bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Dominant View of Popularization: Conceptual Problems, Political Uses
Authors: Hilgartner Stephen
Published: March 2007

The culturally-dominant view of the popularization of science rests on a two-stage model: first, scientists develop genuine knowledge; second, popularizers spread streamlined versions to the public. At best, popularization is seen as a low-status educational task of `appropriate simplification'. At worst, it is `pollution' — the distortion of science by outsiders. This paper shows that the dominant view suffers from conceptual problems, and greatly oversimplifies the process. But, despite these weaknesses, the dominant view serves scientists (and others who derive their authority from technical expertise) as a resource in public discourse, providing a repertoire of rhetorical devices for interpreting science for outsiders, and a powerful tool for sustaining the social hierarchy of expertise.
Transformation of the Research System in a Transitional Society: The Case of Russia
Authors: Gaponenko Nadezhda
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the transformation of the Soviet model of science in the recent transitional period. It begins by analyzing the most important features of this model, which remained essentially unchanged from the 1920s to the 1990s; its conflict with the new conditions of development has made the transitional period more dramatic. The second part of the paper investigates the mechanisms of mounting crisis and chaos within the Russian research system, as it interacted with economic, social and political crisis, and with the transformation of state, market and social institutions. The dramatic decline in R&D funding, and the ineffective and inconsequential early reforms, gave rise to destructive tendencies. To counterbalance these, new, creative tendencies have appeared, initiated both by scientists themselves, and also by the Ministry of Science and Technological Policy. The process of forming a new model of science and science policy is now under way. These matters are considered in the final part of the paper.
Literary Genres and the Construction of Knowledge in Biology: Semantic Shifts and Scientific Change
Authors: Sinding Christiane
Published: March 2007

Experimental papers (`primary literature') in biology are generally considered as the key scientific texts that allow the construction of knowledge claims, whereas it is held that review papers (`secondary literature') play a role in `synthesizing' the knowledge claims made in experimental papers, rather than in making new claims. This paper analyzes the literary strategy used by a biologist in order to make a new knowledge claim. As a worker in the field of intermediary metabolism, he succeeded in making an unexpected observation meaningful to endocrinologists by using their language, instead of his own disciplinary language. More generally, the paper argues that review papers afford the best opportunity for constructing new knowledge claims, because they do not have to conform to a routinely standardized structure, and allow a wider semantic repertoire than do experimental reports.
More Sauce Please! The Politics of SSK: Neutrality, Commitment and Beyond
Authors: Richards Evelleen , Ashmore Malcolm
Published: March 2007

In this Introduction, we attempt to convey something of the angst we have experienced at various times during the long drawn out process of being commissioned as Editors of this Special Issue, of commissioning the authors and thereafter variously exhorting, encouraging and congratulating them (at a crucial stage, when the whole thing had got too big and the consulting referees had reported, being obliged to reject the efforts of some potential contributors); engaging the services of said referees, and later, with some difficulty, negotiating with them the continuation of the project; and finally, after an incredibly intense period of solid wall-to-wall subediting on the final drafts (Ashmore) and the writing of this Introduction (Richards), finding it all, almost, over: at last, at last! This is attempted through the deployment of an extended narrative metaphor which likens our field to a restaurant, and a lyrical coda celebrating anticlimax. We also manage to introduce the papers.
Scientific Organizations in Spain (1950-1970): Social Isolation and International Legitimation of Biochemists and Molecular Biologists on the Periphery
Authors: Santesmases María Jesús , Muñoz Emilio
Published: March 2007

Through a study of Spanish scientific organizations and the involvement of Spanish scientists in international ones, the beginnings of biochemistry and molecular biology in Spain are explored. The centre-periphery dichotomy is useful in explaining the progress of the establishment of these disciplines, together with the political context, both national and international, in which such establishment took place. It is suggested that international ties and national support are both necessary, but not sufficient conditions to overcome the distance between the Spanish scientific community and the centres of development and productivity in biochemistry and molecular biology. The interplay between both national and international factors has proved to be crucial. As a tool to study the whole scientific community of biochemists and molecular biologists, scientific societies allow us to analyze the role of that interplay in Spanish scientific development.
Referring to Schools of Thought: An Example of Symbolic Citations
Authors: Allen Bryce
Published: March 2007

Referring to a previously published paper may perform the function of referring to a school of thought symbolized by that paper. In some cases, both sides of an intellectual debate can be found in references to a single document. In these cases, citation analysis may find a higher proportion of negative references than usual. An example is given of an article that has come to symbolize one perspective in an intellectual debate, and the pattern of references to that paper is analyzed.
The Dissemination, Standardization and Routinization of a Molecular Biological Technique
Authors: Jordan Kathleen , Lynch Michael
Published: March 2007

The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a molecular biological technique for `amplifying' selected DNA sequences. In the decade after its invention, PCR has worked its way into numerous fields of practice. It was one of the DNA-profiling techniques which were subjected to detailed, critical scrutiny during the OJ Simpson trial. In this paper we `follow the technique around' to investigate how PCR is adapted to different circumstances in science, medicine, industry and criminal forensics. We examine how PCR adapted in different organizational contexts, and we also treat it as a cultural object in its own right. Interviews with staff scientists, managers, technicians, forensic case workers and others involved in the design and use of PCR indicate that this named and patented technique is both a stabilized artefact with standard uses in many circumstances of production, and a highly flexible and often problematic procedure. The paper explores the material and organizational contingencies which in some times and places give PCR impressive stability and industrial strength, and in others subvert its standardized and commercialized identity.
Dealing with Violence: A Hostel Perspective
Authors: Whitfield Dick
Published: March 2007

Probation hostels normally have five members of staff to 17-25 residents which inevitably means that, because of a 24 -hour rota, one staff member-frequently young and inex perienced-has to cope for periods of up to 12 hours on his own. With a volatile mix of residents, fear of violence is natural, and a survey was undertaken to assess the actual level of viol ence, to see whether it were possible to weed out potential violent residents and whether changes should be made in stav training and numbers. Actual violence was on the whole less than anti cipated and was normally well contained; those who showed violence were frequently the least predictable; and staff should be better trained for the job; staff confidence is infectious and confidence is essential in dealing with explosive situations Moni toring and training need to be continued, but it appears that hostels may well be able to accept as residents some offenders who had been thought to be unsuitable.
The Post-Vietnam Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Clinical Dilemma
Authors: French Laurence , Wailer S.N.
Published: March 2007

There has been considerable research on combat stress from two World Wars ( shell shock in the first, and combat fatigue in the second) and the Korean conflict ( zombie reaction). It was the brain washing techniques associated with prisoners of war in Korea that drew attention to the delayed traumatic shock found—and frequently not diagnosed—in Vietnam veterans. Widespread drug escapism and short tours of service led to a low level of combat stress. The lack of esprit de corps among the soldiers in Vietnam and the war's unpopularity at home contributed both to the delayed traumatic disorders and to the reluctance of doctors and society to recognize and treat them.
A Study of Juvenile Murderers of Family Members
Authors: Russell Donald H. , Russell Donald Hayes
Published: March 2007

A study of juveniles who have murdered a family member is presented. Tentative dynamics are suggested.
Correctional Treatment and Intervention Theory: Bringing Sociology and Criminology Back in
Authors: Gibbons Don C.
Published: March 2007

This essay begins by noting the close ties between sociology and criminology, on the one hand, and correctional treatment, on the other, that existed for the first half of the 20th century in America. That period was followed by the "nothing works" era of the 1960s and 1970s. A considerable share of the analysis in this paper centers on the author's primer on correctional treatment, Changing the Lawbreaker. Many of the weaknesses and strengths of sociologically-based treatment theory in corrections are pointed up in that examination. Two major conclusions are warranted: diagnostic typologies have failed to reflect the diversity of offender behavior, and correctional theorizing by sociological criminologists has been unduly optimistic. At the same time, the "nothing works" or punitive approach to lawbreakers is also flawed. Reaffirmation of rehabilitation is called for, and finally, some new directions for correctional treatment, based on criminological knowledge, are explored.
Baton Rouge Ex-Offender's Clearinghouse: A Casualty of Misguided Savings
Authors: Danesh Yousef
Published: March 2007

This article examines the attempts made by a group of concerned citizens in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, during 1979-1982 to create a clearinghouse to help ex-offenders discharged to remain out ofprison-thus reducing the rate of recidivism. Ventures of this type do not usually generate a quick favorable public response and therefore move rather slowly. The group was successful in establishing a nonprofit agency named "Project Newstart" and began efforts for the ex-offenders. The group failed, however, to keep the program alive. The state's then Governor in an austerity move vetoed the $27,000 legislative appropriation and thus—in spite of its successful operation—the program was discontinued.
Is Psychopathic Disorder a Useful Clinical Concept? A Perspective from England and Wales
Authors: Prins Herschel
Published: March 2007

This article describes briefly background material on personality disorders in general and the clinical condition of psychopathic disorder in particular. A selection of the main characteristics of psychopathic disorder are then described followed by some observations on etiology. The article concludes with a description of a survey of forensic/psychiatric professionals from whom opinion was sought regarding this phenomenon.
Solitary Confinement
Authors: Rogers Robert
Published: March 2007

If short-term solitary confinement were reintroduced on a large scale, it is suggested that the possible victimization and corruption of inexperienced inmates by career criminals might be partially eliminated. Moreover, it has the possibility of saving taxpayers' money. Currently staff salaries account for about three-fourths of all prison expenditures. A solitary confinement system would initially have construction costs. This would be a one-time expense with the potential of offsetting the initial cost. Technological advances in recent years provide an avenue for inmates to upgrade their skills by receiving televised and computer-assisted instruction in their cells.
Types of Offense among the Cleckley Psychopaths
Authors: Haapasalo Jaana
Published: March 2007

The Cleckley psychopath is superficially charming and convincing in his behavior but also unreliable and callous. These personality characteristics imply that he/she may be prone to deceive and manipulate others. In the area of criminality, this may mean apropensity to fraud-like offenses. The present paper tested the argument by comparing types of offense committed by psychopaths and nonpsychopaths. The Psychopathy Checklist was used for psychopathy assessments. In a sample of 92 male offenders, the percentage of the Cleckley psychopaths convicted for fraud-like offenses was higher than among the other offenders. The results were discussed with respect to the problem of circular conclusions. It was argued that a person-oriented approach could be used to examine the relationships between psychopathy and criminal behavior.
Early Court Adjudication of Juvenile Offenders: Giving the Data Another Chance
Authors: Mohr Philip B. , Morgan Frank H.
Published: March 2007

A critical analysis is presented of a study purporting to show that juveniles who are adjudicated delinquent at first offence are less likely to go on to prison in adulthood than are first offenders who are more leniently treated. It is argued that this study was fatally flawed in that it compared adjudicated first-offenders with only those non adjudicated first-offenders who had a record of re offending as juveniles; the exclusion from the sampling frame of non adjudicated juveniles who did not re offend precludes any evaluation of the relative prognoses of adjudicated and non adjudicated first-offenders. It is further argued that the researchers' causal conclusions, and the extension of these to the explanation of age-and race-related differences in prognosis, are fallacious, irrespective of the adequacy of the sampling frame.
A Qualitative Assessment of the Pains Experienced on Electronic Monitoring
Authors: Payne Brian K. , Gainey Randy R.
Published: March 2007

In response to prison overcrowding, new methods for punishing offenders evolved in the early 1980s. Although on the surface these new methods may seem less punitive to some, studies show that many convicted offenders prefer jail or prison to many of the newer intermediate sanctions. However, these studies have relied primarily on the perceptions of prisoners to gauge the severity of the different punishments. The focus of this article is on the way 27 participants on electronic monitoring in the past year in Norfolk, Virginia, experienced pains of imprisonment similar to those described by Gresham Sykes in The Society of Captives. Results suggest that those on electronic monitoring experience the sanction in ways similar, yet qualitatively different, from those sentenced to jail or prison. Implications for research and policy are provided.
An Evaluation of the Relationship Enhancement® Program with Prisoners and their Wives
Authors: Accordino Michael P. , Guerney Bernard
Published: March 2007

The effects of incarceration can have negative effects on the entire family as well as marital relationship. The problems caused by incarceration are often insidious and difficult to resolve. A marital enrichment intervention, the Relationship Enhancement(r) (RE) Program, had positive outcome on married couples in which the husband was incarcerated. The implementation of the RE Program is discussed and the reactions of the prisoners and their wives at a federal prison camp are given.
Toynbee and World Politics
Authors: Thompson Kenneth W.
Published: March 2007

The search for more general truths in international relations leads to an examination of the basic forces that shape the conduct of foreign relations. This has been a major preoccupation of the new study of international relations. Scholarly observers holding up a mirror to international society note certain common features, some going back to the Greeks, others to the Treaty of Westphalia, others to the French Revolution, and still others to the Industrial Revolution. Some theorists identify a few elemental facts or “laws” of politics whose recurrence spans all historical eras: for example, Thucydides, Hobbes, the Federalists, and contemporary political realists speak with one voice about the stubborn reality of the balance of power. Underlying present-day international relations, however, the basic forces which give content to international behavior are for the most part the product of modern history. Nationalism and industrialization are new-fangled ideas which had to await fundamental social and economic changes. For Arnold Toynbee the fundamental forces of modern international relations are westernization, contemporary nationalism, and the rise of masses. The clue may be found in this triad to much of the bewilderingly complex and rapidly changing movement of international events. Any effort to understand Toynbee's approach to world politics must comprehend these elements in his thinking. With the publication of the last four volumes of his major work, we are able to view for the first time the full canvas on which he has traced their influence.
The Origin of Ancient Civilizations and Toynbee's Theories
Authors: Heine-Geldern Robert
Published: March 2007

Some of us may still remember the time when the ancient civilizations— the Babylonian, Egyptian, Greek, Indian, and Chinese—were considered as isolated phenomena and as products of completely independent developments. It was only for later periods that influences from outside were conceded to a certain, rather limited, extent, such as those of the Near East in Greece, of Hellenism in India, or of the nomad peoples in China. In general, specialists looked but rarely beyond the invisible walls with which they had surrounded their domains. There were even those who resented any allusion to the possibility that foreign influence might have contributed to the formation of their favorite civilization. A few bold scholars had already attempted to trace cultural diffusion across wider expanses, to prove, for instance, that Chinese civilization was derived directly from that of Babylonia. But these premature and rather naïve attempts, based on entirely insufficient data, were only apt to discourage any too daring comparison.
Planning, Progress, and Social Values
Authors: Friedmann John
Published: March 2007

Planning is widely presumed to be alien to the moral assumptions of American democracy. Where tolerated it has come to be identified largely with the process of economizing, with what is so often the American approach to life: getting the most for your money. Thus the city planner, whose primary concern is with the practical problems of zoning, the routing of a new cross-town parkway, or the provision of parking space, is also a respected member of his community. Does he not help, after all, to conserve community values? His technical skills stand in the service of property and of the dominant class interests which control it. The planner in large industry or in the military finds himself much in the same position: goals are defined for him in advance; he is to work for the most rational solution. His status, therefore, is that of a high-class technician; and only in this role is he fully accepted by his culture.
The West African Town its Social Basis
Authors: Little Kenneth L.
Published: March 2007

Although urbanism in terms of “a relatively large, dense, and permanent settlement of socially heterogeneous individuals” is not a general characteristic of traditional life, it is far from being unique in West Africa. In 1911 there were already twenty-nine towns of over 3,000 inhabitants in what is now southern Ghana, and this degree of urban concentration is small compared with western Nigeria. The Yoruba of that region have six cities of more than 100,000, including Ibadan, which is the largest Negro city in Africa. In 1931 some 28 per cent of the Yoruba lived in nine cities of 45,000 inhabitants, while 34 per cent of the population lived in sixteen cities of over 20,000 inhabitants. In addition, there were twenty-seven centers with populations between 10,000 and 19,999. Bascom has calculated that the estimated index of urbanization of Yoruba cities falls between that of the United States and Canada and that the distribution of population in urban centers is very similar to that of France.
Circular Time, Rectilinear Time
Authors: Caillois Roger
Published: March 2007

Writing history, in the humblest sense of the word, is above all a process of dating events, inscribing them in a chronology. Yet this framework, empty and elementary though it may appear, possesses nonetheless properties of its own, somewhat as real extension, the domain of orientation and weight, differs from pure geometrical space. Concrete time, too, has certain qualities, qualities which are not necessarily everywhere the same, and which take their configuration from the conception of the world particular to each civilization. These local cosmologies remain implicit for the most part, even though they frequently give rise to doctrines which can be highly complex. Philosophers and theologians have framed such constructions, basing them to a certain extent on the body of astronomical knowledge which they found at their disposal. But these scholarly interpretations do not limit themselves to a mere translation of the factual data that an observation of the stars could provide. The astronomical data serve as simple points of orientation for the elaboration of vast graphs, on whose empty expanses the vicissitudes of history would trace their paths. These constructions are like niches erected in advance, awaiting the events to come, an immutable order of vintages to which the individual is so thoroughly accustomed that he finds it impossible even to conceive of a different disposition.
The Sign in the Theater
Authors: Kowzan Tadeusz
Published: March 2007

The idea of sign, σημα (sema), has been popular in philosophy and the history of the sciences. Hippocrates and the Stoics, Plato and Aristotle, Saint Augustine and Descartes, Leibniz and Locke, Hegel and Humboldt figure among those who have dealt penetratingly with it. It has engendered a wide variety of sciences and disciplines: semiology, semiotics, semasiology, semantics, sematology which changed their name and content with the influence of time and sometimes of fashion, becoming forgotten to reappear with the impetus of a great thinker. The history of the sciences of the sign deserves systematic study. We shall content ourselves to point out that, of the terms quoted above, semiotics and semiology (or semeiology) have had a longer and richer career than the others. Since Greek antiquity they were applied to two apparently distant fields: military art (the science of manoeuvring troops with the help of signals) and medicine, in which they showed a greater perseverance. In many countries, throughout the 19th century and even today, medical study of the symptoms of illnesses is called semiology.
Structuralism and Semiotics in the USSR
Authors: Meletinsky E. , Segal D.
Published: March 2007

In the Soviet Union, structural research has had certain distinctive features. Structural research, not only in language, but in literature and art too, is deeply rooted in Russian science. Quite apart from such distant forerunners as the Kharkov philologist Potebnia, one cannot forget the great group of philologists of the twenties, who dealt with questions of poetics, and whom contemporary criticism to a greater or lesser extent identifies with “formalism.” Soviet literary criticism of the twenties is well-known throughout the world; it has many times been discussed, from various points of view, in the press, and there is no need to dwell on its characteristic features. We need only emphasize the variety of theoretical standpoints that marked the Soviet philologists of the twenties and the differences between their subjective views, and also the fact that there are differences of principle that divide the majority of these workers from the “structuralism” of the fifties. Let us bear in mind that in the twenties V. M. Zhirmunsky and V. V. Vinogradov (who are usually numbered among the “formalists”) were in fact in dispute with the real members of Opoyaz (and subsequently adopted a reserved attitude towards structuralism as well). M. M. Bakhtin, who in his brilliant works has given a complete analysis of the complex semantic structure of great literary works, does in fact make use of the concept of a world image, and has a fine understanding of the “play” of oppositions at different levels, etc. His influence on structuralist research in modern literary criticism is undeniable; but he can certainly not be numbered among the “formalists” of the twenties, whom he vigorously opposed. It is noteworthy that even today both the structuralists and certain of their direct adversaries invoke the authority of Bakhtin.
Juricybernetics: Genesis and Structure of a Discipline
Authors: Losano Mario
Published: March 2007

The discussion about the use of computers in the legal world began the year the cybernetics of Norbert Wiener was born. His fundamental work, Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and in the Machine, was in fact first published in 1948. His suggestion there of legal problems as cybernetic problems probably influenced the article published the following year by Lee Loevinger, in which one found jurimetrics, i.e., the use of computers in the field of law, spoken of for the first time.
Market Socialism and Socialist Values
Authors: Diquattro Arthur , DiQuattro Arthur
Published: March 2007

The use of the market mechanism against the background of socialist institutions is not inconsistent with the values that define a socialist economy. The market as an allocative device neither entails material incentives of a bourgeois sort nor need it result in a radically unequal distribution of wealth and power. And contrary to the theoretically inadequate and empirically mistaken thesis of technological determinism, the market emphasis on efficiency need not result in an authoritarian organization of the workplace, fragmentation of work, or any other manifestations of alienated labor. Market socialism captures the advantages of the market minus its capitalist shortcomings.
Women— The Reserve Army of Army Labor
Authors: Enloe Cynthia , Enloe Cynthia
Published: March 2007

The state has utilized women militarily within the context of gener al security formulas, rarely as a consequence of pressures exerted by women themselves. The process by which the state determines its specific military man power needs is to a large extent an ideological process. The state officials not only conceptualize women's "proper" role in security systems; they also conceptualize the roles of racial, ethnic and class subgroups. As far as possible, state officials try to utilize women militarily with minimal alteration of the existing gender ide ology. Thus women are typically demobilized as soon after a crisis as possible. In addition, military conditions such as "combat" and "front lines" are redefined so as to avoid mobilization of women clashing with current gender norms. These ideological processes and the contradictions they often generate are revealed in three spheres of women's military utilization: as soldiers, as defense industry lab orers, as mothers of future soldiers. The military histories of Britain, the United States, Soviet Union, Germany, Israel and China expose these processes.
Technical Change the Real Wage and the Rate of Exploitation
Authors: Laibman David
Published: March 2007

The Okishio theorem, according to which rational capitalists can never introduce technical changes which lower the rate of profit if the real wage is constant, is developed in the framework of a two sector circulating capital model. The model is extended to the alternative case of a constant rate of exploitation, in which it appears that rational behavior can lead to a falling rate of profit. The results are re-examined for a simple fixed capital case; a constraint upon possible innovations is introduced, which makes it possible to identify an optimal choice of technique and conditions under which such choice will result in a capital intensifying, falling profit rate path. Wider implications of the falling profit rate debate for the concept of capital and the nature of capitalism's immanent contradictions are considered.
Interdependence and Instability: Do the Levels of Output in the Advanced Capitalist Countries Increasingly Move Up and Down Together?
Authors: MacEwan Arthur
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the hypothesis that the degree of synchronization of movements of output in the advanced capitalist countries increased in the 1970s relative to earlier years. Two types of statistical tests are employed: one set of tests focuses on the relations between pairs of economies, measuring the frequency of their joint upward or downward movement; the other set of tests, based on multiple regression analysis, examines relations among several economies. The tests offer considerable-but not unqualified-support for the basic hypothesis, and they also provide some insights on possible causes of increased synchronization. The paper notes that, while increased synchronization is one aspect of growing international interdependence, synchronization is affected differently by different aspects of the economic ties among nations. The paper concludes with the suggestion that there is a connection between the synchronization phenomenon and the nature of the current economic crisis.
Protective Labor Legislation for Women
Authors: Lehrer Susan
Published: March 2007

Protective labor legislation for women can be seen as one aspect of the trend towards rationalization of the work process, but also as a response by the state to the specific situation of women: responsible both for domestic labor in the home and (low-wage) work in the industrial labor force. This paper examines the shift in legal ideologies which permitted these laws to become legitimated, and then shows how protective labor laws for women (like the movement for scientific management) was a means used to undercut workers' organizing, by attempting to establish a neutral "objective" method of determining the length of the working day. This paper then analyzes minimum wage legislation, which shows that these laws were never intended to make women self-sufficient (like men); therefore the laws also reinforce women's primary role in the home.
The Labor Theory of Value and Fixed Capital
Authors: Swanson Paul A.
Published: March 2007

A new approach to the relationship between the labor theory of value and fixed capital is presented. It is argued that fixed capital is not a joint product. Hence value should be imputed to it differently than to the produced commodities. A mathematical model is developed in which labor values can be imputed clearly and consistently to the commodities, even in the presence of fixed capital. This procedure is compared to Steedman's and Morishima's approaches and is seen to avoid the problems they incur. Thus it is concluded that fixed capital can be examined by means of the labor theory of value and that the Sraffa-von Neumann treatment of fixed capital should be abandoned.
Investment Fund Money and the Reproduction of Capitalism: A Marxian Approach
Authors: Burkett Paul
Published: March 2007

Investment fund money is a particular form of credit money whose nominal value is linked to the market prices of the assets held by mutual investment funds. The present paper argues — contrary to some neoclassical theorists — that investment fund money cannot (by itself) provide an adequate monetary basis for the reproduction of capitalism. The argument is based on the role of a medium of circulation of credible exchange value in the processes by which a credit crisis creates conditions for an eventual renewal of capital accumulation.
Fordism on a World Scale: International Dimensions of Regulation
Authors: Ruccio David F.
Published: March 2007

The method of analysis of the French Regulation School, especially the work of Lipietz, is presented and critically discussed as a potential contribution to a much-needed Marnan class analysis of contemporary capitalism. Particular attention is paid to the concepts of Regulation theory, especially the accumulation/regulation model, and to the internal tensions that emerge from the attempt to transpose a theory of national regulation to the world economy.
Cyclical Behavior of the Labor Share
Authors: Sherman Howard J.
Published: March 2007

For 1970-1982, the wage/profit ratio is strongly counter-cyclical; it's movements are determined mainly by output demanded (or capacity utilization) and only secondarily by unemployment with a long time lag. These data weakened the case for the reserve army theory and strengthen the case for theories of deficient demand (but data for 1950-1970 lean more the other way).
Alienation, Exploitation and Abstract Labor: A Humanist Defense of Marx's Theory of Value
Authors: Smith Murray E. G.
Published: March 2007

A neo-Marxist humanist school of thought has recently emerged which seeks to revive the notion of a fundamental cleavage between Marx as a philosopher of praxis and as a political economist. This paper defends the proposition that Marx's "mature" theories of value and exploitation are fully consistent with the "humanist materialism" which Marx enunciated in his youthful writings. Indeed, a proper specification of the key postulates of Marx's "economics" must take account of the distinctive world view and method which Marx embraced in the course of his critical appropriation and transcendence of the philosophies of Hegel and Feuerbach.
The Impact of Natural Disaster on Urban Economic Structure
Authors: Vogel Richard
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the effects of a natural disaster upon regional economic structure. The case of Miami and Hurricane Andrew is examined. Analysis of the post-Andrew situation in Miami shows a temporary disruption at the aggregated level, but differential spatial impacts which will affect the long-run relationships within the urban economy and the social division of labor.
The Group Conductor and Group Research - Ethical, Conceptual and Technical Problems
Authors: Ballhausen-Scharf Birgitt , Rudnitzki Gerhard
Published: March 2007

This article documents the development of a research project - an evaluation study of outpatient group psychotherapy. Shortly after the practical research phase, two groups developed from the original research group, each intending to follow two aspects of the research approach separately, whilst remaining in close contact. Surprisingly, `outcome research' and `process research' developed fairly soon into a field of partly competing and partly reciprocally strengthening influences. The polarizing dynamics of these influences seemed to have both hindered, yet accelerated the research process. The aim of the `process research' group was to observe the influence of the research on the group process, to reflect on it and to communicate it to the `outcome research' group. The first group found instructive interrelations between phenomena in the observed therapy groups and between the two research groups. From our observations, we believe the findings of the `process research' group are valid for research application not only in respect of quality, effectiveness and efficiency, but also for consideration by group conductors and group participants. It is, however; necessary that the group conductor can identify with both the position of the research scientist and that of the person who constantly reflects on the ethical, conceptual and technical implications.
Change of Culture as an Opportunity for Reorganizing Psychological Conflicts: A Group-Analytic Experience with Immigrants
Authors: Heenen-Wolff Susann , Knauss Werner
Published: March 2007

The authors describe a sensitivity-type group-analytic group with participants from different national and cultural backgrounds. They demonstrate specific conflicts which can unconsciously arise during immigration and indicate the role a group-psychoanalytic approach can play in this context.
Experiences with `Planned' Dynamic Group Psychotherapy of Patients with Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Ehle Gisela
Published: March 2007

The clinical and psychopathological symptoms of the patient with anorexic illnesses are not uniform, but are detennined by the extent of biological disturbance, especially the functional immaturity of the limbic-reticular system, and the age at which the illness was contracted, how long it has lasted, the life story of the patient and the relationship between the patient and his or her family (Ehle, 1988).
Group Analysis: A Brief History of this Journal,1967-92
Authors: Foulkes Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

Group Analysis, first published in 1967, is now in its twenty-fifth year. Conceived by its founding editor, S. H. Foulkes, as a correspondence journal for the informal exchange of experiences in group-analytic psychotherapy and group analysis in its widest sense ('a large group in correspondence with each other'), in this quarter of a century it has undergone a number of changes in format and style and is now presented as a more formal publication which reaches a wide international readership.
Evaluation of Therapeutic Factors in Group Psychotherapy by Therapists in Training
Authors: Vostanis Panos , O'Sullivan Derek
Published: March 2007

This study evaluates the importance of therapeutic factors in group psychotherapy, as perceived by psychotherapists in training. Twelve members from two training groups completed Yalom's (1975) Therapeutic Factor Questionnaire. Their views were compared to those of sixteen experienced group therapists and twenty-five out- patients undergoing group psychotherapy.

The training group was found to operate on a similar level to the patient groups, as they differed only on the evaluation of universality. In contrast, experienced therapists rated significantly more highly the importance of six factors: interpersonal input and output, cohesiveness, family re-enactment, universality and identification. The findings give evidence to support the importance of trainee psychotherapists gaining personal therapeutic experience. This enables them to empathize with the patients and realize their needs.
Religion and Group Analysis: An Existential Essay
Authors: Christie Jim
Published: March 2007

The idea of this article arose out of the Eighth European Symposium on Group Analysis, Oxford 1990, where the plenary sessions took place in a marquee. I noticed references, especially during these sessions, to the particularly creative and sensitive atmosphere that seemed to be generated, or at least symbolized, by the marquee: the varied ripplings and other movements of its walls and roof, the sense of breezes or movement of the Spirit. Much of the comment carried religious or spiritual undertones, and the situation seemed to lend itself to comparison with the Israelites' Tent of Meeting as described in the Book of Exodus, or with the Gothic choir arrangement, where two sides face each other and sing alternately; or to other kinds of religious gathering to listen sensitively to the Word or Scriptures. I asked myself whether these were more than just rather fanciful comparisons; whether there were further-reaching similarities of any kind between group analysis and religion - considering both these terms in the broadest possible sense. What follows is a provisional response.
The Creative Capacity of Boundaries within the Block Training Experience
Authors: Reik Herta
Published: March 2007

Since I first wrote about the effect of a changed time structure on the group process in blocks (Reik, 1989) a number of group analysts have contributed from their own experience with block training. This paper adds further reflections, in particular relating to the intervals and boundaries.
Making Good Use of the Interval: Etymology, Poiesis and Group Processes
Authors: Cox Murray
Published: March 2007

This article explores the way in which etymology and the mutative metaphor facilitate the safe entry into experience which articulation would only violate. The approach was developed in the field of forensic psychotherapy, but is of wider application.
The Organizational Mirror: A Group-Analytic Approach to Organizational Consultancy, Part I — Theory
Authors: Nitsun Morris
Published: March 2007

This is the first of two papers proposing a Group-analytic model of understanding organizational dysfunction that forms a basis for consultation to organizations. Part I establishes the theoretical framework of the approach; Part II describes and illustrates its application. The theoretical framework emphasizes functional and dysfunctional mirroring in the overall context of the organizational matrix with its continuum of surface to deep structures. The aim of the consultation is to recognize and clarify dysfunctional mirroring so as to strengthen boundary differentiation amongst groups and individuals and hence their capacity for adaptation to the organizational task. The notion of organizational pathology is also stressed, linking up with the author's concept of the anti-group represented here as group destructive behaviour in organizations.
Modernity, Complexity and Mixed Articulation
Authors: Domingues José Maurício
Published: March 2007

The debates about the organization of state-articulated modernity, which succeeded 19th-century liberal modernity and underwent a crisis in the 1970s and 1980s, were left without a conclusion. Instead of summing up the post-modernist ideas, this article argues that we are today in the midst of a third stage of modernity, which is characterized by greater evolutionary complexity and mixed articulation. This, together with the growth of other, more fluid and contingent forms of sociability, has recourse to three principles: market, hierarchy (within corporations and the state) and network. The example of contemporary procedural law is drawn upon to illustrate the discussion.
Connecting Narrative and Social Representation Theory in Health Research
Authors: Murray Michael
Published: March 2007

According to narrative theory, human beings are natural story-tellers, and investigating the character of the stories people tell can help us better understand not only the particular events described but also the character of the story-teller and of the social context within which the stories are constructed. Much of the research on the character of narratives has focussed on their internal structure and has not sufficiently considered their social nature. There has been limited attempt to connect narrative with social representation theory. This article explores further the theoretical connections between narratives and social representations in health research. It is argued that, through the telling of narratives, a community is engaged in the process of creating a social representation while at the same time drawing upon a broader collective representation. The article begins by reviewing some of the common origins of the two approaches and then moves to consider a number of empirical studies of popular views of health and illness that illustrate the interconnections between the two approaches. It concludes that narratives are intimately involved in the organization of social representations.
Literature and national identity: Labyrinthic form and primordial language in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale
Authors: Sachs Viola
Published: March 2007

In the beginning was the word, “America”, and the word was in the Bible, and the word was made flesh in the Americans, this new breed of humans, destined to build a shining city on a hill.
Themes, syntax and other necessary steps in the network analysis of texts: a research paper
Authors: Roberts Carl W. , Popping Roel
Published: March 2007

Recent approaches to the qualitative analysis of texts afford visual depictions of words as networks. Yet network characteristics can also be quantified, enabling one to draw probabilistic inferences about a population of texts from a sample of texts-encoded-as-networks. This article describes three types of ambiguity (and related methodological problems) that arise during three necessary steps in the quantification of texts as networks: idiomatic ambiguity (in the identification of themes [or nodes]); illocutionary ambiguity (in the identification of syntactic links [or arcs]); and relevance ambiguity (in the identification of network characteristics). As one moves from theme to syntax to network, not only does one add complexity to one's conclusions, but one also adds complexity to the encoding process as distinct types of linguistic ambiguity must be resolved. The added complexity of network encoding will be unnecessary for most research questions - questions that might better be addressed via thematic or semantic text analysis.
Physicists and intellectual mobility
Authors: Shinn Terry , Benguigui Georges
Published: March 2007

This article explores intellectual mobility among physicists in terms of: (1) changes in the questions posed by scientists during their research career; (2) changes in categories of research instruments; and (3) the materials on which research is done. We argue that elements of Laboratory structure act to either stimulate or inhibit intellectual mobility. Four elements prove particularly important: (1) laboratory size; (2) laboratories' systems of internal authority and management; (3) the character and number of linkages between laboratories and outside institutions or interests; (4) the objectives and philosophy of laboratories' founding fathers.
The theory of value and the value of theory: appeals to practical value by conflicting approaches in economics, 1918-1939
Authors: Yonay Yuval P.
Published: March 2007

A popular explanation of the success of scientific theories is their contribution to practical needs of “society” in general, or of powerful groups within society. This article challenges this common explanation by showing how the practical contribution itself is socially constructed by competing scientists. The article describes the struggle of neoclassical economists and institutionalists in interwar America and shows how both groups attempted to demonstrate their larger capacity to solve contemporary economic problems. Arguments about the practical value of competing research programs, we maintain, are decided the same way that arguments about the truth value of competing theories are decided: by recruiting powerful and numerous allies and by tying the claims to solid and stable networks. It is suggested that similar trials of strength have taken place in other controversies in economics and other disciplines.
The Universality of Culture: Reflection, Interaction and the Logic of Identity
Authors: Fuchs Martin
Published: March 2007

While universalistic assumptions have been undermined by experiences of cultural difference, the notion of culture has been universalized. But it seems that the notion of culture, the way it has prevailed in public discourse as well as in social and cultural studies, has to be seen as the main stumbling block to intercultural dialogue. The article argues for an interactional concept of culture, or interpretation, as also of research and representation. Emphasis has to be put on modes of linkage between social action and discourses and on social reflexivity. While attempting to avoid the logic of identity, epistemologically, identity has to be understood as a social project. Thus universalism, which `as such' is underdetermined and shows only contextually, has to be seen not as something achieved and secured, but as an objective. Universalism has to prove itself within difference, it cannot be imposed by one side.