bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Materials for aqueous sodium-ion batteries: cation mobility in a zinc hexacyanoferrate electrode
Authors: Oliver-Tolentino Miguel A. , Vazquez-Samperio Juvencio , Cabrera-Sierra Roman , Reguera Edilso
Published: November 2016

The coordination polymer Zn3Na2[FeII(CN)6]2 has an open porous framework that is stable in acidic and neutral aqueous solutions and appears to be an attractive solid for investigation as a material for sodium ion-based batteries.
Enhanced mechanical performance of cement nanocomposite reinforced with graphene oxide synthesized from mechanically milled graphite and its comparison with carbon nanotubes reinforced nanocomposite
Authors: Sharma Snigdha , Kothiyal N. C. , Chitkara Mani
Published: November 2016

A highly reactive form of graphene oxide (GO) has been prepared from mechanically milled graphite powder (MGP) and characterized using different techniques such as FT-IR, SEM/EDS, TEM, XRD and AFM.
A natural hyperbranched proteoglycan inhibits IAPP amyloid fibrillation and attenuates β-cell apoptosis
Authors: Sun Qing , Zhao Juan , Zhang Yuan , Yang Hongjie , Zhou Ping
Published: November 2016

A natural amphiphilic hyperbranched proteoglycan efficiently inhibits IAPP fibrillation and attenuates β-cell apoptosis for type 2 diabetes treatment.
Preparation of superhydrophobic coating with excellent abrasion resistance and durability using nanofibrillated cellulose
Authors: Huang Jingda , Lyu Shaoyi , Fu Feng , Chang Huanjun , Wang Siqun
Published: November 2016

Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) is a renewable and environmentally friendly material.
Fabrication of superhydrophobic aromatic cotton fabrics
Authors: Xue Chao-Hua , Deng Ling-Yun , Jia Shun-Tian , Wei Peng-Bo
Published: November 2016

Superhydrophobic fabrics with lasting fragrance were fabricated in light of the development trend of high value-added and multi-functional materials.
Fabrication and characterization of SiO2@TiO2@silicalite-1 catalyst and its application for degradation of rhodamine B
Authors: Yang Xiaobing , Gan Chuanhai , Xiong Huaping , Huang Liuqing , Luo Xuetao
Published: November 2016

SiO2@TiO2@silicalite-1 catalyst, with TiO2(Degussa P25) nanoparticles encapsulated by SiO2and adhered on the surface of silicalite-1 zeolite, was successfully fabricated by combining pressing, sintering and infiltration methods.
Nanoscale selective area atomic layer deposition of TiO2using e-beam patterned polymers
Authors: Haider Ali , Yilmaz Mehmet , Deminskyi Petro , Eren Hamit , Biyikli Necmi
Published: November 2016

Self aligned nano patterning of TiO2using area selective atomic area deposition.
Research on evaluation of Chinese students' competence in written scientific argumentation in the context of chemistry
Authors: Deng Yang , Wang Houxiong
Published: November 2016

Attending to practice has become a significant topic in science education today. As scientific argumentation is a typical form of scientific practice as well as an important educational practice, more and more attention has been paid to it by science education researchers. Evaluating students' competence in scientific argumentation is one of the most important research topics, but in China, science researchers seldom concentrate on it because the diverse educational values of scientific argumentation need to be further understood. The present study sought to examine the performance of Chinese students participating in written scientific argumentation in the context of chemistry. After clarifying the conception of scientific argumentation in science education, and comparing the evaluation criteria in domestic and international science education research, written scientific argumentation tasks in the context of chemistry were designed and criteria for their evaluation were constructed and improved. In total five tasks were designed for evaluation. All of the five tasks were aimed at evaluating students' competence of selecting (or putting forward) claims, evidence and warrants, in addition, two tasks investigated the competence of refuting arguments. The general criteria for evaluation was constructed according to the four dimensions of scientific argumentation, they were the structure components, the content quality, the logic of justification and language. For each task, content criteria and performance criteria for evaluation were constructed. After analysis and improvement of the criteria based on two pilot tests and the Rasch model, it was obvious that the criteria met the standards, effectively and credibly, for this study on the assessment of students' competence in written scientific argumentation. The number of students who participated in the formal test was 578 (304 males and 274 females). Through this kind of evaluation, this study found that the students' competence in written scientific argumentation was generally weak, and was influenced by some factors. Specifically, firstly, the students could put forward claims and evidence more easily than warrants and rebuttals. Secondly, the specific tasks had an influence on the performance of the students in written scientific argumentation. In regard to other factors, gender did not influence the students' competence in written scientific argumentation, but the grade level and school level were key factors. The students' competence in written scientific argumentation at grade level four and three other school grade levels were significantly different. Finally, some changes to the Chinese chemistry curriculum were proposed based on the results of this study.
Accessing human selenoproteins through chemical protein synthesis
Authors: Dery L. , Reddy P. Sai , Dery S. , Mousa R. , Ktorza O. , Talhami A. , Metanis N.
Published: November 2016

The human body contains 25 selenoproteins, but challenges in their preparations have prevented biological characterizations thus far. Here we report the first total chemical syntheses of two human selenoproteins, selenoprotein M (SELM) and selenoprotein W (SELW).
Structure-modulated crystalline covalent organic frameworks as high-rate cathodes for Li-ion batteries
Authors: Yang Dong-Hui , Yao Zhao-Quan , Wu Dihua , Zhang Ying-Hui , Zhou Zhen , Bu Xian-He
Published: November 2016

Two new crystalline covalent organic frameworks are synthesized and structure modulated as high rate and stable cathode materials for Li-ion batteries.
Carbon-encapsulated tungsten oxide nanowires as a stable and high-rate anode material for flexible asymmetric supercapacitors
Authors: Yao Chenzhong , Wei Bohui , Li Hui , Wang Gaofeng , Han Qiuping , Ma Huixuan , Gong Qiaojuan
Published: November 2016

An effective strategy for carbon encapsulation was developed to increase the capacitive performance of WO3−x nanowires as a high-energy and stable anode material for flexible asymmetric supercapacitors.
Nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur co-doped ultrathin carbon nanosheets as a metal-free catalyst for selective oxidation of aromatic alkanes and the oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Zhu Ya-Nan , Cao Chang-Yan , Jiang Wen-Jie , Yang Shu-Liang , Hu Jin-Song , Song Wei-Guo , Wan Li-Jun
Published: November 2016

Nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur co-doped ultrathin carbon nanosheets showed outstanding activity for selective oxidation and oxygen reduction reaction.
A single-ion conducting and shear-thinning polymer electrolyte based on ionic liquid-decorated PMMA nanoparticles for lithium-metal batteries
Authors: Li Yang , Wong Ka Wai , Dou Qianqian , Ng Ka Ming
Published: November 2016

A single-ion conducting polymer electrolyte based on ionic liquid-decorated PMMA nanoparticles exhibits excellent electrochemical performances.
Surface modification of silica nanoparticles using 4-aryloxy boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) enhances skin permeation
Authors: Amamoto Takaki , Hirakawa Satoshi , Santa Tomofumi , Funatsu Takashi , Kato Masaru
Published: November 2016

Surface modification of nanoparticles using BODIPY enhances skin permeation.
Thermostable polymeric nanomicelles of iridium(iii) complexes with aggregation-induced phosphorescence emission characteristics and their recyclable double-strand DNA monitoring
Authors: Ma Jingwen , Zeng Yun , Liu Yongchun , Wu Daocheng
Published: November 2016

Thermostable polymeric nanomicelles of iridium(iii) complexes with AIPE characteristics were synthesized, which can be recycled and used for DNA monitoring.
Single mammalian cell encapsulation by in situ polymerization
Authors: Yang Jianmin , Li Jingchao , Wang Xinlong , Li Xiaomeng , Kawazoe Naoki , Chen Guoping
Published: November 2016

Encapsulation of single mammalian cells with a cytoprotective polymeric shell through two mild reaction steps, surface acryloylation andin situpolymerization.
Improved efficiency in organic solar cells via conjugated polyelectrolyte additive in the hole transporting layer
Authors: Kwak Chan Kyu , Pérez Gabriel E. , Freestone Benjamin G. , Al-Isaee Sulaiman A. , Iraqi Ahmed , Lidzey David G. , Dunbar Alan D. F.
Published: November 2016

The water soluble conjugated polyelectrolyte was synthesised by Suzuki cross coupling and increased the power conversion efficiency by improving hole charge transfer from active layer into the hole transporting layer.
Traffic‐aware routing protocol with cooperative coverage‐oriented information collection method for VANET
Authors: Lo Chun‐Chih , Kuo Yau‐Hwang
Published: November 2016

A traffic‐aware routing protocol (TARCO) that considers integrated real‐time traffic conditions for constructing delivery paths over a vehicular environment is presented. This goal was achieved through three mechanisms: cooperative traffic information collection, lightweight real‐time road scoring and adaptable data route construction. An accurate overall view of the real‐time traffic conditions was obtained from the cooperation between information aggregators at junctions and information collectors on road segments. Each road segment was then assigned a weight according to the overall view of the traffic conditions and updated periodically to reflect traffic variations. Finally, the road segments providing efficient and reliable data routes were used to construct a routing path with guaranteed connectivity and a short delivery delay to the destination. Simulation results showed that the use of TARCO leads to high network performance in terms of the packet delivery ratio, end‐to‐end delay and communication overhead.
Stabilisation of hybrid stochastic differential equations by feedback control based on discrete‐time observations of state and mode
Authors: Song Gongfei , Zheng Bo‐Chao , Luo Qi , Mao Xuerong
Published: November 2016

Mao recently initiated the study of the mean‐square exponential stabilisation of continuous‐time hybrid stochastic differential equations (SDEs) by the feedback controls based on the discrete‐time observations of the state. However, the feedback controls still depend on the continuous‐time observations of the mode. Of course this is perfectly fine if the mode of the system is obvious (i.e. fully observable at no cost). However, it could often be the case where the mode is not obvious and it costs to identify the current mode of the system. To reduce the control cost, it is reasonable that we identify the mode at the discrete times when we make observations for the state. Hence, the feedback control should be designed based on the discrete‐time observations of both state and mode. The aim of this paper is to show how to design such a feedback control to stabilise a given hybrid SDE.
Distributed optimisation design with triggers for disturbed continuous‐time multi‐agent systems
Authors: Deng Zhenhua , Wang Xinghu , Hong Yiguang
Published: November 2016

A distributed optimisation problem is investigated for disturbed continuous‐time multi‐agent systems with discrete‐time communication and gradient measurement. First, a distributed optimisation algorithm with time‐triggered communication and gradient measurement is proposed. Then an event‐triggered communication strategy and an event‐triggered gradient measurement strategy are developed, and a distributed optimisation algorithm combining these two event‐triggered strategies is designed, in which the two event‐triggered strategies are free of Zeno behaviour. Moreover, the exponential convergence of system can be guaranteed by using the internal model design to reject the external disturbance. Finally, an example illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
Sliding mode friction observer based control for flexible spacecraft with reaction wheel
Authors: Zhang Peixi , Qiao Jianzhong , Guo Lei , Li Wenshuo
Published: November 2016

A novel composite anti‐disturbance control scheme is proposed for attitude control system (ACS) of flexible spacecraft with the reaction wheel friction. The proposed control scheme can overcome the performance degradation of controller under the condition of reaction wheel friction and flexible appendage vibration. First, the dynamic model of the flexible spacecraft is modelled, including disturbance torque of the reaction wheel. A sliding mode friction observer is designed to estimate the reaction wheel friction torque for feed‐forward compensation. Then, a flexible appendage vibration observer is constructed to estimate and compensate for the flexible appendage vibration. Finally, an controller is adopted to attenuate the estimation error and other bounded disturbances, such as the environment disturbance. Simulations on the ACS of a flexible spacecraft demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Reflection modulation basis dual‐port intermodulation generator for dynamic calibration application in passive intermodulation measurements
Authors: Chen Xiong , He Yongning , Wan Lipeng , Cui Wanzhao
Published: November 2016

The high‐accuracy passive intermodulation (PIM) measurement shows great significance in PIM quality checking and related researches. As the key point to guarantee the test accuracy, the IM reference is essential in realizing precise PIM calibration. This paper presents a design of dual‐port IM generator that can generate dynamic IM reference for this demand. The proposed generator employs a cascaded coupling network consists of two couplers, while a reverse biased Schottky diode is working as a tunable reflection IM source. The bias voltage and coupling coefficient are introduced to regulate the quiescent operation points of diode and the IM signal excitation strength respectively, they work together to put the IM reference signal on a desired level. Specially, a trimming strategy by using a compact terminal matching resistor is adopted to smartly regulate the IM tunable interval. These configurations can promote the utilization of this proposed IM generator to be flexible not only for design engineers but also for commercial users. The test results demonstrate that this generator can provide the tunable IM3 whose dynamic range can reach about 30 dB@2x43 dBm, 50 dB@2 × 31 dBm. Meanwhile, the significance of bidirectional dynamic IM reference signals is demonstrated.
Model development and small‐signal stability analysis of DFIG with stator winding inter‐turn fault
Authors: Sun Liling , Xu Boqiang , Du Wenjuan , Wang Haifeng
Published: November 2016

Much attention has been continuously paid on the model development and stability analysis of the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) widely applied in wind power generation. Similarly, this study develops the form‐standardised state‐space model in the dq reference frame of the DFIG with stator winding inter‐turn fault (SWITF). Compared with those previously developed, it is definitely preferable for the simulation and stability analysis of the DFIG with SWITF due to its standard form. Moreover, for the DFIG with SWITF working in stator‐voltage‐oriented control frame, the small‐signal stability analysis is conducted using MATLAB simulation, yielding the conclusion that SWITF will never eradicate the DFIG's small‐signal stability but deteriorate it to some extent. This conclusion is further validated by means of the Lyapunov stability theory. As a kind of contribution of this study, the analytical expressions of the eigenvalues of the DFIG with SWITF are derived. Case study based on an MATLAB/Simulink demo routine is completed to demonstrate the validity of the model development and small‐signal stability analysis of the DFIG with SWITF.
Excluded volume effects in on‐ and off‐lattice reaction–diffusion models
Authors: Meinecke Lina , Eriksson Markus
Published: November 2016

Mathematical models are important tools to study the excluded volume effects on reaction–diffusion systems, which are known to play an important role inside living cells. Detailed microscopic simulations with off‐lattice Brownian dynamics become computationally expensive in crowded environments. In this study, the authors therefore investigate to which extent on‐lattice approximations, the so‐called cellular automata models, can be used to simulate reactions and diffusion in the presence of crowding molecules. They show that the diffusion is most severely slowed down in the off‐lattice model, since randomly distributed obstacles effectively exclude more volume than those ordered on an artificial grid. Crowded reaction rates can be both increased and decreased by the grid structure and it proves important to model the molecules with realistic sizes when excluded volume is taken into account. The grid artefacts increase with increasing crowder density and they conclude that the computationally more efficient on‐lattice simulations are accurate approximations only for low crowder densities.
New Management in Bilateral Masseter Muscle Hypertrophy
Authors: Bocchialini Gabriele , Castellani Andrea , Negrini Stefano , Rossi Alessandro
Published: November 2016

Bilateral masseter muscle hypertrophy is an alteration in shape and thickness of the masseter muscles that can modify the width of the lower face causing aesthetic and functional problems. A 21-year-old man was referred to the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery at the Civil Hospital in Brescia by his dentist for an evaluation of his facial appearance with a square-face type. To reduce the undesirable facial appearance, a surgical intraoral approach was performed; the procedure includes the bilateral dissection of the masseter muscle, partial lipectomy, and the ostectomy of the mandibular angle assisted by a surgical guide built on a stereolithographic model. The patient was satisfied with the functional and aesthetic outcomes of both the profile and the frontal views. There was no evidence of complication at a 1-year follow-up. This new method yields optimal aesthetic results with an enhanced outline of the lower face.
Submental Perforator Flap for Soft-Tissue Reconstruction in Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws
Authors: García-de Marcos Jose-Antonio , Rey-Biel Juan
Published: November 2016

Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ) has emerged as an important and increasingly common comorbidity, especially in patients undergoing long-term treatment with high doses of bisphosphonates. The management of BRONJ remains controversial. Surgical treatment is necessary in severe cases. Treatment of the bone requires sequestrectomy or resection. Given the lack of sufficient mucosa to perform the operation and fragility of margins in many patients, local flaps are crucial. We report two cases of stage-3 BRONJ presenting secondary infection with Actinomyces, receiving treatment consisting of marginal resection of the necrotic bone, reinforcement with a reconstruction plate, and reconstruction of soft tissues using a submental perforator artery flap ipsilateral to the lesion. Total cure was achieved in both cases, achieving favorable aesthetic and functional outcomes.
Carrier density and lifetime for different dopants in single-crystal and polycrystalline CdTe
Authors: Burst James M. , Farrell Stuart B. , Albin David S. , Colegrove Eric , Reese Matthew O. , Duenow Joel N. , Kuciauskas Darius , Metzger Wyatt K.
Published: November 2016

CdTe defect chemistry is adjusted by annealing samples with excess Cd or Te vapor with and without extrinsic dopants. We observe that Group I (Cu and Na) elements can increase hole density above 1016 cm−3, but compromise lifetime and stability. By post-deposition incorporation of a Group V dopant (P) in a Cd-rich ambient, lifetimes of 30 ns with 1016 cm−3 hole density are achieved in single-crystal and polycrystalline CdTe without CdCl2 or Cu. Furthermore, phosphorus doping appears to be thermally stable. This combination of long lifetime, high carrier concentration, and improved stability can help overcome historic barriers for CdTe solar cell development.
Effects of background gas on sulfur hexafluoride removal by atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge plasma
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxing , Xiao Hanyan , Hu Xiongxiong , Gui Yingang
Published: November 2016

The effects of background gases (He, Ar, N2 and air) on SF6 removal in a dielectric barrier reactor were investigated at atmospheric pressure. A comparison among these background gases was performed in terms of discharge voltage, discharge power, mean electron energy, electron density, removal efficiency and energy yield for the destruction of SF6. Results showed that the discharge voltage of He and Ar was lower than that of N2 and air, but the difference of their discharge power was small. Compared with three other background gases, Ar had a relatively superior destruction and removal rate and energy yield since the mean electron energy and electron density in SF6/H2O/Ar plasma were both maintained at a high level. Complete removal of 2% SF6 could be achieved at a discharge power of 48.86 W with Ar and the corresponding energy yield can reach 4.8 g/kWh.
Once-baffling success of granular resistive force theory explained
Authors: Chang Sung
Published: November 2016

A model designed to approximate swimming in water accounts surprisingly well for animals’ locomotion in sand.
Mirror asymmetry in life and in space
Authors: McGuire Brett A. , Carroll P. Brandon
Published: November 2016

All life on Earth is based on amino acids that don’t align with their mirror images. Telescopes looking near the center of our galaxy may reveal the source of that asymmetry.
Field Scanalyzer: An automated robotic field phenotyping platform for detailed crop monitoring
Authors: Virlet Nicolas , Sabermanesh Kasra , Sadeghi-Tehran Pouria , Hawkesford Malcolm J.
Published: November 2016

Current approaches to field phenotyping are laborious or permit the use of only a few sensors at a time. In an effort to overcome this, a fully automated robotic field phenotyping platform with a dedicated sensor array that may be accurately positioned in three dimensions and mounted on fixed rails has been established, to facilitate continual and high-throughput monitoring of crop performance. Employed sensors comprise of high-resolution visible, chlorophyll fluorescence and thermal infrared cameras, two hyperspectral imagers and dual 3D laser scanners. The sensor array facilitates specific growth measurements and identification of key growth stages with dense temporal and spectral resolution. Together, this platform produces a detailed description of canopy development across the crops entire lifecycle, with a high-degree of accuracy and reproducibility.
Recently but infrequently burnt breeding sites are favoured by threatened Gouldian finches (Erythrura gouldiae)
Authors: Weier Anna , Radford Ian J. , Oliveira Sofia L. J. , Lawes Michael J.
Published: November 2016

Frequent and extensive fires are becoming increasingly common throughout the tropical savannas of northern Australia. This fire regime has been implicated in both habitat alteration and losses of biodiversity. Granivorous birds are particularly affected because of the effect of fire on grass seed availability. The endemic Gouldian finch (Erythrura gouldiae) has experienced population declines in recent decades, potentially in response to changed fire regimes. Using breeding data from monitored artificial nest-boxes, this study examined the choice of breeding site by Gouldian finches in response to several attributes of the prevailing fire regime. The fire regime was characterised using remote sensing analysis of annual fire scars. Time since last fire and fire frequency were the most useful predictors of breeding site occupancy. Gouldian finches favoured recently burnt sites (previous dry season), but also sites that were infrequently burnt (return time of 2–3 years). Consequently, under the current regime of many frequent fires, Gouldian finches move among breeding sites and display low seasonal site fidelity. Our findings provide support for the notion that the Gouldian finch favours a fine-grain patch-mosaic fire regime and that contemporary large-scale fire regimes are likely contributing to their decline.
Trimethylated homoserine functions as the major compatible solute in the globally significant oceanic cyanobacterium
Trichodesmium
Authors: Pade Nadin , Michalik Dirk , Ruth Wolfgang , Belkin Natalia , Hess Wolfgang R. , Berman-Frank Ilana , Hagemann Martin
Published: November 2016

Significance

Trichodesmium
spp. are globally significant contributors of new nitrogen to the surface ocean. Marine organisms must accumulate compatible solutes in their cells, counteracting the high exterior osmotic pressure. However,
Trichodesmium
does not possess any known genes for the synthesis of compatible solutes, making its proliferation in the high-salinity environment enigmatic. We demonstrate that
Trichodesmium
cultures in the laboratory as well as natural populations in the ocean synthesize homoserine betaine, previously unknown as a compatible solute, and elucidated the biosynthetic pathway. The high intracellular concentrations will lead to a major injection of this organic compound into the oligotrophic ocean, when natural
Trichodesmium
blooms lyse. Such sudden releases of homoserine betaine could impact the biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nitrogen.
Continental-scale quantification of landscape values using social media data
Authors: van Zanten Boris T. , Van Berkel Derek B. , Meentemeyer Ross K. , Smith Jordan W. , Tieskens Koen F. , Verburg Peter H.
Published: November 2016

Significance

In many landscapes across the globe, we are witnessing an ongoing functional shift away from landscapes managed for extractive activities (e.g., agriculture, mining, forestry) and toward landscapes managed for recreation and leisure activities. Understanding the spatial configuration of this functional shift at regional and continental scales will be crucial for the development of effective landscape and rural development policies in coming decades. We present a rigorous comparison between three social media platforms’ suitability for mapping and quantifying landscape values. We also introduce a predictive model capable of quantifying landscape values at a continental scale. The utility of the model is illustrated through the identification of specific landscape features that best explain high densities of ascribed value (i.e., landscape value locations).
Second generation noninvasive fetal genome analysis reveals de novo mutations, single-base parental inheritance, and preferred DNA ends
Authors: Chan K. C. Allen , Jiang Peiyong , Sun Kun , Cheng Yvonne K. Y. , Tong Yu K. , Cheng Suk Hang , Wong Ada I. C. , Hudecova Irena , Leung Tak Y. , Chiu Rossa W. K. , Lo Yuk Ming Dennis
Published: November 2016

Significance

We explored the limit of noninvasive prenatal testing by performing genome-wide sequencing of maternal plasma DNA at 195× and 270× haploid genome coverages. Combined with the use of a series of bioinformatics filters, fetal de novo mutations could be detected with a positive predictive value that was two orders of magnitude higher than previously reported. A de novo
BRAF
mutation was noninvasively detected in a case with cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome. The maternal inheritance of the fetus could be ascertained on a genome-wide level without the use of maternal haplotypes, hence greatly increasing the resolution of such analysis. Finally, we showed that certain genomic locations were overrepresented at the ends of plasma DNA fragments with fetal or maternal selectivity.
Railway in Mexico
Authors: González de Cossío Maria
Published: November 2016

The development of railways in Mexico has become a landmark of modern life, as in several other countries. Interesting information design objects have been created for the construction and development of the railway system, such as maps and charts. However, the knowledge related to such objects has remained in the realm of cartographers and other specialists. The study reported in this article, shows that information design can help us understand history, and be acquainted with questions, such as: why it took so much time to build one railway line, what problems were faced, what comparisons can be made, what were the consequences of the advent of the railway. This is the first topic studied that aims to develop a body of knowledge on the history of information design in Mexico.
Acquisition of canonical and non-canonical word orders in L1 Turkish
Authors: Sağın-Şimşek Çiğdem
Published: November 2016

While some studies on child language acquisition demonstrate that the properties of syntax are acquired before syntax-pragmatics interface and the children experience difficulties in several aspects of pragmatic language use, some others, report early sensitivity to the syntax-pragmatics interface. This study aims to explore whether the syntax-before-pragmatics argument can account for acquisition of Turkish word order by examining the syntactic and pragmatic word order preferences of Turkish children. The data obtained from 12 Turkish monolingual children aged between 2;0–6;0 reveal that at 2;0, Turkish children show sensitivity to the syntax-pragmatics interface and use various word orders in line with their pragmatic intentions and the pragmatic constraints of their language increase with the age.
What does online parsing in Turkish-speaking children reveal about grammar?
Authors: Özge Duygu
Published: November 2016

This paper summarizes recent studies with Turkish-speaking children that explore whether children’s online parsing shares adult processing features. We review findings from a self-paced listening study on the processing of relative clauses that reveals incremental integration of case-marking cues and an eye-tracking study that reveals predictive interpretation of case-marking cues independent of the verb and the word order. We discuss the idea that prediction is a natural by-product of incremental interpretation once we assume that our competence grammar is a lexicalized one that allows one-to-one correspondence between syntactic and semantic rules. We then show how Combinatory Categorial Grammar could secure a parsing mechanism combining incrementality and predictivity, without sacrificing a bottom-up algorithm, thanks to its monotonic and monostratal nature that allows flexible constituency.
Acquisition of scope relations by Turkish-English bilingual children
Authors: Geçkin Vasfiye , Crain Stephen , Thornton Rosalind
Published: November 2016

This is a bidirectional case study in the acquisition of semantics by Turkish – English bilingual children. The research question is whether bilingual children acquiring Turkish and English use parental input versus a principle of language learnability, as the basis for their initial interpretation of sentences with a temporal connective (English before, Turkish önce) and disjunction (Turkish ya da, English or). According to the learnability principle, bilingual children were expected to initially assign the same interpretation to the target sentences in both languages, despite differences in the input from adult speakers. The findings of the study confirmed this prediction, and are taken as evidence in support of the principle of language learnability, called the Semantic Subset Principle.
Children’s referential choices in Turkish
Authors: Ateş Beyza Ş. , Demir-Lira Özlem Ece , Küntay Aylin C.
Published: November 2016

We present research on the emergence and development of verbal and non-verbal referential skills of Turkish L1 learners. Turkish has interesting distinctive features compared to other frequently studied languages. The first section presents an overview of research about typically developing L1 learners’ comprehension and production skills in various preverbal and verbal referential situations. The second section presents contrastively interesting properties of Turkish setting the ground for crosslinguistic comparisons. The third section reviews experimental research on Turkish L1 learners’ referential communication skills. The fourth section reviews naturalistic studies about verbal and nonverbal devices employed by Turkish L1 learners during referential interactions with primary caregivers. Finally, we provide critical evaluation and future directions.
Integrating cognitive and sociocultural aspects of reading in Turkish
Authors: Durgunoğlu Aydın Yücesan
Published: November 2016

Reading comprehension is affected by both decoding-related and language-related factors. In Turkish, with decoding developing quickly, the impact of language-related factors appear earlier and affect reading comprehension strongly. These linguistic proficiencies are affected by socioeconomic status (SES). Reanalysis of data from 120 children in Grades 2,3 and 4, yielded a significant correlation between SES level and the reading comprehension level of a student. SES was a significant factor on all measures (e,g, decoding, comprehension, vocabulary). In regression analyses, listening comprehension was a strong predictor of reading comprehension. There was a marginal predictive effect of SES on listening comprehension (along with memory and speed of conceptual access). These results illustrate the integrated impact of cognitive and sociocultural variables on comprehension.
Investigation of High-strength Lead-free Machinable Cu40Zn Duplex Graphite Brasses by Powder Metallurgy
Authors: Li S. , Imai H. , Umeda J. , Fu Y. , Kondoh K.
Published: November 2016

Graphite was proposed as candidate to substitute lead for increasing machinability of Cu40Zn brass in this study. Cr, Fe, Ti and Sn were used as trace alloying elements to improve the mechanical properties and strengthen graphite/brass boundary bonding. The brass powder prepared by water atomisation process were premixed with graphite particles and consolidated by warm compact. The sintered billet was hot extruded to increase density and improve microstructure. The super-saturated solid solution of alloying elements precipitated in form of nano/micro scale particles in the subsequent hot working. Graphite particles with appreciate content can improve machinability effectively without deteriorating the mechanical properties. Graphite content and hot working temperatures are essential parameters which affect machinability and mechanical properties of the graphite brasses.

This paper is part of a Themed Issue on Brass Alloys.
Paris agreement (PA) on climate change and South Africa’s coal-energy complex: issues at stake
Authors: Amusan Lere , Olutola Oluwole
Published: November 2016

After two decades of unduly prolonged negotiations that characterized the Conference of the Parties (COP) meetings, the international system only recently witnessed a substantive globally acceptable climate regime, the Paris Agreement (PA). The less legally binding and largely voluntary agreement establishes, amongst other things, a common framework for all Parties aimed at limiting greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) to not more than 2°C and more significantly, 1.5°C above the pre-industrial levels. Although the agreement admits that an economy driven by clean energy is indispensable to sustainable development, its demand of a rapid end to fossil fuel places a burden on South Africa to replace its coal and gas with clean energy sources. Meeting such demand, when no credible alternatives are put in place, would only exacerbate poverty for the millions of South Africans whose livelihood and businesses are largely sustained by coal-powered electricity. The objectives of this paper are to: (1) assess the Paris climate agreement and its feasibility; (2) appraise South Africa’s coal-dependent economy; (3) suggest adjustment options aimed at dealing effectively with the situation, and also providing support for the aggregate welfare of South Africans. This article adopts the ‘complex interdependence’ and ‘green’ theories.
Perceptual-cognitive skill and the in situ performance of soccer players
Authors: van Maarseveen Mariëtte J. J. , Oudejans Raôul R. D. , Mann David L. , Savelsbergh Geert J. P.
Published: November 2016

Many studies have shown that experts possess better perceptual-cognitive skills than novices (e.g., in anticipation, decision making, pattern recall), but it remains unclear whether a relationship exists between performance on those tests of perceptual-cognitive skill and actual on-field performance. In this study, we assessed the in situ performance of skilled soccer players and related the outcomes to measures of anticipation, decision making, and pattern recall. In addition, we examined gaze behaviour when performing the perceptual-cognitive tests to better understand whether the underlying processes were related when those perceptual-cognitive tasks were performed. The results revealed that on-field performance could not be predicted on the basis of performance on the perceptual-cognitive tests. Moreover, there were no strong correlations between the level of performance on the different tests. The analysis of gaze behaviour revealed differences in search rate, fixation duration, fixation order, gaze entropy, and percentage viewing time when performing the test of pattern recall, suggesting that it is driven by different processes to those used for anticipation and decision making. Altogether, the results suggest that the perceptual-cognitive tests may not be as strong determinants of actual performance as may have previously been assumed.
Reducing discards without reducing profit: free gear choice in a Danish result-based management trial
Authors: Mortensen Lars O. , Ulrich Clara , Eliasen Søren , Olesen Hans Jakob
Published: November 2016

The 2013 Common Fisheries Policy introduced a landing obligation on a range of species, bringing more focus on the full accountability of all catches. To investigate the potentials and challenges of these paradigm shifts, a 6-months ‘unrestricted gear’ trial was performed in Denmark in 2015. Twelve trawlers were challenged to test their own solutions to reduce unwanted bycatch and/or choke species, while maintaining profitable. The participating fishers tested different options depending on their fishery and the type of issues they faced individually, and adjusted their test fishery over time through incremental small steps. Nine vessels reduced discard ratio in the test fishery, one showed no difference between test and control fishery, while two vessels displayed an increase in discard ratio. Catch compositions also differed, with fewer “choke species” occurring in the test fisheries and a more valuable size composition. Ultimately, despite smaller landings in multiple vessels, no vessel showed reduction in value-per-unit-effort (VPUE) and one Baltic vessel significantly increased the VPUE. This trial showed that relaxing technical regulations combined with proper incentives has a potential to provide some flexibility to cope with the landing obligation, where unwanted catches could be reduced to some extent without negative effects on economic viability.
Metabolomic screening using ESI-FT MS identifies potential radiation-responsive molecules in mouse urine
Authors: Iizuka Daisuke , Yoshioka Susumu , Kawai Hidehiko , Izumi Shunsuke , Suzuki Fumio , Kamiya Kenji
Published: November 2016

The demand for establishment of high-throughput biodosimetric methods is increasing. Our aim in this study was to identify low-molecular-weight urinary radiation-responsive molecules using electrospray ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry (ESI-FT MS), and our final goal was to develop a sensitive biodosimetry technique that can be applied in the early triage of a radiation emergency medical system. We identified nine metabolites by statistical comparison of mouse urine before and 8 h after irradiation. Time-course analysis showed that, of these metabolites, thymidine and either thymine or imidazoleacetic acid were significantly increased dose-dependently 8 h after radiation exposure; these molecules have already been reported as potential radiation biomarkers. Phenyl glucuronide was significantly decreased 8 h after radiation exposure, irrespective of the dose. Histamine and 1-methylhistamine were newly identified by MS/MS and showed significant, dose-dependent increases 72 h after irradiation. Quantification of 1-methylhistamine by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis also showed a significant increase 72 h after 4 Gy irradiation. These results suggest that urinary metabolomics screening using ESI-FT MS can be a powerful tool for identifying promising radiation-responsive molecules, and that urinary 1-methylhistamine is a potential radiation-responsive molecule for acute, high-dose exposure.
Bioscience - Lost in Translation?
Authors: Barker Richard
Published: November 2016

Medical innovation as it stands today is fundamentally unsustainable. There is a widening gap between what biomedical research promises and its current impact in terms of patient benefit and health system improvement. This book highlights the global problem, analyses underlying causes, and provides powerful prescriptions for change to close the gap.

It contrasts progress in biomedicine with other areas of science and technology, such as information technology, in which there are faster, more reliable returns for society from scientific advance. It questions whether society is right to expect so much from biomedicine and why we have become accustomed to such poor returns.

It focuses on four specific ‘gaps in translation’ between bioscience breakthroughs and ultimate patient benefit, and explains how unhelpful mental models and differing perceptions of value, risk, and uncertainty contribute to stifling progress.

Specific examples are examined, in which these bottlenecks have prevented promised progress (e.g. antibiotic-resistant infections), and others in which these barriers have been overcome, as a result of patient pressure (e.g. HIV treatment) or a sense of impending crisis (e.g. pandemic influenza).
The Population of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, Cause of Fusarium Wilt of Strawberry, in California
Authors: Henry P. M. , Kirkpatrick S. C. , Islas C. M. , Pastrana A. M. , Yoshisato J. A. , Koike S. T. , Daugovish O. , Gordon T. R.
Published: November 2016

The objectives of this study were to investigate the structure of the population of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae in California and to evaluate methods for its detection. Fifty-nine isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae were obtained from diseased strawberry plants and their identity was confirmed by pathogenicity testing. The full nuclear ribosomal intergenic spacer (IGS) and elongation factor 1-α gene (EF-1α) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced to elucidate phylogenetic relationships among isolates. IGS and EF-1α sequences revealed three main lineages, which corresponded to three somatic compatibility groups. Primers designed to detect F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae in Japan amplified a 239-bp product from 55 of 59 California isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae and from no nonpathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum. The sequence of this PCR product was identical to the sequence obtained from F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae isolates in Japan. Intensive sampling at two locations in California showed results of tests based on PCR and somatic compatibility to be in agreement for 97% (257 of 264) of isolates tested. Our findings revealed considerable diversity in the California population of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, and indications that horizontal gene transfer may have occurred.
Oomycete Species Associated with Soybean Seedlings in North America—Part I: Identification and Pathogenicity Characterization
Authors: Alejandro Rojas J. , Jacobs Janette L. , Napieralski Stephanie , Karaj Behirda , Bradley Carl A. , Chase Thomas , Esker Paul D. , Giesler Loren J. , Jardine Doug J. , Malvick Dean K. , Markell Samuel G. , Nelson Berlin D. , Robertson Alison E. , Rupe John C. , Smith Damon L. , Sweets Laura E. , Tenuta Albert U. , Wise Kiersten A. , Chilvers Martin I.
Published: November 2016

Oomycete pathogens are commonly associated with soybean root rot and have been estimated to reduce soybean yields in the United States by 1.5 million tons on an annual basis. Limited information exists regarding the frequency and diversity of oomycete species across the major soybean-producing regions in North America. A survey was conducted across 11 major soybean-producing states in the United States and the province of Ontario, Canada. In 2011, 2,378 oomycete cultures were isolated from soybean seedling roots on a semiselective medium (CMA-PARPB) and were identified by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA. Sequence results distinguished a total of 51 Pythium spp., three Phytophthora spp., three Phytopythium spp., and one Aphanomyces sp. in 2011, with Pythium sylvaticum (16%) and P. oopapillum (13%) being the most prevalent. In 2012, the survey was repeated, but, due to drought conditions across the sampling area, fewer total isolates (n = 1,038) were collected. Additionally, in 2012, a second semiselective medium (V8-RPBH) was included, which increased the Phytophthora spp. isolated from 0.7 to 7% of the total isolates. In 2012, 54 Pythium spp., seven Phytophthora spp., six Phytopythium spp., and one Pythiogeton sp. were recovered, with P. sylvaticum (14%) and P. heterothallicum (12%) being recovered most frequently. Pathogenicity and virulence were evaluated with representative isolates of each of the 84 species on soybean cv. Sloan. A seed-rot assay identified 13 and 11 pathogenic species, respectively, at 13 and 20°C. A seedling-root assay conducted at 20°C identified 43 species as pathogenic, having a significantly detrimental effect on the seedling roots as compared with the noninoculated control. A total of 15 species were pathogenic in both the seed and seedling assays. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of oomycete species present in soybean seedling roots in the major production areas in the United States and Ontario, Canada and provides a basis for disease management and breeding programs.
The EFCR Approach and the Radial Septum—Understanding the Anatomy and Improving Volar Exposure for Distal Radius Fractures: Imagine What You Could Do With an Extra Inch
Authors: Orbay Jorge L. , Gray Robert , Vernon Lauren L. , Sandilands Scott M. , Martin Anthony R. , Vignolo Sofia M.
Published: November 2016

Locked volar plating is the most common surgical procedure to address distal radius fractures. The extended flexor carpi radialis approach continues to be an excellent method for visualizing distal radius fractures and applying a volar plate. A new understanding of the anatomy allows for better visualization and reduction of the many different distal radius fracture patterns surgeons commonly see. Within the extended flexor carpi radialis approach, we describe the radial septum in further detail including the anatomy which comprises the radial septum triangle. Knowledge of this area allows for better visualization, more anatomic reductions, and fewer complications.