bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear least square approach for range estimation based on attenuation of EM waves in seawater using world ocean data from 1955 to 2012
Authors: Tahir Muhammad , Yan Piao , Jafri Mohsin Raza
Published: July 2019

In this research paper, we estimated absorption loss (Lα) and spreading loss (Lo) based on electromagnetic (EM) waves propagation, considering multiple seawater depth (1101) points from surface to 5500 m distributed uniformly with 5‐m difference. Estimation of parameters aforementioned was done based on world ocean data (WOD13) from the National Center for Environmental Information (NCEI) averaged between 1955 and 2012 along decades for basic parameters of seawater T (Co) and S (ppt) up to 5500‐m depth vertically and also across (41 088) latitude/longitude points for all oceans that includes Indian, Pacific, Southern, Atlantic, and Arctic horizontally. We also computed another important factor that contributes in overall path loss (LUW), loss due to polarization of EM fields between transmitter Tx and receiver Rx such as antenna polarization factor (Lϕ). Lϕ (dB) along with Lα (dB) and Lo (dB) by substituting into basic propagation model for EM waves in seawater helps us to predict efficiently accurate achievable range (Rest) using nonlinear least square (NLLS) approximation combined with Lambert transformation considering nonlinear exponential PT (dBm) decay. Moreover, predicted Rest (m) helps us to minimize mean error (mean(e(t))) by adapting to actual range R (m) using NLLS approach. Simulation tool MATLAB has been used for implementation of NLLS approach and performance analysis.
A functional trait approach to identifying life history patterns in stochastic environments
Authors: Smallegange Isabel M. , Berg Matty P.
Published: July 2019

Temporal variation in demographic processes can greatly impact population dynamics. Perturbations of statistical coefficients that describe demographic rates within matrix models have, for example, revealed that stochastic population growth rates (log(λs)) of fast life histories are more sensitive to temporal autocorrelation of environmental conditions than those of slow life histories. Yet, we know little about the mechanisms that drive such patterns. Here, we used a mechanistic, functional trait approach to examine the functional pathways by which a typical fast life history species, the macrodetrivore Orchestia gammarellus, and a typical slow life history species, the reef manta ray Manta alfredi, differ in their sensitivity to environmental autocorrelation if (a) growth and reproduction are described mechanistically by functional traits that adhere to the principle of energy conservation, and if (b) demographic variation is determined by temporal autocorrelation in food conditions. Opposite to previous findings, we found that O. gammarellus log(λs) was most sensitive to the frequency of good food conditions, likely because reproduction traits, which directly impact population growth, were most influential to log(λs). Manta alfredi log(λs) was instead most sensitive to temporal autocorrelation, likely because growth parameters, which impact population growth indirectly, were most influential to log(λs). This differential sensitivity to functional traits likely also explains why we found that O. gammarellus mean body size decreased (due to increased reproduction) but M. alfredi mean body size increased (due to increased individual growth) as food conditions became more favorable. Increasing demographic stochasticity under constant food conditions decreased O. gammarellus mean body size and increased log(λs) due to increased reproduction, whereas M. alfredi mean body and log(λs) decreased, likely due to decreased individual growth. Our findings signify the importance of integrating functional traits into demographic models as this provides mechanistic understanding of how environmental and demographic stochasticity affects population dynamics in stochastic environments.
Development of MEMS liquid cell to visualize the dynamics of bubbles and droplets at the microscale
Authors: Ishida Tadashi
Published: July 2019

I developed a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) liquid cell for the visualization of bubbles and droplets at the microscale using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The MEMS liquid cell has an electron transparent membrane and a microchannel. The electron transparent membrane was 80‐nm‐thick Si3N4. I tested the wettability of the electron transparent membrane and liquid leakage, and simulated the scattering of an electron beam. The MEMS liquid cell was equipped on the SEM custom‐made holder for in‐liquid specimens. I observed the floating of bubbles in the microchannel and the formation and growth of droplets on the electron transparent membrane at the microscale using an SEM.
Structures of Peptidic H‐wires at Mercury Surface: Molecular Dynamics Study
Authors: Kroutil Ondřej , Kabeláč Martin , Dorčák Vlastimil , Vacek Jan
Published: July 2019

Biopolymer immobilization strategies, self‐assembly systems and adsorption phenomenon in general are crucial for the development of methods that work on the basis of the surface‐detection principle, including electrochemistry. A mechanistic view into the interaction of biopolymers with electrode surfaces is also important for studying fundamental and dynamic processes such as electron/proton transport. In this sense, the utilization of new approaches for investigating the interfacial behavior of immobilized biomolecular architectures is a permanent focus. Here we use a molecular dynamics (MD) approach to simulate the structural changes and metallic surface interactions of a model 21‐mer peptide of His (H) and Ala (A), A3(HA2)6, a peptidic proton wire (H‐wire). This H‐wire was previously proposed for the electrochemical study of proton transfer at mercury electrodes (Langmuir, 2018, 34, 6997). The rigid solid mercury mono‐atomic layer (α‐mercury lattice model) was used systematically in all our simulations. The calculations were performed in a simulation box with 1, 16 and 32 H‐wire strands attached covalently to the mercury layer via the thiol group of a cysteinamide residue appended to the H‐wire C‐terminus. The internal alpha‐helical configuration of H‐wires was maintained by the presence of 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol. It was shown that both the surface density of H‐wires and the protonation state of His residues play a decisive role in the structural stability and orientation of the peptide to the surface, whereas the applied voltage only has a mild effect on it, especially in case of 16 and 32 H‐wire strand configurations. The MD simulations presented here could be used for the further investigation of other peptides at metallic surfaces and for electrochemical analyses of structural changes of surface‐attached peptides that depend on their protonation states and other external factors.
Potentiometric Electronic Tongue for Taste Assessment of Ibuprofen Based Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Shishkanova Tatiana V. , Broncová Gabriela , Skálová Annemarie , Prokopec Vadym , Člupek Martin , Král Vladimír
Published: July 2019

The flavor aspect of pharmaceutical formulations is very important in terms of their acceptability for the patient. This work is aimed at using of a novel promising type of electronic tongue (ET), consisting of a potentiometric sensor array, for the discrimination and assessment the taste of commercial pharmaceuticals based on ibuprofen (Ibuflam 4 %). The sensor array was formed by six ion‐selective membranes (ISMs) based on both specific and non‐specific active components. Analysis of potentiometric signal outputs including statistical data processing utilizing the principal component analysis (PCA) method allowed evaluating the role of individual active components of the ISMs in the sense of taste control of the pharmaceutical preparation Ibuflam 4 % before and after flavoring. The sensing array can be used to identify differences in flavor within individual batches from the same producer, since ISMs provide a different response to all components present in the analyzed pharmaceutical. The ET contains ISMs which are able to recognize the bitter taste in the framework of the batches of ibuprofen based pharmaceuticals. To recognize bitter taste, it was essential to include ISMs, providing a response to a particular type of taste, namely, specific and non‐specific ISMs. The experimental findings show that taste‐sensing potentiometric sensor system can be a good alternative to the human panel and is able to detect the slight changes in taste.
Pt Nanoparticle‐modified Carbon Fiber Microelectrode for Selective Electrochemical Sensing of Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Wang Bo , Wen Ximiao , Chiou Pei‐Yu , Maidment Nigel T.
Published: July 2019

We report a simple approach to the production of carbon fiber‐based amperometric microbiosensors for selective detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which was achieved by electrometallization of carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMs) by electrodeposition of Pt nanoparticles. The Pt‐carbon hybrid sensing interface provided a sensitivity of 7711±587 μA ⋅ mM−1 ⋅ cm−2, a detection limit of 0.53±0.16 μM (S/N=3), a linear range of 0.8 μM–8.6 mM, and a response time of <2 sec. The morphologies of the Pt nanoparticle‐modified CFMs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. To achieve selectivity, permseletive layers, polyphenylenediamine (PPD) and Nafion, were deposited resulting in exclusion of the anionic and cationic interferents, ascorbic acid and dopamine, respectively, at their physiologically relevant concentrations. The resultant sensors displayed a sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide of 1381±72 μA ⋅ mM−1 ⋅ cm−2, and a detection limit of 0.86±0.19 μM (S/N=3). This simple and rapid metallization method converts carbon fiber microelectrodes, which are readily accessible, to microscale Pt electrodes in 2 min, providing a platform for oxidase‐based amperometric biosensors with improved spatial resolution over more commonly used platinum electrode array microprobes.
Voltammetric Properties of All‐solid State Ion‐selective Electrodes with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes‐poly(3‐octylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) Nanocomposite Transducer
Authors: Kałuża Dawid , Michalska Agata , Maksymiuk Krzysztof
Published: July 2019

Voltammetric response of an all‐solid‐state ion‐selective electrode was studied on example of potassium‐selective sensor with poly(vinyl chloride) based membrane and nanocomposite transducer containing poly(3‐octylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Factors limiting the rate of the electrochemical process and the response were discussed. The challenge in voltammetric applications of ion‐selective electrodes is thickness of the plastic membrane. It was found that although a relatively thick ion‐selective membrane was applied, as typically used in potentiometric studies, the position of the reduction peak, corresponding to potassium ions incorporation, was dependent on ions concentration in a Nernstian manner. This opens possibility of deviation from the paradigm of ultrathin membranes in voltammetric applications, thus potentially extending the sensors lifetime. The high resistance of the membrane did not affect the voltammetric characteristics, because the resistance was independent of ions concentration in solution. On the other hand, high resistance results in charge trapping effect in the solid contact material, leading to advantageous retention of the oxidized‐conducting state of the solid contact, independently of the applied electrode potential.
Formulation of risk‐targeted seismic action for the force‐based seismic design of structures
Authors: Žižmond Jure , Dolšek Matjaž
Published: July 2019

A risk‐targeted design spectral acceleration and the corresponding seismic design action for the force‐based design of structures is introduced by means of two formulations. The first one called direct formulation utilizes the seismic hazard function at the site of the structure. Because the seismic action defined in the codes is often associated with a designated return period, an indirect formulation is also introduced. It incorporates a risk‐targeted safety factor that can be used to define a risk‐targeted reduction factor. It is shown that the proposed formulations give analogical results and provide an insight into the concept of the reduction of seismic forces for the force‐based seismic design of structures if the objective is defined by a target collapse risk. The introduced closed‐form solution for the risk‐targeted reduction factor can be used to investigate how the target collapse risk, the seismic hazard parameters, the randomness of the seismic action, and the conventional parameters (ie, the overstrength factor and the deformation and energy dissipation capacity) affect the seismic design forces in the case of force‐based design. However, collaborative research is needed in order to develop appropriate models of these parameters. In the second part of the paper, the proposed formulations are demonstrated by estimating the risk‐targeted seismic design action for a six‐storey reinforced concrete building. By verifying the collapse risk of the designed structure, it is demonstrated that the risk‐targeted seismic action, in conjunction with a conventional force‐based design, provided structure with acceptable performance when measured in terms of collapse risk.
Impact of flat roof–integrated solar photovoltaic installation mode on building fire safety
Authors: Ju Xiaoyu , Zhou Xiaodong , Gong Junhui , Zhao Kun , Peng Yang , Zhang Cong , Ren Xingyu , Yang Lizhong
Published: July 2019

This paper quantifies experimentally the fire‐induced reradiation to roof surface created by flame extension on the back of the flat roof–integrated photovoltaic (PV) array. A gas burner underneath the tilted PV panels was employed as the fire source. The effects of the PV tilt angle, distance from PV panel to roof, and fire heat release rate (HRR) were investigated. The flame extension geometries and flame reradiation heat flux distribution were recorded. The results show that the flame extension length and vertical thickness (ie, the vertical distance from the back surface of the PV panel to the extension flame profile) are reduced with the increase of PV tilt angle and panel‐roof distance but are increased with increases in the fire HRR. A unified nondimensional HRR coupled with all these factors is proposed to quantify the flame extension geometry. Furthermore, a general equation based on the physical relationship between flame radiation and flame geometry is developed to characterize the distribution of reradiation heat flux on the roof surface with the nondimensional local flame thickness. Finally, suggestions regarding PV installations on flat roofs and the selection of roofing materials are given to decrease the possibility of flame propagation underneath the PV arrays.
PEM‐Fuel Cell Catalyst Behavior between Room Temperature and Freezing Point
Authors: Kunkel R. , Baumann N. , Jurzinsky T. , Cremers C.
Published: July 2019

An increasing use of fuel cell electric vehicles involves the need to understand their behavior at low ambient temperatures as well as under cold‐start conditions. Here commercial 60 wt.% Pt/C catalyst (HiSPEC9100) was studied in the temperature range 0–20 °C using rotating disc electrode (RDE) setup and single cell inside a climate chamber. RDE measurements of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity revealed decreasing activity with lower temperatures as well as activation energies and reaction mechanisms comparable to high temperature studies. Catalyst degradation was significantly lower at lower temperatures, which was confirmed by CO stripping. The increase of the specific ORR activity after degradation measurements is discussed in terms of morphological changes of the Pt particles. Single cell tests confirmed significant performance reduction at lower temperatures. Furthermore, measurements at different power densities were conducted to evaluate heating and flooding effects.
Effect of chronic disease self‐management program on the quality of life of HIV‐infected men who have sex with men: An empirical study in Shanghai, China
Authors: Zhang Peng , Gao Jing , Wang Yanmei , Sun Qiao , Sun Xiaoming
Published: July 2019

Objectives

The HIV/AIDS epidemic rages on in China, particularly among men who have sex with men (MSM). MSM with HIV/AIDS also tend to have poorer quality of life than other members of the population. A major contributor to these issues is the huge gap between the increasing demand of MSM for medical services and the availability of such services; their current needs cannot be met only with the services of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The aim of the present study was to examine the quality of life of MSM with HIV/AIDS in Shanghai, as well as determine whether it is influenced by chronic disease self‐management (CDSM).

Methods

We conducted a pre‐post study to evaluate the effect of CDSM on participants' quality of life. Four hundred twenty participants were assigned to either the CDSM group (n = 210) or the control group (n = 210). We collected data on quality of life (using the Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey [MOS‐HIV]) and various psychological and behavioral variables via interviewer‐administered questionnaires.

Results

The physical and mental health summary scores of the MOS‐HIV were 53.7 and 49.9, respectively. The CDSM group showed a significant improvement in quality of life and a significant decrease in the proportion of participants with anxiety symptoms (from 38.6% to 22.6%). Furthermore, the frequency of condom use increased from 43.3% to 47.3%.

Conclusion

MSM with HIV generally had low quality of life in Shanghai. The CDSM program might help promote the quality of life of MSM while helping them practice healthy behaviors.
Protective effect of betulinic acid on Freund's complete adjuvant‐induced arthritis in rats
Authors: Huimin Ding , Hui Chen , Guowei Shen , Shouyun Xiao , Junyang Peng , Juncheng Wei
Published: July 2019

The purpose of the experiment was to study the effects of betulinic acid (BA) on adjuvant‐induced arthritis in rats. The rat model of rheumatoid arthritis (AA) was established by Freund's complete adjuvant. Arthritis index, joint pathology, toe swelling, hemorheology, related cytokines and ROCK/NF‐κB signaling pathway were measured in rats. BA can significantly inhibit the arthritis index, improve joint pathology, reduce toe swelling, improve blood rheology, improve synovial cell apoptosis, and restore related cytokine negative regulation of ROCK/NF‐κB signaling pathways. BA has an obvious therapeutic effect on joint inflammation of toes in AA model rats, which may be due to the regulation of ROCK/NF‐κB signaling pathway.
Accounting for human capital: Implications of automation and operational performance
Authors: McCoy Nicole R. , Phillips Brandis , Stewart Alice C.
Published: July 2019

As automation evolves, human capital becomes a firm's strategic asset. Using resource‐based theory, we discuss the importance of maintaining human capital with superior skills as a means to sustain a competitive and how to value human capital as a strategic asset. As we do not propose a new accounting regulation, we suggest metrics that may be used to assess the value of strategic human assets.
Reversing the Placebo: Performance‐Branded Experiences Can Undermine Consumer Performance
Authors: Banker Sachin , Gosline Renée Richardson , Lee Jeffrey K.
Published: July 2019

Products bearing premium brand labels are known to increase perceptions of efficacy and improve objective consumer performance relative to lesser‐branded equivalents, in what is traditionally described as a marketing placebo effect. In this paper, we suggest that experiences bearing these highly regarded brand labels can lead to a reverse effect, such that consumer performance actually declines with their use. Our findings demonstrate across domains of improving mental acuity, learning a new language, and developing financial analysis skills that completing performance‐branded training experiences impairs objective performance in related tasks, relative to lower‐performance‐branded or unbranded counterparts. We posit that branded training experiences can evoke a brand‐as‐master relationship in which consumers take on a subservient role relative to the brand. As a consequence, higher‐performance brands may impose greater demands upon consumers, increasing performance‐anxiety and interfering with an individual's ability to perform effectively. These results document an important ramification of applying branding to learning experiences and identify contexts in which traditionally positive marketing actions can backfire for consumers.
Undiagnosed inferior vena cava type of sinus venosus atrial septal defect in a middle‐aged woman: A rare case report
Authors: Ghaemian Ali , Nabati Maryam , Shokri Mojtaba
Published: July 2019

Sinus venosus atrial septal defect (ASD) accounts for 5% to 10% of ASDs. In contrast with the more common superior vena cava (SVC) type, the inferior vena cava (IVC) type of sinus venosus ASD with overriding IVC is extremely rare. The sinus venosus defect occur posterior to the fossa ovalis and is not regarded as true ASD. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a diagnostic procedure of choice due to close proximity of atrial septum to TEE transducer. However; it may not constantly yield detailed anatomical and functional characterization, and other imaging modalities such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be needed. We report the case of a 45‐year‐old woman with an undiagnosed hemodynamically significant IVC‐type ASD without any anomalous drainage of pulmonary veins, who presented with progressive dyspnea.
Corruption and Economic Growth: Some New Empirical Evidence from a Global Sample
Authors: Sharma Chandan , Mitra Arup
Published: July 2019

This paper assesses the impact of corruption control and regulation quality on growth across countries over the period 1996 through 2015. After dealing with the possible endogeneity problem through the dynamic panel data models, our findings are suggestive of the positive effects of corruption control. Thus, our analysis tends to support the ‘sand the wheels' view at the aggregate level as well as for lower and lower–middle‐income countries. Similar results are also obtained for regulation quality. However, contrary to the theoretical arguments, the joint effect of regulation and corruption does not seem to be significant empirically for countries from any of the income groups. Evidence is also indicative of a positive effect on trade across countries from all income groups. Although our results failed to support the natural resource curse hypothesis, countries with efficient institutions and low level of corruption are not seen to experience any resource curse. Finally, policy implications of these findings are brought out. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activated PPARβ/δ Protects Pancreatic β Cells in Type 2 Diabetic Goto–Kakizaki Rats from Lipoapoptosis via GPR40
Authors: Li Juan , Xu Shishi , Liu Yuqi , Yan Zhe , Zhang Fang , Lv Qingguo , Tong Nanwei
Published: July 2019

GW501516‐activated peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ and G‐protein‐coupled receptor (GPR) 40 were shown to protect pancreatic β cells against lipoapoptosis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether activated PPARβ/δ could protect type 2 diabetic rats from lipoapoptosis through regulation of GPR40 and to compare the protective effects of activated PPARβ/δ and PPARγ. We made an animal model of type 2 diabetic lipoapoptosis by feeding spontaneously type 2 diabetic Goto–Kakizaki (GK) rats with a high‐fat diet (HFD) to evaluate the effects of PPARβ/δ on islet β cell apoptosis. And, treated INS‐1 cells with 0.5 mM palmitate (PAM) in the absence/presence of GW501516 (a specific agonist of PPAR β/δ) and with/without transfection of GPR40 siRNA to explore the underlying molecular mechanism. HFD aggravated GK rats' poorer INSR30, lower mass, greater apoptosis of β cells, lower mass, and lower expression of GPR40, which were similarly improved by GW501516 at 3 or 6 mg/kg day and pioglitazone. Compared with pioglitazone, GW501516 caused more weight loss and had no effect on insulin resistance. GW501516 protected INS‐1 cells from PAM‐induced apoptosis by upregulating GPR40 and activating Akt/Bcl‐2/caspase‐3. Activated extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) was relevant to the lipoapoptosis in INS‐1 cells, but was not involved in the antilipoapoptotic effect of GW501516. These results showed that the PPARβ/δ agonist GW501516 protected β cells from lipoapoptosis and improved β cell mass by upregulating GPR40 and activating the Akt/Bcl‐2/caspase‐3 pathway, but not the ERK‐signaling pathway.
Microstructural Analyses of Biaxially Oriented Polylactide/Modified Thermoplastic Starch Film with Drastic Improvement in Toughness
Authors: Jariyasakoolroj Piyawanee , Tashiro Kohji , Chinsirikul Wannee , Kerddonfag Noppadon , Chirachanchai Suwabun
Published: July 2019

This study presents microstructural regularization of biaxially oriented polylactide blended with a silane‐modified thermoplastic starch (BO‐PLA/mTPS) film, traced by X‐ray diffraction and scattering, and differential scanning calorimetry techniques. Interfacial adhesion improvement of mTPS favors PLA crystallization, and produces a large δ‐crystal (100–150 nm) with isotropic orientation when combining with BO stretching. High draw ratio (5 × 5), and BO stretching rate (75 mm s−1) lead to tight packing of PLA lamellae in both BO‐PLA/TPS and BO‐PLA/mTPS films, resulting in drastic toughness improvement (i.e., fivefold increases of Young's modulus and tensile strength, and threefold increase of elongation, as compared to those of the films without the BO process) with significantly decreased water absorption. However, the effect of reactive compatibility by mTPS on mechanical and water barrier properties is hindered by the BO process in which the VH‐type patterns of TPS and mTPS are unclearly present, overlapped with (203) diffraction plane of PLA crystal, especially applying fast stretching.
Development of a Self‐Assembled Peptide/Methylcellulose‐Based Bioink for 3D Bioprinting
Authors: Cofiño Carla , Perez‐Amodio Soledad , Semino Carlos E. , Engel Elisabeth , Mateos‐Timoneda Miguel A.
Published: July 2019

The introduction of 3D bioprinting to fabricate living constructs with tailored architecture has provided a new paradigm for biofabrication, with the potential to overcome several drawbacks of conventional scaffold‐based tissue regeneration strategies. Hydrogel‐based materials are suitable candidates regarding cell biocompatibility but often display poor mechanical properties. Self‐assembling peptides are a promising source of biomaterials to be used as 3D scaffolds based on their similarity to extracellular matrices (structurally and mechanically). In this study, an advanced bioink for biofabrication is presented based on the optimization of a RAD16‐I‐based biomaterial. The strategy followed to build 3D predefined structures by 3D printing is based on an enhancement of bioink viscosity by adding methylcellulose (MC) to a RAD16‐I solution. The resultant constructs display high shape fidelity and stability and embedded human mesenchymal stem cells present high viability after 7 days of culture. Moreover, cells are also able to differentiate to the adipogenic lineage, suggesting the suitability of this novel biomaterial for soft tissue engineering applications.
A FEM‐based virtual test‐rig for hybrid metal‐composites clinching joints
Authors: Dean A. , Rolfes R. , Grbic N. , Hübner S. , Behrens B.
Published: July 2019

A 3D FEM‐based virtual test‐rig tool for the hybrid metal‐composites clinching technology is developed and built in the commercial finite element software Abaqus. The proposed tool consists of two modules: a module to simulate the hybrid clinching process and another to predict the strength of the clinched joints. At first, experimental results concerning the hybrid metal‐composites (EN AW‐5754‐PA6GF30) clinching are presented. Then, the developed virtual tool is described in detail outlining the constitutive models implemented for the hybrid pairing sheets as well as illustrating the proposed FE numerical procedures. Later, the developed tool is applied to the hybrid pairing EN AW‐5754‐PA6GF30. In comparison to the conducted experiments, the simulation results obtained show the applicability and accuracy of the developed virtual testing tool.
The Evolution of Quality of Life After Subthalamic Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Büttner Charlotte , Maack Marike , Janitzky Kathrin , Witt Karsten
Published: July 2019

Background

Several studies examined the influence of subthalamic nucleus–deep brain stimulation (STN‐DBS) on quality of life (QoL) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it is unclear whether this effect differs between age groups and disease durations and whether it stays consistent over time.

Objectives

We assessed the influence of stimulation duration, disease duration, and age at surgery on QoL after STN‐DBS.

Methods

We systematically searched for studies reporting the results of the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire 39 or 8. Studies were included if they investigated the time passed since STN‐DBS or if their study cohort fell into the range of one of the following age groups: younger than 60 years or between 60 and 70 years. For each condition, a standardized mean difference meta‐analysis was performed. Furthermore, all studies were categorized into short or long disease duration at surgery using a median split.

Results

A total of 23 studies reporting the cumulative outcome of 76 to 802 PD patients were included in this analysis. The results demonstrate a substantial improvement of QoL after DBS that remains stable over 36 months. QoL falls to preoperative scores 60 months after surgery. However, only 3 studies could be included in this analysis. Both younger and older PD patients profit in QoL from STN‐DBS, independent of the disease duration.

Conclusions

The results of this analysis show an impressive improvement in QoL after STN‐DBS, with a loss of QoL 60 months after DBS surgery. This highlights the need to explore the factors influencing QoL after STN‐DBS to prevent or delay a decline in QoL.
Low‐Protein Diets with Fixed Carbohydrate Content Promote Hyperphagia and Sympathetically Mediated Increase in Energy Expenditure
Authors: Zapata Rizaldy C. , Singh Arashdeep , Pezeshki Adel , Avirineni Bharath S. , Patra Souvik , Chelikani Prasanth K.
Published: July 2019

Scope

Dietary protein restriction elicits hyperphagia and increases energy expenditure; however, less is known of whether these responses are a consequence of increasing carbohydrate content. The effects of protein‐diluted diets with fixed carbohydrate content on energy balance, hormones, and key markers of protein sensing and thermogenesis in tissues are determined.

Methods and results

Obesity‐prone rats (n = 13–16 per group) are randomized to diets containing fixed carbohydrate (52% calories) and varying protein concentrations: 15% (control), 10% (mild protein restriction), 5% (moderate protein restriction) or 1% (severe protein restriction) protein calories, or protein‐matched to 5% protein, for 21 days. Propranolol and ondansetron are administered to interrogate the roles of sympathetic and serotonergic systems, respectively, in diet‐induced changes in energy expenditure. It is found that mild‐to‐moderate protein restriction promotes transient hyperphagia, whereas severe protein restriction induces hypophagia, with alterations in meal patterns. Protein restriction enhances energy expenditure that is partly attenuated by propranolol, but not ondansetron. Moderate to severe protein restriction decreases gains in body weight, lean and fat mass, decreased postprandial glucose and leptin, but increased fibroblast growth factor‐21 concentrations. Protein‐matching retains lean mass suggesting that intake of dietary protein, but not calories, is important for preserving lean mass. Notably, protein restriction increases the protein and/or transcript abundance of key amino acid sensing molecules in liver and intestine (PERK, eIF2α, ATF2, CHOP, 4EBP1, FGF21), and upregulated thermogenic markers (β2AR, Klotho, HADH, UCP‐1) in brown adipose tissue.

Conclusion

Low‐protein diets promote hyperphagia and sympathetically mediated increase in energy expenditure, prevent gains in tissue reserves, and concurrently upregulate hepatic and intestinal amino acid sensing intermediaries and thermogenic markers in brown adipose tissue.
Viral vector delivery of follistatin enhances recovery of reinnervated muscle
Authors: Isaacs Jonathan , Feger Mark A. , Mallu Satya , Yager Dorne , Shall Mary , Patel Gaurangkumar , Protzuk Omar , Graham Lindsay
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Poor recovery following nerve repair is due to progressive temporal loss of muscle function. Follistatin (FS), a glycoprotein with anabolic properties, may enhance muscle recovery following reinnervation.

Methods

Seventy‐two male Sprague–Dawley rats underwent temporary (3 or 6 month) denervation or sham denervation. After reinnervation, rats were administered adeno‐associated viral vectors expressing FS deoxyribonucleic acid (isoform FS‐317) injected into the target muscle or sham treatment. Final assessment included muscle function testing, muscle histomorphology, nerve histomorphology, and FS protein quantification.

Results

FS improved muscle mass and type IIB muscle fiber size, and increased G‐ratios and mean axon diameter in the 6‐month temporary denervation group (P < .05). Elevated FS protein levels were detected in treated muscle (P < .05). FS increased satellite cell counts following temporary denervation and repair (P < .05).

Discussion

FS treatment had anabolic, neurotrophic, and satellite cell stimulatory effects when administered following prolonged (6‐month) temporary denervation and repair.
Towards multiobjective optimization and control of smart grids
Authors: Sauerteig Philipp , Worthmann Karl
Published: July 2019

The rapid uptake of renewable energy sources in the electricity grid leads to a demand in load shaping and flexibility. Energy storage devices such as batteries are a key element to provide solutions to these tasks. However, typically, a trade‐off between the performance‐related goal of load shaping and the objective of having flexibility in store for auxiliary services, which is, for example, linked to robustness and resilience of the grid, can be observed. We propose to make use of the concept of Pareto optimality in order to resolve this issue in a multiobjective framework. In particular, we analyze the Pareto frontier and quantify the trade‐off between the nonaligned objectives to properly balance them.
A fully solar‐powered quadcopter able to achieve controlled flight out of the ground effect
Authors: Goh Chong Swee , Kuan Jun Ren , Yeo Jun Han , Teo Brian Shohei , Danner Aaron
Published: July 2019

The design and performance of a remote‐controlled quadcopter capable of 100% solar‐powered flight out of the ground effect is fully described. This achievement of solar‐only flight out of the ground effect in a rotorcraft has been a key engineering challenge in aviation, given the need to provide enough available onboard surface area for the solar cells and adequate structural rigidity of the quadcopter frame necessary for stable flight while simultaneously being light enough so that there is enough excess thrust to be able to lift its own weight. The fully solar‐powered quadcopter described in this report has successfully achieved flight under conditions of 882 W/m2, at an altitude greater than 10 m and a maximum timed duration of 1 minute 38 seconds, with no battery or other onboard energy storage. This achievement serves as a proof of principle that 100% solar powered flight out of the ground effect can be achieved in controlled flight. In practice, the aircraft is somewhat fragile due to its extremely light weight, unpackaged monocrystalline silicon solar cells, and large surface area.
Treatment of personality pathology through the lens of the hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology: Developing a research agenda
Authors: Mullins‐Sweatt Stephanie N. , Hopwood Christopher J. , Chmielewski Michael , Meyer Neil A. , Min Jiwon , Helle Ashley C. , Walgren Maggie D.
Published: July 2019

Despite the emphasis on evidence‐based treatment for psychological disorders, to date, there has been limited research examining treatment for nine of the 10 categorical personality disorders in DSM‐5 Section 2. This is perhaps not surprising given the complex heterogeneity and co‐morbidity within personality pathology. The hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP) was proposed to address limitations within the traditional categorical model of the diagnostic system. Within this system are five spectra: detachment, antagonistic externalizing, disinhibited externalizing, thought disorder and internalizing. These foundational personality traits potentially have direct and specific treatment implications. The purpose of this paper is to highlight potential psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatment recommendations within the personality spectra. Additionally, we outline the advantages of considering the personality science found within dimensional models of psychopathology in clinical assessment and intervention to aid in treatment planning. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Early‐ and Late‐Stage Serous Ovarian Cancer Tissue Reveals Stage‐Specific N‐Glycans
Authors: Briggs Matthew T. , Condina Mark R. , Ho Yin Ying , Everest‐Dass Arun V. , Mittal Parul , Kaur Gurjeet , Oehler Martin K. , Packer Nicolle H. , Hoffmann Peter
Published: July 2019

Epithelial ovarian cancer is one of the most fatal gynecological malignancies in adult women. As studies on protein N‐glycosylation have extensively reported aberrant patterns in the ovarian cancer tumor microenvironment, obtaining spatial information will uncover tumor‐specific N‐glycan alterations in ovarian cancer development and progression. matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is employed to investigate N‐glycan distribution on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded ovarian cancer tissue sections from early‐ and late‐stage patients. Tumor‐specific N‐glycans are identified and structurally characterized by porous graphitized carbon‐liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry (PGC‐LC‐ESI‐MS/MS), and then assigned to high‐resolution images obtained from MALDI‐MSI. Spatial distribution of 14 N‐glycans is obtained by MALDI‐MSI and 42 N‐glycans (including structural and compositional isomers) identified and structurally characterized by LC‐MS. The spatial distribution of oligomannose, complex neutral, bisecting, and sialylated N‐glycan families are localized to the tumor regions of late‐stage ovarian cancer patients relative to early‐stage patients. Potential N‐glycan diagnostic markers that emerge include the oligomannose structure, (Hex)6 + (Man)3(GlcNAc)2, and the complex neutral structure, (Hex)2 (HexNAc)2 (Deoxyhexose)1 + (Man)3(GlcNAc)2. The distribution of these markers is evaluated using a tissue microarray of early‐ and late‐stage patients.
Charge Influence on the Nitrogen Molecule Adsorption in Porous Silicon: An Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Study
Authors: Barrita Lilia P. , Raga Micaela J. , Wang Chumin
Published: July 2019

A first‐principles study on the adsorption of nitrogen atom (N), nitrogen molecule (N2), and nitrogen oxides into the hydrogen‐passivated surface of porous silicon (PSi) is presented. This study is conducted within the Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics (MD) framework based on the density functional theory and using a parallelized code developed for the plane‐wave basis with pseudopotentials. The MD results reveal the chemisorption of N atom and of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), in contrast to no permanent bonding found for the N2, nitric oxide (NO), and nitrous oxide (N2O) cases. For the latter, a study of the electric charge effects on the kinetics and chemisorption is performed. The lattice vibrational modes and infrared (IR) absorption spectra are further calculated by means of the density functional perturbation theory. The difference between IR spectra obtained from PSi with and without the adsorbed N2O molecule reveals its IR‐active modes, which are compared with measured vibrational frequencies of gaseous N2O.
Robustness of response surface designs to missing data
Authors: Alrweili Hleil , Georgiou Stelios , Stylianou Stella
Published: July 2019

In this paper, minimax loss response surface designs are constructed. These designs are more robust to one missing design point than the original designs. The proposed designs are compared with the designs in the literature, and they are better in terms of loss and number of runs. Moreover, the new suggestion for the value ofαgenerates designs not only with less losses but also with higher D‐efficiency.
Determinants of discounts in equity rights issues: An international comparison
Authors: Bobenhausen Nils , Breuer Wolfgang , Salzmann Astrid
Published: July 2019

Equity rights offerings are the predominant SEO flotation method in many European and Asian countries. Several previous studies focus on rights offerings, but these studies often measure solely the announcement effects of these offerings and pay little attention to the discount. This study seeks to close this gap, explain the discounts on such rights offerings, and determine the drivers of offering discounts with a focus on cultural effects regarding the level of uncertainty avoidance. Based on the existing literature, we develop several hypotheses and find supporting evidence for these hypotheses in our data. Our main finding is that the most important factors for explaining the discount on an equity rights offer are the level of uncertainty avoidance, the quality of a firm, and the level of uncertainty about firm value.
Membrane Tension–Mediated Growth of Liposomes
Authors: Deshpande Siddharth , Wunnava Sreekar , Hueting David , Dekker Cees
Published: July 2019

Recent years have seen a tremendous interest in the bottom‐up reconstitution of minimal biomolecular systems, with the ultimate aim of creating an autonomous synthetic cell. One of the universal features of living systems is cell growth, where the cell membrane expands through the incorporation of newly synthesized lipid molecules. Here, the gradual tension‐mediated growth of cell‐sized (≈10 µm) giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) is demonstrated, to which nanometer‐sized (≈30 nm) small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) are provided, that act as a lipid source. By putting tension on the GUV membranes through a transmembrane osmotic pressure, SUV–GUV fusion events are promoted and substantial growth of the GUV is caused, even up to doubling its volume. Thus, experimental evidence is provided that membrane tension alone is sufficient to bring about membrane fusion and growth is demonstrated for both pure phospholipid liposomes and for hybrid vesicles with a mixture of phospholipids and fatty acids. The results show that growth of liposomes can be realized in a protein‐free minimal system, which may find useful applications in achieving autonomous synthetic cells that are capable of undergoing a continuous growth–division cycle.
Precast versus cast in‐situ concrete in the construction of post‐tensioned box‐girder bridges: Span effect
Authors: Haider Muhammad A. , Batikha Mustafa , Elhag Taha
Published: July 2019

In this research, the effect of span and construction method on the designed cross section, construction time, and cost of box‐girder bridges has been explored. Two types of construction techniques used in bridges were investigated and compared: cast in‐situ post‐tensioned concrete and precast segmental bridge. To satisfy the aim of this work, the structural design was analyzed for different span lengths (40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 m) to evaluate the designed depth and required prestressing strands, and then design outcomes were utilized in estimating the construction duration and cost of cast in‐situ and precast segmental construction methods. Furthermore, the research has been extended to identify the impact of construction duration on the total cost of studied bridges. This investigation shows that the cost of a box‐girder bridge is affected by the span and the construction method where the precast segmental way was found to be less expensive.
Predicting crack widths in FRC/reinforced concrete members using small deformation post‐crack parameters
Authors: Bernard Erik Stefan
Published: July 2019

Fibers are now accepted as a means of reducing flexural and direct tension crack widths when used in combination with conventional reinforcement. However, methods used to predict in‐service crack widths incorporate performance parameters for fiber‐reinforced concrete (FRC) measured at much wider crack widths than those that occur in service. This may result in a discrepancy between tests and in‐service behavior, especially for FRC mixtures exhibiting rapidly changing performance immediately after cracking. This investigation has examined whether the crack width at which FRC performance is measured in standard beam tests has an influence on the accuracy of crack width predictions using Model Code 2010, and whether these predictions are realistic for a wide range of fiber types. The results indicate that predictions based on post‐crack residual strength appear reasonable for a wide range of fiber types, but that accuracy is improved if post‐crack performance is assessed at a crack width that more closely approximates the narrow widths that occur in service.