bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A eficácia dos novos tratamentos de hormonioterapia na sobrevida livre de progressão de pacientes com câncer de mama metastático RH+/HER2-: uma revisão sistemática
Authors: Silva Lucas Rodrigues da , Queiroz Nathália de Lima , Menezes Marina dos Santos , Carvalho Janaina Alves de , Souza Areta Agostinho Rodrigues de
Published: October 2021

Objetivo: O câncer de mama é o tipo de neoplasia que mais acomete as mulheres, ficando atrás apenas dos cânceres de pele não melanoma. Os inibidores de quinase dependente de ciclina 4 e 6 (CDK 4/6) são a mais recente opção de terapia hormonal para as pacientes com câncer de mama metastático RH+/HER2-. Dessa forma, o presente estudo busca compreender a eficácia dos novos tratamentos de hormonioterapia na sobrevida livre de progressão de pacientes com câncer de mama metastático RH+/HER2-. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura utilizando o modelo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), mediante buscas nas bases de dados Pubmed, Lilacs, BioOne, The Cochrane Library, Scielo, IBECS e Medline. Resultados: A combinação de inibidores de CDK 4/6 com inibidores da aromatase demonstrou melhores resultados quanto à sobrevida livre de progressão para tratamento de primeira linha do câncer de mama metastático RH+/HER2-, sendo adotada pelas principais diretrizes das sociedades americana e europeia de Oncologia. A melhor sobrevida livre de progressão média foi de 28,2 meses, alcançada com a combinação abemaciclibe mais letrozol. No que se refere à sobrevida global, o melhor tempo obtido foi de 54,1 meses com fulvestranto em monoterapia. Conclusão: Os inibidores de CDK 4/6 são novidade no que diz respeito ao tratamento do câncer de mama metastático RH+/HER2-, tendo grandes resultados quanto à sobrevida livre de progressão quando combinados com inibidores de aromatase ou fulvestranto.
Microagulhamento em cicatrizes de queimadura: revisão de literatura
Authors: Espirito Santo Rayssa Silva do , Roberto Jeciane de Melo , Oliveira Naira Patrícia Castro de
Published: October 2021

Aproximadamente 1 milhão de pessoas sofrem queimaduras todos os anos, elas causam danos parciais ou até mesmo totais à pele. As cicatrizes causadas pelo tipo de lesão mencionada fazem com que os pacientes recorram a tratamentos que melhorem o aspecto das cicatrizes. O microagulhamento, também conhecido como indução percutânea de colágeno preserva a epiderme e reorganizaas fibras colágenas normalizando o aspecto do tecido lesionado. Portanto, o trabalho tem como objetivo, identificar através de uma revisão literária, os benefícios e resultados do uso da técnica de microagulhamento em cicatrizes de vítimas de queimaduras, por meio da fisioterapia dermatofuncional. Desse modo, este estudo trata-se de uma revisão de literatura, por meio de um levantamento em que buscou-se estudos que comprovem a eficácia da técnica do microagulhamento. De acordo com os resultados apresentados neste estudo, foram observados resultados positivos do microagulhamento em cicatrizes de queimaduras. Sendo assim, apesar de o microagulhamento apresentar-se como uma técnica nova no mercado, nota-se que vem ganhando o seu espaço e provando ser promissora e eficaz no tratamento das cicatrizes de queimaduras, promovendo a melhora do aspecto estético, assim como também da autoestima dos pacientes.
A importância do pai no pré-natal
Authors: Freitas Jhonata Henrique Miranda , Alves Larissa Luz
Published: October 2021

A presença do pai é de suma importância durante todo o ciclo gravídico, e esse trabalho tem como intuito trazer mais informações para a figura paterna sobre os seus direitos, que sua participação é fundamental durante todo o pré-natal, e os profissionais de saúde tem um papel de orientar da melhor forma e tirar todo tipo de dúvidas do pai sobre a gestação, sabemos que muitos colocam dificuldades para acompanhar as consultas de sua parceira, e um dos maiores fatores como desculpas é que muitos são o único provedor da casa e não pode se ausentar do trabalho para acompanhar as consultas de pré-natal, é neste momento que entendemos que é de extrema importância que o pai acompanhe toda a gravidez de sua parceira, pois é aonde começa o primeiro vínculo de pai e filho e também aumenta o vínculo familiar, além disso será prestado um cuidado com a saúde da figura paterna.
Impacto da pandemia do Covid-19 na saúde dos idosos e intervenção da equipe de enfermagem
Authors: Alves Thainá Oliveira , Nunes Weslem Almeida Silva , Santos Marcos Vinícius Ferreira dos
Published: October 2021

A pandemia da Covid-19 é reconhecida pela OMS como uma emergência internacional de saúde pública, o que revela vários aspectos da saúde, patogênese, epidemiologia e cuidados. As populações mais suscetíveis incluem idosos independentemente de seu estado de saúde, dentre outros, destaca-se a relevância de compreender o papel da enfermagem no contexto da saúde do idoso. O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir o impacto da pandemia mundial na saúde do idoso e a necessidade de uma intervenção profissional para manutenção da qualidade de vida. A busca de estudos realizou-se nas bases de dados NCBI/PubMed, SciELO, Google Acadêmico e Lilacs - Bireme. Para delimitação dos conteúdos foram utilizados critérios de inclusão: artigos disponíveis na integra, em português e inglês, no período de 2019 a 2021 com acesso gratuito e que tivessem pertinência com tema. A partir da análise dos nove artigos, demonstrou-se que os idosos enfrentam mais ameaças e desafios frente à realidade, pois as alterações fisiológicas causadas pelo processo de envelhecimento afetam diretamente sua função imunológica e possíveis condições de saúde subjacentes. E ainda, fatores temporais e patologias típicas, como demência, acidente vascular cerebral e fraturas, os idosos têm aumentado sua suscetibilidade à infecção e embolia, o que está relacionado à infecção atual causada pela pandemia. Concluiu-se que o enfermeiro é fundamental para promoção da saúde do idoso, e realização de ações para conscientização do idoso, pois, os impactos da pandemia os atingem em diversos aspectos.
STRAIN DEVELOPMENTS IN HERBAGE PLANTS
Authors: Levy E.Bruce
Published: October 2021

The evolution of species in response to, and their perpetuation in harmony with the forces of the habitat is, I think, accepted by at least all ecologists.
BALANCED MANURING AND BALANCED STOCK FEEDING
Authors: Annett H.E.
Published: October 2021

Those of us who are working on grassland problems fully realise that manuring is only one factor in production. Sir John Russell s&3 when he was in New Zealand that in considering the manurial scheme for any farm one'has first to decide what manure should be used, and then when it should be used. I disagree with this view. I first want to look at the farmer and then at his farm. In other words,a great deal of money can be wasted by inefficient management.
THE CO-ORDINATION OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Scott Mr M.J.
Published: October 2021

In the following paper attention is drawn to the necessity of a better organisation of agriicultural research in New Zealand.
THE EXTENSION OF OVERSEAS MARKETS POR NEW ZEALAND CERTIFIED SEEDS
Authors: Levy E.Bruce
Published: October 2021

Mr. Hadfield has pointed out that with regard to New Zealand certified ryegrass we have reached a point after four years work when we as a body of agricultural advisers do not know whether to carry on and increase the production of that seed suck 'a position, I claim, is intolerable as a climax to the development of in trade in certified seeds, The question is, how best can we extend our markets and open up new outlets for New Zealand certified seeds?
ORGANISATION OF THE SEED TRADE FROM THE MERCHANTS' VIEWPOINT
Authors: Hewlett Mr C.H.
Published: October 2021

Only twenty minutes is allowed for this paper, I propose to confine my attention to the wholesale export trade only.
GRASSLAND WORK OVERSEAS
Authors: Holford G.H.
Published: October 2021

I think you realise that I will be able to give only the merest sketch of a subject of such dimensions as "Grassland Work Overseas". A good deal of it has already been touched upon by Dr Hilgendorf, who has dealt with some of the Overseas Work on Ryegrass selection, so I will just try and bring forward some of the points I think may bear on other phases of grassland work being carried on in New Zealand. After all, we have to recognise that grass is one of the most important factors in human existence, Somebody once said - "After air, light and water, the next most important thing is grass". We know it exists in all lands to some extent, but there is no country in the World so dependent on grass as New Zealand.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRESENT POSITION OF THE NEW ZEALAND GRASS EXPORT TRADE
Authors: Foy N.R.
Published: October 2021

In these remarks I propose to touch briefly on the present position in regard to grass and clover seed export generally and to comment on those factors which appear to me as influencing in no small degree the potentialities of the seed export trade of this Dominion
SEED GROWING IN CANTERBURY
Authors: Hilgendorf F.W.
Published: October 2021

Nearly every country has the chance to produce certain goods and services under more favnurable conditions than its rival countries enjoy.
SOME ASPECTS OF PROBLEMS RELATIVE TO INCREASED APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE OF GRASS FARMING
Authors: Connell R.P.
Published: October 2021

The final test of the usefulness of the labours of grassland workers is not the knowledge which is acquired by those workers but the extent to which that knowledge is applied in practice.
GRASSLAND PROBLEMS OF OTAGO & SOUTHLAND
Authors: Holmes G.A.
Published: October 2021

At this the first representative conference meeting of the New Zealand Grassland Association it is fitting that a good deal of attention should be directed in a general way to the major problems in the advancement of grass-farming whether our interests lie in the direction of research, of education, or of practice.
THE IMPORTANCE OF CULTIVATION IN PASTURE ESTABLISHMENT
Authors: Smallfield P.W.
Published: October 2021

There is nothing new in what I am going to say every real farmer and gardener realises the importance of a good seed bed at sowing time and understands the principles and practice involved in its preparation.
THE ECONOMIC USE OF PASTURES IN DAIRYING
Authors: Candy R.A.
Published: October 2021

The subject matter of this paper received very little attention until the end of the great War, until which time farmers had been engaged almost continuously in a process of breaking in land of natural.
SOME OBSERVATIONS RELATIVE TO THE USE OF GRASSLAND BY PIGS
Authors: Connell R.P.
Published: October 2021

As during recent years ever increasing attention is being given to the utilisation of pastures by pigs, it seems worthwhile to examine the intrinsic worth of some of the methods of grazing which are being practised or advocated.
NOTE ON THlE DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE IN PASTURE SAMPLES
Authors: Doak B. W.
Published: October 2021

Investigators in the course of analysis of herbage samples appear to have treated the determination of moisture as one of the simple determinations which can hardly go wrong. Various workers have used dryi-ng ovens at 1000 - 103O and have left samples in the ovens for periods of six to twentyfour hours. Probably each worker has kept to a fairly constant procedure and by this means has obtained duplicates which agree within reasonable limits. Naturally they have taken the results so obtained to be correct.
METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS - THEIR TECHNIQUE AND VALUE IN ASSESSING THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF PASTURE
Authors: Franklin Dr M.C.
Published: October 2021

Common methods adopted to ascertain the nutritional value or quantity and quality of grass and other foodstuffs include changes in live weight, improvement in health and production,chemical analyses- naked eye responses to fertilisers, tons per acre, and so on.
COCKSFOOT BREEDING
Authors: Calder J.W.
Published: October 2021

Professor Stapledon, working with Cocksfoot, has shown that ecoty-pes offer favourable material on which to commence breeding strains suitable for a particular habitat. that material and simple selection considerable progress may be made without a rational understanding of the genetic fundamentals underlying the results, The object of this paper is to discuss some genetical data relative to Cocksfoot breeding and to include information emphasising the importance of a knowledge of the genetic make up of the individual.
LUCERNE POLLINATION
Authors: Hadfield J.W.
Published: October 2021

Mr R. A. Calder and I are engaged in the breeding of lucerne, and because such a project necessitates an intimate knowledge of the pollination and fertilization of the crop under consideration, appropriate investigations have been undertaken.
THE USE OF LIME IN NEW ZEALnND PASTURES
Authors: Woodcock J.W.
Published: October 2021

In this paper the word "lime" is restricted in is application to burnt lime, slaked lime and ground limestone and does not include ,other calcium compounds, such as phosphate or nitrate, which are applied on account of a direct manurial value.
SOME PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON FERTILIZER PLACEMENT IN RELATION TO ROOT GROWTH IN SOME GRASSES
Authors: Jacques W.A.
Published: October 2021

The question of the most suitable positional placement of different fertilizers is one which has received much attention in the United States in particular for a, number of years pa.st, In Europe too, attention has been given to the importance of the root system in relation to food supply
LABORATORY METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PLANT TYPE
Authors: Foy N.R. , Hyde E.O.C.
Published: October 2021

Following developments in the segregation of superior types of pasture plants in many countries attention is being focused on the associated problem of the establishment of simple and reliable methods of type or strain diagnosis in the laboratory.
NITROGENOUS TOPDRESSING IN SOUTHLAND
Authors: Stuart A.
Published: October 2021

Nitrogenous topdressing in Southland has rather more complicated factors militating against its more general use than is the case in districts farther north.
BEHAVIOUR OF NEW ZEALAND CERTIFIED CLOVERS IN NEW ZEALAND AND ABROAD
Authors: Gorman L.W.
Published: October 2021

Two species of clover come under certification.
THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF PASTURES IN PIG RAISING
Authors: Mcmeekan C.I.
Published: October 2021

Pig-raising in New Zealand is essentially associated with Dairying. The large volumes of dairy bi-products in the dairying districts provide practically the only foodstuffs available in any quantity for pig fattening purposes. Furthermore, these by products have no other marketable outlet, on a large scale, than by conversion into pork and bacon.
SOME FEATURES OF THE ROLE OF SUPPLEMENTARY CROPS IN DISTRICTS OF GOOD RAINFALL
Authors: Connell R.P.
Published: October 2021

For the purposes of this paper districts of good rainfall may be defined as ones in which there is a fairly well distributed annual rainfall of from about thirty-five inches upwards.
NEW PERMANENT PASTURE AS GREENFEED IN CANTERBURY
Authors: Flay A.H. , Tebb C.P.
Published: October 2021

The Canterbury farmer depends to a great degree upon supplementary greenfeeds as part of the diet of sheep and dairy cows, but the actual extent to which he is dependent upon them is seldom fully realised until the occurrence of a very dry period.
FACTORS IN DAIRY COW PRODUCTION
Authors: Scott M.J.
Published: October 2021

The winter feeding of stock is often discussed as though it were of itself the most self-contained aspect of stock production.
BANKS PENINSULA AND ITS PASTURES
Authors: Mcgillivray R.
Published: October 2021

In dealing with the question of the pastures of Banks Peninsula it is necessary first of all to say something about the special features of the district and its past . . history, because the Peninsula.as we know it is totally different from what it was at the time of European occupation, and vastly different from the Banks Peninsula of a still earlier period.
FIELD EXPERIENCES RELATIVE TO CERTIFIED RYEGRASS IN CANTERBURY.
Authors: Schmidt F.O.
Published: October 2021

In bringing this pager before you today I will endeavour to give you some farmers' experiences in the growing and grazing of Certified Ryegrass of Hawkes Bay origin.
THE VALUE OF STRAINS OF RYEGRASS IN CANTERWRY
Authors: Calder J.V.
Published: October 2021

Canterbury is recognised as one of the main cropping areas in the Dominion and the climate and soil conditions are particularly suited for this type of farming.
CANTERBURY EXPERIENCE WITH SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER (Trifolium subterraneum)
Authors: Neave H. , Hewlett C.H.
Published: October 2021

The information contained in this paper is principally first-hand knowledge extending over a period of six years gained from personal experience from our own "Oakleigh" farm.
SOME RESEARCH PROBLEMS
Authors: Hudson A.W.
Published: October 2021

BECAUSE of a keen realization of the large number and the complexity of problems connected with grasslands, problems which vary with soil, climate, and systems of farming, it is with considerable diffidence that one venttires to discuss even a few of them. However, there are some which appear worthy of discussion and investigation and fundamental to the furtherance of research into certain other problems connected witli grasslands.
ENVIRONMENT IN RELATION TO CROP IMPROVEMENT
Authors: Calder R.A.
Published: October 2021

THIS paper is presented with the idea not of delivering any dogmatic statements nor of suggesting anything original; it merely offers some comments on the relationship between environment and cropproduction, discusses the effect this relationship has in, regard to crop-improvement work, and considers the type of organization which may be suitable for a comprehensive plant-breeding policy.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PLANT-BREEDING
Authors: Frankel H.
Published: October 2021

THE object of this paper is to review some recent trends in genetic research which clearly point to new possibilities in economic plant-breeding.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE EXTREME SIMPLIFICATION OF PASTURE SEED-MIXTURES.
Authors: Smith J.M.
Published: October 2021

A STUDY of grass-seed mixtures used during the past two hundred years reveals that there is relatively little new in the present-day trend towards the extreme simplification of such mixtures, and that during this period the pendulum has swung backwards and forwards. It is an accepted theory that extremes in anything are not desirable.
PASPALUM AS A PASTURE GRASS
Authors: Hamblyn C.J.
Published: October 2021

Paspalum dilatatum is a sub-tropical grass.
SOIL SURVEY IN HAWKES BAY.
Authors: Pohlen I.J.
Published: October 2021

The Soil Survey in Hawkes Bay was commenced in November 1935 with the object of providing, a basis for land utilization studies of value both to farmers individutily and to the community as a whole.
THE EFFECT OF INTENSITY OF DEFOLIATION ON ROOT DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION IN SOME PASTURE-GRASS SPECIES
Authors: Jacques W.A.
Published: October 2021

There are many points of approach to a consideration of root development in pasture plants, but I wish to confine myself to this effect on the root system of different rest periods between the removal of leaves and outline the plants reaction to them
PIGS IN CANTERBURY
Authors: Scott M.J.
Published: October 2021

Development of agricultural pursuits arises from a variety of causes.
IRRIGATION IN THE SOUTH ISLAND
Authors: Stafford Wm C.
Published: October 2021

Agriculture in the South Island, especially in Canterbury, is due in the next decade to undergo a change.
TOP-DRESSING OF PASTURES. MANURIAL PRACTICE IN OTAGO AND SOUTHLAND
Authors: Smith J.M.
Published: October 2021

The degree of grass consciousness that is so evident in many districts in the North, has not been developed to nearly the same extent in Otago and Southland and visitors to our Southern Provinces are often amazed that in this area, which represents a Quarter of New Zealand, and where the type of farming is in the main pastoral, so little topdressing of Bastures is carried out.
THE SEED TRADE
Authors: Boy Nelson R.
Published: October 2021

In almost every phase of agriculture it is upon seeds that man relies for the renewal of crags and pastures, and upon the quality of these seeds depends in no small measure the ultimate return that he receives f'or his labour.
PASTURE SEED MIXTURE FOR HIGH RAINFALL DISTRICTS
Authors: Stuart A.
Published: October 2021

In dealing with this subject it is essential to define the high rainfall districts, and on, perusing a rainfall map it was found, contrary to expectations, that the greater part of the North Island, as represented by the Auckland Province and Taranaki, has a rainfall of over 50 inches per annum. In the same category falls the West Coast of the South Island and all of Stewart Island.
RYEGRASS STRAINS IN OTAGO AND SOUTHLAND
Authors: Saxby S.H.
Published: October 2021

Before considering the various strains of perennial ryegrass, the place of this grass in Otago and Southland should be considered, generally speaking, the famer's air is to establish and maintain permanent pastures.
THE PRESENT STATE OF OUR KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING LOW GERMINATION IN PERENNIAL RYEGRASS SEED
Authors: Hyde E.O.C.
Published: October 2021

The importance of the yearly crop of certified perennial ryegrass seed will, I am sure, be appreciated by all who have watched the developments in grassland farming in New Zealand during the last decade.
HARROWING OF PASTURES
Authors: Woodcock J.W.
Published: October 2021

The practice of harrowing pastures appeared to gain popularity about the year 1929 and almost coincided with the introduction of the so-called "new system" of grassland management.
TECHNIQUE OF TOPDRESSING EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Syme P.S.
Published: October 2021

Perhaps the most important development in New Zealand Agriculture during the last quarter of a century has been the spectacular increase in pastoral products, Rapid as advancement in this direction has been, it is claimed that the set limit of production for New Zealand's grass lands is not yet even in sight, and the potential value of grass as a crop is so far only dimly appreciated.
SOME FUTURES OF CURRENT LAND UTILISATION
Authors: Connell R.P.
Published: October 2021

An aim of this statement is to provide specific evidence that the application of available knowledge relative to the utilisation of our farm resources is far from being the fullest possible and that the current trends are not always completely reassuring ones.
THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF PASTURES ON PUMICE LANDS CARRYING SCRUB
Authors: Dalgliesh C.S.
Published: October 2021

Volcanic ash showers, differing in ejecting material, and widely distributed by both air and water, form the pumice soils of the Central Plateau of the North Island.
REHABILITATION OF DETERIORATED LAND IN THE WAIKATO
Authors: Smith S.
Published: October 2021

This is the most serious problem facing the whole of New Zealand, a much more difficult task than- the handling of virgin land, as practically all this class of country is heavily infested with weeds, particularly gorse? blackberry and ragwort, Ragwort is the worst since it is injurious to stock, This land is also nearly all broken country difficult and expensive to handle, all materials and labour being high in price and difficult to procure.
TALK AND DEMONSTRATION ON FARM DRAINAGE
Authors: Hudson A.W.
Published: October 2021

There is probably no more profitable means of improving the production of net country which is already Equipped in ths matter of farm buildings and sub-division, than by draining it. The object of this talk and deimonstration is to tell you something about the financial aspect of land drainage to demonstrate the need and effects, to demonstrate: the USE of modern machines for tile draining, and to give you some idea about the development of the College Farm itself as influenced by drainage.
INTENSIVE GRASSLANDS MANAGEMENT - FAT LAMB FARM
Authors: Bruce J.
Published: October 2021

The farm is at Lockwood, 8 miles from Palmerston North and lies in the Taonui Basin, an area of the tianawatu swamp. country which is still subject to flooding both from the Manawatu and Oroua rivers. The 320 acres was originally flaw swamp and 16 years ago the area was without subdivisional fences or drains, I being a wilderness of stumps, blackberry, rushes and willow-heed, with patches of grass consisting of tall fescue, swamp poes, and meadow foxtail, with some ryegrass on the drier areas. The country was completely devoid of clovers and had the repltation of not being able to fatten cattle.
GUIDE TO THE MARTON EXPERIMENTAL AREA
Authors: Lynch P.B.
Published: October 2021

In 1911 on the property of Sir James Wilson at Karton Junction, the Department of Agriculture laid down a series of, experimental plots 9 with the prime object of testing varieties of wheat, oats and barley, many of which had been introduced from overseas countries, These plots were repeated in the following year and for some years annually, and the plots became referred to as the Marton Experimental Area.
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF PRESENT DAY TRENDS IN GRASSLANDS FARMING
Authors: Hambly C.J.
Published: October 2021

In opening this session of four short talks on some aspects of Intensive Grasslands Farming, I feel that I cannot do better than to review the progress being made in the direction of improving first of all the grasslands themselves, and secondly, of irKproving the management of these grasslands in the direction of obtaining greater production per acre from them. The three papers to be read will, I believe, give you an indication of the capacity for high production of our grasslands and some idea of the methods by %hich this production can be obtained. The basis of improved production is shown to be the use, in the first instance, of the improved strains of grasses and more particularly of clovers which have been made available by research to our farmers. The method of improved production is shown to be a matter of stock management and manipulation of the grazing animal.
INTENSIVE GRASSLANDS MANAGEMENT - HILL COUNTRY
Authors: Linklater H.M.
Published: October 2021

This will be the up-to-date story of a rather drastic change in the grazing management of a breeding ewe flock on a small hill country farm on the slopes of the Ruahine Ranges, above the Pohangina Valley, some 22 miles from Palmerston North.
Development of a Small North Canterbury Sheep Run
Authors: Foreman M.S.
Published: October 2021

THIRTY years ago "Vulcan Downs" was a typical North Canterbury grazing run, well managed judged by the standards of that time, but in no way different from. many other similar properties. Today "Vulcan Downs" is still a North Canterbury grazing run, but it is far from typical. It now enjoys a reputation of prosperity and its enviable record has been achieved solely through the unremitting efforts of its owner, Mr. Eric Gardiner. The story of some grazing runs is often a depressing one, a story of steady retrogression and ever-diminishing returns. What the ultimate fate of much of this country will be who can tell? Years of overstocking and injudicious management have left a mark which can never be erased, and the possibility that valuable country will be abandoned -to scrub and second growth is a very real one. In the light of this dismal prospect the account of the development of "Vulcan Downs" holds an even greater appeal.
CANTERBURY FARMING
Authors: Connell R.P.
Published: October 2021

IN Canterbury there are just over 8 000,000 acres of occupied land, the major part of which consists of:- I. A grazing region of approximately 4,480,OOO acres of tussock and other native grasses. II. An arable region of approximately 2,720,OOO aeres, of which nowadays 600,000 to 700,000 acres annually are ln arable crops and the remainder in pastures which are ploughed up at n-regular intervals and used temporarily for the raising of annual crops. From the above data it follows that the area of sown pastures annually is just a little over 2,000,OOO acres.
Restoring Canterbury Soil Fertility Through Pastures
Authors: Smith E.G.
Published: October 2021

THROUGHOUT Canterbury there is an abundance of farms, which, as a result of a protracted programme of cropping without due attention to a suitable rotation; have gradually become depleted of much of their original soil fertility. Under a continued system of incorrect management this depletion has inevitably reached the stage at which further cropping has become uneconomic, owing to reduced yields. When this regrettable stage has been reached something has had to be done-some alteration in the management has had to be made in an endeavour to rebuild the fertility of the soil.
The Elimination of Ryegrass Blind-seed Disease
Authors: Blair I.D.
Published: October 2021

The co-ordinated ryegrass blind-seed disease research programme is concerned at present with three main features
THE MINERAL CONSTITUENTS OF PASTURES
Authors: Melville J.
Published: October 2021

I cannot claim any originality in the title of this paper, since during the past hundred years dozens of papers have been written under the identical heading and hundreds -have been written on the same topic. In the hour that is allotted to me I propose to discuss, not the mineral status of pastures grown under all the environmental conditions possible in New Zealand, but one or two small trials which have been under ";~-v; in Palmerston North during the past 3 years. reason for this intense specialisation will, I hope, become clear as the lecture proceeds, but briefly we are concerned with principles which will be applicable regardless of the environmental conditions rather than with applications which relate only to one particular climate or one particular soil.
SHORT-ROTATION RYEGRASS IN CANTERBURY
Authors: Leitch C.C.
Published: October 2021

The paper presented by Mr C. E. Iversen has covered the field of experience with short-rotation ryegrass in Canterbury and I would like to compliment him on his paper.
SHORT ROTATION RYEGRASS IN THE SOUTHERN HALF OF NORTH ISLAND
Authors: Hamblyn C.J.
Published: October 2021

In the short space of five minutes it is difficult to review the place of short-rotation ryegrass under. the varied conditions of soils, climates, and types of farming which are to be- .found in the area to be covered, namely the land districts of Poverty Bay, Hawke's Bay, Wellington, .and Taranaki. The opinions of the Instructors in Agriculture throughout the area as to t.he position in their districts was sought and this review is based on these opinions. It is interesting to note that while experience with short-rotation ryegrass in one or two districts extends back to 1942 in the majority, seed of this species has been sown only in the past two or three years, while in some localities as yet there has been no real experience with it. First of all let us have a look at the position of short-rotation ryegrass as it affects the farmer. This can best be done under two headings-seed production and in grazing pastures.
INSECTS INFESTING PASTURES IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Dumbleton L.J.
Published: October 2021

Grassland farming is the basis of our primary production and insetit pests constitute one of the factors which limit or decrease that production. A survey of the relative importance of different pest species and of the means available for their control should serve a useful purpose. Such a stocktaking will help in comparing the pasture pest situation in New Zealand with that in other countries, and in indicating some of the overseas pests whose accidental establishment in New Zealand could be potentially very serious.
REVIEW OF PLANT INTRODUCTION WORK ON PASTURE SPECIES IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Gorman L.W.
Published: October 2021

Perhaps the feeding value and the soil protection value of herbage plants has been appreciated more extensively in recent years, and it may have been realised, also, that the plants which have successfully resisted soil erosion and provided useful fodder, hay, or seed are those which have become completely adapted to the soil, and to the climate, of the region in which they have been grown. With all useful plants important ecological factors have been the habit of growth, resistance to extremes of temperature, the period of the year in which most growth has been made, resistance to plant diseases, relative palatability, and a prime consideration alwavs has been how much forage any particular plant will yield. For soil conservation work the type of root, whether deep rooting or surface rooting, and whether fibrous or rhizomatous, always is of special importance.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON SHORT-ROTATION RYEGRASS
Authors: Iversen C.E.
Published: October 2021

In 1943 a new ryegrass appeared on the New Zealand market, known first as Hl, but later as short rotation ryegrass. This new grass was a hybrid produced by the Grasslands Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and combined some of the more valuable features of its parents Italian and perennial ryegrass. Since that time the grass has been tried over a wide range of soils and clima.te with varying management and utilisation, so that the picture of its sphere of usefulness is now fairly clear. The characteristics of the grass as first produced are as follows
THE RATE OF GROWTH OF PASTURES
Authors: Lynch P.B.
Published: October 2021

The essential study in this paper is the examination of seasonal and yearly changes in the growth rate of pastures and pasture species in different districts, on different soils, and over a number of 'years. It is impossible to deal with all aspects of the subject adequately in the time available, and I have therefore not considered in detail how or why these growth rate changes occur, -but have confined: discussion to an analysis of the differences in pasture growth rate that exist in varioiib parts of New Zealand. Again, because the measurement trials of the",Department of Agriculture' have so far been restricted td the Iiat and easily rolling country, comparisons are available only between better-than-average pastures under better-than-average management in the more productive districts of New Zealand. With the possible exception of some of the trials in Canterbury, all the pastures concerned are or could have been made dominantly ryegrass and white clover.
GRASSING OF PUMICE LAND
Authors: Smallfield P.W.
Published: October 2021

From quite early days in the colonization of New Zealand farmers began to search for satisfactory methods of grassing and farming the great areas of light volcanic soils in the central region of the North Island. Even the earliest land-improvers seemed to think that these pumice soils were suitable for pastoral purposes, but for many decades their hopes, engendered by the excellent red clover growth in the initial pasture sowings, fell as the pasture swards ran out and sheep and cattle pined from bush-sickness. This initial excellence of red clover was certainly a factor which kept people perpetually interested in the land, for although the land is easily cultivated, the virgin pumice soils appear infertile and unattractive. This. aspect was commented on as early as 1839 by J. C. Bidwell, who, in recording his travels from Tauranga to Taupo, remarked " . . . the land is not bad . . . I have seen clover and grass growing in the garden of a Mission or I might perhaps have thought the land was worse than it is . . ." It was the intuition that really intensive farming was ultimately possible on these pumice lands that kept invigorated the faith of such men as Aston, Clifton, Carr Rollett, and Earle Vaile in their work of seeking methods which would overcome the problem of pumice land farming.
THE RESPECTIVE CLAIMS OF FORESTRY AND AGRICULTURE FOR PLOUGHABLE SCRUB LANDS
Authors: Thomson A.P.
Published: October 2021

The title of this paper is "The Respective Claims of Forestry and Agriculture for Ploughable Scrub Lands." This title was not chosen by myself, and I find immediately that it presents certain difficulties.
PASTURE DEVELOPMENT ON UNPLOUGHABLE LAND
Authors: Madden E.A. , Harris G.S. , Mckee J.G.
Published: October 2021

In this paper it is not the hill-country on which cultivating implements can be used that we are concerned with; it is all that steeper country which has been regarded variously as "marginal" or "deteriorated land," and which also is the really difficult country to manage and keep in a productive state.
PELLETING OF SEED
Authors: Saxby S.H. , Browning H.A. , Hoy K.F.
Published: October 2021

The need for clover in pastures is becoming increasingly well recognised and has been adequately dealt with, particularly regarding hill country pastures in the two papers already presented this morning.
RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN THE RYEGRASSES
Authors: Corkill L.
Published: October 2021

Of the grasses used in sowing down pastures in New Zealand, those of the genus Lolium (the ryegrasses) are the most widely used, as one or other of them forms the basis of practically all seed mixtures. The characteristics of the ryegrass species and strains available to the farmer to-day are, in some respects, very different from those of strains available twenty years ago. So that a comparison between those and the present pedigree strains may be made, I shall deal briefly with the changes that have taken place over this period.
PASTURE REGENERATION: WITHER HILLS
Authors: Wilkie D.R.
Published: October 2021

The process of natural regeneration of pastures is one on which during the past 20 years there has been a deal of discussion and experimentation, but on which there has, in this country, been little enough action on a practical scale.
GRASS GRUB CONTROL
Authors: Kelsey J.M. , Hay J.M.
Published: October 2021

Farmers throughout New Zealand agree that grass grubs, or the larvae of Odontria zealandica, are the most serious insect pests of pasture. Though damage is not conspicuous every year in established pasture, there is usually a certain amount of annual thinning out of valuable fodder plants and their replacement by weeds such as plantain, dandelion, mouseeared chickweed, and weed grasses such as sweet vernal and hair grass. It is difficult to estimate losses involved in this way except by close inspection of pastures or by a fall in farm returns. For example, one dairy farm in the Waikato produced over 80001b. less butterfat this :year than last, and yet it was only after a careful mspection that it was found that these pastures-though they looked uniform from a distance- had deteriorated by approximately one third. Though no definite sequence of grass grub damage can be predicted, it is common for an infestation to build up over a period ranging from 1 to 8 years, with damage becoming progressively worse from an original patchy effect till the pasture is more or less uniformly infested.
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CLOVERS IN PASTURE
Authors: Sears P.D.
Published: October 2021

Detailed studies of single species such as have been given by the previous speakers provide an essential background for a full appreciation of the various combinations applying in the field
THE GORE SUB-STATION OF THE GRASSLANDS DIVISION
Authors: Lambert J.P.
Published: October 2021

Until 1938 the Grasslands Division carried out all its critical studies at Palmerston North. A substation was then established on the Crop Research area at Lincoln, in Canterbury. In 1945 the Gore substation was established. A most important reason for the establishment of sub-stations is to be able to continue studies in different climates and to investigate any problems specific to a particular region. Climate is a reflex of many interacting factors such as temperature, rainfall,. length of day, wind, etc.
FARMING IN SOUTHLAND
Authors: Stuart A.
Published: October 2021

This paper is confined to a discussion on farming in two counties, Southland and Wallace. In this territory is comprised some 5,000 square miles of occupied land, which represents '7.8 per cent. of the Dominion total. In the Southland County there are 4,241 holdings averaging 476 acres, and in Wallace 1,514 averaging 793 acres. The combined figure of 5,755 holdings gives an indication of the number of farmers in the two counties.
PHOSPHORUS STATUS OF SOME PUMICE SOILS
Authors: Jackman R.H.
Published: October 2021

When laying down new pasture on the pumice soils of the North Island, it is common practice to apply Scwt. of superphosphate per acre and thenceforth to support the pasture with dressings of about 3cwt. of superphosphate per acre per year.
FORAGE CROPIS: THEIR PLACE IN GRASSLAND FARMING
Authors: Bevin R.H.
Published: October 2021

With our system of grassland farming in New Zealand, and with the emphasis placed on the relationship between the grazing animals and the pasture in which they run, we have been tending in recent years to modify our farm-management methods. We have to some extent forgotten or temporarily mislaid some of the older traditional practices. In particular there has been an evident avoidance of the need for forage crop provision, and today, in the North Island, only 1 acre in 30 of our arable land is under the plough each year. This means in effect that our pastures on the average are 20 to 30 years old before they are broken up and resown.
ADVANCEMENTS IN GRASSLAND FARMING IN TARANAKI
Authors: Hamblyn C.J.
Published: October 2021

In presenting some of the outstanding advances which have been made in grassland farming in the Province of Taranaki, a somewhat artificial subdivision of the subject seems advisable.
PROBLEMS OF HILL COUNTRY IMPROVEMENT
Authors: Larsen H.V.S.
Published: October 2021

The three properties with which I am going to deal belong to the marginal land group and were taken over about 1906-10, the main incentive being free rent for 4 years and the low unimproved value, namely 12s. 6d. to 25s. per acre. The tenure was L.I.P. or O.R.P. and the rent about 4 per cent. of the unimproved value.
THE EFFECT OF BREAK FEEDING OF PASTURES
Authors: Allo A.V.
Published: October 2021

In his presidential address our chairman stressed the necessity for increasing our exports of foodstuffs to Britain. The purpose of this paper is to indicate one; method by which our dairy production can be increased by the better utilisation of our pastures.
POTENTIALITIES OF INTENSIVE GRASSLAND FARMING
Authors: Sears P.D.
Published: October 2021

It is becoming increasingly obvious to all that the economic and national destiny of New Zealand must lie in a whole-hearted development of our agriculture, and a major intensification of our grassland practice in all its branches.
SEEDING RATES OF SHORT-ROTATION RYEGRASS
Authors: Brougham R.W.
Published: October 2021

This paper describes particular aspects of a comprehensive series of trials being carried out at Grasslands Division and designed to extend the work reported by Sears at the Grasslands Conference in 1950. (1.) It is concerned almost exclusively with seeding rates of short-rotation ryegrass in relation to subsequent productive performance, with only brief reference to the characteristics and performance of perennial ryegrass. But before presenting detailed results it is necessary to define the farmers' requirements from an establishing pasture, i.e., those characteristics expected of a pasture during its first 6 months of growth.
MOLYBDENUM RESPONSlES IN NORTH OTAGO
Authors: Lobb W.R.
Published: October 2021

We have had some excellent papers on the development of poorly farmed rolling downlands and clay foothill farmlands. It has been indicated that if the pattern of knowledge already known were applied to farming in these areas, great strides could be made.
TUSSOCK GRASSLAND MARGINAL LAND
Authors: Ireland R.K.
Published: October 2021

The real problem before this and similar conferences is to emphasise to the farmers of New Zealand the urgency of increasing production and to bring inspiration to the farmer by advice, demonstration, and assistance.
BLIND-SEED DISEASE OF RYEGRASS
Authors: Lynch P.B.
Published: October 2021

There is no need to stress the economic importance of blind-seed disease of ryegrass. Its severity in districts such as Southland has resulted in such areas in a serious decline in ryegrass seed production, but even the so-called "safe" seed-producing localities such as Hawke's Bay may in certain seasons have many lowgerminating seed crops.
DOWNLANDS FARMING
Authors: Slater G.J.
Published: October 2021

I would like first to give a brief outline of my farming operations. The area of my farm is 703 acres of slightly undulating clay downs situated at Hilton, 5 miles west of Geraldine. There is about 6in. of soil over a fairly stiff subsoil of clay and ironstone and the soil is deficient in both lime and phosphates. This country reverts quickly to browntop and sweet vernal when it is not farmed to capacity. The rainfall averages 30 to 35ins per annum. The ploughable area of the farm is 650 acres, and like a good deal of similar country it has grown too much crop in the past.
PASTURE PRODUCTION AT DARGAVILLE DEMONSTRATION FARM
Authors: Lynch P.B.
Published: October 2021

The Dargaville Demonstration Farm consists of 125 acres about 2 miles north of Dargaville. The farm carries a milking herd of about 65 cows plus replacements. It is controlled by a committee of local farmers with the local Fields Instructor of the Department of Agriculture as chairman, and a grant is made by the Department of Agriculture to this committee to enable the carrying out of a programme of experimental, work.
ENCOURAGEMENT OF FARM DRAINAGE IN NORTHLAND
Authors: Hudson A.W.
Published: October 2021

Mr Scott has told you something of the machines which are available for digging tile trenches, Mr Bowler has given you an outline of how Massey College is endeavouring to meet the demand for farm drainage in the Manawatu, and Mr Banfield has dealt with surface drainage of land with little or no fall and where water cannot flow freely from under-drains.
CATERPILLARS IN PASTURE
Authors: Blick C.M.
Published: October 2021

In March 1952 an outbreak of destructive caterpillars caused severe damage to pastures in parts of the North Auckland Peninsula. Hordes of these caterpillars with ravenous appetites. completely defoliated pastures in a few days and caused considerable losses to some farmers.
ORGANISATION AND FUNCTION OF A FARM DRAINAGE SERVICE
Authors: Bowler D.G.
Published: October 2021

Over the last 7 years a farm drainage service which has been in increasing and outstanding demand from farmers throughout the Wellington Province and Hawkes B,ay has been in operation from Massey Agricultural College.
PASPALUM AND ITS PLACE IN THE BAY OF PLENTY
Authors: Allo A.V.
Published: October 2021

In his paper on sub-tropical grasses Mr Arnold dealt with the characteristics of paspalum and its growth requirements. I will now discuss the place of this grass in the Bay of Plenty.
INTRODUCTION TO FARMING IN NORTH AUCKLAND PENINSULA
Authors: Arnold E.H. , Scott R.H.
Published: October 2021

In Northland, as elsewhere in New Zealand, the Maori was the first tiller of the soil. He used fern roots for food supplemented by produce of the forest and sea, but he also cultivated areas for the kumara, the taro, the gourd, and the yam. Possibly the first reference to Maori agriculture in Northland was made by Captain Cook in December, 1769, when he spoke of 40 to 50 acres of land cultivated and planted with roots on an island in the Bay of Islands as well- as considerable areas of kumaras on the mainland. It was through the action of Cook and other early visitors that the Maori added pork to his diet.