bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adopting a mentalizing approach to evaluating outcomes
Authors: Fuggle Peter , Fairbairn James , Oriol-Sanchez Anna
Published: February 2023

Evaluation is central to the AMBIT approach as an open system that is continually being developed and amended on the basis of the experience of workers and clients. Understanding the impact of the work on clients is a key part of the AMBIT quadrant Learning at Work. Given that AMBIT is designed to be applied to different professional groups working in different contexts, developing an evaluation approach has challenges. This chapter describes best practice in relation to outcome measurements in AMBIT, proposing five methods to create the conditions for evaluating in a mentalizing way. The chapter also reports the outcomes findings from existing AMBIT studies, and lastly proposes a new framework for outcome evaluation.
Pain and COVID-19
Authors: de Andrade Daniel Ciampi
Published: February 2023

This chapter presents the case of a woman who complains of persistent pain in the four limbs that started after intensive care unit (ICU) discharge due to COVID-19 infection. She fulfills criteria for Guillain–Barré syndrome, but her clinical picture may have been worsened by ICU stay. This case shows that Guillain–Barré syndrome is possible after COVID-19 and may induce neuropathic pain. Other potential causes of pain after COVID-19 mainly include post-ICU neuromuscular disorders for severe cases and long COVID syndrome. These consist of a constellation of symptoms, including headache or widespread pain, fatigue, respiratory or cardiovascular problems, and sleep disorders. These symptoms, which share similarities with other post-infectious disorders, might result from residual damage from acute infection, persistent immune activation, psychological factors, or unmasking of prior comorbidities.
Perineal Pain
Authors: Attal Nadine , Bouhassira Didier
Published: February 2023

This chapter presents the case of a man who reports chronic perineal pain, described as neuropathic (burning and stabbing), which started after intensive horseback riding and cycling. Pain involves the right genitals only, is increased by sitting, and is alleviated by standing. This is characteristic pudendal entrapment syndrome (Alcock syndrome), the most common cause of pudendal neuralgia. Management is difficult, and there are no international guidelines. Pudendal neuralgia corresponds to a peripheral neuropathic pain and as such may necessitate similar antineuropathic drugs as other neuropathic pains. Pudendal nerve blocks may have a diagnostic value in this context, and they may sometimes induce long-term benefit.
A Lightning in the Face
Authors: Truini Andrea , de Stefano Gianfranco
Published: February 2023

This chapter presents the case of an old woman who suffers from facial pain characterized by intense attacks, limited to the right side of the face, involving the cheek, upper and lower lips, and the underlying gums, lasting fractions of a seconds, and sometimes occurring in bursts. Her clinical picture is typical of trigeminal neuralgia. Diagnosis is clinical, but a magnetic resonance imaging scan or complete trigeminal reflex testing is mandatory to exclude major neurological diseases. First-line therapy is medical and includes carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine. If the occurrence of side effects prevents the patient from reaching the effective dosage, a neurosurgical referral should be considered.
Red Feet and Hands
Authors: Bennett David LH , Themistocleous Andreas
Published: February 2023

This chapter presents the case of a young woman who suffers from red burning feet since the age of 1 year, triggered by warmth and relieved by cooling. Clinical examination shows no sensory impairment, tendon reflexes are normal, and there is no motor deficit, but there is clear erythema of the feet. Pain is poorly relieved by codeine and acetaminophen. Erythromelalgia is a rare condition characterized by episodic burning pain and erythema of the distal extremities, aggravated by warmth and exercise. The diagnosis is clinical. Primary erythromelalgia is genetic, and oral mexiletine or topical lidocaine may be helpful. Secondary causes include myeloproliferative diseases, autoimmune disorders, small fiber neuropathy, vasodilated drugs, and collagen disorders/joint hypermobility.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
Authors: Attal Nadine , Bouhassira Didier
Published: February 2023

This chapter presents a case of a man with chronic sciatica and localized pain area at the leg who has not tolerated prior drug medications. Due to the necessity to maintain intellectual and professional activity because he is an active lawyer, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a relevant therapeutic option. The efficacy of TENS has been shown (weak level) in peripheral neuropathic pain, the best indications being painful radiculopathy, painful neuropathies, and post-traumatic/postsurgical nerve lesions with circumscribed pain area. Safety and tolerability are excellent. TENS may also be used to conduct transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation. TENS may be recommended as stand-alone therapy or add on to other treatments.
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation and Pulsed Radiofrequency
Authors: Attal Nadine , Bouhassira Didier
Published: February 2023

This chapter presents the case of a woman with occipital neuralgia and severe, paroxysmal, shooting pain who is refractory to conservative treatment, including nerve blocks and antineuropathic drugs. She is therefore a good candidate for peripheral nerve stimulation and, to a lesser extent, pulsed radiofrequency. The best potential indication for peripheral nerve stimulation is refractory peripheral neuropathic pain involving one nerve territory, although the level of evidence for efficacy remains low. Occipital nerve stimulation has been mainly studied in occipital neuralgia, migraine, and cluster headache. Pulsed radiofrequency works by delivering a targeted electrical field to the dorsal root ganglion and has been found effective mainly in thoracic postherpetic neuralgia and cervical radiculopathy, with a moderate quality of evidence.
Fast-Breathing Baby
Authors: Puri Ajay K. , Rattan Mantosh S. , McGuire Melissa A.
Published: February 2023

Neonatal respiratory distress is a leading cause of admission to neonatal intensive care units. As such, it is paramount that the emergency physician be familiar with the initial stabilization of neonates and understand the various pathologies that lead to respiratory distress in this patient population. Signs and symptoms suggesting neonatal respiratory distress include tachypnea, tachycardia, grunting, stridor, chest wall retractions, cyanosis, and apnea. It is important to stabilize the respiratory status of the infant with supplemental oxygen, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, or endotracheal intubation prior to proceeding with diagnostics. More common conditions leading to respiratory distress include transient tachypnea of the newborn, pneumonia, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, meconium aspiration syndrome, and pneumothorax. Uncommon conditions include tracheoesophageal fistulas (TEF) with esophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernias, and congenital heart disease.
Breathing through a Straw
Authors: Pizzitola Gina , Teng David , Assaad Peter
Published: February 2023

This chapter reviews a selection of imaging modalities (plain films and CT) to evaluate the child with stridor and details the signs that can be expected in different etiologies, including croup, foreign body aspiration, epiglottitis, and retropharyngeal abscess. It reviews when you may need to obtain imaging in a child originally suspected to have croup. It describes radiographic signs associated with stridor, including steeple sign, thumb sign, and prevertebral widening. Finally, it details the potential advantages of CT scan over plain films when evaluating retropharyngeal abscess.
What a Pain in the Neck
Authors: Sperandeo Michael , Sreedher Gayathri
Published: February 2023

Cervical spine injuries are challenging to diagnose based on clinical assessment alone for even the most seasoned pediatric emergency medicine physician. Traumatic cervical spine injuries in the pediatric population are quite rare; however, when present they have the potential for devastating neurological outcomes. Unlike adults, no well validated clinical assessment tool exists for pediatric patients. When imaging is obtained, what may appear as pathologic to the unseasoned eye may in reality be a normal variant, non-pathological, or normal growth pattern. On the other hand, detection of cervical spine injuries may be very subtle, and in some cases can only be identified on MRI. Any child presenting with abnormal vital signs, altered mental status, or an abnormal neurological exam should be assumed to have a cervical spine injury. Maintaining cervical spine precautions and obtaining prompt imaging and specialist evaluation are indicated when stable and in the appropriate clinical setting.
E
Authors: Dickman Andrew
Published: February 2023

This chapter includes drugs beginning with the letter E
O
Authors: Dickman Andrew
Published: February 2023

This chapter includes drugs beginning with the letter O
How to answer multiple-choice questions (MCQs)
Authors: Hill Sue
Published: February 2023

The multiple-choice questions (MCQs) in the European Diploma in Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care examination (EDAIC) are of the multiple true-false type (MTF). It is essential to understand the difference between these MTFs and the more commonly encountered one-from-five type of question. Preparation is essential and should cover the entire curriculum of the EDAIC. A strategy for answering questions during the exam is needed and should be practised beforehand. There is no penalty for guessing, so all questions should be answered. Paper A tests knowledge of Basic Science, while Paper B covers Clinical Practice. Basic Science has three sections: physiology; pharmacology; physics, equipment, methods of measurement and statistics. Clinical Practice will cover general anaesthesia, regional anaesthesia, and specialty areas of anaesthesia including chronic pain, intensive care, internal medicine, and emergency medicine. Each of these papers consists of 60 MCQ questions.
General anaesthesia
Authors: Varvinskiy Andrey , Hill Sue
Published: February 2023

This chapter provides 25 practice multiple-choice questions (MCQs) about general anaesthesia and the associated model answers, alongside references for more in-depth understanding. The chapter concentrates on the questions associated with providing general anaesthesia in both elective and emergency settings for patients treated in hospital and as a day case. The questions on the pre-operative assessment are also included in this chapter as well as the questions covering several types of critical incidents occurring during general anaesthesia. The latter questions are mainly based on the published guidelines (provided in the references) and require good understanding and detailed reading in order to answer them well.
Applied physiology
Authors: Ringvold Else-Marie , Varvinskiy Andrey
Published: February 2023

This chapter provides five examples of structured oral examination questions (SOEs) on applied physiology along with model answers and references to help you increase your knowledge and depth of understanding. One of the applied physiology questions, often related to cardiac or respiratory physiology, will be the first question for the first SOE of the Part II examination. You will receive a short introduction to the topic to be examined and pointers as to how the question will develop and be given ten minutes to prepare before you enter the examination hall. The list of questions given in each of the example SOEs here will not all appear in the introduction you receive, but you should make sure you think about the topic, draw any diagrams that you know will be useful to help demonstrate your understanding and anticipate what additional questions might be asked. You will take your preparatory work with you, so make your diagrams large enough for the examiners to see from across the exam table. Following this first question, you will be asked additional questions on applied physiology, which you will not have prepared, covering other areas of physiology of importance to the anaesthetist.
General anaesthesia
Authors: Ringvold Else-Marie , Zerafa Mario
Published: February 2023

This chapter provides six examples of structured oral examination questions (SOEs) on general anaesthesia along with model answers.The questions are in three pairs, each pair simulating the format of the first two questions of the EDAIC’s SOE 3 which deals with anaesthetic practice and pain management. The lead-in statement is what you would be given ten minutes before the start of the examination. This is meant to let you become familiar with the scenario and start making a management plan which includes a thorough pre-op evaluation and optimization and then the eventual intra-op anaesthetic management and post-op care plan.
Intensive care medicine
Authors: Sciberras Stephen , Zerafa Mario
Published: February 2023

This chapter provides five examples of structured oral examination questions (SOEs) on intensive care along with model answers and references to help you increase your knowledge and depth of understanding. They all include a lead-in statement which is similar to what you would be give ten minutes before the start of the examination. This is meant to let you become familiar with the scenario and start making a management plan which includes a thorough evaluation and any indicated treatment. Be prepared to discuss well established diagnostic criteria and scoring systems. Since these cases tend to be rather complex, the set of questions related to each scenario here would most likely be spread over the first two questions of SOE 4 thus spanning a minimum of ten minutes discussion.
Image interpretation
Authors: Sciberras Stephen , Zerafa Mario
Published: February 2023

This chapter provides five examples of structured oral examination questions (SOEs) on clinical image interpretation along with model answers and references to help you increase your knowledge and depth of understanding. In the EDAIC Part II examination, SOE 4, there will be a specific question on image interpretation where two different image modalities will be discussed. These can be any combination from X-rays, Ultrasound, CT scan, MRI, ECG, Echocardiograms and others. The most important thing is to demonstrate a structured systematic approach. A specific diagnosis is not always essential. Since these images are of anaesthetic and / or intensive care interest, be prepared to answer supplementary questions on the further management of the case.
At the Confluence of Rivers
Authors: San Chirico Kerry P. C.
Published: February 2023

Chapter 1 begins a two-chapter project of contextualizing the Khrist Bhaktas, exploring first Banaras, its age-old identity as a tīrtha, but also its more contemporary identity as a rather typical midsize twenty-first-century Indian metropolis. As much as it has been interpreted as a metonym for Hindu India, it is also home to a sizable Muslim community, as well as to Sikhs, Jains, and Christians, a fact which should mitigate against only understanding its elite, Sanskritic identity. Throughout Banaras’s long history, one of the evident religious streams has been bhakti, or devotion, a religiosity critical for understanding the conditions of a comprehensible Khrist bhakti. However, this stream operates in the context of another qualifying Hindu religious modality, what the author calls, following David White, “vernacular Hinduism,” which is marked by ongoing material and “noumenal” transactions between divine, semi-divine, and superhuman beings for generally this-worldly ends.
The Substance of Things Hoped For
Authors: San Chirico Kerry P. C.
Published: February 2023

Chapter 5 explicates the developing worldview of the Khrist Bhaktas, the Yesu that is being presented to Banārasīs by Catholic religious, and their own developing understanding of a deity that is at once regionally indeterminate while overdetermined elsewhere. The chapter examines the centrality of viśvās, or faith, and places it within the long history of Indian religion, and the way this community bears resemblance to the Johannine Christ, but also to that of a more well-known Hindu deity. As with much Charismatic Christianity, faith, or viśvās, is paramount. Concurrently, there is much stress on transformation, the workings of the Holy Spirit, and on testimonial by those who have experienced various healings. As with the previous chapter, there is a focus on a particular Khrist Bhakta, a woman through whom one may further glean what Clifford Geertz once called “tonalities of devotion.”
Third Force in Exile
Authors: Fu Po-Shek
Published: February 2023

This chapter focuses on the flagship publication of the US-sponsored Union Press. The influential Chinese Student Weekly allows us to gain insight into the ways liberal émigré intellectuals grappled with Cold War antagonism. It also provide us opportunity to explore from ground up the extent and nature of American Cold War intervention in Asia, and the related question of whether the émigré group had agency of their own in the propaganda warfare. The secret involvement in the weekly magazine’s cross-regional and transnational expansion of influences also sheds important light on the ways in which global ideological confrontations intertwined and overlapped with local historical imperatives in shaping the development of Hong Kong into the regional hub of Chinese-language cultural production.
Exploring Musical Spaces
Authors: Hook Julian
Published: February 2023

This book is a comprehensive synthesis of mathematical techniques in music theory, using the idea of musical spaces as a unifying thread. The spaces studied include an assortment of pitch and pitch-class spaces, tonnetz spaces, spaces of chords or key areas, spaces of twelve-tone rows, temporal spaces, voice-leading spaces, scalar spaces, and spaces of note names. Continuous spaces are examined alongside discrete ones, and generic (mod-7) spaces alongside chromatic (mod-12), with related emphasis on formal aspects of note spelling, the line of fifths, and enharmonic equivalence. The spatial approach facilitates the study of several areas of active recent scholarship in a unified theoretical framework; these areas include the theory of intervals and transformations, triadic transformations and neo-Riemannian theory, the geometric theory of voice-leading spaces, diatonic theory, and scale theory. Concepts and techniques from mathematical set theory, graph theory, group theory, geometry, and topology are introduced as needed to address musical questions.
Spaces I
Authors: Hook Julian
Published: February 2023

As an initiation into the concept of musical spaces, the opening chapter introduces several of the most important spaces that will be studied from various perspectives throughout the book: pitch spaces, pitch-class spaces, and tonnetz spaces. Several important characteristics differentiate these spaces. Octave equivalence distinguishes pitch-class space from pitch space. Either pitch space or pitch-class space may be discrete or continuous. A discrete space may be chromatic, with twelve notes per octave, or diatonic, with seven; generic spaces, also with seven notes, are more general than the structurally similar diatonic spaces. Distinctions are drawn between finite and infinite spaces, between conformed and unconformed spaces, between spaces in different numbers of dimensions, and between geometric and topological properties. Spaces generated by fifths and third are introduced, including spelled pitch-class space (the line of fifths), which distinguishes enharmonic spellings.
Intervals
Authors: Hook Julian
Published: February 2023

This chapter, significantly influenced by the work of David Lewin and drawing extensively on group theory, explores the rich and complex theory of interval spaces. Topics include label functions for interval spaces, homomorphisms and isomorphisms of interval spaces, direct products and quotients of interval spaces, generalized transposition and inversion operators, and interval-preserving and interval-reversing mappings. A series of theorems summarize many of the most important properties, including general forms of the Babbitt hexachord theorem and the duality between transpositions and interval-preserving mappings. Commutative interval spaces receive the most attention, but some noncommutative examples are also discussed. Assorted musical examples are presented, several of them involving cross-type interval-preserving and interval-reversing mappings between two different scalar spaces.
Cultural Accommodation and Difference in South Indian Catholicism
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra
Published: February 2023

In terms of their adaptation to south Indian society, Catholics located themselves between Hindu and Muslim. On the one hand, their devotional practices would eventually resemble those of Muslim trading communities and Sufi clerics who adapted to popular Hindu cult traditions. The veneration of holy men, the performance of blood sacrifices and exorcisms, and belief in miracles in the context of shrine worship were characteristics Catholics shared with Hindus and Muslims. On the other hand, we can observe among Catholics processes of differentiating themselves from their religious surroundings and from each other. This included the emergence of separate domains among the Catholic population based on competing jurisdictions and social classes served by Catholic missionary orders. It also included growing awareness of the difference between Christian and Hindu identities. The formation of these domains reflected differences of race, class, and belief and was just as important an aspect of Catholic history as tendencies toward accommodation.
Nationalist Politics and the Minoritization of Christians
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra
Published: February 2023

Anticolonial movements of South Asia often defended religious heritage and yielded Hindu-, Muslim-, and Buddhist-majority regimes that marginalized Christians and others. National constitutions defined the nature and rights of citizenship, but could not fully address feelings of marginality, vulnerability, and dislocation among those who became minorities—or were minoritized—overnight. Minoritized groups such as Christians felt an undue burden to prove their loyalty toward and membership within new nation-states. In order to find their place in lands dominated by Hindus, Muslims, or Buddhists, Christians made use of newspapers to vocalize public opinion and turned to the law to press for religious freedom. Christian minorities face unique challenges and increasing hostility in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka.
Pentecostalism, Conversion, and Violence in India
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra
Published: February 2023

This chapter examines local and transnational factors that have energized India’s Pentecostal movement. Pentecostal preaching affirms the role of the supernatural—possession by and deliverance from evil spirits, healing of physical illness, and spiritual gifts such as speaking in tongues. The appeal of Pentecostalism among lower classes is a huge factor that explains their explosive growth in today’s Global South. In their commitment to evangelism, often through aggressive preaching, Pentecostals often face criticism or hostility. Their rising prominence in South Asian Christianity coincides with rising antipathy toward conversion, especially among those pursuing Hindutva, or the campaign to establish India as an officially Hindu nation. The rise to power in India of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has coincided with a spike in anti-Christian violence, much of which is directed at Pentecostals.
Behaviors Influence Health
Authors: Braveman Paula
Published: February 2023

This chapter examines how behaviors are powerfully shaped by a range of social factors as well as how behaviors influence health. Traditional approaches to improving health-related behaviors have focused on informing people about the importance of healthy behaviors and urging them to engage in those behaviors. A large body of knowledge, however, indicates that a person’s living and working conditions—and the factors such as income, wealth, education, work, and racism that shape those conditions—also play a fundamental role in shaping health-related behaviors. Urging people to make healthy choices will not produce the desired behavioral effects if healthy choices are not accessible to them. Strategies to improve health-related behaviors must address the obstacles that people, particularly those with limited economic resources, face to adopting and maintaining healthy behaviors. Many of those obstacles can only be addressed by society, not by individuals.
What Is a Concussion?
Authors: Jaffee Michael S. , Broshek Donna K. , Svingos Adrian M.
Published: February 2023

Concussion is a temporary change in brain functioning, or the ability of the brain to do its job, that can occur in any number of ways. Concussion—sometimes called mild traumatic brain injury—is different from other forms of head injury. Concussions usually involve some temporary disruption of thinking skills or brief alteration of awareness, among other symptoms. Concussion has many different acute symptoms, and these same symptoms occur in a variety of health conditions and situations, which can sometimes make concussions difficult to detect. Symptoms may affect physical, cognitive, or emotional functioning as well as sleep.
Assessment and Management of Persisting Physical Symptoms After Concussion
Authors: Jaffee Michael S. , Broshek Donna K. , Svingos Adrian M.
Published: February 2023

Although the vast majority of individuals with concussion experience resolution of their symptoms after a few weeks to months, this is not the case for everyone. Experiencing physical symptoms after concussion can be extremely frustrating and confusing. Patients may start to feel discouraged if their concussion symptoms last longer than usual and may begin to wonder if this is their new normal. The good news is that many treatments are available if physical symptoms persist. It is important for patients to discuss their concerns with their health care providers and to remember that persisting symptoms may be the result of a number of factors. It is also important for patients to have a new evaluation to look at their specific symptoms and for their health care providers to develop an action plan to treat their individual symptoms. Interdisciplinary assessment is particularly helpful for patients who have persisting symptoms. Patients should remember that concussion symptoms are treatable.
Can Having Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder or a Learning Disorder Complicate Recovery from Concussion?
Authors: Jaffee Michael S. , Broshek Donna K. , Svingos Adrian M.
Published: February 2023

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disorders are both neurodevelopmental disorders that can affect academic performance and functioning in daily life. For adults with ADHD or learning disorders, the symptoms can affect work performance and social relationships. Whereas learning disorders affect processing of very specific skills, such as reading or math, ADHD symptoms include difficulty with attention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity. Research suggests that ADHD and learning disorders are associated with a longer recovery period after concussion, but it appears that this finding may be related to how these disorders affect performance on the tools used to track recovery. Because research studies on concussion often exclude participants with learning disorders and ADHD, much remains to be learned.
Concussions in Older Adults
Authors: Jaffee Michael S. , Broshek Donna K. , Svingos Adrian M.
Published: February 2023

Concussions are common among older adults, and older adults are at increased risk of complicated recovery after concussion. The most common mechanism of concussion in older adults is falls. Older adults with a concussion should speak with their health care provider about any other medical conditions they have or medications they are currently taking. Older adults should bring family members or close friends with them to medical appointments so that these people can share their perspectives about how things might have changed for the patient before and after the injury. A variety of strategies may be helpful for older adults who have cognitive symptoms. Older adults experiencing changes in thinking skills or emotional or adaptive functioning should seek evaluation.
Praiseworthiness
Authors: Pummer Theron
Published: February 2023

Chapter 4 addresses a new objection to the claim that it is permissible to do nothing, wrong to save the lesser number, and permissible to save the greater number. The objection is that, if it is wrong to save the lesser number (and one lacks an excuse for doing so), then one is overall blameworthy for saving the lesser number. But, at least in conflict cases, this is counterintuitive. In response, this chapter argues that not all unexcused wrong acts are overall blameworthy, even if all are blameworthy to some extent. Some wrong yet overall praiseworthy acts are less responsive to the balance of requiring reasons than is required. Other wrong yet overall praiseworthy acts are more responsive to the balance of requiring reasons than is required—such wrong acts can be more praiseworthy overall than permissible alternatives. The chapter presents examples of each sort.
Special Connections
Authors: Pummer Theron
Published: February 2023

Chapter 7 focuses on whether, when, and how special connections—including personal relationships, projects, and commitments—enhance requiring reasons or permitting reasons to save others. It first looks at some of the different ways in which reasons can be enhanced by special connections, in accord with the kinds and degrees of these connections. It then shows how lifetime features can amplify otherwise insufficiently strong (permitting and requiring) reasons to save a lesser number of people to whom one is specially connected over a greater number of strangers, making it permissible or even required to save the lesser number. Finally, the chapter distinguishes between responsibly acquired special connections and non-responsibly acquired special connections and shows how the former (but not the latter) can increase the cost one is required to incur in helping others over the course of one’s life.
The Age of Interconnection
Authors: Sperber Jonathan
Published: February 2023

The Age of Interconnection: A Global History of the Second Half of the Twentieth Century investigates the history of the world, from the end of the Second World War to the beginning of the new millennium. It was an era of an increasing flow of people, goods, capital, and ideas across national borders, continents, and oceans. The period was an age of profound transformation in every realm of human existence, including the human relationship to nature, forms of labor, social structures, religious practices, or the system of international relations. These changes, occurring on a global scale resulted in a world increasingly interconnected.
Nature
Authors: Sperber Jonathan
Published: February 2023

This chapter discusses human interaction with the biosphere. The postwar decades were a period in which the biosphere was treated as a cost-free resource and an infinite sink for emissions and discharges, whether of relatively new materials, such as nuclear fallout and pesticides or older ones, such as lead and nitrogen oxides. The 1960s and 1970s saw an increasing sensitivity to the effects of human actions on the biosphere, in thought, political movements and government actions and agencies. The final decades of the millennium brought new issues of human-biosphere interaction, and the different results of efforts to deal with chemicals attacking the ozone layer and greenhouse gases, revealed the intellectual and political dilemmas involved.
Labor
Authors: Sperber Jonathan
Published: February 2023

This chapter centers on the situation of labor, both in the workplace and in the broader social and political arena during the second half of the twentieth century. Emerging from the Second World War in a strong economic, social, and political position, which was maintained, if not necessarily expanded in the 1950s and 1960s, labor militancy and labor struggles reached a high point in the 1970s. New political trends, increasing opportunities for capital mobility, and the globalization of production dramatically weakened the position of labor, worldwide, in the final decades of the twentieth century.
Animal Features
Authors: van Eck Caroline
Published: February 2023

Chapter 4 turns to a different kind of context: that of trophies, totem poles, and other ritual objects, suggested by strong formal resemblances and similarities in subject matter and composition between Piranesi’s candelabra and such objects. One of the most striking aspects of the candelabra is the overwhelming presence of animal features, presented in a very lively and lifelike manner: leonine paws, rams’ heads, elephants, birds that are a hybrid crossing of storks and ibises. This chapter seeks to understand whether there is an implicit logic that generates such combinations of the animal, vegetal, and mineral, of conventional iconography and a very personal mythology. While there is no historical connection, since these artefacts only arrived in the United States and Europe at the end of the nineteenth century, thinking about candelabra in terms of the theories developed by Claude Lévi-Strauss and Pierre Francastel about totem poles as ways of appropriating the agency of the animals depicted, and suggesting animal pedigrees to human societies, does help to grasp some elements in the interest of Roman society as well as by Piranesi in these insistent, and very distinctive, animal presences.
Movement, Animation, and Intentionality
Authors: van Eck Caroline
Published: February 2023

Chapter 6 returns to the issue of lifelikeness and animation, to untangle a few strands in the varieties of human-thing entanglement discussed here in the light of recent research inspired by the Uncanny. Drawing on the research into perceptual attribution mechanisms by Albert Michotte, Fritz Heider, and Marianne Simmel, and Gabriela Airenti, this chapter develops an analysis of such emotional or even bodily investment in art and of such excessive varieties of human–thing entanglement, that lifts them out of the realm of art historical anecdote, and provides at least the rudiments for not only an artistic but also a psychological account of these emotional and physical investments in art.
The Rejection of British Idealism
Authors: Guyer Paul , Horstmann Rolf-Peter
Published: February 2023

This chapter focuses on the attack on idealism, especially Bradley’s absolute idealism, by G. E. Moore and Bertrand Russell in the earliest phases of their long careers. Yet traces of Platonism and idealism were present in their work, in the form of a Platonism about concepts in Moore and an assumption about the fundamental reality of sense-data in Russell, and both emphasized the constructive activities of the mind performed on those basically idealist realities that would presage much further twentieth-century philosophy.
Sympathies and Oppressions
Authors: Narayanan Amrita
Published: February 2023

Describes the genesis and methodology of this book, and lays out the broad strokes historical landscape of Upper-Middle-Class Women’s Sexuality in India. Defines the trauma: how sexual aggression and agency is denied to women relative to their socio-economically equal male counterparts. Identifies the resistances to recognizing this trauma, while pointing out the diversity of responses to it—different women experience the trauma differently and some don’t experience it at all. Explains, using examples, how the idea of India constructed within and outside India impacts women’s sexuality. Uses anecdotes and examples to describe a ‘spectator effect’ in which sympathy given for stories of trauma reproduces the trauma by covering up sexual aggression, pleasures, and triumphs. Lays out the theoretical basis for the book in contemporary psychoanalysis.
Mutters, Whimpers, Wails
Authors: Narayanan Amrita
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores generational styles in grieving the loss of women’s sexual freedom under patriarchy. Introduces a range of responses to patriarchal control of sexual freedom: some women experience almost no difficulty or resentment in navigating conservative sexuality, but others experience sexual deprivation of an order so high as it is hard for them to even imagine their desires. Introduces Freud’s theory of grief and contemporary approaches to grief. Defines ‘recovery’ from patriarchy while clarifying that not all women desire or need ‘recovery’ because women of different generations have different investments in patriarchy. Introduces styles of mourning—melancholic, elegiac, and angry—and articulates how these styles of mourning may take the form of sexual enactments or privatized grief. Reminds us that spectators to women’s grief have a tendency to value privatized grief and problematically refuse the grief and triumph in women’s sexual enactments. Argues for an ‘aesthetics of grief’ that allows for an appreciation of a range of responses to the trauma of female sexual control under patriarchy.
Methods
Authors: West Stuart , Turnbull Lindsay
Published: February 2023

The Methods section is usually the best place to start writing.
Discussions
Authors: West Stuart , Turnbull Lindsay
Published: February 2023

Imagine that your reader has made it through the bottleneck of the Methods and Results and is now emerging, with some relief, into the Discussion. The Methods and Results sections are generally quite dense and demanding, as they are filled with technical details, so they are often the hardest parts of the paper to read. The Discussion is where you can return to the bigger picture, and provide a synthesis of your work, leaving your reader with a clear picture of what your paper has achieved (and hopefully wondering who they can recommend it to). The problem is that providing a synthesis is an open-ended demand, and it isn’t always clear what you should include. In this chapter we address key questions such as: What should you discuss? How long should you spend on different issues? How much space should be dedicated to a discussion of other literature or the limitations of your work?
Developing penal policy
Authors: Easton Susan , Piper Christine
Published: February 2023

This chapter focuses on key questions in penal policy, including justice, risk management, and human rights. It also considers the principal factors which shape the development of penal policy. Notably, these are political imperatives, economic influences, and penological and criminological principles, as well as public opinion and the media, which have become much more influential since the early 1990s. Recent penal policy developments to highlight significant trends and problems are discussed, including the impact of the pandemic. The chapter concludes by focusing on the management of sex offenders and providing a case study and discussion questions for further reflection on the issues.
Determining ‘just deserts’
Authors: Easton Susan , Piper Christine
Published: February 2023

Seriousness and proportionality are key concepts in the ‘just deserts’ approach to sentencing which was endorsed by the Criminal Justice Act 1991. This chapter analyses the extent to which this framework based on retributivist principles has been undermined by subsequent changes in legislation. It examines law and guidance on constructing seriousness, particularly in relation to harm and culpability, and on determining a commensurate sentence. Throughout it refers to the Sentencing Code (referring to the Sentencing Act 2020 when we are explaining how changes occurred) and illustrates issues by using examples from recent guidelines, focusing discussion on custodial sentencing. Finally, it discusses criticisms of modern retributivism from a range of standpoints, including Marxian perspectives.
Risk and danger
Authors: Easton Susan , Piper Christine
Published: February 2023

This chapter reviews the current policy focus on the ‘dangerous’ offender and the aim of protecting the public from the risk posed by an offender’s reoffending. It examines notions of risk and dangerousness, noting that these may be historically contingent, and discusses developments in relation to preventive detention. It also examines the utilitarian justifications for selective incapacitation of offenders, or groups of offenders, believed to be dangerous, noting problems caused by the IPP sentence. The chapter then examines the changes in sentencing law, focusing on particular types of penalty and order. Lastly, it discusses the provisions for control of dangerous prisoners through discretionary release procedures.
Justice in the modern prison
Authors: Easton Susan , Piper Christine
Published: February 2023

In this chapter we focus on the treatment of adult prisoners, examining a number of aspects of prison life as well as considering the aims of imprisonment. Key developments since 1990 are considered, including the Woolf Report (Woolf and Tumin 1991), managerialism and privatisation, the implications of the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 and the impact of the pandemic, to assess whether the just treatment of prisoners has been achieved. While substantial improvements in prison regimes have been made since the early 1990s, there has also been considerable pressure on them from the expanding prison population. The problem of reconciling respect for the rights of prisoners with the administrative needs of the prison system and the deterrent function of prison is highlighted. The potential to reduce the prison population substantially in the current political climate is also discussed.
The Rule of Law and Fair and Equitable Treatment
Authors: Paparinskis Martins
Published: February 2023

A plausible positive and normative claim can be made regarding fair and equitable treatment (FET) as a positive expression of the rule of law. First, the chapter introduces the concept of FET, identifies the elements in practice that support the argument for reading it in rule-of-law terms, and distinguishes various ways of making that argument. Second, it addresses in turn the more important instances of its application—arbitrariness, protection of expectations, and due process—and shows how the rule-of-law(-inspired) notions have been articulated in their regard. The main claim is that reading FET through rule-of-law lenses is plausible but may be conflating positive and normative claims as well as understating the potential and benefits for answering public international law questions in public international law terms.
Legality Requirements
Authors: Jarrett Martin A.
Published: February 2023

Legality requirements stipulate that investors must make their investments in accordance with host State law. They operate to give more legal meaning to domestic law: if an investor breaches host State law in the investment-making process, then it runs the risk of the arbitral tribunal declining jurisdiction, which is the equivalent of the effective death of its investment-treaty claim. With this operation, legality requirements enhance the domestic rule of law. But when an arbitral tribunal declines jurisdiction because of the non-satisfaction of a legality requirement, it risks compromising the international rule of law. This compromise to the international rule of law occurs because the rules on the treatment of investments by States cannot take effect, meaning that States’ (potentially wrongful) conduct cannot be scrutinized. This is the rule-of-law tension that legality requirements give rise to. This chapter examines how arbitral tribunals manage this tension.
The Rule of Law, Standards of Review, and the Separation of Powers
Authors: Shirlow Esmé
Published: February 2023

This chapter analyses the extent to which separation of powers theories offer a useful framework to guide the approaches that tribunals take (or should take) to analysing deference to domestic decision-makers in investment treaty disputes. The separation of powers recognizes that decision-makers of structurally different institutional types will hold greater capacity to decide certain questions vis-à-vis others. The chapter highlights how such considerations might be relied upon by investment arbitrators to justify adopting deferential standards of review when examining the decisions of particular domestic actors, or the decisions of domestic actors on certain topics. To do so, the chapter first examines how separation of powers theories link to the concept of a rule of law. It then explores how such concepts might influence the approaches of investment tribunals to issues of deference in practice. The chapter further considers how separation of powers theories might be more directly engaged by investment tribunals to inform their approaches to deference, and so allow them to appraise and accommodate a separation of powers between domestic and international actors on a case-by-case basis.
Domestic Investors, the Rule of Law, and Equality
Authors: Nadakavukaren Schefer Krista
Published: February 2023

Of all the criticisms of the current international investment law regime, the most radical is that the international protections of foreign investors violate host State obligations of equality towards domestic investors. Despite two recent court decisions denying any such failings, the question of how a State’s separate-and-preferential treatment of one group of investors can be compliant with the rule of law remains incompletely addressed. This chapter examines the role of equality from the perspective of the rule of law to determine whether the investment regime places hosts in danger of violating their responsibilities to their own investors by requiring them to offer foreign investors promises of protection and, more critically, exclusive access to international arbitration for alleged violations of the protection standards. The chapter includes, however, the acknowledgement of the possibility that equality and rule of law are related in a more dialectic way than one being an element or even result of the other. Here, the inequality of foreign and domestic investors becomes problematic—not as regards the individual domestic investor’s relation to the host, but as regards to the host State’s legitimacy in relation to its own population.
What’s All Your Furniture Pointed At?
Authors: Subramanian Vidya
Published: February 2023

This chapter deals with the influence of television on the sport of cricket; and how the televised sport is not just a sport but in fact ‘a branch of the advertising and promotion industry’. From being a sport, cricket became first, a media event, and second, a televised event. Building brands for individual players, creating spaces for advertisements within the stadium and the person of the player, and finding more audiences on the other side of a television set became more important markers of the sport, creating a ‘networked media sport’. The ‘networked media sport’ landscape provides a suitable substrate for the development and perpetuation of events such as the Indian Premier League, giving advertisers and audiences alike a relatively new consumption pattern that can be moulded to enhance individual celebrity, brand identification, advertising revenues, and indeed the visibility of high-profile sports and sportspersons.