bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Handbook of undergraduate second language education. Judith W. Rosenthal (Ed.).
Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2000. Pp. 400.
Authors: Marshall D. Bradford
Published: October 2003

Judith Rosenthal has brought together a wide variety of articles on second language (L2)
teaching and learning that will surely interest foreign language (FL) educators in U.S. universities
who are struggling to increase or maintain enrollment in their courses or who are seeking new
ideas to meet the needs and demands of an increasingly diverse student population. Rather than
encourage individual language departments to continue their separate battles for survival,
Rosenthal hopes to enhance the “integration” of FL programs in order “to
better promote proficiency in more than one language” (p. 353). This volume clearly
illustrates how teachers of various languages can collaborate and share experiences in order to
find solutions to what are often very similar problems.
The use of psychological state terms by late talkers at age 3
Authors: LEE ELIZA CARLSON , RESCORLA LESLIE
Published: October 2003

The use of psychological state words during mother–child play sessions at age 3 was examined in 31 children diagnosed with delayed expressive language at 24–31 months and 21 age-matched typically developing comparison children. Children and mothers in the late talker group made more references to physiological states and fewer references to cognitive states than the children and mothers in the typically developing comparison group. The children's use of cognitive terms correlated significantly with measures of language ability, including mean length of utterance, Index of Productive Syntax score, and use of propositional complements, as well as with their mothers' use of cognitive terms. The delay in the emergence of psychological state words, particularly cognitive terms such as think and know, may affect other aspects of late talkers' cognitive and social development.
Editorial: New Review Editors
Authors: WARNES TONY
Published: October 2003

This editorial introduces Julia Johnson and Joanna Bornat as the new Review Editors of the journal. They are both full-time academic staff at the School of Health and Social Welfare at The Open University (OU) in Milton Keynes to the north of London. They are very well known among British social gerontology and social welfare researchers and have exceptional writing and editorial experience – even more than the high average for Open University ‘distance teachers’. Joanna has been joint editor of Oral History for twenty-five years and, with Julia, has been a co-editor of Generations Review, the other journal of the British Society of Gerontology.
Caught in a trap? Beyond pop theory's ‘butch’ construction of male Elvis fans
Authors: Duffett Mark
Published: October 2003

Common knowledge has it that Elvis Presley stood for sexual liberation – because his gyrations caused the first controversy, he liberated Western culture from the curse of sexual repression. Beyond the female fans that play a role in that image, Elvis has a vast number of male followers. With more than 20,000 members, the Official Elvis Presley Fan Club of Great Britain (OEPFC) is the largest fan club in the world. According to the president, half the members are male (Slaughter 1996, p. 1). This means that thousands of male fans are dedicated enough to stay in one organisation. Over 400 smaller clubs remain active, so Elvis still has thousands of male devotees. What can be said about how these fans relate to their idol? More fundamentally, what are the most suitable research methods, ideas and approaches to use when answering that question?
The ‘globalization, commodification, and technologization’ of English:
Appropriating English: Innovation in the Global Business of English
Language Teaching, by Michael Singh, Peter Kell, and Ambigapathy Pandian,
Peter Lang Publishing, New York 〈www.peterlangusa.com〉, ISBN 0-8204-56586,
Mar 02 pb US $29.95, pp. 296: volume 8 in the series New Literacies and Digital Epistemologies.
Authors: McArthur Tom
Published: October 2003

A review of Appropriating English: Innovation in the Global Business of English Language Teaching, by Michael Singh, Peter Kell, and Ambigapathy Pandian.
NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR CLINICAL EXCELLENCE (NICE)
Authors: Taylor Rod
Published: October 2003

The technology appraisal program of the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) was established on April 1, 1999. Its role is to advise the NHS in England and Wales on the clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and service impact of new and emerging as well as established healthcare technologies. This paper describes the role of HTA in the NICE technology appraisal process, discusses some of the challenges of the use of HTA in national policy making, and considers some of the potential ways forward.
INDEPENDENCE OF DOUBLE WIENER INTEGRALS
Authors: Nabeya Seiji
Published: October 2003

In this paper a necessary and sufficient condition is obtained
for two double Wiener integrals to be statistically independent,
first in the case of symmetric and continuous kernels. It is
also shown that, for more than two double Wiener integrals,
pairwise independence implies mutual independence. After that,
the continuity condition on the kernels is somewhat relaxed,
and it is shown that Craig's (1943, Annals of Mathematical
Statistics 14, 195–197) theorem on the independence
of quadratic forms in normal variables is a special case of
the result obtained for the case of discontinuous kernels.
Tadpole distribution within montane meadow streams at the Serra do Cipó, southeastern Brazil: ecological or phylogenetic constraints?
Authors: ETEROVICK PAULA CABRAL , FERNANDES G. WILSON
Published: October 2003

Features of microhabitats used by tadpoles of 17 anuran species were recorded in 16 streams in the montane meadows of the Serra do Cipó, southeastern Brazil. Month of occurrence of tadpoles, from November 1998 to February 2000 (16 months) was also recorded. The most important ecological features in differentiating tadpole species were position in the water column, time of occurrence and water depth. Tadpole species were then compared based on their microhabitat preferences, and it was tested whether phylogenetically closer species use microhabitats in a more similar way. In hylids, microhabitat use patterns were not influenced by proposed phylogenetic relationships, and many convergences in ecomorphological types may exist. On the other hand, leptodactylids may have undergone a conservative evolutionary history, as they formed a relatively homogeneous group concerning ecomorphological
types and microhabitat preferences.
3. MEANING BEYOND THE CLAUSE: SFL PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Martin J. R.
Published: October 2003

This chapter takes note of the longstanding orientation Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) to discourse studies before moving to a more detailed and selective presentation of current developments in SFL with respect to discourse models, developing research methodologies, and applications to different domains. The reinterpretation of cohesion as discourse semantics (identification, negotiation, conjunction, and ideation) is reviewed with respect to metafunctions (textual, interpersonal, and ideational). This work on texture is then related to social context through the register variables tenor, field and mode alongside genre. The chapter then reviews recent SFL-inspired research that applies these models to analysis of discourse across languages, modalities of communication, and domains. Work done on school and workplace discourse has raised new questions about appropriate units of discourse structure and their relationship to register analysis. It is predicted that some of these questions may be answered by the development of improved software for discourse analyses affording greater specificity in mapping the relationships among genres.
Cohomology of groups and splendid equivalences of derived categories
Authors: ZIMMERMANN ALEXANDER
Published: October 2003

In an earlier paper we studied the impact of equivalences between derived categories
of group rings on their cohomology rings. Especially the group of auto-equivalences
TrPic(RG) of the derived category of a group ring RG as introduced
by Raphaël Rouquier and the author defines an action on the cohomology ring of this
group. We study this action with respect to the restriction map, transfer, conjugation
and the local structure of the group G.
On certain loci of curves of genus g [ges ] 4 with Weierstrass points
whose first non-gap is three
Authors: CASNATI G. , DEL CENTINA A.
Published: October 2003

Let [Mfr ]g be the moduli space of smooth curves of genus g [ges ] 4 over the complex field
[Copf ] and let [Tfr ]g ⊆ [Mfr ]g be the trigonal locus, i.e. the set of points [C] ∈ [Mfr ]g representing
trigonal curves C of genus g [ges ] 4. Recall that each such curve C carries exactly one
g13 (respectively at most two) if g [ges ] 5 (respectively g = 4). Let |D| be a g13 on C
and suppose that it has a total ramification point at P (t.r. for short), i.e. that there
is on C a point P such that 3P ∈ |D|. Such a P is a Weierstrass point whose first
non-gap is three. In the present paper we study some sub-loci of [Tfr ]g related to curves
possessing such points.
Issues, perspectives and need for integrated watershed management in China
Authors: Dawei He , Jingsheng Chen
Published: October 2003

Water management issues at the scale of whole river basins are becoming significant public concerns in China. Adverse aspects of basin-wide mismanagement of water resources in China are reviewed and analysed with respect to watershed management organizations, systems and policies, legislation and implementation of law, public participation, and other pertinent fields. Several critical issues in watershed management should be addressed in the immediate future, including divided jurisdiction and overlapping responsibilities of water management agencies, water pricing, lack of attention to non-point sources, absence of legislation regarding both watershed organizations and public participation, and illegal implementation of existing environmental laws and national policies concerning agriculture and farmers. Based on those analyses and worldwide practices, conceptual frameworks for integrated watershed management in China, including organization, legislation and institutions, are put forward both for the short and the long term. As a national focus, the Three Gorges Project is expected to have potentially disastrous environmental impacts. Mismanagement in the Three Gorges watershed is indicated, including piecemeal approaches to management, absence of legislation and a watershed approach that is disintegrated by administrative boundaries.
Sandy shore ecosystems and the threats facing them: some predictions for the year 2025
Authors: Brown A.C. , McLachlan A.
Published: October 2003

Pollution, mining, disruption of sand transport and tourism development widely affect sandy shores, and these systems may be subject to increased erosion in future, yet there have been few attempts to review them. The present review focuses largely on ocean sandy beaches, providing an introduction to much of the relevant literature, and predicting possible states of the system by 2025. Sandy shores are dynamic harsh environments, the action of waves and tides largely determining species diversity, biomass and community structure. There is an interchange of sand, biological matter and other materials between dunes, intertidal beaches and surf zones. Storms and associated erosion present the most substantial universal hazard to the fauna. Human-related perturbations vary from beach to beach; however, structures or activities that impede natural sand transport or alter the sand budget commonly lead to severe erosion, often of a permanent nature. Many beaches also suffer intermittent or chronic pollution, and direct human interference includes off-road vehicles, mining, trampling, bait collecting, beach cleaning and ecotourism. These interferences typically have a negative impact on the system. Identified long-term trends include chronic beach erosion, often largely due to natural causes, as well as increased ultraviolet (UV) radiation and changes related to global warming. It is not expected that predicted temperature changes will have dramatic effects on the world's beaches by 2025, but the expected rise in sea level, if coupled with an increase in the frequency and/or intensity of storms, as predicted for some regions, is likely to lead to escalating erosion and consequent loss of habitat. It is suggested that increased UV radiation is unlikely to have significant effects. Increases in coastal human populations and tourism, thus increasing pressure on the shore, while serious, may be largely offset in developed and developing countries by better management resulting from greater understanding of the factors governing sandy-shore systems and better communication with beach managers and developers. Beach nourishment is likely to become more widely practised. However, the continuing hardening of surfaces in and above the dunes is bound to be damaging. Human pressures in many underdeveloped countries show no signs of being mitigated by conservation measures; it is likely that their sandy shores will continue to deteriorate during the first quarter of this century. A long-term trend that cannot be ignored is the excessive amount of nitrogen entering the sea, particularly affecting beaches in estuaries and sheltered lagoons. The data presently available and the uncertainty of a number of predictions do not permit of quantitative assessment or modelling of the state of the world's sandy shores by the year 2025, but some tentative, qualitative predictions are offered.
Prosecutor v. Dragan Nikolić: Decision on Defence Motion on Illegal Capture
Authors: SLOAN JAMES
Published: October 2003

In November 1994 the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), indicted its first accused, Dragan Nikolić. It was not until over five years later, however, in April 2000, that he was finally arrested and transferred to The Hague. The circumstances of his arrest – which reportedly featured his being violently abducted from his home in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) by Serbian criminals before being transferred to the NATO-led Stabilization Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina and, ultimately, to the ICTY in The Hague – were the subject of a pre-trial motion. Nikolić's defence counsel asserted that the nature of his capture was such that the appropriate remedy was to dismiss the charges against him and order his return to the FRY. They made this assertion despite an admission, for the purposes of the motion, that the captors lacked any connection with SFOR or the ICTY. The trial chamber rejected the motion. In reaching its decision, the trial chamber considered fundamental issues about what constituted an illegal capture for the purposes of the ICTY and, without explicitly doing so, appeared to reject the view of the Court in Eichmann that a person may not oppose his being tried by reason of the illegality of his capture.
Molecular epidemiology of endemic Clostridium difficile infection
Authors: FAWLEY W. N. , WILCOX M. H.
Published: October 2003

This is the first study to provide a comprehensive insight into the molecular epidemiology of endemic Clostridium difficile and particularly that associated with a recently recognized epidemic strain. We DNA fingerprinted all C. difficile isolates from the stools of patients with symptomatic antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and from repeated samples of the inanimate ward environment on two elderly medicine hospital wards over a 22-month period. Notably, C. difficile was not recoverable from either ward immediately before opening, but was found on both wards within 1–3 weeks of opening, and the level of environmental contamination rose markedly during the first 6 months of the study period. C. difficile infection (CDI) incidence data correlated significantly with the prevalence of environmental C. difficile on ward B (r = 0·76, P < 0·05) but not on ward A (r = 0·26, P > 0·05). We found that RAPD and RS–PCR typing had similar discriminatory power, although, despite fingerprinting over 200 C. difficile isolates, we identified only six distinct types. Only two distinct C. difficile strains were identified as causing both patient infection and ward contamination. Attempts to determine whether infected patients or contaminated environments are the prime source for cross-infection by C. difficile had limited success, as over 90% of C. difficile isolates were the UK epidemic clone. However, a non-epidemic strain caused a cluster of six cases of CDI, but was only isolated from the environment after the sixth patient became symptomatic. The initial absence of this strain from the environment implies patient-to-patient and/or staff-to-patient spread. In general, routine cleaning with detergent was unsuccessful at removing C. difficile from the environment. Understanding the epidemiology and virulence of prevalent strains is important if CDI is to be successfully controlled.
Differential life‐history characteristics of male and female Peripatoides novaezealandiae (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae)
Authors: Tutt Karen , Daugherty Charles H. , Gibbs George W.
Published: October 2003

Life‐history details of the live‐bearing Peripatoides novaezealandiae (Hutton) were obtained by measuring and dissecting field collected animals. As in other studies, the sexes were found to have different demographics. Sex‐specific weight frequency distributions and regression of weight vs length suggest sex differences in patterns of growth and/or mortality. Mature males were smaller than mature females; females apparently undergo a further period of growth between maturity and the onset of embryo production. The sex ratio of the whole sample was female biased; the sex ratio in the smallest size class was 1:1, and then oscillated from female‐ to male‐, and then back to female‐biased as size increased. Embryos were unable to be sexed. The sex ratios in individuals of mature (i.e. mating) size, and of reproductive size, were both 1:1. Females, especially but not exclusively before the onset of embryo production, had widely varying numbers of sperm in their haemolymph, indicating dermal‐haemocoelic sperm transfer. These data also suggest that females are able to mate throughout life. Numbers of sperm in spermathecae of females were negatively correlated with body size. Fecundity increased with size in both sexes, somewhat more so in females. Embryo weight was correlated with maternal weight only at the beginning of the embryo's development. Rotting logs containing small populations contained a disproportionate number of large females.
Remotely sensed primary production in the western Ross Sea:
results of in situ tuned models
Authors: BARBINI R. , COLAO F. , FANTONI R. , FIORANI L. , PALUCCI A. , ARTAMONOV E.S. , GALLI M.
Published: October 2003

The Southern Ocean plays an important role in the global carbon cycle and, as a consequence, in
the planetary climate equilibrium. The Ross Sea is one of the more productive regions in the Southern
Ocean, due to strong phytoplankton blooms occurring during summer. Satellite remote sensing is a powerful
tool for investigating such phenomena, especially if the bio-optical algorithms are tuned with in situ data. In
this paper, after having compared the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) and the ENEA
Lidar Fluorosensor (ELF), the SeaWiFS chlorophyll a (Chl a) algorithm is tuned in the Ross Sea by means
of the ELF measurements. The Chl a concentrations obtained in this way have been the basis for estimating
productivity values and their evolution during summer 1997–98. Three primary production models have
been used, providing information on their accuracy and performance in the Antarctic environment. Our
investigations suggest that the primary production was lower than usual during the period 3 December
1997–16 January 1998.
On a slender dry patch in a liquid film draining under gravity down an inclined plane
Authors: WILSON S. K. , DUFFY B. R. , DAVIS S. H.
Published: October 2003

In this paper two similarity solutions describing a steady, slender, symmetric dry patch in an
infinitely wide liquid film draining under gravity down an inclined plane are obtained. The
first solution, which predicts that the dry patch has a parabolic shape and that the transverse
profile of the free surface always has a monotonically increasing shape, is appropriate for
weak surface-tension effects and far from the apex of the dry patch. The second solution,
which predicts that the dry patch has a quartic shape and that the transverse profile of the
free surface has a capillary ridge near the contact line and decays in an oscillatory manner far
from it, is appropriate for strong surface-tension effects (in particular, when the plane is nearly
vertical) and near (but not too close) to the apex of the dry patch. With the average volume
flux per unit width (or equivalently with the uniform height of the layer far from the dry
patch) prescribed, both solutions contain a free parameter. For each value of this parameter
there is a unique solution in the first case and either no solution or a one-parameter family of
solutions in the second case. The solutions capture some of the qualitative features observed
in experiments.
Damped waves generated by a moving pressure distribution
Authors: VANDEN-BROECK J. -M.
Published: October 2003

Free surface flows generated by a moving distribution of pressure are considered. The
fluid consists of two superposed layers in a two-dimensional channel. The upper layer is
inviscid and the lower layer, which is introduced as a damping mechanism, is modelled by
the mathematically convenient lubrication equations. Numerical and analytical solutions are
presented. Special attention is given to solutions for which there is a train of waves on
each side of the distribution of pressure. It is shown that, depending on the values of the
parameters, the short waves can appear on either side of the distribution of pressure.
On the stability of a class of self-similar solutions to the filtration-absorption equation
Authors: CHERTOCK ALINA
Published: October 2003

We consider the one-dimensional and two-dimensional filtration-absorption equation ut
= uΔu−(c−1)(∇u)2. The one-dimensional
case was considered previously by Barenblatt et al. [4],
where a special class of self-similar solutions was introduced. By the analogy with the 1D
case we construct a family of axisymmetric solutions in 2D. We demonstrate numerically that
the self-similar solutions obtained attract the solutions of non-self-similar Cauchy problems
having the initial condition of compact support. The main analytical result we provide is the
linear stability of the above self-similar solutions both in the 1D case and in the 2D case.
Special Double Issue on Haskell
Authors: HUTTON GRAHAM
Published: October 2003

Since its inception in 1987, Haskell has provided a focal point for research in lazy
functional programming. During this time the language has continually evolved, as
a result of both theoretical advances and practical experience. Haskell has proved to
be a powerful tool for many kinds of programming tasks, and an excellent vehicle
for many aspects of computing pedagogy and research. The recent definition of
Haskell 98 provides a long-awaited stable version of the language, but there are
many exciting possibilities for future versions of Haskell.
Adjoint methods for PDEs: a posteriori error analysis and postprocessing by duality
Authors: Giles Michael B. , Süli Endre
Published: October 2003

We give an overview of recent developments concerning the use of adjoint
methods in two areas: the a posteriori error analysis of finite element methods
for the numerical solution of partial differential equations where the quantity
of interest is a functional of the solution, and superconvergent extraction of
integral functionals by postprocessing.
hCG production and activity during pregnancy
Authors: Randeva H S , Jackson A , Karteris E , Hillhouse E W
Published: October 2003

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) has an essential role in early pregnancy. It is a member of the glycoprotein hormone family also comprising the pituitary derived follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Each hormone consists of a non-covalently bound α and β subunit. Within a species the α subunit is identical and hormone specificity is determined by the unique β subunit.
The diagnosis of structural fetal abnormalities in the first trimester
Authors: Kingman Charlotte EC , Economides Demetrios L
Published: October 2003

With the advent of nuchal translucency as a screening test for trisomy 21, increasing numbers of women are having an ultrasound scan between 11 and 14 weeks. The RCOG Working Party (July 2000) recommendations for ultrasound in pregnancy do not mention a first trimester scan for nuchal translucency or fetal anatomy. However, this scan is not just an opportunity to perform nuchal translucency; many structural abnormalities can also be seen at this stage.
Maternal versus paternal expression of a LacZ transgene in preimplantation mouse embryos: effects of genetic background and 2-cell block
Authors: Neganova Irina , Augustin Martin , Eichenlaub-Ritter Ursula , Jockusch Harald
Published: October 2003

The expression of a transgene NI-ROSA LacZ (LacZtg) trapped into the genes for two presumably untranslated, ubiquitously expressed RNAs, was studied in preimplantation mouse embryos with respect to penetrance (fraction of expressing embryos) and to localisation of β-galactosidase activity. With maternal origin in NMRI mice β-galactosidase was first detected within one dot in the cytoplasm of zygotes at 30 h post-hCG. The staining pattern progressed to small clusters and to dense, homogeneous staining of the entire cytoplasm during further development. Within the NMRI background, penetrance in utero was delayed by at least 6 h when the transgene was of paternal as compared with maternal origin. Paternal transgene expression increased marginally during culture to 50 h after explantation of embryos at 30-48 h post-hCG and remained low or decreased in the ‘2-cell block’. Expression of a paternal transgene in preimplantation embryos developing in utero was further delayed in the maternal MF1 as compared with the NMRI background. In contrast to NMRI × NMRI embryos with paternally derived transgene, expression increased with time during the 2-cell block in MF1 × NMRI embryos. Thus, in the earliest phase of mammalian development expression of this LacZtg is influenced by parental origin, maternal genetic background and environment. The spatial distribution of the gene product is developmentally controlled.
From cultural historian to cultural critic: Johan Huizinga and the spirit of the 1930s
Authors: WESSELING H. L.
Published: October 2003

The Dutch historian Johan Huizinga, who lived from 1872 to 1945, is considered to be one of the greatest historians of the 20th century. His work has been translated into many languages. More than 80 years after its first appearance, his most famous book, The Waning of the Middle Ages, is still read the world over and regularly reprinted. Huizinga is now mainly read and admired by historians, although his book, Homo ludens, is also appreciated by anthropologists. In the 1930s, he was even more well-known but in a different capacity: not as a cultural historian but as a cultural critic. His book, In the Shadows of Tomorrow, which appeared in 1935, was soon translated into eight languages. It was as influential as Ortega y Gasset's, The Rebellion of the Masses, and made him ‘the most famous man of the Netherlands’. This paper will describe Johan Huizinga's transition from cultural historian to cultural critic and discuss how far his cultural criticism can be seen as an example of ‘the spirit of the 1930's’.
A statistical information extraction system for Turkish
Authors: TÜR GÖKHAN , HAKKANI-TÜR DILEK , OFLAZER KEMAL
Published: October 2003

This paper presents the results of a study on information extraction from unrestricted Turkish
text using statistical language processing methods. In languages like English, there is a very
small number of possible word forms with a given root word. However, languages like Turkish
have very productive agglutinative morphology. Thus, it is an issue to build statistical models
for specific tasks using the surface forms of the words, mainly because of the data sparseness
problem. In order to alleviate this problem, we used additional syntactic information, i.e. the
morphological structure of the words. We have successfully applied statistical methods using
both the lexical and morphological information to sentence segmentation, topic segmentation,
and name tagging tasks. For sentence segmentation, we have modeled the final inflectional
groups of the words and combined it with the lexical model, and decreased the error rate
to 4.34%, which is 21% better than the result obtained using only the surface forms of the
words. For topic segmentation, stems of the words (especially nouns) have been found to
be more effective than using the surface forms of the words and we have achieved 10.90%
segmentation error rate on our test set according to the weighted TDT-2 segmentation cost
metric. This is 32% better than the word-based baseline model. For name tagging, we used
four different information sources to model names. Our first information source is based on the
surface forms of the words. Then we combined the contextual cues with the lexical model, and
obtained some improvement. After this, we modeled the morphological analyses of the words, and finally we modeled the tag sequence, and reached an F-Measure of 91.56%, according
to the MUC evaluation criteria. Our results are important in the sense that, using linguistic
information, i.e. morphological analyses of the words, and a corpus large enough to train a statistical model significantly improves these basic information extraction tasks for Turkish.
Technology transfers in the Clean Development Mechanism: an incentives issue
Authors: Millock Katrin
Published: October 2003

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) offers abatement cost savings under the Kyoto Protocol by allowing credits for emission reductions obtained in signatory developing countries. The paper argues that technology transfers can improve incentives for cost-effective emission reductions under bilateral CDM contracts when there is asymmetric information between the investor and the host party.

JEL classification: Q20; D82
Case study 3: storm clouds
Authors: Beigel Florian , Christou Philip
Published: October 2003

In their leader to arq 6/1, the editors
quite justifiably express a fear that
‘the gap between lecture theatre
and studio will grow ever wider and
the schools ever more divorced
from practice’. They also
acknowledge that ‘of course, it
doesn't have to be like that’. In the
University of North London
architecture school, for example, a
research culture of design as research
has emerged over the past decade
or so. This has been supported by
the past Head of School, Helen
Mallinson, and continues to be
supported by the new Head, Robert
Mull, as well as the Vice Chancellor
(Research) of the University, Chris
Topley. This culture of critical
practice affects the studio in a
number of direct ways.
Archigram's invisible university
Authors: Sadler Simon
Published: October 2003

Archigram, the British architectural group that became arguably the pre-eminent architectural
neoavant-garde of the 1960s and early 1970s, is usually remembered for its visions of a
‘Pop’ and ‘science fiction’ architecture. This article, however,
recalls Archigram's relationship to architectural education. If this at first seems
surprising, or even mundane, it has to be pointed out that to a great extent Archigram came out of,
and was sustained by, the schools of architecture. Moreover, Archigram was nourished by a high
ideal of what education, and architectural education in particular, should be about: the
cultivation of individuals working in concert, without hierarchy, and free of social, spatial,
or ideological institutions. This programme was apparent in many Archigram design projects –
the title for this article is for instance borrowed from a piece by Archigram's David
Greene [1] – and it is just as palpable in the more proactive role that Archigram took
in trying to reform architectural education.
Gender assignment and gender agreement in advanced French interlanguage: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Dewaele Jean-Marc , Véronique Daniel
Published: October 2003

An analysis of 519 gender errors (out of 9,378 modifiers) in the advanced French interlanguage of 27 Dutch L1 speakers confirms earlier findings that gender assignment and/or agreement remain problematic for learners at all levels. A hypothesis derived from Pienemann's Processability Theory (1998a) that accuracy rates would be higher for gender agreement in structures involving no exchange of grammatical information between constituents was not confirmed. The analysis of interindividual and intra-individual variation in gender accuracy rates revealed effects from avoidance and generalisation strategies, from linguistic variables, sociobiographical variables and psycholinguistic variables. We argue that gender errors can originate at the lemma level, at the gender node level, or at the lexeme level. Different psycholinguistic scenarios are presented to account for intra-individual variation in gender assignment and agreement.
The effect of hydrological patterns and breeding‐season flooding on the numbers and distribution of wading birds in Everglades National Park
Authors: Russell Gareth J. , Bass Oron L. , Pimm Stuart L.
Published: October 2003

Field ecologists in Everglades National Park know that the dynamics of water flow affect the breeding success of wading birds. A number of recent studies have suggested foraging success as the primary causal link. Data on the number and location of foraging birds are available from the Systematic Reconnaissance Flights, monthly aerial surveys of wading birds and surface water condition. A set of regression models were developed that predict the number of foraging birds observed in the Park at the beginning of May, a crucial period in the breeding season of almost all wading birds in this area. Predictor variables were obtained by converting the observations of surface water condition into three indexes that describe (1) the amount of surface water in the Park in January (near the beginning of the ‘dry’ season), (2) the rate at which it dries over the subsequent months, and (3) the amount of disruption to that drying process. An information‐theoretic measure, ICOMP(IFIM), was used to choose on the basis of parsimony between the large set of possible models that incorporate these predictors. Most species were best predicted by the same few models, and the fitted model parameters were also similar, indicating that the same pattern of surface water dynamics was optimal for most species. The optimal pattern was: intermediate water levels at the beginning of the dry season, a rapid rate of drying, and no disruption in the drying process. A number of disruptions in drying since 1985 have been the result of releases of water from the flow‐control structures at the northern boundary of Everglades National Park. Reducing or eliminating these unnatural hydrological events should help wading bird populations to increase.
Transformation-based bottom-up computation of the well-founded model
Authors: BRASS STEFAN , DIX JÜRGEN , FREITAG BURKHARD , ZUKOWSKI ULRICH
Published: October 2003

We present a framework for expressing bottom-up algorithms to compute the well-founded
model of non-disjunctive logic programs. Our method is based on the notion of conditional
facts and elementary program transformations studied by BRASS and DIX (Brass and Dix,
1994; Brass and Dix, 1999) for disjunctive programs. However, even if we restrict their
framework to nondisjunctive programs, their ‘residual program’ can grow to exponential size,
whereas for function-free programs our ‘program remainder’ is always polynomial in the size
of the extensional database (EDB). We show that particular orderings of our transformations
(we call them strategies) correspond to well-known computational methods like the alternating
fixpoint approach (Van Gelder, 1989; Van Gelder, 1993), the well-founded magic sets method
(Kemp et al., 1995) and the magic alternating fixpoint procedure (Morishita, 1996). However,
due to the confluence of our calculi (first noted in Brass and Dix, 1998), we come up with
computations of the well-founded model that are provably better than these methods. In contrast
to other approaches, our transformation method treats magic set transformed programs
correctly, i.e. it always computes a relevant part of the well-founded model of the original
program. These results show that our approach is a valuable tool to analyze, compare, and
optimize existing evaluation methods or to create new strategies that are automatically proven
to be correct if they can be described by a sequence of transformations in our framework. We
have also developed a prototypical implementation. Experiments illustrate that the theoretical
results carry over to the implemented prototype and may be used to optimize real life systems.
Mesozooplankton biomass and composition in the equatorial Pacific along 180°
Authors: Le Borgne Robert , Champalbert Gisèle , Gaudy Raymond
Published: October 2003

Latitudinal variations in mesozooplankton biomass and composition were investigated along an equatorial transect (8°S–8°N, 180°) in October–November 1996. This study also included intensive sampling (3‐hour intervals for 48 hours) for diel variations in mesozooplankton vertical distributions at 3°S and the equator. Most of the study took place in the high‐nutrient, low‐chlorophyll (HNLC) area that stretched between 7°S and 5°N. Mesozooplankton latitudinal distributions were influenced by the passage of a tropical instability wave during the equatorial time series station, which brought lower mesozooplankton biomass from the northeast, contrasting with the lack of a similar effect on concentrations of phytoplankton and particulates. South of the equator, the distributions of the mesozooplankton showed variable patterns with respect to chlorophyll and surface nitrate concentrations that could be ascribed to different states of the HNLC ecosystem. Very low diel variations of mesozooplankton biomass in the 0–50 and 0–100 m depth strata, a shallow vertical distribution, and the dominance of the larger size fraction (500–2000 μm) appear to be typical of the equatorial Pacific HNLC mesozooplankton and contrast with tropical oligotrophic ecosystems. Effects of such characteristics are a low active carbon export and a continuous predatory pressure.
Study on finite strain and its relationship with magnetic fabric along Ailao Shan‐Red River shear zone
Authors: Zhou Yong , Wu Shimin , Qiu Xuelin , Zhou Ping
Published: October 2003

The finite strain along Ailao Shan‐Red River shear zone has been studied. The axial ratios of strain markers and shear strains vary greatly, arising principally from deformation intensity and from contrasting competencies. Ellipticity of chloritic amygdales in basalt ranges from 6.79 to 10.47 (corresponding shear strain γxz = 2.22–2.93), and ellipticity of garnets from 1.56 to 2.95 (γxz = 0.45–1.14) in core gneiss. The S‐C angle of the sheared rocks varies from 2° to 28° (γsc = 1.35–28.60), mostly in a range 2° to 7°. Optical observation, thermal demagnetization, and hysteresis curves were conducted to determine the nature of minerals and the contribution of paramagnetic and ferromagnetic minerals to magnetic susceptibility. The result shows that ferromagnetic minerals and hornblende dominate the magnetic fabric of samples with high to very high susceptibility, and play an important role in the magnetic fabric of samples with low to intermediate susceptibility. The ferromagnetic minerals are mainly pseudo‐single‐domain and multidomain Ti‐poor magnetite. Most samples have their magnetic lineation lying between the C and S surfaces. In the remaining samples, deviations from this common alignment principally resulted from the magnetic minerals being deflected by porphyroclasts, mineral cleavage, and cracks. The axial ratio correlation is very poor between the magnetic and actual or imaginary strain ellipsoid calculated from the S‐C fabric. This poor correlation suggests that the shape of the finite strain ellipsoid cannot be evaluated using the magnetic fabric when the latter is a combined result from multiple minerals, and especially when the shape effect of multidomain titanomagnetite is important.
A climatology of salty intrusions over the continental shelf from Georges Bank to Cape Hatteras
Authors: Lentz S. J.
Published: October 2003

Intrusions or lens of anomalously salty slope water (Smax intrusions) are often found over the continental shelf of the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB). Salty intrusions were identified in 11% of 10,652 historical hydrographic profiles. Intrusions occurred primarily in summer, were observed across the entire shelf, but were most common over the outer shelf, and were concentrated at the depth of the seasonal pycnocline. The percentage of profiles with intrusions increased linearly along the MAB shelf from Georges Bank (3%) to Chesapeake Bay (15%), suggesting either a north to south increase in generation or an along‐shelf accumulation associated with a decay timescale of 90 days or longer. Intrusions were typically less than 30 m thick, with a salinity anomaly of less than 0.5, though 10% of the anomalies were greater than 1. The thickness increased as the stratification decreased in a manner consistent with double‐diffusively driven lateral intrusions. Intrusions did not preferentially occur during certain wind conditions. Salty intrusions increase the average salinity of the MAB shelf during summer by 0.3 or more, depending on how rapidly intrusions mix with the surrounding shelf water.
Spatial and temporal variability of the stratospheric aerosol cloud produced by the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption
Authors: Antuña Juan Carlos , Robock Alan , Stenchikov Georgiy , Zhou Jun , David Christine , Barnes John , Thomason Larry
Published: October 2003

As a critical quality control step toward producing a stratospheric data assimilation system for volcanic aerosols, we conducted a comparison between Stratosphere Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II aerosol extinction profiles and aerosol backscatter measured by five lidars, both in the tropics and midlatitudes, for the two‐year period following the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption. The period we studied is the most challenging for the SAGE II retrieval because the aerosol cloud caused so much extinction of the solar signal that in the tropics few retrievals were possible in the core of the cloud. We compared extinction at two wavelengths at the same time that we tested two sets of conversions coefficients. We used both Thomason and Jäger's extinction‐to‐backscatter conversion coefficients for converting lidar backscatter profiles at 0.532 μm or 0.694 μm wavelengths to the SAGE II extinction wavelengths of 0.525 μm and 1.020 μm or the nearby ones of 0.532 μm and 1.064 μm respectively. The lidars were located at Mauna Loa, Hawaii (19.5°N, 155.6°W), Camagüey, Cuba (21.4°N, 77.9°W), Hefei, China (31.9°N, 117.2°W), Hampton Virginia (37.1°N, 76.3°W), and Haute Provence, France (43.9°N, 5.7°W). For the six months following the eruption the aerosol cloud was much more heterogeneous than later. Using two alternative approaches, we evaluated the aerosol extinction variability of the tropical core of the Pinatubo stratospheric aerosol cloud at the timescale of 1–2 days, and found it was quite large. Aerosol variability played the major role in producing the observed differences between SAGE II and the lidars. There was in general a good agreement between SAGE II extinction measurements and lidar derived extinction, and we conclude that all five lidar sets we compared can be used in a future data assimilation of stratospheric aerosols. This is the most comprehensive comparison yet of lidar data with satellite data for the Pinatubo period.
Co‐occurrence of three different mutations in the bilirubin UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase gene in a Chinese family with Crigler–Najjar syndrome type I and Gilbert's syndrome
Authors: Maruo Y , Poon KK‐H , Ito M , Iwai M , Takahashi H , Mori A , Sato H , Takeuchi Y
Published: October 2003

Crigler–Najjar syndrome type I is a severe form of hereditary unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations of the bilirubin UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase gene (UGT1A1). We analyzed the bilirubin UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase gene in a female Chinese patient with Crigler–Najjar syndrome type I. Relatives of the patient were also analyzed. The patient was homozygous for a nonsense mutation of R341X. The patient's father, sister and brother, all diagnosed with Gilbert's syndrome, were compound heterozygotes of R341X, P229Q, and an insertion mutation of the TATA box [A(TA)7TAA]. Heterozygotes of nonsense mutations (Q331X and C280X) in our previous study had either Crigler–Najjar syndrome type II or Gilbert's syndrome, but heterozygotes of R341X (mother and grandmothers) were normal. An in vitro expression study of homozygous and heterozygous models of R341X showed 0 and 58%, respectively, of normal enzyme activity. Therefore, the present results indicate that carriers of the nonsense mutation could be normal for plasma bilirubin concentration, Gilbert's syndrome and Crigler–Najjar syndrome type II. The results also suggest the importance of the accumulation of prevalent or polymorphic mutation in the etiology of Gilbert's syndrome and Crigler–Najjar syndrome type II.
Genetic variation in the promoter and 5′ UTR of the copper transporter, ATP7B, in patients with Wilson disease
Authors: Cullen LM , Prat L , Cox DW
Published: October 2003

ATP7B is a copper‐transporting P‐type ATPase defective in the copper transport disorder, Wilson disease (WND). We have sequenced the 5′ UTR and promoter region of ATP7B in 37 unrelated WND patients in whom partial sequencing of the coding region and intron/exon boundaries of the gene had failed to identify one or both disease‐causing mutations. Three patients were found to be heterozygous for a 15 bp deletion between nucleotides −424 and −441. This deletion had been previously identified as the most common mutation in Sardinian WND patients. Two novel single‐nucleotide changes were also identified within the 5′ UTR and promoter of ATP7B; however, these were found at a similar frequency in control chromosomes and are apparently normal variants. These results suggest that mutations in regulatory elements of ATP7B are uncommon in patients of European ancestry, except in Sardinia.