bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pregnancy Complications in a-Thalassemia (Hemoglobinopathy H): A Case Study
Authors: Politou Marianna , Dryllis Giorgos , Efstathopoulou Maria , Valsami Serena , Triantafyllou Faidra-Evangelia , Tsaroucha Athanasia , Kattamis Antonios , Vlahos Nikos F.
Published: May 2018

Thalassemia intermedia (TI) is a clinical definition which represents a wide spectrum of thalassemia genotypes but mainly includes patients who do not require or only occasionally require transfusion. An uncommon case of a 32-year-old Greek woman, para 1, at the 22nd week + day 3 of gestation with thalassemia intermedia (she was splenectomized), where her pregnancy was complicated with portal vein thrombosis, splenic thrombosis, and partial HELLP, is described. This is a generally uncommon event in thalassemia intermedia. She had no transfusion as her hematologist consulted and she took anticoagulation therapy. Thus, we present for the first time in the literature a case of HbH a-thalassemia pregnant woman whose pregnancy was complicated with portal vein thrombosis, splenic vein thrombosis, and partial HELLP; she was treated with anticoagulation therapy and she had a successful outcome.
Analysis of Soil-Compacting Effect Caused by Shield Tunneling Using Three-Dimensional Elastoplastic Solution of Cylindrical Cavity Expansion
Authors: Zhang Mengxi , Zhang Xiaoqing , Hong Chengyu , Borana Lalit , Javadi Akbar A.
Published: May 2018

Soil squeezing effect and formation disturbance caused by tunnel excavation can be simulated by cylindrical cavity expansion due to the comparability between tunneling and cavity expansion. Although most of the existing theoretical derivation is based on simple constitutive model of soil foundation, not only the relation between principal stress components was simplified in the solution process, but also the stress history, initial stress anisotropy, and stress-induced anisotropy of structural soil were neglected. The mechanical characteristics of soil are closely related to its stress history, so there is a gap between the above research and the actual engineering conditions. A three-dimensional elastoplastic solution of cylindrical cavity expansion is obtained based on the theory of critical state soil mechanics and engineering characteristics of shield tunneling. In order to fully consider the influence of initial anisotropy and induced anisotropy on the mechanical behavior of soils, the soil elastoplastic constitutive relation of cavity expansion is described in the course ofK0-based modified Cam-clay (K0-MCC) model after soil yielding. An equation with equal number of variables is obtained under the elastic-plastic boundary condition based on the Lagrange multiplier method. By solving the extreme value of the original function, the analytical solution of radial, tangential, and vertical effective stresses distribution around the circular tunnel excavation is obtained. In addition, changes of elastic deformation area and plastic deformation area for soil during the shield excavation have been analyzed. Calculation results are compared with the numerical solutions which usually consider isotropic soil behavior as the basic assumption. In this paper, a constitutive model which is more consistent with the actual mechanical behavior of the soil and the construction process of the shield tunnel is considered. Therefore, the numerical solutions are more realistic and suitable for the shield excavation analysis and can provide theoretical guidance required for design of shield tunneling.
Assessment of Factors Influencing the Implementation of Biosecurity Measures on Pig Farms in the Western Highlands of Cameroon (Central Africa)
Authors: Kouam Marc K. , Moussala Junior O.
Published: May 2018

Biosecurity plays an irreplaceable role in preventing diseases and increasing productivity on farm. The main objective of this study was to characterize pig farming and investigate factors influencing biosecurity on pig farms in the western highlands of Cameroon. Data were collected from May to July 2017 using a questionnaire and observations. A technical scoring system was developed from the biosecurity measures. The results revealed that most farmers are males (76.29%), on average 47.82 ± 10.34 years old, with secondary school level (53.61%). The most common husbandry system is extensive (73.22%). Over a total score of 93, measures with higher scores (>80) included “employees do not rear pigs at home,” “animals of different age not in the same room,” “unsold animals from market quarantined prior to reintroduction into the herd,” “production materials not exchanged among farms,” “piggeries clean every day,” “disinfectants used,” “pigs vaccinated,” and “vaccination calendar respected.” Those with the lowest score (<6) were “sanitary lock present,” “use of herd specific clean coveralls and boots on farm,” and “entry restriction sign post present.” The biosecurity level was associated with production system, with the score 6.57 and 3.66 points lower for extensive and semi-intensive farms, respectively, than for intensive system. Farmer’s age, gender, education level, and herd size did not affect the level of biosecurity. The results can be used to improve the general biosecurity status in pig herds in the country which in turn will lead, as observed elsewhere, to improved technical performance and economic gain.
Heterozygous CDKL5 Knockout Female Mice Are a Valuable Animal Model for CDKL5 Disorder
Authors: Fuchs Claudia , Gennaccaro Laura , Trazzi Stefania , Bastianini Stefano , Bettini Simone , Martire Viviana Lo , Ren Elisa , Medici Giorgio , Zoccoli Giovanna , Rimondini Roberto , Ciani Elisabetta
Published: May 2018

CDKL5 disorder is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the X-linked CDKL5 (cyclin-dependent kinase-like five) gene. CDKL5 disorder primarily affects girls and is characterized by early-onset epileptic seizures, gross motor impairment, intellectual disability, and autistic features. Although all CDKL5 female patients are heterozygous, the most valid disease-related model, the heterozygous femaleCdkl5knockout (Cdkl5+/−) mouse, has been little characterized. The lack of detailed behavioral profiling of this model remains a crucial gap that must be addressed in order to advance preclinical studies. Here, we provide a behavioral and molecular characterization of heterozygousCdkl5+/− mice. We found thatCdkl5+/− mice reliably recapitulate several aspects of CDKL5 disorder, including autistic-like behaviors, defects in motor coordination and memory performance, and breathing abnormalities. These defects are associated with neuroanatomical alterations, such as reduced dendritic arborization and spine density of hippocampal neurons. Interestingly,Cdkl5+/− mice show age-related alterations in protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling, two crucial signaling pathways involved in many neurodevelopmental processes. In conclusion, our study provides a comprehensive overview of neurobehavioral phenotypes of heterozygous femaleCdkl5+/− mice and demonstrates that the heterozygous female might be a valuable animal model in preclinical studies on CDKL5 disorder.
Extracellular Vesicles: A New Prospective in Crosstalk between Microenvironment and Stem Cells in Hematological Malignancies
Authors: Laurenzana Ilaria , Lamorte Daniela , Trino Stefania , De Luca Luciana , Ambrosino Concetta , Zoppoli Pietro , Ruggieri Vitalba , Del Vecchio Luigi , Musto Pellegrino , Caivano Antonella , Falco Geppino
Published: May 2018

The bone marrow (BM) microenvironment in hematological malignancies (HMs) comprises heterogeneous populations of neoplastic and nonneoplastic cells. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), neoplastic cells, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are all components of this microenvironment. CSCs are the HM initiators and are associated with neoplastic growth and drug resistance, while HSCs are able to reconstitute the entire hematopoietic system; finally, MSCs actively support hematopoiesis. In some HMs, CSCs and neoplastic cells compromise the normal development of HSCs and perturb BM-MSCs. In response, “reprogrammed” MSCs generate a favorable environment to support neoplastic cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are an important cell-to-cell communication type in physiological and pathological conditions. In particular, in HMs, EV secretion participates to unidirectional and bidirectional interactions between neoplastic cells and BM cells. The transfer of EV molecular cargo triggers different responses in target cells; in particular, malignant EVs modify the BM environment in favor of neoplastic cells at the expense of normal HSCs, by interfering with antineoplastic immunity and participating in resistance to treatment. Here, we review the role of EVs in BM cell communication in physiological conditions and in HMs, focusing on the effects of BM niche EVs on HSCs and MSCs.
Interaction of Left Ventricular Size and Sex on Outcome of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Among Patients With a Narrow QRS Duration in the EchoCRT Trial
Authors: Varma Niraj , Sogaard Peter , Bax Jeroen J. , Abraham William T. , Borer Jeffrey S. , Dickstein Kenneth , Singh Jagmeet P. , Gras Daniel , Holzmeister Johannes , Brugada Josep , Ruschitzka Frank
Published: May 2018

Background

Longer
QRS
duration (
QRS
d) improves, but increased left ventricular (
LV
) end‐diastolic volume (
LVEDV
) reduces, efficacy of cardiac resynchronization therapy (
CRT
).
QRS
d/
LVEDV
ratios differ between sexes. We hypothesized that in the Echo
CRT
(Echocardiography Guided Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy) trial enrolling patients with heart failure with
QRS
d <130 ms, those with larger
LVEDV
would deteriorate but those with the highest
QRS
d/
LVEDV
would
improve
with
CRT
.

Methods and Results

Primary outcome in patients (n=787, 72% men, 93% New York Heart Association class
III
,
QRS
d <130 ms, LV ejection fraction ≤35%,
LV
dilation and dyssynchrony) randomized to
CRT
‐
ON
or CRT‐
OFF
and followed up for 19 months was compared according to
LVEDV
(height indexed) or
QRS
d/
LVEDV
ratio, in multivariable analysis. Structural remodeling was assessed echocardiographically 6 months after implantation. Patients with baseline LVEDV higher than or equal to median worsened with
CRT
(death/heart failure hospitalization:
CRT
‐
ON
versus
CRT
‐
OFF
, 35.2% versus 24.5% [hazard ratio, 1.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.11–2.42;
P
=0.012]), but those with LVEDV lower than median remained unaffected. Patients with the highest
QRS
d/
LVEDV
ratio improved with
CRT
(death/heart failure hospitalization in top quartile: 20.9% in CRT‐
ON
[n=91] versus 28.3% in CRT‐OFF [n=106] [hazard ratio, 0.64; 95% confidence interval, 0.34–1.24;
P
=0.188], versus the remaining quartiles: 31.7% in
CRT‐ON
[n=300] versus 24.8% in
CRT‐OFF
[n=290] [hazard ratio, 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.07–2.02;
P
=0.016], test for interaction
P
=0.046).
QRS
d and dyssynchrony were similar between groups. The 3‐way test for interaction indicated no sex‐specific effects. However, numerically, men with LVEDV higher than or equal to median accounted for worse outcomes of
CRT
‐
ON
. Women, with the highest
QRS
d/
LVEDV
ratio exhibited significant reverse remodeling.

Conclusion

CRT
has opposite effects among patients with heart failure with
QRS
d <130 ms according to
LV
size: worsening outcomes in patients with larger LV, but inducing beneficial effects in those with smaller
LV
.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/
. Unique identifier:
NCT
00683696.
“Prayers from Him Who Is Unable to Make Offerings”: The Cult of Bēlet-ṣēri at Late Babylonian Uruk
Authors: Krul Julia
Published: May 2018

After 484BC, several deities were (re)introduced into the pantheon of Uruk—most importantly the city’s new patron deity, the sky god Anu, but also the netherworld goddess Bēlet-ṣēri (“Lady of the Steppe”). In this article, I investigate the possible reasons behind the introduction of Bēlet-ṣēri’s cult at Uruk and the role ascribed to her by local worshipers. Using literary compositions, ritual texts, and legal documents, I trace the historical development of Bēlet-ṣēri’s divine characteristics, reconstruct her daily worship at Uruk, and examine the socioeconomic status of Urukean individuals bearing a “Bēlet-ṣēri-name.” I conclude that Bēlet-ṣēri was especially popular among non-elite citizens, probably because she could intercede with the queen of the netherworld, Ereškigal, for the lives of her followers and their families.
Introduction: The EU as International Mediator – Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives
Authors: Bergmann Julian , Haastrup Toni , Niemann Arne , Whitman Richard
Published: May 2018

In this introductory article of the special issue, we examine European Union (EU) mediation practice and identify different conceptual and empirical perspectives from which it can be analyzed. We present different understandings of mediation in research and practice a definition and conceptual clarification ofEUmediation practice, and offer a definition that covers mediation efforts and mediation support activities. Then, the institutional architecture forEUmediation activities is presented. Next, the focus of this special issue is examined and research questions that have not yet been sufficiently addressed in existing research ofEUforeign policy and mediation are discussed. Based on these questions, we offer several fruitful avenues for studyingEUmediation: examining the drivers ofEUmediation,EUmediation roles and strategies, andEUmediation effectiveness. Finally, we provide an overview of the contributions to this special issue is presented.
New records of Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from Colombia and other Neotropical countries
Authors: FORERO DIMITRI
Published: May 2018

One subfamily, 27 genera, and 48 species of Reduviidae are recorded for the first time from Colombia and other Neotropical countries. Comments on those taxa, and new localities and notes for other previously known species, are given. For the first time, the female of Opisthacidius picturatus is described and its pronotum figured. Morphological details on Orbella lugubris, Pessoaia limai, Phasmatocoris spectrum, and Pothea annulipes are provided.
Description of a new Tityus species (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Sierra de Portuguesa, western Venezuela, based on morphological and mitochondrial DNA evidence
Authors: BORGES ADOLFO , DE SOUSA LEONARDO , MANZANILLA JESÚS
Published: May 2018

A new scorpion species, Tityus imei sp. nov., is described, representing the first record of the genus for the southern foothills of Sierra de Portuguesa in the western Venezuelan state of Portuguesa. The species is morphologically related to T. sanarensis, from the state of Lara, and T. boconoensis, from state of Trujillo. Tityus imei sp. nov. can be distinguished by the array of dorsal trichobothria in the pedipalp femur (d3, d4, d5) and by the following combination of female metasomal segment II characters: (i) ventral keels double and parallel up to two thirds of the segment, whereupon they converge into a single keel and separate again in the base; (ii) full, parallel ventral keels, including a well defined central keel in the second half of the segment. A molecular approach was undertaken to estimate the genetic relationship between the new species, T. sanarensis, T. boconoensis, and T. discrepans. Sequencing of a 562 bp-segment encoding sectors M6 to M11 of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I revealed that T. imei sp. nov. diverges from T. sanarensis and T. boconoensis, particularly in the polymorphic sector I4, sharing more overall sequence similarity with the northcentral Venezuelan species, T. discrepans. The new species is of potential medical importance given the presence of venom components whose mass resembles that of scorpion neurotoxins affecting voltage-sensitive sodium channels, as indicated by MALDI-TOF MS analyses.
Resting-state functional brain networks in first-episode psychosis: A 12-month follow-up study
Authors: Ganella Eleni P , Seguin Caio , Pantelis Christos , Whittle Sarah , Baune Bernhard T , Olver James , Amminger G Paul , McGorry Patrick D , Cropley Vanessa , Zalesky Andrew , Bartholomeusz Cali F
Published: May 2018

Introduction:

Schizophrenia is increasingly conceived as a disorder of brain network connectivity and organization. However, reports of network abnormalities during the early illness stage of psychosis are mixed. This study adopted a data-driven whole-brain approach to investigate functional connectivity and network architecture in a first-episode psychosis cohort relative to healthy controls and whether functional network properties changed abnormally over a 12-month period in first-episode psychosis.

Methods:

Resting-state functional connectivity was performed at two time points. At baseline, 29 first-episode psychosis individuals and 30 healthy controls were assessed, and at 12 months, 14 first-episode psychosis individuals and 20 healthy controls completed follow-up. Whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity networks were mapped for each individual and analyzed using graph theory to investigate whether network abnormalities associated with first-episode psychosis were evident and whether functional network properties changed abnormally over 12 months relative to controls.

Results:

This study found no evidence of abnormal resting-state functional connectivity or topology in first-episode psychosis individuals relative to healthy controls at baseline or at 12-months follow-up. Furthermore, longitudinal changes in network properties over a 12-month period did not significantly differ between first-episode psychosis individuals and healthy control. Network measures did not significantly correlate with symptomatology, duration of illness or antipsychotic medication.

Conclusions:

This is the first study to show unaffected resting-state functional connectivity and topology in the early psychosis stage of illness. In light of previous literature, this suggests that a subgroup of first-episode psychosis individuals who have a neurotypical resting-state functional connectivity and topology may exist. Our preliminary longitudinal analyses indicate that there also does not appear to be deterioration in these network properties over a 12-month period. Future research in a larger sample is necessary to confirm our longitudinal findings.
Why the Gender of Traditional Authorities Matters: Intersectionality and Women’s Rights Advocacy in Malawi
Authors: Muriaas Ragnhild L. , Wang Vibeke , Benstead Lindsay , Dulani Boniface , Rakner Lise
Published: May 2018

Traditional leadership often coexists with modern political institutions; yet, we know little about how traditional and state authority cues—or those from male or female sources—affect public opinion. Using an original survey experiment of 1,381 Malawians embedded in the 2016 Local Governance Performance Index (LGPI), we randomly assign respondents into one of four treatment groups or a control group to hear messages about a child marriage reform from a female or male traditional authority (TA) or parliamentarian. In the sample as a whole, the female TA is as effective as the control (i.e., no endorsement), while other messengers elicit lower support (i.e., backfire effects). Endorsements produce heterogeneous effects across respondent sex and patrilineal/matrilineal customs, suggesting the need for tailored programs. Our paper adds an intersectional approach to the governance literature and offers a theoretical framework capable of explaining the impact of state and traditional endorsements across policy domains.
Not So Fast: A Response to Raskin
Authors: Efran Jay S. , Cohen Jonah N.
Published: May 2018

In our response to Raskin, we caution that combining incompatible vocabularies usually results in a linguistic muddle from which it becomes increasingly difficult to escape. Although omnibus terms such as “psychosocial” and “biopsychosocial” sound reasonable, they function merely as slogans, without any clear meaning or explanatory power. We recommend tailoring a linguistically consistent system to meet our needs as psychologists. We also warn against the tendency for some to blur the distinction between client input and professional perspectives.
Contact tracing for chronic hepatitis B in primary care? A ‘snapshot’ audit in Grampian, Northeast Scotland
Authors: Phillips Bethan , Corrigan Helen , Okpo Emmanuel
Published: May 2018

Introduction

Contact tracing for chronic hepatitis B infection is an important activity for preventing the spread of hepatitis B infection. In the UK, the ‘Green Book’ recommends that all sexual and household contacts of individuals with chronic hepatitis B should be tested and vaccinated if required. This audit aimed to evaluate contact tracing in primary care. Barriers to effective follow-up of contacts of patients with chronic hepatitis B were explored and recommendations made.

Methods and results

Mixed method, including a survey of general practitioners and review of hepatitis B surveillance data from 1 June 2015 to 31 December 2015 held by NHS Grampian Health Protection Team. The audit was carried out in August 2016. Contact tracing was mainly by patient referral. Only 20% (4/20) of identified close contacts were tested. No contact eligible for vaccination was vaccinated, and 57% (8/14) of general practitioners who completed the audit questionnaire suggested that general practitioners do not have a role in contact tracing. Barriers identified were: lack of time, lack of resources and contacts being registered with a different practice.

Conclusions

This audit suggests that contact tracing for chronic hepatitis B in primary care is largely incomplete. Moving contact tracing from general practice to health protection teams in Boards may be a pragmatic way of improving follow-up activities.
Periorbital necrotising soft tissue infection in a 12-year-old patient
Authors: Olsson Lewis , Vuity Drazsen , McAllister Peter , Ansell Mark
Published: May 2018

Head and neck necrotising soft-tissue infection is exceptionally uncommon in the paediatric population. necrotising soft-tissue infection is severe and often life-threatening. Rapid spread of infection and systemic illness make necrotising soft-tissue infection a challenge for the medical and surgical teams. Early identification and surgical intervention are essential for a favourable patient outcome. This report details the case of periorbital necrotising soft-tissue infection in a 12-year-old male patient following an uncomplicated facial laceration. Prompt surgical debridement with planned return visits to theatre and guided empirical antibiotic therapy ensured that a satisfactory patient outcome was achieved. The failure of current necrotising soft-tissue infection diagnostic scoring tools to be positive in this case may suggest that these tools require refinement and validation.
Integration and Utilization of Peer Leaders for Diabetes Self-Management Support: Results From Project SEED (Support, Education, and Evaluation in Diabetes)
Authors: Piatt Gretchen A. , Rodgers Elizabeth A. , Xue Lingshu , Zgibor Janice C.
Published: May 2018

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a peer leader-led (PL) diabetes self-management support (DSMS) group in achieving and maintaining improvements in A1C, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), and diabetes distress in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes self-management support is critical; however, effective, sustainable support models are scarce.

Methods

The study was a cluster randomized controlled trial of 221 people with diabetes from 6 primary care practices. Practices and eligible participants (mean age: 63.0 years, 63.8% female, 96.8% white, 28.5% at or below poverty level, 32.5% using insulin, A1C ≥7%: 54.2%) were randomized to diabetes self-management education (DSME) + PL DSMS (n = 119) or to enhanced usual care (EUC) (DSME + traditional DSMS with no PL; n = 102). Data were collected at baseline, after DSME (6 weeks), after DSMS (6 months), and after telephonic DSMS (12 months).

Results

Decreases in A1C occurred between baseline and post-DSME in both groups. Both groups sustained improvements during DSMS, but A1C levels increased during telephonic DSMS. Improvements in self-monitoring of blood glucose were observed in both groups following DSME and were sustained throughout. At study end, the intervention group was 4.3 times less likely to have diabetes regimen–related distress compared to EUC.

Conclusions

PL DSMS is as effective as traditional DSMS in helping participants to maintain glycemic control and self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and more effective at improving distress. With increasing diabetes prevalence and shortage of diabetes educators, it is important to integrate and use low-cost interventions in high-risk communities that build on available resources.
Parenting Stress and the Use of Formal and Informal Child Care: Associations for Fathers and Mothers
Authors: Craig Lyn , Churchill Brendan
Published: May 2018

We investigated relationships between nonparental care and psychological strains of parenthood. Using data from employed parents of children below 5 years of age ( n = 6,886 fathers and mothers) from Waves 4 to 11 of the household panel survey Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA), we constructed a parenting stress scale from the average of four items (α = .76) administered in the Self-Completion Questionnaire. We ran panel random-effects regression models testing associations between amount and type of nonparental care and parenting stress, for both mothers and fathers. We distinguished between formal care, informal and family care (mainly grandparents), and mixed care. Results showed that fathers and mothers’ parenting stress is positively associated with hours of nonparental care, but that for both genders parenting stress is significantly lower if the care is provided by informal/family carers.
“Be My Guest”: The Link Between Concentrated Poverty, Race, and Family-Level Support
Authors: Whitehead Ellen M.
Published: May 2018

Exposure to concentrated poverty is largely understood as reflecting the role of individual influences and racial disparities, with less information on the role of extended family. Coresiding with family members represents one classic mechanism reducing exposure to economic hardship, but we often combine those residing as “guests” with those who are “hosting” their extended family. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study ( N = 4,054), I explore the impact of living with family on the likelihood of residing in concentrated poverty. I find that mothers who coreside as “guests” with family, but not those who are hosting their relatives, have significantly lower odds of living in impoverished neighborhoods compared with those who do not reside with relatives, once controlling for socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. This research reveals that family networks do play a role in structuring neighborhood attainment, with strong implications for better understanding vulnerability to neighborhood poverty.
The Forgotten Parent: The Targeted Parent Perspective of Parental Alienation
Authors: Poustie Clare , Matthewson Mandy , Balmer Sian
Published: May 2018

This study investigated the targeted parent experience of parental alienation and alienating behaviors. One hundred and twenty-six targeted parents provided narratives in response to an open-ended question at the end of an online survey. Braun and Clarke’s (2006) thematic analysis framework was used to identify themes in the data. Six themes were identified illustrating targeted parents’ experience of parental alienation and alienating behaviors. Targeted parents described physical and emotional distance separating them from their child, emotional and financial costs associated with their engagement with “systems” such as legal systems and child protection systems. They described poor mental health and concern for their child’s psychological well-being. Targeted parents considered alienating behaviors to be a form of family violence. Additionally, targeted parents used active coping behaviors. It was concluded that further research is needed to better understand parental alienation. Mental health and legal professionals must collaborate to optimize support for targeted parents.
Parents’ Migration and Adolescents’ Transition to High School in Rural China: The Role of Parental Divorce
Authors: Hu Shu
Published: May 2018

Using both quantitative and qualitative data collected in a migrant-sending county from 2012 to 2013, this article examines the mechanisms through which parental migration could shape adolescents’ transition to high school in rural China. Though parental migration improves children’s educational outcomes via social remittance of education value, it also leads to a decline in children’s educational achievements by increasing the odds of parental divorce. The likelihood of divorce rises with the migration of mother or both parents, and this significantly increases the risks of discontinuing schooling and transitioning to vocational high schools, relative to attending academic high schools. In contrast to the conventional explanations of economic resources and psychological health, this article emphasizes the significant role of marital instability in the link between parental migration and children’s educational outcomes.
Reduced Disc Shedding and Phagocytosis of Photoreceptor Outer Segment Contributes to Kava Kava Extract–induced Retinal Degeneration in F344/N Rats
Authors: Yamashita Haruhiro , Hoenerhoff Mark J. , Shockley Keith R. , Peddada Shyamal D. , Gerrish Kevin E. , Sutton Deloris , Cummings Connie A. , Wang Yu , Julie Foley F. , Behl Mamta , Waidyanatha Suramya , Sills Robert C. , Pandiri Arun R.
Published: May 2018

There was a significant increase in the incidence of retinal degeneration in F344/N rats chronically exposed to Kava kava extract (KKE) in National Toxicology Program (NTP) bioassay. A retrospective evaluation of these rat retinas indicated a similar spatial and morphological alteration as seen in light-induced retinal degeneration in albino rats. Therefore, it was hypothesized that KKE has a potential to exacerbate the light-induced retinal degeneration. To investigate the early mechanism of retinal degeneration, we conducted a 90-day F344/N rat KKE gavage study at doses of 0 and 1.0 g/kg (dose which induced retinal degeneration in the 2-year NTP rat KKE bioassay). The morphological evaluation indicated reduced number of phagosomes in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the superior retina. Transcriptomic alterations related to retinal epithelial homeostasis and melatoninergic signaling were observed in microarray analysis. Phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segment by the underlying RPE is essential to maintain the homeostasis of the photoreceptor layer and is regulated by melatonin signaling. Therefore, reduced photoreceptor outer segment disc shedding and subsequent lower number of phagosomes in the RPE and alterations in the melatonin pathway may have contributed to the increased incidences of retinal degeneration observed in F344/N rats in the 2-year KKE bioassay.
Public opinion on sentencing and parole in Australia
Authors: Bartels Lorana , Fitzgerald Robin , Freiberg Arie
Published: May 2018

Australia has nine different legislative regimes for sentencing and parole, as well as eight prison regimes; it has therefore been described as an ideal penal laboratory. This paper presents an overview of the extensive body of recent Australian research on public opinion on sentencing and, more recently, parole. The discussion on parole is situated in the context of an analysis of the legislative and policy landscape, which has undergone significant changes in recent years. The paper concludes with some comments on future research directions in relation to Australian public opinion on parole.
The impact of national standardized literacy and numeracy testing on children and teaching staff in remote Australian Indigenous communities
Authors: Macqueen Susy , Knoch Ute , Wigglesworth Gillian , Nordlinger Rachel , Singer Ruth , McNamara Tim , Brickle Rhianna
Published: May 2018

All educational testing is intended to have consequences, which are assumed to be beneficial, but tests may also have unintended, negative consequences (Messick, 1989). The issue is particularly important in the case of large-scale standardized tests, such as Australia’s National Assessment Program - Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN), the intended benefits of which are increased accountability and improved educational outcomes. The NAPLAN purpose is comparable to that of other state and national ‘core skills’ testing programs, which evaluate cross-sections of populations in order to compare results between population sub-groupings. Such comparisons underpin ‘accountability’ in the era of population-level testing. This study investigates the impact of NAPLAN testing on one population grouping that is prominent in the NAPLAN results’ comparisons and public reporting: children in remote Indigenous communities. A series of interviews with principals and teachers documents informants’ first-hand experiences of the use and effects of NAPLAN in schools. In the views of most participants, the language and content of the test instruments, the nature of the test engagement, and the test washback have negative impacts on students and staff, with little benefit in terms of the usefulness of the test data. The primary issue is the fact that meaningful participation in the tests depends critically on proficiency in Standard Australian English (SAE) as a first language. This study contributes to the broader discussion of how reform-targeted standardized testing for national populations affects sub-groups who are not treated equitably by the test instrument or reporting for accountability purposes. It highlights a conflict between consequential validity and the notion of accountability that drives reform-targeted testing.
Does one size fit all? Place-neutral national planning policy in England and its impact on housing land supplies and local development plans in North East England
Authors: McGuinness David , Greenhalgh Paul , Grainger Paul
Published: May 2018

This article examines the impact of the National Planning Policy Framework’s requirement that all local planning authorities in England should strive to achieve a robust supply of housing land to satisfy demand for housing development for a minimum of five years. Conceptually the paper challenges the orthodox place-neutral view propounded by UK central government (and many major housing developers) that a bottleneck in land supply caused by deficiencies in the local (plan-led) planning system is the central barrier to unblocking housing supply in all parts of the country. Theoretically, we contend that the five-year land supply requirement within the National Planning Policy Framework is an example of a spatially place-neutral policy approach that does not comprehend the place-based nuances in local and regional land and housing markets in England. Empirically, it explores a case study of all 12 local planning authorities in the North East of England, to question whether a uniform ( one size fits all) approach to identifying a five-year supply of land for housing development across England is effectual. Analysis of empirical data validates concerns that in some peripheral localities, other variables constrain housing deliverability more significantly than land supply, issues such as limited mortgage and development finance, an abundance of brownfield land, negative place-based stigma and development viability concern. The research concludes that centrally defined, inflexible, place-neutral planning policy is a significant impairment to some local planning authorities in the North of England achieving up-to-date local plans.
The utility of the combined use of 123I-FP-CIT SPECT and neuromelanin MRI in differentiating Parkinson's disease from other parkinsonian syndromes
Authors: Matsusue Eiji , Fujihara Yoshio , Tanaka Kenichiro , Aozasa Yuki , Shimoda Manabu , Nakayasu Hiroyuki , Nakamura Kazuhiko , Ogawa Toshihide
Published: May 2018

Background

Neuromelanin magnetic resonance imaging (NmMRI) and 123I-FP-CIT dopamine transporter single photon emission computed tomography (DAT-SPECT) provide specific information that distinguishes Parkinson's disease (PD) from non-degenerative parkinsonian syndrome (NDPS).

Purpose

To determine whether a multiparametric scoring system (MSS) could improve accuracy compared to each parameter of DAT-SPECT and NmMRI in differentiating PD from NDPS.

Material and Methods

A total of 49 patients, including 14 with NDPS, 30 with PD, and five with atypical parkinsonian disorder (APD) underwent both NmMRI and DAT-SPECT and were evaluated. The average (Ave) and the asymmetry index (AI) were calculated in the substantia nigra compacta area (SNc-area), SNc midbrain-tegmentum contrast ratio (SNc-CR), and specific binding ratio (SBR). Cut-off values were determined, using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, for the differentiation of PD from NDPS on the statistically significant parameters. All cases were scored as either 1 (PD) or 0 (NDPS) for each parameter according to its threshold. These individual scores were totaled for each case, yielding a combined score for each case to obtain a cut-off value for the MSS.

Results

The Ave-SNc-area, Ave-SNc-CR, and Ave-SBR in PD were significantly lower than those in NDPS. The AI-SNc-area and AI-SBR in PD were significantly higher than those in NDPS. Of the five parameters, the highest accuracy was 93% for the Ave-SNc-area. For the MSS, a cut-off value of 3 was the accuracy of 96%. Besides, no significant difference was observed between PD and APD on all parameters.

Conclusion

An MSS has comparable or better accuracy compared to each parameter of DAT-SPECT and NmMRI in distinguishing PD from NDPS.
Histogram analysis of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for differentiating malignant from benign orbital lymphproliferative disorders
Authors: Xu Xiao-Quan , Qian Wen , Hu Hao , Su Guo-Yi , Liu Hu , Shi Hai-Bin , Wu Fei-Yun
Published: May 2018

Background

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been used for assessing orbital lymphoproliferative disorders (OLPDs). However, only the mean values of quantitative parameters were obtained in previous studies and tumor heterogeneity was ignored.

Purpose

To assess the value of DCE-MRI derived histogram parameters in differentiating malignant from benign OLPDs.

Material and Methods

Forty-eight OLPDs patients (25 malignant and 23 benign) who had undergone DCE-MRI for pre-treatment evaluation were retrospectively included. Histogram parameters of Ktrans, kep, and ve were calculated and compared between two groups using the independent sample’s t-test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to determine the diagnostic value of each significant parameter. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent predictors of malignant OLPDs.

Results

Tenth kep, mean kep, median kep, and 90th kep were significantly higher in the malignant OLPD group than in the benign OLPD group. Tenth ve was significantly lower in the malignant OLPD group than in the benign OLPD group. Ninetieth kep was the only independent predictor of malignant OLPDs ( P = 0.019), with an area under ROC curve of 0.828, a sensitivity of 92.00%, and a specificity of 78.26% at a cut-off value of 1.057 min−1.

Conclusion

Histogram analysis of DCE-MRI derived parameters may help to differentiate malignant from benign OLPDs. The 90th kep hold the potential as an independent predictor for malignant OLPDs.
Impact of CardioMEMS device placement on lifestyle modifications: a “pseudo-placebo” effect beyond the expected?
Authors: Assaad Mahmoud , Singh Robby , Sarsam Sinan , Bowen Abbie , Zughaib Marcel
Published: May 2018

Introduction

Congestive heart failure is a leading cause of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the United States and places a significant economic burden on the health care system. The CHAMPION trial showed significant reductions in heart failure hospitalizations and length of stay as well as improvements in quality of life among patients who underwent implantation of the CardioMEMS device (CardioMEMS Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA). While the benefits of the device have been well demonstrated, we explored the “pseudo-placebo” effect of device placement on patients’ lifestyle modifications.

Methods

Thirty patients with the CardioMEMS device were contacted for a follow-up survey that included questions about lifestyle modifications, symptomatic and dietary improvement, increased physical activity, and changes in their cardiac medication regimen.

Results

Dyspnea improved in 57% of patients, 70% of patients improved their diet, and 43% increased their physical activity. Only 7% of patients found it difficult to transmit the data.

Discussion

The CHAMPION trial showed numerous benefits for patients who underwent CardioMEMS device placement. In our study, we found that device placement also resulted in a “pseudo-placebo” effect with most patients making positive lifestyle modifications.
Race, the World and Time: Haiti, Liberia and Ethiopia (1914–1945)
Authors: Younis Musab
Published: May 2018

This article explores the role played by time in the maintenance of global racial difference with reference to the precarious sovereignties of Haiti, Liberia and Ethiopia during the interwar period. It suggests that the experiences of these states, understood through the discourses which sought to both support and undermine them, point to a shift away from juridical division in global order and towards a hierarchy framed in terms of racialised temporalities. While postcolonial scholarship can help us to understand this shift, it has not fully comprehended the interpenetration of multiple forms of temporality in the service of colonial and racial ordering. For interwar intellectuals and activists committed to pan-African liberation, the desire for a new world order free from racialised stratification meant an engagement with sites of black sovereignty that was, by necessity, ambivalent and strategic in its approach to the politics of time.
Interventions That Target Criminogenic Needs for Justice-Involved Persons With Serious Mental Illnesses: A Targeted Service Delivery Approach
Authors: Wilson Amy Blank , Farkas Kathleen , Bonfine Natalie , Duda-Banwar Janelle
Published: May 2018

This research describes the development of a targeted service delivery approach that tailors the delivery of interventions that target criminogenic needs to the specific learning and treatment needs of justice-involved people with serious mental illnesses (SMI). This targeted service delivery approach includes five service delivery strategies: repetition and summarizing, amplification, coaching, low-demand practice, and maximizing participation. Examples of how to apply each strategy in session are provided, as well as recommendations on when to use each strategy during the delivery of interventions that target criminogenic needs. This targeted service delivery approach makes an important contribution to the development of interventions for justice-involved people with SMI by increasing the chances that people with SMI can participate fully in and benefit from these interventions that target criminogenic needs. These developments come at a critical time in the field as the next generation of services for justice-involved people with SMI are being developed.
Decolonising territory: Dialogues with Latin American knowledges and grassroots strategies
Authors: Halvorsen Sam
Published: May 2018

Territory has been increasingly interrogated within Anglophone human geography, yet it has been little examined beyond the context of the modern, Eurocentric state. Developing an open definition of territory, the appropriation of space in pursuit of political projects, this paper opens epistemological dialogue with diverse Latin America strategies to decolonise territory in thought and practice, oriented around the themes of land, terrain and the state. In so doing it aims to contribute to the dismantling and reversing of colonial hierarchies that are both reproduced through Anglophone scholarship and sustained through dominant imaginations and practices of territory.
Recovery from anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy with biventricular assist and valve repairs: A case report and literature review
Authors: Takami Yoshiyuki , Hoshino Naoki , Kato Yasuchika , Sakurai Yusuke , Amano Kentaro , Higuchi Yoshiro , Tochii Masato , Ishida Michiko , Ishikawa Hiroshi , Takagi Yasushi , Ozaki Yukio
Published: May 2018

Introduction:

Ventricular assist device is used in the patients with severe heart failure due to cardiotoxicity of anthracyclines, which are widely used chemotherapeutic agents for a wide range of malignant tumors. However, recovery of cardiac function is rare.

Methods:

We present the clinical course of a 43-year-old woman in remission from diffuse large B-cell lymphoma after the chemotherapy including anthracyclines, who presented in cardiogenic shock 8 months after the end of chemotherapy.

Results:

The patient was initially treated with intra-aortic balloon pumping, followed by conversion to left ventricular assist device with an Abiomed AB5000 (Abiomed, Inc, Danvers, MA) and right ventricular assist device with a centrifugal pump and a membrane oxygenator, in addition to tricuspid annuloplasty, due to rapid deterioration to cardiogenic shock. With intensive medical treatments during biventricular support, her cardiac and respiratory functions gradually improved, although moderate mitral regurgitation persisted despite of left ventricular unloading. At 64 days of biventricular support, she underwent mitral valve annuloplasty to correct regurgitation under cardiopulmonary bypass. She was consequently weaned from biventricular assist successfully 8 days after mitral surgery (72 days of biventricular support). The patient discharged uneventfully from our hospital and survives at home 12 months after weaning from the ventricular assist devices.

Conclusion:

Our case and the literature review highlight potential usefulness of aggressive mechanical biventricular support for cardiac recovery in patients with anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy. Additional valve surgery and neurohormonal medications may be also promising in such patients with cancer, who are contraindicated for heart transplantation.