bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the effectiveness of smoking treatment research: conceptual bases and progress
Authors: Baker Timothy B. , Collins Linda M. , Mermelstein Robin , Piper Megan E. , Schlam Tanya R. , Cook Jessica W. , Bolt Daniel M. , Smith Stevens S. , Jorenby Douglas E. , Fraser David , Loh Wei‐Yin , Theobald Wendy E. , Fiore Michael C.
Published: November 2015

Background and aims

A chronic care strategy could potentially enhance the reach and effectiveness of smoking treatment by providing effective interventions for all smokers, including those who are initially unwilling to quit. This paper describes the conceptual bases of a National Cancer Institute‐funded research program designed to develop an optimized, comprehensive, chronic care smoking treatment.

Methods

This research is grounded in three methodological approaches: (1) the Phase‐Based Model, which guides the selection of intervention components to be experimentally evaluated for the different phases of smoking treatment (motivation, preparation, cessation, and maintenance); (2) the Multiphase Optimization Strategy (MOST), which guides the screening of intervention components via efficient experimental designs and, ultimately, the assembly of promising components into an optimized treatment package; and (3) pragmatic research methods, such as electronic health record recruitment, that facilitate the efficient translation of research findings into clinical practice. Using this foundation and working in primary care clinics, we conducted three factorial experiments (reported in three accompanying papers) to screen 15 motivation, preparation, cessation and maintenance phase intervention components for possible inclusion in a chronic care smoking treatment program.

Results

This research identified intervention components with relatively strong evidence of effectiveness at particular phases of smoking treatment and it demonstrated the efficiency of the MOST approach in terms both of the number of intervention components tested and of the richness of the information yielded.

Conclusions

A new, synthesized research approach efficiently evaluates multiple intervention components to identify promising components for every phase of smoking treatment. Many intervention components interact with one another, supporting the use of factorial experiments in smoking treatment development.
Comparative effectiveness of motivation phase intervention components for use with smokers unwilling to quit: a factorial screening experiment
Authors: Cook Jessica W. , Collins Linda M. , Fiore Michael C. , Smith Stevens S. , Fraser David , Bolt Daniel M. , Baker Timothy B. , Piper Megan E. , Schlam Tanya R. , Jorenby Douglas , Loh Wei‐Yin , Mermelstein Robin
Published: November 2015

Aims

To screen promising intervention components designed to reduce smoking and promote abstinence in smokers initially unwilling to quit.

Design

A balanced, four‐factor, randomized factorial experiment.

Setting

Eleven primary care clinics in southern Wisconsin, USA.

Participants

A total of 517 adult smokers (63.4% women, 91.1% white) recruited during primary care visits who were willing to reduce their smoking but not quit.

Interventions

Four factors contrasted intervention components designed to reduce smoking and promote abstinence: (1) nicotine patch versus none; (2) nicotine gum versus none; (3) motivational interviewing (MI) versus none; and (4) behavioral reduction counseling (BR) versus none. Participants could request cessation treatment at any point during the study.

Measurements

The primary outcome was percentage change in cigarettes smoked per day at 26 weeks post‐study enrollment; the secondary outcomes were percentage change at 12 weeks and point‐prevalence abstinence at 12 and 26 weeks post‐study enrollment.

Findings

There were few main effects, but a significant four‐way interaction at 26 weeks post‐study enrollment (P = 0.01, β = 0.12) revealed relatively large smoking reductions by two component combinations: nicotine gum combined with BR and BR combined with MI. Further, BR improved 12‐week abstinence rates (P = 0.04), and nicotine gum, when used without MI, increased 26–week abstinence after a subsequent aided quit attempt (P = 0.01).

Conclusions

Motivation‐phase nicotine gum and behavioral reduction counseling are promising intervention components for smokers who are initially unwilling to quit.
Identifying effective intervention components for smoking cessation: a factorial screening experiment
Authors: Piper Megan E. , Fiore Michael C. , Smith Stevens S. , Fraser David , Bolt Daniel M. , Collins Linda M. , Mermelstein Robin , Schlam Tanya R. , Cook Jessica W. , Jorenby Douglas E. , Loh Wei‐Yin , Baker Timothy B.
Published: November 2015

Aims

To identify promising intervention components intended to help smokers to attain and maintain abstinence in their quit smoking attempts.

Design

A fully crossed, six‐factor randomized fractional factorial experiment.

Setting

Eleven primary care clinics in southern Wisconsin, USA.

Participants

A total of 637 adult smokers (55% women, 88% white) motivated to quit smoking who visited primary care clinics.

Interventions

Six intervention components designed to prepare smokers to quit, and achieve and maintain abstinence (i.e. for the preparation, cessation and maintenance phases of smoking treatment): (1) preparation nicotine patch versus none; (2) preparation nicotine gum versus none; (3) preparation counseling versus none; (4) intensive cessation in‐person counseling versus minimal; (5) intensive cessation telephone counseling versus minimal; and (6) 16 versus 8 weeks of combination nicotine replacement therapy (nicotine patch  +  nicotine gum).

Measurements

Seven‐day self‐reported point‐prevalence abstinence at 16 weeks.

Findings

Preparation counseling significantly improved week 16 abstinence rates (P = .04), while both forms of preparation nicotine replacement therapy interacted synergistically with intensive cessation in‐person counseling (P < 0.05). Conversely, intensive cessation phone counseling and intensive cessation in‐person counseling interacted antagonistically (P < 0.05)—these components produced higher abstinence rates by themselves than in combination.

Conclusions

Preparation counseling and the combination of intensive cessation in‐person counseling with preparation nicotine gum or patch are promising intervention components for smoking and should be evaluated as an integrated treatment package.
Real People, Real Dogs, and Pigs for the Ancestors: The Moral Universe of “Domestication” in Indigenous Taiwan
Authors: Simon Scott
Published: November 2015

Humans and other animals often engage in multispecies relations that go beyond classical definitions of “domestication,” not least because there are political dimensions to those relations. External interference with human–animal relationships has notably been part of indigenous experiences of colonialism and postcolonialism. I examine here changes in the triangular relationship between humans, dogs, and pigs among the indigenous Seejiq Truku of Taiwan. Dogs, as hunting companions, are traditionally associated with men's work; pigs, used in ancestral sacrifices, are aligned with women's work. Pigs are mediators with the spirit world, as ancestor spirits respond to regular pig sacrifices by providing prey to hunters. Dogs are important as hunting companions that make it possible to catch boars and other animals. These human–animal relations have undergone change because of the integration of the Seejiq into new markets, the state, and legal regulations about both hunting and the keeping of animals. Human–animal relations also articulate with dynamics of gender and class in a changing political economy. The Seejiq frame their intrahuman and interspecies relations in terms of Gaya, their sacred ancestral law. By affirming the value of their particular type of multispecies community, the Seejiq demonstrate resilience and a strong defense of sovereignty. [multispecies ethnography, indigenous peoples, Taiwan, human–animal relations, postcolonialism]

PUSU KARI QRQUR Pnegluban seejiq ni kana samat o saw bi tkrakaw sun imi “nguciq,” aji asaw quri pnegluban quri kmlawa ka nii. Qarat paah ngangut saw pnegluban seejiq ni samat nii o kibi saw niqan cih rutut na quri saw yahan kmnlawa seejiq ni kbukuy yahan kmnlawa seejiq. Qtaun mu hini o, tru pnegluban quri seejiq, huling, ni babuy mniq alang Truku Teywan hini. Huling o, ida tuhuy snaw musa maduk tkjiyax; babuy do o, duhuy kkuyuh musa bi thmuku rudan sbiyaw. Babuy o, mniq kska seejiq ni utux, kibi dmka saw muway samat seejiq maduk ka utux rudan. Huling ka pusu balay, aji wana tuhuy seejiq nanak, asi ka smtama dhyaan musa maduk bowyak ni kana samat. Pnegluban seejiq ni kana samat ni o, wada kmpriyux da; yasa wada tmay burah alang ni kndsan ka seejiq ni kmbryux kana ka uda saw maduk uri da. Pnegluban seejiq ni kana samat o kibi saw rmngaw quri kmbriyux kkuyuh ni snaw aji uri o sblaiq ni qrinut babaw dxgan sayang. Seejiq o, rmlung saw quri pnegluban kska seejiq ni aji uri o pnegluban isil siida do, asi ka rmlung gaya rudan dha nanak. Saw ni qmita pusu malu kska alang ana manu o, pqtayun dha ka lbay dha ni hlakkun dha bi ka saw quri brax dha. [pelealay lala knlgan, seejiq tnpusu, Teywan, plutut seejiq ni samat, bukuy kmlawa]
Review article: the natural history of paediatric‐onset ulcerative colitis in population‐based studies
Authors: Fumery M. , Duricova D. , Gower‐Rousseau C. , Annese V. , Peyrin‐Biroulet L. , Lakatos P. L.
Published: November 2015

Background

A better knowledge of the natural history of disabling chronic diseases is essential to improve patient management, evaluate the impact of treatment strategies and provide predictors for disabling disease and comprehensive information for patients.

Aim

To summarise our current knowledge issued from population‐based studies of the natural history of ulcerative colitis (UC) in children.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE (source PubMed) and international conference abstracts, and included all population‐based studies that evaluated long‐term outcome of paediatric‐onset (<17 years at diagnosis) UC.

Results

A total of 26 population‐based studies were considered in this review from the total of 61 articles or abstracts screened. Most patients presented disease extension and about two‐thirds of patients had pancolitis at the end of follow‐up. One‐half of patients experienced extra‐intestinal manifestations and primary sclerosing cholangitis was observed in 5–10% of patients. Overall, patients did not appear to have any significant growth retardation or delayed puberty. About two‐thirds of patients required corticosteroid therapy and up to 25% were steroid dependent. An increased use of thiopurines was observed and the most recent data indicate that up to one‐half of patients were exposed to thiopurines and 10–30% were exposed to anti‐tumour necrosis factor. One‐half of patients required hospitalisations and 20% of patients required colectomy after a follow‐up of 10 years.

Conclusions

Paediatric‐onset UC is characterised by a high rate of disease extension. About 20% of patients had been operated at 10‐year follow‐up. New population‐based studies are needed to evaluate the impact of new treatment strategies comprising immunosuppressants and biologics.
Multivariate Piecewise Exponential Survival Modeling
Authors: Li Yan , Panagiotou Orestis A. , Black Amanda , Liao Dandan , Wacholder Sholom
Published: November 2015

In this article, we develop a piecewise Poisson regression method to analyze survival data from complex sample surveys involving cluster-correlated, differential selection probabilities, and longitudinal responses, to conveniently draw inference on absolute risks in time intervals that are prespecified by investigators. Extensive simulations evaluate the developed methods with extensions to multiple covariates under various complex sample designs, including stratified sampling, sampling with selection probability proportional to a measure of size (PPS), and a multi-stage cluster sampling. We applied our methods to a study of mortality in men diagnosed with prostate cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening trial to investigate whether a biomarker available from biospecimens collected near time of diagnosis stratifies subsequent risk of death. Poisson regression coefficients and absolute risks of mortality (and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals) for prespecified age intervals by biomarker levels are estimated. We conclude with a brief discussion of the motivation, methods, and findings of the study.
Novel oral transforming growth factor‐β signaling inhibitor EW‐7197 eradicates CML‐initiating cells
Authors: Naka Kazuhito , Ishihara Kaori , Jomen Yoshie , Jin Cheng Hua , Kim Dong‐Hyun , Gu Yoon‐Kang , Jeong Eun‐Sook , Li Shaoguang , Krause Daniela S. , Kim Dong‐Wook , Bae Eunjin , Takihara Yoshihiro , Hirao Atsushi , Oshima Hiroko , Oshima Masanobu , Ooshima Akira , Sheen Yhun Yhong , Kim Seong‐Jin , Kim Dae‐Kee
Published: November 2015

Recent strategies for treating CML patients have focused on investigating new combinations of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as well as identifying novel translational research agents that can eradicate CML leukemia‐initiating cells (CML‐LICs). However, little is known about the therapeutic benefits such CML‐LIC targeting therapies might bring to CML patients. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of EW‐7197, an orally bioavailable transforming growth factor‐β signaling inhibitor which has recently been approved as an Investigational New Drug (NIH, USA), to suppress CML‐LICs in vivo. Compared to TKI treatment alone, administration of TKI plus EW‐7197 to CML‐affected mice significantly delayed disease relapse and prolonged survival. Notably, combined treatment with EW‐7197 plus TKI was effective in eliminating CML‐LICs even if they expressed the TKI‐resistant T315I mutant BCR‐ABL1 oncogene. Collectively, these results indicate that EW‐7197 may be a promising candidate for a new therapeutic that can greatly benefit CML patients by working in combination with TKIs to eradicate CML‐LICs.
Making the EU Legislation on Invasive Species a Conservation Success
Authors: Tollington Simon , Turbé Anne , Rabitsch Wolfgang , Groombridge Jim J. , Scalera Riccardo , Essl Franz , Shwartz Assaf
Published: November 2015

The European Union's (EU) new legislation concerning Invasive Alien Species (IAS) is a ground‐breaking and commendable attempt to set a common standard for combating IAS across political jurisdictions at a multinational scale. However, the regulation, underpinned by a list of IAS of Union concern, affords Member States a degree of operational flexibility and its successful implementation will be dictated by appropriate national enforcement and resource use. In evaluating this EU legislation, we provide pragmatic recommendations based upon a geo‐political analysis of the pan‐European capabilities to combat IAS and discuss measures to avoid the risk that the regulation will promote a piecemeal response by stakeholders instead of a truly collaborative effort. We highlight a major deficit in the funding mechanisms to support a comprehensive implementation of the legislation and stress the importance of consultation with the broader scientific community, including with key stakeholders, businesses and the general public. Our recommendations will create incentives for industries, raise awareness among citizens and stakeholders, and help establish a social norm for the EU and further afield. The legislation offers a collaborative Europe the chance to demonstrate its commitment to tackling the problems of IAS and to achieve a successful conservation breakthrough of international importance.
Access Orders and the ‘New’ New Institutional Economics of Development
Authors: Gray Hazel
Published: November 2015

This article examines the Access Order theories of development that have emerged as the latest reformulation of New Institutional Economics by Douglass North and his associates. These scholars claim that Access Order theory represents a radical break from previous models of institutional change in developing countries. They argue that at the heart of development is the problem of controlling organized violence. Two distinct social orders, the Limited Access Order and the Open Access Order, have emerged as solutions to the problem of endemic violence. This article traces the evolution of these new ideas within North's institutional theory and examines how violence is treated within the new framework. The article evaluates the underlying economic model on which the theory is based and argues that the conceptual device of the Open Access Order preserves key features of the neoclassical approach within North's work. The article contrasts the Access Order approach with the political settlements framework. To conclude, the article argues that the Access Order approach serves to strip the progressive potential out of development by ignoring how controlling violence may affect human capabilities, rights and freedom.
Multisite and multispecies measures of overlap, co‐occurrence, and co‐diversity
Authors: Arita Héctor T.
Published: November 2015

Several indices measure the association or segregation between two species and the similarity or differentiation between two sets of species. These indices are based on the overlap in the distribution of species (measured with the number of co‐occurrences) or on the overlap in species composition of sites (measured with the number of species that are shared between two sites). This paper shows that when evaluating more than two species the number of overlaps and the number of pairwise co‐occurrences are not equal, as it is the case for two species. Equivalently, when comparing more than two species assemblages, the number of overlaps differ from the number of instances of species sharing by pairs of sites (the ‘co‐diversities’). Considering this distinction, two different types of multispecies and multisite indices can be derived: indices of general overlap and indices of co‐occurrence or co‐diversity. Here I present a complete series of the two types of indices that correspond to the popular Jaccard, Sørensen, and Simpson two‐species or two‐site indices. Indices of general overlap are defined by three parameters (the total number of species, the total number of sites, and the total number of occurrences), whereas indices of co‐occurrence or co‐diversity depend on those parameters plus an additional one that is defined by the values of species richness or range size. Consequently, the two types of indices respond differently to null models, depending on the parameters that are fixed or randomized. All indices correlate well with the mean of the traditional indices calculated pair by pair, and the correspondence is extremely close for the new indices of co‐occurrence and co‐diversity. These properties should be useful in clarifying some of the confusion that exists in the current discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of pairwise vs community‐wide approaches in the analysis of diversity.
The global corporate elite after the financial crisis: evidence from the transnational network of interlocking directorates
Authors: HEEMSKERK EELKE M. , FENNEMA MEINDERT , CARROLL WILLIAM K.
Published: November 2015

What impact did the recent financial crisis have on the corporate elite's international network? Has corporate governance taken on an essentially national structure or have transnational networks remained robust? We investigate this issue by comparing the networks of interlocking directorates among the 176 largest corporations in the world economy in 1976, 1996, 2006 and 2013. We find that corporate elites have not retrenched into their national business communities: the transnational network increased in relative importance and remained largely intact during the crisis lasting from 2006 to 2013. However, this network does not depend – as it used to do – on a small number of big linkers but on a growing number of single linkers. The network has become less hierarchical. As a group, the corporate elite has become more transnational in character. We see this as indicative of a recomposition of the corporate elite from a national to a transnational orientation.
Virtual field teaching has evolved: benefits of a 3D gaming environment
Authors: Argles Tom , Minocha Shailey , Burden David
Published: November 2015

Conceived as a means of fostering practical fieldwork skills for distance learning students at the Open University, Virtual Skiddaw represents a new breed of virtual field trip. Based in a 3D virtual world modelled on real topographic and geological data, the application offers multi‐user functionality, opportunities for detailed observation and a wealth of interactive features. Far from replacing physical field courses, it is intended to complement, enhance, extend and provoke reflection on existing field teaching. However, such virtual field trips could prove ideal for introducing fieldwork, either at undergraduate level or in schools, and across a range of subject areas.
Digital field mapping—making the change from paper to touchscreen technology
Authors: Muir R.J.
Published: November 2015

Current desktop technology is largely mouse‐driven, but many analysts predict that in less than five years we will have a professional workforce that have only experienced learning in a touchscreen environment. Midland Valley have developed a digital mapping tool for smartphones called FieldMove Clino, which has been downloaded more than 20 000 times over the past year. The free version offers an effective way of introducing students to digital field mapping. However, many geoscience departments and teachers of field mapping have yet to make the switch from traditional paper‐based methods to digital technology. This article aims to answer some of the frequently asked questions about digital field mapping and outlines some of the advantages for improving field skills and geological thinking in students.
Prophylaxis vs. on‐demand treatment with Nuwiq® (Human‐cl rhFVIII) in adults with severe haemophilia A
Authors: Tiede A. , Oldenburg J. , Lissitchkov T. , Knaub S. , Bichler J. , Manco‐Johnson M. J.
Published: November 2015

Introduction

Haemophilia A is treated with FVIII, either prophylactically or on demand. Prophylaxis is the gold standard in children and evidence is accumulating in adults.

Aims/Methods

The aim of this analysis was to compare prophylaxis vs. on‐demand treatment with Nuwiq® (Human‐cl rhFVIII), a new‐generation rFVIII expressed in a human cell line, in previously treated patients (PTPs) with severe haemophilia A. Data were analysed from two similarly designed, multinational, prospective, open‐label studies with similar inclusion and exclusion criteria and comparable patient demographics. Human‐cl rhFVIII was administered either prophylactically in a study of 32 adults or on‐demand in a study of 22 patients (20 adults and two adolescents).

Results

Patients treated prophylactically experienced 36 bleeds compared with 997 bleeds in patients treated on‐demand (mean observation periods: 180 and 335 days respectively). Based on a negative binomial regression model, annualized bleeding rate (ABR) during prophylaxis was 2.30 (95% CI: 1.54, 3.44) compared with 57.74 (95% CI: 43.36, 76.91) during on‐demand treatment, which equates to a 96% lower ABR during prophylaxis. ‘Excellent’ or ‘good’ efficacy in the treatment of bleeds was achieved with Human‐cl rhFVIII in 100% of 28 evaluated bleeds during the prophylaxis study and 94.5% of 985 evaluated bleeds during the on‐demand study. No inhibitors, treatment‐related serious adverse events or severe adverse events were recorded during prophylaxis or or‐demand treatment.

Conclusions

Prophylaxis with Human‐cl rhFVIII reduces recurrent bleeding in adult PTPs with severe haemophilia A and adds further supportive evidence for the benefits of prophylaxis in adults.
Hospital staff corridor conversations: work in passing
Authors: González‐Martínez Esther , Bangerter Adrian , Lê Van Kim , Navarro Cécile
Published: November 2015

Aims

First, to document the prevalence of corridor occupations and conversations among the staff of a hospital clinic, and their main features. Second, to examine the activities accomplished through corridor conversations and their interactional organization.

Background

Despite extensive research on mobility in hospital work, we still know fairly little about the prevalence and features of hospital staff corridor conversations and how they are organized.

Design

We conducted a study combining descriptive statistical analysis and multimodal conversation analysis of video recordings of staff corridor practices in a hospital outpatient clinic in Switzerland.

Methods

In 2012, we collected 59 hours of video recordings in a corridor of a hospital clinic. We coded and statistically analysed the footage that showed the clinic staff exclusively. We also performed qualitative multimodal conversation analysis on a selection of the recorded staff conversations.

Results

Corridor occupations by the clinic staff are frequent and brief and rarely involve stops. Talk events (which include self‐talk, face‐to‐face conversations and telephone conversations) during occupations are also brief and mobile, overwhelmingly focus on professional topics and are particularly frequent when two or more staff members occupy the corridor. The conversations present several interactional configurations and comprise an array of activities consequential to the provision of care and work organization.

Conclusion

These practices are related to the fluid work organization of a spatially distributed team in a fast‐paced, multitasking environment and should be taken into consideration in any undertaking aimed at improving hospital units’ functioning.
Modelling repeated competition records in genetic evaluations of Danish sport horses
Authors: Jönsson L. , Madsen P. , Mark T.
Published: November 2015

Genetic evaluations of sport performance typically consider competition records of ranking points in each competition, accumulated lifetime points or annual earnings. Repeated observations have the advantage of allowing for adjustment of effects associated with each competition such as rider experience, judge and competing horses, but also demands more computer capacity than single‐trait records, which could prohibit multiple‐trait evaluations. The aim of the study was to compare CPU times, estimated breeding values (EBVs), reliabilities and model prediction abilities when modelling repeated competition ranking points (run A), mean ranking points (runs B and C), mean ranking points precorrected for effects associated with each competition (run D) and accumulated lifetime points (run E) for Danish Warmblood horses. CPU times for run A were 632–776 times (show jumping) and 59–96 times (dressage) as high as for runs B–E. EBVs of run D were perfectly correlated (1.00) with those of run A. Reliabilities were highest in runs E and A. Best model prediction ability and least bias were found in run C (dressage) and run E (show jumping), but the best choice in each discipline was not preferable for the other. Run D was the second best in both disciplines (D), and is expected to increase in performance over time as omission of a relatively large amount of historic data becomes less important.
Eclogite and garnet pyroxenite from Stor Jougdan, Seve Nappe Complex, Sweden: implications for UHP metamorphism of allochthons in the Scandinavian Caledonides
Authors: Klonowska I. , Janák M. , Majka J. , Froitzheim N. , Kośmińska K.
Published: November 2015

Ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphism (UHPM) has recently been discovered in far‐travelled allochthons of the Scandinavian Caledonides, including finding of diamond in the Seve Nappe Complex. This UHPM of Late Ordovician age is older and less recognized than that in the Western Gneiss Region of southwestern Norway, which was related to terminal collision between Baltica and Laurentia. Here we report new evidence of UHPM in the Lower Seve Nappe, recorded by eclogite and garnet pyroxenite from the area of Stor Jougdan in northern Jämtland, central Sweden. Peak‐metamorphic assemblage of eclogite, garnet + omphacite + phengite + rutile + coesite? yields P–T conditions of 2.8–4.0 GPa and 750–900 °C, constrained by conventional geothermobarometry and thermodynamic modelling in the NCKFMTASH system. The prograde metamorphic evolution of the eclogite is inferred from inclusions of zoisite and amphibole in garnet, which are stable at lower pressure, whereas the retrograde evolution is recorded by formation of diopsidic clinopyroxene + plagioclase symplectites after omphacite, growth of amphibole replacing these symplectites, and of titanite around rutile. In garnet pyroxenite the peak‐metamorphic assemblage consists of garnet + orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + olivine. P–T conditions of 2.3–3.8 GPa and 810–960 °C have been derived based on the conventional geothermobarometry and thermodynamic modelling in the CFMASH and CFMAS systems. Retrograde evolution has been recognized from replacement of pyroxene and garnet by amphibole. The results show that eclogite was metamorphosed during deep subduction of continental crust, most probably derived from the continental margin of Baltica, whereas the origin and tectonic setting of the garnet pyroxenite is ambiguous. The studied pyroxenite/peridotite of Baltican subcontinental affinity could have been metamorphosed as a part of the subducting plate and exhumed due to the downward extraction of a forearc lithospheric block.
From static micrographs to particle aggregation dynamics in three dimensions
Authors: HÄBEL H. , SÄRKKÄ A. , RUDEMO M. , HAMNGREN BLOMQVIST C. , OLSSON E. , ABRAHAMSSON C. , NORDIN M.
Published: November 2015

Studies on colloidal aggregation have brought forth theories on stability of colloidal gels and models for aggregation dynamics. Still, a complete link between developed frameworks and obtained laboratory observations has to be found. In this work, aggregates of silica nanoparticles (20 nm) are studied using diffusion limited cluster aggregation (DLCA) and reaction limited cluster aggregation (RLCA) models. These processes are driven by the probability of particles to aggregate upon collision. This probability of aggregation is one in the DLCA and close to zero in the RLCA process. We show how to study the probability of aggregation from static micrographs on the example of a silica nanoparticle gel at 9 wt%. The analysis includes common summary functions from spatial statistics, namely the empty space function and Ripley's K‐function, as well as two newly developed summary functions for cluster analysis based on graph theory. One of the new cluster analysis functions is related to the clustering coefficient in communication networks and the other to the size of a cluster. All four topological summary statistics are used to quantitatively compare in plots and in a least‐square approach experimental data to cluster aggregation simulations with decreasing probabilities of aggregation. We study scanning transmission electron micrographs and utilize the intensity – mass thickness relation present in such images to create comparable micrographs from three‐dimensional simulations. Finally, a characterization of colloidal silica aggregates and simulated structures is obtained, which allows for an evaluation of the cluster aggregation process for different aggregation scenarios. As a result, we find that the RLCA process fits the experimental data better than the DLCA process.
Relapses in dogs with steroid‐responsive meningitis‐arteritis
Authors: Biedermann E. , Tipold A. , Flegel T.
Published: November 2015

OBJECTIVES

To describe relapse rates in steroid‐responsive meningitis‐arteritis and to describe clinical and laboratory parameters in dogs with and without relapses.

METHODS

Seventy‐four dogs with steroid‐responsive meningitis‐arteritis were retrospectively identified and assigned to one of three groups: (1) without relapse; (2) at least one relapse and (3) unknown relapse status. The following parameters are reported for the first two groups: sex, age, breed, body weight, nucleated cell count, total protein concentration and percentage of neutrophils on initial cerebrospinal fluid analysis, immunoglobulin A in serum and initial cerebrospinal fluid analysis, nucleated cell count on cerebrospinal fluid analysis at 3‐month re‐evaluation, C‐reactive protein in serum and initial cerebrospinal fluid analysis and at 3‐month re‐evaluation.

RESULTS

Relapses occurred in 32 · 4% of dogs (one relapse: 62 · 5%; two relapses: 25 · 0%; three relapses: 8 · 3%; four relapses: 4 · 2%), 55 · 4% were relapse‐free and in 12 · 2% the relapse status was unknown. C‐reactive protein in serum and cerebrospinal fluid on 3‐month re‐evaluation was normal in 80% and 75% of dogs with relapses, respectively. In dogs without relapse, C‐reactive protein in serum and cerebrospinal fluid on 3‐month re‐evaluation was normal in 100% and 90% of dogs, respectively.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Relapses are frequent but no reliable predictive indicator has emerged in this study. Nevertheless, elevated C‐reactive protein in serum warrants continuing therapy; normal C‐reactive protein in serum does not exclude future relapse.
Mitigation, Avoidance, or Acceptance? Managing Supplier Sustainability Risk
Authors: Hajmohammad Sara , Vachon Stephan
Published: November 2015

This study takes a conceptual theory building approach to develop a framework for managing supplier sustainability risk—the adverse impact on a buying organization from a supplier's social or environmental misconduct. Using anecdotal evidence and the literature, we present four distinct risk management strategies that supply managers adopt: risk avoidance, monitoring‐based risk mitigation, collaboration‐based risk mitigation, and risk acceptance. Drawing on agency and resource dependence theories, we study how the interactions of two key risk management predictors—that is, the supply managers’ perceived risk and the buyer–supplier dependence structure—affect supply managers’ strategy choice. Specifically, we propose that a collaborative‐based mitigation strategy, involving direct interaction and solution development with the suppliers, is selected by supply managers in a high perceived risk‐buyer dominant context. In a low perceived risk‐buyer dominant context, however, a monitoring‐based mitigation strategy is preferred. When the buyer and the supplier are not dependent on each other and there is a low perceived risk, the supply managers accept the risk by taking no actions, whereas in a high perceived risk‐independent context the supply managers would avoid the risk by terminating the relationship with the supplier. We conclude the study by describing the theoretical contributions and managerial implications of the study as well as the avenues for future research.
Dissecting the hydrological niche: soil moisture, space and lifespan
Authors: García‐Baquero Gonzalo , Silvertown Jonathan , Gowing David J. , Valle Cipriano J.
Published: November 2015

Questions

Are communities structured on a hydrological (soil moisture) gradient? Is there spatial segregation into hydrological niches? What is the shape of the hydrological niches of individual species? Controlling for spatial autocorrelation, how much of the spatial structure in the community is due to variation in hydrology? Do annuals and perennials behave alike with respect to the above questions?

Locations

La Mina in Moscosa Farm, Salamanca, western Spain (dehesa community) and Laguna Larga in the Urbión Peaks, Soria, central‐northern Spain (alpine grassland).

Methods

The presence of plant species was sampled in two contrasting field sites, for which we also built hydrological models. First, we reduced the dimensionality of the plant distribution data (non‐metric multidimensional scaling) and measured the correlation between the resulting ordination and the hydrological gradient. Then we defined hydrological niches and tested niche segregation of plant species against null models (Pianka metrics). Finally, we characterized the hydrological niche of each species using generalised additive mixed models and partitioned the species distribution variance into (1) a hydrological component, (2) a linear trend component and (3) and a spatial component, defined through sets of spatial variables (Moran's eigenvector maps).

Results

Both plant communities were primarily structured along hydrological gradients, and spatial segregation into hydrological niches occurred among perennial species, although not among annuals in the dehesa community. Dehesa annuals were spatially aggregated in the driest niches. Hydrological variation shaped the responses of 60% of the annual and about 70% of the perennial species in both the dehesa meadow and the alpine community. Most responses were either monotonic or hump‐shaped. Finally, spatially structured hydrological variation proved to be the main driver of spatially structured species composition in all cases.

Conclusions

Linearly (gradient of slope) and topographically (at a fine scale) structured variation in hydrology is the main driver of spatially structured species composition in both communities. Our results support the ecological hypothesis that spatial niche segregation on soil moisture gradients is an important mechanism of co‐existence for perennials in both test communities, although not for the species‐rich sub‐community of annuals in the dehesa meadow.
The Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition – 20 years of research 1995–2015
Authors: Lovegrove J. A. , Commane D. M. , Jackson K. G. , Karani V. , Kennedy O. B. , Kuhnle G. G. , Spencer J. P. E. , Wagstaff C. , Yaqoob P.
Published: November 2015

The Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition (HSUHN) at the University of Reading was founded in October 1995 with the appointment of Christine WilliamsOBEas the first Hugh Sinclair Chair in Human Nutrition. This was made possible by the competitively won funds from the estate and legacy of the late Professor Hugh Macdonald Sinclair (1910–1990). The vision for the newly establishedHSUHNwas to ‘strengthen the evidence base for dietary recommendations for prevention of degenerative chronic diseases’. This has remained the research focus of theHSUHNunder the leadership of Professors Christine Williams (1995–2005), Ian Rowland (2006–2013) and Julie Lovegrove (2014‐present). Our mission is to improve population health and evaluate mechanisms of action for the effects of dietary components on health, which reflects Hugh Sinclair's life ambition within nutritional science. Over the past 20 years, theHSUHNhas developed an international reputation within the nutrition science community, and in recognition of the 20th anniversary, this paper highlights Hugh Sinclair's contributions to the field of nutrition and key research achievements by members of the Unit.
Planned change or emergent change implementation approach and nurses' professional clinical autonomy
Authors: Luiking Marie‐Louise , Aarts Leon , Bras Leo , Grypdonck Maria , van Linge Roland
Published: November 2015

Background

Nurses' clinical autonomy is considered important for patients' outcome and influenced by the implementation approach of innovations. Emergent change approach with participation in the implementation process is thought to increase clinical autonomy. Planned change approach without this participation is thought not to increase clinical autonomy. Evidence of these effects on clinical autonomy is however limited.

Aims and objectives

To examine the changes in clinical autonomy and in personal norms and values for a planned change and emergent change implementation of an innovation, e.g. intensive insulin therapy.

Design

Prospective comparative study with two geographically separated nurses' teams on one intensive care unit (ICU), randomly assigned to the experimental conditions.

Methods

Data were collected from March 2008 to January 2009. Pre‐existing differences in perception of team and innovation characteristics were excluded using instruments based on the innovation contingency model. The Nursing Activity Scale was used to measure clinical autonomy. The Personal Values and Norms instrument was used to assess orientation towards nursing activities and the Team Learning Processes instrument to assess learning as a team.

Results

Pre‐implementation the measurements did not differ.

Post‐implementation, clinical autonomy was increased in the emergent change team and decreased in the planned change team. The Personal Values and Norms instrument showed in the emergent change team a decreased hierarchic score and increased developmental and rational scores. In the planned change team the hierarchical and group scores were increased. Learning as a team did not differ between the teams.

Conclusions

In both teams there was a change in clinical autonomy and orientation towards nursing activities, in line with the experimental conditions. Emergent change implementation resulted in more clinical autonomy than planned change implementation.

Relevance to clinical practice

If an innovation requires the nurses to make their own clinical decisions, an emergent change implementation should help to establish this clinical autonomy.
The Rawls–Harsanyi Dispute: A Moral Point of View
Authors: Moehler Michael
Published: November 2015

Central to the Rawls–Harsanyi dispute is the question of whether the core modeling device of Rawls' theory of justice, the original position, justifies Rawls' principles of justice, as Rawls suggests, or whether it justifies the average utility principle, as Harsanyi suggests. Many commentators agree with Harsanyi and consider this dispute to be primarily about the correct application of normative decision theory to Rawls' original position. I argue that, if adequately conceived, the Rawls–Harsanyi dispute is not primarily a dispute about the correct application of normative decision theory to Rawls' original position. Instead, Rawls and Harsanyi aim to model different moral ideals, and this difference in their moral assumptions leads them to significantly different conclusions about justice. There is no winner in the Rawls–Harsanyi dispute. Instead, the dispute merely clarifies the moral ideals and their formal representations that need to be assumed in order to justify either Rawls' contractualist principles of justice or the average utility principle. Thus understood, the Rawls–Harsanyi dispute offers a promising starting point for future research that can deepen and enrich our understanding of the demands of justice.
Avoiding Vice and Pursuing Virtue: Kant on Perfect Duties and ‘Prudential latitude’
Authors: Biss Mavis
Published: November 2015

To fulfill a perfect duty an agent must avoid vice, yet when an agent refrains from acting on a prohibited maxim she still must do something. I argue that the setting of morally required ends ought to consistently inform an agent's judgment regarding what is to be done beyond compliance with perfect, negative duties. Kant's assertion of a puzzling version of latitude of choice within his discussion of perfect duties motivates and complicates the case I make for a more expansive interpretation of the duty to pursue virtue.
Effective Practitioner–Scholar Relationships: Lessons from a Coproduction Partnership
Authors: Buick Fiona , Blackman Deborah , O'Flynn Janine , O'Donnell Michael , West Damian
Published: November 2015

This article presents a continuum of possible coproduction arrangements between scholars and practitioners and suggests that greater engagement is necessary to bridge the commonly cited problems that create the gap between research and practice. Reflections on an Australian case of a major public sector coproduction partnership, the highest degree of interaction on the continuum, are used to argue that successful engagement between practitioners and scholars is possible, while also recognizing the difficulties inherent in this process. The benefits and challenges of this partnership are presented, as well as critical factors that drive effective relationships. Lessons are drawn for the development of future coproduction partnerships, including the importance of recognizing that both scholars and practitioners are, in fact, researchers.
Women's help‐seeking behaviour during a first acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Gyberg Anna , Björck Lena , Nielsen Susanne , Määttä Sylvia , Falk Kristin
Published: November 2015

Studies indicate that the time from onset of symptoms to medical treatment has decreased in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, there are still variations indicating that women wait longer than men before making the decision to seek medical care. Multidimensional factors hindering and facilitating the decision have been identified in previous studies, though few have fully explored how social context affects women's expectations, interpretations and actions and so influences the decision‐making process. The aim of this study was therefore to identify how women's experiences interacted and influenced the decision to seek medical care at their first AMI. Seventeen women, aged 38–75 years, were interviewed, at home or in the hospital, between June 2011 and May 2012. Grounded theory was used as a method, and data collection and analysis were carried out simultaneously. The results showed that before deciding to seek medical care, these women went through three defined but interrelated processes that together hindered their normal activities and made them act according to existential needs. The women's experiences of the progression of the disease, in terms of both symptoms and time, were very different, so they sought medical care at different times, sometimes life‐threateningly late and sometimes before developing an AMI. Three mechanisms had to coincide if the women were to receive medical care. First, the women had to acknowledge their symptoms as something more than common bodily changes. Second, the healthcare system had to be accessible when the women made their decision to seek care. Third, the women must have come into contact with healthcare providers when the heart muscle had taken enough damage to measure.
The Kenyan runners
Authors: Larsen H. B. , Sheel A. W.
Published: November 2015

Today the Kenyan dominance in middle‐ and long‐distance running is so profound that it has no equivalence to any other sport in the world. Critical physiological factors for performance in running include maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), fractional VO2max utilization and running economy (energetic cost of running). Kenyan and non‐Kenyan elite runners seem to be able to reach very high, but similar maximal oxygen uptake levels just as there is some indication that untrained Kenyans and non‐Kenyans have a similar VO2max. In addition, the fractional utilization of VO2max seems to be very high but similar in Kenyan and European runners. Similarly, no differences in the proportion of slow muscle fibers have been observed when comparing Kenyan elite runners with their Caucasian counterparts. In contrast, the oxygen cost of running at a given running velocity has been found to be lower in Kenyan elite runners relative to other elite runners and there is some indication that this is due to differences in body dimensions. Pulmonary system limitations have been observed in Kenyan runners in the form of exercise‐induced arterial hypoxemia, expiratory flow limitation, and high levels of respiratory muscle work. It appears that Kenyan runners do not possess a pulmonary system that confers a physiological advantage. Additional studies on truly elite Kenyan runners are necessary to understand the underlying physiology which permits extraordinary running performances.