bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Budaya Organisasi
Authors: Sudarsono Sudarsono
Published: February 2022

Budaya organisasi adalah perangkat sistem nilai-nilai (values), keyakinan-keyakian (beliefs), asumsi-asumsi (assumptions), atau sebuah norma yg sudah berlaku, disepakati dan di ikuti sumber daya manusia di sebuah organisasi sebagai prinsip atau pedoman dan pemecahan masalah yang timbul disebuah organisasi. Dalam membangun budaya organisasi tentu masing-masing organisasi apapun jenis dan level organisasi memiliki pengalaman yang berbeda pada beberapa keadaan dan memiliki sebuah persamaan dalam keadaan tertentu. Hal ini, menandakan adanya dinamisasi dalam sebuah organisasi dalam membangun budaya organisasi sebagai pedoman dan prinsip setiap individu di sebuah organisasi dalam menjalankan tugas dan kewajiban masing-masing untuk mensukseskan tujuan organisasi dibangun. Budaya organisasi lahir dari proses panjang di mulai sejak awal pendirian organisasi sampai ke fase pembentukan dan ke fase kesuksesan. Sebuah perjalan panjang terserbut, baik perjalan yang berupa kegagalan dan kesuksesan merupak perjalan yang kemudian dijadikan pijakan dalam membagun budaya organisasi.
Analisis Tingkat Kesehatan Bank Berdasarkan CAMEL Pada BPR Lestari
Authors: Agrosamdhyo Raden , Sari Putu Linda
Published: February 2022

Tingkat kesehatan keuangan bank adalah hasil penilaian kualitatif atas berbagai aspek yang berpengaruh terhadap kondisi atau kinerja suatu bank melalui Penilaian Kuantitatif dan atau Penilaian Kualitatif terhadap faktor-faktor CAMEL. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi tingkat kesehatan keuangan bank pada BPR Lestari periode Maret 2017-2018. Subjek penelitian ini adalah bagian Financial Management. Objek penelitian ini adalah Neraca, Laporan Laba/Rugi, Laporan Komitmen dan Kontijensi dan Informasi Lainnya periode Maret 2017-2018. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan data yang digunakan laporan keuangan. Teknik pengumpulan data adalah wawancara dan observasi. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis Capital, Asset Quality, Management, Earning, dan Liquidity (CAMEL) yang digunakan untuk menilai tingkat kesehatan keuangan bank. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa, tingkat kesehatan keuangan bank dilihat dari faktor permodalan periode maret 2017-2018 masing-masing 14,30% dan 14,38%. Rasio ini termasuk dalam kategori sehat. Rasio aktiva produktif masing-masing sebesar 2% dan 1%. Rasio ini termasuk dalam kategori sehat. Faktor rentabilitas berdasarkan Return On Asset (ROA) masingmasing sebesar 4,72% dan 4,54% yang termasuk kategori sehat. Faktor rentabilitas berdasarkan Biaya Operasional Pendapatan Operasional (BOPO) masing-masing sebesar 70,58% dan 69,01% nilai ini termasuk dalam kategori cukup sehat. Faktor likuiditas berdasarkan Cash Ratio (CR) masing-masing sebesar 3,65% dan 11,90% hasil rasio ini termasuk dalam kategori cukup sehat menjadi sehst, sedangkan Loan Deposit Ratio (LDR) masing-masing sebesar 70,23% dan70,12% yang termasuk pada kategori sehat.
Blog 3: De niet-WMO aanvraag van de COPIED studie. COPIED onderzoek niet WMO-plichtig
Authors: Noordegraaf Marina
Published: February 2022

De niet-WMO aanvraag van de COPIED studie bij de METC van het Radboudumc te Nijmegen, omschreven in een blog.
Cyprus settlement: a zero sum game for tourism?
Authors: Jacobson David , Webster Craig , Shapiro Kelsey , Musyck Bernard , Orphanides Stelios
Published: February 2022

This research considers the effects of a settlement of the Cyprus problem on the tourism industry in the two parts of the divided island. The findings illustrate that the prevailing attitude of Greek Cypriot tourism professionals is that the status quo is a net loss for both the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot tourism industries, while a strong majority of their Turkish Cypriot counterparts see it as a zero sum game, with Greek Cypriots winning at the expense of the Turkish Cypriot tourism industry. There is strong evidence that professionals in both political entities view a post-settlement tourism industry as a positive sum game with the industry in the entire island benefiting, although there is a noteworthy minority among the Greek Cypriot professionals who view the post-settlement tourism industry as disproportionately benefiting the Turkish Cypriot industry. Tourism professionals in both communities generally anticipate benefits (a positive sum game) from a political settlement, but they recognize significant barriers to cooperation under the current circumstances.
Unravelling the complexity of destination image formation: A conceptual framework
Authors: Admin Admin , Iordanova Elitza
Published: February 2022

In an industry that sells experiences rather than tangible products, tourism destination image (TDI) is an important strategic marketing tool through which destinations compete with each other, strengthen their positioning on the market and attract potential visitors. TDI was an active area of researchers’ investigation; however, in recent times it seems to have received less attention leaving a significant amount of unaddressed issues. The strength of this work comes essentially from the conceptual clarity it endeavours to provide by proposing a conceptual framework, which explicitly displays the multi-staged process of TDI formation and a set of image determinants based on previous empirical TDI research or included in other models of TDI formation, and also highlights under-researched areas that still require researchers’ attention.
The protected areas: are they still in the ‘pleasure periphery’ or are they destinations for sustainable tourism activities?
Authors: Navrátil Josef , Knotek Jaroslav , Pícha Kamil , Fialová Jitka
Published: February 2022

The protected natural areas play an important role in recreation. This paper discusses the issue of recreational activities in these areas. The National Park and Protected Landscape Areas in the southern part of the Czech Republic were selected for the purposes of illustration. It has been revealed that relaxation is the most important activity among tourists in the large-area protected natural territories, according to a recent survey of 1,500 participants. Entertainment is the second most important activity. Recreational sport activities (such as swimming, tennis, etc.) are respectively in the third and fourth places. We can talk about the large-area protected natural reservations as destinations for “nature-based tourism”, whose prerequisite is the existence of a pristine natural environment, which is primarily bound to protected natural areas in today’s world, and it is not for sustainable tourism. According to the participation in recreation activities, four segments of demand have been identified in visits to these large-area protected natural territories: (1) passive visitors, (2) visitors focused on exploring but not participating in any physical activity, (3) active visitors with a dominant interest in bicycle touring, and (4) active visitors with a dominant interest in history.
Cheese tourism in a World Heritage site: Vall de Boí (Catalan Pyrenees)
Authors: Forné Francesc
Published: February 2022

Tourism in rural areas does not only mean accommodation in a rural environment, but also a combination of products and services related to the commodification of destinations. The purpose of the paper is to set a theoretical framework in relation to food tourism, in the context of tourism in rural areas. The creation of authentic experiences in rural environments is transferred to food tourism in the current paper through the study of cheese tourism. Applied to the Vall de Boí, which is a municipality located in the Catalan Pyrennes declared by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, there must be highlighted the seasonally marked foodscapes of this region and the cheese tourism as a case of an emergent tourism typology.
Diagnosing customers experience, emotions and satisfaction in Malaysian resort hotels
Authors: Ali Faizan , Hussain Kashif , Omar Rosmini
Published: February 2022

Despite the increasing attention towards customer experience, empirical research to explain this notion and its consequences is still limited. Hence, this study aims to examine the effect of customer’s experience with four dimensions on their emotions and satisfaction. A convenience sampling technique was used to select a sample of 600 at two tourist spots of Malaysia i.e., Langkawi and Penang. 450 questionnaires were returned back and the data was analysed using partial least square based structural equation modelling. Findings reveal that all the four dimensions of customer experience influence customer emotions which develop customer satisfaction. Resort hotels are least focused facet of tourism industry; therefore, this study validates the customer experience scale in the context of resort hotels and enhances the theoretical progress on the experience concept in relation with customer emotions and satisfaction and offer important implications for resort hotel marketers.
Analysing Green Meeting Perceptions of Medical Meeting Participants: An Exploratory Research in the Antalya Region of Turkey
Authors: Aksu Akın , Şahin İlker , Öztürk Adnan , Gültekin Selami
Published: February 2022

The main purpose of this study is to analyse the effect of green meetings participants’ perceptions on behavioural intention related to green practices in the tourism industry. Finding out the factor structure of green meeting perception by means of EFA and confirming the discovered factor structure by using CFA are among the research goals. In this study, quantitative research methods were applied. For this purpose, a total of 275 questionnaires were obtained. The research sample consisted of medical conference participants in Antalya, Turkey in 2014 (health sector representatives including doctors, practitioners, nurses, representatives of medical firms, and academics). According to the results, participants supported all kinds of conservation measures to save food, water, electricity, and paper. They attached large importance to eco-friendly, sustainable applications and positively viewed eco-friendly material usage. In addition, it can be concluded that medical conference participants have higher perceptions regarding the forming of social awareness and increasing the number of eco-friendly green meetings in the world. Also, it can be stated that participants’ perceptions of green meetings have an important effect on their behavioural intentions towards eco-friendly practices in the meeting sector. The current study showed that a large number of the participants had the intention of attending green meetings but nearly half of them were not willing to pay more for green meetings. On the other hand, the participants were not sure about paying environmental tax on their travels. The present study pointed out that the participants with green meeting experience had more positive perceptions than those who did not. The originality of this paper stems from being one of the few studies in the context of tourism literature to test the effects of green meeting perception on behavioural intention about green practices and being one of leading studies discovering the factor structure of green meeting perception.
The way to Santiago beyond Santiago. Fisterra and the pilgrimage’s post-secular meaning
Authors: Blom Thomas , Nilsson Mats , Santos Xosé
Published: February 2022

There is a growing demand for pilgrimage, which in turn seems to be linked to the change in content and performance that the practice of pilgrimage is undergoing. This paper examines the emergence of Fisterra as a “new” end destination for the pilgrims. The aim of this study is to shed light on and create understanding of the destination Fisterra and the meaning of the place and the role it plays for the pilgrims. Empirically, the study is partly based on statistics and official documents and partly on interviews with pilgrims at Fisterra. The study concludes that contemporary Fisterra as the end of the journey should be perceived as an effect of the post-secular trend in Europe as well as a response to the fact that the historical goal of Santiago de Compostela is increasingly marked by commercialised mass tourism, which is a disadvantage in the context of pilgrimage.
Corporate Twitter use and stakeholder engagement: An empirical analysis of the Spanish hotel industry
Authors: Bonsón Enrique , Bednárová Michaela , Wei Susan
Published: February 2022

This study provides a general overview of the way in which hotel chains use Twitter as a communication tool to engage with their stakeholders. A sample of 109 of the largest Spanish hotel chains was examined, obtaining the result that the majority of them maintain an official corporate Twitter account. In addition, it was found that there is a significant positive relationship between a hotel’s size and its Twitter activity and a significant negative relationship between the audience and the stakeholder engagement. Moreover, the findings of the paper show that particular media and content types generate higher stakeholder engagement. Given that this is the first study of its kind, the paper offers both theoretical implications for the social media literature and practical implications for the hospitality industry.
Determinants of tourist arrivals in European Mediterranean countries: Analysis of competitiveness
Authors: Marti Luisa , Puertas Rosa
Published: February 2022

This research employs a gravity framework to evaluate the tourism in European Mediterranean countries. The paper analyses the destination competitiveness as a means for tourism attraction and also verifies whether more competitive countries can be used as a point of reference for the development of those lagging behind. The gravity equations are used because of their proven effectiveness in estimating other similar studies fields. The study focuses on the Mediterranean European countries, mainly due essentially, to the wide span of their positions along the TTCI ranking (Spain ranks first, whereas Montenegro is in 67th place). Results reveal that these European destinations are not efficiently exploiting their tourism capacity and they need apply policies to foster this economic activity and enable the transformation of competitiveness into greater numbers of visitors.
The Sponsorship Motive Matrix (SMM): A Framework for Categorising Firms’ Motives for Sponsoring Sports Events
Authors: Slåtten Terje , Svensson Göran , Connolley Steven , Bexrud Cathrine , Lægreid Tone
Published: February 2022

Though there is a large body of literature and research on sponsorship of sports events, it seems that previous research on firm sponsorship of sports events has narrowly focused on sponsorship from a customer perspective. Consequently, research on sponsorship from a firm perspective is lacking. Specifically, it seems that no study has investigated and identified the main factors that motivate the sponsorship of sports events. This article begins with exploring firms’ motives for sponsorship found in the literature, and identifies two fundamental pairs of contrastive orientations related to sponsorship motives: internal versus external motives and opportunistic versus altruistic motives. Next, we combine the four fundamental motivational orientations into a two-way matrix that constitutes a framework for categorising firms’ motivations for sponsoring sports events. We also explore and elaborate the framework more fully in a qualitative study. On the basis of empirical findings, we identify four general or ideal types of motivational categories that reflect the combination of firms’ fundamental and contrastive orientations related to sponsorship motives. The main or ideal types of sponsorship motivational categories are labelled “market”, “society”, “bond” and “clan”. The final framework, displaying firms’ four main categories or ideal types of sponsorship motives, is referred to as the Sponsorship Motive Matrix (SMM). We conclude with suggestions for future research and a discussion of the implications that can be drawn from the SMM framework.
Surfing Tourism Plan: Madeira Island Case Study
Authors: Lopes João , Bicudo Pedro
Published: February 2022

Surfing tourism provides a global business opportunity and forms part of the billionaire industry of adventure tourism. Surfing has successfully attracted participants willing to search for locations and unique adventure experiences, looking for surfing perfect conditions. It becomes essential to understand how surfers list and compare surfing destinations. In Portugal, surfing has been growing exponentially over the last decades not only as a sport, but also as a social and economic activity. However, surf spots have been damaged due to coastal constructions. This study aims to identify characteristics of Madeira´s surf spots and surf industry services. SOS – Salvem o Surf practical model was used, which is based on geography, geology and meteorology aspects, and support infrastructure and services. We also discuss recovering surf spots which lost part of their world class quality, due to not including surfing in coastal management in the past. We consider surf spots improvement for surf tourists and beginners surfers, with the use of Multi-Purpose Reefs. Our results also suggest that surfing provides successfully alternatives, limiting the phenomenon of seasonality. This confirms that Madeira Island possesses several surf spots, with diverse degrees of difficulty, allowing surfing from beginner to advanced levels. This study provides a better understanding of surf tourist’s choice patterns, which benefits both surfers and the tourism industry.
Profile of practice, travel behaviour and motivations for geocaching
Authors: Falcão Ana , Damásio António , Melo Ricardo
Published: February 2022

Geocaching is a recreational sport activity considered as a postmodern treasure hunting game. Associated with the movement to distant places, the search for new landscapes, culture and adventure, geocaching is being integrated into the tourism industry. In spite of its growth and economic significance, few studies have been developed to understand this sport tourism activity. Thus, this study was developed to understand the geocaching practice profile, geocaching travel behaviour and the motivations for the practice of geocaching, and to examine whether these variables are associated with the socio-demographic characteristics of geocachers. An online questionnaire survey was applied to geocachers living in Portugal, and 613 responses were obtained. The results show that geocaching is a recent sport activity in Portugal, whose motivations for practice are related to nature and escape, and that geocachers have a strong disposition to travel, highlighting the potential of geocaching for sport tourism. Statistical tests also revealed that socio-demographic characteristics are not associated with the geocaching practice profile and geocaching travel behaviour. However, the socio-demographic characteristics are associated with the motivations for the practice of geocaching, particularly when compared by sex, age and education level. Management and marketing implications for sport tourism operators and destinations are discussed.
Host-guest relationship in the context of volunteer tourism
Authors: Proyrungroj Raweewan
Published: February 2022

This study explores the nature of interactions and relationships between volunteer tourists and their hosts by using social exchange theory. A qualitative research methodology utilising semi-structured, in-depth interviews and participant observation was adopted. The informants included fourteen volunteer tourists, on a working vacation at the Special Education Centre of Ranong Province, and nineteen staff members of the centre. Analysis of the data revealed that the interactions and relationships between the volunteer tourists and the hosts were equal, reciprocal and rewarding; neither acted only for the purpose of satisfying their own needs/expectations, but rather in ways that could benefit one another. In other words, they did not just seek to “take”, but also intended to “give”, which may be part of the unique nature of volunteer tourism, where volunteer tourists are driven by altruistic motivations and are viewed as different from other tourists by their hosts. Such mutual, rewarding interactions and relationships brought benefits to both groups and were sufficient for them to decide to be involved in volunteer tourism in the future.
Understanding Canadian and US tourists: A self-concept based segmentation study
Authors: Huang Shuyue , Choi Hwan-Suk
Published: February 2022

This study aims to identify the distinctive market segments based on tourists’ self-concept, gain a better understanding of U.S. and Canadian tourists’ travel patterns, and provide implications that are beneficial to destination marketing organizations (DMOs). This study advances the knowledge of self-concept in the tourism context by validating its measurement and employing it as a segmentation base. This study used 2 percent of cases (N=1,012) of secondary data collected by an Ontario government agency, and a factor-cluster approach for analysis. Principal component analysis was utilized to identify specific characteristics of self-concept items and the results yielded three selves (extravert self, explorative self, and depressive self). Then, the study segmented U.S. and Canadian tourists by three self-concept factors and obtained four distinctive segments: Energetic Segment (ENT), Adventurous Segment (ADT), Conservative Segment (COT), and Escaping Segment (EST). ENT tourists are characterized as active, inquisitive and confident with a medium level of perceived value, satisfaction, and recommendation. ADT represents tourists who are older, open-minded, and optimistic with the highest level of perceived value, satisfaction, and recommendation. COT is relatively passive and had the lowest level of perceived value, satisfaction, and recommendation. EST is a group of nervous and stressful young female tourists who had a low level of perceived value and a medium degree of satisfaction and recommendation. This paper concludes with appropriate advertising and promotional strategies for the different segments.
Comparing logit model with discriminant analysis for predicting bankruptcy in Portuguese hospitality sector
Authors: Pereira José , Basto Mário , Silva Amélia
Published: February 2022

Portugal’s tourism sector is on permanent expansion and contributes significantly to the Portuguese economy. However, it has been facing the problem of business failure. The main goal of this paper is to develop an econometric and a multivariate model for forecasting business failure in the hospitality industry using logit and discriminant analysis. The present paper does not explore the causes of business failure but rather aims to propose a model that may help anticipate failure, so that decision makers can minimize the negative effects of this phenomenon. The results confirm that the models for forecasting business failure contribute positively to setting macroeconomic policies and tourism development support programs and are relevant for investors, stockholders, and decision makers.
Functional Zoning for Smart Destination Management
Authors: Hernández-Martín Raúl , Rodríguez-Rodríguez Yurena , Gahr Dominique
Published: February 2022

Recent developments in destination management suggest that administrative divisions may be misleading as a unit of decision making for tourism planning and management, since they may comprise several areas with different tourism functionality. Identifying homogenous areas of tourism activity and delimiting their boundaries can enhance the utility of information for smart management purposes. The objective of this paper is to highlight the relevance of the geographical dimension of smart destinations by showing how functional areas can be delimited and how this smaller unit of analysis can improve destination management in the new context of improved availability of data and smart decisions supported by technology. The paper illustrates its key ideas with an application to the island of Gran Canaria.
Enhancing Cultural Heritage Experiences with Smart Technologies: An Integrated Experiential Framework
Authors: Buonincontri Piera , Marasco Alessandra
Published: February 2022

The paper addresses how smart technologies can be used to enhance cultural heritage experiences at tourism destinations. As its main contribution, it presents a framework to leverage the potential of multiple smart technologies throughout the visitors’ experience at cultural heritage sites. The proposed framework builds on the theoretical foundation of the experience economy and the results of an analysis of best practices of smart technologies applied to cultural heritage sites. The analysis examines the capability of these technologies to intensify the four experience dimensions identified by Pine and Gilmore (1998) – Entertainment, Esthetic, Education and Escapism - in relation to an extended perspective of the visitors’ experience including the three stages of the visit. The pilot testing of the framework provides insights into the opportunities to use a combination of applications for facilitating and enriching the cultural visit at the destination according to a multi-stage and multi-dimensional perspective of the heritage experience. The integrated perspective proposed in the paper provides a contribution to advance theory and practice, based on the more comprehensive view of the potential role of smart technologies’ in heritage experiences deriving from an integrated multi-stage and multi-dimensional analysis.
Exploring competing models on sacrifices, quality, value, satisfaction and loyalty with PLS and partial correlations
Authors: Gallarza Martina , Gil-Saura Irene , Arteaga-Moreno Francisco
Published: February 2022

Analysing the order and intensity of the links between sacrifices, quality, value, satisfaction and loyalty has deeply interested tourism researchers for the last decade. This work reviews previous contributions on modelling these variables in tourism literature, analysing each of the links and depicting areas of consensus and controversies. This work seeks to add to this stream of research pursuing two objectives. The first is to contrast two competing models of the relationships between these five constructs: Cronin et al. (2000)’s model, then replicated in Brady et al. (2005) and an alternative model that contemplates the consensus (the relationships quality-value, quality-satisfaction, value-loyalty and satisfaction-loyalty) and proposes a contrast of three of the controversies: relationships sacrifices-quality, value-satisfaction and quality-loyalty. The second objective, methodological, is to propose the study of partial correlations as a technique for exploring relationships between constructs for building a better global causal model. After testing the psychometric properties of the scales, both models are contrasted with PLS (MBPLSPM) on a sample of 400 hotel guests, finding improved results for the model that proposes a chain of effects sacrifices-quality-value-satisfaction-loyalty. The discussion of the results suggests conclusions on the richness and particular features of these structures for consumer behaviour in tourism.
A relativistic value-based approach to interpreting e-rating and e-complaining behaviour in the hospitality sector
Authors: Chiappa Giacomo , Gallarza Martina , Dall’Aglio Stefano
Published: February 2022

This study broadens the understanding around the topics of e-rating and e-complaining by adopting a value-based approach. In the consumer behaviour literature, value is understood as a “relativistic preference experience” (i.e. an evaluation outcome that varies across subjects, objects and contexts). E-ratings and e-complaints can be analysed through this theoretical lens to investigate whether any significant differences exist relating to tourists’ socio-demographic characteristics (variation across subjects: gender and nationality), the characteristics of the hotels rated (across objects: hotel category and size) and the party with which the tourists are travelling and the time of their stay (across contexts). This study measures and interprets these differences in a sample of 727 reviews in which tourists expressed their experience of hotels located in Arzachena-Costa Smeralda (Sardinia, Italy). The findings reveal that significant variations in travellers’ rating behaviour exist only across objects (i.e. hotel category and size) and contexts (i.e. time of the stay). However, when complaining behaviour is considered, significant variations are reported to exist across subjects (i.e. gender and country of origin), objects (hotel category and size) and contexts (i.e. travel party). Contributions to the theory and managerial implications are discussed, and suggestions for further research are made.
Tourism innovation networks: a regional approach
Authors: Brandão Filipa , Costa Carlos , Buhalis Dimitrios
Published: February 2022

In the last decades, the innovation process experienced a significant evolution. From the early atomist models, the economy is moving towards systemic approaches based on interactive processes, strongly attached to the territories. Innovation networks are proliferating as the most suited framework for destinations to achieve a high innovation performance. However, there has been little research on the structure and dynamics of tourism innovation networks and how they can foster regional innovation. This paper applies Social Network Analysis to measure and identify the dynamics of cooperation within institutional tourism innovation networks and the role they play on tourism innovation. The study was applied to two Portuguese regions, Douro and Aveiro, where the top managers of institutions responsible for developing or supporting tourism innovation were surveyed. Results demonstrate that different social structures and patterns of cooperation create distinct impacts on regional innovation. It is concluded that tourism destinations characterised by diversified networks, i.e. networks comprising actors from different geographical locations and with distinct typologies, are in a better position to achieve a higher innovation performance. The paper advances strategic recommendations for tourism organisations to increase destinations’ competitiveness, by further developing the necessary conditions for innovation to occur.
Exploring the potential of an air transport eco-label
Authors: Baumeister Stefan , Onkila Tiina
Published: February 2022

Air transport plays a vital role in tourism because it makes long-haul destinations accessible and more frequent vacations possible. Despite its benefits, air travel extensively contributes to climate change. Behavioural change is seen as a key driver in mitigating the environmental impacts of air transport. One way to encourage behavioural change is the use of eco-labels. This paper presents the idea of introducing an air transport eco-label. It explores the idea’s potential and realization through the thematic analysis of 12 interviews with airline industry experts. The results indicated a need for an air transport eco-label. It could help build awareness among air travellers by providing them with environmental information during booking, thereby making flights environmentally comparable. This would also stimulate more competition between airlines, motivating them to improve their environmental performance and creating competitive advantage for those performing better. Finally, the study found that there should be only one eco-label, which should be compulsory for all commercial flights. It should be introduced by an independent authority in order to ensure credibility and trustworthiness. This study could be a first step towards the introduction of an air transport eco-label, making the industry more sustainable.
The importance of different culinary aspects when travelling - the case of international tourists to South Africa
Authors: Coughlan Lisa-Mari , Saayman Melville
Published: February 2022

Tourists spend a good portion of their travel budget on food and beverages. Culinary preference knowledge should thus be important to numerous stakeholders. Little is, however, known about the determinants of culinary preferences of international tourists. Furthermore, in the context of developing countries, very little has been published about cuisine in tourism. The purpose of this research is to identify the determinants of culinary preferences of international tourists to South Africa. A newly developed questionnaire based on literature was completed by 627 international tourists. Five culinary preference factors were identified from the results of the study, namely social influence, culture and religion, exploration, the culinary experience and environmental sensitivity. Social influence was the most important factor, followed by environmental sensitivity and then the culinary experience. Only two socio-demographic variables were found to influence the culinary preferences of international tourists to South Africa. Implications for each of the findings are put forth. Specific recommendations are also made to national and provincial government, tourism marketers and dining establishments alike, in order to reap the numerous benefits associated with culinary preference knowledge.
Social capital as cause and consequence of rural touristic development: The case of Lindoso (Portugal)
Authors: Borlido Tiago , Coromina Lluís
Published: February 2022

This paper seeks to deepen research on the relationship established between social capital and tourism, namely on the less explored aspect of the reciprocity in this relationship; in other words, the forms by which social capital affects tourism development and how tourism development has influenced the evolution of social capital are the object of analysis. The paper uses a qualitative approach based on in-depth interviews and discourse analysis. Results show that a lack of use of social capital provokes a vicious circle of social capital destruction, meeting Putnam’s (1995, 2000) theories in his magnum opus Bowling Alone. Results additionally show that social capital facilitates tourism development and, in turn, tourism development promotes the creation of bridging social capital in the community. This paper concludes presenting policy proposals that seek to lead the territory towards a more sustainable community approach to the tourism model using the existing social capital and fostering its growth.
Dark tourism and memorial tourism: Nexus and divergences between theoretical models
Authors: Vázquez David
Published: February 2022

In the context of the huge diversification in the field of cultural heritage, there are nowadays many touristic places whose main appeal lies in the connection with tragic events. Beyond the scope of cultural tourism, it may be confusing to classify them due to the extraordinary richness and heterogeneity of the different types of tourism as typified by tourism science. Thus, the scientific community uses several labels to name the tourism practices carried out in touristic places linked to tragedy. Among the many, it is worth pointing out dark tourism and memorial tourism, not only because of their undeniable academic impact, but also because of the media relevance gained. This article deals with the problems faced when it comes to determining the boundaries of what may be considered dark tourism or memorial tourism. After a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical contributions regarding both models, what is most relevant is why and in which contexts one term or the other is used.
Virtual reality in the hotel industry: assessing the acceptance of immersive hotel presentation
Authors: Israel Kai , Tscheulin Dieter , Zerres Christopher
Published: February 2022

In the hotel industry, it is crucial to reduce the inherent information asymmetry with regard to the goods offered. This asymmetry can be minimised through the use of smartphone-based virtual reality applications (SBVRs), which allow virtual simulation of real experiences and thus enable more efficient information retrieval. The aim of the study is to determine for the first time the user acceptance of these immersive hotel presentations for assessing the performance of a travel accommodation. For this purpose, the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was used to explain the acceptance behaviour for this new technology. A virtual reality application was specially developed, in which the participants could explore a hotel virtually. A total of 569 participants took part in the study. The structural equation model and the hypotheses were tested using a Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis. The results illustrate that the immersive product experience leads to more efficient information gathering. The perceived usefulness significantly affects the attitude towards using the technology as well as the intention to use it. In contrast to the traditional TAM, the perceived ease of use of SBVRs has no effect on the perceived usefulness or attitude towards using the technology.
Effects of tourism development on surface area of main lakes of Shchuchinsk-Burabay resort area, Kazakhstan
Authors: Ramazanova Makhabbat , Bulai Mihai , Ursu Adrian , Tortella Bartolomé , Kakabayev Anuarbek
Published: February 2022

Lake (or lacustrine) water is one of the most sensitive and vulnerable resources for many tourist destinations, whose attractiveness highly depends on the water quality and availability in the lakes. The Shchuchinsk-Burabay resort area, located in the Akmola region of the Northern Kazakhstan, is one of the most popular tourist destinations of the country, known for its attractive natural landscape and for its great number of lakes. However, during the last decades, these lakes have been facing environmental issues due to their overexploitation and increasing level of pollution. Thus, the aim of the current study is to examine the changes in surface area of these lakes during the last 30 years by using GIS technologies, and the influence of tourism industry upon this phenomenon. Accommodation facilities (hotels, sanatoriums and guesthouses), as main tourism-related water consumers, have been targeted within our analysis. Results show that tourism is one of the factors responsible for surface area decline of the main lakes in the region, and its responsibility increases when combined with other factors. This study also formulates recommendations for water management policymakers in order to guarantee the sustainability of lake water as a key resource of the tourism industry in the region.
The Relation Between Work Stress, Work-Family Life Conflict and Worker Performance: A Research Study on Hospitality Employees
Authors: Karakaş Ayhan , Tezcan Nilüfer
Published: February 2022

One of the issues that has an impact on the business world is the relationship between employees’ work and family life. This study investigates the relationship among work–family conflict, family–work conflict, and work stress and occupational performance that hotel employees experience. A three-scale questionnaire form has been used for this research. Further, this study has been conducted on three-, four-, and five-star hospitality business employees in the Eastern Black Sea region. The fact that family–work conflict has an impact on employee performance and that work–family and family–work conflicts have an impact on work stress are concluded as a result of analyses. In addition, it has also been realized that work stress has a full mediating role in influencing the employee performance of the work–family conflict, and that work stress has no mediating role in influencing the employee performance of the family–work conflict. According to some demographic variables, it is ascertained that work–family conflict, family–work conflict, work stress, and employee performance are different.
Exploring Retraction in Tourism and Hospitality Journals
Authors: Alrawadieh Zaid , Zareer Ahmed
Published: February 2022

Recently, retraction has received considerable attention in several fields of research. The topic, however, remains neglected in the field of tourism and hospitality. The current investigation explores the current level of retraction in tourism and hospitality research. It also draws on the perceptions of the editors-in-chief of tourism and hospitality journals to understand their attitudes toward retraction. The findings reveal that retraction is quite rare in the field of tourism and hospitality (only 5 retracted articles were identified). Empirical evidence shows that editors-in-chief have mixed perceptions concerning the current level of retraction, varying between optimism and pessimism. Optimistic editors-in-chief agreed that the rareness of retraction is reflective of research integrity and identified awareness of the best practices in academic publishing, the youthfulness of tourism as an area of study, and the role of plagiarism detection software programs as significant factors. Pessimistic editors-in-chief were reluctant to consider the low retraction rate to be an indicator of a high level of research integrity and they highlighted the difficulty of detecting malpractice, editors-in-chief’s unwillingness to engage in retraction, and the existence of unethical practices that do not lead to retraction. By identifying the retraction level and exploring the perceptions of editors-in-chief, the present study endeavours to track the progress, transparency, and integrity of tourism and hospitality research.
The Wrong Way: An alternative critique of the Camino de Santiago
Authors: Overall Jeffrey
Published: February 2022

Dating back to the 11th century, the Camino de Santiago, a spiritual journey to the site of the final resting place of the apostle Saint James, has been important to pilgrims for centuries. With the aim of escaping the monotony of daily life, the reasons for embarking on the pilgrimage have changed little. Although obvious societal changes have occurred since the 11th century, many modern pilgrims attempt to travel similarly as those from ancient times. However, pilgrims that do not conform to perceived ‘authentic’ behaviors are often derided and left feeling alienated. Through ethnography, I attempt to explore the themes of: authenticity, social pressure, and pilgrimage as a tourist product within the context of the Camino de Santiago. By uncovering the challenges of the modern pilgrim, the main contribution to knowledge of this research involves detecting how escapism may not address the root of one’s dissatisfaction.
Erasmus students in Portugal: from students to tourists and advocates
Authors: Amaro Suzanne , Barroco Cristina , Martins Carmen , Antunes Joaquim
Published: February 2022

Although there are several studies examining the benefits of the Erasmus student mobility programme on student’s professional career and academic development, there is scarce literature focusing on how they are similar to tourists and can promote tourism in the country where they did Erasmus. This study interviewed 16 students from 10 different nationalities that have done Erasmus in Portugal, in order to examine their travelling behaviours and how they may contribute in promoting Portugal. The findings reveal that Erasmus students are similar to tourists, contributing to Portugal’s Tourism not only by their travelling behaviour, but also by the visitors they receive and because of the posts of Portugal on social media. Furthermore, after their Erasmus experience, they become advocates, recommending Portugal to family and friends.
Understanding the role of destination imagery in mountain destination choice. Evidence from an exploratory research
Authors: Araújo Arthur , Cardoso Lucília , Araújo Noelia , Dias Francisco
Published: February 2022

The present study explores the imagery of mountain tourism destinations. The research is based on customer-based brand equity and destination choice models, and addresses destination imagery through the concepts favourite destination (FD) and autobiographical memory. Through an online, multilingual survey, 711 responses, consisting of words, associated by a self-selected sample of European mountain tourists to their favourite mountain destinations, were collected. Such data was subjected to a deductive content analysis, and the results suggest that the imagery of favourite mountain destinations consists mostly of functional elements. Findings reinforce previous theories regarding the concept of favourite destinations, destination imagery (DY) processing, and destination choice. Future studies should apply such analysis to other tourism products, as well as to different or more representative samples, to verify whether imagery structures differ.
Climate change and ski industry in Pamporovo resort, Bulgaria: An exploratory study on the tourists’ perceptions
Authors: Cholakova Siya , Dogramadjeva Elka
Published: February 2022

Studying stakeholder perceptions regarding climate change and their influence on the future development of ski resorts is both important and challenging. Tourists are one of the key stakeholder groups to be taken into account, since understanding their perceptions and reactions to the impacts of climate change is essential to anticipate potential geographic and seasonal shifts in tourism demand, as well as the decline or increase of specific tourism markets. Such studies have been undertaken in different countries but so far not in Bulgaria. In an attempt to fill the gap, this paper presents the results of an exploratory survey among visitors to one of the major Bulgarian ski resorts that was carried out in March 2018. The study results reveal a high level of acceptance of climate change threats worldwide and a moderate denial of the same threats at a local scale. A large proportion of respondents even now substitute the resort with another one and the majority of them see the future of Pamporovo as a four-season destination. The study outcomes are paralleled with results known from previous studies in other countries. Considering the exploratory study limitations, conclusions are drawn regarding the need for further research and methodology refinement.
Residents’ views on cruise tourism in Naples Profiles and insights from a Mediterranean home-port destination
Authors: Chiappa Giacomo , Atzeni Marcello , Pung Jessica , Risitano Marcello
Published: February 2022

This study aims at profiling a quota sample of 600 residents in Naples, a home port in the Campania Region (Southern Italy), based on their perceptions and attitudes toward the development of cruise tourism, and their willingness to support different tourism types. To achieve this aim, a factor-cluster analysis was applied and five clusters were identified, namely ‘indifferent’, ‘moderate lovers’, ‘moderate critics’, and ‘cautious’. Significant differences emerged between the identified groups based on their prior experience with cruise vacation and their relatives’ economic reliance on cruise activity. On the contrary, no significant differences exist based on gender, age, employment status, economic reliance on cruise tourism, education level, length of residence, geographical proximity to cruise port area. Furthermore, no significant differences between clusters were found based on residents’ attitude towards cruise tourism and their support to its further development. Hence, theoretical contributions and managerial implications are addressed, including recommendations for future research.