bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A general framework for combining ecosystem models
Authors: Spence Michael A. , Blanchard Julia L. , Rossberg Axel G. , Heath Michael R. , Heymans Johanna J. , Mackinson Steven , Serpetti Natalia , Speirs Douglas C. , Thorpe Robert B. , Blackwell Paul G.
Published: August 2018

When making predictions about ecosystems, we often have available a number of different ecosystem models that attempt to represent their dynamics in a detailed mechanistic way. Each of these can be used as a simulator of large‐scale experiments and make projections about the fate of ecosystems under different scenarios to support the development of appropriate management strategies. However, structural differences, systematic discrepancies and uncertainties lead to different models giving different predictions. This is further complicated by the fact that the models may not be run with the same functional groups, spatial structure or time scale. Rather than simply trying to select a “best” model, or taking some weighted average, it is important to exploit the strengths of each of the models, while learning from the differences between them. To achieve this, we construct a flexible statistical model of the relationships between a collection of mechanistic models and their biases, allowing for structural and parameter uncertainty and for different ways of representing reality. Using this statistical meta‐model, we can combine prior beliefs, model estimates and direct observations using Bayesian methods and make coherent predictions of future outcomes under different scenarios with robust measures of uncertainty. In this study, we take a diverse ensemble of existing North Sea ecosystem models and demonstrate the utility of our framework by applying it to answer the question what would have happened to demersal fish if fishing was to stop.
Troubled waters: Threats and extinction risk of the sharks, rays and chimaeras of the Arabian Sea and adjacent waters
Authors: Jabado Rima W. , Kyne Peter M. , Pollom Riley A. , Ebert David A. , Simpfendorfer Colin A. , Ralph Gina M. , Al Dhaheri Shaikha S. , Akhilesh K. V. , Ali Khadeeja , Ali Mohamud Hassan , Al Mamari Tariq M. S. , Bineesh K. K. , El Hassan Igbal S. , Fernando Daniel , Grandcourt Edwin M. , Khan Muhammad Moazzam , Moore Alec B. M. , Owfi Fereidoon , Robinson David P. , Romanov Evgeny , Soares Ana‐Lucia , Spaet Julia L. Y. , Tesfamichael Dawit , Valinassab Tooraj , Dulvy Nicholas K.
Published: August 2018

The extinction risk of sharks, rays and chimaeras is higher than that for most other vertebrates due to low intrinsic population growth rates of many species and the fishing intensity they face. The Arabian Sea and adjacent waters border some of the most important chondrichthyan fishing and trading nations globally, yet there has been no previous attempt to assess the conservation status of species occurring here. Using IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Categories and Criteria and their guidelines for application at the regional level, we present the first assessment of extinction risk for 153 species of sharks, rays and chimaeras. Results indicate that this region, home to 15% of described chondrichthyans including 30 endemic species, has some of the most threatened chondrichthyan populations in the world. Seventy‐eight species (50.9%) were assessed as threatened (Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable), and 27 species (17.6%) as Near Threatened. Twenty‐nine species (19%) were Data Deficient with insufficient information to assess their status. Chondrichthyan populations have significantly declined due to largely uncontrolled and unregulated fisheries combined with habitat degradation. Further, there is limited political will and national and regional capacities to assess, manage, conserve or rebuild stocks. Outside the few deepsea locations that are lightly exploited, the prognosis for the recovery of most species is poor in the near‐absence of management. Concerted national and regional management measures are urgently needed to ensure extinctions are avoided, the sustainability of more productive species is secured, and to avoid the continued thinning of the regional food security portfolio.
Evaluating relationships between native fishes and habitat in streams affected by oil and natural gas development
Authors: Girard Carlin E. , Walters Annika W.
Published: August 2018

Oil and natural gas (ONG) development can affect aquatic ecosystems through water contamination, water withdrawals and disturbance of soil and vegetation (surface disturbance) from infrastructure development. Research on how these potential sources of watershed and aquatic ecosystem impairment can affect fish assemblages is limited. Fish–habitat relationships were evaluated across stream sites experiencing differing levels of ONG development. Colorado River cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus (Cope), and mottled sculpin, Cottus bairdii Girard, presence and abundance were associated with habitat conditions predominantly found in the less disturbed streams, such as higher proportion of shrub cover, greater stream depths and gravel substrate. Mountain sucker, Catostomus platyrhynchus (Cope), appeared to be a habitat generalist and was able to persist in a wide range of conditions, including degraded sites. Natural resource managers can use habitat preferences of these fish species to establish the development plans that mitigate negative effects of ONG development by protecting the aquatic habitats they rely upon.
Species‐specific phenological trends in shallow Pampean lakes’ (Argentina) zooplankton driven by contemporary climate change in the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Diovisalvi Nadia , Odriozola Mariana , Garcia de Souza Javier , Rojas Molina Florencia , Fontanarrosa María S. , Escaray Roberto , Bustingorry José , Sanzano Pablo , Grosman Fabián , Zagarese Horacio
Published: August 2018

The relationship between the timing of recurrent biological events and seasonal climatic patterns (i.e., phenology) is a crucial ecological process. Changes in phenology are increasingly linked to global climate change. However, current evidence of phenological responses to recent climate change is subjected to substantial regional and seasonal biases. Most available evidence on climate‐driven phenological changes comes from Northern Hemisphere (NH) ecosystems and typically involves increases in spring and summer temperatures, which translate into earlier onsets of spring population developments. In the Argentine Pampa region, warming has occurred at a much slower pace than in the NH, and trends are mostly restricted to increases in the minimum temperatures. We used zooplankton abundance data from Lake Chascomús (recorded every two weeks from 2005 to 2015) to evaluate potential changes in phenology. We adopted a sequential screening approach to identify taxa displaying phenological trends and evaluated whether such trends could be associated to observe long‐term changes in water temperature. Two zooplankton species displayed significant later shifts in phenology metrics (end date of Brachionus havanaensis seasonal distribution: 31 day/decade, onset and end dates of Keratella americana seasonal distribution: 59 day/decade and 82 day/decade, respectively). The timing of the observed shift in B. havanaensis phenology was coincident with a warming trend in the May lake water temperature (4.7°C per decade). Analysis of abundance versus temperature patterns from six additional shallow Pampean lakes, and evaluation of previous experimental results, provided further evidence that the lake water warming trend in May was responsible for the delayed decline of B. havanaensis populations in autumn. This study is the first report of freshwater zooplankton phenology changes in the Southern Hemisphere (SH).
A geographer looks at the landscape, once more: Toward a posthumanist political ecology approach
Authors: Pries Sean Jeffrey
Published: August 2018

Though it has been both celebrated and disparaged throughout its rather tortured existence in geography, the landscape concept remains a valuable means of critical inquiry. Landscape studies have been dismissed as mere description, criticized as voyeuristic, chastised for failing to address the political and ethical and encouraged to better attend issues of justice. Adapting in response, the landscape concept remains vibrant. Across time, landscape scholarship has focused on a historically grounded, multi‐scalar approach to understanding places through the analysis of the individual observer. Contemporary works focus on the individual's experience of landscape and include recognition of the agency of non‐human actors and a posthumanist decentering of human concerns. A future path for landscape study lies in combining the historical and narrative‐based phenomenological accounts of scholars based upon a posthumanist approach with the critical lens of political ecology. This approach recognizes landscapes as constituted by the intra‐actions among a diverse array of entities while simultaneously interrogating the political implications of those interactions and the landscapes they create.
Geohumanities and climate change skepticism
Authors: Schlosser Kolson
Published: August 2018

The voices of the climate “skeptics” or “deniers” are an unavoidable component of the current politics of climate change. Geographers have engaged with the politics of climate science, the dissemination of scientific knowledge, and how the dominant discourse of climate science frames the debate as apolitical, but they have not directed much attention to climate skeptic literature itself. I suggest that despite this lacunae, geographers have developed the necessary tools to understand climate skeptic literature as neither simply ignorance nor intentionally deceitful—at least not always. I further suggest that the burgeoning literature on “geohumanities,” along with its intellectual predecessors in geography, is particularly adept at reading how the skeptic literature narrates the relationship between knowledge, power, and space. I focus my attention on several prominent texts in the climate skeptic literature—not to vindicate them but to understand their ideological premises.
Cadmium Isotope Ratios of Standard Solutions and Geological Reference Materials Measured by MC‐ICP‐MS
Authors: Li Dandan , Li Meng‐Lun , Liu Wen‐Ran , Qin Zhen‐Zhen , Liu Sheng‐Ao
Published: August 2018

We report high‐precision cadmium isotope ratios for a series of standard solutions and geological reference materials for interlaboratory comparison. Complete separation of Cd from a matrix in geological samples was achieved using AG MP‐1M anion exchange resin with > 97.8% recovery. Cadmium isotope ratios were measured by both Neptune plus multi‐collector‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (MC‐ICP‐MS) and Nu Plasma II MC‐ICP‐MS at low‐resolution mode. Both sample calibrator bracketing (SSB) and double‐spike techniques (DS) were utilised for mass bias correction. Cadmium isotope ratio data of standard solutions (BAM I012 Cd, SPEX Cd, Alfa Aesar Cd, GSB Cd) and geological reference materials (GSS‐1, GXR‐1, GXR‐2, GSD‐12, NIST SRM 2711a) are reported relative to Cd solution (NIST SRM 3108). The intermediate precision over a three‐year period was better than ± 0.09‰ (2s) for δ114Cd/110Cd and ± 0.06‰ (2s) for δ112Cd/110Cd ratios. SPEX Cd was used as a secondary reference material for Cd isotopic measurement with a δ114/110CdNIST SRM 3108 value of −2.13 ± 0.09‰ (2s). The soil reference material NIST SRM 2711a has a significantly heavier isotopic composition than other soil materials, GXR‐1, GXR‐2 and GSS‐1. New recommended values are presented for future interlaboratory calibration.
Defects in centromeric/pericentromeric histone H2A T120 phosphorylation by hBUB1 cause chromosome missegregation producing multinucleated cells
Authors: Maeda Katsutoshi , Yoneda Mitsuhiro , Nakagawa Takeya , Ikeda Kazuhiro , Higashi Miki , Nakagawa Kaori , Miyakoda Mana , Yui Katsuyuki , Oda Hiroaki , Inoue Satoshi , Ito Takashi
Published: August 2018

Histone H2A phosphorylation plays a role both in chromatin condensation during mitosis and in transcriptional activation during the G1/S transition. Bub1 and NHK1/VRK1 have been identified as histone H2A kinases. However, little is known about the importance of histone H2A phosphorylation in chromosome segregation. Here, we expressed recombinant hBUB1 and confirmed that it phosphorylates histone H2A T120 in the in vitro‐assembled nucleosome. Knockdown (KD) of BUB1 decreases bulk H2A T120 phosphorylation in HeLa cells, whereas hBUB1 is upregulated during mitosis, which corresponds with H2A T120 phosphorylation. ChIP‐qPCR of the DXZ1 centromeric and γ‐ALR pericentromeric region showed that BUB1 localizes to this region and increases local H2A T120 phosphorylation during M phase. BUB1 KD did not induce apoptosis but increased the M phase cell population, as detected by flow cytometry. BUB1 KD also caused an abnormal metaphase and telophase, resulting in multinucleated cells and impaired cancer cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Over‐expression of the histone H2A T120D or T120E mutations, which mimic phosphorylated threonine, decreased the number of multinucleated cells caused by BUB1 KD. These results strengthen the apparent importance of BUB1‐mediated H2A T120 phosphorylation in normal mitosis.
Evaluating the thrombin generation profiles of four different rFVIII products in FVIII‐deficient plasma using FIXa and FXIa activation
Authors: Brophy Donald F. , Martin Erika J. , Ninivaggi Marisa , Mohammed Bassem M. , Barrett John C. , Kuhn Janice , Nolte Melinda E. , Waters Emily K. , Ezban Mirella
Published: August 2018

Introduction

The thrombin generation assay (TGA) can be used to monitor factor replacement therapy in patients with haemophilia. The TGA assay is typically performed using tissue factor as the reaction activator; however, activating with FIXa or FXIa can enhance assay sensitivity when FVIII < 1%.

Aims

To evaluate the sensitivity of the TGA when FIXa (5 nmol/L) and FXIa (0.22 nmol/L) are used to activate the assay in platelet‐poor plasma and to compare these data to the one‐stage and chromogenic assays.

Methods

Plasma from 10 severe FVIII‐deficient subjects was supplemented with FVIII (0%, 0.1%, 0.4%, 1.2%, 4%, 11% and 33%), using either Novo Eight®, Advate®, Eloctate®, turoctocog alfa pegol or a control standard. The one‐stage and chromogenic assays quantified the FVIII levels. The TGA assay was activated using either FIXa or FXIa.

Results

Both FIXa‐ and FXIa‐activated TGA were sensitive across FVIII concentrations, with intra‐assay coefficient of variation (CV) < 10%. The FXIa‐activated assay had 25% CV at the lowest level of FVIII compared to 10% CV with FIXa activation. There were strong correlations between the FIXa‐ and FXIa‐activated TGA tests (R2 = 0.9912) and between the one‐stage and chromogenic assays (R2 = 0.9469). However, there were poor relationships between the TGA tests and one‐stage and chromogenic assays.

Conclusions

Both FIXa‐ and FXIa activation results in similar TGA profiles across a FVIII range of 0.1%‐33%; however, FIXa activation was more robust at the lowest levels of FVIII compared with FXIa activation.
Migraine and Non‐Migraine Headaches Following Diagnostic Catheter‐Based Cerebral Angiography
Authors: Qureshi Adnan I. , Naseem Nishath , Saleem Muhammad A. , Potluri Anvita , Raja Faisal , Wallery Shawn S.
Published: August 2018

Background and Objective

No reliable estimates of headaches following catheter‐based cerebral angiography are available. We performed an observational cohort study to ascertain the frequency and type of headaches following catheter‐based cerebral angiography.

Materials and Methods

Consecutive patients who underwent cerebral angiography through the transfemoral (or infrequently radial) route were included. Each patient underwent a brief neurological assessment after the procedure and more detailed assessment was performed if any patient reported occurrence of a headache. The headaches were classified as migraine if the diagnostic criteria specified by International Headache Society were met. The headache severity was classified using a visual numeric rating scale and time to reach pain free status for 2 consecutive hours was ascertained.

Results

Migraine headaches occurred in 5 (3.1%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0–7.2%) of 158 patients who underwent cerebral angiography. The median severity of migraine headaches was 10/10 and time to resolution of headaches was 120 minutes (range 60–360 minutes). Migraine headaches occurred in 4 (18.1%, 95% CI 5.2–40.3%) of 22 patients with a history of migraine and 4 (23.5%, 95% CI 6.8–50%) of 17 patients with regular migraine headaches (≥1 episodes per month). Headaches occurred in 6 (3.8%, 95% CI 1.8–8.0%) patients who did not meet the criteria for migraine headaches.

Conclusions

We provide occurrence rates of migraine headaches, an under‐recognized adverse event, in patients undergoing catheter‐based cerebral angiography.
Long‐term views on chronic kidney disease research priorities among stakeholders engaged in a priority‐setting partnership: A qualitative study
Authors: Elliott Meghan J. , Sale Joanna E. M. , Goodarzi Zahra , Wilhelm Linda , Laupacis Andreas , Hemmelgarn Brenda R. , Straus Sharon E.
Published: August 2018

Background

Patients and stakeholders are increasingly engaging in health research to help address evidence‐practice gaps and improve health‐care delivery. We previously engaged patients, caregivers, health‐care providers (HCPs) and policymakers in identifying priorities for chronic kidney disease (CKD) research.

Objective

We aimed to explore participants' views on the research priorities and prioritization process 2 years after the exercise took place.

Design

In this qualitative descriptive study, individual interviews were conducted and analysed using an inductive, thematic analysis approach.

Setting/participants

Participants resided across Canada. We purposively sampled across stakeholder groups (CKD patients, caregivers, HCPs and policymakers) and types of engagement (wiki, workshop and/or steering committee) from the previous CKD priority‐setting project.

Results

Across 23 interviews, participants discussed their research priorities over time, views on the prioritization process and perceived applicability of the priorities. Even though their individual priorities may have changed, participants remained in agreement overall with the previously identified priorities, and some perceived a distinction between patient and HCP priorities. They tended to balance individual priorities with their broader potential impact and viewed the prioritization process as systematic, collaborative and legitimate. However, participants acknowledged challenges to applying the priorities and emphasized the importance of communicating the project's outcomes upon its completion.

Conclusion

Two years after engaging in CKD research prioritization, stakeholder participants remained in agreement with the previously identified priorities, which they felt reflected group deliberation and consensus. Rapport and communication were highlighted as key elements supporting effective engagement in research prioritization.
Igbo historiography:PartIII
Authors: Chuku Gloria
Published: August 2018

Igbo historiography has advanced since the publication of the epic narrative of Olaudah Equiano in 1789 and its different versions, especially that of Paul Edwards, a British literary historian in 1969. The main objective of this essay is to demonstrate the vitality and diversity of Igbo historical studies and provide informative and thoughtful interpretations of its strengths and weaknesses. In three parts, the essay examines the origin, dispersal, and settlement of the people; sociopolitical institutions and organization; economic systems, including slavery and the transatlantic slave trade, and the colonial economy; Igbo religion, Islam, Christianity, and Western education; colonial encounter; the Igbo in precolonial and modern Nigeria with focus on intergroup relations, ethnicity, and the Nigeria‐Biafra War; and Igbo intellectual history. The essay makes a spirited critique of areas of overemphasis and the conceptual and methodological issues. It suggests important neglected themes that require further historical investigations. Its primary goal is to nudge Igbo historiography in new and challenging directions and inspire historians interested in Igbo studies to adopt a historiographical approach that emphasizes currency, relevance, and usability.
Equivocal (HER2 IHC 2+) breast carcinomas: gene–protein assay testing reveals association between genetic heterogeneity, individual cell amplification status and potential treatment benefits
Authors: Pekar Gyula , Kasselaki Ionna , Pekar‐Lukacs Agnes , Dekany Csaba , Hellberg Dan , Tot Tibor
Published: August 2018

Aims

Genetic heterogeneity can pose a challenge to identifying eligible cases for targeted therapy in the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) immunohistochemistry (IHC) 2+ breast carcinoma group. In this study, we characterised this subset of tumours according to clinicopathological parameters.

Methods and results

We assessed 1000 tumour cells per case and recorded the number of HER2 and chromosome enumeration probe 17 (CEP17) copies using gene–protein assay slides. HER2 status was determined based on ASCO/CAP 2013 guidelines. Tumours with 5–50% of cancer cells with amplification were considered to be heterogeneous, whereas those with >50% were considered to be non‐heterogeneous. In a study cohort of 110 HER2 IHC 2+ carcinomas, 93 (84.5%) were non‐amplified, 12 (10.9%) were amplified and five (4.5%) were ISH‐equivocal. All the HER2‐amplified and two of ISH‐equivocal cases (12.7%) corresponded to non‐heterogeneous tumours, with highly significant differences evident in the average HER2/CEP17 ratio (P = 0.0002) and the proportion of cells with HER2 >6 copies (P < 0.0001) compared with heterogeneous lesions. NST grade 3 and HER2‐amplified carcinomas average HER2/CEP17 ratio correlated with an increased number of cells with HER2/CEP17 ≥2.0 (P < 0.014). Triple‐negative CEP17 polysomic carcinomas showed increased metastatic capacity (P = 0.003) compared with other tumour types.

Conclusion

Non‐heterogeneous HER2 IHC 2+ tumours tend to be HER2‐amplified. Adding the percentage of cells with HER2 >6 copies to the average HER2/CEP17 ratio may facilitate assessment of amplification status in ISH‐equivocal cases. The proportion of cells with HER2/CEP17 ≥2.0 contributes information concerning the actual average HER2/CEP17 ratio, depending on tumour type.
Development of field cancerization in the clinically normal oral mucosa of shisha smokers
Authors: Amer Hatem W. , Waguih Hend M. , El‐Rouby Dalia H.
Published: August 2018

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the changes that occur in the oral mucosa of shisha smokers and compare them to cigarette smokers, nonsmokers and smokers of both shisha and cigarettes and to detect whether these changes could be detected biochemically in saliva.

Methods

Four groups of subjects were included in our study (16 in each group); cigarette smokers, shisha smokers, nonsmokers and smokers of both. A salivary sample and a mucosal biopsy were obtained from each subject. Salivary detection of CYFRA 21‐1 was performed on each salivary sample. The mucosal biopsy was examined by routine H&E techniques. Furthermore, immunohistochemical expression of p53 was studied in all cases.

Results

A statistically significant difference in p53 expression was present between nonsmokers and the three smoker groups. However, no statistically significant variation was present between the 3 smoker groups. Furthermore, no statistically significant changes were found in the CYFRA 21‐1 levels among the four groups.

Conclusion

Shisha smoking has the same damaging effect on the oral mucosa as cigarette smoking. Furthermore, no correlation was detected between the histological findings and the salivary biomarker used (CYFRA 21‐1).
PREFERENCES UNDER IGNORANCE
Authors: Gossner Olivier , Kuzmics Christoph
Published: August 2018

A decision maker (DM) makes choices from different sets of alternatives. The DM is initially ignorant of the payoff associated with each alternative and learns these payoffs only after a large number of choices have been made. We show that, in the presence of an outside option, once payoffs are learned, the optimal choice rule from sets of alternatives can be rationalized by a DM with strict preferences over all alternatives. Under this model, the DM has preferences for preferences while being ignorant of what preferences are “right.”
AUCTION–LOTTERY HYBRID MECHANISMS: STRUCTURAL MODEL AND EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Huang Yangguang , Wen Quan
Published: August 2018

This article studies an auction–lottery hybrid mechanism that is widely adopted in allocating new vehicle licenses in China. We characterize individuals' entry and bidding strategies in a symmetric Bayesian Nash equilibrium, structurally estimate individuals' value distribution from a data set of a Guangzhou program, and evaluate the performance of the mechanism. Based on the estimated distribution and counterfactual analysis, our study suggests that a hybrid mechanism preserves 83% efficiency and 52% of revenue, while it improves equity by 25 times compared to a pure auction. We show that allowing auction losers to participate in the lottery can further enhance the performance.
Idiopathic histiocytoid Sweet syndrome: a case report with clinical and histopathological considerations
Authors: Secchin Pedro , Gomes Maria K. , Quintella Danielle C. , Barata Mariangela C. C. , Machado Humberto S. V. , Ramos‐e‐Silva Marcia , Cuzzi Tullia
Published: August 2018

Background

Histiocytoid Sweet syndrome is characterized by a predominant neutrophilic dermal infiltrate. Usual clinical differential diagnosis includes erythema multiforme, drug eruption, and erythema nodosum. Histiocytoid Sweet syndrome is considered an uncommon histopathological variant of the disease.

Methods

We evaluated clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical findings of a case categorized as idiopathic histiocytoid Sweet syndrome in which clinical‐epidemiological data raised the possibilities of Sweet syndrome, leprosy, and drug reaction.

Results

Positive reaction to myeloperoxidase (MPO) in histiocytoid cells of the dermal infiltrate, response to oral corticosteroids, clinical and laboratory investigation, and absence of cutaneous lesions or clinical complaints within 1 year of follow‐up are consistent with the diagnosis of idiopathic histiocytoid Sweet syndrome. CD68 (PG‐M1) and CD15 positive cells were also present among dermal cells.

Conclusions

Epidemiological data are relevant while considering a clinical differential diagnosis of Sweet syndrome that can be further expanded, from a histopathological point of view, when dealing with the histiocytoid variant since neutrophils, macrophages, and immature myelomonocytic cells with histiocytoid morphology are present. The significance of the MPO positive mononuclear dermal cells are not completely established.
Investigation of umami and kokumi taste‐active components in bovine bone marrow extract produced during enzymatic hydrolysis and Maillard reaction
Authors: Xu Xinru , You Mengchen , Song Huanlu , Gong Lin , Pan Wenqing
Published: August 2018

Umami‐ and kokumi‐taste‐active peptides in Maillard reaction products of enzymatic hydrolysate of bovine bone marrow extract (BBME) were purified and identified by ultrafiltration, gel filtration chromatography, reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography/quadrupole‐time of flight mass spectrometry (LC‐Q‐TOF‐MS/MS) and sensory evaluation. Eight umami and kokumi taste oligopeptides were found in the enzymatic hydrolysate of BBME. After Maillard reaction, the numbers of oligopeptides increased to twelve, such as Ala‐His, Ala‐Val‐His, Gly‐Pro, His‐Gly, Pro‐Ala‐His, Pro‐Val‐Asn‐His, Phe‐Glu‐Ala, Ala‐Ala‐Cys‐Arg, Leu‐Met, Leu‐Thr‐His, Pro‐Gly‐His, Ser‐Thr‐Gly‐Arg, which are linked to a variety of functional properties, such as ACE inhibitor, prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor and dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, etc. Eight peptides, including Cys‐Pro‐Arg, Ser‐Gly‐Val‐Glu, Pro‐Cys, Cys‐Glu, Cys‐Met‐Thr, Phe‐Glu‐Ala, Ala‐Gln and Leu‐Met, were synthesised and then subjected to sensory evaluation. The evaluation showed that among the eight peptides, Cys‐Pro‐Arg, Pro‐Cys and Leu‐Met led to the distinctly enhanced kokumi taste in blank beef soup.
Rapidly colorimetric detection of caffeine in beverages by silver nanoparticle sensors coupled with magnetic molecularly imprinted polymeric microspheres
Authors: Deng Huiyun , Wang Bin , Wu Mao , Deng Bin , Xie Lianwu , Guo Yaping
Published: August 2018

Excessively intaking caffeine can harm human health, and it is imperative to develop a rapid method to identify caffeine for food safety. The magnetic molecularly imprinted polymeric microspheres (MMIPs) were prepared to pretreat samples before silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) colorimetric detection of caffeine. Using Fe3O4 as supporting core, mesoporous SiO2 as intermediate shell, α‐methylacrylic acid as functional monomer and caffeine as template, the prepared MMIPs were characterised by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer. Adsorption process followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm with maximum adsorption capacity at 38.8 mg g−1 under 298 K. The MMIPs extract caffeine from beverages, then the AgNPs colorimetric method rapidly screened and semi‐quantified caffeine ≥5 mg L−1 by naked eye, and accurately quantified caffeine ranging 0.1–5 mg L−1 by UV‐vis spectroscopy at 393 nm, which were consistent with HPLC analytical results. Thus, this method might be used to rapidly enrich and analyse caffeine in beverages.
Innovation in Family Firms: A Systematic Literature Review and Guidance for Future Research
Authors: Calabrò Andrea , Vecchiarini Mariangela , Gast Johanna , Campopiano Giovanna , De Massis Alfredo , Kraus Sascha
Published: August 2018

Through a systematic review of 118 peer‐reviewed journal articles published between 1961 and 2017, this article provides an integrative picture of the state of the art of the family firm innovation literature. Our aim is to widen existing understanding of innovation in family firms by building a theoretical bridge with studies in the mainstream innovation literature. Specifically, in identifying the main gaps in the literature and providing future research directions, our critical and dynamic picture of family‐specific determinants of innovation is intended to advance the debate on innovation in general, and family firms in particular.
Nobody Puts Baby in the Container: The Foetal Container Model at Work in Medicine and Commercial Surrogacy
Authors: Baron Teresa
Published: August 2018

This article argues that a particular metaphysical model permeates cultural practices surrounding pregnancy: the foetal container model. Widespread uncritical reliance on this view of pregnancy has been highly detrimental to women's liberty and reproductive autonomy. In this article, I extend existing critiques of the medical treatment of pregnant women to the context of the burgeoning commercial surrogacy industry. In doing so, I aim to show that our philosophical analysis in both spheres is constrained by the presupposition that the foetus and pregnant woman are metaphysically and ethically distinct entities. By exploring the similarities and differences between the expectations placed on pregnant women in these two spheres, I show that the foetal container model is not a homogeneous understanding of pregnancy applied consistently across contexts; rather, it has been used to justify various practices and attitudes toward pregnancy and pregnant women through different moral frameworks, in the service of different overarching aims.
Selective differentiation during the colonization and establishment of a newly invasive species
Authors: Marchini Gina L. , Arredondo Tina M. , Cruzan Mitchell B.
Published: August 2018

The potential for rapid evolution in invasive species makes them useful for studying adaptive responses of populations to novel environments. However, phenotypic divergence during invasion is not necessarily due to selection, but may be a product of neutral processes resulting from population bottlenecks during colonization and range expansion. We investigated phenotypic adaptation during the establishment and range expansion of the invasive bunchgrass, slender false brome (Brachypodium sylvaticum; Poaceae). Utilizing a novel approach, we made robust comparisons of functional traits using genetic similarity based on unique alleles to determine the genetic probability of contribution from native source regions and integrated these probabilities into our QST–FST comparisons for 12 physiological and anatomical traits associated with drought stress in the introduced range. Our results indicate phenotypic divergence greater than neutral expectations in five traits between native and invasive populations, indicating selective divergence occurred during invasive species establishment. The results indicate that the majority of divergence in B. sylvaticum occurred after introduction to the novel environment, but prior to invasive range expansion. This study provides evidence for adaptive genetic differentiation during the establishment of an invasive species, while also describing a robust method for the detection of selective processes after species introduction to a novel environment.
Psychiatry's contribution to the public stereotype of schizophrenia: Historical considerations
Authors: Katschnig Heinz
Published: August 2018

The public stereotype of schizophrenia is characterized by craziness, a split personality, unpredictable and dangerous behaviour, and by the idea of a chronic brain disease. It is responsible for delays in help‐seeking, encourages social distance and discrimination, and furthers self‐stigmatization. This paper discusses the circumstances of the origins of the idea of a chronic brain disease (Emil Kraepelin, 1856‐1926), of the split personality concept derived from the term “schizophrenia” (Eugen Bleuler, 1857‐1939), and the craziness idea reflected in the “first rank symptoms”, which are all hallucinations and delusions (Kurt Schneider, 1887‐1967). It shows how Emil Kraepelin's scientific search for homogenous groups of patients with a common aetiology, symptom pattern, and prognosis materialized in the definition of “dementia praecox” as a progressing brain disease; how Eugen Bleuler's life and professional circumstances facilitated an “empathic” approach to his patients and prompted him to put in the foreground incoherence of cognitive and affective functioning, and not the course of the disease; finally, how Kurt Schneider in his didactic attempt to teach general practitioners how to reliably diagnose schizophrenia, neglected what Emil Kraepelin and Eugen Bleuler had emphasized decades earlier and devised his own criteria, consisting exclusively of hallucinations and delusions. In a strange conglomerate, the modern operational diagnostic criteria reflect all three approaches, by claiming to be Neo‐Kraepelinean in terms of defining a categorical disease entity with a suggestion of chronicity, by keeping Bleuler's ambiguous term schizophrenia, and by relying heavily on Kurt Schneider's hallucinations and delusions. While interrater reliability may have improved with operational diagnostic criteria, the definition of schizophrenia is still arbitrary and has no empirical validity—but induces stigma.
Parenting Adolescents in an Increasingly Diverse World: Defining, Refining, and Extending Theory and Research
Authors: Hussong Andrea M. , Jones Deborah J.
Published: August 2018

This introduction to the Special Issue on Parenting Adolescents in an Increasingly Diverse World explores how increasing population diversity may provide a context for changes in the parenting of adolescents. In this issue, authors (1) explore the context for asking questions about parenting adolescents and diversity, (2) consider parents, adolescents, and parenting in different diversity contexts, and (3) reflect on crosscutting themes. Two articles examine the parenting in an international context and within changing domestic demographics. Four articles focus on parenting adolescents in traditionally marginalized groups with the goal of identifying lessons for supporting all youth in navigating an increasingly diverse world. Finally, two articles synthesize these articles to suggest important directions for future research.
The Significance of Parenting and Parent–Child Relationships for Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents
Authors: Mills‐Koonce W. Roger , Rehder Peter D. , McCurdy Amy L.
Published: August 2018

Adolescents in 21st century America are experiencing the emergence of their sexual and gender identities in a heteronormative society that is steadily adopting more progressive views and policies related to sexual orientation and gender. However, despite these sociocultural changes, parent–child relationships remain as one of the strongest predictors ofLGBTadolescent adjustment. This article reviews the extant literature on this topic from family systems and attachment perspectives while highlighting the significance of family experiences within a minority stress framework. The presentation is oriented around the coming out process, including factors influencing this experience and how postdisclosure parenting affects the health and well‐being ofLGBTadolescents. We end by discussing future directions and the challenges inherent to this research.
The effect of dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio on serum and hepatic lipid content and its molecular mechanisms in growing‐finishing pigs
Authors: Yang C. , He J. , Yu B. , Yu J. , Mao X. B. , Chen D. W. , Yin Y. L.
Published: August 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio (DAR) on serum and hepatic lipid content, luminal short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations, and the expression of host genes involved in fat and glucose metabolism in liver and mucosa in growing‐finishing pigs. Forty‐eight Duroc × Landrace × Large White pigs (49.8 ± 2.8 kg) were randomly allocated to low amylose/amylopectin ratio (LR) and high amylose/amylopectin ratio (HR) groups, each group consisting of six replicates (pen) with four pigs per pen. The DAR was 12/88 for LR and 30/70 for HR. Experiment lasted for 67 days. Results showed that, compared with HR group, ingestion of LR significantly increased the liver total lipid and cholesterol concentration (p < .05) and decreased the serum LDL‐C concentration (p < .05). The concentration of propionate, butyrate and total SCFAs in caecum digesta was significantly lower in LR group than in HR group (p < .05). We observed a significant increase in glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), sodium‐dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) gene expression in LR‐fed pigs in the jejunum mucosa (p < .01). A decrease in Na+‐coupled monocarboxylate transporter (SMCT1) and free fatty acid receptor 3 (FFAR3) expression was found in the ileum mucosa with LR group (p < .05). Ingestion of LR diet significantly decreased the hexokinase (p < .01) and tend to decrease the pyruvate kinase (p = .050) activities in the liver. Meanwhile, the present results indicated that ingestion of LR diet significantly increased the transcription of gluconeogenesis and lipogenic genes such as forkhead box O1 (FOXO1), fatty acid synthetase3 (FAS3) (p < .05). These findings demonstrated that high amylopectin has harmful effects on hepatic lipid deposit through the modulation of the liver Foxo1 signalling and should be avoided from one's diet.
Effects of different levels of modified palygorskite supplementation on the growth performance, immunity, oxidative status and intestinal integrity and barrier function of broilers
Authors: Su Yue , Chen Yueping , Chen Lingjie , Xu Qiao , Kang Yuru , Wang Wenbo , Wang Aiqin , Wen Chao , Zhou Yanmin
Published: August 2018

This experiment was designed to investigate effects of different levels of modified palygorskite (MPal) supplementation on growth performance, immunity, oxidative status and intestinal integrity and barrier function of broilers. A total of 320 1‐day‐old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly assigned into 5 dietary treatments and fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 g/kg MPal, respectively, for a 42‐day feeding trial. Treatments quadratically reduced feed/gain ratio (F:G) during 1–21 days and linearly decreased average daily feed intake and F:G during 22–42 days, and linearly and quadratically decreased average daily feed intake and F:G during overall period (p < 0.05, 0.50 g/kg treatment showed the lowest F:G). MPal supplementation increased the contents of 21‐day jejunal secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) quadratically, and 21‐day jejunal immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM) and 42‐day jejunal total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) activity linearly and quadratically (0.50 g/kg treatment showed the highest immunoglobulin concentration), whereas linearly reduced 21‐day ileal SIgA level and 42‐day jejunal malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and serum diamine oxidase activity, and quadratically decreased 21‐day ileal MDA level (p < 0.05). The 42‐day jejunal SIgA, IgG and IgM concentrations, and T‐SOD activity in jejunum at 21 days and ileum at both 21 days and 42 days were quadratically increased with MPal administration (p < 0.05, 0.50 g/kg treatment showed the highest T‐SOD activity). The mucin 2 mRNA abundances in 42‐day jejunum and 21‐day ileum were quadratically increased with MPal supplementation (p < 0.05). Treatments linearly increased 42‐day ileal zonula occludens‐1, claudin‐3 and jejunal claudin‐3 mRNA level, whereas linearly and quadratically increased ileal claudin‐2 mRNA level (p < 0.05). In conclusion, MPal supplementation exhibited beneficial effects on growth performance, intestinal immunity, antioxidant capacity and intestinal integrity and barrier function of broiler with its optimum dosage being 0.5 g/kg.
Alignment between the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the National Core Indicators Adult Consumer Survey
Authors: Tichá Renáta , Qian Xueqin , Stancliffe Roger J. , Larson Sheryl A. , Bonardi Alexandra
Published: August 2018

On December 13, 2006, after over two decades of advocacy efforts, the United Nations adopted the Convention on Rights on Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). More than 150 countries have ratified or at least signed this international convention, to date. An important component of CRPD implementation is a systematic effort to evaluate whether and what extent the rights as stated in the CRPD are being upheld by individual countries. The purpose of this paper was to contribute to a U.S. and international discussion about monitoring the rights of persons with disabilities as codified by the CRPD by examining the potential use of the National Core Indicators Adult Consumer Survey (NCI‐ACS) for this purpose. The NCI‐ACS collects annual quality outcome data from over 13 000 people with intellectual and developmental disabilities in 46 U.S. states. A crosswalk between the CRPD Articles and the 2013–14 NCI‐ACS was conducted to map the survey questions onto the CRPD. Forty‐seven variables from the NCI‐ACS focused on different aspects of disability rights were identified as related to 12 CRPD Articles, suggesting a moderate overlap between the NCI‐ACS and the CRPD. Next steps are discussed.
Incidence and determinants of spontaneous hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance and seroconversion in hepatitis B e antigen‐negative chronic infection patients: A population‐based prospective cohort
Authors: Zhu Liguo , Zhai Xiangjun , Wang Qungang , Jiang Jie , Peng Hong , Song Ci , Ge Zijun , Qian Jiao , Zhou MingHao , Zhou Yan , Xu Jianfang , Liu Hongjian , Hang Dong , Hu Zhibin , Shen Hongbin , Zhu Fengcai
Published: August 2018

Seroclearance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) has been widely studied; however, seroconversion of HBsAg and characteristics of viral load among hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐negative chronic infection patients after HBsAg lost is not clear. We performed a large‐scale study in a HBeAg‐negative chronic infection cohort to evaluate spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance incidence from October 2012 to April 2017 in Jiangsu province, China. We also elucidated the characteristics of HBsAg seroconversion and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA detectability among patients who cleared HBsAg. A total of 2997 HBeAg‐negative chronic infection patients (mean age 52.3 ± 12.9 years at baseline) were included. With 10 519 person‐years of follow‐up, 348 patients successfully spontaneously cleared HBsAg, with an incidence rate of 3.31 per 100 person‐years. Patients with HBV DNA detectable ~1999 IU/mL at baseline had a lower probability of HBsAg seroclearance relative to those with undetectable HBV DNA, with a hazard ratio of 0.31 (95% CI = 0.23, 0.41). HBsAg seroconversion occurred in 37.3% of those patients who cleared HBsAg. The geometric mean of anti‐HBs among those with HBsAg conversion was 79.4 mIU/mL. Female had a higher HBsAg seroconversion rate (P = 0.011). Among those with HBsAg seroclearance, 11.2% still had HBV DNA levels of higher than 100 IU/mL. Patients with higher HBV DNA at baseline had a higher risk of detectable HBV DNA levels even after HBsAg seroclearance (P < 0.001). This study reveals HBsAg seroconversion rates and HBV DNA undetectability epidemiological characteristics of patients with HBsAg seroclearance and suggests that monitoring HBV DNA is needed when managing HBeAg‐negative chronic patients, even after clearing HBsAg.
Identification of canine cytochrome P‐450s (CYPs) metabolizing the tramadol (+)‐M1 and (+)‐M2 metabolites to the tramadol (+)‐M5 metabolite in dog liver microsomes
Authors: Perez Jimenez Tania E. , Mealey Katrina L. , Schnider Darren , Grubb Tamara L. , Greene Stephen A. , Court Michael H.
Published: August 2018

We previously showed that (+)‐tramadol is metabolized in dog liver to (+)‐M1 exclusively by CYP2D15 and to (+)‐M2 by multiple CYPs, but primarily CYP2B11. However, (+)‐M1 and (+)‐M2 are further metabolized in dogs to (+)‐M5, which is the major metabolite found in dog plasma and urine. In this study, we identified canine CYPs involved in metabolizing (+)‐M1 and (+)‐M2 using recombinant enzymes, untreated dog liver microsomes (DLMs), inhibitor‐treated DLMs, and DLMs from CYP inducer‐treated dogs. A canine P‐glycoprotein expressing cell line was also used to evaluate whether (+)‐tramadol, (+)‐M1, (+)‐M2, or (+)‐M5 are substrates of canine P‐glycoprotein, thereby limiting their distribution into the central nervous system. (+)‐M5 was largely formed from (+)‐M1 by recombinant CYP2C21 with minor contributions from CYP2C41 and CYP2B11. (+)‐M5 formation in DLMs from (+)‐M1 was potently inhibited by sulfaphenazole (CYP2C inhibitor) and chloramphenicol (CYP2B11 inhibitor) and was greatly increased in DLMs from phenobarbital‐treated dogs. (+)‐M5 was formed from (+)‐M2 predominantly by CYP2D15. (+)‐M5 formation from (+)‐M1 in DLMs was potently inhibited by quinidine (CYP2D inhibitor) but had only a minor impact from all CYP inducers tested. Intrinsic clearance estimates showed over 50 times higher values for (+)‐M5 formation from (+)‐M2 compared with (+)‐M1 in DLMs. This was largely attributed to the higher enzyme affinity (lower Km) for (+)‐M2 compared with (+)‐M1 as substrate. (+)‐tramadol, (+)‐M1, (+)‐M2, or (+)‐M5 were not p‐glycoprotein substrates. This study provides a clearer picture of the role of individual CYPs in the complex metabolism of tramadol in dogs.