Nonlinear propagation of agonist‐induced cytoplasmic calcium waves in single astrocytes
Authors: Yagodin Sergey V. , Holtzclaw Lynne , Sheppard Carol A. , Russell James T. 
Published: January 2005

In astrocytes in primary culture, activation of neurotransmitter receptors results in intracellular calcium signals that propagate as waves across the cell. Similar agonist‐induced calcium waves have been observed in astrocytes in organotypic cultures in response to synaptic activation. By using primary cultured astrocytes grown on glass coverslips, in conjunction with fluorescence microscopy we have analyzed agonist‐induced Ca2+ wave initiation and propagation in individual cells. Both norepinephrine and glutamate elicited Ca2+ signals which were initiated focally and discretely in one region of the cell, from where the signals spread as waves along the entire length of the cell. Analysis of the wave propagation and the waveform revealed that the propagation was nonlinear with one or more focal loci in the cytoplasm where the wave was regeneratively amplified. These individual loci appear as discrete focal areas 7–15 μm in diameter and having intrinsic oscillatory properties that differ from each other. The wave initiation locus and the different amplification loci remained invariant in space during the course of the experiment and supported an identical spatiotemporal pattern of signalling in any given cell in response to multiple agonist applications and when stimulated with different agonists which are coupled via InsP3. Cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration at rest was consistently higher (17 ± 4nM, mean ± S.E.M.) in the wave initiation locus compared with the rest of the cytoplam. The nonlinear propagation results from significant changes in signal rise times, amplitudes, and wave velocity in cellular regions of active loci. Analysis of serial slices across the cell revealed that the rise times and amplitudes of local signals were as much as three‐ to fourfold higher in the loci of amplification. A phenomenon of hierarchy in local amplitudes of the signal in the amplification loci was observed with the wave initiation locus having the smallest and the most distal locus having largest amplitude. By this mechanism locally very high concentrations of Ca2+ are achieved in strategic locations in the cell in response to receptor activation. While the average wave velocity calculated over the length of the cell was 10–15 μm/s, in the active loci rates as high as 40 μm/s were measured. Wave velocity was fivefold lower in regions of the cell separating active loci. The differences in the intrinsic oscillatory periods give rise to local Ca2+ waves that show the properties of collision and annihilation. It is hypothesized that the wave front provokes regenerative Ca2+ release from specialized areas in the cell where the endoplasmic reticulum is endowed with higher density of InsP3 receptor channels. Thus wave propagation is achieved by a process of diffusion and regenerative Ca2+ release in multiple cellular loci provoked by the advancing wave front; in this way, wave propagation is nonlinear and saltatory. Regenerative Ca2+ wave propagation from distal atrocytic processes to the cell body and neighboring cells is likely to provide an important signalling mechanism in the nervous system. 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.