bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Field Evaluation of Foliar Insecticides for Postflowering Mung Bean Insects, Pangasinan, Philippines 1977-78
Authors: Litsinger J. A. , Bandbng J. P. , Paragna F.
Published: March 2022

Two trials on farmers' fields in Pao, Manaoag, Pangasinan evaluated 15 foliar insecticides against postflowering insects, predominantly Heliothis. Each insecticide was ap-plied 2 or 3 times to 3 replicated plots (50 sq.m) by a manually operated, 19-1 knapsack sprayer with a fan jet nozzle in a randomized complete block design. Spray volume averaged 700 l/ha. All plots, including the check received preflowering insecticide - 0.25 kg ai Azodrin/Via on 2 and 12 days after crop emergence (DE). Plastic sheeting (1-m wide) was held between plots to prevent spray drift. Mung bean (3000,000 plants/ha) was broadcast sown and harrowed into tilled seedbeds (plowed and harrowed by draft animal power) on fields previously planted to puddled rice during the monsoon wet season. Fields were irrigated once to ensure even germination. Rainfall was 0 mm and the mean daily maximum and minimum temperatures were 31°C and 19°C, respectively for the crop period. The impact of Heliothis infestation was measured as % defoliation (visual estimate/plot), no. larvae (50 plants), % damaged green and dry pods (100 pods), and no. pods/plant (25 plants). Yield was based on 15 sq.m.
Cereal Leaf Beetle Control in Oats, 1979
Authors: Hellman John L. , Curtis William , Venables Lee , Chaudhari Narendra
Published: March 2022

The test site was located near Westminster, Maryland. At time of treatment the oats were 15 inch high and the larval infestation and damage was heavy. Treatment plots of 10 × 10 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Treat-ments were applied June 6 with a "back-pack" hand held CO2 pressure sprayer calibrated to deliver 36 gpa at 30 psi. Post treatment samples were collected June 8. Number of live insects per 6 ft row was used for the evaluations.
Laboratory Evaluation of Granular Insecticides Incorporated in Paddy Soil for Brown Planthopper Resurgence, 1978
Authors: Chelliah S. , Heinrichs E. A.
Published: March 2022

Fifteen day-old rice seedlings were planted In porcelain pots at the rate of 2 seedlings/pot at the IRRI laboratory in Manila. When the plants were 35 and 47 days old granular formulations of insecticides were soil incorporated at the rate of 1.0 and 0.5 kg ai/ha. Plants were placed in an insectary where the tempera-ture (27 t 1°C), relative humidity (60-80%) and photoperiod (12 b) were controlled. Thirty days after the second application of granules, when insecticides no longer caused insect mortality 2 gravid brown planthoppers (BPH) were released/potted plant and confined for 7 days. Four replicates were maintained/treatment. After 7 days the hoppers were removed and the nymphs hatching from the plants counted. Reproductive rate of the BPH was assessed through the number of nymphs hatched. Resurgence was related to the reproductive rate of the BPH.
Lesser Cornstalk Borer Control, 1979
Authors: Gardner Wayne A.
Published: March 2022

Funk’s G522DR seed was planted by conventional tillage methods in Cecil clay soil on Jul 17" 79 (Test 1). Funk’s G399DR seed was planted in Cecil clay soil by minimum tillage methods behind millet on Jul 30’79 (Test 2). A total of 11.04 cm of rain fell between planting and termination of Test 1; 9.02 cm of this total fell between planting and treatment applications. Rainfall amounts of 2.04 cm fell between planting and termination of Test 2 with all but 0.02 cm of this occurring after treatment. All plots were 6.1 m × 3 rows (1-m spacing) and separated by 1 untreated row or 1-m untreated alleys. Treatments were applied at plant emergence with a Gandy Ro-Bander or a compressed-air sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal HoO/ acre. Both tests incorporated a RCB design with 3 (Test 2) or 4 (Test 1) replicates. Control was evaluated 1 and 3 wk after treatment by counting plants killed or stunted by lesser cornstalk borers within a 3-m section of the middle row of each plot.
Contact Toxicity of Az1Nphosmethyl and Monocrotophos To 3Rd Stage F] Progeny Of Field-Collected Scb Populations: Insecticide Resistance Screening, 1978
Authors: Flynn J. L. , Reagan T. E. , Hensley S. D.
Published: March 2022

Colonies of the SCB initially collected in the Fall (1978) from 2 South LA Sugarcane fields near Lockport and St. James (after seasonal insecticide applications had ceased) were maintained on a meredic diet in the laboratory. Responses of the 3rd stage F] larval progeny to topical application of two insecticides labeled for SCB Control in LA (azinphosmethyl and monocrotophos) were compared to (1) toxicity baseline data acquired previously from the 3rd stage F] progeny of a field collected SCB colony that had not been exposed to organophosphorous insecticides and (2) LD50 and LD90 values for 3rd stage F] larval progeny of comparable SCB colonies collected near St. James and Lockport during the fall of 1977. Six concentrations of azinphosmethyl and 5 of monocrotophos were evaluated by applying the required scalar dosage in acetone to individual groups of larvae. One ul of acetone and toxicant was applied to the thoracic surface of each larva with a shardlow micrometer equipped with a 1 ml alga syringe. All larvae were maintained individually in diet cups except during the time when toxicant was applied. Mortality counts were recorded 24 and 72 hr after treatment, however only the 72 hr counts were used for probit analyses and calculation of Ld-p lines (Daum R.J. ESA Bull. 16:10-15).
Boxwood Psyllid Control in Washington, 1977-78
Authors: Campbell R. Lee
Published: March 2022

Plants were selected on the basis of past damage. There were four single-plant repli-cates per treatment in a completely randomized design. Treatment dates were May 25 and June 7l77. Selected treatments were applied in a new trial on Apr 24'78 when nymphs were present. The treatments were evaluated by counting the number of live nymphs on 40 branch tips per replicate. Evaluation date for the first trial was April 14'78 and for the second trial May 4'78.
Euonymus, Euonymus Scale Control, 1978
Authors: Pilitt Dana R. , Neal John W.
Published: March 2022

Euonymus plants, 24 inches tall and well branched, with a natural infestation of euonymus scale, were dug in the field, potted the next day into 3-gallon plastic pots, and placed into a cold-frame to await crawler emergence. On June 9 and 12, plants were examined and crawlers were observed; the center of active infestation of each plant was marked with nursery tape. Groups of five infested plants were sprayed to runoff on June 14 with each rate of insecticide (0.25 and 0.50 lb ai to test for efficacy and 2.0 lb to test for phytotoxicity only) with a 3-gallon Hudson climax sprayer at full pressure. An additional group of 5 infested plants served as untreated checks. No detergent was added to the spray tanks on this treatment date. The weather was sunny with an ambient temperature of 60°F. Plants were moved back into cold-frames after spraying. Two weeks after the first spray, on June 28, a second application was made. In this case, 2 drops of Palmolive dishwashing liquid per gallon were added as a surfactant. At the time of this spraying it was sunny with an air temperature of 60°F. Three weeks after the first spray, untreated checks were sampled to determine the percent mortality of female scales. The number of living and dead in the first 100 female scales encountered on new growth was determined by using stereo-microscopes. Treated plants were examined 2 weeks after the second spray application by the same techniques.
Bedding Plant Phytotoxicity, Georgia, 1979
Authors: Oetring Ronald D.
Published: March 2022

An experiment was initiated on Apr 26'79 to evaluate phytotoxicity on bedding plants treated with Knox Out, Vydate, and Vendex at the GA Mtn Exper Sta, Blairsville. A treatment plot consisted of a 6 plant pack of 9 species of bedding plants with individual plants rooted in 50 × 55 mm units filled with Metro Mix 220. Application was to the point of run-off with a hand CO2 sprayer at 30 psi and an 8003 nozzle. Two applications, at a 2 week interval (temperatures 27 C), were applied on plants maintained on raised greenhouse benches. Each treatment was observed weekly for phytotoxicity and was evaluated on the overall appearance of the plants of each species compared to an untreated check on a scale of: 0 = no damage, 1 = slight damage - not affect marketability, 2 = moderate damage - affect marketability, 3 = heavy damage - unmarketable.
Insecticide Phytotoxicity on Bedding Plants, Georgia, 1979
Authors: Oerting Ronald D.
Published: March 2022

An experiment on insecticide phytotoxicity on bedding plants was initiated May 31'79 at the GA Exper Sta, Experiment. Treatment plots were 5 plants of each species rooted In Jiffy-7's planted in vermiculite in 28 × 56 cm poly-flats. Foliar sprays to the point of run-off of Pirimor, Orthene, and Knox Out were applied 3 times at 2 week intervals (temperatures ca 27 C) with a CO2 hand sprayer at 30 psi and utilizing an 8003 nozzle. Plants were observed weekly for phytotoxicity and evaluated on the overall appearance of the plants of each species compared to an untreated check on a scale of: 0 = no damage, 1 = slight damage - no affect marketability, 2 = moderate damage- affect marketability, and 3 = heavy damage - unmarketable.
Control of Eastern Tent Caterpillar on Wild Plum, 1979
Authors: Price Richard , Pinkston Ken
Published: March 2022

Eastern tent caterpillar control was evaluated with six insecticides on Apr 17'79. Wild plums 3 to 6 feet high located along a roadside outside of Stillwater, Oklahoma, were utilized in a randomized and replicated (4X) experiment. All of the treatments were foliar and webbing penetrating sprays applied with a two gallon B & G stainless steel sprayer at 30 psi. Plants were separated by a suf-ficient distance to avoid spray drift. Temperature at the time of application was 69°F and the wind velocity was 5 to 8 mph. The plants were heavily infested with 50 to 100 larvae per web. Percent mortality was determined by counting the number of dead larvae in all webs on each plant.
Beetle Grub Control in Golf Course Turf, 1979
Authors: Hellman John L. , Curtis William , Venables Lee
Published: March 2022

Insecticide treatments were applied to a golf course fairway near Glenn Dale, Prince George's Co., Maryland. Turf damage at time of treatment was moderate to heavy with grub counts averaging 36/sq ft. Fairways were 5 years old with an average of 0.5 inch of thatch. Precounts and treatments were made on Aug 16. Treatment plots were 5 × 10 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 repli-cates. All granular treatments except F8945 were applied by hand shaker can. The F8945 granules were applied with a Scott's drop type spreader. Other liquid treatments were applied in one gallon of water distributed in two directions with a hand sprinkling can. Plots received approximately 3.5 inch - 4 inches of rain between Aug 16 and Oct 11. Post treatment counts were made on Oct 11 by removing 4 random 7 × 7 × 3 inch squares from each plot and recording the number of grubs found in each square.
Toxicities of Topically Applied Insecticides To Douglas-Fur Tussock Moth, 1979
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L. , Kimball Richard A.
Published: March 2022

Topical application assessments were performed to determine the toxicities of 13 insecticides to 4th instar Douglas-fir tussock moth. Insects were selected at random from the 8th generation of a laboratory colony. Eight concentrations of each chemical were serially diluted from a concentrated source prepared for each of three replications of each bioassay. Each chemical was applied in reagent grade acetone. Treatment was performed with an ISCO model M microapplicator equipped with a 0.25 cc tuberculin syringe. A dosage rate of 1 jul/100 mg body weight was used to apply the insecticide to the thoracic dorsa of C02-anesthefized larvae weighing 40-90 mg. After treatment, larvae were fed artificial diet. Mortality was tallied 7 days after treatment.
Pine Aphid and Mite Control By Soil Injection of Oxydemetonmethyl, 1971
Authors: Brown Leland R. , Eads Clark O.
Published: March 2022

Near Perris, California light, sandy loam soil, planted with pines, was injected Apr 6'71 with oxydemetonmethyl using a Fumigun {Neil Maclean Co., Belmont, Calif.). The Monterey pine Christmas trees were heavily infested with aphids and the landscape aleppo pines with mites. At 6 inch above ground trunks of the Monterey pines averaged 2.5 inch diameter and the aleppo pines 8 Inch. The soil was well irrigated by sprinklers 2 days before treatment. At each 6 inch deep soil insertion the Fumigun delivered 10 ml (=1.2 gm ai) of 1:1 watenoxydemetonmethyl 2EC solution. Soil insertions were distributed 6-9 inch apart evenly around the tree, beginning at 18 inch from the trunk of the Monterey pines and 36 inch from the aleppo pine. Three Monterey pines and an aleppo pine were treated at a rate of 12 gm ai/inch trunk diameter and three other Montereys at a 6 gm rate. Untreated check trees included 6 Montereys and one aleppo pine. At each sampling date 10 pine growing tips per tree, collected at random in a plastic sack, were thoroughly agitated with one pint of 70 percent ethyl alcohol which, for aphid or mite counts, was poured in an 8 × 10 inch white photographic tray having parallel ridges in the bottom. Collections were made just before treatments and at various intervals afterward.
Pales and Northern Pine Weevil Control on Scots Pine, Carrollton, Ohio, 1978
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. , Boggs J. F.
Published: March 2022

A commercial stand of Scots pine Christmas trees (1.8 - 2.4 m) partially harvested in 1977 was used for evaluating efficacy of selected insecticides. Four, 5-stump replicates arranged in a randomized complete block design were treated May 5 when ambient temperature was 7-10°C with overcast sky and slight rainfall. Hudson compression sprayers were used to apply ca. 180 ml finished spray (in kerosene) per stump. Beginning Aug 15, the 20 sprayed stumps from each treatment (5/each of 4 replicates) were inspected for chip cocoons following removal of bark to first lateral roots. No attempt was made to distinguish between pales and northern pine weevil chip cocoons.
Pine Needle Scale Control on Scots Pine, Kirtland, Ohio, 1979
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

A 2 acre block of 1.5-2 m tall Scots pine were used to evaluated efficacy of insecticides against first generation crawlers. Three randomly chosen, infested, single-tree replicates were used for each of the 4 treatments presented. A KWH misrblower operating at 420 ml/min was used to deliver insecticides as thorough-coverage, foliar sprays May 23 when all crawlers had hatched. Ambient temperature was 75°F (24°C) with partly cloudy skies and 5 kph (3 mph) breeze. Sampling was conducted 7 days post-treatment by detaching needle fascicles, placing them in coin envelopes, and transporting them to the laboratory. Fascicles were inspected for living and dead crawlers and settled nymphs. The first 100 individuals encountered on 3 or more fascicles were used in the evaluation.
Evaluation of Synthetic Sex Pheromone, 1979
Authors: Soderstrom E. L. , Brandl D. G. , Vick K. W. , Coffelt J. A.
Published: March 2022

Four bins (1.2 m × 1.2 m × 0.6 m) of cull figs containing a natural population of adult Indian meal moths (IMM) were obtained in July 1979 from Fresno, CA. The bins were placed 4.9 m apart down the center of a 7.3 by 35.5-m long warehouse, and Pherocon IC sticky traps were suspended 1 m above the floor, 2.4 m out from either side of the center line between the 1st and 2nd and between the 3rd and 4th bins. These traps were then baited with either 1) a measured quantity of the components [(Z,E)-9,!2-tetradecadien-l-ol acetate (ZETA) and/or (Z,E)-9,I2-tetradecadien-l-ol (ZETOH)] of the synthesized sex pheromone of the IMM (impregnated on a 1 cm2 piece of double thick vinyl coated fiberglass window screen) or 2) three unmated female IMM, 24-48 hr-old, placed in a 5 × 8 cm tefrahedral cage constructed of the same fiberglass screen and closed by heat sealing. A pheromone treated screen or a cage containing females was suspended from the top center of each trap. The traps were arranged in a randomized complete block design and re-arranged daily. Each replicate consisted of 4 trap nights. Female moths were replaced every 2 days, and fresh baits were used at the beginning of each replicate. The sticky trap liners were replaced daily, and the captured moths were sexed and counted. Median daily temperatures ranged from 22 to 26°C for test 1 and from 18 to 23° C for test 2. In test 1, the pheromone components were assayed singly or in combination; in test 2, doses of the combined pheromone components (ap-plied as 10-fold dilutions in hexane) were assayed. Each test was replicated 3 times.
Relative Toxicity and Residue Stability of Insecticides for Harvester Ant Control, 1979
Authors: Wagner Robert E. , Strawn Ann J.
Published: March 2022

Residues of 10 insecticides were prepared, tested fresh and after I mo and 6 mo of aging against field collected harvester ant workers in replicated tests. Tests were run in 9 cm Petri dishes each with a 9 cm filter paper attached to the bottom by a fine peripheral bead of paraffin. Side walls of the dishes were coated with teflon emulsion to prevent the ants from escaping. A 5 replicate series of each toxicant and concentration was prepared by pipetting 0.5 ml of 1% or 0.5% water diluted Insecticide onto each filter paper and allowing them to dry for I da. The resulting residues were at the rate of ca 800 mg/m* for 1% and ca 400 ma/m** for 0.5% applications. Ants were collected from foraging trails just prior to each test and were continuously exposed in groups of 10-20 workers/replicate until KD-90 minutes were reached. If mortality occurred in control dishes before KD-90's were reached on residues, mortality for each replicate was corrected with Abbott's formula.
Cattle, House Fly Control in Bovine Manurewith Oral Insecticide Treatments, 1978
Authors: Williams Ralph E.
Published: March 2022

Eight Hereford heifers weighing 300-350 kg were used in this study. Treatments, each using 2 heifers, consisted of CGA 72662, an insect growth inhibitor, fed at 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg of animal body weight per day and Rabon oral larvicide fed at 1.5 mg/kg of animal body weight per day. A fourth group of 2 heifers served as untreated controls. The feed mixes fed were prepared by thoroughly mixing the appropriate amounts of CGA 72662 (3% premix) and Rabon oral larvicide (7.76% premix) with a feed mixture con-taining 7 parts cracked corn and 1 part supplement in a Hobart mixer. Trie heifers were penned separately and individually fed at a rate of 3.6 kg of mixed ration per day. Beginning Sept 18, cattle were fed untreated feed the first week, treated feed the second week, and untreated feed again the third week. Manure samples were taken at days 1,3,5 and 7 before, during and after feeding the treated feed. Portions of each sample were placed in two 118 ml plastic cups. Each cup was seeded with 10 first-instar laboratory reared house fly larval, fitted with fine mesh screen, and held for 3 weeks for adult emergence.
Acaricide Screening for Control of Psoroptic Mites, 1979
Authors: Wright F. C. , Riner J. C.
Published: March 2022

Normally, common scabies mites, Psoroptes ovis (Hering), were obtained from Government-owned cattle for acaricide tests. During the summer months when these mites were not available, we used Psoroptes cuniculi (Delafond) taken from the ears of rabbits for these tests. Approximately 20 to 25 mites (adults or nymphs) were put In "tea bags" (2.5 cm^) made from heat-sealable rice paper (Wright and Riner, 1979. Southwest. Entomol. 4:40-45). The 64 acaricides were tested as technical materials formulated as emulsifiable concentrates (EC) containing 25% active ingredient, 65% xylene, and 10% Triton X-100 or as company supplied emulsifiable concentrates or wettable powders. Because of solubility problems, some were formulated as 10 or 20% EC’s in xylene: Triton X-100 or in mixtures of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, xylene, and Triton X-100. Three bags containing mites were dipped in each concentration of the acaricides for 30 sec and then were allowed to dry at room temperature and ambient humidity. Mites that served as controls were dipped in dilute solvent and emulsifier at concentrations equivalent to those used in the acaricide emulsions. The bags were opened 24 hours post treatment, and the mites were observed with the aid of a dissecting microscope and scored as dead or alive. Mites scored as dead were immobile or had only feeble leg movement. Mites scored as alive were able to travel normally. The highest concentration of acaricide tested was 0.1%. If 100% kill was obtained at 0.1%, more dilute concentrations (0.01%, 0.001%, 0.0001% …) were tested until mortality was less than 100%. Compounds were rated on the basis of the scoring as:
Control of Adult Manure Breeding Flies in High Rise Poultry Houses With Ectiban, 1979
Authors: Collison Clarence H. , Thompson Gary L.
Published: March 2022

Two high rise poultry houses located in Lancaster Co., PA were used to evaluate residual wall treatments of Ectiban (permerhrin) for controlling adult manure breeding flies. Single applications of 0.1% Ectiban were applied by a hand held compressed air sprayer to the manure pit walls of each house at a rate of 1 gal/^50 sq ft. Alternating 750 sq ft sections were treated. Changes in adult fly populations were monitored by counting the number of flies resting within marked areas on the walls in both treated and untreated sections of the pit and upper level of the building where the birds were housed. The house at Rheems, PA was 400 × 52 ft and housed 60,000 caged layers. The flock had been in place since February and no fly control measures had been taken. A total of 5 gal of spray was applied to 52% of the wall area in the manure pit on Jun 22. The 8 ft high pit walls had cinder blocks on the lower half and unpainted wood paneling above. The upper area where the birds were housed was not sprayed but was treated with 10 to 15 lb of Improved Golden Malrin (Lannate) fly bait at 3, 7, 14 and 21 days post-treatment. The manure pit was cleaned Aug 6-8. House flies comprised 20% and Ophyra sp. 80% of the adult fly population. The house at Ephrata, PA was 500 × 44 ft and housed 45,000 caged layers. The flock had been in place since November and the pit was cleaned in April. Ten days prior to the Ectiban treatment, the aisles in the upper level were baited with Improved Golden Malrin (Lannate) and the manure surface was sprayed with Shell Poultry Spray & Larvicide (Rabon + Vapona) 2-1/2 weeks prior to treatment. On Aug 14, a total of 4 gal of Ectiban spray was applied to 42% of the wall area in the manure pit. The 8 ft high pit walls had cinder blocks on the lower half and plywood above which was painted with white latex paint. House flies comprised 99% an^ Ophyra sp. 1% of the adult fly population.
Apple, Insecticide Test, 1979
Authors: Swift Fred C .
Published: March 2022

The materials were applied with an airblast sprayer, ca.4 gal/tree, to 15 - yr - old apple trees, cultivars Red Delicious and Stayman. Each treatment was applie dt o 12 trees, 2 replicates of 3 trees of each variety, with the plots arranged in a randomized block design. Treatments were made on May 10 (petal - fall). May 29, Jun 14, 26, Jul 20, and Aug 9. Captan 50W, 2lb formulation/100 gal, was applied in each of the first 4 sprays for apple scab control. Polyran 80W, 2lb, was applied on Jul 20 and Aug 9, and Manzate 200, 1lb, on Sep 4, for control of apple scab and summer diseases. European red mite, predator mite, and eggs and larvae of S. punctum were sampled by randomly picking 25 leaves from 2 to 6 trees, pooling the leavesfromeach tree, then rushing theorganismsont counting them withthe aid of a dissecting microscopred mite were not in cluded in the analysis. Appleaphidpopulations wer the numberoflive aphids on 10 infested terminals on each of 4 Stayman trees. White apple leafhoppers were counted on 100 Stayman leaves, 25 leaves from 4 trees.Thenumberof spotted tentiform leafminerminesobservedduring a 3-minperiod was recorded for 4 Stayman trees. Number of injured frutat harvest was recorded for all trees,butonly the Stayman data are reported.
Control Of

Daktulosphaira

Vitifoliae

on Clinton Grapes, 1979
Authors: Williams Roger N.
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticides were evaluated for control of grape phylloxera at Wooster, OH. Plots consisted of 2 Clinton vines, with 4 replications per treatment in randomized blocks. Vine spacing was 9 ft between rows and 8 ft in the row. Granular formulations were applied on June 10 and incorporated in the soil 1.5 ft away from vine rows and 1.5 ft outside end vines, in the form of an ellipse around the plot. Granules were distributed uniformly in the bottom of a 1.5-inch furrow and covered with soil as soon as applied. Soil moisture was good at time of application, so granular treatments were not watered-in. Foliar treatments were made on June 11 and July 25, using a hand-operated CO2 sprayer operated at 60 psi and equipped with a TeeJet D2 disc and No. 25 core. Sprays were applied to vines at the rate of 100 gal/acre. A spreader-sticker, Ortho X-77, was added to all sprays, except Zolone, at 1 pt/100 gal. In sampling, 10 shoots were chosen at random from each plot, half from each side of the row. The number of galls was recorded from the 10 apical leaves on each of these shoots. Fungicides were applied to the entire experimental area on May 23, June 1, 15, and July 26 at the following rates of ai/acre: Captan 50W at 1 lb (1st & 2nd dates); Benlate 50W at 0.5 lb plus Captan 50W at 1.0 lb (3rd date); and Folpet 50W at 1 lb (4th date). Ortho X-77 spreader-sticker was used with all fungicide treatments. Rainfall from first application to the last gall survey totaled 6.37 inches.
Citrus Rust Mite Control with Uc 55248, 1979
Authors: Victor French J.
Published: March 2022

The experimental acaricide UC 55248 at varying rates was compared to Kelthane for efficacy against citrus rust mite (CRM). Treatments were replicated 3 times on 3-tree plots in a randomized block design. Trees were 5 years old on a 24 × 24 ft spacing. Sprays were applied on May 24 and reapplied on Jul 11 using a Lockwood Hardie Air Blast Sprayer, with nozzle adjustment, pressure and speed regulated to apply 250 gal per acre. CRM were counted on the top, median and bottom of each of 25 randomly selected fruit per tree (100/treatment) using a 10X handlens with a l-cm2 grid. At harvest 100 fruit/treatment were evaluated for CRM damage and expressed as percent russet, i.e. fruit with damage severe enough to downgrade it to US #2 fresh or process fruit.
Citrus Red Mite Control, 1979
Authors: Childers C. C. , Konsler B. A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental miticides were evaluated for efficacy against citrus red mite (CRSM) in a randomized block design. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in single tree plots on a 15 × 12.5 ft spacing (= 232 trees/acre). Tree height and canopy diameter varied between 6-9 ft and 5-7 ft, respectively. Two gallons of finished spray were applied to each tree using a compressed air hand sprayer at 50 psi. Water pH was 6.4. Twenty leaves from the 1979 spring flush were picked at random around the outer canopy of each sample tree at various time intervals before and after spraying. The entire surface area of each leaf was examined for motile spider mites and the count was recorded as one observation.
Mite Control, 1979
Authors: Childers C. C. , Konsler B. A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental miticides were evaluated for efficacy against citrus rust mite (CRM) in randomized block designs. Treatments were replicated 5 times in tests 1 and 2 (Tables 1 and 2) and 4 times in test 3 (Table 3). An unsprayed buffer tree separated treated trees both within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute with a handgun at 400 psi using a truck-mounted sprayer. Approximately 20 gallons (test 1) and 5 gallons (test 2 and 3) of finished spray were applied to each sample tree which equalled ca. 1400 and 455 gallons per acre, respectively. Twenty fruit were examined at random around the canopy of each sample tree at various time intervals before and after spraying. A 1 cm area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit. The combined 2 cm count of motile CRM was recorded as one observation.
Evaluation of FMC 35001 for Citrus Thrips Control, 1979
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Mullis C. H.
Published: March 2022

Two formulations of FMC 35001 were tested at 3 rates compared to a standard treatment (Cygon) for control of citrus thrips on Valencia oranges at the Yuma Mesa Experiment Station. Sprays were applied at the rate of 3 gal/tree (200 gal/acre) on Apr 12 with a handgun (pistol -type) and Bean Sprayer. Plots consisted of 3 trees and were replicated 4 times (3 × 4 = 12 trees/treatment) and randomized within 4 blocks. Thrips (adults and nymphs) were counted in the field with the “black box” technique (rapping terminals sharply 5 times on a screen-covered box - 6×8 inches).
Snap Beans, Flower Thrips Control, 1979
Authors: Sorensen Kenneth A. , Thompson Michael L.
Published: March 2022

'Half runner' beans were planted using a Planet Jr. on May 17, near Benson, NC. Single-row plots 10 ft long were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design with 2 ft alleys between replications. One maintenance spray combining Sevin and diazinon was made prior to the start of the test. Pretreatment counts were made by sampling 20 blossoms/plot. Plots were sprayed immediately after the counts on Jul 13. Bravo 6F was applied at all spray dates. All sprays were applied at the rate equivalent to 100 gallons of water per acre using a 2.5-gallon CO2 pressurized hand sprayer operated at 40 psi with a single hollow cone nozzle. Posttreatment counts were made on Jul 16, Jul 19 and Jul 23 using the same sampling technique employed in the pretreatment counts.
Seed Maggot Control, 1979
Authors: Webb D. R. , Robbins P. S. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

Plots consisted of single rows, 15 ft long on 36 in. centers, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. They were planted in a Lima silt loam field on our vegetable entomology research farm. Cone seeders were used to plant 100 seeds/row and distribute granules of insecticide. The spray-in-furrow treatments were applied at 75 GPA using a C02-powered spray unit mounted on the seeder. Snap beans were planted on Jun 20 and sweet corn on Jun 19. After planting, a 2-4 in. wide band of meat and bone meal was sprinkled by hand over each row to increase seed maggot oviposition in the vicinity of the seeds. Damage readings were taken on Jul 9 on snap beans by counting the total number of emerged seedlings, recording all damaged individuals, and calculating an average percent damage. Emergence counts on sweet corn were made Jul 11. Efficacy data on sweet corn was taken Jul 13 by digging up 25 seeds/row, examining them for injury and calculating an average percent damage.
Sugarbeet Root Maggot Control in the Red River Valley, 1978
Authors: Nordgaard John T.
Published: March 2022

Eptam 7E was applied pre-plant at 2.5 lb ai/acre on a heavy clay loam soil at Hillsboro, ND. Bush Monofort sugarbeet seed was planted in 30 in. rows with a seed spacing of 1.5 in. immediately following the Eptam 7E application. Granular systemic insecticides were applied in-furrow or in a six in. band over the planted row with an electric Gandy applicator. Two treated 30 in. × 40 ft rows were separated by two untreated rows. All treatments were replicated five times in a randomized complete block design. The lay-by application was made on Jun 7. Post-emergent weed control was established by cultivation and hoeing. Beet stand counts were taken and then thinned by hoeing on Jun 26. Efficacy ratings were taken on Jul 21 according to the following scale: 1) no feeding-clean beets; 2) 1-3 feeding scars; 3) four or more feeding scars - less than 50% beet area damage; and 4) 50% or more beet area damage - to dead or dying beet. Eight beet seedlings were evaluated from each replicate of each treatment. Yields were obtained by harvesting the entire plot of each replication and treatment.
Effects of Spreader-Stickers on Insect Control Efficacy of Bacillus Thuringiensis on Broccoli, 1979
Authors: Clancy K. M. , Devisetty B. N. , Hanson J. R.
Published: March 2022

'Green Mountain' broccoli was transplanted on Jun 7 at the Hopkins Agricultural Chemical Co., Randolph Experimental Farm, Randolph, Wl. Experimental plots consisted of single rows 10—ft long, with 9-ft between rows, at 13 to 15 in. plant spacings. Each treatment consisted of 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design. Weekly sprays were applied Jul 11, 18, 15, Aug 1, 10, 17 and 24, at the rate equivalent to 60 gallons of water per acre using a 5 ft boom, 3.0-gallon, CO2 pressurized, back-pack sprayer operated at 110 psl with 4 flat-fan nozzles. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of cabbage looper, imported cabbage worm, and diamondback moth larvae and pupae on 1 plant/plot. Counts were made 3 times on Aug 8, Aug 23 and 24, and Aug 28, 29 and 30. Inches of precipitation during the experiment, as recorded for the U.S. Department of Commerce at the Beaver Dam, Wisconsin Wastewater Treatment Plant (ca 12 miles east of Randolph Experimental Farm), was as follows: Jul 11-.02, 14-.08, 21-.49, 22-.10, 24-.15, 25-.03, 30-.81, Aug 3-.17, 5-.81, 8-.02, 9-2.54, 12-.10, 17-.26, 10-.19, 20-.87, 22-.63, 23-.02, 26-.10, 27-.06, 28-.10, and 29-.08. Population pressure from cabbage loopers, imported cabbageworms, and diamondback moths was, respectively, moderate, moderate to heavy, and very light.
Cabbage Maggot Control, 1979
Authors: Dapsis L. J. , Ferro D. N.
Published: March 2022

'Market Victory' cabbage was transplanted to the field on Jun 8. Each treatment consisted of a 20-ft row and was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The soil type was a fine sandy loam. Insecticide applications were based on 36-in. row spacing. Furrow treatments of Temik were placed down immediately before transplanting with the use of a Gandy applicator, (Line Tender model). Sprays were applied with a 3 gallon stainless steel backpack sprayer. Applications of Amaze, UC 21865, and Diazinon were made on Jun 25. On Jul 7 Amaze and Diazinon were applied, one other application of Diazinon was made on Jul 26. Evaluations were made on Aug 8 by removing 10 roots/treatment/replication, taking a 10 cm diameter core of soil around the root. The roots and soil were rinsed through a screen to separate pupae and larvae from the soil. The number of cabbage maggot tunnels, number of larvae and pupae were recorded for each root.
Control of the Cabbage Looper and Imported Cabbageworm on Cabbage, 1979
Authors: Linduska James L. , Bagley P. C.
Published: March 2022

'Market Prize' cabbage was transplanted in 2 row plots 40-ft long on Jul 25. Plants were spaced 18-inches in the row and 36-inches between rows. Each plot was buffered by 2 guard rows. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. Granular insecticide treatments were applied in a 12-inch band over the row with a double spout electric drive Gandy applicator (Model 901-2). Spray treatments were applied with a custom built row crop sprayer which was tractor drawn and equipped with a PTO mounted pump. Each row was covered by 3 drop nozzles. Spray treatments were mixed in 10 gallons of water and applied at the rate of 50 gal/A at 90 psi. Treatments were applied on Aug 8, 16, 25 and 30; Sep 5, 12, 20 and 26. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1 to 5 and were indexed as follows: 1) 0-3% damage - odd holes on leaves: 2) 4-10% damage - few leaves with holes; 3) 11 -25% damage - moderate number of leaves with holes; 4) 26-50% damage - most leaves with holes; and 5) 51-100% damage - crown damage and/or all leaves with holes.
Cabbage Insect Control, 1978
Authors: Sorensen Kenneth A. , Thompson Michael L.
Published: March 2022

'Market Prize' cabbage was transplanted on Apr 24, near Benson, NC. Single-row plots 20-ft long were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design with 2-ft alleys between replications. Three maintenance sprays were made using Dipel prior to start of test. Treatments were applied on a weekly or biweekly schedule beginning Jun 7 and ending Jul 19 for totals of 7 and 4 applications. Dithane and Bravo 6F fungicides were used alternately at every spray date. All sprays were applied at the rate equivalent to 100 gallons of water/acre using a 2.5-gallon CO2 pressurized hand sprayer operated at 40 psi with a single hollow cone nozzle. Worm counts were made on 3 heads/plot on Jun 21 and Jul 25. Cabbage heads were harvested and worm damage evaluations were made on Jul 25. Heads were described as undamaged if there was no evidence of feeding on the wrapper leaves and head. The number of plants infested with aphids was recorded.
Cabbage Looper Control on Cauliflower, 1978
Authors: Gerhardt Paul D.
Published: March 2022

This trial was located at the University of Arizona, Mesa Branch Station where the soil type is Laveen Clay loam. Snowball X variety of cauliflower was planted Aug 24, using a Stanhay precision planter which planted 2 seed rows per 40 inch bed, spacing the seeds approximately 2 inches apart. Seeding was in a dry seed bed and the planting was furrow irrigated, keeping the beds damp until germination occurred. Plants were hand thinned to 24 inch spacing on Sep 21. Plots were 3 (40 inch) beds wide, 10 ft × 25 ft long and replicated 4 times using a randomized complete block design. Insecticide applications were with a CO2 back-pack sprayer utilizing a light weight spray boom, fitted with hollow cone nozzles. When the plants were small a single nozzle per plant row was used. As the plants became larger, two hollow cone nozzles were used/plant row. The sprayer was operated at 55 psi, applying 35 gallons of spray mixture/acre. Insect counts were made at approximately weekly intervals from the middle bed of each plot, 10 plants being examined for the presence of cabbage looper eggs and larvae. Yield data was obtained from the middle bed of each plot. Heads were cut, weighed and graded according to #6, #9 and #12's. These numbers refer to the number of heads that are packed into a commercial shipping carton.
Sweet Corn, First Brood European Corn Borer Control, 1979
Authors: Bowman James S. , Porcellini S. W.
Published: March 2022

The sweet corn utilized in this study was planted on Apr 26 on the Ralph Cousins Farm, Derry,NH. Each plot consisted of a 30-ft row of corn and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied to the whorls beginning when 15% of the plants showed signs of larval feeding injury to the leaves. Spray applications were made using a one gallon B & G CO2 pressurized sprayer at 40 psi and a volume of 26 gallons/acre. Granular applications were directed into the whorls using a Gandy plot applicator. Evaluations were made on Jul 20 by examining all the stalks and ears in each treatment and determining the percentage injured by the first brood European corn borer larvae.
Corn Earworm and European Corn Borer Control Programs in Sweet Corn, 1979
Authors: Flood Brian R.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted Jun 25 (app. 1000 HU50) so that ear formation coincided with expected European corn borer (1550 HU50 to frost) and corn earworm (1950 HU50 to frost) flight activity. Fifteen chemical treatments and 3 stratified untreated checks were replicated in 2 sets of 4 randomized complete blocks 100 ft × 120 rows per block. One additional block in each set was left untreated. Six border rows were left on the edge of each block. Each treatment consisted of six rows with no border rows between treatments. One set of treatments, a short interval program, was applied Aug 15, 21, 24, 27, 30, and Sep 3 at 1739, 1857, 1908, 1965, 2030, and 2120 HU50, respectively. The second set, a long interval program, was applied Aug 15, 23, 28, and Sep 3 at 1739, 1895, 1984, and 2120 HU50, respectively. All materials were applied with a modified Hagie Hiboy (20 gpa, 2 mph, 40 psi, or 10 gpa, 4 mph, 40 psi) with two D2/23 Tee Jet tips per row. Application interval was adjusted to weather conditions and moth activity. At harvest, 10 days after the last treatment, 25 ears from the middle two rows of each replicate were examined for damage to each ear as “none” (clean), “tip” (kernels eaten), “side”, or “tip and side”. Each ear was assessed for the number of European corn borer and corn earworms in the early, mid, or late instar stage. European corn borer and corn earworm flight activity during the trial was average, based on a 20 year summary. The untreated checks were 81% damaged and 85% infested with an average of 0.8 European corn borer and 0.4 corn earworm per ear.
Southern Peas, Late Season Insect Control, 1978
Authors: Chalfant Richard B.
Published: March 2022

Southern peas were planted on Jul 20. Plots were 8 rows (3 ft width), 40-ft long and replicated 4x in RCB. Soil type was a deep sand. Plots were treated beginning at anthesis on Sep 7, 11 and 15 using a tractor mounted boom, 3 nozzles/row at 50 psi and 50 gal water/acre. When mature, 25 pods/plot were harvested at fresh market maturity and when ca 20% dry, they were examined for curculio stings and corn earworm injury. Ten vines were also examined for European corn borer infestation. Yields were determined from 10 ft of row.
European Corn Borer and Green Peach Aphid Control on Bell Peppers, 1979
Authors: Anderson T. E. , Kennedy G. G.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set out at the North Carolina State University, Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC, on Jun 13 in a field of Dothan loamy sand. Plots consisted of 20 plants in a single 20-ft row. They were separated within rows by 5 ft of bare ground and between rows by one unplanted row. Overhead irrigation was supplied as needed. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block experimental design. To insure an adequate ECB infestation, 12 and 8 egg masses were pinned to randomly selected plants in each plot on Jul 25 and 31, respectively (total: 20/plot). Egg masses were obtained from a laboratory colony started from field collected adults and maintained on artificial diet for one generation prior to collection of the eggs for use in this study. Foliar sprays were applied weekly from Jul 16 to Aug 6 using a CO2 powered, back-pack sprayer equipped with 3 hollow cone nozzles calibrated to deliver 35 gal/acre at 40 psi. Furadan 10G was incorporated in a band 2 In wide and 4 in from the base of the plant. Furadan was applied in a split application, 2 lbs ai/acre on Jun 28 and 3 lbs ai/acre on Jul 26. On Jul 30, all apterous M. persicae were counted on 6 randomly selected leaves per plot. On Aug 9, 25 mature green fruit were harvested from each plot and examined for ECB injury.
Colorado Potato Beetle control with Foliar Insecticides, 1979
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

'Norland' potatoes were planted May 26 at the Red River Valley Potato Growers Research Farm, Grand Forks, ND. Plots were single row, 25-ft long, separated from adjacent treatments by an untreated row, and arranged in a randomized complete block with 3 replications. Treatments were applied Jul 16 using a hand-operated compressed air sprayer delivering 100 gal water/acre. Counts were made of larvae from the middle 15 ft of each plot immediately before treatment and 40 hrs. after treatment.
In-Furrow Granular Systemic Soil Insecticides for Potato Insect Control, 1979
Authors: Gauthier Norman L.
Published: March 2022

In-furrow applications of soil insecticides were made at planting on Katahdin potatoes May 9. Granular formulations were individually weighed out for each plot and applied by hand held shaker can as in-furrow treatments over the planted seed pieces prior to closing and hilling. Seed pieces (size B) were treated with Agway Potato Seed Treatment 8D at 1.0 lb/100 lbs of seed. Sencor herbicide was used pre-emergence at 1.0 lb ai/acre. Fertilization consisted of 1,500 lbs of 10-10-10/acre plus starter fertilizer with planter. A randomized block of 4 row plots of three replications (plot size 12 × 20 ft) with 36-inch row spacing was utilized. The outer two rows were left untreated in each plot to act as buffer rows. Bravo 6F fungicide maintenance disease control sprays were used on a weekly basis starting Jul 5. A postemergence side, dressed treatment of Temik was also evaluated applied Jul 6. Insects were sampled on Jul 10, 11; Aug 11, and Sep 21.
Soil Applied Systemic Insecticides for Potato Flea Beetle Control, 1978
Authors: Nordgaard John T. , Peters R. , Lloyd E. H.
Published: March 2022

'Red Pontiac' potatoes were planted on Jun 12 in two - 38 inch × 35 ft rows/plot and replicated five times/treatment in a completely randomized design. Two untreated spreader rows were planted between each treatment. Treatments were applied in-furrow at planting via an electric Gandy granular applicator. Fertilizer applied was 250 lb of 19-19-19 in-furrow. Eptam 7E was applied at 4.5 lb ai preplant. No foliar insecticides were used though two applications of Bravo 6F were used to help protect potato vines from early blight. The soil was a silt loam (14.4% sand, 26.2% silt, 59.4% clay) of pH 7.0, 6.8% organic matter and CEC of 19.8 meq. Total rainfall on the plot was 11.32 inches. Yields were obtained on Sep 22 by harvesting the entire plot and grading according to standard USDA grades. Efficacy ratings were made by counting “shotholes”/leaf from flea beetle feeding on five leaves in each and all replicates of each treatment.
Soil Treatments with Systemic Insecticides for Control of Green Peach Aphids and Colorado Potato Beetles, Test 5, 1979
Authors: Powell Donnie , Mondor William
Published: March 2022

On Apr 4 'Russet Burbank' potato seed pieces were planted in Ritzville silt loam soil (Mesic Colciorthidic Haploxerolls) with a pH of 6.2 and 1.6% organic matter at Yakima, WA. Granular insecticides were applied by 3 methods: 1) in the furrow over the seed piece at planting time (PT); 2) as post-emergence sidedress (SD); and 3) as post-emerge nee topical dressing (Top). In the PT method the seed pieces were planted on Apr 4 in open furrows and the granular insecticide were dribbled through a hand-held funnel-type applicator into the furrow over the potato seed pieces and covered with soil. In the SD method, in another set of plots, the plants were sided re ssed when about 75% had emerged (May 14). The granules were placed in 1-inch (2.5 cm) bands, 4 inch (10.0 cm) to each side and about the same depth as the potato seed pieces by using chisel shanks fed by Gandy applicators mounted on a tractor. In the Top method, on the same day in another set of plots, the discharge tubes on the Gandies were removed from the chisel shanks and the granules were spread over the tops of the small potato plants in a 10-12 inch (25.4 to 30.5) wide band. Then the granules were mixed with the soil and the plants were almost covered with soil using a Lilliston cultivator. All plots were 2-rows wide (5.6 ft or 1.7 m) and 33-ft (10.1 m) long. Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. The crop was sprinkler irrigated. On May 22 (48 days after PT and 8 days after SD and Top), 3 whole plants/plot were examined and the numbers of green peach aphids (GPA) and Colorado potato beetle (CPB) eggs were counted. The amount of CPB feeding damage in each plot was rated numerically from 0 to 5 (0 = no feeding and 5 = severe feeding). Twenty compound potato leaves were collected from each plot on Jun 7 and 19 and Jul 17. The number of GPA and CPB eggs on the leaves and the number of leaves showing CPB feeding damage were counted. The data were subjected to analysis of variance using Duncan's MRT.