bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intensification of concrete spraying for buried structures, including composition selection
Authors:   Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University), Bazhenova Sof'ya I. , Melnicnenko Alexandra A. ,   Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University)
Published: December 2022

The study aims to substantiate the application of concrete spraying technologies, which allow the soil and mines during the mining operation to be strengthened and underground spaces to be repurposed for further use (e.g., sports facilities and cultural heritage sites, as implemented in some European countries). The advantages and disadvantages of concrete spraying technologies are considered. Fol-lowing the need for sprayed concrete to meet high operational requirements, the authors offer sprayed concrete compositions with increased physical and mechanical properties. The properties of the mixtures are optimised by adding microfillers with hydraulic activity. In experimental work, concrete strength development of sprayed concrete samples with setting agents of various origins (A1 and A2 aluminates based and B1 and B2 nonalkaline accelerators) was investigated. It was determined that nonalkaline setting agents are more efficient than those based on aluminates. This can be explained by the higher activity of these setting accelerators in the structure formation of cement brick and the for-mation of new growth that promote cement hydration in large volumes. The high-efficiency coopera-tion of setting agents and microfiller allows the composition of sprayed concrete to be selected, taking into account any rock pressure values for medium-stable soil and medium section mine roadway.
A probabilistic approach to quality control and assessing initial reliability precast reinforced construc-tions
Authors:   Bratsk State University, Kovalenko Galina V. , Dudina Irina V. ,   Bratsk State University, Nester Elena V. ,   Bratsk State University
Published: December 2022

The study aims to improve methods for assessing the serviceability of prefabricated reinforced con-crete structures based on an integral estimation of their reliability following the operational monitoring of individual parameters. The serviceability criteria of the investigated structures are set on a probabil-istic basis, addressing the main methodology for their field tests according to GOST 8829-94. The proposed non-destructive testing of output is computerised and is carried out every shift together with the versatility of technological factors. The calculation results on the reliability assessment program are a basis for the acceptance of a batch according to the required strength, stiffness, cracking resistance. To develop a probabilistic algorithm for assessing the reliability of works, an optimal calculation model accurately describing stress-strain behaviour (SSB) under loading is necessary. It is demonstrated that a calculation based on design standards and a model with account non-linear nature of deformation occurring in reinforced concrete as elastoplastic material can be used. The reliability and adequacy of the selected models were confirmed by comparing the theoretical data with the results of work field tests performed at the Bratskzhelezobeton plant. As an example, a calculation model for the SSB as-sessment in load-bearing wall panels with applied combined stress (biaxial bending) was substantiated. A methodology and regulations for automated every-shift quality control of precast reinforced con-structions were developed following the versatility of technological factors. Introducing the proposed quality control system to factories manufacturing reinforced concrete products allows the number of structure field tests to be reduced by 6-10 times and the cost of manufactured products by approxi-mately 2.5%.
Impact of deformation history on the resistance of concrete and fibre-reinforced concrete to fatigue damage
Authors:   Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Korneeva Inna G. , Pinus Boris I. ,   Irkutsk National Research Technical University
Published: December 2022

An experimental and analytical study into the impact of deformation history on the deformation re-sponse of conventional and fibre-reinforced concrete was conducted. Experiments included monoton-ic quasi-static and dynamic tests of two series of samples. Ultrasonic and gravimetric homogeneity con-trol by mass was performed prior to mechanical tests. Prismatic reference samples were tested under uniform deformation velocity (0.004 mm/s) on an Instron 5989 complex with automatic recording of deformations, loadings, time and absorption energy. Deformations were measured in both directions at the total base using system (Instron) extensometers. The paper analyses the experimental results on the fatigue behaviour of conventional and polypropylene fibre-reinforced concrete subjected to two-stage cyclic stress with various amplitudes. Parameters of linear and bulk deformability were used as a characteristic under control for low-cyclic fatigue. The fatigue resistance of concrete and fibre-reinforced concrete was assessed by comparing the corresponding characteristics of sample defor-mation under various modes of cyclic action. Relative similarities in the parameter dynamics of con-trolled low-cyclic fatigue show significant differences in quantitative values. It was established that the frequency and sequence of moderate (з ≤ Rнcrc) actions have a limited effect on fatigue resistance. The composite behaviour at high-level cyclic stress depends on the deformation history.
Evolution and modernism of church architecture in Vienna
Authors:   Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Glebova Natalia M. , Klamer Michael ,   Vienna Technical University
Published: December 2022

The study aims to perform an introductory historical insight into the architecture of the Roman Catholic churches in Vienna to follow the style evolution and form making during the change of epochs, particularly in the 20th century, and to reveal how architects interacted with their customers – churchmen. This article is an introduction to a series of articles revealing and illustrating the diversity of modern architecture in seemingly conservative and canon-bound religious architecture. We carried out field studies and photo fixation of over a hundred historical and modern churches in Vienna and overviewed scientific literature in this field, mainly authored by Austrian architects and art historians. We reviewed the main historical events that affected Vienna and the religious denominations in its territory. They led to significant changes in church architecture in terms of city development plans, architectural composition and form making, design of the exterior and interior, hence a great variety of visual patterns and new architectural identities. It was determined how and why modernism and its movements were reflected in Vienna sacral architecture. The study unveils how the relationship between church, society, art and architecture was built. It can be concluded that the Catholic Church in the modern era responds to social phenomena and, as a customer, considers the opinion of distinguished Austrian architects. As a result, sacred architecture flexibly alters its form to suit social needs.
Silicate glass: a portrait in material
Authors:   Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Kopenkina Olga Yu.
Published: December 2022

The article is devoted to handling transparent silicate glass by glass fusing and preserving the graphic concept of the design project in the material. The study aims to obtain a collection of creative artworks in the material on the "Portrait" topic, ready for exposition. Since the training took place in a remote form, a material replacement technique was used to perform the artwork. This pedagogical method helps make a task achievable by applying a simpler solution; e.g., silicate glass was used instead of clay, terracotta or industrial porcelain. Background research in the field of a portrait, an assessment of work with nature, samples prepared in silicate glass comprise the stages on the way from a linear drawing to a material. The design part of the project is based on a graphical approach. Working with silicate glass is based on the hot-cold work, namely, sintering or fusing. The incorporation of metal elements in the body of the sintered panel picture was performed experimentally. For an image in material, we used equipment of ceramics workshops, including an electric marble furnace. Photographic material supports the step-by-step method. This research resulted not only in a collection of student artworks ready for exhibition on the "Portrait" topic but also in the proprietary method of graphic work with silicate glass. The obtained artworks took part in an international student exhibiting competitions in 2021. Professional exhibitions should be the result of the development of students works in the long term. In conclusion, a number of proposals are made on the further use of silicate glass for creative educational work in the field of design.
Assessing safety of "underfloor heating" systems
Authors:   Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Shelekhov Igor Yu. , Kuznetsov Konstantin L. ,   Irkutsk National Research Technical University,   Forensic expert institution of the Federal Fire Service "Testing Fire Laboratory in the Irkutsk region", Roshchupkina Liliya V. ,   Irkutsk National Research Technical University,   Forensic expert institution of the Federal Fire Service "Testing Fire Laboratory in the Irkutsk region", Chusikova Kristina E. ,   Irkutsk National Research Technical University
Published: December 2022

Interest in underfloor heating systems has been increasing steadily. The structures based on film heat-ing elements are of particular importance among these systems, as they can adjust their resistance de-pending on the temperature. In this paper, the operating conditions of underfloor heating systems are investigated, and a methodology for assessing their safety under various operating conditions is de-veloped. Currently, in order to obtain licensing for the "underfloor heating" systems, they are exam-ined by standard methods. Applying new technologies for assessing the safety of these systems re-quires novel approaches that imply conditions close to actual operation. The authors assembled a test-ing stand with a polymer heating element on a thermal insulation cover, closed with linoleum. Laborato-ry research was carried out using the TPM 138 "OVEN" device, which recorded the temperature throughout the entire volume of the stand. The research results on the distribution of temperature fields recorded by the device during the extreme operation of the "underfloor heating" system are as follows. A dangerous situation is set, which can lead to a fire when the surface is covered with polyes-ter batting material and exposed to additional mechanical stimuli. It was also found that, with insufficient heat transfer, electrical insulation was violated, leading to electric shock. Currently, self-regulating pol-ymer heating elements should be used under additional control, avoiding extreme operation modes. Experiments demonstrated that it is necessary to develop guidelines for services, installation and op-eration of such systems.
Architecture of prefabricated large-panel housing - tendencies in development
Authors:   Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Salandaeva Olga I. ,   Institute of the Earth’s Crust SB RAS
Published: December 2022

The paper discusses the experience and trends in the design and construction of residential buildings using large prefabricated panels, including a shape-generating factor of residential areas in the city. In the seismic regions of the Russian Federation and the Irkutsk region, in particular, the construction, reconstruction and renovation of large-panel housing have become of particular relevance owing to state programmes to increase the stability of residential buildings and basic and life-support infrastruc-ture. The domestic and foreign experience in construction using large panels allows the information to be systematised and several aspects of the study to be highlighted: a) stylistic and planning methods for developing residential buildings; b) the variability of the architectural form making of residential buildings following social demand and economic potential; c) industrial construction methods, reflecting the technical achievements of a certain period; d) using conventional tools to create a structure, ar-rangement and texture of facades; e) seismic capacity of buildings depending on site conditions and construction period. The results indicate that old prefabricated large-panel buildings have significant physical and seismic deterioration and rarely meet technical, social and aesthetic requirements; there-fore, reconstruction or renovation is necessary. Experimental data evidences the following. Developing and improving the construction technologies of residential buildings using prefabricated or on-site produced large panels, state-of-the-art construction technologies, a variety of construction and finish materials, tools of architectural modelling will overcome the uniformity of existing residential buildings and buildings under construction. They also ensure good construction quality, a high level of energy efficiency and seismic capacity in mass housing construction.
Efficiency evaluation of urban planning in Irkutsk using space syntax methods
Authors:   Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Dashiev Timur A.
Published: December 2022

The present work presents a topological analysis of Irkutsk, studying its city structure, identifying ways of improving the social efficiency of urban functional zoning and proposals for its spatial development. In order to determine the urban development controlled by an architect, as well as the available re-sources, the data on the sociology of architecture and the structure of architectural space were col-lected and analysed. The emergent properties of the axial map for the transport network were evaluat-ed using the tools of spatial syntax. In order to determine trends in urban development, a comparative analysis of city integration maps in 1940 and 2021 was performed. It was concluded that functional ar-eas with the most users are concentrated in the historical centre; however, the integration centre ex-panded over time and reached former suburbs. Daily labour migrations confirm the social inefficiency of this situation. The identified emergent properties allowed the axial spaces to be classified into streets in the foreground and palisade. The plans for spatial development published on the web page of the city administration were analysed for compliance with the integration map. As a result, forming the sub-centres with high function concentration in the area of the city integration centre, having the Irkutsk sub-centre in the Zhilkino microdistrict, was proposed. The research showed that the develop-ment concept adopted in the city fails to meet the integration resources.
Problems associated with coastal areas of the River Angara within the Irkutsk agglomeration: history of changes from late 17th to early 21st century
Authors:   Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Ignatenkova Vera A.
Published: December 2022

The present paper examines the problems of coastal areas within the Irkutsk agglomeration and dis-cusses the changes that occurred in the studied territories over time. The study is based on a com-prehensive approach to the urban planning analysis of coastal areas under agglomeration. In particular, the analysis of urban planning documentation, legal basis and geoinformation databases was carried out. In the study, the following aspects are highlighted: determining the characteristics of the River Angara basin; studying the changes in the investigated coastal area over history (pre-revolutionary pe-riod (late 17th century - 1917), Soviet period (1917–1991), post-Soviet period (1991 - early 21st cen-tury)); characterising the current state of the studied coastal area within the Irkutsk agglomeration, in particular, transport network, functional zoning, natural resource potential (landscapes and vegetation), environmental risks (harmful effects of water and vegetation contamination) and socio-economic po-tential; identifying the problems of the investigated coastal areas based on the performed analysis (transport, planning, environmental and socio-economic aspects). It can be concluded that the absence of a general strategy for developing the region resulted in the identified issues associated with the coastal area.
Innovation-driven development of Russian regions based on sustainable construction: trends, issues and progress
Authors:   Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, Kiseleva Oksana N. , Sukhinina Elena A. ,   Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov
Published: December 2022

In the present work, we discuss reasons and solutions for the insufficient inclusion of sustainable con-struction standards in Russia as a factor in intensifying innovation-driven growth of regions and the entire country. A comparative analysis was conducted to assess the current level of innovative devel-opment, as well as the degree of implementation of environmental projects in the construction indus-try. It was found that "green" technologies are yet to be implemented in domestic practices. One major reason comprises undeveloped environmental certification standards, which was confirmed by compar-ing domestic and foreign practices using mathematical methods. The main directions for solving the identified problems include increasing state interest in implementing environmental projects, forming necessary staffing and resource support for transforming the construction industry as a condition for enhancing the innovation activity in regions and justifying the efficiency of "green" construction. The implementation of the above approaches will improve environmental construction in the country, at the same time as creating favourable conditions for its innovative development.
Urban planning environment and trends in improving city parks
Authors:   Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Jing Hao , Kozlov Valery V. ,   Irkutsk National Research Technical University
Published: December 2022

This work examines current connections between a city and a park and provides a model for an effi-cient city park. In the course of research, scientific sources and materials related to the history of park development were studied; the objects of research were classified in generally accepted urban, archi-tectural and space-planning and volume-spatial levels. City parks are a complex form of green space intended for various purposes, such as recreation, entertainment and contemplation of the beauty of nature. A model of an efficient city park was built based on the revealed connections between a city and a park, inlcuding recreational, environmental, economic, aesthetic and legal. It was confirmed that a park should exhibit its style and individuality. The development of city parks is a continuous process, resulting in new city parks being designed and built and the old ones transformed and renewed. The transformation of old parks is a key development process occurring in the urban park system, ensuring its healthy and sustainable development. An integral part of modern cities, parks address various chal-lenges imposed by rapid urbanisation. Parks are essential not only in satysfying the population’s grow-ing need in recreation, but also in improving the local ecological environment. It is recommended to increase recreational and service facilities in the parks since they are beneficial for the public space.
Organization and management of 4D-modelling processes in construction
Authors:   Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Matveeva M. V. , Adegbola A. A. A. ,   DYJESCK-S, Cotonou
Published: December 2022

The study aims to determine the prospects of integrated automation in the management of construction stages and scheduling on the basis of the 4D-modelling concept, which is applied in domestic and foreign practice of capital construction for visualizing the sequence of construction stages. Due to the use of conventional planning tools, the majority of developers fail to meet the established construction deadlines. At present, the construction industry is at the stage of transition from 2D documentation and step-by-step processes of forming a digital model to an integrated schedule based on the concept of 4D-modelling. Within the framework of transitioning to Industry 4.0, the introduction of 4D-modelling in the BIM model will revolutionize the construction industry by integrating these 3D models with additional planning dimensions and cost estimations. The application of 4D-modelling is shown to improve the efficiency of work processes, which were previously associated with a great risk and inefficiency of construction stages. Currently, the application of the 4D-visualization method is at its nascent stage due to a number of barriers and problems, including those related to the reassessment of implementation costs, a search for competent personnel, as well as a lack of integrated models. At the same time, the application of 4D models appears to be a necessary and inevitable transition to a new stage of digital maturity of the construction industry, which allows the subjects of the construction process to effectively visualize construction stages, accurately plan the required resources and optimize communications within each stage.
Management and engineering solutions at the overhaul stage in the life cycle of constructing facilities using their digital models
Authors:   Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Peshkov V. V. , Aleksanin I. A. ,   Irkutsk National Research Technical University
Published: December 2022

The study is aimed at the development of management and engineering solutions at the overhaul stage of a construction facility represented by A-331 “Vilyui” highway (Tulun – Bratsk – Ust'-Kut – Mirny – Yakutsk) using its digital model. The research methodology is based on the BIM modelling concept used in domestic and foreign practice during the overhaul of construction facilities using Au-todesk Revit software and automated control systems for road construction equipment. The overhaul repair of highways represents one of the priority directions in road construction, which is aimed at the restoration of upper road structural layers taking into account the evenness and roughness require-ments. In order to improve the efficiency of management decisions, it is advisable to integrate 3D-modelling tools into the generally accepted overhaul stages in the life cycle of construction facilities, which optimizes the overhaul projects and ensures their digital maturity. On this basis, the article pre-sents a digital information model for a capital construction object taking into account factors impeding its wide application. The stages of forming management and engineering documentation using auto-mated design tools are analysed. An analysis of the integration of BIM technologies into the overhaul stage in the life cycle of construction objects was carried out using the example of A-331 "Vilyui" high-way. Based on the applied digital model, the schedules of works and material supply were developed, along with the specification of requirements for machines, mechanisms and labour costs. The auto-mated design tools applied during the overhaul of construction facilities were shown to be applicable for obtaining the actual distribution of the volumes of repair works, determining the planned time inter-val of their fulfilment, as well as optimizing the expenditure of the budgetary funds and other re-sources.
Membrane bioreactors: foreign experience
Authors:   Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Trukhina M. G. , Pelmeneva N. D. ,   Irkutsk National Research Technical University
Published: December 2022

This article addresses advanced methods of wastewater treatment, which presents an urgent global problem. The use of membranes or so-called membrane bioreactors (MBR) at treatment facilities comprises an efficient method of wastewater treatment. The characteristics of membrane designs along with their practical advantages and disadvantages are considered. Examples of using MBR at wastewater treatment plants in Germany, Italy and Sweden are examined. A recently developed MBR technology based on filtration through micro- or ultrafiltration membranes is gaining in popularity. In such technologies, the high quality of treated water is achieved due to the MBR design, which increases both the concentration of activated sludge in the bioreactor and its filtering capacity. Over 100 years of contemporary residential and industrial wastewater treatment, no other implemented technology has exhibited as many positive effects. Due to the wide range of available membranes and modules, suitable systems can be found for almost any type of water treatment application. In addition, these membranes are compact, which becomes an advantage when clearing areas for new construction or when the expansion of a wastewater treatment plant is limited.
Efficiency of water intake facilities in populated areas of the Baikal region
Authors:   Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Chupin R. V. , Bober V. A. ,   Irkutsk National Research Technical University
Published: December 2022

The population of the Baikal region (unofficial name of the Irkutsk region) amounts to 2.36 million peo-ple, mainly residing in the Angara River area. Therefore, 91% of all water intake facilities belong the surface shore, river or reservoir types. With the construction of a chain of hydroelectric power plants at the Angara River in 1961, Lake Baikal and the Irkutsk reservoir have become the only artificial reser-voir, whose water level depends on the natural inflow into the lake, as well as energy and water transport activities. As a result, the perennial water level in Lake Baikal and the Bratsk reservoir varies across a wide range, about 2 and 10 m, respectively. In this study, the effect of variations in the water level in Lake Baikal on the efficiency of all water intake facilities of the Angara River is addressed. The conducted calculations and field studies showed that an increase in the water level in water bodies leads to a decreased water quality, requiring its further purification. When the water level decreases, the performance of water intake facilities decreases, requiring replacement of the pumping equipment. An analysis of the surface water intake facilities in the populated areas of the Baikal region showed that the efficient operation of the existing structures is unachievable under significant variations in the wa-ter level in Lake Baikal and the Angara River. It is recommended to use underground water sources. Floating water intake or shore structures operating over the entire range of varying water levels in the water body may be also used.
Identity building in contemporary urban architecture (on the example of Irkutsk)
Authors:   Saint-Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Kolodin K. I. , Vinokurova P. A. ,   Saint-Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
Published: December 2022

In this work, a concept of modern residential development, including public infrastructure, integrated seamlessly into the historic centre of Irkutsk was elaborated. The proposed location of the quarter lies within the boundaries of Rabochaya Street, the territory of the Machine-Building Plant, the Ushakovka river embankment and Frank Kamenetsky and Oktyabrskaya Revolution streets. The contemporary town planning structures within the historical context were analysed using the examples of various cities. The components of urban identity and trends, which affect its formation, were studied. The characteristics of the form making for the objects having different purposes within the urban structure of Irkutsk were defined. Design solutions for constructing a modern residential area together with public buildings in the historic centre of Irkutsk were provided. When developing the project, studying urban identity and its implementation in the design solutions was emphasised. The proposed concept aims to preserve urban identity and stresses the characteristics of the historic architecture of the city in current urban development.
Analysis of incremental costs associated with construction works during winter periods
Authors:   Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Yamshchikovа I. V. , Doroshenko Т. G. ,   Baikal State University, Golovina N. V. ,   Metra Grupp LLC
Published: December 2022

Incremental costs associated with construction works during winter periods are considered in rela-tion to the new calculation method implemented by the Order of the Ministry of Construction, Hous-ing and Utilities of the Russian Federation of May 25, 2021, No 325/pr, instead of the previously used methods specified in the ГСН 81-05-02-2007 “Collection of estimation standards for addition-al costs during execution of construction and installation works in winter periods” and ГСНр 81-05-02-2001 “Collection of estimation standards for additional costs during execution of construction and repair works in winter periods”. The research was conducted using the methods of economic and statistical analysis, review of theoretical and practical materials, as well as the system approach. The conditions determining the impact of negative temperatures on construction and repair works are analyzed and classified. The costs associated with temporary heating of facilities completed within the heating period are analyzed. On the basis of the results obtained, directions for improv-ing calculations of incremental costs when executing construction and installation works in winter periods are proposed with the purpose of optimizing costs of construction objects.
Identification of sections inhibiting the reliable operation of water supply and distribution systems
Authors:   Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Dushin A. S.
Published: December 2022

A methodology for identifying sections in water supply and distribution systems (WSDSs) that inhibit high-quality water supply is proposed. The study is based on the previously developed mathematical models of water withdrawal (cross-sectional method) and flow distribution. Effective WSDS manage-ment requires not only consideration of water withdrawal patterns from WSDSs and probabilistic structural variations, but also assessment of the impact of individual components (sections) and their weight contribution on the system performance. During the analysis, Kj and Рj probabilistic reliability indicators of water supply to consumers were used. These indicators include the following compo-nents: probabilities of WSDS fault-free and emergency structural states (ordinary failure stream) and probabilities of supplying water to consumers in these states. The reliability of consumer supply in each state is assessed using partial indicators Kji and Рji. Conclusions about the operational quality of each section can be made by comparing partial indicators with normalized values. Using partial indi-cators obtained in structural states, it is possible to assess the overburden of sections and their im-portance for ensuring the necessary quality of consumer supply, as well as to evaluate their backup line operation. An example of a particular system is used to demonstrate all steps of the proposed methodology. The need to use the previously developed software application for analysing the WSDS operation is justified. The software allows partial reliability indicators Kji and Рji to be determined for each structural state of the system. The proposed methodology for identifying WSDS sections with a capacity inhibiting reliable water supply can be used when designing new or surveying existing WSDSs.
Revisiting the issue of fire safety in private housing construction
Authors:   Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Naumov I. V. ,   Irkutsk State Agrarian University named after A.A. Yezhevsky
Published: December 2022

Possible approaches to reducing the fire hazard in private housing construction are considered. The study was conducted using general scientific methods, including network analysis, numerical analysis and the methods of visualisation using Matlab graphic editor. The current state of housing construc-tion in the Russian Federation and, in particular, Baikal region, is analysed. It was established that, due to the implementation of national projects, the level of private housing construction has increased con-siderably in recent years. At the same time, the use of wooden structures, which are exposed to in-creased threat of fire hazards, is gaining in popularity. An analysis of fire hazard in Irkutsk Oblast re-vealed that one of the most probable causes of ignition is associated with the violation of rules for ar-rangement and operation of electricity-generating equipment. The most common cause of such viola-tions was proved to be the asymmetry of phase currents, which causes additional heat losses contrib-uting to the occurrence of fires. The effectiveness of balancing devices in reducing the consequences of asymmetric power consumption was confirmed on a specific example. The implementation of measures to balance the operating modes of internal electrical networks of residential buildings repre-sents one of the most effective ways to reduce fire risks in private residential buildings. Based on the obtained results, a set of recommendations is proposed for use by specialists of construction organi-zations, as well as employees of the Ministry of Emergency Situations controlling the fire safety of in-dividual residential buildings.
Heavy halogen compositions of lamprophyres derived from metasomatized lithospheric mantle beneath eastern North China Craton
Authors: Zheng Yixin , Wang Zaicong , He Tao , Burgess Ray , Zhu Zhaoxian , Wang Lian-Xun , Wang Xiang , Hu Zhaochu , Liu Yongsheng
Published: December 2022

Halogens and other volatiles are widely recycled into the deep mantle by subduction and are key components to metasomatize the sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). Lamprophyres are well known to be rich in volatiles and are important for understanding the halogen characteristics of the meta-somatized SCLM and/or the mobilization of halogens during the ascent of such volatile-rich, low-degree partial melts. The North China Craton (NCC) hosts lamprophyre dikes coeval with extensive thinning of the eastern NCC in the Mesozoic and generated from lithosphere metasomatized by multiple-stage subduction components. Here we report bulk-rock heavy halogens (Cl, Br, and I) of 16 lamprophyres from the eastern NCC. The bulk-rock halogen concentrations are overall very low (Cl = 58–170 μg/g, Br = 285–559 ng/g, and I <5 ng/g), comparable with depleted Mid-Ocean ridge basalts (N-MORBs). Volatile-rich minerals (e.g., amphibole and biotite) are abundant (20–30 vol%) in these lamprophyres, however, electron probe microanalyses (EPMA) data indicate that amphiboles are mainly rich in OH and F but display very low Cl concentrations (0.01–0.04 wt%). The bulk rock and amphibole data consistently indicate low abundances of heavy halogens in the lamprophyres, which is difficult to reconcile with the remarkable enrichment of fluid-mobile large ion lithophile elements such as Ba, Rb, and K. Based on low Cl/Nb and Br/Nb but high Ba/Nb and K/Nb ratios, the low halogen concentrations likely resulted from extensive volatile loss (>90%) during melt ascent. The low Cl concentrations in early-stage amphiboles (Mg# 60–64) further indicate that such loss would have occurred before amphibole crystallization at a depth of ~15 km. We thus propose that crystallization of early olivines and pyroxenes and reaction with surrounding mantle rocks likely induced volatile saturation and exsolution, leading to strong partitioning of the halogens into the exsolved aqueous volatile phases and thus the extensive loss of halogens from the rising melt. These results reveal that significant volatile loss of halogens not only occurs during surficial low-pressure eruption but also at much deeper levels in the crust, as also identified for some kimberlites. Consequently, it would be difficult to constrain the primitive halogen components of the mantle sources via lamprophyres or similar magmas.
Advanced Enhancement Techniques for Breast Cancer Classification in Mammographic Images
Authors: Mohamed Sara EL. , Mohamed Wael A. , Abdelhalim Mohamed B. , Ahmed Khaled EL.
Published: December 2022

Background:

Breast cancer is one of the most significant health problems in the world. Early diagnosis of breast cancer is very important for treatment. Image enhancement techniques have been used to improve the captured images for quick and accurate diagnosis. These techniques include median filtering, edge enhancement, dilation, erosion, and contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization. Although these techniques have been used in many studies, their results have not reached optimum values based on image properties and the methods used for feature extraction and classification.

Methods:

In this study, enhancement techniques were implemented to guarantee the best image enhancement. They were applied to 319 images collected from the Mammographic Image Analysis Society (MIAS) database. The Gabor filter and local binary pattern were used as feature extraction methods together with support vector machine (SVM), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and nearest neighbor (KNN) classifiers.

Results:

The experimental work indicates that by merging the features of the Gabor filter and local binary pattern, the results were 97.8%, 100%, and 94.6% for normal/abnormal and 85.1%, 88.7%, and 81.9% for benign/malignant using the SVM, LDA, and KNN classifiers, respectively.

Conclusion:

The best results were obtained by combining the features of the two tested strategies and using LDA as a classifier.
Numerical and Graphical Diagnosis “Numbers Help to Construct Graphics for Better Understanding”
Authors: Şen Zekâi
Published: December 2022

The main concern of this chapter is to explain the use of probabilistic and
statistical numerical dataset analysis in medical sciences, leading to computer graphics,
tabular classifications and representations. These treatment procedures support medical
professionals to advance their linguistic knowledge of a disease with numerical and
visual results. Fuzzy and bivalent logic comparisons are presented for pulse rate, heart
rate, and blood pressure based on age-related tables, which are used to elicit graphical
and mathematical equivalents. Probabilistic and statistical assessment methods are
explained in detail with some numerical data. In such quantitative assessments and
methodological applications, the importance of assumptions is recommended as a
significant warning and necessary guidance. The most frequently used regression
methodology to determine relationships between two or more medical variables is
explained with mathematical and graphical representations. Finally, the relationship
between medicine and mathematics is explained.
Nitric oxide: A Brief History of Discovery and Timeline of its Research
Authors: Ghasemi Asghar , Kashfi Khosrow
Published: December 2022

Nitric oxide (NO) plays a critical role in many physiological and
pathological functions in the human body. Following the discovery in 1986-1987 that
endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is NO, the number of NO-based
publications within all fields of medicine has increased exponentially. This report
provides a brief historical view of NO-based research, emphasizing the events in the
last two decades of the 20th century.
Asymmetrical Dimethyl Arginine, Nitric Oxide, and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Bahadoran Zahra , Carlström Mattias , Mirmiran Parvin , Ghasemi Asghar
Published: December 2022

Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous competitive
inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) isoenzymes, can substantially inhibit
vascular NO production at concentrations that are observed in pathophysiological
conditions. Over-production of ADMA (via overexpression and/or activity of class 1 of
the protein arginine methyltransferases, PRMT-1) alongside decreased catabolism (due
to decreased expression and/or activity of dimethylarginine dimethyloaminohydrolase,
DDAH) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and insulin resistance results in increased circulatory
and intracellular ADMA levels. Such pathological elevated ADMA levels lead to a
decreased NO bioavailability and the development of diabetes complications, including
cardiovascular diseases, nephropathy, and retinopathy; elevated ADMA levels also
increase the mortality risk in these patients. Here, we discuss current documents
indicating how disrupted ADMA metabolism contributes to the development of T2D
and its complications. The role of other endogenous methylarginines, i.e., NGmonomethyl-
L-arginine (L-NMMA) and NG, NG′-dimethyl-L-arginine (SDMA) on
NO production and T2D are also discussed.
Hyperuricemia, Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance: Role of Nitric Oxide
Authors: Bahadoran Zahra , Mirmiran Parvin , Kashfi Khosrow , Ghasemi Asghar
Published: December 2022

Uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine catabolism in humans.
Hyperuricemia, defined as elevated plasma concentrations of UA above 7 mg/dL, is a
risk factor for developing hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney
disease, and type 2 diabetes. Hyperuricemia can induce pancreatic β-cell death and
impaired insulin secretion. It can also disrupt insulin-induced glucose disposal and
insulin signaling in different insulin-sensitive tissues, including cardiomyocytes,
skeletal muscle cells, adipocytes, hepatocytes, and endothelial cells. These events lead
to the development of systemic insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism.
Induction of inflammation, oxidative stress, and impairment of nitric oxide (NO)
metabolism mediate hyperuricemia-induced insulin resistance and dysglycemia. This
chapter is focused on the potential mediatory role of NO metabolism on
hyperuricemia-induced dysglycemia and insulin resistance.
Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Activities of 70% Ethanol-Diluted Extract of Piper Crocatum Leaves in Stretozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Jusup Sinu Andhi
Published: December 2022

Red betel plant (Piper crocatum) has been empirically used to cure diabetes mellitus. However, data regarding this plant are still limited. The aim of this study was to find antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of 70% ethanol-diluted extract of Piper crocatum leaves. Thirty Wistar rats aged 4 months were divided into 6 groups (I-VI) randomly. The groups of I-IV were injected with 40 mg i.p streptozotosin to induce DM. All groups were treated for 21 days. Group I (normal control group) and group II (diabetic control group) were given normal saline, while group III, IV, and V were treated with various doses of 70% ethanol-diluted extract of Piper crocatum Â leaves (50, 100, 200 mg/kg.b.w/day). Group VI (positive control group) was given glibenclamide 0,9 mg/kg.b.w/day. On day 21, the body weight, fasting blood glucose, plasma MDA, and insulin levels of all rats were examined. The data were processed using statistics to determine the effectiveness of antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of the extract. A significant decrease in fasting blood glucose and plasma MDA levels were observed in group III, IV, and V (p=0,00), when compared to group II (diabetic control group). A significant increase in body weight (p=0,04) and plasma insulin levels (p=0,008) occurred in group V only. In conclusion, seventy percent ethanol-diluted extract of Piper crocatum leaves has potential antidiabetic and antioxidant activities.
Injeksi Serum Mengandung TNF-Î± Tinggi Menurunkan Konsentrasi VEGF dan Ekspresi Nephrin Glomerulus Mencit Bunting
Authors: Agmar Syahroni Yudistian , Windu Batiyani Siti Candra , Fitri Loeki E
Published: December 2022

Preeklampsia ditandai dengan adanya hipertensi dan proteinuria pada usia kehamilan lebih dari 20 minggu. Preeklampsia diderita oleh 3%-8% wanita hamil dan menjadi penyebab utama kematian pada kehamilan. Tumor Necrosis Factor-Î±(TNF-Î±) diduga memiliki peranan penting dalam menimbulkan terjadinya preeklampsia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek injeksi serum dengan konsentrasi TNF-Î± tinggi terhadap konsentrasi Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) dan ekspresi protein nephrin glomerulus Â pada mencit bunting. Serum dengan konsentrasi TNF-Î± tinggi diambil dari ibu hamil dan diinjeksikan intraperitoneal pada mencit bunting dengan usia kebuntingan 13 dan 14 hari. Pada usia kebuntingan 18 hari konsentrasi VEGF serum diperiksa menggunakan ELISA dan ekspresi protein nephrin glomerulus dengan imunohistokimia. Penelitian ini menunjukkan injeksi serum TNF-Î± dapat menurunkan konsentrasi VEGF serum mencit bunting (p=0,021) dan ekspresi protein nephrin glomerulus (p=0,000). Penurunan konsentrasi VEGF dan protein nephrin terjadi pada pasien preeklampsia dan dapat menimbulkan gejala preeklampsia. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa injeksi intraperitoneal serum dengan konsentrasi TNF-Î± tinggi dapat memberikan gambaran preeklampsia pada mencit bunting.Â
Ekstrak Metanol Daun Kelor Menurunkan Kadar TNF-Î± dan IL-6 Serum, serta MDA Kolon Tikus yang Diinduksi DMBA
Authors: H Tinny Endang , H Dian Sukma
Published: December 2022

Ekstrak daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) dapat berfungsi sebagai anti oksidan, anti radang, dan anti kanker.TNF-Î± dan IL-6 merupakan sitokin proinflamasi yang berperan penting pada patogenesis kanker, sedangkan pada jaringan kanker sering ditemukan peningkatan kadar MDA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan pengaruh pemberian ekstrak metanol daun kelor terhadap kadar TNF-Î± dan IL-6 serum serta MDA jaringan Â kolon Â tikus Wistar Â yang diinduksi DMBA. Penelitian eksperimental post test group design dilakukan pada 20 ekor tikus yang dipilih secara acak. Semua tikus dibagi dalam 5 kelompok yaitu kontrol negatif, kontrol positif, dan kelompok perlakuan ekstrak daun kelor. Tikus diinduksi DMBA 10mg/kgBB/hari peroral selama 44 hari, kemudian ekstrak metanol daun kelor dosis 20mg/kgBB/hari, 40mg/kgBB/hari, dan 80mg/kgBB/hari selama 60 hari dan selanjutnya diperiksa. Pemeriksaan kadar TNF-Î± dan IL-6 dengan metode ELISA sedangkan pemeriksaan kadar MDA dengan metode kolorimetrik. Data dianalisis dengan uji Anova, uji Tuckey,uji Kruskal-Wallis, uji Mann-Whitney, dan uji korelasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dosis efektif dalam menurunkan kadar TNF-Î± dan MDA didapatkan pada pemberian ekstrak metanol daun kelor dosis 20mg/kgBB/hari (p=0,000; 0,019), sedangkan penurunan kadar IL-6terhadap IL-6 ditunjukkan pada dosis 20mg/kgBB/hari (p=0,019), tetapi belum mencapai dosis efektif. Pada pemberian dosis 80mg/kgBB/hari didapatkan peningkatan TNF-Î±, IL-6, dan MDA yang bermakna (p=0,000; 0,000; 0,020). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak metanol daun kelor dapat menurunkan kadar TNF-Î±, IL-6, dan MDA dengan dosis efektif adalah 20mg/kgBB/hari.