bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physicomathematical Modeling of the Explosive Dispersion of Liquid by a Centrifugal Atomizer
Authors: Kudryashova Olga B. , Vorozhtsov Boris I. , Korovina Natalja V. , Akhmadeev Igor R. , Muravlev Eugeny V.
Published: June 2013

High dispersiveness of an aerosol, short time for cloud generation, and uniform distribution in a room are substantial parameters that have to be taken into account in the development of disinfectant, decontaminating, and fire‐extinguishing aerosols. To obtain greater homogeneity of an aerosol cloud, it has been suggested to additionally employ a centrifugal atomizer, which enables a relatively wide spray angle, in the design of a pulsed‐type aerosol generator.

A physicomathematical model for an explosive‐type centrifugal atomizer is suggested herein. Results of parametric studies of the model are summarized which establish dependences of the aerosol dispersiveness, spray angle, and mass flow rate upon dimensionless parameters characterizing geometric properties of the sprayer. The physicomathematical model allows the sprayer characteristics to be selected in order to obtain aerosol media with a priori specified parameters.

Experimental results with respect to the dynamics of the filling of an experimental vessel with an aerosol produced by the explosive‐type centrifugal atomizer are presented.

Comparison of the experimental and theoretical data indicates the adequacy of the physicomathematical model proposed.
Holes in germanium quantum wells: spin relaxation and temperature dynamics
Authors: Kolata Kolja , Köster Niko S. , Woscholski Ronja , Imhof Sebastian , Thränhardt Angela , Lange Christoph , Sipe John E. , Pezzoli Fabio , Cecchi Stefano , Chrastina Daniel , Isella Giovanni , Chatterjee Sangam
Published: June 2013

We use fs‐pump white‐light‐supercontinuum probe spectroscopy with appropriate polarization configurations to investigate the hole spin and hole cooling dynamics in Germanium quantum wells in the vicinity of the Γ valley. We observe heavy hole spin flip times of up to 1.7 ps at 10, 300 fs after the excitation. Additionally, a strong, late bleaching (Δ ∼10 ps) at the lower‐lying energies indicates post‐injection heating of the hole system. This effect is virtually independent of the surplus energies of electrons and carrier density as long as no higher bands are involved by direct or two‐photon absorption. It is a direct manifestation of energy transfer from thermalizing electrons in the L valleys to the hole system. This mechanism is supported by microscopic simulations based on the semiconductor Bloch equations, clearly identifying the cooling of the hole system. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ab‐initio modeling of carbon nanotubes functionalized with pyrrolidine
Authors: Almeida L. M. , Torres V. J. B.
Published: June 2013

Recently it was found non‐oxidative unzipping of functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNT) in solvent‐free reaction. In order to relate the effect of functionalization to the unzipping process we have modelled, using ab‐initio methods, various small diameter single wall CNT functionalized with pyrrolidine. Using a density functional theory code we have studied the electronic and vibrational properties of these structures where the pyrrolidine on the external wall is either at longitudinal or transversal position. The hydrogenation of the nanotube along an axial unzipping direction is also simulated in order to evaluate its effect on the opening of hexagonal carbon structure as suggested in other works. We have found that only the longitudinal position of pyrrolidine along with hydrogenation induces the spontaneous opening of the CNT. This unzipping effect increases with the decreasing of CNT diameter. We also found important differences for the calculated local vibrational modes between longitudinal and transversal positions of pyrrolidine. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronic structure of graphene functionalized with boron and nitrogen
Authors: Woińska1 Magdalena , Milowska Karolina Z. , Majewski Jacek A.
Published: June 2013

We present a theoretical study of the structural and electronic properties of graphene monolayer functionalized with boron and nitrogen atoms substituting carbon atoms. Our study is based on the ab initio calculations in the framework of the density functional theory. We calculate the binding energies of the functionalized systems, changes in the morphology caused by functionalization, and further the band gap energy as a function of the concentration of dopants.

Moreover, we address the problem of possible clustering of dopants at a given concentration. We define the clustering parameter to quantify the dependence of the properties of the functionalized systems on the distribution of B/N atoms. We show that clustering of B/N atoms in graphene is energetically unfavorable in comparison to the homogenous distribution of dopants. For most of the structures, we observe a nonzero energy gap that is only slightly dependent on the concentration of the substituent atoms. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of graphene layers by Kelvin probe force microscopy and micro‐Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Nazarov A. N. , Gordienko S. O. , Lytvyn P. M. , Strelchuk V. V. , Nikolenko A. S. , Vasin A. V. , Rusavsky A. V. , Lysenko V. S. , Popov V. P.
Published: June 2013

This paper considers a synthesis of graphene flakes on the Ni surface by vacuum thermal treatment of the “sandwich” a‐SiC/Ni multilayer deposited on silicon wafer by magnetron sputtering technique. Lateral size of graphene flake is estimated to be about hundreds of microns while thickness estimated by Raman scattering varied from one to few layers. Atom force microscopy (AFM) is not able to detect graphene flakes in regime of surface topology examination due to large roughness of Ni surface. Employment of scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) demonstrates a correlation of surface potential and graphene flakes visible by optical microscopy. Moreover, the SKPFM allows to detect the graphene layer even in case of absence of optical contrast from single graphene layer on nickel surface. Using of KPFM the potential differences between Ni and graphene is determined. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural and magnetic investigation of single wall carbon nanotube films with iron based nanoparticles inclusions synthesized by CVD technique from ferrocene/ethanol solution
Authors: Komissarov Ivan , Shaman Yuri , Fedotova Julia , Shulitski Boris , Zavadsky Sergei , Kasiuk Julia , Karoza Anatoly , Pyatlitski Alexander , Zhigulin Dmitry , Aleshkevych Pavlo , Dluzewski Piotr , Prischepa Serghej , Szymczak Henryk , Labunov Vladimir
Published: June 2013

In this work we study the formation of film containing randomly oriented single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) from ferrocene/ethanol solution by chemical vapour deposition technique. The Raman spectra recorded with 532 and 1064 nm excitation wave lengths demonstrate the availability of radial breathing modes together with good crystalline quality of nanotubes. The high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies show that SWNTs generally form bundles. Besides SWNTs electronic microscopy observations prove the presence of nanoparticles encapsulated in carbon shell. We use Mössbauer spectroscopy technique to evaluate local configuration of iron ions in the nanoparticles. Also we apply ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to confirm magnetic properties of synthesized SWNT films. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of chemical treatment on the electrical conductivity and thermopower of expanded graphite foils
Authors: Rastegaralam Mina , Piao Mingxing , Kim Gyutae , Dettlaff‐Weglikowska Urszula , Roth Siegmar
Published: June 2013

We investigated the interaction of chemical materials with flexible graphite foils which were fabricated from the expanded graphite (EG) flakes by mechanical rolling and compressing. A variety of performed experiments demonstrated that the electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power (TEP) of the graphite foils can be modified by chemical treatments. In particular, the “as prepared” p‐type graphite foil was successfully transferred into an n‐type doped material upon a treatment with amine containing compounds. Generally, the acceptor‐like chemicals increasing the concentration of the electric charge carriers enhanced the conductivity of the graphite foils, thereby, showing a decrease in the TEP reflected by the Seebeck coefficient, whereas the donor molecules significantly affected the conductivity and changed the sign and value of the TEP. Thermal and electrical insulating polymers, such as PVDF, PMMA, PVA, PS or PC, filling the inter‐lamellar spacing reduced the conductivity of the foil due to increase of the layer‐to‐layer resistance. They also blocked heat flow in the foil, and consequently increased the Seebeck coefficient. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cascades, backscatter and conservation in numerical models of two‐dimensional turbulence
Authors: Thuburn John , Kent James , Wood Nigel
Published: June 2013

The equations governing atmospheric flow imply transfers of energy and potential enstrophy between scales. Accurate simulation of turbulent flow requires that numerical models, which have finite resolution and truncation errors, adequately capture these interscale transfers, particularly between resolved and unresolved scales. It is therefore important to understand how accurately these transfers are modelled in the presence of scale‐selective dissipation or other forms of subgrid model. Here, the energy and enstrophy cascades in numerical models of two‐dimensional turbulence are investigated using the barotropic vorticity equation.

Energy and enstrophy transfers in spectral space due to truncated scales are calculated for a high‐resolution reference solution and for several explicit and implicit subgrid models at coarser resolution. The reference solution shows that enstrophy and energy are removed from scales very close to the truncation scale and energy is transferred (backscattered) into the large scales. Some subgrid models are able to capture the removal of enstrophy from small scales, though none are scale‐selective enough; however, none are able to capture accurately the energy backscatter.

We propose a scheme that perturbs the vorticity field at each time step by the addition of a particular vorticity pattern derived by filtering the predicted vorticity field. Although originally conceived as a parametrization of energy backscatter, this scheme is best interpreted as an energy ‘fixer’ that attempts to repair the damage to the energy spectrum caused by numerical truncation error and an imperfect subgrid model. The proposed scheme improves the energy and enstrophy behaviour of the solution and, in most cases, slightly reduces the root mean square vorticity errors.
Assessing the impact of pre‐GPM microwave precipitation observations in the Goddard WRF ensemble data assimilation system
Authors: Chambon Philippe , Zhang Sara Q. , Hou Arthur Y. , Zupanski Milija , Cheung Samson
Published: June 2013

The forthcoming Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Mission will provide next‐generation precipitation observations from a constellation of satellites. Since precipitation by nature has large variability and low predictability at cloud‐resolving scales, the impact of precipitation data on the skills of mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) is largely affected by the characterization of background and observation errors and the representation of nonlinear cloud/precipitation physics in an NWP data assimilation system.

We present a data impact study on the assimilation of precipitation‐affected microwave (MW) radiances from a pre‐GPM satellite constellation using the Goddard WRF Ensemble Data Assimilation System (Goddard WRF‐EDAS). A series of assimilation experiments are carried out in a Weather Research Forecast (WRF) model domain of 9 km resolution in western Europe. Sensitivities to observation error specifications, background error covariance estimated from ensemble forecasts with different ensemble sizes, and MW channel selections are examined through single‐observation assimilation experiments. An empirical bias correction for precipitation‐affected MW radiances is developed based on the statistics of radiance innovations in rainy areas. The data impact is assessed by full data assimilation cycling experiments for a storm event that occurred in France in September 2010. Results show that the assimilation of MW precipitation observations from a satellite constellation mimicking GPM has a positive impact on the accumulated rain forecasts verified with surface radar rain estimates. The case‐study on a convective storm also reveals that the accuracy of ensemble‐based background error covariance is limited by sampling errors and model errors such as precipitation displacement and unresolved convective scale instability.
CS‐EWMA Chart for Monitoring Process Dispersion
Authors: Abbas Nasir , Riaz Muhammad , Does Ronald J. M. M.
Published: June 2013

Control charts are the most extensively used technique to detect the presence of special cause variations in processes. They can be classified into memory and memoryless control charts. Cumulative sum and exponentially weighted moving average control charts are memory‐type control charts as their control structures are developed in such a way that the past information is not ignored as it is done in the case of memoryless control charts, like the Shewhart‐type control charts. The present study is based on the proposal of a new memory‐type control chart for process dispersion. This chart is named as CS‐EWMA chart as its plotting statistic is based on a cumulative sum of the exponentially weighted moving averages. Comparisons with other memory charts used to monitor the process dispersion are done by means of the average run length. An illustration of the proposed technique is done by applying the CS‐EWMA chart on a simulated dataset. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Close Form Solution for the Product Acceptance Determination Based on the Popular Index Cpk
Authors: Pearn W. L. , Wu C. H.
Published: June 2013

Product acceptance determinations are practical tools for quality control applications involving quality contract on product orders between the vendor and the buyer. It provides the vendor and the buyer rules for product acceptance to meet the preset product quality requirement. As the rapid advancement of manufacturing technology, more than one quality characteristic must be simultaneously considered to improve the product quality because of the product design. In this article, we introduce an efficient product acceptance procedure on the basis of the generalization index, to deal with lot sentencing problem with very low fraction of defectives. We tabulate the required sample size n and the corresponding critical acceptance value c0 for various α‐risk, β‐risk, and the levels of the lot fraction of defectives that correspond to acceptance and rejecting quality levels. Practitioners can use the proposed method to make reliable decisions in product acceptance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Reliability Evaluation of Failure Delayed Industrial Systems
Authors: Faria Jose , Azevedo Americo
Published: June 2013

This paper presents an analytical approach for the evaluation of multi‐user safety critical systems presenting a failure delayed behavior pattern. As a consequence of a failure event, the performance of these systems worsens progressively due to the internal fault tolerance mechanisms or the complacency of the users regarding the temporary unavailability of the services. A distinctive feature of the approach is the ability to handle stochastic models containing multiple processes with generalized distributions. The approach is based on the determination of analytical expressions to measure reliability, for instance, frequency and probability of failure states, which may be evaluated using general purpose mathematical tools. The paper first reviews other well‐established techniques employed in the assessment of non‐Markovian systems, particularly those based on stochastic Petri nets. The rationale of the new approach and its fundamental algorithms are presented together with a set of illustrative examples which highlight the strengths of the approach, as well as its limitations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Multivariate Process Capability Index Based on the First Principal Component Only
Authors: Tano Ingrid , Vännman Kerstin
Published: June 2013

Often the quality of a process is determined by several correlated univariate variables. In such cases, the considered quality characteristic should be treated as a vector. Several different multivariate process capability indices (MPCIs) have been developed for such a situation, but confidence intervals or tests have been derived for only a handful of these. In practice, the conclusion about process capability needs to be drawn from a random sample, making confidence intervals or tests for the MPCIs important. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a well‐known tool to use in multivariate situations. We present, under the assumption of multivariate normality, a new MPCI by applying PCA to a set of suitably transformed variables. We also propose a decision procedure, based on a test of this new index, to be used to decide whether a process can be claimed capable or not at a stated significance level. This new MPCI and its accompanying decision procedure avoid drawbacks found for previously published MPCIs with confidence intervals. By transforming the original variables, we need to consider the first principal component only. Hence, a multivariate situation can be converted into a familiar univariate process capability index. Furthermore, the proposed new MPCI has the property that if the index exceeds a given threshold value the probability of non‐conformance is bounded by a known value. Properties, like significance level and power, of the proposed decision procedure is evaluated through a simulation study in the two‐dimensional case. A comparative simulation study between our new MPCI and an MPCI previously suggested in the literature is also performed. These studies show that our proposed MPCI with accompanying decision procedure has desirable properties and is worth to study further. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Adaptive CUSUM Chart with Single Sample Size for Monitoring Process Mean and Variance
Authors: Ou Yanjing , Wu Zhang , Lee Ka Man , Wu Kan
Published: June 2013

This article proposes an adaptive absolute cumulative sum chart (called the adaptive ACUSUM chart) for statistical process control. The new development includes the variable sampling interval (VSI), variable sample size (VSS) and VSS and interval (VSSI) versions, all of which are highly effective for monitoring the mean and variance of a variable x by inspecting the absolute sample shift (where μ0 is the in‐control mean or target value of x). While the adaptive ACUSUM chart is a straightforward extension of the ABS CUSUM chart developed by Wu, et al., it is much more effective than all other adaptive CUSUM charts. Noteworthily, the superiority of VSI ACUSUM chart over the best adaptive CUSUM chart in literature is about 35% from an overall viewpoint. Moreover, the design and implementation of the adaptive ACUSUM chart are much simpler than that of all other adaptive CUSUM schemes. All these desirable features of the adaptive ACUSUM chart may be attributable to the use of a single sample size (n = 1). Another quite interesting finding is that the simpler VSI ACUSUM chart works equally well as the more complicated VSSI ACUSUM chart. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Spacecraft Launch Organizational Reliability Model Based on CSF
Authors: Xuejun Dong , Yingwu Chen , Ming Li , Yingxin Zhang
Published: June 2013

Organizational reliability, with regard to safety, needs to be assessed for the launch of spacecraft. In this paper, the compensatory and irreplaceable factor is defined while the organizational reliability of a spacecraft launch is researched by studying the decomposition and composition of factors. The factors of space and the characteristics of the organizational reliability of a spacecraft launch are analyzed. The composition method for the states of compensatory and irreplaceable factors is then established, and the overall organizational reliability model of spacecraft launch is constructed. This paper also uses the grey relational analysis technique to analyze and construct a model to assess the organizational maturity of important factors affecting organizational reliability. Finally, a case analysis demonstrates the application of the organizational reliability assessment model of a spacecraft launch, which validates the feasibility and effectiveness of the composition of states of factors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing the Performance of Combined Shewhart‐EWMA Charts
Authors: Abujiya Mu'azu Ramat , Riaz Muhammad , Lee Muhammad Hisyam
Published: June 2013

The combination of Shewhart control charts and an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control charts to simultaneously monitor shifts in the mean output of a production process has proven very effective in handling both small and large shifts. To improve the sensitivity of the control chart to detect off‐target processes, we propose a combined Shewhart‐EWMA (CSEWMA) control chart for monitoring mean output using a more structured sampling technique, i.e. ranked set sampling (RSS) instead of the traditional simple random sampling. We evaluated the performance of the proposed charts in terms of different run length (RL) properties including average RL, standard deviation of the RL, and percentile of the RL. Comparisons of these charts with some existing control charts designed for monitoring small, large, or both shifts revealed that the RSS‐based CSEWMA charts are more sensitive and offer better protection against all types of shifts than other schemes considered in this study. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous Optimization of Robust Parameter and Tolerance Design Based on Generalized Linear Models
Authors: Shen Lijuan , Yang Jun , Zhao Yu
Published: June 2013

Robust parameter design (RPD) and tolerance design (TD) are two important stages in design process for quality improvement. Simultaneous optimization of RPD and TD is well established on the basis of linear models with constant variance assumption. However, little attention has been paid to RPD and TD with non‐constant variance of residuals or non‐normal responses. In order to obtain further quality improvement and cost reduction, a hybrid approach for simultaneous optimization of RPD and TD with non‐constant variance or non‐normal responses is proposed from generalized linear models (GLMs). First, the mathematical relationship among the process mean, process variance and control factors, noise factors and tolerances is derived from a dual‐response approach based on GLMs, and the quality loss function integrating with tolerance is developed. Second, the total cost model for RPD‐TD concurrent optimization based on GLMs is proposed to determine the best control factors settings and the optimal tolerance values synchronously, which is solved by genetic algorithm in detail. Finally, the proposed approach is applied into an example of electronic circuit design with non‐constant variance, and the results show that the proposed approach performs better on quality improvement and cost reduction. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring the Coefficient of Variation Using a Variable Sampling Interval Control Chart
Authors: Castagliola Philippe , Achouri Ali , Taleb Hassen , Celano Giovanni , Psarakis Stelios
Published: June 2013

The coefficient of variation (CV) is a quality characteristic that has several applications in applied statistics and is receiving increasing attention in quality control. Few papers have proposed control charts that monitor this normalized measure of dispersion. In this paper, an adaptive Shewhart control chart implementing a variable sampling interval (VSI) strategy is proposed to monitor the CV. Tables are provided for the statistical properties of the VSI CV chart, and a comparison is performed with a Fixed Sampling Rate Shewhart chart for the CV. An example illustrates the use of these charts on real data gathered from a casting process. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IDENTIFICATION OF FLUVIAL WOOD USING GOOGLE EARTH
Authors: Atha J. B.
Published: June 2013

Fluvial wood has long been known to enhance stream complexity by creating aquatic habitat and by increasing complexity in channel hydraulics and morphology. Although the presence and dynamics of large wood in river floodplains have been studied in a multitude of settings due to its importance in monitoring and managing ecohydrologic systems, limitations occur when studying fluvial wood on a basin scale. I postulate that with the employment of Google Earth, satellite images may be used to identify large wood and measure floodplain width across broader spatial scales previously inhibited by expensive and incomplete geospatial data. In this study, large wood was correctly identified within the floodplain of the Queets River, Washington, USA, through Google Earth; however, correct identification within the wetted channel was only possible during low flow if at least 50% was above water level. Within the study area, fluvial channel widths are measured as well. Google Earth proves to be an effective tool to discern large wood across greater spatial scales if the high‐resolution imagery is available for the study area. Results of statistical analyses derived from the downstream hydraulic geometry of the river reveal that this channel is influenced by bankfull width, the orientation of the wood to the channel, and whether it is located on a bar or within the wetted channel. In addition, wood counts analyzed in the context of the geometry of the river indicate that the fluvial wood has an influence on overall channel behavior. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Role of the Assessment Coordinator in a Division of Student Affairs
Authors: Livingston Carolyn H. , Zerulik Jonathan D.
Published: June 2013

This chapter describes the emerging role of assessment coordinators in student affairs divisions. It highlights opportunities and challenges in that role along with key findings from assessment projects.
From Classroom to Practice: A Partnership Approach to Assessment
Authors: Biddix J. Patrick
Published: June 2013

This chapter provides a model for bridging graduate assessment course work and divisional student affairs assessment efforts. Evidence from three years of application is provided along with considerations for implementation.
How Assessment Can Advance Efforts to Enhance Undergraduate Student Persistence
Authors: Gansemer‐Topf Ann M.
Published: June 2013

Despite the significant amount of research related to student persistence, institutions must develop and implement assessment practices that account for their unique mission and purpose. This chapter describes a framework for engaging in assessment activities to improve student success.
Developing and Using Dashboard Indicators in Student Affairs Assessment
Authors: Mitchell Joshua J. , Ryder Andrew J.
Published: June 2013

Dashboard systems are increasingly popular as assessment and performance management tools in higher education. This chapter examines the use of dashboards in student affairs, including examples of key indicators and considerations for developing and implementing these tools.
Afterword: Considerations for Future Practice of Assessment and Accountability
Authors: Bresciani Marilee J.
Published: June 2013

This afterword offers challenges and considerations as the assessment movement continues to develop.
Network Imitation to Deal with Sociocultural Dilemmas in Acquisitions of Young, Innovative Firms
Authors: Öberg Christina
Published: June 2013

This article expands current acquisition literature to include sociocultural challenges on inter‐organizational levels following acquisitions of young, innovative firms. Socioculture here denotes network parties' shared values, belief systems, and practices. Three acquisitions illustrate their consequences. The young, innovative firms and their acquirers are part of different networks, have dissimilar motives for pursuing business, and work within different time frames. To potentially improve knowledge transfer and integration, the acquirer can learn from the innovative firm's network interactions; choose targets among its own network parties; organize its governance into a separate business unit; practice reverse value integration from the acquired party; and carefully promote practices that foster innovativeness. The article contributes to research on acquisitions of young, innovative firms through pointing to how values and practices are interlinked in networks, and how the imitation of the acquired party's network interaction may help to sustain its innovativeness and transfer knowledge between the acquirer and acquired party. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Marriage Metaphor Model for Sociocultural Integration in International Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Rottig Daniel
Published: June 2013

The purpose of this article is to gain a better understanding about the sociocultural integration process in international mergers and acquisitions (M&As) by developing a marriage metaphor model for these transactions. Building on the metaphor of M&As as “marriages” between organizations, the presented model suggests that the sociocultural integration process consists of three interrelated phases: the dating, mating, and creating periods. Extant research, however, focuses primarily on the pre‐M&A contingency and post‐M&A process periods, which correspond to the dating and creating phases, respectively, and treats these research streams in relative isolation. This paper attempts to integrate these streams of research in the contexts of M&As across cultures, and further sets out to shed light onto the third, underresearched closing period, which corresponds to the mating phase in the forwarded model. In so doing, this paper endeavors to propose a dynamic perspective of the sociocultural integration in international M&As to emphasize the interrelatedness and on‐going character of this three‐stage process. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ambivalent Perspectives: An Ethnographic Case Study of Ambivalence in Postacquisition Integration
Authors: Moore Fiona
Published: June 2013

In this article, I will draw upon Smelser's concept of ambivalence as a means of better understanding cultural factors in the integration of the Cowley Works automobile factory into the BMW Group. In doing so, I will be considering, first, how an integration of the concept of ambivalence improves understanding of conflict and consensus in mergers and acquisitions, second, how the use of ambivalence‐friendly methods, such as ethnography, can improve data gathering and analysis in such cases, and, finally, exploring how the concept of ambivalence allows the problematization of the role of the researcher, the preconceptions brought to the analysis, and the received wisdom or folk categories which permeate the study, as well as the practice, of business. I will conclude by considering some ways forward for the exploration of ambivalence in cross‐cultural management. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
1‐Alkyl‐2‐{(O‐Thioalkyl)Phenylazo}Imidazole Complexes of PbII and Their Photochromic Property
Authors: Saha Halder Shefali , Roy Suman , Kumar Mondal Tapan , Saha Rajat , Sinha Chittaranjan
Published: June 2013

PbII complexes of 1‐alkyl‐2‐{(o‐thioalkyl)phenylazo}imidazole (SRaaiNR'), [Pb(SRaaiNR')2X2] were characterized by spectroscopic studies. The single‐crystal X‐ray structure of [Pb(SEtaaiNEt)2Cl2] (SEtaaiNEt = 1‐ethyl‐2‐{(o‐thioalkyl)phenylazo}imidazole) proved imidazolyl‐N and –SEt coordination forming unusual puckered eight member chelate rings. UV light irradiation of the complexes in DMF solution shows E‐to‐Z (E and Z refer to trans and cis‐configuration about –N=N–, respectively) photoisomerization of the coordinated azoimidazole. The rate of isomerization follows the sequence: [Pb(SRaaiNR')2Cl2] < [Pb(SRaaiNR')2Br2] < [Pb(SRaaiNR')2I2]. Quantum yields (φE→Z) and the activation energy (Ea) of the isomerization of the complexes are lower than observed for the free ligand. This can be explained by considering the molecular assembly and the thus observed increase in mass and rotor volume of the complexes. DFT and TDDFT calculations of optimized geometry could explained the spectral properties and photochromic activity.
Synthesis and Structure of Lanthanide Aryloxo Complexes and Their Polymerization Behavior for ϵ‐Caprolactone
Authors: Fang Lei , Yao Yingming , Zhang Yong , Shen Qi , Wang Yaorong
Published: June 2013

Protic exchange reactions of bis(phenolate) lanthanide cyclopentadienyl complexes (C5H5)Ln(MBMP)(THF)2 [MBMP2– = 2,2′‐methylene‐bis(6‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methyl‐phenolate)] with a series of mono‐phenols (including 2,6‐dimethylphenol, 4‐tert‐butylphenol, and 4‐methoxyphenol) produce the lanthanide aryloxo complexes (MBMP)Ln(OC6H3‐Me2‐2,6)(DME)2 [Ln = La (1), Nd (2)], (MBMP)La(OC6H4‐tBu‐4)(DME)2 (3), [(MBMP)Nd(OC6H4‐tBu‐4)(THF)2]2 (4), and [(MBMP)Ln(OC6H4‐OMe‐4)(THF)2]2 [Ln = La (5), Nd (6)]. All of these complexes were well characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectra, and NMR in the cases of complexes 1, 3, and 5. The definitive molecule structures of complexes 1, 3, and 4 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The catalytic behavior of complexes 1–6 for the ring‐opening polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactone was explored.
Modeling of consistent second‐order plate theories for anisotropic materials
Authors: Schneider P. , Kienzler R. , Böhm M.
Published: June 2013

By Fourier‐series expansion in thickness direction of the plate with respect to a basis of scaled Legendre polynomials, several equivalent (and therefore exact) two‐dimensional formulations of the three‐dimensional boundary‐value problem of linear elasticity in weak formulation for a plate with constant thickness are derived. These formulations are sets of countably many PDEs, which are power series in the squared plate parameter. For the special case of a homogeneous monoclinic material, we obtain an approximative plate theory in finitely many PDEs and unknown variables by the truncation approach of the uniform‐approximation technique. The PDE system is reduced to a scalar PDE expressed in the mid‐plane displacement. The resulting second‐order theory, considered as a first‐order theory, is equivalent to the classical Kirchhoff theory for the special case of an isotropic material and equivalent to Huber's classical theory for an actual monoclinic material. However it remains shear‐rigid as a second‐order theory. Therefore, it is modified by an a‐priori assumption to a theory for monoclinic materials, that presumes the former equivalences, considered as a first‐order theory, but is in addition equivalent to Kienzler's theory as a second‐order theory for the special case of isotropy, which implies further equivalences to established shear‐deformable theories, especially the Reissner‐Mindlin theory and Zhilin's plate theory. The presented new second‐order plate theory for monoclinic materials is finally a system of two coupled PDEs of differentiation order six in two variables.
Adaptive Gaussian particle method for the solution of the Fokker‐Planck equation
Authors: Scharpenberg M.D. , Lukáčová‐Medviová M.
Published: June 2013

The Fokker‐Planck equation describes the evolution of the probability density for a stochastic ordinary differential equation (SODE) or a deterministic ordinary differential equation (ODE) with stochastic initial values. A solution strategy for this partial differential equation (PDE) up to a relatively large number of dimensions is based on particle methods using Gaussians as basis functions. An initial probability density is decomposed into a sum of multivariate normal distributions and these are propagated according to the ODE. The decomposition as well as the propagation is subject to possibly large numerical errors due to the difficulty to control the spatial residual over the whole domain. In this paper a new particle method is derived, which allows a deterministic error control for the resulting probability density. It is based on global optimization and allows an adaption of an efficient surrogate model for the residual estimation.
On the ability of nanoindentation to measure anisotropic elastic constants of pyrolytic carbon
Authors: Gross T.S. , Timoshchuk N. , Tsukrov I.I. , Piat R. , Reznik B.
Published: June 2013

We used cube corner, Berkovich, cono‐spherical, and Vickers indenters to measure the indentation modulus of highly oriented bulk pyrolytic carbon both normal to and parallel to the plane of elastic isotropy. We compared the measurements with elastic constants previously obtained using strain gage methods and ultrasound phase spectroscopy. While no method currently exists to extract the anisotropic elastic constants from the indentation modulus, the method of Delafargue and Ulm (DU) [17] was used to predict the indentation modulus from the known elastic constants. The indentation modulus normal to the plane of isotropy was %sim; 20% higher than the DU predictions and was independent of indenter type. The indentation modulus parallel to the plane of isotropy was 2–3 times lower than DU predictions, was depth dependent, and was lowest for the cube corner indenter. We attribute the low indentation modulus to nanobuckling of the graphite‐like planes and the indenter type dependence to the impact of differing degree of transverse stress on the tendency toward nanobuckling.
Closed form solution for an annular elliptic crack around an elliptic rigid inclusion in an infinite solid
Authors: Singh B.M. , Rokne J.G. , Dhaliwal R.S.
Published: June 2013

In this paper we consider the problem of indentation of an elliptic crack by a rigid elliptic inclusion in anti‐plane shear mode. Making use of integral transforms the solution of the problem is reduced into triple integral equations with cosine kernels and weight functions. Closed form solution of the triple integral equations is obtained and also closed form expressions are obtained for the displacement component and the stress intensity factor.
Moving dislocations in finite plasticity: a topological approach
Authors: Hochrainer T.
Published: June 2013

Plastic deformation of crystals is mostly mediated by the motion of dislocations. During the last two decades a lot of effort was directed towards including more knowledge about dislocations in continuum descriptions of plasticity. Promising approaches towards building continuum plasticity theories on averages of the behavior of many single dislocations have been formulated under the assumption of small deformations. In the current paper we derive the kinematics of single dislocations moving inside a dislocated crystal simultaneously deforming by the motion of other dislocations in the language of large deformation plasticity. The evolution equation of a single dislocation is connected to the formation of kinks and jogs due to cutting by other dislocations and is shown to parallel the evolution equation of the dislocation density tensor in finite deformation formulation. Implications for dislocation based modeling of plasticity are discussed.
Criteria for nonuniqueness of Riemann solutions to compressible duct flows
Authors: Han E. , Hantke M. , Warnecke G.
Published: June 2013

The Riemann solutions without vacuum states for compressible duct flows have been completely constructed in the paper [11]. However, the nonuniqueness of Riemann solutions due to a bifurcation of wave curves in state space is still an open problem. The purpose of this paper is to single out the physically relevant solution among all the possible Riemann solutions by comparing them with the numerical results of the axisymmetric Euler equations. Andrianov and Warnecke in [2] suggested using the entropy rate admissibility criterion to rule out the unphysical solutions. However, this criterion is not true for some test cases, i.e. the numerical result for axisymmetric three dimensional flows picks up an exact solution which does not satisfy the entropy rate admissibility criterion. Moreover, numerous numerical experiments show that the physically relevant solution is always located on a certain branch of the L–M curves.
Homogenization of the elastic properties of pyrolytic carbon based on an image processing technique
Authors: Böhlke T. , Langhoff T.‐A. , Lin S. , Gross T.
Published: June 2013

In this work, the linear elastic material properties of differently textured variants of pyrolytic carbon are homogenized from the submicro‐ to the micro‐scale. In high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) lattice fringe images, the microstructure of pyrolytic carbon manifests itself in terms of projections of graphene layers. According to their orientation distribution, different textures of pyrolytic carbon have been classified. Assuming a von Mises‐Fisher distribution for the spatial orientation of single graphene layers, the orientation distribution function of the projected layers in the image plane is analytically found to be a modified Struve function. For each pyrolytic carbon texture, Maximum‐likelihood estimates for the mean orientation and the concentration parameter of the von Mises‐Fisher distribution are obtained numerically. Hereby, Fourier transformation and appropriate filters are used to determine the probabilities for discrete orientations of the graphene layers directly from HRTEM images. First‐ and second‐order bounds of the linear elastic properties of pyrolytic carbon of the different textures are computed. Elastic constants of graphite and pyrolytic graphite have been used for modeling the elastic behavior of the graphene layers within a continuum mechanical setting. Due to the high anisotropy of all analyzed textures of pyrolytic carbon, the differences even between the second‐order bounds are quite large.
DGFEM for the analysis of airfoil vibrations induced by compressible flow
Authors: Česenek J. , Feistauer M. , Kosík A.
Published: June 2013

The subject of the paper is the numerical simulation of the interaction of two‐dimensional compressible viscous flow and a vibrating airfoil. A solid airfoil with two degrees of freedom performs rotation around an elastic axis and oscillations in the vertical direction. The numerical simulation consists of the solution of the Navier‐Stokes system by the discontinuous Galerkin method coupled with a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations describing the airfoil motion. The time‐dependent computational domain and a moving grid are taken into account by the arbitrary Lagrangian‐Eulerian (ALE) formulation of the Navier‐Stokes equations. The developed method is robust with respect to the magnitude of the Mach number and Reynolds number. Its applicability is demonstrated by numerical experiments.
Is the one‐equation coupling of finite and boundary element methods always stable?
Authors: Of G. , Steinbach O.
Published: June 2013

In this paper we present a sufficient and necessary condition to ensure the ellipticity of the bilinear form which is related to the one‐equation coupling of finite and boundary element methods to solve a scalar free space transmission problem for a second order uniform elliptic partial differential equation in the case of general Lipschitz interfaces. This condition relates the minimal eigenvalue of the coefficient matrix in the bounded interior domain to the contraction constant of the shifted double layer integral operator which reflects the shape of the interface. This paper extends and improves earlier results [12] on sufficient conditions, but now includes also necessary conditions. Numerical examples confirm the theoretical results on the sharpeness of the presented estimates.
Unsteady magnetohydrodynamic free convection flow past an accelerated vertical plate with constant heat flux and heat generation or absorption
Authors: Narahari M. , Debnath L.
Published: June 2013

The unsteady free convection flow of an electrically conducting fluid past an accelerated infinite vertical plate with constant heat flux is investigated under the influence of uniform transverse magnetic field fixed relative to the fluid or to the plate in the presence of heat generation or absorption. Two important cases, (i) exponentially accelerated plate (EAP) and (ii) uniformly accelerated plate (UAP), have been considered. The governing partial differential equations have been solved analytically using the Laplace transform technique and closed form solutions are obtained for the velocity and temperature fields without any restriction. The effects of system parameters such as the Prandtl number, heat generation or absorption, Grashof number, and magnetic field parameter on the flow fields are analyzed through graphs and tables. Further, the solution of the problem involves inverse Laplace transforms of some new exponential forms and these formulas are provided.
Greedy‐based approximation of frequency‐weighted Gramian matrices for model reduction in multibody dynamics
Authors: Fehr J. , Fischer M. , Haasdonk B. , Eberhard P.
Published: June 2013

The method of elastic multibody systems is frequently used to describe the dynamical behavior of the mechanical subsystems in multi‐physics simulations. One important issue for the simulation of elastic multibody systems is the error‐controlled reduction of the flexible body's degrees of freedom. By the use of second order frequency‐weighted Gramian matrix based reduction techniques the distribution of the loads is taken into account a‐priori and very accurate models can be obtained within a predefined frequency range and even a‐priori error bounds are available. However, the calculation of the frequency‐weighted Gramian matrices requires high computational effort. Hence, appropriate approximation schemes have to be used to find the dominant eigenspace of these matrices. In the current contribution, the matrix integral needed for calculating the Gramian matrices is approximated by quadratures using integral kernel snapshots. The number and location of these snapshots have a strong influence on the reduction results. Sophisticated snapshot selection methods based on Greedy algorithms from the reduced basis methods are used to construct the optimal location of snapshot frequencies. The method can be viewed as an automatic determination of optimal frequency weighting and as an adaptive learning of quadrature rules. One ingredient of Greedy algorithms is the need of error measures. To gain computational advantage two different error estimators are derived and used in the Greedy algorithm instead of the absolute or relative error.
Exact and complete electro‐elastic field in a half‐space of piezoelectric medium with a charged surface electrode: Revisit
Authors: Li X.Y.
Published: June 2013

This note revisits the electro‐elastic coupling behaviors of a transversely isotropic piezoelectric half‐space with a charged surface electrode. A different idea is provided by employing the three‐dimensional (3D) general solution of electro‐elasticity as well as generalized potential theory method. Compared with the previous studies, the method in this study is very simple and straightforward. The potential theory method is successfully extended to non‐axisymmetric case and the electrode can be of any planar configuration. For a charged penny‐shaped electrode, exact and complete 3D analysis is conducted. The validity of the present solutions is achieved numerically and analytically via comparing with those in literature. Some phenomena, which have escaped the attention of previous researchers, are observed. The present solutions are of theoretic and practical significance to serve as benchmarks for numerical codes and simplified studies.