bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Voices of Rebellion
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold
Published: September 2021

While Moses Lopez sought acceptance in Philadelphia, Isaac Lopez Brandon fought his own battles in Barbados. Before leaving the island, Brandon signed the Jews’ 1819 petition to the island legislature asking it to make the synagogue a vestry and give Jews the vote. For lower middle-class Jews, the bill was deeply distressing: they lacked property to vote anyway, and they didn’t want pay the mandatory taxes the change entailed. They were also enraged that Isaac Lopez Brandon, a “man of colour,” would gain privileges that white Jews of a middling sort could never hope to attain. Eventually the bill passed, but only after Isaac had been demoted and lost his right to vote in the synagogue. Isaac’s battle was part of a larger religious war waged by the Gill family, a battle that underscored the intertwined role of minority religions and rights on the island.
A Woman of Valor
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold
Published: September 2021

Before they were wed even a year, Sarah and Joshua made their way back across the Atlantic, this time settling in New York. Sarah was pregnant with the first of ten children, and the couple quickly settled into family life on the tip of Manhattan in the streets surrounding the Mill Street synagogue. Having married into the synagogue’s wealthiest family, Sarah found herself at the center of New York Jewish life. Knowing people in New York mattered. She had lived in four cities in four countries before she reached the age of twenty, and New York was hardly the most racially progressive place she had resided. Her children’s births raised question of acceptance, and the young family strategically bound their children to the larger community and Sarah’s in-laws through names, godparents, and circumcision rituals.
Epilogue
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold
Published: September 2021

The epilogue shows how changes in the understanding of race between Sarah’s lifetime and that of her granddaughter Blanche Moses set the stage for the erasure of Sarah and Isaac’s African ancestry from family memory. The subsequent silence around Sarah and Isaac’s story reflects other losses in the larger story of American Judaism. Following World War II, the emerging field of Jewish American history struggled to place Jews in the ethno-racial landscape of the Americas, and the histories of non-white and multiracial Jews often went untold. Was it insecurity over their own whiteness that caused European-American Jewish historians to write Jews of color out of the story of American Judaism, or just that their own genealogies led them to create histories that mirrored their families’ experiences and self-understandings? The chapter ends by looking at how descendants of Sarah and Isaac today responded to the telling of their history.
Thraldom
Authors: Brink Stefan
Published: September 2021

“Thraldom,” the old Scandinavian word for slavery, is an elusive phenomenon characterized by different conditions of dependencies and with fluid transitions between being free and unfree; a person could be at once socially respected but still unfree; you could voluntarily go into slavery; you could be sentenced to time-limited slavery for a criminal offense; you could give away your child to become a slave; but you could also buy yourself out of slavery. Hence, slavery was not a black-and-white social phenomenon. You could be a chattel thrall, living in the barn with the cows, or a legally unfree steward, living on and running the king’s estate. In this study all conceivable source materials are analyzed, such as archaeology, runic inscriptions, Icelandic sagas, early law, place names, personal names, and not least etymological and semantic analyses of the terminology of slaves. Slavery was widespread all over Europe during the early Middle Ages, and it seems the Scandinavians became major players in the northern European slave trade. However, the hypothesis is that the Scandinavian Vikings were not particularly interested in taking slaves to Scandinavia; instead their “business model” seems to have been to raid, abduct, and then sell off captured people at major slave markets. Their quest was not people, but silver. Scandinavian slavery eventually was abandoned, a process that is very obscure, and seems to have disappeared in society in the beginning of the fourteenth century.
Barriers to Ambition across Class, Race, Ethnicity, and National Origin
Authors: Rhode Deborah L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines barriers to ambition based on class, race, ethnicity, and national origin. It notes that many nations do a better job in delivering on the American Dream than America does. The United States has lower rates of intergenerational mobility than other comparable countries. The public radically underestimates barriers to ambition based on race, class, and ethnicity and the resource disparities in families, schools, and support structures that hobble disadvantaged youth. Americans also fail to address the racial barriers and biases that persist across class. Children of some recent immigrant groups are an exception to these patterns and have higher ambitions and achievements than children of similar backgrounds with American-born parents. But those advantages fade with each generation, and even members of “model minorities” confront disabling stereotypes and marginalization. Society pays a substantial price for the failure to address these inequalities, and the chapter closes with key reform priorities.
Intentional Participation in the State
Authors: Pasternak Avia
Published: September 2021

This chapter applies the idea of “intentional participation,” which was developed in chapter 2, to the state and its citizens. Its core claim is that citizens intentionally participate in their state and its policies, and that when that intention is genuine, they have a duty to accept a nonproportional share of their state’s remedial obligations for its wrongdoings. The chapter defends this claim from two core objections. First, that citizens’ participation in their state is nonvoluntary and therefore not genuine. Second, that citizens often disagree with, or are unaware of, some of their state’s policies and therefore cannot be said to take part in them. The chapter shows that despite the nonvoluntary nature of the state, and even when state policies are secret or controversial, citizens remain their inclusive authors and are liable for their outcomes.
The Silk Roads
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray
Published: September 2021

This chapter shows how in early antiquity the universal appeal of silk spread across Eurasia through a trade network known as the Silk Roads. Silk inspired the economic exchange of trading goods, which produced a network of trade centers and cities. The value of silk was so great that traders endured harsh conditions as they passed through the great mountain ranges of the Tien Shan, Karakorams, and Hindu Kush and skirted inhospitable deserts, such as the Taklamakan and Gobi. Caravanserais, rest stops along the Silk Roads, allowed travelers to exchange ideas and innovations and created awareness of different cultures and religions. The product of the domestic silkworm figured prominently in the development of dominant Central and Western Asian empires and Chinese dynasties and produced significant historical figures, such as Timur and Mongol leader, Genghis Khan. As this chapter shows, that rich, arcane history developed because of the domestic silkworm.
Silk Goes East and West
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray
Published: September 2021

This chapter introduces the early history of silk. The fabric was known about in Europe since the 1st Century BCE, but what it came from or how it was made were unknown, with early Romans thinking silk grew on plants or was the downy surface of leaves. As the chapter shows, the closely guarded secret eventually became known in Japan, Korea, and India, but the monopoly on Chinese silk making was only broken when the process made its way to the Byzantine capital of Constantinople, where silk making flourished. Later moves to Italian cities, and France produced different silk patterns. In France, the Jacquard loom was developed, using punch cards to weave repeatable patterns, a technology later adapted for collecting and sorting data in the US census. Modern computers and cell phones can be traced to the refinement of punch cards from the Jacquard loom, used to weave silk from the domestic silkworm.
Not Just the Plague
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray
Published: September 2021

This chapter describes two pandemics, separated by nearly a millennium, that raged through Asia and Europe in the 6th and 14th Centuries. The second plague pandemic, the Black Death, is better known than its predecessor, the Justinianic Plague. As the chapter relates, the causes of these pandemics were not known at the time, but both were spread along the Silk Roads from the deserts in Central Asia, through Constantinople, and then to Europe. It outlines the stories told about and explanations for both pandemics, which either are scarce or come from second-hand reports, and shows that because the cause was not known, preventative methods were largely ineffective, cruel, or even bizarre. Each of the two pandemics killed tens of millions of people–estimates of numbers vary widely. Finally, the chapter relates how the roles of insects as disease vectors were not understood until the 20th Century, and only then came the recognition that the plague pandemics differed and could not be called just the Plague.
Sorting Out the Plague
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the complex interactions among mammal hosts, insect vectors, bacteria and even amoebae implicated in the movement of the plague around the world. As it shows, trying to find the cause for the three plague pandemics is similar to the way a television detective solves a murder mystery. While the third pandemic established the roles of rats, rat fleas, and bacteria, that explanation has been incorrectly applied to explain the first two pandemics. The chapter shows how bacterial DNA collected from the teeth of 6th-Century plague victims, exhumed 1,400 years later, established greater understanding of the rate and geographic extent of the plague's spread. It goes on to relate how the age-old conclusions that brown rats were disease reservoirs and their fleas were vectors have been reconsidered, assigning rats and fleas specific roles and recognizing that humans and human lice as host and vector are more consistent with the plague’s rapid spread. Using clues from hosts and vectors to solve the mystery requires investigators to be like detectives.
Lice in War and Peace
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers human lice, which have been parasites of humans throughout all human history and transmit a deadly bacteria that has killed millions. Analyzing lice genetics tells of divergence of humans from other apes and when humans began to wear clothing. Human body lice live in clothing and infest people only to feed. Lice spread easily among people in crowded situations and transmit bacteria causing diseases, such as typhus. The chapter relates how lice-transmitted typhus caused jail fever in early England, resulting in the deaths of more prisoners than the death penalty. Lice and typhus worsened the Irish Great Famine, as the disease killed thousands of Irish emigrating to the United States on “coffin ships.” Epidemics of typhus were prevalent in wartime, killing troops in both World War I and World War II as well as civilians in Nazi concentration camps and the Warsaw Ghetto during World War II and immediately after. Post-war use of DDT averted typhus epidemics in Europe and Japan.
Six-Legged Livestock
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray
Published: September 2021

This chapter relates the history of the well-known Western honey bees Apis mellifera, just one of 20,000 species of bees. It relates how honey bees originated in Asia, where they nested in tree cavities, from which humans robbed honey. Beekeeping arose as a mutualistic relationship, providing shelter for bees in exchange for consistent access to their products and was prominent in ancient Egypt, from where the practice moved to Western Asia and Europe. Honey bees were taken to North America in 1622 by colonists needing pollinators of food crops. The chapter explains the major roles honey bees play as pollinators of crops, enabling a diversity of food in modern diets and providing billions of dollars in economic benefit. Uniting flowering plants with pollinators means we raise honey bees as six-legged livestock, manipulating and moving the bees to meet human needs. Honey bees face modern threats, and threats to bees are threats to our food supply.
Text and Originalism
Authors: Thomas George
Published: September 2021

Scalia is originalism and textualism’s most visible advocate—as is evident in his being taken as the model jurist for the appointment of justices Gorscuh, Kavanaugh, and Barrett—even while his interpretation of text was driven by his unwritten ideas. Scalia sought to limit judicial discretion, which is why he turned to text and original meaning. Much like Justice Black’s textual jurisprudence, Scalia’s jurisprudence of original meaning is rooted in unwritten understandings about democracy and the nature of the judiciary that are not obviously drawn from text. While Scalia frequently chastised his colleagues for departing from the Constitution, his quarrels with them were largely over unwritten understandings and ideas that we can see when we turn to his opinions regarding Fourteenth Amendment due process.
Text and Republican Government
Authors: Thomas George
Published: September 2021

Early conflicts over religious liberty and freedom of speech reveal that while we can agree on the Constitution’s text, we can profoundly disagree over the unwritten ideas we think the text represents. Debates about religion and free speech point to deeper unwritten principles that are at the very heart of America’s constitutional republic. The first debate deals with the prohibition on religious tests for office in Article VI. The second speaks to freedom of speech and press. In these early debates about religious liberty and freedom of speech, the antagonists agreed on the wording of constitutional text; they disagreed profoundly on the principles and political theory that underlie it in their understanding of America’s new republic. These early arguments reveal the importance of constructing constitutional meaning from the unwritten ideas that underlie the constitutional text.
Text and Unwritten Understandings
Authors: Thomas George
Published: September 2021

Unwritten ideas underlie all approaches to constitutional interpretation, as each approach has an implicit political theory that drives its understanding of text. Some jurists and scholars think that constitutional interpretation should include applying general principles and understandings in ways we may never have thought about before. Others insist that such work should come by way of democratic legislation or constitutional amendment, not by way of constitutional interpretation by unelected judges. Yet each approach rests on unwritten understandings—on a political theory that underlies the Constitution, which is the source of our debates about how to faithfully follow the written Constitution. This also requires that we weigh and balance the different parts of the Constitution to see how they fit together as a coherent whole, relying on judgments that are not rooted in text.
Clouds
Authors: Jarow E. H. Rick
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the phenomenon of “Intertextuality.” How it is understood in India and the West and why is an awareness of resonant texts essential to engaging the poem? The next section surveys ways in which Indian texts have been translated and understood in the West and makes a case for looking at the text through Indian categories as well. The main characteristics of classical Indian literatures are discussed; including ahistorical methodologies of reading, reader-response over a focus on the author, orality, and the evocation of rasa. The chapter ends with an exploration of the incongruity of a cloud carrying a message, which has ever-fascinated both Indian and Western readers of the Meghadūta.
The Power of Movies and a Method to Study It
Authors: Cutting James E.
Published: September 2021

Popular cinema has been around a long time; much has remained constant, much has changed. This chapter broaches some of the changes in and around movies during the past century. These changes have been made to boost viewers’ engagement, which depends on at least four psychological dimensions: their sustained attention, their understanding of the narrative, their emotional commitment, and their feeling of presence in the story. The chapter also provides an overview of two methods of academic study in the sciences and humanities—the case study method and the wider sampling, statistical method. It then lays out the case for studying many movies as a sampled group, but it also knowledges pitfalls. Nonetheless, study of many movies has a great number of things to offer, for each of the movies and for understanding the nature of the human mind.
Viewing and Lenses
Authors: Cutting James E.
Published: September 2021

How do displays—those of smartphones, tablets, laptops, televisions, and movie screens—fit with how people see? This chapter discusses acuity, visual fields, and how aspect ratios and screen size interact with them. It also considers lenses to photograph and project movie images, their lengths, their angles of view, and other effects such as their falloff in luminance and image artifacts that they create—bokeh and flare, depth of focus, and distortions of shape. Finally, it considers types of lenses—wide-angle, normal, and telephoto; spherical and anamorphic—and discusses how these are used by cinematographers to create emotional effects, the buildup of anxiety and the change of emotion, and how they can induce fearfulness.
Montages, Sequences, and Syntagmas
Authors: Cutting James E.
Published: September 2021

In addition to scenes, there are three other medium-size units in cinema that are scene-like, composed of scenes, or composed of scene-like parts. The first of these is the montage—a series of related shots traditionally knit together with dissolves. The sequences is groups of related scenes. And the syntagma, a term borrowed and modified from semiotics, is composed of subscenes—scene-like subunits that have neither a real beginning nor an end. Syntagmas are alternations of subscenes with some consistent combination of location, character, and time change. The evidence for these three types of units—montages, sequences, and syntagmas—is empirical, based on judgments by viewers. In experiments, viewers segmented two dozen movies. They almost never segmented within a montage; to them, it was a whole, just like a scene. They almost always segmented the scenes within a sequence, but they segmented within syntagmas erratically and only half the time.
Stories and Their Parts
Authors: Cutting James E.
Published: September 2021

Film scholars often compare the structure of films to fairy tales and fables. These both typically have four main parts: a setup, a complication, a development, and a climax. This chapter discusses in detail the Disney animated short Paperman (2012), which has four parts of roughly the same length. Heretofore, only film theorists and practitioners have discussed these parts, but an experiment with average viewers shows that they agree quite well with professional assessments. This chapter then considers the psychological underpinnings of these roughly 20- to 35-minute units. The closest thing in psychology is found in vigilance experiments. After such intervals, performance in detecting rare objects declines. Movie producers and theater owners know that if nothing much happens in a movie after about 20 minutes, the audience with begin to squirm. Thus, these two intervals many be aligned. Changes are necessary for an audience’s sustained attention to the narrative.
Structure, Engagement, and Evolution
Authors: Cutting James E.
Published: September 2021

This chapter provides a structural description of movie units, defends the notion that movies have evolved in the direction of fitting better our capacities and preferences, and summarizes evidence that the evolved changes have encouraged narrative engagement by viewers. Arguments against any true evolution of cinema concern reproduction, genes, random variation and selection, fashion, progression, speciation, and directionality, and these are discussed and all but the means of reproduction countered. The chapter then summarizes results of the previous chapters about how narrative engagement is attained through sustained attentional focus, understanding the narrative, emotional commitment, and a feeling of presence. It also warns the reader that increased engagement does not mean better movies. Engagement is driven by the narration; the quality of the movie is surely driven by the narrative.
Philosophical Foundations of Climate Change Policy
Authors: Heath Joseph
Published: September 2021

Although the task of formulating an appropriate policy response to the problem of anthropogenic climate change is one that raises a number of very difficult normative issues, environmental ethicists have not played an influential role in government deliberations. This is primarily due to their rejection of many of the assumptions that structure the debates over policy. This book offers a philosophical defense of these assumptions in order to overcome the major conceptual barriers to the participation of philosophers in these debates. There are five important barriers: First, the policy debate presupposes a stance of liberal neutrality, as a result of which it does not privilege any particular set of environmental values over other concerns. Second, it assumes ongoing economic growth, along with a commitment to what is sometimes called a weak sustainability framework when analyzing the value of the bequest being made to future generations. Third, it treats climate change as fundamentally a collective action problem, not an issue of distributive justice. Fourth, there is the acceptance of cost-benefit analysis, or more precisely, the view that a carbon-pricing regime should be guided by our best estimate of the social cost of carbon. And finally, there is the view that when this calculation is undertaken, it is permissible to discount costs and benefits, depending on how far removed they are from the present. This book attempts to make explicit and defend these presuppositions, and in so doing offer philosophical foundations for the debate over climate change policy.
Introduction
Authors: Heath Joseph
Published: September 2021

Although philosophers have spent a great deal of time debating what “justice” requires, they have struggled when pressed to specify the implications that any particular conception of justice has for concrete questions of public policy. As a result, policy debates over the problem of anthropogenic climate change have been dominated by the normative framework of utilitarianism (or variants of the welfare consequentialism favored by economists), not for its intrinsic merits, but because it can easily be applied to the question, and generates plausible recommendations in most cases. This introduction presents the outlines of a “minimally controversial contractualism,” intended to serve as an alternative normative framework for developing climate change policy. It endorses the same plausible policy prescriptions in the standard cases while offering better resources for addressing the question of social discounting.
Adapting
Authors: Valmisa Mercedes
Published: September 2021

Philosophy of action in the context of Classical China is radically different from its counterpart in the contemporary Western philosophical narrative. Classical Chinese philosophers began from the assumption that relations are primary to the constitution of the person, hence acting in the early Chinese context necessarily is interacting and co-acting along with others—human and nonhuman actors. This book is the first monograph dedicated to the exploration and rigorous reconstruction of an extraordinary strategy for efficacious relational action devised by Classical Chinese philosophers in order to account for the interdependent and embedded character of human agency—what the author has denominated “adapting” or “adaptive agency” (yin因‎). As opposed to more unilateral approaches to action also conceptualized in the Classical Chinese corpus, such as forceful and prescriptive agency, adapting requires great capacity of self- and other-awareness, equanimity, flexibility, creativity, and response, which allows the agent to co-raise courses of action ad hoc: unique and temporary solutions to specific, nonpermanent, and nongeneralizable life problems. Adapting is one of the world’s oldest philosophies of action, and yet it is shockingly new for contemporary audiences, who will find in it an unlikely source of inspiration to deal with our current global problems. This book explores the core conception of adapting both on autochthonous terms and by cross-cultural comparison, drawing on the European and Analytic philosophical traditions as well as on scholarship from other disciplines, thus opening a brand new topic in Chinese and comparative philosophy.
Filmgoers’ Fingerprints
Authors: Tsika Noah
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on fingerprinting stations, which, from the early 1920s until the late 1950s, were often located in the lobbies of movie theaters and used both in conjunction with crime films and as part of a broader push to collect Americans’ personal biometric information. An increasingly popular component of efforts to normalize civil identification, fingerprinting stations routinely functioned to promote both crime films and local police departments. They also raised alarming questions about the scope of police power in the United States. Fingerprinting stations were naturalized aspects of a cinematic assemblage that served police power, smuggling law enforcement into the local movie theater and making the collection of patrons’ personal biometric information seem continuous both with screen representations and with the wider work of advertising and publicity departments.
A Controversial Partner
Authors: Tutino Stefania
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on Joachim of Fiore, Giovanni’s alleged companion and inspirator. After a brief introduction to Joachim’s life and works, this chapter explains the controversies that Joachim’s prophecies and theological views provoked. The chapter also explores the centuries-long and failed attempts made by Joachim’s followers to have him officially canonized. In the seventeenth century, the case for Joachim’s sanctity received several boosts, including the important endorsement of the Jesuit Daniel Papebroch, one of the leaders of the Bollandists. The chapter explores all the political, intellectual, and theological reasons for this novel enthusiasm, which Carlo hoped would have benefited Giovanni’s case as well. Analyzing the joint cases of Joachim and Giovanni provides a unique lens through which we can appreciate the politics of sanctity in connection with questions of historical authenticity and theological orthodoxy.
The Building and Breaking of Peace
Authors: Melin Molly M.
Published: September 2021

The Building and Breaking of Peace considers the role of corporate firms in building peaceful societies. Examining the corporate motives for peacebuilding and then the implications of these activities for preventing violence and conflict resolution creates a holistic picture of the peace and conflict process. The book examines variation in corporate engagement as a product of corporate culture and shifts in government capacity, as well as threats to the ability to conduct business. Corporations engage in peacebuilding when there is a gap in the state’s capacity to enforce laws creating the demand for engagement but when there is stability that enables firms to supply peacebuilding. The book then considers the implications of corporate engagement for preventing and ending violence. Building on the rational choice theory of civil war and drawing from business research, The Building and Breaking of Peace examines the role of corporate firms in building peaceful societies. While firms are uniquely situated in their ability to raise the cost of violence, an active private sector acts as an additional veto player in the bargaining process, making it significantly harder to reach an agreement. The findings suggest that corporations help to prevent violence but not resolve it. These arguments are tested on original cross-national data of peacebuilding efforts by firms in Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa from 2000 to 2018 and in-depth case analyses of corporate actions and outcomes in Colombia, Northern Ireland, and Tunisia.
Transnational Corporations and Conflict Resolution in Northern Ireland
Authors: Melin Molly M.
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the case of Northern Ireland and shows how engaged transnational corporations can help move a country from violence to peace when domestic firms lack either the strength or the will to do so. The sectarian conflict, which dates back hundreds of years, has always had economic roots and consequences. It makes sense then, that corporations, as the main drivers of modern economic exchange, would be a large part of the answer. The chapter looks at how companies like Fruit of the Loom, Allstate, and Seagate Technology have helped create the economic opportunities that are necessary to help Northern Ireland maintain a peaceful future.
Rhetorical Agendas
Authors: Russell Annelise
Published: September 2021

All senators are adapting their communications to a new media climate where they make strategic choices about how to differentiate themselves through their rhetorical agenda—a public-facing presentation of a senator’s priorities for representation. This chapter lays out a theory of senators’ rhetorical agendas and constituent-driven communication on Twitter. Senators are utilizing Twitter’s unconstrained platform for low-cost reputation building with the public. Each senator is incentivized to strategically communicate a rhetorical agenda that fosters constituency relationships, building trust and legitimacy with voters. Senators make these connections on Twitter via a two-step approach, directly engaging people online but also by building digital relationships with journalists and political influencers who indirectly translate a senator’s priorities for the public. Senators get to decide how they frame their agenda and what type of constituency they want to cultivate with their strategic messaging.
Short, Not-So-Sweet, and to (Some) Point
Authors: Russell Annelise
Published: September 2021

Senators want to differentiate themselves and their agenda, so they have to be strategic about both what to say and when. Senators’ Twitter activity tells us what they value as representatives, but before parsing what senators are talking about, this chapter explains how they are doing it. Senators have to decide how much time and effort they want to put into Twitter, and the chapter dispels the notion that these decisions come down to how old a senator is. The chapter details just how many tweets senators are sending and how senators’ Twitter activity shifts—or not—by demographics like age, gender, party, and seniority. The data reveal that senators’ Twitter activity is not consistently patterned by these common explanations for congressional behavior. The chapter shows that Twitter frequency is variable across different types of senators, suggesting that the important variability is in the messaging rather than just the volume of messages.
All Politics Is Local
Authors: Russell Annelise
Published: September 2021

Each senator is responsible for developing an approach to his job that he believes satisfies his goals and future political success, and many senators pursue a style of representation that is based on relationships with constituents at home. This chapter looks more closely at how senators constrain their rhetorical agenda to prioritize constituent service—such as advertising state office hours and promoting town hall meetings—and examines how electoral incentives influence senators’ choice to adopt a constituent servant style of communication. This chapter explains how pressures from local constituents or the state’s political environment incentivize another group of senators to prioritize state-specific information for their geographic constituency. For constituent servants, the pressures that a senator faces from the party or the institution come second to the expectations of a senator’s constituency and the relationships maintained by constraining the message to localized issues.
Prioritization and Representation
Authors: Russell Annelise
Published: September 2021

The idea that senators tailor their social media habits according to their priorities for representation adds another layer to what we know about members of Congress. Senators adopt three types or styles of communication, shaped by their own background and the preferences of the constituencies those communications are designed to reinforce. Senators make a choice to be a policy wonk, a constituent servant, or party warrior, which reflects their style of representation and how they want to be portrayed by constituents. This variation in representation is reflected in senators’ rhetorical agendas and made accessible in the era of rapid, public engagement on Twitter. Social media can bring out the worst in people—lewd remarks, haphazard comments, and criticism verging on cruelty—but at the same time, Twitter reveals senators’ priorities for representation.
Rethinking Securities Law—Laying the Groundwork
Authors: Steinberg Marc I.
Published: September 2021

This chapter explains the need for the “rethinking” of the federal securities laws, with particular emphasis on the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Recognizing the historical preeminence of the U.S. securities law framework, the chapter first highlights key attributes that facilitate the effectuation of this achievement. Thereafter, the chapter addresses problematic characteristics of U.S. securities regulation. As set forth therein, the framework of securities regulation that exists today in the United States is comprised of piecemeal federal legislation, judicial decisions, SEC action, state securities (blue sky) activity, and self-regulatory organization oversight. As a consequence, the presence of consistent and logical regulation all too often is absent. With frequency, in both transactional and litigation settings, mandates apply that are erratic and antithetical to sound public policy. Setting the stage, in a preliminary manner, the chapter identifies several of the key problematic areas, succinctly explains their deficiencies, and suggests corrective measures that should be implemented.
Insider Trading
Authors: Steinberg Marc I.
Published: September 2021

This chapter addresses regulation of insider trading in the United States. Uncertainties and inconsistencies prevail in this setting resulting in disparate treatment for similarly situated actors. Other developed countries, while applying many principles of U.S. securities law to their securities markets, have rejected the U.S. approach in the insider trading context. To redress this situation, Congress should enact comprehensive legislation that meaningfully addresses the contours of the insider trading prohibition. Among other mandates, this legislation would: require corporate insiders to provide advance notice of their contemplated transactions in the subject company’s equity securities; bar corporate insiders and other access persons from trading in the subject company’s securities during the interval between the occurrence of a reportable event and the making of a SEC filing (such as a Form 8-K); close loopholes that currently exist with respect to the propriety of insider trading plans; and adopt a comprehensive access approach governing the legality of trading and tipping on the basis of material nonpublic information.
Summary of Recommendations for Adoption
Authors: Steinberg Marc I.
Published: September 2021

This chapter summarizes key recommendations that are proffered throughout this book. Recommendations that are proposed encompass the areas of the disclosure framework, issuer exemptions from Securities Act registration, exemptions for resales of securities, the Securities Act registration framework, due diligence in registered offerings, the federalization of corporate governance, private securities litigation, insider trading, mergers and acquisitions, and the Securities and Exchange Commission. In total, well over 100 recommendations are set forth in this chapter. Hence, this book has identified problematic areas, analyzed their shortcomings, and recommended solutions that should ameliorate the deficiencies that exist. With the adoption and implementation of the recommendations made herein, the U.S. securities framework should become more transparent, even-handed, and investor-oriented without imposing undue burdens on legitimate business practices.
First Words, Last Words
Authors: Bronner Yigal , McCrea Lawrence
Published: September 2021

First Words, Last Words charts an intense “pamphlet war” that took place in sixteenth-century South India. The book explores this controversy as a case study in the dynamics of innovation in early modern India, a time of great intellectual innovation. This debate took place within the traditional discourses of Vedic hermeneutics, or Mīmāṃsā, and its increasingly influential sibling discipline of Vedānta, and its proponents among the leading intellectuals and public figures of the period. At the heart of this dispute lies the role of sequence in the cognitive processing of textual information, especially of a scriptural nature. Vyāsatīrtha and his grand-pupil Vijayīndratīrtha, writers belonging to the camp of Dualist Vedānta, purported to uphold the radical view of their founding father, Madhva, who believed, against a long tradition of Mīmāṃsā interpreters, that the closing portion of a scriptural passage should govern the interpretation of its opening. By contrast, the Nondualist Appayya Dīkṣita ostensibly defended this tradition’s preference for the opening. But, as the book shows, the debaters gradually converged on a profoundly novel hermeneutic-cognitive theory in which sequence played little role, if any. In fact, they knowingly broke new ground and only postured as traditionalists. First Words, Last Words explores the nature of theoretical innovation in this debate and sets it against the background of comparative examples from other major scriptural interpretive traditions. The book briefly surveys the use of sequence in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic hermeneutics and also seeks out parallel cases of covert innovation in these traditions.
Legislative Attempts, 1983–1988
Authors: Waltman Max
Published: September 2021

The chapter compares Canadian and U.S. legislative challenges. It delineates the 1983–1985 Canadian Fraser Committee’s liberal-conservative compromise, which rejected the women’s movement’s evidence-based demands that called for a civil rights approach like that endorsed by the U.S. Attorney General’s Commission. The minor, incremental change of the Fraser Committee’s recommendations is examined: the similarity to existing obscenity law and the reliance on general human rights legislation, as opposed to adopting specific legal measures that would recognize the intersectional grounds necessary to empower those victimized. Likewise, significant parliamentary attempts in 1986–1988 to reform Canadian obscenity law are assessed, including flaws such as “body-parts” definitional approaches that fail to acknowledge the context of subordination and various potentially overbroad provisions or loopholes. The chapter concludes that by contrast to its U.S. counterpart, the Canadian feminist anti-pornography movement lacked sufficient focus or political influence to impact legislative deliberations in the desired direction.
Judicial Challenges, 1982–2019
Authors: Waltman Max
Published: September 2021

The chapter compares Canadian and U.S. judicial challenges, tracing the development of Canada’s unconventional harm-based criminal obscenity law under the 1982 Charter’s substantive equality guarantees. It highlights the Canadian Supreme Court intervener LEAF—a women’s organization instrumental in Butler (1992), where the law was saved as an equality provision against freedom of expression challenges. Butler is contrasted with the more categorical U.S. First Amendment law. Despite Butler’s promises, it is shown that since then, pornographers have mainly been protected by Canadian courts, which use desensitized contemporary standards, flawed empirical evidence, surgically inserted loopholes, and wishy-washy judicial reasoning where harm is concerned. In light of LEAF’s successful intervention, the civil rights model is explored as an alternative to criminal law that would better represent the groups whose interests are most threatened by pornography—groups with substantially stronger incentives than the government to invest time and effort in challenging the pornography industry.
Conclusions
Authors: Waltman Max
Published: September 2021

The conclusions summarize and elaborate the comparative analysis, rebut the postmodern critique of the civil rights approach, and discuss extended implications to other research problems such as international climate justice. Although different constitutional frameworks may raise different legal barriers, the obstacles to challenge pornography are assessed as more political or ideological than legal. The criminal law framework is shown to be inefficient, even when supported by substantive constitutional equality. Criminal law does not represent the perspectives and interests of those harmed by pornography, but rather the consensus politics within the state. In instances where subordinated groups used or created law during legal challenges to pornography, the results were shown to be considerably more focused and successful. Hence, it is concluded that a civil rights approach would be more efficient than criminal law, with implications for other intractable oppression problems. It is demonstrated how the postmodern critique relies on misconceptions and lacks evidence.
Introduction
Authors: Grau Marion
Published: September 2021

The introduction contextualizes the time, place, and setting in which the study takes place. Pilgrimage in Norway is resurging in a nation shaken by a right-wing terror attack and thus renegotiating ideas of nation, community, citizenship, and political theology. It contextualizes the pilgrimage in postwar Europe and the redevelopment of cultural heritage within the context of the European Union and projects of nation-building. The chapter further introduces the methodological concerns informing the study, and main themes to be taken up. The chapter concludes with an overview over the chapters.
How Did We Get Here?
Authors: Patterson Silver Wolf David A.
Published: September 2021

It is important to understand how the addiction treatment industry began and how its beliefs and practices gradually evolved into today’s standards of care. The problems associated with alcohol and drug use have been around for millennia, but the notion of addiction as a chronic medical illness is a relatively new (twentieth-century) concept. Stigma and misunderstanding abound, and antiquated attitudes about addiction as a moral failing continue to marginalize and shame the people we are tasked with helping. The chapter addresses how current addiction treatment is designed and its involvement with both medical and physical elements.
The Best-Laid Plans
Authors: Patterson Silver Wolf David A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter opens with a story of how current beliefs and practices can have disastrous outcomes. It discusses the search to understand why front-line therapists and the treatment systems that employ them were not using empirically proven practices, and a new science that was investigating this research-to-practice gap. This chapter discusses the startling things discovered. Even if it could be guaranteed that every therapist would use evidence-based interventions with every patient every time, there would still be no way to measure and monitor the effectiveness of those validated treatments. In addition to evidence-based practice, a vital tool is still missing to make sure services result in sustained recovery. Along with evidence-based practices, performance-based practice is also needed.
First Do No Harm
Authors: Patterson Silver Wolf David A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter opens with a story of a famous eighteenth-century physician practicing without any data, and the disastrous medical consequences that follow. Today, some of the basic pillars of addiction treatment practices (e.g., case assignment) are not grounded in any science. Further, it is revealed that addiction treatment mostly operates in a world without any performance data, and whatever data are collected end up buried in electronic health record data coffins. What might matter in making an informed choice about where to get the best treatment is discussed. The need for examining the existing data is considered to address this issue.
If It Works for Them, Why Not Us?
Authors: Patterson Silver Wolf David A.
Published: September 2021

A description of the specialized addiction treatment services provided to physicians and the way it differs from the treatment available to everyone else is discussed. The argument is made that the elements of the physician’s addiction program—which are remarkably effective and abstinence based—is the true gold standard and should be made available to treat everyone’s substance use disorders. The role of medication in addiction treatment is discussed, and the case is made that its role should be to support behavioral approaches rather than replace them.
When Peace Kills Politics
Authors: Srinivasan Sharath
Published: September 2021

When Peace Kills Politics explains the role of international peacemaking in reproducing violence and political authoritarianism in Sudan and South Sudan in recent decades. Srinivasan explains how Sudan’s landmark north–south peace process that achieved the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement fueled war in Darfur, the Nuba Mountains and the Blue Nile alongside how it contributed to Sudan’s failed political transformation and newly independent South Sudan’s rapid descent into civil war. Concluding with the conspicuous absence of ‘peace’ when non-violent revolutionary political change came to Sudan in 2019, Srinivasan examines at close range why outsiders’ peace projects may displace civil politics and raise the political currency of violence. With an original contribution to theorizing peace and peacemaking drawing upon the political thought of Hannah Arendt, the book is an analysis of the tragic shortcomings of attempting to build a non-violent political realm through neat designs and tools of compulsion, where the end goal of peace becomes caught up in idealized constitutional texts, technocratic templates and deals on sharing spoils. When Peace Kills Politics demands a radical rethinking of the project of peace in civil wars, grounded in a more earnest commitment to civil political action.