bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concepts of customs law
Authors: Shkiperov Anton Aleksandrovich , Al'bov Aleksei Pavlovich , Arutiunian Gaiane Vladimirovna , Burygin Alexey Anatolyevich
Published: November 2024

The subject of this study are the concepts used to regulate public relations related to the realization of ownership of goods transported across the customs border, power relations between customs authorities and persons exercising ownership of goods, as well as public relations related to the regulation of customs affairs. The authors consider in detail the established legal and scientific approaches to the definition of the basic concepts of customs law, the analysis of which reveals their essential features, essence and content. The authors study in detail such concepts as customs legal relations, customs control, customs regulation, customs business, customs administration, customs policy, customs law, customs legislation and others. Special attention in the framework of the study is paid to providing a comprehensive analysis of these concepts, taking into account the specifics of approaches to their understanding in various spheres of public relations. The authors used general scientific methods (abstraction, induction, deduction, hypothesis, analogy, synthesis, typology, classification, systematization, generalization and others) as well as special methods of scientific cognition characteristic of jurisprudence (comparative law, historical, formal law, legal hermeneutics, system-structural, legal modeling and others). The scientific novelty of the research lies in the conclusions and proposals aimed at improving the basic terminology of customs law, based on ensuring uniform approaches to the unambiguous definition of the basic concepts of customs law, which do not contradict the current legislation and are aimed at its development. The authors substantiate the critical importance of unifying the understanding of customs law terms in order to achieve a unified customs regulation, uniformity of law enforcement practice during customs control and customs operations both in the customs territory of the Eurasian Economic Union and in the Russian Federation. A special contribution of the authors is the realized attempt to integrate the approaches of the legislator, representatives of legal and economic sciences to the definition of customs law concepts as the only guarantee of effective regulation and management of public relations in the field of foreign economic activity.
Design as meaning formation: Western and Eastern approaches
Authors: Tretyakova Maria Sergeevna , Kazakova Natal'ya Yur'evna
Published: November 2024

The research is devoted to the issue of changing the understanding of design and its current state. Although design originated in the West, today the East is beginning to play an increasingly important role in its development. As a product of modernist culture, design initially followed the principle of "form follows function", but after a "semantic turn" it began to be understood as meaning-making, and form followed meaning. However, today the understanding of meanings only through the prism of "language" has exhausted itself, the understanding today is that design not only intellectually generated meanings, but also senses–sensations, therefore Western design theorists and practitioners began to look for alternative ways of developing design, which turned out to be consonant with the path that is being followed in the East today. The purpose of the article is to summarize some of the results of the alternative "linguistic" understanding of design in the West and in the East. The subject of the study is the change in the ways of meaning formation in modern design. Research methods used in the article are: - methods of synchronous and asynchronous analysis, that allowed us to analyze transformations in the understanding of design, both historical and regional; - the method of generalization, including comparative analysis, allows to understand the difference in approaches to design and shaping in different regions. The article presents modern design as a multicultural process, where different regions contribute to the general "theory" of design. However, the current eastern way of design is heterogeneous. Here we can highlight the Japanese vision of design – the "meditative approach", which involves reflection of sensations, reliance on personal experience, as well as the Chinese vision of design that is just taking shape today. We see China's potential contribution to the development of design in the inclusion of "embodied mind" in the design process, when the correctness of the chosen solution is determined not only by speculative calculations, but "resonates" with the feelings of the designer and the customer, as well as in the concept of "living form", when not only compositional or functional connections between elements are seen, but also the coherence of their movements. The Chinese approach can be called "vitalizing".
The new trends in the development of the former Yugoslavia countries: the fast development with EU or the Greek scenario
Authors: Arzhaev Fedor Igorevich
Published: November 2024

After the Yugoslavia had collapsed, the Balkan region became one of the most complex and heterogeneous in Europe. Countries, earlier united by Yugoslavia ended up in wars. This caused both political and economic problems; their solution may lie in the accession to the European Union (EU). At the same time, the EU is also not an ideal tool to solve its member countries’ problems: Greece can be considered as an example. Within the article, the authors set the task to answer the question: what scenario for former Yugoslavian countries’ economies will be realized if these countries enter into the EU. The major challenge of this article is to assess the effectiveness of the EU mechanisms without being affected by the high social role of the EU integration, so the authors concentrated on the economic factors. The authors answer the posed question and classify the former Yugoslavia’s countries; the authors also prove the low efficiency of the EU mechanisms in solving the economic and political contradictions of the countries, situated in the Balkan Peninsula. The major contribution of the article is the assertion that Slovenia and Croatia, despite being less involved in the Yugoslavian conflict, can become triggers for the negative effects transfer to the EU. It should be noted that the situation in the region is fragile and support of the countries of the former Yugoslavia from such an economically powerful association as the EU will lead to a worsening of the situation and destabilization.
Development and maintenance of automated crime investigation techniques
Authors: Frolov Vyacheslav Vladimirovich
Published: November 2024

The subject of the study is the patterns of detection, fixation, preliminary research, the use of criminally significant information and means of processing it in order to identify, disclose, investigate and prevent crimes, as well as the creation of technical means, techniques, recommendations, automated information systems (AIS) optimizing the investigation and disclosure of crimes based on the knowledge of these patterns. The author examines in detail the issue of creating automated crime investigation techniques – a type of information decision support systems. Special attention is paid to the components (databases) of AIS and their content. The author comes to the conclusion that one of its components is the database "Targeting". The functioning of this component and the automated system as a whole should be based on the provisions and laws of forensic science. The methodological basis of the research is represented by the universal dialectical method of scientific cognition, general scientific methods of empirical and theoretical cognition, private scientific methods (formal logical, modeling), as well as special scientific methods (structural criminalistic, etc.). The main conclusions of the study are the definition of the main (basic) structural component of the automated crime investigation methodology - "Targeting". This database should include two blocks: 1) a block of circumstances to be established and proved during the investigation of crimes with the possibility of data entry by the investigator, which will allow specifying these circumstances, taking into account the investigation he is conducting; 2) a block providing the definition of goals in the investigation of non-obvious crimes. At the same time, the system of goals formed according to the crime under investigation is fixed in the AIS as a separate file, with the possibility for the investigator to access its contents and adjust the system of goals taking into account the progress of the investigation. This will make it possible to make a breakthrough in the creation of automated investigation techniques.
Decolorization of selected industrial synthetic dyes using laccase from an indigenous isolate strain SK1
Authors: Maniyam Maegala Nallapan , Gunalan Primeela , Azman Hazeeq Hazman , Abdullah Hasdianty , Yaacob Nor Suhaila
Published: November 2024

Textile industrial wastewater is among the most polluting wastewater globally, necessitating efficient and sustainable treatment methods. Therefore, this study investigates the use of extracellular laccase, which is eco-friendly and cost-effective, particularly from an indigenous isolate coded as strain SK1, for bioremediation. The laccase production was optimized, leading to a 68% yield improvement when temperature, pH, agitation, and inoculum size were set at 35°C, pH 8, 150 rpm, and 5% v/v, respectively, using banana peel as the substrate. This optimization also reduced the incubation period by 67%. Remarkably, more than 65% decolourization was achieved with 100 mg/l concentrations of various dyes, including Congo Red, Alizarin Yellow, Methyl Orange, Methyl Red, Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet, and Malachite Green, within 60 minutes of incubation without mediators. Furthermore, the laccase application removed 99% of the dye from real batik wastewater, rendering the treated water safe for irrigation, as evidenced by a 98% germination rate of Vigna radiata. These findings underscore the effectiveness and practicality of laccase for textile wastewater treatment. Future research should focus on immobilizing laccase to enhance its biocatalytic performance, ensuring a robust and scalable bioremediation approach for industrial applications.
Streptomyces as endomicrobiome: Potential bioinoculants for agricultural sustainability
Authors: Kirubakaran Rangasamy , Shameem Nowsheen , Saranya Elumalai , Meenambigai Krishnan , Dhanasekar Ramu , Parray Javid Ahmad , Yadav Neelam , Singh Sangram , Rustagi Sarvesh , Puri Paridhi , Sharma Babita , Negi Rajeshwari , Yadav Ajar Nath
Published: November 2024

The need for chemical-free farming methods is becoming more important due to the detrimental impacts of chemicals on human health and the environment. Finding innovative ways for the establishment of sustainable agriculture is crucial that may avoid the overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides as a means of increasing output. Microorganisms that promote plant development and act as biocontrol agents have become safe substitutes for chemical fertilizers in the agriculture sector. Endophytic microorganisms or microorganisms associated with plants, have become a vital and promising tool for sustainable agriculture. Endophytic Streptomyces act as the alternative for preventing disease-causing microorganisms and help to regulate plant growth. Bacteria belonging to the genus Streptomyces are well-known producers of secondary metabolites, which can be potentially utilized to replace chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The current status of endophytic Streptomyces in sustainable agriculture is employed as safe biocontrol and plant growth-promoting (PGP). This review emphasizes the biocontrol and PGP benefits of the endophytic Streptomyces. Additionally, their ability to enhance plant growth has been confirmed in a number of crops, thus encouraging the wide use of streptomycetes as biofertilizers to increase plant productivity.
Exploring neuroprotective activity of ethanolic rhizome extract of Alpinia calcarata in cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy in rats
Authors: Dhavale Apurwa Shyam , Hariprasad M. G. , Ramaswamy Rajendran
Published: November 2024

This study aims to determine the neuroprotective activity of Alpinia calcarata (Haw.) Roscoe rhizome ethanolic extract (ACREE) using cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II (CDDP, cisplatin)-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) rat (Wistar albino) models. The rats were maintained in suitable laboratory conditions (12 hours light/dark cycle, 25ºC ± 2ºC temp) with a nutritional diet and water ad libitum, divided into four groups (n = 6) for the experiment. After 7 days of acclimation, groups II, III, and IV were injected with 2 mg/kg cisplatin intraperitoneal, with 2 ml saline (oral) on days 8, 15, 22, 28, and 36 along with ACREE oral doses of 250 mg/kg (to group III), and 500 mg/kg (to group IV) daily from day 8 to 42. Physical, behavioral, biochemical, and electrophysiological parameters were evaluated, and sciatic nerve histopathology was studied. Statistical analysis using one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) showed improvement in CIPN condition due to ACREE treatment in nerve conduction velocity (p < 0.001), grip strength (p < 0.001), rota rod performance (p < 0.01), hot and cold hyperalgesia (p < 0.001), inflammatory markers high sensitivity C reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin (p < 0.001), and oxidative stress parameters catalase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde (p < 0.001). Histopathology study revealed preservation of neuro-morphology and myelin sheath and minimal inflammatory effect in treatment groups over diseased. This novel finding could be crucial in improving cancer patient survival and life quality. Further research is recommended to elucidate the precise mechanisms of ACREE’s protective effects and explore its integration with existing cancer treatments to effectively neutralize the impact of cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy.
Qualidade de vida relacionada a saúde e fatores associados em acadêmicos de medicina no internato
Authors: Ayello Alice Dresch , Souza Maria Eduarda Stangler Papaléo de , Chalito Taquira , Ricardo Milena , Cunha Mylena Phillipps , Knop Helen Gracieli da Cruz Furmann , Valente Caroline , Silva Rosana Mara da
Published: November 2024

O internato é a etapa final da formação acadêmica no curso de medicina, propícia a complementação do ensino e da aprendizagem, sendo um período de muita responsabilidade a qual acarreta situações estressantes com o estágio, preocupações perante a escolha da residência e do futuro no geral. Também, pode ocorrer o enfrentamento de dificuldades para conciliar estudos e o internato, o que pode comprometer a qualidade de vida. Considerando a importância deste período na formação médica, objetivou-se correlacionar o perfil sociodemográfico e a qualidade de vida dos acadêmicos de medicina no internato. Caracteriza-se por ser um estudo de abordagem quantitativa, transversal e exploratória, com aplicação de questionário. Como resultados, observou-se uma predominância de mulheres (67,1%) e participantes de 20 a 25 anos (43,1%). Sendo que 69,6% estavam no primeiro ano do internato, destacando a representatividade dessa etapa na pesquisa. O uso de medicamentos apresentou maior prevalência entre as mulheres (43,4%), atingindo 60% após os 35 anos. Quanto ao autocuidado, 63,29% desfrutam de momentos de lazer, 54,4% se exercitam frequentemente e 79,7% realizam três ou mais refeições diárias. Quanto a quantidade de horas diárias de sono, a pesquisa demostrou que 50,63% dos estudantes dormem de 4 a 6 horas, e 88,6% utilizam o carro como meio de transporte. Os 94,93% relataram ter facilidade em criar uma relação médico-paciente. Conclui-se a importância de proporcionar maior apoio psicológico aos internos, devido os desafios inerentes ao período acadêmico e às variações no uso de medicamentos, fortalecer o bem-estar emocional, consequentemente, uma melhor qualidade na formação.
Development of a Traceability System for Fresh Tuna Loin (Thunnus sp) Quality Based on Various Handling Temperatures at FPU XYZ Using Quick Response (QR) Codes
Authors: Lasewa Rikfandi , Naiu Asri Silvana , Mile Lukman
Published: November 2024

This study aims to: (1) identify the supply chain at FPU XYZ in Gorontalo City; (2) determine the quality of fresh tuna loin at each stage of the supply chain based on handling temperatures; (3) evaluate the validity of the QR Code during scanning; and (4) analyze the implementation of a QR Code-based traceability system for fresh tuna loin. The research methodology involved surveys and laboratory tests. Sampling was conducted using non-probability purposive sampling, with 19 respondents from a total population of 30, comprising fishermen, collectors, and FPU staff. Laboratory results were obtained using a completely randomized design and analyzed with ANOVA. The results indicate that: (1) the traceability of fresh tuna loin quality at FPU XYZ involves three supply chain stations: fishermen, collectors, and FPU; (2) laboratory test results on histamine content, Total Plate Count (TPC), and Salmonella based on different handling temperatures and samples across the supply chain meet the standards of SNI 2354.10:2016, SNI 2332.3:2015, and SNI 01-2332.2-2006; (3) information from laboratory tests formatted as QR Codes has been validated by expert validators and deemed valid based on three assessment aspects; (4) the traceability system for fresh tuna loin quality based on QR Code can be accessed anytime and anywhere.
A Status of Different Non Wood Forest Products in Chhattisgarh, India
Authors: Bargah Alok Singh , Kumar Rajesh , Khandekar Himanshu , Vaishnaw Aishwary Kant
Published: November 2024

Non-wood forest products (NWFPs) are vital to the economy and livelihoods of forest-dependent communities in Chhattisgarh, India. This aim of this article to examines the current status of various NWFPs in the region, with a focus on key products such as tendu leaves (Diospyros melanoxylon), mahua flowers (Madhucalongifolia), sal seeds (Shorearobusta), bamboo (Bambusoideae spp.), chironji (Buchananialanzan), gums, resins, and medicinal plants. Using a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods, the study assesses the socio-economic significance, harvesting practices, market dynamics, and conservation issues related to each NWFP. The data was gathered through field surveys, interviews with stakeholders, and analysis of secondary sources from government reports and academic literature. NWFPs are shown to make a substantial contribution to local economies by generating income and employment opportunities for rural communities. However, the article also highlights critical challenges such as unsustainable harvesting, lack of value addition, poor market access, and regulatory problems.The theoretical and practical implications of this study are emphasizes the need for sustainable forest management practices to ensure the long-term viability of NWFPs and suggests policy interventions to improve market connections, enhance value addition through processing and marketing, and strengthen regulations to protect forest resources. Overall, the contribution of this study is to enhances understanding of NWFPs in Chhattisgarh, shedding light on their socio-economic importance, challenges, and the potential for sustainable management and conservation amid evolving environmental and socio-economic conditions.
Impact of Time of Sowing, Variety and Crop Geometry on Growth, Yield, Quality and Economics of Rabi Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)
Authors: Tamboli Y. A. , Amin A. U.
Published: November 2024

The field experiment was carried in rabi season of 2015-16 at Agronomy Instructional Farm, S. D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat to examine the consequences of different time of sowing, varieties and spacing on rabi fennel. The experiment was laid out in spilt plot design with three sowing times (D1:3rd week of October, D2:1st week of November and D3: 3rd week of November) as main plot, three varieties (V1: GF-2, V2: GF -11 and V3: GF-12) and two spacings (S1: 45 cm and S2: 60 cm) in sub plot with four replications. The results revealed that early sown crop i.e. 3rd week of October recorded significantly higher growth and yield viz, plant height and total number of branches and umbels per plant, number of umbellates per umbel, test weight and seed yield as well as productivity per day, quality attributes viz., volatile oil and protein content, volatile oil yield as well as economics in term of gross and net realization, net income per day and benefit cost ratio (BCR). While, fennel variety GF-12 superior in terms of growth, yield, quality as well as economics parameters over a GF-2 and GF-11. Whereas, fennel sown at optimum space of 45 cm recorded significantly higher growth, yield and economics as compared to over 60 cm, however spacing did not exhibit a significant influence on test weight, volatile oil and protein content. The interactive effect between 3rd week of October and 45 cm was significantly superior as compared to rest of treatment combination.
Exploring Nutritional Diversity in Millets: A Comparative Study on Protein and Crude Fiber Content
Authors: Santhosh Aiswarya Velekat , B Ramachandra , H Manjunatha , L Malashree , B Rajunaik , Harinivenugopal
Published: November 2024

Aims: The study aimed to evaluate and compare the protein and crude fibre content of eight different millet species, emphasizing their potential in formulating nutritionally superior food products.
Study design: This was an experimental, laboratory-based study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Department of Dairy Microbiology, Dairy Science College, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, between January 2024 and October 2024.
Methodology: Eight millet species, including foxtail millet, bajra, sorghum, finger millet, little millet, kodo millet, barnyard millet, and proso millet, were analyzed for their protein and crude fibre content. The protein content was determined using the micro-Kjeldahl technique, while the crude fibre content was measured through a two-step acid and alkaline digestion process. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA, and the critical difference (CD) at a 5% significance level was calculated to determine significant variations in nutrient content.
Results: The protein content varied significantly among the millets, with foxtail millet showing the highest value at 10.50%, followed by proso millet at 9.94%. Finger millet had the lowest protein content at 7.24%. Crude fibre content was highest in finger millet (3.61%), while barnyard millet exhibited the lowest value (1.70%). Statistical analysis revealed a critical difference of 0.055 for protein content and 0.025 for crude fibre content at P=.05, indicating significant differences between millet types.
Conclusion: The study highlighted the nutritional variability among different millet species, with foxtail millet standing out for its high protein and fibre content, making it suitable for high-protein, high-fibre food formulations. Finger millet’s high fibre content makes it valuable for digestive health applications. These findings underscore the potential of millets as functional foods, contributing to better nutrition and sustainable agriculture.
Enhanced Removal Efficiency of Malachite Green Dye Using Gambir Leaf Extract-Modified NiFe LDH Composites: A Study of Cationic Dye Adsorption
Authors: Jefri Jefri , Fithri Najma Annuria , Lesbani Aldes
Published: November 2024

A NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) composite with Uncaria gambir (UG) leaf extract was successfully synthesized. The composite (NiFe-UG LDH) and the base material (NiFe LDH) were identified using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Surface Area techniques. The XRD and FTIR results revealed the incorporation of gambier leaf extract into the NiFe LDH structure, as indicated by the combined diffraction patterns and spectral features. The BET analysis indicated a decrease in the surface area of NiFe-UG LDH compared to that of NiFe LDH, suggesting that active compounds from the gambier leaf extract effectively coated the LDH surface and blocked its pores. During malachite green (MG) adsorption, NiFe-UG demonstrated faster adsorption kinetics and a higher adsorption efficiency, reaching 96.420% compared to 92.085% for NiFe LDH. While both materials followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, their isotherm behaviors differed: NiFe-UG adhered to the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption, whereas NiFe LDH followed the Freundlich model, signifying multilayer adsorption. Further analysis suggested that adsorption in NiFe LDH was primarily governed by physisorption, while in NiFe-UG, a combined physisorption-chemisorption mechanism occurred. These results underscore the enhanced adsorption capacity of the composite material, attributed to the introduction of additional functional groups from the gambier leaf extract. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Quiet Quitting: Uma Tendência no Pós-pandemia SARS-CoV-2 ou um Grito Silencioso do Trabalha(dor)?
Authors: S.R.Chiacchio Simon , C. Skarabone Andrea Renata
Published: November 2024

Throughout its history, society has been marked by major transformations, which have occurred in diff erent political, social and economic contexts. This article aims to understand the phenomenon called quiet quitting in the world of work. In this study, the phenomenon is understood as pain arising from professional activity, the research considered the post-SARS-CoV-2 pandemic period, to analyze the relationship or causal link between these events. The method developed in the research was a literature review from the methodological perspective of qualitative metasynthesis. For this development, national and international articles were used, published in recent years in diff erent databases and journals on the topic. The considerations highlighted in the research indicate that this phenomenon is more present and possible to identify in the post-SARS-Cov-2 pandemic period. As a conclusion of the study, it was possible to understand this causal link and the factors that promoted the phenomenon in this contexto .Keywords: Quiet quitting, silent withdrawal, SARS-CoV-2, pandemic, work
Actin dynamics in host–pathogen interaction
Authors: Stradal Theresia E. B. , Schelhaas Mario
Published: June 2018

The actin cytoskeleton and Rho GTPase signaling to actin assembly are prime targets of bacterial and viral pathogens, simply because actin is involved in all motile and membrane remodeling processes, such as phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, endocytosis, exocytosis, vesicular trafficking and membrane fusion events, motility, and last but not least, autophagy. This article aims at providing an overview of the most prominent pathogen‐induced or ‐hijacked actin structures, and an outlook on how future research might uncover additional, equally sophisticated interactions.
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3) subunit e is essential for embryonic development and cell proliferation
Authors: Sadato Daichi , Ono Tomio , Gotoh‐Saito Saki , Kajiwara Naoki , Nomura Namiko , Ukaji Masako , Yang Liying , Sakimura Kenji , Tajima Youichi , Oboki Keisuke , Shibasaki Futoshi
Published: June 2018

Mammalian eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3) is the largest complex of the translation initiation factors. The eIF3 complex is comprised of thirteen subunits, which are named eIF3a to eIF3 m in most multicellular organisms. The eIF3e gene locus is one of the most frequent integration sites of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), which induces mammary tumors in mice. MMTV‐integration events result in the expression of C‐terminal‐truncated eIF3e proteins, leading to mammary tumor formation. We have shown that tumor formation can be partly caused by activation of hypoxia‐inducible factor 2α. To investigate the function of eIF3e in mammals, we generated eIF3e‐deficient mice. These eIF3e−/− mice are embryonically lethal, while eIF3e+/− mice are much smaller than wild‐type mice. In addition, eIF3e+/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) contained reduced levels of eIF3a and eIF3c subunits and exhibited reduced cellular proliferation. These results suggest that eIF3e is essential for embryonic development in mice and plays a role in maintaining eIF3 integrity.
Design guidelines for crowd evacuation in a stadium for controlling evacuee accumulation and sequencing
Authors: Minegishi Yoshikazu , Takeichi Naohiro
Published: June 2018

In the design of large‐scale sports facilities, architectural and fire‐service regulations are consulted to secure evacuation safety. However, these regulations define only the number, width, or amount of evacuation facilities, such as the path, exit, and stairs. These regulations not only limit the flexibility of the architectural design, but also not clarify that how evacuees should be secured or controlled under emergency situation. For this circumstance, we propose guidelines for the design and management of crowd evacuation by showing the process of an actual design project for a large‐scale 40 000‐seat stadium using a multi‐agent evacuation simulator. We mainly discuss three situations: (i) evacuation from the spectator stands, (ii) merging and accumulation around stairs, and (iii) evacuation to/on the ground. We clarify that most problems emerge from the accumulation of evacuees and the accumulation sequencing. We hence propose a design method and crowd management policy that avoid generation of a sequence of accumulations and while guiding on where accumulations should be generated.
C
aldisericia
Authors: Mori Koji
Published: June 2018

Cal.di.se.ri'ci.a. N.L. neut. pl. n.
Caldisericia
the class of the order
Caldisericales
.

Caldiserica / Caldisericia

Cells are multicellular filamentous with outer envelopes. Gram stain‐negative. Nonmotile. No spore formation. Anaerobic, chemoheterotrophic growth using thiosulfate, sulfite, and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Optimal growth at neutral pH, under thermophilic, nonhalophilic conditions. The major cellular fatty acid is C
17
:0
iso.
A
naerolineae
Authors: Yamada Takeshi , Sekiguchi Yuji
Published: June 2018

An.ae.ro.li.ne'ae. N.L. fem. pl. n.
Anaerolineales
type order of the class;
‐ae
ending to denote a class; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Anaerolineae
the
Anaerolineales
class.

Chloroflexi / Anaerolineae

Cells are non‐spore‐forming, nonmotile, and filamentous. Known described species are fermentative and grow under strictly anaerobic conditions. Chemoorganoheterotrophs that stain as Gram‐negative. Cells are not colored. The class
Anaerolineae
is defined on the basis of a phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The
Anaerolineae
forms a phylogenetically coherent cluster and contains the sole order
Anaerolineales
. The detailed description is the same as for the family
Anaerolineaceae
.
E
lusimicrobia
Authors: Brune Andreas
Published: June 2018

E.lu.si.mi.cro'bi.a. N.L. fem. pl. n.
Elusimicrobiales
type order of the class; dropping ending
‐ales
and inserting
‐a
to denote a class; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Elusimicrobia
the class of
Elusimicrobiales
.

Elusimicrobia / Elusimicrobia

The class
Elusimicrobia
currently contains the order
Elusimicrobiales
, which accommodates only a single species, the ultramicrobacterium
Elusimicrobium minutum
. It also comprises numerous clades of uncultured bacteria from mostly anoxic habitats (anoxic soils, aquifers, freshwater and marine sediments, and intestinal tracts), which have been detected exclusively in
16S rRNA
‐based surveys.
E
ndomicrobia
Authors: Brune Andreas
Published: June 2018

En.do.mi.cro'bi.a. N.L. fem. pl. n.
Endomicrobiales
type order of the class; dropping ending
‐ales
and inserting
‐a
to denote a class; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Endomicrobia
the class of
Endomicrobiales
.

Elusimicrobia / Endomicrobia

The class
Endomicrobia
currently contains the order
Endomicrobiales
, which accommodates only a single species, the ultramicrobacterium
Endomicrobium proavitum
. It also comprises several clades of uncultured bacteria, which have been detected exclusively in
16S rRNA
‐based surveys of mostly anoxic habitats (anoxic soils, aquifers, freshwater sediments, and intestinal tracts).

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 35.2–39.3 (genome sequence).

Type order
:
Endomicrobiales
Zheng, Dietrich, Radek and Brune 2018, 693
VP
(Effective publication: Zheng, Dietrich, Radek and Brune 2016, 199).
C
hthonomonadaceae
Authors: Stott Matthew B. , Lee Kevin C.‐Y. , Morgan Xochitl C. , Carere Carlo R.
Published: June 2018

Chtho.no.mo.na.da'ce.ae. N.L. fem. pl. n.
Chthonomonadaceae
the family of the genus
Chthonomonas
.

Armatimonadetes / Chthonomonadetes / Chthonomonadales / Chthonomonadaceae

The family
Chthonomonadaceae
was circumscribed for this volume on a phylogenetic basis via comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of a single isolated representative and uncultured representatives from multiple terrestrial and aquatic habitats; the family contains the genus
Chthonomonas
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 54.4.

Type genus
:
Chthonomonas
Lee, Dunfield, Morgan, Crowe, Houghton, Vyssotski, Ryan, Lagutin, McDonald and Stott 2011, 2487
VP
.
A
naerolineaceae
Authors: Yamada Takeshi , Sekiguchi Yuji
Published: June 2018

An.ae.ro.li.na.ce'ae. N.L. fem. n.
Anaerolinea
type genus of the family; ‐
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n. adj.
Anaerolineaceae
family of the genus
Anaerolinea
.

Chloroflexi / Anaerolineae / Anaerolineales / Anaerolineaceae

Cells are nonmotile, non‐spore‐forming, Gram‐stain‐negative, and multicellular filaments. Known members of the family
Anaerolineaceae
are mesophilic or thermophilic, and grow under neutrophilic conditions. Growth occurs under strictly anaerobic conditions. All members of
Anaerolineaceae
are chemoheterotrophs. Yeast extract is required for growth with a few exceptions, such as those of the genus
Thermomarinilinea
. Most members of
Anaerolineaceae
fermentatively utilize sugars and proteinaceous compounds. Utilization of common external electron acceptors is not observed for growth. However, cocultivation with hydrogenotrophic methanogens enhances the growth of some
Anaerolineaceae
species, indicating that the
Anaerolineaceae
can use hydrogenotrophs as a hydrogen(electron)‐scavenging system. Most
Anaerolineaceae
are resistant to rifampicin. The
Anaerolineaceae
have been isolated from anoxic ecosystems, such as anaerobic sludge, rice paddy soil, deep terrestrial subsurface hot aquifers, shallow sea hydrothermal vents, and marine subsurface sediment.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 42.1–59.9 (HPLC).

Type genus
:
Anaerolinea
Sekiguchi, Yamada, Hanada, Ohashi, Harada and Kamagata 2003, 1848
VP
.
E
ndomicrobiaceae
Authors: Brune Andreas
Published: June 2018

En.do.mi.cro.bi.a.ce'ae. N.L. neut. n.
Endomicrobium
type genus of the family; suff. ‐
aceae
to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Endomicrobiaceae
the family of
Endomicrobium
.

Elusimicrobia / Endomicrobia / Endomicrobiales / Endomicrobiaceae

The family
Endomicrobiaceae
currently accommodates only a single species, the ultramicrobacterium
Endomicrobium proavitum
, and numerous clades of uncultured bacteria, which are found almost exclusively in the intestinal tract of insects (mostly termites and cockroaches). Many uncultured members of the genus
Endomicrobium
(
Candidatus
Endomicrobium) are host‐specific symbionts of termite gut flagellates.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 35.2–39.3 (genome sequence).

Type genus
:
Endomicrobium
Zheng, Dietrich, Radek and Brune 2018, 693
VP
(Effective publication: Zheng, Dietrich, Radek and Brune 2016, 199).
Streptobacillus
Authors: Eisenberg Tobias , Glaeser Stefanie P. , Blom Jochen , Rau Jörg , Kämpfer Peter
Published: June 2018

Strep.to.ba.cil'lus. Gr.adj. streptos twisted, curved; L. masc. n.bacillusa small rod; N.L. masc. n.Streptobacillusa twisted or curved small rod.

Fusobacteria / Fusobacteriia / Fusobacteriales / Leptotrichiaceae / Streptobacillus

Rods with rounded or pointed ends. Occurs singly or form long, wavy chains. Non‐spore‐forming. Nonmotile. Gram‐stain‐negative. Conversion tol‐phase or transitional‐phase variant may occur spontaneously during cultivation.Capable of growing anaerobically or aerobically. Ferments glucose to produce acid but not gas. Optimum temperature 35–37°C. Catalase and oxidase negative. Indole not produced. Nitrate not reduced to nitrite. Requires serum, ascitic fluid, or blood for growth.Isolated from the nasopharynx of wild and laboratory rats and from the throat of humans (Streptobacillus hongkongensis).Streptobacillus moniliformiscauses rat‐bite fever in man.

DNA G + C content (mol%): 25.8–28.9 [derived from genomic data (dfgd)].

Type species:Streptobacillus moniliformisLevaditi, Nicolau and Poincloux 1925, 1188AL.
Paenarthrobacter
Authors: Busse Hans‐Jürgen , Wieser Monika
Published: June 2018

Paen.ar.thro.bac'ter. L. adv.paene, nearly, almost; N.L. masc. n.Arthrobacter, a bacterial genus name; N.L. masc. n.Paenarthrobacter, almostArthrobacter.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Micrococcaceae / Paenarthrobacter

The genusPaenarthrobactercontains the speciesPaenarthrobacter aurescens, Paenarthrobacter histidinolovorans, Paenarthrobacter ilicis, Paenarthrobacter nicotinovorans, Paenarthrobacter nitroguajacolicus, andPaenarthrobacter ureafaciens. Cells are rod shaped when growing exponentially and are coccoid when reaching the stationary growth phase. The species of this genus share high 16S rRNA similarities (>97.5%). The peptidoglycan type is A3α (Lys–Ala–Thr–Ala; A11.17). The quinone system is menaquinone MK‐9(H2). Minor amounts of MK‐9(H2) and MK‐10(H2) may be present as well. Major polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, dimannosylglyceride, and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. Major fatty acid is anteiso‐C15:0. High amounts of iso‐C15:0, iso‐C16:0, anteiso‐C17:0, and iso‐C14:0 may be present as well. The habitat is soil.

DNA G + C content (mol%): 61.3–63.6.

Type species:Paenarthrobacter aurescensBusse 2016, 25VP.
A
quicella
Authors: Albuquerque Luciana , Rainey Fred A. , da Costa Milton S.
Published: June 2018

A.qui.cel'la. L. fem. n.
aqua
, water; L. fem. n.
cella
, a chamber or a cell; N.L. fem. n.
aquicella
, a cell from a water.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Legionellales / Coxiellaceae / Aquicella

Rod‐shaped cells, 0.4–0.8 µm in width, and 1.8–2.3 µm in length; filaments are also formed. Endospores are not observed. Stain Gram‐negative. Motility and flagella are not observed. Colonies on buffered charcoal yeast extract medium supplemented with 0.1% α‐ketoglutarate (BCYEα) are whitish with a pinkish or bluish sheen and a ground glass texture. Growth temperature ranges between about 30 and 43°C; require neutral pH for growth. Strictly aerobic. Oxidase and catalase negative. Chemoorganotrophic; the two species of the genus grow only on media containing activated charcoal and require α‐ketoglutarate or pyruvate. In one species, yeast extract may be replaced by tryptone for growth. The organisms grow in protozoa. Ubiquinone 11 (U‐11) is the major respiratory quinone. Major polar lipids are phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG). Major fatty acids are
iso
‐branched chained; hydroxy fatty acids are present. Isolated from hydrothermal areas.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 44.9–48.3 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Aquicella lusitana
Santos, Pinhal, Rainey, Empadinhas, Costa, Fields, Benson, Veríssimo and da Costa 2004, 1
VP
(Effective publication: Santos, Pinhal, Rainey, Empadinhas, Costa, Fields, Benson, Veríssimo and da Costa 2003, 6539).
C
aldisericum
Authors: Mori Koji
Published: June 2018

Cal.di.se'ri.cum. L. adj.
caldus
hot; L. neut. n.
sericum
silk; N.L. neut. n.
Caldisericum
a silk existing in a hot environment.

Caldiserica / Caldisericia / Caldisericales / Caldisericaceae / Caldisericum

Cells are multicellular filaments with outer envelopes. Gram‐stain‐negative. Nonmotile. No spore formation. Anaerobic, chemoheterotrophic growth using thiosulfate, sulfite, and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Optimal growth at neutral pH, under thermophilic, nonhalophilic conditions. The major cellular fatty acid is C
17
:0
iso. Member of the phylum
Caldiserica
, class
Caldisericia
, order
Caldisericales
, family
Caldisericaceae
.
Caldisericum exile
is the only cultivated representative in the phylum
Caldiserica
. The phylum was originally recognized as the candidate phylum OP5, which consisted of environmental clones. Known habitats are terrestrial hot springs.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 35.4 (genome analysis).

Type species
:
Caldisericum exile
Mori, Yamaguchi, Sakiyama, Urabe and Suzuki 2009, 2897
VP
.
A
naerolinea
Authors: Yamada Takeshi , Sekiguchi Yuji
Published: June 2018

An.ae.ro.li.ne'a. Gr. pref.
an
not; Gr. masc. n.
aer
air; L. fem. n.
linea
line; N.L. fem. n.
Anaerolinea
line‐shaped organisms not living in air.

Chloroflexi / Anaerolineae / Anaerolineales / Anaerolineaceae / Anaerolinea

Cells are nonmotile and Gram‐negative. Multicellular filaments are longer than 100 µm in length and 0.2–0.4 µm in width. Spore formation is not observed under any culture conditions. Thermophilic and neutrophilic. Strictly anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph. No photosynthetic growth is observed. Yeast extract is required for growth. In the presence of yeast extract, carbohydrates and proteinaceous carbon sources are fermented as energy and carbon sources. Nitrate, fumarate, sulfate, sulfite, elemental sulfur, thiosulfate, and Fe (III)‐nitrilotriacetate (NTA) are not utilized as electron acceptors. Growth is stimulated in cocultivation with hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Known habitats include thermophilic anaerobic sludge.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 53.7–53.9 (genome sequence).

Type species
:
Anaerolinea thermophila
Sekiguchi, Yamada, Hanada, Ohashi, Harada and Kamagata 2003, 1850
VP
.
Pelolinea
Authors: Imachi Hiroyuki , Takaki Yoshihiro , Nakahara Nozomi
Published: June 2018

Pe.lo.li'ne.a. Gr. adj.pelosdark colored, hence anaerobic mud; L. fem. n.linea, line; N.L. fem. n.Pelolinealine‐shaped organism living in anaerobic environments.

Chloroflexi / Anaerolineae / Anaerolineales / Anaerolineaceae / Pelolinea

Cells arefilamentous. Individual cells are longer than 10 µm. Cell width is 130–150 nm. Gram‐stain‐negative. Spore formation and motility are not observed.Strictly anaerobic and chemoorganotrophic metabolism with sugars and polysaccharides. Yeast extract is required for growth. Optimum growth temperature range is 25–30°C. Optimum pH for growth is 7.0. NaCl concentration range of growth is between 0 and 50 g/l with optimum growth in 15 g/l. The major fatty acids are monounsaturated C18:1ω9 and C16:1ω7 and saturated C18:0and C16:0. The dominant intact polar lipids are diacylglyceride and sphingolipid core lipid structures with monoglycosidic, mixed phosphomonoglycosidic, and fatty‐acid‐modified monoglycosidic polar head groups. Members of the classAnaerolineaewithin the phylumChloroflexi. Habitats are a wide variety of anaerobic environments.

DNA G + C content (mol%): 52.4 (HPLC)/50.6 (complete genome sequence).

Type species:Pelolinea submarinaImachi, Sakai, Lipp, Miyazaki, Saito, Yamanaka, Hinrichs, Inagaki, and Takai 2014, 817VP.
E
lusimicrobium
Authors: Brune Andreas
Published: June 2018

E.lu.si.mi.cro'bi.um. L. part. adj.
elusus
(from L. v.
eludo
), to elude, parry (with the accessory notion of mockery); here intended to mean escaped from capture; N.L. neut. n.
microbium
, a microbe; N.L. neut. n.
Elusimicrobium
, an elusive microbe, hard to find, capture, or isolate.

Elusimicrobia / Elusimicrobia / Elusimicrobiales / Elusimicrobiaceae / Elusimicrobium

Obligately anaerobic ultramicrobacteria with a Gram‐negative cell envelope. Cells are nonmotile rods with rounded ends that occur singly or in pairs. Pleomorphic in all growth phases and considerably shorter in the stationary phase. Heterotrophic with fermentative metabolism; no cytochromes or quinones. Substrates restricted to a limited range of sugars and amino sugars, which are fermented via the Embden–Meyerhof pathway. Fermentation products are acetate, ethanol, CO
2
, and H
2
. Growth requires the presence of amino acids, which are transaminated with pyruvate and yield alanine as additional fermentation product. Neutrophilic, mesophilic, and halotolerant. The major fatty acids are C15:0 iso, C15:0 anteiso, and C16:0 iso. Members of the class
Elusimicrobia
, family
Elusimicrobiaceae
. Habitat is the intestinal tract of insects.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 39.9 (genome sequence).

Type species
:
Elusimicrobium minutum
Geissinger, Herlemann, Mörschel, Maier and Brune 2010, 469
VP
(Effective publication: Geissinger, Herlemann, Mörschel, Maier and Brune 2009, 2839).
E
ndomicrobium
Authors: Brune Andreas
Published: June 2018

En.do.mi.cro'bi.um. Pref.
endo‐
(from Gr.
endon
, within); N.L. neut. n.
microbium
, microbe; N.L. neut. n.
Endomicrobium
, a microbe within (an endosymbiont).

Elusimicrobia / Endomicrobia / Endomicrobiales / Endomicrobiaceae / Endomicrobium

Ultramicrobacteria with a Gram‐negative cell envelope. Cells are nonmotile, pleomorphic rods, sometimes spindle shaped or coccoid, with variable diameter. Obligately anaerobic heterotrophs with a fermentative metabolism; cytochromes and quinones absent. Substrates restricted to glucose derivatives, which are fermented via the Embden–Meyerhof pathway. Fermentation products are acetate, lactate (or ethanol), CO
2
, and H
2
. Neutrophilic, mesophilic, and low salt tolerance. Diazotrophic growth in some species. Habitat is the intestinal tract of insects. Accommodates numerous uncultured lineages, including several
Candidatus
taxa, many of which occur in intracellular association with termite gut flagellates.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 35.2–39.3 (genome sequence).

Type species
:
Endomicrobium proavitum
Zheng, Dietrich, Radek and Brune 2018, 693
VP
(Effective publication: Zheng, Dietrich, Radek and Brune 2016b, 199).
I
gnavibacterium
Authors: Iino Takao
Published: June 2018

Ig.na.vi.bac.te'ri.um. L. adj.
ignavus
lazy; N.L. neut. n.
bacterium
a rod; N.L. neut. n.
Ignavibacterium
a lazy rod.

Ignavibacteriae / Ignavibacteria / Ignavibacteriales / Ignavibacteriaceae / Ignavibacterium

Bacteria of the genus
Ignavibacterium
are Gram‐negative, facultatively anaerobic, moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic, and obligately heterotrophic microorganisms belonging to the family
Ignavibacteriaceae
. Yeast extract is required for growth. Originally, the genus
Ignavibacterium
was described as the phylogenetically nearest cultivated neighbor of green sulfur bacteria belonging to the order
Chlorobiales
in the class
Chlorobea
. However,
Ignavibacterium
cannot grow phototrophically and does not possess light‐harvesting structures such as the chlorosomes of green sulfur bacteria. At present,
Ignavibacterium album
, isolated from microbial mats developed in hot spring water streams from Yumata, Nagano, Japan, is a sole representative of the genus
Ignavibacterium
. Phylotypes related to the genus
Ignavibacterium
have mainly been retrieved from hot springs and a variety of contaminated systems with relatively high abundance.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 34 (genome sequence).

Type species
:
Ignavibacterium album
Iino, Mori, Uchino, Nakagawa, Harayama and Suzuki 2010, 1380
VP
.