bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combating Bullets With a Pen
Authors: Mahmood Fahad
Published: January 2020

Journalists have always faced restrictions on their freedom of speech and threats to their security in Pakistan. During Pakistan's 2018 general elections, the country's media was also managed and controlled to create a maligned pubic-sphere to misguide the Pakistani voters. Public sphere was maligned through misinformation, political propaganda and distortion of facts and maneuvering of journalism. This created ill effects for public discourses on democracy. Findings obtained through in-depth interviews of twenty journalists, who covered elections 2018, revealed that strategic media maneuvering was witnessed during the country's 2018 elections. Media freedom was largely constrained and journalists faced physical, psychological and financial threats in the line of their duty and for their efforts to foster democracy in the country. This study revealed Pakistan's long history of dictatorship, weak political system, and national psyche of control as the major reasons for such happenings.
The Rise of Secular Nationalist and Islamic-Based Populist Communication Strategies
Authors: Ahmad Nyarwi
Published: January 2020

This study aims to examine the impacts of secular nationalist and Islamic-based populist communication strategies advanced by Jokowi and Prabowo on the Indonesian media and journalists' freedoms during the presidential elections of 2019. To address this topic, this study uses the qualitative methods of document review and in-depth interview of four senior editors of Indonesian news channels including Kompas TV, CNN INdonesia, TV one and INews TV. This study uses thematic analysis to analyse the qualitative data.
The Role of Ghanaian News Media Organisations in Countering Threats to Media Freedom and Journalists' Safety
Authors: Appiah-Adjei Gifty
Published: January 2020

Journalist safety is vital to media freedom as it shows stakeholders' duties to protect the media from crime and to guard media freedom. The media have the power to combat problems via coverage, yet evidence submits that journalist insecurity persists in Ghana. So, the study aims to examine how the Ghanaian media are tackling journalist insecurity through coverage. Using agenda-setting and framing theories, content analyses of 66 news stories from newspapers, and five interviews are used to gather data to study the coverage and framing of journalist insecurity in the media and how they tackle threats to media freedom. Thematic analysis of data gathered showed that the newspapers were unable to give prominence to the problem because only 30.60% of total editions gave attention to the issue. Also, the media failed to present journalist insecurity as an issue that needs national attention because only 10.6% of the news stories used thematic frames. This undermines media freedom as it allows journalist insecurity to thrive, hence, failure to advocate journalist safety.
The Management of Social Media and the Relationship With the Client From the Perspective of the Managers of Small Hotels in a City in Brazil
Authors: Boaria Francieli , Cunha Ademilso Alves da
Published: January 2020

With the growth of the tourism sector and increased competition, the hotel industry is directly related to the evolution of the internet as an important communication tool capable of promoting market differentials. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the management of social media of the hotels in the city of Santa Vitória do Palmar, Brazil, as well as to analyze the interaction between the enterprises and their clients. This research had a sample of five hotels, which have demonstrated that they use social media constantly, but this practice is in the initial phase of implementation. It was noticed that the use of social media by the managers of the research sample is carried out with the same knowledge of common users, without deepening it. In order to optimize this practice and consequently for the hotel to be more profitable, the implementation of aspecialized and up-to-date management is necessary.
The VR23 Antitumor Compound Also Shows Strong Anti-Inflammatory Effects in a Human Rheumatoid Arthritis Cell Model and Acute Lung Inflammation in Mice
Authors: Durkin Amanda , Vu Hai-Yen , Lee Hoyun
Published: January 2020

We previously found that the novel VR23 proteasome inhibitor not only possesses an effective antitumor activity without causing any ill effects to animals but also reduces side effects caused by a partner drug when used in combination. In this article, we report that VR23, unlike other proteasome inhibitors, exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activity. In the LPS-induced THP-1 monocyte model, VR23 downregulates proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 at a similar efficacy to dexamethasone. In contrast, two well-known proteasome inhibitors, bortezomib and carfilzomib, do not effectively downregulate these proinflammatory cytokines. Data from a study with SW982 synovial cell line and primary human synoviocytes showed that VR23 not only effectively downregulates IL-6 but also inhibits cell migration. Interestingly, the IL-6 downregulation by VR23 was significantly more pronounced in the primary synovial cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients than those from healthy donors, suggesting that VR23 can be selective against rheumatoid arthritis. Finally, VR23 effectively reduces neutrophil migration, TNF-α secretion, and tissue inflammation in mice (female BALB/c strain) with an LPS-induced acute lung injury. Thus, our current data indicate that VR23 can be effective on both acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. Taken together with our previous work, VR23 is not only effective on inflammatory conditions but also applicable to different aspects of cancer control, including the treatment and prevention of tumor development by chronic inflammatory responses.
Development of a highly sensitive sampler for atmospheric monitoring of 8-H ambient ozone concentrations
Authors: KARA Gülnihal
Published: January 2020

A new passive sampler reinforced with a composite membrane was developed to determine the 8-h ozone (O3) concentration in ambient air. The composite membrane's water absorption capacity and porosity values were found analyzing its surface morphology using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).Ozone adsorption performance of this sampler was tested by a badge-type sampler and automated measurement results. The developed sampler gave results equivalent (R2 = 0.85) to those of automated O3 monitors, and its experimental sampling rate was determined to be 55 cm3/min, approximately two times higher than the rate of the badge-type sampler. The detection limit obtained (5.3 μg/m3<.sup>, 8 h sampling) in the study was adequate for winter-period samplings where in the ozone concentration is low in urban and semi-urban areas. Multimedia sampling results revealed that the results of the developed passive sampler had a high repeatability (RSD < 20%). Passive samplers reinforced with composite membranes were tested by badge-type samplers performing simultaneous samplings in land conditions. Area sampling results indicated that badge-type samplers were not suitable for 8-h area samplings, but tube-type samplers could be used.
Development of an improved two-sphere integration technique for quantifying black carbon concentrations in the atmosphere and seasonal snow
Authors: Wang Xin , Zhang Xueying , Di Wenjing
Published: January 2020

Abstract. An improved two-sphere integration (TSI) technique has been
developed to quantify black carbon (BC) concentrations in the atmosphere and
seasonal snow. The major advantage of this system is that it combines two
distinct integrated spheres to reduce the scattering effect due to
light-absorbing particles and thus provides accurate determinations of
total light absorption from BC collected on Nuclepore filters. The TSI
technique can be calibrated using a series of 15 filter samples of standard
fullerene soot. This technique quantifies the mass of BC by separating the
spectrally resolved total light absorption into BC and non-BC fractions. To
assess the accuracy of the improved system, an empirical procedure for
measuring BC concentrations with a two-step thermal–optical method is also
applied. Laboratory results indicate that the BC concentrations determined using
the TSI technique and theoretical calculations are well correlated
(R2=0.99), whereas the thermal–optical method underestimates BC
concentrations by 35 %–45 % compared to that measured by the TSI technique.
Assessments of the two methods for atmospheric and snow samples revealed
excellent agreement, with least-squares regression lines with slopes of 1.72
(r2=0.67) and 0.84 (r2=0.93), respectively. However, the
TSI technique is more accurate in quantifications of BC concentrations in
both the atmosphere and seasonal snow, with an overall lower uncertainty.
Using the improved TSI technique, we find that light absorption at a
wavelength of 550 nm due to BC plays a dominant role relative to non-BC
light absorption in both the atmosphere (62.76 %–91.84 % of total
light absorption) and seasonal snow (43.11 %–88.56 %) over northern
China.
Enhanced Weathering and related element fluxes – a cropland mesocosm approach
Authors: Amann Thorben , Hartmann Jens , Struyf Eric , de Oliveira Garcia Wagner , Fischer Elke K. , Janssens Ivan , Meire Patrick , Schoelynck Jonas
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The weathering of silicates is a major control on
atmospheric CO2 at geologic timescales. It was proposed to enhance
this process to actively remove CO2 from the atmosphere. While there
are some studies that propose and theoretically analyze the application of
rock powder to agricultural land, results from field experiments are still
scarce. In order to evaluate the efficiency and side effects of Enhanced Weathering
(EW), a mesocosm experiment was set up and agricultural soil from Belgium
was amended with olivine-bearing dunite ground to two different grain sizes,
while distinguishing setups with and without crops. Based on measurements of Mg, Si, pH, and DIC, the additional weathering
effect of olivine could be confirmed. Calculated weathering rates are up to
3 orders of magnitude lower than found in other studies. The calculated
CO2 consumption by weathering based on the outlet water of the mesocosm
systems was low with 2.3–4.9 tCO2km-2a-1 if compared
with previous theoretical estimates. Suspected causes were the removal or
dilution of Mg as a weathering product by processes like adsorption,
mineralization, plant uptake, evapotranspiration, and/or preferential flow,
not specifically addressed in previous EW experiments for CO2
consumption. The observation that Mg concentrations in the upper soil layers
were about 1 order of magnitude higher than in the outlet water indicates
that a careful tracking of weathering indicators like Mg in the field is
essential for a precise estimate of the CO2 consumption potential of
EW, specifically under global deployment scenarios with a high diversity of
ecosystem settings. Porewater Mg∕Si molar ratios suggest that dissolved Si
is reprecipitating, forming a cation-depleted Si layer on the reactive
mineral surface of freshly ground rocks. The release of potentially harmful trace elements is an acknowledged side
effect of EW. Primarily Ni and Cr are elevated in the soil solution, while
Ni concentrations exceed the limits of drinking water quality. The use of
olivine, rich in Ni and Cr, is not recommended, and alternative rock sources
are suggested for the application.
Lagged effects dominate the inter-annual variability of the 2010–2015 tropical carbon balance
Authors: Bloom A. Anthony , Bowman Kevin W. , Liu Junjie , Konings Alexandra G. , Worden John R. , Parazoo Nicholas C. , Meyer Victoria , Reager John T. , Worden Helen M. , Jiang Zhe , Quetin Gregory R. , Smallman T. Luke , Exbrayat Jean-François , Yin Yi , Saatchi Sassan S. , Williams Mathew , Schimel David S.
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Inter-annual variations in the tropical land carbon (C) balance are a dominant component of the global atmospheric CO2 growth rate. Currently, the lack of quantitative knowledge on processes controlling net tropical ecosystems C balance on inter-annual timescales inhibits accurate understanding and projections of land-atmosphere C exchanges. In particular, uncertainty on the relative contribution of ecosystem C fluxes attributable to concurrent meteorological forcing anomalies (concurrent effects) and those attributable to the continuing influence of past phenomena (lagged effects) stifles efforts to explicitly understand the integrated sensitivity of tropical ecosystem to climatic variability. Here we present a conceptual framework – applicable in principle to any meteorology-forced land biosphere model – to explicitly quantify net biospheric exchange (NBE) as the sum of anomaly-induced concurrent changes and climatology-induced lagged changes to terrestrial ecosystem C states (NBE = NBECON + NBELAG). We apply this framework to an observation-constrained analysis of the 2010–2015 tropical C balance: we use a data-model integration approach (CARDAMOM) to merge satellite-retrieved land-surface C observations (leaf area, biomass, solar-induced fluorescence), soil C inventory data and satellite-based atmospheric inversion estimates of CO2 and CO fluxes to produce a data-constrained analysis of the 2010–2015 tropical C cycle. We find that the inter-annual variability of lagged effects explain the majority of NBE inter-annual variability (IAV) throughout 2010–2015 across the tropics (NBELAG IAV = 112 % of NBE IAV, r = 0.87) relative to concurrent effects (NBECON IAV = 54 % of total NBE IAV, r = 0.03) and the dominance of NBELAG IAV persists across both wet and dry tropical ecosystems. The magnitude of lagged effect variations on NBE across the tropics is largely attributable to lagged effects on net primary productivity (NPP; NPPLAG IAV 88 % of NBELAG IAV, r = −0.99, p-value
Impact of ambient conditions on the Si isotope fractionation in marine pore fluids during early diagenesis
Authors: Geilert Sonja , Grasse Patricia , Doering Kristin , Wallmann Klaus , Ehlert Claudia , Scholz Florian , Frank Martin , Schmidt Mark , Hensen Christian
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Benthic fluxes of dissolved silica (Si) from sediments into the water column are driven by the dissolution of biogenic silica (bSiO2) and terrigenous Si minerals and modulated by the precipitation of authigenic Si phases. Each of these processes has a specific effect on the isotopic composition of silica dissolved in sediment pore waters such that the determination of pore water δ30Si values can help to decipher the complex Si cycle in surface sediments. In this study, the δ30Si signatures of pore fluids and bSiO2 in the Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California) were analyzed, which is characterized by high bSiO2 accumulation and hydrothermal activity. The δ30Si signatures were investigated in the deep basin, in the vicinity of a hydrothermal vent field, and at an anoxic site located within the pronounced oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). The pore fluid δ30Sipf signatures differ significantly depending on the ambient conditions. Within the basin, δ30Sipf is essentially uniform averaging +1.2 ± 0.1 ‰ (1SD). Pore fluid δ30Sipf values from within the OMZ are significantly lower (0.0 ± 0.5 ‰, 1SD), while pore fluids close to the hydrothermal vent field are higher (+2.0 ± 0.2 ‰, 1SD). Reactive transport modelling results show that the δ30Sipf is mainly controlled by silica dissolution (bSiO2 and terrigenous phases) and Si precipitation (authigenic aluminosilicates). Precipitation processes cause a shift to high pore fluid δ30Sipf signatures, most pronounced at the hydrothermal site. Within the OMZ however, additional dissolution of isotopically depleted Si minerals (e.g. clays) facilitated by high mass accumulation rates of terrigenous material (MARterr) is required to promote the low δ30Sipf signatures while precipitation of authigenic aluminosilicates seems to be hampered by high water / rock ratios. Guaymas OMZ δ30Sipf values are markedly different from those of the Peruvian OMZ, the only other marine setting where Si isotopes have been investigated to constrain early diagenetic processes. These differences highlight the fact that δ30Sipf signals in OMZs worldwide are not alike and each setting can result in a range of δ30Sipf values as a function of the environmental conditions. We conclude that the benthic silica cycle is more complex than previously thought and that additional Si isotope studies are needed to decipher the controls on Si turnover in marine sediment and the role of sediments in the marine silica cycle.
Quantitative assessment of fire and vegetation properties in historical simulations with fire-enabled vegetation models from the Fire Model Intercomparison Project
Authors: Hantson Stijn , Kelley Douglas I. , Arneth Almut , Harrison Sandy P. , Archibald Sally , Bachelet Dominique , Forrest Matthew , Hickler Thomas , Lasslop Gitta , Li Fang , Mangeon Stephane , Melton Joe R. , Nieradzik Lars , Rabin Sam S. , Prentice I. Colin , Sheehan Tim , Sitch Stephen , Teckentrup Lina , Voulgarakis Apostolos , Yue Chao
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Global fire-vegetation models are widely used to assess impacts of environmental change on fire regimes and the carbon cycle, and to infer relationships between climate, land use, and fire. However, differences in model structure and parameterizations, in both the vegetation and fire components of these models, could influence overall model performance, and to date there has been limited evaluation of how well different models represent various aspects of fire regimes. The Fire Model Intercomparison Project (FireMIP) is coordinating the evaluation of state-of-the-art global fire models, with the aim of improving projections of fire regime characteristic and fire impacts on ecosystems and human societies under the context of global environmental change. Here we perform a systematic evaluation of historical simulations made by nine FireMIP models in order to quantify their ability to reproduce a range of fire and vegetation benchmarks. The FireMIP models simulate a wide range in global annual total burnt area (39–536 Mha), and global annual fire carbon emission (0.91–4.75 Pg C a−1) for modern conditions (2002–2012), but most of the range in burnt area is within observational uncertainty (345–468 Mha). Benchmarking scores indicate that seven out of nine FireMIP models are able to represent the spatial pattern in burnt area. The models also reproduce the seasonality in burnt area reasonably well but struggle to simulate fire season length and are largely unable to represent inter-annual variations in burnt area. However, models that represent cropland fires see improved simulation of fire seasonality in the northern hemisphere. The three FireMIP models which explicitly simulate individual fires are able to reproduce the spatial pattern in number of fires, but fire sizes are too small in key regions and this results in an underestimation of burnt area. The correct representation of spatial and seasonal patterns in vegetation appears to correlate with a better representation of burnt area. While some FireMIP models are better at representing certain aspects of the fire regime, no model clearly outperforms all other models across the full range of variables assessed.
Application of machine learning techniques for regional bias correction of SWE estimates in Ontario, Canada
Authors: King Fraser , Erler Andre R. , Frey Steven K. , Fletcher Christopher G.
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Snow is a critical contributor to Ontario's water-energy budget with impacts on water resource management and flood forecasting. Snow water equivalent (SWE) describes the amount of water stored in a snowpack and is important in deriving estimates of snowmelt. However, only a limited number of sparsely distributed snow survey sites (n = 383) exist throughout Ontario. The SNOw Data Assimilation System (SNODAS) is a daily, 1 km gridded SWE product that provides uniform spatial coverage across this region; however, we show here that SWE estimates from SNODAS display a strong positive mean bias of 50 % (16 mm SWE) when compared to in situ observations from 2011 to 2018. This study evaluates multiple statistical techniques of varying complexity, including simple subtraction, linear regression and machine learning methods to bias-correct SNODAS SWE estimates using absolute mean bias and RMSE as evaluation criteria. Results show that the random forest (RF) algorithm is most effective at reducing bias in SNODAS SWE, with an absolute mean bias of 0.2 mm and RMSE of 3.64 mm when compared with in situ observations. Other methods, such as mean bias subtraction and linear regression, are somewhat effective at bias reduction however, only the RF method captures the nonlinearity in the bias, and its interannual variability. Applying the RF model to the full spatio-temporal domain shows that the SWE bias is largest before 2015, during the spring melt period, north of 44.5° N and East (downwind) of the Great Lakes. As an independent validation, we also compare estimated snowmelt volumes with observed hydrographs, and demonstrate that uncorrected SNODAS SWE is associated with unrealistically large volumes at the time of the spring freshet, while bias-corrected SWE values are highly consistent with observed discharge volumes.
Reconstituting past flood events: the contribution of citizen science
Authors: Sy Bocar , Frischknecht Corine , Dao Hy , Consuegra David , Giuliani Gregory
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Information gathered on past flood events is essential
for understanding and assessing flood hazards. In this study, we present how
citizen science can help to retrieve this information, particularly in areas
with scarce or no authoritative measurements of past events. The case study
is located in Yeumbeul North (YN), Senegal, where flood impacts represent a
growing concern for the local community. This area lacks authoritative
records on flood extent and water depth as well as information on the chain
of causative factors. We developed a framework using two techniques to
retrieve information on past flood events by involving two groups of
citizens who were present during the floods. The first technique targeted
the part of the citizens' memory that records information on events,
recalled through narratives, whereas the second technique focused on scaling
past flood event intensities using different parts of the witnesses' bodies.
These techniques were used for three events that occurred in 2005, 2009 and
2012. They proved complementary by providing quantitative information on
flood extents and water depths and by revealing factors that may have
contributed to all three flood events.
A global-scale evaluation of extreme event uncertainty in the eartH2Observe project
Authors: Marthews Toby R. , Blyth Eleanor M. , Martínez-de la Torre Alberto , Veldkamp Ted I. E.
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Knowledge of how uncertainty propagates through a hydrological land surface modelling sequence is of crucial importance in the identification and characterisation of system weaknesses in the prediction of droughts and floods at global scale. We evaluated the performance of five state-of-the-art global hydrological and land surface models in the context
of modelling extreme conditions (drought and flood). Uncertainty was
apportioned between the model used (model skill) and also the satellite-based
precipitation products used to drive the simulations (forcing data
variability) for extreme values of precipitation, surface runoff and
evaporation. We found in general that model simulations acted to augment
uncertainty rather than reduce it. In percentage terms, the increase in
uncertainty was most often less than the magnitude of the input data
uncertainty, but of comparable magnitude in many environments. Uncertainty
in predictions of evapotranspiration lows (drought) in dry environments was
especially high, indicating that these circumstances are a weak point in
current modelling system approaches. We also found that high data and model
uncertainty points for both ET lows and runoff lows were disproportionately
concentrated in the equatorial and southern tropics. Our results are
important for highlighting the relative robustness of satellite products in
the context of land surface simulations of extreme events and identifying
areas where improvements may be made in the consistency of simulation
models.
Contornos de la memoria y textura del olvido en Tierra y tiempo (2015) de Juan José Morosoli
Authors: Gutierrez Garay Oskar
Published: January 2020

El presente artículo analiza el libro del uruguayo Juan José Morosoli, Tierra y tiempo, identificando elementos de construcción narrativa desde la memoria y el olvido, que apuntalan el aparato ficcional que desde lo rural crea identidad, una que traspasa fronteras. La tierra pasa de ser un sitio a un lugar simbólico donde los territorios están desconfirmados por el poder. La memoria en los personajes del autor minuano está signada por la soledad. Es el campo, como significante, el escenario de conjunción de la tierra que como el olvido, condena y absuelve.
Reescrituras de la tragedia en el teatro latinoamericano contemporáneo. El caso Antígona
Authors: Noguera Lía Sabrina
Published: January 2020

En el presente artículo nos proponemos realizar un análisis de diversas reescrituras que desde Latinoamérica se han realizado a partir del texto Antígona de Sófocles, tomando como corpus de análisis: Antígona Vélez (1951-Argentina) de Leopoldo Marechal,  Antígona furiosa (1986-Argentina) de Griselda Gambaro, La pasión según Antígona Pérez (1968-Puerto Rico) de Luis Rafael Sánchez, Antígona (1999- Perú) de José Watanabe, Antigonón. Un contingente épico (2013-Cuba) de Rogelio Orizondo y Antígonas. Tribunal de mujeres (2014-Colombia) de Carlos Satizabal. Partimos del supuesto de que este teatro acude a esta reescritura como una forma de repensar los pasados y presentes nacionales y, en especial, como una manera de no olvidar  las experiencias muchas veces traumáticas que estos territorios han experimentado.
La dialéctica y la metafísica según santo Tomás de Aquino
Authors: Torrijos Castrillejo David
Published: January 2020

En estas páginas se pretende examinar la idea bastante difundida entre los estudiosos recientes de Aristóteles según la cual el método de la metafísica sería principalmente dialéctico. Este problema es indagado en santo Tomás, el cual decididamente niega que la metafísica use la dialéctica porque ésta sólo proporciona probabilidad. El metafísico, a diferencia del dialéctico, no se funda sólo en el ente de razón sino en el ente natural. Por consiguiente, no constituye sólo un juego racional sobre  quididades  sino  que  estudia  las  cosas  en  su  actualidad  real  y  por  eso  debe  apoyarse  en evidencias. Aunque santo Tomás está de acuerdo con Aristóteles en que no toda ciencia goza de la misma certeza, esto se debe a distintos motivos. En primer lugar, a que todas las cosas no poseen la misma estabilidad y constancia. En segundo lugar, a que no siempre hay perfecta adecuación entre lo que se estudia y la capacidad de conocer del investigador. Esta adecuación entre el objeto y el sujeto es más decisiva para la certeza de las ciencias.
Procesos de reestructuración y verticalización en el centro de Concepción: Barrio Condell
Authors: Pérez Bustamante Leonel , González Bello Gerardo , Villouta Gutiérrez Daniela , Pagola Contreras León , Ávila Zañartu Christian
Published: January 2020

El edificio en altura implica el retorno a un tipo arquitectónico bajo nuevas formas de construcción, de usos de suelo y de tipo de ocupación, constituyéndose como unidades de análisis urbano que afectan el tejido urbano y a los actores presentes. La investigación buscó comprender las transformaciones morfológicas originadas por procesos de verticalización y los efectos en las formas de habitar de residentes del centro urbano de Concepción. Por ello, a partir del estudio de caso del barrio Condell, se analiza el uso de suelo residencial en altura mediante levantamientos planimétricos y entrevistas semiestructuradas a residentes según el año de llegada al barrio. Los resultados muestran que la aparición del edificio en altura en el tejido urbano implica un tipo de ocupación y uso del suelo que altera sustantivamente el paisaje urbano y algunas formas de habitar, situando la movilidad cotidiana como aspecto clave. El trabajo permite abrir una línea de trabajo para estudios especializados que aporten a la reorientación de la planificación y los Instrumentos de Planificación Territorial (IPT) en ciudades intermedias.
La compleja definición del problema socioambiental: racionalidades y controversias
Authors: Morales Bárbara , Aliste Enrique , Neira C. Ignacio , Urquiza Anahi
Published: January 2020

Desde un enfoque cualitativo, el presente artículo aborda algunos de los elementos que permiten tematizar el problema socioambiental desde su propia complejidad, considerando para ello el punto de vista de distintos actores que forman parte de esta discusión en el contexto chileno, y dando especial énfasis a las controversias que se generan en torno a los términos de “desarrollo” y “sustentabilidad”. En primer lugar, son abordados los elementos –teóricos y empíricos– que permiten tematizar la complejidad del problema socioambiental. En segundo lugar, se discuten las diferentes definiciones dadas al “desarrollo” y su vínculo con el origen del problema. En tercer lugar, se dan a conocer las opciones que los actores proponen para avanzar hacia la sustentabilidad. El artículo cierra con reflexiones finales orientadas a las múltiples perspectivas sobre este tema.
Construcción de la protesta feminista en hashtags: aproximaciones desde el análisis de redes sociales
Authors: Esquivel Domínguez Daniela Carolina
Published: January 2020

Este artículo busca establecer pautas para identificar el desarrollo y vínculo de las protestas feministas, cuya lógica se enfoca en visibilizar diversos tipos de violencia contra las mujeres narrados desde la experiencia, a través del uso del hashtag en la plataforma Twitter. Por medio de la documentación de los hashtags que alcanzaron Trending Topic a nivel nacional e internacional y su impacto en la cotidianeidad social entre el 2009 y 2019, se elaboró una red a partir de un análisis de co-palabras y la estructura se definió a partir del algoritmo Kamada Kawai. Es posible hablar de una estructura cognitiva que vincula a la red y en la cual se identificaron tres grupos temáticos: la violencia sexual, los derechos reproductivos y los derechos laborales de las mujeres.
De armarios virtuales a campos digitales de exterminio: interseccionalidad de Grindr fábrica de gaycidad chilena
Authors: Parra Luis , Obando Augusto
Published: January 2020

El presente trabajo es concebido como un estudio interseccional entre las distintas tecnologías de información, cuerpos, sexualidades, clase y raza. Su foco de análisis son las plataformas virtuales destinadas a hombres homosexuales, que componen un conjunto de páginas web y aplicaciones móviles (app), que median, gestionan y gobiernan el deseo de sus usuarios y el ejercicio de las sexualidades heterodisidentes. Tecnologías que configuran formas emergentes de sociabilidad en tiempo real y a cero metros de distancia, encontrando su expresión en un cruising virtual, que modela las subjetividades de sus usuarios. Se analiza centralmente a la aplicación Grindr que utiliza la geolocalizacion de sus usuarios. La interrogante que guía este trabajo de investigación, es cómo Grindr se convierte en un espacio interseccional que genera intimidad inmediata y/o cruising virtual, que vehiculiza formas de sociabilidad y prácticas sexuales, y en ultima instancia configura y reconfigura la gaycidad en la actualidad, en Santiago de Chile.
El Sistema del Tratado Antártico (STA) y la promoción de la cooperación científica internacional: una evaluación del régimen
Authors: Heinzalmann Portella de Aguiar Mônica
Published: January 2020

El Sistema del Tratado Antártico (STA) entró en vigor para encerrar litigios y promover la cooperación científica. Criticado originalmente, el régimen ganó reconocimiento internacional pero siguen habiendo dudas sobre su capacidad de avanzar en la cooperación internacional. Este artículo evalúa, mediante análisis bibliométrico y técnica contrafática, si el STA ha logrado promover la cooperación científica internacional. Utilizando como indicador las tasas internacionales de coautoría de artículos científicos, se realizó un estudio de caso. Los resultados muestran que la coautoría internacional en la revista estudiada fue superior a la encontrada en ciencia y tecnología. A pesar de las limitaciones inherentes a un estudio de caso, llegamos a la conclusión de que el STA fue eficaz en promover la cooperación científica internacional.
Las escuelas de Richard Neutra versus la escuela japonesa de Tezuka Architects
Authors: Sentieri Omarrementeria Carla
Published: January 2020

La naturaleza ha jugado un papel fundamental a lo largo de la educación del hombre, y en particular en la educación durante la etapa infantil. En el origen del siglo XX aparece la necesidad de vincular las escuelas con la naturaleza para mejorar las condiciones higienistas de los espacios de educación. En este contexto de renovación escolar, Richard Neutra es uno de los arquitectos del siglo XX que entendió y desarrollo la escuela vinculada con la naturaleza, concebida como un espacio que no solo instruye, sino que educa. Estas ideas se comparan medio siglo más tarde con la escuela japonesa Fuji de Tezuka Architects que aparece en una pequeña población para recordar que la educación en la naturaleza es la base para construir un mundo sostenible.
Vinculaciones de los habitantes con los jardines urbanos del barrio patrimonial Matta-Sur, Santiago de Chile
Authors: Nuñez Escudero Macarena , Alvarado Castro Paulina , Castro Aguilera Isaías
Published: January 2020

Los jardines urbanos constituyen un elemento clave en el bienestar de sus habitantes, en las ciudades contemporáneas. En el barrio Matta Sur, ubicado en Santiago de Chile, declarado Zona Típica, estos jardines son reconocidos como lugares versátiles, que expresan las distintas formas de vida manifestadas a través de la autoría anónima de sus habitantes. El objetivo de esta investigación es comprender el rol y la importancia de los jardines urbanos de Matta Sur y su función como catalizadores de variadas dinámicas sociales. Mediante técnicas cuantitativas de investigación social se identifican las relaciones de los usuarios con los diversos tipos de jardines urbanos, develando sus vinculaciones y significados. De esta manera, se abre la discusión acerca de la necesidad de abordar estos temas institucionalmente, a través de los instrumentos apropiados para la toma de decisiones sobre el espacio común.
Pedagogía de la Pregunta en la Enseñanza-Aprendizaje del Derecho, como Innovación Metodológica para Desarrollar el Pensamiento Crítico-Complejo: un Análisis de Caso
Authors: Gómez Francisco Taeli , Rubio González Juan , González Morales Walter
Published: January 2020

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo contribuir a la docencia jurídica, para lo cual, se dan a conocer los alcances de una experiencia de intervención realizada en la Carrera de Derecho de la Universidad de Atacama, Chile, donde se desarrolla la Pedagogía Jurídica Basada en la Pregunta, como una innovación metodológica para el desarrollo de pensamiento crítico-complejo en el estudiante de Derecho. A partir de ésta estrategia pedagógica realizada, que a manera particular buscaba intencionar la pregunta como táctica problematizadora, se analizan los principales fundamentos de la Pedagogía de la Pregunta en la enseñanza-aprendizaje jurídico, y utilizando técnicas e instrumentos de las metodologías participativas, se sistematizaron antecedentes relevantes emanados de la experiencia y de la percepción de los estudiantes que participaron de la misma, los que proporcionan insumos para complementar el análisis de este trabajo. Se discute y concluye que se requiere prestar atención a los fundamentos epistémicos, políticos y pedagógico-afectivos, como factores indispensables para que una Pedagogía de la Pregunta se concretice y se transforme en la base del desarrollo de pensamiento crítico-complejo en el estudiante de Derecho.
Economic Growth and Higher Education in South Asian Countries: Evidence from Econometrics
Authors: Hussaini Nilofer
Published: January 2020

South Asian economies has witnessed very slow growth over the years and the gap has widened manifold between other nations of Asia particularly East Asian nations and South Asian nations. This paper examines co-integration between the economic growth and reach of higher education in South Asian nations explaining this disparity. The research employed an econometric panel co-integration investigation to analyse the long run relationship of higher education and economic growth among these nations. The research confirmed positive long run causality between the economic growth of the South Asian nations and gross enrolment ratio of higher education. So, if the South Asian nations continue with their existing pattern of paying less attention to higher education by allocating low share of investment on it, poor human capital formation would result in growing further economic disparity between developed and South Asian nations where rich nations would remain richer and poor nations would remain poor with the gap remaining unabridged. This research will serve as an aid to policy makers, educators and financers of South Asian nations to bridge the gap between high- and low-income nations. The focus on the quantum of spending on higher education by the government will help improve the reach of tertiary education and build economic prosperity in these nations.
Connecting DNA Origami Structures into a Designed and Functionalized Network
Authors: Amoako George
Published: January 2020

The versatility of the DNA origami approach of organizing nanoparticles at the nanometer scale, together with thiol chemistry have been used. These approaches were used to design DNA origami structures and to functionalize them with gold nanoparticles after designing attachment sites on the DNA origami structures. In all two structures were designed – a cross-like structure and a nanotube but only the nanotube structure was used to form the gold nanoparticle helices. Finally, use was made of the specific affinity interaction between biotin and streptavidin to connect the DNA origami templated AuNP helices to the cross-like structure. Agarose gel electrophoresis, UV-vis spectroscopy and TEM were used to characterize the structure.
Tecnologías de interpretación asistida por ordenador y cognición de intérpretes: una perspectiva orientada hacia el producto y el proceso.
Authors: Mellinger Christopher D.
Published: January 2020

Hasta el momento, la investigación sobre la interpretación asistida y mediada por tecnología ha adoptado un enfoque centrado principalmente en la interpretación como producto para entender el papel de la tecnología durante esta actividad. En respuesta a la llamada de investigación empírica adicional sobre las intersecciones entre interpretación, tecnología y cognición, este articulo aboga por la inclusión de investigación orientada hacia el proceso de la interpretación e identifica unas áreas de investigación de posible interés.
Using NICTs for Media Interpreting Training: Bringing Interpreter-Mediated TV News and Radio Interviews to the Classroom
Authors: Castillo Pedro
Published: January 2020

This paper discusses how the impact of the revolution of NICTs on interpreters' work in the media can be transposed to the interpreting classroom. This article focuses on the use of sound and video editing software by interpreters for producing pre-recorded interpreter-mediated news features for TV and live dialogue radio interpreting. The main purpose is two-fold: 1) to acknowledge the potential of NICTs for interpreter training in a practical context; and 2) to build a pedagogical model based on the pioneering practice of media outlets such as ARTE, the French-German broadcasting company, and RTVE, the Spanish public broadcaster.
The Use of Portable Interpreting Devices: An Overview
Authors: Porlán Moreno Rafael
Published: January 2020

The use of portable sound equipment has grown rapidly in the conference interpretation market in the last few years, which has sometimes meant that it has been utilised in working environments ill-suited for interpreters to achieve the best performance possible.
¿Está preparado el mercado de la interpretación del sector público para la digitalización?
Authors: Tejada Delgado Antonio
Published: January 2020

La demanda global de interpretación crece a medida que nos enfrentamos a grandes movimientos migratorios en todo el mundo así como a una escena económica y política muy diversa. Existen claros signos de una transformación que abre nuevas oportunidades de disrupción, junto con una fuerte necesidad de impulsar por parte de la administración la eficiencia en todos sus servicios, cosa que incluye proporcionar interpretación a una sociedad cada vez más diversa. Los servicios como Capita LiveLINK, cuya plantilla utiliza tecnología en la nube y plataformas de vídeo y voz altamente eficientes, con canales de entrega basados en aplicaciones, ya llevan a cabo grandes conversiones de una demanda local a una remota, lo que supone un importante ahorro para el cliente, así como nuevas oportunidades para nuestros intérpretes. Los diferentes agentes del mundo de la interpretación deben unir sus fuerzas para impulsar como industria la transformación digital y no sólo reaccionar ante fuerzas externas.
Tecnologías de la interpretación
Authors: Jiménez Serrano Óscar
Published: January 2020

Introducción de la sección monográfica Dosier Tradumática sobre tecnologías de la interpretación.
Chemical Composition and Size Distribution of Aerosol Particle in High Polluted Periods
Authors: Byun Sun-Ju , Choi Kum-Chan
Published: January 2020

In this study, PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations were investigated in Busan Metropolitan City on high pollution episode periods. PM10 and PM2.5 were collected from December 2013 to January 2015. The aerosol samples were collected during Asian dust season and high polluted periods in winter respectively. The collected samples were analyzed by some techniques such as comparison of mass concentration, correlation analysis, chemical composition and particle size distribution. Mass concentration of PM10 in spring season ranged from 62.6 μg/m3 to 131.5 μg/m3. High PM10 and PM2.5 concentration on spring were contributed mainly by Asian-Dust. In wintertime, PM10 and PM2.5 high concentrations were almost contributed by anthropogenic source such as house heating and stagnant meteorological conditions. But, PM2.5 mass concentration did not show any difference according to sampling sites. SEM-EDS results showed that high polluted periods have different chemical composition elements such as Al, Ca, Mo, Zn in spring and Cu, Cr, Mn, Ti, Zr in winter. Particle number distribution on Asian dust season showed that particle counts were increased to the factor of 2 in the size of 5 μm , the size of 3 μm was increased to the factor of 2, the size of 1μm was increased the factor of 1.6 respectively. On the other hands, particle counts in the size of 1 μm and 0.5 μm were decreased to the factor of 1.6 and 0.3 μm was considerably decreased to the factor of 3.5. Finally, it is possible to establish the proper PM pollution control strategy to evaluate levels of high PM10 and PM2.5 pollution periods, chemical composition and size distribution by detail analysis.
Legal Importance of Codes of Ethics in Insurance
Authors: Kucharski Bartosz
Published: January 2020

According to the author, codes of ethics are of significant importance as an example of self-regulation of the insurance market despite the fact that they do not belong to the constitutional sources of law. Non-compliance with the code of ethics by an entrepreneur may constitute unfair commercial practice in relation with consumers or unfair competition practice in relation with other entrepreneurs. Moreover, codes of ethics may specify the contents of general clauses regulated by the Civil Code, thus influencing the contents of the contracts concluded and validity of clauses thereof as well as the unlawfulness as an element of tortious fault and the level of professional due diligence required to be released from liability for the non-performance of contracts. In the author’s opinion, the entry into force of the Insurance Distribution Act ought to encourage updating and concretisation of the existing ethical codes.
Event Data Recorder (EDR) systems in the context of claims adjustment in motor insurance. A case of Poland
Authors: Ziemiak Michał
Published: January 2020

The aim of this paper is to present relevant information on EDR (Event Data Recorder) as well as to analyse how EDR systems may be applied within the process of claims adjustment in the Polish motor insurance. Although, neither Polish nor European legislation directly refers to the said systems, their significance is continuously growing. The discussed systems are currently applied within the majority of the newly sold vehicles in Poland. Brand new versions of those systems allow identifying some key circumstances and factors of traffic accidents such as the exact place of an accident, velocity of the vehicle, a number of the people involved or a number of explosions of car air-bag inflators. However, it should be noted that originally the EDR systems primarily were to improve a level of driving safely while the identification of traffic accidents causes was only an additional and marginal benefit. In other words, a question should be posed whether it is admissible under the relevant law regulations that the data recorded in the system may in advance determine a cause of an accident. Other doubts which may result from the EDR are privacy concerns and data ownership as well as the use of the EDR systems within a process of detecting potential fraud or offences related to claims adjustment. For obvious limitation of time and space, premium calculation fells outside the scope of this paper as this particular issue requires separate and detailed considerations.
Weltinnenpolitik und Vereinte Nationen – eine Symbiose?
Authors: Jaberg Sabine
Published: January 2020

The term Weltinnenpolitik was coined by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. In contrast to the more famous concept of global governance, Weltinnenpolitik tries to simulate a global state - especially the monopoly of the use of force - as far as possible under the condition of a vital community of states. It is based on two pillars of equal relevance: a perspective similar to the one of domestic politics and an international organization that behaves towards its member states in a domestic manner. Despite the recent crisis, the United Nations are the best place for both.
„Weltinnenpolitik“ und globale Jurisdiktion: der Internationale Strafgerichtshof und Myanmar
Authors: Meyer-Mahnkopf Cordula
Published: January 2020

The global jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court completes Weizsäcker’s One World Policy approach. Eventually, it will be applied to Myanmar’s actions against its Rohingya population. Still, Myanmar refuses a supranational trial, while an international prosecuting of Myanmar’s leading military would mean the application of legal principals that have emerged from the 20th century’s most violent experiences. Myanmar’s nationalist-driven approach to governance as well as conflicting security interests limit that option to the extreme. The United Nation’s role in that case is hampered by its own structures.