bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attitudes to Class in the ‘100 Families’ Study, 1985–1988
Authors: Sutcliffe-Braithwaite Florence
Published: March 2018

This chapter reuses interviews conducted in 1985–8 for Paul Thompson’s ‘100 Families’ study to examine interviewees’ thoughts about class in the middle of the Thatcher decade. It finds that ambivalence and ordinariness were key themes in the discussions of many. Many did not want to class themselves, for ‘class talk’ was associated with snobbishness, superior and inferior attitudes, and because many thought that changes in the occupational structure, housing, and lifestyles had created a large ‘ordinary’ group in the middle of society: not workless but also not privileged. Some interviewees confidently claimed a working-class identity; this was usually the case where individuals had trade union experiences and/or a close-knit, working-class community to draw on. Among younger generations, however, some said that, though older class markers had disappeared, new ones had grown up to take their place.
Class in the Millennium Memory Bank, 1998–2000
Authors: Sutcliffe-Braithwaite Florence
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines discourses of class in interviews for the Millennium Memory Bank, at the end of the 1990s. It finds similar themes to those traced in earlier chapters: ordinariness, authenticity, and ambivalence were prominent in interviewees’ testimonies—working-class, middle-class, and even upper-class. Many thought the idea of ‘classlessness’, as espoused by John Major, was attractive; none thought he had achieved this goal, but many did think class divides had declined in the post-war period, and that an ‘ordinary’ middle group was now the largest in society. This chapter also examines narratives of upward social mobility in the 1990s, suggesting that the range of important sociological studies of the ‘hidden injuries’ and cultural facets of class that appeared in that decade were shaped by the experiences of upwardly mobile men and women who knew about the dislocations of moving class because they themselves had done it.
The Dark Side
Authors: Vigdor Steven E.
Published: March 2018

Chapter 6 deals with the remaining mysteries in cosmology—dark matter, dark energy, and inflationary expansion—and the experiments aimed at solving them. It reviews the evidence for dark matter, and experiments to detect the microscopic particles proposed as its constituents: weakly interacting massive particles and invisible axions. Contrasts are drawn between the failure to understand the scale of dark energy theoretically and the ambitious new survey telescopes, such as the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (or LSST), that aim to constrain its equation of state. The theoretical concepts and possible experimental signatures of cosmic inflation are described. Searches for possible imprints from primordial inflation-induced gravitational waves on the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB polarization) are discussed in the context of the pioneering first detection by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (or LIGO) of gravitational waves from distant black-hole mergers. Philosophical questions regarding the falsifiability of inflation are raised.
Race, Gender, and Surveillance of Migrant Domestic Workers in Asia
Authors: Lee Maggy , Johnson Mark , McCahill Michael
Published: March 2018

This chapter provides a transnational analysis of the ways in which migrant workers are placed at the sharp end of migration control based on gendered and racialized notions of domestic labour. Migrant women from the Philippines to Hong Kong and Saudi Arabia are routinely subjected to an extensive and diffuse process of surveillance and social sorting beyond the geographic border and criminal justice system. In their country of origin, women’s mobilities are conditioned by their willingness to produce a documented identity as good women and disciplined workers. In their countries of destination, they are subjected to a range of state and non-state monitoring processes that seek to racially assign and keep different sorts of migrant women in their place as foreign residents and disposable workers. Ultimately, differential inclusion remains underpinned by a criminal justice system that can bear down heavily on migrants through the threat of criminalization, detention, and deportation.
Policing Belonging
Authors: Parmar Alpa
Published: March 2018

This chapter considers the impact of the police’s increased involvement in migration control. How (and with what consequences) do criminalization, migration, race, and gender intersect when the police are asked to respond to migration and fears about migrants? Drawing on empirical research on police custody suites, the piece discusses how the policing of migration questions the presence of minority ethnic groups in the UK, the wider implications for those who cannot belong, and how procedures are racialized. It also highlights the widening reach of the police, whose work is increasingly carried out in conjunction with other actors including those who have been enlisted to surveil, report, and help enforce migration policy. The chapter brings to light the everyday forms of racism renewed through the policing of migrants while exploring how those who are deemed risky, not belonging, criminal, or a threat to social and economic resources are racialized.
Understanding Muslim Prisoners through a Global Lens
Authors: Bhui Hindpal Singh
Published: March 2018

This chapter discusses how narratives about security, extremism, and migration may be influenced by racist stereotyping, thereby undermining positive engagement between prison staff and Muslim prisoners in England and Wales. It argues that wider discourses about Muslim prisoners are dominated by a narrative of threat that draws strongly on anti-migrant feelings and racism, encouraged by growing scepticism about British multiculturalism and essentialist conceptualizations of minority groups. The chapter suggests that the damaging impact of this narrative can be challenged through better incorporation into practice of the insights of empirical research involving foreign and Muslim prisoners.
‘Working in this Place Turns You Racist’
Authors: Bosworth Mary
Published: March 2018

Drawing on fieldwork in two British immigration removal centres (IRCs), this chapter discusses staff accounts of race and racism in detention. Designed as places to expel unwanted foreign citizens, IRCs are highly racialized institutions as nearly all residents within them are members of an ethnic minority. What is it like to work in such places? How, if at all, do staff members internalize or promote ideas about race and racialization? What happens when the staff members themselves are migrants or second-generation British citizens? How do they view and interpret ideas of race? What is their status within the workforce? By focusing on staff accounts rather than detainees, this chapter seeks to widen our understanding of the ways in which these institutions of confinement maintain, reinforce, and maybe sometimes disrupt ideas of race and belonging in British society.
Epilogue
Authors: Kaufman Emma
Published: March 2018

This epilogue reflects on all of the chapters brought together by this volume by centring on the key finding that the chapters in the book demonstrate; that citizenship in today’s world means race. If the regulation of mobility enables racism, it also complicates the meaning of race and this final essay underscores these crucial aspects that both confound and shape the analysis of criminal justice, migration, and their intersections.
Dryden’s Post-Revolutionary Theology of Providence
Authors: West John
Published: March 2018

For Dryden, enthusiasm often signalled transcendence from the earthly and glimpsing the divine. The chapter examines the fate of this idea by tracing his late thinking about the relationship between providence and human action. The Hind and the Panther (1687) presents providence as mysteriously distant from humanity and inspiration as mediated through the Church. After the 1688 Revolution, such a view stood in contradistinction to the rhetoric of special providential intervention commonly used by Williamites. Dryden sometimes condemns this rhetoric as enthusiasm. His recurrent preoccupation in the 1690s is not militant Jacobitism, however, but learning to live in exile and suffering. The chapter argues that mystical Catholicism linked with Jansenism provides an intellectual context for this turn in Dryden’s thought. It reads this mysticism in Dryden’s late translations of Juvenal, Persius, Virgil, and Ovid which reflect on how contemplative reflection of God’s mysterious providence could help navigate a corrupt world.
Conclusion
Authors: West John
Published: March 2018

Literary history often positions Dryden as the precursor to the great Tory satirists of the eighteenth century, like Pope and Swift. Yet a surprising number of Whig writers expressed deep admiration for Dryden, despite their political and religious differences. They were particularly drawn to the enthusiastic dimensions of his writing. After a short reading of Dryden’s poem to his younger Whig contemporary William Congreve, this concluding chapter presents three case studies of Whig writers who used Dryden to develop their own ideas of enthusiastic literature. These three writers are Elizabeth Singer Rowe, John Dennis, and the Third Earl of Shaftesbury. These case studies are used to critique the political polarizations of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century literary history and to stress instead how literary friendship crossed political allegiances, and how writers of differing ideological positions competed to control mutually appealing ideas and vocabularies.
Inconsistent Philosophy
Authors: Morton Jonathan
Published: March 2018

The chapter considers the philosophical implications of the Rose’s literary style, showing how it relates to the institutional context of the University of Paris in the 1270s. It examines figurative language’s potential for discussing the irrational subject of love or desire, analysing how Jean de Meun draws on the earlier poetry of Andreas Capellanus and Alain de Lille to produce a paradoxical style that plays definition against indefinition. The prologue of Bishop Etienne Tempier’s condemnation of 1277 is interpreted as an attempt to restrict philosophical utterances to definite propositions simpliciter and not allowing hypothetical statements secundum quid. The Rose signals its opposition to Tempier by reworking Andreas Capellanus’s De amore (condemned in 1277) and by parodying Tempier in the figure of Genius. The result is a mode of philosophical proceeding that is anti-authoritative even as it depends on the utterances of earlier authors.
The Art itself is Nature
Authors: Morton Jonathan
Published: March 2018

The chapter outlines different models of nature in medieval Aristotelian and Platonic philosophy in order to show how the Rose plays them against each other to articulate its own model of the complex relationship between art and nature. For the Rose there is no getting at nature except by means of art, as suggested by the self-conscious artificiality of the figure of Nature, taken from the allegories of twelfth-century Neoplatonism. Art, a broad category that encompasses all human activity, is insufficient in describing nature’s truths and is potentially sophistic in its lies. However, questions of nature are always questions of art on whose help humans depend to understand and to represent to themselves a nature that can never be fully known. Finally, the model of reproductive nature is used to legitimate the reproduction of texts and the continuation of arts that is literary production.
Usury, Avarice, and Infinite Desire
Authors: Morton Jonathan
Published: March 2018

Money goes to the heart of the Rose’s central problematic—the relationship between art and nature. This chapter engages closely with thirteenth-century Parisian philosophy and theology in its analysis of money, usury, and avarice. In considering the reception of Aristotle’s Politics by Albert the Great, Aquinas, and Giles of Rome, it shows how the Rose engages with the idea of an Aristotelian teleology of money, using it to put the principle of infinity that categorizes the avaricious acquisition of wealth in tension with the end-directed principles of nature that inform the whole poem. The twinned ideas of infinity and of natural acts as teleological are shown to link the two practices condemned most severely in the poem: sodomy and usury.
The Rise of Minority Presidentialism
Authors: Chaisty Paul , Cheeseman Nic , Power Timothy J.
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the growth of minority presidents since the Third Wave of democratization, and the propensity of minority presidents to form cross-party coalitions. It introduces the definition of coalitions that is used throughout the book, and it discusses how this definition differs from extant analyses of coalitions in presidential and parliamentary systems. It considers how the study of coalitional presidentialism engages with broader debates in the comparative presidentialism literature about issues of conflict and coordination in legislative–executive relations. It also summarizes what is already known about coalitional presidentialism, and builds on the extant literature to introduce a multi-dimensional understanding of coalition management: the ‘presidential toolbox’.
Towards a Framework for Analysis
Authors: Chaisty Paul , Cheeseman Nic , Power Timothy J.
Published: March 2018

This chapter outlines the book’s framework for analysing coalition management under multiparty presidentialism. It defines the concepts of coalition and coalition management, and states the book’s assumptions about the motivations of formateurs. It specifies the five main tools that comprise the multi-dimensional understanding of coalition management: legislative, cabinet, partisan, budget, and informal tools (the ‘exchange of favours’), which are known collectively as the ‘presidential toolbox’. It also outlines the costs associated with the deployment of each tool. Finally, it presents the argument that presidents operate as cost minimizers, and shows that their perceptions of the costs that each tool entails are shaped by a range of systemic-level, coalition-level, and conjunctural factors.
Legislative Powers and Coalition Management
Authors: Chaisty Paul , Cheeseman Nic , Power Timothy J.
Published: March 2018

This chapter considers the ways in which presidents deploy legislative powers in coalition management. It covers decree and statute powers, and at least three types of veto powers: package, partial, and amendatory. It discusses the impact of a variety of system-level factors (electoral and party system), coalition-level factors (presidential party size and ideological composition), and conjunctural factors (crisis and time) on the relative cost of the deployment of legislative tools. It examines case studies from Ukraine, Chile, Russia, Benin, and Brazil to highlight different types of legislative tool deployment. It also uses MP survey evidence to assess the relative importance of legislative powers in coalition maintenance, and to discuss the propensity of legislators to delegate their legislative powers to presidents.
The Twenty-first Century
Authors: Gillespie Alexander
Published: March 2018

The economic and social challenges of the twenty-first century in the quest for sustainable development are multiple. On the positive side, good progress was achieved in setting clear targets and the results that eventually came with them. Human longevity, poverty reduction, overseas development assistance, and the fight against corruption all show progress. In other areas, the future is less certain. Some tools, including free trade, have reached unprecedented heights in creating economic growth. Ensuring that this is always a tool for good, by avoiding damaging subsidies, for example is necessary. An equally big challenge for free trade is ensuring that distributions of benefits are more equitable. The challenge will also be in accepting that although voluntary measures, ranging from those for ethical consumers through to those for responsible corporations, are commendable and can produce good results in some instances, there are limits to how far voluntary approaches may go.
Conclusion
Authors: Gillespie Alexander
Published: March 2018

This chapter concludes the work. It’s findings are that although there is room for optimism with regards to the economic and social sides of sustainability, with the environmental side of the challenge, it is an open question as to whether success will be found, although many of the tools to build success now exist.
Millennials as Emerging Adults
Authors: Risman Barbara J.
Published: March 2018

This chapter begins by providing a historical context for the Millennial generation. Growing up is different in the 21st century than before; it takes much longer. Given how many years youth take to explore their identities before they emerge into adulthood with stable jobs and committed partners, the chapter reviews what we now about “emerging adulthood” as a stage of human development. The chapter also highlights a debate in social science as to whether Millennials are entitled narcissists or a new civically engaged generation that will re-energize America. The chapter concludes with an overview of another debate, whether Millennials are pushing the gender revolution forward or returning to more traditional beliefs.
The Rebels
Authors: Risman Barbara J.
Published: March 2018

This chapter analyzes respondents called rebels because they challenge the gender structure at the individual, interactional, and ideological macro levels, as do the innovators. But they go further; they also reject the materiality of gender categories, the presentation of self as traditionally feminine or masculine. These rebels include self-identified genderqueer Millennials, transgender respondents, and others who do not reject identities but changes aspects of their bodies to better express their gendered selves. Many reject the notion of gender as a binary entirely, although most still identified their sex category as male or female even as they rejected a gender label as man or woman. These rebels are a category that seems to being created by Millennials themselves.
Getting to a Utopian World Beyond Gender
Authors: Risman Barbara J.
Published: March 2018

This final chapter suggests that the incompatibilities of expectations and realities at different levels of the gender structure create “crises tendencies” that may provide leverage that future activists can use to push for social change. While some contemporary social movements agitating for a more feminist and gender inclusive society appear to conflict with each other, Risman argues that using a gender structure framework allows seemingly contradictory feminist and gender inclusive movements to understood they are not alternatives but rather a tapestry, each one taking aim at a different level of our complex gender structure. The chapter concludes with a utopian vision: a call for a fourth wave of feminism to dismantle the gender structure. Since the gender structure constrains freedom, to move toward a more just future we must leave it behind.
Apprenticeship
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: March 2018

This chapter describes Bob Fosse’s first four Broadway shows, which he worked on with George Abbott or Jerome Robbins, both of whom proved important mentors to the young choreographer. This high-level apprenticeship served as a foundation for every Fosse show that followed. With The Pajama Game, his distinctive style was already fully developed as exemplified in “Steam Heat.” Damn Yankees introduced Fosse to Gwen Verdon, a former Jack Cole dancer whose performance of Fosse’s choreography for “Whatever Lola Wants” proved indelible and led to a professional and personal association that would last the rest of their lives. On New Girl in Town, a musicalization of Eugene O’Neill’s Anna Christie, Fosse fought with Abbott and producer Harold Prince over his “Red Light Ballet,” which they deemed censorable. The clash led Fosse to sever his ties with both men and determine that he would follow Robbins’s example and direct his next show.
The Making of Modern Hinduism in Medieval Nepal
Authors: Birkenholtz Jessica Vantine
Published: March 2018

Chapter 4 focuses on the first two of three key phases in the development of the Svasthānīvratakathā textual-narrative tradition in which select stories culled from the Sanskrit Purāna corpus were woven into the “original” fabric of the Svasthānī narrative. The beginning of the text’s Purānicization, or transformation from local vrat kathā to authoritative Purāna text, occurred between the mid-eighteenth and early nineteenth century. It is during this period that the Svasthānīvratakathā domesticated the Shiva-Satī Devī-Daksha Prajāpati narrative cycle and the Madhu-Kaitabha creation story. These narratives expanded the geographical, temporal, and ideological parameters of the Svasthānī tradition in a manner that articulated and reinforced Nepal’s emergent identity as a united Hindu kingdom.
A Women’s Tradition
Authors: Birkenholtz Jessica Vantine
Published: March 2018

Chapter 5 examines the third and last major phase of narrative expansion of the Svasthānīvratakathā in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. The common thread of these narratives is a sustained focus on women. Specifically, there was an entrenching of the “traditional” pativratā ideal in nineteenth-century Svasthānīvratakathā texts. Concurrently, the pativratā figure became the object of social and religious debates and reforms in British India. The chapter explores the degree to which the emergence of the “women’s question” and the “new patriarchy” in colonial India that gave rise to a vision of a modern, educated Hindu Indian woman influenced a reinvigorated emphasis on the pativratā ideal in Nepal as a signifier of Nepali Hindu identity. The chapter introduces many of the women-focused narratives, which today raise the question of Nepalis’ understanding of the Svasthānīvratakathā as a women’s tradition. Contemporary perspectives are explored through the voices of Nepali women and men.
Music as Creative Practice
Authors: Cook Nicholas
Published: March 2018

Until recently, ideas of creativity in music revolved around composers in garrets and the lone genius. But the last decade has witnessed a sea change: musical creativity is now overwhelmingly thought of in terms of collaboration and real-time performance. Music as Creative Practice is a first attempt to synthesize both perspectives. It begins by developing the idea that creativity arises out of social interaction—of which making music together is perhaps the clearest possible illustration—and then shows how the same thinking can be applied to the ostensively solitary practices of composition. The book also emphasizes the contextual dimensions of musical creativity, ranging from the prodigy phenomenon, long-term collaborative relationships within and beyond the family, and creative learning to the copyright system that is supposed to incentivize creativity but is widely seen as inhibiting it.Music as Creative Practice encompasses the classical tradition, jazz and popular music, and music emerges as an arena in which changing concepts of creativity—from the old myths about genius to present-day sociocultural theory—can be traced with particular clarity. The perspective of creativity tells us much about music, but the reverse is also true, and this fifth and last instalment of the Studies in Musical Performance as Creative Practice series offers an approach to musical creativity that is attuned to the practices of both music and everyday life.
Making music together
Authors: Cook Nicholas
Published: March 2018

This first chapter of Music as Creative Practice sets out a social and performative approach to creativity in music. It develops the idea of emergence, the generation of unpredicted and unpredictable outcomes, within the context of collaborative performance, but extends it into a broad concept of real-time musical creativity. This is achieved through the idea of the musical assemblage, in which interactions between people are extended through the role of instruments, scores and other ‘outside the room’ factors: creativity is a property of the total human and nonhuman system. The argument is developed through case studies that range from rock to contemporary classical music, and from improvisation and the performance of notated music to collaborative composition and studio production. The chapter concludes with recent, technologically afforded collaborations between the living and the dead, which are no different in principle from the classical tradition of collaboration between living performers and dead composers.
Physicianship and the Rebirth of Medical Education
Authors: Boudreau J. Donald , Cassell Eric , Fuks Abraham
Published: March 2018

This book reimagines medical education and reconstructs its design. It originates from a reappraisal of the goals of medicine and the nature of the relationship between doctor and patient. The educational blueprint outlined is called the “Physicianship Curriculum” and rests on two linchpins. First is a new definition of sickness: Patients know themselves to be ill when they cannot pursue their purposes and goals in life because of impairments in functioning. This perspective represents a bulwark against medical attention shifting from patients to diseases. The curriculum teaches about patients as functional persons, from their anatomy to their social selves, starting in the first days of the educational program and continuing throughout. Their teaching also rests on the rock-solid grounding of medicine in the sciences and scientific understandings of disease and function. The illness definition and knowledge base together create a foundation for authentic patient-centeredness. Second, the training of physicians depends on and culminates in development of a unique professional identity. This is grounded in the historical evolution of the profession, reaching back to Hippocrates. It leads to reformulation of the educational process as clinical apprenticeships and moral mentorships. “Rebirth” in the title suggests that critical ingredients of medical education have previously been articulated. The book argues that the apprenticeship model, as experienced, enriched, taught, and exemplified by William Osler, constitutes a time-honored foundation. Osler’s “natural method of teaching the subject of medicine” is a precursor to the Physicianship Curriculum.
Building on Past Experience
Authors: Boudreau J. Donald , Cassell Eric J. , Fuks Abraham
Published: March 2018

This chapter serves to explain the link between a curricular renewal project that has already been completed and one that is envisaged as an aspirational goal and serves as the focus of the book. The Physicianship Curriculum has its origins in courses introduced in 1998 and that evolved over two decades in the undergraduate medical program at McGill University. The innovative modules and learning activities were initially rolled out under the ambit of two distinct conceptual streams: professionalism and healing in medicine. Ongoing development continued using “physicianship” as a new descriptive label. Physicianship refers to the dual roles of the physician: the physician as professional and as healer. The flagship course of the physicianship component of McGill’s medical school curriculum has been a 4-year longitudinal apprenticeship; it is described in detail.
Founding Visions
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: March 2018

Under the veneer of Roman law in the ancient Mediterranean world, local and imperial associations dedicated to status, wealth, and camaraderie provided order in a social world often depicted as a gigantic body. The Roman Jew Paul promoted a hybrid form of group organization based on membership in the ideal body of Christ. This corporate ideal held members accountable to charitable practices that ran counter to the Roman glorification of wealth and status. As Roman authority stretched thinner and became increasingly brutal, Christian institutions inspired by Pauline corporatism acquired increasing prestige. With the help of bishops who managed their operations, these institutions became wealthier and more powerful, emerging by the end of the fourth century as mainstays of Roman rule.
Introduction
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: March 2018

HOW DID THE corporate organizations that play such an important role in American society come to be? This book attempts to answer that question. Corporate Spirit is not a study of corporate organization everywhere; it focuses on the development of corporate institutions in the United States, and on the earlier history of corporate organization out of which American institutions emerged....
Colonial Rule and the Sikhs
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: March 2018

Nearly all classes of the Sikh social order suffered due to the loss of power in 1849, especially the Sikh jagīrdārs, the Sikh peasantry, and the Sikh soldiery. However, much of the lost ground was recovered before World War I. A new religious awakening among the Sikhs had started before 1849 in the form of the Nirankari and the Nāmdhārī movements. Both of these were overshadowed by the Singh Sabha movement which was far more influential. The Chief Khalsa Diwan, led by Sunder Singh Majithia, generally pursued constitutional politics. But there were other more radical Singh reformers who were willing to take up causes in opposition to the government. The Central Sikh League, the first political party of the Sikhs, was founded at Amritsar in 1919 to remain closely aligned with the Indian National Congress.
The New Context
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: March 2018

In the new context after Independence, the most urgent problems before the governments of India and Punjab were rehabilitation, the language issue, and integration of the princely states. Rehabilitation created Hindu majority in the province, with Sikh majority in six districts. The Sachar Formula to solve the language issue enabled the Arya Samaj leaders of the Punjabi region to exercise their preference for Hindi over Punjabi as the medium of education. Sardar Patel considered various possibilities and decided to form the Patiala and the East Punjab States Union (Pepsu). The caretaker government formed under Gian Singh Rarewala kept the Akalis out. Article 371 of the Constitution of India enabled Sardar Patel to intervene in the affairs of the Pepsu more effectively than in the affairs of the Punjab.
Crystallization of the Demand for ‘Punjabi Suba’
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: March 2018

With no political safeguards in the Indian Constitution, Master Tara Singh was convinced that ‘Punjabi Suba’ was the only alternative left for the Sikhs. In March 1950, he asked the Akali legislators to resign from the Congress legislative party. On Sardar Patel’s bidding, Baldev Singh managed to persuade the Akali legislators not to resign. In September 1951, Nehru declared an all-out war on what he termed ‘communalism’. In January 1952, he declared that he would use the might of the Indian state to suppress the demand for a Punjabi-speaking state. He felt gratified that the Congress had ‘curbed Sikh and Hindu Communalism’ in the general elections of 1952. Sardar Hukam Singh, President of the Akali Dal, attributed its defeat to the division between the Sikhs and the Hindus ‘engineered’ by the Congress. Formation of the Punjabi-speaking province, he said, was ‘the most fundamental demand of the Sikhs’.
The Gulf Widens
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: March 2018

Partap Singh Kairon tried to establish indirect control over the SGPC. Master Tara Singh pointed out that there was credible evidence of interference but Nehru was ignoring it because both the Congress party and the government were involved in it. On 7 April 1959, Master Tara Singh appealed to ‘all men of good conscience’ to take notice of the gross injustice being done to the Sikhs. Nehru invited Master Tara Singh for talks on 12 April 1959. Soon afterwards he declared that there would be no Punjabi Suba. Master Tara Singh announced on 7 May that he would fight the SGPC elections on the issue of Punjabi Suba. The Akali Dal won all the 132 seats it contested in the 1960 SGPC elections. As the editor of the Tribune remarked, this was a ‘clear proof of the great hold of Master Tara Singh on the Sikh masses’.
Conclusion
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: March 2018

Master Tara Singh was drawn into Sikh politics by the Gurdwara Reform Movement as a form of service for the Sikh Panth. Around 1930 he regarded ‘service of the country as an integral part of the Sikh faith’. For him there was no clash between Sikh nationality and Indian Nationalism. Statutory dominance of one community over another, in his view, was opposed to the spirit of democracy and moral justice. He favoured a system of government in which political safeguards were provided for all religious communities, particularly the minorities. Master Tara Singh stood for a state that would ensure freedom for all the social and cultural ethnicities of India to enable them to play a significant role in national affairs. His vision of free India was very different from that of Jawaharlal Nehru. They cherished two different ideologies and two different visions of the national state.
The Refugees and the Migrants of West Bengal
Authors: Shamshad Rizwana
Published: March 2018

According to the Census of India in 2001, the majority of the Bangladeshi migrants in India reside in West Bengal. So far there has been no anti-Bangladeshi movement like in Assam or state government initiated deportation measures like in Delhi or in West Bengal. This chapter investigates why this is the case, and it explores the factors that did not encourage the people, and the state government of West Bengal, to make Bangladeshi migration an issue. The chapter contributes to the concept ‘Bengaliness’, which is shared by the Bengalis of West Bengal and Bangladesh. What comes out clearly from the West Bengal discourse on Bangladeshi migrants is the ethno-linguistic and historical affinity of Bengalis in general with the Bangladeshis. The chapter also brings out the subtle but powerful cultural marker of Ghoti–Bangal difference that exists between the Bengalis of East and West Bengali origin.
Dharma and Karma in Gandhi’s Moral Philosophy
Authors: Rao Koneru Ramakrishna
Published: March 2018

Gandhi’s philosophical framework provides for a set of principles and a search for practices considered as principles in the making. This chapter explores Gandhi’s cardinal principles, which constitute the ethical ideal from which human values are derived. In discussing Gandhi’s dharma, we focus on the relativity and context-relatedness of values and the existential base of morality. We emphasize Gandhi’s relentless search for the appropriate moral act in a given situation. Our approach in this regard is somewhat at variance with that of those who see in Gandhi a fixed moral order. We locate Gandhi’s dharma in Hindu thought and Buddhist teachings. However, it is not difficult to find a similar base in Christianity and fit Gandhi into a more comprehensive ideological framework. Our focus by choice is limited to Gandhi’s native traditions.
Sarvodaya
Authors: Rao Koneru Ramakrishna
Published: March 2018

The seventh chapter discusses Gandhi’s economic thought, which may be summarized in one word: sarvodaya (literally, welfare of all). Sarvodaya is Gandhi’s clarion call for equality, justice, and altruism. Altruism consists in finding one’s happiness in the welfare of others. Equality does not refer to levelling. Gandhi does not ignore individual differences, but asserts equity and justice as necessary guiding principles for an inclusive community. An inclusive community requires the reconciliation of the two by a viable synthesis suited to the prevailing conditions. Gandhi wished for need-based economic policies and not those that promote greed in people. Gandhi had no interest in economics that addresses only the material side, economics that ignores the spiritual nature of humans. Therefore, all economic issues need to be considered from a relevant ethical perspective.
The Dalit Mountain Man and New Commons
Authors: Sharma Mukul
Published: March 2018

This chapter draws its inspiration from some of the radical African American environmental writings on common and public spaces to highlight the connections between caste, commons, and environment. These are explicated in the first half of the chapter in detail. The second half of the chapter undertakes a case study of a Dalit in Bihar—Dashrath Manjhi. Through this study, it searches how social identities and environmental practices are shaped by a Dalit’s specific experience of a common space. In this chapter, the author attempts to establish the importance of seeing Dashrath Manjhi as an environmentalist with a difference, whose social and environmental knowledge and intervention in common space was situated and constructed within a particular caste and class, social and economic setting.
The Global History of Organic Farming
Authors: Barton Gregory A.
Published: March 2018

Organic farming is a major global movement that is changing land use and consumer habits around the world. This book tells the untold story of how the organic farming movement nearly faltered after an initial flurry of scientific interest and popular support. Drawing on newly unearthed archives, Barton argues that organic farming first gained popularity in an imperial milieu before shifting to the left of the political spectrum after decolonization and serving as a crucial middle stage of environmentalism. Modern organic protocols developed in British India under the guidance of Sir Albert Howard before spreading throughout parts of the British Empire, Europe, and the United States through the advocacy of his many followers and his second wife Louise. Organic farming advocates before and during the Second World War challenged the industrialization of agriculture and its reliance on chemical fertilizers. They came tantalizingly close to influencing government policy. The decolonization of the British Empire, the success of industrial agriculture, and the purging of holistic ideas from medicine sidelined organic farming advocates who were viewed increasingly as cranks and kooks. Organic farming advocates continued to spread their anti-chemical farming message through a small community that deeply influenced Rachel Carson’s ideas in Silent Spring, a book that helped to legitimize anti-chemical concerns. The organic farming movement re-entered the scientific mainstream in the 1980s only with the reluctant backing of government policy. It has continued to grow in popularity ever since and continues to inspire those who seek to align agriculture and health.
Organic Farming and the Challenge of Globalization
Authors: Barton Gregory A.
Published: March 2018

As the previous chapters have shown, organic farming arose in an imperial setting and was actually part of a long history of environmental reforms initiated within the British Empire. Organic farming shared many similarities with, and even grew from, the empire forestry movement. Organic farming also played an important role in the growth of environmental consciousness around the world. It transmitted a deep suspicion of corporations and big-science into the broader environmental movement. It shows that, if we disconnect science from the needs of human culture (including spiritual values), science loses its impact on the public. Albert and Louise Howard both clearly understood this and recognized that theory and laboratory findings must produce results in the field, and in the hearts and minds of consumers. The organic farming movement made precisely such a connection and that is one of the ways to explain its remarkable success.
Soft QCD
Authors: Campbell John , Huston Joey , Krauss Frank
Published: March 2018

In Chapter 7, we discuss various aspects of the strong interaction containing a strong non-perturbative or low-scale component. We first briefly summarise the treatment of the total and inelastic cross sections through the analyticity of the scattering amplitude, which leads to the language of Regge poles. We introduce multiple parton interactions, with the underlying theoretical ideas for their description mainly driven by experimental data, before remarking on double parton scattering. Hadronisation, i.e. the transition from the parton of perturbation theory to the observable hadrons, is introduced by first using the idea of fragmentation functions and then discussing two popular phenomenological models describing this transition. We conclude this chapter by remarking on some ideas concerning the description of hadron decays through effective models.
Summary
Authors: Campbell John , Huston Joey , Krauss Frank
Published: March 2018

T he book concludes with a short summary of some of the lessons learned from the LHC. This includes a discussion of the theoretical improvements required to leverage the most possible information from future high-luminosity running. The chapter also provides a short overview of considerations for potential higher-energy hadron colliders.
The Twilight of Empire
Authors: Lee Alexander
Published: March 2018

Following Charles IV’s second Italian expedition, a new conception of Empire began to emerge. In place of the Petrarchan vision of the emperor as an agent of ‘Italic peace’, humanists in Florence, Padua, and Milan developed a vision of Empire similar to that voiced at the beginning of the century. Anxious to defend the liberty of their own city or commune against the threat of ‘tyranny’, they appealed to imperial authority for protection. But rather than simply reproduce earlier patterns of thought, they based their imperialism on a fuller—and more dynamic—appreciation of Dante’s political thought. As this chapter shows, however, the more the Empire became embroiled in Italian affairs, the less confidence the humanists had in its ability to act in the interests of peace and liberty. And as the Visconti Wars reached their climax, the Empire at last became a tyrant to all.
Conclusion
Authors: Smith Leonard V.
Published: March 2018

This book has sought to deepen the dialogue between history and international relations theory in examining a pivotal moment in the history of international relations. The Paris Peace Conference constituted a historically specific effort to reimagine “the world.” More specifically, it sought to replace anarchy under realism with “sovereignty.” The conference could not live comfortably with the radical liberalism of Wilsonianism, but the international contract made at the time of the armistice with Germany meant that the conference could not live without it. The territorial state and its discontents lay at the heart of sovereignty at the conference. Two logics of the state fought each other to a standstill in Paris—that of the self-help of realism, forever seeking unattainable “security,” and that of the state that exists only in relation to other states, toward some common end.
Development of a Test Battery for Evaluating Speech Perception in Complex Listening Environments: Effects of Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Phatak Sandeep A. , Sheffield Benjamin M. , Brungart Douglas S. , Grant Ken W.
Published: March 2018

Objective:

To evaluate the speech-in-noise performance of listeners with different levels of hearing loss in a variety of complex listening environments.

Design:

The quick speech-in-noise (QuickSIN)-based test battery was used to measure the speech recognition performance of listeners with different levels of hearing loss. Subjective estimates of speech reception thresholds (SRTs) corresponding to 100% and 0% speech intelligibility, respectively, were obtained using a method of adjustment before objective measurement of the actual SRT corresponding to 50% speech intelligibility in every listening condition.

Results:

Of the seven alternative listening conditions, two conditions, one involving time-compressed, reverberant speech (TC+Rev), and the other (N0Sπ) having in-phase noise masker (N0) and out-of-phase target (Sπ), were found to be substantially more sensitive to the effect of hearing loss than the standard QuickSIN test. The performance in these two conditions also correlated with self-reported difficulties in attention/concentration during speech communication and in localizing the sound source, respectively. Hearing thresholds could account for about 50% or less variance in SRTs in any listening condition. Subjectively estimated SRTs (SRTs corresponding to 0% and 100% speech intelligibility) were highly correlated with the objective SRT measurements (SRT corresponding to 50% speech intelligibility).

Conclusions:

A test battery that includes the TC+Rev and the N0Sπ conditions would be useful in identifying individuals with hearing loss with speech-in-noise deficits in everyday communication.
Progression of Adjacent-level Degeneration After Lumbar Total Disc Replacement
Authors: Zigler Jack E. , Blumenthal Scott L. , Guyer Richard D. , Ohnmeiss Donna D. , Patel Leena
Published: March 2018

Study Design.

Post-hoc analysis of 5-year follow-up data from a randomized, multicenter trial.

Objective.

The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of progression in radiographic adjacent-level degeneration (ΔALD) from preoperative assessment to 5 years after total disc replacement (TDR) and the relationship of these changes with range of motion and clinical adjacent-level disease. A secondary objective was to compare adjacent-level degeneration (ALD) outcomes between TDR and fusion.

Summary of Background Data.

Fusion is associated with high rates of ALD in symptomatic lumbar disc degeneration. TDR may reduce this risk.

Methods.

In total, 175 patients with single-level, symptomatic, lumbar disc degeneration who had received activL or ProDisc-L and had a preoperative and 5-year postoperative radiograph available were included. Over 5-year follow-up, ΔALD was defined as an increase in ALD of ≥1 grade and clinical ALD was defined as surgical treatment at the level adjacent to an index TDR. Matching-adjusted indirect comparisons were conducted to compare ALD outcomes after TDR (current trial) with those after fusion (published trial).

Results.

At 5-year follow-up, 9.7% (17/175) of TDR patients had ΔALD at the superior level. In patients with preoperative ALD at the superior level, most (88% [23/26]) showed no radiographic progression over 5 years. The rate of clinical ALD was 2.3% (4/175) and none of these patients had ALD at baseline. For each degree of range of motion gained at the TDR level, there was a consistent decrease in the percentage of patients with ΔALD. After matching and adjustment of baseline characteristics, TDR had a significantly lower likelihood of ΔALD than fusion (odds ratio 0.32; 95% confidence interval 0.13, 0.76).

Conclusion.

The rates of ΔALD and clinical ALD in this TDR population were similar to those previously reported in the literature for TDR at 5-year follow-up. TDR had a significantly lower rate of ΔALD than fusion.

Level of Evidence: 3