bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On a new Coccid pest of cacao from Trinidad
Authors: Green E. Ernest
Published: July 2009

Adult female broadly oval, convex above. Body soft (not rigidly chitinous as in most LECANIINAE). Colour of examples preserved in alcohol, whitish to brownish ochreous; with two median longitudinal series of small depressed dark spots and transverse series of similar spots radiating from the median series to the margin. Photographs of the insect in alcohol (fig. 1) show the marginal area to be rather closely coated with white pulverulent secretion, with traces of a lamellate marginal fringe of waxy matter; in some examples there are irregular flecks of secretion on the dorsum.
Chalcidoidea bred from Glossina morsitans in Nyasaland
Authors: Waterston James
Published: July 2009

Since my previous report on the Chalcidoid parasites of Glossina appeared (Bull.Ent. Res., vi, pt. 1, p. 69, 1915) a second important collection has been received by the Imperial Bureau of Entomology from Dr. W. A. Lamborn, their Entomologist in Nyasaland. In this materal five species are represented, of which three here described are believed to be new. The status of the remaining two, Stomatoceras micans, Wtrst., and Syntomosphyrum glossinae, Wtrst., may now be regarded as established, in the former case from its recurrence on the same host in two widely separated localities, in the latter from Dr. Lamborn's valuable notes. Six species of Chalcidoids have now been bred from puparia of Glossina spp., and all from G. morsitans.
Notes on Samoan Coccidae with descriptions of three new species
Authors: Doane R. W. , Ferris G. F.
Published: July 2009

During a recent visit to Samoa the senior author had an opportunity to collect a few COCCIDAE. No time was available to make a systematic search for these insects and the specimens collected were only such as were seen in the course of other work. As a list of these has been asked for, it seems desirable to publish the following brief notes with the descriptions of the three apparently undescribed species.
Recent questioning of The transmission Of verruga By Phlebotomus
Authors: Townsend Charles H. T.
Published: July 2009

Inasmuch as Phlebotomus verrucarum, Towns., has been seriously questioned as the vective agent of verruga in an important memoir recently issued,* the writer feels it incumbent upon him to answer the objections raised, as well as to reply to the various speculations put forward in the same work relating to the subject of the insect transmission of the disease.
Tsetse Fly in Southern Rhodesia, 1918
Authors: Jack Rupert W.
Published: July 2009

The history of tsetse-fly in Southern Rhodesia up to the present year (1918) continues on the whole to be one of expansion, although on the other hand one small, but important, belt appears to have become extinct. In addition, a fly area in the Moçambique Company's territory has extended up to our eastern border, with the result that serious losses of cattle from trypanosomiasis have occurred on the farms in that region. Detailed reports on the advance or retrogression of Glossina morsitans in other parts of Africa appear to be lacking, and it is felt that in view of the position of this territory in relation to tsetse-fly a review of the situation to the present day may not be without general interest.
On the Occurrence of Stegomyia fasciata in a Hole in a Beech Tree in Epping Forest
Authors: MacGregor M. E.
Published: July 2009

For the last few months I have been using a beech tree-hole in Epping Forest as a source of supply of Anopheles plumbeus; and it has been our custom to collect larvae from the hole and transfer them to the laboratory at Sandwich, where the development is continued under artificial conditions. In this way we have been able to obtain large numbers of Anopheles plumbeus and Ochlerotatus geniculatus, together with the recently discovered Orthopodomyia albionensis as an associate. Not long after finding the Orthopodomyia, I was surprised to find yet another species from the same tree-hole, two male Stegomyia fasciata, emerging from the tank containing the mixed larvae from Epping Forest. The speciemens were of normal size, and we now have them preserved in our collection here.
On the Use of Experimental Plots when studying Forest Insects
Authors: Trägårdh Ivar
Published: July 2009

The problems of how to obtain accurate records of the infestation of injurious insects has during recent years received considerable attention; and when we take into consideration that it is quite as impossible to study the course of an outbreak during its different stages as it is to compare two outbreaks occurring in different localities or at different times, without possessing methods of recording in an accurate way the degree of infestation and injury, it is evident that every effort must be made to solve this difficulty and devise means of obtaining accurate records in these respects.
A new Hispid Beetle injurious to the Oil Palm in the Gold Coast
Authors: Maulik S.
Published: July 2009

Through the courtesy of Dr. G. A. K. Marshall I have had the opportunity of examining specimens of a beetle belonging to the subfamily Hispinae of the Chrysomelidae, which is reported to be injurious to oil palms (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.) in the Gold Coast. Concerning this insect Mr. W. H. Patterson, Government Entomologist in the Gold Coast, writers as follows:—“The beetle has suddenly become a pest, being reported as having destroyed all the expanded foliage of many thousands oil palms in one district. A similar epidemic occurred in 1909, but entirely disappeared during the following rainy season, since which time the beetle has been very rare”. From this it would appear that the extent of damage is considerable when the insect becomes numerous. Although Mr. Patterson does not indicate the nature of the damage there is no doubt that the larvae mine into the young shoots and the adults defoliate the young leaves. In a recent work (Hispinae and Cassidinae, Fauna of Brit. Ind., London 1919, pp. 10–18) I have reviewed all the Hispid pests of plants useful to man. Only two African Hispids have hitherto been noted as harmful, and these attack maize in East Africa.
Notes on Glossina fusca, Walk., in North Nyasa
Authors: Sanderson Meredith
Published: July 2009

The following notes are based on observations made during the months of June and July, in and near the Songwe valley.
Some injurious South African Weevils
Authors: Marshall Guy A. K.
Published: July 2009

The following undescribed species of Curculionidae were all forwarded to the Imperial Bureau of Entomology from the Division of Entomology, Pretoria, with the information that they were attacking various cultivated plants.
Notes on some Culicidae collected in Lower Mesopotamia
Authors: Barraud Lieut. P. J.
Published: July 2009

From October 1918 to February 1919 inclusive I was stationed at Basrah, Lower Mesopotamia, and during that time I was able to devote some time to the collecting of Culicidae and their larvae.
On the Reasons for the Variation in the Effects of Formaldehyde as a Poison for House-flies
Authors: Lloyd Ll.
Published: July 2009

The effective action of formaldehyde as a fly poison depends on the freedom of the exposed fluid from formic acid, and. to a less extent, from methylamine. That used for fly poisoning should therefore be colourless and free from a fishy odour, and a weak alkali, in slight excess, should be added in dilution to neutralise any acid present and that which will be formed during exposure.
Anopheles breeding among Water Lettuce—A new Habitat
Authors: Zetek James
Published: July 2009

With the filling up of Gatun and Mira Flores Lakes, water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes, Linné) and water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes, Solms.) rapidly increased in numbers until large areas became completely covered by them. Masses of these plants would become detached and float about in these lakes. It was found necessary to destroy these “floating islands,” not because they were serious mosquito habitats, but because they interfered with navigation and the operation of the spillways. The water lettuce is the habitat of the very specialised larvae of Mansonia, of which titillans is the commonest member. Knab (1913) and Busck (comments appended to Mr. Knab' paper) refer to the changes in the mosquito fauna brought about by the rapid increase in Pistia. Both Mansonia titillans. Walker, and Aëdomyia squamipennis (Lynch-Arrib.) Theo., have been collected by me in very large numbers since 1912, and to-day Mansonia is the dominant species caught in the army barracks on the west side of the canal. Knab expressed the opinion that perhaps measures would have to be taken to destroy the Pistia habitats; now that we have found Anopheles larvae in them, this prophesy comes closer home.
List of the Anophelines of the Malay Archipelago with special reference to Adults and Larvae of new or incompletely described Species or Varieties
Authors: Swellengrebel N. H. , Swellengrebel De Graaf J. M. H.
Published: July 2009

The following species and varieties have been found in the Malay Archipelago*:—

Myzomyia: ludlowi, rossii, vaga (indefinita), flava, minima, minima var. aconita.

Neomyzomyia: leucosphyra.. punctulata var. tesselata.

Cellia: kochi.

Myzorhynchus: sinensis, sinensis var. vanus and var. separatus, barbiiostris, barbirostris var. pallidus, albotaeniatus, mauritianus, umbrosus, gigas

Nyssorhynchus: fuliginosus, maculatus, schiifEneri, karwari, jamesi, annulipes var. moluccensis.

Stethomyia: aitkenii, aitkenii var. insulae-florum and var. papuae.
The larvae of Malayan Anopheles
Authors: Stanton A. T.
Published: July 2009

It was long ago recognised by students of the biology of mosquitos that differences in certain larval characters could be employed for the separation of the CULICIDAE into groups and even for the recognition of individual species. Present-day know-ledge of this subject in relation to the Anopheline group is largely based on the work of Grassi in Italy and James and Christophers in India.
Observations on insect pests in Grenada
Authors: Ballou H. A.
Published: July 2009

This insect has been known in Grenada since 1898, and has been considered a pest of cacao by planters and others. At the present time thrips probably occurs in all parts of Grenada; at least, I found it or saw the results of its presence in all parts of the island which I visited, and I think I might say in every field. It was, however, only in certain fields, and often in small areas in those fields, that planters considered that damage had resulted. The remarkable thing about the occurrence of thrips is that it appears year after year on the same areas, even on the same trees, though sometimes spreading a little; but a thrips area one year is liable, or certain, to be athrips area every year.
Some notes on the bionomics of Ornithodorus savignyi in British Somaliland
Authors: Drake-Brockman R. E.
Published: July 2009

In the Somali country this tick is found in the soil in or around the huts on the outskirts of the coastal towns, showing a predilection for the more squalid and insanitary areas where the indigent Somalis reside. In the interior it frequents most camps of long-standing which are inhabited by human beings and their domestic animals. They are extremely common in the dusty soil surrounding the wells and waterholes. In the waterless Haud and the Nogal Valley they are most frequently found under large trees, especially when these are in isolated positions, as at Ged Aboulrir on the Arori Plain, and afford the only shade for miles to the shepherd and his flock during the heat of the day.
Notes on a Thrips injurious to vines in Cyprus
Authors: Solomides Z. G.
Published: July 2009

This insect, which is being described by Mr. R. Bagnall under the name of Crypto-thrips brevicollis, sp. n.. has been known to vine-growers in Cyprus for at least ten years, but was believed to be harmless, and the damage it actually effected was attri-buted to other causes, e.g., fungus, unsuitable soil, bad cultivation, or faulty methods of planting. A fortnight's study on the spot during August last convinced me that the injury from which these vines were suffering was not due to any of these causes. A careful examination of roots, leaves, branches, grapes and flowers revealed no fungoid disease. Nor was the attack due to defective soil or imperfect planting or cultivation, as the same characteristic attack was seen on the vines of the Departmental Model Vineyard at Omodhos where the soils had been most thoroughly cultivated and the vines had been carefully planted and skilfully tended. The vine owners whose vines were found thus attacked called the disease “Caraoli,” which means “curling,” a condition brought about by the action of the vine thrips.
Observations on Cotton Thrips in the Gezira, Blue Nile Province, Sudan, in 1918–19.
Authors: Corbett G. H.
Published: July 2009

From conversations that the writer has had, it would appear that this thrips (identified by Mr. R. S. Bagnall as Heliothrips indicus, Bagn.) has been known on the Gezira cotton for about three years, and is popularly called “dry asal” in contradistinction to the work of the “asal fly” (Aphis sorghi, Theo.) The natives have been acquainted with this insect for some time. The reason suggested for the enormous damage done by itis that the cotton is too scattered, and it is stated that if cotton were cultivated in larger blocks, the thrips might be viewed with equanimity.
The Early Stages of West African Mosquitos. V.—Culex decens, Theo. and Culex invidiosus, Theo
Authors: Macfie J. W. S. , Ingram A.
Published: July 2009

Both Culex decens and Culex invidiosus are widely distributed in British West Africa. In the Gold Coast both have been taken in all the three divisions into which the country is divided, namely, the Colony proper, Ashanti and the Northern Territories; the records at Accra showing the following distribution: —
Notes on the Nomenclature of certain African Tabanidae (Sub-family Pangoniinae), with Descriptions of a new Genus and new Species
Authors: Austen E. E.
Published: July 2009

Some six years ago, it was correctly pointed out by Brèthes (Bull. Soc. Ent. de France, 1914, p. 59) that the generic designation Diatomineura, Round. (Archiv. Zool. Anat. Fisiol. iii, p. 84, 1864), is a synonym of Osca, Walk., (Ins. Saund., Diptera, Part i, p. 10, 1850—nec Walk., 1864, nec Sta;l, 1871). The first species mentioned by both Walker and Rondani is Pangonia depressa, Macq. (=Erephopsis lata (Tabanus latus), Guér.), and this species is designated by Brè as the genotype. Erephopsis lata, Guér., of Kertész’s Catalogus Dipterorum (iii, p. 165, 1908), must therefore be known henceforth as Osca lata, Guér., and the South African Tabanus barbatus, L. (Pangonia barbata, Auct.), and Pangonia fulvifascia, Walk., must be transferred to the genus Osca.
Some New Injurious Weevils
Authors: Marshall Guy A. K.
Published: July 2009

Colour piceous black ; the head with dark brown scaling above, except for a line of pale scales bordering the eye, and with pale buff scales beneath ; scaling of the prothorax brown or grey brown on the disk, an ill-defined dark brown stripe at the side, and grey or buff beneath ; scaling on the elytra grey or brown, with a very ill-defined darker stripe between striae 2 and 5, usually vanishing at a short distance from the base, but often traceable to behind the middle in the form of spots.
On the Genus Phlebotomus.—Part IV
Authors: Newstead R.
Published: July 2009

The following notes may be regarded chiefly as materials towards the study of the geographical distribution of this group of the bloodsucking midges, which are of so much interest from a medical standpoint. For the opportunity of examining the very large series of specimens (570) herein recorded, I have to thank Dr. Guy A.K. Marshall, Director of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, who sent the collections made by Drs. A. Ingram and J.W. Scott Macfie, in the Gold Coast ; and also that formed by Capt. J. Waterston, R.A.M.C., in Macedonia. I tender my thanks also to Capt. P.A. Buxton, R.A.M.C., for the collections made by him at Amara, Mesopotama ; to Capt. H.W. Leatham, R.A.M.C., for examples from Basra ; and to Major J.A. Sinton, V.C., I.M.S., for the specimens which he collected in N.E. Persia, under exceptionally difficult circumstances, and also for the long series taken by him in the N.W. Frontier Province of India.
Mosquito Breeding in Saline Waters
Authors: Balfour Andrew
Published: July 2009

In the “Bulletin of Entomological Research” for December 1920 Dr. J. M. Dalziel deals in a most interesting and instructive way with the various, and sometimes curious breeding-places of mosquitos in Lagos. He mentions the occurrence of mosquito larvae in saline waters, and in a foot-note refers to a number of salt-water species.
The Bionomics of Tabanus aprepes, and other Australian Tabanidae
Authors: Hill G. F.
Published: July 2009

During recent years the number of described species of Australian Tabanidae, or March-flies, as they are almost universally called in this country, has been increased very considerably, and with this increase there has come a wider knowledge of the distribution of the various genera and species. While advancement has taken place in this direction, little progress appears to have been made towards acquiring an accurate knowledge of the life-history and habits of any of these flies, and, up to the present time, no precise information has been published concerning oviposition, larval development, feeding habits and pupation of any of our numerous species.
The Nature and Function of the Caudal Tufts of Malayan Anopheline Larvae
Authors: Lamborn W. A
Published: July 2009

It has been found difficult to understand how such a fragile creature as an Anopheline larva could withstand the force of a strong current of water. In the following article it is proposed to explain the phenomenon on anatomical grounds.
A Contribution to Knowledge of the Blood-sucking Diptera of Palestine, other than Tabanidae
Authors: Austen E. E.
Published: July 2009

As in the case of the Tabanidae, which have already been described, the material upon which the following paper is based was collected by the author during the Palestine Campaign of 1917–18.
The Ptinid Beetle, Trigonogenius globulum, Solier, breeding in Argol
Authors: Scott Hugh
Published: July 2009

In March 1920 my attention was called by Dr. F. W. Dootson, University Lecturer in Chemistry, to the fact that a beetle was breeding in numbers in a jar of argol in the Chemical Laboratory of Cambridge University. The insect proved on examination to be the introduced Ptinid, Trigonogenius globulum, Solier, a form related to the household insect, Niptus hololeucus, to which it bears at first sight a slight resemblance.
A Revision of the Genus Locusta, L. (= Pachytylus, Fieb.), with a New Theory as to the Periodicity and Migrations of Locusts
Authors: Uvarov B. P.
Published: July 2009

The genus Locusta, L. (= Pachytylus, Fieb.) includes two of the most destructive swarming locusts of the Old World: the widely distributed L. migratoria, L. (with L. danica, L., and L. migratorioides, Rch. & Frm., as its forms; see below), and the South African L. pardalina, Walk. The literature on the economics, biology and especially on the means of control of these locusts is enormously extensive, but at the same time their systematic arrangement is in considerable confusion, and extremely contradictory opinions as to the mutual relationship of the different so-called species exist among specialists. As a direct consequence of this, the field research and control work of economic entomologists is apt to suffer through the difficulty in getting a particular species properly named, and thus it is often impossible to make a comparison of the records as to the biology and control of the same species in different countries.
On New Species of Curculionidae attacking Forest Trees in India
Authors: Marshall Guy A. K.
Published: July 2009

♂♀.—Black; the head and rostrum with thin blue-grey scales; the prothorax with rather sparse dull blue scales on the dorsum, the sides entirely clothed with dense metallic green scales; the disk of the elytra as far as stria 4 covered mainly with blackish scaling, more or less interspersed with green scales, which are sometimes denser along the suture; beyond stria 4 the sides are clothed with dense pale green scaling almost to the margin, the inner edge of the green area being very irregular; the lower surface with dense greyish green scaling.
On some Australian Termites of the Genera Drepanotermes, Hamitermes and Leucotermes
Authors: Hill Gerald F.
Published: July 2009

This paper is intended as the first of a series in which it is proposed to record the results of an examination of a large collection of termites from various parts of the Australian continent. The greater part of this collection has been gathered in the northern districts of the Northern Territory, and in North Queensland, but during the past year it has been considerably increased by the addition of numerous small collections received from correspondents in Victoria, Western Australia and South Queensland, and now contains individuals from over 800 colonies. Through the courtesy of the authorities of the South Australian Museum I have been able to examine a number of co-type specimens which have been of the greatest assistance in clearing up many doubtful identifications. In addition to these, I have been able to study many species from localities not represented in my own collection.
Notes on the Species of the Genus Musca, Linnaeus–Part I
Authors: Patton W. S.
Published: July 2009

Of the many insects which we now know to be dangerous menaces to the health of man, the house-fly, Musca domestica, has few (if any) equals, but the facts relating to its germ-transmitting capacity are unfortunately still very incomplete. In the case of those Anopheline mosquitos which transmit the parasites of malaria, and the tsetse-flies, which infect man and other animals with trypanosomes, we are in a position to estimate the inefficiency and loss of life directly attributable to them, for in each case we know most of the species directly responsible for the dissemination of these parasites. But in the case of the house-fly we have no conclusive proof that Bacillus typhosus, for instance, is carried by one, or more than one, species of Musca. Further, by the time the cases are diagnosed, the infected flies have either died or disappeared, and it is rarely possible to trace the infection to them. It is true, however, that many observers have recorded the finding of pathogenic bacteria in, and on, species of Musca, but the final proof of the identity of these bacteria has invariably been faulty. Yet in spite of these discrepancies there is no doubt, from everyday practical observation the world over, that one, and more than one, species of Musca regularly carry the bacilli of the enteric fever, cholera and dysentery groups, as well as many other pathogenic organisms, especially the virus of trachoma, from infected material and deposit them on food and the human body. In investigating outbreaks of infectious diseases the house-fly should always be considered as a possible vector of the causal organisms.
Some Natural Enemies of Mango Leaf-hoppers (Idiocerus spp.) in India
Authors: Subramaniam T. V.
Published: July 2009

To entomologists in India the three species of mango Jassids—Idiocerus niveosparsus, I. atkinsoni and I. clypealis—are fairly well known, both on account of their wide distribution and also on account of the serious damage they do to the mango crop. In the course of our studies on these important orchard pests we have within the past three years come across three natural enemies of the adult hopper and one of the nymph; These are (1) a Pipunculid fly; (2) a Stylopid—both internal parasites; (3) an Epipyropid moth—an external parasite of the adults: and (4) a Dryinid wasp—an external parasite of the nymphs.
A New Pipunculid Parasitic on Leaf-hoppers in India
Authors: Brunetti E.
Published: July 2009

Head.—Eyes dark red; vertical triangle black, frons dull black, lower part with a somewhat quadrate greyish dust spot; face dull black, lower half appearing grey when viewed from above. Antennae dull yellowish, third joint distinctly pointed, moderately long and almost sub-triangular. Occiput moderately produced behind eye margins, black, with a little grey dust. Thorax moderately shining black, middle of dorsum with yellowish brown dust and a little pale pubescence; pleurae blackish, with some greyish dust. Abdomen shining black; a very little yellowish pubescence towards sides: genitalia with a yellowish tinge. Legs mainly yellow; coxae black, also a broad median band on femora (possibly incomplete in some individuals); tarsi darker towards tips; all femora with a row of very small bristles on about apical half of underside. Wings clear; stigma very pale yellow; anterior crossvein at about two-fifths of the discal cell; halteres yellowish. Length, 2·5–3·5 mm.
Some New Injurious Phytophaga from Africa
Authors: Bryant G. E.
Published: July 2009

Subcylindrical, brilliant metallic green to coppery green, with legs and three last ventral segments fulvous, and a large fulvous spot on vertex of head.
Notes on the Life-histories of Two Mesopotamian Moths
Authors: Ramachandra Rao Rao Sahib Y.
Published: July 2009

The following few notes are intended to supplement the excellent account of the life-history and habits of this insect already published by Mr. P. A. Buxton (Bull. Ent. Res. xi, pp. 181–186). Working as an Assistant Entomologist under the Agricultural Directorate at Baghdad, during the year 1919–1920, I had a few opportunities of observing this pest in Mesopotamia. I met with it in small numbers at Museyib on the Euphrates in June 1920, and at Karradah (a suburb of Baghdad) from June to the middle of September of the same year. It is evidently sporadic in its distribution; for I did not find it in gardens at Jadriyah, situated only three miles west of Karradah, nor did I notice it in any of the gardens at Hillah, which is situated on the Euphrates, about 25 miles south of Museyib.
On the Chalcidoid Parasites of Psyllids (Hemiptera, Homoptera)
Authors: Waterston James
Published: July 2009

While engaged in working out some small lots of Psyllid parasites from various parts of the world, I have found it necessary to examine, as far as possible, the records of Chalcids which up to the present have been bred from these hosts. The literature has proved to be more extensive than had been anticipated, and it has therefore seemed well to bring together and list these scattered references when describing the forms that have been considered as new.
Mosquito Notes.—III
Authors: Edwards F. W.
Published: July 2009

The collection here described was sent for determination by Dr. K. Kertész to Mr. F. V. Theobald in 1911, and was passed on to the writer by Mr. Theobald in 1911. Most of the specimens were collected by Fiebrig, and these unfortunately bear no exact data. A few (including the type of Janthinosoma paraguayensis) were collected by Vezényi, mostly at Asuncion in 1904. Though not large, the collection contains a high percentage of apparently undescribed forms, which are dealt with below. The holotypes of two of the new species are in the collection of the Budapest Museum, but in those cases where the species has been described from a number of cotypes, the material has been divided between the Budapest Museum and the British Museum. Since little seems to have been recorded concerning the mosquitos of Paraguay, I give first a list of all the species included in the collection.
Notes on the Calliphorinae. Part I. The Oriental Species
Authors: Patton W. S.
Published: July 2009

For many years I have collected and bred the Indian Calliphorinae, and recently contributed a number of papers describing the common species. In the first of these, which appeared in a recent number of the Indian Journal of Medical Research (viii, no. 1, July 1920), I described in some detail the egg, larva, puparium and adults of Chrysomyia bezziana, Villeneuve, the Old World screw-worm fly, and pointed out that this species is a specific myiasis-producing Calliphorine, only breeding in living tissues, and that its larvae may be found in all forms of cutaneous, subcutaneous, nasal, oral, aural and vaginal myiasis in man and animals. In the succeeding papers I described the larvae, puparia and adults of the other common species, two of which, Chrysomyia megacephala and Lucilia argyricephala, occasionally cause myiasis in animals in India. It was not possible at the time to determine the non-myiasis-producing species, and new names were given them. But recently, when studying the species of Musca in the National Collection at the British Museum, I was able to examine Walker's types and am now in a position to give these Indian species their correct names. At the same time I have examined all the Calliphorine material in the National Collection from other parts of the world, as well as many specimens in my own collection, and I propose in this and in succeeding notes to collect together all the results of my studies with a view to revising later the species of blow-flies. Here again I am deeply indebted to Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., for the valuable help he has given me in this work.
A Remarkable Mosquito, Opifex fuscus, Hutton
Authors: Miller David
Published: July 2009

When carrying out an investigation into the mosquitos of New Zealand, * the writer found that a very common species bred in saline and semi-saline pools above high water mark along the rocky parts of the North Island coast line. For some time it was considered that this mosquito was unrecorded, but it appears that Hutton described it as a Tipulid under the name Opifex fuscus.† This was pointed out to me both by Mr. G. V. Hudson, of Wellington, who is in possession of Hutton’s Tipulid types and had seen the illustrations here reproduced, and later on by Mr. F. W. Edwards, of the British Museum, who published a short account of the insect from material recently sent to him by Mr. Hudson.‡
An Attempt to introduce Scoliid Wasps from Madagascar to Mauritius
Authors: De Charmoy D. D'emmerez
Published: July 2009

Attention was first directed to the Scoliid wasps of Madagascar in 1916, in which year it became clear that further attempts at importing Tiphia parallela from Barbados to Mauritius for the control of Phytalus smithi would have to be abandoned on account of difficulties of transport arising out of the war. The establishment of Tiphia in Mauritius shortly afterwards caused this question to lose its urgency, but in the meantime the attention of the writer had been attracted by a footnote in a paper by de Saussure* regarding Oryctes simiar and its natural enemy Scolia oryctophaga, the habits of which had been studied by Dr. Ch. Coquerel during his stay in Madagascar in the year 1850.
Mycetophilid Flies as Pests of the Cucumber Plant in Glass-houses
Authors: Speyer E. R.
Published: July 2009

Severe injury to the roots of cucumber plants has occurred since January of this year (1922) through the attacks of the larvae of certain minute “fungus-gnats” belonging to the family Sciaridae. Although such attacks have not been recorded previously by growers of cucumbers, it is more than probable that the flies have been present in glass-houses for a number of years, and that damage arising through their agency has mistakenly been attributed to “eel-worms.”
New and little-Known Mesopotamian Blood-sucking Diptera (Families Simuliidae and Tabanidae)
Authors: Austen E. E
Published: July 2009

With the exception of a short paper published some two and a half years ago by Major Patton, which, however, deals only with Tabanidae,* little or nothing has hitherto appeared in print on the subject of Mesopotamian representatives of the two families mentioned in the title of the present contribution. It is therefore hoped that the following notes, however incomplete, may be of some slight assistance to collectors of blood-sucking flies who may be stationed in Mesopotamia, and may at the same time stimulate them to further efforts.
Certain Nurseries of Insect Life in West Africa
Authors: Macfie J. W. S , Ingram A
Published: July 2009

When studying the bionomics of certain species of the Ceratopogoninae in the Gold Coast, samples of material collected from different sources, where it seemed likely that the early stages of these small insects might be passed, were brought to the laboratory for examination. The samples were chiefly taken from rot-holes in live trees, from cut bamboo stumps, from decaying logs, from old canoes, from the edges of pools and puddles, from crab-holes, and from the bases of banana plants.
Identification of some Fig Insects (Hymenoptera) from the British Museum (Natural History)
Authors: Grandi Guido
Published: July 2009

Through the kindness of my friend Dr. James Waterston, the Authorities of the British Museum have sent me for examination a certain number of preparations containing some fig insects from various parts of the world. One of the species in this material, Otitesella digitata, Westw., has already been studied and figured by me in a recent paper;* some of the others are dealt with below.
A new Phytophagous Chalcid attacking Bamboo
Authors: Waterston James
Published: July 2009

In a recent and very useful summary of our present knowledge of phytophagous Chalcids (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., xxiv, no. 2, Feb. 1922) Mr. A. B. Gahan describes (p. 55, pl. vii, fig. 2, 2a) a new Eurytomid, Harmolita phyllostachitis (bred from Phyllostachys bambusoides in California), which is apparently the only Chalcid hitherto reared from such host-plants. I owe to the Director of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology the opportunity of bringing forward a second Harmolita with the same general habit, but from a widely separated region.
First Report of the Tsetse-fly Investigation in the Northern Provinces of Nigeria
Authors: Johnson W. B. , Lloyd Llewellyn
Published: July 2009

The tsetse-fly investigation now in progress in the Northern Provinces of Nigeria is an outcome of the proposal of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology that tsetse-fly research in Africa should be put on a more organised basis. For various reasons it is not yet practicable to inaugurate this work with funds contributed by the various Colonies interested in the problem, but the suggestion so met with the whole-hearted approval of His Excellency Sir Hugh Clifford, G.C.M.G., Governor of Nigeria, and of Dr. T. E. Rice, Director of Medical Services, that it was decided to commence such an investigation at once. The helpful interest of these gentlemen has greatly aided the commencement of the work. At present the only investigators engaged are the authors of this report, the first of whom began work in July 1921 and was joined by the other in September of that year.
Four new African Mosquitos
Authors: Edwards F. W.
Published: July 2009

♀. Head clothed almost entirely with broad flat scales, though there are a very few narrow curved ones and a few upright forked ones on the nape. Scales at the back of the head mostly light ochreous; a rather broad creamy mid-dorsal stripe, and a conspicuous silvery margin to the eyes; remaining scales on upper part of head forming two large but irregular patches of black; another small black patch low down among the creamy scales on each side. Clypeus bare, dark brown. Eyes well separated. Orbital bristles dark brown. Proboscis blackish, slender, slightly longer than the front femora. Palpi fully one-fourth as long as the proboscis, blackish, with the usual conspicuous silvery apical patch. Tori blackish, with a large patch of silvery-white scales. Thorax with the integument uniformly black. Mesonotum clothed mainly with rather large and coarse, dull brown, narrow, curved scales, those surrounding the ante-scutellar space golden-brown, but scarcely any broader than the others, and not forming definite lines; no mid-dorsal golden line; a small patch of board flat silvery scales in the middle of the front margin, and a small patch of narrower scales in front of the root of each wing; a pair of large crescent-shaped patches of broadly crescent-patches of broadly crescent-shaped silvery-white scales in the anterior half. Scutellum with the median and lateral bodies lobes completely clothed with silvery scales. Prothoracic lobes, pro-epimera bristles, and a large part of the pleurae clothed with silvery-white scales. About five pro-epimeral bristles, and about five post-spiracular; no lower mesepimeral. Abdomen clothed mostly with purplish-black scales; the first tergite, and a basal band on each of tergite, 2–7, creamy white; all tergites with large silvery basal lateral spots, and sternites with silvery basal bands. Eighth segment rather prominent; cerci very short. Legs rather slender. Front femora almost entirely black; mid fermora black except for a small white spot on the anterior side just beyond the middle, and a rather conspicuous silvery-white tip; hind femora all white on the basal fourth, the outer side silvery-white to a little beyond the middle and also rather broadly at the tip. Front and middle tibiae with a small white spot at the base beneath, hind tibiae entirely black. Front and middle tarsi black, with narrow white rings at the bases of the first two segments; hind tarsi with rather narrow white rings at the bases of the first three segments, fourth segment white except for the extreme tip, fifth all black. Front and middle claws toothed; hind simple. Wings normal, the scales ligulate and rather dense. Wing-length 4 mm.
Two new Species of Tabanidae from Cuba
Authors: Brunetti E.
Published: July 2009

♂. Head: Eyes closely contiguous, leaving a small, well-raised, brownishgrey dusted ocellar tubercle at vertex with rather large, shining brown ocelli and a few short pale hairs. Large facets of eyes pale brownish-yellow, the small facets nearly black. Frontal triangle extremely small, yellowish-grey dusted. Antennae with first joint moderately long and thick, broadly cylindrical, tapering at base; second joint shorter and narrower than first; subcylindrical, both with short black, stiff hairs; third joint of normal shape, bare, a little longer than first and second together, with five annulations, the last four being black, basal annulation and first and second joints wholly orange. Whole underside of head shining honey-yellow, a medium-sized yellow-dusted space on each side of face contiguous to eye margin. Proboscis and palpi a little deeper coloured, former with labella black. Occiput ash-grey dusted, lower part yellowish with a little pale soft hair.
The early Stages of West African Mosquitos.—VI
Authors: Macfie J. W. S. , Ingram A.
Published: July 2009

In this paper are described the early stages of a few more West African mosquitos. All the specimens were collected in the Gold Coast, and most of them at Accra or in the neighbourhood of that town. In drawing up descriptions of larvae we have followed the usual plan, but in the case of the setae on the head have given, when necessary, the terms employed by W. D. Lang in his admirable handbook of British Mosquitos. In drawing up descriptions of pupae we have used the terms (and lettering) suggested by one of us in his account of the chaetotaxy of the pupa of Stegomyia fasciata (Aëdes argenteus).* We have once more to express our indebtedness to Dr. G. A. K. Marshall, of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, and to Mr. F. W. Edwards, of the British Museum, for help and advice and for the identification of species, and to Mr. A. J. Engel Terzi for his skilful execution of the figures.
A new Species of Lygus infesting Potatoes in Java (Rhynchota, Capsidae)
Authors: China W. E.
Published: July 2009

Head 0·83 mm. long, shiny orange-yellow, with the clypeus and the adjoining portion of the frons shiny black. Eyes black, prominent, extending laterally beyond the anterior lateral margins of the pronotum. Rostrum brownish black, extending to, but not surpassing, the posterior coxae; lengths of the joints: first 0·53 mm., second 0·76 mm., third 0·4 mm., and fourth 0·6 mm. Antennae brownish black, the third and fourth joints somewhat paler; first joint slightly incrassated, length 0·83 mm., second 2·0 mm., third 1·83 mm., fourth 1 mm. Pronotum shiny orange-yellow, posteriorly somewhat suffered with dark brown; length in middle 1·4 mm., breadth at anterior margin 0·8 mm., at posterior margin 2·0 mm.; sides straight, posterior margin moderately convex. Scutellum shiny black, finely rugosely punctate and regularly covered with pale depressed hairs; length in the middle 1·3 mm. Corium and cuneus similar in colour and pilosity to the scutellum; membrane dark smoky brown, veins shiny black, passing the apex of the abdomen. Sternum: mesostethium and metastethium black, the metastethial orifices and the surrounding areas very pale yellow: undersides of abdomen shiny black, covered with very fine pale hairs. Legs: coaxae blackish brown; femora dirty orange-yellow, suffused at base and apex with brown; tibiae dark brown, armed with fine black spines; tarsi black, strongly pilose.
Notes on the small Moth-borers of Sugar-cane in British Guiana
Authors: Cleare L. D.
Published: July 2009

Sugar-cane is the principal crop of British Guiana, and during the year 1921 there were 65,870 acres under cultivation. This area yielded 110,985 tons of sugar and 2,228,164 gallons of rum, the value of the crop being about $10,355,000 (£2,157,200).
On a small Collection of Coccidae from Mesopotamia, with Description of a new Species
Authors: Green E. Ernest
Published: July 2009

The collection was received through the Deputy Director of Agriculture (Research) and contained the following species, collected by the Assistant Entomologist, Rao Saheb Y. Ramachandra Rao:—

Pseudococcus citri (Risso), on grape vine.

Asterolecanium phoenicis, sp. n., on date palm.
A Synopsis of the Adult Mosquitos of the Australasian Region
Authors: Edwards F. W.
Published: July 2009

In two previous papers (Bull. Ent. Res. xii, p. 263, 1921 and Ind. JI. Med. Res. x, pp. 249 and 430, 1922) the writer has published revisions of the mosquitos of the Palaearctic and Oriental regions, using for the classification of the genera certain small characters, chiefly in the thoracic chaetotaxy, which are applicable a like to both sexes. In the present revision of the Australasian species the same characters are applied.
Notes on Dutch-East-Indian Mosquitos
Authors: Brug S. L.
Published: July 2009

The material, upon which these observations were made is contained in the collection of the “Centraal Militair Geneeskundig Laboratorium” in Weltevreden (Java). To complete my observations many specimens in the collection of the British Museum were studied and compared.
Notes on Glossina in Zululand
Authors: Curson H. H.
Published: July 2009

Vegetation is the most important factor in determining the suitability or otherwise of an area for tsetse-flies. In all cases Glossina pallidipes occurs in what is known throughout South Africa as “bush-veld,” and, as a rule, “bush-veld” is only to be found at comparatively low altitudes (Plates xxxii, xxxiii). In Zululand it occurs from a few feet above sea-level, e.g., west shore of False Bay, to approximately 1,500 ft., e.g., eastern slopes of Ubombo Range. Glossina then may be expected to exist anywhere in the hundreds of square miles covered by trees which vary from stunted “munga” (Acacia natalitia) to the tall “umhlosinga” (Acacia xanthophloea). In some places the trees have bare trunks, e.g., “mxama” (Schotia brachypetala) and “mgano” (Sclerocarya caffra), especially where the soil is sandy. Glades up to several acres in extent may also be seen. Along the banks of rivers and in the valleys, however, the bush is generally thick, there being much undergrowth, with a canopy, overhead consisting very often of “mtomboti” (Spirostachys africana) and “mkaya” (Acacia welwitschii). There are also dotted about thickets comprising several species of Celastrus and Acacia, but a common formation is that of “mqawe” (Acacia benthami), which is dense and at times impenetrable. The dominant grass in the areas that are fairly well timbered is “ubabe” (Panicum maximum), while in the more open areas “insinde” (Anthistiria imberbis) is by far the commonest grass. In Ingwavuma, Ubombo and Hlabisa (eastern) Divisions the “fly” country is level or rather undulating; while in Mahlabatini and Lower Umfolosi Magistracies it is, on the whole, very broken, there being a constant succession of stony, sparsely bushed ridges and deep tortuous wooded ravines.
Laboratory trials on the toxicity of hydramethylnon (Amdro; AC 217,300) to Reticulitermes santonensis Feytaud (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) and Microtermes lepidus Sjöstedt (Isoptera: Termitidae)
Authors: Logan James W. M. , Abood Faizah
Published: July 2009

The amidinohydrazone insecticide hydramethylnon, exhibited delayed toxicity to workers of Reticulitermes santonensis Feytaud and Microtermes lepidus Sjöstedt over a range of concentrations, with deaths starting two to six days after exposure. R. santonensis workers which had been exposed to hydramethylnon passed the insecticide to untreated termite workers, larvae and nymphs by trophallaxis. Laboratory colonies of R. santonensis exposed to hydramethylnon were killed completely within 20 days. The possible use of hydramethylnon impregnated baits for the control of subterranean termites is discussed.
Temephos resistance and the associated cross-resistance spectrum in a strain of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) from Peliyagoda, Sri Lanka
Authors: Peiris H.T.R , Hemingway J
Published: July 2009

A heterogeneous population (Pel) of Culex quinquefasciatus Say was selected, by single family rearing, to give a strain, Pel SS, which had low levels of hydrolysis of the esterase substrates α and β-naphthyl acetate. The level of temephos resistance was three-fold lower in this strain than the original parental population, and the levels of resistance to malathion, fenitrothion, pirimiphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos and permethrin were also reduced. In contrast, temephos selection increased the temephos-resistance in the Pel-RR strain ten-fold compared to the original parental population and 29-fold compared to Pel SS. The level of temephos-resistance in Pel RR compared to Pel SS at the LC50 level was 37-fold. Larval cross-resistance, at different levels, was observed to the organophosphorus insecticides, malathion, fenitrothion, parathion, pirimiphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, fenthion and phoxim, and to the carbamates, propoxur and bendiocarb, but the level of fenthion, propoxur and bendiocarb resistance was less than three-fold. Adults showed cross-resistance to malathion and fenitrothion, but not to propoxur. There was negative cross-resistance to permethrin in both the larvae and adults of Pel RR compared to the Pel and Pel SS strains.
Ovarian ageing of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) —interspecific differences
Authors: Wall Richard
Published: July 2009

Ovarian dissection of Glossina austeni Newstead, G. brevipalpis Newstead, G. morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen shows that there are significant interspecific differences in egg-follicle lengths. Differences between G. brevipalpis and G. pallidipes are slight as are those between G. austeni and G. m. morsitans, but the former two species have significantly larger eggs at all ages examined than the latter two. Egg-follicle length is positively related to species size (measured as wing vein length) but only weakly related to the size of individuals within a species. In the ovarian dissection technique for ageing tsetse flies, nulliparous females are usually divided into 0A (one to four days) and OB (five to eight days) categories, depending on whether the first egg follicle is less or more than 0.6 mm in length. The results presented, however, show that at four days the first egg follicle is about 1 mm in length in G. pallidipes and G. brevipalpis and 0.77 mm in length in G. m. morsitans and G. austeni. Thus, application of the 0.6 mm, four-day threshold will result in severe under-estimation of the proportion of females of the former two species of less than five days of age in a population.