bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Auxiliary Genes for Determining Sex As Contributory Causes of Mental Illness
Authors: Penrose L. S.
Published: August 2008

The strong association between psychosexual anomalies and mental illness was first brought out by the work of Krafft-Ebing (1902) and Freud (1905). Freud (1911) demonstrated the existence of a latent homosexual element in the structure of the paranoid reaction. He also held the view that, to some extent, every person is psychologically bisexual. A preponderance of instincts concordant with physical attributes of sex, however, would be expected in normally developed adults. The experimental analysis of masculine and feminine traits, carried out by Terman and Miles (1936) with an attitude—interest test, led to conclusions which were in accordance with this viewpoint. Terman and Miles were also able to show that frankly homosexual males and females had mental preferences which corresponded with those of the simulated sex. Thus, from the psychological standpoint, sex is a graded character with a bimodal overlapping distribution. That is to say, although most males and most females have mental attributes which are in agreement with their sexes, many also are mentally intermediate and lie between the two normal modes. Furthermore, some are excessively masculine, some excessively feminine, and a few, who can be said to be “inverted,” possess mental attributes, which belong normally to the other sex. No mental disability has so far been shown to be associated with excessive mental masculinity or femininity, though Terman and Miles found that “supermales” were, on the whole, poorly developed physically. On the other hand, a marked degree of sex inversion is known to be unfavourable to mental stability. Indeed, a significant trend towards sex inversion as measured by the Terman and Miles test has recently been demonstrated by Bosselman and Skorodin (1940) in psychotic patients. A somewhat similar result was obtained by Neal and Penrose (1941), who used a classification test.
The Measurement of Dementia∗
Authors: Brody M. B.
Published: August 2008

Hitherto two methods have been commonly used to measure dementia—by means of numerical measures of scatter, and by means of the discrepancy between scores on vocabulary and other tests. In the present investigation the value of the most popular techniques with both methods was examined, and a new short measure of dementia was evolved.

Subjects taking the Stanford Binet and similar tests rarely pass abruptly from complete success at and below a certain M.A. level to complete failure at the next and subsequent levels. For example, a subject with a total M.A. of eleven years may succeed in all the subtests at and below the VIII year level and fail all the subtests above the XIV year level, while between these two levels he succeeds in some and fails others. The range of partial success and failure is called the “scatter.” Many psychometrists believe that unusually wide scatter indicates psychopathy or intellectual deterioration. The various methods for measuring scatter are conveniently summarized by Harris and Shakow (1937).

A long-standing observation on the results of intelligence tests in dementia is that vocabulary ability remains comparatively unimpaired until a late stage when the subject is unable to solve other tests. Therefore, it has been claimed, vocabulary score may be taken as a measure of the subject's pre-morbid intelligence, and the discrepancy between his vocabulary ability and ability on other tests as a reflection of the difference between his former and present intelligence, thus providing a measure of his dementia. The Babcock test is the best known of several techniques, based on this principle, for the measurement of dementia.
Psychiatric Syndromes Following Blast
Authors: Anderson E. W.
Published: August 2008

This paper is concerned with a group of cases presenting certain psychiatric symptoms following exposure to the detonation of a nearby high-explosive bomb. These cases show features and present problems which appear from the current literature in this country to have received insufficient attention, or none at all. The cases to be presented are not all of equal significance, but in each there are certain common features which, from the psychiatric angle, have a definite and unmistakable organic stamp, and indicate a relationship, direct or indirect, of the syndromes to structural changes in the brain. These symptoms are characteristic in fact of a slight or moderate degree of cerebral trauma. This relationship is prone to be too easily overlooked. The reasons for this are :

(1) The absence in many cases of a definite history of head injury.

(2) The absence as a rule of at least a long period of unconsciousness.

In consequence, when the patient is seen perhaps some considerable time later this possibility is not considered, and the reaction is dismissed as psychogenic. That this can be done even by trained observers was demonstrated in three of the cases about to be described. All the patients except one were Naval personnel who were exposed to blast in air-raids either ashore or at sea.
The Hands of Mongolian Imbeciles in Relation to Their Three Personality Groups
Authors: Wolff Charlotte , Rollin Henry R.
Published: August 2008

The literature relating to mongolism is extensive and for the present purpose it need not be reviewed. The hand has been mentioned in almost every study on mongolism. Crookshank (1931) has given it an important place in his provocative book, The Mongol in Our Midst, without enlarging our knowledge of the now familiar features in shape and crease lines of the hand. Penrose mentions in The Creases on the Minimal Digit in Mongolism (1931) that in a certain number of cases one crease line on the fifth finger is lacking, which makes the fifth finger look almost like a second thumb. Very recently Harold Cummins of the Tulane University, U.S.A., observed a certain anomaly in the dermatoglyphs of the hands of mongoloid imbeciles (1939). He comes to the conclusion that in the finger-tips of these hands there is a noteworthy reduction in the occurrence of the whorls, and that of the five palmar patterns, hypothenar, second interdigital and third interdigital patterns are increased in frequency, while thenar/first interdigital patterns are less frequent, and also that frequencies of hypothenar types depart widely from the normal. C. E. Benda mentions that ossification of the carpal and long bones is early and that growth of the bones comes to an early end; this might account for the short hands in mongolian imbeciles (1939).
Types of Psychopathic Personality
Authors: Petrie A. A. W.
Published: August 2008

The multiplicity of classifications of the psychopathic personality shows how important it is that a definite effort should be made to limit the syndrome, and to prevent a number of indefinite conditions being classified under this heading. The greatest danger appears to be to allow any prepsychotic state to be labelled with this diagnosis. If there is slight but definite evidence of an abnormal psychotic state, this diagnosis should be made. As pointed out the inclusion of the milder cyclothymic cases and early schizoid cases under the heading of psychopathic personalities complicates and confuses a type of psychiatric work already vague and indeterminate.
Some Experiences Amongst Naval Personnel
Authors: Curran Desmond
Published: August 2008

Returns have been available since the early days of the war of naval cases diagnosed as suffering from neuropsychiatric disorders admitted to the various R.N. hospitals and sick quarters in Great Britain. The following table gives an indication of the relative frequency of the different diagnostic groupings for the year 1940. These figures are in certain respects misleading. For example, uncomplicated cases of head injury would seldom be included.
The Occurrence of the Grasping Reflex in the Post-Convulsive Stage of Electrically Induced Seizures and its Behaviour in Various Mental Diseases
Authors: Kino F. F. , Thorpe F. T.
Published: August 2008

The therapeutic procedure of electrically induced convulsions provides a rare opportunity of studying experimental convulsive states in man and their accompanying reflex phenomena, many of which are of great importance in neurological diagnosis. Among the many interesting motor manifestations appearing during the post-convulsive stage is the grasping reflex, which has previously been observed only in certain structural disorders of the brain, usually of the frontal lobes.
The Hormone Treatment of Acromegaly
Authors: Hutton E. L. , Reiss M.
Published: August 2008

The demonstration by Zondek (1936), subsequently confirmed by Cramer and Horning (1936), Gardner (1937), Collip (1936), Noble (1938), Deanesley (1938, 1939), Pybus and Miller (1938), that large doses of oestrone will impair and partly suppress the functions of the pituitary anterior lobe, especially the gonadotrophic and the growth hormone production and will produce partial degeneration of the acidophil cells, led Kirklin and Wilder (1936) to adopt this method of treatment for patients suffering from acromegaly. Their series consisted of eight patients, four men and four women, and their results may be briefly summarized as follows: There was a general improvement in three patients; headache which was originally present in six cases disappeared in four, but returned in one case, though this may have been due to a discontinuance of treatment; in three patients there was a decrease in size, in one a smaller hat was required and her dental plate became loose, in one the hands became smaller, and in one shoes became looser; the visual fields were originally altered only in three of the eight patients, and in one of these the fields returned to normal, in one there was no change, and in the third a progressive hemianopia accompanied by erosion of the sella turcica developed during treatment; hyperidrosis and intolerance of heat, originally present in two, disappeared in both; finally there was loss of libido in three cases.
The Blood Barbiturate During Prolonged Narcosis
Authors: Chatfield R. F. , Parfitt D. N.
Published: August 2008

G. A. Levvy in 1940 (Biochem. J., 34, 73) published from the Department of Pharmacology, University of Edinburgh, a new method for the estimation of barbiturates in blood, claiming that his technique gave results accurate to a 20 per cent. error or less for quantities of 1.0 mgm. or more in 20 c.c. of blood. After studying this method at first hand we have carried out a number of estimations in cases undergoing prolonged narcosis with somnifaine, and studied the blood levels of barbiturates in patients under medication with soluble barbitone and phenobarbitone, a total of 200 estimations having been made.
Thiocyanate Compounds in the Urine of Schizophrenics
Authors: Zaushkevich T. D. , Shulgina R. M.
Published: August 2008

By thiocyanate compounds is meant a group of salts of thiocyanic acid (HCNS). Together with compounds of glycuronic and sulphuric acids, these salts are products of several detoxication processes. In the urine they are the end-products of the detoxication of substances formed during the breakdown of protein.
On the Predictability of Suicide
Authors: Reitman F.
Published: August 2008

The evaluation of suicide varies with the number of specified aspects employed. Yet none of them is able to offer a predictability of the suicide. Psychiatry acknowledges the fact that suicide is a non-specific symptom, accompanying certain mental disorders, and consequently uses precaution without selective prediction. Psychopathology looks upon the suicidal individual as one who identifies himself with his love object and directs reproaches and aggression against the introjected love object; in the suicidal act he kills the introjected person (Schilder). This only gives the structure analysis of the individual case, and the prediction “the greater the aggression the greater the danger of suicide” does not enable a generalized predictability. Sociological studies offered explanation for statistical coincidences (Durkheim) but failed in construction of a prediction.
Affect in Schizophrenic Reaction Types
Authors: Collins Ralph T.
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate and discuss by case-records the affective responses of a number of patients with a schizophrenic reaction type of mental illness. Recently the energies, time and attention of neuropsychiatrists have been focused on the newer methods of treatment of the schizophrenics. As a result of such intensive and extensive study, interest in other problems of schizophrenia has been rekindled. The “shock therapies” have seemed to crystallize certain factors for us. They have tended to bring out into clear relief certain old factors and have produced many new facts so that we have been forced to re-orient ourselves in many diverse ways. Prognosis has been altered, and this fact has led to a minute scrutiny of the patients who have been treated to determine what factors are operating for or against a favourable outcome. One of these is the affective factor. Patients that have retained a good affective response may still be able to combat reality and its ever-present problems of adjustment and re-adjustment. They may recover spontaneously, or they may do so quicker with the help of the “shock therapies.”
The Shipley-Hartford Retreat Scale for Measuring Intellectual Impairment
Authors: Fleming G. W. T. H.
Published: August 2008

For many years the need has been felt for a means of measuring in a reasonably accurate manner the amount of deterioration present in mental patients.

The old criterion of saying that a patient is well because he is capable of working well in the laundry or garden or doing skilful work in the handicrafts department, combined with giving an impression of recovery to the doctors and relatives, is not accurate enough for modern standards.
The Objective Study of Mental Imagery
Authors: Golla F. , Hutton E. L. , Walter W. Grey
Published: August 2008

Although much work has been done on the physiological concomitants of affective states, nothing is known of any objective bodily changes accompanying thought processes, and yet the most superficial observation of lip, facial and eye movements, of unconscious gesture and restlessness furnishes indications of some of the more obvious somatic accompaniments of non-emotional mental activity.
Further Studies on Pathological Wandering (Fugues with the Impulse to Wander)
Authors: Stengel E.
Published: August 2008

The range of psycho-pathological conditions for which the term “fugue” has been used has increased considerably and is still increasing. Originally the term was chosen to denote transitory abnormal behaviour characterized by aimless wandering and more or less marked alteration of consciousness, usually but not necessarily followed by amnesia. At present it is used for a variety of different symptoms, some of which have little in common; the psychiatrist using the term has to define what kind of fugue he means if he wishes to avoid misunderstanding and confusion. The reasons for the great popularity of the term are manifold. It is short, handy, vague, and has even a distinguished foreign flavour. But there are other reasons apart from those virtues. When the psychological mechanisms underlying abnormal behaviour were first studied two were regarded as responsible for the origin of fugues: dissociation and escape. From that time dates the tendency to describe as fugue nearly every condition of transitory alteration of consciousness which can be understood as the result of those mechanisms. Thus a remarkable change of conception has taken place; while the term “fugue” originally described a certain type of abnormalbehaviourcharacterized by running away and wandering under a strong impulse and associated with clouding or narrowing of consciousness, it later came to be used, in addition, as the description of various results of the psychologicalmechanism of escape, without regard for the resulting behaviour. Obviously the fact that fugue means escape invited that change of conception. Considering the grèat number of neurotic and psychotic symptoms in the origin of which the two mechanisms mentioned above are supposed to play a part, there are hardly any limits to the use of the term. It is not intended to survey the whole literature on what has been called fugues; a few instances from current text-books and recent articles will demonstrate for how many conditions the term has been used in recent years.
Aetiological Factors and Reaction Types in Psychoses Following Childbirth
Authors: Jacobs Betty
Published: August 2008

Re-examination of the various problems arising from psychoses following childbirth is of interest for various reasons. Firstly, their place in the system of psychiatry is far from clear; their original description under the term “puerperal insanity” (Kraepelin) had given rise to the idea that they represented a clinical entity. According to Kraepelin the great majority of these psychoses take the form of catatonic states and only a few are of the manic-depressive group. More recent investigators, however, have shown that there is no psychotic reaction peculiar to childbirth (Clarke, Kilpatrick and Tiebout, Zilboorg, Saunders, James, Strecker and Ebaugh, Harris, Karnosh and Hope, and Piker). In these contributions the importance of the accompanying environmental and sociological factors has also received consideration.
Language and its Relation to Perceptual and Conceptual Thought
Authors: Hutton E. L.
Published: August 2008

Since psychiatry is that branch of medicine which deals with disorders of the psyche, it must inevitably include in its study the nature and activities of that which is thus disordered; it will therefore be granted that advances not only in scientific, but also in metaphysical, aesthetic and religious knowledge, must be of prime importance for the psychiatrist, since these are indubitably concerned with the activities of the psyche.
Observations on Toe-Flexor (Schrijver-Bernhard) and Toe-Fanning Reflexes in Catatonic Schizophrenics
Authors: Fleischhacker H. H.
Published: August 2008

The group of mental disorders classified at present under the name of “schizophrenia” or “dementia praecox” offers a number of symptoms of not entirely “psychological” nature, and a more organic line of approach to the examination of these signs.
Neuropathology
Authors: Meyer A.
Published: August 2008

This review is based on neuropathological contributions which have either a direct or indirect relation to mental disease or are of major general interest. Notwithstanding these restrictions the field which had to be covered remains vast, and no claim can be made that the survey of the literature is complete, although it is hoped that it is, to some extent, representative. In order to counteract this defect, recent reviews or comprehensive papers on special problems have been recommended, whenever they were available. They will enable the reader to trace references which for lack of space had to be suppressed. For the same reason of economy, a number of quotations have been made from reviews. This does not mean that the original papers have not been consulted.
The Anatomy of the Nervous System
Authors: Le Gros Clark W. E.
Published: August 2008

Owing to the difficulties of investigating the sensory organization of the nervous system experimentally, for many years experimental neurologists tended to direct their attention rather to the motor mechanisms, for these can easily be studied and recorded objectively. During the last few years, however, research investigations have been more concentrated on the anatomical basis of sensation and, accordingly, this review will be mainly concerned with this aspect.
Schizophrenia
Authors: Mayer-Gross W. , Moore Norman P.
Published: August 2008

New methods of physical treatment introduced during the last decade have revived the general interest in schizophrenia, the “Cinderella of psychiatry” (Ellery, 1941). The fact that schizophrenic symptoms can be influenced by crude physical means such as convulsions, hypoglycaemia or operations on the brain has directed the attention to the bodily disturbances underlying the psychological symptoms. The need for accurate assessment of results of these treatments has also revived the interest in prognosis. Kraepelin, who, in 1896, “by a streak of genius” (Adolf Meyer) unified varied clinical pictures in what he called dementia praecox and considered it a disease entity, never doubted its causation by a brain process of organic nature. Nor did Bleuler, when he tentatively proposed the term “schizophrenias” for approximately the same group of cases in 1911 in which he found a common primary psychological disturbance. Those interested in the meanings of “splitting” as expressed by the term schizophrenia will find a discussion of possible misunderstandings in an article by Lewin (1939).
Depression
Authors: Lewis Aubrey
Published: August 2008

Most of the papers written on depression during the last five years have been concerned with matters which are dealt with by other contributors in this volume—its genetics, biochemistry, social aspects (including suicide), psychopathology, and treatment by endocrine preparations, electrical convulsions, and prefrontal leucotomy. The remaining papers, here briefly reviewed, are few in number, mainly clinical, and do not record any outstanding advances.
Psychopathic Personality
Authors: Curran Desmond , Mallinson Paul
Published: August 2008

The discussion of any topic is handicapped so long as there are doubts and disagreement as to what is being discussed.
Psychiatric Aspects of Head Injury
Authors: Guttmann E.
Published: August 2008

In the past head injuries have been of comparatively little concern to the psychiatrist. As judged from statistics of admission to mental hospitals they are a small problem. Mapother (1937), for example, who took a very broad view of the causal connection found in L.C.C. mental hospitials—3 per thousand in observation wards, 4 per thousand in psychiatric O.P. depts. in general hospitals, 7 per thousand of the admissions attributable to head injuries. The increasing interest that psychiatrists take in head injuries at present is mainly due to the increasing amount of extramural work that they are being called on to do. In general hospital and outpatient practice they are bound to encounter a considerable number of problems connected with head injuries, both in the acute and in the later stages. The psychiatrists and neuro-psychiatrists in the Services have probably had this experience first, but when adequate provision of psychiatric service becomes available in the general hospitals, many cases will come into the orbit of psychiatrists which hitherto have been “disposed of” without much regard for their mental aspect.
Legal Aspects of Psychiatry
Authors: McCowan P. K.
Published: August 2008

This article deals with legal happenings, actual or prospective, in so far as they have a bearing on psychiatry. Both civil and criminal law are included, but no reference is made to juvenile delinquency, which is included in the article in this series contributed by Dr. Norwood East. No attempt has been made to deal with foreign literature or any changes in the law of foreign countries.
Electro-Encephalography
Authors: Walter W. Grey
Published: August 2008

The history of electro-encephalography contains both triumphs and disappointments. The most profound of the disappointments is the relative failure to elucidate any of the important problems which concern the psychiatrist. It was hoped that some real electro-physiological alteration would be seen in patients whose mental condition suggested something bordering on the organic, but the negative findings even in the most profound mental disorders are almost as striking as if they were positive. Before considering the published work it would be well to review in a few words the nature and significance of electro-encephalographic records.
Neuro-Endocrine Relationship
Authors: Reiss M.
Published: August 2008

In recent years our views of the interaction between the nervous system and the ductless glands have been gradually more defined. In the present review, for descriptive reasons the subject has been classified as follows with reference to the main elements of the neuro-hormonal inter-relation: (1) The influence of the nervous system on the pituitary itself and, through the pituitary, on the other ductless glands.
Psychogenic Amnesia: The Refusal to Remember
Authors: Parfitt D. N. , Gall C. M. Carlyle
Published: August 2008

The differential diagnosis of a presenting symptom is usually to be found as a section of an article on a disorder in which the particular symptom is common. Thus one learns a great deal about the widely different pathological processes responsible for epigastric pain in a description of peptic ulcer, and much about headache in descriptions of cerebral tumour or migraine. Amnesia is peculiar in this respect in that succinct expressions of its differential diagnosis are rarely found in the description of individual disorders.
Psychosurgery: An Evaluation of Two Hundred Cases Over Seven Years
Authors: Freeman Walter , Watts James W.
Published: August 2008

Psychosurgery consists in surgical operation on the anatomically intact brain for the purpose of relieving mental symptoms. It was first devised and named by Egas Moniz, the distinguished Portuguese neurologist, essayist and diplomat, following the Third International Neurological Congress in 1935, at which time a remarkable symposium was offered on the functions of the frontal lobes (1). Approximately a year later Moniz (2) published his monograph detailing results in his first twenty cases. We began our work in the Fall of 1936, reporting our experiences in preliminary fashion several times, later bringing them together in a monograph (3), presenting the “results” in 80 cases. Since that time we have persistently followed up these cases as well as all subsequent ones, and now, with a series of 204 cases in all, we are able to discuss the adjustment of 154 living patients over a period ranging from six months to seven years.
Shock-Therapy in Psychoses: A Possible Rational Basis and its Clinical Applications, Based on Three Years' Experience of its use in Military Psychiatry
Authors: Stockings G. Tayleur
Published: August 2008

In spite of the voluminous literature on the shock-therapies which has appeared in recent years, there is as yet little unanimity of opinion among psychiatrists as to the value of the anoxic and hypoglycaemic shock-therapies, and their indications, possible scope and limitations in the treatment of psychoses. Most potent in perpetuating this unsatisfactory state of affairs have been the too-rigid reliance on masses of statistics in evaluating results of treatment, the oft-repeated statement that the therapy is purely empirical, and last, but not least, the unfortunate publicity which it received at its inception, the result being that lately there has been a tendency to discredit the therapy, and a growing scepticism as to its efficacy.
Some Problems Arising from a Study of Mental Patients Over the Age of Sixty Years
Authors: Post Felix
Published: August 2008

It is generally known that in recent years there has been a considerable increase of the elderly population. In addition, we assume that unless the birth-rate rises again, an increasing proportion of the population will be found in the involutional and senile periods of life. This development has already begun; whereas in 1901 7.6 per cent. of the population of Scotland were over 60 years of age, the percentage in 1941 has been estimated at 13.0. Men are less long lived than women, the figures being 6.6 and 8.-6 in 1901, and 12.1 and 13.8 in 1941.
Eye Movements in Electrical Shock Procedure
Authors: Kino F. F.
Published: August 2008

Two previous publications have been devoted to the behaviour of various reflex phenomena, and of the grasping phenomenon in particular, during the post-convulsive stage of the electrically produced seizures in man (1942, 1943).

This paper deals with eye movements in the shock procedure, and experiments planned to influence these movements.
A Psychometric Method of Determining Intellectual Loss following Head Injury
Authors: Reynell W. R.
Published: August 2008

About 15–20 per cent. of cases of head injury of moderate or severe degree are followed by persisting intellectual impairment, causing loss of efficiency often increased by psychoneurotic symptoms arising from such incapacity. Deterioration of powers of sustained attention, of recent memory and of emotional control are characteristic of post-traumatic states after severe head injury, but ignorance of the patient's previous capacity and personality makes it difficult to assess psychological and physical factors—to distinguish between the patient who is ineffective because he is neurotic and the one who is neurotic because he is ineffective—as a result of cerebral damage. Therefore any reliable index of damage to the “matrix of the mind” will be helpful in prognosis and in deciding disposal.
Mental Tests in Senile Dementia
Authors: Halstead H.
Published: August 2008

In a previous article (1) the writer gave the results of a scale of 25 mental tests on a group of 20 senile patients. When that investigation was completed the scale was administered to a second group of seniles (Group b), who were considered to be in a more advanced state of dementia than the first group.
Loss of Spatial Orientation, Constructional Apraxia and Gerstmann'S Syndrome
Authors: Stengel E.
Published: August 2008

In recent years important additions to the knowledge of the symptomatology in cases with involvement of the parietal lobe have been made. Both constructional apraxia (Kleist, 1922) and Gerstmann's syndrome, consisting of finger-agnosia, disturbance of right-left orientation, agraphia and acalculia (1924) have been related to lesions of the angular gyrus of the dominant hemisphere. Before the description of those symptoms, a loss of spatial orientation had been described in cases with lesions of the same localization. Balint (1910), Riddoch (1917), and others had observed that symptom in single cases, but the most comprehensive description was given by Gordon Holmes (1918), who studied it in a case-material of war injuries. When Holmes and his co-workers published their observations, constructional apraxia and Gerstmann's syndrome were still unknown. Loss of spatial orientation as a fully developed symptom is rare, while the other two disorders are not uncommon. For this reason the psychopathological relationship of those symptoms is still insufficiently understood. The following case offers an opportunity for studying the problem:
Acute Confusional Insanity and Delirium
Authors: Stern Edward S.
Published: August 2008

This condition, in which severe confusion, disorientation, and restlessness are the principal features, appears to have been first clearly described by Bell (1845), who noted that about 2½ per cent. of the patients admitted to his asylum showed a particular syndrome: they were normal people who were admitted after about a week's acute illness; their appearance and speech suggested fever and delirium like a typhoid state; understanding was limited; they were apprehensive, with distressing but confused delusions; they disliked and suspected their food, and were not sensible enough to be thirsty; they tried to get out of bed, were sometimes violent, and struggled strongly when held. The course of the illness was rapidly downhill, but about a quarter of the patients suddenly made a complete and permanent recovery at the end of two to three weeks, the remainder dying in the same time. There were no specific post-mortem findings.
Non-Obstructive Unilateral Hydrocephalus
Authors: Roberts Arwyn
Published: August 2008

Cases of unilateral hydrocephalus not due to obstruction of the foramen of Monro are rare, and not more than a dozen accounts of such cases have been published. The Journal of Mental Science of July, 1940 (pp. 591–601), contains a paper by R. M. Stewart which gives an excellent review of cases previously published, including two cases of his own.
Electric Convulsion Treatment in Patients Over 60
Authors: Mayer-Gross W.
Published: August 2008

In view of the success of E.C.T. in depressive states of the middle-aged it seemed worth while to take the risk of extending its benefit to patients over 60, whose clinical picture often differs very little from that of the next younger age-group. Since January, 1941, when E.C.T. was first used in the Crichton Royal, an increasing number of such patients has been treated. It is proposed to give a short, retrospective survey of these cases in order to assess if the therapy has justified itself by its results, and to find out the dangers and the limits of its application. Among over 500 patients treated were 76 over 60, 62 females and 14 males, with the following age distribution:
Schizophrenia in Military Psychiatric Practice
Authors: Stockings G. Tayleur
Published: August 2008

The object of this paper is to present a brief review of nearly five years' experience of the schizophrenic group of psychoses as found in military practice, with particular reference to its treatment, and to important new facts which have recently come to light regarding the relative values of the convulsive and insulin therapies.
Comments On the Shipley-Hartford Vocabulary Test
Authors: Bradford E. J. G.
Published: August 2008

Though English is the language of the citizens of the U.S.A., it would be rash to assume that their reading vocabulary was identical in its familiarity with that of the citizens of the British Isles. Hence it is possible that a vocabulary test which is suitable for discriminating among adults in the U.S.A. may not be as suitable for that purpose among adults in this country. A critical examination of the Shipley-Hartford test seems called for, in order that the test may be used with success on this side of the Atlantic.
Masquerading in Uniform: A Wartime Form of Psychopathic Behaviour
Authors: Stalker Harry
Published: August 2008

Those who read the Police Court reports in the newspapers—and every psychiatrist should!—will have read, since the war, of persons guilty of unlawfully wearing military uniform or medals. Often the crime appears to be due, not to ordinary motives of gain, but to motives of personal prestige. Seven cases of this disorder of behaviour have been observed at the Royal Edinburgh Hospital for Mental and Nervous Disorders, and in these cases at least the problem has been one of gravely disordered personalities. It seems worth while reporting the cases, as so far little psychiatric interest has been taken in them. Petrie (1942) and Rossiter Lewis (1942) have each referred briefly to one case. Three of the cases were included in the figures in a previous paper on psychiatric states in ex-service patients (Stalker, 1944), but in one of these the masquerading was not known at the time. Their case-records were not reported in that paper.
Experience with a Simplified Lightweight Apparatus for the Electrical Induction of Convulsions
Authors: Caplan Gerald
Published: August 2008

Whatever the ultimate decision on the permanence of the results of electric convulsive therapy, there can be no doubt as to the present widespread popularity of this treatment in psychiatry. To meet the big demand there have become available in the last few years a number of different convulsant machines, most of which are fairly efficient, but not one being free from defects when exposed to the test of practical application. Some are too heavy and cumbersome, most are liable to minor technical breakdowns, which are the source of much annoyance because they disrupt the hospital routine, one has a faulty time switch which has caused the writer a considerable amount of anxiety when it jammed and allowed the current to flow for about 5 seconds—the patient developed a prolonged period of post-convulsive apnoea, but fortunately came round eventually and suffered no lasting ill-effects. Most machines incorporate one or more instruments to measure the current or the patient's resistance. Neymann et al. have shown the inaccuracy of such simple instruments, and it is doubtful whether they serve any useful purpose. The ammeters are relics of the early days of this treatment, when we were not sure about the safety range of the current, and they were included in the circuit as an extra safeguard. Our experience over the last five years has taught us what currents can be safely used, and an efficient convulsant machine can now be designed whose maximum voltage and maximum time give an output which is well within the limits of safety. A knowledge of the current used is of interest while the machine is undergoing the initial tests, but once this period is over its evaluation, even by an accurate method, is of little academic interest, and a waste of time from the point of view of the practical psychiatrist. The resistance measurements, too, are unnecessary in practice. They were originally made in the hope that they would enable the dosage to be correctly adjusted so as always to ensure a convulsion. But we now know, as Grey Walter has recently pointed out, that the convulsive threshold varies from individual to individual by as much as 1,000 per cent., and since it is a value which can only be found by a method of trial and error, the resistance instruments are of little use. Moreover, no great harm is done if an underdose actually is given—all that happens is that the patient has a temporary period of unconsciousness, and after a short interval a higher dose can be given, which will produce the desired convulsion. It is true, of course, as Kalinowsky (1939) said, that resistance measurements enable one to ensure that the electrodes are making good contact with the patient's skin, but one feels that this is an elaborate and costly method of doing something which could be more easily and quickly accomplished by training the nursing staff always to clean the patient's skin thoroughly before applying the dampened electrodes.
Relation of Histamine Headache to Post-Contusional and Psychogenic Headache
Authors: Pai M. N.
Published: August 2008

Von Storch has induced headache by the sudden intravenous injection of minute amounts of histamine phosphate in three groups of persons—the first group consisting of those subject to migraine, the second group composed of those suffering from chronic recurrent non-migraine headache, and the third group consisting of those not subject to headache. He has found that in persons subject to migraine the headache produced by histamine is frequently similar in character to their habitual headache (though bilateral), while in those subject to chronic recurrent non-migraine headache the experimental headache is only occasionally similar to their usual headache. From the evidence presented by him, linking migraine and histamine, the latter would appear to be a useful drug for distinguishing migraine from other forms of recurrent headache. Using a technique similar to his, experiments were performed at this centre to determine the relation of histamine headache to post-contusional and psychogenic headaches, and the results are worth recording.
Psychiatric Developments
Authors: Petrie A. A. W.
Published: August 2008

The Centenary Meeting of the Royal Medico-Psychological Association should have taken place in 1940. I was honoured in 1939 by the Association nominating me as President-Elect. Much has happened since then, and for five years we have met under the able presidency of Dr. T. C. Graves, whose inaugural meeting had necessarily to be a short one; it was held in London and was limited to the delivery of his presidential address. I feel that we owe a great debt to Dr. Graves for his constant attendance and work, often under difficult war conditions.
A Screening Procedure for the Selection of Recruits for Psychiatric Interview
Authors: Curran Desmond , Roberts J. A. Fraser
Published: August 2008

In the opinion of psychiatrists it should be possible to detect at the time of recruitment a considerable proportion of those later destined to prove unsuitable owing to psychiatric disabilities. Examination by psychiatrists, however, takes a considerable time, and it is impossible for them to examine fully more than a certain proportion of entrants. Thus, in all countries during the war the need has been felt for a preliminary screening procedure to indicate those for whom a full psychiatric interview is desirable. It is the purpose of this paper to outline a method differing in certain ways from those previously described.
States of Heightened Suggestibility: Narcosis
Authors: Eysenck H. J. , Rees W. Linford
Published: August 2008

The present paper reports the results of certain experiments carried out in an attempt to obtain information on the increase in suggestibility which is often said to follow the administration of certain narcotics, in particular sodium amytal and nitrous oxide. The set-up of the experiment, and the results and conclusions reached, may be looked at from two different points of view, viz., (1) with regard to the light that is thrown on the action of the narcotics examined, and (2) with regard to the nature of suggestibility.
An Experiment in Mental Testing During Hypnosis
Authors: Keir Gertrude
Published: August 2008

This paper describes the case of a girl to whom certain mental tests were given while she was under hypnosis. The results of these tests are compared with the results obtained when she was in her normal state.
Psychopathic Personality and Crime
Authors: East W. Norwood
Published: August 2008

Psychiatric research has elucidated many unrecognized facts, and added much to our knowledge of the causes of criminal behaviour in mentally abnormal persons. At the same time the fluidity of modern psychiatry, itself evidence of progress, makes it difficult always to present simply and clearly modern views in a court of law. “”
Neuroses in Firemen
Authors: Guttmann E. , Baker A. A.
Published: August 2008

Whereas much has been published on the psychological reactions, normal and abnormal, in the personnel of the armed forces, little has been written about the neuroses in Civil Defence personnel.

This paper is a survey of cases of neurosis occurring among firemen who were admitted to Mill Hill E.M.S. Hospital from the outbreak of war to October 1, 1944. Altogether 70 patients came from the Fire Service. 40 of them came from London (postal area). No figures can be given about the incidence per number of personnel or per area. But, considering that these 40 men were probably all the firemen in London, north of the river, who required in-patient treatment on account of neurosis during five years, it can be taken that the incidence of serious neurosis was very low. The group of neurotic firemen can be compared with a population of neurotics from the armed Services (as analysed by Eysenck, Journ. Ment Sci., 1944, 90, 851).
The Impulsive Psychopath: A Clinical and Electro-Physiological Study
Authors: Hodge R. Sessions
Published: August 2008

This paper should be considered a preliminary communication, tentative and suggestive. It is based on a psychiatric and electro-physiological study of 70 cases (children, adolescents and adults) referred for anti-social and/or criminal behaviour, and is an attempt to suggest more defined criteria for the assessment of a particular syndrome.
Depression in Parkinsonism Treated by Prefrontal Leucotomy
Authors: Schwarz E.
Published: August 2008

This is a description of a case of depression associated with post-encephalitic Parkinsonism, with signs predominating on the left side, treated by unilateral (right) prefrontal leucotomy.
Length of Treatment in Child Guidance Clinics
Authors: Hutton Laura
Published: August 2008

From the point of view of the psychiatrist, if not from that of the general public, which still needs much education, Child Guidance Clinics have two quite distinct functions: one, diagnostic and advisory, the other, treatment by psychotherapy.
A Comparison of Prolonged Narcosis and Convulsion Therapy in Mental Disorder
Authors: Parfitt D. N.
Published: August 2008

A discussion of the use of prolonged narcosis in mental disorder might seem to be something in the nature of a valedictory address. The ease of application of electric convulsion therapy (E.C.T.), and the excellent effects of its use (1, 2, 3, 5, 11, 25, etc.), particularly in melancholia, have tended to overshadow the benefits to be obtained from an efficient narcosis clinic.
Ageing and Senility: A Major Problem of Psychiatry
Authors: Lewis Aubrey
Published: August 2008

The psychiatric aspects of ageing are a major problem in any country which, like our own, has a low net reproduction rate and a high standard of social responsibility: the proportion of old people in the community steadily increases, so that they provide an increasingly high proportion of our mentally infirm population who must be cared for. But it is not only senile dementia and the other senile and presenile psychoses described in textbooks that make up the problem: less conspicuous failings which may accompany old age also call for attention if the social and preventive sides of our work are to be given due weight. Therefore it is psychiatric aspects of ageing rather than senile psychoses alone that are intended by the title of this paper.
Some Clinical Applications of the Rey-Davis Performance Test
Authors: Zangwill O. L.
Published: August 2008

Protagonists of mental tests in clinical practice have hitherto shown a decided preference for methods of examination adapted to study capacities already developed or knowledge already acquired. Relatively little attention has been given to the study oflearning, despite the fact that this function is so obviously affected in many and various neuropsychiatric conditions. One need only recall the widespread loss of plasticity so characteristic of the dementias and the more specific defects of learning associated with various types of focal lesion, e.g. of the language centres or the visual-association areas (cf.Cobb, 1944, pp. 214–5; Zangwill, 1945). It may therefore be urged that any technique of studying learning that is objective in character and easily adapted to the needs of routine clinical examination is worthy of attention. One technique which meets these demands will be described in the present paper, together with a small selection of the results obtained on routine psychological testing at the Brain Injuries Centre in Edinburgh.
Marriage and Mental Disease: a Study in Social Psychopathology
Authors: Ødegård Ørnulv
Published: August 2008

The problem of mental disease has been approached in many different ways, and chemical, anatomical, biological and psychological methods have been employed. In certain cases it has been possible to obtain satisfactory results by the use of one isolated method: the serological and anatomical approach has given us a useful solution to the problem of general paresis; the genetic approach has been equally useful in the study of mental deficiency. Such great results may explain the prevailing tendency in psychiatric research to attack all the problems of mental disease by the systematic use of one single method, in the hope that the final result is only a matter of time and of technical refinement. One author believes in the anatomical approach, another in the chemical; and there is a tendency to exclude other” methods, in the belief that they cannot give results of basic importance. Psychiatry also has its eclectics, but generally the most intensive research work is carried out by the various “schools,” and with a definite exclusiveness of methods.