bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Small molecule proteostasis regulators that reprogram the ER to reduce extracellular protein aggregation
Authors: Plate Lars , Cooley Christina B , Chen John J , Paxman Ryan J , Gallagher Ciara M , Madoux Franck , Genereux Joseph C , Dobbs Wesley , Garza Dan , Spicer Timothy P , Scampavia Louis , Brown Steven J , Rosen Hugh , Powers Evan T , Walter Peter , Hodder Peter , Wiseman R Luke , Kelly Jeffery W
Published: July 2016

Imbalances in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis are associated with etiologically-diverse degenerative diseases linked to excessive extracellular protein misfolding and aggregation. Reprogramming of the ER proteostasis environment through genetic activation of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR)-associated transcription factor ATF6 attenuates secretion and extracellular aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins. Here, we employed a screening approach that included complementary arm-specific UPR reporters and medium-throughput transcriptional profiling to identify non-toxic small molecules that phenocopy the ATF6-mediated reprogramming of the ER proteostasis environment. The ER reprogramming afforded by our molecules requires activation of endogenous ATF6 and occurs independent of global ER stress. Furthermore, our molecules phenocopy the ability of genetic ATF6 activation to selectively reduce secretion and extracellular aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins. These results show that small molecule-dependent ER reprogramming, achieved through preferential activation of the ATF6 transcriptional program, is a promising strategy to ameliorate imbalances in ER function associated with degenerative protein aggregation diseases.
Age and compositional data of zircon from sepiolite drilling mud to identify contamination of ocean drilling samples
Authors: Andrews Graham D. M. , Schmitt Axel K. , Busby Cathy J. , Brown Sarah R. , Blum Peter , Harvey Janet. C.
Published: July 2016

Zircon extracted from drilled oceanic rocks is increasingly used to answer geologic questions related to igneous and sedimentary sequences. Recent zircon studies using samples obtained from marine drill cores revealed that drilling muds used in the coring process may contaminate the samples. The JOIDES Resolution Science Operator of the International Ocean Discovery Program has been using two types of clays, sepiolite and attapulgite, which both have salt water viscosifier properties able to create a gel‐like slurry that carries drill cuttings out of the holes several hundred meters deep. The dominantly used drilling mud is sepiolite originating from southwestern Nevada, USA. This sepiolite contains abundant zircon crystals with U‐Pb ages ranging from 1.89 to 2889 Ma and continental trace element, δ18O, and εHf isotopic compositions. A dominant population of 11–16 Ma zircons in sepiolite drilling mud makes identification of contamination in drilled Neogene successions particularly challenging. Interpretation of zircon analyses related to ocean drilling should be cautious of zircon ages in violation of independently constrained age models and that have age populations overlapping those in the sepiolite. Because individual geochronologic and geochemical characteristics lack absolute discriminatory power, it is recommended to comprehensively analyze all dated zircon crystals from cores exposed to drill mud for trace element, δ18O, and εHf isotopic compositions. Zircon analyzed in situ (i.e., in petrographic sections) are assumed to be trustworthy.
Effect of the tiger stripes on the deformation of Saturn's moon Enceladus
Authors: Souček Ondřej , Hron Jaroslav , Běhounková Marie , Čadek Ondřej
Published: July 2016

Enceladus is a small icy moon of Saturn with active jets of water emanating from fractures around the south pole, informally called tiger stripes, which might be connected to a subsurface water ocean. The effect of these features on periodic tidal deformation of the moon has so far been neglected because of the difficulties associated with implementation of faults in continuum mechanics models. Here we estimate the maximum possible impact of the tiger stripes on tidal deformation and heat production within Enceladus's ice shell by representing them as narrow zones with negligible frictional and bulk resistance passing vertically through the whole ice shell. Assuming a uniform ice shell thickness of 25 km, consistent with the recent estimate of libration, we demonstrate that the faults can dramatically change the distribution of stress and strain in Enceladus's south polar region, leading to a significant increase of the heat production in this area.
Simulating the Pineapple Express in the half degree Community Climate System Model, CCSM4
Authors: Shields Christine A. , Kiehl Jeffrey T.
Published: July 2016

Atmospheric rivers are recognized as major contributors to the poleward transport of water vapor. Upon reaching land, these phenomena also play a critical role in extreme precipitation and flooding events. The Pineapple Express (PE) is defined as an atmospheric river extending out of the deep tropics and reaching the west coast of North America. Community Climate System Model (CCSM4) high‐resolution ensemble simulations for the twentieth and 21st centuries are diagnosed to identify the PE. Analysis of the twentieth century simulations indicated that the CCSM4 accurately captures the spatial and temporal climatology of the PE. Analysis of the end 21st century simulations indicates a significant increase in storm duration and intensity of precipitation associated with landfall of the PE. Only a modest increase in the number of atmospheric rivers of a few percent is projected for the end of 21st century.
Subglacial bed form morphology controlled by ice speed and sediment thickness
Authors: Barchyn Thomas E. , Dowling Thomas P. F. , Stokes Chris R. , Hugenholtz Chris H.
Published: July 2016

Subglacial bed forms (drumlins, ribbed moraines, and megascale glacial lineations) are enigmatic repetitive flow‐parallel and flow‐transverse landforms common in glaciated landscapes. Their evolution and morphology are a potentially powerful constraint for ice sheet modeling, but there is little consensus on bed form dynamics or formative mechanisms. Here we explore shallow sediment bed form dynamics via a simple model that iterates (i) down‐flow till flux, (ii) pressure gradient‐driven till flux, and (iii) entrainment and deposition of sediment. Under various boundary conditions, replicas of subglacial bed forms readily emerge. Bed form dynamics mirror those in subaqueous and aeolian domains. Transitions between ribbed moraines and elongate flow‐parallel bed forms are associated with increasing ice speeds and declining sediment thickness. These simulations provide quantitative flux estimates and suggest that widely observed transitions in shallow sediment subglacial bed forms (e.g., ribbed moraines to drumlinoids to megascale glacial lineations) are manifestations of subtle variations in ice velocity and sediment thickness.
Spectral evolution of helical electron magnetohydrodynamic turbulence
Authors: Cho Jungyeon , Kim Hoonkyu
Published: July 2016

Properties of turbulence in space plasmas above and below the proton gyroscale are very different and different descriptions should be used for the large and the small scales. On scales larger than the proton gyroscale, we can treat the plasmas as conducting fluids and use magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). However, on scales smaller than the proton gyroscale, we cannot use MHD due to various kinetic effects. Electron magnetohydrodynamics (EMHD) is a simple fluid‐like model for small‐scale plasmas. In this paper, we discuss properties of EMHD waves and turbulence. In particular, we focus on inverse cascade in EMHD turbulence. Since EMHD waves are helical and magnetic helicity is a conserved quantity, inverse cascade is expected to be a common phenomenon in EMHD. We first focus on inverse cascade and spectral evolution of completely imbalanced EMHD wave packets, in which all waves are moving in the same direction. Then, we discuss inverse cascade and spectral evolution of driven imbalanced EMHD turbulence. We also discuss “pinning” of energy spectra in imbalanced EMHD turbulence.
Properties of current sheet thinning at x ∼− 10 to −12 RE
Authors: Artemyev A. V. , Angelopoulos V. , Runov A. , Petrokovich A. A.
Published: July 2016

We report on Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) observations of current sheet thinning in Earth's magnetotail at around x =− 10 to −12 Earth radii. The THEMIS spacecraft configuration in October–December 2015 allows us to construct both gradients that contribute to the cross‐tail current density
(GSM coordinates). For 17 events when the spacecraft observed a gradual Bz decrease and jy increase, we find the following average scaling relations: for the current density
, for the lobe magnetic field
, and for the plasma density
. We show that the temperature of ions and electrons decreases and the plasma pressure gradient ∂p/∂x rapidly increases during current sheet thinning. The scale
decreases a few thousand kilometers. We also consider current carriers in thinning current sheets: both ion and electron current‐dominated current sheets, preferentially located near dusk and midnight, respectively, are found.
Multiple branching rupture of the 2009 Tonga‐Samoa earthquake
Authors: Fan Wenyuan , Shearer Peter M. , Ji Chen , Bassett Dan
Published: July 2016

Several source models have been proposed to explain the enigmatic 2009 Tonga‐Samoa earthquake. The long‐period data require a composite source model and can be fit with a normal‐faulting subevent followed by one or more reverse‐faulting subevents. The short‐period data, in contrast, indicate a more compact rupture pattern around the epicenter. The lack of a unified source model reflects the complexity of the event. We analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of this earthquake with P wave back‐projection from globally distributed stations in different frequency bands (low frequency: 0.05–0.2 Hz, high frequency: 0.2–2 Hz) and a multiple moment tensor inversion. The rupture propagation revealed by back‐projection exhibits frequency‐dependent behavior, with two branches of high‐frequency‐enriched bilateral rupture around the epicenter and a high‐frequency‐deficient rupture branch at the subduction interface. A composite source model with one Mw 8.0 normal‐faulting earthquake east of the trench axis (seaward) followed by one Mw 8.1 reverse‐faulting earthquake along the subduction interface west of the trench axis (landward) can explain the very long period data (200∼500 s). Combined with high‐resolution swath bathymetry data, the back‐projection images show that the azimuth of rupture branches east of the trench axis were controlled by the geometry of bending‐related faults on the Pacific plate and that the rupture branch west of the trench axis may correlate with the along‐strike fore‐arc segmentation. The rupture along the subduction interface was triggered by the seaward rupture and a partially subducted normal fault may have played a key role in facilitating the triggering. The apparent normal‐reverse faulting interactions pose a higher seismic risk to this region than their individual strands at the northernmost corner of the Tonga subduction zone.
Role of critical state framework in understanding geomechanical behavior of methane hydrate‐bearing sediments
Authors: Uchida Shun , Xie Xiao‐Guang , Leung Yat Fai
Published: July 2016

A proper understanding of geomechanical behavior of methane hydrate‐bearing sediments is crucial for sustainable future gas production. There are a number of triaxial experiments conducted over synthetic and natural methane hydrate (MH)‐bearing sediments, and several soil constitutive models have been proposed to describe their behavior. However, the generality of a sophisticated model is questioned if it is tested only for a limited number of cases. Furthermore, it is difficult to experimentally determine the associated parameters if their physical meanings and significance are not elucidated. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that a simple extension of the critical state framework is sufficient to capture the geomechanical behavior of MH‐bearing soils from various sources around the world, while the significance of each parameter is quantified through variance‐based global sensitivity analyses. Our results show that the influence of hydrates can be largely represented by one hydrate‐dependent parameter,
, which controls the expansion of the initial yield surface. This is validated through comparisons with shearing and volumetric response of MH‐bearing soils tested at various institutes under different confining stresses and with varying degrees of hydrate saturation. Our study suggests that the behavior of MH‐bearing soils can be reasonably predicted based on
and the conventional critical state parameters of the host sediments that can be obtained through typical geotechnical testing procedures.
Large earthquakes create vertical permeability by breaching aquitards
Authors: Wang Chi‐Yuen , Liao Xin , Wang Lee‐Ping , Wang Chung‐Ho , Manga Michael
Published: July 2016

Hydrologic responses to earthquakes and their mechanisms have been widely studied. Some responses have been attributed to increases in the vertical permeability. However, basic questions remain: How do increases in the vertical permeability occur? How frequently do they occur? Is there a quantitative measure for detecting the occurrence of aquitard breaching? We try to answer these questions by examining data from a dense network of ∼50 monitoring stations of clustered wells in a sedimentary basin near the epicenter of the 1999 M7.6 Chi‐Chi earthquake in western Taiwan. While most stations show evidence that confined aquifers remained confined after the earthquake, about 10% of the stations show evidence of coseismic breaching of aquitards, creating vertical permeability as high as that of aquifers. The water levels in wells without evidence of coseismic breaching of aquitards show tidal responses similar to that of a confined aquifer before and after the earthquake. Those wells with evidence of coseismic breaching of aquitards, on the other hand, show distinctly different postseismic tidal response. Furthermore, the postseismic tidal response of different aquifers became strikingly similar, suggesting that the aquifers became hydraulically connected and the connection was maintained many months thereafter. Breaching of aquitards by large earthquakes has significant implications for a number of societal issues such as the safety of water resources, the security of underground waste repositories, and the production of oil and gas. The method demonstrated here may be used for detecting the occurrence of aquitard breaching by large earthquakes in other seismically active areas.
Environmental Impacts of Organic Farming
Authors: Birkhofer Klaus , Smith Henrik G , Rundlöf Maj
Published: July 2016

Organic agriculture is a production system that aims at sustaining healthy soils, ecosystems and people by prohibiting the application of synthetic pesticides and fertilisers in crop production and by emphasising animal welfare in livestock breeding. This article shows that organic agriculture is characterised by higher soil quality and reduced nutrient or pesticide leaching compared to nonorganic agriculture, but that positive effects on biological control services or emission of greenhouse gases are less evident. Yield gaps between organic and nonorganic agriculture are on average 20%, but vary between crops and regions. Given the environmental risks that are associated with intensive, nonorganic agriculture, farming practices should be modified to decrease risks. Organic agriculture can be a more environmentally friendly alternative, but individual farming practices need improvement to meet the demands of a growing human population. Further growth of the organic farming sector will contribute to reduce the negative environmental impact of agriculture.

Key Concepts

Organic agriculture leads to higher soil quality and reduced nutrient and pesticide leaching compared to nonorganic agriculture.

Organic agriculture may lead to a higher provision of ecosystem services and reduced soil erosion compared to nonorganic agriculture, but more research is needed to address these impacts.

Organic agriculture leads to higher greenhouse gas emissions if considered per unit product and, on average, has 20% lower yields than intensive, nonorganic agriculture.

The current situation of nutrient supply to crop plants in organic agriculture is often not optimal and this is a major challenge for future research.

Intensive, nonorganic agriculture is based on the application of pesticides that cause risks to human health, and organic agriculture can act as an environmentally friendly alternative.
Large‐scale super‐Gaussian sources separation using Fast‐ICA with rational nonlinearities
Authors: He Xuansen , He Fan , Zhu Tao
Published: July 2016

Independent component analysis (ICA) is one of the most powerful methods for solving blind source separation problem. In various ICA methods, the Fast‐ICA is an excellent algorithm, and it finds the demixing matrix that optimizes the nonlinear contrast function. There are three original contrast functions in the Fast‐ICA to separate super‐Gaussian and sub‐Gaussian sources, and their respective derivatives are similar to nonlinearities used in neural networks. For the separation of large‐scale super‐Gaussian sources, however, the contrast functions and the nonlinearities are not optimal owing to high computational cost. To solve this potential problem, this paper proposes four rational polynomial functions to replace the original nonlinearities. Because the rational polynomials can be quickly evaluated, when they are used in the Fast‐ICA, the computational load of the algorithms can be effectively reduced. The proposed rational functions are derived by the Pade approximant from Taylor series expansion of the original nonlinearities. To reduce the error of approximation, we make the behaviors of rational functions approach that of the original ones within an effective range as well as possible. The simulation results show that the Fast‐ICA algorithms with rational nonlinearities not only can speed up the convergence but also improve the separation performance of super‐Gaussian blind source separation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recovering Invisible Signals by Two‐Field NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Cousin Samuel F. , Kadeřávek Pavel , Haddou Baptiste , Charlier Cyril , Marquardsen Thorsten , Tyburn Jean‐Max , Bovier Pierre‐Alain , Engelke Frank , Maas Werner , Bodenhausen Geoffrey , Pelupessy Philippe , Ferrage Fabien
Published: July 2016

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies have benefited tremendously from the steady increase in the strength of magnetic fields. Spectacular improvements in both sensitivity and resolution have enabled the investigation of molecular systems of rising complexity. At very high fields, this progress may be jeopardized by line broadening, which is due to chemical exchange or relaxation by chemical shift anisotropy. In this work, we introduce a two‐field NMR spectrometer designed for both excitation and observation of nuclear spins in two distinct magnetic fields in a single experiment. NMR spectra of several small molecules as well as a protein were obtained, with two dimensions acquired at vastly different magnetic fields. Resonances of exchanging groups that are broadened beyond recognition at high field can be sharpened to narrow peaks in the low‐field dimension. Two‐field NMR spectroscopy enables the measurement of chemical shifts at optimal fields and the study of molecular systems that suffer from internal dynamics, and opens new avenues for NMR spectroscopy at very high magnetic fields.
Augmenting Expert Elicitation with Structured Visual Deliberation
Authors: van Gelder Timothy , Vodicka Roger , Armstrong Nicholas
Published: July 2016

Policy decisions frequently depend on quantitative judgements made by domain experts. The quality of those judgements depends in turn on the nature of the procedures used to obtain them. Procedures designed for this task are known as expert elicitation. This article explores how expert elicitation can be enhanced by supporting the deliberations of expert groups with diagrammatic methods for displaying the structure of those deliberations. It describes an elicitation exercise in which a team from the Defence Science and Technology Group estimated rates of loss of an aircraft that might be acquired for the Australian Defence Force. A structured visual deliberation method, dialogue mapping, was used to facilitate the discussions of the panel of experts in between two rounds of estimations in a Delphi‐type elicitation process. The enhanced elicitation approach worked well for the attrition estimation project, and a similar approach may be useful in many other contexts.
The Regulatory B Cell Compartment Expands Transiently During Childhood and Is Contracted in Children With Autoimmunity
Authors: Kalampokis Ioannis , Venturi Guglielmo M. , Poe Jonathan C. , Dvergsten Jeffrey A. , Sleasman John W. , Tedder Thomas F.
Published: July 2016

Objective

Regulatory B cells that inhibit immune responses through interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) secretion (B10 cells) have been characterized in adult subjects with autoimmune disease. The aim of this study was to characterize B10 cells in individuals across the entire age range of normal human development and changes in their frequency and numbers in children with autoimmunity.

Methods

The phenotype and numbers of B10 cells in blood were examined in healthy individuals and children with autoimmunity, using flow cytometry. B10 cell function was assessed by measuring the effect of B cell–derived IL‐10 on interferon‐γ (IFNγ) expression by CD4+ T cells. Serum cytokine levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

The frequency of B10 cells transiently increased during childhood, when up to 30% of B cells were competent to produce IL‐10, compared with the low frequencies in healthy newborns (3–4%) and adults (7–9%). The surface phenotype of B10 cells in children revealed age‐dependent variability. B10 cells from children were distinct from proinflammatory cytokine–producing B cells and down‐regulated IFNγ production by CD4+ T cells in vitro. Compared with age‐matched healthy controls, children with autoimmunity had lower numbers and frequencies of B10 cells (decreased by 39% and 48%, respectively), higher IFNγ levels, and lower IL‐21 levels in serum. IFNγ inhibited, whereas IL‐21 promoted, B cell IL‐10 competence in vitro.

Conclusion

B10 cells, a functionally defined cell subset with a variable surface phenotype reflective of overall B cell development, transiently expand during childhood. B10 cell frequencies and numbers were decreased in children with autoimmunity, which may be explained in part by alterations in serum IFNγ and IL‐21 that differentially regulate B10 cell development.
Immunoglobulin G elution in protein A chromatography employing the method of chromatofocusing for reducing the co‐elution of impurities
Authors: Pinto Nuno D.S. , Uplekar Shaunak D. , Moreira Antonio R. , Rao Govind , Frey Douglas D.
Published: July 2016

Purification processes for monoclonal Immunoglobulin G (IgG) typically employ protein A chromatography as a capture step to remove most of the impurities. One major concern of the post‐protein A chromatography processes is the co‐elution of some of the host cell proteins (HCPs) with IgG in the capture step. In this work, a novel method for IgG elution in protein A chromatography that reduces the co‐elution of HCPs is presented where a two‐step pH gradient is self‐formed inside a protein A chromatography column. The complexities involved in using an internally produced pH gradient in a protein A chromatography column employing adsorbed buffering species are discussed though equation‐based modeling. Under the conditions employed, ELISA assays show a 60% reduction in the HCPs co‐eluting with the IgG fraction when using the method as compared to conventional protein A elution without affecting the IgG yield. Evidence is also obtained which indicates that the amount of leached protein A present in free solution in the purified product is reduced by the new method. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 154–162. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stress, stress‐induced cortisol responses, and eyewitness identification performance
Authors: Sauerland Melanie , Raymaekers Linsey H.C. , Otgaar Henry , Memon Amina , Waltjen Thijs T. , Nivo Maud , Slegers Chiel , Broers Nick J. , Smeets Tom
Published: July 2016

In the eyewitness identification literature, stress and arousal at the time of encoding are considered to adversely influence identification performance. This assumption is in contrast with findings from the neurobiology field of learning and memory, showing that stress and stress hormones are critically involved in forming enduring memories. This discrepancy may be related to methodological differences between the two fields of research, such as the tendency for immediate testing or the use of very short (1–2 hours) retention intervals in eyewitness research, while neurobiology studies insert at least 24 hours. Other differences refer to the extent to which stress‐responsive systems (i.e., the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis) are stimulated effectively under laboratory conditions. The aim of the current study was to conduct an experiment that accounts for the contemporary state of knowledge in both fields. In all, 123 participants witnessed a live staged theft while being exposed to a laboratory stressor that reliably elicits autonomic and glucocorticoid stress responses or while performing a control task. Salivary cortisol levels were measured to control for the effectiveness of the stress induction. One week later, participants attempted to identify the thief from target‐present and target‐absent line‐ups. According to regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses, stress did not have robust detrimental effects on identification performance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2016 The Authors Behavioral Sciences & the Law Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Synthetic bioreducible lipid‐based nanoparticles for miRNA delivery to mesenchymal stem cells to induce neuronal differentiation
Authors: Takeda Yuji S. , Wang Ming , Deng Pu , Xu Qiaobing
Published: July 2016

MicroRNA (miRNA) functions in tissue regeneration and determines the fate of stem cells. Nanoparticle‐based miRNA delivery systems for therapeutic applications have been studied in clinical settings. However, gene delivery to stem cells is still a challenging issue. Lipid‐like nanoparticles produced using combinatorial approaches have recently been used for delivery of a variety of biologics. In this study, we investigated the ability of these lipids to deliver miRNA to human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). First, small library screening of bioreducible lipids was performed using fluorophore‐conjugated miRNA to determine the optimal chemical structure for miRNA delivery to hMSCs. Next, miRNA‐9 (miR‐9), which promotes neuronal differentiation of stem cells, was delivered to hMSCs using the lipids identified from the library screening. Morphological changes of the cells and upregulation of neuronal marker genes were observed after the delivery of miR‐9. The synthetic bioreducible lipids are effective in facilitating miRNA delivery to hMSCs and promoting the neuronal differentiation.
Rehabilitation of patients with personality disorders: patient—staff collaboration used as a working model and a tool
Authors: FELDBRUGGE JULIE T.T.M.
Published: July 2016

A report is given on patient—staff collaboration in the Dr Henri van der Hoeven Clinic at Utrecht, The Netherlands, a facility for residential treatment of personality disorders. It is the hospital's conviction that, in cases of personality disorder, such collaboration must be intensive and extensive. The conviction rests on theoretical premises that have continued to serve as guidelines for everyday treatment operations for 36 years. After a brief description of the clinic and its patients, the underlying premises are sketched. The main focus of the article, however, lies in description of how these premises can be empirically expressed, their effects and side‐effects, including problems and failures experienced by patients and staff.
Addiction to violence: a new model of psychopathy
Authors: HODGE JOHN E.
Published: July 2016

Our understanding of the Mental Health Act 1983 category of psychopathic disorder is not enhanced by describing it as a personality disorder. A new operational concept of psychopathic disorder would greatly assist in both diagnosis and treatment planning. This paper proposes that psychopathic disorder has its origins in post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) consequent on childhood sexual and physical abuse. Such abuse is common in the background histories of psychopaths. Recent research on PTSD in Vietnam veterans has suggested that it is often associated with an increase in aggression and violence. In some veterans violent behaviour can assume the characteristics of an addiction, while at the same time becoming indistinguishable from the behaviour of violent psychopaths. Conceptualising psychopaths as being addicted to violence as a consequence of a developmentally mediated PTSD leads to many new avenues of possible treatment.
Early family predictors of child and adolescent antisocial behaviour: who are the mothers of delinquents?
Authors: HENRY BILL , MOFFITT TERRIE , ROBINS LEE , EARLS FELTON , SILVA PHIL
Published: July 2016

This study tested the utility of 29 maternal and familial characteristics for the purpose of prospectively identifying children who are at high risk for antisocial and delinquent outcomes. The family data were drawn from the archives of the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. The study's design offers certain methodological advantages: the sample is a representative unselected birth cohort; the family measures were taken very early in childhood; information about the child's antisocial behaviour was collected from many different sources and at many different ages; a comparison group of children with other behaviour disorders was included, and it was possible to examine the influence of possible ‘confounding variables'. Three groups of 11‐year‐old children (antisocial (n = 50), other disorders (n = 37), and non‐disordered (n = 220)) were compared on family variables. Nine family variables differentiated the antisocial children from the nondisordered children, the most important of which were parental disagreement about how to discipline the 5‐year‐old child, and many changes of the child's primary caretaker during childhood. In addition, among the children who were known to police by age 15, prospective family variables accounted for significant amounts of the variance in number of police contacts and age at first police contact.
Penetanguishene reborn
Authors: MENUCK MORTON N. , FLEMING RUSSEL L.
Published: July 2016

The Oak Ridge Division of the Mental Hospital in Penetanguishene is the maximum security hospital for Ontario, sometimes also receiving patients from other parts of Canada. In common with many other such institutions in most parts of the world it has suffered crisis and scandal and in the 1980s, following complaints about deprivation of patients’ rights, was the subject of a comprehensive independent enquiry. Since then there has been internal review and reorganisation and the academic life of the institution has flourished, in some respects leading the forensic psychiatry community in Canada. However, serious internal problems remain, for example in the state of the accommodation, and also serious problems beyond the hospital’s control, such as the very restrictive health laws that render treatment impossible in some cases. It is suggested that the time may be right for the steering committee set up following the 1985 enquiry to reconvene to appraise the longer term impact of its own work, provide the external validation of the balance of progress and support for continuing change.
Mental illness as a factor in criminality: A study of prisoners and mental patients
Authors: CIRINCIONE CARMEN , STEADMAN HENRY J. , ROBBINS PAMELA CLARK , MONAHAN JOHN
Published: July 2016

Data were collected on two samples of patients admitted to New York State Psychiatric centres and two samples of inmates admitted to New York State prisons to assess the relationship between mental disorder and arrest. Differences in criminality were looked for among four groups: prisoners with no state mental hospitalisations before admission; prisoners with previous mental hospitalisations, patients with previous arrests, and patients with no previous arrests. Both types of patients were at lower risk of arrest than prisoners and there was a fairly consistent ordering in the rates and probabilities of subsequent criminality (prisoners with no previous hospitalisation history > prisoners with previous mental hospitalisations > patients with previous arrests > patients with no prior arrests) . The ordering of arrest data could be due to pre‐existing differences among the groups, the nature of the treatment received, or some combination of the two.
Personality disorder and psychological disturbance of female prisoners: A comparison with women referred for NHS treatment of personality disorder
Authors: DOLAN BRIDGET , MITCHELL HM ELAINE
Published: July 2016

This report presents a descriptive evaluation of personality disorder and psychological state in 50 female offenders admitted to the medical wing of HMP Holloway. Self‐report questionnaires were used to establish the prevalence of personality disorders according to DSM‐IIIR Axis II criteria, levels of borderline symptoms, self‐esteem, affective state and disordered eating attitudes. The results showed a high level of personality disorder pathology in the sample, with 76% of the women scoring in at least one category. Between one‐quarter and one‐half of the women scored in a clinical range on the measures of borderline symptomatology, anxiety, depression and irritability. Findings were compared with 100 women referred to Henderson Hospital, a specialist NHS non‐secure treatment unit for severe personality disorders, one‐third of whom had adult criminal convictions and 10% had been in prison. The latter sample showed a greater breadth of personality disorder pathology; considering just those women with any personality disorder, significantly more of the Henderson women met criteria for schizoid personality disorder and all of the four cluster C DSM‐IIIR personality disorder categories. However, more of the Holloway sample met criteria for antisocial personality disorder. The Holloway women appeared to be significantly less disturbed than the Henderson sample in terms of borderline symptomatology, self‐esteem, anxiety and irritability. The groups did not differ in levels of depression and disordered eating behaviours.
Pharmacotherapy for aggressive and violent behaviour: A view of practical management from clinicians
Authors: WISTEDT B. , HELLDIN LARS , OMEROV MAJDA , PALMSTIERNA T.
Published: July 2016

Within psychiatric populations, when violent behaviour occurs it is generally at least partly attributable to the psychiatric condition. The treatment therefore most likely to be successful in modifying the violent behaviour is that most appropriate for the underlying condition, and much may be achieved in calming aggressive behaviour without using any medication at all. No drug is a specific ‘treatment’ for violence. In situations of acute crisis, however, short‐term control of violent behaviour is often achieved most speedily and effectively when medication is included in the treatment approach. The drugs best fitted for such purposes have calming qualities. Neuroleptics are generally among the first to be used, followed by barbiturates or benzodiazepines. The power of the way in which such drugs are administered; for example, in the timing, route of delivery or form of preparation is often underestimated. In particular, the potential value of depot neuroleptics of intermediate duration of action is discussed. Longer‐term control of violence term of such drugs as the mood stabiliser lithium, anticonvulsants (including carbarnazepine), other sedatives and beta blockers is also discussed.
A British sample of sexually abusive adolescents: abuser and abuse characteristics
Authors: RICHARDSON G. , GRAHAM F. , BHATE S.R. , KELLY T.P.
Published: July 2016

This paper describes some of the background characteristics and sexually abusive behaviour of 100 British sexually abusive male adolescents aged between 11 and 18 years. A retrospective file review and clinical assessment provided relevant information on all subjects who had a documented history of sexual assault or abuse against others. Subjects came from a variety of sources including residential child care centres, secure facilities and an adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic. Demographic characteristics and abuser characteristics are described, including the family environment, history of involvement with health and social services, school adjustment and performance, history of non‐sexual antisocial behaviour, and also the adolescents’ own prior experiences of physical and sexual abuse. Abuse and victim characteristics are also described, including duration of abusive behaviour, types of sexually abusive behaviour exhibited, sex offence convictions, method of overcoming victim resistance, location where abuse took place, sex and age of victims, and abuser—victim relationship. These abuser and abuse characteristics were found to be consistent with those described in the North American literature. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the aetiology, management and treatment of sexually abusive behaviour in British adolescents.
Towards unravelling the confounding of deviant driving, drink driving and traffic accident liability
Authors: WEST ROBERT
Published: July 2016

Existing methods for assessing the effect of alcohol consumption on traffic accident risk do not generally take account of confounding variables such as driver characteristics. Drinking and driving is known to be linked with social deviance and deviant driving practices. Also recent evidence has confirmed a clear relationship between social deviance and accident risk. This raises the possibility that part of the link between ‘drink driving’ (driving after having drunk alcohol) and accident risk is due to general carelessness or recklessness that would occur even without alcohol. This paper reports findings from two studies examining the link between deviance, drink driving and accident rates. The first study involved novice drivers and revealed that self‐reported accident rates were associated with self‐confessed drink driving even once deviant driving and other confounding factors were controlled for. The second study involved experienced drivers and failed to show a statistical association between self‐reported drink driving and accident rates using measures identical to those used in the first study. There was a clear link between tendency to drive fast and accident rates in this sample. The results support the idea of a direct link between drink driving and accident risk in novice drivers and suggest that the link is weaker in experienced drivers where the individual difference factors of general carelessness and recklessness may make a greater contribution to accident rates. Limitations of the methods used and suggestions for possible future lines of research are discussed.
Classification and assessment of personality disorders in mentally disordered offenders: a psychological perspective
Authors: BLACKBURN RONALD
Published: July 2016

Assessment of personality disorders must be guided by an empirically supported classification. Current classifications have serious limitations for clinical practice generally and forensic services in particular. Although reliable diagnosis can be achieved through structured assessments, high rates of comorbidity question the assumption of independent disorders, and evidence for the validity of the classification system is weak. Prominent reasons are the absence of a consistent theory of personality, the lack of an empirical basis for the selection of categories and their organization, and reliance on a categorical system. Personality disorders are abnormal variants of normal personality traits and their organization is most appropriately represented by a dimensional system. Developments in personality research indicate that personality dysfunctions, including psychopathic and aggressive traits, can be accommodated by the five‐factor model and the interpersonal circle. These provide a framework for classification assessment, and treatment. Categorical diagnoses are not incompatible with dimensional measurement, but assessment needs to focus on the analysis of dysfunctional traits.
Guest‐Dependent Spin‐Transition Behavior of Porous Coordination Polymers
Authors: Ohtani Ryo , Hayami Shinya
Published: July 2016

The host–guest composites of Hofmann‐type iron(II) spin‐transition (ST) porous coordination polymers incorporating guest molecules show guest‐dependent ST behavior in accordance with the respective guest species, which may be a gas, solvent, halogen, or organic molecule. The guest also works as a chemical stimulant to switch the spin state of the host between high and low spin at room temperature. In this review, we discuss guest properties including size, shape, flexibility, chemical properties, and pore loading content, which impact the spin states of the host framework and the ST behavior exhibited by the host–guest composites.
Highly Chemoselective Synthesis of Indolizidine Lactams by SmI2‐Induced Umpolung of the Amide Bond via Aminoketyl Radicals: Efficient Entry to Alkaloid Scaffolds
Authors: Shi Shicheng , Lalancette Roger , Szostak Roman , Szostak Michal
Published: July 2016

Samarium(II) iodide enables a wide range of highly chemoselective umpolung radical transformations proceeding by electron transfer to carbonyl groups; however, cyclizations of important nitrogen‐containing precursors have proven limited due to their prohibitive redox potential. Herein, we report the first reductive cyclizations of unactivated cyclic imides onto N‐tethered olefins using SmI2/H2O. This new umpolung protocol leads to the rapid synthesis of nitrogen‐containing heterocycles that are of particular significance as precursors to pharmaceutical pharmacophores and numerous classes of alkaloids. The reaction conditions tolerate a wide range of functional groups. Excellent chemoselectivity is observed in the cyclization over amide and ester functional groups. Such unconventional reactivity has important implications for the design and optimization of new bond‐forming reactions by umpolung radical processes. The reaction advances the SmI2 cyclization platform to the challenging unactivated N‐tethered acyl‐type radical precursors to access nitrogen‐containing architectures.
Adduct Formation, B−H Activation and Ring Expansion at Room Temperature from Reactions of HBcat with NHCs
Authors: Würtemberger‐Pietsch Sabrina , Schneider Heidi , Marder Todd B. , Radius Udo
Published: July 2016

We report the reactions of catecholborane (HBcat; 1) with unsaturated and saturated NHCs as well as CAACMe. Mono‐NHC adducts of the type HBcat⋅NHC (NHC=nPr2Im, iPr2Im, iPr2ImMe, and Dipp2Im) were obtained by stoichiometric reactions of HBcat with the unsaturated NHCs. The reaction of CAACMe with HBcat yielded the B−H activated product CAACMe(H)Bcat via insertion of the carbine‐carbon atom into the B−H bond. The saturated NHC Dipp2SIm reacted in a 2:2 ratio yielding an NHC ring‐expanded product at room temperature forming a six‐membered −B−C=N−C=C−N− ring via C−N bond cleavage and further migration of the hydrides from two HBcat molecules to the former carbene‐carbon atom.
Impact of Common Cytostatics on DNA Damage in Freshwater Mussels Uniopictorum and Unio tumidus
Authors: Kolarević Stoimir , Gačić Zoran , Kostić Jovana , Sunjog Karolina , Kračun‐Kolarević Margareta , Paunović Momir , Knežević‐Vukčević Jelena , Vuković‐Gačić Branka
Published: July 2016

The impact of etoposide (ETO), vincristine sulfate (VIN), and cisplatin (CP) on the DNA damage level was studied in vivo and in vitro on hemocytes of freshwater mussels Unio sp. (Unio pictorum/Unio tumidus) using the alkaline comet assay. For in vivo experiments, the mussels were exposed in static system for 72 h. For in vitro experiments, treatment was performed in primary cultures of hemocytes for 22 h. The DNA damage level was analyzed by Comet Assay IV software. Increase of damage was detected for ETO (40 and 100 μM) in vivo and in vitro and for VIN (0.04 and 0.1 μM) in vivo. CP did not induce an increase of DNA damage, but post‐treatment with hydrogen peroxide indicated existence of DNA crosslinks in specimens treated with 4 μM CP. Effective concentrations of selected cytostatics are at least one (CP) or several orders of magnitude (ETO, VIN) higher comparing to the concentrations in hospital wastewater.
Gyrokinetic Theory and Dynamics of the Tokamak Edge
Authors: Scott B.
Published: July 2016

The validity of modern gyrokinetic field theory is assessed for the tokamak edge. The basic structure of the Lagrangian and resulting equations and their conservation laws is reviewed. The conventional microturbulence ordering for expansion is small potential/arbitrary wavelength. The equilibrium ordering for expansion is long wavelength/arbitrary amplitude. The long‐wavelength form of the conventional Lagrangian is derived in detail. The two Lagrangians are shown to match at long wavelength if the E × B Mach number is small enough for its corrections to the gyroaveraging to be neglected. Therefore, the conventional derivation and its Lagrangian can be used at all wavelengths if these conditions are satisfied. Additionally, dynamical compressibility of the magnetic field can be neglected if the plasma beta is small. This allows general use of a shear‐Alfvén Lagrangian for edge turbulence and self consistent equilibrium‐scale phenomena for flows, currents, and heat fluxes for conventional tokamaks without further modification by higher‐order terms. Corrections in polarisation and toroidal angular momentum transport due to these higher‐order terms for global edge turbulence computations are shown to be small. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)