bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond Advertising: Marketing and Critical Communication Research
Authors: Sinclair John
Published: July 2017

Exclusive attention to the analysis of meaning in advertising often displaces the more fundamental understanding of marketing, its place in the productive system and its tangible socio-cultural influence. Advertising analysis must become an entry point for inquiry into marketing campaigns.

Marketing has emerged as a form of social communication actively mediating between the national and transnational interests involved in the spheres of production, distribution and exchange on one hand; and cultural changes we experience historically as a society, both material and ideological, on the other.

Marketing practices and ideologies are reviewed from this perspective. Critical communication research must look at the meanings circulated by advertising in terms of the concrete interests and practices which motivate them.
Advertisers' Woman, 80s Woman: Which Twin is the Phony?
Authors: Wyndham Diana
Published: July 2017

After a review of the portrayal, internationally and in Australia, of women in advertising and of how Australian TV families compare with real ones, the effectiveness of self-regulation is questioned. Arguments and studies which show that less stereotyped and less insulting advertising to women is good marketing are examined: fair treatment is an intelligent marketing decision. The effects of new technologies on current advertisements which exploit women is sketched. Overseas anti-sexist advertising laws are examined. But logic, marketing sense and lobbying do not go far: most advertisers' women are still phonies.
Transnational Advertising Agencies and the Local Industry
Authors: Bonney Bill
Published: July 2017

Two tendencies are discernible in Australia's advertising industry. On one hand there is the dominance of transnational agencies. On the other there is the emergence of a few successful local agencies which succeed because of their ability to exploit local knowledge. This paper outlines the development of these two tendencies, with an emphasis on the role of economic factors. The author also describes the operation today of Australia's advertising industry.
Advertising in the Cinema
Authors: Collins Felicity
Published: July 2017

Cinema advertising in Australia is dominated by three cinema advertising contractors — Val Morgan & Co, Pearl and Dean, and Brunnen Whitehead Advertising. The operations of the advertising contractors are described and the question of the value of cinema as an advertising medium is examined. Although the comparative (compared to TV) absence of government regulations governing cinema advertising might appear to make it an attractive medium, cinema is one of the least favoured media for advertisers.
Rejoinder to the ASC
Authors: Chapman  , McKay
Published: July 2017

The response of the Chairman of the Advertising Standards Council is reviewed and three outstanding problems felt to be central to the dispute discussed. These are the composition of the Council, its closed procedures and determinations, and anomalies in the standard of evidence it has accepted.
The Child and Television Advertising: The Need for Regulation
Authors: Cupit Glenn
Published: July 2017

Much research on TV advertising and children is based on assumptions, challenged here, which are bound to lead to laissez faire conclusions. While specific vulnerabilities of children to TV advertising exist, social policy, implying governmental regulation and critical of self-regulation should be based on the general body of sound research into children's responses to their environment.
Advertising Research in Canada — Where We are Today
Authors: Hall Jane
Published: July 2017

Advertising research as it is currently practised in Canada is reviewed — the questions researchers are called in to answer, the different techniques employed, and the use made of results in testing the efficacy of advertising. The author outlines in detail what advertising researchers do in the areas of testing of advertising strategy and pretesting of executions, describes advances in the research art in the US, and analyzes trends in advertising research generally.
The Ethnic Broadcasting Commission — Almost
Authors: Patterson Rosalind
Published: July 2017

The Whitiam Labor Government founded ethnic radio in June. 1975, initially as a 13-week experiment to be extended for six months to establish it permanently. Three months after the beginning of the second experiment a proposal for the long-term structure for ethnic radio recommending the establishment of an Ethnic Broadcasting Commission (EBC) was announced. But it was never acted upon. The constitutional crisis of October-November 1975 culminating in the Governor General sacking the Whitlam Government, followed by the Fraser Government being installed, changed the direction of ethnic radio.

It took another two years before the conservative coalition Government decided on a permanent structure for ethnic radio. On 1 January, 1978, ethnic radio commenced broadcasting under the auspices of the Special Broadcasting Service.

The proposal to establish an EBC, little known, is considered in its context. Specifically, the EBC would have meant: domination by larger communities, few languages, focus on culturai maintenance, and conflict between conmmunities and directors.
The Policy Process: Reflections on the Genesis of Aussat
Authors: Staley Anthony A
Published: July 2017

It is often impossible to pinpoint precise moments when major decisions are made in matters of the head or heart or policy — the decision emerges over time. It was otherwise in the case of aussat. I can pinpoint the precise moment when I decided to seek Cabinet support for an Australian domestic satellite program.
Aussat: A Catalyst for Change
Authors: Johnson R C
Published: July 2017

The introduction of satellite communications into the Australian scene, with the responsibility for ownership and operation of the system vested in a new organisation separate from the existing telecommunications carrier, ushers in an era of change. The changes fall into three specific areas: modified institutional arrangements; new technology; and changes in the broadcasting scene.
New Technologies in the Outback and Their Implications
Authors: Michaels Eric
Published: July 2017

The three-year research project into the implications of television and new electronic media's introduction to remote Aboriginal communities sponsored by the Australian institute of Aboriginal Studies (AIAS) is nearing completion. By the end of 1985, the final project report will have been published But crucial questions regarding satellite-based television licensing, policy implementation and access in the outback are under review.
Aussat and the Northern Territory: Who Will Benefit?
Authors: Prince Ian
Published: July 2017

In the Northern Territory, residents, business and especially Government were quick to recognise the potential of satellites to overcome the refractory communications difficulties experienced in many areas.
Impacts of Aussat
Authors: Fell Liz
Published: July 2017

Satellite technology is an ideal tool for media corporations seeking to expand into new national, regional and international markets. It presents an opportunity to distribute news and information to any number of locations, regardless of distance or traditional geographic barriers and boundaries. This allows media corporations to achieve economies of scale in every area — production, distribution and publishing or broadcasting — white providing the chance to maximise audiences or circulation, along with revenue derived from advertising and syndication.
International Competition: Communication Services
Authors: Langdale John
Published: July 2017

In later 1984 President Reagan announced that the US Government had given permission in principle for US private communications satellite companies to provide a limited range of international services. The companies have not been given permission to go ahead as yet: the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has to give its approval and the companies have to obtain governmental approval in other countries.
Students, Science and the Media in Australia
Authors: Schibeci Renato
Published: July 2017

A set of articles in Search has dealt with science and the media; for example, Parsons (1977) noted that scientists are generally dissatisfied with media coverage of science. A separate set of articles (in journals devoted to science education) has addressed the issue of students' perceptions of science and scientists; thus, MacDonald & Bridgstock (1982) examined the views of a sample of students at Griffith University, and found (as have many others) that the students' images are generally negative and stereotyped. More recently, however, attempts are being made to determine what relationships may exist between the presentation of science in the media on one hand and student perceptions of science and scientists on the other. That is, is it possible to draw causal inferences between images presented in the media and student images of science and scientists?
Smart-Alec Journalism: The Press Mishandles the Australia Games
Authors: Stewart Doug
Published: July 2017

A small group of influential Australians — sportswriters and columnists — were able to indulge in their favourite intellectual sports of knocking, sniping, cringing and swiping at tall poppies when the inaugural Australia Games were held in Melbourne from 26 January to 3 February 1985.
Broadcasting in Italy: Democracy and Monopoly of the Airwaves
Authors: Rando Gaetano
Published: July 2017

Australia, as compered with some overseas countries, has a stable and continuous radio and television history. The price has been the creation of an oligopolistic commercial sector which is much stronger than the national broadcaster, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Public (community) broadcasting is still confined to a sector starved of funds; public TV still a pipedream. Ethnic radio and multicultural television, through the Special Broadcasting Service, have a short history which is far from smooth and under constant threat for TV to be merged with the ABC.
ABC Children's Radio: Coming Back into the Mainstream
Authors: Patrick John
Published: July 2017

Making radio programs for children is very exciting. Writers, producers and actors can be bold and imaginative because the responses of the young audience are fresh and vital, hot yet deadened by a lengthy exposure to the format programs of adult commercial television. And the act of listening to good story programs on radio uses the imaginative resources of the listener to provide the visual element so that the experience becomes collaborative and intensely personal.
AM/FM: An Open or Closed Case?
Authors: Annakin Lindy
Published: July 2017

In this article I attempt to highlight the main issues and arguments which surround the question of establishing commercial FM broadcasting services in regional areas. I mope to provide a guide to the complex and delicate questions concerning the future of commercial radio, particularly AM/FM conversion in regional areas. It is necessary to consider regional and metropolitan areas separately because of the very different characteristics of the (markets involved. It seems unquestionable that there will not be any wholesale conversion to FM in the metropolitan areas because of a) technical considerations, including frequency availability, and b) successfully established programming which would not benefit from FM broadcast; for example, mainly current affairs/news formats. In regional areas wholesale conversion would not occur primarily because of FM's limited coverage area and also because of the lower penetration rate of FM receivers.
Radio in Australia: A Bibliography
Authors: Fulcher Helen
Published: July 2017

The compiler is Research Assistant in Media at the University of Adelaide. She stresses that the bibliography is not exhaustive: it is intended as a broad guide to assist readers from a variety of backgrounds and interests. Articles considered too short to be useful were omitted, as were references not readily accessible. Should you have any queries, contact her direct at the University of Adelaide. She thanks the Australian Film, Television and Radio School Library-Staff for assistance in compiling this bibliography.
The Filmed Entertainment Industry in the United States: Economic Trends in the Late 1980s
Authors: Guback Thomas
Published: July 2017

No period in the economic revolution of the American filmed entertainment business has been without its difficulties and volatility. But in the late 1980s, the industry and the companies in it are faced with an exceptionally complex array of problems that will have an impact on the business through to the year 2000. Because this business is global, repercussions will be felt overseas. Uncertain currents and contradictory trends are evident, and they are due as much to the industry's own internal dynamics as to external forces over which companies have somewhat less control. It seems that problems have multiplied as the mass media fields have become increasingly integrated, and as the various sectors have called upon new technology to augment their earning power.
The Film Industry in Australia: Trends in the Eighties
Authors: Jacka Liz
Published: July 2017

In this companion to Thomas Guback's paper on the American film industry I survey the changes in the film industry in Australia. One could as well say, echoing his title, the American film industry in Australia because the cinema trade here is still dominated by Hollywood. To illustrate this, in 1980 there were 223 movies from the US registered in Australia and only 20 from Australia.1 Although 827 films in total were registered that year (including 176 from Hong Kong), the vast majority of these films received no major theatrical release. Movies emanating from the traditional American-owned sources continue to dominate the major city cinemas.
Science on Australian Television: Beyond 2000 and Quantum
Authors: Schibeci R A , Webb J M , Robinson J , Thorn R
Published: July 2017

For science on television in Australia, 1985 was an unusual year. There were two regular programs broadcast, instead off the more usual one. Further, one of these programs was shown on commercial TV: Beyond 2000, screened on the Channel 7 network. The other show was Quantum, the successor to the ABC's earlier program, Towards 2000. Both shows were being screened again in 1986. The main purpose of this paper is to analyse a sample of each of these two programs for the science content presented. A secondary purpose is to compare this analysis with the earlier analysis of Towards 2000 by Zadnik & Webb (1982).
Screening Australia: Gallipoli — A Study of Nationalism on Film
Authors: Freebury Jane
Published: July 2017

Before Crocodile Dundee it seemed that only the frenzied energy of a film like Mad Max could get results in the lucrative markets outside Australia. Now it seems a feature film with Australian content in large measure can do this after all. Now is probably a good time to ask ourselves some questions: Do we want to produce films made to a formula for international success? Or do we want to produce films that have special meaning for us, films that we can ‘participate’ in? Is it possible to make films that trade in both currencies, national and international?
Alcohol Advertising: Evidence from Social Science
Authors: Neuendorf Kimberley A
Published: July 2017

Alcohol advertising — isn't it a job of simple persuasion? As a social science researcher who has spent more than half a dozen years investigating alcohol advertising — among other forms of media content — I am often asked by lay persons to gauge the ‘effects’ of such advertising. My first inclination is to respond that its effects are likely to be the same as those of any other mass mediated message. After all, the goal of science is to develop and apply broad theories which neatly and parsimoniously encapsulate large amounts of information, and therefore it is somewhat odd to single out alcohol advertising as a ‘peculiar’ type of communication.
Alcohol Advertising in the Australian Media
Authors: Bell Philip
Published: July 2017

Alcohol advertising on Australian television is subject to regulation by the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal (ABT). Until 1 July 1986, it was prohibited before 7.30 pm on weekdays, all day on Sundays, and on Saturdays between 5.00 pm and 7.30 pm. From July 1986, it has been allowed only after 8.30 pm but is permitted on Sundays during live sports broadcasts and in the evening after 8.30. Alcohol advertising during live sporting broadcasts is allowed regardless of the hour on Saturdays and public holidays (except Christmas Day and Good Friday). The Tribunal's justification for these regulations is principally phrased in terms of the restriction of alcohol advertising to ‘adult’ viewing periods.
The Social Impact of the Telephone in Australia — A Preamble
Authors: Moyal Ann
Published: July 2017

No technological innovation, it might be argued, has played so pervasive a role or achieved such diverse effects on the modernisation of society as has the telephone. Yet surprisingly little attention has been paid to its sociology or to critical evaluation of its influence. A plethora of books and papers has discussed radio, television, cable TV, video, satellite communication and the organisation and politicisation of telecommunications; but the object we handle daily — the friendly, miraculous, ubiquitous, intrusive, personal, national and international ‘connector’ — has been slighted and ignored.
Incidental Advertising of Beer and Cigarettes
Authors: Martin Donald S
Published: July 2017

The broadcasting act restricts the advertising of alcohol and prohibits the advertising of cigarette products. However, an analysis of the television broadcast of the 1989 Adelaide Grand Prix reveals extensive amounts of so-called ‘incidental exposure’ of promotional material for these products. This may have an effect which differs little from that of direct advertising. The Marlboro name or logo appeared on screen for up to 35.7% of the sampled time, but this dropped to 7.6% after the company's sponsored cars withdrew. The Fosters name or logo appeared for an average of 20.4% of broadcast time. More research and legal test cases are needed to determine the effect of such high exposure rates, particularly on young people, and the limits of the existing broadcast act.
Ringing Parliament's Bells on Radio National
Authors: Hutchison Jenny
Published: July 2017

How a former academic finds a new niche as a radio producer, lets MPs go to air as they said it in the House and the Senate and copes with weird phone calls, letters and faxes. How a ‘quirky perspective on otherwise obscure things’ has already gained quite an audience, largely built up by word of mouth, for a weekly dose of parliamentary doings. This article describes the initiation and growth of the ABC Radio National program on parliament, Ring the Bells.
Media Intrusion into Grief
Authors: Powell Di
Published: July 2017

Audience outrage in Perth in May this year resulted in the sacking of two channel Seven journalists for intruding on a woman's private grief. This article looks at some of the issues of media intrusion into private grief from the points of view of the audience, the bereaved and the news.
Expression of endogenous retroviruses in blood mononuclear cells and brain tissue from multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Rasmussen HB , Geny C , Deforges L , Perron H , Tourtelotte W , Heltberg A , Clausen J
Published: July 2017

The aim of the present study was to examine whether there is an abnormal expression of certain endogenous retroviruses in MS patients. For this purpose samples of peripheral blood mononudear cells were obtained from 22 MS patients, a corresponding number of age and sex-matched healthy donors and five patients with other diseases affecting the central nervous system. In addition, brain specimens of macroscopic normal white and gray matter from four MS patients and a similar number of controls were included in the study. Using an enzymatic amplification technique, we found expression of the endogenous retroviral sequences, HRES-1, HERV-KI0 and ERV3 in most samples of peripheral blood mononudear cells from MS patients and controls without obvious differences between these two groups. In contrast, composite transcripts of ERV3 and a zinc finger sequence were more frequently detected in healthy donors than in MS patients. At present, the possible significance of this is uncertain. The retroviral element 4–1 was not transcribed or only transcribed at a very low level in peripheral blood cells of controls and MS patients. Transcripts of various endogenous retroviruses were also detected in the brain samples, but a different pattern was not apparent in the MS group as compared with controls. Aspects concerning a possible association between endogenous retroviruses and autoimmunity are considered.
A hybrid between a resistant and a susceptible strain of mouse alters the pattern of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced white matter disease and favors oligodendrocyte-mediated remyelination
Authors: Canto MC Dal , Melvold RW , Kim BS
Published: July 2017

Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) produces a chronic disease in its natural host, the mouse, characterised by primary inflammatory demyelination of the spinal cord. This viral infection is considered a very good model for human MS because the pathogenesis of myelin injury is mediated through the host immune response. Susceptibility and/or resistance to the demyelinating disease depend on multiple genes both in and outside the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The pathological lesions in animals with different degrees of susceptibility vary in both their severity and in their ability to become remyelinated. In general, animals with intermediate levels of susceptibility show the best potential for remyelination. Most crosses of susceptible animals with resistant strains carrying the H-2b haplotype are resistant with only a couple of exceptions. One such exception is the (SJL/J × C57L/J)Fl hybrid, which is susceptible to the disease. To study whether the resistant genotype of C57L/J mice could modify the phenotypic expression of pathological lesions characteristic of the highly susceptible SJL/J mouse, we performed a light microscopical and ultrastructural study of the spinal cord of both parental strains and their Flprogeny. We focused particularly on the relationship between severity of inflammation, and especially macrophage infiltration, and the subsequent remyelinating potential of lesions. The results show a dramatic difference between the ability to remyelinate lesions by infected SJL/J mice vs similarly infected (SJL/L × C57L/J)Fl hybrids, and suggest an important influence by resistant genes in modulating the phenotypic expression of disease, including the ability to stimulate oligodendroglia-mediated remyelination.
Lay Summaries of Papers for Volume 1 Issue 2
Authors: Kirk J
Published: July 2017

These summaries, which are intended as a guide to current scientific research activity, are directed mainly at lay readers and as such they contain less technical scientific terminology and jargon than the original articles. The uneven length of the summaries is not a measure of their relative importance, rather it results from variation in the difficulty of explaining technical terms and concepts. For comprehensive details of the issues, methods, results and interpretations you are strongly advised to refer to the original article. Remember also that the published results of any single investigation should not be considered as definitive, or be interpreted in isolation, or reported out of context. Progress in the understanding of MS, as in any other field of science, requires critical debate and of ten must await independent confirmation offindings.
The search for virus in multiple sclerosis brain
Authors: Gilden DH , Devlin ME , Burgoon MP , Owens GP
Published: July 2017

Plaque-periplaque areas from MS brain tissue were explanted and propagated in tissue culture. The same in vitro techniques that successfully rescued measles virus from SSPE brain, papovavirus from PML brain, and HSV from normal human trigeminal ganglia, were applied. MS brain cells were also inoculated into chimpanzees, multiple rodent species, and embryonated hens eggs. No neurologic disease developed in experimentally infected animals, and no cytopathic effect was observed in explanted cells, or after cocultivation or fusion of MS brain cells with indicator cells. Further analysis of explanted and cocultivated cells by indirect immunof luorescence with various antiviral antisera prepared against viruses associated with post-infectious encephalomyelitis, as well as antisera to other ubiquitous viruses, failed to detect viral antigen. Finally, attempts to detect a latent enveloped virus in MS brain cells by ‘superinfecting’ MS brain cells in culture with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) did not reveal a VSV non-neutralizable fraction. Nevertheless, since oligoclonal bands (OGBs) in the CSF of patients with chronic infectious diseases of the CNS are directed against the causative agent, it is likely that OCRs in MS CSF are antibody directed against the agent or antigen that triggered disease. Although the relevant antibody may be scarce relative to irrelevant antibody in MS CSF, and only small amounts of an MS-specific antigen may be present in brain, this report provides a rationale for strategies proposed in our companion report by Owens et al which will allow detection of an MS-specific antigen or its cognate RNA in brain.
Strategies to identify sequences or antigens unique to multiple sclerosis
Authors: Owens GP , Burgoon MP , Devlin ME , Gilden DH
Published: July 2017

Chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are characterized by increased IgG and oligoclonal bands (OGBs) in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The OGBs in CNS infectious diseases of known cause have been shown to be directed against the pathogenic agent. In multiple sclerosis (MS), the antigenic specificity of the OGBs is unknown, but could be directed against an infectious agent, an autoantigen, or both. In a molecular approach to identify antigens specific for MS, we constructed directional cDNA expression libraries with mRNA extracted from chronic and acute MS plaques and periplaque white matter. The libraries were: (1) screened to identify clones whose expression products react with MS CSF, but not with CSF from other infectious and inflammatory diseases of the CNS; (2) subtracted by hybridization to mRNA from normal human brain white matter and differentially screened to detect unique MS transcripts; and (3) used as template in polymerase chain reactions to amplify, clone, and sequence IgG heavy and light chain variable regions (VH and VL respectively) expressed in MS plaques. Analysis of the VH and VL IgG repertoire in MS brain may identify disease-relevant IgG sequences that can be assembled into functional antibodies using recombinant phage technology. Such recombinant antibodies will be useful to probe brain tissue to identify antigens unique to MS.
Forecasting New Zealand Tourism Demand with Disaggregated Data
Authors: Turner Lindsay W. , Kulendran N. , Pergat V.
Published: July 2017

This paper compares the forecasting performance of the ARIMA model and the Winters Exponential Smoothing method against each other and the naive No Change process. The models are fitted to quarterly international tourist flow data to New Zealand, from June 1978 to September 1992. Forecasting performance is compared between 11 different countries and world regions with the travel flow divided by type of tourism into categories including Holiday travel, VFR travel and Business travel. It is concluded that the Winters and ARIMA methods outperform the No Change process. In all cases, the relative performance between ARIMA and Winters is affected by whether tourism is disaggregated by types of tourist travel, or analysed only as total flow.
Databank: The Global Picture
Authors: Fletcher John , Latham John
Published: July 2017

Tourism activity and economic performance, particularly that of the major tourism generating countries, are closely linked. The purpose of this section of economic indicators of tourism is to provide those indicators which are regarded as being most relevant to international tourism movements and spend. In one issue each year, there will appear information relating to the global picture, and by the region with some detail on a few selected countries. This is an opener in this category. It is intended that each of the three other issues throughout the year will concentrate upon a specific world region, leading to complete coverage by the journal over a two-year period. Many of the statistics that will be incorporated in this section are published with a significant time lag and, at the time of writing, 1991 was the last year for which all of the statistics were available. The main sources of data are statistics published by the World Tourism Organisation and the World Travel and Tourism Council. Formal definitions associated with the tables presented are often highly detailed and so are not reproduced here. The reader should consult the source material if additional information is required.
Financial Leverage and Recession: Consequences for Tourism-Related Operations
Authors: McEvoy Bernard J.
Published: July 2017

This comparative study focuses on the application of financial leverage theory in the recession of the late 1980s and early 1990s. After a brief demonstration of the theory of financial leverage a comparative case study examines its impact in the most recent recessionary period. Two corporations, Four Seasons Hotels and O'Toole's Restaurants had very different leverage movements both before and during the recession. Their experiences are examined in depth and related to financial leverage theory.
A Future for the Package Tour Operator in the 21st Century?
Authors: Evans Nigel G. , Stabler Mike J.
Published: July 2017

Tour operators' performance and recent changes in air inclusive tours (AITs) are traced. The difficulties tour operators face are identified in the light of economic factors influencing demand and supply. Attention is concentrated on the impact of economies and diseconomies of scale, concentration, integration, legal liabilities, technological change and the general economic climate. Discussion of trends indicates that in the face of increasing competition, continuing excess capacity and market instability, tour operators are confronted by varying and challenging prospects into the next century.
Problems in Use of Economic Instruments to Reduce Adverse Environmental Impacts of Tourism
Authors: Forsyth Peter , Dwyer Larry , Clarke Harry
Published: July 2017

Economic instruments are often proposed as effective means of environmental control – as ways of achieving an efficient balance between environmental and other objectives. By imposing charges or quantitative restrictions, it is possible to achieve an optimal level of usage of resources which reflects environmental costs and the benefits to the users. This paper argues, however, that there are often significant limitations to using economic instruments, such as user pays, as a means of optimizing the environmental trade-offs which may be created by tourism, or as a means of minimizing the cost of meeting environmental constraints. The paper begins with an outline of some adverse environmental impacts of tourism. It then discusses the different instruments that might be used to control them and the criteria for choosing between them. The problems that may arise in using these instruments in tourism contexts are then examined. The paper concludes that while economic instruments may be appropriate in many situations, in some circumstances they will not be effective and other mechanisms, such as codes of environmental conduct, will play an important role in environmental protection.
National Satellite Accounting for Travel and Tourism: A Cold Review of the WTTC/WEFA Group Research
Authors: Boskin Michael J.
Published: July 2017

On 10 October 1995, Dr Michael J. Boskin presented the results of his cold review of the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) and WEFA Group (formerly known as Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates) research. An edited version of his presentation is reproduced below. The article includes a list of recommendations and an edited summary of the question and answer session that followed Dr Boskin's presentation. The World Travel & Tourism Council is based at 181 Chausée de la Hulpe, 1170 Brussels, Belgium. The editor welcomes further contributions to the debate on travel and tourism satellite accounts.
Estimating the Probability of Return Visits Using a Survey of Tourist Expenditure in the Balearic Islands
Authors: Sampol Catalina Juaneda
Published: July 2017

Using data supplied by the annual Survey on Tourist Expenditure in the Balearics, the returning intention (‘yes’ or ‘no’) has been modelled using a LOGIT model of discrete choice, which enables research of the factors (most of them qualitative) influencing this decision. The special importance of return visits to the Balearics is highlighted. The results presented correspond to the 1994 survey, although earlier studies, for 1989 and 1992, give us a temporal comparison of results. In addition, a comparison of the results for the two predominant nationalities of visitors to the Islands, British and German, is discussed.
The Value of Travel Time: An Empirical Study Using Repeated Samples of Non-Business Trips
Authors: Johansson Per , Mortazavi Reza
Published: July 2017

This paper deals with the estimation of travel time values for non-business inter-city passengers. Estimates are based on repeated survey data. A random coefficient probit model, which allows for individual heterogeneity, is shown to be slightly more successful with respect to prediction than an independent probit model, which is why the former is employed in calculation of time values. The sample is split into vacation and non-vacation periods, which can be seen as proxies for the length of the vacation. A considerable difference in time values is found in the two periods. Hence, when estimating the time values, in both stated and revealed preference studies for various transportation projects, it is important to consider the length of the vacation.
Univariate Modelling Using Periodic and Non-Periodic Analysis: Inbound Tourism to Japan, Australia and New Zealand Compared
Authors: Turner Lindsay W. , Kulendran N. , Fernando H.
Published: July 2017

This paper examines three hypotheses using the time-series between 1978 and 1995 of quarterly tourist flows into Japan, Australia and New Zealand. First, whether periodic models can be used to successfully forecast tourism arrival series. Second, whether the Basic Structural Model (BSM) can forecast as accurately as the Box Jenkins (ARIMA) model. Third, whether the integrated seasonal univariate models forecast more accurately than the naive process. The paper concludes that the periodic model does not improve forecast accuracy. The BSM model performs at least as well as the ARIMA model, and the naive process is not a substitute for seasonal integrated models.
An Econometric Classification and Review of International Tourism Demand Models
Authors: Lim Christine
Published: July 2017

The purpose of the paper is to provide an econometric classification and evaluation of 100 published empirical studies on modelling international tourism demand, according to the recognition and type of omitted explanatory variables, number and type of proxy variables used, method of estimation, and use of various diagnostic tests of the auxiliary assumptions of the various models. An analysis of the adequacy of model specifications and the statistical deficiencies of existing empirical tourism demand models will permit a greater appreciation of the factors which determine changes in international tourism demand and will aid in forecasting future tourism demand.
Short- and Long-Term Effects of World Exposition 1986 on US Demand for British Columbia Tourism
Authors: Holmes Richard A. , Shamsuddin Abul F. M.
Published: July 2017

This study is an attempt to evaluate the short- and long-term economic effects of World Exposition 1986 on US demand for British Columbia tourism by integrating Box-Jenkins time series analysis with the theory of consumer demand. The number of more-than-one-day US visitors to British Columbia is used as the measure of demand. Intervention and transfer function models are employed for the estimates which are made separately for US visitors arriving by car, automobile and by plane. The conclusions drawn are that during the six months of Expo 86, an additional 1.58 million more-than-one-day US visitors were attracted to British Columbia (1.41 million by automobile and 0.17 million by aeroplane). The long-term or post-Expo effects of Expo 86 are found to be very large (probably larger in total than the short-term economic benefits). These long-term economic benefits result from the post-Expo visitors who have returned to British Columbia as a result of the world-wide exposure of the Vancouver area by the fair. We have considered only more-than-one-day US visitors to Expo 86 (only part of all visitors to the fair) and only the 1987–93 post-Expo time period, and with that limited visitor group, and that limited time period, we still find long-term economic benefits of $428.9 million (about half the estimated total short-term economic benefits). These estimates take account of the effects of changes in the US–Canada foreign exchange rate, the US travel price index, the BC travel price index and US personal disposable income over the 1981–93 period.
The Use of Composite National Indicators for Tourism Forecasting
Authors: Turner L. , Kulendran N. , Fernando H.
Published: July 2017

This paper identifies the usefulness of available national indicators in forecasting tourist arrivals to Australia from the USA, Japan, the UK and New Zealand. Income, unemployment, forward exchange rate, money supply, price ratio, industrial production, imports and exports of the tourist's country of origin are potential leading indicators of the tourist arrival series. A composite indicator is developed to forecast tourist arrivals. Further, disaggregated data are analysed to determine whether there is likely to be any increase in accuracy if the travel data is divided by travel type. The main travel types analysed are ‘holiday’, ‘visiting friends and relatives’ (VFR) and ‘business’ as well as total flow. To establish the causality between the indicator and international tourist arrivals to Australia, the performance of the transfer function model incorporating the national indicator is compared with ARIMA forecasts.
Australian Tourism Industry Policy: A New View
Authors: Clarke Harry
Published: July 2017

An economic rationale for Australian public sector involvement in the management of tourism can be established on two grounds. First, there are resource/environmental and public good issues contingent on the external costs associated with Australia's domestic and international tourism. Second, there are rent extraction and marketing issues stemming from Australia's destination uniqueness and the consequent existence of national market power in the provision of international tourism. Analysis of this joint rationale for policy activism suggests a form for appropriate policies and a functional separation in the organization and management of policy. While some of the present discussion is specific to Australia, the viewpoint developed here is relevant to any economy with a substantial tourism sector.
Europe
Authors: Bar-On Raphael Raymond
Published: July 2017

Europe leads the world in international tourism. In 1996 the World Tourism Organization reported 351 million tourist arrivals (excluding day-visitors) in this Region, 4.6% above 1995, with Receipts from international tourism totalling US$217 billion, also 4.6% above 1995 (in current US$ and excluding International Fares, including receipts from day-visitors). Tourist Arrivals are presented for the 47 countries (by Sub-Regions) and Receipts and Expenditures for the Top Ten European earners, with the World Travel and Tourism Council's estimates of the economic impact of travel and tourism and employment in this ‘industry’.
Economic Systems and Their Impact on Tourist Resort Development: The Case of the Spa in Europe
Authors: Bacon William
Published: July 2017

This paper examines the impact of two contrasting economic systems upon the development of the European spa resorts. These are British systems of market capitalism and continental European systems of state-managed capitalism. The author identifies factors facilitating the success of spa resorts and also those associated with their business failure. He challenges conventional explanations that the rise in fashionability of seaside resorts led to the demise of the inland British spa resort and develops an alternative explanation. He demonstrates that the root of the explanation for their decline is an economic one, namely a failure of public and private investment to renew the British tourist product to a level where it could compete effectively in the international marketplace. This happened because British structures of capitalism were ill adapted to facilitate the levels of investment and innovation required for British spas to modernize sufficiently to enable them to compete effectively against emerging continental European rivals benefiting from substantial public-sector support. Visiting spas remained popular amongst the English-speaking upper classes into the twentieth century; the significant change was that, whereas once they preferred to patronize British resorts, from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, they chose to visit more modern and attractive continental European destinations.
Capital Investment in the UK Arts, Sport and Heritage Sectors: An Evaluation of Statistics
Authors: Johnson Peter , Thomas Barry
Published: July 2017

This paper critically evaluates currently available statistics on UK capital investment in the arts, sport and heritage. The paper first examines some important questions that need good capital investment statistics if they are to be answered. Particular attention is focused on how far existing data might provide an adequate benchmark for evaluating the effects of the National Lottery on capital investment. The strengths and limitations of these data are then assessed. The paper concludes with some recommendations for improvement. An Appendix presents nearly fifty measures of capital investment in the three sectors.
Tourism Demand Analysis Using Structural Equation Modelling
Authors: Turner Lindsay W. , Reisinger Yvette , Witt Stephen F.
Published: July 2017

Structural equation modelling is used to analyse quarterly tourist flow data from the UK to seven major destinations over the period 1978 to 1995, where the visit data are disaggregated into holiday, business and VFR categories. The objective is to determine which of the major explanatory variables, such as income, price, retail sales and manufacturing confidence, account for each of the disaggregated flows. Econometric structural equation modelling (LISREL) is used because it is capable of measuring a simultaneous relationship between several explanatory variables and several dependent variables, and also any relationship between the different dependent variables. Historically, tourism demand modelling has focused on total or holiday flows, without attempting to compare the determinants of tourism demand for different purposes of visit to specific destinations. However, an understanding of the differences and similarities in demand for different visit purposes is critical for industry planning. Different industry sectors cater for different types of tourists to varying degrees, and the influencing factors for each purpose of visit are unlikely to be the same.
Economic Impacts of Small Events: Estimates and Determinants — A New Zealand Example
Authors: Ryan Chris
Published: July 2017

This study reports the findings derived from surveys of visitors to seven different events held in Palmerston North, New Zealand. It shows the importance of a number of determinants of economic impacts, and discusses some of the problems involved in such calculations. The main lesson to be derived from this study is not only that the number of out-of-region visitors and levels of spending are important as determinants of economic impact, but planning must take into account factors like the size of party group and occupancy patterns of the serviced accommodation sector.
South Asia and WTO's Global Forecasts to 2020
Authors: Bar-On Raphael Raymond
Published: July 2017

The World Tourism Organization (WTO) reported 4.6 million international tourist arrivals (excluding day-visits) in its South Asia region in 1997, 4.8% above 1996. Receipts reported from international tourism in the South Asia region totalled US$4.2 billion, 6% above 1996 (in current US$, including receipts from day-visitors, excluding International Fares). Tourist arrivals, receipts and hotel capacity are presented for its nine countries and WTO's revised global forecasts for 2000, 2010 and 2020.
Modelling the Seasonality of Hotel Nights in Denmark by County and Nationality
Authors: Sørensen Nils Karl
Published: July 2017

Danish time series data on hotel nights exhibit a strong seasonal pattern, with peaks during the summer holiday season and slumps during the winter. However, over the past 30 years holiday preferences have changed from a single summer holiday into several vacation periods spread over the year. This should be reflected in the seasonal pattern of the demand for holiday accommodation such as hotel nights. Consequently, the nature of the seasonal process should have become more stochastic and less deterministic. The paper examines this hypothesis by the use of univariate econometric modelling of seasonality on hotel nights by county as well as by nationality using monthly time series data for Denmark. Special attention is devoted to testing for seasonal unit roots, ie a varying and changing pattern. A research strategy for analysing seasonality including graphical tools is presented. It is found that unit roots are present in many time series on hotel nights at the county level as well as by nationality.
The Americas
Authors: Bar-On Raphael Raymond
Published: July 2017

The Americas form the second largest destination region in international tourism. The World Tourism Organization reported 123 million tourist arrivals (excluding day-visits) in this region in 1998, 3.2% above 1997, with receipts from international tourism totalling US$120 billion, 0.9% above 1997 (in current US$, excluding international fares and including receipts from day-visitors). Tourist arrivals, cruise passengers and receipts are presented for the 51 countries (by sub-regions).
The Canadian Experience in Developing and Using the Tourism Satellite Account
Authors: Meis Scott M.
Published: July 2017

Governments throughout the world are under increasing pressure to give special treatment to tourism in terms of distinct recognition in the structures of government, devoted programmes and funding, subsidies and public-sector promotion. In Canada, the development of the Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) was an important step in obtaining such recognition and support. This article summarizes the results obtained from the TSA and their uses, as well as the lines of investigation taken in developing the Canadian TSA: the basic concepts, the methodological approaches and challenges. It then examines how Canada's national tourism industry and the national tourism agency, the Canadian Tourism Commission (CTC), have used the results of the TSA, and what benefits emerged from their use. Next, it reveals what extensions have been developed beyond the basic account and what results and further implications have emerged from these extensions. The final section of the paper examines future developments envisaged in the Canadian context.