bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blaming the victim: Canadian law, causation, and residential schools
Authors: Roach Kent
Published: September 2014

This article critically examines requirements that Aboriginal people demonstrate a causal relation between attendance at residential schools and present harms in tort claims and at sentencing. It suggests that causation requirements have a deep hold on Canadian law but that they can blame victims and discount the broader legacy of the schools. The first part examines so-called ‘crumbling skull’ arguments made by defendants in tort actions that Aboriginal plaintiffs would have suffered various harms even if they did not attend residential schools. The second part examines the refusal to award damages to Aboriginal plaintiffs for lost earnings while in prison. The final part examines how criminal courts have often required Aboriginal accused to establish a causal relation between crimes and residential schools, especially in intergenerational cases. This has continued even after the Supreme Court clearly indicated in the 2012 case of Ipeelee that judges should take notice of the broader legacy of residential schools as a background factor in sentencing.
The Pipeline Embolization Device for the treatment of posterior circulation fusiform aneurysms: lessons learned at a single institution
Authors: Munich Stephan A. , Tan Lee A. , Keigher Kiffon M. , Chen Michael , Moftakhar Roham , Lopes Demetrius K.
Published: September 2014

Object

Vertebrobasilar fusiform aneurysms (VFAs) are rare lesions characterized by abnormal dilation and tortuosity of the vertebral and/or basilar arteries. Untreated, these aneurysms have a tendency to progress, often resulting in neurological symptoms or rupture leading to subarachnoid hemorrhage. The microsurgical treatment of these lesions can be difficult due to their location and the circumferential involvement of the arteries. These features make microsurgical treatment prone to high morbidity. The Pipeline Embolization Device (PED) has gained popularity for the treatment of aneurysms of the internal carotid artery. Its use in the posterior circulation has been limited, likely due to a fear of perforating artery occlusion.

Methods

The authors retrospectively reviewed their database of patients treated with the PED and identified 12 patients who had VFAs. The clinical features, complications, and outcomes of these patients were analyzed.

Results

At an average follow-up of 11 months, the mean modified Rankin Scale score was 1.9. Complete aneurysm occlusion was seen in 90% of the patients with radiographic follow-up. Three patients suffered new neurological deficits postoperatively. One of these patients died, while the remaining 2 demonstrated significant clinical improvement at follow-up.

Conclusions

With attention to the anatomy of perforating arteries, staged contralateral vertebral artery sacrifice, and adequate platelet inhibition, PED may be an effective treatment option—alone or in a hybrid construct with stents of less coverage for VFAs—with an acceptable complication rate.
Resolution of cranial neuropathies following treatment of intracranial aneurysms with the Pipeline Embolization Device
Authors: Moon Karam , Albuquerque Felipe C. , Ducruet Andrew F. , Crowley R. Webster , McDougall Cameron G.
Published: September 2014

Object

Intracranial aneurysms, especially those of the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA), can present with cranial nerve (CN) palsies. The Pipeline Embolization Device (PED) has demonstrated safety and efficacy in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms by flow diversion, but little data exist reporting the outcomes of cranial neuropathies following treatment with the device.

Methods

The prospectively maintained Barrow Neurological Institute's endovascular database was reviewed for all patients treated with the PED after presenting with one or more CN palsies secondary to a cerebral aneurysm since May 2011. Patient charts and digital subtraction angiograms were reviewed to report clinical and angiographic outcomes. Only patients with clinical follow-up were included in the analysis.

Results

A total of 127 patients were treated with the PED at the authors' institution after FDA approval. Twentytwo patients presented with cranial neuropathies, for initial inclusion in this study. Of these, 20 had sufficient followup for analysis. Cranial neuropathies included those of CN II, III, V, and VI, with presenting symptoms of diplopia, decreased visual acuity, and facial numbness and/or pain. Thirteen lesions were cavernous segment ICA aneurysms, whereas the remainder included supraclinoid and petrous segment ICA, posterior communicating artery, and basilar trunk aneurysms. At an average clinical follow-up of 9.55 months, 15 patients (75%) had resolution or significant improvement of their cranial neuropathies, and the remaining 5 had stable symptoms. Of the 18 patients with angiographic follow-up, 12 (66.7%) demonstrated complete obliteration or small neck residual, whereas 6 (33.3%) had residual lesion. Patients with complete or near-complete obliteration of their lesion were significantly more likely to demonstrate symptomatic improvement at follow-up (p = 0.009). Two patients with persistent symptoms were eventually treated with microsurgical bypass. Transient complications in this series included 6 (30%) extracranial hemorrhagic complications related to dual-antiplatelet therapy, all of which were managed medically. There was 1 delayed right ICA occlusion following retreatment that led to microsurgical bypass.

Conclusions

Intracranial aneurysms presenting with one or more CN palsies show a high rate of clinical improvement after treatment with the PED. Clinical outcomes must be weighed against the risks and challenges faced with flow diverters. Further research is warranted for patients whose symptoms do not respond optimally to device placement.
Endometriosis of the conus medullaris causing cyclic radiculopathy
Authors: Steinberg Jeffrey A. , Gonda David D. , Muller Karra , Ciacci Joseph D.
Published: September 2014

Intramedullary spinal cord hematomas are a rare neurosurgical pathological entity typically arising from vascular and neoplastic lesions. Endometriosis is an extremely rare cause of intramedullary spinal cord hematoma, with only 5 previously reported cases in the literature. Endometriosis is characterized by ectopic endometrial tissue, typically located in the female pelvic cavity, that causes a cyclical pain syndrome, bleeding, and infertility. In the rare case of intramedullary endometriosis of the spinal cord, symptoms include cyclical lower-extremity radiculopathies and voiding difficulties, and can acutely cause cauda equina syndrome. The authors report a case of endometriosis of the conus medullaris, the first to include radiological, intraoperative, and histopathological imaging. A brief review of the literature is also presented, with discussion including etiological theories surrounding intramedullary endometriosis.
1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions between Ethyl Diazoacetate and Substituted Alkynes: A Density Functional Theory Study
Authors: Tajabadi Javad , Bakavoli Mehdi , Gholizadeh Mostafa , Eshghi Hossein , Khojastehnezhad Amir
Published: September 2014

A theoretical study on the reactivity and regioselectivity of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of ethyl diazoacetate (EDA) with ethynes (CH≡CX, X=H, CH3, n-But, CF3, CO2Et, C6H5, p-CH3OC6H4 and p-NO2C6H4) has been carried out by means of several theoretical approaches, activation energies, frontier molecular orbital (FMO) theory, conceptual density functional theory reactivity indices and hard and soft acid and base theory. Potential energy surface analysis and intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations show that these cycloadditions follow an asynchronous concerted mechanism with a low or non-polar character, displaying C-regioselectivity. Moreover, the reaction of EDA with electron-deficient alkynes is faster compare to electron-rich ethynes. Reactions of EDA with electron-deficient and electron-rich alkynes are normal electron demand and inverse electron demand cycloadditions, respectively, because of moderate electrophilicity and nucleophilicity of EDA. This result is confirmed by FMO analysis and reactivity indices.
Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Soybean Oil over Modified CaO
Authors: Tang Ying , Wang Shanshan , Cheng Xitong , Lu Yong
Published: September 2014

Biodiesel production by transesterification of soybean oil with methanol was carried out efficiently over modified CaO by using octadecyltrichlorosilane as surface modifier. It was found that the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield was significantly enhanced from 35.4% to 93.5% over modified CaO with a methanol/oil ratio of 15: 1 at 65 °C after 3 h. Furthermore, good catalytic activity, i.e. 82.8% yield of FAME, remains even with a 2% water-content condition over modified CaO. The higher catalytic activity and good stability of modified CaO should be mainly attributed to the organic layer formed by the modifier over the CaO surface, which promotes the absorption of grease to CaO surface and protects CaO from water at the same time.
On the Mechanism of the Boyland–Sims Oxidation
Authors: Behrman Edward J.
Published: September 2014

Deuterium kinetic isotope effects support a mechanism for the Boyland–Sims oxidation involving a nucleophilic displacement by the amine on the peroxide oxygen.
Winteröffnung des Lukmanierpasses mit organisatorischen Massnahmen
Authors: Zürcher-Gasser Nora , Wilhelm Christian , Conceprio Fabrizio , Margreth Stefan
Published: September 2014

Winter opening of the Lukmanier Pass, and accompanying organisational measures

On an experimental basis, the Lukmanier Pass has been open during ten winter seasons since winter 2000/2001, through the efforts of the Pro Lucmagn association. In 2010, a request was made to keep the pass open on a permanent basis, which led to a revision of the safety process and a re-evaluation of the risks. Overall, there has been a more significant reduction of risks than assumed initially, thanks to measures to close the road and trigger avalanches artificially. The estimated residual risks are at an acceptable level. Nevertheless, despite the chosen organisational measures there remain significant risks, which originate mostly from uncertainty connected with human judgement. Looking back, it appears that the risk analysis of 1998 was appropriate, and adequate to estimate in advance the trial operation of the winter opening of the Lukmanier Pass.
Hospital Acquired Infections in a Selected Tertiary Level Hospital of Rangpur City
Authors: Zaman MH , Ferdouse S
Published: August 2014

Objectives: To find out the proportion, to determine the average length of stay at hospital and to estimate the cost of treatment for hospital-acquired infections in a tertiary level hospital of Rangpur City. Materials and Methods: This descriptive type of cross sectional study was conducted on purposively selected 200 admitted patients in a tertiary level hospital. Among them 100 were HAI patients and 100 were non HAL Data were collected through duly pretested interviewer administered questionnaire and observation checklist. Place and period of study: This study was conducted in Rangpur Medical College Hospital (RpMCH), Rangpur from January to June2011. Results: In this cross sectional study the highest percentage of HAI (42%) belonged to the surgery ward and the lowest percentage (19.%) belonged to medicine ward of the study hospital. According to the type of infections the surgical wound infection was found on the top (23%) and the cannula-associated infection at the bottom (5%) of the list. Respondents of both the polar age groups (<21 years and > 60 years) were found to be equally (27%) affected by HAI. Occurrence of HAI was found higher (57%) among the female respondents than their male (43%) counterparts. Highest number (48%) of HAI and lowest number (14%) of non- HAI patients were found to be visited by maximum number (?5) of visitors. Among the respondents who developed HAI, 42% had to stay at hospital for longest duration (21-25 days) but only 13% of their non- HAI counterparts had to stay for same duration. Among HAI patients 26% had to spend highest amount of money (Tk.20,0011- 25,0001-) but among non- HAI patients only 10% had to spend same amount of money for their treatment purpose. Conclusion: It has been revealed from this study that the occurrence of HAI was found higher among the patients with maximum number of visitors. Average length of hospital stay and cost of treatment of HAI patients were found higher than those of their non-HAI counterparts. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjdre.v4i2.20247 Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research and Education Vol.4(2) 2014: 49-52
Recent Advancements in Oral Submucous Fibrosis Management: an Overview
Authors: Gupta M , Pachauri A , Singh SK , Ahuja R , Singh P , Mishra SSS
Published: August 2014

The management of Oral submucous fibrosis has been the subject of controversy ever since Schwartz first described the condition in 1952. It is potentially malignant disorder and crippling condition of oral mucosa. An attempt is made update the knowledge about the management of this precancerous condition with advancements which helps to reduce the mortality of oral cancer. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjdre.v4i2.20256 Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research and Education Vol.4(2) 2014: 88-90
Laser Treatment Based on Minimal Intervention - Report of Cases
Authors: Nomann NA , Hasan MR , Dithi AB , Endo K , Saito T
Published: August 2014

Since the development of the ruby laser by Maiman in 1960, many lasers are available today for clinical application in dentistry, based on minimally invasive (Ml) dental treatment in routine clinical procedures including dental cavity preparation, removal of dental calculus, caries prevention, and treatment of dentin hypersensitivity, anti-iriflammation for soft tissues, pain relief, surgical operations, and hemostasis. Dental treatment using a laser is a minimally invasive, painless treatment with a low burden on the patient, and may therefore be seen as a treatment that complies with the Ml concept. However, safe use of lasers must be the underlying goal of proposed or future laser therapy. To ensure that safe, effective Ml treatment is practiced when using lasers, it is essential to have a full understanding of their advantages and disadvantages before using them. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjdre.v4i2.20257 Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research and Education Vol.4(2) 2014: 91-93
Endo - Perio Lesion -A Case Report
Authors: Mody DR , Bhavsar NV
Published: August 2014

Bacterial infections play an important role in the vast majority of pulpal and periodontal lesions. Such infections usually account for more than 500% of the tooth mortality. Endo-perio lesions primarily occur by way of the intimate anatomic and vascular connection. Accurate diagnostic tests must be carried out to confirm pulp necrosis and careful diagnostic probing should be done to distinguish between endo-perio lesions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjdre.v4i2.20273 Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research and Education Vol.4(2) 2014: 94-97
Cadaver study of the volume of the ovary in Bangladeshi women
Authors: Perven HA , Nurunnabi ASM , Ara S , Jahan MU
Published: September 2014

Reproductive age, ovarian reserve and reproductive capability may be determined from the volume of the ovary. A cross-sectional, descriptive study was done in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from January to December 2009, to see the variation in the volume of the ovary with age in Bangladeshi women. The study was performed on 140 post mortem human ovaries collected from 70 unclaimed female dead bodies which were in the morgue under examination in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. The samples were divided into three age-groups including group A (10-13 years), group B (14-45 years) & group C (46-52 years). Group A is pre-menarche group, group B represents reproductive age and group C is post menopausal group. The length, breadth and thickness of each ovary were measured by using a slide calipers. Then the volume of each ovary was determined by the product of its length, breadth and thickness multiplied by 0.524, according to the Prolate ellipsoid formula. The mean volume of the right ovary was found higher than that of the left one in all age groups (p<0.001). The difference in mean volume of the ovary between group A & group B, group B & group C (p<0.001) and group A & group C (p<0.01) were also statistically significant. The volume of the ovary increases with age and then gradually starts to decrease from menopause. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v40i1.20323 Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2014; 40: 15-17
Physicians knowledge and attitude of opioid availability, accessibility and use in pain management in Bangladesh
Authors: Khan F , Ahmad N , Iqbal N , Kamal AM
Published: September 2014

This survey was conducted on 1000 physicians with pain management responsibilities practicing in 47 districts in Bangladesh. The response rate was 58.3%. The physicians had a mean of 21 years in practice. It was notable that 66% of the physicians had seen cancer patients in the last 12 months and 63% had seen patients with advanced stage cancer where opioids are considered as the mainstay of treatment. It was discouraging that 85% of the physicians preferred to prescribe pethidine, when patients needed opioids for severe pain. 53% of the physicians were not aware of the Bangladesh Narcotics law, 1990. 89% of the physicians would restrict opioid dosage in pain management to prevent drug tolerance or addiction. Oncology physicians displayed significantly higher knowledge scores. The results demonstrated physicians poor knowledge, attitude and perceived barriers regarding opioids. Effective education strategies need to be addressed using the study result. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v40i1.20324 Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2014; 40: 18-24
Comparison of coronary CT angiography with conventional coronary angiography in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease
Authors: Mannan N , Basher MA , Mohammad J , Jahan MU , Momenuzzaman NAM , Haque MA
Published: September 2014

Noninvasive CT coronary angiography is a promising coronary imaging technique. In spite of the unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution and the inability to perform therapeutic interventions in the same session multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) has been considering a promising alternative, non invasive tool for coronary artery imaging due to its high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of significant coronary artery stenosis. To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 64-slice MDCT for assessing haemodynamically significant stenoses of the coronary arteries in comparison with the conventional standard cardiac angiography. Fifty patients scheduled for conventional coronary angiography at the department of Radiology and Imaging, United Hospital, Dhaka were enrolled between July 2007 and June 2008. All patients underwent both conventional and MDCT angiography within mean 10.70 days. Overall sensitivity of 64-slice MDCT for the detection of stenosis ?50%, stenosis >50%, and stenosis >75% was 90.0%, 83.8%, and 80.7%, respectively, and specificity was 96.5%, 98.4%, and 98.3% respectively and accuracy was 96.0 %, 96.5%, and 96.6% respectively. Contrast-enhanced 64-slice MDCT allows the identification of coronary stenosis with excellent accuracy. Measurements of stenosis derived by MDCT correlated well with conventional angiogram. A major limitation is the insufficient ability of CT to exactly quantify the degree of stenosis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v40i1.20334 Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2014; 40: 31-35
Students' perceptions of the educational environment in an Iranian Medical School, as measured by The Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure
Authors: Bakhshi H , Bakhshialiabad MH , Hassanshahi Gh
Published: September 2014

Learning environment is found to be important in determining students academic success and learning. The goal of this study was to investigate the viewpoints of medical students toward learning environment based on The Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) at Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences (RUMS). This descriptive study was conducted using the Persian DREEM questionnaire. All medical students in basic and clinical courses except internship students (fifth and sixth year) were approached to participate during the study period, of which 223 provided consent and completed the survey. Data were analyzed by SPSS-17, t-test and ANOVA statistical tests were used. The mean total score was 113.8±17.31 (out of a maximum of 200, 56.9%) indicating relative satisfaction with the perceived environment. There were no individual areas of excellence. Some items scored consistently badly indicating cause for concern. The highest score were related to Academic Self-Perception (64.11%) and learning (57.2%) domains. The lowest score were related to Teachers (55.9%), Social Self-Perceptions (56.6%) and atmosphere (55.8%) domains. Basic science students perceived the environment to be significantly more positive than preclinical students (p<0.05). Native and married students perceived the environment to be significantly more positive (p<0.05). Second and fourth year students were significantly higher than the others (P<0.01). There was significant difference between mean scores of total mean DREEM and sub-domains by year of enrolment (p=0.001). This tool identified areas of concern within RUMS medical school. Further use of the DREEM as a monitoring tool would be useful to re-evaluate the environment following appropriate intervention. To create an appropriate educational environment and reduce the deficits in order to provide a better learning environment with facilitate and supportive system for students. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v40i1.20335 Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2014; 40: 36-41
Scalable synthesis of 5,11-diethynylated indeno[1,2-b]fluorene-6,12-diones and exploration of their solid state packing
Authors: Rose Bradley D , Santa Maria Peter J , Fix Aaron G , Vonnegut Chris L , Zakharov Lev N , Parkin Sean R , Haley Michael M
Published: September 2014

We report a new synthetic route to 5,11-disubstituted indeno[1,2-b]fluorene-6,12-diones that is amenable to larger scale reactions, allowing for the preparation of gram amounts of material. With this new methodology, we explored the effects on crystal packing morphology for the indeno[1,2-b]fluorene-6,12-diones by varying the substituents on the silylethynyl groups.
Angiosarcoma of the Liver: Imaging of a rare salient entity
Authors: Thapar Shalini , Rastogi Archana , Ahuja Arvind , Sarin Shiv
Published: August 2014

Hepatic angiosarcomas are rare mesenchymal tumors with few case series and reports describing their imaging findings in the last two decades. The computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings are variable and may appear like hemangioma at one end of the spectrum and hepatoma at the other end. The use of hepatocyte specific contrast on magnetic resonance imaging may also be insufficient in making a reliable imaging diagnosis. These tumors can easily mimic hypervascular liver cancer, atypical hemangioma or metastases. This case report highlights the imaging features of this entity and also underlines that, this tumor should always be considered as a differential diagnosis for hypervascular tumors in cirrhotic patients. The current imaging paradigms for its diagnosis are also discussed.
Erdheim-Chester disease with rare radiological features in a 14-year old girl with pre-B Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia and Diabetes mellitus
Authors: Krishna Varanasi Venkata Rama , Harvey James Teo Eu Leong , Chang Kenneth Tou En , Yen Soh Shui
Published: August 2014

We report a case of a 14 year-old girl with Diabetes Mellitus who was in remission with pre-B cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and subsequently diagnosed with Erdheim-Chester disease.  Erdheim-Chester disease is a non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis and is very rare in children.  In addition, the radiological features of the lesions are atypical and have not been reported in children.  There is no known association between the three conditions and this is the first reported case in the literature.  A literature review of Erdheim-Chester disease will be performed.
Aging of the T Cell Compartment in Mice and Humans: From No Naive Expectations to Foggy Memories
Authors: Nikolich-Žugich Janko
Published: September 2014

Until the mid-20th century, infectious diseases were the major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. Massive vaccination campaigns, antibiotics, antivirals, and advanced public health measures drastically reduced sickness and death from infections in children and younger adults. However, older adults (>65 y of age) remain vulnerable to infections, and infectious diseases remain among the top 5–10 causes of death in this population. The aging of the immune system, often referred to as immune senescence, is the key phenomenon underlying this vulnerability. This review centers on age-related changes in T cells, which are dramatically and reproducibly altered with aging. I discuss changes in T cell production, maintenance, function, and response to latent persistent infection, particularly against CMV, which exerts a profound influence on the aging T cell pool, concluding with a brief list of measures to improve immune function in older adults.
Serological detection of infection with canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus and canine adenovirus in communal dogs from Zimbabwe
Authors: McRee Anna , Wilkes Rebecca P. , Dawson Jessica , Parry Roger , Foggin Chris , Adams Hayley , Odoi Agricola , Kennedy Melissa A.
Published: September 2014

Domestic dogs are common amongst communities in sub-Saharan Africa and may serve as important reservoirs for infectious agents that may cause diseases in wildlife. Two agents of concern are canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine distemper virus (CDV), which may infect and cause disease in large carnivore species such as African wild dogs and African lions, respectively. The impact of domestic dogs and their diseases on wildlife conservation is increasing in Zimbabwe, necessitating thorough assessment and implementation of control measures. In this study, domestic dogs in north-western Zimbabwe were evaluated for antibodies to CDV, CPV, and canine adenovirus (CAV). These dogs were communal and had no vaccination history. Two hundred and twenty-five blood samples were collected and tested using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibodies to CPV, CDV, and CAV. Of these dogs, 75 (34%) had detectable antibodies to CDV, whilst 191 (84%) had antibodies to CPV. Antibodies to canine adenovirus were present in 28 (13%) dogs. Canine parvovirus had high prevalence in all six geographic areas tested. These results indicate that CPV is circulating widely amongst domestic dogs in the region. In addition, CDV is present at high levels. Both pathogens can infect wildlife species. Efforts for conservation of large carnivores in Zimbabwe must address the role of domestic dogs in disease transmission.
Factors Associated with Delayed Cancer Diagnosis in Egyptian Children
Authors: Abdelkhalek E.R. , Sherief L.M. , Kamal N.M. , Soliman R.M.
Published: September 2014

Background

Despite tremendous importance of early cancer diagnosis in children, few studies on this topic have been conducted in Egypt. Early stage diagnosis can have a positive effect on prognoses and the quality of life of children with cancer. We investigated delays in the diagnosis of childhood cancers in Egypt and determined the factors associated with these delays.

Methods

This retrospective study included 172 children with cancer from two pediatric oncology units. The interval between symptoms onset and final diagnosis for each child was estimated and examined by univariate and multivariate analyses to determine correlations with the child's sex, age at diagnosis, type and site of malignancy, family residence, socioeconomic status, and parental educational level.

Findings

The median total diagnosis delay period was 47 days caused by patients and/or parents (8 days) and diagnosis (28 days). Statistically significant patient factors associated with delayed diagnosis were age (<5 years), lower parental education, and socioeconomic status. Sex residence and family size were not significant. Malignancy type and tumor site significantly affected the time for diagnosis. The lowest median value was associated with germ cell tumors (GCTs) and leukemia, and the highest value was in children with brain tumor. Missed diagnoses were initially recorded in 39.5% of the patients and were associated with patient and tumor factors.

Interpretation

Delayed diagnosis of childhood cancer is related to age, family, socioeconomic status and parental education, and cancer type and site. Efforts should be made to promote awareness, develop effective steps to eliminate possible contributing factors, and determine the best intervention method.
Long-term changes in soil salinity as influenced by subsoil thickness in a reclaimed coal mine in east-central Alberta
Authors: Olatuyi S. O. , Leskiw L. A.
Published: August 2014

Olatuyi, S. O. and Leskiw, L. A. 2014. Long-term changes in soil salinity as influenced by subsoil thickness in a reclaimed coal mine in east-central Alberta. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 605–620. Elevated salinity and sodicity are major challenges to reclamation of surface-mined coal sites in the Alberta Plains region. Research plots were established in 1981 at the Battle River Coal Mine near Forestburg, AB, to determine an optimum depth of subsoil replacement over sodic mine spoil required to sustain agricultural capability. Subsoil thickness was varied at 0, 25, 65, 135, 165 and 335 cm, overlain with 15 cm topsoil. The plots were monitored annually from 1982 to 1986 and were seeded to forage from 1987. Plots were resampled in 2013 to examine long-term changes in soil quality by comparing the results with the historical means for the 1980s. Key soil parameters measured are pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved salts (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and soluble Na. The soil quality of the root zone (0–40 cm) improved over time in all treatments as EC, TDS, SAR and concentration of Na decreased significantly between the 1980s and 2013. Amounts of EC and soluble Na consistently increased with depth, suggesting salt accumulation was predominantly by downward leaching, but with contribution by upward migration of Na from the underlying spoil. Relative to the native soils in 2013, the root zone quality ratings for EC and SAR in the topsoil/spoil treatment were better than in the shallow-bedrock Solonetzic soil. Ratings for the 25-cm subsoil treatment were also comparable with the local Chernozemic soil, but better than the fine till Solonetzic soil. This study demonstrates that a minimum of 25 cm subsoil and 15 cm topsoil are required for mitigating salinity and sodicity in these reconstructed soils. The resampling in 2013 demonstrates that long-term monitoring is essential to obtain a better understanding of reclamation outcomes.
Detection and degradation of organic contaminants in an agricultural soil amended with alkaline-treated biosolids
Authors: Gillis J. D. , Price G. W. , Stratton G. W.
Published: August 2014

Gillis, J. D., Price, G. W. and Stratton, G. W. 2014. Detection and degradation of organic contaminants in an agricultural soil amended with alkaline-treated biosolids. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 595–604. The agricultural use of wastewater biosolids is a common practice in many countries, but concerns exist regarding the presence of organic wastewater contaminants that remain in the land-applied biosolids. The objective of this study was to determine if contaminants present in biosolids are detectable in soil following land application. A suite of organic contaminants were monitored by gas chromatograph with mass spectrometer in agricultural soil samples from a site amended with increasing rates of alkaline-treated biosolids. Triclosan, a common antimicrobial agent, was detected at levels greater than the reporting limit in an environment-controlled incubation study and validated through in situ field samples from soils receiving the same alkaline-treated biosolid. A rapid decrease in triclosan concentration was observed during the first few weeks of the incubation study, with concentrations decreasing from 92±26 to 20±2 ng g−1 (average 78% decrease) after 4 mo. The field results indicate that triclosan in fall-applied may persist overwinter. However, a rapid decrease in triclosan concentration during the spring and summer months led to levels lower than predicted following the spring application, and levels below our reporting limit (up to 85% decrease) by the end of the study. Removal is posited to be through aerobic microbial degradation.
Extended thermodynamics of rarefied polyatomic gases and characteristic velocities
Authors: Arima Takashi , Mentrelli Andrea , Ruggeri Tommaso
Published: August 2014

Extended thermodynamics of rarefied polyatomic gases is characterized by two hierarchies of equations for moments of a suitable distribution function in which the internal degrees of freedom of a particle is taken into account. To obtain the closed set of the field equations for the system with many moments and for an arbitrary entropy functional that includes degenerate gases, the entropy principle and maximum entropy principle are studied and the equivalence of these two methods is shown as in the well-established case of the monatomic gas. In addition the recent results of the present theory are summarized. On the basis of physical considerations, the truncation orders of the two hierarchies are seen to be not independent on each other. The equilibrium characteristic velocities of the emerging hyperbolic system of partial di¤erential equations are analyzed and compared to those of monatomic gases. Inspection shows that the lower bound estimate of the maximum equilibrium characteristic velocity valid for monatomic gases, which increases as the truncation order increases, is valid for any rarefied polyatomic gas.
On special covariants in the exterior algebra of a simple Lie algebra
Authors: De Concini Corrado , Möseneder Frajria Pierluigi , Papi Paolo , Procesi Claudio
Published: August 2014

We study the subspace of the exterior algebra of a simple complex Lie algebra linearly spanned by the copies of the little adjoint representation or, in the case of the Lie algebra of traceless matrices, by the copies of the

n

-th symmetric power of the defining representation. As main result we prove that this subspace is a free module over the subalgebra of the exterior algebra generated by all primitive invariants except the one of highest degree.
História de uma instituição escolar: democratização ou elitização do ensino secundário (1939-1971)?
Authors: Caldas Pessanha Eurize , Tavares Silva Fabiany de Cassia
Published: September 2014

Este texto resulta de pesquisa inserida no campo da história das instituições, com foco na reescrita da história do ensino secundário, a partir de uma hipótese central, a saber: as diferentes reformas por que passou este nível de ensino pareceram revesti-lo da condição de mecanismo de ascensão social, em uma espécie de democratização do acesso, mas que, em última instância, auxiliou na formação de grupos dirigentes. A partir dessa, buscamos compreender o processo histórico de implantação e consolidação do ensino secundário em uma instituição escolar do sul do estado de Mato Grosso no período de 1939 a 1971, datas determinadas pelo início do funcionamento da escola, o Liceu Campograndense, em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso, e pela Lei 5692, de 1971, que alterou a organização do ensino primário e do secundário, eliminando o ginásio. Essa instituição representou, neste espaçotempo histórico e educativo, o primeiro ginásio público da cidade e a possibilidade de ampliação de escolaridade para além do ensino primário; além disso, ao inaugurar sua sede própria em edifício projetado por Oscar Niemeyer, tornou-se marco arquitetônico da cidade e indutor de uma forma escolar para além dos muros da escola, em uma relação de representação da cidade. Em conclusão apontamos que a história dessa instituição indica que a “democratização” dos ginásios contribuiu para ascensão social das classes médias urbanas escolarizadas que, ao se apropriarem desse “luxo”, habilitaram-se a se inserir nos grupos dirigentes.
O (des)governo na expansão da educação superior brasileira: da inoperância do Estado à supremacia da lógica do mercado
Authors: Godoy Bertolin Julio Cesar
Published: September 2014

A educação superior brasileira vem passando nas últimas duas décadas por um processo de significativa expansão. A partir de meados da década de 1990 o sistema começou a apresentar um forte crescimento, especialmente por meio do credenciamento de novas instituições privadas, não-universitárias. Tal processo resultou num significativo aumento nos indicadores quantitativos, tais como taxas de atendimento, quantidade de cursos de graduação e número de alunos matriculados. Entretanto, os níveis de alinhamento dessa expansão com as políticas de desenvolvimento socioeconômico e com os interesses maiores da sociedade (ou do mercado) precisam ser investigados. O presente artigo realiza uma revisão da literatura acerca do fenômeno da mercantilização da educação superior, apresenta e analisa aspectos e indicadores da expansão do sistema e, por fim, demonstra que os interesses privados estão sendo determinantes no desenvolvimento da educação superior brasileira.
Apresentação
Authors: Dos Santos Ademir Valdir
Published: September 2014

Apresentação
La obesidad en la resignificación de identidades infantiles indígenas en edad escolar en México: el caso de los pueblos Mazahua y Otomí
Authors: Vizcarra-Bordi Ivonne , Marín-Guadarrama Nadia
Published: September 2014

En México, la obesidad infantil es un grave problema de salud pública relacionado con las consecuencias de la globalización y de los mercados agroalimentarios. Esta situación ha alcanzado a los infantes indígenas otomíes y mazahuas, quienes viven una constante reformulación de sus contextos étnicos, locales y familiares intrínsecamente interconectados con los procesos de globalización y que traen como consecuencia desigualdades sociales. Para saber cómo las identidades indígenas de los infantes con edad escolar se han reformulado, este artículo presenta un estudio sobre los contextos en los que los infantes viven su cotidianeidad junto con las variables de género, etnia, pobreza y cuerpo. Se empleó una metodología cualitativa junto con datos estadístico-descriptivos obtenidos de dos comunidades indígenas: Mazahua y Otomí. Se concluye que tanto el género como la pertenencia a una etnia y la situación de pobreza hacen que se discrimine a esta población infantil, y que se le estigmatice. Así, resulta incorrecto responsabilizar sólo a las madres o a los infantes mismos por las condiciones nutricionales en que viven, ya que sus decisiones alimentarias están determinadas por instituciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, así como nacionales e internacionales y de empresas de alimentos nacionales y globales.
Estudios etnográficos sobre el desarrollo infantil en comunidades indígenas de América Latina: contribuciones, omisiones y desafíos
Authors: Remorini Carolina
Published: September 2014

En las últimas décadas, ha habido un progreso sustancial en el estudio del Desarrollo Infantil Temprano (DIT) desde perspectivas interdisciplinarias e transculturales. Varios autores reconocen la contribución de la antropología al debate sobre la primera infancia, en diálogo con la psicología, las neurociencias, la educación y la medicina. Estos estudios subrayan la importancia de los contextos ecológicos en lo que se refi ere al crecimiento físico, las trayectorias de desarrollo y los efectos sobre la salud a mediano y largo plazo. La Antropología hace hincapié en la noción de que el desarrollo de los niños depende de las interacciones que éstos entablan con su entorno inmediato y las actividades en las que participan. La importancia dada al ambiente desde una perspectiva ecológica reconoce el valor heurístico de los estudios etnográfi cos. En este trabajo caracterizamos, algunos ejes y modos de abordaje que se destacan en la producción etnográfi ca sobre infancia y desarrollo infantil en Latinoamérica, especialmente, sobre comunidades indígenas. En segundo lugar, analizamos y discutimos las posibilidades de interface entre la etnografía y las disciplinas que tradicionalmente se han ocupado del desarrollo infantil y refl exionamos sobre sus contribuciones en términos metodológicos a la comprensión de un proceso de carácter multidimensional, evitando los reduccionismos propios de cada mirada disciplinar. En relación a ello, discutimos los desafíos que la etnografía presenta en el contexto de la investigación inter y transdisciplinaria del DIT. Para concluir, reflexionamos sobre la necesidad de recuperar el DIT como objeto de estudio etnográfi co, como lo fue en los inicios de la disciplina.
Programa online de formação de formadores: uma experiência envolvendo a parceria Universidade-Escola
Authors: Rinaldi Renata Portela
Published: September 2014

Este artigo, delineado como uma investigação pautada na pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter descritivo-analítico, busca analisar dados de uma experiência de parceria entre uma universidade e escolas públicas com o objetivo de formar professores que estão em exercício na educação infantil e/ou anos iniciais da educação básica para atuar como formadores de futuros professores, neste caso, estudantes de um curso de Licenciatura em Pedagogia na modalidade a distância. Apontou-se nos primeiros resultados da pesquisa os impactos positivos na vida pessoal e profissional dos formadores em exercício na escola, assim como nas aprendizagens profissionais das pesquisadoras da universidade, especialmente pelo fato da iniciativa ter sido desenvolvida na modalidade a distância. Percebeu-se que desafios também foram enfrentados no desenvolvimento da proposta, mas os resultados indicaram que a experiência tem sido extremamente rica e desafiadora, demonstrando ser o trabalho colaborativo e o diálogo elementos centrais para o estabelecimento de parcerias entre a universidade e a escola, bem como a articulação dos profissionais da universidade para desenvolvimento de ações mais contextualizadas e significativas na formação inicial de professores.
Monitoria e avaliação formativa em nível universitário: desafios e conquistas
Authors: Garcia Luciane Terra dos Santos , Silva Filho Luiz Gomes da , Silva Maria Verônica Gomes da
Published: September 2014

Este artigo analisa uma experiência de ensino desenvolvida na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte pela equipe de monitoria da disciplina Organização da Educação Brasileira. Esta disciplina é oferecida aos estudantes dos cursos de licenciatura e as análises das experiências vivenciadas em sala de aula pela equipe mostraram que, em alguns casos, os futuros professores não valorizavam as disciplinas de formação docente. Assim, a equipe desenvolveu uma pesquisa-ação com o objetivo prático de implementar na turma uma proposta de avaliação formativa, cujo intuito maior foi o de envolver o educando no processo de ensino-aprendizagem e discutir a importância do trabalho docente. O objetivo teórico é analisar as concepções dos licenciandos acerca da sua profissão e do trabalho pedagógico do qual participaram. Como procedimentos de pesquisa foram aplicados questionários aos educandos para conhecer suas concepções acerca de sua futura profissão e foram analisados os registros que estes realizaram em um caderno acerca do trabalho que estava sendo desenvolvido a cada aula. A vivência da avaliação formativa colaborou para conscientizar os educandos acerca da corresponsabilidade dos envolvidos no processo de ensino-aprendizagem e, na concepção destes, tornar o ensino superior “mais humanizado”. O atual processo de proletarização docente dificulta a identificação do licenciando com sua profissão, e as representações que constroem acerca da profissão carregam valores e concepções construídas desde longas datas, o que demonstra a importância de discutir o trabalho docente nos cursos especificamente de formação.
Content Analysis of Five Occupational Therapy Journals, 2006–2010: Further Review of Characteristics of the Quantitative Literature
Authors: Pearl Andrew W. , Brennan Alexandra R. , Journey Tiffany I. , Antill Kayla D. , McPherson James J.
Published: September 2014

OBJECTIVE. To analyze the content of publications in 5 occupational therapy journals to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the literature base from 2006 to 2010.

METHOD. A content analysis for 2006 through 2010 of the American Journal of Occupational Therapy (AJOT), Australian Occupational Therapy Journal (AOTJ), British Journal of Occupational Therapy (BJOT), Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy (CJOT), and Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy (SJOT) was completed.

RESULTS. AJOT and SJOT had the highest percentage of articles focusing on physical disabilities, whereas a majority of articles in AOTJ, BJOT, and CJOT focused on education. SJOT published articles with the highest median number of participants in all research designs excluding descriptive studies. The majority of the research articles were descriptive for all journals.

CONCLUSION. From 2006 to 2010, AJOT provided stronger evidence conducted at higher levels than the other journals by publishing more articles investigating interventions used to support clinical practice.
Predictors of Motor, Daily Function, and Quality-of-Life Improvements After Upper-Extremity Robot-Assisted Rehabilitation in Stroke
Authors: Huang Pai-Chuan , Hsieh Yu-Wei , Wang Chin-Man , Wu Ching-Yi , Huang Shu-Chun , Lin Keh-Chung
Published: September 2014

OBJECTIVE. A subgroup of patients benefiting most from robot-assisted therapy (RT) has not yet been described. We examined the predictors of improved outcomes after RT.

METHOD. Sixty-six patients with stroke receiving RT were analyzed. The outcome measures were the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), Motor Activity Log (MAL), and Stroke Impact Scale (SIS). The potential predictors were age, side of lesion, time since onset, Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) scores, accelerometer data, Box and Block Test (BBT) scores, and kinematic parameters.

RESULTS. BBT scores were predictive of FMA (29%) and MAL (9%−15%) improvements. Reduced shoulder flexion synergy, as measured by less shoulder abduction during forward reach, and MAS–distal were predictive of WMFT–function improvements. MAS–distal was predictive of SIS–physical improvements. Demographic variables did not predict outcomes.

CONCLUSION. Manual dexterity was a valuable predictor of motor impairment and daily function after RT. Outcomes at different levels may have different predictors.
Content and Construct Validity of Here’s How I Write (HHIW): A Child’s Self-Assessment and Goal Setting Tool
Authors: Cermak Sharon A. , Bissell Julie
Published: September 2014

OBJECTIVE. We examined content and construct validity of Here’s How I Write: A Child’s Self-Assessment and Goal Setting Tool, to assess children’s perception of their handwriting and set child-directed goals.

METHOD. In Study 1, a content validity study, 6 occupational therapists and 2 educators assessed the need for this type of measure and examined the proposed items. Thirty-four occupational therapists and educators then completed an online survey examining the items. Study 2, a construct validity study, compared the self-ratings of 20 children with poor handwriting and 20 children with good handwriting in Grades 2–5 with their teachers’ ratings.

RESULTS. Results supported test content and indicated freedom from culture and gender bias. The assessment discriminated between good and poor writers. The relationship between teacher and student ratings was significant, although teachers of poor writers rated the children lower than the children rated themselves.

CONCLUSION. These studies provide support for the tool’s validity.