bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The thyroid foramen
Authors: Raikos Athanasios , Paraskevas George K.
Published: March 2013

This study presents an analytic review about the trait of the thyroid foramen. A detailed description about the demographics, frequency, embryology, morphometry, possible content, topography, clinical and surgical considerations is provided. The overall frequency was 28.3% in adults, 15% in children and neonates, 40.6% in embryos and fetuses. The content of the thyroid foramina was a neurovascular bundle in 41.2% of studies. An equal number of studies define a nerve as the common content, while only in 17.6% the usual content was a vessel. Interestingly, in 11.8% the content was just connective tissue or a pit. An updated classification is presented taking into account all the possible content that can cross through a thyroid foramen. The variant is of high interest for surgeons intervening in the larynx due to potential complications such as local bleeding and unwanted neural impairment. The oblique line of the thyroid lamina acts as the best topographical landmark to identify any aberrant anatomy related to a thyroid foramen. Clin. Anat. 26:700–708, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficient Hydrodeoxygenation of Aliphatic Ketones over an Alkali‐Treated Ni/HZSM‐5 Catalyst
Authors: Kong Xiangjin , Lai Weichi , Tian Jun , Li Yang , Yan Xilong , Chen Ligong
Published: March 2013

Cyclohexanone was chosen as a model substrate to evaluate certain catalysts for the hydrodeoxygenation of aliphatic ketones in a fixed‐bed reactor. The experimental results indicated that alkali‐treated Ni/HZSM‐5 exhibited excellent performance for this reaction. Two aspects of the catalyst are enhanced by alkaline treatment; the amount of strong acid sites on the catalyst is sharply reduced, and also a large number of mesopores are generated in the catalyst. The decrease of strong acid sites suppresses the formation of low‐boiling products and aldol‐condensation side products, while the mesopores improved hydrogenation and dehydration performances of the catalyst. These two aspects also promoted the catalyst’s excellent time‐on‐stream performance. Additionally, generality of the catalyst is proved; most of the selected carbonyl compounds can be hydrodeoxygenated to the corresponding alkanes with selectivities of more than 97.0 %.
Direct and Selective Production of Propene from Bio‐Ethanol on Sc‐Loaded In2O3 Catalysts
Authors: Iwamoto Masakazu , Mizuno Shouta , Tanaka Masashi
Published: March 2013

Propene, one of key building blocks for manufacturing plastics and chemicals, could be directly and stably produced from ethanol in good yields. The conversion degree of ethanol to propene reached approximately 60 mol % by using a 3 atom % scandium‐loaded indium oxide catalyst at 823 K in the presence of water and hydrogen. The introduction of Sc prevented the reduction of In2O3 to In metal during the reaction, and that of water decreased the coke formation. Both additions resulted in longer lifetimes of the catalysts. The hydrogen addition increased the conversion of acetone to propene. The reaction pathways are also suggested on the basis of the product distributions and the pulse experiments, ethanol→acetaldehyde→acetone→propene, which is quite different from the shape‐selective catalysis on zeolites and the dimerization‐metathesis of ethene on nickel ion‐loaded silica catalysts.
Synthesis of Molecular Frameworks Containing Two Distinct Heterocycles Connected in a Single Molecule with Enhanced Three‐Dimensional Shape Diversity
Authors: Lim Donghyun , Park Seung Bum
Published: March 2013

Herein, we report the synthesis of fused‐triazole scaffolds that are connected by pyrimidines, pyrazoles, or pyrazolopyrimidines through carbohydrate‐derived stereodivergent linkers. Pyrimidine‐, pyrazole‐, or pyrazolopyrimidine‐based carbohybrids were constructed through condensations of the key intermediates, 2‐C‐formyl glycals, with various dinucleophiles. Fused‐triazole scaffolds were obtained through intramolecular 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions after selective functionalization of the carbohybrid polyol moieties with azide and alkyne functionalities using SN2‐type alkylations or Mitsunobu reactions. Overall, this synthetic method affords two distinct privileged substructures in a single molecule, connected by stereodivergent diol linkers derived from abundant natural chiral sources, namely, carbohydrates. The resulting vicinal diols in the linker were further modified to achieve unique connectivities between the two privileged structures for maximized three‐dimensional shape diversity, which we called the linker diversification strategy.
Excitation‐Wavelength‐Dependent, Ultrafast Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Bisferrocene/BF2‐Chelated‐Azadipyrromethene/Fullerene Tetrads
Authors: Bandi Venugopal , El‐Khouly Mohamed E. , Ohkubo Kei , Nesterov Vladimir N. , Zandler Melvin E. , Fukuzumi Shunichi , D'Souza Francis
Published: March 2013

Donor–acceptor distance, orientation, and photoexcitation wavelength are key factors in governing the efficiency and mechanism of electron‐transfer reactions both in natural and synthetic systems. Although distance and orientation effects have been successfully demonstrated in simple donor–acceptor dyads, revealing excitation‐wavelength‐dependent photochemical properties demands multimodular, photosynthetic‐reaction‐center model compounds. Here, we successfully demonstrate donor– acceptor excitation‐wavelength‐dependent, ultrafast charge separation and charge recombination in newly synthesized, novel tetrads featuring bisferrocene, BF2‐chelated azadipyrromethene, and fullerene entities. The tetrads synthesized using multistep synthetic procedure revealed characteristic optical, redox, and photo reactivities of the individual components and featured “closely” and “distantly” positioned donor–acceptor systems. The near‐IR‐emitting BF2‐chelated azadipyrromethene acted as a photosensitizing electron acceptor along with fullerene, while the ferrocene entities acted as electron donors. Both tetrads revealed excitation‐wavelength‐dependent, photoinduced, electron‐transfer events as probed by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. That is, formation of the Fc+–ADP–C60.− charge‐separated state upon C60 excitation, and Fc+–ADP.−–C60 formation upon ADP excitation is demonstrated.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure and High‐Temperature Phase‐Transitions in SrNdMRuO6 (M: Zn, Co, Mg, Ni) New Double Perovskites Studied by Symmetry‐Mode Analysis.
Authors: Iturbe‐Zabalo E. , Igartua J. M. , Faik A. , Larranaga A. , Hoelzel M. , Cuello G. J.
Published: March 2013

The room temperature structures and temperature induced structural phase transitions of the title compounds are determined by X‐ray, synchrotron radiation, and neutron powder diffraction.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemical Conversion of AgCl Nanocubes to Hybrid AgCl—Ag Nanoparticles with High Activity and Long‐Term Stability Towards Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes.
Authors: Wang Jizhuang , An Changhua , Zhang Meiyu , Qin Chuan , Ming Xijuan , Zhang Qinhui
Published: March 2013

A highly efficient plasmonic AgCl—Ag nanophotocatalyst is prepared by photochemical conversion (300 W Xe arc lamp, 20 min) of AgCl nanocubes (derived by simple polyol precipitation).
ChemInform Abstract: γ‐Selective Directed Catalytic Asymmetric Hydroboration of 1,1‐Disubstituted Alkenes.
Authors: Smith Sean M. , Hoang Gia L. , Pal Rhitankar , Khaled Mohammad O. Bani , Pelter Liberty S. W. , Zeng Xiao Cheng , Takacs James M.
Published: March 2013

In contrast to tri‐ and other disubstitution patterns, catalytic asymmetric hydroboration of title compounds (I) and (IX) affords γ‐borylated products such as (III) and proceeds in the opposite sense of asymmetric induction.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Novel N(9) Methylated AHMA Analogues.
Authors: Redko Boris , Albeck Amnon , Gellerman Gary
Published: March 2013

A facile synthesis of five members of the title series is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling of Potassium Alkoxyethyltrifluoroborates: Access to Aryl/Heteroarylethyloxy Motifs.
Authors: Fleury‐Bregeot Nicolas , Presset Marc , Beaumard Floriane , Colombel Virginie , Oehlrich Daniel , Rombouts Frederik , Molander Gary A.
Published: March 2013

A robust, scalable, and efficient method allows an easy installation of an alkoxyethyl unit on a broad range of aryl and heteroaryl bromides.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Supported Boron‐Doped Hollow Carbon Spheres as Catalysts for the Solvent‐Free Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols.
Authors: Ravat Vilas , Nongwe Isaac , Coville Neil J.
Published: March 2013

Boron‐doped carbon structures are shown to be a remarkable support for palladium in the Pd‐catalyzed oxidation of benzyl alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Per‐6‐amino‐β‐cyclodextrin/CuI Catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl Halides with K4[Fe(CN)6].
Authors: Azath Ismail Abulkalam , Suresh Palaniswamy , Pitchumani Kasi
Published: March 2013

The title reaction affords aryl‐ and heteroaryl nitriles in good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Cross‐Coupling of Organic Halides with Allylic Acetates.
Authors: Anka‐Lufford Lukiana L. , Prinsell Michael R. , Weix Daniel J.
Published: March 2013

The presented new nickel‐catalyzed coupling reaction proceeds smoothly with aryl iodides, electron‐poor aryl bromides, and secondary alkyl bromides with various allylic acetates.
ChemInform Abstract: Switching Diastereoselectivity in Proline‐Catalyzed Aldol Reactions.
Authors: Martinez‐Castaneda Angel , Rodriguez‐Solla Humberto , Concellon Carmen , del Amo Vicente
Published: March 2013

Preparing either anti‐ or syn‐aldol adducts with very high enantioselectivity by changing the anion of the co‐catalyst (GUP, GUF) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Annulation of 2,2′‐Diiodobiphenyls with Alkynes: Synthesis and Applications of Phenanthrenes.
Authors: Lin Yu‐De , Cho Chun‐Lung , Ko Chih‐Wei , Pulte Anna , Wu Yao‐Ting
Published: March 2013

The present new method is also applicable to chiral alkynes like (XI) giving optically active products which can be smoothly converted into phenanthroindolizidine and phenanthroquinolizidine alkaloids by Pictet—Spengler reaction as shown for (XIV).
ChemInform Abstract: Solventless Selective Phosgene‐Free N‐Carbonylation of N‐Heteroaromatics (Pyrrole, Indole, Carbazole) under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Carafa Marianna , Iannone Francesco , Mele Valentina , Quaranta Eugenio
Published: March 2013

The presented approach avoids the heavy cogeneration of wastes.
ChemInform Abstract: An Expedient Synthesis of Fused Heteroacenes Bearing a Pyrrolo[3,2‐b]pyrrole Core
Authors: Qiu Li , Yu Chunmeng , Zhao Na , Chen Weichao , Guo Yunlong , Wan Xiaobo , Yang Renqiang , Liu Yunqi
Published: March 2013

via a novel reductive ring closure methodology
ChemInform Abstract: Conversions of 7‐Aryl‐7H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐d][1,2,3]triazin‐4‐ols by the Action of Phosphorus Pentoxide, Pentasulfide, and Oxychloride.
Authors: Khutova B. M. , Klyuchko S. V. , Gurenko A. O. , Vasilenko A. N. , Balya A. G. , Rusanov E. B. , Brovarets V. S.
Published: March 2013

Compound (II) is used as starting material for a series of reactions yielding different kinds of pyrazole derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: “All‐Water” Chemistry of Tandem N‐Alkylation—Reduction—Condensation for Synthesis of N‐Arylmethyl‐2‐substituted Benzimidazoles.
Authors: Kommi Damodara N. , Kumar Dinesh , Bansal Rohit , Chebolu Rajesh , Chakraborti Asit K.
Published: March 2013

Water plays the crucial role of hydrogen bond mediated electrophile‐nucleophile dual activation during the selective N‐monoalkylation of nitroanilines that forms the basis of regiodefined installation of the substituents in their respective positions in the benzimidazole framework.
ChemInform Abstract: High Yield One‐Pot Synthesis of Some Novel N‐Methyl Isoxazolidine Derivatives Using N‐Methyl‐α‐chloro Nitrone in Water.
Authors: Chakraborty Bhaskar , Sharma Prawin Kumar , Chhetri Manjit Singh
Published: March 2013

Novel isoxazolidines are synthesized by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of α‐chloro nitrone (I) to dipolarophiles like maleimides (II) or alkene derivatives (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Linked Heterocyclics Containing Pyrazole and Oxadiazoles.
Authors: Reddy Ch. Sanjeeva , Rao L. Sanjeeva , Devi M. Vani , Nagaraj A.
Published: March 2013

Some of the title compounds (IX), especially derivatives (IXc)—(IXe), show high in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular O‐Arylation for the Synthesis of 2,3,4,9‐Tetrahydro‐1H‐xanthen‐1‐ones with Low Loads of CuCl.
Authors: Sudheendran Kavitha , Malakar Chandi C. , Conrad Juergen , Beifuss Uwe
Published: March 2013

An efficient route towards tetrahydroxanthenones, an important motif in many biologically active compounds, is developed in continuation of previously published studies.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Intramolecular Aminofluorination of Alkenes Mediated by PhI(OPiv)2/Hydrogen Fluoride—Pyridine System.
Authors: Wang Qing , Zhong Wenhe , Wei Xiong , Ning Maoheng , Meng Xiangbao , Li Zhongjun
Published: March 2013

A highly regio‐ and stereoselective metal‐free method for the intramolecular oxidative aminofluoration of unactivated terminal alkenes is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Substituted Ureas Based on 2,6‐Dimethyl‐3,5‐pyridinedicarboxylic Acid Azides.
Authors: Nesterova E. Yu. , Pugacheva A. S. , Voevudsky M. V.
Published: March 2013

Azides (I) and (VII) are converted into the corresponding isocyanate intermediates by Curtius rearrangement which further react with ammonia, primary, secondary amines to give mono‐, di‐, and trisubstituted ureas.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Route for the Preparation of Chromenoquinazolines.
Authors: Mazhukina O. A. , Platonova A. G. , Fedotova O. V. , Reshetov P. V.
Published: March 2013

First time, benzopyran (I), urea (II), and aromatic aldehydes are used in the Biginelli reaction to synthesize the title compounds of type (IV) in a one‐pot procedure.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Spectral Characterization and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Series of 6‐Arylsubstituted‐3‐[2‐(4‐substitutedphenyl)propan‐2‐yl]‐7H‐ [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazines.
Authors: Puthiyapurayil Pushpan , Poojary Boja , Chikkanna Chandrashekhar , Buridipad Sunil Kumar
Published: March 2013

A series of novel title compounds (V) (18 examples) are synthesized and tested in vitro for their cytotoxicity, their antimicrobial activity as well as their in vivo anthelmintic potency.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of α‐Hydroxyphosphonates and Their Antioxidant Properties.
Authors: Naidu Kalla Reddi Mohan , Kumar Krishnammagari Suresh , Arulselvan Palanisamy , Reddy Chinnappareddy Bhupendra , Lasekan Ola
Published: March 2013

The majority of the new α‐hydroxyphosphonates (III) show promising antioxidant activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Diterpenoids from the Soft Coral Sinularia maxima and Their Inhibitory Effects on Lipopolysaccharide‐Stimulated Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Bone Marrow‐Derived Dendritic Cells.
Authors: Nguyen Hoai Nam , et al. et al.
Published: March 2013

Six new diterpenoids, sinumaximols A—I are isolated together with three known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Syntheses of Mitragynine, Paynantheine and Speciogynine via an Enantioselective Thiourea‐Catalyzed Pictet—Spengler Reaction.
Authors: Kerschgens Isabel P. , Claveau Elise , Wanner Martin J. , Ingemann Steen , van Maarseveen Jan H. , Hiemstra Henk
Published: March 2013

A total synthesis of mitragynine (IV) is realized from 4‐methoxytryptamine by a route featuring an enantioselective Pictet—Spengler reaction catalyzed by a chiral thiourea as a key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetism of Dilute Oxides
Authors: Coey J. M. D.
Published: March 2013

Review: 155 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Giant Magnetoresistance: Theory
Authors: Tsymbal Evgeny Y. , Pettifor D. G. , Maekawa Sadamichi
Published: March 2013

Review: 92 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mesoporous Mixed Oxide Catalysts via Non‐hydrolytic Sol‐gel: A Review
Authors: Debecker Damien P. , Hulea Vasile , Mutin P. Hubert
Published: March 2013

Review: 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Dearomatization Reactions
Authors: Zhuo Chun‐Xiang , Zhang Wei , You Shu‐Li
Published: March 2013

Review: 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Oxidation of Alcohols and Aldehydes over Supported Metal Nanoparticles
Authors: Davis Sara E. , Ide Matthew S. , Davis Robert J.
Published: March 2013

Review: 137 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Reactivity of the Uranyl(VI) Ion
Authors: Baker Robert J.
Published: March 2013

Review: 117 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in Flavin‐Based Catalysis
Authors: de Gonzalo Gonzalo , Fraaije Marco W.
Published: March 2013

Review: ca. 66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Constitutional Dynamic Chemistry: Bridge from Supramolecular Chemistry to Adaptive Chemistry
Authors: Lehn Jean‐Marie
Published: March 2013

Review: 159 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mixed Donor Ligands
Authors: Tannert Rene , Pfaltz Andreas
Published: March 2013

Review: 282 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enhancing Solar Cell Efficiency: The Search for Luminescent Materials as Spectral Converters
Authors: Huang Xiaoyong , Han Sanyang , Huang Wei , Liu Xiaogang
Published: March 2013

Review: 435 refs.
Harnessing Electron Transfer from the Perchlorotriphenylmethide Anion to Y@C82(C2v) to Engineer an Endometallofullerene‐Based Salt
Authors: Kareev Ivan E. , Laukhina Elena , Bubnov Vyacheslav P. , Martynenko Vyacheslav M. , Lloveras Vega , Vidal‐Gancedo José , Mas‐Torrent Marta , Veciana Jaume , Rovira Concepció
Published: March 2013

We show that electron transfer from the perchlorotriphenylmethide anion (PTM−) to Y@C82(C2v) is an instantaneous process, suggesting potential applications for using PTM− to perform redox titrations of numerous endohedral metallofullerenes. The first representative of a Y@C82‐based salt containing the complex cation was prepared by treating Y@C82(C2v) with the [K+([18]crown‐6)]PTM− salt. The synthesis developed involves the use of the [K+([18]crown‐6)]PTM− salt as a provider of both a complex cation and an electron‐donating anion that is able to reduce Y@C82(C2v). For the first time, the molar absorption coefficients for neutral and anionic forms of the pure isomer of Y@C82(C2v) were determined in organic solvents with significantly different polarities.
Intramolecular Pnicogen Interactions in PHF(CH2)nPHF (n=2–6) Systems
Authors: Sánchez‐Sanz Goar , Alkorta Ibon , Trujillo Cristina , Elguero José
Published: March 2013

A computational study of the intramolecular pnicogen bond in PHF(CH2)nPHF (n=2–6) systems was carried out. For each compound, two different conformations, (R,R) and (R,S), were considered on the basis of the chirality of the phosphine groups. The characteristics of the closed conformers, in which the pnicogen interaction occurs, were compared with those of the extended conformer. In several cases, the closed conformations are more stable than the extended conformations. The calculated interaction energies of the pnicogen contact, by means of isodesmic reactions, provide values between −3.4 and −26.0 kJ mol−1. Atoms in molecules and electron localization function analysis of the electron density showed that the systems in the closed conformations with short P⋅⋅⋅P distances have a partial covalent character in this interaction. The calculated absolute chemical shieldings of the P atoms showed an exponential relationship with the P⋅⋅⋅P distance. In addition, a search in the Cambridge crystallographic database was carried out to detect those compounds with a potential intramolecular pnicogen bond in the solid phase.
Insight into the Luminescence Behavior of Europium(III) β‐Diketonate Complexes Encapsulated in Zeolite L Crystals
Authors: Wen Tingting , Zhang Wenjun , Hu Xuejun , He Liang , Li Huanrong
Published: March 2013

The acidity of europium(III)‐exchanged zeolite L (Eu3+/ZL) and its influence on the luminescence performances of encapsulated europium(III) β‐diketonate complexes are reported. The results indicate the importance of understanding the acidity of Eu3+/ZL in the preparation of luminescent host–guest materials of zeolite L crystals and europium(III) β‐diketonate complexes. The acidity of Eu3+/ZL was determined roughly by using a dye (thionine) as the probe molecule. The luminescence performances of the host–guest materials, including excitation and emission spectra, lifetime of Eu3+ ions, quantum yield, and energy transfer efficiency, have been investigated. The luminescence behavior of the host–guest materials can be tuned by changing the acidity inside the channels of the zeolite L crystals and can potentially be used as a sensor for detecting ammonia.
Structures and Magnetic Properties of Nickel Thiocyanato Coordination Compounds with 2‐Chloropyrazine as a Neutral Coligand
Authors: Wöhlert Susanne , Näther Christian
Published: March 2013

Reaction of Ni(NCS)2 with 2‐chloropyrazine in different molar ratios and solvents at room temperature leads to five new coordination polymers. In the crystal structures of Ni(NCS)2(2‐chloropyrazine)4·2‐chloropyrazine solvate (1) and Ni(NCS)2(2‐chloropyrazine)4 (2) the nickel cations are octahedrally coordinated by two terminal N‐bonded thiocyanato anions and four 2‐chloropyrazine ligands into discrete complexes. In the crystal structures of the Ni(NCS)2(2‐chloropyrazine)2(CH3OH)2·(CH3OH)2 solvate (3) and Ni(NCS)2(2‐chloropyrazine)2(CH3OH)2 (4) each nickel(II) cation is coordinated by two terminal N‐bonded thiocyanato anions, two 2‐chloropyrazine ligands and two O‐bonded methanol molecules in a slightly distorted octahedron. On heating, compounds 1 and 2 transform into the ligand‐deficient 1:2 compound 5, which can also be crystallized from solution. In the crystal structure of [Ni(NCS)2(2‐chloropyrazine)2]n (5) each nickel(II) cation is coordinated by two N‐bonded and two S‐bonded thiocyanato anions as well as two 2‐chloropyrazine ligands. The nickel cations are linked into dimers by pairs of μ‐1,3‐bridging thiocyanato anions that are further linked into chains and finally into layers by single μ‐1,3‐bridging thiocyanato anions. Magnetic measurements of compound 1 and 2 show only Curie or Curie–Weiss paramagnetism, whereas in the ligand‐deficient compound 5 a metamagnetic transition is observed at a critical field of HC = 14 kOe. The results of the magnetic measurements are compared with those of related nickel compounds with different coligands.
A real‐time impedance‐sensing chip for the detection of emulsion phase separation
Authors: Lin Yung‐Sheng , Chou Wei‐Lung , Yang Chih‐Hui , Huang Keng‐Shiang , Wang Eng‐Chi , Chen Cheng‐You , Lin Yu‐Hsin , Huang Haw‐Ming
Published: March 2013

This paper describes a novel real‐time impedance chip for the detection of squalene‐water emulsion phase separation. Each impedance chip contains eight pairs of indium tin oxide microelectrode arrays for detecting eight samples, and six chips can be connected with the switch relay to measure 48 samples in the system simultaneously. The proposed impedance chip has the advantages of needing only a small sample volume (0.5 mL), and provides parallel, continuous, and real‐time detection. The effects of the surfactant concentration on the stability of a squalene/water emulsion were studied by means of a visual inspection, a conductance probe, and by impedance chip. Three different concentrations of Tween 20 surfactant (9, 17, and 29 wt%) were employed for the examinations. The results indicated that the phase separation rate was faster in the lower surfactant concentration. However, the emulsion of 29 wt% Tween 20 was fairly stable for more than 2 days since there were no signal changes according to the three detection methods. The reaction time (TR) for completing the measured phase separation process differed for each of the three methods (measuring aqueous phase height, conductance, and impedance, respectively). For the 9 wt% Tween 20, the reaction times were 24 h, 20 min, and 5 min in the tests using visual inspection, conductance probe, and impedance chip, respectively. For the 17 wt% Tween 20, the TR was also shorter when using the impedance chip method compared to the other two methods. Therefore the proposed impedance chip has a quick reaction response and provides an alternative and effective method to detect emulsion stability.
Analytical tools for elucidating the biological role of melatonin in plants by LC‐MS/MS
Authors: Gomez Federico José Vicente , Hernández Ismael Gatica , Martinez Luis Dante , Silva María Fernanda , Cerutti Soledad
Published: March 2013

Melatonin (MT) presence in higher plants was recently discovered and the knowledge of its function in vivo is limited. Several studies have recently shown the occurrence of MT and related compounds in grapes and wines. The analysis of MT in plants and foods represents a highly challenging task due to its wide concentration range, the difficulty in the selection of the extraction solvents because of its amphipathic nature, and the fact that it reacts quickly with other matrix components. Thus, sample processing factors; preparation/cleanup procedures; and chromatographic/detection parameters, such as HILIC and reverse phase (C8 and C18) chromatographic modes, ESI, and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in both negative and positive modes were evaluated. Taken together, we have demonstrated that optimal conditions were quite different for each of the matrices under study. A sonication‐mediated extraction step was necessary for grape skin (100% v/v methanol) and plant tissues (50% v/v methanol), while wine and must required a SPE preconcentration step. HILIC−(+) APCI ionization was better for MT standards, while C8−(+) APCI was the best choice for grape skin and C18−(+ESI) was suitable for wine. On the other hand, C8−(+)ESI was the most appropriate for vegetal tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana. Proposed methods were validated and the LODs were in the low picogram levels range. The optimized approaches were applied to the determination of MT and its isomer in different vegetal/food samples; levels found within the range: 4.9–440 ng/g.
Quartz crystal nanobalance in conjunction with principal component analysis for identification and determination of Telone, Methyl Iodide, Endosulfan, and Methyl Bromide
Authors: Mirmohseni A. , Houjaghan M. Rastgouy
Published: March 2013

This study reports the capability of a system based on single silicon OV‐25 (a methylphenylsilicon (∼75% phenyl)) modified quartz crystal nanobalance (QCN) sensor with the application of principal component analysis (PCA) as a pattern recognition technique for the detection and determination of some organo‐halide pesticides (Telone, Methyl Iodide, Endosulfan, and Methyl Bromide) in aqueous solutions. It was found that the sensor response is linear against the organo‐halide pesticides in the concentration ranged between of 5–30 mg L−1 for Endosulfan and 5–60 mg L−1 for three other studied pesticides. The correlation coefficients (0.992, 0.989, 0.994, and 0.993), the sensitivity factors (2.27, 2.41, 3.61, and 1.44 Hz/mg L−1), and the lower limit of detections (1.4, 4.6, 2, and 4.6 mg L−1) were obtained for Telone, Methyl Iodide, Endosulfan, and Methyl Bromide, respectively. PCA has been performed based on the silicon OV‐25‐modified QCN sensor measurement results, and the signals were transformed into feature space. It was found that the transformed values of Telone, Methyl Iodide, Endosulfan, and Methyl Bromide were well separated. Thus, the developed QCN sensor has very good applicability to successfully determine organo‐halide pesticides. Also, it was found that over 93.5% of the data variance could still be explained by using two principal components (PC1 and PC2). © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 267–274, 2014
Application of Ulva sp. biomass for single and binary biosorption of chromium(III) and manganese(II) ions: Equilibrium modeling
Authors: Vijayaraghavan K. , Joshi Umid Man
Published: March 2013

The ability of green algal biomass of Ulva sp. to biosorb Cr(III) and Mn(II) from single‐ and binary‐ solute systems was investigated. Experimental results showed that pH 4.5 resulted in highest metal uptake by Ulva sp. biomass. Determined levels of maximum biosorption capacities were 2.89 and 1.07 mmol g−1 for Cr(III) and Mn(II), respectively, during single‐solute systems. Isotherms were modeled using the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich‐Peterson models with the later able to describe the biosorption isotherms with high correlation coefficients and low % error values. The removal kinetics were described using pseudo ‐first and ‐second order models. Desorption was possible using 0.01 M HCl and with this elutant, Ulva sp. biomass was reused for three cycles of sorption‐desorption. Experiments with binary metal solutions showed that Ulva sp. biomass preferred Cr(III) (2.03 mmol g−1) compared to Mn(II) (0.34 mmol g−1) at pH 4.5. Binary isotherms were described using the extended Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich‐Peterson models incorporated with interaction factor. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 147–153, 2014
Mafic injection as a trigger for felsic magmatism: A numerical study
Authors: Schubert M. , Driesner T. , Gerya T. V. , Ulmer P.
Published: March 2013

The origin of crustal‐scale silicic magmatism remains a matter of debate, and notable uncertainty exists concerning the physical mechanisms that drive ascent and emplacement of felsic magmas in upper crustal regions. A 2‐D numerical model demonstrates that injection of mantle‐derived mafic magma into a partially molten hot zone in the lower crust can drive felsic magma ascent and intrusion into upper crustal levels. The injection of mafic magma induces overpressure in the reservoir, which increases crustal stresses and triggers development of brittle/plastic shear zones, and can drive significant surface uplift. The emerging topography causes a nonuniform overpressure distribution in the reservoir and can trigger felsic magma ascent along crustal shear zones. Based on systematic numerical experiments, we investigate the influence of crustal strength and injection rate. The initial upper crustal strength controls the degree of crustal faulting and surface uplift and therefore whether felsic magma ascent can be initiated or not. The final upper crustal strength influences the depth and final style of felsic intrusion. The injection rate of mafic magma determines the time scale of overpressure growth and surface uplift stage. In contrast, the duration of the subsequent felsic ascent and intrusion emplacement stages remains nearly constant. Our results imply that mafic underplating and intrusion into the lower crust may not only be a prime control for the generation of felsic magmas in the lower crust but may also be an important physical driving mechanism for felsic magma ascent and intrusion into upper crustal levels.
Neuronal activity promotes myelination via a cAMP pathway
Authors: Malone Misti , Gary Devin , Yang In Hong , Miglioretti Anna , Houdayer Thierry , Thakor Nitish , McDonald John
Published: March 2013

Neuronal activity promotes myelination in vivo and in vitro. However, the molecular events that mediate activity‐dependent myelination are not completely understood. Seven, daily 1 h sessions of patterned electrical stimulation (ESTIM) promoted myelin segment formation in mixed cultures of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and oligodendrocytes (OLs); the increase in myelination was frequency‐dependent. Myelin segment formation was also enhanced following exposure of DRGs to ESTIM prior to OL addition, suggesting that ESTIM promotes myelination in a manner involving neuron‐specific signaling. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in DRGs were increased three‐fold following ESTIM, and artificially increasing cAMP mimicked the ability of ESTIM to promote myelination. Alternatively, inhibiting the cAMP pathway suppressed ESTIM‐induced myelination. We used compartmentalized, microfluidic platforms to isolate DRG soma from OLs and assessed cell‐type specific effects of ESTIM on myelination. A selective increase or decrease in DRG cAMP levels resulted in enhanced or suppressed myelination, respectively. This work describes a novel role for the cAMP pathway in neurons that results in enhanced myelination.
Overcoming neurite‐inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the astrocyte matrix
Authors: Cua Rowena C. , Lau Lorraine W. , Keough Michael B. , Midha Rajiv , Apte Suneel S. , Yong V. Wee
Published: March 2013

Acute trauma to the central nervous system (CNS) can result in permanent damage and loss of function related to the poor regeneration of injured axons. Injured axons encounter several barriers to regeneration, such as the glial scar at the injury site. The glial scar contains extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecules deposited by reactive astrocytes in response to injury. The scar ECM is rich in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), macromolecules that inhibit axonal growth. CSPGs consist of a core protein with attachment sites for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. An extensive literature demonstrates that enzymatic removal of the GAG chains by chondroitinase ABC permits some axonal regrowth; however, the remaining intact core proteins also possess inhibitory domains. Because metalloproteinases can degrade core proteins of CSPGs, we have evaluated five matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and a related protease—a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs‐4 (ADAMTS‐4)—for their capacity to overcome CSPG inhibition of neuritic growth in culture. The metalloproteinases were selected for their known expression after CNS injuries. Of the MMPs, MMP‐3, ‐7 and ‐8 reduced or abolished inhibition of neurite outgrowth on a purified CSPG substrate and on an astrocyte‐derived ECM. ADAMTS‐4 also attenuated CSPG inhibition of neurites and had the additional benefits of neither degrading laminin nor causing neurotoxicity. The efficacy of ADAMTS‐4 matched that of blocking the EGFR signaling previously reported to mediate CSPG inhibition. These findings highlight ADAMTS‐4 as a superior protease for overcoming CSPG inhibition of axonal regeneration in the CNS.
Effects of increased isopycnal diffusivity mimicking the unresolved equatorial intermediate current system in an earth system climate model
Authors: Getzlaff Julia , Dietze Heiner
Published: March 2013

Earth system climate models generally underestimate dissolved oxygen concentrations in the deep eastern equatorial Pacific. This problem is associated with the “nutrient trapping” problem, described by Najjar et al. [1992], and is, at least partially, caused by a deficient representation of the Equatorial Intermediate Current System (EICS). Here we emulate the unresolved EICS in the UVic earth system climate model by locally increasing the zonal isopycnal diffusivity. An anisotropic diffusivity of ∼50,000 m2 s−1 yields an improved global representation of temperature, salinity and oxygen. In addition, it (1) resolves most of the local “nutrient trapping” and associated oxygen deficit in the eastern equatorial Pacific and (2) reduces spurious zonal temperature gradients on isopycnals without affecting other physical metrics such as meridional overturning or air‐sea heat fluxes. Finally, climate projections of low‐oxygenated waters and associated denitrification change sign and apparently become more plausible.
Hepatic macrophages but not dendritic cells contribute to liver fibrosis by promoting the survival of activated hepatic stellate cells in mice
Authors: Pradere Jean-Philippe , Kluwe Johannes , De Minicis Samuele , Jiao Jing-Jing , Gwak Geum-Youn , Dapito Dianne H. , Jang Myoung-Kuk , Guenther Nina D. , Mederacke Ingmar , Friedman Richard , Dragomir Ana-Cristina , Aloman Costica , Schwabe Robert F.
Published: March 2013

Although it is well established that hepatic macrophages play a crucial role in the development of liver fibrosis, the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive. Moreover, it is not known whether other mononuclear phagocytes such as dendritic cells (DCs) contribute to hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and liver fibrosis. We show for the first time that hepatic macrophages enhance myofibroblast survival in a nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)–dependent manner and thereby promote liver fibrosis. Microarray and pathway analysis revealed no induction of HSC activation pathways by hepatic macrophages but a profound activation of the NF-κB pathway in HSCs. Conversely, depletion of mononuclear phagocytes during fibrogenesis

in vivo

resulted in suppressed NF-κB activation in HSCs. Macrophage-induced activation of NF-κB in HSCs

in vitro

and

in vivo

was mediated by interleukin (IL)−1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Notably, IL-1 and TNF did not promote HSC activation but promoted survival of activated HSCs

in vitro

and

in vivo

and thereby increased liver fibrosis, as demonstrated by neutralization in coculture experiments and genetic ablation of IL-1 and TNF receptor

in vivo

. Coculture and

in vivo

ablation experiments revealed only a minor contribution to NF-κB activation in HSCs by DCs, and no contribution of DCs to liver fibrosis development, respectively.

Conclusion

: Promotion of NF-κB–dependent myofibroblast survival by macrophages but not DCs provides a novel link between inflammation and fibrosis. (Hepatology 2013;58:1461–1473)
Hepatitis C virus treatment for prevention among people who inject drugs: Modeling treatment scale-up in the age of direct-acting antivirals
Authors: Martin Natasha K. , Vickerman Peter , Grebely Jason , Hellard Margaret , Hutchinson Sharon J. , Lima Viviane D. , Foster Graham R. , Dillon John F. , Goldberg David J. , Dore Gregory J. , Hickman Matthew
Published: March 2013

Substantial reductions in hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence among people who inject drugs (PWID) cannot be achieved by harm reduction interventions such as needle exchange and opiate substitution therapy (OST) alone. Current HCV treatment is arduous and uptake is low, but new highly effective and tolerable interferon-free direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatments could facilitate increased uptake. We projected the potential impact of DAA treatments on PWID HCV prevalence in three settings. A dynamic HCV transmission model was parameterized to three chronic HCV prevalence settings: Edinburgh, UK (25%); Melbourne, Australia (50%); and Vancouver, Canada (65%). Using realistic scenarios of future DAAs (90% sustained viral response, 12 weeks duration, available 2015), we projected the treatment rates required to reduce chronic HCV prevalence by half or three-quarters within 15 years. Current HCV treatment rates may have a minimal impact on prevalence in Melbourne and Vancouver (<2% relative reductions) but could reduce prevalence by 26% in 15 years in Edinburgh. Prevalence could halve within 15 years with treatment scale-up to 15, 40, or 76 per 1,000 PWID annually in Edinburgh, Melbourne, or Vancouver, respectively (2-, 13-, and 15-fold increases, respectively). Scale-up to 22, 54, or 98 per 1,000 PWID annually could reduce prevalence by three-quarters within 15 years. Less impact occurs with delayed scale-up, higher baseline prevalence, or shorter average injecting duration. Results are insensitive to risk heterogeneity or restricting treatment to PWID on OST. At existing HCV drug costs, halving chronic prevalence would require annual treatment budgets of US $3.2 million in Edinburgh and approximately $50 million in Melbourne and Vancouver.

Conclusion:

Interferon-free DAAs could enable increased HCV treatment uptake among PWID, which could have a major preventative impact. However, treatment costs may limit scale-up, and should be addressed. (Hepatology 2013;58:1598–1609)
Cutaneous alpha, beta and gamma human papillomaviruses in relation to squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: A population‐based study
Authors: Farzan Shohreh F. , Waterboer Tim , Gui Jiang , Nelson Heather H. , Li Zhongze , Michael Kristina M. , Perry Ann E. , Spencer Steven K. , Demidenko Eugene , Green Adele C. , Pawlita Michael , Karagas Margaret R.
Published: March 2013

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is common worldwide and, in immunodeficient populations, may contribute to the pathogenesis of keratinocyte cancers, particularly squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). However, their role in SCC in the general population is less clear. We conducted a comprehensive analysis to investigate the independent effects of seropositivity for cutaneous alpha, beta and gamma HPV types on risk of SCC, and a meta‐analysis of the available literature. In a population‐based case‐control study from New Hampshire, USA (n = 1,408), histologically confirmed SCC cases and controls were tested for L1 antibodies to alpha, beta and gamma cutaneous HPV types 2–5, 7–10, 15, 17, 20, 23, 24, 27b, 36, 38, 48–50, 57, 65, 75–77, 88, 92, 95, 96, 101, 103 and 107 using multiplex serology. An increasing risk of SCC with number of beta HPVs to which an individual tested positive was observed even among those seronegative for gamma types (p for trend = 0.016) with an odds ratio of 1.95 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07–3.56) for four or more beta types positive. In a meta‐analysis of six case‐control studies, increased SCC risks in relation to beta HPV seropositivity were found across studies (meta odds ratio = 1.45, CI = 1.27–1.66). While the prevalence of gamma HPVs assayed was somewhat higher among SCC cases than controls, the association was only weakly evident among those seronegative for beta HPVs. Overall, the association between cutaneous HPVs and skin cancers appears to be specific to SCC and to genus beta HPVs in a general US population.
Necrosis in DU145 prostate cancer spheroids induces COX‐2/mPGES‐1‐derived PGE2 to promote tumor growth and to inhibit T cell activation
Authors: Sha Weixiao , Olesch Catherine , Hanaka Hiromi , Rådmark Olof , Weigert Andreas , Brüne Bernhard
Published: March 2013

Cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2‐derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) supports the growth of a spectrum of cancers. The potential benefit of COX‐2‐inhibiting non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for cancer treatment is however limited by their well‐known cardiovascular side‐effects. Therefore, targeting microsomal PGE synthase 1 (mPGES‐1), the downstream enzyme in the COX‐2‐dependent pathway of PGE2 production might be attractive, although conflicting data regarding a potential tumor‐supporting function of mPGES‐1 were reported. We determined the impact of mPGES‐1 in human DU145 prostate cancer cell growth. Surprisingly, knockdown of mPGES‐1 did not alter growth of DU145 monolayer cells, but efficiently inhibited the growth of DU145 multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS). Opposed to MCTS, monolayer cells did not secrete PGE2 due to a lack of COX‐2 expression, which was induced during spheroid formation. Pharmacological inhibition of COX‐2 and mPGES‐1 supported the crucial role of PGE2 for growth of MCTS. The functionality of spheroid‐derived PGE2 was demonstrated by its ability to inhibit cytotoxic T cell activation. When investigating mechanisms of spheroid‐induced COX‐2 induction, we observed that among microenvironmental factors neither glucose deprivation, hypoxia nor tumor cell apoptosis enhanced COX‐2 expression. Interestingly, interfering with apoptosis in spheroids triggered a shift towards necrosis, thus augmenting COX‐2 expression. We went on to demonstrate that necrotic cells induced COX‐2 mRNA expression and PGE2 secretion from live tumor cells. In conclusion, necrosis‐dependent COX‐2 upregulation in MCTS promoted PGE2‐dependent tumor growth and inhibited activated cytotoxic T cells. Hence, blocking mPGES‐1 as a therapeutic option may be considered for COX‐2/mPGES‐1‐positive solid cancers.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF POLITICO‐RELIGIOUS NARRATIVES: STEPS TOWARD INTERVENTION PROMOTING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND COMMUNITY
Authors: Swift Dylan , Dokecki Paul R.
Published: March 2013

“Without an understanding of religion in American life, an understanding of community in American life remains incomplete” (Pargament & Maton, 2000, p. 515). In America, however, religion intertwines with politics, often creating ideological controversy and political deadlock. We investigated one of the underlying contributors to America's current ideological controversy, namely, values as manifest in the politico‐religious narratives people construct to help give meaning to their lives. The first author spent several months as a participant‐observer in a rural southeastern community, intensely experiencing community life, and keeping extensive field notes. Semistructured in‐depth and group interviews, analyzed using grounded theory and supplemented by theoretical accounts of morality/religion and politics, provided data for developing a theoretical model of narrative construction. We found (a) beliefs, (b) moral and religious values, and (c) emotional sentiments to be the major politico‐religious narrative elements and discussed implications for community psychology intervention in pursuit of human development and community.
Fully automated on‐screen carotid intima‐media thickness measurement: A screening tool for subclinical atherosclerosis
Authors: Vanoli Davide , Lindqvist Per , Wiklund Urban , Henein Michael , Näslund Ulf
Published: March 2013

Purpose

Carotid intima‐media thickness (CIMT) is generally considered an appropriate direct vascular method for cardiovascular risk assessment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and reproducibility of a newly developed automated on‐screen carotid ultrasound with respect to manual measurement with a conventional system.

Methods

We assessed CIMT in 50 consecutive patients (age 62 ± 5 years, range 21–79 years, 36 men) twice, using a newly developed automated ultrasound (CardioHealth Station) and a conventional system with manual measurement (Acuson, Sequoia). For each patient, three frozen frames of the distal 10 mm of the right and left common carotid arteries were acquired on the two systems, by operators blinded to each other. The average of the mean value of three readings of each system was calculated.

Results

The intraclass correlation coefficient of the interoperator variability was 0.95 and 0.94 for the automated and manual measurements, respectively. The comparative coefficient of variation of the interoperator variability was 8.2 and 8.7% for the automated and manual measurements, respectively. There was no clinically relevant difference between measurements obtained by the two systems (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.98). The acquisition time of the automated system was significantly shorter than the conventional system (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Fully automated on‐screen measurements of CIMT are feasible, faster, and as reproducible as conventional manual measurements and may be suitable and cost‐effective for screening application in community medicine. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 41:333–339, 2013
Peduncular hallucinosis in a patient with subclavian steal syndrome: Usefulness of Doppler ultrasonography
Authors: Gómez‐Choco Manuel , García Sonia , León Lucía
Published: March 2013

The subclavian steal syndrome is characterized by retrograde flow within a vertebral artery ipsilateral to proximal subclavian artery high‐grade stenosis or occlusion. It can cause vertebrobasilar insufficiency and hence diverse brainstem symptoms. Peduncular hallucinosis consists of visual images of brief duration that are related to thalamic or rostral brainstem lesions. We describe a patient with peduncular hallucinosis in the setting of subclavian steal syndrome. Inducing a hemodynamic challenge to the vertebrobasilar circulation elicited the patient́s visual symptoms. Thus, careful ultrasonographic evaluation with dynamic testing contributed to explain the physiopathology of the clinical symptoms. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:63–66, 2014