bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Building the cytokinetic contractile ring in an early embryo: Initiation as clusters of myosin II, anillin and septin, and visualization of a septin filament network
Authors: Garno Chelsea , Irons Zoe H. , Gamache Courtney M. , McKim Quenelle , Reyes Gabriela , Wu Xufeng , Shuster Charles B. , Henson John H.
Published: December 2021

The cytokinetic contractile ring (CR) was first described some 50 years ago, however our understanding of the assembly and structure of the animal cell CR remains incomplete. We recently reported that mature CRs in sea urchin embryos contain myosin II mini-filaments organized into aligned concatenated arrays, and that in early CRs myosin II formed discrete clusters that transformed into the linearized structure over time. The present study extends our previous work by addressing the hypothesis that these myosin II clusters also contain the crucial scaffolding proteins anillin and septin, known to help link actin, myosin II, RhoA, and the membrane during cytokinesis. Super-resolution imaging of cortices from dividing embryos indicates that within each cluster, anillin and septin2 occupy a centralized position relative to the myosin II mini-filaments. As CR formation progresses, the myosin II, septin and anillin containing clusters enlarge and coalesce into patchy and faintly linear patterns. Our super-resolution images provide the initial visualization of anillin and septin nanostructure within an animal cell CR, including evidence of a septin filament-like network. Furthermore, Latrunculin-treated embryos indicated that the localization of septin or anillin to the myosin II clusters in the early CR was not dependent on actin filaments. These results highlight the structural progression of the CR in sea urchin embryos from an array of clusters to a linearized purse string, the association of anillin and septin with this process, and provide the visualization of an apparent septin filament network with the CR structure of an animal cell.
Assessment of farm households’ perception, beliefs and attitude toward climatic risks: A case study of rural Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen-Thi-Lan Huong , Fahad Shah , Nguyen-Anh Tuan , Tran-Thi-Thu Huong , Nguyen-Hong Chinh , To-The Nguyen
Published: December 2021

Vietnam is one the most vulnerable region to climate change and extreme climatic events, such as flash floods and droughts. This present research aims to explore the farm households’ beliefs, risk perception, adaptive attitude and climate change adaptation measures that they currently utilize in their farms to cope with climatic risks. Further, this study analyzed effect of climate change belief, awareness and adaptive attitudes on farmers’ adaptive behavior. By using structured questionnaire, the data from 816 respondents were collected from seven provinces of Vietnam. We used ordinary least squares regression and logistic regression approach to analyze farmers’ belief, perception of climatic change, and risk attitude towards climatic hazards. Results revealed that farmers in the study area are using the most common climatic risk management strategies including applying new technologies, adjustment of the seasonal calendar, and diversification. Findings further revealed that that farm households were mostly concerned about the risk in soil erosion and washout, followed by the stress of prolonging dry season and droughts. The study participants also reported a decrease in precipitation and increase in temperature and frequency and incidence of other extreme climatic events. A positive significant relationship was found between farm management practices and ecological communities. Risk perceptions and attitude toward climate change are essential factors among farm households of northern mountains of Vietnam. Thus, the climate strain linked with the institutional stress and socio-economic has serious insinuations for farm households’ livelihood bases, a universal climate change adaptation scheme is required to endure farmers’ livelihood.
Moraxella-dominated pediatric nasopharyngeal microbiota associate with upper respiratory infection and sinusitis
Authors: McCauley Kathryn E. , DeMuri Gregory , Lynch Kole , Fadrosh Douglas W. , Santee Clark , Nagalingam Nabeetha N. , Wald Ellen R. , Lynch Susan V.
Published: December 2021

Background

Distinct bacterial upper airway microbiota structures have been described in pediatric populations, and relate to risk of respiratory viral infection and, exacerbations of asthma. We hypothesized that distinct nasopharyngeal (NP) microbiota structures exist in pediatric populations, relate to environmental exposures and modify risk of acute sinusitis or upper respiratory infection (URI) in children.

Methods

Bacterial 16S rRNA profiles from nasopharyngeal swabs (n = 354) collected longitudinally over a one-year period from 58 children, aged four to seven years, were analyzed and correlated with environmental variables, URI, and sinusitis outcomes.

Results

Variance in nasopharyngeal microbiota composition significantly related to clinical outcomes, participant characteristics and environmental exposures including dominant bacterial genus, season, daycare attendance and tobacco exposure. Four distinct nasopharyngeal microbiota structures (Cluster I-IV) were evident and differed with respect to URI and sinusitis outcomes. These clusters were characteristically either dominated by Moraxella with sparse underlying taxa (Cluster I), comprised of a non-dominated, diverse microbiota (Cluster II), dominated by Alloiococcus/Corynebacterium (Cluster III), or by Haemophilus (Cluster IV). Cluster I was associated with increased risk of URI and sinusitis (RR = 1.18, p = 0.046; RR = 1.25, p = 0.009, respectively) in the population studied.

Conclusion

In a pediatric population, URI and sinusitis associate with the presence of Moraxella-dominated NP microbiota.
Diagnosis of tuberculosis among COVID-19 suspected cases in Ghana
Authors: Afum Theophilus , Asare Prince , Asante-Poku Adwoa , Darko-Otchere Isaac , Morgan Portia Abena , Bedeley Edmund , Asandem Diana Asema , Musah Abdul Basit , Siam Ishaque Mintah , Tetteh Phillip , Adusi-Poku Yaw , Frimpong-Manso Rita , Bonney Joseph Humphrey Kofi , Ampofo William , Yeboah-Manu Dorothy
Published: December 2021

Background

Tuberculosis (TB) and COVID-19 pandemics are both diseases of public health threat globally. Both diseases are caused by pathogens that infect mainly the respiratory system, and are involved in airborne transmission; they also share some clinical signs and symptoms. We, therefore, took advantage of collected sputum samples at the early stage of COVID-19 outbreak in Ghana to conduct differential diagnoses of long-standing endemic respiratory illness, particularly tuberculosis.

Methodology

Sputum samples collected through the enhanced national surveys from suspected COVID-19 patients and contact tracing cases were analyzed for TB. The sputum samples were processed using Cepheid’s GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay in pools of 4 samples to determine the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Positive pools were then decoupled and analyzed individually. Details of positive TB samples were forwarded to the NTP for appropriate case management.

Results

Seven-hundred and seventy-four sputum samples were analyzed for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in both suspected COVID-19 cases (679/774, 87.7%) and their contacts (95/774, 12.3%). A total of 111 (14.3%) were diagnosed with SARS CoV-2 infection and six (0.8%) out of the 774 individuals tested positive for pulmonary tuberculosis: five (83.3%) males and one female (16.7%). Drug susceptibility analysis identified 1 (16.7%) rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis case. Out of the six TB positive cases, 2 (33.3%) tested positive for COVID-19 indicating a coinfection. Stratifying by demography, three out of the six (50%) were from the Ayawaso West District. All positive cases received appropriate treatment at the respective sub-district according to the national guidelines.

Conclusion

Our findings highlight the need for differential diagnosis among COVID-19 suspected cases and regular active TB surveillance in TB endemic settings.
Veterans Health Administration staff experiences with suicidal ideation screening and risk assessment in the context of COVID-19
Authors: Newell Summer , Denneson Lauren , Rynerson Annabelle , Rabin Sarah , Elliott Victoria , Bahraini Nazanin , Post Edward P. , Dobscha Steven K.
Published: December 2021

Universal screening for suicidal ideation in primary care and mental health settings has become a key prevention tool in many healthcare systems, including the Veterans Healthcare Administration (VHA). In response to the coronavirus pandemic, healthcare providers faced a number of challenges, including how to quickly adapt screening practices. The objective of this analyses was to learn staff perspectives on how the pandemic impacted suicide risk screening in primary care and mental health settings. Forty semi-structured interviews were conducted with primary care and mental health staff between April-September 2020 across 12 VHA facilities. A multi-disciplinary team employed a qualitative thematic analysis using a hybrid inductive/deductive approach. Staff reported multiple concerns for patients during the crisis, especially regarding vulnerable populations at risk for social isolation. Lack of clear protocols at some sites on how to serve patients screening positive for suicidal ideation created confusion for staff and led some sites to temporarily stop screening. Sites had varying degrees of adaptability to virtual based care, with the biggest challenge being completion of warm hand-offs to mental health specialists. Unanticipated opportunities that emerged during this time included increased ability of patients and staff to conduct virtual care, which is expected to continue benefit post-pandemic.
Husbands’ participation in birth preparedness and complication readiness plan in Kucha district, Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia
Authors: Gultie Teklemariam , Tanto Zinash , Estifanos Wubshet , Boti Negussie , de Courten Barbora
Published: December 2021

Background

Birth-preparedness and complication-readiness (BPCR) is the process of planning for normal birth and anticipating the actions needed in case of an emergency. The involvement of husband during pregnancy helps a mother to make timely decisions to avoid delays. Identifying the level of husband involvement in Birth-preparedness and complication-readiness is very important, as husband is the major decision maker in household and health service related issue. However, there is no sufficient data in the Kucha district, which describes the level of husband involvement in Birth-preparedness and complication-readiness. Therefore, this study assessed the level of husband involvement in birth preparedness and complication readiness in Kucha District, Gamo Zone, Ethiopia.

Methods

Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 421 husbands whose wife gave birth within the last 12 months at Kucha District using simple random sampling technique. Data was collected using a pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire by trained data collectors. Binary and multivariable logistic regression with odds ratios along with the 95% confidence interval analysis were employed to find factors associated with the level of husband involvement. A p-value <0.05 with 95% confidence level used to decide statistical significance.

Results

Data were collected from 421 study participants. One hundred twenty-seven (30.2%) were involved in birth preparedness and complication readiness plan. Participants who had at least secondary school education AOR = 3.1, CI (1.84–5.23), had at least four antenatal care visits AOR = 4.91, CI (2.36–10.2), and live more than five km from the health care facility AOR = 2.35, CI = 1.40–3.96) were involved in birth preparedness and complication readiness plan.

Conclusion

Husbands’ involvement in birth preparedness and complication readiness was low. Husband’s higher educational level, high frequency of antenatal care, and long distance to the health facility were significantly associated with husbands’ involvement in Birth-preparedness and complication-readiness plan. Therefore, advocating for higher frequency of antenatal care and improving educational level are important to increase husbands’ involvement in birth preparedness and complication readiness plan.
Thermal resistance and high-performance microwave decontamination assessment of Bacillus endospores isolated from food-grade herbal extracts
Authors: Tarrah Armin , Pakroo Shadi , Carlot Milena , Nesto Camilla , Cirillo Antonella , Lombardi Angiolella , Corich Viviana , Giacomini Alessio
Published: December 2021

Generally, endospore contamination can occur from different sources during product manufacturing in many industries and therefore lower its quality by affecting physicochemical properties and shelf-life. Bacterial endospores can germinate inside the product and produce several enzymes, which can cause several undesirable changes. This study assessed the spores thermal resistance and applied a microwave decontamination technique toward herbal extracts (Tilia tomentosa and Centella asiatica) containing ethanol or glycerol. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, the detected contaminant endospores belonged to different Bacillus species, namely B. subtilis, B. zhangzhouensis, and B. pumilus. The thermal resistance assessment using inoculated endospores in the actual products revealed B. pumilus T2 as the most resistant endospore to the heat treatments tested in both T. tomentosa and C. asiatica extracts. Finally, a high-performance microwave technique was used to decontaminate T. tomentosa extract against the mixture of Bacillus spores. Results from the microwave technique indicate that the increase of temperature from 100°C to 105°C not only decontaminated the product but also could dramatically decrease the effective thermal treatment time (10 times), which can benefit the product quality. The results provided in this study considerably contribute to improving an original decontamination method for products containing glycerol and ethanol with the most negligible effect on product quality.
Longitudinal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or BNT162b2 vaccination
Authors: Almendro-Vázquez Patricia , Laguna-Goya Rocio , Ruiz-Ruigomez Maria , Utrero-Rico Alberto , Lalueza Antonio , Maestro de la Calle Guillermo , Delgado Pilar , Perez-Ordoño Luis , Muro Eva , Vila Juan , Zamarron Isabel , Moreno-Batanero Miguel , Chivite-Lacaba Marta , Gil-Etayo Francisco Javier , Martín-Higuera Carmen , Meléndez-Carmona María Ángeles , Lumbreras Carlos , Arellano Irene , Alarcon Balbino , Allende Luis Miguel , Aguado Jose Maria , Paz-Artal Estela
Published: December 2021

The timing of the development of specific adaptive immunity after natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, and its relevance in clinical outcome, has not been characterized in depth. Description of the long-term maintenance of both cellular and humoral responses elicited by real-world anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is still scarce. Here we aimed to understand the development of optimal protective responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. We performed an early, longitudinal study of S1-, M- and N-specific IFN-γ and IL-2 T cell immunity and anti-S total and neutralizing antibodies in 88 mild, moderate or severe acute COVID-19 patients. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2-specific adaptive immunity was also analysed in 234 COVID-19 recovered subjects, 28 uninfected BNT162b2-vaccinees and 30 uninfected healthy controls. Upon natural infection, cellular and humoral responses were early and coordinated in mild patients, while weak and inconsistent in severe patients. The S1-specific cellular response measured at hospital arrival was an independent predictive factor against severity. In COVID-19 recovered patients, four to seven months post-infection, cellular immunity was maintained but antibodies and neutralization capacity declined. Finally, a robust Th1-driven immune response was developed in uninfected BNT162b2-vaccinees. Three months post-vaccination, the cellular response was comparable, while the humoral response was consistently stronger, to that measured in COVID-19 recovered patients. Thus, measurement of both humoral and cellular responses provides information on prognosis and protection from infection, which may add value for individual and public health recommendations.
Ecoscenography conversations1
Authors: Ross Imogen , Beer Tanja
Published: December 2021

The global ecological crisis calls for a new approach to theatre making that overturns the ‘take, make and dispose’ production model that has become so intrinsic to the performing arts. Ecoscenography is a burgeoning movement that interweaves creative, environmental, social and cultural aspects of performance design to produce ecologically sensitive and evocative spatial experiences. The neologism has its roots in Australian fringe theatre and freelance design practices, many of which take pride in shoe-string budgets, site-specific, ad hoc and non-traditional forms of theatre making. Ecological re-considerations of performance design have emerged through these grassroot experiences which continue to be a vital foundation for Australia’s thriving theatre community. Nevertheless, there is still very little written about sustainability in the performing arts (both in Australia and beyond), particularly from the perspective of the scenographer. This dialogic article is a conversation between two Australian-based scenographers who are passionate about bringing an ecological ethos into performance design. The article explores Ecoscenography ‘in conversation’ by drawing out common perspectives and experiences to demonstrate how an ecological ethic can inspire the performance maker’s creative process. We discuss our trials and tribulations of sustainable practice, from our first engagement with the topic, to our aspirations for the future of the field. The result is a candid, tangible and personal account of what it means to be an ecoscenographer in an increasingly turbulent (but hopeful) world.
La escuela de la amistad o el filósofo enamorado en la prensa española de la ilustración: reposiciones tras la muerte de Forner (1800-1834)
Authors: Cañas Murillo Jesús
Published: December 2021

En este artículo se estudia una de las producciones dramáticas de Juan Pablo Forner, su única pieza larga completa que hemos conservado en la actualidad, La escuela de la amistad o El Filósofo enamorado, estrenada, ante el gran público, en Madrid, en el Teatro de la Cruz, el miércoles 28 de enero de 1795. Se investiga sobre la repercusión que tuvo la puesta en escena de este texto en los años posteriores a la muerte de Forner, hasta los finales del reinado de Fernando VII en España, según quedó reflejado en las publicaciones periódicas del momento, la aceptación que recibió por parte del público que acudió a los locales teatrales y por los críticos que se ocuparon de ella, las recaudaciones de taquilla que obtuvo en las sesiones, la estructura de la función dramática en la que fue incluida, las compañías teatrales que se encargaron de los montajes, las reposiciones de las que fue objeto. Todo ello va a demostrar que El Filósofo enamorado fue una comedia de éxito, demandada por los espectadores, que acudieron con regularidad a los espectáculos en los que, en los teatros del periodo, le fue reservada una importante y esencial participación.
La primera estancia del cardenal Belluga en roma y la renuncia al obispado de Cartagena (1721-1723)
Authors: Barrio Gozalo Maximiliano
Published: December 2021

A pesar de los muchos estudios que se han publicado sobre el cardenal Belluga, todavía hay algunos aspectos de su vida romana que se pueden y deben completar y precisar con la rica documentación que se conserva en el Archivo General de Simancas, apenas consultada. No obstante, en este artículo me limito a examinar dos temas de su primera estancia romana: la gestión para conseguir la bula de reforma del clero español y la larga y sinuosa negociación de su renuncia al obispado de Cartagena.
The Unmasked Electorate: Co-Partisanship, Personal Experience, and Perceptions of COVID-19 Risk in Mexico
Authors: Bell-Martin Rebecca V. , Díaz Domínguez Alejandro
Published: December 2021

Research suggests partisanship influences individual perceptions of COVID-19 risk and preventative behaviors. We ask a distinct but equally urgent question: what factors are associated with variation in risk perception among co-partisans? Even among members of the same party, some individuals’ risk perceptions reflect the party line while others deviate from it. We explore this question in Mexico, where the president utilized his rhetoric to downplay the severity of the pandemic. Why do some of the presidents’ co-partisans perceive COVID-19 as a serious risk (despite partisan appeals to the contrary), while others do not? Drawing on theories of risk perception, we hypothesize that this variation is associated with personal risk experience, like knowing someone who contracted COVID-19. We test this hypothesis via a large-n survey of MORENA supporters. We find that personal experiences are consistently associated with variation in risk perception. Strength of partisan ties, meanwhile, is only activated when paired with risk experience.
Ready, Set, Vaccine: The Path to COVID-19 Recovery in Latin America
Authors: Piazza Kelly Senters , Schwier Alexandria
Published: December 2021

The coronavirus pandemic has ravaged countries across Latin America. Although the region continues to suffer, the promise of vaccinations provides reason for hope. As vaccines become more widely accessible in Latin America, public support for and willingness to receive the vaccine will be essential to pandemic recovery. Recognizing this, politicians in the region are already actively publicly promoting vaccination. In this research note, we explore Latin Americans’ attitudes on vaccine acceptance as well as the influence of political recruitment for vaccination and both consumption of and trust in news from politicians on self-reported attitudes of vaccine acceptance. We learn that, in general, Latin Americans are receptive to vaccination but that acceptance varies as a function of country, time, and recruitment and, interestingly, that Latin Americans are actually dissuaded from vaccination if encouraged by politicians. We conclude with a discussion and a plea that vaccination campaigns remain separate from political ones.
In silico molecular docking and in vitro analysis of ethanolic extract Ocimum sanctum Linn.: Inhibitory and apoptotic effects against non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Kustiati Ulayatul , Dewi Ratih T. S. , Dwi Aris Agung N. , Kusindarta Dwi Liliek , Wihadmadyatami Hevi
Published: December 2021

Background and Aim: Lung cancer, especially non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), has been identified as the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. The mortality rate from lung cancer has been estimated to be 18.4%. Until now, conventional treatments have not yielded optimal results, thus necessitating an investigation into the use of traditional herbal plants as potential candidates for its treatment. This study aimed to determine the inhibitory and apoptotic activity of the ethanolic extract from Ocimum sanctum Linn. (EEOS) by in silico molecular docking and through in vitro studies using NSCLC cells (A549 cell line).

Materials and Methods: Dried simplicia of Ocimum sanctum was converted into EEOS using the maceration method. Spectrophotometry was then employed to analyze the EEOS compound. The known main active compounds were further analyzed for inhibitory and apoptotic effects on gene signaling using in silico molecular docking involving the downloading of active compounds from PubChem and target proteins from the Protein Data Bank; the active compounds and proteins were then prepared using the Discovery Studio software v. 19.0.0 and the PyRX 0.8 program, interacted with the HEX 8.0.0 program, and visualized with the Discovery Studio Visualizer v. 19.0. Finally, an in vitro analysis was performed using an antiproliferative-cytotoxic test (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay in the NSCLC A549 cell line).

Results: The analysis revealed that the active compounds in the ethanolic extract were dominated by quercetin (flavonoids) (47.23% b/b) and eugenol (phenolic) (12.14% b/b). These active compounds interacted with the active sites (residual amino acids) of the αvβ3 integrin, α5β1 integrin, caspase-3, caspase-9, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Hydrogen bonds and Pi-cation and Pi-alkyl interactions were involved in the relationships between the active compounds and the active sites and thus may reveal an antioxidant property of the extract. Furthermore, in vitro analysis showed the inhibitory and antiproliferative effects of the EEOS against non-small cell cancer (A549).

Conclusion: Taken together, our data showed the ability of EEOS as an inhibitor and apoptotic agent for lung cancer; however, further research is needed to determine the exact mechanism of EEOS as an herbal medication.
PROFILES OF ICF DISABILITY IN ALZHEIMER AND VASCULAR DEMENTIA
Authors: Malara A. , Sgrò G. , Ceravolo F. , Curinga G. , Renda G.F. , Spadea F. , Rispoli V.
Published: December 2021

Backgrounds: The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is a suitable tool to standardize the status of health and disability. A previous study, carried out on 546 subjects included in the database ANASTE (National Association of Nursing Home for Third Age) Calabria, showed that 78.43% of the patients suffered from cognitive impairment whereas 52% had a severe degree of dementia. 65% of them was suffering from Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), whereas 23% from vascular dementia (VD). Objectives: Aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of functional impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions of patients affected by AD and VD. Design: Observational descriptive study. Setting: Nursing Homes ANASTE Calabria. Partecipants: 10 patients with probable AD (ADPr) and 10 patients affected by probable VD (VDPr). Measurements: All patients were underwent multidimensional geriatric assessment. The profiles of disability ICF, were expressed in terms of Capacity and Performance, and coded according to mild, medium, severe and complete disability. Environmental factors were skilled in facilitator or no facilitator. Results: The patients with ADPr displayed a severe impairment of functional status, and advanced clinical stage requiring higher care burden compared with VDPr patients. The ICF assessment showed that the global and specific Mental Functions, Communication and Interpersonal Relationships were more reduced in patients with ADPr respect those with VDPr. Conclusions: The identification of a ICF checklist of various forms of dementia, might provides a more detailed description of the profiles of disability and improving therapeutic, rehabilitative interventions and psico-social care.
DIETARY INTAKE OF MINERALS AND PROSTATE CANCER: INSIGHTS INTO PROBLEM BASED ON THE CHEMICAL ELEMENT CONTENTS IN THE PROSTATE GLAND
Authors: Zaichick V. , Zaichick S.
Published: December 2021

Objective: As men age total dietary mineral bioavailability falls which may increase the risk of prostate cancer. The aims of this study were to investigate the changes in main mineral contents in prostate gland that occurred with aging. Design: Population based study on changes in mineral contents in prostate gland with ageing. Participants and setting: 65 free-living healthy men aged 21-87 years who had died suddenly. Prostates were removed at necropsy and the samples of morphologic normal prostate tissue were investigated. Measurements: Contents of ten main minerals (B, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Se, and Zn) were determined by four instrumental analytical methods. Results: No any age-related deficiencies in minerals such as B, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Se, and Zn in the prostate tissue were found. Moreover, the mean mass fractions of Co, Fe, and Zn in prostate tissue for the age group adult men aged 41 years and older were statistically significant higher than for those younger than 40 years. Conclusions: Ageing is not associated with reduced mineral contents in prostate gland resulting in inadequate intakes in nutrients. Nutrition policy for men aged 41 years and older should include advice to decrease intakes of red meat for the purpose to reduce Fe and Zn intake.
CUMULATIVE ENERGY DEFICIT IN THE FIRST SEVEN DAYS AFTER ADMISSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR OUTCOMES AT THREE MONTHS IN NON-ACUTE HOSPITALIZED OLDER ADULTS
Authors: Hokotachi Y. , Ichimaru S. , Hayashida M. , Amagai T.
Published: December 2021

Aim: To examine the hypothesis that larger cumulative energy deficit and late initiation of enteral nutrition for older adult patients in non-acute setting is associated with poor outcome at 3 and 6 months later. Methods: This is retrospective study with chart review in a single institute. The consecutive older adult patients (>= 65 years-old) admitted to the institute were included. Dividing all subjects by two categories: take nutrients by mouth (PO) during hospital stay vs. non-PO group, and enteral nutrition (EN) during the first 7 and 14 days after admission vs. non-EN (NEN) group. Between these two groups, demographics, nutritional, and outcomes were compared. Results: 1, PO group showed significantly longer length of hospital stay (p=0.049). 2, NEN group showed significantly larger cumulative energy deficit, longer length of hospital stay, and higher mortality at 3 and 6 months later (p=0.000, p=0.000, p=0.044, and p=0.008, respectively). Conclusion: The larger cumulative energy more than 10, 000 kcal is considered to be associated with poor clinical outcomes, including longer LOS and higher mortality at 3 and 6 months later in the hospitalized older adults (>= 80 years-old). The cumulative energy deficit might be considered in nutritional support even for older adults admitted to non-acute setting to prevent poor outcomes.
BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN MASTER CYCLISTS: A 2-YEAR FOLLOW-UP STUDY
Authors: Abe T. , Loenneke J.P. , Nahar V.K. , Ford M.A. , Bass M.A. , Owens S.G. , Loftin M.
Published: December 2021

Before and after a follow-up period of two-years, six male master cyclists (mean age was 59 years at the start of the study, cycle training; 5-6 hrs/wk) had dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measured body composition (i.e., areal bone mineral density [aBMD] and appendicular lean soft tissue mass [aLM]) taken. aBMD at the femoral neck and lumber spine were similar between the two measurements, but aLM (p=0.056) tended to be higher at the 2-year follow-up. There were no significant (p>0.05) associations between changes in aLM and aBMD at femoral neck or lumber spine. Male master cyclists who exercise with a mild training volume (5-6 hrs/wk) maintained aBMD at the lumber spine and femoral neck. Furthermore, aLM tended to increase over the 2-year period. Furth
HIGH PREVALENCE OF NUTRITION RISK AMONG COMMUNITY LIVING OLDER PEOPLE IN WOERDEN, THE NETHERLANDS
Authors: Haakma T.A. , Wham C.A.
Published: December 2021

Background: Undernutrition is a common problem in Dutch older people and may cause increased length of hospitalisation, early institutionalization and decreased quality of life. Nutrition risk precedes undernutrition and can be identified by timely nutritional screening. Design: This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the prevalence of nutrition risk among older people living in the community of Woerden. Measurements: Nutrition risk was assessed using a validated questionnaire: Seniors in the Community: Risk Evaluation for Eating and Nutrition, version II (‘SCREEN II’). Participants: The sample (n=335, mean age 80, age range 75-85) were 32% men, 40% received home care and 46% lived alone. Results: Nutrition risk was present in two thirds (67%) of the respondents (38% ‘at high risk’, 29% ‘at risk’). The most common SCREENII items that led to nutrition risk were a low intake of meat and alternatives (65%), milk products (59%), fruit and vegetables (59%) and eating alone (56%). Those who received home care were 1.8 times more likely to be at nutrition risk than people without home care (p=0.03) and those living alone were 3.3 times more likely to be at nutrition risk than those living with others (p<0.001). Conclusions: Intervention strategies are needed to encourage Dutch older people to take opportunities to eat meals with others and to improve their intake of major food group items. Training of home care staff to identify nutrition problems should be prioritised.
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE IS, AT LEAST IN PART, A COPPER-2 TOXICITY DISEASE
Authors: Brewer G.J.
Published: December 2021

Developed countries have a raging epidemic of Alzheimers disease, with prevalence around 20% by age 70. Good evidence indicates this epidemic is new, with an Alzheimer’s-like dementia being rare prior to 1900. Prevalence of Alzheimer’s in undeveloped countries is still quite low, around 1%. These sets of facts strongly indicate that environmental change is causing the epidemic in developed countries. It is hypothesized here, with very good evidence, that the new environment change in developed countries is ingestion of inorganic copper, copper-2, from drinking water and supplement pills. There is good evidence that copper toxicity plays a major role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s, with the size of the free copper pool intimately tied to cognition and cognition loss. Studies in AD animal models show that tiny amounts of inorganic copper in drinking water greatly enhance Alzheimers-type pathology and memory loss. Studies in humans show that those ingesting supplement pills containing copper, if they also eat a high fat diet, suffer rapid loss of cognition. Drinking water copper, and pill copper are both divalent copper, or copper-2. A recent study shows that food copper is primarily copper-1. There is an intestinal transport system specific for copper-1, and this copper goes to the liver, and is put into safe channels. Because mammals, including humans, ingested only copper-1, their systems evolved to safely handle copper-1. With development came copper plumbing and supplement pill ingestion, and copper-2 is now ingested. Some of it bypasses the liver, ends up in the blood free copper pool, and is toxic to cognition.
The MELD Score Is Superior to the Maddrey Discriminant Function Score to Predict Short-Term Mortality in Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis: A Global Study
Authors: Morales-Arráez D. , Ventura-Cots M. , Altamirano J. , Abraldes J.G. , Cruz-Lemini M. , Thursz M.R. , Atkinson S.R. , Sarin S.K. , Kim W. , Chavez-Araujo R. , Higuera-de la Tijera M.F. , Singal A.K. , Shah V.H. , Kamath P.S. , Duarte-Rojo A. , Charles E.A. , Vargas V. , Jager M. , Rautou P.E. , Rincon D. , Zamarripa F. , Restrepo-Gutiérrez J.C. , Torre A. , Lucey M.R. , Arab J.P. , Mathurin P. , Louvet A. , García-Tsao G. , González J.A. , Verna E.C. , Brown R.S. , Argemi J. , Fernández-Carillo C. , Clemente A. , Alvarado-Tapias E. , Forrest E. , Allison M. , Bataller R.
Published: December 2021

INTRODUCTION:

Several scoring systems predict mortality in alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH), including the Maddrey discriminant function (mDF) and model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score developed in the United States, Glasgow alcoholic hepatitis score in the United Kingdom, and age, bilirubin, international normalized ratio, and creatinine score in Spain. To date, no global studies have examined the utility of these scores, nor has the MELD-sodium been evaluated for outcome prediction in AH. In this study, we assessed the accuracy of different scores to predict short-term mortality in AH and investigated additional factors to improve mortality prediction.

METHODS:

Patients admitted to hospital with a definite or probable AH were recruited by 85 tertiary centers in 11 countries and across 3 continents. Baseline demographic and laboratory variables were obtained. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at 28 and 90 days.

RESULTS:

In total, 3,101 patients were eligible for inclusion. After exclusions (n = 520), 2,581 patients were enrolled (74.4% male, median age 48 years, interquartile range 40.9–55.0 years). The median MELD score was 23.5 (interquartile range 20.5–27.8). Mortality at 28 and 90 days was 20% and 30.9%, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for 28-day mortality ranged from 0.776 for MELD-sodium to 0.701 for mDF, and for 90-day mortality, it ranged from 0.773 for MELD to 0.709 for mDF. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for mDF to predict death was significantly lower than all other scores. Age added to MELD obtained only a small improvement of AUC.

DISCUSSION:

These results suggest that the mDF score should no longer be used to assess AH's prognosis. The MELD score has the best performance in predicting short-term mortality.
Preliminary Study on Rapid Measurement of Gross Alpha/Beta and 90Sr Activities in Surface Soil by Mobile ZnS(Ag)/PTV Array and Handheld PVT Rod with Gated Energy Channels
Authors: Lee Chanki , Kim Hee Reyoung
Published: December 2021

Background: Surface soil radiation monitoring around nuclear facilities is important to classify and characterize the contaminated areas. A scanning and direct measurement technique can survey the sites rapidly before starting sampling analysis.Materials and Methods: Regarding this, we test and suggest a measurement technique for gross alpha/beta and 90Sr activities in surface soil based on a mobile ZnS(Ag)/PVT (polyvinyltoluene) array and a handheld PVT rod, respectively. To detect 90Sr selectively in soil mixed with naturally occurring radioactive materials, chosen energy channel counts from the multichannel analyzers were used instead of whole channel counts. Soil samples contaminated with exempt liquid 90Sr with 1 Bq· g-1, 3 Bq· g-1, and 10 Bq· g-1 were prepared and hardened by flocculation.Results and Discussion: The mobile ZnS(Ag)/PVT array could discriminate gross alpha, gross beta, and gamma radiation by the different pulse-shaped signal features of each sensor material. If the array is deployed on a vehicle, the scan minimum detectable concentration (MDC) range will be about 0.11–0.17 Bq· g-1 at 18 km· hr-1 speed, highly sensitive to actual sites. The handheld PVT rod with 12 mm (Φ) × 20 mm (H) size can directly measure 90Sr selectively if channels on which energies are from 1,470 and 2,279 keV are gated, minimizing crossdetection of other radionuclides. These methods were verified by measuring soil samples fabricated with homogeneous 90Sr concentrations, showing static MDC of 2.16 Bq· g-1 at a measurement time of 300 seconds.Conclusion: Based on the results, comprehensive procedures using these detectors are suggested to optimize soil sites survey.
TRANSMISSION TORQUE OF A STANDART MAGNETIC COUPLING DEPENDING ON THE PERMANENT MAGNET BRAND AND ITS SHAPE WITH GAP BETWEEN THE MAGNETS OF 5 MM
Authors: Krasil’nikov A. Ya. , Krasil’nikov A. A.
Published: December 2021

The article considers the possibility of changing the transmitting torque of a cylindrical magnetic coupling depending on the brand of a highly coercive permanent magnet: neodymium–iron–boron, samarium–cobalt and barium hexaferrite types Using the example of a standard magnetic coupling with a magnets diameter of 120 mm and an air gap of 5 mm between the magnetic coupling halves, the change in the transmitting torque of the magnetic coupling is shown to attain without changing its overall dimensions. Variation in the transmission torque of the magnetic coupling is possible by changing the shape, size and brand of permanent magnets, while leaving the same number of magnets in each of the half-coupling.
THE STRENGTH OF NANOCOMPOSITES POLYMER / 2D-NANOFILLER WITH ULTRASMALL FILLER CONTENTS
Authors: Magomedov Gasan M. , Magomedov Guseyn M. , Dolbin I. V.
Published: December 2021

The theoretical model, using the notions of fractal analysis is proposed for description of strength of nanocomposites polymer/2D-nanofiller on the example of nanocomposites polyvinylalcohol/boron nitride. For correct description of strength of these two-phase nanomaterial the knowledge of initial characteristics of matrix polymer (stress of fracture), geometrical parameters of nanofiller and level of interfacial adhesion polymer matrix-nanofiller is necessary. The indicated level, characterizing by shear interfacial strength, was determined theoretically within the framework of fractal conception of adhesion. Its absolute values found high enough – they are comparable with this characteristic in systems polymer-carbon nanotubes and are higher essentially than in systems polymer-microfiber (glassy and carbon fibers). This factor defines high enough strength of the considered nanocomposites. The important factor for fracture process of nanomaterials is aggregation of initial platelets of nanofiller, which forms “packets” (tactoids) of such platelets. The relatively small aggregation degree of nanofiller gives appreciable reduction of strength of nanocomposites polymer/2D-nanofiller. The indicated reduction is connected with transition of 2D-nanofiller structure from exfoliated to intercalated one, i.e. from separate platelets to their tactoids.
ALGORITHMIC IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COMPLEX OF DESIGN PROCEDURES OF THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING REQUIREMENTS FOR ASSEMBLY IN DESIGN OF MANUFACTURING METHODS OF MECHANICAL PROCESSING
Authors: Nazaryev A. V. , Bochkarev P. Yu.
Published: December 2021

The article deals with the algorithmic implementation of the complex of design procedures of the system of accounting requirements for assembly in design of manufacturing methods of mechanical processing. The implementation of this integrated approach within the framework of the existing multinomenclature production made it possible to obtain rational manufacturing methods of mechanical processing of parts that provide a 26 % reduction in the subsequent assembly of high-precision products due to a decrease in the number of assembly iterations. The number of incomplete parts (work-in-process) decreased by 5.5 % on average.
INNOVATIVE AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION
Authors: Akimov A. A.
Published: December 2021

Statistics on international innovation and the state of intellectual property protection in Russia are provided. Trends in the protection of intellectual property in Russia and abroad are described.
STRUCTURING OF CURED POLYMERIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS IN A MICROWAVE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
Authors: Zlobina I. V.
Published: December 2021

Based on studies of the microstructure of the matrix of cured polymer composite materials and the area of its contact interaction with reinforcing fibers, the hypothesis of its structuring in the microwave electromagnetic field with an increase in the contact interaction surfaces due to an increase in the number of agglomerates with small transverse dimensions and a decrease in porosity in the macro- and mesopore regions is substantiated. These effects can be used as a basis for increasing the strength characteristics and uniformity of their values after exposure to a microwave electromagnetic field. The results of this work can be used in the development of technologies for finishing hardening of products made of carbon and fiberglass for various transport and energy systems.
ANALYTICAL CALCULATION OF DEFORMATIONS OF A PLANAR SINGLE-SPAN BEAM GIRDER WITH FOUR SUPPORTS IN THE MAPLE SYSTEM
Authors: Kirsanov M. N.
Published: December 2021

A schema of a statically determinate beam girder with a regular structure, which has two supports at the ends, is considered. The descending and ascending braces have different inclination angles. In the system of symbolic mathematics Maple, the analytical dependence of the deflection of the structure and displacement of one of the three movable supports on the number of panels is derived by induction. In the procedure for generalizing several solutions to the general case, the operators rgf_findrecur and rsolve are used to compose and solve recurrent equations, which are satisfied by the coefficients of the sought formula. Cases of kinematic degeneration of the structure are found for a certain number of panels, the corresponding schemes of possible speeds are given, and a static interpretation of this phenomenon is given.
DETERMINATION OF SCREWS-GRADIENTS AND MUTUAL SCREWS THAT BRING L-COORDINATE MECHANISMS OF A PARALLEL STRUCTURE OUT OF SPECIAL POSITIONS AT VARIOUS POINTS OF FASTENING OF DRIVES
Authors: Gebel E. S. , Gavrilina L. V. , Glazunov V. A. , Lastochkin A. B. , Shvets P. F.
Published: December 2021

The article discusses the special configurations (singularities) of spatial l-coordinate mechanisms. At the beginning, the position is shown where all the l-coordinate axes intersect the OX axis. In this case, there is a twist, reciprocal to all unit screws of the axes of prismatic kinematic pairs, this reciprocal twist coincides with the OX axis. In addition, a twist-gradient was found, which brings the mechanism out of a special position (singularity). In this case, the centers of the spherical hinges of the base are located on the plane z = –1. The centers of the spherical hinges of the output link are located at different distances from the XOY plane. Then, all the centers of the spherical hinges of the output link are located on the plane z = 1. The twist-gradient changes in this case. When changing the positions of the planes on which the centers of the spherical hinges of the bases and the output link are located, the twist-gradient no longer changes.
HONING EXACT HOLES
Authors: Bahvalov V. A.
Published: December 2021

The processes of finishing the surfaces of cylindrical and conical holes (including those up to 6 meters deep and up to 350 millimeters in diameter) are considered. These processes allow to obtain through holes with an accuracy of 6th grade with surface roughness Ra £ 0.32 microns) of special pipes, hydraulic cylinders, landing gear of aircraft and cylinders of internal combustion engines.
HONING EXACT HOLES Continuation
Authors: Bahvalov V. A.
Published: December 2021

The processes of finishing the surfaces of cylindrical and conical holes (including those up to 6 meters deep and up to 350 millimeters in diameter) are considered. These processes allow to obtain through holes with an accuracy of 6th grade with surface roughness Ra  0.32 microns) of special pipes, hydraulic cylinders, landing gear of aircraft and cylinders of internal combustion engines.
RADIAL EXTRUSION OF A PIPE BILLET WITH INTERNAL LEDGE. DETERMINATION OF KINEMATIC AND STRESS STATES
Authors: Vorontsov A. L. , Reshchikov E. O.
Published: December 2021

Using the theory of plastic flow by the method of A. L. Vorontsov, the formulas are obtained that are necessary for calculating the stresses and force parameters of the internal radial extrusion process of a pipe billet. The thrust force acting on the upper mandrel and the maximum pressure acting on the matrix wall are determined.