bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PARATHORMONE DOSAGE AND SERUM CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS IN EXPERIMENTAL CHRONIC HYPERPARATHYROIDISM LEADING TO OSTITIS FIBROSA
Authors: Bodansky Aaron , Jaffe Henry L.
Published: June 2004

1. On a low calcium intake hypercalcemia tended to disappear in chronic hyperparathyroidism on a given dose of parathormone (as large as 6 units per kg.), apparently due to the reduction of a readily available calcium reserve. An increase of either the calcium intake or of the daily dose of parathormone caused a rise of serum calcium and symptoms of overdosage.

2. Hypocalcemia developed in chronic hyperparathyroidism in young puppies on a low calcium diet. Tetany occurred at a calcium level which was higher and a phosphorus level which was lower than in tetania parathyreopriva of young puppies. About 0.1 gm. of calcium daily was apparently sufficient to maintain the serum calcium at a normal level.

3. The serum phosphorus in chronic hyperparathyroidism in young puppies continued at or rose above the high level normal for young animals. Toward the end of long periods of treatment on large parathormone doses (about 5 units per kg.) serum phosphorus approached normal levels, pronounced hypercalcemia was absent but hypotonia and other symptoms of hyperparathyroidism were present.

4. A single dose of parathormone caused early in the treatment and on liberal calcium intakes a more marked relative rise of serum calcium than in normal adult dogs, confirming previous observations (5, 8). Later in the treatment and on low calcium intakes this effect was greatly reduced. Serum phosphorus rose after a single injection of parathormone, even when the effect on the serum calcium was slight or absent.

5. The continued effect of parathormone on serum calcium after prolonged periods of treatment, and the modified response of the serum phosphorus indicate tolerance due to some compensation, rather than immunity.

6. The bone lesions, presenting the essential features of ostitis fibrosa cystica (von Recklinghausen's disease) in varying degrees of severity, depending on the relation of the parathormone dose to the calcium intake and to the duration of the treatment, were most prominent on low calcium intakes, which permitted the use of large doses of parathormone without fatal hypercalcemia and without symptoms of overdosage.

7. Clinical and experimental hyperparathyroidism are compared and discussed.
STUDIES IN THE SEROLOGY OF SYPHILIS
Authors: Eagle Harry
Published: June 2004

The discovery (1) that there are many substances with the sensitizing properties hitherto believed peculiar to cholesterol and its derivatives, and (2) that sensitizer can be added to antigen in very large quantities, many times those currently used, and yet continue to increase its complement-fixing efficiency with no danger of giving falsely positive tests has made possible the preparation of an antigen much more sensitive than any now available for use in the Wassermann reaction.

100 gm. of dry powdered beef heart muscle are extracted with 500 cc. ether for 15 minutes at 37°C. with shaking. After filtration with suction, the ether filtrate is discarded. The powder is then dried and extracted for 3 to 5 days with 500 cc. of 95 per cent alcohol, with intermittent shaking. The mixture is filtered, and the moist powder washed on the filter paper with two portions of alcohol, each 100 cc. The alcoholic filtrate and washings are combined and evaporated on the steam bath down to 250 to 300 cc. Cholesterol (0.8 per cent), and sitosterol (0.6 per cent) are then added, and dissolved at 65°–75°C. The excess sensitizer which crystallizes out upon cooling is dissolved just before using by immersing the antigen in a 56°C. bath for a few minutes. It is diluted by pouring the saline rapidly into the antigen. A 1:40 dilution is recommended for use in water bath fixation (½ hour at 37°C.), as well as for the short ice box fixation (8°, 4 hours) and a 1:120 dilution for use in the overnight ice box method (16 to 24 hours at 8°C.), as being well beyond its anticomplementary range; the anticomplementary quantities being 1:5 and 1:25 respectively.

There is reason to believe that this antigen possesses almost the maximum sensitivity obtainable. The method of preparation insures its being almost saturated with antigen-lipoids; and more sensitizer could not be added without increasing the turbidity of its dilution in saline to a point where it would interfere with the reading of hemolysis. Any further improvement must await the discovery of better sensitizers.

Preliminary experiments indicate that this new sensitizer, sitosterol, will find an immediate application, not only in the Wassermann reaction, but also in a more sensitive flocculation test to be described in a following paper.
STUDIES IN THE SEROLOGY OF SYPHILIS
Authors: Eagle Harry
Published: June 2004

Serum, in concentrations greater than 1:25, causes a marked inhibition of complement fixation in general and of the Wassermann reaction in particular. The serum protein is probably adsorbed by the colloidally dispersed lipoid-reagin complexes, forming a protective film which prevents the fixation (adsorption) of complement. This inhibition explains the zone phenomenon in complement fixation: a weakly positive serum may give a completely positive reaction in e.g., 1:5 dilution, and yet, because of this serum inhibition, may appear completely negative when tested as whole serum.

The greater sensitivity of the ice box test is due (1) to the fact that the serum inhibition just described is less marked at lower temperature; (2) to the prolonged incubation time, making for greater specific fixation; (3) to a more marked non-specific destruction of complement by antigen; and (4) a spontaneous deterioration in the longer ice box test.

Because of the inhibition by serum protein in high concentration, a quantitative Wassermann technique involving the use of graded quantities of serum is worthless when carried out at 37°C. Even the ice box test, which is less susceptible to this inhibiting effect, will yield a positive reaction with whole serum only when the circulating reagin exceeds a surprisingly high threshold (six to ten times the quantity which could be detected in dilute serum). It is well known that a negative Wassermann, even by a very sensitive test, does not exclude syphilis: it now appears that a negative Wassermann does not exclude circulating reagin.
SPECIFIC AND NON-SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDES OF TYPE IV PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kendall Forrest E.
Published: June 2004

1. Three nitrogen-containing polysaccharides have been isolated from autolyzed cultures of Type IV pneumococcus: (1) a type-specific carbohydrate differing markedly from those of Type I, II, and III pneumococcus, and representing a type of substance hitherto not observed among specific polysaccharides, (2) a chemically similar carbohydrate without specific function, and (3) the "C" substance, or species-specific polysaccharide of Tillett, Goebel, and Avery.

2. The chemical differences between the specific polysaccharides of Pneumococcus are discussed, and the relationship of the new examples to chitin is pointed out and its bearing indicated on the unsettled controversy as to whether or not chitin occurs in bacteria.

3. The data of Tillett, Goebel, and Avery on the "C" substance have been extended.
STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION
Authors: Menkin Valy
Published: June 2004

India ink or graphite partides injected into an area of inflammation fail to disseminate to the tributary lymph nodes. When injected into a normal peritoneal cavity they rapidly appear in the retrosternal lymph nodes. When injected into an inflamed peritoneal cavity they are fixed in situ and fail to reach the regional lymph nodes.

Graphite particles injected in the circulating blood stream enter an inflamed area both as free particles owing to increased capillary permeability and also as phagocyted material within leucocytes.

Bacteria (B. prodigiosus) injected into inflamed tissue are fixed at the site of inflammation and fail to disseminate to the regional lymph nodes as readily as when injected into normal tissue.

Bacteria (B. prodigiosus) injected at the periphery of an inflamed area do not readily penetrate into the site of inflammation. The experiments furnish evidence, in addition to that already provided, that fixation of foreign substances by the inflammatory reaction is primarily due to mechanical obstruction caused by a fibrin network and by thrombosed lymphatics at the site of inflammation.

Bacteria (B. prodigiosus and B. pyocyaneus) injected intravenously rapidly enter an inflamed area. It is suggested that localization of bacteria in a locus minoris resistentiae may be explained as the result of increased capillary permeability with subsequent accumulation and fixation of bacteria from the blood stream at the point of injury.
CONGENITAL PROTEIN HYPERSENSITIVENESS IN TWO GENERATIONS
Authors: Ratner Bret , Gruehl Helen Lee
Published: June 2004

Hypersensitivity actively induced in utero is shown to persist for a longer period than passive sensitization.

The degree of hypersensitivity, its duration, and its transmissibility appear to be influenced by the time elapsing between the original injection of the parent and parturition.

A pregnant guinea pig receiving a parenteral injection of antigen 2 to 4 days prior to parturition transmits a state of hypersensitivity to two succeeding generations. The sensitization of the FI generation is due to the passage of antigen. The sensitization of the FII generation is due to the passage of antibodies formed in the FI generation. This prevents any further transfer of the hypersensitive state.

Though hypersensitivity occurs in two successive generations, the phenomenon is congenital and not hereditary.

We believe that this phenomenon demonstrated in the guinea pig is fundamentally related to the problem of congenital sensitization of the human being.
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF TRACHOMA
Authors: Reimann Hobart A. , Pillat Arnold
Published: June 2004

A bacillus which corresponds closely with the description of B. granulosis Noguchi was isolated from 1 of 5 typical cases of trachoma in Chinese. Inoculation of suspensions of this bacillus into the eyelids of M. sinensis monkeys produced scarring and contraction of the tarsal cartilages with the development of a few conjunctival follicles in 2 out of 5 animals. The possible relations of the observed lesions with human trachoma have been discussed.
STUDIES IN THE BLOOD CYTOLOGY OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Casey Albert E.
Published: June 2004

1. Statistical analyses have been made of the weekly variations in the blood counts of groups of normal rabbits to find whether there exists any relationship between the numerical changes occurring in the various cell types.

Consecutive blood counts and differential white cell determinations on five groups of normal male rabbits comprising 45 animals in all were made at weekly intervals from October, 1927, to June, 1929, the number of observations on each group varying from eight to thirty-five.

2. The following relationships between the varying group means were found to be consistent and significant:—The number of the red blood cells varied with the amount of hemoglobin per cubic millimeter and with the number of lymphocytes. There was an inverse relationship between the amount of hemoglobin and the number of monocytes. The neutrophiles varied in number with the monocytes; the basophiles with the eosinophiles; and the eosinophiles with the monocytes.

Other associations not always similar but of high significance as far as the combined values were concerned, were the relations of the red blood cells with the basophiles and the monocytes. The relations of the neutrophiles with the red blood cells and the hemoglobin were very irregular.

3. Significant association of the white blood cells with variations in the red blood cells and the hemoglobin content were observed. The numerical variations in the group means of the total white cells were associated with similar variations in the group means of the neutrophiles, the lymphocytes, the monocytes, the basophiles, and the eosinophiles almost to the degree of their numerical occurrence in the peripheral blood.

4. With the exception of the total white cells, approximately only half the variations in the group levels of the various cells and of the hemoglobin content can be accounted for on the basis of simultaneous associations with each other.

5. The red blood cells, the lymphocytes, and the basophiles as one group, the eosinophiles and the monocytes as another group, and the hemoglobin content and the neutrophiles as a third group, described a definite shift from a high to a low numerical value during the 2 year observation period. From the standpoint of the magnitude of the shift, the basophiles, the eosinophiles, the monocytes, the lymphocytes, and the red blood cells participated in the order mentioned. The neutrophiles were only slightly affected and the hemoglobin content relatively not at all.

6. No significant relationship was ever found, even in the component groups, between the weekly mean values of the following: the hemoglobin with the basophiles, the eosinophiles, or the lymphocytes; the neutrophiles with the basophiles or the eosinophiles; and the lymphocytes with the eosinophiles or the monocytes.
STUDIES ON TRANSMISSIBLE LYMPHOID LEUCEMIA OF MICE
Authors: Furth J. , Strumia M.
Published: June 2004

Lymphoid leucemia of the mouse is readily transmitted by intravenous inoculations. The majority of the mice inoculated successfully develop leucemic, a smaller number of them, aleucemic lymphadenosis. The data presented favor the view that leucemic and aleucemic lymphadenosis are essentially the same condition.

Leucemia produced by transmission is preceded by an aleucemic stage, in which the lymph nodes and the spleen are uniformly enlarged, and the white blood count and the percentage of lymphocytes are within the normal range but immature lymphocytes are numerous in the circulating blood.

Young as well as old mice may develop leucemia if leucotic material enters their circulation.

Studies of transmissible leucemia favor the view that leucemia of mammals is a neoplastic disease. The basic problem of leucemia would seem to be determination of the factors that bring about a malignant transformation of lymphoid cells.
A BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDY OF "COLDS" ON AN ISOLATED TROPICAL ISLAND (ST. JOHN, UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISLANDS, WEST INDIES
Authors: Milam Daniel F. , Smillie Wilson G.
Published: June 2004

Studies in the Virgin Islands, Labrador, and Alabama, suggest that colds are incited by some specific agent with which we are not yet familiar. They suggest also that the secondary and more severe symptoms associated with colds may be due to certain aerobic flora commonly found in the nasopharynx. Types of pneumococci which are virulent (to white mice) and true Pfeiffer's bacilli requiring both V and X substance (and forming indol?) seem to be of particular importance in these secondary infections.

The studies indicate that the specific agent which initiates colds is infectious in nature, and spread by direct contact, with an incubation period of 1 to 3 days. There is strong evidence that environmental factors, particularly reduction in atmospheric temperature, have some influence upon the incidence of colds.
THE EFFECT OF SECONDARY INFECTIONS ON EXPERIMENTAL TRACHOMA
Authors: Olitsky P. K. , Knutti R. E. , Tyler J. R.
Published: June 2004

The possibility suggested itself, in view of the theories already advanced with regard to the rô1e of secondary infections in the later manifestations of trachoma (1), that the implantation of common bacteria on the conjunctivae of monkeys already having well marked characteristic granulosis lesions might give rise to a condition showing less predominance of the follicular reaction and more of the hyperemic granulopapillary effect. We believe we have succeeded, by a suitable technique, in doing this and in producing thereby in the experimental animals a condition closely resembling the florid type of human trachoma (Type IIb and c of MacCallan). The organisms used were some of those which are found in the conjunctival sac of monkey and man with different types of granular conjunctivitis. Of themselves, they produced only a transient reaction or none, as Noguchi had already shown and as we ourselves had observed in control animals. When inoculated together with material containing Bacterium granulosis, they did not affect the usual action of this organism, but when introduced into a conjunctiva in which granulosis lesions were already well developed, they induced more of the characteristics of the florid stage of trachoma than have been hitherto observed in animals, notably increased hyperemia, edema and thickening, papillary hypertrophy, obscurity of blood vessels, and masking of the follicles. Microscopically these changes were accompanied by increased scar tissue formation, lymphoid infiltration, and papillary hyperplasia.
EXPERIMENTAL NEPHRITIS IN THE FROG
Authors: Oliver Jean , Smith Pearl
Published: June 2004

1. It is possible to produce in the perfused frog's kidney an experimental nephritis which is anatomically similar to that which develops in the living animal.

2. The functional effects of these anatomical alterations may be examined by a method previously described.

3. The correlation of the two aspects of damage, anatomical and functional, is more certain under such conditions than in the living animal.

4. The value of the extravital method in general problems is indicated by our brief consideration of mitochondrial changes.
HYPERSENSITIVENESS TO SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES FROM YEAST-LIKE FUNGI
Authors: Kesten H. D. , Mott E.
Published: June 2004

1. The polysaccharide fractions from each of five yeast-like fungi produce rapid, fatal anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs passively sensitized with antiserum from rabbits immunized against the killed organisms.

2. Cross-anaphylactic reactions with heterologous polysaccharide fractions are frequent. They parallel closely the cross-precipitin reactions, thus adding evidence in favor of the identity of precipitin and sensitizing antibody.

3. The polysaccharide fraction from Monilia psilosis produces anaphylactic death in guinea pigs actively sensitized with killed homologous organisms, but an attempt to sensitize actively with the polysaccharide fraction was unsuccessful.
THE INFLUENCE OF X-RAY LESIONS OF THE INTESTINAL MUCOSA ON ABSORPTION OF GLUCOSE AND OTHER SUGARS
Authors: Buchwald K. W.
Published: June 2004

A sublethal dose of x-rays was applied over the abdomen of rats and over the thorax for control purposes. 20 and 40 hours after radiation (i.e. during the "latent period") the rate of absorption of glucose, fructose and mannose was markedly diminished. Simultaneously definite histological changes were observed in the intestinal mucosa. In spite of the decrease in the absolute amount absorbed, the relative rate of absorption of the three sugars mentioned remained nearly unchanged, indicating that the epithelial cells retained their selective action on sugars.
THE ETIOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA (WINTER SCOURS) IN CATTLE
Authors: Jones F. S. , Little Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

A disease of cows manifested by severe diarrhea has been described. The condition is characterized by the frequent passage of dark brown or black feces, often containing mucus and blood. The principal lesions are catarrhal inflammation of the small intestine and liver degeneration.

By feeding feces from spontaneous cases to calves a similar but milder disease characterized by the same type of enteritis was produced. Vibrios were cultivated from the inflamed intestinal tract of such experimentally induced cases. Pure cultures of the vibrios when fed to other calves, in certain instances, produced diarrhea and a well marked enteritis similar to that observed in both the spontaneous disease and in calves following the feeding of feces from naturally affected cows. Vibrios were recovered from the inflamed small intestine of three out of four animals fed such cultures.
VIBRIONIC ENTERITIS IN CALVES
Authors: Jones F. S. , Little Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

An intestinal disorder of calves has been described. The clinical manifestations are usually observed in calves 2 or more weeks old. Our experiments indicate that infection may take place relatively early in life and may for a time produce only a mild reaction, but as the disease becomes more chronic the clinical manifestations become more pronounced. The anterior portion of the jejunum is the primary locus of infection but in more chronic cases practically the whole small intestine may be involved. Vibrios were cultivated from the inflamed intestinal mucosa in both the acute and more chronic spontaneous cases. Vibrios were also obtained from the acutely involved intestine of young calves experimentally exposed to natural infection. On three occasions similar vibrios were found in cultures from the liver. When a single strain of vibrios which had been under cultivation for 3 months was fed to a young calf subclinical infection was produced and the organism recovered. This strain after three passages on media when fed to a calf produced a severe inflammation of the jejunum and ileum and from these areas the organism was recovered.
VIBRIOS (VIBRIO JEJUNI, N.SP.) ASSOCIATED WITH INTESTINAL DISORDERS OF COWS AND CALVES
Authors: Jones F. S. , Orcutt Marion , Little Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

A number of vibrios obtained from the small intestines of calves fed feces from spontaneous diarrhea in cows, natural intestinal disorders of calves, experimentally induced infections of calves, and cultures obtained from Dr. Theobald Smith have been studied. From the close morphological resemblance, similarities in motility, position and number of flagella, tinctorial properties, and the tendency to fragmentation in older cultures, as well as the narrow nutritive requirements, we are led to regard them as a closely allied group and we propose the name Vibrio jejuni.

Immunologically as judged by agglutination the organisms have been divided into two groups, the smaller representing two strains originating from diarrhea in cows and the larger comprising one from this source and many from the calf disease. The larger group can be subdivided by means of agglutination absorption into cultures which do not contain the complete antigenic complex and others which do so.

Certain freshly isolated vibrios when injected into rabbits incite definite reactions terminating in a localization in the small intestine accompanied by catarrhal inflammation.
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG IN EXPERIMENTAL BILE PERITONITIS
Authors: Ziegler Allen M. , Orr Thomas G.
Published: June 2004

1. Changes in the chemistry of the blood of dogs with experimental bile peritonitis are here reported.

2. In all animals that died, a bile ascites was found.

3. Dogs dying of bile peritonitis showed a constant increase in the blood non-protein and urea nitrogen, and a fall in the chlorides.
STUDIES ON BARTONELLA MURIS ANEMIA
Authors: Perla David , Marmorston-Gottesman J.
Published: June 2004

The pathological changes that follow a severe infection with Bartonella muris in the adult or young albino rat are: First, those that result from the release of large quantities of cellular debris in the circulating blood. There is phagocytic activity and hyperplasia of the endothelial elements of the liver, thymus, lymph nodes and, in the young rat, of these elements in the spleen, with resultant capillary thromboses and focal necroses. Second, changes result from the anemia as such—fatty metamorphosis of heart, liver and kidneys. Third, there is a severe nephrosis and in some instances a degenerative process in the glomeruli. In the bone marrow hyperplasia of erythropoietic elements occurs.
STUDIES ON BARTONELLA MURIS ANEMIA
Authors: Marmorston-Gottesman J. , Perla David
Published: June 2004

In Bartonella muris carrier stock certain changes are observed in the lymphoblastic and reticular and endothelial elements after splenectomy and recovery from the anemia. These changes appear 3 to 5 months after splenectomy and are associated with immunity to further infection with Bartonella muris. The changes consist primarily of hyperplasia of hemolymph tissue, hyperplasia of reticular and endothelial elements of lymph nodes, the formation of lymphoblastic foci periportally in the liver and peribronchially and perivascularly in the lung, regeneration of all elements of the thymus and marked hyperplasia of all elements of the bone marrow (increased hematopoiesis).
ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION AGAINST POLIOMYELITIS IN MONKEYS
Authors: Brodie Maurice , Goldbloom Alton
Published: June 2004

1. A combination of poliomyelitis virus and specific human serum is effective for the production of active immunity.

2. For each gram of active virus given intradermally as an emulsion, 6 cc. of human immune serum, injected subcutaneously, was required in our experiments to protect a monkey from paralysis. Some degree of active immunity was induced.

3. Immunity, without symptom of the disease, was secured when the serum was given at the time of inoculation, or within 3 days preceding or following inoculation of the virus.

4. For the production of immunity, virus, preceded by serum administration, is probably less effective than when it is given simultaneously with, or before, the injection of serum.

5. The virus neutralization test is more sensitive than the direct intracerebral test for determining the production of immunity.
STUDIES IN THE BLOOD CYTOLOGY OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Casey Albert E.
Published: June 2004

Successive blood counts at weekly intervals were made on rabbits inoculated with a transplantable malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin. There were 78 animals distributed in 9 groups; the period of observation after inoculation was 2 months. The results have been considered with respect to the character of the tumor process as determined by postmortem examination, the animals being classified as deaths, probable deaths, probable recoveries, and recoveries. The blood findings have been analyzed on the basis of the values derived from normal rabbits. A comparison has also been made with the results of preinoculation counts.

In rabbits in which the tumor process was of pronounced or well marked severity, the numbers of monocytes became greatly increased; the neutrophiles and the total white blood cells were also increased; the eosinophiles, and to a less extent, the basophiles and lymphocytes were decreased; the red cell count was decreased and the hemoglobin content was lowered.

In rabbits which recovered from the tumor inoculation, there were no outstanding changes in the blood picture when the findings for the entire observation period were considered. In the group of probable recoveries, the results were variable; there was, however, a definite although moderate increase of monocytes, and in general, the findings reflected the mildness of the disease when compared with those of the fatal cases and the group of probable deaths.
PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACTERIAL FILTRATES: PASSIVE IMMUNITY TO REACTING FACTORS
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory
Published: June 2004

It has proved possible to elicit passive immunity to B. typhosus reacting factors by means of normal and immune homologous neutralizing antibodies. The in vivo serum protection against these factors followed the law of multiple proportions.

There was observed a considerable loss of antibodies from the blood stream.

Passive immunity was best obtained when the immune serum was injected intravenously ½ hour before the intravenous injection of the reacting factors.

It was possible to prevent the occurrence of the local skin reaction by an intravenous injection of serum after the intravenous injection of the reacting factors, provided the serum dose was very large and provided the serum injection was made immediately after the filtrate injection.

A number of experiments clearly demonstrated the interesting fact that the greater the amount of antiserum injected intravenously, the more efficient was the in vivo neutralization, in a ratio distinctly greater than the quantitative increase of serum. It is suggested that there may be a practical value of the observation in relation to serum therapy.

The results also demonstrated passive serum protection against the lethal effect of B. typhosus "agar washings" filtrates, in a ratio which seemed to suggest the law of multiple proportions.
PSITTACOSIS
Authors: Rivers T. M. , Berry G. P.
Published: June 2004

The work presented in this communication concerning psittacosis in mice confirms Krumwiede's observations that mice inoculated intraperitoneally with emulsified livers and spleens containing the virus develop the disease and that the malady can in this way be passed serially through a number of mice. Furthermore, it has been shown that mice are susceptible to the virus administered intracerebrally and that the active agent can be propagated indefinitely by means of brain to brain inoculations. Moreover, by the use of mice, the presence of the virus of psittacosis in the sputum of a patient with the disease has for the first time been demonstrated. It follows that the mouse is available for diagnostic purposes.

The pathological findings in infected mice consist of enlarged fatty livers that frequently show areas of necrosis infiltrated with polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells; enlarged spleens with areas of necrosis and cellular infiltrations involving the pulp and lymphoid follicles; and, finally, in intracerebrally infected animals, a meningoencephalitis. The "minute bodies" described by other observers were not found in all animals, but they were seen with sufficient frequency in smears of peritoneal and meningeal exudates and in smears and sections of livers and spleens to demand serious consideration as the possible etiological agent of the disease.

Neutralizing and protective antibodies were not found in convalescent human sera when the mouse was used as the test animal.
STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Castaneda M. Ruiz
Published: June 2004

Mexican typhus virus can be passed through ticks by the method of rectal injection.

The virus will remain alive in the ticks for at least 12 days. These studies, together with one of our preceding publications and the work of Dyer, demonstrate that there are at least three insects—bedbugs, fleas and ticks—which must be considered as possibilities in conveying typhus fever from an animal reservoir to man. Our work will be continued by a study of rats and mice caught in typhus regions such as Mexico City and its immediate vicinity, with a search for the virus in these rodents as well as an analysis of the insects found upon them or in the localities in which they are concentrated.
PSITTACOSIS
Authors: Rivers T. M. , Berry G. P.
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits and guinea pigs are susceptible to psittacosis virus introduced intracerebrally. By means of brain to brain passages in these animals the active agent is capable of propagation indefinitely.

2. Serial passages of the virus through rabbits and guinea pigs do not cause the active agent to lose its pathogenicity for parrots and mice.

3. The chief clinical evidences of infection in rabbits and guinea pigs following intracranial inoculation of the virus are fever and loss of weight. The pathological changes are characterized by a mild meningo-encephalitis, and fatty degeneration, focal necrosis, and infarction of the liver.

4. Rabbits upon recovery from an attack of psittacosis are actively immune.

5. Two strains of virus, human and parrot, were found to be immunologically similar.

6. No evidence was obtained to show that human convalescent serum possesses an appreciable amount of neutralizing substances.
PSITTACOSIS
Authors: Rivers T. M. , Berry G. P.
Published: June 2004

The virus of psittacosis inoculated intratracheally or intranasally in monkeys produces a pneumonia similar to that caused by the same active agent in man.

Intracerebral inoculation of the virus induces a meningo-encephalitis characterized principally by a mononuclear reaction in the meninges.

Indirect evidence has been adduced to show that the portal of entry of the virus in man is the upper respiratory tract.
EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTHYROIDISM AND ITS EFFECT UPON THE MYOCARDIUM IN GUINEA PIGS AND RABBITS
Authors: Rake Geoffrey , McEachern Donald
Published: June 2004

A study has been made of the pathological changes in the hearts and other tissues of animals rendered hyperthyroid with thyroxine. Forty-four rabbits and seventeen guinea pigs were given intramuscular injections of thyroxine every other day and sacrificed at varying intervals. Tissues from a series of normal animals (twenty guinea pigs and forty-three rabbits) were examined as a control. The changes in the heart and other tissues of hyperthyroid animals were insignificant and varied but little from changes seen in normal control animals. Of eight thyrotoxic guinea pigs that developed coincidental infection (bronchisepticus) all showed myocardial lesions. Of nine thyrotoxic guinea pigs, free of infection, only one gave evidence of myocardial change. It is pointed out that hyperthyroidism, per se, cannot be held responsible for these lesions, which would appear to have been associated with the infection.

It was noted that rigor mortis of the skeletal muscles occurred much sooner in the bodies of hyperthyroid animals than in normal animals.
TRANSMISSION AND CULTIVATION EXPERIMENTS WITH HUMAN TRACHOMA AND THE EXPERIMENTAL DISEASE IN MONKEYS
Authors: Olitsky P. K. , Knutti R. E. , Tyler J. R.
Published: June 2004

1. Conjunctival tissue derived from alien and native American white persons in New York City, having trachoma in an advanced stage, has been used successfully to induce in Macacus rhesus monkeys characteristic granular conjunctivitis. The transfer of infection was effected either by a single subconjunctival injection, or by repeated swabbing with conjunctival secretions.

2. Pathogenic strains of Bacterium granulosis have been recovered from the trachomatous tissues of six out of eleven patients. In addition, the organisms have been isolated from the monkeys infected with human material.

3. Repeated swabbing with secretions obtained from monkeys having experimental trachoma has given rise to characteristic granular conjunctivitis in normal animals. In addition, repeated instillations of suspensions of conjunctival tissue fragments derived from affected monkeys have led to characteristic infection of the conjunctivae of normal monkeys.

4. Contact infection occurs in monkeys, as it has long been known to occur in human beings; animals with smooth conjunctivae developing the experimental disease when merely caged with infected monkeys.

5. Repeated instillation of cultures followed by rubbing the eyelids will lead to the disease in monkeys, a method of transfer which indicates one manner in which the affection may be transmitted from man to man. Yet another manner of producing the experimental condition is by repeated swabbing with cultures of Bacterium granulosis. Noguchi has already reported the successful outcome of the subconjunctival inoculation of cultures and the spread of the disease from an infected conjunctiva to the other eye of the same animal.

6. Tissues derived from cases of human trachoma or from monkeys having the experimental disease induce, on conjunctival inoculation of Macacus rhesus monkeys, the same clinical and pathological effects as do cultures of Bacterium granulosis. The conjunctival lesions closely resemble, in clinical appearance and in microscopic changes, those of the follicular stages of trachoma in man.
THE PATHOLOGY OF EXPERIMENTAL DERMAL PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Rhoads C. P. , Goodner Kenneth
Published: June 2004

1. The pathology of the experimental dermal pneumococcic infection in the rabbit is described in detail and the findings are compared with the histological alterations seen in the human pneumonic lung. There would appear to be a basic similarity of the lesions in both tissues.

2. A copious production of edema fluid is the outstanding characteristic of the early lesion. It occurs prior to any significant cellular change. In the spreading lesion an infiltration of the tissues with fluid precedes any other sign of reaction between tissue and microorganism. It seems likely that the advancing fluid carries with it the infecting organisms and inoculates all tissues which it reaches. The resulting infection seems not to take place by an active invasion of microorganisms but by a progressive inoculation from an infected fluid.
DECOMPOSITION OF THE CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE III BY A BACTERIAL ENZYME
Authors: Dubos René , Avery Oswald T.
Published: June 2004

1. An organism has been isolated from peat soil which decomposes the specific capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus.

2. The isolation has been made possible by the use of a synthetic mineral medium containing the specific polysaccharide as sole source of carbon. By repeated transfers in this medium the potential capacity of the organism to decompose the specific substance has been progressively increased.

3. The organism is a pleomorphic bacillus, motile and spore-bearing, exhibiting metachromatic granules; its reaction to the Gram stain varies according to the medium on which it is grown. It is strictly aerobic and grows well in plain broth and peptone solutions; it does not produce gas in any media and it forms small amounts of acid only on dextrin, galactose, lactose, salicin, and trehalose; its growth is inhibited by glucose.

4. The organism decomposes the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus aerobically, between pH 6.2 and 7.8, at room temperature and at 37.5°C., but not at 54°C. The decomposition of the specific substance is inhibited by the presence in the medium of other nutrients, such as peptones, which act as a more readily available source of energy. The action of the organism is specific; it does not attack the soluble specific substance of Type I or Type II Pneumococcus, nor any of the other bacterial polysaccharides thus far tested.

5. The organism possesses an endocellular enzyme. This enzyme has been extracted by autolysis of the bacterial cells; in sterile solution it exhibits the same specific action as do the organisms from which it is derived, decomposing only the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus.

6. This enzyme decomposes the Type III specific polysaccharide under anaerobic as well as under aerobic conditions; it is inactivated at 60–65°C.; the rate of decomposition of the specific substance is not affected by the presence of normal serum.

7. There exists a quantitative relationship between the total amount of specific substance decomposed and the amount of enzyme preparation used; the existence of this relation makes it possible to express the activity of a given enzyme preparation in terms of the minimal amount required for the complete decomposition of a given amount of specific substance.

8. The specific decomposition of the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus, by the organism as well as by the enzyme it produces, illustrates once more the specificity of the types of Pneumococcus and confirms the fact that the capsular polysaccharides, and not some impurities carried along with them, are responsible for type specificity.
PSITTACOSIS
Authors: Rivers T. M. , Berry G. P. , Sprunt D. H.
Published: June 2004

1. The virus of psittacosis is present in the nasal secretions, feces, blood, spleen, and liver of an infected parrot.

2. Parrots are susceptible to intraoral, intranasal, or intramuscular inoculations of the virus.

3. The most constant pathological changes produced by psittacosis in parrots occur in the spleen and liver. The lesions exhibited in the latter organ consist of areas of necrotic liver cells and damage to bile ducts. In no instance, in our experience, were lesions observed in a parrot's lungs comparable to those found in the lungs of men.

4. "Minute bodies" similar to those described by Levinthal and others were found in many, but not in all of the infected birds.

5. Parrots that have recovered from one attack of psittacosis exhibit an active immunity against reinfection.
NUTRITIONAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY IN THE GUINEA PIG AND RABBIT
Authors: Goettsch Marianne , Pappenheimer Alwin M.
Published: June 2004

A diet is described, which leads to a progressive, highly selective, and ultimately fatal dystrophy of the voluntary muscles. Guinea pigs and rabbits are susceptible, rats resistant. The diet used is complete in known requirements, except for vitamin E; the addition of this factor, however, does not prevent the development of the disease. The lesions are not due to inanition, infection, or scurvy, and must be referred to some still unknown factor.
REACTION OF YOUNG AND ADULT RABBITS TO PNEUMOCOCCI INJECTED INTO THE SKIN
Authors: Freund Jules
Published: June 2004

1. Young and adult rabbits react differently to intracutaneous injection of virulent pneumococci. In adult rabbits a very extensive inflammation develops at the site of infection and bacteriemia and death occur only in a relatively few rabbits. Young rabbits fail to develop extensive inflammation and die with bacteriemia.

2. It is probable that the fate of the animals is influenced by the capacity to develop inflammation at the site of injection of pneumococci.
TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Pinkerton Henry
Published: June 2004

1. A satisfactory method is described for the topographical study of Rickettsia prowazeki in sections of the scrotal sac of typhus-infected guinea pigs.

2. In such sections Rickettsiae are always intracellular.

3. Typhus Rickettsiae multiply luxuriantly in the serosal cells and produce great distention of these cells.

4. Rickettsiae may be found in small numbers in the endothelial cells lining the underlying capillaries in the testes and scrotum, but are not seen in perivascular macrophages, connective tissue cells, fat cells, smooth or striated muscle fibres or epithelial cells.

5. Rickettsiae are rarely phagocytosed in small numbers by polymorphonuclears but are never seen in lymphocytes, plasma cells or eosinophiles.

6. When infected mesothelial cells proliferate and desquamate, they rapidly lose their content of Rickettsiae.

7. The large mononuclear cells seen in smears of the scrotal sac exudate may be separated into two groups: (1) the serosal (mesothelial) cells which become heavily infected with Rickettsiae but which are not phagocytic for graphite ink and (2) the macrophages (phagocytic cells) which do not contain Rickettsiae.
THE EFFECT OF TESTICLE EXTRACT ON RED BLOOD CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Favilli Giovanni
Published: June 2004

Testicle extract possesses a notable power to increase red cell fragility. Testicle extracts of the rat, rabbit and guinea pig all exhibit this property, which is most pronounced with the extract from the rat and least so with that from the guinea pig.

Splenic extract does not possess the property, or possesses it only to a very slight degree.

These results support the hypothesis that the factor in testicle extract which enhances infections (the Reynals factor) does so by altering the permeability of the host tissue.
PYOCYANINE, AN ACCESSORY RESPIRATORY ENZYME
Authors: Friedheim Ernst A. H.
Published: June 2004

Pyocyanine, the blue pigment of B. pyocyaneus, can increase the respiration of living cells to a great degree (maximum observed increase 24-fold). The reversibility of its oxidation and reduction is responsible for this. The effect is non-species-specific and has been observed in varying degrees with B. pyocyaneus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pneumococcus Type III, and the red blood corpuscles of rabbits.

The effect of pyocyanine is dependent on the presence of another respiratory ferment sensitive to potassium cyanide and carbon monoxide.

The increase of respiration induced by pyocyanine is paralleled by an increase in the respiratory quotient. The pyocyanine catalysis is not indiscriminately effective in all oxidations, but only in the oxidation of certain substances closely associated with the bacterial body.
BLOOD CHEMICAL CHANGES IN EXPERIMENTAL STREPTOCOCCUS SEPTICEMIA
Authors: Linton Richard W.
Published: June 2004

The following changes have been found to occur in rabbits given fatal intravenous doses of Streptococcus hemolyticus:

The blood sugar concentration drops at a constant rate throughout the disease, but does not reach a condition of hypoglycemia.

Glycogen is present in the liver at death.

The CO2 capacity is lowered markedly at first, then returns to a somewhat higher level, at which it continues until the terminal stage of the disease, when the acidosis becomes very marked.

Inorganic phosphorus is markedly increased in concentration at the terminus of the disease. This increase is greater in animals showing an acute course than in those in which the disease is of the fulminating type.

Calcium also shows terminal changes, decreases occurring in both groups. In the acutely infected rabbits the decrease is less than in the fulminating group, although in both a pathological level is reached. Non-protein nitrogen and creatinine are greatly increased in the terminal stages, in both groups of animals.

It is suggested that these observations can be explained on the assumption of a large amount of acid production by the streptococcus in vivo.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF "MAD ITCH" WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PSEUDORABIES
Authors: Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

The clinical picture and gross pathology of spontaneous and experimental "mad itch" have been described and the inciting agent has been shown to be a filtrable virus. It has been possible to prepare virucidal serum capable of neutralizing the virus. Fatal infections are regularly produced in rabbits when the virus is administered subcutaneously, intracerebrally, intravenously, intratesticularly, intraperitoneally, intranasally, or when it is dropped on a scarified area of skin. Its infectivity for other species by various routes is reported upon. The rabbit, guinea pig, white rat, white mouse, gray field mouse, cow, cat, duck, chicken, and hog are susceptible to experimental infection. The disease is not contagious under laboratory conditions and the virus is restricted in the animal body largely to the region of inoculation and the lung. The virus can be stored for relatively long periods in 50 per cent glycerol or in the dried state.

A comparison of "mad itch" with pseudorabies leads to the tentative conclusion that the inciting agents of both are the same, although the strains of the two viruses that are under study possess readily demonstrable differences