bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Counseling About and Use of Emergency Contraception in the United States
Authors: Kavanaugh Megan L. , Schwarz Eleanor Bimla
Published: June 2008

CONTEXT:  Few nationally representative studies have examined the prevalence and predictors of emergency contraception use or of receipt of counseling about the method. The impact of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s 2006 approval of behind‐the‐counter sales of the method to women aged 18 and older remains to be seen; therefore, understanding patterns of use and counseling before the 2006 policy change is necessary to assess its impact.

METHODS:  Data collected from 7,643 women aged 15–44 participating in the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression to assess predictors of receipt of counseling and use of emergency contraception.

RESULTS:  Overall, 3% of women reported that a clinician had discussed emergency contraception with them in the past year, and 4% of those who had ever had sex with a man reported having used the method. Only 4% of those who had seen a gynecologist in the past year reported having received counseling. Women’s likelihood of having received counseling was reduced if they were 30 or older (odds ratio, 0.2), and was elevated if they were Hispanic (4.1), black (2.6) or ever‐married (2.4). Receipt of counseling in the last 12 months was the strongest predictor of ever‐use (11.7).

CONCLUSIONS:  Clinicians can play a pivotal role in ensuring that women have accurate information about how to access and use emergency contraception. However, efforts are needed to explore other ways to deliver this counseling.
The Opposite of Sex? Adolescents’ Thoughts About Abstinence and Sex, and Their Sexual Behavior
Authors: Masters N. Tatiana , Beadnell Blair A. , Morrison Diane M. , Hoppe Marilyn J. , Gillmore Mary Rogers
Published: June 2008

CONTEXT:  Little research has explored how teenagers think about abstinence and how it functions in their lives. These questions are particularly salient in light of widespread funding of abstinence‐only programs in the United States.

METHODS:  Data on attitudes and intentions related to abstinence and sex were collected from 365 adolescents aged 12–15 who participated in an HIV risk reduction program in Seattle in 2001–2003. Logistic regression analyses assessed associations between these cognitions, as measured six months after the program, and teenagers’ likelihood of having vaginal or anal sex in the subsequent six months.

RESULTS:  Adolescents who had positive attitudes and intentions about abstinence had a reduced likelihood of subsequently engaging in sex (odds ratio, 0.6 for each), whereas those with positive attitudes and intentions about having sex had an elevated likelihood of engaging in sex (2.2 and 3.5, respectively). A regression model including only sex cognitions accounted for substantially more variation in sexual activity than did one including only abstinence cognitions (15–26% vs. 6–8%). Significant interaction effects were also seen: Among teenagers with low levels of sex intention, greater abstinence intention had little relationship to the predicted probability of having sex, but among teenagers with high levels of sex intention, greater abstinence intention was associated with increases in the predicted probability of having sex.

CONCLUSIONS:  Youth do not consider abstinence and sexual activity opposing constructs, and solely instilling positive abstinence attitudes and intentions in youth may not have robust effects in preventing sexual activity.
Practice, ritual and community music: doing as identity
Authors: Phelan Helen
Published: June 2008

As a specialist in ritual theory and performance, with some professional experience of communtiy music, I have always been struck by the robust resistance to clear-cut definitions or identities, by both ritual and community music. This article takes as its point of departure the proposal
of ritual scholar Catherine Bell, that we abandon the quest for conceptual identity and more fruitfully turn our attention to the potential of practice to generate its own identity. Drawing on a post-modern interpretation of practice theory, she explores four ways in which practices generate
meaning: through strategic behaviour, situationality, the necessary misrecognition of its own enterprise, and its potential for redemptive hegemony in its discourse with power. The paper concludes with an example from my own work with the refugee and asylum seeking community in Limerick, and
an interrogation of Bell's proposal, with reference to this experience of music-making.
PickleHerring and Marlsite projects: an interdisciplinary approach to junk music-making
Authors: Smith Matt
Published: June 2008

This project report describes the way PickleHerring Theatre approaches community music-making with junk materials. The report has an emphasis on the group experience, the participants' creativity, and their play. In conclusion a case is presented for the efficacy of junk music-making
as a dynamic form of community music.
Critical Incidents and the Impact of Satisfaction on Customer Share
Authors: van Doorn Jenny , Verhoef Peter C.
Published: June 2008

In business markets, the long-term nature of relationships may prompt parties to conduct “business as usual,” but negative critical incidents (CIs) can cause a destabilization of these long-term relationships. The authors develop a comprehensive dynamic model of customer loyalty to account for the impact of negative CIs on both the nature and the magnitude of the relationships between satisfaction and customer share. The results indicate that CIs trigger a stronger updating of the customer relationship, which moves customers from a business-as-usual mind-set to a reconsideration of the relationship. Furthermore, nonlinearities in the relationships are much more pronounced in the presence of CIs. Depending on the relationship quality, CIs have different consequences for customer relationships, and if relationship quality is high, a negative CI can even have a positive impact on customer share.
Simple inductive limit C*-algebras: Spectra and approximations by interval algebras
Authors: Li Liangqing
Published: June 2008

Suppose that a simple C*-algebra A can be written as an inductive limit of , where Xn,i are finite CW complexes with uniformly bounded dimensions. Such inductive limit C*-algebras are called AH algebras.

In this paper, we will prove that for any n and ε > 0, there exists a homomorphism ψn,m: An → Am, which factors through an interval algebra , such that the spectra of ψn,m and the spectra of φn,m can be paired within ε provided that m is large enough. This result is essential for the classification of such simple C*-algebras.
Graduate Training in Sociological Theory and Theory Construction
Authors: Markovsky Barry
Published: June 2008

Nearly all of sociology's top graduate training programs require their students to complete one or two courses on sociological theory. The instructors for these courses have an extraordinary opportunity to affect the perspectives and practices of future generations of scholars. This study assesses the backgrounds, attitudes, beliefs, and practices of those instructors regarding different approaches to theorizing, with particular attention paid to topics related to science and to theory construction. Sociologists who teach required theory courses in the discipline's top fifty graduate training programs were asked a series of questions pertaining to their own training and to the courses they were teaching: Attitudes toward different kinds of theorizing, perceptions of the role that theory plays in sociology and in science, and views on the nature of science. Results indicate a strong consensus on the most important classical theorists (Marx, Weber, and Durkheim). However, attitudes and practices varied widely in regard to other classical theorists, contemporary sociological theory, and the role of scientific standards in the development of sociological knowledge. The author explores some of the implications of these attitudes and practices.
Cerebral Malaria in Children Is Associated With Long-term Cognitive Impairment
Authors: John Chandy C. , Bangirana Paul , Byarugaba Justus , Opoka Robert O. , Idro Richard , Jurek Anne M. , Wu Baolin , Boivin Michael J.
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE. Cerebral malaria affects >785000 African children every year. We previously documented an increased frequency of cognitive impairment in children with cerebral malaria 6 months after their initial malaria episode. This study was conducted to determine the long-term effects of cerebral malaria on the cognitive function of these children.

METHODS. Children who were 5 to 12 years of age and presented to Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda, with cerebral malaria (n = 44) or uncomplicated malaria (n = 54), along with healthy, asymptomatic community children (n = 89), were enrolled in a prospective cohort study of cognition. Cognitive testing was performed at enrollment and 2 years later. The primary outcome was presence of a deficit in ≥1 of 3 cognitive areas tested.

RESULTS. At 2-year follow-up testing, 26.3% of children with cerebral malaria and 12.5% with uncomplicated malaria had cognitive deficits in ≥1 area, as compared with 7.6% of community children. Deficits in children with cerebral malaria were primarily in the area of attention (cerebral malaria, 18.4%, vs community children, 2.5%). After adjustment for age, gender, nutrition, home environment, and school level, children with cerebral malaria had a 3.67-fold increased risk for a cognitive deficit compared with community children. Cognitive impairment at 2-year follow-up was associated with hyporeflexia on admission and neurologic deficits 3 months after discharge.

CONCLUSIONS. Cerebral malaria is associated with long-term cognitive impairments in 1 of 4 child survivors. Future studies should investigate the mechanisms involved so as to develop interventions aimed at prevention and rehabilitation.
Peptides Adsorbed on Hydrophobic Surfaces—A Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy and Modeling Study
Authors: York Roger L. , Browne William K. , Geissler Phillip L. , Somorjai Gabor A.
Published: June 2008

Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy has been used to characterize the interfacial structure of a series of model peptides at the hydrophobic polystyrene‐buffer interface. The peptides contain two types of amino acids, one hydrophobic (X) and one hydrophilic (Y). Their sequences are Ac‐XYYXXYXXYYXXYX‐NH2 (XY14) and Ac‐XYXYXYX‐NH2 (XY7), respectively, where the X and Y combinations are: leucine (L) and lysine (K); alanine (A) and lysine (K); alanine (A) and arginine (R); and phenylalanine (F) and arginine (R), respectively. One additional peptide was synthesized and characterized, Ac‐LKKLLKL‐NH2, referred to as LK7 α. The XY14 peptides showed SFG spectra that were characteristic of the hydrophobic (X) amino acid of the peptide. Comparison with the 7‐amino acid peptides shows that the molecular orientation of alanine is more sensitive to changes in sequence and chain length than leucine or phenylalanine. The hydrophilic amino acids are not observed in the SFG spectra of these peptides at the hydrophobic polystyrene interface (with the possible exception of the AR7 peptide), suggesting the hydrophilic amino acids studied here have a random orientation at this interface. The results of these studies are put into the context of recent SFG studies of proteins adsorbed onto hydrophobic surfaces. Furthermore, our approach to theoretical understanding of interfacial peptide structure is outlined. The results of a molecular dynamics simulation of the LK14 peptide on a hydrophobic interface are presented and discussed.
A Continuous Spawning Method for Nonadiabatic Dynamics and Validation for the Zero‐Temperature Spin‐Boson Problem
Authors: Ben‐Nun Michal , Martínez Todd J.
Published: June 2008

A four‐dimensional spin‐boson model is used to study the convergence and accuracy of the full multiple spawning (FMS) method using two spawning algorithms. The original spawning algorithm, based on the idea of effective non‐adiabatic coupling, is expected to be optimal when the coupling between electronic states is either spatially or temporally localized. The new “continuous spawning” algorithm ensures that at all times there is a (user defined) minimal overlap between a basis function traveling on one electronic state and one (or more) basis functions traveling on the other electronic state. The algorithm is expected to be numerically efficient when the electronic states are coupled by a constant, position‐independent term, as is the case in spin‐boson models. The fast convergence of the algorithm is demonstrated by direct comparison to numerically converged results obtained using the multi‐configuration time‐dependent Hartree method. The results of the FMS dynamics are also compared to the more classical surface‐hopping and Ehrenfest methods. The surface‐hopping and Ehrenfest methods are shown to be sensitive to the particular method used to choose the trajectory initial conditions (quasi‐classical vs. Wigner), while the FMS method is not very sensitive to this choice.
Electron capturing by DNA
Authors: Ray Supratim G. , Daube Shirley S. , Cohen Hagai , Naaman Ron
Published: June 2008

Many of the mutagenic or lethal effects of ionization radiation can be attributed to damage caused to the DNA by low‐energy electrons. In order to gain insight on the parameters affecting this process, we measured the low‐energy electron (<2 eV) transmission yield through self‐assembled monolayers of short DNA‐oligomers. The electrons that are not transmitted are captured by the layer. Hence, the transmission reflects the capturing efficiency of the electrons by the layer. The dependence of the capturing probability on the base sequence was studied as well as the state of the captured electrons. In addition, two‐photon photoelectron (TPPE) spectroscopy studies were performed that established the binding energy of electrons on the DNA.

We found that the capturing probability scales with the number of G bases in the single‐stranded oligomers and depends on their clustering level. Using TPPE spectroscopy, we found that once captured, the electrons do not reside on the bases. Rather, the state of the captured electrons is insensitive to the oligomer's sequence. A model is proposed for the special role of guanine, based on its low oxidation potential.

Double‐stranded DNA does not capture electrons as efficiently as single‐stranded oligomers; however, once captured, the electrons are more strongly bound than to the single strands.
Influences of electroosmotic flows in nanopillar chips on DNA separation: Experimental results and numerical simulations
Authors: Kaji Noritada , Oki Akio , Ogawa Ryo , Takamura Yuzuru , Nishimoto Takahiro , Nakanishi Hiroaki , Horiike Yasuhiro , Tokeshi Manabu , Baba Yoshinobu
Published: June 2008

The various potential factors affecting the performance of nanopillar chips on DNA separation were investigated from the viewpoints of both numerical calculations and actual experiments. To yield higher performance and replace the conventional DNA separation techniques such as microchip electrophoresis, the phenomenon specific to the nanopillar chips should be deeply understood. In this paper, although various factors affecting the performance of the nanopillar chips are considered, we focused on the effect of electroosmotic flow, which is particularly noticeable in quartz‐made nanopillar chips. High‐resolution separation of DNA was realized when an electroosmotic flow was suppressed by simply using a higher concentration of buffer, but DNA separation failed in the presence of an electroosmotic flow. It was confirmed from the numerical simulations and the direct observations that the deformation of DNA band during the injection process was induced by electroosmotic flow and consequently led to a poor resolution.
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy at 100 nM concentrations using near‐field scanning optical microscopic (NSOM) geometries and highly diffracting force sensing fiber probes
Authors: Lewis Aaron , Kuttner Yosef Yehuda , Dekhter Rimma , Polhan Mila
Published: June 2008

A tapered cantilevered optical fiber probe is introduced for fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). The probe has an aperture that is coated with metal and its dimension can be very well defined. Its design is based on cantilevered near‐field optical fiber probes that allow for on‐line atomic force feedback. This permits unprecedented stability in FCS measurements. Even such probes that have large diameters are below the cutoff wavelength of light propagation in optical fibers. Such large diameter probes produce bright spots of light that are highly diffracting. Therefore, only the fluence of light very close to the surface of the glass probe aperture is sufficient to exhibit a high probability of fluorescence excitation. From the results presented in this paper the z extent of such probes seems comparable to what can be obtained from prism‐based evanescent wave methods, but with much more flexibility and including force sensing capability. In agreement with theoretical results on prism evanescent field‐based excitation, it is shown that even with large xy dimensions for the fiber probes in this paper, fluorescence correlation spectra from 100 nM fluorophore concentrations can be recorded. This is 10 times larger than the concentrations generally required for conventional confocal FCS. The results suggest that such an approach has considerable potential for applications of FCS in membrane, near‐membrane, solution, and even within‐cell environments. The latter is achieved through atomic force feedback controlled penetration of tapered cantilevered metal‐coated glass fibers into cells, and this is also reported in this paper.
Comprometimento de servidores públicos e alcance de missões organizacionais
Authors: Flauzino Dulce Pires , Borges-Andrade Jairo Eduardo
Published: June 2008

O comprometer-se com a organização envolve alguma atividade do indivíduo no sentido de identificar-se com ela e desejar manter-se como seu membro, a fim de satisfazer seus interesses e facilitar o alcance das missões organizacionais. Adotando a concepção de comprometimento afetivo de Mowday, Porter e Steers (1979), que enfatiza a natureza do processo de identificação do indivíduo com os objetivos e valores da organização, e a escala reduzida proposta por Bastos (1994), este artigo analisa o comprometimento organizacional de servidores públicos ligados à atividade-fim em saúde, educação e segurança. Os resultados apontam que o instrumento modificado permite identificar o comprometimento dos servidores e que este está vinculado à missão organizacional percebida e não à missão real. Na amostra estudada, altos níveis de comprometimento foram encontrados entre servidores da área de segurança, quando comparada às áreas de saúde e educação.
Políticas públicas para as comunicações no Brasil: adequação tecnológica e liberdade de expressão
Authors: Pieranti Octavio Penna , Martins Paulo Emílio Matos
Published: June 2008

Pouco se tem debatido, no campo da pesquisa acadêmica em administração, as políticas públicas para as comunicações no Brasil. Este artigo analisa essas políticas de acordo com uma perspectiva histórica a partir de 1964 até o presente, utilizando como fonte trabalhos acadêmicos, não-acadêmicos e o manancial legal existente. Tem como focos, dentro do âmbito das comunicações, a radiodifusão e a mídia impressa. A análise foi feita com base em princípios e postulados tidos como essenciais: ao funcionamento do setor, como a independência da imprensa em relação ao Estado; a interesses privados e a participação que esse ator tem na formação da infra-estrutura necessária às comunicações. Assim, o debate se divide em duas dimensões originais: a tecnológica, referente à montagem da infra-estrutura existente; e a informacional, dependente da regulação da liberdade de expressão pelo Estado. As considerações finais apontam para o caráter questionável da independência da mídia brasileira; a vinculação entre atores e interesses públicos e privados; e a confusão proposital entre liberdade de imprensa e de empresa.
Fatores de risco para mastite subclínica em vacas leiteiras
Authors: Coentrão C.M. , Souza G.N. , Brito J.R.F. , Paiva e Brito M.A.V. , Lilenbaum W.
Published: June 2008

Os fatores de risco para mastite subclínica (CCS > 200.000 células/ml) foram estudados em 2.657 vacas, de 24 rebanhos de Minas Gerais. Cada rebanho foi visitado três vezes entre novembro de 2005 e junho de 2006. Amostras de leite (n=3.987) de vacas em lactação foram examinadas para contagem de células somáticas (CCS), e um questionário foi aplicado para obtenção de dados dos animais e do manejo do rebanho. Os valores para a média, mediana e desvio-padrão da CCS foram 608.000, 219.000 e 967.000 células/ml, respectivamente. Os fatores de risco para mastite subclínica foram: animais com a base do úbere junto ou abaixo do jarrete, rachaduras ou fissuras nas partes de borracha do equipamento de ordenha, inadequação das teteiras, deficiência de limpeza dos pulsadores, falta de treinamento dos ordenhadores, não-utilização de diagnóstico microbiológico para mastite, imersão do conjunto de teteiras em solução desinfetante entre a ordenha de animais distintos, e inserção total da cânula de antibiótico nos tetos na secagem da vaca. A alta variação da CCS (608.000± 967.000 células/ml) sugere que outros fatores, como o número de quartos mamários infectados e os patógenos envolvidos, podem ter influenciado os resultados. A metodologia utilizada não permitiu identificar todos os fatores que poderiam aumentar a CCS. Contudo, os resultados são úteis para aprimorar os programas de controle da mastite.
Rinoplastia experimental com enxerto autógeno de costela em cães
Authors: Santos Junior E.B. , Contesini E.A. , Beheregaray W. K. , Schiochet F. , Pöppl A. , Moura L. , Pelizari M. , Kroth E.
Published: June 2008

O uso de costela autógena para correção de defeito criado no osso nasal em cães foi utilizado em 15 animais, separados em três grupos de pós-operatório, em que, após 30, 60 e 90 dias, finalizavam-se seus acompanhamentos. Cada grupo era composto de quatro animais enxertados e um animal-controle, no qual se utilizava o material do próprio defeito criado para coaptação. Os animais receberam monitoração clínica diária, e a integração do enxerto foi avaliada com exames radiográficos obtidos a cada 15 dias, quando se realizou o exame histológico. A técnica cirúrgica foi de fácil execução e possui praticidade em seu uso e foi suficiente para a correção de todos os defeitos criados. O efeito estético foi satisfatório, os exames radiográficos comprovaram a integração do enxerto, e a avaliação histológica evidenciou a presença de células compatíveis com a viabilização da técnica proposta.
Composição tecidual e qualidade da gordura na carne de cordeiros castrados e não castrados confinados sob dois fotoperíodos
Authors: Klein Júnior M.H. , Siqueira E.R. , Roça R.O.
Published: June 2008

Avaliaram-se os efeitos do fotoperíodo e da castração sobre a composição dos tecidos da paleta e características de qualidade da gordura do lombo e da paleta, de 20 cordeiros mestiços Ideal, distribuídos em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (dois fotoperíodos - curto (FC), com 12 horas de luz, e longo (FL), com 18 horas de luz, e duas condições sexuais - não castrados (NC) e castrados (C)), com cinco repetições. Os animais foram abatidos aos 37kg de peso corporal. Maior quantidade de gordura total ocorreu nos cordeiros C e mais tecido conjuntivo nos animais NC. A castração influenciou o resíduo mineral fixo (RMF), o extrato etéreo (EE) e a proteína da gordura subcutânea. O efeito da interação entre fotoperíodo longo e castração resultou em aumento do teor de umidade na gordura intermuscular da paleta. A castração elevou o teor de EE e diminuiu o percentual de RMF. Não foi evidenciado efeito do fotoperíodo no EE dos músculos da paleta, e os animais castrados apresentaram gordura intramuscular mais elevada. Os níveis de colesterol da paleta foram mais elevados que os do lombo. Na carne de animais C, verificou-se maior quantidade de ácidos graxos saturados.
Desempenho e composição dos filés de jundiás (Rhamdia quelen) submetidos a diferentes dietas na fase de recria
Authors: Lazzari R. , Radünz Neto J. , Pedron F.A. , Veiverberg C.A. , Bergamin G.T. , Lima R.L. , Emanuelli T. , Steffens C.
Published: June 2008

Avaliaram-se o crescimento e a composição dos filés de juvenis de jundiá após 90 dias de alimentação com dietas contendo diferentes fontes protéicas. Foram utilizados 540 peixes, peso inicial=15,0±0,62g; comprimento inicial=11,98±0,35cm, distribuídos ao acaso em 18 tanques (30 peixes/tanque) com sistema de recirculação de água. Foram testadas seis dietas: 1 - farinha de carne e ossos + levedura (CL), 2 - farelo de soja + levedura (SL), 3 - farelo de soja (S), 4 - farinha de carne e ossos + farelo de soja (CS), 5 - farinha de peixe + levedura (PL) e 6 - farinha de peixe + farelo de soja (PS). Avaliaram-se: peso, comprimento total, taxa de crescimento específico, fator de condição, sobrevivência, conversão alimentar aparente, taxa de eficiência protéica e consumo diário. Também foram analisadas as composições do filé - umidade, proteína, lipídios, cinzas -, as taxas de deposição de proteína e gordura, além dos rendimentos de filé e carcaça. Maiores pesos, 111,5 e 108,6g, comprimento total, 22,6 e 21,6cm, e taxa de crescimento específico, 2,1 e 2,2%/dia, foram observados nos peixes alimentados com as dietas CS e PS. Os peixes alimentados com CS e PS também apresentaram maior deposição de proteína, 69,8 e 71,5mg/dia, e lipídios, 77,2 e 78,3mg/dia. A sobrevivência foi menor na dieta PS, 92,9%. Os maiores rendimentos de carcaça foram observados nos peixes alimentados com PS e PL, 82,9 e 82,7%, e o menor rendimento de filé ocorreu na dieta CL, 34,1%.
A concepção das mães sobre o desenvolvimento da comunicação mãe-bebê
Authors: Lyra Maria C. D. P. , Roazzi Antonio
Published: June 2008

Comparamos duas abordagens teórico-metodológicas distintas e investigamos a concepção que mães apresentam acerca do processo de desenvolvimento da comunicação mãe-bebê. Lyra e colaboradores propõem o modelo EEA, que integra uma seqüência de três padrões de organização do desenvolvimento da comunicação, denominados estabelecimento, extensão e abreviação (EEA). Esse modelo está baseado na observação longitudinal e na análise microgenética de estudos de caso a partir da perspectiva dos sistemas dinâmicos. Utilizando o procedimento de classificação múltipla, investigamos como esses três períodos do desenvolvimento da comunicação (EEA) são conceituados pelas mães. Foram pesquisadas 48 mães pertencentes a dois níveis sócio-econômicos. Os resultados encontrados fortalecem o modelo EEA, confirmando: a distinção entre as trocas face-a-face e aquelas mediadas pelo objeto (MOB); a diferenciação dos três períodos do desenvolvimento da comunicação (EEA) em ambas as trocas; e a distribuição ordenada (axial) desses três períodos, exceto, nesse último caso, para as trocas MOB, quando analisadas separadamente.
Hemorrhagic shock influence on colonic anastomoses in rats: evaluation of rupture by liquid distension resistance test
Authors: Pereira Yara Ematne Amaral , Fagundes João José , Morandini Rosana Celestina , Ayrizono Maria de Lourdes Setsuko , Nascimento Ricardo Bolzam do , Leal Raquel Franco , Góes Juvenal Ricardo Navarro , Mantovani Mario , Coy Claudio Saddy Rodrigues
Published: June 2008

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of hemorrhagic shock in colonic anastomoses in rats, with a rupture by liquid distension resistance test. METHODS: Wistar lineage rats, averaging 90 days old and weighing from 310 to 380 grams were divided into two groups. In the first group (G1), 10 animals were submitted to colonic anastomoses in normovolemic terms and the second group (G2), of 10 animals, was submitted to colonic anastomoses in hypovolemic conditions. The shock was caused by half milliliter of blood withdrawn, every two minutes, until the value of average 50mmHg arterial pressure or a total volume corresponding 30% withdrawal of volemia was reached. Serum lactate dosages were carried out at the beginning and end of the procedure. The average serum lactate values at the end of the surgery were 1.91 mmol/l in G1 group and 3.69 mmol/l in G2 group (p<0.05). On the fifth postoperative day, the animals were euthanized. The anastomoses were evaluated with a rupture by liquid distension resistance test. RESULTS: In G1, the average value of colonic rupture was 160.7 mmHg whereas in G2 it was 152.1mmHg (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Hemorrhagic shock, under the established conditions of this study, had no influence on colonic anastomoses in rats evaluated with the rupture by liquid distention resistance test.
Chicken embryo as an experimental model for the study of gastroschisis
Authors: Gandara Carlos André Tarrio , Araújo Eduardo Spadari , Motta Ubirajara Índio Carvalho da
Published: June 2008

PURPOSE: To reproduce the experimental model of gastroschisis in chicken embryos and to prove that the histopathological changes that occur in this model can be compared to those in human gastroschisis. METHODS: A total of 278 Leghorn hen (Gallus domesticus) eggs were used. The embryos were divided into three groups: the gastroschisis group, in which the umbilical cord was opened through an orifice made in the eggshell, and the intestinal loops were exposed to a mixture of amniotic liquid and allantoid; the mixture group, in which the amniotic fluid and allantoid were simply mixed without manipulating the umbilical stump and without exposing intestinal loops; and the control group which consisted of normal embryos in which no procedure was performed. The procedures were performed on the 13th day of embryo development and the study ended on the 19th day, when the intestinal loops of the embryos were removed and sent for conventional histological study and digital morphometric analysis. RESULTS: At the end of the experiment, 23 live embryos were obtained in the gastroschisis group (11.1% survival), and 18 of these presented exposed intestinal loops (8.7% success). The embryos of the gastroschisis group weighed less than those of the other two groups. The gastroschisis group also developed intestinal changes consisting of the thickening of the intestinal wall, inflammatory infiltration of the serosa and mucosa, ischemic changes in the intestinal wall and formation of a fibrin layer over the loops. These findings are characteristic of human gastroschisis and were not observed in the two other groups studied. CONCLUSION: The experimental model in chicken embryos proved able to reproduce the intestinal changes of human gastroschisis.
O discurso de parto de mulheres vivenciando a experiência da primeira gestação
Authors: Nozawa Marcia R. , Schor Néia
Published: June 2008

Este trabalho é parte integrante de um estudo realizado junto a um grupo de mulheres, clientes de um centro de saúde escola, que vivenciavam a experiência da primeira gravidez, com o objetivo de desenvolver e avaliar uma ação educativa participante. A ação educativa foi desenvolvida sob a perspectiva de uma relação pedagógica calcada no diálogo e na participação ativa das educandas no processo, assim, o referencial metodológico do estudo inspirou-se na concepção de educação libertadora e na metodologia participativa em pesquisa. Os dados apresentados e a análise realizada referem-se à discussão sobre o parto que apresentou-se como tema central durante todo o processo educativo. Pelo emprego da Análise de Discurso como instrumento de avaliação da ação realizada foi possível identificar o sentido predominantemente negativo de parto no discurso das gestantes, bem como discutir o processo de constituição desse discurso apontando estratégias que promovam a superação de tal significado visando subsidiar a prática educativa realizada por profissionais de saúde junto a esse grupo específico da clientela.
Deficiência e trabalho no setor informal: considerações sobre processos de inclusão e exclusão social
Authors: Tissi Maria Cristina
Published: June 2008

Este estudo abordou a condição de trabalho com deficiência no comércio ambulante de São Paulo, enquanto vivência de processos de exclusão e, paradoxalmente, de inclusão social. O trabalho é concebido pelos ambulantes como elemento que proporciona relacionamentos sociais e confere dignidade e respeito na rede de relações das próprias vidas, mas o plano da sociabilidade, porém, mostra-se contraditório. No ponto de vista do processo de trabalho, a atuação no comércio ambulante revela traços de degradação moral e política; a permanência de um esquema de corrupção, a imposição da subordinação, etc., expressam uma exclusão social, mas os vendedores ambulantes com deficiência não podem ser considerados excluídos. É mais apropriado considerar que aproximam-se da zona de vulnerabilidade, caracterizada por Castel pela instabilidade ocupacional e relacionai.
Saúde e meio ambiente na periferia da metrópole
Authors: lanni Aurea María Zóllner
Published: June 2008

A dinâmica ambiental urbana é um processo que pode ser visto a um só tempo como estruturante, pois cria e constrói paisagens, e desestruturante, pois as desarranja e altera. Também se recolocam as questões de saúde e cidade, não apenas aquelas relativas aos serviços, mas, inclusive, suas interações com o ambiente protegido. A pesquisa objetivou captar as percepções que os setores populares da Capela do Socorro têm sobre saúde e meio ambiente, através de entrevistas abertas com roteiro semi-estruturado. Os moradores da periferia da cidade produzem e reproduzem conhecimentos e práticas sociais próprias como recurso de preservação da vida, resultando na produção social do ambiente e da saúde. A condição de escassez faz com que os moradores criem estratégias próprias de conservação e preservação da vida, e o trabalho emerge como a ferramenta dessa produção social; "é a categoria trabalho que une ambiente e saúde para os setores populares da periferia da metrópole.
O intérprete universitário da Língua Brasileira de Sinais na cidade de Curitiba
Authors: Guarinello Ana Cristina , Santana Ana Paula , Figueiro Luciana Cabral , Massi Giselle
Published: June 2008

No Brasil, o trabalho com intérpretes em Língua Brasileira de Sinais iniciou-se nos anos 80 e pode, dessa forma, ser considerado recente, assim como também é recente a legitimidade da sua importância que ainda está em processo de consolidação. A presente pesquisa tem como principal objetivo discutir e explicitar questões relativas ao trabalho de intérpretes de língua de sinais em uma universidade e dois centros universitários particulares da cidade de Curitiba. Para isto foram aplicados dois questionários para dois grupos distintos, um voltado para os intérpretes que atuam em universidades da cidade de Curitiba, e outro voltado para os surdos universitários que possuem intérpretes em sala de aula. Ambos os questionários continham questões abertas e fechadas. De acordo com as análises dos dados, constatou-se a importância dos intérpretes em sala de aula para o processo de aprendizagem dos estudantes surdos. Contudo, verificou-se também uma série de questões que subjaze a discussão sobre a efetividade no contexto da interpretação, tais como: qualidade na formação dos intérpretes, conhecimento antecipado da disciplina para a tradução, dificuldade na relação Língua Portuguesa/LIBRAS, relação intérprete/professor, dentre outras. A partir dessas considerações, vemos que, no cenário da educação dos surdos brasileiros, essas questões apenas refletem o descaso das autoridades com relação à educação dessa população, assim como evidenciam as dificuldades lingüísticas e sociais relativas à surdez. Esse trabalho apresenta-se, nessa direção, como o início de uma reflexão sobre o contexto do intérprete universitário, porém, muito ainda precisa ser entendido para que mudanças mais efetivas possam ser realizadas.
A dramatização como estratégia de aprendizagem da linguagem escrita para o deficiente auditivo
Authors: Pinotti Kele Jaqueline , Boscolo Cibele Cristina
Published: June 2008

O deficiente auditivo tem como conseqüência de sua privação auditiva um atraso de aquisição e desenvolvimento de fala e linguagem oral. A linguagem determina o desenvolvimento lingüístico-cognitivo do indivíduo e desempenha papel imprescindível na aprendizagem, ou seja, a aprendizagem é um produto da exposição sistemática da linguagem. A aprendizagem da linguagem escrita se dá através da linguagem oral, especificamente o deficiente auditivo, terá como conseqüência um atraso tanto da leitura como da escrita, pois são produções consideradas abstratas para ele. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de verificar a possibilidade da arte de dramatizar ser um instrumento terapêutico que facilite o desenvolvimento da interpretação e compreensão de textos pelos deficientes auditivos. O trabalho foi desenvolvido com quatro deficientes auditivos, com idades de 9 a 15 anos, pacientes da Clínica do Curso de Fonoaudiologia - UNIARA. Os indivíduos foram trabalhados em três etapas: leitura do texto e resolução de um questionário individualmente, dramatização e nova resolução do questionário individualmente. Os participantes melhoraram a compreensão do texto em 100%, demonstrando ser capazes de compreender e expressar essa compreensão mesmo que com dificuldades gramaticais e sintáticas. A dramatização possibilitou ao deficiente auditivo experienciar de maneira concreta o texto, tornando-o capaz de compreender e interpretar o que não compreenderia apenas com a leitura.
Constructing community health and safety
Authors: Roth W.-M.
Published: June 2008

Access to a sufficient amount of safe water is taken for granted in industrialised nations. Yet, as multiple incidents of contaminated water supplies show, citizens of highly industrialised nations such as Canada may not have access to safe water—the deadly E. coli outbreak in Waterton, Ontario, being but the most visible among many. Municipal engineers may find themselves between enemy lines as they are asked to assess available data of very different, even incommensurable, types in an evaluation of alternative solutions of access to safe water. Such access also takes into account safety issues such as those concerning the environment and fire hazards. This article reports the results of a ten-year anthropological study of science and municipal engineering in the often-acrimonious conflict over access to the municipal watermain and safe water in one Canadian community. In the history of the conflict, municipal engineers repeatedly found themselves between a rock and a hard place, having to evaluate conflicting knowledge claims of qualitative and quantitative nature from quite different sources about the quantity and quality of water available to a part of the community zoned rural area. In considering solutions, the municipal engineers had to take into account often-conflicting constraints posed by the environment, economy and social justice. Several alternatives are proposed that allow the integration of quantitative and qualitative knowledge in decision making concerning the different safety issues linked to municipal water.
State Standards for Domestic Violence Perpetrator Treatment: Current Status, Trends, and Recommendations
Authors: Maiuro Roland D. , Eberle Jane A.
Published: June 2008

We empirically surveyed and analyzed existing standards for the treatment of perpetrators of domestic violence across the United States. Specific areas examined included: presence and scope; administrative entity for certifying; screening and risk assessment protocols; minimum length of treatment; theoretical or conceptual orientation; treatment content; preferred or allowable modalities of treatment; whether research findings are mentioned; methods for revising standards; and minimum education and training required for providers. We examined trends using several methods including comparisons between present and previous survey data (Maiuro et al., 2001). Positive trends were evident including increased use of multivariate models of treatment content, use of an intake assessment prior to treatment, use of a danger/lethality assessment to manage risk, recognition of the need for program evaluation and supportive research, and the requirement of a minimum level of formal education as a prerequisite for providers. We identify specific areas for further research and development and make recommendations for improving existing practice and standards of care.
A Framework for Treating Partner Aggressive Women
Authors: Dowd Lynn , Leisring Penny A.
Published: June 2008

Women are increasingly referred to intervention programs to address their use of physical violence against intimate partners. This article reviews the scant treatment outcome and attrition literature for partner aggressive women and describes important characteristics of partner aggressive women that must be taken into consideration in designing treatment. Recommended treatment modules are described in detail and include skill-building to enhance safety planning, conflict management, emotional regulation, communication and negotiation, and stress management. Additional modules should be included for some women based on individualized needs. These may include parenting skills and education and referral for treatment of conditions that undermine emotional stability, such as posttraumatic stress symptoms, substance abuse, and mood disorders. Treatment structure is outlined and pragmatic issues regarding the implementation of treatment are discussed. Interventions for partner aggressive woman must be designed to address women’s victimization experiences as well as their perpetration.
A Review of Research on Women’s Use of Violence With Male Intimate Partners
Authors: Swan Suzanne C. , Gambone Laura J. , Caldwell Jennifer E. , Sullivan Tami P. , Snow David L.
Published: June 2008

This article provides a review of research literature on women who use violence with intimate partners. The central purpose is to inform service providers in the military and civilian communities who work with domestically violent women. The major points of this review are as follows: (a) women’s violence usually occurs in the context of violence against them by their male partners; (b) in general, women and men perpetrate equivalent levels of physical and psychological aggression, but evidence suggests that men perpetrate sexual abuse, coercive control, and stalking more frequently than women and that women also are much more frequently injured during domestic violence incidents; (c) women and men are equally likely to initiate physical violence in relationships involving less serious “situational couple violence,” and in relationships in which serious and very violent “intimate terrorism” occurs, men are much more likely to be perpetrators and women victims; (d) women’s physical violence is more likely than men’s violence to be motivated by self-defense and fear, whereas men’s physical violence is more likely than women’s to be driven by control motives; (e) studies of couples in mutually violent relationships find more negative effects for women than for men; and (f) because of the many differences in behaviors and motivations between women’s and men’s violence, interventions based on male models of partner violence are likely not effective for many women.
Uncertainty of model parameters in stream pollution using fuzzy arithmetic
Authors: Mpimpas H. , Anagnostopoulos P. , Ganoulis J.
Published: June 2008

Fuzzy arithmetic is employed for the analysis of uncertainties in water-stream pollution, when the various model parameters involved are imprecise. The one-dimensional advection–dispersion equation, for both a conservative and a non-conservative substance, was solved analytically for point and Gaussian-hill input loads of pollution, considering the dispersion and decay coefficients involved as fuzzy numbers. The solution of the advection–dispersion equation was also conducted numerically for the same input loads with the finite-difference method, employing a Lagrangian–Eulerian scheme. The good agreement between analytical and numerical results presented in the form of fuzzy numbers confirms the reliability of the numerical scheme. The advection–dispersion equation of a non-conservative substance was then solved numerically for ten different water quality parameters, in order to study the water pollution in a water stream. The dispersion coefficient, the source terms and the input loads were expressed as fuzzy numbers, and the concentration of each quality parameter was obtained in fuzzy-number form. With fuzzy modeling, imprecise data can be represented and imprecise output produced, with minimal input data requirements and without the need of a large number of computations.
Use of complete gamma function in accurate evaluation of Einstein integrals
Authors: Guseinov I. I. , Mamedov B. A.
Published: June 2008

By the use of the binomial expansion theorem, the series expansion relations in terms of the complete gamma function are obtained for Einstein integrals arising in the hydraulic and modern sediment transport mechanics. The approach presented for Einstein integrals is accurate enough over the whole range of parameters. The computational time for calculation of the series with respect to the literature is fast. Furthermore, the comparison of the method with numerical calculations demonstrates the applicability and accuracy of the method.
Origin of brackish groundwater in a sandstone aquifer on Bornholm, Denmark
Authors: Jørgensen N. O. , Heinemeier J.
Published: June 2008

A multi-isotope approach in combination with hydrochemical data and borehole logging is applied to identify the source of brackish groundwater in a borehole in the well field of Neksø Municipal Waterworks in Bornholm, Denmark. The aquifer lithology consists of fractured Lower Cambrian sandstones resting on Proterozoic crystalline basement. The water body in the studied borehole is significantly stratified with respect to the hydrochemical and isotopic signatures and reveal a Na–Ca–Cl–HCO3 water type and TDS values >1,000 mg/L below a halocline at 40–55 m below measurement point (bmp). The occurrence of brackish groundwater is remarkable for this aquifer, which otherwise yields potable groundwater of good quality. The stable isotope (18O and 2H) compositions indicate a meteoric origin of the brackish groundwater, which rules out seawater intrusion into the aquifer. 14C activities show apparent 14C ages of the brackish groundwater in the range 2200–4300 yr (BP), whereas the freshwater samples above the halocline indicate modern age. Hydrochemical (Cl/Br and Sr) and isotopic studies (18O, 2H and 87Sr/86Sr) of the brackish groundwater point to a well-mixed and homogeneous water body reflecting long water–rock interaction and suggest a contribution of palaeowater from the fractured crystalline basement which has intruded into the Lower Cambrian sandstone aquifer.
Sustainability of urban water system: examples from Fukuoka, Japan
Authors: Berndtsson Justyna Czemiel , Jinno Kenji
Published: June 2008

Urban water management policy in Japan, with examples from Fukuoka city, is described and the potential for sustainability of Fukuoka's urban water system is discussed. A framework of the qualitative characteristics of a sustainable system (including social, environmental and economic factors) is developed and used in the analyses presented here. The Fukuoka example shows that technically advanced solutions for use of reclaimed water and rainwater in buildings can be practically and economically feasible. Regarding the organization it is shown that the wastewater sector has a somewhat lower status than the water sector. It is argued that merging the water and wastewater sectors could stimulate the development of a holistic approach to urban water management, contribute to increasing resources availability for the wastewater sector and, in this way, the overall sustainability of the urban water system. Tackling water shortages through controlling water demand, investments in increasing water distribution efficiency and utilization of reclaimed water and rainwater in Fukuoka are all in line with increasing sustainability of the urban water system.