bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contributions of Construction Small, Medium, and Micro Enterprises towards the Sustainable Growth of Zambia
Authors: Mabasa Khanyisa , Akinradewo Opeoluwa , Aigbavboa Clinton , Oguntona Olusegun
Published: May 2023

Studies have shown that the construction industry (CI) contributes significantly towards economic growth. As indicated by numerous scholars, most of the operations within the industry are carried out mainly by Small, Medium, and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs). Thus, this study seeks to identify how these SMMEs contribute to the sustainable growth of Zambia. A questionnaire survey was conducted on the construction SMME owners who are also professionals in the CI. Data analysis involving descriptive analysis indicated that SMME owners perceive that enhancing employment creation and improving entrepreneurial skills are outstanding contributions of their firms. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) established three underlying contributions in their order of significance, namely: the creation of jobs and the development of the economy, advanced methods of project execution, and modernised procedures in the construction industry. The findings aim to prompt both the government and private sector to provide a conducive environment for the operation of construction SMMEs. In addition, the findings will guide the stakeholders and policymakers in introducing policies and programmes that will influence the growth of these construction SMMEs.
Selection of Abies nephrolepis Materials for Restoration of Genetic Diversity in Mt. Gariwangsan Degraded Area
Authors: Seo Han-Na , Park Jae-Hyun , Lim Hyo-In
Published: May 2023

This study proposes a strategy for selecting materials for Abies nephrolepis, a key subalpine species, to restore damaged forests in Mt. Gariwangsan while considering genetic diversity. The genetic diversity distribution of A. nephrolepis in Korea was evaluated using nuclear simple-sequence repeat (nSSR) markers and the genetic differences between populations were analyzed. A suitable genetic restoration population was selected and a strategy for selecting restoration materials was presented. The genetic diversity indices of 326 individuals across 10 populations, and the genetic relationships between populations, were analyzed using AMOVA, principal coordinate analysis, UPGMA, and STRUCTURE analysis. The genetic diversity of A. nephrolepis populations averaged 0.791, indicating relatively high genetic diversity. The results showed that the genetic differentiation pattern of A. nephrolepis was divided into two groups: Mt. Jungwangsan and other populations. Therefore, genetically diverse restoration materials can be secured from the Mt. Gariwangsan population to restore damaged areas. We found that individuals distributed within approximately 10 m were autocorrelated due to their high genetic similarity, whereas they were randomly distributed in the range of 15 m or more. The optimal sampling strategy involved collecting seeds from a minimum of 25 individuals within 10 m. This study suggests that genetic diversity in restoration material selection is necessary to enhance adaptability to environmental changes.
A Variety of Weighted Opial-Type Inequalities with Applications for Dynamic Equations on Time Scales
Authors: Almarri Barakah , Makarish Samer D. , El-Deeb Ahmed A.
Published: May 2023

Using higher order delta derivatives on time scales, we demonstrated a few dynamic inequalities of the Opial type in this paper. Our findings expanded upon and generalised earlier findings in the literature. Furthermore, we give the discrete and continuous inequalities as special cases. At the end of this paper, we apply our results to study the behaviour of the solution of an initial value problem. In selecting the best ways to solve dynamic inequalities, symmetry is crucial.
Modeling the Potential for Rural Tourism Development via GWR and MGWR in the Context of the Analysis of the Rural Lodging Supply in Extremadura, Spain
Authors: Sánchez-Martín José Manuel , Hernández-Carretero Ana María , Rengifo-Gallego Juan Ignacio , García-Berzosa María José , Martín-Delgado Luz María
Published: May 2023

The harmonious development of tourism activity in rural areas must be based on effective tourism plans adapted to the territory. To achieve this, it is necessary that the tourist potential of the area be taken into consideration. However, the tourist attraction capacity is not always considered, which has led to a significant increase in the number of rural lodgings. This has caused strong imbalances in Extremadura, Spain. On the basis of this premise, in this research study, we aim to determine whether there is an adjustment between the main factors that attract rural tourists to the study area. To determine this, we make use of different geostatistical procedures based on spatially weighted regression models (GWR and MGWR). A comparative study is conducted using these models, on the basis of which it is deduced that one type of regression offers advantages over the other. However, the results show that neither regression models can explain the presence of rural accommodation in places that do not meet the requirements demanded by tourists. This fact shows that the increase in the supply of rural accommodation follows unsuitable patterns in some cases, which translates into numerous problems, such as low occupancy levels. In this study, it is concluded that there is no strong relationship between the attractiveness of a territory and its volume of supply, highlighting the need to rethink tourism plans in order to adjust them relative to reality.
The Identification of Drug Abuse
Authors: Pieri Maria
Published: May 2023

Forensic toxicology has played a central role since its development in defining mechanisms of acute intoxication, often with a lethal outcome [...]
Silent Contamination: The State of the Art, Knowledge Gaps, and a Preliminary Risk Assessment of Tire Particles in Urban Parks
Authors: Federico Lorenzo , Masseroni Andrea , Rizzi Cristiana , Villa Sara
Published: May 2023

Tire particles (TPs) are one of the main emission sources of micro- and nano-plastics into the environment. Although most TPs are deposited in the soil or in the sediments of freshwater and although they have been demonstrated to accumulate in organisms, most research has focused on the toxicity of leachate, neglecting the potential effects of particles and their ecotoxicological impact on the environment. In addition, studies have focused on the impact on aquatic systems and there are many gaps in the biological and ecotoxicological information on the possible harmful effects of the particles on edaphic fauna, despite the soil ecosystem becoming a large plastic sink. The aim of the present study is to review the environmental contamination of TPs, paying particular attention to the composition and degradation of tires (I), transport and deposition in different environments, especially in soil (II), the toxicological effects on edaphic fauna (III), potential markers and detection in environmental samples for monitoring (IV), preliminary risk characterization, using Forlanini Urban Park, Milan (Italy), as an example of an urban park (V), and risk mitigation measures as possible future proposals for sustainability (VI).
Killing Horizons and Surface Gravities for a Well-Behaved Three-Function Generalization of the Kerr Spacetime
Authors: Baines Joshua , Visser Matt
Published: May 2023

Thanks to the recent advent of the event horizon telescope (EHT), we now have the opportunity to test the physical ramifications of the strong-field near-horizon regime for astrophysical black holes. Herein, emphasizing the trade-off between tractability and generality, the authors discuss a particularly powerful three-function distortion of the Kerr spacetime, depending on three arbitrary functions of the radial coordinate r, which on the one hand can be fit to future observational data, and on the other hand is sufficiently general so as to encompass an extremely wide class of theoretical models. In all of these spacetimes, both the timelike Hamilton–Jacobi (geodesic) and massive Klein–Gordon (wave) equations separate, and the spacetime geometry is asymptotically Kerr; hence, these spacetimes are well-suited to modeling real astrophysical black holes. The authors then prove the existence of Killing horizons for this entire class of spacetimes, and give tractable expressions for the angular velocities, areas, and surface gravities of these horizons. We emphasize the validity of rigidity results and zeroth laws for these horizons.
DHFR Inhibitors Display a Pleiotropic Anti-Viral Activity against SARS-CoV-2: Insights into the Mechanisms of Action
Authors: Iaconis Daniela , Caccuri Francesca , Manelfi Candida , Talarico Carmine , Bugatti Antonella , Filippini Federica , Zani Alberto , Novelli Rubina , Kuzikov Maria , Ellinger Bernhard , Gribbon Philip , Riecken Kristoffer , Esposito Francesca , Corona Angela , Tramontano Enzo , Beccari Andrea Rosario , Caruso Arnaldo , Allegretti Marcello
Published: May 2023

During the COVID-19 pandemic, drug repurposing represented an effective strategy to obtain quick answers to medical emergencies. Based on previous data on methotrexate (MTX), we evaluated the anti-viral activity of several DHFR inhibitors in two cell lines. We observed that this class of compounds showed a significant influence on the virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) partly attributed to the intrinsic anti-metabolic activity of these drugs, but also to a specific anti-viral function. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms, we took advantage of our EXSCALATE platform for in-silico molecular modelling and further validated the influence of these inhibitors on nsp13 and viral entry. Interestingly, pralatrexate and trimetrexate showed superior effects in counteracting the viral infection compared to other DHFR inhibitors. Our results indicate that their higher activity is due to their polypharmacological and pleiotropic profile. These compounds can thus potentially give a clinical advantage in the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients already treated with this class of drugs.
Intermediality in contemporary avant-garde cinema: Blurring media boundaries in Jean-Luc Godard’s films
Authors: Kostopoulou Loukia
Published: May 2023

Drawing on the premises of avant-garde cinema (experimentation, transformation, liminality), this paper seeks to examine how intermediality functions as a form of experimentation in contemporary avant-garde cinema. It also bring new insights regarding the nature of the medium and the impact on the spectator. Examples will be drawn from Jean-Luc Godard’s films First Name: Carmen (1983) and Film Socialisme (2010).
Knowledge, attitudes, and practice of female genital mutilation and cutting: an observational cross-sectional study in English primary care (FGM/C Study)
Authors: Robinson Michelle Elizabeth , Prior James , Mallen Christian D , Shepherd Thomas A
Published: May 2023

Background

Female genital mutilation and cutting (FGM/C) describes procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. Increasing migration means many communities living in the UK originate from countries where FGM/C is practised. Consequently, clinicians in the UK are increasingly exposed to women and children who have experienced FGM/C.

Aim

To explore the knowledge, attitudes, and practice of primary care GPs and practice nurses (PNs) regarding FGM/C.

Design & setting

An observational cross-sectional study with GPs and PNs working in primary care in the West Midlands, UK.

Method

An online survey was circulated to GPs and PNs between September 2019 and December 2019.

Results

A total of 137 survey responses were received. Study participants were predominantly female (81.8%) and GPs (59.9%), with a mean age of 47.3 years (standard deviation [SD] 9.1). The survey found 19.7% of responders reported seeing >1 patient with FGM/C in the past 12 months. It also found 91.3% of responders had received some form of FGM/C training; however, the format and frequency of training varied and 34.3% felt they had received inadequate training to manage treatment of FGM/C.

Conclusion

The results have suggested varying degrees of competence and confidence associated with recognising and managing patients with FGM/C in primary care in the West Midlands. Given that patients with FGM/C typically present in primary care, it is important that clinicians can provide appropriate support underpinned by up-to-date training.
Olga Fröbe-Kapteyn’s Ashram : The Great Mother and the Personal History of Eastern Religions
Authors: Ferrara Marianna
Published: May 2023

Le projet Eranos fut lancé en Suisse dans le but de créer un pont culturel entre l’Orient et l’Occident dans le contexte politique européen des années 30. Sa fondatrice, Olga Fröbe-Kapteyn, était une artiste, une intellectuelle et une érudite avec un agenda politique et une vision très personnelle de l’étude des religions en tant que chemin de conscience, thérapie psychologique et instrument politique capable d’établir l’harmonie entre les religions. Olga Fröbe-Kapteyn a activement travaillé à la construction d’un important réseau de relations dans le paysage culturel et politique d’Europe centrale, favorisant le succès des rencontres Eranos et la survie du projet après les troubles de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Le présent article explore le capital relationnel de Fröbe-Kapteyn, lequel pouvait s’appuyer sur le théologien Rudolf Otto. Nous examinons également la manière dont son intérêt pour les religions orientales et la psychologie analytique se croisent avec les préjugés et stéréotypes de genre diversement affirmés par le trio académique composé par C. G. Jung, Heinrich Zimmer et Jakob Wilhelm Hauer.
Apartheid et ethnicisme : le cas zoulou
Authors: Borenstein Richard
Published: May 2023

Apartheid and ethnicism : the Zulu case.

White domination in South Africa is in crisis. For a few supporters of the system, this crisis, does not exist really, eventhough few reforms must be done. For them, there are only internal problems inside the non white communities : young against old, ethnic or tribal conflicts. G. Buthelezi and his Zulu mass movement fnfcatha are (for them) the living proof of the validity of their analysis. Inkatha claims more than one million members. However, with the domination of Inka- tha on the administration of KwaZulu, it seems that a lot of the card-carriers do not agree with the ideology of Inkatha and are more receptive to Black independent trade-union or Progressive parties... Eventhough Buthelezi claims some links of Inkatha with ANC, in fact his program is close to the PFP and opposed to the «one man, one vote» slogan.
Le triolet multicolore. Dans la musique sud-africaine, une blanche n'égale pas nécessairement deux noires...
Authors: Martin Denis
Published: May 2023

South African music : a fuzzy triplet...

South African music can be perceived as the aesthetical embodiment of a broader dream of cultural unity expressed in different representations and ideologies. History shows that it grew out of many contacts between South Africa’s different communities ; today’s musical forms blend characters borrowed from their cultural traditions. But, because of segregation and apartheid, South African popular music, in spite of its mixity, has acquired a «black» identity that leads supporters of the «white» powers to categorize its practitioners and fans alike as «pro-African» or «anti-apartheid». What is the most complete expression of the common history of South African peoples has therefore been put into the hands of the African majority which is, now, the only group liable to give it back to South Africa as a whole. In this particular respect, as in some others, music participates in the struggle for the liberation of South Africa.
Jalons pour une sociologie électorale du Togo : 1958, 1985
Authors: Barbier Jean-Claude
Published: May 2023

Toward an electoral sociology of Togo.

Semi-competitive elections in single-party systems are not without interest for the political sociologist. Voters take into account residential as well as geographical and ethnic origin. This enhances the interest of local monographs, such as the one presented in this paper and dealing with Sokode.
Chef coutumier : un métier difficile
Authors: Van Rouveroy Van Nieuwaal E.A.B.
Published: May 2023

A difficult job : to be a traditional chief.

Since 1981, Togo does not recognize the judiciary role of traditional chiefs. However, they are still playing an important part, in land deals, small daims arbitrations, order maintenance and reference to customs. The government acknowledges these functions and has created a national Union of Traditional Chiefs ; but this compels die Chiefs to an unflinching loyalty towards the government, which is not always easy.
La «Révolution verte» : discours et financement
Authors: Duanenyo S.
Published: May 2023

The «green revolution» discourse and finances...

This paper attemps to show the gap between die official discourse on die «green revolution» - the priority to agriculture - and the low level of ressource allocations at the state level. An analysis of die investment policy show that, far from being privileged, as it is constantly being repeated, agriculture is not even considered as a priority, in budgetary terms.
Nana et pêcheurs du port de Lomé : une exploitation de l'homme par la femme ?
Authors: Weigel Jean-Yves
Published: May 2023

Au Togo, rares sont les secteurs où les femmes n'interviennent pas dans la commercialisation des produits. Si le cas des revendeuses de tissu est le plus connu, celui des nana du port de Lomé est original dans la mesure où ces commerçantes investissent dans des activités de production halieutique par des prises de participation dans des unités de pêche piroguière. Cette situation crée entre elles et les pécheurs, surtout ghanéens, des rapports de type capitaliste, qui trouvent leur fondement dans une offre de capital à des conditions draconiennes.
Le privilège urbain : conditions de vie et santé au Niger
Authors: Raynaut Claude
Published: May 2023

«Urban bias» in the analysis of living conditions and health in Niger.

The provision of health care offers a useful case for an objective analysis of urban bias. Though a study of the inhabitants of Niger’s second largest town, Maradi, this paper examines what, in city life, can constitute a factor of différenciation in health conditions. The role of the state in the distribution of resources gives this process a political significance.
Crise économique et financement de la santé
Authors: Destexhe Alain
Published: May 2023

La santé a une dimension économique et la crise actuelle appelle une révision des stratégies sanitaires, dans le sens d’une meilleure allocation des ressources. On se trouve devant une alternative cruelle : ou des services gratuits accessibles à tous mais démunis de tout, ou des services partiellement payants susceptibles de fournir un minimum de prestations.
Aide internationale : l’offre correspond-elle aux besoins ?
Authors: Dujardin Bruno
Published: May 2023

Comment évaluer l’écart entre les besoins sanitaires des PVD et l’offre de l'aide internationale ? Cette question a une évidente dimension politique et en appelle d'autres relatives à la multiplication abusive des institutions d'aide, au non-respect de la stratégie des soins de santé primaires, au choix trop limité des populations cibles, à une gestion trop rigide des projets et au manque de prise en compte de l’avis et des caractéristiques des populations bénéficiaires.
La société contre le bipartisme ?
Authors: Ibrahim Jibrin
Published: May 2023

Society against a two-party system ?

General Bakangida’s presidency is orienting Nigeria towards fundomental political and economic transformations. At the political level, a federal bipartisan system mobilised by an organisation created to produce a new political culture is proposed. For the economy, an IMF type structural Adjustment Programme is being implemented. How would Nigeria’s pluricultural society react to the exigencies of this guided democracy and economic hardship ?
Les effets pervers du fédéralisme nigérian
Authors: Bach Daniel
Published: May 2023

Le Nigeria n’est pas une fédération, mais un système unitaire à forte composante décentralisatrice qui a développé depuis la fin des année soixante un mode original de gestion de son pluralisme culturel. Multiplication du nombre des États par scissiparité, institutionnalisation du principe du «caractère fédéral», spécificité du mode de redistribution des revenus de la rente pétrolière en sont les traits principaux. Une telle évolution, positive au regard du maintien de l’unité du pays, s’avère néfaste pour la promotion de l’intégration nationale.
Le fédéralisme et la question économique
Authors: Philippe Jean
Published: May 2023

La question économique est au cœur de la dynamique du fédéralisme nigérian. La croissance tend à provoquer une concentration géographique des richesses qui heurte de front la revendication égalitaire des États. Le fédéralisme a favorisé certaines distorsions économiques, mais a permis dans l’ensemble une certaine décentralisation du développement.
Les Wazobiens, les Bendelites et les autres... Le fédéralisme et les langues
Authors: Ricard Alain
Published: May 2023

Depuis dix ans, le Nigeria est censé avoir une politique linguistique. Deux principes sont proclamés : celui du multilinguisme et celui du respect de la langue maternelle. Un troisième principe, non écrit, forme le soubassement de l’édifice : celui de la prééminence de l’anglais. Le multilinguisme aboutit de fait au développement des Wazobiens, ces Nigérians membres des trois grands groupes ethniques haoussa, yorouba et igbo. Ces derniers peuvent enseigner leur propre langue dans les États monolingues, alors que, dans des États très plurilingues comme le Bendel, il est difficile d’engager une politique efficace.
Politique urbaine : une révolution au service de l’État
Authors: Marie Alain
Published: May 2023

Urban policy : a revolution in the service of the state.

The implementation of the NCR’s urban policy in Ouagadougou has two principal aspects : the allotment of the peripheral quarters and the renovation of the city centre. Beyond ideological proclamations, this policy constitutes an excellent «analyser» of Sankara’s Revolution and reveals it’s real objectives : the construction of a strong and centralised state, based, among other things, on the reorganisation of the old urban territorial divisions, towards a new bureaucratic and aggregative logic.
Un pouvoir de travailleurs peut-il être contre les syndicats ?
Authors: Kabeya muase Charles
Published: May 2023

Can workers power negate «union power» ?

The CNR lays claims to being the legitimate successor to the trade union struggles of th 1970’s and is thus the repository of workers power, a belief that led to the supression of trade unions in Burkina Faso. The unions have however responded by mobilising their members against the government and shown that they are a counter power to reckon with.
Pratiques de sédentarité et nomadisme au Mali. Réalité sociologique ou slogan politique ?
Authors: Cissé Salmana
Published: May 2023

Sedentary practice and nomadism in Mali : sociological reality or political slogan ?

Malian nomads constitute 7 % of the population and are spread over 2/3 of the country. Three examples that analyse sedentary life are presented. Sedentarisation, organised by the Administration is considered by the nomads as a transitory measure. There is a follow up policy on the adequacy of the sedentarisation camps but permanency is ruled out by the vagaries of weather and foreign financial aid.
Bœufs et pouvoirs : les éleveurs du sud-ouest et de l’ouest malgaches
Authors: Fauroux Emmanuel
Published: May 2023

Castle and power : herdsmen of Douthwestern and Western Madagascar.

The agricultural pastoralists of Southwestern and Western Madagascar are affronted by profound transformations affecting the already difficult conditions in the rural world. They are boddy placed in relation to the new regional power structure and their difficulties are worsened by the progress of the modern economy.

However, cattle remains central to ceremonial ideology and all strategies. The few proprietors of large herds use their wealth to create a network of clients there by enabling them extend their prosperity in other economic activities, in particular rice cultivation.
«L’État sauvage...» : Pygmées et forêts d’Afrique centrale
Authors: Guillaume Henri
Published: May 2023

En dépit de leur aspect résiduel et de leur marginalité, les sociétés pygmées sont exemplaires de mutations contemporaines que connaissent les sociétés nomades.

Y a-t-il encore place pour les pygmées en forêt ? Compte tenu des intérêts économiques représentés par les zones forestières et des stratégies de développement en œuvre, toute issue autre que leur sédentarisation, généralement source de déséquilibres aigus, paraît illusoire.
La «politique agricole» : un concept vide ? Les effets pervers de l'ouverture libérale.
Authors: Chéneau-Loquay Annie
Published: May 2023

Agricultural policy : an empty concept ? Perverse effects of liberalism.

In Guinea, the applications of liberal recipes accentuates contradictions between the actors ; government, funding agencies and rural merchants. The State apparatus is incapable of controlling the situation and defining an agricultural policy. There is a significant rise in food dependence and the farmers suffer a double penalty; they can neither produce more nor increase their price in urban markets. A more locally oriented policy based on the country’s tradition of rice production and the regional market might be more in tune with the desire for real rural development.
Les institutions de Bretton Woods en République de Guinée
Authors: Gilles L.
Published: May 2023

Une vision trop technicienne de l’appréciation des processus d’ajustement en cours dans certains pays d’Afrique conduit à des jugements souvent hâtifs et négatifs qui ne reflètent pas la réalité des efforts déployés par ces pays.

Dans le cas de la Guinée, on constate que l’ajustement demeure «dicté» par les experts de Washington et, qu’en l’état actuel, aucune véritable négociation des programmes n’est possible; les pays «ajustés» ne disposant pas - et pour cause - des outils élémentaires leur permettant un véritable dialogue avec les institutions internationales.
L’ajustement au quotidien
Authors: Schwartz Jacques
Published: May 2023

Day to day adjustement.

The former system of administrative provisions of city dwellers had its own logic and its advantages. By dismantling the system, the Military have upset the «food protectorate» enjoyed by public service workers. The resulting rise in speculation has led to price explosion and deepened social inequalities in Conakry, where many households are barely surviving.
Trente ans d’indépendance : repères et tendances
Authors: Raynaut Claude , Abba Souleymane
Published: May 2023

Contrepoint aux articles réunis dans ce dossier, ce texte retrace d’un mouvement rapide trente ans d’indépendance nigérienne en s’attachant à rappeler quelques repères chronologiques et à identifier quelques tendances durables. Il s’agit, en fin de compte, d’aider à resituer les réalités contemporaines dans leur filiation historique.
Crise économique et ajustement structurel (1982-1988)
Authors: Liman Tinguiri Kiari
Published: May 2023

Comme la plupart des pays africains subsahariens, le Niger est engagé depuis 1983, dans un processus de réformes économiques appuyé par le FMI, le Banque mondiale et certains pays donateurs. Cet article analyse les origines et les modalités de la politique d’ajustement structurel dans ce pays. Il amorce une évaluation de ses résultats.
L’aide internationale
Authors: Decoudras Pierre-Marie
Published: May 2023

International aid.

Niger, a Sahelian country known for its institutional stability, has been confronted since 1983 to an economic and financial crisis. Its programme for national recovery has resulted in an increasing dependence on international aid.
L’Etat patrimonialisé
Authors: Médard Jean-François
Published: May 2023

The patrimonialized state.

The interpretation of the African state as a neo-patrimonial state gives rise to the contradiction between the logics of patrimonialism and the logics of economic development. One could conclude that the solution would be to de-patrimonialize the state in order to promote development ; however, this might destroy the state and development with it.
L’amant blessé ou une discussion peuple sur le pluralisme juridique
Authors: Kintz Danièle
Published: May 2023

Un berger peul, au cœur de la nuit, «glisse» sur le couteau d’un mari revenu inconsidérément constater ce qui paraît être «l’adultère» de sa femme. L’incertitude entourant la qualification de ces faits est le reflet de la difficulté à choisir entre trois voies pour prendre en charge l’affaire : la justice des Blancs, c’est-à-dire de l’État, la filière musulmane et la manière peule. Si, immédiatement, la première option est écartée puisqu’il y a glissade et non «coups et blessures volontaires», les deux autres voies présentent des avantages et des inconvénients qui vont être appréciés en commun. Finalement, on fera porter tous les torts sur le mari en évoquant ou en rappelant à cette occasion quelques-uns des principes normatifs qui assurent la pacification des rapporte sociaux et l’efficacité de la coutume.
Usages de la loi et pratiques foncières dans les aménagements irrigués
Authors: Mathieu Paul
Published: May 2023

Les principes qui président à l’appropriation et à l’exploitation des aménagements irrigués font, dans les faits, l’objet d’une inapplication ou de tels détournements que c’est plutôt l’absence de situations irrégulières qui est exceptionnelle. Le décalage entre les règles de reproduction sociale et les changements de techniques de production, l’interférence de logiques et de stratégies, ou le flou juridique, peuvent l’expliquer. Mais l’observation des pratiques montre surtout qu’il y a la loi de l’État et celle du village et que finalement, c’est la loi du village qui l’emporte en conciliant coutumièrement et dynamiquement des impératifs apparemment contradictoires : adapter pour assumer le développement et stabiliser pour fonder le consensus.
La violence et ses conséquences urbaines à Kampala
Authors: Calas Bernard
Published: May 2023

Urban consequences of uganda violence.

Between 1966 and 1986, increasing tummoils and civil wars spoilt Uganda. Urban consequences of these events have been very wide. Insecurity stopped rural exodus, prunned up urban elites and broke down its economic basis. Thus all urban residents werre forced to be involved in survival strategies built upon corruption, illegality, «laisser-faire» and security reflexes. More than fightings, these strategies speeded the physical decay of Kampala. Since 1986, NRM tries to impulse a new urban way of life as opposed to the past trends.
Surveillance et répression en postcolonie
Authors: Marchal Roland
Published: May 2023

Surveillance and repression in «prison-colony».

The works of A. Giddens and C. Dandeker inspire a number of research directions here — presented in a non — exhaustive manner. They focus on the social history of institutions considered from the angle of their surveillance functions : the army, the police, the prisons and workshops are analysed from the standpoint of the transnationalisation of certain disciplinary techniques. The research results should permit the definition of a theorical perspective more pertinent and operational.
Deux mille collines pour les petits et les grands. Radioscopie des stéréotypes hutu et tutsi au Rwanda et au Burundi
Authors: Elias Michel , Helbig Danielle
Published: May 2023

Two thousand hills for the small and the tall : radioscopy of Hutu and Tutsi stereotypes in Rwanda.

The west tends to feed itself with stereotypes when dealing with Rwanda and Burundi. During the colonial period, a hierarchy-based racial ideology has established wich distinguishes three courses of identification : Tutsi, Hutu and Twa. This discourse was retained in its broad lines by some anthropologists after indepetulance. More seriously, younger generations in Rwanda and Burundi have internalized this ethnic analysis and their national realities.
Le socialisme, c’est les Soviets plus l’ethnicité
Authors: Cahen Michel
Published: May 2023

Le stalinisme est mort, donc le marxisme est mort. Par-delà les mots de cette assertion, quelle est la réalité sociale, en Europe de l’Est comme en Afrique noire où plusieurs régimes se sont réclamés officiellement du «marxisme-léninisme» ? Quelles sont les conséquences de l’influence idéologique stalinienne sur le discours et l’idéal politique des élites africaines ? Sur la manière dont les chercheurs africanistes marxistes ont (ou n’ont pas) posé scientifiquement des questions politiques ? Pourquoi la revendication démocratique n’a-t-elle été «découverte» que très récemment par ces derniers ? Pourquoi, pour des générations de marxistes, y a-t-il eu une équation «tribalisme = réaction» ? La disparition du matérialisme vulgaire stalinien pourrait être une chance extraordinaire pour le marxisme et permettre d’appréhender la question ethnique dans une perspective révolutionnaire.
Le Gabon à la recherche d’un nouvel ethos politique et social
Authors: Gaulme François
Published: May 2023

Gabon in search of a new political and social ethos.

Gabon’s shift towards multipartyism took place in relative calm and seems to be a success. However, in 1990, France intervened militarily in this country for the second time since 1964; the newly-formed political parties are putting forward demands from social and regional groups. These have increased with the financial and economic crisis confronting Gabon for the last five years. Renewal on the political scene, of still imprecise trends, does not exclude violence or the return to religion in a country where multipartyism coincided with a quarter of a century of exceptional prosperity.
Attention ! Afrique du Sud en construction au bout du tunnel
Authors: Van zyl slabbert Frederik
Published: May 2023

L’Afrique du Sud est aujourd’hui confrontée à deux problèmes : la fin de la domination blanche et la mise en place d’un système de gouvernement démocratique. Ce processus de transition doit tenir compte des dynamiques internes et suppose un compromis fondamental de la part de l’État vis-à-vis des divers groupes d’intérêt sud-africains. Les incertitudes de la démocratisation viennent de l’attitude de ces groupes jusqu’alors non associés à l’exercice du pouvoir. Le climat semble propice et la volonté de réussite des principaux participants œuvre en faveur de cette transition vers la démocratie.
La peur du nombre ou les défis de la croissance démographique ?
Authors: Loriaux Michel
Published: May 2023

The fear of numbers or the demographic growth challenges ?

Up to now, the intensity and duration of its demographic growth has differentiated Africa from the other continents, as well as the inconsistencies in the experiments in sectorial policies and population programs. As a consequence, a replacement model, which gives priority to human development and which takes into account the original aspects of societies is imperative.
Politique de santé et population
Authors: Barbieri Magali , Cantrelle Pierre
Published: May 2023

Dans la plupart des pays, les gouvernements africains ont reconnu qu’il était de leur devoir d’assurer «le droit à la santé de chaque citoyen» dès les lendemains de l’indépendance. Des politiques de santé dignes de ce nom n’ont cependant pas émergé avant les années 70; devant l’échec du système de santé de type hospitalo-universitaire qui dominait jusqu’alors et sous l’impulsion de la stratégie des soins de santé primaires élaborée à Alma-Ata, les gouvernements se sont engagés à adopter des programmes mieux adaptés aux besoins du plus grand nombre.

Les difficultés liées à la crise économique et aux mesures d’ajustement structurel, en même temps que les contraintes culturelles et sociales dont l’impact avait été négligé ont handicapé la mise en œuvre des programmes prévus. En dépit d’une approche plus sélective développée au cours des années 80, les réalisations en matière de santé demeurent largement en deçà des objectifs fixés. L’émergence de nouveaux fléaux (Sida notamment) ou la persistance de spectres anciens (choléra, paludisme) combinés à l’environnement économique défavorable compromettent gravement le projet de la «Santé pour tous en l’an 2000».
Circulation des hommes et urbanisation
Authors: Bris Emile Le , Quesnel André
Published: May 2023

Circulation of persons and urbanization : policy failures.

There has been an undeniable slow down in growth in the capitals, but this is certainly not the case with the general rate of urbanization. However, changes in the forms and effects of the urbanization process are underway, at its point of origin in the countryside as well as in the conditions of integration in the cities. The traditional rural-urban division has never been more pertinent than it is today. The economic and financial means of handling the crisis result in phenomena of demographic and social redistribution which affect the political balance. It is more necessary than ever to go over sectorial interventions which effects on mobility and urbanization are often substantial but which, in most cases, ignore the population variable. Thus, a field of research on how to succeed in integrating population-urbanization-development is open.
Le «contrat social» sénégalais à l’épreuve
Authors: Cruise O'Brien Donal
Published: May 2023

The senegalese social contract to the test.

The Senegalese State has been tied to the religious brotherhoods for a long time by a social contract which is notow threatened. Since Abdou Diouf has come to power, the modernization of the political and administrative machinery seems to be bound to a conflict with the islamic tradition, bringing abouts faults in the logic of clientelism which had until now been operating. The elections not being considered as a way to a democratic alternation, the successful example of the Senegalese political stability is now challenged.
Les paysans du bassin arachidier. Conditions de vie et comportements de survie
Authors: Diop Abdoulaye-bara
Published: May 2023

Farmers in the peanut production area. living conditions and survival behaviour.

The rural world is one of the main victims of the economical crisis which has been striking Senegal for years. In the peanut production area (bassin arachidier % the farmers try to adapt to this difficult situation in making use of survived strategies. But their living conditions will improve only if they assume their situation and organize themselves to be an efficient counterweight to the governmental actions.
L’autodétermination des peuples et le statut de l'histoire
Authors: Wamba-dia-wamba Ernest , Copans Jean
Published: May 2023

People's selfdetermination and history status.

History is not only an intellectual and academical product, it is determined all together by the status of the dominating and dominated classes, by the nature of the historian professionnal environment and by the conditions of its methodological elaboration. But the latter point is not enough, even in the case of a marxism defined itself as rigourous. The main question is : is it possible to educate popular masses by the mean of this approach of history in so far as it is identified as part of history making as well as its audience.
Jeux d’argent et de pouvoir au Zaïre : la «bin-domanie» et le crépuscule de la Deuxième République
Authors: Jewsiewicki Bogumil
Published: May 2023

Money and power games in Zaïre : the «bindomania» and the twilight of the Second republic.

The case of the Bindo promotion and other «promotions» private placing offices existing in 1990-1991 reveals the whole Zaïre society in crisis. The phenomenon of inflation and illicit trading (currency, precious stones and so on), conflicts within the elite, head of State Mobutu’s manipulations, the nature of urban economy and above all popular fantasy. This promotion system has been a giant trap which allowed the army and the power to overcome meanwhile they puzzled people by rumours and fears and by burgling absolutely all the resources of the Zaïre population.
Le défi de l’intégrisme ethnique dans l’historiographie africaniste. Le cas du Rwanda et du Burundi
Authors: Chrétien Jean-Pierre
Published: May 2023

L’historiographie du Rwanda et du Burundi a hérité du schéma racial sur «les Hamites et les Bantous» dont la critique a représenté une première exigence. Aujourd’hui, le métier d’historien est devenu l’enjeu d’un débat politique : faut-il légitimer l’antagonisme hutu-tutsi par son ancienneté supposée ou identifier le processus moderne spécifique qui l’a cristallisé ? Alors que la fin du tiers-mondisme s’accompagne d’une revalorisation des solidarités ethniques, restées vivaces sous le discours universaliste des politiques nationales, l’histoire de l’Afrique au XIXe siècle montre une liaison entre le libéralisme philantropique et l’«ethnisme scientifique », que l’on retrouve dans le projet du «nouvel ordre mondial».
Être Touareg au Mali
Authors: Bernus Edmond
Published: May 2023

Being a Tuareg in Mali.

The regional diversity of Malian Tuaregs is described after a general presentation of their area, common culture, stereotypes. The revolts in the past, as the one of Firboun, the heroe of 1916, and then another one in the Adrar of Iforas in 1963-64 against the government of Modibo Keita are followed by the revolt which has lasted since 1990 in Niger and Mali with warriors of some skill in arms and cars. Attacks and wild repression followed one another in a spiral of violence which leads to a massive exodus of the Tuaregs to Mauritania and South of Algeria. The fall of Moussa Traoré, the pact signed in april 1992, the election of Alpha Oumar Konaré, give great hopes but cannot heal the wounds between the Arabo-Berbers and the other part of the country.
Politiques d’industrialisation
Authors: Maharaux Alain
Published: May 2023

Depuis son indépendance, le Mali s’est lancé dans une vaste politique d’industrialisation fortement planifiée marquée par la création de nombreuses sociétés d’État, génératrices d’une bourgeoisie bureaucratique corrompue. Sous la pression du FMI et de la Banque mondiale, plusieurs de ces sociétés sont privatisées ou liquidées. Mais le pays vit plus de son secteur informel très dynamique dans lequel de jeunes diplômés chômeurs peuvent s’insérer pour le rénover, s’ils sont épaulés par le nouveau pouvoir démocratique.
Défense d’y voir : la politisation de la protection de la nature
Authors: Ellis Stephen
Published: May 2023

The politisation of nature conservation.

Certain elements of the south african security forces have exploited the natural resources to profit the strategies of political destabilization and enrichment. They have thus succeeded in establishing highly developed networks of contreband of valuable natural products «ivory, gems, rhinoceros horns and drugs» serving to finance military aid delivered by South Africa and aimed at inforturing and strengthening the WWF International. The same forces which have since been well implanted in the Kruger National Park participate in political actions and could eventually constitute within these reservs actual military zones.
Les faux rebonds de l’Ovale
Authors: Bodis Jean-Pierre
Published: May 2023

Le rugby sud-africain constitue un enjeu politique de première importance. A travers l’analyse des structures et des hommes qui ont fait ce sport en Afrique du Sud, ce sont en fait les caractéristiques de la société sud-africaine et des processus sociaux de reconstruction qui sont analysés. Au-delà même des relations difficiles entre les différentes fédérations de rugby au sein du pays, l’auteur s’intéresse aussi à la perception qu’en ont les observateurs et les responsables sportifs étrangers et notamment les Français.
L’Europe et l’Afrique : flux et reflux
Authors: Coquet Bruno , Daniel Jean-Marc , Fourmann Emmanuel
Published: May 2023

Europe and Africa : Ebb and flow.

The 1957 Treaty of Rome, initiating the construction of Europe, coincides with the independence of most African countries. During the last years, the political, commercial and financial links between these two zones, although important, cannot help divergent evolution of their respective economic situation. This paper describes and interprets the Euro-African declining commercial and financial flows since the 60’s in order to propose a global diagnosis on trade, aid, debt and foreign investments in Africa.
L’Eurafrique dans les négociations du Traité de Rome, 1956-1957
Authors: Schreurs Rik
Published: May 2023

Les documents d’archives révèlent que le projet eurafrique a été inséré dans le Traité de Rome en 1957 sous la pression de la France et de la Belgique afin d’alléger les coûts du pacte colonial supportés désormais à l’échelon communautaire.
Les intellectuels africains face à l’entreprise démocratique. Entre la citoyenneté et l'expertise.
Authors: Diouf Mamadou
Published: May 2023

African intellectuals facing the democratic entreprise.

From the period of elitist nationalism to the democratic transitions, the trajectories of African intellectuals have always been jerky. Even if they give themselves messianic and tribune roles, their statutes remain ambiguous regarding society, state power and modernity.
L’insoutenable condition du clerc gabonais
Authors: Rossatanga-Rignault Guy
Published: May 2023

The unbearable condition of the gabonese scholar.

The confusion between the professional intellectual and the politician did not help in clearing up the two statutes. Democratization must be an opportunity for a clarification.