bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Upgrading the performance of groundwater VOC air strippers
Authors: Nelson Alan D. , Schmitt Ralph J. , Dickeson Dan
Published: February 2007

Rocketdyne's Santa Susana Field Laboratory has been treating groundwater to remove chlorinated solvents since 1987. Six air stripping treatment installations, using vapor‐phase carbon to control air emissions, have consistently met effluent quality standards over nine years of operation. In 1995, Rocketdyne embarked on an inspection and maintenance program to thoroughly check tower equipment and packing condition and to improve treatment efficiency using new packing technology now available.

Baseline removal efficiency measurements were made on one large‐capacity air stripper, which was then shut down for inspection. The original random packing was found to be fouled, and had settled too far below the level of the spray nozzle. The packing was removed, and replaced with a newer, high‐efficiency packing. As a result, single‐stage removal efficiency for trichloroethylene increased from 98.5% to > 99.6%.

Aside from demonstrating the improvement attainable by upgrading the packing media, Rocketdyne's maintenance program also highlighted the critical importance of proper liquid distribution. At one point, the refurbished air stripper was overpacked, resulting in concentration of the water spray near the center of the packed section. The liquid distribution was found to remain grossly nonuniform even after the water had trickled down over 8.2 meters of packing in a 91‐cm diameter column.
Whole effluent toxicity reduction by ozone
Authors: Ball Brandon R. , Brix Kevin V. , Brancato Mary Sue , Allison Mick P. , Vail Shaundelle M.
Published: February 2007

An investigation of the effects of ozone and ozone‐induced hydroxyl radical on reducing whole effluent toxicity is discussed relative to the application of ozone for industrial water treatment. Results from operation of an ozone system treating industrial effluent from a lead/zinc mine in Colorado are presented. The mine discharges 1,000 gpm (227 m3/hr) of wastewater and has historically exceeded Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) limits. On occasion, it has exceeded numeric limits for copper, ammonia, and cyanide.

Based on test results, an applied ozone to COD ratio of 3:1 by weight and a contact time of 30 minutes was found to be effective for reducing whole effluent toxicity at pH 11 but not at pH 7, indicating oxidation by hydroxyl radical to be the dominant mechanism responsible for toxicity reduction. At an applied ozone to COD ratio of 3:1 and a pH of 11, toxicity was reduced with survival increasing improved from 0 percent survival to 100 percent survival for Ceriodaphnia dubia and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) based on 48‐hour and 96‐hour WET tests, respectively. This application rate of ozone with a 99 percent mass transfer efficiency was also effective in reducing total cyanide from an average of 0.45 mg/L to less than 0.05 mg/L and COD from 28 mg/L to 9 mg/L. The rate of ammonium nitrogen oxidation appeared to follow first‐order kinetics; however, the rate of oxidation was decreased significantly by the presence of COD.
Reductive dehalogenation of trichloroethylene using zero‐valent iron
Authors: Gotpagar J. , Grulke E. , Tsang T. , Bhattacharyya D.
Published: February 2007

Reductive dehalogenation of hazardous organics using zero‐valent metals is a promising technology. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of feed concentration, initial pH, metal loading and particle size of metal on the degradation of trichloroethylene (TCE), using zero‐valent iron. The degradation rate was found to be first order with respect to the organic molecule, thus the conversion was independent of initial TCE concentration. The amount of TCE degraded at any given time was found to be directly proportional to the dissolved iron in solution. The metal surface area plays a crucial role in the process. Two fold increase in the pseudo first order rate constant was obtained when the metal particle size was decreased from 370 μ m by factor of 2.5. For iron surface area per unit volume (S/V) of solution < 1000 m−1, the TCE degradation rate constant increased linearly with S/V ratio.
Ultraviolet/oxidation treatment of explosive wastewaters using a commercial process
Authors: Hempfling Craig
Published: February 2007

The Indian Head Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center evaluated the performance of two pilot‐scale ultraviolet/oxidation systems for treatment of nitroglycerin production wastewater, Solarchem Environmental Systems and Peroxidation Systems, Inc. A commercial‐scale system was purchased from Solarchem and its performance compared to that of the pilot‐scale system using standard reaction kinetics procedures. The first‐order reaction rate expression for nitroglycerin decomposition was developed for the commercial‐scale Solarchem system.

Studies were conducted using the commercial‐scale UV/oxidation system to determine the treatment by‐products from nitroglycerin decomposition. Nitroglycerin and partially nitrated derivatives of nitroglycerin, inorganic nitrates, nitrites, and ammonia, and total organic carbon analyses were conducted to determine the extent of nitroglycerin decomposition and probable by‐products.

Studies were also conducted on nitroguanidine wastewater to determine the effectiveness of UV/oxidation wastewater treatment for the nitroguanidine production process.
Compliance strategy for cyanides in petroleum refinery wastewater: Part 1—source characterization and treatment
Authors: Urban David , Frisbie Seth , Croce Sarita
Published: February 2007

A small (< 8,000 m3/day, < 50,000 bbl/day) petroleum refinery was having difficulty in complying with the 200 μg/L total cyanide limit in its NPDES permit. In addition, extensive cyanide corrosion was found during a turnaround of the fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU). Finally, the refinery was facing a NPDES permit renewal, in which the new total cyanide limit was expected to be 1.0 μg/L, the water quality standard for marine waters. The refinery, therefore, had both environmental and economic incentives for reducing cyanide in its FCCU process wastewater. The refinery undertook a multi‐faceted approach to its cyanide problem, including consideration of source treatment, stripped sour water treatment, end‐of‐pipe treatment optimization, and discharge permit modification. This paper addresses the source characterization and treatment activities that were conducted as a part of the strategy.

Although the generation of cyanide in the FCC process is well documented, quantification of cyanides has historically been difficult due to analytical interferences from the high levels of sulfides in condensate streams from the unit. Measurements of cyanide by traditional analytical methods can be in error by orders of magnitude, and proper implementation of control technologies can be a guessing game. As a result, effective control techniques such as polysulfide injection are often avoided because of potential process upset.

Modified analytical techniques for cyanide (both free and total) and thiocyanate in refinery sour water and hydrocarbon liquids were developed. Water and hydrocarbon samples from the FCCU product distillation and gas compression systems were analyzed with these techniques, and a cyanide mass balance was developed. From the results, the following conclusions were drawn:

With certain process configurations, cyanides can spread far beyond the immediate condensate streams.

The amount of cyanide generated in an FCCU may be higher than normally anticipated.

Simple modifications to the existing system have the potential to substantially reduce cyanides, especially iron‐complexed cyanides.

Source treatment with polysulfide can be optimized with these improved analytical techniques.

Polysulfide treatment at non‐traditional, less risky locations may be adequate for meeting effluent discharge requirements.

The degree of treatment required will also depend on final NPDES permit limitations. Negotiation of favorable limits can substantially reduce treatment needs.

Follow‐up studies to further optimize cyanide control are planned.
Countercurrent absorption of CO2in a real flue gas into aqueous alkanolamine solutions in a wetted wall column
Authors: Suda Taiichiro , Iijima Masaki , Tanaka Hiroshi , Mitsuoka Shigeaki , Iwaki Toru
Published: February 2007

The countercurrent absorption of CO2from the flue gas into aqueous alkanolamines has been studied using wetted wall column equipment connected to the stack of a power plant. The absorption rates of CO2into aqueous alkanolamines were measured at 40°C, 10kPa partial pressure, and 2m3/h of gas flow rate. From the rate of absorption and the absorption equilibrium results, the secondary amines have as large overall mass transfer coefficients as monoethanolamine. However, the coefficients of the hindered and tertiary amines are small even though the absorbed amounts of CO2at equilibrium are large. The CO2concentration profiles in a wetted wall column were estimated, and these results are due to the absorption process in connection with the degree of carbamate formation.
Recovery, reuse, and recycle of water in semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities
Authors: Degenova John , Shadman Farhang
Published: February 2007

This paper summarizes the benefits and risks associated with water re‐use and recycling in the semiconductor industry. The specific items that will be covered in this paper are: characterization of the spent rinse‐water types, the composition range of key impurities, different recycling strategies, and water conservation methods. Discussion will include the development of new purification methods for the removal of organic impurities, and the development of a computer model for simulating the effects of recycle.
Rapid evaluation and installation of a low cost water treatment scheme at a superfund site
Authors: Singh Anu , Adams Carl E.
Published: February 2007

Wastewater treatment technologies were evaluated for a Superfund Site located in the southern United States to pretreat approximately 3 million gallons of on‐site contaminated water to meet POTW pretreatment requirements. A low cost water treatment scheme was developed, designed, installed, and the contaminated water was successfully treated in a 16 week period. The Site included two earthen ponds containing hazardous sediments to be dredged and remediated, and water, contaminated with organics, oil and grease (O&G), and heavy metals. A four week, on‐site investigation was conducted to characterize and quantify pond contents and develop a cost‐effective, rapid method of treating the contaminated pond water. Rapid installation and start‐up of the selected treatment technology was required to meet the pond closure schedule.
NOX PEMS experience on operating ethylene furnaces
Authors: Croy Robert L. , Simpson Cynthia Wyman , Tipton Dennis B. , Sinha Pinaki , Lashier Mark E.
Published: February 2007

The Phillips 66 Sweeney Refinery and Petrochemical Complex is a highly integrated complex consisting of refining, chemicals, and ethylene units. The Complex received a Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC) Flexible Permit to install predictive emissions monitors (PEMS) at eight furnaces of Ethylene Unit 22.

Unit 22 produces approximately 1.8 million pounds per day of ethylene. Hydrogen in the fuel gas fluctuates between 20% and 80% depending on economics and the operational status of upstream and downstream units. Maintaining consistent fuel gas hydrogen levels and unit upsets made it difficult to train the models. The PEMS is certified and has been in full operation since March 1996. The difficultes and successes of the PEMS certification process is discussed in this paper.
Kinetics of NO absorption in aqueous iron (II)thiochelate solutions
Authors: Shi Yao , Wang Hai , Chang Shih‐Ger
Published: February 2007

Ferrous thiochelate solutions were used to absorb NO from flue gas. The absorption rates were studied as a function of pH with a double‐stirred reactor at 50°C. The rate constants of five ferrous thiochelates: Fe2+(dimercaptosuccinate)2, Fe2+(dithioloxalate)2, Fe2+(aminoethanethiol)2, Fe2+(cysteine)2, Fe2+(penicillamine)2, reacted with NO at pH5.5 and pH 7.0, have been determined. The implications of the kinetic data on the use of these iron thiochelate additives in wet flue gas desulfurization scrubbers: limestone, lime, and sodium, for simultaneous SO2 and NOx removal is discussed.
Plasma temperature incineration
Authors: Hollis James R.
Published: February 2007

Heightened public awareness, recent legislation, and the EPA are collectively forcing industry to find and develop new methods to safely destroy various types of hazardous waste.
Acid rain—an overview of the problem
Authors: Bubenick David V. , Record Frank A. , Kindya Robert J.
Published: February 2007

An up‐to‐date summary of the key issues, concerns, and further research needs in an area of ever increasing public awareness.
Development of electrolytic treatment of oily wastewater
Authors: Weintraub M. H. , Gealer R. L. , Golovoy A. , Dzieciuch M. A. , Durham H.
Published: February 2007

Experimental data on a new electrolytic treatment for oily wastewater indicate that the process can render the wastewater suitable for direct discharge to municipal sewers.
Air quality effects of a hazardous waste incineration system
Authors: Sekulic Tim S. , Tai Ronald C. , Boldt Karl R. , Delaney B. Tod
Published: February 2007

Reliable data show that the air‐quality impacts of carefully sited and properly designed and operated incineration systems can meet all applicable government standards.
Start the bubble machine
Authors: Muffat Jeffry C.
Published: February 2007

A “do‐it‐yourself” approach to taking advantage of the new EPA emission‐trading policy.
Coal‐gas cleanup facility
Authors: Rib D. M. , Kimura S. G. , Smith D. P.
Published: February 2007

An experimental unit employing the Benfield system adequately scrubs sulfur compounds over a wide range of gas compositions and operating conditions.
Air permit applications for boilers
Authors: Fisher Perry W. , Weidemann Herbert A. , Larson Eric J.
Published: February 2007

A case history of the construction permitting process for a wood refuse/coalfired boiler.
Reverse osmosis of blast‐furnace scrubber water
Authors: Terril M. E. , Neufeld R. D.
Published: February 2007

In conjunction with cellulose‐acetate membranes, reverse osmosis shows significant advantages in scrubber applications.
Pervaporation membranes—a novel separation technique for trace organics
Authors: Zhu C. L. , Yuang C.‐W. , Fried J. R. , Greenberg D. B.
Published: February 2007

A viable separation of chlorinated hydrocarbons from dilute aqueous solutions has been demonstrated experimentally.
Carbon dioxide—the premier environmental challenge of our time
Authors: Jaske Robert T.
Published: February 2007

Among the sessions scheduled for the Diamond Jubilee Meeting in Washington Oct. 31‐Nov. 3, 1983, there will be a session on “Global Environmental Effects, Carbon Dioxide Problem from an Energy Policy Perspective.” The following paper draws from materials to be presented at the session, and from data developed for a position paper for the Coordinating Committee on Energy of the AAES by Ralph Rotty, Institute for Energy Analysis. Those engineers who wish to learn more about the problem are invited to the session.
Field testing of NH3 injection on an industrial packaged boiler
Authors: Castaldini Carlo , Waterland Larry R. , Mason Howard B.
Published: February 2007

Actual test results indicate that NH3 injection by noncatalytic reaction can be effective in reducing NOx by 40 percent or more.
A dual particle‐diffusion model for porous adsorbents in fixed beds
Authors: Weber Walter J. , Liang Sun
Published: February 2007

A new adsorber model, the MADAM‐DPD, can adequately predict entire breakthrough curves for most solute‐adsorbent combinations.
Calcium sulfide process for treatment of metal‐containing wastes
Authors: Kim B. M. , Amodeo P. A.
Published: February 2007

A new process has potential application for the removal of metals, including Cd, Cu, Pb, Ag, and Zn, even in the presence of organic complexing agents.
Recovery of heavy metals from steelmaking dust
Authors: Krishnan E. Radha
Published: February 2007

A detailed review of three feasible alternatives for recovery of heavy metals from carbon‐steel, electric‐arc‐furnace dust.
Power plant fly ash—disposal and utilization
Authors: Murtha M. J. , Burnet G. , Harnby N.
Published: February 2007

Current and proposed disposal methods and resource‐recovery processes are compared to established practice in the U.K.
Management options: On‐site versus off‐site disposal
Authors: Tusa Wayne K.
Published: February 2007

The advantages and disadvantages of both on‐site and off‐site hazardous‐waste disposal must be carefully weighed for each particular facility.
Treatment of landfill leachates by reverse osmosis
Authors: Slater C. S. , Ahlert R. C. , Uchrin C. G.
Published: February 2007

High‐strength landfill leachates and industrial wastes can be successfully renovated using a reverse osmosis process system subsequent to pretreatment.
Prediction of competitive adsorption kinetics for two priority pollutants
Authors: Mathews A. P. , Su C. A.
Published: February 2007

Excellent predictions for adsorption rates can be obtained using the homogeneous solid‐phase diffusion model.
Dissolved heavy‐metal removal by Insoluble Starch Xanthate (ISX)
Authors: Wing R. E.
Published: February 2007

Case‐history studies demonstrate that very low residual‐metal concentrations can be achieved in the treated effluents.
Combined removal of Cr, Cd, and Ni from wastes
Authors: Higgins Thomas E. , Sater Vernon E.
Published: February 2007

Results of pilot‐plant tests on treating electroplating wastes by alkaline reduction, precipitation, and upflow filtration.
Emission regulations and air pollution control equipment for industrial and utility boilers
Authors: Beachler David S. , Joseph Gerald T.
Published: February 2007

Behind all the political rhetoric, what is really being done to attack the problem of acid rain? Here is an authoritative overview of the present situation.
Recycling industrial wastes by land application
Authors: Keith Larry W. , Stack Dennis L.
Published: February 2007

Land application of compatible industrial effluents is a cost‐effective and environmentally acceptable method of achieving resource conservation and recycling. A case history from Anheuser‐Busch.
A novel adsorbing bioreactor for wastewater treatment
Authors: Andrews G. F. , Trapasso R.
Published: February 2007

The advantages of biological treatment and adsorption on activated carbon can be combined in a single fluidized bed unit.
Petroleum industry perspective of clean air act reauthorization
Authors: Patton George T.
Published: February 2007

An industry view of the controversial Clean Air Act. Future changes should be based on sound scientific evidence, with potential benefits to society outweighing potential costs.
Predictive assessment of priority pollutant bio‐oxidation kinetics in activated sludge
Authors: Sayler Gary S. , Breen Alexander , Blackburn James W. , Yagi Osami
Published: February 2007

Bacterial population densities and enzyme activities were measured in activated sludge to serve as predictive tools for assessing bio‐oxidation of organic pollutants.
Prediction of the fates of organic chemicals in a biological treatment process—an overview
Authors: Blackburn James W. , Troxler William L. , Sayler Gary S.
Published: February 2007

A program to develop methods for the prediction of organic chemical fates in activated sludge processes has been implemented.
In‐situ and on‐site biodegradation of industrial landfill leachate
Authors: Kosson David S. , Ahlert Robert C.
Published: February 2007

An on‐site or in‐situ field pilot‐scale experiment demonstrates promising results for the treatment of aqueous hazardous wastes.
Selective absorption of hydrogen chloride from flue gases in the presence of sulfur dioxide
Authors: Kyte W. S. , Bettelheim J. , Nicholson N. E. , Scarlett J.
Published: February 2007

Detailed results of static and dynamic experiments to determine the vapor‐liquid equilibrium for HCl and the co‐absorption of hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide in concentrated solutions of calcium chloride.
Remedial action at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites
Authors: Clair Ann E. St. , Ajmera Kishore T.
Published: February 2007

A case study illustrating an approach to feasibility study and design of appropriate remedial action.
Natural gas processing with PRISM® separators
Authors: Stookey D. J. , Graham T. E. , Pope W. M.
Published: February 2007

Gas separating membranes offer the natural gas processing industry an alternative to absorption processes for gas treating facilities.
Adsorption systems for air pollution control
Authors: Kennedy Paul E.
Published: February 2007

A state‐of‐the‐art review of recent advances in the use of Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) systems for air‐pollution control.
SO2 removal by limestone dual alkali
Authors: Chang John C. S. , Kaplan Norman
Published: February 2007

The DA process has the advantages of clear solution scrubbing, high SO2 removal efficiency, low liquid to gas ratio and reliability.
Volatile organic compounds at hazardous waste sites and a sanitary landfill in New Jersey
Authors: LaRegina John , Bozzelli Joseph W. , Harkov Ron , Gianti Sam
Published: February 2007

An up‐to‐date review of the present situation.
Biological treatment of a landfill leachate in sequencing batch reactors
Authors: Ying Wei‐Chi , Bonk Robert R. , Lloyd Vernon J. , Sojka Stanley A.
Published: February 2007

A landfill leachate is treated, after mixing with chemical manufacturing wastewaters, by activated carbon adsorption. Biotreatment of the combined wastewater in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) reduced the carbon requirement by 90%. Excellent treatment efficiency was consistently achieved under a variety of operating conditions: wastewater TOC, feed rate, hydraulic retention time, MLSS, organic loading, temperature, and cycle time. The SBR performance was unaffected when wastewater feeding was suspended during weekends and holidays. Results obtained in 1‐L SBRs were reproduced in 12‐L and 500‐L units. The experimental data served as the basis for design of a full‐scale SBR‐adsorption system. The integrated wastewater treatment system would produce a better quality effluent at a lower overall cost. Biodegradation rates for some of the more persistent wastewater constituents were enhanced in batch bioreactors which were supplemented with strains of bacteria isolated from the landfill site.
An alternative RBC design‐second order kinetics
Authors: Opatken Edward J.
Published: February 2007

An alternative design method was used employing 2nd order kinetics and good engineering practice to specify a RBC process for secondary treatment.

The kinetics of the RBC process had previously been shown to follow a second order rate expression when the disappearance of soluble biochemical oxygen demand (sBOD) is correlated with time (2). This relationship was combined with other RBC process limitations to design an RBC system based on achieving final effluent sBOD requirements of less than 10 mg/L of soluble BOD (sBOD). This alternative design approach can be used to determine:

The number of shafts

The number of stages

The shafts in each stage

The sBOD in each stage

The effect on performance by diurnal variations in flow from 50 to 200% of design flow

When oxygen transfer governs the kinetics

This paper demonstrates the technique employed to design the RBC plant using second order kinetics and the rationale behind each step in the design process.
The effect of magnesium‐based additives on particulate emissions from oil‐fired power plants
Authors: Salvador‐Martinez L. , Cortés‐Galeano V. , Sánchez‐Peña E. , Garcia‐Caballero P.
Published: February 2007

Detailed experimental results of a wide research program carried out at the University of Seville, Spain.
Treatment of a petrochemical wastewater in sequencing batch reactors
Authors: Hsu E. H.
Published: February 2007

The response of sequencing batch reactors (SRB's) in an industrial application was investigated. Four bench‐scale SBR's and a bench‐scale conventional activated sludge unit were operated with wastewater from a petrochemical complex. In terms of the degradation of BOD material and nitrification, the performance of the SBR's was comparable or slightly superior to that of the conventional activated sludge unit. However, for high strength wastes with BOD5 > 300 mg/l and under organic shock loading conditions, effluent from an SBR may have a high solids content as a result of abundant dispersed‐cells growth. The SBR reacted well to a series of phenolic shock loadings; phenols were degraded from initial concentrations ranging from 200 to 950 mg/l to <0.1 mg/l. A model of the SBR, which incorporated the Monod kinetics, was presented as a design aid.
Opportunities for improving the cost‐effectiveness of acid rain control strategies
Authors: Streets David G.
Published: February 2007

None of the congressional bills proposed to control acid deposition since 1981 can be considered a cost‐effective approach. Ways to improve spatial, temporal, and regulatory efficiency in choosing which emission sources to control are examined.
The effect of anionic polyacrylamide molecular conformation and configuration on flocculation effectiveness
Authors: Caskey J. A. , Primus R. J.
Published: February 2007

Anionic polyacrylamide was used to flocculate kaolin slurries. Both linear and branched polyacrylamide were polymerized. The polymer samples were fractionated and the molecular weights determined on the fractionated samples. The molecular weight range studied varied from 10,000 to 3,000,000. Each polyacrylamide sample was hydrolyzed to anionic levels ranging from 5 to 25 percent. The flocculating performance of the above polymers was measured on kaolin slurries using both settling tests with 3% kaolin and jar tests with 200 ppm kaolin. The effect of anionic polyacrylamide conformation on the flocculating rates was determined by varying the pH and hydrolysis level. The effect of the polymer configuration was studied by varying the molecular weight and using both linear and branched samples. In every case tested the linear polyacrylamide was a more effective flocculant than the branched polymer. The polyacrylamide effectiveness increased with increasing molecular weight for both the linear and branched samples tested. Increasing the mean end‐to‐end distance of the dissolved polymer molecular increased its flocculating effectiveness. This increased length could be accomplished by changing either the pH or the hydrolysis level. The results of the study were the same whether settling tests or jar tests were used as a performance criteria.
Environmental aspects of the combustion of sewage sludge in a utility boiler
Authors: Samela Daniel , Tsoumpas G. M. , Welshans G. K. , Zwillenberg M. L.
Published: February 2007

This paper discusses the environmental aspects of the combustion of dewatered municipal sewage sludge in a utility boiler. The information presented is based on the results of laboratory scale combustion tests performed on both sludge/coal and sludge/oil mixtures. Air pollution control and solid waste disposal considerations are discussed.
Cyclone efficiency and pressure drop correlations in oil shale retorts
Authors: Masin J. G. , Koch W. H.
Published: February 2007

Recent experimental studies of cyclone performance at the severe process conditions usually present in shale retorts were used to test existing correlations for the prediction of cyclone collection efficiency and pressure drop. Modifying the correlations to include the effects of solids loading and particle saltation provides significantly better agreement between predicted and experimental values.
Steam‐regenerated activated carbon: An emission‐free, cost‐effective ground water treatment process
Authors: Parmele Charles S. , Allen Robert D. , Mehran Mohsen
Published: February 2007

Air stripping is frequently selected over carbon adsorption with virgin carbon for the removal of halogenated and aromatic solvents from contaminated ground water because it is the cheaper process when the volatilized organics can be emitted. However, increasing concern over the impact of the organics vented from an air stripping process has created a situation where ground water treatment costs will be significantly higher unless a cost‐effective, emission‐free treatment process can be developed.

IT has shown that an aqueous‐phase adsorption process using steam‐regenerated activated carbon is a proven, mature technology that should be considered for this application. This paper will describe the steam regeneration technology and its application and will compare the treatment costs for this approach with several other treatment technologies.
Control of SOx emissions by in‐furnace sorbent injection: Carbonates vs. hydrates
Authors: Newton G. H. , Harrison D. J. , Silcox G. D. , Pershing D. W.
Published: February 2007

High temperature, isothermal data on SO2 capture by calcium based sorbents were obtained in a dispersed‐phase reactor for limestons, dolomites, hydrated calcitic limes, and hydrated dolomitic limes as a function of Ca/S molar ratio, temperature, and SO2 partial pressure. The experimental results indicate that SO2 capture is approximately linearly dependent on Ca/S molar ratio and relatively insensitive to SO2 partial pressure above 2000 ppm. SO2 capture is a strong function of general sorbent class; dolomitic sorbents are better than calcitic materials on an equivalent calcium basis and hydrated materials are more reactive than carbonates. Computer model predictions based on a grain formulation, available fundamental rate data, and measured surface areas accurately predict limestone performance; however, predicted capture for the hydrated sorbents is significantly below that measured experimentally. The measured capture results do, however, generally correlate with the BET surface areas measured when the sorbents were calcined in a muffle furnace at 980 K for 20 minutes with an inert environment.
Emissions control through dry scrubbing
Authors: Farber Paul S.
Published: February 2007

Concern with operating problems, and the desire for system simplicity, has resulted in the development of dry scrubbing systems for flue gas cleanup, and their acceptance by industry as an alternate to the conventional wet scrubbers. These dry scrubbing systems incorporate two commonly used pieces of equipment; spray dryers, which have been used for many years to manufacture everything from detergents to powdered milk, and a particulates removal device (either a fabric filter or an electrostatic precipitator). The first application of this technology to removal of sulfur oxides from high sulfur coal combustion gases occurred when Argonne National Laboratory installed a system in 1981 as the control device on its main coal‐fired boiler. To date, this type of pollution control system has shown itself capable of meeting state emission standards and, in a special test run, of removing over 90% of the sulfur oxides produced from combustion of a coal with over 4% sulfur.
In situ aerobic biodegradation of aquifer contaminants at Kelly air force base
Authors: Heyse Edward , James Stephen C. , Wetzel Roger
Published: February 2007

This Air Force/EPA joint project tested in situ technology to treat a contaminated aquifer. The demonstration site is contaminated with a variety of organic wastes. Indigenous subsurface bacteria were used to degrade some of the organic wastes. Oxygen was supplied by a hydrogen peroxide solution.
Pilot testing of sodium thiosulfate
Authors: Chang John C. S. , Brna Theodore G.
Published: February 2007

Pilot plant tests have been conducted to evaluate sodium thiosulfate as an oxidation inhibition additive in five lime/limestone slurry flue gas desulfurization processes. It was found that the oxidation rate of absorbed sulfur dioxide (SO2) was reduced by more than 50 percent in the presence of 100 to 200 ppm of thiosulfate ion in the scrubbing slurry. Calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) scaling was eliminated and the unsaturated (with respect to gypsum) operation mode was maintained by the addition of sodium thiosulfate. Other benefits of sodium thiosulfate addition observed at the pilot plant included improvement in solids dewatering properties for limestone processes and improvement in SO2 removal efficiency for magnesium‐enhanced lime/limestone processes.
Coal cleaning: Progress and potential
Authors: Livengood C. D. , Doctor R. D.
Published: February 2007

Results from a detailed analysis of sulfur dioxide (SO)2reductions achievable through “deep” physical coal cleaning (PCC) at 20 coal‐fired power plants in the Ohio‐Indiana‐Illinois region are presented here. These plants all have capacities larger than 500 MWe, are currently without any flue‐gas‐desulfurization (FGD) systems, and burn coal of greater than 1% sulfur content (in 1980). Their aggregate emissions of 2.4 million tons of SO2per year represent 55% of the SO2inventory for these states. The principal coal supplies for each power plant were identified and characterized as to coal seam and county of origin, so that published coal‐washability data could be matched to each supplier. The SO2reductions that would result from deep cleaning (Level 4) and moderate cleaning (Level 3) of each coal were calculated using a PCC computer model. For deep cleaning, percentage reductions in sulfur content ranged from zero to 52%, with a mean value of 29%, and costs ranged from a low of $364/ton SO2removed to over $2000/ton SO2removed. Because coal suppliers to these power plants employ some voluntary coal cleaning, the anticipated emissions reduction from current levels if deep cleaning were used should be near 20%. These emissions reductions were projected using conventional coal‐cleaning‐circuit designs. The basic elements of typical commercial PCC designs are briefly described, and current research and development activities in physical, chemical, and biological desulfurization of coal are reviewed. Possible governmental actions to either encourage or mandate coal cleaning are identified and evaluated.
Electrogenerative and related electrochemical methods for NOx and SOx control
Authors: Langer Stanley H. , Foral Michael J. , Colucci José A. , Pate Kevin T.
Published: February 2007

Electrogenerative processes can be used to reduce nitric oxide to low levels in a variety of gas streams. An approach for applying these and related electrochemical reduction processes to selectively reduce NOx concentrations in power plant effluents is discussed. Both electrogenerative oxidation and reduction of sulfur dioxide can occur. However, oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid seems to be the most feasible route for incorporation into an electrochemical flue gas treatment which might also produce useful chemicals. A strategy for implementing an “electrochemical scrubbing” procedure is described.
Treatment of a landfill leachate in powdered activated carbon enhanced sequencing batch bioreactors
Authors: Ying Wei‐chi , Bonk Robert R. , Sojka Stanley A.
Published: February 2007

Addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) significantly improved treatment of a chemical waste landfill leachate in sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs). Concentrations for many of the monitored halogenated organic compounds in the effluent were below their respective detection limits. Excellent treatment efficiency was achieved under a variety of operating conditions: wastewater composition, feed rate, hydraulic retention time, organic loading, PAC dosages, biomass and PAC concentrations in the bioreactors. The PAC‐SBR performance was unaffected when wastewater feeding was suspended during weekends and holidays. The PAC‐SBR treatment cost is much lower than either that of the conventional granular activated carbon adsorption technology or the two‐stage process of biodegradation and carbon treatment.
Evaluation of sorbents and additives for dry SO2 removal
Authors: Jorgensen Claus , Chang John C. S. , Brna Theodore G.
Published: February 2007

Bench scale studies of the reaction between sulfur dioxide and alkaline sorbents were performed in an integrated fixed bed reactor at low temperature, simulating the fabric filter dust layer of dry FGD systems with SO2 laden gas passing through it. Three major groups of sorbent were tested: calcitic and dolomitic hydrated lime, sodium bicarbonate, and limestone (calcite aragonite) with salt additives such as CaCl2, Ca(NO3)2, and NaNO3. Relative humidity significantly affected SO2 absorption by lime and limestone plus additives, but had less impact on NaHCO3 reactivity. Different reaction patterns for various sorbents were observed: the SO2/hydrated lime reaction rate was reduced with conversion of the sorbent, resulting in limited lime utilization, whereas the reactions between SO2 and NaHCO3 and SO2 and CaCO3 plus additives seem to proceed a constant rate, potentially leading to high sorbent utilizations. Results are discussed relating to sorbent screening for dry FGD systems.
De‐Emulsification of complex petroleum emulsions by use of microbial biomass
Authors: Kosaric N. , Duvnjak Z. , Cairns W. L.
Published: February 2007

It has been demonstrated in this laboratory that specific organisms are capable of breaking both o/w and w/o petroleum derived emulsions. Specific bacteria have been selected and have been tested on model (kerosene/water) and on complex field emulsions obtained during enhanced oil recovery trials (w/o) and in tar sands extraction process (o/w).

More recent studies involve the use of microbial biomass (sludge) from municipal and refinery waste water treatment processes as the de‐emulsifying agents for treatment of these emulsions.

The results indicate that either pure microbial cultures or microbial waste biomass can be used to efficiently break industrial emulsions. This approach is a novel application and is a promising alternative to use of chemically synthesized industrial de‐emulsifying agents.
The pilot‐scale demonstration of the MODAR oxidation process for the destruction of hazardous organic waste materials
Authors: Staszak Carl N. , Malinowski Kenneth C. , Killilea William R.
Published: February 2007

CECOS International, Inc., a hazardous waste treatment and disposal firm headquartered in Buffalo, New York, and MODAR, Inc. of Houston, Texas, conducted a field, pilot‐scale demonstration of the MODAR Oxidation Process for the destruction of hazardous organic waste materials in 1985.

The MODAR Oxidation Process utilizes water at conditions above its critical point (647K and 22.1 MPa) as the reaction medium for the oxidation of organic materials. The products of this oxidation reaction, for a typical organic material, are carbon dioxide and water. Any halogen present as part of the organic matrix is converted to its halo‐acid form. Two waste streams were destroyed in the field tests. These were an aqueous‐based waste contaminated with several organic EPA priority pollutants, and an organic transformer dielectric fluid contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In both tests, water constituent concentrations in liquid and gas process effluents were below analytical detection limits. Destruction efficiencies based on influent concentrations and the reported detection limits were greater than “four nines”. The results of the demonstration have shown the process' ability to destroy toxic and persistent organic contaminants in liquid wastestreams without producing hazardous by‐products.
Chemistry of a flue gas combined NOX and SO2 scrubber employing ferrous cysteine additives
Authors: Tu M. D. , Chang S. G.
Published: February 2007

Use of ferrous cysteine additives in flue gas scrubbing systems creates a different and simpler scrubber chemistry compared to Japanese processes using ferrous chelates such as Fe2+ (EDTA). Instead of being converted to nitrous oxide, nitric oxide in flue gas can be concentrated and/or reduced to nitrogen gas. Also, production of dithionate ions and nitrogen‐sulfur compounds in scrubbing systems can be avoided. Fixation of nitric oxide occurs by a rapid reaction with the ferrous cysteine complex, at pH between 7.5 and 6.5, to form solid cystinatodinitrosyl iron (II), which releases NO upon heating. Most of the NO is reduced to gaseous species, primarily N2, in ferrous cysteine solutions at pH 10. Cysteine can rapidly reduce ferric ion to ferrous ion while being oxidized to cystine. Cystine can be reduced back to cysteine by SO2.
Removal of radioactive contaminants from West Valley waste streams using natural zeolites
Authors: Grant D. C. , Skriba M. C. , Saha Anuj K.
Published: February 2007

A variety of low‐level radioactive waste streams are being generated from the decontamination and decommissioning of the former nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at West Valley, New York. It is presently planned to remove the radioactive contaminants from the solutions by ion exchange. Natural zeolites, such as clinoptilolite, erionite, chabazite, and phillipsite, were felt to provide desired flexibility and capacity under varying conditions. Batch and column testing were conducted on these materials using representative waste streams containing radioactive cesium, strontium, and cobalt. Sorption coefficients, dynamic decontamination factors, capacity, and sorption kinetics were determined. In addition, testing was conducted on prepared zeolites (i.e., Linde IE‐95 and A‐51) to provide comparative data.
Activated carbon adsorption of heavy metal chelates from single and multicomponent systems
Authors: Bhattacharyya D. , Cheng C. Y. Raymond
Published: February 2007

An extensive experimental investigation was conducted with activated carbon to establish the adsorption (equilibrium and kinetics) behavior of several metals from single and two metals systems in the presence of complexing agents. Triethylenetetramine (TRIEN) and EDTA were used as complexing agents. The extent of adsorption was found to be a function of metal and ligand types, ligand to metal ratio, pH, and metal chelate species distribution. Selective separation of valuable metals can also be achieved by the addition of complexing ligands to a mixture of strongly complexable metal (such as Cd2+ and Ni2+) and weakly complexable metal (such as Ba2+ and Ca2+).
Rapid renovation of a sludge lagoon
Authors: Dienemann E. A. , Magee J. F. , Kosson D. S. , Ahlert R. C.
Published: February 2007

The application of a soil‐based microbial tratment process for renovation of natural leachate and forced extracts from an industrial sludge lagoon has been examined. Laboratory soil column experiments, with influent TOC concentrations up to 2270 mg/l, obtained reductions in dissolved organic carbon that ranged from 90% to 99%. Previous work indicates that these results can be extrapolated to field conditions.
Destruction of volatile organic compounds via catalytic incineration
Authors: Tichenor Bruce A. , Palazzolo Michael A.
Published: February 2007

This paper reports results from an EPA‐funded study designed to investgate the effect of catalytic incinerator design and operation on the destruction of specific volatile organic compounds (VOC), both singly and in mixtures. A range of operating and design parameters were tested with a wide variety of compounds and compound mixtures. Results from the study showed that key variables affecting destruction included operating conditions (temperature, space velocity, catalyst geometry and catalyst volume), VOC composition and VOC concentration. Significant differences in destruction efficiency were found for some compounds when tested alone compared to when tested in mixtures.
Biooxidation of coal gasification wastewaters using fluidized‐bed bioreactors
Authors: Donaldson Terrence L. , Strandberg Gerald W. , Hewitt Jimmie D. , Shields Glenna S. , Worden R. Mark
Published: February 2007

Process condensate wastewaters from two fixed‐bed gasifiers have been treated successfully using a laboratory‐scale, fixed‐film, fluidized‐bed bioreactor. Both dilute (1 to 2% raw wastewater) and more concentrated (50% stripped wastewater) were treated continuously for periods of one to three months. Biological activity was stable, recovery from upsets was rapid, and reaction rates were high due to the high concentration of microorganisms retained on the support particles. Removal of phenolics exceeded 99%, and removal of chemical oxygen demand was typically 75 to 85% for the 50% stripped wastewater with a hydraulic residence time in the bed of ˜5 to 7 h. Sludge production rates were comparable to rates in suspended growth systems.
Ozonolysis of organic compounds in a two‐phase fluorocarbon‐water system
Authors: Stich Frank A. , Bhattacharyya D.
Published: February 2007

Ozone, due to its characteristics as a powerful oxidant, has found use in the destruction of toxic organic compounds in wastewater. Its use has been limited however, because of ozone's rapid decomposition and low solubility in water. The ozonation process may be more efficiently carried out in a two‐phase system. The second phase consists of a reusable, fluorinated hydrocarbon, with an ozone solubility of 12–14 times that of water. The fluorinated solvent serves as both an ozone source and a non‐aqueous phase in which the oxidation occurs. With this novel two‐phase process, it is also possible to perform selective oxidation. The experimental results are presented for organic compounds such as phenol, naphthol, etc. The extent of degradation is measured in terms of pH changes, HPLC, and TOC.
Recent changes in superfund policy and guidance: Alternative technology
Authors: Zamuda Craig D.
Published: February 2007

Engineering practices applicable to Superfund sites, as viewed in the context of the institutional policies that guide them are discussed below. Past practice has relied heavily on land disposal of wastes removed from uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The requirements of the 1984 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act however, have caused land disposal to be the option of last choice. Indeed, the HWSA's general policy directives have established the overall environmental goal of drastically reducing dependence on land disposal for all forms of hazardous waste. As a result, a new set of waste treatment/disposal priorities has been implemented for Superfund site Remedial Actions. The first priority is reuse or recycling of waste, the second is waste destruction, and the third is waste immobilization. The paper outlines the steps for selecting waste treatment processes for Superfund sites and distinguishes between in situ and mobile technologies.
Fugitive emissions from the ethylene oxide production industry
Authors: Berglund Ronald L. , Romano Robert R. , Randall John L.
Published: February 2007

As new programs are initiated by industry and federal or state regulatory agencies to reduce releases of hazardous air pollutants and reactive volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere, there are increasing questions over the loss of organic compounds from fugitive sources, the best method to estimate these losses, and the factors that influence these losses. The presently established method is to use generalized emission factors for each specific piece of equipment comprising a process unit. The accuracy of the estimates obtained using the available emission factors depends upon two features. These are first, the precision and accuracy of the actual emission factors or correlations themselves, and second, the resemblance of the systems from which the correlations were developed to those for which they will be applied.