bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quelques problèmes de morphologie littorale posés par les côtes de l'Algarve (Portugal du Sud)
Authors: Godard M.-C.
Published: April 2016

The Algarve coast, Southern Portugal, cuts in the West old slates, and in the South a younger sedimentary cover. The influence of structure in it is mostly indirect : it consists principally of a partial exhumation of a karst which had been fossilised during the Pliocene.

Relative oscillations of sea-level during the Upper Quaternary are testified by remnants of benches and old beaches lying slightly above present-time sea-level, as well as by eolianites dipping below zero O.D.

Present-time evolution consists mostly of a rapid retreat of cliffs cutting into Pliocene soft sandstones and sands, and a correlative extension of deposition in spits in the eastern section, as a result of a West and East coastal current.
Des initiatives locales pour gérer ensemble la nature : vers une démocratie coopérative ? (Local initiatives to manage nature together : towards a cooperative democracy ?)
Authors: Cadoret Anne , Beuret Jean-Eudes
Published: April 2016

Les territoires de nature protégés peuvent naître à l 'initiative des pouvoirs publics mais aussi de dynamiques d'acteurs locaux qui entendent gérer une nature proche. Près de 300 initiatives locales qui relèvent d'une gouvernance territoriale endogène de l 'environnement et du développement durable, en France métropolitaine, ont été analysées : le quart d'entre elles visent la création ou une contribution à la gestion de territoires de nature protégée. Nous analysons ces initiatives, leurs objectifs, puis leur place dans l'action publique relative aux espaces protégés et, plus généralement, dans une «démocratie coopérative » : celle-ci viserait à mieux articuler des dynamiques endogènes ou exogènes aux territoires, publiques ou citoyennes, dont les objectifs sont souvent convergents.
Enjeux des politiques participatives autour des espaces naturels protégés d'Amérique Latine. Le cas du Parc National Nevado de Toluca (Mexique) et le Parc National de la Amistad (Costa Rica) (Participative politics around protected natural spaces in Latin America. The cases of Nevado de Toluca NP (Mexico) and La Amistad NP (Costa Rica))
Authors: Salinas-Rojas Andrea , Roussel Diane
Published: April 2016

Les espaces naturels protégés sont reconnus aujourd'hui comme des outils de gestion incontournables pour la préservation de l'environnement dans une perspective de développement durable et de renforcement constant des politiques de protection de la nature. Toutefois, ces espaces évoluent au sein de contextes économiques et politiques très différents. L' Amérique Latine en est un exemple : dans cet article, nous voulons montrer à partir de deux études de cas, au Mexique et au Costa Rica, que la gestion centralisée des espaces protégés fait ressortir des problèmes de gouvernance locale, et notamment de conciliation entre acteurs à diverses échelles. Cet enjeu devient donc une priorité à résoudre avant de mettre en place des politiques participatives telles qu 'elles sont présentées dans les discours internationaux.
L'Arc de crise, approche française des conflits (The arc of crisis, a French approach to conflicts)
Authors: Foucher M.
Published: April 2016

L 'approche française officielle des conflits et des tensions internationales est exprimée dans le 3° livre blanc de la 5° République portant sur la défense nationale. Il a été publié en 2008. Il sera révisé en 2013. La notion d' «arc de crise » est mise en avant pour qualifier les régions étendues de l'océan Atlantique à l'Océan Indien où la France est engagée militairement dans des conflits et des opérations extérieures. Le terme est pertinent au plan opérationnel comme ensemble des théâtres d'intervention de nos forces armées. Au plan conceptuel, il installe une «carte mentale » suggérant l'unité de théâtres en réalité très différents et dont il convient d'empêcher la connexion. Il pourrait entretenir une impression fausse de clivage entre l 'Europe et le monde arabo-musulman, alors que la France s 'est engagée à y soutenir les transitions. Son emploi concourt à une surestimation d'une menace terroriste globale dont les racines seraient concentrées dans cet arc et qui n 'est pas de nature stratégique.
Ressources naturelles et conflits en Afrique subsaharienne (Natural resources and conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa)
Authors: Pourtier Roland
Published: April 2016

Cet article comprend deux volets. Le premier aborde la question générale des relations dialectiques entre ressources et conflits en soulignant qu 'il n'y a pas de relation de causalité simple, tout conflit étant multidimensionnel. Les réponses apportées à cette question ont varié en fonction d'une grille de lecture portant la marque de l'histoire, des idéologies et autres manières de penser : pillage colonial, impérialisme, thèses néo-malthusiennes, rareté et violence, cupidité, gouvernance. Aucune de ces approches ne suffit à elle seule à la compréhension de situations caractérisées par leur complexité. Le deuxième volet prend pour exemple la guerre du Kivu, un des conflits les plus dramatiques d'Afrique. Au cœur des déchirements de la région des Grands Lacs, cette région frontalière de l'Est de la RDC cumule tensions internes et régionales, compétition pour la terre et violences armées pour le contrôle des ressources minières. L'échelle locale d'une activité extractive informelle s'articule à l'échelle mondiale des intérêts industriels : le retour à la paix passe par une action en aval fondée sur la traçabilité et le rejet des «minerais de sang ».
Vers des guerres migratoires structurelles ? (Towards structural migratory wars ?)
Authors: Rosière Stéphane
Published: April 2016

Cette communication se propose d'envisager les migrations internationales contemporaines, et plus particulièrement les migrations Nord/Sud, non seulement comme une «crise structurelle » mais comme une guerre non déclarée. Engendrées par les déséquilibres économiques mondiaux les flux migratoires relient, pour l'essentiel, des pays pauvres à des pays plus riches (du Nord ou du Sud, du Bangladesh vers l'Inde par exemple). La pression migratoire constante qui s 'exerce sur les pays les plus riches, et notamment la Triade, génère une politique d'accroissement de leur surveillance (notion de «rebordering ») contradictoire avec l'esprit de la mondialisation. Nous appelons «teichopolitique » la politique de fermeture de territoires. Celle-ci se manifeste entre autres par la construction de «barrières frontalières » de haute technologie qui tendent à ceinturer les pays développés qui sont liés à une gestion «intelligente » des flux transfrontaliers dans des check-points. Mais l'édification de ces barrières, corrélée à une politique assumée de refus de visas, génère de dangereuses pratiques de contournement des dispositifs frontaliers (administratifs, technologiques). Le contournement implique une augmentation de la létalité chez les migrants. Nous essayerons ici de dresser un bilan de cette létalité soulignant ainsi que le Nord, et certains pays du Sud, sont entrés dans une guerre migratoire de basse intensité, une guerre structurelle qui remet évidemment en cause la présentation dominante de la mondialisation comme processus pacifique et pacificateur.
Mer de Chine du Sud ou mer des Philippines de l'Ouest ? Conflits d'appropriation des espaces maritimes autour de l'archipel des Spratley (Nansha / Truong Sa / Kalayaan) (South China Sea or West Philippine Sea ? Conflicting maritime claims in the Spratly archipelago : Nansha/ Truong Sa / Kalayaan)
Authors: Boquet Yves
Published: April 2016

L 'archipel des Spratley, groupes d'îles coralliennes inhabitées situées en mer "de Chine méridionale", est au coeur d'un différend territorial complexe impliquant six pays environnants. Les intérêts des différentes nations comprennent les zones de pêche, l'exploitation du pétrole brut et du gaz naturel, et l'occupation stratégique des îlots permettant d'appuyer la reconnaissance de ZEE et de contrôler les routes maritimes. La revendication chinoise sur les trois quarts de la superficie totale de la mer de Chine méridionale, marquée sur toutes les cartes chinoises, est fortement contestée par les autres pays riverains, entre autres aux Philippines et au Vietnam. Cet article examine les revendications maritimes de la République philippine dans le contexte de ces tensions internationales ayant un potentiel de déclenchement de conflit si les pays riverains ne parviennent pas à trouver un accord durable permettant de désamorcer le conflit.
Risques et conflits dans le Golfe Arabo-Persique (Risks and conflicts in the Persian Gulf)
Authors: Boulanger Philippe
Published: April 2016

Les formes de conflictualité dans le Golfe Arabo-Persique sont complexes et nombreuses comme en témoignent encore les grandes manœuvres militaires iraniennes de décembre 2011-janvier 2012. Depuis la création des derniers États arabes dans cette région, au début des années 1970, les menaces et les risques d'instabilité se sont multipliés et diversifiés : position iranienne, rivalités économiques et politiques, litiges frontaliers, sécurité interne, menace terroriste. Quelles sont les risques pour la stabilité régionale ? Pour y répondre, trois aspects sont abordés : les dynamiques géopolitiques majeures, le climat de guerre froide larvée, les autres formes de conflictualité qui font de cette région une "zone à risque potentielle "
Europe orientale. Voisinage partagé ou arc de crise ? (Eastern Europe ; shared neighborhood or arc of crisis ?)
Authors: Richard Yann
Published: April 2016

Since the end of the cold war, many conflicts and tensions have occurred in the eastern neighbourhood of the European Union. The EU tries to take part to the settlements of these conflicts and tensions, but the results of its action have been poor so far. In this paper, we point the reasons of the European ineffectiveness. First, the EU is an actor in international relations but its influence is low in the neighbourhood that it shares with Russia. Up to now, it has proved unable to act as a security and stability supplier alongside Russia in this part of the world, because the fundamental principles of their external action are too different. Last but not least, Russia takes a dim view of various European political initiatives — such as the European Neigbourhood Policy -which are considered by Moscow as ways to deprive Russia from its area of influence.
Lieux de soins et paysages thérapeutiques. Du concept à la méthode. (Health care places and therapy landscapes. From concept to method)
Authors: Vaguet A. , Lefebvre Bertrand , Petit Mélanie
Published: April 2016

Cet article de présentation introduit un projet de recherche : Lieux de SOins, LIeux de SAnté ? (LISO LISA), de l'Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Sciences de l'Homme (IRISH). Celui-ci se propose de revisiter la géographie de l'hôpital et de chercher à l'étendre vers de nouveaux horizons.

Le moment semble particulièrement adapté dans la mesure où de nombreuses constructions, complètes ou partielles, ont été menées ces dernières années et que les budgets restreints ne permettront plus ce type d'investissements avant longtemps. Centrer le propos sur les «paysages thérapeutiques », permet de présenter un concept en passe de devenir un classique de la géographie de la santé anglophone. Au delà, nous souhaitons contribuer à montrer que l'on peut aussi se servir de lui pour développer des méthodes. Celles-ci permettent de proposer de nouveaux critères permettant de discuter la qualité de vie des patients et des professionnels de santé dans les établissements hospitaliers.
La protection de l'environnement dans la loi d'orientation agricole de janvier 2006 : un bilan mitigé
Authors: Doussan Isabelle
Published: April 2016

La nouvelle loi d'orientation agricole de janvier 2006 comprend nombre de dispositions concernant l'environnement, comme cela était déjà le cas avec la précédente loi du même genre en 1999. Parmi celles-ci la possibilité nouvelle d'introduire des obligations relatives à la protection et l'entretien de l'environnement dans certains baux ruraux, doit être remarquée. Les dispositions relatives aux biocarburants ne manquent pas d'intérêt non plus, mais sont sans doute encore trop timides, comme les mesures d'encouragement à l'agriculture biologique. Pourtant, la loi n'est pas toute verte, puisqu'il faut noter qu'elle a été l'occasion d'affaiblir des mesures protectrices de l'environnement antérieures, dans le domaine des ICPE, comme dans celui du droit des phytosanitaires où la loi porte un sale coup aux produits et techniques les moins polluants pour protéger les plantes.
Costs of Cervical Cancer Treatment: Population-Based Estimates from Ontario
Authors: Pendrith C. , Thind A. , Zaric G.S. , Sarma S.
Published: April 2016

Objectives: The objectives of the present study were to estimate the overall and specific medical care costs associated with cervical cancer in the first 5 years after diagnosis in Ontario. Methods: Incident cases of invasive cervical cancer during 2007–2010 were identified from the Ontario Cancer Registry and linked to administrative databases held at the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences. Mean costs in 2010 Canadian dollars were estimated using the arithmetic mean and estimators that adjust for censored data. Results: Mean age of the patients in the study cohort (779 cases) was 49.3 years. The mean overall medical care cost was $39,187 [standard error (se): $1,327] in the 1st year after diagnosis. Costs in year 1 ranged from $34,648 (se: $1,275) for those who survived at least 1 year to $69,142 (se: $4,818) for those who died from cervical cancer within 1 year. At 5 years after diagnosis, the mean overall unadjusted cost was $63,131 (se: $3,131), and the cost adjusted for censoring was $68,745 (se: $2,963). Inpatient hospitalizations and cancer-related care were the two largest components of cancer treatment costs. Conclusions: We found that the estimated mean costs that did not account for censoring were consistently undervalued, highlighting the importance of estimates based on censoring-adjusted costs in cervical cancer. Our results are reliable for estimating the economic burden of cervical cancer and the cost-effectiveness of cervical cancer prevention strategies.
But other than Mesothelioma? An Estimate of the Proportion of Work-Related Cancers in Quebec
Authors: Labrèche F. , Duguay P. , Boucher A. , Arcand R.
Published: April 2016

Background: More than 30 exposures in the workplace are proven carcinogens. In the present study, we aimed to estimate the burden of occupational cancer in Quebec so as to increase awareness among stakeholders and to prioritize research activities. Methods: Work-attributable fractions—that is, the proportions of cancers attributable to work—as published in Finland and the United Kingdom were applied to Quebec 2002–2006 cancer incidence and mortality data to estimate the number of work-related cases for 28 cancer sites. Results: Overall, 6.0% of incident cancers (men: 9.1%; women: 2.7%) and 7.6% of cancer deaths (men: 11.8%; women: 2.8%) could be attributable to work, resulting annually in an average of 2160 new cancer diagnoses and 1190 cancer deaths in Quebec. Incident cancers of the lung, prostate, skin, bladder, and (female) breast were the most numerous; cancer sites resulting in more deaths were lung, (female) breast, and pleura. During the same period, compensation statistics reported annual averages of 94.3 incident cancers and 61.9 cancer deaths, mostly involving mesothelioma (64% of compensated incident cancers) and lung cancer (30% of compensated incident cancers). Conclusions: Increased recognition of workplace cancers by all stakeholders, from workers and employers to treating physicians, will foster appropriate preventive measures for safer workplaces.
Second-Line Treatment of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer with Wild-Type EGFR Status. What Is the Best Approach?
Authors: Elghissassi Ibrahim , Boutayeb Saber , Inrhaoun Hanane , Mrabti Hind , Errihani Hassan
Published: April 2016

We read with great interest the article of Ma and colleagues titled “An exploratory comparative analysis of tyrosine kinase inhibitors or docetaxel in second-line treatment of EGFR wild-type non-small-cell lung cancer: a retrospective real-world practice review at a single tertiary care centre” [...]
Canadian Recommendations for the Management of Breakthrough Cancer Pain
Authors: Daeninck P. , Gagnon B. , Gallagher R. , Henderson J.D. , Shir Y. , Zimmermann C. , Lapointe B.
Published: April 2016

Breakthrough cancer pain (BTCP) represents an important element in the spectrum of cancer pain management. Because most BTCP episodes peak in intensity within a few minutes, speed of medication onset is crucial for proper control. In Canada, several current provincial guidelines for the management of cancer pain include a brief discussion about the treatment of BTCP; however, there are no uniform national recommendations for the management of BTCP. That lack, accompanied by unequal access to pain medication across the country, contributes to both regional and provincial variability in the management of BTCP. Currently, immediate-release oral opioids are the treatment of choice for BTCP. This approach might not always offer optimal speed for onset of action and duration to match the rapid nature of an episode of BTCP. Novel transmucosal fentanyl formulations might be more appropriate for some types of BTCP, but limited access to such drugs hinders their use. In addition, the recognition of BTCP and its proper assessment, which are crucial steps toward appropriate treatment selection, remain challenging for many health care professionals. To facilitate appropriate management of BTCP, a group of prominent Canadian specialists in palliative care, oncology, and anesthesiology convened to develop a set of recommendations and suggestions to assist Canadian health care providers in the treatment of BTCP and the alleviation of the suffering and discomfort experienced by adult cancer patients.
Collaborative Case Conferences in Rectal Cancer: Case Series in a Tertiary Care Centre
Authors: Eskicioglu C. , Forbes S. , Tsai S. , Francescutti V. , Coates A. , Grubac V. , Sonnadara R. , Simunovic M.
Published: April 2016

Background: In many hospitals, resource barriers preclude the use of preoperative multidisciplinary cancer conferences (MCCS) for consecutive patients with cancer. Collaborative cancer conferences (CCCS) are modified MCCS that might overcome such barriers. Methods: We established a CCC at an academic tertiary care centre to review preoperative plans for patients with rectal cancer. Attendees included only surgeons who perform colorectal cancer procedures and a radiologist with expertise in cross-sectional imaging. Individual reviews began with the primary surgeon presenting the case information and initial treatment recommendations. Cross-sectional images were then reviewed, the case was discussed, and consensus on CCC-treatment recommendations was achieved. Outcomes for the present study were changes in treatment recommendations defined as “major” (that is, redirection of patient to preoperative radiation from straight-to-surgery or uncertain plan, or redirection of the patient to straight-to-surgery from preoperative radiation or plan uncertain) or as “minor” (that is, referral to a multidisciplinary cancer clinic, request additional tests, change type of neoadjuvant therapy, change type of surgery). Chart reviews provided relevant patient, tumour, and treatment information. Results: Between September 2011 and September 2012, 101 rectal cancer patients were discussed at a CCC. Of the 35 management plans (34.7%) that were changed as a result, 8 had major changes, and 27 had minor changes. Available patient and tumour factors did not predict for a change in treatment recommendation. Conclusions: Preoperative CCCS at a tertiary-care centre changed treatment recommendations for one third of patients with rectal cancer. Given that no specific factor predicted for a treatment plan change, it is likely prudent that all rectal cancer patients undergo some form of collaborative review.
USING CLOSE WHITE DWARF + M DWARF STELLAR PAIRS TO CONSTRAIN THE FLARE RATES IN CLOSE STELLAR BINARIES
Authors: Morgan Dylan P. , West Andrew A. , Becker Andrew C.
Published: April 2016

We present a study of the statistical flare rates of M dwarfs (dMs) with close white dwarf (WD) companions (WD+dM; typical separations <1 au). Our previous analysis demonstrated that dMs with close WD companions are more magnetically active than their field counterparts. One likely implication of having a close binary companion is increased stellar rotation through disk-disruption, tidal effects, and/or angular momentum exchange; increased stellar rotation has long been associated with an increase in stellar activity. Previous studies show a strong correlation between dMs that are magnetically active (showing Hα in emission) and the frequency of stellar flare rates. We examine the difference between the flare rates observed in close WD+dM binary systems and field dMs. Our sample consists of a subset of 181 close WD+dM pairs from Morgan et al. observed in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Stripe 82, where we obtain multi-epoch observations in the Sloan ugriz-bands. We find an increase in the overall flaring fraction in the close WD+dM pairs (0.09 ± 0.03%) compared to the field dMs (0.0108 ± 0.0007%) and a lower flaring fraction for active WD+dMs (0.05 ± 0.03%) compared to active dMs (0.28 ± 0.05%). We discuss how our results constrain both the single and binary dM flare rates. Our results also constrain dM multiplicity, our knowledge of the Galactic transient background, and may be important for the habitability of attending planets around dMs with close companions.
A METHOD TO CALIBRATE THE HIGH-RESOLUTION CATANIA ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY SPECTROPOLARIMETER
Authors: Leone F. , Avila G. , Bellassai G. , Bruno P. , Catalano S. , Benedetto R. Di , Stefano A. Di , Gangi M. , Giarrusso M. , Greco V. , Martinetti E. , Miraglia M. , Munari M. , Pontoni C. , Scalia C. , Scuderi S. , Spanó P.
Published: April 2016

The Catania Astrophysical Observatory Spectropolarimeter (CAOS) is a white-pupil cross-dispersed échelle spectrograph with a spectral resolution of up to R = 55,000 in the 375–1100 nm range in a single exposure, with complete coverage up to 856 nm. CAOS is linked to the 36-inch telescope, at Mount Etna Observatory, with a couple of 100 μm optical fibers and it achieves a signal-to-noise ratio better than 60 for a V = 10 mag star in one hour. CAOS is thermally stabilized in temperature within a 0.01 K rms, so that radial velocities are measured with a precision better than 100 m s−1 from a single spectral line. Linear and circular spectropolarimetric observations are possible by means of a Savart plate working in series with a half-wave and a quarter-wave retarder plate in the 376–850 nm range. As is usual for high-resolution spectropolarimeters, CAOS is suitable to measure all Stokes parameters across spectral lines and it cannot measure the absolute degree of polarization. Observations of unpolarized standard stars show that instrumental polarization is generally zero at 550 nm and can increase up to 3% at the other wavelengths. Since polarized and unpolarized standard stars are useless, we suggest a method to calibrate a high-resolution spectropolarimeter on the basis of the polarimetric properties of spectral lines formed in the presence of a magnetic field. As applied to CAOS, observations of magnetic chemically peculiar stars of the main sequence show that the cross-talk from linear to circular polarization is smaller than 0.4% and that conversion from circular to linear is less than 2.7%. Strength and wavelength dependences of cross-talk can be entirely ascribed, via numerical simulations, to the incorrect retardance of achromatic wave plates.
ADIABATIC BLACK HOLE GROWTH IN SÉRSIC MODELS OF ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES
Authors: Jingade Naveen , Saini Tarun Deep , Tremaine Scott
Published: April 2016

We have examined the effect of slow growth of a central black hole on spherical galaxies that obey Sérsic or

R

1

/

m

surface-brightness profiles. During such growth the actions of each stellar orbit are conserved, which allows us to compute the final distribution function (DF) if we assume that the initial DF is isotropic. We find that black hole growth leads to a central cusp or “excess light,” in which the surface brightness varies with radius as

R

−
1.3

(with a weak dependence on Sérsic index m), the line-of-sight velocity dispersion varies as

R

−
1

/

2

, and the velocity anisotropy is

β
≃
−
0.24

to −0.28 depending on m. The excess stellar mass in the cusp scales approximately linearly with the black hole mass, and is typically 0.5–0.85 times the black hole mass. This process may strongly influence the structure of nuclear star clusters in spheroidal galaxies if they contain black holes.
TESTING WIND AS AN EXPLANATION FOR THE SPIN PROBLEM IN THE CONTINUUM-FITTING METHOD
Authors: You Bei , Straub Odele , Czerny Bożena , Sobolewska Małgosia , Różańska Agata , Bursa Michal , Dovčiak Michal
Published: April 2016

The continuum-fitting method is one of the two most advanced methods of determining the black hole spin in accreting X-ray binary systems. There are, however, still some unresolved issues with the underlying disk models. One of these issues manifests as an apparent decrease in spin for increasing source luminosity. Here, we perform a few simple tests to establish whether outflows from the disk close to the inner radius can address this problem. We employ four different parametric models to describe the wind and compare these to the apparent decrease in spin with luminosity measured in the sources LMC X-3 and GRS 1915+105. Wind models in which parameters do not explicitly depend on the accretion rate cannot reproduce the spin measurements. Models with mass accretion rate dependent outflows, however, have spectra that emulate the observed ones. The assumption of a wind thus effectively removes the artifact of spin decrease. This solution is not unique; the same conclusion can be obtained using a truncated inner disk model. To distinguish among the valid models, we will need high-resolution X-ray data and a realistic description of the Comptonization in the wind.
THE ROLL-OVER OF HELIOSPHERIC NEUTRAL HYDROGEN BELOW 100 eV: OBSERVATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Galli A. , Wurz P. , Schwadron N. A. , Kucharek H. , Möbius E. , Bzowski M. , Sokół J. M. , Kubiak M. A. , Funsten H. O. , Fuselier S. A. , McComas D. J.
Published: April 2016

We present an improved analysis of the energy spectrum of energetic neutral hydrogen from the heliosheath observed with the IBEX-Lo sensor on the Interstellar Boundary EXplorer from the years 2009 to 2012. This analysis allows us to study the lowest energies between 10 and 100 eV although various background sources are more intense than the targeted signal over broad areas of the sky. The results improve our knowledge of the interaction region between our heliosphere and the interstellar plasma because these neutral atoms are direct messengers from the low-energy plasma in the heliosheath. We find a roll-over of the energy spectrum below 100 eV, which has major implications for the pressure balance of the plasma in the inner heliosheath. The results can also be compared directly with in situ observations of the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft.
SOLAR MODELS WITH NEW LOW METAL ABUNDANCES
Authors: Yang Wuming
Published: April 2016

In the past decade, the photospheric abundances of the Sun had been revised several times by many observers. The standard solar models constructed with the new low-metal abundances disagree with helioseismic results and detected neutrino fluxes. The solar model problem has puzzled some stellar physicists for more than 10 years. Rotation, enhanced diffusion, convection overshoot, and magnetic fields are used to reconcile the new abundances with helioseismology. The too low helium subsurface abundance in enhanced diffusion models can be improved by the mixing caused by rotation and magnetic fields. The problem of the depth of the convective zone in rotating models can be resolved by convection overshoot. Consequently, the Asplund–Grevesse–Sauval rotation model including overshooting (AGSR) reproduces the seismically inferred sound-speed and density profiles and the convection zone depth as well as the Grevesse & Sauval model computed before. But this model fails to reproduce the surface helium abundance, which is 0.2393 (2.6σ away from the seismic value), and neutrino fluxes. The magnetic model called AGSM keeps the agreement of the AGSR and improves the prediction of the surface helium abundance. The observed separation ratios r
02 and r
13 are reasonably reproduced by AGSM. Moreover, neutrino fluxes calculated by this model are not far from the detected neutrino fluxes and the predictions of previous works.
ON THE LAUNCHING AND STRUCTURE OF RADIATIVELY DRIVEN WINDS IN WOLF–RAYET STARS
Authors: Ro Stephen , Matzner Christopher D.
Published: April 2016

Hydrostatic models of Wolf–Rayet (WR) stars typically contain low-density outer envelopes that inflate the stellar radii by a factor of several and are capped by a denser shell of gas. Inflated envelopes and density inversions are hallmarks of envelopes that become super-Eddington as they cross the iron-group opacity peak, but these features disappear when mass loss is sufficiently rapid. We re-examine the structures of steady, spherically symmetric wind solutions that cross a sonic point at high optical depth, identifying the physical mechanism through which the outflow affects the stellar structure, and provide an improved analytical estimate for the critical mass-loss rate above which extended structures are erased. Weak-flow solutions below this limit resemble hydrostatic stars even in supersonic zones; however, we infer that these fail to successfully launch optically thick winds. WR envelopes will therefore likely correspond to the strong, compact solutions. We also find that wind solutions with negligible gas pressure are stably stratified at and below the sonic point. This implies that convection is not the source of variability in WR stars, as has been suggested; however, acoustic instabilities provide an alternative explanation. Our solutions are limited to high optical depths by our neglect of Doppler enhancements to the opacity, and do not account for acoustic instabilities at high Eddington factors; yet, they do provide useful insights into WR stellar structures.
ON THE PROBLEM OF DEFORMED SPHERICAL SYSTEMS IN MODIFIED NEWTONIAN DYNAMICS
Authors: Ko (高仲明) Chung-Ming
Published: April 2016

Based on Newtonian dynamics, observations show that the luminous masses of astrophysical objects that are the size of a galaxy or larger are not enough to generate the measured motions which they supposedly determine. This is typically attributed to the existence of dark matter, which possesses mass but does not radiate (or absorb radiation). Alternatively, the mismatch can be explained if the underlying dynamics is not Newtonian. Within this conceptual scheme, Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) is a successful theoretical paradigm. MOND is usually expressed in terms of a nonlinear Poisson equation, which is difficult to analyze for arbitrary matter distributions. We study the MONDian gravitational field generated by slightly non-spherically symmetric mass distributions based on the fact that both Newtonian and MONDian fields are conservative (which we refer to as the compatibility condition). As the non-relativistic version of MOND has two different formulations (AQUAL and QuMOND) and the compatibility condition can be expressed in two ways, there are four approaches to the problem in total. The method involves solving a suitably defined linear deformation potential, which generally depends on the choice of MOND interpolation function. However, for some specific form of the deformation potential, the solution is independent of the interpolation function.
L’homme, la croissance et la mort
Authors: Cochereau Mathieu
Published: April 2016

Que signifie la croissance et en quoi porte-t-elle la mort ? Cette question nécessite de retourner à l’origine de la formation du concept de croissance économique et à celui de nature car il ne saurait y avoir d’appropriation du monde par l’homme sans réflexion sur la nature. Il apparaît que la croissance qui désignait chez les Grecs l’expansion de la vie dans l’harmonie d’un éternel retour ( physis ) est devenue chez les modernes un espace à trois dimensions dont la connaissance justifiait la maîtrise technique. On se demande ici quelle est la signification de cette révolution et en quoi on peut dire que la croissance est mortifère dès lors qu’elle n’est plus physis . Il s’agira surtout d’en comprendre les conséquences humaines et de savoir s’il s’agit là du dernier mot sur la nature ou bien s’il est possible de changer notre perception afin de vivre dans un monde plus respectueux de l’environnement.
La tératogénie mondialisée
Authors: Jandrok Thierry
Published: April 2016

La croissance est un signifiant issu de la dogmatique contemporaine. Sa fonction est d’organiser les pensées et de présenter un horizon possible à la rationalité postmoderne. Comment le sujet peut-il s’en emparer, en courant quels risques. Comment l’économie psychique répond-elle à l’injonction de la croissance économique ? Peut-elle même s’y adapter et à quel prix pour le sujet ?
La médiation de la pierre ou l’illusion de l’immortalité
Authors: Erbs Laurent
Published: April 2016

La mort est devenue un fonds de commerce pour négociants bien ordinaires. Les promoteurs de la propriété immobilière l’utilisent volontiers en prétendant résoudre la dialectique entre la vie et la mort. L’acquisition d’une maison permettrait de jouer un rôle de médiateur entre la finitude de l’homme et son hypothétique perpétuation à travers la pierre léguée à la descendance. Or, il s’agit d’une mystification.
Intestinal microbiota and oral administration of Enterococcus faecium associated with the growth performance of new-born piglets
Authors: Wang Y.B. , Du W. , Fu A.K. , Zhang X.P. , Huang Y. , Lee K.H. , Yu K. , Li W.F. , Li Y.L.
Published: April 2016

The oral administration of Enterococcus faecium EF1 to new-born suckling and weaning piglets along with their growth performances and intestinal microbiota was investigated in this study. Twenty-four new-born piglets were initially divided into 2 groups. The probiotics group received 2 ml of 10% sterilised skimmed milk by oral gavage supplemented with 6×108 cfu/ml viable E. faecium EF1 at the first, the third and the fifth day after birth, while the control group received 2 ml of 10% sterilised skimmed milk without probiotics at the same time. Results showed that oral administration of E. faecium EF1 was associated with a remarkable increase on the body weight of piglets for both suckling and weaning periods, by 30.73% (P<0.01) and 320.84% (P<0.01), and also decreased the diarrhoea rate, by 43.21% (P<0.05) and 71.42% (P<0.05), respectively. In addition, 454-pyrosequencing analysis revealed that there was no significant difference in the intestinal microbial diversity of the suckling piglets between the two groups; nevertheless, when compared to the control group, the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the probiotics group was substantially augmented, while the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria diminished. However, results indicated that oral administration of E. faecium EF1 did not have any influence on the relative abundance of Firmicutes in weaning piglets rather than increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and decreasing the relative abundance of Proteobacteria. Furthermore, at the level of the Firmicutes phylum, the relative abundance of Lactobacillales in the probiotic group increased significantly. These findings suggest that oral administration of E. faecium EF1 to new-born piglets could improve the growth performance and intestinal microbiota of piglets for both suckling and weaning periods.
Disentangling the geography of finance and real estate: competing space-times of decision-making and uneven spatial development
Authors: Dörry Sabine , Handke Michael
Published: April 2016

The versatile ‘city building’ processes are in the focus of this issue. The author’s papers deal with a plurality of related issues such as the complexities of the increasing transparency of local property markets or the tight relations between city planners and (inter-)national investors. As the built environment decides on a city’s economic prospect and determines future planning and development opportunities, the consequences of city building processes are multifaceted. Financial processes of urban (re)development, for example, are discussed at the cutting edge of a larger process of uneven development, which is rooted in the structure of the capitalist mode of production and fuels controversial debates on the ownership of the city. The current edition aims to attract further attention to the complex of financial matters and the production of the built environment with the intention to locate both more centrally within geography, planning, and economics. Against this background, this introduction spans the idea of the decision-making itself in financial and real estate markets, which can neither be limited to a singular moment nor be separated from the context in which they take place. Disentangling these market interdependencies and illustrating the context dependency of decision-making is a common theme in all of the papers included in this issue.
The Verbal Fuel for Ethnic Hatred and Political Violence in Kenya
Authors: Luoch Tom Onditi
Published: April 2016

Africa has been plagued by many violent conflicts in history and in contemporary times. Causes of these conflicts range from disagreements over allocation of national resources to ethnic rivalries over grazing fields, to territorial expansionism in the past, to economic development, elections and others, more recently. Hate speech or inflammatory language, or dangerous language both on line and off line, and elections have developed as major catalysts in recent violent conflicts. This chapter explores language (hate speech, inflammatory or dangerous language) as the verbal fuel that has ignited violent political conflicts in Kenya over the last two decades. It concludes that even though language fuels conflict, efforts to end conflict must go beyond language and elections (surface manifestations of deep-seated grievances) to economic marginalization which is at the core of differences that spasmodically erupt in violence.
Tearing up Nationalist Discourses?
Authors: Sabao Collen , Visser Marianna
Published: April 2016

The chapter seeks to, through the theoretical lenses of the linguistic discourse theory of Appraisal, analyse the notions of journalistic ‘objectivity' in Zimbabwean newspapers comparatively. The focus of analysis here is news reports of the factional politics within the ZANU PF political party, specifically with regards to the demise of the political career of former Vice President Joice Mujuru and how it is framed within these factional wars. The chapter seeks to comparatively analyse the portrayal of Joice Mujuru and the ZANU PF factional wars within both the public and private owned newspapers (The Herald and NewsDay, respectively). Within the Zimbabwean political landscape ZANU PF, led by incumbent president Robert Gabriel Mugabe, embodies the national narrative. In fact, because of its role in the liberation of the country from the British colonial masters, ZANU PF has technically appropriated the national metanarrative and the story of the Zimbabwean nation-state cannot therefore, since independence in 1980, be told outside the ZANU PF polity and ideology.
Impediments to Nigerian Democracy
Authors: Kankara Ibrahim Sani
Published: April 2016

The paper focuses on security efforts of local vigilante groups against Boko Haram (BH) insurgency in Northern Nigeria. The fight against BH insurgency is a major source of concern throughout the Nigerian Federation. The use of charms and locally fabricated small arms by the Vigilante and Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF) is a factor in the fight against the Boko Haram insurgents. Through data obtained from interviews, newspapers and secondary texts, the article analyses the emergence and role of the vigilante in the fight against insurgency. The groups serve as an alternative security in the areas affected by the insurgency. The different groups use variety of locally made charms in their confrontation with Boko Haram group. Furthermore, this paper attempts to evaluate role of CJTF/Vigilante in the fight against insurgency, the nature of traditional mechanisms use by the local groups in the fight against Boko Haram insurgency. In this context, the innovation and cultural practice by the vigilante groups greatly helped in the fight against insurgency. It is concluded that there is likelihood the vigilante to pose danger to the security in the post war against insurgency period.
Ethnic Stereotyping on Kenyan Blog Sites in the 2013 Political Elections
Authors: Wendo Nabea
Published: April 2016

This paper presents results of an investigation into ethnic stereotyping on blog sites in g Kenya's 2013 political elections. The study, which was hinged on the taxonomy of stereotypes model, sourced data from two ethnically based blog sites, thus Kenyalist.com and Nipate.com. From over 80 posts on the blog sites, purposive sampling was used to identify eight posts which were deemed appropriate in view of the objectives of the study and the theoretical grounding. Results showed that ethnic stereotyping revolved around thematic areas such as marriage and ethnicity, culture and ethnicity, communal aggrandizement and ethnic divide and arbitration. It also emerged that language was a potent tool for stereotyping. The paper has however shown that the ethnic stereotypes that issued on blog sites during Kenya's 2013 electioneering were unfortunate, because though largely spurious, they had the potential of influencing people as they went to the ballot box.
Symbols and Not Manifestoes Are the Selling Point Here
Authors: Adeyanju Adegboye
Published: April 2016

In this chapter the aim is to analyze multimodal realisation of contemporary Nigerian politics from a critical view point by considering political party images which are constructed and exploited in Nigerian politics to guarantee sustenance of interests by party stalwarts' patronage and consequently, electoral victory. The methodology consists of, first, outlining the political images and slogans; then socio-culturally and linguistically interpreting the symbols, and finally drawing effects of imaging on the ‘ideology' and affiliation of political parties in Nigeria. The 1607 page September 2011 Source Book on Political Parties' Manifestoes and Constitutions is the data source. Significant is that not more than 7 parties of about 69 parties profiled in the Source book, as at end of 2011 elections, interprets for the followers its symbols; thus not only leaving to guesses what the symbols either meant or are intended to convey but also significant is that what the symbols communicate ideologically are often not obvious neither to the casual to the casual reader nor even to the political elites behind the parties.
Modeling Transaction Costs for a Sustainable Energy Policy
Authors: Ghosh Ranjan Kumar
Published: April 2016

This chapter presents a discussion on the economic governance aspect of sustainability in the context of energy policy and access. It is believed that incentives are sufficient for emergence of competitive energy markets which augment energy access. However, recent developments in Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) have shown that this need not be true when costs arising out of incomplete contracting are high. Yet, the role of transaction costs and the need to identify and model their behavior has not received adequate attention. This chapter reviews the basic tenets of TCE around natural monopoly sectors. It then illustrates in greater micro-analytic detail how transaction costs can be identified and empirically modeled in the context of industrial self-generation of electricity. The conclusion is that in the analysis of production systems, sustainability arguments are not complete unless costs arising out of inefficient contracting are accounted and an adequate economic governance apparatus is set-up.
Consumer Power Subsidies
Authors: Das Shyamasis
Published: April 2016

Energy pricing in India usually hinges on political, economic or social considerations of the government. Consumer power tariff, a State subject in the country, is no exception to that. However, continued subsidising of power has led to mounting losses of discoms, mostly State-owned, sometimes to a level of insolvency. This has taken a serious toll on financial stability of distribution sector, triggering a cross-sector domino effect. This has happened in spite of regulatory oversight. This study has brought forth some compelling analyses which affirm that current crisis is the outcome of vested interests of some actors and apathy of the administration. It is seen that power tariffs have been skewed disregarding tariff guidelines, whereby liabilities of the State governments to compensate the discoms through payment of subsidies are limited. This study uncovers effective consumer power subsidy across the States, and offers insights into the consequences. This study also identifies key issues plaguing the sector, followed by a brainstorming on possible corrective action-points.
The Distributional Impact of Efficient Energy Pricing in India
Authors: Coady David , Hanedar Emine
Published: April 2016

This chapter by Coady and Hanedar revisits the issue of the distributional impact of energy subsidy reform. It adds to the existing literature on a number of fronts. First, based on recent estimates of efficient energy taxes for India in the literature, it calculates the domestic energy price increases required to bring energy prices to levels that reflect the true social cost of energy consumption, including domestic and global environmental damage. It then simulates the impact of these price increases on household real incomes and how this varies across household income groups. Second, it extends the analysis to the efficient pricing of coal, the most polluting of all energy sources. Third, it also identifies key sectors of the economy that are likely to be the most impacted by higher energy prices.
Mobile Payments for Conducting M-Commerce
Authors: Ahuja Rupali
Published: April 2016

Mobile commerce or M-commerce facilitates users to conduct commercial activities using mobile equipment like Smartphone, tablet etc. M-commerce has come a long way since its inception in 1997. With adoption of 4G networks, it is believed that M-Commerce will outpace E-commerce soon because of its high speed, convenience, flexibility and mobility features. Mobile payment is an integral component of M-commerce. Any transaction on mobile devices involving monetary value has to go through a payment mechanism. With increased interest of users in M-Commerce, the mechanisms available for mobile payments are becoming more prevalent and are continuously evolving. This chapter describes stakeholders of the mobile payment ecosystem, mobile payment technologies, payment carriers, payment gateways and issues involved with them. We also discuss the popular payment options available in M-commerce market space today.