bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bond Immunization: Beyond the Theory
Authors:   , Missakian Hagop Antranik
Published: June 2024

Several authors in financial investments have investigated the validity of immunization in theory and in applied work. These authors assume different immunized portfolios, apply a few changes in interest rates, and evaluate the process by examining the results. In this study, we examine different portfolios and define the scope of bond diversification and the selection process of the bonds in order to have more immunized outcomes. Actually, we find that forming immunized portfolios from composites of only two bonds simplifies the selection process and serves in maximizing the overall return of the investment. We also rely on different websites to gather information on various bonds currently trading in the market. Furthermore, we form a number of immunized portfolios using different pairs of these bonds. Because the path of interest rates is unknown, we simulate every possible path that interest rates may have for a five years time horizon by using a program in Microsoft Excel, which also calculates the end results of each portfolio in relation to each path of interest rates. Because the range of the outcomes is quite large, we use different statistical summaries and tests in order to evaluate the overall outcome of the portfolios and eventually to validate the theory of immunization. We use histograms to plot the outcomes of each portfolio and realize that not all portfolios' outcomes have normal distributions as their corresponding data are scattered away from the mean thus increasing the risk of not being able to meet the obligation. The analysis shows that although all the selected portfolios have means greater than the desired outcome, these portfolios do not have similar risks nor do they have the same probabilities in scoring satisfactory results and we find a relation between the risk and the realized yield of the portfolios. We conclude by saying that immunization is workable and our analysis provides enough proof to be able to validate this theory especially that we do not use rebalancing in our study, which is one of the problems of the theory, yet we still have positive results.
Corporate Social Responsibility in Lebanon
Authors:   , Sagherian Hera Hrayr
Published: June 2024

The popularity and importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is increasing in recent years. In fact, being active in CSR is becoming a competitive advantage for many international companies. Furthermore, in order to survive and compete in a global market, companies need to engage in CSR activities, because CSR is becoming a criterion for investment opportunities and expansion plans. The purpose of this study is to provide insight into how well Lebanese companies and industries, understand and implement CSR. Focusing on the concepts and theories presented in literature, a qualitative research method including the design and administration of a questionnaire has been used. Data was collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed qualitatively to explore the situation of CSR in few companies of different industries in Lebanon. As a result of the conducted analysis, hypotheses were posed that will help further research uncover the constituents of CSR in Lebanon and its effect on Lebanese companies.
Using Digital Flashcards to Improve English Word Reading Skills in Thai Primary School Learners
Authors: Longchin Suwanan , Somkiet Poopatwiboon  , Pilanut  Phusawisot
Published: June 2024

Numerous studies have investigated the effectiveness of digital flashcards for teaching word reading. Digital flashcards, among various educational tools, have gained popularity for enhancing word reading skills. This study investigated the effect of digital flashcards on English word reading skills among Thai primary students. Moreover, the study explored their perceptions towards the implementation of digital flashcards for word reading development. The study involved nineteen students aged 11 to 12. The research tools included a pre-test and post-test assessment of word reading skills and a perception questionnaire. A semi-structured interview was also conducted to gather deeper insights into the participants’ perceptions of digital flashcards. A pre-test was administered before the implementation of an eight-week instructional period with digital flashcards, followed by a post-test. Next, a perception questionnaire and a semi-structured interview were conducted. The findings suggested that digital flashcards effectively enhanced word reading skills among Thai primary school students. The perception questionnaire revealed that the participants held highly positive views on using digital flashcards. Qualitative data further supported the advantages of digital flashcards in word reading skills, offering insights for educators and recommendations for future research.
Edukasi Upaya Pencegahan Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Atas Akibat Kebakaran Hutan Dan Lahan Di Kalimantan Tengah
Authors: Sartika Fera , Suci Panji Ratih , Qamariah Nurul , Handayani Rezqi , Mulyani Evi
Published: June 2024

Pendahuluan: Kebakaran hutan dan lahan merupakan suatu fenomena yang tidak asing lagi di wilayah Indonesia khususnya kota Palangka Raya Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah. Kabut Asap akibat dari kebakaran hutan dan lahan menyebabkan permasalahan Kesehatan yang sangat besar bagi masyarakat kota Palangka Raya. Berdasarkan data dari Dinas Kesehatan Kota Palangka Raya, terjadi kenaikan jumlah penderita Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut (ISPA) sejak bulan Januari hingga September 2023. Dengan meningkatnya jumlah penderita ISPA di Kota Palangka Raya, maka kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini perlu dilaksanakan.
Tujuan: Kegiatan ini bertujuan agar ibu-ibu rumah tangga mendapatkan pengetahuan serta keterampilan dalam upaya pencegahan penyakit ISPA. Serta meningkatkan keterampilan pada peserta dalam membuat sediaan  obat tradisional sehingga nantinya dapat derajat Kesehatan dan  perekonomian masyarakat.
Metode: Metode pada kegiatan pengabdian berupa kegiatan pemberian pengetahuan dan keterampilan. Kegiatan pengabdian terdiri dari 3 (tiga) penyampaian materi yaitu Materi Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS) sebagai Pencegahan ISPA, Materi Peran Obat Tradisional dalam Pencegahan ISPA, Materi Tanaman Khas Asal Kalimantan Tengah degan efek Farmakologis peningkatan   Sistem Imun dalam Pencegahan ISPA. Peserta pada kegiatan ini adalah kelompok masyarakat yang tidak produktif secara ekonomi yaitu ibu-ibu rumah tangga yang masuk dalam kelompok ibu pengajian Langgar Nurul Iman Kelurahan Langkat kecamatan Pahandut Kota Palangka Raya, Kalimantan Tengah yang berumlah 50 orang.
Hasil: Berdasarkan hasil pengabdian menunjukkan banyak anak usia dini yang memiliki Pengetahuan tentang PHBS yang masih kurang yang berdampak pada perilaku yang salah. Bila pengetahuan orang tua baik maka PHBS juga baik, orang tua yang mempunyai pengetahuan yang baik hampir seluruh anaknya mempunyai PHBS baik. Sehingga mencegah terkenanya penyakit ISPA.
Simpulan: Pengetahuan yang diberikan kepada para peserta terutama terkait pemanfaatan obat tardisional dapat menjadi inspirasi bagi peserta untuk dapat menghasilkan inovasi sedian jamu atau obat tradisional yang dapat menjadi sebuah produk komersil sehingga    menjadi peluang bisnis bagi para ibu rumah tangga.
DOCUMENTACIÓN E IDENTIFICACIÓN PERSONAL EN LA LOPSC
Authors: García Navarro Luis
Published: June 2024

Pocas materias son más importantes para garantizar la defensa del ejercicio de los derechos fundamentales reconocidos en las sociedades libres que la seguridad ciudadana y orden público. En esta obra se analiza la compleja relación entre seguridad ciudadana y derechos fundamentales en el contexto de la Ley Orgánica 4/2015, de 30 de marzo, cuando ha transcurrido casi una década desde su entrada en vigor. Los autores analizan la materia de la mano de la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional, desgranando las tensiones entre libertad y seguridad, así como los desafíos actuales en la protección de derechos constitucionales que se encuentran involucrados en el ámbito de esta norma. Diversos expertos, desde profesionales del derecho hasta miembros de las fuerzas de seguridad, aportan una visión multidisciplinar y práctica sobre esta ley, ofreciendo un enfoque integral que trasciende lo teórico para comprender su impacto en la realidad social y legal.
In the Dungeons of the Château d'If: French Protestant Galley Slaves under the Reign of Louis XIV
Authors: Whelan Ruth
Published: June 2024

According to internet legend, 3,500 French Protestants were imprisoned in, or transited through the Château d'If during the reign of Louis XIV. In reality, twenty-seven men were incarcerated there between 1696 and 1716. They were transferred from the carceral universe of
the galleys into four dark and fetid dungeons in the depths of two of the towers, on explicit orders from Versailles, and for diverse reasons. It was expected that they would die there from the appalling conditions, or, alternatively, abjure their Protestant 'heresy' to secure their
release. Nine died, two abjured, but the others held firm to their beliefs and sense of self, all the while enduring what they described as a living death. Their resilience was fostered by the encouragement they received via clandestine support networks or from each other, and above all by
their Reformed faith. This is their true story –more chilling than any legend.
'Le Conte de Suzelle': Le réalisme du merveilleux
Authors: Moll François
Published: June 2024

'Le Conte de Suzelle', que Jean-Philippe Jaworski fait paraître en 2007 dans le recueil Janua Vera, propose une variation sur l'un des thémes fondateurs du récit merveilleux: celui de la rencontre enchanteresse et de l'attente cruelle d'un
retour. Ce récit d'une vie minuscule, d'un destin pathétique et modeste, fonctionne, en un sens, comme une parabole de l'expérience même du lecteur de fantasy. Traité de maniére réaliste, mettant é la fois é distance
et en valeur l'élément surnaturel, il semble rénover, au sein même de la diégése, le sentiment d''estrangement', de défamiliarisation, et les 'pouvoirs de l'enchantement' – montrant par lá même
que la fantasy est, peut-être avant tout autre chose, un réalisme.
Metro y ciudad: estrategias de integración y su potencial en procesos de regeneración urbana
Authors:   , Kattan Hoffmann Francisco
Published: June 2024

A lo largo de la historia, los modos de transporte y sus redes de infraestructura se han constituido como uno de los principales elementos que han determinado el crecimiento y evolución de la morfología de las ciudades. En la medida en que surgen nuevos modos y estos se masifican, la infraestructura necesaria para su funcionamiento condiciona y modifica la forma y extensión de la trama urbana. Por ende, la presente investigación se sitúa en el cruce entre las esferas de la ciudad –y su espacio público– con las infraestructuras de transporte. Es precisamente en ese punto donde la arquitectura puede jugar un rol clave en la articulación de ambas, permitiendo a estas estructuras liberarse de su condición mono-funcional referida únicamente al transporte de pasajeros (López, 2008), para abordar el potencial que poseen en la creación de buenos espacios y mejoras para la ciudad (Browne, Errázuriz, & Lipthay, 1998). Bajo esta mirada el metro, como modo de transporte, adopta la particular tarea de articular dos dimensiones erróneamente concebidas como independientes, el subsuelo y la superficie, en decir, su propia infraestructura con la trama urbana. Lo que implica entender sus estaciones –en base a su cualidad como uno de los puntos de mayor actividad en la ciudad– como elementos urbanos con una doble carácter, donde si bien son tanto nodos dentro de una red de transporte extensa, los cuales deben conectar eficientemente otros modos de transporte, también presentan la condición de lugar, donde convergen múltiples actividades, usos y realidades, difuminando sus límites más allá de la propia estación (Bertolini & Spit, 1998). Lo que las transforma en una especie de alter ego de la trama urbana, capaz de describir cómo se vive en ella (Parcerisa & Rubert, 2001). Así, el tratamiento y estudio de las estaciones destaca como una herramienta clave tanto para, el mejoramiento y la humanización del espacio público de la ciudad, como para el entendimiento de las dinámicas y patrones de uso de esta, ámbito clave en procesos de regeneración urbana. Es así como la presente investigación aborda en tres escalas de análisis las tipologías y estrategias necesarias para una integración positiva de ambas esferas en pro de una mejor ciudad.
La Ciudad de los Escolares: Entorno al Liceo Neandro Schilling y la Plaza de Armas de San Fernando
Authors:   , Vargas Kanzúa Antonia
Published: June 2024

La presente tesis plantea que el trayecto de niños y jóvenes entre la casa y la escuela constituye una oportunidad educativa significativa. El espacio que comprende este trayecto adquiere dimensiones educativas cuando se configura de manera que favorezca prácticas relacionadas con la educación ciudadana, el encuentro social, desarrollo motor, contacto con la naturaleza y también la posibilidad de que se incorporen otros centros educativos con enseñanzas extracurriculares. Se ha elegido como lugar del proyecto, el trayecto entre la Plazuela Manuel Rodríguez y la manzana del Liceo Neandro Schilling, en el centro histórico de San Fernando, por ser uno de los puntos de la ciudad que forman parte de los trayectos regulares de niños y jóvenes a su ida y regreso del colegio. Se presenta este trayecto como una oportunidad para demostrar el potencial educativo que tiene el espacio urbano entre la casa y la escuela, a través de un proyecto urbano orientado por estrategias alineadas con una “ciudad educadora”.Los elementos constitutivos de la forma urbana construida que facilitan los aprendizajes que puede entregar la ciudad, se vinculan directamente con componentes del espacio público, como calles, veredas, plazas, patios, pavimentos, mobiliario urbano, arborización e iluminación, así como la ocupación de lotes subutilizados con nuevos volúmenes y programas, privilegiando la continuidad del nivel de la calle y los usos asociados a enseñanzas extracurriculares relacionadas a las artes, las tecnologías, los oficios y la historia local.La representación de la tesis se propone en dos escalas. La primera es un plan maestro que aborda la pacificación vehicular del centro de San Fernando. La segunda, es una planta urbana propuesta del nivel de la ciudad, que detalla la reconfiguración del espacio público y la ocupación tipológica de lotes subutilizados. Los perfiles de calles ofrecen una visión detallada de las transformaciones en las veredas y la integración de nuevos elementos urbanos que la componen, para privilegiar al peatón y brindarle confort ambiental. Además, a través de la representación axonométrica de la calle y puntos representativos, se proporciona una comprensión espacial general de la intervención. Finalmente, mediante imágenes objetivo que muestran las atmósferas y espacialidades, se muestran las posibilidades de uso del espacio urbano proyectado.Para el desarrollo de la tesis se ha seguido una metodología que supone, una reconstrucción histórica del caso, un análisis planimétrico y de datos, junto con laboratorios proyectuales, a través de los cuales se exploraron las posibilidades de transformación urbana que dieran lugar al trayecto del ir y venir entre la casa y la escuela como un espacio de aprendizaje para los escolares.
Propuesta de criterios de calidad para la selección de revistas científicas en español
Authors:   , Caro Zamora Ámbar
Published: June 2024

El objetivo de esta memoria es proporcionar un listado de criterios de calidad para la selección de revistas científicas de acceso libre y gratuito, que servirán como fuentes para el trabajo terminográfico de la Unidad de Terminología de la Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual (OMPI). Una vez establecidos estos criterios, se procura proporcionar una selección de revistas pertenecientes a las áreas de la construcción y la metalurgia, que cumplan con dichos criterios, además de una extracción terminológica que ilustre la calidad y utilidad de las revistas seleccionadas. Este trabajo apunta no solo a agilizar la tarea de investigación terminológica en español, sino también a identificar fuentes fiables que avalen la calidad de las fichas terminológicas.
Effect of Varying Level of Nitrogen and Spacing on the Yield of Boro Rice Cv. BRRI Dhan47
Authors: Afroz Nice , Mitu A.I. , Zaman Jesmin , Zomo Shakil Arvin , Kayess Md. Omar
Published: June 2024

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, during the period from November 2008 to April 2009 to study the effect of nitrogen and spacing on the yield of Boro rice cv. BRRI dhan47. The experiment consisted of four levels of nitrogen, viz. 0, 80, 100, and 120 kg N ha-1, and four spacings, viz. 25 cm × 10 cm, 25 cm × 15 cm, 25 cm × 20 cm, and 25 cm × 25 cm. The experiment was laid out in a randomized, complete block design with three replications. The interaction between different levels of N and spacing significantly influenced most of the studied characters. The highest number of total tillers hill-1 (14.67), number of non-effective tillers hill-1 (4.80 sterile spikelets panicle-1 (20.97), spikelts panicle-1 (165.55), and straw yield (7.07 t ha-1) were obtained from the interaction of 120 kg N ha-1 with 25 cm × 25 cm spacing. The uppermost number of effective tillers hill-1 (11.67), grain yield (5.86 t ha-1), biological yield (12.62 t ha-1), and harvest index (46.42%) were obtained from the interaction of 100 kg N ha-1 with 25 cm × 15 cm. The control nitrogen with 25 cm × 10 cm spacing and 25 cm × 15 cm spacing gave the worst combined result in most of the cases. Overall, the treatment combination of 100 kg N ha-1 with 25 cm × 15 cm spacing gave the best desirable output, hence it should be recommended for field application.
Exploring the Influence of Teacher Work Values and Leadership Style on Organizational Policies and Practices
Authors: Hifarva Wenefredo Jr. S. , Bauyot Marleonie M.
Published: June 2024

This descriptive-correlational study explored the influence of teacher work values and leadership style on organizational policies and practices within public schools. Utilizing stratified sampling, 183 respondents from seven public schools in the Division of Davao City participated. Data collection employed three modified survey forms, and statistical analysis included averaging, Pearson correlation coefficient, standard deviation computation, and regression analysis. The study found that teacher work values, leadership style, and organizational policies and practices were all perceived to be very high. There was a statistically significant relationship between teacher work values and organizational policies and practices (r = 0.772, p < 0.001), as well as between leadership style and organizational policies and practices (r = 0.804, p < 0.001). Regression analysis revealed that teacher work values (β = 0.404, p < 0.001) and leadership style (β = 0.620, p < 0.001) significantly impacted organizational policies and practices. The regression model was significant, F (2, 180) = 188.575, p < 0.001, and accounted for 68.1% of the variance in organizational policies and practices (R² = 0.681). These findings suggest that prioritizing and nurturing strong work values and effective leadership styles among teachers and school administrators is crucial. Such emphasis can enhance organizational policies and practices, fostering a more productive and positive working environment in public schools. Based on these results, it is recommended that teachers, school administrators, and officials from the Department of Education (DepEd) prioritize and nurture strong work values and effective leadership styles. This focus is essential for the enhancement of organizational policies and practices, which in turn contributes to a more productive and positive working environment. In summary, the significant impact of teacher work values and leadership style on organizational policies and practices underscores the importance of these factors in promoting effective school management and positive educational outcomes.
Effective Weed Management Strategies for Sustainable Cultivation of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.): A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Rajbir  , Tomar Vikas , Singh Jagdeep
Published: June 2024

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is a significant crop in global agriculture, often referred to as "wonder cane" for its slow yet robust growth. Despite its importance, sugarcane faces a critical challenge from weed infestation, which can significantly reduce yields if not properly managed. Weed competition is most intense during the early stages of sugarcane growth, with studies indicating that unchecked weed presence during this critical period can result in yield reductions ranging from 20% to 40%. In some cases, this reduction can reach as high as 70%. This review explores effective weed management strategies for sustainable sugarcane cultivation, emphasizing the importance of controlling weeds during the early phase of crop development. Beyond this phase, the sugarcane crop tends to smother weed growth on its own. However, early and effective weed management is crucial to prevent heavy infestations that could lead to yield loss, increased harvesting costs, and other complications. The Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research (IISR) has developed "Integrated Weed Management," a technology that provides cost-effective weed control solutions for sugarcane farmers. This approach integrates various methods, including pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicide applications, hand weeding, and mechanical cultivation. Pre-emergence herbicides like atrazine and oxyfluorfen, followed by post-emergence applications of glyphosate, have proven effective in controlling weed growth in sugarcane fields. Additionally, certain weed species, such as Paspalum paniculatum and P. urvillei, can cause allopathic effects on sugarcane roots, further emphasizing the need for timely weed management. The implementation of integrated weed management techniques has shown to reduce the weed seed bank, which is crucial for sustainable sugarcane cultivation. These strategies not only ensure higher yields and reduced costs but also support the overall health of sugarcane crops by preventing the proliferation of weeds that could serve as hosts for diseases and pests. By adopting effective weed management strategies, sugarcane farmers can achieve sustainable cultivation, maximizing yield while minimizing environmental impact and ensuring a successful harvest.
Improve Customer Satisfaction through Effective Concrete Distribution Strategies
Authors: Hu Shoufei
Published: June 2024

Concrete distribution is an indispensable part of urban construction. How to meet the needs of customers and improve customer satisfaction while scheduling vehicles has become a research hotspot. Aiming at the vehicle scheduling problem in concrete distribution, and considering the priority distribution of large customers can improve the satisfaction of large customers, and at the same time improve the long-term benefits of enterprises. This paper introduces the characteristics of concrete distribution, and analyzes the existing problems of concrete distribution, and puts forward countermeasures from the aspects of increasing policy support, improving the information level of commercial concrete distribution, and establishing the standard of commercial concrete distribution, so as to provide methods for solving the scheduling problem.
Action Teaching
Authors: Plous Scott
Published: November 2011

Action teaching refers to a style of instruction that contributes to peace, social justice, and sustainable living at the same time as it educates students. For example, a peace educator who practices action teaching might follow a course unit on mediation techniques by inviting students to mediate actual conflicts between friends, family members, or co‐workers, thereby reducing existing conflicts even while students learn about conflict resolution. likewise, an instructor teaching about negotiation might challenge students to analyze an unresolved conflict that they or others are having, devise an integrative solution to break the impasse, and make an effort to implement the proposed solution. or an instructor teaching about persuasion and marketing strategies might ask students to develop a social marketing campaign that reduces interpersonal violence on campus, protects the local environment, promotes human rights abroad, or serves the greater good in some other way.
Activism, Antiwar
Authors: Boehnke Klaus , Shani Maor
Published: November 2011

Antiwar activism stands for civil engagement expressing opposition to war and related military issues, geared to foster change on the political level. Dissent over states' military campaigns results from diverging peace traditions and philosophies, predominantly associated with the political left (e.g., pacifism, liberalism, feminism, antimilitarism, or anti‐imperialism). The recent history of global antiwar activism tends to be linked to the United States' post‐World War II record of wars and military interventions. It reached an early peak in the anti‐Vietnam War protests and the antinuclear campaigns during the Cold War, and later during the “no‐blood‐for‐oil” campaigns associated with the Second Gulf War and worldwide opposition to the post‐“9/11” US‐led War on Terror.
Activism, Psychology of Social
Authors: Dwyer Patrick C. , Snyder Mark
Published: November 2011

There are many ways that people can and do take action to improve society. They may serve as volunteers, join neighborhood groups aimed at meeting community needs, provide tutoring or mentoring services in their local schools, vote or run for office themselves, or participate in social or political movements devoted to causes such as protecting the environment, helping the disadvantaged, combating prejudice and discrimination, and promoting peace and understanding. It has been argued that these and other forms of social activism, in which individuals take action in order to serve the common good, play an essential role in combating the problems that face the world (Snyder & Omoto, 2007). Because many of these problems, such as violence, discrimination, and the destruction of the environment, are largely caused by the actions of humans, they may also be problems that require the actions of humans to be ameliorated.
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Authors: Hardy Samantha
Published: November 2011

In order to properly define the term alternative dispute resolution (ADR) it is important to consider the word
dispute
and how it relates to the concepts of conflict and conflict resolution. In practice the terms are often used interchangeably, although some scholars make a distinction between conflict and a dispute. The term
dispute
refers to the situation in which one person has perceived a wrong caused by another and some claim is made to, and rejected by, the other (Felstiner, Abel, & Sarat, 1981). Conflict is generally seen as something broader and may not include a claim and rejection (e.g., latent conflict). The phrase
dispute resolution
incorporates all methods of resolving disputes (ranging from informal negotiation to contested litigation).
Anti‐Bias Education
Authors: Brown Christia Spears
Published: November 2011

Anti‐bias education broadly refers to school‐based interventions designed to reduce racial, ethnic, or gender bias. Specifically, this label most often refers to intervention programs that teach children explicitly about the negative consequences of discrimination, stereotypes, and exclusion. At times, this label can also be used to refer to multicultural education programs, which highlight positive attributes of a group and enhance children's knowledge about that group. These different types of anti‐bias education differ in their theoretical approaches and effectiveness. Programs also differ in the intended recipients of the anti‐bias education. Typically, programs aim to change the biased attitudes of elementary‐school children in the dominant, majority ethnic group (in the US, European American Whites), although most programs could be adapted to any group of children. Most scholars agree, however, that programs designed to change biased attitudes are most effective during the preschool years and least effective during adolescence.
Anti‐Semitism, Psychology of
Authors: Bergmann Werner
Published: November 2011

Psychology has explored the phenomenon of anti‐Semitism ever since Sigmund Freud sought to answer the question of why the Jewish people were spurned, hated, and murdered in his famous bookMoses and Monotheism(1939). Freud indicated a number of motives, ranging from a hostility toward strangers, intolerance of small differences, jealousy of the chosen people, castration anxiety, and sibling rivalry. In addition, he suggested that hatred of Jews is used as a substitute for the forbidden hatred of Christianity, so that anti‐Semitism is, in effect, a form of Christian self‐hatred. This listing already reveals the special feature of modern anti‐Semitism: its double character. It is a delusional worldview that sees the “behind‐the‐scenes actions” of the Jews as the root cause for numerous deplorable states of affairs; and secondly it is a group prejudice, much as it existsvis‐a‐visother ethnic or religious groups. It is for this reason that theories of prejudice, which explain how hostility, discrimination, mobilization, and violence against Jews and other minorities are related to the political, economic, and religious roles they play, need to be connected with specific theories of anti‐Semitism, “relating the development of an ideology justifying Jew‐hatred to dominant ideologies, organizations, and social structure” (Fein 1987, p. 68).
Attribution Theory, Intergroup Conflict and
Authors: Kimhi Shaul
Published: November 2011

Conflicts are a very common part of social life and can be extremely costly to all parties involved. A possible definition of conflict emphasizes the existence of incompatible interests recognized by the parties involved. Among the most common of these are intergroup conflicts — that is, conflicts between rival groups of people. These conflicts often evolve into terrible events such as war or terrorism, with negative results affecting many people. Not surprisingly, intergroup conflicts, how to reduce them, and possible solutions are salient issues in social psychology.
Authoritarian Personality
Authors: Cohrs J. Christopher , Petzel Thomas , Funke Friedrich
Published: November 2011

How was it possible that the persecution and mass killing of Jews, people with mental or physical disabilities, homosexual persons, political dissidents, and other minorities, as well as the policy of “forcible coordination”
(Gleichschaltung)
found the support of millions of Germans during the Third Reich? How was it possible that accusations of thousands of government employees, educators, union activists, and people in the entertainment industry, often leading to loss of employment, destruction of careers, or imprisonment, were supported by millions of Americans during McCarthyism? How was it possible that the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia had so many followers that they came to power and were able to implement a policy that led to the death of about 1.5 million people suspected of being capitalists through murder, starvation, or forced labor?
Bystander Intervention
Authors: Kent Valerie
Published: November 2011

The study of bystanders' responses in emergencies was prompted by theNew York Timesreport of the brutal murder of Kitty Genovese in 1964. It was said that 38 witnesses heard her screams or watched from their windows during the 30‐minute attack. only one person, without giving a name, even phoned the police, half an hour after the screams stopped. Commentators blamed the social isolation and selfishness of city life, a decline in civilized values, and loss of humanity. The term bystander apathy was coined.
Child Soldiers and Mental Health
Authors: Boothby Neil
Published: November 2011

Every day it is estimated that some 5,000 children are newly displaced due to conflict somewhere in the world. Many may be able to flee violence with their families, but an increasing number become separated and risk being recruited into armed groups as a result of erupting wars. Whether victims or perpetrators of violence, during conflict children see the protective fabric around them collapse as homes are destroyed, families are uprooted, schools and health services are ransacked, and communities become consumed by violence.
Children and Armed Conflict: Strategic Review of Machel Study
Authors: Balvin Nikola , Melville Amanda
Published: November 2011

In 1993, in response to the increased occurrence and heightened awareness of the impact of armed conflict on children, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution to investigate these issues in a major study The independent expert chosen to lead the study was Graca Machel, a Mozambican educator and an international children's advocate, who fulfilled her responsibilities in 1996 by producing a landmark report titled
The Impact of Armed Conflict on Children.
Generally known as the Machel Study, this report catalyzed a groundswell of action to protect children affected by armed conflict. In September 1997 the UN responded to the study by establishing the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary‐General for Children and Armed Conflict (OSRSG‐CAAC). At that time attention was focused on particular issues and countries, such as demobilizing children unlawfully recruited by armed groups and reintegrating them into society. In the next decade two follow‐up studies were completed:
The Machel Review 1996–2000
published in 2000 and the ten‐year strategic review of the original Machel Study, presented to the General Assembly in October 2007. The latter aimed to re‐engage and re‐energize member states and other stakeholders to address more broadly and comprehensively “all impacts, on
all
children, in
all
situations” of armed conflict (OSRSG‐CAAC & UNICEF, 2007, p. 1). It also identified emerging challenges and priorities and served as a platform for advocacy and appropriate action over the coming decade. This article summarizes the context, methodology, key themes, and recommendations of the 2007 Machel Ten‐Year Strategic Review
Children and Resilience
Authors: Kostelny Kathleen
Published: November 2011

Children who are resilient exhibit emotional and social well‐being during and after significant stresses and adversity, even though these experiences have the potential to disrupt their functioning and healthy development (Masten, 2001). Resilience does not imply that children are unaffected by adversity, but rather that they have coped effectively with their experiences and are functioning in ways that are appropriate in the context of their family, community, and culture. Resilience is a dynamic process that changes over time depending on the balance of risk and protective factors in a child's environment. Resilience arises from a mixture of personal and environmental factors. When risk factors outweigh protective factors, children are more likely to have negative developmental outcomes. But supports in the child's environment can offset risks, and when protective factors outweigh risk factors, children are more likely to experience well‐being and resilience.
Children's Conceptions of Peace
Authors: Oppenheimer Louis
Published: November 2011

Imagine what would happen if I asked children to play “war.” Let me assure you, children would have no problem doing so. They know exactly what to do because already at very early ages we come to understand what war is and entails. What if I were to ask children to play “peace?” Exactly — they would not know what to do. So what is peace and why is it so difficult to play? Is it because we already live in peace and playing peace is what we do all the time, or is peace a passive concept only, a second‐order concept, in that it derives its meaning from the negation of war (i.e., peace is the absence of war)? In my opinion, the answer to both questions is negative. That is, present‐day societies are not based on norms and values characteristic for peace and peace is not a passive concept. Then what is peace, how would we define it, and how do children understand peace across age? This essay aims at answering these questions.
Civil Society Cooperative Projects for Peace
Authors: Kurlansky Judy
Published: November 2011

While peace negotiations between political leaders may stall, efforts are being made by civil society groups to collaborate and build bridges in many conflicts (e.g., between Blacks and Whites in South Africa, Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland, Bosnians and Serbs, Hutus and Tutsis, Palestinians and Israelis, Armenians and Turks, Moldavians and Transdniestrians, and post‐World War II Germans and Jews). These “people‐to‐people” (P2P) initiatives — also referred to as “bottom‐up” or Track II and Track III diplomacy — contrast with “top‐down” or Track I diplomacy efforts which involve officials and governments. P2P initiatives apply various methods and use a range of venues to bring people together to improve relations, and to promote positive attitudes and behavior change towards the “other” while mitigating negative stereotypes and even fostering friendship. These grassroots efforts face challenges, but persist in devising creative efforts for peaceful coexistence.
Coexistence Education
Authors: Bekerman Zvi
Published: November 2011

The choice of the essay's title is justified because “coexistence education” reflects an honest assessment of what it may be possible to further or achieve by educational means in what might otherwise be called peace education or reconciliation efforts, and yet even coexistence may not be reached easily when only education is implemented towards this goal.
Cognition: Creative versus Dogmatic
Authors: Bornstein Jackie , Di Bretherton
Published: November 2011

Many people find that one of the most serious blocks to resolving a problem through negotiation, mediation, or other conflict resolution processes is dogmatic or black‐and‐white thinking. Conflict resolution practitioners refer to the need for parties to use “and” rather than “either/or” logic to move beyond rigid adherence to positions, to understand the needs and concerns of the other, to generate creative options together, and to shape integrative solutions. That is, a more complex, flexible, dialectical, and creative form of thinking is required to reach solutions to conflict that are inclusive of the needs of all parties.
Collective Memories of Intergroup Conflict
Authors: Bilali Rezarta
Published: November 2011

Each side in a conflict has a different construal of the origins and development of the conflict. Collective memories of past conflicts play an important role in maintaining intergroup violence. For instance, the collective memory of violent events may serve to justify current violence and may help perpetrate and refuel new violence. The reconciliation and conflict resolution literature suggests that addressing the past and acknowledging the harm done by the ingroup are crucial for establishing peaceful relations. However, in order to address the past efficiently it is necessary to understand how groups construe the past of intergroup conflict, and how memories of the past influence current conflict.
Collective Narcissism
Authors: de Zavala Agnieszka Golec
Published: November 2011

A belief that others do not appropriately recognize the superiority and special entitlements of one's own group has inspired atrocities committed against other groups, including acts of terrorism, violent revolutions, aggressive wars, and genocides. For example, Germans under the Nazi regime believed their right to a better living space and their “pure blood” were not properly appreciated by others. These beliefs were used to legitimize aggressive war and the Holocaust. Islamist terrorists believe they fight a defensive Jihad that mandates them to kill those who do not acknowledge the superiority of their values and lifestyle. In the 1970s, members of the American radical leftist group the Weather Underground believed that the exceptional nobility of their cause (ending the war in Vietnam, the advancement of social justice and equality and opposition to a regime they viewed as corrupt) entitled them to put the lives of other people in danger.
Colonialism and Postcolonialism: Psychological Dimensions
Authors: Licata Laurent
Published: November 2011

European colonial powers invaded then dominated a large part of the world from the Renaissance to the middle of the twentieth century. Across this long history and numerous geographical settings, colonialism took various forms, was associated with diverse practices, and was justified by different ideologies. However, it created unprecedented situations of encounters between the original inhabitants of the colonized countries and European colonizers, locking them in “the most complex and traumatic relationship in human history” (Loomba, 2005, p. 8). This long traumatic relationship had a tremendous influence on the psychologies of both the colonized and the colonizers, deeply affecting their views of the world, of the other peoples, and of themselves. This influence did not cease once independence treaties were signed, as the colonial experience continues to impregnate the cultures and identities of both formerly colonizing and formerly colonized peoples. As a consequence, colonialism still affects their current interactions, be it in the context of international relations or in that of contacts between majority members and immigrants or indigenous peoples in Western countries.
Communication, Listening, and Conflict Resolution Skills
Authors: Heitler Susan
Published: November 2011

Participants in peaceful relationships generally interact in a friendly and collaborative manner. The tone of their interactions is positive. They share perspectives with smoothly laminar information flow. When subtle negative emotions or bumpiness in the dialogue flow indicate conflict, they seek mutual understanding and find mutually satisfying solutions.
Conflict Escalation, Psychological Factors in
Authors: Winter David G.
Published: November 2011

People have speculated about the psychological causes of war at least since Thucydides, who wrote in the fifth century bce about the Peloponnesian War and concluded that “the growth of the power of Athens, and the alarm which this inspired in Lacedaemon [Sparta], made war inevitable.” As the Athenians saw it, “the powerful exact what they can, and the weak grant what they must… . By a law of their nature, wherever [men] can rule, they will.”
Conflict Management, Proactive
Authors: Christie Daniel J. , Mcnamee Sarah C.
Published: November 2011

In this article we suggest that peace psychology is largely a reactive endeavor rather than a proactive approach to the mitigation of violence. In addition, we critique the oft‐(re) cited view of conflicts as opportunities, the view of conflict as desirable, and the tendency to conflate the meaning of conflict with violence. In light of these shortcomings of traditional conceptions of conflict, we sharply distinguish between conflict as primarily a perceptual process, and violence as an overt form of aggression. We discuss case studies that provide evidence for the proposition that proactive conflict management ‐ by which we mean the prevention of intergroup conflict (not violence) ‐ has utility that has heretofore been given little attention.
Conflict Management Styles
Authors: Wertheim Eleanor H.
Published: November 2011

Conflict is generally conceptualized as a normal part of human interactions and it is not in itself necessarily destructive. Rather, it is how conflict is managed that determines whether the outcomes will be constructive or destructive (Deutsch, 2006). Thus, the process of managing a dispute, and associated conflict styles of the parties involved, is important in producing satisfactory or unsatisfactory outcomes.
Conflict Resolution, Interactive
Authors: Fisher Ronald J.
Published: November 2011

The term interactive conflict resolution refers to a collection of small‐group discussion approaches to the analysis and resolution of intergroup conflict that bring together members of conflicting parties in dialogue and problem solving facilitated by a team of knowledgeable and skilled social scientists. The invention of this method is attributed to John Burton and his colleagues at University College, London in the mid‐1960s. They creatively combined the forum of an academic seminar with group problem solving such that the participants could enter into a mutual analysis of the sources and dynamics of their conflict, followed by the development of ideas and options that could be fed into official peace negotiations. Burton initially labeled this workshop approach as controlled communication in order to denote the non‐adversarial, open and supportive atmosphere created by the third party, but later used the term problem solving to distinguish the method from traditional negotiations (Burton, 1969).
Conflict Resolution in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Erlich Nicole S.
Published: November 2011

This reconciliation sequence was one of many documented by the primatologist Frans de Waal in a chimpanzee colony at Burges Zoo in Arnhem, in the Netherlands. It is at this zoo that post‐conflict behaviors to reduce tensions among adversaries were first studied in the 1970s. Following these initial investigations in Arnham, over 27 species of nonhuman primates in captivity and the wild have been documented as showing reconciliation behavior (Aureli & de Waal, 2000). Such behavior has been found not only in our closest relatives, the great apes (including chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas), but also in a large variety of macaque monkeys, baboons, gorillas, and lemurs. The frequency of reconciliation following conflict differs quite markedly between species. Bonobos, chimpanzees, and some monkey species (e.g., sooty mangabeys, golden monkeys) have been documented as reconciling post conflict up to 50% of the time, while other monkey and prosimian species reconcile only about 10% of the time following conflicts (e.g., the rhesus monkey, the chacma baboon).
Conflict Resolution in Schools
Authors: Spears Barbara A.
Published: November 2011

Conflict, generally defined as a fight, struggle, battle, disagreement, dispute, or quarrel (Johnson & Johnson, 2009, p. 368), exists wherever human interaction occurs and is a seemingly inevitable component of any social group. It is driven by such issues as incompatibilities between the parties; perceived differences in needs, beliefs, and values; and limited resources (Johnson & Johnson 1995, 1996, 2009). Schools as institutions and as communities are therefore not without conflict when students, staff, and parents interact in and around the school. Nor are schools without aggression. Intricately interwoven with conflict, aggression becomes evident early in life; involves a deliberate intent to harm; often uses force or domination over others; and evolves from physical through verbal to indirect forms as children develop their social skills, language capabilities, and social intelligence (Tremblay, Gervais, & Petitclerc, 2008).