bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endosperm Development in ‘Maygol’ Peach1
Authors: Sherman W. B. , Buchanan D. W. , Aitken J. B.
Published: August 2022

The development of the endosperm of the ‘Maygold’ peach may be used to predict the optimum time for chemical thinning. With this variety 3-chlorophenoxy alpha-propionamide (CPA) was most effective when fruit diameter and seed length were 24 and 13-14 mm, respectively. This stage occurred 29 days after full bloom when cytogenesis was completed in 35 per cent of the fruit.
Effects of Five Herbicides on Young Apple and Peach Trees1
Authors: Skroch Walter A.
Published: August 2022

The effects of five herbicides, simazine, terbacil, DP 733, trifluralin and dichlobenil were studied at two or three rates and three methods of placement around young apple and peach trees. Golden Delicious apple seedlings exhibited a greater inherent tolerance to the herbicides than June budded Candor peaches. Simazine, terbacil, and DP 733 significantly reduced the growth of both apples and peaches at all levels. Trifluralin and dichlobenil were toxic only when high rates were mixed in the soil around the tree root systems.
Nutritional Quality in Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Shallenberger R. S.
Published: August 2022

In speaking on the nutritional quality of vegetables, one might expect a review of the vitamin and mineral content of these foods, vegetable by vegetable and vitamin by vitamin. To do that would be a considerable task, rather uninteresting to listen to, and just mere repetition of material already thoroughly documented in nutrition tables.
Lucite—A Molding Plastic on Biological Slides1
Authors: Edwards T. W. , Sherman W. B.
Published: August 2022

Permanent microscopic slides generally consist of mounting stained tissues in Canada balsam or resin and protecting them with a cover glass. Application of the correct amount of mounting material is necessary to prevent cleaning of excess resin from slides. In addition, air bubbles are often caught under the cover glass and cannot easily be removed. Fast-drying liquid plastics offer a simple technique for solving this problem. Satisfactory permanent slides have been made by using a form of Lucite (methyl methacrylate polymer) to mount tissues (1). This form was soluble in xylene to yield 30 to 40% solutions (w/v).
Triploid Azaleas of the Belgian-Indian Series1
Authors: Pryor R. L. , Frazier L. C.
Published: August 2022

A cytological and histological analysis of the triploid cultivars ‘Redwing’ and ‘Ablaze’ indicate that they are not cytochimeras.
Vein Tracts, Not Sutures, in Cantaloupe1
Authors: Davis R. M.
Published: August 2022

The term “vein tract” is better than “suture” to denote the longitudinal indentations or unnetted strips which sometimes characterize the outward appearance of fruits of Cucumis melo L., reticulatus Naud. The term “suture” has a botanical ring in comparison to “grooves” or “stripes,” and I confess to having used it as much as anybody. Unfortunately, “suture” is here applied incorrectly; thus it is misleading to one who may be considering physiological explanations for unexplained variations in this surface feature.
Muskmelon vs. Cantaloupe1
Authors: Whitaker Thomas W.
Published: August 2022

The common name for botanical varieties and cultivars of Cucumis melo L. is muskmelon. This term includes those forms with both edible and inedible fruits. In the United States the word “cantaloupe” has been applied to cultivars belonging to C. melo var. reticulatus Naud. The fruits of var. reticulatus are medium in size, the surface is netted, and has shallow vein tracts. The flesh is usually salmon colored, but it may vary from green to deep salmon-orange. The vines usually bear andromonoecious flowers, and the fruit generally separates from the stem when mature (slips). Most cultivars grown for commercial purposes in this country belong to C. melo var. reticulatus. The name “cantaloupe” has become firmly imbedded in American culture to indicate these medium-sized, netted melons found in season on shelves of nearly every grocery store and supermarket in the country. For this reason, little can be done to correct its usage except to point out that “cantaloupe” is a misnomer.
Texts in Tropical Horticulture, a Difficult Choice
Authors: Martin Franklin W.
Published: August 2022

To most North American horticulturists, tropical horticulture is an “exotic” science. Familiar concepts such as length of growing season, degree of hardiness, winter dormancy, and critical day length are inappropriately applied to many tropical situations. Ignorance of tropical agriculture may lead one to believe that very little research has been done in tropical crops. A missionary attitude may prevail: We ought to send some of our horticulturists down there to show them how. These attitudes and beliefs are inappropriate in an age when American “know-how” is being widely exported.
The Inheritance of Mature Fruit Color in Capsicum pubescens R. & P.1
Authors: El Hassan Gaafar M. , Smith Paul G.
Published: August 2022

Red and yellow mature fruit color in Capsicum pubescens is controlled by a single gene with yellow (y) recessive to red (y+).
Effect of Time of Disbudding on Single-Harvest Yields and Maturity of ‘Jade Cross’ Brussels Sprouts1
Authors: Cutliffe J. A.
Published: August 2022

The terminal bud was removed from ‘Jade Cross’ Brussels sprout plants when sprouts began to develop and at various later stages of sprout development. Total marketable single-harvest yields increased as time of disbudding was delayed and equalled those of normal plants when disbudding was delayed to the 9- whorl stage or later. Thus, terminal bud removal on ‘Jade Cross’ cannot be justified on the basis of increased single-harvest marketable yields. However, time of removal of the terminal bud affected maturity and the optimum harvest period of disbudded plants was advanced as much as 12 to 14 days. This effect of disbudding can be of assistance to a grower or processor in obtaining earlier production or in scheduling an extended harvesting period.
Use of Soil Analysis in Osmocote Fertilizer Programs1
Authors: Matkin O. A.
Published: August 2022

A method of determining the reserve fertilizer content of soil containing encapsulated slow-release fertilizer was tested. The procedure involved dual analysis by extraction before and after rupturing fertilizer capsules using a cereal grinder.

Dry soil bulk density measurement permitted calculation of theoretical fertilizer concentration. Comparison of calculated versus concentrations found were very close for potassium and nitrogen. Phosphorus found by analysis was lower than theoretical.
Nutrient Removal by Papaya Fruits1
Authors: Awada M. , Suehisa R.
Published: August 2022

Nutrient analysis of harvested papaya fruits from trees grown at Waimanalo, Oahu, Hawaii and at Malama-Ki, Puna, Hawaii showed the following descending order of removal: K, N, Ca, Mg, P. Quantities of N and K removed by Malama-Ki fruits represented 38 and 56%, respectively, of the amounts applied as fertilizer.
Effects of Plant Population and Pattern on Yield of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) in Single Harvest1
Authors: Palevitch Dan
Published: August 2022

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of plant population density and arrangement on the yield of broccoli cv. ‘Spartan Early’ in a single destructive harvest. Higher yields were obtained by increasing the plant population density, especially through the use of spacings approaching equidistant arrangements.
Air Pollution Monitoring
Authors: Hildebrandt P. W.
Published: August 2022

Air monitoring has become a complex, expensive, and difficult undertaking. Regardless of the problems involved, however, atmospheric pollutant measurement is essential to properly evaluate the air pollution cause and effect relationship.
Alleviating the Effects of Pollution by Modifying the Plant
Authors: Gabelman W. H.
Published: August 2022

From the earlier papers in this symposium it should be apparent that horticulturists have 2 basic concerns with pollution; namely, how do pollutants effect the growth of the plant and how do pollutants effect the animals that utilize the plant. We are interested in exclusion of the pollutant from the metabolic areas of the plant and tolerance to the pollutants when in the metabolic areas or both. The response of plants may be lethal, sublethal, or without any apparant change. But if the effect is not lethal, the plant has built-in adaptive systems to enhance its probability for adaptation and survival. This knowledge gives mankind a tool for survival also.
Carryover Effect of Succinic Acid 2, 2-Dimethylhydrazide on Fruit Shape of ‘Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Williams M. W. , Bartram R. D. , Carpenter W. S.
Published: August 2022

Succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhy drazide (Alar) applied commercially to 'De licious’ apple trees at a concentration of 1,000 ppm at 8 and 125 days after full bloom in 1968 caused flattened misshapen fruit to be produced in 1969.
Ethylene: Involvement in Shuck Dehiscence in Pecan Fruits [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch1]
Authors: Lipe John A. , Morgan Page W.
Published: August 2022

Ethylene evolution by detached pecan fruits was measured periodically from mid-season until the completion of shuck dehiscence. Less than 1 µ1 ethylene per kg fresh wt/hr was produced until approximately 1 wk before the initiation of shuck dehiscence, when a maximum rate of almost 20 µ1. per kg/hr was attained. The timing and magnitude of the ethylene peak suggests that ethylene may be a hormonal regulator of dehiscence.
Horticulture and Horticulturists When ASHS was Organized
Authors: Magness John R.
Published: August 2022

At the beginning of this century, horticulture, both as an industry and as a science, was far removed from its present development. Let us look first at the industry.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Larsen R. Paul
Published: August 2022

In a very large measure the location and profitability of the fruit crops grown in this country are determined by cold and the consequences thereof. Horticultural history is filled with the tragic results of cold damage to fruit plants and their crops. All horticultural producing areas have been affected by various freezes at one time or another.
Cold Resistance and Acclimation in Woody Plants12
Authors: Weiser C. J.
Published: August 2022

Low temperature is acknowledged to be the single most important factor limiting the distribution of plants (70). Freezing damage to horticultural crops is a ubiquitous problem of major economic significance even in sub-tropical regions. Among the more commonly recognized types of freezing injury are sunscald and frost splitting of tree trunks, winter burn on conifer foliage, blackheart in stems of trees and shrubs, soil heaving damage and crown kill of herbaceous perennials, die-back in citrus, mid-winter kill of dormant flower buds, and spring and autumn frost damage of tender annuals, flowers and fruits.
Induction of Dormancy and Cold Hardiness in Citrus
Authors: Young Roger
Published: August 2022

Although citrus is grown in the southern regions of the United States, it is exposed to periodic freezes. Freezes are a serious production problem, as evidenced by the enormous loss of fruit and trees in recent years in the major citrus-growing areas (8). In 1962 in Florida, approximately 50 million boxes of fruit were lost, and substantial wood damage and loss of bearing surface occurred in approximately two-thirds of the citrus-producing areas (12). The monetary loss was estimated to exceed 500 million dollars. In Texas in 1951, 85,000 acres of trees were killed, and in 1962, 40,000 acres. Surviving trees lost their entire bearing surface. Many trees were killed back to 2-inch wood (27). Severe freezes also occur periodically in California and Arizona. In 1963, for instance, temperatures as low as 20°F occurred in some areas in California for eight consecutive nights. Injury was primarily to the fruit and very young trees (12). Studies of long-term weather records have indicated that freezes of 22°F minimums and lower occur in all major citrus-growing areas in the United States every 8 to 13 years on the average (5). Thus, it is expected that citrus-growing areas will be exposed to damaging freezes periodically.
Effects of Gibberellic Acid and Nitrogen on the Strawberry cv. ‘Redcoat’1
Authors: Blatt C. R. , Crouse D. N. A.
Published: August 2022

Field grown plants receiving gibberellic acid (GA) 4 weeks or 4 and 8 weeks after planting produced significantly more runners than the control. Compared with the controls, there were no significant vegetative or cropping differences due to rate of GA application. Increasing the rate of applied nitrogen increased runner, runner plant, and % leaf N values in greenhouse grown plants and a GA spray of 50 ppm combined with 120 ppm N gave the highest runner plant yield. Time of GA application was the significant factor in the vegetative response of this cultivar; however, compared with the control the increases were relatively small.
An Economic Evaluation of Bulk Transport Handling of Tomatoes for Processing1
Authors: Sullivan G. H. , Uyeshiro R. Y. , Wilcox G. E.
Published: August 2022

Traditional methods of bulk handling mechanically harvested tomatoes in pallet bins were compared with handling in bulk trailer units. Substantially greater cost reduction resulted from the bulk trailer system; costs per ton to handle and transport mechanically harvested tomatoes in pallet bins averaged $4.59 compared to $1.86 under the bulk trailer system. Additional savings were realized from utilization of the equipment in the bulk trailer system with more than 1 mechanical harvesting unit.
Cork Spot (Pit) of ‘Anjou’ Pear Related to Calcium Concentration in Fruit1
Authors: Mason J. L. , Welsh M. F.
Published: August 2022

Normal fruits of ‘Anjou’ pear and fruits with cork spot (pit) symptoms collected at harvest time from trees of various ages, were peeled, cored, and halved and the calyx ends analyzed for mineral nutrient concentration. Pitted fruits were significantly lower in Ca concentration, but there were no differences in Mg, K, Zn, Fe, Mn or Cu. Pitted fruits had a mean of 219 ppm Ca (dry-weight basis) with a range from 187 to 255 ppm. Normal fruits had a mean of 319 ppm with a range of 244 to 453 ppm.
A Clustering Technique Applied to Sweetpotato Incompatibility Classification1
Authors: Martin Franklin W.
Published: August 2022

Sweetpotato cultivars both as males and as females were classified into groups of related individuals on the basis of an index of similarity (correlation coefficients based on pollen tubes per stigma data). By gradually lowering the criterion of similarity the majority of the varieties were classified into one large group. At no stage of the process were inter-compatible, intra-incompatible groups found. A few cultivars, either as male or female, did not fit into the large group, and were also not clearly related to each other. Thus, this technique, as well as previous techniques, demonstrates the difficulty of incompatibility classification in sweetpotato, and the resultant lack of predictability of crossing ability.
Twice-a-Year Harvesting of Asparagus1
Authors: _ _
Published: August 2022

Asparagus plantings in the Bajio area of Mexico were managed to provide 2 harvest periods, i.e., 2 vegetative periods and 1 dormant period per year. Cumulative yields for a 5-year period were substantially higher from the plots harvested twice annually than those from a conventional spring harvest schedule.
Uptake of IAA-2-14C by Cuttings of Ilex crenata Convexa1
Authors: McGuire John J. , Albert Luke S. , Shutak V. G.
Published: August 2022

Changes in levels of IAA in stem segments of Ilex have been detected by centrifugation extraction and subsequently identified by Rf. The radio-chemical was absorbed through intact tissue, leaf scars, wounds, or cut apical or basal ends of cuttings. It was not as readily transported to the base when it entered apical tissue through leaf scars as when it entered intact tissue of that region. When it entered basal ends of cuttings, some of it was carried to the apex within 48 hr.
Effects of High Temperature on Yield and Carbohydrate Composition of Bush Snap Beans1
Authors: Mack H. J. , Singh J. N.
Published: August 2022

The percentage set of blossoms and number and weight of pods of bush snap beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. were reduced when plants were subjected to high maximum temperatures during bloom. Yields were reduced 0 to 65% in greenhouse and field tests. Perforated plastic-covered cages in the field produced maximum temperatures of 83 to 101°F while maximum temperatures for checks averaged 74 to 89°. High temperatures decreased carbohydrates in leaves, starch more than sugars, when compared to checks.
Consumptive Water Use in Response of Carnations to Three Irrigation Regimes1
Authors: Hanan Joe J. , Jasper Franklin D.
Published: August 2022

Carnations planted in November, 1965, were watered when soil moisture suction reached 0.04 bar, 0.6 bar and 10K ohms resistance (ca 20—50 bars), the latter measured with gypsum blocks. Yield was found to be highest for the 0.04 bar treatment. Mean grade was consistently higher for this treatment than the other 2 treatments throughout the flowering period. The results were mainly due to increased side shoots and longer internode lengths of cut flowers grown at suctions below 0.04 bar. Keeping life was reduced, but dye uptake was enhanced by growing carnations with frequent irrigations. Consumptive water use increased from 120.9 cm for the 10K ohm treatment to 184.7 cm for the 0.04 bar treatment, exceeding the water equivalent of solar radiation outside the greenhouse. However, there was no significant effect on water required per cut flower or on efficiency, whether the latter was based on total yield or dry weight. It was concluded that maximum production would occur where soil moisture stress is zero and internal plant stress is as close to zero as possible, provided other factors were favorable.
A Study of the Rate and Efficiency of Nutrient Absorption (KNO3) by Tomato Seedlings1
Authors: Ward G. M.
Published: August 2022

The application of KNO, to pre-starved tomato seedlings growing in pots resulted in increases in nutrient content (K and N) in the whole plant of 20 - 90% within 6 hr and up to 400% in 7 days. Plants raised in a relatively rich nutritional environment were more efficient in absorbing applied fertilizer than those raised at a lower nutritional level. Healthy vigorous plants responded to a moderate application of applied KNO3 by absorbing almost all of it. Larger applications did not result in more absorption, which suggests a control mechanism in the plant.
Influence of Fat-Sugar Derived Surfactants on Phosphorus Absorption Through Leaf Surfaces1
Authors: Cantliffe Daniel J. , Wilcox Gerald E.
Published: August 2022

Fat-sugar derived surfactants were examined as to their effectiveness in the promotion of absorption of nutrient ions through leaf surfaces and subsequent translocation of these ions through the plant. The fat-sugar derived surfactants and several other commercial surfactants were added to solutions of P to test the effectiveness of the surfactants in promoting ion absorption and translocation.

The surfactants in the nutrient sprays at a 0.5% concentration were generally more effective than at 0.1% or 1.0% concentration with the exception of Polyoxyethylenated Tallow Sucroglyceride (PTS) which had its greatest effect at a 1.0% concentration. Sucro sperses and Sucro sols with 3 fatty acid molecules per sucrose molecule were more effective in increasing P uptake and transport than formulations with 1.5 or 4.5 fatty acid molecules per sucrose molecule. A 40:1 ratio of ethylene oxide to sucrose was most effective for increase of P absorption. Combining PTS and Sucroglyceride T-110 (T-110) increased P absorption more than if either surfactants were used alone. Ratios of 1:3 or 3:1 respectively, were most effective. T-110 and Sucrose Monotallowate (SMT) did not significantly increase absorption of P at any concentration tested. PTS was effective in increasing nutrient ion uptake at a 1% concentration, but it was found to be somewhat phytotoxic at this level. The fat-sugar complexes used as surfactants increased ion uptake in some instances more than 20 times compared to using no surfactant. When these same surfactants were compared to commercially used surfactants, they generally proved to be superior for use with the foliar applied nutrients.
Quantitative Inheritance of Fusarium Wilt Resistance in Sweetpotatoes1
Authors: Jones Alfred
Published: August 2022

We obtained estimates of genetic components of variance for resistance to Fusarium wilt in sweet-potato, through study of 40 randomly chosen plants of an intermating population and their respective open-pollinated offspring. The additive component accounted for virtually all of the genetic variance. Predicted advance from mass selection of the best 10% of the parents was 10.5% of the mean. The actual advance obtained in offspring of the selected plants was 13.9%. Heritability was estimated as .86.
Effect of Soil Moisture on the Recovery of Sandblasted Tomato Seedlings1
Authors: Armbrust D. V. , Dickerson J. D. , Greig J. K.
Published: August 2022

Increasing the length of time that 4-week-old tomato seedlings are exposed to a 13.4-m/sec (30 mph) windspeed and an abrasive flux of 0.2 ton/rod width/hr decreases the dry weight of tops, decreases height of the tops, delays first bloom, lowers potential yields, and increases the number of plants killed irrespective of the pre or post-soil moisture level. Irrigation or rainfall immediately after exposure can reduce the damage.
Meiotic Abnormalities and Pollen Viability in Prunus avium L. cv. ‘Lambert’1
Authors: Whelan E. D. P. , Hornby C. A.
Published: August 2022

Meiosis and pollen viability of Prunus avium L. cv. ‘Lambert’ were investigated to ascertain whether there were annual or regional effects on the incidence of abnormal meiosis or pollen abortion. Studies of meiosis failed to reveal marked variation among the 3 years investigated. Comparisons between 2 similar and 2 dissimilar locations also failed to reveal marked variability in the incidence of abnormal meiosis which was estimated to be 9.62 ± 1.93%. Examination of microspore development showed that pollen abortion occurred prior to the first mitotic division of the microspore nucleus. Studies of mature pollen failed to reveal significant differences in pollen abortion among the 3 years investigated. Differences between the 2 locations and 2 types of blossom sample used also were non-significant. The mean incidence of pollen abortion was 41.6%.
Quantitative Inheritance of Ten Root Traits in Sweetpotatoes1
Authors: Jones Alfred , Steinbauer C. E. , Pope D. T.
Published: August 2022

A parent-offspring study of 40 sweetpotato lines grown in 6 environments provided heritability (%) estimates for 10 root characters as follow: weight, 41; number edible roots, 32; veining, 30; growth cracks, 51; flesh oxidation, 64; shape, 62; flesh color, 66; cortex thickness, 45; skin color, 81; and skin purpling, 74. In most cases the realized changes due to selection fit the predictions very well. The additive component of genetic variance was relatively more important than the non-additive for all traits except veining and number of edible roots. The study illustrates the usefulness of quantitative genetic approaches to sweetpotato breeding.
Seasonal Fluctuation of Flavanones in ‘Elberta’ Peach Flower Buds During and After the Termination of Rest1
Authors: El-Mansy Hussein I. , Walker David R.
Published: August 2022

Chemical methods of analyses were devised to measure flavanones extracted from peach flower buds. Bioassay techniques previously used required considerably more time and resulted in large variation between samples. In addition, results obtained with bioassays measured only the net effect of promotion and/or inhibition of cell enlargement. In ‘Elberta’ peach flower buds the flava none content was much higher during rest than after the rest period was completed when observed on a per bud basis. The lowest values were observed just prior to bloom.
Application of Calcium Sprays for the Protection of Citrus from Atmospheric Fluorides
Authors: Brewer R. F. , Sutherland F. H. , Guillemet F. B.
Published: August 2022

Bearing ‘Valencia’ orange trees growing in a commercial orchard adjacent to a known source of fluoride air pollution were sprayed periodically over a 3-year period with Ca(OH)2 and CaCl2 sprays. These materials in spray and dust forms have been used successfully in the Pacific Northwest to protect gladiolus and peaches from the harmful effects of fluoride-containing atmospheres. It has been postulated that calcium reacts with fluoride gases to produce insoluble and therefore nontoxic CaF2.

Results of these studies indicated that under conditions of high fluoride air pollution, application of lime sprays may improve citrus fruit production, but the mechanism of protection or improvement was not as simple as previously postulated. Immediately adjacent to the source where fluoride air pollution was at a maximum, applications of both Ca(OH)2 and CaCl2 were associated with increased internal fluoride accumulation by ‘Valencia’ orange foliage. With increased distance and therefore diminishing air pollution, an apparent reversal in effect was observed with the calcium sprays resulting in reduced internal accumulation of fluoride.

Although the effects of CaCl2 sprays on fluoride accumulation closely paralleled those obtained with Ca(OH)2, fruit production was not improved where CaCl2 sprays were applied, possibly as a result of induced chloride toxicity.
Peach Fruit Abscission and Pollen Germination as Influenced by Ethylene and 2-chloroethane Phosphonic Acid1
Authors: Buchanan D. W. , Biggs R. H.
Published: August 2022

2-Chloroethane-phosphonic acid (CEPA), applied as a spray to 5-year-old ‘Maygold’ peach trees in the 80% to full bloom stage, effectively thinned blossoms and young fruit and was accomplished without severe gumming or dwarfing of subsequent vegetative growth. The reaction time required to obtain abscission (9 days) indicated that CEPA interfered with processes leading to sexual fertilization. Laboratory studies of the influence of CEPA and ethylene on pollen germination and pollen tube growth indicated that these 2 processes were not inhibited, except from exposure to high concentrations (100 to 1000 ppm) for several hours. At low concentrations (.01 to 10 ppm) both processes were stimulated.
The Effect of Spacing and Fertilization on Yield of Southern Peas1
Authors: Stewart F. B.
Published: August 2022

In a 3-year field study the average yield of pods at green-shell maturity of the ‘Princess Anne’ variety of blackeye pea was 74% higher in 6-inch drilled rows than in 36-inch rows. Fertilizer applications did not influence yields in plots at various row spacings on a Woodstown sandy loam soil testing very high in P and high in K. Nor was there a significant interaction between spacing and fertilization.
Mineral Content of Peach Trees as Affected by Nitrogen Source and Rate1
Authors: Rogers Ewell
Published: August 2022

Ammonium sulfate at 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 lb. of actual N, and ammonium nitrate at 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 lb. N were applied in 1964 and 1965 to ‘Red Haven’ and ‘Giant Elberta’ peach trees in Western Colorado. Ammonium sulfate increased yields of ‘Red Haven’ peaches, but ammonium nitrate did not increase yields. All N treatments increased the concentration of N in the leaves. Some N treatments depressed the uptake of K and Fe, but increased Mn. Correlations between chemical leaf analysis and physical characteristics are presented. Nitrogen treatments delayed fruit maturity and increased shoot growth.
Staking and Pruning Young Myoporum laetum Trees
Authors: Harris Richard W. , Hamilton W. Douglas
Published: August 2022

The ability of young Myoporum laetum, Forst. f. trees to stand by themselves was improved by neither staking nor pruning them during their first 2 years in the landscape. Omitting these practices resulted in: 1) larger trunks at the ground, 2) trunks with greater taper, and 3) shorter tops. Taper of the trunks increased as the trees became older.
Quality of Supplemental Lighting and Bulb Planting Depth on Development of Naturally Cooled Lilium longiflorum Thunb. ‘Harson’12
Authors: Einert A. E. , Box C. O. , Lane H. C.
Published: August 2022

Four-hour dark period interruptions of incandescent, red and far-red radiation each night during natural cooling hastened flowering by 22, 15 and 8 days, respectively, over natural daylengths. No additional acceleration occurred when night breaks were applied during natural cooling and forcing as compared to lighting during natural cooling only. The accelerating effect of night breaks was found to be the response to light alone and not total radiant energy or temperature. Bloom date acceleration by night breaks of incandescent light was due to a proportionate acceleration in flower bud initiation. For every week of acceleration there was an average decrease of 2 flower buds and 7 leaves per stem. Bulb potting depth also influenced bloom date. The depth effects on flowering time were independent of lighting treatments. A 4-day acceleration was obtained by setting the bulb nose at the soil line as compared to a 2 inch planting depth.

Plant height was independently influenced by photoperiod-light quality and by potting depth. Height was only slightly affected by supplemental lighting during natural cooling. After forcing temperatures were reached, red and incandescent lighting caused slight height increases while far-red caused pronounced stem stretching. Exposure of the bulb above the soil at potting reduced plant height at maturity.
Differential Accumulation of Mineral Elements in the Leaves of Seedling Progenies of Seven Apple Cultivars1
Authors: Shear C. B. , Smith C. B.
Published: August 2022

Highly significant differences in the leaf content of 10 mineral elements occurred between seedling progenies of 7 apple cultivars. Correlations involving all 10 elements occurred between leaf contents of element pairs. A very high correlation between the accumulation of Ca and Mg suggests a common mechanism for the uptake and translocation of these elements. The wide variations between and within progenies indicate the feasibility of selecting rootstocks highly efficient in the uptake of specific nutrients. The proper use as graft components of stocks so selected offers extensive possibilities for the manipulation of the mineral composition of the scion and, thus, the control of nutrient related disorders. Tree-to-tree differences in such disorders in orchards on seedling rootstocks may be accounted for on the basis of differential nutrient uptake.
Celery Cultivar Responses to pH Adjustment on Everglades Organic Soil1
Authors: Burdine Howard W. , Guzman V. L.
Published: August 2022

‘Summer Pascal 259-19’, ‘Utah 52-70’ and 2 Florida selections from ‘Utah 52-70’ were grown on Everglades peat with varying pH levels adjusted with agricultural sulfur. At maturity, pH levels were 6.24, 5.53 and 5.20. Boron (B) and Manganese (Mn) nutritional sprays were factors in the experiment.

Nutritional sprays did not significantly affect yields, however, B sprays reduced rib cracking on most of the cultivars.

‘Summer Pascal’ response to pH was small because of a probable more efficient B uptake, and a lower nitrate nitrogen (N) requirement. Growth for all Utah cultivars increased linearly with pH. Dry weight decrease with pH increase indicated that most of the weight increase with pH was moisture, pointing toward a pronounced response to higher NO3-N supply at higher pH levels. Boron response of ‘Utah 52-70’, as indicated by cracked stem, was intermediate to its 2 cultivars. Nodal cracking in ‘Fla. 683’, selected for resistance, was little affected by pH or B sprays. Nodal cracking on ‘Fla. 2-13’ at higher pH was reduced by B sprays but not eliminated. Analytical data indicated differences between the 2 Utah cultivars in nutrient content.
The Effects of Different Chemicals on Pollen Germination and Tube Growth in Allium Cepa L.1
Authors: Kwan S. C. , Hamson A. R. , Campbell W. F.
Published: August 2022

Effects of boric, indole-3-acetic, gibberellic, succinic and fumaric acids, and water extract from onion bulbs on onion pollen germination and tube growth were studied. Boric acid stimulated pollen germination and tube growth at 100 mg/liter but was toxic at 200 mg/liter. Indole-3-acetic acid slightly increased pollen germination and tube elongation at 0.05 mg/liter, but inhibited pollen tube growth at 200 mg/liter. Gibberellic acid not only enhanced germination percentage, but the higher concentrations also increased the pollen tube lengths. Succinic and fumaric acids stimulated germination, but pollen tubes burst at the higher concentrations. At 200 mg/liter of fumaric acid no germination of pollen grains was observed, but with 25 ml of bulb extract in the culture medium, germination and tube growth were stimulated. Pollen tubes developed abnormally at higher concentrations.
Vigor of Garden Bean Seeds and Seedlings Influenced by Initial Seed Moisture, Substrate Oxygen, and Imbibition Temperature1,3
Authors: Pollock B. M. , Roos E. E. , Manalo J. R.
Published: August 2022

Germination of samples of 12 commercial seed lots from among several commercial varieties of garden beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., was tested against stresses applied during a 24 hr imbibition period. The variables studied were temperature (15° vs. 25°C), substrate moisture-oxygen supply (fine sand with high moisture and low oxygen vs. coarse sand with lower moisture and higher oxygen), and initial seed moisture (8% vs. 10% vs. 12%). The effect of stress was evaluated by determining germination percentage, seedling size, decay, mechanical damage, and rate of emergence. All lots were adversely affected by the stresses, but the stress response varied greatly between lots and between varieties. The lots of the newer varieties, ‘Tendercrop’ and ‘White Seeded Tendercrop’, were especially sensitive, with a germination percentage of one lot decreasing from 72% to 7% under stress. By contrast, the lots of older varieties were relatively insensitive, with one lot decreasing only from 92% to 81%. The stress conditions increased the number of decaying seeds and decreased seedling size and number of normal seedlings. Transverse cotyledonary cracking, in crack-sensitive varieties, increased when seeds were imbibed at a low seed moisture, especially if imbibition occurred in a fine, moist sand. The potential application of these results to seed testing, vigor testing, and stand establishment is discussed.
Effect of Grape Rootstocks on Chloride Accumulation in Leaves1
Authors: Bernstein Leon , Ehlig C. F. , Clark R. A.
Published: August 2022

The effect of 5 rootstocks on chloride accumulation in ‘Cardinal’ and ‘Thompson Seedless’ scions was studied for 3 years in large sand cultures containing 12.5, 25, and 50 meq Cl-/liter of culture solution. Rootstock effects were unprecedentedly large. Scions on ‘Thompson Seedless’, ‘Dog Ridge’, 1613-3, and ‘Salt Creek’ roots consistently accumulated only one-half, one-third, one-tenth, and one-sixteenth as much chloride, respectively, on a leaf dry-weight basis as did scions on ‘Cardinal’ roots. Rootstock effects on chloride in canes and roots were similar to those in leaves, although differences were not as great. Leaves of ‘Cardinal’ scions accumulated more chloride than those of ‘Thompson Seedless’ on the 2 lower chloride treatments, apparently because of differential distribution of chloride between leaves and stems. Chloride accumulation tended to be proportional to substrate chloride concentrations for all rootstocks, and increases in chloride accumulation associated with advancing season and vine age also tended to be proportional. Because of extremely low chloride accumulation by vines on 1613-3 and ‘Salt Creek’ roots, the salt tolerance of grapevines on these roots would probably be limited by osmotic effects long before chloride accumulation reached toxic levels. Rootstock and chloride-treatment levels caused no other important nutritional or toxic effects.
Degreening of Citrus Fruit with Ethrel (Amchem 66-329)1
Authors: Fuchs Yoram , Cohen Alexander
Published: August 2022

The effects of ethrel on the color, respiration, ethylene evolution and internal quality of citrus fruit were studied. Concentrations between 100 and 5000 ppm were tested and compared to 50 ppm ethylene treatment. Fruit treated with 1000 ppm ethrel reached a satisfactory color 7 days after treatment at 17°C. Respiration and ethylene evolution levels were higher in ethrel and ethylene treated lemons than in the controls. Five thousand ppm ethrel caused rind injuries to lemons and delayed the degreening of Clementine and Shamouti oranges. Ethrel efficiency was found to be temperature dependent. Waxing the fruit delays the degreening processes. Ethrel induced eifects similar to those of ethylene.
The Response of Avocado and Mango to Soil Temperature1
Authors: Yusof Ibrahim M. , Buchanan David W. , Gerber John F.
Published: August 2022

Mexican avocado seedlings and grafted ‘Irwin’ mangos grown under soil temperatures of 21, 27 and 32°C responded differently. The soil temperature statistically influenced the growth of the avocado seedlings but not the mangos. A soil temperature range of 21 to 27° was best for the growth of the avocado seedlings but temperatures greater than 27° reduced growth. The number of growth flushes was greater at 27° than either 21 or 32°. The avocado seedlings were tall and upright at 21° and were short and spreading at 32°.

The mineral composition of both the avocado and the mango leaves changed with soil temperatures. The content of N and P in avocado and mango leaves was highest at 32° and lowest at 27°. The K content of the avocado leaves increased with temperature, but the Fe and Zn content decreased. In the mango Mg and Fe content was highest at 27° and lowest at 21°. Calcium content of the mango leaves decreased with soil temperature.
Assessment and Correction of the Alkalinity Problem Associated with Palabora Vermiculite1
Authors: Nelson Paul V.
Published: August 2022

Palabora vermiculite having a pH of 9.8 was studied in order to (a) assess the extent of influence the alkaline reaction has upon several crops, and (b) to investigate further, means of correcting the problem where it exists. Four marigold, 3 zinnia, and 1 chrysanthemum cultivars were found to develop normally in this medium without adjustment of pH but the chrysanthemum cultivar ‘Giant Betsy Ross’, which is susceptible to alkaline reaction-induced micronutrient deficiencies, developed symptoms of Fe deficiency. Correction of this problem was accomplished in 2 ways: (a) by incorporation of sphagnum peat moss into the medium, and (b) by a drench with H3PO4 at the rate of 40 meq/100 g dry vermiculite.
The Association of Flowering with Nutrition in the Sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas, L.1
Authors: Knavel Dean E. , Lasheen Aly M.
Published: August 2022

Flowering was induced in the sweetpotato cultivar, ‘Allgold’, by growing plants with a N level of 280 mg/1 in a peat moss-perlite medium. Plants grown with other factorial combinations of N and K failed to flower. Analyses of plants from treatment N2K0 prior to and after flowering showed these plants to contain the highest percentage of N, the lowest total sugars, and the lowest starch in both tops and roots as compared with plants that failed to flower.
An Empirical Description of Cold Protection Provided by a Wind Machine1
Authors: Reese R. L. , Gerber J. F.
Published: August 2022

The temperature field around a wind machine located in a citrus orchard was measured using a fast response thermistor network. The area of protection provided by the wind machine was kidney-shaped. Temperature at any given point was continually rising or falling and depended upon the position of the point relative to the jet. Maximum temperature rise was recorded 90 to 150° after the jet had passed the point.

Air movement was not always away from the machine, but cold air inflow occurred just in advance of the turning jet. The wind machine protected a citrus orchard on radiation nights, provided a relatively stable condition existed in the lower atmosphere. The machine caused downward movement of warm air from aloft by creating divergence of cold, dense air at lower levels.

The area and degree of protection were directly related to the inversion strength, strong inversions producing a greater effect than weak inversions. A larger area of protection was obtained under conditions of weak inversions at the lower elevation (5 ft) without leaves than when leaves were present. However, a greater area of protection was obtained under strong inversions when leaves were present on the tree. Thus, one might expect less area of protection in defoliated groves, i.e. groves which had been defoliated by earlier freezes and had not refoliated, or in deciduous orchards before leafing.
Suberin and Periderm Formation in Dieffenbachia1
Authors: Marlatt Robert B.
Published: August 2022

Single-node stem cuttings of Dieffenbachia amoena, Gentil were stored at 16 to 37° C and at 25 to 100% relative humidities. The cuttings required at least 2 days to produce suberin on cell walls near the cut surface, at least 6 days to form phellogen beneath suberized cells and at least 9 days to form a periderm layer. For periderm formation the optimum temperatures were 28 to 34 °C and optimum relative humidities 91 to 100%.
Growth Retardation of Citrus by Quaternary Ammonium Derivatives of (+)-Limonene1
Authors: Pieringer A. P. , Newhall W. F.
Published: August 2022

The growth-retardant activity of 4 quaternary ammonium derivatives of (+)-limonene was determined by application of foliar sprays on greenhouse-grown grapefruit seedlings. The most active compound was 1-p-men-thanol-2-dimethylamino heptyl bromide. The 3,4-dichlorobenzyl chloride and p-methylbenzyl chloride quaternary ammonium derivatives of 2-dimethylamino-1-p-menthanol were occasionally rated as highly active, but in some tests these compounds were either only slightly active as growth retardants or moderately active as growth stimulators. The 2,4-dichlorobenzyl chloride derivative was only moderately active on grapefruit seedlings. Alar in some tests was moderately effective as a growth retardant, and in other tests it was either inactive or somewhat active as a growth stimulator. The heptyl derivative at 3000 and 6000 ppm was also effective in reducing growth of 3-year-old field-grown lemon trees for a relatively short period of time. A 1000 ppm application appeared to stimulate growth of lemon trees and grapefruit seedlings.
Selecting Tomatoes Resistant to Spider Mites1
Authors: Stoner Allan K.
Published: August 2022

Tomato plants possessing a high level of resistance to the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus, can be identified in segregating populations by selecting those with the greatest concentration of glandular hairs on their leaves. The glandular hairs were counted by using a stereoscopic microscope, or estimated with the naked eye when the plants were 8 to 10 weeks old. In 18 of 21 F2 populations studied, plants selected for their high concentration of glandular hairs had higher levels of resistance to mites, as determined by ovi-position rate, than did plants selected for having few hairs. The average number of eggs laid per female mite ranged from 6.2 to 50.5% less on the plants selected for a high concentration of hairs than on those with few hairs. Selection with the naked eye was as effective in identifying resistant segregates as was actual glandular hair counts.
Graft Union Behavior of Certain Species of Malus and Prunus1
Authors: Robitaille Henry A. , Carlson R. F.
Published: August 2022

Five apple species were grafted onto East Mailing VII, IX and 26 and Mailing Merton 104, 106 and 111 and 3 cherry species were grafted onto Mazzard F12/1 rootstock (a virus indexed clone) and grown in the field for one season. Determinations were made on graft success and plant response in the field. In October, representative graft unions of the 33 combinations were prepared, sectioned, and examined microscopically in an effort to find a rapid test for compatibility. The results of these microscopic examinations were correlated with the field results to see if one or more abnormalities could be found consistently in a significant number of grafts. Only a few grafts showed incompatibility characteristics which could be correlated to the field tests thus eliminating a quick microscope test. Anatomical abnormalities appeared to be the result of secondary influences suggesting that the biochemical factors probably control the compatibility or incompatibility of graft unions.
Some Biochemical Compounds Associated with Rooting of Carya illinoensis Stem Cuttings1
Authors: Taylor Glenn G. , Odom R. E.
Published: August 2022

Hardwood and softwood pecan cuttings were exposed to various preconditioning treatments prior to propagation. Some softwood cuttings girdled and those girdled and etiolated, rooted and/or retained their leaves. These were the only softwood cuttings that retained their leaves throughout the rooting period. Cuttings from other treatments displayed no rooting activity.

Three to 4 areas of endogenous rooting-cofactor activity corresponding to specific Rf values were located in basal extracts of all cuttings by paper chromotography and the mung bean rooting bioassay. Two consistent areas of root inhibitory activity corresponding to specific Rf values were evident in cuttings from all preconditioning treatments, except one. Cool temperature storage of hardwood cuttings removed the root-inhibitory activity in one of these areas.

A compound similar to juglone was extracted from leaves and stems of the pecan stock plants. This compound was associated with one of the areas of root-inhibitory activity. “Units of promotion,” values based upon the relative amounts of endogenous root promoting cofactors and rooting inhibitors present, were reliable indicators of rooting potential. Factors other than rooting-cofactor compounds appear to limit the rooting of pecan cuttings. The presence of root inhibitory substances appears to play a significant role in the rooting complex of pecan stem cuttings.
The Absorption and Translocation of C14 Labeled N-dimethylamino Succinamic Acid by Young Tung Seedlings, Aleurites fordii Hemsl.1
Authors: Kilby Michael W. , Overcash J. P. , Mitlin Norman
Published: August 2022

N-dimethylamino succinamic acid (Alar) labeled as C14 radioisotope was used to study the absorption and translocation of the chemical in young tung trees. The lower epidermis of the leaves was treated with known quantities of the compound and at various time intervals samples of treated leaves and other portions of the plants were assayed for radioactivity.

One hour after treatment the labeled compound had been absorbed by the lamina and translocated to the petiole. Alar was found in all parts of the plant 24 hr after treatment. Four days after treatment, peak accumulation was reached in most of the 14 sampling locations throughout the plant with the terminal growing point showing the greatest accumulation in micrograms per gram of fresh tissue. Significant quantities of labeled Alar were found in stems on all sampling dates.