bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acid-Base Regulation
Authors: Hlastala Michael P , Berger Albert J
Published: November 2023

The concentration of H+ ([H+]) in various compartments of the body is critical to homeostasis. Because the respiratory system has a key role in H+ regulation through CO2 excretion by the lungs, we need to understand acid-base regulation. In addition to the lungs, the kidneys are also important in H+ regulation. In this chapter we first develop some basic concepts of acid-base chemistry. Later we apply these to the understanding of acid-base regulation in the body.
Polyploidy: Incidence, Types, and Modes of Establishment
Authors: Levin Donald A
Published: November 2023

Polyploidy, the possession of at least three complete sets of chromosomes, has been a pivotal factor in plant evolution. An increase in pilonidal level with or without hybridization often has been associated with speciation and the origin of novel adaptations. Our perception of the importance of polyploidy in flowering plant evolution has varied considerably over the past half-century. Stebbins (1971) estimated that 30-35% of angiosperms had polyploidy in their ancestry. This was based on chromosome numbers in a genus that are integer multiples of a lower chromosome number. Grant (1963) estimated that 47% of angiosperms were polyploidy. He observed that peak haploid numbers were between 7 and 9 and assumed that numbers 10-13 were obtained by ascending aneuploidy. Using estimates of basic haploid numbers in angiosperm families, Gold blatt (1980) concluded that monocots with n > 10 (or roughly 70% of all species) were polyploidy.
Chromosomal and Genetic Consequences of Chromosome Doubling
Authors: Levin Donald A
Published: November 2023

Autotetraploids have four homologues that are capable of pairing. Only two chromosomes may be paired at any one position. However, different chromosomes may be paired at different positions. As a consequence, meiocytes in prophase and metaphase I of meiosis may contain quadrivalents. The number of quadrivalents and other possible configurations (trivalent plus univalent and bivalents) depends on the number of chiasmata per chromosome (Sybenga, 1992). The greater the number, the more likely quadrivalents will be formed.
Receptors
Authors: Cooper Jack R , Bloom Floyd E , Roth Robert H
Published: November 2023

The concept that most drugs, hormones, and neurotrans-mitters produce their biological effects by interacting with receptor substances in cells was introduced by Langley in 1905. It was based on his observations of the extraordinary potency and specificity with which some drugs mimicked a biological response (agonists) while others prevented it (antagonists). Later, Hill, Gaddum, and Clark independently described the quantitative characteristics of competitive antagonism between agonists and antagonists in combining with specific receptors in intact preparations.
Cellular Mechanisms in Learning and Memory
Authors: Cooper Jack R , Bloom Floyd E , Roth Robert H
Published: November 2023

Virtually every neurotransmitter system presented in this book is associated with some specific behavioral effects elicited by its agonists, antagonists, and often genetic manipulation of its receptors. A far more difficult question is just what role any given transmitter system plays in initiating, maintaining, or terminating the behavior. In this chapter, we consider an issue that represents one of the most complex behavioral achievements of nervous systems, the ability to learn and remember.
Linear Response Theory
Authors: Zwanzig Robert
Published: November 2023

A system is in a state of thermal equilibrium, and then a weak external field is turned on. How does the system respond? For example, we might want to know how much current is induced in an ionic solution by an electric field. This is the kind of question treated by linear response theory.
The Emerson Brothers
Authors: Bosco Ronald A , Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

The Emerson Brothers: A Fraternal Biography in Letters is a narrative and epistolary biography based upon the lifelong correspondence exchanged among the four Emerson brothers: Charles Chauncy, Edward Bliss, Ralph Waldo, and William Emerson, as well as Charles’ 181 letters to his fiancée Elizabeth Hoar (one of the few extended series of courtship letters surviving from this period) and 86 letters from the brothers to their paternal aunt Mary Moody Emerson in which they discuss their moral and theological upbringing and views. Often composed as “round robin” exchanges among and between the brothers, the Emerson brothers’ correspondence is the last great untapped body of personal writings remaining in manuscript from within the Emerson family. These letters illuminate aspects of Waldo’s character and personal and intellectual development that, lacking access to the letters, even his most sympathetic biographers and critics have thus far failed to appreciate fully; reveal that all of the brothers were invigorated by their shared sense of origin as well as by a sense of duty to improve upon their ancestors’ literary and intellectual work; shine new light on Waldo’s debt to William for his first serious encounters with German Higher Criticism in the midUL1820s; present new evidence about the devastation Waldo felt at the death in 1831 of his first wife, a correction to Waldo’s own sometimes under-recorded sense of grief at her passing; demonstrate that Waldo’s desire for financial security for himself, his mother, and his brothers was at least as powerful a motivation behind his resignation from Boston’s Second Church in 1832 as were Ellen’s death and his reservations about the Lord’s Supper; and mark Waldo’s self-conscious and steady progress away from the forms of institutionalized religion toward the career of lecturer, essayist, poet, and social reformer which earned him his reputation as a principal architect of American culture.
The Emerging Composer
Authors: Clark Walter Aaron
Published: November 2023

Granados’s musical creativity was grounded in his pianism. His first works were for the piano, composed while he was still a student in Paris, and he continued through- out his life to write for that instrument. He was a gifted improviser, and improvisation remained at the heart of his compositional method.
The Hippocratic Heresy: Alternative Medicine’s Worldview
Authors: Whorton James C
Published: November 2023

Walter Johnson, the homeopath quoted at the close of the preface, referred to his practice as a “medical heresy” and his colleagues as “so-called heretics.” In fact, the members of all alternative schools of treatment have regarded themselves as heretics, as dissenters from the established gospel of medical theory and practice subjected to castigation and persecution for their heterodox beliefs. They thought of their heresy as “so called,” however, because all were confident that they possessed the one genuine gospel of health. Even so, each of the alternative systems has paid homage to the same source of inspiration revered by orthodox medicine, looking back to Hippocrates, the Greek physician of the fourth century b.c.e., as their doctrinal father. Indeed, so strong has this attachment been, one might think of alternative systems of medicine collectively as so many Hippocratic heresies.
The Rule of the Artery: Osteopathy
Authors: Whorton James C
Published: November 2023

At first glance, Andrew Taylor Still (1828–1917; Fig. 7-1), the founder of osteopathy, appears to be the South’s answer to Samuel Thomson.
Innate Intelligence: Chiropractic
Authors: Whorton James C
Published: November 2023

If there was anything the first generation of osteopaths hated as much as allopathy, it was chiropractic. That rival method of musculoskeletal manipulation was simply “pseudo-osteopathy,” they believed, a “violent imitation” of osteopathy carried on by “fakers” whose “theft” had debased Still’s methods into “a cheap and inferior grade of osteopathy”; chiropractors were “plagiarists” notable “only for their utter ignorance.” Whether any plagiarism was involved or not, the charge of ignorance is unquestionably true, at least when applied to chiropractic in its formative stages. Even one of the most sympathetic historians of chiropractic acknowledges that in its early decades the system was “infected with faddism and quackery.” Furthermore, since the first impression that chiropractic made upon conventional medicine was such a lasting one, coloring relations between the two sides down to the end of the twentieth century and largely shaping the medical profession’s attitudes toward all unorthodox systems, this chapter will concentrate on the negative facets of chiropractic during the first three decades of the twentieth century. The positive changes made by the profession since the 1930s will be addressed in a later chapter; for now, the task is to illustrate why Morris Fishbein, the editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association and the man who charged osteopaths with trying to sneak into medicine by the back door, asserted chiropractors were even worse, as they were trying to crawl in “through the cellar.” Further, he reminded, “the man who applies at the back door at least makes himself presentable. The one who comes through the cellar is besmirched with dust and grime; he carries a crowbar and he may wear a mask!”
Neurologic Manifestations of Pharmacologic Agents Commonly Used in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Critically ill patients are sedated to facilitate mechanical ventilation, overcome anxiety, protect against myocardial stress and ischemia, and support sleep. The desired depth may vary from “conscious sedation,” which creates a comfort level to allow nursing procedures without pain, to levels approaching general anesthesia. Many agents (for example, midazolam and propofol) are administered by continuous infusion.
Neurologic Complications of Invasive Procedures in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Advances in procedure technology and ICU apparatus continue, and the indications for invasive hemodynamic monitoring have expanded. Monitoring is a typical line of action in critically ill patients, although practices differ. When neurologic complications occur, they are often curiosities, less commonly iatrogenic (in the true sense of the word) and incidentally related to technical failure of the device. On the surface, the presumption is that neurologic complications of invasive procedures in intensive care units (ICUs) are rare.
Neurologic Complications of Acute Vasculitic Syndromes
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Innumerable occasions may arise for patients with a necrotizing vasculitis to be admitted to a medical or surgical intensive care unit (ICU). With every visceral and organ involvement comes a potentially life-threatening condition, and often they occur simultaneously. These conditions are ischemic ulceration of the gut, pulmonary hemorrhage due to small vessel vasculitis or capillaritis, necrotizing nephritis, and myocarditis. In some patients, the effects of immunosuppressive therapy to combat vasculitis may prompt intensive care. The disorders discussed in this chapter were chosen as typical of the problems that consulting neurologists may see in ICUs.
Neurologic Complications of Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Advances in cardiac surgery have improved long-term outcome in patients with coronary and valvular disease, but some of the gains have been counterbalanced by damage to the brain. Use of cardiopulmonary bypass in either coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or open heart surgery greatly increases the risk for neurologic complications.
Withdrawing Life Support in the Intensive Care Unit: A Neurologist’s Perspective
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Major cultural, religious, and societal differences determine the level of care. Van den Noort writes, and few would argue, “There is a philosophy that is particularly American of ‘do something’ with little regard to the probability of success, the cost of the achievement or the consequences of such focused efforts on society as a whole.” In the U.S. health care system, there is a tendency to provide all available technical care and later determine its justification.
The Dynamic Nature of the Herbaceous Layer: Synthesis and Future Directions for Research
Authors: Gilliam Frank S , Roberts Mark R
Published: November 2023

Like many other plant ecologists of the past several generations, we have long been impressed and influenced by the work and writings of Henry Chandler Cowles, particularly his turn-of-the-twentieth-century work on the vegetation of the Indiana dunes. With his well-known, succinct description of succession as “a variable approaching a variable, not a constant” (Cowles 1901, p. 81), he articulated perhaps more clearly than did any other ecologist the dynamic nature of plant communities in general. We have adopted such a view in this book, attempting to highlight the spatially and temporally dynamic nature of the herbaceous layer of forests.
Metarepresentations in an Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Sperber Dan
Published: November 2023

Just as bats are unique in their ability to use echo-location, so humans are unique in their ability to use metarepresentations. Other primates may have some rather rudimentary metarepresentational capacities. We humans are massive users of metarepresentations and of quite complex ones at that. We have no difficulty, for instance, in processing a three tiered metarepresentation such as that in example (1).
How to Acquire a Representational Theory of Mind
Authors: Leslie Alan M
Published: November 2023

The study of cognitive development is dominated by the view that con cepts are essentially packets of theory-like knowledge (Carey, 1985; 1988; Keil, 1989). This view has emerged from a long tradition of viewing con cepts as descriptions of one kind or another, though there have been and continue to be many variations and disagreements concerning the character of the associated knowledge (e.g., Murphy & Medin, 1985; for crit ical reviews of this tradition, see Fodor, 1998; Kripke, 1972; Laurence & Margolis, in press). The essence of this family of views is that the knowledge packet associated with the concept determines what in the world a given concept refers to or designates - it fixes what the concept is a concept of. For example, the concept DOG1 might be associated with a knowledge structure that specifies “HAIRY, FOUR-LEGGED, ANIMAL, BARKS, WAGS TAIL ... “ If this specification captures the structure of the concept, DOG, then this is the specification you will need to know in order to possess the concept, for the following reason: this specification, when ap plied to the world, is what will selectively pick out the things that are dogs and thus link DOG with dogs.
Determinants of Island Species Number
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared
Published: November 2023

The number of bird species on Northern Melanesian islands varies from 3 species on some tiny islets up to 127 for the largest island, New Britain. What factors account for that variation? Tables 9.1 and 9.2 summarize for each or-nithologically significant island its number of resident species and also its area (A), height (H), and distance (D) from the nearest major source island. We list separately for each island the number of species normally occurring in the lowlands (S10w) and the number normally confined to the mountains on that island (Smtl• Here we discuss the dependence of Slow on A, the dependence of Slow on D, effects of volcanic defaunation, determinants of Smt, and, finally, the effects of Pleistocene land bridges. Our discussion is based on (updated from) Diamond (1972a, 1974, 1982a, 1983), Diamond and Mayr (1976), Diamond et al. (1976), Gilpin and Diamond (1976, 1981), Mayr and Diamond (1976), and Diamond and Gilpin (1980).
Overwater Dispersal Ability of Each Species
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared
Published: November 2023

Species differences in dispersal are one of the most important explanatory factors underlying species differences in tendency to speciate, in geographic variability (level of endemism), and in breadth of distribution. Species differ enormously in their dispersal ability, ranging from species that can be seen flying over water any day in Northern Melanesia, to species that have never been seen crossing water and for which there is not even any evidence of overwater dispersal within their evolutionary lifetime as a species. In this chapter we describe the evidence available for assessing dispersal ability, and we tabulate that evidence for all species and allospecies in the Bismarcks and Solomons. Comparing this evidence between the two archipelagoes makes it clear that dispersal ability evolves and is subject to natural selection. We then examine how dispersal ability is related to the three ecological and evolutionary characteristics of each species introduced in chapter 10: habitat preference, level of endemism, and abundance.
Geographic Variation Megasubspecies
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared
Published: November 2023

Like almost any classificatory system that classifies anything, the Linnaean system of taxonomic classification makes arbitrary divisions between items, some of which, in fact, grade continuously into each other. Dividing the continuous processes of speciation and geographic variation into hierarchical taxonomic levels is an obvious example. The formal alternatives available to us for expressing the relationship between two populations are to consider them as members of the same subspecies; as members of different subspecies, but of the same species or allospecies; as members of different allospecies, but of the same superspecies; as members of different superspecies or species, but of the same genus; and so on. In fact, any taxonomist knows how often such taxonomic decisions are difficult or arbitrary. This is as expected from our understanding of speciation: divergence between populations arises and proceeds, for the most part, gradually, not in sharp steps. (We acknowledge the concept of punctuated evolution-the possibility of relatively abrupt evolutionary change-but it does not conflict with what we have just said. Changes that appear abruptly on a geological time scale are, on the time scale of an individual animal’s lifetime, unusually large gradual changes taking place over “just” some dozens or thousands of generations.) The two most distinct steps in this gradual divergence are the two culminating steps of speciation: the transition from subspecies to allospecies status, when two formerly interbreeding populations become non-interbreeding; and the transition from allospecies to full species status, when the two populations that were formerly too similar to coexist finally develop niche differences sufficient to permit sympatry.
Hybridization
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapters may have given the impression that geographic isolation always leads to differentiation and speciation, proceeding inexorably through the stages of weak subspecies, megasubspecies, and allospecies to sympatric sister species. In fact, this progress is not inexorable. Many distinctive and presumably old but vagile species continue to exhibit no geographic variation over a huge range (e.g., the colonial pigeon Caloenas nicobarica) because high interisland gene flow renders populations of the species essentially panmictic. Many isolates become extinct before they can become morphologically distinct. Other incipient isolates are eventually reached by colonists from other isolates with which they hybridize, aborting further differentiation. Speciation often remains stalled at the stage of allospeciation, if reproductively isolated allospecies do not develop ecological segregating mechanisms and remain unable to invade each others’ ranges (chapter 21). In this chapter, we discuss hybridization in Northern Melanesian birds.
Pairwise Nonsharing Indices Differences in Island Species Compositions
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared
Published: November 2023

In the previous two chapters we analyzed two indices of geographic barriers. This chapter introduces two more indices, closely related to each other, which evaluate barriers between island pairs, as did the pairwise differentiation index of chapter 26. However, whereas the pairwise differentiation index was based on taxonomic differentiation of populations of species shared between the two islands, our third and fourth indices are instead based on species not shared between the two islands that is, the species of either island that are stopped completely by the water barrier between the islands. As discussed on the following pages, these two aspects of water barriers (differentiation of shared species vs. stopping of nonshared species) are related but not identical.
Wanderind in the Gardens of the Mind
Authors: Prebble John , Weber Bruce
Published: November 2023

Peter Mitchell, winner of the 1978 Nobel Prize for chemistry for his chemiosmotic theory, was a highly original scientist who revolutionized our understanding of cellular metabolism and bioenergetics. This is the only full biography of Mitchell, and it should be of considerable interest to biophysicists, biochemists, and physicians and researchers focusing on metabolism, as well as historians of medicine and biology.
Science for Humanity 1985-1992
Authors: Prebble John , Weber Bruce
Published: November 2023

Shortly after the foundation of Glynn, Mitchell had a brass plate fixed outside the front door with the inscription “Founded to Promote Fundanwntal Giological Rese>arch for the &>nefit of Humanity. “ ln the late 198! S a new panel was mounted in the entrance hall of Glynn. lt carried the heading, which he afterward referred to as the institute’s motto, “Science for Humanity. “ It expressed one of his major concerns of later life that the purpose of science is for the good of humanity. Mitchell explained: In that motto the word Humanity has two meanings. On the one Jund it means ht1111ankind, and on the other hand it refers to that special quality of sympathy and undE’fstanding that we associate with people’s love for OllE’ anothE’f and for other creatures with whom we share the natural world.
Einstein’s Universe
Authors: Zee A
Published: November 2023

In his conversational style, Anthony Zee examines the nature of gravity and its role in our universe. Zee starts from a birthday gift that Albert Einstein received on his seventy-sixth birthday that worked on the main principle in his theory of gravity. From there Zee leads the reader through the implications of Einstein’s theory and its influence on modern physics. Einstein’s Universe in a witty and accessible style also examines how the theory of gravity has shaped our understanding of how the universe began, the development of stars and galaxies, and the nature of space itself. The new Oxford edition will include a new afterword by the author that will bring the subject matter up to date.
The Living Clock
Authors: Palmer John D
Published: November 2023

This book is an introduction to a basic property of life, one mostly unknown to science and the public until the latter half of the last century: Humans, plants, and animals have within their bodies a kind of clock that synchronizes much of what they do throughout their lives to the time of day and the seasons, and in the case of the sea-dwelling organisms, the tides. This timepiece performs its service autonomously - it rules silently within us without us giving a thought to it. Three chapters are devoted to the human clock: its disruptive action in transmeridional travel and shift work, its oversight in most every aspect of our physiology, and how doctors being aware of its action can save lives. Other major subjects describe the role in piloting birds in homing and migration, guiding the seasonal reproduction of plants and animals, and its influence on shore dwellers. The book closes with a description of the clockworks’ escapement.
The Triumph of Sociobiology
Authors: Alcock John
Published: November 2023

In The Triumph of Sociobiology, John Alcock reviews the controversy that has surrounded evolutionary studies of human social behavior following the 1975 publication of E.O. Wilson’s classic, Sociobiology, The New Synthesis. Denounced vehemently as an “ideology” that has justified social evils and inequalities, sociobiology has survived the assault. Twenty-five years after the field was named by Wilson, the approach he championed has successfully demonstrated its value in the study of animal behavior, including the behavior of our own species. Yet, misconceptions remain--to our disadvantage. In this straight-forward, objective approach to the sociobiology debate, noted animal behaviorist John Alcock illuminates how sociobiologists study behavior in all species. He confronts the chief scientific and ideological objections head on, with a compelling analysis of case histories that involve such topics as sexual jealousy, beauty, gender difference, parent-offspring relations, and rape. In so doing, he shows that sociobiology provides the most satisfactory scientific analysis of social behavior available today. Alcock challenges the notion that sociobiology depends on genetic determinism while showing the shortcoming of competing approaches that rely on cultural or environmental determinism. He also presents the practical applications of sociobiology and the progress sociobiological research has made in the search for a more complete understanding of human activities. His reminder that “natural” behavior is not “moral” behavior should quiet opponents fearing misapplication of evolutionary theory to our species. The key misconceptions about this evolutionary field are dissected one by one as the author shows why sociobiologists have had so much success in explaining the puzzling and fascinating social behavior of nonhuman animals and humans alike.
Bare Reverence
Authors: Woodruff Paul
Published: November 2023

The centre will not hold unless virtue is among us. The ancient Greeks knew that very well. They disagreed among themselves, however, over where virtue comes from. Is it learned or inherited? Is it natural—is it, in mythological terms, a gift of the gods? Does it belong to the aristocracy alone or the people in general? Can anyone acquire virtue? And if so, how? A broad consensus in ancient Greece (as in ancient China) held that all humans have a natural capacity for virtue, but that this capacity must be developed by teaching and may therefore be developed differently in different people. According to Plato, Protagoras held such a view.
Reverence Without a Creed
Authors: Woodruff Paul
Published: November 2023

Reverence is a matter of feeling, and as far as feelings go, it doesn’t much matter what you believe. Reverence can occur in ancient polytheism as well as in modern Christianity or Islam, so reverence makes few demands on belief. Otherwise it would not be consistent with so many different creeds Reverence must stand in awe of something—something I will call the object of reverence. What could it be? Something that reminds us of human limitations, if we are to stay true to the concept of reverence with which we began. Therefore you must believe that there is one Something that satisfies at least one of the following conditions: it cannot be changed or con- trolled by human means, is not fully understood by human experts, was not created by human beings, and is transcendent. Such beliefs are the least you must have in order to be reverent. They do not amount to religion or even to spirituality. For a lover of art, the Something might be a monument of ancient art, since this has passed out of our power to change without destroying.
The Silent Teacher
Authors: Woodruff Paul
Published: November 2023

Reverence declares itself through silence, more deeply and more truly than through speech. We hear of the silence of great teachers in many traditions. Confucius is silent about heaven, Buddha about Brahma, and the Buddhist teacher Vimalakirti too was silent on occasion, though he was famous for his skill in explaining the Buddha’s teachings.
Home
Authors: Woodruff Paul
Published: November 2023

Earlier in this book I presented a frightening image—the widening gyre in Yeats’ poem, a dizzying spiral out of control (p. 36). I end here with a spiral that has all the comforts of home: This poet imagines an animal—a mollusc—growing in its “ship of pearl” and finding itself at home in each larger chamber that it builds. The image is startling because it is absurd: Animals do not really have homes, and what we mean by “home” is tied to the way human beings live. We tend to be frightened of homeless people, out of an ancient fear that without homes people may behave like animals. As adults, we are amused by children’s stories that give homes to animals, along with most of the fixings of human life, but we know better. A solitary beast like a mollusc cannot do the sorts of things we do to make a shelterinto a home.
General Aspects of Lysogeny
Authors: Campbell Allan
Published: November 2023

Cell lines harboring latent viruses are common both in eukaryotes and in prokaryotes. Prokaryotes harboring latent phages are lysogenic, and the latent form of the phage is called a prophage. Phages that can enter such a latent state are called temperate, although some authors erroneously refer to them as lysogenic. Lysogeny was discovered because some bacterial isolates spontaneously produce small amounts of infectious phage. It was later shown that lysogenic bacteria could arise during laboratory infection. Lysogeny is heritable within a bacterial lineage. When a lysogenic cell divides, both daughter cells harbor the prophage. Very occasionally, a lysogenic cell spontaneously lyses and liberates phage. Lwoff and Gutmann (5) demonstrated this by separating bacterial cells at division by micromanipulation and testing their descendants. Their results eliminated the possibility that lysogeny might be an artifact of reinfection within a culture.
Phage Lysis
Authors: Young Ry , Wang Ing-nang
Published: November 2023

In general, bacteriophages must lyse their host cells to liberate the progeny virions. The most common misconception about host lysis is that it is simply the inevitable outcome of phage infection, a kind of sad denouement that follows after the elegant processes defining successive waves of gene expression and the intricate and coordinated pathways leading to virion morphogenesis. For example, in the otherwise captivating description of the molecular processes of phage life cycles in The Molecular Biology of the Gene (112), it is explained that some phage proteins are needed early, ‘‘while others, such as the viral coat proteins or the lysozyme for bacterial cell lysis, must only appear later,’’ leading to the end of the infective cycle of phage T7. ‘‘Finally, T7 lysozyme destroys the bacterial cell wall and allows newly formed phage particles to escape and renew their growth cycle in other bacteria.’’ The impression given is that lysis is caused by the late appearance of lysozyme activity, despite the fact that T7 lysozyme is an early gene. Also, the implication is that release and reinfection is needed to ‘‘renew’’ a completed vegetative program, that lysis occurs after virion production had been achieved. However, it has been known for decades that if the lysis genes are ablated, the accumulation of intracellular virions can continue unabated for extended periods, far beyond the time of lysis of parental phage (67). In fact, a recent re-analysis of the kinetics of virion accumulation for lysis-defective mutant phages indicated that it is essentially linear for periods at least 4-fold longer than the wildtype vegetative cycle (110). Thus lysis is a programmed event, like all the other steps in the infectious cycle. It is the thesis here that the decision of when to terminate the infection and lyse the host is the only major decision made in the vegetative cycle; that is, that all other macromolecular processes proceed at rates which maximize the intracellular accumulation of infective virions.
Marine Phages
Authors: Miller Robert V
Published: November 2023

Two decades ago marine bacteriophages were unimportant to microbial ecologists. After all, bacteriophages could only be important in certain environments where their concentrations were high enough to have an effect on bacterial populations. In most microbiologists’ minds, this limited them to just a few ecosystems such as waste treatment facilities, cheese and yogurt production facilities, and the microbiology laboratory. It certainly did not include marine environments! Of course, specific phages such as PM2 were of interest (18, 87; see also chapter 14) because of their cytology and molecular microbiology. The few studies that had addressed the frequency of viruses in the oceans, however, showed that marine bacteriophages were not prevalent enough to affect marine ecosystems. Two important developments in the 1980s changed this picture and stimulated interest in aquatic bacteriophages. The first arose from concerns originating from the newly emerging environmental biotechnology industry’s use of genetically engineered microorganisms. Many feared that the recombinant sequences would escape to naturally occurring bacteria by horizontal gene exchange (36). Soon it was demonstrated that transduction was a viable mechanism for genetic exchange in aquatic environments (27, 37, 47,68,70,72,73). Still, phages were considered to be too infrequent in the aquatic environment to make this a real possibility. The second development, however, eliminated this objection and clearly demonstrated the importance of bacteriophages in marine environments. In 1989, Bratbak, Heldal and others (5, 8, 11) demonstrated that in many aquatic environments bacteriophages were present in very high concentrations and that they often exceeded by one to two orders of magnitude the concentrations of bacterioplankton that were their hosts. This report was quickly followed by several confirmatory publications (42, 64) that made it clear bacteriophages are indeed real players in the ecology of marine habitats.
Lactobacillus Phages
Authors: Brüssow Harald , Suárez Juan E
Published: November 2023

The studies conducted with Lactobacillus bacteriophages reflect the economic and medical importance of their hosts. Due to the variety of food fermentation lactobacilli-based processes that can become disrupted by phage development, and the diversity of mucosal surfaces colonized by lactobacilli, phage research has not concentrated on a single Lactobacillus species or phage. Lactobacillus phage research also is frequently directed by practical needs. For example, the industrially relevant properties of lactic acid bacteria are often plasmid-encoded. These plasmids are intrinsically unstable, which frequently leads to strain degeneration. The DNA-integration mechanism used by temperate Lactobacillus phages therefore has been studied to develop tools for chromosomal stabilization of economically important traits (57, 73). In addition, many fermented products undergo a ripening period that may last several months. Early lysis of the starter bacteria might accelerate ripening through release of the intracellular enzymes into the food matrix. To this aim, the expression of cloned phage lysis cassettes, controlled by inducible promoters, has been studied (19). Furthermore, the need of phage-insensitive Lactobacillus-based fermentation starters has promoted the generation of strains harbouring a cI-like repressor gene or a phage replication origin (3, 59).
Broad Way YearBook
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Broadway Yearbook 2000-2001 is a relevant and irreverent record of the theatrical year. A vivid album of the year on the Great White Way, Broadway Yearbook gives readers front-row seats for the phenomenon of The Producers and the rest of the season's hits and misses. Steven Suskin’s acclaimed new theatre annual delivers a vibrant, candid, and thoughtful account of every show to hit the boards: exciting musicals such as The Full Monty and the revival of 42nd Street; intriguing new plays like Proof and The Tale of the Allergist’s Wife; and fascinating failures, including Jane Eyre and the beleaguered Seussical. Broadway Yearbook tells us what the shows were actually like. It is an interpretive record, featuring not only dates and names but also the stories behind the statistics. Each entry is accompanied by credits and cast lists, scorecards summarising overall critical reception for each show, a summary of each show’s financial performance, and copies of the illustrative program covers and title pages. Appendices provide a roundup of the season’s major awards, memorable performances of the year, obituaries, long run leaders, shows still running from prior seasons, scheduled shows that never reached Broadway, and a comprehensive index. Steven Suskin has provided a unique and detailed record of the season’s memorable moments and high points (and low points as well). Written from an insider’s perspective, the book is knowledgeable, intriguing, provocative, and entertaining. Broadway Yearbook brings the shows of the 2000-2001 season back for an encore.
Approaches for Walking
Authors: Dobkin Bruce H
Published: November 2023

Ambulation is often the highest immediate rehabilitative priority for patients following a stroke, the Guillain-Barre syndrome, and brain or spinal cord injury. Patients with progressive diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and myopathies, as well as the elderly who develop proximal weakness and imbalance associated with deconditioning, arthritic pain, contractures or a spinal stenosis aim for continued independent walking, in part to lessen the burden of care they may pose for significant others.
Stroke
Authors: Dobkin Bruce H
Published: November 2023

Apoplexy convolutes the lives of young and old, rising with each decade of untreated risk factors. Across national boundaries, the disease kills 15%–35% of its victims and causes serious disability in more adults who survive than any other medical disease. The sudden burdens of disability, the prospect of a life diminished by a “dead” hand, by a gimpy leg, or by grimacingly difficult speech swell most victims with the confusion and fear of helplessness for the first time in their lives. For a retired person beached in bed with hemiplegia, the shade of stroke encloses dark worries about losing all dignity and cherished independence.
Emergence of Transcendence
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

While thinking about this chapter, I happened to read the following remarks by Pope John Paul II and John H. Holland. The pope, in giving the allocution to the plenary session of the Pontifical Academy of Science of 1992, entitled “The Emergence of Complexity in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and Biology,” asked, “How are we to reconcile the explanation of the world with the recognition that ‘the whole is more than the sum of its parts’?” (Pullmann, 1996, 466) Holland, in his book Emergence: From Chaos to Order, notes: “Emergence, in the sense used here, occurs only when the activities of the parts do not simply seem to give the activity of the whole. For emergence, the whole is indeed more than the sum of the parts” (1998, 14).
Matter, Spirit, and The Heart
Authors: Martensen Robert L
Published: November 2023

When William Harvey published Exercitatio Anatomica De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (De Motu) in 1628, he compared the heart’s role in animal bodies with that of Charles I in England: “The heart of animals is the foundation of their life, the sovereign of everything within them, the sun of their microcosm, that upon which all growth depends, from which all power proceeds. The king, in like manner, is the foundation of his kingdom, the sun of the world around him, the heart of the republic, the fountain whence all power, all grace doth flow.” As Harvey grew older, however, he assigned more physiologic agency to the blood than to the heart. In De Motu he wrote that the heart possessed an innate heat, but by the 1640s, ifnot earlier, he had decided that the “innate heat belong(s) to the blood alone.” As he worked on embryos in the late 1640s he became convinced that, “It is therefore evident ... the blood is ... the builder and preserver of the body and principal part wherein the Soul hath her Session. “ During
When The Brain Came out of The Skull
Authors: Martensen Robert L
Published: November 2023

During the 1660s and early 1670s, publishers with close personal ties to Thomas Willis published under his name the first comprehensive European texts on the structure and function of the human brain and nerves and their diseases and treatments. They included, in order of their appearance, the book commonly known then and now by its short title, Cerebri Anatome (The Anatomy of the Brain or Cerebral Anatomy, abbreviated hence forth as Anatomy). Among the learned, Anatomy was popular from the outset, the expensive quarto first edition being knocked-off in three less expensive octavo versions in 1664 alone. Subsequently, it appeared in five more Latin versions between 1666 and 1683. As Willis noted in the text, Anatomy was just the first book of a planned sequence of texts on nervous diseases, the place of man in the animal kingdom, and rational treatments for nervous and other diseases. Subsequently, in 1667 his Pathologiae Cerebri, et Nervosi Generis Specimen (Diseases of the Brain and Nerves, abbreviated hence as Pathology) appeared, and in 1670 Affectionum quae Dicuntur Hystericae et Hypochondriachae, a treatise on hysteria and hypochondria, which were common diagnoses then. In 1672 Willis published a text he alluded to in Anatomy, De Anima Brutorum (On the Soul of Brutes), and finally in 1674 and 1675, his two volumes on “rational” therapies for many illnesses, the Phannaceutice Rationalis, appeared, the second volume shortly after his death.
Introduction
Authors: Calhoun Cheshire
Published: November 2023

This collection brings together nineteen of the leading women philosophers in ethics who have contributed to setting the compass in moral philosophy over the past two or three decades. The result is a set of essays that collectively display the sorts of powerful and innovative contributions to ethics that women moral philosophers have made and continue to make. It is a collection that makes visible women moral philosophers’ varied conceptions of the proper subjects, texts, methods, audiences, and purposes of moral philosophy. It also invites the reader to rethink the boundaries between non feminist and feminist moral philosophy.
Taking Care: Care as Practice and Value
Authors: Held Virginia
Published: November 2023

The last words I spoke to my older brother after a brief visit and with special feeling were “take care.” He had not been taking good care of himself, and I hoped he would do better; not many days later he died, of problems quite possibly unrelated to those to which I had been referring. We often say “take care” as routinely as “goodbye” or some abbreviation and with as little emotion. But even then it does convey some sense of connectedness. More often, when said with some feeling, it means something like “take care of yourself because I care about you.”
Globalizing Feminist Ethics
Authors: Jaggar Alison M
Published: November 2023

Global trade and interaction are not new, but their current intensification is unprecedented. Local communities have never been completely closed, but now their boundaries have become so porous that people speak of community disintegration. Economies have never been entirely self-sufficient, but never before has international trade been so crucial to the prosperity and even the survival of local economies. These developments have raised new problems for moral and political philosophy and so for feminist ethics.
The setting
Authors: Crosby Donald G
Published: November 2023

Captain Smith’s ‘‘Ivie’’ was well known to his Powhatan Indian neighbors. For centuries, they and other Native Americans had used it for medicine. Navajos made arrow poison from this native plant, and California’s Miwoks made the Western version, it-tum in their language, into black dye for baskets (Balls, 1962). They were very aware of its harmful character—in Mexico, it was called mala mujer, the wicked woman—but to unwary European settlers, the attractive weeds became familiar as ‘‘poison ivy’’ and ‘‘poison oak.’’
Poison Oaks, Poison Ivies, And Relatives
Authors: Crosby Donald G
Published: November 2023

To best understand and appreciate plants, one must relate them in some logical order. This is the function of taxonomy (table 2.1). For example, poi- son oak, poison ivy, and poison sumac all belong to the same large group or family of plants related to mango and cashew: the Anacardiaceae. Members of this family, some 70 genera representing 600 species (Mitchell and Mori, 1987), occur in tropical and temperate areas of the world except for New Zealand and the deserts of Asia, Africa, and Australia (Mitchell, 1990). Some of the familiar ornamental and economic species are discussed in chapter 3.
Adverse Effects
Authors: Crosby Donald G
Published: November 2023

Intoxication means poisoning, and it is not restricted to alcohol. In the usual intoxication process (section 1.6), a substance absorbed through a body sur- face enters the bloodstream, circulates to a distant site of action, often metabolically activated or deactivated along the way, and finally interacts with some specific biochemical target to elicit an effect considered adverse.
Philosophical Papers
Authors: Unger Peter
Published: November 2023

While well-known for his book-length work, philosopher Peter Unger’s articles have been less widely accessible. These two volumes of Unger’s Philosophical Papers include articles spanning more than 35 years of Unger’s long and fruitful career. Dividing the articles thematically, this first volume collects work in epistemology and ethics, among other topics, while the second volume focuses on metaphysics. Unger’s work has advanced the full spectrum of topics at the heart of philosophy, including epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of language and philosophy of mind, and ethics. Unger advances radical positions, going against the so-called “commonsense philosophy” that has dominated the analytic tradition since its beginnings early in the twentieth century. In epistemology, his articles advance the view that nobody ever knows anything and, beyond that, argue that nobody has any reason to believe anything—and even beyond that, they argue that nobody has any reason to do anything, or even want anything. In metaphysics, his work argues that people do not really exist—and neither do puddles, plants, poodles, and planets. But, as Unger has often changed his favored positions, from one decade to the next, his work also advances the opposite, “commonsense” positions: that there are in fact plenty of people, puddles, plants and planets and, quite beyond that, we know it all to be true. On most major philosophical questions, both of these sides of Unger’s significant work are well represented in this major two volume collection. Unger’s vivid writing style, intellectual vitality, and fearlessness in the face of our largest philosophical questions, make these volumes of great interest not only to the philosophical community but to others who might otherwise find contemporary philosophy dry and technical.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute, self-limiting, inflammatory, demyelinating polyneuropathy. The incidence has remained fairly constant at 1 per 100,000, but outbreaks, often of unknown cause, continue to occur. Guillain-Barré syndrome is commonly precipitated by an infection, often a trivial viral respiratory infection. Certain pathogens predominate as triggers in GBS, mainly Campylobacter jejuni, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.32,42 Other, less robust, associations are vaccinations, surgery, and cancer.43,64 A puzzling finding is that no preceding illness can be identified in one-third of the patients.