bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Topical Review: PANDAS: The Search for Environmental Triggers of Pediatric Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Lessons from Rheumatic Fever
Authors: Garvey Marjorie A. , Giedd Jay , Swedo Susan E.
Published: December 2008

Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS) is a relatively new diagnostic construct applied to children or adolescents who develop, and have repeated exacerbations of, tic disorders and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder following group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections. The proposed pathophysiology is that the group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal bacteria trigger antibodies that cross-react with the basal ganglia of genetically susceptible hosts leading to obsessive-compulsive disorder and/or tics. This is similar to the etiologic mechanisms proposed for Sydenham's chorea, in which group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal antibodies cross-react with the basal ganglia and result in abnormal behavior and involuntary movements. When first proposed, there was much controversy about the idea that streptococcal infections were etiologically related to rheumatic fever. In a like manner, discussion has arisen about the concept of infection-triggered obsessive-compulsive disorder and tic disorders. We review the historical background to these controversies, give an update on the findings provided by research on PANDAS, and address areas of future study. (J Child Neurol 1998; 13:413-423).
Neurotrophic Factors in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum of Patients With Rett Syndrome
Authors: Vanhala Raija , Korhonen Laura , Mikelsaar Mait , Lindholm Dan , Riikonen Raili
Published: December 2008

Rett syndrome is now considered to be a neurodevelopmental disease. Its cause is unknown, but it has been suggested that neuronal growth factors and neurotransmitters play important roles. We measured levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in cerebrospinal fluid, and nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in serum in child and adolescent patients with Rett syndrome. Levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in cerebrospinal fluid were below the limit of sensitivity of the methods used. Serum levels of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor did not differ from control values. In Rett syndrome, the normal serum levels of nerve growth factor together and previously reported low levels of the factor in cerebrospinal fluid indicate that the latter may reflect low levels of nerve growth factor in the central nervous system. (J Child Neurol 1998; 13:429-433).
Analgesic Rebound Headache in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Vasconcellos Elza , Piña-Garza Jesús Eric , Millan Ernesto José , Warner John Sloan
Published: December 2008

For more than a decade, the frequent use of analgesics has been recognized to lead to daily headaches in adults. To date, no studies on the occurrence of analgesic rebound headache have been done on the pediatric population. We retrospectively reviewed all charts of patients with the diagnosis of headache seen in our pediatric headache clinic between January 1996 and May 1997. Among the 98 patients seen, 46 (47%) suffered from daily or near daily headaches; 30 of them were consuming daily analgesics. Twenty-four patients (mean age 12.1 years, and mean follow-up 6.2 months) successfully discontinued their analgesics. Twenty-two patients were also placed on amitriptyline. A significant reduction in the frequency (80%), severity (47%), and number of school days missed (74%) were seen. In conclusion, this data is comparable to previous observations reported in adults, and suggests that the daily use of analgesics might result in daily or near daily headaches in the pediatric population. Discontinuing daily analgesics, with the concomitant use of amitriptyline, is an effective treatment for analgesic rebound headache in this population. (J Child Neurol 1998;13:443-447).
Electroencephalogram and Clinical Focalities in Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
Authors: So Gerald M. , Thiele Elizabeth A. , Sanger Terence , Schmid Regula , Riviello James J.
Published: December 2008

Partial seizures and asymmetric abnormalities seen on electroencephalogram (EEG) are infrequent in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, but when present, can lead to a misdiagnosis of partial seizures. We report four patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy who had generalized spike or polyspike and wave discharges on EEG in addition to clinical and EEG evidence of focality. The clinical course and response to therapy was similar to that in typical juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. (J Child Neurol 1998;13:541-545).
Transition Practice and Policy Compliance in Ohio: A Survey of Secondary Special Educators
Authors: Baer Robert , Simmons Thomas , Flexer Robert
Published: December 2008

In this article the authors examine: (a) statewide implementation of IDEA transition mandates and four other best practices in transition, and (b) factors correlated with their implementation. A survey of transition practices was administered at a statewide meeting for special education supervisors and administrators. Descriptive statistics were used to examine policy and practice implementation and a step-wise multiple regression was used to identify predictors. Respondents reported compliance with an average of 9 of 14 transition policy areas with most compliance found in the paperwork aspects of transition practice. The best predictors of IDEA transition policy compliance were found to be: (a) hours of transition training, and (b) the percentage of non-minority students. Federally funded outreach training was found to be the best predictor for other best practices in transition. The authors raise concerns that IDEA transition compliance efforts appear to be focused more on doing paperwork than on providing transition services. They recommend continued outreach efforts coupled with renewed advocacy regarding transition at the local level.
Issues in the Evaluation of a Multi-site Federal Systems Change Initiative
Authors: Destefano Lizanne , Hasazi Susan , Trach John
Published: December 2008

This article describes an attempt to evaluate the transition systems change initiative under trying but typical circumstances. Given a large number of geographically dispersed sites, each with quite different goals, activities, and impacts, the evaluators were charged with the task of describing and assessing the impact of the entire initiative. Though each of the funded sites were conducting their own evaluations, the scope and focus of these evaluations varied greatly. The evaluation described in this paper was designed to assess the common impacts and unique accomplishments of this array of projects, making maximum use of existing data and minimizing the burden on project directors for new data collection. The design was participatory, involving project directors in planning the evaluation, reporting and reflecting on their own project impact, and validating the evaluation findings. It is hoped that the design of the evaluation might be applicable to similar large scale, multi-site initiatives.
Implications of the Lessons Learned from a State Systems Change Initiative on Transition for Youth with Disabilities
Authors: Johnson David R. , Guy Barbara
Published: December 2008

This article presents the major lessons learned from the State Systems Change Initiative on Transition for Youth with Disabilities. The article is based, in large part, upon the collection of articles presented in this special edition of the journal. The lessons learned provide insights and perspectives on the process of systems change based on the experiences of the transition systems change projects. The lessons described in this article include: (a) systems change initiatives must recognize and deal with the influences of varied political, economic, and social conditions; (b) systems change must be engaged as a dynamic and continuous process of improvement; (c) federal legislative mandates can be used as catalysts for systems change; (d) systems change efforts must include the active participation of those individuals most affected by changes in policies and practices; (e) systems change must include a comprehensive professional component; (f) evaluations of systems change must address state and local goals; and (g) systems change must be approached as a longterm proposition and policy goal.
Work Safety Skills: A Neglected Curricular Area
Authors: Agran Martin , Swaner Jayne , Snow Kimberly
Published: December 2008

Available data suggest that individuals with disabilities are sustaining injuries due to work accidents at levels comparable to workers without disabilities. Although there have been a few reports on work safety in the supported employment literature, there virtually has been nothing written about work safety skills training for students with disabilities in transition programs. Consequently, little is known about the extent to which such instruction is being provided, or about the content and quality of this instruction. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the nature and content of work safety skills instruction delivered to a sample of students with disabilities at the middle and secondary levels. The implications of these findings and recommendations for instruction are presented.
Analyzing a Work Incentive: The Plan for Achieving Self-Support and School-To-Work Transition
Authors: Berry Hugh
Published: December 2008

The Plan for Achieving Self-Support (PASS) is an empowering tool that complements the transition planning process required by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. This article examined utilization of the PASS work incentive, which is available for persons receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI). For persons with disabilities who are eligible, the SSI program offers cash assistance, health insurance, and various work incentives such as the PASS. In this article, Social Security Administration program data was used to analyze demographic factors, disability status, occupational goals, PASS preparers, and requested items and services for 103 newly approved PASSes. These findings demonstrate that few transition-age students used PASSes, and the total number of PASSes has reduced substantially in light of recent administrative changes. The findings also demonstrate that persons with mental illness are more likely to use PASSes, education and transportation are the most frequently requested services, and PASSes are prepared most often by SSI participants themselves. Implications of these results for the school-to-work transition of adolescents with disabilities are discussed.
The Concept of Power in Marxist Theory: A Critique and Reformulation
Authors: McQuarie Donald , Spaulding Marc
Published: December 2008

The dominant model of power in Marxist theory contains a number of problematic assumptions. These include: (1) the assumption of objective class interests; (2) the assumption that classes are collective social actors; (3) the assumption that classes have a political "consciousness;" and (4) the assumption that the state is the locus of class power. The central error which underlies these four assumptions of the dominant model is a confusion of the theoretical levels of agency and structure in Marxist theory. The uncritical acceptance of these assumptions has been harmful to the development of Marxist theory and political practice.
Social Democracy, Neo-Conservatism and Hegemonic Crisis in British Columbia
Authors: Carroll William K. , Ratner R.S.
Published: December 2008

This paper adopts a Gramscian perspective in presenting a case study of hegemonic crisis and political-economic restructuring. In British Columbia, the period from 1983 through 1987 marked a decisive shift from a variant of Fordism to a neo-conservative project with strong resonances of Thatcherism. Focusing on the historical specificity of the province in the Canadian political economy and the political crises of 1983 and 1987, we explore the structural and strategic reasons for this transformation, and examine the obstacles confronting the left in its hesitant attempts to mount a successful opposition around a counter-hegemonic project.
Academic Freedom, Conspicuous Benevolence, and the National Association of Scholars
Authors: Burris Val , Diamond Sara
Published: December 2008

ASA President James Coleman has joined the National Association of Scholars (NAS) in its campaign against "political correctness" in academia. In this article we examine the origins of the NAS, its sources of funding, and the nature of its activities. We show that the NAS is part of a broader "neoconservative" network and argue that the organization, despite its deceptive rhetoric, poses a serious threat to academic freedom.
The Japanese World of Work and North American Factories
Authors: Dassbach Carl H.A.
Published: December 2008

This paper argues that the Japanese advantage in the world market is not, as is frequently claimed, based on a set of techniques for the organization and management of production. As a result, neither the simple export nor the emulation of these techniques can insure Japanese levels of labor peace, productivity and quality outside of Japan. Instead, the Japanese advantage is based on the aggregate result of these techniques in the context of Japanese society, or the so-called Japanese "world of work." The world of work in Japan is then discussed in detail. This paper shows that although Japanese companies strenuously tried to recreate this world of work in North America, they have failed because of important differences between North American and Japanese societies.
A Growth Machine for Those Who Count
Authors: Hall Melvin F. , McIntyre Hall Leda
Published: December 2008

The theoretical model of an urban growth machine requires augmentation and alteration when applied to growth in a contracting context. In many older cities there are growth activities on a political and economic landscape colored by scarcity, shrinking industrial bases, population decline, and fierce competition for resources. Drawing upon a case study of Detroit's New Center Area, we expand the discussion of growth machines by examining how and why an isolated but deliberate instance of neighborhood growth and redevelopment occurred.
Institutions and the Military's Anti-Gay Policy: Professional, Legal and Organizational Contributions
Authors: Leggett Nicholas R.
Published: December 2008

This article critically examines elements of the professional, legal, and military institutions that have contributed to the discriminatory policy against homosexuals in the military. Utilizing Abbott's concept of professionalism, this paper demonstrates how the budding field of psychiatry helped create the anti-gay policy to legitimize the profession. The essay then illustrates how attributes of the legal institution (precedence, deference, and legal interpretation) support this discrimination and, finally, how the military's administrative proceedings and institutional power strengthen its position.
Dahmer Discourse and Gay Identity: The Paradox of Queer Politics
Authors: Schmidt Martha A.
Published: December 2008

This article examines the effects of Jeffrey Dahmer's serial killings on Milwaukee's lesbian and gay movement. It argues that Dahmer became a symbol of sexuality and homophobia in both the gay and lesbian community and in the larger culture in vastly different ways. Activists had to defend themselves against a wave of personal and political attacks following Dahmer's arrest. These events shaped the nature of gay identity in what activists perceived to be both positive and negative ways. The emergent meanings of gay in turn affected the nature of activism in their community, including the meanings and risks associated with coming out.
U.S. Capitalism, 1972-1992: The Jobs Problem
Authors: Sheak Robert J.
Published: December 2008

The official U.S. government estimates of the employment problem underestimate its true extent. In this article, I develop the argument that "subemployment" provides a more comprehensive and accurate conceptualization and measure of the problem than the government's focus on unemployment alone. Data on subemployment for the years from 1972 through 1992 are presented to demonstrate the characteristic insufficient supply of adequate jobs and that the problem is tending to worsen. While the subemployment data reveal a labor market that is producing both too few jobs and inadequate jobs, the problem of adequate jobs is the larger of the two employment deficits. Some implications are drawn from the analysis.
Redevelopment and Tenant Struggle in Kansas City
Authors: Braa Dean M.
Published: December 2008

This paper uses a case study approach to examine and evaluate a tenant social movement as a possible form of class movement. This tenants' movement is the result of redevelopment, understood as the movement of capital into the central city and the commensurate removal of working-class housing. The general goal of this paper is to provide a structural (political-economic) grounding for the explanation of tenant social movements.
The Return of the Subject? The Methodology of Pierre Bourdieu
Authors: Griller Robin
Published: December 2008

While Pierre Bourdieu is clearly one of the most important living sociologists, there are problems with his theory of practice, his methodology, and his conception of science. In an attempt to overcome the subjectivist/objectivist divide, Bourdieu has developed his theory of human practice. This theory, while seen as an advance by many, interacts with Bourdieu's methodology to produce a sociology plagued by tautologies, contradictions, and a positivistic view of social science.
Class, Politics, and Social Theory: The Possibilities in Marxist Analysis
Authors: Lafferty George
Published: December 2008

This paper addresses one of the most important and widely-debated concepts in social theory — class, particularly its contemporary political significance. Even within Marxist and Marxist-influenced analysis, where class is placed at the center of social, political and economic change, its conceptualization has remained a source of considerable confusion. The paper, therefore, briefly evaluates some influential Marxist attempts to provide a coherent Marxist definition of classes in contemporary capitalist societies. It goes on to argue for a nonessentialist understanding of class and class politics that draws primarily on Marxist political economy, concluding with a discussion of the continuing theoretical and political value of class theory and Marxist analysis.
Chieftainship, Civil Society, and the Political Transition in South Africa
Authors: Maloka Tshidiso , Gordon David
Published: December 2008

This article examines how the institution of chieftaincy has become one of the central political controversies in the transition to a post-apartheid order in South Africa. The paper begins by situating chiefs in the struggle against apartheid, especially with regard to their participation in the Bantustan structures. It proceeds by examining their role in the pre-election (1990-1994) and immediate post-election (1994-1996) periods of the political transition. Particular attention is given to the dynamics in the Eastern Cape and Kwazulu-Natal regions where the conflict over chieftainship has been especially marked. The paper shows how the institution of chieftainship is vulnerable to political opportunism and often challenged by the spread of organs of civil society.
Toward a Marxist View of Affirmative Action
Authors: Pincus Fred L.
Published: December 2008

A Marxist analysis must evaluate affirmative action according to several different criteria: improving the lives of the working class, promoting race and gender equality, exposing negative aspects of capitalism, and promoting working class unity and political mobilization. After considering each of these criteria, the author concludes that affirmative action has more positive aspects than negative aspects and deserves the support of Marxists.
Strategic Responses by a Nonprofit When a Donor Becomes Tainted
Authors: Dunn Paul
Published: December 2008

What should a not-for-profit do when a benefactor whom the not-for-profit has voluntarily and publicly honored becomes tainted as a result of a scandal? This article outlines a typology of donors and donations and using stakeholder theory and resource dependency identifies three external pressures (value incongruence, coalescence, and visibility) and two internal constraints (economic need and organizational commitment) that would entice a not-for-profit to adopt any one of three strategies: return the money and remove the public acknowledgment, keep the money but remove the acknowledgment, or keep the money and continue to honor the donor.
Public Confidence in Charitable Nonprofits
Authors: O'Neill Michael
Published: December 2008

There has been much talk in recent years of a “crisis of confidence in charities” in the United States. This article presents a conceptual framework for analyzing the issue and reviews attitudinal and behavioral data relevant to public confidence in the nonprofit sector generally and major nonprofit subsectors. The article concludes that the “crisis of confidence” hypothesis is not supported by the evidence.
Tunnel entrance lighting—a comparison of recommended practice
Authors: Schreuder D.A.
Published: December 2008

Recent discussions have revealed discrepancies between the proposed CIE recommendations for the lighting of tunnel entrances and other proposals, particularly those adopted in Japan. The differences are analysed and it is shown that these are due chiefly to the way in which basically similar research results are applied, and especially to the assumptions made regarding traffic behaviour and traffic conditions. It is argued that the CIE assumptions are the most realistic for all general conditions and that the other proposals are only applicable in exceptional circumstances.
Electric lighting for building sites and construction
Authors: Lyons S.L.
Published: December 2008

Lighting for building sites and works of engineering construction has developed rapidly over the past few years. There has been growth in the number of sites equipped with electric site lighting, and an increase in the number of sites employing electrical energy for other building purposes. Site lighting seems to be progressing from improvised systems hastily erected to cope with unanticipated lack of light, towards well-engineered systems planned as part of the efficient operation of site activities. The techniques of lighting have changed and become simpler, and the types of luminaires are more suited to the needs of today. Higher illuminances are being employed, but tentative proposals are made for still better standards. The subject of site lighting is reviewed and some recommendations are made for future development and for the efficient and safe use of electric lighting on sites.
A review of lighting progress
Authors: Waldram J.M.
Published: December 2008

A critical review of the development of lighting theory and practice in a number of fields leads to suggestions for a revised basis for lighting theory and design, a proposal for the building up of a 'pattern book' of typical designs, and a new basis for the Code. Suggestions are made for programmes of research and development.
The eye, vision, and visual discomfort
Authors: Bedwell C.H.
Published: December 2008

The eye, refractive errors and their significance and correction, accommodation and presbyopia, and the use of different types of multifocal lenses are first discussed. The functioning of the binocular visual system is considered, particularly in relation to efficient visual performance. Convergence fatigue is of special importance, as is the common association of binocular instability and discomfort with photophobia. Possible reasons for complaints of discomfort with lighting using fluorescent lamps are considered, and the need for closer cooperation between those concerned with different aspects of vision is indicated. Some typical case histories are described in an appendix.
Value for money—exterior lighting
Authors: Cox K.T.O.
Published: December 2008

Floodlighting of buildings and areas for security reduces crimes of violence and losses by theft. Floodlighting for sport enables more fixtures to be played and increases income. Floodlighting for effect brings publicity to commercial organisations and provides tourist attractions. Decorative lighting and advertising signs bring trade to towns and shopping districts. Special lighting in conservation areas, seaside resorts and tourist districts enhances atmosphere whilst modest exterior domestic lighting creates a friendly environment. Street lighting has been shown to reduce accidents and crime. Ease and safety of movement of vehicles and pedestrians can be set against the cost of lighting whilst prestige lighting can also be justified.
Use of scale models for appraising lighting quality
Authors: Lau J.J.H.
Published: December 2008

This paper discusses some of the theoretical problems of the use of scale models. Findings from a number of experiments on the validity of models are discussed. Generally, these experiments show a degree of similarity of observer responses to full-size mock-ups and scale models. However such similarities do not dispel the possibility that scale models and indeed full-size mock-ups are not true facsimiles of the real world because of the artificiality of many experimental set-ups; there is always a need for some field validation work. With the tendency towards using 'subtle' psychological measures for environmental evaluation rather than explicit criteria as in psychophysical experiments, further studies are urgently required.
Spaciousness in interiors
Authors: Inui M. , Miyata T.
Published: December 2008

Since traditional criteria for window design, e.g. the daylight factor, have lost their force, interest in re-evaluating the function of windows has been growing rapidly. The concept of spaciousness as an alternative criterion is introduced, and observations in scale models differing in spaciousness under an artificial sky have been carried out. From these, spaciousness for different sky luminances has been shown to be a function of interior illuminance, room size and window size. Observations in full scale interiors were also made to confirm the validity of the results. From additional experiments, it has been found that a lower limit of just acceptable spaciousness does exist. This would be a useful criterion for use in design.
Solid state light sources—illumination or display
Authors: Brander R.W. , Rouse R.L. , Thomas L.A.
Published: December 2008

Devices for generating light by the passage of an electric current through a solid are now available in types having luminances ranging from 20-20 000 cd/m2. They are sufficiently adaptable and efficient to meet the requirements of many special applications, particularly those where space is limited. The paper discusses such applications, found mostly in the field of electronic display, in relation to device characteristics. Compared with conventional lamps, solid state sources are essentially low power devices. The development of sources which are sufficiently powerful for normal lighting purposes is not foreseen, but there is likely to be further evolution of special purpose devices and the paper concludes by indicating possible lines of development.
Human sensitivity to flicker
Authors: Brundrett G.W.
Published: December 2008

The factors influencing flicker sensitivity are reviewed. Sensitivity is increasing because of improving lighting standards and personal peak sensitivity occurs for people approximately 20 years old. There is wide variability between people and the effect of flicker is related to the individual threshold. Office surveys reveal that significant numbers of people see flicker and that this feature is associated with the 'unsatisfactory' ratings of the lighting. Some headaches and eyestrain are related to seeing flicker. Light modulation from fluorescent lamps at 50 and 100 Hz has been measured and the growth in the 50 Hz component with time has been studied. The 50 Hz component is the one which is normally seen. The lamp characteristics show this 50 Hz modulation to remain at a low value for the first 7-8000 hours operation and thereafter to rise more rapidly with operation. Planned lamp replacement is now essential.
Quantitative data on daylight for illuminating engineering
Authors: Krochmann J. , Seidl M.
Published: December 2008

Data are provided for the extraterrestrial radiation of the Sun, also for those quantities which are of interest to the illuminating engineer, namely luminance distribution, zenith luminance, illumination, spectral distribution and luminous efficacy of the overcast sky, clear sky and sunlight. Formulae for luminance and illuminance due to several authors are given and shown graphically. CIE recommendations are included.
(1) Fundamental visual problems in tunnels
Authors: Schreuder D.A.
Published: December 2008

Tunnels and underpasses are likely to play a greater part in our future road network. Daytime lighting for tunnel entrances represents a considerable proportion of their total running costs and it is important that the right solution should be found. Guidance is given in CIE Publication No. 26 (TC-4. 6) 1973 but there are areas where some difference of opinion remains. The re-statement of their points of view by Schreuder and Narisada in the opening papers may well have clarified the conditions under which the less expensive Japanese luminance levels for the entrance zone are adequate. Other problem areas are indicated by Schreuder who makes suggestions for international cooperation in their solution. The reviews of practice and experience in the Netherlands, Switzerland and Japan, where there are many more tunnels than in Britain, can only help in the further development of British practice.
Illuminance, diversity and disability glare in emergency lighting
Authors: Simmons R.C.
Published: December 2008

Subjects were asked to take part in experiments which involved simulated escapes through a network of corridors. The purpose was to determine a safe minimum illuminance which should be provided by escape lighting systems. A substantially uniform floor illuminance of 0. 28 lux was found to give subjects adequate visibility for carrying out the experimental task. The effects of a diversity in the emergency illuminance and disability glare were also noted. Within the limits investigated these were not found to affect performance. It was considered that a form of glare limit should be proposed to ensure the legibility of escape signs under emergency conditions.
Semiconductor ballast circuits for discharge lamps
Authors: Samuels P.R.
Published: December 2008

Semiconductor circuits used in place of conventional control gear can reduce the size and weight of discharge lamp ballasts, and in many cases improve both lamp and overall efficiencies. The paper describes small semiconductor — series choke arrangements which could replace large leakage transformers or choke—transformer combinations. A number of different practical semiconductor ballast circuits with thyristors and transistors are discussed. Some design problems and the effects on discharge lamp performance are also mentioned.
The concept of the luminaire domain
Authors: Lynes J.A.
Published: December 2008

A luminaire domain chart maps artificial lighting systems in terms of their direct ratios and flux fraction ratios. It is shown that loci of constant planar utilance and loci of constant illuminance ratios can be plotted as straight lines on such a chart. The concept of 'unreal' luminaires, mathematically defined, extends the chart beyond the domain of real luminaires, and enables it to be used as a simple nomogram for design purposes. A limiting quadrilateral is bounded by four straight lines corresponding to the upper and lower permissible illuminance ratios. Lighting systems falling within this quadrilateral satisfy all illuminance ratio requirements. Loci of constant utilance are identified. The effects of surface reflectances on illuminance ratios are discussed.
Numerical calculation of radial transport of mass and heat as applied to incandescent lamps
Authors: Van Dam H.B.B. , De Bie J.R.
Published: December 2008

Numerical calculations of the radial transport of tungsten and heat are performed with a view to the practical application to incandescent lamps of the refined theory of the Langmuir model as given by Almer and de Ridder. From the results of these numerical calculations approximate formulae are derived for the transport of tungsten and heat per unit length of the filament, the formulae being power functions of the filament temperature and the filling-gas pressure. The values of the exponents in the power functions agree with those published by other author s.
Visibility during night driving on unlighted roads
Authors: Hisdal B.
Published: December 2008

The visibility level necessary for the performance of a visual task is defined relative to the visibility reference function. This function, as at present proposed for use by the CIE, is to be considered illustrative only at background luminances below 1 cd/m2. It may therefore not be representative of actual threshold values for visual tasks performed in this luminance region. Driving at night on unlighted roads with dipped beam is an example of such a task. It is shown that experimental data for this case indicate lower threshold values than those given by the visibility reference function.
Appraisals of visibility on lighted dry and wet roads
Authors: Gordon P.
Published: December 2008

Wet road surfaces are generally neglected in road lighting design, measurements and appraisals. This work is an attempt to study the changes of visibility conditions on wet lighted roads compared with those on dry ones, as well as to check whether it is possible to adapt luminance design methods to the wet state. Considerable deterioration in the visibility of objects in the wet state compared with that in the dry state was found, but frequently the deterioration was not confirmed by subjective appraisals by observers. It was found impossible to extend luminance design methods to the wet state. Studies of visibility on roads are suggested as the basis of road lighting quality appraisals.
Beam shape from narrow-beam projectors
Authors: Holmes J.G.
Published: December 2008

A method of predicting the peak intensity and the shape of the intensity distribution curve, from a pencil beam or a fan beam projector, is based on the flux content and the divergence of the beams from small elements of the optical system. Each elementary beam is treated as having a Gaussian distribution of intensity. Practical examples of the method are given.
Research on daytime lighting of tunnel entrances
Authors: Schröter H.G.
Published: December 2008

Research based on models was carried out in Bremen in 1969 in connection with tunnels under construction and already completed. Luminances of about 200 cd/m2 were found and these have meanwhile proved successful in practice. Together with the construction of the lighting system, a new patented measuring instrument was developed which measures the recorded outside luminance of the surroundings of the tunnel entrance. The tests with the tunnel model, the examination of the tests on the installed lighting system, the influence of lighting on traffic safety, and the measuring instrument are described.
The CSI lamp as a source of radiation for solar simulation
Authors: Beeson E.J.G.
Published: December 2008

The compact source iodide lamp (CSI) provides radiation simulating that of the sun at the earth's surface for testing new products. With a general awareness that solar energy must also be harnessed for the future, a convenient economical system to obtain over 1000 W/m2 is provided by a number of CSI lamps. This type of metal halide lamp operating from the normal supply mains provides useful advantages over other known light sources with its well balanced radiation qualities and its own integral optics providing high utilisation of the available light flux with good directional control and intensity. Increasing use is being made of this lamp for solar simulating testing in a controlled environment where groups of 6-50 lamps or more can meet the technical requirements for solar simulation studies.
Predicting artificial lighting use - a method based upon observed patterns of behaviour
Authors: Hunt D.R.G.
Published: December 2008

A method is outlined for predicting the likely use of manually operated lighting. The method is based upon patterns of switching behaviour observed in field studies. A series of worked examples are given which demonstrate application of the method to multi-person offices and open-plan teaching spaces. Two points of interest revealed by the examples are the considerable effect that a midday switch-off has on the predicted overall time that lights are on in a space; and the comparatively small effect that gradual afternoon switch-on of lights has on overall use.
The daylight factor and actual illuminance ratios
Authors: Tregenza P.R.
Published: December 2008

Measurements of daylight at hourly intervals were made during seven periods of several weeks each between May 1978 and July 1979. Illuminance was recorded externally, on horizontal and vertical surfaces, and internally, within model rooms. It was found that the ratio of internal to external illuminance varied considerably, even under heavily clouded skies.
The design of thick back-reflector paraboloid mirrors
Authors: Holmes J.G.
Published: December 2008

A paraboloid inner surface and a co-paraboloid outer surface can be substantially free from aberrations in forming a parallel beam. A simple approximation for the true co-paraboloid is given, and extended to co-ellipsoids.
The Constitution of Adhesives, and its Relationship to Solvent Abuse
Authors: Akerman H.E.
Published: December 2008

1 An adhesive, in general, must be a liquid at the time of application, so that the adherends are wetted out, but must then solidify to enable development of adequate bond strength. The use of volatile solvent is only one way in which the solid ingredients can be converted to a liquid for application.

2 Only those adhesives containing solvents are capable of providing the narcotic effect desired by the 'sniffer'.

3 Solvents used in adhesives include highly volatile hydrocarbons, esters, ketones and chlorinated hydrocarbons.

4 Commonly available domestic materials other than solvent-borne adhesives contain such solvents, and are hence capable of misuse by 'sniffers'. Often such materials are of greater potential harm to the mis-user.

5 Aversive additives in solvent-borne adhesives have been found ineffective and also deter the bona fide user.

6 Aqueous substitutes for existing popular and safely-used solvent-borne adhesives have not found sufficient favour with the domestic adhesive user as to enable the manufacturers to replace the solvent-borne type in the market place.

7 Removal of solvent-borne adhesives from the market would not of itself solve the problem of solvent abuse because of the other solvent sources available. The remedy lies in the removal of the causes of such social misbehaviour, rather than in treatment of the symptoms.
Abuse of Aerosol Products by Inhalation
Authors: Roberts D.J.
Published: December 2008

1 The nature of an aerosol and the techniques that have been used to obtain altered states of consciousness by deliberately inhaling the contents are described.

2 The development of the phenomenon, first in the USA, and subsequently in the UK is traced.

3 The consultation between Government Departments and the British Aerosol Manufacturers Association (BAMA) is outlined, and the decisions reached are detailed.

4 Reference is made to the ingredients contained in aerosols which when abused, cause altered states of consciousness and a brief review of their properties is included.

5 The mortality statistics in the UK collected by BAMA are described and analysed in detail and finally the approach of manufacturers to the problem is defined.
Neurological Sequelae of Toluene Abuse
Authors: King Mary D.
Published: December 2008

1 Twenty patients, aged eight to 14 years, were admitted to hospital over a six year period with an acute encephalopathy following toluene abuse.

2 In all cases toxicity was confined to the central nervous system. Electroencephalography performed in ten patients was abnormal in three.

3 Fourteen patients made a complete recovery, five had evidence of personality impairment but were lost to follow-up, one had a persistent cerebellar ataxia one year after admission, despite absence of exposure to toluene.

4 Solvent abuse may be impossible to establish on history, as in six of these patients. Blood assay of toluene is vital in such cases, as is an awareness that toluene abuse may lead to acute encephalopathy.
Drug-related Acute Medical Admissions
Authors: Ramsay Lawrence E. , Freestone Stephen , Silas Joseph H.
Published: December 2008

1 A survey of urgent admissions to a general medical unit in Sheffield in 1978 showed that about 25% of admissions were caused by drug-related illness; 18% by self-poisoning, 3.1% by definite or probable adverse reactions, 3.1 % by possible adverse reactions, and 1.4 % by non-compliance with drug treatment. These patients accounted for 10.8% of the bed use by patients admitted urgently.

2 Drug-related admissions to the unit did not increase between 1974 and 1980.

3 The use of barbiturates for self-poisoning declined sharply, while that of paracetamol increased steadily. Self-poisoning with dextropropoxyphene appeared to peak in 1978, and then decline.

4 While drug-related illness caused the admission of 81 % of all patients under the age of 30 years, they rarely came to harm. Self-poisoning had a high mortality in older patients, and they were also the principal sufferers from adverse drug reactions.
Hazards of Household Cleaning Products
Authors: Edwards J.N. , Jenkins H.L. , Volans G.N.
Published: December 2008

1 All enquiries received by the London Centre of the National Poisons Information Service [NPIS(L)] relating to household cleaning products were followed up by questionnaire for a 4-month period from November 1978 to February 1979.

2 130 reports (43% of total followed-up) were received.

3 The incidence of misuse of household cleaning products has remained largely unchanged since a less detailed survey was performed in 1974-1975.

4 The source of enquiries, age groups and products involved were similar to the earlier survey.

5 Sixty-two per cent of cases were asymptomatic and no serious or life-threatening reactions were reported.

6 Although an increasing number of patients were admitted to hospital, little treatment was needed and the use of gastric lavage and aspiration had declined markedly.

7 Household cleaning products in the UK still cause no serious poisoning when misused or accidentally ingested.
Designing for contrast rendition
Authors: Lynes J.A.
Published: December 2008

A new standard pencil task is proposed for the determination of contrast rendering factors. This takes the form of a pencil circle drawn on a lambertian background, and permits the adoption of simplified methods of measurement and prediction. A new step-by-step design method is proposed for contrast rendering in large offices. The initial choice of luminaire is based on a weighted average room contrast rendering factor (RCRF). The spacing is based on the CRF at a point of symmetry between rows of luminaires.
A formulation of the transient adaptation mechanisms of automobile night driving
Authors: Huculak P.
Published: December 2008

An analysis is presented to describe the state of adaptation of the fovea as a result of sudden luminance changes. Extensive use is made of data found in the literature that relate observer response to luminance changes in order to validate the formulation as well as to quantify some parameters associated with the derivation. Downward and upward transitions are treated in a similar manner. The results are intended for application in automobile headlight visibility studies concerned with calculating the state of adaptation of drivers exposed to transient levels of opposing glare.
Calibration of subjective scaling responses
Authors: Rea M.S.
Published: December 2008

Subjective scaling is being used more frequently to assess the lighting characteristics of interiors, although there has been little attempt to validate the responses that subjects provide. It is argued that investigators using subjective scaling should calibrate their subjects in some way because idiosyncratic responses can alter averaged scaling estimates. In this experiment task contrast was varied and estimates of visual performance (speed and accuracy) were collected simultaneously with subjective responses on seven-point semantic scales. Subjects exhibited sterotypical behaviour on the performance measures; their scaling responses were quite idiosyncratic, although some subjective responses to the experimental parameters varied like the performance responses. It is argued that visual performance measures could be used to calibrate subjective scaling responses.
Maternal Anti-nauseants and Clefts of Lip and Palate
Authors: Golding J. , Vivian S. , Baldwin late J. A.
Published: December 2008

1 Data on drug prescriptions were obtained from the general practitioners of 196 women who had had infants with clefts of lip or palate and those of 407 control women, matched for age, parity, social class and year of delivery.

2 There was no excess of index women who had presented with nausea or vomiting.

3 There was a significant excess (12 cases, nine controls, P<0.02) of women who had been prescribed Debendox (the 3-constituent, or pre-1976, formulation of Bendectin) in early pregnancy.

4 This result was not thought to be conclusive evidence of a teratogenic effect but caution in prescribing is advised pending more extensive studies.
Pattern of Uptake of Americium-241 by the Rat Skeleton and its Subsequent Redistribution and Retention: Implications for Human Dosimetry and Toxicology
Authors: Priest N.D. , Howells G. , Green D. , Haines J.W.
Published: December 2008

The distribution and retention of intravenously injected 241Am in the skeleton of the female rat has been investigated using autoradiographic and radiochemical techniques. The studies were designed to assess the dosimetric and toxicologic implications of an 241Am intake by man. They showed that in the rat approximately one third of the intravenously injected 241Am was deposited in the skeleton where it appeared to be retained with a long biological half-time. The studies also showed:

1241Am is initially deposited onto all types of bone surface including endosteal surfaces, periosteal surfaces and those of the vascular canals within cortical bone, but seems to be preferentially deposited onto those that are resorbing,

2 Bone accretion results in the burial of surface deposits of 241Am,

3 Bone resorption causes the removal of 241 Am from surfaces,

4 Resorbed 241Am is retained by phagocytic cells (probably macrophages) in the bone marrow,

5 The transfer of 241Am from the phagocytic cells in the marrow to adjacent bone surfaces seems to occur, (local recycling).

6 The possibility that some of the 241Am removed from the bone surfaces enters the blood and is redeposited in bone, (systemic recycling) cannot be dismissed

These results show that 241Am deposition and redistribution in bone shares many characteristics with other 'bone surface-seeking radionuclides' typified by 239Pu. Consequently, it is suggested that a similar model to that used to calculate annual limits of intake for 239Pu in man would be suitable for the calculation of corresponding values for the 241Am isotopes.