bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The dynamics of the reaction of O(1D) with HBr studied by crossed molecular beams and time-resolved Fourier transform spectroscopy
Authors: Balucani N. , Beneventi L. , Casavecchia P. , Volpi G. G. , Kruus E. J. , Sloan J. J.
Published: May 2006

The reaction O(1D) + HBr has been investigated by the crossed molecular beams and infrared chemiluminescence methods in an effort to characterize the dynamics of both possible reactive channels. The angular and velocity distribution of the BrO product from the O(1D) + HBr → BrO + H pathway have been obtained in crossed beam experiments at collision energies, Ec, of 5.0 and 14.0 kcal/mol. The product center-of-mass angular distribution is found to be almost backward–forward symmetric at both Ec, with backward scattering being slightly favored, from which it is deduced that two processes contribute to this channel: a dominant one occurring via formation of a long-lived complex, following O(1D) insertion, and another one occurring via direct abstraction of the halogen atom and giving rise to a rebound dynamics. The large fraction (≈50%) of available energy released into translation indicates the existence of a potential barrier for H-displacement in the exit channel. From energy and angular momentum conservation arguments, it is inferred that BrO is formed rotationally very hot in the lowest vibrational levels of both 2Π3/2 and 2Π1/2 electronic states. The initial vibrational distribution of the OH product from the O(1D) + HBr → OH + Br channel has been measured using fast time-resolved Fourier transform spectroscopy. The vibrational distribution is strongly inverted, from which it is deduced that the HOBr intermediate dissociates very rapidly, before energy randomization occurs. A lower limit to the branching ratio of the relative cross sections for the BrO + H and OH + Br channels is derived (σ(BrO + H)/σ(OH + Br) ≥ 0.16 ± 0.07) and compared to recent bulk work. The dynamical results for the overall reaction are discussed with reference to the relevant singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces and possible molecular configurations involved. Comparison with the dynamics of the ground state reaction O(3P) + HBr → OH + Br is carried out also, to examine the effect of electronic excitation on the dynamics of the reactions of atomic oxygen with hydrogen halides.
Hybridization properties of oligoarabinonucleotides
Authors: Giannaris Paul Apostolos , Damha Masad José
Published: May 2006

3′-Phosphoramidite derivatives of arabinocytidine, arabinoadenosine, and arabinouridine were prepared and used for the solid-phase synthesis of oligoarabinonucleotides (arabinonucleic acid, or ANA). Thermal denaturation analysis and gel mobility shift assays were used to investigate the interaction between ANA and complementary DNA and RNA. In general, the ANA/DNA and ANA/RNA complexes exhibited melting temperatures comparable to those of the corresponding DNA/DNA and DNA/RNA complexes. Thus the inversion of stereochemistry at the C2′ of ribonucleotides does not have a negative effect on interaction with natural sequences. In fact, in complexes with poly dT, oligoarabinoadenylates displayed greater hybridization affinity than oligoriboadenylates. In summary, we observed that (i) ara(Ap)7A interacted favourably with poly rU and poly dT, (ii) ara(Cp)7C formed a stable complex with poly rG; (iii) ara(Up)7U did not bind with complementary poly rA; and (iv) the mixed oligoarabinonucleotide ara(UCU UCC CUC UCC C) formed complexes with complementary DNA and RNA. Hybridization was observed between the phosphorothioatelinked arabinoadenylate ara(Aps)7A and poly rU and poly dT; however, this binding was weaker than that between the phosphorothioate-linked deoxyriboadenylate d(Aps)7A and poly rU and poly dT. Both ara(Aps)7A and its deoxy analog d(Aps)7A displayed significant and similar resistance to digestion by snake venom phosphodiesterase.
Femtosecond real-time probing of reactions. XIV. Rydberg states of methyl iodide
Authors: Guo Hua , Zewail Ahmed H.
Published: May 2006

The elementary reaction dynamics of methyl iodide in two Rydberg states leading to an iodine and a methyl radical occur on the femtosecond time scale (M.H. Janssen, M. Dantus, H. Guo, and A.H. Zewail. Chem. Phys. Lett. 214, 281 (1993)). In this article, we consider the dynamics of this elementary process which involves both the Rydberg and valence states. Direct comparisons are made between theory and experiment with special focus on the following observations: large isotope effects, mode dependence of the predissociation rates, and coherence effects. The quantal molecular dynamics in two-dimensions show that the initial wave packet motion occurs along a vibrational mode involving the light atoms accompanied by transitions from the Rydberg state to the repulsive state; subsequent dynamics on the dissociative state lead to the C—I bond cleavage. The theoretical calculations also give the decay behavior of the Rydberg states with lifetimes in agreement with those observed in the femtosecond experiments. Moreover, the large isotope effect in observed predissociation rates of CH3I and CD3I has been successfully reproduced by the same model. The two-dimensional dynamics underscore the shortcomings of a one-dimensional picture in which the C—I serves as the sole reaction coordinate. The model presented here offers a viable mechanism for the dynamics of these Rydberg states.
Two-color coherent control with SEP preparation: electronic branching in Na2 photodissociation
Authors: Dods Jeffrey , Brumer Paul , Shapiro Moshe
Published: May 2006

Extensive control over relative product yields is shown to result from weak laser photodissociation in a two-color coherent control scenario. Photodissociation takes place from a superposition state prepared by stimulated emission pumping. The method allows for control in the presence of laser phase jumps by using four-wave mixing to prepare the required laser frequencies. The near UV photodissociation of Na2, resulting in the Na(3s) + Na(4s) and the Na(3s) + Na(3d) products, is used to illustrate the method.
A semiempirical molecular orbital study of the methanolysis of complex azetidinones. A combined MM and QM analysis of the interaction of Δ2- and Δ3-cephems with the penicillin receptor
Authors: Wolfe Saul , Hoz Tova
Published: May 2006

The semiempirical molecular orbital procedures MINDO/3, MNDO, MNDO/M, AM1, and PM3 have been used to examine possible mechanisms and modes of attack of methanol on penam, the bicyclic ring system of penicillin. These mechanisms include a one-step process in which C—O bond formation from the convex face of the molecule and proton transfer to the β-lactam nitrogen are concerted with the cleavage of the N—C(O) bond (the N-protonated pathway), and two O-protonated pathways, viz., addition to the β-lactam carbonyl group from the convex face and from the concave face of the bicyclic ring system. Only MINDO/3 reproduces the ab initio MP2/6-31G*//3-21G* trends, that the N-protonated pathway is energetically preferred over either O-protonated pathway, and, in the latter, attack from the convex face is slightly preferred over attack from the concave face. MINDO/3 has, therefore, been used for a systematic examination of the reactions of many substituted and unsubstituted β-lactam-containing ring systems with methanol. The N-protonated structure created by attack of the alcohol from the convex face of the molecule is always preferred, and structure–reactivity relationships are observed that parallel structure–activity relationships of β-lactam antibiotics. MINDO/3 has also been used to compute a scaled quantum mechanical force field for Δ2- and Δ3-cephems. This has allowed parameters to be proposed for Δ2- and Δ3-cephems in the force field of Allinger's MMP2(85) programme that complement earlier parameterizations of the program for penicillins and peptides. The availability of these parameters has led to the development of a protocol for the analysis of the differences in the antibacterial activities of penicillins and cephalosporins. The analysis is based on a combination of "fit" and "reactivity" at the site of action. Fit is determined from the geometry that results when the β-lactam compound is complexed to a hexapeptide model of the penicillin receptor, in particular, the four-centred interaction between C-O-H of the active site serine residue and (O)C-N of the azetidinone ring. Reactivity is derived from MINDO/3 calculations of ΔE≠ for the reaction of methanol with the different ring systems via the N-protonated pathway. Δ3-Cephalosporins are suggested to be inherently less active than penicillins because they are inherently less reactive. Δ2-Cephalosporins containing a 4α-oriented carboxyl group are much less active than Δ3-cephalosporins because they have a much poorer fit. The 4β epimers of these Δ2-cephalosporins are much less active than Δ3-cephalosporins because they are much less reactive.
The preparation of 1,2,3,5-dithiadiazolium chlorides from the reaction of nitrile sulphides with thiazyl chloride
Authors: Bridson John N. , Copp Steven B. , Schriver Melbourne J. , Zhu Shuguang , Zaworotko Michael J.
Published: May 2006

Adamantyl-1,3,4-oxathiazol-2-one has been prepared for the first time and from it 1-adamantyl nitrile sulphide has been generated. Characterisation data are presented, including the X-Ray crystal structure of the oxathiazolone. (Crystal data for C12H15NO2S: monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 11.334(2) Å,b = 7.344(1) Å, c = 14.373(2) Å,β = 107.74(1)°, V = 1139.5(3) Å3, Z = 4, R = 0.042). The planar heterocyclic ring is similar to structures observed in the gas phase for other oxathiazolone derivatives. The nitrile sulphide was reacted with dimethyl-acetylene dicarboxylate in situ to give an isothiazole derivative. The X-Ray crystal structure of 3-adamantyl-4,5-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-isothiazole has been obtained. (Crystal data for C17H21NO4S: monoclinic, space group P21/n, a = 7.305(4) Å, b = 7.339(4) Å, c = 31.552(4) Å, β = 92.75(3)°, V = 1690(1) Å3, Z = 4, R = 0.079). A general cycloaddition reaction was discovered between the nitrile sulphides and thiazyl chloride to give 1,2,3,5-dithiadiazolium chlorides. The structure of the new 4-adamantyl-1,2,3,5-dithiadiazolium chloride was confirmed by reduction to the 4-adamantyl-1,2,3,5-dithiadiazolyl for which the X-Ray crystal structure has been determined. (Crystal data for C11H15N2S2: monoclinic, space group C2, a = 10.284(4) Å, b = 8.651(2) Å, c = 13.669(2) Å, β = 112.83(1)°, V = 1120.9(4) Å3, Z = 4, R = 0.042). The radical adopts a twisted dimer structure in the solid state which is similar to the structures observed for other alkyl derivatives.
The preparation of C-aryl glucals via palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling methods
Authors: Friesen Richard W. , Loo Richard W. , Sturino Claudio F.
Published: May 2006

The C-aryl glucals 17–31 have been prepared by the palladium-catalyzed cross coupling of 1-tributylstannyl-3,4,6-tri-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-D-glucal (11) and aryl bromides. The major by-product in all of these reactions is the dimer 33, the product of homocoupling of 11. Alternatively, the C-aryl glucals 34–40 can be obtained from the palladium-catalyzed coupling of 1-iodo-3,4,6-tri-O-(triisopropylsilyl)-D-glucal (16) and a variety of metalated aromatics, including ArZnCl, ArB(OH)2, and ArB(OMe)2. The advantages of the latter procedure include superior coupling yields under milder reaction conditions and the high yielding preparation of 16 directly from 3,4,6-tri-O-(triisopropylsilyl)-D-glucal (12) by a metalation–iodination sequence.
The structure of the rodent and porcine neuropeptide galanin and antagonists as determined by FTIR and CD spectroscopy
Authors: Wennerberg Anders B.A. , Jackson Michael , Öhman Anders , Gräslund Astrid , Langel Ülo , Bartfai Tamas , Rigler Rudolf , Mantsch Henry H.
Published: May 2006

FT-IR spectroscopy was used to study the conformation of the porcine neuropeptide galanin, fragments 1−16 of the porcine and human peptides and the antagonists M15 and M35. All peptides were shown to be structureless in aqueous solution. Upon addition to SDS micelles, only porcine galanin and the fragment consisting of amino acids 1−16 showed any evidence of interaction, adopting a helical structure. No interaction could be demonstrated with zwitterionic lipids for any peptide except M15 which formed a thermally unstable helical conformation which unfolded promoting aggregation at around 45 °C.Additional studies on rat galanin in various solvent systems were made by using circular dichroism spectroscopy. The results obtained support the observations made by FT-IR spectroscopy.
Range-free localization and its impact on large scale sensor networks
Authors: He Tian , Huang Chengdu , Blum Brian M. , Stankovic John A. , Abdelzaher Tarek F.
Published: May 2006

With the proliferation of location dependent applications in sensor networks, location awareness becomes an essential capability of sensor nodes. Because coarse accuracy is sufficient for most sensor network applications, solutions in range-free localization are being pursued as a cost-effective alternative to more expensive range-based approaches. In this paper, we present APIT, a novel localization algorithm that is range-free. We show that our APIT scheme performs best when an irregular radio pattern and random node placement are considered, and low communication overhead is desired. We compare our work, via extensive simulation, with three state-of-the-art range-free localization schemes to identify the preferable system configurations of each. In addition, we provide insight into the impact of localization accuracy on various location dependent applications and suggestions on improving their performance in the presence of such inaccuracy.
Optimizing instruction cache performance of embedded systems
Authors: Bartolini S. , Prete C. A.
Published: May 2006

In the embedded domain, the gap between memory and processor performance and the increase in application complexity need to be supported without wasting precious system resources: die size, power, etc. For these reasons, effective exploitation of small and simple cache memories is of the utmost importance. However, programs running on such caches can experience serious inefficiencies due to cache conflicts.We present a new Cache-Aware Code Allocation Technique (CAT), which transforms the structure of programs so that their behavior toward memory can meet the locality features the cache is able to exploit. The proposed approach uses detailed information of program execution to place program areas into memory and employs the new idea of “look-forward estimation” that helps to seek better global layouts during the placement of each area. CAT-optimized programs outperform the original ones achieving the same miss rate on two times, and sometimes four times, smaller caches. Moreover, CAT improves the instruction miss rate by more than 40% if compared to the best procedure-reordering algorithm. CAT performances derive from the increased number of cache lines that support the execution of optimized applications and from a more balanced load on them.
Mixed methods
Authors: Lister Raymond
Published: May 2006

You can't work in Computer Science Education Research for very long without stumbling into a religious war over qualitative versus quantitative methods. Recently, I read a general education paper [1] where the authors were brave (or foolish) enough to advocate "mixed methods". That is, they advocate the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods within a single study.
Introduction to extensible languages
Authors: Perlis Alan J.
Published: May 2006

It has been such a long time since I have seen so many familiar faces shouting among so many familiar ideas. Discovery of something new in programming languages, like any discovery, has somewhat the same sequence of emotions as falling in love. A sharp elation followed by euphoria, a feeling of uniqueness, and ultimately the wandering eye (the urge to generalize). I hope that Extensible Languages will have a long enough appeal for us in this rapidly changing world that we can draw from its juices.
Some features of PPL, a polymorphic programming language
Authors: Standish Thomas A.
Published: May 2006

I want to spend the first portion of my presentation giving you a brief summary of some of the features of the Polymorphic Programming Language.
Data structure models for programming languages
Authors: Wegner Peter
Published: May 2006

This paper introduces a class of models (information structure models) for characterizing computations in terms of the data structures to which they give rise during execution, shows how such models can be used to characterize automata, digital computers and programming languages, considers in some detail the data structures generated during the execution of programs in block structure languages, develops a model for a non-block structure language (SNOBOL 4) and indicates how information structure models may be used in the semantic definition and formal characterization of programming languages. Sections 1 and 2 discuss the reasons for studying the relation between data structures and programming languages, section 3 introduces the notion of an information structure model and considers the classification of interpreters, and section 4 shows how automata, computers and programming languages may be characterized as sequential information structure models. Section 5 underlines the importance of introducing cells and references as semantic primitives of computational models. Section 6 develops models of implementation of block structure languages, section 7 considers the limitations of stack structure, and section 8 considers the hardware realization of block structure implementation of the Burroughs B6500. Section 9 develops an information structure model for the non-block structure language SNOBOL 4, while section 10 briefly discusses information structure models of language definition and the use of information structure models in proofs that programs have certain property. A final subsection considers the relative merits of axiomatic definition versus implementation-dependent definition of programming languages.
The procedural approach to interactive design graphics
Authors: Dunlavey Michael R.
Published: May 2006

A flexible system for interactive mechanical design can be easily built using ideas from Psychology and Automata theory. The language DL is such a system. It demonstrates that mechanical devices and shapes can be communicated by a simple universal language in contrast to a conventional menu-oriented approach. Rather than involving the user in conversation with some kind of three-dimensional model, the shape is described in terms of related two-dimensional projections, an idea explicated by Piaget. Though a simple system, DL's universality gives it abilities found only in large, complex systems, such as 3-d, translation, rotation, scaling, symmetry, construction lines, multiple views, definable modules, grids and arrays, relative coordinate systems, relational constraint obedience, selective display, selective modification, and pseudo motion.
Maintaining distributed relationships
Authors: McKinney Vicki R. , Whiteside Mary M.
Published: May 2006

Electronic communication works best when it increases interaction and collaboration through a variety of media.
A survey and analysis of Electronic Healthcare Record standards
Authors: Eichelberg Marco , Aden Thomas , Riesmeier Jörg , Dogac Asuman , Laleci Gokce B.
Published: May 2006

Medical information systems today store clinical information about patients in all kinds of proprietary formats. To address the resulting interoperability problems, several Electronic Healthcare Record standards that structure the clinical content for the purpose of exchange are currently under development. In this article, we present a survey of the most relevant Electronic Healthcare Record standards, examine the level of interoperability they provide, and assess their functionality in terms of content structure, access services, multimedia support, and security. We further investigate the complementarity of the standards and assess their market relevance.
Predicate-calculus-based logics for modeling and solving search problems
Authors: East Deborah , Truszczyński Miroslaw
Published: May 2006

The answer-set programming (ASP) paradigm is a way of using logic to solve search problems. Given a search problem, to solve it one designs a logic theory so that
models
of this theory represent problem solutions. To compute a solution to the problem, one computes a model of the theory. Several answer-set programming formalisms have been developed on the basis of logic programming with the semantics of answer sets. In this article we show that predicate logic also gives rise to effective implementations of the ASP paradigm, similar in spirit to logic programming with the answer-set semantics and with a similar scope of applicability. Specifically, we propose two logics based on predicate calculus as formalisms for encoding search problems. We show that the expressive power of these logics is given by the class NPMV. We demonstrate their use in programming and discuss computational approaches to model finding. To address this latter issue, we follow a two-pronged approach. On the one hand, we show that the problem can be reduced to that of computing models of propositional theories and, more generally, of collections of
pseudo-Boolean
constraints. Consequently, programs (solvers) developed in the areas of propositional and pseudo-Boolean satisfiability can be used to compute models of theories in our logics. On the other hand, we develop native solvers designed specifically to exploit features of our formalisms. We present experimental results demonstrating the computational effectiveness of the overall approach.
Complexity results on DPLL and resolution
Authors: Liberatore Paolo
Published: May 2006

DPLL and resolution are two popular methods for solving the problem of propositional satisfiability. Rather than algorithms, they are families of algorithms, as their behavior depends on some choices they face during execution: DPLL depends on the choice of the literal to branch on; resolution depends on the choice of the pair of clauses to resolve at each step. The complexity of making the optimal choice is analyzed in this article. Extending previous results, we prove that choosing the optimal literal to branch on in DPLL is Δ

p

2
[log
n
]-hard, and becomes NP
PP
-hard if branching is only allowed on a subset of variables. Optimal choice in regular resolution is both NP-hard and coNP-hard. The problem of determining the size of the optimal proofs is also analyzed: it is coNP-hard for DPLL, and Δ

p

2
[log
n
]-hard if a conjecture we make is true. This problem is coNP-hard for regular resolution.
Limits on the ability of quantum states to convey classical messages
Authors: Nayak Ashwin , Salzman Julia
Published: May 2006

We revisit the problem of conveying classical messages by transmitting quantum states, and derive new, optimal bounds on the number of quantum bits required for this task. Much of the previous work on this problem, and on other communication tasks in the setting of bounded error entanglement-assisted communication, is based on sophisticated information theoretic arguments. Our results are derived from first principles, using a simple linear algebraic technique. A direct consequence is a tight lower bound for the Inner Product function that has found applications to privacy amplification in quantum key distribution protocols.
Going with the Flow
Authors: De Jong Peter
Published: May 2006

An organization consists of two worlds. The real world contains the organization’s structure, physical goods, employees, and other organizations. The virtual world contains the organization’s computerized infrastructure, including its applications and databases. Workflow systems bridge the gap between these two worlds. They provide both a model of the organization’s design and a runtime to execute the model.
Generating rooted and free plane trees
Authors: Sawada Joe
Published: May 2006

This article has two main results. First, we develop a simple algorithm to list all nonisomorphic rooted plane trees in lexicographic order using a level sequence representation. Then, by selecting a unique centroid to act as the root of a free plane tree, we apply the rooted plane tree algorithm to develop an algorithm to list all nonisomorphic free plane trees. The latter algorithm also uses a level sequence representation and lists all free plane trees with a unique centroid first followed by all free plane trees with two centroids. Both algorithms are proved to run in constant amortized time using straightforward bounding methods.
The Camino Compiler infrastructure
Authors: Hu Chunling , McCabe John , Jiménez Daniel A. , Kremer Ulrich
Published: May 2006

This paper introduces the Camino Compiler Infrastructure. Camino implements several types of profiling, including basic block counts, edge profiling, interprocedural path profiling, and a special technique that allows using a SimPoint-like methodology to do efficient and precise fine-grained power behavior characterization. It also supports a growing set of code placement optimizations such as branch alignment and pattern history table partitioning. In its current implementation, Camino works as a post-processor for the Gnu Compiler Collection (GCC). The goal of Camino is to serve as a testbed for various low-level performance optimizations as well as power and energy optimizations. It currently supports the x86 instruction set.
Persistence in dynamic code transformation systems
Authors: Reddi Vijay Janapa , Connors Dan , Cohn Robert S.
Published: May 2006

Dynamic code transformation systems (DCTS) can broadly be grouped into three distinct categories: optimization, translation and instrumentation. All of these face the critical challenge of minimizing the overhead incurred during transformation since their execution is interleaved with the execution of the application itself. The common DCTS tasks incurring overhead are the identification of frequently executed code sequences, costly analysis of program information, and run-time creation (writing) of new code sequences. The cost of such work is amortized by the repeated execution of the transformed code. However, as these steps are applied to all general code regions (regardless of their execution frequency and characteristics), there is substantial overhead that impacts the application's performance. As such, it is challenging to effectively deploy dynamic transformation under fixed performance constraints. This paper explores a technique for eliminating the overhead incurred by exploiting persistent application execution characteristics that are shared across different application invocations. This technique is implemented and evaluated in Pin, a dynamic instrumentation engine. This version of Pin is referred to as Persistent Pin (PPin). Initial PPin experimental results indicate that using information from prior runs can reduce dynamic instrumentation overhead of SPEC applications by as much as 25% and over 90% for everyday applications like web browsers, display rendering systems, and spreadsheet programs.
International survey on the Dance Dance Revolution game
Authors: Hoysniemi Johanna
Published: May 2006

Despite the growing popularity of physically interactive game-playing, no user studies have been conducted on dance gaming (one of the most popular forms of playing via full-body movements). An online questionnaire was used to study various factors related to Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) gaming. In total, 556 respondents from 22 countries of ages 12 to 50 filled in a questionnaire which examined the players' gaming background, playing styles and skills, motivational and user experience factors, social issues, and physical effects of dance gaming, and taking part in dance-gaming related activities. The results show that playing DDR has a positive effect on the social life and physical health of players, as it improves endurance, muscle strength and sense of rhythm, and creates a setting where new friends can be found.
Beyond Barbie and Mortal Kombat
Authors: Lee Newton
Published: May 2006

The theme of our workshop quotes a variation of the title of a seminal and widely popular book "From Barbie to Mortal Kombat" edited by Justine Cassell and Henry Jenkins in 1998 which followed a meeting organized in 1996 at MIT. Until that time, both industry and research endorsed myths about females and gaming. On the one hand, software companies did not believe that there was a commercial market for girls. On the other hand, researchers did not fully recognize the study of game design and play as a resource for understanding how learners and women, in particular, engage in STEM. The title refers to the popular game
Mortal Kombat
— a violent first person shooter game played mostly by men and boys, and to the
BarbieFashion Designer
game. In 1996, the Barbie game challenged the myth that girls do not like computer games — it was the commercially most successful software package that Christmas season, and it was designed for girls! The book challenged the myth that research on games is not useful, as the chapters provided insight into learning, technology, design, and gender studies.
Mixed meal and light exercise each recruit muscle capillaries in healthy humans
Authors: Vincent Michelle A. , Clerk Lucy H. , Lindner Jonathan R. , Price Wendie J. , Jahn Linda A. , Leong-Poi Howard , Barrett Eugene J.
Published: May 2006

Intense exercise and insulin each increases total limb blood flow and recruits muscle capillaries, presumably to facilitate nutrient exchange. Whether mixed meals or light exercise likewise recruits capillaries is unknown. We fed 18 (9 M, 9 F) healthy volunteers a 480-kcal liquid mixed meal. Plasma glucose, insulin, brachial artery flow, and forearm muscle microvascular blood volume were measured before and after the meal. Brachial artery flow and microvascular volume were also examined with light (25% max), moderate (50%), and heavy (80%) forearm contraction every 20 s in 5 (4 M, 1 F) healthy adults. After the meal, glucose and insulin rose modestly (to ∼7 mM and ∼270 pM) and peaked by 30 min, whereas brachial artery blood flow ( P < 0.05) and the microvascular volume ( P < 0.01) each increased significantly by 60 min, and microvascular flow velocity did not change. For exercise, both 50 and 80%, but not 25% maximal handgrip, increased average forearm and brachial artery blood flow ( P < 0.01). Flow increased immediately after each contraction and declined toward basal over 15 s. Exercise at 25% max increased microvascular volume threefold ( P < 0.01) without affecting microvascular flow velocity or total forearm blood flow. Forearm exercise at 80% maximal grip increased both microvascular volume and microvascular flow velocity ( P < 0.05 each). We conclude that light exercise and simple meals each markedly increases muscle microvascular volume, thereby expanding the endothelial surface for nutrient exchange, and that capillary recruitment is an important physiological response to facilitate nutrient/hormone delivery in healthy humans.
Flow Regimes of Nonlinear Heat Island Circulation
Authors: Niino Hiroshi , Mori Atsushi , Satomura Takehiko , Akiba Sayaka
Published: May 2006

Previous laboratory and numerical experiments show that the nonlinear heat island circulation has two different flow regimes: One has two maximums of updraft at both edges of the heat island (type E), while the other has a single maximum of updraft at the center of the island (type C). Our theoretical consideration shows that the heat island circulation is principally governed by two nondimensional parameters: a nonlinear parameter ɛN = Δθ/(Γδ) and a Prandtl number Pr = ν/κ, where Δθ is the surface temperature anomaly of the heat island, Γ the vertical gradient of the basic potential temperature, δ the thickness of the thermal boundary layer, ν the kinematic viscosity, and κ the temperature diffusivity. For a given fluid, the Prandtl number is fixed, so that the flow regime is principally determined by the nonlinear parameter ɛN.

Numerical experiments are performed to confirm the theoretical prediction. The steady-state flows obtained from the numerical experiments are categorized into either of the two regimes. In accordance with the theoretical prediction, the transition between the two regimes occurs at a critical value of ɛN(∼3.4). When ɛN is larger (smaller) than this critical value, type C (type E) is realized. The physical mechanism for the transition is interpreted in the light of the authors' previous theoretical study.
Effects of Organic Solvents on Charge Separation in Photo-induced Electron Transfer from Xanthene Dyes to Methyl Viologen
Authors: Nishimura Yoshinobu , Misawa Hiroaki , Sakuragi Hirochika , Tokumaru Katsumi
Published: May 2006

Efficiencies of charge separation in eosin Y- and erythrosine-sensitized reduction of methyl viologen (MV2+) were determined in water-organic solvent mixtures by laser flash photolysis. The MV+• yield increased with increasing fraction of organic solvents, and depended on the type of solvent, increasing in the order of acetonitrile > acetone > dioxane > ethanol > DMSO. The hydrophobic nature of solvents plays an important role in the charge separation.
Redox Potentials of Cobalt(III) Mixed-Ligand Complexe with Sulfur, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen Donor Atoms and a Correlation with Their Electronic Spectra
Authors: Okuno Masaaki , Kita Masakazu , Kashiwabara Kazuo , Fujita Junnosuke
Published: May 2006

Reduction(E1/2 (red)) and oxidation(E1/2(ox)) potentials of 32 cobalt(III) mixed-ligand complexes with sulfur, phosphorus, and nitrogen donor atoms were obtained. A good linear relationship was found between the potential difference, ΔE(redox) ≡ e[E1/2(ox) − E1/2(red)], and the first d-d transition energy.
A Thiolate-Bridged Binuclear Nickel(II) Complex with a Tripod-like N3S-ligand. Formation of a Novel Disulfide-Bridged Binuclear Nickel(II) Complex
Authors: Handa Makoto , Mikuriya Masahiro , Okawa Hisashi
Published: May 2006

Reaction of nickel salts with N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-2-aminoethanethiol (HL) gives a thiolate-bridged binuclear nickel(II) complex, [Ni2(L)2](ClO4)2, and a novel disulfide-bridged binuclear nickel(II) complex, [Ni2(LL)(CH3COO)2](PF6)2·C2H5OH (LL is the disulfide formed upon oxidation of the ligand, HL). X-Ray structure analysis of the latter complex has revealed that the two nickel ions are bridged by the disulfide group and two acetate ions.
Syntheses of M[V(edta)(H2O)]·nH2O (M = Na, K, NH4) and X-Ray Crystal Structure of Na[V(edta)(H2O)]·3H2O
Authors: Shimoi Mamoru , Saito Yoko , Ogino Hiroshi
Published: May 2006

K[V(edta)(H2O)]·2H2O was prepared by the reaction of VC13 with K4edta. The salt was converted to sodium and ammonium salts by use of a cation exchange resin. Crystal structure analysis of the sodium salt exhibits that edta acts as a sexidentate ligand and a water molecule completes seven-coordinatin. The geometry is described as a cappe trigonal-prism or alternatively as a 4:3 piano stool.
A Comparison of the Catalytic Performance of the Lithium and Sodium Analogues of Bismuth Oxyhalides in the Oxidative Dimerization of Methane
Authors: Ueda Wataru , Isozaki Toshio , Morikawa Yutaka , Thomas John M
Published: May 2006

The lithium and sodium salts of four distinct types of complex bismuth oxychlorides having different structural layer units within the Sillenite family of solids have been employed as catalysts for the selective oxidation of methane. The catalytic performance strongly depends on the environment of chloride ion in the structure; and it is likely that a radical mechanism operates.
Shape Selective Property of Alumina-pillared Montmorillonite with Different Lateral Distances in m-Xylene Conversion
Authors: Mori Toshiaki , Suzuki Kenzi
Published: May 2006

In m-xylene conversion on alumina-pillared montmorillonite, the selectivity of disproportionation increased with increasing lateral distance, while isomerization was predominant for the small lateral distance. The observed results suggest that the shape selectivity operates in the reaction.
The Addition Reaction of β-Keto Carboxylic Acids to Olefinic Compounds by the Use of Mn(III) Tris(2-pyridinecarboxylate) as an Oxidant
Authors: Narasaka Koichi , Miyoshi Norikazu , Iwakura Kazunori , Okauchi Tatsuo
Published: May 2006

Intermolecular addition reactions of radical species generated from β-keto carboxylic acids to olefinic compounds such as a silyl enol ether, a ketene dithioacetal and an enamine proceed selectively by the use of manganese(III) tris(2-pyridinecarboxylate) as an oxidant.
Molecular Recognition by Saccharides. Asymmetric Complexation between Bilirubin and Nucleosides
Authors: Kano Koji , Yoshiyasu Kazuhiro , Hashimoto Shizunobu
Published: May 2006

Asymmetric complexation between bilirubin (BR) and nucleosides has been studied in water (pH 10.8) by UV-vis absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The complexes of BR with ribo- and deoxyribonucleosides show the plus to minus bisignated CD signals, which indicate that BR in these complexes selectively takes the (R)-helix conformation. Thymine and uracil arabinosides exhibit the oppositely signed CD spectra. A multi-point attachment model may explain the asymmetric complexation.
Solid Base-directed Regioselective Ring Opening of Epoxides with Cyanotrimethylsilane
Authors: Sugita Keisuke , Ohta Akihisa , Onaka Makoto , Izumi Yusuke
Published: May 2006

Calcium oxide and magnesium oxide are found to be effective solid bases for nucleophilic ring opening of epoxides with cyanotrimethylsilane to afford β-trimethylsiloxy nitriles in a highly regioselective manner without any contamination of isocyanides.
Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds using Alkane as a Hydrogen Source
Authors: Sakakura Toshiyasu , Abe Fujio , Tanaka Masato
Published: May 2006

Aldehydes are effectively reduced to corresponding alcohols at room temperature using alkane as a hydrogen donor by the catalysis of RhCl(CO)(PMe3)2 under irradiation. Chemoselective reduction of aldehyde in the presence of ketone is achieved.
Facile Synthesis of α-Chlorosulfoxide Using the N,N′-Dichloro-p-toluenesulfonamide
Authors: Kim Yong Hae , Lim Sang Chul , Kim Hyoung Rae , Yoon Dae Chul
Published: May 2006

Various unsymmetrical and symmetrical diakyl sulfoxides or alkyl aryl sulfoxides reacted with N,N′-dichloro-p-toluenesulfonamide to yield the corresponding α-chlorosulfoxide in excellent yields under mild and neutral conditions in high regioselectivity of monochlorination at α-position of sulfoxides.
Synthesis and Restricted Conformation of 3′,5′-O-(Di-t-butylsilanediyl)ribonucleosides
Authors: Furusawa Kiyotaka , Ueno Katsuhiko , Katsura Tatsuo
Published: May 2006

The reaction of ribonucleosides with di-t-butylsilyl diester such as dinitrate, diperchlorate and ditriflate in DMF gave selectively 3′,5′-O-(di-t-butylsilanediyl)ribonucleosides in high yield. The conformation analysis by 1H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography showed that the product has a restricted conformation analogous to that observable in 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotides.
The Zimbabwe People’s Army: An Interview with Dzinashe Machingura
Authors:   Mozambican Information Agency
Published: May 2006

[Note: This interview was conducted on September 22, 1976 by the Mozambican Information Agency. Mr. Machingura is a political commissar in the Zimbabwe People’s Army (ZIPA) and provides the first major statement for the Western public of the goals and policies of ZIPA. The failure of the Western press to provide information about ZIPA has left the field to the propaganda efforts of the Rhodesián Smith regime, which defines the ZIPA soldiers as “terrs” (terrorists). An opposing understanding of the ZIPA movement has been proffered by the frontline African presidents. In their first public response to the Smith announcement of agreement with the Kissinger terms of settlement, the five presidents began with a statement of congratulation to the Zimbabwean soldiers who had brought the white regime to the point of seeking a settlement publically, even though this too may have been another Smith ploy to gain time by avoiding substantive changes.
African Studies in the United States: 1955–1975
Authors: Carter Gwendolen M.
Published: May 2006

For decades, American scholars have been studying one aspect or another of the African experience. From 1927 on, Professor Melville J. Herskovits used his field research and scholarly insights to fashion courses on Africa offered as part of the regular curriculum at Northwestern University. Northwestern and Indiana graduate students, and possibly others, were already completing distinguished Ph.D. dissertations in the late 1930s that were based on field research in Africa or other types of original data. What we generally mean by African studies developed at a later stage, when the scholarly interaction of specialists on Africa drawn from a number of disciplines is formalized through a structure established by their institution.
I. Unlimited Partnership: Dance and Feminist Analysis
Authors: Daly Ann
Published: May 2006

Among all the arts in western culture, dance may have the most to gain from feminist analysis. Certainly the two are highly compatible. Dance is an art form of the body, and the body is where gender distinctions are generally understood to originate. The inquiries that feminist analysis makes into the ways that the body is shaped and comes to have meaning are directly and immediately applicable to the study of dance, which is, after all, a kind of living laboratory for the study of the body—its training, its stories, its way of being and being seen in the world. As a traditionally female-populated (but not necessarily female-dominated) field that perpetuates some of our culture's most potent symbols of femininity, western theatrical dance provides feminist analysis with its potentially richest material.
Library Catalogues and Tudor Oxford and Cambridge
Authors: Curtis Mark H.
Published: May 2006

In the introduction to his valuable aid to research, Library Catalogues of the English Renaissance, Sears Jayne makes some helpful suggestions about how the evidence whose whereabouts he has discovered and revealed to us may enlarge our knowledge and improve our understanding of the English Renaissance. In one respect, however, he fails to do full justice to the potentialities of the sources he has opened up. For some reason, he permits an old myth about Tudor Oxford and Cambridge to color his opinion of what the lists of books contained in inventories of the personal effects of university students who died while they were in residence at Oxford and Cambridge prove about the character and intellectual life of the two institutions. He states categorically in one place that ‘the catalogues reflect beautifully the contrast between conservative, scholastic Oxford and reforming, humanist Cambridge’.
The Education of a Prince: Lodovico il Moro and the Rise of Pandolfo Petrucci
Authors: Hicks David L.
Published: May 2006

In the years following Charles VIII's inglorious retreat from Naples, Lodovico Sforza, duke of Milan, was Italy's busiest diplomat. Though the brief visit of the French king and his knights had brought Lodovico little except prestige (more concrete advantage came from the fortuitous death of the young Milanese pretender), it certainly provided him a broader field on which he could play his diplomatic game. Dispatches by the score went out from his chancery. To all the courts and princes they went, and many, perhaps most, of them concerned the affairs of Tuscany. For Lodovico had his calculating eye turned south. With Venice, he was supporting the desperate struggle of the Pisans to free themselves from Florence. He sent off money and cavalry and capped his gifts with another of his famous invitations, this one to Maximilian of Austria.
The First Italianate Englishmen
Authors: Parks George B.
Published: May 2006

Though the Italianate Englishman is a well-known figure in the Elizabethan literary scene, our picture of him is drawn generally from plays and satires after 1590. a generation after Roger Ascham introduced the epithet. Moreover, each portraitist in turn strove to outdo the other in vehemence, as we judge from the broadening range of Greene, Lodge, Marston, Jonson, for example, who had themselves not traveled to Italy and might not therefore be able to judge whether their victim, the ‘affectate traveller’, had learned his vice or folly in Italy or France or Spain, or only at home. Presumably the Elizabethans did not care how far out of bounds the term went in describing extremes of cruelty or baseness.
Reginald Pecock and Lorenzo Valla on the Donation of Constantine
Authors: Levine Joseph M.
Published: May 2006

The story of the exposure of the Donation of Constantine is a familiar one. In the middle of the fifteenth century, it will be recalled, two different men, writing independently of each other in England and in Italy, demonstrated conclusively that the document was a forgery. Others had long suspected it and, on one occasion at least, carefully examined and rejected it. But it was left to Reginald Pecock and Lorenzo Valla to complete the criticism. When they were finished it was difficult, if not impossible, to continue to believe in either the document or the event. In this way, European historiography took a major step forward and the Renaissance relieved itself of one of the many legends that cluttered its understanding of the past.
Ambiguity in Writings on Humanistic Education: Text criticism and the concept of man: supplementary remarks
Authors: Herding Otto
Published: May 2006

Make some supplementary remarks to my ‘rapport'. By supplementation I understand less an expansion in subject matter than in method, as follows. It is relatively easy to set up programmatic demands. It is much more difficult to show by examples how these demands are to be met. With what ease it is said, for example, that research has yet been too little concerned with the reception of Isocrates in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. But how is this to be done? How to get beyond mere bibliography, beyond establishment of printings to a penetration of the ideas and an evaluation of the facts?
The Elaboration of Vives's Treatises on the Arts
Authors: Sinz William
Published: May 2006

Ludovicus Vives published his De disciplinis in \ 1531, in the fortieth year of his life. The work is a systematic review of the arts and sciences, in twenty-one books, proceeding from a history of the trivium and quadrivium to a proposal for a reformed university, a character test for teachers, and a set of improved textbooks in metaphysics and logic (to which Vives later added expositions of rhetoric and psychology). A work of this scope would probably have been begun a number of years before publication, especially if those years were full of other activities.
Early Venetian Legislation Concerning Foreign Ambassadors
Authors: Queller Donald E.
Published: May 2006

Scattered among various series of registers preserved in the Archivio di Stato of Venice are found a considerable number of legislative acts dealing with ambassadors. A few of them are well known, some of those restricting the freedom of the doge in his relations with foreign ambassadors, for example, but most are completely unknown. Only one attempt, as far as I know, has been made to study and describe them, and that covered inadequately only the thirteenth century. Probably no study of Venetian legislation on ambassadors can succeed in being completely exhaustive, for there exists no easy way of discovering these acts. They must be sought singly and at random among the other records of the various governmental organs concerned with diplomacy.