bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Empirical Study of Testing Machine Learning in the Wild
Authors: Openja Moses , Khomh Foutse , Foundjem Armstrong , Jiang Zhen Ming (Jack) , Abidi Mouna , Hassan Ahmed E.
Published: July 2024

Background
: Recently, machine and deep learning (ML/DL) algorithms have been increasingly adopted in many software systems. Due to their inductive nature, ensuring the quality of these systems remains a significant challenge for the research community. Traditionally, software systems were constructed deductively, by writing explicit rules that govern the behavior of the system as program code. However, ML/DL systems infer rules from training data i.e., they are generated inductively. Recent research in ML/DL quality assurance has adapted concepts from traditional software testing, such as mutation testing, to improve reliability. However, it is unclear if these proposed testing techniques are adopted in practice, or if new testing strategies have emerged from real-world ML deployments. There is little empirical evidence about the testing strategies.

Aims
: To fill this gap, we perform the first fine-grained empirical study on ML testing in the wild to identify the ML properties being tested, the testing strategies, and their implementation throughout the ML workflow.

Method
: We conducted a mixed-methods study to understand ML software testing practices. We analyzed test files and cases from 11 open-source ML/DL projects on GitHub. Using open coding, we manually examined the testing strategies, tested ML properties, and implemented testing methods to understand their practical application in building and releasing ML/DL software systems.

Results
: Our findings reveal several key insights: (1) The most common testing strategies, accounting for less than 40%, are Grey-box and White-box methods, such as
Negative Testing
,
Oracle Approximation
, and
Statistical Testing
. (2) A wide range of

\(17\)

ML properties are tested, out of which only 20% to 30% are frequently tested, including
Consistency
,
Correctness
, and
Efficiency
. (3)
Bias and Fairness
is more tested in Recommendation (6%) and Computer Vision (CV) (3.9%) systems, while
Security and Privacy
is tested in CV (2%), Application Platforms (0.9%), and NLP (0.5%). (4) We identified 13 types of testing methods, such as
Unit Testing
,
Input Testing
, and
Model Testing
.

Conclusions
: This study sheds light on the current adoption of software testing techniques and highlights gaps and limitations in existing ML testing practices.
Context-Aware Fuzzing for Robustness Enhancement of Deep Learning Models
Authors: Wang Haipeng , Wei Zhengyuan , Zhou Qilin , Chan Wing-Kwong
Published: July 2024

In the testing-retraining pipeline for enhancing the robustness property of deep learning (DL) models, many state-of-the-art robustness-oriented fuzzing techniques are metric-oriented. The pipeline generates adversarial examples as test cases via such a DL testing technique and retrains the DL model under test with test suites that contain these test cases. On the one hand, the strategies of these fuzzing techniques tightly integrate the key characteristics of their testing metrics. On the other hand, they are often unaware of whether their generated test cases are different from the samples surrounding these test cases and whether there are relevant test cases of other seeds when generating the current one. We propose a novel testing metric called
Contextual Confidence
(CC). CC measures a test case through the surrounding samples of a test case in terms of their mean probability predicted to the prediction label of the test case. Based on this metric, we further propose a novel fuzzing technique
Clover
as a DL testing technique for the pipeline. In each fuzzing round,
Clover
first finds a set of seeds whose labels are the same as the label of the seed under fuzzing. At the same time, it locates the corresponding test case that achieves the highest CC values among the existing test cases of each seed in this set of seeds and shares the same prediction label as the existing test case of the seed under fuzzing that achieves the highest CC value.
Clover
computes the piece of difference between each such pair of a seed and a test case. It incrementally applies these pieces of differences to perturb the current test case of the seed under fuzzing that achieves the highest CC value and to perturb the resulting samples along the gradient to generate new test cases for the seed under fuzzing.
Clover
finally selects test cases among the generated test cases of all seeds as much as possible and with a preference to select test cases with higher CC values for improving model robustness. The experiments show that
Clover
outperforms the state-of-the-art coverage-based technique
Adapt
and loss-based fuzzing technique
RobOT
by 67%–129% and 48%–100% in terms of robustness improvement ratio, respectively, delivered through the same testing-retraining pipeline. For test case generation, in terms of numbers of unique adversarial labels and unique categories for the constructed test suites,
Clover
outperforms
Adapt
by

\(2.0\times\)

and

\(3.5\times\)

and
RobOT
by

\(1.6\times\)

and

\(1.7\times\)

on fuzzing clean models, and also outperforms
Adapt
by

\(3.4\times\)

and

\(4.5\times\)

and
RobOT
by

\(9.8\times\)

and

\(11.0\times\)

on fuzzing adversarially trained models, respectively.
Towards a Sustainable Blockchain: A Peer-to-Peer Federated Learning based Approach
Authors: Agarwal Vidushi , Mishra Shruti , Pal Sujata
Published: July 2024

In the rapidly evolving digital world, blockchain technology is becoming the foundation for numerous applications, ranging from financial services to supply chain management. As the usage of blockchain is becoming more prevalent, the energy-intensive nature of this technology has raised concerns about its long-term sustainability and environmental footprint. To address this challenge, we explore the potential of Peer-to-Peer Federated Learning (P2P-FL), a distributed machine learning approach that allows multiple nodes to collaborate without sharing raw data. We present a novel integration of P2P-FL with blockchain technology, aimed at enhancing the sustainability and efficiency of blockchain networks. The basic idea of our approach is the use of distributed learning mechanisms to find the optimal performance parameters of blockchain without relying on centralized control. These parameters are then used by a load-balancing mechanism that prioritizes energy efficiency to distribute loads on different blockchains. Furthermore, we formulate a non-cooperative game theory model to align the individual node strategies with the collective objective of energy optimization, ensuring a balance between self-interest and overall network performance. Our work is exemplified through a case study in the renewable energy sector, demonstrating the application of our model in creating an efficient marketplace for energy trading. The experimentation and results indicate a significant improvement in the execution times and energy consumption of blockchain networks. Therefore, the overall sustainability of the network is enhanced, making our framework practical and applicable in real-world scenarios.
Translation from Tunisian Dialect to Modern Standard Arabic: Exploring Finite-State Transducers and Sequence-to-Sequence Transformer Approaches
Authors: Torjmen Roua , Haddar Kais
Published: July 2024

Translation from the mother tongue, including the Tunisian dialect, to modern standard Arabic is a highly significant field in natural language processing due to its wide range of applications and associated benefits. Recently, researchers have shown increased interest in the Tunisian dialect, primarily driven by the massive volume of content generated spontaneously by Tunisians on social media following the revolution. This article presents two distinct translators for converting the Tunisian dialect into Modern Standard Arabic. The first translator utilizes a rule-based approach, employing a collection of finite state transducers and a bilingual dictionary derived from the study corpus. On the other hand, the second translator relies on deep learning models, specifically the sequence-to-sequence transformer model and a parallel corpus. To assess, evaluate, and compare the performance of the two translators, we conducted tests using a parallel corpus comprising 8,599 words. The results achieved by both translators are noteworthy. The translator based on finite state transducers achieved a BLEU score of 56.65, while the transformer model-based translator achieved a higher score of 66.07.
Laser Direct Writing for Micromachining of Freeform Surface on n-Type GaAs via Photoelectrochemical Etching
Authors: Yuan Wen , Yao Liu , Han Lianhuan , Liu Chuan , Su Jian-Jia , Zhan Dongping
Published: July 2024

The fabrication of microstructures featuring freeform surfaces on semiconductor substrates confronts substantial obstacles due to their inherent material difficulties, including considerable hardness and brittleness, as well as geometric complexity. In this investigation, we leverage laser direct writing (LDW) combined with photoelectrochemical etching to achieve precise material removal from semiconductor surfaces. By conducting a series of experiments on a home-made LDW apparatus under varying conditions, we established a correlation between the etching depth and both the power intensity and motion speed of the laser spot. The analysis revealed that the etching depth exhibited linearly with the power intensity of the laser spot and inversely with the motion speed. Additionally, the half widths of the grooves maintained consistently within the range of 1–2 μm. By leveraging this methodology, we successfully fabricated a freeform micro-optical structure on an n-GaAs wafer by precisely adjusting the power intensity of the laser spot during scanning, thus demonstrating the feasibility for achieving nanoscale machining precision. This research underscores the promise of this technique in significantly advancing the fabrication processes of semiconductor devices.
Innovative Use of Carbon Nanotubes in Electrochemical Sensors for the Analysis of Europium in Samples from the Environment
Authors: Wlazlowska Edyta , Grabarczyk Malgorzata , Fialek Marzena
Published: July 2024

An adsorptive stripping voltammetric method for the determination of trace europium(III) based on the adsorption of europium(III)−cupferron complex on the multiwall carbon nanotubes/spherical glassy carbon (MWCNTs/SGC) electrode modified with a lead film is presented. The method was optimized with respect to the main electrochemical parameters that affect the voltammetric determination (supporting electrolyte, pH, cupferron concentration, deposition potential and time). The calibration graph is linear from 5 × 10−9 to 5 × 10−7 mol l−1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9993 for europium for a preconcentration time of 80 s. The detection limit for a preconcentration time of 80 s is as low as 1.3 × 10−9 mol l−1 for europium. To confirm the effectiveness of the developed procedure on the MWCNTs/SGC electrode, tests were also carried out on a glassy carbon electrode to compare the detection limits obtained. The developed procedure was tested for the effect of extraneous substances on the europium signal. The proposed method was successfully applied by studying natural samples and certified reference materials.
Cyclability Investigation of Anode-Free Lithium-Metal Batteries
Authors: Marrache Roy , Peled Emanuel
Published: July 2024

Lithium (Li) is a sought-after element for thrift, and considerable effort is being invested in conserving, reusing, and optimizing its chemical capabilities as a key material for energy storage systems. Anode-free lithium-metal batteries (AFLMB) provide the ability to utilize the exact amount of Li in the battery, thereby increasing both the specific capacity and safety of the battery. AFLMBs are widely recognized and investigated due to their promised benefits but have not yet become commercial, primarily because they suffer from uneven Li deposition. This issue results in Li dendrite formation, electrolyte consumption due to poor solid electrolyte interphase properties, and, generally, safety concerns. Overcoming these challenges would bring humanity one step closer to a desirable zero-carbon emission future, as more energy could be stored in less volume and weight. In this study, we examined an AFLMB system and investigated different physical and electrochemical factors to understand their effects on the nature of Li deposition/dissolution processes and on the cyclability of the battery. The effects of electrode architecture, cycling temperature, current density in the first charge, and salt composition on the battery were investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Effects of 1,144 km of road cycling performed in 7 days: a cardiometabolic imaging study
Authors: Chartrand Dominic J. , Murphy-Després Adrien , Lemieux Isabelle , Larose Eric , Poirier Paul , Després Jean-Pierre , Alméras Natalie
Published: July 2024

Even when being accompanied by a substantial increase in energy intake to compensate energy expenditure and limit weight loss, a large volume of endurance exercise performed within a short period of time is associated with a significant reduction in visceral adiposity. High cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with low levels of liver fat in middle-aged males.
Combining 3‐Opt and Improved Discrete Cuckoo Search Algorithm for the Traveling Salesman Problem
Authors: Sarucan A. , Berkaya M. F.
Published: July 2024

The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is a well‐known NP‐hard combinatorial optimization problem. In TSP, the objective is to find the shortest distance to the most appropriate route to the starting city. Finding an optimal solution in a reasonable time becomes difficult as the number of cities increases. In recent years, metaheuristic methods obtained optimal or near‐optimal solutions in TSP in an acceptable time. This paper proposes a new hybrid metaheuristic method for solving the TSP. The proposed method is developed by combining the 3‐Opt method and the improved discrete cuckoo search algorithm. The performance of the proposed method is tested on 39 different benchmark problems in the TSPLIB library. For the 39 different benchmark problems with a size of less than 150 cities, the proposed hybrid method found optimal solutions. In addition, it was observed that as the problem size increases, the results obtained are closer to the optimum compared to other methods. When compared to studies in the literature using the same problem, similar or better results were obtained. For 500 iterations, the average best solution of the proposed method differed from the average optimal solution by 0.07%. In the results of the improved discrete cuckoo search algorithm (CSA), this rate was calculated to be 0.08%. In terms of processing time, the average time of the proposed algorithm was 11.46 seconds, while the average time of the improved discrete CSA was 92.86 seconds. For 1000 iterations, the deviation of the proposed method from the average optimal solution is 0.05%, and the average processing time is 23.72 seconds. The experimental results showed that the proposed new hybrid‐improved discrete CSA is effective for solving TSP.
Studies of Positive Integer Solutions of the Diophantine Equation x2 − ay2 − bx − cy − d = 0 by the Transformation Method
Authors: Fenolahy Francklin , Ramanantsoa Harrimann , Totohasina André
Published: July 2024

Solving the Diophantine equation has fascinated mathematicians from various civilizations. In this paper, we propose the resolution of quadratic Diophantine equations with integer coefficients. Our contribution consists of generalizing certain results which have already been developed in the literature. This paper also proposes the criterion on the solvability of the quadratic Diophantine equation here studied.
Exploring Phytochemical Profile, Pharmaceutical Activities, and Medicinal and Nutritional Value of Wild Edible Plants in Ethiopia
Authors: Alemu Woinshet Kassie , Worku Limenew Abate , Bachheti Rakesh Kumar , Bachheti Archana , Engida Adam Mekonnen
Published: July 2024

In many parts of the world, wild edible plants (WEPs) constitute an essential component of the global food basket, providing an alternative source of wholesome and nourishing food. Ethiopia is one of countries of the world having largest concentrations of WEPs. In the country, various parts of WEPs, such as fruits, stems, leaves, tubers, roots, or entire plant sections, are frequently consumed and used as food sources for famine relief during seasonal food shortages, as well as for commercial purposes. WEPs have been also used in the country as sources of phytochemicals, traditional medicine, and pharmaceutical applications. Approximately 30%–40% of WEPs and over 413 different kinds of WEPs are commonly consumed by Ethiopians regularly. Most plant families utilized as WEPs are Moraceae, Fabaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Myrtaceae, Rosaceae, and Tiliaceae. The most widely used plant parts of WEPs were fruits. WEPs can be used as substitutes for traditional plant‐based human diets because of their high nutritional value, which includes proteins, vitamins B2 and C, and low moisture content. This review focuses on using edible wild plants for pharmacological purposes, dietary supplements, and alternative medicine. Many obstacles prevent people from consuming WEPs, even when they are easily accessible and available. The use of WEPs must be encouraged by nutrition policies as one of the pillars of food and nutrition security. To increase yield, diversify the revenue streams of small‐scale farmers, and protect the diminishing wild edible fruit resources, it is imperative to domesticate and enhance WEPs.
Data from The Cancer Genomics Cloud: Collaborative, Reproducible, and Democratized—A New Paradigm in Large-Scale Computational Research
Authors: Lau Jessica W. , Lehnert Erik , Sethi Anurag , Malhotra Raunaq , Kaushik Gaurav , Onder Zeynep , Groves-Kirkby Nick , Mihajlovic Aleksandar , DiGiovanna Jack , Srdic Mladen , Bajcic Dragan , Radenkovic Jelena , Mladenovic Vladimir , Krstanovic Damir , Arsenijevic Vladan , Klisic Djordje , Mitrovic Milan , Bogicevic Igor , Kural Deniz , Davis-Dusenbery Brandi
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Seven Bridges Cancer Genomics Cloud (CGC; www.cancergenomicscloud.org) enables researchers to rapidly access and collaborate on massive public cancer genomic datasets, including The Cancer Genome Atlas. It provides secure on-demand access to data, analysis tools, and computing resources. Researchers from diverse backgrounds can easily visualize, query, and explore cancer genomic datasets visually or programmatically. Data of interest can be immediately analyzed in the cloud using more than 200 preinstalled, curated bioinformatics tools and workflows. Researchers can also extend the functionality of the platform by adding their own data and tools via an intuitive software development kit. By colocalizing these resources in the cloud, the CGC enables scalable, reproducible analyses. Researchers worldwide can use the CGC to investigate key questions in cancer genomics. Cancer Res; 77(21); e3–6. ©2017 AACR.
Platinum-Based Chemotherapy Induces Opposing Effects on Immunotherapy Response-Related Spatial and Stromal Biomarkers in the Bladder Cancer Microenvironment
Authors: Chelushkin Maksim A. , van Dorp Jeroen , van Wilpe Sandra , Seignette Iris M. , Mellema Jan-Jaap J. , Alkemade Maartje , Gil-Jimenez Alberto , Peters Dennis , Brugman Wim , Stockem Chantal F. , Hooijberg Erik , Broeks Annegien , van Rhijn Bas W.G. , Mertens Laura S. , van der Heijden Antoine G. , Mehra Niven , van Montfoort Maurits L. , Wessels Lodewyk F.A. , Vis Daniel J. , van der Heijden Michiel S.
Published: July 2024

Purpose:

Platinum-based chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors are key components of systemic treatment for muscle-invasive and advanced urothelial cancer. The ideal integration of these two treatment modalities remains unclear as clinical trials have led to inconsistent results. Modulation of the tumor-immune microenvironment by chemotherapy is poorly characterized. We aimed to investigate this modulation, focusing on potential clinical implications for immune checkpoint inhibitor response.

Experimental Design:

We assessed immune cell densities, spatial relations, and tumor/stromal components from 116 patients with urothelial bladder cancer (paired data for 95 patients) before and after platinum-based chemotherapy.

Results:

Several published biomarkers for immunotherapy response changed upon chemotherapy treatment. The intratumoral CD8+ T-cell percentage increased after treatment and was associated with increased TNFα-via-NF-κB signaling. The percentage of PDL1+ immune cells was higher after chemotherapy. An increase in chemo-induced changes that potentially inhibit an antitumor immune response was also observed, including increased fibroblast-based TGFβ signaling and distances from immune cells to the nearest cancer cell. The latter two parameters correlated significantly in posttreatment samples, suggesting that TGFβ signaling in fibroblasts may play a role in spatially separating immune cells from cancer cells. We examined specific chemotherapy regimens and found that treatment with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin was associated with an increase in the macrophage cell percentage. Gemcitabine-containing chemotherapy was associated with upregulation of fibroblast TGFβ signaling.

Conclusions:

The opposing effects of platinum-based chemotherapy on the immune cell composition and stromal context of the tumor-immune microenvironment may explain the inconsistent results of clinical trials investigating chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitor combinations in bladder cancer.
Supplementary Table 3 from Generation, Transcriptomic States, and Clinical Relevance of CX3CR1+ CD8 T Cells in Melanoma
Authors: Ishigaki Hirohito , Yamauchi Takayoshi , Long Mark D. , Hoki Toshifumi , Yamamoto Yuta , Oba Takaaki , Ito Fumito
Published: July 2024

Supplementary Table 3
Establishment and Characterization of Salivary Gland-Specific Injury in Transgenic Mice Model
Authors: Omagari Daisuke , Ushikoshi-Nakayama Ryoko , Yamazaki Tomoe , Inoue Hiroko , Bando Kana , Matsumoto Naoyuki , Saito Ichiro
Published: July 2024

Introduction: Many mouse models for autoimmune diseases also have lesions in non-target organs, which may make it difficult to determine whether the target organ lesion is primary or secondary. Hyposalivation has conventionally been studied using genetically modified mouse models for Sjogren’s syndrome as well as spontaneous autoimmune mice with systemic lesions, none of which has salivary gland-specific injury. Methods: In this study, we established a salivary gland-specific injury mouse model using the toxin receptor-mediated cell knockout (TRECK) system by gene modification with the transgene composed of the 5′ untranslated region of human salivary mucin gene MUC7 (highly expressed specifically in human salivary gland) inserted at the upstream of hHB-EGF (diphtheria toxin receptor) in the TRECK vector. Results: In this transgenic mouse model, we confirmed salivary gland-specific expression of hHB-EGF gene, and hyposalivation after treatment with diphtheria toxin. Histological assessment of the salivary gland from these mice showed granular convoluted tubule epithelial cells destruction at the same position as a positivity in TUNEL assay. Conclusion: This transgenic mouse model may become a useful tool for elucidating the mechanisms involved in hyposalivation and for developing pharmaceuticals and tissue regenerative medical products for this condition.
Central Lean Mass Distribution and the Risks of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in 40,283 UK Biobank Participants
Authors: Ding Li , Fan Yuxin , Wang Jiaxing , Ma Xiaohui , Chang Lina , He Qing , Hu Gang , Liu Ming
Published: July 2024

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of central lean mass distribution with the risk of mortality. Methods: This cohort study included 40,283 UK Biobank participants. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the association of central lean mass distribution, i.e., trunk-to-leg lean mass ratio, assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, with the risk of mortality. Results: The median age of the participants was 65 years, and 52% were women. During a median follow-up of 4.18 years, 674 participants died, of whom 366 were due to cancer and 126 were due to cardiovascular causes. Compared with the lowest tertile of a trunk-to-leg lean mass ratio, the multivariable-adjusted (age, sex, ethnicity, lifestyle, comorbidities, body mass index, and appendicular muscle mass index) hazards ratios of the highest tertile of trunk-to-leg lean mass ratio were 1.55 (95% CI: 1.23–1.94), 1.69 (95% CI: 1.26–2.26), and 1.14 (95% CI: 0.72–1.80) for all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality, respectively. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio mediated 9.3% (95% CI: 3.3%–40.4%) of the association of trunk-to-leg lean mass ratio with all-cause mortality. There was evidence for additive interactions of trunk-to-leg lean mass ratio with older age and poor diet quality for all-cause mortality. Conclusion: Trunk-to-leg lean mass ratio, assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, was positively associated with the risks of all-cause and cancer mortality, independent of general obesity and central obesity, in UK middle-aged and older adults. Central lean mass distribution may interact synergistically with aging and poor diet quality to further increase the risk of death.
Predicting Outcomes after Transplantation of Deceased Donor Kidneys of Marginal Quality within the Eurotransplant Service Area
Authors: Scurt Florian G. , Fischer-Fröhlich Carl L. , Ernst Angela , Mertens Peter R. , Becker Jan U. , Chatzikyrkou Christos
Published: July 2024

Introduction: Kidneys of marginal quality are increasingly being used to overcome the shortage of donor organs. However, accurate prediction of outcome is needed to optimize the use of these kidneys. We aimed to test the performance of a recently proposed score consisting of delayed graft function (DGF), renal function recovery (RFR), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <30 mL/min per 1.73 m2 90 days after transplantation for risk assessment of patient and graft survival. Material and Methods: A total of 221 adult brain death donors with marginal kidneys transplanted into 223 recipients within Eurotransplant were included in the analysis. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to assess death-censored and all-cause censored graft failure and recipient mortality at 1 and 3 years. Results: Recipients with DGF had a higher risk of death-censored graft loss (HR, 95% CIs: 3.058 [1.195–7.825]). Recipients with a GFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 at 90 days after transplantation had a higher risk of death censored and all-cause graft failure (HR, 95% CIs: 2.122 [1.129–3.990] and 2.122 [1.129–3.990]). None of the three components of the proposed score was associated with a higher risk of mortality. Conclusion: DGF and estimated GFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 but not RFR at 90 days predicted graft failure after transplantation of marginal kidneys. However, no combination of these factors was able to predict short-term patient and graft survival.
Precision Nutrition for Management of Cardiovascular Disease Risk During Menopause
Authors: Cabre Hannah E. , Woolf Emily K. , Redman Leanne M.
Published: July 2024

Background: Women can spend up to 40% of their lives in the postmenopausal state. As women begin to transition into menopause, known as perimenopause, changes in hormonal concentrations and body composition dramatically increase overall cardiometabolic risk. Dietary patterns and interventions can be utilized to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease (CVD) and some dietary patterns over others may be more beneficial due to their specific effects on the health aspects of menopause. In this narrative review, we summarize key cardiovascular alterations that occur during the menopause transition and explore current dietary recommendations to address CVD risk as well as explore the new frontier of precision nutrition and the implications for nutrition prescription during menopause. Summary: Popular dietary interventions for CVD such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and the Mediterranean Diet (MED) have limited data in women following menopause. However, both diets improve CVD risk biomarkers of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as lower oxidative stress and inflammation and improve endothelial function. As the menopause transition increases the risk for developing metabolic syndrome, insulin insensitivity, and dyslipidemia, the DASH and MED diets may be impactful dietary strategies for mediating CVD risk in menopausal women. However, these are “one-size-fits-all” approaches that neglect individual characteristics such as genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Precision nutrition considers individual factors for nutrition prescription, spanning from evaluating food intake preferences and behaviors to deep phenotyping. Data from a large-scale investigation of the menopause transition suggests nutritional strategies that address postprandial glycemic responses, and the gut microbiome may attenuate some of the unfavorable effects of menopause on CVD risk factors. Key Messages: Considering menopause, women are a clinical population that would greatly benefit from precision nutrition. Future research should explore the use of machine learning and artificial intelligence in a precision nutrition framework to modify the DASH and MED diets to address adverse effects that occur during the menopause transition are vital for supporting women’s health as they age.
Effectiveness of Fluoride Varnishes for White Spot Lesion Prevention and Remineralization during Orthodontic Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Moraes Samanta Mascarenhas , Koshino Larissa Ayumi , Carvalho Thamyris de Souza , Souza Beatriz Martines de , Honorio Heitor Marques , Magalhães Ana Carolina , Garib Daniela Gamba , Buzalaf Marília Afonso Rabelo
Published: July 2024

Introduction: This study investigated the effectiveness of titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) varnish compared to sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish for preventing and remineralizing white spot lesions (WSLs) in individuals undergoing orthodontic treatment. Methods: This randomized, placebo-controlled, and double-blinded study was conducted with sixty-five adolescents who were selected based on caries activity and then randomized into three parallel groups: G1 (placebo varnish), G2 (5% NaF varnish), and G3 (4% TiF4 varnish). Volunteers received varnish application weekly for the first 4 weeks, after 6 (T1) and 12 (T2) months. The measured outcomes included prevention of new WSLs and reversal/progression of WSLs, assessed by Nyvad and International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) indices, as well as quantitative light-induced fluorescence. χ2, ANOVA, and Kruskall-Wallis tests were applied. The level of significance was set at 0.05, and post hoc Bonferroni test for p values was performed to correct for multiple comparisons. Results: 1,274 teeth were included; 70.5% were Nyvad 0, and 29.5% were Nyvad 1, with no differences between the groups at baseline (T0). Regarding ICDAS, 70.5% were ICDAS 0, 21.6% were ICDAS 1, and 7.9% were ICDAS 2. G1 showed an increasing prevalence of WSLs at T1 and maintained stable at T2; G2 exhibited a decline at T2, while G3 experienced a decrease at T1 and T2 (p < 0.01). Incidence of WSLs at T2 was 10.2% (G1), 5.6% (G2), and 1.4% (G3). The percentage of teeth initially scored as Nyvad 0 that progressed to Nyvad 1 was 13%, 6.8%, and 1% for G1, G2, and G3, respectively. Conversely, the percentage of teeth initially scored as Nyvad 1 that regressed to Nyvad 0 or Nyvad 2 (T0–T2) was 14%, 49.3%, and 74.4%, respectively (p < 0.001). As for the ICDAS index, regression was observed in 6.5%, 17.8%, and 24%, while progression was observed in 14.9%, 7.7% and 0.9% for G1, G2, and G3, respectively (p < 0.001). Significant differences among the 3 groups for integrated fluorescence loss (mean ± SD, G1: −14.28 ± 9.47, G2: −11.10 ± 11.49, and G3: −6.77 ± 11.00) were found at T2 (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Both varnishes demonstrated the ability to prevent and remineralize WSLs. However, TiF4 varnish exhibited the most effective control over WSLs during the 12-month orthodontic treatment.
The Leaky Gut and Human Diseases: “Can’t Fill the Cup if You Don’t Plug the Holes First”
Authors: Compare Debora , Sgamato Costantino , Rocco Alba , Coccoli Pietro , Ambrosio Carmen , Nardone Gerardo
Published: July 2024

Background: The gut barrier is a sophisticated and dynamic system that forms the frontline defense between the external environment and the body’s internal milieu and includes various structural and functional components engaged not only in digestion and nutrient absorption but also in immune regulation and overall health maintenance. Summary: When one or more components of the intestinal barrier lose their structure and escape their function, this may result in a leaky gut. Mounting evidence emphasizes the crucial role of the gut microbiome in preserving the integrity of the gut barrier and provides insights into the pathophysiological implications of conditions related to leaky gut in humans. Assessment of intestinal permeability has evolved from invasive techniques to noninvasive biomarkers, but challenges remain in achieving consensus about the best testing methods and their accuracy. Research on the modulation of gut permeability is just starting, and although no medical guidelines for the treatment of leaky gut syndrome are available, several treatment strategies are under investigation with promising results. Key Messages: This review discusses the composition of the intestinal barrier, the pathophysiology of the leaky gut and its implications on human health, the measurement of intestinal permeability, and the therapeutic strategies to restore gut barrier integrity.
Weight Regain following Bariatric Surgery and in vitro Fertilization Outcomes
Authors: Zemer-Tov Bar , Ziv-Baran Tomer , Igawa May , Lieberman Gabriella , Orvieto Raoul , Machtinger Ronit
Published: July 2024

Introduction: The aim of this study was to estimate the time to pregnancy and live birth and evaluate the effect of weight regain in women with a history of bariatric surgery (BS) who underwent in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study. All patients with previous BS who underwent IVF treatment in a tertiary university-affiliated hospital between 2013 and 2022 were included. Time to pregnancy and live birth were compared between patients who regained less than or greater than three points of body mass index (BMI) from the nadir weight after BS. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests were used to compare groups. Results: A total of 78 patients were included in this study. The positive β-hCG, clinical pregnancy, and live birth rates following BS were 89.4%, 78.9%, and 50.8%, respectively. The median time from the beginning of IVF treatments to a positive β-hCG test was 2.97 months (95% CI: 1.04–4.89 months), to a clinical pregnancy was 7.1 months (95% CI: 3.56–10.91), and to a live birth was 20.2 months. Women who maintained their nadir BMI following BS had nearly twice the chance of achieving a clinical pregnancy (HR 1.967, 95% CI: 1.026–3.771, p = 0.042) and were approximately three times more likely to achieve a live birth (2.864, 95% CI: 1.196–6.859, p = 0.018) than those who regained at least three points of BMI. Conclusion: Weight regain after BS is associated with a lower rate of live births and prolonged time to achieve clinical pregnancy and live birth.
Current and future strategies in insulin development and treatment
Authors: Weiskorn Jantje , Saboo Banshi , Danne Thomas
Published: July 2024

Backround: Recent advances in insulin research open new avenues for treatment, both, for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In developed countries, standardized “ultra-rapid-acting insulins” are now also used in addition to rapid-acting insulins. First- and second-generation basal analogs are available. Third generation basal analogs, which only need to be applied once a week, are in the pipeline.
Summary: Second-generation “ultra-rapid-acting insulins” insulins with faster onset and offset of action may be particularly useful for multiple daily injection and automated insulin delivery systems. An improved time-action profile of bolus insulin would be able to cover the rapid increase in glucose after meals with a rapid fall thereafter to avoid postprandial hypoglycaemia. The third-generation basal insulins allowing once-weekly dosing made major steps towards becoming a clinical reality. However, issues with insulin affordability and availability remain problematic even in more affluent countries. Biosimilar insulins products can provide people with additional safe, high-quality, and potentially cost-effective options for treating diabetes. Particularly in lower-middle income countries insulin therapy is facing issues not only of access but also storage, lack of diabetes education and stigma.
Key massage: With the new bolus insulins, the physiological insulin secretion pattern can be mimicked better and better and hypoglycemia can be avoided. With the ever longer pharmacokinetic action profiles of the basal analogs, the injection frequency is reduced, which leads to better adherence and quality of life. The potential of using once weekly insulins as a remedy against premature death compared to the current standard of care under these circumstances should be evaluated in pilot studies. The changing paradigms of insulin delivery reinforce the need for international efforts with different stakeholders to ensure the appropriate products of the life-saving drug are available for everyone who needs it worldwide.
Senior High School Program Graduates and Teachers’ Satisfaction and Challenges: Spring Board of Plan Adjustments
Authors: Trinidad Edna D. , Sabacajan Bazil T. , Morados Alexander N. , Nahial Wenie L.
Published: July 2024

The study was conducted to determine the challenges and satisfaction of the teachers and graduates on the implementation of Senior High School (SHS) Program. Out of 1615 first batch graduates of school year 2017-2018, 306 of them were used as respondents of this study.  These respondents were enrolled in two colleges in the Province of Camiguin. While 91 out of 130 SHS teachers from 10 public schools in DepEd-Camiguin represented were used as sample from the SHS implementers. The study utilized the quantitative-descriptive method to answer the research questions. Frequency, mean, ANOVA and multiple regressions were used to analyse the data. The study revealed that the graduate respondents were very disappointed in schools with no laboratories and workshops. They had difficulties in demonstrating their knowledge into actual experiential learning for the tools, materials, equipment and updated audio-visual materials needed were not available, if there were, and then it is not enough. Also, students’ research activities were impeded for no internet connections and other instructional resources available for to use. On the other hand, SHS teachers needed more TGs and CGs, teaching supplies and materials, laboratories and workshops to be effective and efficient to support learning. The graduates were not satisfied on the teachers’ effectiveness and efficiency in delivering the lessons to them. The overall results revealed that there is no significant relationship between satisfactions and challenges among SHS graduates and teachers’ in SHS program implementation. This study found out the need to implement adjustment to address the challenges identified by the respondents. Various programs and activities were needed to address the shortages and needs of the Senior High School community. Moreover, the outcome of the plan adjustments is to encourage the optimistic response of the department heads, school heads, teachers and students. By so doing, improvements will be transpired.
Emotional Intelligence and Conflict Management Strategies among Junior and Senior Uniformed Personnel in Philippine National Police
Authors: Cuevas Kamille Gretchen Z. , Pendon Lerwin Aries T. , Rijon Klyzia C. , Vibar Jerome M. , Villa Elizabeth Buena
Published: July 2024

This study aimed to determine the emotional intelligence and conflict management strategies among junior and senior uniformed personnel of Philippine National Police. This study employed the use of descriptive comparative research design utilizing survey methodology. Research locale was limited Cavite. The respondents were the 50 junior uniformed personnel and 50 senior uniformed personnel in the locale of the study and were selected using random sampling technique. The research instrument in this study was a survey questionnaire adopted from Galman (2021). Data were analyzed using percentage, mean, rank order and One Way Analysis of Variance. 
The study reveals that senior uniformed personnel have higher emotional intelligence and conflict resolution skills compared to younger personnel. Senior personnel have a better understanding of their own emotions and others', and can better manage stress. They also employ more effective conflict resolution tactics. The study suggests that age and experience may influence emotional intelligence and conflict resolution. The study suggests that company culture can impact conflict management and emotional intelligence. It's crucial to tailor conflict management tactics to each age group and provide training to enhance emotional intelligence. Emphasizing these differences can help foster a more efficient professional environment among uniformed staff.
Enhancing Rooting and Biomass of Sugarcane Setts with Bio-Stimulant at Germination Stage
Authors: Oñal, Jr. Paulino A , Baldonebro Jessel Jane G. , Cortez Manuel D. , Andrade Francis E. , Bermejo Nathaniel John C. , Lovino Marinel M. , Poblacion Anna Mae V.
Published: July 2024

The study aims to determine the effect of the application of bio-stimulant to one-eyed and two-eyed sugarcane setts as planting materials in enhancing the rooting and biomass.  The study was conducted at UNO-R School of Agriculture, Philippines from November to December 2023. Phil 2006-2289 variety was used as planting materials. The study was laid out in a two-way factorial Completely Randomized Design with the kind of materials as the main plot and the four (4) levels of concentration of bio-stimulant solutions (BSS) plus the control as the sub-plots replicated 4 times. Cane setts preparation was done a day before the planting operations. Leaf sheaths were remove and only those setts with good and viable eye buds were selected for planting. Soaking was done for 24 hours. Bio-stimulants (BSS) were diluted in water and used as a soaking solution and succeeding application was done 15 days after planting. Statistical analysis revealed highly significant differences among treatments on the germination, biomass accumulation, weight and length of roots, number, weight, and height of tillers applied with 500ml of BSS. There was a high significant difference on the root length and biomass as influence by type of cane setts and the levels of concentration of BSS.  Two-eyed cane setts applied with 500ml of BSS got the heaviest root weight and biomass. The study recommends the use of 500ml of BSS and two-eyed cane setts in enhancing the rooting and biomass of sugarcane plants during the germination phase.
Influence of Bio-Stimulant to Rooting and Biomass of Sugarcane Setts at Pre-Tillering Stage
Authors: Oñal, Jr. Paulino A , Garcia Jeff Gregorr A. , De la Cruz Amie E. , Pitallar Jewel V.
Published: July 2024

Sugarcane is an important crop in the Philippines planted throughout the country but is most abundant in the Visayas and particularly on Negros Island. This study aims to determine the effect of the application of different concentrations of bio-stimulant on enhancing root and biomass accumulations at the pre-tillering stage of the sugarcane plant. The study was conducted at the University of Negros Occidental – Recoletos School of Agriculture, Philippines last December 6, 2023, to February 6, 2024. One hundred pieces of two-eyed cane points of RC-88 were used as planting materials. Soaking the cane points in water was done for 24 hours. Thereafter they were removed from water and air-dried for 30 minutes. The bio-stimulant was prepared before the application based on the study protocol.  The bio-stimulant was diluted in distilled water and applied at the base of the plant using a measuring cup for even distribution. Regular monitoring for the presence of pests/diseases was done including watering. There were five (5) treatments, replicated four (4) times using Complete Randomized Design (CRD). Statistical analysis revealed that most of the characteristics of sugarcane plants significantly correlated with roots and biomass accumulation when applied with different levels of concentrations of bio-stimulant concentration at the pre-tillering stage of sugarcane. The use of 500ml Bio-stimulant significantly influenced the germination, tiller height, weight of tillers, weight of roots, length of roots, and biomass. This study recommends the use of 500ml bio-stimulant in enhancing the rooting and biomass accumulation of sugarcane setts at pre-tillering stage.
Pension Management System of PRBS in the Philippine National Police: Ba-sis for Policy Enhancement
Authors: Layugan Alan A. , Tanigue Yolanda , Villa Elizabeth B.
Published: July 2024

This study assessed the pension management system of the PRBS in the Philippine National Police, highlighting specific challenges and deficiencies in different areas. These challenges include ensuring the completeness and legality of supporting documents, addressing delays in the issuance of updated documents from the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), improving the process of updating and issuing records, and enhancing the feedback mechanism and incorporation of results in the PRBS Program Review and Analysis. There are variations in beneficiaries' perceptions across different aspects of the pension management system, indicating room for improvement. Recommendations include establishing clear guidelines, enhancing communication channels, streamlining processes, and prioritizing solutions favored by beneficiaries.
The study also recommends implementing clear guidelines, standardized checklists, training programs, and streamlined processes to address the challenges. These measures, if adopted, could significantly improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the pension management system. Enhancing communication and coordination with the PSA, implementing technological solutions, and establishing a feedback mechanism are also advised. Further, analysis is suggested to understand specific problems and differences in perception. Recommendations also focus on improving access to claim status information, prioritizing beneficiary-favored solutions, and enhancing policy implementation of the Pension Management System. These changes, if implemented, could lead to a more transparent, efficient, and beneficiary-friendly pension management system. Your active participation in this process is crucial and highly valued.
In summary, the study highlights the challenges, recommendations, and conclusions related to the pension management system in the Philippine National Police, emphasizing the need for improvements in various aspects to enhance efficiency, effectiveness, and satisfaction among pensioners and stakeholders.