bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Notes autour de Michel Foucault et les arts figuratifs: du “cercle du discours” au “cercle des images”
Authors: Yazbek André Constantino
Published: May 2018

Il s’agit, dans cet article, de mettre en rapport quatre textes ou passages fondamentaux de l’oeuvre foucaultienne; passages qui, dans l’ensembe et compte tenu de l’analyse de la littérature ou des arts figuratifs chez Foucault, constituent trois étapes de son parcours: 1) les pages renvoyant à l’analyse du tableau Las meninas, de Velázquez, dans Les mots et les choses (1966); 2) une conférence s’intitulant La peinture de Manet qu’il a donnée en Tunisie (1971); 3) un texte dont le titre est La peinture photogénique, qu’il a écrit pour le catalogue d’une exposition consacrée au peintre Fromanger (1975); 4) son texte célèbre, Qu’est-ce que les Lumières? (1984), où le philosophe aborde la question de l’Aufklärung chez Kant en déplaçant le centre de la réflexion sur les Lumières du plan relatif à une “école” ou à un “mouvement philosophique” au plan concernant essentiellement la question d’un “diagnostic du présent”.
Supereu: inquilino do eu
Authors: Nakasu Maria Vilela Pinto
Published: May 2018

O processo de elaboração das concepções metapsicológicas na obra de Freud não é linear, mas repleto de oscilações, idas e vindas, abandonos temporários, ambiguidades, contradições. Dentre os conceitos-chave da metapsicologia, o de supereu é certamente um conceito de difícil apreensão, complexo, pois são numerosas suas definições e extremamente amplo o seu alcance: da clínica para a metapsicologia, passando pela teoria da cultura, o supereu atua em todos os âmbitos da investigação psicanalítica, deixando entrever inúmeros mal-entendidos por parte de seus comentadores. Soma-se a isso o fato de Freud não ter sido um fiel historiador de seus conceitos. Este trabalho se propõe a desfazer algumas ambiguidades em relação ao processo de evolução da concepção de supereu a partir de um problema metapsicológico fundamental, a saber, a reformulação da noção de eu. Sustentaremos que as transformações na teoria do eu foram cruciais para a elaboração das bases conceituais do supereu em sua função legisladora. Veremos que o supereu inicia sua história como um discreto inquilino do eu para se tornar inquilino usurpador e tirânico, que ameaça a integridade euoica.
Da polissemia dos conceitos “ressentimento” e “má consciência”
Authors: Paschoal Antonio Edmilson
Published: May 2018

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os conceitos “ressentimento” e “má consciência” na filosofia de Nietzsche, tendo em vista a polissemia desses termos. Segundo a hipótese aqui trabalhada, embora ambos digam respeito à ideia de inibição (Hemmung) de forças para o interior do homem, é possível afirmar: primeiro, que eles são diferentes entre si; segundo, que mesmo individualmente eles apresentam variações conforme o papel desempenhado em diferentes textos do filósofo; e terceiro, que eles exemplificam uma variação na própria ideia de “fluidez de sentidos”, pois, enquanto o conceito de “má consciência” é localizado na história e as nuances que recebe são o produto de uma “transformação conceitual”, o termo “ressentimento” é tomado pelo filósofo na literatura de seu tempo e reconfigurado conforme as necessidades de sua construção argumentativa.
Entre ficcionalidade e objetivismo: o caso clínico como locus de elaboração conceitual do material fatual
Authors: Honda Helio
Published: May 2018

O artigo trata da relação entre clínica e metapsicologia a partir da discussão do papel do caso clínico na elaboração conceitual freudiana. Parte da exposição de duas perspectivas distintas na consideração do papel do caso clínico, uma que o toma como ficção e outra que valoriza a recolha de dados brutos. Mostra, na sequência, que em Freud não se trata nem de ficção nem de empiria pura, mas que o caso clínico teria como função introduzir um domínio epistêmico novo. Por fim, analisa algumas ideias de Freud, segundo as quais pressuposições e hipóteses teóricas encontrar-se-iam indissoluvelmente entrelaçadas com os dados clínicos, de modo que o caso clínico pode ser considerado como lugar de elaboração conceitual do material fatual na construção da metapsicologia.
A propósito do Outro, etnográfico e em psicanálise
Authors: Henriques Bairrão José Francisco Miguel
Published: May 2018

Oriunda da filosofia, a categoria de alteridade contemporaneamente assumiu posição de destaque em disciplinas tais como a antropologia e a psicanálise. Mediante um prévio esclarecimento da sua elaboração no contexto da segunda – na qual a noção de Outro se apresenta indissociável de uma reflexão sobre a noção de sujeito e o estatuto do inconsciente –, vai argumentar-se a favor da aplicação da sua compreensão psicanalítica ao âmbito dos registros etnográficos. Ao implementá-la, conclui-se que uma boa etnografia depende da particularidade dos traços do observador subtraídos à sua observação. A psicanálise mostra-se imprescindível para consolidar uma metodologia à altura das disciplinas científicas cujo ‘objeto’ não seja uma coisa, mas sim alguém
Vigencia de lo metapsicológico
Authors: Kuri Carlos
Published: May 2018

¿Qué involucra hablar actualmente de metapsicología? ¿Estamos ante un pensamiento en desuso; lo tópico, lo económico y lo dinámico ha sido relevado por simbólico, imaginario y real? En este artículo se desarrolla una indagación sobre la vigencia de la metapsicología freudiana a partir de tres aspectos: los distintos ensayos que en los últimos 40 años buscaron estudiar y recuperar esta dimensión del psicoanálisis; los rastros de lectura específicamente conceptuales; y lo que en Lacan se transcribe como influencias y vestigios metapsicológicos. Este recorrido permite alcanzar algunas proposiciones: la metapsicología es el vehículo por donde se instala la posibilidad de argumentación analítica y, junto con esto, permite constatar que la conversación entre analistas no podría andar sin esos significantes metapsicológicos; indicios de que allí se encuentran lo ‘esotérico’ y un modo de argumentación
Psicoanálisis y dispositivo de la sexualidad: cuerpo, norma y construcción de género
Authors: Rea Caterina
Published: May 2018

Según una versión común, el psicoanálisis seria el garante de un orden sexual y del desarrollo maduro y viable de la subjetividad humana. La versión clásica del complejo de Edipo y de la dicha ley simbólica instituye una cierta organización de la sexualidad y ciertos usos del cuerpo y legitima el orden establecido por los lazos de poder entre los sexos y las sexualidades. Sin embargo, ¿podemos quedarnos a esta versión del psicoanálisis que pretende predisponer un funcionamiento universal de nuestro psiquismo? Nuestro propósito es de interrogar el revés político del discurso analítico y de cuestionar la dimensión ontológica de su proprio dispositivo a la luz de las teorías de género y particularmente del pensamiento de J. Butler. Se trata así’ de resinificar el orden simbólico en cuanto forma histórica e instituida de las relaciones de poder. De este trabajo de redefinición de las normas del humano podrán surgir nuevas formas de vida social, afectiva u familiar. ¿Cuáles serán entonces las posibilidades de un psicoanálisis no normativo, a saber de un discurso y de una práctica que tomen en cuenta las capacidades creadoras de los sujetos envueltos
Retórica do inefável × prática do semidizer1
Authors: Iannini Gilson
Published: May 2018

O principal objetivo deste artigo é discutir o “semidizer” da verdade de Lacan. Para tanto, vou contrastar a perspectiva lacaniana com a retórica do silêncio, tal como é apresentada no Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus de Wittgenstein. É possível dizer o que não podemos dizer? Sugiro que a conclusão do Tractatus é uma consequência inevitável de soldar verdade e saber, e que a possibilidade de dizer o que não podemos dizer depende de nosso esforço de modular o discurso para além do sentido proposicional. O Witz freudiano é o modelo de um tipo de verdade para além do saber e do sentido.
Do modelo primatológico de cultura e mente adaptativa ao modelo da dupla herança: por uma teoria darwinista da cultura
Authors: Leite Bastos Cleverson
Published: May 2018

O pensamento neodarwinista sobre a evolução e hereditariedade, segundo o qual a adaptação ocorre por meio de seleção natural das variações genéticas aleatórias, vem sofrendo, nos últimos 50 anos, uma mudança revolucionária, senão herética para alguns biólogos. Tais mudanças conceituais, fornecidas por vários ramos da biologia, vão em direção a uma teoria da dupla herança, vão em direção a uma antropologia naturalizada, desfazendo ou no mínimo enfraquecendo a polêmica dialética entre natureza e cultura. Algumas questões, de especial interesse em filosofia da biologia, e que vimos pesquisando e classificando já há alguns anos, são aquelas que dizem respeito às concepções biológicas ou modelos de mente e sua arquitetura. No entanto, nos deparamos com um viés distinto, ou no mínimo complementar àquele que vinha sendo foco de nosso interesse: etologia, sociobiologia e psicologia evolutiva como bases para uma antropologia naturalizada
Merleau-Ponty e o fisicalismo
Authors: Joffily Abath André
Published: May 2018

Neste artigo, discutimos o posicionamento de Merleau-Ponty em relação ao fisicalismo, entendido enquanto a tese segundo a qual tudo o que existe no mundo espaçotemporal é físico. Buscamos mostrar que ele não nega o fisicalismo, tal como aqui entendido, mas sim outras teses que compõem uma perspectiva naturalista mais geral (da qual o fisicalismo é parte), a que chamaremos de Visão Naturalista do Mundo. De forma a alcançar o nosso objetivo, consideramos a noção de reversibilidade em Merleau-Ponty e, a partir dela, mostrarmos como o corpo humano pode ser considerado, ao mesmo tempo, tanto um objeto submetido às leis físicas quanto sujeito de ações intencionais.
O papel da vigilância entomológica no primeiro foco ativo urbano de Leishmaniose Visceral do município do Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Rodrigues Cláudio Manuel
Published: May 2018

Introdução: A leishmaniose Visceral (LV) é uma antropozoonose causada pela Leishmania infantum que avança nos últimos trinta anos à passos largos em sentido ao ambiente urbano. Desde 1977 há registros da doença em áreas periféricas do município do Rio de Janeiro, entretanto em 2011 foi descrita no bairro do Caju por meio do diagnóstico do parasita em cães infectados e da captura de espécimes de seu principal vetor.  Objetivo: Este artigo tem por objetivo divulgar o trabalho primário de captura e identificação entomológica destes espécimes que proporcionou ações de vigilância no primeiro foco ativo urbano de LV na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, citado recentemente em diversos estudos, mas ainda não publicizado em todos os seus detalhes. Métodos: As armadilhas luminosas CDC adaptadas foram instaladas de forma setorizada em área circular de 1000 m de raio a partir do suposto ponto focal, das 17h00m às 07h00m da manhã seguinte, entre junho e setembro de 2011. Resultados: Foram capturados 253 espécimes de Lutzomyia longipalpis, dos quais 63,1% na área do canil, considerado o foco primário de dispersão dos vetores. Conclusão: Os resultados descritos corroboram com artigos que indicam a urbanização do principal vetor da LV, salientando a importância de estudos mais detalhados sobre o seu ciclo biológico urbano e a necessidade da mudança dos paradigmas da vigilância das leishmanioses no Brasil.
Queixas técnicas e reações adversas a medicamentos notificadas em um hospital regional (Brasil): um estudo transversal
Authors: Oliveira Alan Maicon de , Rodrigues Valéria Albuquerque Vaz , Passerini Juliana Petini , Pedreiro Paula Bercelli Zanoveli , Minto Beatriz Alessi
Published: May 2018

Introdução: Reações adversas e os incidentes associados com medicamentos ocasionam a morte e ameaçam a segurança do paciente. No Brasil, persiste-se uma escassez de dados epidemiológicos e uma abordagem ainda insuficiente. Objetivo: Descrever a frequência e as características das notificações de queixas técnicas e reações adversas a medicamentos (RAM) em um hospital regional. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado em um hospital de ensino referência para o noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. Por meio do sistema Notivisa da Anvisa, foram contabilizadas as notificações de RAM e queixas técnicas do período de junho de 2012 a julho de 2014. Excluíram-se as não finalizadas e com dados incompletos. Os casos de RAM foram classificados de acordo com o critério de gravidade, sistema de órgãos afetado e caracterização da classe do fármaco suspeito. Ademais, as características do sexo e da idade dos pacientes envolvidos também foram investigadas. Os dados foram descritos como frequência simples e proporções. Resultados: No total, contabilizaram-se 151 (84,8%) notificações de potenciais RAM e 27 (15,2%) de queixas técnicas. Mulheres (62,9%) com idades entre 26-59 anos (42,4%) foram predominantes entre os pacientes notificados com RAM. A maioria das reações foram distúrbios da pele (33,1%), de gravidade moderada (70,2%), provindas de medicamentos que atuam no sistema nervoso (35,8%). Sobre as queixas técnicas, o extravasamento de líquido do material de acondicionamento foi a ocorrência mais descrita (40,7%). Conclusão: As notificações associadas com medicamentos são recorrentes no âmbito hospitalar e as características relatadas embasam conhecimentos sobre o perfil clínico dos episódios adversos apresentados.
Triagem neurológica de recém-nascidos pré-termo com hemorragias peri e intraventriculares: estudo transversal observacional
Authors: Maglione Andréa Vancetto , Golin Marina Ortega , Sarni Roseli Oselka Saccardo
Published: May 2018

Introdução: Recém-nascidos pré-termo (RNPT) com menos de 27 semanas de idade gestacional apresentam vulnerabilidade para o desenvolvimento de hemorragias peri e intraventriculares (HPIV), o que pode afetar a mielinização e organização do córtex cerebral, acarretando possíveis prejuízos ao desenvolvimento. Objetivo: Avaliar o comportamento neurológico de RNPT acometido por HPIV com e sem sepse segundo a versão resumida do Método Dubowitz, delimitar a presença de itens desviantes da avaliação e comparar com as respostas obtidas pelo grupo controle (sem HPIV). Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado no Hospital Municipal Universitário de São Bernardo do Campo (SP). Os RNPT foram divididos em três grupos, sendo dois estudos (HPIV e HPIV + sepse) e um controle. Os participantes foram avaliados com idade correspondente ao termo. A versão resumida do método, utilizada como triagem para recém-nascidos de risco neurológico é constituída por 12 itens. As análises foram realizadas segundo pontuações desviantes nestes itens e comparadas com as pontuações esperadas para a normalidade. Os dados obtidos foram comparados na pontuação resumida e na pontuação da versão íntegra. Resultados: A frequência de RNPT com pontuações atípicas foram: 40% no grupo HPIV + sepse, 10% no grupo HPIV e 15% no controle. Conclusão: A HPIV de forma isolada não parece ser um fator significante para presença de itens desviantes no Método Dubowitz resumido. A presença de HPIV em graus mais severos esteve associada à presença de sepse. Os RNPT com HPIV associada à sepse obtiveram pior desempenho neurológico.
Conhecimento de pediatras que atuam em urgências e emergências sobre tratamento da anafilaxia
Authors: Faria João Carlos Pina , Fernandes Tifani Dawidowicz
Published: May 2018

Introdução: Anafilaxia é uma reação sistêmica grave, aguda e potencialmente fatal. Apresenta vários desencadeantes e mecanismos diferentes, entretanto, o tratamento agudo é igual em todos os casos. Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento sobre tratamento da anafilaxia e choque anafilático (CA) de pediatras que atuam em setor de emergência pediátrica. Métodos: Estudo transversal através da aplicação de questionário de múltiplas escolhas com 10 perguntas sobre tratamento da anafilaxia e CA. Foram convidados todos os pediatras do Pronto Socorro de um Hospital Público Pediátrico. Resultados: Cinquenta entre 51 pediatras concordaram em participar do estudo. A média de acertos foi 6,32 com mediana de 7 (mínimo 2 e máximo 10). Houve reconhecimento adequado dos pediatras sobre a droga de escolha para iniciar o tratamento da anafilaxia e CA em 96% e 92%, respectivamente. Sobre a via de administração da adrenalina, a adequação das respostas foi de 64%. Em relação à dose de adrenalina, 70% identificaram corretamente, porém, o conhecimento sobre a dose máxima foi de 44%. Ao perguntar o intervalo para repetir a adrenalina, 38% responderam corretamente. Perguntou-se sobre terapias adjuvantes no tratamento do CA com 74% de acerto. Sobre a droga que previne a reação anafilática bifásica, 60% responderam corretamente. Quanto ao tempo de observação, 54% responderam o período adequado. O acerto sobre apresentações disponíveis de adrenalina autoinjetável foi de 40%. Conclusão: Houve dificuldade principalmente em reconhecer dose máxima, dose de adrenalina autoinjetável e tempo necessário para ser repetida, o que aumenta o risco de superdosagem e seus efeitos adversos.
Fatores associados à autoavaliação negativa da saúde em idosos cadastrados nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde
Authors: Santos Eliziária Cardoso dos , Couto Bárbara De Menezes , Bastone Alessandra De Carvalho
Published: May 2018

Introdução: A autoavaliação do estado de saúde pode ser considerada um preditor  significante e independente de funcionalidade e morbimortalidade em idosos. Objetivo: Verificar a associação de indicadores sociodemográficos, de saúde e funcionalidade com a autoavaliação negativa da saúde (AANS) em idosos. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com uma amostra estratificada de idosos comunitários do município de Diamantina (MG), Brasil. Para avaliar a AANS e as variáveis sociodemográficas, de saúde e funcionalidade foi utilizado o Questionário BOAS – Brazil Old Age Schedule. Os testes Timed up & go e Functional reach foram aplicados para avaliar funcionalidade e risco de quedas, respectivamente.  Para as análises univariadas utilizou-se o teste Qui-Quadrado de Pearson e o teste Qui-Quadrado de tendência linear (p ≤ 0,20). As análises múltiplas foram realizadas por meio de três modelos de regressão logística (p ≤ 0,05). Resultados: 401 idosos participaram deste estudo. As variáveis que apresentaram associação significativa com a AANS foram: idade de 80 anos e mais (OR=1,81; IC95%=1,06-3,08), recurso financeiro insuficiente (OR=2,43; IC95%=1,55-3,78), histórico de quedas (OR=3,24; IC95%=1,71-6,14), hipertensão (OR=3,27; IC95%=1,37-7,81), doença neurológica (OR=2,36; IC95%=1,18-4,71), doença osteomioarticular (OR=2,18; IC95%=1,26-3,78), depressão (OR=3,87; IC95%=1,88-7,75), tempo de doença > 12 anos (OR=2,13; IC95%=1,12-4,03), uso de prótese dentária (OR=0,50; IC95%=0,28-0,89), tempo ≥ 10 segundos para realização do Timed up & go (OR=2,54; IC95%=1,62-3,10), incapacidade em 2 ou mais atividades de vida diária (OR=1,86; IC95%=1,17-2,95) e autorrelato de sentir menos energia (OR=2,60; IC95%=1,57-4,31). Conclusão: A AANS está associada a fatores sociodemográficos, de saúde e funcionalidade, indicando a necessidade de um cuidado integral à saúde do idoso.
Post-decision biases reveal a self-consistency principle in perceptual inference
Authors: Luu Long , Stocker Alan A
Published: May 2018

Making a categorical judgment can systematically bias our subsequent perception of the world. We show that these biases are well explained by a self-consistent Bayesian observer whose perceptual inference process is causally conditioned on the preceding choice. We quantitatively validated the model and its key assumptions with a targeted set of three psychophysical experiments, focusing on a task sequence where subjects first had to make a categorical orientation judgment before estimating the actual orientation of a visual stimulus. Subjects exhibited a high degree of consistency between categorical judgment and estimate, which is difficult to reconcile with alternative models in the face of late, memory related noise. The observed bias patterns resemble the well-known changes in subjective preferences associated with cognitive dissonance, which suggests that the brain’s inference processes may be governed by a universal self-consistency constraint that avoids entertaining ‘dissonant’ interpretations of the evidence.
Knowing your neighbourhood—the effects of Epichloë endophytes on foliar fungal assemblages in perennial ryegrass in dependence of season and land-use intensity
Authors: König Julia , Guerreiro Marco Alexandre , Peršoh Derek , Begerow Dominik , Krauss Jochen
Published: May 2018

Epichloë endophytes associated with cool-season grass species can protect their hosts from herbivory and can suppress mycorrhizal colonization of the hosts’ roots. However, little is known about whether or not Epichloë endophyte infection can also change the foliar fungal assemblages of the host. We tested 52 grassland study sites along a land-use intensity gradient in three study regions over two seasons (spring vs. summer) to determine whether Epichloë infection of the host grass Lolium perenne changes the fungal community structure in leaves. Foliar fungal communities were assessed by Next Generation Sequencing of the ITS rRNA gene region. Fungal community structure was strongly affected by study region and season in our study, while land-use intensity and infection with Epichloë endophytes had no significant effects. We conclude that effects on non-systemic endophytes resulting from land use practices and Epichloë infection reported in other studies were masked by local and seasonal variability in this study’s grassland sites.
An examination of the impact of Olson’s extinction on tetrapods from Texas
Authors: Brocklehurst Neil
Published: May 2018

It has been suggested that a transition between a pelycosaurian-grade synapsid dominated fauna of the Cisuralian (early Permian) and the therapsid dominated fauna of the Guadalupian (middle Permian) was accompanied by, and possibly driven by, a mass extinction dubbed Olson’s Extinction. However, this interpretation of the record has recently been criticised as being a result of inappropriate time-binning strategies: calculating species richness within international stages or substages combines extinctions occurring throughout the late Kungurian stage into a single event. To address this criticism, I examine the best record available for the time of the extinction, the tetrapod-bearing formations of Texas, at a finer stratigraphic scale than those previously employed. Species richness is calculated using four different time-binning schemes: the traditional Land Vertebrate Faunachrons (LVFs); a re-definition of the LVFs using constrained cluster analysis; individual formations treated as time bins; and a stochastic approach assigning specimens to half-million-year bins. Diversity is calculated at the genus and species level, both with and without subsampling, and extinction rates are also inferred. Under all time-binning schemes, both at the genus and species level, a substantial drop in diversity occurs during the Redtankian LVF. Extinction rates are raised above background rates throughout this time, but the biggest peak occurs in the Choza Formation (uppermost Redtankian), coinciding with the disappearance from the fossil record of several of amphibian clades. This study, carried out at a finer stratigraphic scale than previous examinations, indicates that Olson’s Extinction is not an artefact of the method used to bin data by time in previous analyses.
Unfolding of α-helical 20-residue poly-glutamic acid analyzed by multiple runs of canonical molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Ogasawara Naoki , Kasahara Kota , Iwai Ryosuke , Takahashi Takuya
Published: May 2018

Elucidating the molecular mechanism of helix–coil transitions of short peptides is a long-standing conundrum in physical chemistry. Although the helix–coil transitions of poly-glutamic acid (PGA) have been extensively studied, the molecular details of its unfolding process still remain unclear. We performed all-atom canonical molecular dynamics simulations for a 20-residue PGA, over a total of 19 μs, in order to investigate its helix-unfolding processes in atomic resolution. Among the 28 simulations, starting with the α-helical conformation, all showed an unfolding process triggered by the unwinding of terminal residues, rather than by kinking and unwinding of the middle region of the chain. The helix–coil–helix conformation which is speculated by the previous experiments was not observed. Upon comparison between the N- and C-termini, the latter tended to be unstable and easily unfolded. While the probabilities of helix elongation were almost the same among the N-terminal, middle, and C-terminal regions of the chain, unwinding of the helix was enriched at the C-terminal region. The turn and 310-helix conformations were kinetic intermediates in the formation and deformation of α-helix, consistent with the previous computational studies for Ala-based peptides.
Beam focal spot position determination for an Elekta linac with the Agility® head; practical guide with a ready‐to‐go procedure
Authors: Chojnowski Jacek M. , Taylor Lee M. , Sykes Jonathan R. , Thwaites David I.
Published: May 2018

A novel phantomless, EPID‐based method of measuring the beam focal spot offset of a linear accelerator was proposed and validated for Varian machines. In this method, one set of jaws and the MLC were utilized to form a symmetric field and then a 180o collimator rotation was utilized to determine the radiation isocenter defined by the jaws and the MLC, respectively. The difference between these two isocentres is directly correlated with the beam focal spot offset of the linear accelerator. In the current work, the method has been considered for Elekta linacs. An Elekta linac with the Agility® head does not have two set of jaws, therefore, a modified method is presented making use of one set of diaphragms, the MLC and a full 360o collimator rotation. The modified method has been tested on two Elekta Synergy® linacs with Agility® heads and independently validated. A practical guide with instructions and a MATLAB® code is attached for easy implementation.
Poly(β‐amino ester)‐co‐poly(caprolactone) Terpolymers as Nonviral Vectors for mRNA Delivery In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Capasso Palmiero Umberto , Kaczmarek James C. , Fenton Owen S. , Anderson Daniel G.
Published: May 2018

The production of new proteins with messenger RNA (mRNA) has gained a broad interest due to its potential for addressing a wide range of diseases. Here, the design and characterization of novel ionizable poly(β‐amino ester)‐co‐poly(caprolactone) terpolymers, synthesized via the combination of the ring opening polymerization and the Michael step‐growth polymerization, are reported. The versatility of this method is demonstrated by varying the number of caprolactone units attached to each poly(β‐amino ester) (PBAE) terpolymer. The ability of the novel poly‐caprolactone (PCL)‐based PBAE materials to deliver mRNA is shown to depend on the physiochemical characteristics of the material, such as lipophilicity, as well as the formulation method used to complex the polymer with the oligonucleotide. This latter variable represents a previously unstudied aspect of PBAE library screens that can play an important role in identifying true top candidates for nucleic acid delivery. The most stable terpolymer is injected intravenously (IV) in mice and shows a transfection efficacy several times higher than the polyethylenimine (PEI) which is focused in the spleen, opening the possibility to use these biodegradable carriers in the intravenous delivery of antigen‐encoding mRNA for cancer immunotherapy and vaccination.
2D Binary Plasmonic Nanoassemblies with Semiconductor n/p‐Doping‐Like Properties
Authors: Shi Qianqian , Sikdar Debabrata , Fu Runfang , Si Kae Jye , Dong Dashen , Liu Yiyi , Premaratne Malin , Cheng Wenlong
Published: May 2018

The electronic, optical, thermal, and magnetic properties of an extrinsic bulk semiconductor can be finely tuned by adjusting its dopant concentration. Here, it is demonstrated that such a doping concept can be extended to plasmonic nanomaterials. Using two‐dimensional (2D) assemblies of Au@Ag and Au nanocubes (NCs) as a model system, detailed experimental and theoretical studies are carried out, which reveal collective semiconductor n/p‐doping‐like plasmonic properties. A threshold doping concentration of Au@Ag NCs is observed, below which p‐doping dominates and above which n‐doping prevails. Furthermore, Au@Ag NC dopants can be converted into corresponding Au seed “voids” dopants by selectively removing Ag without changing the overall structural integrity. The results show that the plasmonic doping concept may serve as a general design principle guiding synthesis and assembly of plasmonic metamaterials for programmable optoelectronic devices.
The Cucurbit[7]Uril‐Based Supramolecular Chemistry for Reversible B/Z‐DNA Transition
Authors: Wang Shao‐Ru , Wang Jia‐Qi , Xu Guo‐Hua , Wei Lai , Fu Bo‐Shi , Wu Ling‐Yu , Song Yan‐Yan , Yang Xi‐Ran , Li Conggang , Liu Si‐Min , Zhou Xiang
Published: May 2018

As a left‐handed helical structure, Z‐DNA is biologically active and it may be correlated with transcription and genome stability. Until recently, it remained a significant challenge to control the B/Z‐DNA transition under physiological conditions. The current study represents the first to reversibly control B/Z‐DNA transition using cucurbit[7]uril‐based supramolecular approach. It is demonstrated that cucurbit[7]uril can encapsulate the central butanediamine moiety [HN(CH2)4NH] and reverses Z‐DNA caused by spermine back to B‐DNA. The subsequent treatment with 1‐adamantanamine disassembles the cucurbit[7]uril/spermine complex and readily induces reconversion of B‐ into Z‐DNA. The DNA conformational change is unequivocally demonstrated using different independent methods. Direct evidence for supramolecular interactions involved in DNA conformational changes is further provided. These findings can therefore open a new route to control DNA helical structure in a reversible way.
A Highly Efficient Synthesis of Polyubiquitin Chains
Authors: Qu Qian , Pan Man , Gao Shuai , Zheng Qing‐Yun , Yu Yuan‐Yuan , Su Jia‐Can , Li Xiang , Hu Hong‐Gang
Published: May 2018

A robust, microwave‐assisted, highly efficient, solid‐phase peptide synthesis method for preparing isopeptide‐linked 62‐mer and 76‐mer isoubiquitins and polyubiquitin is developed. The strategy avoids the use of costly resins and pseudoprolines, and the isopeptide‐linked building blocks can be assembled with high initial purity within 1 day. All seven diubiquitins are successfully synthesized on a multi‐milligram scale; a four‐segment, three‐ligation method is used to obtain a K33‐/K11‐linked mixed triubiquitin in excellent yield. Circular dichroism and crystallographic analyses are used to verify the structures of the well‐folded, synthetic polyubiquitin chains. The facile synthetic strategy is expected to be generally applicable for the rapid synthesis of isopeptide‐linked isoUbs and to pave the way for the study of longer polyubiquitin chains.
Galvanic Displacement Synthesis of Monodisperse Janus‐ and Satellite‐Like Plasmonic–Magnetic Ag–Fe@Fe3O4 Heterostructures with Reduced Cytotoxicity
Authors: Zhang Huilin , Yang Ziyu , Ju Yanmin , Chu Xin , Ding Ya , Huang Xiaoxiao , Zhu Kai , Tang Tianyu , Su Xintai , Hou Yanglong
Published: May 2018

The unique physicochemical properties of silver nanoparticles offer a large potential for biomedical application, however, the serious biotoxicity restricts their usage. Herein, nanogalvanic couple Ag–Fe@Fe3O4 heterostructures (AFHs) are designed to prevent Ag+ release from the cathodic Ag by sacrificial anodic Fe, which can reduce the cytotoxicity of Ag. AFHs are synthesized with modified galvanic displacement strategy in nonaqueous solution. To eliminate the restriction of lattice mismatch between Fe and Ag, amorphous Fe@Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) are selected as seeds, meanwhile, reductive Fe can reduce Ag precursor directly even at as low as 20 °C without additional reductant. The thickness of the Fe3O4 shell can influence the amorphous properties of AFHs, and a series of Janus‐ and satellite‐like AFHs are synthesized. A “cut‐off thickness” effect is proposed based on the abnormal phenomenon that with the increase of reaction temperature, the diameter of Ag in AFHs decreases. Because of the interphase interaction and the coupling effect of Ag and Fe@Fe3O4, the AFHs exhibit unique optical and magnetic properties. This strategy for synthesis of monodisperse heterostructures can be extended for other metals, such as Au and Cu.
Nongenetic risk factors for holoprosencephaly: An updated review of the epidemiologic literature
Authors: Summers April D. , Reefhuis Jennita , Taliano Joanna , Rasmussen Sonja A.
Published: May 2018

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a major structural birth defect of the brain that occurs in approximately 1 in 10,000 live births. Although some genetic causes of HPE are known, a substantial proportion of cases have an unknown etiology. Due to the low birth prevalence and rarity of exposure to many potential risk factors for HPE, few epidemiologic studies have had sufficient sample size to examine risk factors. A 2010 review of the literature identified several risk factors that had been consistently identified as occurring more frequently among cases of HPE, including maternal diabetes, twinning, and a predominance of females, while also identifying a number of potential risk factors that had been less widely studied. In this article, we summarize a systematic literature review conducted to update the evidence for nongenetic risk factors for HPE.
Extracephalic manifestations of nonchromosomal, nonsyndromic holoprosencephaly
Authors: Martinez Ariel F. , Kruszka Paul S. , Muenke Maximilian
Published: May 2018

Nonchromosomal, nonsyndromic holoprosencephaly (NCNS‐HPE) has traditionally been considered as a condition of brain and craniofacial maldevelopment. In this review, we present the results of a comprehensive literature search supporting a wide spectrum of extracephalic manifestations identified in patients with NCNS‐HPE. These manifestations have been described in case reports and in large cohorts of patients with “single‐gene” mutations, suggesting that the NCNS‐HPE phenotype can be more complex than traditionally thought. Likely, a complex network of interacting genetic variants and environmental factors is responsible for these systemic abnormalities that deviate from the usual brain and craniofacial findings in NCNS‐HPE. In addition to the systemic consequences of pituitary dysfunction (as a direct result of brain midline defects), here we describe a number of extracephalic findings of NCNS‐HPE affecting various organ systems. It is our goal to provide a guide of extracephalic features for clinicians given the important clinical implications of these manifestations for the management and care of patients with HPE and their mutation‐positive relatives. The health risks associated with some manifestations (e.g., fatty liver disease) may have historically been neglected in affected families.
Iron‐Catalyzed Directed C−H Silylation of Pivalophenone N−H Imines
Authors: Xu Wengang , Pek Jie Hui , Yoshikai Naohiko
Published: May 2018

An iron‐catalyzed, N−H imine‐directed arene C−H silylation reaction with hydrosilane has been achieved. Pivalophenone N−H imine undergoes ortho C−H silylation with triethylsilane in the presence of [Fe3(CO)12] as a catalyst and norbornene as a hydrogen acceptor. The product can be readily transformed into ortho‐silylated benzonitrile via conversion of the imine functionality to a cyano group under peroxide photolysis.
Von isolierten Ionen zu mehrschichtigen funktionellen Materialien durch sanfte Landung von Ionen
Authors: Laskin Julia , Johnson Grant E. , Warneke Jonas , Prabhakaran Venkateshkumar
Published: May 2018

Die Fähigkeit, mehratomige Ionen, bei denen Aufbau, Ladungszustand und kinetische Energie wohldefiniert sind, auf Oberflächen aufzutragen, macht die präparative Massenspektrometrie, auch “sanfte Landung von Ionen” (SLI) genannt, attraktiv für die Herstellung einheitlicher Molekül‐ und Ionenschichten. Nachdem in frühen Studien die Strukturen, Ladungszustände und Reaktivitäten von dünn verteilten, sanft gelandeten Arten charakterisiert wurden, haben Ionisationsquellen mit hohem Durchsatz neue Möglichkeiten eröffnet für die kontrollierte Herstellung zweidimensionaler Anordnungen und dreidimensionaler mehrschichtiger Gebilde durch SLI. Dadurch wurden zuvor unbekannte Phänomene entdeckt und aufregende neue Forschungsrichtungen eröffnet. Das schnellere Ablagern ermöglicht darüber hinaus die Herstellung von neuen funktionalen Objekten. Dieser Aufsatz diskutiert Entwicklungen in Bezug auf die Präparation wohldefinierter Schnittstellen für Studien zur Energiespeicherung, Katalyse, weiche Materialien und Biologie.
Rheological and physical characterization of pressure sensitive adhesives from bio‐derived block copolymers
Authors: Sotoodeh‐Nia Zahra , Hohmann Austin , Buss Ashley , Williams R. Christopher , Cochran Eric W.
Published: May 2018

Over the past decade, the development of various monomers and polymeric materials from renewable natural resources has received increasing attention. Soybean oil, as one of the most abundant vegetable oils, has been widely used in recent studies. To enhance the reactivity of pure soybean oil, it can undergo through different processes such as acrylation and epoxidation. In this article, we investigated the viability of polymerized acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (PAESO) in the composition of pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs). We studied the physical and rheological properties of PSAs composed of poly(styrene‐b‐AESO), and five different tackifiers and three plasticizers. To verify the compatibility of the tackifiers with the biopolymer, a library of 15 PSAs was prepared through solvent blending method and tested by differential scanning calorimetry. The viable formulations were then prepared through hot‐melt blending and characterized using 180° peel tester, and advanced rheometric expansion system. Results showed that the combination of an ester of hydrogenated rosin and a high solvating plasticizer with the synthesized biopolymer indicated best performance relative to other formulations. The comparison of this candidate with its petroleum‐based counterpart containing SIS demonstrates promising potential of the material to perform as well as commercialized PSAs. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46618.
Effects of whale watching on the activity budgets of humpback whales,Megaptera novaeangliae(Borowski, 1781), on a feeding ground
Authors: Di Clemente Jacopo , Christiansen Fredrik , Pirotta Enrico , Steckler Dave , Wahlberg Magnus , Pearson Heidi Christine
Published: May 2018

Whale watching can affect cetacean behaviour, and can in some cases lead to long‐term negative effects on survival and reproduction.

The waters of Juneau (Alaska) represent a summer feeding ground for the Central North Pacific stock of humpback whales,Megaptera novaeangliae(Borowski, 1781). The recent dramatic expansion of the local whale‐watching industry has raised concerns over the potential negative impact of such activity on the whales.

The aim of this study was to understand the impact of whale‐watching vessels on humpback whale behaviour in Juneau. From June to September 2015, land‐based observations were conducted to record whale behaviour in the presence and absence of vessels.

Markov chains and model simulations showed that the presence of vessels was not associated with a reduction in the time spent feeding. Whales exhibited more surface‐active behaviour and travelled less in the presence of vessels.

The lack of an overt response of feeding whales to whale‐watching disturbance could result from the importance of the Southeast Alaska study region as a feeding ground, which could make the whales less apt to interrupt feeding under disturbance; however, The high proportion of travelling observed may indicate that the study area represents a travelling corridor between other, localized feeding areas. The increase in surface‐active behaviour may represent a response to vessel presence that could potentially lead to energetic consequences.

The large number of whale‐watching vessels operating could lead to the increased tolerance of whales towards whale‐watching activities. The lack of responses in this study may suggest that the reactions of whales are context specific, depending on their previous experience with vessels and their foraging behaviour, for example. Subtler negative effects could still occur, however, and a prolonged monitoring programme is required to assess less overt behavioural responses of whales over time.
Professional and Personal Competency Development in Near‐peer Tutors of Gross Anatomy: A Longitudinal Mixed‐methods Study
Authors: Alvarez Simone , Schultz Jobst‐Hendrik
Published: May 2018

There are many benefits to peer and near‐peer tutoring. The current literature suggests that near‐peer teaching within the domain of gross anatomy may lead to the development of numerous competencies for burgeoning medical professionals. The aim of this study was a quantitative and qualitative approach to explore which professional and personal competencies anatomy tutors developed as a result of their teaching activities in a gross anatomy course at a medical school in Germany. For a period of 18 months, 24 peer tutors were followed and queried multiple times via questionnaire and semi‐structured interviews. It was found that most of the skills tutors developed or strengthened over one semester matched most of the core competencies described in various official competency frameworks used for physician education. In particular, tutors thought that tutoring gross anatomy had improved their knowledge of professional behavior as well as their communication skills. They also felt that they had learned to take on more responsibility and to use available resources more effectively. Overall, tutoring gross anatomy was perceived as very challenging, but also very rewarding, mainly because it provided the opportunity to develop and strengthen important skills such as self‐confidence, self‐awareness, positive thinking, self‐insight, and stress management. Ultimately, these are all factors that contribute to resilience, an important attribute for physicians.
Researchers' uses of and disincentives for sharing their research identity information in research information management systems
Authors: Stvilia Besiki , Wu Shuheng , Lee Dong Joon
Published: May 2018

This study examined how researchers used research information systems (RIMSs) and the relationships among researchers' seniority, discipline, and types and extent of RIMS use. Most researchers used RIMSs to discover research content. Fewer used RIMSs for sharing and promoting their research. Early career researchers were more frequent users of RIMSs than were associate and full professors. Likewise, assistant professors and postdocs exhibited a higher probability of using RIMSs to promote their research than did students and full professors. Humanities researchers were the least frequent users of RIMSs. Moreover, humanities scholars used RIMSs to evaluate research less than did scholars in other disciplines. The tasks of discovering papers, monitoring the literature, identifying potential collaborators, and promoting research were predictors of higher RIMS use. Researchers who engaged in promoting their research, evaluating research, or monitoring the literature showed a greater propensity to have a public RIMS profile. Furthermore, researchers mostly agreed that not being required, having no effect on their status, not being useful, or not being a norm were reasons for not having a public RIMS profile. Humanities scholars were also more likely than social scientists to agree that having a RIMS profile was not a norm in their fields.
Relationships, environment, health and development: The information needs expressed online by young first‐time mothers
Authors: Ruthven Ian , Buchanan Steven , Jardine Cara
Published: May 2018

This study investigates the information needs of young first time mothers through a qualitative content analysis of 266 selected posts to a major online discussion group. Our analysis reveals three main categories of need: needs around how to create a positive environment for a child, needs around a mother's relationships and well‐being and needs around child development and health. We demonstrate the similarities of this scheme to needs uncovered in other studies and how our classification of needs is more comprehensive than those in previous studies. A critical distinction in our results is between two types of need presentation, distinguishing between situational and informational needs. Situational needs are narrative descriptions of a problematic situations whereas informational needs are need statements with a clear request. Distinguishing between these two types of needs sheds new light on how information needs develop. We conclude with a discussion on the implication of our results for young mothers and information providers.
Realisierung der Großen Moschee von Algerien
Authors: Akkermann Jan , Bastian Kévin , Bouthiba Abderrahmane , Fischer Eric
Published: May 2018

In Algier nähert sich der Rohbau der Großen Moschee von Algerien der Fertigstellung. Die drittgrößte Moschee der Welt erhält das mit einer Bauhöhe von 265 m weltweit höchste Minarett, welches gleichzeitig das höchste Gebäude des afrikanischen Kontinents sein wird. Das architektonische Wahrzeichen bedingte ein Höchstmaß von Anforderungen an die Baumaterialen und die nachhaltige Tragwerksintegrität. Der Entwurf berücksichtigte bereits die im Artikel beschriebenen außergewöhnlichen Bauprozesse der Megabaustelle.
Energy security role of biofuels in evolving liquid fuel markets
Authors: Uría‐Martínez Rocío , Leiby Paul N. , Brown Maxwell L.
Published: May 2018

We explore the role of biofuels in mitigating the negative impacts of oil supply shocks on fuel markets under a range of oil price trajectories and biofuel blending mandate levels. Using a partial equilibrium model of US biofuels production and petroleum fuels trade, we discuss the adjustments in light‐duty vehicle fuel mix, fuel prices, and renewable identification number (RIN) prices following each shock as well as the distribution of shock costs across market participants. Ethanol is used as both a complement (blend component in E10) and a substitute (in E15 and E85 blends) to gasoline. Results show that, during oil supply shocks, the role of ethanol as a substitute dominates and allows some mitigation of the shock. As US petroleum imports decrease with growing US oil production, the net economic welfare effect of sudden oil price changes and the energy security role of biofuels becomes less clear than it has been in the past. Although fuel consumers lose when oil price increases due to an external shock, domestic fuel producers gain. In some cases, depending on import share and supply and demand elasticities, we show that the gain to producers could more than offset consumer losses. However, in most cases evaluated here, sudden oil‐price increases remain costly. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd