bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peace and Economic Interdependence in the Middle East
Authors: Kilchevsky Amichai , Cason Jeffrey , Wandschneider Kirsten
Published: March 2007

Can economic interdependence pacify the Middle East? While Middle Eastern countries have, for the most part, avoided the global trend of regionalism, this study provides empirical evidence that Middle Eastern countries with significant trade ties to other countries in the region do cooperate more and fight less. In addition to confirming the liberal notion of peace through trade, this study shows that several conditions outlined by the selectorate theory of political survival must be fulfilled if economic interdependence in the Middle East is to be achieved. A case study outlining Israeli and Turkish economic cooperation is used to show the selectorate model's regional compatibility. The regional applicability of the selectorate theory leads us to conclude that politically liberal countries are more likely to maintain economic relations with one another than with autocratic ones. Since liberal countries will be more economically interdependent with one another they will also be more peaceful towards one another. Ultimately, then, this study concludes that political liberalisation is one way of enhancing regional economic interdependence and consequently the prospects for a more peaceful Middle East.
How Do Differing Standards Increase Trade Costs? The Case of Pallets
Authors: Raballand Gaël , Aldaz‐Carroll Enrique
Published: March 2007

The pallet is a platform used for storing, handling and transporting products. There are hundreds of different pallet sizes around the world. The case of pallets is examined to illustrate the impact of multiplicity of standards on trade costs. We select this case because pallets are used all over the world, pallet standards are not too sophisticated, and data on pallet standards and costs are to some extent available. The paper examines why there are so many different pallet standards, the associated trade costs and the reasons why countries have not harmonised pallet sizes to eliminate such costs. It then presents options for exporters to mitigate the adverse effects of standards multiplicity while complying with destination markets’ standard requirements. The range of options is limited for exporters from less developed countries because of the lack of rental and exchange pallet markets. To mitigate the costs of this multiplicity of standards, the international community's strategy should focus on developing awareness of the cost of multiplicity of standards and actively supporting standardisation.
Bayesian Mixture Models for Complex High Dimensional Count Data in Phage Display Experiments
Authors: Ji Yuan , Yin Guosheng , Tsui Kam-Wah , Kolonin Mikhail G. , Sun Jessica , Arap Wadih , Pasqualini Renata , Do Kim-Anh
Published: March 2007

Phage display is a biological process that is used to screen random peptide libraries for ligands that bind to a target of interest with high affinity. On the basis of a count data set from an innovative multistage phage display experiment, we propose a class of Bayesian mixture models to cluster peptide counts into three groups that exhibit different display patterns across stages. Among the three groups, the investigators are particularly interested in that with an ascending display pattern in the counts, which implies that the peptides are likely to bind to the target with strong affinity. We apply a Bayesian false discovery rate approach to identify the peptides with the strongest affinity within the group. A list of peptides is obtained, among which important ones with meaningful functions are further validated by biologists. To examine the performance of the Bayesian model, we conduct a simulation study and obtain desirable results.
Unnatural Epistemology
Authors: GREENWOOD JOHN D.
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  ‘Naturalized’ philosophers of mind regularly appeal to the empirical psychological literature in support of the ‘theory‐theory’ account of the natural epistemology of mental state ascription (to self and others). It is argued that such appeals are not philosophically neutral, but in fact presuppose the theory‐theory account of mental state ascription. It is suggested that a possible explanation of the popularity of the theory‐theory account is that it is generally assumed that alternative accounts in terms of introspection (and simulation) presuppose a discredited ‘inner ostensive definition’ account of the meaning of mental state terms. However, the inner ostensive definition account is not the only alternative to the theory‐theory account of the meaning of mental state terms, and commitment to a theory‐theory account of the meaning of mental state terms does not mandate commitment to a theory‐theory account of the epistemology of mental state ascription.
Perspectives on the Past: A Study of the Spatial Perspectival Characteristics of Recollective Memories
Authors: DEBUS DOROTHEA
Published: March 2007

Abstract: The following paper considers one important feature of our experiential or ‘recollective’ memories, namely their spatial perspectival characteristics. I begin by considering the ‘Past‐Dependency‐Claim’, which states that every recollective memory (or ‘R‐memory’) has its spatial perspectival characteristics in virtue of the subject’s present awareness of the spatial perspectival characteristics of a relevant past perceptual experience. Although the Past‐Dependency‐Claim might for various reasons seem particularly attractive, I show that it is false. I then proceed to develop and defend the ‘Present‐Dependency‐Claim’, namely the claim that the spatial perspectival characteristics of an R‐memory depend on the spatial perspectival characteristics of perceptual experiences that the subject has at the time at which the R‐memory occurs. Lastly, I discuss the phenomenon of so‐called ‘observer‐memories’, which presents a special challenge for any attempt to account for the spatial perspectival characteristics of R‐memories. I argue that we have no good reason to deny that the relevant experiences should count as memories, and I show that we can account for the spatial perspectival characteristics of observer‐memories with the help of the ‘Present‐Dependency‐Claim’. More generally, the paper shows that certain events that occur in a subject’s mental life (namely, a subject’s R‐memories) are necessarily dependent on other events that occur in the relevant subject’s mental life (namely, on certain perceptual experiences). This more general conclusion in turn should be relevant for any attempt to develop an appropriate account of a subject’s mental life as a whole.
The First German Novel about South Africa: Geschichte eines Hottentotten, von ihm selbst erzählt
Authors: Hale Frederick
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT

Although Christian Ludwig Willebrand's anonymously published Geschichte eines Hottentotten, von ihm selbst erzählt (1773) was apparently the first German novel set in southern Africa, it has received virtually no scholarly attention. The present historically contextualised study examines Willebrand's dependence on earlier ‘Reiseliteratur’ about the Cape of Good Hope and its indigenous population, especially the German translation of Olfert Dapper's Naukeurige Beschrijving der Afrikaensche Gewesten. It also examines Willebrand's construction of the alterity of the Khoi Khoi people at the Cape of Good Hope vis‐à‐vis the Dutch and other European settlers there. It is suggested that prevailing theories of colonial discourse, with their presumption of a radical binarism of colonising peoples and their subalterns in colonialist texts, are invalid in this particular case.
The status of Hebrew in Friedrich Schlegel's Über die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier
Authors: Tzoref‐Ashkenazi Chen
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT

The paper asks why Friedrich Schlegel classified Hebrew and Arabic as ‘mechanical’, i.e. non inflectional, languages in his Über die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier rather than include them among the ‘organic’ languages of divine origin. The classification is puzzling because of the inflectional structure of Semitic languages and because a Catholic thinker would be more likely to argue for the divine origin of Hebrew. The paper argues that, contrary to the suggestions of several scholars, Schlegel's classification of Hebrew and Arabic did not result from anti‐Semitic motives. Schlegel relied on Johann David Michaelis's theory that case endings in Arabic were artificial. Schlegel concluded from this theory that all inflection in Semitic languages was artificial. The exclusion of Hebrew from the ‘organic’ languages served two important ideological purposes: 1) It supported the idea that the ancient Hebrews had remained isolated from the general degeneration of Oriental religion and philosophy and kept their monotheism pure: 2) The romantic concept of the organic as an integrated whole meant that ‘organic’ languages had to be a genetic group. Hebrew could not fit into this group, because it was not genetically related to Sanskrit.
‘Eine Art geistiger Wiedergutmachung’: Karl Otten's Anthologies of Jewish Writing Das leere Haus and Schofar
Authors: Dove Richard
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT

This article evaluates the role played by Karl Otten in the revival of literary Expressionism in post‐war Germany and more specifically his efforts to rescue the work of its Jewish exponents, many of whom had died in the Holocaust or the diaspora of exile. In the years 1957 to 1963, Otten edited no fewer than six anthologies, collecting and reintroducing long‐forgotten work by his Expressionist contemporaries. The anthologies Das leere Haus (1959) and Schofar (1962) were intended to exemplify the distinctive Jewish contribution to Expressionism, Otten describing them as an act of ‘geistige Wiedergutmachung’. The article discusses the textual selection and preparation of these anthologies, evaluating Otten's correspondence with the publishers Cotta, and with friends like Kurt Pinthus, in the light of the contemporary discourse regarding the Nazi past.
‘Zum Ruhme Englands’: The ‘Vorgeschichte’ of the Nazi Film Titanic
Authors: Strobl Gerwin
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT

This article examines the background to the Nazi film ‘Titanic’. Commissioned by the Propaganda Ministry in 1940, at the height of war with Britain, the film was able to draw on extensive German engagement with the fate of the ‘R.M.S. Titanic’, stretching back to the original newspaper reports of April 1912. The sinking of the ‘Titanic’ had made a deeper impression in Germany than in other European countries, perhaps because a substantial number of the victims were in fact German or had ties with Germany. The extent of the emotional engagement showed not only in the tone of the newspaper reporting but in the sheer range of tributes that appeared in Germany: newspapers apart, there were films, paintings, poems, novels, lectures or even children’s toys.

The enduring interest in the ‘Titanic’ throughout the 1920s and 30s may explain the propagandists’ decision to exploit the topic for Nazi purposes. Widespread German unease about the apparent preference given to first‐class passengers during the rescue operation and rumours of financial improprieties surrounding the owners of the ‘Titanic’ made the topic especially attractive to the Nazis. Ultimately, however, the favourable German perceptions of ‘heroic British seamanship’ undermined the Nazi film and led Goebbels to restrict its release.
Klaus Mann's Die Sammlung: An Attempt at an International Journal
Authors: Von Lindeiner Karina
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT

Research on German exiles usually focuses on activities of refugees from Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia. Where it looks at international anti‐fascist cooperation, it mostly concentrates on politically motivated initiatives (for example the writers' congresses in 1934 and 1935, in Moscow and Paris respectively), or on the activities of a few central organisations, such as the PEN Club or the American Guild for German Cultural Freedom.

This essay broadens the focus of exile research by arguing that Klaus Mann, with his journal Die Sammlung, attempted to achieve international anti‐fascist cooperation – cultural as well as political – an aspect that has so far been neglected even by researchers who focus particularly on Mann. The study fills this gap by investigating the international dimension of Die Sammlung. It shows that Mann intended to produce more than the ‘Dokumente einer ohnmächtigen Opposition’ (Hans‐Albrecht Walter) that exile journals usually formed. Instead, he aimed at providing an international platform for intellectuals from many countries, as well as a literary and political journal by and for German exiles. In this respect, Die Sammlung was not only a precursor of Mann's own 1940s English‐language journal Decision, but also a unique endeavour amongst the journals of German exile.
Home Truths: The Importance of the Uncanny for Patrick Süskind's Critique of the Enlightenment in Das Parfum
Authors: Woolley Jonathan
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT

This article attempts to show how Patrick Süskind's Das Parfum is pervaded by a sense of the uncanny, with both characters and reader experiencing an uneasiness that can be traced back to the familiar and its repression. While this experience can partly be explained by the categories outlined by Freud in his influential essay of 1919, ‘Das Unheimliche’, the article seeks to look beyond these by considering the uncanniness of the body and its metamorphosis in the novel. The article argues that Süskind's evocation of the uncanny does not merely add to the entertaining character of the novel, but also needs to be seen as an integral part of his critique of the Enlightenment.
‘Ehrlich, du lügst wie gedruckt’: Günter Grass's Autobiographical Confession and the Changing Territory of Germany's Memory Culture
Authors: Fuchs Anne
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses the recent media‐fuelled controversy over Günter Grass's revelation that he served in the SS at the end of the Second World War. Analysing the different generational positions of the main actors in this debate, I argue that the controversy marks the end of the intellectual prominence of the Hitler Youth generation and a significant shift in German memory politics. The paper then analyses the key tropes that guide and justify Grass's confessional self‐enquiry. On the one hand, Grass makes autobiography the very site where Freudian deferral is enacted. The confession of an earlier omission thus becomes the very signature of autobiography. On the other hand, the narrative explores the fruitful traffic between biography and fiction, assigning the literary imagination a key role in the management of the past. While the narrative highlights the cultural productiveness of deferral, it also shows that fiction is ultimately an insufficient placeholder for the autobiographer's life story.
Paroxysmal sneezing at the onset of lateral medullary syndrome: cause or consequence?
Authors: Swenson A. J. , Leira E. C.
Published: March 2007

Sneezing is known to precede lateral medullary syndrome (LMS). It is usually interpreted as the precipitating cause for a vertebral artery dissection that subsequently causes LMS. Through two case reports and a literature review, we aim to challenge the concept that sneezing at the onset of LMS implies that a dissection is the underlying cause. An 82‐year‐old man and a 54‐year‐old man both reported unprovoked explosive pathological sneezing at the onset of the LMS without any delay between sneezing and the other LMS symptoms. Both denied neck trauma or neck pain. There was no conclusive evidence for vertebral artery dissection in either case. Paroxysmal sneezing can be an initial manifestation of lateral medullary ischemia and may not necessarily indicate an underlying vertebral artery dissection as the cause.
Neurological negligence claims in the NHS from 1995 to 2005
Authors: McNeill A.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to review available data on negligence claims for neurological disease treated by National Health Service (NHS) clinicians in England and Wales.

The study design was a retrospective review of the NHS Litigation Authority (NHSLA) database, which holds data on negligence claims against NHS clinicians from 1995 to 2005. This database was searched to retrieve abstracts of claims concerning neurological disease treated by clinicians of all specialities. Abstracts were systematically reviewed to extract the following information: speciality of clinician, pathology involved, misadventure, patient injury and value of claim. A complete data set was available for 559 cases. The chi‐squared test was used to investigate differences in negligence claims between neurologists/neurosurgeons and non‐specialists.

The speciality most frequently cited was neurosurgery (241) followed by neurology (172). Non‐neurologists and non‐neurosurgeons were the defendant in 146 cases, predominantly general physicians (42), orthopaedic surgeons (39) and emergency physicians (33). The most common pathologies were intervertebral disc disease (27%), CNS tumours (21%), CNS infection (11%) and subarachnoid haemorrhage (9%). The most frequent misadventure was diagnostic error (44%). In 47% of cases major permanent injury (e.g. blindness, hemiplegia) resulted from the misadventure. The patient died in 17% of cases. The total cost for all closed claims was £37 million (2% of expenditure on claims for medical and surgical specialities over 1995 to 2005).

This is the first systematic study of negligence claims for the treatment of neurological disorders in the UK. The prominence of diagnostic error highlights the need for early assessment by neurologists and prompt use of neuroimaging during the acute phase.
Clinical and demographical characteristics of primary progressive multiple sclerosis in Isfahan, Iran
Authors: Maghzi A. H. , Etemadifar M. , Saadatnia M.
Published: March 2007

Primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) is an uncommon form of multiple sclerosis (MS) in which the course of disease is progressive from onset. In a retrospective study amongst 1606 MS patients registered in Isfahan MS Society (IMSS) from April 2003 to 31 December 2005, 92 PPMS cases were identified. That means, the frequency of PPMS amongst all included MS patients would be 5.7% (95% CI: 6.7% and 4.7%). The mean expanded disability status scale (EDSS) for the group was 5.09 ± 1.3. The commonest mode of presentation was motor disturbance in 55 (59.8%), other modes of presentation were, vertigo in 15 (16.3%), visual problems in 12 (13%), sensory disturbances in six (6.5%), and diplopia in four (4.3%). The current existing symptoms were motor problems in all 92 (100%), cerebellar symptoms in 46 (50%), and cognitive impairment in only six (6.5%). Interestingly, two (2%) were affected by poliomyelitis during childhood and presenting symptom in both was limb weakness. Primary progressive form of MS is less common in Persian population and some of the rates observed in PPMS patients differ from those in other regions, these differences may be due to different ethnicity of Persian patients or to geographical differences.
Slowly progressive hemiparesis in childhood as a consequence of Rasmussen encephalitis without or with delayed‐onset seizures
Authors: Bien C. G. , Elger C. E. , Leitner Y. , Gomori M. , Ran B. , Urbach H. , Wilken B. , Korn‐Lubetzki I.
Published: March 2007

Five young children developed slowly progressive hemiparesis as the initial manifestation of Rasmussen encephalitis (RE). Three have remained seizure free over an observational period of 1.3–1.9 years. In the remaining two patients, seizures occurred after 0.5 and 0.6 years respectively. We suggest that RE might be presently underdiagnosed and should be suspected in cases of new onset hemiparesis. In this series, three out of five patients showed oligoclonal bands on examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which represented additional diagnostic hints towards an immune‐mediated condition. According to recently published formal diagnostic criteria, evidence of progressive cerebral hemiatrophy or bioptic identification of RE‐typical inflammation confirms the diagnosis in such cases. Long‐term immunotherapy is recommended in order to prevent further tissue loss and functional decline.
Human immunodeficiency virus‐associated progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy: epidemiology and predictive factors for prolonged survival
Authors: Drake A. K. , Loy C. T. , Brew B. J. , Chen T. C. C. , Petoumenos K. , Li P. C. K. , Wright E. J.
Published: March 2007

We performed a retrospective review of cases of human immunodeficiency virus‐associated progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in four hospitals (three in Australia and one in Hong Kong) between 1987 and 2003 in order to describe the local experience with this disease and to evaluate parameters impacting upon survival. Eighty‐seven cases were identified and demographic details, baseline parameters and treatment methods and response were described. Survival was substantially increased in the post‐highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era with a median survival increase from 14 to 64 weeks. On multivariate analysis, variables associated with prolonged survival included a CD4 count of >100 cells/μl at diagnosis and the use of HAART post‐diagnosis, with no significant additional advantage from the use of neuroactive antiretrovirals.
A polymorphism of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene is a risk factor for multiple lacunar infarcts in Japanese men: the Takahata Study
Authors: Nagasawa H. , Wada M. , Arawaka S. , Kawanami T. , Kurita K. , Daimon M. , Adachi M. , Hosoya T. , Emi M. , Muramatsu M. , Kato T.
Published: March 2007

The objective of the present study was to examine the association between a polymorphism of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) gene and lacunar infarcts of the brain. We conducted a population‐based, cross‐sectional study on residents from two age groups (61‐ and 72‐year olds). A total of 376 subjects participated in the study, which included brain magnetic resonance image and genetic analysis of the ALDH2 gene. Of the 61‐ and 72‐year‐old subjects, 46.4% and 64.3%, respectively, had one or more lacunar infarcts. The average number of infarcts also increased from 2.0 to 2.8 in men and from 2.3 to 3.5 in women. No significant association between the ALDH2 genotype and the presence of lacunar infarction (≥1) was found. However, in subjects with lacunar infarction, the genotype of ALDH2 *1/*1 was associated with a larger number of the lesion [‘single’ versus ‘multiple’ odds ratio (OR) 3.73, 95%CI: 1.43–9.74] in men. The OR was comparable even after adjusting for alcohol consumption, tobacco habits, age, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus (DM) (OR 3.88; 95% CI: 1.10–13.66). In women, there was no significant association between the ALDH2 genotypes and lacunar infarcts. The present study revealed that the ALDH2 *1/*1 genotype was significantly associated with the prevalence of multiple lacunar infarcts in Japanese men.
Expression of protein phosphatase 2A mutants and silencing of the regulatory Bα subunit induce a selective loss of acetylated and detyrosinated microtubules
Authors: Nunbhakdi‐Craig Viyada , Schuechner Stefan , Sontag Jean‐Marie , Montgomery Lisa , Pallas David C. , Juno Claudia , Mudrak Ingrid , Ogris Egon , Sontag Estelle
Published: March 2007

Carboxymethylation and phosphorylation of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) catalytic C subunit are evolutionary conserved mechanisms that critically control PP2A holoenzyme assembly and substrate specificity. Down‐regulation of PP2A methylation and PP2A enzymes containing the Bα regulatory subunit occur in Alzheimer’s disease. In this study, we show that expressed wild‐type and methylation‐ (L309Δ) and phosphorylation‐ (T304D, T304A, Y307F, and Y307E) site mutants of PP2A C subunit differentially bind to B, B′, and B′′‐type regulatory subunits in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and neuro‐2a (N2a) neuroblastoma cells. They also display distinct binding affinity for microtubules (MTs). Relative to controls, expression of the wild‐type, T304A and Y307F C subunits in N2a cells promotes the accumulation of acetylated and detyrosinated MTs. However, expression of the Y307E, L309Δ, and T304D mutants, which are impaired in their ability to associate with the Bα subunit, induces their loss. Silencing of Bα subunit in N2a and NIH 3T3 cells is sufficient to induce a similar breakdown of acetylated and detyrosinated MTs. It also confers increased sensitivity to nocodazole‐induced MT depolymerization. Our findings suggest that changes in intracellular PP2A subunit composition can modulate MT dynamics. They support the hypothesis that reduced amounts of neuronal Bα‐containing PP2A heterotrimers contribute to MT destabilization in Alzheimer’s disease.
The control of organic matter on microbially mediated iron reduction and arsenic release in shallow alluvial aquifers, Cambodia
Authors: ROWLAND H. A. L. , PEDERICK R. L. , POLYA D. A. , PANCOST R. D. , VAN DONGEN B. E. , GAULT A. G. , VAUGHAN D. J. , BRYANT C. , ANDERSON B. , LLOYD J. R.
Published: March 2007

Microbes may play a key role in the mobilization of arsenic present in elevated concentrations within the aquifers extensively exploited for irrigation and drinking water in West Bengal, Bangladesh, and in other regions of South‐East Asia. Microcosm experiments using Cambodian sediments (which are also representative of other similar reducing aquifers containing arsenic‐rich waters) show that arsenic release and iron reduction are microbially mediated and demonstrate that the type of organic matter present, not necessarily the total abundance of organic matter, is important in controlling the rate and magnitude of microbially mediated arsenic release from these aquifer sediments. The possible role of naturally occurring petroleum in stimulating this process is also demonstrated. In addition to acting as an electron donor, certain types of organic matter may accelerate arsenic release by acting as an electron shuttle, indicating a dual role for organic matter in the process. The results also suggest that the fine‐grained sediment regions of these aquifers are particularly vulnerable to accelerated arsenic release following the introduction of labile organic carbon.
Loss of stem cell regenerative capacity within aged niches
Authors: Carlson Morgan E. , Conboy Irina M.
Published: March 2007

This work uncovers novel mechanisms of aging within stem cell niches that are evolutionarily conserved between mice and humans and affect both embryonic and adult stem cells. Specifically, we have examined the effects of aged muscle and systemic niches on key molecular identifiers of regenerative potential of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and post‐natal muscle stem cells (satellite cells). Our results reveal that aged differentiated niches dominantly inhibit the expression of Oct4 in hESCs and Myf‐5 in activated satellite cells, and reduce proliferation and myogenic differentiation of both embryonic and tissue‐specific adult stem cells (ASCs). Therefore, despite their general neoorganogenesis potential, the ability of hESCs, and the more differentiated myogenic ASCs to contribute to tissue repair in the old will be greatly restricted due to the conserved inhibitory influence of aged differentiated niches. Significantly, this work establishes that hESC‐derived factors enhance the regenerative potential of both young and, importantly, aged muscle stem cells in vitro and in vivo; thus, suggesting that the regenerative outcome of stem cell‐based replacement therapies will be determined by a balance between negative influences of aged tissues on transplanted cells and positive effects of embryonic cells on the endogenous regenerative capacity. Comprehensively, this work points toward novel venues for in situ restoration of tissue repair in the old and identifies critical determinants of successful cell‐replacement therapies for aged degenerating organs.
Child Poverty in the American States: The Impact of Welfare Reform, Economics, and Demographics
Authors: Rodgers Harrell R. , Payne Lee
Published: March 2007

This article identifies the predictors of child poverty rates at the state level before and after the adoption and implementation of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. The analysis shows that the most important state‐level factors that influence child poverty rates are demographics, the health and viability of the state economy, and often the generosity, inclusiveness, and quality of state welfare programs. States with large numbers of black citizens, and those that score highest on infant mortality, teen births, births to unmarried women, children living with a parent without a high school degree, and children living with a single parent have the highest rates of child poverty. Child poverty rates are lowest in states that suffer less unemployment, and in wealthier states. States that score higher on per capita personal income, tax revenues, and taxable resources have lower child poverty rates. While specific “tough” welfare policies adopted by some states seem to have no impact on child poverty rates, we tested for the first time a sophisticated measure of the overall quality of state welfare programs. The analysis reveals that the global quality of a state's welfare programs is often an independent predictor of child poverty. States with the most generous, inclusive, and supportive welfare programs have done the best job of lowering and containing child poverty.
“Editorials at a Glance”: Cultural Policy, Gender, and Modernity in the World War I Bureau of Cartoons
Authors: Coventry Michael T.
Published: March 2007

Cultural policy during the Great War, rather than radiating from the central government, evolved from contemporary culture—propaganda, movies, and mass media. The state was a player, but quasi‐public organizations such as propaganda agencies, non‐state actors like the YMCA, and “public opinion” played important roles.

The Committee on Public Information (CPI)—the government's propaganda committee—influenced Americans through books, advertisements, posters, and cartoons. This essay examines two of the CPI's efforts: the Bureau of Cartoons and the Division of Pictorial Publicity. In these materials, we can see the intersection of class‐based notions of gendered idealism and a developing media state's use of a sentimental culture of the Victorian middle‐class to represent and motivate the nation. With staff drawn primarily from advertising agencies and newspapers, the Committee's work shows how the formulation of cultural policy is the result of complex negotiated processes involving state interests, cultural liaisons, and ideological assumptions.
Culture without the State? Reinvigorating Ukrainian Culture with Diasporic Efforts
Authors: Holmes Marcus
Published: March 2007

This article explores the efforts of diaspora groups to reinvigorate culture. Cultural policy studies tend to focus on efforts of the state to fund and support the maintenance, enhancement, and preservation of national culture(s). This article contributes to this area of research by noting the effects of diaspora groups in achieving many of the same ends as official cultural policy through unofficial means. Using Ukraine as an interpretive case study, the article explores diasporic efforts to respond to a lack of cultural policy at home by invigorating Ukrainian culture abroad. Through the use of social networking tools, Ukrainian diaspora groups in the United States and Canada have been successful in maintaining their culture without the state. This study suggests that cultural policy research should involve not only official state‐centric efforts, but nonofficial diaspora‐centric efforts of cultural invigoration.
Sex Workers and Cultural Policy: Mapping the Issues and Actors in Thailand
Authors: Singh J.P. , Hart Shilpa A.
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the deeply controversial side of cultural tourism in mapping the position of the sex industry. In doing so, it places sex tourism in two epistemic contexts: one context expands the notion of cultural policies, the other notes the implicit and explicit origins and effects of cultural policies affecting sex work, although these positions are not mutually exclusive. Sex tourism, we argue, poses a particular challenge to the understandings embedded in these contexts. The sex industry points us to the limits of cultural policies, both in terms of expanding the scope of cultural industries and also in documenting their effects. So far, while we expand the list of cultural industries, the sex industry remains as the industry that must not speak its name. Officials do not want to name it; neither do they do much to stop it. Naming and mapping sex tourism is then a useful place to start. For empirical substantiation, Thailand is our case study. We document the cultural and economic importance of sex work. In doing so, we also remain sensitive to the context of racism, stigma, trafficking, and HIV/AIDS issues that intersect sex work.
ORGANIC ACIDS PROFILE IN TOMATO JUICE BY HPLC WITH UV DETECTION
Authors: MARCONI OMBRETTA , FLORIDI SIMONA , MONTANARI LUIGI
Published: March 2007

A simple method was developed to determine 10 organic acids simultaneously in tomato products using reverse‐phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column with the diode array detector set at 210 nm. After centrifugation and filtration, the samples were passed through to an anion exchange resin and the organic acids were released using 0.1 N HCl. The chromatographic separation was achieved with isocratic analysis in a 20‐min run. The method was reliable and sensitive. The coefficient of determination of the standard calibration curve is 0.9925 ≤ r2 ≤ 0.9999 and the limit of detection ranged from 0.08 to 6.00 mg/kg for trans‐aconitic acid and acetic acid, respectively. The limit of quantification ranged from 0.19 to 15.18 mg/kg for trans‐aconitic and acetic acid, respectively. To establish the efficiency of the anion resin the procedure was applied to a standard solution of a mixture of organic acids. The organic acids recovery ranged from 87.0% ± 1.9 for citramalic acid to 109.9% ± 5.2 for fumaric acid.
EFFECT OF DRUG RESIDUES ON RENNET COAGULATION OF MILK
Authors: DREASSI E. , ZANFINI A. , LA ROSA C. , CORTI P.
Published: March 2007

The aim of this study was to consider the problem of residual drugs in cow's milk and to define the influence of such residues in the milk coagulation process, including the case in which the concentration is below the lowest limits permitted by law. Compounds that have EU maximum residue levels (MRLs) were selected. Through milk dynamographic analysis, the chemical and rheological parameters (r, k20 and a30) were determined in relation to the different quantities of drug additions. Effects on coagulation were demonstrated for high concentration. The only residue that demonstrated significant effects at MRL value was trimethoprim. These results were confirmed using electron microscopy, rheological studies and near‐infrared spectral analysis.
QUALITY CURVES FOR MANGO FRUIT (CV. TOMMY ATKINS AND PALMER) STORED AT CHILLING AND NONCHILLING TEMPERATURES
Authors: NUNES M. CECILIA N. , EMOND J.P. , BRECHT JEFFREY K. , DEA SHARON , PROULX EMILIE
Published: March 2007

“Tommy Atkins” and “Palmer” mangoes were harvested medium‐ripe held for 7–20 days at five different temperatures and evaluated for quality attributes. The objective of this work was to obtain quality curves at chilling and nonchilling temperatures and to identify, for each temperature, which quality factors limit mango marketability. Chilling injury and increased fruit softness were the limiting quality factors for mango stored at 2 and 5C. Softening of the fruit, changes in color and development of decay were the limiting quality factors for mango stored at 12, 15 and 20C. Prediction of mango shelf life calculated from the data reported in the literature is not precise unless the characteristics of the fruit and environmental factors involved are well known. The curves obtained from quality evaluations for each temperature showed that a single quality attribute cannot be used to express loss of quality of mango over the normal physiological range of temperatures.
COLD‐CONDITIONING TREATMENT REDUCES CHILLING INJURY IN MEXICAN LIMES (CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA S.) STORED AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
Authors: RIVERA FERNANDO , PELAYO‐ZALDIVAR CLARA , DE LEÓN FERNANDO DÍAZ , BUENTELLO BEATRIZ , CASTILLO‐RIVERA MANUEL , PÉREZ‐FLORES LAURA J.
Published: March 2007

Induction of different antioxidant enzymes by high and low temperatures prior to storage has been reported to produce tolerance to chilling injury (CI). Thus, different prestorage temperatures have been suggested to decrease CI in citrus fruits. In this work, the effectiveness of a cold‐conditioning treatment (13C for 48 h) to prevent CI was evaluated in Mexican limes (Citrus aurantifolia S.) stored at 4, 10 and 25C, and 90% relative humidity. Cold conditioning reduced 1.6‐fold CI symptoms, induced a significant increase of 2.2‐fold peroxidase activity and maintained the activity of superoxide dismutase in limes kept at 4C. Our results suggest that the effectiveness of the cold‐conditioning treatment in increasing chilling tolerance in Mexican limes depends on the induction or maintenance of antioxidant enzymatic systems during the entire storage period.
An Inverse Procedure to Estimate Transmissivity from Heads and SP Signals
Authors: Straface Salvatore , Fallico Carmine , Troisi Salvatore , Rizzo Enzo , Revil André
Published: March 2007

Experimental hydraulic heads and electrical (self‐potential) signals associated with a pumping test were used in an inverse model to estimate the transmissivity distribution of a real aquifer. Several works reported in the literature show that there is a relatively good linear relationship between the hydraulic heads in the aquifer and electrical signals measured at the ground surface. In this experimental test field, first, the current coupling coefficient was determined by the best fit between experimental and modeled self‐potential signals at the end of the pumping phase. Soon afterward, with the hydraulic heads obtained from the self‐potential signals, the transmissivity distribution of the aquifer was conditioned by means an inverse model based on the successive linear estimator (SLE). To further substantiate the estimated T field from the SLE analysis, we analyzed the drawdown rate, the derivative of the drawdown with respect to the ln(t), because the drawdown rate is highly sensitive to the variability in the transmissivity field. In our opinion, these results show that self‐potential signals allow the monitoring of subsurface flow in the course of pumping experiments, and that electrical potentials serve as a good complement to piezometric observations to condition and characterize the transmissivity distribution of an aquifer.
Porosity and Permeability in Sediment Mixtures
Authors: Kamann Patrick J. , Ritzi Robert W. , Dominic David F. , Conrad Caleb M.
Published: March 2007

Porosity in sediments that contain a mix of coarser‐ and finer‐grained components varies as a function of the porosity and volume fraction of each component. We considered sediment mixtures representing poorly sorted sands and gravely sands. We expanded an existing fractional‐packing model for porosity to represent mixtures in which finer grains approach the size of the pores that would exist among the coarser grains alone. The model well represents the porosity measured in laboratory experiments in which grain sizes and volume fractions were systematically changed within sediment mixtures. Permeability values were determined for these sediment mixtures using a model based on grain‐size statistics and the expanded fractional‐packing porosity model. The permeability model well represents permeability measured in laboratory experiments using air‐ and water‐based permeametry on the model sediment mixtures.
Palliative care in nursing homes: exploring care assistants’ knowledge
Authors: Whittaker Evelyn , George Kernohan W. , Hasson Felicity , Howard Valerie , McLaughlin Dorry
Published: March 2007

Aim.  To explore the level of palliative care knowledge and to identify educational needs of care assistants (CAs) working within a nursing home context.

Background.  In the United Kingdom (UK) many patients at the end‐of‐life are admitted to (or reside in) nursing homes, where they receive care from unqualified CAs who have little formal training. Mandatory training in specific skills to meet palliative care needs are absent.

Method.  Questionnaire to CAs in 48 of 91 private nursing homes in one UK region.

Findings.  A population of 1135 CAs were targeted with a response rate of 45% (n = 508). A high proportion of CAs in this sample required information about the philosophy and principles of palliative care. Results support the need for an educational initiative to improve palliative care in nursing homes.

Conclusion.  Although recognized as a common place of death for older people, CAs are often unprepared to provide end‐of‐life care to nursing home residents. It is recommended that attention be given towards developing the skills and knowledge of this staff group.
Evaluating the context within which continence care is provided in rehabilitation units for older people
Authors: Wright Jayne , McCormack Brendan , Coffey Alice , McCarthy Geraldine
Published: March 2007

Aim.  This paper presents the first phase of an all Ireland 2‐year study between the University of Ulster and University College Cork, to determine the contextual indicators that enable or hinder person centred continence care and management in rehabilitation settings for older people. The primary outcome of the study was the development of a tool to enable practitioners to assess the practice context within which continence care is provided. The main focus of this paper is the value of understanding practice ‘context’ (culture, leadership and evaluation) and its impact to the provision of person centred continence care.

Background.  The literature highlights the effect of continence problems on the quality of life of older people. Incontinence is often seen by health care professionals and older people as an inevitable consequence of ageing and difficult to treat. Furthermore, health care professionals do not always have the necessary skills and knowledge of best practice in continence care and treatments. The Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) framework utilized in the study proposes that successful implementation of evidence in practice is dependent on the inter‐relationship of three key elements; the nature of the evidence, the quality of the context and expert facilitation. Kitson et al. propose that for successful implementation, evidence needs to be robust, the context receptive to change and appropriate facilitation is needed. Consequently understanding practice ‘context’ and its impact on the provision of person centred continence care is of value.

Methods.  Case study methodology with several data collection methods was utilized to measure all aspects of ‘context’ as identified by the PARIHS framework. Methods include: Royal College of Physicians Audit Scheme, Staff Knowledge questionnaire, semi‐structured observation of practice and multidisciplinary focus groups.

Findings.  The data were analysed in two stages. Stage 1 using both qualitative and quantitative (SPSS 12) methods. Stage 2 analysed all the data utilizing the characteristics of context from the PARIHS framework in order to identify the strong and weak characteristics of the context within which continence care was provided. Continence care and management in this study was found to be focused on continence containment rather than proactive management. The evidence suggests that the context (leadership, culture and evaluation) was weak and not conducive to person centred continence care and management.

Conclusion.  An analysis of the data using the context framework provided a picture of the context within the units and the identification of the specific contextual issues hindering and enabling the delivery of person centred continence care. This process has thus, added to our understanding of the importance of context to the provision of person‐centred care.
Sexuality: from stigma, stereotypes and secrecy to coming out, communication and choice
Authors: Nay Rhonda , McAuliffe Linda , Bauer Michael
Published: March 2007

Ageism and sexism have been remarkably successful in portraying sexuality as the preserve of young people and stereotyping older people as asexual. Older people have colluded in the stereotype by passing as asexual and generally keeping secret their ongoing interest in, or expression of, sexuality. The labelling as ‘deviant’ and associated stigma experienced by people who dare to breach societal stereotypes are recognized as tools used by powerful vested interests to maintain and manage the norms and values of society. Despite the sanctions, people do find ways of resisting, and over time norms and values change. This paper notes the centrality of sexuality to identity and argues that nursing is pivotally placed to recognize and value the older person's sexuality and support older people to ‘come out’ and re‐claim the sexuality of their choice. It provides a provocative vision of how care and attitudes might look in 2025.
Mosquito Control Evaluations of an Insect Growth Regulator, Pyriproxyfen against Culex pipiens pattens (Diptera, Culicidae) Larvae in Marsh Area, Korea
Authors: LEE Dong‐Kyu
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Mosquito control evaluations of the granular formulation of 0.5% pyriproxyfen were undertaken in marshes and a pond in Busan during the period of July through September, 2001. In marsh condition where Culex pipiens pattens were predominantly breeding, the treatment of pyriproxyfen produced over an average of 95% mosquito larval reduction at a concentration of 0.05 mg/1 for the first 4 weeks in spite of heavy precipitation (total 274.4 mm) during the period. Reduction rates of 72.6% and 32.3% appeared in the 5th and 7th weeks probably due to heavy input of sewage and flood. However, the reduction rate increased again at the 8th week, showing a 94.5% reduction, probably because of the slow releasing of pyriproxyfen granular formulation. In the second treatment of pyriproxyfen, complete mortality was obtained at the 1st and 3rd weeks. Also, a satisfactory level of Cx. pipiens larval reduction of 96.6% was observed at the 4th week. In a pond assessment, the treatment of pyriproxyfen at a concentration of 0.05 mg/1 produced a complete reduction of Cx. pipiens pattens from the 1st week through the 4th week after treatment. In the second treatment, 100.0% reduction was obtained at the 1st and 2nd weeks in the same sites. The treatment resulted in 84.4% and 97.9% reduction of mosquitoes at the 3rd and 4th weeks, respectively.
External Features of the First Instar Larva of Damaster (Coptolabrus) jankowskii jankowskii (Coleoptera; Carabidae)
Authors: KIM Jung Lark , PARK Sang Ock
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Larval features of the carabid beetle, Damaster (Coptolabrus) jankowskii jankowskii (Oberthür) were investigated for the first time. For accomplishing the purpose, the adult beetles were collected by pitfall traps in the deciduous forest of Mt. Palgongsan, southern Korea. They have been reared under the laboratory condition of 16L: 8D at 20°C. The first instar larvae were obtained by isolating eggs after oviposition and were kept at the same condition. In the present study, external morphology of the first instar larva of this subspecies are described and its important character states and comparisons with the kin species are also discussed.