bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Civil Servants’ Living Standards in the Grand-Duchy of Baden, 1780–1913
Authors: Selgert Felix
Published: June 2013

It is argued that from the early 19th century onwards Civil Servants received a remuneration that ensured a good standard of living and reflected social status. Yet, there are few empirical studies which test this hypothesis. This article attempts to bridge this gap by computing real living standards of district magistrates in Baden during the 19th century using a new consumption basket reflecting the material and social needs of members of the upper class. The empirical analysis shows that district magistrates had a high material living standard, as well as a high position within the income distribution. However, living standards were already high during the 18th century in both absolute and relative terms. Furthermore, absolute and relative living standards decreased from the mid-century onwards, negatively impacting district magistrates’ privileged position within society.
Crystal structure of 1,1',3,3'-tetraisopropyl-4,4',5,5'-tetramethyl-1H,1'H- [2,2'-biimidazole]-3,3'-diium difluoride tetrahydrate, C22H48F2N4O4
Authors: Göhner Martin , Herrmann Florian , Ströbele Markus , Kuhn Norbert
Published: June 2013

C22H48F2N4O4, tetragonal, P4̅21c (no. 114), a = 10.326(2) Å, c = 12.307(3) Å, V = 1312.2 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0316, wRref(F2) = 0.0646, T = 230 K.
Crystal structure of (acetonitrile-κN)triiodido[2-(2-pyridyl)phenyl- κ2N,C]platinum(IV), C13H11I3N2Pt
Authors: Ha Kwang
Published: June 2013

C13H11I3N2Pt, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 7.2253(9) Å, b = 16.455(2) Å, c = 14.494(2) Å, β = 102.301(3)°, V = 1683.7 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0307, wRref(F2) = 0.0714, T = 200 K.
Contribution of extraction isotherms modeling based on the Mikulin–Sergievskii–Dannus approach to the speciation of plutonium(IV) in TBP 30 %/dodecane
Authors: De Sio S. , Sorel C. , Bossé E. , Moisy Philippe
Published: June 2013

In this study, a thermodynamic model based on Mikulin and Sergievskii–Dannus equations to calculate activity coefficients in both organic and aqueous phases was used to model plutonium(IV), nitric acid and water extraction by 30% TBP in dodecane. The speciation of Pu(IV) in the organic phase was determined via extraction isotherms modeling. The best agreement between experimental and calculated plutonium distribution ratios was obtained by considering two Pu(IV) complexes in the organic phase: Pu(NO3)4(TBP)2 and Pu(NO3)4(TBP)3.
Energy Analysis of Competing Non-Covalent Interaction in 1:1 and 1:2 Adducts of Collidine with Benzoic Acids by Means of X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Borissova Alexandra O. , Lyssenko Konstantin A. , Gurinov Andrey A. , Shenderovich Ilya G.
Published: June 2013

The hydrogen bond pattern and the types of non-covalent interactions in the crystals of the 1:1 and 1:2 adducts of 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine and benzoic acids are studied using high-resolution X-ray diffraction. The geometries of the hydrogen bonds are estimated using a combined XRD/DFT approach that provides the geometrical parameters within the margin of error of neutron diffraction studies. The energies of the non-covalent interactions are estimated on the base of the experimental electron density distribution function. It is shown that the structures of the adducts are governed by the NOH and OHO hydrogen bonds. In turn, C-H...O contacts and stacking interactions define the packing of the adducts in the crystal. On the other hand, it is important to note that the latter interactions affect the competition of the former hydrogen bonds in some 1:2 adducts.
Humanitarian Adhocracy, Transnational New Apostolic Missions, and Evangelical Anti-Dependency in a Haitian Refugee Camp
Authors: McAlister Elizabeth
Published: June 2013

This article addresses religious responses to disaster by examining how one network of conservative evangelical Christians reacted to the Haiti earthquake and the humanitarian relief that followed. The charismatic Christian New Apostolic Reformation (or Spiritual Mapping movement) is a transnational network that created the conditions for post-earthquake, internally displaced Haitians to arrive at two positions that might seem contradictory. On one hand, Pentecostal Haitian refugees used the movement’s conservative, right-wing theology to develop a punitive theodicy of the quake as God’s punishment of a sinful nation. On the other hand, rather than resign themselves to victimhood and passivity, their strict moralism allowed these evangelical refugees to formulate an uncompromising critique of the Haitian government, the United Nations peacekeeping mission, and foreign humanitarian relief. They rejected material humanitarian aid when possible and developed a stance of Christian self-sufficiency, anti-foreign-aid, and anti-dependency. They accepted visits only from American missionaries with “spiritual,” and not material, missions, and they launched their own missions to parts of Haiti unaffected by the quake.
Portable Portals
Authors: Pérez Elizabeth
Published: June 2013

This article traces the emergence of Ori, an Afro-Diasporic ritual with salient transnational dimensions. Ori is performed and transmitted by a growing number of practitioners in the Afro-Cuban Lucumí tradition. The ceremony takes its name from the Yorùbá term (orí) denoting both the top of the head and the divine embodiment of personal destiny. Introduced to Lucumí from a branch of Brazilian Candomblé on the initiative of an eminent ritual specialist and scholar, Ori and the sacred object called igba orí are increasingly seen as vehicles for individual and collective transformation. Drawing on historical and ethnographic research, this article argues for an approach to Ori that interprets its ascendance less as part of the movement to “re-Africanize” Black Atlantic traditions than as a component of religious subject formation, emergent site of convergence between globalizing traditions of orisha worship, and practical technique for achievement of moral-ethical self-mastery and physical well-being.
Antimicrobial therapy ofClostridium difficileinfection. Systematic literature review and meta-analysis
Authors: Brodszky Valentin , Gulácsi László , Ludwig Endre , Prinz Gyula , Banai János , Reményi Péter , Strbák Bálint , Kertész Adrienne , Kopcsóné Németh Irén , Zsoldiné Urbán Edit , Baji Petra , Péntek Márta
Published: June 2013

Introduction:Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic associated infectious nosocomial diarrhoea. Limited number of new pharmaceutical products have been developed and registered in the past decades for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. The available scientific evidence is limited and hardly comparable. Aim: To analyse the clinical efficacy and safety of metronidazole, vancomycin and fidaxomicin in the therapy of Clostridium difficile infection. Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature data. Results: Meta-analysis of literature data showed no significant difference between these antibiotics in clinical cure endpoint (odss ratios: fidaxomicin vs. vancomycin 1.19; vancomycin vs. metronidazol 1.69 and fidaxomicin vs. metronidazol 2.00). However, fidaxomicin therapy was significantly more effective than vancomicin and metronidazol in endpoints of recurrence and global cure (odds ratios: fidaxomicin vs. vancomycin 0.47; vancomycin vs. metronidazol 0.91 és fidaxomicin vs. metronidazol 0.43). There was no significant difference between fidaxomicin, vancomycin and metronidazole in safety endpoints. Conclusions: Each antibiotic similarly improved clinical cure. Fidaxomicin was the most effective therapeutic alternative in lowering the rate of recurrent Clostridium difficile infections. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 890–899.
Characterization of carbon dioxide separation membrane with polycation nano-layers
Authors: Funaoka Tatsuya , Daiko Yusuke , Mineshige Atsushi , Yazawa Tetsuo
Published: June 2013

Ultrathin layers of positively charged poly(diallyl dimethylammonium) choloride (PDDA) and negatively charged poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) were deposited on SiO2/ polyethylene glycol hybrid membranes via layer-by-layer assembly technique, and carbon dioxide absorption/separation properties were investigated. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements revealed that both PDDA and PSS nanocoatings have a good affinity for CO2 absorption. PDDA-deposited film shows about two times higher CO2 ideal gas selectivity compared with unmodified silica film.
Crystal Structure Change with Applied Electric Field for (100)/(001)-oriented Polycrystalline Lead Zirconate Titanate Films
Authors: Wada Ayumi , Ehara Yoshitaka , Yasui Shintaro , Oikawa Takahiro , Nakajima Mitsumasa , Wada Megu , Krishnan P. S. Sankara Rama , Okamura Soichiro , Nishida Ken , Yamamoto Takashi , Kobayashi Takeshi , Morioka Hitoshi , Funakubo Hiroshi
Published: June 2013

Crystal structure change with an applied electric field was investigated by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for the 1 μm-thick (100)/(001) one-axis oriented tetragonal Pb(Zr0.3Ti0.7)O3 films prepared on Pt-covered (100) Si substrates by chemical solution deposition technique. As-deposited films were under the strained condition in good agreement with the estimation from the thermal strain applied under the cooling process after the deposition from the Curie temperature to the room temperature. This strain was ascertained to be relaxed by an applied electric field in accompanying with the dramatic increase of the volume fraction of (001) orientation. These results demonstrate the importance of the crystal structure measurement not only as-deposited films, but also after applied electric field, such as after poling.
Highly efficient Synthesis of per-substituted amino-cyclodextrins under Microwave Irradiation in a closed Cavity
Authors: Cravotto Giancarlo , Martina Katia , Caporaso Marina , Heropoulos Georgios , Jicsinszky László
Published: June 2013

Synthetic chemists are paying ever more attention to enabling technologies as a means to opening the paths towards the double goal of achieving high efficiency and meeting green criteria. Non-conventional techniques that create unique environments which promote selective modification have been investigated by many as part of the search for more highly efficient synthetic derivatization of cyclodextrins (CD). A few optimized microwave-assisted protocols have so far been developed for the preparation of selective per-alkylated aminocyclodextrin. In this work, a series of β-CD derivatives, whose primary hydroxyls were all replaced by amino groups, has efficiently been synthesized from per-(6-iodo-6-deoxy)-β-CD via nucleophilic substitution with amines under microwave irradiation in closed vessel (N2 pressure). The reduction of per-(6-azido-6-deoxy)-β-CD to per-(6-amino-6-deoxy)-β-CD via catalytic hydrogenation has also been successfully carried out under dielectric heating.
Increasing Polymer Solar Cell Active Layer Efficiency and Organization by Adding Gold-Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide
Authors: Isseroff Rebecca , Chen Andrew , Chittabathini Sneha , Tse Alexandra , Pan Cheng , Goldman Benjamin , Li Hongfei , Akhavan Benjamin , Sokolov Jonathan , Rafailovich Miriam
Published: June 2013

Relatively low efficiency is one of the main obstacles to overcome in the engineering of organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. Reduced graphene oxide (RGO), which has high conductivity, has been proposed to enhance the function of PCBM in the interfacial dissociation of excitons, but incorporating it into the hydrophobic photoactive polymers has proved challenging. Here we describe a novel technique for incorporating Au nanoparticles (AuNp) into the structure of the RGO. The AuNps then interact with the sulfur groups on the photoactive polymer component, while the RGO interacts via π – π stacking with the chemically similar PCBM, thereby anchoring the complex to the polymer interface. Graphene oxide was synthesized and then reduced in the presence of a gold salt. The resulting gold-functionalized RGO (AuRGO) sheets were characterized using TGA, FTIR, and TEM. The AuRGO was not soluble in chlorobenzene; however, in the presence of P3HT, the AuRGO dissolved, suggesting a reaction between the gold and the sulfur of the P3HT via a metal-thiolate bond. At 2 mg/ml, AuRGO increased the solar cell efficiency approximately 50% over the control, but higher concentrations produced large, columnar structures which blocked the electrode from having a uniform contact with the active layer.
Shine and Hide: Biological Photonic Crystals on the Wings of Weevils
Authors: Wilts Bodo D. , IJbema Natasja , Michielsen Kristel , De Raedt Hans , Stavenga Doekele G.
Published: June 2013

The body and elytra of the diamond weevil, Entimus imperialis, is studded with numerous brightly colored scales. The scales exhibit brilliant reflections because they contain unusually large diamond-type photonic crystals. The scales are concentrated in pits on the otherwise black elytra. This framing enhances the color contrast when the weevil is observed from nearby. From a distance the diamond weevil looks green, alike green foliage. Another weevil, Eupholus cuvieri, has also scales with green reflective photonic crystals, but here the scales are arranged closely apposed on the planar elytra. Both weevils use photonic crystals for camouflage, but the display methods are different.
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Graphene Nanomeshes
Authors: Braga Mostério Newton Cunningham , Fonseca Alexandre F.
Published: June 2013

Graphene possesses excellent mechanical, thermal and electronic properties, not to mention its optical transparency and chemical stability. Much effort has been made towards the control of its physical properties for technological applications. One way to achieve this control is by modifying graphene size and structure. Recently, in a search for the development of semiconducting graphene structures to be produced at large scale, a new structure called graphene nanomesh was synthesized by means of block copolymer lithography and other methods. Basically, a graphene nanomesh is a graphene structure made to possess a periodic array of nanoscale holes whose sizes and hole-to-hole (or neck) distances are considered as control parameters for its overall electronic properties. Although the electronic properties of graphene nanomeshes are being intensively studied, their mechanical properties are still to be investigated. This work, then, presents the first study of mechanical, structural and thermal properties of graphene nanomeshes as a function of hole and neck sizes, through atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. The dependence of the Young’s modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion of graphene nanomeshes on the hole and neck sizes will be shown.
Neural Networks for Computational Chemistry: Pitfalls and Recommendations
Authors: Montavon Grégoire , Müller Klaus-Robert
Published: June 2013

There is a long history of using neural networks for function approximation in computational physics and chemistry. Despite their conceptual simplicity, the practitioner may face difficulties when it comes to putting them to work. This small guide intends to pinpoint some neural networks pitfalls, along with corresponding solutions to successfully realize function approximation tasks in physics, chemistry or other fields.
Atomistic observation of electron irradiation-induced defects in CeO2
Authors: Takaki Seiya , Yamamoto Tomokazu , Kutsuwada Masanori , Yasuda Kazuhiro , Matsumura Syo
Published: June 2013

We have investigated the atomistic structure of radiation-induced defects in CeO2 formed under 200 keV electron irradiation. Dislocation loops on {111} habit planes are observed, and they grow accompanying strong strain-field. Atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) observations with high angle annular dark-field (HAADF) and annular bright-field (ABF) imaging techniques showed that no additional Ce layers are inserted at the position of the dislocation loop, and that strong distortion and expansion is induced around the dislocation loops. These results are discussed that dislocation loops formed under electron irradiation are non-stoichiometric defects consist of oxygen interstitials.
High Temperature 2-D Millimeter-Wave Radiometry of Micro Grooved Nuclear Graphite
Authors: Woskov Paul P. , Sundaram S. K.
Published: June 2013

A dual 137 GHz heterodyne radiometer system was used to study grooved nuclear grade graphite (SGL Group NBG17) inside an electric furnace from room temperature to 1250°C. The millimeter wave radiometer views were collinear with the electric field of one polarized parallel, and the other perpendicular, to the grooves. The anisotropic emissivity was readily detected for 100 μm wide grooves of various depths with a spacing period of 0.76 mm. The emissivity in the 500 – 1250°C temperature range was found to be 5.1 ± 0.5% when the E-field was parallel to the grooves and a factor of 2 – 4 higher, depending on groove depth, in the perpendicular direction. The parallel surface emissivity which was identical to ungrooved surface emissivity corresponded to a 137 GHz surface resistance of 5.3 Ohms, which is about 2.5 times higher than the value predicted from frequency scaling dc surface resistance. The perpendicular emissivity had a modulation with groove depth at odd integral multiples of ¼λ, predicted by electromagnetic finite difference time domain analysis.
3D Computational Simulation of Multi-Impact Shot Peening
Authors: Solórzano-López Juan , García-Pastor Francisco Alfredo
Published: June 2013

Shot peening is a widely applied surface treatment in a number of manufacturing processes in several industries including automotive, mechanical and aeronautical. This surface treatment is used with the aim of increasing surface toughness and extending fatigue life. The increased performance during fatigue testing of the peened components is mainly the result of the sub-surface compressive residual stress field resulting from the plastic deformation of the surface layers of the target material, caused by the high-velocity impact of the shot. This compressive residual stress field hinders the propagation and coalescence of cracks during the second stage of fatigue testing, effectively increasing the fatigue life well beyond the expected life of a non-peened component.

This paper describes a 3D computational model of spherical projectiles impacting simultaneously upon a flat surface. The multi-impact model was developed in ABAQUS/Explicit using finite element method (FEM) and taking into account controlling parameters such as the velocity of the projectiles, their incidence angle and different impact locations in the target surface. Additionally, a parametric study of the physical properties of the target material was carried out in order to assess the effect of temperature on the residual stress field.

The simulation has been able to successfully represent a multi-impact processing scenario, showing the indentation caused by each individual shot, as well as the residual stress field for each impact and the interaction between each one of them. It has been found that there is a beneficial effect on the residual stress field magnitude when shot peening is carried out at a relatively high temperature. The results are discussed in terms of the current shot-peening practice in the local industry and the leading edge developments of new peening technologies. Finally, an improved and affordable processing route to increase the fatigue life of automotive components is suggested.
Study of Aluminum Degasification with Impeller-Injector Assisted by Physical Modeling
Authors: Hernández-Hernández M. , Ramos-Gómez E. A. , Ramírez-Argáez M. A.
Published: June 2013

A full-scale water physical model of a degassing unit is built and used to evaluate the performance of several impeller designs. Four impeller designs are tested: a) one smooth not commercial impeller for reference purposes, b) a commercial design by FOSECO®, called standard impeller in this work, c) a commercial design by FOSECO® with notches, and d) a new design proposed in this work. Since the physical model is easy and safe to operate, a full experimental design is performed to evaluate the effect of the most important process variables, such as impeller rotating speed, gas flow rate, impeller design and the point of gas injection (a conventional gas injection through the shaft and a novel method of injecting gas through the bottom of the ladle) on the kinetics of oxygen desorption of water which is similar to dehydrogenation of liquid aluminum. The new design of impeller proposed in this work shows the best performance in degassing of all impellers tested in this study. It is found that the rotor speed and its design are the most significant variables affecting degassing kinetics, and therefore the analysis of the existing commercial impeller designs may be useful to optimize the fluid dynamics of the process, which in turn would increase efficiency and productivity of the process. Finally, the novel gas injection method through the bottom, proposed by our own group, presents slightly faster degassing kinetics than the conventional injection of purge gas in the conventional way through the impeller.
Photocatalytic Properties of TiO2 / WO3 / FTO Multi-layer Structures Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis Deposition
Authors: Maeda Masahiko , Horikawa Takahiro
Published: June 2013

Visible-light photocatalytic property of TiO2 / WO3 / FTO multi-layer structure was investigated. In this structure, the visible-light absorption takes place in the WO3 layer, and generated electrons and holes diffuse into the FTO and TiO2 layers, respectively. The holes diffused into the valence band of the TiO2 layer produce the hydroxyl radicals due to oxidation of H2O and/or OH− adsorbed on the TiO2 surface. The FTO bottom layer, which acts as a scavenger of electrons, contributes to an effective charge separation. As a result, the visible-light photocatalysis is enhanced in this structure.
Electron spin flip scattering in graphene due to substrate impurities
Authors: Goswami Aditi , Liu Yue , Liu Feilong , Paul Ruden P. , Smith Darryl L.
Published: June 2013

Graphene is a promising material for electronic and spintronic applications due to its high carrier mobility and low intrinsic spin-orbit interaction. However, extrinsic effects may easily dominate intrinsic scattering mechanisms. The scattering mechanisms investigated here are associated non-magnetic, charged impurities in the substrate (e.g. SiO2) beneath the graphene layer. Such impurities cause an electric field that extends through the graphene and has a non-vanishing perpendicular component. Consequently, the impurity, in addition to the conventional elastic, spin-conserving scattering can give rise to spin-flip processes. The latter is a consequence of a spatially varying Rashba spin-orbit interaction caused by the electric field of the impurity in the substrate. Scattering cross-sections are calculated and, for assumed impurity distributions, relaxation times are estimated.
Distributed Recycling of Post-Consumer Plastic Waste in Rural Areas
Authors: Kreiger M. , Anzalone G. C. , Mulder M. L. , Glover A. , Pearce J. M
Published: June 2013

Although the environmental benefits of recycling plastics are well established and most geographic locations within the U.S. offer some plastic recycling, recycling rates are often low. Low recycling rates are often observed in conventional centralized recycling plants due to the challenge of collection and transportation for high-volume low-weight polymers. The recycling rates decline further when low population density, rural and relatively isolated communities are investigated because of the distance to recycling centers makes recycling difficult and both economically and energetically inefficient. The recent development of a class of open source hardware tools (e.g. RecycleBots) able to convert post-consumer plastic waste to polymer filament for 3-D printing offer a means to increase recycling rates by enabling distributed recycling. In addition, to reducing the amount of plastic disposed of in landfills, distributed recycling may also provide low-income families a means to supplement their income with domestic production of small plastic goods. This study investigates the environmental impacts of polymer recycling. A life-cycle analysis (LCA) for centralized plastic recycling is compared to the implementation of distributed recycling in rural areas. Environmental impact of both recycling scenarios is quantified in terms of energy use per unit mass of recycled plastic. A sensitivity analysis is used to determine the environmental impacts of both systems as a function of distance to recycling centers. The results of this LCA study indicate that distributed recycling of HDPE for rural regions is energetically favorable to either using virgin resin or conventional recycling processes. This study indicates that the technical progress in solar photovoltaic devices, open-source 3-D printing and polymer filament extrusion have made distributed polymer recycling and upcycling technically viable.
A Promising Ketone Containing Alternating Copolymer for Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Kottokkaran Ranjith , Rao Arun D , Ramamurthy Praveen C
Published: June 2013

An alternating copolymer containing dithienylcyclopentadienone, thiophene and benzothiadiazole was synthesized by palladium (0) catalyzed Stille coupling reaction. Structural characterization of the synthesized alternating copolymer was carried out by NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. This solution processable copolymer shows an excellent thermal stability and has a broad absorption range from 300-800 nm. High LUMO energy level and low band gap of the synthesized copolymers suggest that, this copolymer will be a better donor material for application in organic photovoltaics. Particle size analysis and molecular weight determination of the synthesized copolymer through dynamic light scattering experiment indicates that, high molecular weight copolymer was obtained by this polymerization route. Photovoltaic devices were fabricated from the blend of copolymer and phenyl-C61- butyric acid methyl ester as the active material. Fabricated photovoltaic device results show that this alternating copolymer is a promising candidate for use in organic photovoltaics.
Quinone/hydroquinone redox couple as a source of enormous capacitance of activated carbon electrodes
Authors: Fic Krzysztof , Meller Mikolaj , Lota Grzegorz , Frackowiak Elzbieta
Published: June 2013

The main subject of this paper is to examine and to evaluate the capacitive behaviour of activated carbon electrodes electrochemically decorated by quinone-type functional groups. For this purpose, different electrolytes, i.e. hydroquinone, catechol and resorcinol at the concentration of 0.38 mol L-1, dissolved in 1 mol L-1 H2SO4, 1 mol L-1 Li2SO4 and 6 mol L-1 KOH were used. These electrolytes could generate electroactive groups (able to undergo reversible redox reactions) on the surface of electrode material. Apart from typical adsorption of the mentioned dihydroxybenzenes, so called grafting could occur and might cause generation of quinone|hydroquinone functionals on carbon surface. As an effect of functional reversible redox reaction, additional capacitance value, called pseudocapacitance, could be achieved. Hence, besides typical charge originating from charging/discharging of the electrical double layer on the electrode/electrolyte interface, additional capacitance comes also from faradaic reactions. Activated carbons are the most promising electrode materials for this purpose; apart from great physicochemical properties, they are characterized by well-developed specific surface area over 2000 m2 g-1 which results in high capacitance values.

In the manuscript the influence of the hydroxyl group location as well as electrolyte solution pH on the electrochemical performance of the electrode is discussed.
Formation and Characterization of Hybrid Nanodots Floating Gate for Optoelectronic Application
Authors: Miyazaki Seiichi
Published: June 2013

We have fabricated a hybrid nanodots floating gate (FG) in which Si quantum dots (QDs) and silicide nanodots (NDs) are stacked with a very thin SiO2 interlayer in order to satisfy both multiple valued capability and charge storage capacity for a sufficient memory window and to open up novel functionality for optoelectronic application. In electron charging and discharging characteristics measured with application of pulsed gate biases to MOS capacitors with a hybrid NDs FG, stepwise changes in the rates for electron injection and emission were revealed with increasing pulse width at room temperature. Also, nMOSFETs with a hybrid NDs FG show unique hysteresis with stepwise changes in the drain current - gate voltage characteristics. The observed characteristics can be interpreted in terms that the electron injection and storage into silicide-NDs proceed through the discrete charged states of Si-QDs. For MOS capacitors with a triple-stacked hybrid NDs FG fabricated by adding another Si-QDs, by subgap light irradiation from the back side of the Si substrate, a distinct infrared optical response in C-V characteristics was detected at room temperature. The result is attributable to the shift of charge centroid in the hybrid NDs FG as a result of transfer of photoexcited electrons from silicide NDs to Si-QDs.
Photovoltaic properties of multi walled carbon nanotubes - poly(3-octathiophene) conducting polymer blends structures
Authors: Basnayaka Punya A. , Villalba Pedro , Ram Manoj K. , Stefanakos Lee , Kumar Ashok
Published: June 2013

In the present study, we have studied photoelectrochemical properties of poly(3-octathiophene) (P3OT), blending with multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). P3OT blended with MWCNTs was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Raman spectroscope, and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) techniques, respectively. The photoelectrochemical current of the MWCNs-P3OT based cell under illumination was investigated by applying a voltage. The blend consisting of 10% MWCNTs in P3OT gave the promising photocurrent in 0.2 M tetra-butyl-ammonium-tetrafluoroborate (TBATFB), electrolyte. Experimental results indicate that photocurrent obtained from MWCNT-P3OT was three times higher than simple P3OT-based conducting polymer. The electrochemical responses of MWCNT-P3OT films in different electrolytes such as 0.2M TBATFB, 0.2 M LiClO4, 1 M H2SO4and 0.2 M LiBF6 were investigated for comparative photocurrent properties of the photoelectrochemical cell.
Specificity and temporal dynamics of complex bacteria–sponge symbiotic interactions
Authors: Björk Johannes R. , Díez-Vives C. , Coma Rafel , Ribes Marta , Montoya José M.
Published: June 2013

Microbes are known to form intricate and intimate relationships with most animal and plant taxa. Microbe–host symbiotic associations are poorly explored in comparison with other species interaction networks. The current paradigm on symbiosis research stems from species‐poor systems where pairwise and reciprocally specialized interactions between a single microbe and a single host that coevolve are the norm. These symbioses involving just a few species are fascinating in their own right, but more diverse and complex host‐associated microbial communities are increasingly found, with new emerging questions that require new paradigms and approaches. Here we adopt an intermediate complexity approach to study the specificity, phylogenetic community structure, and temporal variability of the subset of the most abundant bacteria associated with different sponge host species with diverse eco‐evolutionary characteristics. We do so by using a monthly resolved annual temporal series of host‐associated and free‐living bacteria. Bacteria are very abundant and diverse within marine sponges, and these symbiotic interactions are hypothesized to have a very ancient origin. We show that host–bacteria reciprocal specialization depends on the temporal scale and level of taxonomic aggregation considered. Sponge hosts with similar eco‐evolutionary characteristics (e.g., volume of tissue corresponding to microbes, water filtering rates, and microbial transmission type) have similar bacterial phylogenetic community structure when looking at interactions aggregated over time. In general, sponge hosts hypothesized to form more intricate relationships with bacteria show a remarkably persistent bacterial community over time. Other hosts, however, show a large turnover similar to that observed for free‐living bacterioplankton. Our study highlights the importance of exploring temporal variability in host–microbe interaction networks if we aim to determine how specific and persistent these poorly explored but extremely common interactions are.
Altered Gene Expression in Gingival Tissues and Enhanced Bone Loss in Rats With Diabetes With Experimental Periodontitis
Authors: Soboku Kyoko , Kikuchi Takeshi , Fujita Sachiko , Takeda Hiroaki , Naruse Keiko , Matsubara Tatsuaki , Noguchi Toshihide
Published: June 2013

Background: Systemic hyperglycemia is clearly related to severity of periodontitis, meaning that periodontitis can be exacerbated by diabetes mellitus (DM). However, the biologic mechanisms responsible for this relationship remain unclear. Thus, in this study, the global gene expression in gingival tissue with periodontitis is profiled in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats compared with Zucker normoglycemic littermates (Lean).

Methods: At age 8 weeks, ZDF and Lean rats received ligature placement around the maxillary right second molar. At 0, 14, 28, 42, and 56 days after ligature placement, the maxilla around the molar was analyzed using microcomputed tomography. Two and 7 days after ligature placement, total RNA in the gingival tissue was isolated, and gene expression analysis was conducted using a rat oligo array. To validate the microarray findings, the selected genes were analyzed using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays.

Results: There was a significant difference regarding the average amount of bone resorption between ZDF and Lean rats from days 14 to 56. On day 2, it was found that 113 genes were regulated (20 upregulated, 93 downregulated) in the presence of DM. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was significantly higher in gingival tissue with periodontitis from ZDF rats compared with that from Lean rats. On day 7, interleukin (IL)‐10 and IL‐24 mRNA levels were significantly lower, whereas IL‐2 level was significantly elevated.

Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the role of DM in modulating bone breakdown related to periodontitis may involve an increased level of LBP and reduced levels of T‐helper 2 cytokines.
Geochronology, Geochemistry, and Fluid Characterization of the Late Miocene Buriticá Gold Deposit, Antioquia Department, Colombia
Authors: Lesage Guillaume , Richards Jeremy P. , Muehlenbachs Karlis , Spell Terry L.
Published: June 2013

Buriticá is an intermediate sulfidation epithermal gold deposit located 75 km north of Medellín, Colombia. It is hosted by the late Miocene Buriticá andesite porphyry, a shallow-level pluton dated at 7.41 ± 0.40 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 2.30; 40Ar/39Ar on hornblende), which intrudes volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Cretaceous Barroso Formation and the Buriticá stock.

Gold mineralization is associated with proximal sericite-adularia and distal epidote-dominant propylitic alteration, and is hosted in two different sets of veins striking and dipping ~072°/87°S and ~105°/87°S. Hydrothermal muscovite from altered host rock yielded a weighted average 40Ar/39Ar age of 7.74 ± 0.08 Ma for two samples, which is within error of the age of the Buriticá andesite porphyry.

Sulfur isotope, oxygen isotope, and fluid inclusion data indicate that a relatively hot and saline fluid (~310°C, up to ~8 wt % NaCl equiv) of probable magmatic origin was dominant during stage 1 of the vein paragenesis, and mixed with cooler and less saline groundwater during stages 2 and 3. Fluid inclusion assemblages indicate that boiling was likely the main control on gold precipitation, with cooling and dilution during fluid mixing as a possible secondary control.
The Long Canyon Deposit: Anatomy of a New Off-Trend Sedimentary Rock-Hosted Gold Discovery in Northeastern Nevada
Authors: Smith Moira T. , Rhys David , Ross Katherina , Lee Christopher , Gray James N.
Published: June 2013

The Long Canyon deposit is a new sedimentary rock-hosted gold discovery located in northeastern Nevada, over 150 km east of the well-explored Carlin trend. Unlike most examples of this type, the deposit is hosted in a sequence of Cambro-Ordovician carbonate rocks deposited in a periodically emergent, platform to shelf-edge environment.

The strata were strongly deformed and weakly metamorphosed during a mid-Mesozoic orogenic event that segmented and extended a brittle, 80-m-thick dolomite layer into a series of elongate, N- to NE-trending boudin blocks, while the enclosing limestone underwent ductile deformation. This unusual structural architecture focused subsequent contractional deformation, as well as Tertiary extensional brittle deformation, forming pathways for meteoric and hydrothermal fluids, which formed and enlarged dissolution cavities and dissolution breccias along boudin margins, boudin necks, and normal faults.

Gold occurs primarily in zones of polyphase dissolution breccias that are localized in minor faults and fold hinges in the structurally complex areas along and adjacent to dolomite block margins. Two general phases of brecciation are present, including calcareous breccias and later, Fe ± As oxide-rich breccias, which carry the highest gold grades. Breccias are accompanied by variable pervasive silicification.

Alteration assemblages include zoned dickite + white mica + hematite in the cores of mineralized zones, with peripheral kaolinite + sericite and goethite + hematite and, ultimately, more distal illite + smectite. Local preservation of fine-grained sulfides encapsulated in calcite and silica suggests that the iron oxide assemblages may represent oxidation of fine-grained pyrite + marcasite + arsenopyrite assemblages.

As currently defined, the Long Canyon deposit extends for 3 km in a northeasterly direction and consists of several subparallel zones of mineralization focused on boudin block margins, boudin necks, and incipient boudins. It contains a combined (measured, indicated, and inferred) estimated resource comprising 2.2 million ounces of gold, at an average grade of ~2.3 g/t gold. Metallurgical work indicates that the deposit is highly amenable to cyanidation by heap leaching or milling. The Long Canyon deposit is open to further exploration and resource additions, and is shallowly buried, relatively high grade, and thoroughly oxidized.

The stratigraphic position of the Long Canyon deposit on the Paleozoic shelf and its location well east of the majority of identified major trends indicate significant potential for new discoveries in this underexplored area of eastern Nevada.
A Detailed Assessment of Global Cu Resource Trends and Endowments
Authors: Mudd Gavin M. , Weng Zhehan , Jowitt Simon M.
Published: June 2013

Copper plays a crucial role in modern society across the world, contributing to infrastructure, technology, and lifestyles. Although mineral resources are commonly considered to be “finite,” global Cu production has grown steadily throughout the 20th century, and has been matched by substantial growth in estimated Cu reserves and resources. While there is growing concern about “peak oil,” there is very little research about “peak minerals.” In this paper, we present a detailed compilation and assessment of globally reported Cu resources by project and standard deposit types for the year 2010. The minimum amount of Cu reported globally as mineral resources is 1,780.9 Mt Cu, split over a total of 730 projects, with a further 80.4 Mt Cu in China. In addition, our compiled data indicate that global Cu resources continue to increase, despite a coincident increase in Cu production over time, along with declining cutoff and ore grades, increasing awareness of environmental issues, and other related aspects. Our data compilation indicates that the vast majority of global copper resources are hosted by Cu porphyry deposits, especially in Chile, with Cu porphyry deposits containing some 10 times more Cu than any other mineral deposit type. Overall, there are abundant Cu resources already identified that can meet growing global demands for some decades to come; the primary factors that govern whether a given project is developed will be social, economic, and environmental in nature.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SILVER AND BISMUTH SULFOSALT MINERALS, PAVONITE (AgBi3S5) AND MATILDITE (AgBiS2) AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ORE DEPOSITS
Authors: Voronin Mikhail V. , Osadchii Evgeniy G.
Published: June 2013

Although Bi-Ag sulfides often occur in many types of hydrothermal Au-Ag ore deposits, their stability and phase relationships are insufficiently quantified. We employed the electromotive force (emf) method to measure the thermodynamic properties of pavonite (AgBi3S5) and matildite (AgBiS2), which are the two main ternary mineral phases in the Ag-Bi-S system. These new results, coupled with a critical analysis of literature data, allow generation of a consistent set of thermodynamic values in the Ag-Bi-S system. The recommended standard values at 25°C and 1 bar of the Gibbs free energy of formation from the elements, enthalpy and entropy are −227.12 ± 4.33 kJ·mol−1, −223.05 ± 4.03 kJ·mol−1, and 386.67 ± 5.84 J·mol−1·K−1, respectively, for pavonite, and −90.88 ± 1.73 kJ·mol−1, −86.47 ± 1.63 kJ·mol−1, and 178.16 ± 2.40 J·mol−1·K−1, respectively, for matildite. The new thermodynamic data can be used for quantifying phase equilibria in the Ag-Bi-S system, predicting the solubilities of Bi and Ag in the ore-bearing hydrothermal fluids and constraining temperature (T) and sulfur fugacity (fS2 of ore deposition. It is shown that the stability field of AgBiS2 (matildite) in T- fS2) coordinates of the Fe-Ag-Bi-S system is narrow and thus can be used for constraining the temperature and sulfur fugacity of formation of Ag-Au-Bi ore mineral assemblages involving matildite.
Debonding-Related Strain Limits for Externally Bonded FRP Sheets in Flexurally Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Beams
Authors: Li Guibing , Zhang Aihui , Guo Yugang
Published: June 2013

Debonding problems of externally bonded fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets in flexurally FRP-strengthened
reinforced concrete (RC) beams have been a concern and a research challenge since their application of this strengthening
technique. Intermediate crack induced debonding is the most common failure mode which is that the debonding initiates at
the critical flexural-shear or flexural cracks and propagates towards the direction of moment decrease. To mitigate
debonding failure, most Codes and proposed models take the method by limiting the allowable tensile strain in FRP
laminates. This paper presents experimental tests of concrete beams flexurally strengthened with externally bonded CFRP
sheets to investigate debonding initiation and tensile strain of FRP laminates. The allowable tensile strain of FRP sheets in
flexurally FRP-strengthened RC beams proposed by prevalent Code provisions and models was assessed based on the data
obtained from experimental programs. It has beenshown that the allowable tensile strains provided by these provisions and
models have a great difference with that of experimental results and exhibit a high level of dispersion. Furthermore, the FRP
laminates of most tested RC beams were debonded before reaching the proposed allowable tensile strain. The Code
provisions and models are inadequate to effectively prevent intermediate crack induced debonding failure in flexurally
FRP-strengthened RC members. This is known to be a critical issue in engineering design and application of RC beams
flexurally strengthened by FRP sheets.
How Do Auditors Weight Informal Contrary Advice? The Joint Influence of Advisor Social Bond and Advice Justifiability
Authors: Kadous Kathryn , Leiby Justin , Peecher Mark E.
Published: June 2013

Auditors frequently seek informal advice from peers to improve judgment quality, but the conditions under which advice improves auditor judgment are poorly understood. We predict and find evidence of a trust heuristic among auditors receiving advice from advisors with whom they share a social bond. This heuristic is evident among non-specialists, who weight advice according to its justifiability when it is received from a weaker social bond advisor, but fail to objectively assess the quality of advice received and weight it heavily when it comes from a stronger social bond advisor, regardless of its justifiability. Specialists, while less prone to the trust heuristic in advice weighting, show inconsistencies in advice weighting and their assessments of advice quality. In particular, specialists discount better justified advice from stronger social bond advisors, despite rating this advice as being of relatively high quality. This defensiveness likely arises from an aversive social comparison process attributable to the high ego-relevance of a task within one's specialization. Future research is warranted to corroborate or refute this possibility.
Effects of Decomposition and Categorization on Fraud-Risk Assessments
Authors: Favere-Marchesi Michael
Published: June 2013

This study examines two issues related to the decomposition of fraud-risk assessments. First, it investigates whether there is a significant difference in the fraud-risk assessment of auditors who decompose the fraud judgment from that of auditors who merely categorize fraud-risk factors. Second, it examines whether the perceived need to modify the audit plan and the extent of testing in response to the fraud-risk assessment is significantly influenced by the decomposition of the fraud judgment. In an experiment with 60 audit managers, auditors who decomposed fraud-risk judgments have significantly different fraud-risk assessments than those of auditors who simply categorized fraud cues. When management's attitude cues are indicative of a low fraud risk, decomposition auditors are significantly more sensitive to changes in incentive and opportunity cues than categorization auditors. Finally, auditors who decompose fraud-risk assessments perceive a significantly higher need to revise audit plans and to increase the extent of audit testing.