bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paternalisme libéral et pluralité du moi
Authors: Ferey Samuel
Published: July 2011

Résumé La controverse sur le paternalisme libéral anime désormais largement la scène académique américaine. En s’appuyant sur les travaux et les résultats de l’économie comportementale, le paternalisme libéral tente une synthèse entre action paternaliste de la puissance publique par l’utilisation des heuristiques et des biais subis par les acteurs et respect des libertés formelles de choix. En présentant les tenants et aboutissants de cette théorie, on tente de montrer que, loin d’être une position syncrétique entre libéralisme et paternalisme, le paternalisme libéral impose de refonder le concept de liberté sur une représentation de l’individu comme porteur de plusieurs individualités en concurrence les unes avec les autres.
Condensed tannin concentrations found in vegetative and mature forage legumes grown in western Canada
Authors: Berard N. C. , Wang Y. , Wittenberg K. M. , Krause D. O. , Coulman B. E. , McAllister T. A. , Ominski K. H.
Published: July 2011

Berard, N. C., Wang, Y., Wittenberg, K. M., Krause, D. O., Coulman, B. E., McAllister, T. A. and Ominski, K. H. 2011. Condensed tannin concentrations found in vegetative and mature forage legumes grown in western Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 669–675. There has been limited effort to examine condensed tannin (CT) concentrations of forage legume species grown in western Canada. Using the butanol-HCl technique, extractable CT concentrations were measured in Trifolium hybridum L., T. ambiguum M. Bieb, T. pratense L., T. repens L., Dalea purpurea Vent., Onobrychis viciifolia Scop., Lotus corniculatus L., Medicago sativa L., and Astragalus cicer L. collected from research and variety trial plots across the Canadian prairies. Above ground plant biomass was harvested at the vegetative and mature physiological stages for two growing seasons. Dalea purpurea, a native legume, had the highest mean CT concentration of 68.6±22.6 g kg−1DM, with minimum and maximum values ranging from 37.9 to 92.9 g kg−1DM. Onobrychis viciifolia had the second highest mean CT concentration (46.0 g kg−1DM) with a range of 16.3 to 94.4 g kg−1DM. The third highest mean CT concentration of 15.1 g kg−1DM was found in L. corniculatus with a range of 0.0 to 25.7 g kg−1DM. Forage biomass had higher CT concentrations (P<0.05) when harvested at the mature stage for all species except O. viciifolia, which had higher CT concentrations in the vegetative state. The potential benefit of inclusion of these species in ruminant diets at the observed concentrations requires further exploration.
Impact of reflective groundcover on growth, flowering, yield and fruit quality in Gala apples in New Brunswick
Authors: Privé Jean-Pierre , Russell Lindsay , Leblanc Anita
Published: July 2011

Privé, J-P., Russell, L. and LeBlanc, A. 2011. Impact of reflective groundcover on growth, flowering, yield and fruit quality in Gala apples in New Brunswick. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 765–772. A 5-yr field study was conducted in New Brunswick, Canada, to assess the impact of a reflective groundcover (ExtendayTM) on Gala (Malus× domestica Borkh.) apple trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), flowering, yield and fruit quality. Overall, a 25% increase in the total number of fruit per tree was realized with use of the 3-m wide reflective groundcover on the orchard floor between tree rows from full-bloom until 3 wk post-harvest; this translated to 26% greater total yield per tree and 16% greater yield efficiency. No overall effects on fruit quality at harvest were associated with use of the reflective groundcover. Trees with reflective groundcover exhibited a greater yearly percentage increase in TCSA (18.5%) than those without (15.0%); neither flowering nor fruit set was affected in any year. These increases in productivity were mediated by the enhanced canopy light environment provided by the reflective groundcover. The primary economic benefit to be derived from use of the ExtendayTM reflective groundcover in apple production in the Maritime region is through the capacity to produce higher-yielding crops of fruit on larger trees (increased yield efficiency), without compromising fruit quality. This improvement in production efficiency could translate to an increase in 4.5 t ha−1 of marketable fruit in New Brunswick.
Nitrogen fertilization for new plantings of hybrid hazelnuts in the Upper Midwest of the United States of America
Authors: Braun Lois , Gillman Jeffrey , Hoover Emily , Russelle Michael
Published: July 2011

Braun, L. C., Gillman, J. H., Hoover, E. E. and Russelle, M. P. 2011. Nitrogen fertilization for new plantings of hybrid hazelnuts in the Upper Midwest of the United States of America. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 773–782. Seed-propagated hybrids of Corylus avellana and C. americana are a potential crop for the Upper Midwest. Current N recommendations for hazelnuts are based on research on clonally propagated C. avellana in Oregon and may not be applicable in the Upper Midwest due to differing soils, climate, and plant genetics. We established three field plots in 2003 to test N fertilization rates on new plantings, with rates up to 33 g N plant−1as ammonium nitrate applied annually in the spring, starting 2 wk after transplanting. We observed a strong negative linear effect of N rate on plant survival. In the second year we added trials on same-aged plants that had not previously been fertilized and found no N effect on survival. We concluded that waiting 1 yr after transplanting before fertilizing increases plant survival, but even then N requirements during establishment years are very low for hybrid hazelnuts. Standard leaf N concentrations for C. avellana in Oregon are roughly applicable to hybrid hazelnuts, except that the threshold between deficiency and sufficiency should be raised slightly to 1.9% N. The current threshold between deficient and sufficient, 2.2%, should be regarded as a target, rather than as a threshold to be exceeded.
Finite simple groups of Lie type as expanders
Authors: Lubotzky Alexander
Published: July 2011

We prove that all finite simple groups of Lie type, with the exception of the Suzuki groups, can be made into a family of expanders in a uniform way. This confirms a conjecture of Babai, Kantor and Lubotzky from 1989, which has already been proved by Kassabov for sufficiently large rank. The bounded rank case is deduced here from a uniform result for SL2 which is obtained by combining results of Selberg and Drinfeld via an explicit construction of Ramanujan graphs by Lubotzky, Samuels and Vishne.
Geriatric Psychology and Prosthodontic Patient
Authors: Kumar Ajay , Polsani Laxman Rao , Githanjali M , Raut Anjana
Published: July 2011

The problem of adjusting to old age in our modern society is becoming extremely difficult owing to the high values placed on youth, beauty and virility. For the aged themselves, these are frustrating years. They realize that they are beyond their productive peak and many of their ideas, goals, ambitions, hopes can never be attained. It is unfortunate that the geriatric patient generally needs most of the necessary dental and medical services at an age when he is least able to tolerate and afford them. The dental problems of geriatric patients present in the prosthodontic clinic differ because of the psychological factors always associated with them. The clinician should understand the psychological part of a dental problem of a geriatric patient because it always influences the decision making and treatment plan. An attempt has been made in this article to review these psychological factors and critically analyze their influence in dental treatment plan.
Effect of γ-Irradiation on the Dielectric and Conductivity Properties of Nano-Wollastonite
Authors: Kulkarni Sandhya , Nagabhushana B. M. , Parvatikar Narsimha , Shivakumara C. , Damle R.
Published: July 2011

Nanocrystalline porous CaSiO3 ceramic powders have been synthesized by a novel low-temperature initiated self-propagating, gas-producing solution combustion method. Single phase β-CaSiO3 (Wollastonite) is formed by calcination at 900°C for 3 h. The crystallization and phase formation temperatures in this method are found to be lower compared to the powder obtained via solid state reaction method. The powder is characterized by powder XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), and crystallite sizes are evaluated using Scherrer's formula as well as from TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy). The Wollastonite powder is exposed to 60Co γ-radiation to accumulated doses of 1, 3, and 5 KGy and low-frequency (102–106 Hz) dielectric measurements are carried out before and after irradiation. The dielectric conductivity is estimated from the dielectric constant and loss tangent. Exposure to γ-radiation results in substantial modification in the properties of the ceramic powder due to changes in the porosity of the material. The correlation between dielectric and conductivity properties is discussed in relation to porosity effect.
Der Einsatz von Nanoskiving zur Fertigung von Nanostrukturen für elektronische und optische Anwendungen
Authors: Lipomi Darren J. , Martínez Ramsés V. , Whitesides George M.
Published: July 2011

Dieser Aufsatz handelt von “Nanoskiving” (zu Deutsch etwa: Nano‐Hartschälen oder Nano‐Dünnschleifen) – einer einfachen und kostengünstigen Methode zur Nanofertigung, die die Notwendigkeit eines Zugangs zu Reinräumen und den dazugehörigen Einrichtungen minimiert, und die es zudem ermöglicht, Nanostrukturen aus Materialien und in Formen zu erstellen, für die herkömmlichere Methoden der Nanofertigung ungeeignet wären. Nanoskiving besteht aus drei Stufen: 1) Auftragung eines metallischen, halbleitenden, keramischen oder polymeren Dünnfilms auf eine Epoxidharz‐Oberfläche; 2) Einbetten dieses Films in Epoxidharz, sodass ein Epoxidharzblock entsteht, in dem der Film eingeschlossen ist; und 3) Aufteilen des Epoxidharzblocks in dünne Scheiben mithilfe eines Ultramikrotoms. Die Scheiben, die zwischen 30 nm und 10 μm dick sind, enthalten Nanostrukturen, deren laterale Abmessungen den Stärken der eingebetteten Filme entsprechen. Elektronische Anwendungen der Strukturen, die über diesen Prozess erhalten werden, finden sich in der Fertigung von Nanoelektroden für die Elektrochemie, von chemoresistenten Nanodrähten und von Heterostrukturen organischer Halbleiter. Optische Anwendungen finden sich in den Bereichen der Resonatoren für Oberflächenplasmonen, der plasmonischen Hohlleiter und den frequenzselektiven Oberflächen.
Use of Thin Sectioning (Nanoskiving) to Fabricate Nanostructures for Electronic and Optical Applications
Authors: Lipomi Darren J. , Martinez Ramses V. , Whitesides George M.
Published: July 2011

This Review discusses nanoskiving—a simple and inexpensive method of nanofabrication, which minimizes requirements for access to cleanrooms and associated facilities, and which makes it possible to fabricate nanostructures from materials, and of geometries, to which more familiar methods of nanofabrication are not applicable. Nanoskiving requires three steps: 1) deposition of a metallic, semiconducting, ceramic, or polymeric thin film onto an epoxy substrate; 2) embedding this film in epoxy, to form an epoxy block, with the film as an inclusion; and 3) sectioning the epoxy block into slabs with an ultramicrotome. These slabs, which can be 30 nm–10 μm thick, contain nanostructures whose lateral dimensions are equal to the thicknesses of the embedded thin films. Electronic applications of structures produced by this method include nanoelectrodes for electrochemistry, chemoresistive nanowires, and heterostructures of organic semiconductors. Optical applications include surface plasmon resonators, plasmonic waveguides, and frequency‐selective surfaces.
Development of a whole‐cell screening system for evaluation of the human CYP1A2‐mediated metabolism
Authors: Chu Chih‐Chieh , Pan Kao‐Lu , Yao Hsien‐Tsung , Hsu John Tsu‐An
Published: July 2011

Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) is an important member of cytochrome P450 involved in drug metabolism. In this study, a cell line, Huh7‐1A2‐I‐E, with high expression level of CYP1A2 is established based on Huh7 cells. To achieve this, we constructed a recombinant lentiviral vector, pLenti‐1A2‐I‐E, containing a single promoter encoding CYP1A2 followed by an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) to permit the translation of enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP). Such a design has greatly facilitated the selection of stable cell lines because the translations of CYP1A2 and EGFP proteins would be based on a single bi‐cistronic mRNA. The Huh7‐1A2‐I‐E cells were evaluated as a cell‐based model for identification of CYP1A2 inhibitors and for studies of cytotoxicity resulted from CYP‐mediated drug metabolism. Treatment of Huh7‐1A2‐I‐E cells and the Huh7‐E control cells with aflatoxin B1 showed that cells with CYP1A2 expression are much more sensitive to aflatoxin B1 and the cellular toxicity of aflatoxin B1 in Huh7‐1A2‐I‐E cells could be prevented by furafylline, a CYP1A2 inhibitor. A collection of approximately 200 drugs were screened using this system and results indicate that for most drugs the metabolism by CYP1A2 is unlikely to have made a major contribution to the in vitro cytotoxicity except for thimerosal and evoxine. Several previously unidentified CYP1A2 inhibitors such as evoxine and berberine were also identified in this study. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2932–2940. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chirality generated by flows in pseudocyanine dye J‐aggregates: Revisiting 40 years old reports
Authors: El‐Hachemi Zoubir , Arteaga Oriol , Canillas Adolf , Crusats Joaquim , Llorens Joan , Ribo Josep M.
Published: July 2011

Spontaneous symmetry breaking in J‐aggregates of cyanine dyes has a long history in chemical literature. In 1976, Honda and Hada claimed that they had achieved chiral induction (CD) by stirring J‐aggregates of pseudocyanine. However, this report is controversial, as the combinations of linear dichroism and birefringence can lead to artifactual circular dichroic signals that are unrelated to molecular chirality. A Mueller matrix spectroscopy study, with an approach for the application of a gradient of the shear rate (solution layer between a rotating and a fixed disk) that differs from the simple vortex stirring used in the original report, shows that true CD can be induced in the sample. The phenomenon is discussed, taking into account the flow dynamics that allows the alignment of the aggregate particles and the gradient of shear rates that determines their folding/torsion, which leads to a chiral excitonic transition. Chirality, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chiral separation of flurbiprofen enantiomers by preparative and simulated moving bed chromatography
Authors: Ribeiro António E. , Gomes Pedro Sá , Pais Luís S. , Rodrigues Alírio E.
Published: July 2011

This study presents the chiral resolution of flurbiprofen enantiomers by preparative liquid chromatography using the simulated moving bed (SMB) technology. Flurbiprofen enantiomers are widely used as nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, and although demonstrate different therapeutic actions, they are still marketed as a racemic mixture. The results presented here clearly show the importance of the selection of the proper solvent composition for the preparative separation of flurbiprofen enantiomers. Chiral SMB separation is carried out using a laboratory‐scale unit (the FlexSMB‐LSRE®) with six columns, packed with the Chiralpak AD® stationary phase (20 μm). Results presented include the experimental measurement of equilibrium and kinetic data for two very different solvent compositions, a traditional high hydrocarbon content [10%ethanol/90%n‐hexane/0.01% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)] and a strong polar organic composition (100%ethanol/0.01%TFA). Experimental data, obtained using the two mobile phase compositions, are used to predict and optimize the SMB operation. After selecting 10%ethanol/90%n‐hexane/0.01%TFA as the most appropriate solvent composition, three feed concentrations of racemic flurbiprofen were considered. Using 40 g/l of racemic flurbiprofen feed solution, the purities for both outlet streams were above 99.4%, the productivity was 13.1 gfeed/(Lbedh), and a solvent consumption of 0.41 Lsolvent/gfeedwas achieved. Chirality, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biodegradability of Ionic Liquids – Test Procedures and Structural Design
Authors: Stolte Stefan , Arning Jürgen , Thöming Jorg
Published: July 2011

Die biologische Abbaubarkeit ist ein zentraler Parameter bei der Einschätzung des Risikopotenzials einer Chemikalie und legt die zeitliche und räumliche Ausbreitung und die mögliche Anreicherung in der Umwelt von Substanzen fest. Insbesondere die Abbaubarkeit von ionischen Flüssigkeiten (ILs) scheint ein Flaschenhals bei der Entwicklung von umweltfreundlichen ILs zu sein, weil sich die hohe thermische und (elektro)chemische Stabilität vieler Vertreter dieser Substanzklasse auch in deren Stabilität gegenüber abiotischen und biologischen Abbauprozessen in der Umwelt widerspiegelt. Dieser Übersichtsartikel gibt eine Einführung in Testverfahren und einen Überblick zum Stand des Wissens zur Abbaubarkeit von ILs. Hierbei soll der Schwerpunkt auf Struktur‐Abbaubarkeits‐Beziehungen liegen und herausgestellt werden, welche Strukturmerkmale die Abbaubarkeit von ILs erhöhen bzw. senken. Die Diskussion dieser Ergebnisse soll das zukünftige Design von Verbindungen mit einem reduzierten Gefahrenpotenzial für Mensch und Umwelt unterstützen.
Modeling of Biological Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Khataee Ali R. , Kasiri Masoud B.
Published: July 2011

A growing world population, unrelenting urbanization, increasing scarcity of good quality water resources, and rising fertilizer applications are the driving forces behind the accelerating upward trend in the use of efficient methods of water and wastewater treatment such as biological processes. Due to the complexity of the reactions in biological processes, a few studies have been performed involving the modeling of biological removal of water pollutants. Thus, the application of the artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict the performance of the biological systems has been attempted. ANNs are computer‐based systems that are designed to simulate the learning process of neurons in the human brain. One of the characteristics of modeling based on ANNs is that it does not require the mathematical description of the phenomena involved in the process. This review article describes the application of ANNs for modeling of biological water and wastewater treatment processes. Examples of early applications of ANNs in modeling and simulation of biological water and wastewater treatment processes in the presence of various microalgae, macroalgae, bacteria, microbes, yeasts, anaerobic sludge, aerated submerged biofilms, and submerged membrane bioreactors are reviewed.
An Indenone Synthesis Involving a New Aminotransfer Reaction and Its Application to Dibenzopentalene Synthesis
Authors: Katsumoto Kenta , Kitamura Chitoshi , Kawase Takeshi
Published: July 2011

o‐(Phenylethynyl)phenyllithiums, generated by treatment of o‐(phenylethynyl)bromobenzenes with tBuLi, were quenched with N,N‐dimethylcarboamides to afford various 2‐phenylindenone derivatives in moderate to good yields upon acidic workup. The choice of lithiation reagents was critical. When n‐butyllithium was used the yields were reduced. The N‐alkyl groups in the carboamides were also important: quenching with N,N‐diethylbenzamides also afforded 2,3‐diphenylindenones as the sole isolated products, but quenching with N‐benzoylpiperidine led to 2‐benzoyltolane in good yield. Control experiments revealed that the reactions proceed through a multi‐step reaction sequence involving a novel intramolecular transamination to the α‐acetylenic carbon of the alkynyl group. The method was applicable to the synthesis of dibenzopentalene derivatives as well as various indenone derivatives. A mechanism for the reaction is discussed.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of (Aryloxy)phosphoramidate Prodrugs
Authors: Arbelo Román Cristina , Wasserthal Philip , Balzarini Jan , Meier Chris
Published: July 2011

The first diastereoselective synthesis of aryloxyphosphoramidate prodrugs of 3′‐deoxy‐2′,3′‐didehydrothymidinemonophosphate (d4TMP) was recently reported. The synthetic approach utilized the chiral auxiliary (S)‐4‐isopropylthiazolidine‐2‐thione (2). For this strategy, a stereochemically pure phosphorodiamidate intermediate was needed. The diastereoselective formation of this key compound was investigated by using different phenols and L‐alanine methyl or benzyl ester. Generally, the reaction with 3‐ or 4‐substituted phenols led to significantly better diastereoselectivities compared to their 2‐substituted counterparts. Moreover, variation of the ester group in the amino acid residue resulted in no significant differences with regard to the obtained diastereoselectivity. From the reported results, a model for the transition state was elaborated. Finally, eight new (SP)‐arylphosphoramidates were synthesized with very high diastereoselectivities (up to ≥ 95 % de) and tested for their anti‐HIV potency, showing a tendency for higher antiviral activity from the (SP) diastereomers.
Mass‐Transfer Admittance Voltammetry from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Its Applications
Authors: Chang Byoung‐Yong , Lee Hyo Joong , Park Su‐Moon
Published: July 2011

We report an extraction‐reconstruction strategy for obtaining a novel voltammogram for a specific electrochemical process. While a conventional voltammogram is obtained from potentiodynamic currents, our voltammogram is obtained from a large body of potentiodynamic electrochemical impedance spectra by taking advantage of their highly resolvable power. As a proof of concept, construction of a mass transfer admittance voltammogram (MTAV) is demonstrated, which is made up of purely mass transfer admittances plotted vs. potential, excluding effects from other interfering electrochemical components. We also compare the MTAV with the AC voltammogram to show its enhanced accuracy and apply the novel voltammetry to clearly determine the number of electrons transferred and diffusion coefficients, which may vary depending on experimental conditions, for a complex electrochemical reaction.
Preparation and Electrochemical Properties of Graphene‐Modified Electrodes for All‐Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Tsai Han‐Min , Yang Shin‐Yi , Ma Chen‐Chi M. , Xie Xiaofeng
Published: July 2011

The electrochemical properties of graphene make it an attractive material for use in a range of devices. We herein describe the simple preparation of graphene‐modified graphite (GMG) composite electrodes by hybridization with graphite for all‐vanadium redox flow batteries (VRB). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) results revealed that the use of GMG composite electrodes with an optimal graphene loading content (3 wt%) allowed remarkable improvements in terms of both the reversibility and the current density, which was up to 30 % higher than that of the pristine graphite electrode, and that an electrode of this type shows considerable potential for use in VRBs.
Comparison of brain mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity with cyanide LD50 yields insight into the efficacy of prophylactics
Authors: Marziaz Mandy L. , Frazier Kathryn , Guidry Paul B. , Ruiz Robyn A. , Petrikovics Ilona , Haines Donovan C.
Published: July 2011

Cyanide inhibits cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase of the mitochondrial respiratory pathway, therefore inhibiting the cell oxygen utilization and resulting in the condition of histotoxic anoxia. The enzyme rhodanese detoxifies cyanide by utilizing sulfur donors to convert cyanide to thiocyanate, and new and improved sulfur donors are actively sought as researchers seek to improve cyanide prophylactics. We have determined brain cytochrome c oxidase activity as a marker for cyanide exposure for mice pre‐treated with various cyanide poisoning prophylactics, including sulfur donors thiosulfate (TS) and thiotaurine (TT3). Brain mitochondria were isolated by differential centrifugation, the outer mitochondrial membrane was disrupted by a maltoside detergent, and the decrease in absorbance at 550 nm as horse heart ferrocytochrome c (generated by the dithiothreitol reduction of ferricytochrome c) was oxidized was monitored. Overall, the TS control prophylactic treatment provided significant protection of the cytochrome c oxidase activity. The TT3‐treated mice showed reduced cytochrome c oxidase activity even in the absence of cyanide. In both treatment series, addition of exogenous Rh did not significantly enhance the prevention of cytochrome c oxidase inhibition, but the addition of sodium nitrite did. These findings can lead to a better understanding of the protection mechanism by various cyanide antidotal systems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of deuterium‐labeled d3‐androstenone and d3‐skatole for boar taint analysis
Authors: Fischer Jochen , Elsinghorst Paul W. , Wüst Matthias
Published: July 2011

The steroidal pig pheromone androstenone (5α‐androst‐16‐en‐3‐one) as well as the indole derivate skatole are known to be the major compounds contributing to boar taint. The preparation of 2H‐labeled internal standards of androstenone and skatole for stable isotope dilution assay–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of pig back fat samples is presented. The synthesis of d3‐androstenone is highlighted by a palladium catalyzed deuteration of a Δ5,6‐double bond of a hydrophobic steroid in a polar, D2O‐containing solvent mixture. Moreover, the utilization of D2O as a deuterium source with in situ formation of D2 by means of Mg0 was found to be a very feasible and convenient alternative with respect to costs and technical effort.
Treatment of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder: A pilot study
Authors: Nixon Reginald D. V. , Nearmy Danielle M.
Published: July 2011

The efficacy of a cognitive–behavioral treatment program for individuals with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression (MDD) was examined. In an uncontrolled pre‐ and posttreatment study, participants attended 12–16 weeks of manualized therapy incorporating behavioral activation for depression in early sessions and exposure therapy and cognitive restructuring for PTSD in later sessions. Fourteen participants (of 20) completed treatment. Results indicated a significant decrease in PTSD and depression severity between pre‐ and midtreatment assessments; PTSD decreased further from mid‐ to posttreatment. Treatment gains were maintained at 3‐month follow‐up; 60% of participants no longer met PTSD criteria at 3‐month follow‐up, and 70% no longer met MDD criteria. The clinical implications of this phased approach to treat PTSD and depression comorbidity are discussed.
The relationship between interpersonal traits and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: Analyses from Wenchuan earthquake adolescent survivors in China
Authors: Xia Ling‐Xiang , Ding Cody
Published: July 2011

This study explores the relationship between interpersonal traits and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a sample of 617 middle and high school students 16 months after the Wenchuan earthquake in China using the Impact of Event Scale‐Revised (IES‐R) and the Interpersonal Self‐Supporting Scale (ISSS). Even when the effects of gender and grade level were controlled for, the results from regression analyses revealed that greater interpersonal independence, interpersonal initiative, interpersonal responsibility, and interpersonal openness are associated with lesser PTSD symptoms 16 months later.
Long‐term population dynamics of a managed burrowing owl colony
Authors: Barclay John H. , Korfanta Nicole M. , Kauffman Matthew J.
Published: July 2011

We analyzed the population dynamics of a burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia) colony at Mineta San Jose International Airport in San Jose, California, USA from 1990–2007. This colony was managed by using artificial burrows to reduce the occurrence of nesting owls along runways and within major airport improvement projects during the study period. We estimated annual reproduction in natural and artificial burrows and age‐specific survival rates with mark–recapture techniques, and we estimated the relative contribution of these vital rates to population dynamics using a life table response experiment. The breeding colony showed 2 distinct periods of change: high population growth from 7 nesting pairs in 1991 to 40 pairs in 2002 and population decline to 17 pairs in 2007. Reproduction was highly variable: annual nesting success (pairs that raised ≥1 young) averaged 79% and ranged from 36% to 100%, whereas fecundity averaged 3.36 juveniles/pair and ranged from 1.43 juveniles/pair to 4.54 juveniles/pair. We estimated annual adult survival at 0.710 during the period of colony increase from 1996 to 2001 and 0.465 during decline from 2002 to 2007, but there was no change in annual survival of juveniles between the 2 time periods. Long‐term population growth rate (λ) estimated from average vital rates wasλa = 1.072 withλi = 1.288 during colony increase andλd = 0.921 (Δλ = 0.368) during decline. A life table response experiment showed that change in adult survival rate during increasing and declining phases explained more than twice the variation in growth rate than other vital rates. Our findings suggest that management and conservation of declining burrowing owl populations should address factors that influence adult survival. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Energetics of surface‐active terrestrial salamanders in experimentally harvested forest
Authors: Homyack Jessica A. , Haas Carola A. , Hopkins William A.
Published: July 2011

Environmental temperatures affect nearly all aspects of ectotherm physiology, including terrestrial salamanders. Therefore, habitat disturbances that alter temperature regimes may interact with physiological processes to affect energy budgets of salamanders or constrain surface activity and possibly lead to changes in population‐level parameters. We hypothesized that warmer surface temperatures following harvesting of canopy trees could cause surface‐active salamanders to expend more energy for metabolism, potentially leaving a smaller proportion of the energy budget available for reproduction or storage. From 2006 to 2008, we quantified temperature regimes of salamander refugia in a field experiment replicated at 4 sites that included plots subjected to a timber harvest and plots not manipulated during this time period. At each site, we quantified temperature regimes in regenerating forest stands which, approximately 10 years earlier, experienced a range of harvest intensity from shelterwood to silvicultural clearcut. Further, we compared energetic parameters including 1) calories required to maintain homeostasis across an active season, 2) abundance of available potential energy (i.e., invertebrate prey), and 3) a measure of growth and storage (i.e., body condition index) among silvicultural treatments for surface‐active salamanders. For surface‐active eastern red‐backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus), mean calories required for maintenance were approximately 33% greater in recently harvested forest compared to unharvested controls, but body condition was inconsistent among treatments, and invertebrate abundances were similar among treatments but differed by study site. In contrast, we did not detect a treatment effect in any energetic metric 8–14 growing seasons after harvesting. Given that surface‐active salamanders in recently harvested forest may be forced to restrain behaviors associated with foraging and mating or trade‐off growth or reproduction for increased basic maintenance costs, energetics may be an important but overlooked short‐term contributor to observed changes in abundances, reproductive demography, or surface activities after timber harvesting. Managing for both the rapid recovery of understory vegetation and retention of large stumps and logs may help mitigate warming of microclimate for salamanders and should be considered further. © The Wildlife Society, 2011
Photocathodic protection properties of NiP/TiO2 bilayer coatings by a combined electroless plating and sol–gel method
Authors: Zhou M.‐J. , Zhang N. , Zhang L. , Yan J.‐H.
Published: July 2011

A combined electroless plating and sol–gel method was developed for preparing a NiP/TiO2 bilayer coating to achieve an especial photocathodic protection effect for A3 low carbon steel. Photocathodic protection properties of the coating were investigated by the electrochemical method. Surface morphology and structure of the coating were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the open circuit potential (OCP) of the NiP/TiO2 coating electrode shifts to −0.42 V under UV irradiation, which is lower than the corrosion potential of A3 low carbon steel. When the light is turned off, the photocathodic protection effect cannot be maintained. In addition, the mechanism of photocathodic protection for the coating was also explored.
Inhibition investigation and determination of some quantum chemical parameters of 1‐(4‐(dimethylamino)benzylidene)thiosemicarbazide on steel alloys in sulfuric acid medium
Authors: Hosseini S. M. A. , Bahrami M. J. , Dorehgiraee A.
Published: July 2011

The inhibition effect of 1‐(4‐(dimethylamino)benzylidene)thiosemicarbazide (DBT) on the corrosion behavior of 304 stainless steel and mild steel in 0.5 M sulfuric acid solution was investigated using weight loss and potentiostatic polarization methods. The experimental results suggest that DBT inhibits the corrosion of the steels in acid solution. The inhibition efficiencies increased as the concentration of the compound was increased. The calculated inhibition efficiencies from the two investigated methods were in good agreement. Potentiostatic polarization measurements indicate that DBT acts as a mixed type inhibitor for both alloys. The adsorption of inhibitor on the steel surfaces obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The structure of DBT was optimized using PM3 semi‐empirical method. Highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), energy levels, ELUMO − EHOMO (energy gap), dipole moment (µ), and Mulliken charge densities for this molecule were computed and the adsorption mechanism was discussed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the surfaces of the alloys.
Characterization of hydrogen charging of 2205 duplex stainless steel and its correlation with hydrogen‐induced cracking
Authors: Luo H. , Dong C. F. , Liu Z. Y. , Maha M. T. J. , Li X. G.
Published: July 2011

The effect of various experimental conditions (i.e., hydrogen charging current density, charging time, solution concentration, and temperature) on the embrittlement and cracking susceptibility of 2205 duplex stainless steel was studied by electrochemical hydrogen charging and slow strain rate tests. The results showed that the choice of the experimental conditions had obvious effect on the hydrogen concentration in the specimens. A relationship between the embrittlement and hydrogen charging conditions was established by the investigation of the fracture morphology. Under the free‐charging condition, the fracture surfaces were characteristic of dimples, while on the condition of the dynamic hydrogen charging, the hydrogen‐induced fracture showed the appearance of cleavage. Further examination of fracture cracks confirmed that the ferrite phase acts as a preferential path for crack propagation.
Detection and characterisation of intergranular stress‐corrosion cracking on austenitic stainless steel
Authors: Kovač J. , Marrow T. J. , Govekar E. , Legat A.
Published: July 2011

Intergranular stress‐corrosion cracking (IGSCC) on a sensitised type AISI 304 stainless steel specimen was monitored simultaneously by acoustic emission, electrochemical noise, elongation measurements and a digital imaging system. The specimen was exposed to an aqueous sodium thiosulphate solution in combination with a constant load. It was established that before the final fracture two large cracks and numerous smaller cracks had developed. Detection and characterisation of the stress‐corrosion processes which generated these cracks are discussed. The results confirm and generalise previously established correlations between various parameters obtained by the implemented characterisation methods and IGSCC processes. Additionally, a clear differentiation between crack related and crack non‐related AE signals was made based on an analysis of the AE signals. The relationship between the crack lengths calculated by means of digital image correlation analysis and the electrochemical current noise was also established.
Failure analysis of leakage on titanium tubes within heat exchangers in a nuclear power plant. Part II: Mechanical degradation
Authors: Gong Y. , Yang Z.‐G. , Yuan J.‐Z.
Published: July 2011

Serious failure incidents like clogging, quick thinning, and leakage frequently occurred on lots of titanium tubes of heat exchangers in a nuclear power plant in China. In the Part I of the whole failure analysis study with totally two parts, factors mainly involving three kinds of electrochemical corrosions were investigated, including galvanic corrosion, crevice corrosion, and hydrogen‐assisted corrosion. In the current Part II, through microscopically analyzing the ruptures on the leaked tubes by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), another four causes dominantly lying in the aspect of mechanical degradation were determined – clogging, erosion, mechanical damaging, and fretting. Among them, the erosion effect was the primary one, thus the stresses it exerted on the tube wall were also supplementarily evaluated by finite element method (FEM). Based on the analysis results, the different degradation extents and morphologies by erosion on the tubes when they were clogged by different substances such as seashell, rubber debris, and sediments were compared, and relevant mechanisms were discussed. Finally, countermeasures were put forward as well.
Helical Nanoribbons Fabricated by Electrospinning
Authors: Chang Guoqing , Shen Jianyi
Published: July 2011

A fabrication setup was specially designed so that one stream of sol of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), electrospun to form a bundle of fibers, acted as an axis between two rotating needles, and a second stream of PVP sol containing copper nitrate was electrospun around the fiber bundle axis to form a coil. This was turned into a coiled ribbon upon treatment in moisture. After calcination and reduction, a helical microcoil of nanocopper ribbon was produced, with controlled diameter and pitch. The width and thickness of the ribbon could be varied by manipulating the diameter of the coiled fiber and its treatment time in moisture.

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Synthesis of Nanosized (<20 nm) Polymer Particles by Radical Polymerization in Miniemulsion Employing in situ Surfactant Formation
Authors: Guo Yi , Zetterlund Per B.
Published: July 2011

A novel method for synthesis of ultrafine polymeric nanoparticles of diameters less than 20 nm has been developed. The method is based on miniemulsion polymerization exploiting combination of the in situ surfactant generation approach (whereby the surfactant is formed at the oil–water interface by reaction between an organic acid and a base) and ultrasonication. Conventional radical polymerization and nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization of styrene have been conducted in miniemulsion using oleic acid/potassium hydroxide, demonstrating that particles with diameters less than 20 nm can be obtained by this approach at surfactant contents much lower than traditionally required in microemulsion polymerizations.

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Mechanical properties of the AlSi1MgMn aluminium alloy (AA6082) processed by gradation rolling
Authors: Neugebauer R. , Sterzing A. , Bergmann M.
Published: July 2011

An outstanding approach for the tailoring of material properties is the grain refinement by the application of very high strains with changing strain path. Methods of severe plastic deformation (SPD) can create ultrafine‐grained or nanostructured metallic materials with new combinations of physical and mechanical properties. Classical severe plastic deformation methods focus typically on the uniform modification of the microstructure throughout the complete volume. In the present study the processing and subsequent characterisation of an age hardenable aluminium alloy subjected to a partial severe plastic deformation is presented. The new technology, referred to as gradation rolling, is applied for the efficient manufacturing of rod shaped parts with locally different grain sizes. After the presentation of the process principle [1], the characterization of the microstructure [2] and the identification of deformation routes during processing [3] the first mechanical characterization of a wrought aluminium alloy is presented. The resulting mechanical properties in different regions of a graded material are analyzed by hardness measurements and tensile tests. The mechanical properties of the graded billets show the typical characteristics of coarse grained material in the core region and that of severely deformed material in the kneaded region at the surface of the billets.
Influence of strain gradients on the grain refinement during industrial scale ECAP
Authors: Frint P. , Hockauf M. , Dietrich D. , Halle T. , Wagner M. F.‐X. , Lampke T.
Published: July 2011

The microstructure of the aluminium alloy 6060 after industrial scale (cross‐section 50×50 mm2) equal‐channel angular pressing (ECAP) is studied. We focus on processing without additional backpressure in order to allow the formation of a corner gap and the corresponding development of a distinct strain gradient after one pass. Low voltage scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and electron backscatter diffraction analysis (EBSD) are used to determine the average grain size, grain boundary misorientation angles and grain shape aspect ratios. These microstructural parameters are analysed for three characteristic locations from top to bottom within the billet. Our EBSD observations clearly document the occurrence of global strain gradients and microstructural heterogeneity. The STEM analyses expand the information on this heterogeneous deformation for the investigated locations in the sub‐micrometer range. In good agreement with previous studies, our results provide detailed information on how a heterogeneous induced shear strain affects microstructure and mechanical properties when ECAP is performed without backpressure.
Selective J‐resolved‐HMQC‐1 and ‐2, new methods for measuring proton–proton coupling constants in strongly coupled spin systems
Authors: Furihata Kazuo , Tashiro Mitsuru
Published: July 2011

Efficient pulse sequences for measuring 1H–1H coupling constants (JHH) in strongly coupled spin systems, named selective J‐resolved‐HMQC‐1 and ‐2, have been developed. In the strongly coupled spin systems such as ‐CH2‐CHA(OH)‐CHB(OH)‐CH2‐, measurements of 3JHAHB are generally difficult owing to the complicated splitting caused by the adjacent CH2 protons. For easier and accurate measurements of 3JHAHB in such a spin system, a selective excitation pulse is incorporated into the J‐resolved HMQC pulse sequence. In the proposed methods, only two strongly coupled protons, HA and HB which are excited by a selective pulse, are observed as J‐resolved HMQC signals. The cross peaks of HA and HB appear as doublets owing to 3JHAHB along the F1 dimension in the selective J‐resolved HMQC‐1 and ‐2 experiments. The efficiency of the proposed pulse sequences has been demonstrated in application to the stereochemical studies of the complicated natural product, monazomycin. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of long‐range proton–carbon coupling constants from pure in‐phase 1D multiplets
Authors: Espinosa Juan F. , Vidal Paloma , Parella Teodor , Gil Sergi
Published: July 2011

The SELective INverse detection of carbon–proton CORrelation pulse sequence that yields a 1D spectrum of a proton directly bonded to a selected carbon resonance has been converted into a proton and carbon double‐selective variant that provides a 1H spectrum of a selected proton that is long‐range coupled to a specific carbon resonance. The resulting 1D proton multiplet exhibits a pure absorptive in‐phase lineshape for precise measurement of specific long‐range proton–carbon coupling constants in small organic molecules at natural abundance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retinoic acid fails to induce cell cycle arrest with myogenic differentiation in rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Al‐Tahan Alaa , Sarkis Omar , Harajly Mohamad , Baghdadi Omar Kebbe , Zibara Kazem , Boulos Fouad , Dighe Dipti , Kregel Steven , Bazarbachi Ali , El‐Sabban Marwan , Skapek Stephen X. , Saab Raya
Published: July 2011

Background

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. Current treatment strategies do not cure most children with recurrent or high‐risk disease, underlying the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Retinoic acid has been shown to induce differentiation in a variety of cells including skeletal myoblasts and neuroblasts. In the setting of minimal residual disease, retinoic acid improves survival in neuroblastoma, another poorly differentiated childhood tumor. Whether such an approach is useful for rhabdomyosarcoma has not yet been investigated. Several in vitro studies have demonstrated an appreciable effect of retinoic acid on human RMS cellular proliferation and differentiation.

Procedure

We assessed the efficacy of ATRA on rhabdomyosarcoma, in vitro and in vivo, using cell lines and xenografts.

Results

ATRA slowed RMS cell proliferation, and promoted a more differentiated myogenic phenotype in both alveolar and embryonal RMS cell lines. Treatment of cultured murine myoblasts with retinoids increased Myogenin expression, but did not induce cell cycle arrest. Despite the favorable in vitro effects, ATRA failed to delay relapse of minimal residual disease using human RMS xenografts in immuno‐suppressed NOD‐SCID (NSG) mice. Interestingly, tumors that recurred after ATRA treatment showed evidence of enhanced muscle differentiation.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that ATRA could increase the expression of some genes associated with muscle differentiation in rhabdomyosarcoma cells, but there was no benefit of single‐agent therapy in an MRD model, likely because cell cycle arrest was uncoupled from the pro‐differentiation effects of retinoids. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58: 877–884. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electronic transport between Au surface and scanning tunnelling microscope tip via a multipodal cyclodextrin host–metallo‐guest supramolecular system
Authors: Kyllönen Lasse E. P. , Chinuswamy Viswanathan , Maffeo Davide , Kefalas Evangelos T. , Haider Johanna M. , Pikramenou Zoe , Mavridis Irene M. , Yannakopoulou Konstantina , Glezos Nikos
Published: July 2011

An elementary supramolecular conducting system was constructed using a novel (±)‐thioctic acid‐functionalized β‐cyclodextrin host deposited on a gold (Au) surface and an iridium‐bearing guest molecule with biphenyl tails to insert specifically into the cyclodextrin cavity. The resulting supramolecular system was used to investigate remote electron communication between the flat Au surface and the platinum (Pt)/iridium (Ir) tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope. The morphology of the surfaces after successive deposition of host molecules followed by guest molecules was investigated. Formation of features of 2 nm size was shown on the Au surface functionalised with the supramolecular system. I–V spectroscopic analysis of the tunnelling current through this supramolecular layer revealed the relation between the effective barrier height and tunnelling distance. Thus, in the supramolecular host–metallo‐guest system, a small increase of conductance is observed, compared to the layer without the guest. This can be attributed to the presence of the Ir‐guest, which eventually creates intermediate energy states between the Au substrate and the Pt/Ir tip. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.