bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AT 2019abn: multi-wavelength observations over the first 200 days
Authors: Williams S. C. , Jones D. , Pessev P. , Geier S. , Corradi R. L. M. , Hook I. M. , Darnley M. J. , Pejcha O. , Núñez A. , Meingast S. , Moran S.
Published: March 2020

Context. AT 2019abn was discovered in the nearby M51 galaxy by the Zwicky Transient Facility at more than two magnitudes and around three weeks prior to its optical peak.

Aims. We aim to conduct a detailed photometric and spectroscopic follow-up campaign for AT 2019abn, with early discovery allowing for significant pre-maximum observations of an intermediate luminosity red transient (ILRT) for the first time.

Methods. This work is based on the analysis of u′BVr′i′z′H photometry and low-resolution spectroscopy using the Liverpool Telescope, medium-resolution spectroscopy with the Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC), and near-infrared imaging with the GTC and the Nordic Optical Telescope.

Results. We present the most detailed optical light curve of an ILRT to date, with multi-band photometry starting around three weeks before peak brightness. The transient peaked at an observed absolute magnitude of Mr′ = −13.1, although it is subject to significant reddening from dust in M51, implying an intrinsic Mr′ ∼ −15.2. The initial light curve showed a linear, achromatic rise in magnitude before becoming bluer at peak. After peak brightness, the transient gradually cooled. This is reflected in our spectra, which at later times show absorption from such species as Fe I, Ni I and Li I. A spectrum taken around peak brightness shows narrow, low-velocity absorption lines, which we interpret as likely to originate from pre-existing circumstellar material.

Conclusions. We conclude that while there are some peculiarities, such as the radius evolution, AT 2019abn fits in well overall with the ILRT class of objects and is the most luminous member of the class seen to date.
INSIDER WP5 (in situ measurements): developed activities, main results and conclusions
Authors: Herranz Margarita , Idoeta Raquel , Amgarou Khalil , Aspe Frédéric , Csöme Csilla , Boden Sven , Crozet Marielle
Published: March 2020

Within the INSIDER project, the WP5 (in situ measurements) has been tasked with analysing the existing systems and methodologies for carrying out these types of measurements in constrained environments, aiming to classify and categorise these environments. An additional task is to organise the participation in in situ intercomparison exercises in real situations, defining the most suitable equipment to carry these out. This paper presents the activities of the WP5 and a summary of the main results obtained in these activities after the first two years of work.
A review of chamfer technology in continuous casting process
Authors: Zong Nanfu , Liu Yang , Ma Sida , Sun Weizhao , Jing Tao , Zhang Hui
Published: March 2020

Chamfer technology, with funnel-shaped curved surface on the narrow side of the mold, is a novel technology that can effectively improve the quality of continuously cast products. This study reviews the available literature on the theoretical and applied research in chamfer technology to provide an in depth analysis of the employed approaches and the obtained results. According to theoretical research results, combined with the working conditions of slab caster, patented technologies and related equipment were developed. The research has broken the technology bottlenecks of the industrial application, while ensuring a long-life operation of the chamfer mold. In recent years, chamfer technology, which is used in slab casting processes, can prevent transverse corner cracks to form at the slab surface of micro-alloyed steel completely. Chamfer technology, which is used in thin slab casting processes, can reduce the occurrence of longitudinal surface crack of the slabs and straight edge seam defects of the rolled strip. In addition, chamfer technology, which is used in a continuous casting bloom, can reduce the risk of internal cracks and avoid the off-corner cracks occurring in as-cast bloom.
Mate in der Onkologie
Authors: Stoll Günther
Published: March 2020

In Zeiten weltweiter Vernetzung geraten traditionelle Genussmittel in den Fokus allgemeiner Aufmerksamkeit, die einerseits in indigenen Kulturen seit vielen Jahrhunderten konsumiert werden, andererseits aber auch – teils aufgrund ihrer Inhaltsstoffe, teils durch ihre ritualisierte Einnahme – mit therapeutischen Wirkungen belegt sind. Dazu gehört auch Mate (Ilex paraguariensis), der in Südamerika in großem Ausmaß angepflanzt und v. a. in Form eines speziell bereiteten Aufgusses getrunken wird. Im Beitrag wird die Pflanze, ihre kulturelle Verankerung und die Herstellung und der Konsum des Mate-„Tees“ geschildert. Anhand des Inhaltsstoffspektrums und der vorliegenden präklinischen und klinischen Daten wird die Sinnhaftigkeit der Einbindung von Mate in ein integrativmedizinisches onkologisches Therapieregime diskutiert.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics of Primary
Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Simonds William F.
Published: March 2020

Calcium homeostasis is maintained by the actions of the parathyroid glands, which
release parathyroid hormone into the systemic circulation as necessary to
maintain the serum calcium concentration within a tight physiologic range.
Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone from one or more neoplastic
parathyroid glands, however, causes the metabolic disease primary
hyperparathyroidism (HPT) typically associated with hypercalcemia. Although the
majority of cases of HPT are sporadic, it can present in the context of a
familial syndrome. Mutations in the tumor suppressor genes discovered by the
study of such families are now recognized to be pathogenic for many sporadic
parathyroid tumors. Inherited and somatic mutations of proto-oncogenes causing
parathyroid neoplasia are also known. Future investigation of somatic changes in
parathyroid tumor DNA and the study of kindreds with HPT yet lacking germline
mutation in the set of genes known to predispose to HPT represent two avenues
likely to unmask additional novel genes relevant to parathyroid neoplasia.
Functionalised Nitrogen Heterocycles and the Search for New Antibacterials and Bioactives
Authors: Moloney Mark G. , Khan Muhammad Kamran , Wang Dandan
Published: March 2020

The importance of, and synthetic routes to, pyrrolidines and piperidines, along with their relevance to natural product synthesis and antibacterial drug discovery, are surveyed in the context of an extended programme of investigation from our own laboratories.

1 Introduction

2 Pyroglutamates

2.1 Synthesised by Modification of an Existing Ring

2.2 Synthesised by Construction of a New Ring

3 Tetramates

4 Metal Chelation

5 Biological Activity

6 Conclusion
Complicated Gestational Diabetes: A Challenge!
Authors: Gokalani Rutul , Amin Vandana , Saboo Banshi , Saiyed M.
Published: March 2020

Gestational diabetes is a condition caused by insulin resistance and multiple metabolic abnormalities; the prevalence of gestatinal diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been rising and has almost become parallel to obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, the mechanism and treatment points are still debatable. Hyperglycemia in pregnancy (HIP) is social instability as woman infertility is associated with it. If timely screened and achieved targeted glycemic control, it gives the desired outcome of pregnancy especially in pregestational diabetes. Support of family and thorough understanding of the disease is crucial in such situations as it requires multidisciplinary management, for example, structured self monitoring blood glucose (SMBG), diet and nutrition, multiple daily insulin injections with dose adjustment, avoiding hypoglycemia, and mental stability.

Hyperglycemia in pregnancy (HIP) as a whole (pregestational and gestational diabetes) is one of the leading causes of woman infertility, miscarriages, abortions, fetal complications and anomalies3 Diabetes in pregnancy is challenging task for health care professionals, as the opinion on diagnosis differ and the treatment options are limited. Main stream of treatment roam around insulin with lifestyle modification and metformin4
5 (a dilemma for the doctors). It requires more attention and discipline than usual, as it involves two lives and more emotions attached to it.

Apart from health, women have to face social instability (e.g., lack of family support, family conflict, violence, and blaming a woman), once detected with GDM, making them feel isolated and unlucky for the family. This poor attitude leads to worsening mental health in the females who are already exposed to anxiety and depression. In addition, gestational diabetes is an economic burned to the common earning man, as the overall cost of the disease is high. In this case, in spite of investing a huge amount of money, the woman has to undergo multiple traumas. Therefore, management of such cases is crucial.

One such case is of a 34-year-old woman detected with typical symptoms of type II diabetes since 6.5 years. She was on oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) for a long time. Her grandfather and father had a history of type II diabetes. At the time of diagnosis, her HbA1c was 10.8% without ketosis.

She belongs to Chanasma, a rural area in Mehsana district in North Gujarat. She is well educated and working as an officer (Patwari) in the government sector. After tying a knot at the age of 23 years, she had history of multiple abortions (7 reported) culprit being hyperglycemia. In year 2017, on her 7th gestational week she was referred to Arogyam Health Care—Diabetes Clinic.
Diabetes-Care Quality among Veterans in Southwest Indiana, United States
Authors: Kaur Harsimran , Sood Aayushi , Sandhu Devkarn , Bhatia Vishal
Published: March 2020

Objective Diabetes is more prevalent among U.S. veterans than the general population. The study is among the U.S. veterans in Southwest Indiana with diabetes mellitus type 2 to understand their demographics, comorbidities, and complications that could help guide strategies to address the prevalence of diabetes among U.S. veterans in the area. Previous diagnosis and referral to the specialty clinics approaches are needed to lower the prevalence of diabetes among U.S. veterans and preventing diabetes-related complications to improve their health status.

Method We constructed a retrospective study of veterans in the Southwest area with medically treated diabetes type 2, who received Veterans Health Administration primary care and were referred to our specialty clinic. We categorized based on demographics, comorbidities, initial HbA1c percentage, and complications, and created multivariable models.

Results In our study of 80 U.S. veterans with diabetes, 90% had comorbidities already when they presented to our clinic. Diabetes was more prevalent in patients older than 60 years. Around 60% of patients presented with complications such as neuropathy, coronary arterial disease, and heart problems. We calculated the HbA1c when the patients came, and around 42% had hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) over 10%. Patients with exposure to Agent Orange during the Vietnam War had HbA1c over 9%.

Conclusion U.S. veterans with diabetes type 2 referred to the specialty clinic have high HbA1c and more complications on their first visit. Therefore, veterans need to be referred early to the specialty clinics during the course to improve their health status. Mission’s Act 2019 empowers veterans with increased access to community care.
Diabetes and Insurance
Authors: Ghosh Sujoy , Mukhopadhyay Pradip , Bajaj Sarita
Published: March 2020

India has healthcare expenditure of more than 5 billion dollars on diabetes-related healthcare management. Globally, approximately 12% of health expenditure is spent on diabetes and related comorbidities. Hospitalization includes hospital and laboratory expenses and cost of medications as the direct cost. India is among the countries, where if the insured dies during the time period specified in the insurance policy and the policy is active, or in force, then a death benefit will be paid. Studies in India reported that medical reimbursement is availed by 21.3% in the high-income group and only 6.4% of the urban low-income group. An average cost of management of diabetic complications like diabetic foot, retinopathy, and patients with two complications was almost close to the average cost of claimed amount. Patients may be advised to take insurance for diabetes when there is any indication of future disease and risk factors contributing to diabetes like a strong family history, obesity, hypertension, and other vascular diseases. Diabetes Safe from Star Health and Varistha Mediclaim from National Insurance were among the first insurance policies to be launched in India.
Ketogenic Diet as Medical Nutrition Therapy
Authors: Krishnan Dharini , Mehndiratta Chetan , Agrawal Tanmay
Published: March 2020

Medical nutrition therapy is a therapeutic approach to treat medical conditions and their associated symptoms via using a specifically tailored diet devised under the supervision of a doctor and a registered dietitian or nutrition professional. Ketogenic diet primarily consists of the high amount of fats, a moderate amount of proteins, and very low carbohydrates. It is known to stimulate the metabolic effects of starvation by forcing the body to use primarily fat as a fuel source. Ketogenic diet was developed in the 1920s. Nowadays, it is gaining considerable attention as a potential weight-loss strategy because of the low-carb diet. However, it is being considered for use in several diseases/disorders also because of the beneficial effects on the metabolic health and nervous system. This review revisits the therapeutic potential of ketogenic diets in many pathological conditions and its role as a medical nutrition therapy. It also talks about the ill effects that the keto diet can have in case of self-usage and monitoring.
Patients’ Experiences of Barriers and Facilitators for Adherence to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Ethnography
Authors: Sridharan Subha Gomathy , Chittem Mahati , Maya Sravannthi
Published: March 2020

Objectives The main purpose of this article is to synthesize qualitative research exploring experiences of the factors that facilitated and hindered adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods Twenty-six qualitative studies were purposefully included in the final sample. The Critical Appraisal Skills Program criteria for quality assessment of the studies was conducted. A meta-ethnographic approach proposed by Noblit and Hare (1988) was employed to analyze the studies. Using the “reciprocal translation” process, the authors searched for and consolidated the common themes.

Results Three major themes were observed: (1) psychological determinants comprising illness beliefs, locus of control, and being forgetful; (2) sociocultural determinants of family and community, culture, and financial aspects; and (3) patients’ relationship with their physicians.

Discussion The meta-ethnography underlines the importance of cultural nuances in the subjective experiences of the barriers and enablers of diabetes adherence. The findings support the need to include qualitative research methods to develop and evaluate interventions to improve T2DM adherence in patients. Clinical implications of this meta-ethnography include engaging in psychoeducation sessions for patients and caregivers, helping set reminders for patients, introducing communication skills training for healthcare providers, and including female caregivers/patients actively in diabetes care.
Increased Sympathetic Cardiac Autonomic Modulation after Two Consecutive Tilt Tests in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Ribeiro Victor Barbosa , Kogure Gislaine Satyko , Silva Rafael Costa , Souza Hugo Celso Dutra , Ferriani Rui Alberto , Reis Rosana Maria dos
Published: March 2020

Objective The present study aimed to analyze cardiac autonomic modulation via spectral and symbolic analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who were subjected to two consecutive tilt tests.

Methods A total of 64 women were selected and divided into 2 groups: control (without PCOS), and PCOS. Concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, estradiol, homocysteine, sex hormone-binding globulin, thyroid stimulating hormone, fasting insulin, testosterone, androstenedione, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels, triglycerides, free androgen index (FAI), and homeostasis assessment model (HOMA-IR) were assessed. Cardiac autonomic modulation was evaluated by spectral and symbolic analyses during two consecutive tilt tests (two moments) and supine moments before, between and after (three moments) the tilt tests.

Results Women with PCOS had higher fasting insulin, HOMA-IR indexes, testosterone and FAI. Additionally, we observed that the PCOS group had greater sympathetic autonomic cardiac modulation in supine 2, tilt 1, and supine 3 moments compared with controls.

Conclusion Women with PCOS had higher autonomic sympathetic cardiac modulation even after a second tilt test. No adaptation to this provocative test was observed. Spectral analysis was more sensitive for identifying differences between groups than the symbolic analysis.
Canal Flare Index in the Canine Femur Is Influenced by the Measurement Method
Authors: Sevil-Kilimci Figen , Kara Mehmet E.
Published: March 2020

Objectives We evaluated whether differences exist among the canal flare index (CFI) values obtained by different calculation methods in the veterinary literature.

Study Design The endosteal widths were measured from radiographic images of canine cadaveric femora. Three different formulae were used to calculate the CFI. The CFILT-M was the ratio of endosteal width at the medial aspect of the lesser trochanter (LT) to the midshaft (M), while the CFILT-I was the ratio of LT to the isthmus (I). The CFIPLT-I was the ratio of endosteal width at the proximal aspect of the lesser trochanter (PLT) and the I. The widths at each level and the CFI calculation methods were compared. Using Rashmir–Raven's method, the femora were typed as stovepipe, normal and champagne fluted. The limits of agreement were also evaluated.

Results The endosteal width at the proximal aspect of the lesser trochanter was 12% wider than at the medial aspect and 8% wider at the midshaft than at the isthmus. The CFILT-M was less than CFILT-I and CFIPLT-I by 9 and 20%, respectively. By Rashmir–Raven's classification, the CFILT-M method provided 18% stovepipe, 79% normal and 3% champagne fluted femora. The CFILT-I method showed the stovepipe, the normal and the champagne fluted as 6, 82 and 12%, respectively. The CFIPLT-I method classified the femora either normal (55%) or champagne fluted (45%). The comparison of CFILT-M with the other methods using Bland–Altman analysis showed lower mean difference for the CFILT-I than the CFIPLT-I.

Conclusion The level of width measurements at proximal femora might have an impact on the CFI values, likewise, preoperative planning procedures and the selection of a stem type in total hip arthroplasty.
Regioselective Synthesis of Isomeric 3-[1-Substituted Pyrazol-3(5)-yl]indoles from β-Ethylthio-β-indolyl-α,β-unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Mei Zemin , Yu Haifeng , Liao Peiqiu
Published: March 2020

An efficient and highly regioselective synthesis of isomeric 3-[1-substituted pyrazol-3(5)-yl]indoles has been developed by the acid-mediated regioselective cyclocondensation reaction of β-ethyltho-β-indolyl-α,β-unsaturated ketones and monosubstituted hydrazines. In the presence of 1 equivalent of AcOH in refluxing EtOH, the cyclocondensation reaction of β-ethyltho-β- indolyl-α,β-unsaturated ketones with monosubstituted hydrazines yielded 3-(1-substituted pyrazol-5-yl)indoles in excellent yields, while 3-(1-substituted pyrazol-3-yl)indoles were obtained in good yields when the cyclocondensation reaction was carried out in refluxing AcOH.
AGRN Gene Mutation Leads to Congenital Myasthenia Syndromes: A Pediatric Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Gan Siyi , Yang Haiyan , Xiao Ting , Pan Zou , Wu Liwen
Published: March 2020

The congenital myasthenia syndromes (CMS) are a group of autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant diseases that affect neuromuscular junctions. CMS caused by AGRN mutations is very uncommon typically characterized by ptosis, mild weakness, and proximal limb weakness. We report the case of an 8-year-old female who exhibited the onset of motor development retardation from infancy and slow progression to proximal muscle weakness. Repeated nerve stimulation at 3 Hz showed a clear decrement with 17%. Whole exon sequencing showed an AGRN gene compound heterozygous mutation (c.5009C >T and c.5078T > C). She was treated with salbutamol but without improvement. Then pseudoephedrine was adapted as a treatment choice and obtained remarkable curative effect. We have summarized and analyzed 12 patients who have been reported in the literature. An early age of onset and muscle weakness in the lower limbs are the main feature of an early AGRN gene mutation. Both types of AGRN-related CMS respond favorably to ephedrine. This is the first report showing that pseudoephedrine is effective as a choice for the treatment of AGRN-related CMS.
Effect of anisotropy on phononic band structure and figure of merit of pentamode metamaterials
Authors: Cai Chengxin , Guo Rong , Wang Xuemei , Sun Fuyan , Wang Zhaohong , Xu Zhuo
Published: March 2020

We propose herein four types of anisotropic pentamode metamaterials (PMs) created by shifting the thin-end contention points along the space-diagonal, x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis directions. The phononic band structure and figure of merit (FOM) of the four types of anisotropic PMs are systematically investigated by using the finite-element method. Compared with isotropic PMs, the first phononic bandgaps appear in low-frequency regions, and the FOM increases by a factor of 6.9 when the thin-end connection area shifts along the z-axis direction. This study investigates how anisotropy affects PM properties and provides a reference to design acoustic cloaks, acoustic waveguides, and acoustic barriers.
Hitting the wall: Human sperm velocity recovery under ultra-confined conditions
Authors: Bettera Marcat Matías A. , Gallea María N. , Miño Gastón L. , Cubilla Marisa A. , Banchio Adolfo J. , Giojalas Laura C. , Marconi Verónica I. , Guidobaldi Héctor A.
Published: March 2020

Infertility is a common medical condition encountered by health systems throughout the world. Despite the development of complex in vitro fertilization techniques, only one-third of these procedures are successful. New lab-on-a-chip systems that focus on spermatozoa selection require a better understanding of sperm behavior under ultra-confined conditions in order to improve outcomes. Experimental studies combined with models and simulations allow the evaluation of the efficiency of different lab-on-a-chip devices during the design process. In this work, we provide experimental evidence of the dynamics of sperm interacting with a lateral wall in a shallow chamber. We observe a decrease in average sperm velocity during initial wall interaction and partial recovery after the alignment of the trajectory of the cell. To describe this phenomenon, we propose a simple model for the sperm alignment process with a single free parameter. By incorporating experimental motility characterization into the model, we achieve an accurate description of the average velocity behavior of the sperm population close to walls. These results will contribute to the design of more efficient lab-on-a-chip devices for the treatment of human infertility.
Interlayer transmission of magnons in dynamic spin valve structures
Authors: Chen Qian , Ruan Xuezhong , Yuan Honglei , Zhou Xiaochao , Kou Zhaoxia , Huang Zhaocong , Xu Yongbing , Zhai Ya
Published: March 2020

Magnonic devices are promising alternatives to conventional charge-current-driven spintronic devices. As the basic unit of spintronic devices, the spin valve is of limited use in magnonics because its dynamics is rarely studied. Here, we investigate the interlayer transmission of magnons in dynamic spin valve structures using the time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect. Interaction between magnons and the interfacial dissipation are studied by comparing three samples with different spin valve structures. Magnons with different intrinsic frequencies have strong interactions. In contrast, magnons with similar intrinsic frequencies have relatively weak interactions. Interfacial dissipations of magnons are increased by rare earth insertion, which can reduce the interactions between magnons indirectly. This work extends the application of spin valve structures to magnonic devices beyond their conventional use.
Optical differentiator developed with full differentiation and adjustable edge detection
Authors: Mandel Savannah
Published: March 2020

An optical differentiator based on two polarizers and an air-glass interface allows for full differentiation and wavelength-independent operation.
The effect of milk quantity and feeding frequency on calf growth and behaviour
Authors: Jongman Ellen C. , Conley Melanie J. , Borg Samantha , Butler Kym L. , Fisher Andrew D.
Published: March 2020

Context
Calves left with their dam to suckle will consume ~7–12 L/day; however, the amount of milk provided to dairy young calves removed from their dams may often be as low as 4 L/day, or 10% of their bodyweight.

Aims
This study compared once and twice daily feeding, as well as feeding levels of 10 and 20% of bodyweight and studied the effect on behaviour and metabolic indicators indicative of hunger.

Methods
Forty-six male dairy calves were allocated to one of three treatments from 3 to 8 days of age: (i) 10% of bodyweight offered daily as one meal (1 × 10%, n = 16); (ii) 10% of bodyweight offered daily over two meals (2 × 5%, n = 15); or (iii) 20% of bodyweight offered over two meals (2 × 10%, n = 15). Behaviour during and after feeding was observed by video, and blood samples taken on selected days were analysed for glucose, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), cortisol and packed-cell volume.

Key results
Milk intake on Days 3 and 4 was lower in those calves fed once daily compared with calves fed twice daily. Calves fed at 20% bodyweight had higher milk intake compared with calves fed at 10% bodyweight on all days other than Day 3 and growth was higher in those calves. Non-nutritive sucking was mainly associated with feeding times and it was highest in calves fed 10% bodyweight over two meals, with a suckling pattern that suggested that feeding at 10% bodyweight satisfied feeding motivation less than feeding at 20% bodyweight. Play behaviour was reduced in calves fed once daily, suggesting hunger and reduced welfare. There were significant effects on physiological indicators of metabolic state. NEFA concentrations were significantly higher in calves fed once daily and calves fed 10% of bodyweight at certain time points, indicating a lower energy balance.

Conclusions
Feeding twice daily offers benefits to calves up to Day 4 of life whereas feeding 20% of bodyweight was beneficial after Day 4 to increase satisfaction of feeding motivation and nutrition for growth. Although metabolic variables were within normal physiological range for all treatments, the effects on feed intake, growth and non-nutrient sucking suggest marked effects on hunger when calves are fed the lower milk allowance.

Implications
The fairly common practice of feeding dairy calves 10% of bodyweight, in one or two daily meals may leave calves hungry, and an increase in milk allowance should be considered.
Extirpations and extinctions: a plant microfossil-based history of the demise of rainforest and wet sclerophyll communities in the Lake George basin, Southern Tablelands of NSW, south-east Australia
Authors: Macphail Mike , Pillans Brad , Hope Geoff , Clark Dan
Published: March 2020

Sites recording the extinction or extirpation of tropical–subtropical and cool–cold temperate rainforest genera during the Plio–Pleistocene aridification of Australia are scattered across the continent, with most preserving only partial records from either the Pliocene or Pleistocene. The highland Lake George basin is unique in accumulating sediment over c. 4 Ma although interpretation of the plant microfossil record is complicated by its size (950km2), neotectonic activity and fluctuating water levels. A comparison of this and other sites confirms (1) the extinction of rainforest at Lake George was part of the retreat of Nothofagus-gymnosperm communities across Australia during the Plio–Pleistocene; (2) communities of warm- and cool-adapted rainforest genera growing under moderately warm-wet conditions in the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene have no modern analogues; (3) the final extirpation of rainforest taxa at Lake George occurred during the Middle Pleistocene; and (4) the role of local wildfires is unresolved although topography, and, elsewhere, possibly edaphic factors allowed temperate rainforest genera to persist long after these taxa became extinct or extirpated at low elevations across much of eastern Australia. Araucaria, which is now restricted to the subtropics–tropics in Australia, appears to have survived into Middle Pleistocene time at Lake George, although the reason remains unclear.
Health literacy of Samoan mothers and their experiences with health professionals
Authors: Pio Fofoa H. , Nosa Vili
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTIONPatient and health professional engagement is a crucial factor for the effectiveness of service delivery and the management of care. Low health literacy amongst Pacific peoples is likely to affect their engagement with health professionals.
AIMTo explore the health literacy of Samoan mothers and their experiences with health professionals in primary care.
METHODSTwenty Samoan mothers and caregivers living in Auckland were interviewed about their experiences when engaging with health professionals. Semi-structured interviews guided by open-ended questions were conducted with individual participants in either Samoan or English. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed.
RESULTSA key finding was the significance of the health professionals’ role, in particular general practitioners, in providing resources and information to participants. Many participants recognised their general practitioner as their primary source of information. The findings revealed the negative experiences participants faced while engaging with general practitioners and shared how this affected their ability to manage care. Themes about enablers of open communication with health professionals included mothers understanding their rights as patients and being acknowledged as an expert on their child’s health. Themes about barriers to open communication with health professionals included limited consultation time, language barriers, medical jargon, closed answers, power relations and the shame associated with not fully understanding.
DISCUSSIONThis research can inform health care engagement practices with patients. This study is relevant to health-care providers, development of health resources, health researchers evaluating health-care communications between providers and patients, to inform culturally appropriate and effective health-care delivery. The importance of shared responsibility in addressing issues of health literacy is noted, shifting the focus to everyone involved in providing and receiving information and in making decisions and managing care.
Tribute to Dr Barbara York Main OAM: arachnologist and nature writer (27 January 1929 to 14 May 2019)
Authors: Mason Leanda D. , Kennedy Patricia L.
Published: March 2020

This submission was produced at the request of the editor, Professor Mike Calver, to honour the life of the late Adjunct Professor Barbara York Main. The authors of this submission are thankful for the opportunity to create an article in tribute to such an inspiring woman scientist.
Histone acetylation during the in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes with different levels of competence
Authors: Pontelo Thais P. , Rodrigues Sarah A. D. , Kawamoto Taynan S. , Leme Ligiane O. , Gomes A. C. M. M. , Zangeronimo Marcio G. , Franco Mauricio M. , Dode Margot A. N.
Published: March 2020

We aimed to analyse the histone acetylation status and expression profile of genes involved in histone acetylation (histone acetyltransferase 1 (HAT1), lysine acetyltransferase 2A (KAT2A), histone deacetylase 1(HDAC1), HDAC2 and HDAC3) in bovine oocytes of different competences during invitro maturation (IVM). Cumulus–oocyte complexes were recovered from two groups of follicles: minor follicles (1.0–3.0mm in diameter), classified as low competence (LC) and large follicles (6.0–8.0mm in diameter) classified as high competence (HC). Oocytes were submitted to IVM for 0, 8 and 24h and stored for analysis. Acetylation status of histone H4 on lysine K5, K6, K12 and K16 was assessed by immunohistochemistry. For gene expression, mRNA levels were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. All oocytes, regardless of their competence, showed a gradual decrease (P<0.05) in acetylation signals during IVM. From 0 to 8h of maturation, an increase (P<0.05) in the relative abundance of HAT1 mRNA was observed only in the HC oocytes. In this group, higher (P<0.05) mRNA levels of HDAC1 at 8h of maturation were also observed. In conclusion, in the present study, LC oocytes were shown to have adequate acetylation levels for the resumption and progression of meiosis; however, these oocytes do not have the capacity to synthesise RNA during IVM as the HC oocytes do.
Latin influence on the syntax of the languages of Europe
Authors: Cornillie Bert , Drinka Bridget
Published: March 2020

This special issue explores the role of Latin in shaping the syntactic patterns of the European languages. Among the key issues examined are the identification of sources of syntactic change, whether internal or external, the chronologization of these changes, and their actualization. Authors have tackled such cutting-edge topics as the role of sociolinguistic motivation in syntactic change in the vernaculars, the complex role played by translators, and the syntactic creativity that may occur as a result of calquing. Several authors, conversely, question the role of Latin in influencing particular structures, and propose alternative explanations. It is hoped that the present special issue succeeds in filling some gaps in our understanding of the roofing effects of Latin, as we attempt to track down and interrogate the causes and effects of syntactic change in the languages of Europe.
On the notion of linguistic influence in syntax
Authors: Greco Paolo
Published: March 2020

This paper tackles the topic of Latin influence on Italo-Romance syntax by addressing the question how to combine the analysis of structural data with socio-historical reflections. It views the genre and discourse tradition of a given medieval text as governing the extent to which Latin is used as a model in this text. The paper proposes a methodology which incorporates consideration of the historical, cultural, and sociolinguistic context of language change, focusing on evidence from the development of present participles in Italo-Romance. The main conclusion is that, rather than talking about the general influence of Latin syntax on Italian, we should be examining the influence of particular Latin models on the syntax of different texts written in Italo-Romance varieties in a given historical period.
AcI
Authors: Milano Federica Da , Cuzzolin Pierluigi
Published: March 2020

This paper examines the history of theAccusativus cum Infinitivo(henceforth: AcI) construction in some languages of Western Europe (the Romance and Germanic languages), and attempts to ascertain whether the AcI in the modern languages is modelled on the AcI of Latin or whether the form was simply inherited. In this paper, only those constructions which are formed with verbs of saying or thinking + infinitive are considered instances of true AcI constructions. FollowingPountain (1998), we attempt to distinguish ‘hard’ vs ‘weak’, ‘total’ vs ‘partial’, ‘learnèd’ vs ‘non-learnèd’ Latinisms. In conclusion, we hypothesize that the construction is favoured by Latin models, but it is consistent with structural patterns already occurring in the languages involved.
The role of roofing
Authors: Drinka Bridget
Published: March 2020

This paper presents evidence in support of the claim that Latin played a significant role as a ‘roof language’ in the languages of western Europe. It focuses on the role that Latin played at three stages of the development of the perfects in western Europe: first, as a conduit of the ‘sacral stamp of Greek’ in bible translation and as influential in other ecclesiastical contexts; secondly, through the influence of scribal tradition and the establishment of the ‘Charlemagne Sprachbund’; and, finally, as a model for classicized syntactic style of the Late Middle and Early Modern period, as exemplified by the patterns of perfect use by the translators of Boethius, especially Chaucer and Elizabeth I. Several larger generalizations also emerge from this investigation: evidence is provided for the stratified nature of Latin syntactic influence across time and space, and the effect of this recurrent replication on the temporal-aspectual systems of the western European languages. Above all, this analysis underlines the essential role of calquing in superstrate-induced change, the structural patterns that are most frequently affected, and the social motivations that foster this type of innovation.
Coordinating metaphors in science, learning and instruction
Authors: Amin Tamer G.
Published: March 2020

A substantial body of research has accumulated on the use of metaphor and analogy in science, their role in
the construction of novel concepts during learning, and their strategic deployment in instruction. Despite this
significant body of work, we still do not have a coherent picture of the role of metaphor in how a specific scientific concept
comes to be understood. This chapter draws on the theories of conceptual metaphor and blending to put forward a perspective on how metaphor makes a scientific concept accessible; crucially, the account coordinates analyses of the roles of metaphor in science, learning and instruction. The chapter offers a case study of the concept of energy to illustrate the perspective.
To be or not to be: Reconsidering the metaphors of apoptosis in press popularisation
articles
Authors: Williams Camus Julia T.
Published: March 2020

This chapter examines the metaphorical expressions used to explain apoptosis in press popularisations. The
study was performed on a bilingual English-Spanish subset of 58 texts on apoptosis identified from a corpus of 300
cancer articles published in The Guardian, The Times, El País and
El Mundo. The analysis shows that most metaphors coincide with those found in scientific articles
and there are few creative explanatory images in the English and Spanish popularisations. The English articles make
greater use of the suicide image whereas the Spanish texts rely more on variants based on “cell death” and “die”. In
certain contexts, some metaphors are ambiguous and confuse rather than clarify the process while others might not be
considered the most appropriate choices.
Conclusion
Authors: Smith Thomas H. , Beger Anke
Published: March 2020

This final chapter uses the metaphor characteristics set
forth in the introductory chapter to comment on the individual
studies reported here. Where the introductory chapter describes the
principles of modern metaphor research that promise to improve
access to science, this chapter highlights the actual application of
these principles as found in the chapters of this book. When we
focus on key requirements of scientific inquiry – description,
explanation, and prediction – metaphor is found to be both very
helpful and sometimes to pose difficulties. Such results are
reviewed here, with discussions intended to benefit scientists,
communicators, and metaphor scholars.
Deafness, gesture and sign language in the 18th century French philosophy
Authors: Fulka Josef
Published: March 2020

The book represents a historical overview of the way the topic of gesture and sign language has been treated in the 18th century French philosophy. The texts treated are grouped into several categories based on the view they present of deafness and gesture. While some of those texts obviously view deafness and sign language in negative terms, i.e. as deficiency, others present deafness essentially as difference, i.e. as a set of competences that might provide some insights into how spoken language works. One of the arguments of the book is that these two views of deafness and sign language still represent two dominant paradigms present in the current debates on the issue. The aim of the book, therefore, is not only to provide a historical overview but to trace what might be called a “history of the present”.
A cognitive-pragmatic study of non-scalar implicatures
Authors: Zhang Yanfei , Zhang Shaojie
Published: March 2020

Whether or not non-entailment relations generate scalar implicatures is a cutting-edge issue in linguistic pragmatics. The present study intends to argue that, based on the Cognitive Grammar paradigm, non-scalar implicatures generated by non-entailment relations are manifested as cognitive defaults which are conventionally incorporated into symbolic units in schema-instance complexes. Conventions provide a shortcut for the hearer to infer non-scalar implicatures in an unconscious, effortless and automatic way. We maintain that, contrary to neo-Gricean pragmatics, non-entailment relations cannot generate (scalar) Q-implicatures.
Poverty and living conditions with Boko Haram in the Lake Chad Basin: the case of southeastern Niger
Authors: Hamadou Daouda Youssoufou
Published: March 2020

This briefing analyses the political economy of Boko Haram and explains how the conflict dismantles the local economy, jeopardises living conditions and heightens tensions between local communities and public authorities. The conflict destroys the dynamism of the Lake Chad Basin economy based on cross-border trade in agricultural and fisheries products, and reduces many people to living in camps, where precarious living conditions and poverty become daily challenges, and where tensions between refugees, host populations and local authorities are recurrent.
Measurement of molybdenum ion density for L-mode and H-mode plasma discharges in the EAST tokamak*
Authors: Shen Yongcai , Zhang Hongming , Lyu Bo , Li Yingying , Fu Jia , Wang Fudi , Zang Qing , Wan Baonian , Pan Pan , Ye Minyou
Published: March 2020

We report the measurement of total molybdenum ion density for L-mode and H-mode plasmas on EAST using spectral lines observation and calculation based on an impurity transport code. A flat-filed extreme ultraviolet spectrometer with some spatial resolution is used to obtain the radial profiles of molybdenum spectral line emissions. The absolute calibration for the extreme ultraviolet spectrometer is finished by comparing the calculated bremsstrahlung intensity with the readings of CCD detector. Molybdenum ion transport study is performed using the radial ion density profiles and one-dimensional impurity transport code STRAHL. The total molybdenum density profiles are determined from the transport analysis. The molybdenum density during L-mode and H-mode phases are obtained, which are about 3 and 4 orders of magnitude smaller than the electron density, respectively. An inward pinch is found during the H-mode phase that leads to the peaked profile of molybdenum density.
First-principles calculations of solute–vacancy interactions in aluminum*
Authors: Zhang Sha-Sha , Yao Zheng-Jun , Kong Xiang-Shan , Chen Liang , Qin Jing-Yu
Published: March 2020

The interactions of solute atoms with vacancies play a key role in diffusion and precipitation of alloying elements, ultimately influencing the mechanical properties of aluminum alloys. In this study, first-principles calculations are systematically performed to quantify the solute–vacancy interactions for the 3d–4p series and the 4d–5p series. The solute–vacancy interaction gradually transforms from repulsion to attraction from left to right. The solute–vacancy binding energy is sensitive to the supercell size for elements at the beginning. These behaviors of the solute–vacancy binding energy can be understood in terms of the combination and competition between the elastic and electronic interactions. Overall, the electronic binding energy follows a similar trend to the total binding energy and plays a major role in the solute–vacancy interactions.
An interpretation of SPring-8 ground elevation by the empirical ATL-law approach
Authors: Okayasu Y. , Matsui S. , Zhang C. , Kimura H.
Published: March 2020

Starting in 1996, the coordinates of the accelerator components on the SPring-8 storage ring were continuously surveyed for over two decades. The dispersion of the elevation changes of the ground motion ⟨ dz
2⟩ analyzed from the aspect of the empirical ATL-law which has been intensively researched since 1990s. With the ATL-law, ⟨ dz
2⟩ can be expressed as products of a ground diffusion coefficient A, temporal survey spans T, and spatial scales L. The coefficient A is well known to depend on the local geology and is evaluated as (7.6 ± 1.4) × 10−6 μm2/s/m for the SPring-8 storage ring. In this paper, a transition of survey methods in the SPring-8 storage ring is reviewd and survey results both in horizontal and vertical directions are presented. Furthermore, the relevance of the ATL-law approach for the ground elevation dispersion are discussed.
Precipitation seasonality promotes acquisitive and variable leaf water-economics traits in southwest Australian granite outcrop species
Authors: Ottaviani Gianluigi , Marcantonio Matteo
Published: March 2020

Southwestern Australia (SWA) is a global biodiversity hotspot characterized by a mediterranean climate and is among the world’s oldest and resource-poorest landscapes. Within this region, granite outcrops provide habitat complexity, and contribute to high levels of species diversity and endemism. Granite outcrop plant species are characterized by distinct anatomical, morphological and eco-physiological traits. So far, functional studies of SWA granite outcrop plants examined trait patterns along the stark aridity gradient that occurs in the region. Despite precipitation seasonality being an important climatic driver of plant species richness and distribution in mediterranean-type ecosystems, relationships between plant traits and precipitation seasonality remain understudied. Here, we investigated granite outcrop species’ responses to changes in precipitation seasonality in terms of average and variability values of leaf traits related to water use efficiency. We found that plants displayed more acquisitive and variable trait values with increasing precipitation seasonality. These patterns are likely associated with the long-term effect of the stable and predictable precipitation regime in the old SWA that may have fine-tuned plant water use strategies to maximize water acquisition during the most favourable season.