bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serum Cholesterol Concentration and Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of High Low‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2008–2010: Beyond the Tip of the Iceberg
Authors: Lee Yong‐ho , Lee Sang‐Guk , Lee Myung Ha , Kim Jeong‐Ho , Lee Byung‐Wan , Kang Eun Seok , Lee Hyun Chul , Cha Bong Soo
Published: February 2014

Background

The mortality rate from cardiovascular disease (
CVD
) among young adults has declined less than that in the older population, raising concerns about the increasing prevalence of obesity‐related conditions including hypercholesterolemia in the younger population. We investigated the age‐standardized mean levels of serum cholesterols and the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control rates of hyper‐low‐density lipoprotein (
LDL
)‐cholesterolemia based on age.

Methods and Results

Nationally representative samples of 19 489 subjects aged ≥20 years were analyzed from the
K
orea
N
ational
H
ealth and
N
utrition
E
xamination
S
urveys 2008–2010. Hyper‐
LDL
‐cholesterolemia was individually evaluated by the 2004
N
ational
C
holesterol
E
ducation
P
rogram
A
dult
T
reatment
P
anel III guidelines. Age‐standardized mean levels of total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol,
LDL
‐cholesterol, and triglycerides were 186.8, 48.0, 112.9, and 136.0 mg/dL, respectively. Age‐standardized prevalence of hyper‐
LDL
‐cholesterolemia was 23.2% (men, 25.5%; women, 21.8%). Among subjects with hyper‐
LDL
‐cholesterolemia, awareness and treatment rates were significantly lower in younger adults (<50 years) compared to older adults ≥50 years (awareness, 8.0% versus 21.5%; treatment, 5.1% versus 18.5%, all
P
s<0.001), indicating significant discrepancies in awareness and treatment rates of hypercholesterolemia between younger and older adults. Among subjects aware of their hyper‐
LDL
‐cholesterolemia, younger adults were more likely to have controlled
LDL
‐cholesterol than the elderly (82.1% versus 67.5%,
P
<0.001).

Conclusions

Compared to the elderly, significant proportions of young and middle‐aged adults are unaware of their hypercholesterolemia and are not treated with proper lipid‐lowering medications. Early screening, education, and proper management should be stressed in national public healthcare policies to reduce the increasing burden of
CVD
in the younger population with undiagnosed hypercholesterolemia.
Mapping Fixed Prayers from the Dead Sea Scrolls onto Second Temple Period Judaism
Authors: Penner Jeremy
Published: February 2014

Abstract

When situating fixed prayers from the Dead Sea Scrolls corpus within the broader literary horizons of Second Temple period Judaism a number of discernible features emerge that allow us to group together prayers into clusters or streams of tradition according to a coherence and affinity of ideas. This article focuses on two distinct clusters of prayers: the first is influenced by the type of apocalyptic thinking espoused 1 Enoch, particularly the book’s views on cosmology and angelology; the second is influenced by a penitential theology inspired by the cycle of national reward and punishment that is illustrated in Deuteronomy and by the priestly laws of reparation in Leviticus.
The Negotiation and Contestation of EU Migration Policy Instruments: A Research Framework
Authors: Trauner Florian , Wolff Sarah
Published: February 2014

Abstract

This article develops a research framework for the analysis of the politics of migration policy instruments. Policy instruments are seen as living instruments; they evolve and develop similar to moving targets. A scholar interested in this field of research may focus either on the establishment of a given instrument or on its use. The question of an instrument’s design relates to the policy transfer literature focusing on how certain policies move from one setting to another. In the context of a policy transfer, actors from the other – ‘receiving’ – institutional setting negotiate and, potentially, contest or reinterpret a policy instrument. The evolution of policy instruments once adopted in a specific institutional context is a second area of interest. The original goals can be diluted throughout the implementation process notably due to tensions between intergovernmental and supranational actors, or sticky institutionalization, which is characterized by path-dependencies. Often the choice of new instruments derives from an inefficiency or loss of credibility of past instruments. This editorial therefore seeks to make a twofold contribution: first it investigates the added-value of a policy instrument approach to the study of migration; second it furthers research on the external dimension of EU migration policy.
Transnational Diffusion or Different Models? Regional Approaches to Migration Governance in the European Union and Mercosur
Authors: Arcarazo Diego Acosta , Geddes Andrew
Published: February 2014

Abstract

This article compares the regional governance of migration in Europe and South America to show significant variation in approaches. Regional migration governance can transcend the historical and political embeddedness of member state approaches to migration while also providing a context within which the meaning of neo-liberalism is constructed and contested. On this basis, eu and Mercosur provide new settings within which responses to migration are re-thought and within which new approaches have developed, but we find little evidence of the transnational diffusion of policy instruments between the two regions. Indeed, in South America, the regional governance of migration has in part developed in conscious contrast to the eu’s approach.
The Semantics of Fire in the Targumim
Authors: Litke Andrew W.
Published: February 2014

‭Aramaic has two words for fire: nūr and ʾiššā. Utilizing the targumim as a corpus and qualia roles for classification, this paper presents a clearer understanding of the lexical meaning for the two words. In the earliest targumim, ʾiššā is a natural kind governed by a sacred agent. The word nūr, however, is an artifactual kind with a profane agent and an explicit purpose. Since the two words share the same Formal Role (same physical substance), there is a degree of overlap which led at first to their interchangeability and later to the predominance of nūr.‬
The Dialectology of Late Jewish Literary Aramaic
Authors: Kaufman Stephen A.
Published: February 2014

‭This study attempts to disambiguate the various subdialect groups within the corpus of late Targum and Targum-like texts grouped together under the rubric of Late Jewish Literary Aramaic (LJLA) in the database of the online Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project. The relationship with the Syriac lexicon was tested separately for each text in the group. The result shows five distinct groups within the larger corpus ranging from texts ‘translated’ from Syriac to texts showing little contact at all with native Aramaic traditions. A particularly surprising result was that Targum Sheni appears to belong to the core group of LJLA texts.‬
A Targumic Interpretation in the Mishnah? Or a Case of Mistaken Identity?
Authors: Hayward Robert
Published: February 2014

‭Interpretations of Exod. 17.11 and Num. 21.9 juxtaposed in Mishnah Rosh Ha-Shanah 3.8 bear strong resemblances to the Fragment Targum of these verses, while exhibiting certain marked differences. The Mekhilta also juxtaposes these verses using language close to that of mRH 3.6 without, however, employing terminology common to Targum and Mishnah. The same verses are explicated in tandem by the early Christian writers ‘Barnabas’ and Justin Martyr. The article explores pre-Christian interpretations of these verses and examines the wording of the Mishnah and the Targum, concluding that these texts can be regarded as extended ‘conversations’ between exegetes of different persuasions.‬
‘States not Governments’: Reforming Britain’s Practice on Diplomatic Recognition, 1973-1980
Authors: Young John W.
Published: February 2014

Summary

The subject of recognition is basic to the way in which relations are conducted between states: they cannot easily communicate if they do not recognize one another’s existence. The question is also a difficult one in international law because, in practice, governments often adopt a pragmatic approach when specific instances of recognition arise. One important difference in practice was between countries — including Britain until 1980 — that extended recognition to particular governments and those that focused simply on the recognition of states. However, in April 1980, Britain’s Foreign Secretary, Lord Carrington, announced a change in practice, so that London would ‘recognize States in accordance with common international doctrine’. This announcement followed years of discussion within the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, a discussion that was influenced by complex legal considerations over recognition and by membership of the European Community. This article investigates how and why such a change in British practice on recognition came about, showing that the British also gave consideration to a compromise solution, which would have involved tacit recognition of new governments, short of dispensing with such recognition altogether.
Vestures or Warts - Proposed Terminology
Authors: Ohtani J. , Meylan B. A. , Butterfield B. G.
Published: February 2014

There appears to be no difference between vestures and warts in morphology, origins or chemical composition. It is suggested therefore that the terms warts and warty layer should be abandoned and replaced by the terms vestures and vestured layer.
The Effects of Some Internal and External Factors on Growth Rate of Lovoa Trichilioides Deduced from its Wood Anatomy
Authors: Akachuku A. E.
Published: February 2014

In Lovoa trichilioides Harms (African Walnut) trees grown in the Nigerian swampy lowland rainforest, the growth rings are clearly visible and annual; the termination of each ring can be distinguished by a zone of thicker walled fibres and a narrow band of parenchymatous cells. The areas of the growth rings were computed from the ring widths and the radius of the pith of each disc. Variation in ring width between the sample plots was not significant. Between-tree variation in ring width within the sample plots was very highly significant with a variance component (V.C.) of 6.1 per cent. It is likely that part of the between-tree variation was genetic because the trees within plots were of the same age, planted at the same spacing and grown under uniform environment. The effect of distance above the ground on ring width was significant with a V.C. of 3.6 per cent. The average width of the outer five growth rings increased steadily up the tree from 3.4 to 4.7 mm. The effect of the interaction of trees and distances above the ground was very highly significant; V.C. = 14.2 per cent. The effect of cardinal direction on ring width was not significant. The age effect on ring width was very highly significant; V.C. = 40.0 per cent. Ring width decreased considerably with age from 13.2 mm in the first year to 1.5 mm in the 11 th year. Regression analysis showed that up to 91 per cent of the variation in ring width was determined by corresponding variation in age. The interaction effect of trees and ages was very highly significant; V.C. = 8.1 per cent. Ring area increased with age up to a point and then decreased steadily with age. For the quadratic model, up {o 96 per cent of the variation in ring area was explained by variation in age. Ring width and ring area were neither strongly related to crown diameter nor crown per cent.
Growth Eccentricity in the Branchwood of Kigelia Pinnata (Jacq.) Dc.
Authors: Patel J.D. , Menon A.R.S. , Reghu C.P.
Published: February 2014

Growth eccentricity in relation to length and specimen angle has been investigated in branchwood of Kigelia pinnata (Jacq.) DC. (Bignoniaceae). Radial growth promotion is towards the upper side of the branch near its base, but it gradually diminishes towards its distal end. The eccentricity of the branches is also found to be directly related to specimen angle, and it decreases with increasing specimen angle.
Perforation Plate Strucrure in Comptonia Peregrina (Myricaceae)
Authors: Muhammad A. F.
Published: February 2014

The sequential development of vessel elements in the primary and secondary xylem of Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult. was studied. Scalariform, transitional, simple and scalaroid perforation plates were common in this species. The structural variation of these plates was interpreted on the basis of some developmental factors such as: I) width of the ceJl face and the distance between helical gyres; 2) type and distribution of secondary wall material in the form of strand, sheet or both; 3) localised and differential deposition of wall material and bar breakdown. These factors may work alone or in combination to determine the perforation plate structure.
The Ultrastructure of Crystalliferous Cells in Some Lecythidaceae With a Discussion of Their Terminology
Authors: Parameswaran N. , Richter H.-G.
Published: February 2014

On the basis of a light microscopic c1assification of the genera of the Lecythidaceae according to the presence of crystalliferous cells in the axial wood parenchyma an attempt was made to characterise these cells at the fine structurallevel. Electron microscopic studies of the genera Allantoma, Grias and Gustavia revealed normal cross walls, as well as septumIike walls separating the individual crystal-containing units in the axial parenchyma strand. Based on these findings the terminology of the crystalliferous cells per se is discussed at some length.
Wavy Grain in Grewia Tiliifolia Vahl
Authors: Bhat K. V. , Bhat K.M.
Published: February 2014

Wavy grain in Grewia tiliifolia is found to be associated with patches of abnormal parenchymatous (callus) tissue. Insect injury is evidenced to induce the formation of such wound healing tissue which is overgrown subsequently. This tissue causes deviation of grain around it. Its surface irregularities lead to the formation of grooves and ridges on the tangential surface. During recovery of normal wood structure in successive layers some abnormalities in the morphology of rays are observed. These are found to be the transitional stages which ultimately give rise to normal rays.
Structure of the Vessel-Parenchyma Pit Membrane in Some Species of Lauraceae
Authors: Castro María Agueda
Published: February 2014

The structure of the vessel-parenchyma pit membranes in the secondary xylem of seven species of Lauraceae has been studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Modified Scalariform and Reticulate Perforation Plates in Species of Euodia (Rutaceae)
Authors: Sharma Babu Lal , Rao R. Vijendra , Bisen S. S. , Dayal R.
Published: February 2014

Although there have been some reports of occurrence of scalariform and modified scalariform types of perforation in vessels of some members of the Rutaceae, no such observation has so far been made in the woods of Euodia species. In two species, E. elleryana and E. lunuankenda, besides the scalariform type, irregular and regular reticulate types of perforation have been observed. Additionally, silica bodies have also been noticed in vessels, fibres and axial parenchyma.
Wound Effects on Cytodifferentiation in Hardwood Xylem
Authors: Kuroda Keiko , Shimaji Ken
Published: February 2014

The wound effects on cytodifferentiation in hardwood xylem were studied by means of periodical observation of wound tissue formation after a pin insertion into the stem of poplar. The mitotic reactivation of ray parenchyma cells was similar to that in conifers. These ray cell derivatives easily invaded other cells creating the impression of septate fibres. Conspicuous abnormalities were found in the differentiation of those fusiform cells which were situated in the zone of xylem mother cells at the time of wounding and those originating from cambial initials for several days after wounding. In the former zone, fusiform cells were prevented from differentiating into vessel elements after dividing transversely several times in the zone adjacent to the injury ; fusiform cells in the area extending several millimetres longitudinally were variously modified morphologically after the frequent transverse divisions in the xylem mother cell zone: they showed various transitional patterns from vessel element-like through tracheid-like, and axial parenchyma-cell-like to fibre-like. These observations suggest that the direction of cytodifferentiation is determined in the cambial initials or the neighbouring xylem mother cells, and is controlled by certain substances, which may change in concentration through the wounding stimulus, bringing about the modification in cytodifferentiation. Wound reaction of hardwood (i .e., woody dicotyledons) was thus completely different from the regeneration of vascular system in injured herbaceous dicotyledons.
Xylem Structure and Cambial Activity in Prosopis Flexuosa DC.
Authors: Villalba Ricardo
Published: February 2014

A description of the wood structure of Prosopis flexuosa DC. (Legum.) is given. It is semiring-porous, shows pores solitary, in multiples and in clusters; small to large-sized vessels with simple perforation plates, and thick vessel walls. Rays multiseriate and homogeneous. Paratracheal axial parenchyma and libriform fibres. The hydraulic tissue seems well adapted to very low rainfall and prolonged dry periods.
A Critical Review of the Iawa Standard List of Characters Formatted for the Ident Programs
Authors: Wheeler E. A. , Pearson R. G.
Published: February 2014

This paper critiques the IAWA's 'Standard List of Characters Suitable for Computerized Hardwood Identification.' The IAWA list was designed to fit a series of programs developed by Morse in the early 1970's and has the same number of characters originally used by Morse. Some of these characters are not essential for wood identification and it is suggested that the list be shortened to save storage space and be less formidable to potential users. The original IAWA list does not permit effective use of most existing data from multiple entry keys. Also, the 'best way' to measure quantitative features needs further consideration. It would be advantageous to group the descriptors by anatomical feature, rather than by 'character type'. A revised datasheet with a reduced number of features and showing such an arrangement is presented. The advisability of relying on a single list is discussed, and it is suggested that separate lists with features useful for particular groups, e.g. Eucalypts and Legumes, be created.
Hydraulic Conductivity in Trunk Xylem of Elm, Ulmus Americana
Authors: Ellmore George S. , Ewers Frank W.
Published: February 2014

The notion that most xylem transport in stems of ring-porous trees occurs in the outermost growth ring requires experimental support. Significance of this ring is challenged by workers who find tracer dyes appearing in 4 to 8 growth rings rather than in only the outermost increment. We test the hypothesis that the outermost growth ring is of overriding significance in fluid transport through stems of Ulmus, a ring-porous tree. Fluid flow through the outermost ring was quantified by removing that ring, calculating gravity flow rates (hydraulic conductivity at 10.13 kPa m-1 ), and by tracing the transport pathway through control and experimental stem segments. From measurements corroborating theoretical calculations based on Poiseuille's law, over 90% of fluid flow through the stem occurs through the outermost ring. Remaining rings combine to account for less than 10% of xylem transport. As a result of dependence upon transport in the most superficial xylem, ring-porous trees such as elm, oak, ash, and chestnut are particularly susceptible to xylem pathogens entering from the bark.
Cambial Activity of Evergreen and Seasonal Dimorphics Around the Mediterranean
Authors: Liphschitz Nili , Lev-Yadun Simcha
Published: February 2014

The annual rhythm of cambial activity in various Mediterranean evergreens and seasonal dimorphics is compared on the basis of a literature survey. Two main rhythms of activity can be distinguished:
Double-Staining to Improve Visualisation of Wood Decay Hyphae in Wood Sections
Authors: Krahmer R. L. , Morrell J. J. , Choi A.
Published: February 2014

Combining fluorescent-labeled wheat germ agglutinin (a chitin-specific lectin) with conventional histological stains offers a simple, efficient method for studying fungal hyphae in deteriorating wood. Cell walls stain dark red with safranin 0, providing excellent contrast for the green-fluorescing hyphae. Staining sections with brilliant vital red markedly enhances the visibility of fungal bore holes.
Wood Anatomy of Trees and Shrubs from China. I. Oleaceae
Authors: Baas Pieter , Xinying Zhang
Published: February 2014

The wood anatomy of 34 species belonging to nine genera of Oleaceae, native or commonly cultivated in China, is described in detail, and a key to the identification of the genera is given. The diversity in wood structure supports the grouping of genera as based on a worldwide wood anatomical survey of the family by Esser and Van der Westen (1983) and Esser et al. (in preparation). Characters to separate these groups are type of imperforate tracheary elements (libriform fibres or fibre-tracheids), vessel distribution and grouping (mainly solitary or mainly in multiples; in an oblique to dendritic pattern or not), presence or absence of vascular tracheids, presence or absence of parenchyma bands (mostly marginal), and vessel wall sculpturing and intervessel pit size.
Structural Changes on Charring Woods of Dichrostachys and Salix from Southern Africa: The Effect of Moisture Content
Authors: Prior Juliet , Alvin K. L.
Published: February 2014

Air-dried and saturated cubes of fully developed wood of Dichrostachys cinerea (Leguminosae) and Salix subserrata (Salicaceae) were charred for 60 minutes at 400°C. An initial increase in moisture content caused few structural alterations in Salix but in Dichrostachys it resulted in considerable ray distension and massive deformation of non-gelatinous fibres. An attempt is made to correlate these observations with the physical and chemical changes known to occur during wood pyrolysis.
Analysis of Tree Ring Data Using the Kalman Filter Technique
Authors: Visser Hans
Published: February 2014

A statistical mcthod is presented to filter the influence of weather variations out of a tree ring chronology. The Kaiman filter technique is introduced to estimate a multiple regression model with stochastically fluctuating weather parameters. It cnables the detection of any change in response of trees to weather. The method is in two ways an improvement upon the frequentIy used method of response functions: I) it is not necessary to assume constant model parameters, and 2) the estimation process is not based on the fitting but on the forecast performance of the model.
Technological Properties of Wood from Trees in Polluted Regions
Authors: Frühwald A.
Published: February 2014

Wood quality from about 230 healthy and diseased fir, spruce, pine and beech trees from various locations in West Germany was tested. In general results are satisfactory for mechanical wood properties, but some physical, chemical and biological indicators lead to the conclusion that logs from heavily diseased trees may be attacked a !ittle earlier and faster by microorganisms during storage. Width of growth rings is reduced in severely damaged softwood trees on most locations whereas beech shows no significant reduction. Declining health of the trees had no or little influence on wood density; the modulus of elasticity and strength were at normal levels and independent of tree damage. Width and moisture content of sapwood were reduced little in pines but more in spruce and fir. A tendency to a more intensely developed irregular brown heartwood in severeIy damaged beech trees could not be proved until now. Storage of spruce in a log yard for four months has shown a slightly faster development of discoloration caused by fungi in diseased trees whereas after seven months wood from healthy trees was more discoloured. After storage strength properties are not or only slightly reduced, but no difference was found between trees assigned to the various health classes. After two years of storage under sprinkling water, pine logs from healthy and diseased trees show no difference in discoloration.
Investigations on the Storage Behaviour of Roundwood from Healthy and Diseased Beeches
Authors: von Aufsess H. , Schulz H.
Published: February 2014

Healthy and variously diseased beeches were felled in March 1985 and were stored, with bark, on supports during the summer months in order to study any effects of disease on storage behaviour. By repeatedly taking disks from stored logs, visible storage defects were registered, moisture content of the wood was determined, and the wood inhabiting microflora was studied by systematic isolation from the wood. Two to three months after felling insignificant brown stained zones appeared in the uppermost sapwood and some minute brown specks were distributed over the entire cross section, which tended to spread over large areas during the storage period. Finally, white rot fungi occasionally destroyed smaller or larger zones between the discoloured brown ones, in initially healthy beeches just as much as in damaged ones. W ood staining microorganisms can only partly be made responsible for these considerable discolorations. Although blue staining fungi had occupied an important position in all logs under study, fungal hyphae were only rareIy found in the dark brown zones even in advanced stages. Here only a profuse formation of tyloses and an increase as weil as oxydative dark staining of the parenchyma cell contents was noticed.
Seasonal Production of Secondary Xylem in the Twigs of Certain Tropical Trees
Authors: Venugopal N. , Krishnamurthy K. V.
Published: February 2014

Secondary xylem production in four deciduous (Albizzia lebbeck, Dalbergia sissoo, Tectona grandis, Terminalia crenulata) and three evergreen trees (Calophyllum inophyllum, Mangifera indica, Morinda tinctoria) is briefly described. The total duration of xylem production in a year has been analysed. In three of the four deciduous trees there were two periods of xylem production in correspondence with the presence of two flushes of cambial activity and sprouting of new vegetative buds and foliage formation . In Tectona grandis and in all the three evergreen species studied there was only one period of xylem production. Periodicity in the production of different components of xylem tissue as well as the difference in the dimensions of the different xylem elements produced during each flush of cambial activity resulted in detectable growth ring boundaries within the xylem. Conspicuous changes were found in the starch and crystal contents of xylem cells adjacent to the cambial zone during the initiation and cessation of cambial activity .
Wood Anatomy of Pelargonium (Geraniaceae)
Authors: van der Walt J. J. A. , Werker E. , Fahn A.
Published: February 2014

The wood anatomy of 12 species of Pelargonium, nine of the section Pelargonium and three re1atively woody species of three other sections, is compared.
Traumatic Gum-Resin Cavities in the Stem of Ailanthus Excelsa Roxb.
Authors: Babu A.M. , Nair G.M. , Shah J.J.
Published: February 2014

Traumatic gum-resin cavities develop in the secondary xylem of the stem of Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. in response to fungal infection and ethephon treatment. After infection or ethephon treatment, traumatic parenchyma in several cell layers develops instead of normal secondary xylem elements. It consists of unlignified axial and ray parenchyma cells. Vessels and fibres are absent. Gum-resin cavities in one or two tangential rows develop in this tissue by the lysis of its axial parenchyma cells. The cavities are bordered by an epithelium. A few layers of traumatic parenchyma cells adjacent to the epithelial cens become meristematic and appear cambiform. The epithelial cells undergo lysis and they evidently contribute to gum-resin formation. As the lysis of epithelial cens proceeds, the adjacent cambiform cens divide to form additional epithelial cells. The process continues for some time and eventually an the axial cells of the traumatic parenchyma break down forming a tangentially anastomosing network of cavities. The cavities do not traverse the ray cells, and the multiseriate rays remain intact like bridges amidst the ramifying cavities.
Raw Material Quality of Short-Rotation, Intensively Cultured Populus Clones. II. Wood and Bark from First-Rotation Stems and Stems Grown from Coppice
Authors: Phelps J.E. , Isebrands J.G. , Teclaw R.M.
Published: February 2014

The coppicing ability of Populus hybrid clones after dormant season harvesting is weil suited to a short-rotation, intensively cultured (SRIC) growth system. stems formed from coppice exhibit a greater amount of growth than first-rotation trees during the juvenile stage. This research examines and compares properties, including specific gravity and fibre length of the wood and bark, of 3-year-old firstrotation stems (from cuttings) and 3-year-old coppiced stems of three hybrid Populus clones grown und er SRIC. Trees produced from coppiced stumps were 1.5 to 2.5 times larger (in height and diameter at the base) than first-rotation trees after 3 years of growth. Some of the wood properties of the first-rotation trees differed from those of the coppiced trees. For example, wood specific gravity was higher and wood fibres were longer in the sampies removed from the basal portion of the first-rotation trees. Although significant, these differences were small and not important from an industrial standpoint. The increase in woody biom ass after coppicing is likely to be more important to industry than any decreases in wood properties expected during short-rotation, intensive culture of Populus trees.
Morphology of the Vessel Elements in the Secondary Xylem of the Myristicaceae from Brazilian Amazonia
Authors: Lisboa Pedro L. B. , da Silva J. Cesar A. , Loureiro A. A. , dos Santos Gracielza M. dos A.
Published: February 2014

A morphological study of vessel elements was carried out in species representing the five genera of Myristicaceae present in the Brazilian Amazon region. The results show that perforation plates of the scalariform type predominate in Compsoneura, Iryanthera and Otoba, where as perforation plates of the simple type predominate in Osteophloeum and Virola. The phylogenetic and taxonomie implications of these findings are discussed.
Ecological Trends in the Wood Anatomy of Trees, Shrubs and Climbers from Europe
Authors: Baas Pieter , Schweingruber Fritz H.
Published: February 2014

Ecological trends for occurrence of certain vessel, tracheid and fibre characteristics. have been analysed for 505 species (belonging to 221 genera and 71 families) from Europe, Cyprus, and Madeira. Macroclimatic gradients from boreal, via temperate to mediterranean are strongly related with a decreasing incidence of scalariform perforations, (almost) exclusively solitary vessels, and fibre-tracheids (i. e., fibres with distinctly bordered pits). In this sequence the incidence of different vessel size classes (vessel dimorphism) and vascular tracheids increases. Ring-porous tendencies and spiral vessei thickenings have their peaks in the temperate zone. The subtropical flora of Madeira shows low values for the percentage of species with any of the above attributes.
Anatomy of Collapse in Eucalyptus Species
Authors: Wilkes J. , Wilkins A.P.
Published: February 2014

Scanning electron microscopy was employed to examine the anatomy of collapse in Eucalyptus bancroftii, E. macrorhyncha, E. nitens, E. oreades, and E. pilularis. Collapse appeared to be restricted to fibres, although other cell types sometimes distorted in response to the stresses developed. The propensity for individual fibres to collapse was not always related to the ratio of wall thickness to lumen diameter, and a complex of factors, e.g. proximity to other cell types, may be involved. Collapse, which was most prevalent in the tangential direction, was rarely accompanied by detectable damage to the wall structure, suggesting that the strength of affected timber should not be seriously diminished.
Wood Anatomy of Papaveraceae, with Comments on Vessel Restriction Patterns
Authors: Carlquist Sherwin , Zona Scott
Published: February 2014

Qualitative and quantitative features are reported for Bocconia, Dendromecon, Dicentra, Hunnemannia, and Romneya. Bocconia differs from the other genera by its wide vessels, few per group, and few per mm2; it shows paedomorphosis in vessel element length and ray histology. In respects other than these, it agrees with features common to woody Papaveraceae; these features in turn occur in families of Papaverales (Berberidaceae, Lardizabalaceae, Ranunculaceae): vessels in diagonal groups; presence of both libriform fibres and vasicentric tracheids; nucleated nature of libriform fibres; rays almost exclusively multiseriate; rays wide, tall, and composed mostly of procumbent cells; wood storied to various degrees. Additional features show resemblance between one or more genera of Papaveraceae and other families of Papaverales. Bocconia is distinctive among Papaveraceae in its relatively mesomorphic wood, which may in part be explainable on the basis of stern succulence. The occurrence of avessei restriction pattern - vessels in the centre of fascicular areas (axial portions of secondary xylem between rays) not in contact with rays - in Dicentra and Hunnemannia is like that of other genera of Papaverales such as Nandina. An explanation for the significance of vessel restriction, involving genera other than those of Papaverales (Launea, Valeriana), is attempted.
Perforation Plates in Vessels of Citharexylum Myrianthum Cham. (Verbenaceae)
Authors: Vidal Gomes A. , Lopes Teixeira L. , Gomes Schaitza E. , Hofmeister R. M.
Published: February 2014

An unusual type of perforation plate is reported for Citharexylum myrianthum (Verbenaceae). It is a multiple perforation variant with a radiating pattern of wall material from a thickened central portion. In C. myrianthum it occurs together with simple and foraminatereticulate perforatio n plates; four types of combination perforation plates are also reported.
Definition of Latewood According to Mork (1928)
Authors: Denne M.P.
Published: February 2014

The definition of latewood proposed by Mork (1928) is discussed and quoted in full since it has been interpreted in two ways by subsequent authors. Some examples are given to illustrate differences in percentage latewood calculated according to the two versions of Mork's formula.
Fibre Length Variation in Stem and Branches of Eleven Tropical Hardwoods
Authors: Bhat K. M. , Bhat K. V. , Dhamodaran T. K.
Published: February 2014

Variation in fibre length within the tree, including branches, has been studied in eleven tropical Indian hardwoods growing in Kerala. Branch fibres were significantly shorter than stem fibres. Cashew had the shortest fibres (900/μm) and dillenia had the longest fibres (> 1600/μm) while the remaining woods had medium-length fibres (900-1600/μm). The most common pattern of radial variation was an initial increase in fibre length which reached a maximum and then decreased toward the bark. However, the radial pattern of variation often differed not only between species but also between levels within the tree of certain species. Fibre length followed a nearly linear increase in branches from the pith to the bark indicating juvenile growth. In the axial direction mean fibre length decreased from the base of the stem or branch to 50% and 75% of the stem or branch length.
Wood and Bark Anatomy of Lauraceae III. Aspidostemon Rohwer ' Richter
Authors: Richter H. G.
Published: February 2014

A group of Madagascan species hitherto ascribed to the genus Cryptocarya is segregated on account of its widely differing morphology and anatomy of wood and bark. The new genus, Aspidostemon Rohwer ' Richter, constitutes a small and very homogeneous taxon, and its wood and bark characteristics are described in detail. Aspidostemon contrasts Cryptocarya proper in nearly all qualitative and quantitative features to a high degree. This does not only justify its segregation from, but also precludes any close relationship with Cryptocarya. In order to properly accommodate Aspidostemon in the framework of lauraceous taxonomy, additional evidence from other botanical disciplines is required.
Torus Structure and Development in the Woods of Ulmus Alata Michx., Celtis Laevigata Willd., and Celtis Occidentalis L.
Authors: Dute Roland R. , Rushing Ann E.
Published: February 2014

Pit membranes between tracheary elements of Ulmus alata, Celtis laevigata, and Celtis occidentalis often contained tori. The degree of development of tori varied and was greatest in those membranes connecting elements of small diameter. Complete tori consisted of two wall thickenings adjoined by a central layer. In three dimensions the shape of the torus often approximated a grooved wheel. Initiation of thickening in the pit membrane occurred first on the side of the older cell and was well underway prior to the beginning of secondary wall synthesis. Torus formation resulted from the thickening of the primary walls of the pit membrane. Development of the torus was associated with membranous vesicles and cisternae but not with microtubule complexes as was reported in Osmanthus. The pit membranes in this study are capable of aspiration, and the tori may prevent rupture of the pit membrane during this process.
Hyperhydric Tissue Formation in Flooded Populus Tremuloides Seedlings
Authors: Angeles Guillermo
Published: February 2014

Formation and development of hyperhydric tissue (HHT) were investigated morphologically and anatomically in Populus tremuloides seedlings flooded for 5, 9, 15,22,30, 45, and 80 days. HHT was initiated after 5 days of flooding (DF) by swelling of the filling tissue of lenticels, probably by water intake. At the same time, cell division was initiated in the phellogen and phelloderm of lenticels. Repeated divisions'of the phellogen of flooded lenticels produced long files of cells that pushed the filling tissue outwards. After 9 DF the activity of the phellogen extended beyond the lenticels. When large, extensive areas of phellogen were involved, HHT formed patches of short tissue covering most of the stem surface. When the activity of the phellogen was restricted to a small area, long columns of HHT were produced instead. In one case, in a stem flooded for 80 days, the formation of a new phellogen immediately below the old one was observed. Cells produced centrifugally by the active phellogen of flooded seedlings were thinwalled, not suberised, without nuclei, radially elongated or with irregular shape, firmly connected by their tangential walls, but with only a few points of contact with neighbouring cells by their radial walls, mainly by knoblike projections. After 22 DF the cortical parenchyma and rays of the secondary phloem started to take part in HHT formation, producing new, larger cells, rich in starch grains, with large aerenchyma spaces that greatly increased bark thickness and porosity.
Nondispersive Protein Bodies in Sieve Elements: A Survey and Review of their Origin, Distribution and Taxonomic Significance
Authors: Behnke H.-Dietmar
Published: February 2014

Nondispersive protein bodies present in the sieve elements in addition to dispersive P-protein are characteristic features of many woody dicotyledons; their origin may be nuclear or cytoplasmic. While nuclear nondispersive protein bodies are found in only two families, the Boraginaceae and Myristicaceae, bodies of cytoplasmic origin are present in 39 of the more than 350 families screened. These results were obtained from 228 dicotyledons studied with the electron microscope and data of additional species from the literature. The terminology, origin, form and distribution of nondispersive protein bodies are discussed. Their ultrastructural composition is described as being predominantly spindle-shaped, compound- spherical, rod-shaped and rosette-like. Based on the data accumulated from over 450 species (of about 3000 screened) it is evident that their taxonomic range is confined to a few dicotyledon superorders. Compound-spherical nondispersive protein bodies are characteristic of most of the Malvanae/Violanae; spindle-shaped forms are restricted to the Fabaceae (Rutanae). Rosanae-Proteanae-Myrtanae and the Magnolianae are the only other superorders that contain nondispersive protein bodies in several of their families. Evolutionary trends and possible taxonomic consequences implied in this distribution are discussed.
Terminology Used in Bark Anatomy: Additions and Comments
Authors: Lev-Yadun Simcha
Published: February 2014

Some additions, modifications and deletions to the terminology used in bark anatomy are suggested. The anatomical and developmental basis for these suggestions is briefly described.
Structural Differences of Tyloses in Fraxinus Mandshurica Var. Japonica and Kalopanax Pictus
Authors: Sano Yuzou , Fukazawa Kazumi
Published: February 2014

This study reports on the occurrence and structure of tyloses in Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var. japonica Maxim. and Kalopanax pictus Nakai. Tyloses occurred in the outer sapwood of both species, but they showed great structural differences. Tyloses of F. mandshurica var. japonica were unique in their morphology and fine structure: thinwalled, highly lignified, multi-Iamellate, lacking parallel arrangement of microfibrils and intercellular layers; they are destroyed simultaneously with the transition from sapwood to heartwood. On the other hand, in K. pictus the cell wall organisation of tyloses was similar to those of anormal cell wall; both primary and secondary walllayers, and intercellular layers were found, and the tyloses tightly occluded vessels in both the sapwood and heartwood.
Wood Anatomy of the Stalactite-Like Branches of Ginkgo
Authors: Zhengli Li , Jinxing Lin
Published: February 2014

The morphology and anatomy of stalactite· like branches occurring on old trees of Ginkgo biloba are described. The external morphology and structure of the bark are similar to that of normal branches. However, the growth rings are usually narrower than normal ones. The central portion contains many dark-coloured pith-flecks. Among the axial tracheids there are some zones of irregularly oriented tracheids and in some places the tracheids are arranged in whirls with tortuous rays among them. In the tracheids, 2-4-seriate bordered pits occur in the radial walls. Druse crystals are common.
Radial Variation and Growth Rate in the Length of the Axial Elements Of Sessile Oak Wood
Authors: Helińska-Raczkowska Lidia , Fabisiak Ewa
Published: February 2014

Radial variability of the axial element length in oak-wood is most prominent in the juvenile wood which inc1udes approximately 30 annual rings. The length of fibres, tracheids and vessel elements increases from the pith outwards according to a second degree curve. This dependence is most apparent for wood fibres, whereas it is the least distinct for vesseI elements. In the mature zone, anatomical elements are, on average, 10 to 20% Ion ger than in juvenile wood. With deteriorating conditions of tree growth, the length of the anatomical elements tends to increase. There is a negative correlation between length of the measured elements and growth ring width; this is most c1early so for fibres. A similar relationship exists between the length of anatomical elements and wood density.
Development and Ultrastructure of Primary Secretory Ducts in the Stem of Semecarpus Anacardium (Anacardiaceae)
Authors: Bhatt J.R. , Mohan Ram B.Y.
Published: February 2014

Development and ultrastructure of primary phloem secretory ducts in the stem of Semecarpus anacardium are described. Ducts are formed schizolysigenously in the phloic procambium of the young stem just below the shoot apex. The cytoplasm of the epithelial cells is rich in osmiophilic material (resin), plastids, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), free ribosomes, polysomes, mitochondria with swollen cristae and golgi bodies. The plastids are of varying shapes, have an electron dense matrix and a poorly developed internal membrane system. They are highly contorted and invariably surrounded by a sheath of RER. Osmiophilic material is frequently observed in the plastid stroma. Epithelial cell cytoplasm and its plastids are the plausible sites of resin formation. The gum component of the secretion may be derived from the inner tangential wall (ITW). The secretory substances reach the apoplast principally by granulocrine and eccrine secretion. Epithelial cells are linked with each other and with the neighbouring cells by numerous plasmodesmatal connections. Some epithelial cells undergo lysis while others retain their secretory function.
The Periderm of Flooded and Non·Flooded Ludwigia Octovalvis (Onagraceae)
Authors: Angeles Guillermo
Published: February 2014

The periderm of Ludwigia octovalvis swells readilly when immersed in water. In non-flooded individuals the periderm is very compact, composed of typical brick-shaped, thick-walled phellem cells, without intercellular spaces, and a maximal radial length of 40 µm. The periderm of flooded individuals is very loose, with sausage-shaped, thin-walled phellem cells .reaching a maximum length of 280 µm and with long intercellular spaces between them. Phellem cells of flooded plants showed elongation very early in their differentiation from phellogen cells, forming slight protuberances which increased in size with increasing distance from the phellogen. The protuberances grew predominantly in the radial direction, centrifugally. Phellem cells of flooded plants just differentiated from the phellogen had dense cytoplasm and rounded nuclei with a more or less central position; those further away from the phellogen showed sparse cytoplasm and their nuclei were pulled towards either tip of the cells or laid against the cell walls.
Anatomy and Ultrastructure of Pith Fleck-Like Tissues in Some Rosaceae Tree Species
Authors: Rioux Danny
Published: February 2014

Unusual xylem tissues were found in Amelanchier laevis, Prunus pensylvanica, P. virginiana, Sorbus americana and S. aucuparia. These zones of abnormal xylem were composed of hypertrophied cells and bands that apparently comprised collapsed cells. The hypertrophied cells appeared to occupy gaps that began to form in the cambial zone. Histochemical tests indicated that the bands were highly lignified and impermeable to an aqueous solution of KMnO4, as revealed by fluorescence. Transmission electron microscope examination disclosed clearly that the bands were composed of collapsed cells and showed that the hypertrophied cells had thicker walls which contained, at times, additional layers. Although the cause of this tissue formation is unknown, its anatomy is quite similar to pith fleck tissues reported by others as being caused by cambium mining insects.
Annual Ring Characteristics of Pinus Taeda Measured by Ultrasonic and X-Ray Techniques
Authors: Bucur V. , Herbé C. , Nosei G.
Published: February 2014

X-ray microdensitometry and ultrasonic velocity were used to study radial variation of selected physical properties in wood of Pinus taeda. The analysed physical properties were earlywood and latewood density and stiffnesses in longitudinal and tangential anisotropic directions, calculated as the square of velocity multiplied by density. X-ray microdensitometry was used to measure earlywood and latewood density. Ultrasonic direct transmission velocity was used to measure velocity in longitudinal and tangential directions, in earlywood and latewood, in each ring.