bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Policies in Motion’, Urban Management and State Restructuring: The Trans‐Local Expansion of Business Improvement Districts
Authors: WARD KEVIN
Published: April 2006

This article examines the ways in which business improvement districts are being introduced into UK cities. In advancing this analysis, the focus here is on the means through which one or two Manhattan business improvement districts have been constructed as ‘models’ of urban management, taken out of their particular local/regional and national contexts and introduced into a diverse set of local political economic contexts in UK cities and towns. Examining the way business improvement districts have become a policy in motion, the article sketches out the emergence of entrepreneurial urban governance arrangements in the UK as part of the state's changing spatiality in the industrialized economies of Western Europe and North America. I argue that these changes make UK cities and towns increasingly receptive to the business improvement district model of downtown management. Seeking to move beyond the sometimes rather one‐sided representations of policies that find themselves on the move, the article seeks to connect the ‘exporting’ and ‘importing’ zones of policy transfer, arguing for an open and permeable conceptualization of these places. It draws on work in Manhattan, New York to unpack the nature of the political–economic relations that business improvement districts were part of, before moving on to examine the dynamics of policy transfer and the early days of the introduction of this downtown ‘model’ into UK cities.
Castells’The City and the Grassroots: 1983 and Today
Authors: MILLER BYRON
Published: April 2006

Manuel Castells’The City and the Grassroots must be considered one of the most important books ever published on urban social movements. Castells elegantly identifies three core themes of modern urban social movements: collective consumption, defense of cultural‐territorial identity, and local government as a target for political mobilization. Providing rich empirical documentation, Castells makes a persuasive argument about the nature of urban social movements and the critical importance of space and place in social movement mobilization. There is, however, a significant gap in The City and the Grassroots: its failure to consider conservative suburban movements and their relationship to the growing politics of neoliberalism. Castells’ spatially sensitized framework, nonetheless, remains powerful and can be usefully employed to analyze the still poorly understood politics of neoliberalism.
Connecting Time and Space: The Significance of Transformations in Women's Work in the City
Authors: McDOWELL LINDA , WARD KEVIN , FAGAN COLETTE , PERRONS DIANE , RAY KATH
Published: April 2006

Growing numbers of women with children living in western cities are entering the labour market, raising new questions about changes in the allocation of the tasks of social reproduction between household members and others and about the effects of the increasing time women now spend in the workplace. As Manuel Castells noted over 25 years ago, women's unpaid labour has long been essential, not only in the domestic arena, but also in patching together facilities separated in space. The spatial layout of cities, with its specialized and segregated land‐uses, only works, he argued, if women's unpaid labour is available to connect urban locations. But many women now spend many more hours in the labour market, replacing their former domestic labour with a range of commodified goods and services as well as by help from a range of related or unrelated others, sometimes but not always remunerated and/or by state‐provided or supported services. This article examines the consequences of the growth of women's employment in Britain and the concomitant decline of the old breadwinner family, the growth of workfare policies that assume all individuals are available for waged work and the rise of commodified caring. The arguments are illustrated by empirical examples from interviews undertaken with middle‐class mothers in waged work in London and Manchester in the UK.
Staging of Venture Financing, Investor Opportunism and Patent Law
Authors: Bigus Jochen
Published: April 2006

Abstract:  Stage financing provides a real option that is valuable when facing external uncertainty. However, it may also induce investor hold‐up, if the property rights on an invention are not sufficiently protected. As a consequence, the entrepreneur may not work hard. Investor opportunism is less likely to occur, if investors' residual cash‐flow‐rights are contingent on verifiable ‘milestones’ in the previous stage. Equity‐linked financing also provides high‐powered incentives to the investor not to ‘steal the idea’ because his payoff becomes sensitive to the project value. The paper provides a new explanation for both types of contractual provisions.
A randomised controlled trial of a decision‐aid leaflet to facilitate women’s choice between pregnancy termination methods
Authors: Wong SSM , Thornton JG , Gbolade B , Bekker HL
Published: April 2006

Objective  To evaluate the effectiveness of a decision aid to help women choose between surgical and medical methods of pregnancy termination.

Design  A randomised controlled trial comparing a decision‐aid leaflet about termination methods with a control leaflet about contraception.

Setting  An NHS regional centre for pregnancy termination.

Sample  All women less than 9 weeks of gestation referred for termination of pregnancy over 7 months in 2002.

Methods  Participants were given an envelope containing either the decision‐aid or the control leaflet prior to choosing between medical and surgical termination methods and completed two questionnaires, one immediately after this consultation and another after the termination procedure.

Main outcome measures  Choice of termination method; measures of effective decision making including risk perception, attitudes and knowledge of both the medical and surgical methods; decisional conflict; anxiety and usefulness of the leaflet.

Results  Three hundred and twenty‐eight women participated. There was no difference in the method chosen between the groups (60/162 women in the decision‐aided group chose a medical method versus 54/164 women in the control group (OR 1.2; 95% CI 0.76–1.9). Women in the decision‐aided group had higher knowledge and lower risk‐perception scores about both methods, more positive attitudes about the medical method, lower decisional conflict, more stable evaluations of the decision information over time and higher perceived usefulness of information ratings. Anxiety was high but unrelated to leaflet type.

Conclusions  Women made more informed decisions when provided with an evidence‐based decision‐aid leaflet preceding a routine consultation about choices of termination method.
Inspiration into Installation: An Exploration of Contemporary Experience through Art
Authors: Horn Sheridan
Published: April 2006

This article discusses the ways in which a fine art department has successfully enabled pupils, staff and the local community to gain access to exciting and wide‐ranging art experiences. Through the creation of temporary installations and exhibitions the art department at Trinity School regularly becomes a gallery resource centre for part of the year. Children across all key stages create art inspired by artists in residence (including an artist teacher) in response to challenging contemporary issues. In 2005 three collaborative installations were produced in response to a potentially disruptive phase within the educational establishment. ‘Sleep‐Eternal Rest’ involved pupils' contributions to the installation, gallery visits and the study of different artists' work. For the exhibition ‘Flesh, Fur and Feathers’, a resident artist worked with students in response to a hanging deer, game and a table laden with fruit. In a building about to be demolished a group of recently graduated artists collaborated on an exhibition entitled ‘Somewheretogo’. This collaborative partnership led to art becoming a central resource for different curriculum areas as well as PSHE. The success of the venture led to pupils' own work becoming an accessible artistic resource, to which they themselves could respond. As well as avoiding the potential limitations of examdriven targets and assessment, it became a source of enrichment in personal, educational and creative terms.
Patterns in Technical Efficiency and Technical Change at the Farm‐level in England and Wales, 1982–2002
Authors: Hadley David
Published: April 2006

English and Welsh farm‐level survey data are employed to estimate stochastic frontier production functions for eight different farm types (cereal, dairy, sheep, beef, poultry, pigs, general cropping and mixed) for the period 1982 to 2002. Differences in the relative efficiency of farms are explored by the simultaneous estimation of a model of technical inefficiency effects. The analysis shows that, generally, farms of all types are relatively efficient with a large proportion of farms operating close to the production frontier. However, whilst the frontier farms of all types are becoming more efficient through time because of technical change, it is also the case that the efficiency of the average farm for most farm types is increasing at a slower rate. In addition, annual mean levels of efficiency for most farm types have declined between 1982 and 2002. The factors that consistently appear to have a statistically significant effect on differences in efficiency between farms are: farm or herd size, farm debt ratios, farmer age, levels of specialisation and ownership status.
Traditions and Trajectories in the Historiography of European Witch Hunting
Authors: Fudge Thomas A.
Published: April 2006

Witchcraft and witch hunting formed a social and intellectual tradition in early modern Europe. Arguments persist as to what extent that tradition was invented. This article reviews the schools of thought and directions within the study of European witchcraft in the period between 1450 and 1750. The contributions of modern scholars from the nineteenth century up to the present are reviewed. Key arguments, important publications, and representative research, together with teaching resources are covered. This historiographical review focuses on three issues: the understanding and exercise of power across the social, political, and religious cultures of early modern Europe; the prevailing problem of inconsistency hindering the development of a single explanatory model; and thus the advantage of micro‐history.
Nationalism in East Asia
Authors: Duara Prasenjit
Published: April 2006

The historiography of nationalism in East Asia, particularly on China and Japan, is predictably enormous, although it is considerably smaller for Korea. This survey will cover only certain key themes relating this historiography to modern nationalism more widely and to the relationships among the countries in this region.
Feints
Authors: Hendricks Kenneth , McAfee R. Preston
Published: April 2006

In both economic and military situations, agents may try to mislead rivals about their true types or plans, whatever they may be. We consider a simple model in which one player attacks and the other player defends. We show that such environments have two types of possible equilibrium behavior, depending upon the signaling technology. If the signal is not very revealing about the attacker's plans, then the attacker always invests more resources in attack than in misdirection. If the technology is revealing, then the attacker does not always feint, but when he feints, he invests more than half of his resources into misdirection. Comparative statics also depend on whether the technology is revealing.

“Always mystify, mislead and surprise the enemy, if possible.”

—General Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson

“Create havoc in the east and strike in the west.”

—Sun Tze
Mexican Democracy and Its Discontents
Authors: Flores‐Macias Francisco , Lawson Chappell
Published: April 2006

This article describes the first stage of a major research project on public opinion and democratic consolidation in Mexico. That project, the Mexico 2006 Panel Study, comprises approximately 7,000 in‐depth interviews with ordinary Mexicans over the course of the upcoming presidential campaign. Its purpose is two‐fold: (1) to assess the degree to which Mexican political attitudes are supportive of democratic governance, and (2) to understand the role played by voters, politicians, party leaders, and the mass media in shaping Mexico's political agenda. Ultimately, the project aims to assess how faithfully Mexico's new political system can be expected to respond to the desires and beliefs of ordinary citizens.
The End of Wilderness: Conflict and Defeat of Wilderness in the Grand Canyon
Authors: Jacques Peter , Ostergren David M.
Published: April 2006

In the early 1970s, Grand Canyon National Park intended to designate its land to “Wilderness,” including the controversial Colorado River corridor. However, by the end of the 1970s the potential for Wilderness designation was off the table, and would never seriously return for genuine consideration. Using Schattschneider's model of conflict, we explain how the organization of this conflict privileges the “causal story” of Wilderness opponents, and therefore why the canyon is not designated. It is our contention that members of Congress will not stand forward to support Wilderness designations without simultaneously providing benefits for extractive land use because (1) congressional representatives are more penalized for supporting than opposing Wilderness designations, (2) Wilderness advocacy groups do not pressure congressional delegates as firmly as opposition groups, and (3) key local congressional members are not likely to see Wilderness as a salient issue worth the risk of negative exposure. If these findings hold, the implication is that we may have reached the end of significant Wilderness designations in highly visible areas, unless critical aspects in land use conflict change.
Enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in human epidermal tumors
Authors: De Bersaques J.
Published: April 2006

The activities of five enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism were determined by fluorometric micromethods in epidermal tumors (basal and squamous cell epithelioma, keratoacanthoma, verruca seborreica) and compared to the activities in the adjoining, apparently normal epidermis. Glutamic pyruvate transaminase activity was reduced in all cases: that of the other enzymes was generally increased, except for isocitrate dehydrogenase and glutamic‐aspartate transaminase in squamous cell epitheliomas.
Ultraviolet‐Induced Individual Cell Keratinization
Authors: Olson Robert L. , Gaylor James , Everett MarkA.
Published: April 2006

Characteristic cells have been demonstrated as being individually dispersed throughout the superficial epidermis 24 h after being exposed to ultraviolet light. These „sunburn cells” with cosinophilic cytoplasm and pyknotic nuclei observed by light microscopy are also observed to be dyskeratotic by using electron microscopy.
The Morphological Variations of Fibrous Histiocytomas
Authors: Vilanova Juan R. , Flint Andrew
Published: April 2006

The morphological variants of dermal fibrous histiocytomas have engendered a confusing terminology. One hundred and eighty‐nine cases of fibrous histiocytomas were studied in order to define the morphological spectrum exhibited by these lesions.

Based on the prevailing morphological components, fibrocollagenous, vascular, or histiocytie. an arbitrary division into three main categories was made. A fourth group was defined to include those cases in which a fully developed storiform pattern was the dominant morphological feature. The majority (115 cases) of the lesions were of the fibrocollagenous variety. Lesions with an angiomatous component (vascular variety) were the next most common (41 cases). Thirteen of the tumors were of the histiocytic variety.

Twenty tumors were of the storiform variety and fulfilled many of the microscopic criteria of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. This latter group often presents a diagnostic problem and may stimulate fibrosarcoma, aggressive fibromatosis or other connective tissue neoplasias. The combination of several clinical and pathological features are helpful in better separating this variety from the more benign forms.

The presence of different well‐defined morphological components developing in the same tumors suggests a common origin.
Light and Electron Microscopic Study of Riehl's Melanosis. Possible Mode of its Pigmentary Incontinence
Authors: Nagao Sadanori , Iijima Susumu
Published: April 2006

Four cases of Riehl's melanosis were studied with light and electron microscopes. The results obtained were as follows:

Unmyelinated nerve fibers were found in both the epidermis and the dermis, and the Schwann cells enclsing the axons contained melanosomes. A peculiar pigment cell was found in the epidermis, it was thought to be a macrophage phagocytizing melanosomes from the extracellular spaces. A melanophage in contact with a keratinocyte through the gaps of the basal lamina was observed. It was suggested that all these processes might participate in pigmentary incontinence in Riehl's melanosis.

At the dermo‐epidermal junction the basal lamina was multilayered. In the upper dermis a large number of melanophages were present, and in addition, amyloid islets and fibrillar masses resembling the “fibrilläre Körper” were observed.
Enzymes of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Human Epidermal Tumors
Authors: De Bersaques J.
Published: April 2006

The activities of five enzymes were determined by fluorometric micromethods in epidermal tumors (basal and squamous cell epithelioma, keratoacanthoma and verruca seborreica) and compared to the activities in the adjoining, apparently normal epidermis. All activities were higher in the tumoral tissues.
Effect of Topical 5‐Fluorouracil Treatment on Actinic Keratosis
Authors: Hodge Steven J. , Schrodt G. R. , Owen L. G.
Published: April 2006

Sequential biopsies of 5‐FU‐treated actinic keratoses were studied by light and electron microscopy. Significant changes by light microscopy after 3 days of therapy included widened intercellular spaces, most marked in the basal layer, focal acantholysis, and intra‐epidermal vesicle formation. Mitotic figures were more numerous with increased nuclear hyperchromatism and pleomorphism.

After 10 days of therapy, the changes noted at 3 days were increased both in quantity and quality, with sub‐epidermal bulla formation in some areas. After four weeks of therapy, the extensive changes noted at 10 days disappeared and the epidermis was essentially normal. Two months after cessation of therapy the epidermis was normal, but actinic degeneration of collagen persisted.

The sequential ultrastructural changes parallelled those noted by light microscopy after 3 days of therapy. Discontinuities in the basal lamina were more pronounced. Intercellular spaces were wider and tonofilament abnormalities were more prominent. Desmo‐somes and their tonofilament attachments remained undisturbed. There was increased cytoplasmic vacuolization and mitochondrial degeneration. Nucleoli were more electron‐dense and bizarre.

After 10 days of therapy, changes in the basal lamina, tonofilaments, cytoplasm and intercellular spaces were more pronounced. Desmosomes became homogenized, retracted and decreased in number. Plasma membranes became focally indistinct and cyoplasmic vacuolization and degeneration was widespread. Nucleoli were larger and more bizarre.

After four weeks of therapy most of the changes noted at 10 days were absent with only a small degree of tonofilament condensation and mild widening of the intercellular spaces. Two months after cessation of therapy the epidermis was normal.
The Diagnosis of Mucopolysaccharidoses by Electron Microscopy of Skin Biopsies
Authors: Bioulac P. , Meucier M. , Beylot C. , Fontan D.
Published: April 2006

An ultrastructural examination was carried out on the skin of six children suffering from Mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPSI or Hurler's disease) and MPS II (Hunter's disease). Both intracellular mucopolysaccharides and lipids were observed. The dermal cells, i.e. fibroblasts, macrophages, were loaded with multiple vacuolar inclusions thought to be of lysosomal origin. They appeared either content‐free or filled with granular, fuzzy and/or pseudomyelinic structures. Identical abnormalities were observed within the Sebwann cells, smooth muscle cells and keratinocytes. Mast cells showed peculiar “worm‐like” inclusions apart from their normal granulations.

Since ultrastructure of a skin sample may provide as much data as brain, liver or kidney, cutancous electron microscopy can be recommended to confirm a diagnosis of MPS
Generalized Eruptive Porokeratosis of Mibelli with Associated Psoriasis
Authors: Eng Ana M. , Kolton Bruce
Published: April 2006

A case of eruptive porokeratosis of Mibelli with diverse morphologic features, including circinate maculir, circinate plaque and verrucous varieties is presented. No matter how variable the clinical presentation may be, the histologic hallmark of porokeratosis, the cornoid lamellae, is always present. The cornoid lamellae vary in height in relation to how prominent the thready ridge of the clinical lesion appears. Our patient also had psoriasis which initially masked the porokeratotic lesions both elinically and histologically. Awareness of the various clinical expressions of porokeratosis of Mibelli would 1) make unnecessary the segregation of certain forms of porokeratosis into separate entities, and 2) help in the recognition of less classical forms of porokeratosis.
Tumor‐ and Drug‐Induced Cutaneous Neuro‐Phospholipidosis
Authors: Orfanos C. E. , Runne U.
Published: April 2006

Drugs and metastatic malignant tumors may induce severe alterations in cutaneous axons. The most prominent ultrastructural feature of axonal dystrophy of this type was the presence of multiple lamellated osmiophilic bodies (LOB), similar to those occurring in hereditary disorders with increase of brain gangliosides and lipid storage. Chloroquine, ergotamine, ethaverine and chronic abuse of non‐narcotic analgesic drugs seem to be responsible for the drug‐induced cutaneous neuro‐phospholipidosis, whereas the same condition was found in two patients with metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma and malignant melanoma.
Osteogenic Sarcoma Arising in an Old Burn Scar
Authors: Drut Ricardo , Barletta Leonardo
Published: April 2006

An osteogenic sarcoma arising in an old burn scar on the right thigh of a 70‐year‐old woman is described. Salient features of this rare cutaneous tumor were: a large pinkish exophytic mass, spindle and oval cells, multiple foci of osteoid formation, atypical osteoblasts and multinucleated giant cells.
Antiherpesviral Activity of Silver Sulfadiazine
Authors: Chang Te‐Wen
Published: April 2006

Silver sulfadiazine, at a concentration of 10 μg/ml, has been demonstrated to possess both in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity against herpesvirus hominis.
Male Pattern Alopecia A Histopathologic and Histochemical Study
Authors: Lattanand Anand , Johnson Waine C.
Published: April 2006

Three hundred and forty‐seven tissue specimens were studied from 23 patients with male pattern alopecia. Characteristic features of pattern alopecia included: the presence of miniature or vellus follicles; a marked enlargement of the sebaceous glands and arrectores pilorum muscles; the presence of connective tissue streamers beneath the vellus follicles; and the thinning of the dermis. A mild perivascular infiltrate of mononuclear cells and mild capillary dilatation was sometimes seen. An increased number of mast cells was often a prominent feature. Histochemical procedures were performed for glycogen, acid mucosaccharides, inorganic substances, and enzymes including alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, beta glucuronidase, cholinesterase, aminopeptidase, oxidases and dehydrogenases. Histochemical studies did not reveal any significantly abnormal enzyme changes other than the altered vascular and nerve supply to the miniature follicles.
Some Ultrastructural Aspects of Lymph‐Node Cells and Hepatocytes in Papular Acrodermatitis of Childhood
Authors: Gianotti F. , Caputo R.
Published: April 2006

Ultrastructural examination of the inguinal lymph‐nodes of six patients with papular acrodermatitis of childhood with hepatitis B antigenemia showed the presence of several Langerhans cells and, in three cases, the presence of some mononucleate cells, the cytoplasm of which contained groups of 20–50 spherical particles, approximately 150 Å in diameter and with an electron‐dense core. In the hepatocytes of two of these patients we observed spherical particles ranging in size between 150 Å and 220 Å, having an electron‐lucent core and scattered throughout areas limited by a membrane.
Ultrastructural Findings in Bullous Pemphigoid
Authors: Giannotti B. , Fabbri P. , Panconesi E.
Published: April 2006

In four bullous pemphigoid patients electron microscopic and direct immunofluorescence examinations were carried out on sections of the border of a blister, apparently normal skin surrounding the blister, apparently normal skin distant from the blister, and apparently normal skin subjected to the stimulus of a xenon lamp. The bullous pemphigoid blister was formed by cleavage of the basal cells away from the basal lamina which remained intact. The intercellular spaces were widened and the half‐desmosomes reduced in number in the skin surrounding the blister. Xenon lamp irradiation produced a pattern similar to that of the skin surrounding the blister, but without immunoglobulins and complement fixed in vivo.
An Electron Microscope Study of Darier's Disease
Authors: Biagin Graziella , Costa AngelaM. , Laschic Renzo
Published: April 2006

An electron microscope investigation was performed on cutaneous biopsies from four patients with Darier's disease. Suprabasal lacunae with acantholytic cells were a prominent feature. Basal cells and acantholytic cells showed an increase in tonofilaments. Corps ronds appeared as vacuolated cells.
Transient Acantholytic Dermatosis
Authors: Grover R. W. , Duffy J. L.
Published: April 2006

The ultrastructural features of lesions from three patients with transient acantholytic dermatosis of the type resembling Darier's disease by light microscopy were studied. The cellular changes appeared to reflect a mixture of acanthosis, acantholysis, dyskeratosis and cytoplasmic vacuolization which varied to a certain extent with the age of the lesion. The electron microscopic findings could not be distinguished from those of Darier's disease and it is suggested that the pathologic events in both diseases may reflect disturbances of the normal maturation of epidermal cells, rather than the production of unique lines of cells.
Studies on Etiologic Factors in Pemphigus
Authors: Beutner Ernst H. , Chorzelski Tadeusz P.
Published: April 2006

A survey of 234 cases of pemphigus yielded three observations which suggest that different forms of pemphigus may have different etiologies.

1. While the incidence of pemphigus in the age group of 21 and over was essentially the same in males and females (108 and 113) the incidence was significantly higher in females in the age group under 20. Only two of 13 patients in this group were males. Also pemphigus foliaceus and erythematosus was reported in a significantly higher proportion of the cases in the age group of 2 1/2 to 20 thus suggesting that the juvenile form of the discase differs from the adult form.

2. In four of a group of 15 cases identified as pemphigus foliaceus the disease appeared to be provoked by minor physical insults, a frequency which is significantly higher than the five cases with similar histories in the group of 198 cases identified as pemphigus vulgaris.

3. In the entire group of 234 cases two patients with pemphigus both proven by immunofluorescence had relatives with pemphigus. Also a third patient had a blood relative with bullous pemphigoid. This frequency of three per 234 is higher than would be expected by chance. Studies of one family (not included in this survey) with multiple skin antibodies suggest that such familial predispositions may be due to abnormal immune responses.
Epidermal Changes in Lichen Planus
Authors: Ebner Herwig , Gebhart Walter
Published: April 2006

Ultrastructural investigations in 15 patients with lichen planus (LP) revealed a multitude of epidermal changes. The most consistent findings were (1) multiplication, irregular folding or dislocation of the basal lamina, (2) fragmentation with degenerative changes of basal keratinocytes, (3) formation of numerous fibrillar Civatte bodies and, (4) presence of dyskeratotic elements. In addition, mitotic figures of keratinocytes and Langerhans cells were observed. These findings support the view that the primary event in LP represents an injury involving epidermal basal cells. Furthermore, the replacement of destroyed tissue seems to originate not only from the margin of the lesions or the skin appendages but also from unaffected cells within the LP papule.
The Epidermal Component of Melanocytic Naevi
Authors: Bentley‐Phillips C. B. , Marks R.
Published: April 2006

Two hundred moles were examined histologically and the degree and type of epidermal change was recorded and correlated with the arrangement, density and type of naevus cells present and with the clinical presentation. Resemblances to the epidermal architecture of seborrhoeic warts were noted in 49% of the moles studied (this type of change was mainly seen in younger patients). In these there was a predominance of epithelioid cells, mainly in the junctional and upper dermal zones. Thirty‐five per cent of moles possessed an epidermis with an overall appearance of being stretched, beneath which was a relatively clear zone followed by a uniform distribution of predominantly “lymphocytoid” naevus cells and large numbers of naevus cells of the giant type. These were found mainly in the older age groups. A third group (11%) was characterized by the presence of bulbous epidermal rete ridges and many junctional nests of naevus cells. This group was found mainly in younger age groups and there was often a history of recent change in the mole. It is concluded that the epidermal component of moles might itself be a naevoid disorder or result from the dermal disturbance induced by the mole cells.
Dermal Changes in Osteoporosis Following Prolonged Treatment with Human Growth Hormone
Authors: Aloia John F. , Grover Ralph W.
Published: April 2006

Five patients with osteoporosis were treated with human growth hormone (hGH) for a year and the changes in their skin were studied by light and electron microscopy. The abnormally thin skin of osteoporosis appeared to change towards normal after treatment with hGH. There was a consistent proliferation of blood vessels, and increased number of mast cells and fibrocytes. The collagen bundles and elastic tissue fibers appeared hyperplastic and more horizontally oriented. The fine, vertical elastic fibrils of the papillary dermis had appeared decreased before treatment, but seemed to be restored to their normal configuration after treatment. Since there was no evidence of stimulation of hair, sebum, or melanin such as occurs in acromegaly, it is suggested that the scope of the direct action of hGH on the skin is limited to mesenchymal structures.
Hyperpigmentation Following Treatment for a Brain Tumor
Authors: Gauthier Y. , Surleve‐Bazeille J. E. , Gauthier O. , Texier L. , Boiron G.
Published: April 2006

After radiotherapy and chemotherapy for treatment of a brain tumor, hyperpigmentation occured in a Caucasian man. Ultrastructural examination of the hyperpigmented skin revealed melanocytes often very prominent and extending down into the papillary dermis. These melanocytes seemed to be increased in number and contained large cytoplasmic lipidic vacuoles. Most striking was the prominent alteration in melanosome distribution within the keratinocytes. The melanosomes were mainly nonaggregated, as in negroids and were no longer arranged in membrane‐bound groups, as is usually found in Caucasian skin. Most melanosomes were completely melanized and their greatest length was 0.65 μ. An increase in the number of melanosomes was apparent. The present study shows that the basis for this hyperpigmentation is in part similar to that of UVL plus psoralen or topical application of nitrogen mustard, in that melanosomes in Caucasians remain un‐aggregated in the keratinocyte.
Lymphoma of the Skin
Authors: SAXE NORMA , KAHN LEONARD B. , KING HELEN
Published: April 2006

A clinico‐pathologic study of lymphomas of the skin included 14 cases of mycosis fungoides, 14 of primary lymphoma and 22 of secondary lymphoma. Mycosis fungoides has clinical and histopathologic features which allow for separation from the other groups. In this study, patients with mycosis fungoides had a longer duration of history and presented with papules, plaques, erythroderma or generalized dermatitis but not with tumor nodules ab initio. A confident histologic diagnosis required the presence of the mycosis cell, which was usually present in association with a mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate. Another important histologic feature was the presence of invasion of the epidermis by the mycosis cells singly and/or in nests (Pautrier microabscesses). Primary and secondary lymphomas of the skin presented clinically as multiple tumor nodules and histologically as a monomorphic infiltrate of neoplastic cells confined to the dermis and subcutis. A feature which has not been adequately documented in a large series was the presence of an associated prominent epithelioid cell reaction in several cases from all three groups.
Cytologic Features of Hyperplastic Epidermis
Authors: ENG ANA M. , WOROBEC SOPHIE
Published: April 2006

The cytologic features of hyperplastic epidermis in common lesions such as verruca, seborrheic keratosis, condyloma accuminatum, fibroepithelial polyp, corn, radiodermatitis, prurigo nodularis, epidermal nevus, dermatofibroma, tricholemmoma, inverted follicular keratosis and pseudoepi‐theliomatous hyperplasia were studied. Common, as well as distinguishing cytologic points are recognized.
Bowen's Disease of Genital Areas
Authors: LUPULESCU AUREL , MEHREGAN AMIR H.
Published: April 2006

Ultrastructural changes in specimens removed from Bowen's diseased genital areas of five patients are described, and a comparison is made with the tissue from the surrounding normal skin. Electron microscopic findings in Bowen's disease include an advanced dyskeratosis, acantholysis due to dissolution of desmosomal‐tonofilament complexes, enlarged nuclei and nucleoli, increased polysome populations, mitochondrial alterations and nuclear inclusions. The basement membrane remains intact. Occasionally, atypical cells are undergoing cytolysis and are engulfed and phagocytized by the neighboring keratinocytes (apoptosis). The normal epithelium at the periphery of the lesion exhibits only a minimal degree of ultrastructural change.
Primary Leiomyosarcoma of Skin: A Report and Critical Appraisal
Authors: HEADINGTON JOHN T. , BEALS THEODORE F. , NIEDERHUBER JOHN E.
Published: April 2006

A primary leiomyosarcoma of skin was studied by light and electron microscopy and by histochemistry. Systematic evaluation of the entire neoplasm suggested that a single biopsy sample would show little cellular pleomorphism but could vary considerably in number of mitoses per mm2. Electron microscopy revealed a high degree of cytologic differentiation. Strong myosin ATPase activity and negative demonstrations for hydrolytic enzymes suggest a diagnostic profile which will clearly separate this neoplasm from malignant fibrous histiocytoma. High mitoses counts, the conventional criterion for malignancy of non‐cutaneous smooth muscle tumors, may not be appropriately applied to primary leiomyosarcomas arising in the dermis. The findings in this case and a critical review of the literature suggest that reliable criteria for diagnosis of primary cutaneous leiomyosarcoma by light microscopy remain to be established.
Punctate Porokeratosis. A Clinical Variant of Porokeratosis of Mibelli
Authors: HOMAYOON RAHBARI , CORDERO ALEJANDRO A. , MEHREGAN AMIR H.
Published: April 2006

Punctate porokeratosis is not usually recognized as a clinical form of porokeratosis of Mibelli. Two cases of punctate porokeratosis are presented. Other punctate lesions with similar clinical features which should be considered in the differential diagnosis are discussed.
Membrane‐Limited Granules in Sinus Hair Gelatinous Membrane in Mice
Authors: UEDA KEHCHI , HASHIMOTO KEN , KUMAKIRI MASANOBU , MIHARA MOTOYUKI
Published: April 2006

Electron dense membrane limited granules were observed in basal cells of the outer root sheath and in connective tissue sheath of the anagen sinus hair of mice. These granules were oval or round in configuration, and were 150–180nm in size. They were considered to represent structures related to collagenolytic activity to accelerate elongation of anagen hair.
Demonstration of Specific Storage Material within Cutaneous Nerves in Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Authors: GEBHART W. , LASSMANN H. , NIEBAUER G.
Published: April 2006

Biopsies of clinically unaltered skin from a 5‐year‐old girl with metachromatic leukodystrophy were studied by light, fluorescence and analytical electron microscopy. Investigation of hematoxy‐lin‐eosin‐stained sections revealed no pathologic changes, but a brown metachromatic material was found within cutaneous nerves after acetic acid cresyl violet staining of frozen sections. In semithin Epon sections small dermal nerve fascicles contained endoneural deposits, which proved to correspond with the typical prismatic, dense or Tuffstein bodies described in other organs of patients suffering from MLD. The inclusions were located mainly within Schwann cells and exhibited a bright orange fluorescence after trypaflavine‐phosphotungstic acid‐treatment as well as a high electron density in serial ultrathin sections. Energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis revealed a high sulfur content in the membrane bound granules. These findings demonstrate the presence of the specific storage material also within cutaneous nerves in MLD and thus suggest skin biopsies as an additional and simple diagnostic aid in this disease.
Transient Acantholytic Dermatosis with Involvement of Oral Mucosa
Authors: KANZAKI TAMOTSU , HASHIMOTO KEN
Published: April 2006

Histologic, immunologic and electron microscopic studies were performed in a patient with transient acantholytic dermatosis which involved oral mucosa. Histologic and electron microscopic findings were almost identical in both cutaneous and mucous membrane lesions, and these were similar to pemphigus vulgaris; suprabasilar separation with acantolytic cells. Desmosome‐desmosome complexes were separated without disruption of cell membranes and cytoplasmic structures were well‐preserved without dyskeratosis. Lamina lucidia, however, was often separated in mucous membrane lesions, in contrast to the normal lamina lucida in cutaneous lesions of such cases or in pemphigus vulgaris. Direct and indirect immunofluorescence studies for pemphigus were repeatedly negative. This study shows that transient acantholytic dermatosis may involve mucous membrane and may resemble pemphigus vulgaris histologically and ultrastructurally except for the widened lamina lucida of the mucous membrane.
Acid Orcein and Giemsa Stain
Authors: KROBOCK ELAINE , RAHBARI HOMAYOON , MEHREGAN AMIR H.
Published: April 2006

Heating the skin biopsy section in the Giemsa solution at 60° C for 1/2 h shortens the staining time required for the acid orcein and Giemsa technique and improves the color contrast.
Differential Patterns of Elastic Fibers in Scarring and Non‐Scarring Alopecias
Authors: PINKUS HERMANN
Published: April 2006

Elastic fiber stain (acid alcoholic orcein) reveals diagnostically significant differences between several types of alopecia of the scalp. A short outline of elastic fiber distribution on the normal hair follicle emphasizes the elastic coat of the follicular isthmus, the sparsity of elastic fibers on the cyclic lower portion of the hair root, and the presence in the neck of the dermal papilla of an elastin‐like body which is formed anew with each hair cycle. This body provides a marker of the gradual shortening of successive anagen hairs in male pattern alopecia. Patterns of elastic fibers in the perifollicular and interfollicular dermis are helpful in differentiating idiopathic pseudopelade of Brocq from pseudopeladic states secondary to lupus erythematosus and other disease processes. Within the idiopathic group, the development of elastic fibres on the lower cyclic portion of the hair root identifies a sub‐group that may have a different, non‐inflammatory pathogenesis and is provisionally designated as fibrosing alopecia.
Surface Architecture of X‐lrradiated Hair Follicles
Authors: KLEIN‐SZANTO A. J. P. , de REY B. M.
Published: April 2006

The combined use of scanning electron‐microscopy and chemical separation of epidermis permitted the study of the irradiated and normal hair follicle surface characteristics. Irradiation reduced the length and density of the hair follicles, producing at the same time marked alterations and deformities of the individual follicles. As most of these changes were dose‐ and time‐dependent, these structures, studied by these techniques, provide an interesting model as biological indicators of radiation dose.
Mixed Lichen Planus‐Lupus Erythematosus Disease
Authors: PIAMPHONGSANT THADA , SAWANNAPREECHA SOMSRI , GRITIYARANGSON PIMONPUN , SAWCHOME YAWARES , KULLAVANIJAYA PREYA
Published: April 2006

Two patients are reported with clinical symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus associated with centrally ulcerated hypertrophic plaques and lip lesions. Histological findings from various sites were features of both lupus erythematosus and lichen planus. An increase in acid mucopolysaccharides and a thickened basement membrane which were present in some biopsies were interpreted as lupus erythematosus. The deposition of immunoglobulins and fibrinogen seemed to favor lupus erythematosus but these findings may also be seen in lichen planus. Four possible interpretations of the findings are discussed. The term “mixed lichen planus – lupus erythematosus disease” may be appropriate for these patients.
Primary Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Skin
Authors: HEADINGTON JOHN T. , NIEDERHUBER JOHN E. , REPOLA DAVID A.
Published: April 2006

Three fibrous histiocytomas, primary in skin, were studied by light and electron microscopy and by frozen section histochemistry. The term malignant was applied to cutaneous tumors which demonstrated aggressive multinodular local growth, including angioinvasion and/or extension into bone, muscle, and fascia. Metastases were not found. Strongly positive reactions for hydrolytic enzymes, particularly acid phosphatase will help differentiate malignant fibrous histiocytoma from most other primary soft tissue malignancies of skin. Electron microscopic studies reaffirm the presence of both histiocyte‐like and fibroblast‐like cells. Langerhans' granules were not identified. Primary malignant fibrous histiocytoma of skin may have a prognosis superior to homologous tumors arising in deeper soft tissue and the retroperitoneum.
Multiple Malignant Spiegler Tumors with Brachydactyly and Racket‐Nails
Authors: TSAMBAOS D. , GREITHER A. , ORFANOS C. E.
Published: April 2006

Multiple malignant Spiegler tumors were observed on the scalp of a 67‐year‐old female patient with brachydactyly and racket‐nails affecting all fingers of both hands. The occurrence of similar clinical features in the family of the patient is suggestive of a hereditary disorder. The light and electron microscopical findings are described.
Systemic Mastocytosis and the Mastocytosis Syndrome
Authors: MONHEIT GARY D. , MURAD TARIQ , CONRAD MARCEL
Published: April 2006

A patient with extensive systemic mastocytosis and the mastocytosis syndrome was studied by light and electron microscopy. Mast cell proliferation was found in the bone marrow, the liver, spleen and lymph node. In addition, the patient had telangiectasia macularis eruptiva perstans and elevated histamine levels.
Lichenoid Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions in Tattoos
Authors: WINKELMANN R. K. , HARRIS RUSSELL B.
Published: April 2006

Two patients with an inflammatory reaction in a red tattoo had histopathologic changes of lichen planus. The lesions demonstrated a lymphocytic bandlike infiltrate, liquefaction degeneration, acanthosis, hypergranulosis, and orthokeratosis and many hyaline bodies. Metal particles were observed in the region of the dermal‐epidermal reaction. This probably is another example of the lichenoid reaction produced by delayed cellular hypersensitivity.
Toxic Effects of Metals from the Environment on Hair Growth and Structure
Authors: PIERARD G. E.
Published: April 2006

Diffuse alopecia related to ingestion of toxic metals from the environment has been observed in 36 patients. Copper, arsenic, mercury and cadmium were involved and the intensity of disturbance of the hair cycle, heralded by presence of dystrophic hairs, was proportional to the amount of toxic material detected in blood and urine. Toxicity can be observed in vitro by measuring labeled cells on squash preparations after incorporation of tritiated uridine and thymidine in plucked hairs. The labeling indexes, as well as the ratio between cells entering the S phase and the viable cells were always lower in toxic alopecia than in normal hair. Toxic metals do not seem to affect the morphology of the hair shaft.
Paracolloid of the Skin
Authors: DUPRE A. , BONAFE J. F. , PIERAGGI M. T. , PERROT H.
Published: April 2006

A 51‐year‐old Caucasian man presented with a yellowish lesion containing multiple protuberances over his right cheek. Light and electron microscopic examination revealed an anhistic substance lacking definite characteristics of either amyloid or collid milium. The term paracolloid degeneration of the skin is introduced to designate this substance which is believed to derive from collagen. A review of the literature showed similar cases previously published under the names of nodular amyloidosis or disseminated colloid.
Dermal Duct Tumor
Authors: FAURE MICHEL , COLOMB DANIEL
Published: April 2006

A dermal duct tumor which clinically resembled an intradermal nevus and developed on the lower back of a 59‐year‐old woman is described. The diagnosis could only be reached by microscopic examination. The dermal duct tumor appears to originate from cells with differentiation towards the intradermal portion of the eccrine sweat duct.
Regeneration of Subcutaneous Connective Tissue in Children
Authors: RAEKALLIO JYRKI , VILJANTO JOURKO
Published: April 2006

Enzyme histochemical patterns of healing subcutaneous connective tissue were studied histo‐chemically in 20 pediatric patients using the CELLSTIC device. This wound drain consists of a standard size viscose cellulose sponge inside a thin silicone rubber tube. The CELLSTICs were drawn out of the wound 3–96 h after implantation. The sponges were studied for the activity of the following enzymes: acid and alkaline phosphatases, adenosine triphosphatase, aminopeptidase, hexokinase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase. During the first 12 h the enzyme histochemical pattern in the sponge resembled that of peripheral blood, whereafter the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes increased. These cells exhibited an increasing enzyme activity when accumulating and invading, but their activity decreased concomitantly with their degeneration between 36–48 h. The polymorphonuclears were followed by monocytes and macrophages, showing increasing enzyme activities. Fibroblasts usually appeared at the end of the third postoperative day. Both their number and enzyme activity increased later on, especially when the fibroblasts appeared as clusters. Maximum activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase and hexokinase was reached relatively early in the youngest children. Wound healing is thus an age‐dependent process reflected by the increased time needed for the maximal activation of certain enzymes and for cellular transformation.