bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soybean hulls as feed substitute of ground corn can increase the fiber digestibility and bacterial fibrolytic profile of grazing Nellore steers during the rainy season
Authors: Josê Neto Antônio , Granja-Salcedo Yury Tatiana , Messana Juliana Duarte , Malheiros Euclides Braga , Reis Ricardo Andrade , Pires Alexandre Vaz , Berchielli Telma Teresinha
Published: October 2019

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of replacement of ground corn by soybean hulls associated or not to whole soybean grain in the feed supplement on intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen microbial population, and fermentation parameters of growing Nellore steers grazing Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés during rainy season. Were used eight castrated Nellore steers (425 ± 36 kg of body weight (BW)) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, allocated into 4 paddocks of 0.25 ha each, consisting of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés and supplemented with: (1) ground corn combined with whole soybean grain (SG); (2) ground corn without SG; (3) soybean hulls (SH) combined with SG; and (4) SH without SG. Supplement intake was no affected by SG or SH (mean 2.12 kg-1 d, P > 0.05). There were no interactions between SH and SG on DM and nutrients intake (P > 0.05). The addition of SG reduced the dry matter (DM) intake expressed as % of BW and Kg-1 d, as well forage DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (aNDF), and gross energy (GE) intake (P ? 0.01). Animals supplemented with SH without SG had greater digestibility of DM (74.52), OM (77.62), CP (77.51), NDF (71.93) and GE (72.90) than animals supplemented with SH with SG (DM =69.01, OM = 71.92, CP = 72.81, NDF = 66.01, GE =68.01) expressed as % (P ? 0.01). The addition of SG in the supplements declined the ruminal pH and NH3-N (P=0.02). Animals supplemented without SH without SG showed greater Entodinium counts (6.01 n x 104 ml-1, P=0.04), and SG supplementation decreased the numbers of Dasytricha, Isotricha, and ruminal total protozoa (P < 0.01). The abundance of Ruminococcus albus, R. flavefaciens, and Archaeas were higher for SH without SG supplement. Additionally, animals supplemented with SG had lower numbers of Fibrobacter succinogenes. The use of soybean hulls without whole soybean grain in the supplement may be effective to increase fiber digestibility, N retained, R. albus and R. flavefaciens in the rumen of Nellore steers grazing Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés during the rainy season.
Fatty acid profile of duodenal digesta and of meat of feedlot beef cattle fed diets containing different levels of concentrate
Authors: Missio Regis Luis , Menezes Luis Fernando Glasenapp de , Brondani Ivan Luiz , Nörnberg José Laerte , Pacheco Paulo Santana , Kuss Fernando , Silveira Magali Floriano da , Restle João
Published: October 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the fatty acid profile of duodenal digesta (experiment I) and of meat of beef cattle (experiment II) fed diets containing different levels of concentrate (220, 400, 590 and 790 g of concentrate/kg of dry matter of the diets). The experiment I was conducted with four Charolais-Nellore steers (460 ± 18.2 kg of BW), with a T-shaped duodenal cannula, using a double 4 × 4 Latin square as an experimental design. In experiment II, 16 crossbred Charolais-Nellore young bulls (192.44 ± 18.2 kg of BW) were randomly distributed in the experimental treatments (220, 400, 590 and 790 g of concentrate/kg of dry matter of the diets). The diets were isonitrogenous (120 g of crude protein/kg of dry matter). The intramuscular fat content was used as a covariant for the statistical analysis of the meat fatty acid profile. The duodenal content of fatty acid C17:0 decreased with increase of concentrate levels, while its content in the meat presented a quadratic variation with the increase of the concentrate levels of the diets, being the lowest values observed for the diet with 400 g of concentrate. The duodenal content of fatty acid C18:1 trans-11 decreased, whereas the content of this fatty acid in the meat increased with the increase of the dietary concentrate levels. The increase in the level of concentrate reduced the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids C18:3 n-3, C20:3 n-6, C20:4 n-6, and C20:5 n-3 EPA in both the duodenal digesta and meat. No difference was observed in the n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio (mean of 13.96) of the meat between diets. The elevation of the level of concentrate in confinement diets reduces the nutraceutical quality of the meat of Charolais-Nellore young bulls slaughtered at 14-16 months of age due to the reduction of the polyunsaturated fatty acids content important for human health.
Sarcoma Surveillance: A Review of Current Evidence and Guidelines
Authors: Cipriano Cara A. , Jang Eugene , Tyler Wakenda
Published: October 2019

After initial treatment of sarcoma, disease progression may occur in the form of local recurrence, pulmonary metastases, or extrapulmonary metastases. As such, surveillance is an important aspect of management, but no universally accepted practice standards are found. In the absence of strong evidence, and to allow for individualized care, existing guidelines contain flexibility in terms of both the frequency and modality of surveillance. In general, they agree that follow-up should be more intense in the early years after treatment, especially for high-grade sarcomas, and continue for at least 10 years. For local recurrence, data suggest that physical examination is usually sufficient for monitoring; in addition, some guidelines endorse imaging routinely, whereas others only as clinically indicated. For pulmonary metastasis, either radiograph or CT is recommended, with the latter having theoretical advantages but no proven survival benefit to date. Extrapulmonary metastases are rare in most sarcoma types, so the literature only supports extrapulmonary surveillance for certain diagnoses. This topic is complicated by the diversity of sarcomas, the limited evidence, and the indefinite, often conflicting recommendations; therefore, it is critical for providers to understand the existing research and guidelines to determine optimal surveillance strategies for their patients.
Renal involvement in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: A case report
Authors: DEMIRCIOGLU Sinan , TELCI Ufuk , OZCELIK Mahsun , DOGAN Ali , BAYRAM İrfan
Published: October 2019

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Approximately 40% of cases have extranodalinvolvement. Renal involvement is rare, however, it is associated with poor prognosis. Furthermore, renal involvement increasesthe risk of central nervous system (CNS) recurrence. Therefore, it is recommended that CNS prophylaxis should be included inlymphoma treatment in cases of renal involvement.
Evaluatieonderzoek, Big Data en Artificiële Intelligentie: een verkenning
Authors: Leeuw Frans L.
Published: October 2019

Evaluatieonderzoek, Big Data en Artificiële Intelligentie: een verkenning

Overheidsbeleid heeft steeds meer te maken met digitalisering en data-ificering van de samenleving en het menselijk gedrag. Dat betekent uitdagingen voor beleidsevaluatoren. In dit artikel gaat het om éen van de daarmee gepaard gaande verschijnselen: Big Data en Artificiële Intelligentie (BD/AI). Het artikel stelt, na erop gewezen te hebben dat de evaluatieprofessie langere tijd niet erg actief op digitaal gebied is geweest, ten eerste de vraag wat BD/AI te bieden hebben aan evaluatieonderzoek van (digitaal) beleid. Vijf toepassingsmogelijkheden worden besproken die de kwaliteit, bruikbaarheid en relevantie van evaluatieonderzoek kunnen bevorderen. De tweede vraag is wat evaluatieonderzoek te bieden heeft, als het gaat om het analyseren/onderzoeken van de betrouwbaarheid, validiteit en enkele andere aspecten van Big Data en AI. Ook daar worden verschillende mogelijkheden (en moeilijkheden) geschetst. Naar het oordeel van de schrijver is het enerzijds dienstig (meer) gebruik te maken van BD/AI in evaluatieonderzoek, maar doen onderzoekers er ook goed aan (meer) aandacht uit te laten gaan naar: de assumpties die aan BD/AI ten grondslag liggen (inclusief het ‘black box’-probleem); de validiteit, veiligheid en geloofwaardigheid van algoritmes; de bedoelde en onbedoelde consequenties van het gebruik ervan; én de vraag of de claims dat digitale interventies die mede gebaseerd zijn op BD/AI effectief (of effectiever zijn dan andere), onderbouwd en valide zijn.
RELIGIÃO NEOPENTECOSTAL
Authors: Oliveira Geraldo Jose de
Published: October 2019

RESUMO

Opropósitodesteartigoédiscutiracercadaefervescênciadofenômenoreligioso,

especialmentedasigrejascristãsdetendênciapentecostal,ofundamentalismono

trato com o texto sagrado, e os seus preconceitos com as demais convicções religiosas,

notadamenteasdematrizafricana.Ametodologiautilizadafoiométododedutivo

desenvolvidoatravésdapesquisabibliográficasobredoutrinaspertinentesaotema,

em artigosde periódicos,livros, capítulosde livrose informaçõesem meioeletrônico.

OsresultadosapontamqueReligiãonãocomportaconflitos,guerrasenemmortes,

porquetaisatitudescontradizopróprioconceitodacrençaqueantesdemaisnada,

visaaligaçãooureligaçãodohomemcomotranscendente.Naconcepçãodas

religiõessobretudoascristãs,ouderaízescristãs,aideiadeDeusemanaamorepaz

entre os seus.

Palavra-chave: Efervescência Religiosa. Pentecostalismo. Fundamentalismo.

Pluralismo religioso. Convivência na diferença.
Argumentação e leitura
Authors: Pillon Samariene Lúcia Lopes
Published: October 2019

Neste estudo, busca-se mostrar a relação entre o desenvolvimento cognitivo e o trabalho com textos argumentativos, neste caso, a carta do leitor. As fases do desenvolvimento da capacidade de leitura serão relacionadas ao perfil do leitor da revista Veja, buscando-se mostrar que esse leitor, adulto, é o escritor das cartas argumentativas. Os estágios de leitura mostram que as pessoas só estão maduras para o trabalho com pensamento dialético, em geral, por volta dos 18 anos. Também será observada, nas cartas do leitor, a presença de diferentes tipos de raciocínio, como o dedutivo e o indutivo.
Interpretação do texto publicitário em termos cognitivos
Authors: Pedrazzi Fernanda Kieling
Published: October 2019

O presente artigo tem como objetivo estabelecer uma proposta de interpretação para um texto publicitário presente em um anúncio de cartão de crédito veiculado pela revista Viagem e Turismo, da Editora Abril, em outubro de 2005, baseado nos textos estudados na Disciplina de Linguagem e Cognição do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria no segundo semestre de 2005.
Formação e identidade de professores de línguas (estrangeiras)
Authors: Marzari Gabriela Quatrin
Published: October 2019

Este trabalho apresenta uma discussão sobre a formação de professores de Línguas (Estrangeiras) (primeira parte) e as representações de professores de Inglês como Língua Estrangeira (ILE) sobre suas identidades profissionais (segunda parte). Sobre a formação pré-serviço especificamente, atento para o conseqüente despreparo desses profissionais frente às exigências de eventuais contextos de atuação, explicitando as origens desse problema e algumas estratégias para superá-lo. Três aspectos considerados preponderantes à formação pré-serviço de professores de línguas (estrangeiras) serão abordados nesse sentido. Quanto à questão da identidade, apresento a concepção de aprendizes e professores de Inglês como Língua Estrangeira sobre competência comunicativa e analiso as representações e posições identitárias desses sujeitos enquanto aprendizes e professores de língua estrangeira. A base teórica apóia-se na extensa discussão sobre formação de professores, visando à prática crítico-reflexiva para o ensino de línguas, nos pressupostos sócio-interacionistas/construtivistas vigotskianos e nas atuais investigações sobre representação e identidade de aprendizes e professores de Língua Inglesa. O presente estudo justifica-se principalmente pela crítica que faz à formação de meros reprodutores de técnicas de ensino, priorizando a formação reflexiva de professores de línguas.
Interdisciplinaridade e ensino de línguas
Authors: Cabral Sara Regina Scotta
Published: October 2019

As ciências humanas cada vez se tornam mais especializadas, devido ao processo de complexificação por que passam as sociedades humanas. Não se pode ignorar o novo paradigma que ora se apresenta – o da ordem aliada à desordem e à organização. É no trabalho com línguas, especialmente no ensino de línguas estrangeiras, que cada vez mais se observa a presença do diferente étnica, social e politicamente. Trabalhar em uma perspectiva intercultural pode ser a solução (Morin, 2000; Fleuri, 2003), de modo que uma orientação pragmática do uso da linguagem permita aos sujeitos envolvidos no processo um movimento dialógico-discursivo, em que a interpretação dos fatos culturais articule-se com a culturalidade.
CORPO, EDUCAÇÃO INTERCULTURAL E CIDADANIA: O OUTRO COMO SUJEITO DAS RELAÇÕES EDUCATIVAS DE ENSINO, PESQUISA E EXTENSÃO
Authors: Azibeiro Nadir Esperança
Published: October 2019

CORPO, EDUCAÇÃO INTERCULTURAL E CIDADANIA: O OUTRO COMO SUJEITO DAS RELAÇÕES EDUCATIVAS DE ENSINO, PESQUISA E EXTENSÃO
CULTURA DE ENSINAR E MUDANÇA
Authors: Richter Marcos Gustavo , Moreira Tânia Maria , Souza Rosangela Segala de
Published: October 2019

CULTURA DE ENSINAR E MUDANÇA
ONDE SE ESCONDE O DESEJO DE APRENDER DO ALUNO?
Authors: Reis Ayrton Rodrigues , Souza Orion Penna e
Published: October 2019

ONDE SE ESCONDE O DESEJO DE APRENDER DO ALUNO?
A LITERATURA INFANTIL NOS PRIMEIROS ANOS ESCOLARES E A PEDAGOGIA DE PROJETOS
Authors: Basso Cíntia Maria
Published: October 2019

A LITERATURA INFANTIL NOS PRIMEIROS ANOS ESCOLARES E A PEDAGOGIA DE PROJETOS
ALGUMAS REFLEXÕES SOBRE O ENSINO MEDIADO POR COMPUTADORES
Authors: Basso Cíntia Maria
Published: October 2019

ALGUMAS REFLEXÕES SOBRE O ENSINO MEDIADO POR COMPUTADORES
UM BREVE PANORAMA DO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA MATERNA NO BRASIL
Authors: Pacheco Andrea Cristine Pflüger
Published: October 2019

UM BREVE PANORAMA DO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA MATERNA NO BRASIL
INVESTIGAÇÃO-AÇÃO EM EDUCAÇÃO MUSICAL
Authors: Mello Oscar Daniel Morales
Published: October 2019

INVESTIGAÇÃO-AÇÃO EM EDUCAÇÃO MUSICAL
The road to resistance
Authors: Fitzgerald Devon M
Published: October 2019

The way that bacteria grow – either floating in liquid or attached to a surface – affects their ability to evolve antimicrobial resistance and our ability to treat infections.
Predicting the potential distribution of the endemic seabirdPelecanus thagusin the Humboldt Current Large Marine Ecosystem under different climate change scenarios
Authors: Cursach Jaime A. , Arriagada Aldo , Rau Jaime R. , Ojeda Jaime , Bizama Gustavo , Becerra Anderson
Published: October 2019

Background

The effects of global climate change on species inhabiting marine ecosystems are of growing concern, especially for endemic species that are sensitive due to restricted distribution. One method employed for determining the effects of climate change on the distribution of these organisms is species distribution modeling.

Methods

We generated a model to evaluate the potential geographic distribution and breeding distribution of the Peruvian pelican (Pelecanus thagus). Based on maximum entropy modeling (MaxEnt), we identified the environmental factors that currently affect its geographic distribution and breeding. Then we predicted its future distribution range under two climate change scenarios: moderate (rcp 2.6) and severe (rcp 8.5).

Results

The mean daytime temperature range and marine primary productivity explain the current potential distribution and breeding of the pelican. Under the future climate change scenarios, the spatial distribution of the pelican is predicted to slightly change. While the breeding distribution of the pelican can benefit in the moderate scenario, it is predicted to decrease (near −20 %) in the severe scenario.

Discussion

The current potential geographic distribution of the pelican is influenced to a large extent by thermal conditions and primary productivity. Under the moderate scenario, a slight increase in pelican breeding distribution is predicted. This increase in habitable area is explained by the climatic conditions in southern Chile, and those climatic conditions will likely be similar to the current conditions of the central coast of Chile. We predict that the coasts of southern Chile will constitute an important refuge for the conservation of the Peruvian pelican under future climate change scenarios.
Copper‐Catalyzed, Enantioselective Hydrofunctionalization of Alkenes
Authors: Wang Haoxuan , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: October 2019

This chapter covers recent advances in copper‐catalyzed, enantioselective hydrofunctionalizations of alkenes, including hydroalkylations, hydroarylations, hydroacylations, hydroaminations, and hydrosilylations. Also included are sequential hydrofunctionalization reactions. General mechanisms of the copper‐catalyzed hydrofunctionalization reactions are discussed briefly, including rationales behind the observed regio‐, chemo‐, and stereoselectivities.
The Catalytic, Enantioselective
F
avorskii Reaction: In Situ Formation of Metal Alkynylides and Their Additions to Aldehydes
Authors: Sempere Yeshua , Carreira Erick M.
Published: October 2019

The enantioselective addition of a metal acetylide to a carbonyl compound, known as the enantioselective Favorskii reaction, is a versatile method for the construction of enantiomerically enriched propargylic alcohols. The scope of this reaction is broad in terms of both the alkyne and the carbonyl compound employed, and under appropriate conditions, aldehydes, ketones and α‐keto esters are efficient substrates. These reactions often proceed under mild, user‐friendly conditions, and several chiral ligands have been developed that furnish products with good enantioselectivities.

In this chapter, methods for accomplishing the enantioselective Favorskii reaction with various metal catalysts are discussed, as are the corresponding mechanisms. Also presented are the scope and limitations of the Favorskii reaction, and a selection of applications to the synthesis of complex molecules. A comparison of the Favorskii reaction with other methods that afford propargylic alcohol products is included.
Catalytic, Enantioselective, Transfer Hydrogenation
Authors: Yoshimura Masahiro , Kitamura Masato
Published: October 2019

The catalytic, enantioselective, transfer hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds is a fundamental transformation for preparing the corresponding saturated products. The reaction is attractive as an alternative to asymmetric hydrogenation because it requires neither hazardous hydrogen gas nor an autoclave. The scope of the substrates used is broad, and the reactions of ketones, imines, functionalized olefins, and heteroaromatics are covered. Both transition metal catalysts and organocatalysts are employed for carrying out the reaction in an enantioselective manner. This chapter describes the scope and limitations of the reaction, along with a discussion of the mechanistic and stereochemical features. Some recent applications in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industry are presented. The literature through the end of 2017 is covered.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Halides
Authors: Hartwig John F. , Shaughnessy Kevin H. , Shekhar Shashank , Green Rebecca A.
Published: October 2019

Palladium‐catalyzed amination of aryl halides is widely used in the synthesis of
N
‐aryl amine derivatives.
N
‐Aryl amines have important applications as pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, and electronic materials. This chapter provides a summary of the mechanism, the optimal choice of catalyst, and the scope of this important reaction. Application to the arylation of ammonia, amines, amide derivatives, hydrazines, NH imines, and azoles are discussed. The strengths and limitations of the palladium‐catalyzed methodology are compared to nickel‐ and copper‐catalyzed amine arylation methods. Examples of the use of palladium‐catalyzed amine arylation in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates and natural products are highlighted.
Multiplex screening of 275 plasma protein biomarkers to identify a signature for early detection of colorectal cancer
Authors: Bhardwaj Megha , Weigl Korbinian , Tikk Kaja , Benner Axel , Schrotz‐King Petra , Brenner Hermann
Published: October 2019

Blood‐based protein biomarkers may be an attractive option for early detection of colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we used a two‐stage design to measure 275 protein markers by proximity extension assay (PEA), first in plasma samples of a discovery set consisting of 98 newly diagnosed CRC cases and 100 age‐ and gender‐matched controls free of neoplasm at screening colonoscopy. An algorithm predicting the presence of early‐ or late‐stage CRC was derived by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression with .632+ bootstrap method, and the algorithms were then validated using PEA again in an independent validation set consisting of participants of screening colonoscopy with and without CRC (n = 56 and 102, respectively). Three different signatures for all‐, early‐, and late‐stage CRC consisting of 9, 12, and 11 protein markers were obtained in the discovery set with areas under the curves (AUCs) after .632 + bootstrap adjustment of 0.92, 0.91, and 0.96, respectively. External validation among participants of screening colonoscopy yielded AUCs of 0.76 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.67–0.84], 0.75 (95% CI, 0.62–0.87), and 0.80 (95% CI, 0.68–0.89) for all‐, early‐, and late‐stage CRC, respectively. Although the identified protein markers are not competitive with the best available stool tests, these proteins may contribute to the development of powerful blood‐based tests for CRC early detection in the future.
Manipulating the Sensitivity and Selectivity of OECT‐Based Biosensors via the Surface Engineering of Carbon Cloth Gate Electrodes
Authors: Xi Xin , Wu Dongqing , Ji Wei , Zhang Shinan , Tang Wei , Su Yuezeng , Guo Xiaojun , Liu Ruili
Published: October 2019

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) provide the opportunity to fabricate flexible biosensors with high sensitivity. However, there are currently very few methods to improve the selectivity of OECT sensors. In this work, nitrogen/oxygen‐codoped carbon cloths (NOCCs) are prepared by the carbonization of polyaniline‐wrapped carbon cloths at 750 °C under different atmospheres. The resulting NOCC electrodes exhibit different electrochemical sensing behaviors toward ascorbic acid (AA) and dopamine (DA), enabling the fabrication of OECT sensors with high sensitivity and selectivity that are comparable to the state‐of‐the‐art OECT sensors for AA and DA. The structural characterization and theoretical calculation reveal that the electrochemical sensing behaviors of the NOCC electrodes are closely related to their surface compositions, providing an unprecedented strategy for the design of flexible OECT sensors with high sensitivity and selectivity.
A Hybrid Artificial Photocatalysis System Splits Atmospheric Water for Simultaneous Dehumidification and Power Generation
Authors: Yang Lin , Ravi Sai Kishore , Nandakumar Dilip Krishna , Alzakia Fuad Indra , Lu Wanheng , Zhang Yaoxin , Yang Jiachen , Zhang Qian , Zhang Xueping , Tan Swee Ching
Published: October 2019

A new approach for artificial photocatalysis of electrical generation directly from atmospheric water is reported. A hybrid system comprising a hydrogel incorporated with Cu2O and BaTiO3nanoparticles is developed, wherein the Cu2O is designed to expose two different crystal planes, namely (100) and (111). These planes exhibit different surface potentials and form a polarization electric field of 2.3 kV cm−1that acts on a ferroelectric dipole. With the help of this electric field, the dipole is redirected for aiding in positive and negative polarizations with (100) and (111) planes, then boosting water reduction and oxidation kinetics separately at (100) and (111) planes. Additonally, zinc‐/cobalt‐based superhygroscopic hydrogels serve as a water‐capturing “hand” to harness humidity from the ambient environment. The integrated hydrogel–Cu2O@BaTiO3hybrid is used to dehumidify air, which can split 36.5 mg of water by employing only 150 mg hydrogel and simultaneously generate a photocurrent of 224.3 µA cm−2under 10 mW cm−2illumination.
A distinguishing feature of Pongo upper molars and its implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated hominid teeth from the Pleistocene of Asia
Authors: Ortiz Alejandra , Bailey Shara E. , Delgado Miguel , Zanolli Clément , Demeter Fabrice , Bacon Anne‐Marie , Nguyen Thi M. H. , Nguyen Anh T. , Zhang Yingqi , Harrison Terry , Hublin Jean‐Jacques , Skinner Matthew M.
Published: October 2019

Objectives

The taxonomic status of isolated hominoid teeth from the Asian Pleistocene has long been controversial due to difficulties distinguishing between pongine and hominin molars given their high degree of morphometrical variation and overlap. Here, we combine nonmetric and geometric morphometric data to document a dental pattern that appears to be taxonomically diagnostic among Pongo. We focus on the protoconule, a cuspule of well‐documented evolutionary history, as well as on shape differences of the mesial fovea of the upper molars.

Materials and methods

We examined 469 upper molars of eight hominid genera (Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Homo, Meganthropus, Sivapithecus, Pan, Gorilla, and Pongo), including representatives of Homo erectus and extinct and recent Pongo. Analyses were conducted at the enamel‐dentine junction to overcome the limitations introduced by dental wear.

Results

We found that a moderate or large protoconule is present in ~80% of Pleistocene and extant Pongo. Conversely, a moderate to pronounced protoconule in hominins, Meganthropus, and African great apes occurs in low frequencies (~0–20%). Canonical variate analyses for the mesial fovea show that Pleistocene and extant Pongo cluster together and are clearly differentiated from all other groups, except for Sivapithecus.

Discussion

This study suggests that the protoconule and the shape of the mesial fovea in upper molars are useful features for the taxonomic identification of isolated hominid teeth. By identifying these new features, our results can contribute to the better understanding of hominoid evolutionary history and biogeography during the Asian Pleistocene. However, we emphasize that the reported features should be used in combination with other diagnostic variables for the most accurate taxonomic assessments.
Seeing people in the computer: The role of information technology in remote employment services
Authors: Fowkes Lisa
Published: October 2019

Information technologies have been important in the emergence of new forms of control and surveillance of welfare recipients and of those who administer labour market programmes. These technologies have often appeared at the margins of accounts of welfare reform, for example as means of increasing the efficiency or consistency of services, or as constraining frontline discretion. Henman has argued, however, that information technologies need to be analysed not just as administrative tools, but as “non‐human actors,” shaping policy development and implementation in ways beyond the intentions of their human creators (Henman, Governing Electronically: E‐government and the Reconfiguration of Public Administration, Policy and Power, Palgrave MacMillan). This paper explores the way that the use of government information systems has shaped employment services in remote Australia where over 80 per cent of those included are Indigenous people. The article describes how the production and use of administrative data within employment services have supported and extended the framing of Indigenous people in remote communities as non‐compliant and as needing external direction.
Ultra‐Stable Plasmonic Colloidal Aggregates for Accurate and Reproducible Quantitative SE(R)RS in Protein‐Rich Biomedia
Authors: Ye Ziwei , Li Chunchun , Chen Qinglu , Xu Yikai , Bell Steven E. J.
Published: October 2019

Au/Ag colloids aggregated with simple salts are amongst the most commonly used substrates in surface‐enhanced (resonance) Raman spectroscopy (SE(R)RS). However, salt‐induced aggregation is a dynamic process, which means that SE(R)RS enhancements vary with time and that measurements therefore need to be taken at a fixed time point, normally within a short time‐window of a few minutes. Here, we present an emulsion templated method which allows formation of densely‐packed quasi‐spherical Au/Ag colloidal aggregates. Since the particles in the product aggregates retain their weakly adsorbed charged ligands and the ionic strength remains low these charged aggregates resist further aggregation while still providing intense SE(R)RS enhancement which remains stable for days. This eliminates a major source of irreproducibility in conventional colloidal SE(R)RS measurements and paves the way for SE(R)RS analysis in complex systems, such as protein‐rich bio‐solutions where conventional aggregated colloids fail.
A Gas Chromatography‐Molecular Rotational Resonance Spectroscopy Based System of Singular Specificity
Authors: Armstrong Daniel W. , Talebi Mohsen , Thakur Nimisha , Wahab M. Farooq , Mikhonin Alexander V. , Muckle Matt T. , Neill Justin L.
Published: October 2019

We designed and demonstrated the unique abilities of the first gas chromatography–molecular rotational resonance spectrometer (GC‐MRR). While broadly and routinely applicable, its capabilities can exceed those of high‐resolution MS and NMR spectroscopy in terms of selectivity, resolution, and compound identification. A series of 24 isotopologues and isotopomers of five organic compounds are separated, identified, and quantified in a single run. Natural isotopic abundances of mixtures of compounds containing chlorine, bromine, and sulfur heteroatoms are easily determined. MRR detection provides the added high specificity for these selective gas‐phase separations. GC‐MRR is shown to be ideal for compound‐specific isotope analysis (CSIA). Different bacterial cultures and groundwater were shown to have contrasting isotopic selectivities for common organic compounds. The ease of such GC‐MRR measurements may initiate a new era in biosynthetic/degradation and geochemical isotopic compound studies.
Aqueous Ring‐Opening Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly (ROPISA) of N‐Carboxyanhydrides
Authors: Grazon Chloé , Salas‐Ambrosio Pedro , Ibarboure Emmanuel , Buol Alix , Garanger Elisabeth , Grinstaff Mark W. , Lecommandoux Sébastien , Bonduelle Colin
Published: October 2019

Reported here is the first aqueous ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of N‐carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) using α‐amino‐poly(ethylene oxide) as a macroinitiator to protect the NCA monomers from hydrolysis through spontaneous in situ self‐assembly (ISA). This ROPISA process affords well‐defined amphiphilic diblock copolymers that simultaneously form original needle‐like nanoparticles.
Improving Waste Cooking Oil Quality for Biodiesel Production with the Ethanolic By‐product of Soybean Oil Extraction
Authors: Bueno‐Borges Larissa Braga , dos Santos Grasiela Cristina Pereira , de Alencar Severino Matias , Regitano‐d'Arce Marisa Aparecida Bismara
Published: October 2019

Waste cooking oils (WCO) can be used as feedstock for biodiesel (fatty acid ethyl or methyl esters—FAEE or FAME) production. Their usual high acidity, high moisture, and low stability can impair the reaction yield and generate a low‐quality biodiesel. Here, we performed liquid–liquid washings using WCO and ethanol‐based solvents with the goal of generating oil‐rich miscella as FAEE feedstocks with a higher quality than WCO. Three different solvents were evaluated: 99% ethanol, 95% ethanol, and the soybean oil extraction ethanolic phase (SEP), a by‐product with immense unexplored antioxidant potential obtained by extracting soybean oil using ethanol. Washings were performed in a 1000 mL flat‐bottom flask at 78.1 °C, using a 1:2 (w/v) oil/solvent ratio, under magnetic stirring (1200 rpm) for 10 min. Ethyl esters were prepared via homogeneous alkali transesterification using WCO and oil‐rich miscella as feedstocks. Treatments reduced the acid value by 40–61% and the peroxide value by 15–50%. Improvements in feedstock quality generated 24–54% higher biodiesel yields. The oil‐rich phase produced with SEP was 15% more resistant to oxidation than WCO. This was attributed to the transference of isoflavones from the SEP. However, biodiesel from treated samples presented equal or lower oxidative stability than FAEE from WCO. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that no isoflavones remained in biodiesel after purification. Pretreatment of WCO with ethanol‐based extracts such as the SEP has great potential to improve WCO quality for biodiesel production as it can be a source of plant‐based antioxidants.
Fabricating cholyglycine–glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase conjugates for cholyglycine detection
Authors: Yang Mei‐Na , Zhang Ya‐Fang , Zhi Gao‐Ying , Gu Xiao‐Fei , Han Li , Zhang Dong‐Hao
Published: October 2019

To establish cholyglycine (CG) detection via enzyme‐multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT), glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) was used as a reporter enzyme to prepare hapten–enzyme conjugate. Gel electrophoresis and UV scanning demonstrated that G6PD was successfully labeled with cholyglycine, and CG‐G6PD conjugate was obtained. Furthermore, the effects of various parameters on the preparation of CG‐G6PD conjugates were investigated. Consequently, CG amount, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, d‐glucose‐6‐phosphate (G6P), phosphate buffer and the pH, and ionic strength of solution had important effects on the residual activity of CG‐G6PD. Moreover, CG amount, the pH, and G6P played important roles in changing CG labeling location on G6PD. Using the CG‐G6PD conjugate as test kit, the cholyglycine–EMIT calibration curve was established, which could be employed in clinical detection of cholyglycine. This study provides some valuable information for preparing hapten–G6PD conjugates.
Realitätsnahe Verkehrslastansätze für die Nachrechnung der Gänstorbrücke über die Donau
Authors: Nowak Marcel , Fischer Oliver , Müller Andreas
Published: October 2019

Die 1950 errichtete Gänstorbrücke über die Donau ist ein historisches Bauwerk, das die Städte Ulm und Neu‐Ulm verbindet. Aufgrund zunehmender Mängel und Schäden im Zuge der bisherigen, langen Nutzungsdauer wurden umfangreiche Maßnahmen zur Nachrechnung und Bewertung der bestehenden Brücke initiiert. Als ein wichtiger Baustein im Rahmen dieser Untersuchungen dient eine objektspezifische Bewertung der Verkehrslastansätze. Hierbei erfolgt eine realitätsnahe Abbildung der tatsächlichen Verkehrsbeanspruchung durch konkreten Objektbezug hinsichtlich Verkehr und Tragwerk. Dazu wurden Verkehrsmessungen zur Erfassung der lokalen Verkehrscharakteristik sowie hierauf aufbauend nummerische Simulationsberechnungen zur Abbildung der Verkehrsbeanspruchung für verschiedene Szenarien der Verkehrsführung am Brückenbauwerk durchgeführt. Auf Grundlage der Untersuchungsergebnisse erfolgt eine Bewertung der tatsächlichen Verkehrsbeanspruchung und somit eine Plausibilisierung der für die Nachrechnung verwendeten Lastansätze. Ein Abgleich mit zeitgleich erfassten und nachträglich zur Verfügung gestellten zusätzlichen Messdaten von an Spanngliedern applizierten Dehnmessstreifen dient der Verifizierung der Untersuchungsergebnisse.
Single‐center study of autoimmune encephalitis‐related autoantibody testing in Hungary
Authors: Hayden Zsófia , Böröcz Katalin , Csizmadia Zsuzsanna , Balogh Péter , Kellermayer Zoltán , Bodó Kornélia , Najbauer József , Berki Tímea
Published: October 2019

Objective

Autoantibody detection is crucial for the early diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) since prompt therapy can determine the disease outcome. Here, we report a single‐center 6‐year retrospective study of autoantibody testing in AIE in the Hungarian population.

Methods

Serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) autoantibody tests were performed using cell‐based indirect immunofluorescence assay for AIE diagnosis. Samples were provided by neurology clinics as part of a nationwide program. Test results were analyzed for samples received during the period from 2012 to 2018.

Results

We tested 1,247 samples from 1,034 patients with suspected AIE. Autoantibodies were present in 60 patients (5.8% of total). The distribution of patients with different autoantibodies by age and sex was as follows: NMDAR (70%), mostly in young females, LGI1 (15%) in middle‐aged males, GABABR (12%) in elderly males, and Caspr2 (7%) in males. Long‐term follow‐up was conducted in 30 patients with repeated test requests, of which 17 remained positive, and 13 switched to negative.

Conclusion

We report the most comprehensive clinical laboratory study of autoantibody testing in AIE in the Hungarian population. Our results show that the frequency of different autoantibody types in AIE corresponds to the data described in the literature.
Everyone on staff needs to be a campus safety authority
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: October 2019

PALM BEACH GARDENS, FLA. — Maximizing campus safety requires a demand for accountability from the entire college community, from security officers to all faculty and staff, the director of campus safety at Lake‐Sumter State College told attendees of this summer's Association of Florida Colleges Campus Safety Symposium.
Toolkit offers best practices, case studies of mental health crisis management response
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: October 2019

A major challenge for community policing remains the successful interaction of law enforcement with constituents with mental health concerns. Too often, these clashes can end in outcomes — such as jail time or forced hospitalization — unsatisfactory to both parties. But with strong leadership, clear policies, and proper resources, these situations can be defused before they escalate.
Comparative Study on the Performance of Aboveground and Underground Fixed‐Dome Biogas Digesters
Authors: Obileke KeChrist , Mamphweli Sampson , Meyer Edson L. , Makaka Golden , Nwokolo Nwabunwanne , Onyeaka Helen
Published: October 2019

A comparative analysis of aboveground and underground biogas digesters is described in relation to their performance and effect of temperature, pH, and hydraulic retention time. The digestion chamber of the two biogas systems under study was fabricated using high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic, while the inlet and outlet chamber were constructed with bricks. The performance of small‐scale digesters, particularly of the fixed‐dome type, should be improved. Cow dung served as substrate in the performance test. Biogas production from the two systems was measured by a customized gas temperature pressure measurement sensor. Evidently, the insulation provided to the underground digester helped to achieve a more stable internal temperature for the digester.
The global Edoxaban Treatment in routine cliNical prActice (ETNA) noninterventional study program: rationale and design
Authors: De Caterina Raffaele , Agnelli Giancarlo , Laeis Petra , Unverdorben Martin , Rauer Heiko , Wang Chun‐Chieh , Nakamura Mashio , Chiu Kuan‐Ming , Reimitz Paul‐Egbert , Koretsune Yukihiro , Chen Cathy , Thee Ulrike , Kaburagi Jumpei , Kim Young‐Hoon , Choi Won‐Il , Yamashita Takeshi , Cohen Alexander , Kirchhof Paulus
Published: October 2019

Background

Randomized controlled trials showed the nonvitamin K oral anticoagulant (NOAC) edoxaban was effective and safe for stroke and systemic embolism prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) and for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE; including pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis). Additional research is needed to evaluate the effects of edoxaban in routine clinical practice. Therefore, the Edoxaban Treatment in routine cliNical prActice (ETNA) program is being conducted to provide routine clinical care data on characteristics and outcomes in patients with AF or VTE receiving edoxaban.

Methods

The Global ETNA program integrates prospectively collected data from edoxaban patients in regional ETNA noninterventional studies across Europe, Japan, and East and Southeast Asia into indication‐specific databases for AF and VTE. Targeted enrollment is >31 000 patients (AF >26 000; VTE >4500), with a follow‐up of 2 years for AF and 1 year for VTE. Data integration will be possible using consistent terminology, parameter definitions, and data collection across the regional noninterventional studies. Safety and effectiveness data will be assessed. Crude rates of outcomes including bleeding and thromboembolic events will be reported.

Results

Globally, enrollment began in early 2015 and is ongoing.

Conclusions

Global ETNA will generate the largest integrated prospective repository of routine clinical care data for a single NOAC in patients with AF or VTE. It will provide important information on the safety of edoxaban in routine clinical care and gather further information on its effectiveness.
NICS‐XY‐Scan Predictions of Local, Semi‐Global, and Global Ring Currents in Annulated Pentalene and s‐Indacene Cores Compared to First‐Principles Current Density Maps
Authors: Stanger Amnon , Monaco Guglielmo , Zanasi Riccardo
Published: October 2019

The magnetic response of a set of 20 molecules, their dications and their dianions has been studied by the NICS‐XY method, and the results have been compared with first principles current density maps. The molecules have been built from pentalene and s‐indacene by single and double annulation of cyclobutadiene, benzene and benzocyclobutadiene in an alternate fashion on both sides of the molecules. The prediction of tropicities obtained by the NICS‐XY method are overall consistent with the current density maps. A literal code, developed to give a compact description of the tropicities of currents flowing around rings and bonds cut by the scan trajectory shows that, in most cases, the NICS‐XY method leads to an exact match with the current density analyses. Mismatches are generally due to small circulations out of the scan trajectory, and they do not correspond to misinterpretations of the overall tropicities. The dataset provides several cases where the prediction of the overall antiaromatic/aromatic response by the 4n/4n+2 count of π electrons fails.
Specific Self‐Repairing by Morphology Prejudging
Authors: Wang Pengfei , Li Mingwei , Hu Zhitao , Hu Zhiqiang , Hu Jinsan
Published: October 2019

The thin surface layer growth during the regeneration of incomplete potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystal is more perplexing than the ordinary layer‐by‐layer growth. In a previous paper, the driving force of the thin surface layer growth was discussed; the present paper focuses on the regeneration process and final regeneration morphology. Based on the analysis of thin surface layer area per unit repaired volume, it is found that convex polyhedron is more advantageous than concave polyhedron. It is also found that the general morphology of repaired incomplete crystal is convex polyhedron of minimum volume covered by singular surfaces. The most important thing is, numbers of regeneration details suggest that the incomplete crystal achieves the self‐repairing by morphology prejudging.
Distributed lifetime optimization in wireless sensor networks using alternating direction method of multipliers
Authors: Tashtarian Farzad , Montazerolghaem Ahmadreza , Varasteh Amir
Published: October 2019

Due to the limited energy of sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks, extending the network lifetime is a major challenge that can be formulated as an optimization problem. In this paper, we propose a distributed iterative algorithm based on alternating direction method of multipliers with the aim of maximizing sensor network lifetime. The features of this algorithm are the use of local information, low overhead of message passing, low computational complexity, fast convergence, and, consequently, reduced energy consumption. In this study, we present the convergence results and the number of iterations required to achieve the stopping criterion. Furthermore, the impact of problem size (number of sensor nodes) on the solution and constraints violation is studied, and, finally, the proposed algorithm is compared with one of the well‐known subgradient‐based algorithms.
Southern campuses involve students to reckon with history of white supremacy
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: October 2019

ATLANTA — The racial history of the South is something Southern colleges must reckon with — not only because it's the right thing to do, but because it will matter to their prospective and enrolled students. That was the message from a session at the annual conference for the Association of American Colleges and Universities. Representatives from the Associated Colleges of the South shared how individual institutions included in the 16‐college consortium found ways to reckon with their history of racism and white supremacy.
Wildfire‐induced short‐term changes in a small mammal community increase prevalence of a zoonotic pathogen?
Authors: Ecke Frauke , Nematollahi Mahani Seyed Alireza , Evander Magnus , Hörnfeldt Birger , Khalil Hussein
Published: October 2019

Natural disturbances like droughts and fires are important determinants of wildlife community structure and are suggested to have important implications for prevalence of wildlife‐borne pathogens. After a major wildfire affecting >1,600 ha of boreal forest in Sweden in 2006, we took the rare opportunity to study the short‐term response (2007–2010 and 2015) of small mammal community structure, population dynamics, and prevalence of the Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV) hosted by bank voles (Myodes glareolus). We performed snap‐trapping in permanent trapping plots in clear‐cuts (n = 3), unburnt reference forests (n = 7), and the fire area (n = 7) and surveyed vegetation and habitat structure. Small mammal species richness was low in all habitats (at maximum three species per trapping session), and the bank vole was the only small mammal species encountered in the fire area after the first postfire year. In autumns of years of peak rodent densities, the trapping index of bank voles was lowest in the fire area, and in two of three peak‐density years, it was highest in clear‐cuts. Age structure of bank voles varied among forest types with dominance of overwintered breeders in the fire area in the first postfire spring. PUUV infection probability in bank voles was positively related to vole age. Infection probability was highest in the fire area due to low habitat complexity in burnt forests, which possibly increased encounter rate among bank voles. Our results suggest that forest fires induce cascading effects, including fast recovery/recolonization of fire areas by generalists like bank voles, impoverished species richness of small mammals, and altered prevalence of a rodent‐borne zoonotic pathogen. Our pilot study suggests high human infection risk upon encountering a bank vole in the fire area, however, with even higher overall risk in unburnt forests due to their higher vole numbers.

Open Research Badges

This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally‐shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://osf.io/6fsy3/.