bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One‐Year Tensile Bond Strengths of Two Self‐Etching Primers to Bovine Enamel
Authors: MIGUEZ PATRICIA A. , PEREIRA PATRICIA N.R. , SWIFT EDWARD J.
Published: October 2006

Purpose::

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the enamel bond strengths of two self‐etching primer systems and a total‐etch self‐priming adhesive system at 24 hours and after a 1‐year period of storage in water at 37°C.

Materials and Methods:

An experimental self‐etching priming system (ABF, Kuraray Medical, Tokyo, Japan), Clearfil™ SE Bond (Kuraray), and One‐Step® (Bisco, Schaumburg, IL, USA) were used as the adhesive systems. Eleven bovine incisors stored frozen were ground with 600‐grit SiC paper, bonded as recommended by the manufacturers, and restored with Clearfil™ AP‐X (Kuraray) or Renew® (Bisco). After 24 hours in water at 37°C, the teeth were sectioned into 0.7 mm‐thick slabs that were trimmed and tested for microtensile bond strength using a tabletop tester (EZ test, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Alternate slices were either tested at 24 hours or kept in an incubator at 37°C for 1 year prior to testing. The data were analyzed using paired t‐test (p < .05).

Results:

Differences in bond strengths were not significant at 24 hours. After 1 year, ABF and Clearfilk SE Bond had significantly higher mean bond strengths than at 24 hours (p < .001).

Conclusions: Enamel bond strengths of the total‐etch two‐step adhesive remained stable, and the bond strengths of the two self‐etching primer systems increased with time.
Wear Resistance of Packable Resin Composites after Simulated Toothbrushing Test
Authors: WANG LINDA , GARCIA FERNANDA CRISTINA PIMENTEL , DE ARAÚJO PAULO AMARANTE , FRANCO EDUARDO BATISTA , MONDELLI RAFAEL FRANCISCO LIA
Published: October 2006

Purpose::

The purpose of this study was to determine the wear resistance of five different packable composites versus two different composite controls using a laboratory toothbrushing simulation test.

Materials and Methods:

Twelve samples measuring 5 mm in diameter and 3 mm thick were prepared from the following resin composites: Packable resin composites SureFil® (Dentsply Ind. Com. Ltda, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Alert® (Jeneric Pentron Incorporated, Wallingford, CT, USA), Filtek P60™ (3M ESPE Dental Products, St. Paul, MN, USA), Prodigy Condensable® (sds Kerr, Orange CA, USA), Solitaire® (Heraeus Kulzer GmbH, Wehrheim, Germany), and control resin composites Z100 Restorative™ (3M ESPE) and Silux Plus™ (3M ESPE). Finishing and polishing were conducted with Sof‐Lex™ disks (3M ESPE), and baseline weight (grams) and surface roughness (measured with Hommel Tester® T 1000, Hommelwerke, GmbH, Alte Tuttinger Strebe 20. D‐7730 VS‐Schwenningen, Germany) were recorded. Specimens were aged for 2 weeks until they reached a weight that remained constant for 5 consecutive days, and then were subjected to 100,000 cycles of brushing (representative of 4.2 yr) using a toothbrushing testing machine. Toothbrush heads with soft bristle tips (Colgate Classic™, Colgate‐Palmolive Co., Osasco, São Paulo, Brazil) with dentifrice suspension (Colgate MFP™, Colgate‐Palmolive Co.) in deionized water were used under a 200 g load. Changes in weight and surface roughness were determined after toothbrushing cycles.

Results:

Significant differences of weight loss and surface roughness were found (pairedt‐test,p< .05). Weight loss percentage (mean [SD]) ranged from 0.38 to 1.69% (analysis of variance and Tukey's least significant difference,p< .05); the weight loss of the materials ranked from least to most as follows: SureFil (0.38 [0.56]), Alert (0.52 [0.18]), Z100 (1.16 [0.27]), Filtek P60 (1.31 [0.17]), Solitaire (1.51 [0.45]), Prodigy Condensable (1.55 [0.47]), and Silux Plus (1.69 [0.66]). Regarding surface roughness, Prodigy Condensable (0.19 [0.08]), Solitaire (0.28 [0.06]), and Z100 (0.30 [0.07]) became less rough after toothbrushing, whereas all the others were rendered rougher: Alert (0.49 [0.29]), Filtek P60 (0.28 [0.08]), Silux Plus (0.39 [0.09]), and SureFil (0.81 [0.32]).

Conclusion:

SureFil and Alert were statistically more resistant to wear (less weight loss) than were the other materials. SureFil became significantly rougher than did all the others.
Chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced or recurrent olfactory neuroblastoma
Authors: YOH Kiyotaka , TAHARA Makoto , KAWADA Kenji , MUKAI Hirofumi , NAKATA Masanobu , ITOH Kuniaki , KAWASHIMA Mitsuhiko , NISHIMURA Hideki , HAYASHI Ryuichi , OGINO Takashi , MINAMI Hironobu
Published: October 2006

Background:  Olfactory neuroblastoma is a rare sino‐nasal tumor arising from the olfactory epithelium and is often characterized by local invasion or metastasis. The role of chemotherapy in the treatment of this tumor is unclear. The purpose of this study was to review our institution’s experience of chemotherapy for advanced or recurrent olfactory neuroblastoma.

Methods:  Twenty‐one patients with histologically proven olfactory neuroblastoma were treated at our institution between 1992 and 2002. Twelve of these patients received chemotherapy in the setting of unresectable or recurrent disease and were retrospectively reviewed for clinical characteristics, treatment outcome or survival.

Results:  Eight patients of the 12 patients received cisplatin‐based chemotherapy and the remaining four patients received chemotherapy consisting of docetaxel plus irinotecan (three patients) or cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine (1 patient). A partial response was achieved in five patients, with an overall response rate of 42%, although the chemotherapeutic regimens were heterogeneous. Two partial responses were obtained among the three patients who received docetaxel plus irinotecan. The response rate to chemotherapy was 83% in the younger age group (<40 years), as opposed to 0% in the older age group (≥40 years), and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.02).

Conclusion:  Our study indicated that olfactory neuroblastoma would be sensitive to chemotherapy, especially with young patients. Docetaxel plus irinotecan has the possibility of showing favorable response, and warrants further investigation.
RADIO FREQUENCY PULSE APPLICATION FOR HEATING UNIFORMITY IN POSTHARVEST CODLING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) CONTROL OF FRESH APPLES (MALUS DOMESTICA BORKH.)
Authors: HANSEN J.D. , DRAKE S.R. , WATKINS M.A. , HEIDT M.L. , ANDERSON P.A. , TANG J.
Published: October 2006

A radio frequency (RF) treatment, with a pulse mode to increase heating uniformity, was examined as a potential quarantine treatment against fifth instars of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in apples, Malus sylvestris L. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf., intended for export to Japan. Apples were exposed in water baths to 27.12‐MHz RF energy at 12 kW with a pulse mode of 30 s‐on/30 s‐off for different durations. The temperature uniformity was determined by measurements at 12 sites evenly spaced at two depths in the fruit. The most promising exposure time was 29 min. The efficacy of the treatment with the pulse mode was examined against the codling moth larvae by using exposures between 27 and 30 min and up to 30 min of holding time in bath after treatment. The treatment that killed all larvae with the least amount of energy was the 29‐min exposure with 50‐min holding time. This treatment was appraised for fruit quality in “Delicious” apples. Some injury was observed when treated fruits were removed from 1C storage after 30 days. When these fruits were held at 25C for 1 week, all were too damaged to evaluate for fruit quality. Although pulse mode increased heating uniformity in the fruit, the thermal requirements to control codling moth larvae may exceed the injury threshold of the fruits.
DNA ANALYSIS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF FOOD‐ASSOCIATED FOREIGN SUBSTANCES
Authors: IIJIMA KAZUMARU , SUZUKI KOJI , OZAKI KAZUTAKA , KURIYAMA HIDETOSHI , KITAGAWA YASUSHI , YAMASHITA HIROSHI
Published: October 2006

To identify food‐associated foreign substances, a DNA analysis consisting of 18S rDNA sequencing and homology search analysis has been developed. In this method, we designed universal primer pairs for specific amplification of animal and plant 18S rDNA and constructed an original DNA database storing partial 18S rDNA sequences of 222 organisms commonly used for culinary purposes. In the model experiments, food materials were successfully identified, indicating that our DNA analysis method can be practically applied to the identification of food‐associated foreign substances. It is also expected that this method complements conventional morphological and compositional analysis, leading to more accurate and reliable identification of food‐associated foreign substances.
The Morality of Killing Human Embryos
Authors: Steinbock Bonnie
Published: October 2006

Embryonic stem cell research is morally and politically controversial because the process of deriving the embryonic stem (ES) cells kills embryos. If embryos are, as some would claim, human beings like you and me, then ES cell research is clearly impermissible. If, on the other hand, the blastocysts from which embryonic stem cells are derived are not yet human beings, but rather microscopic balls of undifferentiated cells, as others maintain, then ES cell research is probably morally permissible. Whether the research can be justified depends on such issues as its cost, chance of success, and numbers likely to benefit. But this is an issue for any research project, not just ES cell research. What makes the debate over ES cell research controversial is that it, like the debate over abortion, raises “questions that politicians cannot settle: when does human life begin, and what is the moral status of the human embryo?” This paper looks at several theories of moral status and their implications for embryo research.
Transforming Public Health Law: The Turning Point Model State Public Health Act
Authors: Hodge James G. , Gostin Lawrence O. , Gebbie Kristine , Erickson Deborah L.
Published: October 2006

Protecting the public's health has recently regained prominence in political and public discussions. Threats of bioterrorism following September 11, 2001 and the deliberate dissemination of anthrax later that fall, the reemergence of novel or resurgent infectious diseases, (such as the West Nile Virus, SARS, influenza, avian flu) and rapid increases in diseases associated with sedentary lifestyles, poor diets, and smoking (e.g., heart disease, diabetes, cancer) have all raised the profile of public health. The U.S. government has responded with increased funding, reorganization, and new policies for the population's health, safety, and security. Politicians and the public more clearly understand the importance of law in improving the public's health. Recognizing that many public health laws have not been meaningfully reformed in decades, law- and policy-makers and public health practitioners have focused on the legal foundations for public health. Laws provide the mission, functions, and powers of public health agencies, set standards for their (and their partners’) actions, and safeguard individual rights.
Critique of the “tragic case” method in ethics education
Authors: Liaschenko J , Oguz N Y , Brunnquell D
Published: October 2006

It is time for the noon conference. Your job is to impart a career-changing experience in ethics to a group of students and interns gathered from four different schools with varying curriculums in ethics. They have just finished 1½ h of didactic sessions and lunch. One third of them were on call last night. Your first job is to keep them awake. The authors argue that this “tragic case” approach to ethics education is of limited value because it limits understanding of moral problems to dilemmas; negates the moral agency of the student; encourages solutions that are merely intellectual; and suggests that ethical encounters are a matter for experts. The authors propose an alternative that focuses on three issues: the provider-patient relationship, the relationships between providers in the everyday world of health work and, the social position of healthcare providers in society. In this approach, teachers are not experts but more like guides on a journey who help students to learn that much of ethical practice comprises living through difficult situations of caring for vulnerable others and who help students to navigate some of these difficulties.
Teaching to the converted: religious belief in the seminar room
Authors: Brassington I
Published: October 2006

It is not unknown for participants in discussions of ethics to prefix their claims with a profession of their religious faith—to say, for instance, “Well, I’m a Christian/Muslim/whatever, so I think that …”. Other participants in the debate may well worry about how to respond without the risk of giving offence or appearing ad hominem. Within a teaching environment, the worry may be even more acute. Nevertheless, it is suggested in this paper that such worries should not be allowed to impede debate; moreover, a teacher who let such prefixes pass without critique would be considered a poor teacher. In fact, a kind of duty for a teacher of ethics is to be contrary and to play the apostate.
Pressure‐Tuning Raman Spectra of Diiodine Thioamide Compounds: Models for Antithyroid Drug Activity
Authors: Corban Ghada J. , Antoniadis Constantinos , Hadjikakou Sotiris K. , Hadjiliadis Nick , Meng Jin-Fang , Butler Ian S.
Published: October 2006

The pressure‐tuning Raman spectra of five solid, diiodine heterocyclic thioamide compounds (mbztS)I2 (mbztS = N‐methyl‐2‐mercaptobenzothiazole) (1); (2); (pySH)I2 (pySH = 2‐mercaptopyridine) (3); (4); (thpm) or possibly (thpm = 2‐mercapto‐3,4,5,6‐tertahydropyrimidine (5) have been measured for pressures up to ∼50 kbar using a diamond‐anvil cell. Compounds 1, 4, and 5 undergo pressure‐induced phase transitions at ∼35, ∼25, and ∼32 kbar, respectively. Following the phase transition in 1, the pressure dependences of the vibrational modes, which were originally located at 84, 111, and 161 cm−1 and are associated with the S…I–Ilinkage, are 2.08, 1.78, and 0.57 cm−1/kbar, respectively. These pressure dependences are typical of low‐energy vibrations. The pressure‐tuning FT‐Raman results for the pairs of compounds 1, 2, 3, and 4 are remarkably similar to each other suggesting that the compounds are most probably perturbed diiodide compounds rather than ionic ones. The Raman data for 5 show that it is best formulated as rather than .
Navel Piercing as a Cause for Streptococcus viridans Endocarditis: Case Report, Review of the Literature and Implications for Antibiotic Prophylaxis
Authors: Barkan Daniel , Fanne Rami Abu , Elazari-Scheiman Anat , Maayan Shlomo , Beeri Ronen
Published: October 2006

We describe a case of Streptococcus viridans endocarditis in a 17-year-old female with congenital ventricular septal defect, that followed shortly after performing naval piercing. She was eventually treated with penicillin with complete recovery. We review other cases from the literature of piercing-associated endocarditis, and suggest that individuals at particularly high risk might be considered for antibiotic prophylaxis prior to such procedures.
The Annual Cycle, Intraseasonal Oscillations, and Roadblock to Seasonal Predictability of the Asian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Goswami B. N. , Wu Guoxiong , Yasunari T.
Published: October 2006

Factors responsible for limited predictability of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) are investigated within a conceptual framework for predictability. Predictability of the seasonal mean depends on the interannual variability (IAV) of the monsoon annual cycle (MAC) and is determined by relative contribution of the predictable “external” component of IAV compared to the unpredictable “internal” IAV. Contributions of slow processes such as those involving air–sea interactions associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) or local warm ocean–atmosphere interactions in generating IAV of the MAC are reviewed. Empirical evidence that these air–sea interactions modulate the MAC is presented. Estimates of internal IAV have been made from observations as well as atmospheric model simulations. In contrast to a large part of the Tropics where the summer climate is predictable, with the internal variability being much smaller than the external one, the limited predictability of the Asian monsoon appears to be due to the fact that the contribution from the external IAV over the region is relatively weak and comparable to that from internal IAV.

Cause for large internal IAV over the ASM region is investigated, and it is proposed that the internal IAV of the MAC is primarily due to interaction between the MAC and the summer intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs). Two mechanisms through which ISOs lead to internal IAV of the MAC are unraveled. The seasonal bias of the ISO anomalies can influence the seasonal mean if the spatial structure of the ISO has significant projection on that of the seasonal mean and if frequency of occurrence of positive and negative phases is unequal. Evidence supporting this is presented. In addition, it is demonstrated that the chaotic summer ISOs modulated by the annually varying forcing associated with the “slow annual cycle” can lead to IAV of the seasonal mean. Empirical evidence that IAV of ISO activity is related to IAV of the seasonal mean or MAC is also presented.

Thus, the Asian monsoon would remain a difficult system to predict. To exploit the predictable signal, however, it is imperative that systematic bias of the models is improved and the space–time structure of the summer ISOs is simulated accurately.
Evidence of Decadal Climate Prediction Skill Resulting from Changes in Anthropogenic Forcing
Authors: Lee Terry C. K. , Zwiers Francis W. , Zhang Xuebin , Tsao Min
Published: October 2006

It is argued that simulations of the twentieth century performed with coupled global climate models with specified historical changes in external radiative forcing can be interpreted as climate hindcasts. A simple Bayesian method for postprocessing such simulations is described, which produces probabilistic hindcasts of interdecadal temperature changes on large spatial scales. Hindcasts produced for the last two decades of the twentieth century are shown to be skillful. The suggestion that skillful decadal forecasts can be produced on large regional scales by exploiting the response to anthropogenic forcing provides additional evidence that anthropogenic change in the composition of the atmosphere has influenced the climate. In the absence of large negative volcanic forcing on the climate system (which cannot presently be forecast), it is predicted that the global mean temperature for the decade 2000–09 will lie above the 1970–99 normal with a probability of 0.94. The global mean temperature anomaly for this decade relative to 1970–99 is predicted to be 0.35°C with a 5%–95% confidence range of 0.21°–0.48°C.
Candide Shoots the Monkey Lovers
Authors: Bellhouse Mary L.
Published: October 2006

This essay analyzes a shift in racialized regimes of visual signification in French metropolitan culture during the long eighteenth century. The author explores two symbolically central figures—the dismembered black slave and the black rapist/lover who is “duly punished”—by undertaking an intertextual reading of two sets of illustrations of Voltaire's Candide (1759) designed by Moreau le Jeune. Separated by the French and Haitian Revolutions, Moreau's two sets of Candide illustrations (1787 and 1803) register an important shift in the French cultural imaginary. The figure of the maimed black male slave was put directly in circulation in French visual culture during the eighteenth century. In contrast, interracial sexuality remained “unrepresentable” in French visual culture throughout the century. By the time Haiti declared its independence (1804), this taboo was contravened by Moreau's metaphorical substitution of the figure of the monkey in 1803 to picture the black male as a bestial rapist.
Using heat pipe heat exchangers for reducing energy consumption of treating ventilation air in an operating theatre in a tropical climate: a simplified model
Authors: Yau Y H
Published: October 2006

This study applies the software package Transient Systems Simulation Program (TRNSYS), to estimate the air state and the energy consumption of a typical operating theatre located in a tropical building. For the simulation, typical meteorological year (TMY) data for the Kuala Lumpur area (Malaysia), and an operating theatre located in the University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) (Kuala Lumpur), are used. The current heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system for the operating theatre was found to be inherently energy-inefficient and could be improved with heat pipe heat exchangers (HPHXs). The impact on energy consumption of a custom-built air handler unit (AHU) was simulated with one or two 6-row HPHXs installed in the HVAC system, compared to a pre-cooling heat exchanger installed in the same system.

Based on this investigation, it is recommended that a double HPHX system (Plant C) be applied in tropical HVAC systems for the reduction of energy consumption and dehumidification enhancement.

Practical Applications: The analysis described in this paper enables necessarily comparison between possible HVAC system types on the year-round impact on energy consumption and dehumidification in an operating theatre located in a tropical area to be predicted before actual retrofitting is done to the space’s conditioning system. The results of this work could be used as a general guide for mechanical and electrical (M&E) engineers and researchers who are intending to apply HPHXs as ‘coolness’ recovery and dehumidification devices in HVAC systems operating in tropical countries, particularly, HVAC systems operating in hospital environments.
The influence of Reynolds Number and size effects on pressure loss factors of ductwork components
Authors: Koch P
Published: October 2006

Prior to the 1990s, pressure loss factors of ductwork components had almost invariably been quoted as single values, invariant with either size (diameter) or air speed (Reynolds Number). Unlike pipework components, where size has been known to be a factor for some time, with ductwork components there seemed to have been a tacit assumption that neither size nor velocity would affect the value of the non-dimensional pressure loss factor ζ. Enough data is now available for us to know that this assumption was false. The major part of this paper concerns analysis of experimentally obtained data of the European Report (1992)1 and, where appropriate, comparison with other data. The components analysed are shown in Figure 1.

Pressure loss factor ζ is defined by the relationship:

[ILLEGIBLE]

Practical application: This paper places in the public domain the most pertinent data obtained from the European Research Project.1 It will be of particular use to authors of technical guides seeking to have more recently obtained research data. Although this distillation is naturally a considerable simplification of the original data, explanations are given as to why the author felt obliged to reject or massage some of the original data. Where there are misgivings and difficult judgements which had to be made, these are also recorded. Though the data as presented might be more detailed than most guide authors might require, this should be useful to computer software writers. Similarly those researchers using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software to model reality, will appreciate the detail. In terms of future research the paper shows where reliable results are now established. More importantly perhaps, it shows where there are still some elements of doubt, and a few pitfalls which the researchers of the European Report were not quite diligent enough to avoid.
Atherosclerotic vascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus and related disorders
Authors: Rosa JC La
Published: October 2006

Atherosclerosis is a common cause of death and disability, even in premenopausal women, in systemic lupus erythematosus. The additional risk in SLE (and other related disorders) cannot be explained by levels of “classic” risk factors. There is evidence that SLE itself, its effects on atherosclerosis risk factors and the effect of the drugs used to threat SLE may all play a role in accelerating atherosclerosis in SLE. Even though “classic” risk factors do not explain all of the vascular risk in SLE, it is still vitally important that they be vigorously treated.
Dynamic Response of Chiral Truss-core Assemblies
Authors: Spadoni A. , Ruzzene M. , Scarpa F.
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT: Periodic cellular configurations with negative Poisson's ratio have attracted the attention of several researchers because of their superior dynamic characteristics. Among the geometries with a negative Poisson's ratio, the chiral topology features localized deformed configurations when excited at one of its natural frequencies. This is of particular importance as resonance can be exploited to minimize the power required for the appearance of localized deformations, thus giving practicality to the concept. The particular nature of these deformed configurations and the authority provided by the chiral geometry suggest the application of the proposed structural configuration for the design of innovative lifting devices, such as helicopter rotor blades or airplane wings. The dynamic characteristics of chiral structures are here investigated through a numerical model and experimental investigations. The numerical formulation uses dynamic shape functions to accurately describe the behavior of the considered structural assembly over a wide frequency range. The model is used to predict frequency response functions, and to investigate the occurrence of localized deformations. Experimental tests are also performed to demonstrate the accuracy of the model and to illustrate the peculiarities of the behavior of the considered chiral structures.
Framing Rationale for the Iraq War
Authors: Christie Thomas B.
Published: October 2006

This study examines the initial US rationale given for the Iraq War using agenda-setting and agenda-building approaches and a model for understanding the interaction of public opinion with public policy and mass media agendas. To study these dynamics, the study examines two distinct periods of time, of high and low public support of the war (April–May 2003 and April–May 2004). A content analysis of White House briefings, two major national/international newspapers and a major television network's news coverage examines the key rationale for the Iraq War in mass media and policy agendas. Results show a relationship between the White House and media agendas on central issues of the war – terrorism, weapons of mass destruction and the assembly of a coalition to prosecute the war – during a period of high public support and not during a time of low public support. The model of agenda–opinion congruence may be useful in explaining these interactions in times of war or other national crises.
Gene Expression Profiling Reveals Reproducible Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Subtypes in Multiple Independent Patient Cohorts
Authors: Hayes D. Neil , Monti Stefano , Parmigiani Giovanni , Gilks C. Blake , Naoki Katsuhiko , Bhattacharjee Arindam , Socinski Mark A. , Perou Charles , Meyerson Matthew
Published: October 2006

Purpose

Published reports suggest that DNA microarrays identify clinically meaningful subtypes of lung adenocarcinomas not recognizable by other routine tests. This report is an investigation of the reproducibility of the reported tumor subtypes.

Methods

Three independent cohorts of patients with lung cancer were evaluated using a variety of DNA microarray assays. Using the integrative correlations method, a subset of genes was selected, the reliability of which was acceptable across the different DNA microarray platforms. Tumor subtypes were selected using consensus clustering and genes distinguishing subtypes were identified using the weighted difference statistic. Gene lists were compared across cohorts using centroids and gene set enrichment analysis.

Results

Cohorts of 31, 72, and 128 adenocarcinomas were generated for a total of 231 microarrays, each with 2,553 reliable genes. Three adenocarcinoma subtypes were identified in each cohort. These were named bronchioid, squamoid, and magnoid according to their respective correlations with gene expression patterns from histologically defined bronchioalveolar carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large-cell carcinoma. Tumor subtypes were distinguishable by many hundreds of genes, and lists generated in one cohort were predictive of tumor subtypes in the two other cohorts. Tumor subtypes correlated with clinically relevant covariates, including stage-specific survival and metastatic pattern. Most notably, bronchioid tumors were correlated with improved survival in early-stage disease, whereas squamoid tumors were associated with better survival in advanced disease.

Conclusion

DNA microarray analysis of lung adenocarcinomas identified reproducible tumor subtypes which differ significantly in clinically important behaviors such as stage-specific survival.
Mothers' Speech to Hearing‐Impaired Infants and Children With Cochlear Implants
Authors: Bergeson Tonya R. , Miller Rachel J. , McCune Kasi
Published: October 2006

This study investigated the effects of age, hearing loss, and cochlear implantation on mothers' speech to infants and children. We recorded normal‐hearing (NH) mothers speaking to their children as they typically would do at home and speaking to an adult experimenter. Nine infants (10–37 months) were hearing‐impaired and had used a cochlear implant (CI) for 3 to 18 months. Eighteen NH infants and children were matched either by chronological age (10–37 months) or hearing experience (3–18 months) to the CI children. Prosodic characteristics such as fundamental frequency, utterance duration, and pause duration were measured across utterances in the speech samples. The results revealed that mothers use a typical infant‐directed speech style when speaking to hearing‐impaired children with CIs. The results also suggested that NH mothers speak with more similar vocal styles to NH children and hearing‐impaired children with CIs when matched by hearing experience rather than chronological age. Thus, mothers are sensitive to hearing experience and linguistic abilities of their NH children as well as hearing‐impaired children with CIs.
Do Human Fetuses Anticipate Self‐Oriented Actions? A Study by Four‐Dimensional (4D) Ultrasonography
Authors: Myowa‐Yamakoshi Masako , Takeshita Hideko
Published: October 2006

Using four‐dimensional (4D) ultrasonography, arm and hand movements toward the face were examined in 27 human fetuses at 19 to 35 weeks of gestation, thereby enabling the continuous monitoring of their faces and other surface features such as the extremities. More than half of the observed arm movements resulted in the hand touching the mouth either directly or indirectly. Moreover, the fetuses opened their mouths before their hands came in contact with their mouths. Such fetal “anticipatory” behavior suggests the possibility that human fetuses perceive the manner in which they should move their hands to make contact with their mouths. Such movements are based on knowledge about intersensorimotor relations in their bodies.
EMILIN1 represents a major stromal element determining human trophoblast invasion of the uterine wall
Authors: Spessotto Paola , Bulla Roberta , Danussi Carla , Radillo Oriano , Cervi Marta , Monami Giada , Bossi Fleur , Tedesco Francesco , Doliana Roberto , Colombatti Alfonso
Published: October 2006

The detection of EMILIN1, a connective tissue glycoprotein associated with elastic fibers, at the level of the ectoplacental cone and trophoblast giant cells of developing mouse embryos (Braghetta et al., 2002) favored the idea of a structural as well as a functional role for this protein in the process of placentation. During the establishment of human placenta, a highly migratory subpopulation of extravillous trophoblasts (EVT), originating from anchoring chorionic villi, penetrate and invade the uterine wall. In this study we show that EMILIN1, produced by decidual stromal and smooth muscle uterine cells, is expressed in the stroma and in some instances as a gradient of increasing concentration in the perivascular region of modified vessels. This distribution pattern is consistent with the haptotactic directional migration observed in in vitro functional studies of freshly isolated EVT and of the immortalized HTR-8/SVneo cell line of trophoblasts. Function-blocking monoclonal antibodies against α4-integrin chain and against EMILIN1 as well as the use of EMILIN1-specific short interfering RNA confirmed that trophoblasts interact with EMILIN1 and/or its functional gC1q1 domain via α4β1 integrin. Finally, membrane type I-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and MMP-2 were upregulated in co-cultures of trophoblast cells and stromal cells, suggesting a contributing role in the haptotactic process towards EMILIN1.
Ba1.0Co0.7Fe0.2Nb0.1O3−δ Dense Ceramic as an Oxygen Permeable Membrane for Partial Oxidation of Methane to Synthesis Gas
Authors: Harada Makoto , Domen Kazunari , Hara Michikazu , Tatsumi Takashi
Published: October 2006

Oxygen permeable membranes of perovskite crystals with Ba1.0Co0.7Fe0.2Nb0.1O3−δ (BCFN) composition coated with a noble metal catalysts supported by a layered Mg–Al compound (MgAlOx) are demonstrated to provide very high and stable oxygen permeation fluxes. In reactions 300 h in duration, the oxygen permeation flux of this membrane remains greater than 20 mL/(cm2 min). This is the first report of such performance over reactions in 300 consecutive hours.
Convenient Synthesis of Linear Spin Traps Containing Diphenylphosphoryl Groups
Authors: Shioji Kosei , Takao Masahiko , Okuma Kentaro
Published: October 2006

Novel spin traps in which a methyl group of the tert-butyl of PBN was substituted with a diphenylphosphoryl group, were successfully synthesized. The nitrone precursors were synthesized from diphenylphosphine oxide, acetone, and appropriate amines under microwave irradiation. The obtained amines were converted to the desired nitrones using Oxone. Spin adducts of oxygen-centered radicals such as the superoxide anion radical and the hydroxyl radical, which could not be detected in adducts using PBN, were observed using these nitrones.
Preparation of Three-dimensional Netlike Mesoporous Alumina Membrane
Authors: Wang Biao , Fei Guang Tao , Wu Bing , Jin Zhen , Zhang Li De
Published: October 2006

Netlike mesoporous alumina membrane with layers of controllable pore size is fabricated by anodization and following chemical etching. All the nanochannels in this mesoporous membrane are connected together. By adjusting the anodization conditions, a series of mesoporous alumina membrane can be successfully prepared.
Novel Method for DNA Isolation Using High-throughput Monolithic Silica Gel Column in Combination with Anti-chaotropic Effect
Authors: Karatani Hajime , Miyamoto Keiichiro , Katsukawa Chihiro , Kono Tomoharu , Minakuchi Hiroyoshi
Published: October 2006

DNA molecules were completely adsorbed by the silica gel in the presence of saturated ammonium sulfate with a marked anti-chaotropic property, and the adsorbed DNAs were quantitatively desorbed with a low salt buffer. Based on such adsorption–desorption behavior of DNA, a novel isolation method for DNA was successfully developed.
One-pot Synthesis and Characterization of Laccase-entrapped Magnetic Nanobeads
Authors: Matsune Hideki , Jogasaki Hitoshi , Date Masato , Takenaka Sakae , Kishida Masahiro
Published: October 2006

We report the simple one-pot synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles coated with silica-gel layers that entrap laccase (Lc) by the water-in-oil microemulsion method. The amorphous porous structure of the silica layer enables the entrapped Lc to react with substrates in solution. The enzymatic activity is studied using Michaelis–Menten kinetics. The reusability of the magnetic nanoparticles is examined.
The pericranial flap for reconstruction of anterior skull base defects
Authors: Price John C. , Loury Mark , Carson Benjamin , Johns Michael E.
Published: October 2006

In 1981, the senior author first reported the use of the pericranial flap for support of the brain following resection of the anterior skull base. Since the initial report, considerable experience has been gained with this flap. It is currently deployed via a bifrontal craniotomy and is placed primarily as a support beneath the frontal lobes. The pericranial flap may also be used to repair dural laceration and defects. The sinonasal surface is routinely grafted with split‐thickness skin or dermis.

This technique provides an excellent barrier between the sinonasal cavity and the cerebrospinal fluid, establishing a tough, fibrous platform. Herniation of intracranial contents has not occurred. One major complication has been reported in which radiation necrosis occurred during postoperative therapy, leading to progressive devitalization of the pericranial flap. Ultimately, dural repair and closure with a latissimus dorsi free flap was required.

The pericranial flap repair of anterior skull base defects has a 90% complication‐free and 95% overall success rate. It is simple and extremely effective. Bone grafting has not been necessary in our experience.
The relationship between nasal anatomy and human olfaction
Authors: Leopold Donald A.
Published: October 2006

The relationship between nasal anatomy and olfactory ability was evaluated by correlating measurements from nasal cavity CT scans with the results of an established clinical measure of olfactory function (Odorant Confusion Matrix, or OCM). The most appropriate mathematical model of this relationship was developed by analyzing the logarithms of 30 anatomical measures and a logistic transform of the OCM percent correct score. Two nasal cavity regions were found to be the most important factors in accounting for the olfactory test results, with a third region modifying the effects of the first two. The results of this study suggest that nasal anatomy may play a role in controlling the access of an odorant to the olfactory receptor area. The conclusions of this study have implications for nasal surgeons who, when possible, should make attempts to repair or preserve these nasal regions which seem to be so important to olfactory function.
Type II collagen distribution in rodents
Authors: Yoo T. J. , Tomoda Koichi
Published: October 2006

The anatomical distribution of type II collagen in animal ears was studied by immunohistochemical techniques, using defined monoclonal antibodies to type II collagen.

Type II collagen was observed in the cartilage plate of the auricle and external auditory meatus, tympanic annulus, lamina propria of tympanic membrane (pars tensa), interossicular joints, stapes footplate, eustachian tube cartilage, enchondral layer and globuli interossei of the otic capsule, Rosenthal canal, cribriform base, osseous spiral lamina, spiral ligament, limbus, tectorial membrane, semicircular canal membrane and subepithelial layer of the ampullary crista, utricular and saccular maculae, and the endolymphatic duct and proximal part of the sac.

Thus, type II collagen should be considered as an important component of ear tissue that might act as a target organ in an immune response.
The temporal bone in multiple myeloma
Authors: Li Wuyi , Schachern Patricia A. , Morizono Tetsuo , Paparella Michael M.
Published: October 2006

Multiple myeloma is a malignant disease of the skeleton. Anatomically, any bone may ultimately come to be involved in a given case. In a literature review, no published series of temporal bone findings have been reported. In this study, otohistopathologic changes associated with multiple myeloma are analyzed and reported in 15 temporal bones from 8 patients. The bone marrow of 13 temporal bones was involved by the tumor. Osteolysis was evident in 11 temporal bones. Serous otitis media (SOM) or purulent otitis media (POM) was seen in 13 ears with 12 showing mastoid effusions. Eight ears exhibited pathological changes in inner ears, including degeneration of the organ of Corti, atrophy of stria vascularis, decreased ganglion cells, and labyrinthine hydrops. The inner ear changes were most severe in 2 patients who had otologic symptoms. Infiltration of myeloma cells was not apparent in the middle ear mucosa or the inner ears.
Disappearance of epiglottitis during large‐scale vaccination with haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine among children in finland
Authors: Takala Aino K. , Peltola Heikki , Eskola Juhani
Published: October 2006

Surveillance of blood‐culture‐proven epiglottitis was conducted in Finland from 1985 through 1992. Among children (<16 years), all bacteria causing epiglottitis, and among adults, Haemophilus influenzae were included. H influenzae type b (Hib) caused 226 (97%) of cases among children. Among adults with H influenzae epiglottitis (total of 20), 19 were caused by Hib

In 1986, vaccine trials with Hib‐conjugate vaccines started in Finland, with vaccination coverage of 94% to 98% of infants. Vaccinations did not yet have an effect on the occurrence of epiglottitis in 1985 or 1986 when the annual incidence among children was 5.3/100, 000, among those less than 5 years of age was 13.2/100, 000, and among adults was 0.08/100, 000. In 1987 through 1992 the proportion of vaccinated children increased steadily while the incidence of Hib epiglottitis decreased from 50 to 60 cases seen annually in 1985 and 1986 to 2 cases in 1992. There was no increase in the occurrence of epiglottitis caused by other pathogens

In conclusion, there is now a safe and efficient way to prevent the majority of epiglottitis cases among children with the new Hib‐conjugate vaccines.
Experimental revascularization of airway segments
Authors: Delaere Pierre R. , Ziying Liu , Pauwels Patrick , Feenstra Louw
Published: October 2006

A series of experiments was conducted to assess the possibility of revascularizing tracheal autografts with the rabbit lateral thoracic fascial flap Injection studies and histological evaluation displayed optimal revascularization and reepithelialization of the graft after 2 weeks.
Does the method of treatment affect the outcome in soft-tissue sarcomas of the adductor compartment?
Authors: Pradhan A. , Cheung Y. C. , Grimer R. J. , Abudu A. , Peake D. , Ferguson P. C. , Griffin A. M. , Wunder J. S. , O’Sullivan B. , Hugate R. , Sim F. H.
Published: October 2006

We have investigated the significance of the method of treatment on the oncological and functional outcomes and on the complications in 184 patients with soft-tissue sarcomas of the adductor compartment managed at three international centres. The overall survival at five years was 65% and was related to the grade at diagnosis and the size of the tumour. There was no difference in overall survival between the three centres. There was, however, a significant difference in local control with a rate of 28% in Centre 1 compared with 10% in Centre 2 and 5% in Centre 3.

The overall mean functional score using the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score in 70 patients was 77% but was significantly worse in patients with wound complications or high-grade tumours. The scores were not affected by the timing of radiotherapy or the use of muscle flaps.

This large series of soft-tissue sarcomas of the adductor compartment has shown that factors influencing survival do not vary across the international boundaries studied, but that methods of treatment affect complications, local recurrence and function.
Fixation of Vancouver B1 peri-prosthetic fractures by broad metal plates without the application of strut allografts
Authors: Old A. B. , McGrory B. J. , White R. R. , Babikian G. M.
Published: October 2006

The use of allograft struts and cerclage wire, possibly augmented by plate fixation, for the treatment of Vancouver type-B1 peri-prosthetic fractures around a total hip replacement has been strongly advocated. We examined our results using plate fixation without allograft struts and compared them with the results of the use of struts alone or when combined with plate fixation. Of 20 consecutive patients with type-B1 fractures treated by open reduction and plate fixation, 19 were available for follow-up. The fractures healed in 18 patients with a mean time to weight-bearing of ten weeks (4 to 19). There were no cases of infection or malunion. Nonunion occurred in one patient and required a second plate fixation to achieve union.

Safe, cost-effective treatment of Vancouver type-B1 fractures can be performed by plate fixation without the addition of cortical struts. This procedure may allow earlier weight-bearing than allograft strut fixation alone.
Total elbow replacement with the Souter-Strathclyde prosthesis in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Landor I. , Vavrik P. , Jahoda D. , Guttler K. , Sosna A.
Published: October 2006

We assessed the long-term results of 58 Souter-Strathclyde total elbow replacements in 49 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The mean length of follow-up was 9.5 years (0.7 to 16.7). The mean pre-operative Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 30 (15 to 80) and at final follow-up was 82 (60 to 95). A total of 13 elbows (22.4%) were revised, ten (17.2%) for aseptic loosening, one (1.7%) for instability, one (1.7%) for secondary loosening after fracture, and one elbow (1.7%) was removed because of deep infection. The Kaplan-Meier survival rate was 70% and 53% at ten and 16 years, respectively. Failure of the ulnar component was found to be the main problem in relation to the loosening. Anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve had no influence on ulnar nerve paresthaesiae in these patients.
Clinical management of gender identity disorder in adolescents: a protocol on psychological and paediatric endocrinology aspects
Authors: Delemarre-van de Waal Henriette A , Cohen-Kettenis Peggy T
Published: October 2006

Treatment outcome in transsexuals is expected to be more favourable when puberty is suppressed than when treatment is started after Tanner stage 4 or 5. In the Dutch protocol for the treatment of transsexual adolescents, candidates are considered eligible for the suppression of endogenous puberty when they fulfil the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-RT criteria for gender disorder, have suffered from lifelong extreme gender dysphoria, are psychologically stable and live in a supportive environment. Suppression of puberty should be considered as supporting the diagnostic procedure, but not as the ultimate treatment. If the patient, after extensive exploring of his/her sex reassignment (SR) wish, no longer pursues SR, pubertal suppression can be discontinued. Otherwise, cross-sex hormone treatment can be given at 16 years, if there are no contraindications. Treatment consists of a GnRH analogue (GnRHa) to suppress endogenous gonadal stimulation from B2-3 and G3-4, and prevents development of irreversible sex characteristics of the unwanted sex. From the age of 16 years, cross-sex steroid hormones are added to the GnRHa medication.

Preliminary findings suggest that a decrease in height velocity and bone maturation occurs. Body proportions, as measured by sitting height and sitting-height/height ratio, remains in the normal range. Total bone density remains in the same range during the years of puberty suppression, whereas it significantly increases on cross-sex steroid hormone treatment. GnRHa treatment appears to be an important contribution to the clinical management of gender identity disorder in transsexual adolescents.