bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cuatro manos son treinta dedos. Posibilidades de la escritura cooperativa como herramienta política antagonista / Four hands are thirty fingers. Cooperative writing’s possibilities as antagonist political tool
Authors: García Teresa Alberto , Álvarez Galán Juan José
Published: September 2017

Resumen: Las escrituras colaborativas han empezado a ser un lugar común en la producción académica y no académica desde hace unos años, especialmente con la llegada de las nuevas tecnologías. Sin embargo, se trata de formas de creación que presentan potencialidades muy diferentes de las meramente técnicas, sin perjuicio del apoyo que, en términos prácticos, pueden suponer estas herramientas. Este artículo trata de fundar en el plano teórico las bases para una propuesta de creación literaria cooperativa basada en la cooperación directa –no mediada tecnológicamente– y examinar su proyección política y social desde el punto de vista antagonista.
Palabras clave: Escritura colaborativa, cooperación, literatura política, prácticas culturales, capitalismo, emancipación.
Abstract: It’s been already several years since collaborative writing have become a commonplace in academic and non-academic literature, mostly associated to IT development. However, these issues tread creative forms that go further than mere technical chances –notwithstanding the practical support that these tools provide. This paper intends to build the theoretical underpinning for a literary creation proposal based on direct –non-technologically mediated– cooperation and to analyse its political and social projection in an antagonistic perspective
Keywords: Collaborative writing, cooperation, political literature, cultural practices, Capitalism, empowerment.
Memorias Transatlánticas: pan-hispanismos, latinismos, americanismos / Transatlantic Memories: Pan-hispanisms, latinisms, americanisms
Authors: Rodríguez Ileana , Martínez Josebe
Published: September 2017

Presentación del monográfico por Ileana Rodríguez y Josebe Martínez.
Escritores latinoamericanos en la España del siglo XX / Latin American Writers in the XXth Century Spain
Authors: Alemany Bay Carmen
Published: September 2017

Resumen: La presente investigación indaga en la influencia de algunos escritores latinoamericanos entre los intelectuales españoles a lo largo del siglo XX. Partimos de la presencia de Rubén Darío como primer renovador de las letras españolas y cómo, poco tiempo después, las estancias más o menos fluidas de escritores latinoamericanos en territorio español estimularán la literatura de este país. Nos referimos a Vicente Huidobro y posteriormente a la presencia de Pablo Neruda, César Vallejo y otros intelectuales durante la Guerra Civil española; sin olvidar la importancia de la polémica sobre el “meridiano intelectual” entre españoles y latinoamericanos. Tras la guerra, la relación entre los poetas españoles de la llamada “Generación del 50” y poetas representativos de la llamada poética coloquial fue patente. En los años sesenta, con la llegada del boom, se intensificarán las relaciones que finalmente desembocarán en el llamado boomerang.Palabras clave: Rubén Darío, Meridiano Intelectual, Neruda, Vallejo, Poética Coloquial, Boom, Boomerang.Abstract: This paper deals with the influence of some Latinamerican Writers had in some Spanish Intellectuals during the XXth Century. We start with the presence of Rubén Darío as the first renovator of Spanish letters and how the visits of latin american writers in Spain stimulated the development of literature in this country. We think about the influence that Vicente Huidobro, Pablo Neruda or César Vallejo had in Spanish literature during the Spanish Civil War, but also on the “meridiano intelectual” debate between Spanish and latin american writers. After the wat, the relationship between the “Generation of 50” and the latin american colloquial poets was strong and meaningful. In the sixties, after the boom of latin american novel, that relationships became stronger and lead to the called boomerang effect.Keywords: Rubén Darío, Meridiano Intelectual, Neruda, Vallejo, Colloquial Poetics, Boom, Boomerang.
En el rincón de un quicio oscuro
Authors: Ramírez Sergio
Published: September 2017

En el rincón de un quicio oscuro
Gaitas, panderos y tambores. La nueva música gallega y una identidad glocalizada / Bagpipes, tambourines and drums. New Galician Music and a Glocalized Identity
Authors: Romero Eugenia R.
Published: September 2017

Resumen: La música gallega ha jugado un papel importante en la interpretación de la identidad  gallega. En las últimas décadas, los nuevos movimientos musicales y algunas propuestas de relectura del floklore gallego en relación con otras  tradiciones musicales ha abierto las puertas a una redifinición de la ‘galleguidad’ desde una perspectiva glocalizada, que incorpora tanto elementos tradicionalmente asociados a lo gallego como dispositivos y estilos propios de otras tradiciones.Palabras clave: Identidad, Galicia, Música, Glocalización.Abstract: Galician music has played an important role in the interpretation of Galician identity. In the last decades, the new musical movements and some proposals of rereading of the Galician floklore in relation to other musical traditions have opened the doors to a redefinition of the ‘Galleguidad’ from a glocalizated perspective, that incorporates both elements traditionally associated to the Galician indentity and some other cultural styles and traditions. Key words: Identity, Galicia, Music, Clocalization.
'Prender de gajo': sujetos trasplantados e imaginarios globales en Luisa Futoransky / 'Prender de gajo': transplanted subjects and global imaginaries in Luisa Futoransky
Authors: Sierra Marta
Published: September 2017

Resumen: La obra de Luisa Futoransky se construye como una “literatura menor” tal como la definen Deleuze y Guattari. Sus poemas y novelas emplean el collage como una forma de “subal-ternizar” el lenguaje literario a fin de cuestionar las grandes narrativas nacionales. Sus textos expresan un pensamiento de fronteras que está traspasado por inquietudes feministas. En el presente trabajo se analiza el modo en que la memoria transatlántica construye el lugar de la “subalternización” en los textos de Futoransky. Por medio de un análisis del uso del collage y otros mecanismos narrativos y poéticos, el trabajo propone leer la obra de Futoransky a partir de una estética desterri-torializadora que se caracteriza por: la disolución del sujeto, el uso del collage, la cita como un mecanismo posmoderno; la estética desfami-liarizadora, el humor y el artificio, y la memoria como la fuente de una estética trasatlántica. El trabajo analiza el modo en que Futoransky explora las tensiones en la relación entre memoria y lugar a partir de un análisis de las tensiones entre lo global y lo local. Palabras clave: Futoransky, literatura menor, subalternización, desterritorlización.Abstract: The works by Luisa Futoransky are representative of what Deleuze and Guattari define as a “minor literature”, a literature that questions the relationship between nation and literary canon. Her novels and poems use collage as a way to represent this “minor literature”, a medium to create a subaltern voice in her literature. Hers is a literature that lives in the borderlands, experiencing the border from a feminist perspective. In this essay, I propose a reading of Futoransky’s works from a transatlantic and subaltern perspective. Her aesthetic project breaks the bonds between language and territory. The main strategies analyzed here are: the dissolution of the subject, the use of collage and quotation as postmodern techniques to destabilize meaning, humor, and a poetic memory that challenges national borders. This paper analyzes how Futoransky explores the tensions between memory and place from the complexities of global and local dynamics. Keywords: Futoransky, Minor Literature, Subalternization, Deterritorialization.
La fraternidad hispano-americana a debate: el diálogo cultural del 98 / Hispanic-American Brotherhood: Cultural Dialogue of 1898
Authors: Valero Juan Eva Mª
Published: September 2017

Resumen:  Si uno de los objetivos de los estudios transatlánticos se ha fijado en el análisis de las conflictivas relaciones entre España y Latinoamérica tras la Independencia, precisamente es el período finisecular el momento clave en el que ese conflicto evoluciona hacia un nuevo diálogo cultural que, sin dejar de ser problemático y con muchos matices, significa una inédita reciprocidad y un nuevo renacer cultural e identitario a ambos lados del Atlántico. Teniendo en cuenta –como apuntan Francisco Fernández de Alba y Pedro Pérez del Solar– que “los cruces transatlánticos representan parte fundamental de los momentos fundacionales y míticos tanto de España como de las repúblicas americanas” (2006: 102), el 98 significa ese momento en el que “nuevas rutas, nuevos canjes, nuevos viajeros” (2006: 102) generan un riquísimo y por ello complejo diálogo en el que la reciprocidad de la influencia se comenzó a construir como un renovado puente de comunicación que, sin embargo, tendría sus grietas, esenciales todas ellas para profundizar en voces con frecuencia olvidadas, y en otras sin embargo muy conocidas. Palabras clave: diálogo cultural 1898, estudios transatlánticos, España, América Latina.Abstract: If one of the objectives of the transatlantic studies has been fixed in the analysis of the conflictive relations between Spain and Latin America after Independence, it is precisely the finisecular period the key moment in which that conflict evolves towards a new cultural dialogue that, without leaving of being problematic and with many nuances, means an unprecedented reciprocity and a new cultural and identity rebirth on both sides of the Atlantic. Bearing in mind, as Francisco Fernández de Alba and Pedro Pérez del Solar point out, that “transatlantic crosses represent a fundamental part of the foundational and mythical moments of both Spain and the American republics” (2006: 102). 98 means a time when “new routes, new exchanges, new travelers” (2006: 102) generate a rich and therefore complex dialogue in which the reciprocity of influence began to be built as a renewed bridge of communication that, However, it would have its cracks, essential all to deepen in frequently forgotten voices, and in others nevertheless very well-known.Key words: Cultural dialogue 1898, transatlantic studies, Spain, Latin America.
Colonialismos, poscolonialismos y poderes hegemónicos en la frontera norte de México: arte, literatura y resistencia cultural / Colonialisms, postcolonialisms and hegemonic powers on the northern border of Mexico: art, literature and cultural resistance
Authors: Vilanova Núria
Published: September 2017

Resumen: Este artículo explora el desarrollo económico, demográfico y social de la frontera norte de México y el papel que ha jugado ésta en su historia colonial, en relación al surgimiento y desarrollo de su literatura. La obra del tijuanense Luis Humberto Crosthwaite ilustra cómo esta historia colonial es subvertida y transformada en parodia, mediante la cual, la frontera adquiere su propia hegemonía y soberanía.Palabras clave: Cambio social, frontera, México, Tijuana, colonialismo, poscolonialismo. Abstract: This article explores Mexico Northern border economic, demographic and social development, and the role this has played in its colonial history in relation to the emergence and development of its literature. Tijuana´s writer Luis Humberto Crosthwaite work captures how this colonial history is subverted and transformed into parody. In this way, the border becomes hegemonic and sovereign.Key words: Social Change, Border, México, Tijuana, Colonialism, Postcolonialism.
Advance, Retreat, and Halt of Abrupt Gravel‐Sand Transitions in Alluvial Rivers
Authors: Blom Astrid , Chavarrías Víctor , Ferguson Robert I. , Viparelli Enrica
Published: September 2017

Downstream fining of bed sediment in alluvial rivers is usually gradual, but often an abrupt decrease in characteristic grain size occurs from about 10 to 1 mm, i.e., a gravel‐sand transition (GST) or gravel front. Here we present an analytical model of GST migration that explicitly accounts for gravel and sand transport and deposition in the gravel reach, sea level change, subsidence, and delta progradation. The model shows that even a limited gravel supply to a sand bed reach induces progradation of a gravel wedge and predicts the circumstances required for the gravel front to advance, retreat, and halt. Predicted modern GST migration rates agree well with measured data at Allt Dubhaig and the Fraser River, and the model qualitatively captures the behavior of other documented gravel fronts. The analysis shows that sea level change, subsidence, and delta progradation have a significant impact on the GST position in lowland rivers.
Modulation of the Seasonal Cycle of Antarctic Sea Ice Extent Related to the Southern Annular Mode
Authors: Doddridge Edward W. , Marshall John
Published: September 2017

Through analysis of remotely sensed sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice concentration data, we investigate the impact of winds related to the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) on sea ice extent around Antarctica. We show that positive SAM anomalies in the austral summer are associated with anomalously cold SSTs that persist and lead to anomalous ice growth in the following autumn, while negative SAM anomalies precede warm SSTs and a reduction in sea ice extent during autumn. The largest effect occurs in April, when a unit change in the detrended summertime SAM is followed by a 1.8±0.6 ×105 km2 change in detrended sea ice extent. We find no evidence that sea ice extent anomalies related to the summertime SAM affect the wintertime sea ice extent maximum. Our analysis shows that the wind anomalies related to the negative SAM during the 2016/2017 austral summer contributed to the record minimum Antarctic sea ice extent observed in March 2017.
MHD Collimation Mechanism in Arched Flux Ropes Characterized Using Volumetric, Time‐Dependent B‐Vector Measurements
Authors: Haw Magnus A. , Bellan Paul M.
Published: September 2017

Laboratory measurements of B(x,t) in a volume enclosing portions of two arched flux ropes show flux rope collimation driven by gradients in axial current density. These measurements verify the three predictions of a proposed MHD collimation mechanism: (1) axial magnetic forces exist in current channels with spatially varying minor radius, (2) these forces can drive counterpropagating axial flows, and (3) this process collimates the flux rope. This mechanism may explain the axial uniformity of solar loops and is relevant to other systems with current channels of varying minor radius such as solar prominences and astrophysical jets.
Acoustic and Seismic Fields of Hydraulic Jumps at Varying Froude Numbers
Authors: Ronan Timothy J. , Lees Jonathan M. , Mikesell T. Dylan , Anderson Jacob F. , Johnson Jeffrey B.
Published: September 2017

Mechanisms that produce seismic and acoustic wavefields near rivers are poorly understood because of a lack of observations relating temporally dependent river conditions to the near‐river seismoacoustic fields. This controlled study at the Harry W. Morrison Dam (HWMD) on the Boise River, Idaho, explores how temporal variation in fluvial systems affects surrounding acoustic and seismic fields. Adjusting the configuration of the HWMD changed the river bathymetry and therefore the form of the standing wave below the dam. The HWMD was adjusted to generate four distinct wave regimes that were parameterized through their dimensionless Froude numbers (Fr) and observations of the ambient seismic and acoustic wavefields at the study site. To generate detectable and coherent signals, a standing wave must exceed a threshold Fr value of 1.7, where a nonbreaking undular jump turns into a breaking weak hydraulic jump. Hydrodynamic processes may partially control the spectral content of the seismic and acoustic energies. Furthermore, spectra related to reproducible wave conditions can be used to calibrate and verify fluvial seismic and acoustic models.
Increased Ocean Heat Convergence Into the High Latitudes With CO2 Doubling Enhances Polar‐Amplified Warming
Authors: Singh H. A. , Rasch P. J. , Rose B. E. J.
Published: September 2017

We isolate the role of the ocean in polar climate change by directly evaluating how changes in ocean dynamics with quasi‐equilibrium CO2 doubling impact high‐latitude climate. With CO2 doubling, the ocean heat flux convergence (OHFC) shifts poleward in winter in both hemispheres. Imposing this pattern of perturbed OHFC in a global climate model results in a poleward shift in ocean‐to‐atmosphere turbulent heat fluxes (both sensible and latent) and sea ice retreat; the high latitudes warm, while the midlatitudes cool, thereby amplifying polar warming. Furthermore, midlatitude cooling is propagated to the polar midtroposphere on isentropic surfaces, augmenting the (positive) lapse rate feedback at high latitudes. These results highlight the key role played by the partitioning of meridional energy transport changes between the atmosphere and ocean in high‐latitude climate change.
What Happens Before a Southward IMF Turning Reaches the Magnetopause?
Authors: Samsonov A. A. , Sibeck D. G. , Dmitrieva N. P. , Semenov V. S.
Published: September 2017

Previous observations have shown a ∼10–15 min time delay in the ionospheric response to solar wind directional discontinuities marked by either southward or northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) turnings. We have studied one southward IMF turning observed by Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) and GOES in the dayside magnetosphere. Using a global MHD model, we have reproduced the magnetopause motion in this event. We find that the observed delay in the ground response can be completely explained by deceleration of the directional discontinuity in the subsolar magnetosheath. We show that the speed of the discontinuity significantly decreases in the vicinity of the magnetopause where the magnetic barrier formed during the previous northward IMF interval. The southward turning can reach the magnetopause only after complete disruption of the magnetic barrier. The disruption or dissipation occurs via magnetosheath reconnection, as confirmed by high‐speed jets in the magnetosheath. The magnetopause moves sunward as the directional discontinuity transits the magnetosheath. This sunward motion is followed by the earthward motion when the discontinuity strikes the magnetopause and magnetopause reconnection begins.
Modeling CO2 emissions from Arctic lakes: Model development and site‐level study
Authors: Tan Zeli , Zhuang Qianlai , Shurpali Narasinha J. , Marushchak Maija E. , Biasi Christina , Eugster Werner , Walter Anthony Katey
Published: September 2017

Recent studies indicated that Arctic lakes play an important role in receiving, processing, and storing organic carbon exported from terrestrial ecosystems. To quantify the contribution of Arctic lakes to the global carbon cycle, we developed a one‐dimensional process‐based Arctic Lake Biogeochemistry Model (ALBM) that explicitly simulates the dynamics of organic and inorganic carbon in Arctic lakes. By realistically modeling water mixing, carbon biogeochemistry, and permafrost carbon loading, the model can reproduce the seasonal variability of CO2 fluxes from the study Arctic lakes. The simulated area‐weighted CO2 fluxes from yedoma thermokarst lakes, nonyedoma thermokarst lakes, and glacial lakes are 29.5, 13.0, and 21.4 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively, close to the observed values (31.2, 17.2, and 16.5 ± 7.7 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively). The simulations show that the high CO2 fluxes from yedoma thermokarst lakes are stimulated by the biomineralization of mobilized labile organic carbon from thawing yedoma permafrost. The simulations also imply that the relative contribution of glacial lakes to the global carbon cycle could be the largest because of their much larger surface area and high biomineralization and carbon loading. According to the model, sunlight‐induced organic carbon degradation is more important for shallow nonyedoma thermokarst lakes but its overall contribution to the global carbon cycle could be limited. Overall, the ALBM can simulate the whole‐lake carbon balance of Arctic lakes, a difficult task for field and laboratory experiments and other biogeochemistry models.
Aggression and Violence: Definitions and Distinctions
Authors: Allen Johnie J. , Anderson Craig A.
Published: September 2017

The question “What are aggression and violence?” can be answered in many ways given the many forms that both phenomena can take. This chapter defines aggression and violence and provides a detailed discussion of distinctions that have emerged between different types of aggression. For example, aggression can be classified as physical, verbal, or relational; hostile or instrumental; reactive or proactive; impulsive or premeditated; direct or indirect; active or passive; overt or covert; legitimate or illegitimate; displaced, triggered displaced, or not displaced; and person based, situation based, or both person and situation based. Aggression is also differentiated from similar but distinct concepts including antisocial behavior, juvenile delinquency, coercion, assertiveness, aggressive cognition, and aggressive affect. This chapter provides readers with a clear understanding of what aggression and violence are as well as what they are not.
Legal Definitions of Violence and Aggression
Authors: Charette Cody N. , Hickey Eric W.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the history and changing definitions of aggression, violence, and homicide, particularly as it relates to the United States. What constitutes violence and aggression, and specifically homicide, continues to evolve. Distinctions between homicide, murder, and manslaughter are clearly delineated. Additionally, novel loopholes and other legal quandaries are investigated. The chapter presents a lengthy history of homicide as far back as the 21st centurybcethrough the modern day to demonstrate the changing sentences and definitions that have existed throughout civilized human history. Modern‐day homicide statistics, trends, patterns, and rates are also analyzed and discussed at length; these include an in‐depth examination of race, gender, age, and ethnicity as they relate to perpetrators and victims, as well as geography and how each of these factors relates to murder. The analysis concludes with an attempt to correct the general misperception that serial killing and mass murder are rampant throughout American society.
Online Misogyny Targeting Feminist Activism:
A
nita
S
arkeesian and Gamergate
Authors: Burgess Melinda C. R. , Byars Felicia , Sadeghi‐Azar Leila , Dill‐Shackleford Karen E.
Published: September 2017

In October 2014, a controversy surrounding video games erupted in the online world. Female game critics and reviewers, particularly Anita Sarkeesian and Zoe Quinn, were subject to numerous hostile and sexually degrading responses to their critiques of the gaming world that used the hashtag #gamergate. Chris Kluwe, a retired National Football League player, wrote a column excoriating the gamergaters for their misogynistic treatment of female critics. This chapter explores Twitter responses in relation to gamergate in the context of online misogyny. First, it documents the types of aggression Sarkeesian has received from a sample of tweets she received following the death of Nintendo's executive Satoru Iwata. Second, it compares two samples of tweets to Sarkeesian and Chris Kluwe to test how people responded to a male and female critic. Results are discussed from various theoretical perspectives.
Violence in the Family
Authors: Dutton Donald G. , Tetreault Christie , White Katherine R.
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, we investigate the various forms of family violence (FV)—intimate partner violence (IPV), child abuse, and the underresearched sibling‐to‐sibling violence. They are all unique types of FV with their own predictor variables for perpetrators and victims. Both IPV and child abuse have low incidence rates while sibling violence is the most common form of FV. However, as can be seen, they do, at times, intertwine with some similar underlying explanations, such as negative childhood experiences, social learning theory, and personality dynamics. All forms of FV indicate both perpetrators and victims experience long‐term negative impacts and consequences ranging from depression to high‐risk behaviors, such as substance abuse. These factors highlight the importance of researching FV in further understanding intervention and prevention.
Mass Killing
Authors: Butcher Charles R. , Anderton Charles H. , Brauer Jurgen
Published: September 2017

Since 1900, the number of civilians purposefully murdered for political reasons is more than double the number of military personnel killed in all international and civil wars combined. In this chapter we survey how scholars have defined and measured systematic violence against civilians and chart trends since the 1950s. We then assess what current scholarship says about the causes of mass killings. No unified theory as yet explains mass killings, but we highlight political upheaval, political institutions, economic interdependencies, and identity‐related factors as groups of factors that make mass killings more or less likely. The chapter concludes with reflections on how mass killings may be prevented, given what empirical scholarship has uncovered so far.
Psychiatric Diagnosis and Violence: Description and Mechanisms
Authors: Serper Mark R. , Sokol Yosef
Published: September 2017

The belief that psychiatric illness is the primary cause of violence in the community has persisted for millennia and continues to endure in the mind of the public. The stigmatization associated with severe mental illnesses stems, in part, from this general misperception. The actual relationship between the two, however, is complex. For example, low socioeconomic status, younger age, male gender, low academic achievement, social instability, and unemployment are all more robust correlates of aggression than a mental illness diagnosis. Both distal and proximal factors, such as intra‐ and interpersonal stressors (e.g., poor coping resources or poor social support networks); socioeconomic factors (e.g., poverty or unstable housing); early exposure to violence (e.g., abuse or victimization); history of antisocial behavior; genetic liability; and contextual and environmental factors interact in leading to aggression. In this chapter, we describe a variety of psychiatric diagnoses and related factors that interact to contribute to aggressive behavior.
Hate Crime
Authors: Gerstenfeld Phyllis B.
Published: September 2017

Hate crime has become a topic of increased interest and research in recent decades. Hate crime incidents—some of them violent and a few even lethal—have caught the media's attention as well. While a body of knowledge about hate crime is slowly growing, many questions remain unanswered. This chapter addresses some of the main issues related to hate crime, beginning with defining them and distinguishing them from hate speech. The chapter continues with a summary of what we know about the victims and prevalence of hate crime, including a discussion of the problems associated with its measurement. Finally, the chapter discusses research on hate crime offenders.
Violence and Moral Philosophy
Authors: Brecher Bob
Published: September 2017

This chapter starts by asking why physical violence is morally wrong and then attempts to test its conclusion with reference to some common instances of physical violence. Then it turns to the really hard issue: Is violence always wrong, or are there circumstances in which it might be morally justifiable? In the background throughout is the question of what role there might be for the discipline of moral philosophy in distinguishing those circumstances in which it is justified from others.
Developmental Pathways to Aggression and Violence
Authors: Olson Sheryl L. , Ip Ka I
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, we examine four developmental pathways leading to aggression and violence among youths and young adults: childhood‐onset conduct problems, adolescent‐onset conduct problems, callous–unemotional traits, and relational aggression. Adult outcomes reflect the type and age of onset of earlier conduct problems as well as the dynamic progression of neurobiological, behavioral, and social–ecological risks to development. Children with early onset conduct problems are at elevated risk for a mix of adult outcomes that include criminal behavior, psychological and health disorders, poor work and educational histories, and violent behavior toward intimate partners and offspring. These adverse and costly outcomes are not inevitable. The fact that the most serious difficulties begin in early childhood underscores the importance of preventive efforts with high‐risk children and their families.
The Development of Aggression and Violence Over the Life Span
Authors: Burke Jeffrey D.
Published: September 2017

Aggression and violence are heterogeneous constructs, but subtyping approaches, including distinctions by developmental course, by progression of severity, and by types of behaviors, illustrate methods to bring greater clarity to their description and identification. Over development, violent behavior shows a course similar to that of the general age–crime curve, whereas aggressive behavior reveals high rates of aggression in early childhood that, for most individuals, desist by adolescence. Several key intraindividual factors, including social cognition, callous–unemotional features, and intelligence, help to explain why some individuals show greater aggression or violence than others. Effective intervention strategies exist, but important barriers remain in the identification and engagement in services of those most in need of intervention.
Addressing Children's Disruptive Behavior Problems: A 30‐Year Journey With Stop Now And Plan (SNAP)
Authors: Augimeri Leena K. , Walsh Margaret , Kivlenieks Michelle , Pepler Debra
Published: September 2017

Young children with disruptive behavior problems are often seen as the embodiment of their problematic behavior. For the past 30 years, the Child Development Institute, Canada, has offered Stop Now And Plan (SNAP®), an evidence‐based program that challenges this misconception. SNAP leverages the potential to address behavior problems in the middle years, an often forgotten yet critical development stage. In developing SNAP, we have looked beyond children's problematic behavior to focus on promoting their potential and supporting parents to nurture their children's social–emotional development. In this chapter, we describe the development of SNAP within the context of historical and emerging research in the field, and how SNAP is scaling nationally to offer increased support to children and families across Canada.
The General Aggression Model and Its Application to Violent Offender Assessment and Treatment
Authors: Gilbert Flora , Daffern Michael , Anderson Craig A.
Published: September 2017

Violence is a complex, multiply determined, and multifunctional behavior that manifests in various forms. To date, assessment procedures and intervention efforts targeting violence propensity have remained largely disconnected from much of the theoretical and experimental literature concerning aggression and violence. A greater intersection between violent offender treatment programs and psychological understandings of aggression is required, in order to ground approaches to the assessment and treatment of violent offenders in a cohesive theoretical framework. In this chapter, we describe the general aggression model (GAM), a contemporary and comprehensive model of aggressive behavior. We explore how the GAM has the potential to enhance assessment and treatment of violent offenders and articulate aspects of the GAM's application to violent offending that require further attention.
Strain Theory, Violence, and Aggression
Authors: Slocum Lee Ann , Agnew Robert
Published: September 2017

General strain theory (GST) is the most comprehensive version of strain theory and can explain both instrumental and expressive violence. In GST, strains pressure people to take corrective action by generating negative emotions, especially anger. This chapter provides an overview of the core arguments and research on GST, violence, and aggression and describes recent extensions of the theory. Special attention is given to one type of strain that has received much recent attention: unjust treatment by criminal justice officials.
Theories of Political Violence
Authors: Zimmermann Ekkart
Published: September 2017

This chapter provides a critical overview of micro‐, group, and macrolevel theories of political violence, addressing the various causes, correlates, and consequences of political violence ranging from individual and group terrorist attacks to collective protest, ethnic strife, secession, internal war, revolutions, and attempts at changing the international political order. One of the major aspects is tracing the relevance of public goods in assessing the various forms of political violence and links between them. Strengths and weaknesses of several theories and future developments are addressed.
Principles and Foundations of Psychological Assessment
Authors: Fisher Jane E. , O'Donohue William , Haynes Stephen N.
Published: September 2017

This chapter presents an overview of the scientific principles and conceptual foundations of psychological assessment with special consideration of their application to the assessment of violence and aggression. It emphasizes the importance of applying standards of clinical science in practice, research, and public policy decisions involving psychological assessment of persons who engage in violent or aggressive acts. Conceptual analysis and recommendations within the chapter are based on the tenet that the best strategy for psychological assessment depends on the type of violence that is assessed (e.g., peer‐to‐peer, intimate partner, or sexual violence), the setting and context in which violence occurs (e.g., in the home, a school, institutional settings, or the community), and the goals of assessment (e.g., case conceptualization, addressing etiology‐related questions, or monitoring treatment outcomes).
Dyadic Conceptualization, Measurement, and Analysis of Family Violence
Authors: Rodriguez Lindsey M. , Straus Murray A.
Published: September 2017

The traditional—and still prevalent—model of family violence primarily focuses on individuals as either perpetrators or victims. However, research demonstrates that violence within couples does not occur within a vacuum, is dynamic, and typically involves behaviors from both partners. In an attempt to incorporate a dyadic perspective to family violence, this chapter demonstrates why a dyadic perspective is important, outlines obstacles to obtaining dyadic data and methods for overcoming those obstacles, and presents two primary methodological and analytical techniques for analyzing dyadic data: the actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) and concordance analysis (CA). We highlight that these methods are complementary and have different strengths. Whereas APIM models are best used by researchers, CA may be used by researchers, clinicians, and practitioners who are interested in quickly categorizing couples by their dyadic concordance type.
Assessment of Callous and Related Traits
Authors: Kimonis Eva R. , Goulter Natalie
Published: September 2017

Callous–unemotional (CU) traits, the suggested developmental precursor to psychopathic personality disorder, best distinguish those antisocial youth at high risk for early onset, pervasive, aggressive, and violent behavior. CU traits are associated with fearlessness and emotional hyporeactivity to negative stimuli, which are thought to represent unique causal factors underlying the antisocial and aggressive behavior. Current methods for assessing CU traits in youth include but are not limited to the clinical expert rating scale; the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version; and informant and self‐report inventories, such as the Antisocial Process Screening Device, the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory, and the Inventory of Callous–Unemotional Traits. As part of a multi‐informant, multimethod approach, these tools can assist clinical and forensic professionals in assessing the presence of CU traits and associated risk for violence among youth to administer empirically supported interventions.
Physiological Measurement and Assessment
Authors: Patrick Christopher J. , Brislin Sarah J.
Published: September 2017

This chapter reviews current methods and findings of physiological research studies on persistent violence and aggression, antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), and psychopathy. The review begins by describing how ASPD and psychopathy, two clinical conditions that are commonly associated with violent and aggressive behaviors, are assessed and measured in contemporary investigative work. Following this, the chapter discusses differing physiological measurement methods that have been used in the study of these conditions and in relation to aggression and violent behavior more specifically. A detailed review of autonomic, somatic, electrocortical, and neuroimaging methods and findings is provided. Following this, the chapter provides coverage of key conceptual issues pertaining to the use of physiological measurement in assessing psychiatric phenotypes and psychological processes central to them. Directions for future research are discussed in this context.
Psychiatric Assessment of Violence
Authors: Rozel John S. , Jain Abhishek , Mulvey Edward P. , Roth Loren H.
Published: September 2017

Psychiatric assessment of violence cannot be limited to a purely diagnostic approach. Psychiatrists encounter questions in a variety of clinical and forensic settings and, by virtue of their training, can play a unique role in leading effective clinical and forensic interventions to evaluate and manage violence risk. First, as medical doctors, psychiatrists are able to evaluate risk factors relating to underlying medical issues including medications and drugs of abuse. By leading a team through a comprehensive biopsychosocial assessment and management plan, they are able to consider a wide range of risk factors—not just those linked to psychiatric diagnoses. Often, factors of current hostility and past history of violence are significantly stronger predictors of violence risk than psychiatric illness. When contributing psychiatric illness is present, it can be managed through a combination of pharmacological and psychosocial interventions.
Psychoanalytic Assessment of Violence
Authors: Yakeley Jessica
Published: September 2017

This chapter addresses the assessment of violence and aggression from a psychoanalytic or psychodynamic perspective, focusing on the evaluation of the individual violent offender. It reviews psychoanalytic theories of violence and aggression including contemporary models of attachment and mentalization, which provide a theoretical framework for therapeutic interventions for violent and antisocial behavior. The process of psychodynamic assessment for violent individuals is described in detail and the chapter covers conducting clinical interviews and risk assessments; motivation and engagement of the offender or patient; consideration of the therapist's countertransference; and how to construct a psychodynamic formulation. Although psychoanalytic psychotherapy for violent patients is a specialized treatment practiced by forensic psychotherapists, for which service provision is limited, psychodynamic assessment and formulation may be usefully applied in all forensic mental health services to assist treatment planning for violent patients by focusing on relational processes and the emotional impact of the offender on clinicians, teams, and institutions.
Risk Assessment, Violence, and Aggression
Authors: Shaffer Catherine S. , Blanchard Adam J. E. , Douglas Kevin S.
Published: September 2017

Mental health professionals are routinely required to assess the risk of violence toward others and identify associated management needs. In this chapter, we provide a general introduction to the practice of violence risk assessment and consolidate the existing literature on best practices in the field. In the first section of this chapter, we discuss risk factors commonly considered when reaching judgments about violence risk. In the second section, we discuss general issues in understanding a client's potential for violence, including issues in the selection and evaluation of various risk assessment approaches and tools. In the third section, we discuss strategies for bridging the gap between risk assessment and risk management practices. This chapter concludes with a discussion of conceptual issues in assessing and managing violence risk that warrant further investigation.
Violence in Individuals with Major Psychiatric Disorders: Its Prediction and Treatment in Light of Heterogeneous Pathways to Violence
Authors: Krakowski Menahem I.
Published: September 2017

Violence in major psychiatric disorders is a heterogeneous phenomenon with multiple biological, psychological, and social etiologies. Important risk factors include psychotic symptoms, neurocognitive impairment, personality dimensions, and substance abuse. This chapter focuses on the complex interplay between these factors. These interactions can enhance or decrease the probability of violence. A particular symptom or deficit may be conducive to violence in some individuals but not in others. As part of this emphasis, this chapter considers various classifications of violence. One categorization differentiates between a transient form of violence associated with acute positive psychotic symptoms, and two persistent forms of violence. One of these manifests itself as an impairment in inhibitory control of behavior and is related to specific neurocognitive deficits. The other is associated with antisocial traits. It is important to take into consideration the heterogeneity of violence and the interactions among etiological factors in order to properly treat it.
Preschool Life Skills: Toward Teaching Prosocial Skills and Preventing Aggression in Young Children
Authors: Luczynski Kevin C. , Fahmie Tara A.
Published: September 2017

In the United States, more than one 1.5 million 4‐year‐olds attended publicly funded preschool in 2012, which is problematic considering that the amount of nonfamilial center‐based childcare experienced between 3 and 54 months of age has been positively correlated with externalizing problem behaviors such as aggression and noncompliance at 4.5 through 10 years of age. Teaching prosocial skills, such as functional communication, that produce the same consequences as problem behavior in early childhood has led to significant reductions in problem behavior and the prevention of problem behavior. We describe the situations that give rise to and maintain problem behavior, the preschool life skills that should be taught in these situations for the prevention of problem behavior, and the strategies used to teach these prosocial skills in early childhood classrooms.
Evidence‐Based Practice and Children and Adolescents: What Works? What Works Best?
Authors: Barnes Tia Navelene , O'Brien Kristen Merrill , Cumming Michelle M. , Pitts Donna Spencer , Smith Stephen W.
Published: September 2017

Aggression in children and adolescents is problematic because it places them at risk for school failure, peer rejection, and future incarceration. In this chapter, we provide an overview of interventions that include an individual treatment component for aggressive children and adolescents and address various risk factors related to aggressive behavior. Specifically, we present four individualized approaches—behavior modification, cognitive–behavioral therapy (including third wave therapies), parent management, and multicomponent approaches. For each approach, we provide a brief overview, examples of evidence‐based treatments, and a discussion of the effectiveness and optimal conditions for each treatment. We end the chapter with future directions for the field.
Applied Behavior Analysis and Treatment of Violence and Aggression
Authors: Luiselli James K. , Ricciardi Joseph N.
Published: September 2017

This chapter reviews the contribution of applied behavior analysis (ABA) to the treatment of violence and aggression demonstrated by children, youth, and adults. The authors consider several key features of an ABA approach such as assessment and measurement, functional behavioral assessment, and functional analysis. Other areas included in the chapter are clinical case formulation, assessment‐derived treatment, writing behavior support plans, and training interventionists. We present and describe the contemporary evidence‐based literature dealing with ABA's treatment of aggression and violence that is attention maintained, escape motivated, and automatically reinforced. The participants in this research are persons who have intellectual and developmental disabilities, psychiatric disorders, and traumatic brain injury. The chapter concludes by highlighting the need for risk assessment and adapting treatment procedures to the constraints of natural settings.
Mindfulness and the Treatment of Aggression and Violence
Authors: Singh Nirbhay N. , Lancioni Giulio E. , Winton Alan S. W.
Published: September 2017

Anger and aggression are ubiquitous in modern society. The most commonly accepted treatments for these behaviors include psychopharmacology, cognitive–behavioral therapy, relaxation training, and skills training. More recent approaches include cognitive reappraisal, self‐control training, cognitive control training, and mindfulness. Mindfulness is the awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally to the unfolding of experience moment to moment. Therapeutic approaches derived from mindfulness‐based approaches have been used to help individuals to react calmly and peacefully to situations that ordinarily give rise to anger and aggression. This chapter discusses several mindfulness‐based interventions that can be used in this manner, including meditation on the soles of the feet, mindfulness‐based stress reduction, Shenpa and calm abiding, and mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy. Of these interventions, meditation on the soles of the feet is the most promising in terms of effectiveness in self‐management of anger and aggression.
The Fast Track Project: Effects on Violence and Aggression and Related Outcomes
Authors:   Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group
Published: September 2017

Children who engage in early onset conduct‐problem behaviors are at significant risk for multiple negative outcomes (e.g., violence, aggression) in adolescence and adulthood. Fast Track is a comprehensive, multisite intervention trial that was designed to prevent serious and chronic conduct problems in youth identified as high risk in kindergarten. The high‐risk sample comprised approximately equal numbers of African American and White children, 69% of whom are boys. The families were from urban, semiurban, and rural areas. Children were randomly assigned to receive the Fast Track intervention (
n
= 445) or services as usual in the schools (
n
= 446). This multicomponent intervention was implemented in Grades 1–10 and included both universal and targeted interventions. The sample was followed annually from kindergarten through 2 years following high school (approximately age 20) and again at age 25. This chapter describes the experimental design, the intervention model, and outcomes through the school years and into young adulthood (age 25). Findings support the conclusion that a comprehensive, multicomponent, developmental‐science‐based intervention targeted toward children with early onset conduct problems can significantly reduce adult psychopathology and violent crime.