bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of the dendritic cell–associated C‐type lectin DC‐SIGN by inflammatory matrix metalloproteinase–producing macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis synovium and interaction with intercellular adhesion molecule 3–positive T cells
Authors: van Lent Peter L. E. M. , Figdor Carl G. , Barrera Pilar , van Ginkel Karin , Slöetjes Annet , van den Berg Wim B. , Torensma Ruurd
Published: February 2003

Objective

To determine whether matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)–producing inflammatory macrophages in the synovium of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients express the novel dendritic cell (DC)–specific C‐type lectin DC‐SIGN and whether this expression is associated with the presence of naive T cells expressing the DC‐SIGN ligand, intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM‐3).

Methods

Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction was performed to study the expression of DC‐SIGN in synovium samples from RA, osteoarthritis (OA), and trauma patients. DC‐SIGN expression on RA monocytes or on monocytes stimulated with granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor and interleukin‐4 was further investigated by flow cytometry. To localize DC‐SIGN in the synovium, the DC markers ICAM‐3 and MMP‐1 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (single and double labeling) on serial cryostat sections.

Results

Seventy percent of the inflammatory cells in the synovium of RA patients showed high expression of DC‐SIGN. DC‐SIGN was expressed by 80% of CD68‐positive macrophages, but not by CD83‐positive, DC‐LAMP–positive, or Fascin‐positive cells. Normal numbers of DC‐SIGN–positive cells were found in the peripheral blood of RA patients, suggesting that DC‐SIGN is up‐regulated locally in the joint. In RA synovium, ICAM‐3–positive resting T cells were found in close proximity to DC‐SIGN cells. Unexpectedly, a lower percentage of DC‐SIGN–expressing cells was found in OA synovium compared with RA synovium. Furthermore, ICAM‐3–expressing T cells, which are known to bind DC‐SIGN, were almost absent within the synovium of OA and trauma patients. DC‐SIGN–positive macrophages adjacent to these T cells were located in close proximity to the cartilage‐degrading proteins extracellular MMP inducer (EMMPRIN) and MMP‐1.

Conclusion

The C‐type lectin DC‐SIGN is almost absent in the synovium of trauma patients but is highly expressed by most CD68‐positive macrophages in the synovium of RA patients. The lack of correlation between DC‐SIGN expression and the expression of CD83, DC‐LAMP, or Fascin indicates that multiple DC/macrophage subsets are present in RA synovium. Expression of DC‐SIGN and its ligand, ICAM‐3, is found in substantial amounts only in RA synovium, suggesting that their interaction is implicated in the additional activation of synovial macrophages that leads to the production of EMMPRIN and MMP‐1.
Synergistic induction of nitric oxide synthase type II: In vitro effect of leptin and interferon‐γ in human chondrocytes and ATDC5 chondrogenic cells
Authors: Otero Miguel , Reino Juan Jesús Gomez , Gualillo Oreste
Published: February 2003

Objective

To study, in vitro, the effect of leptin (OB), alone or in combination with interferon‐γ (IFNγ), on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and NO production in human primary chondrocytes and in mouse embryonic chondrogenic ATDC5 cells.

Methods

Leptin receptor expression and iNOS messenger RNA expression were evaluated by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. Then, iNOS activity was indirectly studied by measuring nitrite accumulation, using the Griess colorimetric reaction, in culture medium of human primary chondrocytes and ATDC5 cells.

Results

ATDC5 mouse embryonic cells expressed functional OB receptor. Alone, neither OB nor IFNγ produced nitrite accumulation in culture medium. However, costimulation with OB and IFNγ resulted in dose‐dependent up‐regulation of the expression of iNOS and NO production in human primary chondrocytes and ATDC5 cells. Production of NO was blunted by the iNOS‐specific inhibitors L‐NG‐nitroarginine methyl ester and aminoguanidine. In addition, the janus‐activated kinase 2 (JAK2)–specific inhibitor Tyrphostin AG 490 completely blocked OB + IFNγ–driven up‐regulation of iNOS and NO production.

Conclusion

Our data show for the first time a putative proinflammatory role of OB via iNOS induction and NO production. This occurs via activation of JAK2.
Assessment of peripheral enthesitis in the spondylarthropathies by ultrasonography combined with power Doppler: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: D'Agostino Maria‐Antonietta , Said‐Nahal Roula , Hacquard‐Bouder Cécile , Brasseur Jean‐Louis , Dougados Maxime , Breban Maxime
Published: February 2003

Objective

To assess the prevalence and severity of peripheral enthesitis among the different subtypes of spondylarthropathy (SpA) by using ultrasonography (US) in B mode with power Doppler.

Methods

One hundred sixty‐four consecutive patients with SpA (according to the criteria of the European Spondylarthropathy Study Group) and 64 control patients (34 with mechanical low back pain [MBP] and 30 with rheumatoid arthritis [RA]) underwent US examination of major entheses of their limbs. Particular attention was given to the detection of vascularization at the following sites: cortical bone insertion of entheses, junction between tendon and entheses, body of tendon, and bursa.

Results

Abnormal US findings consistent with at least one enthesitis were observed in 161 of 164 SpA patients (98%), affecting 1,131 of 2,952 entheses examined (38%). In contrast, only 132 of 1,152 entheses (11%) were found to be abnormal in 33 of 64 control patients (52%). US enthesitis was most commonly distributed in the distal portion of the lower limbs, irrespective of SpA subtype and of skeletal distribution of clinical symptoms. None of the abnormal entheses in control patients showed vascularization, compared with 916 of 1,131 abnormal entheses in SpA patients (81%), where it was always detected at the cortical bone insertion and sometimes also in the bursa. In SpA patients, the US pattern depended on the clinical presentation, with a higher prevalence of the most severe stages in those with peripheral forms.

Conclusion

US in B mode combined with power Doppler allowed the detection of peripheral enthesitis in a majority of SpA patients, but not in MBP or RA patients. The presence of entheseal involvement was independent of SpA subtype, but its degree of severity appeared to be greater in peripheral forms. US could be very useful for both the diagnosis and the assessment of SpA activity.
Fc receptor–independent development of autoimmune glomerulonephritis in lupus‐prone MRL/lpr mice
Authors: Matsumoto Keiko , Watanabe Norihiko , Akikusa Bunshiro , Kurasawa Kazuhiro , Matsumura Ryutaro , Saito Yasushi , Iwamoto Itsuo , Saito Takashi
Published: February 2003

Objective

To determine the role of Fc receptors (FcR), which play crucial roles in antibody and immune complex–mediated inflammation and autoimmunity, including glomerulonephritis (GN), in the development of autoimmune GN and vasculitis in MRL/lpr mice, one of the most widely used lupus‐prone mouse models.

Methods

FcRγ−/− MRL/lpr mice were generated by backcrossing for 8 generations. The development of GN and vasculitis of various sized vessels was analyzed histopathologically in the kidney, lung, and skin. Autoantibody and immune complex levels were determined biochemically at 16–24 weeks of age and compared with the findings in FcRγ+ MRL/lpr mice. The lifespan of the mice was also recorded.

Results

Diffuse proliferative GN, with deposition of IgG and C3, developed in both FcRγ−/− and FcRγ+ MRL/lpr mice. There was no difference in the survival rate and degree of proteinuria between FcRγ+ and FcRγ−/− MRL/lpr mice. Regardless of the level of FcR expression, there were no significant differences in the levels of serum IgG, anti‐DNA antibody, or circulating immune complexes between the two types of mice. Necrotizing vasculitis in medium‐sized arteries of the kidneys and lungs as well as small‐vessel vasculitis in the skin was observed in both in FcRγ+ and FcRγ−/− MRL/lpr mice. In contrast, the Arthus reaction was induced in FcRγ+ MRL/lpr mice, but not in FcRγ−/− MRL/lpr mice.

Conclusion

Unlike (NZB × NZW)F1, the other strain of lupus‐prone mice that develops GN in an FcR‐dependent manner, the development of autoimmune GN and vasculitis in MRL/lpr mice was FcR‐independent, implying heterogeneity of the contribution of FcR to the development of autoimmune disease.
Association of interleukin‐18 expression with enhanced levels of both interleukin‐1β and tumor necrosis factor α in knee synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Joosten Leo A. B. , Radstake Timothy R. D. , Lubberts Erik , van den Bersselaar Liduine A. M. , van Riel Piet L. C. M. , van Lent Peter L. E. M. , Barrera Pilar , van den Berg Wim B.
Published: February 2003

Objective

To examine the expression patterns of interkeukin‐18 (IL‐18) in synovial biopsy tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to determine whether expression of this primary cytokine is related to the expression of other cytokines and adhesion molecules and related to the degree of joint inflammation.

Methods

Biopsy specimens of knee synovial tissue either without synovitis (n = 6) or with moderate or severe synovitis (n = 11 and n = 12, respectively) were obtained from 29 patients with active RA. Paraffin‐embedded, snap‐frozen sections were used for immunohistochemical detection of IL‐18, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), IL‐1β, IL‐12, and IL‐17. Furthermore, adhesion molecules, such as intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, and E‐selectin, and cell markers CD3, CD14, and CD68 were stained.

Results

IL‐18 staining was detectable in 80% of the RA patients, in both the lining and sublining of the knee synovial tissue. IL‐18 expression in the synovial tissue was strongly correlated with the expression of IL‐1β (in the sublining r = 0.72, in the lining r = 0.71; both P < 0.0001) and TNFα (in the sublining r = 0.59, P < 0.0007, and in the lining r = 0.68, P < 0.0001). In addition, IL‐18 expression in the sublining correlated with macrophage infiltration (r = 0.64, P < 0.0007) and microscopic inflammation scores (r = 0.78, P < 0.0001), and with the acute‐phase reaction as measured by the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (r = 0.61, P < 0.0004). Interestingly, RA synovial tissue that coexpressed IL‐18 and IL‐12 demonstrated enhanced levels of the Th1‐associated cytokine IL‐17.

Conclusion

Our results show that expression of IL‐18 is associated with that of IL‐1β and TNFα and with local inflammation in the synovial tissue of patients with RA. In addition, synovial IL‐18 expression correlates with the acute‐phase response. These data indicate that IL‐18 is a primary proinflammatory cytokine in RA that drives the local production of IL‐1β and TNFα.
Eligibility of patients in routine care for major clinical trials of anti–tumor necrosis factor α agents in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Sokka Tuulikki , Pincus Theodore
Published: February 2003

Objective

To identify the proportion of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in 2 cohorts from Nashville, Tennessee, who met basic criteria for inclusion in 2 important recent clinical trials of anti–tumor necrosis factor α (anti‐TNFα) agents, the early RA (ERA) trial of etanercept versus methotrexate, and the anti‐TNFα trial in RA with concomitant therapy (ATTRACT) study of infliximab plus methotrexate versus methotrexate.

Methods

Two cohorts of patients, all of whom had met the American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA at some time, were studied. Cohort E (early) comprised 232 patients who were under the care of 5 private practice rheumatologists, whose duration of RA was fewer than 3 years, and who were reviewed for basic inclusion criteria for the ERA clinical trial. Cohort L (long‐term) comprised 152 consecutive patients who had been under care at a weekly academic rheumatology clinic for a mean of 4.5 years, and were reviewed for basic inclusion criteria for the ATTRACT study.

Results

In cohort E, basic inclusion criteria for the ERA trial were met by 11 of 36 patients (31%) who had not taken methotrexate, 8 of 19 patients (42%) who were at their first visit and had not taken methotrexate, and 37 of all 232 patients (16%). In cohort L, 5% of patients met the basic inclusion criteria for the ATTRACT study.

Conclusion

Most patients who were seen in routine care in these 2 cohorts did not meet the criteria for inclusion in these 2 important recent clinical trials. The conclusion that anti‐TNFα therapy has greater efficacy than methotrexate may be valid only in a limited number of patients with the most severe RA. Anti‐TNFα therapy may be desirable in most patients with RA, but this possibility has not been studied formally. Criteria for inclusion in RA clinical trials might be modified for greater generalizability of results.
Effects of anti‐CD154 treatment on B cells in murine systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Wang Xiaobo , Huang Weiqing , Schiffer Lena E. , Mihara Masahiko , Akkerman Alla , Hiromatsu Kenji , Davidson Anne
Published: February 2003

Objective

To determine the immunologic effects of anti‐CD154 (CD40L) therapy in the (NZB × NZW)F1 mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Methods

Twenty‐week‐old and 26‐week‐old (NZB × NZW)F1 mice were treated with continuous anti‐CD154 therapy. Mice were followed up clinically, and their spleens were studied at intervals for B and T cell numbers and subsets and frequency of anti–double‐stranded DNA (anti‐dsDNA)–producing B cells. T cell–dependent immunity was assessed by studying the humoral response to the hapten oxazolone.

Results

IgG anti‐dsDNA antibodies decreased during therapy and disease onset was delayed, but immune tolerance did not occur. During treatment, there was marked depletion of CD19+ cells in the spleen; however, autoreactive IgM‐producing B cells could still be detected by enzyme‐linked immunospot assay. In contrast, few IgG‐ and IgG anti‐dsDNA–secreting B cells were detected. Eight weeks after treatment cessation, the frequency of B cells producing IgG anti‐dsDNA antibodies was still decreased in 50% of the mice, and activation and transition of T cells from the naive to the memory compartment were blocked. Anti‐CD154 treatment blocked both class switching and somatic mutation and induced a variable period of relative unresponsiveness of IgG anti‐dsDNA–producing B cells, as shown by decreased expression of the CD69 marker and failure to generate spontaneous IgG anti‐dsDNA–producing hybridomas. Treated mice mounted an attenuated IgM response to the hapten oxazolone and produced no IgG antioxazolone antibodies.

Conclusion

Anti‐CD154 is a B cell–depleting therapy that affects multiple B cell subsets. Activation of both B and T cells is prevented during therapy. After treatment cessation, autoreactive B cells progress through a series of activation steps before they become fully competent antibody‐producing cells. The general immunosuppression induced during treatment will need to be taken into account when using B cell–depleting regimens in humans.
Identification of IgG subclasses and C‐reactive protein in lupus nephritis: The relationship between the composition of immune deposits and FCγ receptor type IIA alleles
Authors: Zuniga Ricardo , Markowitz Glen S. , Arkachaisri Thaschawee , Imperatore Edward A. , D'Agati Vivette D. , Salmon Jane E.
Published: February 2003

Objective

To characterize the subclass composition of IgG deposited in lupus glomeruli, to examine its relationship to allelic polymorphisms of IgG receptors (Fcγ receptors [FcγR]), and to determine whether C‐reactive protein (CRP), a ligand for FcγRIIa, is present in these immune deposits.

Methods

Renal biopsy samples from 80 patients with lupus nephritis were examined by light microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence with IgG‐subclass–specific monoclonal antibodies. FcγRIIA genotypes were determined using allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction. Immunostaining for CRP was performed on lupus and nonlupus glomerulonephritis specimens.

Results

IgG2 and IgG3 were the predominant subclasses in immune deposits in all World Health Organization classes of nephritis. The frequency of genotypes containing the low‐binding IgG2 allele, FcγRIIa‐R131, was significantly greater than expected in patients with class III or class IV nephritis and in patients with intense IgG2 deposition. CRP, a ligand with particular affinity for FcγRIIa‐R131, was consistently present in the renal immune deposits of lupus nephritis specimens.

Conclusion

FcγRIIA genes are associated with proliferative renal disease and may contribute to disease pathogenesis. FcγRIIa‐R131, the variant with low affinity for IgG2, has high affinity for CRP. Thus, FcγRIIa‐R131 may contribute to impaired removal of circulating immune complexes, as well as efficiently triggering phagocyte activation and the release of inflammatory mediators within glomeruli.
The molecular basis of the temperature‐ and pH‐induced conformational transitions in elastin‐based peptides
Authors: Li Bin , Daggett Valerie
Published: February 2003

Elastin undergoes an inverse temperature transition and collapses at high temperatures in both simulation and experiment. We investigated a pH‐dependent modification of this transition by simulating a glutamic acid (Glu)‐substituted elastin at varying pHs and temperatures. The Glu‐substituted peptide collapsed at higher temperature than the unsubstituted elastin when Glu was charged. The charge effects could be reversed by neutralization of the Glu carboxyl groups at low pH, and in that case the peptide collapsed at a lower temperature. The collapse was accompanied by the formation of β‐turns and short distorted β‐sheets. Formation of contacts between hydrophobic side chains drives the collapse at high temperature, but interactions between water and polar groups (Glu and main chain) can attenuate this effect at high pH. The overall competition and balance of the polar and nonpolar groups determined the conformational states of the peptide. Water hydration contributed to the conformational transition, and the peptide and its hydration shell must be considered. Structurally, waters near polar residues mainly formed hydrogen bonds with the protein atoms, while waters around the hydrophobic side chains tended to be parallel to the peptide groups to maximize water–water interactions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 68: 121–129, 2003
Presynaptic neurotrophin‐3 increases the number of tectal synapses, vesicle density, and number of docked vesicles in chick embryos
Authors: Wang Xiaoxia , Butowt Rafal , Von Bartheld Christopher S.
Published: February 2003

To determine whether presynaptically derived neurotrophins may contribute to synaptic plasticity, we examined whether neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3) changed the number, size, vesicle content, or vesicle distribution of synapses within the retinorecipient layers of the chick optic tectum. In this system, endogenous NT‐3 derives presynaptically from retinal ganglion cell axons. Retinotectal synapses comprise the majority of synapses in superficial tectal layers, as demonstrated by destruction of retinotectal input by intraocular application of the drug monensin. To examine the effect of increased or decreased levels of NT‐3, either exogenous NT‐3 or monoclonal NT‐3 blocking antibodies were injected into the optic tectum of 19‐day‐old chick embryos, spiked with radiolabeled protein to verify the success of injections and estimate effective concentrations. After 48 hours, the ultrastructure of superficial tectal layers was analyzed and compared with samples from control tecta injected with cytochrome C. NT‐3 increased the number of synapses, synaptic vesicles/profile, synaptic vesicle densities, the number of docked vesicles, and the length of the synaptic profile. Deprivation of anterogradely transported endogenous NT‐3 with NT‐3 antibodies resulted in the opposite effect: decreased numbers of synapses, decreased vesicle densities, and decreased numbers of docked vesicles. Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) had a largely different effect than NT‐3. BDNF increased the density of vesicles and deprivation of endogenous TrkB ligands with TrkB fusion protein reduced the density of vesicles in the synapses, without effects on synapse number or docked vesicles. We conclude that anterogradely transported NT‐3 affects synapse strength in a way that differs from that of presumably postsynaptic‐derived BDNF. J. Comp. Neurol. 458:62–77, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mathematical determination of the numerical data corresponding to the color‐matching functions of three real observers using the RGB CIE‐1931 primary system and a new system of unreal primaries X′Y′Z′
Authors: Martínez J. A. , Pérez‐Ocón F. , García‐Beltrán A. , Hita E.
Published: February 2003

In this work, we determine the numerical data of the experimental color‐matching functions (cmf's) of three real observers (JAM, MM, and CF) for two small fields (2°). In previous works, these cmf's have been shown generically and expressed only in a new system of unreal X′Y′Z′ primaries. Here, we show results found with these cmf's for the visible spectrum in intervals of 10 nm, from 400 to 700 nm. The data refer to both the RGB CIE‐1931 system and a new system of unreal primaries X′Y′Z′, established by a procedure similar to that of the XYZ CIE‐1931 system. This transformation was needed, because negative values appeared in various cmf's when they were referred to the XYZ CIE‐1931 system. Recently, we have called this new system G94 (Granada ‘94). Here, we also describe the method and calculation of the matrix that enables this transformation; in testing six real observers with new cmf’s, we found positive results. We have used these new and experimental cmf's in several preceding works, as have other authors as well, to whom J. A. Martínez privately communicated the corresponding numerical data. The use of these cmf's by all the authors has led to noteworthy results. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 89–95, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10127
Dynamic cone response functions for models of colour appearance
Authors: Hunt R. W. G. , Li C. J. , Luo M. R.
Published: February 2003

The CIECAM97s type of colour appearance models results in some changes in hue and saturation for series of colours of constant chromaticity but changing luminance factor. To keep hue and saturation constant for such series, a model in which the dynamic cone response is based on a power function has been developed. By optimizing its parameters, its correlates of hue, lightness, colourfulness, brightness, and saturation perform nearly as well as those of CIECAM97s. A similar performance is achieved in a modified power model, which is more physiologically plausible. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 82–88, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10128
Whiteness perception under different types of fluorescent lamps
Authors: Ayama Miyoshi , Akatsu Takao , Toriumi Eiichiro , Mukai Kenji , Kanaya Sueko
Published: February 2003

The effects of correlated color temperature and the chromaticity of light sources on the perception of surface whiteness were investigated. For the experiment, a Munsell N9.25 chip and 11 nearly white chips (V = 9.25, Munsell chroma ≦ 1.0) were selected. The interval scale of the whiteness of these chips was determined from the results of pair comparisons under eight different fluorescent lamps with correlated color temperatures from 2800 to 6700 K. The Munsell 3PB, 10PB, 7P, and N chips gained high scores under 6700 K illumination, whereas the 3PB, 5B, 7BG, and 9G chips scored higher under the 2800 K illumination. The 12 chips were divided into two groups. In one group, the interval scale from the bottom was found to increase as the correlated color temperature increased, whereas in the other group, it decreased with the temperature. The Munsell 3PB/9.25/1.0 chips fell into the latter group but consistently exhibited the highest or at least high‐order scores for all the illuminations examined. In those cases in which the correlated color temperature was held constant, the chromaticity of the light source was found to have no significant effect on the whiteness interval scale. A high correlation was identified between the interval scale of the whiteness and the two metrics, the metric chroma of CIELAB, and CIECAM97s chroma C. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 96–102, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10129
Fixed range scales applied to the evaluation of color: Comparative analysis between the Munsell System and the Natural Color System
Authors: Caivano José Luis , de Mattiello María L. F.
Published: February 2003

In this article, we discuss the effect of anchoring on the estimation of chromatic variables, which occurs when fixed range scales are used in psychophysical measuring. In order to do this, we compare the Munsell System and the Natural Color System (NCS), and an alternative system that employs a scale of grays as a yardstick against which to measure value and saturation. During experimentation, observers evaluated 60 matte surface color samples, following the methodology proposed by each system, but without using their respective color atlases. The data obtained reveal results that are compatible with the measurements based on the Munsell System and the NCS. By applying the gray‐scale method, the value measurements improved, whereas the saturation measurements were overestimated in samples with low reflectance. In all the cases, hue shifts were observed and thought to be attributable to the variation in luminance revealed by the samples. Judging by the similarity of the results obtained, it can be assumed that when fixed range scales are used, measurements will be anchored to their extremes, equaling every measurement made with them. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 103–112, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10130
Differences in color naming and color salience in Vietnamese and English
Authors: Jameson Kimberly A. , Alvarado Nancy
Published: February 2003

The accepted model of color naming postulates that 11 “basic” color terms representing 11 common perceptual experiences show increased processing salience due to a theorized linkage between perception, visual neurophysiology, and cognition. We tested this theory, originally proposed by Berlin and Kay in 1969. Experiment 1 tested salience by comparing unconstrained color naming across two languages, English and Vietnamese. Results were compared with previous research by Berlin and Kay, Boynton and Olson, and colleagues. Experiment 2 validated our stimuli by comparing OSA, Munsell, and newly rendered “basic” exemplars using colorimetry and behavioral measures. Our results show that the relationship between the visual and verbal domains is more complex than current theory acknowledges. An interpoint distance model of color‐naming behavior is proposed as an alternative perspective on color‐naming universality and color‐category structure. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 113–138, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10131
Japanese and Korean ideas about clothing colors for elderly people: Intercountry and intergenerational differences
Authors: Shoyama Shigeko , Tochihara Yutaka , Kim Jungsook
Published: February 2003

This study evaluated the clothing colors worn by elderly persons. We took photos, with elderly persons as models, displayed them on a computer screen, and used computer graphics to produce 75 colors of clothing worn by elderly persons. The 75 colors were evaluated by Japanese and Korean elderly women and female students. We compared the ideal colors and colors actually worn by elderly women in Japan and Korea. The ideal clothing color worn most often, and the images held concerning these colors, were found to differ between elderly women and female students in Japan and Korea, between Japanese and Korean elderly women, and between Japanese and Korean female students. In brief, the ideal clothing color for elderly women was the color satisfying brilliance, functionality, and elegance. We found that Japanese consumers prefer clothing of red hue or light grayish‐orange, whereas Korean consumers prefer colors of cold hues or achromatic colors. The differences observed between Japanese and Korean women seem to be associated with various factors, including traditions, culture, public morals, and racial consciousness. Differences in the rate of aging in the society and the timing of this change may also be involved. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 139–150, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10132
Color memory in protanomals and deuteranomals: Matching time effect
Authors: Pérez‐Carpinell J. , Camps V. J. , Diaz J. A.
Published: February 2003

In a companion paper Pérez‐Carpinell et al., Color Res Appl 2001;26:158–170, for a set of seven color references, we compared the methods of simultaneous and memory color matching by 15 protanomals and 21 deuteranomals, looking for differences between them and a group of 25 normal trichromat observers investigated previously Pérez‐Carpinell et al., Color Res Appl 1998;23:234–247. In our current article, matching times of the same anomalous trichromat groups, and with the same reference tests, to select from among the comparison chips the one that most resembled one of the seven reference tests, have been measured under simultaneous and successive color matching procedures. From comparison between both anomalous groups and the group of 25 normal trichromats, we can deduce the following results: (1) Matching time depends significantly on the test color both for simultaneous and memory color matching; (2) in simultaneous matching, normal trichromats are faster and deuteranomals are slower; (3) in memory color matching, deuteranomals are slower and normal protanomals are equally fast; and (4) ratio of matching time for both modes of presentation is notable between deuteranomals and normals for dark orange, light green, and pink. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 151–154, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10133
DOA estimation and pairing method in 2D‐ESPRIT using triangular antenna array
Authors: Kuroda Toru , Kikuma Nobuyoshi , Inagaki Naoki
Published: February 2003

This paper discusses the method for direction‐of‐arrival estimation by an application of 2D‐ESPRIT to a triangular planar array with an equilateral triangular lattice arrangement often used as a phased array for direction finding. It is difficult to apply the 2D‐Unitary ESPRIT to the triangular array due to its element arrangement. Instead, the 2D‐ESPRIT based on the standard ESPRIT is used. As the paring method for a multidimensional ESPRIT, the complex pairing (CP) method, simultaneous Schur decomposition (SSD), and mean eigenvalue decomposition (MEVD) have been proposed. In the case of 2D‐Unitary ESPRIT, the simple CP method can be used for an extremely accurate estimation. Since CP cannot be used for the standard ESPRIT, SSD with a high computational load and MEVD requiring introduction of a reliability test need to be used. In this paper, as a pairing method of the signal parameters, a complex mean eigenvalue expansion method is proposed that does not require a reliability test and has a low computational cost. Through computer simulation, the azimuth angle and the elevation angle of multiple waves are estimated simultaneously so that the method's effectiveness is verified. A radiation pattern synthesis for separate reception of multiple waves is attempted with multiple beam forming weights obtained in the process of 2D‐ESPRIT. The effectiveness of the synthesis method is confirmed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(6): 59–68, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10016
A method of improving misframe for HEC‐based variable length frame suitable for IP services
Authors: Ueda Hiromi , Yamaguchi Ukyo , Miki Noriki , Watanabe Ryuichi
Published: February 2003

As the layer 2 technology for transfer of the IP packet, a variable length frame has been proposed in which the HEC (Header Error Control) and the frame length are defined in the header. In this paper, it is shown with regard to these HEC‐based variable length frames that the phenomenon of misframing is likely, in which a hunt state appears by mistake due to frame error. As a method for improvement, a forced 2‐bit error correction method is proposed. The performance of the proposed method is clarified and the sufficient characteristic is demonstrated. In addition, from the point of view of reframe time and false frame probability, the order of the generating polynomial of CRC optimum for HEC and the backside protection stage number are presented. From a similar viewpoint, it is shown quantitatively that the error detection is superior to the error correction with regard to CRC operation in the hunt state and pre‐sync state. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(6): 46–58, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10018
Delay profile measurement system using common pilot channel for W‐CDMA cellular system
Authors: Imai Tetsuro , Mori Shinichi
Published: February 2003

The communication quality in Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W‐CDMA) is improved by temporally separating the arriving multipaths and combining them by RAKE combining. Thus, the delay profile measurement is essential in understanding the number of arriving paths and the received power in each path in the actual propagation paths. In this paper, we propose a system using the Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) to measure the delay profile from the base station that has already started a service. This system's features are (1) synchronous detection using only CPICH and (2) power delay profile and SIR delay profile measurements and their properties are clearly illustrated. We also present the experimental results of a prototype developed based on the proposed method. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(6): 33–45, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10030
A dynamic channel assignment method for TDMA/FDMA packet transmission cellular system
Authors: Tomokiyo Ryo , Akaiwa Yoshihiko
Published: February 2003

In the packet transmission cellular system using TDMA/FDMA with a small number of carrier frequencies, the assignment of the carrier frequency to the cell, as well as the assignment of the slot, are crucial issues regarding efficient use of the frequency resources. In the micro‐cellular system, it is difficult to assign the frequency beforehand, and a procedure is desired for each base station whereby the channel is assigned dynamically by an autonomous and distributed process. In the method proposed herein, the channel is assigned dynamically in each base station by an autonomous and distributed process, not only for the time‐division channel, but also for the frequency‐division channel. It is shown by a computer simulation that the proposed system can efficiently utilize the channels on both the time and the frequency axis. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(6): 25–32, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10046
A design of a narrow bandpass filter with attenuation poles using coupled lines and resonators
Authors: Yokokawa Senji
Published: February 2003

This paper describes the design of a narrow bandpass filter with attenuation poles used at high frequencies. The filter circuit is new and consists of coupled lines and resonators. This paper analyzes how the filter characteristics vary with these circuit parameters. A bandpass filter designed with the results is fabricated and tested. It is confirmed that a narrow bandpass filter with a relative bandwidth of 0.3% is obtained at a center frequency of 1 GHz. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(6): 19–24, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10067
Multi VC data transmission method for multicast server on IP multicast over ATM
Authors: Sugisono Koji , Yamamoto Miki , Ikeda Hiromasa
Published: February 2003

IP multicast over ATM is considered interesting as a technique to realize multicast communication in ATM network. Proposed methods to realize IP multicast over ATM are the server method and the mesh method. The server method has the problem that a certain delay is required in reconstructing AAL5 SDU in the server. The mesh method has the problem that the point‐to‐multipoint VC must be set in the receiver group from all senders. This paper proposes the multi VC data server method as follows, as a new method to solve these problems. Multiple point‐to‐multipoint VC are prepared in the server. When multiple data are transmitted in parallel, different VC are used to reduce greatly the delay produced in the server method. The performances of the multi VC server method, the server method, and the mesh method are compared, and it is shown that the multi VC server method is effective in the sense that the data are transmitted with the shortest data transmission delay. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(6): 11–18, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10070
Study on prediction of EM‐noise‐reduction effect due to noise‐suppression device attached to a printed wire
Authors: Yamamoto Hidetoshi , Shinohara Shinichi , Sato Risaburo
Published: February 2003

Although noise‐suppression devices are used to suppress electromagnetic (EM) noise radiated from printed wires, since the effects of these devices vary greatly depending on the mounting position on the wires, a method to predict their behaviors is desired. In this paper, for various noise‐suppression devices mounted on a printed wire provided with matched terminals, we describe the relationship between the suppression effect and the device mounting position that was studied experimentally in the frequency range from 300 MHz to 10 GHz. And we use this result to describe the result of studying a method that easily estimates the suppression effect on the radiating EM noise of the noise‐suppression devices. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(6): 1–10, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10080
Network extension method considering increase of multicast traffic
Authors: Miyoshi Takumi , Tanaka Yoshiaki , Sezaki Kaoru
Published: February 2003

Recently, the spread of multicast communication is expected from the perspective of the efficient utilization of the network. Since the connection state of multicast communication clearly differs from that of conventional unicast communication, the optimum network topology is believed to change if multicast communication spreads in the future. The authors studied the network topology used when unicast communication and multicast communication are mixed. It was found that the Delta‐Star topology was optimal compared to the Star topology currently used in the lowest level of the network. In this paper, we studied the performance of each topology from the perspective of the required capacity of the equipment and the costs required to construct the network when a circuit switching or a connection service was assumed and the multicast traffic increased. Furthermore, we proposed a network extension method that changed the topology from the Star to the Delta‐Star topology and evaluated the performance. We found that by using a relatively simple extension method to set the locations of the transmission route link extensions, adequate cost performance was obtained. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(6): 69–83, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1166
Analysis of downlink capacity and transmitter power using SIR‐based adaptive transmitter power control in DS‐CDMA systems—consideration of both common control channel and traffic channels
Authors: Fujii Teruya , Imai Tetsuro , Nakajima Nobuo
Published: February 2003

This paper analyzes the down‐link of a DS‐CDMA system and clarifies the relationship between the system capacity and base station transmitter power, while taking handover and transmission quality into account, when the base station transmitter power control is suitably controlled so that the instantaneous SIR of mobile stations will be uniform in relation to traffic channels in a model that simultaneously considers the traffic channels and common control channel. This paper also shows that system parameters can be easily optimized if the derived equations are used. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(6): 84–103, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1167
A study of a higher order FM mode‐locking laser with double phase modulators
Authors: Shikatani Motokazu , Izutsu Masayuki
Published: February 2003

Generating high‐repetition‐rate short pulses from higher order FM mode‐locked lasers requires many sidebands. However, in reality, the physical limit of modulators makes it impossible to increase the modulation index. This paper proposes a novel higher order FM mode‐locked laser that has two PM‐I‐FP sets (phase modulator, isolator, and Fabry‐Perot filter) and presents an analysis of its performance. The laser uses a new technique that makes the value of the synthesized transfer function of a PM‐I‐FP equal in both the 0 and π phase states. This technique improves the frequency characteristics of the modulator substantially. As a result, the maximum repetition rate is doubled, and the laser also generates a chirp‐free and narrower pulse train with uniform amplitude and pulse width. We also propose a system that has only one PM‐I‐FP. This eliminates problems that arise due to differences in the PM‐I‐FP characteristics when two PM‐I‐FP sets are used. The same effects as mentioned above are achieved. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(3): 1–10, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10083
Solving satisfiability problems by using reconfigurable hardware
Authors: Suyama Takayuki , Yokoo Makoto , Sawada Hiroshi , Nagoya Akira
Published: February 2003

In this paper, we will propose a new solution method for SAT (Satisfiability Problems) using FPGA (Field‐Programmable Gate Arrays) and logic synthesis system. This method is distinctive in that a logic circuit specialized to solve each problem instance is configured on FPGA. This approach has become possible due to the progress in reconfigurable computing technology in recent years and opens a new possibility in design principle of algorithms. SAT is a kind of constraint satisfaction problem and is a general framework which can represent many application problems. In this paper, we will propose various algorithms which are suitable for implementation on hardware. Among these algorithms, the one which has the highest performance has a performance equal to the Davis–Putman algorithm which introduced the heuristic with dynamic ordering of variables. From the evaluation results using simulation, we show that by the method proposed herein, the solution of a 3‐SAT problem instance with 400 variables generated in a very hard random can be obtained in 1.6 minutes when the circuit is operated at a machine cycle of 10 MHz. Moreover, a very hard problem instance with 128 variables and 256 clauses was packaged on FPGAs and its operation was confirmed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(3): 35–46, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10134
Probing the neural mechanism of binocular information processing with VEPs
Authors: Hayashi Ryusuke , Miyawaki Yoichi , Maeda Taro , Tachi Susumu
Published: February 2003

We analyze the binocular stereo‐vision process, and the visual evoked potential (VEP) is examined for the case in which a random‐dot stereogram (RDS) is presented. In this study, three experimental parameters are considered, namely, stimulus presentation position, disparity, and correlation between binocular images. The analysis is based on the change of VEP latency, and the relation between the binocular stereo‐vision process and the binocular competition process is investigated. The VEP waveform for RDS presentation is divided into three main components. The first component is the initial vision response, observed to be localized in the occipital area, which is considered to reflect the local disparity detection process. The second and third components are responses with middle to long latency spreading from the occipital area to the frontal areas, and the latency greatly depends on the presentation position and the disparity. The latency is shorter when the presentation is at the center than at the periphery of the view field, and is shorter for crossed disparity than for uncrossed disparity. The difference of latency seems to reflect the processing mechanisms for the presentation position and the disparity. In an experiment using the RDS with the contrast reversed between two eyes (anti‐RDS), the latency is longer for crossed disparity than for uncrossed disparity, which is the reverse of the case of RDS. This phenomenon can be accounted for by the response of the disparity‐selective neuron in V1, which suggests that both binocular stereo vision and binocular competition are based on the local disparity detection mechanism as the neural basis. The response of the disparity‐selective neuron is simulated using the binocular energy model, and the difference between the two kinds of binocular vision processing. A mechanism that detects the unpairedness between the two eyes is proposed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(3): 47–60, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10135
Estimation of motion parameters for a roaming robot using panoramic images
Authors: Hata Koichi , Aoki Toshimichi , Eto Minoru
Published: February 2003

This paper relates to studying a roaming robot rotating about a vertical axis while moving horizontally on a flat floor surface, and to a method for estimation of its motion parameters. For estimation of motion parameters this method uses correspondences of five or more direction angles in panoramic images captured from three viewpoints by a roaming robot. In this study, first, motion parameters of a roaming robot were limited to horizontal components of translational and rotational parameters, and then the authors concentrated on direction angles as horizontal components of features. Thus, the difference between the measured direction angles and the directional angles obtained by observation was formulated as the error evaluation function, and parameters were estimated by nonlinear minimization. In addition, numerical and computer graphics‐based simulation techniques were used for evaluating accuracy, and the effectiveness of this method was confirmed by tests using real images. This method enables capturing panoramic images by a roaming robot in multiple viewpoints with compensation of the capturing location errors. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(3): 61–72, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10136