bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visualizing dolphin sonar signal generation using high-speed video endoscopy
Authors: Cranford Ted W. , Van Bonn William G. , Chaplin Monica S. , Carr Jennifer A. , Kamolnick Trish A. , Carder Donald A. , Ridgway Sam H.
Published: July 2002

Determining the site of the delphinid sonar signal generation has eluded cetologists for decades. Activities within the pharyngeal and nasal cavities of two bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) were studied during sound production and echolocation. A high-speed dual-camera video system provided synchronized windows for recording two concomitant events: (1) movements visible through an endoscope and (2) oscilloscope traces of acoustic pressure at a hydrophone placed near the animal’s head. Dolphins have two tissue complexes, one located on either side, and just above, the membranous nasal septum [Cranford et al., J. Morph. 228, 223–285 (1996)]. They apparently generate acoustic pulses by pushing air across sets of internal ‘‘lips.’’ The acoustic pulse occurs coincident with one oscillatory cycle of the lips. Changes in the acoustic pulse repetition rate and the vibration cycles of the lips are simultaneous, indicating that their rates and periods are synchronous. No other structures were found to vibrate in synchrony with each acoustic pulse generation event. The palatopharyngeal muscle complex compresses air for the system. These observations settle a long-standing controversy over the site of biosonar signal generation in odontocetes and open a vista of potential avenues for future investigations. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research.]
Analytical study of different approaches for active control of sound transmission through double walls
Authors: Pan J. , Bao C.
Published: July 2002

Sound transmission through double plate structures into an enclosure and its active attenuation are modeled and analyzed in this paper. Using the modal acoustic transfer impedance and mobility matrices, the excitation and interaction in the double plate sound transmission system can be described with clear physical significance. Three active control arrangements are considered for a double wall sound transmission model. They are: (1) to directly attenuate the room modes by using one acoustic control source in the room; (2) to control the sound radiation into the room using a vibrational actuator on the radiating structure; and (3) to block the noise transmission path by inserting one acoustic control source within double wall partition. The analytical solution of the system response is used to explain the mechanisms of attenuation associated with these three control arrangements. The effectiveness and performance of the control system corresponding to each arrangement are discussed.
Interrupted noise exposures: Threshold shift dynamics and permanent effects
Authors: Hamernik Roger P. , Ahroon William A.
Published: July 2002

A parametric study of the reduction of threshold shift (toughening phenomena) that takes place during the course of an interrupted noise exposure is described. 266 chinchillas randomly assigned to one of 32 experimental groups were exposed to one of the following: a 400-Hz narrow-band impact noise having a center frequency of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, or 8.0 kHz and peak sound-pressure levels of 109, 115, 121, or 127 dB. The impacts were presented for 5 d, 24 h/d or for 20 d, 6 h/d. Corresponding pairs of exposures had equal energy. Group mean noise effects were estimated from pure-tone thresholds obtained from inferior colliculus evoked potentials and from surface preparation histology. The threshold shift (TS) toughening phenomena is shown to occur in response to all stimuli that produce a TS and at all audiometric test frequencies. The amount of toughening, which is limited to less than 35 dB, varies with noise frequency and intensity. Based on group mean data the auditory system is not protected from the permanent effects of an interrupted noise exposure as a result of the toughening effect but rather differences in permanent effects between the 5- and 20-d exposures are attributed to the spreading of the exposure energy over an extended period of time.
Sound production by a vibrating piano soundboard: Experiment
Authors: Giordano N.
Published: July 2002

The generation of sound by a piano soundboard is investigated experimentally, through measurements of the sound pressure, p, and the soundboard velocity, vb, produced in response to a force applied at the bridge. Results for the ratio p/vb as a function of frequency, for forces applied perpendicular to the soundboard at different locations (i.e., driving points) on the bridge, are presented. At all locations, p/vb is largest at frequencies of order ∼1 kHz, and falls off below a few hundred Hz and above ∼5 kHz. A few results obtained with the force applied along the string direction (i.e., parallel to the plane of the soundboard) are also described. These results are compared and contrasted with previous experiments, and with theoretical expectations.
Group subjective ratings of airborne sound insulation
Authors: Bradley John
Published: July 2002

This paper will compare various sound insulation measures as predictors of the grouped subjective ratings obtained from a field survey of 600 subjects and the airborne sound insulation of their 300 party walls. The subjects lived in both row housing and multi-floor apartment buildings in three different Canadian cities. The questionnaire first asked about general issues concerning the subjects building followed by more specific questions rating the sound insulation and the audibility of various noises. Sound transmission loss measurements were made in 1/3 octave bands from 100 to 4000 Hz. In addition to the standard ISO and ASTM single number ratings, 20 different single number sound isolation measures were calculated. Most were simple variations of the standard quantities. The standard STC rating (including the 8-dB rule) was one of the better predictors of most responses. Excluding the 8-dB rule decreased correlations with responses and especially those concerning hearing musical sounds. Several responses were best correlated with transmission loss values in the 160- and 200-Hz bands.
Acoustic response of a periodic layer of nearly rigid spherical inclusions in an elastic solid
Authors: Maslov Konstantin , Kinra Vikram K.
Published: July 2002

Reflection and transmission spectra of a plane longitudinal wave normally incident on a periodic (square) array of identical spherical particles in a polyester matrix are measured at wavelengths which are comparable to the particle radius and the interparticle distance. The spectra are characterized by several resonances whose frequencies are close to the cutoff frequencies for the shear wave diffraction orders. Arrays of heavy particles (lead and steel) exhibit a pronounced resonance which occurs when the lattice resonant frequency is close to the frequency of the rigid-body translation (dipole) resonance of an isolated sphere in an unbounded matrix. An approximate low-frequency theory is developed which assumes that the inclusions are rigid, but which takes into account the multiple-scattering effect. The comparison between theory and the experiment is found to be good for arrays with particle area fraction as high as 32%.
Acoustic imaging of objects buried in soil
Authors: Frazier Catherine H. , Çadallı Nail , Munson David C. , O’Brien William D.
Published: July 2002

In this study, we demonstrate an acoustic system for high-resolution imaging of objects buried in soil. Our goal is to image cultural artifacts in order to assess in a rapid manner the historical significance of a potential construction site. We describe the imaging system and present preliminary images produced from data collected from a soil phantom. A mathematical model and associated computer software are developed in order to simulate the signals acquired by the system. We have built the imaging system, which incorporates a single element source transducer and a receiver array. The source and receiver array are moved together along a linear path to collect data. Using this system, we have obtained B-mode images of several targets by using delay-and-sum beamforming, and we have also applied synthetic aperture theory to this problem.
Steady-State Melt Viscosity of Plasticized Hydrocarbon Elastomers
Authors: Kraus G. , Gruver J. T.
Published: July 2002

The steady-state melt viscosity of several plasticised hydrocarbon elastomers is shown to be described by a reduced variable treatment which allows superposition of the viscosity-shear rate curve for any polymer containing a diluent on the viscosity curve of the pure polymer. The shift factors which accomplish this superposition may in turn be broken up into two factors: (1) a function of the volume concentration of the diluent alone, which represents the loosening of the entanglement network, and (2) a factor representing the effect of the diluent on segmental friction and chain configuration. The latter is shown to be related to the temperature of measurement and the glass transition temperatures of both polymer and diluent. The relationships developed permit predictions of plasticizer efficacy for any diluent/polymer combination from glass transition and density data alone.
The Effect of Pressure Losses in the Barrel on Capillary Flow Measurements
Authors: Metzger A. P. , Knox J. R.
Published: July 2002

Melt flow data, obtained from capillaries having constant length-to-diameter ratios, but different diameters, do not lie on a single curve. At constant shear rate the apparent viscosity decreases with capillary diameter. This diameter effect has been interpreted by some investigators as an indication of slippage along the capillary wall. This paper presents data which demonstrate that, if corrections are made for pressure drop in the rheometer barrel, the flow curves coincide. Although it has been recognized that pressure losses in the barrel can have a significant influence on melt index values, it has usually been assumed that they are negligible in high shear measurements. However, if reliable flow curves are to be obtained, the barrel losses cannot be ignored. Furthermore, the value of losses can be used to calculate the shear stress in the barrel and thus extend the range of the measurements.
The Viscosity of Concentrated Suspensions
Authors: Weissberg H. L. , Prager Stephen
Published: July 2002

Rigorous lower bounds on the relative viscosity have been obtained for a variety of suspensions by applying the principle of minimum energy dissipation. Results are given for suspensions of irregular particles, as well as for suspensions of spheres. Numerical values have been obtained in a number of special cases.
Two Problems of Transient Viscoelastic Flow in Tubes
Authors: Norman Charles R. , Pipkin A. C.
Published: July 2002

Gross features of linearly viscoelastic flow are related to corresponding features of Newtonian viscous flow. A step change in pressure gradient produces particle displacements that are asymptotic (for t→∞) to those in a Newtonian flow starting T units of time earlier. T is the mean relaxation time of the fluid. A step change in flux requires a pressure loss that is asymptotic to the loss in a Newtonian flow starting T units of time later. Results are independent of cross-sectional shape, but require flow slow enough that terms of third order in shear per relaxation time are negligible.
Normal Stress Behavior of Linear Polyethylene Melts in a Rotational Parallel-Plate Rheometer
Authors: Blyler L. L.
Published: July 2002

Measurement of the total normal thrust generated in steady torsional flow between parallel plates enables one to determine the normal stress quantity [P11−2P22+P33] as a function of shear rate γ̇ for polymer melts. This measurement has been carried out for two linear polyethylene melts of different molecular weight using a modified Maxwell orthogonal rheometer. It is found that the normal stress curves have similar shape but are shifted from one another both horizontally along the γ̇ axis and vertically. A strong correlation exists between [P11−2P22+P33](γ̇) and 2G′(ω), where G′(ω) is the dynamic storage modulus in shear, and the two quantities have identical molecular weight dependencies. The manner of treatment of normal stress data for polymer melts of differing molecular weights is explored, with particular regard to the application of the method of reduced variables. In addition, the predictive ability of the Springs four-constant equation as regards normal stress behavior of polyethylene melts is discussed.
Melt Transitions of Polypropylene
Authors: Sieglaff C. L. , O’Leary K. J.
Published: July 2002

Several investigators in the past one or two years have reported rheological data on systems capable of formation of crystalline phases during flow. Berens and Folt, and Collins and Krier reported data on polyvinyl chlorine systems which could be interpreted as a phase transition during melt flow. Kobayashi has reported on stress induced crystallization of polyethylene melts and Vinogradov has presented data on the formation of super-molecular structures in isotactic polystyrene melts during flow. This paper is a report of our initial findings on a rheological transition in the isotactic polypropylene system.
A Bubble Inflation Technique for the Measurement of Viscoelastic Properties in Equal Biaxial Extensional Flow. II
Authors: Joye Donald D. , Poehlein Gary W. , Denson Costel D.
Published: July 2002

Additional data are presented for a bubble inflation technique which was used to develop equal biaxial extensional flow in viscoelastic materials. Biaxial extensional viscosity and elastic properties of a polyisobutylene at 23°C are compared with the predictions of constitutive equations and with experimental results obtained from other instruments. Constant pressure (rather than constant tension) experiments were carried out to the point of bubble bursting. A modified plot involving variables derived from pressure and bursting time is compared with the biaxial viscosity data, and the prospects for using this simpler test are discussed.
Measurement of Normal Stress by Means of Hole Pressure
Authors: Kearsley Elliot A.
Published: July 2002

A measurement of normal stress differences in a shearing elastic liquid is accomplished through direct measurement of hole pressure. Gravity flow down an inclined channel is used and hole pressure is measured for slots perpendicular and parallel to the flow, as well as for a circular hole. The first and second normal stress differences are calculated under the assumption of second-order fluid behavior. Dynamic data are compared and a discrepancy noted.
Association Between BNT162b2 Vaccination and Long COVID After Infections Not Requiring Hospitalization in Health Care Workers
Authors: Azzolini Elena , Levi Riccardo , Sarti Riccardo , Pozzi Chiara , Mollura Maximiliano , Mantovani Alberto , Rescigno Maria
Published: July 2022

This study examines the risk of long COVID following mRNA vaccination, compared with no vaccination, in health care workers in Italy who had COVID-19 infection.
Development and validation of a checklist for use with automatically generated radiotherapy plans
Authors: Nealon Kelly A. , Court Laurence E. , Douglas Raphael J. , Zhang Lifei , Han Eun Young
Published: July 2022

Purpose

To develop a checklist that improves the rate of error detection during the plan review of automatically generated radiotherapy plans.

Methods

A custom checklist was developed using guidance from American Association of Physicists in Medicine task groups 275 and 315 and the results of a failure modes and effects analysis of the Radiation Planning Assistant (RPA), an automated contouring and treatment planning tool. The preliminary checklist contained 90 review items for each automatically generated plan. In the first study, eight physicists were recruited from our institution who were familiar with the RPA. Each physicist reviewed 10 artificial intelligence‐generated resident treatment plans from the RPA for safety and plan quality, five of which contained errors. Physicists performed plan checks, recorded errors, and rated each plan's clinical acceptability. Following a 2‐week break, physicists reviewed 10 additional plans with a similar distribution of errors using our customized checklist. Participants then provided feedback on the usability of the checklist and it was modified accordingly. In a second study, this process was repeated with 14 senior medical physics residents who were randomly assigned to checklist or no checklist for their reviews. Each reviewed 10 plans, five of which contained errors, and completed the corresponding survey.

Results

In the first study, the checklist significantly improved the rate of error detection from 3.4 ± 1.1 to 4.4 ± 0.74 errors per participant without and with the checklist, respectively (p = 0.02). Error detection increased by 20% when the custom checklist was utilized. In the second study, 2.9 ± 0.84 and 3.5 ± 0.84 errors per participant were detected without and with the revised checklist, respectively (p = 0.08). Despite the lack of statistical significance for this cohort, error detection increased by 18% when the checklist was utilized.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that the use of a customized checklist when reviewing automated treatment plans will result in improved patient safety.
Temporal lobe epilepsy surgery: Piriform cortex resection impacts seizure control in the long‐term
Authors: Borger Valeri , Hamed Motaz , Bahna Majd , Rácz Áttila , Ilic Inja , Potthoff Anna‐Laura , Baumgartner Tobias , Rüber Theodor , Becker Albert , Radbruch Alexander , Mormann Florian , Surges Rainer , Vatter Hartmut , Schneider Matthias
Published: July 2022

Objective

Recently, we showed that resection of at least 27% of the temporal part of piriform cortex (PiC) strongly correlated with seizure freedom 1 year following selective amygdalo‐hippocampectomy (tsSAHE) in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE). However, the impact of PiC resection on long‐term seizure outcome following tsSAHE is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of PiC resection on long‐term seizure outcome in patients with mTLE treated with tsSAHE.

Methods

Between 2012 and 2017, 64 patients were included in the retrospective analysis. Long‐term follow‐up (FU) was defined as at least 2 years postoperatively. Seizure outcome was assessed according to the International League against Epilepsy (ILAE). The resected proportions of hippocampus, amygdala, and PiC were volumetrically assessed.

Results

The mean FU duration was 3.75 ± 1.61 years. Patients with ILAE class 1 revealed a significantly larger median proportion of resected PiC compared to patients with ILAE class 2–6 [46% (IQR 31–57) vs. 16% (IQR 6–38), p = 0.001]. Resected proportions of hippocampus and amygdala did not significantly differ for these groups. Among those patients with at least 27% resected proportion of PiC, there were significantly more patients with seizure freedom compared to the patients with <27% resected proportion of PiC (83% vs. 39%, p = 0.0007).

Conclusions

Our results show a strong impact of the extent of PiC resection on long‐term seizure outcome following tsSAHE in mTLE. The authors suggest the PiC to constitute a key target volume in tsSAHE to achieve seizure freedom in the long term.
FDA requires nicotine levels to be reduced, bans JUUL
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: July 2022

Last month, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced that it would set a maximum nicotine level in cigarettes to reduce the addictiveness of combusted tobacco products. According to the FDA, the potential rule would have the goal of reducing youth use, addiction, and death. The FDA last month also banned vaping device JUUL.
Suspended Collagen Hydrogels to Replicate Human Colonic Epithelial Cell Interactions with Immune Cells
Authors: Hinman Samuel S. , Massaro Angelo , Wang Yuli , Sims Christopher E. , Kim Raehyun , Allbritton Nancy L.
Published: July 2022

The human colon plays a critical role in fluid and salt absorption and harbors the largest immune compartment. There is a widespread need for in vitro models of human colon physiology with its innate immune system. A method is described to produce a cassette with a network of struts supporting a suspended, non‐chemically cross‐linked collagen hydrogel scaffold compatible with the co‐culture of primary gastrointestinal epithelium and migratory inflammatory cells. The epithelial monolayer cultured on the suspended collagen possesses a population of polarized and differentiated cells similar to that present in vivo. This epithelial layer displays proper barrier function with a transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) ≥ 1,500 Ω cm2 and an apparent permeability ≤10−5 cm2 s−1. Immune cells plated on the basal face of the scaffold transmigrated over a period of 24 h to the epithelial layer in response to epithelial production of IL‐8 induced by luminal stimulation of Clostridium difficile Toxin A. These studies demonstrate that this in vitro platform possesses a functional primary colonic epithelial layer with an immune cell compartment capable of recruitment in response to pro‐inflammatory cues coming from the epithelium.
Mixed‐Dimensional van der Waals Engineering for Charge Transfer Enables Wafer‐Level Flexible Electronics
Authors: Zhang Yiming , Liu Dexing , Huang Qiuyue , Ren Qinqi , Fan Lingchong , Du Chunhui , Zhang Shengdong , Zhang Min
Published: July 2022

Flexible electronics draw intense interest because of their promising potential for emerging applications, which, however, encounter challenging obstacles of material self‐limiting fabrication, trade‐off mechanical flexibility, and associated moderate electrical performance. Here, wafer‐level flexible fully‐carbon‐integrated transistors via mixed‐dimensional van der Waals (vdW) engineering is realized. Remarkable performance includes subthreshold swing of 51.8 mV dec−1 breaking thermionic limit, outstanding field‐effect mobility as high as 313.8 cm2 V−1 s−1, and sub‐1 V operating voltage. The charge transfer modulation of graphene oxide on carbon nanotube in the vdW‐integrated transistors is designed to enhance channel conductance, which is simultaneously confirmed by theoretical calculations and electrical characterizations. Besides, the transistors maintain stable electrical performance after bending under an ultra‐small radius of 250 µm. Exponential‐sensitivity temperature sensors and binary‐logic inverters are further realized to demonstrate the feasibility of the devices as the building blocks of all‐vdW electronics. These results indicate that either the strategy of all‐vdW transistor realization or the charge transfer provides general approach to improve device performance and further advance flexible electronic technologies.
Maximizing the Accessibility in DNA Origami Nanoantenna Plasmonic Hotspots
Authors: Close Cindy , Trofymchuk Kateryna , Grabenhorst Lennart , Lalkens Birka , Glembockyte Viktorija , Tinnefeld Philip
Published: July 2022

DNA nanotechnology has conquered the challenge of positioning quantum emitters in the hotspot of optical antenna structures for fluorescence enhancement. Therefore, DNA origami serves as the scaffold to arrange nanoparticles and emitters, such as fluorescent dyes. For the next challenge of optimizing the applicability of plasmonic hotspots for molecular assays, a Trident DNA origami structure that increases the accessibility of the hotspot is introduced, thereby improving the kinetics of target molecule binding. This Trident NanoAntenna with Cleared HOtSpot (NACHOS) is compared with previous DNA origami nanoantennas and improved hotspot accessibility is demonstrated without compromising fluorescence enhancement. The approach taps into the potential of Trident NACHOS for single‐molecule‐based plasmonic biosensing.
Electrochemical Patterning of Cu Current Collectors: An Enabler for Pure Silicon Anodes in High‐Energy Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Schlaier Jonas , Cangaz Sahin , Maletti Sebastian , Heubner Christian , Abendroth Thomas , Schneider Michael , Kaskel Stefan , Michaelis Alexander
Published: July 2022

Silicon (Si) is considered the most promising anode material for next‐generation high‐energy lithium‐ion batteries. To enable the use of pure Si anodes, patterning is essential to reduce electrode degradation caused by volume changes during cycling. The authors herein report a facile and scalable Cu electrodeposition (Cu‐ECD) process to tailor the topography of Cu current collectors for the directed formation of columnar Si anodes by physical vapor deposition (PVD). ECD parameters, such as Cu concentration, temperature, potential, and deposited amount of Cu, are systematically varied. The most promising ECD parameters are applied to modify commercial Cu foils, which are then used to prepare columnar Si anodes via PVD. Modified current collectors and resulting Si anodes are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser scanning confocal microscopy, and adhesion tests. Selected Si anodes are characterized in battery cells regarding cycling stability. It is shown that the adjustment of the current collector topography results in a significant increase in cycling stability. SEM analysis revealed differences in the mechanical degradation and electrochemical capacity decay. Based on the results, process–structure–property relationships between the topography of the Cu‐ECD current collectors, the resulting columnar Si anodes and their electrochemical performance are derived.
Electrochemical Oxidation‐Induced Oxyphosphorylation of Alkenes and Alkynes with Water via Hydrogen Atom Transfer
Authors: Yang Jianjing , Sun Xue , Yan Kelu , Sun Hongzhao , Sun Shuai , Jia Xiaoyu , Zhang Fanjun , Wen Jiangwei
Published: July 2022

A metal‐ and exogenous‐oxidant‐free oxidation‐induced oxyphosphorylation of alkenes and alkynes with water for β‐ketophosphonates has been developed through the radical coupling under electrochemical conditions. This protocol is compatible with a wide range of alkenes, alkynes, and diarylphosphorus derivatives, and enables the gram‐scale synthesis of β‐ketophosphonates. The mechanistic study revealed that the P radicals were generated via hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) event jointly mediated by tetrabutylammonium acetate and anode oxidation process.

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Electrochemical [3+2] Cycloaddition of Anilines and 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds: Construction of Multisubstituted Indoles
Authors: Chang Xiaoqiang , Chen Xingyu , Lu Sixian , Zhao Yifan , Ma Yue , Zhang Dong , Yang Lan , Sun Peng
Published: July 2022

Indoles, especially multisubstituted ones, are privileged scaffolds found widely in natural products, bioactive molecules, fine chemicals, and organic functional materials. Although several intramolecular electrochemical cyclization reactions of vinyl anilines to construct indoles have been reported in recent years, the intermolecular process between simple anilines and other readily available synthons, even though dominant, remains relatively unexplored. Herein, we report the intermolecular electro‐oxidative cycloaddition of anilines and commercially available 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds. This method provides an alternative route for the synthesis of a broad range of multisubstituted indoles without a transition‐metal catalyst or external chemical oxidant.

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Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Carboamination of Maleimides with Amines and α‐Bromo Carboxylates
Authors: Zhou Xueying , Shi Shanshan , Chen Luya , Wu Ge , Ma Yunfei
Published: July 2022

A copper‐catalyzed oxidative carboamination of maleimides with alkyl amines and α‐bromo carboxylates is described. These multicomponent reactions show good functional group compatibility and are suitable for the late‐stage modification of a series of neuroprotective agents, providing a direct path for the library synthesis of 3‐carbo‐4‐amino maleimides. The initial copper‐catalyzed oxidative amination of maleimides with amines to form enamines intermediate, followed by copper‐catalyzed radical alkylation with α‐bromo carboxylate compounds, triggers a relayed catalytic reaction to achieve the carboamination process.

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Dual Photoredox and Nickel Catalysed Reductive Coupling of Alkynes and Aldehydes
Authors: Calogero Francesco , Magagnano Giandomenico , Potenti Simone , Gualandi Andrea , Fermi Andrea , Ceroni Paola , Giorgio Cozzi Pier
Published: July 2022

A regioselective vinylation of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes promoted by the merging of photoredox and nickel catalysis is here reported. A comprehensive investigation on the reaction conditions allowed the disclosure of a valid and reproducible protocol based on a nickel‐mediated reductive coupling approach under visible light irradiation. The employment of 3CzClIPN (2,4,6‐tris(carbazol‐9‐yl)‐5‐chloro‐isophthalonitrile) as the photocatalyst and Hantzsch's ester as the sacrificial organic reductant replace the use of boron‐, silicon‐ or zinc‐based reducing agents, making this method a worthy alternative to the already known protocols. The developed mild reaction conditions allow the access to a wide range of substituents decorating both the aldehyde and the alkyne. Moreover, careful photophysical investigations shed light on the mechanism of the reaction.

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Molecular Modeling of Ionic Liquids: Force‐Field Validation and Thermodynamic Perspective from Large‐Scale Fast‐Growth Solvation Free Energy Calculations
Authors: Sun Zhaoxi , Wang Mao , He Qiaole , Liu Zhirong
Published: July 2022

In molecular modelling of novel solvents such as ionic liquids, it is common to scale atomic charges to improve the experiment‐simulation agreement for some selected properties. As these liquids are designed to solvate solutes, whether the solvation thermodynamics could be correctly described is of utmost importance. Therefore, we present a comprehensive large‐scale calculation of solvation free energies via nonequilibrium fast‐switching simulations for a spectrum of molecules in ionic liquids, the atomic charges of which are scaled to maximize the prediction‐experiment correlation. Further, the density‐derived choice is compared with the solvation‐thermodynamics‐derived one. When the scaling factor is decreased, the density exhibits a monotonically decreasing behavior due to weaker inter‐molecular interactions produced by scaled atomic charges. However, solvation free energies do not show consistent monotonic behaviors, which are caused by competing electrostatic and vdW responses to the scaling‐parameter variation. More intriguingly, the solvation‐free‐energy‐derived scaling factor is generally slightly higher than the density‐derived one. We further calculate partition coefficients ortransfer free energies of solutes from water to ionic liquids to provide another thermodynamic perspective of charge scaling. Another central result is the detailed evaluation of the widely used force fields for bonded and vdW terms, i.e., the GAFF derivatives.
Carrier screening for Krabbe disease in an isolated inbred community
Authors: Ezer Shlomit , Zuckerman Shachar , Segel Reeval , Zlotogora Joël
Published: July 2022

Infantile Krabbe disease (OMIM 245200) is a severe, fatal autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder that is relatively frequent in two Muslims villages within Jerusalem. After the characterization of the founder mutation, a population carrier screening for Krabbe disease became a component of the Israeli program for the detection and the prevention of birth defects. Between 2010 and 2018, 3366 individuals were tested and among them 247 carriers for Krabbe disease were identified (7.3%). Most of the 21 carrier couples identified that had pregnancies after being informed that they were at risk used preventive measures including termination of pregnancies of affected fetuses. During the study period, eight children affected with Krabbe disease were born in the villages, four to couples not detected though the program. Twenty years after the beginning of the carrier screening program, Krabbe disease remained relatively frequent in the villages. The establishment of a genetic clinic in the villages may allow to improve the carrier screening program while giving individual counseling for the risk to the other genetic diseases existing in the villages.
Einfluss von Imperfektionen auf die Fugentragfähigkeit torsionsbeanspruchter Kreisringsegmente
Authors: Fürll Florian , Klein Fabian , Betz Thorsten , Marx Steffen
Published: July 2022

Hybride Turmkonstruktionen für Windenergieanlagen haben sich in den letzten Jahren vor allem für Anlagen mit großen Nabenhöhen etabliert. Der obere Teil derartiger Türme besteht aus Stahlsektionen, wohingegen sich der untere Teil aus vorgespannten Betonfertigteilringen zusammensetzt. Die zwangsläufig zwischen den Betonfertigteilen entstehenden Horizontalfugen werden üblicherweise als Trockenfugen ausgeführt. Aufgrund der fehlenden Ausgleichsschicht in der Fuge entstehen erhöhte Anforderungen an die Genauigkeit der Fugenoberflächen. Aus Messdaten von realen Segmenten von Windenergieanlagen konnte abgeleitet werden, dass die Fugenoberflächen Ungenauigkeiten hinsichtlich der Querschnittsform und Ebenheit aufweisen. Mittels numerischer Simulationen wurde der Einfluss dieser Imperfektionen auf das Fugentragverhalten unter kombinierter Belastung aus Vorspannung, Biegung und Torsion untersucht. Es zeigt sich, dass in Abhängigkeit von der Imperfektionsart und vom Vorspanngrad Imperfektionen das Fugentragverhalten erheblich beeinflussen können.
Mental health disorders among ovarian cancer survivors in a population‐based cohort
Authors: Hu Siqi , Baraghoshi David , Chang Chun‐Pin , Rowe Kerry , Snyder John , Deshmukh Vikrant , Newman Michael , Fraser Alison , Smith Ken , Peoples Anita R. , Gaffney David , Hashibe Mia
Published: July 2022

Background

Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common female cancer in the United States. There have been very few studies investigating mental health diagnoses among ovarian cancer survivors with long‐term follow up. The aim of this study is to examine the incidence of mental illness among ovarian cancer survivors compared to a general population cohort. A secondary aim is to investigate risk factors for mental illnesses among ovarian cancer survivors.

Patients and methods

Cohorts of 1689 ovarian cancer patients diagnosed between 1996 and 2012 and 7038 women without cancer matched by age and birth state from the general population were identified. Mental health diagnoses were identified from electronic medical records and statewide healthcare facilities data. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs).

Results

Ovarian cancer survivors experienced increased risks of mental illnesses within the first 2 years after cancer diagnosis (HR = 3.55, 95% CI = 3.04–4.14). The risks of depression among ovarian cancer survivors were nearly 3‐fold within the first 2 years of cancer diagnosis (HR = 2.59, 95% CI = 1.94–3.47), and 1.69‐fold at 2–5 years after cancer diagnosis (HR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.18–2.42). Ovarian cancer survivors experienced an 80% increased risk of death with a mental illness diagnosis (HR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.48–2.18) and a 94% increased risk of death with a depression diagnosis (HR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.56–2.40).

Conclusions

Higher risks of mental illnesses were observed among ovarian cancer survivors throughout the follow‐up periods of 0–2 years and 2–5 years after cancer diagnosis. Multidisciplinary care is needed to monitor and treat mental illnesses among ovarian cancer survivors.
Trace‐Level Phenolics Detection Based on Composite PAN‐MWCNTs Nanofibers
Authors: Özer Elif Merve , Apetrei Roxana‐Mihaela , Camurlu Pinar
Published: July 2022

In view of major concerns regarding toxicity (genotoxic, mutagenic, hepatotoxic) of phenolics, there is an on‐going necessity for sensitive and accurate analytical procedures for detection and measurements in environmental field, water, and food quality control. The current study proposes composite polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous assemblies enriched with multi‐wall carbon nanotubes (PAN‐MWCNTs NFs) as suitable immobilization platforms for cross‐linking of tyrosinase in detection of both diphenols and monophenols, which are of much interest in water contamination. The prepared biosensor (Pt/PAN‐MWCNTs/Tyr) showed high sensitivity in catechol detection (362.5 mA/M.cm2) and moderate sensitivity for the two monophenols (phenol, p‐chlorophenol) with 14.79 and 25.46 mA/M.cm2, respectively. The LOD values of the sensor were in the nanomolar range: 4.42×10−9, 4.06×10−7 and 1.05×10−7 M for catechol, phenol and p‐chlorophenol, respectively, allowing detection of trace amounts of phenolics in spiked water samples.
Using selection models to assess sensitivity to publication bias: A tutorial and call for more routine use
Authors: Maier Maximilian , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Mathur Maya B.
Published: July 2022

In meta‐analyses, it is critical to assess the extent to which publication bias might have compromised the results. Classical methods based on the funnel plot, including Egger's test and Trim‐and‐Fill, have become the de facto default methods to do so, with a large majority of recent meta‐analyses in top medical journals (85%) assessing for publication bias exclusively using these methods. However, these classical funnel plot methods have important limitations when used as the sole means of assessing publication bias: they essentially assume that the publication process favors large point estimates for small studies and does not affect the largest studies, and they can perform poorly when effects are heterogeneous. In light of these limitations, we recommend that meta‐analyses routinely apply other publication bias methods in addition to or instead of classical funnel plot methods. To this end, we describe how to use and interpret selection models. These methods make the often more realistic assumption that publication bias favors “statistically significant” results, and the methods also directly accommodate effect heterogeneity. Selection models have been established for decades in the statistics literature and are supported by user‐friendly software, yet remain rarely reported in many disciplines. We use a previously published meta‐analysis to demonstrate that selection models can yield insights that extend beyond those provided by funnel plot methods, suggesting the importance of establishing more comprehensive reporting practices for publication bias assessment.
Exposure–Efficacy Analysis of Asciminib in Philadelphia Chromosome–Positive Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Chronic Phase
Authors: Combes François Pierre , Li Ying Fei , Hoch Matthias , Lorenzo Sebastien , Ho Yu‐Yun , Sy Sherwin K. B.
Published: July 2022

Asciminib (Scemblix) is a first‐in‐class BCR::ABL1 inhibitor that works by specifically targeting the ABL myristoyl pocket (STAMP) and has potent activity against the T315I mutation. This study aimed to characterize the effect of asciminib exposure on disease progression and to elucidate factors influencing efficacy. Our analysis included 303 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase recruited in a phase I study with dose ranging from 10 to 200 mg twice a day (b.i.d.) or 40 to 200 mg once a day (q.d.) (NCT02081378) and in the phase III ASCEMBL (Study of Efficacy of CML‐CP Patients Treated With ABL001 Versus Bosutinib, Previously Treated With 2 or More TKIs) study receiving asciminib 40 mg b.i.d. (NCT03106779). A total of 67 patients harbored the T315I mutation. A longitudinal pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model was developed to characterize the exposure–efficacy relationship, in which the efficacy was assessed through BCR::ABL1 transcript levels over time. Specifically, a three‐compartment model representing quiescent leukemic stem cells, proliferating bone marrow cells, and resistant cells was developed. Drug killing of the proliferating cells by asciminib was characterized by a power model. A subgroup analysis was performed on the patients with the T315I mutation using a maximum drug effect model to characterize the drug effect. The model demonstrated the appropriateness of a total daily dose of asciminib 80 mg in patients without the T315I mutation and 200 mg b.i.d. in patients with the T315I mutation with further validation in light of safety data. This model captured key characteristics of patients' response to asciminib and helped inform dosing rationale for resistant and difficult‐to‐treat populations.
Corporate social responsibility: Does it really matter in the luxury context?
Authors: Broccardo Laura , Culasso Francesca , Dhir Amandeep , Truant Elisa
Published: July 2022

The impact of CSR in the luxury sector has been less investigated than in the non‐luxury context, and the findings in the luxury context are not unidirectional. In recent years, researchers have begun exploring the link between CSR and luxury. These efforts have attempted to overcome the gap between theory and practice while also acknowledging that luxury and CSR can be considered conflicting concepts. This mixed picture underscores the need for further investigations. The current study aims to illuminate CSR in the luxury context by examining business model development and financial performance. In particular, we conducted an in‐depth longitudinal and qualitative analysis of a leading luxury company that had experienced an event that had negatively impacted CSR. Specifically, this event affected the supply chain, and the public indignation that ensued impacted the firm's financial performance. Our results revealed that in the case of a luxury organisation, CSR does not affect financial performance despite a negative event. Ultimately, the study offers insights into CSR in the luxury context by proposing a matrix to explain the various influences on a company's business model and financial performance.
Understand the new generation of student‐veterans
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: July 2022

Monteigne Long's journey to working with student‐veterans began as a military spouse. Today, Long is the Assistant Director at the Office of Veteran Services at Texas A&M University. At TAMU, Long helps oversee the programming for more than 400 student‐veterans across 11 institutions, along with more than 7,000 military dependents.
Reevaluate disability services, supports, and strategies for growing numbers of students with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Bedrossian Louise
Published: July 2022

Multiple Sclerosis is a noncontagious disorder of currently unknown origin, affecting the central nervous system with an unpredictable course, affecting all aspects of an individual's functioning. An autoimmune disorder with no current cure, MS causes the body's defense system to attack the myelin‐covering nerve fibers (sclerosis) throughout the central nervous system, causing distortion or interruption of nerve impulses, resulting in a broad spectrum of symptoms manifesting differently in each individual.
Response of seismic isolated structures with supplemental rotational inertia
Authors: Makris Nicos , Moghimi Gholamreza
Published: July 2022

Motivated by the effectiveness of inerters to control the displacements of flexible structures in association with their known property to eliminate the participation of higher modes, this paper revisits the seismic response analysis of the classical two‐degree‐of‐freedom isolated structure with supplemental rotational inertia in its isolation system. The paper shows that for the “critical” amount of rotational inertia which eliminates the participation of the second mode, the effect of this elimination is marginal on the structural response since the participation of the second mode is invariably small even when isolation systems without inerters are used. Our study, upon showing that the reaction force at the support of the inerter is appreciable, proceeds with a non‐linear response analysis that implements a state‐space formulation which accounts for the bilinear behavior of practical isolation system (single concave sliding bearings or lead‐rubber bearings) in association with the compliance of the support of the inerter. Our study concludes that supplemental rotational inertia aggravates the displacement and acceleration response of the superstructure and as a result, for larger isolation periods () the use of inerters in isolation systems is not recommended.
Screening of tall fescue genotypes for relative water content and osmotic potential under drought stress
Authors: Kirigwi Francis M. , Saha Malay C.
Published: July 2022

Background

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is an important cool‐season perennial grass. Its persistence and forage yield can be severely affected by drought stresses during the hot, dry summers of the southern USA.

Methods

One thousand tall fescue genotypes were evaluated in the greenhouse for high relative water content (RWC) and low cell sap osmotic potential (OP). Fifty contrasting genotypes for the two traits were identified and used in further greenhouse and field studies. These genotypes were also screened with 30% PEG8000. Root and shoot characteristics were studied in 10 genotypes.

Results

The genotypes differed for RWC (33.7%–97.3%, mean: 79.7%) and had an almost fivefold difference in OP (−0.5 to −2.4 MPa, mean: −1.2 MPa). Significant variation (p < 0.001) for the main effects of environment and genotypes was found for RWC and OP. Apart from the greenhouse trial, no correlation was found between RWC and OP, indicating that differences in RWC might have been due to factors other than osmotic adjustment. Genotypes with either long roots or high root weights, and high root/shoot ratios demonstrated high RWC and low OP.

Conclusions

Genotypes with consistently high RWC and low OP were identified and used for the development of mapping populations and transcriptome studies.
Talking about health: Community ambassadors as a health promotion strategy to increase breast and bowel cancer screening in regional Australia
Authors: James Alexandra , Chamberlain Daniel , Azar Denise , Sewell Lauren
Published: July 2022

Issue addressed

In Australia, cancer is the leading contributor to disease burden, with breast and bowel cancer among the most commonly diagnosed cancers. Despite the presence of community‐wide health promotion activities and screening programs, people living in regional and rural locations experience a number of factors that reduce breast and bowel cancer survival outcomes. This study investigates the ways that high‐risk community members in a regional area of Australia interact with health messaging about breast and bowel cancer screening.

Methods

A qualitative research method was used to conduct 31 in‐depth one‐on‐one interviews with community members, leaders and essential service providers. A thematic approach was used to analyse data.

Results

Findings provided insight to the ways that health is spoken about within the community, what prompts discussion of health, trustworthy sources of health information and the significance of peer‐to‐peer communication.

Conclusions

Existing community communication lines can be used to assist in delivering public health messages among high‐risk and vulnerable population groups. Utilising community ambassadors is identified as a health promotion method for hard‐to‐reach populations.

So What?

Conversations about health and screening amongst community members, and led by community members, play a key role in shaping engagement with cancer screening programs and represent an important site for health promotion activities. These findings have implications for future public health initiatives amongst high‐risk groups in regional locations.
Trade openness and growth: A network‐based approach
Authors: Duernecker Georg , Meyer Moritz , Vega‐Redondo Fernando
Published: July 2022

We propose a novel approach to the study of international trade based on a theory of country integration that embodies a broad systemic viewpoint on the relationship between trade and growth. Our model leads to an indicator of country openness that measures a country's level of integration through the full architecture of its connections in the trade network. We apply our methodology to a sample of 204 countries and find a sizable and significant positive relationship between our integration measure and a country's growth rate, while that of the traditional measures of outward orientation is only minor and statistically insignificant.