bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A co‐segregating microduplication of chromosome 15q11.2 pinpoints two risk genes for autism spectrum disorder
Authors: van der Zwaag Bert , Staal Wouter G. , Hochstenbach Ron , Poot Martin , Spierenburg Henk A. , de Jonge Maretha V. , Verbeek Nienke E. , van 't Slot Ruben , van Es Michael A. , Staal Frank J. , Freitag Christine M. , Buizer‐Voskamp Jacobine E. , Nelen Marcel R. , van den Berg Leonard H. , van Amstel Hans K. Ploos , van Engeland Herman , Burbach J. Peter H.
Published: December 2009

High resolution genomic copy‐number analysis has shown that inherited and de novo copy‐number variations contribute significantly to autism pathology, and that identification of small chromosomal aberrations related to autism will expedite the discovery of risk genes involved. Here, we report a microduplication of chromosome 15q11.2, spanning only four genes, co‐segregating with autism in a Dutch pedigree, identified by SNP microarray analysis, and independently confirmed by FISH and MLPA analysis. Quantitative RT‐PCR analysis revealed over 70% increase in peripheral blood mRNA levels for the four genes present in the duplicated region in patients, and RNA in situ hybridization on mouse embryonic and adult brain sections revealed that two of the four genes, CYFIP1 and NIPA1, were highly expressed in the developing mouse brain. These findings point towards a contribution of microduplications at chromosome 15q11.2 to autism, and highlight CYFIP1 and NIPA1 as autism risk genes functioning in axonogenesis and synaptogenesis. Thereby, these findings further implicate defects in dosage‐sensitive molecular control of neuronal connectivity in autism. However, the prevalence of this microduplication in patient samples was statistically not significantly different from control samples (0.94% in patients vs. 0.42% controls, P = 0.247), which suggests that our findings should be interpreted with caution and indicates the need for studies that include large numbers of control subjects to ascertain the impact of these changes on a population scale. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An Accelerated Failure Time Mixture Cure Model with Masked Event
Authors: Zhang Jenny J. , Wang Molin
Published: December 2009

We extend the Dahlberg and Wang (Biometrics2007,63, 1237–1244) proportional hazards (PH) cure model for the analysis of time‐to‐event data that is subject to a cure rate with masked event to a setting where the PH assumption does not hold. Assuming an accelerated failure time (AFT) model with unspecified error distribution for the time to the event of interest, we propose rank‐based estimating equations for the model parameters and use a generalization of the EM algorithm for parameter estimation. Applying our proposed AFT model to the same motivating breast cancer dataset as Dahlberg and Wang (Biometrics2007,63, 1237–1244), our results are more intuitive for the treatment arm in which the PH assumption may be violated. We also conduct a simulation study to evaluate the performance of the proposed method.
Competing Risks and Time‐Dependent Covariates
Authors: Cortese Giuliana , Andersen Per K.
Published: December 2009

Time‐dependent covariates are frequently encountered in regression analysis for event history data and competing risks. They are often essential predictors, which cannot be substituted by time‐fixed covariates. This study briefly recalls the different types of time‐dependent covariates, as classified by Kalbfleisch and Prentice [The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data, Wiley, New York, 2002] with the intent of clarifying their role and emphasizing the limitations in standard survival models and in the competing risks setting. If random (internal) time‐dependent covariates are to be included in the modeling process, then it is still possible to estimate cause‐specific hazards but prediction of the cumulative incidences and survival probabilities based on these is no longer feasible. This article aims at providing some possible strategies for dealing with these prediction problems. In a multi‐state framework, a first approach uses internal covariates to define additional (intermediate) transient states in the competing risks model. Another approach is to apply the landmark analysis as described by van Houwelingen [Scandinavian Journal of Statistics2007,34, 70–85] in order to study cumulative incidences at different subintervals of the entire study period. The final strategy is to extend the competing risks model by considering all the possible combinations between internal covariate levels and cause‐specific events as final states. In all of those proposals, it is possible to estimate the changes/differences of the cumulative risks associated with simple internal covariates. An illustrative example based on bone marrow transplant data is presented in order to compare the different methods.
Retrograde salvage approach to treat tibial artery perforation during attempted revascularization of a chronically occluded artery
Authors: Fusaro Massimiliano , Keta Dritan , Byrne Robert A.
Published: December 2009

Arterial perforation is a well‐recognized complication of attempted percutaneous revascularization of a chronic totally occluded tibial artery and typically necessitates termination of the procedure. This report describes a step‐by‐step approach on how to perform a direct posterior tibial artery puncture and a sheathless wire introduction, to salvage a case of tibial artery perforation induced during attempted anterograde recanalization of an occluded tibial artery. After control of blood loss, retrograde wire passage and balloon inflation can facilitate relocation of the anterograde wire in the true lumen allowing uneventful completion of the procedure. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prognostic benefit of transcatheter aortic valve implantation compared with medical therapy in patients with inoperable aortic stenosis
Authors: Rajani Ronak , Buxton William , Haworth Peter , Khawaja Muhammed Z. , Sohal Manav , Brum Roberta L. , Hutchinson Nevil , de Belder Adam , Trivedi Uday , Hildick‐Smith David
Published: December 2009

Objectives: To compare survival in patients with inoperable aortic stenosis who undergo transcatheter aortic valve implantation against those managed medically. Background: Without surgical correction, survival of patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis is poor. It is unknown whether patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) have a better prognosis than similar patients who are treated with medical management. Methods: Survival rates were compared in consecutive patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis who either underwent TAVI or continued on medical management following multidisciplinary team assessment. All patients had been turned down, or considered at unacceptably high risk, for conventional aortic valve surgery. Patients were reviewed in clinic or by telephone six monthly. Mortality data was obtained from the United Kingdom Office of National Statistics. Results: The study group included 85 patients aged 81 ± 7 years (range 62–94), of whom 48 were male. Thirty eight patients underwent TAVI while 47 patients were deemed unsuitable based on echocardiographic, angiographic, or clinical criteria and remained on medical therapy. The calculated EuroSCORE for the TAVI group was 11 ± 2 and for the medical group 9 ± 2 (P < 0.001). TAVI‐related procedural mortality was 2.6%, and 30‐day mortality was 5.2%. Among the medically‐treated patients, 14 (30%) underwent palliative balloon aortic valvuloplasty, with a trend toward improved survival (P = 0.06). During overall follow‐up of 215 ± 115 days there were a total of 18 deaths; TAVI N = 5 (13%); Medical N = 13 (28%) (P = 0.04). Conclusions: Patients with severe aortic valve disease who are not suitable for surgical aortic valve replacement have an improved prognosis if treated with transcatheter aortic valve implantation rather than continuing on medical management alone. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Role of Solvent on the Mechanism of Proton Transfer to Hydride Complexes: The Case of the [W3PdS4H3(dmpe)3(CO)]+ Cubane Cluster
Authors: Algarra Andrés G. , Basallote Manuel G. , Feliz Marta , Fernández‐Trujillo M. Jesús , Llusar Rosa , Safont Vicent S.
Published: December 2009

The kinetics of reaction of the [W3PdS4H3(dmpe)3(CO)]+ hydride cluster (1+) with HCl has been measured in dichloromethane, and a second‐order dependence with respect to the acid is found for the initial step. In the presence of added BF4− the second‐order dependence is maintained, but there is a deceleration that becomes more evident as the acid concentration increases. DFT calculations indicate that these results can be rationalized on the basis of the mechanism previously proposed for the same reaction of the closely related [W3S4H3(dmpe)3]+ cluster, which involves parallel first‐ and second‐order pathways in which the coordinated hydride interacts with one and two acid molecules, and ion pairing to BF4− hinders formation of dihydrogen bonded adducts able to evolve to the products of proton transfer. Additional DFT calculations are reported to understand the behavior of the cluster in neat acetonitrile and acetonitrile–water mixtures. The interaction of the HCl molecule with CH3CN is stronger than the WH⋅⋅⋅HCl dihydrogen bond and so the reaction pathways operating in dichloromethane become inefficient, in agreement with the lack of reaction between 1+ and HCl in neat acetonitrile. However, the attacking species in acetonitrile–water mixtures is the solvated proton, and DFT calculations indicate that the reaction can then go through pathways involving solvent attack to the W centers, while still maintaining the coordinated hydride, which is made possible by the capability of the cluster to undergo structural changes in its core.
Sturzabdichtungen in Verblendfassaden
Authors: Oswald Rainer
Published: December 2009

Zweischalige, kerngedämmte Verblendfassaden schützen zuverlässig vor Schlagregen. Feuchteschäden sind fast ausschließlich unter den Stürzen der Bauwerksöffnungen zu beobachten. Warum Fußpunktabdichtungen gerade in diesem Bereich versagen und welche Regeln zu beachten sind, wird im Folgenden dargestellt.
Praxistipps und Hinweise aus der Rechtsprechung für die Bewertung von Mauerwerkskonstruktionen
Authors: Rast Ronald
Published: December 2009

Das Thema “Ausführung von Mauerwerk” steht in regelmäßigen Abständen immer wieder im Blickpunkt der Fachöffentlichkeit. Zur Zeit diskutieren im Umfeld der Einspruchssitzung zur überarbeiteten DIN 1053 – Teil 12 erneut Wissenschaftler, Sachverständige sowie Vertreter der Mauerwerksindustrie und der Bauausführung aktuelle und praxisrelevante Fragen zur Ausführung von Mauerwerksarbeiten.

Neben der Vorbereitung der Verabschiedung des überarbeiteten Normenteils zur DIN 1053 – Teil 12 zur “Ausführung von Mauerwerk” geht es in diesem Beitrag darum, Hinweise und Tipps für die Bewertung von Mauerwerkskonstruktionen in der Baupraxis und Rechtsprechung zu erarbeiten. Planern, Bauausführenden und Bauherren soll damit eine größere Sicherheit im praktischen Umgang mit den gültigen Normen vermittelt werden.
Pyrazine‐Assisted Dimerization of Molybdenum(V): Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Novel Dinuclear and Tetranuclear Complexes
Authors: Modec Barbara , Šala Martin , Clérac Rodolphe
Published: December 2009

Reactions of pyrazine (Pyz = C4H4N2) with [MoOCl4(H2O)]– or [MoOBr4]– afforded a series of complexes, dinuclear [(MoOX4)2(Pyz)]2– (X = Cl, Br), [{MoOCl3(Pyz)}2O]2– and tetranuclear [(Mo2O4Cl4)2(Pyz)2]4– anions, with N‐donor ligands engaged either in monodentate or bidentate bridging coordination. A dinuclear [(MoOX4)2(Pyz)]2– ion, which may be viewed as a linkage of two mononuclear subunits with a bidentate pyrazine, crystallizes either as a PyH+ (pyridinium cation, C5H5NH+; compound 1), a {(C2H5)4N}+ (compound 2) or a {(C6H5)4P}+ salt (compounds 3 and 4). In (PyH)2[{MoOCl3(Pyz)}2O] (5) with an anti‐{Mo2O3}4+ core, pyrazine is bound to the metal through only one nitrogen atom. The tetranuclear [(Mo2O4Cl4)2(Pyz)2]4– ion, a linkage of two metal–metal bonded {Mo2O4}2+ cores with a pair of bidentate pyrazines, is found in two compounds, (MeNC5H5)2(PyzH2)[(Mo2O4Cl4)2(Pyz)2] (6) [MeNC5H5+ = N‐methylpyridinium cation, PyzH22+ = pyrazinium(2+) cation] and (PyH)4[(Mo2O4Cl4)2(Pyz)2]·2CH3CN (7). In the presence of methanol, dinuclear {(C6H5)4P}2[(MoOBr4)2(Pyz)]·2CH3CN (4) was transformed directly into tetranuclear (PyH)4[(Mo2O4Br4)2(Pyz)2]·2CH3CN (8). All compounds were fully characterized by X‐ray crystallography and IR spectroscopy. The compounds containing the [(MoOX4)2(Pyz)]2– ions display an irreversible electrochemical reduction behaviour. Temperature‐dependent magnetic measurements on {(C6H5)4P}2[(MoOX4)2(Pyz)]·2CH3CN (X = Cl for 3, X = Br for 4) reveal a weak ferromagnetic coupling across the pyrazine bridge between a pair of MoV S = 1/2 spins. The magnetic properties of {(C2H5)4N}2[(MoOCl4)2(Pyz)] (2), another compound with dinuclear complex anions, are dominated by antiferromagnetic intermolecular interactions.
Ring‐Rearrangement Metathesis (RRM) Mediated by Ruthenium‐Indenylidene Complexes
Authors: Clavier Hervé , Broggi Julie , Nolan Steven P.
Published: December 2009

Several ruthenium‐indenylidene complexes bearing N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and phosphanes have been investigated for the ring rearrangement of cyclic compounds by alkene metathesis. These catalysts were found to promote efficiently such domino reactions, especially sterically hindered NHC‐containing complexes. Moreover, indenylidene‐type catalysts were compared to benzylidene‐ and Hoveyda‐type analogues. The scope of the reaction highlights the parameters governing the RRM.
Role of radiotherapy in early glottic carcinoma
Authors: Smee Robert I. , Meagher Nicola S. , Williams Janet R. , Broadley Kathryn , Bridger G. Patrick
Published: December 2009

Background

Early glottic carcinoma has a high local control prospect with radiotherapy. This review evaluates a single center's experience.

Methods

All patients from 1967 to 2006 diagnosed with Tis/T1/T2/N0 early glottic carcinoma treated definitively with radiotherapy at Prince of Wales Hospital were reviewed. Local control and cancer‐specific survival (CSS) rates were primary endpoints, and the impact of various factors on these outcomes was statistically analyzed.

Results

This review of 522 patients includes 24 with Tis, 356 with T1, and 142 with T2. Ultimate local control rates were as follows: Tis 87.5%, T1 94.7%, and T2 84.5%. Multivariate analysis found fitness for surgery, no involvement of anterior commissure, normal cord movement, and radiotherapy dose >60 Gy significant for local control. Fitness for surgery, no involvement of the anterior commissure, normal cord movement, and no ventricular involvement were significant prognostic factors for CSS.

Conclusion

Definitive radiotherapy for early glottic carcinoma provides high local control rates, with the option of surgical salvage to achieve ultimate local control. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Olanzapine monotherapy for acute depression in patients with bipolar I or II disorder: results of an 8‐week open label trial
Authors: Bobo William V. , Epstein Richard A. , Shelton Richard C.
Published: December 2009

We evaluated the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of olanzapine monotherapy in 20 adult patients with bipolar I or II disorder, depressed phase. Patients received open‐label olanzapine monotherapy (mean modal dose, 15 mg/day) for 8 weeks. Assessments of psychopathology (Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale [MADRS], Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology [QIDS‐SR‐16], Young Mania Rating Scale [YMRS]), clinical global state (Clinical Global Impressions [CGI] scale), and safety/tolerability were performed at baseline, and at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Seventeen patients (85.0%) completed the study. Improvement in MADRS total scores was observed after the first week of treatment, and at all remaining follow‐up time points (p ≤ 0.005). Parallel improvement in QIDS‐SR‐16 (p < 0.001) and CGI‐Severity (p < 0.001) was observed between baseline and study endpoint. Nine (45%) subjects achieved positive treatment response, eight of whom (40%) also achieved symptom remission. There were significant increases in weight (+3.2 kg, p = 0.001) and body mass index (+1.1 kg/m2, p = 0.001), but not fasting glucose or lipids, with the exception of reduced triglyceride levels in the overall sample, and reduced HDL cholesterol in females. Olanzapine may be an effective, well‐tolerated option for treating acute non‐psychotic depression across a variety of bipolar disorder subtypes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective probing of a NADPH site controlled light‐induced enzymatic catalysis
Authors: Lambry Jean‐Christophe , Beaumont Edward , Tarus Bogdan , Blanchard‐Desce Mireille , Slama‐Schwok Anny
Published: December 2009

Achieving molecular recognition of NADPH binding sites is a compelling strategy to control many redox biological processes. The NADPH sites recognize the ubiquitous NADPH cofactor via highly conserved binding interactions, despite differences in the regulation of the hydride transfer in redox active proteins. We recently developed a photoactive NADPH substitute, called nanotrigger NT synchronizing the initiation of enzymatic catalysis of the endothelial NO‐synthase (eNOS) with a laser pulse. Spatial and temporal control of enzymatic activity by such a designed light‐driven activator would benefit from achieving molecular selectivity, i.e. activation of a single NADPH‐mediated enzyme.

In this work, we probe the ability of NT to discriminate between two NADPH sites with light. The selected NADPH sites belong to dihydrofolate reductase dihydrofolate reductase enzyme (DHFR) and endothelial NO‐synthase (eNOS). Ultrafast kinetics showed that NT could not activate DHFR catalysis with a laser pulse in contrast with the observed trigger of eNOS catalysis leading to NO formation. Homology modelling, molecular dynamics simulations showed that NT discriminated between the two NADPH sites by different donor to acceptor distances and by local steric effects hindering light activation of DHFR catalysis. The data suggested that the narrow NADPH site required a tight fit of the nanotrigger at a suitable distance/angle to the electron acceptor for a specific activation of the catalysis. The ability of the nanotrigger to activate eNOS combined with a low reactivity in unfavourable NADPH sites makes NT a highly promising tool for targeting eNOS in endothelial cells with a laser pulse. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hepatitis C infection among intravenous drug users attending therapy programs in Cyprus
Authors: Demetriou Victoria L. , van de Vijver David A.M.C. , Hezka Johana ,   the Cyprus IVDU Network, Kostrikis Leondios G.
Published: December 2009

The most high‐risk population for HCV transmission worldwide today are intravenous drug users. HCV genotypes in the general population in Cyprus demonstrate a polyphyletic infection and include subtypes associated with intravenous drug users. The prevalence of HCV, HBV, and HIV infection, HCV genotypes and risk factors among intravenous drug users in Cyprus were investigated here for the first time. Blood samples and interviews were obtained from 40 consenting users in treatment centers, and were tested for HCV, HBV, and HIV antibodies. On the HCV‐positive samples, viral RNA extraction, RT‐PCR and sequencing were performed. Phylogenetic analysis determined subtype and any relationships with database sequences and statistical analysis determined any correlation of risk factors with HCV infection. The prevalence of HCV infection was 50%, but no HBV or HIV infections were found. Of the PCR‐positive samples, eight (57%) were genotype 3a, and six (43%) were 1b. No other subtypes, recombinant strains or mixed infections were observed. The phylogenetic analysis of the injecting drug users' strains against database sequences observed no clustering, which does not allow determination of transmission route, possibly due to a limitation of sequences in the database. However, three clusters were discovered among the drug users' sequences, revealing small groups who possibly share injecting equipment. Statistical analysis showed the risk factor associated with HCV infection is drug use duration. Overall, the polyphyletic nature of HCV infection in Cyprus is confirmed, but the transmission route remains unknown. These findings highlight the need for harm‐reduction strategies to reduce HCV transmission. J. Med. Virol. 82:263–270, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavioral and electrophysiological effects of 5‐HT in globus pallidus of 6‐hydroxydopamine lesioned rats
Authors: Zhang Shu‐Jing , Wang Hua , Xue Yan , Yung Wing‐Ho , Chen Lei
Published: December 2009

Anatomical studies have shown that the globus pallidus receives abundant 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) innervations from raphe nuclei. 5‐HT may occupy an important position in the modulation of motor function through its affect on the activity of globus pallidus. In the present study, intrapallidal microinjection of 5‐HT (0.1 mM) alone did not induce any motor behavior or postural asymmetry in the unilateral 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA)‐lesioned rats. However, when infused concomitantly with a low dose of 3, 4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA, 3 mg/kg i.p.), which itself can induce modest contralateral rotational behavior, 5‐HT significantly potentiated the number of contralateral rotations. To elucidate the cellular mechanism, in vivo extracellular recordings were performed to examine the effects of 5‐HT on globus pallidus neurons. In normal rats, the predominant effect of micropressure ejection of 5‐HT on pallidal neurons was excitation. In 6‐OHDA‐lesioned rats, although 5‐HT increased the firing rate in most pallidal neurons, 5‐HT‐induced inhibitory effects was stronger than that on the unlesioned side as well as normal rats. Furthermore, 5‐HT1Breceptors are mainly involved in 5‐HT‐induced excitation while 5‐HT1Areceptors are involved in 5‐HT‐induced inhibition. The results suggest that 5‐HT may potentiate the antiparkinsonian effect of L‐DOPA through modulating the activity of globus pallidus. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coumarins and phenolic fingerprints of oak and Brazilian woods extracted by sugarcane spirit
Authors: da Silva Alexandre Ataide , do Nascimento Eduardo Sanches Pereira , Cardoso Daniel Rodrigues , Franco Douglas Wagner
Published: December 2009

A total of 25 sugarcane spirit extracts of six different Brazilian woods and oak, commonly used by cooperage industries for aging cachaça, were analyzed for the presence of 14 phenolic compounds (ellagic acid, gallic acid, vanillin, syringaldehyde, synapaldehyde, coniferaldehyde, vanillic acid, syringic acid, quercetin, trans‐resveratrol, catechin, epicatechin, eugenol, and myricetin) and two coumarins (scopoletin and coumarin) by HPLC‐DAD‐fluorescence and HPLC‐ESI‐MSn. Furthermore, an HPLC‐DAD chromatographic fingerprint was build‐up using chemometric analysis based on the chromatographic elution profiles of the extracts monitored at 280 nm. Major components identified and quantified in Brazilian wood extracts were coumarin, ellagic acid, and catechin, whereas oak extracts shown a major contribution of catechin, vanillic acid, and syringaldehyde. The main difference observed among oak and Brazilian woods remains in the concentration of coumarin, catechin, syringaldehyde, and coniferaldehyde. The chemometric analysis of the quantitative profile of the 14 phenolic compounds and two coumarins in the wood extracts provides a differentiation between the Brazilian wood and oak extracts. The chromatographic fingerprint treated by multivariate analysis revealed significant differences among Brazilian woods themselves and oak, clearly defining six groups of wood extracts: (i) oak extracts, (ii) jatobá extracts, (iii) cabreúva‐parda extracts, (iv) amendoim extracts, (v) canela‐sassafrás extracts and (vi) pequi extracts.
Lagrangean‐based decomposition algorithms for multicommodity network design problems with penalized constraints
Authors: Bektaş Tolga , Chouman Mervat , Crainic Teodor Gabriel
Published: December 2009

This article discusses problems in the context of multicommodity network design where additional constraints (such as capacity), rather than being imposed in a strict manner, are allowed to be violated at the expense of additional penalty costs. Such penalized cost structures allow these constraints to be treated as utilization targets and provide a better modelling framework in terms of strategic or tactical level planning of network design, especially in freight transportation systems. However, due to the penalized costs, these problems are generally in the form of a nonlinear integer multicommodity network design problem. This article presents two algorithms based on Lagrangean relaxation and decomposition for the solution of such problems. The first relies upon dualizing the capacity constraints that results in a flow decomposition, and the second is through relaxing flow constraints that results in an arc decomposition. It is shown that nonlinearities in the decomposed substructures can be handled in a very efficient manner. Arc decomposition is shown, through computational experiments, to have better convergence properties. Through the proposed algorithms, reasonably good solutions can be obtained for these problems where publicly available state‐of‐the‐art nonlinear optimization codes fail to identify feasible solutions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2010
Mobilizing against hunger and poverty: Capacity and change in a Brazilian social mobilization network
Authors: Schnell Sabina , Saxby John
Published: December 2009

This article examines the 16‐year history of a Brazilian social mobilization network through the lenses of organizational change, capacity development, and network management. Created by an inspirational leader and his group of friends at a favorable political juncture, COEP has survived and thrived because it managed to mobilize a wide array of public, private, and third‐sector organizations under the common banner of social justice and solidarity. It has succeeded by adopting a non‐hierarchical, yet structured, organizational configuration that leaves room for members' initiative, while at the same time maintains internal consistency and integrity. COEP illustrates well the importance of the intangible elements of capacity, such as legitimized and inspirational leadership and the ability for strategic thinking, for anticipating and reacting to change while maintaining the core mission and values of the network. COEP's capacity is the result of the fortuitous confluence of institutional and personal, material and intangible qualities of the people and organizations that constitute it. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variable presence of KITD816V in clonal haematological non‐mast cell lineage diseases associated with systemic mastocytosis (SM–AHNMD)
Authors: Sotlar Karl , Colak Sema , Bache Anja , Berezowska Sabina , Krokowski Manuela , Bültmann Burkhard , Valent Peter , Horny Hans‐Peter
Published: December 2009

In a substantial number of patients with systemic mastocytosis (SM), an associated clonal haematological non‐mast cell lineage disease (AHNMD) is detectable. Although most of these patients display KIT mutations, especially KITD816V, little is known about their exact frequency and their distribution in AHNMD subtypes. We examined 48 patients with SM–AHNMD for the presence of mutant KIT in the SM and AHNMD components of the disease. Mast cells and AHNMD cells were obtained from immunostained bone marrow sections by laser microdissection and examined by melting point analysis of nested‐PCR products. KITD816V was found in AHNMD cells in the vast majority of patients with SM–chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML, 89%). Unexpectedly, KITD816V was far less frequently detectable in AHNMD cells in patients with SM–myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN, 20%) and SM–acute myeloid leukaemia (AML, 30%). None of the patients with lymphoproliferative AHNMDs displayed KIT codon 816 mutations in AHNMD cells (0/8). In FIP1L1/PDGFRA‐positive chronic eosinophilic leukaemia (CEL), neither the SM nor the CEL component of the disease exhibited the KIT mutation. Our findings demonstrate that KIT codon 816 mutations are variably present in AHNMD cells in patients with SM–AHNMD, depending on the subtype of AHNMD. The high frequency of KITD816V in neoplastic mast cells and leukaemic myelomonocytic cells in SM–CMML may point to a common precursor in these patients, and may have implications for the biology of the disease and the development of KIT‐targeting therapies. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lack of SIGIRR/TIR8 aggravates hydrocarbon oil‐induced lupus nephritis
Authors: Lech Maciej , Skuginna Veronika , Kulkarni Onkar P. , Gong Jing , Wei Tiandi , Stark Robert W. , Garlanda Cecilia , Mantovani Alberto , Anders Hans‐Joachim
Published: December 2009

Multiple genetic factors contribute to the clinical variability of spontaneous systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) but their role in drug‐induced SLE remain largely unknown. Hydrocarbon oil‐induced SLE depends on mesothelial cell apoptosis and Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐7‐mediated induction of type I interferons. Hence, we hypothesized that TIR8/SIGIRR, an endogenous TLR inhibitor, prevents oil‐induced SLE. Sigirr‐deficient dendritic cells expressed higher TLR7 mRNA levels and TLR7 activation resulted in increased IL‐12 production in vitro. In vivo, lack of SIGIRR increased surface CD40 expression on spleen CD11c+ dendritic cells and MX‐1, TNF, IL‐12, BAFF and BCL‐2 mRNA expression 6 months after pristane injection. Spleen cell counts of CD4−/CD8− ‘autoreactive’ T cells and B220+ B cells were also increased in Sigirr−/− mice. Serum autoantibody analysis revealed that Sigirr deficiency specifically enhanced the production of rheumatoid factor (from 4 months of age) and anti‐snRNP IgG (from 5 months of age), while anti‐Smith IgG or anti‐dsDNA IgG were independent of the Sigirr genotype. This effect was sufficient to significantly aggravate lupus nephritis in Sigirr‐deficient mice. Structure model prediction identified the BB loop of SIGIRR's intracellular TIR domain to interact with TLR7 and MyD88. BB loop deletion was sufficient to completely abrogate SIGIRR's inhibitory effect on TLR7 signalling. Thus, TIR8/SIGIRR protects from hydrocarbon oil‐induced lupus by suppressing the TLR7‐mediated activation of dendritic cells, via its intracellular BB loop. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of the endogenous PPAR‐α agonist, oleoylethanolamide on MDMA‐induced cognitive deficits in mice
Authors: Plaza‐Zabala Ainhoa , Berrendero Fernando , Suarez Juan , Bermudez‐Silva Francisco Javier , Fernandez‐Espejo Emilio , Serrano Antonia , Pavon Francisco‐Javier , Parsons Loren H. , De Fonseca Fernando Rodriguez , Maldonado Rafael , Robledo Patricia
Published: December 2009

MDMA (3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is an amphetamine derivative widely used for recreational purposes. We have recently shown that repeated treatment with high doses of MDMA‐induced impairments in the acquisition and recall of an active avoidance task in mice. In this study, we examined whether the endogenous peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐α (PPAR‐α) agonist, oleoylethanolamide (OEA) protects against these MDMA‐induced deficits. Mice were pretreated twice a day with OEA (0, 5, and 25 mg/kg) 30 min before an injection of MDMA (30 mg/kg) or saline during four consecutive days. Twenty‐four hours after the last treatment, animals were trained in an active avoidance task for two consecutive weeks. After a 5‐day resting period, a recall session was performed. Mice treated with MDMA showed reduced learning and recall of the task when compared with saline‐treated controls. OEA at 5 mg/kg ameliorated and at 25 mg/kg worsened this deficit. Dopamine transporter (DAT)‐binding sites significantly decreased 4 days after the last MDMA administration and pretreatment with both doses of OEA prevented this effect. In immunohistochemical studies, coexpression of tyrosine‐hydroxylase and PPAR‐α receptors was observed in the striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta of mice. These results suggest that OEA administration can modulate the cognitive deficits induced by MDMA in a DAT‐independent manner. Synapse 64:379–389, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Striatal and extrastriatal dopamine release measured with PET and [18F] fallypride
Authors: Slifstein Mark , Kegeles Lawrence S. , Xu Xiaoyan , Thompson Judy L. , Urban Nina , Castrillon John , Hackett Elizabeth , Bae S.‐A. , Laruelle Marc , Abi‐Dargham Anissa
Published: December 2009

The amphetamine challenge, in which positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computed tomography radioligand binding following administration of amphetamine is compared to baseline values, has been successfully used in a number of brain imaging studies as an indicator of dopaminergic function, particularly in the striatum. [18F] fallypride is the first PET radioligand that allows measurement of the effects of amphetamine on D2/D3 ligand binding in striatum and extra‐striatal brain regions in a single scanning session following amphetamine. We scanned 15 healthy volunteer subjects with [18F] fallypride at baseline and following amphetamine (0.3 mg/kg) using arterial plasma input‐based modeling as well as reference region methods. We found that amphetamine effect was robustly detected in ventral striatum, globus pallidus, and posterior putamen, and with slightly higher variability in other striatal subregions. However, the observed effect sizes in striatum were less than those observed in previous studies in our laboratory using [11C] raclopride. Robust effect was also detected in limbic extra‐striatal regions (hippocampus, amygdala) and substantia nigra, but the signal‐to‐noise ratio was too low to allow accurate measurement in cortical regions. We conclude that [18F] fallypride is a suitable ligand for measuring amphetamine effect in striatum and limbic regions, but it is not suitable for measuring the effect in cortical regions and may not provide the most powerful way to measure the effect in striatum. Synapse 64:350–362, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Basic as well as detailed neurosonograms can be performed by offline analysis of three‐dimensional fetal brain volumes
Authors: Bornstein E. , Monteagudo A. , Santos R. , Strock I. , Tsymbal T. , Lenchner E. , Timor‐Tritsch I. E.
Published: December 2009

Objectives

To evaluate the feasibility and the processing time of offline analysis of three‐dimensional (3D) brain volumes to perform a basic, as well as a detailed, targeted, fetal neurosonogram.

Methods

3D fetal brain volumes were obtained in 103 consecutive healthy fetuses that underwent routine anatomical survey at 20–23 postmenstrual weeks. Transabdominal gray‐scale and power Doppler volumes of the fetal brain were acquired by one of three experienced sonographers (an average of seven volumes per fetus). Acquisition was first attempted in the sagittal and coronal planes. When the fetal position did not enable easy and rapid access to these planes, axial acquisition at the level of the biparietal diameter was performed. Offline analysis of each volume was performed by two of the authors in a blinded manner. A systematic technique of ‘volume manipulation’ was used to identify a list of 25 brain dimensions/structures comprising a complete basic evaluation, intracranial biometry and a detailed targeted fetal neurosonogram. The feasibility and reproducibility of obtaining diagnostic‐quality images of the different structures was evaluated, and processing times were recorded, by the two examiners.

Results

Diagnostic‐quality visualization was feasible in all of the 25 structures, with an excellent visualization rate (85–100%) reported in 18 structures, a good visualization rate (69–97%) reported in five structures and a low visualization rate (38–54%) reported in two structures, by the two examiners. An average of 4.3 and 5.4 volumes were used to complete the examination by the two examiners, with a mean processing time of 7.2 and 8.8 minutes, respectively. The overall agreement rate for diagnostic visualization of the different brain structures between the two examiners was 89.9%, with a kappa coefficient of 0.5 (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

In experienced hands, offline analysis of 3D brain volumes is a reproducible modality that can identify all structures necessary to complete both a basic and a detailed second‐trimester fetal neurosonogram. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theory and language of climate change communication
Authors: Nerlich Brigitte , Koteyko Nelya , Brown Brian
Published: December 2009

Climate change communication has become a salient topic in science and society. It has grown to be something like a booming industry alongside more established ‘communication enterprises’, such as health communication, risk communication, and science communication. This article situates the theory of climate change communication within theoretical developments in the field of science communication. It discusses the importance and difficulties inherent in talking about climate change to different types of publics using various types of communication tools and strategies. It engages with the difficult issue of the relationship between climate change communication and behavior change, and it focuses, in particular, on the role of language (metaphors, words, strategies, frames, and narratives) in conveying climate change issues to stakeholders. In the process, it attempts to provide an overview of emerging theories of climate change communication, theories that recently have begun to proliferate quite dramatically. In some cases, we can, therefore only provide signposts to the most relevant research that is being carried out with regard to climate change communication without being able to engage with all its aspects. We end with an assessment of how communication could be improved in light of the theories and practices discussed in this article. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Communication

Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Sociology/Anthropology of Climate Knowledge
Imagining the Antipodes
Authors: Beilharz Peter
Published: December 2009

Bernard Smith is widely recognised as one of Australia's leading intellectuals. Yet the recognition of his work has been partial, focused on art history and anthropology. Peter Beilharz argues that Smith's work also contains a social theory, or a way of thinking about Australian culture and identity in the world system. Smith enables us to think matters of place and cultural imperialism through the image of being not Australian so much as antipodean. Australian identities are constructed by the relationship between core and periphery, making them both European and Other at the same time. This 1997 work is a book-length analysis of Bernard Smith's work and is the result of careful and systematic research into Smith's published works and his private papers. It is both an introduction to Smith's thinking and an important interpretive argument about imperialism and the antipodes.
The Pauline Churches
Authors: MacDonald Margaret Y.
Published: December 2009

The author studies the Pauline corpus in order to trace the process of institutionalisation in the Pauline communities. She claims that development can be traced since we have not only letters from Paul himself, but also the Pastoral epistles from the beginning of the second century, as well as Ephesians and Colossians, writings which are characteristic of the ambiguous period following the disappearance of the earliest authorities. This is the first substantial examination of the Pauline corpus from this angle; it also incorporates effectively insights from the social sciences.
Far from the Church Bells
Authors: Galt Anthony H.
Published: December 2009

This book is an historical and anthropological study of Locorotondo in the province of Bari in south-eastern Italy. It focuses on the unusual nature of peasant society in the region and attempts to explain how it came about. What distinguishes Locorotondo and the neighbouring towns is that peasants live dispersed in the countryside rather than in densely populated rural towns, the pattern more typical for southern Italy. The people are mainly small proprietor grape growers, and have traditionally been better off than other southern Italian peasants. The book traces the development pattern from the eighteenth century. Interweaving anthropological understanding with historical data, the author assesses its effect on family life, social structure, and the relationship between town and country.
Sustainable Dryland Farming
Authors: Chatterton Lynne , Chatterton Brian
Published: December 2009

Sheep and wheat are the staples of dryland farms in the Mediterranean zone of the Northern hemisphere. The commonly used dryland farming system introduced in the 1950s is proving unsustainable. Erosion has reached a critical level and pastures have all but disappeared. Experts advise more cropping (forage crops for instance) and more fertiliser. Yet intensification of the present system will only hasten erosion. Is there an alternative system that is both environmentally sustainable and within the means of most farmers in the region? Innovative farmers in a similar climate in Australia discovered a sustainable rotation using annual medics as both fertiliser and pasture. Attempts to transfer their knowledge have often foundered. Why is this so? How much do the experts know about this system? This book pulls apart the warp and weft of development on dryland farms to try to find some answers to these questions.
The Ancient Messenians
Authors: Luraghi Nino
Published: December 2009

Early in the archaic period of Greek history, Messenia was annexed and partially settled by its powerful neighbour, Sparta. Achieving independence in the fourth century BC, the inhabitants of Messenia set about trying to forge an identity for themselves separate from their previous identity as Spartan subjects, refunctionalising or simply erasing their Spartan heritage. Professor Luraghi provides a thorough examination of the history of Messenian identity and consequently addresses a range of questions and issues whose interest and importance have only been widely recognised by ancient historians during the last decade. By a detailed scrutiny of the ancient written sources and the archaeological evidence, the book reconstructs how the Messenians perceived and constructed their own ethnicity at different points in time, by applying to Messenian ethnicity insights developed by anthropologists and early medieval historians.
The Poetry of Religious Sorrow in Early Modern England
Authors: Kuchar Gary
Published: December 2009

In early modern England, religious sorrow was seen as a form of spiritual dialogue between the soul and God, expressing how divine grace operates at the level of human emotion. Through close readings of both Protestant and Catholic poetry, Kuchar explains how the discourses of 'devout melancholy' helped generate some of the most engaging religious verse of the period. From Robert Southwell to John Milton, from Aemilia Lanyer to John Donne, the language of 'holy mourning' informed how poets represented the most intimate and enigmatic aspects of faith as lived experience. In turn, 'holy mourning' served as a way of registering some of the most pressing theological issues of the day. By tracing poetic representations of religious sorrow from Crashaw's devotional verse to Shakespeare's weeping kings, Kuchar expands our understanding of the interconnections between poetry, theology and emotion in post-Reformation England.
Terence and the Language of Roman Comedy
Authors: Karakasis Evangelos
Published: December 2009

This book offers a comprehensive examination of the language of Roman comedy in general and that of Terence in particular. The study explores Terence's use of language to differentiate his characters and his language in relation to the language of the comic fragments of the palliata, the togata and the atellana. Linguistic categories in the Terentian corpus explored include colloquialisms, archaisms, hellenisms and idiolectal features. Terence is shown to give his old men an old-fashioned and verbose tone, while low characters are represented as using colloquial diction. An examination of Eunuchus' language shows it to be closer to the Plautine linguistic tradition. The book also provides a thorough linguistic/stylistic commentary on all the fragments of the palliata, the togata and the atellana. It shows that Terence, except in the case of his Eunuchus, consciously distances himself from the linguistic/stylistic tradition of Plautus followed by all other comic poets.
The Classical Plot and the Invention of Western Narrative
Authors: Lowe N. J.
Published: December 2009

From Homer to Hollywood, the western storytelling tradition has canonised a distinctive set of narrative values characterised by tight economy and closure. This book traces the formation of that classical paradigm in the development of ancient storytelling from Homer to Heliodorus. To tell this story, the book sets out to rehabilitate the idea of 'plot', notoriously disconnected from any recognised system of terminology in literary theory. The first part of the book draws on developments in narratology and cognitive science to propose a way of formally describing the way stories are structured and understood. This model is then used to write a history of the emergence of the classical plot type in the four ancient genres that shaped it - Homeric epic, fifth-century tragedy, New Comedy, and the Greek novel - with insights into the fundamental narrative poetics of each.
Plague and the Athenian Imagination
Authors: Mitchell-Boyask Robin
Published: December 2009

The great plague of Athens that began in 430 BCE had an enormous effect on the imagination of its literary artists and on the social imagination of the city as a whole. In this 2007 book, Professor Mitchell-Boyask studies the impact of the plague on Athenian tragedy early in the 420s and argues for a significant relationship between drama and the development of the cult of the healing god Asclepius in the next decade, during a period of war and increasing civic strife. The Athenian decision to locate their temple for Asclepius adjacent to the Theater of Dionysus arose from deeper associations between drama, healing and the polis that were engaged actively by the crisis of the plague. The book also considers the representation of the plague in Thucydides' History as well as the metaphors generated by that representation which recur later in the same work.
Statius'Silvaeand the Poetics of Empire
Authors: Newlands Carole E.
Published: December 2009

Statius' Silvae, written late in the reign of Domitian (AD 81–96), are a new kind of poetry that confronts the challenge of imperial majesty or private wealth by new poetic strategies and forms. As poems of praise, they delight in poetic excess whether they honour the emperor or the poet's friends. Yet extravagant speech is also capacious speech. It functions as a strategy for conveying the wealth and grandeur of villas, statues and precious works of art as well as the complex emotions aroused by the material and political culture of empire. The Silvae are the product of a divided, self-fashioning voice. Statius was born in Naples of non-aristocratic parents. His position as outsider to the culture he celebrates gives him a unique perspective on it. The Silvae are poems of anxiety as well as praise, expressive of the tensions within the later period of Domitian's reign.