bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Commitment and Individualism in Counseling
Authors: KELLY EUGENE W.
Published: December 2011

Counselors highly value social commitment as complementary to their primary emphasis on the welfare of the individual client. This article discusses how the primary emphasis on the individual raises for counselors the possibility of a kind of therapeutic individualism inimical to social commitment and the common good. The importance placed on social commitment in counseling and the influence of therapeutic individualism are examined. It is proposed that the already significant role of social commitment in counseling can be enhanced by clarifying the balance between the individual and social perspectives.
Self‐Involving Versus Self‐Disclosing Counselor Statements During an Initial Interview
Authors: WATKINS C. EDWARD , SCHNEIDER LAWRENCE J.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the hypothesis that positive self‐involving and self‐disclosing counselor responses would be rated more favorably by subjects than negative self‐involving and self‐disclosing counselor responses (Andersen & Anderson, 1985). The differential effectiveness of the counselor responses during the initial interview was discussed, and some implications of the findings for counseling practice were considered.
Adding a Family Counseling Training Component to a Community Agency Counseling Master's Degree
Authors: SHEVERBUSH ROBERT L. , WARD DONALD E.
Published: December 2011

This article presents an example of the planning and implementation of a program to retrain counselor education faculty members and then to add a family counseling specialty component to a master's degree community agency counseling program. Implications for professional development, credentialing, and improving relationships with agencies and the community are discussed.
Missouri: The History of a User Friendly Program
Authors: ANDERSON WAYNE
Published: December 2011

The University of Missouri‐Columbia has been a major training ground in counseling psychology for more than 40 years. Its development and influence on the field are explored through the use of historical archives and comments from faculty, graduates, and APA site visit reports.
Teachers College and Counseling Psychology: Innovator and Integrator
Authors: THOMPSON ALBERT S.
Published: December 2011

Since the 1930s, Teachers College, Columbia University, has played an innovating and integrating role in the development of counseling psychology as a science and profession, The integrative role was facilitated by the setting, which provided interaction with leaders in educational philosophy, economics, sociology, guidance, and measurement as well as the related fields of psychology. The initial emphasis on vocational guidance has expanded to include concepts of career development and life roles satisfaction. Faculty and graduates of the program have provided leadership in defining and implementing the three basic roles of the counselor: (1) remedial and rehabilitative, (2) preventive, and (3) educative and developmental.
Counseling Psychology in the Minnesota Tradition
Authors: BOROW HENRY
Published: December 2011

The origins and growth of American counseling psychology were closely tied to early developments at the University of Minnesota. Pioneering work in student personnel research was initiated by Donald Paterson and his associates in the 1920s and 1930s. E. G. Williamson, John Darley, and Gilbert Wrenn were Minnesota psychologists who played central roles in the establishment of the APA Division of Counseling Psychology and the creation of the ABPP diploma in counseling and guidance. Minnesota is the only institution offering two broadly based APA‐accredited programs in counseling psychology: one program in the Department of Psychology and the other program in the College of Education.
Assessing and Facilitating Children's Cognitive Development: Developmental Counseling and Therapy in a Case of Child Abuse
Authors: IVEY ALLEN , IVEY MARY BRADFORD
Published: December 2011

This article presents practical implications for assessing a child's cognitive development and then facilitating developmental growth. The concepts of developmental counseling and therapy (Ivey, 1986, 1990) are presented as a systematic framework to integrate neo‐Piagetian developmental theory into the interview. Specific techniques may be used for assessing cognitive development, expanding horizontal and vertical development, designing systematic questioning sequences, and planning overall treatment. An example of treatment of a case of child abuse illustrates the concepts in action.
Pet Loss: Implications for Counselors
Authors: SHARKIN BRUCE S. , BAHRICK AUDREY S.
Published: December 2011

The general purpose of this article is to increase the awareness of counselors about the topic of pet loss. Specifically, this article discusses how counselors can be actively involved through practice, consultation, and research to help people deal with the emotional impact of pet loss.
Client Record Guidelines
Authors: PIAZZA NICK J. , BARUTH NANCY E.
Published: December 2011

Although the need to keep client records is clear, there is little information available as to how to construct a client record. This article presents guidelines for what data should be contained in intake summaries, along with assessments, treatment plans, case notes, and other supplemental materials.
Counseling Haitian Students and Their Families: lssues and interventions
Authors: GILES HOLLYCE C.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this article is to provide counselors with a general introduction to the background of Haitian immigrant students in the United States and to the issues that often arise in working with them. The article examines the psychological, sociocultural, familial, and economic factors that make adjustment to American schools difficult for Haitian students, as exemplified by the case of a 9‐year‐old Haitian boy in a New York City public school. The article also recommends interventions that counselors can implement to improve the academic and social/emotional functioning of Haitian students and their families.
The Uses of Juvenile Fiction and Self‐Help Books With Stepfamilies
Authors: COLEMAN MARILYN , GANONG LAWRENCE H.
Published: December 2011

This article advocates the use of bibliotherapy as an adjunct to counseling with stepchildren and remarried adults. Information to guide the selection and use of fiction and self‐help books for children and adolescents is provided. Also mentioned are other audiences and uses for the adolescent fiction.
The Credentialing of Professional Psychologists and Its Implication for the Other Mental Health Disciplines
Authors: CUMMINGS NICHOLAS A.
Published: December 2011

Professional psychology was the first mental health profession to challenge the preeminence of psychiatry and in so doing blazed the trail for clinical social workers, mental health counselors, marriage and family therapists, and addiction counselors. Social work has followed one decade behind psychology's footsteps, and the other rapidly emerging mental health professions are not too far behind social work. This article reviews the lessons learned by professional psychology when it adopted the strategy of statutory regulation, freedom of choice, control of its own training and of its national organization, and future strategies for Medicare and eventually for the enactment of universal health care. These lessons are important to the professions following psychology.
The Field of Marital and Family Therapy
Authors: EVERETT CRAIG A.
Published: December 2011

This article defines the emergence of marital and family therapy as a distinct clinical discipline and an area of clinical practice. Significant historical developments that shaped the field and the integrative aspects of family systems theory are described. The role of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy in professional credentialing and state and federal advocacy is reviewed, along with the contributions of the Commission on Accreditation for Marital and Family Therapy Education. These areas of development set the stage for recommendations for further interdisciplinary collaboration among the mental health disciplines.
A Psychosocial Look at the Jewish Dilemma
Authors: WEINRACH STEPHEN G.
Published: December 2011

Personally Speaking provides a forum for readers to describe important issues or events in their lives and the role, if any, counseling has played. Guidelines for submitting manuscripts may be obtained from Stephen G. Weinrach, 303 Falvey Hall, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085–1699.
The Constructs of Complexity and Balance in Multicultural Counseling Theory and Practice
Authors: PEDERSEN PAUL
Published: December 2011

Two constructs of complexity and balance are defined and discussed in the context of traditional counseling theory as well as in the multicultural context. Twenty examples of observable and potentially measurable counselor behaviors indicating complexity and balance are identified and discussed. The implications of cultural differences for defining good counseling are discussed.
Life Themes and Motivations of Re‐Entry Students
Authors: BAUER DAVID , MOTT DEAN
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to describe the life themes and motivations associated with the psychosocial transition occurring among students who ranged in age from 28 to 35 years and who were re‐entering a university environment. Eight women and eight men participated in structured individual interviews lasting from 1½ to 3 hours. Binomial tests showed that more participants were oriented toward their present life than were oriented toward their future life; a larger number were concerned about resolving conflicts with family, friends, and self than were concerned about future careers. Rank orderings of values by men and women reflected opposite poles of Erikson's intimacy versus isolation dichotomy and Levinson's attachment‐separation dichotomy. Results are discussed in relationship to socialization to delay gratification and to development of a sense of generativity. Findings implied the need for greater attention by educators to students' interests and to mentoring relationships.
Spiritual and Ethical Beliefs of Humanists in the Counseling Profession
Authors: GOUD NELSON
Published: December 2011

Considerable controversy has been waged over the spiritual and ethical beliefs of humanism. A survey of humanist counselors was conducted on selected spiritual and ethical beliefs. The results showed that ethical/spiritual pluralism best characterized the humanists' stance. The findings are discussed within the context of historical and contemporary schools of humanism.
As the Twig Is Bent? The Myth of Child‐Rearing Influences on Personality Development
Authors: ROWE DAVID C.
Published: December 2011

Social scientists and laypersons alike believe that child‐rearing styles and family environments are formative of personality traits such as shyness and activity level, intellectual traits such as IQ, and psychopathology. After 100 years of behavioral genetic research, however, including new studies of twins raised apart and together, little factual support for this “common sense” proposition can be found. Nonintellectual traits seem to be determined instead by genetic influences and by relatively specific environmental influences, most of which are not particularly tied to the family or parental treatments. Intellectual traits show modest family environmental influence, but that influence may diminish in importance after childhood. I conclude that parents should be given less credit for children who turn out well and should take less blame for children who turn out poorly. Counselors who blame parents less for children's behavioral outcomes—especially extreme traits and psychopathology—may find those parents to be more willing helpers in those intervention processes that have been shown to work.
Genes, Fears, Phobias, and Phobic Disorders
Authors: CAREY GREGORY
Published: December 2011

It has become widely accepted that we may be biologically “prepared” to associate fear more easily with some stimuli (e.g., heights) than with other stimuli (e.g., electric outlets). The current literature on the topic of the genetics of fears and phobias is surveyed with an eye toward answering the question “What might be heritable?” For ordinary fears among the general population, heredity appears to contribute mainly to a trait of general fearfulness and may be a major reason for the strong intercorrelation among different fears. Surprisingly, the available evidence suggests little environmental transmission from parent to offspring, although adoption data have yet to be reported on this issue. Although the results of two small twin series are consistent with some genetic influence on clinically significant phobias, it is still not clear what might be genetically transmitted in these disorders. There is a strong possibility that phobic disorders may be genetically heterogeneous.
Phenomenal Patterning and Guided Imagery in Counseling: A Methodological Pilot
Authors: KOZIEY PAUL W. , ANDERSEN TRACE
Published: December 2011

Phenomenology has evolved significantly as a foundation for counseling over the last half century through the innovative thinking of Carl Rogers. Recent methodological advances of Giorgi and Polkinghorne have provided a general research model for extending Rogers's work. A counseling approach was developed by the authors for explicating patterned ways of perceiving, thinking, and doing. Guided imagery was used as a means by which a client's phenomenal patterning was revealed. Sequences of inclusion and exclusion behavior within the guided images were related to self‐report data as a way of formulating initial descriptions of personal involvement patterns. These descriptions were found to be isomorphic. Discussion focuses on how phenomenological methods and research findings can be used in counseling.
Evaluating Self‐Concept and Ego Status in Erikson's Last Three Psychosocial Stages
Authors: HAMACHEK DON
Published: December 2011

The objective of this article is to suggest behavioral criteria that can be used for assessing the status of self‐concept and ego development in Erikson's last three psychosocial stages. The strength of Erikson's theory has been in its contribution to the understanding of human development through a continuum of psychosocial stages. A weakness, however, has been in the uncertainty about the particular behaviors one should look for when assessing the positive or negative aspects of self‐concept and ego development. To parallel an earlier article examining Erikson's first five stages (Hamachek, 1988), three tables of different behavioral expressions are presented, each providing examples of possible behaviors and implicit attitudes related to positive and negative ego resolutions associated with the last three stages. Implications for evaluation of problem concerns and counseling are noted.
Examining Reasoning Skill Differences Between Expert and Novice Counselors
Authors: HILLERBRAND ERIC , CLAIBORN CHARLES D.
Published: December 2011

There is increasing interest in identifying the complex cognitive skills that constitute counseling expertise. Research from cognitive psychology suggests significant differences between experts and novices in their reasoning. This study examines the reasoning of expert and novice counselors engaged in a diagnostic task. Cases varied on “problem structure”—the extent to which problem‐relevant information was clear and apparent. While an expertise by problem structure interaction was hypothesized, most of the differences were found across case type. Results suggest that the structure of the diagnostic problem may be an important variable affecting reasoning. The importance of problem structure for future research and training is discussed.
Transitions of Athletes: Developmental and Preventive Perspectives
Authors: PEARSON RICHARD E. , PETITPAS ALBERT J.
Published: December 2011

Common anticipated and unanticipated transitions faced by athletes are examined from the perspectives of developmental psychology and a model of adult transitions developed by Nancy Schlossberg. Factors contributing to dysfunctional response to transitions associated with athletic careers are identified and discussed. Preventive strategies, targeting athletes at risk of experiencing dysfunctionality in such transitions, are examined, and illustrative programs described.
Female Suicide: The Trend Toward Increased Lethality in Method of Choice and Its Implications
Authors: ROGERS JAMES R.
Published: December 2011

Results of recent analyses of statistics on suicide in the United States have documented a trend toward increased lethality in the method of choice in female suicides. A brief review of this research is presented, and its implications for female suicidal risk assessment are discussed.
Follow‐Up of Doctoral Graduates in Counseling
Authors: ZIMPFER DAVID G. , DeTRUDE JUDITH C.
Published: December 2011

The national population of persons who graduated from doctoral programs in counselor preparation during 1984–1985 was surveyed to discern their demographic, work history, current job status, productivity, and future employment plans. The 270 responses revealed a high level of preparation‐related employment, with work being performed in very diverse settings. Today's graduates are older than those who graduated 15 years ago and are relatively experienced in counseling and human development services. Private practice has emerged as a significant employment setting and is projected to increase even more. Productivity in terms of contributions to the profession is substantial. Conclusions and implications are drawn for practitioners and counselor preparation institutions.
Paradigmatic Shifts: Science, Applications, and Policies. A Response to Gordon and Shontz
Authors: MEARA NAOMI M.
Published: December 2011

Representative Case Research (RCR) is reviewed with emphasis upon its contributions to the integration of science and practice in the helping professions. Policy issues in conducting RCR are raised with respect to the potential for dual relationships and the policies of academic institutions and service agencies that could work against its widespread adoption.
The Hmong in the United States: An Overview for Mental Health Professionals
Authors: CERHAN JANE UGLAND
Published: December 2011

Since Laos fell to the communist Pathet Lao, many Hmong people have relocated to the United States. Because of the vast cultural differences, the Hmong have had a notoriously difficult time adjusting to life in the United States. In view of the many problems faced by Hmong Americans, it is likely that many of them will seek or be referred to non‐Hmong professionals for various counseling services. This article provides an overview of Hmong culture and a history of their migration to the United States. Specific adjustment and mental health problems are noted and suggestions are provided for designing appropriate counseling interventions for Hmong Americans.
Counseling Native Americans
Authors: HEINRICH ROBERT K. , CORBINE JOSEPH L. , THOMAS KENNETH R.
Published: December 2011

This article addresses the issues facing White counselors in providing services to Native Americans, whose values differ significantly from the dominant culture's. Native Americans have been consistently threatened with cultural assimilation. Previously published recommendations to counselors are reviewed and the relevance and possible uses of traditional Native American healing practices are discussed. One such practice, the vision quest, is described in detail. Counselors need to learn culturally relevant metaphors in order to promote healing and change and, in effect, must themselves undergo an acculturation process.
Treatment of Body Image Dissatisfaction Among Women With Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: BROUWERS MARIETTE
Published: December 2011

Body image dissatisfaction contributes to the development and maintenance of bulimia nervosa. Many women with bulimia are unhappy with their body's appearance and yearn to attain the thin shape glamorized by our culture. This obsession breeds low self‐esteem, feelings of inadequacy, and resistance to recovery from bulimia. This article offers treatment suggestions for body image dissatisfaction as it relates to bulimia. Counselors must be comfortable with their own bodies and must be cognizant of sociocultural dictates demanding a thin body for women.
A Counselor's Primer on Postpartum Depression
Authors: PFOST KAREN S. , STEVENS MICHAEL J. , MATEJCAK ANDREW J.
Published: December 2011

Women are more likely than men to experience depression, and they are particularly vulnerable to depression during the postpartum period. Postpartum depression is distinguished from normal postpartum adjustment, postpartum blues, and postpartum psychosis. Biological, psychodynamic, and diathesis‐stress perspectives on postpartum depression are described. Counselors are encouraged to fashion individualized treatments for postpartum depression that are matched to the stressors and vulnerabilities of their clients.
Effects of Academic Achievement and Gender on Academic and Social Self‐Concept: A Replication Study
Authors: KELLY KEVIN R. , JORDAN LaVERNE K.
Published: December 2011

Female and male eighth‐grade students representing very high, moderately high, and average levels of achievement were compared on measures of academic and social self‐concept. Most of the differences were in academic self‐concept, which was positively related to level of academic achievement. There also was an interaction of gender and academic achievement on academic self‐concept. Average achieving girls had lower academic self‐concept scores than all other groups of students. In addition, boys scored higher than girls on measures of academic self‐concept and job competence. There were no significant differences on any of the social self‐concept measures. The counseling implications of these findings for gifted students and girls of average achievement are discussed.
Gender Aware Therapy: A Synthesis of Feminist Therapy and Knowledge About Gender
Authors: GOOD GLENN E. , GILBERT LUCIA A. , SCHER MURRAY
Published: December 2011

The time has come to integrate feminist therapy and knowledge of gender into principles of counseling for both women and men. Gender Aware Therapy (GAT) is such a synthesis. GAT encourages counselors to facilitate the development of women and men through exploration of their unique gender‐related experiences. The foundations, principles, stages, and applications of GAT are described.
Sex‐Role Orientation and the Willingness to Confront Existential Issues
Authors: STEVENS MICHAEL J. , PFOST KAREN S. , POTTS MIKE K.
Published: December 2011

The relationship between sex‐role orientation and willingness to confront existential issues was examined. Eighty‐eight undergraduates completed the Bem Sex Role Inventoy and Avoidance of Existential Confrontation (AEC) scale. A Sex × Masculinity × Femininity analysis of variance of AEC scores showed that masculine men and feminine women reported the least willingness to confront existential issues. Androgynous men were the most receptive to facing existential issues. These findings are discussed in terms of the defensiveness often evidenced by sex‐typed persons and the importance of responding to the existential concerns of young adults struggling to establish a sex‐role identity.
Loneliness: A Review of Current Literature, With Implications for Counseling and Research
Authors: McWHIRTER BENEDICT T.
Published: December 2011

This article is a review of the current literature on loneliness. The relationship of loneliness to other variables, the major characteristics of the experience of loneliness, and a definition of loneliness for counseling are described. The unidimensional and multidimensional perspectives of the loneliness experience are illustrated, with special focus on how they relate to loneliness measurement. The incidence of loneliness among various populations is also discussed. Finally, treatment strategies for loneliness, which highlight cognitivebehavioral therapy, social skills training, and social support are provided, followed by suggestions and implications for counseling practice and research.
The Importance of Interpersonal Skills in Consultee‐Centered Consultation: A Review
Authors: HORTON G. EVETTE , BROWN DUANE
Published: December 2011

This review explores the empirical research on the importance of interpersonal communication skills in consultation. Studies have found consultants' facilitative characteristics, along with an appropriate use of verbal and nonverbal skills, to be important in the consultation process. Because of the state of the research literature, however, the need for more studies on verbal and nonverbal communication skills is suggested.
Toward a Developmental Understanding of the Counseling Specialty: Lessons From our Students
Authors: STEENBARGER BRETT N.
Published: December 2011

Trends in professional practice and training have led to a debate concerning the need for an increasing remedial emphasis within the counseling field. Proposals for an integration of the counseling and clinical specialties have been opposed by those arguing that a specialty differentiation captures meaningful differences. This article hypothesizes that the counseling specialty is distinguished by its reliance on a developmental metatheory, which makes unique assumptions regarding distress, change, and the helping process. This metatheory is rooted in a rich theoretical and empirical tradition and has generated innovations in practice that transcend usual remedial forms of helping. It is proposed that the value of developmentalism and the counseling specialty are most evident in the developmental interventions of college counseling.
Effects of a Theory‐Based, Peer‐Focused Drug Education Course
Authors: GONZALEZ GERARDO M.
Published: December 2011

An innovative, theory‐based, peer‐focused college drug education academic course and its effect on perceived levels of risk associated with the use of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine are described. An analysis of covariance using pretest scores as covariates showed that the drug education course had a significant (p<.02) effect on perceived risks associated with the use of cocaine, but not with alcohol or marijuana. The author discusses several implications of these findings for the prevention of alcohol and other drug problems on campus.
Counseling the Irresponsible AIDS Client: Guidelines for Decision Making
Authors: ERICKSON SHARON H.
Published: December 2011

Counselors treating a socially irresponsible AIDS client face the dilemma of preserving the client's right to confidentiality while protecting unsuspecting sexual partners from infection. Specific guidelines for decision making are suggested.
Gifts of the Everyday People
Authors: KERR BARBARA
Published: December 2011

Personally Speaking provides a forum for readers to describe important issues or events in their lives and the role, if any, counseling has played. Guidelines for submitting manuscripts may be obtained from Stephen G. Weinrach, 303 Falvey Hall, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085–1699.
The “New” Relationship Models of Women's Identity: A Review and Critique for Counselors
Authors: ENNS CAROLYN ZERBE
Published: December 2011

This article reviews theories of women's identity that emphasize the relational capacities of women. It provides a brief summary of five theories that have received attention during the 1980s and focuses on how these perspectives can be integrated and enrich counseling practices. It also cautions against oversimplifying the nature of women's identity and suggests that an inclusive view of women's or men's identity must devote attention to individual differences, situational factors, and external social forces that influence persons.
The Identification and Modification of Defense Mechanisms in Counseling
Authors: CLARK ARTHUR J.
Published: December 2011

This article suggests considerations and strategies for identifying and modifying a client's defense mechanisms in counseling. A systematic approach to a client's mechanisms of defense contributes to therapeutic gain. Inappropriate counselor responses intensify an individual's defenses and undermine the counseling relationship. Definitions of individual defenses and indicators for identifying the mechanisms are provided. A literature review focuses on the counseling implications of the defenses. The process of defense mechanism modification is illustrated through a case example.
Collegiate COAs and Alcohol Abuse: Problem Drinking in Relation to Assessments of Parent and Grandparent Alcoholism
Authors: PERKINS H. WESLEY , BERKOWITZ ALAN D.
Published: December 2011

In a survey of college students (N = 860), significantly greater problem drinking was indicated by students who reported having a parent or grandparent diagnosed or treated for alcoholism. The highest rates of problem drinking were found among students who reported both an alcoholic parent and grandparent. Students who had experienced distress and family discord from parental alcohol abuse, though without a diagnosed alcoholic parent, also indicated greater problem drinking. The increased alcohol problems of students without a diagnosed alcoholic parent, however, were somewhat different from other children of alcoholics (COAs). Thus, different types of COAs must be considered in research, treatment, and prevention programs.
Women and AIDS: Implications for Counseling
Authors: YBARRA SHARON
Published: December 2011

Women's concerns regarding AIDS have been ignored or minimized by most writers and AIDS educators. Although women may share many similarities with men in their reactions to AIDS, they have unique concerns that must be recognized. Understanding these concerns is essential for counselors in order to give quality care to women at risk for infection. This article describes women at risk and offers suggestions for counselors in working with such women.
Strategies for Counseling Infertile Couples
Authors: DANILUK JUDITH C.
Published: December 2011

Approximately one in six couples experience problems with their fertility in terms of conceiving and/or carrying a viable pregnancy to term. The infertile couple's need for counseling and support has been emphasized consistently in the literature. This article presents specific intervention strategies that may serve to reinforce the infertility experience as an opportunity for personal and marital growth.
Managed Mental Health: A Primer for Counselors
Authors: FOOS JAMES A. , OTTENS ALLEN J. , HILL LARRY K.
Published: December 2011

The mental health service delivery system is experiencing a transformation attendant to rapidly developing cost containment mechanisms. This article reviews various aspects of the new managed mental health care systems and details the gains and losses the various mental health service provider professions may experience depending upon how each responds to the changing demands of alternate service delivery systems. Recommendations are presented regarding how counselors can establish a solid base in the new managed mental health care system.
When Students Cannot or Will Not Change Their Behavior: Using Brief Strategic Intervention in the School
Authors: AMATEA ELLEN S. , SHERRARD PETER A. D.
Published: December 2011

The authors describe an application of the Mental Research Institute (MRI) brief therapy model for working with schoolchildren who either do not want to change or feel they cannot change their problematic behavior. This short‐term, problem‐focused approach centers on changing the cycles of interaction surrounding a student's problem, in which school staff and/or family members may be engaged. Assumptions undergirding this approach are described along with specific working procedures.
Blacks' and Whites' Perceptions of Verbal Aggression
Authors: PHELPS ROSEMARY E. , MEARA NAOMI M. , DAVIS KATHLEEN L. , PATTON MICHAEL J.
Published: December 2011

Eighty Black and 80 White undergraduate and graduate women were presented with a set of materials depicting two women as verbally aggressive. In a between‐subjects design, each participant was presented with a set of materials depicting one of the following: two women who were (a) of the same race as the participant, (b) of a different race from the participant, or (c) a mixed racial pair. Each participant was asked to rate the randomly chosen identified aggressor on several variables related to aggression. Results of a 2×2×2 MANOVA (race of participant, race of identified aggressor, race of target) indicated a main effect for race of participant such that the White participants viewed all episodes as more aggressive than the Black participants. There were no other significant main effects or interactions.
The Effects of Counselor Fee and Title on Perceptions of Counselor Behavior
Authors: CONOLEY JANE CLOSE , BONNER MIKE
Published: December 2011

This study examined the effects of a counselor's fee level and title on perceptions of counselor behavior. Three levels of fee were compared: high fee, low fee, and sliding scale; and two levels of title were compared: counseling psychologist versus professional counselor. Sixty female undergraduate participants rated the credibility, attractiveness, and effectiveness of a counselor after observing her in a brief videotaped counseling simulation and reading a background description of her. The results indicate that fee level significantly affected the perceptions of counselor credibility, attractiveness, expertness, and overall counselor behavior. Title had no significant effect on perceptions of counselor behavior. Implications and limitations of these findings are discussed, and areas requiring future research are suggested.
Denigrating Carl Rogers: William Coulson's Last Crusade
Authors: KIRSCHENBAUM HOWARD
Published: December 2011

This article reviews William Coulson's assertions that Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, and he initiated the humanistic education field, that Rogers repudiated his philosophy late in life, and that they owe the nation's parents an apology. The author argues that these charges are groundless and self‐serving and provides examples and quotations from Rogers's later writings to show how Rogers remained constant to his basic person‐centered beliefs until his death.
Trends in Article Citations in Three Counseling Journals, 1952–1988
Authors: WHITE ARDEN , HERNANDEZ NELDA RAE
Published: December 2011

Reference lists from three major counseling journals spanning the years 1952 through 1988 were analyzed for reference citations. Citations gradually became more numerous and came from increasingly diverse sources. About one‐half of all citations referred to journal articles. Analysis of the differences among the three journals' citations suggests that each journal fills a special niche while contributing to the communality of the field.
Successful Resolutions to the Career‐Versus‐Family Conflict
Authors: KINNIER RICHARD T. , KATZ ELLEN C. , BERRY MARTHA A.
Published: December 2011

One hundred and twenty husbands and wives (60 couples) were individually assessed on how conflicted (or resolved) they were about the career‐versus‐family conflict in their lives. Their written resolutions were also content‐analyzed to extract specific themes and conflict‐resolution strategies. Data on participants' self‐esteem, conflict‐related anxiety, life satisfaction, and demographic variables were also collected. Results of t tests, chi‐squares, Pearson correlations, and a stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that high self‐esteem and life satisfaction best predicted being resolved about the conflict. The only theme that discriminated between the most and least resolved spouses was “my family comes first” (held by the most resolved). Wives were more rationally resolved about the conflict than their husbands.
Forty Years of Using Labels to Communicate About Nontraditional Students: Does It Help or Hurt?
Authors: WESTBROOK FRANKLIN D. , SEDLACEK WILLIAM E.
Published: December 2011

This article deals with two topics: how the education literature describes minority students and how to communicate with minority students effectively. An analysis of articles in the Education Index since 1950 showed that, despite increased concern for minorities in the literature, the labels used to describe them may have done much to exacerbate problems. When talking to minority students, the writers recommend using Bowen's differentiation concept to discuss racism and negotiating systems. Recognizing and responding sensitively to interethnic differences can improve the quality of communications.

Este manuscrito trata dos temas: Como la literatura educativa describe a los estudiantes de minorías étnicas, y cómo comunicarse efectivamente con ellos. Un análisis de articulos en el Education Index desde 1.950 muestra que a pesar de un aumento de preocupación en la literatura por los grupos de minorías étnicas, es posible que los motes dirigidos a “cultura” han hecho mucho para exacerbar problemas sociales y educativos. También al hablar con estudiantes pertenecientes a minorías étnicas, la falta de émfasis en la historia de sus culturas podría causar problemas al intentar construir una relación. Se recomendó el uso de motes menos reactivos para cuando se habla de ellos y una fórmula para conjeturar sobre sus historias cuando se habla con ellos.
The Utility of Race Labeling in Understanding Cultural Identity: A Conceptual Tool for the Social Science Practitioner
Authors: DOBBINS JAMES E. , SKILLINGS JUDITH H.
Published: December 2011

The social sciences still have marginal to poor outcomes with regard to research and service delivery for underserved populations. Yet, the past 20 years of development in training and service delivery have exerted pressure on us to become more competent in regard to multicultural effectiveness. Early approaches emphasized competence as a set of matched traits. Newer approaches emphasize that the professional must acquire key process competencies. This discussion examines competence in terms of the practitioner's worldview. It examines the history of how our frames of reference are influenced by secular intelligence and how the imprecision of the terms we commonly use especially limit our conceptual competence. Finally, a more precise multicultural lexicon is presented as a means of fostering critical thinking about competence in multicultural research and practice.

Las ciencias socials todavía suelen producir resultados pobres con respecto a la investigación y la asistencia a poblaciones desfavorecidas. No obstante, los últimos veinte años de desarollo de investigación y asistencia apresuran las ciencias sociales para que se hagan más competentes con respecto a la eficacia profesional. Los primeros enfoques pusieron más énfasis en la competencia como un conjunto de cualidades. Los modernos enfoques ponen el énfasis en que el profesional tiene que adquirir habilidades clave del proceso. Este discurso examina la competencia con respecto a la visión universal del profesional. Examina la historia de cómo son influenciados nuestros marcos de referencia por información anticuada y cómo la imprecisión de los términos que usamos diariamente limitan nuestra competencia conceptual. Por último, se presenta un léxico multicultural más preciso como una manera de mejorar el pensamiento crítico sobre competencia en el terreno de la investigación y la práctica multicultural.
A Model for Cultural Diversity Training
Authors: SUE DERALD WING
Published: December 2011

We are fast becoming a multicultural, multiracial, and multilingual society. Such demographic changes are having a major impact on economic, social, legal, political, educational, and cultural systems. For businesses and industries to survive, they will need to meet the inevitable challenge of cultural diversity. A model for incorporating cultural diversity in organizations is presented. The model is based on a 3 × 3 × 3 matrix, which analyzes an organization's functional focus (recruitment, retention, and promotion), barriers (differences, discrimination, and systemic factors), and cross‐cultural competencies (beliefs/attitudes, knowledge, and skills). Although it was originally developed for business and industry, the model seems to have usefulness in application to education and mental health organizations as well.

Estamos llegando a ser rápidamente una sociedad multicultural, multiracial, y multilingue. Estos cambios demográficos han tenido un gran impacto en los sistemas económico, social, legal, politico, educativo, y cultural. Para que los negocios e industrias sobrevivan, necesitarán enfrentarse al desafío inevitable de la diversidad cultural. Se presenta un modelo para incorporar la diversidad cultural en organizaciones. El modelo se basa en una metriz 3 × 3 × 3 que analiza el foco funcional de una organizacion (reclutamiento, retención, y promoción), bloques (diferencias, discriminación, y factores sistémicos), y competencias interculturales (creencias/actitudes, conocimientos, y habilidades). A la vez que se desarrolló el modelo originalmente para negocios e industria, se vio que el modelo también tiene utilidad para aplicarse en organizaciones educativas y de salud mental.
Multiculturalism and the School Counseling Curriculum
Authors: LEWIS ARLEEN C. , HAYES SUSANNA
Published: December 2011

This article provides a rationale for and description of the organizational efforts involved in infusing multiculturalism into the curriculum of a school counseling program. It includes a characterization of the overall program, faculty resources, curriculum organization, and student characteristics. It also includes a detailed case study of an actual counseling interaction between a school counselor and culturally different client and a description of how such activities can be used to increase cultural awareness in prepracticum students.

Este articulo proporciona una exposición razonada y una descripción de los esfuerzos organizacionales que están implicados en la integración de multiculturalismo al programa de consejería educativa. Incluye una caracterización del programa en general, los recursos de la facultad, la organización del programa y las características de los estudiantes. También incluye un estudio detallado de un caso actual de la interación entre un consejero educativo y un cliente culturalmente diferente, y una descripción de cómo se pueden utilizar estas actividades para aumentar el conocimiento cultural de los estudiantes que se preparan para ejercer esta actividad.
Toward a Multicultural Model of the Stress Process
Authors: SLAVIN LESLEY A. , RAINER KARIE L. , McCREARY MICAH L. , GOWDA KALPANA K.
Published: December 2011

Stress and coping models are potentially useful frameworks for multicultural counseling and research because of their focus on the effects of social environmental factors on human functioning. This article attempts to expand a “standard” model of the stress process (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) to include a number of culture‐relevant dimensions. Cultural factors are discussed that influence each component of the stress model including (a) the types and frequency of events experienced, (b) appraisals of the stressfulness of events, (c) appraisals of available coping resources, (d) selection of coping strategies, and (e) manifestations of adaptational difficulties. Implications of the expanded model for both research and counseling practice are discussed.

Los modelos de estrés y la adaptación al estrés tienen la potencia para ser cuadros útiles en la consejería e investigación multicultural por su enfoque sobre los efectos de factores ambientales sociales en la función humana. Este artículo intenta extender un modelo “normal” del proceso de estrés (Lazarus y Folkman, 1984) para incluir un número de dimensiones culturalmente pertinentes. Se discuten los factores culturales que influyen en cada componente del modelo de estrés, incluyendo: los tipos y la frequencia de los eventos experimentados, la apreciación del nivel de estrés de acontacimientos, la apreciación de los recursos de adaptación disponibles, la selección de estrategias de adaptación, y las manifestaciones de dificultades de adaptación. Se discuten las implicaiones del modelo extendido para la investigación y la práctica de consejeria.
Racism as a Disease: Etiology and Treatment Implications
Authors: SKILLINGS JUDITH H. , DOBBINS JAMES E.
Published: December 2011

The authors discuss racism from a disease perspective. An underlying schema of irrelevance is posited as a cognitive structure that is acquired in childhood to cope with the inconsistent data of racial oppression in an ideologically egalitarian society. As this schema comes into conflict with the increasing diversity of American life, the individual frequently manifests disease symptoms that are treatable with a variety of techniques. The utility of group treatment designed for Caucasians in the early stages of treatment is specifically addressed.

Los autores discuten el racismo desde la perspectiva de la enfermedad. Proponen una esquema fundamental de irrelevancia como una estructura cognitiva que se adquire en la niñez para enfrentarse con los datos inconsistentes de opresión racial en una sociedad ideologicamente igualitaria. Según este esquema se va poniendo en conflicto con la diversidad creciente de la vida americana, el individuo frecuentamente manifiesta síntomas de enfermedad que se pueden tratar con diversas técnicas. Se discute la utilidad del tratamiento de grupos diseñado para caucásicos en las primeras etapas del tratamiento.
Multiculturalism and Rehabilitation Counselor Training: Recommendations for Providing Culturally Appropriate Counseling Services to American Indians With Disabilities
Authors: MARSHALL CATHERINE A. , MARTIN WILLIAM E. , THOMASON TIMOTHY C. , JOHNSON MARILYN J.
Published: December 2011

American Indians exhibit health‐related problems at younger ages, as compared with the general population. They also have a disproportionate number of deaths related to alcoholism, accidents, homicides, pneumonia, influenza, diabetes mellitus, and tuberculosis as compared with the general population. In terms of mental health, depression and adjustment reactions are common problems, with the suicide rate among American Indian adults being more than twice as high as that for the general population. This article delineates specific steps necessary to successfully recruit and retain American Indians in counselor training programs, proposes a curriculum for training counselors to effectively provide services to American Indians with disabilities, and discusses the responsibility of counselor educators to concern themselves with the “job placement” of their graduates.

En comparación con la población engeneral, los indios americanos tienen problemas de salud a edades más jovenes y tienen un número de mortandad deproporcionada debida al alcoholismo, acidentes, homicidios, neumonía, gripe, diabetes mellitus, y tuberculosis. En terminos de salud mental, reaciones a depresión y adaptación son problemas comunes, con la media de suicidios superior al doble de la cifra para la población general. Este artículo delinea medidas específicas que son necesarias para atraer y retener indios americanos en programas de entrenamiento de consejería, propone un programa para entrenar consejeros para el suministro eficaz de servicios a indios americanos incapacitados, y discute la responsabilidad de los educadores de consejeros para implicarlos en la búsqueda de un empleo para sus graduados.