bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using a Choice Experiment to Improve Decision Support Tool Design
Authors: Kragt M.E. , Llewellyn R.S.
Published: February 2014

The potential for computer‐based decision support tools (DSTs) to better inform farm management decisions is well‐recognised. However, despite considerable investment in a wide range of tools, uptake by advisers and farmers remains low. A greater understanding of the demand and the most valued features of decision support tools could improve the uptake and impact of DSTs. Using a choice experiment, we estimated the values that Australian farm advisers attach to specific attributes of decision support tools, in this case relating to weed and herbicide resistance management. Results from discrete choice models showed that advisers' preferences differ between private fee‐charging consultants, those attached to retail outlets for cropping inputs, and advisers from the public sector. Advisers valued ‘reliable accurate results’, and also placed a consistently high value on models with an initial input time of three hours or less, compared to models that are more time demanding. Results from latent class models revealed a large degree of preference heterogeneity across advisers. Although the majority of advisers valued DST output that is specific to individual paddocks, approximately one‐quarter of the respondents preferred generic predictions for the district rather than predictions with greater specificity. The choice experiments helped to identify the attributes most valued by advisers in different market segments. This has implications for those seeking to influence decision‐making by allowing DST development to be better targeted towards the preferences of potential users.
Assessing the state of pelagic fish communities within an ecosystem approach and the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive
Authors: Shephard Samuel , Rindorf Anna , Dickey-Collas Mark , Hintzen Niels T. , Farnsworth Keith , Reid David G.
Published: February 2014

Pelagic fish are key elements in marine foodwebs and thus comprise an important part of overall ecosystem health. We develop a suite of ecological indicators that track pelagic fish community state and evaluate state of specific objectives against Good Environmental Status (GES) criteria. Indicator time-series are calculated for the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive “Celtic Seas” (CS) and “Greater North Sea” subregions. Precautionary reference points are proposed for each indicator and a simple decision process is then used to aggregate indicators into a GES assessment for each subregion. The pelagic fish communities of both subregions currently appear to be close to GES, but each remains vulnerable. In the CS subregion, fishing mortality is close to the precautionary reference point, although the unknown dynamics of sandeel, sprat, and sardine in the subregion may reduce the robustness of this evaluation. In the North Sea, sandeel stocks have been in poor state until very recently. Pelagic fish community biomass is slightly below the precautionary reference point in both subregions.
Can the Learning Curve of Totally Endoscopic Robotic Mitral Valve Repair be Short-Circuited?
Authors: Yaffee David W. , Loulmet Didier F. , Kelly Lauren A. , Ward Alison F. , Ursomanno Patricia A. , Rabinovich Annette E. , Neuburger Peter J. , Krishnan Sandeep , Hill Frederick T. , Grossi Eugene A.
Published: February 2014

Objective

A concern with the initiation of totally endoscopic robotic mitral valve repair (TERMR) programs has been the risk for the learning curve. To minimize this risk, we initiated a TERMR program with a defined team and structured learning approach before clinical implementation.

Methods

A dedicated team (two surgeons, one cardiac anesthesiologist, one perfusionist, and two nurses) was trained with clinical scenarios, simulations, wet laboratories, and “expert” observation for 3 months. This team then performed a series of TERMRs of varying complexity.

Results

Thirty-two isolated TERMRs were performed during the first programmatic year. All operations included mitral valve repair, left atrial appendage exclusion, and annuloplasty device implantation. Additional procedures included leaflet resection, neochordae insertion, atrial ablation, and papillary muscle shortening. Longer clamp times were associated with number of neochordae ( P < 0.01), papillary muscle procedures ( P < 0.01), and leaflet resection ( P = 0.06). Sequential case number had no impact on cross-clamp time ( P = 0.3). Analysis of nonclamp time demonstrated a 71.3% learning percentage ( P < 0.01; ie, 28.7% reduction in nonclamp time with each doubling of case number). There were no hospital deaths or incidences of stroke, myocardial infarction, unplanned reoperation, respiratory failure, or renal failure. Median length of stay was 4 days. All patients were discharged home.

Conclusions

Totally endoscopic robotic mitral valve repair can be safely performed after a pretraining regimen with emphasis on experts’ current practice and team training. After a pretraining regimen, cross-clamp times were not subject to learning curve phenomena but were dependent on procedural complexity. Nonclamp times were associated with a short learning curve.
Left Ventricular Pseudoaneurysm after Left Ventricular Remodeling
Authors: Sansone Fabrizio , Ceresa Fabrizio , Patanè Francesco
Published: February 2014

Cases of left ventricular pseudoaneurysm caused by patch leakage after left ventricular remodeling are quite rare. We describe the case of a 66-year-old man operated on through a left thoracotomy using the Port Access platform to treat patch detachment after left ventricular remodeling.
Nanobiomechanics of living cells: a review
Authors: Chen Jinju
Published: February 2014

Nanobiomechanics of living cells is very important to understand cell–materials interactions. This would potentially help to optimize the surface design of the implanted materials and scaffold materials for tissue engineering. The nanoindentation techniques enable quantifying nanobiomechanics of living cells, with flexibility of using indenters of different geometries. However, the data interpretation for nanoindentation of living cells is often difficult. Despite abundant experimental data reported on nanobiomechanics of living cells, there is a lack of comprehensive discussion on testing with different tip geometries, and the associated mechanical models that enable extracting the mechanical properties of living cells. Therefore, this paper discusses the strategy of selecting the right type of indenter tips and the corresponding mechanical models at given test conditions.
Collective cell traction force analysis on aligned smooth muscle cell sheet between three-dimensional microwalls
Authors: Zhang Ying , Ng Soon Seng , Wang Yilei , Feng Huixing , Chen Wei Ning , Chan-Park Mary B. , Li Chuan , Chan Vincent
Published: February 2014

During the past two decades, novel biomaterial scaffold for cell attachment and culture has been developed for applications in tissue engineering, biosensing and regeneration medicine. Tissue engineering of blood vessels remains a challenge owing to the complex three-layer histology involved. In order to engineer functional blood vessels, it is essential to recapitulate the characteristics of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) inside the tunica media, which is known to be critical for vasoconstriction and vasodilation of the circulatory system. Until now, there has been a lack of understanding on the mechanotransduction of the SMC layer during the transformation from viable synthetic to quiescent contractile phenotypes. In this study, microfabricated arrays of discontinuous microwalls coated with fluorescence microbeads were developed to probe the mechanotransduction of the SMC layer. First, the system was exploited for stimulating the formation of a highly aligned orientation of SMCs in native tunica medium. Second, atomic force microscopy in combination with regression analysis was applied to measure the elastic modulus of a polyacrylamide gel layer coated on the discontinuous microwall arrays. Third, the conventional traction force assay for single cell measurement was extended for applications in three-dimensional cell aggregates. Then, the biophysical effects of discontinuous microwalls on the mechanotransduction of the SMC layer undergoing cell alignment were probed. Generally, the cooperative multiple cell–cell and cell–microwall interactions were accessed quantitatively by the newly developed assay with the aid of finite-element modelling. The results show that the traction forces of highly aligned cells lying in the middle region between two opposing microwalls were significantly lower than those lying adjacent to the microwalls. Moreover, the spatial distributions of Von Mises stress during the cell alignment process were dependent on the collective cell layer orientation. Immunostaining of the SMC sheet further demonstrated that the collective mechanotransduction induced by three-dimensional topographic cues was correlated with the reduction of actin and vinculin expression. In addition, the online two-dimensional LC–MS/MS analysis verified the modulation of focal adhesion formation under the influence of microwalls through the regulation in the expression of three key cytoskeletal proteins.
Structures of SAICAR synthetase (PurC) from Streptococcus pneumoniae with ADP, Mg2+, AIR and Asp
Authors: Wolf Nina M. , Abad-Zapatero Celerino , Johnson Michael E. , Fung Leslie W.-M.
Published: February 2014

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a multidrug-resistant pathogen that is a target of considerable interest for antibacterial drug development. One strategy for drug discovery is to inhibit an essential metabolic enzyme. The seventh step of the de novo purine-biosynthesis pathway converts carboxyaminoimidazoleribonucleotide (CAIR) and L-aspartic acid (Asp) to 4-(N-succino)-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (SAICAR) in the presence of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) using the enzyme PurC. PurC has been shown to be conditionally essential for bacterial replication. Two crystal structures of this essential enzyme from Streptococcus pneumoniae (spPurC) in the presence of adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP), Mg2+, aminoimidazoleribonucleotide (AIR) and/or Asp have been obtained. This is the first structural study of spPurC, as well as the first of PurC from any species with Asp in the active site. Based on these findings, two model structures are proposed for the active site with all of the essential ligands (ATP, Mg2+, Asp and CAIR) present, and a relay mechanism for the formation of the product SAICAR is suggested.
3-(2-Bromophenylsulfonyl)-5-cyclohexyl-2-methyl-1-benzofuran
Authors: Choi Hong Dae , Seo Pil Ja , Lee Uk
Published: February 2014

In the title compound, C21H21BrO3S, the cyclohexyl ring adopts a chair conformation. The dihedral angle between the mean planes of the benzofuran and 2-bromophenyl fragments is 82.47 (5)°. In the crystal, molecules related by inversion are paired into dimersviaC—H...π and π–π interactions, the latter are indicated by the short distance of 3.607 (3) Å between the centroids of the furan rings. Intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds and short Br...O [3.280 (1) Å] contacts further consolidate the crystal packing.
(4,9-Dimethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)methanol
Authors: Öncüoğlu Serkan , Dilek Nefise , Ergün Yavuz , Hökelek Tuncer
Published: February 2014

In the title compound, C15H15NO, the carbazole skeleton includes a methanol group at the 3-position. The indole ring system is almost planar [maximum deviation = 0.045 (2) Å]. In the crystal, O—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into zigzag chains along theb-axis direction. There are weak C—H...π interactions within the chains and linking neighbouring chains forming sheets lying parallel to (001).
Modelling and quantification of intergrowth in γ-MnO2by laboratory pair distribution function analysis
Authors: Galliez Kevin , Deniard Philippe , Petit Pierre-Emmanuel , Lambertin David , Bart Florence , Jobic Stéphane
Published: February 2014

γ-MnO2is a material formed by random intergrowth of two phases, β-MnO2andR-MnO2. It is demonstrated here on seven γ-MnO2samples that pair distribution function analysis using a conventional X-ray diffraction setup (Bragg–Brentano geometry with a molybdenum anode) allows the quantification of this intergrowth simplyviaa simulation of the actual material by a mixture of β-MnO2andR-MnO2phases. Although this method does not take into account specifically the relaxed distances in the vicinity of the intergrowth zone, it is found to be very robust, accurate and in full agreement with the widely used quantification based on the empirical approach of Chabre & Pannetier [Prog. Solid State Chem.(1995),23, 1–130].
The fast are eating the slow: mentoring for leadership development as a competitive method
Authors: Corner Judy
Published: February 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to posit formal mentoring as cost-effective strategy for both developing leaders within an organization, as well as increasing organizational competitive ability in today's economy.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper presents two case studies originally presented in a webinar which the author, a US-based subject matter expert in the field of mentoring, cohosted with a UK-based subject matter expert in the field of leadership development.

Findings

– Formal mentoring offers a uniquely suited approach to leadership development because of its ability to capitalize on knowledge that is both internal and specific to the organization, develop as broad or as targeted a group as necessary, and be tailored to meet any organization's goals and objectives. Together, these points can be leveraged to make an organization more competitive – not only in strength of existing leadership, but in readiness of ability to develop leaders for the future.

Research limitations/implications

– These are two case studies that examine the success of mentoring as a leadership development method within two large organizations.

Practical implications

– Formal mentoring for the purposes of leadership development can be leveraged to great competitive advantage in large organizations.

Social implications

– Mentoring for leadership development has the effect of improving and solidifying company culture, as well as engaging employees through career and leadership development activities.

Originality/value

– While using mentoring as a leadership development method is not a new concept, these case studies provide examples of how it can be practically applied, and to what ends.
Appreciative leadership: delivering sustainable difference through conversation and inquiry
Authors: MacNeill Fiona , Vanzetta Jillian
Published: February 2014

Purpose

– This paper reflects a two-year evaluation research study by Fiona MacNeill Associates (FMA), focused on an Appreciative Leadership Programme. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of designing a bespoke Appreciative Leadership Programme (commissioned by Lancashire Care NHS Foundation Trust), around a specific set of organisational values and the associated sustainability linked to the delivery using conversation and inquiry.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper is a review of 497 delegates and their associated 423 line managers. The main evaluation methods were questionnaires, conversations, content analysis and thematic analysis. The research collects data pre, during, end and post-programme.

Findings

– The analysis of data collected indicates a statistically significant link between the programme design and delivery and the subsequent sustainability of the learning and levels of engagement within the organisation.

Research limitations/implications

– The research provided information on all key areas of inquiry and allowed improvements to be made for future programmes. In future study, a focused follow up with a larger sample of at least 30 per cent of the total population will provide greater validity and reliability of the impact of on-going positive attention. The evaluation of leadership learning sets also needs to be more focused.

Practical implications

– The findings can be used to inform the next iteration of the programme, by building on areas of strength and those identified for development. The data allows the organisation (LCFT) and the provider to co-create the next programme. The findings have also been presented to other NHS organisations and to an international training and development conference in Dallas.

Originality/value

– Appreciative Leadership is built on the foundation of Appreciative Inquiry (AI), whole systems thinking, and action research. The organisation is seen as a relationship to be explored and developed, teams as communities of purpose and practice, and individuals as thinkers and innovators. This approach favours interdependencies, conversation, novel and creative ideas, and engagement that fosters a true desire to co-create the future. The paper provides connections between concepts and theories used in the education of clinicians and cutting-edge leadership development thinking. The paper has value to leaders, and those who commission leadership development, healthcare professionals and training and development professionals.
Use storytelling to engage and align employees around your strategic plans
Authors: Baker Bill
Published: February 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to help organizational and human resource leaders understand how to use storytelling to engage and align their employees around their strategic planning efforts.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper lays out four guidelines organizations and human resource leaders can follow to help ensure their employees not only see the outcomes of their strategic planning efforts (e.g. strategic vision, brand positioning, mission, etc.), but also see themselves in those outcomes and, importantly, understand their role in bringing them to life.

Findings

– Storytelling is the way we most naturally communicate with each other as social and interconnected human beings. And yet, many organizations and organizational leaders never consider this timeless craft of humanity in their strategic planning efforts or recognize the role it can play in engaging and aligning employees around – and ultimately, implementing – the strategic vision and brand positioning that often result from those efforts. Organizations that embed storytelling into their strategic planning efforts effectively tap into their human nature to bring more meaning, focus and productivity not only to their work, but also their workforce.

Originality/value

– The concept of using storytelling to improve the impact and uptake of a company's strategic planning efforts will benefit organizational leaders and human resource executives who are responsible for the implementation of those plans and the engagement of their employees.
“Staying Well”: a psychoeducational group for people with an intellectual disability, co-morbid mental illness and offending behaviour
Authors: Douds Fergus , McKechanie Andrew , Simpson Yasmin , Murphy Lesley
Published: February 2014

Purpose

– UK best practice guidelines for the treatment for people with schizophrenia recommend the use of psychoeducational approaches. The purpose of this paper is to describe the introduction of psychoeducational groups for people with an intellectual disability and co-morbid mental illness within forensic settings.

Design/methodology/approach

– “Staying Well”, a psychoeducational programme for people with an intellectual disability and co-morbid mental illness was based in part on a group programme from Ashworth Hospital, but adapted and developed to be suitable for people with intellectual disability. Input from a very experienced speech and language therapist was of great importance. Five groups with a total of 20 participants (15 different individuals) with mild to moderate intellectual disability and co-morbid mental illness were run over a two-year period. At the end of each group, an individualised “Staying Well Plan” was devised, to reduce the risk of future relapses.

Findings

– The group was very positively welcomed in the two pilot hospitals, by participants and members of the clinical teams. The key measure of the success of the programme is that the “Staying Well Plans” developed for the individuals are still in place two years after the completion of the first groups.

Practical implications

– The authors believe that this approach is of benefit to both the participants and their carers, stimulating positive engagement, open discussion about mental illness and reinforcing strategies for “Staying Well”.

Originality/value

– This paper shows how a psychoeducational approach to severe mental illness in individuals with an intellectual disability is both possible and well received.
Influence of acrylated guar gum on alkyd coating properties
Authors: J. D'Melo Dawid , S. Sabnis Anagha , A. Shenoy Mohan , S. Kathalewar Mukesh
Published: February 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of acrylated guar gum (AGG) as an additive in alkyd resin for improved mechanical properties and to optimize the results of such an addition.

Design/methodology/approach

– For studying the effect of AGG on coating properties, guar gum was modified to various degrees of esterification and various compositions of alkyd systems were made by incorporating different concentrations of AGG. The mechanical and solvent absorption of the unmodified and modified alkyd systems were characterized.

Findings

– The incorporation of AGG into alkyd coating showed significant improvement of mechanical properties over the unmodified one. The modification caused an additional crosslink site through its unsaturation which led to increased crosslink density without phase separation of additive from the alkyd system which was confirmed by SEM scans.

Research limitations/implications

– The reactive additive, AGG used in the present study was synthesised using acryloyl chloride. Besides, it could also be synthesised from methacryloyl chloride and the effect of methyl substitution on water and solvent absorption could be studied.

Practical implications

– The method developed provided a simple and practical solution to improving the mechanical properties of alkyd coatings.

Originality/value

– The method for enhancing mechanical properties of cured alkyd system was novel and could find numerous applications in surface coatings.
Microcrystalline cellulose as a reinforcement agent to cement pastes
Authors: Mohammed M.S. , Ahmed A.E.-S.I. , Osman R.M.
Published: February 2014

Purpose

– A try to find some useful applications for some products prepared from agricultural waste by mixing them with cement to act as reinforcement agents. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– Cement was mixed with microcrystalline cellulosic (MCC) fibres prepared from baggase, soaked in mixing water, followed by cubic pastes formation. The mixing was performed using different ratios of MCC; 0.5, 0.75, 1 and 3 per cent. The cement properties were followed at timed intervals, up to 90 days. The initial and final setting times of the pastes were determined. Bulk density, apparent porosity and compressive strength of the harden cement pastes were also identified. The hydration kinetic was followed by identifying free lime ratio and chemically combined water content. The structure of the hard cement pastes was followed by SEM, FTIR, DSC and XRD.

Findings

– It was noticed that the weight of the prepared cement pastes using MCC was reduced, while the compressive strength was increased. In addition, lower ratios of MCC have shown better results at early ages of hydration and reported higher compressive strength than control. No interaction was reported between the fibres and cement constituents based on the performed analysis.

Research limitations/implications

– Different types of agricultural wastes can be compared in producing the best type of MCC for the same purpose of this research.

Practical implications

– This piece of work has suggested a simple way to convert a product prepared from agricultural wastes in a small uniform size to a reinforcement agent to cement. Consuming this type of waste reduces the risks resulting from its burning at some countries such as Egypt.

Originality/value

– MCC fibres have well-known binding properties and used successfully on wide range in medical applications for tablets production with low costs. These fibres have reduced the pastes weight and increased the compressive strength using low ratios of them. Moreover, there is no indication of a reaction between these fibres and cement constituents.
From von Langenbeck to Furlow palatoplasty: A 16‐year review of cleft palate repair
Authors: Chan Edwin Kin‐Wai , Lee Kim‐Hung , Tsui Bess Siu‐Yan , Wong Sammi Yuen‐Shan , Pang Kristine Kit‐Yi , Mou Jennifer Wai‐Cheung , Tam Peter Yuk‐Him
Published: February 2014

Aim

In the past, von Langenbeck palatoplasty was the technique adopted for cleft palate repair at our institution. Since 2002, Furlow palatoplasty has become the technique of choice. The present study aims to compare the outcome of cleft palate repair in children using the two different techniques.

Patients and Methods

All children who underwent primary cleft palate repair at our institution from January 1996 to December 2011 were studied. The sex, type of cleft palate, age at operation and the presence of associated syndromes were recorded. Postoperative outcome, including the incidence of oronasal fistula (ONF) and pharyngoplasty, were studied.

Results

A total of 230 children were included in this study. There were 120 boys and 110 girls. Ninety‐five children had cleft palate associated with cleft lip; 135 children had cleft palate only. Twenty‐eight children were syndromic. The mean age at operation was 19 ± 20 months (range: 10–150 months). A total of 112 children underwent von Langenbeck repair, and 118 children underwent Furlow repair. There was no statistical different in the sex, age at operation and associated syndromes between the two groups. More children had isolated cleft palate in the Furlow group (P < 0.05). Nineteen children developed ONF after surgery (Langenbeck : Furlow, 13:6; P = 0.072). Twenty one of 112 (19 per cent) children required pharyngoplasty to correct velopharyngeal insufficiency after von Langenbeck repair. No child in the Furlow group required pharyngoplasty (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The frequency of ONF after palatoplasty was 11.6 per cent after von Langenbeck repair, and 5.1 per cent after Furlow's palatoplasty. Compared with von Langenbeck repair, Furlow palatoplasty appeared to have a superior outcome, with no child requiring pharyngoplasty.
Minimally‐invasive approach to paraoesophageal hernia in high surgical‐risk patients
Authors: Ho Carmen Kit‐Man , Cheung Frances Ka‐Yin , Yien Renny Ling‐Chu , Li Michael Ka‐Wah
Published: February 2014

Aim

Paraoesophageal hernia warrants surgical repair when it becomes symptomatic. Complex definitive surgical repair carries a high risk of complication and morbidity.

Patients and Methods

We present a case of paraoesophageal hernia in an elderly woman managed by minimally‐invasive method with laparoscopic‐assisted endoscopic reduction and gastropexy.

Results

The operation was done under general anaesthesia. The intrathoracic oesophagus and stomach were reduced with laparoscopic assistance, and the adhesion with the hernia sac was removed. Gastropexy was performed with two percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies (PEG), and a feeding jejunostomy was placed via one of the PEG. The patient was initially started on jejunosotmy feeding, and oral feeding was gradually resumed. She was then discharged on postoperative day 20.

Conclusion

In patients who are considered high risk for definitive surgical repair or invasive procedure involving hiatal dissection, endoscopic reduction and fixation with laparoscopic assistance are an acceptable alternative.
Endovascular treatment for secondary aortoduodenal fistula
Authors: Yu Harry H.Y. , Wong Ho‐Hing , Wong Dennis C.T. , Cheung Frances K.Y. , Yien Renny L.C. , Li Michael K.W.
Published: February 2014

Aortoenteric fistula (AEF) is an uncommon condition, but carries high mortality, with increasing incidence. Conventional treatment of AEF by open debridement and bypass grafting has high mortality and morbidity rates. In the present study, we report on a patient with a history of open repair of impending ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, who presented with aortoduodenal fistula 9 years after the index operation. The patient was treated with endovascular stenting and recovered well afterwards. We also reviewed previous reports on the use of endovascular stents for the treatment of secondary AEF.
James Mavor: Forerunner in Canadian geography
Authors: Warkentin John
Published: February 2014

James Mavor, professor of political economy in the University of Toronto from 1892 to 1923, made path‐breaking contributions to Canadian geography in four areas: producing a comprehensive regional report on north‐west Canada (including an original map of ethnic distribution); introducing economic geography into the Toronto political economy curriculum; preparing analytical economic/social geography chapters on Canada for the Oxford Survey of the British Empire; and presenting illuminating ideas on immigration. The pioneering work described here is largely unrecognized, in part because Mavor was overshadowed by his Toronto successor, Harold Innis.
Sinus floor augmentation with autogenous bone vs. a bovine‐derived xenograft – a 5‐year retrospective study
Authors: Lutz Rainer , Berger‐Fink Susanne , Stockmann Philipp , Neukam Friedrich Wilhelm , Schlegel Karl Andreas
Published: February 2014

Objectives

The long‐term outcome after sinus augmentation with autogenous bone or a bovine xenograft (Bio‐Oss®) was assessed in 47 patients. Inclusion criterion was a vertical dimension of the maxilla of <4 mm. After a functional loading period of 60 months, implant survival and reduction in the augmentation height were compared between the two groups evaluated.

Material and methods

Sinus augmentation was performed using mandibular bone grafts or Bio‐Oss®. In the autogenous bone group, 70 implants were placed in 23 patients, while in the Bio‐Oss® group, 24 patients received 98 implants. Fisher's exact test and equivalence testing were used to compare implant survival rates.

Results

The overall survival rate of the implants was 95.8% 5 years after implant insertion. In the autogenous bone group, the implants had a survival rate of 97.1%, while in the Bio‐Oss® group, 94.9% of the implants survived. The difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05); both treatments are equivalent (confidence interval 90%) for the equivalence interval [−0.1; 0.1]. 43.5% of the cases showed no reduction in the augmentation height 5 years after implant insertion, when augmentation was performed with autogenous bone, while in the Bio‐Oss® group, no resorption was found in 50% of the augmented areas. Up to 25% reduction in augmentation height was found in 47.8% in the autogenous and in 45.8% in the Bio‐Oss® group. In 8.7% of all cases in the autogenous bone group and in 4.2 % in the Bio‐Oss® group, up to 50% of the augmented height was resorbed.

Conclusion

After a 5 years evaluation period, Bio‐Oss® as material for the indication maxillary sinus augmentation shows to be equivalent to autogenous bone grafting.
The influence of surface nanoroughness, texture and chemistry of TiZr implant abutment on oral biofilm accumulation
Authors: Xing Rui , Lyngstadaas Ståle P. , Ellingsen Jan Eirik , Taxt‐Lamolle Sébastien , Haugen Håvard J.
Published: February 2014

Objectives

The aim of the study was to examine surface nanoroughness, texture and chemistry of dental implant abutment and to investigate how these parameters influence oral biofilm formation in healthy subjects.

Materials and methods

Eight different nanorough TiZr surfaces were produced by polishing, machining, cathodic polarization and acid etching. Surface topography was examined using field emission scanning electron microscope and a blue light laser profilometer. Surface chemistry was analyzed by secondary ion mass spectrometry and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Surface hydrophilicity was tested by measuring contact angle on the surfaces. A human in vivo study using a splint model was employed to evaluate oral biofilm accumulation on these surfaces.

Results

Different surface textures (flat, grooved and irregular) were created with nanoroughness from 29 to 214 nm. Some test surfaces were incorporated with hydrogen by cathodic polarization and/or acid etching with HCl/H2SO4. Nanoroughness (Sa) positively correlated with microbial adhesion. Biofilm accumulation was less pronounced on flat and grooved than on irregular surfaces. No significant association between hydrogen content or hydrophilicity of the surface and biofilm accumulation was observed.

Conclusions

Nanoroughness (< 214 nm) and surface texture influence oral biofilm accumulation independent of surface chemistry and hydrophilicity. Surface hydrogen, which has previously been shown to promote fibroblast growth, does not affect biofilm formation.
Comparison of clinical characteristics of chronic cough due to non‐acid and acid gastroesophageal reflux
Authors: Xu Xianghuai , Yang Zhongmin , Chen Qiang , Yu Li , Liang Siwei , Lü Hanjing , Qiu Zhongmin
Published: February 2014

Background and Objective

Little is known about non‐acid gastroesophageal reflux‐induced chronic cough (GERC). The purpose of the study is to explore the clinical characteristics of non‐acid GERC.

Methods

Clinical symptoms, cough symptom score, capsaicin cough sensitivity, gastroesophageal reflux diagnostic questionnaire (GerdQ) score, findings of multichannel intraluminal impedance‐pH monitoring (MII‐pH) and response to pharmacological anti‐reflux therapy were retrospectively reviewed in 38 patients with non‐acid GERC and compared with those of 49 patients with acid GERC.

Results

Non‐acid GERC had the similar cough character, cough symptom score, and capsaicin cough sensitivity to acid GERC. However, non‐acid GERC had less frequent regurgitation (15.8% vs 57.1%, χ2 = 13.346, P = 0.000) and heartburn (7.9% vs 32.7%, χ2 = 7.686, P  = 0.006), and lower GerdQ score (7.4 ± 1.4 vs 10.6 ± 2.1, t = −6.700, P = 0.003) than acid GERC. Moreover, MII‐pH revealed more weakly acidic reflux episodes, gas reflux episodes and a higher symptom association probability (SAP) for non‐acid reflux but lower DeMeester score, acidic reflux episodes and SAP for acid reflux in non‐acid GERC than in acid GERC. Non‐acid GERC usually responded to the standard anti‐reflux therapy but with delayed cough resolution or attenuation when compared with acid GERC. Fewer patients with non‐acid GERC needed an augmented acid suppressive therapy or treatment with baclofen.

Conclusions

There are some differences in the clinical manifestations between non‐acid and acid GERC, but MII‐pH is essential to diagnose non‐acid GERC.
Educating Industrial–Organizational Psychologists for Science and Practice: Where Do We Go From Here?
Authors: Byrne Zinta S. , Hayes Theodore L. , Mort McPhail S. , Hakel Milton D. , Cortina José M. , McHenry Jeffrey J.
Published: February 2014

Graduate training in industrial and organizational (I–O) psychology has long prepared students with skills and knowledge that are highly valued by employers, both in practice and academe alike. Our article, based on a panel discussion, explores what aspects of graduate training are sought out by employers in multiple fields, what new I–O hires need to know, and ways we can improve professional preparation for both practice and academics. Although the current SIOPGuidelines for Education and Trainingare satisfactory for present market conditions, we explore areas where the Guidelines could be made more forward thinking in determining the kind of training I–O students should be receiving.
Migrants: Where do they come from?
Authors: Hill Timothy Martyn , Smith Alan
Published: February 2014

Where do migrants come from, and where do they go? Politicians make claim and counter-claim, but what is significant immigration, and what is less significant, and how do you map it so that people can tell which is which? Timothy Martyn Hill and Alan Smith needed to do just that.
Richard King
Authors: Champkin Julian
Published: February 2014

How does a major aid organisation decide where its priorities should lie? It has to analyse needs, and the results of its efforts. Richard King, of Oxfam, talked to Julian Champkin.
Even Birds Follow Pareto's 80–20 Rule
Authors: Rispoli Fred J. , Zeng Suhua , Green Tim , Higbie Jennifer
Published: February 2014

Vilfredo Pareto noted in 1906 that 80% of the land in Italy was owned by 20% of the population – and that the ratio seemed to apply to many countries, many time periods, and many economies. But is it more than a useful rule of thumb? Pareto also observed that 20% of the pea pods in his garden contained 80% of the peas. His ratio seems to pop up everywhere. Fred J. Rispoli, Suhua Zeng, Tim Green and Jennifer Higbie try telling it to the birds.
The Champagne Glass Effect
Authors: Champkin Julian
Published: February 2014

It has become a classic image. It is known as the champagne glass, though its originators did not call it that. It shows, oh so clearly, the Pareto 80%–20% distribution of the wealth of the world – with perhaps a small extra message smuggled in. Julian Champkin drinks it in.
Decline in lichen biodiversity on oak trunks due to urbanization
Authors: Lättman Håkan , Bergman Karl‐Olof , Rapp Malin , Tälle Malin , Westerberg Lars , Milberg Per
Published: February 2014

Biodiversity often suffers from urbanization. In the present study, we focused on how the duration of urbanization affects the richness of 17 epiphytic lichen species and their cover on large oaks in urban environments in a city of 100 000 inhabitants in southeast Sweden. We also surveyed trees in adjacent rural areas, selected to have similar distributions of tree trunk circumference and surrounding oak density (within 300 m). Lichen richness and cover were lower on urban trees compared to rural trees. Furthermore, richness and cover decreased with the length of time that urban trees had been surrounded by houses. Most of the species that were analysed demonstrated a decline in occurrence with respect to the duration of housing development. The reduction in the probability of occurrence varied from 60% (Calicium viride, Evernia prunastri), 80% (Chrysothrix candelaris) to 90% (Ramalina spp.) during the considered 160‐year period of urbanization. Therefore, even if valuable trees survive over the course of development, their lichen biota is likely to become depleted over time.
Inhibition of the Renin‐Angiotensin System Affects Kidney Tissue Oxygenation Evaluated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Siddiqi Laima , Hoogduin Hans , Visser Freddy , Leiner Tim , Mali Willem P. , Blankestijn Peter J.
Published: February 2014

Imaging of the kidney using blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) presents a major opportunity to examine differences in tissue oxygenation within the cortex and medulla applicable to human disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate BOLD signals before and after treatment with RAS inhibitors in hypertensive chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Ten patients with stable CKD and 5 healthy volunteers were included. Five CKD patients were subjected to BOLD MRI scan before and after chronic treatment with 300 mg/day aliskiren for at least 6 weeks. Five other CKD patients received BOLD MRI before and 1 hour after acute treatment with 50 mg captopril. A group of healthy volunteers (n=5) was scanned before and 1 hour after acute treatment with 50 mg captopril. The 10 patients had a mean age of 61±17 years; eGFR of 30±11 mL/min per 1.73 m2. Office systolic and diastolic blood pressures when on a RAS inhibito, were 130±10 and 86±5 mmHg in CKD patients. Control subjects had normal kidney function and were not on any medication. In untreated condition, systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure elevated, 145±6 and 95±4 mmHg, respectively. After chronic treatment with aliskiren, arterial blood pressure decreased in all patients in this group, 127±3 mmHg and 77±3 mmHg. After acute treatment with captopril arterial blood pressure reduced to 125±4 and 71±8 mmHg. Tissue intensity signal (T2*) was increased in medulla after chronic treatment from 29±6 to 34±6 and after acute treatment with captopril from 34±9 to 38±11 in CKD patients. In addition, T2* ratio between cortex and medulla decreased in CKD patients after chronic treatment and acute treatment. This ratio remained stable in healthy volunteers before and after treatment with captopril 1.62±0.1 and 1.65±0.1, respectively. This study shows for the first time that RAS inhibitors change BOLD signal in CKD patients. Importantly, in healthy volunteers, a RAS inhibitor had no such effect. Further investigation is required.
Recent admixture generates heterozygosity–fitness correlations during the range expansion of an invading species
Authors: Keller S. R. , Fields P. D. , Berardi A. E. , Taylor D. R.
Published: February 2014

Admixture, the mixing of historically isolated gene pools, can have immediate consequences for the genetic architecture of fitness traits. Admixture may be especially important for newly colonized populations, such as during range expansion and species invasions, by generating heterozygosity that can boost fitness through heterosis. Despite widespread evidence for admixture during species invasions, few studies have examined the demographic history leading to admixture, how admixture affects the heterozygosity and fitness of invasive genotypes, and whether such fitness effects are maintained through time. We address these questions using the invasive plant Silene vulgaris, which shows evidence of admixture in both its native Europe and in North America where it has invaded. Using multilocus genotype data in conjunction with approximate Bayesian computation analysis of demographic history, we showed that admixture during the invasion of North America was independent from and much younger than admixture in the native range of Europe. We tested for fitness consequences of admixture in each range and detected a significant positive heterozygosity–fitness correlation (HFC) in North America; in contrast, no HFC was present in Europe. The lack of HFC in Europe may reflect the longer time since admixture in the native range, dissipating associations between heterozygosity at markers and fitness loci. Our results support a key short‐term role for admixture during the early stages of invasion by generating HFCs that carry populations past the threat of extinction from inbreeding and demographic stochasticity.
Introduction: For Better or Worse: Intimate Relationships as Sources of Risk or Resilience for Girls' Delinquency
Authors: Kerig Patricia K.
Published: February 2014

The recent rise in arrest rates for violent offenses among girls has sparked an increased interest in understanding the risk and protective factors associated with girls' aggression. Particular attention has been drawn to the role that girls' intimate relationships may play in promoting persistence or desistence from delinquency. To this end, a number of independent laboratories have been engaged in conducting prospective longitudinal studies to uncover the influence of romantic relationships on girls' antisocial behavior through the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood, which are gathered together in this special section. This article introduces the contributions to the special section and considers both the lessons provided and the directions needed for future research devoted to understanding girls' delinquency and aggression.
Filial Obligation in Contemporary China: Evolution of the Culture‐System
Authors: Qi Xiaoying
Published: February 2014

Family obligation, which has an exceptionally high salience in traditional Chinese society, continues to be significant in contemporary China. In family relations in particular sentiments and practices morphologically similar to those associated with xiao (filial piety) remains intact in so far as an enduring set of expectations concerning age‐based obligation continues to structure behavior toward others. Researchers pursuing the theme of “individualization” in Chinese society, on the other hand, argue that family obligations and filial sentiments have substantially weakened. The present paper will show that under conditions of cultural and social change in China filial behavior through family obligation continues to play an important role even though the conventions associated with the relevant expectations, attitudes and emotions have undergone significant change. The paper argues that the culture‐system develops not merely through an internal dynamic and that family obligation must be understood in terms of the social and material context in which it operates and the nature of the motivations and imagery of the people that practice it.
Soil freezing and N deposition: transient vs multi‐year effects on plant productivity and relative species abundance
Authors: Vankoughnett Mathew R. , Henry Hugh A. L.
Published: February 2014

Plant responses to increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition must be considered in the context of a rapidly changing climate. Reductions in snow cover with climate warming can increase the exposure of herbaceous plants to freezing, but it is unclear how freezing damage may interact with increased N availability, and to what extent freezing effects may extend over multiple years.

We explored potential interactions between freezing damage and N availability in the context of plant productivity and relative species abundance in a temperate old field using both snow removal and mesocosm experiments, and assessed the legacy effects of the freezing damage over 3 yr.

As expected, N addition increased productivity and freezing damage decreased productivity, but these factors were nonadditive; N addition increased productivity disproportionately in the snow removal plots, whereas extreme freezing diminished N addition responses in the mesocosm experiment. Freezing altered relative species abundances, although only the most severe freezing treatments exhibited legacy effects on total productivity over multiple growing seasons.

Our results emphasize that while both increased N deposition and freezing damage can have multi‐year effects on herbaceous communities, the interactions between these global change factors are contingent on the intensities of the treatments.
Innocent until proven guilty: mechanisms and roles of Streptococcus–Candida interactions in oral health and disease
Authors: Xu H. , Jenkinson H.F. , Dongari‐Bagtzoglou A.
Published: February 2014

Candida albicans and streptococci of the mitis group colonize the oral cavities of the majority of healthy humans. While C. albicans is considered an opportunistic pathogen, streptococci of this group are broadly considered avirulent or even beneficial organisms. However, recent evidence suggests that multi‐species biofilms with these organisms may play detrimental roles in host homeostasis and may promote infection. In this review we summarize the literature on molecular interactions between members of this streptococcal group and C. albicans, with emphasis on their potential role in the pathogenesis of opportunistic oral mucosal infections.