bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Joints of Titanium with Stainless Steel Performed using Nickel Filler
Authors: Szwed B. , Konieczny M.
Published: July 2016

Diffusion brazing was performed between titanium (Grade 2) and stainless steel (X5CrNi18-10) using as a filler a nickel foil at the temperatures of 850, 900, 950 and 1000°C. The microstructure was investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray system (EDS). The structure of the joints on the titanium side was composed of the eutectoid mixture αTi+Ti2Ni and layers of intermetallic phases Ti2Ni, TiNi and TiNi3. The stainless steel-nickel interface is free from any reaction layer at 850°C, above this temperature thin layer of reaction appears. The microhardness measured across the joints reaches higher values than for titanium and stainless steel, and it achieves value from 260 to 446 HV. The highest shear strength (214 MPa) was achieved for joints brazed at 900°C.
Qualitative Research of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Aircraft Brackets Produced by a New Forging Method
Authors: Dziubińska A. , Gontarz A. , Dziedzic K.
Published: July 2016

The paper reports a selection of numerical and experimental results of a new closed-die forging method for producing AZ31 magnesium alloy aircraft brackets with one rib. The numerical modelling of the new forming process was performed by the finite element method.The distributions of stresses, strains, temperature and forces were examined. The numerical results confirmed that the forgings produced by the new forming method are correct. For this reason, the new forming process was verified experimentally. The experimental results showed good agreement with the numerical results. The produced forgings of AZ31 magnesium alloy aircraft brackets with one rib were then subjected to qualitative tests.
Analysis of Using Acoustic Microscopy to Evaluate Defects in Spot Welding Joints
Authors: Korzeniowski M. , Białobrzeska B.
Published: July 2016

The article presents the possibilities of using acoustic microscopy to evaluate defects in resistance spot welding joints. For this purpose, the welded joints were made from two grades of aluminium plates EN AW5754 H24 and EN AW6005 T606, which were then subjected to non-destructive testing using acoustic microscopy and conventional destructive testing using traditional light microscopy techniques. Additionally, the study examined the influence of the typical contaminants found in industrial conditions on the quality of the joint.
The Effect of the Quenching Method on the Deformations Size of Gear Wheels after Vacuum Carburizing
Authors: Dybowski K. , Sawicki J. , Kula P. , Januszewicz B. , Atraszkiewicz R. , Lipa S.
Published: July 2016

This paper presents a comparison of the deformations and residual stresses in gear wheels after vacuum carburizing process with quenching in high-pressure nitrogen and oil. The comparison was made on a medium-sized gear wheels, made of AMS6265 (AISI 9310) steel. This steel is applied in the aerospace industry for gears. The study has provided grounds for an assessment of the effect of the method of quenching on the size of deformations. Compared to oil quenching, high-pressure gas quenching following vacuum carburizing resulted in more uniform and smaller deformations.
Evaluation of High Temperature Corrosion Resistance of Finned Tubes Made of Austenitic Steel And Nickel Alloys
Authors: Turowska A. , Adamiec J.
Published: July 2016

The purpose of the paper was to evaluate the resistance to high temperature corrosion of laser welded joints of finned tubes made of austenitic steel (304,304H) and nickel alloys (Inconel 600, Inconel 625). The scope of the paper covered the performance of corrosion resistance tests in the atmosphere of simulated exhaust gases of the following chemical composition: 0.2% HCl, 0.08% SO2, 9.0% O2 and N2 in the temperature of 800°C for 1000 hours. One found out that both tubes made of austenitic steel and those made of nickel alloy displayed good resistance to corrosion and could be applied in the energy industry.
Hot Processing of Cast and PM Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
Authors: Wojtaszek M. , Śleboda T. , Korpała G.
Published: July 2016

Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the influence of the applied sample morphology as well as parameters of deformation on the microstructure and selected properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy after deformation was presented. Both cast Ti-6Al-4V alloy and powder compacts were used as the material under investigation. P/M preform was produced from the mixture of elemental powders, by hot compaction. The samples of compacts as well as cast alloy were subjected to plastometric tests under various conditions. The influence of the state of the investigated Ti-6Al-4V alloy on the character of flow curves was determined. The microstructure and hardness after deformation were evaluated and compared. Basing on the results of plastometric tests, the suitable thermo-mechanical parameters of forging of Ti-6Al-4V alloy were determined. The charge was machined from the compacts and from cast material, and both types of forging stock were hot-forged. The microstructure as well as hardness of the forgings were compared.
Properties and Microstructure of Laser Welded VM12-SHC Steel Pipes Joints
Authors: Skrzypczyk A. , Danielewski H.
Published: July 2016

Paper presents results of microstructure and tests of welded joints of new generation VM12-SHC martensitic steel using high power CO2 laser (LBW method) with bifocal welding head. VM12-SHC is dedicated to energetic installation material, designed to replace currently used. High content of chromium and others alloying elements improve its resistance and strength characteristic. Use of VM12-SHC steel for production of the superheaters, heating chambers and walls in steam boilers resulted in various weldability researches. In article are presented results of destructive and non-destructive tests. For destructive: static bending and Vickers hardness tests, and for non-destructive: VT, RT, UT, micro and macroscopic tests were performed.
An Analysis of the Microstructure, Macrostructure and Microhardness of Nicr-Ir Joints Produced by Laser Welding with and without Preheat
Authors: Różowicz S. , Tofil Sz. , Zrak A.
Published: July 2016

This paper discusses some of the basic problems involved in laser welding of dissimilar materials with significant differences in melting points. It focuses on the micro and macrostructure of laser welded NiCr-Ir microjoints used in central spark plug electrodes. The joints were produced by welding with and without preheat using an Nd,YAG laser. The structure and composition of the welded joints were analyzed by means of a light microscope (LM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer. The microhardness of the weld area was also studied.
The Structure and Characteristics of Tribological Systems with Diamond Like Carbon Coatings under Ionic Liquid Lubrication Conditions
Authors: Madej M. , Ozimina D. , Kasińska J. , Hawlena J.
Published: July 2016

The results from the tests on tribological a-C:H diamond coatings deposited by PACVD (plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition) on 100Cr6 steel components are presented in this work. Mechanical properties - nanohardness and Young’s modulus - were assessed by instrumented indentation. Tribological tests were conducted with T-01M tester in a ball-on-disc test under dry and boundary friction conditions. Selected ionic liquids - synthetic new generation lubricants - were used for lubrication. The results from the experiments indicate that diamond-like coatings improved tribological characteristics of the friction pairs tested, with the ionic liquids intensifying this effect.
Microstructural Characterization and Mechanical Properties of Electron Beam Welded Joint of High Strength Steel Grade S690QL
Authors: Błacha S. , Węglowski M. St. , Dymek S. , Kopuściański M.
Published: July 2016

In the paper the results of metallographic examination and mechanical properties of electron beam welded joint of quenched and tempered steel grade S690QL are presented. Metallographic examination revealed that the concentrated electron beam significantly affect the changes of microstructure in the steel. Parent material as a delivered condition (quenched and tempered) had a bainitic-martensitic microstructure at hardness about 290 HV0.5. After welding, the microstructure of heat affected zone is composed mainly of martensite (in the vicinity of the fusion line) of hardness 420 HV0.5. It should be noted, however, that the microstructure of steel in the heat affected zone varies with the distance from the fusion line. The observed microstructural changes were in accordance with the CCT-S transformation diagram for the examined steel.
The Influence of the Dispersion Method on the Microstructure and Properties of MWCNTs/AA6061 Composites
Authors: Dobrzański L. A. , Macek M. , Tomiczek B. , Nuckowski P. M. , Nowak A. J.
Published: July 2016

The aim of this work was to study the effect of different methods of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) dispersion, and their influence on the microstructure and properties of aluminium alloy matrix composites produced using the powder metallurgy techniques, such as powder milling/mixing and hot extrusion. The main problem in the manufacturing of nanocomposites is the homogeneous distribution of MWCNTs in the metal matrix. To achieve their proper distribution a high-energy and low-energy mechanical milling, using a planetary ball mill, and mixing, using a turbulent mixer, were applied. Studies have shown that composite materials prepared using milling and extrusion have a much better dispersion of the reinforcing phase, which leads to better mechanical properties of the obtained rods. The low-energy mechanical mixing and mixing using the turbulent mixer neither change the powder morphology nor lead to adequate dispersion of the carbon nanotubes, which directly affects the resulting properties.
Experimental and Thermodynamic Study of Selected in-Situ Composites from the Fe-Cr-Ni-Mo-C System
Authors: Wieczerzak K. , Bala P. , Dziurka R. , Stepien M. , Tokarski T. , Cios G. , Gorecki K.
Published: July 2016

The aim of the study was to synthesize and characterize the selected in-situ composites from the Fe-Cr-Ni-Mo-C system, additionally strengthened by intermetallic compounds. The project of the alloys was supported by thermodynamic simulations using Calculation of Phase Diagram approach via Thermo-Calc. Selected alloys were synthesized in an arc furnace in a high purity argon atmosphere using a suction casting unit. The studies involved a range of experimental techniques to characterize the alloys in the as-cast state, including optical emission spectrometry, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, X-ray diffraction and microhardness tests. These experimental studies were compared with the Thermo-Calc data and high resolution dilatometry. The results of investigations presented in this paper showed that there is a possibility to introduce intermetallic compounds, such as χ and σ, through modification of the chemical composition of the alloy with respect to Nieq and Creq. It was found that the place of intermetallic compounds precipitation strongly depends on matrix nature. Results presented in this paper may be successfully used to build a systematic knowledge about the group of alloys with a high volume fraction of complex carbides, and high physicochemical properties, additionally strengthened by intermetallic compounds.
Synthesis, Characterization and Thermal Diffusivity of Holmium and Praseodymium Zirconates
Authors: Stopyra M. , Niemiec D. , Moskal G.
Published: July 2016

A2B2O7 oxides with pyrochlore or defected fluorite structure are among the most promising candidates for insulation layer material in thermal barrier coatings. The present paper presents the procedure of synthesis of holmium zirconate Ho2Zr2O7 and praseodymium zirconate Pr2Zr2O7 via Polymerized-Complex Method (PCM). Thermal analysis of precursor revealed that after calcination at relatively low temperature (700°C) fine-crystalline, single-phase material is obtained. Thermal diffusivity was measured in temperature range 25-200°C, Ho2Zr2O7 exhibits lower thermal diffusivity than Pr2Zr2O7. Additionally, PrHoZr2O7 was synthesized. The powder in as-calcined condition is single-phase, but during the sintering decomposition of solid solution took place and Ho-rich phase precipitated. This material exhibited the best insulating properties among the tested ones.
Exploring the unlimited possibilities of modular aspheric Gauss to top-hat beam shaping
Authors: Möhl Anna , Fuchs Ulrike
Published: July 2016

Beam shaping is a field of research with growing importance. Therefore, a new refractive beam shaping system is presented. The knowledge gained from analyzing patent systems was used to derive our own improved design. It is compared to a patent system, and some selected results are presented in this work. Furthermore, possibilities to scale the entrance and exit beam diameters with the help of SPA™ Beam Expander Kit and SPA™ AspheriColl (both from asphericon GmbH, Jena, Germany) are shown, so that a modular top-hat generation is achievable. Additionally, the large spectral range in which the beam shaping system is applicable is demonstrated, and it is demonstrated how the beam shaping system can be used to improve the performance of other optical elements that require a top-hat beam profile.
The Risk of Variable Annuity Guarantees and Life Insurer Capital
Authors: Baranoff Etti , Sager Thomas , Shi Bo
Published: July 2016

Recently, concerns have been raised about the systemic financial threat potentially posed by life insurers. In part, these concerns have arisen because of life insurer involvement in the sales of variable annuity products with put-like performance guarantees. Guarantees expose life insurers to the market risks of mutual funds that are directed by their policyholders. In 2007, U.S. policyholders held about $500 billion in variable annuity accounts subject to guarantees issued by insurers. In this study we examine life insurer management of the risks of these guarantees, with emphasis on management of capital buffers. We introduce actuarial/regulatory and exposure-based proxies for these risks. Surprisingly, we find a robust and paradoxical result. In the years immediately prior to the Great 2008 Recession, the assumption of additional guarantee risk was associated with reductions in capital (contradicting the finite risk hypothesis), ceteris paribus. The result survives the attempts of two regression models designed to uncover explanatory confounders. The result can inform the debate on systemic risk and capital adequacy for life insurers.
Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia, Neurotransmitters and the New Atypical Antipsychotic Aripiprazole
Authors: Topolov Mariyan K. , Getova Damianka P.
Published: July 2016

Cognition is a group of mental processes that includes the capacity to perceive, think, learn and to study, and the capacity of the brain to analyze information and program adaptive behaviour. Although there has been an appreciable evolution in the therapy of psychoses in the last twenty-five years, cognitive disturbances still persist in spite of antipsychotic treatment. The cognitive decay disrupts the ability of clinically diagnosed patients with psychoses, mainly schizophrenia, to learn and to memorize skills that are useful for their family and social relationships. Moreover, cognitive deficiency is often considered to be crucial for further rehabilitation. In atypical antipsychotics there are big differences in the effects on cognitive functions. Some clinical studies demonstrate the benefits of a third generation of antipsychotics on cognitive functions in patients treated for mental illnesses. In the present study we have reviewed many articles investigating the influence of aripiprazole on cognition in human and animal subjects. Aripiprazole is a third generation antipsychotic drug that possesses a unique pharmacodynamic profile, which in conjunction with recently published scientific data on the drugs’ influence on antidepressant, anxiolytic and cognitive functions, suggests a highly positive future potential for restorative cognitive treatment and ongoing healthy function. The data included in the review will contribute to determining the potential benefits of aripiprazole on memory and training processes.
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 in Hospitalized COPD Patients: Impact on Quality of Life and Lung Function
Authors: Mekov Evgeni V. , Slavova Yanina G. , Genova Marianka P. , Tsakova Adelina D. , Kostadinov Dimitar T. , Minchev Delcho D. , Marinova Dora M. , Boyanov Mihail A.
Published: July 2016

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is estimated to affect 2-37% of COPD patients, results varying widely between studies. DM may also correlate with quality of life and lung function.

Aim: To examine correlations between DM and quality of life and lung function in COPD patients admitted to hospital with exacerbation of COPD.

Patients and methods: A hundred and fifty-two patients were included in the study. They were all examined for diabetes mellitus. All patients completed CAT and mMRC questionnaires and underwent spirometry.

Results: 13.2% (20/152) of patients received medications for DM. 21.7% (33/152) had newly diagnosed DM and 30.9% (47/152) had prediabetes. DM is not associated with reduced quality of life and worse pulmonary function. However, untreated DM is associated with both reduced quality of life and worse pulmonary function. HbA1c is negatively correlated with FVC and positively correlated with CAT score.

Conclusions: COPD patients hospitalized for exacerbation are at high risk for impaired glucose metabolism. Untreated DM is associated with worse lung function and lower quality of life, which stresses the importance of screening for the disease. The patients may benefit from optimizing blood glucose level.
Scanning Еlectron Мicroscopy of Еnamel and Dentin of Тeeth with Hypocalcified Аmelogenesis Imperfecta
Authors: Belcheva Ani B. , Philipov Ivan At. , Tomov Georgi T.
Published: July 2016

The histological features of teeth with hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) have been poorly studied, which calls into question the effectiveness of modern adhesive techniques used in the treatment of these noncarious defects.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological features of the enamel and dentin of teeth with AI using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and compare these features with those of healthy teeth.

Materials and methods: We examined four primary teeth extracted on indication from a 10-year-old girl with hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta. The same number of primary teeth extracted from healthy subjects was used as controls. The morphological characteristics of the enamel and dentin are described after investigating the teeth and photographing the specimens with scanning electron microscope.

Results: The SEM photos of the enamel of AI teeth show presence of external defects, incorrectly oriented enamel prisms and enlarged interprism spaces. Thickening of the peritubular dentin and partially obliterated dentinal tubules characterize the dentin of these teeth.

Conclusion: The enamel and dentin of teeth affected by hypocalcified AI diff er considerably from normal hard dental structures in their morphological characteristics.
Expression Of Cytokeratin 18 In The Peripheral Nerves
Authors: Marettová E.
Published: July 2016

The perineurium constitutes the basis for the regulation of endoneurial fluid homeostasis. In the work presented here, cytokeratin 18, as an immunohistochemical marker for epithelial cells, was used to identify the perineurium in the peripheral nerves of two species. Two organs, rich in peripheral nerves, were used; the tongue of the bull and the ductus deferens of the male goat. Special attention was paid to one of the the nerve sheath cells - the perineurial cells of myelinated nerves in the skeletal muscle of the tongue and in the smooth muscle in the wall of the ductus deferens. A positive reaction to cytokeratin 18 was found in the perineurial cells of the perineurial sheath in the nerves of various sizes. No difference in the reactivity was observed between the peripheral nerves of the tongue and that of the ductus deferens.
Interobserver Variation in Canine Hip Dysplasia Evaluation
Authors: Ledecky V. , Hluchy M. , Liptak T. , Kuricova M.
Published: July 2016

Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is a common disease representing an important problem for many dog breeds worldwide. The screening for CHD and breeding programs have been ongoing for many decades but the incidence of disease have failed to be reduced to the expected level. The early diagnosis of CHD is paramount in order to facilitate the early management strategies and to prevent the breeding of the affected individuals. Generally in this area, the emphasis is placed on the radiographic evaluation process, however this is partly a subjective process suggested to be influenced by the experience of the observers. This study was designed to evaluate the interobserver agreement in CHD evaluation based on the Federation Cynologique International system (FCI system). Ten original radiographs were sent to five different groups of observers, from students to certified veterinarians. They were asked to evaluate the ventro-dorsal radiographs according to the FCI system which is the most common system used in Europe to give the final grades (A, B, C, D, E). The grades were converted to numbers and the data were analysed using a one-way ANOVA test. The results showed that only in 20% of the cases, the interobserver agreement was statistically higher in the group of the most experienced observers when compared to the less experienced group of observers. This means that the level of experience does not always lead to a higher agreement. This could be a problem of widespread objective evaluations of CHD. In addition, there are several different systems of evaluation used in various countries. It is necessary to understand the intention of dog owners, who when buying a dog may be planning its first breeding. Therefore, the “correct” or “incorrect” assessment of the CHD radiographs may not always result in the elimination of affected individuals. We do not know exactly the situation of the development of the hip in some breeds, because scrutineers are receiving only “negative radiographs” for evaluation. Many owners are very educated about hip and elbow dysplasia. It is a time to tell the scientific truth.
Development of molecules stimulating the activity of KLK3 – an update
Authors: Koistinen Hannu , Wallén Erik , Ylikangas Henna , Meinander Kristian , Lahtela-Kakkonen Maija , Närvänen Ale , Stenman Ulf-Håkan
Published: July 2016

Kallikrein-related peptidase-3 (KLK3, known also as prostate-specific antigen, PSA) is highly expressed in the prostate. KLK3 possess antiangiogenic activity, which we have found to be related to its proteolytic activity. Thus, it may be possible to slow down the growth of prostatic tumors by enhancing this activity. We have developed peptides that enhance the proteolytic activity of KLK3. As these peptides are degraded in circulation and rapidly excreted, we have started to modify them and have succeeded in creating bioactive and more stable pseudopeptides. We have also identified small molecules stimulating the activity of KLK3, especially in synergy with peptides.
Social Capital, Well-Being and Municipality: Salaspils Municipality (Latvia) Case
Authors: Jēkabsone Inga , Sloka Biruta
Published: July 2016

During the last three decades, social capital has gained prominence throughout the social sciences. The concepts has been analysed in various manners (from perspectives of economics, political sciences, sociology, anthropology etc.) providing wide range of theoretical conceptualizations. The aim of paper is to analyse the relation of social capital and possibility to improve the well-being of the municipality’s citizens using co-responsibility approach. In order to achieve the aim, the tasks are formulated as follows: 1) to review theoretical background for concept of social capital and subjective well-being, 2) to analyse the factors of social capital at local level, and 3) to use the results of conducted empirical research at Salaspils municipality in analysing the correlation of level of social capital and possibility to improve well-being implementing inclusive local management. Research methods used: Scientific literature studies, several stages of focus group discussions, statistical data analysis, SPIRAL methodology, scenario method. The main findings of the paper - there are evidences on relation of social capital and possibility to improve the well-being of the municipality’s citizens. In municipalities with sufficient level of social capital are good opportunities to use participatory techniques for achieving higher level of overall well-being. The paper consists of practical value how to mobilise the social capital of the municipality in order to ensure the inclusive management of the territory.
The Global Consumption and Income Project (GCIP): An Overview
Authors: Lahoti Rahul , Jayadev Arjun , Reddy Sanjay
Published: July 2016

We introduce two separate datasets [The Global Consumption Dataset (GCD) and The Global Income Dataset (GID)] making possible an unprecedented portrait of consumption and income of persons over time, within and across countries, around the world. The current benchmark version of the dataset presents estimates of monthly real consumption and income for every percentile of the population (a “consumption/income profile”) for more than 160 countries and more than half a century (1960–2015). We describe the construction of the datasets and demonstrate possible uses by presenting some sample results concerning the distribution of consumption, poverty and inequality in the world.
Rapid Assessment of Key Structural Elements of Different Vegetation Types of West African Savannas in Burkina Faso
Authors: Qasim Mohammad , Porembski Stefan , Stein Katharina , Lindner André
Published: July 2016

Estimations of Leaf Area Index (LAI) have recently gained attention due to the sensitivity to the effects of climate change and its impact on forest ecosystems. Hence, a study was conducted on the LAI estimation of four vegetation types: (i) gallery forests, (ii) woodland savannas, (iii) tree savannas, and (iv) shrub savannas, at two protected areas of Nazinga Game Ranch and Bontioli Nature Reserve, Burkina Faso. A relationship between LAI and Crown Diameter was also investigated at these two sites. Digital hemispherical photography was used for the LAI estimation. Crown diameters (CD) were determined perpendicular to each other and averaged for each tree and shrub. Overall results revealed that LAI ranged from 0-1.33 and the CD was recorded in the range of 0.46-11.01 m. The gallery forests recorded the highest mean LAI 1.33 ± 0.32 as well as the highest mean CD 7.69 ± 1.90 m. The LAI for the vegetation types were at their lower ends as the study was conducted in summer season, higher values are therefore expected in the wet season, as a significant correlation between LAI and precipitation has been emphasized by various studies. Continuous LAI monitoring and studies on various growth parameters of different vegetation types at the study sites are recommended towards enhanced monitoring and an ecologically feasible forest- and savanna-use and management to maintain essential ecosystem functions and services.
One Approach to the Synthesis, Design and Manufacture of Hyperboloid Gear Sets With Face Mating Gears. Part 1: Basic Theoretical and Cad Experience
Authors: Abadjiev Valentin , Abadjieva Emilia
Published: July 2016

Hyperboloid gear drives with face mating gears are used to transform rotations between shafts with non-parallel and non-intersecting axes. A special case of these transmissions are Spiroid and Helicon gear drives. The classical gear drives of this type are the Archimedean ones. The objective of this study are hyperboloid gear drives with face meshing, when the pinion possesses threads of conic convolute, Archimedean and involute types, or the pinion has threads of cylindrical convolute, Archimedean and involute types. For simplicity, all three types transmis- sions with face mating gears and a conic pinion are titled Spiroid and all three types transmissions with face mating gears and a cylindrical pinion are titled Helicon.

Principles of the mathematical modelling of tooth contact synthesis are discussed in this study. The presented research shows that the synthesis is realized by application of two mathematical models: pitch contact point and mesh region models. Two approaches for synthesis of the gear drives in accordance with Olivier’s principles are illustrated. The algorithms and computer programs for optimization synthesis and design of the studied hyperboloid gear drives are presented.
Roughness Measurement of Dental Materials
Authors: Shulev Assen , Roussev Ilia , Karpuzov Simeon , Stoilov Georgi , Ignatova Detelina , See Constantin von , Mitov Gergo
Published: July 2016

This paper presents a roughness measurement of zirconia ceramics, widely used for dental applications. Surface roughness variations caused by the most commonly used dental instruments for intraoral grinding and polishing are estimated. The applied technique is simple and utilizes the speckle properties of the scattered laser light. It could be easily implemented even in dental clinic environment. The main criteria for roughness estimation is the average speckle size, which varies with the roughness of zirconia. The algorithm used for the speckle size estimation is based on the normalized autocorrelation approach.
Automatic Bone Drilling – More Precise, Reliable and Safe Manipulation in the Orthopaedic Surgery
Authors: Boiadjiev George , Kastelov Rumen , Boiadjiev Tony , Delchev Kamen , Zagurski Kazimir
Published: July 2016

Bone drilling manipulation often occurs in the orthopaedic surgery. By statistics, nowadays, about one million people only in Europe need such an operation every year, where bone implants are inserted. Almost always, the drilling is performed handily, which cannot avoid the subjective factor influence. The question of subjective factor reduction has its answer - automatic bone drilling.

The specific features and problems of orthopaedic drilling manipulation are considered in this work. The automatic drilling is presented according the possibilities of robotized system Orthopaedic Drilling Robot (ODRO) for assuring the manipulation accuracy, precision, reliability and safety.
Stance and politeness in spoken Latvian
Authors: Chojnicka Joanna
Published: July 2016

The present article is concerned with the concept of stance and its relationship to face, face work and politeness applied to Latvian spoken discourse. It offers an extensive review of relevant literature on stance and politeness theories, followed by an illustrative analysis of politeness strategies and stance markers found in a radio interview. On this basis, the article argues that stance markers - epistemic, evidential, mirative and hedging devices - may be considered a negative politeness strategy, responding to the speaker’s and hearer’s desire for autonomy. In conclusion, it suggests a hypothesis that could explain differing use of stance markers and politeness strategies by speakers fulfilling varying conversational roles and of various social standing.
From bodily posture to progressive aspect marker
Authors: Ismail Najib
Published: July 2016

The fact that posture verbs tend to grammaticalize into aspectual markers of progressivity in a wide-range of (un)related languages makes them particularly interesting objects of study. The present paper aims to contribute to our understanding of how the active posture participle “yālis” (sitting) plus imperfective verb have come to express the progressive aspect in Emirati Arabic. The proposed answer to this puzzling question involves the claim that, crosslinguistically, progressive constructions are known to originate from locative constructions in which the agent is described as in the midst of an activity. The function of “yālis” (sitting) as an auxiliary verb - like appears to be the result of a grammaticalization process, as certain principles of grammaticalization such as desemanticization, extension, and decategorialization were found to apply to it. Data from Emirati Arabic variety suggest that the construction has undergone semantic and morphosyntatctic changes but retained its phonetic content. As part of the new construction, the active participle “yālis” (sitting) has also changed its argument structure.
On focus marking and predication. Evidence from Polish with some notes on Hausa
Authors: Tajsner Przemysław
Published: July 2016

Purpose: The primary aim of the paper is to provide a new, derivational analysis of two types of Polish sentences with the occurrence of a particle to, which syntactically code focus and topic. These are: to-clefts (To Janek napisał list. ‘It was Janek who wrote the letter’), and topic-to sentences (Janek to napisał list. ‘As for Janek, he wrote the letter’). The secondary aim is to reflect on the relevance of the isomorphism of focus markers and non-verbal copulas in Polish with some reference to Hausa.

Method: The approach follows a minimalist method but departs from cartographic accounts with dedicated heads in sentence left-periphery. Instead, it postulates that focus and topic are interpretive by-effects of Specification Predication. In this, the paper extends and modifies Kiss’s (2006, 2010) central idea that focusing is predication.

Result & Conclusion: The account proves successful in explaining a few syntactic constraints, doing so in a simple, unitary fashion. Viewing focus as a derivative of predication is a step towards understanding the relation between narrow syntax and information structure.
Gaulish SUIOREBE ‘with two sisters’
Authors: Witczak Krzysztof Tomasz
Published: July 2016

Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak. Gaulish SUIOREBE ‘with two sisters’. The Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, pp. 59-62

Traces of the dual number may be identified in the Gaulish language on the basis of the historical-comparative method. It is suggested that the Gaulish form SUIOREBE represents an instrumental dual with the sociative meaning ‘with two sisters’. The conclusion is that the Gaulish SUIOREBE contains the dual base SUIORE- (< IE. *swesore ‘two sisters’) accompanied by the dual ending -BE (< IE. *-bhēm).
Indo-Aryan ergativity and its analogues in languages of Central and Western Eurasia
Authors: Zakharyin Boris
Published: July 2016

Boris Zakharyin. Indo-Aryan ergativity and its analogues in languages of Central and Western Eurasia. The Poznań Society for the Advancement of Arts and Sciences, PL ISSN 0079-4740, pp. 63-75

Ergativity, being a typologically significant feature, serves as basis for a bunch of genetically and structurally different languages of Eurasia. The paper suggests the bird’s eye view of its manifestation in the selected samples of Indo-Iranian, Tibeto-Burman, Caucasian and Euskara (the Basque language of Spain). The provided analysis allows to assume that split ergativity displayed by certain Indo-Iranian languages is of the same (participial) origin and partially may have also been influenced by contact-factors. Consistent ergativity characterizing the majority of the Caucasian languages and Euskara is a phenomenon of semo-syntactic nature realizing itself on all the grammatical levels.
Mobile Technologies for Foreign Language Learning
Authors: Šimonová Ivana
Published: July 2016

‘Learning is much better with tablets’, today’s pupils and students often say. But, is it really true? Are the mobile devices and mobile technologies the mean performing didactic miracles? Do they really cause students enjoy learning and learn more with less effort? Even an optimist guesses it may not be like this. Do we (teachers) know how the mobile-assisted process of learning runs, what its advantages, weaknesses and limits are, whether learners really remember more, and/or enjoy the learning more? What is the role of the ‘novelty’ factor regarding the latest technologies? Do learners know how to exploit them for education purposes? And last but not least, what are teachers’ competences in this field? These are selected fields we are going to focus on.
Multi-Sensory Learning Strategies to Support Spelling Development: a Case Study of Second-Language Learners with Auditory Processing Difficulties
Authors: Staden Annalene van , Purcell Nicole
Published: July 2016

Research confirms the multifaceted nature of spelling development and emphasizes the importance of both cognitive and linguistic skills (such as working and long-term memory, phonological processing, rapid automatized naming, orthographic awareness, mental orthographic images, semantic knowledge and morphological awareness) that affect spelling development. This has clear implications for many second-language spellers (L2) with auditory processing difficulties because writing systems are graphic representations of spoken language, and literacy development involves learning the association between the printed and oral forms of language (also known as phonological awareness and processing). In the present investigation, the researchers sampled second-language spellers (n = 22) with significant auditory processing delays and implemented an intervention programme that utilized visual and tactile coding strategies as part of the multi-sensory intervention therapy programme (for a period of six months). Post-test results were very promising and showed that L2 English-language spellers significantly improved in both short-term memory processing, phonological awareness and spelling performances. Considering this investigation’s contribution to effectively supporting the spelling development of children with auditory processing delays, the researchers are confident that it will expand and improve existing theoretical accounts of literacy (and spelling) acquisition in the field of psycholinguistics, whilst also facilitating the academic success of the growing L2 learner population in South Africa (and internationally).
Cognitive-Pragmatic Aspects of Translation and Interpretation within Discourses
Authors: Cholodová Uljana
Published: July 2016

The aim of this investigation is a comparative description of translation and interpretation in terms of modern communication technology, translation, and discourse studies. Each type of translation work, either oral or written, has its own specific requirements for the translator and the final result of his work - translation. A description of both types of translation cannot suffice without taking into account pragmatics, psycholinguistics, and the pragmatic scope of each text. A more important final result is the right linguistic expression in compliance with the grammatical, semantic, and stylistic rules of the target language. Special attention should be paid to extralinguistic factors - certain communicative situations that create special conditions for interpreting, including the place, time, recipients, and environment (interfering noise). The article describes different types of interpreting and draws the reader’s attention to the controversial question of the interpreter’s natural ability and the possibility of achieving excellence in interpreting through the intensive practising of skills simultaneously with a profound knowledge of certain languages and the translator or interpreter’s general educational development.

Translation usually gives the translator more time for focusing and considering the choice of the necessary lexico-grammatical and stylistic elements for a certain text. Interpretation requires an immediate reaction from the interpreter, who is in a constant state of stress and works under pressure. The translator of a written text is not only the person who renders the original text, but he is also the creator of a new written version of the text that can be read and, discussed, with its own mistakes in it. Interpreting is much more neutral and invisible to the addressee; the main thing here is the pragmatic transfer of the original information.

For the research the first-hand experience of teaching students in a class of translating and interpreting, with the presentation of examples in Czech and Ukrainian, is used.

The author comes to the conclusion that common features of interpretation and translation include the need for high language competence and the translator’s general erudition (excellent language skills, knowledge of features of the cultural background, a functional approach to linguistic means, and a developed aesthetic and cultural perception). But, considering that the requirements for performers of translation and interpretation are different, even in the scientific literature the assertion whether the professional specialist exists at all and can be a true professional in both translating and interpreting remains debatable.
Arylxanthones and arylacridones: a synthetic overview
Authors: Santos Clementina M. M. , Pinto Diana C. G. A. , Silva Vera L. M. , Silva Artur M. S.
Published: July 2016

Arylxanthones and arylacridones although not yet found in nature are becoming an important group of heterocyclic compounds due to their promising biological activities. Their central cores, xanthone and acridone, are recognized as interesting motifs for drug development mainly to be used in antitumour chemotherapy. The synthesis of this type of compounds is still scarce but several successful examples were recently published and a large variety of arylated xanthone and acridone derivatives were prepared. A systematic survey of the literature dedicated to their synthesis will be presented and discussed in this review.
„Phänomenalisierung des Begriffs“
Authors: Schäfer Rainer
Published: July 2016

Hölderlins Idee der Athletentugend wird in ihrem Kontext, der sogenannten „abendländischen Wendung“ untersucht. Der Dichter-Denker setzt die Bedeutung des Körperlichen im antiken Griechenland und im modernen Deutschland in eine spezifische Relation, die kulturellen Austausch über die historischen und topographischen Differenzen hinweg erlaubt. Der menschliche Körper wird als „phänomenalisierter Begriff“ gedeutet, in dem sich die beiden Bedingungen des Menschseins aktualisieren, nämlich die Fähigkeit einerseits zur Reflexion und andererseits zur Aktion. In den unterschiedlichen Auffassungen athletischer Körperlichkeit in Antike und Gegenwart, Hellas und Hesperien, wird erfahrbar, was die Moderne von der Antike lernen kann.
Körperwissen im Candomblé
Authors: Schmidt Bettina E.
Published: July 2016

Die Geisterbesessenheit ist ein weltweites Phänomen, das aus emischer Sicht als ein Zustand beschrieben wird, bei dem die Bindung zwischen Geist und Körper temporär gestört ist und ein fremdes Wesen den Körper beherrscht. In diesem Beitrag steht der menschliche Körper im Mittelpunkt. Am Beispiel der Initiation im Candomblé, einer afrobrasilianischen Religion, wird gezeigt, wie sowohl der Mensch als auch der Geist erlernen müssen, sich „korrekt“, d. h. nach den Regeln der Gemeinschaft, zu bewegen. Anhand des Körperkonzepts im Candomblé wird außerdem erklärt, warum eine Person – nach der Vorstellung der Gläubigen – erst durch die Geisterbesessenheit bei der Initiation erschaffen wird.
Körperwissen im Tanz – Bewegung und Übertragung
Authors: Brandstetter Gabriele
Published: July 2016

Der Artikel verfolgt die Frage, in welcher Weise in Tänzen kulturelles und individuelles Wissen über Bewegungsweisen und Körper-Interaktionen gespeichert und performativ verfügbar ist. Ausgehend von der Forschungsdiskussion zu Archiven, Re-Konstruktionen und Re-Enactment wird gefragt, wie Bewegung übertragen und tradiert wird. Welche Modi von „Speicherung“ – als Embodiment und als kulturelles Wissen – zeigen sich in Körper- und Bewegungspraktiken in historischen und zeitgenössischen Tanzformen? Und welche Transformationen dieses Wissens entfalten sich in den Übertragungen von Tanz- und Trainings-formen in Globalisierungsprozessen in und zwischen Kulturen?
Körperwissen im therapeutischen Theater
Authors: Warstat Matthias
Published: July 2016

In dem Beitrag werden ausgewählte Formen therapeutischen Theaters aus dem 20. Jahrhundert auf ein in ihnen wirksames Körperwissen befragt. Besondere Bedeutung kommt dabei dem Katharsis-Begriff zu: Im modernen therapeutischen Theater, so die These, begegnet die Idee der Katharsis, d. h. der Reinigung und Entladung von Affekten, in einer speziellen Variante, die man als ‚Handlungskatharsis‘ bezeichnen kann: Kathartische Effekte werden nicht einem Publikum, sondern den Akteuren versprochen. Zugleich werden diese kathartischen Effekte als ein körperlich sichtbares und damit auch überprüfbares Phänomen konzipiert. Körperwissen erscheint als ein diagnostisches Wissen, das zur Kontrolle der Beteiligten eingesetzt werden kann. Zu beobachten ist ein reger Transfer von Körperwissen aus dem engeren Bereich des (Kunst-)Theaters in andere gesellschaftliche Teilsysteme. Diese Transfers fügen sich ein in eine einflussreiche Spielart gesellschaftlicher Theatralität, die sich theatrales Handeln als Test, d. h. als ein Mittel der Aufdeckung und Prüfung von Subjektivitäten zunutze macht.
Physical activity and functional shortening of the muscles of the lower limbs in pupils aged between 14-16
Authors: Kuraczowska Katarzyna , Ligarska Katarzyna
Published: July 2016

Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to evaluate how sports activity influences the extent and incidence of muscle shortening in lower limbs in physically active and inactive young women. Material and methods: A group of 30 pupils aged between 14-16 was tested. Fifteen pupils out of the group regularly played volleyball in TRS Siła Ustroń sports club, while the remaining fifteen were physically inactive. The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) system was used to assess the level of motor ability, and four functional tests were used to measure the length of lower limbs muscles based on the use of V-Rippstein plurimeter. In addition to tests the students also filled out a questionnaire. Results: The results of the analysis showed that among the physically inactive pupils the muscle shortening occurred more frequently in comparison to the students who played volleyball. Moreover, the results of the FMS indicated that the young women who took up sports had a higher level of motor ability than their peers. Conclusions: Regular physical activity improves and maintains normal length of muscles of lower limbs.