bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conduction and Morphological Changes in Wrist Nerves Immediately After Bilateral Sanding Exercises in Hemiparetic Subjects
Authors: Huang Yung‐Cheng , Lee Lin‐Chien , Lieu Fu‐Kong , Fu Min‐Yi , Chang Chein‐Wei , Wang Hsing‐Kuo
Published: October 2011

Objective

To investigate the immediate effects of bilateral upper‐extremity sanding exercises on conduction and morphologic characteristics of the median and ulnar nerves at the wrist in hemiparetic subjects and control subjects.

Design

Case control study using a pretest–post‐test design.

Setting

Inpatient rehabilitation department affiliated with a teaching hospital.

Patients (or Participants)

Thirty hemiparetic subjects and 21 matched control subjects who met our inclusion criteria and had no history of diseases that may have predisposed them to peripheral neuropathies were recruited for this study.

Methods

Bilateral nerve conduction tests and ultrasonographic evaluations were performed on each subject before and immediately after a 30‐minute bilateral sanding exercise with a frequency of 5 repetitions per minute.

Main Outcome Measurements

The effects of exercises on bilateral median and ulnar wrist nerves were assessed with the use of sensory and motor nerve conduction velocity tests and by width/thickness ratios in ultrasonographic evaluations.

Results

In the hemiparesis group, the pre‐exercise amplitude of the motor component for the median and ulnar nerves were respectively lower than the corresponding values in the control group (P < .05), whereas the pre‐exercise amplitude and velocity of the sensory component were lower than the corresponding values in the control group (P < .01). After the exercise, the assessments for the affected side showed reductions in the conduction velocity of the sensory component and an increase in the width/thickness ratio for the median nerve (P < .05).

Conclusions

The median and ulnar nerves at the wrist in hemiparetic subjects before sanding exercises showed different conduction characteristics compared with control subjects. Their affected side also demonstrated significant conduction and morphologic changes after the exercises. These subclinical findings may be attributed to different mechanisms such as overuse, spasticity, and demyelinating changes. Prevention of these subclinical changes is recommended to enhance exercise safety in hemiparetic patients.
Secure information flow by self-composition
Authors: BARTHE GILLES , D'ARGENIO PEDRO R. , REZK TAMARA
Published: October 2011

Information flow policies are confidentiality policies that control information leakage through program execution. A common way to enforce secure information flow is through information flow type systems. Although type systems are compositional and usually enjoy decidable type checking or inference, their extensibility is very poor: type systems need to be redefined and proved sound for each new variation of security policy and programming language for which secure information flow verification is desired.

In contrast, program logics offer a general mechanism for enforcing a variety of safety policies, and for this reason are favoured in Proof Carrying Code, which is a promising security architecture for mobile code. However, the encoding of information flow policies in program logics is not straightforward because they refer to a relation between two program executions.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate logical formulations of secure information flow based on the idea of self-composition, which reduces the problem of secure information flow of a program P to a safety property for a program derived from P by composing P with a renaming of itself. Self-composition enables the use of standard techniques for information flow policy verification, such as program logics and model checking, that are suitable in Proof Carrying Code infrastructures.

We illustrate the applicability of self-composition in several settings, including different security policies such as non-interference and controlled forms of declassification, and programming languages including an imperative language with parallel composition, a non-deterministic language and, finally, a language with shared mutable data structures.
Socio-economic differences in adolescents’ breakfast eating, fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity in Ghana
Authors: Doku David , Koivusilta Leena , Raisamo Susanna , Rimpelä Arja
Published: October 2011

Objective

Few studies have investigated the association between adolescents’ socio-economic status (SES) and health behaviours in developing countries. Socio-economic differences in breakfast eating, fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity were investigated among Ghanaian adolescents.

Design

A school-based survey of 12–18-year-olds (n 1195, response rate 89·7 %) was conducted in 2008. Logistic regression analyses were applied to study the associations between breakfast eating, fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity, and SES.

Setting

Southern Ghana, West Africa.

Subjects

School pupils aged 12–18 years.

Results

Of all adolescents, 31 % took breakfast less than 4 d/week, over half (56 %) and 48 %, respectively, rarely ate fruits and vegetables. Younger adolescents (12–15-year-olds) consumed fruits and vegetables frequently compared with older ones (16–18-year-olds). Boys were more likely to participate in physical activity than girls. The probability of frequent breakfast eating was higher in adolescents from more affluent backgrounds than in those from less affluent ones. Compared with those whose mothers were illiterate, both tertiary and primary maternal educational attainment increased the probability of frequent fruit intake. Similarly, tertiary educational attainment increased the likelihood of frequent vegetable intake. Compared with those with unemployed mothers, mothers’ low employment grade was related to higher probability of frequent fruit intake. High school performance was associated with frequent fruit intake, whereas high or medium school performance increased the likelihood of vegetable intake compared with low school performance.

Conclusions

Interventions are needed to improve breakfast intake, fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity in order to prevent degenerative diseases among Ghanaian adolescents.
Factors associated with overweight in children living in the neighbourhoods of an urban area of Brazil
Authors: de Carvalho Cremm Elena , Marrocos Leite Fernanda Helena , de Abreu Débora Silva Costa , de Oliveira Maria Aparecida , Scagliusi Fernanda Baeza , Martins Paula Andrea
Published: October 2011

Objective

The present study aimed to investigate the individual and family determinants of being overweight among children younger than 10 years of age.

Design

Cross-sectional survey. Direct data on children's age, food intake, physical activity, type of transportation used and anthropometric measurements, as well as the education level of the mothers, were collected by trained interviewers.

Setting

Population-based study in the city of Santos, Brazil.

Subjects

A total of 531 children under 10 years of age (302 aged <6 years, 229 aged ≥6 years), living in the city of Santos.

Results

The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI-for-age Z-score >1) was 35·4 % for children under 6 years and 38·9 % for children aged 6–10 years. The socio-economic status of the family was associated with being overweight for both age groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that the lower the socio-economic status, the higher the likelihood of being overweight, among both younger children (OR = 7·73; P = 0·02) and older children (OR = 1·98; P = 0·04). The use of active transportation was associated with a lower likelihood of being overweight, but only among younger children (OR = 1·70; P = 0·05).

Conclusions

Socio-economic status seems to be an important individual-level determinant of overweight in children. Public policies should consider promoting the use of active transportation, as the results showed it to have a positive effect on reducing overweight issues. The high prevalence of overweight in younger children suggests that this age group should be a priority in health-promoting interventions.
Forest Ecology in India
Authors: Ambre Rao Neena
Published: October 2011

Forest Ecology in India: Colonial Maharashtra 18501950 takes a look at the human interactions that have shaped up the ecosystem specifically of Maharashtra, under the British colonial rule. This work is a culmination of extensive analysis of secondary sources and numerous archival primary sources including vernacular material hitherto unexamined from the perspective of Environmental History. It traces the evolution of political, socio-cultural and religious attitudes and administrative policies that had an impact on the forest ecology of Maharashtra.
Global observations of E region plasma density morphology and variability
Authors: Nicolls Michael J. , Rodrigues Fabiano S. , Bust Gary S.
Published: October 2011

The global morphology and variability of the ionospheric E region plasma density are estimated from satellite‐based radio occultation total electron content (ROTEC) measurements. Vertical profiles of E region electron density are estimated using the inversion technique recently proposed by Nicolls et al. (2009). In this technique, the F‐region contribution to each ROTEC measurement is removed using an assimilative model of the ionosphere in order to mitigate the effects of F‐region gradients in the estimation of E region profiles. The technique is applied to occultation observations made by GPS receivers onboard COSMIC satellites aided by F‐region electron density specification provided by the Ionospheric Data Assimilation Four‐Dimensional (IDA4D) algorithm. Global estimates of hmE, NmE, and E region total electron content (TEC) are presented for two different months: April 2007 and January 2008. Results of our analysis show that ROTEC measurements such as those provided by the COSMIC constellation can produce reasonable and valuable estimates of E region parameters on a global scale when properly treated for the effect of F‐region density gradients. The agreement between the α‐Chapman theory of ionization and recombination and estimated profiles is demonstrated. Reasonable estimates of E region variability can also be specified by the global measurements. The dependence of the E region variability on latitude is quantified and presented.
Disconnect of microbial structure and function: enzyme activities and bacterial communities in nascent stream corridors
Authors: Frossard Aline , Gerull Linda , Mutz Michael , Gessner Mark O
Published: October 2011

A fundamental issue in microbial and general ecology is the question to what extent environmental conditions dictate the structure of communities and the linkages with functional properties of ecosystems (that is, ecosystem function). We approached this question by taking advantage of environmental gradients established in soil and sediments of small stream corridors in a recently created, early successional catchment. Specifically, we determined spatial and temporal patterns of bacterial community structure and their linkages with potential microbial enzyme activities along the hydrological flow paths of the catchment. Soil and sediments were sampled in a total of 15 sites on four occasions spread throughout a year. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to characterize bacterial communities, and substrate analogs linked to fluorescent molecules served to track 10 different enzymes as specific measures of ecosystem function. Potential enzyme activities varied little among sites, despite contrasting environmental conditions, especially in terms of water availability. Temporal changes, in contrast, were pronounced and remarkably variable among the enzymes tested. This suggests much greater importance of temporal dynamics than spatial heterogeneity in affecting specific ecosystem functions. Most strikingly, bacterial community structure revealed neither temporal nor spatial patterns. The resulting disconnect between bacterial community structure and potential enzyme activities indicates high functional redundancy within microbial communities even in the physically and biologically simplified stream corridors of early successional landscapes.
FTO Risk Haplotype Among Early Onset and Severe Obesity Cases in a Population of Western Spain
Authors: González Juan R. , González‐Carpio Marta , Hernández‐Sáez Rosario , Vargas Victoria Serrano , Hidalgo Guadalupe Torres , Rubio‐Rodrigo Marta , García‐Nogales Ana , Estévez Manuela Núñez , Pérez Luis M. Luengo , Rodríguez‐López Raquel
Published: October 2011

Childhood and adult obesity have been widely associated with FTO genetic variability in different populations. This study aimed to investigate the linkage disequilibrium (LD) block structure of a region surrounding the candidate rs9939609 SNP and determine the best single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) combination that explains the higher proportion of variability observed in children with severe obesity, including obese subjects from families with a very high occurrence of obesity. A sliding window approach pointed to a block containing the rs1477196/rs17817449/rs9939609 haplotype (P value 3.1 × 10−8). Carriers of the GGA combination had an increased risk of obesity (odds ratio (OR) 2.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.41–3.04, P = 2.0 × 10−4) with respect to those individuals with the reference ATT haplotype. A further SNP, rs9921255, also showed association with obesity (P = 8.3 × 10−4, OR 1.77; 95% CI 1.15–2.74 and OR 5.78; 95% CI 1.22–27.49 for heterozygotes and homozygotes, respectively) and did not segregate with the previously described risk haplotype. The calculation of risk score based on the GGA haplotype combined with the rs9921255 variant showed a much greater effect of the FTO gene on high BMI. This score yields an attributable risk of 34% for severe obesity, and the increased risk per risk allele was 1.71 (P = 1.0 × 10−6). We conclude that the description of this polymorphic combination in the FTO gene could be useful for the early identification of inherited susceptibility to weight‐gain since childhood, with a higher sensitivity than considering the effect of a single marker.
Introduction
Authors: Vikström Bergander Linda , Pongratz Ingemar
Published: October 2011

This chapter will provide an overview of which chemicals are contaminating our food, risks and potential adverse effects. The field of food safety research will be introduced, and we also discuss future challenges for the scientific community as well as for policy-makers.
In Silico Approaches to Screening Dietary Endocrine Disruptors
Authors: Gonella Diaza Rodolfo , Roncaglioni Alessandra , Benfenati Emilio
Published: October 2011

With an increasing need to screen large numbers of chemicals, computational so-called in silico methods have become of growing interest. In this chapter, in silico screening is extensively reviewed and discussed with respect to food safety. These methods are used in several fields of application, to assess properties of chemical substances such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides and industrial chemicals. Their use is more common for regulatory purposes in the USA, but recent European regulations promote their use also in Europe. The specific application to evaluate hormone-disruptive chemicals has produced a number of tools. Their use for assessing properties of chemicals in food has also been evaluated, and it may offer several advantages. There are limitations, however, and the clear identification of possibilities, uncertainty and different uses is necessary for the correct application of the in silico tools.
Moments of the transmission eigenvalues, proper delay times, and random matrix theory. I
Authors: Mezzadri F. , Simm N. J.
Published: October 2011

We develop a method to compute the moments of the eigenvalue densities of matrices in the Gaussian, Laguerre, and Jacobi ensembles for all the symmetry classes β ∈ {1, 2, 4} and finite matrix dimension n. The moments of the Jacobi ensembles have a physical interpretation as the moments of the transmission eigenvalues of an electron through a quantum dot with chaotic dynamics. For the Laguerre ensemble we also evaluate the finite n negative moments. Physically, they correspond to the moments of the proper delay times, which are the eigenvalues of the Wigner-Smith matrix. Our formulae are well suited to an asymptotic analysis as n → ∞.
Rotational temperature analysis of N2 by resonant enhanced multi-photon ionization with fluorescence detection
Authors: Adams Steven F. , Williamson James M. , Fisher Dustin M.
Published: October 2011

A non-invasive, optical technique to determine the rotational temperature of molecular nitrogen at atmospheric pressure by direct probing of the N2(X1Σg+,v=0) ground state with subsequent analysis of the rotational state distribution is presented. A tunable probe laser was scanned over resonant-enhanced, multi-photon ionization transitions initiating from various N2(X1Σg+,v=0,J″) states. At atmospheric pressure, the laser photo-ionization also induced N2+ fluorescence bands. Analysis of the relative fluorescence as a function of laser wavelength produced a calculated N2(X1Σg+,v=0,J″) rotational state distribution and determined the rotational temperature. The analysis also resulted in the assignment and tabulation of 11 previously unreported term energies for N2(b1Πu+,v=6) and N2(b1Πu-,v=6) for J′ > 22, based on the experimental data. The method resulted in temperature determinations for two experimental trials in atmospheric N2 gas flows at room temperature and 600 K that were in good agreement with thermocouple measurements in the vicinity of the laser probe region.
Origin of instability by positive bias stress in amorphous Si-In-Zn-O thin film transistor
Authors: Hyung Kim Do , Youn Yoo Dong , Kwang Jung Hyun , Hwan Kim Dae , Yeol Lee Sang
Published: October 2011

The origin of instability under positive bias stress (PBS) in amorphous Si-In-Zn-O (SIZO) thin film transistor (TFT) with different Si concentration has been investigated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density of states (DOSs) analysis. It is found that stability of SIZO-TFT with 3 wt. % Si under PBS became more deteriorated than that of 1 wt. % Si incorporated SIZO-TFT due to the increased oxygen related trap distributed in energy range from conduction band to ∼0.3 eV below the conduction band. The origin of instability under PBS was discussed in terms of oxygen related trap derived from DOSs and XPS analysis.
Relative Riemann mapping criteria and hyperbolic convexity
Authors: Crane Edward
Published: October 2011

Let

R
R

be a simply-connected Riemann surface with a simply-connected subdomain

U
U

. We give a criterion in terms of conformal reflections to determine whether

R
R

can be embedded in the complex plane so that

U
U

is mapped onto a disc. If it can, then

U
U

is convex with respect to the hyperbolic metric of

R
R

, by a theorem of Jørgensen. We discuss the close relationship of our criterion to two generalizations of Jørgensen’s theorem by Minda and Solynin. We generalize our criterion to the quasiconformal setting and also give a criterion for the multiply-connected case, where an embedding is sought that maps a given subdomain onto a circle domain.
Identification and process origin of bacteria responsible for cavities and volatile off‐flavour compounds in artisan cooked ham
Authors: Comi Giuseppe , Iacumin Lucilla
Published: October 2011

Two types of spoilage in cooked hams were investigated. One was a result of the growth of Weissella viridescens, which produces cavities in the muscles of hams after cooking. The origin of W. viridescens was shown to be the brine used in the preparation of the ham. After its production, the brine is usually left at room temperature for several hours before being cooled and used, allowing the growth of the microorganism. The second types of spoilage is because of Lactobacillus sakei, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Leuconostoc carnosum, which grew during the 4–6 °C storage period of cooked hams packaged under vacuum. The spoilage consisted of the production of various molecules such as hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, alcohols, esters and sulphur compounds. Oxidative and auto‐oxidative phenomena also occurred during spoilage.
Optimisation of osmotic dehydration process of guavas by response surface methodology and desirability function
Authors: Vieira Gláucia S. , Pereira Leila M. , Hubinger Miriam D.
Published: October 2011

Response surface methodology was used to assess the effects of osmotic solution concentration (40–60°Brix), process temperature (20–40 °C) and vacuum pulse application time (0–20 min) at 100 mbar on water loss (WL), weight reduction (WR), solid gain (SG), water activity (aw), colour parameters and mechanical properties of guava slices. Optimal process conditions were determined through the desirability function approach and quality characteristics of osmotically dehydrated guavas were analysed. Only models obtained for WL, WR and aw were suitable to describe the experimental data. The desirability function showed that optimal conditions for osmotic dehydration of guavas were: osmotic solution concentration at 60°Brix, process temperature at 32 °C and 20 min of vacuum pulse application. Under optimal conditions, colour and mechanical properties of treated guavas were similar to fresh fruit, presenting WL of 29.01 g/100 g, WR of 25.91 g/100 g, SG of 3.10 g/100 g and aw of 0.979.
Optimisation of pomegranate (Punica Granatum L.) juice spray‐drying as affected by temperature and maltodextrin content
Authors: Vardin Hasan , Yasar Mehmet
Published: October 2011

Pomegranate juice powder is easier to handle and has more potential applications than the concentrate. In this study, the response surface, 3‐level factorial design was used to evaluate the influence of spray‐drying conditions on the physicochemical properties of a powdered product obtained by drying pomegranate juice concentrate (PJC). It was spray‐dried with a lab‐scale spray‐dryer using 18 and 7 dextrose equivalent (DE) maltodextrins (MD) as drying‐aid agents. Adding MD significantly reduced the hygroscopicity and stickiness of the pomegranate juice powder, and thus yielded higher recovery. The maximum achieved ratio of PJC/MD was 1/1, and it was obtained with the use of DE7 MD. However, graphical optimisation studies resulted in 125–145 °C and 0.6–0.8 PJC/MD ratio as optimum variables to produce acceptable dried powder. The results indicated that increasing inlet air temperature increases solubility time and loss of anthocyanins and decreases bulk density and moisture content of the powder.
Mycelial compatibility groups and pathogenic diversity in Sclerotium rolfsii populations from sugar beet crops in Mediterranean‐type climate regions
Authors: Remesal E. , Jordán‐Ramírez R. , Jiménez‐Díaz R. M. , Navas‐Cortés J. A.
Published: October 2011

The population structure of Sclerotium rolfsii from autumn‐sown sugar beet crops in Mediterranean‐type climate regions of Chile, Italy, Portugal and Spain was determined by analyses of mycelial compatibility groups (MCGs) and pathogenicity to 11 economically important plant species. Twelve MCGs (i–xii) were identified among 459 S. rolfsii isolates. MCG iii was the most prevalent group in all countries except Italy. MCG i, the most abundant group (64·7% of isolates) was identified in Portugal and Spain. The remaining MCGs were restricted to various regions within one country (ii, vi, ix) or different countries (v), or to specific localities (iv, vii, viii, x, xi, xii). MCGs iv, vii and x each comprised one isolate. Fields extensively sampled in southern Spain were infected with one to three MCGs. Plant species differed in susceptibility to MCG tester isolates with a MCG by species interaction. Cluster analyses allowed selection into five MCG groupings and grouped plant species into species‐groups 1 (broccoli, chickpea, sunflower, tomato) and 2 (cotton, pepper, sugar beet, watermelon). MCG groupings 1 (i, ix), 2 (ii, iii, vi, viii) and 5 (x, xii) were moderately virulent to species‐group 1 and mildly virulent to species‐group 2. MCG groupings 3 (iv, v, xi) and 4 (vii) were mildly virulent to both species‐groups. Across MCG groups, species were rated highly susceptible (chickpea, sunflower), susceptible (cotton, pepper, tomato, watermelon), moderately resistant (broccoli, melon, sugar beet) and resistant (corn, wheat). Establishing the MCG population structure and virulence variability among S. rolfsii isolates should help in the management of sclerotium root rot diseases.
Time to bring down the twin towers in poor Aboriginal hospital care: addressing institutional racism and misunderstandings in communication
Authors: Durey A. , Thompson S. C. , Wood M.
Published: October 2011

Improvements in Aboriginal health have been slow. Research demonstrates ongoing discrimination towards Aboriginal Australians based on race, including in health services, leads to poor health outcomes. Using an eclectic methodology based on observations and discussions with health practitioners experienced in working with Aboriginal patients, this paper identifies how cross‐cultural misunderstandings undermine the quality of care to Aboriginal patients in hospital and offers suggestions for improving practice. It also explores the concept of institutional racism and challenges doctors to reflect on their role in perpetuating power imbalances. We argue that physicians and healthcare providers need to do more than just deliver evidence‐based interventions, by critically reflecting on their own attitudes to and practices with Aboriginal Australians and work collectively to effect systemic change which creates a more inclusive and safe environment for all people accessing healthcare.
Oral health of Alzheimer's patients in São José dos Campos, Brazil
Authors: Machado Miriane Carneiro , Lopes Graziele Honório , Marchini Leonardo
Published: October 2011

Aim:  Neglecting oral health can negatively affect the quality of life of Alzheimer's patients. This work evaluates the oral health of Alzheimer's patients in São José dos Campos, Brazil.

Methods:  Brazilian versions of the Oral Health Risk Assessment and Index to dental management of patients with Alzheimer's disease questionnaires were given to 50 patients (14 men, 36 women) diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, with an average age of 79.7 years (SD = 9.2 years). Alternatively, the questionnaire was given to patients' caregivers. Cronbach's alpha test was applied to validate the Brazilian versions of these tests. Non‐parametric tests were applied to test for possible associations.

Results:  Cronbach's alpha was 0.677. Nearly half of the patients (42%) presented with mild Alzheimer's disease, 38% moderate, and 20% severe. Most of the patients did not have their natural teeth (74%), had no oral health problems (64%), were on medication (92%), had not visited the dentist in the last year (70%), and had no need for urgent dental treatment (92%). Of the 42% of patients who used dentures, 76.2% had been wearing the same dentures for over 5 years. There was no association between severity of disease and the presence of natural teeth (P = 0.346), use of removable dentures (P = 0.233), and the presence of oral health problems (P = 0.066).

Conclusions:  Patients with Alzheimer's disease have unmet oral health needs, but there was no association between severity of their disease and the presence of oral health problems. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12: 265–270.
TheShark in theMusic
Authors: BIANCOROSSO GIORGIO
Published: October 2011

This article proposes a new understanding of dramatic scoring by revisiting the sequence of the notorious first shark attack in the horror filmJaws(1975). The success of the sequence, it is argued, turns on a bold and sophisticated use of preparatory material in the minutes preceding the attack. It is also suggested that, during the attack proper, it is the role of memory and the limits of attention that underpin the viewer‐auditor's response to John Williams's famous motive. Drawing on the work of Richard Wollheim on the phenomenology of painting, it is proposed that the spectator ‘hears‐in’ the music, and to buttress this central claim various articulations of the notion of ‘hearing‐in’ are offered in the course of the discussion. The article ends with a rebuttal of the idea that music is heard unconsciously or subliminally.
Mimesis and the Aesthetics of Musical Expression
Authors: PADDISON MAX
Published: October 2011

The aim of this article is threefold: first, to ask what we mean when we use concepts like imitation, representation and expression; second, to broaden the concept of imitation to take on the implications of the dynamic, historical and anthropological notion of mimesis as opposed to the largely static, ahistorical conceptions of mere ‘representation’ and ‘resemblance’ common to musicology and to analytic philosophy; and third, to show the dialectical relationship of mimesis to concepts of expression, construction, rationality and form in Adorno's later aesthetics and in his theory of musical reproduction. The concept of mimesis that is the focus of this article has as its key features embodiment, mimetism and adaptation. It is argued that concepts of expression are seen to retain features of mimesis, and that expression in artworks is a structural phenomenon. The claim is made that mimesis can be seen as an embodied impulse, a mode of ‘identifying with’ rather than primarily as ‘imitation of’ or ‘representation of’ something external to itself. The argument draws on anthropological theories of mimicking and miming, in particular those of Caillois and Benjamin, which had considerable influence on Adorno's thinking. It is argued that music (whether as musical work or as musical event) oscillates between its own internal rationalised constructional ↔ unrationalised mimetic moments, and that the experience of its expressivity arises from this tension.
Dermatitis herpetiformis in China: a report of 22 cases
Authors: Zhang F. , Yang B. , Lin Y. , Chen S. , Zhou G. , Wang G. , Chen X. , Zhang Y. , Tian H. , Yu M. , Shi Z. , Zhang D.
Published: October 2011

Background  Although dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is a relatively common disease in Caucasian populations, it is very rare in the Far East, including China.

Objectives  To investigate the clinical, histological and immunopathological characteristics of Chinese patients with DH.

Methods  The clinical data and serum samples of patients with DH diagnosed at Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology from 2006 to 2010 were collected. Anti‐endomysium antibodies (EMA) and anti‐tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibodies were tested using indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay respectively. Biopsies of small intestine were performed in those patients who had given informed consent.

Results  The study group consisted of 22 patients with DH. The male to female ratio was 2.1 : 1; the average age was 44 years. Five patients reported mild gastrointestinal symptoms. Dapsone was used to treat 14 patients, who achieved rapid relief. Direct immunofluorescence showed granular IgA deposits at the papillary tips and/or basement membrane zone in 95.5% (21/22) patients. Fibrillar IgA deposition limited to the papillary tips was also seen in one patient (4.5%). IgA antibodies against EMA and tTG were found in 50% (8/16) and 62.5% (10/16) of patient sera respectively. Small‐intestinal biopsies of two patients confirmed the presence of coeliac disease.

Conclusions  The clinical, histological and immunopathological characteristics of Chinese patients with DH are similar to those seen in Caucasian populations. The positive rates of anti‐EMA and anti‐tTG antibodies were lower compared with those seen in Western countries. DH is not extremely rare in China and should be actively investigated.
Effects of various flavonoids isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis roots on skin damage in acute UVB-irradiated hairless mice
Authors: Kimura Yoshiyuki , Sumiyoshi Maho
Published: October 2011

Objectives

Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes skin damage including increasing skin thickness, edema and flush. Scutellaria baicalensis roots have been traditionally used as a remedy for allergic inflammatory diseases in China and Japan. In this study, we examined the effects of four flavonoids isolated from these roots, namely 2′,5, 5′,7-tetrahydroxy-6′,8-dimethoxyflavone (1), skullcapflavone II (2), 2(S)-2′,5,6′,7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (3) and 2(R), 3(R)-2′,3,5,6′,7-pentahydroxyflavanone (4), on acute UVB irradiation-induced skin damage in hairless mice.

Methods

The four flavonoids were orally administered twice daily, at doses of 10 and 50 mg/kg, for 14 consecutive days. The UVB irradiation was performed at a dose of 200 mJ cm−2 on days 7 and 8 after beginning oral administration of the four flavonoids.

Key findings

Compounds 1 and 4 prevented increases in skin thickness, levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced by UVB irradiation. The other two flavonoids 2 and 3 had no effect.

Conclusions

Compounds 1 and 4 isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis roots may be useful for preventing skin inflammation induced by acute UVB irradiation.
Application of MCFC in Coal Gasification Plants for High Efficiency CO2 Capture
Authors: Spallina Vincenzo , Romano Matteo C. , Campanari Stefano , Lozza Giovanni
Published: October 2011

Integrated gasification combined cycles (IGCCs) are considered the reference technology for high efficiency and low emission power generation from coal. In recent years, several theoretical and experimental studies in this field have been oriented toward capturing CO2 from IGCCs through the integration of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) for coal-syngas oxidation, investigating the so-called integrated gasification fuel cell cycles (IGFC). However, molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) can also be a promising technology in IGFCs. After rather comprehensive research carried out by the authors on modeling and simulation of SOFC-based IGFC plants, an interesting IGFC cycle based on MCFC is assessed in this work, where plant layout is designed to exploit the capability of MCFCs of transferring CO2 and O2 from the oxidant side to the fuel side. Syngas produced in a high efficiency Shell gasifier is cleaned and mainly burned in a combustion turbine as in conventional IGCCs. Turbine flue gas, rich with oxygen and carbon dioxide, are then used as oxidant stream for the fuel cell at the cathode side, while the remaining clean syngas is oxidized at the anode side. In this way, the MCFC, while efficiently producing electricity, separates CO2 from the gas turbine flue gas as in a post-combustion configuration; oxygen is also transported toward the anode side, oxidizing the remaining syngas as in an oxy-combustion mode. A CO2-rich stream is hence obtained at anode outlet, which can be cooled and compressed for long term storage. This configuration allows production of power from coal with high efficiency and low emission. In addition, as already highlighted in a previous study where a similar concept has been applied to natural gas-fired combined cycles, a limited fraction of the power output is generated by the fuel cell (the most expensive component), highlighting its potential also from an economic point of view. Detailed results are presented in terms of energy and material balances of the proposed cycle.
Local Heat/Mass Transfer and Friction Loss Measurement in a Rotating Matrix Cooling Channel
Authors: Taek Oh In , Min Kim Kyung , Hyun Lee Dong , Su Park Jun , Hee Cho Hyung
Published: October 2011

The present investigation provides detailed local heat/mass transfer and pressure drop characteristics in a matrix cooling channel, under rotating conditions. The matrix channel had cooling subpassages with crossing angles of 45 deg. The detailed heat/mass transfer coefficients were measured via the naphthalene sublimation method, and pressure drops were also obtained. The experiments were conducted for various Reynolds numbers (10,500 to 44,000) and rotation numbers (0.0 to 0.8). In the stationary case, the heat transfer characteristics were dominated by turning, impinging, and swirling flow, induced by the matrix channel geometry. Average heat/mass transfer coefficients on the leading and trailing surfaces in the stationary channel were approximately 2.1 times greater than those in a smooth channel. In the rotating cases, the effect of rotation on heat/mass transfer characteristics differed from that of typical rotating channels with radially outward flow. As the rotation number increased, the Sherwood number ratios increased on the leading surfaces but changed only slightly on the trailing surfaces. The thermal performance factors increased with rotation number due to the increased Sherwood number ratios and decreased friction factor ratios.
Tip Vortex Cavitation Suppression by Active Mass Injection
Authors: Chang Natasha , Ganesh Harish , Yakushiji Ryo , Ceccio Steven L
Published: October 2011

Injection of water and aqueous polymer solutions in to the core of a trailing vortex was found to delay the inception of tip vortex cavitation (TVC). Optimal levels of mass injection reduced the inception cavitation number from 3.5 to 1.9, or a reduction of 45%. At the optimal fluxes, injection of water alone produced a reduction of 35%, and the addition of polymer solution led to a reduction of 45%. Stereo particle image velocimetry was employed to examine the flow fields in the region of TVC inception and infer the average core pressure, and planar PIV was used to examine the flow unsteadiness in this region. The time-averaged pressure coefficients for the vortex core pressure were estimated and compared to the pressure needed for TVC inception and full development. Measurement of flow variability in the TVC inception region indicated that relatively low fluxes of mass injection in the TVC roll-up region led to a substantial decrease in flow unsteadiness in the core region near the observed location of inception, and this corresponded to a substantial decrease in the inception pressure. Increased injection of water or polymer solutions led to a modest increase in the average vortex core radius, which was discernable in the measured pressure needed for developed cavitation.
Turbulent Flow Structure and Swirl Number Effect in a Cyclone
Authors: Wang X. W. , Zhou Y. , Wong W. O.
Published: October 2011

The turbulent flow within a cylinder‐on‐cone cyclone is highly three‐dimensional and our knowledge of this flow has yet to be improved. This work aims to improve our understanding of the flow structure, with special attention to the swirl number effect. The three velocity components of the flow were measured using LDA and PIV. The Reynolds number, based on the inlet velocity and the cyclone cylindrical chamber diameter, was 7.4 × 104, and the swirl number examined was from 2.4 to 5.3. Three regions of the flow have been identified after careful analysis of the data, which are referred to as the core, the outer and the wall‐affected regions, respectively; each is distinct from another in terms of the vorticity concentration, frequency of quasi‐periodical coherent structure, the probability density function, and mean and variance of velocities. It has been found that the flow, including its Strouhal numbers and radial distributions of the mean and fluctuating velocities, depends considerably on the swirl number.
Effects of B18Hx+ and B18Hx dimer ion implantations on crystallinity and retained B dose in silicon
Authors: Kawasaki Yoji , Shibahara Kentaro
Published: October 2011

The effects of B18Hx+ and B18Hx dimer ion (B36Hy+) implantations on Si crystallinity and the retained B dose in Si were investigated using B18Hx bombardment and compared with the effects of B+ implantation. Crystallinity was estimated for the implantation dose using molecular dynamic simulations (MDSs) and was quantified using the optical thickness obtained from spectroscopic ellipsometry. The authors focused on the crystallinity at a low B dose and compared the amorphized zones predicted by MDS for B18Hx+ implantation with those measured using transmission electron microscopy; the predicted and measured results were in reasonable agreement. The authors then used their understanding of B18Hx bombardment to discuss the process for the generation of larger amorphized zones and thicker amorphized layers, as observed in B36Hy+ implantation. The retained B dose and the sputtering were examined with secondary ion mass spectroscopy, focusing on a comparison of the retained B and the sputtering of Si and SiO2 surfaces. The retained B dose was lower for B18Hx+ and B36Hy+ implantations, with and without surface SiO2, than for B+ implantation, although no sputtering was observed. The reduction of the retained B dose was more severe in the samples with SiO2. The origin of the differences between Si and SiO2 surfaces was considered to be Si melting; this was predicted by the MDSs, and observed indirectly as flat B profiles in the Si region. To examine the effects of both crystallinity and retained B dose on the electrical characteristics, the sheet resistance (RS) was measured. The RS for B18Hx+ implantation was lower than that for B+ implantation at both B doses studied. Additionally, the B36Hy+ implantation under conditions that produced a thicker amorphized layer led to lower RS than B18Hx+ implantation. These results indicate that both the amorphized layer and the amorphized zone contribute to the activation of more B atoms.
Soft patterning on cylindrical surface of plastic optical fiber
Authors: Mekaru Harutaka , Takagi Hideki , Ohtomo Akihiro , Kokubo Mitsunori , Goto Hiroshi
Published: October 2011

The authors have developed a novel thermal imprinting method to fabricate microstructures on the surface of plastic optical fibers (POFs) without causing any damage to them. In conventional thermal nanoimprinting using a planar mold, the shape of the molding material is in the form of a film spread on a planar substrate, or the molding material is used in its bulk form. In the case of any 3-dimensional shaped molding material such as in the case of a fiber, the shape becomes susceptible to a certain degree of damage caused by the planar mold. In order to address this problem, we have designed a thermal imprinting method using sliding planar molds. A fiber tightly stretched between two reel stations (for sending and winding of the fiber) is sandwiched between two planar molds facing each other. The fiber is then rolled against the pattern sides of the two planar molds while the rolling motion of the fiber remains synchronized with the sliding motion of the planar molds. The problem of twists in the fiber caused by the sliding planar molds was solved by dynamically rotating the two reel stations to match the rotation of the fiber. To demonstrate this technology, we employed a special electroformed-Ni mold with a mirror image of a string of characters forming the word “MACROBEANS” engraved in the form of a lattice, where the individual characters were composed of diffraction grating structures with 1 and 2 μm of linewidths. Using this mold, the cylindrical surface of a POF made of a 240-μm-diameter polymethyl methacrylate core with a coating of a 5-μm-thick fluoroplastic cladding was thermal-imprinted. From the observation of the imprinted patterns on the POFs, it was verified that the cylindrical surface was patterned without causing any damage to the POF. The height of the convex mold pattern was 1.1 μm, and the depth of the concave imprinted pattern was approximately 1.0 μm.
Response to Comment on “Retrieval Practice Produces More Learning than Elaborative Studying with Concept Mapping”
Authors: Karpicke Jeffrey D. , Blunt Janell R.
Published: October 2011

Mintzes
et al
. comment on our study in which we showed that retrieval practice enhances meaningful learning more than elaborative studying with concept mapping. Here, we consider and rebut claims that are based on mischaracterizations of our paper and speculations rather than evidence. We emphasize that randomized, controlled studies in both laboratory and classroom settings are essential to identifying effective strategies that promote meaningful learning.
The Surface Composition and Temperature of Asteroid 21 Lutetia As Observed by Rosetta/VIRTIS
Authors: Coradini A. , Capaccioni F. , Erard S. , Arnold G. , De Sanctis M. C. , Filacchione G. , Tosi F. , Barucci M. A. , Capria M. T. , Ammannito E. , Grassi D. , Piccioni G. , Giuppi S. , Bellucci G. , Benkhoff J. , Bibring J. P. , Blanco A. , Blecka M. , Bockelee-Morvan D. , Carraro F. , Carlson R. , Carsenty U. , Cerroni P. , Colangeli L. , Combes M. , Combi M. , Crovisier J. , Drossart P. , Encrenaz E. T. , Federico C. , Fink U. , Fonti S. , Giacomini L. , Ip W. H. , Jaumann R. , Kuehrt E. , Langevin Y. , Magni G. , McCord T. , Mennella V. , Mottola S. , Neukum G. , Orofino V. , Palumbo P. , Schade U. , Schmitt B. , Taylor F. , Tiphene D. , Tozzi G.
Published: October 2011

A spacecraft flyby of an asteroid reveals a high-density body that is more like a planetesimal than a rubble pile.
Fatty Acids Identified in the Burmese Python Promote Beneficial Cardiac Growth
Authors: Riquelme Cecilia A. , Magida Jason A. , Harrison Brooke C. , Wall Christopher E. , Marr Thomas G. , Secor Stephen M. , Leinwand Leslie A.
Published: October 2011

A specific set of circulating fatty acids triggers cardiac hypertrophy in snakes and mammals.
Comparison of Real-Time PCR and a Microimmunofluorescence Serological Assay for Detection of Chlamydophila pneumoniae Infection in an Outbreak Investigation
Authors: Benitez Alvaro J. , Thurman Kathleen A. , Diaz Maureen H. , Conklin Laura , Kendig Newton E. , Winchell Jonas M.
Published: October 2011

We assessed the performance of a recently validated real-time PCR assay and a commercially available microimmunofluorescence serologic test for the detection ofChlamydophila pneumoniaeinfection during an outbreak. Evaluation of specimens from 137 individuals suggests that real-time PCR holds greater utility as a diagnostic tool for earlyC. pneumoniaedetection.
Multiple Viral Ligands Naturally Presented by Different Class I Molecules in Transporter Antigen Processing-Deficient Vaccinia Virus-Infected Cells
Authors: Lorente Elena , Infantes Susana , Barnea Eilon , Beer Ilan , García Ruth , Lasala Fátima , Jiménez Mercedes , Vilches Carlos , Lemonnier François A. , Admon Arie , López Daniel
Published: October 2011

The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) delivers the viral proteolytic products generated by the proteasome in the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum lumen that are subsequently recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). However, several viral epitopes have been identified in TAP-deficient models. Using mass spectrometry to analyze complex human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-bound peptide pools isolated from large numbers of TAP-deficient vaccinia virus-infected cells, we identified 11 ligands naturally presented by four different HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C class I molecules. Two of these ligands were presented by two different HLA class I alleles, and, as a result, 13 different HLA-peptide complexes were formed simultaneously in the same vaccinia virus-infected cells. In addition to the high-affinity ligands, one low-affinity peptide restricted by each of the HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C class I molecules was identified. Both high- and low-affinity ligands generated long-term memory CTL responses to vaccinia virus in an HLA-A2-transgenic mouse model. The processing and presentation of two vaccinia virus-encoded HLA-A2-restricted antigens took place via proteasomal and nonproteasomal pathways, which were blocked in infected cells with chemical inhibitors specific for different subsets of metalloproteinases. These data have implications for the study of the effectiveness of early empirical vaccination with cowpox virus against smallpox disease.