bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SONOGRAPHIC APPLICATION IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF INTRAABDOMINAL ABSCESS IN THE DOG
Authors: KONDE LINDA J. , LEBEL JACK L. , PARK RICHARD D. , WRIGLEY ROBERT H.
Published: May 2005

The sonographic appearance of intraabdominal abscess, excluding prostatic abscess, is presented. The most common sonographic pattern identified for intraabdominal abscess is an irregularly defined, hypoechoic mass with minimal to no through transmission. Definitive diagnosis of intraabdominal abscess using only sonography is not possible, as variations of this common sonographic pattern are imaged. Sonography is best utilized to scan an animal when there is a high suspicion of intraabdominal abscess with no overt physical or radiographic evidence, and to better characterize intraabdominal masses. Sonography can be used to assist in percutaneous aspiration, catheterization, and intraoperative localization of abscessation.
CANINE VENTRAL BODY WALL LYMPHOSCINTIGRAPHY
Authors: METCALF MICHAEL R. , ROSENTHAL ROBERT C. , SELLETT LOUIS C. , BADERTSCHER ROBERT R.
Published: May 2005

The scintigraphic characteristics of lymph nodes draining the ventral body wall were analyzed in 12 dogs as to their pattern of appearance and image contrast. Each dog was scanned using 99mTc‐antimony sulfide colloid and 99mTc‐dextran, and the imaging characteristics of these agents were compared. A large degree of variability exists in the number and pattern of lymph node appearance with either agent. No significant difference in average numbers of lymph nodes per dog was shown between agents. However, 99mTc‐antimony sulfide colloid provided a significantly (p<.05) better target‐to‐background ratio, which determines the contrast with which lymph nodes stand out from background activity. From these findings, it is suggested that too great a variability in lymph node appearance exists using this procedure to allow a high degree of confidence in the diagnosis of metastasis to lymph nodes of the ventral body wall. However, for other purposes, 99mTc‐antimony sulfide colloid is the lymphoscintigraphic agent of choice.
QUANTITATIVE HEPATOBILIARY SCINTIGRAPHY USING 99mTC‐DISIDA IN THE DOG
Authors: KERR L. Y. , HORNOF W. J.
Published: May 2005

Quantitative hepatobiliary scintigraphy using 99mTc‐2,6 diisopropylphenylcarbamoylmethyl iminodiacetic acid (DISIDA) was performed in normal dogs. 99mTc‐DISIDA is excreted by the hepatocyte into the biliary tract. Hepatic blood flow from arterial and portal venous sources was measured as the hepatic perfusion index. The hepatic clearance of the radiopharmaceutical was used to assess hepatocyte function and parenchymal biliary transport. Biliary ejection was evaluated using synthetic cholecystokinin infusion. The procedure should be useful in evaluating dogs with hepatic and biliary disease.
RADIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF CRANIAL CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RUPTURE IN THE DAIRY COW
Authors: HUHN JOHN C. , KNELLER STEPHEN K. , NELSON DALE R.
Published: May 2005

Case records and radiographs of 37 dairy cows presented to the University of Illinois Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital with a diagnosis of cranial cruciate ligament rupture were reviewed. Signalment, history, duration of lameness prior to clinical presentation, and physical examination findings were evaluated. Survey radiographs were examined and radiographic lesions were documented. Individual cows were classified into groups (A, B, C) based on the severity of radiographic lesions, with Group A cows having minimal radiographic lesions. Cows in Groups A and B had radiographic lesions similar to Class I in beef bulls reported in another study.3,4 An attempt was made to relate the severity of radiographic lesions with age and duration of lameness. Group A animals tended to be younger cows (x̄= 4.58 years) with a short duration of lameness. Group B cows were older (x̄= 7.87 years) with a somewhat longer duration of lameness. Group C cows were slightly younger (x̄= 7.30 years) than Group B cows; however, their duration of lameness was much longer (x̄= 57.2 weeks vs 6.35 weeks for Group B and 2.54 weeks for Group A). The pathogenesis of cranial cruciate ligament rupture and its associated lameness appeared to differ in dairy cows from beef bulls. The majority of animals in this study had radiographic lesions of mild to moderate severity (Groups A and B). In contrast, based on previous work, beef bulls had a greater tendency to be similar to our Group C designation. Beef bulls became lame with cranial cruciate ligament rupture only after severe lesions of degenerative joint disease had already occurred. It has been stated that lameness associated with cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the beef bull is, therefore, secondary to degenerative joint disease. In contrast, the syndrome in dairy cows, as evidenced here, differs, since they often presented with cranial cruciate ligament rupture with little or no radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease.
LOOSENING OF TRANSOSSEOUSLY PLACED ANTEBRACHIAL SCREWS IN TWO DOGS
Authors: RIGG DALE L.
Published: May 2005

Radius and ulna fractures in two dogs were repaired by application of a bone plate to the cranial surface of the radius. In both dogs, two screws were placed through the radius and into the ulna. Return of function and bone healing occurred as expected; however, return of lameness at 5 and 7 months postoperatively was attributed to loosening of the transosseous screws. The lameness resolved following implant removal. Loosening of only the transosseous screws could have resulted from the normal motion between the radius and ulna.
COMPARISONS OF RADIOGRAPHIC AND ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITIES IN CANINE HEARTWORM DISEASE
Authors: Calvert Clay A. , Losonsky John M. , Brown John , Lewis Robert E.
Published: May 2005

Thoracic radiographs and electrocardiograms from 137 dogs with heartworm infection were independently evaluated and comparisons were made of (1) the presence or absence of right ventricular enlargement as assessed by these two diagnostic tests and (2) the presence or absence of right‐sided congestive heart failure relative to the degree of right ventricular enlargement and ECG criteria of RVH.

Radiographic evidence of severe, but not moderate, right ventricular enlargement was associated with right‐sided congestive heart failure. Similarly the presence of three or more, but not fewer than three, ECG criteria of RVH were associated with right‐sided congestive heart failure. If either the thoracic radiographs or the ECG indicated that severe right ventricular enlargement was absent, right‐sided congestive heart failure was seldom present. The most accurate correlation of the radiographic evaluation of severe right ventricular enlargement was afforded by the presence of three or more ECG criteria of RVH. ECG criteria of RVH such as R/Sv4, + Tv10 MEAx, and S11 are highly specific tests; while SV2 is a highly sensitive but not highly specific test. The ECG is a good confirmation test of the presence of severe right ventricular enlargement and is a good exclusion test for the absence of right‐sided congestive heart failure.
CYSTIC UTERUS MASCULINUS IN THE DOG
Authors: Atilola Matthew A. O. , Pennock Paul W.
Published: May 2005

Radiographic, historical, clinical signs, and surgical and histopathologic findings of six dogs with diagnosed cystic uterus masculinus are given. The condition was seen in aged dogs between 4 and 15 years (mean of 8.8 years). There was no breed predisposition, although the larger breeds were involved in this study. The predominant clinical signs were constipation, dysuria and anuria. Lateral survey recumbent abdominal radiographs coupled with negative‐or positive‐contrast cystography were useful in delineating the bladder and the urethra, thus revealing the smooth‐contoured, asymmetrical fluid‐filled viscus in the caudal abdomen. The bi‐horned cysts were connected to the dorsal urethra through a short blind‐ending pedicle. The nonseptic, aspermic, cystic fluid averaged 146.7 ml (range of 100–200 ml). The predominant epithelial lining cells seen were simple columnar to pseudostratified columnar.
OSTEOSARCOMA WITH A PATHOLOGIC FRACTURE IN A SIX‐MONTH‐OLD DOG
Authors: Phillips Lesley , Hager Dave , Parker Robert , Yanik Douglas
Published: May 2005

This case history report describes the clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic features of an osteosarcoma with an associated pathologic fracture in a 6‐month‐old dog. A 6‐month‐old intact male Bloodhound was presented with a primary complaint of a right forelimb lameness of one month's duration. In radiographs, a minimally displaced transverse fracture of the proximal humeral metaphysis was seen. There was extensive cortical bone destruction at the fracture site and minimal periosteal new bone suggestive of a primary bone tumor with a pathologic fracture. Biopsy specimens demonstrated neoplastic mesenchymal cells producing osteoid compatible with a diagnosis of osteosarcoma. This case history report constitutes the youngest reported canine osteosarcoma.
EVALUATION OF THE EXTIRPATED EQUINE EYE USING B‐MODE ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Authors: Rogers Monica , Cartee Robert E. , Miller William , Ibrahim Ahmed K.
Published: May 2005

B‐mode ultrasonography using a 7.5 megahertz (MHz) transducer was performed on 95 equine cadaver eyes submerged in a water bath. Identification and measurement of the anterior to posterior diameters of the intraocular structures and of the axis bulbi was done. The dorsal ventral axis of the eye was also measured. The eyes were then frozen, sectioned in a saggital plane and the same measurements were made using calipers. Two sets of measurements were then compared statistically.

With the exception of the cornea and the dorsal ventral axis measurements of male horses there was no statistically significant difference in the measurements obtained by the two methods.

The use of B‐mode ultrasonography at a frequency of 7.5 MHz to examine the architecture of the equine eye is suggested as a valuable clinical tool. Biometry of the intraocular structures at this frequency may be reasonably accurate.
OSTEOSARCOMA IN THE MIDDIAPHYSIS OF THE RADIUS IN THE DOG
Authors: RENDANO VICTOR T. , CAR BRUCE , GILMAN MICHAEL
Published: May 2005

This case report describes the radiographic/clinical progression of a lesion in the middiaphysis of the radius in a dog. The lesion initially looked benign but progressed and eventually was diagnosed as an anaplastic osteosarcoma.
BALLOON CATHETER DILATATION OF ALIMENTARY TRACT STRICTURES IN THE DOG AND CAT
Authors: SOOY THOMAS E. , ADAMS WILLIAM M. , PITTS ROGER P. , BECK KATHY A.
Published: May 2005

Application of a technique using a Gruntzig balloon dilatation catheter for the treatment of alimentary tract strictures in two dogs and two cats is described. Three of the patients responded favorably, as evidenced by no regurgitation or dysphagia when maintained on a gruel‐type diet, weight gain, and resolution of obstipation in the patient with structure of a jejunocolonic anastomosis. Three to five dilatations were done on each animal. No complications attributable to the technique were observed in three animals, with follow‐up periods of 9, 16, and 17 months. The fourth animal initially responded to balloon dilatation of the esophagus but ultimately required surgical intervention.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN HORSES
Authors: BARBEE DAVID D. , ALLEN JENNIFER R. , GAVIN PATRICK R.
Published: May 2005

Computed tomography (CT) is a valuable imaging procedure but one that requires significant technical support. Although scanners are available for veterinary use, their successful installation requires in‐depth facility planning. Maintenance costs for these highly complex systems are high and may greatly exceed acquisition costs. Equipment to move anesthetized horses and support them during scanning is also expensive. Transport and scan table equipment suitable for equine CT studies are described. Clinical scan protocols used for CT of the equine skull and extremities are detailed. Precise positioning is essential for interpretable scans. Significant training in anatomy and CT physics is required for the veterinary computed tomographer.
A RADIOGRAPHIC STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANTEBRACHIUM IN GREAT DANE PUPS ON DIFFERENT CALCIUM INTAKES
Authors: VOORHOUT GEORGE , HAZEWINKEL HERMAN A. W.
Published: May 2005

Radiographic examination of the radius and ulna was performed in three groups of Great Danes fed diets containing high, normal, and low calcium contents from the ages of 7 to 21 weeks. Development and maturation of secondary ossification centers, architecture of the distal ulnar metaphysis, and growth in length of the radius were noted. In the dogs fed a high‐calcium diet, there was retardation in the development of the ulnar styloid process, the humeral medial epicondyle, the olecranal apophysis, and the anconeal process. In addition, these dogs developed severe changes over the entire width of the distal ulnar metaphysis, whereas the other groups developed only focal changes. The dogs fed a low‐calcium diet developed severe signs of nutritional hyperparathyroidism. It is concluded that the development of the secondary ossification centers and the growth in length of the radius are inversely related to calcium intake.
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE CANINE ELBOW JOINT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE MEDIAL HUMERAL CONDYLE AND THE MEDIAL CORONOID PROCESS
Authors: VOORHOUT GEORGE , HAZEWINKEL HERMAN A. W.
Published: May 2005

The results of radiographic examination of clinically affected elbow joints in 14 young, large‐breed dogs, including standard and oblique projections and linear tomography, were compared with the findings of medial arthrotomy. Radiographs revealed arthrosis (13 dogs), osteochondrosis of the medial humeral condyle (2 dogs), fragmentation of the medial coronoid process (5 dogs), and a combination of osteochondrosis of the medial humeral condyle and fragmentation of the medial coronoid process (2 dogs). In one dog fissures in the medial coronoid process and in another dog a linear radiopacity along the articular surface of the medial coronoid process were found. In three dogs both medial humeral condyle and medial coronoid process appeared normal. The radiographic findings were confirmed during surgery in 11 dogs. Cartilage erosion of the medial humeral condyle in two dogs and of the medial coronoid process in one dog had not resulted in radiographically visible abnormalities. Radiographic examination of the elbow joints in young, large‐breed dogs should include standard mediolateral and craniocaudal projections, a mediolateral projection with the joint maximally extended and the leg supinated 15°, and a craniolateral‐to‐caudomedial projection.
USE OF FIRST‐PASS NUCLEAR ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY TO DETECT LEFT‐TO‐RIGHT CARDIAC SHUNTS IN THE HORSE
Authors: KOBLIK PHILIP D. , HORNOF WILLIAM J.
Published: May 2005

First‐pass nuclear angiocardiography was performed on 13 normal horses and 5 horses with confirmed left‐to‐right ventricular septal defects. Two methods of analyzing the ensuing pulmonary time‐activity histograms for shunt recirculation through the lungs were evaluated: (1) pulmonary‐to‐systemic blood flow ratio (QP:QS), based on gamma variate modeling of the lung histogram, and (2) a simple count‐ratio method (C2:C1). Normal values were QP:QS=1.17±0.04 and C2:C1=0.40±0.07. Values for the five horses with left‐to‐right shunts were QP:QS=2.94±0.13 and C2:C1=0.76±0.11. Both parameters showed significant differences (unpaired t‐test; p<0.005) between the two groups, although separation was better with QP:QS.
UPTAKE OF 99mTCMDP IN MUSCLE ASSOCIATED WITH A PERIPHERAL NERVE BLOCK
Authors: ALLHANDS RODGER V. , TWARDOCK A. ROBERT , BOERO MICHAEL J.
Published: May 2005

A focal area of increased uptake of radioactivity was observed in muscle during bone imaging with 99mTcMDP. The area was previously the site of a peripheral nerve block with mepivacaine hydrochloride. Additional experiments were done to document the action of the local anesthetic. The effect on uptake decreased over several days.
EFFECT OF DEPENDENCY VERSUS NONDEPENDENCY ON LUNG LESION VISUALIZATION
Authors: PECHMAN ROBERT D.
Published: May 2005

Paraffin blocks and mineral oil were used as a model to determine the effect of dependency versus nondependency on radiographic visualization of lung lesions in lateral thoracic radiographs. It was concluded that the increased opacity of the material surrounding the lesion, not contact between the heart and the lesion, was responsible for the inability to detect lung disease in the dependent lung. The results were tested in dogs with pneumonia in the right middle lung lobe. When the dog was in right lateral recumbency, the dependent right lung was increased in opacity and decreased in volume and the pulmonary lesion was difficult to detect. When the dog was in left lateral recumbency, the nondependent right lung was increased in volume and decreased in opacity and the pulmonary disease was clearly visible. A single recumbent lateral radiograph must not be used to assess a dog with suspected lung disease because lesions in the dependent lung lobes may not be detected.
THE RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF PRIMARY LIVER NEOPLASIA IN DOGS
Authors: EVANS SYDNEY M.
Published: May 2005

The signalment, anamnesis, and histopathologic, gross pathologic, and radiographic findings in 22 dogs with nonvascular, nonhematopoletic primary liver tumors were reviewed. The tumor types represented were hepatoma (8), bile duct cystadenoma (1), hepatocellular carcinoma (5), and cholangiocellular carcinoma (8). The dogs averaged 11.1 years of age. Females were predisposed to cholangiocellular carcinoma. The most common presenting clinical signs were general malaise, anorexia, PU/PD, vomiting, and seizures. Tumors ranged in size from diffuse 0.5‐1 cm nodules to an 18‐cm solitary mass and were located in any of the liver lobes. Four of the five diffuse tumors were cholangiocellular carcinomas. The most common radiographic appearance for any type of liver tumor was a right cranial abdominal mass causing caudal and left gastric displacement. In 54.5% of the dogs, radiographic evidence of intraperitoneal disease was identified. Nodular interstitial pulmonary masses were seen in 3 of the 22 dogs.
INTRAOPERATIVE RADIOTHERAPY OF CANINE BLADDER CANCER
Authors: WALKER MICHAEL , BREIDER MICHAEL
Published: May 2005

Thirteen dogs had partial surgical extirpation followed by whole bladder intraoperative radiotherapy for urinary bladder cancer. Eleven of the neoplasms were transitional cell carcinomas (five Stage T1, six stage T2); one was rhabdomyosarcoma (Stage T2), and one was leiomyosarcoma (Stage T2). Histopathologic evaluation showed that neoplasia extended to the margins of the excised tissue in at least 11 of the 13 dogs. Radiotherapy from a 137Cs teletherapy machine was applied to the surgically exteriorized bladder, with doses at the 90% isodose level varying from 2188 to 2888 cGy (10 of 13 dogs receiving 2670–2700 cGy). Sixty‐one percent of the dogs were alive at 1 year, 30% at 18 months, and 15% at 2 years. From the time of initial clinical signs of bladder neoplasia, 69% of the irradiated dogs were alive at 1 year, 46% at 18 months, and 23% at 2 years (one dog is still living, at 70 months). Of the owner‐reported or clinically determined posttherapy complications, there was increased frequency of urination in 46% of the dogs, urinary incontinence in 46%, cystitis in 38%, and stranguria in 15%. Either persistence or recurrence of neoplasia was found in six (46%) of the dogs and metastasis in four (30%), with two of these having both recurrence and metastasis. Qualitative assessment of the complications was not done, but owner‐perceived severity of the complications, metastasis, or diagnosed persistence or recurrence of the neoplasm were the major reasons for ultimately killing most of the dogs.
SUBTRACTION PORTAL VENOGRAPHY
Authors: WRIGLEY ROBERT H. , PARK RICHARD D. , KONDE LINDA J. , LEBEL JACK L.
Published: May 2005

Photographic subtraction was made of 38 canine portal venograms to remove the images of the overlying abdominal structures and enhance the radiographic contrast of portal veins. The improved visual quality of the subtracted portogram aided in the detection of portosystemic shunts and intrahepatic portal veins. The subtraction studies revealed portosystemic shunts not detected on the initial portal venogram.
ACUTE DIFFUSE MYCOTIC PNEUMONIA IN A 7‐MONTH‐OLD COLT
Authors: GREEN SHERRIL L. , HAGER DAVID A. , CALDERWOOD MAYS MARON B. , MERRITT A. M.
Published: May 2005

A 7‐month‐old Quarter horse colt developed acute diarrhea, laminitis, bilateral uveitis, and severe respiratory distress after intramuscular injection with a bacterial vaccine. Thoracic radiographs revealed diffuse unstructured, nodular interstitial, and peribronchial opacities throughout the lung. Despite intensive supportive therapy, the colt became progressively hypoxemic and died. At postmortem examination, severe multifocal to coalescing hemorrhagic, necrotizing fibrinous pneumonia was found. Histologic study revealed numerous branched septate fungal hyphae diffusely distributed throughout the lung parenchyma. Fungal culture of lung tissue grew Aspergillus fumigatus. This report presents the radiographic, clinical, and pathologic features of acute mycotic pneumonia in horses.
RADIOGRAPHICALLY VISUALIZED SKELETAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS VI IN CATS
Authors: KONDE LINDA J. , THRALL MARY ANNA , GASPER PETER , DIAL SHARON M. , MCBILES KIT , COLGAN SEAN , HASKINS MARK
Published: May 2005

The radiographic skeletal form and structure of all cats with mucopolysaccharidosis VI is described. Common manifestations included epiphyseal dysplasia, generalized osteoporosis, abnormal nasal turbinate development, his subluxation, impaired development of skeletal growth, pectus excavatum, hyoid hypoplasia, aplasia, hypoplasia and fragmentation or abnormal ossification of the dens, and aplasia or hypoplasia of frontal and sphenoid sinuses. The skeletal measurements of two affected cats were compared with those of normal, sex‐matched littermates, and the measurements of two affected female cats were compared with those of a normal male littermate.
THE NATURE AND RADIOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF PERIOSTEAL RESPONSE IN THE BOVINE
Authors: BARGAI URI
Published: May 2005

Seventy‐five bovine radiographic examinations with definite periosteal response were analyzed for quality and pattern of new bone formation. Three patterns were recognized — amorphous, lamellar, and spiculated; they appeared singly or in various combinations. The lamellar and amorphous types seemed to be generally bone‐related: with lamellar predominantly in the metacarpal and metatarsal bones and amorphous in the phalanges. The spiculated pattern in the bovine does not seem to be related to neoplastic processes. Bovine periosteum responded rapidly and with high magnitude.
CANINE HIP DYSPLASIA
Authors: Morgan Joe P.
Published: May 2005

It is the purpose of this study to call attention to new bone production that often occurs early in the sequence of pathological changes associated with canine hip dysplasia. New bone production extending to bony remodeling, as well as femoral head subluxation, both occur in the sequence of pathologic changes associated with canine hip dysplasia. Subluxation is considered primary, while osteoarthrosis is a secondary feature, and both are used in the diagnosis of canine hip dysplasia. This report concerns the significance of the presence of a solitary bony osteophyte, or spur, that is frequently evident on the caudal aspect of the femoral neck as viewed on the conventional ventrodorsal projection. This report utilizes findings from pelvic radiographs of 605 dogs (five breeds). There was a greater frequency (54%)of this bony change in cases diagnosed radiographically as dysplastic than in cases diagnosed as normal(15%).Thus, it is suggested that this minimal radiographic change can be used as an indicator of early canine hip dysplasia, especially in the absence of subluxation of the femoral head.
DIAGNOSIS OF COMMON CONGENITAL HEART ANOMALIES IN THE DOG USING SURVEY AND NONSELECTIVE CONTRAST RADIOGRAPHY
Authors: Stickle Russ L. , Anderson Lorel K.
Published: May 2005

The most common canine congenital heart anomalies include patient ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defects, tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonic stenosis, and aortic stenosis. Survey radiography and nonselective (venous) angiography can allow the practicing veterinarian to confirm the diagnosis in many of these patients. Typical radiographic findings using these diagnostic procedures are reviewed. Nonselective angiocardiography is a relatively easy, rapid, and noninvasive procedure which can be performed using conventional equipment. The major disadvantage of this special procedure is that the superimposition of opacified structures can make the identification of some left‐to‐right shunts difficult. Dilution of contrast medium can occur if a rapid bolus injection is not made.
CANINE HEMANGIOPERICYTOMA
Authors: Evans Sydney M.
Published: May 2005

The records of 22 dogs treated with postoperative radiation therapy for hemangiopericytomas were retrospectively reviewed to determine which factors affected survival. Based on analysis with the logrank statistics, two factors were significant (p≤5.05): limb (front vs hind) and portal size. Tumor‐free interval ranged from 1.5–55 months, with 40.9% of the dogs tumor‐free at 24 months. Survival ranged from 2.5–55 months, with 40% of the dogs dead due to tumor recurrence or tumor‐related causes.
A REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF RADIATION THERAPY ON BONE
Authors: LaRue Susan M. , Wrigley Robert H. , Powers Barbarae.
Published: May 2005

A literature review describes bone changes that may develop after radiation therapy. Irradiation of mature bone results in vascular and cellular changes best characterized as osteopenia. Irradiated bone is susceptible to subsequent fracture, septic osteoradionecrosis, and sarcoma formation. Irradiation of fractured bones may result in delayed healing or nonunion of the fracture; however, in some patients, healing will occur. Pathologic fractures associated with neoplasia may heal after radiation therapy if internal fixation is employed. Irradiation of growing bone typically results in retardation of longitudinal growth. Clinical manifestations of radiation‐induced changes of bone are uncommon; however, when they occur, the results may be devastating.
STRESS FRACTURES OF THE HUMERUS, RADIUS, AND TIBIA IN HORSES
Authors: Mackey Valorie S. , Trout Donald R. , Meagher Dennis M. , Hornof William J.
Published: May 2005

The medical records, radiographic and nuclear scintigraphic findings of 26 racing horses with 27 stress fracture episodes of the humerus, radius, or tibia were reviewed. The purposes of this study were to describe the radiographic and/or scintigraphic features of stress fractures of the humerus, radius, or tibia, and to evaluate the signalment and history of horses in which stress fracture occurred. Stress fractures of the three long bones examined were primarily seen in 2‐and 3‐year‐old male Thoroughbred horses; commonly, the onset of lameness was immediately following training gallops or racing. There were 13 humeral stress fracture episodes in 12 horses. Ten were in the proximal caudolateral cortex, and three were in the distal craniomedial cortex. Radial stress fractures were seen in three horses, all in the midshaft radius. Tibial stress fractures were diagnosed in 11 horses. They were located in the proximal lateral tibia in six horses, the distal caudolateral tibia in three horses, and the midshaft tibia in three horses. Fifteen stress fractures were diagnosed with radiographs alone, one was diagnosed with scintigraphy alone, nine were diagnosed with radiographs and scintigraphy, and, in two horses, radiographs were negative, but the scintigraphic findings were consistent with stress fracture.
THE RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF PULMONARY HISTOPLASMOSIS IN THE CAT
Authors: Wolf Alice M. , Green Ronald W.
Published: May 2005

A retrospective study of 18 cats with pulmonary histoplasmosis was conducted to evaluate radiographic patterns of disease and to determine age, breed, and sex distributions. All cats had active disease confirmed by biopsy/aspiration cytology (lung, bone marrow, peripheral lymph nodes, pleural fluid) or necropsy examination. Cats 3 years of age or less had the highest incidence of disease; females outnumbered males 2 to 1. Radiographically, most cats had an interstitial pattern which appeared as a fine, diffuse or linear pattern, or as a more distinct nodular pattern. An alveolar pattern was an uncommon radiographic finding. Tracheobronchial lymphadenopathy and calcified lymph nodes or pulmonary parenchymal lesions were not identified in these cats.
RADIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS IN THE FOAL
Authors: Fischer A. T. , Kerr L. Y. , O'Brien T. R.
Published: May 2005

Abdominal discomfort in the foal presents a diagnostic challenge, because the small size of the foal precludes rectal palpation. Standing lateral horizontal beam abdominal radiographs using conventional techniques were evaluated as a diagnostic aid to identify the presence and location of gastrointestinal disorders in foals presented with colic. Forty foals were radiographed prior to surgery (20 foals), necropsy (7 foals), or clinical diagnosis (13 foals). Clinical, surgical, or necropsy findings were then correlated to radiographic findings. Gastrointestinal disease was accurately identified on radiographs as the source of colic in 25 of 26 foals that had surgical or postmortem confirmation. The site of disease, whether gastric, small intestinal, large intestinal, or a combination, was accurately determined from radiographs. Standing lateral abdominal radiographs were determined to be a valuable diagnostic aid in the foal presented with colic.
RADIOGRAPHIC AND MYELOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF THE CERVICAL VERTEBRAL COLUMN IN 306 ATAXIC HORSES
Authors: Papageorges Marc , Gavin Patrick R. , Sande Ronald D. , Barbee David D. , Grant Barrie D.
Published: May 2005

This study consists of a review of 306 ataxic horses subjected to survey radiography and myelography of the cervical vertebral column. Fifty‐eight percent of horses had evidence of compressive spinal cord lesion on myelography. Sixty‐six percent of horses were less than 3 years old. Age had no effect on the distribution of spinal cord compressive lesions. No conclusion could be drawn from sex and breed distribution. The most common sites of cord compression on myelography in order of decreasing frequency were C3–4, C6–7, C5–6, and C4–5. Twenty‐nine percent of horses with myelographic evidence of cord compression had multiple compressive sites. Survey radiographs were not reliable to diagnose compressive spinal cord lesions. Myelography was a safe and more accurate procedure. Several factors may result in misinterpretation of the myelographic examination.
TWO‐DIMENSIONAL REAL‐TIME OCULAR ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN THE DOG
Authors: Hager David A. , Dziezyc Joan , Millchamp Nicholas J.
Published: May 2005

Two‐dimensional real‐time ultrasonography was performed with three different methods to determine the optimal technique for scanning canine orbital soft tissues. The three techniques included positioning the transducer on the clipped closed eyelid (eyelid contact method), directly on the cornea (corneal contact method), or on a small waterfilled balloon in direct contact with the cornea (water bath offset method). Horizontal and vertical images from the three techniques were compared and graded for diagnostic quality. The corneal contact method provided superior anatomic definition of the posterior globe and extraorbital tissues, whereas the water bath method gave higher‐quality images of the anterior chamber and lens. Use of the eyelid contact method to image the eye and periorbital structures was not recommended because of multiple artifacts that severely degrade the image.
TWO‐DIMENSIONAL, REAL‐TIME ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE HORSE
Authors: Carlsten Johan C.
Published: May 2005

To improve spatial information and appreciation of cardiac anatomy, two‐dimensional real‐time echocardiography was performed in 10 standing normal Standardbred horses, using a 3.5–MHz real‐time sector scanner. A standardized examination technique was developed with long‐ and short‐axis views of the heart from each side of the thorax at eight intercostal transducer positions. From these views, cardiac anatomy was described, image quality of 10 cardiac structures estimated, and optimal transducer positions for imaging the different cardiac structures proposed. On matched t‐tests, no significant improvements (p > 0.05) in image quality was recorded after sedation with detomidine (0.01 mg/kg, IV), and no correlation was found on linear regression between body weight and image quality (p > 0.05).
A RADIOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF THIRD CARPAL BONE INJURY IN 42 RACING THOROUGHBREDS
Authors: De Haan Constance E. , O'Brien Timothy R. , Koblik Philip D.
Published: May 2005

A retrospective study of carpal radiographs from 42 racing thoroughbreds with carpal lameness was performed. Radiographs from 50 carpal examinations were available for review. The radiographic findings pertaining to the third carpal bone were described. Fractures and/or sclerosis occurred almost exclusively within the radial fossa. The occurrence of sclerosis without fracture in 20 of the 50 carpal examinations was higher than anticipated, occurring in both the right and left third carpal bone with equal frequency. The right third carpal bone was more frequently fractured and more severely affected than the left. The sclerotic changes seen in the radial fossa of the third carpal bone may be stress‐induced, possibly preceding more serious changes in the joint such as cartilage damage or gross fracture. Earlier recognition of sclerosis of the third carpal bone may help prevent more serious changes from occurring.
SCINTIGRAPHIC GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING LOCALIZATION WITH 99mTc‐LABELED RED BLOOD CELLS
Authors: Metcalf DVM Michael R.
Published: May 2005

Ten scintigraphic gastrointestinal bleeding localization examinations were done in nine dogs. All dogs had clinical evidence of gastrointestinal bleeding prior to or on the day of the examination. Scintigraphy was done by in vivo labeling of red blood cells with 99mTechnetium and imaging serially with a gamma camera over a 21‐hour period. Of the nine dogs, four case history reports are presented. Three of these dogs had positive scintigraphic examinations. One dog had a negative scan but was later shown to have been ingesting material that mimicked the appearance of melena.
FLUOROSCOPICALLY GUIDED PERCUTANEOUS FINE‐NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY OF THORACIC LESIONS IN DOGS AND CATS
Authors: McMillan Marjorie C. , Kleine Lawrence J. , Carpenter James L.
Published: May 2005

Forty‐eight fine‐needle aspiration biopsy specimens of intrathoracic lesions were obtained with a Westcott needle by localizing needle placement using TV‐monitored, image‐amplified fluoroscopy and by detecting changes in tactile sensation. Thiryt‐five lesions were pulmonary in origin and 13 were within the mediastinum. Most biospy specimens were obtained with the patients sedated, however, general anesthesia was used in one patient to prevent movement that could have resulted in puncture of a critical structure. The only clinical and radiographic complication from this procedure was pneumothorax, occurring in eight dogs and resulting in one death. Definitive diagnoses were made from tissue obtained from 37 of the 48 lesions sampled for a sensitivity rate of 77.1%. Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy was found to be a simple, safe, and accurate diagnostic technique.
RADIATION EXPOSURE DURING EQUINE RADIOGRAPHY
Authors: Ackerman N. , Spencer C. P. , Hager D.A. , Poulos P.W.
Published: May 2005

All personnel present in the X‐ray examination room during equine radiography were monitored using low energy direct reading ionization chambers (pockets dosimeters) worn outside the lead apron at neck level. The individuals' task and dosimeter readings were recorded after each examination. Average doses ranged from 0 to 6 mrad per study. The greatest exposures were associated with radiography of the shoulder and averaged less than 4 mrad. The individual extending the horse's limb was at greatest risk although the individual holding the horse's halter and the one making the X‐ray exposure received similar exposures.

A survey of the overhead tube assembly used for some of the X‐ray examinations also was performed. Meter readings obtained indicated an asymetric dose distribution around the tube assembly, with the highest dose occurring on the side to which the exposure cord was attached.

Although the exposures observed were within acceptable limits for occupational workers, we have altered our protocol and no longer radiograph the equine shoulder unless the horse is anesthetized. Continued use of the pocket dosimeters and maintenance of a case record of radiation exposure appears to make the technologists more aware of radiation hazards.
A COMPLICATION OF CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION IN THE DOG:
Authors: Robertson Sheilah A. , Fowler David
Published: May 2005

This case history describes a fatal complication of cardiac catheterization in a dog. A 2‐year‐old intact female miniature Schnauzer presented with a one month history of coughing, tachypnea, and dyspnea that was unresponsive to medical therapy. On clinical examination, a 4/6 systolic murmur was auscultated over the left and right fourth intercostal spaces. Lung sounds were diffusely increased. Survey radiographs revealed cardiomegaly and pulmonary edema. Cardiac catheterization was undertaken to clarify the cause of congestive cardiac failure but was abandoned when contrast medium was seen in the pericardial sac following an attempted injection of the contrast medium into the left ventricle. During recovery from anesthesia progressive pallor, hemothorax, and respiratory distress developed. The dog died 10 hours later despite aggressive support therapy. Gross necropsy revealed hemorrhage into the pericardial sac and pleural space, thrombus formation around and perforation of the right coronary artery.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF HEAD TRAUMA IN A FOAL
Authors: Ragle Claude A. , Koblik Philip D. , Pascoe John R. , Honnas Clifford M.
Published: May 2005

This case report describes computed tomographic findings of a three‐month‐old, 180 kg female Arabian foal that had suffered head trauma. Computed tomography proved valuable in antemortem diagnosis of skull base fracture and extradural hematoma, which were confirmed by postmortem examination.
FRACTURED SCLERAL OSSICLES IN A RED TAIL HAWK
Authors: Lindley Denise M. , Hathcock John T. , Miller William W. , DiPinto M. Nina
Published: May 2005

Following head trauma, the left globe of a Red Tail Hawk showed demonstrable indentation on palpation. Recurrent anterior chamber collapse and reformation dependent on head position was the most significant clinical finding. A fracture of the scleral ossicles in the caudal portion of the scleral ring was identified in the rostrocaudal radiograph of the skull. Conservative management of the fracture resulted in phthisis bulbi. Fractured scleral ossicles have been shown radiographically in the enucleated globe but have not been previously demonstrated in the eye of the living bird.
INPACTION OF THE PHARYNX, LARYNX, AND ESOPHAGUS BY AVIAN BONES IN THE DOG AND CAT
Authors: Rendano Victor T. , Zimmer James F. , Wallach Marc S. , Jacobson Robert , Pudalov Irving
Published: May 2005

Avian osseous (mandible, thoracic and caudolateral processes and furculum) foreign body impaction in the larynx, pharynx, and esophagus is described in three cats and one dog. All animals were presented because of gagging. Radiographic assessment revealed the foreign body in each animal. Each foreign body was successfully removed. Three of the animals recovered uneventfully, and one had a persistent change of voice.
A SKELETAL OSSIFICATION INDEX FOR NEONATAL FOALS
Authors: Adams Ragan , Poulos Paul
Published: May 2005

A skeletal ossification index (SOI) was devised to standardize the radiographic evaluation of the carpal and tarsal regions of newborn foals (less than two weeks of age). This index was based on two radiographic views of a carpus and a tarsus. Four grades of cuboidal bone ossification were discerned: Grade 1 foals had some cuboidal bones with no ossification; Grade 2 was assigned when all cuboidal bones had radiographic evidence of some ossification; in Grade 3 the bones were small and round; in Grade 4 the cuboidal bones were shaped like the adult counterparts. Radiographs were taken of 24 neonatal foals of various gestational ages (range, 297–374 days). The relationships between the SOI and two measures of newborn foal developmental maturity, gestationai age and body weight, were assessed. There was no relationship between the sex of the foal and the SOI, but there was a relationship between the SOI and the gestational age (one‐tailed Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, r = 0.748) and between the SOI and body weight (r = 0.77) for the 24 foals. For the ten foals with gestational ages less than 320 days, the relationship between body weight and the SOI was significant (r = 0.953), but the relationship between gestational age and the SOI was not significant (r = 0.605). The degree of ossification of the bones of neonatal foals that are born prematurely (< 320 days of gestation) or are “small‐for‐gestational age” at birth may be incomplete, and we suggest that radiographs of these regions should be made to assess ossification in foals in these two high risk groups.
ULTRASONIC DETECTION OF SPLENIC NECROSIS IN THE DOG
Authors: Schelling Curtis G. , Wortman Jeffrey A. , Saunders H. Mark
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonographic findings of splenic infarction and necrosis in three dogs are presented. Two previously unreported ultrasonographic patterns are identified: (1) Focal, hypoechoic or isoechoic, circular, wellmarginated nodular masses with peripheral lesions causing deformation of the splenic margin. (2) Diffuse hypoechoic or heteroechoic coarse/“lacy” parenchymal pattern with no deformation of margin. The presence of gas within the splenic parenchyma of one dog was detected by both radiography and ultrasonography. Ultrasonographic patterns of splenic infarction in both man and the dog are discussed
COMPARISON OF THREE RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST PROCEDURES IN THE EVALUATION OF THE CANINE LUMBOSACRAL SPINAL CANAL
Authors: Hathcock John T. , Pechman Robert D. , Dillon A. Ray , Knecht Charles D. , Braund Kyle G.
Published: May 2005

Lumbar myelography, intraosseous caudal vertebral venography, and epidurography were performed in 12 normal, mature mixed‐breed dogs. The radiographic appearance of the lumbosacral region was evaluated in both the lateral and ventrodorsal projections. These three radiographic contrast procedures were repeated in the same dogs after the introduction of a silicone mass into the spinal canal at the lumbosacral junction. The radiographic findings were compared with postmortem findings to determine which contrast procedure was most useful in detecting the mass in the lumbosacral spine. None of the procedures evaluated consistently produced good‐quality studies in the normal dogs. After introduction of the silicone mass, lumbosacral epidurography yielded the largest number of positive correlations. However, the sensitivity of lumbosacral epidurography was less than 50% in the lateral projection and less than 20% in the ventrodorsal projection. Though none of the procedures were consistently helpful in the diagnosis of the lumbosacral masses, lumbosacral epidurography has the most potential to give consistently good‐quality studies and thereby a greater probability of detecting an abnormality.
IN VITRO TESTING OF 99mTc‐LABELED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES SPECIFIC FOR DIROFILARIA IMMITIS
Authors: Daniel Gregory B. , Allhands Rodger V.
Published: May 2005

Monoclonal antibodies specific for Dirofilaria immitis were labeled with technetium‐99m (99WTc), and their affinity was assessed in vitro. Of six monoclonal antibodies tested, three were IgG and three were IgM. A canine polyclonal IgG was used to establish the labeling technique and later as a control. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) was used as a bifunctional chelator to bind 99mTc covalently to the antibody. Radiochemical purity was measured with the use of gel filtration by a Sephadex G‐25 column linked to an absorbance monitor and with instant thin‐layer chromatography. The radiochemical purity had no significant influence on percent uptake on the heartworms. The clone designated as Di 130.1 had a significantly higher percent uptake than other clones tested.
MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES OF PEROSOMUS (“SHORT SPINE”) IN FARMED SALMON (SALMO SALAR)
Authors: Hansen Hans‐Jöurgen , Yalew Zerihune Tsigie
Published: May 2005

This study was done to characterize morphologically the spinal changes in stunted salmon, 1.5–2 years of age, spontaneously appearing in a Swedish fish farm. Radiographic examination and alizarin‐alcian blue preparations showed compressed areas of the spine, most often near the dorsal fin. Of the average 50–52 vertebrae, 20–30 were often compressed, resulting in an average shortening of the fish by 23%. The histopathologic character of the shortened spine was a replacement of the chorda (intervertebral pad or disc) with a poorly differentiated hyaline cartilage, in which proliferative and degenerative processes produced a very irregular pattern. The origin of this cartilage, which had severely impaired ossifying capacity, was perichordal and it often had direct connections with the growth centers of the vertebrae. The disappearance of the large strongly convex (spheric) chorda and the arrest of the vertebral endochondral ossification resulted in narrow disc‐like vertebrae in contrast to the normal X‐shaped ones. The pathologic changes resemble those observed in chondrodystrophic types of perosomus (“short spine”) in certain mammals, including humans, and in turkeys.
LONG‐STANDING AND TRAUMATIC LIGAMENT INJURIES AND MENISCAL RUPTURES OF THE CANINE STIFLE
Authors: Paatsama Saki
Published: May 2005

Stifle joint lesions, especially in large dogs, have been recognized since 1899, but not until 1943 was a detailed study of meniscal lesions published. Further study led to the publication in 1952 of a major study that demonstrated that dogs with long‐standing injury of the stifle joint commonly displayed rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament, medial meniscal tear, and degenerative joint disease. From this study came the well‐known Paatsama operation. Treatment of cruciate ligament rupture has been done using new materials in the intervening years, but the same basic principles have been followed.
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE LAMENESS IN DOGS IN THE YEARS 1980–1985
Authors: Koper Stanislaw
Published: May 2005

The causes of lameness in dogs were analyzed on the basis of radiologic examinations performed in the years 1980–1985. From 1982, there was an increase in the frequency of secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism and eosinophilic panosteitis and a decrease in frequency of osteochondrosis. The pathogenesis of these diseases is discussed in relation to alternations in diet during this time.
BIODEGRADABLE IMPLANTS IN FRACTURE FIXATION IN SMALL ANIMAL SURGERY
Authors: Axelson Per B.
Published: May 2005

The Finnish group led by Rokkanen and Tormala has developed a biodegradable implant for fracture fixation. Results from experimental and clinical studies of polyglycolic acid (PGA) are encouraging, and further studies are being made in the use the biorod, which has been used successfully to treat an avulsed calcaneal fracture in a puppy. Other biodegradable substances are being investigated to improve biodegradable fracture fixation devices.