bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of light availability on host plant chemistry and the consequences for behavior and growth of an insect herbivore
Authors: Jansen Margo P. T. , Stamp Nancy E.
Published: October 2003

We examined how light availability influenced the defensive chemistry of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum: Solanaceae). Tomato plants were grown either in full sunlight or under shade cloth rated at 73%. Leaves from plants grown in full sunlight were tougher, had higher concentrations of allelochemicals (chlorogenic acid, rutin and tomatine), and had less protein than leaves from plants grown in shade. We determined how these differences in host plant quality due to light availability affected the behavior and growth of a Solanaceae specialist, Manduca sexta. Both in the greenhouse and in the field, caterpillars on shade‐grown plants grew heavier in a shorter amount of time than those on plants that had previously been grown in full sunlight. In contrast, the effects of previous light availability to plants on caterpillar behavior appeared to be minor.

To further investigate how light availability to plants influenced herbivore growth, we examined the effects of leaf‐powder diets made from tomato leaves of different ages (new, intermediate, or mature) grown in full sunlight or shade on caterpillar performance. Caterpillars fed diets made from plants grown in shade consumed less but grew faster than larvae fed diets made from tomato plants grown in full sunlight. Caterpillars fed diets made from new leaves grew larger in less time than caterpillars fed diets made from intermediate aged leaves. Caterpillars did not survive on the mature leaf powder diets. There were plant‐light treatment by larval thermal regime interactions. For example, at 26:15 °C, plant‐light treatment had no effect on stadium duration, but at 21:10 °C, stadium duration was prolonged with the full sunlight‐new leaf diet compared with the shaded‐new leaf diet. In a second diet experiment, we examined the interactive effects of protein and some tomato allelochemicals (rutin, chlorogenic acid and tomatine) on the performance of caterpillars. There were food quality by thermal regime interactions. For instance, at 26:15 °C, neither protein nor allelochemical concentration influenced stadium duration, whereas at 21:10 °C, stadium duration was prolonged with the low protein‐high allelochemical diet, which simulated full sunlight leaves. In sum, light availability to plants affected defensive chemistry and protein concentration. The difference in food quality was great enough to influence the growth of a specialist insect herbivore, but the effects were temperature‐dependent.
Fitness consequences of superparasitism and mechanism of host discrimination in the stemborer parasitoid Cotesia flavipes
Authors: Potting R. P. J. , Snellen H. M. , Vet L. E. M.
Published: October 2003

The fitness consequences of superparasitism and the mechanism of host discrimination in Cotesia flavipes, a larval parasitoid of concealed stemborer larvae was investigated. Naive females readily superparasitized and treated the already parasitized host as an unparasitized host by allocating the same amount of eggs as in an unparasitized host. However, there was no significant increase in the number of emerging parasitoids from superparasitized hosts due to substantial mortality of parasitoid offspring in superparasitized hosts. Furthermore, the developmental time of the parasitoids in a superparasitized host was significantly longer than in a singly parasitized host and the emerging progeny were significantly smaller (body length and head width). Naive females entered a tunnel in which the host was parasitized 4 h previously and accepted it for oviposition. Experienced females (oviposition experience in unparasitized host) refused to enter a tunnel with a host parasitized by herself or by another female. In experiments where the tunnel and/or host was manipulated it was demonstrated that the female leaves a mark in the tunnel when she parasitizes a host. The role of patch marking in C. flavipes is discussed in relation to the ecology of the parasitoid.
Chemical cues from Spodoptera litura larvae elicit prey‐locating behavior by the predatory stink bug, Eocanthecona furcellata
Authors: Yasuda Tetsuya
Published: October 2003

Two chemical compounds eliciting prey‐locating behavior of the predatory stink bug, Eocanthecona furcellata, were isolated from solvent extracts of Spodoptera litura larvae and identified. A hexane eluted fraction from silica gel chromatography of the solvent extracts of S. litura larvae was attractive to E. furcellata nymphs when assayed with a linear track olfactometer. The hexane fraction was found to contain n‐pentadecane (2500 ng/larva), n‐tetracosane (54 ng/larva), n‐heptadecane (41 ng/larva), n‐heptacosane (61 ng/larva), n‐nonacosane (147 ng/larva), n‐hentriacontane (200 ng/larva) and squalene (323 ng/larva). The synthetic n‐pentadecane was attractive to the bugs, although its activity was slightly lower than that of the hexane fraction. A mixture of synthetic n‐pentadecane and the other six hydrocarbons was also attractive, although no improved attractiveness was observed by the addition of the latter compounds. On the other hand, a 15%‐ether‐in‐ hexane eluted fraction from silica gel chromatography stimulated bugs to display a proboscis‐protruding behavior. A neutral‐layer fraction of the 15% fraction, which contained E‐phytol (480 ng/larva), also elicited this behavior. Synthetic E‐phytol had the same effect on the predators as the neutral‐layer fraction.
Marcinkiewicz’s theorem on operator multipliers of Fourier series
Authors: Dostanić Milutin
Published: October 2003

We give some sufficient conditions on the operators

A

m

∈

B

(

L

p

(
0
,
1
)

)

A_{m}\!\in \!\mathcal {B} \left ( L^{p}\left ( 0,1\right ) \right )

which for each

Φ

m

∈

L

p

(
0
,
1
)

\Phi _{m}\in L^{p}\left ( 0,1\right )

imply the inequality
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="integral Subscript 0 Superscript 1 Baseline integral Subscript 0 Superscript 2 pi Baseline StartAbsoluteValue sigma-summation Underscript m Endscripts e Superscript i m x Baseline dot upper A Subscript m Baseline normal upper Phi Subscript m Baseline left-parenthesis y right-parenthesis EndAbsoluteValue Superscript p Baseline d x d y less-than-or-equal-to c Subscript p Superscript p Baseline integral Subscript 0 Superscript 1 Baseline integral Subscript 0 Superscript 2 pi Baseline StartAbsoluteValue sigma-summation Underscript m Endscripts e Superscript i m x Baseline dot normal upper Phi Subscript m Baseline left-parenthesis y right-parenthesis EndAbsoluteValue Superscript p Baseline d x d y comma">

∫

0

1

∫

0

2
π

|

∑

m

e

i
m
x

⋅

A

m

Φ

m

(
y
)

|

p

d
x
d
y
≤

c

p

p

∫

0

1

∫

0

2
π

|

∑

m

e

i
m
x

⋅

Φ

m

(
y
)

|

p

d
x
d
y
,

\int \limits _{0}^{1}\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\left | \sum \limits _{m}e^{imx}\cdot A_{m}\Phi _{m}\left ( y\right ) \right | ^{p}dxdy\leq c_{p}^{p}\int \limits _{0}^{1}\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\left | \sum \limits _{m}e^{imx}\cdot \Phi _{m}\left ( y\right ) \right | ^{p}dxdy,

\]

1
>
p
>
∞
.

1>p>\infty .
The Lusternik-Schnirelmann category of 𝑆𝑝(3)
Authors: Fernández-Suárez Lucía , Gómez-Tato Antonio , Strom Jeffrey , Tanré Daniel
Published: October 2003

We show that the Lusternik-Schnirelmann category of the symplectic group

Sp
⁡
(
3
)

\operatorname {Sp}(3)

is

5
5

. This L-S category coincides with the cone length and the stable weak category.
On the use of the topological degree theory in broken orbits analysis
Authors: Pokrovskii A. , Rasskazov O.
Published: October 2003

Dynamical systems

f
f

in

R

d

{\mathbb R}^{d}

are studied. Let

Ω

⊂

R

d

\mathbf {\Omega } \subset \mathbb {R}^{d}

be a bounded open set. We will be interested in those periodic orbits such that at least one of its points lies inside

Ω

\mathbf {\Omega }

and at least one of its points lies outside

Ω
¯

\mathbf {\overline {\Omega }}

; the orbits with this property are called

Ω

\mathbf {\Omega }

-broken. Information about the structure of the set of

Ω

\mathbf {\Omega }

-broken orbits is suggested; results are formulated in terms of topological degree theory.
Strong mixing coefficients for non-commutative Gaussian processes
Authors: Bryc Włodzimierz , Kaftal Victor
Published: October 2003

Bounds for non-commutative versions of two classical strong mixing coefficients for

q
q

-Gaussian processes are found in terms of the angle between the underlying Hilbert spaces. As a consequence, we construct a

ψ
\psi

-mixing

q
q

-Gaussian stationary sequence with growth conditions on variances of partial sums. If classical processes with analogous properties were to exist, they would provide a counter-example to the Ibragimov conjecture.
The approximation order of polysplines
Authors: Kounchev Ognyan , Render Hermann
Published: October 2003

We show that the scaling spaces defined by the polysplines of order

p
p

provide approximation order

2
p
.

2p.

For that purpose we refine the results on one-dimensional approximation order by

L
L

-splines obtained by de Boor, DeVore, and Ron (1994).
Two nontrivial solutions for quasilinear periodic equations
Authors: Papageorgiou Evgenia , Papageorgiou Nikolaos
Published: October 2003

In this paper we study a nonlinear periodic problem driven by the ordinary scalar p-Laplacian and with a Carathéodory nonlinearity. We establish the existence of at least two nontrivial solutions. Our approach is variational based on the smooth critical point theory and using the “Second Deformation Theorem".
Minimal degrees which are Σ₂⁰ but not Δ₂⁰
Authors: Shore Richard
Published: October 2003

We give a short proof of the existence of minimal Turing degrees which are

Σ

2

0

\Sigma _{2}^{0}

but not

Δ

2

0

\Delta _{2}^{0}

.
Tightly closed ideals of small type
Authors: Vraciu Adela
Published: October 2003

We study the smallest possible type of tightly closed ideals that are cofinal with the powers of the maximal ideal; this numerical invariant yields information about the tight closure of arbitrary ideals in the ring.
Isometric copies of 𝑙¹ and 𝑙^{∞} in Orlicz spaces equipped with the Orlicz norm
Authors: Chen Shutao , Cui Yunan , Hudzik Henryk
Published: October 2003

Criteria in order that an Orlicz space equipped with the Orlicz norm contains a linearly isometric copy (or an order linearly isometric copy) of

l
1

l^1

(or

l

∞

l^{\infty }

) are given.
Eigenvalue estimates for operators on symmetric Banach sequence spaces
Authors: Defant Andreas , Mastyło Mieczysław , Michels Carsten
Published: October 2003

Using abstract interpolation theory, we study eigenvalue distribution problems for operators on complex symmetric Banach sequence spaces. More precisely, extending two well-known results due to König on the asymptotic eigenvalue distribution of operators on

ℓ
p

\ell _p

-spaces, we prove an eigenvalue estimate for Riesz operators on

ℓ
p

\ell _p

-spaces with

1
>
p
>
2

1 > p > 2

, which take values in a

p
p

-concave symmetric Banach sequence space

E
↪

ℓ
p

E \hookrightarrow \ell _p

, as well as a dual version, and show that each operator

T
T

on a

2
2

-convex symmetric Banach sequence space

F
F

, which takes values in a

2
2

-concave symmetric Banach sequence space

E
E

, is a Riesz operator with a sequence of eigenvalues that forms a multiplier from

F
F

into

E
E

. Examples are presented which among others show that the concavity and convexity assumptions are essential.
Minimal graphs in ℝ³ over convex domains
Authors: Dorff Michael
Published: October 2003

Krust established that all conjugate and associate surfaces of a minimal graph over a convex domain are also graphs. Using a convolution theorem from the theory of harmonic univalent mappings, we generalize Krust’s theorem to include the family of convolution surfaces which are generated by taking the Hadamard product or convolution of mappings. Since this convolution involves convex univalent analytic mappings, this family of convolution surfaces is much larger than just the family of associated surfaces. Also, this generalization guarantees that all the resulting surfaces are over close-to-convex domains. In particular, all the associate surfaces and certain Goursat transformation surfaces of a minimal graph over a convex domain are over close-to-convex domains.
Endomorphisms of stable continuous-trace 𝐶*-algebras
Authors: Hirshberg Ilan
Published: October 2003

We classify

C
0

(
X
)

C_0(X)

-endomorphisms of stable continuous-trace

C
∗

C^\ast

-algebras up to inner automorphism by a surjective multiplicative invariant taking values in finite-dimensional vector bundles over the spectrum. Specializing to automorphisms, this gives a different approach to results of Lance, Smith, Phillips and Raeburn.
On Schottky groups arising from the hypergeometric equation with imaginary exponents
Authors: Ichikawa Takashi , Yoshida Masaaki
Published: October 2003

In an article by Sasaki and Yoshida (2000), we encountered Schottky groups of genus 2 as monodromy groups of the hypergeometric equation with purely imaginary exponents. In this paper we study automorphic functions for these Schottky groups, and give a conjectural infinite product formula for the elliptic modular function

λ
\lambda

.
On a theorem of Favard
Authors: Hu Zuosheng , Mingarelli Angelo
Published: October 2003

We obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of almost periodic solutions of almost periodic linear differential equations thereby extending Favard’s classical theorem. These results are meant to complement previous results of the authors who have shown by means of a counterexample that the boundedness of all solutions is not, by itself, sufficient to guarantee the existence of an almost periodic solution to a linear almost periodic differential equation.
On asymptotically nonexpansive mappings in hyperconvex metric spaces
Authors: Khamsi M.
Published: October 2003

Since bounded hyperconvex metric spaces have the fixed point property for nonexpansive mappings, it is natural to extend such a powerful result to asymptotically nonexpansive mappings. Our main result states that the approximate fixed point property holds in this case. The proof is based on the use, for the first time, of the ultrapower of a metric space.
Reduction of Opial-type inequalities to norm inequalities
Authors: Sinnamon Gord
Published: October 2003

Weighted Opial-type inequalities are shown to be equivalent to weighted norm inequalities for sublinear operators and for nearly positive operators. Examples involving the Hardy-Littlewood maximal function and the nonincreasing rearrangement are presented.
On the genus of elliptic fibrations
Authors: Gatsinzi J.-B.
Published: October 2003

A simply connected topological space is called elliptic if both

π
∗

(
X
,

Q

)

\pi _*(X, \mathbb {Q})

and

H
∗

(
X
,

Q

)

H^*(X, \mathbb {Q})

are finite-dimensional

Q

\mathbb {Q}

-vector spaces. In this paper, we consider fibrations for which the fibre

X
X

is elliptic and

H
∗

(
X
,

Q

)

H^*(X, \mathbb {Q})

is evenly graded. We show that in the generic cases, the genus of such a fibration is completely determined by generalized Chern classes of the fibration.
Spectrally bounded operators on simple 𝐶*-algebras
Authors: Mathieu Martin
Published: October 2003

A linear mappingTTfrom a subspaceEEof a Banach algebra into another Banach algebra is called spectrally bounded if there is a constantM≥0M\geq 0such thatr(Tx)≤Mr(x)r(Tx)\leq M\,r(x)for allx∈Ex\in E, wherer(⋅)r(\,\cdot \,)denotes the spectral radius. We prove that every spectrally bounded unital operator from a unital purely infinite simpleC∗C^*-algebra onto a unital semisimple Banach algebra is a Jordan epimorphism.
On a class of elliptic functions associated with imaginary quadratic fields
Authors: Shen Li-Chien
Published: October 2003

Let

−
D

-D

be the field discriminant of an imaginary quadratic field. We construct a class of elliptic functions associated naturally with the quadratic field

Q
(

−
D

)

Q(\sqrt {-D})

which, combined with the general theory of elliptic functions, allows us to provide a unified theory for two fundamental results (one classical and one due to Ramanujan) about the elliptic functions.
The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law Volume 3: Harm to Self
Authors: Feinberg Joel
Published: October 2003

This is the third volume of The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law, a four‐volume series in which Joel Feinberg addresses a complex question: What kinds of conduct may the state make criminal without infringing on the moral autonomy of individual citizens? In Harm to Self, Feinberg discusses various problems about self‐inflicted harm, covering topics such as legal paternalism, personal sovereignty and its boundaries, voluntariness and assumptions of risk, consent and its counterfeits, coercive force, incapacity, and choice of death.
Legal Paternalism
Authors: Feinberg Joel
Published: October 2003

There are a number of diverse meanings of “paternalism.” Feinberg attempts to bring some precision to the meaning of the term. He examines the liberal position, which maintains that prevention of harm (physical, psychological, or economic) to the actor himself is always a good reason for prohibition. Feinberg argues that legal paternalism is a “presumptively blameable” view because it implies that the state often can know the interests of individual citizens better than the citizens know them themselves. The most promising strategy for the antipaternalist is to construct a convincing conception of personal autonomy that can explain how that notion is a moral trump card.
Autonomy
Authors: Feinberg Joel
Published: October 2003

Philosophers have long had a term to label the realm of inviolable sanctuary that most of us sense in our own beings: personal autonomy. Feinberg sets out a number of closely related views of personal autonomy. It can refer to either the capacity to govern oneself, or to the actual condition of self‐government and its associated virtues, or to an ideal of character derived from that conception, or to the sovereign authority to govern oneself, which is absolute within one's own moral boundaries.
Personal Sovereignty and Its Boundaries
Authors: Feinberg Joel
Published: October 2003

Using the concept of personal sovereignty sketched in previous chapters, in which an autonomous individual is viewed as analogous to an autonomous state, Feinberg claims that the self‐regarding and other‐regarding distinction can be used as a guide to map the boundaries of personal autonomy. He goes on to examine autonomy contrasted with liberty and de facto freedom, personal sovereignty compared with constitutional privacy, autonomous forfeitures of liberty, and deciding for one's future self.
Voluntariness and Assumptions of Risk
Authors: Feinberg Joel
Published: October 2003

Feinberg deals with the problem of reconciling our repugnance for legal paternalism with the seeming reasonableness of some apparently paternalistic regulations. One way of accounting for the reasonableness of apparently paternalistic restrictions is to apply a “soft paternalistic strategy” to show that there is a rationale for protective interference that gives decisive significance to respecting autonomy. The reasonableness of the restriction consists in the protection it provides the actor from dangerous choices that are not truly his own.
Failures of Voluntariness: The Single‐Party Case
Authors: Feinberg Joel
Published: October 2003

Should the law permit autonomous persons to act on their own in ways that are harmful or unreasonably dangerous to themselves but not directly threatening to other persons? The most plausible liberal answer is boldly in the affirmative. Entirely self‐regarding and voluntary behavior is none of the criminal law's business. However, there are times when harmful or unreasonable risky behavior is a good deal less than voluntary, and the soft paternalist would justify interference with it. The concern of this chapter is the problem of determining voluntariness in single‐party cases.
Failures of Consent: Coercive Force
Authors: Feinberg Joel
Published: October 2003

Acts of consent, like acts generally, are involuntary when the actor is forced to do what he does, whatever his own preferences in the matter. In this chapter, Feinberg discusses cases in which an actor expressly gives his consent, but the consent lacks moral or legal effect because it was forced rather than free (thus, rendering it invalid). The line between forcing to act and merely getting to act is drawn somewhere in the manipulation or persuasion part of the scale, possibly moving within a narrow range as our purposes shift. Feinberg also examines the effect of second‐party coercion, differential and other coercive pressure, and moralistic theories of coercion on consent.
Epistemic and Moral Duty
Authors: Russell Bruce
Published: October 2003

Is in part about the relation between epistemic and moral justification. Begins with the distinction between subjective and objective moral justification, and then moves on to examine the difference between subjective and objective epistemic justification, which are, respectively, a function of freedom from epistemic blameworthiness and the adequacy of the subject's evidence. Main thesis is that knowledge requires the combination of both subjective and objective justification. This requirement allows the writer to rebut counterexamples suggested by Alvin Plantinga, according to whom justification is not necessary for knowledge.
Deciding to Believe
Authors: Ginet Carl
Published: October 2003

Defends the thesis that we are sometimes in the state of believing that p simply because we have decided to believe that p. To this end, employs, within the framework of a dispositional analysis of belief, the notion of counting on its being the case that p. Although, according to the writer, deciding what to believe is something we can do, it is something we do only rarely. In the last two sections, the writer discusses and rejects arguments for doxastic involuntarism by Williams and Alston.
Voluntary Belief and Epistemic Evaluation
Authors: Feldman Richard
Published: October 2003

Feldman defends the view that epistemic justification is analyzable in terms of an epistemic ‘ought’ against the objection that, unlike action, belief is not under voluntary control, which it would have to be if epistemic justification is indeed a function of what we ought to believe. In response to Steup's argument that we do enjoy voluntary control over our beliefs because we can deliberate, Feldman argues that for belief to be voluntary, it would have to be intentional, which typically it is not. So Feldman holds that belief is not, in any significant sense, under our voluntary control. However, he rejects the other premise on which the objection is based: that for belief to be under the scope of an epistemic ‘ought’, it must be under voluntary control. He suggests that the epistemic ‘ought’ is a role ‘ought’ – an ‘ought’ that simply tells us what we should do in our role as believers – and thus crucially differs from the moral ‘ought’ because it does not require voluntary control.
Doxastic Voluntarism and the Ethics of Belief
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: October 2003

Attempts to find a place for an ethics of belief given that belief is not under voluntary control. Distinguishes between a behavioral and a genetic version of doxastic voluntarism and rejects both. According to the writer, belief formation is not causing oneself to believe something, but simply a belief's forming. How, then, can there be an ethics of belief? Suggests the following: We may say that it is morally objectionable to conduct one's intellectual life sloppily, and that we should accept an epistemic obligation to be attentive to one's evidence, from where we will be led to an ethics of inquiry.
Internalism Exposed
Authors: Goldman Alvin
Published: October 2003

Goldman sets forth a penetrating critique of internalism: the view that what makes beliefs justified or unjustified must be internal to the subject, where internality is typically defined in terms of a suitably strong accessibility relation. First, Goldman argues that internalism – as derived from what Goldman calls the “guidance‐deontological” conception of justification – presents its defenders with a dilemma: the needed accessibility will either be too weak to identify reliabilism as an externalist theory, or so strong that it will be difficult to derive it from the guidance‐deontology. Second, Goldman argues that internalism breeds skepticism, as can be seen when we consider its implications with regard to forgotten evidence, probabilistic relations, epistemic principles, and the availability of methods. In the last section, Goldman questions the a priori methodology that is associated with internalism.
Truth as the Epistemic Goal
Authors: David Marian
Published: October 2003

Examines the difficulties involved in explaining what is distinctive about epistemic – as opposed to prudential or moral – justification by invoking the truth goal: roughly, the goal of believing what is true and not believing what is false. One set of problems concerns psychology: do all subjects really aim at having true beliefs? Another set of problems concerns the truth goal itself: what, exactly, is the goal? A third set of problems has to do with the relation between justified/unjustified beliefs and the truth goal: is it a causal ends–means relation, or the relation of constitution? The former option, according to the writer, faces serious objections, whereas the latter option collapses justified belief into true belief. Examines various ways in which this collapse can be blocked, and concludes by considering a subjunctive truth goal and a subjunctive conception of reliability.
Value Monism in Epistemology
Authors: DePaul Michael R.
Published: October 2003

Value monism is the view that truth is the only intrinsic epistemic good, and justification is valuable only as a means to true belief. Argues against this view. The two propositions – (1) truth is the only intrinsic epistemic good, and (2) knowledge is better than mere true belief – cannot, according to the writer, both be true. Since (2) is obviously true, we must reject (1), and embrace value pluralism, which asserts that in addition to truth, there are further intrinsic goods, such as knowledge and justification.
Commonsensism in Ethics and Epistemology
Authors: Lemos Noah
Published: October 2003

Addresses the question of how we can derive criteria of knowledge and justification. Identifies a range of propositions – commonsense propositions – which include epistemic propositions such as “I know that I have hands”, and suggests that they are suitable starting points for deriving the criteria we seek. To the objection that we cannot rely on such propositions without first showing how we know them, replies that this objection rests on an unacceptable theory of justification. In addition, explains how a commonsense philosopher would proceed in ethics, and discusses important arguments by Brandt, Hare, and Alston. Towards the end of the paper, examines the circularity problem that arises when we attempt to argue for the reliability of our faculties.
Recovering Understanding
Authors: Zagzebski Linda
Published: October 2003

Proposes an analysis of the concept of understanding. Finds three important, relevant strands of thought in the works of Plato and Aristotle, among which the most important one is that understanding involves representing the world nonpropositionally, e.g. through visualization or diagrams. Taking this to be the defining characteristic, proposes that understanding is a state of comprehending nonpropositional structures of reality, such as automobiles, pieces of music or art, the character of a person, or a causal nexus. Argues that virtue epistemology is better suited than traditional epistemology to help us develop a successful analysis of understanding thus conceived. For unlike the theories from which it departs, virtue epistemology takes the objects of valuable epistemic states to consist of both propositional and nonpropositional objects.
C.S. Lewis Then and Now
Authors: Kort Wesley A.
Published: October 2003

The argument of this book is that a primary goal in the work of C. S. Lewis is to articulate a Christian worldview. Lewis based this project on his positive view of culture, nature, and human relations. He addresses deficiencies in modern culture and the largely distorted relations of modernity to nature in order to restore culture as a supportive base for a Christian worldview. The book offers discussions of seven interests in Lewis's work: retrieval, reenchantment, houses, culture, character, pleasure, and celebration. The topics provide not only an analysis of Lewis's work but also a basis upon which readers who want to construct a worldview here and now can draw inspiration and direction from him.
Retrieval
Authors: Kort Wesley A.
Published: October 2003

Lewis advocated a positive relation of contemporary culture with its religious, literary, and philosophical past. This relation should be appreciative without being subservient. His own conversion epitomizes this relation to the past as retrieval.
Reenchantment
Authors: Kort Wesley A.
Published: October 2003

Disenchantment is a condition resulting from the unwarranted elevation of scientific and rational strategies of analysis to the level of determining the general position of people in the world. This dissolves the basic relations people have with their world and allows for the exercise of power and extension of self‐interest. He counters with proposals that would allow for the reenchantment of the world.
Houses
Authors: Kort Wesley A.
Published: October 2003

Houses are important as setting and metaphor in Lewis's fiction and theory. Houses join memories and aspirations. He understands a Christian's being in the world as like a child's exploratory and appreciative location in a large and complex house. He also viewed Christianity itself as a large, variegated, and accommodating house.
Character
Authors: Kort Wesley A.
Published: October 2003

Lewis sees culture and character as interrelated. This relation is clearest in the formation of the person's “heart,” which is the base, for Lewis, of personal identity and the locus of virtue. As culture relates Christian beliefs to reality, the heart relates a person's mind to feelings and the body. Character is the consequence of morality that has been learned but has also become second nature.
Pleasure
Authors: Kort Wesley A.
Published: October 2003

Moderns assume that good is repetitious and evil is innovative, but for Lewis, the opposite is true. His theory of pleasure forms the basis of his relational view of life and for several other interests: reading, epistemology, and joy. Pleasure, under the category of gift, also relates his cultural theory to his Christian theology, since they share a common pattern or structure.
Celebration
Authors: Kort Wesley A.
Published: October 2003

While pleasures are occasional and particular, celebrations are communal, constant, and culminating. They are related to warfare not because they are victory celebrations but because warfare removes the obstacles to celebration imposed by evil. The doctrines of Redemption and Creation are both important for living in the world as celebration.
Beyond Idols
Authors: Fenn Richard K.
Published: October 2003

Explores the possibilities for a secular society. Such a society is radically open to its environment, to a wide range of opportunities and dangers, and it is therefore agnostic about the boundaries between the possible and the impossible. Its own beliefs and ethics would also be open, evolutionary, procedural, and open to contestation and revision. There would be opportunities for individuals to give their own accounts of their personal experience without seeking recognition and legitimacy from institutionalized sources of authority. The individual's identity would be able to develop with being shaped by ritual or conformed to a society's pantheon of heroes. The present would be open to the past without being controlled or obligated to it, and the future would be an emergent aspect of the present rather than a reservoir of unfulfilled aspiration. Language would be subject to negotiation and contest, even regarding the meanings of sacred speech. The mysterious and the occult, along with other aspects of the sacred, would be subject to discourse rather than veneration. The political and cultural center would lose its monopoly on the sacred, and the periphery would become more assertive in defining is own forms of the sacred against those of the center. Religious institutions would become less successful in reducing the sacred to particular interpretations, times, and places.
Introduction
Authors: Fenn Richard K.
Published: October 2003

Tendencies toward fascism in modern societies make it imperative to investigate the role of religion in the public sphere. Religion tends to limit the range of possibilities open to any social system and to provide a false sense of transcendence over time. The process of secularization opens a society to the full range of possibilities, both positive and negative, that define the Sacred. Secular societies are therefore both more open to the Sacred and more subject to the passage of time.
Heroes, Charismatic Figures, and Celebrities as Cultural Idols
Authors: Fenn Richard K.
Published: October 2003

Civil religion uses public religiosity, national holidays, and public education to guard against deviant and autonomous expressions of individualism. Civil religion seeks to co‐opt the heroes and celebrities, both living and dead, as representatives and defenders of the social order. However, in societies that lose their monopoly on the sacred, heroes and celebrities represent hitherto forbidden or hidden possibilities for selfhood and satisfaction. The less successful the churches and the nation are in institutionalizing the sacred, the less likely individuals are to surrender their autonomy in return for recognition and support from the larger society.
Brotherhoods, Sisterhoods, and Secularization
Authors: Fenn Richard K.
Published: October 2003

Radical brotherhoods have been particularly subversive of patriarchal authority because they remain more open than the church or the state to a wide range of possibilities contained in both the past and the future. Radical brotherhoods were not completely successful in their attempts to replace the charismatic and traditional authority of abbots, noble families, and patricians. However, they did institute a commonwealth of time that undermined precedents and claims to priority and made the present open to the past and the future. In complex modern societies, patriarchal authority is diffused through law and administration, and it is far more difficult to identify the sources of repression and the causes of unnecessary suffering. Further steps toward secularization will depend in part on the ability of radical confraternities to break the ties of diffuse obligation that bind the individual to the larger society.
Toward a Theory of a Society Without Idols
Authors: Fenn Richard K.
Published: October 2003

As societies secularize, civil religions lose their unique basis in the nation‐state, decompose into public religiosity, and become open to revision and negotiation. Agreement on procedures replaces commitment to national beliefs and participation in national ceremonies, and the religious self‐conceptions of the periphery compete successfully with those at the national center. In societies like the U.S., there are competing forms of the sacred, and public religiosity competes successfully with official or elitist versions of the sacred. Societies with a well‐developed and institutionalized civil religion have a high fascist potential as in France, where civil religion unites popular religiosity with a national ideology internally divided between the secular and the religious and between the Christian and the revolutionary legacies of the past. Advocates of civil religion seek to reinforce the nation's claim to transcendence over the passage of time and to avoid the threat of national decay and disintegration.
Stifling the Sociological Imagination
Authors: Fenn Richard K.
Published: October 2003

A secular society makes up its rules and values as it goes along in a process of negotiation among a wide range of parties. A secular society allows free play for the Sacred and thus releases a wide range of otherwise suppressed energy, longings, and capacities for innovation in social life, the arts, and the sciences. Certainly a secular society weakens the tendencies of public religiosity and civil religion to reinforce the sort of chauvinist and expansionist tendencies that dominated the U.S. and Japan during the years leading to the Second World War. Finally, a secular society not only gives free play to religious opinions in the public sphere but also allows public opinion to challenge the relevance and legitimacy of religion in the political arena. Thus, in a secular society contests for public authority focus on the right to give testimony or to withhold information, and the institution of language becomes even more important and contested than religion itself.
Ambiguity, Controversy, and the Limits of Language as The Bearer of The Sacred
Authors: Fenn Richard K.
Published: October 2003

Political rhetoric employs references to the religious traditions and providential prospects of the nation and uses religious language to solemnize public oath‐taking. The more that public religiosity and civil religion receive political patronage at the center, the more do marginal or minority groups take religious offense at majoritarian pretenses. Even the political center, however, is divided between those who view the sacred as inhering in a strict interpretation of particular texts and those for whom the sacred has more evanescent, negotiable, and contestable meanings. These divisions surfaced in the Senate debates over the articles of impeachment of President Clinton. Thus, secularization underscores the importance of language while reducing sacred speech to discourse.
Beyond Idolatry
Authors: Fenn Richard K.
Published: October 2003

Can a nation‐state survive without a sense of identity that is religious and thus transcends the passage of time? A secular society is agnostic about the boundaries between the real and the unreal, the imaginable and the unimaginable, and the possible and the impossible because it is radically open to its environment. If Christianity is to supply an ethic for such a society, it would be one suitable for a highly complex and open social system, and its norms would be evolutionary, procedural, and self‐referential. It would be suitable for a world in which no nation deems itself obligated to enlighten and emancipate other nations.
Contexts for Hume's Epistemological Projects
Authors: Loeb Louis E.
Published: October 2003

Hume assigns a pivotal role to stability in understanding normativity in a variety of theoretical contexts, including the passions, justice, and moral judgment; in epistemology, he seeks to sustain his pretheoretical epistemic intuitions in terms of a stability‐based theory of justification. A distinctive feature of Hume's naturalism is that he tends to ground epistemic obligation in the desire to relieve the discomfort or felt uneasiness in unsettled states. Since he rejects the Pyrrhonian claim that ataraxia or quietude results from an equipollence of opposing arguments where belief is suspended, if tranquillity is to be secured, it will have to be within a system of beliefs. In this regard, a series of hopeful results ultimately give way to a destructive conclusion, a negative assessment of the prospects for stability in belief, and hence for justified belief, at least for the reflective person. This overall interpretive perspective is compared to that of Kemp Smith, MacNabb and Passmore, Garrett, and the reflexive approval interpretation of Baier and Korsgaard.
Causal Inference, Associationism, and the Understanding
Authors: Loeb Louis E.
Published: October 2003

Locke confines ”sensitive knowledge” to objects we presently perceive or that we remember perceiving. Hume's causal theory of assurance, the claim that the relation of causation extends assurance beyond memory and present perception, is a constructive attempt to remedy this severe limitation in the scope of Locke's third degree of knowledge. Throughout Part iii and well into Part iv of Book I, Hume endorses causal inference and also distinctions among degrees of probabilistic evidence. As even Beattie recognized, Hume is not advancing the skeptical problem of induction in Treatise I.iii.6; rather, Hume's objective is to show that inferences about unobserved causes and effects of objects that have been perceived are due to a faculty of association, not to ”reason” construed as a nonassociative faculty. Distinctions between justified inferences (such as causal inference) and unjustified ones are in turn drawn within the imagination or faculty of association.
Integrating Hume's Accounts of Belief and Justification
Authors: Loeb Louis E.
Published: October 2003

In Treatise I.iii.5–10, Hume's claim that association by the relation of cause and effect produces belief is often intertwined – though without his remarking on this fact – with the claim that belief based on causal inference is justified. To explain this, I offer the hypothesis that, in Hume's view, stability plays a double role: whether belief is justified depends upon considerations of stability, and fixity, a species of stability is also essential to belief itself. Hume identifies belief with steadiness, an infixed disposition, rather than (as tradition has it) vivacity or a lively idea. To establish that a state is a belief is thus to establish that it is stable, other things being equal. In one version of this stability‐based interpretation, the justification of a belief is a matter of its stability in the belief system of a fully reflective person; in a second version (which I favor), justification is to be assessed in terms of the degree to which the person who holds the belief is reflective.
Unphilosophical Probability and Judgments Arising from Sympathy
Authors: Loeb Louis E.
Published: October 2003

Attributing the stability‐based theory to Hume explains his equation of degree of belief with degree of evidence in his treatment of philosophical probability. In his discussion of the fourth kind of unphilosophical probability, Hume uncovers contradictions that arise from accidental or rash generalizations; his response, that stability can be restored by appeal to higher‐order generalizations or general rules, facilitates his analysis of causation. Hume's first three kinds of unphilosophical probability involve variation in degrees of confidence that parallels variation in moral judgments due to the operation of sympathy. Such variation and fluctuation in sentiment and degree of confidence feel like contradictions in that they give rise to uneasiness or discomfort that we seek to relieve. Hume thus identifies psychological pressures that motivate corrections to variable judgments about probability and virtue and vice, resulting in more stable judgments that have normative standing.
The Propensity to Ascribe Identity to Related Objects
Authors: Loeb Louis E.
Published: October 2003

In Treatise I.4, Hume appeals to a propensity to ascribe identity to related objects to explain the belief in the continued existence of perceptions (insofar as it arises from ”constancy”), in material substances or substrata, in souls, and in the double existence of perceptions and objects. The propensity contributes to contradictions, and hence uneasiness that we seek to relieve, resulting in conflicted and unstable doxastic states. For this reason, beliefs produced by the propensity are unjustified, due merely to the ”imagination.” Further, although the metaphysical beliefs do not satisfy the constraints of Locke's meaning empiricism, they are not entirely devoid of content; they involve ”fictions” or conceptual confusions that obscure underlying conflicts. Unfortunately, the propensity is characterized by irresistibility and unavoidability in producing the belief in body, whereas it is weak and avoidable in producing the belief in material substrata.
Constancy and Coherence in I.iv.2
Authors: Loeb Louis E.
Published: October 2003

Insofar as the vulgar belief in body arises from the ”constancy” of perceptions, it is due to the propensity to attribute identity to related objects; insofar as it arises from ”coherence,” it is produced by custom and the galley, mechanisms allied with causal inference. Since constancy is a special case of coherence, Hume could have avoided this bipartite account, subsuming constancy under custom‐and‐galley. Convinced, however, by double vision and perceptual relativity that the vulgar belief is false, Hume sought to consign it to the ”imagination” in a pejorative sense. Hume was also in the grip of a thesis about causation, that only changes have causes, so that he could not contemplate a role for causal inference in cases of constancy or unchanging objects. ”Of scepticism with regard to the senses” can be amended to provide a more positive account of the belief in body, as well as a more coherent account of the propensity to ascribe identity.
Difficulties—Contrived and Suppressed
Authors: Loeb Louis E.
Published: October 2003

Hume's claim in ”Of the modern philosophy” that causal inference is implicated in an ineliminable, ”manifest contradiction” draws on a highly artificial version of an argument from perceptual relativity. Hume's statement of a ”very dangerous dilemma” draws on a mistaken argument in ”Of scepticism with regard to reason” for the conclusion that all probability, including evidence based on causal inference, reduces to zero. Contrary to Hume's own assessment, his stability‐based theory of justification has little to fear from these episodes. At the same time, Hume's theory of justification requires an account of the conditions under which contradictory beliefs either continue to oscillate or lead to a conflicted resolution, rather than canceling out. Hume's treatments of the probability of causes, the direct passions, education, and contradictions involving demonstration and other belief‐forming mechanisms show that this is a matter Hume does not satisfactorily address.
Spain and the Golden Age of Mysticism
Authors: Haliczer Stephen
Published: October 2003

Contrary to the growing influence of science and rationalism upon intellectual discourse throughout much of Europe, Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries remained firmly entrenched in a belief system of unquestioning acceptance of divine intervention in everyday life. This was expressed in the form of miraculous events, visionary experience, judgment and punishment. Within this context, Catholic mystical movements flourished, touching all sectors of society, including the aristocracy, and exerting a strong influence on medicine, industry, economics, and politics. In particular, women mystics were frequently consulted regarding matters of illness and disease, and politicians from all levels of government, including monarchs, developed ongoing communication with these spiritual women.
Women and the Saintly Ideal
Authors: Haliczer Stephen
Published: October 2003

In response to fears of heterodoxy arising from Protestant, Jewish, and Islamic influences, the Spanish Counter‐Reformation sought, through education and indoctrination, to create a new vernacular culture of religion. This led to a surge in interest in the lives of saints and mystics and a proliferation of the publication of hagiographies, which became readily available to the literate middle and upper‐middle classes as well as to the less educated. The monarchy openly supported canonization movements for many of these saints when it was perceived to be politically expedient. Study of the spiritual biographies of female saints and mystics became especially popular among both educated and less‐privileged women, leading to their imitation of devotional lifestyles and inspiring their own new mystical experiences. Although concerned with the need to control such female religious fervor, male theologians did not wish to diminish the growing Catholic enthusiasm.