bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three Dimensional Imaging of Light Metals Using Serial Block Face Scanning Electron Microscopy (SBFSEM)
Authors: Hashimoto Teruo , Thompson George E. , Curioni Michele , Zhou Xiao Rong , Skeldon Peter
Published: July 2013

Ultramicrotomy is used extensively as a specimen preparation method for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in the biological and polymer fields, where relatively soft materials are sectioned to generate electron transparent specimens. Additionally, in corrosion control studies of light metals, e.g. aluminium and magnesium and their alloys, ultramictrotomy has been progressed at Manchester for characterisation of the metallic materials and their filming behaviour as well as the propagation of corrosion into the material interior at selected sites. The benefits of ultramicrotomy include the ability to generate uniform thicknesses of multiphase specimens with relatively large observation areas that include, for example, randomly distributed intermetallic particles in the alloy. However, mechanical sectioning with a diamond knife generates artefacts that include chattering and local damage; localised corrosion of the thin slices may also result from their residence on a water bath at the rear of the knife prior to collection for TEM study. Recently, ultramicrotomy has also been utilised to assist high resolution imaging in the scanning electron microscope (SEM); the generation of relatively flat specimens removes roughness effects from the secondary electron signal and improves the backscattered electron yield due to removal of an oxidised or carbon contaminated surface. The combination of ultramicrotomy and low voltage scanning electron microscopy has also enabled generation of high resolution, three dimensional images using sectioning and subsequent imaging of the fresh surface by SEM. However, importantly, recent instrumental developments, i.e. the GATAN 3View System, now enable ultramicrotomy to be performed in-SEM. Consequently, rapid in-SEM sectioning and imaging can now be undertaken with ready reconstruction of electron tomographs for light metallic materials. Here, the application of the Gatan 3View system in a Quanta 250 FEG-ESEM is presented, with consideration of artefacts introduced by the electron beam for serial block face sectioning imaging of light alloys.
Extending the Life of Light Alloy Components: Microstructure, Corrosion, Inhibition and Performance Assessment
Authors: Curioni Michele , Balaskas Andronikos C. , Hashimoto Teruo , Egbeolu Adewale I. , Thompson George E.
Published: July 2013

In this work, an overview of recent developments in materials characterization and performance assessment methods applied to corrosion is given. It is shown that 3D techniques represent a powerful tool to gain fundamental information on the relationship between alloy microstructure and corrosion initiation and propagation. Subsequently, taking as an example an aluminium alloy anodized at two different potentials, the use of image assisted electrochemical noise analysis for the assessment of the practical performance of protective treatments is illustrated.
Anodising of Al-Mg-Si-(Cu) Alloys Produced by R-HPDC
Authors: Chauke Levy , Möller Heinrich , Curle Ulyate Andries , Govender Gonasagren
Published: July 2013

Anodising of aluminium alloys can be used to improve corrosion resistance during application or it can be simply for decorative purposes. In this research, anodising of 6111 (Cu containing) and 6082 (without Cu) alloys produced by Rheo-High Pressure Die Casting (R-HPDC) was studied. R-HPDC components suffer from surface liquid segregation (SLS), the surface layer of the casting is enriched in alloying elements and it is expected to have different properties than the bulk material.
An advantage of R-HPDC is that traditional wrought alloys such as the 6xxx series can be cast into near-net shape. Therefore, in order to commercialise R-HPDC of certain wrought alloy components, the anodisibility of the SLS is of importance. The two alloys, in the T6 condition, were anodised in a 250 g/l sulphuric acid solution. The anodisability of the alloys with and without SLS was studied by using a scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The thickness of the sample with SLS and without the SLS was measured. The intermetallic phases in the alloys and their influence on anodising were analysed using SEM/EDS.
Influence of the Organic Additions on Structure, Corrosion Resistance and Tribological Properties of Ni/Al2O3 Composite Coatings
Authors: Nowak Marek , Opyrchał Mieczysław , Boczkal Sonia , Żelechowski Janusz
Published: July 2013

Composite Ni/Al2O3 coatings were electrochemically deposited from a Watts bath modified with the organic additions of dioctyl sulphosuccinate sodium salt C20H37NaO7S–(DSS) and 2,3-dihydroxy-1,2 benzisothiazol-3-one 1,1-dioxide C7H5NO3–(LSA). The effect of different amount (50 and 100 g/l) of Al2O3 powder and organic additions on microstructure, microhardness, corrosion resistance and tribological properties was investigated. The coatings were examined by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques.
The electrochemical behaviour of the coatings in corrosive solutions (1 M NaCl and 1 M Na2SO4) was investigated by potentiodynamic polarisation. The tribological properties were investigated by the Taber abrasive wear test, a standard test often applied in industrial practice.
The results show that Al2O3 particles are uniformly distributed in the composite coatings compared with coatings without organic additions. The addition of organic compounds also reduced the size of the forming nickel crystallites and improved the tribological and corrosion properties of coatings containing the dispersed hard particles of Al2O3 added in an amount of 50 g/l and the addition of organic LSA and DSS compounds.
Improving Corrosion Resistance of Mg10Gd Alloy
Authors: Silva Campos Maria Del Rosario , Scharnagl Nico , Blawert Carsten , Kainer Karl Ulrich
Published: July 2013

In a screening test, typical traditional alloying elements for magnesium (Al, Mn, Zn, Y) were added to Mg10Gd alloy to study their influence on its corrosion resistance. The Mg10Gd1Mn alloy was identified as the most promising ternary alloy system. While addition of Gd alone disturbs the passive film formation the presence of Mn is beneficial for recovery of the passivity. Performance of the Mg10Gd1Mn alloys is comparable to high purity Mg.
Creep Behaviour Under Compressive Stresses of Calcium and Barium Containing Mg-Al-based Die Casting Alloys
Authors: Dieringa Hajo , Zander Daniela , Gibson Mark A.
Published: July 2013

The development of creep resistant high pressure die casting (HPDC) alloys is one of the main focuses in magnesium research. Alloying elements like rare earths, calcium, strontium or scandium added to the necessary aluminium for die casting have already been introduced. Newly developed barium containing magnesium alloys with three levels of alloying additions were processed via HPDC and their compression creep response at 200 °C was evaluated. DieMag633 (Mg-6Al-3Ba-3Ca) displays the best creep resistance followed by DieMag422 (Mg-4Al-2Ba-2Ca) and then DieMag211 (Mg-2Al-1Ba-1Ca). Stress exponents from tests at different applied stresses were calculated. The creep tests were also accompanied by microstructural investigations and mechanical property evaluation.
Surface Reactivity of Magnesium Alloys in Solid and Liquid States
Authors: Czerwinski Frank
Published: July 2013

The major factors, controlling surface degradation of magnesium alloys in oxygen‑containing atmospheres at temperatures of solid and liquid states, are reviewed. While thin oxide films, formed during initial stages, exhibit some protective behaviour, thick scales grown at high temperatures do not block the outward diffusion of metal ions, leading to non-protective oxidation. The high vapour pressure of magnesium increases surface degradation and reduces effectiveness of inert atmospheres. Thus, both the solid and liquid states rely on the formation of compact oxide layers on the metallic surface, suppressing evaporation and oxidation. The role of protective atmospheres and alloy chemistry in reducing surface reactivity is discussed.
Improvement of the Interdependence Analytical Model through Selection of Interfacial Growth Rates during the Initial Transient
Authors: Prasad Arvind , Yuan Lang , Lee Peter D. , St. John David H.
Published: July 2013

The Interdependence Theory is based on the concept that grain refinement of an alloy during the initial transient of solidification is governed by the simultaneous occurrence of growth of an already nucleated grain and the associated Constitutional Supercooling (CS) developing ahead of the growing grain. Nucleation of a new grain occurs when the maximum CS attained at the end of the diffusion field of the solute rejected in front of the growing grain, is larger than the nucleation undercooling DTn of an inoculant particle present ahead of this point. The amount of grain growth plus the length of the diffusion field constitute the Nucleation-Free Zone (NFZ). The mathematical form of this theory is an analytical model which has been shown to be sensitive to the value of the growth rate v of the solid-liquid interface chosen to predict the as-cast grain size. This work presents the development and application of a varying growth rate expression rather than a constant growth rate used in the analytical model to improve its agreement with mMatIC, a numerical model of solidification which has been shown to effectively model grain growth and the evolution of the diffusion field. The possible range of values of growth rate that occurs during initial growth of a grain is obtained from numerical simulations. The resulting modified analytical model is compared against the numerical model for assessing the extent of NFZ formed.
Peeling of Aluminium Tubes as an Efficient Method for Energy Absorption in Vehicle Front Structures
Authors: Beeh Elmar , Friedrich Horst E. , Kriescher Michael , Straßburger Philipp , Kopp Gundolf , Zhou Ping , Kraft Harald , Abu El-Hija Hussam
Published: July 2013

Current crash structures in cars are still using the buckling of metallic structures to absorb the kinetic energy in case of an impact. The disadvantage of this technology is that changes within the static structural behaviour, like e.g. the stiffness or eigenfrequencies, will cause changes in the crash behaviour, even if this is not desired. This correlation between static and dynamic behaviour causes many development loops to adjust the crash behaviour, e.g. through optimizing trigger geometries which lower the initial crash forces. The German Aerospace Center (DLR) - Institute of Vehicle Concepts has developed a novel method to offer an efficient way of absorbing energy by peeling the outer skin of load bearing structures, like the crash boxes and the longitudinal rails. This technology provides an adjustable force level without changing the static behaviour of the front structure itself. This property offers the opportunity to create adaptable crash behaviour with only smallest changes within the peeling depth. Furthermore, it is possible to generate close to ideal force-deflection curves, which offers the potential to achieve high specific energy absorption. The DLR will show results of static and dynamic testing of crash tubes and of a vehicle front structure equipped with this mechanism. In addition the implementation of the methodology into the dynamic simulation with LS-Dyna will be shown. Benefits and limitations of this novel energy absorption method will be discussed.
In Vitro Evaluation of Degradation of Biodegradable Silane Based Coating on Mg-Zn-Ca Alloy in a Physiological Environment
Authors: Swati Gaur , Khanna Anand Sawroop , Singh Raman Raghuvir Kumar
Published: July 2013

In the present study, combinations of a phosphonato silane with a precursor, Methyltriethoxy silane (MTEOS) in various ratios were applied onto the alloy Mg-6Zn-Ca. The corrosion resistance of the coated and uncoated specimens in a modified simulated body fluid (m-SBF) was characterized by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results suggest that the silane coating significantly decreases the degradation rate of the magnesium alloy, indicating its potential to be used as a corrosion barrier for magnesium alloy temporary implants.
Enhanced Battery Pack for Electric Vehicle: Noise Reduction and Increased Stiffness
Authors: Hartmann Matthias , Roschitz Martin , Khalil Ziad
Published: July 2013

Vibration and the noise through vibration have always been major topics for the design of vehicles. An electric vehicle presents different challenges to a conventional driven vehicle, as a combustion engine produces different exciter frequencies. In this work, the Finite Element (FE) Optimisation software OptiStruct [1] was used to optimise the battery pack design to raise the natural frequencies of the battery housing above the range of model vehicle exciter frequencies. The new design increased the stiffness of the battery pack. Additionally, there was a reduction in wall thickness and a corresponding weight reduction of almost 20%.
Multi-Response Optimization in Drilling of Glass Epoxy Polymer Composites Using Simulated Annealing Approach
Authors: Karnik S.R. , Gaitonde V.N. , Basavarajappa S. , Davim J. Paulo
Published: July 2013

The glass epoxy polymer composites are broadly used in various engineering fields because of outstanding properties. Even if, these composites are produced as near net shapes, the machining has to be carried out in the last stage of manufacture. Drilling is used to install the fasteners for assembly of laminates, but drilling of composites is somewhat complex task owing to exceedingly abrasive nature of reinforcement. Hence the choice of optimal process parameters is essential for successful machining performance. This paper illustrates the application of simulated annealing (SA) approach for simultaneous minimization of various machinability aspects such as thrust force, hole surface roughness and specific cutting coefficient during drilling of glass epoxy polymer composites. The experiments were performed as per full factorial design (FFD) for glass epoxy composites (without filler) and silicon carbide (SiC) filled glass epoxy composites materials. The mathematical models of proposed machinability characteristics were constructed using response surface methodology (RSM) with spindle speed and feed as controllable factors. The experimental investigation indicates that the SiC filled glass epoxy composite provides better machinability compared to glass epoxy composite without the addition of filler. The proposed machinability models were then utilized with SA to select the optimal parameters such as spindle speed and feed, which results in minimal thrust force, hole surface roughness and specific cutting coefficient.
Soft Computing Applications in Drilling of GFRP Composites: A Review
Authors: Kumar V.S. Senthil , Ezilarasan C.
Published: July 2013

Glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) are finding increased applications in various engineering fields such as aerospace, automotive, electronics and other industries. Among the various machining processes, drilling is the important process, mainly used in joining of composite structures. As a consequence, the number of authors have discussed on the aspects concerning the machiniability of GFRP composites. In this study, a review has been done on the machinability of drilling of GFRP composites through the various aspects such as tool materials and geometry, machining parameters and their influence on thrust force, torque, surface roughness, delamination factor and hole damage. Additionally, the modeling of the machining parameters on drilling of GFRP composites using response surface methodology (RSM), artificial neural network (ANN), fuzzy logic, NSGA-II etc., have been discussed. The results indicated that the thrust force, torque and surface roughness need to be controlled simultaneously for delamination free drilling. Further, there is a need to create a multi-response optimization in drilling of GFRP composites using different optimization techniques for obtaining optimum results of thrust force, torque, surface roughness and delamination free drilling.
Numerical Simulation of Oblique Collision of Flier Plate
Authors: Kira Akio , Hamashima Hideki , Hokamoto Kazuyuki , Fujita Masahiro , Itoh Shigeru
Published: July 2013

The metal jet that is flowed out by the oblique collision between a metal flier plate and a metal block becomes a high velocity. We have been developing the device that makes a material extremely high pressure by using the metal jet. The flier plate of the previous device had been accelerated by using a high explosive. There were several problems in the collection and analysis of the material that had been made the high pressure. Therefore we thought up the new device of which the flier plate was accelerated by a powder gun. The collision process was examined by a numerical simulation because the collision process of the flier plate of this device differs from that of the previous device. LS-DYNA was used for a numerical simulation and the difference of the collision process was clarified.
Creation of Emulsion Fuel Using Underwater Shock Wave
Authors: Goto Keisuke , Torii Shuichi
Published: July 2013

Generally, emulsion fuel means mix of fuel and water. But normally, these two kinds of liquid easily separate. In this study, underwater shock wave is used to mix these liquid. Purpose of this study is to create emulsion fuel using underwater shock wave. That fuel is needed not to separate. In our experiment, samples were prepared which consists of diesel fuel, water, and other liquid which might help to make emulsification between water and diesel oil. These liquid are packed into polycarbonate bottles. And underwater shock wave is hit to these samples. Detonating fuse and electric detonator are used to make shock wave. The underwater shock wave is hit to each sample for 5 times. After this experiment, these samples are observed to see if these samples separate again or not. Results shows that emulsion fuel we made separated as time passed. In the future study, it is needed that establishment of the way to control those separation.
ON THE VERSATILITY OF VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR
Authors: Rauch Antoine , Lenting Peter
Published: July 2013

Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a large multimeric protein, the function of which has been demonstrated to be pivotal to the haemostatic system. Indeed, quantitative and/or qualitative abnormalities of VWF are associated with the bleeding disorder Von Willebrand disease (VWD). Moreover, increased plasma concentrations of VWF have been linked to an increased risk for thrombotic complications. In the previous decades, many studies have contributed to our understanding of how VWF is connected to the haemostatic system, particularly with regard to structure-function relationships. Interactive sites for important ligands of VWF (such as factor VIII, collagen, glycoprotein Iba, integrin aIIbb3 and protease ADAMTS13) have been identified, and mutagenesis studies have confirmed the physiological relevance of the interactions between VWF and these ligands.  However, we have also become aware that VWF has a more versatile character than previously thought, given its potential role in various non-hemostatic processes, like intimal thickening, tumor cell apoptosis and inflammatory processes. In the presence review, a summary of our knowledge on VWF structure-function relationships is provided in the context of the "classical" haemostatic task of VWF and in perspective of pathological processes beyond haemostasis.
DIAGNOSIS OF CONGENITAL CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION IN HIGH RISK NEONATES
Authors: Albanna Ehab Abdelmoniem , Abd El-latif Randa Saddek , Sharaf Hend Alsayed , Gohar Maha Kamal , Ibrahim Basem Mohamed
Published: July 2013

Objectives: This study aimed to compare polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and IgM detection using enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) in diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection.   Methods: This study was conducted from May 2009 to December 2010. Urine and blood samples were collected from 94 neonates with suspected congenital CMV infection. Serum and part of urine samples were stored at -20°C freezer, until the serologic and PCR tests were achieved. A 94 fresh urine samples were processed for cell culture. Nineteen (20.2%) out of 94 urine samples were proven positive for CMV infection by viral culture. For comparing PCR and IgM ELISA we used tissue culture technique as a reference, the 19 positive samples on culture (CMV group) and 20 negative samples (control group) were included in the comparison. Some characteristics of CMV and control groups were compared including sex, age, birth weight, gestational age < 37 and small for gestational age. Clinical and laboratory abnormalities were also compared in both groups.   Results: This study showed that the sensitivity and specificity of PCR in relation to viral culture were 100% and 100% respectively, there was excellent agreement between both tests (Kappa coefficient was 1 and P=0.000). On the other hand, the sensitivity of IgM CMV ELISA in relation to viral culture was 63.2% and the specificity was 85%. There was good agreement between both tests (Kappa coefficient was 0.48 and P=0.002). By comparing CMV and control groups, there were high statistically significant differences between both groups as regard the birth weight, gestational age < 37 and small for gestational age items (P= 0.00, 0.03 and 0.01 respectively). There were statistically insignificant differences as regarding the clinical and laboratory abnormalities detected for neonates of both groups. In this study jaundice (63%) and hepato-splenomegaly (42%) were the most common clinical signs in both groups.   Conclusion: PCR is more sensitive and specific technique for detection of congenital CMV infection than CMV IgM ELISA. Being more cost effective, less cumbersome and less time consuming in relation to viral culture, PCR may be used in detection of congenital CMV infection.
THE ROLE OF BLEEDING HISTORY AND CLINICAL MARKERS FOR THE CORRECT DIAGNOSIS OF VWD
Authors: Tosetto Alberto
Published: July 2013

Quantification of the bleeding severity by use of bleeding assessment tools (BAT) and bleeding score (BS) has been consistently shown to improve the clinical diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (VWD) while helping researchers establish phenotype/genotype correlations.  Subjects with a BS equal or higher than 3 may be consider having a bleeding tendency, and should be referred for a laboratory investigation, particularly for VWD. In the diagnosis of type 1 VWD, the use of the BS has been shown to be highly specific (>95%) with reported sensitivities ranging from 40 to 100%. The BS is related to all available measurements of von Willebrand factor activity, including the PFA-100 closure time. Therefore, in clinical practice the use of BAT should always be the first step to standardize the assessment of patients with suspected VWD. The use of the recent ISTH consensus BAT is suggested to harmonize the collection of bleeding symptoms in patients with a suspected or confirmed hemostatic disorder, particularly VWD. The ISTH BAT is also coupled with a Web-based repository of bleeding symptoms, therefore providing an integrated framework for collaboration in the field of clinical evaluation of VWD and mild bleeding disorders.
Saxagliptin and Metformin in Fixed Combination for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes in Adults
Authors: Minze Molly G. , Klein Mary S. , Terrell Brian T.
Published: July 2013

Type 2 diabetes affects millions of people worldwide and significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality of those affected by it. Current guidelines recommend individualized treatment regimens following first line metformin therapy. Saxagliptin, a dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitor, provides a secondary mechanism of action to decrease hyperglycemia when used in combination with metformin. The combination of metformin and saxagliptin has shown improvements in hemoglobin A1c and fasting plasma glucose in greater efficacy than when either agent is used alone. Adverse effects of combination therapy are similar to when these agents are used individually, and are rated as tolerable by patient satisfaction scores. Overall, the combination use of saxagliptin in addition to metformin is an attractive option for clinicians to use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
My document object model can do more than yours
Authors: Couthures Alain
Published: July 2013

Document object models, specifically the browser DOM, were designed to represent HTML and XML documents. Languages such as XPath were designed to access and traverse the DOM of HTML and XML documents. But suppose we wanted to bring the power and convenience of XML technologies like XPath to new data types. Could we extend the DOM to support CSV files? JSON? ZIP files? Yes we can! This paper explores a number of ways in which the DOM can be made to do more. We can loosen restrictions, describe new sequence types, and even define new XPath axes to make the DOM better and more useful.
What it is vs. how we shall: complementary agendas for data models and architectures
Authors: Dubin David , Senseney Megan , Jett Jacob
Published: July 2013

Data models play two kinds of role in information interchange. Descriptively, they offer domain models. Prescriptively, they propose plans of action. While stipulative definitions fill in a model's representational gaps, elegance and descriptive power reduce the need for arbitrary choices in standards and specifications. Proposals for modeling digital annotation serve to illustrate competing representational and cohortative agendas.
Transcending Triples
Authors: Dubinko Micah
Published: July 2013

Semantic modeling to date has been largely an exercise in considering the whole world as triples (or at least, n-way tuples). Efforts to bridge the XML gap such as XSPARQL have focused on low-hanging syntactic fruit, and have not had much effect on deeper layers of the architecture.

In semantic modeling, common situations that are supposedly bread-and-butter for RDF, for example tracking provenance or recording facts known to a certain probability, give rise to complexity such as the much reviled RDF reification, or statements about statements. Even the W3C RDF Primer doesn't seem altogether comfortable with it:

While there are applications that successfully use reification, they do so by following some conventions, and making some assumptions, that are in addition to the actual meaning that RDF defines for the reification vocabulary, and the actual facilities that RDF provides to support it.

In a similar vein, inference is commonly viewed in the semantic world as something that produces (only) triples from (only) triples. A broader view of inference encompassing XML documents and values as inputs and outputs can make many common use cases far more straightforward. This paper discusses a (hypothetical?) world where triples and documents get along better with each other, and speculates about what future products fusing these technologies might look like.
Markup to generate markup to generate markup
Authors: Flynn Peter
Published: July 2013

This paper presents an experiment in using DocBook5 to mark up and maintain LaTeX classes and packages in the literate-programming style, using XSLT2 to generate the standard format of distribution files suitable for the CTAN repository. It identifies several benefits in automation and reusability of code; a number of areas where a customisation layer for DocBook would be useful; and a few unresolved restrictions that package and class authors or maintainers would need to be aware of when editing XML.
Where Are All The Bugs?
Authors: Holstege Mary
Published: July 2013

In a large code and complex code base, it becomes unfeasible to manually develop tests for every feature and combination of features. The key to quality assurance in this context is automation and focus. Automatic generation of tests creates its own problems, however, as the execution of a complete cross-product of all interactions will take too long to execute, and small defects can give rise to large numbers of regression failures that must be manually analyzed. Manually identifying the interactions is itself a challenging undertaking, as is automatically generating meaningful test cases. It becomes important to make smart choices about what to expend effort on so as to minimize the risk of undetected code defects.

This paper reports on an attempt to find areas to focus testing on in a large XQuery code base by performing XQuery introspection on that code base, treating the set of functions and parameter and return types as vocabularies, and computing TF-IDF scores over the terms in those vocabularies. To the extent that function names and types follow classic Zipf distributions, using TF-IDF scoring over those vocabularies makes mathematical sense. Terms that score high will be those that are common enough to be important (high term frequency) but not so ubiquitous that they tend not to be covered by other tests (high inverse document frequency).
Musical Variants: Encoding, Analysis and Visualization
Authors: Kepper Johannes , Roland Perry , Röwenstrunk Daniel
Published: July 2013

The following paper proposes a model for the encoding of variance in music that is based on traditional models and implemented using the data framework offered by the Music Encoding Initiative (MEI). It introduces concepts derived from the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) to music editing. This combination is then used to auto-generate proposals for the filiation of sources and to illustrate the relationships between the encoded sources. The purpose of this system is to structure the editorial process, provide a better overview of the material, and to inform the editor's findings. It will be developed and used by the Freischütz Digital project, the goal of which is to create a digital scholarly edition of Carl Maria von Weber's opera Der Freischütz based on complete encodings of all relevant sources. The edition will be completed by Summer 2015.
Semantic Profiling Using Indirection
Authors: Nordström Ari
Published: July 2013

Profiling is an often-used XML publishing technique where nodes are marked as conditional according to a set of profiles, identified using attribute values as filtering conditions. When publishing, the nodes are only included if the publishing conditions match the publishing context. The profiles are sometimes also used as variables in text content, including the attribute value in the publication.

While useful, these techniques have a number of problems. For example, if the attribute values need to be changed, the new values usually require converting any “live” legacy documentation to the new values, changing the schema, stylesheets, etc, and supporting both the old and new profiles will not be possible. This paper takes a look at profiling, some of the common problems and suggest ways to solve those problems.

An abstraction layer solves this. The profile values are not used directly; instead they represent a specific “semantic profile”. The abstraction layer can be expressed using URNs that are matched to human-readable values when required.

A different problem arises when handling XML documents with structures not in our control. The document might be from a third party and not be editable directly, or use incompatible profiling semantics.

These documents can be profiled using out-of-line profiling, describing the conditions outside the document, for example, in an extended XLink linkbase listing the nodes and their profiles. XLink, as it turns out, is well suited for this.
The semantics of “semantic”
Authors: Usdin B. Tommie
Published: July 2013

There was a time when I knew what the word “semantic” meant. That was a long time ago. Since then many people, on many occasions, in many contexts, have corrected my misunderstanding of the meaning of semantic. Perhaps it means nothing, or everything. Or perhaps I’m simply misinformed.
ProofExpress
Authors: O'Connor Charles , Gnanapiragasam Antony , Hepp Michael
Published: July 2013

For a browser-based XML article proofing system to function well in a journal publishing workflow, it must embody two virtues: It must have a very shallow learning curve, because the majority of users will be encountering it for the first time, and they may have no knowledge whatsoever of XML. It must also have a comprehensive and accurate change-tracking feature that allows editors to accept and reject changes without breaking the XML. A system designed for a publication services company with many publisher-customers must have the additional virtue of being highly customizable to account for wide variations in journal styles and the particular needs of online hosts.

To achieve usability, we based ProofExpress on LiveContent Create (formerly Xopus), a browser-based, WYSIWYG XML editor, and designed form-based tools to guide users in the creation of more complex XML structures. Our change-tracking feature employs denormalization of nested elements to granularly expose all edits and a rule engine that protects the structure of the XML by governing the order of acceptance and rejection of edits. XML configuration files control the content of the nodes added by the tools, allowing ProofExpress to accommodate the differences in, for example, reference, citation, and footnote styles used by journals that publish articles in XML that conforms to the JATS 1.0 DTD.
Tropical vegetation response to Heinrich Event 1 as simulated with the UVic ESCM and CCSM3
Authors: Handiani D. , Paul A. , Prange M. , Merkel U. , Dupont L. , Zhang X.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. We investigated changes in tropical climate and vegetation cover associated with abrupt climate change during Heinrich Event 1 (HE1, ca. 17.5 ka BP) using two different global climate models: the University of Victoria Earth System-Climate Model (UVic ESCM) and the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3). Tropical South American and African pollen records suggest that the cooling of the North Atlantic Ocean during HE1 influenced the tropics through a southward shift of the rain belt. In this study, we simulated the HE1 by applying a freshwater perturbation to the North Atlantic Ocean. The resulting slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation was followed by a temperature seesaw between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, as well as a southward shift of the tropical rain belt. The shift and the response pattern of the tropical vegetation around the Atlantic Ocean were more pronounced in the CCSM3 than in the UVic ESCM simulation. For tropical South America, opposite changes in tree and grass cover were modeled around 10° S in the CCSM3 but not in the UVic ESCM. In tropical Africa, the grass cover increased and the tree cover decreased around 15° N in the UVic ESCM and around 10° N in the CCSM3. In the CCSM3 model, the tree and grass cover in tropical Southeast Asia responded to the abrupt climate change during the HE1, which could not be found in the UVic ESCM. The biome distributions derived from both models corroborate findings from pollen records in southwestern and equatorial western Africa as well as northeastern Brazil.
Carbon farming in hot, dry coastal areas: an option for climate change mitigation
Authors: Becker K. , Wulfmeyer V. , Berger T. , Gebel J. , Münch W.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. We present a comprehensive, interdisciplinary project which demonstrates that large-scale plantations of Jatropha curcas – if established in hot, dry coastal areas around the world – could capture 17–25 t of carbon dioxide per hectare per year from the atmosphere (over a 20 yr period). Based on recent farming results it is confirmed that the Jatropha curcas plant is well adapted to harsh environments and is capable of growing alone or in combination with other tree and shrub species with minimal irrigation in hot deserts where rain occurs only sporadically. Our investigations indicate that there is sufficient unused and marginal land for the widespread cultivation of Jatropha curcas to have a significant impact on atmospheric CO2 levels at least for several decades. In a system in which desalinated seawater is used for irrigation and for delivery of mineral nutrients, the sequestration costs were estimated to range from 42–63 EUR per tonne CO2. This result makes carbon farming a technology that is competitive with carbon capture and storage (CCS). In addition, high-resolution simulations using an advanced land-surface–atmosphere model indicate that a 10 000 km2 plantation could produce a reduction in mean surface temperature and an onset or increase in rain and dew fall at a regional level. In such areas, plant growth and CO2 storage could continue until permanent woodland or forest had been established. In other areas, salinization of the soil may limit plant growth to 2–3 decades whereupon irrigation could be ceased and the captured carbon stored as woody biomass.
A hierarchical mesh refinement technique for global 3-D spherical mantle convection modelling
Authors: Davies D. R. , Davies J. H. , Bollada P. C. , Hassan O. , Morgan K. , Nithiarasu P.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. A method for incorporating multi-resolution capabilities within pre-existing global 3-D spherical mantle convection codes is presented. The method, which we term "geometric multigrid refinement", is based upon the application of a multigrid solver on non-uniform, structured grids and allows for the incorporation of local high-resolution grids within global models. Validation tests demonstrate that the method is accurate and robust, with highly efficient solutions to large-scale non-uniform problems obtained. Significantly, the scheme is conceptually simple and straightforward to implement, negating the need to reformulate and restructure large sections of code. Consequently, although more advanced techniques are under development at the frontiers of mesh refinement and solver technology research, the technique presented is capable of extending the lifetime and applicability of pre-existing global mantle convection codes.
ONLINE 4D RECONSTRUCTION USING MULTI-IMAGES AVAILABLE UNDER OPEN ACCESS
Authors: Ioannides M. , Hadjiprocopi A. , Doulamis N. , Doulamis A. , Protopapadakis E. , Makantasis K. , Santos P. , Fellner D. , Stork A. , Balet O. , Julien M. , Weinlinger G. , Johnson P. S. , Klein M. , Fritsch D.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The advent of technology in digital cameras and their incorporation into virtually any smart mobile device has led to an explosion of the number of photographs taken every day. Today, the number of images stored online and available freely has reached unprecedented levels. It is estimated that in 2011, there were over 100 billion photographs stored in just one of the major social media sites. This number is growing exponentially. Moreover, advances in the fields of Photogrammetry and Computer Vision have led to significant breakthroughs such as the Structure from Motion algorithm which creates 3D models of objects using their twodimensional photographs. The existence of powerful and affordable computational machinery not only the reconstruction of complex structures but also entire cities. This paper illustrates an overview of our methodology for producing 3D models of Cultural Heritage structures such as monuments and artefacts from 2D data (pictures, video), available on Internet repositories, social media, Google Maps, Bing, etc. We also present new approaches to semantic enrichment of the end results and their subsequent export to Europeana, the European digital library, for integrated, interactive 3D visualisation within regular web browsers using WebGl and X3D. Our main goal is to enable historians, architects, archaeologists, urban planners and affiliated professionals to reconstruct views of historical structures from millions of images floating around the web and interact with them.
ORIENTAL – AUTOMATIC GEO-REFERENCING AND ORTHO-RECTIFICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
Authors: Karel W. , Doneus M. , Verhoeve G. , Bries C. , Ressl C. , Pfeifer N.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. This paper presents the newly developed software OrientAL, which aims at providing a fully automated processing chain from aerial photographs to orthophoto maps. It considers the special requirements of archaeological aerial images, including oblique imagery, single images, poor approximate georeferencing, and historic photographs. As a first step the automatic relative orientation of images from an archaeological image archive is presented.
INTEGRATED SURVEYING TECHNIQUES FOR SENSITIVE AREAS: SAN FELICE SUL PANARO
Authors: Ballarin M. , Buttolo V. , Guerra F. , Vernier P.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The last few years have marked an exponential growth in the use of electronic and computing technologies that opened new possibilities and new scenarios in the Geomatic field. This evolution of tools and methods has led to new ways of approaching survey. For what concerns architecture, the new tools for survey acquisition and 3D modelling allow the representation of an object through a digital model, combining the visual potentials of images, normally used for documentation, with the precision of a metric survey. This research focuses on the application of these new technologies and methodologies on sensitive areas, such as portions of the cities affected by earthquakes. In this field the survey is intended to provide a useful support for other structural analysis, in conservation as well as for restoration studies. However, survey in architecture is still a very complex operation both from a methodological and a practical point of view: it requires a critical interpretation of the artefacts and a deep knowledge of the existing techniques and technologies, which often are very different but need to be integrated within a single general framework. This paper describes the first results of the survey conducted on the church of San Geminiano in San Felice sul Panaro (Modena). Here, different tools and methods were used, in order to create a new system that integrates the most recent and cutting-edge technologies in the Geomatic field. The methodologies used were laser scanning, UAV photogrammetry and topography for the definition of the reference system. The present work will focus on the data acquisition and processing whit these techniques and their integration.
HBIM FOR CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF BUILT HERITAGE: TOWARDS A LIBRARY OF VAULTS AND WOODEN BEAN FLOORS
Authors: Oreni D. , Brumana R. , Georgopoulos A. , Cuca B.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The paper illustrates the utility to switch from a 3D content model to a Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) in order to support conservation and management of built heritage. This three dimensional solution is based on simplified parametric models, suitable for industrial elements and modern architecture, that can be usefully applied to heritage documentation and management of the data on conservation practices. In this sense, the potentials in starting the definition of an HBIM targeted library are investigated, towards the logic of object data definition, beginning from surface surveying and representation. In order to motivate the opportunity in using this 3D object modelling instruments, some case studies are investigated in the paper. Vault and wooden bean floor analysis show how a HBIM for architectural heritage could be implemented in order to assemble different kind of data on historical buildings, such as e.g. dimensional, geometrical, thematic, historical and architectural information.
PHOTO-PLAN CREATION OF CYLINDRICAL OBJECTS
Authors: Pavelka K. , Ruzicka S. , Bila Z.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Photo-plans are frequent outputs in photogrammetry focused on historical planar objects. For planar spatially articulated objects it is not possible to create an exact photo-plan but is it possible to make an orthophoto. These above mentioned methods are inappropriate for cylindrical objects. In our contribution, methods of creating photo-plans are evaluated when used for cylindrical objects. This paper deals with today's possibilities, which are available for developable bodies. Commercial software dealing with these issues is introduced and some published procedures of creating photomaps using unwrapping are shown. There are specific given examples of processing and results. A number of historical buildings contain cylindrical elements – such as towers, vaults, and apses. Their documentation is not easy and it is problematic to use the classic single image photogrammetry and popular photo-plan, which contains all photographic details. It seems to be appropriate to unwrap this form into a plane. Subsequently, the paper presents main computational procedures and methods introduced in the Laboratory of Photogrammetry of the CTU in Prague. In the practical part of this paper the software Photo UnWrap and the methods used by authors for unwrapping cylindrical and conical bodies are introduced.
ANCIENT STRUCTURES AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES: SURVEY AND DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF THE WOODEN DOME OF SS. GIOVANNI E PAOLO IN VENICE
Authors: Balletti C. , Berto M. , Gottardi C. , Guerra F.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The aim of this research is to study the wooden structure of the dome of SS. Giovanni e Paolo in Venice. The main purpose of this work is to analyse the shape and the geometrical and spatial knowledge of a very articulated structure that was very common in the Venetian architectural tradition of the XIV and XV century. Because of its complexity, a laser scanning survey, with the support of more traditional methods, such as direct and topographic survey, seemed to be the best way to analyse this type of structure and to obtain the information directly in a 3D environment. It was decided to use this technique given the features of the space: the reduced visibility, due to the absence of lighting, a very small planking level and a high number of wooden elements with irregular shapes make this structure fascinating and complex and the same time. The laser scanning survey allowed a quick and accurate data acquisition; from the elaboration of the data it was possible to create a 3D model of each individual element in the environment, without applying a simplification of shape and spatial geometry. The result of this research is not only the creation of a 3D model of a wooden dome, studying its formal and spatial complexity, but also the identification of an operational workflow that can be applied in surveys of complex wooden structures. This paper analyses the difficulties encountered during the survey process, and it illustrates the solutions chosen to overcome them.