bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Soil pH on Soil Nutrients, Leaf Elements, and Yield of Young Rabbiteye Blueberries
Authors: Austin Max E. , Gaines T. Powell , Moss Robert E.
Published: September 2022

Rabbiteye blueberry plants (Vaccinium ashei Reade) are generally vigorous and adaptable to a wide range of soil textures. Reduced growth and yield are associated with high soil pH in most instances. Experiments were conducted to elucidate the relationship between soil pH of a sandy clay loam soil and growth yield of 2 rabbiteye cultivars. Yields of ‘Delite’ and ‘Tifblue’ were decreased with increasing pH from 5.1 to 6.3. ‘Delite’ plants had good observed growth and foliage color at soil pH 5.0 to 5.5. Observed growth appeared to decrease and chlorosis increase with increasing pH up to 6.5 Growth of ‘Tifblue’ differed little among the soil pH treatments, because all plants were slightly to severely chlorotic. Higher yields were obtained from ‘Tifblue’ than from ‘Delite’.
Growth and Nutrition of Pecan Seedlings from Potassium Phosphate Foliar Sprays
Authors: Sparks Darrell
Published: September 2022

Response from foliar-applied P (0.0%, 0.50%, 0.75%, or 1.00% P from KH2PO4) was compared to that from root-supplied P (Hoagland's solution) in pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] seedlings. Compared with no applied P, foliar-applied P suppressed or prevented P deficiency symptoms; increased the P concentration in the leaf, trunk, and root; and increased tree growth. However, P in all 3 organs and growth of plants treated with foliar sprays were less than for plants with root-supplied P. Furthermore, P sprays eventually produced leaf scorch. Compared to root-supplied P, omitting P affected N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, B, Cu, Zn, Na, and Al in the plant. These imbalances induced by P deficiency were only partially alleviated by foliar-applied P.
Christmas Tree Production Using the Runoff Farming System
Authors: Fink Dwayne H. , Ehrler William L.
Published: September 2022

Runoff farming was used to produce Eldarica pine (Pinus eldarica Medw.) and Arizona cypress (Cupressus arizonica Green) as Christmas trees in a semiarid, 300-mm precipitation zone in Arizona. Natural precipitation was supplemented with runoff from treated, noncropped catchment-terraces adjoining the cropping area. Catchement treatments were wax (0.5 kg·m−2) on a sandy soil and sodium chloride salt (1.1 kg·m−2) on a clay soil. Terrace widths were varied to provide the crop an estimated 2, 3, and 4 times the precipitation. Trees were hand-watered from March to August the first year to ensure establishment. Regardless of terrace width, 90% of the cypress on the wax site were marketable in 3 years, and 90% of the pines on the salt site were marketable in 4 years. The other 2 tree-treatment combinations were less successful because of soil-species interrelated problems.
Comparative Effects of Ancymidol and Paclobutrazol on Easter Lily
Authors: Gianfagna T. J. , Wulster G. J.
Published: September 2022

‘Nellie White’ Easter lilies were treated with either ancymidol or paclobutrazol as a soil drench (1, 2.5, or 5 mg·pot−1) or as a foliar spray (5 mg·plant−1). Ancymidol significantly retarded plant height at all concentrations and for both methods of application. In addition, ancymidol, at 5 mg·pot−1 soil drench, increased days to anthesis. Paclobutrazol did not retard height in this cultivar; in fact, the 2 lower rates increased height slightly and decreased days to anthesis. Plant height of ‘Ace’ Easter lilies was reduced by paclobutrazol treatments (5,10, or 20 mg·pot−1 soil drench). This cultivar, however, was also more sensitive to ancymidol treatment than ‘Nellie White’. Rates >1 mg ancymidol excessively retarded plant height. Paclobutrazol appears to have limited potential as a growth retardant for Easter lily. Although it must be used in higher amounts than ancymidol to control stem growth, it provides commercially acceptable height retardation over a wider range of treatment rates. Chemical names used: α-cyclopropyl-α-[4-methoxyphenyl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol); and β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(l,l-dimethylethyl)-lH-l,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Changes in Ethylene, Acids, and Brown-core Development of ‘Bartlett’ Pears in Low-oxygen Storage
Authors: Yoshida T. , Borgic D. M. , Chen P. M. , Mielke E. A.
Published: September 2022

Ethylene production of ‘Bartlett’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) was suppressed by 1 % O2 during storage at − 1°C. Elevated CO2 concentrations further suppressed ethylene production. Organic acids were retained at higher levels in fruits stored in 1% O2 than in those stored in air, and elevated CO2 concentrations in 1% O2-enhanced acid retention. Both malic and citric acids decreased linearly during 8 days of ripening at 20° regardless of previous storage conditions. The suppression of ethylene production and the retention of organic acids implied a beneficial effect of elevated CO2 in storage of ‘Bartlett’ pears at 1% O2. Fruit stored in 1% O2 at −1° for 4 months developed brown-core regardless of CO2 levels in the storage, but the incidence of the disorder was enhanced when CO2 level in the storage was ≥2%. This preliminary study indicated that ‘Bartlett’ pears grown in the Hood River district of Oregon could be stored at −1° for 4 months in 1% O2 with CO2 at <1.5% with a minimum risk of brown-core development.
Bulk Storage of Mechanically Harvested Strawberries for Processing
Authors: Smith Richard B.
Published: September 2022

Mechanically harvested fruit of the strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cv. Veeglow destined for processing can be stored at 1°C in bulk bins for 4 to 6 days if room-cooled, and for 6 to 8 days if forced-air cooled promptly after harvest, without appreciable loss due to rot development or of quality of processed product. Yields of puree from fresh fruit mechanically harvested on day 8 of the storage trial were lower than for fruit that had been forced-air cooled and stored at 0° for 8 days. Sulfur dioxide fumigation immediately after cooling reduced losses due to rot and lowered mold counts, particularly when the fruit was room cooled.
Distribution of Sugars and Organic Acids Within Ripe Watermelon Fruit
Authors: Chisholm Duane N. , Picha David H.
Published: September 2022

Concentrations of the major sugars and organic acids within ripe ‘Charleston Gray’ and ‘Jubilee’ watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] flesh were quantified in 5 different regions. The percentage of soluble solids (%SS) in both cultivars and the percentage of sucrose in ‘Charleston Gray’ were highest in the heart region, followed by the blossom end, and lowest in the stem end. Glucose, malic acid, and citric acid were generally higher in the heart and blossom end compared to the stem end, while fructose was higher in the blossom end than stem end. No significant differences between the top side and the soil side were found for any of the sugars or organic acids. Fructose was the major sugar in all regions in ‘Jubilee’, whereas the major sugar in ‘Charleston Gray’ (sucrose or fructose) depended on the region. Malic acid was the primary organic acid in all regions of both cultivars.
Seasonal Variation in Deep Supercooling and Dehydrative Resistance
Authors: Wisniewski Michael , Ashworth Edward N.
Published: September 2022

The capacity of woody tissues to deep supercool has been associated with the presence of a marked dehydrative resistance (i.e., the capacity of a tissue to retain moisture against a vapor pressure gradient). Naturally occurring seasonal changes in the extent of deep supercooling and dehydrative resistance in xylem tissues of Cornus florida L., Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, and Salix babylonica L. were monitored to determine if such a relationship could be established. Results indicated that the relationship between these 2 parameters is quite complex and may be more qualitative than quantitative. Greatest seasonal fluctuation in dehydrative resistance occurred in xylem tissue of peach and dogwood equilibrated at 90% RH. Seasonal changes in willow were relatively small. The capacity of peach and dogwood to retain water at 90% RH generally increased as supercooling increased. At 86% and 81% RH the same general trend was present, but the degree of seasonal fluctuation was much less than at 90% RH. The predicted relationship was not present at 95%, 78%, and 58% RH. The capacity to withstand a desiccation stress equivalent to 90% RH (− 140 bars) may somehow be integrally related to the capacity to maintain a stable supercooled system.
Effect of Multiple Applications of Pesticides on Leaf Gas Exchange of Peach
Authors: Andersen P. C. , Mizell R. F. , French W. J. , Aldrich J. H.
Published: September 2022

Nine pesticides (chlorothalonil, captan, benomyl, permethrin, methomyl, parathion, carbaryl, dicofol, and S) were sprayed on peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch ‘June Gold’) to determine pesticide-induced effects on leaf conductance (gl), transpiration (E), and net CO2 assimilation rate (A). Parathion was the only material to reduce A when applied <3 times. Net CO2 assimilation rate declined by 10% to 25% for parathion-, methomyl-, chlorothalonil-, benomyl-, and captan-treated trees after 3 applications; however, gl was reduced only for the parathion and chlorothalonil treatments. The pesticide-sensitivity of peach A appears to be much less than pecan and somewhat similar to apple. Chemical names used: 2,4,5,6-tetrachloro-l,3-benzenedi-carbonitrile (chlorothalonil); 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-2-[(trichloromethyl)thiol]-lH-isoin-dole-l,3(2H)-dione (captan); methyl[l-](butylamino)carbonyl]-lH-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate (benomyl); (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (permethrin); methyl N-[[(methylam-ino)carbonyl]oxy]ethanimidothioate(methomyl); 0,0-diethyl 0-p-nitrophenylphospho-rothioate (parathion); 1-naphthalenyl methylcarbamate (carbaryl); and 4,4′-dichloro-α-trichloro-methylbenzhydrol (dicofol).
Screening Spathiphyllum Species and Cultivars for Resistance to Cylindrocladium spathiphylli
Authors: Henny R. J. , Chase A. R.
Published: September 2022

Of 4 Spathiphyllum species and 5 cultivars tested for sensitivity to Cylindrocladium spathiphylli root and petiole rot, 3 demonstrated resistance. Spathiphyllum floribundum, S. floribundum ‘Mini’, and S. cannifolium were resistant, whereas all others tested were susceptible. Twenty hybrids from a cross of S. lechlerianum × S. floribundum also were tested and found resistant to C. spathiphylli, indicating potential for development of new Spathiphyllum cultivars resistant to this serious pathogen.
In Vitro Multiplication of Swingle Citrumelo Rootstock with Coumarin
Authors: Grosser Jude W. , Chandler J. L.
Published: September 2022

Young Swingle citrumelo [Citrus paradisi Macf. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] seedlings were sectioned into 0.5-cm and 1.0-cm nodal and internodal segments and plated on an agar-solidified basal medium containing different levels of coumarin as the only growth regulatory substance. The frequency of whole-plant recovery from stem segments was positively correlated with the concentration of coumarin in the medium. Recovery of whole plants from 0.5-cm segments required coumarin, which induced both root and shoot formation. An optimum concentration of coumarin (90–150 μm), increased the number of whole plants recovered per seedling ≈5-fold. Resulting plants were acclimated to soil efficiently and rapidly in humidity tents that received a continuous supply of moist air. This procedure could be used commercially to increase the availability of Swingle citrumelo rootstock.
Induction of Pistillate Flowers on Juvenile Pecan Clones
Authors: Thompson T. E.
Published: September 2022

Seedling juvenility is one of the main impediments to progress in fruit and nut tree breeding (2, 5). Juvenility prevents young trees from producing flowers and thus lengthens the generation time. Seedling pecan trees [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] normally produce nuts for the first time at 7-10 years of age. This severe problem in the pecan breeding program has been reduced to some extent by budding juvenile seedlings onto large cut-back trees and growing them rapidly for 4 to 5 years (4). With this system, the minimum generation time is about 6 years (presuming that the clones flower at the 4th leaf). Since this technique shows that pecan juvenility can be altered by the environment in which the bud grows, methods to shorten the generation time even more were initiated at Brownwood in 1979. My objective is not that proposed by another (8, 9)—that is, to shorten the juvenile period. Rather, it is to induce flowering on plants obviously in the juvenile phase.
Extraction, Purification, and Quantitation of Paclobutrazol from Fruit Tree Tissues
Authors: Stahly Edward A. , Buchanan David A.
Published: September 2022

β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1 H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol) is one of a new class of plant growth regulators that affect both vegetative and reproductive components of fruit tree growth (1-3). The movement and fate of absorbed paclobutrazol must be established to better understand its persistence and mode of action. Accordingly, we have developed an analytical method for quantifying low levels of paclobutrazol extracted from plant tissue.
Pre-anthesis Classification of Muskmelon Segregating for Male-sterility
Authors: McCreight J. D.
Published: September 2022

Three male-sterile genes are available for use in hybrid muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) seed production. Although ms-1 and ms-2 were described in 1949 (2) and 1964 (1), they have been used little, if at all, for commercial hybrid seed production. It is too soon to predict the usefulness of ms-3, because it was only recently described (5). In a previous study of phenotypic variation of ms-1 and ms-2 segregates, I showed that fertile plants produce at a low frequency aberrant staminate flowers that might be mistakenly identified as male sterile (4).
Education to a Degree: The Proliferation of Curriculum Options in Undergraduate Horticulture
Authors: LaSota Leo R. , Soares Sheryl D.
Published: September 2022

The demands placed by institutions, departments, courses, and instructors on undergraduate horticulture majors have been justified as necessary to prepare students for careers in horticulture. This unanimity of general purpose is not paralleled by agreement on the specific means to achieve educational goals. Ballinger (2) questioned the adequacy of practical training for horticultural majors. Merritt (4) saw program innovation as lagging behind changing career requirements. Some (5) argue for greater standardization in horticulture education; others (6) oppose a rigid curriculum structure.
‘Monument’—Small, White Dry Bean
Authors: Coyne D. P. , Steadman J. R. , Nuland David S. , Campbell Cheryl L.
Published: September 2022

‘Monument’, a small, white dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has been released to fulfill a need in western Nebraska for a cultivar maturing earlier than small, white ‘Aurora’, thereby reducing the risk of freeze damage in early fall frosts, and having an upright plant habit and less dense canopy, facilitating harvesting and reducing white mold disease (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary) (1, 2). The new cultivar is named in honor of the Scottsbluff National Monument, a historic site along the Oregon Trail, which is near the center of the Nebraska bean growing area in the North Platte Valley.
Growth Responses of Peach Roots and Shoots to Soil and Foliar-applied Paclobutrazol
Authors: Williamson J. G. , Coston D. C. , Grimes L. W.
Published: September 2022

Paclobutrazol applied at 37 mg per plant to container-grown, own-rooted peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch ‘Redhaven’] trees reduced vegetative growth (compared with no treatment) as measured by shoot extension, leaf size, and shoot dry weight. All paclobutrazol treatments (foliar and/or soil) increased root tip diameter and reduced unsuberized root length. Paclobutrazol increased the size of the cortex parenchyma cells and resulted in radial rather than longitudinal elongation of the innermost layer of cortex cells. These changes in cell shape and size were primarily responsible for increasing root tip diameter. Chemical name used: (R*,R*)-(±)-β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methy]-α-(l,l-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Chlorsulfuron Activity on Seven Cool-season Grasses
Authors: Maloy B. M. , Christians N. E.
Published: September 2022

Chlorsulfuron was applied to annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.), creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds ‘Penncross’), hard fescue (Festuca ovina var. duriuscula Koch ‘Scladis’), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb ‘Kentucky 31’), quackgrass (Agropyron repens L. Beauv), smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ‘Crown’) at the rates of 0, 141, and 282 g a.i.·ha−1 in repeated greenhouse experiments. Tall fescue and perennial ryegrass were very sensitive to the chlorsulfuron in both experiments. Creeping bentgrass, hard fescue, quackgrass, and smooth bromegrass were more tolerant of chlorsulfuron treatments than the sensitive species. Annual bluegrass was damaged by chlorsulfuron in the first experiment, but not in the 2nd. Chemical name used: 2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-l, 3, 5,-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzene sulfonamide (chlorsulfuron).
Effect of Cropping on Shoot Growth of Spur-type ‘Golden Delicious’ Trees
Authors: Curry Eric A. , Looney Norman E.
Published: September 2022

Deblossomed 8-year-old Malus domestica L. ‘Goldspur Golden Delicious’ trees on seedling rootstock exhibited less extension growth than trees that had carried a crop during either the current year or the previous year. Trees in the “on” year consistently had more extension growth than trees in the “off” year. Fruitful branches of ‘Golden Delicious’ and spur-type ‘Golden Delicious’ generally had more new growth than branches without fruit from the same tree.
Calcium Accumulation in Potato Tubers: Role of the Basal Roots
Authors: Kratzke Marian G. , Palta Jiwan P.
Published: September 2022

Using a divided-pot system, the supplies of Ca to the tuber region and to the basal root region of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) were controlled separately. Addition of Ca to the basal root region did not increase the Ca concentration in the tubers over that of the field-grown tubers. Addition of Ca to the stolon and tuber region, however, resulted in an over 3-fold increase in the Ca concentration of the tuber peel and medullary tissue. These results suggest that a) the main root system (basal roots) does not contribute to Ca accumulation in the potato tuber and b) tuber Ca content can be increased by placing Ca in the tuber and stolon area.
Rooting of Intact Mung Bean Hypocotyls Stimulated by Auxin, ACC, and Low Temperature
Authors: Jusaitis Manfred
Published: September 2022

Mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilcz.] hypocotyls, growing on their stock plants, were induced to produce adventitious roots by treatment with indolebutyric acid (IBA). Rooting was hastened further and increased by concurrent treatment with ACC, the biosynthetic precursor to ethylene. Further increases in rate of root emergence and root numbers occurred when these treatments were applied on rewarming of mung bean plants pretreated with low temperature (15°C). Rooting was inhibited by AVG, an inhibitor of ACC biosynthesis, and this inhibition was reversed by concurrent treatment with ACC. The results suggest requirements for auxin and ethylene to optimize root initiation. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), and [S-(E)]-2-amino-4-(2-aminoethoxy)- 3-butanoic acid (AVG).
Influence of Fruit on Spur Leaf Photosynthesis and Transpiration of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple
Authors: Rom Curt R. , Ferree David C.
Published: September 2022

The net photosynthesis (Pn) rate of intact spur leaves of greenhouse-grown ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees were similar, regardless of the fruiting condition of the spur. Similarly, the transpiration (Tr) rate of spur leaves was independent of the spur's fruiting condition. Therefore, Pn and Tr were not correlated to the number of flowers or fruit per spur, but Pn was significantly correlated to Tr. Rates of Pn and Tr were highest during the period of full bloom until shortly after bloom. Sorbitol, soluble reducing sugars, starch fractions, and total carbohydrates of spur leaves were unaffected by the presence or absence of fruit on the spur. Fruiting did not affect the number, area, or size of spur leaves. Spur leaf area and Pn could be limiting to early fruit development.
Rapid TLC and HPLC Quantification of Cucurbitacin C in Cucumber Cotyledons
Authors: Gorski P. M. , Jaworski A. , Shannon S. , Robinson R. W.
Published: September 2022

Two rapid methods for estimating cucurbitacin C (Cuc C) in cucumber cotyledons are described. Both methods require a single cotyledon extracted with methanol. The filtered extract is injected into a C18 HPLC column with methanol-water (55:45) solvent, and quantitative estimates of Cuc C are obtained by UV detection at 254 nm. In the 2nd method, the extract is concentrated for spotting on silica gel TLC plates, the TLC plates are developed with ethylacetate : benzene (75:25), and visualized with vanillin-orthophosphate to give a semiquantitative estimate of Cuc C. The 2 methods are quick and suited for screening seedlings for cucurbitacin levels in segregating populations to select for cucumber beetle resistance and for nonbitter fruit.
Effects of Fungicide Treatments on the Gustative Quality and the Biochemical Composition of Apples
Authors: Rouchaud J. , Moons C. , Meyer J. A.
Published: September 2022

Several fungicide treatments were assayed separately on ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ apples. Depending upon the fungicide treatment, the total sugar content of ‘Golden Delicious’ could be increased by as much as 22%. The distribution of the sugars, the acidity of the apple juice, and the gustative quality also changed with fungicide treatments. A qualitative relationship was observed between the effects on the biochemical composition and the gustative quality of ‘Golden Delicious’ and the chemical structure of the fungicide. The biochemical composition and the gustative quality of ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ apples did not change with the fungicide treatments.
FROSTPRO, a Model of Overhead Irrigation Rates for Frost/Freeze Protection of Apple Orchards
Authors: Perry Katharine B.
Published: September 2022

A BASIC microcomputer program, FROSTPRO, has been developed from existing literature (3) to calculate irrigation rates for frost/freeze protection of orchards based on given atmospheric and crop parameters. An energy budget approach was used to determine the rate of heat lost by the susceptible plant part through radiative, convective, and latent heat transfer processes at the actual plant part temperature and at the critical temperature, below which damage will occur. The difference between these 2 rates of heat loss is the rate at which heat must be added by the latent heat of fusion liberated as the applied water freezes. The model developed follows that previously described (2), with the addition of the relative humidity parameter.
A Simple, Inexpensive Static Solution Culture System
Authors: Hershey David R. , Merritt Richard H.
Published: September 2022

Static solution culture systems are widely used in plant research and for teaching demonstrations of plant nutrient deficiency symptoms. Numerous systems have been described (1,2) including one (3) constructed of readily available materials. Reported here is another design for a static solution culture system built of readily available components. This system is characterized by a) low cost, b) simplicity, c) easy assembly, d) potential for variable spacing of culture vessels, e) identical aeration rate for each vessel without individual air flow valves, and f) aeration from the top of the culture vessel rather than the bottom, eliminating drainage through aeration lines should the air supply fail.
Semiportable Laminar Flow Hood for Tissue Culture and Microscope Use for Research and Teaching
Authors: Meyer Martin M.
Published: September 2022

terile rooms or reach-in boxes were used to prevent contamination of cultures in early work with plant tissue and embryo culture. The new sterile hoods, which are a spinoff of the aerospace program (2), make continuous work at transferring tissue cultures comfortable and reduce contamination. The laminar flow hood, evaluated by Coriell and McGarrity (1), is particularly comfortable and effective. These hoods are large, heavy, and expensive pieces of equipment and not entirely suitable for protoplast manipulation and other microscope work. This report will describe a sterile hood, which can be built easily with readily obtainable components and has advantages over many of the available commercial units. The laminar flow hood described is reasonably portable and minimizes vibration of the work surface, making it ideal for microscope work.
‘Cariflora’—a Papaya Ringspot Virustolerant Papaya for South Florida and the Caribbean
Authors: Conover R. A. , Litz R. E. , Malo S. E.
Published: September 2022

‘Cariflora’ is a dioecious papaya (Carica papaya L.) cultivar, tolerant of infection by papaya ringspot virus (PRV), that has been developed for south Florida and the lowland Caribbean region. ‘Cariflora’ produces good quality, round fruit with sweet yellow flesh and an agreeable aroma. This papaya is particularly suitable for commercial plantings because of the small size of its fruit, but it also could be useful to home growers. ‘Cariflora’ is being released for grower trial by the Agricultural Experiment Stations of the Univ. of Florida.
‘Cascade’ Red Winter Pear
Authors: Sugar David , Lombard Porter B.
Published: September 2022

‘Cascade’ is a new red-skinned pear (Pyrus communis L.) that provides a large-fruited red pear for the holiday and late-winter markets. The fruit has excellent dessert quality and sizes well, with heavy cropping.
MN 13 and MN 150 Cowpea Breeding Lines
Authors: Davis D. W. , Marsh D. B. , Alvarez M. N.
Published: September 2022

MN 13 and MN 150 are extra-early maturing cowpeas [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] adapted to northern regions possessing a continental climate. They reach the mature-green harvest stage at about 1000 heat units (10°C base, air temperature) under Minnesota conditions, and can be harvested in early August from a late-May sowing. Both lines appear to be tolerant to bacterial blight (Xanthomonas vignicola Burkh.), based on field observation.
“6-BA Applied After Shoot and/or Root Chilling and Its Effect on Growth Resumption in Apple and Peach”
Authors: Young Eric , Werner Dennis J.
Published: September 2022

In the article “6-BA Applied After Shoot and/or Root Chilling and Its Effect on Growth Resumption in Apple and Peach” by Eric Young and Dennis J. Werner (HortScience 21:280-281, Apr. 1986), “0.5% Silaid” in the 20th line, 3rd column, p. 280 should read “0.5% Silwet (Union Carbide).”
‘“Carolina Cayenne’ Pepper”
Authors: Fery R. L. , Duke P. D. , Ogle W. L.
Published: September 2022

In the article ‘“Carolina Cayenne’ Pepper” by R.L. Fery, P.D. Duke, and W.L. Ogle (HortScience 21:330, Apr. 1986), the first 2 lines of the Description should read ‘“Carolina Cayenne’ exhibits much less variability for horticultural traits than ‘Carolina Hot’. ‘Carolina Cayenne’ has an erect plant habit, and the fruit are borne well above the soil surface.”
Isozyme Analysis Procedures for Stone Fruits, Almond, Grape, Walnut, Pistachio, and Fig
Authors: Arulsekar S. , Parfitt D. E.
Published: September 2022

Applications of gel electrophoresis and isozyme analysis to horticultural science were outlined more than a decade ago by Peirce and Brewbaker (15). Isozymes now are being widely used in almost all areas of plant biology, including plant breeding, plant population genetics, systematics, evolutionary genetics, and somatic cell genetics. Isozymes offer the most reliable single gene markers and they are often codominant in inheritance. Genetic studies using isozymes in tree fruit and nut crops are few. Torres and Tisserat (26) reported single gene markers using isozymes in date palm, Arulsekar et al. (4) in strawberry, Torres et al. (23) in avocado, and Arulsekar et al. (1, 3) in walnuts; perhaps the only reliable gene markers available for breeders of these crops. Torres et al. (24) have also reported isozyme genetic markers in Citrus and demonstrated their use in distinguishing nucellar seedlings from those of zygotic origin. Ben-Hayyim et al. (5) developed isozyme systems that will facilitate identification of interspecific cell hybrids and fusion products in Citrus. Arulsekar et al. (3) studied glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) and aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) isozymes in callus tissues, juvenile leaves, and adult leaves of walnuts using the same enzyme extraction procedure and found no tissue-specific differences in isozyme patterns. McGranahan et al. (11) used isozymes to identify intergeneric hybrids generated between wingnut (Pterocarya sp.) and walnut (Juglans sp.). Parfitt et al. (13) demonstrated the use of isozymes in the identification of interspecific hybrids between peach and plum cultivars. The inheritance of MDH isozymes in peach was reported by Arulsekar et al. (2). Among 298 peach cultivars tested, variation was observed only for malate dehydrogenase (MDH) isozymes. The MDH isozymes were used by Parfitt and Miller (unpublished data) to study outcrossing rates among peach cultivars.
Rhizogenetics (Root Genetics) of Vegetable Crops
Authors: Zobel Richard W.
Published: September 2022

Plants exist as integrations of their many parts and processes. Each part is conditioned by a distinct collection of genes that interact and integrate with the genes that condition other plant parts or processes (44). Root characteristics are conditioned by about 30% of the plant genome, and one-third of these (10% of the total) condition only root characteristics (39). This level of control for a single plant organ is in agreement with that of other plant organs (25) and implies that root characteristics are as amenable to genetic manipulation as the characteristics of any other plant organ or tissue. Root characteristics are not normally emphasized in plant breeding programs because of the difficulty in observing them in situ, rather than because of a reduced potential for improvement. The level of genetic control described (39) should allow the development of isogenic root mutants that have modified physiological and developmental controls to be used for precise experimentation. Data derived from experimentation with these isogenic root mutants would provide a sound basis for developing and testing hypotheses leading, ultimately, to genetic improvement of vegetable root systems.
Flower and Pod Set of Phaseolus vulgaris Under Controlled Environment Conditions
Authors: Pechan Paul M. , Webster Barbara D.
Published: September 2022

Plants of Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘Light Red Kidney’ grown under controlled conditions flowered over a 20-day period. The first flower to open was on the terminal (uppermost) raceme. Pods retained to maturity originated from flowers that opened within 5 days of anthesis and were located at the basal positions on a raceme. Flowers that opened 4 to 5 days after anthesis had a much higher proportion of aborted pods than those that opened at anthesis or one day thereafter.
Reducing Lead Uptake in Lettuce
Authors: Bassuk N. L.
Published: September 2022

Lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Black Seeded Simpson’) were grown under greenhouse conditions in soils artificially contaminated with PbCl2. The addition of organic matter or P substantially reduced Pb uptake. Different types of organic matter reduced uptake in the following way, from most to least effective, respectively: muck soil > manure > ground-up leaves > sphagnum peat. The addition of 100 ppm or greater P also reduced Pb uptake. Lead deposited onto leaves from the emissions of a gasoline engine could be removed by washing leaves in 1% aqueous acetic acid or 0.5% liquid detergent solution.
NAA-induced Leaf Epinasty in Chrysanthemum
Authors: Furutani Sheldon C. , Sakai William S. , Hata Trent , Nagao Mike A.
Published: September 2022

Leaves of ‘Mountain Snow’ chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.), sprayed with 10 mm NAA or 10 mm NAAEE, exhibited severe epinasty after 24 hr, while leaves sprayed with 5 mm ethephon did not. Treatment with 100 μm AOA 24 hr before application reduced ethylene production rate of leaves, but not epinasty. Localized application of NAA to adaxial, abaxial, or both leaf surfaces resulted in similar amounts of leaf epinasty. Epinastic leaves had enlarged adaxial epidermal cells. Size of abaxial epidermal cells was unchanged. This study provides evidence that leaf epinasty of chrysanthemum following NAA application is not the result of auxin-induced ethylene production. Chemical names used: (aminooxy)acetic acid (AOA); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid ethyl ester (NAAEE); and (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon).
Inheritance of Resistance to a Strain of Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus in Cucumber
Authors: Provvidenti R.
Published: September 2022

A single plant selection of the cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivar Taichung Mou Gua (TMG-1) from China was the source of resistance to zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) in crosses with the domestic cultivars Marketer and Marketmore 76. In F1, F2, and reciprocal backcross populations, resistance to ZYMV-CT (Connecticut strain) was demonstrated to be conferred by a single recessive gene to which the symbol zym was assigned.
Inheritance of Resistance in Cabbage Seedlings to Black Rot
Authors: Dickson M. D. , Hunter J. E.
Published: September 2022

Resistance to black rot of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Group capitata), caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in PI 436606, was conditioned by one recessive gene. The data suggested the occurrence of one or two modifying genes for tolerance to black rot in an unrelated line.
Horticultural Classification of Peppers Grown in the United States
Authors: Smith Paul G. , Villalon Benigno , Villa Philip L.
Published: September 2022

Erwin (2) made the first attempt to classify pepper cultivars for horticultural purposes in 1932. Both the cultivars now used and our knowledge of this plant have changed greatly, so that Erwin's classification has little value at the present time.
Inheritance of Resistance to Fusarium Crown and Root Rot in Tomato
Authors: Berry S. Z. , Oakes G. L.
Published: September 2022

Resistance to Fusarium crown and root rot (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici) in the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was inherited as a monogenic dominant gene in a cross between the breeding lines 89-1 (resistant) and 1239A (susceptible).
In Vitro Germination and Establishment of Some Strawberry Species
Authors: Straathof T. P. , Goldy R. G.
Published: September 2022

Seed from three octoploid (2n = 8x = 56) Fragaria species [F. × ananassa Duch., F. chiloensis (L.) Duch., and F. virginiana Duch.] and three diploid (2n = 2x = 14) species (F. vesca L., F. viridis Duch., and F. daltoniana J. Gay) were placed in vitro on water agar (WA) and ex vitro on 1 sand : 1 sphagnum (v/v) mix. Seed of the octoploid species germinated best regardless of medium. Octoploid species also exhibited better establishment on modified Boxus proliferation medium than the diploids. Five in vitro germination media were tested for F. vesca and F. × ananassa. Fragaria × ananassa germinated best when WA, or WA + sucrose (Su) + 0.1, or 0.05 strength Boxus proliferation nutrients (Nu) was used as the germination medium. Fragaria vesca showed no difference in germination on Su or Nu. However, establishment of F. vesca on proliferation medium was improved if Nu was included in the germination medium. Data indicated that selection for diploid genotypes with good in vitro establishment is possible.
Somatic Embryogenesis in Tissue Cultures of Pecan
Authors: Merkle Scott A. , Wetzstein Hazel Y. , Sommer Harry E.
Published: September 2022

Tissue cultures of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] were initiated from embryo explants collected weekly from 12 weeks post-pollination until fruit maturity. Three cultures derived from immature embryos collected 14 weeks postpollination produced primary somatic embryos within 1 month following transfer from modified woody plant medium (WPM) with 2.0 mgliter−1 2,4-D and 0.25 mg liter−1 BA in the light to hormone-free medium in the dark. Scanning electron microscopy documented the development of secondary embryos, which followed a globular, heartshaped, and torpedo-stage developmental sequence. Chemical names used: (2,4-di-chlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D), N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA), and 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA).
Adventitious Shoot and Plantlet Formation from Cultured Pomegranate Leaf Explants
Authors: Omura M. , Matsuta N. , Moriguchi T. , Kozaki I.
Published: September 2022

Callus from leaf explants of two pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) clones produced adventitious shoots after 2 months of in vitro culture. Leaf segment explants initially were cultured on a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with a range of 0.5-10 μm BA and 0.05-5 (μm NAA. Shoot elongation was stimulated most efficiently when the initial calli were transferred from the shoot induction medium to half-strength MS supplemented with 2 μm BA. Elongated shoots rooted easily on a medium of one-half MS and 0.1 μm NAA. Whole plants were recovered after transfer to vermiculite in a greenhouse. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Non-sweet or Staple Type Sweet Potatoes
Authors: Martin Franklin W.
Published: September 2022

The typical sweet potato is not necessarily sweet before cooking. It contains 4-20% nonreducing sugar, chiefly sucrose, and 1-10% reducing sugars, principally fructose, on a dry weight basis (5). During cooking, part of the starch is hydrolyzed to maltose and dextrins by β amylase (2). The sucrose content, on the other hand, is not affected by cooking, except that boiling may remove part of it.
‘Snowdwarf Philadelphus
Authors: Svejda Felicitas
Published: September 2022

‘Snowdwarf’ is the only dwarf mock-orange (Philadelphus × virginalis) besides ‘Manteau d'Hermine’, but it has a longer flowering season and is more productive. ‘Snowdwarf’ was derived from (‘Virginal’ × ‘Manteau d'Hermine’) × ‘Silvia’. ‘Virginal’ and ‘Silvia’ are cultivars of P. × virginalis Redh., and ‘Manteau d'Hermine’ is a cultivar of P. × lemoinei Lemoine. The cross ‘Virginal’ × ‘Manteau d'Hermine’ was made in 1956 by D. R. Sampson, also of the Plant Research Centre (3).
‘Golden Isles’ Muscadine Grape for Wine
Authors: Lane R. P. , Bates R. P.
Published: September 2022

‘Golden Isles’ is a perfect-flowered bronze muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) that produces an exceptionally high-quality white wine. It was developed by the Univ. of Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station, and the enological evaluations were conducted at the Univ. of Florida under Regional Project No. S-142.
Ohio 11 and 12, Verticillium-wilt-Race-2-resistant Greenhouse Tomato Breeding Lines
Authors: Berry S. Z. , Oakes G. L.
Published: September 2022

Ohio 11 and 12 greenhouse tomato Ly-copersicon esculentum Mill.) lines, resistant to Verticillium dahliae Kleb. Race 2 (Ve-Race 2) are pink, uniform-ripening, and large-fruited indeterminate types. Ohio 11 is also resistant to tobacco mosaic virus (Tm-22) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicisly Coper-sici (For). Ohio 12 has similar disease resistance, but is heterozygous resistant for Tm-22. They have potential as a germplasm source of the Ve-Race 2 resistance and other desirable characteristics. They may be useful as inbreds for the development of commercial greenhouse tomato hybrids.
‘Sungem’ Nectarine
Authors: Sherman W. B. , Lyrene P. M. , Andersen P. C. , Crocker T. E. , Sharpe R. H.
Published: September 2022

‘Sungem’ nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] (Fig. 1) was released to provide an early ripening nectarine for commercial markets. All nectarines released by the Univ. of Florida begin with the prefix “Sun”. ‘Sun-gem’ is expected to be successful for homeowners, consumer harvest, local markets, and commercial growers with large acreage.
Pyracantha × ‘Apache’
Authors: Egolf Donald R.
Published: September 2022

Pyracantha × ‘Apache’, the 5th U.S. National Arboretum introduction, combines disease resistance and compact dwarf growth habit. Pyracantha, commonly known as fire-thom, is a major nursery container-produced plant that is primarily grown for the spectacular fruit display. The four previously introduced cultivars are ‘Shawnee’, NA 28179 (1), ‘Mohave’, NA 32225 (2), ‘Navaho’, NA 38451, and ‘Teton’, NA 38450 (3).
Flooding Stress and the Root Development of Several Tomato Genotypes
Authors: Poysa V. W. , Tan C. S. , Stone J. A.
Published: September 2022

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars well-adapted to sandy soils and reportedly flood-tolerant genotypes were subjected to a range of flooding stresses in a controlled environment growth room and in the field. Root systems were partitioned into stem-borne adventitious roots, roots in the upper 10 cm of the soil profile, and the remaining roots. There was no difference between the reportedly flood-tolerant genotypes and cultivars adapted to sandy soils in response to the flooding stresses. In continuously flooded plants, adventitious roots accounted for more than one-half the root biomass. In plants subjected to periodic flooding, adventitious root growth was restricted.
Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Production of Mechanically Harvested Snap Beans
Authors: Mullins Charles A.
Published: September 2022

Nine snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars were evaluated at N fertilization rates of 17 and 67 kg·ha−1 during 1984 and 1985. Plant lodging was more severe at the high-N rate than at the low rate in both years, and pod decay was more severe at the high-N rate in 1984. ‘Bush Blue Lake 47’ was the only cultivar among those tested that did not have more lodging at the high-N rate than at the low-N rate. ‘Flo’ was the only cultivar with higher yields at the high-N rate. The cultivars evaluated showed the most favorable yield and growth responses at the N rate of 17 kg·ha−1, which is lower than rates usually recommended for snap beans.
Efficacy of Diphacinone for Control of Orchard Voles
Authors: Byers R. E. , Carbaugh D. H.
Published: September 2022

Field efficacy of the Ramik-Brown formulation against pine voles was improved by increasing the concentration of diphacinone (DPN) from 0.005% to 0.216%. A 10-fold increase in diphacinone concentration in the Ramik-Brown formulation increased mortality of meadow voles (5% to 25%) in a laboratory cage trial without affecting bait consumption. The Ramik-Green formulation (fish-flavored) was equally effective for control of pine voles as the Ramik-Brown (apple-flavored). Chemical names used: 2-diphenylacetyl-1,3-indandione (diphacinone).
Low-volume Scaffold Branch Irrigation for Citrus Freeze Protection
Authors: Bourgeois Wayne J. , Adams Alvin J.
Published: September 2022

Scaffold branch irrigation significantly enhanced tree survival and decreased the percentage of canopy that was killed on young Washington navel orange (Citrus sinensis) and Owari satsuma (Citrus unshiu) trees subjected to — 8.9°C during a 1985 freeze. Scaffold branch irrigation has shown considerable potential as a method of freeze protection for Louisiana citrus producers.
Cultivar Effect on Adventitious Root Development of Clonal Apple Rootstocks
Authors: Rom Roy C. , Motichek George R.
Published: September 2022

Spur ‘Redchief’ and ‘Granspur’ and non-spur ‘Imperial Double Red Delicious’ and ‘Granny Smith’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) on MM 106 and MM 111 rootstocks were field-set 18 cm deeper than in the nursery row using two planting methods. Trees were dug and root systems evaluated at the end of one growing season. Planting method resulted in differential scion growth, but no differences in adventitious root development on the buried rootstock shank. Rootstock did not affect incidence of shank rooting, although the MM 111 stock had a tendency to produce more roots per rooting site. Cultivar type significantly affected shank root development, with nonspur cultivars having an increased percentage of shanks rooting and a significantly increased number of burrknots with developing roots produced on each rootstock shank.
Postharvest Research in a Developing Country: A View From Brazil
Authors: Mukai Margret Kyoko
Published: September 2022

Despite the goal set in 1975 by the Seventh Special Session of the U.N. General Assembly for a 50% reduction in postharvest losses to be achieved by 1985, little postharvest horticultural research has been published by lesser developed countries (LDCs), where losses are assumed to be high (7, 9, 12). An exception is the work of the ASEAN Postharvest Horticulture Training and Research Center in the Philippines. Interest in postharvest research, however, runs keen among LDC researchers. A recent survey of foreign alumni of the Dept. of Horticulture at Michigan State Univ. showed that the course most cited as the one they “would take today” was postharvest physiology (1).
Foliar Potassium Sprays on Adult Pecan Trees
Authors: Smith Michael W. , Cotten B. C. , Ager P. L.
Published: September 2022

Foliar K applications were evaluated on adult pecan trees [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch.] in four separate experiments using various rates and timings of either K2SO4 or KNO3. Ammonium nitrate and/or urea also were used to enhance K absorption. Results indicated that foliar K applications using either K2SO4 or KNO3 were not effective in supplying K to the trees. Leaf K concentration, nut size, kernel percent, and yield, in most cases, did not respond to the treatments. Neither NH4NO3 nor urea improved K absorption.
Needed: A Better Word than “Ornamentals”
Authors: Tukey H. B.
Published: September 2022

We often use the noun “ornamentals” to describe plants used in landscapes, around homes and other buildings, in parks and public gardens, and along streets and highways. However, “ornamentals” can be perceived quite differently by others outside our profession and with serious consequences.
Sugar and Organic Acid Content of Cherry Tomato Fruit at Different Ripening Stages
Authors: Picha David H.
Published: September 2022

Sugar and organic acid concentrations in fruit of two cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme Alef.) cultivars (‘Large Red Cherry’ and ‘Small Fry’) were determined at five stages of ripening. Fructose and glucose concentration increased in both cultivars from the immature-green to table-ripe stage, with fructose being the primary sugar. Sucrose, present in low concentration, was higher in the immature-green than table-ripe stage. Citric acid was the primary organic acid and it increased in concentration from the immature-green to mature-green stage (and to the light-red stage in ‘Small Fry’), but no further change occurred from the light-red to table-ripe stage. Malic acid decreased in concentration from the mature-green to table-ripe stage. ‘Large Red Cherry’ fruit contained more fructose, glucose, and malic acid, but less citric acid than ‘Small Fry’ fruit. The pattern of sugar and organic acid change during cherry tomato fruit ripening was similar to the pattern of change previously reported for large-fruited types.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of [14C]IAA Ethyl Ester
Authors: Darnell Rebecca L. , Greve L. Carl , Martin George C.
Published: September 2022

A simple procedure for synthesizing and purifying the [14C]ethyl ester of IAA (Et-IAA) is described. This auxin has been found to stimulate parthenocarpic fruit set in day-neutral strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. ‘Fern’), which are non-responsive to various other auxins. Et-IAA may prove useful in eliciting physiological responses in systems shown previously to be auxin-nonresponsive. Chemical name used: 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).