bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Stability of Personality
Authors: Smith David D.
Published: August 2011

Estimates of the longitudinal stability of the normal adult personality decrease with increase in the length of the assessment-reassessment interval over which stability is measured, regardless of the method employed. This randomness in the evolution of personality is attributed to the inherent indeterminacy of the global dynamics of the normal human brain. The predictive power of theories of personality is fundamentally constrained. Explanatory personality theories should not be evaluated in terms of the proportion of the total variance that they predict over time but rather on the proportion of the predictable variance they account for.
Assessing the Likelihood of Reliable Workplace Behavior: Further Contributions to the Validation of the Employee Reliability Inventory
Authors: Borofsky Gerald L.
Published: August 2011

This paper summarizes a number of studies in which the validity of the Employee Reliability Inventory, a preemployment screening instrument designed to assess the likelihood of reliable and productive workplace behavior, was examined. Criterion-related studies compared the scores of a broadly diverse group of job applicants with those obtained from an array of criterion and comparison groups, for whom there was documented evidence of reliable or unreliable behavior. Criterion-related evidence indicates that the six scales are effective in differentiating a variety of criterion groups with unreliable behavior from a number of different job applicant comparison groups. Construct-related evidence for the validity of an emotional adjustment scale is reported as well. The issue of response distortion in preemployment inventories is discussed, and data are reported which indicate that scores on all six scales appear to be functionally free from the potentially confounding effects of response distortion. These results are consistent with the original validation and cross-validation findings, which supported the validity of the six scales when assessing the likelihood of reliable behavior in a population of job applicants.
Contributions to Psychohistory: XIX. Kamikaze Pilots: The Japanese versus the American Perspective
Authors: Krus David J. , Ishigaki Yoko
Published: August 2011

Semantic differential ratings of Kamikaze pilots by 90 Japanese and 37 American subjects are contrasted. The observed differences are interpreted within the context of Hasegawa's phenomenological analysis of contemporary Japanese society.
The Mos Short-Form General Health Survey: Single Item vs Multiple Measures of Health-Related Quality of Life: Some Nuances
Authors: Kempen G. I. J. M.
Published: August 2011

Researchers concluded that Item 2 of the Short-form General Health Survey of the Medical Outcomes Study can be used as a single-item measure of health-related quality of life. This conclusion is tested again on a random sample of elderly people in the Netherlands. Although it can be concluded that the psychometric properties of the short form are satisfactory, the use of the single item as a measure of health-related quality of life is discussed.
If Freud's Theory Be True…
Authors: O'Brien Michael T.
Published: August 2011

If Freud's theory of defense and repression is true, it is proposed that the manifest content of his conscious thought (his theory) would not accurately represent his real thoughts. It would rather distort, disguise, and hide them. Freud's own special method of analysis and interpretation, which rejects the manifest meaning of conscious thought, would have to be used to gain insight into his “real,” but still hidden, thoughts. Wherever Freud's manifest thoughts, rather than his real thoughts, have shaped subsequent theories of therapy and clinical practice, re-appraisal of these later theories and practices is recommended. Resolving this misunderstanding of Freud's thought may facilitate integration of clinical theory.
Use of Direct Coping Resources in Dealing with Jealousy
Authors: McIntosh Everton G. , Matthews Calvin O.
Published: August 2011

The relationship between combined person and relational variables and use of direct coping behaviors was investigated among 185 undergraduates who currently had dating partners. Individuals with high scores on these sets of variables used significantly more direct coping behaviors than did those with low or intermediate scores.
Attitudes towards Health, Health Behaviour, and Personality Factors among School Students Very High on Empathy
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja
Published: August 2011

It was hypothesized that school students very high on empathy would have better self-esteem, behave in a healthier manner, and also have more positive attitudes towards health behaviour than the least empathetic ones. Students were from a comprehensive school, from gymnasium, and from vocational school ( Ns = 4268, 2205 girls, 2063 boys, aged 14 to 20 yr.). A modified Mehrabian and Epstein Empathy Scale and the Sensitivity scale were given. The Battle Self-esteem Scale, Form AD measured self-esteem and the Osborn and Harris Scale assertiveness. As a narcissism measure we used the modified Emmons Narcissism Scale. Scores were divided into quartiles. The most empathetic students were compared with the least empathetic ones; the former were more assertive, less narcissistic, less self-focussed, and more sensitive. They had more positive attitudes towards health behaviour: they smoked less and used less alcohol than the least empathetic ones. A holistic empathetic trend is seen in thoughts and in behaviour, which works against narcissism. These results confirm that humans need education on empathy in schools to promote mental growth and health behaviour.
A Comparison of Mental Health of Multiple Sclerosis Patients with Silver/Mercury Dental Fillings and Those with Fillings Removed
Authors: Siblerud Robert L.
Published: August 2011

In this study was compared the mental health status of 47 multiple sclerosis patients with silver/mercury tooth fillings (amalgams) to that of 50 patients with their fillings removed. On the Beck Depression Inventory the multiple sclerosis subjects with amalgams suffered significantly more depression while their scores on the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory indicated the former group also exhibited significantly more anger. On the SCL-90 Revised, subjects with amalgam fillings had significantly more symptoms of depression, hostility, psychotism, and were more obsessive-compulsive than the patients with such fillings removed. On a questionnaire containing 18 mental health symptoms multiple sclerosis subjects with amalgam fillings reported a history of 43% more symptoms than those without amalgam fillings over the past 12 months. These data suggested that the poorer mental health status exhibited by multiple sclerosis subjects with dental amalgam fillings may be associated with mercury toxicity from the amalgam.
Interpersonal Behavior and the Structure of Dreaming
Authors: Ichiyama Michael A. , Gruber Russell E.
Published: August 2011

A three-dimensional model of adult dreaming styles shows a close correspondence with other models representing frameworks of waking experience and interpersonal behavior. These close parallels support the ubiquity of the factors identified by Robert F. Bales in his integrative new field theory and may help to bring the study of dream function more clearly into the realm of personality and social psychology.
MMPI-ER Two-Point Codes of Industrially Injured Hispanic Workers by DSM-III—R Diagnosis
Authors: Clark Shelia A. , Velasquez Roberto J. , Callahan Wendell J.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to describe the MMPI-ER two-point codes of 492 Hispanic adults who had sustained work-related injuries and who had applied for workers' compensation benefits. More specifically, the focus was on whether there are unique MMPI two-point codes for Hispanic workers with three specific types of DSM-III—R diagnoses—adjustment disorder, anxiety disorder, and major depression. Analysis suggests that psychiatric condition or diagnosis may act as a moderator variable in Hispanic persons' MMPI performance, including MMPI two-point codes.
Religious Beliefs and Scientific Ideology in Psychologists: Conflicting or Coexisting Systems?
Authors: Eckhardt Christopher I. , Kassinove Howard , Edwards Lawrence
Published: August 2011

147 Members and Fellows of the American Psychological Association were surveyed to assess their endorsement of religion and science as sources of knowledge and their self-perceived conflict between these two orientations. A 37-item questionnaire was constructed to assess religiosity, religious ideology, scientific thinking, and self-perceived conflict. Psychologists reported mild to moderate involvement and identification with religion, which is much lower than that found among the genera] public. However, they were also skeptical of science as providing the only mode of fully explaining the world. While there was a low, positive correlation between religiosity and personal conflict, subjects were generally conflict-free. Few psychologists endorsed coexisting religious and scientific belief systems.
Factors Influencing Adjustment in the Families of Autistic Children
Authors: Henderson Daniel , Vandenberg Brian
Published: August 2011

This study investigated factors influencing the adjustment of families of 49 autistic children (38 boys, 11 girls) to the stress of raising an autistic child. Analysis indicated that the severity of the child's disorder (stress), mother's social support (resources), and mother's perceived locus of control (perception) were significant factors in family adjustment. In addition, evidence suggested that agency affiliation also was an unexpected, yet important factor.
Specific and Diversive Curiosity and Depression in Junior High School Students of Divorced and Nondivorced Parents
Authors: Kerr Jeremy , Beer John
Published: August 2011

124 junior high school students (Grades 5 to 8) from a small school district in north central Kansas completed the Beck Depression Scale, the Maze test, and the Which-to-Discuss test. Background information, such as age, sex, grade, and marital status of parents, were also collected. There were no significant differences between boys and girls of divorced and nondivorced parents or across grades for scores on the Which-to-Discuss (specific curiosity) and depression, but boys scored significantly higher on the Maze test (diversive curiosity). No differences were noted between the students of divorced and nondivorced parents or across grades. Scores on Which-to-Discuss test and Maze test were not significantly correlated, but scores on one Maze test and depression correlated positively and significantly. When these students scored as more depressed, although in the normal range, they tended to score higher on diversive curiosity.
Origins of Children's Career Aspirations: II. Direct Suggestions as a Method of Transmitting Occupational Preferences
Authors: Trice Ashton D. , McClellan Nancy , Hughes M. Amanda
Published: August 2011

Analysis of responses of 576 children in kindergarten and Grades 2, 4, and 6 in both public and private schools shows direct suggestions particularly from significant others are recalled increasingly frequently as children grow older. Children, however, are less likely to select suggested occupations with age. These data do not account for high aspirations of children to parental occupations.
Construct Validity and Psychometric Properties of the Cornell Critical Thinking Test (Level Z): A Contrasted Groups Analysis
Authors: Frisby Craig L.
Published: August 2011

Total scores and section scores (both corrected and uncorrected for guessing) on the Cornell Critical Thinking Test—Level Z were analyzed for evidence of construct validity. The test performance of three ability groupings of college students and a “no-booklet” (guessers) group (Total N = 527) was examined. Statistically significant differences were found among the corrected total score means for all four groups. Differences among the means of the three ability groups were statistically significant on one corrected and one uncorrected section of the test. In addition, the formula which corrects for guessing substantially improved the estimate of internal consistency reliability for the low-ability group only. Support for the heterogeneity of the thinking skills measured by Form Z was mixed and inconclusive. Implications for the use or modification of the test are discussed.
A Swedish Psychometric Test of the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: August 2011

A translation of the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (Rathus, 1973) was tested for psychometric properties on two Swedish samples of college students. Scores from the first sample ( n = 144) indicated high reliability for the original scale (Cronbach's alpha = .82) and an item analysis showed that the scale if shortened by six items had improved reliability (Cronbach's alpha = .84). This new scale, tested for validity on another sample ( n = 28), showed acceptable discriminative validity. The shortened version is recommended for use in different kinds of settings.
Validity of the Threat Index
Authors: Chambers William V. , Miller Donna , Mueller Marjorie
Published: August 2011

The validity of the Threat Index was examined in a study of 42 students and 15 HIV + clients. When completing the Threat Index, subjects rate the self and death on 30 bipolar adjectives. A count is made of the number of times the same adjective poles are used to describe the self and death. Uses of the same poles are called matches, while uses of different poles are called splits. The Threat Index is based on the assumption that splits indicate threat. Analysis showed that neither splits nor matches were usually threatening and that neither was necessary or sufficient for the experience of threat. These results did not support the validity of the Threat Index.
Common Structure Dimensions of the American College Testing Program Academic Test and the California Psychological Inventory
Authors: McGinley Hugh , Van Vranken Ruth Ann
Published: August 2011

Factor and canonical correlation analyses were used to investigate possible relationships between achievement and personality variables. Data were obtained from the American College Testing Program Academic Test and the California Psychological Inventory profiles of 125 university students. The analyses indicated two common dimensions underlying the two sets of data. The first dimension included potential for achievement and positive interpersonal and intrapersonal characteristics. The second dimension included low interest in science, high verbal ability, and interpersonal warmth.
Perception of Political Candidates Based on Their Stand on Abortion and Taxes
Authors: Dorman Paige , Pasadeos Yorgo
Published: August 2011

This study investigated whether young voters would vote for and volunteer to work for the election campaign of a presidential candidate, given the candidate's background and positions on two major campaign issues. Findings indicate that, although voter-candidate agreement on a single issue may be enough for a voter to vote for a candidate, agreement on both issues may be necessary before a voter agrees to volunteer to work for the candidate's election campaign.
Relationship of Type A Scores to Careers at Plateau and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Corzine Janice , Buntzman Gabriel , Busch Edgar
Published: August 2011

167 officers of financial institutions in the West answered a questionnaire measuring Type A behavior and a semantic differential scale for job satisfaction. Men and women had similar characteristics except the men had more education and higher salaries. Type A scores were correlated with not being at plateau for men only. Job satisfaction was not related to Type A scores for men or women. Neither was salary related to Type A scores. Working long hours had a significant association with careers not at plateau for men but not for women.
Predictive Validity of Graduate Record Examination Scores and Undergraduate Grades for Length of Time to Completion of Degree
Authors: House J. Daniel , Johnson James J.
Published: August 2011

This study was intended to investigate the predictive relationship between GRE scores, cumulative undergraduate grade point average, and the length of time (in semesters) from the initiation of graduate study until final completion of a master's degree. Students' records were evaluated for 291 graduate students in psychology who completed master's degrees during a six-year period. Higher cumulative undergraduate grade point averages were significantly correlated with fewer semesters required for completion of a degree for the entire sample. No values of chi squared for the contrasts between program areas were significant, indicating that the correlations obtained can be considered estimates of the same population values.
Spontaneous Causal Attributions: A Cross-Cultural Study Using the Sentence Completion Test
Authors: Hayamizu Toshihiko
Published: August 2011

The hypothesis was that Japanese students use spontaneous causal attributions less frequently than American students because of their cultural background. To measure spontaneous causal attribution, an original sentence completion test was constructed. The subjects were 123 American and 111 Japanese undergraduate students. Analyzing the descriptions given on the test showed that, as hypothesized, Japanese students were less likely to make spontaneous causal attributions than American students. Instead, Japanese students described ways of resolution to overcome negative outcomes more frequently.
Capital Punishment in Texas: Comparison of Some Factors Shared by 50 Convicted Murderers and Their Victims
Authors: Snyder Michael L.
Published: August 2011

The mean age of 50 convicted murderers at time of execution was compared to the mean age of their victims at time of death. The mean ages compared were not significantly different.
Role Reward and Role Stress in Managerial and Professional Women
Authors: Poole Millicent E. , Langan-Fox Janice
Published: August 2011

The importance of balancing personal and work demands has become increasingly relevant in recent years as large numbers of women move into the labour market full time. The present study was designed to examine differences in role rewards and stress amongst a group of 163 managerial and professional women. Subjects completed a questionnaire about the stress and rewards associated with their work and family roles. Although no significant differences were found between managerial and professional women, the mean scores indicated the role of employee is both the most rewarding and the most stressful. Findings are discussed in terms of sample occupation and changing home-work patterns.
A Short Form of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence for Use in Iran
Authors: Razavieh Asghar , Shahim Sima
Published: August 2011

Data from the standardization of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence in Shiraz, Iran (193 girls, 203 boys 4 to 6.5 yr. old) were used to develop a short form. Four subtests (Vocabulary, Arithmetic, Picture Completion, and Block Design) were selected on the basis of their high correlations with Full Scale IQs. The validity coefficients were high and significant. The standard errors for the short form were 4.0 to 6.0 points. The short form classified correctly about 73% of the subjects by category of intelligence but tended to underestimate the IQs of subjects of high intelligence and to overestimate the IQs of subjects with low intelligence. Further work is required.
Birth Order, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism among Iranian Children
Authors: Makaremi Azar
Published: August 2011

To investigate the effects of birth order, parents' education, and parents' occupation on four dimensions of the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, 262 elementary school students (100 boys and 162 girls) were selected randomly from four elementary schools in Shiraz. Analyses showed the main effects of birth order were significant on Neuroticism and Lie scales. Further, the effects of mothers' occupation on the Lie scale and fathers' education on the Neuroticism scale were significant.
Positive and Negative Social Support in a Chronic Illness
Authors: Ray Colette
Published: August 2011

A measure of social support was developed and administered to 207 patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Positive social support was related to anxiety, and negative social support was related to both anxiety and depression.
Students' Motivation in Choosing Classes with Televised Instructional Delivery
Authors: Chaffin Wilkie W.
Published: August 2011

The use of televised instruction is often justified, at least partially, by the claim that there is a demand by some existing or potential constituency. Preliminary results based on a survey of 59 MBA students in a state-supported university suggest students' motivation for taking TV classes does not closely match this suggested need.
Decay and Reversibility of Learned Helplessness in the Cockroach (Periplaneta Americana)
Authors: Brown Gary E. , Busby Paul L. , Klopfenstein Mary K.
Published: August 2011

The time course of learned helplessness and the reversibility of the escape deficit were investigated in the cockroach. Unlike other species investigated, the escape deficit was not present in the 39 cockroaches after a 1-week interval; however, the escape deficit was reversed by forced escape, which is characteristic of other species.
Mothers of Children with Asthma: Perceptions of Parenting Stress and the Mother-Child Relationship
Authors: Carson David K. , Schauer Roger W.
Published: August 2011

In a study of 41 mothers of asthmatic children ranging from 8 to 13 years of age, perceived parenting stress was greater and the quality of the mother-child relationship more problematic than for a comparison group of mothers with healthy children. These mothers also perceived certain areas of behavioral difficulty in their asthmatic children that were greater than those of children in a comparative sample of mothers. The findings suggested that mothers and their asthmatic children may be at risk for a variety of individual and relational problems.
Death Depression versus Death Anxiety: Exploration of Different Correlates
Authors: Siscoe Karen , Reimer Wilbert , Yanovsky Aliza , Thomas-Dobson Shan , Templer Donald I.
Published: August 2011

Possible differences between death depression and death anxiety were explored for 182 students, 81 church members, and 41 employees of an air terminal. Both female gender and older age were more highly associated with greater death anxiety than with greater death depression. Living without a significant other was associated with greater death depression than with death anxiety.
Construction of the Hyman-Baker Mammography Questionnaire, a Measure of Health Belief Model Variables
Authors: Hyman Ruth Bernstein , Baker Stephen
Published: August 2011

Despite its considerable promise as a screening tool, mammography has thus far not been as widely used as seems warranted. One conceptualization of patient-related factors or motivation useful in previous research on use of services is the Health Belief Model, which postulates that health behavior can be predicted by people's perceptions of the seriousness of the disease, their susceptibility to the disease, and their perceptions of the benefits of and barriers to the health behavior. Yet no psychometrically sound measure of these variables as related to mammography was found in a search of the literature. This study reports the construction and preliminary validation of such an instrument. Factor analysis, moderate or zero correlation of the subscales, and a higher mean score on the Barriers subscale for women referred for mammography as compared to those actually presenting for mammography support the validity of the questionnaire. Although reliability coefficients for Benefits were low, those for Susceptibility and Barriers were adequate. The questionnaire appears to be a promising measure awaiting further validation.
Sex Differences in the Methods Used for Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The similarity in methods used for suicide by men and women in each state was associated with the increasing use of firearms for suicide.
Beyond Gender: The Basis of Sexual Attraction in Bisexual Men and Women
Authors: Ross Michael W. , Paul Jay P.
Published: August 2011

The construct of sexual orientation has typically considered the gender of the sexual partner as defining whether the individual is homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual, and the Kinsey scale conceptualises bisexuality as a point midway between homosexuality and heterosexuality. We propose an alternative model which places homosexuality and heterosexuality at one end of a continuum as gender-linked choices of sexual partner, and bisexuality at the other as nongender-specific. As a test of this model, we administered repertory grids to nine bisexual men and women to investigate the characteristics of sexual attraction in individuals for whom gender of partner was not a critical variable. Results supported the hypothesis that gender is not a critical variable in sexual attraction in bisexual individuals. Personality or physical dimensions not related to gender and interaction style were the salient characteristics on which preferred sexual partners were chosen, and there was minimal grid distance between preferred male and preferred female partners. These data support the argument that, for some bisexual individuals, sexual attraction is not gender-linked.
Personality of College Students in Calculus Courses
Authors: Siegel Carole , Shaughnessy Michael F.
Published: August 2011

Students in Calculus I, II, and III (hs = 56, 20, 6) completed Cattell's 16 PF, Form C. The 50 women scored significantly higher than the 32 men on Factors I and O, suggesting these women scored as more sensitive, insecure, and anxious, but means were <1.00 score point different. Perhaps personality factors in academic success should be explored in larger, more evenly sized groups.
Effects of Narcissistic Personality Organization on Causal Attributions
Authors: Hartouni Zizik S.
Published: August 2011

The present study addressed a central, although neglected, aspect of research into narcissism and attributions, the role of cognitive-perceptual processes and cognitive styles of individuals with narcissistic personality disorder in their causal explanation of events. The extent to which narcissistic personality organization may be a determinant of attributional style was examined. The sample consisted of 20 individuals with narcissistic personality disorders and 20 with neurotic disorders. Participants completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-40 and the Attributional Style Questionnaire. A significant association between narcissistic personality disorder and internal, stable attributions for positive outcomes was observed. The reformulated learned helplessness model of depression was used to interpret the attributional style of the narcissists as means to obliterate experience of helplessness. The results are discussed in terms of the role of self-esteem and maintenance of self-presentation in the skewed attributional biases of narcissists.
Treatment Correlates of the MMPI Subtle and Obvious Scores
Authors: Scott Anne B. , Schlottmann Robert S. , Brunetti David G. , Mihura Joni L.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relative contribution of obvious and subtle item endorsement to the prediction of several clinical process and outcome variables. Wiener and Harmon's 1946 subtle and obvious subscales on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory were used as predictor variables. Using a clinical population of 25 clients and 22 therapists as subjects, several subtle subscale scores accounted for unique variance in the prediction of several of the criterion variables. The obvious items also provided unique information about the relationship between MMPI scores and some of the criterion variables.
Psychological Rationales for Grouping Children
Authors: Aldridge Jerry , Ort Eddie P.
Published: August 2011

Schools are organized so children are most often taught in groups. The rationale for grouping children can be based on psychological principles. Broad paradigms, such as the mechanistic, organismic, and the dialectical/contextual, provide reasons for grouping children. Specific psychological approaches including behavioral, maturational, constructivist, cultural-historical, and social cognitive indicate varying reasons why children collaborate. This article lists psychological reasons children are grouped for instruction.
Correlations between Self-Defeating Personality and Self-Esteem
Authors: Yelsma Paul
Published: August 2011

41 men and 56 women completed Schill's self-defeating personality scale and Coopersmith's self-esteem scale. The total scores from these instruments were significantly negatively correlated (ranges, –.50 to –.77). The inverse relationship between self-defeating personality and self-esteem appears to be higher for men than for women. However, no significant differences were found between the men's and women's scores on self-esteem or self-defeating personality scales. The results indicate the two scales measure similar but inverse orientations of individuals' internalized negative affect.
Customers' Involvement and the Replacement Cycle
Authors: Evans Richard H.
Published: August 2011

This study examined two hypotheses, (1) that there is a positive relationship between involvement and the length of the replacement cycle and (2) that there is a negative relationship between involvement and the replacement rate. A Pearson product-moment correlation of .806 confirmed the first hypothesis and a decrease in the c constant in the logistics equation confirmed the second hypothesis. 124 undergraduate business school students served as subjects and the stimulus object was athletic shoes.
Cognitive Styles of Creativity: Relations of Scores on the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator among Managers in USA
Authors: Jacobson Carolyn McKinnell
Published: August 2011

The relationship between scores on the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator was examined among United States service-sector managers and compared to results found among British management students with work experience. Managers in the service sector were more innovative than the population in general. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between Kirton's innovation style and the Myers-Briggs intuitive and perceptive dimensions, thereby supporting the British findings. A statistically significant positive correlation was also found between Kirton's innovation style and the Myers-Briggs extraversion and feeling dimensions, in contrast to the British findings.
Connotative Meaning of Time in Therapists' Conceptualization of Psychotherapeutic Interventions
Authors: O'Neil Dawn S. , Grasha Anthony F.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the connotative meaning which beginner ( n = 15), intermediate ( n = 14), and advanced ( n = 15) therapists assigned to time in psychotherapy and their perception of time as a factor in designing therapeutic interventions. Therapists' conceptualization of the subjective experience of time as a component of psychotherapeutic interventions was assessed by examining their selection of metaphors for time, their semantic differential assessments of past, present, and future perspectives, and through their responses to a semistructured interview. Therapists at all three levels of experience appeared to view time for their clients as moving slowly, promoting growth, and allowing progress, with an emphasis on the importance of future time-based interventions for growth while the clients' past was viewed as reflective of distress. Responses appeared to be atheoretical and idiosyncratic, showing lack of clear integration of time with specific treatment interventions.
Bias in Learning Disabilities Placement
Authors: Stone Brian J.
Published: August 2011

A nationally representative sample of 20,614 eighth grade students was examined for bias in placement decisions for children said to have learning disabilities. Factors investigated for bias were race, sex, and socioeconomic status. Path analysis showed significant and direct paths from sex and race to placement, controlling for socioeconomic status, academic ability, and behavioral competency. Boys were overrepresented in such classes beyond what their somewhat lower academic and behavioral competencies would predict. Caucasians were similarly overrepresented controlling for other variables in the model. It appears that boys and Caucasians are overrepresented in learning disabilities placements on a national scale even when other contributing factors are controlled.
Gluck's Second Law: An Empirical Investigation of Horserace Betting in Early and Late Races
Authors: Johnson Johnnie E. V. , Bruce Alistair C.
Published: August 2011

The central premise of ‘Gluck's Second Law,’ which states that ‘The Best Time to Bet the Favourite is in the Last Race,’ is tested. Analysis of a random sample of 1212 bets placed in offcourse betting offices throughout the UK shows that bettors on later races back horses with shorter odds; commit, to some extent, higher stakes and perform at least as well as bettors on early races. The premise underlying ‘Gluck's Second Law’ that bettors back long-shots in later races is questioned in relation to the UK offcourse betting market. Suggestions are offered for these results and avenues for further research are identified.
War and Alcohol Use
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In the USA from 1936 to 1970, the military participation rate predicted alcohol consumption. These two variables combined with unemployment rates to predict accurately suicide rates during this same period.
Women's Multiple Roles and Psychological Well-Being
Authors: Kopp Ronnie Goldstein , Ruzicka Mary Frances
Published: August 2011

Examination of the relationships of multiple roles and internal-external locus of control with psychological well-being among 162 middle-class women aged 23 yr. and over, returning to school at a community college, showed women occupying two or three of the roles of partner, mother, and paid employee were happier than those occupying one or none. Internal locus of control was important in adding significantly to the prediction of both happiness and self-esteem, beyond that predicted by number of roles and control variables. Psychological well-being for women returning to school is positively correlated with more social roles and internal scores on locus of control.
A Note on Feedback in Discourse Processing
Authors: Langer Philip , Keenan Verne
Published: August 2011

Feedback strategies designed to assist discourse processing seem differentially effective with respect to levels of memorial representation.
Assertiveness in Hispanic Adolescents: Relationship to Alcohol Use and Abuse
Authors: Goldberg Catherine J. , Botvin Gilbert J.
Published: August 2011

An investigation was carried out on the relation of assertiveness to use of alcohol among 3129 Hispanic junior high school students. Data were obtained through questionnaires administered in 47 public and parochial schools in New York City to 5501 students. An 18-item modified version of the Gambrill-Richey Assertiveness Inventory was used to assess assertiveness. Factor analysis of the inventory identified five assertiveness factors of substance awareness, mastery of cognitive skills, individual rights, dating, and social skills. Significant gender differences were observed. Multiple regression analysis showed that substance awareness was negatively associated with alcohol use while dating, social skills, and individual rights factors were positively associated with alcohol use. Acculturation with peers was also a significant predictor of alcohol use or abuse. The findings provide a basis for design of alcohol prevention programs that specifically focus on Hispanic youth.
Group Cohesion and Unit versus Individual Deployment of U.S. Army Reservists in Operation Desert Storm
Authors: Griffith James , Greenlees James
Published: August 2011

The common background and reduced disruption among personnel in Army Reserve and Army National Guard units are presumed to make these units very cohesive. The recent Persian Gulf War often necessitated reassigning soldiers from their original units to others to obtain the adequate number of personnel and the right mix of military occupational specialties in deployed units. This study examined the effects of reassigning privates through staff sergeants (E1-E6), some of whom were deployed with their units ( N = 1,572) and some of whom were deployed individually with another unit ( N = 209) during Operation Desert Storm. Possible benefits of keeping soldiers in intact units during deployment included greater civilian employers' support during deployment, fewer administrative procedural problems affecting soldiers (e.g., paying the soldier), and greater community support after soldiers' return. Individually deployed soldiers may have been motivated to go with another unit during deployment (e.g., perceptions of greater readiness in individual military and combat skill and lower readiness of their unit). Being individually deployed was not associated with lower organizational commitment (Army Reserve career intent) or future readiness (willingness to report for future mobilizations and perceived family support).
A Comparison between Scores on Kirton's Inventory for Nursing Students and a General Student Population
Authors: Pettigrew Amy C. , King Margaret O.
Published: August 2011

This study compared scores on the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory of 60 first-year nursing students with scores of 73 nonnursing majors of approximately the same age to test the hypothesis that, in general, individuals selecting nursing as a major tend to show a more adaptive style of creativity in problem solving than their nonnursing peers. Analysis indicated the nursing students were significantly more “adaptive” in problem solving and less “innovative” than the nonnursing control group.
Alcohol Use and Abuse, Suicide and Homicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Suicide and homicide rates were not associated with indices of alcohol use and abuse in a sample of 18 nations in 1966.
Protection Motivation Theory and Alcohol Use Attitudes among Older Adults
Authors: Runge Christopher , Prentice-Dunn Steven , Scogin Forrest
Published: August 2011

Responses of 17 elderly persons and 20 VA inpatients with alcohol-abuse problems (all 60 yr. or older) to an Alcohol Attitude Survey administered by telephone and interview were examined. Inpatients felt more vulnerable, perceived higher costs in moderating drinking, and showed lower response efficacy. Inpatients consumed substantially more alcohol than the community-dwelling elders. Hypotheses for study were generated.
F Scale Elevation and PTSD MMPI Profiles
Authors: Munley Patrick H. , Bains Dharm S. , Bloem William D.
Published: August 2011

MMPI profiles for 87 PTSD veteran inpatients were classified and studied according to MMPI F Scale elevation. Mean MMPI profiles and frequency of high two-point code types were studied for different levels of F Scale elevation. Similar mean profile configurations were found for subgroups with F ≥ 70 with Scales 2 and 8 appearing as the two highest clinical scales. For F < 70 the configuration was different in that Scale 8 was not one of the two highest scales. The 2-8/8-2 high two-point code was the modal high two-point code for the total sample but the relative frequency of high two-point codes did vary somewhat within and across levels of F Scale elevation.
Correlations among Scales of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Profile of Mood States
Authors: Jacobs Keith W. , Boze Michelle M.
Published: August 2011

The revised Beck Depression Inventory and the Profile of Mood States were administered to 104 men. Scores on the Beck Depression Inventory correlated significantly with all six Profile scales, including .75 with Depression-Dejection and – .53 with Vigor-Activity.
A Psychological “Sense-of-Control” Profile of Patients with Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: Shapiro Deane H. , Blinder Barton J. , Hagman Jennifer , Pituck Steven
Published: August 2011

To investigate control and self-control issues for patients with eating disorders, 10 individuals diagnosed with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa were compared to two sex-matched groups of 9 and 50 adults on the Shapiro Control Inventory. Analysis of variance and subsequent planned comparisons showed significant differences indicative of pathology between the eating-disordered group and one or both comparison groups on the general domain sense of control scale and the positive sense of control scale. Three of the four mode scales and the domain-specific sense of control scale were also in the expected direction. Several clinically relevant individual items also supported this trend. The discussion notes the clinical importance of refining how control is measured for eating-disordered populations.
Causal Attributions and Coronary Heart Disease in Women
Authors: Low Kathryn Graff , Thoresen Carl E. , Pattillo Jerry R. , Fleischmann Nancy
Published: August 2011

The relationship between coronary heart-disease endpoints and attributional style in women has been previously unexamined. This study examined the attributions of 73 postmyocardial infarction (MI) women about their heart disease and explored the relationship between attributions and nonfatal coronary recurrence Women's primary causal attributions included personal behavior (9.6%), blaming others (19.3%), stress (28.8%), luck (12.3%), and family history (13.7%). The largest proportion of recurrences occurred in women attributing their infarcts to marital problems. Of the attributional ratings, ascriptions involving spouses were the only attributions that met entry criteria for logistic regression ( p = .019) after controlling for severity of first infarction.
Self-Actualization in Junior High Students: A Pilot Study
Authors: Lewis Joan D.
Published: August 2011

The self-actualization scores of 63 junior high students were measured with the Reflections of Self By Youth (ROSY) and the Maslowian Scale. 14 students identified as gifted did not score significantly higher than their more intellectually average peers; however, gifted girls scored slightly higher on the ROSY and two Maslowian Scale subscales. Seventh-grade students scored significantly higher only on the Maslowian Scale-Psychological subscale. Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices identified 10 students among the average group who scored between the 90th and 99th percentiles suggesting some gifted students may have been unidentified.
Another Femininity Scale?
Authors: Greene Katherine S. , Gynther Malcolm D.
Published: August 2011

The construction and validation of the Behavioral Self-report of Femininity is described. An initial sample of 32 male and 63 female undergraduates indicated the frequency of engaging in 91 “feminine” behaviors. The 59 items which showed good internal consistency as well as differentiation between genders were retained. Test-retest reliability over a 2-wk. period was .90. Convergent and discriminant validities were examined by comparing our results with those obtained from the Hyperfemininity Scale and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire. Responses of women in traditional and nontraditional majors were significantly different, indicating good within-sex validity. Finally, a principal components analysis identified six primary factors, accounting for 60% of common variance.
Perceptions of Parents' Involvement in Learning and Adolescents' Aspirations
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: August 2011

Commonality analysis was used to examine relationships between global and perceived measures of parents' involvement in learning and the aspirations of 516 16-yr.-old Australians. Analysis indicated that, while adolescents' perceptions of parents' involvement had strong associations with their aspirations, such relationships should be examined within environmental contexts assessed by more global measures of parents' involvement.
Historical Knowledge: Assessment of Outcomes in a History of Psychology Course
Authors: Stedman Mark E.
Published: August 2011

17 undergraduate students pre- and posttested on a list of 54 names important in the history of psychology showed a significant postcourse increase in name recognition and awareness of contributions.
Affective Reactions to Employment and Unemployment as a Function of Prior Expectations and Motivation
Authors: Winefield Anthony H. , Tiggemann Marika
Published: August 2011

Self-esteem and depressive affect measures were obtained from 809 employed and 137 unemployed young people and compared with at-school measures taken three years earlier. Scores were analysed in relation to at-school expectations of obtaining employment and expressed importance of getting a job. In both employed and unemployed groups, low prior expectations of getting a job led to a greater increase in self-esteem than high prior expectations. Among the unemployed, those who had rated getting a job as relatively important showed a greater increase in depressive affect than those who had rated getting a job as relatively less important.
Convergent Validation of the Illness Effects Questionnaire
Authors: Wise Thomas N. , Mann Lee S. , Jani Niru , Kozachuk Walter , Jani Sushma
Published: August 2011

The Illness Effects Questionnaire, Illness Behavior Questionnaire, and visual analog scales of mood were given to 100 adults with nonmalignant headaches. Using regression analysis, scores on IBQ Disease Conviction, IBQ Irritability, and depression accounted for 50.6% of the variance in predicting IEQ scores. Scores on the Illness Effects Questionnaire correlated with the Illness Behavior Questionnaire subscales of General Hypochondriasis (.33), Disease Conviction (.60), Affective Disturbance (.49), and Irritability (.40), and also with rated depression (.38) and anxiety (.26).
Correlates of Hysterical Symptoms in Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Cernovsky Zack Z. , Landmark Johan
Published: August 2011

The correlations of symptoms of hysteria with 87 symptoms relevant for diagnosing schizophrenia were examined in a sample of 112 patients (70 women and 42 men whose mean age was 38.1 yr., SD = 9.8) with DSM-III diagnosis of schizophrenia. Hysterical symptoms were recorded in 37.5% of the schizophrenics. No significant relationships ( phi coefficients) were found to key symptoms of schizophrenia.
Students' Assessments of Factors Contributing to Failure in the First Accounting Course
Authors: Ward Suzanne Pinac , Wilson Thomas E. , Ward Dan R.
Published: August 2011

Students ( n = 93 for current repeaters and n = 83 for students currently in the second course) who failed the first accounting course attributed that failure to a lack of study, inability to apply the material covered, the speed of coverage of the material, and the instructor, among other possible factors.
Educational Needs and Parenting Concerns of Korean-American Parents
Authors: Park Eun-Ja Kim
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the educational concerns of Korean-American parents in selected cities in California. Of the 363 participants 47% indicated concerns on a questionnaire about their lack of knowledge or understanding of the American educational system and the curricula. Another concern was their lack of time to help their children with school work. 28% of the respondents were concerned about their children's limited proficiency in Korean, 23% about lack of respect for their parents (elders), and 23% about rebellious behaviors. 14% expressed concern about their children's low academic achievement, 15% expressed concern about financing their children's educations, and 1.3% suspected that their children might be using drugs or alcohol.
Using Postcards in Mail Surveys
Authors: Holaday Margot , Yost Tracey E.
Published: August 2011

Using only a carefully designed postcard in a mail survey with no follow-up, 45% of a sample of 512 colleagues, their peers, and licensing boards returned cards.