bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An incidental finding of localized aortic arch dissection in a polytraumatized patient. A case report and state of the art of non-A non-B aortic dissection
Authors: Parato Andrea Giovanni , D’Agostino Simone , Pelliccioni Simona , Boni Maria Virginia , Angelini Andrea , Sbaraglia Francesco , Parato Vito Maurizio
Published: September 2024

Non-A non-B aortic dissection is considered a rare nosological entity, included in the Stanford classification, representing a small percentage of the total aortic dissections that occur annually. Regarding this form, the literature reports a more complicated disease course compared to other types of dissection. We describe the case of a 76-year-old patient who accessed the triage section of an emergency department for a polytrauma picture and, after surgical treatment of a leg fracture, received a diagnosis of non-A non-B aortic dissection, "localized" to the arch and incidentally detected. The angio-computed tomography (CT) showed that the only intimal tear was located in the central portion of the aortic arch, with no exit tear. No signs of malperfusion or clinical symptoms related to the aortic finding were evident. The Aortic Team decided on a conservative approach, whereby the patient was started on medical therapy to control blood pressure in a monitored bed of a semi-intensive care unit. The persistent asymptomatic state, a condition of hemodynamic stability, and an unchanged angio-CT picture enabled discharge on day 7 and the assignment to a close follow-up.
Optimal treatment strategies for coronary heart disease in cancer patients: a complex clinical case
Authors: Golukhova Elena Zelikovna , Slivneva Inessa Viktorovna , Pylev Andrey Lvovich , Kozlova Olga Sergeevna , Petrosyan Karen Valerievich , Romanov Denis Sergeevich , Volkov Alexander Yurievich
Published: September 2024

Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains a leading cause of mortality among cancer patients, primarily due to shared risk factors and the impacts of chemotherapeutic drugs, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and radiotherapy. Determining the optimal treatment strategy remains a challenging issue for patients with concurrent CHD and malignant neoplasms. In high-risk patients, managing CHD frequently takes precedence over addressing the oncologic disease. Myocardial revascularization, coupled with optimal medical therapy for CHD, can significantly enhance patient survival by reducing the risks of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. However, selecting a surgical treatment strategy requires careful consideration of the indications, the complexity of coronary lesions, the risk of bleeding and thrombosis, and the overall prognosis of the malignancy. This clinical case demonstrates the importance of risk-benefit assessment, multidisciplinary discussion of cure strategy, and application of novel technologies to provide the most personalized and effective treatment.
Predictors of stricture after endoscopic submucosal dissection of the esophagus and steroids application
Authors: Wang Qing-Xia , Ding Yuan , Qian Qi-Liu , Zhu Yin-Nan , Shi Rui-Hua
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a reliable method to resect early esophageal cancer. Esophageal stricture is one of the major complications after ESD of the esophagus. Steroid prophylaxis for esophageal strictures, particularly local injection of triamcinolone acetonide (TA), is a relatively effective method to prevent esophageal strictures. However, even with steroid prophylaxis, stenosis still occurs in up to 45% of patients. Predicting the risk of stenosis formation after local TA injection would enable additional interventions in risky patients.

AIM

To identify the predictors of esophageal strictures after steroids application.

METHODS

Patients who underwent esophageal ESD and steroid prophylaxis and who were comprehensively assessed for lesion- and ESD-related factors at Southeast University Affiliated Zhongda Hospital between February 2018 and March 2023 were included in the study. The univariate and multivariate regression analyses were conducted to identify the predictors of stricture among patients undergoing steroid prophylaxis.

RESULTS

A total of 120 patients were included in the analysis. In the oral prednisone and oral prednisone combined with local tretinoin injection groups, the stenosis rates were 44/53 (83.0%) and 56/67 (83.6%), respectively. Among them, univariate analysis showed that the lesion circumference (P = 0.01) and submucosal injection solution (P = 0.04) showed significant correlation with the risk of stenosis formation. Logistic regression analyses were then performed using predictors that were significant in the univariate analyses and combined with known predictors from previous reports, such as additional chemoradiotherapy and tumor location. We identified a lesion circumference < 5/6 (OR = 0.19; P = 0.02) and submucosal injection of sodium hyaluronate (OR = 0.15; P = 0.03) as independent predictors of on esophageal stricture formation.

CONCLUSION

Steroid prophylaxis effectively prevents stenosis. Moreover, the lesion circumference and submucosal injection of sodium hyaluronate were independent predictors of esophageal strictures. Additional interventions should be considered in high-risk patients.
Can early precut reduce post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis in patients with difficult bile duct cannulation?
Authors: Tanikawa Tomohiro , Miyakae Keisuke , Kawada Mayuko , Ishii Katunori , Fushimi Takasi , Urata Noriyo , Wada Nozomu , Nishino Ken , Suehiro Mitshiko , Kawanaka Miwa , Shiraha Hidenori , Haruma Ken , Kawamoto Hirofumi
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is associated with a variety of adverse events (AEs). One of the most important AEs is post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP), which is most common in cases of difficult biliary cannulation. Although the precut technique has been reported as a PEP risk factor, recent studies indicate that early precut could reduce PEP, and that precut itself is not a risk factor.

AIM

To evaluate the safety of the precut technique, especially in terms of PEP.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective study, spanning the period from November 2011 through December 2021. It included 1556 patients, aged ≥ 20 years, who underwent their initial ERCP attempt for biliary disease with a naïve papilla at the Kawasaki University General Medical Center. We compared the PEP risk between the early precut and the delayed precut group.

RESULTS

The PEP incidence rate did not significantly differ between the precut and non-precut groups. However, the PEP incidence was significantly lower in the early precut group than the delayed precut group (3.5% vs 10.5%; P = 0.02). The PEP incidence in the delayed precut group without pancreatic stent insertion (17.3%) was significantly higher compared to other cases (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicate that early precut may reduce PEP incidence. If the precut decision is delayed, a pancreatic stent should be inserted to prevent PEP.
Confocal laser endomicroscopy for gastric neoplasm
Authors: Dhali Arkadeep , Maity Rick , Rathna Roger B , Biswas Jyotirmoy
Published: September 2024

Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is a novel endoscopic modality that provides real-time histological information via high-resolution magnified view of the mucosa. CLE has a higher sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy in detecting atrophic gastritis as compared to chromoendoscopy and narrow-band imaging. It can even predict low-grade and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia by analyzing gastric pit patterns. CLE may have some advantages over the standard biopsy protocol, such as higher diagnostic yield and fewer biopsy requirements. Its diagnostic accuracy in detecting superficial gastric cancer is higher than that of white-light endoscopy. Inherent limitations, such as a narrow field of vision, can be surpassed by technological advancements and integration with other detection methods. Artificial intelligence holds promise in automated analysis of histopathological images. Thus, CLE can be helpful in screening for early gastric cancer and may help reduce the risk of complications from repeated biopsies, such as mucosal damage, bleeding, and infection.
Peening Media, Ceramic Shot, Yttria-Zirconia (AYZ)
Authors:   AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Published: September 2024

This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for peening media covered in AMS2431, establishes the requirements for the procurement of yttria-zirconia ceramic shot.
Nickel Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Rings, Forging, Flash-Welded Rings and Heading Stock 58Ni - 19.5Cr - 13.5Co - 4.3Mo - 3.0Ti - 1.4Al - 0.05Zr - 0.006B (Waspaloy) Consumable Electrode or Vacuum Induction Melted 1975 °F (1079 °C) Solution Heat Treated
Authors:   AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Published: September 2024

This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of bars, wire, forgings, flash-welded rings, and stock for forging, flash-welded rings, or heading.
Lubricant, Solid Film, Heat Cured, Corrosion Inhibiting, Procurement Specification
Authors:   E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Published: September 2024

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the requirements for heat-cured solid film lubricants. For other general or high-temperature applications, refer to AS1701. This document requires qualified products.
Mathematical analysis of in-host Ebola virus infection dynamics model with sensitivity analysis
Authors: Ismail Seleman
Published: September 2024

Ebola virus (EBOV) causes a haemorrhagic and lethal Ebola disease disastrous to human beings, which is transmitted by contact of body fluids of infected animals and humans. Presently, there are no therapies for the disease. In this paper, a mathematical model is proposed to investigate the in-vivo dynamics of EBOV infection with sensitivity analysis. A system of five non-linear ordinary differential equations constitutes the model, from which the basic reproduction number, R0 is calculated using the next generation matrix method. The parameter R0 is employed to analyze global stability of disease-free and endemic equilibria. Using the Metzler matrix operator, the results indicate that the disease-free equilibrium point is globally asymptotically stable provided that R0 < 1, which implies that the disease disappears from the host after some period of time. With Lyapunov Stability Theory and LaSalle Invariant Principle, the results indicate that the endemic equilibrium point is globally asymptotically stable provided that R0 > 1, which implies that the disease persists in the host. Sensitivity analysis of the basic reproduction number pertaining to the model parameters is achieved using forward normalized sensitivity index method. The results indicate that the parameters for infection rate, production rate of uninfected target cells and virus replication rate are positively sensitive. On the other hand, the parameters for natural death rate of target cells and natural death rate of the virus are negatively sensitive, implying that the basic reproduction number decreases as the parameters increase and vice versa. Besides, it is shown that the parameter for the infection rate is the most sensitive one while the parameter for the virus reproduction rate is the least sensitive one. Numerical simulations are used to validate the analytical results. The results suggest implementation of deliberate control measures to eradicate EBOV disease by considering sites in the model to which the most sensitive parameters are affiliated.
The synthesis and characterization of the two 2-(tert-butyl) cyclohexyl methanesulfonate compounds
Authors: Mtashobya Lewis
Published: September 2024

This short communication reports the synthesis and characterization of the mixture of two diastereoisomeric methanesulfonate compounds, 2-(tert-butyl) cyclohexyl methanesulfonate. Methanesulfonate group was introduced into the compounds due to its effectiveness as a protecting and good leaving group in nucleophilic substitution reactions. These intermediate compounds were prepared in an attempt to introduce fluorine at position two of the two target diastereoisomeric fluorinated compounds 1-(tert-butyl)-2-fluorocyclohexane which are important for studying the properties of hydrogen bond in fluorinated compounds. The two methanesulfonate compounds were formed as an inseparable mixture in 23% yield through alkylation with methanesulfonyl chloride and were characterized and identified by the 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscope. The compounds are reported as useful substrates in nucleophilic substitution reactions due to their effectiveness as leaving groups.
Exploring the benefits, challenges, and rationale behind growing crops of choice among farmers in Rwanda
Authors: Sunday Francois Xavier , Uwineza Yvonne , Ndahayo Ezechiel , Ishimwe Irene Patrick , Rajeswaran Lakshmi , Maryse Umugwaneza
Published: September 2024

Farming decisions about crop choices are influenced by natural conditions, household needs, family traditions, stakeholder  recommendations, and crop productivity. The best decision varies for each farmer based on the specific circumstances. In Rwanda, where  agriculture employs 70% of the population and contributes 33% to GDP, the sector operates across three seasons. Despite these  conditions, food and nutritional insecurity remain significant issues affecting both human and economic progress. This study explored  the rationale, benefits, and challenges of farmers’ crop choices. This study employed a qualitative descriptive approach. Six Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted, with two sessions per district. Each FGD included 10 participants and lasted one hour, maintaining  gender balance. Local community health workers (CHWs) facilitated recruitment, and participants gave informed consent. Trained data  collectors used voice recorders for data collection. Researchers transcribed, anonymized, and translated the data into English, then coded  and analysed it to generate themes and categories.Farmers grow diverse crops for income, export, and household consumption,  influenced by soil, climate, inherited knowledge, and stakeholder advice. Agriculture sustains their livelihoods through nutrition and  financial stability. However, they face challenges like pests, input access, climate change, and soil-crop incompatibility. These findings call  for holistic and context-specific solutions to agricultural development in Rwanda. Stakeholders should work together to support farmers  in making informed choices and promoting sustainable and profitable agriculture.
Polymorphism in grain architecture of rice landraces cultivated in northern Nigeria
Authors: Muhammad H.U. , Sakariyahu S.K. , Indabo S.S. , Aliyu A. , Ahmed H.O. , Adamu A.K. , Aliyu R.E.
Published: September 2024

This study investigated seed shape and size polymorphism in 70 rice genotypes from diverse ecological regions in Nigeria, including  North-West, North-East, and North-Central. The aim was to profile these genotypes based on marketability and consumer preferences.  Seed evaluation followed the International Rice Research Institute's (IRRI) standard protocol. Measurements of seed length and width,  with and without husk, were taken using precise instruments. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and cluster analysis revealed significant  variability in seed dimensions among landraces. Results showed that all genotypes were slender-shaped, with lengths ranging from 3.2 to  6.8 mm. Classification revealed 18.6% extra-long, 44.3% long, 25.7% medium, and 11.4% short-grained landraces. Cluster analysis  grouped landraces by brown rice shape. This information is crucial for rice breeders, farmers, policymakers, and importers to develop  effective strategies for future rice production and trade.
Antioxidants and vitamins content of methanol extract of Piliostigma reticulatum leaves
Authors: A.A. Sani  , A.K. Dalla Dalla  , S.B. Idris  , N. Suleiman  , A.H. Jibril
Published: September 2024

Medicinal plants play an important role in treatment of various diseases or health conditions. Piliostigma reticulatum has many medicinal applications in Northern Nigeria. The leaves are used as antimalarial, antihypertensive, diuretic, anti-cancer, to name but few. Geographical location and soil nature can lead to variations in the phytochemical and nutritional contents of any given plant. The aim of this work was to determine the antioxidant property, phytochemical and vitamin contents of P. reticulatum leaves found in Gusau, Zamfara state. Antioxidant potentials were determined using the 2,2 diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), free radical scavenging assay and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Using the two antioxidants capacity tests, antioxidant power of the extract increased with increase in concentration of the extract. The IC50 for DPPH and FRAP assays were 5.22µg/ml and2.8 µg/ml respectively. The test revealed strong presence of saponins, and glycosides (+++). The extract was rich in vitamins C, E, and A at the concentrations of µg/ml 232.03, 80.71 µg/ml and 68.05 µg/ml respectively. The results of this study revealed methanolic leaves extract of the plant to be very rich in antioxidants. Further research to ascertain the toxicity index and quantify the phytochemicals for further in cooperation into modern pharmaceuticals is recommended.
Effect of seasons on performance and egg quality traits of commercial laying birds raised in tropical monsoon climate in southern Nigeria
Authors: Ade Samson  , O. Emeka  , A.M. Moemeka
Published: September 2024

Climate change has been a major challenge facing poultry production within the tropical monsoon climate of southern Nigeria. An experiment was set up for a period of one year to examine the effects of seasonal fluctuations on the productivity as well as the quality of egg traits of commercial-laying birds between the rainy and hot-dry seasons. There were 600 laying-pullets of 20-week-old used in a completely randomized design (CRD). Initial live weight, final live weight, weight gain, feed intake, hen-day production, mortality rate, egg weight, egg cracks, feed efficiency/g egg, and internal and external features were among the performance indicators that were recorded.  The season of rain (April–October) and the hot-dry season (October–March) were used to group the records.  In the rainy season, there were significant (p<0.05) effects on final live weight, weight gain, feed intake, hen-day- production, and egg cracks. There was also a significant (p<0.05) difference in mortality rate, with the dry-hot season showing the highest rates. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the internal and external egg quality parameters such as yolk weight, albumen weight, yolk colour, and haugh unit, with the rainy season being superior to the dry-hot season. The findings showed that in a tropical monsoon in southern Nigeria, the laying hen performed better in the rainy season than in the dry-hot season in all variables studied. Houses should be properly built, and trees made available for the appropriate shading of laying houses.
Poverty status and income inequality among farming households in Dutse Local Government Area of Jigawa State, Nigeria
Authors: R.Y. Abdulsalam  , B.A. Abdulwahab  , Y. Zakari  , Y. Adamu
Published: September 2024

The study examined the poverty status, its determinants and income inequality of farming households using cross sectional data in Dutse Local Government Area of Jigawa state, Nigeria. Focusing on the 2022 farming season, data were collected from 122 farming households who were selected through a multi-stage sampling technique. To achieve the objectives of this study, the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) index, Gini coefficient and a logistic regression model were employed. The result revealed that 83% of the households were poor, poverty incidence was 98.4% and Gini coefficient was 0.6. Factors identified to influence the poverty status were credit access, farming experience, farm income and off farm income. Specifically, the odds ratio of the variable representing access to credit showed that having access to credit increases their odds of becoming poor by 864.23 times. However, this does not diminish the importance of credit supply to smallholder farmers. Rather, it calls for a proper monitoring to ensure appropriate use of the credit funds. In addition, farm income and non-farm income had no association with the poverty status of the households as indicated by their odds ratios of 1.000, respectively. Furthermore, the study found that having longer years of farming experience was not positively related with a lower likelihood of them being poor. These findings call for a recommendation on increased information about proper farming practices. Policies favourable to increasing agricultural productivity and income as well as encouraging diversification of income generating activities both within and outside crop production could reduce the poverty incidence in the study area.
Effects of dry season irrigation and fertilizer micro-dosing on water application efficiency, agronomic performance and water use efficiency of Amaranthus viridis
Authors: I.A. Egbebi  , T.M. Awopegba  , M.O. Akinola  , O.E. Egbebi  , A.O. Olakayode
Published: September 2024

In most arable regions of Africa, fertilizer application and irrigation are cultural practices to improve soil fertility and reduce plant water stress especially during the dry cultivation seasons. Their application is beneficial if value of increase in crop yield due to climatic changes is sustained and improved. This study investigated the effects of urea and irrigation on water application efficiency, agronomic performance and water use efficiency of Amaranthus viridis in a humid rainforest zone of southwestern Nigeria during the dry season. It was conducted during the late and early dry seasons of year 2022 and 2023 respectively at the Teaching and Research Farm, Ekiti State Polytechnic, Isan Ekiti, Nigeria. There were two methods of irrigation (sprinkler and capillary) combined with urea fertilizer micro-dosing application rates of 0 and 40 kg N/ ha by fertigation, broadcast, drilling and spot placement replicated in a randomised complete block design. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test to separate the significant means at p<0.05. The capillary irrigation system when combined with fertigation significantly (P < 0.05) improved soil water application efficiency and water use efficiency of the amaranth over the sprinkler system. The micro-dosing application rate on the dry season capillary irrigation method was enough to support growth and obtain optimum yield of the leafy vegetable.
Economic injury levels of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) at early-whorl vegetative growth stage of quality protein maize variety
Authors: M.S. Usman  , R.S. Adamu  , I. Onu  , E. Kogi  , N. Musa  , I.A. Ahmed
Published: September 2024

Screen-house experiments were conducted in 2020 and 2021 wet seasons to determine the Economic Injury Levels (EIL) of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) at the early-whorl vegetative growth stage (V4) of SAMMAZ 36 quality protein maize (QPM) variety at Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria. The variety grown in different plastic pots was placed in separate wooden cages at the screen-house and artificially infested with different larval densities (0, 2, 4 and 6) of fall armyworm (FAW) per plant at two weeks after emergence. The experiments were laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) and repeated three times. Relationship between FAW larval densities and cob damage rating, grain yield (kg/ha) and percent yield losses were determined by coefficient of determination (R2) and regression equation. The results showed that plants with zero infestation had the highest grain yield, and the grain yields of infested plants decreases with increase in number of FAW larvae. Infestation with 6 larvae per plant in 2020 and 2021 experiments resulted in yield losses of 28.2 and 26.1%, respectively. Regression of grain yield and FAW larval densities was negative and linear, for the early-whorl growth stage of SAMMAZ 36 in both years. The EIL values determined from this study were 4.44 and 3.32 FAW larvae per plant in 2020 and 2021 seasons, respectively. Based on these findings, when FAW densities of at least three larvae per plant are detected at the early-whorl (21- 28 days after emergence) vegetative growth stage of maize, control measures should be initiated to prevent FAW population build up and economic damage.
Effects of spring onion (Allium fistulosum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) marinade on the shelf life of smoke-dried Clarias gariepinus
Authors: K. Omoruyi  , O.A. Obasohan
Published: September 2024

This study was conducted to determine the effect of spring onion marinade and turmeric marinade on the microbial load of smoked-dried Clarias gariepinus stored at ambient temperature (370C) for six weeks. Forty (40) fishes with an average weight of 500g were gutted, washed and randomly assigned to the treatments. The experimental treatments were the control, turmeric, spring onion and turmeric. The fishes were soaked in the treatments for 20 minutes. After smoke-drying, the fishes were stored and comparative analysis of the microbial load of each treated fish samples were done biweekly for six (6) weeks. The fish samples were analysed using Potato Dextrose Agar and Nutrient Agar for fungi and bacteria respectively. There was a general increase in microbial load as the storage period progressed. After 6 weeks of storage at ambient temperature, the study showed sample B (Spring Onion) had the highest (1.3´106 cfu/g) mean bacterial load and the least (8.8x105 cfu/g) was in sample C. Samples A (control) and C (turmeric marinade) had the highest (1.4´105 cfu/g) mean fungal load while the least was seen in Sample B (9.3´10 cfu/g). Seven bacterial species namely, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobactera erogenes, Pseudomononas sp., Streptococcus pyogenes, Micrococcus sp., Proteus sp., and Klebsiella sp and six fungal species namely, Mucor piriformis, Candida sp., Aspergillus sp, Rhizopus sp., Penicillium sp, and Fusarium sp were observed in the study. It is recommended that turmeric marinade should be employed in smoke-drying fish as it had the least microbial load and as such it would have the longest shelf life.
Assessment of land cover changes and endangered tree species in Rurum ward of Rano Local Government Area of Kano State
Authors: A. Daniel  , S.B. Shamaki  , B.R. Wali  , B. Ahmed  , A.I. Lawal
Published: September 2024

The study assessed land cover changes and endangered tree species in Rurum Ward of Rano Local Government Area, Kano State, using Landsat imageries from 1992, 2002, 2012, and 2022. A geospatial approach, complemented by semi-structured questionnaire and key informant interviews, identified the main drivers of land cover change and endangered tree species. Two wards, Rurum Sabon Gari and Rurum Tsohon Gari, were purposively sampled, with 80 respondents randomly selected. The GIS-based analysis categorized land cover changes into Built-up Areas, Vegetation/Forest Cover, Agricultural Land, Water Body, and Bare Surface. Over 30 years (1992-2022), Forest Cover decreased by 22.82%, while Agricultural Land, Settlement, Water Body, and Bare Surface increased by 12.33%, 5.58%, 2.94%, and 1.97%, respectively. Results from the interview showed that 66.2% of respondents were aware of land cover change dynamics, confirming the geospatial findings. The primary drivers of these changes were fuel wood exploitation (48.11%) and agricultural land expansion (26%), with poverty (67.5%) and population growth/settlement expansion (16.9%) as underlying causes. Key informant interviews identified the most endangered tree species as Khaya senegalensis, Afzelia africana, Vitellaria paradoxa, Faidherbia albida, Ficus polita, Syzygium guineensis, and Vitex doniana. The study concluded that fuel wood exploitation is the main contributor (48.1%) to land cover changes, driven primarily by poverty (67.5%). It recommends restoring threatened and endangered tree species, enhancing poverty-eradication programs, and promoting renewable energy sources in rural areas to reduce reliance on wood fuel.
Geospatial assessment of climate sensitivity in Ibarapa North, Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: C.F. Agbor  , D.A. Akintunde-Alo  , O.R. Ogunwale
Published: September 2024

This study employed remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) to evaluate the spatial pattern of carbon(iv)oxide (CO2) concentration and the resulting climate sensitivity in Ibarapa North local government areas of Oyo State, Nigeria. The evaluation was carried out using Landsat images of 2003 and 2023, digital elevation model, as well as CO2 data collected with CO2. meter. Surface temperature and radiative forcing were generated from the satellite images using random forest algorithm in  software environment, while the climate sensitivity was evaluated using Drakes’ Sensitivity Linear Model. The results revealed mean air temperature of 31.5oC and 32.7oC in 2003 and 2023 respectively. The area experienced positive radiative forcing mean value of about 2.69 , which indicates more energy being trapped on the earth’s surface that could cause warming. The climate sensitivity in 2023 was 0.4oC s-2 which falls below global average of about 3oC s-1. The CO2 concentration was extrapolated based on the mathematical function derived from the regression function between the variable and elevation. The results revealed positive radiative forcing and low climate sensitivity value. This may seem positive, but that doesn’t negate the need for action to mitigate adverse effects of climate change.
Suitability of indigenous rhizobia isolates as nitrogen biofertilizers for groundnut in the Nigerian Savanna
Authors: A.A. Abdullahi  , G.L. Abdullahi
Published: September 2024

A study was conducted in search of the best inoculant for recently released groundnut genotypes in the Nigerian Savana. The treatments were two (2) groundnut genotypes (SAMNUT 25 and SAMNUT 26) and five (5) nitrogen (N) sources; (NC 92; KBU 026; MJR 518; optimum N and uninoculated control). These were factorially combined into a total of 10 treatment combinations replicated three times in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The plants were grown for six (6) weeks and the number of flowers, shoot dry matter and N uptake were determined. The results showed significant difference among the treatments and their interactions (P < 0.05), with respect to all parameters. These were used to arrive at the best inoculant in terms of N2 fixation in symbiosis with SAMNUT 25 as KBU 026, while MJR 518 had higher capacity of N2 fixation in symbiosis with SAMNUT 26. Even though, KBU 026 generally performed better than the latter relative to both groundnut genotypes. The study indicates variation among indigenous rhizobia isolates for suitability as potential inoculants for groundnut inoculation. It also shows the possibility of arriving at a best inoculant (KBU 026) for both genotypes.
Assessment of awareness level of insect pests of mahogany (Khaya senegalensis (Desv.) A. Juss) in Sabon-gari Local Government Area, Kaduna state, Nigeria
Authors: G.O. Baba  , R.K. Olaifa  , A.I. Sodimu  , A.M. Bichi  , F.D. Idris
Published: September 2024

African mahogany is an important tree species found in parts of west and central Africa, including Nigeria. The species is vulnerable to a range of insect pests that can reduce its growth, leading to economic losses. However, lack of knowledge about insect pests makes it difficult to implement effective control strategies. This study assessed awareness level of farmers on insect pests of mahogany in Sabongari Local Government Area, Kaduna State Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used after the sampling locations has been stratified to wards in the Local Government Area to three (3) farming communities each in the first stage. Random sampling technique was used in the second stage to administer 40 copies of the questionnaire in each of the stratified wards, thereby having a total of 360 selected respondents, out of which 338 were retrieved. The data collected were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics. The study revealed that 95% of farmers were familiar with the tree species, 45% were aware of its insect pests, and 30% have knowledge in pest identification and management. The study also identified challenges faced by farmers such as changes in prevalence/severity, wide host range, seasonally variation, cost of pesticides, limited information on pest identification and management. Most effective way to control pests according to farmers is use of chemical/pesticides and other less harmful methods, and they also believe that professional advice is needed when dealing with insect pests. Critical ways of managing insect pests of the trees were the use of traditional/cultural practices, planting of improved and resistant species, and maintaining healthy tree through proper silvicultural practices. These factors are crucial because they are effective and sustainable ways to manage insect pests. Therefore, there is need to raise awareness among farmers about insect pests of mahogany tree, and to develop and promote effective and sustainable pest management strategies that are tailored to their needs.
Profitability of shea butter processing business for rural women in Borgu LGA, Niger State, Nigeria
Authors: A.M. Kabir  , S.R. Adebola
Published: September 2024

This study investigated the profitability of small-scale shea butter processing enterprises in Borgu Local Government Area, Nigeria. It examined the socio-economic characteristics of processors (n=120), their processing methods, as well as the factors influencing profitability. A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed. Three wards and two villages were selected in each Local Government Area, followed by a random selection of 50% of identified shea nut processors. The findings revealed that the majority of processors were women (93%) with an average age of 39 years. Most had basic education or Qur'anic education only and relied on traditional processing methods. The results showed an average weekly gross margin of ₦2,237.78. However, considering the imputed cost of Shea nuts (gathered wild), the actual gross margin could be much higher at ₦6,665, resulting in a return on investment exceeding 58%. Years of experience and age were positively associated with profit margin, indicating that more experienced and older processors earned more. Conversely, educational level and household size had a negative association with profit margin although at the 10 level of significance.  It can be concluded that Shea butter processing offers a significant income-generating opportunity for rural women in Nigeria. However, traditional methods and limited knowledge restrict profitability. It is hereby recommended that interventions are needed to improve processing techniques, empower processors through education and training, and address constraints like unstable prices and inadequate storage facilities. This could significantly enhance the sector's contribution to rural livelihoods and women's economic empowerment.
Determinants of choice of selected timber species traded in timber markets in Southwest, Nigeria
Authors: A.E. Oguntade  , I.O. Ogunwande  , O.O. Akinrinola  , O. Idowu
Published: September 2024

This study was designed to investigate the determinants of the choice of selected timber species being traded in timber markets in Southwest, Nigeria. The study focused on three States in Southwest Nigeria which are Ondo, Ogun and Oyo States. The study relies mostly on primary sources of data sourced from the timber merchants in an open market. The primary data were collected using copies of well-structured and pre-tested questionnaires. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 180 timber marketers as respondents for the study. Multinomial logit regression model was used to analyze the data obtained. Results revealed that timber price, durability, workability, variety of uses and availability among others significantly influence the determinants of the choice of selected timber species being traded in timber markets in the study area in different directions and probability levels. It was revealed that same factors may influence the choice of different timbers being traded in different directions and at different probability levels. While a particular variable may have positive influence on certain species, it may have negative influence on other species and/or of no effect on another species. Based on the findings from this study, perfect understanding of these factors by timber marketers would go a very long way in determining species to stock for sale which will ensure their steady progress in the business, hence association of timber marketers and government in terms of policies and regulations should be geared towards educating timber marketers on all factors that drive increased decision making on choice of species to stock for sale in the market.
The role of Multi Actor Communities of practice in dissemination of push-pull technology
Authors: Ngonga Esther , Ombok Benjamin , Osewe D.O. , Aila Fredrick , Odhiambo George
Published: September 2024

Maize production is the main source of income in rural western Kenya, where 70% of the population lives below the poverty line. Many  maize farmers over the years have been experiencing losses in their production that are brought about by striga weeds, stemborer, and fall armyworms as the major menaces. Push-pull technology (PPT), which was developed over three decades, has proven to be an  effective organic method for reducing these biotic stressors. Multi-actor communities of practice (MACs) are important in the  dissemination of agricultural technologies to diversified farming communities at different levels for enhanced adoption through the use  of effective dissemination pathways. UPSCALE is a Horizon 2020 project whose aim is to promote wide-spread push-pull Pull Technology  adoption through the transdisciplinary engagement of MAC. This paper focused on two objectives: to compare the differences in maize yield among adopters and non-adopters of PPT and to evaluate the effects of MACs on the adoption of push-pull technology in western  Kenya. This brings the relevant stakeholders on board to ensure smallholder farmers realize the associated benefits of PPT and other  agricultural technologies. It has been established that MACs collaboration can aid in increased adoption of agricultural technologies such  as push-pull technology, as this is shown through responses from farmers via services they acquire from MACs. MACs inclusion is  important because they interact directly with farmers to ensure farmers are up to date with new technologies in terms of information  sharing, technology promotion, and the supply of inputs required to adopt technologies. Additionally, adopters tend to get higher maize  yields as compared to non-adopters, based on the obtained results. Given the importance of involving MACs at every stage of technology  adoption, there is a call to fully engage with stakeholders in ensuring the dissemination of agricultural research and technologies.
Comparative progressive composting, evaluation and profiling of minerals and heavy metals in human solid waste collected by green toilet system, cow dung, poultry droppings, and goat waste composts
Authors: Ouma Shellemiah Otieno , Magiri Esther Nkirote , Imbuga Mabel , Boga Hamadi
Published: September 2024

The value of human excreta, a resource that is available in all societies is underestimated in present agriculture. In parts of South East  Asia, the use of human excreta as fertilizer in agriculture is a common practice benefiting production. The excreta contain chemical  elements that circulate in biogeochemical cycles necessary in plant nutrition. This study aimed to progressively detect, quantify, and  profile minerals (micro, macro and heavy metals) levels in human solid waste from Green Toilet System and compare with cow dung,  poultry droppings, and goat waste composts at different stages of composting for a time duration of six months (183 days). Green Toilet  System, developed by LIXIL destined solid and liquid human wastes to different collection points with negligible or zero interaction. Micro  (Mn, Cu, Zn, and Fe), macro nutrients (Ca, K, P, N, and Mg) and heavy metals (Pb, Cd and Cr) analysis was done after every 21 days.  Individual means were compared and separated using Duncan’s multiple range test with a significant level at p<0.05. There were  significant differences between the means recorded for micro/macronutrients, and heavy metals between all composts analyzed.  Micronutrients levels increased with increase in composting time. Lead and chromium reached an optimal level of 28.000±0.000mg/Kg  and 35.000±0.000mg/Kg on days 168 and 105 respectively. The findings showed that composts contained different profiles of macro- and  micronutrients that may contribute to soil enrichment and have agronomic value. Green Toilet System for collection of human solid waste  and progressive composting of cow dung, poultry droppings, and goat waste can be used to determine optimal levels of micro/ macronutrients and heavy metals at different composting stages. In conclusion, human solid waste compost should be considered for  use when the levels of micro/macronutrients are optimal and heavy metal levels are minimal after composting.
Foreword to Journal of Humanities Special Issue: Normalising “incompleteness” through Sino-Malawi Cultural Exchanges
Authors: Mtenje Asante Lucy
Published: September 2024

No abstract
The animal-morality nexus in Malawian Chewa, ethnic Zhuang and French proverbs
Authors: Galafa Beaton
Published: September 2024

Metaphoricity in the world’s oral literature thrives through human interaction with nature. From this interaction emerges the aspect of animality, which is vital in our moral interpretation of proverbs. The paper explores how the Chewa in Malawi, the ethnic Zhuang of China and the French deploy animal metaphors in proverbs to navigate morality in the society. Through metaphors, certain animals in selected proverbs represent diverse moral experiences, such as unity of purpose, courage and bravery, virtue and life’s fluctuating seasons. These experiences emerge as common themes in the proverbs under study from across the three societies. In the article, the proverbs are generated from multiple sources. The Chewa proverbs are sourced from the author’s own knowledge as a native Chichewa speaker. The ethnic Zhuang proverbs are entirely drawn from Zhou’s (2016) publication on Zhuang proverbs. For the French proverbs, the author relies on both his knowledge in French/francophone studies and other oral sources. With the aid of Lakoff and Johnson’s Conceptual Metaphor Theory, the paper discusses the possible interpretation of the animal metaphors in the proverbs and their applicability within the context of human morality.
Why are we here? Existentialism in local Malawian lore
Authors: Mfune-Mwanjakwa Damazio
Published: September 2024

The relationship between Africa and China is certainly gaining traction at the moment, and with this development it becomes imperative to examine the various facets that constitute what may arguably be Africa’s most important relationship of the 21st Century. One facet among the many is that of inter-racialism. China’s largescale direct contact with Blacks is a relatively recent occurrence, certainly not long enough for the Chinese to have formed their own definitive independent opinion of the Black race. However, as a result of China’s increasing exposure to the Western world, this exposure comes with the baggage of centuries of Western denigration of Blacks through various kinds of media – satellite tv, social media, magazines, newspapers, etc. that seek to exclude Blacks from the polity of human civilisations. According to Western measures of civilisation, the trajectory of civilisation has been the progression from pre-modernism (uncivilised), through modernism (Enlightenment), to post-modernism, this last being widely viewed as civilisation’s apogee. A definitive precursor to the post-modern condition, and which also came to define its fervour and texture, is a branch of philosophy called “Existentialism”. Adopting a post-colonial stance, and taking up the West on their offer of the trajectory of human civilisation, though clearly not the only one, what forms the core argument of the paper is that, as demonstrated by analyses of the local lores themselves, since time immemorial, Blacks, generally, and Malawians, in particular, have been capable of achieving such vaunted forms of introspection – and more.
International Internship Collaborations: Rwandan Nephrology Graduate Nurses Describe Their Experiences Abroad
Authors: Nyiringango Gerard , Meharry Pamela , Musabwasoni Sandra M.G. , Nyirazigama Alice , Rajeswaran Lakshmi
Published: September 2024

BackgroundInternational internships provide many benefits to graduate nurses, including bridging the gap between theory and practice. Yet, these internships in culturally diverse regions also present various challenges. ObjectiveThis study explored the experiences gained by nephrology graduate master’s nurses from the University of Rwanda who attended clinical training in more advanced settings in Asia and Africa.MethodsA qualitative design and semi-structured interview guide was employed to solicit individual opinions of nine nephrology graduate nurses who had attended international internships in India and Kenya. Content analysis was used to analyse and interpret the meaning of the textual data.ResultsFour themes emerged from the analysis, namely Inter-professional collegiality,Cross-cultural adaptation, Challenges of the internships, and becoming a Changeagent upon return to work in Rwanda.ConclusionParticipants reported many positive learning experiences and some challenges. Thesechallenges could be rectified in future internships abroad. The training bridged thetheory-practice gap and increased the graduate nurses’ experiences as global citizens.Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2024;7(2):217-228
Profile of Perinatal Deaths at Masaka District Hospital in Kigali City, Rwanda: A Retrospective Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Alain Nshimirimana  , Japheths Ogendi
Published: September 2024

BackgroundThe global perinatal deaths and stillbirths in 2018 was alarming, with around 5 million perinatal deaths and 2 million stillbirths, predominantly concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia (95%).ObjectiveTo assess the profile and factors associated with perinatal deaths among deliveries conducted in a public district hospital in Kigali City, Rwanda .MethodsA retrospective cross-sectional study design was conducted using data from hospital files of neonates and mothers who delivered at Masaka District Hospital from January to December 2022. All 303 perinatal deaths were considered. Chi-square was performed for categorical variables to check the association between the outcome variable and predictor variable at significance level of 5%.ResultsThe perinatal mortality rate was 35.8 deaths per 1000 live births. The leading cause of perinatal death were maternal sepsis 67(22%), followed by prematurity 62(20.5%), birth asphyxia 30(9.9%) and congenital anomalies 17(5.6%).However,88(29%) were with unknown causes. Perinatal deaths were statistically associated with maternal anemia (AOR:29.904,P-value:0.001),maternalSTIs(AOR:10.036,P-value:0.036),delivery complications(AOR:0.308,P-value:0.003),and neonatal factors such as birth weight (AOR:6.361,P-value :0.015) and prematurity (AOR:0.038,P-value:0.001).Conclusion The perinatal deaths at Masaka district hospital were relatively high. Management of following factors like prematurity, birth asphyxia, and maternal infection with high-quality care could significantly reduce perinatal deaths at district level.Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2024;7(2):273-285