bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delirium Superimposed on Dementia: Accuracy of Nurse Documentation
Authors: Steis Melinda R. , Fick Donna M.
Published: July 2011

Delirium is an acute, fluctuating confusional state that results in poor outcomes for older adults. Dementia causes a more convoluted course when coexisting with delirium. This study examined 128 days of documentation to describe what nurses document when caring for patients with dementia who experience delirium. Nurses did not document that they recognized delirium. Common descriptive terms included words and phrases indicating fluctuating mental status, lethargy, confusion, negative behavior, delusions, and restlessness. Delirium is a medical emergency. Nurses are in need of education coupled with clinical and decisional support to facilitate recognition and treatment of underlying causes of delirium in individuals with dementia.
Home Telehealth: Patient Satisfaction, Program Functions, and Challenges for the Care Coordinator
Authors: Young Lance B. , Foster Linda , Silander Aaron , Wakefield Bonnie J.
Published: July 2011

Home telehealth programs can enhance older adults’ access to care, but eliciting accurate information regarding program effectiveness is challenging because patients are reluctant to criticize. This study sought accurate patient perspectives about both benefits and challenges of the Veterans Health Administration’s rapidly expanding care coordination/home telehealth program. Patients who completed the standard 8-item satisfaction survey were subsequently interviewed, and the transcripts were content analyzed to identify program functions most salient to patients and program components most challenging for patients. Interviews generally supported patients’ high survey ratings but also revealed some challenges that the survey did not capture. Program functions most salient to patients were providing access, educating or instructing, and monitoring or tracking. However, patients were frustrated by equipment problems as well as care coordinator inaccessibility and slow response. Gathering detailed information about patient perceptions of health care delivery is important so challenges can be addressed to meet patients’ expectations.
Feeding ecology of demersal elasmobranchs from the shelf and slope off the Balearic Sea (western Mediterranean)
Authors: Valls Maria , Quetglas Antoni , Ordines Francesc , Moranta Joan
Published: July 2011

The feeding ecology of eight demersal elasmobranchs, three sharks (Etmopterus spinax, Scyliorhinus canicula and Galeus melastomus) and five batoids (Myliobatis aquila, Leucoraja naevus, Raja polystigma, R. miraletus and R. clavata), from the Balearic Sea (western Mediterranean) was analyzed. For each species, the diet and feeding habits were characterized by depth strata using quantitative indices such as diet overlap, diet breadth and prey diversity. Diet variation with size and depth were also tested for the most abundant species. For shelf-living species, natantian and reptantian crustaceans together with teleosts were the most important preys. On slope bottoms, euphausiids were the preferential prey for S. canicula and G. melastomus, while E. spinax fed mainly on cephalopods. The most specialist and generalist diet corresponded to G. melastomus living on the upper slope and S. canicula from the continental shelf, respectively. High overlap was found between all the skates on the continental shelf and the sympatric sharks S. canicula and G. melastomus on the slope. Significant overlap was also found between S. canicula and R. clavata on the continental shelf. Size was found to significantly affect the diet of S. canicula, G. melastomus and R. clavata, whereas depth affected exclusively S. canicula.
On Cardinal Invariants and Generators for von Neumann Algebras
Authors: Sherman David
Published: July 2011

We demonstrate how most common cardinal invariants associated with a von Neumann algebra ℳ can be computed from the decomposability number, dens(ℳ), and the minimal cardinality of a generating set, gen(ℳ). Applications include the equivalence of the well-known generator problem, “Is every separably-acting von Neumann algebra singly-generated?”, with the formally stronger questions, “Is every countably-generated von Neumann algebra singly-generated?” and “Is the gen invariantmonotone?”Modulo the generator problem, we determine the range of the invariant (gen(ℳ), dens(ℳ)) , which is mostly governed by the inequality dens.
On Algebraically Maximal Valued Fields and Defectless Extensions
Authors: Bishnoi Anuj , Khanduja Sudesh K.
Published: July 2011

Let v be a Henselian Krull valuation of a field K. In this paper, the authors give some necessary and sufficient conditions for a finite simple extension of (K, v) to be defectless. Various characterizations of algebraically maximal valued fields are also given which lead to a new proof of a result proved by Yu. L. Ershov.
In-Vitro Studies on the Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus to Some Ethno-Medicinal Preparations Sold around Kano, Nigeria
Authors: Bashir M , Yusuf I , Kutama AS
Published: July 2011

Five traditional herbal preparations were sampled between May-June, 2009 in Kano. The samples were investigated for invitro antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Likewise, phytochemical screening tests were conducted to determine some of the phytochemicals present in the ethanolic and water extracts of the samples. Various concentrations of the extracts were prepared using serial doubling dilutions (5000=l/ml, 2500=g/ml, 1250=g/ml, 625=g/ml and 312.5=g/ml). All the test extracts showed slight antibacterial activity against the test organism, with ethanolic extract of sample E having the highest zone diameter of inhibition, while sample H had the lowest diameter of inhibition. The standard antibiotic disc (Gentamicin) had demonstrated the highest activity on the test organisms. The results of the Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of steroid in all the samples, tannin in samples A, C, D and E, reducing sugars in sample A, D and E respectively. The result of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was found to be above 312.5=g/ml for samples C, D and E.

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, Herbal preparations, antibacterial activity, Phytochemical

screening and minimum inhibitory concentration.
Qualidade da informação em portais do judiciário
Authors: Albuquerque Almir dos Santos , Bastos Rogério Cid , Lino Manuel Rosa de Oliveira
Published: July 2011

A revolução nos paradigmas de produção do conhecimento e o volume exponencial diário de informações disponibilizadas na web, sinalizam a necessidade de criação de metodologias de gestão da qualidade da informação que viabilizarão as questões relacionadas com os critérios de avaliação da “qualidade”. A informação judicial disponibilizada pelos sites dos Tribunais de Justiça que é acessada diariamente pelo cidadão comum e por todos os operadores do Direito, devido ao seu grande volume e importância, necessita ter boa qualidade. Desta informação dependem, principalmente, as pessoas envolvidas nas lides disputadas nos mais variados processos judiciais. Portanto, a qualidade da informação deve ser empreendida pelo Poder Judiciário brasileiro. O objetivo deste artigo é evidenciar a possibilidade de avaliação da qualidade da informação dos sites dos Tribunais de Justiça brasileiros.
Inverse modeling of cloud-aerosol interactions – Part 2: Sensitivity tests on liquid phase clouds using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo based simulation approach
Authors: Partridge D. G. , Vrugt J. A. , Tunved P. , Ekman A. M. L. , Struthers H. , Sorooshian A.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. This paper presents a novel approach to investigate cloud-aerosol interactions by coupling a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm to a pseudo-adiabatic cloud parcel model. Despite the number of numerical cloud-aerosol sensitivity studies previously conducted few have used statistical analysis tools to investigate the sensitivity of a cloud model to input aerosol physiochemical parameters. Using synthetic data as observed values of cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) distribution, this inverse modelling framework is shown to successfully converge to the correct calibration parameters. The employed analysis method provides a new, integrative framework to evaluate the sensitivity of the derived CDNC distribution to the input parameters describing the lognormal properties of the accumulation mode and the particle chemistry. To a large extent, results from prior studies are confirmed, but the present study also provides some additional insightful findings. There is a clear transition from very clean marine Arctic conditions where the aerosol parameters representing the mean radius and geometric standard deviation of the accumulation mode are found to be most important for determining the CDNC distribution to very polluted continental environments (aerosol concentration in the accumulation mode >1000 cm−3) where particle chemistry is more important than both number concentration and size of the accumulation mode. The competition and compensation between the cloud model input parameters illustrate that if the soluble mass fraction is reduced, both the number of particles and geometric standard deviation must increase and the mean radius of the accumulation mode must increase in order to achieve the same CDNC distribution. For more polluted aerosol conditions, with a reduction in soluble mass fraction the parameter correlation becomes weaker and more non-linear over the range of possible solutions (indicative of the sensitivity). This indicates that for the cloud parcel model used herein, the relative importance of the soluble mass fraction appears to decrease if the number or geometric standard deviation of the accumulation mode is increased. This study demonstrates that inverse modelling provides a flexible, transparent and integrative method for efficiently exploring cloud-aerosol interactions efficiently with respect to parameter sensitivity and correlation.
Will open ocean oxygen stress intensify under climate change?
Authors: Gnanadesikan A. , Dunne J. P. , John J.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Global warming is expected to reduce oxygen solubility and vertical exchange in the ocean, changes which would be expected to result in an increase in the volume of hypoxic waters. A simulation made with a full earth system model with dynamical atmosphere, ocean, sea ice and biogeochemical cycling shows that this holds true if the condition for hypoxia is set relatively high. However, the volume of the most hypoxic waters does not increase under global warming, as these waters actually become more oxygenated. We show that the rise in oxygen is associated with a drop in ventilation time. A term-by-term analysis within the least oxygenated waters shows an increased supply of oxygen due to lateral diffusion. compensating an increase in remineralization within these highly hypoxic waters. This lateral diffusive flux is the result of an increase of ventilation along the Chilean coast, as a drying of the region under global warming opens up a region of wintertime convection in our model.
Total Hip Arthroplasty after Excision Arthroplasty: Indications and Limits
Authors: Dallari Dante , Fini Milena , Carubbi Chiara , Giavaresi Gianluca , Rani Nicola , Del Piccolo Nicolandrea , Sartori Maria , Maso Alessandra
Published: July 2011

We reviewed performed a retrospective review of our series of excision arthroplasty patients and identified 16 patients who had undergone the procedure for sepsis, and who we had subsequently subjected to revision to a total hip arthroplasty (THA). Mean follow-up was 96±15 months. There was a significant reduction in limb length discrepancy and a marked improvement in walking capability. Range of movement improved most in patients under 65 years of age. Patient selection is critical, because THA after excision arthroplasty is complex, and may have less satisfactory results primary surgery.
Intrapleural Migration of a Percutaneous Transhepatic Hemodialysis Catheter
Authors: Kwan Sharon W. , Kerlan Robert K.
Published: July 2011

Percutaneous transhepatic catheters are a form of nonconventional access for patients requiring hemodialysis. We report a complication of these catheters which has not been previously described in the literature. The mechanism for intrapleural migration and a way to avoid this potential complication are discussed.
High Pressure Technology
Authors: Bett K. A. , Bloch Heinz P.
Published: July 2011

The growth in the use of high pressure by the chemical industry in the 20th Century led to the discovery of polyethylene by ICI in the 1930s. At that time, the pressures required by the large‐scale production of low density polyethylene were well beyond normal design practices for continuously operating plants and the development of the process in both the United States and Europe posed formidable problems. This led to a number of different modifications to the high pressure procedures used by ICI. In this article, the basic principles governing the design of thick‐walled cylinders to withstand static high internal pressures are reviewed. It is shown how these principles together with much of the work carried out since the 1940s, especially that directed towards increasing fatigue strength of cylinders subjected to pulsating internal pressure were used to develop both stirred and tubular reactors and pumps. Compressors play a vital part in these processes and are discussed in detail. Most of this article is devoted to the design of continuous chemical plants
Pipeline Transportation
Authors: Mohitpour M. , Sortland Ken
Published: July 2011

Pipelines are continuous large‐diameter piping systems. Usually buried underground where feasible, through which gases, liquids, or solids suspended in fluids are transported over considerable distances. They are used to move water, wastes, minerals, chemicals, and industrial gases, but primarily crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas. In the oil and gas business, a pipeline consists of a trunkline, ie, the large diameter, high pressure, long distance portion of the piping system through which the crude oil is shipped to refineries, or natural gas and oil products, respectively, are transported to distribution points, and smaller low pressure gathering lines that transport oil or gas from wells to the trunkline. Smaller lines used by natural gas distributors are not considered part of a gas pipeline system.

This article gives information on the historical perspective of pipeline development and includes natural gas and liquid pipelines. Pipelines are a more economical form of transportation than rail or tuck, and are usually secure within a nation or between friendly neighbors. Physical pipeline development consists of several logical steps such as route selection, regulatory application, design, maintenance, construction, and commissioning. A complete checklist is provided. The Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968 began the regulation of natural pipeline transmission.
Coating Processes
Authors: Cohen Edward , Lightfoot E. J.
Published: July 2011

Coating process technology is in widespread use because the surface of most materials needs to be treated in order for the final product to meet all the functional needs and requirements. The modification is accomplished by applying a coating or series of coatings to the material to improve its performance and make it more suitable for use, or to give it different characteristics.

Many of the commercially available coating applicators are described, including units for simultaneous multilayer application, for discrete coating, and for patch coating. While convection drying is emphasized, brief descriptions of conduction and infrared heating, as well as of UV and electron‐beam curing, are given.
Vinyl Fluoride Polymers (PVF)
Authors: Ebnesajjad Sina
Published: July 2011

Homopolymers and copolymers of vinyl fluoride are inert. They possess unique chemical and weather resistance characteristics in addition to good mechanical properties. These polymers have excellent release properties from adhesives such as epoxies. They can also be rendered adherable by flame and corona discharge techniques. These attributes have spurred the application of poly(vinyl fluoride) films and coatings in indoor and outdoor functional and decorative uses. This article provides a review of methods of manufacture, properties, polymerization chemistry, fabrication techniques, applications, and economy of these polymers.
Structural Organomanganese Chemistry
Authors: Meier Ryan M. , Hanusa Timothy P.
Published: July 2011

In the more than 50 years since the first manganese compound with MnC bonds was crystallographically characterized (Mn2(CO)10, in 1957), the number of structurally authenticated organomanganese compounds has grown to several thousands. The richness of structural features in organomanganese compounds now rivals that of any other first row transition metal. The range of structural features and bond types is large, and encompasses MnC, MnC, and MnC bonds, as well as complexes with MnMn, MnMn, and MnMn linkages. Crystallographically characterized examples are known with oxidation states from Mn0to MnV, and the accessibility of two spin states of comparable energy in complexes of MnIIadds an additional variable to the fundamental structural types. The present review of structural organomanganese chemistry focuses largely on crystallographically characterized complexes, whose geometries are the most reliably established. Representative examples of major compound classes are considered, and statistical analysis of typical bond length ranges is provided for various Mn/C and Mn/Mn interactions. Bond lengths in organomanganese compounds are highly context‐sensitive, and even when only a specific bond order is under consideration, the spread of distances makes comparisons difficult unless closely related molecules are examined.
The More the Better? Effects of Training, Experience and Information Amount in Legal Judgments
Authors: Dickert Stephan , Herbig Britta , Glöckner Andreas , Gansen Christina , Portack Roman
Published: July 2011

In an experimental study involving German lay judges, law students and controls, effects of legal training and experience as well as information amount on legal judgments was investigated. In a three (legal knowledge: legal training versus legal experience versus controls) x two (information amount: high versus low) between‐subjects design, 137 participants judged the premeditation of a perpetrator in eight real‐world cases decided by the German Federal Court of Justice. Judgment congruency with the Court's ruling increased with legal training, but official lay judges showed lower congruency compared with student controls. Additionally, legal training and experience corresponded with higher confidence. Emotional reactions to the legal cases were stronger when more information was given for individuals without legal training but decreased for individuals with training. An information‐processing perspective to explain the observed differences in legal judgments is advanced, and the issue of using untrained individuals in the legal decision making process is discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Substituted Indenes through Iron‐Catalyzed Annulation of Benzylic Alcohols with Alkynes
Authors: Bu Xiuli , Hong Jianquan , Zhou Xigeng
Published: July 2011

A convenient and efficient method for the synthesis of polysubstituted indenes has been developed by the iron(III) trichloride‐catalyzed tandem mono‐ and dibenzylation/cyclization reactions of benzylic alcohols with alkynes. This method is featured with the easily available starting materials, cheap catalyst, simple manipulation and mild conditions.
Preparation of Tungsten‐Based Olefin Metathesis Catalysts Supported on Alumina
Authors: Yuan Jian , Townsend Erik M. , Schrock Richard R. , Goldman Alan S. , Müller Peter , Takase Michael K.
Published: July 2011

A new tungsten alkylidene complex, W(NAr)(CHCMe2Ph)(OHIPT‐NMe2)(pyrrolide) {Ar=2,6‐(i‐Pr)2C6H3; HIPT‐NMe2=2,6‐[2,4,6‐(i‐Pr)3C6H2]2‐4‐NMe2‐C6H2}, has been synthesized and shown to be highly selective for Z homocoupling metathesis of selected terminal olefins in pentane, as is W(NAr)(CH2CH2CH2)(OHIPT)(pyrrolide) (5). Both 5 and W(NAr)(CHCMe2Ph)(OHIPT‐NMe2)(pyrrolide) (6) are adsorbed onto calcined alumina. Control experiments and metathesis homocoupling of four substrates lead to the conclusions that 5 is largely adsorbed in a reaction that liberates HIPTOH, while 6 is adsorbed largely through an interaction between the dimethylamino group and an acidic site on the surface. There is no evidence that any adsorbed catalyst can give rise to Z selectivity of a magnitude equal to that found in a homogeneous reaction involving 5 or 6.
Development of CO2 Protective Layers by Spray Pyrolysis for Ceramic Oxygen Transport Membranes
Authors: García‐Torregrosa Iván , Lobera M. Pilar , Solís Cecilia , Atienzar Pedro , Serra José M.
Published: July 2011

Ceramic mixed ionic–electronic conducting (MIEC) membranes enable very selective oxygen separation from air at high temperatures. Two major potential applications of oxygen‐transport membranes are: i) oxygen production for oxyfuel power plants, and, ii) integration within high‐temperature catalytic membrane reactors for methane or alkane upgrading by selective oxidative conversions. However, these applications involve contact with carbon‐bearing atmospheres and most state‐of‐the‐art highly permeable MIEC membranes do not tolerate operation under CO2‐rich environments due to carbonation processes. The present contribution shows our first attempts in the development of ceria‐based protective thin layers on monolithic LSCF membranes.

Gd‐doped ceria (CGO) deposition is carried out by air blast spray pyrolysis on mirror‐polished LSCF disc membranes. The layer thickness is maintained below 0.4 μm in order to prevent the formation of cracks during thermal cycling and minimize limitations caused by the reduced oxygen permeability through the ceria layer. After optimization of the spraying process, smooth crack‐free dense coatings are obtained with high crystallinity in the as‐deposited state. The layers are characterized by XRD, SEM, AFM, DC‐conductivity measurements, interferometry and optical microscopy. Oxygen separation is studied on coated LSCF using air as the feed and argon/CO2 mixtures as the sweep gas in the temperature range 650–1000°C. The protected membrane exhibits a higher stability than the uncoated LSCF membrane, although the nominal oxygen flux is slightly reduced at temperatures below 850°C due to the limited ambipolar conductivity of doped ceria in the range of oxygen partial pressures investigated. Moreover, the protective layer (250 nm thickness) remains stable after the permeation testing.
Energy optimization of bioethanol production via hydrolysis of switchgrass
Authors: Martín Mariano , Grossmann Ignacio E.
Published: July 2011

The optimal flowsheet for the production of bioethanol from switchgrass via hydrolysis is proposed in this work. A superstructure embedding a number of alternatives is proposed. Two technologies are considered for switchgrass pretreatment, dilute acid and ammonia fiber explosion so that the structure of the grass is broken down. Next, enzymatic hydrolysis follows any of the pretreatments to obtain fermentable sugars, mainly xylose and glucose. Ethanol is obtained by fermentation of the sugars. To obtain fuel quality, ethanol and water must be removed from the water–ethanol mixture. A number of dehydration technologies is considered including rectification, adsorption in corn grits, molecular sieves, and pervaporation. The problem is formulated as a mixed‐integer nonlinear programming (MINLP). The superstructure is optimized by decomposing the MINLP for each of the pretreatments. Then, multieffect columns and heat integration are used to reduce the energy consumption and cooling needs. Finally, an economic evaluation is performed. The optimal flowsheet consists of using dilute acid hydrolysis followed by molecular sieves as dehydration technology, which requires less energy and cooling and yielding a promising production price of 0.8 $/gal. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Erratum to: Unexpectedly low pulse oximetry measurements associated with variant hemoglobins: A systematic review
Authors: Verhovsek Madeleine , Henderson Matthew P.A. , Cox Gerard , Luo Hong‐yuan , Steinberg Martin H. , Chui David H.K.
Published: July 2011

Pulse oximetry estimates arterial blood oxygen saturation based on light absorbance of oxy‐ and deoxy‐hemoglobin at 660 and 940 nm wavelengths. Patients with unexpectedly low SpO2 often undergo cardio‐pulmonary testing to ascertain the cause of their hypoxemia. However, in a subset of patients, a variant hemoglobin is responsible for low SpO2 measurements. The extent of this problem is unclear. We performed a systematic literature review for reports of low SpO2 associated with variant hemoglobins. We also reviewed unpublished cases from an academic hemoglobin diagnostic reference laboratory. Twenty‐five publications and four unpublished cases were identified, representing 45 patients with low SpO2 and confirmed variant hemoglobin. Fifty‐seven family members of patients had confirmed or suspected variant hemoglobin. Three low oxygen affinity variant hemoglobins had concordantly low SpO2 and SaO2. Eleven variant hemoglobins were associated with unexpectedly low SpO2 measurements but normal SaO2. Hemoglobin light absorbance testing was reported in three cases, all of which showed abnormal absorption spectra between 600 and 900 nm. Seven other variant hemoglobins had decreased SpO2, with unreported or uncertain SaO2. Twenty‐one variant hemoglobins were found to be associated with low SpO2. Most variant hemoglobins were associated with spuriously low SpO2. Abnormal absorption spectra explain the discrepancy between SpO2 and SaO2 for some variants. The differential diagnosis of possible variant hemoglobin ought to be considered in asymptomatic patients found to have unexpectedly low SpO2. The correct diagnosis will help to spare patients from unnecessary investigations and anxiety. Am. J. Hematol. 86:722–725, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monitoring for teratogenic signals: Pregnancy registries and surveillance methods
Authors: Howard Tammie B. , Tassinari Melissa S. , Feibus Karen B. , Mathis Lisa L.
Published: July 2011

Pregnant women should have access to medications that have been adequately studied for use to facilitate evidence‐based risk‐benefit discussions with their health care providers. Pregnant women experience acute medical emergencies, have existing conditions that require continued medical treatment or may develop pregnancy‐induced conditions, making drug use during pregnancy unavoidable. Drug labeling is the primary source of information about a drug's use. The safety and efficacy data found in the label is derived from well‐controlled clinical trials conducted prior to a drug's approval. However, pregnant women are rarely enrolled in clinical trials unless a product is specifically indicated for a pregnancy‐related condition. Consequently, information regarding a product's use during pregnancy is usually collected postapproval. Current data collection tools include pregnancy exposure registries, retrospective cohort studies, pregnancy surveillance programs, case–control studies, spontaneous reports of adverse events and case reports. Each tool has strengths and limitations in its ability to detect teratogenic signals. Combinations of different sources of data are necessary to acquire the most complete picture of potential teratogenic risk, as no single method can capture all desired data to help pregnant patients and women of child bearing potential make appropriate risk benefits decisions along with their health care providers. Published 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The art and science of teratogen risk communication
Authors: Conover Elizabeth A. , Polifka Janine E.
Published: July 2011

Despite scientific advances in clinical teratology, exposures during pregnancy still cause great anxiety and misunderstanding. Patients and health care providers are frequently called upon to determine the health implications of scientific studies, which may involve limited and contradictory data. These findings are often conveyed numerically, which is a particularly difficult form of information for both patients and their health providers to understand and interpret. Almost half of the general population (and a substantial minority of physicians) have difficulty with numeracy. Patients with low numeracy tend to interpret information in an absolute manner and ignore uncertainty, have more difficulty using numeric information to inform their choices, and are more easily influenced by emotion and the format used in presenting information. Formats involved in conveying probability include positive or negative framing, use of relative versus absolute risk, and ratios and percentages. Health providers should communicate risk analysis in a fashion that facilitates comprehension and results in informed behavior. This is more likely to be achieved when risks are conceptualized as more than just numbers, and are considered in the context of individuals' life circumstances and values. Most teratogen risk communication is done over the telephone; this presents both advantages and challenges. Strategies are suggested to improve risk communication. These include avoiding the use of relative risk, using a consistent denominator, framing the information in a variety of ways (positive vs. negative), using verbal qualifiers judiciously, and employing visual aids. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Teratogenic exposures
Authors: Običan Sarah , Scialli Anthony R.
Published: July 2011

A consideration of teratogenic exposures includes not only an agent (chemical, radiation, biologic) but an exposure level and timing of exposure. There are criteria by which exposures are evaluated for a causal connection with an abnormal outcome. We here review some teratogenic exposures and discuss how they were initially described and confirmed. We have limited our discussion to some of the exposures for which a connection to structural malformations has been accepted in some quarters, and we indicate some exposures for which a causal association awaits confirmation. We recommend that counselors find a reliable and updatable source of information on exposures during pregnancy. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The importance of dysmorphology in the identification of new human teratogens
Authors: Jones Kenneth Lyons , Carey John C.
Published: July 2011

The vast majority of information regarding the teratogenicity of new drugs as well as others for which adequate information is not available comes from postmarketing studies. Evaluation by a dysmorphologist of babies prenatally exposed to a particular agent has played an incredibly important role in these studies. Most of the known human teratogens have been identified by the astute clinician approach which involves the observation, documentation, and delineation of individual cases who display a novel phenotype after a particularly rare prenatal exposure. Prospective cohort studies focused on the evaluation of prenatally exposed children who have been ascertained prospectively prior to the known outcome of pregnancy and evaluated by a dysmorphologist for patterns of minor and major malformations have been equally effective. Although most human teratogens have been identified using one of these two methods, both have limitations. The purpose of this study is to set forth the extent to which a careful physical examination performed by a dysmorphologist trained in the identification of minor structural defects in development has added to our knowledge of human teratology and has been instrumental in the identification of new human teratogens. Although dysmorphologists have had a profound impact on our understanding of human teratogens. It is important to recognize that the two approaches outlined in this study must be complemented by other methodologies, such as case–control studies, that more appropriately address risks for major malformations in order to gain the full picture necessary to effectively counsel women about safety of drugs during pregnancy. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laboratory models and their role in assessing teratogenesis
Authors: Daston George P.
Published: July 2011

Laboratory models have an important role in identifying exposures with teratogenic potential, determining mechanisms of abnormal development, and supporting or refuting the biological plausibility of associations identified in human studies. Laboratory animals are the most widely used models, but are rapidly being supplemented by in vitro tools. Testing paradigms that have been in place since the mid‐1960s for pharmaceuticals, and soon thereafter for industrial chemicals and pesticides, have been used to evaluate the potential developmental toxicity of thousands of agents. These models have served as the principal basis for regulatory decisions about acceptable exposure levels and restrictions on use of certain drugs during pregnancy. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technical note: Comparability of Hrdlička's Catalog of crania data based on measurement landmark definitions
Authors: Stojanowski Christopher M. , Euber Julie K.
Published: July 2011

Archival sources of data are critical anthropological resources that inform inferences about human biology and evolutionary history. Craniometric data are one of the most widely available sources of information on human population history because craniometrics were critical in early 20th century debates about race and biological variation. As such, extensive databases of raw craniometric data were published at the same time that the field was working to standardize measurement protocol. Hrdlička published between 10 and 16 raw craniometric variables for over 8,000 individuals in a series of seven catalogs throughout his career. With a New World emphasis, Hrdlička's data complement those of Howells (1973, 1989) and the two databases have been combined in the past. In this note we verify the consistency of Hrdlička's measurement protocol throughout the Catalog series and compare these definitions to those used by Howells. We conclude that 12 measurements are comparable throughout the Catalogs, with five of these equivalent to Howells' measurements: maximum cranial breadth (XCB), basion‐bregma height (BBH), maximum bizygomatic breadth (ZYB), nasal breadth (NLB), and breadth of the upper alveolar arch (MAB). Most of Hrdlička's measurements are not strictly comparable to those of Howells, thus limiting the utility of combined datasets for multivariate analysis. Four measurements are inconsistently defined by Hrdlička and we recommend not using these data: nasal height, orbit breadth, orbit height, and menton‐nasion height. This note promotes Hrdlička's tireless efforts at data collection and re‐emphasizes observer error as a legitimate concern in craniometry as the field shifts to morphometric digital data acquisition. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epileptic networks in focal cortical dysplasia revealed using electroencephalography–functional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Thornton Rachel , Vulliemoz Serge , Rodionov Roman , Carmichael David W. , Chaudhary Umair J. , Diehl Beate , Laufs Helmut , Vollmar Christian , McEvoy Andrew W. , Walker Matthew C. , Bartolomei Fabrice , Guye Maxime , Chauvel Patrick , Duncan John S. , Lemieux Louis
Published: July 2011

Objective:

Surgical treatment of focal epilepsy in patients with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is most successful if all epileptogenic tissue is resected. This may not be evident on structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), so intracranial electroencephalography (icEEG) is needed to delineate the seizure onset zone (SOZ). EEG‐functional MRI (fMRI) can reveal interictal discharge (IED)‐related hemodynamic changes in the irritative zone (IZ). We assessed the value of EEG‐fMRI in patients with FCD‐associated focal epilepsy by examining the relationship between IED‐related hemodynamic changes, icEEG findings, and postoperative outcome.

Methods:

Twenty‐three patients with FCD‐associated focal epilepsy undergoing presurgical evaluation including icEEG underwent simultaneous EEG‐fMRI at 3T. IED‐related hemodynamic changes were modeled, and results were overlaid on coregistered T1‐weighted MRI scans fused with computed tomography scans showing the intracranial electrodes. IED‐related hemodynamic changes were compared with the SOZ on icEEG and postoperative outcome at 1 year.

Results:

Twelve of 23 patients had IEDs during recording, and 11 of 12 had significant IED‐related hemodynamic changes. The fMRI results were concordant with the SOZ in 5 of 11 patients, all of whom had a solitary SOZ on icEEG. Four of 5 had >50% reduction in seizure frequency following resective surgery. The remaining 6 of 11 patients had widespread or discordant regions of IED‐related fMRI signal change. Five of 6 had either a poor surgical outcome (<50% reduction in seizure frequency) or widespread SOZ precluding surgery.

Interpretation:

Comparison of EEG‐fMRI with icEEG suggests that EEG‐fMRI may provide useful additional information about the SOZ in FCD. Widely distributed discordant regions of IED‐related hemodynamic change appear to be associated with a widespread SOZ and poor postsurgical outcome. ANN NEUROL 2011
Ranking of the subject areas of Scopus
Authors: García J. A. , Rodriguez‐Sánchez Rosa , Fdez‐Valdivia J.
Published: July 2011

Here, we show a longitudinal analysis of the ranking of the subject areas of Elsevier's Scopus. To this aim, we present three summary measures based on the journal ranking scores for academic journals in each subject area. This longitudinal study allows us to analyze developmental trends over times in different subject areas with distinct citation and publication patterns. We evaluate the relative performance of each subject area by using the overall prestige for the most important journals with ranking score above a given threshold (e.g., in the first quartile) as well as the overall prestige gap for the less important journals with ranking score below a given threshold (e.g., below the top 10 journals). Thus, we propose that it should be possible to study different subject areas by means of appropriate summary measures of the journal ranking scores, which provide additional information beyond analyzing the inequality of the whole ranking‐score distribution for academic journals in each subject area. It allows us to investigate whether subject areas with high levels of overall prestige for the first quartile journals also tended to achieve low levels of overall prestige gap for the journals below the top 10.
Improving Farsi multiclass text classification using a thesaurus and two‐stage feature selection
Authors: Maghsoodi Nooshin , Homayounpour Mohammad Mehdi
Published: July 2011

The progressive increase of information content has recently made it necessary to create a system for automatic classification of documents. In this article, a system is presented for the categorization of multiclass Farsi documents that requires fewer training examples and can help to compensate the shortcoming of the standard training dataset. The new idea proposed in the present article is based on extending the feature vector by adding some words extracted from a thesaurus and then filtering the new feature vector by applying secondary feature selection to discard inappropriate features. In fact, a phase of secondary feature selection is applied to choose more appropriate features among the features added from a thesaurus to enhance the effect of using a thesaurus on the efficiency of the classifier. To evaluate the proposed system, a corpus is gathered from the Farsi Wikipedia website and some articles in the Hamshahri newspaper, the Roshd periodical, and the Soroush magazine. In addition to studying the role of a thesaurus and applying secondary feature selection, the effect of a various number of categories, size of the training dataset, and average number of words in the test data also are examined. As the results indicate, classification efficiency improves by applying this approach, especially when available data is not sufficient for some text categories.
Minimizing hydrodynamic stress in mammalian cell culture through the lobed Taylor‐Couette bioreactor
Authors: Sorg Robin , Tanzeglock Timm , Soos Miroslav , Morbidelli Massimo , Périlleux Arnaud , Solacroup Thomas , Broly Hervé
Published: July 2011

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of hydrodynamic stress heterogeneity on metabolism and productivity of an industrial mammalian cell line. For this purpose, a novel Lobed Taylor‐Couette (LTC) mixing unit combining a narrow distribution of hydrodynamic stresses and a membrane aeration system to prevent cell damage by bubble bursting was developed. A hydrodynamic analysis of the LTC was developed to reproduce, in a uniform hydrodynamic environment, the same hydrodynamic stress encountered locally by cells in a stirred tank, particularly at the large scale, e.g., close and far from the impeller. The developed LTC was used to simulate the stress values near the impeller of a laboratory stirred tank bioreactor, equal to about 0.4 Pa, which is however below the threshold value leading to cell death. It was found that the cells actively change their metabolism by increasing lactate production and decreasing titer while the consumption of the main nutrients remains substantially unchanged. When considering average stress values ranging from 1 to 10 Pa found by other researchers to cause physiological response of cells to the hydrodynamic stress in heterogeneous stirred vessels, our results are close to the lower boundary of this interval.
In situ microscopic cytometry enables noninvasive viability assessment of animal cells by measuring entropy states
Authors: Wiedemann Philipp , Guez Jean S. , Wiegemann Hans B. , Egner Florian , Quintana Juan C. , Asanza‐Maldonado Diego , Filipaki Marcos , Wilkesman Jeff , Schwiebert Christian , Cassar Jean P. , Dhulster Pascal , Suhr Hajo
Published: July 2011

Current state of the art to determine the viability of animal cell suspension cultures is based on sampling and subsequent counting using specific staining assays. We demonstrate for the first time a noninvasive in situ imaging cytometry capable of determining the statistics of a morphologic transition during cell death in suspension cultures. To this end, we measure morphometric inhomogeneity—defined as information entropy—in cell in situ micrographs. We found that the cells are partitioned into two discrete entropy states broadened by phenotypical variability. During the normal course of a culture or by inducing cell death, we observe the transition of cells between these states. As shown by comparison with ex situ diagnostics, the entropy transition happens before or while the cytoplasmatic membrane is loosing its ability to exclude charged dyes. Therefore, measurement of morphometric inhomogeneity constitutes a noninvasive assessment of viability in real time. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2884–2893. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of survival and disease recurrence after radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Tiong L , Maddern G J
Published: July 2011

Background

Despite being one of the commonest causes of cancer-related death around the world, only 20 per cent of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) are amenable to curative treatment (surgical resection or liver transplantation). Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has emerged as a popular therapy for unresectable HCC. There is evidence that the disparity in survival after curative RFA and surgery for HCC, especially tumours smaller than 3 cm in diameter, is narrowing. This review examined the survival and disease recurrence rates after RFA for HCC over the past decade.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register and the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects from January 2000 until November 2010. Papers reporting on patients with HCC who were treated with RFA, either in comparison or in combination with other interventions, such as surgery or percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI), were eligible for inclusion. Outcome data collected were overall survival, disease-free survival and disease recurrence rates. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs and non-randomized comparative studies with more than 12 months' follow-up were included.

Results

Forty-three articles, including 12 RCTs, were included in the review. The majority of the articles reported the use of RFA for unresectable HCC, often in combination with other treatments such as PEI, transarterial chemoembolization and/or surgery. Overall and disease-free survival rates continue to improve, despite an increase in the size and numbers of tumours treated. More recently some clinicians have used RFA to treat selected patients with resectable HCC, with good outcomes.

Conclusion

RFA provides a valuable treatment option for patients with unresectable HCC. It improves survival in those previously considered to have advanced disease. As progress continues to be made, RFA is gradually being used to treat resectable HCC.
Environmental and Business Communities of Practice: Graduate Students Comparing Community‐Relevant Language
Authors: Perron Geneviève Mireille , Duffy John F. (Jack)
Published: July 2011

The theory of communities of practice has found much acceptance in the organizational and social sciences literature. Although applied frequently to assess or explain phenomena, it has seen little research to identify the presence of barriers between communities of practice, or even just differences between such entities. Using members of the environmental and business communities, the following study identifies different communities of practice based on their linguistic repertoire. It also shows that members of one community can identify the linguistic content of another community's linguistic repertoire, with attention to business and environmental management. The research not only offers credence to the theory of communities of practice based on their linguistic repertoire, but it also offers avenues for further research in the use of language as a means of identity and segregation in various forms of institutional contexts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Transcatheter tricuspid valve replacement With the Edwards SAPIEN valve
Authors: Kenny Damien , Hijazi Ziyad M. , Walsh Kevin P.
Published: July 2011

We describe a case of percutaneous tricuspid valve implantation in a 20‐year‐old man with previous tricuspid valve replacement in the setting of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. He developed symptomatic endocarditis‐induced tricuspid regurgitation of the tricuspid bioprosthesis. Tricuspid valvar competence was restored with implantation of a 26‐mm Edwards SAPIEN valve. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Covered stents for coronary perforations
Authors: Romaguera Rafael , Waksman Ron
Published: July 2011

Covered stents have shown discouraging results when tested on saphenous vein grafts and when attempting to prevent restenosis on native coronary arteries. However, covered stents seem to be a unique tool when a coronary artery perforation complicates percutaneous coronary intervention. Because a randomized clinical trial is not likely to be conducted in this bail‐out scenario, the data supporting its use come from case reports and small‐size retrospective studies. This review summarizes the available evidence supporting the use of covered stents to treat coronary perforations. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.