bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HIV-1 gp120 signaling through TLR4 modulates innate immune activation in human macrophages and the biology of hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Del Cornò Manuela , Cappon Andrea , Donninelli Gloria , Varano Barbara , Marra Fabio , Gessani Sandra
Published: March 2016

Highly active antiretroviral therapy has significantly improved the prognosis of HIV-infected subjects. However, patients treated long term still manifest increased mortality and, even with undetectable plasma viremia, often experience persistent immune activation. Furthermore, liver-related mortality is now the most common cause of non-AIDS-related death in HIV-infected individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy through accelerated fibrosis progression. TLRs are the first line of the host response to pathogens and play an important role in human host defense against viruses through sensing of viral structural proteins. Growing evidence points to TLR4 as a key player in chronic immune activation, HIV recognition/replication, and liver fibrosis progression, suggesting that HIV triggering of TLR4 may dictate some aspects of the multifaceted AIDS pathogenesis. In this study, we provide evidence for an interplay between host TLR4 and HIV-1 gp120 in human monocyte-derived macrophages and hepatic stellate cells, leading to intracellular pathways and biologic activities that mediate proinflammatory and profibrogenic signals. Finally, we hypothesize that CCR5 and TLR4 are likely part of a common receptor cluster, as the blocking of CCR5 by specific antagonists impairs the macrophage capacity to produce chemokines in response to LPS. Chronic immune activation and liver fibrosis remain important obstacles for highly active antiretroviral therapy success. Thus, the identification of gp120-TLR4 axis as a novel determinant of immune system and hepatic stellate cell biology opens new perspectives to the management of HIV infection and disease.
EFFECTS OF Citrus hystryx AS FAT PROTECTOR ON UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS, CHOLESTEROL AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LAMB MEAT
Authors: Tiven N.C. , Siwa I. P. , Joris L.
Published: March 2016

This study was conducted to determine the effect of Citrus hystrix as fat protector on unsaturated fatty acids, cholesterol and chemical composition of lamb meat. The research design applied was completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 5 replications. Fifteen local male lambs aged 9-12 months weighing 14-17 kg, were divided into 3 groups of different diet treatments (P0 : sheeps were only given a basal diet; P1 : sheeps are given basal diet and 3% cooking oil; P2 : sheeps are given basal diet, 3% cooking oil and protected by 3% Citrus hystrix powder). The data were analyzed by analysis of variance, the differences among treatments were tested by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test. The results showed meat from sheeps that consume P2 diet has a total fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids content were higher (P
Crystal structure of 4,4′-sulfonyldipyridine, C10H8N2O2S
Authors: Chen Hui , Liu Rui-Heng , Guo Hui
Published: March 2016

C10H8N2O2S, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 7.29640(10) Å, b = 13.1899(2) Å, c = 10.6087(2) Å, β = 94.763(1)°, V = 1017.44(3) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt
(F) = 0.0344, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.1025, T = 296 K.
Efeito da aplicação de fungicidas no controle de doenças foliares de arroz irrigado e sua relação com o rendimento industrial
Authors: Bordin Luiz Carlos , Casa Ricardo Trezzi , Marcuzzo Leandro Luiz , Bogo Amauri , Zancam Rômulo Luis
Published: March 2016

RESUMO As doenças foliares do arroz podem comprometer o enchimento e a maturação dos grãos por acelerar a sua secagem e, consequentemente, reduzir o rendimento industrial. O uso de fungicida tem o potencial de reduzir os danos das doenças foliares da cultura e aumentar o rendimento industrial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o número de aplicação de fungicida em diferentes estádios fenológicos no controle de doenças foliares para o patossistema múltiplo (brusone, mancha parda e escaldadura) e sua relação com o rendimento industrial (rendimento de benefício, grãos inteiros e grãos quebrados). Os experimentos foram conduzidos nas safras agrícolas 2011/12 e 2012/13 no município de Rio do Oeste, localizado no Alto Vale do Itajaí, estado de Santa Catarina. Nos experimentos foi utilizada a cultivar SCS 116 Satoru. O delineamento foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e seis tratamentos constituídos de aplicações de mistura de fungicida difenoconazol e azoxistrobina, sendo um dos tratamentos (testemunha) sem aplicação. As aplicações de fungicidas foram feita no estádio vegetativo V8 e nos reprodutivos R0, R2, R4 e R6. A colheita foi de forma manual, colhendo-se 2m2 da área central de cada parcela. Uma, duas, três, quatro e cinco aplicações de fungicida apresentaram incremento médio em relação á testemunha nas duas safras, de 6%, 7,2%, 13,1%, 17,4% e 19,2% no rendimento debenefício,14,6%, 28,5%, 36,1%, 45% e 48,7% para grãos inteiros e reduziu o percentual de grãos quebrados em 4,4%, 13,2%, 21,7%, 35% e 41,4,1%, respectivamente.
Eficácia de fungicidas associados a inseticidas sobre o crestamento gomoso do caule e produtividade do meloeiro
Authors: Cardon Carlos Henrique , Santos Gil Rodrigues dos , Tschoeke Paulo Henrique , Ságio Solange Aparecida , Dalcin Mateus Sunti , Aguiar Raimundo Wagner de Souza
Published: March 2016

RESUMO Uma das mais importantes doenças que atacam o melão (Cucumis melo L.), é o Crestamento Gomoso do Caule, causada pelo fungo Didymella bryoniae que é altamente agressivo em condições de temperatura e umidade elevadas. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia de fungicidas associados a inseticidas no controle do crestamento gomoso do caule do meloeiro em condições de campo naturalmente infestado. O trabalho foi realizado em dois ensaios, sendo que no ensaio I, foi utilizada a cultivar Eldorado 300, com os tratamentos de inseticidas seletivos e não seletivos em mistura com fungicidas. Para o ensaio II, foi utilizado o híbrido Hibrix, com parte dos mesmos tratamentos do ensaio I. De acordo com os resultados, os tratamentos sem fungicida e as misturas de fungicida, inseticida seletivo e não seletivo com o uso de monitoramento de pragas e doenças, apresentaram níveis elevados de incidência do crestamento gomoso do caule do meloeiro e valores inferiores de produtividade de frutos. Ao contrario foi observado para os tratamentos com fungicida ou a mistura de fungicida com inseticida, mostraram maior eficiência no controle da doença, resultando em maiores índices produtivos.
Caracterização de isolados de Diplodia pinea da região Sul do Brasil por meio da compatibilidade micelial e de marcadores RAPD
Authors: Corrêa Paula Rachel Rabelo Corrêa , Macedo Luciano Medina , Auer Celso Garcia , Santos Álvaro Figueredo dos
Published: March 2016

RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar quatro isolados de Diplodiapinea da região Sul do Brasil e estimar sua variabilidade genética, baseados na compatibilidade vegetativa e marcadores RAPD. Na compatibilidade vegetativa, os isolados foram pareados em placas de Petri com meio BDA e formaram linhas escuras quando incompatíveis e linhas claras cotonosas quando incompatíveis. Para a caracterização molecular dos isolados, a extração de DNA foi realizada em amostras obtidas de micélio cultivado em meio BDA dos isolados originais e os monospóricos derivados. O DNA das amostras foi avaliado em reação de polimerase em cadeia (PCR), utilizando onze sequências diferentes de primers RAPD inespecíficos. O agrupamento dos morfotipos foi realizado pelo método UPGMA e coeficiente de similaridade de Jaccard. Somente um marcador RAPD mostrou polimorfismo, indicando que os isolados apresentam pequena divergência genética, porém suficiente para indicar mais de morfotipo presente.
Internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária: estudo de validação do SIH/SUS em hospital do Distrito Federal, Brasil, 2012
Authors: Cavalcante Danyelle Monteiro , Oliveira Maria Regina Fernandes de , Rehem Tânia Cristina Morais Santa Bárbara
Published: March 2016

Descrevem-se as internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária com foco nas doenças infecciosas e parasitárias (DIP) e valida-se o Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH/SUS), para o registro das internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária, em hospital do Distrito Federal, Brasil, em 2012. Estimaram-se sensibilidade (S), especificidade (E), valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e valor preditivo negativo (VPN) do SIH/SUS para registro de internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária, tendo o prontuário como padrão-ouro. Houve 1.604 (19,6%; IC95%: 18,7-20,5) internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária, e as principais DIP foram: infecção do rim e trato urinário; infecção da pele e tecido subcutâneo; gastroenterites infecciosas. As DIP foram causa principal de internações na faixa etária de 20 a 29 anos, tendo causado 28 óbitos. Estimou-se S = 70,1% (IC95%: 60,5-79,7), E = 88,4% (IC95%: 85,6-91,2), VPP = 51,7% (IC95%: 42,7-60,7) e VPN = 94,3% (IC95%: 92,2-96,4). Os achados de internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária no hospital em questão foram similares aos de outros estudos, com destaque para as internações por DIP. O SIH/SUS foi mais específico do que sensível.
The L Word – Discussões em torno da parentalidade lésbica
Authors: Santos Carine Valéria Mendes dos , Gomes Isabel Cristina
Published: March 2016

Resumo Este artigo busca empreender uma reflexão crítica acerca dos modelos de família implicados na construção da parentalidade lésbica, tendo como referenciais teóricos a psicanálise e os estudos psicossociais na perspectiva de gênero. Tomando-se as redefinições do conceito de família que não se restringem mais ao modelo tradicional heterossexual, casais homoafetivos estão buscando seus direitos conjugais e homoparentais, se situando em um novo paradigma interrelacional que preconiza a filiação afetiva em substituição à vinculação consanguínea. Por meio da análise de conteúdo de alguns episódios de uma série televisiva norte-americana, referente a um casal de lésbicas, elaborou-se um estudo qualitativo da temática em duas categorias: processos de viabilização parental e a influência do modelo de família heteronormativo na construção da parentalidade lésbica. Concluiu-se que, no material em questão, o processo de filiação das personagens estava atrelado no início predominantemente aos processos biológicos de reprodução, no entanto, o exercício parental possibilitou a emergência de um novo modelo familiar caracterizado pela comaternidade. As novas configurações familiares muitas vezes encerram à sua volta um paradoxo: o novo sendo vivido pela repetição da tradição, o que nos leva às influências das heranças geracionais.
(In)Visibilidade da Vivência Homoparental Feminina: entre Preconceitos e Superações
Authors: Lira Aline Nogueira de , Morais Normanda Araujo de , Boris Georges Daniel Janja Bloc
Published: March 2016

Resumo Este artigo teve como objetivo investigar a ambiguidade quanto à (in)visibilidade das vivências homoparentais femininas no cenário brasileiro: situações em que o preconceito se revela com crueldade; e, por outro lado, situações em que as mulheres superam esta discriminação e assumem as suas orientações afetivo-sexuais, bem como o projeto de ser mãe. Foram entrevistadas quatro mulheres que se assumem como lésbicas e têm filhos e a entrevista aberta foi o instrumento utilizado para colher os dados. A análise de conteúdo das entrevistas evidenciou que as famílias homoparentais chefiadas por lésbicas vivem um momento paradoxal em relação aos direitos humanos da população LGBT. Por um lado, verificam-se diversas expressões de preconceito e violência homofóbica na vida dessas mulheres; mas, por outro, também são relatadas circunstâncias em que as mulheres superaram esta discriminação e assumem as suas orientações afetivo-sexuais, bem como o projeto de ser mãe.
Transição dos Bacharelados Interdisciplinares para a Formação em Psicologia
Authors: Lima Monica , Coutinho Denise , Jalil Cristina Moreira , Lopez Fábio Nieto
Published: March 2016

Resumo Em 2009, o Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia propõe a área de concentração Estudos da Subjetividade e do Comportamento Humano como transição dos Bacharelados Interdisciplinares (BI) para o curso de graduação em Formação de Psicólogo. São sujeitos desta investigação os 13 estudantes egressos do BI que escolheram a transição para o curso de Psicologia. O modelo teórico-metodológico é o Sistema de Signos, Significados e Práticas, que aborda o objeto nos níveis factual, narrativo e interpretativo. : não há diferença entre coeficientes de rendimento escolar dos egressos do BI e demais estudantes de Psicologia; todos ressaltam positivamente a formação interdisciplinar do BI como relevante para o curso profissionalizante de Psicologia; a maioria reconhece sua decisão de estudar Psicologia como anterior ao ingresso no BI, atribuindo a este curso o amadurecimento da decisão; a maioria tem expectativa de exercer a profissão de psicólogo, contando com a formação prévia adquirida no BI.
DESVINCULAÇÃO ENTRE AVALIAÇÃO E ATRIBUIÇÃO DE NOTA: ANÁLISE DE UM CASO NO ENSINO DE FÍSICA PARA FUTUROS PROFESSORES
Authors: Harres João Batista Siqueira
Published: March 2016

Resumo: Este trabalho relata uma proposta de avaliação adotada com futuros professores em uma disciplina de física na qual a avaliação não tem relação com a nota (classificação). Esta proposta está integrada a uma perspectiva didática mais ampla na qual pretende-se que os alunos assumam um papel ativo na disciplina. Parte-se do princípio de que na formação inicial de professores a busca da autonomia e da responsabilidade pela própria aprendizagem está condicionada a vivencia de um ambiente que favoreça o desenvolvimento da auto-avaliação para o qual considera-se que o processo de atribuição de nota é um obstáculo. Vinculado a um processo investigativo mais amplo de formação, apresenta-se os fundamentos e as estratégias da postura de não julgar o conhecimento dos alunos e as características do processo avaliativo não sancionador, processual e formativo. Ao final, são apresentadas algumas manifestações desses futuros professores sobre a experiência vivida e uma escala de evolução das práticas avaliativas que orienta o processo formativo.
Planning in/for/with the Public
Authors: Strohmayer Ulf
Published: March 2016

This commentary traces key issues attaching to the use of the word ‘public’ within planning practices and theories. It argues for an alternative, non-binary engagement with public practices that may profit from being cast in a Foucauldian language and epistemology.
TROUBLE SHOOTING ISSUES OF BIODEGRADATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN TROPICAL MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Dhage Dr Shivani S , Prabhu Dr D V , Kelkar Dr Prakash S
Published: March 2016

Marine pollution occurs due to the entry of organized or unorganized, point or non – point land based releases of industrial, agricultural and residential waste. Biodegradable organic waste rich in microorganisms lead to potentially harmful effects and alter oxygen cycle, where as excessive inputs of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus stimulate algal growth leading to eutrophication.

Thermodynamics play an important role in chemicals reactions occurring in ocean during degradation of organic waste. The rate of reactions is altered due to temperature and high salinities. This aspect is very crucial while predicting the self purification capacity of the water body. Adequate experimental work pertaining to the order of reaction and thermodynamic constants is essential to prove the basis of the predicted assimilative capacity of the system.

In Mumbai, huge quantity of domestic waste is generated. Due to land restrictions, complete treatment of tertiary level is not feasible. The Municipal administrators take the advantage of coastal location and discharge this waste into the ocean with just meagre preliminary treatment. The disposal practices are advanced and well planned but still expected purification or dilution is not achieved in the near shore region. This has resulted in spoiling the impact zone of coastal areas creating stress on the living biota and non compliance of the marine water quality standards.

Three major issues in coastal system, viz. Operation and control of waste discharges, degradation patterns of pollutants and  self purification capacity needs systematic  evaluation to  maintain favorable conditions for aquatic life. Hence it is essential to study the reaction kinetics and thermodynamic behaviour of the biodegradation of carbonaceous waste occurring under highly saline conditions. Experiments are conducted to confirm the kinetics and thermodynamics of biodegradation of domestic waste water into marine water at variable salinities. The paper presents the findings of kinetic behaviour particularly the values for rate of reaction, Activation energy and related constants.
Internationalizing Teacher Education: One Universitys Journey From Awareness To Action
Authors: Hansen C. Bobbi
Published: March 2016

In the 21st century, it is more important than ever to include global/international education as an essential component of teacher education programs. This paper showcases one Department of Educations journey to internationalize its teacher credential program. Components of the reform include: 1) shared conversations, 2) goal-setting, 3) grant writing, 4) forming a learning community, 5) revising syllabi, and 6) surveying our graduates.
Pedagogical Issues Concerning Academic Advising
Authors: Afshar Tahmoures , O'Hara Leo
Published: March 2016

This study examined whether, and to what extent, students’ personal and cultural variables have an impact on the advising process. 225 students in an urban, private university were asked to complete twenty-nine structured questions in the Fall 2005. Each question asked the student to rank on a scale of one to five the importance of a characteristic/responsibility of an academic advisor.  These twenty-nine characteristics/responsibilities were those most often cited in the literature as critical for an effective academic advisor.  In addition, the students were asked to provide some cultural, personal, and academic information on themselves including class status, GPA, age, gender, school, and ethnicity.  We used the chi-square testing technique.  This method of testing the hypothesis allowed us not only to identify which of the advisor’s characteristics and/or responsibilities were significant but also to identify which personal and cultural trait of the student a particular characteristic was most consistent with.   We found that students with different variables had quite different perceptions of the advising process. Students’ perceptions varied by age, class status, GPA, gender, school, and ethnicity. While there has been an increasing number of studies devoted to examining student satisfaction with academic advising, few of these studies have considered the student’s cultural, personal, and academic background as determinant factors in a successful academic advising process.
Business Communication Students Learn To Hear A Bad Speech Habit
Authors: Bell Reginald L. , Liang-Bell Lei Paula , Deselle Bettye
Published: March 2016

Students were trained to perceive filled pauses (FP) as a bad speech habit.  In a series of classroom sensitivity training activities, followed by students being rewarded to observe twenty minutes of live television from the public media, no differences between male and female Business Communication students was revealed.  The practice of teaching students to regard FP as a “bad” speech habit was supported by the literature.  Male and female students learned to recognize FP they heard professional and non-professional speakers make.
General Business Competencies Of Students As Outcomes Assessment
Authors: Ready Kathryn J. , Novicevic Milorad M. , Elfessi Abdulaziz , Kuffel Thomas
Published: March 2016

The purpose of this paper is to develop an analytical framework to assess students’ general business competencies, acquired in core and capstone courses, as learning outcomes. First, the rationale for the use of students’ general business competencies as outcomes assessment is provided. Second, the methodology for measuring these competencies is presented and explained. Third, the underlying concepts and influential factors relative to general business competencies of students are analyzed and discussed. Finally, the findings and practical implications of the proposed approach for faculty development are examined.
An Evaluative Study Of Primary Education In The Light Of Policies And Plans In Pakistan (1947 2006)
Authors: Parveen Shahida
Published: March 2016

The paper is based on a research conducted to evaluate primary education in the light of education policies and plans in Pakistan. This article discusses the objectives of primary education, and analyzes different education policies and plans regarding the achievements of objectives. Results revealed that the objectives of primary education were not fully achieved. The procedure of implementation of the policies and plans remained weak.
Admiral Furman Academy: A Case Study In Selected Not-For-Profit Auditing Issues
Authors: Grippo Frank J. , Nassiripour Sia
Published: March 2016

The purpose of this case is to help students explore accounting and auditing issues often confronted by auditors of not-for-profit organizations.  Given final financial statements, the goal of the case is to require students to prepare the footnotes that would be considered an integral part of the financial statements.  The case is intended for students who are taking an advanced accounting or not-for-profit accounting course.
Accounting Issues: An Essay Series Part IXStatement of Cash Flows
Authors: Laux Judy
Published: March 2016

The following article represents the last in a series dedicated to reinserting accounting theory into the introductory course.  The current essay covers the theory associated with the Statement of Cash Flows along with articulation.
Sustaining The Progress To Improve Physics Education
Authors: Abdul-Razzaq Wathiq
Published: March 2016

One of the problems we face in teaching introductory physics courses at the college level is that about 2/3 of students never had physics prior coming to college.  Thus, many students find it very difficult to learn physics for the first time at the relatively fast-paced teaching of college physics courses.  Sometimes the drop/failure/withdrawal rate at West Virginia University is as high as 65% (~2/3) for the introductory physics courses taken mostly by pre-engineering students.  Obviously, there is a strong connection between the students’ physics backgrounds and the success rate of passing physics.  With the support of the National Science Foundation (NSF) funding, we created an intervention course for a small group of students who did poorly in the first test in one of the physics courses. This intervention course ran concurrently with the regular physics course, but started at the fourth week of class after the first test. Students who received our intervention showed significant improvement in the subsequent physics tests.1 The recruitment of the students and the supervision of the course were the result of a unique collaboration between the College of Engineering and the Physics Department.  After the expiration of the NSF grant, the intervention course was cancelled due to the lack of funds.  The labs associated with physics classes, however, give us the opportunity to continue the advancement of physics learning after the ending of the NSF grant.
A network analysis of transboundary water cooperation in La Plata Basin
Authors: Alcañiz Isabella , Berardo Ramiro
Published: March 2016

When do countries cooperate in transboundary waters? One of the largest in the world, the La Plata Basin covers part of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. These five countries co-manage the basin through a network of legal agreements, domestic and international organizations, and cooperative projects. In this paper, we examine the network structure of cross-national water projects within this intergovernmental framework. We use exponential random graph models to analyze the processes that lead to the formation of particular network structures when organizations participate in projects designed to improve the management of natural resources in the basin. Empirical results provide evidence that: (1) the network is characterized by a considerable level of bridging capital, rather than bonding capital, with a small group of organizations capturing most of the present links in the network; and (2) organizations that are active in two or more countries – especially basin governmental organizations – are the main collaborators in projects. These findings point to the extent to which coordinated state actors dominate the La Plata Basin. Study results carry significant implications for how networks facilitate the resolution of coordination problems and the administration of common resources in transboundary waters.
Water-reuse risk assessment program (WRAP): a refinery case study
Authors: Sari Maria Dian Kurnia , Kristensen Gert Holm , Andersen Martin , Ducheyne Alain Andre Maria , Lee Wan Aik
Published: March 2016

The key approach to manage and prevent potential hazards arising from specific contaminants in water networks is to consider water as the main product delivered. This new concept, addressed as water-reuse risk assessment program (WRAP), has been further developed from hazard analysis of critical control points (HACCP) to illustrate the potential hazards which are the roots of hindering intra-facility water reuse strategies. For industrial sectors applying water reclamation and reuse schemes, it is paramount that the reclaimed water quality stays within the desired quality. The objective of WRAP is to establish a new methodology and knowledge, which will contribute to the sustainable development of industrial water management, and demonstrate its capabilities in identifying and addressing any potential hazards in the selected schemes adoption by the industries. A ‘what-if’ scenario was simulated using a refinery as a case study to show strategies on how to benefit reclaimed or reuse water based on reliable, applied and scientific research within the process integration area. In conclusion, the WRAP model will facilitate operators, consultants and decision makers to reuse water on a fit-for-use basis whilst avoiding contaminant accumulation in the overall system and production of sub-quality products from inadequate processes after several reuses.
Pain, Affect, and Rumination: An Experimental Test of the Emotional Cascade Theory in Two Undergraduate Samples
Authors: Bresin Konrad , Verona Edelyn
Published: March 2016

In spite of the fact that pain is an unpleasant experience that is generally avoided, recent research suggests that there may be some positive conquences of experiencing pain, including a reduction in negative affect. Better understanding of the mechanisms that allow pain to reduce negative emotions is important for the study of emotional functioning across populations. The current studies tested whether pain disrupts the link between rumination and negative affect, as suggested by the emotional cascade theory. In two undergraduate samples, we used a novel task measuring startle magnitude and self-reported unpleasantness during rumination and distraction and before and after the experience of a painful and non-painful stimulation. Results across the two studies and a quantitative review were mixed. The main prediction that pain relative to no-pain would decrease negative affect during rumination received some support only for the startle measure. A secondary prediction that the pain-related decrease in negative affect would be larger in rumination than distraction was not supported for either measure. The results highlight the importance of understanding the effects of pain of different modalities of emotional responding.
A Study on the Interaction of Religious Literature for Children and Adolescents with Illustration in Iran
Authors: Rafaee Adeleh , Shad Qazvini Parisa
Published: March 2016

The formation of the Islamic Revolution in the early sixties and its rise in the fifties has caused major changes and developments in the cultural structures of Iran. These changes emerged in the political - economic and social – cultural areas in the framework of Islamic- revolutionary utopian ideas. In the Pahlavi era, religious literature for children was less considered due to the low attention of the governing regime. Although the forties is considered as the decade of children’s book illustrations but the religious literature for children and its illustration were less considered. With the beginning of the revolutionary activities, some Persian writers decided to make children familiar with spiritual and religious atmospheres by creating works with a focus on Islam. The prevailing hypothesis of this paper is that an interaction was established between religious literature for children and children’s book illustration after the emergence of religious thoughts in children’s stories. Here, the claim is proved that the social needs and the interaction of religious literature with children’s book illustrations led to the emergence of a branch called religious illustration. The methodology of this study is descriptive-analytical. Data collection method is collecting documents and library resources. 
Investigating the Effective Bioclimatic Factors on Tourism Industry (Case of Study: Zanjan, Iran)
Authors: Nasiri Behrouz , Mirian Mina
Published: March 2016

The tourism industry is one of the largest and fastest growing economic factors in the contemporary worlds. Many factors affect the tourism industry; one of the most important of them is climate. Unfortunately, tourism literature has not paid much attention to the effect of climatic factors on the industry as it worth. Therefore, in order to develop this area of global economic, it is necessary to recognize the capabilities and limitations of the climate area. In this research, in order to evaluate environmental conditions in there, indicators of effective temperature (ET), temperature-humidity (THI), Baker Index (CP), and physiological stress indicators, (Pphs) by using monthly statistic parameters of temperature, relative humidity wind and synoptic sampling stations during the period 2005 – 1955 are used. Results show that based on the parameters of ET, the maximum temperature in April, the minimum temperature in July and August and the average temperature can be seen in May. About THI index comfort conditions can be seen just in March and November and CP index indicates total bioclimatic comfort in summer. Index) also found that only the months of June, September and has been neutral in terms of biological stress. 
Current Laws Governing Franchise Agreement in Jordan
Authors: Khasawneh Mohammad Saud , Yaacob Nurli , Abdul Rahman Rohana
Published: March 2016

Currently there are more than 150 local and international franchise businesses operating in Jordan. Franchise business in Jordan has been a crucial investment market contributing to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and developing its economic growth and trade. Nevertheless, legal challenges to the investors which have existed may hinder them from opening up a franchise business in Jordan. One of these challenges is the lack of specific legal framework regulating franchise business. Jordanian legal system does not have specific legislation to regulate the franchise agreement (which is known as the “license agreement” in Jordan) between a franchisor and a franchisee. The lack of specific legislation may deter or at least slow down the progress of foreign and local investors in setting up franchise businesses in Jordan, as they could not reasonably anticipate the relevant laws and regulatory enforcements relating to franchise. Therefore, this paper examines the current laws and regulations governing franchise business in Jordan. The paper concludes that existing laws affecting franchise in Jordan fail to address comprehensively the legal aspects of franchise. Thus, there is a dire need for specific legal framework to govern franchise business in Jordan.
The Study of Psychological Aspects of Iranian Mothers’ Lullabies
Authors: Majd Vahid Khodaie , Bakhshaliyev Arastu
Published: March 2016

Lullabies are one of the best and most appealing national-spiritual songs of the Iranian nation reflecting their high creativity in treating their children. The purpose of the present qualitative study is to examine the psychological aspects of the lullabies used by Iranian mothers through content analysis. Almost two thousand and five hundred lullabies of Farsi and Azeri speaking regions of Iran were selected based on purposive sampling. Having ensured the validity of the sources and documents of the lullabies in the regions, interpretive approach was adopted for studying and analyzing the contents of the lullabies. The content analysis of the lullabies under study indicated their far reaching psychological role in psychic health of the children, especially in creating positive self-concept, feeling of peace and security, reduced stress, and reinforcement of cognitive abilities as well as other psychological aspects, all of which have been discussed in this study.
Making Student Loans Work in Africa
Authors: Johnstone D. Bruce
Published: March 2016

Cost-Sharing—meaning the shift of a portion of the costs of higher education (including the costs of student living) that may once have been borne predominantly or even exclusively by governments, or taxpayers, to parents and students—has been deeply contested, but found to be financially necessary (and according to many analysts more equitable) in more and more countries, including in Sub-Saharan Africa. Student loans have been part of this process, allowing students the opportunity to invest in their own further educations, placing needed revenue in the hands of students supposedly at less cost to taxpayers than outright grants (presuming loan recovery), and providing colleges and universities (again presuming loan recovery) with revenue that would not be forthcoming from governments. However, African student loan programs have been largely unsuccessful at providing significant net revenue supplementation: that is, after covering the cost of capital as well as the costs of originating, servicing, and collecting plus covering the substantial costs of defaults. This essay analyzes some of these problems and suggests some principles for making student loans work better in Africa. Le partage des coûts – c’est-à-dire le transfert aux parents et étudiants d’une partie du coût de l’enseignement supérieur (y compris le coût de la vie), qui était auparavant pris en charge majoritairement ou même exclusivement par le gouvernement, ou plutôt les contribuables– a été fortement contesté mais est devenu nécessaire (et selon de nombreux analystes est plus équitable) dans un nombre croissant de pays, notamment en Afrique sub-saharienne. Les prêts étudiants font partie intégrante de ce processus, donnant aux étudiants l’opportunité d’investir dans leur propre éducation, en mettant les revenus nécessaires entre les mains des étudiants, en principe à moindre coût pour le contribuable que les bourses (en présumant le remboursement du prêt), et fournissant aux établissements d’enseignement supérieur (toujours en présumant le remboursement du prêt) des revenus qui ne proviennent pas des gouvernements. Cependant, les programmes de prêts étudiants en Afrique ont largement échoué à fournir d’importants revenus complémentaires, une fois couverts le coût du capital ainsi que les frais de dossier, de service, de collection, et le coût considérable des défauts de paiement. Cet essai analyse certains de ces problèmes et propose quelques principes pour que les prêts étudiants fonctionnent mieux en Afrique.
Clues for discovering a new biological function of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin in organisms: potential sulfide receptor and storage
Authors: Wang Dandan , Liu Li , Wang Hui , Xu Haoran , Chen Lei , Ma Li , Li Zhengqiang
Published: March 2016

The interaction between H2S and Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) has been studied by UV–Vis and Resonance Raman spectroscopes to confirm the binding between the ligand and the protein. Kinetic constants, kon = 1.2 × 105 m−1·s−1 and koff = 2.5 × 10−4·s−1, have been determined and compared with those for mammalian hemoglobins. Density Functional Theory study supports the binding of H2S by modeling the configurations of HOMO dispersions. We hypothesized that VHb is involved in H2S reception and storage. Different from Lucina pectinata HbI, a typical H2S‐binding hemoglobin, VHb, exhibits unusual properties on H2S reactivity such as steric constraints playing an important role in modulating H2S entry. A distinct mechanism of VHb interaction with H2S is supported by studies of variant forms of VHb.
Modeling cytoadhesion of Plasmodium falciparum‐infected erythrocytes and leukocytes—common principles and distinctive features
Authors: Helms Gesa , Dasanna Anil Kumar , Schwarz Ulrich S. , Lanzer Michael
Published: March 2016

Cytoadhesion of Plasmodium falciparum‐infected erythrocytes to the microvascular endothelial lining shares striking similarities to cytoadhesion of leukocytes. In both cases, adhesins are presented in structures that raise them above the cell surface. Another similarity is the enhancement of adhesion under physical force (catch bonding). Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the molecular and biophysical mechanisms underlying cytoadherence in both cellular systems. We describe how imaging, flow chamber experiments, single‐molecule measurements, and computational modeling have been used to decipher the relevant processes. We conclude that although the parasite seems to induce processes that resemble the cytoadherence of leukocytes, the mechanics of erythrocytes is such that the resulting behavior in shear flow is fundamentally different.
Temperature influence on phytoplankton community growth rates
Authors: Sherman Elliot , Moore J. Keith , Primeau Francois , Tanouye David
Published: March 2016

A large database of field estimates of phytoplankton community growth rates in natural populations was compiled and analyzed to determine the apparent temperature effect on phytoplankton community growth rate. We conducted an ordinary least squares regression to optimize the parameters in two commonly used growth‐temperature relations (Arrhenius and Q10 models). Both equations fit the observational data equally with the optimized parameter values. The optimum apparent Q10 value was 1.47 ± 0.08 (95% confidence interval, CI). Microzooplankton grazing rates closely matched the temperature trends for phytoplankton growth. This likely reflects a dynamic adjustment of biomass and grazing rates by the microzooplankton to match their available food source, illustrating tight coupling of phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing rates. The field‐measured temperature effect and growth rates were compared with estimates from the satellite Carbon‐based Productivity Model (CbPM) and three Earth System Models (ESMs), with model output extracted at the same month and sampling locations as the observations. The optimized, apparent Q10 value calculated for the CbPM was 1.51, with overestimation of growth rates. The apparent Q10 value in the Community Earth System Model (V1.0) was 1.65, with modest underestimation of growth rates. The GFDL‐ESM2M and GFDL‐ESM2G models produced apparent Q10 values of 1.52 and 1.39, respectively. Models with an apparent Q10 that is significantly greater than ~1.5 will overestimate the phytoplankton community growth response to the ongoing climate warming and will have spatial biases in estimated growth rates for the current era.
Sea ice melt onset associated with lead opening during the spring/summer transition near the North Pole
Authors: Vivier Frédéric , Hutchings Jennifer K. , Kawaguchi Yusuke , Kikuchi Takashi , Morison James H. , Lourenço Antonio , Noguchi Tomohide
Published: March 2016

In the central Arctic Ocean, autonomous observations of the ocean mixed layer and ice documented the transition from cold spring to early summer in 2011. Ice‐motion measurements using GPS drifters captured three events of lead opening and ice ridge formation in May and June. Satellite sea ice concentration observations suggest that locally observed lead openings were part of a larger‐scale pattern. We clarify how these ice deformation events are linked with the onset of basal sea ice melt, which preceded surface melt by 20 days. Observed basal melt and ocean warming are consistent with the available input of solar radiation into leads, once the advent of mild atmospheric conditions prevents lead refreezing. We use a one‐dimensional numerical simulation incorporating a Local Turbulence Closure scheme to investigate the mechanisms controlling basal melt and upper ocean warming. According to the simulation, a combination of rapid ice motion and increased solar energy input at leads promotes basal ice melt, through enhanced mixing in the upper mixed layer, while slow ice motion during a large lead opening in mid‐June produced a thin, low‐density surface layer. This enhanced stratification near the surface facilitates storage of solar radiation within the thin layer, instead of exchange with deeper layers, leading to further basal ice melt preceding the upper surface melt.
Rossby wave energy dispersion from tropical cyclone in zonal basic flows
Authors: Shi Wenli , Fei Jianfang , Huang Xiaogang , Liu Yudi , Ma Zhanhong , Yang Lu
Published: March 2016

This study investigates tropical cyclone energy dispersion under horizontally sheared flows using a nonlinear barotropic model. In addition to common patterns, unusual features of Rossby wave trains are also found in flows with constant vorticity and vorticity gradients. In terms of the direction of the energy dispersion, the wave train can rotate clockwise and elongate southwestward under anticyclonic circulation (ASH), which contributes to the reenhancement of the tropical cyclone (TC). The wave train even splits into two obvious wavelike trains in flows with a southward vorticity gradient (WSH). Energy dispersed from TCs varies over time, and variations in the intensity of the wave train components typically occur in two stages. Wave‐activity flux diagnosis and ray tracing calculations are extended to the frame that moves along with the TC to reveal the concrete progress of wave propagation. The direction of the wave‐activity flux is primarily determined by the combination of the basic flow and the TC velocity. Along the flux, the distribution of pseudomomentum effectively illustrates the development of wave trains, particularly the rotation and split of wave propagation. Ray tracing involves the quantitative tracing of wave features along rays, which effectively coincide with the wave train regimes. Flows of a constant shear (parabolic meridional variation) produce linear (nonlinear) wave number variations. For the split wave trains, the real and complex wave number waves move along divergent trajectories and are responsible for different energy dispersion ducts.
A U.S.‐based analysis of the ability of the Clausius‐Clapeyron relationship to explain changes in extreme rainfall with changing temperature
Authors: Ivancic Timothy J , Shaw Stephen B
Published: March 2016

Numerous papers have shown links between >99th percentile hourly precipitation and daily temperature (Pextreme versus T), often explained using the Clausius‐Clapeyron (CC) relationship. The CC relationship predicts an approximately 7% increase in precipitation intensity per degree celsius. However, recent analyses indicate that the Pextreme versus T rate can be larger than the CC prediction. In this work, we analyze the Pextreme versus T rate with an automated method across the contiguous U.S. using station data aggregated on a 161 km grid. To evaluate controls on Pextreme versus T, we isolate convective storms to evaluate whether greater than CC rates are due to the transition between storm types or are a feature of convective storms at high T. We repeat the analysis using dew point to assess whether T control on extreme P is indeed a matter of moisture availability. When evaluated using both T and dew point, the northeastern U.S. is most likely to exhibit a greater than predicted Pextreme versus T rate (57% of the region when using T). At 56% of these points, the > CC rates appeared to occur entirely because of a transition between frontal and convective storms. At 30% of these sites, a greater than CC relationship appeared to occur entirely because of greater than CC scaling in convective intensity. At 11% of sites neither was found to be significant, and at 3% both were found to contribute significantly. This analysis suggests that > CC scaling is not prevalent everywhere in the contiguous U.S., and in regions where it does occur, it can be due to multiple causes.
Retracted: The impact of a boundary layer height formulation on the GEOS‐5 model climate
Authors: McGrath‐Spangler E. L.
Published: March 2016

Planetary boundary layer (PBL) processes are important for the estimation of surface‐atmosphere exchanges that impact global climate. One way of characterizing the strength of these processes is the PBL depth. In the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS‐5) atmospheric general circulation model, the PBL depth is also used in calculating the turbulent length scale, which, in turn, is used in estimating the turbulence and vertical mixing within the model. Therefore, changing the PBL depth definition directly affects the model climate. This study evaluates the climatological model response of two long‐term simulations using different PBL depth definitions. The first definition is based on a bulk Richardson number; the second uses a combination of the same bulk Richardson number definition over land plus a definition based on the turbulent eddy diffusion coefficient over water. The two simulations produce different spatiotemporal patterns of temperature, specific humidity, and wind speed related to the differences in turbulence. The largest differences, as expected, are present over water. Due to differences in atmospheric stability, the relationship between the two PBL depth estimates differ among the majority of the oceans and off the west coasts of continents, affecting the climatic response. Due to its optimization of the climatic response while maintaining a realistic diurnal cycle of PBL depth, the mixed PBL depth configuration is preferred.