bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Development of a Regulated Industry
Authors: Dickinson A.B.
Published: January 2019

This chapter continues the history of sealing in the Falklands - charting the attempts at switching from an unregulated to regulated industry that began in 1820. It traces the exclusive domestic sealing rights granted to the Falklands, and the 1826 arrival of Louis Vernet. As appointed Governor, Vernet attempted to curb foreign sealing by threatening to seize foreign vessels, a warning that went unheeded until he followed through on the threat. British and American governments condemned the seizures. It also documents disputes between British and American governments; the inhospitable environment of the Falklands; and the growing North Atlantic demand for oil. It analyses the 1842 crown appointment of Lieutenant R. C. Moody to the Falklands, where he took note of low seal stocks and armed the colony during breeding season. It concludes in 1881, as the British government began to introduce legislation to protect the remaining seals, and deems the decision belated at best.
Migrants, Merchants and Philanthropists: Hierarchies in Nineteenth-Century Greek Ports
Authors: Gekas Athanasios
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the urban networks and hierarchies in place in Greek port communities in the Nineteenth century. It is particularly concerned with the ports of Corfu (under British rule), Patras, Syros, and Piraeus. It seeks to further understand how networks of power developed in these ports, by exploring the mercantile communities that resulted from in-migration; the synergy between merchants and state authorities and the hierarchies; the networks that developed from wealth, commercial activity, access to resources, access to information, and the ability to raise capital; and, finally, the role of merchant philanthropy within the community. It concludes that merchants benefited from a convergence of socio-economic interests as a result of short and medium term alliances and the backing of advances to urban progress, and secured their own distinct class within the Greek economic hierarchy.
Kaohsiung Fishing Port and Its Fishing Ancillary Industries
Authors: Chen Henry T.
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes the enormous reconstruction and development of the Kaohsiung fishing port after the Second World War - plus ancillary industries such as shipbuilding, ice manufacturing, and fish processing - and the impact on Taiwanese Fishing. It also addresses the Taiwanese fisheries education programme and the way it supported their development. It concludes that the construction of the Kaohsiung fishing port was a catalyst for growth in the Taiwanese fishing industry, as it dominated the waters and led to the construction of the Cianjhen fishing port in 1967, an enormous technical achievement in the region.
The Kaohsiung Fishing Industry and Its Ancillary Industries
Authors: Chen Henry T.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the relationship between the established Kaohsiung fishing industry and six core ancillary industries: ice manufacturing, trucking, shipbuilding, equipment supply, security, and stevedoring. It discusses the combative relationship between vessel owners and ice manufacturers; fee disputes between the Kaohsiung port and the shipyards; and labour problems - including theft and mismanagement - in stevedoring, trucking, and security companies. It demonstrates that vessel owners behaved amicably toward ice manufacturers, shipyard owners, and trucking company bosses, but generally displayed contempt for labourers and lower social class roles that included security guards and stevedores.
The Culture and Daily Life of the Kaohsiung Fishing Communities
Authors: Chen Henry T.
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the daily lives of fishermen and fishing communities in Kaohsiung. It explores the migration networks of Taiwan and how ethnic boundaries impacted job prospects; the onshore economic activities in the region; the culture of long-distance fishing and how it impacted marriage, family, and relationships; wage rates; and welfare. It concludes that by the 1970s it had become difficult to attract young people to the fishing careers due to onshore job opportunities, poor fishing wages, and poor personal relationship prospects.
The 1970s Crisis in the Taiwanese Fishing Industry
Authors: Chen Henry T.
Published: January 2019

This final chapter explores the crisis in the Taiwanese fishing industry that occurred in the 1970s due to the simultaneous manifestation of several major operations problems, some of which were inevitable. Factors included labour shortages; the 1973 energy crisis; Taiwanese diplomatic isolation; business oversights; depletion of fish stock; and financially fragile fishing companies. The chapter concludes by examining this impact of the implementation of the 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) on distant-water fishing in the late 1970s, claiming the environmental conservation efforts of EEZs worked tremendously well but effectively banned Taiwanese trawlers from exploiting fish stocks - the beginning of the end for Kaohsiung trawl fisheries.
The Vital Spark
Authors: Armstrong John
Published: January 2019

This book collects seventeen previously published essays by John Armstrong concerning the British coastal trade. Armstrong is a leading maritime historian and the essays provided here offer a thorough exploration of the British coastal trade, his specialisation, during the period of industrialisation and technological development that would lead to modern shipping. The purpose is to demonstrate the whether or not the coastal trade was the main carrier of internal trade and a pioneer of the technical developments that modernised the shipping industry. Each essay makes an original contribution to the field and covers a broad range of topics, including the fluctuating importance of the coastal trade and size of the coastal fleet over time; the relationship between coastal shipping, canals, and railways; a comparison between the coastal liner and coastal tramp trade; the significance of the river Thames in enabling trade; coastal trade economics; maritime freight rates; the early twentieth century shipping depression; competition between coastal liner companies; and a detailed study of the role of the government in coastal shipping. The book also contains case studies of the London coal trade; coastal trade through the River Dee port; and the Liverpool-Hull trade route. It contains a foreword, introduction, and bibliography of Armstrong’s writings. There is no overall conclusion, except the assertion that coastal shipping plays a tremendous role in British maritime history, and a call for further
research into the field.
Climax and Climacteric: The British Coastal Trade, 1870-1930
Authors: Armstrong John
Published: January 2019

This chapter is a study of the rise and decline of the British coastal shipping trade between 1870 and 1914. It separates the period into three segments: the prosperous 1870-1914; the immediate impact of the First World War 1914-1918; and the stagnation of 1918-1930. It examines both the short and long-term causes of decline, and concludes that the decline and stagnation of the coastal fleet was due to a combination of factors, both avoidable and inevitable. Crucially, though the coastal shipping continued to innovate during this period it did not do so quickly enough to rescue the industry.
The Cinderella of the Transport World: The Historiography of the British Coastal Trade
Authors: Armstrong John
Published: January 2019

This final chapter evaluates the historiography of the British coastal trade as it stood when first published in 1996. It highlights the lack of academic research into coastal shipping, offers suggestions for the scholarly neglect of the subject, and outlines the current knowledge of the economics and overall impact of the coastal trade in relation to the modernisation of Britain. It highlights articles discussing the impact of canal and rail construction, the impact of both World Wars, and the multifaceted role of Coastal Shipping in an industrialised Britain. It concludes that without coastal shipping, coal and foodstuffs would have been much more difficult to distribute around Britain and industrialisation and urbanisation would have struggled to progress as a result. It echoes the call of previous chapters for further research into the British coastal shipping, to better understand the sector and its importance to maritime Britain.
Americans in the Mediterranean in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: Concluding Remarks
Authors: Frangakis-Syrett Elena
Published: January 2019

This final chapter provides an overall conclusion to the findings of this volume. It reiterates that the combination of global economic growth and European military conflict opened up trade opportunities for neutral nations such as the United States and the Ottoman Empire. It uses the history of the British Levant Company to provide final insights into Mediterranean trade; the Tripolitanian War; the importance of the port of Livorno and American naval bases; and the necessity of American diplomats to facilitate and strengthen trade. It concludes by asserting that the political and economic circumstances surrounding Mediterranean trade permitted America to trade goods under their own flag and to re-enter Europe as an independent entity.
The Dutch Navy of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Bruijn Jaap R.
Published: January 2019

This book is a reprint of Jaap R. Bruijn’s 1993 book, The Dutch Navy, which offers an English-language overview of the history of the Dutch Navy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It is divided into three chronological periods: the ‘old’, ‘new’, and ‘second-rate’ navy. Rather than presenting a history of naval conflict, this volume approaches Dutch naval history from the following four angles: operations, administration, officer duties, and sailor duties. It consists of a series foreword, a new introduction detailing recent developments in naval historiography, the original introduction providing a history of Dutch maritime history from the middle ages to the beginning of the seventeenth century, a conclusion, and a bibliography and index. It explores the astounding amount of naval power belonging to such a sparsely populated nation, plus the rapid rates of success and decline. It confirms that the Dutch navy - with its logic, innovation, and missteps alike - provides an excellent case study of both the development of European bureaucracy and armed forces in the Early Modern period.
Some Official Listings of "Vessels Navigated by Steam" in Britain up to 1851: Evidence and Interpretation
Authors: Armstrong John , Williams David M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter collects early steamship figures on a national and port level in order to address the lack of early steamship statistics (highlighted in Chapter One) and to the establish rates of tonnage distribution and vessel turnover on the British shipping register. The gathered data illuminates a great deal of early steam navigation history, particularly findings from 1851 which demonstrate the peak and decline of paddle steamers and highlights the transition to superior technology, a process familiar to British industrialisation.
The Perception and Understanding of New Technology: A Failed Attempt to Establish Transatlantic Steamship Liner Services, 1824-1828
Authors: Armstrong John , Williams David M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter is a case study of the failure of the British and North American Steamship Company during the promotional boom in British steamship history. It explores the unsuccessful plans to create a stage-by-stage transatlantic crossing from Valentia to New York via Halifax. It analyses the choice of Valentia and the priority of conserving fuel. It also examines the decision to branch out further and attempt to reach Southern America. The actions, events, and reasons for failure are described at length over the course of the chapter, and the conclusion clarifies that though the company itself collapsed, Valentia would later prove to be a solid rail link and British landing point.
The Beginnings of a New Technology: The Constructors of Early Steamboats, 1812-1822
Authors: Armstrong John , Williams David M.
Published: January 2019

This final chapter considers the engineering and building work involved in the construction of early steamships, using a list of steamboats built between 1811 and 1822 that the authors discovered in British Parliamentary papers. It is divided into five sections. The first explores the source and the possible reasons it has been neglected by historians, and compares it to other contemporary sources to determine its validity. The second explores tonnage and horsepower figures to establish reflective trends. The third explores hull building and the skills and materials necessary, plus the location of their shipyards and the men who worked there. The fourth does the same for engine building, a separate activity requiring different skillsets and materials altogether. The authors highlight that this source is the first to demonstrate the division between hull and engine construction.The fifth section places the findings into context through an exploration of innovation dispersal. The conclusion applies the findings to a wider and long term context, suggesting that the tremendous rate of technological advance in steamships meant that high standards and specialisation became extremely valuable in a very short space of time.
The Pay and Conditions of Merchant Seamen
Authors: Davis Ralph
Published: January 2019

This chapter studies the conditions of crewmen during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries through the systems of payment and wages. It explores the methods by which wages were calculated - such as through shares of the ship’s earnings or payment in lump sum, often the case for shorter voyages. It finds that peace and wartime rates differed, and seeks to determine the reasons for the stability of peacetime wages. It then breaks down the crew roles and their payment rates, and compares the difference between master, mate, and carpenter wages. It give further attention to legislative regulation; advance payments; contributions to social security; and portage. The relationship between wages for slave trade cargoes also comes under consideration, due to disputes over crew requests to carry slaves freight free. Finally, it looks at the difficulties and dangers of the seafaring life, in order to determine why so many men took the risks involved in a career at sea.
Introduction: The Growth and Dissolution of a Large-scale Business Enterprise: The Furness Interest, 1892-1919
Authors: Boyce Gordon
Published: January 2019

Christopher Furness, the seventh son of John Furness and Averill, daughter of John Wilson of Naisbet Hall, Durham, was born at West Hartlepool on 23 April 1852. John Furness had been born in Myton-on-Swale, Yorkshire, about 1808 and moved to West Hartlepool to work on the rail lines being built into the town during the 1840s....
Furness
Authors: Boyce Gordon
Published: January 2019

This chapter assesses the entrepreneurship of Christopher Furness with regard to shaping both the internal organisation and external activity of the Furness Group. It provides a thorough account of his personal reputation and cultivated image, his creative talent within the business, his approaches to product development, cost-effective technologies, and sales deficiencies, and the way he generated productive opportunities in the external shipping environment. It considers how he structured and organised the Group and worked to ensure his successors would follow the same format. Finally, it identifies the way in which he attempted to modify environmental constraints to nullify the threat of external market uncertainty. Furness’ business and political writings are core sources for this study. It concludes that his style of entrepreneurship was liberal, laissez-faire, waste-resistant, reputation dependent, expansive, and, above all else, concerned with sustaining a business empire. His dynastic sensibilities led him to leave the business to his nephews rather than his son, whom he did not consider qualified to run the business.
The Reimagining of Place in English Modernism
Authors: Wiseman Sam
Published: January 2019

This book examines a renewed focus upon rural landscapes, culture and traditions among English interwar modernist writers, specifically D.H. Lawrence, John Cowper Powys, Mary Butts and Virginia Woolf. All of these figures have a profound sense of attachment to place, but an equally powerful desire to engage with the upheavals of interwar modernity and to participate in contemporary literary experimentation. This dialectic between tradition and change is analogous to a literal geographical shuttling between rural and metropolitan environments, and all four writers display imagery and literary techniques which reflect those experiences. The first chapter emphasises ambivalence in the work of Lawrence, and argues that this is inextricably bound up with his intimate, empathic understanding of place. Chapter Two argues that Powys has a similarly ambivalent relationship with modernity, but defuses this through a fantastical, nostalgic lens; he develops a sense of the landscape as layered, expressing a kind of temporal cosmopolitanism. Chapter Three notes a vexed relationship with modernity and place in the work of Butts; like Powys she attempts to resolve this through a re-enchantment of place, promoting a cosmopolitan reimagining of rural England. Finally, Chapter Four posits Woolf as a figure able to manage tensions between urban and rural, modern and traditional, reflected in the development of an ‘urban pastoral’ form. In all four writers there is evidence that modernism’s expansion of perspectives can be fruitfully extended to those of place and nonhuman animals; the central stress in the conclusion is on the need to incorporate such perspectives.
Strange Old Feelings Wake in the Soul: Ambivalent Landscapes in D.H. Lawrence
Authors: Wiseman Sam
Published: January 2019

This chapter argues that D.H. Lawrence’s relationship with place and nonhuman life is profoundly influenced by underlying tensions and contradictions in his worldview, in terms of his relationships with family, religion, gender and class. It begins by tracing such tensions in The White Peacock (1911), before examining the development of a multiple perspective, dialogue-heavy approach in Sons and Lovers (1913). In his later work, as his focus shifts to nonhuman life, other tensions emerge, between two related pairings: unity versus fragmentation, and the individual versus the communal. The strain of misanthropy that runs through Lawrence’s writing lends itself to the development of these themes. In some ways, texts like Women in Love (1920) reveal a desire to reject the possibilities of a cosmopolitan, multi-voiced openness and liminality that much of Lawrence’s work otherwise suggests. His distinctive socio-cultural position means that his work initiates and explores many of the central themes and issues raised by the relationships between English modernity, modernism and place; but its multiple contradictions and dualisms are never satisfactorily resolved or overcome.
The Pen of a Traveller, the Ink-Blood of Home: John Cowper Powys’ Imaginative Realism
Authors: Wiseman Sam
Published: January 2019

John Cowper Powys’ relationship with the landscapes of Dorset and Somerset is explored in the ‘Wessex novels’. Wolf Solent (1929), A Glastonbury Romance (1933), Weymouth Sands (1934) were written in the United States, and this chapter examines the specific influence of a peripatetic, cosmopolitan existence upon the development of Powys’ literary style. Despite his opposition to increasing urbanisation and mechanisation, Powys’ novels tend to ironise such concerns, recognising the potential epistemological benefits of modernity. He resists essentialist notions of identity and rootedness; despite an intensely nostalgic affection for Dorset and Somerset in his work, there is an ever-present recognition that our sense of place is always a dreamlike, imaginative creation rather than an authentic mode of belonging. Consequently Powys emphasises the values of movement, marginality, liminality and comedy: his novels are not tragic narratives of human struggles to belong, but jumbled, bathetic, and ‘atmospheric’ worlds that deliberately lack a strong sense of linear direction. They engage with perspectival developments of modernity, and thus represent a distinctively rural form of modernism. Ultimately, this represents a specific type of engagement with place that stems, in part, from Powys’ unique sense of nostalgia, contrast and distance (geographical, temporal and cultural).
In Two Worlds at Once: Animism, Borders and Liminality in Mary Butts
Authors: Wiseman Sam
Published: January 2019

Mary Butts’ examination of place derives its central vitality from a grounding in the landscapes of Dorset. Her attempts to re-enchant this world by drawing upon myth and mysticism often become ideologically problematic; her project is fundamentally ambivalent, combining a deep sense of attachment to her home region with a similarly strong desire to reinvent that area. Such reimaginings take complex forms: sometimes expressing a deracinated sensibility that reclaims rural England as a cosmopolitan zone in which marginalised socio-cultural groups can thrive; and emphasising the landscape’s animistic qualities. In such respects, the influence of modernity upon Butts’ distinctive vision of place is clear. In her later work, however, rather than blurring or transgressing boundaries, Butts draws upon her sense of living ‘in two worlds at once’ to create imaginary cultural, temporal and geographical realms that are beyond the influences and developments of her period, accessible only to initiates.
Dr Barnardo’s ‘Young Helpers’: Agency, Philanthropy and Juvenile Periodicals
Authors: Ash Susan
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines how Barnardo used narrative to create entrepreneurial roles for children as fundraisers. He wrote and published a plethora of stories for children in the periodicals he owned and edited for children, relying on Harriet Beecher Stowe’s qualification associated with Uncle Tom’s Cabin for proper narrative: that is, a reliance on ‘real’ events in order to motivate readers’ sympathies and provoke widespread commitment to eradicate the world’s evils. The chapter examines the generic aspects of children’s periodicals to show how Barnardo used existing modes of periodical publication to generate forms of agency for children, specifically relying on notions of embodied sacrifice. The chapter demonstrates how Barnardo’s publications for children ask readers to identify with other children as ‘like-to-like’ subjects, as both supporters and recipients. The discussion reveals Barnardo’s shift to motivate children through emotions linked with family, recognizing their work as of national and civic obligation as Christian duty. Thus, the chapter demonstrates Barnardo’s shift from evangelical conversion to the development of the healthy, productive citizen that would reverberate throughout the British Empire.
Barnardo’s Bazaars: Desire and Restraint, Consumption and Self-Denial
Authors: Ash Susan
Published: January 2019

Chapter Five considers spectacle in Barnardo’s artfully constructed encounters with objects in his charity bazaars, analysing the notion of the Victorian consumer as a desiring agent in the context of evangelical charity bazaars, optimizing profit by inflecting the sale of ‘fancy goods’ with moral usefulness. The result is a strange nexus of excess and frugality, both affirming and denigrating consumerist desire. The discussion culminates with a look at Barnardo’s concomitant ‘Self-Denial Weeks’ instituted in 1894. The discussion examines the pull between moral restraint and unlicensed desire as Barnardo’s calendar of promotional and fundraising events enflamed in his supporters the desire to spend and consume, countermanded with the moral obligation to self-regulate desire. These events exemplify his ‘snowball’ mechanism for raising funds, a mode that had the capacity to reverberate almost virally around the globe.
Tourists
Authors: Hitchcott Nicki
Published: January 2019

Chapter two examines the concept of tourists and insiders versus outsiders in relation to the Rwanda genocide, and how these themes create anxiety in the works of fiction being analysed. In the first instance, Hitchcott analyses the writing group behind the ‘Rwanda: écrire par devoir de mémoire’ initiative. Hitchcott highlights these authors’ ambivalent positions in regards to the genocide, their position as ‘tourists’ when writing about it and the authorial and ethical anxieties that arise when writing genocide fiction. Hitchcott then proceeds with analysis of the morally ambiguous tourism industry in Rwanda centred on the genocide, culminating in the question: where does commemoration end and exploitation begin?
Victims
Authors: Hitchcott Nicki
Published: January 2019

Chapter five focuses on the commemoration of the genocide victims and how commemorative artworks, including the narratives written by the ‘Rwanda: Ecrire par devoir de mémoire’ writing group, function as memorials to the deceased. Hitchcott also analyses how the selected body of Rwandan genocide fiction serves as a way to remember each victim as an individual, as opposed to one of one million estimated to have been killed. Hitchcott also examines the efforts in Rwanda today to restore dignity and humanity to the victims in juxtaposition to the commodification of their death as a result of the growing tourism industry. By reading, and therefore participating in the narratives, Hitchcott implies that the remembrance of the genocide should be considered as a shared human experience as opposed to a uniquely ‘African’ phenomenon.
Editorial craft and literary resistance
Authors: Bush Ruth
Published: January 2019

‘Editorial craft and literary resistance’ discusses the mediation of style and content of sub-Saharan African novels in the post-independence period through two examples: Cheikh Hamidou Kane’s L’Aventure ambiguë (1961) and Malick Fall’s much less studied La Plaie (1967).
Translating Africa in the French republic of letters
Authors: Bush Ruth
Published: January 2019

‘Translating Africa in the French republic of letters’ is the concluding chapter in the ‘Mediations’ section of the text as well as the book itself, and focuses on the role of translation as a further worldly aspect of literary mediation in the period of decolonization. The chapter suggests that translation depends not only on the relative position of languages, but on material conditions, shaped by the prestige of the translated author and, at times, the translator, and delineates writers’ and translators’ often strained relationships to notions of literary value during the decades of decolonization. By situating three translations in relation to the context of their publication and early reception, Bush considers the ways in which normative ideas of French as a literary language, bound up with the political transitions of this period, informed and accommodated translations of Anglophone African literature.
Competing Visions of Minority Authorship
Authors: Kleppinger Kathryn A.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines two opposing viewpoints regarding minority authorship in France in the mid-1980s in the context of the aftermath of the Marche des Beurs period. In his interviews for his quasi-autobiographical novels Le gone du Chaâba (1986) and Béni ou le paradis privé (1988) Azouz Begag strongly promoted his special expertise as a representative of the beur population. He readily volunteered to educated his interviewers and viewers about life in France’s North African immigrant communities and rarely discussed his books in detail. Farida Belghoul, on the other hand, argued forcefully for an exclusively artistic reading of her novel Georgette! (1986). She attacked journalists who imposed an ethnic frame on her work and criticized other authors of North African descent of writing too simplistically. In the end Belghoul’s commentary did not attract television journalists and she only appeared on a few highly specialized radio shows. Begag’s arguments therefore reached a much wider audience and played a stronger role in contributing to how novels by authors from the beur population were read in the mid- to late-1980s.
Eyewitness Narrativesand the Creation of the Beurette
Authors: Kleppinger Kathryn A.
Published: January 2019

Through the context of the rise of fears of Islamism after several high-profile terrorist attacks in France, this chapter considers the impact of discourses of violence against women in the North African community. After a brief history of the ‘veil affairs’ in France (1989-2003), the chapter focuses on two authors who received significant attention in the audio-visual media: Soraya Nini for her 1993 novel Ils disent que je suis une beurette and Samira Bellil for her 2002 memoir Dans l’enfer des tournantes. These texts, although different in literary genre and scope and published nearly a decade apart, were discussed in parallel terms: as voices of emancipated young women who support French institutions and call for more involvement and protection from state authorities against supposedly violent and barbaric young men. Through these conversations a new iteration of ‘beur literature’ was born, that of the ‘beurette’ (young woman) struggling to declare her independence and freedom from oppressive familial customs.
Revising the Beurette Label
Authors: Kleppinger Kathryn A.
Published: January 2019

Focusing on Faïza Guène’s promotion of her four novels (Kiffe kiffe demain (2004), Du rêve pour les oufs (2006), Les gens du Balto (2008), and Un homme ça ne pleure pas (2014)), this chapter explores Guène’s theorization of literary universalism and how French journalists fall short of reading her novels in ways she believes they should. With her first novel she directly attacked interviewers who asked her social and political questions, telling them that she has nothing to say about the veil, for example, and that she finds their focus on such matters frustrating. For her second novel she became more abstract in her answers, explaining to journalists why such questioning made her uncomfortable. She then used her third novel to move away from ‘beur’ thematics but still struggled with reviewers who judged her based on her previous focus on immigrant characters. Her fourth novel moves even further from the frames repeatedly employed in readings of her work by focusing on a male protagonist and his family. Guène has, with this work, received a more socially neutral reception and has used the space accorded to her to discuss her attention to artistry and the creation of a unique voice.
Transmitting the Voices of Maghrebi Women through Feature Films
Authors: Kealhofer-Kemp Leslie
Published: January 2019

This chapter analyzes how the experiences of Maghrebi migrant women in France are conveyed through feature films and considers the extent to which these films encourage spectators to come to a better understanding of the women’s experiences and appreciate their respective points of view. It analyzes a wide range of techniques used in the films, from those that could be considered the most ‘verbal’ in the traditional sense of the word (such as interior monologue voiceover and verbal exchanges) to those that are entirely non-verbal (including body language and non-verbal sounds). While the spoken words of first-generation women have the potential to provide significant insight into the women’s experiences, this is not always the case, nor do a woman’s words necessarily invite spectators to identify with her point of view. Words also have the potential to be misunderstood or not understood at all – for example, when there is a language barrier – and this can inhibit communication. Non-verbal tools can provide an effective channel through which the women’s voices can be communicated, regardless of differences in age, language, or culture between the characters and the implied spectators. Works examined include films by Yamina Benguigui, Mehdi Charef, and Bourlem Guerdjou.
Sustaining Dominant Narratives
Authors: Lambright Anne
Published: January 2019

Chapter One examines post-2003 novels by celebrated authors Alonso Cueto, Santiago Roncagliolo, and Ivan Thays. These texts present a lens through which to read the CVR’s Final Report, by teasing out and focusing on its central themes and revealing how a certain sector, namely upper-middle-class, limeño, male intellectuals, process the civil war and its consequences. The novels elucidate postconflict efforts to redefine concepts of sovereignty and citizenship, while reifying dominant understandings of class, race, and ethnicity within national discourse. Even as they construct stories set in the post-war period, with protagonists who must intimately struggle with the vestiges of violence, these novels further a sustained project of symbolic violence that began with the Conquest and that engendered and sustained the war itself.
The Crimean War and Irish Society
Authors: Huddie Paul
Published: January 2019

The book is essentially a ‘home front’ study of Ireland during the Crimean War, or more specifically Irish society’s responses to that conflict. It complements the existing research on Irish servicemen’s experiences during and after the campaign, and also substantially develops the limited work already undertaken on Irish society and the conflict. It primarily encompasses the years of the conflict, from its origins in the 1853 dispute between Russia and the Ottoman Empire over the Holy Places, through the French and British political and later military interventions in 1854-5, to the victory, peace and homecoming celebrations in 1856. Additionally, it extends into the preceding and succeeding decades in order to contextualise the events and actors of the wartime years and to present and analyse the commemoration and memorialisation processes. The approach of the study is systematic with the content being correlated under six convenient and coherent themes, which are analysed through a chronological process. The book covers all of the major aspects of society and life in Ireland during the period, so as to give the most complete analysis of the various impacts of and people’s responses to the war. This study is also conducted, within the broader contexts not only of the responses of the United Kingdom and broader British Empire but also Ireland’s relationship with those political entities, and within Ireland’s post-Famine or mid-Victorian and even wider nineteenth-century history.
Introduction
Authors: Huddie Paul
Published: January 2019

The year 2014 marked the 160th anniversary of the beginning of the Crimean War, 1854–6. It was during that anniversary year that the names of Crimea, Sevastopol, Simferopol and the Black Sea re-entered the lexicon of Ireland, and so did the terms ‘Russian aggression’, ‘territorial violation’ and ‘weak neighbour’. Coincidentally, those same places and terms, and the sheer extent to which they perpetuated within Irish and even world media as well as popular parlance, had not been seen nor heard since 1854. It was in that year that the British and French Empires committed themselves to war in the wider Black Sea region and beyond against the Russian Empire. The latter had demonstrated clear aggression, initially diplomatic and later military, against its perceived-to-be-weak neighbour and long-term adversary in the region, the Ottoman Empire, or Turkey. As part of that aggression Russia invaded the latter’s vassal principalities in the north-western Balkans, namely Wallachia and Moldavia (part of modern-day Romania), collectively known as the Danubian Principalities. Russia had previously taken Crimea from the Ottomans in 1783....
National and nationalist politics
Authors: Huddie Paul
Published: January 2019

This chapter will show that the Crimean War was perhaps the most positive chapter in Ireland’s nineteenth century history of governance, agitation and conspiracy and society’s relationship with the executive. It will do this by illustrating that between the Famine and the rise of the IRB Irish people demonstrated an aversion for political upheavals, and that this was especially manifest during the Russian campaign. This will be shown to have stemmed from several factors, including a lack of external support and internal organisation, which ensured that there could be no nationalist response comparable to the Great War in the case of those involved in the Easter Rising. It will also be shown that, due to the rampant anti-British rhetoric and apparent active preparations of Irish-Americans to invade Ireland, precautions were taken the British government in Ireland – Dublin Castle. A specific policy was pursued in order to ensure that nothing disturbed what was deemed by the Irish authorities to be a prosperous, loyal and peaceful country. Finally, it will be shown that those positive attributes were also eagerly fostered and encouraged by the lord lieutenant of Ireland, through speeches, visits to invalided Irish soldiers and orchestration of a national banquet.
Ireland’s popular response
Authors: Huddie Paul
Published: January 2019

This chapter will show that between 1854 and 1856 the Crimean War formed a central part of life for a broad cross-section of Irish people, regardless of class or creed, and even Irish culture. It will be argued that these responses of Irish society to the conflict were a mix of martial and often imperial enthusiasm coupled with substantial local interest. These exemplify the ambiguity of Ireland’s relationship with the union and the empire, but they also demonstrate the complex historical ambiguities of identity-formation on the island. This it will do by showing how Irish people demonstrated an insatiable public appetite for information relating to the war and a desire to engage with it physically; through newspapers, ballads, exhibitions, monuments but also the movements of troops and public celebrations. It will also be shown that the war also stands as a notable period for a variety of traditions, trends and practices during the wider nineteenth century and beyond.
Positivism, Science and 'The Scientists' in Porfirian Mexico
Authors: Priego Natalia
Published: January 2019

This book is intended for not only students and academics who undertake research on the history of Mexico during the half-century prior to the onset in 1910 of the Mexican Revolution, but also the parallel community of specialists on the history of ideas, philosophy and science throughout Latin America in this period. Its principal focus is to revisit the influential thesis of the Mexican philosopher Leopoldo Zea that the ideological group dubbed ‘the scientists’ by their opponents were guided by Positivism, particularly as interpreted by Herbert Spencer. It begins by reviewing previous research upon the formation and differentiation of ‘the scientists’, and the black legend which assumes that they legitimised the long dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz. Having established what Spencer himself believed and wrote, it analyses the prolific writings of two of the leading ‘scientists’, Francisco Bulnes and Justo Sierra. It explains the eclectic nature of their discourses, derived from the works of not only Spencer but also Charles Darwin, Auguste Comte and other European writers, which reached Mexico in a fragmented fashion. It concludes that, far from forming a homogeneous elite clearly committed to to a conservative insistence, derived from Spencerian Positivism, on political stability and modernisation, ‘the scientists’ had an ambivalent relationship with Díaz.
Introduction
Authors: Priego Natalia
Published: January 2019

Here the author explains what led her to question the highly influential historiographical acceptance in Mexico of Zea’s thesis, articulated in his 1968 book on Positivism, that ‘the scientists’ were Spencerians, who provided unquestioning political and ideological support for the long dictatorship of Díaz. It explains the role of Gabino Barreda in diffusing Comtean ideas in Mexico, in the National Preparatory School, founded in 1868. It then examines Zea’s intellectual formation, in particular the influence upon him of the Spanish scholars José Ortega y Gasset and José Gaos. It goes on to survey recent scholarship in Mexico and beyond on ‘the scientists’. Having explained the need to analyse the original writings of Spencer in order to test Zea’s thesis, it introduces the theme of the links and differences between the theories of Spencer and Darwin on evolution.
Spencerian evolution
Authors: Priego Natalia
Published: January 2019

Using primary sources - both published and archival - this chapter looks at the varied, often contradictory, attitudes of Bulnes and Sierra towards in particular social and racial issues considered to be of great importance in the modernisation of Mexico during the Porfiriato. Although they and other members of ‘the scientists’ (an ironic term devised by their political enemies because of their insistence that they had mastered science) circle attempted to use Spencerianism for the construction of their proposals relating to education, health, and race, they were hampered, it is shown, by Spencer’s increasingly rigitive attitudes in his later works towards landed property, and his insistence upon the need to reduce the role of government in organising society. Both Bulnes and Sierra regarded Mexico’s large Indian population as a barrier to progress, although the latter was less racist than Bulnes, supporting the idea of educating them in order to permit their assimilation into civilised society, whereas Bulnes regarded their ignorance and stupidity as beyond redemption. The chapter concludes that other thinkers, such as the Swiss-born biologist and naturalist naturalist Louis Agassiz, were also very influential in shaping the ideas of Meixican intellectuals during the Porfiriato.
Introduction
Authors: Looseley David
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the question of Piaf’s meanings 100 years after her birth. It discusses the problematic nature of Piaf’s biography and opts for an alternative mode of analysis defined as cultural history, examining the singer as cultural phenomenon. It briefly surveys the existing literature on Piaf in order to clarify what distinguishes the approach adopted in the book. This approach is characterised as a critical analysis of the Piaf legend and of issues of cultural memory, Frenchness, and the transnational circulation of Piaf’s meanings. It also includes a consideration of the author’s own ethnographic distance.
Losing Piaf
Authors: Looseley David
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the meanings of Piaf’s death in 1963. By the early 1960s, France’s experience of decolonisation, migrations, consumerism and the baby boom was marking the end of a certain conception of chanson which Piaf had embodied for 25 years. Her death avoided the question of whether her particular version of chanson would have survived the arrival of rock and pop on the one hand and the rise of the ‘poetic’ singer-songwriter on the other. Her health problems, which included addiction, were affecting the quality of her voice and performance. Her booking at the Olympia in 1960-61 was heralded as her come-back and this impression was boosted by her introducing her supposedly autobiographical song ‘Non je ne regrette rien’, which became her swan song.
Performing Piaf
Authors: Looseley David
Published: January 2019

Piaf’s posthumous meanings and uses today derive more from her life than her work. Examining a range of sources, including fan mail, the chapter identifies a number of meanings in circulation. It argues that the intertextual Piaf —the product of new narratives of existing narratives—has drifted ever further from the reality of her life and work, a process that has steadily turned her into an all-purpose metaphor: of a popular Paris vanishing beneath urbanisation, of gender and sexuality, and more generally of the universal human condition: love, joy, suffering, decline and death. The notion of cultural memory is useful for understanding this process and is embodied in the various performances of the Piaf story, from Pam Gems’s play Piaf to Olivier Dahan’s film La Môme (La Vie en rose).
Before the Revolution: Bastion of Excellence
Authors: Ashley Mike
Published: January 2019

Considers the sf magazine position in the USA and UK in 1980 and the distinction of the major magazines, notably the role of F&SF, which encouraged less conventional writers such as Harvey Jacobs, Thomas M. Disch, Avram Davidson, R. A. Lafferty, Joanna Russ and Lucius Shepard. In so doing it set the scene to encourage a more radical change in sf.
The First Interlude: The Dark Corners
Authors: Ashley Mike
Published: January 2019

Explores the reemergence of the horror fiction magazine following the success of writers like Stephen King and Dean Koontz, but now the emphasis was as much on the horrors of scientific development as they were the supernatural. As a consequence many of these magazines, notably TWILIGHT ZONE, NIGHT CRAY and THE HORROR SHOW were arguably as much sf magazines as horror. In the wake of cyberpunk the more extreme magazines created splatterpunk.
The Second Revolution: The British Hard-SF Renaissance
Authors: Ashley Mike
Published: January 2019

Parallel to the emergence of cyberpunk in the USA there was a determined change in sf in the United Kingdom thanks primarily to David Pringle, editor of INTERZONE. This had started as a more literary sf magazine influenced by the New Wave of the 1960s but Pringle called for more hard-edged, radical technical science fiction and this saw the emergence of a new generation of writers including Stephen Baxter, Alastair Reynolds, Greg Egan, Geoff Ryman and Eric Brown. The success of INTERZONE saw a revival in sf magazines in Britain ranging from the extremist BACK BROWN RECLUSE to the more traditional DREAM.
Hard Reading
Authors: Shippey Tom
Published: January 2019

This book makes an argument for the intellectual ambition and intellectual achievement of science fiction, a genre consistently undervalued by professional literary critics. It is pointed out repeatedly how much the genre owes to developments in anthropology, history, and other “soft sciences”; how the authority of the hard sciences is both asserted and challenged; and how the authority of ancient myths and modern values are likewise interrogated, with widely variant results. Science fiction, it is argued, has been a collective “thinking machine” for authors and readers alike, often (and especially in its early years) people without academic experience or intellectual support. It has been (but increasingly less so) a genre for autodidacts. Reading and writing it is nevertheless an education in itself, as the author shows with repeated personal prefaces both to the book as a whole and to each chapter. Science fiction, finally, has its own rhetoric, seen in neologisms, paratextual devices, anachronisms, breaches of stylistic decorum, and the manipulation of degraded information, techniques little understood by and often incomprehensible to critics used only to the conventions of mainstream literature. All these features contribute to the description of science fiction as hard reading, but correspondingly rewarding reading. They have made science fiction the most characteristic literary genre of the twentieth and now the twenty-first centuries.