bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MENSAGEM DOS EDITORES
Authors: Pérez Carlos Ariel Samudio , Kripka Moacir
Published: May 2019

MENSAGEM DOS EDITORES:

 

Como é do conhecimento de nossos leitores, a Revista de Ciências Exatas Aplicadas e Tecnológicas da Universidade de Passo Fundo (CIATEC-UPF) visa, principalmente, propiciar um espaço para divulgação da produção técnico-científica nas áreas afins do conhecimento das ciências exatas e engenharias como forma de promover o desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico regional. Assim, como principais responsáveis pela edição da revista, é com imensa satisfação que apresentamos nossa primeira edição especial, resultado de uma parceria entre a Revista e Centro Tecnológico de Pedras, Gemas e Joias do Rio Grande do Sul, CT-Pedras.

Os trabalhos reunidos na presente edição da CIATEC foram elaborados para a oitava edição da já tradicional Mostra de Pesquisas, Produtos e Tecnologias Aplicadas ao Arranjo Produtivo de Gemas e Joias do Rio Grande do Sul. A Mostra ocorre junto à Feira Internacional de Pedras Preciosas (EXPOSOL 2019), reconhecida como a maior feira de joias e pedras preciosas da América Latina, e que ocorre no município de Soledade, RS. Neste sentido, agradecemos aos organizadores da Mostra pela cuidadosa seleção e organização dos trabalhos, bem como pela oportunidade de colaborar na divulgação da produção científica originada a partir do esforço das instituições parceiras do CT-Pedras. Esperamos que essa seja apenas a primeira iniciativa conjunta entre a CIATEC e o CT-Pedras.

Em razão da presente edição especial, a CIATEC contará com três números no ano de 2019, ao invés dos dois números habituais. Com isso poderemos, além da divulgação dos trabalhos desenvolvidos no âmbito do CT-Pedras, apresentar a nossos leitores estudos e pesquisas de qualidade vinculados também a outras áreas relacionadas às ciências exatas e engenharias.  Desejamos uma boa leitura a todos!

 

Passo Fundo, abril de 2019

Carlos Ariel Samudio Pérez

Moacir Kripka

Editores
Literatura, narrativas e migrações. Reflexões e perspectivas
Authors: Neumann Gerson Roberto
Published: May 2019

As narrativas de viajantes são hoje fonte de pesquisa para estudiosos de diversas áreas. Os movimentos migratórios atuais, com o acelerado deslocamento de pessoas e de transmissão de informações faz com que mais narrativas surjam mais rapidamente. Com as migrações, e por consequência os deslocamentos de grupos de um local para outro, formam-se novas constelações, novas áreas que extrapolam fronteiras (geográficas, linguísticas, étnicas, etc.). Acompanhando esse processo, pretende-se tratar da narrativa de viajantes de modo geral e, em seguida, especificamente no contexto brasileira, finalizando com reflexões e perspectivas sobre essa importante forma de relatar.
Los inmigrantes alemanes de la Argentina y sus escritos
Authors: Garnica de Bertona Claudia Beatriz
Published: May 2019

A imigração de falantes de alemão para a Argentina é uma questão que só neste século começou a ser estudada de forma panorâmica e sistemática e não apenas através de casos isolados. O meu trabalho formula hipóteses sobre esta questão ao mesmo tempo que se refere à investigação dos diferentes tipos de discursos dos imigrantes. Sua relação com a literatura nacional argentina é outro dos temas de minha obra, já que até agora permanecem fora do cânone, como um subsistema pouco visível e sem presença no sistema literário argentino.
“O rebaixamento moral”: moda, corpo e família (Belém-PA, 1915-1920)
Authors: Dias Campos Ipojucan
Published: May 2019

Este artigo interpretou o quanto a moda e o corpo feminino produziram instabilidades às famílias belenenses do início do século XX. Tecidos finos, roupas mais maleáveis e curtas, somados à nudez dos braços, costas, bustos, tornozelos, pernas, além da visibilidade das curvas do corpo, foram sobejamente publicizadas na imprensa e, igualmente, apresentadas como razões, por maridos, para reforçar ações de desquite. Estas mutações ocorreram porque mulheres por meio de críticas veladas e outras nem tanto, determinaram desnecessário grande volume de tecido à confecção das suas vestimentas, por isso, decidiram acelerar a subtração do compreendido excessivo. Nesta escala, o presente estudo problematiza que o poder do homem sobre o corpo feminino, no seio do casamento, possuía limites e que as núpcias somente tinham alguma viabilidade de sobrevivência por meio de sistemáticas negociações.
Concepções dos alunos sobre os tensionamentos étnico-raciais na escola e na sociedade
Authors: Wanderer Fernanda , Nunes Mônica
Published: May 2019

O artigo apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa desenvolvida com o propósito de examinar enunciações de alunos dos Anos Finais do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública de Estrela (RS), um município de colonização alemã, sobre os marcadores étnico-raciais que operam na escola e na sociedade. Os aportes teóricos que sustentam o estudo advém de discussões contemporâneas sobre raça e etnia, como os trabalhos de Meyer (2011), Silva (2017, 2005) e Gomes (2003). O material de pesquisa escrutinado é composto por observações de aulas e registros de atividades pedagógicas postas em ação em uma turma do 8o Ano do Ensino Fundamental. A análise mostrou a existência de práticas discriminatórias na cidade onde vivem os discentes, em especial, em relação aos negros. Por outro lado, os estudantes afirmam que tais práticas não se fazem presentes na escola. Além disso, os alunos negros não se identificam com sua negritude, autodenominando-se de “morenos” ou “meio morenos”, mostrando que o pertencimento étnico-racial se constitui em um processo envolto em tensões que frequentemente geram negação ou rejeição ao sentimento de pertença a um determinado grupo.
Media literacy, coding e cittadinanza digitale: apprendere e costruire con le tecnologie
Authors: Pireddu Mario
Published: May 2019

Il complesso rapporto tra educazione e tecnologia digitale può essere compreso se è chiaro il ruolo delletecnologie nell’ecosistema di rete che abitiamo. Le tecnologie non sono strumenti o aiuti esterni al corpo umano, ma agenti di trasformazione delle nostre strutture mentali e corporee. Il concetto di fluidità computazionale aiuta a superare i limiti delle teorie relative al pensiero computazionale: il coding può essere visto a tutti gli effetti come una forma di espressione e di padronanza di un linguaggio, secondo un approccio incentrato sulla progettazione, il pensiero critico e la creatività. Lo scopo delle attività di coding non è imparare abilità e concetti base dell’informatica, ma l’espressione di se stessi attraverso ambienti di sviluppo creativo. Padroneggiare il coding aiuta a sviluppare il proprio pensiero, a sviluppare la propria espressività e a sviluppare la propria identità. La fluidità computazionale ha a che fare non solo con la comprensione dei concetti computazionali e delle strategie di risoluzione dei problemi, ma anche con la capacità di saper creare e sapere come esprimersi con le tecnologie digitali per contribuire attivamente alla società verso una piena cittadinanza digitale.
Effectiveness of over-the-counter tooth-whitening strips and toothbrushing for stain removal
Authors: Silami Francisca Daniele Jardilino , Simionato Anselmo Agostinho , Tonani-Torrieri Rafaella , Alandia-Román Carla Cecilia , Pires-de-Souza Fernanda De Carvalho Panzeri
Published: May 2019

The present study compared the effectiveness of brushing and over-the-counter tooth-whitening strips on stain removal. Forty bovine teeth were used. Initial color readings were taken, and half of the samples were stained with grape juice for 7 days. The others teeth were used as the control. Both stained and control teeth were randomly separated into 2 groups (n=10) according to the treatment they underwent: whitening strips 2 times/day for 30 minutes for 7 days and mechanical brushing for 1 year using toothpaste. After treatments, new color readings were taken and results of color stability (ΔE) and changes in coordinates (ΔL, Δa, Δb) were statistically analyzed (2-way ANOVA, Bonferroni p<.05). Statistical differences were found in ΔE, and all coordinates (p<.05) between control and stained groups, with major changes in the stained group for both treatments. The control group showed greater alteration in Δb, being higher (p<.05) for bleached teeth, decreasing in yellowness. For stained teeth, Δa showed the greatest change, decreasing in redness, being higher (p<.05) for bleached teeth. Both treatments were effective for removing stains, and tooth whitening proved to be a more efficient method for removing stains from teeth that had not been subjected to the previous staining.
The Advertising Spending Trends: Mobile Vs Traditional Media-- An Empirical Study
Authors: Chao Chiang-nan , Ping Yanni , Wang Yingchun
Published: May 2019

Mobile commerce has become a driving force in retail industry in the past 20 years. Since Apple introduced its firstgeneration of iPhone in 2007, smartphone has penetrated about 70% of US population. Consequently, mobilecommerce has emerged from a supplementary to electronic commerce and has become a powerhouse in retailbusinesses. The American adults spend more time on their smartphones, and do even more commerce on theirsmartphone than on their personal computers. In next few years, US mobile commerce will be a half of the totalecommerce. Marketers have spent more advertising dollars on smartphones, as they can better target smartphoneusers through programmatic advertising, particularly when they find the phone users are interested in particularproducts they browse. This study compares the advertising effectiveness on smartphone users through an empiricalsurvey. The results suggest that smartphone advertising is an effective way to reach and influence the users. Mobileadvertising will continue to work hand-in-hand with traditional media advertising. A strategic shift with more focuson mobile advertising will be more effective.
Mobile Phone Administration of Hip-Specific Patient-Reported Outcome Instruments Correlates Highly With In-office Administration
Authors: Scott Elizabeth J. , Anthony Christopher A. , Rooney Patrick , Lynch T. Sean , Willey Michael C. , Westermann Robert W.
Published: May 2019

Introduction:

Patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments typically are delivered via paper or computer; we validated administration of hip-specific instruments over a mobile phone software communication platform outside a clinical encounter.

Methods:

Consecutive patients (n = 69) presenting to a hip preservation clinic completed the Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Short Form physical function and pain subscales (HOOS-PS and HOOS-PAIN) using standard collection techniques. The subsequent day, patients completed these instruments via a text messaging software program. Text reminders were sent to encourage completion of unanswered questions. Correlation between in-office and mobile phone delivery of PROs was assessed.

Results:

The intraclass correlation coefficient between in-clinic and mobile phone delivery of HOOS-PS and HOOS-PAIN was 0.72 (95% confidence interval, 0.58 to 0.81) and 0.80 (95% confidence interval, 0.69 to 0.87), respectively. Completion rate of 93% (64 of the 69) was observed using mobile phone and software messaging. Nine patients completed their PRO after being sent a text message reminder. Fifty-one percent of patients completed all PRO questions within 5 minutes; 26% took between 5 and 10 minutes, and 16% took 10 to 30 minutes for completion.

Discussion:

HOOS-PS and HOOS-PAIN PRO instruments administered via text messaging with automated reminders demonstrate good to excellent reproducibility, no minimal detectable change between communication methods, and a high completion rate in adolescents and young adults with hip pain. Mobile phone delivery via automated software may be a valid method for administration of other PROs, allowing for communication with patients anytime and anywhere.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, case series
Wielki sztandar narodowy
Authors: Zańko Piotr
Published: May 2019

The author of this essay puts forward the thesis that civic patriotism should be associated with action for the benefit of the community – regardless of nationality, race, class origin, political convictions or sexual orientation of its citizens – rather than with top-down celebrations of subsequent historical anniversaries. At the same time, the author argues that educational narratives about patriotism cannot escape political discourse. Education, like culture, cannot exist as an enclave, a neutral space beyond the power relations. Such thinking requires – according to the author – a change in the pedagogical perspective into a performative one and a change in the way of writing about culture and education going beyond the positivist and post-positivist framework. The author refers to the reflection of Norman K. Denzin and Yvonne S. Lincoln, and asserts that there is a need for educators who are close to the figure of a political bricoleur realising that there is no science free of value and at the same time seeking civic social science, whose basis is the “policy of hope”.
Rozwój koedukacyjnego średniego szkolnictwa ogólnokształcącego w okresie II Rzeczypospolitej
Authors: Dormus Katarzyna
Published: May 2019

During the late 19th century and early 20th century, co-education on a secondary school level was still a source of controversy, resulting in a public discussion. The first co-educational secondary schools in the Polish territories were established over the course of the First World War. During that time, in light of a realistic chance for Poland to regain independence, the teaching community undertook discussions regarding the shape of education in independent Poland. Still, many people still viewed co-education with a degree of doubt. In the interwar period, however, the number of public and private co-educational secondary schools increased. They were located primarily in smaller cities. Additionally, men usually represented the majority of students. This dynamic was a result of allowing women to attend institutions that had originally functioned as all-male schools, thus creating a coeducational schooling system. The level of education in these institutions was generally low.
„Nie łzawe wspomnienia dawnych bojów, ale realna nauka z przeszłości”. O świętowaniu rocznicy niepodległości w szkołach II Rzeczypospolitej refleksji kilka
Authors: Buczek Katarzyna
Published: May 2019

The article discusses the question of celebrations of Poland’s Independence Day – November 11th. The tradition of celebrating state holidays in Polish schools dates back to the era of the National Education Commission, which in 1783 ordered official celebrations of the centenary of king John III’s victory over the Turks at Vienna. After 123 years of foreign subjugation, which broke the connection between the citizens and the state, Poland returned to the tradition of celebrating state holidays in schools. Several brochures with proposed event scripts, poems, and small plays were published in order to ensure the celebrations would be given an appropriate flair. “Płomyk”, a magazine for slightly older children, was also involved in the preparation for independence anniversary celebrations. The issue of celebrating state holidays in schools was also considered within teaching theory: on the one hand, they were considered very valuable educationally – particularly for instilling patriotic and civil virtues, on the other, it was remarked that the students were bored with the ceremonies.
Wychowanie młodzieży w krakowskich szkołach zawodowych w duchu patriotycznym i obywatelskim (1918–1939)
Authors: Ślęczka Ryszard
Published: May 2019

Vocational education was one of the most important stages of the educational system in those days, as it is today. In the interwar period vocational education took on a special significance, because with its help efforts were made to pursue specific educational goals aimed at shaping the attitudes that were then in force, defined as civic and patriotic. The analysis presented below shows the educational goals in reference to youth schools (Cracow vocational schools) focused mainly on youth organisations. Among the most important are Polish scouts. A wide organisational movement was developed alongside it, focusing on military and defense issues, touring, tourism, and sport and recreation. The organisational activities carried out within them were aimed at building strictly defined patterns of citizenship and patriotism among the local youth, which could help in defending their own homeland.
„Niemiecka szkoła, polski dom”. Analiza wypracowań o udziale polskiej kultury i języka polskiego w życiu dzieci polskich emigrantów w Bawarii
Authors: Pułaczewska Hanna
Published: May 2019

The primary goal of the study is to assess the perception of self and the social environment in Polish teenagers from the so-called generation 1.5 in Germany, that is, people who moved to Germany as children and adolescents, accompanying adult immigrants. The secondary goal was to compare this group with teenagers of Polish origin born and socialised in Germany. The instruments of corpus linguistics such as listing of keywords and limited keyword-based contextual analysis were applied to analyse a corpus of 37 essays by respondents aged 13–17 and attending courses of the Polish language and culture in Regensburg and Munich, on the topic “German school, Polish home. People, cultures, languages and the role of Polish in my life.” A considerable difference occurred between both groups. Teenagers from Poland cast their essays in a narrative form reporting the process of immigration, their daily struggle for social adaptation, and their hopes for future improvement. The reports exposed tension and struggle caused by the difficulty to reach the intended goals, such as adequate school achievement, social acceptance and maintenance of bonds with Poland. Teenagers born in Germany cast their reports prevailingly in a static or iterative form, viewing themselves as exceptional in a positive sense, and took pride in their bilingualism and biculturalism. The analysis also revealed different roles played by attending the Polish classes in both groups.
Wiedza osobista uczniów jako punkt zwrotny w teorii i praktyce dydaktycznej
Authors: Klus-Stańska Dorota
Published: May 2019

The article presents the students’ personal knowledge as a crucial element of the learning and teaching process. The discovery of personal knowledge by psychologists caused a paradigmatic turn in the theory of teaching. While the conceptions inspired by behaviourism do not take into consideration the personal knowledge and notice/see only the public knowledge assigned by the formal curriculum and textbooks, the constructivist conceptions place personal knowledge very high among the factors significant for the learning process. However, its status is still controversial as far as we treat it not only as a starting point for learning but as a final point determining personalisation of new knowledge as well. To explain this mechanism, the author uses the notions of „a mental gentling of the public knowledge” and „a cognitive partnership”.
Dydaktyki stabilne, pogranicze oraz in statu nascendi. Rozważania o książce Doroty Klus-Stańskiej: Paradygmaty dydaktyki. Myśleć teorią o praktyce
Authors: Szyling Grażyna
Published: May 2019

The key aim of the paper is to present a scientific review of Dorota Klus-Stańska’s book, Paradygmaty dydaktyki. Myśleć teorią o praktyce. The conducted analysis was subjected to unravelling these substantive and structural aspects of the textbook which reinvigorate the understanding of didactics as a scientific discipline, violate the matrices-based typologies and knock the reader out of automatisms. Conclusions from the analysis provided substantiation for proposing a classification of didactics reaching beyond their paradigmatic assignment, yet not discordant with it. Taking advantage of the relationship of particular types of didactics with their (a) paradigmatic assignment and (b) educational practice, the author distinguished stable, borderline and in statu nascendi didactics, posing at the end a question as to them being open to interparadigmatic translation.
Dialogue-based school practices as a means of reducing conceptual fossilisation in language learning
Authors: Daszkiewicz Michał , Kerslake Laura
Published: May 2019

In language studies, fossilization is associated with the formation of permanent intermediate systems and subsystems. The interlanguage that develops between L1 and L2 (Selinker 1972) becomes embedded, rather than the learner continuing to develop increasing proficiency in the L2. As a language learner remains deficient in the target language (TL), it is important to attempt to mitigate this process and its negative effects. From this perspective, a task of the language teacher is to identify pedagogies which can prevent students from becoming lexically entrenched. In this paper, we advocate dialogic pedagogy as one which can reduce the likelihood of fossilisation occurring and which emphasises collaboration between learners, making their learning experiences meaningful. A core element of dialogic teaching and learning is the role of talk in the classroom in stimulating and advancing students’ learning and understanding. We propose that prioritising the oral component of language learning through dialogic pedagogy can reduce fossilisation because misconceptions do not remain unchallenged and become ingrained. A culture of dialogue in which the voices of all learners and teachers are heard and responded to is one in which learners’ exchanges contribute to extended understanding for all of those taking part in the dialogue.
EyeAR Capture, guía oftalmológica con realidad aumentada
Authors: Colobrans Tanit
Published: May 2019

La finalidad de este proyecto es la de crear una herramienta educativa, innovadora y práctica para todos los estudiantes y profesionales relacionados con la oftalmología.
Characteristics of Raspberry Production in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Životić Aleksandar , Mićić Nikola , Trifković Velibor , Cvetković Miljan
Published: May 2019

This paper presents information on the main characteristics of the raspberry production in Bosnia and Herzegovina. During the 2012 – 2017 period, raspberry production has become a significant segment of agricultural production and rural development. The export of frozen raspberry comprises more than 50% of the total fruit and vegetables exports from B&H. The raspberry production is accompanied by the increase in the construction of processing facilities (cold storage capacities). In the overall structure of the raspberry production, floricane cultivars prevail ('Willamette'). Primocane cultivars such as 'Polka' have been introduced in the production recently. Due to the lack of knowledge in cultivation specifics and the biology of this fruit species, yields achieved in the raspberry production are generally lower than actual fruiting potential. Fluctuation of raspberry prices on the global market may have long-term negative effects on the raspberry production in B&H.
Morphological Characteristics of Two-rowed Barley (Hordeum sativum ssp. distichum L.) Landraces Originating from Herzegovina
Authors: Kovačević Ivan , Hajder Đurađ , Kondić Danijela , Mandić Dragan , Knežević Desimir
Published: May 2019

Barley is a small grain cereal, tolerant to high temperatures and drought. Due to this characteristic, it can be regarded as a promising crop for production in dry conditions. Research on five spring landraces of two-rowed barley lasted two experimental years (2011 and 2012) in agro-ecological conditions of Banja Luka. In the experiment, the standard cropping practices were applied, without irrigation. The experiment was set as a complete randomized design with four replications. All measurements were performed in 10 plants per replication. Morphological characteristics included plant height (cm), spike length (cm), grain number per spike and grain weight per spike (g). Obtained data were subjected to two-way analysis of variance with landrace and growing season as main factors. Significant treatment or interaction effects were further analysed by Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) test, often utilized for pairwise comparisons among arithmetic means. In all tested traits the maximum average values were obtained in barley landrace AM2, i.e. the plant height (86.89 cm), the spike length (8.90 cm), the grain number per spike (24.74) and the grain weight per spike (1.17 g). Due to these facts, two-rowed barley landrace AM2 can be marked as the most productive in this research, bearing a potential for different crop breeding practices.
Metody przekładu wulgaryzmów w tłumaczeniu filmowym w kontekście przemian w komunikacji językowej
Authors: Hądzlik-Białek Magdalena
Published: May 2019

Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą usystematyzowania metod stosowanych w filmowym tłumaczeniu wulgaryzmów z języka angielskiego na język polski. Przedstawione metody zostały wyodrębnione w toku szeroko zakrojonego badania, którego celem był opis praktyk translatorskich w dobie przemian językowych i socjolingwistycznych związanych ze wzrostem częstotliwości stosowania jednostek nacechowanych wulgarnie nie tylko w codziennej komunikacji, ale również w filmie. W poniższym artykule zaprezentowano badania statystyczne dotyczące przemian w zakresie częstotliwości występowania wulgaryzmów w komunikacji w języku polskim i angielskim, ponieważ stanowią one podstawę do rozważań na tym, czy zmiany w języku wpływają na decyzje translatorskie w przypadku przekładu wulgaryzmów.
Otwartość mechanizmów funkcjonowania języka w nazwach marketingowych na przykładzie nazewnictwa firmowego
Authors: Biadala Dorota
Published: May 2019

Obiektem bliższej obserwacji w niniejszym artykule są różnego rodzaju nazwy firm. Należą do nich zarówno nazwy sklepów, salonów i hurtowni, jak również nazwy zakładów handlowych, rzemieślniczych i usługowych różnorodnych branż: budowlanej, finansowej, gastronomicznej, kosmetycznej, medycznej, motoryzacyjnej, turystycznej itd. Przedmiotem niniejszego opracowania jest ustalenie i analiza językowych mechanizmów służących brandingowi, czyli tworzeniu nazw marketingowych we współczesnej chrematonimii na przykładzie polskiego nazewnictwa firmowego. Materiał badawczy został zebrany na podstawie Katalogu Firm Serwisu „TuWroclaw.com” dla Wrocławia. Biorąc pod uwagę sposoby tworzenia nazw firmowych w Polsce można zauważyć, że mechanizmy te reprezentują dużą otwartość słowotwórczą i wynikające z tego bardzo zróżnicowane struktury: 1) jedno- i wielowyrazowe, 2) złożone zarówno z elementów rodzimych, jak i bardzo modnych współcześnie członów obcego pochodzenia, 3) motywowane bezpośrednio, jak i w sposób pośredni lub 4) całkowicie nieczytelne pod względem słowotwórczym i semantycznym. Analiza nazw firmowych, wpisujących się w język marketingowy i związanych z intensywnym rozwojem cywilizacyjnym, pozwala zauważyć coraz silniej uwidaczniającą się tendencję do ekonomiczności języka.
A Study of Physical Activity Levels and Its Impact on Body Mass Index (BMI) of 8-10 Years Old School Going Children in Mumbai
Authors: Dwivedi Shikha , Sengupta Rupali
Published: May 2019

Introduction: Regular physical activity in childhood and adolescence is important for promoting lifelong health and well-being and preventing various health conditions. The 2008, Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommended that children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years should have 60 minutes (1 hour) or more of moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity each day. Unfortunately, many children and adolescents do not meet the recommendations set forth by the guidelines.

Aim: To study the physical activity levels and its impact on body mass index (BMI).

Methodology: 420 subjects were selected by purposive random sampling method from 5 schools of Mumbai. Physical activity levels of the samples were assessed through the physical activity questionnaire and the height and weight of all the samples were taken to calculate the BMI.

Results: It was observed that 39.5% performed sedentary activities for on an average of 0-1 hr/week. Similarly, 74.2% subjects performed moderate to high intensity activities for an average of 0-1 hr/week. Maximum % of subjects (48%) spent 1-2hr/week in performing sedentary activities whereas, when compared to moderate to high intensity activities maximum % of subjects performed only for 0-1 hr/week. Only 116 subjects met the daily requirements of moderate to high intensity physical activity. A total of 33.2% of samples were observed to be under the three categories of wasting (mild, moderate and severe respectively) as per WHO standards.
Genetic Variability in Flowering and Fruiting Behaviors of Litchi Varieties and Hybrids
Authors: Kumari Rashmi , Rani Ruby , Kumari Abha , Ahmad Feza
Published: May 2019

An investigation was undertaken to study the variability in litchi hybrids developed at BAU, Sabour and their parents with respect to flowering and fruiting behavior. The experiment was carried out in Horticulture garden Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour. A critical analysis of the data for various characters of flowering and fruiting parameters like date of panicle initiation, duration of panicle emergence, flowering duration, flower colour, inflorescence shape and size, maturity period and fruit morphology were taken. Initiation of panicle emergence varied from 21/01/2013 (H-587, H-590) to 17/02/2013 (H-141, Kasba). Duration of anthesis varied from 25/02/2013 (H-517, H-574, H-598 & Early Bedana) to 12/03/2013 (H-70, H-104) and maturity period ranged from 55 to 68 days. Among different genoty [pes. H-73, H-98, H-104, H-510 had fruit shape oval to round similar to their male parent Bedana. Dark red fruit colour of H-70, H-73, H-104, H-566 also resembled Bedana i.e. their male parent. Significant genetic variability was found among the genotypes with respect to flowering characters, thus there is an ample scope for selection of promising genotypes. Thus from above finding it may be concluded that extended period of flowering, fruit set and harvesting span could be achieved through hybridization.
Evaluation of the Susceptibility of the Seeds of Four Varieties of Vigna unguiculata against Callosobruchus maculatus Infestations
Authors: C. M. Mala Tankam , Sevilor Kekeunou , J. P. Olina Bassala , E. Nukenine Nchiwan
Published: May 2019

Introduction: Post-harvest conservation remains a major challenge for most crops in developing countries. Among these is Cowpea one of the major legumes grown and consumed in the tropics and subtropics of countries. Callosobruchus maculatus infestations constitute are the most prominent threat for this particular crop.

Objective: The present research aimed at evaluating the susceptibility of four cowpea varieties against infestations of C. maculatus.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the entomology laboratory of the cowpea section of the Regional Center for Agricultural Research of Maroua from November to December 2018.

Methodology: The experiments were carried out based on the factorial experiment by randomized complete design with five replications. 40 seeds of each variety were put in contact with 5 pairs of bruchids.

Results: The results show that the four cowpea varieties evaluated have different physical characteristics of the seeds. This variability would play an important role in inducing the ovipositional response of C. maculatus females. However, it is not enough on its own to explain the various degree of susceptibility to C.maculatus infestations. There was a positive perfect correlation between the number of adult emergence, growth index, weight loss, number of holes and Dobie susceptibility index. Also, BR-1 was found to be more resistant to C. maculatus followed by Lori-niébé, Vya and least resistance was observed in the Borno brown.

The multiple regression analysis reveals that there is a negative relationship between mortality rate of developmental stages, weight loss, F1 offspring production, and seed susceptibility.

Conclusion: The physical characteristics of the four cowpea varieties tested to affect the susceptibility of the grain to beetle attacks. A number of adult emergence, growth index, weight loss, and susceptibility index are the main indicators for the resistance of cowpea to C. maculatus damage. An analysis of the amino acids contained in the BR-1 is recommended for the introgression of its resistance alleles in susceptible varieties.
Tolerance levels of mass density for CT number calibration in photon radiation therapy
Authors: Nakao Minoru , Ozawa Shuichi , Yogo Katsunori , Miura Hideharu , Yamada Kiyoshi , Hosono Fumika , Hayata Masahiro , Miki Kentaro , Nakashima Takeo , Ochi Yusuke , Kawahara Daisuke , Morimoto Yoshiharu , Yoshizaki Toru , Nozaki Hiroshige , Habara Kosaku , Nagata Yasushi
Published: May 2019

Computed tomography (CT) data are required to calculate the dose distribution in a patient’s body. Generally, there are two CT number calibration methods for commercial radiotherapy treatment planning system (RTPS), namely CT number‐relative electron density calibration (CT‐RED calibration) and CT number‐mass density calibration (CT‐MD calibration). In a previous study, the tolerance levels of CT‐RED calibration were established for each tissue type. The tolerance levels were established when the relative dose error to local dose reached 2%. However, the tolerance levels of CT‐MD calibration are not established yet. We established the tolerance levels of CT‐MD calibration based on the tolerance levels of CT‐RED calibration. In order to convert mass density (MD) to relative electron density (RED), the conversion factors were determined with adult reference computational phantom data available in the International Commission on Radiological Protection publication 110 (ICRP‐110). In order to validate the practicability of the conversion factor, the relative dose error and the dose linearity were validated with multiple RTPSes and dose calculation algorithms for two groups, namely, CT‐RED calibration and CT‐MD calibration. The tolerance levels of CT‐MD calibration were determined from the tolerance levels of CT‐RED calibration with conversion factors. The converted RED from MD was compared with actual RED calculated from ICRP‐110. The conversion error was within ±0.01 for most standard organs. It was assumed that the conversion error was sufficiently small. The relative dose error difference for two groups was less than 0.3% for each tissue type. Therefore, the tolerance levels for CT‐MD calibration were determined from the tolerance levels of CT‐RED calibration with the conversion factors. The MD tolerance levels for lung, adipose/muscle, and cartilage/spongy‐bone corresponded to ±0.044, ±0.022, and ±0.045 g/cm3, respectively. The tolerance levels were useful in terms of approving the CT‐MD calibration table for clinical use.
Microfluidic Fabrication of Biomimetic Helical Hydrogel Microfibers for Blood‐Vessel‐on‐a‐Chip Applications
Authors: Jia Luanluan , Han Fengxuan , Yang Huili , Turnbull Gareth , Wang Jiayuan , Clarke Jon , Shu Wenmiao , Guo Mingyu , Li Bin
Published: May 2019

Nature has created many perfect helical microstructures, including DNA, collagen fibrils, and helical blood vessels, to achieve unique physiological functions. While previous studies have developed a number of microfabrication strategies, the preparation of complex helical structures and cell‐laden helical structures for biomimetic applications remains challenging. In this study, a one‐step microfluidics‐based methodology is presented for preparing complex helical hydrogel microfibers and cell‐laden helical hydrogel microfibers. Several types of complex helical structures, including multilayer helical microfibers and superhelical hollow microfibers with helical channels, are prepared by simply tuning the flow rates or modifying the geometry of microfluidic device. With the decent perfusability, the hollow microfibers may simulate the structural characteristics of helical blood vessels and create swirling blood flow in a blood‐vessel‐on‐chip setup. Such hydrogel‐based helical microstructures may potentially be used in areas such as blood vessel tissue engineering, organ‐on‐chips, drug screening, and biological actuators.
Defect‐Tailoring Mediated Electron–Hole Separation in Single‐Unit‐Cell Bi3O4Br Nanosheets for Boosting Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution and Nitrogen Fixation
Authors: Di Jun , Xia Jiexiang , Chisholm Matthew F. , Zhong Jun , Chen Chao , Cao Xingzhong , Dong Fan , Chi Zhen , Chen Hailong , Weng Yu‐Xiang , Xiong Jun , Yang Shi‐Ze , Li Huaming , Liu Zheng , Dai Sheng
Published: May 2019

Solar photocatalysis is a potential solution to satisfying energy demand and its resulting environmental impact. However, the low electron–hole separation efficiency in semiconductors has slowed the development of this technology. The effect of defects on electron–hole separation is not always clear. A model atomically thin structure of single‐unit‐cell Bi3O4Br nanosheets with surface defects is proposed to boost photocatalytic efficiency by simultaneously promoting bulk‐ and surface‐charge separation. Defect‐rich single‐unit‐cell Bi3O4Br displays 4.9 and 30.9 times enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and nitrogen fixation activity, respectively, than bulk Bi3O4Br. After the preparation of single‐unit‐cell structure, the bismuth defects are controlled to tune the oxygen defects. Benefiting from the unique single‐unit‐cell architecture and defects, the local atomic arrangement and electronic structure are tuned so as to greatly increase the charge separation efficiency and subsequently boost photocatalytic activity. This strategy provides an accessible pathway for next‐generation photocatalysts.
Giant Enhancement in the Supercapacitance of NiFe–Graphene Nanocomposites Induced by a Magnetic Field
Authors: Romero Jorge , Prima‐Garcia Helena , Varela Maria , Miralles Sara G. , Oestreicher Víctor , Abellán Gonzalo , Coronado Eugenio
Published: May 2019

The rapid rise in energy demand in the past years has prompted a search for low‐cost alternatives for energy storage, supercapacitors being one of the most important devices. It is shown that a dramatic enhancement (≈1100%, from 155 to 1850 F g−1) of the specific capacitance of a hybrid stimuli‐responsive FeNi3–graphene electrode material can be achieved when the charge/discharge cycling is performed in the presence of an applied magnetic field of 4000 G. This result is related to an unprecedented magnetic‐field‐induced metal segregation of the FeNi3 nanoparticles during the cycling, which results in the appearance of small Ni clusters (<5 nm) and, consequently, in an increase in pseudocapacitive sites. The results open the door to a systematic improvement of the capacitance values of hybrid supercapacitors, while moving the research in this area towards the development of magnetically addressable energy‐storage devices.
Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Chung Sheng‐Heng , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: May 2019

Lithium–sulfur batteries are a major focus of academic and industrial energy‐storage research due to their high theoretical energy density and the use of low‐cost materials. The high energy density results from the conversion mechanism that lithium–sulfur cells utilize. The sulfur cathode, being naturally abundant and environmentally friendly, makes lithium–sulfur batteries a potential next‐generation energy‐storage technology. The current state of the research indicates that lithium–sulfur cells are now at the point of transitioning from laboratory‐scale devices to a more practical energy‐storage application. Based on similar electrochemical conversion reactions, the low‐cost sulfur cathode can be coupled with a wide range of metallic anodes, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum. These new “metal–sulfur” systems exhibit great potential in either lowering the production cost or producing high energy density. Inspired by the rapid development of lithium–sulfur batteries and the prospect of metal–sulfur cells, here, over 450 research articles are summarized to analyze the research progress and explore the electrochemical characteristics, cell‐assembly parameters, cell‐testing conditions, and materials design. In addition to highlighting the current research progress, the possible future areas of research which are needed to bring conversion‐type lithium–sulfur and other metal–sulfur batteries into the market are also discussed.
Functionalization of 2D Materials with Photosensitive Molecules: From Light‐Responsive Hybrid Systems to Multifunctional Devices
Authors: Zhao Yuda , Ippolito Stefano , Samorì Paolo
Published: May 2019

2D materials possess exceptional physical and chemical properties that render them appealing components for numerous potential applications in (opto)electronics, energy storage, sensing, and biomedicine. However, such unique properties are hardly tunable or modifiable. The functionalization of 2D crystals with molecules constitutes a powerful strategy to adjust and modulate their properties, by also imparting them new functions. In this framework, the combination of 2D materials with photosensitive molecules is a viable route for harnessing their light‐responsive nature. The latter takes full advantage of the extremely high sensitivity of 2D materials to subtle changes in the local environment and the capacity of photosensitive molecules to modify their intrinsic properties when exposed to electromagnetic fields. The hybrid molecule–2D materials can preserve the unique optical and electrical properties of 2D layers and can exhibit additional light‐tunable features. In this Progress Report, the protocols that can be pursued for the 2D material functionalization and switching mechanisms in photosensitive systems are reviewed, followed by an in‐depth discussion on their tunable optical properties and their exploitation when integrated in novel photoswitchable electronic devices. The opportunities and associated challenges to be tackled for the development of unprecedented and high‐performance light‐responsive devices are discussed.
Giant Nonlinear Optical Response in 2D Perovskite Heterostructures
Authors: Wang Jun , Mi Yang , Gao Xian , Li Junzi , Li Junze , Lan Shangui , Fang Chen , Shen Hongzhi , Wen Xinglin , Chen Rui , Liu Xinfeng , He Tingchao , Li Dehui
Published: May 2019

2D layered halide perovskites have attracted significant attention. Apart from the linear optical properties, it is also intriguing to explore the nonlinear optics of 2D layered halide perovskites and their heterostructures. Previous nonlinear optical (NLO) studies of 2D perovskites primarily focus on the thin films or microplates. Herein, the NLO properties of (n‐C4H9NH3)2PbI4/(n‐C4H9NH3)2(CH3NH3)Pb2I7 heterostructures with centimeter size are systematically studied. The NLO properties can be continuously tuned by changing the thickness. A giant two‐photon absorption (2PA) coefficient up to 44 cm MW−1 is obtained for the heterostructures with a total thickness of 20 µm based on the nonlinear transmittance measurement. Additionally, strong multiphoton‐induced photoluminescence is observed in the heterostructures. It is proposed that the giant 2PA coefficient might arise from the small thickness (≈1 µm) of (n‐C4H9NH3)2(CH3NH3)Pb2I7 layer and possibly the nonradiative energy transfer between the different constituting layers within the heterostructures through an antenna‐like effect. Finally, benefiting from the giant 2PA coefficient, direct detection of 980 nm light is demonstrated with a responsivity of 10−7 A W−1 in the heterostructures. The findings suggest the promising applications of 2D perovskite heterostructures in the infrared photodetection and some other nonlinear absorption related optoelectronic devices.
Electrochemical Techniques in Battery Research: A Tutorial for Nonelectrochemists
Authors: Yang Xuming , Rogach Andrey L.
Published: May 2019

Many researchers who are now active in the flourishing field of battery research are coming from backgrounds other than electrochemistry, and might not be in possession of a systematic electrochemical training before they start the journey of “building better batteries.” With this specific audience in mind, the authors review electrochemical techniques commonly used in battery research. Starting from an introduction of the basic electrochemistry concepts, the authors offer a detailed discussion of potential, galvanic, and impedance measurement techniques, providing practical details and useful comments on performing both the data acquisition and analysis. One aim of this essay is to emphasize the importance of standard evaluation of the battery performance.
Atomic Layer Deposition as a General Method Turns any 3D‐Printed Electrode into a Desired Catalyst: Case Study in Photoelectrochemisty
Authors: Browne Michelle P. , Plutnar Jan , Pourrahimi Amir Masoud , Sofer Zdenek , Pumera Martin
Published: May 2019

3D‐printing technologies have begun to revolutionize many manufacturing processes, however, there are still significant limitations that are yet to be overcome. In particular, the material from which the products are fabricated is limited by the 3D‐printing material precursor. Particularly, for photoelectrochemical (PEC) energy applications, the as‐printed electrodes can be used as is, or modified by postfabrication processes, e.g., electrochemical deposition or anodization, to create active layers on the 3D‐printed electrodes. However, the as‐printed electrodes are relatively inert for various PEC energy applications, and the aforementioned postfabrication processing techniques do not offer layer conformity or control at the Ångström/nano level. Herein, for the first time, atomic layer deposition (ALD) is utilized in conjunction with metal 3D‐printing to create active electrodes. To illustrate the proof‐of‐concept, TiO2 is deposited by ALD onto stainless steel 3D‐printed electrodes and subsequently investigated as a photoanode for PEC water oxidation. Furthermore, by tuning the TiO2 thickness by ALD, the activity can be optimized. By combining 3D‐printing and ALD, instead of other metal deposition techniques, i.e., sputtering, rapid prototyping of electrodes with controllable thickness of the desired material onto an as‐printed electrodes with any porosity can be achieved that can benefit a multitude of energy applications.
Asymmetric Nonfullerene Small Molecule Acceptors for Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Li Chao , Fu Huiting , Xia Tian , Sun Yanming
Published: May 2019

Symmetry breaking provides a new material design strategy for nonfullerene small molecule acceptors (SMAs). The past 10 years have witnessed significant advances in asymmetric nonfullerene SMAs in organic solar cells (OSCs) with power conversion efficiency (PCE) increasing from ≈1% to ≈14%. In this review, the progress of asymmetric nonfullerene SMAs, including early reports of asymmetric nonfullerene SMAs, asymmetric PDI‐based nonfullerene SMAs, and asymmetric acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A)‐type nonfullerene SMAs, is summarized. The structure–property relationships and the perspectives for future development of asymmetric nonfullerene SMAs are also discussed.