bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement and Determinants of Inclusive Growth: A Case Study of Pakistan (1990-2012)
Authors: Azra Khan  , Gulzar Khan  , Sadia Safdar  , Sehar Munir  , Zubaria Andleeb
Published: September 2018

Equality of opportunity is the core of inclusive growth, and the inclusive growth emphasises to create employment and other development opportunities through rapid and sustained economic growth, and to promote social justice and the equality of sharing of growth results by reducing and eliminating inequality of opportunity. The main objective of the study is to measure the inclusive growth first and then empirically examine its determinants. To measure the inclusive growth, we use the methodology developed by Asian Development Bank using weights and scores of different indicators. We develop a unified measure of inclusive growth, which integrates growth, inequality, accessibility and governance into one single measure. Results show that Pakistan is at satisfactory performance level with respect to its performance in growth inclusiveness. Further results of ARDL show that macroeconomic stability and social financial deepening are important determinants to enhance the inclusiveness, and reduce poverty and inequality, while reforms in trade sector are required to increase their efficiency in terms of inclusiveness. JEL Classification: O4 Keywords: Inclusive Growth, Poverty Reduction, Income Inequality, Equity, Accessibility, Social Protection
Social Capital Household Welfare and Poverty: Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Nuzhat Ahmad  , Mahpara Sadaqa
Published: September 2018

The research addresses the missing link between social capital and analyses of household welfare and poverty. First the relationship between social capital and household welfare is analysed using a social capital index and a heterogeneity index. The social capital index is calculated using different dimensions: density of membership, attendance at meetings, cash and kind contributions and decision making in local organisations/associations. Heterogeneity index is based on differences in incomes, ethnicity, education and political affiliations in the composition of organisations. Endogeneity of social capital with household expenditure is tested through an Instrumental Variable approach. The relationship between social capital and probability of being poor is analysed through a logit model. The analysis uses data collected form 1050 households in and around the cities of Karachi, Lahore and Quetta. The main results indicate that social capital (however measured) has a positive impact on the welfare of the household. The study concludes that social capital and human capital have the same returns. A powerful result of the research is that households with social capital at their disposal are likely to be less poor and that poverty is less when households share risks though building associations and through collective action. The research has some policy implications which can be useful in building up social capital in the country.
The Utilisation of Education and Skills: Non-Pecuniary Consequences Among Graduates
Authors: Shujaat Farooq
Published: September 2018

In this study, an attempt has been made to estimate the incidences of the job mismatch and its determinants in Pakistan. This study has divided the job mismatch into three categories: qualification-job mismatch, skill mismatch and field of study mismatch. The primary dataset has been used in which employed graduates of the formal sector have been targeted. The paper has also measured the qualification-job mismatch by three approaches, and found that about one-third of the graduates have been facing qualification-job mismatch. Similarly, more than one-fourth of the graduates are mismatched in skills, about half of them are over-skilled and the rest are under-skilled. The analysis also shows that 11.3 percent of the graduates have irrelevant, and 13.8 percent have slightly relevant jobs to their field of study. The analysis reveals that over-qualified and over-skilled graduates are less satisfied, while under-qualified and under-skilled graduates are more satisfied with their current jobs. A similar situation has been observed in case of the field of study mismatch, where both the moderate and complete fields of study matched graduates are more satisfied than the mismatched ones. The job search behaviour is positively associated with the level of education. Over-qualification has a positive impact, while under-qualification has a negative effect to search for another job. A good match between field of study and current job reduces the likelihood of intention to quit the job. JEL Classification: I23, I24, J21, J24 Keywords: Education and Inequality, Higher Education, Human Capital, Labour Market
Land Use Conflicts in the Developing Countries: Proximate Driving Forces and Preventive Measures
Authors: Habibullah Magsi  , Andre Torre  , Yansui Liu  , M. Javed Sheikh
Published: September 2018

This research aims to analyse land use conflicts mainly caused by infrastructural development projects in the developing countries. For this purpose, qualitative data is gathered which is frequently published on land use conflicts against the development related infrastructure projects in Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and Pakistan. It identifies and defines land use conflicts, their dynamic features and contestations. The results reveal as to how the conflicts have been germinated by the property and human right violators? Further, it also focuses on the governance roles and responsibilities, the institutional inconsistency towards justice, and the local population’s mistrust in the respective case study areas. The analysis concludes with an overview of the root causes and consequences of land use conflicts, by indicating as to how land use decisions for infrastructural settings have changed rural economy, and induced local population to displace and oppose the projects. Finally, the study proposes some preventive measures to manage such conflicts. JEL Classification: D74, O16, H54 Keywords: Conflict, Proximity Relations, Infrastructure, Developing Countries
The Employment Effect of Innovation: Evidence from Bangladesh and Pakistan
Authors: Abdul Waheed '
Published: September 2018

The analysis of the impact of innovation on employment growth is an important topic for policy-makers. Unemployment is an important social topic, and the effects of innovation on employment are often poorly understood. Despite the significance of this relationship, very few studies on this topic are yet available for developing countries compared with the developed ones. This paper contributes to this scant literature by investigating the employment effects of innovation for two South Asian developing countries: Bangladesh and Pakistan. We further analyse whether this relationship shows country-specific and industry-specific differences. Our analysis shows that both product and process innovation spur employment in this region as a whole, in both low-tech and high-tech industries, even after controlling for a number of firm-specific characteristics. Moreover, although both innovation types also have significant, positive impacts on employment growth of all Bangladeshi and of all Pakistani firms separately, they are important factors for employment growth of only high-tech Bangladeshi firms and of only low-tech Pakistani firms. Contrary to most previous studies, we witness an insignificant effect of growth of labour cost on employment growth, perhaps due to the availability of cheaper labour force compared with the developed countries. We notice that some of the innovation determinants exert different influences across industries and across both countries. The same holds true for the determinants of employment growth. JEL Classification: J23, O31, O33 Keywords: Bangladesh, Employment Growth, Pakistan, Product Innovation, Process Innovation
Nadeem Ul Haque. Looking Back: How Pakistan Became an Asian Tiger by 2050. Karachi, Pakistan: Kitab (Pvt.) Limited. 2017. 193 pages. Amazon Kindle edition.
Authors: Idrees Khawaja
Published: September 2018

“Looking Back: How Pakistan Became an Asian Tiger by 2050” is Nadeem Ul Haque’s latest book. The Kindle edition of the book is available from Amazon. The book, while dismissing the notion of ‘development first’, argues for ‘reforming the system first’ to make the ground conducive for sustainable development. The book, written as semifiction, imagines Pakistan as a developed country by year 2050. The United Nations, which sets up a commission in the year 2051 to understand Pakistan’s development model, narrates the development story
Parental Effects on Primary School Enrolment under Different Types of Household Headship: Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Tariq Mahmood  , Najam Us Saqib .  , Muhammad Ali Qasim
Published: September 2018

Previous studies in Pakistan have established the number of pupil, parents, household, and community characteristics as determinants of primary school enrolment. However, treatment of the role of the household power structure in these studies is limited to the inclusion of a single dummy variable for female headship. Present study estimates separate probit regressions for different types of headships, hence allowing for an analysis of the power structure of the household and its impact on other explanatory variables. In addition to confirming the findings of previous studies, this study concludes that mother‘s headship results in greater positive influence of her own education and the economic status of the household on child‘s primary school enrolment. Father‘s headship in this regard has only limited influence. JEL Classification: C25, J16, I21 Keywords: Probit Models, School Enrolment, Gender Issues
Floor Brouwer (ed.) Sustaining Agriculture and the Rural Environment: Governance, Policy and Multifunctionality. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. 2004 (Reprinted 2016). Xi+360 pages. U.K. £98.10 (Hardback).
Authors: Junaid Alam Memon
Published: September 2018

The edited book, “Sustaining Agriculture and the Rural Environment”, is largely a European contribution to the Ecological Economics. It provides a useful review of ‘multifunctionality’ as the central attribute of the European Model of Agriculture (EMA) and its applied value to other developing countries. Brouwer introduces the book (in Chapter 1) with a premise that jointly with food and fibre, the European farmers also produce ‘public goods’ such as landscapes and biodiversity management, cultural heritage, and viable rural communities. He warms up the reader to digest what follows in the book with a quick overview of the market for these positive externalities and strategies for their continuous supply in the European Union’s Common Agriculture Policy. This paves the way for rest of the book, which is organised into four parts and seventeen chapters.
Individual differences play an important role in explaining human sexuality and its impact Upon Ageing Successfully
Authors: Broadway-Horner Matt
Published: September 2018

Exploring the personality types that underpin sexuality preferences seems to be an important aspects when deciding ageing care. The wide variety of sexual preferences needs to be taken into account if we are going to be successful at personalised individual care
GEMİ İNŞA SEKTÖRÜ ÇALIŞANLARININ GÜVENCESİZ /GEÇİCİ ÇALIŞMAYA BAKIŞLARI
Authors: Yılmaz Mevlüt , İLHAN Süleyman
Published: September 2018

Gemi inşa sektöründe güvencesiz/geçici çalışanların anlam dünyalarına
odaklanan bu çalışma, İstanbul/Tuzla Tersaneler Bölgesi’nde taşeron ve gündelik
olarak istihdam edilen 301 tersane çalışanına anket uygulanarak
gerçekleştirilen bir alan araştırmasına dayanmaktadır. Araştırmada
güvencesiz/geçici iş usulünün tersane çalışanları tarafından, günümüz iş
piyasasının temel gerçekliği olarak kabul edildiği ve çalışanların
vasıfsızlıkları/çaresizlikleriyle yakından ilişkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Çalışanlara göre geçici çalışma anlayışı, çalışanların hem iş hem de iş-dışı
yaşamlarını olumsuz etkilemektedir. Geçicilik, bir yandan çalışanların benlik
algıları üzerinde aşındırıcı etkide bulunurken diğer yandan sosyal çevre
tarafından önemsenmeme ve kimi sosyo-ekonomik imkânlardan dışlanmaları gibi
sorunlara yol açmaktadır. Gemi inşa sektöründe çalışanlar medyada, sadece haber
değeri taşıyan ölümlü iş kazaları olduğunda geçici olarak gündem
olabilmektedirler.
MÜLKİYET HAKLARI FELSEFESİ
Authors: AKTAN Coşkun Can
Published: September 2018

Mülkiyet hakları felsefesi, sahiplik ve
mülkiyet meselelerini inceleyen bir alandır. Mülkiyet genel olarak insanın bir
mal üzerinde sahip olma, sahip olduğu malı üzerinde istediği şekilde tasarrufta
bulunabilme, ürünlerinden ya da semerelerinden yararlanma ve bu malı
başkalarına devredebilme haklarını kapsayan bir kavramdır. İktisadi anlamda mülkiyet kavramı iktisadi
kaynakların aidiyetinin, tasarrufunun ve kullanımının düzenlenmesi anlamına
gelir. Hukuki açıdan mülkiyet kavramı ise kullanma, yararlanma, tasarruf gibi
kişisel ve ayni hakların anayasal ve yasal çerçevesini ve sınırlarını ifade eder.
Mülkiyet hakları felsefesi, mülkiyetin meşruiyeti meselesi ile ilgilenir.
Mülkiyet hakları felsefesinde özel mülkiyet hakkının meşru bir hak olup
olmadığı ana tartışma konusudur. Bu kısa çalışmanın amacı mülkiyetin meşruiyeti
konularındaki felsefi görüşleri ve tartışmaları özetlemektir.
TÜRKİYE’DE GENÇ İŞSİZLİĞİ SORUNU VE ALTERNATİF ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ
Authors: TAŞ Hacı Yunus , KÜÇÜKOĞLU Mahmut , DEMİRDÖĞMEZ Mehmet
Published: September 2018

Gelişmiş dünya ülkeleri
ve Türkiye’de istihdam ve işsizlik her zaman önemli bir sorun olmuştur. Bu
alanda en dikkate değer kısmını geleceğimizi şekillendirecek olan genç kesimin
işsizliği oluşturmaktadır. İşsizlik sorununun çözümü ve verimliliğin
artırılmasını hedefleyen eğitim ve özellikle de yükseköğretim sonrasında da
gençler arasında işsizliğin beklene oranların üstünde olması toplumu ve
devletleri ciddi şekilde düşündürmektedir. Bu sorunla yüzleşerek çözüm arayan
hükümet yetkilileri ve bilim adamları her ekonominin ve ülkenin durumuna uygun
alternatif çözümler önerebilmektedirler. 
Bu çalışmada gelişmiş batı ülkelerinin genç işsizliği sorununu önlemeye
yönelik politikaları da dikkate alınarak, Türkiye’nin sosyal ve ekonomik
yapısına uygun, genç işsizliğini önleme amaçlı çeşitli önerilerde
bulunulacaktır. Ayrıca Türkiye’nin temel sektörleri, ekonomik yapısı ve konjonktürel
durumuna uygun her dönemde uygulanması mümkün olan temel istihdam politikaları
değerlendirilerek konu şekillendirilecektir.
Environmental influences on neuroticism in adulthood: A systematic review
Authors: Jeronimus Bertus F. , Riese Harriette , Ormel Johan
Published: September 2018

Behavioral-genetic studies show substantial non-genetic influences on variance of neuroticism within a population. Longitudinal studies show a small but steady drop in test-retest correlations with increasing time intervals. This suggest environmental effects on neuroticism, but a systematic overview of which environmental determinants account for change in neuroticism is lacking. We review (specific or unique) environmental influences that modify the neuroticism setpoint in adulthood and therewith individual life trajectories. Results are interpreted in light of the so-called ‘mixed model’ in which within-person changes in neuroticism are subdivided over short term perturbations around the setpoint of neuroticism versus more persistent changes in the setpoint itself. To account for genetic confounding and shared environmental influences studies of monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs discordant for neuroticism and longitudinal studies that report on environmental factors that predict within-individual change in neuroticism are reviewed. Our results indicate that the neuroticism setpoint is consistently touched by experiences that affect central aspects of one’s identity and status, mainly role transitions as partner (marriage/divorce) and employee (job loss/promotion). Especially interpersonal stress, conflict, and major events that were unpredictable, uncontrollable, unexpected, undesirable, and ‘off time’ from a life history perspective were followed by changes in neuroticism that persisted more than six months, which suggest setpoint change. Most change after severe SLEs persisted over a decade. Long-term and detailed studies are required to elucidate the details of the ‘mixed model’ of change in neuroticism. An understanding of the specifics of the events that lead to persistent changes in neuroticism may enable us to craft prevention strategies to tackle the vulnerability for mental disorders inherent in high neuroticism, rather than to wait for their manifestation.
Technical Notes on Kullback-Leibler Divergence
Authors: Etz Alexander
Published: September 2018

I provide some technical notes regarding the Kullback-Leibler divergence. Derivations of the Kullback-Leibler divergence are provided for Bernoulli, Geometric, Poisson, Exponential, and Normal distributions.
PTSD in Young Banso Widows in Cameroon
Authors: Lange Ruth , Dykeman Cass
Published: September 2018

There are an estimated 250 million widows across the globe, and more than 500,000 of these individuals are projected to reside in Cameroon. Despite these statistics, to date relatively little research about widows in Cameroon has been accomplished. As such, little information is available as to the mental health status of Cameroonian widows. The purpose of the current study was to examine and document post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) levels among young Banso widows in Cameroon. Findings indicated that 86% of the target population possessed PTSD symptoms in moderate to severe range. This level far exceeded a general community sample of Africa women. Select social justice and human rights implications were discussed.
Dental-Implant Retained Mandibular Overdenture: A Case Report
Authors: Gupta Rahul , Singh Raj Kumar , Basnet Bishal Babu
Published: September 2018

The prosthetic management of the patient with resorbed ridge has long been a major challenge for dentistry. Conventional complete denture for long was the standard of care for all such patients. However, most patients find it difficult to adapt to mandibular denture due to lack of retention and stability. Recent scientific studies carried out over the past decade have determined that the benefits of a mandibular two-implant overdenture are sufficient to propose the two-implant overdenture-rather than the conventional denture - as the first treatment option. BJHS 2018;3(2)6:488-491.
Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome in a Young Patient: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Agrawal Yamuna , Shah Rajan , Joshi Brikh Raj , Kattel Vivek
Published: September 2018

Juvenile polyposis syndrome prevalence is 1 in 16,000 to 1 in 100,000 which usually present at the age of 20 years. The tumor is likely to change into malignant condition in 20% of cases. Here we present this rare syndrome in a 16-year boy. BJHS 2018;3(2)6:492-494.
Ultrasound Guided Thoracic Paravertebral and Coeliac Plexus Block for Open Cholecystectomy in a Patient with Multiple Co-Morbidities : A Case Report
Authors: Yadav Rupesh Kumar , Rayamajhi Anuj Jung , Dhungel Bidur Kumar , Poudel Subash Chandra , Poudel Prashanta , Pokhrel Kapil , Pangeni Anang , Byanjankar Bikram
Published: September 2018

Ultrasound guided nerve blocks are gaining popularity these days due to its higher accuracy and reduced incidence of complications. Ultrasound guided unilateral paravertebral block in combination with unilateral coeliac plexus block and unilateral Rectus sheath block in patients with multiple co-morbidities provides adequate anesthesia for surgery and it also reduces incidences of mortality, morbidity and hospital stay in comparison to General anesthesia and spinal / epidural anesthesia. Paravertebral block , Coeliac plexus block and Rectus sheath blocks can be performed with higher success rate with the use of ultrasound.  BJHS 2018;3(2)6:508-510.
Distribution of vascular plants in a subalpine-nival gradient of Central Himalaya: current patterns and predictions for future warming climate
Authors: Joshi Laxmi Raj , Ghimire Suresh Kumar , Salick Jan , Konchar Katie M.
Published: September 2018

Following the standard method of Global Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (GLORIA), we performed a systematic investigation of vascular plant species distribution along a subalpine to nival gradient in the Central Himalaya. Our study aims to identify the richness and distribution patterns of vascular plant species and biogeographic groups under current climatic conditions and make predictions for their distribution under warmer conditions anticipated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Species richness decreased along an increasing elevation gradient. Aspect also influenced richness levels along the study gradient. Biogeographically, a majority of taxa were Himalayan endemics, followed by species with pan-Himalayan distribution. A complete turnover of indicator species along the elevation gradient was observed due to distinct phytoclimates. Twenty three percent of the plant species recorded in the present study showed a narrow elevation amplitude (<1250 masl) and are projected to be most sensitive to rising global surface temperatures. Taxa with restricted geographical distribution and narrow elevation amplitude must adapt through range shift to compensate for expected future increases in temperature. However, limited habitat availability may hinder the ability of high alpine species to migrate upward in elevation.Botanica Orientalis – Journal of Plant Science (2015) 9: 27–39
Interpretation as Revelation
Authors: Lawson Todd
Published: September 2018

This article attempts to describe and place in context two of the earliest writings of the Báb. Both writings are commentaries on the Qur’án. The earliest of these, a commentary on the Chapter of the Cow, was written before the Báb made his claim to be the Promised One; the second is the famous Qayyúm al-Asmá or Commentary on the Chapter of Joseph. Apart from pointing out the dramatic differences in style and content between these two commentaries, the article offers some observations on the nature of these contents, the history of the ideas put forth, and their relationship to Shí‘í Islam and the thought of Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsá’í and Siyyid Kázim Rashtí.
Conversion of Religious Minorities to the Bahá’í Faith in Iran
Authors: Maneck Susan
Published: September 2018

In the period between 1877–1921 significant numbers of non-Muslims converted to the Bahá’í Faith in Iran. This was an essential development, for the emergence of the Bahá’í Faith as an independent religion possessing a distinct identity apart from Islam. These conversions were largely confined to the Zoroastrian and Jewish communities and did not involve Iran’s largest religious minority, the Christians. This study attempts to address some of the factors that were involved in this conversion process. These will include the manner in which Bahá’ís made the transition from Islamic particularism to a universalism that would attract non-Muslims, as well as the manner in which actual conversions took place and the factors surrounding them. Major emphasis will be placed upon examining what factors may have inclined certain minorities rather than others to convert.
Étude toxicologique et activité psychotrope des huiles essentielles de Laurus nobilis et de Vitex agnus-castus
Authors: Labiad H. , El Jemli M. , Marmouzi I. , Chaouch A. , Ghanmi M. , Satrani B. , Aljaiyash A.E. , Fadli M.
Published: September 2018

Le présent travail s’inscrit dans le cadre de la valorisation des huiles essentielles de Laurus nobilis et de Vitex agnus-castus à travers l’étude de la toxicité orale aiguë et l’évaluation de l’activité sédative. Les résultats de l’étude de la toxicité font ressortir que la dose létale 50 des deux espèces est supérieure à 5 g/kg, ce qui implique que les deux plantes peuvent être classées dans la catégorie 5 selon le guideline de l’OCDE 423. En conséquence, Laurus nobilis et Vitex agnus-castus peuvent être considérées non toxiques. Les résultats des tests de Rota-Rod, de la planche à trous et de la chambre blanche/obscure ont démontré que les huiles essentielles de Laurus nobilis et de Vitex agnus-castus exercent un effet sédatif considérable chez la souris. Ces résultats suggèrent que Laurus nobilis et Vitex agnus-castus pourraient constituer une bonne alternative aux sédatifs de synthèse utilisés en industrie pharmaceutique.
PENGGUNAAN INTERNET DI DALAM PENGAJARAN MATA KULIAH BAHASA INGGRIS DI LINGKUNGAN INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA (IPI) GARUT
Authors: Nugraha Irsyad
Published: September 2018

Bahasa Inggris sebagai Bahasa Internasional telah banyak digunakan sebagai alat untuk berkomunikasi di berbagai bidang. Karena fungsinya sebagai Bahasa Internasional maka Bahasa Inggris banyak dipelajari oleh penutur asing baik di lingkungan Pendidikan formal maupun non – formal. Seiring dengan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan tekhnologi, maka berbagai metode pengajaran dan media pengajaran dan pembelajaran telah diciptakan dan diterapkan dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris. Internet sebagai media informasi dan komunikasi global sangat mungkin diterapkan sebagai media pembelajaran Bahasa asing, terutama Bahasa Inggris. Berdasarkan kajian literature tentang pemakaian Internet sebagai pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris dapat disimpulkan bahwa internet sangat disarankan sebagai media pembelajaran dan pengajaran Bahasa Inggris di berbagai jenjang Pendidikan terutama di jenjang Perguruan tinggi yang sangat erat kaitannya dengan kemajuan tekhnologi dan bagaimana berkomunikasi dengan baik menggunakan bahasa asing. Selain itu Internet menyediakan sumber – sumber pembelajaran dan pengajaran yang berlimpah untuk bisa digunakan sebagai sumber maupun media pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris. Namun demikian, pemakaian internet sebagai media pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris juga mengalami kendala terutama biaya instalasi dan aksesnya.
ORTAÖĞRETİM COĞRAFYA DERS KİTAPLARINDA HARİTALARIN KULLANIMI
Authors: KARA Hasan , SEZER Adem , ŞANLI Cennet
Published: September 2018

Bu
araştırmada, ortaöğretim coğrafya ders kitapları içeriğinde yer alan
haritaların ne amaçla kullanıldığını ve kartografik özelliklerini ortaya koymak
amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma, betimsel araştırma yöntemine göre tasarlanmıştır.
Araştırmanın verileri, Türkiye’de Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Talim ve Terbiye
Kurulu Başkanlığı tarafından onaylanarak 2017 yılında yayınlanmış lise düzeyindeki
9, 10, 11 ve 12. sınıf coğrafya ders kitaplarının doküman inceleme tekniğine
uygun olarak taranması sonucunda elde edilmiştir. İncelenen toplam 207
haritanın kullanım amacı bakımından 73’ünün görselleştirme, 59’unun ölçme-değerlendirme,
47’sinin mekân algısı oluşturma ve 28’sinin de dağılışı gösterme amacıyla
kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu haritaların büyük çoğunluğunun doğruluk,
eksiksizlik, açıklık-anlaşılırlık, kolay okunabilirlik ve güzellik şartlarını
karşılamadığı görülmüştür. Haritaların adı, tarihi, ölçeği, yön oku, koordinat
sistemi, veri kaynağı gibi harita olma kriterlerini sağlayan hususlarda da
önemli hatalar olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında;
ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin mevcut haritalarla Coğrafya Dersi Öğretim
Programında yer alan harita becerilerine ilişkin kazanımlara ulaşmasını
beklemek mümkün gözükmemektedir. Harita becerilerinin tam olarak
kazandırılabilmesi için mevcut ders kitaplarında tespit edilen aksaklıkların
ivedilikte giderilmesi gerekmektedir.
ORTA DOĞULU LİSANS ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN GÖZÜNDE BÖLGESEL LİDERLİĞİN GELECEĞİ VE TÜRKİYE’NİN DURUMU
Authors: ÜNLÜ Mehmet , ELDURMAZ Tolga
Published: September 2018

Bu araştırma ülkemizde yaygın olan “Orta
Doğu’daki karmaşanın nedeni Batılıların Osmanlı Devletini parçalaması” ve
“bölgedeki huzuru, güvenliği
yine biz Türkler sağlayabiliriz” algılarının Orta Doğu’daki karşılığını ve Orta
Doğuluların ülkemize bakışını belirlemek için yapılmış nicel bir araştırmadır.
Bu kapsamda veri toplamak amacıyla Orta Doğu ülkelerinden Türkiye’ye lisans ve
lisans üzeri eğitim almaya gelen üniversite öğrencilerine bir anket yapılırken
aynı zamanda 21.yy’da değişen Türk dış politikası ve bölgesel hamlelere yönelik
literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre Orta Doğulu
öğrenciler bölgesel bir lider olarak Türkiye, İran ve Suudi Arabistan’ın ön
plana çıkarttıkları görülmektedir. Bu karşılık İran’ı ve Suudi Arabistan’ı
lider olarak gören öğrencilerin büyük bir kısmının bölgesel liderin Türkiye
olması gerektiğini savundukları görülmüştür.
Understanding the Impact of Stent and Scaffold Material and Strut Design on Coronary Artery Thrombosis from the Basic and Clinical Points of View
Authors: Sakamoto Atsushi , Jinnouchi Hiroyuki , Torii Sho , Virmani Renu , Finn Aloke V.
Published: September 2018

The technology of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is constantly being refined in order to overcome the shortcomings of present day technologies. Even though current generation metallic drug-eluting stents (DES) perform very well in the short-term, concerns still exist about their long-term efficacy. Late clinical complications including late stent thrombosis (ST), restenosis, and neoatherosclerosis still exist and many of these events may be attributed to either the metallic platform and/or the drug and polymer left behind in the arterial wall. To overcome this limitation, the concept of totally bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BRS) was invented with the idea that by eliminating long-term exposure of the vessel wall to the metal backbone, drug, and polymer, late outcomes would improve. The Absorb-bioabsorbable vascular scaffold (Absorb-BVS) represented the most advanced attempt to make such a device, with thicker struts, greater vessel surface area coverage and less radial force versus contemporary DES. Unfortunately, almost one year after its initial approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, this scaffold was withdrawn from the market due to declining devise utilization driven by the concerns about scaffold thrombosis (ScT) seen in both early and late time points. Additionally, the specific causes of ScT have not yet been fully elucidated. In this review, we discuss the platform, vascular response, and clinical data of past and current metallic coronary stents with the Absorb-BVS and newer generation BRS, concentrating on their material/design and the mechanisms of thrombotic complications from the pre-clinical, pathologic, and clinical viewpoints.
Fiber Embroidery of Self-Sensing Soft Actuators
Authors: Ceron Steven , Cohen Itai , Shepherd Robert F. , Pikul James H. , Harnett Cindy
Published: September 2018

Natural organisms use a combination of contracting muscles and inextensible fibers to transform into controllable shapes, camouflage into their surrounding environment, and catch prey. Replicating these capabilities with engineered materials is challenging because of the difficulty in manufacturing and controlling soft material actuators with embedded fibers. In addition, while linear and bending motions are common in soft actuators, rotary motions require three-dimensional fiber wrapping or multiple bending or linear elements working in coordination that are challenging to design and fabricate. In this work, an automatic embroidery machine patterned Kevlar™ fibers and stretchable optical fibers into inflatable silicone membranes to control their inflated shape and enable sensing. This embroidery-based fabrication technique is simple, low cost, and allows for precise and custom patterning of fibers in elastomers. Using this technique, we developed inflatable elastomeric actuators embedded with a planar spiral pattern of high-strength Kevlar™ fibers that inflate into radially symmetric shapes and achieve nearly 180° angular rotation and 10 cm linear displacement.
Targeting Raf Kinase Inhibitory Protein Regulation and Function
Authors: Yesilkanal Ali Ekrem , Rosner Marsha Rich
Published: September 2018

Raf Kinase Inhibitory Protein (RKIP) is a highly conserved kinase inhibitor that functions as a metastasis suppressor in a variety of cancers. Since RKIP can reprogram tumor cells to a non-metastatic state by rewiring kinase networks, elucidating the mechanism by which RKIP acts not only reveals molecular mechanisms that regulate metastasis, but also represents an opportunity to target these signaling networks therapeutically. Although RKIP is often lost during metastatic progression, the mechanism by which this occurs in tumor cells is complex and not well understood. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of RKIP regulation in tumors and consider experimental and computational strategies for recovering or mimicking its function by targeting mediators of metastasis.
Effect of Particle In-Flight Behavior on the Microstructure and Fracture Toughness of YSZ TBCs Prepared by Plasma Spraying
Authors: Xiao Yanqiu , Ren Erzhou , Hu Mingyang , Liu Kun
Published: September 2018

The present study aims to elaborate particle in-flight behavior during plasma spraying and its significance in determining the microstructure and mechanical properties of plasma sprayed yttria partially stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). The as-sprayed YSZ coatings were characterized in terms of defects (such as pores, unmelted particles and cracks) and fracture toughness. The results showed that, due to the higher temperature and velocity of in-flight particles in a supersonic atmospheric plasma spraying (SAPS) compared to that of atmospheric plasma spraying (APS), denser coatings were formed leading to a better fracture toughness. The percentage of defects of the microstructure was similar to the temperature and velocity of particles in-flight during plasma spraying. Furthermore, the structural defects had a strong effect on its mechanical behavior. The total defect percentage and fracture toughness in SAPS-TBCs spanned 6.9 ± 0.17%–13.26 ± 0.22% and 2.52 ± 0.06 MPa m1/2–1.78 ± 0.19 MPa m1/2; and 11.11 ± 0.36%–17.15 ± 0.67% and 2.13 ± 0.08 MPa m1/2–1.4 ± 0.12 MPa m1/2 in APS-TBCs.
Determination of Nonconductive Coating Thickness Using Electrical Contact Conductance and Surface Profile
Authors: Kim Kyungmok , Lee Jaewook
Published: September 2018

This paper describes a method to determine the thickness of a nonconductive coating by identifying the transition of material by a change in electrical properties. A slide-hold-slide test was conducted with a worn specimen including an electrodeposited coating layer. Relative displacement was imposed between a metallic stylus tip and a worn steel specimen. After an initial sliding, the tip was held for a certain time to measure electrical contact resistance. During the test, the vertical displacement of the stylus tip was also recorded to draw a surface profile of the worn specimen. Coating thickness on the specimen was determined with a surface profile at the transition of electrical contact conductance. Optical cross-section measurement of the specimen was applied to identify actual coating thickness. Measured results reveal that calculated coating thicknesses are in good agreement with measured values by an optical microscope. The proposed method allows determination of both nonconductive coating thickness and surface profile in a single measurement.
The Temperature Distribution in Plasma-Sprayed Thermal-Barrier Coatings During Crack Propagation and Coalescence
Authors: Dong Hui , Han Yan , Zhou Yong , Li Xiao , Yao Jian-Tao , Li Yan
Published: September 2018

A Finite-Element Model (FEM) for thermal-barrier coatings was employed to elaborate the temperature distribution on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) free surface during cracks coalescing, then the influence of sintering of YSZ induced by heat-transfer overlapping on energy release rate was quantificationally evaluated. A three-dimensional model including three layers was fabricated. Two types of cracks, with and without depth variations in YSZ coating, were introduced into the model, respectively. The temperature rise of YSZ coating over the crack is independent of each other at the beginning of crack propagation. As crack distance shortens, the independent temperature-rise regions begin to overlap, while maximum temperature is still located at the crack center before crack coalescence. The critical distance that the regions of temperature rise, just overlapping, is the sum of half lengths of two coalescing cracks (i.e., a1 + a2), which is independent of cracking path. The maximum temperature in YSZ sharply increases once cracks coalesce. Compared with one delamination crack, the effective energy-release rate induced by heat-transfer overlapping increases in the range of 0.2%–15%, depending on crack length and crack distance, which is on some level comparable to that of deterioration of thermal expansion misfit induced by temperature jump between crack faces.
cpDNA Barcoding by Combined End-Point and Real-Time PCR Analyses to Identify and Quantify the Main Contaminants of Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) in Commercial Batches
Authors: Vannozzi Alessandro , Lucchin Margherita , Barcaccia Gianni
Published: September 2018

Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) is a flowering plant that belongs to the mint family (Lamiaceae). It is used as a culinary herb and is often commercialized as a fine powder or a mixture of small fragments of dried leaves, which makes morphological recognition difficult. Like other commercial preparations of drugs and spices, the contamination of oregano mixtures with vegetable matter of lower quality, or the use of generic misleading names, are frequent and stress the need to develop a molecular traceability system to easily, quickly, and cheaply unveil these scams. The DNA-based analytical approach known as cpDNA barcoding is particularly suited for fraud identification in crop plant species (fresh products and food derivatives), and it represents a promising traceability tool as an alternative or complement to traditional detection methods. In the present study, we used a combined approach based on both qualitative and quantitative cpDNA barcoding with end-point and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses to assess the type and degree of contamination in commercial batches of common oregano. In a preliminary qualitative screening, we amplified, cloned, and sequenced a number of universal trnH-psbA- and trnL-barcoded regions, to identify the main contaminants in the samples under investigation. On the basis of these findings, we then developed and validated a species-specific and sequence-targeted method of testing for the quantitative assessment of contaminants, using trnL gene intron assays. Surprisingly, the results obtained in our case study indicated an almost total absence of O. vulgare in the commercial batches analyzed, but a high presence of group I contaminants (Satureja pilosa Velen.), and a moderate presence of group II contaminants (Cistus lanidifer L./Cistus albidus).
Numerical Simulation Study on Seepage Theory of a Multi-Section Fractured Horizontal Well in Shale Gas Reservoirs Based on Multi-Scale Flow Mechanisms
Authors: Tang Chao , Chen Xiaofan , Du Zhimin , Yue Ping , Wei Jiabao
Published: September 2018

Aimed at the multi-scale fractures for stimulated reservoir volume (SRV)-fractured horizontal wells in shale gas reservoirs, a mathematical model of unsteady seepage is established, which considers the characteristics of a dual media of matrix and natural fractures as well as flow in the large-scale hydraulic fractures, based on a discrete-fracture model. Multi-scale flow mechanisms, such as gas desorption, the Klinkenberg effect, and gas diffusion are taken into consideration. A three-dimensional numerical model based on the finite volume method is established, which includes the construction of spatial discretization, calculation of average pressure gradient, and variable at interface, etc. Some related processing techniques, such as boundedness processing upstream and downstream of grid flow, was used to limit non-physical oscillation at large-scale hydraulic fracture interfaces. The sequential solution is performed to solve the pressure equations of matrix, natural, and large-scale hydraulic fractures. The production dynamics and pressure distribution of a multi-section fractured horizontal well in a shale gas reservoir are calculated. Results indicate that, with the increase of the Langmuir volume, the average formation pressure decreases at a slow rate. Simultaneously, the initial gas production and the contribution ratio of the desorbed gas increase. With the decrease of the pore size of the matrix, gas diffusion and the Klinkenberg effect have a greater impact on shale gas production. By changing the fracture half-length and the number of fractured sections, we observe that the production process can not only pursue the long fractures or increase the number of fractured sections, but also should optimize the parameters such as the perforation position, cluster spacing, and fracturing sequence. The stimulated reservoir volume can effectively control the shale reservoir.
Contrasting Responses of Soil Respiration Components in Response to Five-Year Nitrogen Addition in a Pinus tabulaeformis Forest in Northern China
Authors: Zhao Bo , Geng Yan , Cao Jing , Yang Lu , Zhao Xiuhai
Published: September 2018

Increasing atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has profound effects on carbon (C) cycling in forest ecosystems. As an important part of belowground C dynamics, soil respiration is potentially affected by changing N availability. However, the responses of total soil respiration (RST) and its three components, soil respiration derived from plant roots (RSR), root-free soil (RSS) and the litter layer (RSL), to such N enrichment remains poorly understood. To assess the effects of N enrichment on soil respiration components, three levels of N addition, namely low (LN, 50 kg N ha−1 year−1), medium (MN, 100 kg N ha−1 year−1) and high (HN, 150 kg N ha−1 year−1), were conducted over five growing seasons from 2011 to 2015 in a temperate Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) forest in northern China. A control plot without N addition (CK) was also established. The five-year mean annual rate of RST was 2.18 ± 0.43 μmol m−2 s−1, and the contributions of RSR, RSS and RSL were 8.8 ± 3.1%, 82.2 ± 4.5% and 9.0 ± 5.5%, respectively. Compared with CK, RST was significantly increased by 16.5% in the HN plots, but not in the LN or MN treatments. RSS was significantly decreased by 18.1%, 26.6% and 18.4% in the LN, MN and HN plots, respectively, due to the reduction of both microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and enzyme activity. In contrast, RSR was increased by more than twice under the MN treatment, which promoted root growth and activity (higher fine root biomass and N concentration). A significant elevation in RSL was only detected in the HN plots, where the increased litter input enhanced litter decomposition and hence RSL. Our findings clearly demonstrated that N addition of different intensities had different effects on soil components. In particular, the above- and belowground components of heterotrophic respiration, RSL and RSR, showed contrasting responses to high level addition of N. Thus, we highlight that the response of soil respiration components to N addition should be examined individually. Our results may contribute to a better understanding of soil respiration dynamics under future N scenarios, and have important implications in forest management.
Advances in the Study of Candida stellata
Authors: García Margarita , Esteve-Zarzoso Braulio , Cabellos Juan Mariano , Arroyo Teresa
Published: September 2018

Candida stellata is an imperfect yeast of the genus Candida that belongs to the order Saccharomycetales, while phylum Ascomycota. C. stellata was isolated originally from a must overripe in Germany but is widespread in natural and artificial habitats. C. stellata is a yeast with a taxonomic history characterized by numerous changes; it is either a heterogeneous species or easily confused with other yeast species that colonize the same substrates. The strain DBVPG 3827, frequently used to investigate the oenological properties of C. stellata, was recently renamed as Starmerella bombicola, which can be easily confused with C. zemplinina or related species like C. lactis-condensi. Strains of C. stellata have been used in the processing of foods and feeds for thousands of years. This species, which is commonly isolated from grape must, has been found to be competitive and persistent in fermentation in both white and red wine in various wine regions of the world and tolerates a concentration of at least 9% (v/v) ethanol. Although these yeasts can produce spoilage, several studies have been conducted to characterize C. stellata for their ability to produce desirable metabolites for wine flavor, such as acetate esters, or for the presence of enzymatic activities that enhance wine aroma, such as β-glucosidase. This microorganism could also possess many interesting technological properties that could be applied in food processing. Exo and endoglucosidases and polygalactosidase of C. stellata are important in the degradation of β-glucans produced by Botrytis cinerea. In traditional balsamic vinegar production, C. stellata shapes the aromatic profile of traditional vinegar, producing ethanol from fructose and high concentrations of glycerol, succinic acid, ethyl acetate, and acetoin. Chemical characterization of exocellular polysaccharides produced by non-Saccharomyces yeasts revealed them to essentially be mannoproteins with high mannose contents, ranging from 73–74% for Starmerella bombicola. Numerous studies have clearly proven that these macromolecules make multiple positive contributions to wine quality. Recent studies on C. stellata strains in wines made by co-fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae have found that the aroma attributes of the individual strains were apparent when the inoculation protocol permitted the growth and activity of both yeasts. The exploitation of the diversity of biochemical and sensory properties of non-Saccharomyces yeast could be of interest for obtaining new products.
What We Know and What We Need to Know about Aromatic and Cationic Biogenic Amines in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Fernández-Reina Alberto , Urdiales José Luis , Sánchez-Jiménez Francisca
Published: September 2018

Biogenic amines derived from basic and aromatic amino acids (B/A-BAs), polyamines, histamine, serotonin, and catecholamines are a group of molecules playing essential roles in many relevant physiological processes, including cell proliferation, immune response, nutrition and reproduction. All these physiological effects involve a variety of tissue-specific cellular receptors and signalling pathways, which conforms to a very complex network that is not yet well-characterized. Strong evidence has proved the importance of this group of molecules in the gastrointestinal context, also playing roles in several pathologies. This work is based on the hypothesis that integration of biomedical information helps to reach new translational actions. Thus, the major aim of this work is to combine scientific knowledge on biomolecules, metabolism and physiology of the main B/A-BAs involved in the pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract, in order to point out important gaps in information and other facts deserving further research efforts in order to connect molecular information with pathophysiological observations.