bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neurogenic Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow
Authors: Vaulina D. D. , Butko D. Yu. , Karpov А. А. , Galagudza М. М.
Published: April 2024

The brain has a well-developed vascular network, which allows it to consume up to 15% of the cardiac output with a low mass relative to the whole-body weight. Normally, the metabolic demands of the brain depend considerably on the intensity of functioning of its different departments, which requires constant regulation of the local blood flow level. On the other hand, the state of systemic hemodynamics can have a significant impact on the organ blood flow. Complex and multilevel mechanisms of the regulation of organ cerebral blood flow are aimed at minimizing the possible adverse effects of systemic hemodynamics impairment. The importance of precise and prompt regulation of cerebral blood flow is reinforced by the absence of energy reserves or substrates for its autonomous production in the nervous tissue. The main mechanisms of cerebral blood flow regulation include: myogenic regulation, influence of local humoral influences and vasoactive substances (hormones, metabolites) of systemic blood flow, changes in blood gas composition (increase or decrease in blood oxygen or carbon dioxide tension). In addition, endothelium-dependent mechanisms of regulation are distinguished. Finally, one more level of cerebral arterial tone regulation is represented by the effect of neurotransmitters released from vasomotor fibers terminals of sympathetic and parasympathetic sections of autonomic nervous system, as well as from subcortical neurons and cortical interneurons terminals. In the present review, the principles of neurogenic regulation of cerebral blood flow are considered. The neurogenic regulation of vascular tone is the most complex regulatory circuit. The autonomic innervation of cerebral vessels has significant features that distinguish it from that in most other organs of the great circulatory circle. In addition to the autonomic innervation proper, the vessels of the brain receive sensory innervation, and the small intracerebral arterioles are also innervated -directly by subcortical neurons and cortical interneurons. In this connection, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the neurogenic regulation of cerebral blood flow may serve as a basis for the development of new methods of treatment of severe brain diseases based on neuromodulation in the long term.
Physico-Chemical Properties and Performance Characteristics of Perfluorined Membranes Bulk Modified with Platinum during Operation in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Authors: Kudashova D. S. , Falina I. V. , Kononenko N. A. , Demidenko K. S.
Published: April 2024

The results of application of platinum bulk modified perfluorinated membranes in proton exchange membrane fuel cell are presented. The change in physicochemical and transport characteristics of the membranes after modification with platinum and at different stages of their operation in the PEMFC are also discussed. The thickness, radius pore distribution obtained by the standard contact porosimetry method, the concentration dependences of the conductivity, and the current-voltage characteristic are studied. The influence of copper in bimetallic electrocatalyst on the characteristics of the perfluorinated membrane are considered. An increase in the efficiency of PEMFC with both commercial and bimetallic catalysts and platinum bulk modified membranes due to the formation of a self-humidifying structure is found.
Fabrication of Ultrafiltration Membranes from PAN Composites with Hydrophilic Particles for Separation of Heavy Oil Components
Authors: Yushkin A. A. , Balynin A. V. , Nebesskaya A. P. , Efimov M. N. , Bakhtin D. S. , Baskakov S. A. , Kanatieva A. Yu.
Published: April 2024

In this work, membranes were obtained from PAN with the addition of particles of graphene oxide (GO), PAN pyrolyzed under the influence of IR radiation (IR-PAN-a) and nanodiamonds (ND). The pore structure of the obtained membranes was studied. It has been shown that the addition of particles slightly reduces the average pore size of the membranes from 17 to 12–15 nm, which leads to a decrease in the membranes water permeance from 158 to 80.9–119.9 kg/m2 h bar. At the same time, the addition of particles led to hydrophilization of the surface—the water contact angle decreased from 65° to 48°–55°, which contributed to an increase in the flow of oil solutions in toluene by 2–3 times compared to the PAN membrane. At the same time, the addition of GO and IR-PAN-a contributed to a significant increase in the irreversible membrane fouling. On the other hand, the addition of nanodiamonds not only reduced the overall membrane fouling and increased the permeability of the separation mixture from 4.93 to 8.47 kg/m2 h bar, but also made it possible to recover more than 96% of the pure toluene flux. The membranes rejection with the addition of ND in the filtration of oil solutions in toluene 10 g/L was 85–89%.
Exploring the Production of Sodium Hydroxide via Bipolar Electrodialysis from Sodium Carbonate Solutions
Authors: Nosova E. N. , Musatova D. M. , Melnikov S. S. , Zabolotsky V. I.
Published: April 2024

This study explores the production of sodium hydroxide via bipolar electrodialysis using MB-3 membranes and a laboratory electrodialyzer-synthesizer with a three-chamber unit cell (five elementary cells, active area of each membrane 1 dm2). The research compares the use of sodium carbonate and sodium sulfate as initial solutions. The results show that sodium carbonate leads to a higher concentration of the resulting alkali under comparable process conditions. The alkali current efficiency is more than 70% when using sodium carbonate, while it drops sharply to 0.4–0.5 when using sodium sulfate. The energy consumption for transferring one kilogram of alkali ranges from 2.8–13.9 kWh/kg at operating current densities of 1–3 A/dm2.
Investigation of Low-Temperature Hydrogen Permeability of Surface Modified Pd–Cu Membranes
Authors: Petriev I. S. , Pushankina P. D. , Andreev G. А.
Published: April 2024

The Pd60%Cu40% membranes were modified with nanostructured coatings to intensify low-temperature (25–100°C) hydrogen transport. Classical palladium black and filamentous particles were applied as surface modifiers by electrodeposition. The experiment results confirmed significant reducing of surface limitations by modifying layer application on both surfaces of the developed membranes of the Pd60%Cu40% alloy. The study of the developed membranes in the low-temperature hydrogen transport processes demonstrated high and stable flux up to 0.36 mmol s–1 m–2, as well as high hydrogen permeability up to 1.33 × 10–9 mol s–1 m–2 Pa–0.5. In numerical terms, the values of the membranes of the Pd60%Cu40% alloy modified with nanofilaments were up to 1.3 and 3.9 times higher compared to membranes modified with classical black and uncoated ones, respectively. The developed Pd60%Cu40% membranes also demonstrated a high level of H2/N2 selectivity – up to 3552. The strategy of surface modification of palladium-based membranes can shed new light on the development and manufacturing of high-performance and selective membranes for ultrapure hydrogen evolution devices.
Perfluorosulfonic Acid Polymer Membranes: Microstructure and Basic Functional Properties
Authors: Safronova E. Yu. , Lysova A. A.
Published: April 2024

The development of modern technologies and the requirements that are imposed on the ecology of production require the producing of new polymeric ion-exchange membrane materials with a set of given properties. Such materials are used in systems of separation and purification of liquids and gases, chemical and electrochemical synthesis, in alternative energy. Membranes based on perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) polymers have a set of characteristics necessary for their practical application: good transport properties, strength, elasticity and chemical stability. In this review, the microstructure of PFSA membranes, its change upon sorption of water and solvents, the features of ion and gas transport, mechanical properties as well as the dependence of a number of parameters on the chain length and ionic form of the polymer are discussed.
Oil Deasphalting Using PAN Membranes with Small Pore Size
Authors: Yushkin A. A. , Balynin A. V. , Nebesskaya A. P. , Efimov M. N. , Muratov D. G. , Karpacheva G. P.
Published: April 2024

With the development of oil fields, the proportion of the highest molecular weight component, asphaltenes, increases in the composition of the extracted raw materials. The tendency of asphaltenes to aggregate causes a number of problems, which makes the problem of oil deasphalting relevant. In this work, studies were carried out on the separation of the asphaltene fraction from oil using PAN membranes. In order to reduce the pore size of membranes obtained by the phase inversion method, an additional component, acetone, was introduced into the spinning solution. The permeability of the resulting membranes for water is 37.6 ± 1.7 L/(m2 h atm), and for toluene, 25.3 ± 1.8 L/(m2 h atm), and the pore size is 4.6±0.5 nm. When filtering oil solutions diluted with toluene (1 g/L), the retention capacity of membranes for asphaltenes was 73 ± 4% and more than 95% if the oil content in the solution was more than 10 g/L. A study was made of the parameters of membrane clogging during the filtration of oil solutions in toluene. It is noted that when passing from toluene to oil solutions, the permeability of membranes decreases by 10 times. At the same time, the decrease in permeability is reversible, and when the oil solution was replaced with a pure solvent, the membrane restored up to 99% of its permeability.
Ecological study of alfalfa varieties of different geographical origin in the south of the Central Russian upland
Authors: Tormozin M. A , Cherniavskih V. I , Sajfutdinova L. D , Zyryantseva A. A
Published: April 2024

The research was conducted to study the fodder and seed productivity of alfalfa varieties, alfalfa sowing and yellow alfalfa of different geographical origin in the potential range of harmful viral phytoplasma infections («witch’s broom alfalfa») in the southern Middle Russian uplands and to identify the most productive and resistant varieties for further breeding. Seventeen alfalfa varieties were studied in seed and fodder use. We evaluated varieties and breeding patterns of the Middle Urals (Sarga, Victoria, 193-95 d, 20-89 N, Vela x Sarga), Moscow suburbs breeding (Nakhodka, Vega 87), breeding of the Central Black Earth region (Belgorod 86, Krasnoyaruzhskaya 1, Krasnoyaruzhskaya 2, Pavlovskaya 7), Canada (Dakota), Germany (Verko, Plato), France (Luzelle, Galaxy), Saratov region (Artemida). Under the conditions of the southern Srednerusskaya Upland, varieties and variety samples of the Ural breeding have the most stable seed yield - on average over 3 years of research at the level of 76,3...84,2 g/m2. In terms of total dry matter yield over a three-year period they are not inferior to domestic and imported varieties, the most widely distributed in the Central Black Earth Region (CCR), and allow for an average three-year yield of 516,8 ... 537,9 g/m2 dry matter. Among the varieties of hybrid alfalfa and sowing alfalfa, varieties of European selection are most susceptible to virus-phytoplasma infections (VPL) - the prevalence of VPL on average for three years is 12,1...16,3 %. In this group of varieties, varieties of heterohybrid cultivars and breeding samples of Ural alfalfa variegated varieties are least affected - the incidence of VPL averaged over three years is 3,3...4,5 %. The lowest incidence of VPL was found in the alfalfa yellow variety Pavlovskaya 7, with an average incidence of 1,6 % over three years. In order to increase alfalfa seed production and its resistance to VPL in the south of the Srednerusskaya Upland, the Ural varieties and selection samples Sarga, Victoria, 193-95 d, 20-89 H, Vela x Sarga and the yellow alfalfa variety Pavlovskaya 7 should be used in breeding work.
Corn yield and the content of mobile phosphorus in typical chernozem under different methods of basic tillagewith the use of chemicalization andbiologization means
Authors: Khusainov Kh. A , Gaplaev M. Sh , Tuntaev A. V , Elmurzaeva F. D
Published: April 2024

Studies have been carried out to study the effectiveness methods of basic tillage with the use of chemicalization and biologization means on the yield of corn and the content of mobile phosphorus in the arable (0-25 cm) layer of typical chernozem underlain by pebbles. Object of research: the soil of the experimental plot is a typical heavy loamy, medium-thick, low-humus chernozem, underlain by pebbles with an average content of humus (according to Tyurin) in the arable layer - 3.6%, mobile phosphorus and potassium (according to Machigin) - 15 and 300 mg/ kg respectively. The reaction of the soil environment (by the potentiometric method) is neutral (рНKCl= 7.1). Corn for grain (hybrid Pioneer 9678) was placed in a grain-row crop rotation with alternating crops: wintering peas - winter wheat - corn for grain - spring oats. In the scheme of the experiment, the following variants were studied: reception of the main tillage (factor A) - plowing to a depth of 25 ... 30 cm, disking to a depth of 10 ... 15 cm, chiselling to a depth of 30 ... 40 cm; fertilizers and a biological product according to the aftereffect of green manure (factor B) - without fertilizers and a biological product by aftereffect of green manure, fertilizer (diammophoska, ammonium nitrate) and a biological product (V417) by aftereffect of green manure (spring rape): N120P60K60 + green manure, V417 + green manure, N120P60K60 + V417 + green manure. On average, for two years, among the methods of the main tillage during disking, the highest yield of corn for grain was obtained - 4.75 t/ha with the content of mobile phosphorus in the arable soil layer - 21 mg/kg (63 kg/ha). According to the effect of chemicalization and biologization means for different soil tillages, the use of the biological product V417 by aftereffect of green manure (spring rapeseed) against the background of disking provided the highest average yield of corn for two years - 5.10 t/ha with a content of mobile phosphorus of 21 mg/kg (63 kg/ha). On average, over two years, the highest content of mobile phosphorus - 26 mg / kg (78 kg / ha) with its balance - 60 kg / ha, with an intensity of 236%, was facilitated by disking with the combined use of fertilizers and the biological product V417 according by aftereffect of green manure. At the same time, the parameters of the variants during plowing and chiselling were exceeded by 1.5 ... 2 times. In addition, an increase in the content of mobile phosphorus in the arable layer of soil from a low (11...15 mg/kg) to an average level (16...30 mg/kg) was achieved.
Factors determining the formation of potato yield under conditions of insufficient moisture
Authors: Bakunov A. L , Dmitrieva N. N , Rubtsov S. L , Milekhin A. V
Published: April 2024

The purpose of the research is to identify and recommend for production or practical breeding varieties and hybrid potato material of various genetic and geographical origin, combining high yield, field resistance to mosaic viruses and adaptability to stressful abiotic environmental factors, optimize and improve the efficiency of field evaluation of potato varieties. The research was carried out in 2019-2021 in the Bezenchuk district of the Samara region. 2019 was characterized by a spring drought, and in 2020 and 2021 there was a spring-summer drought. The hydrothermal coefficient was 0.45; 0.47 and 0.61, respectively. In conditions of high temperatures and insufficient moisture, 36 new and promising potato varieties of domestic selection were evaluated according to a complex of economically valuable characteristics. The standards were the varieties Arosa, Gala, Zhigulevsky and Udacha. The experimental material was planted in four repetitions. The number of plants in repetition is 50. The predecessor is spring wheat. The soil of the experimental site is terraced chernozem, ordinary, low-humus, medium-thick, heavy loamy. High yields were characterized by medium-early varieties Krasa Meschery, Debut and Sudarinya, which exceeded the Gala standard by 9.9 t/ha, 4.8 t/ha and 2.8 t/ha; medium-ripened Siversky and Alaska (8.6 and 5.0 t/ha higher than the Zhigulevsky standard, respectively), as well as early-maturing Terra variety (5.0 t/ha above the standard Udacha) The same varieties have high indicators of field virus resistance at the level of 7...9 points to the most harmful X and Y viruses in the conditions of the Middle Volga region. Three main components that have the most significant impact on the variability of the studied parameters are identified. It is shown that field virus resistance was the main limiting factor of yield for the studied set of varieties under conditions of elevated air temperatures and insufficient humidification. The share of the first component accounted for 34.6 % of the variation of signs. It includes, with maximum loads of -0.801, -0.640 and -0.604, respectively, the yield and resistance to potato viruses X, S, and M. The productivity of the studied set of potato varieties was to the greatest extent due to field resistance to viruses X, S, M and, to a lesser extent, to virus Y.
On the impact of modern climate change on the increase of grain yields in Russia
Authors: Savin I. Yu
Published: April 2024

In recent years, Russia has seen a steady increase in grain crop yields. A positive trend in meteorological conditions is often considered as the reason for this phenomenon, but there is almost no strong scientific evidence for it. The aim of investigation was to analyze changes in the potential (climatic) grain yields in the country for the period from 2000 to 2022. For this purpose, the simulation model of plant growth WOFOST was used, which allows assessing the impact of all meteorological parameters in a comprehensive manner. The assessment was carried out for a network of representative points (42 points) in different regions of the country for grain crops, taking into account daily meteorological parameters and soil type. Modeling was conducted at the level of potential yield, which takes into account the variation of meteorological parameters only, and it is believed that the limiting influence of other factors on the yield is absent. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the trends of potential yields have different direction in different regions of the country. The trend towards more favorable meteorological conditions for grain crops is observed for the North Caucasus, the lower Volga region, Western Siberia and the Far East, while in the Central and Central Black Earth districts, the upper Volga region, as well as in the south of Central Siberia in recent years there is a drop in the potential yields. The growth of grain yields in recent years agrees well with the trend of changes in agrometeorological conditions in most grain-producing regions of the country. Unidirectional trends in meteorological potential and statistical yields are absent only in the regions of central European Russia, where the role of the climatic factor in grain yield fluctuations is less significant, and where one can assume the effect of measures taken by the government of the country to support and develop agriculture.
Characteristics of morphologicaland economically valuable features of wild and cultivated soybean forms and varieties of the soybean Research Institute and their identification by microsatellite analysis
Authors: Lavrent'yeva S. I , Bondarenko O. N , Blinova A. A , Penzin A. A , Fokina E. M , Ivachenko L. E
Published: April 2024

The research was carried out in order to study morphological, economically valuable traits and molecular genetic polymorphism of alleles using microsatellite DNA of 9 varieties of cultivated and 5 forms of wild soybeans of the All-Russian Soybean Research Institute for Identification and certification of their genotypes. Unique DNA profiles of the studied soybean varieties and forms were obtained by PCR analysis using six microsatellite loci (Satt1, Satt2, Satt5, Satt9, Sourgr1 and Soyhsp176). 24 alleles were identified, the number of which per locus ranges from 2 to 10. For each locus, the value of information polymorphism (PIC) varied from 0.28 to 0.86, the average was 0.62, the effective number of alleles ranged from 1.38 to 6.92, the average was 3.30. It should be noted that the varieties of cultivated soybeans had differences between themselves from 1 to 4 loci. The dendrogram of the studied soybean genotypes, constructed by the method of unweighted pairwise-group analysis (UPGMA) in the POPGENE program VERSION 1.32, revealed two large clusters. Cluster I includes cultivated soybean varieties, cluster II includes wild soybean forms, which indicates their significant genetic differences. It is shown that the most contrasting morphological differences were revealed for Topaz and Dauria varieties, both by phenotype (coloration and intensity of pubescence, color, shape of seeds and hem), and by all economically valuable signs (vegetation period - 95 and 112 days; yield - 26.8 and 30.9 c/ha, plant height,- 64 and 81 cm;, the height of attachment of the lower bean - 13 and 16 cm, the weight of 1000 seeds - 174.7 and 185.4; protein content - 40.3 and 38.2 %; oil content - 19.2 and 19.8 %, respectively). For the first time, molecular genetic passports of 9 varieties of cultivated soybeans of the Soybean Research Institute for the certification of their genotypes have been compiled.
Association of coenzyme Q9 (COQ9) gene polymorphism with traits of reproductive qualities of holstein cows
Authors: Safina N. Yu , Fattakhova Z. F , Gaynutdinova E. R , Shakirov Sh. K
Published: April 2024

The paper presents the results in 2019-2022 of studying the associations of polymorphism of the coenzyme Q9 (COQ9) gene, which a ects the energy and metabolic processes in the body, with traits of the reproductive qualities of Holstein heifers. The experimental population was selected from animal analogues (251 heads).DNA testing of allelic polymorphism G → A (guanine → adenine) of the COQ9 gene, which results in changes in oxidative phosphorylation, that a ects the respiratory function of mitochondria, was carried out by PCR-RFLP. Two alleles (A - 0.604; G - 0.396) and three genotypes (AA - 36.6 %; AG - 48.2 %; GG - 15.5 %) have been identi ed, in the COQ9 - BstMB I gene locus, that indicates genetic biodiversity populations. The chi-square takes on a value well below the critical value (0.05). The population is in genetic equilibrium according to the Hardy- Weinberg law. The traits of the reproductive ability of cows (251 animals) of di erent genetic groups of the COQ9 gene have been studied. An analysis of the relationship between fertility rates and genotypes of the COQ9 gene showed that individuals with the COQ9AA genotype were characterized by increased live weight during insemination and at calving. Animals with the COQ9AG genotype were characterized by a later age of the rst fruitful insemination, while the number of sperm doses spent on them was minimal. The same group of heifers had the shortest calving interval, open day and service period and, as a result, a greater yield of live calves, a high fertility index of Dohi and a reproductive ability coe cient. The data presented in our research prove the in uence of genetic factors on the reproductive qualities of cattle, which makes it possible to develop systems for managing the productivity of farm animals based on the use of molecular genetics methods
Control of sowing seeds of row crops with electrified seeders
Authors: Zavrazhnov A. I , Balashov A. V , Zavrazhnov A. A , Pustovarov N. Yu.
Published: April 2024

The research was conducted to determine the qualitative and energy performance indicators of a precision seeder with electric drives for working tools, equipped with a seed distribution control system that allows remote control of the seeding unit. The experiments used seeders MC-8 with drive through a gearbox from a 180W DC motor FL57BLS04 and seeders ТС-М-4150А with a seed distribution apparatus produced by «MaterMass» and driven through a gearbox and chain drives from a 220W brushless motor FL86BLS. The pulse power supply SDR-960-48 was used to power the seed distribution apparatus motors. The quality of operation of the seed distribution apparatus when using seeds of various row crops was determined by the method of recording the time intervals between seed ejections from the distribution disk using a seed sensor installed in the furrow opener. When changing the rotation speed of the seeder's distribution disk from 20 to 60 rpm, the coe cient of variation of seed ejections varied from 0.15 to 0.35, and the power consumption ranged from 30 to 110W. The power consumption for the fan drive did not exceed 2.5 kW, and the total power consumption of the electric motors for driving all the seed distribution apparatuses and the fan was 4.0 kW. For the ТС-М-4150А seeder, the power consumption for driving the seed distribution apparatuses is slightly higher and amounts to at least 3.0 kW in operating modes. A control and management system for seeding with a domestic electri ed seeder based on the Arduino Uno board was proposed. Its program includes two subprograms that take into account the speed of movement of the seeding unit, based on which the rotation speed of the distribution disk and the number of skips and duplicates are determined. The use of electri ed drives and seed distribution control systems in precision seeders allows for stepless adjustment of the seed sowing rate and control of the sowing process from the tractor cabin.
Modeling the effectiveness of bacillus subtilis strains depending on natural and climatic factors in the soft wheat cultivation
Authors: Kolesnikov L. E , Novikova I. I , Pavlyushin V. A , Zuev E. V , Kolesnikova Yu. R
Published: April 2024

The studies were carried out in 2017-2022 in order to identify natural and climatic factors that can influence the effectiveness of B. subtilis strains in relation to morphometric indicators and soft wheat productivity, the diseases development. The responsiveness of Leningradka 6, k-64900 spring wheat to the microbiological preparation Vitaplan, SP (titer of viable cells ×1011 CFU/g) and cultural liquid (CL) of the B. subtilis VKM B-2604D and B. subtilis VKM B-2605D (at a ratio of 1:1 with the titer of viable cells ×1010 CFU/ml). In the field conditions of the North- West of the Russian Federation, wheat seeds were treated before sowing and plants were sprayed three times during the growing season. The effectiveness of bacterial strains in relation to productivity and especially dangerous wheat diseases depended more on the indicators of moisture availability of the growing season. This was confirmed by the results of multidimensional scaling, correlation, factor analysis of indicators. In the variant «Vitaplan, SP» in F1, high positive factor loads were revealed for the precipitation amount in June, July, August, HTC in July, relative humidity in June (0.73…0.93), plant phase, plant height, area of ag and pre-flag leaves, vegetative part weight (0.71…0.80), and when using CL «B. subtilis VKM V-2604D + B. subtilis VKM B-2605D» - for the precipitation amount in June, August, HTC in July and August (0.71…0.88), productive bushiness, root weight, spike length, spikelets number per spike, grains number, spike grain weight, biological, potential yield (0.71…0.85). The B. subtilis strains application allowed to increase biological and potential yields by 32.5± 7.2 % and 24.3±7.0 %, and to reduce the intensity of diseases development (root rot - by 11.7 ± 1.6 %; powdery mildew, brown and yellow rust - by 7.6 ± 0.7 %), however, the effectiveness of bacterial strains significantly depended on the climatic factors of wheat growing season.
The contribution of factors to the formation of pollution of grain-grass-rowed crops in the north-west of the Russian Federation
Authors: Shpanev A. M , Smuk V. V
Published: April 2024

The study was carried out to evaluate the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on the formation of weed infestation of fields in the crop rotation including cereals, row crops and grasses to understand the possibilities to manage the species composition and population of weed plants in the North- West of the Russian Federation. The experiments were performed in 2012-2018 in the Leningrad region during the fifth rotation with the following crops: narrow-leaved lupin, winter rye, spring barley with sowing of perennial grasses (red clover and timothy-grass), perennial grasses of 1 and 2 years, potato, spring rape. Weed infestation of fields in the crop rotation was depended more on biological features of cultivated cultures (species abundance 76,1 %, initial density 29,6 %, phytomass after harvest 21,0 %) than on individual parameters of weed infestation (3,5, 8,3, 17,7 %). The weather conditions were of decisive importance in weed initial formation (49,7 %), and, to a lesser degree, for such parameters as species abundance (30,7 %) and aboveground biomass of weeds (20,6 %). Weather conditions influenced the effects associated with the use of mineral fertilizers (interaction 4,0…11,9 %) and integrated plant protection system (interaction 2,9…12,0 %). Among the studied factors of crop production intensification application of herbicides in the variant with integrated plant protection system most affected the species abundance (26 %) and final phytomass of weed plants (26,2 %), whereas long term application of mineral fertilizers affected the initial weed infestation of agrocenoses (10,2 %), that was statistically sufficient in every year of the research (23,0…67,8 %). The combined effect of mineral fertilizers and herbicides most influenced the formation of the aboveground mass of weeds (interaction 0,9…5,0 %), especially in years with excessive humidity.
The effect of holstein on the productive longevity of cows’ black-and- white breed in the conditions of the Smolensk region
Authors: Tatueva O. V. , Koltsov D. N.
Published: April 2024

The aspects of productive longevity of crossbreeds of Black-and- White cows with Holstein were study in the amount of 9270 heads that completed the cycle of production use, and for various reasons culling of the herds in the period 1990-2020. The research was carried out using the method of groupings based on pedigree farms of the Smolensk region. Phenotypic correlations between the studied economic traits are calculated. As a result of crossing with the Holstein breed, there was an active taking of the Black-and- White breed by it through breeding bulls to 90,0 % and higher a blood relationship in the conditions of the Smolensk region. A regularity has been revealed - the higher the blood relationship to the Holstein breed, the lower the lifetime of cows. The difference in lifetime of cows with blood relationship by the Holstein breed from 17,6 % to 87,1 % was 4,36 lactation. The duration of productive life of cows come to 12-13 lactation, 50,9 % of animals culling between 2 and 4 lactations. With age, the ratio of milk and dry days changes in animals, and the longer the period of use, the greater the number of milk days on average for each year of a cow’s life. The main part of the animals’ lactates within the ratio of milking days to days of life from 50,1 to 75,0 %. The level of lifetime milk yield in cows is mainly presented in gradations from 10 thousand kg to 30 thousand. kg (56,7 % of the studied cattle number). As an detector of productive longevity of cows, it is important to use the milk yield indicator for one day of life, due to the high positive relationships (r=0,44-0,90) with age and economic traits. The inventory of the Black-and- White breed in the conditions of the Smolensk region showed the indicate of its replacement with the Holstein, and further breeding of these animals will be purebred with the participation of only the Holstein breed.
Different in cytoskeleton reorganization in tobacco root cells in the original samsun variety and a transgenic line with FeSOD1 overexpression under salinity
Authors: Baranova E. N , Chaban I. A , Lazareva E. M , Kononenko N. V , Bogoutdinova L. R , Kurenina L. V , Gulevich A. A , Kharchenko P. N , Smirnova E. A
Published: April 2024

The aim of the study was to study the state and reaction of cytoskeletal elements - microtubules and actin laments, in root cells of Samsun tobacco plants and its transgenic line expressing the FeSOD1 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana with the pea rbcS leader sequence for the localization of the gene product in chloroplasts encoding Fe-dependent superoxide dismutase, constitutively inducing intracellular oxidative stress, by increasing the H2O2 pool for a long-term e ect of moderate concentrations of NaCl and Na2SO4. The main hypothesis was to identify the positive protective e ect of controlled constant oxidative stress on the stability of the most sensitive system that provides growth by division and growth by extension - the tubulin cytoskeleton and e ective intracellular transport and structural stability - the actin lament system. Localization of the microtubule cytoskeleton and actin laments using antibodies to tubulin clone DM1α and actin clone 10-B3 by transmission electron microscopy and immunocytologically, detected by treatment with the second antibodies conjugated with Alexa-488, made it possible to establish signs of reorganization and disassembly of the actin lament network under the action of NaCl and Na2SO4 as in control and in transgenic plants. At the same time, in transgenic plants, di erences can be noted even without exposure, which indicates the e ectiveness of this method for stimulating a protective response. These data suggest that the state of the system of the tubulin cytoskeleton and actin laments may be an indicator of the resistance of FeSOD1 transgenic plants to salinity. A relationship has also been established between the reorganization of the cytoskeleton and vacuolization, especially with Na2SO4.
On the issue of adaptive landscape development of useless lands based on the results of barley yield forecasting
Authors: Ivanov D. A , Rublyuk M. V , Kharkhardinov N. A
Published: April 2024

The research aimed to assess the suitability of useless lands of a particular farm for growing barley in pure and cover crops based on the analysis of data from long-term monitoring of its yield at an agro-ecological test site. The work used data from long-term (1997-2012) monitoring of the yield of barley variety Gonor in pure and cover (allowing for additional production) crops at the Gubino agricultural site of All- Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands. The agricultural site is located 4 km east of the city of Tver, on a hill with a relative height of 15 m, consisting of a flat top, a northern gentle slope with a steepness of 2-3о, a southern slope (3-5 о) and interhill depressions (northern and southern). Using statistical and mathematical modelling, patterns of barley yield formation were identified. Based on the obtained formulas and archival data on the state of useless lands, forecast crop yield surfaces were calculated for the entire territory of the farm. Barley in pure crops responds only to the height of the location, while in cover crops its yield depends on the height and steepness of the surface, as well as the phosphorus content of the soil. A quarter of the farm's area (the upper parts of the hills in the west and south) is potentially capable of providing barley yields in pure crops from 1.4 to 3.3 t/ha, and an increased yield of this crop in cover crops (1.1-3.4 t/ha) can be obtained only on 20 % of the territory occupying the transition zones between moraine and valley landscapes. Using only archival data is not always justified - different approaches to the design of farming systems must complement each other, and to clarify the yield forecast, it is necessary to conduct special landscape and soil studies.
Simulation of the modes of appearance of "salt frame" during drip irrigation
Authors: Dubenok N. N , Novikov A. E , Alekseev V. V , Vasiliev S. A , Filippov V. P , Mikheev P. A
Published: April 2024

The process of fertigation, which consists in providing plants with minerals contained in irrigation water, is widespread, despite a number of negative effects. The overwhelming majority of studies are aimed at studying the spatial distribution of salts during irrigation, in the interirrigation periods and at the end of the irrigation season, the processes of migration and salt concentration in the soil with a decrease in moisture (drying) are practically not considered. The purpose of this work is to simulate the modes of drying of light and dark gray forest soils of the Chuvash Republic (Russia) after fertigation. The studies were carried out in the period from 2020 to 2023. Since the state of the soil before the start of drip irrigation significantly affects the drying process, the paper considers situations that allow it to be influenced in terms of reducing negative effects. Modeling the movement of soil moisture both during and after the end of drip irrigation makes it possible to identify both cases in which the formation of a salt «border» does not occur or the effect is least pronounced, and those in which the formation of areas with a high salt concentration takes place with high intensity. The identification of such regimes allows, taking into account the characteristics of the initial distribution of moisture, to carry out preliminary preparation of the soil for fertigation. The paper shows that during drying, salts can mainly concentrate in areas with a sharp moisture gradient, that is, at the boundaries between dry and moist soil. This is due to the fact that soil moisture, due to the resulting pressure drop, enters an area with an already increased salt concentration. The developed model makes it possible to analyze the effect of salt fringe formation according to given initial and boundary conditions in the form of moisture gradients, porosity, specific soil surface, irrigation intensity and duration, and salt concentration.
Photosynthetic activity - as a factor in the formation of yield and quality of the new grain fodder oat variety Irtysh 33
Authors: Yusova O. A. , Nikolaev P. N. , Vasyukevich V. S.
Published: April 2024

The purpose of the research is to assess the influence of photosynthetic activity of the new promising oat variety Irtysh 33 on the formation of its yield and quality of green mass. The experiments were performed in 2017-2022. The soil of the experimental plots is ordinary leached chernozem with a humus content of 5.7…7.5 %. The experiment was carried out in 4 repetitions. The seeding rate is 4 million viable seeds/ha. The area of the plots is 10 m2. The object of research is a new promising oat variety Irtysh 33, the standard variety is Orion. Optimal moisture supply was observed in 2019 (hydrothermal coefficient = 1.10), excess moisture in 2018 (hydrothermal coefficient = 1.39), and dry conditions in 2017, 2020-2022. (hydrothermal coefficient = 0.58-0.77). On average, over the period of research, the variety Irtysh 33 was characterized by a more developed leaf apparatus (35.5 and 24.9 % higher than the standard for leaf surface area in the sweeping and flowering phases, respectively). The new variety was characterized by an increased mass fraction of dry biomass, exceeding the Orion standard by 14.6 % in the heading phase and by 10.2 % in the flowering phase. The Irtysh 33 variety provided photosynthetic potential 30 % higher than the standard. The new variety generated forage yields that were 7.3 and 3.2 t/ha higher than the standard in the heading and flowering phases, respectively. An increased quality of forage mass of the Irtysh 33 variety in the heading phase was also noted - higher than the standard for the mass fraction of protein by 0.4 %, for protein collection by 1.07 t/ha and 0.7 % lower than the standard for the mass fraction of fiber. Indicators of photosynthetic activity had a direct impact on the formation of the yield and quality of green mass of the Irtysh 33 variety, depending on the development phase. From spawning to flowering, the role of accumulation of dry biomass on the formation of the mass fraction of fiber (from r=0.515±0.02 to r=0.684±0.103, respectively) and yield (from r=0.479±0.008 to r=0.602±0.015) increased, as well as the role of net productivity of photosynthesis (for the accumulation of dry biomass from r=0.115±0.004 to r=0.419±0.017; for yield from r=0.460±0.020 to r=0.601±0.051). The average direct degree of conjugation of the assimilation surface of the leaf with the mass fraction of protein, noted in the sweeping phase (r=0.640±0.19), in the next phase changed to the average reverse (r= -0.508±0.021).
Methodology of operational monitoring of crop status based on the internet of things technologies
Authors: Savin I. Yu. , Blokhin Yu. I. , Chinilin A. V.
Published: April 2024

Digital technologies are being actively introduced into Russian agriculture at different levels of information analysis (from the plot to the field, farm, region and country as a whole). In crop production at the field level, one of the most important values is the introduction of systems for accurate, rapid and automated monitoring of crop condition, the success of which largely predetermines the effectiveness of precision farming systems. The aim of the research is to develop a methodology for using Internet of Things technologies for non-contact monitoring of crops and related meteorological and soil-hydrological parameters. A wireless network is used as the basis for monitoring, which includes sensor nodes equipped with sensors for meteorological parameters, soil moisture and cameras equipped with a fish-eye lens. Sensor nodes equipped with sensors and cameras are placed in the field according to a specially designed scheme, individualized for each field. Development of the scheme of sensor placement on the field is based on the analysis of long-term archives of satellite data of high spatial resolution and refined soil maps of large scale. Information from sensors is wirelessly transmitted to the network coordinator (or base station) and then to the remote server in the database, and there it is automatically analyzed and interpolated for the whole field. Based on the analysis, recommendations for correction of agrotechnology of crop cultivation are formed. Elements of the methodology were tested on a number of test fields and showed high efficiency. Implementation of the proposed approaches can serve as an alternative to the use of remote sensing data for crop monitoring in offline precision farming systems.
Carrying out an index assessment of the live weight of cattle of the kazakh white-headed and hereford breed
Authors: Bissembayev A. T. , Amerkhanov Kh. A , Yuldashbayev Yu. A. , Kasenov J. M. , Zhali S. T. , Chindaliev A. E. , Baimukanov D. A. , Demin V. A.
Published: April 2024

The research was carried out to study the dynamics of the live weight of young cattle of the Kazakh white--headed and Hereford breeds (at birth, at weaning, at 12 months, adjusted for 210 and 365 days). An index assessment of live weight (at birth, weaning and at 12 months) was carried out for the formation of a breeding herd in basic farms. The index evaluation of the genetic breeding value by breeding characteristics was carried out using the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) method. The method of calculating the index score by statistical method with the construction of a genetic model of the animal has been worked out and the predicted indices of breeding value for 3 productive indicators have been calculated: live weight at birth, at weaning, at 12 months of age. In total, 9,503 farms for breeding Kazakh white--headed cattle and 2,766 farms for breeding Hereford cattle were analyzed. The accuracy of the evaluation of the breeding value index by the BLUP AM method is in cattle of the Kazakh white-headed breed: at birth 0.509-0.557 in bulls and 0.534-0.573 in heifers; at weaning 0.274-0.319 in bulls, 0.354-0.368 heifers; at 12 months 0.336-0.418 and 0.388-0.415, respectively. The accuracy of the evaluation of the breeding value index by the BLUP AM method is in Hereford cattle: at birth 0.531-0.810 in bulls and 0.511-0.565 in heifers; at weaning 0.330-0.608 in bulls, 0.257-0.366 heifers; at 12 months 0.386-0.498 and 0.342-0.414, respectively. The index estimation by the BLUP AM method makes it possible to increase the accuracy of the estimation of cattle of the Kazakh white--headed and Hereford breeds by live weight at birth, at weaning and one-year-old age.
Modernization of the US immigration system as an important condition for maintaining global technological leadership
Authors: Nikolskaya Galina K.
Published: April 2024

The article focuses upon the problem of a comprehensive reform of the US immigration system. The reform was supposed to increase the effectiveness of immigration policy, make it able to respond the needs of the economy. The author notes the extreme politicization of the problem of immigration. Acute inter-party contradictions made it impossible to carry out a comprehensive immigration reform, the need for which was recognized at the beginning of this century. Many developed countries successfully compete with the United States, attracting thousands of foreign specialists to their countries.
Will the US lead the energy transition? decarbonization policy of American oil companies
Authors: Poussenkova Nina N. , Svetenko Mikhail A.
Published: April 2024

The article assesses the chances of the US that recently recovered its former status of a major energy power to become the leader of the energy transition from fossil fuels to the renewable sources of energy. The authors study the key drivers of the oil and gas sector decarbonization within the framework of the fourth energy transition, such as government policy, greening of financial institutions, etc. The article analyzes decarbonization strategies and goals of the main players in the American and European oil and gas markets. The key objectives of the decarbonization process in the US are determined proceeding from the assumption that the country makes a bet on the long-term future of the global oil and gas sector and simultaneously intends to achieve net zero goals by 2050. The authors study methods (such as carbon capture, utilization and storage, direct air capture, broader use of hydrogen, reduction of gas flaring, etc.) and compare results of decarbonization carried out by the US (ExxonMobil, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Occidental Petroleum) and European (Shell, Total, BP, Equinor) majors, as well as two key oil and gas companies in the Middle East: Saudi Aramco and ADNOC. The conclusion is made that currently the US oil and gas companies lag behind their European competitors in the energy transition sphere, and at the same time the main Middle Eastern players that employ similar approaches to reducing their carbon footprint are gradually catching up with them.
North american integration as a resource for strengthening U.S. leadership
Authors: Komkova Elena G.
Published: April 2024

He NAFTA Agreement, which served as a personification of North American economic integration for a quarter of a century, was created by the United States in the early 1990s as a response to the successes of the European Community. The US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), which replaced NAFTA under the Trump administration, is aimed at solving another task - to counter China's economic expansion in North America and, more broadly, in the Western Hemisphere.
Ideological struggle in Russian-American relations
Authors: Batyuk Vladimir I.
Published: April 2024

Contrary to the hopes for the progressive and constructive development of Russian-American relations after the collapse of the bipolar world and the end of the ideological confrontation between Marxism-Leninism and liberal capitalism, the United States and the Russian Federation are currently in a state of a new "cold war". Although both the United States and the Russian Federation are currently capitalist states, there is an irreconcilable ideological struggle between them, where Russian bourgeois nationalism collides with American liberal globalism. A new detente in Russian-American relations is possible only after reducing the intensity of this ideological confrontation.