A Phenome-Wide Association Study (PheWAS) of Genetic Risk for C-Reactive Protein in Children of European Ancestry: Results From the ABCD Study
Authors: Norton Sara A. , Gorelik Aaron J. , Paul Sarah E. , Johnson Emma C. , Baranger David AA , Siudzinski Jayne L , Li Zhaolong Adrian , Bondy Erin , Modi Hailey , Karcher Nicole R. , Hershey Tamara , Hatoum Alexander S. , Agrawal Arpana , Bogdan Ryan 
Published: August 2024

BACKGROUND

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a moderately heritable marker of systemic inflammation that is associated with adverse physical and mental health outcomes. Identifying factors associated with genetic liability to elevated CRP in childhood may inform our understanding of variability in CRP that could be targeted to prevent and/or delay the onset of related health outcomes.

METHODS

We conducted a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) of genetic risk for elevated CRP (i.e. CRP polygenic risk score [PRS]) among children genetically similar to European ancestry reference populations (median analytic n = 5,509) from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive DevelopmentSM(ABCD) Study. Associations between CRP PRS and 2,377 psychosocial and neuroimaging phenotypes were estimated using independent mixed effects models.Post hocanalyses examined whether: (1) covarying for measured body mass index (BMI) or removing the shared genetic architecture between CRP and BMI altered phenotypic associations, (2) sex moderated CRP PRS associations, and (3) associations are unconfounded by assortative mating or passive gene-environment correlations (using a within-family analyses). Multiple testing was adjusted for using Bonferroni and false discovery rate (FDR) correction.

RESULTS

Nine phenotypes were positively associated with CRP PRS after multiple testing correction: five weight- and eating-related phenotypes (e.g. BMI, overeating), three phenotypes related to caregiver somatic problems (e.g. caregiver somatic complaints), as well as weekday video watching (allps = 1.2 x 10-7- 2.5 x 10-4, allpFDRs = 0.0002 - 0.05). No neuroimaging phenotypes were associated with CRP PRS (allps = 0.0003 - 0.998; allpFDRs = 0.08 - 0.998) after correction for multiple testing. Eating and weight-related phenotypes remained associated with CRP PRS in within-family analyses. Covarying for BMI resulted in largely consistent results, and sex did not moderate any CRP PRS associations. Removing the shared genetic variance between CRP and BMI attenuated all relationships; associations with weekday video watching, caregiver somatic problems and caregiver report that the child is overweight remained significant while associations with waist circumference, weight, and caregiver report that child overeats did not.

DISCUSSION

Genetic liability to elevated CRP is associated with higher weight, eating, and weekday video watching during childhood as well as caregiver somatic problems. These associations were consistent with direct genetic effects (i.e., not solely due to confounding factors like passive gene-environment correlations) and were independent of measured BMI. The majority of associations with weight and eating phenotypes were attributable to shared genetic architecture between BMI and inflammation. The relationship between genetics and heightened inflammation in later life may be partially attributable to modifiable behaviors (e.g. weight and activity levels) that are expressed as early as childhood.

Highlights

Genetic risk for elevated CRP is associated with weight, eating, and screen time during childhood

Associations were largely independent of measured BMI and were not moderated by sex

Removing shared genetic variance between CRP and BMI attenuated all associations

Modifiable childhood behaviors may mediate genetic liability to elevated inflammation