bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gonioscopy
Authors: Jose Morales
Published: November 2020

Gonioscopy allows visualization of the anterior chamber angle using special lenses. The anterior chamber angle cannot be visualized by direct observation because of its position in the angle recess and the phenomenon of total internal reflection of the light caused by the cornea. Goniolenses with appropriate optical properties and mirrors or prisms allow adequate visualization of its structures through a “periscope effect” and provide a more favourable reflection angle. Clinical circumstances where gonioscopy is essential or helpful in the diagnosis and management of glaucoma are as follows: • To diagnose primary angle closure and to assess the results of medical, laser, or surgical treatment on angle configuration • The Van Herick method of estimating the peripheral anterior chamber depth with the slit lamp gives a useful but rough estimate and does not replace gonioscopy. It can give false-negative results in patients with plateau iris configuration and false-positive results in patients with moderate anterior chamber depth but an open angle. • To assess the risk of angle closure in patients with shallow anterior chambers before undergoing pupillary dilation • To diagnose and follow treatment of acute angle-closure glaucoma attacks To establish the diagnosis of secondary angle-closure glaucoma • To determine precise anatomic landmarks for accurate laser application during trabeculoplasty • For the evaluation and follow-up of congenital or acquired abnormalities of the anterior chamber angle • To detect and evaluate mass lesions that affect the anterior chamber angle • To evaluate the anatomic angle changes and patency of the ostium after trabeculectomy • To visualize the angle during “angle surgery” • Such as goniotomy, trabectome surgery,or trabecular micro-bypass stent •During laser trabeculoplasty and after laser iridoplasty Three goniolens prototypes have been most used in the past and represent the precursors of newer lenses Their main features are displayed on Table 2.1. Explain the procedure to the patient and its purpose. Reassure him or her that with the use of topical anesthetic the test will not be painful, and request cooperation in terms of avoiding lid squeezing and excessive eye movement during the exam.
Laser Treatment for Glaucoma
Authors: Khan Ahsan M.
Published: November 2020

An iridotomy, or opening in the iris, can be created with a laser to treat or prevent pupillary block without having to perform incisional surgery. Laser iridectomies are most commonly performed with argon or Nd:YAG lasers. Here the term iridectomy will refer to the procedure used to create an iris opening by laser, and iridotomy will refer to the iris opening itself. •Primary acute and chronic angle-closure glaucoma (also combined-mechanism): Laser iridectomy is performed to relieve acute pupillary block (to break an acute attack of primary angle closure glaucoma) or as part of management of chronic angle-closure glaucoma concomitantly with medical therapy. •Pseudophakic/aphakic pupillary block glaucoma and other secondary forms of pupillary block glaucoma (i.e., uveitis, following retinal surgery) Incomplete surgical iridectomy •Prophylaxis for narrow angle configuration: Performed when the eye is considered at risk for pupillary block (acute angle-closure glaucoma) as determined by gonioscopy or because of an angle-closure attack in the fellow eye •Pigment dispersion glaucoma: Posterior bowing of the iris with “reverse pupillary block” configuration is often noted in pigmentary glaucoma, which possibly causes increased pigment release from contact between zonules and the posterior iris. Laser iridectomy may minimize the degree of posterior bowing. •Diagnostic: Occasionally an iridectomy may be indicated to ensure pupillary block is not a contributing factor to angle closure in cases where it is not thought to be the primary mechanism (such as in plateau iris). •Caution should be used in eyes with rubeosis irides and in patients on systemic anticoagulation due to risk of hyphema. Argon laser, which coagulates blood vessels, may be more appropriate than Nd:YAG laser in these settings. •Challenges include: •Corneal edema in angle closure glaucoma: May use topical glycerin to improve edema •Shallow anterior chamber: Locate iris crypts where iris is thinnest. •Engorged iris: Avoid large blood vessels; use argon laser first. •Thick iris stroma •For information on medications, •Performed at slit lamp •Lenses: Special iridectomy lenses allow better control of eye movement, aid in eyelid retraction, facilitate delivery of laser energy to the iris, and may prevent corneal burns by acting as heat-sinks.
New Surgical Techniques
Authors: Mantravadi Anand
Published: November 2020

The surgical options for glaucoma are expanding with a growing body of evidence of the short- and longer-term results. This chapter will focus on description of newer surgical techniques that hold promise in the treatment of glaucoma. The ExPRESS Mini-shunt (Optonol Ltd., Neve Ilan, Israel/Alcon, Fort Worth, TX) has emerged as a device used to help standardize one part of the trabeculectomy filtering procedure. This biocompatible, stainless-steel device, which measure 400 microns wide by 3 mm long, contains a 50-micron non-valved opening to enable filtration for the treatment of glaucoma (Fig. 14.1) Currently recommended for use underneath a partial-thickness scleral flap • Using a standard fornix- or limbus-based conjunctival flap, and after application of antimetabolites, this device is placed underneath a partial-thickness scleral flap, fashioned identically to a trabeculectomy procedure. • A 26-gauge needle or commercially available Sapphire blade is used to enter the anterior chamber under the scleral flap at the color transition from clear cornea at an angle parallel to iris plane. • Using a preloaded injector, the device is placed into the anterior chamber through the previously fashioned tract so that the plate is flush with the bed of the sclera flap. • The desired position of the device under the sclera flap is into the anterior chamber with distance from the corneal endothelium. • The flap is then sutured as is typical for a trabeculectomy, titrating tightness of sutures to desired amounts of flow. These sutures can, as with a trabeculectomy, be released or lysed with laser subsequently depending on the suture technique. • An iridotomy is not performed with this procedure. Therefore, this procedure represents a modification of a guarded filtration procedure using a device with a standardized ostium size to replace the sclerostomy and iridotomy portions of the trabeculectomy procedure. • By eliminating the sclerostomy, the rate of aqueous egress from the 50-micron opening into the subconjunctival/sub-Tenon’s plane is reportedly more standardized in comparison to trabeculectomy. • Although there are reports suggesting a lower incidence of hypotony with the ExPRESS in the immediate postoperative period as compared to trabeculectomy, the rate of flow in both ExPRESS use and trabeculectomy is critically determined by the tension of the sutures at the scleral flap, which was not standardized among the two groups.
The Growth of Administration
Authors: Ginsberg Benjamin
Published: November 2020

During My Nearly five decades in the academic world, the character of the university has changed, and not entirely for the better. As recently as the 1960s and 1970s, America’s universities were heavily influenced, if not completely driven, by faculty ideas and concerns. Today, institutions of higher education are mainly controlled by administrators and staffers who make the rules and set more and more of the priorities of academic life. Of course, universities have always employed administrators. When I was a graduate student in the 1960s and a young professor in the 1970s, though, top administrators were generally drawn from the faculty, and even midlevel managerial tasks were directed by faculty members. These moonlighting academics typically occupied administrative slots on a part-time or temporary basis and planned in due course to return to full-time teaching and research. Because so much of the management of the university was in the hands of professors, presidents and provosts could do little without faculty support and could seldom afford to ignore the faculty’s views. Many faculty members proved to be excellent managers. Through their intelligence, energy and entrepreneurship, faculty administrators, essentially working in their spare time, helped to build a number of the world’s premier institutions of higher education. One important reason for their success was that faculty administrators never forgot that the purpose of the university was the promotion of education and research. Their own short-term managerial endeavors did not distract them from their long-term academic commitments. Alas, today’s full-time professional administrators tend to view management as an end in and of itself. Most have no faculty experience, and even those who spent time in a classroom or laboratory hope to make administration their life’s work and have no plan to return to the faculty. For many of these career managers, promoting teaching and research is less important than expanding their own administrative domains. Under their supervision, the means have become the end.
What Is to Be Done
Authors: Ginsberg Benjamin
Published: November 2020

Professors, Taken As a group, are far from perfect. They can be petty, foolish, venal, lazy, and quarrelsome. Nevertheless, at its best, the university is a remarkable institution. It is a place where ideas are taken seriously; where notions that are taken as givens elsewhere are problematized; where what has seemed to be reality can be bent and reshaped by the power of the mind. The university is also a vitally important social institution. Chief Justice Warren, quoted in chapter 2, said American society would “stagnate and die” without free scholarly inquiry. In truth, society would not die, but it would become more stagnant without the philosophical and scientific concepts that are conceived and debated on university campuses. In the sciences, university laboratories continue to be a source of ideas that promise not only to improve established technologies but, more important, to spark the development of new technologies. This is why the Bayh-Dole Act and its encouragement of patent thickets and an anticommons in the scientific realm is potentially so destructive. In the humanities, the university is one of the few institutions to encourage and incubate new visions and modes of thought. Where else are smart people paid primarily to think and rewarded for thinking things that haven’t been thought before? The university, moreover, is a bastion of relatively free expression and, hence, one of the few places where new ideas can be discussed and sharpened. The old left, new left, neocons, and neoliberals of recent years all had their roots in academia. Political impulses that changed American life, including the “new politics movement,” the peace movement, civil rights movement, feminist movement, gay rights movement, environmental movement, the conservative legal movement, and a host of others were nurtured, if not launched, on university campuses. And why not? The university is a natural center of ideological ferment and dissent. The recipe is a simple one. simple one. Take large numbers of young people, add a few iconoclastic faculty members, liberally sprinkle with new ideas, place into a Bohemian culture, and half bake.
Bird on Fire
Authors: Ross Andrew
Published: November 2020

Phoenix, Arizona is one of America's fastest growing metropolitan regions. It is also its least sustainable one, sprawling over a thousand square miles, with a population of four and a half million, minimal rainfall, scorching heat, and an insatiable appetite for unrestrained growth and unrestricted property rights. In Bird on Fire, eminent social and cultural analyst Andrew Ross focuses on the prospects for sustainability in Phoenix--a city in the bull's eye of global warming--and also the obstacles that stand in the way. Most authors writing on sustainable cities look at places like Portland, Seattle, and New York that have excellent public transit systems and relatively high density. But Ross contends that if we can't change the game in fast-growing, low-density cities like Phoenix, the whole movement has a major problem. Drawing on interviews with 200 influential residents--from state legislators, urban planners, developers, and green business advocates to civil rights champions, energy lobbyists, solar entrepreneurs, and community activists--Ross argues that if Phoenix is ever to become sustainable, it will occur more through political and social change than through technological fixes. Ross explains how Arizona's increasingly xenophobic immigration laws, science-denying legislature, and growth-at-all-costs business ethic have perpetuated social injustice and environmental degradation. But he also highlights the positive changes happening in Phoenix, in particular the Gila River Indian Community's successful struggle to win back its water rights, potentially shifting resources away from new housing developments to producing healthy local food for the people of the Phoenix Basin. Ross argues that this victory may serve as a new model for how green democracy can work, redressing the claims of those who have been aggrieved in a way that creates long-term benefits for all. Bird on Fire offers a compelling take on one of the pressing issues of our time--finding pathways to sustainability at a time when governments are dismally failing their responsibility to address climate change.
Gambling at the Water Table
Authors: Ross Andrew
Published: November 2020

Of all the livelihoods made possible by land development, Cory Breternitz’s job was one of the more peculiar. He was paid to do archaeological excavations by people who hoped he would find nothing of interest. His Phoenix-based firm was one of many private archaeology firms that sprang up in response to legislation (the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and the National Environmental Policy Act of 1970) designed to protect cultural resources such as prehistoric artifacts or remains. These laws require government agencies and private developers to hire historians and archaeologists to survey sites and inventory the results before they start building. At the height of the Arizona housing boom, Breternitz, who had previously worked for the Navajo Nation for more than twenty years, spent much of his time on the urban fringe, sifting through desert soil, looking for evidence of Hohokam settlement before the bulldozers “scraped the desert clean” and the construction crews moved in with chipboard, two-by-fours, and stucco to throw up a brown-tiled subdivision. If Breternitz uncovered a prehistoric structure, even a hamlet, it was still the developer’s prerogative to plough it under. “The United States,” he explained, “is different than most countries in the world in that private property is sacred, and the government cannot tell you what to do with it. In places like England, historic properties on your land belong to the Crown, and whatever you find—like a hoard of medieval coins—belongs to the government. In the U.S. if you find a ruin on your land, it belongs to you and you can bulldoze it or sell the artifacts.” Some of the developers he worked for might decide to preserve his discoveries and have them curated on-site by the state so that they could be promoted as an attractive sales feature to add value to the development. But ultimately, he reported, most of them simply “want their clearance, or their permits, to move forward with their projects and make money.” Human remains are the exception to this rule, since private ownership of these is prohibited by federal and Arizona law.
A Planet of Nations
Authors: Steinberg Paul F.
Published: November 2020

On December 24, 1989, a man named Charles Taylor marshaled a band of armed rebels in the northern part of Liberia, a small country on the coast of West Africa. Carpeted in green jungle crossed by the occasional red dirt road connecting remote ramshackle towns, Liberia had never managed to attract much attention from the outside world. It carried none of the economic clout or strategic importance of continental powers like Kenya and South Africa. To outsiders, Liberia figured as little more than a historical curiosity, the place where freed American slaves settled and founded Africa’s first independent republic in 1847. Nor did Charles Taylor’s activities attract much notice. Military coups are a common occurrence throughout Africa, as much a part of reality as the tropical downpours that bring life to a temporary standstill in thousands of villages across the landscape before people tentatively poke out their heads and resume their daily activities. But this time something was different. Instead of racing to the capital and storming the presidential palace—as the incumbent dictator, Samuel Doe, had done a decade earlier—Taylor and his men were slow and deliberate in their progress, taking control of one town after the next. Rumors spread that the rebels were supported by Libya, a country that exercises much greater influence throughout the African continent than most people realize. Ultimately Charles Taylor would orchestrate a catastrophic civil war in Liberia, a conflict that would engulf neighboring Sierra Leone and lead to one of the worst humanitarian crises of the past century. At the time I was serving as a Peace Corps volunteer in Liberia, where my wife and I were assigned to work in President Doe’s hometown of Zwedru, a remote place that could only be reached through days of travel along roads with mud pits the size of swimming pools or, alternatively, in a single-propeller plane that the tropical air currents would toss about like a toy in a bathtub. It was in Liberia that I first came to appreciate how national governance impacts the lives of billions of people every day.
A “Semiprofession” in an Era of Accountability
Authors: Mehta Jal
Published: November 2020

While changes in the way that education was defined were key to subsequent policy debate, the movement toward educator accountability also drew its impetus from a broader movement toward the rationalization and lay control of professionals that has affected medicine, law, higher education, and many other fields. Viewing educational politics through this broader lens of the sociology of the professions explains why similar movements toward accountability arose simultaneously across fields, as well as why the teaching profession was particularly vulnerable to these external demands. Previous scholarship on the educational accountability movement has largely ignored the perspective offered by the sociology of the professions on the dynamics of reform. Political scientists who seek to explain the movement toward educational standards and accountability have focused on state and particularly federal legislative history, seeking to understand the key decisions that have propelled education reform. They have paid little attention to similar movements toward accountability in other fields or to how the “semi-professional” status of education may have affected the dynamics of reform. Sociologists who study schooling have noted what they perceive as a trend towards the deprofessionalization of teaching, but their interest is less in the causes of deprofessionalization and more in its consequences for teachers’ work. They also have shown little concern with the question of how professionalization affects the politics of reform or, more sociologically, of what explains the success or failure of teachers’ attempts to increase the professionalization of their practice. This chapter seeks to fill this void and address a series of questions about the movement toward educational accountability from the perspective of the sociology of the professions. This perspective brings several key questions to the fore: Why has there been an increasing demand for accountability across the professions? How does the low status of K–12 education in comparison with other professions affect the demands made by external reformers? How have teachers sought to increase their professional status and power in light of these external demands? And finally, how successful have teachers been in their efforts to professionalize their practice, and what explains their success or lack thereof?
The Land Laboratories: 1933– 1936
Authors: Lorbiecki Marybeth
Published: November 2020

On June 26, 1933, the University of Wisconsin offered Aldo Leopold a position teaching the nation’s first graduate program in game management. The New York Times hailed it as the “one and only ‘wild-game chair.’” This was the chance he’d been waiting for. Despite the small salary, Leopold accepted. Letters of congratulation filled the mailbox at 2222 Van Hise. Among them was one from none other than the preservationist crusader W. T. Hornaday: …My Dear Ally, I salute the University of Wisconsin, for its foresight and enterprise in establishing the first Collegiate Professorship of Game Management created in the United States… . I congratulate the Wisconsin Alumni Foundation on its correct initiative in the choice of the Best Man for the new foundation… . It is all a helpful gesture in the struggle to save American game and sport from finally going over the precipice, A.D. 1940. …Leopold set up shop in “two small, rather dark rooms” in the basement of the university’s Soils Building. As an outsider to the academic establishment, he was expected to be more of a free-floating conservation resource for the state than a departmental teacher. He outlined some of his duties for the Milwaukee Journal: ...To conduct research in the life history of Wisconsin birds and mammals; develop cropping methods suitable for their preservation and increase; train men to devise and apply such methods; impart to other students a general understanding of the wild life conservation problem; assist farmers and other landowners in selecting and applying cropping methods; integrate game with other uses of land; and advise conservation officers on questions of wild life management and policy. …He was charged with giving radio talks and public addresses, overseeing soil erosion and game-cropping projects, and helping plan a university arboretum and wildlife refuge—all before the official teaching would begin. Since conservation was “a way of living on land” for Leopold, he wanted to involve as many people as possible.
Great Possessions: 1945– 1948
Authors: Lorbiecki Marybeth
Published: November 2020

Soldiers returning from the war who longed to be a part of something life-affirming and “pure” rushed into the ranks of the wildlife profession. In the fall of 1945 and spring of 1946, the Professor’s classes were packed beyond his abilities to teach. He had to turn some students away. He relied more on Robert McCabe, sought additional assistants, and tried to reduce his outside commitments. But his national stature had grown to the point where he could not turn away some recognition and its attendant duties. He was elected honorary vice president of the American Forestry Association and president of the Ecological Society of America. Periodically, with increasing frequency and fury, pains exploded on the left side of Aldo’s face. It was like “somebody rising suddenly from behind a bush and bashing you with a sledgehammer.” The pain would stop him in midsentence. He had to shut his eyes and put pressure on the side of his face until the pain passed. Doctors diagnosed it as tic douloureux, or facial neuralgia, a swelling around one of the main facial nerves. They didn’t know what caused it or what to do about it. Aldo decided to wait and see if a summer’s ease at home and at the Shack would erase the pain and make surgery unnecessary. Ten years of work and affectionate tending had radically changed the landscape of the Shack. Nearly thirty thousand trees and shrubs thrived in patterns that were both random (never in rows) and intentional (the patches of flora fit the soils and the curves of the landscape). Overgrowth hid the river from view, pines defined parts of the land, and the experimental prairie had taken hold. As young Estella’s studies and social life began to envelop her, Aldo and Estella went to the Shack more and more as a twosome. Grandparents now, the Leopolds did get to babysit Bruce Carl Leopold that summer—the eldest child of Luna and his wife, Carolyn Clugston Leopold. For part of the time they took him to the Shack, and, as always, Aldo was able to relax, and his pains were somewhat relieved.
Silencing of FOREVER YOUNG FLOWER-Like Genes from Phalaenopsis Orchids Promotes Flower Senescence and Abscission
Authors: Chen Wei-Han , Jiang Zhi-Yi , Hsu Hsing-Fun , Yang Chang-Hsien
Published: November 2020

Ectopic expression of FOREVER YOUNG FLOWER (FYF) delays floral senescence and abscission in transgenic Arabidopsis. To analyze the FYF function in Phalaenopsis orchids, two FYF-like genes (PaFYF1/2) were identified. PaFYF1/2 were highly expressed in young Phalaenopsis flowers, and their expression decreased significantly afterward until flower senescence. This pattern was strongly correlated with the process of flower senescence and revealed that PaFYF1/2 function to suppress senescence/abscission during early flower development. Interestingly, in flowers, PaFYF1 was consistently expressed less in petals than in lips/sepals, whereas PaFYF2 was expressed relatively evenly in all flower organs. This difference suggests a regulatory modification of the functions of PaFYF1 and PaFYF2 during Phalaenopsis flower evolution. Delayed flower senescence and abscission, which were unaffected by ethylene treatment, were observed in 35S::PaFYF1/2 and 35S::PaFYF1/2 + SRDX transgenic Arabidopsis plants due to the downregulation of the ethylene signaling and abscission-associated genes EDF1-4, IDA and BOP1/2. These results suggest a possible repressor role for Phalaenopsis PaFYF1/2 in controlling floral senescence/abscission by suppressing ethylene signaling and abscission-associated genes. To further validate the function of PaFYF1/2, PaFYF1/2-VIGS (virus-induced gene silencing) Phalaenopsis were generated and analyzed. Promotion of senescence and abscission was observed in PaFYF1/2-VIGS Phalaenopsis flowers by the upregulation of PeEDF1/2, PeSAG39 and PeBOP1/2 expression, the early occurrence of greening according to their increased chlorophyll content and the reduction in water content in flower organs. Our results support that PaFYF1/2 function as transcriptional repressors to prohibit flower senescence and abscission in Phalaenopsis.
Federalism Theories and Principles of the US Supreme Court—Implications for National and State Powers and Public Policy and Administration
Authors: Wise Charles
Published: November 2020

This article reviews and analyzes the federalism theories and principles that the US Supreme Court has employed during various eras and compares and contrasts them. It does this by specifying the major theoretical frameworks that have been proposed for Supreme Court federalism decision making and then examines how the Supreme Court has employed their components during various eras. It then draws implications for public policy and administration and poses research questions for the future.
Building a National Economy: Origins of Centralized Federalism in India
Authors: Tillin Louise
Published: November 2020

India’s post-colonial constitution introduced a new approach to federalism based on a substantial sphere of shared responsibility between Central and State governments, especially in the fields of social and economic policy, and a Central government with strong prerogatives to intervene in provincial affairs. This was qualified at the time as a diminished or “quasi” form of federalism. Existing explanations of the origins of India’s centralized federalism focus on efforts to curb further secession attempts in the aftermath of Partition or the need for a strong Center to consolidate democracy in a highly unequal society. This article draws on archival materials to demonstrate that distinctive elements of Indian federalism were shaped at their foundations by the desire to boost industrial development and lay the foundation for a national welfare state in a post-colonial future by preventing the consolidation of “race to the bottom” dynamics arising from unregulated inter-provincial economic competition.
Supply and demand indices and their welfare implications
Authors: Lusk Jayson L , Tonsor Glynn T
Published: November 2020

Despite wide availability of publicly reported price and quantity movements of agricultural commodities, these data alone do not easily allow one to determine whether and to what extent changing market conditions are due to shifts in underlying supply and demand curves. Such information, however, is needed to determine contemporaneous changes in consumer and producer well-being. To address these issues, this paper derives supply and demand indices, links the indices to structural parameters in equilibrium displacement models, and shows how the measures can be used to calculate welfare changes over time. Empirical applications are presented for the US cattle, hog, and chicken sectors and for county-level corn supply. We show that supply and demand improvements have led to significant gains in beef producer and consumer welfare over time. Hog, and especially chicken, supply indices have increased markedly over the past four decades, reflecting significant productivity gains, whereas growth in cattle supply index has stagnated in recent years. We test the validity of the supply and demand indices for livestock, and find they correlate in hypothesized directions with factors such as corn prices, drought, aggregate agricultural total factor productivity, gross national product, and exchange rates. Trends in disaggregate corn supply indices reveal marked heterogeneity across US counties with the largest gains since 1980 being observed in the Dakotas, Kansas, Missouri, and the Mississippi Delta. Many areas of Ohio and Indiana have experienced negative corn supply shocks in 2016–8 relative to 2000. The approaches illustrated in this paper potentially have wide application in the study of many agricultural markets. For example, the supply index is an easy to calculate commodity- and geography-specific alternative to commonly used aggregate total factor productivity measures. The demand, supply, and welfare indices can provide timely information about the economic fundamentals in a market that can be coupled with other data to analyze structural adjustment patterns and rapidly determine changes in the well-being of producers and consumers.
Cross-sectional and temporal differences in health-related quality of life of people with and without osteoarthritis: a 10-year prospective study
Authors: Zhao Ting , Ahmad Hasnat , Winzenberg Tania , Aitken Dawn , Graaff Barbara de , Jones Graeme , Palmer Andrew J
Published: November 2020

Objective

To describe the impact of OA on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in the forms of health state utilities (HSUs) and health-dimension scores, and to compare the longitudinal changes in HRQoL for people with and without OA, using an Australian population-based longitudinal cohort.

Methods

Participants of the Tasmanian Older Adult Cohort with data on OA diagnosis and HRQoL were included [interviewed at baseline (n = 1093), 2.5 years (n = 871), 5 years (n = 760) and 10 years (n = 562)]. HRQoL was assessed using the Assessment of Quality of Life four-dimensions and analysed using multivariable linear mixed regressions.

Results

Compared with participants without OA, HSUs for those with OA were 0.07 (95% confidence interval: 0.09, 0.05) units lower on average over 10 years. HSUs for participants with knee and/or hip OA were similar to those with other types of OA at the 2.5 year follow-up and then diverged, with HSUs of the former being up to 0.09 units lower than the latter. Those with OA had lower scores for psychological wellness, independent living and social relationships compared with those without OA. Independent living and social relationships were mainly impacted by knee and/or hip OA, with the effect on the former increasing over time.

Conclusion

Interventions to improve HRQoL should be tailored to specific OA types, health dimensions, and times. Support for maintaining psychological wellness should be provided, irrespective of OA type and duration. However, support for maintaining independent living could be more relevant to knee and/or hip OA patients living with the disease for longer.
Losing Steam: Why Does Japan Produce So Little Geothermal Power?
Authors: HYMANS Jacques E C
Published: November 2020

Japan has long faced energy insecurity due to its extreme dependence on energy imports. Why, then, has Japan failed to exploit its huge domestic geothermal energy resources, which could provide up to 10% of the country’s electricity needs? This article argues that local interests empowered by national policy have been the main obstacle to expansion of geothermal power production in Japan since the 1970s. The article substantiates its claim with a historical analysis of national geothermal policy and a fieldwork-based case study of geothermal power development in Yuzawa City, Akita Prefecture.
Japan Meets the Sharing Economy: Contending Frames
Authors: ALTURA Thomas G , HASHIMOTO Yuki , JACOBY Sanford M , KANAI Kaoru , SAGUCHI Kazuro
Published: November 2020

The ‘sharing economy’ epitomized by Airbnb and Uber has challenged business, labor, and regulatory institutions throughout the world. The arrival of Airbnb and Uber in Japan provided an opportunity for Prime Minister Abe’s administration to demonstrate its commitment to deregulation. Both platform companies garnered support from powerful governmental and industry actors who framed the sharing economy as a solution to various economic and social problems. However, they met resistance from actors elsewhere in government, the private sector, and civil society, who constructed competing frames. Unlike studies that compare national responses to the sharing economy, we contrast the different experiences and fates of Airbnb and Uber within a single country. Doing so highlights actors, framing processes, and within-country heterogeneity. The study reveals the limits of overly institutionalized understandings of Japanese political economy. It also contributes to current debates concerning Prime Minister Abe’s efforts at implementing deregulation during the 2010s.
Excess mortality among people with podoconiosis: secondary analysis of two Ethiopian cohorts
Authors: Masraf Hannah , Azemeraw Temesgen , Molla Meseret , Jones Christopher Iain , Bremner Stephen , Ngari Moses , Berkley James A , Kivaya Esther , Fegan Greg , Tamiru Abreham , Kelemework Abebe , Lang Trudie , Newport Melanie J , Davey Gail
Published: November 2020

Background

While morbidity attributable to podoconiosis is relatively well studied, its pattern of mortality has not been established.

Methods

We compared the age-standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) of two datasets from northern Ethiopia: podoconiosis patients enrolled in a 1-y trial and a Health and Demographic Surveillance System cohort.

Results

The annual crude mortality rate per 1000 population for podoconiosis patients was 28.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] 17.3 to 44.8; n=663) while that of the general population was 2.8 (95% CI 2.3 to 3.4; n=44 095). The overall SMR for the study period was 6.0 (95% CI 3.6 to 9.4).

Conclusions

Podoconiosis patients experience elevated mortality compared with the general population and further research is required to understand the reasons.
The Bridgwater Family: A History of an African American Family in the American West from Slavery to the Civil Rights Era
Authors: Williams Charnan
Published: November 2020

The Bridg(e)water Family Papers is a substantial archive that details the history of an African American family who left the American South in the late nineteenth century for freedom in the American West. In the early twentieth century, the family eventually arrived in Montana, where they experienced both degrees of freedom and unfortunate forms of racial discrimination. Both the family matriarch and her daughter—Mamie and Octavia Bridgwater, respectively—were the main architects of the family archive. These two Black women constructed a collection that provides insight into the history of the Black West. Utilizing their archive, this article shows how the Bridgwaters departed from the South in search of social and economic advancement through participation in the military, membership in Black organizations, and landownership. Although they were out of the South, the Bridgwaters still encountered racially discriminatory practices that are indicative of the African American experience throughout the United States. The struggle of the Bridgwater family and their descendants to navigate this ambivalent terrain in the West is the consistent theme of their archive.
Second specimen of the Late Cretaceous Australian sauropod dinosaurDiamantinasaurus matildaeprovides new anatomical information on the skull and neck of early titanosaurs
Authors: Poropat Stephen F , Kundrát Martin , Mannion Philip D , Upchurch Paul , Tischler Travis R , Elliott David A
Published: November 2020

The titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae is represented by two individuals from the Cenomanian–lower Turonian ‘upper’ Winton Formation of central Queensland, north-eastern Australia. The type specimen has been described in detail, whereas the referred specimen, which includes several elements not present in the type series (partial skull, atlas, axis and postaxial cervical vertebrae), has only been described briefly. Herein, we provide a comprehensive description of this referred specimen, including a thorough assessment of the external and internal anatomy of the braincase, and identify several new autapomorphies of D. matildae. Via an expanded data matrix consisting of 125 taxa scored for 552 characters, we recover a close, well-supported relationship between Diamantinasaurus and its contemporary, Savannasaurus elliottorum. Unlike previous iterations of this data matrix, under a parsimony framework we consistently recover Diamantinasaurus and Savannasaurus as early-diverging members of Titanosauria using both equal weighting and extended implied weighting, with the overall topology largely consistent between analyses. We erect a new clade, named Diamantinasauria herein, that also includes the contemporaneous Sarmientosaurus musacchioi from southern Argentina, which shares several cranial features with the referred Diamantinasaurus specimen. Thus, Diamantinasauria is represented in the mid-Cretaceous of both South America and Australia, supporting the hypothesis that some titanosaurians, in addition to megaraptoran theropods and possibly some ornithopods, were able to disperse between these two continents via Antarctica. Conversely, there is no evidence for rebbachisaurids in Australia, which might indicate that they were unable to expand into high latitudes before their extinction in the Cenomanian–Turonian. Likewise, there is no evidence for titanosaurs with procoelous caudal vertebrae in the mid-Cretaceous Australian record, despite scarce but compelling evidence for their presence in both Antarctica and New Zealand during the Campanian–Maastrichtian. These later titanosaurs presumably dispersed into these landmasses from South America before the Campanian (~85 Mya), when seafloor spreading between Zealandia and Australia commenced. Although Australian mid-Cretaceous dinosaur faunas appear to be cosmopolitan at higher taxonomic levels, closer affinities with South America at finer scales are becoming better supported for sauropods, theropods and ornithopods.
Antagonistic Activity of Bacillus velezensis SDTB038 against Phytophthora infestans in Potato
Authors: Yan Haohao , Qiu Yue , Yang Shuai , Wang Yongqiang , Wang Kaiyun , Jiang Lili , Wang Hongyan
Published: November 2020

Potato late blight is a severe and highly epidemic disease caused by Phytophthora infestans that can affect all parts of the plant. This study mainly screened antagonistic strains for good control of potato late blight and identified strain SDTB038 as Bacillus velezensis according to its morphological and chemical properties and the 16S rRNA, gyrA, and gyrB gene sequences. This antagonistic strain achieved good control of potato late blight in greenhouses and fields and promoted potato plant growth. Two-year field trials (2018 and 2019) showed that B. velezensis SDTB038 can be used to reduce food losses caused by late blight, achieving late blight reductions of 40.79% (2018) and 37.67% (2019). In two-year field trials, the control effects of the highest concentrations of fluopimomide and B. velezensis SDTB038 were better than those of the other treatments. The control effect of 85 g ha−1 fluopimomide and B. velezensis SDTB038 and that of 170 g ha−1 fluopimomide alone showed no significant differences. These field results indicate that a low concentration of fungicide and a high concentration of SDTB038 can be effective in controlling potato late blight. Foliar detection showed that lipopeptides have an inhibitory effect on P. infestans. The amplification of lipopeptide genes revealed surfactin (srfAB and srfAC) and fengycin (fenB) genes in SDTB038, but only surfactin production by B. velezensis SDTB038 was observed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis. Therefore, the strain B. velezensis SDTB038 can produce secondary metabolites that help potato plants resist late blight development, can effectively inhibit the infection of potato leaves by P. infestans, and has potential value for development as a biological pesticide against potato late blight.
Grapevine vein clearing virus Is Prevalent and Genetically Variable in Grape Aphid (Aphis illinoisensis Shimer) Populations
Authors: Uhls Adam , Petersen Sylvia , Keith Cory , Howard Susanne , Bao Xiaokai , Qiu Wenping
Published: November 2020

Grapevine vein clearing virus (GVCV) causes severe stunting and death of cultivated grapevines and is prevalent in native Vitis spp. and Ampelopsis cordata in the Midwest region of the United States. GVCV can be transmitted from wild A. cordata to Vitis spp. by grape aphid (Aphis illinoisensis) under greenhouse conditions, but its prevalence, genetic composition, and genome number in native grape aphids are unknown. In this study, we collected grape aphids from native Vitaceae across the state of Missouri in 2018 and 2019, and conducted diagnostic, genetic, and quantitative analyses. GVCV was detected in 91 of the 105 randomly sampled communities on 71 Vitaceae plants (87%). It was present in 211 of 525 single grape aphids (40%). Diverse GVCV variants from aphids were present on both GVCV-negative and GVCV-positive plants. Identical GVCV variants were found in grape aphids sampled from wild and cultivated Vitaceae, indicating that viruliferous aphids likely migrate and disperse GVCV variants among wild and cultivated Vitaceae. In addition, we found that the number of GVCV genomes varies largely in the stylet and body of individual aphids. Our study provides a snapshot of GVCV epidemics and genetic structure in its mobile vector and sessile hosts. This presents a good model for studying the epidemiology, ecology, and evolution of a plant virus.
A Glycoside Hydrolase Family 99-Like Domain-Containing Protein Modifies Outer Membrane Proteins to Maintain Xanthomonas Pathogenicity and Viability in Stressful Environments
Authors: Wang Bo , Wu Guichun , Li Kaihuai , Ling Jun , Zhao Yancun , Liu Fengquan
Published: November 2020

Protein glycosylation is an essential process that plays an important role in proteome stability, protein structure, and protein function modulation in eukaryotes. However, in bacteria, especially plant pathogenic bacteria, similar studies are lacking. Here, we investigated the relationship between protein glycosylation and pathogenicity by using Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight in rice, as a well-defined example. In our previous work, we identified a virulence-related hypothetical protein, PXO_03177, but how this protein regulates X. oryzae pv. oryzae virulence has remained unclear. BLAST analysis showed that most homologous proteins of PXO_03177 are glycoside hydrolase family 99-like domain-containing proteins. In the current study, we found that the outer membrane integrity of ΔPXO_03177 appeared to be disrupted. Extracting the outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and performing comparative proteomics and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel staining analyses revealed that PXO_03177 deletion altered the protein levels of 13 OMPs. Western blot analyses showed that the protein level and glycosylation modification of PXO_02523, a related OmpA family-like protein, was changed in the ΔPXO_03177 mutant background strain. Additionally, the interaction between PXO_03177 and PXO_02523 was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation. Both PXO_03177 and PXO_02523 play important roles in regulating pathogen virulence and viability in stressful environments. This work provides the first evidence that protein glycosylation is necessary for the virulence of plant pathogenic bacteria.
Biological Control and Microbial Ecology Draft Genome Sequence Data of Glutamicibacter sp. FBE-19, a Bacterium Antagonistic to the Plant Pathogen Erwinia tracheiphila
Authors: Fu Benzhong , Olawole Olakunle , Beattie Gwyn A.
Published: November 2020

Glutamicibacter sp. FBE-19 was isolated based on its strong antagonism to the cucurbit bacterial blight pathogen Erwinia tracheiphila on plates. Members of the Glutamicibacter genus can promote plant growth under saline conditions and antagonize fungi on plates via chitinolytic activity; however, their production of antibacterial compounds has not been examined. Here, we report the genome sequence of strain FBE-19. The genome is 3.85 Mbp with a G+C content of 60.1% and comprises 3,791 genes. Genes that may contribute to its antagonistic activity include genes for the secondary metabolites stenothricin, salinosporamide A, a second β-lactone compound, and a carotenoid. The Glutamicibacter sp. FBE-19 genome data may be a useful resource if this strain proves to be an effective biocontrol agent against E. tracheiphila.