences of HS‐inducible genes and their promoters in Arabidopsis, soybean, rice and maize and then designed an optimal HS‐inducible promoter. Our analyses suggest that, for the four species, the abscisic acid‐independent, HSE/HSF‐dependent transcriptional pathway plays a major role in HS‐inducible gene expression. We found that an 18‐bp sequence that includes the HSE has an important role in the HSR, and that those sequences could be classified as representative of monocotyledons or dicotyledons. With the HS‐inducible promoter designed based on our bioinformatic predictions, we were able to develop an optimal HS‐specific inducible promoter for seedlings or single cells in roots. These findings demonstrate the utility of our HS‐specific inducible promoter, which we expect will contribute to molecular breeding efforts and cell‐targeted gene expression in specific plant tissues.
Reviewing Trade Policy in China During the Transition to Balanced Economic Growth
Authors: Sánchez‐Fung José R.
Published: November 2016

The paper reviews the World Trade Organization's analysis of developments in China's trade policy during 2012–14. The review overlaps with the continuing Great Recession and with China's determination to foster a sustainable rate of economic growth. Developments in the country's trade policy include the launching of the Shanghai pilot free trade zone. China faces a series of trade policy‐related challenges including the complex process necessary to internationalise the renminbi.
RETROSPECTIVE COMPARISON OF THREE‐DIMENSIONAL CONFORMAL RADIATION THERAPY VS. PREDNISOLONE ALONE IN 30 CASES OF CANINE INFRATENTORIAL BRAIN TUMORS
Authors: Treggiari Elisabetta , Maddox Thomas W. , Gonçalves Rita , Benoit Jerome , Buchholz Julia , Blackwood Laura
Published: November 2016

Infratentorial tumors are relatively infrequent in dogs and a lack of data makes it difficult to offer prognostic information. Untreated, dogs with these neoplasms have shorter survival times than those with supratentorial tumors. The role of radiation therapy (RT) in the management of infratentorial tumors is poorly defined and tumoral/peritumoral swelling in this site is a potential cause of serious acute side effects. The aim of this retrospective, cohort study was to describe cases of infratentorial tumors treated with fractionated three‐dimensional conformal RT (3D CRT) and glucocorticoids (GC), and compare outcomes and survival with dogs affected by tumors in the same location that received GC alone. Thirty patients with a MRI diagnosis of infratentorial tumors were recruited (15 received RT and GC and 15 GC alone). None had mentation changes at presentation. For both groups, MRI and medical records were reviewed; and factors associated with survival were evaluated with Kaplan–Meier product limit survival and Cox regression analysis. Overall median survival time (MST) was 294 days (95% CI 42–545). The MST in the RT group was 756 days (95% CI 209–1302) vs. 89 days (95% CI 34.7–143.3 days) for those dogs treated palliatively with GC alone. This difference was statistically significant (P= 0.001). No other factors (including neurological signs, MRI features, tumor volume and total RT dose) were statistically associated with survival in the RT group. This study suggests that 3D CRT offers a survival advantage for dogs with infratentorial tumors compared to GC alone, and significant complications are uncommon.
Cyclone hazards in the Arabian sea–A numerical modelling case study of Cyclone Nilofar
Authors: Sarker Mohammad Akhtaruzzaman
Published: November 2016

Cyclones cause significant loss of life and damage to properties, ecosystems and marine facilities. To address such issues, Royal HaskoningDHV (RHDHV) has developed regional tidal hydrodynamic and wave models covering the Northern Arabian Sea. A total of 29 major cyclones were identified in the Arabian Sea since 1945. However, as less information is available on Cyclone Nilofar (2014), this paper has concentrated on this event to illustrate the use of numerical modelling to simulate waves and surge generated by cyclones. Sample results from the modelling study are presented in this paper. The methodology described in this paper for modelling cyclone waves and surges in the Arabian Sea could be applied to simulate such natural hazards at other sites around the world.
An improved automated type‐based method for area assessment of wound surface
Authors: Qi Xin , Ding Lian , Huang Wenjian , Wen Bing , Guo Xiaohui , Zhang Jue
Published: November 2016

Accurate and precise wound measurements are a critical component of wound detection and assessment. Digital cameras are convenient and objective tools that are being increasingly used worldwide to assist with wound measurements and assessments. However, heterogeneous wounds and poor lighting conditions continue to be obstacles to wound area recognition. This study, therefore, provides an improved automated type‐based wound area assessment method that is robust to lighting conditions and can distinguish between different wound tissues based on wound colors. The results of both laboratory and clinical applications of the proposed method show excellent consistency of manual area measurements. This proposed technology is expected to provide wound care specialists with more clinical information about heterogeneous wounds, thereby enabling prospective cost savings for therapy and treatment.
Sweating responses to isometric hand‐grip exercise and forearm muscle metaboreflex in prepubertal children and elderly
Authors: Amano Tatsuro , Kai Seiko , Nakajima Michi , Ichinose‐Kuwahara Tomoko , Gerrett Nicola , Kondo Narihiko , Inoue Yoshimitsu
Published: November 2016

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Non‐thermal factors (e.g. muscle metaboreflex) contribute to the sweating response during exercise. Although it is well recognized that the sweating responses caused by core temperature elevation in prepubertal children and the elderly are attenuated compared with young adults, it is unknown whether non‐thermal sweating is also attenuated in these populations.

What is the main finding and its importance?

The non‐thermal sweating response during isometric hand‐grip exercise and isolated muscle metaboreflex were attenuated in prepubertal children compared with young adults in a non‐uniform manner over the body, but only during the muscle metaboreflex in the elderly. This may explain the maturation‐ and ageing‐related decline of sweating during exercise.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate sweating responses to isometric hand‐grip (IH) exercise and muscle metaboreflex in prepubertal children and the elderly. In hot conditions (ambient temperature, 35°C; relative humidity, 45%), 13 healthy young adults, 10 prepubertal children and 10 elderly subjects (aged 20.4 ± 1.2, 11.4 ± 0.5 and 63.5 ± 3.1 years, respectively) repeated a three hand‐grip exercise protocol that consisted of 1 min IH exercise at 15, 30 or 45% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) followed by 2 min postexercise forearm occlusion. Local sweat rates (SRs) on the forehead, chest, forearm, thigh and palm were continuously measured (ventilated capsule method). The forehead SR in prepubertal children during IH exercise at 45% MVC was significantly lower than that of young adults (0.26 ± 0.22 and 0.08 ± 0.15 mg cm−2 min−1 for young adults and children, respectively; P < 0.05) but not of the elderly at any exercise intensities. The SR on the chest (0.22 ± 0.22 and −0.01 ± 0.05 mg cm−2 min−1 for young adults and children, respectively), forearm (0.14 ± 0.12 and 0.03 ± 0.04 mg cm−2 min−1) and thigh (0.13 ± 0.10 and 0.02 ± 0.03 mg cm−2 min−1) during postexercise occlusion at 45% MVC was significantly lower in children than in young adults (P < 0.05). Elderly subjects showed a significantly lower SR on the forearm (0.04 ± 0.04 and 0.01 ± 0.02 mg cm−2 min−1 for young adults and elderly, respectively) and thigh (0.07 ± 0.07 and 0.01 ± 0.03 mg cm−2 min−1) at 15% MVC and on the thigh at 45% MVC (0.13 ± 0.10 and 0.04 ± 0.04 mg cm−2 min−1) during postexercise occlusion compared with young adults (P < 0.05). These results suggest that sweating responses to IH exercise and muscle metaboreflex were underdeveloped in prepubertal children and that ageing attenuates the response to the muscle metaboreflex in a way that is not consistent across the body.
Does attenuated skin blood flow lower sweat rate and the critical environmental limit for heat balance during severe heat exposure?
Authors: Cramer Matthew N. , Gagnon Daniel , Crandall Craig G. , Jay Ollie
Published: November 2016

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Does attenuated skin blood flow diminish sweating and reduce the critical environmental limit for heat balance, which indicates maximal heat loss potential, during severe heat stress?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Isosmotic hypovolaemia attenuated skin blood flow by ∼20% but did not result in different sweating rates, mean skin temperatures or critical environmental limits for heat balance compared with control and volume‐infusion treatments, suggesting that the lower levels of skin blood flow commonly observed in aged and diseased populations may not diminish maximal whole‐body heat dissipation.

Attenuated skin blood flow (SkBF) is often assumed to impair core temperature (Tc) regulation. Profound pharmacologically induced reductions in SkBF (∼85%) lead to impaired sweating, but whether the smaller attenuations in SkBF (∼20%) more often associated with ageing and certain diseases lead to decrements in sweating and maximal heat loss potential is unknown. Seven healthy men (28 ± 4 years old) completed a 30 min equilibration period at 41°C and a vapour pressure (Pa) of 2.57 kPa followed by incremental steps in Pa of 0.17 kPa every 6 min to 5.95 kPa. Differences in heat loss potential were assessed by identifying the critical vapour pressure (Pcrit) at which an upward inflection in Tc occurred. The following three separate treatments elicited changes in plasma volume to achieve three distinct levels of SkBF: control (CON); diuretic‐induced isosmotic dehydration to lower SkBF (DEH); and continuous saline infusion to maintain SkBF (SAL). The Tc, mean skin temperature (Tsk), heart rate, mean laser‐Doppler flux (forearm and thigh; LDFmean), mean local sweat rate (forearm and thigh; LSRmean) and metabolic rate were measured. In DEH, a 14.2 ± 5.7% lower plasma volume resulted in a ∼20% lower LDFmean in perfusion units (PU) (DEH, 139 ± 23 PU; CON, 176 ± 22 PU; and SAL, 186 ± 22 PU; P = 0.034). However, LSRmean and whole‐body sweat losses were unaffected by treatment throughout (P > 0.482). The Pcrit for Tc was similar between treatments (CON, 5.05 ± 0.30 kPa; DEH, 4.93 ± 0.16 kPa; and SAL, 5.12 ± 0.10 kPa; P = 0.166). Furthermore, no differences were observed in the skin‐air temperature gradient, metabolic rate or changes in Tc (P > 0.197). In conclusion, a ∼20% reduction in SkBF alters neither sweat rate nor the upper limit for heat loss from the skin during non‐encapsulated passive heat stress.
CRAC channel gating and its modulation by STIM1 and 2‐aminoethoxydiphenyl borate
Authors: Ali Sher , Xu Tao , Xu Xiaolan
Published: November 2016

Ca2+ release‐activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels play an essential role in the immune system. The pore‐forming subunit, Orai1, is an important pharmacological target. Here, we summarize the recent discoveries on the structure–function relationship of Orai1, as well as its interaction with the native channel opener STIM1 and chemical modulator 2‐aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2‐APB). We first introduce the critical structural elements of Orai1, which include a Ca2+ accumulating region, ion selectivity filter, hydrophobic centre, basic region, extended transmembrane Orai1 N‐terminal (ETON) region, transmembrane (TM) regions 2 and 3, P245 bend, 263SHK265 hinge linker and L273–L276 hydrophobic patch. We then hypothesize the possible mechanisms by which STIM1 triggers the conformational transitions of TM regions and exquisitely shapes the ion conduction pathway during generation of the CRAC current (Icrac) with high Ca2+ selectivity. Finally, we propose mechanisms by which 2‐APB modulates Icrac. On the STIM1‐activated Orai1 channel, a low dose of 2‐APB acts directly, dilating its extremely narrow pore diameter from 3.8 to 4.6 Å, increasing its unitary channel conductance, and potentiating the Icrac. Further elucidation of the structure of the opened CRAC channel and a better understanding of structure–function relationship will benefit the future development of novel immune modulators.

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Experimental Investigation of Pressure Side Flow Separation on the T106C Airfoil at High Suction Side Incidence Flow
Authors: Stotz Stephan , Guendogdu Yavuz , Niehuis Reinhard
Published: November 2016

The objective of this work is to study the influence of a pressure side separation bubble on the profile losses and the development of the bubble in the blade passage. For the experimental investigations, the T106 profile is used, with an increased loading due to an enlarged pitch to chord ratio from 0.799 to 0.95 (T106C). The experiments were performed at the high-speed cascade wind tunnel of the Institute of Jet Propulsion at the University of the Federal Armed Forces Munich. The main feature of the wind tunnel is to vary Reynolds and Mach number independently to achieve realistic turbomachinery conditions. The focus of this work is to determine the influence of a pressure side separation on the profile losses and hence the robustness to suction side incidence flow. The cascade is tested at four incidence angles from 0 deg to −22.7 deg to create separation bubbles of different sizes. The influence of the Reynolds number is investigated for a wide range at constant exit Mach number. Therefore, a typical exit Mach number for low pressure turbines in the range of 0.5–0.8 is chosen in order to consider compressible effects. Furthermore, two inlet turbulence levels of about 3% and 7.5% have been considered. The characteristics of the separation bubble are identified by using the profile pressure distributions, whereas wake traverses with a five hole probe are used to determine the influence of the pressure side separation on the profile losses. Further, time-resolved pressure measurements near the trailing edge as well as single hot wire measurements in the blade passage are conducted to investigate the unsteady behavior of the pressure side separation process itself and also its influence on the midspan passage flow.
A Cubic Nonlinear Subgrid-Scale Model for Large Eddy Simulation
Authors: Xianbei Huang , Zhuqing Liu , Wei Yang , Yaojun Li , Zixuan Yang
Published: November 2016

In this paper, a new cubic subgrid-scale (SGS) model is proposed to capture the rotation effect. Different from the conventional nonlinear model with second-order term, the new model contains a cubic term which is originated in the Reynolds stress closure. All the three model coefficients are determined dynamically using the Germano’s identity. The model is examined in the rotating turbulent channel flow and the Taylor–Couette flow. Comparing with the linear model and the second-order model, the new model shows better performance.
Large Eddy Simulation of Unsteady Cavitating Flow Around a Highly Skewed Propeller in Nonuniform Wake
Authors: Yu Chao , Wang Yiwei , Huang Chenguang , Wu Xiaocui , Du Tezhuan
Published: November 2016

Unsteady cavitating flows around propellers become increasingly prominent on large-scale and high-speed ships, but large eddy simulations (LES) are limited in the literature. In this study, numerical simulation of an unsteady cavitating flow around a highly skewed propeller in a nonuniform wake is performed based on an explicit LES approach with k−μ subgrid model. Kunz cavitation model, volume of fluid (VOF) method, and a moving mesh scheme are adopted. The predicted evolution of the unsteady cavitating flow around a highly skewed propeller in a nonuniform ship wake is in good agreement with experimental results. An analysis of the factors affecting the cavitation on the propeller is conducted based on numerical simulation. Furthermore, the influences between cavitation structures and vortex structures are also briefly analyzed.
Design of a Large-Stroke Bistable Mechanism for the Application in Constant-Force Micropositioning Stage
Authors: Xu Qingsong
Published: November 2016

To overcome the constraint of conventional tilted beam-based bistable mechanism, this paper proposes a novel type of bistable structure based on tilted-angle compound parallelogram flexure to achieve a larger stroke of negative stiffness region while maintaining a compact physical size. As an application of the presented bistable mechanism, a flexure constant-force micropositioning stage is designed to deliver a large stroke. The constant force output is obtained by combining a bistable flexure mechanism with a positive-stiffness flexure mechanism. To facilitate the parametric design of the flexure mechanism, analytical models are derived to quantify the stage performance. The models are verified by carrying out nonlinear finite-element analysis (FEA). A metal prototype is fabricated for experimental study. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ideas for a long-stroke, constant-force compliant mechanism dedicated to precision micropositioning applications. Experimental results also show the appearance of two-stage constant force due to the manufacturing errors of the bistable beams.
Entropy Generation for Bypass Transitional Boundary Layers
Authors: Skifton Richard S. , Budwig Ralph S. , Crepeau John C. , Xing Tao
Published: November 2016

The principal purpose of this study is to understand the entropy generation rate in bypass, transitional, boundary-layer flow better. The experimental work utilized particle image velocimetry (PIV) and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) to measure flow along a flat plate. The flow past the flat plate was under the influence of a negligible “zero” pressure gradient, followed by the installation of an adverse pressure gradient. Further, the boundary layer flow was artificially tripped to turbulence (called “bypass” transition) by means of elevated freestream turbulence. The entropy generation rate was seen to behave similar to that of published computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and direct numerical simulation (DNS) results. The observations from this work show the relative decrease of viscous contributions to entropy generation rate through the transition process, while the turbulent contributions of entropy generation rate greatly increase through the same transitional flow. A basic understanding of entropy generation rate over a flat plate is that a large majority of the contributions come within a wall coordinate less than 30. However, within the transitional region of the boundary layer, a tradeoff between viscous and turbulent dissipation begins to take place where a significant amount of the entropy generation rate is seen out toward the boundary layer edge.
Vortex Rope Formation in a High Head Model Francis Turbine
Authors: Goyal Rahul , Cervantes Michel J. , Gandhi B. K.
Published: November 2016

Francis turbine working at off-design operating condition experiences high swirling flow at the runner outlet. In the present study, a high head model Francis turbine was experimentally investigated during load rejection, i.e., best efficiency point (BEP) to part load (PL), to detect the physical mechanism that lies in the formation of vortex rope. For that, a complete measurement system of dynamic pressure, head, flow, guide vanes (GVs) angular position, and runner shaft torque was setup with corresponding sensors at selected locations of the turbine. The measurements were synchronized with the two-dimensional (2D) particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements of the draft tube. The study comprised an efficiency measurement and maximum hydraulic efficiency of 92.4 ± 0.15% was observed at BEP condition of turbine. The severe pressure fluctuations corresponding to rotor–stator interaction (RSI), standing waves, and rotating vortex rope (RVR) have been observed in the draft tube and vaneless space of the turbine. Moreover, RVR in the draft tube has been decomposed into two different modes; rotating and plunging modes. The time of occurrence of both modes was investigated in pressure and velocity data and results showed that the plunging mode appears 0.8 s before the rotating mode. In the vaneless space, the plunging mode was captured before it appears in the draft tube. The physical mechanism behind the vortex rope formation was analyzed from the instantaneous PIV velocity vector field. The development of stagnation region at the draft tube center and high axial velocity gradients along the draft tube centerline could possibly cause the formation of vortex rope.
Dynamic Analysis of General Rotationally Symmetric Built-Up Structures Using a Modified Fourier Spectral Element Approach
Authors: Jin Guoyong , Ma Xianglong , Liu Zhigang , Xuan Lingkuang
Published: November 2016

A modified Fourier spectral element method (SEM) is developed to study vibration behaviors of general built-up systems that consist of various rotationally symmetric structures, including conical, cylindrical, and spherical shells, and annular plates. The substructures are formulated as spectral elements based on the type of elementary structure. These spectral elements can be easily assembled using three-dimensional elastic couplers at the interfaces to coordinate the forces and moments of adjacent substructures with respect to a cylindrical coordinate system. A modified Fourier series that can adapt general coupling and boundary conditions is used to describe the displacement components of each spectral element. The generalized variation of the expansion coefficients yields the vibration equations of the built-up system. The convergence and accuracy of the method are validated through several numerical examples for various shell and plate combinations. The dynamic behaviors of the rotationally symmetric built-up structures are investigated by modal and forced vibration analysis. The method can predict the vibration responses of rotationally symmetric, built-up structures with low computational cost.
Impact of a Cooled Cooling Air System on the External Aerodynamics of a Gas Turbine Combustion System
Authors: Duncan Walker A. , Koli Bharat , Guo Liang , Beecroft Peter , Zedda Marco
Published: November 2016

To manage the increasing turbine temperatures of future gas turbines a cooled cooling air system has been proposed. In such a system some of the compressor efflux is diverted for additional cooling in a heat exchanger (HX) located in the bypass duct. The cooled air must then be returned, across the main gas path, to the engine core for use in component cooling. One option is do this within the combustor module and two methods are examined in the current paper; via simple transfer pipes within the dump region or via radial struts in the prediffuser. This paper presents an experimental investigation to examine the aerodynamic impact these have on the combustion system external aerodynamics. This included the use of a fully annular, isothermal test facility incorporating a bespoke 1.5 stage axial compressor, engine representative outlet guide vanes (OGVs), prediffuser, and combustor geometry. Area traverses of a miniature five-hole probe were conducted at various locations within the combustion system providing information on both flow uniformity and total pressure loss. The results show that, compared to a datum configuration, the addition of transfer pipes had minimal aerodynamic impact in terms of flow structure, distribution, and total pressure loss. However, the inclusion of prediffuser struts had a notable impact increasing the prediffuser loss by a third and consequently the overall system loss by an unacceptable 40%. Inclusion of a hybrid prediffuser with the cooled cooling air (CCA) bleed located on the prediffuser outer wall enabled an increase of the prediffuser area ratio with the result that the system loss could be returned to that of the datum level.
Developing Region Solution for High Reynolds Number Laminar Flows of Pseudoplastic and Dilatant Fluids in Circular Ducts
Authors: Capobianchi Massimo , McGah Patrick
Published: November 2016

This article reports the results of a numerical computation of the length and total pressure drop in the entrance region of a circular tube with laminar flows of pseudoplastic and dilatant fluids at high Reynolds numbers (i.e., approximately 400 or higher). The analysis utilizes equations for the apparent viscosity that span the entire shear rate regime, from the zero to the infinite shear rate Newtonian regions, including the power law and the two transition regions. Solutions are thus reported for all shear rates that may exist in the flow field, and a shear rate parameter is identified that quantifies the shear rate region where the system is operating. The entrance lengths and total pressure drops were found to be bound by the Newtonian and power law values, the former being approached when the system is operating in either the zero or the infinite shear rate Newtonian regions. The latter are approached when the shear rates are predominantly in the power law region but only if, in addition, the zero and infinite shear rate Newtonian viscosities differ sufficiently, by approximately four orders of magnitude or more. For all other cases, namely, when more modest differences in the limiting Newtonian viscosities exist, or when the system is operating in the low- or high-shear rate transition regions, then intermediate results are obtained. Entrance length and total pressure drop values are provided in both graphical form, and in tabular and correlation equation form, for convenient access.
Associations between tongue movement pattern consistency and formant movement pattern consistency in response to speech behavioral modifications
Authors: Mefferd Antje S.
Published: November 2016

The degree of speech movement pattern consistency can provide information about speech motor control. Although tongue motor control is particularly important because of the tongue's primary contribution to the speech acoustic signal, capturing tongue movements during speech remains difficult and costly. This study sought to determine if formant movements could be used to estimate tongue movement pattern consistency indirectly. Two age groups (seven young adults and seven older adults) and six speech conditions (typical, slow, loud, clear, fast, bite block speech) were selected to elicit an age- and task-dependent performance range in tongue movement pattern consistency. Kinematic and acoustic spatiotemporal indexes (STI) were calculated based on sentence-length tongue movement and formant movement signals, respectively. Kinematic and acoustic STI values showed strong associations across talkers and moderate to strong associations for each talker across speech tasks; although, in cases where task-related tongue motor performance changes were relatively small, the acoustic STI values were poorly associated with kinematic STI values. These findings suggest that, depending on the sensitivity needs, formant movement pattern consistency could be used in lieu of direct kinematic analysis to indirectly examine speech motor control.
Assessing the perceptual contributions of level-dependent segments to sentence intelligibility
Authors: Guan Tian , Chu Guang-xing , Tsao Yu , Chen Fei
Published: November 2016

The present work assessed the contributions of high root-mean-square (RMS) level (H-level, containing primarily vowels) and middle-RMS-level (M-level, with mostly consonants and vowel-consonant transitions) segments to the intelligibility of noise-masked and noise-suppressed sentences. In experiment 1, noise-masked (by speech-spectrum shaped noise and 6-talker babble) Mandarin sentences were edited to preserve only H- or M-level segments, while replacing the non-target segments with silence. In experiment 2, Mandarin sentences were subjected to four commonly-used single-channel noise-suppression algorithms before generating H-level-only and M-level-only noise-suppressed sentences. To test the influence of an effective signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on intelligibility, both experiments incorporated a condition in which the SNRs of H-level segments and M-level segments were matched. The processed sentences were presented to normal-hearing listeners to recognize. Experimental results showed that (1) H-level-only sentences carried more perceptual information than M-level-only sentences under both noise-masked and noise-suppressed conditions; and (2) this intelligibility advantage of H-level-only sentences over M-level-only sentences persisted even when effective SNR levels were matched, and it might be attributed to the perceptual advantage of vowels in speech intelligibility. In addition, the lesser distortion in H-level segments than in M-level segments following noise-suppression processing suggests that differential processing distortion might contribute to the H-level advantage observed.
Results From Ghana’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth
Authors: Ocansey Reginald , Aryeetey Richmond , Sofo Seidu , Nazzar Alex , Delali Margaret , Pambo Prince , Nyawornota Vida , Nartey John , Sarkwa Rachel
Published: November 2016

Background:

Currently, there is limited evidence on estimates for physical activity (PA) behavior and sedentary behavior (SB) in Ghana. This report card (RC) is intended to increase awareness and sensitivity about issues surrounding PA and SB in Ghana.

Methods:

Data were collected from peer-reviewed literature, graduate students’ theses, physical education and sports documents, and a survey of opinions of stakeholders covering the 10 key RC indicators and benchmarks. The principal investigator harmonized all grades. A consensus meeting of the RC team was held to assign the final grades.

Results:

School and Community grades declined from a D in 2014 to an F in 2016. SB declined from B to D. Family and Active Play were not graded in 2014 and now received an F and a B, respectively. Family and Built Environment were graded F, Active Transportation received a C, and Government and Overall PA were graded D.

Conclusions:

A conscious national investment effort can increase overall PA among children.
Results From England’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth
Authors: Wilkie Hannah , Standage Martyn , Sherar Lauren , Cumming Sean , Parnell Caley , Davis Adrian , Foster Charlie , Jago Russ
Published: November 2016

Background:

Regular physical activity improves physical and mental health, yet children’s physical activity levels were low in England’s 2014 Report Card. Within this paper, we update the 2014 Report Card to assess current information for the 9 indicators of physical activity.

Methods:

A search for nationally representative data on 9 indicators of physical activity was conducted and the data were assessed by an expert panel. The panel assigned grades [ie, A, B, C, D, F, or INC (incomplete)] to each indicator based on whether children across England were achieving specific benchmarks. The 2016 Report Card was produced and disseminated.

Results:

The following grades were awarded: Overall Physical Activity Levels: D-; Organized Sport Participation: D; Active Play: INC; Active Transportation: C-; Sedentary Behaviors: INC; Family and Peers: INC; School: B+; Community and the Built Environment: B; Government Strategies and Investment: INC.

Conclusions:

The grades have not improved since the 2014 Report Card and several gaps in the literature are still present. While children’s physical activity levels remain low alongside competing sedentary choices, further national plans and investment with local actions are urgently needed to promote physical activity especially via active play, active transport, and family support.
Results From Canada’s 2016 ParticipACTION Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth
Authors: Barnes Joel D. , Cameron Christine , Carson Valerie , Chaput Jean-Philippe , Faulkner Guy E.J. , Janson Katherine , Janssen Ian , Kramers Roger , LeBlanc Allana G. , Spence John C. , Tremblay Mark S.
Published: November 2016

Background:

The ParticipACTION Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth is the most comprehensive assessment of child and youth physical activity in Canada and provides an update or “state of the nation” that assesses how Canada is doing at promoting and facilitating physical activity opportunities for children and youth. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the results of the 2016 ParticipACTION Report Card.

Methods:

Twelve physical activity indicators were graded by a committee of experts using a process that was informed by the best available evidence. Sources included national surveys, peer-reviewed literature, and gray literature such as government and nongovernment reports and online content.

Results:

Grades were assigned to Daily Behaviors (Overall Physical Activity: D-; Organized Sport and Physical Activity Participation: B; Active Play: D+; Active Transportation: D; Physical Literacy: D+; Sleep: B; Sedentary Behaviors: F), Settings and Sources of Influence (Family and Peers: C+; School: B; Community and Environment: A-), and Strategies and Investments (Government: B-; Nongovernment: A-).

Conclusions:

Similar to previous years of the Report Card, Canada generally received good grades for indicators relating to investment, infrastructure, strategies, policies, and programming, and poor grades for behavioral indicators (eg, Overall Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviors).
Results From Spain’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth
Authors: Roman-Viñas Blanca , Marin Jorge , Sánchez-López Mairena , Aznar Susana , Leis Rosaura , Aparicio-Ugarriza Raquel , Schroder Helmut , Ortiz-Moncada Rocío , Vicente German , González-Gross Marcela , Serra-Majem Lluís
Published: November 2016

Background:

The first Active Healthy Kids Spanish Report Card aims to gather the most robust information about physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior of children and adolescents.

Methods:

A Research Working Group of experts on PA and sport sciences was convened. A comprehensive data search, based on a review of the literature, dissertations, gray literature, and experts’ nonpublished data, was conducted to identify the best sources to grade each indicator following the procedures and methodology outlined by the Active Healthy Kids Canada Report Card model.

Results:

Overall PA (based on objective and self-reported methods) was graded as D-, Organized Sports Participation as B, Active Play as C+, Active Transportation as C, Sedentary Behavior as D, School as C, and Family and Peers as Incomplete, Community and the Built Environment as Incomplete, and Government as Incomplete.

Conclusions:

Spanish children and adolescents showed low levels of adherence to PA and sedentary behavior guidelines, especially females and adolescents. There is a need to achieve consensus and harmonize methods to evaluate PA and sedentary behavior to monitor changes over time and to evaluate the effectiveness of policies to promote PA.
Results From Wales’ 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth: Is Wales Turning the Tide on Children’s Inactivity?
Authors: Tyler Richard , Mannello Marianne , Mattingley Rebecca , Roberts Chris , Sage Robert , Taylor Suzan R , Ward Malcolm , Williams Simon , Stratton Gareth
Published: November 2016

Background:

This is the second Active Healthy Kids Wales Report Card. The 2016 version consolidates and translates research related to physical activity (PA) among children and youth in Wales, and aims to raise the awareness of children’s engagement in PA and sedentary behaviors.

Methods:

Ten PA indicators were graded using the Active Healthy Kids—Canada Report Card methodology involving a synthesis and expert consensus of the best available evidence.

Results:

Grades were assigned as follows: Overall PA, D+; Organized Sport Participation, C; Active and Outdoor Play, C; Active Transportation, C; Sedentary Behaviors, D-; Physical Literacy, INC; Family and Peer Influences, D+; School, B; Community and the Built Environment, C; and National Government Policy, Strategies, and Investments, B-.

Conclusions:

Despite the existence of sound policies, programs, and infrastructure, PA levels of children and youth in Wales are one of the lowest and sedentary behavior one of the highest globally. From the 2014 Report Card, the Family and Peer Influences grade improved from D to D+, whereas Community and the Built Environment dropped from B to C. These results indicate that a concerted effort is required to increase PA and decrease sedentary time in children and young people in Wales.
Results From Thailand’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth
Authors: Amornsriwatanakul Areekul , Nakornkhet Kasem , Katewongsa Piyawat , Choosakul Chairat , Kaewmanee Tippawan , Konharn Kurusart , Purakom Atchara , Santiworakul Anoma , Sitilertpisan Patraporn , Sriramatr Sonthaya , Yankai Araya , Rosenberg Michael , Bull Fiona C.
Published: November 2016

Background:

Physical activity (PA) is recognized as one of the core modifiable risk factors of noncommunicable diseases. However, little is known about PA in the Thai population, particularly in children. The report card (RC) project provided Thailand with an opportunity to assess PA behaviors in children. This paper summarizes the methodology, grading process, and the final grades of the Thai RC.

Methods:

A school-based survey was conducted to collect data from a nationally representative sample of children aged 6 to 17 years. Survey results provided the primary source for the RC. Nine indicators were graded using the Global Matrix 2.0 framework. Grading was undertaken by a national committee comprising experts from key stakeholders.

Results:

Grades ranged from F to B. Overall PA and Sedentary Behaviors both received the grade D-. Organized Sport Participation scored a C. Active Play scored the grade F. Active Transport and support from Family and Peers were both graded B. School, Community, and Government indicators were scored C.

Conclusions:

In Thai children, participation in PA and active play is very low; conversely, sedentary behaviors are high. These first data on patterns of activity for the Thailand RC will serve to guide national actions and advocacy aimed at increasing PA in children.
Results From New Zealand’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth
Authors: Maddison Ralph , Marsh Samantha , Hinckson Erica , Duncan Scott , Mandic Sandra , Taylor Rachael , Smith Melody
Published: November 2016

Background:

In this article, we report the grades for the second New Zealand Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth, which represents a synthesis of available New Zealand evidence across 9 core indicators.

Methods:

An expert panel of physical activity (PA) researchers collated and reviewed available nationally representative survey data between March and May 2016. In the absence of new data, (2014–2016) regional level data were used to inform the direction of existing grades. Grades were assigned based on the percentage of children and youth meeting each indicator: A is 81% to 100%; B is 61% to 80%; C is 41% to 60%, D is 21% to 40%; F is 0% to 20%; INC is Incomplete data.

Results:

Overall PA, Active Play, and Government Initiatives were graded B-; Community Environments was graded B; Sport Participation and School Environment received a C+; Sedentary Behaviors and Family/Peer Support were graded C; and Active Travel was graded C-.

Conclusions:

Overall PA participation was satisfactory for young children but not for youth. The grade for PA decreased slightly from the 2014 report card; however, there was an improvement in grades for built and school environments, which may support regional and national-level initiatives for promoting PA.
Results From Scotland’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth
Authors: Reilly John J. , Johnstone Avril , McNeill Geraldine , Hughes Adrienne R.
Published: November 2016

Background:

The 2016 Active Healthy Kids Scotland Report Card aims to improve surveillance of physical activity (PA), facilitate international comparisons, and encourage evidence-informed PA and health policy.

Methods:

Active Healthy Kids Canada Report Card methodology was used: a search for data on child and adolescent PA and health published after the 2013 Scottish Report Card was carried out. Data sources were considered for grading if based on representative samples with prevalence estimates made using methods with low bias. Ten health behaviors/outcomes were graded on an A to F scale based on quintiles (prevalence meeting recommendations ≥80% graded A down to <20% graded F).

Results:

Three of the seven Health Behaviors and Outcomes received F or F- grades: Overall PA, Sedentary Behavior, and Obesity. Active and Outdoor Play and Organized Sport Participation could not be graded. Active Commuting to School was graded C, and Diet was graded D-. Family and Peer Influence was graded D-; Perceived Safety and Availability of Space for PA as well as the National Policy Environment were more favorable (both B).

Conclusions:

Grades were identical to those in 2013. Scotland has a generally favorable environment for PA, but children and adolescents have low PA and high sedentary behavior. Gaps in surveillance included lack of objectively measured PA, no surveillance of moderate-to-vigorous PA in children, summary surveillance data not expressed in ways which match recommendations (eg, for PA in young children; for screen-time), and no surveillance of Sport Participation, Active and Outdoor Play, or Sitting. Scottish policy does not include sedentary behavior at present.