bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Penetration-Aspiration in Parkinson’s Disease Patients With Dysphagia: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Gaeckle Maren , Domahs Frank , Kartmann Angelika , Tomandl Bernd , Frank Ulrike
Published: April 2019

Objective:

Penetration-aspiration is considered the most severe sign of dysphagia, with aspiration pneumonia as one of its consequences. More than half of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients suffer from dysphagia, and aspiration pneumonia is among the primary causes of mortality in PD patients. However, the identification of predictors of penetration-aspiration in PD patients remains an understudied topic. The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of penetration-aspiration in patients with PD.

Methods:

The data of 89 PD patients with dysphagia who underwent routinely conducted videofluoroscopic studies of swallowing (VFSS) were included in this retrospective study. The occurrence of penetration-aspiration was defined as scores ≥3 on the Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS). Four commonly reported signs of dysphagia in PD patients were evaluated as possible predictors. Furthermore, the relationships between the occurrence of penetration-aspiration and liquid bolus volume as well as clinical severity of PD (modified Hoehn and Yahr scale) were examined.

Results:

Logistic regression showed that a delayed initiation of the pharyngeal swallow (odds ratio [OR] = 7.47, P = .008) and a reduced hyolaryngeal excursion (OR = 5.13, P = .012) were predictors of penetration-aspiration. Moreover, there was a strong, positive correlation between increasing liquid bolus volume and penetration-aspiration (γ = 0.71, P < .001). No correlation was found between severity of PD and penetration-aspiration (γ = 0.077, P = .783).

Conclusion:

Results of the present study allow for a better understanding of penetration-aspiration risk in PD patients. They are useful for treatment planning in order to improve safe oral intake and adequate nutrition.
Improving Developmental Screening, Discussion, and Referral in Pediatric Practice
Authors: Bright Melissa A. , Zubler Jennifer , Boothby Christina , Whitaker Toni M.
Published: April 2019

Objective. Although pediatricians’ use of standardized screening tools for identifying developmental delays has increased, only 63% of pediatricians report performing standardized screening as recommended. The purpose of the current quality improvement project was to improve developmental monitoring, screening, and referral for developmental concerns by pediatricians. Method. Twenty-eight pediatricians completed an in-person meeting, monthly webinars, and individualized feedback from an Expert Work Group on progress across a 3-month action period. Results. Statistically significant increases were observed in rates of autism screening, discussions of screening results with families, and referral following abnormal results. There was no statistically significant change in rates of general developmental screening. Comparing self-report with record review, pediatricians overestimated the extent to which they conducted discussion and referral. Conclusions. Universal screening for all children has yet to be achieved. The current project supports that practice-based improvements can be made and delineates some of the routes to success.
Observed Issue Selling: The Effects of Role Models, Willingness to Issue Sell, and Inclusion in Decision Making
Authors: Randel Amy E. , Jaussi Kimberly S. , Wu Anne
Published: April 2019

This study examines issue selling (an early component of the change process in which higher-level managers are influenced to pay attention to issues). Building on the conservation of resources model, social contextual factors (role models for issue selling and inclusion in decision making) are proposed to explain when and how issue selling occurs during the early stages of change. This research breaks new ground by examining issue selling behavior (as observed by supervisors) in conjunction with willingness to issue sell. Results based on a sample of 191 employee–supervisor dyads suggest that role models positively contributed to willingness to issue sell, which was positively related to issue selling when individuals perceived that they were involved in decision making. To increase the likelihood that employees will engage in issue selling to facilitate change, managers should provide exposure to issue selling role models and should increase employees’ perceived inclusion in decision making.
Examination of the Psychometric Characteristics of the Italian Version of the Game Addiction Scale for Adolescents
Authors: Costa Sebastiano , Barberis Nadia , Gugliandolo Maria Cristina , Liga Francesca , Cuzzocrea Francesca , Verrastro Valeria
Published: April 2019

In the last years, the interest in Internet Gaming Disorder has grown considerably, which has necessitated the development of valid and reliable tools in different cultural contexts. Although, in the scientific literature, there are several measures that evaluate the Internet Gaming Disorder, the Game Addiction Scale has shown to be a valid questionnaire specifically designed for adolescents and based on the Griffiths’ theory of components model of behavioral addiction. For this reason, the aim of this study is to verify the psychometric characteristics of the Italian translation of the full and short form of the Game Addiction Scale in a sample of 452 Italian adolescents (190 males and 262 females), aged between 13 and 17 years (M = 14.75; SD = 1.21). A series of confirmatory factor analyses was used to assess the Game Addiction Scale factorial structure, and the comparison of the models showed that the best fitting model was the Bifactor Model for the full form, while the unidimensional structure showed good fit for the short form of the Game Addiction Scale. Furthermore, both versions showed good reliability and correlations with Internet Addiction and hours of gaming. In sum, the Game Addiction Scale can be considered a relevant instrument for investigating Internet Gaming Disorder in Italian adolescents.
Analysis of the magnetic field and electromagnetic force of a non-striking weft insertion system for super broad-width looms, based on an electromagnetic launcher
Authors: Qiao Xu , Shunqi Mei , Xiaoyu Yan , Islam Md Mazharul , Zhen Chen , Shaojun Wang , Zhiming Zhang
Published: April 2019

Weft insertion based on electromagnetic launch technology is a novel and very promising approach for super broad-width (6–12 m) (SBW) looms. There are considerable challenges involved in designing such a system, including analyzing the electromagnetic field while incorporating the effect of a clip weft device, and accurately calculating the electromagnetic and motion parameters of the weft insertion mechanism. In this study, an electromagnetic launch, non-striking weft insertion method for an SBW loom is proposed. The electromagnetic field is analyzed with the finite element method and includes the effect of a clip weft device. Simulation of the motion, analysis of the maximum flight speed of the clip weft device and the work done by electromagnetic force are presented. We also describe an experimental model for electromagnetic launch weft insertion and calculate the electromagnetic force required for weft insertion, using analytical methods and numerical finite element methods. Comparison of the results with measured values shows that this electromagnetic launch weft insertion system has good flexibility. In addition, the weft insertion speed required for different width looms can be obtained by changing the current of the coil or the coil stage number of the launching system.
Measuring polycentricity via network flows, spatial interaction and percolation
Authors: Sarkar Somwrita , Wu Hao , Levinson David M
Published: April 2019

Polycentricity, or the number of central urban places, is commonly measured by location-based metrics (e.g. employment density/total number of workers, above a threshold). While these metrics are good indicators of location ‘centricity’, results are sensitive to threshold choice. We consider the alternative idea that a centre’s status depends on its connectivity to other locations through trip inflows/outflows: this is inherently a network rather than place idea. Three flow and network-based centricity metrics for measuring metropolitan area polycentricity using journey-to-work data are presented: (a) trip-based; (b) density-based; and (c) accessibility-based. Using these measures, polycentricity is computed and rank-centricity distributions are plotted to test Zipf-like or Christaller-like behaviours. Further, a percolation theory framework is proposed for the full origin–destination matrix, where trip flows are used as a thresholding parameter to count the number of sub-centres. Trip flows prove to be an effective measure to count and hierarchically organise metropolitan areas and sub-centres, tackling the arbitrariness of defining any threshold on employment statistics to count sub-centres. Applications on data from the Greater Sydney region show that the proposed framework helps to characterise polycentricity and sub-regional organisation more robustly, and provide unexpected insights into the connections between land use, labour market organisation, transport and urban structure.
Does online anonymity undermine the sense of personal responsibility?
Authors: Jordan Tim
Published: April 2019

This article begins by exploring the media visibility of anonymity online, in particular in relation to trolls and online bullying. It then explores anonymity in the case of Chelsea Manning who leaked US military secrets but only lost anonymity sometime after her leak was made public. This discussion explores issues of responsibility and the reasons for being anonymous. The article then briefly discusses anonymity based on the discussion of the Manning case in relation to the Snowden case, where Snowden refused anonymity, and the Pentagon Papers. The article concludes by pointing out that issues of responsibility in relation to anonymity remain similar whether digital or not, but that anonymity now exists in a context in which there is greater ability to share information between many more people, faster and with radically lowered costs of publishing than before.
It’s the ‘group’ that matters: Dramatherapy working with a group of parents and their children who have profound and multiple learning difficulties
Authors: Ellinor Jessie
Published: April 2019

This article focuses on the practicalities, playful interventions and value of facilitating a family dramatherapy group at a Special Needs primary school. The group, comprised of four children with profound and multiple learning disabilities (PMLD) and their four primary carers, is co-facilitated by the author, a qualified dramatherapist, and a teaching member of staff. As the majority of children travel to and from school on a specially provided bus, there are few opportunities for their parents to meet one another. The dramatherapy group provides the parents with the opportunity to speak about the practical and medical aspects prevalent in their family worlds. It also offers all the participants something different: a ‘secure base’ which encourages individuals to take creative risks, attune, and reflect back feelings present within the group as part of a contained and confidential experience. Their unique relationships are witnessed, valued and developed through the therapeutic mediums of drama and movement. The article explores the theory related to the practice, and evidences, promotes and evaluates the rationale for family work with this client group.
Partner predictors of marital aggression across the transition to parenthood: An I3 approach
Authors: Eller Jami , Marshall Emma M. , Rholes W. Steven , Vieth Grace , Simpson Jeffry A.
Published: April 2019

The stress that arises during the transition to parenthood often places significant strain on marriages that can result in marital problems such as aggression victimization. In this research, we use an I3 framework to identify specific partner variables that are likely to promote physical aggression victimization across the transition to parenthood. Examining both intercepts (i.e., mean levels of aggression victimization estimated at childbirth) and slopes (e.g., changes in aggression victimization estimated over time), we find support for a three-way interaction anticipated by the I3 framework. Specifically, male partners were more likely to report being the victim of aggression at childbirth and also during the 24 months that followed when their female partner reported experiencing greater parental stress (an instigator to aggression in the I3 framework), greater relationship-specific attachment avoidance (an impellor to aggression), and lower relationship satisfaction (the lack of an inhibitor to aggression). Implications for the prevention of marital aggression associated with these I3 factors are discussed.
The association between abuse and the perpetration of subtle sexual coercion: The role of approach and avoidance motivations
Authors: Mullins Ellie R. , Karantzas Gery C.
Published: April 2019

Little research has investigated the associations between abuse and subtle sexual coercion within romantic relationships and the mechanisms that may underpin this association. Specifically, no previous research has investigated whether approach and avoidance motivations for engaging in sexual coercion explain this association. The aim of this research was to investigate whether approach and avoidance motivations pertaining to the perpetration of subtle sexual coercion may mediate the perpetration of psychological and physical abuse and the perpetration of sexual coercion. A total of 117 heterosexual couples (mean age = 30.42 years) completed measures assessing their approach and avoidance motivations for sexual coercion, as well as reports of abuse perpetration (physical and psychological) and sexual coercion against their romantic partner. Findings revealed that men and women’s perpetration of psychological abuse (but not physical abuse) was positively associated with their own avoidance motivations for sexual coercion perpetration and that women’s perpetration of psychological abuse was positively associated with their partner’s approach and avoidance motivations for sexual coercion perpetration. Avoidance motives were also found to mediate the association between psychological abuse and sexual coercion perpetration for both men and women. The results of this study highlight the importance of exploring motives as a potential mechanism to help explain the associations between abuse and sexual coercion within romantic relationships.
Industry Stakeholder Perspectives on the Adoption of Electric Bicycles in British Columbia
Authors: Aono Saki , Bigazzi Alexander
Published: April 2019

Electric-assist bicycles (e-bikes) are an emerging mode of transportation that offers a sustainable alternative to automobile use in urban areas. Past research on e-bike adoption has focused on user perspectives. Understanding other stakeholder perspectives is also essential to implementing effective e-bike policy. The objectives of this research are to identify alignments and misalignments in perspectives on e-bike adoption across industry stakeholders in British Columbia (BC), including e-bike retailers, manufacturers, cycling coalitions, and government agencies, and to provide recommendations for e-bike policy that account for those perspectives. An online survey was distributed to industry stakeholders to examine perceived barriers to adoption, expected impacts of adoption, and effects of policy on adoption. Questions about regulations discriminated between five e-bike types: pedal-assist, throttle-assist, scooter-style, electric recumbents, and enclosed electric recumbents. Results indicate strong agreement among industry stakeholders that scooter-style e-bikes require separate and additional regulation from other types of e-bikes and from existing regulation in BC. In contrast, there was misalignment in the expected mode shift resulting from e-bike adoption, with government agencies least optimistic about diversion of automobile trips. Industry stakeholders broadly agreed on the need for speed regulation and viewed higher speeds as one of the least important benefits of e-bikes, which contrasts with past research on user perspectives. Policy recommendations include reclassifying scooter-style e-bikes, rebate or tax programs to reduce e-bike costs, further research on optimal e-bike speed limits, and continued support for improvements in general cycling infrastructure (a top priority for industry and user stakeholders).
Families in Austronesian Expansion
Authors: Wellen Kathryn
Published: April 2019

This article looks at the possibility of using family as an analytical tool for understanding large-scale historical processes. The case in point is Austronesian expansion which is conceived of here within the largest possible geographical and chronological contexts to include the prehistoric spread of Austronesian speakers from Madagascar to Hawaii and twenty-first-century migration patterns and transnational lifestyles. It explores the possibility of using family relations as an analytical tool for making sense of this exceptionally vast subject. It also argues that an understanding of Austronesian expansion is essential to an understanding of world history.
The Effect of Tendon Delamination on Rotator Cuff Healing
Authors: Boileau Pascal , Andreani Olivier , Schramm Martin , Baba Mohammed , Barret Hugo , Chelli Mikaël
Published: April 2019

Background:

While patient age, tear size, and muscle fatty infiltration are factors known to affect the rate of tendon healing after rotator cuff repair, the effect of tendon delamination is less known.

Purpose:

To assess the effect of tendon delamination on rotator cuff healing after arthroscopic single-row (SR) repair.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Consecutive patients (N = 117) with chronic full-thickness rotator cuff tears underwent arthroscopic SR repair with the tension-band cuff repair. The mean ± SD age at the time of surgery was 60 ± 8 years. There were 25 small, 63 medium, and 29 large tears. Tendon delamination was assessed intraoperatively under arthroscopy with the arthroscope placed in the lateral portal. Patients were divided into 2 groups: those with nondelaminated (n = 80) and delaminated (n = 37) cuff tears. The 2 groups were comparable for age, sex, body mass index, preoperative pain, strength, and a Constant-Murley score. Repair integrity was evaluated with sonography (mean, 24 months after surgery; range, 6-62 months) and classified into 3 categories: type A, indicating complete, homogeneous, and thick coverage of the footprint; type B, partial coverage with a thin tendon; and type C, no coverage of the footprint.

Results:

The prevalence of tendon delamination observed under arthroscopy was 32% (37 of 117), which increased with tear size and retraction: from 15% in small tears to 32% in medium tears and 45% in large tears ( P = .028). Postoperatively, 83 patients had complete coverage of footprint (type A = 71%) and the cuff was considered healed, whereas 26 had partial coverage or a thin tendon (type B = 22%) and 8 had no coverage (type C = 7%). Overall, the rate of complete healing was 78% in nondelaminated cuff tears and 57% in the case of tendon delamination ( P = .029). In large retracted tears, the healing rate dropped from 81% in the absence of delamination to 39% when the tendons were delaminated ( P = .027).

Conclusion:

Tendon delamination increases with tear size and retraction. Patients with chronic delaminated and retracted rotator cuff tears (stage 2 or 3) are at risk of failure after SR cuff repair, whereas patients with small delaminated rotator cuff tears (stage 1) involving only the supraspinatus can be treated with an SR cuff repair with a high chance of tendon healing. These results suggest that SR cuff repair may be insufficient to treat delaminated chronic cuff tears. To improve the anatomic outcomes of rotator cuff repairs, surgeons should consider treating delaminated tears with a double-row or double-layer repair.
Intimate Partner Violence: A Multinational Test of Cultural Spillover Theory
Authors: Lysova Alexandra , Straus Murray A.
Published: April 2019

Cultural spillover theory asserts that the prevalence of socially legitimate violence to attain ends for which there is widespread social approval is part of the explanation for the prevalence of illegitimate violence. This study was a test of the cultural spillover theory as it applies to intimate partner violence (IPV). Based on data from the International Dating Violence Study (IDVS) in 32 countries, we tested the proposition that agreement with socially approved forms of violence “spills over” into violence against an intimate partner. Two versions of an index to measure legitimate violence were constructed: (a) An individual-level legitimate violence index based on the beliefs and behavior of 14,252 university students in 32 nations in the IDVS and (b) a nation-level legitimate violence index consisting of the mean of the student scores on the legitimate violence index for each of the 32 nations in the IDVS. We used the revised Conflict Tactics Scales to obtain the data on physical violence and injuries inflicted by the students in the IDVS. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test the hypothesized relation of the individual student legitimate violence index to IPV. Socioeconomic status, limited disclosure scale, respondent’s age, and length of the relationships were included as covariates. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to further investigate the associations between legitimate violence index obtained from the aggregated student data and the nation-level IPV, controlling for the gross domestic product (GDP) index and limited disclosure scale. Both individual- and nation-level analyses consistently supported cultural spillover theory’s explanation of IPV. The association between legitimate violence and IPV at both levels of analysis was stronger for women than men, which is consistent with some previous studies. The results suggest that reducing legitimate violence can make an important contribution to reducing IPV.
Do Detainees Plead Guilty Faster? A Survival Analysis of Pretrial Detention and the Timing of Guilty Pleas
Authors: Petersen Nick
Published: April 2019

Although numerous quantitative studies have linked pretrial detention to increased conviction rates, the precise mechanisms linking these decisions remain unclear. Qualitative studies shed light on these processes, revealing that many detainees plead guilty quickly to escape the pains of detention, including poor confinement conditions, strained work or family relations, and “dead time.” Moreover, these pressures to plead are often exacerbated by uncertain detention length, time-sensitive “exploding” plea deals, and temporal discounting. Utilizing data on felony defendants from large urban counties between 1990 and 2004, we assess whether pretrial detention accelerates the pace of guilty pleas. Survival analyses indicate that pretrial detainees plead guilty 2.86 times faster than released defendants do, suggesting that pretrial detention is a powerful prosecutorial tool. Moreover, local resources affect case processing time in ways that are consistent with the courtroom workgroup perspective. Implications for public policies and future research are discussed.
Analytical solution to orifice design in a rotary valve controlled electro-hydraulic vibration exciter for high-frequency sinusoidal vibration waveform
Authors: Wang He , Wang Chengwen , Quan Long , Gong Guofang , Li Wenjing
Published: April 2019

The present study is focused on a novel method for the acquisition of high-frequency sinusoidal vibration waveform with electro-hydraulic vibration exciter. A rotary valve controlled electro-hydraulic vibration exciter is proposed to make it easier to obtain high vibration frequency than the conventional servo valve controlled counterpart. Three common used offices are taken into consideration: rectangular orifice, triangular orifice, and semicircular orifice. Analytical solution to orifice design of shape and axial length is suggested for the accurate control of vibration waveform. Harmonic theory borrowed from electronic technology is used as an evaluation index for the shape of vibration waveform. The orifice shape design decision is made according to the total harmonic distortion of vibration waveform. The nonlinear differential equation which models vibration waveform is established. The orifice axial length is designed according to the supply pressure, vibration frequency, and amplitude. Both theoretical and experimental results show that rectangular orifice is desirable for high-frequency sinusoidal vibration waveforms. With the orifice design solution, the proposed vibration exciter can output the vibration waveform with total harmonic distortion of less than 1% as compared with sinusoidal waveform and maximum error of 5% as compared with experimental value at vibration frequency of higher than 100 Hz, and greatly extend the frequency bandwidth when sinusoidal vibration waveform is required.
Akhuwat: Measuring Success for a Non-profit Organization
Authors: Bashir Mohsin , Saleem Ashar , Ahmed Ferhana
Published: April 2019

Dr Amjad Saqib, founder and CEO of Akhuwat—a non-profit interest-free microfinance organization—faced a dilemma in July 2014. He was worried if the organization was actually making an impact—the real impact—that he originally intended. The conventional measures being used to assess Akhuwat’s performance, that is, financial performance, loan disbursement and recovery rates, had all shown impressive signs. For instance, the recovery rate had always been above 99 per cent since Akhuwat’s inception. Still, Dr Saqib was concerned, as he wanted to know whether these measures had actually translated into achieving his original intention of founding Akhuwat, which was to increase tolerance, compassion, voluntarism and happiness, in the target communities. This concern was further aggravated in the backdrop of a rapid expansion plan that Akhuwat was following since 2010.

Back in 2001, Dr Saqib founded Akhuwat in order to provide an alternative to conventional microfinance institutions, which he saw as exploitative and against the Islamic principles of mutual support, as these charged very high interest rates from poor borrowers. Akhuwat, on the other hand, charged zero interest on its microcredit products. It relied on charity and donations, instead of bank loans, as its lending base and for covering operational expenses. The organization underwent a rapid expansion after a credit injection from the provincial government in 2010, resulting in a sevenfold increase in its loan portfolio, which rocketed to PKR 2,460 billion in 2014, and a fivefold increase in the number of branches, which stood at 289 across the country in 2014. This transition also brought many changes and challenges to the working style and performance monitoring of Akhuwat, which had traditionally operated in a rather informal manner. The case highlights Dr Saqib’s worries regarding the effectiveness of these measures in achieving Akhuwat’s intended impacts.
Book review: A. Mezzadri. 2017. The Sweatshop Regime: Labouring Bodies, Exploitation, and Garments Made in India
Authors: Singh Suruchi
Published: April 2019

A. Mezzadri. 2017. The Sweatshop Regime: Labouring Bodies, Exploitation, and Garments Made in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 210 pp., ₹625, ISBN: 9781107116962.
Conflict, Peace and Security: An International Relations Perspective with Special Reference to India
Authors: Lahiry Sujit
Published: April 2019

Conflict, peace and security are some of the enduring concerns of the Peace Research Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. They have become integrated in the dominant disciplines of international relations and political science and now are also part of most of the social science disciplines, such as economics, sociology, public policy, gender studies, international law and so on. This article purportedly seeks to examine some of the varied issues of conflict, peace and security and the challenges posed before the IR theorists to deal with them. It will also examine how the liberals, realists, Marxists, neo-Marxists and functionalists interpret conflict-transformation, peace-building and security. This article concludes with the argument that it is within the frontiers of critical theory as well as a class analysis of the structure of society within any state that social scientists can move from a paradigm of conflict reduction towards a more egalitarian model of peace and security. This article also concludes that only human security with a strong social welfare policy will lead to an egalitarian social order, especially in India.
Why living bodies could be dead weight
Authors: McGregor Simon
Published: April 2019

This is a commentary on ‘Are living beings extended autopoietic systems? An embodied reply’ (Villalobos and Razeto-Barry 2019). The target article proposes a refinement of the autopoietic treatment of living systems, introducing an explicit necessary condition that every living system must be an “autopoietic body”, i.e. a system whose “physical constitution as a body” is “generated by its own poietic activity”. I argue that this criterion is ambiguous, and suggest that it is an expression of a folk theory that will prove inadequate under more rigorous technical analysis.
A New Generation of Scientists-as-Filmmakers: Experiences Gained in Switzerland
Authors: Angelone Samer
Published: April 2019

Film is one of the most powerful tools for communicating science to peers and the general public. Recently, there has been a boom in demand for science films. To satisfy the demand for science films, universities and scientific institutes are now increasingly teaching their scientists and students how to produce their own films via accredited science filmmaking courses, which now form part of science communication programs. These courses are producing what I define as a new generation of scientists-as-filmmakers—that is, scientists who integrate filmmaking into their academic preparation, albeit in a nonprofessional way. The aim of this article is (1) to describe the boom of this new generation of scientists-as-filmmakers and (2) to use common traits and conventions to classify and analyze the science filmmaking courses offered by Swiss universities and research institutes. This study could help promote a new generation of scientists-as-filmmakers and stimulate other countries to design specific programs for training scientists in science filmmaking.
Completion of the Updated Caprini Risk Assessment Model (2013 Version)
Authors: Cronin MaryAnne , Dengler Nancy , Krauss Eugene S. , Segal Ayal , Wei Nicole , Daly Madison , Mota Frank , Caprini Joseph A.
Published: April 2019

The Caprini risk assessment model (RAM) has been validated in over 250 000 patients in more than 100 clinical trials worldwide. Ultimately, appropriate treatment options are dependent on precise completion of the Caprini RAM. As the numerical score increases, the clinical venous thromboembolism rate rises exponentially in every patient group where it has been properly tested. The 2013 Caprini RAM was completed by specially trained medical students via review of the presurgical assessment history, medical clearances, and medical consults. The Caprini RAM was completed for every participant both preoperatively and predischarge to ensure that any changes in the patient’s postoperative course were captured by the tool. This process led to the development of completion guidelines to ensure consistency and accuracy of scoring. The 2013 Caprini scoring system provides a consistent, thorough, and efficacious method for risk stratification and selection of prophylaxis for the prevention of venous thrombosis.
Implementation and Validation of the 2013 Caprini Score for Risk Stratification of Arthroplasty Patients in the Prevention of Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Krauss Eugene S. , Segal Ayal , Cronin MaryAnne , Dengler Nancy , Lesser Martin L. , Ahn Seungjun , Caprini Joseph A.
Published: April 2019

Appropriate chemoprophylaxis choice following arthroplasty requires accurate patient risk assessment. We compared the results of our prospective department protocol to the Caprini risk assessment model (RAM) retrospectively in this study group. Our goal was to determine whether the department protocol or the Caprini score would identify venous thromboembolism (VTE) events after total joint replacement. A secondary purpose was to validate the 2013 Caprini RAM in joint arthroplasty and determine whether patients with VTE would be accurately identified using the Caprini score. A total of 1078 patients met inclusion criteria. A Caprini score of 10 or greater is considered high risk and a score of 9 or less is considered low risk. The 2013 version of the Caprini RAM retrospectively stratified 7 of the 8 VTE events correctly, while only 1 VTE was identified with the prospective department protocol. This tool provided a consistent, accurate, and efficacious method for risk stratification and selection of chemoprophylaxis.
Direct and indirect corrosion wear performance of AISI 630 steel for the slipper/swashplate pair in a water hydraulic pump
Authors: Wei Liejiang , Zhang Zhenhua , Nie Songlin , Wu Xiangyang
Published: April 2019

To explore feasibility of AISI 630 steel applied to slipper/swashplate pair of a water hydraulic pump. Frictional corrosion experiment simulating slipper/swashplate pair operation was systematically conducted under three different lubricating conditions, and the influence of lubricating medium and solution aging on corrosion wear of AISI 630 steel and indirect corrosion wear of its dual PEEK surface were evaluated by means of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical corrosion test analysis. It was shown that synergistic effect of corrosion and wear played an important role on wear of AISI 630 steel and occupied up to 25% of its total wear loss. Solution aging of AISI 630 steel could help to decrease wear rate of its dual PEEK surface in freshwater, but would significantly increase friction coefficient and wear rate of AISI 630 in seawater and aggravate the wear and indirect corrosion wear of its dual PEEK surface. Therefore, for the water hydraulic slipper/swashplate pair, it is suggested that when taking service in freshwater, solution aging of AISI 630 steel can be considered to alleviate wear of its dual PEEK surface, but when taking service in seawater, solution aging is not recommended, and the original AISI 630 steel is more conducive to obtain preferable friction and wear performance.
Matter over mind: How mental health symptom presentations shape diagnostic outcomes
Authors: Tate Alexandra
Published: April 2019

Mental health disorders face less stigma today than in the past, yet they continue to be misdiagnosed and at times improperly treated. One account for this problem is that physicians rely exclusively on a verbal interview of patients for diagnosis. Because this diagnostic method is likely to be shaped by the way patients present their symptoms, it is critical that we examine whether and how patients’ communication practices shape diagnostic and treatment outcomes. This study examines a sample of 14 encounters involving mental health-related symptoms from a dataset of adult primary care visits. Using conversation analytic methods, I show that when patients present mental health symptoms by simply describing the symptoms, primary care physicians exhibit a preference for providing a physical health diagnosis. Conversely, when patients provide a concrete link between their symptoms and the way the symptoms are disrupting their everyday lives, primary care physicians typically provide a mental health diagnosis.
Investigation of the archeological remains using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Kostyukevich Yury , Kitova Alexandra , Zherebker Alexander , Rukh Shah , Nikolaev Eugene
Published: April 2019

Investigation of the archeological material at the molecular level can reveal the composition of ancient paint, balsamic material, reveal cooking recipes, etc. High-resolution mass spectrometry is a powerful technique with underestimated potential for archeology. Here, we present the investigation of the 3000-year-old archeological remains, identified as parts of internal organs of an Egyptian mummy, using high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. We observed a diverse number of oxidized classes of compounds: O, O2, O3, O4, O5, N, NO, NO2, NO3, NO4, NO5, N2O, N2O2. Such chemical composition is unusual and we never observed it in our previous studies of petroleum, humic substances, products of wood pyrolysis or other natural complex mixtures. It is possible that such compounds are formed via biodegradation of lipids and other organic material used for funeral rites. We did not observe evidence of the presence of mineral bitumen, although there are many historical records of the use of mineral bitumen for mummification.
Social support and self-rated health among caregivers of people with dementia: The mediating role of caregiving burden
Authors: Xian Mihua , Xu Ling
Published: April 2019

The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between three indicators of social support and self-rated health among caregivers of people with dementia, and whether caregiving burden mediated such associations. Data from the Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer’s Caregiver Health II (REACH II; N = 637) was used and multivariate analyses were conducted to test the mediation effects of caregiving burden by PROCESS for v3.2.03. The results revealed that three indicators of social support (received support, social network, and negative interactions) were all significantly associated with self-rated health. Findings also showed that caregiving burden acted as a mediator mechanism through which the associations between social network and self-rated health, negative interactions and self-rated health occurred. Results suggest that there is a need for more comprehensive caregiving assessments as well as multicomponent interventions that include improving and expanding social networks for caregivers of people with dementia. Findings also highlight the importance of minimizing interpersonal conflicts with others and providing more multicomponent programs aimed at reducing caregiving burden.
Current Priorities in Campus Recreation: A Multi-Institutional Study of Strategic Plans
Authors: Lower-Hoppe Leeann M. , Parietti Megan L. , Czekanski W. Andrew
Published: April 2019

Strategic planning is a proactive process of analyzing an organization to identify the organization’s values, mission, vision, goals, and objectives. Within campus recreation, research has focused on the processes of strategic planning, without examining the distinct organizational strategies of individual departments. The purpose of the study was to examine the content and structure of strategic plans within campus recreation and identify major priorities across institutions as a means to inform campus recreation practice. To achieve this aim, document analyses were conducted on campus recreation strategic plans of five large universities (public and private) across the United States for content and structure. The data were categorized by prominent strategic planning components outlined in Haines’s campus recreation assessment model, from which codes and themes emerged. A standard of excellence, service, and outcomes were identified as major priorities across institutions and strategic planning components. The results demonstrated an ineffective structure of goals and objectives, highlighting areas for improvement. Through empirical investigation, industry standards can be established to enhance quality programming in campus recreation.
Clots retrieved by mechanical thrombectomy from acute ischemic stroke patients show no evidence of bacteria
Authors: Khashim Zenith , Fitzgerald Seán , Kadirvel Ramanathan , Dai Daying , Doyle Karen M , Brinjikji Waleed , Kallmes David F
Published: April 2019

Background

Bacteria and bacterial components have been associated with the activation of coagulation factors and initiating the blood clot formation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether bacterial populations are present in clots retrieved from patients that have suffered a large vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke (AIS).

Materials and methods

Clot samples were collected from 20 AIS patients who underwent clot retrieval with mechanical thrombectomy. Patient clinical demographic details were noted. Expression of bacterial 16S rDNA was analyzed by standard and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Gram staining was performed to identify Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Results

Both the real-time and standard PCR demonstrated no expression of 16S rDNA in any of the 20 clots samples from AIS patients. Gram staining results showed no expression of Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria present in the clot samples.

Conclusion

Our current study found no bacteria populations in the clots of AIS patients.
Influence of radial interference on torque capacity of shrink-fit camshaft
Authors: Zhao Jiao , Wang Jun-Xiong , Yu Chao , Tang Si-Qi , Yao Jin
Published: April 2019

The maximum contact strength stress in the shrink-fit camshaft assembly was obtained by finite element method. It is found that there is a maximal radial interference, below which there is no plastic deformation and which can be used as the limitation for the radial interference. In our case, the maximal radial interference is 0.08 mm. Then, based on Lamé’s equation and experimental data, the relationship between friction coefficients on the contact surface of shrink-fit camshaft and the radial interference is established. For the shrink-fit camshaft in our case, the range of friction coefficient is 0.14–0.19. After that, the relationship between the torque capacity and the radial interference for the shrink-fit camshaft is established by the finite element model for torque capacity testing based on the friction coefficient obtained before. There is a positive correlation between the radial interference and the torque capacity, but their relationship is not simple linear, similar to the exponential relationship. The slope of the torque capacity curve decreases gradually with the interference increasing. In the elastic range, the results obtained from experiment and simulation are in good agreement, with a maximum relative error of 8.1%. The results of our study are expected to design and manufacture for shrink-fit camshaft.
Collaborative implementation of a community-based exercise intervention with a partnering rural American Indian community
Authors: Chadwick Jennifer Q , Tullier Mary A , Wolbert Lisa , Coleman Charlotte , Branam Dannielle E , Wharton David F , Cannady Tamela K , Copeland Kenneth C , Short Kevin R
Published: April 2019

Background

The prevalence and socioeconomic burden of childhood obesity and diabetes has increased rapidly in the United States in the last 30 years. American Indians have the highest prevalence of type 2 diabetes among newly diagnosed youth in the country. Contributing factors include environmental, behavioral, and genetic components. Some American Indian tribal communities have explored innovative ways to combat this epidemic including collaborations with academic centers on community-based research.

Method

From 2012 to 2017, the University of Oklahoma Health Science Center and the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma partnered on a National Institutes of Health–funded project to determine if financial incentives would elicit an increase in physical activity in Native youth. This was a community-based behavioral intervention for overweight or obese American Indian youth ages 11–20 living in a rural community at risk for developing diabetes.

Results

Tribal leaders and staff identified culturally appropriate strategies to aid implementation of the trial in their community. Their identified implementation strategies helped standardize the study in order to maintain study integrity. The mutually agreed strategies included co-review of the study by tribal and University research review boards (but designation of the Choctaw Nation review board as the “Board of Record”), training of community-based staff on research ethics and literacy, standardization of the informed consent process by videotaping all study information, creation of a viable and culturally appropriate timeline for study implementation, adapting tribal wellness center operations to accommodate youth, and development of effective two-way communication through training sessions, on-site coordination, and bi-monthly conference calls.

Conclusion

In an effort to partner collectively on a randomized clinical research trial to combat childhood diabetes, tribal leaders and staff implemented strategies that resulted in a culturally appropriate and organized community-based behavioral intervention research project.
A partial defense of clinical equipoise
Authors: Gelfand Scott D
Published: April 2019

In this essay, I suggest that a slightly modified version of Freedman’s formulation of the clinical equipoise requirement is justified. I begin this essay with a brief discussion of the equipoise requirement. In the second and third sections, I discuss several objections to the clinical equipoise requirement as well as two attempts to justify the equipoise requirement. In the fourth section, in order to gain some insight into what it means to say that a physician has an obligation to act in the best interest of her patient, I examine a similar obligation, namely, a parent’s obligation to act in her child’s best interest. I claim that there are several uncontroversial exceptions to this obligation, and these exceptions arise when a parent occupies a role more complex than the role of parent simpliciter. In the fifth section, I explore whether the exceptions to a parent’s obligation to act in her child’s best interest may shed light on some exceptions to a physician–researcher’s obligation to act in the best interest of her patient. These exceptions, I suggest, arise when a physician occupies a role more complex than physician simpliciter, and they ground a permission to conduct randomized clinical trials, even if doing so is not in the best interest of a physician–researcher’s patients. I furthermore claim that these exceptions provide justification for a modified formulation of the clinical equipoise requirement.
‘Watching out for my boo’: Understanding women’s aggression in a night-time economy
Authors: Swann Rachel
Published: April 2019

Female aggression in night-time economies (NTE) is a relatively under-researched area of criminological inquiry. This article focuses on a group of White, working-class local women (Locals) drawing on a mixed-method qualitative study of 78 women (18–58 years) who participated in the NTE of a Welsh city centre. This article explores the women’s accounts and understandings of engaging in aggressive behaviours in this particular situational context. Foregrounding their voices, the research found that stereotypical assumptions surrounding the women’s reputation for unprovoked aggression is not supported. Rather, the women themselves understand their aggression as justifiable responses to breaches of shared group norms and values in relation to both reputation and manners. This group of women’s aggressive behaviour often was oriented towards maintaining their relationships and loyalty to each other and their group. This further challenges research in which women’s violence is framed as a response to or modelled on the behaviour of men. This article reports on a subgroup (‘Locals’) of a larger study that included two additional female groups, Professionals and Students, the perspectives of which are occasionally included to draw out distinctions with the working-class women focused on here.