bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mental health and adequacy of social support: A four‐wave panel study
Authors: Cramer Duncan , Henderson Scott , Scott Ruth
Published: June 2011

LISREL analyses with manifest variables were used to examine the causal relationship between mental health and adequacy of social integration and of attachment, measured at four consecutive waves each four months apart, in a representative sample of 225 adult residents in Canberra. Mental health was assessed with the 30‐item General Health Questionnaire. The analyses suggest that while there is no temporal relationship between adequacy of attachment and mental health, adequacy of social integration is influenced by earlier mental health. The temporal relationship between adequacy of attachment and adequacy of social integration appears to be reciprocal.
Seeking influence through characterizing self‐categories: An analysis of anti‐abortionist rhetoric
Authors: Reicher Steve , Hopkins Nick
Published: June 2011

This paper presents an analysis of an anti‐abortionist's speech to a medical audience. It is shown that central to the speech is the way in which the speaker defines the context of the abortion debate and hence the categories of people involved. In particular, the speaker construes himself as a member of a common in‐group with his audience, construes the entire audience as part of an anti‐abortion category and claims that abortion is in contradiction with the defining features of the audience's medical identity on a series of levels. This analysis is used to make two suggestions. Firstly, following self‐categorization theory, that the ways in which self‐categories are defined may be central to the process of mass social influence. Secondly, however, self‐categories may not be specified by intra‐psychic processes but rather are discursively constructed and argued over. The implications of such a position for future research on self‐categorization and category salience are discussed.
Gender, status and ‘powerless’ speech: Interactions of students and lecturers
Authors: McFadyen Ruth G.
Published: June 2011

The present study investigated whether the use of ‘powerless' speech was affected by role status, speaker's gender and gender of another participant. Fifty‐two university lecturers and 156 students participated. Students were paired with a lecturer or student of the same or opposite sex. The findings placed a question mark over the link between powerless speech and individuals of low role status. Moreover, against hypothesis, speaker's gender and gender of partner did not affect the use of qualifiers or fillers, although they affected the use of tag questions and some types of hesitation. A qualitative analysis was also conducted which suggested that the powerless features were, in fact, multi‐functional with respect to power. In addition, the importance of a variety of interactional techniques, such as credibility techniques, in the creation or negotiation of relational power was documented. As a whole, these findings highlight problems with the concept of ‘powerless' speech, at least with respect to relational power.
Social identities in talk: Speakers' own orientations
Authors: Antaki Charles , Condor Susan , Levine Mark
Published: June 2011

What happens if one treats social identity as a flexible resource in conversational interaction? Close attention to the sequencing of talk suggests that speakers' identities are much more subtle than simple pre‐given category labels suggest, and that they change rapidly as a function of the ephemeral (but socially consequential) demands of the situation. Were a psychologist to have sampled the interaction only at one given point, they would have seen a participant using, or being attributed with, only one identity; but we show that speakers use, and attribute each other with, a variety of different identities as their business progresses. In so doing, the speakers can be seen not only to avow contradictory identities but also to invoke both group distinctiveness and similarity—and neither of these strategies are easy to square with social psychological theories of identity. We put what we find in this particular case study into the debate between, on the one hand, ethnomethodological preference for working from participants' own orientations to identity and, on the other hand, social psychological research practices which tend to privilege analytically given social categories. At the very least, we argue, the social psychological approach can be enriched by attending more to identity as a matter of situated description and less as a matter of perceptuo‐cognitive processing.
Better not ask me why: Effects of providing reasons for political attitudes
Authors: Bosveld Willem , Koomen Willem
Published: June 2011

The present study extended earlier findings with respect to the effects of providing reasons for one's attitudes. On the basis of earlier work on reasoning it was expected that participants, asked to explain why they held a specific attitude towards a politician or a political party, would become more inconsistent in their attitudes compared to participants in a control condition. This is because people often do not have access to the reasons underlying their attitudes. To meet some of the objections that can be raised to earlier research, participants in the present study were first asked for their attitudes, immediately followed by the request to explain why they held that attitude. After that, attitudes were measured again. Overall, it was shown that for two out of four targets, attitudes became relatively inconsistent after providing reasons. Further, the moderating effect of involvement in politics was shown. Less involved participants showed reasoning effects for all four targets, whereas more involved participants did not show these effects, and for one target even became more consistent in their attitudes.
‘It's not just me who's saying this…’ The deployment of cited others in televised political discourse
Authors: Dickerson Paul
Published: June 2011

Research in persuasive communication has provided a taxonomy of source characteristics which are thought to add to the efficacy of a communicator's persuasive attempt. However, it is argued that much research has neglected an adequate description of the way in which communicators do not purely position themselves as the sole author of their utterances but often cite other sources as corroborators or endorsers of their message. The current research explores these issues through an analysis of extracts drawn from a range of televised political discourse broadcast in the UK and USA. From the present analysis it is argued that politicians deploy cited others whom they construct as offering apolitical, expert and counter‐interest warrants for their claims. However, far from being fixed ‘psychological objects’, it is argued that such source characteristics are ‘to‐be‐constructed’ resources, accomplished to suit the immediate argumentative context.
The gender gap: Differences in political attitudes and social dominance orientation
Authors: Pratto Felicia , Stallworth Lisa M. , Sidanius Jim
Published: June 2011

Survey data over recent decades show men to differ from women on a number of political attitudes and on political party identification. We provide evidence that many such differences can be attributed to individual differences in Social Dominance Orientation (SDO)—preference for inequality among social groups—that are sex linked. Results from a US college student sample (N = 463) and a US 1992 voter sample (N = 478) replicate previous findings of more male support of conservative ideology, military programmes, and punitive policies and more female support of social programmes and equal rights. Consistent with our hypotheses, men were more social dominance oriented than women, and SDO accounted for much of the sex‐linked variability in political attitudes. SDO was also a significant predictor of candidate choice in the US 1992 presidential election through its influence on policy attitudes and political ideology. Implications of these results for theories of gender and politics are discussed.
Cross‐categorization effects in intergroup discrimination: Adding versus averaging
Authors: Singh Ramadhar , Yeoh Bernice S. E. , Lim Daw Ing , Lim Kit Kwan
Published: June 2011

In two between‐participants experiments (Ns = 216 and 260), Chinese in Singapore rated competence and attractiveness of strangers described (a) by cross‐categorizations of race (Malay: out‐group vs. Chinese: in‐group) and nationality (Malaysian: out‐group vs. Singaporean: in‐group), (b) by simple categorization of either race or nationality, and (c) by no‐group label. An additive effect of cross‐categorizations was obtained: Both the race and nationality categorizations produced main effects but no interaction effect. Analyses of variance of the simple and cross‐categorization data together also retained the additive effect as predicted by the adding rule. However, the higher ratings of the in‐group than of the out‐group in both the simple and cross‐categorization conditions were based on an out‐group derogation instead of an in‐group bias. Explanations of the out‐group derogation and suggestions for additional work on the cross‐categorization effects are discussed.
Inter‐ethnic contact as a predictor of blatant and subtle prejudice: Tests of a model in four West European nations1
Authors: Hamberger Jürgen , Hewstone Miles
Published: June 2011

This paper investigates the role of inter‐ethnic contact (neighbourhood, as friends, and at work), alongside other ‘background’ variables (education, value orientation and national pride), in reducing prejudice. This was achieved by secondary analysis of survey data (Eurobarometer 30, 1988) from respondents in four West European countries, asked about various ethnic out‐groups (West Germany/Turks; France/Asians; France/North Africans; Dutch/Turks; Dutch/Surinamese; British/Asians; British/West Indians). We developed and tested a path model in one sample, and then tested it across six others, first for blatant and then for subtle prejudice. Contact‐as‐friends had a significant negative effect on blatant prejudice in six samples; there were also strong negative effects for education and value orientation, and education was a significant predictor of contact‐as‐friends. Tests of the goodness‐of‐fit of models with and without contact showed that prediction was significantly improved by the inclusion of contact‐as‐friends in four samples. Results were generally parallel for subtle prejudice, but prediction was much weaker. These results are discussed in terms of future interventions to decrease prejudice and some critical questions concerning the ‘contact hypothesis’.
For you can't always get what you want: When preconditions are better explanations than goals
Authors: McClure John , Hilton Denis
Published: June 2011

Heider (1958) claimed that goals are normally better explanations of actions than preconditions, because people can manipulate the preconditions required for the action. Recent research supporting this view examined common actions where the conditions necessary for the action are readily available. The present studies show that when the preconditions necessary for an action are difficult to obtain, the availability of those conditions comprises a better explanation than the relevant goal. This trend is clearest with actions requiring substantial skills or money, although preconditions also rise in importance with common actions that are obstructed. These findings have important implications for theories of attribution, and they provide the basis for conceptual links between goal‐based theories and covariation models.
Intergroup bias and self‐evaluation: Domain‐specific self‐esteem, threats to identity and dimensional importance
Authors: Hunter John A. , Platow Michael J. , Bell Linley M. , Kypri Kypros , Lewis Christopher A.
Published: June 2011

Recent theoretical statements argue that two predictions about self‐esteem and intergroup bias may be derived from social identity theory. The first suggests that in‐group bias enhances self‐esteem. The second suggests that threats to self‐esteem enhance in‐group bias. Previous research has provided little firm evidence for either prediction. Much of this work has, however, tended to ignore realistic groups, domain‐specific self‐esteem, the assessment of self‐esteem prior to and following the display of in‐group bias and the importance attached to evaluative dimensions. The current investigation sought to redress these issues. In separate experiments, men and women presented with positive and negative feedback, evaluated in‐group and out‐group success and failure on dimensions important and unimportant to the in‐group. Women displayed out‐group bias on dimensions unimportant to their in‐group (i.e. physical ability) with respect to evaluations of failure. Women subsequently manifested a decrease in physical self‐esteem. Men displayed in‐group bias on dimensions unimportant to their in‐group (i.e. verbal ability) and, following positive feedback, on dimensions important to the in‐group (i.e. physical ability). Men subsequently manifested an increase in verbal and physical self‐esteem. Global self‐esteem was unaffected in each study. These findings suggest that the relative display of bias can affect domain‐specific self‐esteem. No support was found for the postulate that low or threatened self‐esteem can enhance bias on evaluative dimensions important to the in‐group.
Network analysis and lay interpretation: Some issues of consensus and representation
Authors: Muncer Steven J. , Gillen Kate
Published: June 2011

Two studies examined the use of netwotk analysis to reveal lay interpretations of loneliness. The first study demonstrated that there were no important differences between results from a Likert‐scale and binary‐choice method, by using an index of disagreement to compare networks. The study also used inductive eliminative analysis to produce a network of the causes of loneliness that a majority of participants endorsed. The results suggest that a lay interpretation of loneliness places great emphasis on psychological states. In a second study, participants were asked to rank the identified causes of loneliness. In this study causes of loneliness identified as being psychological states received the highest ranking. The results are compared and contrasted with those from an earlier study on lay perception of loneliness by Lunt (1991). In particular it is suggested that the form of analysis used in that study may have resulted in an overly complex view of the lay interpretation of loneliness.
Inter‐judge agreement in evaluation of adult attachment style: The impact of acquaintanceship
Authors: Banai Erez , Weller Aron , Mikulincer Mario
Published: June 2011

Inter‐judge agreement in the evaluation of attachment style was examined across different levels of acquaintanceship. A self‐rating scale on attachment style was administered to 242 students. Then, 72 participants—25 avoidant, 25 secure, and 22 ambivalent—were invited to the laboratory in unacquainted same‐sex pairs, videotaped during a five‐minute conversation, and asked to rate the attachment style of their conversation partner. In addition, each participant asked four friends to rate his/her attachment style and the videotaped interactions were shown to a separate sample of strangers who rated participants' attachment styles. The results showed high correlations between participants' self‐reported attachment styles and the manner in which they were perceived by their friends and conversation partners. In contrast, correlations with ratings by strangers based on videotaped interactions were low. This pattern of findings was observed in both discrete and continuous measures of attachment. The findings suggest that attachment style can be considered an observable interpersonal trait.
Political talk and the stability and consistency of political orientation
Authors: Lalljee Mansur , Evans Geoffrey
Published: June 2011

This paper investigates the relationship between talk and political orientation. Two indices of talk are considered: frequency (the extent to which a person talks politics) and discussant homogeneity (whether the person(s) with whom they talk politics support the same party as they do). Two aspects of political orientation are examined: party identification (viz. the party to which the person feels closest) and political attitudes (along the left–right and libertarian–authoritarian dimensions). It is hypothesized that the frequency of political talk will be related to the stability and consistency of a person's political attitudes and to the stability of their party identification. It is also expected that discussant homogeneity will be related to the stability of party identification and to the stability of political attitudes. The data were drawn from a panel study which used a stratified national sample of over 200 respondents interviewed in 1985 and 1986. The results show that frequency of talk is closely related to the consistency of political attitudes; and also related to the stability of political orientation. Discussant homogeneity is clearly related to the stability of party identification but not to attitudinal stability. The results offer general support for the ideas presented which emphasized the importance of talk as a way of expressing a person's political identity and the interpersonal processes involved in its maintenance.
Are men more competitive than women?
Authors: Cashdan Elizabeth
Published: June 2011

This study uses competition diaries to see whether women and men differ in (a) what they compete over, (b) whom they compete with, and (c) their competitive tactics, including use of aggression. In Study 1, university students kept diaries of their competitive interactions during the term. Sex differences, few overall, were as follows: (a) men's diaries contained more same‐sex competition, (b) women competed more about looking attractive whereas men competed more about sports, and (c) men used physical (but not verbal) aggression more frequently than women. In Study 2 strength of competition was also measured by questionnaire. Women and men felt equally competitive overall, but men felt more competitive about athletics and sexual attention whereas women felt more competitive about looking attractive. In men, but not women, competitiveness for financial success was correlated with various aspects of mating competition. Young men were more competitive than older men in a variety of domains and were also more physically and verbally aggressive, but no age difference in aggression was found for women.
An analysis of the construction and contestation of contradictions in a debate between Noam Chomsky and Lord Jenkins on the Gulf War
Authors: Robertson Toby , Reicher Stephen
Published: June 2011

This paper addresses the question: how do two things come to be understood as contradictory to each other? The assumptions underlying cognitive consistency theories are described as epistemologically realist, which, on the one hand, justify researchers linguistically defining cognitive elements and relations between them and, on the other, appear to rule out the possibility of argumentation over contradictions. In contrast, it is suggested that contradiction is constructed and contested in language. This position is supported by an analysis of a debate between Noam Chomsky and Lord Jenkins concerning the Gulf War. The analysis shows, firstly, that contradiction is a central topic of the debate; secondly, the various levels at which the issue of contradiction is contested; thirdly, that the deployment of these argumentative techniques must be viewed strategically and as a function of the developing interchange. In discussion, the implications of this analysis for future research into the psychology of contradiction—both in terms of how contradiction is constituted and of when being accused of contradiction proves problematic—are drawn out.
‘Just an ordinary Australian’: Self‐categorization and the discursive construction of facticity in ‘new racist’ political rhetoric
Authors: Rapley Mark
Published: June 2011

Australia has recently witnessed the resurgence of what has been termed the ‘race debate’. The apparently high levels of popular support from ‘ordinary’ Australians for MP Pauline Hanson's contentious views on immigration, Australia's indigenous peoples and her foreign relations have been a major theme of this debate. This paper employs the framework of discursive psychology to examine, in her maiden speech to Parliament, the way in which Pauline Hanson's political rhetoric is precisely constructed in order to emphasize the ordinariness, reasonableness and commonsensical mass appeal of her views. Particular attention is paid to the discursive deployment of self‐categorization to construct a version of herself as exemplifying ‘ordinary Australian‐ness’. The potential for recent work in discursive psychology both to complement and to challenge aspects of social identity theory inspired studies of political rhetoric is discussed. The analysis presented suggests that not only is it unnecessarily reductionistic to construe identity in talk in terms of dichotomous mental states, but also that the discursive construction of self‐ and social categories, and the establishing of the facticity of a position, need not be construed as separate aspects of the task of racist political rhetoric, but may be understood as mutually supporting components of successful mobilization discourse.
Dimensions of subjective uncertainty in social identification and minimal intergroup discrimination
Authors: Mullin Barbara‐Ann , Hogg Michael A.
Published: June 2011

Social categorization under minimal group conditions reliably produces intergroup discrimination. It is proposed that this might be because the minimal group paradigm engenders high levels of subjective uncertainty among participants, which causes them to use the categorization to define self and thus identify with the minimal group. Uncertainty is generally an aversive state which may be resolved by identification (Hogg, 1996; Hogg & Abrams, 1993). Thus, people may identify with social categories (and express discrimination) when identification resolves uncertainty. To investigate this idea a standard minimal group experiment was conducted, in which the three independent variables of categorization, task uncertainty and situational uncertainty were manipulated in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial between‐subjects design. Point distribution strategies were measured along with in‐group identification, self‐esteem, social awareness and, at three occasions, uncertainty about the task and situation. As predicted, under conditions of high task or situational uncertainty, categorized participants identified more with their minimal in‐group and exhibited more intergroup discrimination than other participants. There was also some evidence that identification reduced uncertainty. There was only partial support for the mediational role of identification, and similarly, for self‐esteem as a derivative motive. These findings are interpreted as supporting an uncertainty reduction model of social identification and group motivation.
Video game playing and its relations with aggressive and prosocial behaviour
Authors: Wiegman Oene , van Schie Emil G. M.
Published: June 2011

In this study of 278 children from the seventh and eighth grade of five elementary schools in Enschede, The Netherlands, the relationship between the amount of time children spent on playing video games and aggressive as well as prosocial behaviour was investigated. In addition, the relationship between the preference for aggressive video games and aggressive and prosocial behaviour was studied. No significant relationship was found between video game use in general and aggressive behaviour, but a significant negative relationship with prosocial behaviour was supported. However, separate analyses for boys and girls did not reveal this relationship. More consistent results were found for the preference for aggressive video games: children, especially boys, who preferred aggressive video games were more aggressive and showed less prosocial behaviour than those with a low preference for these games. Further analyses showed that children who preferred playing aggressive video games tended to be less intelligent.
‘I did it for the nation’: Repertoires of intent in televised political discourse
Authors: Dickerson Paul
Published: June 2011

Previous approaches to understanding intention talk have often operated within the account giving perspective—which has developed taxonomies of various exonerating utterances—the efficacy of which some researchers have attempted to measure. While potentially useful, this approach has sought generalized principles at the expense of exploring the details of talk and the context in which it occurs. This paper has employed a discursive perspective in the analysis of six extracts which refer to ‘the national interest’ drawn from a pool of examples of politicians' televised discourse broadcast in the UK and the USA between March 1992 and May 1996. The analysis illustrates that ostensibly similar extracts which each draw upon the repertoire of ‘the national interest’ can, on close inspection, be seen to accomplish a number of diverse functions which may be interaction orientated, such as exoneration and blaming or ‘ideological’—constructing political reality in a particular way. It also highlights the way in which talk about ‘the national interest’ has to orientate towards potential challenges regarding both the truth and the desirability of the sentiments it expresses. Thus, the paper argues that a discursive perspective can reposition intention talk as an issue which participants orientate to, and that it is through an exploration of detail and context that the functions of such talk and its embededness in interactional sequences can be best appreciated.
Predicting offending in prison: The predictive validity of the Prison Behaviour Rating Scales
Authors: Cooke David J.
Published: June 2011

The Prison Behaviour Rating Scales were developed to measure three forms of disturbed behaviour, namely, anti‐authority, anxious‐depressed and dull‐confused. Prison officers rated 220 adult male prisoners on these dimensions and offences against prison discipline in the subsequent six months were recorded. The anti‐authority scale showed utility as a predictor of those who offended and those who did not offend. The combination of the anti‐authority and dull‐confused scales improved prediction. The relative value of a range of predictive statistics is discussed, it is concluded that the misuse of the variance explained statistic can lead to undue pessimism regarding the utility of psychometric instruments.
Forensic psychology in England: One practitioner's experience and viewpoint
Authors: Gudjonsson Gisli H.
Published: June 2011

In the present paper, the author discusses 450 forensic cases on which he has worked between 1980 and 1992. Of these 420 (93 per cent) were criminal cases. Murder (33 per cent) and sexual offences (25 per cent) were the most common offences. The civil cases were mainly concerned with compensation, due to alleged post‐traumatic stress disorder or head injury. Although the author has worked on a large number of different types of problems and issues, 60 per cent of the criminal cases involved disputed confessions. The author testified in court in 89 (20 per cent) of the 450 cases, with 33 of the cases being heard at the Old Bailey. The author concludes that in recent years there has been a dramatic increase in the demand for psychological services, particularly in the cases of disputed confessions and post‐traumatic stress disorder which are highly specialized areas of court work. At present there appears to be an insufficient number of psychologists in England with the necessary experience and expertise to cope with the increased demand.
Response bias and lay conceptions of personality and moral reasoning in offenders
Authors: Aleixo Paulo A. , Hollin Clive R.
Published: June 2011

Purpose. Response bias to the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Eysenck, Eysenck & Barrett, 1985) and the Sociomoral Reasoning Measure (Gibbs & Widaman, 1982) was investigated by examining lay individuals' ability to ‘fake’ offenders' responses to these tests. This method also allowed for the investigation of the way lay individuals conceptualize the personality and moral reasoning of offenders and how these may relate to the academic theories of offending behaviour proposed by Eysenck (1977) and Kohlberg (1964).

Methods. One hundred and thirteen undergraduate students, who received course credits for participating, were divided into a comparison and a ‘faking’ group and completed three standard measures: the short form of the revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Eysenck et al., 1985); the Sociomoral Reflection Measure (Gibbs & Widaman, 1982); and a self‐reported delinquency questionnaire (Elliott, Ageton, Huizinga, Knowles & Canter, 1983). The ‘faking’ group were asked to give responses to the first two measures as they would imagine convicted offenders might.

Results. Comparisons of the results with previously published findings showed that the responses of the ‘fakers’ closely followed patterns of responding of actual offenders.

Conclusions. It was concluded that the measures were susceptible to this kind of bias and that further studies might look at the influence of other variables on faking on these measures.
Kleptomania‐like behaviour and psychosocial characteristics among shoplifters
Authors: Sarasalo Elina , Bergman Bo , Toth Janos
Published: June 2011

Shoplifting causes heavy losses to retail trade. The economic extent of shoplifting is not known and probably varies between countries. Some of the culprits have long been called kleptomaniacs. The hypothesis underlying this study, based on detailed interviews with 50 shoplifters directly after having been caught red‐handed, is that features of kleptomania‐like behaviour may be common among ‘ordinary’ shoplifters but that all the diagnostic criteria according to DSM‐IV are rarely fulfilled. Although none of the shoplifters in this study fulfilled the DSM‐IV criteria, many of them reported impulsivity and thrill in connection with the crime, two of the basic criteria for kleptomania according to DSM‐IV. Further, many of the shoplifters did not feel to be themselves during the crime indicating dissociative‐like experiences, both of which have been described in kleptomania and compulsive buying. Our study supports the hypothesis that there are intermediate stages between kleptomania and shoplifting for personal need. As there are case reports indicating that treatment with anti‐depressant pharmaceuticals may have a positive effect on kleptomania and compulsive buying one may question whether persons exhibiting such intermediate stages also should be offered pharmaceutical treatment. Further, in cases of compulsive and ego‐dystonic shoplifting, the educational programme developed by Shoplifters Anonymous may be an alternative to fines, which probably have a very limited preventive effect.
Intractability is relative: Behaviour therapy in the elimination of violence in psychotic forensic patients
Authors: Becker Mark , Love Colleen C. , Hunter Melvin E.
Published: June 2011

Purpose. This paper describes the treatment and effects of an integrated behavioural therapy programme for each of four male, psychotic in‐patients considered to be intractably violent and dangerous.

Method. Each patient, after years of various combinations of treatments and extended periods in restraints, was administratively referred to psychology services. Extensive pre‐treatment observation and evaluation revealed that, for each patient, anger was a significant link in the behavioural chains leading up to violent behaviour. Target behaviours were identified and tailored for each patient.

A strong therapeutic alliance was developed and maintained between each patient and the primary clinician. Integrated systems theory provided a framework for the synthesis of classical and operant conditioning approaches including (but not limited to) pre‐treatment skill building, behaviour shaping, desensitization, and affect modulation with other psychological approaches. No aversive techniques were used. Extensive groundwork and ongoing staff development were devoted to building the trust, ability, confidence and effectiveness of the nursing staff who took part in implementing the interventions.

Results. All participants were able to increase and sustain prosocial behaviours and interactions including improved anger management skills. Violent behaviour and hours in seclusion and restraint were reduced and finally eliminated in each case. All participants were transferred to a less restrictive setting. These dramatic treatment successes rekindled a sense of hopefulness and empowerment in treatment staff.

Conclusions. Intractability is a relative term. Violent behaviour can be successfully eliminated even while psychotic phenomena persist. Integrated, relationship‐based behavioural therapy—while labour intensive—is a valuable adjunct to other psychotherapeutic modalities for persistently violent, severely disordered individuals.
Anger treatment with forensic hospital patients
Authors: Renwick Stanley J. , Black Laura , Ramm Mark , Novaco Raymond W.
Published: June 2011

Purpose. Despite increasing evidence that anger may play a contributing role in the violent behaviour of psychiatric patients, as yet there is a dearth of evidence concerning the utility of anger control treatment procedures with this population. This paper describes the development and preliminary evaluation of an anger treatment protocol modified to meet the needs of secure hospital patients.

Method. Four patients having recurrent problems of anger and aggression were provided with anger control treatment based on the new protocol. Evaluation of the intervention was based on clinical assessments and by quantified structured interviews obtained post‐treatment with each patient's psychiatrist, key worker, and day‐care worker.

Results. Therapist assessment and clinical staff ratings testifiy to modest but significant treatment gains for patients. Experience from clinical implementation highlights key issues in treatment process and institutional system integration for achieving efficacy.

Conclusions. The results support the application of anger control treatment procedures to severely disordered psychiatric patients in a forensic institution. Given the preliminary nature of this evidence, and in the absence of a controlled clinical trial, continued work is needed on treatment and research protocols.
Psychopathy and recidivism: A review
Authors: Hemphill James F. , Hare Robert D. , Wong Stephen
Published: June 2011

Psychopathy is defined by a constellation of interpersonal, affective and behavioural characteristics that should, in principle, be strongly related to risk for recidivism and violence. We reviewed the literature on The Hare Psychopathy Checklist‐Revised scales (PCL‐R; Hare, 1980, 1991) and recidivism. We found that the PCL‐R consistently was an important predictor across inmate samples and was consistently among the best predictors of recidivism. Average correlations between the PCL‐R and recidivism, weighted by their degrees of freedom, were .27 for general recidivism, .27 for violent recidivism, and .23 for sexual recidivism. Relative risk statistics at one year indicated that psychopaths were approximately three times more likely to recidivate—or four times more likely to violently recidivate—than were non‐psychopaths. The correlation between general recidivism and PCL‐R Factor 2 (a measure of the social deviance facet of psychopathy) was stronger than the correlation between general recidivism and PCL‐R Factor 1 (a measure of the interpersonal/affective facet of psychopathy). Both PCL‐R factors contributed equally to the prediction of violent recidivism. The PCL‐R routinely made a significant contribution towards predicting recidivism beyond that made by key demographic variables, criminal history, and personality disorder diagnoses. Across studies, PCL‐R scores were as strongly associated with general recidivism, and were more strongly associated with violent recidivism, than were actuarial risk scales designed specifically to predict reoffending. Taken together, these findings indicate that the PCL‐R should be considered a primary instrument for guiding clinical assessments of risk for criminal recidivism and dangerousness.
The Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form as a predictor of federal parole/probation/supervised release outcome: A 3‐year follow‐up
Authors: Walters Glenn D. , McDonough John R.
Published: June 2011

Purpose. This study was conducted in an effort to predict the long‐term outcome of federal parole, probation and supervised release clients with the Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form (LCSF).

Methods. A sample of 52 federal parolees/probationers/supervised releasees, the entire caseload of a US federal probation officer, were scored on the LCSF and followed up for three years. Outcome measures included revocation, all violations (revocation and technical) and adjustment (revocation, technical violations, drug use, employment).

Results. Analyses revealed that the LCSF successfully predicted revocations, technical violations and poor adjustment independent of age, race or gender. A cutting score of 10 correctly classified 69.2 per cent of the sample in terms of good or poor adjustment, 75.0 per cent of the sample on revocations leading to incarceration, and 73.1 per cent of the sample with respect to all violations (technical and criminal).

Conclusions. These findings lend further credence to the practical utility of the LCSF as a predictor of future adjustment difficulties in federal parolees, probationers and supervised releasees.
Reliability of criteria‐based content analysis of child witness statements: Response to Tully
Authors: Horowitz Steven W.
Published: June 2011

Tully (1998) suggests that the quality of statements from child witnesses is likely to affect the reliability of criteria‐based content analysis (CBCA) ratings. Recent studies suggest that this may be true. He also suggests that giving raters more latitude in their ratings, rather than less, might improve both reliability and validity. This is an interesting idea that is worth testing. Finally, Tully argues that CBCA and statement validity assessment (SVA), of which it is a part, are protocols rather than psychometric instruments. Therefore, CBCA should not be subject to the rigours of testing for reliability and validity. With this I must disagree.
Changes in measures of personality, hostility and locus of control during residence in a prison therapeutic community
Authors: Newton Margaret
Published: June 2011

Purpose. The impact of treatment in the therapeutic communities at Grendon Prison is assessed in terms of changes in personality, hostility and locus of control, and the effect of length of stay is examined.

Method. Ninety‐four men were tested on reception and discharge from Grendon, using the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Caine, Foulds & Hope's (1967) Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire and Rotter's Locus of Control (I‐E) Scale.

Results. Mean scores on discharge were significantly closer to normal on all scales, i.e. prisoners showed lower levels of Psychoticism, Neuroticism, intro‐punitive and extrapunitive hostility, higher levels of Extraversion and more internal locus of control. For Neuroticism, the degree of change was significantly related to length of stay. For all scales except Psychoticism, the proportion showing statistically reliable change was greatest for men who had stayed for at least a year.

Conclusions. Residence at Grendon is accompanied by changes in personality, hostility and locus of control. The tendency for some changes to be greatest, or to affect more individuals, after relatively long periods at Grendon (in the region of one to two years) would be in keeping with a progressive treatment effect and supports the results of reconviction studies and also the time‐scale suggested by Genders & Player's (1995) model of a ‘therapeutic career’.
A comparison of patterns of moral development in young offenders and non‐offenders
Authors: Palmer Emma J. , Hollin Clive R.
Published: June 2011

Purpose. This study investigates the patterns of moral reasoning among male delinquents, and male and female non‐delinquents. It is hypothesized that the delinquents' moral reasoning will be particularly delayed on questions related to offending behaviour.

Methods. The moral reasoning of 210 female non‐offenders, 122 male nonoffenders, and 126 convicted offenders between 13 and 22 years of age was assessed using the Sociomoral Reflection Measure‐Short Form. A self‐reported delinquency checklist was also administered to allow for investigation of the delinquency/moral reasoning relationship within the officially delinquent and non‐delinquent groups.

Results. Analyses of covariance revealed that male delinquents had significantly poorer moral reasoning than the male non‐delinquents across 10 of the 11 questions on the measure and all five moral values assessed. Female non‐delinquents showed significantly higher moral judgment than male non‐delinquents on seven of the questions and four moral values. Within each sample, moral reasoning was poorer on the moral values pertaining to offending behaviour, and among the male delinquents the score on the life value item was significantly higher than the other values.

Conclusions. The findings suggest that delinquents have both value‐specific, and global deficits in their moral reasoning, with less mature reasoning exhibited in those value areas relating to delinquent behaviour. This suggests that interventions aimed at changing moral reasoning should be directed at raising levels of moral reasoning in these areas.
Processing resources and eyewitness suggestibility
Authors: Zaragoza Maria S. , Lane Sean M.
Published: June 2011

Purpose. Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that encountering or retrieving suggested information under conditions of limited, rather than full, attentional resources is likely to increase false memory for suggested events.

Methods. A typical eyewitness suggestibility paradigm was employed in which participants viewed a slide sequence depicting an office theft, answered misleading questions regarding the theft, and were later tested on their memory for the source of the suggested details. In Expt 1, participants encountered the misinformation under conditions of either divided or full attention, and in Expt 2 participants were given either ample time to make the source judgment or were forced to provide source judgments very quickly.

Results. The results of both experiments showed that participants who encountered (Expt 1) or retrieved (Expt 2) misleading suggestions under conditions of limited attentional resources were more likely to misattribute the suggested items to the slides and less likely to remember having encountered the suggestions in the post‐event questions.

Conclusions. The results support the hypothesis that limiting attentional resources impairs participants' ability to retrieve source‐specifying information and increases false memory for suggested details.
Robust Real-Time Optimization of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack
Authors: Marchetti A. , Gopalakrishnan A. , Chachuat B. , Bonvin D. , Tsikonis L. , Nakajo A. , Wuillemin Z. , Van herle J.
Published: June 2011

On-line control and optimization can improve the efficiency of fuel cell systems, whilst simultaneously ensuring that the operation remains within a safe region. Also, fuel cells are subject to frequent variations in their power demand. This paper investigates the real-time optimization (RTO) of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack. An optimization problem maximizing the efficiency subject to operating constraints is defined. Due to inevitable model inaccuracies, the open-loop implementation of optimal inputs evaluated off-line may be suboptimal, or worse, infeasible. Infeasibility can be avoided by controlling the constrained quantities. However, the constraints that determine optimal operation might switch with varying power demand, thus requiring a change in the regulator structure. In this paper, a control strategy that can handle plant-model mismatch and changing constraints in the face of varying power demand is presented and illustrated. The strategy consists in the integration of RTO and model predictive control (MPC). A lumped model of the SOFC is utilized at the RTO level. The measurements are not used to re-estimate the parameters of the SOFC model at different operating points, but to simply adapt the constraints in the optimization problem. The optimal solution generated by RTO is implemented using MPC that uses a step-response model in this case. Simulation results show that near-optimality can be obtained, and constraints are respected despite model inaccuracies and large variations in the power demand.
Fabrication and Characterization of an Anode-Side, Substrate-Supported Planar SOFC
Authors: Phuong Vo Nguyen Xuan , Ho Quang Nhu , Lim Tae-Hoon , Hong Seong-Ahn , Nam Suk Woo , Yoon Sung Pil
Published: June 2011

This paper describes a simple and reliable method of fabricating an anode-side, substrate-supported (AS-SS) planar cell constructed of a porous 3YSZ support and thin, selective-area layers of NiO/YSZ anode, 8YSZ electrolyte, and LSM cathode sequentially coated on the support. Extension of triple phase boundary (TBP) at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces was done by coating SDC thin films within the pores of the electrodes using a sol-gel technique to improve performance of the cell. An anode-supported (AS) planar cell was produced using the same procedure and technique, thus expected to have identical cell components except for the anode morphology. The AS-SS planar cell exhibited a maximum power density of 0.85 Wcm−2 which is higher than the 0.60 Wcm−2 achieved from the AS planar cell at 800°C in humidified hydrogen versus air.
ASSOCIATED PRODUCTION OF LIGHT PSEUDOSCALAR BOSON η WITH TOP QUARK PAIRS IN THE SLH MODEL AT THE ILC
Authors: HAN JINZHONG , YANG DAPENG , WANG XUELEI
Published: June 2011

The light pseudoscalar boson η is the typical particle predicted by the Simplest Little Higgs (SLH) model. In this paper, we investigate some processes of the associated production of a light pseudoscalar boson η with a pair of top quarks in the SLH model at the International Linear Collider (ILC), i.e. [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. We find that the cross-sections of these two processes could reach [Formula: see text] fb in the favorite parameter space in the SLH model, which is consistent with the results of the cross-section of [Formula: see text] in the standard model and the cross-section of [Formula: see text] in the minimal supersymmetric standard model. It should be clear that hundreds to thousands of η can be produced at the ILC per year, these processes of [Formula: see text] are really interesting in testing the standard model and searching the signs of the SLH model.
STUDY OF CP VIOLATION IN $\Lambda_c^+$ DECAY
Authors: KANG XIAN-WEI , LI HAI-BO , LU GONG-RU , DATTA ALAKABHA
Published: June 2011

In this paper, we study CP violation in [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] decays, where B, P and V denote a light spin-½ baryon, pseudoscalar and a vector meson respectively. In these processes the T odd CP violating triple-product (TP) correlations are examined. The genuine CP violating observables which are composed of the helicity amplitudes occurring in the angular distribution are constructed. Experimentally, by performing a full angular analysis it is shown how one may extract the helicity amplitudes and then obtain the TP asymmetries. We estimate the TP asymmetries in [Formula: see text] decays to be negligible in the Standard Model making these processes an excellent place to look for new physics. Taking a two-Higgs doublet model, as an example of new physics, we show that large TP asymmetries are possible in these decays. Finally, we discuss how BES-III and super τ-charm experiments will be sensitive to these CP violating signals in [Formula: see text] decays.