bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Internationalism of American Vagrancy: Mark Twain and Josiah Flynt on the Tramp
Authors: Yazell Bryan
Published: January 2024

Tramp writing sets the groundwork for the welfare state in two ways. First, it turns an erstwhile local issue like alms relief into an international one. Second, it takes up the language of labour and productiveness and encodes it the language of national integrity. This chapter uncovers the point where these two threads come together. Mark Twain’s travelogue, A Tramp Abroad (1888), and Josiah Flynt's ethnographic study, Tramping with Tramps (1899) are two sources that elaborate the international nexus in which vagrants circulate. Europe provides a key point of comparison for both writers because it is there where tramps and tourists alike travel and where strict social controls contrast with lax US ones. In his travel narrative, Twain compares tramping with idle American tourists to equate economic self-governance with civic responsibility. This figuration propels Flynt’s comparative account of anti-vagrancy policies across Europe, which he argues should be appropriated at home. Taken together, Twain’s travel narrative and Flynt’s ethnography signify the comparative framework, hinging on the relation of the US to Europe, in which tramps and modern vagrancy codes come into being.
Absence of Evidence or Evidence of Absence?
Authors: Dugan Elena L.
Published: January 2024

This chapter introduces the manuscript history of 1 Enoch, and its import to scholars of the ancient world. Providing a brief introduction to New Philology in conversation with ancient Jewish and Christian literature, this chapter sets an initial task for the project: what parts of 1 Enoch are attested before the fourteenth century CE, and where? And what new histories of composition might be opened up by new attention to patterns of attestation? Summaries of subsequent chapters, and an outline of the book’s overall argument, are also provided.
On Subsidiary Works, Absent and Present from our Documents
Authors: Dugan Elena L.
Published: January 2024

This chapter provides a detailed survey of where pieces of 1 Enoch appear in the pre-Ethiopic documentary record, both in manuscripts excavated from Qumran and Oxyrhynchus, as well as extracts from Greek and Latin codices of more uncertain provenance. In providing this textured report, patterns of presence and absence are demonstrated. It is proposed that the newly discovered absence of pieces of Enoch from the earliest manuscripts is an opportunity – an open window to reconsider new possible presences, and new histories of composition for Enoch. While some of the missing subsidiary works are difficult to date, one within Enoch is considered to be uniquely datable on internal grounds in accordance with its detailed historical allusions – the Animal Apocalypse. Accordingly, the Animal Apocalypse can provide a test case for the hypothesis that subsidiary works missing from our earliest manuscripts might be re-dated.
Dating the Animal Apocalypses
Authors: Dugan Elena L.
Published: January 2024

This chapter demonstrates the weakness of the current scholarly consensus that either the Vision of the Beasts, or the Apocalypse of the Birds, belong to the period of the Maccabean Revolt. Previous scholarship assumed that the entire Animal Apocalypse had to be a Hellenistic-era work because of its Hellenistic-era manuscripts and its purported allusions to the Maccabean Revolt. There is, however, very little consensus on how, exactly, that conversation between text and context took place. Scholarly disagreement on the chronology of the text, the identification of key historical figures, and the importance (or character) of intertextual parallels are all discussed, alongside methodological remarks on the perils of dating texts on internal grounds. It is advanced that neither the Vision of the Beasts nor the Apocalypse of the Birds should be automatically situated amidst the literature and history of the Hellenistic era. The Vision of the Beasts may well belong to the Persian period; the Apocalypse of the Birds could belong to the Roman period (or later). With the impression of scholarly consensus dispelled, considered alongside the lack of Hellenistic-era manuscript attestation for the Apocalypse of the Birds, it is proposed that a new site of composition can be sought for the Apocalypse of the Birds.
More than Meets the Eye: Perspectives on William Wyler and the Auteur Theory
Authors: Barrowman Kyle
Published: January 2024

This chapter defends not only the legitimacy of the auteur theory, but Wyler’s rightful place among filmmakers who have achieved the moniker “auteur.” While the likes of Alfred Hitchcock or Orson Welles have achieved the title of “auteur,” Wyler has been left to languish in the domain of “less than meets the eye” which Andrew Sarris predicted was his “dismal destiny.” However, others have analyzed Wyler’s artistry and found him to be a brilliant and ground-breaking architect of visual storytelling.
Author: Kyle Barrowman
Traumatic History and the Prosthesis of Myth in Wyler’s The Best Years of Our Lives
Authors: Donelan Carol
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines Wyler’s first post-war film, The Best Years of Our Lives (1946), and argues that in it, he rehabilitates classical Hollywood cinema through the use “reborn realism.” It also reflects on how Wyler’s path to “reborn realism” relates to notions of cinematic modernism. This chapter reveals how Wyler’s double and even triple plot structure of multiple returning servicemen explores the thematic connections between work and marriage in post-war America, and, by removing the fantasy of idealized, fictional masculinity, Wyler also exposes the reality of damaged and vulnerable masculinity. Author: Carol Donelan
Clash Of The Titans: The Hidden Collaboration Of William Wyler And David O. Selznick On Carrie (1952)
Authors: Hain Milan
Published: January 2024

Unlike his many post-war successes, Wyler’s Carrie (1952) failed to satisfy the audiences and critics, despite the same strong story, technical brilliance and a star-studded cast that adorned Wyler’s most celebrated films of this period. This chapter suggests that one of the reasons for Carrie’s failure was the interference of producer David O. Selznick. Archival materials show that Selznick commented on the casting, made numerous notes on the several versions of the screenplay, offered suggestions on the rough cut, and took active part in publicizing the finished film. This chapter looks at the uneasy collaboration between Wyler and Selznick, the give-and-take process it entailed, and argues that through his accommodations to Selznick, Wyler compromised his artistic vision.
Author: Milan Hain
Narratives Of Failure: Dead End (1937), The Desperate Hours (1955), and Gangsters in Distress
Authors: McDonald Terrance H.
Published: January 2024

This chapter evaluates William Wyler's so-called gangster films in relation to existing discourses on the genre and characterizes both films as narratives of distress, through which Wyler reflects socio-cultural issues involving masculinity. Wyler's gangsters do not undergo the same “precipitous rise and fall” as classical gangster-heroes do in early, conventional gangster films. This chapter argues that Wyler's Dead End and The Desperate Hours are also distinguished by the presence of a dual protagonist who represents the hard-working class and undercuts the projection of the gangster as urban hero. Wyler's films are key to understanding the diversity of narrative structures within a genre that is often read as having a monolithic format. Author: Terrance H. McDonald
Wyler’s Wuthering Heights (1939): Genre, Transnationalism, and the Adaptation of the Victorian Novel
Authors: Stecher Gabrielle
Published: January 2024

The 1930s bore witness to a multitude of film adaptations of canonical Victorian novels and this chapter argues that Wyler’s film adaptation of Emily Bronte’s classic, Wuthering Heights, serves as a fresh case study for the Victorian novel-as-film relationship and through a transnational lens reveals the influence of Wyler, a foreign-born director, on the adaptation of a quintessential Victorian novel and yet within the Hollywood tradition.
Author: Gabrielle Stecher
William Wyler’s The Heiress (1949) and the Unknown Woman
Authors: Zarzosa Agustin
Published: January 2024

This chapter asserts that The Heiress caps Wyler’s significant role in women’s films during the thirties and forties. This chapter, in referring to a small subgenre, which Stanley Cavell calls, “the melodrama of the unknown woman,” suggests that The Heiress and this genre are not concerned with the questions we associate with melodrama (the recognition of virtue) but rather with stoicism (self-reliance, independence of mind, and freedom from the world). The chapter situates The Heiress within Wyler’s broader examination of the experience of women in regard to marriage.
Author: Agustin Zarzosa
A War of the People: Destruction, Community, and Hope in William Wyler’s Wartime Films
Authors: Ribera Robert
Published: January 2024

Wyler’s own military service during the Second World War demonstrates the director’s personal commitment to defeating fascism. This chapter, by examining Mrs. Miniver(1942), and The Best Years of Our Lives(1946), and the wartime documentaries, The Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress(1944), The Fighting Lady(1944), and Thunderbolt(1945, released 1947), argues that rather than producing a muddled political message, the overall feeling of Wyler’s wartime films, both his fictional narratives and his documentaries, is a clear call to action and a strong sense of community. It also asserts that these films combine a sense of duty with the breaking down of social barriers, and by finding the common ground of self-sacrifice, and the healing of wounds both seen and unseen. Author: Robert Ribera
“Down Eros, Up Mars!”: Post-Colonialism, Imperial Violence, and the Corrupting Influence of Hate in William Wyler’s Ben-Hur (1959)
Authors: Pontzer Kaitlin
Published: January 2024

This chapter provides a postcolonial examination of Wyler’s Ben-Hur (1959). It demonstrates how this widescreen epic presents commentary on Empire, both as a critique of imperial power and a warning against postcolonial cycles of violence. This chapter applies scholarship in the academic field of History to the field of Film Studies. Author: Kaitlin Pontzer
“Life Isn’t Always What One Likes”: The Unbearable Lightness of Royalty, and Other Stereotypes in Roman Holiday (1953)
Authors: Boumans Etienne
Published: January 2024

This chapter also examines Roman Holiday, but focuses on the film’s pervasive stereotypical representations of, inter alia, royalty and nobility, rich folk, servants, women, American gentlemen, Italian locals and locales. This chapter will also contextualize such stereotypes through other films, such as The Bicycle Thief (de Sicca, 1948), Journey in Italy (Rossellini, 1954), and, a recent remake of Roman Holiday, Rome in Love (Bross, 2019).
Author: Etienne Boumans
Failed Masculinities
Authors: Sanyal Devapriya
Published: January 2024

The proposed book sets out to examine the male characters in Satyajit Ray’s films and theproposition is that Ray was concerned as a filmmaker with the Nehruvian nation through a large part of his career. He was one of those at the forefront on national culture immediately after 1947 and was therefore one of those holding up India to the world like many other filmmakers from the ‘Third World.’ Since one of the purposes / consequences of the independent nation was the creation of the citizen as national subject, the moral trajectoryof that subject gives the reader of the book some purchase on how Ray perceived changing India. India’s society being patriarchal, the author sees Ray’s men rather than the women as bearing the burden of being ‘national subjects.’ This does not mean that the women have no role to play in the films and their presence is actually used to comment on the success of the men in their apportioned endeavors, which indirectly registers the nation’s journey in human terms.
Breaking with the Past: The Apu Trilogy
Authors: Sanyal Devapriya
Published: January 2024

Pather Panchali literally put India on the world map when it won several international awards and, in a way, came to depict the highest form of Indian artistic effort in cinema as acknowledged by the West. What has got less attention is that it can be read as a national allegory by portraying the maturing of a young boy from a family steeped in tradition, who awakens to modernity and embarks upon an independent path. This chapter focuses on the entire trilogy as the biography of a young man who gives up his family vocation to become a writer, and what this implies. Apu the adult becoming a writer but abandoning this upon his marriage is a motif that will be examined.
‘For all we have and are’: The Post-Independence Bourgeoisie in Kanchenjungha and Kapurush
Authors: Sanyal Devapriya
Published: January 2024

This chapter reflects on the class of men created out of the interaction with the British in colonial times, who, in other words, represented the post-Independence bourgeoisie. They are a breed of men who are anachronistic in contemporary times because of their nostalgia for an erstwhile British state in India, which is felt by them to be superior to the India run by Indians, and still carry prestige associated with British rule in a certain class.
‘An Essay on Man’: The Wise Person in Ganashatru, Shakha Prosakha and Agantuk
Authors: Sanyal Devapriya
Published: January 2024

This is the chapter in which I deal with Ray’s last three films, which constitute a statement on civilisation as he saw it, much in the same vein as Rabindranath Tagore’s. The wise men in them, in some way, reflect on Satyajit Ray’s own self-image and are a consequence of his mythical stature. They are based on screenplays written by him and have the appearance of the testament of a sage who has counsel to offer to his fellow citizens. Ray’s rise to preeminent stature within India will also become pertinent here. Ray’s relationship with the nation seems to transform substantially by the end of his career.
Conclusion Moving Away from the Nation
Authors: Sanyal Devapriya
Published: January 2024

The Conclusion tries to plot Ray’s trajectory in relation to the nation. He began as a national filmmaker but became ‘universalist’ like Tagore in his last films. How did this happen? Was there something in India’s development that affected him?
Our Dreams On Trial, 1979
Authors: Mirsepassi Ali
Published: January 2024

This chapter returns readers to the day in 1978 that resulted in Mirsepassi’s sudden exit from Iran. It explores the feelings of exhilaration and confusion that gripped protestors as they celebrated the fall of the Pahlavi regime and faced the fact the uncertainty of what kind of government would follow the revolution. The question of how to influence these developments, Mirsepassi recounts, was equally opaque, given the growing bloc of Khomeinists who refused to compromise on the point of Khomeini’s right to lead the revolution. In this context, it explains the lead up to the Khomeinist’s attack on Mirsepassi which left him for dead.
The Scottish Press, 1850–1900
Authors: Fraser W. Hamish
Published: January 2024

This chapter provides a broad outline of some of the changes that took place over half a century in the number and kind of daily and weekly Scottish newspapers. As well as examining different attitudes towards stamp duty, consideration is given into the impact of an expanding and changing readership, from sharing of newspaper copies to individual purchasing. It also examines how local newspapers sought to find and helped to create a distinct local community in which they could more effectively operate. Finally, it considers how even local newspapers were having to respond to the emerging ‘new journalism’, with less didacticism and a greater responsiveness to popular taste. The effect was a more cautious, more local, less distinctively opinionated press.
Edinburgh’s Scotsman and its Challengers
Authors: Fraser W. Hamish
Published: January 2024

This chapter covers the increasing dominance of the Scotsman newspaper from the appearance of a daily version in 1855. It examines the part played by the editors Alexander Russel and his two successors. Robert Wallace and Charles Cooper. Russel’s personal antipathy to more radical elements within Edinburgh Liberalism, a dislike of democratic tendencies and trade unionism all shaped the tone of the paper’s editorials. There were numerous attempts by radical Liberals to revive older papers such as the Caledonian Mercury and to create new ones such as the Daily Review to challenge the Whiggism of the Scotsman. There was also an effort to create a powerful Conservative voice in the Edinburgh Courant. The difficulties of ownership and editorship that eventually resulted in the demise of rivals. Are considered. A more successful challenge came from the Edinburgh Evening News to which the Scotsman was slow to respond with the Evening Dispatch.
Dundee
Authors: Fraser W. Hamish
Published: January 2024

The way in which Dundee became a powerful and innovative centre of newspaper publishing is the central theme of this chapter. It looks at John Leng’s successful development of the Dundee Advertiser, promoting relatively radical Liberal policies in the second half of the nineteenth century, and at his innovative People’s Journal where in a number of regional editions radical politics were pursued alongside serialised novels, often making use of localised vernacular language. The chapter also traces the rise of the rival firm of D.C. Thomson, which generally advocated the Conservative cause, but often with a distinctive slant. The gradual merger of the two companies left D. C. Thomson & Co. as dominant. The company generally pursued a paternalistic approach to its staff with little attention to the strict job divisions that prevailed elsewhere. With staff expected to move between daily, evening and weekly papers, became a valuable training ground for generations of journalists.
Lothians, Fife and Stirlingshire
Authors: Fraser W. Hamish
Published: January 2024

Here the focus is on the local press that emerged in the relatively industrial areas around Edinburgh. The role played by key, enterprising individuals or groups of individuals in particular localities illustrates the way in which the development of successful local papers depended upon a variety of factors. Towns such as Leith used their newspapers to resist being seen as a mere suburb of Edinburgh. There were often local rivalries such as in Fife where newspapers produced in the county town of Cupar were no seen as reflecting the needs of a growing industrial town such as Kirkcaldy or Dunfermline. In Stirling the Stirling Journal, the Stirling Observer and the Stirling Sentinel competed with varying success throughout most of the period, while the Johnston family’s Falkirk Herald successfully saw off challenging rivals.
A Liberal Nation
Authors: Fraser W. Hamish
Published: January 2024

This is the first of a series of chapters identifying recurring themes in the Scottish press. There was a belief that Scotland was more Liberal than its southern neighbour and until the 1880s its newspapers were overwhelmingly Liberal in their politics. Views were not always Liberal in practices and all papers could periodically succumb to belligerent posturing against other nations. Attitudes towards the issues of the American Civil War were often confused and contradictory and could alter over time. Similarly, support of reform of the parliamentary suffrage was frequently ambivalent and few papers gave support to women’s suffrage and none to republican demands. The peak of Liberal enthusiasm came in the 1870s in support of Gladstone’s government and in opposition to Disraeli’s expansionist policies. Gladstone’s condemnation of the so-called Bulgaria atrocities and his electoral campaign in Midlothian generated an unprecedented level of Liberal enthusiasm in Scottish papers and a belief that Liberal return to power would lead to a tackling of some outstanding issues of Scottish politics.
Not Ireland
Authors: Fraser W. Hamish
Published: January 2024

This chapter looks at attitudes in the Scottish press to the demands for home rule in Ireland and how these impinged on Scottish affairs. There was little sympathy in the majority of Scottish newspapers. In 1886 papers that had once been uncritical in their admiration for Gladstone became fervently opposed to any further concessions to Irish demands for Home Rule.There was also growing resentment that so much parliamentary effort was being expended in trying to deal with Irish matters that pressing needs for Scottish legislation were being ignored. Although there was extensive coverage of unrest in the Highlands over clearances to expand deer farms, most newspapers also showed very little sympathy for the distress in the Highlands in the 1880s and some of the views reflected racist attitudes towards Celtic culture. A recurring theme was that Scotland was different from Ireland, that its relationship with England was much more one of equality and that Scotland would never adopt the violent tactics of the Irish. Other issues such as disestablishment of the Church were also proving highly divisive, many newspapers found in Liberal Unionism a first gradual step towards Conservatism. There was a growing reluctance in most papers to press for radical change.
The Lure of Empire
Authors: Fraser W. Hamish
Published: January 2024

While Scots had long played a part in the development, exploration and governing of the Empire and there was extensive coverage of imperial events, this chapter brings out the way in which the majority of Scottish papers from the 1870s moved from pride in an existing empire to supporting much more British imperial expansion particularly in Africa. There was initially considerable scepticism at what were seen as Conservative-driven buccaneering activities in Afghanistan, Southern Africa, Egypt and the Sudan, encouraged by the jingoism of some of the London press. At the same time, a post-mortem adulation of David Livingstone and ensuing missionary activity, together with Scottish involvement with commercial companies in East Africa and substantial emigration to southern Africa brought a readiness to accept the case for further imperial control. The involvement of Scottish regiments in imperial conflicts, the Victoria jubilee celebrations and an awareness of international rivalries all brought a readiness to accept the case for further expansion of empire.
Scottish Identity
Authors: Fraser W. Hamish
Published: January 2024

There was little support in any Scottish newspapers for any more devolution of power from Westminster than the creation of mechanisms that would allow Scottish parliamentary business to be dealt with more speedily. Much attention was devoted to distinctive educational reform both at school and university level and frustration at the difficulties of getting legislation through was a regular feature. As this chapter shows there was a concern to emphasise the specific aspects of Scottish identity and to challenge things that seemed to erode that. There was generally a bristling reaction to suggestions from the London papers like The Times that Scottish distinctiveness did not amount to separate nationhood or to the views of H.T. Buckle that the Reformation in Scotland had produced a fanatical country intolerant of differences. A home rule movement had little support but again and again Scottish papers pointed to the often casual eliding of the words English and British in official documents and public statements.
The Complexities of Ownership
Authors: Fraser W. Hamish
Published: January 2024

This chapter looks at the changes in ownership of many Scottish daily papers in the first half of the twentieth century, dating from the arrival of the Harmsworth-owned Daily Record in 1895, as companies based outside Scotland sought to penetrate the Scottish market. These were often more successful at finding a Scottish-wide market than Scottish-owned papers had been. The outbreak of the first world war also led to the appearance for the first time of Scottish Sunday newspapers. The 1920s saw control of a number of Scottish dailies come into the hands of conglomerates like the Kemsley Press, Provincial Newspapers Ltd and the Beaverbrook Press, but the Scotsman and the Glasgow Herald remained under control of private companies. The merger of Leng press with D. C. Thomson gave a the latter yet more influence through the Dundee Courier and the Sunday Post. Most weeklies remained in the hands of small family businesses and the spread of newspaper chains was just beginning.
Koryŏ and the Empire of the Hunt
Authors: Kallander George
Published: January 2024

This chapter first provides an overview of the hunt in Eurasian before turning to Northeast Asia. From the earliest times, the hunt provided kings and elites with means to solidify authority over their realms, but it disappeared from the sources as an activity conducted at the court as Buddhism and Confucianism became more powerful forces for governance. Under Mongol control from the 1230s through the 1360s, the balance of political power tipped in favour of kings and the hunt when elite interaction with beasts of the wild emerged as important indicators of governance and status. Another element of this story is the ritual sacrifice of animals. Based on Chinese ritual texts and indigenous shamanistic practices, the meat of deer, swine, hare and other game were offered in ceremonial rites to Confucius and royal ancestors attesting to the early centrality of animals. The chapter concludes by exploring the 1290 invasion by renegade Mongol leader Qadan and his followers which exposed tensions between the bureaucracy and the re-emergence of a Northeast Asian regional political identity. The latter involved a lifestyle based on uxoriocality, where the wife’s household defines authority, and was demonstrated by the hunt, which resulted in different patterns of governance and identity.
Growth, Transformation and Challenge in the Late Fourteenth and Early Fifteenth Centuries
Authors: Kallander George
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines developments from the fourteenth century when hunting acquired new meaning, and more people seemed to participate. In the aftermath of the Qadan attack, King Ch’ungnyŏl’s authority as a militarised monarch solidified. The attack also reinforced hunting as an important military skill and time spent in the field as a significant definer of rulership and masculinity based on a neo-nomadic ethos where the king held power over the realm including wild beasts. Framed within the hunt of the late Koryŏ and wider climate change, this chapter outlines the shifting worldviews and political strategies on the peninsula and in Northeast Asia in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Some of those forces impacting the peninsula were regional – the fall of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in the 1360s and the rise of the Chinese Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) – and unleashed political, religious and cultural shifts throughout the region. Other forces came in the form of climate fluctuations and population growth that complicated politics, societies and animal habitats. Korean leaders responded by forming new political bonds of their own both in and beyond the peninsula.
Confucian Beasts: Human–Animal Relations in Early Chos ŏ n
Authors: Kallander George
Published: January 2024

Building on the discussion from previous chapters, this chapter first looks at the domination of wild beasts through the hunt, a public symbol of monarchical power in the Koryŏ–Mongol era, as it shifted from the responsibility of the king to the responsibility of the bureaucracy. The chapter argues that along with restraining the actions of kings, the state attempted to transform human–animal relations. Animals grew more plentiful in the expanded domain in the north and were increasingly sacrificed on the altars of both the state and private homes, examined in the second half of this chapter. Ritual sacrifice is an important yet often neglected historical analysis. While based on earlier principles of Confucian rites, these rituals took on added meaning in early Chosŏn. Animals, wild and domestic, helped define Chosŏn identity, becoming the blood and bones of the dynasty’s political legitimacy. This chapter explores the consequences of these newly regulated royal hunts on human and animal interactions within state, political and cultural developments of the fifteenth century.
Stalking the Forests: The Military on the Chase in the Mid-Fifteenth Century
Authors: Kallander George
Published: January 2024

This chapter first explores military developments of the early Chosŏn in the context of wider Eurasian history. Next, it examines the royal military Kangmu hunts. The Kangmu hunts were meaningful activities, producing important bonds that transcended the violence directed at the animals that kings and soldiers hunted. On the one hand, the state promoted the killing of wild and domestic animals for ritual sacrifice. On the other, as this chapter demonstrates, it sought to set boundaries for hunting and killing them. While seemingly contradictory policies, this chapter argue that the conservation of resources was less about ethical questions over killing animals – the humane treatment of another sentient life – and more of a dispute over using animals as a way to perfect human society. Finally, this chapter analyses borderland dynamics to tease out the complicated relationships between the Kangmu hunt, military preparedness and national security. Hunting in general held significance for military readiness. Not only was it a way for the country to sharpen the skills of the military to prepare for war but the hunting for wild beasts also brought outside groups to the peninsula that threatened the peace.
Challenges to the Royal Military Kangmu Hunt
Authors: Kallander George
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines the rising challenges and obstacles to the royal military Kangmu hunts in the fifteenth century. Some of these obstacles were climate related, but others were a backlash to the successes of the Kangmu hunts. As demonstrated in the previous chapter, these royal military Kangmu hunts fostered the power of masculinity where hunting acumen and physical strength dominated the enemy and animals. Here too were moments when the royal family tapped into a Chinggisid legacy (connected to the family of Chinggis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire), and legitimised their rulership in the present over domestic control and foreign relations. However, such ideals clashed with the ideological rhetoric of officials around the king who began negotiating the boundaries of royal authority. A rising number of voices inside the government believed that the proximity to animals, domestic and wild, was incompatible with rulership. Neo-Confucian officials did not understand animals, nor were they privy to the training necessary to kill them. This lack of authority over the hunt and wildlife bothered them and, as this chapter argue, they wished to limit royal access to wildlife.
Public Animals, Private Hunts and Royal Authority in the Fifteenth Century
Authors: Kallander George
Published: January 2024

This chapter first considers the extension of dynastic control over the peninsula by examining the centrality of animal products as tribute items. Along with other items, pelts, meat, blood and other animal by-products were submitted to the central government as part of the tax obligation of the countryside. Replicating this pattern on the peninsula, Korea submitted animals (some alive, some dead) to the Mongols and Ming as tribute obligations and traded other forms of animals with Jurchens along the frontier. Considering animals as tribute illustrates the growing limitation of royal authority over the century. The remained of this chapter, and extending into Chapter 8, examines the small, personal hunts, detailing debates at the court. This final section highlights the clash with court officials over private hunting and state ritual, echoing arguments in previous chapters over the king’s involvement in the Kangmu royal military hunts, but differing in their intent. This chapter argues that controlling small-scale hunts were important economic and symbolic steps towards the consolidation of central power. Royal authority was given material shape in the form of animal products that tied local areas to the centre, as well as Chosŏn to the region.
Release the Falcons: A King in a Confucian Court
Authors: Kallander George
Published: January 2024

This chapter first considers the re-emergence of private, personal hunts by the king and his supporters in the 1480s. The second half extends this debate to the moral economy of falconry. Falconry, another form of the private hunt, was woven into the cultural and political landscape of early Korea and Northeast Asia. A body of knowledge on falconry, some inspired from Chinese texts, and more from native Korean practices – shaped by political, geographical and cultural beliefs – helped inform those involved in the sport and circulated even to the Japanese islands. The intricate and intense discussions over falconry at the court, one of the most extravagant forms of the personal, private hunt, illuminate important aspects of national and international politics and identity of the kingship and dynasty vis-à-vis contact with other empires and people around the peninsula. This chapter argues that the beliefs of a martial kingship that early leaders represented – vestiges of Northeast Asian cultural practices that took on new meaning in the Mongol period – survived into the late fifteenth century. For kings, falconry was an extension of royal authority that conflicted with the changing bureaucratic, economic and moral needs of the dynasty.
Taming Wild Animals and Beastly Monarchs
Authors: Kallander George
Published: January 2024

While the bureaucracy begrudgingly tolerated the king’s involvement in hunting, this chapter argues that the king’s presentations of animals at court, especially dogs, went too far. A growing number of tutors and officials advocated for a Neo-Confucian ideology that insisted the king remain in the palace. According to their interpretation of Confucian doctrine, when the ruler occupied the palace heaven and earth were properly ordered. When the king travelled away from the palace therefore, he risked not only his own safety but also the cosmic order. Added to this was the rule that those leaders were supposed to be men who prized civil discourse over martial activities, a rule not everyone accepted. With an eye on the sixteenth century, this chapter pulls together many threads of the argument introduced throughout the book. It weaves together four interrelated sections. The first examines factional politics and the second probes into the personal, private hunts and the royal Kangmu military hunt under King Yonsan’gun. The third surveys the intense debates at the court surrounding the creation of royal hunting parks. The final section teases out the complicated relationships between disease outbreaks, animals as medicine, and state attempts to limit hunting.
Language as an Ethno-National Identity Marker
Authors: Yaghoobi Claudia
Published: January 2024

This chapter highlights the ways in which Iranian Armenian authors and artists praise and speak about the significance of Armenian language as their mother tongue. It also discusses linguistic flows between primarily Armenian and Persian languages and English, and I delineate the assimilatory practices of schools within Iranand the US. In response to such state policies, cultural productions foreground characters or creations that sometimes resist linguistic assimilation, while at other times they depict multilingualism.
Introduction
Authors: Kyllönen Simo , Mackenzie Michael K. , Setälä Maija
Published: January 2024

This chapter introduces the central questions addressed in this book. What are the challenges associated with making long-term decisions in democratic systems? How can we encourage people — and political actors more specifically — to think more carefully about the future? How can we encourage and support future-regarding collective actions? How can our democratic institutions be made more future-regarding? The chapter concludes with an overview of the other chapters in the book.
Three Challenges for Long-Term Decision-Making in Democracies: Boundaries, Knowledge and Incentives
Authors: Warren Mark E.
Published: January 2024

This chapter identifies three challenges of long-term decision making in democratic systems. The first concerns the temporal boundaries of democratic communities. If the consequences of our decisions reach beyond currently existing people to those who will live in the future, the question arises as to whether—and how— future people should be included in our democratic communities. This leads to the second challenge: how can we know or anticipate the interests of future people? Warren argues that the All-Affected Principle compels us to aim at maintaining the conditions of self-determination and self-development such that future people will be empowered to make their own decisions. The third challenge has to do with motivating people to act in future-regarding ways. Finally, Warren identifies five general characteristics that institutions for long-term decision-making will need to have.
Democratic Weakness of Will
Authors: Lagerspetz Eerik
Published: January 2024

This chapter identifies a trade-off between two democratic goods: responsiveness and self-governance. Lagerspetz argues that maximal democratic responsiveness precludes the possibility of self-governance when individuals express incoherent or indeterminate collective preferences. The ideal of democracy as a maximally responsive system is therefore likely to suffer from collective weakness of will. In response, Lagerspetz argues that democratic systems may have to limit responsiveness to enhance self-governance and future-regarding collective action. Without some constraints, there would be no democratic will at all, and no realistic prospects of acting on a democratic will over the long-term.
Perspective-Taking, Deliberation and Future Generations
Authors: Herne Kaisa
Published: January 2024

This chapter addresses the following question: how can we encourage present day people to consider the perspectives of future people when making collective decisions? Herne argues that we can achieve this by combining perspective-taking exercises with inclusive deliberative forums. Perspective-taking exercises encourage people to think about what it might be like to experience the world as someone else. There is evidence that these exercises can encourage people to consider the potential interests of future others. But perspective-taking exercise, themselves, do not bring diverse perspectives into contact with each other. For that, Herne argues, we need inclusive deliberative forums combined with future-regarding perspective-taking exercises.
Hearing Silent Voices? Representing Identified and Statistical Policy Victims
Authors: Landwehr Claudia
Published: January 2024

This chapter argues that the interests of silent voices, such as future generations, are unlikely to be adequately considered in democratic systems where politics is driven by strong electoral pressures. Landwehr frames her analysis around a discussion of statistical victims – that is, victims who are statistically expected to suffer from our policy choices but who are not yet identifiable. Landwehr argues that the representation of statistical victims will have to be discursive. She suggests that this will require deliberation in forums which are not driven by electoral pressures and which include different kinds of expertise and diverse perspectives. The chapter concludes with a discussion of some options for institutionalising the discursive representation of statistical victims in our democratic systems.
Democratic Design for Future-Regarding Institutions
Authors: Smith Graham
Published: January 2024

This chapter identifies design principles for future-regarding democratic institutions. Smith focuses on three institutions that have been purposefully crafted to encourage longer-term thinking and action: The Committee for the Future (CF) in the Finnish parliament; Offices of Future Generations (OFGs), such as those in Israel, Hungary and Wales; and deliberative minipublics, such as the recent climate assemblies in France, Scotland, and the United Kingdom. The design principles Smith identifies are independence, diversity, deliberation, empowerment, and institutionalisation. The chapter cautions, however, that it may not be possible to realise these principles simultaneously, especially within a single future-regarding institution.
Conclusion: Future-Regarding Governance – Four Tensions and a Research Agenda
Authors: Mackenzie Michael K. , Kyllönen Simo , Setälä Maija
Published: January 2024

This chapter offers some concluding thoughts on the study and practice of future-regarding governance. Drawing on the analyses in this book, the editors argue that societies must learn to navigate fundamental tensions if they are going to act in future-regarding ways and to achieve their shared long-term objectives. There are tensions, first, between doing what is needed for the present while also doing what is right for the future; second, between reversibility (or flexibility) and commitment (or steadfastness); third, between independence and politicisation. Lastly, future-regarding political systems need to balance the tension between trust and critique. Despite common assumptions about democratic myopia, democracies are, in fact, quite good at producing these future-regarding goods. The chapter concludes with an outline of a research agenda that would help advance the study of future-regarding governance.
Craig and the Landscape
Authors: Finlay John
Published: January 2024

Given his various roles Craig had significant influence on the local landscape since he had a significant say In how his clients’ estates were managed. He worked closely with tradesmen, tenants, gamekeepers, dry stone dykers and others. As well as superintending Gala House during the laird’s prolonged absence, Craig was much engaged with the rural environment, particularly in defending Galashiels against the flooding of the Gala Water. He was also strongly engaged in dealing with agricultural tenants and had experience, as a landowner himself, of crop rotation and timber production. As a lawyer he drafted agricultural lets; directed the building of walls; oversaw the rouping of timber and was involved with road surveyors and others in developing local infrastructure in estates across the Borders.
Insurance
Authors: Finlay John
Published: January 2024

As agent for the Caledonian Insurance Office Craig experienced a number of challenges in what was then still a developing industry. Commercial fire insurance for local mills and workshops was increasingly important but relied on trust between local agents and the central offices of insurance companies and a clear understanding of insurance policies and principles. The sale of life assurance was in its infancy in the Borders and Craig but it was also a growing phenomenon to which Craig’s office gradually adapted. His letters to head office demonstrate the mechanics of selling any type of insurance policy and the importance of identifying and communicating the risks clearly. As well as dealing with claims, Craig increasingly competed with other local insurers in what became a burgeoning and competitive market.
Machiavelli and Political Realism
Authors: Losada Leandro
Published: January 2024

The chapter argues that the reception of Machiavelli in the Spanish-speaking Atlantic world had as one of its main characteristics an interpretation of his work as a reference of "political realism". That is, a certain ontology of politics, according to which politics and morality were separated. Machiavelli, for this reason, had been the founder of an autonomous conception of politics. Political realism, however, encouraged different ways of understanding Machiavelli's ideas. For some intellectuals, realism associated Machiavelli with authoritarianism and violence, and with the political legitimization of immorality. For others, on the other hand, Machiavelli's political realism allowed for a study of politics without overdetermination, and from this point of view, it made it possible to think about the capacity for agency and human freedom
Machiavelli and Anti-Liberalism
Authors: Losada Leandro
Published: January 2024

The chapter analyzes illiberal readings of Machiavelli. The main argument is that, despite the fact that liberalism had bequeathed a critical reading of Machiavelli (as the author of tyranny), anti-Liberalism in the Spanish-speaking Atlantic world did not make a positive reading of his work or understand him as an author of importance to substantiate authoritarianism and illiberalism. The explanation for this reception of Machiavelli lies in the importance of Catholic thought in the illiberalism of the Spanish-speaking Atlantic world. For anti-Liberal readings, Machiavelli had been the founder of modernity, separating politics and Christianity, and from this, he was understood as a key author in the emergence of liberalism.
The Armies of the Caliph
Authors: Manzano Moreno Eduardo
Published: January 2024

This chapter describes the crucial changes that altered the shape of the Umayyad caliphal armies during this period. The army, recruited annually from a number of military districts for seasonal campaigns against the Christian north, was replaced by a standing army of salaried soldiers at the caliph's disposal throughout the year. The troops were recruited from the North African Berbers and were settled in Córdoba. This change was justified by the urgent military needs of the caliphate, but it had long-term consequences as it contributed to the alienation of his power structure from its social base. The various corps of the Caliphate's army are also examined, as well as their equipment and organisation.
Power Politics in the Post-Uprisings Middle East
Authors: Lynch Marc
Published: January 2024

This chapter provides an analytical overview of the main drivers of turbulence in the Middle East at the global, regional, and domestic levels. It argues that the Middle East regional order has fundamentally changed and that proxy warfare has become the dominant mode of power politics since 2003. The US ‘global war on terror’ and the 2003 Iraq war brought an end to America’s unipolar dominance in the region and the consequences of these conflicts have included a shift in the regional balance of power in favour of Iran. The 2011 Arab uprisings also unleashed a set of regional dynamics that produced increased intervention, further instability and violence, and new opportunities for Russian and Chinese influence in the Middle East. After examining the Biden administration’s policies toward the region, the chapter concludes that ‘profound changes at the global, regional and domestic levels have created a new regional structure which is not amenable to the restoration of an American-led unipolar system,’ despite the Biden administration’s efforts.
Introduction
Authors: Lechte John
Published: January 2024

The Introduction provides an overview of the content of the book. The themes of each chapter are explained and an outline is given of key concepts, such as violence, image, and victim, with reference to a range of thinkers.
Victim and Violence: Bataille versus Nietzsche
Authors: Lechte John
Published: January 2024

The chapter provides an insight into the notions of victim, violence and the sacred in Bataille’s thought. Most importantly as concerns the victim, Bataille’s approach is shown to be very different form that of Nietzsche, for whom victim and ressentiment are linked together.
Bataille: Image and Victim 1
Authors: Lechte John
Published: January 2024

The focus of this chapter is Bataille’s approach to the image and victim as revealed in the interpretation of images in the Lascaux caves, in Manet’s painting and, most significantly, in Bataille’s approach to Chinese lingchi torture photographs. The argument of the chapter is that, for Bataille, the image is transparent.