bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’imaginaire de la route américaine
Authors: Arrouye Jean
Published: October 2015

Trail, dirtroad, turnpike or freeway — the road has been the primary means of subduing the American land. The representation of this conquest is a constant theme in literature and photography, from the dime novels of the Oregon Trail to Jayne Anne Phillips, from the photographers of the exploratory expeditions of the 1870s to Lee Friedlander and Lewis Baltz. This paper surveys the extraordinary diversity of photographers' approaches, tracing the evolution through successive phases of wonder, distress, nostalgia, disenchantment and symbolic displacement. Throughout the permutations and combinations to which this evolution gives rise, the road emerges as a central topos of the American imagination.
Melville’s Black Whale
Authors: Sachs Viola
Published: October 2015

La Baleine Noire de Melville

Comment expliquer le changement du titre de l'édition américaine de l'ouvrage de Melville par rapport à l'édition anglaise publiée à peine trois semaines plus tôt ? Pourquoi La Baleine acquiert-elle un nom pour devenir Moby-Dick ; or, The Whale ? De nombreux indices de ce livre initiatique qui foisonne d'erreurs intentionnelles font penser que Melville aurait eu des raisons profondes. Moby-Dick est en réalité une baleine noire et non blanche, une baleine franche et non un cachalot, ce qui a des implications fondamentales pour l'identité de la jeune nation américaine.
The Confidence-Man : his Masquerade comme forme anti-émersonienne
Authors: Urbas Joseph
Published: October 2015

The Confidence-Man : His Masquerade as Anti-Emersonian Literary Form

Critics have long acknowledged the presence of a satiric portrait of Emerson in CM. We would argue, however, that the force and reach of Melville's critique of Emerson may be best measured in terms of the novel's form rather than its content. After a brief sketch of the evolution of Melville's attitude towards Emerson and an outline of the structural peculiarities of the work, we give an analysis of the ways in which the narrative form of CM constitutes a sweeping attack on the Emersonian vision. In opposition to the unity, order, and transparency of the universe as seen by Emerson's imperial subject, Melville shows, through the distorting glass of the novel's form, a world that is essentially impenetrable and fragmented.
Désir du désert : hommage au grand désert américain
Authors: Mathé Sylvie
Published: October 2015

Desire and the Desert : In Praise of the Great American Desert.

This paper aims to explore the status of the American desert in its relation to the continent. The last historical, geographical and cultural frontier, the Great American Desert, attracts and repels, giving birth to metaphorical constructions that reflect the fundamental ambiguity which has been the trademark of collective representations of the American land since Elizabethan days. These historical fantasies about the wilderness of the New World are echoed by the phantasmagoria of the American West, the visionary landscapes which hold the desert wanderers spell-bound. Among them, two prisoners of the same obsession : J. Van Dyke and E. Abbey. Van Dyke in The Desert, at once a study in natural history and an aesthetic meditation, and Abbey in Desert Solitaire, part autobiography and part polemical essay, pursue an identical quest for an impossible object of desire, sharing the same passion which they transform into a love lyric, a poetic rhapsody.
Lieux de fête et de commémoration
Authors: Fabre Geneviève , Ertel Rachel
Published: October 2015

Rituals and ceremonies have always been important in the life of ethnic communities which have created their own calendar of celebrations. The analysis of these lieux de fête can highlight the process of assimilation and acculturation as well as the struggle to invent a new identity in American society. Civic celebrations, processions, parade and pageants, anniversaries and commemorative events are symbolic acts, communal rituals through which the groups redefine their relation to the past, their diverse loyalties and strategies.
The « Caribbeanization » of New York City: West Indian Carnival in Brooklyn
Authors: Van Capelleveen Remo
Published: October 2015

Le carnaval caribéen organisé chaque année à Brooklyn au moment de la fête du travail est l'occasion d'un grand rassemblement populaire où la population antillaise de New York investit l'espace public d'une multitude de signes — défilés, costumes et musiques — par lesquels ces immigrants du tiers-monde énoncent et recomposent leur identité. Ce lieu de fête est aussi lieu de tensions et de rivalités. Dans la convivialité où la violence, de nouveaux défis sont lancés à la société d'accueil, comme à la tradition du pageant américain qui avait, au début du siècle, tenté de définir l'identité nationale.
Rites et célébrations dans deux oeuvres de Paule Marshall, « to dah-du in memoriam » et Praise Song for the Widow
Authors: Charras Françoise
Published: October 2015

Incursions in time and space are a way of exploring primal myths. In her writings, Paule Marshall charts the poles of this exploration, opposing two symbolic spaces : the island, sacred land of the ancestors, and its antithesis North White Plains on the continent. Through her representation of fundamental personal and communal rites — pagan or Christian, African or American — Marshall creates another ritualistic experience, not only for the protagonists of her narratives but also for the reader.
Jose Rizal and the Changing Nature of Filipino Identity in an American Setting
Authors: Guyotte Roland L. , Posadas Barbara M.
Published: October 2015

Les célébrations commémoratives que les Philippins de Chicago organisent en l'honneur de leur héros national n'ont cessé de se transformer. Ce lieu de fête a été affecté non seulement par les relations entre l'île et les Etats-Unis, mais aussi par les divisions nombreuses qui sont apparues au sein de la communauté. Dans les débats qui accompagnent la modernisation de la fête se retrouvent les dissensions que crée une double appartenance opposant les défenseurs de l'américanisation à ceux qui veulent rester fidèles à l'identité nationale philippine.
Speech, Act and the Right to Offend, in their First Amendment Context
Authors: Atherton John
Published: October 2015

La Cour suprême reconnaît une limite à la liberté d'expression lorsque celle-ci est une incitation à un acte illégal, ou que la parole elle-même constitue un acte préjudiciable. Toutefois, la liberté d'expression jouit d'une protection accrue quand entrent en jeu des questions touchant à l'intérêt public ou que les propos diffamatoires visent un groupe. Les critères ainsi établis doivent être rapprochés des critères mis en œuvre dans la répression de l'obscénité. La tolérance de la Cour à l'égard de paroles injurieuses a été récemment remise en cause par une génération de juristes soucieux d'introduire le respect d'autrui dans le discours public.
Un cas de censure par la médiatisation : les séances de la commission Hendrickson sur l’industrie des comic books
Authors: Gabilliet Jean-Paul
Published: October 2015

Between 1947 and 1956, a sizable number of comic book titles were regarded as questionable reading material by parents, experts and authorities. In response to the phenomenon, the Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency held hearings on illustrated magazines in 1954. Although the Subcommittee eventually recommended no federal legislation, it singled out certain comic books as likely scapegoats for juvenile delinquency ; the negative publicity thereby generated forced most publishers to resort to self-censorship to circumvent local bans against comics.
Art et censure chez Chaplin
Authors: Bordat Francis
Published: October 2015

In one shot from The Face on the Bar Room Floor (1914), observance of the proprieties is shown to have stimulated the director's art of composition and staging, and to have served rather than stifled his eroticism : Chaplin's side-stepping leads him to enrich his mise en scène, and to give expression to even more subtle and secret layers of Charlie's libido. Further analysis of a sequence from A Woman of Paris (1923), whose theme and visual motifs echo the scene from The Face, shows découpage and elliptic editing identically spurred by the pressures of (self) censorship.
The last temptation of Christ et l’« affaire » Scorsese
Authors: Muraire André
Published: October 2015

Scorsese draws a personal portrait of Christ tempted to « get off the cross and live the rest of His life as a normal human being ». The scandal created was not so much due to its « pornographic » content as to the suggestion that Christ might have been tempted to renounce his sacrifice. This paper presents the anti-Temptation campaign as an illustration of the violence that may be generated by blind, noninstitutional, fundamentalist censorship at local (possibly level, and to show how such censorship is primarily a matter of local pressure usually counterbalanced by the power of Federal constitutional authority.
La réorientation du cinéma japonais pendant l’occupation américaine (1945-1952)
Authors: Feith Michel
Published: October 2015

As a part of its cultural reorganization of Japan, the American occupation paid much attention to the film industry, due to its influence on the minds of the masses. This action was focused on three main directions : a punitive phase accompanied by stern censorship, designed to eradicate all trace of militaristic propaganda ; a positive phase, highlighted by the granting of freedom of expression ; and finally an « educational phase », whose aim was to advertise the new democratic order to the Japanese public. The conclusion of this study, a preliminary research on some aspects of my doctoral thesis, is an attempt to determine to what extent one can speak of « cultural imperialism » in relation to American intervention in the cultural life of a defeated enemy.
La voix dans « Sentence » de Donald Barthelme
Authors: Lecercle Jean-Jacques
Published: October 2015

The object of this interpretation of Barthelme's short story « Sentence », is to go beyond the obviously meta-fictional aspects of the text, in which a sentence struggles to delay the inevitable moment of its death in the final full stop. The analysis of the « voice » in/of the sentence draws on the critical resources of enunciation linguistics, the theory of the relationship between language and death put forward by Giorgio Agamben, Bakhtinian dialogism, and W. Benjamin's theology of language. The personified sentence is seen to be a modern incarnation of Sheherazad.
Pynchon : voix, lieux communs
Authors: Battestini Anne
Published: October 2015

The inscription of voices in Pynchon's texts serves a mutual subversion of the written and the spoken words which affects discursive mastery. In Gravity's Rainbow, impersonated or contaminated voices point to a haunting dispossession inflicted on the shifting addressees as well as on the reader. The voice of « We », carried and dissipated by Pynchon, is light with insignificance but sings that meaning resides neither in presence nor in death.
De « Negro London » à Dred Scott, ou notes sur un imbroglio blanc
Authors: Julien Claude
Published: October 2015

History has praised Chief Justice Marshall for trying to uphold the Cherokees' rights and has vilified Taney, his successor, for writing that Blacks were not persons. This paper purports to show the Dred Scott decision was consistent with the Court's attitude to minorities under Marshall and that both Courts interpreted the law according to the wishes and the needs of the white citizenry.
Michael Gold, Ethnicity and the Left in the 1930s
Authors: Homberger Eric
Published: October 2015

Lors de sa parution en 1930, Jews Whithout Money, de Michael Gold, description de son enfance dans le Lower East Side de New York, fut violemment attaqué par la critique de gauche pour son manque de contenu politique explicite. L'ouvrage de Gold révèle cependant un sens aigu des problèmes auxquels devait faire face un parti de gauche dans une société caractérisée par des divisions ethniques. Les parents de Gold incarnent les problèmes de cette gauche, et le lecteur se doit d'être particulièrement attentif aux implications politiques du texte et aux rivalités ethniques au sein du parti communiste américain de la troisième période.
La guerre d’Espagne : écrivains et écriture aux Etats-Unis
Authors: Sayre Robert
Published: October 2015

The Spanish Civil War constituted one of the major focuses of political commitment for American writers in the 1930s. Similar to overall American public opinion, American writers strongly leaned toward the Republican side in the conflict. They supported the loyalists through a variety of activities, in Spain as well as the US, and through their writings, fictional and non-fictional. In their relation to the war they adopted a number of different social and political stances.
Évolution du fondamentalisme américain, 1925-1940
Authors: Martin Jean-Pierre
Published: October 2015

American protestant « fundamentalism » as defined by the « Five Points » adopted by substantial minorities in various denominations, failed in its early 1920s efforts to conciliate public opinion and achieve the institutional control of the mainline Churches. Hence a switch to field-work, at times under flamboyant and contradictory leadership. For want of reliable statistical data, the growth and extent of the new trends can hardly be assessed ; on the other hand, the qualitative changes are obvious and point to the impregnation of an initially intellectual movement by recurrent themes of populist culture.
The Constitutional Culture of the 1930s
Authors: Bolner James
Published: October 2015

D'importants changements dans la pensée juridique ont accompagné les modifications intervenues dans le domaine politique, social, et économique au cours des années trente. Cet article tend à montrer que les conflits qui se déclenchèrent à cette époque eurent leur origine dans l'évolution constitutionnelle et politique de l'Amérique et qu'ils furent davantage l'expression d'une modification du système juridique qu'un bouleversement révolutionnaire. En tout état de cause, ces changements eurent pour résultat un renforcement du pouvoir judiciaire.
L’évolution de la problématique de la corporéité dans The Great Gastby et Tender is the Night
Authors: Chard-Hutchinson Martine , Raguet-Bouvart Christine
Published: October 2015

Why underscore the notion of corporeity in Francis Scott Fitzgerald's most two famous novels ? Because The Great Gatsby and Tender is the Night are structured around this concept. The study of characterization shows that the body essentially functions as the main support of identification. Corporeal fragmentation mirrors the gap between appearance and being, heralding the atomization of the individual bereft of his social and personal identity. The bridging of that gap, which also disrupts the textual cohesion depends on the narrative voice. In The Great Gatsby cohesion is controlled by the narrator's moral scheme, which values the immaterial and rejects the body. Conversely, in Tender is the Night the text is no longer reconstructed within a moral frame, but on the idea of the overmastering body, bringing about the modern problematics of liberty.
Hollywood, capitale du cinéma : des influences réciproques entre Los Angeles et le cinéma
Authors: Ghorra-Gobin Cynthia
Published: October 2015

The movie industry, which sees itself as a mass product, tried to leave New York in the 1910s. This paper first analyzes the reasons of the choice of Hollywood by setting forth the traditional geographic criteria (landscape, weather), but also by insisting on the economic, social and cultural criteria. Then it traces the influences of movies on Los Angeles and its architecture. The conclusion deals with the perenniality of Hollywood as capital of the movie industry (in spite of the globalization of this economic sector). Its argument is based on the assumption that Hollywood is an a-historical urban context.
Le mythe de la production indépendante dans le cinéma américain
Authors: Augros Joël
Published: October 2015

Starting from the well-known idea that Hollywood is dominated by the major companies whose purpose is to make money rather than art, while on the other hand, independent movie-makers are mostly interested in art, regardless of their bank account, this paper intends to show the interconnections between the two systems and the complexity of the problem. The basic question is to know what « independent » means. And how independent companies can finance their films and distribute them through the three key distribution markets : movie theaters, video networks, and foreign country markets.
Le New York de Martin Scorsese, le New York de Woody Allen
Authors: Kruth Patricia
Published: October 2015

New York is at the core of the works of Martin Scorsese and Woody Allen. Their relationships to the city they love are, however, basically different. Scorsese's mise en scene brings out the conflict between the city and the often marginal antagonists in search of themselves and of success ; Woody Allen's protagonists tell about their perfect urban integration. The two visions of the city may not be superimposed. Scorsese's camera, starting from Little Italy, explores all five Boroughs ; Allen feels more comfortable in Manhattan, especially around Central Park, with occasional excursions to Brooklyn. Both film-makers use the roofs of NY in similar ways, in homage to the Hollywood tradition. Yet they diverge in their original uses of bridges, the El, and the Manhattan skyline. Two contrasting symbolic images emerge. Allen's small town, filmed and loved as a woman, is a unique place where nature is integrated into the heart of civilization. In Scorsese's NY, there is no place for couples ; it is a city not unlike LA, an abstract asphalt jungle which comes to symbolize all cities.
Le théâtre de Tennessee Williams à l’écran : tactiques et stratégies
Authors: Sarotte Georges-Michel
Published: October 2015

Tennessee Williams disliked all the film adaptations of his plays even though they were all made by the most prestigious directors and produced by the major companies. The paper examines the various ways in which scriptwriters and directors transformed Williams's Broadway plays into movies aimed at the general public — from the rather faithful rendition of the theatre play to the more cinematic « opened up » version. Comparing and contrasting the plays and the films, the paper analyzes the consequences of the deletion or addition of scenes, characters and dialogues, and of censorship or self-censorship.
Les métamorphoses du texte et les avatars de la circularité dans « The Whole World Knows » de E. Welty
Authors: Verley Claudine
Published: October 2015

TWWK is a fragmented, chaotic narrative including Ran's addresses to his father, bits of dialogue with his mother and his tentative personal ordering of past events within its formal static circularity. Through different devices — escape into the past, reduplication of the same space — the centripetal closure of the narrative opposes the centrifugal dynamics of a revelation impossible to utter. Myth denies both history and the story of Maideen's suicide and the text repeats the dialectics of circle and center, opening and closure, static circularity and dynamic cycle at work in the whole of The Golden Apples.
Puerto Ricans in Film, Puerto Rican Movies: the Struggle for Recognition
Authors: Menendez Mario
Published: October 2015

Dès les années cinquante apparaît au cinéma le stéréotype du Portoricain, laissé pour compte du développement économique absent, basé sur une réalité sociale que de jeunes cinéastes issus de la minorité elle-même entendent aujourd'hui dénoncer. Le parti-pris sociologique d'une part, l'engagement dans la lutte pour l'obtention de droits civiques de l'autre, pour une partie oubliée de la minorité hispanique, ainsi qu'un financement difficile, sont autant de conditions négatives qui entravent la création artistique au sein d'un groupe qui veut affirmer sa différence au sein même du groupe hispanophone plus inclusif, quand paradoxalement, le cinéma minoritaire émerge un peu partout aux Etats-Unis, en tête d'affiche.
« Old glory » : histoire d’un objet ou histoire d’un symbole ?
Authors: Montagutelli Malie
Published: October 2015

The history of the flag shows that « Old Glory » was not readily adopted in America as the symbol of the country, nor did the government take speedy measures to regulate its shape and proportions. In fact, it took 135 years for this after the initial resolution by Congress in 1777. When burned or defaced by protesters, the Supreme Court has seldom protected it in its decisions. Yet the Star-Spangled Banner is ever-present in American life. In view of this, we might ask ourselves just what its place is in the lives of Americans.
La Cour suprême et le drapeau : une question toujours brûlante ?
Authors: Toinet Marie-France
Published: October 2015

The US Flag has been the object of a religious cult ever since it was created ; as a result of this, the Supreme Court has been confronted throughout its own history with divers cases of non-reverence to the Flag — sacrileges ranging from a mere rejection of the pledge of allegiance to actual burnings of the national emblem. Unwilling to take the « divinization » of the Flag into account, and sometimes resisting enormous pressures, the Court has consistently refused to « burn the first Amendment » (except, to some extent, in Gobitis, 1940, which anyhow was overturned less than three years after), always giving priority to the freedom of speech principle (including in its symbolic expressions). But it may be asked whether such serenity was not due to the fact that desecrating the Flag has hitherto been the act of isolated individuals, rather than a mass attitude actually jeopardizing public order.
Une Véronique américaine : le drapeau des Etats-Unis à travers l’oeuvre de Jasper Johns
Authors: Rougé Bertrand
Published: October 2015

Likened to the Bible and the Cross, Old Glory has bred a national cult verging on iconolatry, blurring the limits between civil religion and its metaphysical model. The national icon is here seen in the light of religious icons — its occulted sources — , and of the painter of Flags. The icon's function, its place in Johns' works, questions of pictorial/political representation, converge to show that it is the true American Veronica/Vera Icona, the Nation's u-topian body made present.
Anna Elizabeth Klumpke: A Salon Artist par excellence
Authors: Dwyer Britta C.
Published: October 2015

Anna Elizabeth Klumpke (1856-1942), parfois connue en France pour avoir été l'Américaine, compagne, biographe et légataire de la femme peintre française Rosa Bonheur (1822-1899), fut elle-même une artiste importante, aujourd'hui oubliée comme telle. Or grâce à sa production et à sa participation suivie et active aux « Salons » de la Société des artistes français, on peut étudier l'évolution de sa peinture, de l'académisme — légué par ses maîtres français — à une inspiration nettement plus impressionniste. Pour conclure, ce papier suggère que le Paris artistique du début du XXe siècle, n'était pas exclusivement un centre monolithique d'avant-garde mais un lieu où l'expérimental et le traditionnel coexistaient.
« Ich bin ein Berliner » : dunkers and donuts in American popular culture
Authors: Deutsh James I.
Published: October 2015

La représentation des doughnuts dans la culture de masse américaine (discours ambiant, littérature, cinéma et chanson) révèlent une popularité croissante de cette pâtisserie dans le demi-siècle qui suivit la Première Guerre mondiale. La production de masse du doughnut durant cette période était étroitement liée à la démocratie américaine et à « l'homme du commun ». Depuis les années 70, néanmoins, l'image populiste du doughnut s'est vue progressivement ternir par des connotations anti-démocratiques.
The Guys Who Shoot to Thrill: Serial Killers and the American Popular Unconscious
Authors: Conrath Robert
Published: October 2015

Ce travail en cours s'efforce de dégager quelques-uns des éléments cachés dans le processus d'« iconisation » et d'« héroïsation » du personnage démoniaque contemporain qu'est le tueur « en série ». En ciblant quatre axes socio-culturels et économiques, j'essaie de montrer que sa naissance dans l'imaginaire populaire n'est pas le fait du hasard, ni le pur produit de cas isolés et dysfonctionnels. Personnage métonymique et « sérialisable », à la fois réel et imaginaire, consommateur post-capitaliste et post moderne par excellence, le tueur « en série » a choisi l'ère reaganienne pour exercer son métier. Son histoire populaire se répète à l'infini en matérialisant la limite apocalyptique d'un éthos de consommation matérielle où toute altérité est supprimée.
Ce désir d’objet obscur : art et consommation chez Mike Kelley
Authors: Grandjeat Yves-Charles
Published: October 2015

The works of California artist Mike Kelley are not just repulsive. His battered objects function as critical tools. His stuffed animals are part of a visual discourse exposing the pathological effects of cultural and artistic hierarchies, while denouncing a consumer society where reification and fetishism reign supreme. Only when the object is concealed is desire fully released.
L’euphémisation dans le Reader’s Digest
Authors: Baylon Daniel
Published: October 2015

What makes a magazine successful ? Besides entertaining its readers better than its competitors, Reader's Digest owes its success to its being a euphemizer : it tells about the world and, at the same time, seems to make it a better place to live in. The readers are thereby led to accept the world as it is, feeding on a strange mixture of idealism and realism which unfortunately tends to blunt their ideas and eventually prevents them from thinking.
Evolution comparée des produits cinématographiques et télévisuels américains dans les années 80
Authors: Bordat Francis
Published: October 2015

This is an attempt at emphasizing some general trends in the evolution of American movie and TV products since the early 80s. Contrary to current views on the quantitative invasion and qualitative decline of contemporary TV products, it is argued that cinema and TV may be inverting their former positions on the scales of cultural creativity. While movies grow ever more spectacularly escapist and barrenly self-referential, the new TV realism — in its various and occasionally scandalous forms — brings about new impetus in the American pictures of the 90s.
Morning in America, Dusk in the Dark Ghetto : The New « Civil War » in the American City
Authors: Wacquant Loïc J. D.
Published: October 2015

Si les émeutes d'avril 1992 à South-Central Los Angeles, les plus meurtrières du siècle, ont échoué à faire entrer le problème de la pauvreté et de la ségrégation urbaines dans le débat public national, c'est que le ghetto américain est devenu une sorte de territoire étranger en pleine terre étasunienne suite à sa triple marginalisation : économique, en raison des transformations du marché de l'emploi ; politique, avec l'effondrement des institutions publiques (école, santé, sécurité, etc.) au cœur des villes, cause première de leur dégradation continuée ; et symbolique, comme en témoigne l'excommunication rhétorique dont furent victimes les habitants de Tinner city lors de la dernière élection présidentielle.
Laura Riding’s Truthfulness to the World and to the Self
Authors: Ciani Daniela M.
Published: October 2015

Bien que la critique n'ait pas assigné une place d'honneur à Laura Riding, elle fut pourtant une source d'inspiration pour les intellectuels du XXe siècle. Ses théories de close reading ont joué un rôle important dans le développement du New Criticism. Sa poésie au langage sec, au vers finement élaboré sur des jeux syntaxiques et rythmiques, fut le point de départ pour divers poètes (W.H. Auden, J. Ashberry, R. Duncan) et la participation intime de son moi servit de point de repère pour des poètes tels que R. Lowell et S. Plath.
Revision and Vision: Cormac Mc Carthy’s Blood Meridian
Authors: Pughe Thomas
Published: October 2015

Cet article prendra comme point de départ la définition du roman historique américain formulée par Lukacs pour mieux accentuer la différence entre l'écriture visionnaire de Cormac McCarthy dans son « Western » Blood Meridian et le modèle « classique ». On s'interrogera sur l'esthétique de McCarthy plutôt que sur son propos thématique et on tentera de définir ce qu'on pourrait appeler « l'idéologie » de la forme de sa fiction historique et mytho-poétique.
Les lobbies aux Etats-Unis : privatisation ou démocratisation du pouvoir ?
Authors: Lassale Jean-Pierre
Published: October 2015

This paper questions the position and the role of the lobbies within the American political system. All democracies must handle, in their own way, general and special interests. But the American political culture has its own specificities, and the general public's attitude, regarding lobbies, is deeply ambivalent. Mistrust towards any attempt to capture power on the part of social actors, availing of powerful financial means, co-exists with a concept of the State which conveys to particular interests a kind of legitimacy of which they are deprived in France. The author tries to set up a typology of pressure groups in the United States, analyses their specific inner workings (revolving door, iron triangle, dollar politics), as well as the diversified functions they carry out.
La réforme du système de santé aux Etats-Unis : lobbies contre lobbies ?
Authors: Thevenard Eveline
Published: October 2015

Bill Clinton has termed an overhaul of the US health care system « the nation's most urgent priority ». However, the medical industrial complex, which has successfully lobbied against it for decades is sparing no effort to preserve its interests ; and PACs' contributions to congressional campaigns have reached record levels. Can this lobby's current divisions, the weakening of the traditional business-doctors-insurers alliance, and the growing influence of public-interest groups create a context favorable to the most sweeping social reform since the New Deal ? The issue is far from settled.
Lethal Lobby: the National Rifle Association
Authors: Lagayette Pierre
Published: October 2015

Pour la première fois, ce lobby institutionnalisé qu'est la National Rifle Association (NRA), avec ses 3 millions de membres et son budget de 100 millions de dollars, a subi un revers avec l'adoption de la loi Brady en novembre 1993. Et ce, malgré le 2e amendement qui garantit (à qui ?) le droit de porter les armes, malgré les tactiques agressives et bien rodées de lobbying et les appels aux sentiments d'insécurité de la population. Cette perte de vitesse doit être attribuée aux erreurs des années 1980, à la montée des groupes « anti gun » susceptibles de contrebalancer sa puissance et à une évolution des enjeux. La NRA est bien décidée à faire face.
Qu’est-il advenu du complexe militaro-industriel ?
Authors: Boëne Bernard
Published: October 2015

While military force has long been regarded in the American tradition as a threat to liberty, democracy and peace, the notion of a military-industrial complex (MIC) appeared on the scene as late as 1961. It owed much to the power elite thesis offered a few years earlier by C.W. Mills. In the 1970s, however, the much weakened consensus on defense and foreign policy, changes in the international context and the substitution of neoclassical for keynesian paradigms combined to limit the legitimacy and influence of a MIC in which fault lines became apparent. At the time of the Reagan defense build-up, a military reform movement led frontal attacks on 'waste, fraud and mismanagement'. In the last five years, the two components of the MIC have become increasingly dissociated in analyses of the issues involved. The recent period has shown that influence can be derived from a position of relative weakness as well as from one of strength, which certainly bears out the notion that civil-military relations are best approached in institutional rather than in quantitative terms.
Le lobby juif américain
Authors: Lévy Claude
Published: October 2015

Aipac, the leading pro-Israel lobby in Washington has become a major force in shaping United States policy in the Middle East, although the perception of its strength may be larger than the reality. The American Israel Public Affairs Committee, founded in 1954, is the only American Jewish organization officially registered with the U.S. Congress to lobby on behalf of legislation affecting Israel. Aipac is not a Political Action Committee and does not directly contribute funds to political campaigns. The root strength of Aipac lies not so much in its skills in public relations, access to media, and ample financing, as in the congruence of the lobby's objectives with elite perceptions, coalition building with non-Jewish groups and deep pro-Israeli sentiment in public opinion.
Vers une intelligence économique transnationale ? La commission trilatérale
Authors: Lépinasse Pierre
Published: October 2015

Created by David Rockefeller in 1973, the Trilateral Commission became famous through its report on the Crisis of Democracy in 1975 and when 26 of its members entered the Carter administration in 1977. It was accused of acting as an organisation aiming at the full control of the world for the profit of transnational corporations. But observers had lost sight of its parent think tanks : The Round Table, the Council on Foreign Affairs — which organized the new world order after 1945 — and the Bildeberg Club, all still « alive and going strong. » Much various intelligence is traded in its speeches, reports and talks during its separate and annual general meetings when the future is conjectured. Even if inside information may be used in advance by participants, a world government power must be looked for elsewhere (IMF, G7) ?
Le lobbying européen, encore loin du système américain
Authors: Martin Catherine
Published: October 2015

Lobbying in Europe is not limited to lobbyists : regions, industries, unions and European Union institutions all participate in the decision-making process. Their action starts with information gathering and includes grass-roots operations. The development of such practices has led to abuses (« revolving door » for instance) of which the Commission and Euro M.Ps are well aware and that they try to limit.
Aux limites de la crise : moment critique d’Emily Dickinson
Authors: Cazé Antoine
Published: October 2015

This close reading of one poem by Dickinson, « Crisis is sweet », wishes to demonstrate that the poet makes us share in a multiple experience of crisis combining sexual climax, mystical revelation, and the destruction of the poetic image. Positing a multi-level definition of crisis, the poem shows that the very process of definition — undoubtedly one of Dickinson's preferred modes of tackling with reality — entails a fundamental crisis and criticism of representation.
« An Episode of War » de Stephen Crane : l’épisode, spectacle et oubli
Authors: Dorey Claude
Published: October 2015

My object here is to treat « An Episode of War » as an illustration of how irony seeps into and undermines all areas of the narrative process, calling forth a world tricked out in deceitful apparel where the drama is depleted and the inane is set into relief. I shall argue that through irony, death and conflict, the raw materials of Crane's epistemology and mainsprings to dramatization, are spiritualized into emblems. There ensues from this process a levelling off of all things, which might warrant one to contend that Crane's lethal representation conjures up a world flat as a sheet and inscribed with erasures.
The Conception of a Freak: Stanley Elkin’s Cruel Poetics
Authors: Pughe Thomas
Published: October 2015

À la fin de The Magic Kingdom de Stanley Elkin les monstres envahissent le récit, le mettant ainsi en cause. La prolifération excessive de termes désignant le monstrueux, déclenchée par l'idée de la conception d'un « freak », symbolise le projet Elkinien d'explorer ce que « l'idiome sait » mais refoule. La fin du roman constitue ainsi un moment critique non seulement du récit mais aussi de l'écriture.
Citizen Genêt and Political Struggle in the Early American Republic
Authors: Sioli Marco
Published: October 2015

Cet article porte sur un personnage que l'historiographie française a fait disparaître à l'ombre de la personnalité de Brissot. E. C. Genêt, Ministre de la République Française aux Etats-Unis, arriva à Charleston en 1793 et fut accueilli avec enthousiasme par les Américains. Dans son testament politique — le pamphlet « Liberté, Egalité » — Genêt incite les habitants de la Louisiane espagnole à se révolter afin de créer un « Empire de la liberté » autonome à côté des États-Unis. Genêt se trouve entre deux révolutions qui sont entrées en crise : la Révolution américaine, menacée par l'administration élitaire des Fédéralistes, et la Révolution française qui marche vers la Terreur.
L’expérience et l’interprétation de la crise chez Crèvecoeur
Authors: Sayre Robert
Published: October 2015

A number of the texts in St. John de Crèvecœur's Letters From an American Farmer and Sketches of 18th-Century America reveal a complex vision of the crisis occasioned by the social turmoil of the American Revolution, a vision that expresses itself both in terms of lived experience and of reflective interpretation. The revolutionary crisis is seen to take significantly different forms on the frontier and in the more settled areas. These texts throw an interesting light on recent historical debates about the role of the American Revolution in the larger social developpments of the period.
A Retrospective on the World-System and its Prospects for the Next Quarter-Century
Authors: McCormick Thomas
Published: October 2015

Cet article part d'un constat, la désagrégation d'un système politico-économique mondial privé d'un centre régulateur depuis l'érosion de l'hégémonie américaine et la fin de la collusion tacite ou de la guerre froide entre deux impérialismes. La crise actuelle n'est pas sans rappeler l'effondrement de la Pax Britannica. Après la grande dépression et la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, la Pax Americana avait permis un recentrage du système et la guerre froide en préserva la cohésion. Les forces centrifuges d'aujourd'hui pourraient n'être une fois de plus qu'un désordre passager préalable à une restructuration par l'interdépendance de l'économie mondiale. Dans cette quête toujours recommencée de stabilité, cinq directions restent possibles : un retour à l'hégémonie américaine ; une co-hégémonie américano-japonaise ; un concert des grandes puissances ; une nouvelle bipolarité ; et un polycentrisme.
L’oeil d’Emerson et la sphère de Pascal : City of Glass de Paul Auster
Authors: Canty Daniel
Published: October 2015

Auster's City of Glass can be read as the fable of Quinn's redemption. Clues as to the possible existence of a god not unlike the puritans' directing the narrated events are disseminated throughout the novel. This calculating god only could give moral meaning to Quinn's mascarade. The twin images of Pascal's paradoxical sphere and Emerson's transparent eye, as used by the narrator to describe the novel's universe and the ambitions of its main protagonist, are the first indications of the deity's presence. The role of air and light, as metaphors of change and time, support this hypothesis, as does the relationship — at once fatherly and vampiric — between Quinn and Peter Stillman jr.
Y a-t-il une critique américaine ?
Authors: Bleikasten André
Published: October 2015

Since the demise of the New Criticism in the sixties, literary theory has become a central and highly controversial issue in the American academy. European and especially French thinkers, from Derrida to Kristeva, have played a major part in the debates that have been raging over the function and meaning of literature, and American criticism has certainly gained from their questioning of traditional assumptions. It remains to be seen, however, what use has been made of the imported theories and methodologies, and whether American criticism has achieved any insights of its own.
Report from the Other Academy: Non-American Voices and American Literature
Authors: Dow William
Published: October 2015

Le contexte socio-politique de l'interprétation littéraire a changé aux États-Unis, pour mieux prendre en compte les implications des différences de sexe, de race, et de classe sociale, ainsi que les voix multiculturelles des lecteurs contemporains. Ce contexte s'est également modifié au sein de la nouvelle Europe. Cependant, de nombreux critiques américains, aux prises dans leur pays avec le caractère insulaire du corps professoral, avec les compromis entraînés par la recherche du consensus qui, de nos jours, domine l'université, ont ignoré les implications critiques de la diversité ethnique des États Européens.
Chicano Literature: Back to Mexico and Beyond
Authors: Grandjeat Yves-Charles
Published: October 2015

L'arrivée des écrivains chicanos sur la scène littéraire américaine participe des grandes transformations symboliques provoquées par le développement du multi-culturalisme. On peut en relativiser l'impact, mais le processus de tropicalization est irréversible. Quel est l'idéal culturel, le modèle identitaire que projettent à nos yeux les auteurs chicanos ? A partir de quelques illustrations caractéristiques, nous tenterons de faire la part de l'ethnocentrique et de l'excentrique dans une littérature partagée entre recentrage et décentrage.
De la Mexicanité des Chicanos
Authors: Lejeune Catherine
Published: October 2015

This essay addresses the question of the Mexicanness of Chicanos in the U.S. and, relatedly, that of Mexicans living in the Border regions of North Mexico. Contrasting views have been expressed by Mexican and Chicano scholars alike on a question which is still controversial. In this paper, the phenomenon, real, symbolic or imagined, is more specifically studied through a close examination of the way Chicanos celebrate Mexican festivities, and more generally the values that pass through the border.
Stratégies de participation des Chicanos à la société civile américaine
Authors: Le Bars Sylvie
Published: October 2015

After the passage of the major pieces of Civil Rights legislation in the 1960s, « ethnic groups » have redefined themselves as « minorities », thereby seeking empowerment on new terms. Chicano advocacy groups, at the local or national level, have since been fighting for greater participation in the electoral process through redistricting and registering in order to be able to elect representatives. They have also used the courts to benefit from affirmative action guidelines and have secured passage of the 1968 Bilingual Education Act which has made it possible for Hispanics to build a power base through the school boards.
Poésie chicano : guerre des cultures, guerre des mots
Authors: Benjamin-Labarthe Elyette
Published: October 2015

Destabilizing both English and Spanish in its refusal to respect the integrity of national codes, interlingual Chicano poetry may well be a transitory form of combativity. Beyond the stigma of linguistic anarchy, and far removed from the predictable postulates of sociolinguistics, it has refined code-switching into an aesthetics. Endowed with euphonic and yet jarring beauty, it stands out, in contemporary literary history, a symbol of embattled cultures.
L’administration Eisenhower et l’Afrique : tentatives d’intégration raciale du corps diplomatique américain
Authors: Cizel Annick
Published: October 2015

As the continent of Africa came of age politically in the 1950's, delegates from twenty-two newly independent states arrived in Washington, DC and the United Nations capital, New York City ; the United States suddenly found itself faced with the challenge of reconciling the presence of dark-skinned diplomats on its soil with the segregationist social habits most States still condoned. Conversely however, it also became the State Department's duty to select and appoint US diplomats to these entirely Black capital cities.
Le jeu chez Pound : itinéraire ludique de lecture des trente premiers Cantos
Authors: Lang Stéphanie
Published: October 2015

This essay wants to suggest that the notion o/play could constitute an interesting and rewarding tool for looking at some of the more obscure Modernist texts and illustrates this proposition by examining Pound's first 30 Cantos.
Hart Crane et les nouvelles anatomies new-yorkaises
Authors: Pire Béatrice
Published: October 2015

This article focuses on New York's urban features in Hart Crane 's poems and locates Crane 's poetics in the context of the city's technological transformations and new cultural ethos of modernity in the 1920s.
Aux marges du lyrisme : l’appel de l’abstraction chez Wallace Stevens
Authors: Suberchicot Alain
Published: October 2015

W. Stevens has redefined poetic lyricism through his use of a high degree of abstraction, enrolling the language of criticism into his verse. The call of abstraction was so strong that Stevens made it into a means to construct literary authority, and sustain the canonicity of his poems. The foray into abstraction, however, proved as disheartening as it afforded occasions for intellectual growth. While it tended to alienate from community and nature, it also invited identification with experience and involvement in collective meaning.
Louise Glück : le poème à l’épreuve
Authors: Savinel Christine
Published: October 2015

This paper analyses the latest evolution in Louise Gliick's poetry, from Ararat to The Wild Iris, together with some important essays on contemporary poetry and creation at large, recently published in Proofs & Theories. The title, « Le poème à l'épreuve », plays on the French double -entendre of « A Poem about an ordeal » and « The Poem as Proof ». The author analyses the successive poetic transcriptions of painful loss, from pathetic adequation to analytical distance, then to a Stevensian attempt at finding some proof in the world of things ; and finally on to an ironical exercise in contingency - where a fallacious poetic adhesion to loss enables the poet to finally play with proofs.
An introduction to language writing
Authors: Perelman Bob
Published: October 2015

Le présent article se veut une brève histoire esthétique du mouvement poétique connu depuis la fin des années 70 sous le nom de Language Writing. Cette étiquette est cependant problématique car, si les stratégies littéraires, éditoriales, et idéologiques adoptées par les divers poètes de cette mouvance rappelent certains antécédents, tels les surréalistes ou les objectivistes, la variété des pratiques d'écriture en présence ne permet pas d'adopter sans distance critique tous les effets qu'une dénomination commune peut créer. La définition d'une identité à la fois collective et individuelle soulève donc la question de la dimension communautaire du discours poétique, renforcée ici par l'insistance théorique des Language Writers sur la participation du lecteur à l'élaboration du sens de l'œuvre.
« Indian Camp » : Nick Adams et l’entre-deux
Authors: Abouddahab Rédouane
Published: October 2015

Hemingway's "Indian Camp" has usually been read as the story of Nick 's initiation. Far from corroborating the realistic approach, this paper's purpose is to reveal the fantasy machinery at work in the story. Exploring "Indian Camp " from the angle of enunciation shows how this text is a subjective and poetic surface, where Nick is striving to structure himself in the face of the dead distorted by fantasy into a seducing Other.
The White Woman: The Black Woman’s Nemesis
Authors: Burgess Françoise
Published: October 2015

Où qu 'elle se tourne, la femme noire américaine a été en butte à discrimination et racisme. Son ennemie principale est la femme blanche qu 'elle rend responsable de tous ses maux : idéal de beauté inaccessible, position sociale hors de portée, pouvoir manipulateur lorsqu'il s'agit de l'homme noir. La femme blanche a tous les atouts en main en vertu de sa naissance et de sa race. Comment s'étonner de l'animosité de la femme noire à son égard et son acharnement à démolir l'idole aux pieds d'argile ? Aux yeux de la femme noire, la femme blanche, bien loin d'être une créature admirable, ne fait que profiter d'une situation injustifiable.