bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restorative Alveolar Interface Management Combined With Tunnel Technique and Connective Tissue Graft: A Conservative Approach for Root Fracture Treatment
Authors: Perussolo Jeniffer , Kawanichi Letícia Yuki , Makropoulos Tilemachos , de Souza André Barbisan
Published: November 2020

Introduction

The infringement of supracrestal tissue attachment by subgingival restorative margins, extensive caries, and root fractures, can compromise the periodontal health, resulting in inflammation and loss of periodontal supporting tissues. This report describes a case of a root fracture on the upper left central incisor that was successfully treated using a conservative approach, by applying the restorative alveolar interface (RAI) management combined with tunnel technique and a subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG).

Case Presentation

A 24‐year‐old male patient presented with a provisional single‐unit fixed prosthesis on his upper left central incisor, in function for 4 years, with the chief complaint of prosthesis discoloration. After clinical and radiographic examination, a diagnosis of root fracture was established. Following the removal of the provisional prosthesis, a full‐thickness flap was elevated creating a tunnel. The elimination of the fracture line/angle, root recontouring, and planning was then performed with the aid of a conical long diamond bur and periodontal curets. Additionally, an SCTG was placed buccally into the tunnel. The final zirconia layered with E‐max crown was placed 6 months after surgery. At 12‐ and 24‐month follow‐up, the periodontal tissues presented healthy aspect, no bleeding on probing, and a 4‐mm probing depth.

Conclusions

Surgical repositioning of the restorative margin can be an alternative and conservative treatment approach to compromised teeth with subgingival fracture line/angle. However, case selection should be carefully considered and restorability assessed as limitations might apply.
Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis in an adolescent male: A case report and literature review
Authors: He Luke , Lawrence Veronica , Moore Wayne V. , Yan Yun
Published: November 2020

Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is rarely seen in children and adolescents. Clinical manifestations in children and adolescents may vary. It is important for clinicians to be aware of this rare and life‐threatening condition.
Porous Copper Sulfide Microflowers Grown In Situ on Commercial Copper Foils as Advanced Binder‐Free Electrodes with High Rate and Long Cycle Life for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Tao Hongwei , Tang Yun , Zhou Min , Wang Ruxing , Wang Kangli , Li Haomiao , Jiang Kai
Published: November 2020

Copper sulfide (CuS) is considered as a promising sodium storage anode with its high theoretical capacity (558 mAh g−1), low cost and environmental friendliness. However, the development of applicable CuS anodes with high rate and long life is still greatly hindered by the sluggish electronic/ionic transport kinetics and huge volume change during repeated charge/discharge processes. In this work, a scalable and binder‐free 3D porous CuS microflower (CuS‐b) electrode was prepared via a simple method with in situ sulfur engraving on commercial copper foil. The as‐prepared CuS‐b delivers a high reversible capacity of 543 mAh g−1, excellent rate capability of 413 mAh g−1 at 60 A g−1 and remarkable long‐term cycling stability of 98.2 % capacity retention over 3600 cycles. The 3D self‐supporting porous structure can increase ionic transfer kinetics and provides enough space to buffer the volume expansion/contraction during repeated cycling, resulting in excellent Na storage performances. More importantly, the synthesis path is simple and efficient, which provides new insights for the design and development of high‐performance redox‐active electrodes for large‐scale energy storage applications.
Effectiveness of breeding selection for grain quality in common bean
Authors: Dias Polianna Alves Silva , Almeida Danilo Valente , Melo Patrícia Guimarães Santos , Pereira Helton Santos , Melo Leonardo Cunha
Published: November 2020

The aims of this study were to investigate the genetic variability and the genotype × environment interaction for quality and yield traits in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), to evaluate the degree of informativeness of the evaluations of grain quality in only one environment, to estimate genetic parameters for grain quality traits, and to select lines with superior grain quality. We evaluated 81 carioca common bean lines in preliminary line trials in several environments for nutritional, technological, and commercial quality and selected the 20 superior lines, which were evaluated in validation trials in nine environments. Individual and combined ANOVAs were performed for all the traits. Correlations were estimated between Fe and Zn concentrations and yield; adaptability and phenotypic stability were analyzed; and superior genotypes were selected based on the Mulamba & Mock index. It is possible to increase the Fe, Zn, and crude protein concentrations and reduce cooking time; however, increasing crude fiber is a challenge. Preliminary evaluation of the quality traits in only one environment was effective and sufficient for selection of genotypes superior in Fe concentration, crude fiber, crude protein, and cooking time; and genetic gains can be obtained from selection for these traits. Genetic and phenotypic correlations were observed between Fe and Zn concentrations. The lines CNFC 16627, CNFC 16518, CNFC 16602, CNFC 16615, and CNFC 16520 are superior based on the selection index and are recommended for breeding for grain quality in carioca common bean.
Evidence of melt– and fluid–rock interactions in the refractory forearc peridotites and associated mafic intrusives from the Tuting–Tidding ophiolites, eastern Himalaya, India: Petrogenetic and tectonic implications
Authors: Dutt Amrita , Singh Athokpam Krishnakanta , Srivastava Rajesh K. , Oinam Govind
Published: November 2020

We present a comprehensive geochemical data set of whole‐rock geochemistry and mineral phases from the mantle peridotites and mafic intrusives of the Tuting–Tidding Suture Zone (TTSZ) ophiolites, eastern Himalaya, north‐east India. Modal mineralogy, low Al2O3 and CaO, high Cr# of Cr‐spinels, and forsterite number (Fo90–92) in primary olivine indicate the highly refractory nature of the TTSZ peridotites. LREE‐enriched patterns, cumulative olivines in dunites, and Cr‐spinel and olivine compositions further suggest that the peridotites were subjected to high‐temperature melt–rock interaction from a percolating boninitic melt in the nascent forearc of an intra‐oceanic subduction zone. The associated mafic intrusives are tholeiitic in nature and their geochemical characteristics [∑REE = 23.34–59.12; nearly flat rare earth elements (REE) pattern (LaN/YbN = 1.49–2.58); negative anomalies of Nb and Ti] show mid‐oceanic ridge basalt affinity. Trace elemental modelling of the mafic intrusives along with their mineralogy and geochemistry suggests that they formed due to different degrees of partial melting with the involvement of a subduction component in the spreading regime of the forearc region. Based on the presence of hydrous minerals like Cr‐chlorite and tremolite in the peridotites and P–T modelling (525–575°C, 1.05–1.09 GPa) of the mafic intrusives, it is considered that TTSZ ophiolites underwent low‐temperature metamorphism by fluid–rock interaction either during the later phase of subduction (in a cool mature subduction zone) or during Himalayan Orogeny. We also infer that the TTSZ ophiolites resemble other Neo‐Tethyan ophiolites of the Indus‐Tsangpo Suture Zone in terms of their geochemical and petrogenetic aspects.
Facilitating the Decision-Making Process After a Nuclear Accident: Case Studies in the Netherlands and Slovakia
Authors: Asselt Esther D , Twenhöfel Chris JW , Duranova Tatiana , Smetsers Ronald CGM , Bohunova Jarmila , Müller Tim
Published: November 2020

Nuclear accidents do not occur frequently, but their biological, psychosocial, and/or economic consequences may be severe. Hence, a thorough preparation for nuclear emergencies is needed to provide appropriate actions. During the transition phase of an accident, it is vital to include stakeholders in the decision-making process in order to gain support for the recovery strategy to be implemented as well as to share different perspectives, knowledge, and views on the decision problem. Because nuclear accidents are complex, involving many relevant factors that range from technical aspects such as health effects and costs to nontechnical issues such as social acceptance, a multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) may facilitate the decision-making process. The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of MCDA in the transition phase of a nuclear accident. To this end, an MCDA tool, which uses the weighted sum of a set of normalized criteria, was explored in exercises carried out in panel meetings with a selected set of (largely) governmental stakeholders. The panel meetings were performed in the Netherlands and the Slovak Republic. The exercises were based on a fictitious case study that affected the urban environment of a small city. Prior to the meetings, a set of 8 possible recovery strategies was identified. The use of the MCDA tool showed that it facilitated the decision-making process because it allowed for a structured and transparent approach in which stakeholders with diverse backgrounds can express their opinions and perspectives and reach consensus on the most appropriate recovery strategy. As such, it could be applied to a broader field of research involving any chemical release that necessitates an extended recovery strategy. Future research is needed in order to incorporate psychosocial effects of a nuclear accident as well as a broader group of stakeholders in exercises. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:376–387. © 2020 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC)

KEY POINTS

A multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) tool was evaluated in panel meetings in Slovakia and the Netherlands. The tool allowed for different representations of the outcome. The MCDA clearly facilitated decision making after a nuclear accident.
An update on the search for symmetry in nonhumans
Authors: Lionello‐DeNolf Karen M.
Published: November 2020

Sidman et al.'s (1982) failure to find evidence for symmetry (bidirectional associations between stimuli) in monkeys and baboons set the stage for decades of work on emergent relations in nonhumans. They attributed the failure to the use of procedures that did not (1) promote stimulus control based on the relation between the sample and correct comparison and (2) reduce control by irrelevant stimulus features. Previous reviews of symmetry in nonhumans indicated that multiple exemplar training and successive matching might encourage appropriate stimulus control. This review examined 16 studies that investigated symmetry in 94 subjects, including pigeons, rats, capuchin monkeys, and baboons. Several studies used alternative training procedures to minimize sources of irrelevant stimulus control, and many combined multiple exemplar training with other procedural modifications. Symmetry was observed in approximately 30% of subjects. Studies that reported the strongest evidence for symmetry used successive matching‐to‐sample procedures that included training on both symbolic and identity relations, and studies finding mixed evidence employed alternative methods. These studies highlight the challenge in creating training procedures that promote symmetry and the need to assess the underlying sources of control on positive demonstrations.
Microscopic anatomy and ultrastructure of the resin ducts of Ferula ferulaeoides (Steud.) Korov. in Xinjiang
Authors: Liu Meng‐meng , Zhang Si‐wei , Liu Qing‐guang , Guo Meng‐meng , Liang Sheng‐hui , Luo Li‐xia , Liu Wen‐xia , Zhu Yun , Liao Kai
Published: November 2020

Ferula ferulaeoides (Steud.) Korov. is a perennial herb that belongs to Umbelliferae (Apiaceae). Its resin and roots have extensive commercial and medicinal value in the Xinjiang region. However, the resin‐secreting resin ducts (RDs) of F. ferulaeoides have not been studied in detail. This study used optical and transmission electron microscopy to explore the anatomical features, including the distribution, size, and structure, of the RDs among different organs of F. ferulaeoides. The microstructure data revealed that the RDs consisted of a round lumen, a layer of secretory cells, and multiple layers of sheath cells. Notably, the RDs in stem were arranged alternatively in a multilayered ring with vascular bundles of three distinct sizes. The ultrastructural analysis revealed that organelles in the secretory cells potentially play important roles in resin secretion. Those data may be of great significance to understanding the anatomy of the RDs in Ferula L. and Umbelliferae.
Can Arterial Spin Labeling Perfusion Imaging be Used to Differentiate Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma From Nasopharyngeal Lymphoma?
Authors: Sun Zongqiong , Hu Shudong , Ge Yuxi , Jin Linfang , Huang Jianfeng , Dou Weiqiang
Published: November 2020

Background

Differentiating nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) from nasopharyngeal lymphoma (NPL) is useful for deciding the appropriate treatment. However, the diagnostic accuracy of current imaging methods is low.

Purpose

To explore the feasibility of arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion imaging in the qualitative and quantitative differentiation between NPC and NPL to improve the diagnosis of malignancies in the nasopharynx.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

Ninety seven patients: NPC (65 cases) and NPL (32 cases), histologically confirmed.

Field Strength/Sequence

3T/3D fast spin echo pseudo‐continuous ASL imaging with spiral readout scheme, 3D inverse recovery–fast spoiled gradient recalled echo brain volume (BRAVO) imaging.

Assessment

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) images from ASL perfusion imaging were assessed by three radiologists. Each tumor was visually scored based on CBF images. Intratumoral CBF and intramuscular CBF values were obtained from intratumoral and lateral pterygoid muscle areas, respectively. Through dividing intratumoral CBF by intramuscular CBF, normalized CBF (nCBF) was further calculated.

Statistical Tests

Fleiss's kappa and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to assess interobserver agreement among the three readers. The Mann–Whitney U‐test was used to compare visual scoring, and an unpaired t‐test was performed to compare CBF value between the NPC and NPL groups. The area under the curve (AUC) value was used to quantify the diagnostic ability of each parameter.

Results

Good interobserver agreements were validated by high Fleiss's kappa and ICC values (all >0.80). NPCs showed significantly higher visual scores than NPLs (P < 0.05). Both intratumoral CBF and nCBF in NPC were significantly higher than those in NPL (both P < 0.05). Intratumoral CBF showed the highest AUC of 0.861 (P < 0.05) in differentiating NPC (n = 65) from NPL (n = 32), while the AUCs of nCBF and visual scoring were 0.847 and 0.753, respectively.

Data Conclusion

For the diagnosis of distinguishing NPC from NPL, ASL perfusion imaging demonstrated high diagnostic efficiency.

Level of Evidence

3

Technical Efficacy Stage

2
Permanent pacemaker implantation in unexplained syncope patients with borderline sinus bradycardia and electrophysiology study‐proven sinus node disease
Authors: Doundoulakis Ioannis , Gatzoulis Konstantinos A. , Arsenos Petros , Dilaveris Polychronis , Skiadas Ioannis , Tsiachris Dimitrios , Antoniou Christos‐Konstantinos , Soulaidopoulos Stergios , Karystinos George , Pylarinou Voula , Drakopoulou Maria , Sideris Skevos , Vlachopoulos Charalambos , Tousoulis Dimitrios
Published: November 2020

Background

Significant sinus bradycardia (SB) in the context of sinus node dysfunction (SND) has been associated with neurological symptoms. The objective was to evaluate the effect of permanent pacing on the incidence of syncope in patients with rather mild degrees of SB, unexplained syncope, and “positive” invasive electrophysiologic testing.

Methods

This was an observational study based on a prospective registry of 122 consecutive mild SB patients (61.90 ± 18.28 years, 61.5% male, 57.88 ± 7.73 bpm) presenting with recurrent unexplained pre and syncope attacks admitted to our hospital for invasive electrophysiology study (EPS). Τhe implantation of a permanent antibradycardia pacemaker (ABP) was offered to all patients according to the results of the EPS. Eighty patients received the ABP, while 42 denied.

Results

The mean of reported syncope episodes was 2.23 ± 1.29 (or presyncope 2.36 ± 1.20) in the last 12 months before they were referred for a combined EP guided diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Over a mean follow‐up of approximately 4 years (50.39 ± 32.40 months), the primary outcome event (syncope) occurred in 18 of 122 patients (14.8%), 6 of 80 (7.5%) in the ABP group as compared to 12 of 42 (28.6%) in the no pacemaker group (P = .002).

Conclusions

Among patients with mild degree of SB and a history of unexplained syncope, a set of positivity criteria for the presence of EPS defined SND after differentiating reflex syncope, identifies a subset of patients who will benefit from permanent pacing.
Methods for Determining the Effective Order of Absorption in Radical Multiphoton Photoresists: A Critical Analysis
Authors: Liaros Nikolaos , Fourkas John T.
Published: November 2020

The accurate determination of the effective order of absorption (EOA) for multiphoton absorption polymerization in radical photoresists is critical for the development and characterization of new materials with improved sensitivity and/or resolution. However, reliable measurement of the EOA is a challenging problem. The accuracy of four techniques that have been developed to address this issue is analyzed in terms of the known kinetics of the radical polymerization of polyfunctional monomers. It is demonstrated that methods that are based upon full reciprocity, i.e., the concept that the chemical response of the photoresist depends on the exposure dose, but not on the period over which this dose is delivered, only enable reliable determination of the EOA under a highly constrained set of circumstances. Methods that depend on limited reciprocity, i.e., the concept that the chemical response of the photoresist is the same when the total exposure window is constant, even if the details of the exposure within that window are varied, can enable accurate determination of the EOA over a considerably broader range of operating conditions. This prediction is verified experimentally. The analysis presented here provides guidance for future experiments and a basis for clearer interpretation of previously published results.
Synthesis of Multi Amino Acid Chiral Polymeric Microparticles for Enantioselective Chemistry
Authors: Abuaf Meir , Mastai Yitzhak
Published: November 2020

Chiral polymeric particles have emerged as a new and exciting field of research and in the last years due to their possible use for many applications in chiral chemistry. In this article, an important question is focused upon that has not been explored in detail in the field of chiral polymeric particles. The main question is whether the chiral composition of the polymeric particles affects their chiral recognition. The hypothesis is that chiral polymeric particles with a variety of different chiral groups will improve chiral recognition and improve their use of enantioselectivity crystallization. Consequently, chiral microparticles based on one up to three different amino acids based monomers are prepared by precipitation polymerization. The chiral microspheres are characterized by dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscope (SEM), mass spectrometry (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and display a narrow size distribution in the range of 1–2 μm. The chiral discrimination ability of these chiral microspheres for enantioselective crystallization is studied in the crystallization of DL‐leucine crystallization, as a model system. Time‐resolved polarimetry, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are used to provide evidence for enantioselective crystallization. Surprisingly the results show that only particles composed of one amino acids monomers show the best results for enantioselective crystallization.
Recent Progress in Ionic Coassembly of Cationic Peptides and Anionic Species
Authors: Xie Xiaoming , Zheng Tingting , Li Wen
Published: November 2020

Peptide assembly has been extensively exploited as a promising platform for the creation of hierarchical nanostructures and tailor‐made bioactive materials. Ionic coassembly of cationic peptides and anionic species is paving the way to provide particularly important contribution to this topic. In this review, the recent progress of ionic coassembly soft materials derived from the electrostatic coupling between cationic peptides and anionic species in aqueous solution is systematically summarized. The presentation of this review starts from a brief background on the general importance and advantages of peptide‐based ionic coassembly. After that, diverse combinations of cationic peptides with small anions, macro‐ and/or oligo‐anions, anionic polymers, and inorganic polyoxometalates are described. Emphasis is placed on the hierarchical structures, value‐added properties, and applications. The molecular design of cationic peptides and the general principles behind the ionic coassembled structures are discussed. It is summarized that the combination of interesting and unique characteristics that arise both from the chemical diversity of peptides and the wide range of anionic species may contribute in a variety of output, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, gene transfection, and antibacterial activity. The emergent new phenomena and findings are illustrated. Finally, the outlook for the peptide‐based ionic coassembly systems is also presented.
The Role of Early and Later Response on Overall Outcomes in School‐Based Obesity Intervention
Authors: Arlinghaus Katherine R. , O’Connor Daniel P. , Ledoux Tracey A. , Hughes Sheryl O. , Johnston Craig A.
Published: November 2020

Objective

Early response to obesity intervention consistently predicts long‐term BMI reductions. However, little is known about how changes in weight at other times in an intervention may impact long‐term outcomes. This study examined the relationship between weight‐related changes that occurred early and later during an intervention and the association between these changes with overall outcomes.

Methods

A secondary analysis of a school‐based obesity intervention with replicated efficacy among Hispanic middle school students was conducted (n = 174). Linear regression models were developed in which first and second semester changes in BMI represented as a percentage of the 95th BMI percentile (%BMIp95) were separately used to predict overall %BMIp95 outcomes. First semester changes in %BMIp95 were used to predict subsequent %BMIp95 change (i.e., second semester).

Results

Changes in %BMIp95 during both the first and second semesters were independently associated with overall changes from baseline (e.g., at 24 months: first semester, β = 0.59, P < 0.01; second semester, β = 1.02, P < 0.001). First semester %BMIp95 change was not associated with second semester change (β = −0.07, P = 0.32).

Conclusions

Change at any point during the intervention was predictive of overall weight outcomes. Additional research is needed to understand patterns of weight changes throughout interventions to better understand long‐term outcomes.
A Multicenter Analysis of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors as Adjuvant Therapy Following Treatment of Isolated Brain Metastasis
Authors: Randall Patrinely J. , Funck-Brentano Elisa , Nguyen Khang , Rapisuwon Suthee , Salem Joe-Elie , Gibney Geoffrey T. , Carlino Matteo , Johnson Douglas B.
Published: November 2020

Background

The objective of this work was to characterize outcomes of patients with isolated brain metastases managed with local therapy followed by immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy.

Materials and Methods

Patients from four medical centers were included if they presented with isolated brain metastases treated with local therapy and received adjuvant treatment with ICIs.

Results

Eleven patients with median size of largest brain metastasis of 3.9 cm, treated with surgical resection (n = 8) and/or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS; n = 6), were included. Ipilimumab/nivolumab was the adjuvant ICI used in four patients, of whom one recurred (25%) and none died, compared with three of seven (43%) who recurred and two of seven (29%) who died following adjuvant treatment with ICI monotherapy. All recurrences were intracranial.

Conclusion

Patients with isolated brain metastases treated with surgery or SRS appeared to benefit from adjuvant ICI therapy, particularly with combination therapy. Recurrences in this setting appear to largely occur intracranially.
Untargeted metabolomic and molecular network approaches to reveal tomato root secondary metabolites
Authors: Messaili Souhila , Qu Yanyan , Fougère Laëtitia , Colas Cyril , Desneux Nicolas , Lavoir Anne‐Violette , Destandau Emilie , Michel Thomas
Published: November 2020

Introduction

The tomato plant, Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae), is one of the most widely consumed vegetables in the world and plays an important role in human diet. Tomato cultivars are hosts for diverse types of pests, implying diverse chemical defence strategies. Glycoalkaloids are the main specialised metabolites produced by tomato leaves and fruits to protect against pests. However, the roots have received little attention, leading to limited knowledge about their phytochemical content.

Objective

The main goal of the current study was the development of an untargeted ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography high‐resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐HRMS) based metabolomic approach to study phytochemical variations in tomato roots at two different development stages (i.e. 34th and 62nd day after sowing).

Methods

UHPLC‐HRMS was used to establish the fingerprint of 24 batches of tomato roots. Statistical analyses were performed to highlight the compounds that discriminated between young and mature tomato roots. A dereplication strategy using molecular networking and HRMS/MS data was set up to identify the metabolites regulated during early root development.

Key findings

The main biomarkers were guanidine and adenosine derivatives associated with tryptophan. Secondary metabolites such as glycoalkaloids and steroidal alkaloids were also characterised. Most of the metabolites were up‐regulated in young tomato roots (34 days old) while tryptophan was up‐regulated in the older roots (62 days old).

Conclusion

The metabolic changes observed in this work contribute to a deeper understanding of early‐stage root development and may help our understanding of the complex processes involved in the tomato root defence arsenal.
Tunable thermoresponsive β‐cyclodextrin‐based star polymers
Authors: Vrijsen Jeroen Hendrik , Van de Reydt Emma , Junkers Tanja
Published: November 2020

Thermoresponsive star polymers were synthesized by copolymerization of water‐soluble acrylate monomers, di(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether acrylate (DEGA) and 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), in a core‐first approach using a modified β‐cyclodextrin multifunctional initiator and photo‐mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (photoATRP). The controlled character of the polymerization, as well as the formation of statistical star copolymers, was demonstrated. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) is conveniently tuned by varying the ratio of the two hydrophilic monomers. The cyclodextrin core appears to lead to a lowering of the LCST, and introduction of a hydrophobic pocket via star block copolymer synthesis allowed for further tunability of the cloud point temperature. In the final step, we demonstrate that the star polymers made in here can be used as facile carriers and solubilizers for hydrophobic compounds, highlighting their applicability in the biomedical field.
Ethical considerations and challenges in herbal drug trials with the focus on scientific validity and risk assessment
Authors: Koonrungsesomboon Nut , Morakote Nimit , Karbwang Juntra
Published: November 2020

Scientific validity and risk assessment are two main ethical issues which raise specific challenges and are unique to clinical trials investigating crude extracts/fractions from herbal materials. There are considerable challenges for both clinical investigators and ethics committee members in dealing with such issues, many of them remain unresolved, resulting in a large variation in ethical requirements, justification, and decisions. Despite a remarkable surge in herbal medicine research globally, a number of clinical investigators or even ethics committee members have limited confidence in dealing with related ethical issues. In this article, we extensively review and discuss the two main ethical issues (i.e., scientific validity and risk assessment) and highlight key considerations that are important for ethical review and justification for the conduct of herbal drug trials.
Microwave‐Induced Structural Engineering and Pt Trapping in 6R‐TaS2 for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Najafi Leyla , Bellani Sebastiano , Oropesa‐Nuñez Reinier , Brescia Rosaria , Prato Mirko , Pasquale Lea , Demirci Cansunur , Drago Filippo , Martín‐García Beatriz , Luxa Jan , Manna Liberato , Sofer Zdeněk , Bonaccorso Francesco
Published: November 2020

The nanoengineering of the structure of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is widely pursued to develop viable catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) alternative to the precious metallic ones. Metallic group‐5 TMDs have been demonstrated to be effective catalysts for the HER in acidic media, making affordable real proton exchange membrane water electrolysers. Their key‐plus relies on the fact that both their basal planes and edges are catalytically active for the HER. In this work, the 6R phase of TaS2 is “rediscovered” and engineered. A liquid‐phase microwave treatment is used to modify the structural properties of the 6R‐TaS2 nanoflakes produced by liquid‐phase exfoliation. The fragmentation of the nanoflakes and their evolution from monocrystalline to partly polycrystalline structures improve the HER‐activity, lowering the overpotential at cathodic current of 10 mA cm−2 from 0.377 to 0.119 V. Furthermore, 6R‐TaS2 nanoflakes act as ideal support to firmly trap Pt species, which achieve a mass activity (MA) up 10 000 A gPt−1 at overpotential of 50 mV (20 000 A gPt−1 at overpotentials of 72 mV), representing a 20‐fold increase of the MA of Pt measured for the Pt/C reference, and approaching the state‐of‐the‐art of the Pt mass activity.
N,N‐Dimethoxyimidazolium Derivatives as Ion Pair Constituents of Energetic Redox Couples: Model Studies by Thermal Analysis and Crystallography
Authors: Fliri Lukas , Gelbrich Thomas , Griesser Ulrich J. , Partl Gabriel , Purtscher Felix R. S. , Neuner Sandro , Erharter Kevin , Wurst Klaus , Kahlenberg Volker , Braun Doris E. , Hofer Thomas S. , Rössler Albert , Schottenberger Herwig
Published: November 2020

By utilizing an expedient anion exchange protocol and starting with an improved synthesis of 2‐azido‐1,3‐dimethoxyimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, a series of six metathetical salts, including the energetic nitrate and perchlorate as well as the halides, was prepared. We focused on the crystallographic and thermal characterization of these compounds, representing intrinsically reactive hybrid organic / inorganic salts, and conducted a small comparative study with the related 2‐methyl‐1,3‐dimethoxyimidazolium salts. The latter compounds were expected to thermally disintegrate less sluggishly since the covalent azido‐group as intrinsic blasting initiator is missing. Both 2‐azido‐ and 2‐methylimidazolium nitrate exhibit a very sharp thermal onset of complete disintegration. In contrast, the respective perchlorates display a continuous thermogravimetric weight loss over a broad temperature range. Additionally, X‐ray single crystal structure determinations were performed for eight of the new compounds as well as for two 2‐azido‐1,3‐dimethoxyimidazolium salts with a mixed anion composition. Phase purity was also checked for five of the congeners using powder X‐ray diffraction (Pawley fitting). Notably, in the 2‐azido‐imidazolium cation, the intra‐ring bonds of the N1−C2 type were found to be significantly shorter than N1−C4 type bonds, and a characteristic asymmetry between the two N1−C2−N(azido) bond angles was observed. The experimental cation geometry was reproduced by DFT calculations on selected compounds.
Introduction of Multiplication and Its Extension: How Does Japanese Introduce and Extend?
Authors: Isoda Masami , Olfos Raimundo
Published: November 2020

In Chap.1, the Japanese approach was explained as developing students who learn mathematics by and for themselves (Isoda, 2015), and also as trying to cultivate human character, mathematical values, attitudes, and thinking as well as knowledge and skills (Isoda, 2012; Rasmussen and Isoda, Research in Mathematics Education 21:43–59, 2019). To achieve these aims, the approach is planned under the curriculum sequence to enable students to use their previous knowledge and reorganize it in preparation for future learning. By using their learned knowledge and reorganizing it, the students are able to challenge mathematics by and for themselves. In relation to multiplication, the Japanese curriculum and textbooks provide a consistent sequence for preparing future learning on the principle of extension and integration by using previous knowledge, up to proportions. (The extension and integration principle (MED, 1968) corresponds to mathematization by Freudenthal (1973) which reorganizes the experience in the our life (Freudenthal, 1991). Exemplars of the Japanese approach on this principle are explained in Chaps.6and7of this book.) This chapter is an overview of the Japanese curriculum sequence with terminology which distinguish conceptual deferences to make clear the curriculum sequence in relation to multiplication. First, the teaching sequence used for the introduction of multiplication, and the foundation for understanding multiplication in the second grade, are explained. Based on these, further study of multiplication is done and extended in relation to division up to proportionality. The Japanese approach to multiplication is explained with Japanese notation and terminology as subject specific theories for school mathematics teaching (Herbst and Chazan, 2016). The Japanese approach was developed by teachers through long-term lesson study for exploring ways on how to develop students who learn mathematics by and for themselves (Isoda, Lesson study: Challenges in mathematics education. World Scientific, New Jersey, 2015a; Isoda, Selected regular lectures from the 12th International Congress on Mathematical Education. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, 2015b). This can be done only through deep understanding of the curriculum sequence which produces a reasonable task sequence and a concrete objective for every class in the shared curriculum, such as in the Japanese textbooks (Isoda, Mathematical thinking: How to develop it in the classroom. Hackensack: World Scientific, 2012; Isoda, Pensamiento matemático: Cómo desarrollarlo en la sala de clases. CIAE, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, 2016) (This is also illustrated in Chap.7of this book.).
The Teaching of Multidigit Multiplication in the Japanese Approach
Authors: Isoda Masami , Olfos Raimundo , Noine Takeshi
Published: November 2020

Multidigit multiplication in vertical form uses the idea of the distributive law such as 27 × 3 = (20 + 7) × 3 = 20 × 3 + 7 × 3 for using a multiplication table under the base ten place value system. Multiplication in vertical form is not simply repeated addition such as 27 + 27 + 27. In this meaning, through the extension of multiplication from single digit to multidigit by use of vertical form with a multiplication table, students have to integrate their knowledge on the base ten system with the definition of multiplication by measurement (a group of groups; see Chaps. 3, 4, 5, and 6 of this book) and so on. How does the Japanese approach enable students to develop multiplication in vertical form by and for themselves based on their learned knowledge?

This chapter illustrates this process as follows. Firstly, the diversity of multiplication in vertical form is explained in relation to the multiplier and multiplicand, and the Japanese approach in comparison with other countries such as Chile and the Netherlands is clearly illustrated. Secondly, how a Japanese teacher enables students to develop multiplication in vertical form beyond repeated addition is explained with an exemplar of lesson study. Thirdly, the exemplar illustrates a full-speck lesson plan under school-based lesson study which demonstrates how Japanese teachers try to develop students who learn mathematics by and for themselves including learning how to learn (see Chap. 1). Fourthly, it explains the process to extend multiplication in vertical form to multidigit numbers by referring to Gakko Tosho textbooks.
Organic Waste Composting Through Nexus Thinking: Linking Soil and Waste as a Substantial Contribution to Sustainable Development
Authors: Hettiarachchi Hiroshan , Bouma Johan , Caucci Serena , Zhang Lulu
Published: November 2020

This introductory chapter explains why organic waste composting is considered as one of the best examples to demonstrate the benefits of nexus thinking. Current literature is rich with information covering various aspects of composting process. However, it mainly represents two distinct fields: waste from the management point of view and soil/agriculture from the nutrient recycling point of view. It is hard to find information on how these two fields can benefit from each other, except for a few examples found within large agricultural fields/businesses. A policy/institutional framework that supports a broader integration of management of such resources is lacking: a structure that goes beyond the typical municipal or ministerial boundaries. There is a clear need to address this gap, and nexus thinking can help immensely close the gap by facilitating the mindset needed for policy integration. Good intention of being sustainable is not enough if there is no comprehensive plan to find a stable market for the compost as a product. Therefore, the chapter also discusses the strong need to have a good business case for composting projects. Composting can also support achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) proposed by the United Nations. While directly supporting SDG 2 (Zero hunger), SDG 12 (Responsible consumption and production), and SDG 13 (Climate action), enhanced composting practices may also assist us reach several other targets specified in other SDGs. While encouraging waste composting as a sustainable method of waste and soil management, we should also be cautious about the possible adverse effects compost can have on the environment and public health, especially due to some non-traditional raw materials that we use nowadays such as wastewater sludge and farm manure. Towards the end, we urge for the improvement of the entire chain ranging from waste generation to waste collection/separation to compost formation and, finally, application to soil to ensure society receives the maximum benefit from composting.
Organic Waste Composting at Versalles: An Alternative That Contributes to the Economic, Social and Environmental Well-Being of Stakeholders
Authors: Marmolejo-Rebellón Luis Fernando , Oviedo-Ocaña Edgar Ricardo , Torres-Lozada Patricia
Published: November 2020

Composting is one of the most widely used technologies for the recovery and use of organic waste from municipal solid waste (MSW); however, its implementation in some developing countries has mostly been ineffective. This chapter documents the experience of the composting of municipal organic waste in the urban area of ​the municipality of Versalles, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Within the locality, composting of organic waste occurs at an MSW management plant (SWMP), after being separated at the source and selectively collected. The information presented was generated through collaborative research projects, conducted with the cooperation of Camino Verde APC (a community-based organisation providing sanitation services) and Universidad del Valle (Cali, Colombia). The evaluations undertaken show that (i) within the locality, high rates of separation, at the source, in conjunction with selective collection and efficient waste sorting and classification processes in the SWMP, have significantly facilitated the composting process; (ii) the incorporation of locally available amendment or bulking materials (e.g. star grass and cane bagasse) improves the physicochemical quality of the processed organic waste and favours development (i.e. a reduction in process time), leading to an improvement in product quality; (iii) the operation, maintenance and monitoring of the composting process can be carried out by previously trained local human talent; and (iv) revenues from the sale of the final product (compost) are not sufficient to cover the operating costs of the composting process. Despite this current lack of financial viability, the application of technology entails environmental benefits (e.g. a reduction in the generation of greenhouse gases) and social benefits (e.g. employment opportunities), which, given the conditions in the municipality studied, highlight the relevance of this technological option.
Traditional and Adapted Composting Practices Applied in Smallholder Banana-Coffee-Based Farming Systems: Case Studies from Kagera and Morogoro Regions, Tanzania
Authors: Reetsch Anika , Kimaro Didas , Feger Karl-Heinz , Schwärzel Kai
Published: November 2020

In Tanzania, about 90% of the banana-coffee-based farming systems lie in the hands of smallholder farmer families. In these systems, smallholder farmers traditionally add farm waste to crop fields, making soils rich in organic matter (humus) and plant-available nutrients. Correspondingly, soils remained fertile during cultivation for over a century. Since the 1960s, the increasing demand for food and biofuels of a growing population has resulted in an overuse of these farming systems, which has occurred in tandem with deforestation, omitted fallows, declined farm size, and soil erosion. Hence, humus and nutrient contents in soils have decreased and soils gradually degraded. Inadequate use of farm waste has led to a further reduction in soil fertility, as less organic material is added to the soils for nutrient supply than is removed during harvesting. Acknowledging that the traditional use of farm waste successfully built up soil fertility over a century and has been reduced in only a few decades, we argue that traditional composting practices can play a key role in rebuilding soil fertility, if such practices are adapted to face the modern challenges. In this chapter, we discuss two cases in Tanzania: one on the traditional use of compost in the Kagera region (Great African Rift Valley) and another about adapted practices to produce compost manure in the Morogoro region (Uluguru Mountains). Both cases refer to rainfed, smallholder banana-coffee-based farming systems. To conclude, optimised composting practices enable the replenishment of soil nutrients, increase the capacity of soils to store plant-available nutrients and water and thus, enhance soil fertility and food production in degraded banana-coffee-based farming systems. We further conclude that future research is needed on a) nutrient cycling in farms implementing different composting practices and on b) socio-economic analyses of farm households that do not successfully restore soil fertility through composting.
Setting up the Scene: Lessons Learned from PISA 2018 Statistics and Other International Student Assessments
Authors: Crato Nuno
Published: November 2020

PISA 2018 was the largest large-scale international assessment to date. Its results confirm the improvements of some countries, the challenges other countries face, and the decline observed in a few others. This chapter reflects on the detailed analyses of ten countries policies, constraints, and evolutions. It highlights key factors, such as investment, curriculum, teaching, and student assessment. And it concludes by arguing that curriculum coherence, an emphasis on knowledge, student observable outcomes, assessment, and public transparency are key elements. These elements are crucial both for education success in general and for its reflection on PISA and other international assessments.
England: England and PISA—The Long View
Authors: Oates Tim
Published: November 2020

This chapter does not drill down in the minutiae of the PISA results for England. For that, readers can go to the NFER’s excellent report (Sizmur in Achievement of 15-year-olds in England: PISA 2018 Results DFE-RR961 2019) which comprises the UK Government’s commentary on the PISA outcomes. Rather, it tries to do something unique—it places the PISA results in the context of policy changes which may be associated with PISA outcomes, and seeks to explain the factors which determine the trends present in the PISA data. It looks briefly at the other administrations of the UK (Scotland and Wales in particular), but highlights the vital differences between those administrations. I maintain that ‘The UK’ cannot be treated as a unitary system.
Portugal: The PISA Effects on Education
Authors: Marôco João
Published: November 2020

From the bottom of the league table for PISA 2000 Portugal has raised to the OCDE average being the only OECD member that showed, up to PISA 2018, consistent growth in reading, mathematics, and science. This chapter gives a brief description of the Portuguese Education system and how PISA outcomes have shaped Portuguese education policies. It identifies the policies that probably explain the improvement in PISA and pinpoints weakness of the Portuguese education system through the lenses of PISA.
Three-Component Wear-Resistant PEEK-Based Composites Filled with PTFE and MoS2: Composition Optimization, Structure Homogenization, and Self-lubricating Effect
Authors: Panin Sergey V. , Kornienko Lyudmila A. , Anh Nguyen Duc , Alexenko Vladislav O. , Buslovich Dmitry G. , Bochkareva Svetlana A.
Published: November 2020

The aim of this work was to design and optimize compositions of three-component composites based on polyetheretherketone (PEEK) with enhanced tribological and mechanical properties. Initially, two-component PEEK-based composites loaded with molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) were investigated. It was shown that an increase in dry friction mode tribological characteristics in metal-polymer and ceramic-polymer tribological contacts was attained by loading with lubricant fluoroplastic particles. In addition, molybdenum disulfide homogenized permolecular structure and improved matrix strength properties. After that, a methodology for identifying composition of multicomponent PEEK-based composites having prescribed properties which based on a limited amount of experimental data was proposed and implemented. It was shown that wear rate of the “PEEK + 10% PTFE + 0.5% MoS2” composite decreased by 39 times when tested on the metal counterpart, and 15 times on the ceramic one compared with neat PEEK. However, in absolute terms, wear rate of the three-component composite on the metal counterpart was 1.5 times higher than on the ceramic one. A three-fold increase in wear resistance during friction on both the metal and ceramic counterparts was achieved for the “PEEK + 10% PTFE + 0.5% MoS2” three-component composite compared with the “PEEK + 10% PTFE”. Simultaneous loading with two types of fillers slightly deteriorated the polymer composite structure compared with neat PEEK. However, wear rate was many times reduced due to facilitation of transfer film formation. For this reason, there was no microabrasive wear on both metal and ceramic counterpart surfaces.