bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A quiet politics of being together: Miriam and Rose
Authors: Askins Kye
Published: November 2014

This paper draws on fieldwork with a befriending scheme that pairs refugees, asylum seekers and local residents in the north east of England. It explores the ways in which a ‘quiet politics’ of encounter, embedded in intimate relationships, is caught up in and productive of complex inter‐scale geographies, highlighting the ebbs and flows across security and insecurity. Critically, it foregrounds the relationality of emotions in enabling and maintaining intimate‐geopolitics.
Circadian hormone profiles and insulin sensitivity in patients with Addison's disease: a comparison of continuous subcutaneous hydrocortisone infusion with conventional glucocorticoid replacement therapy
Authors: Björnsdottir Sigridur , Øksnes Marianne , Isaksson Magnus , Methlie Paal , Nilsen Roy M. , Hustad Steinar , Kämpe Olle , Hulting Anna‐Lena , Husebye Eystein S. , Løvås Kristian , Nyström Thomas , Bensing Sophie
Published: November 2014

Context

Conventional glucocorticoid replacement therapy in patients with Addison's disease (AD) is unphysiological with possible adverse effects on mortality, morbidity and quality of life. The diurnal cortisol profile can likely be restored by continuous subcutaneous hydrocortisone infusion (CSHI).

Objective

The aim of this study was to compare circadian hormone rhythms and insulin sensitivity in conventional thrice‐daily regimen of glucocorticoid replacement therapy with CSHI treatment in patients with AD.

Design and setting

An open, randomized, two‐period, 12‐week crossover multicentre trial in Norway and Sweden.

Patients

Ten Norwegian patients were admitted for 24‐h sampling of hormone profiles. Fifteen Swedish patients underwent euglycaemic‐hyperinsulinaemic clamp.

Intervention

Thrice‐daily regimen of oral hydrocortisone (OHC) and CSHI treatment.

Main outcome measure

We measured the circadian rhythm of cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone (GH), insulin‐like growth factor‐1, (IGF‐1), IGF‐binding protein‐3 (IGFBP‐3), glucose, insulin and triglycerides during OHC and CSHI treatment. Euglycaemic‐hyperinsulinaemic clamp was used to assess insulin sensitivity.

Results

Continuous subcutaneous hydrocortisone infusion provided a more physiological circadian cortisol curve including a late‐night cortisol surge. ACTH levels showed a near normal circadian variation for CSHI. CSHI prevented a continuous decrease in glucose during the night. No difference in insulin sensitivity was observed between the two treatment arms.

Conclusion

Continuous subcutaneous hydrocortisone infusion replacement re‐established a circadian cortisol rhythm and normalized the ACTH levels. Patients with CSHI replacement had a more stable night‐time glucose level compared with OHC without compromising insulin sensitivity. Thus, restoring night‐time cortisol levels might be advantageous for patients with AD.
Reliability of rehabilitative ultrasonographic imaging for muscle thickness measurement of the rhomboid major
Authors: Jeong Ju Ri , Ko Young Jun , Ha Hyun Geun , Lee Wan Hee
Published: November 2014

Objective

This study was to establish inter‐rater and intrarater reliability of the rehabilitative ultrasonographic imaging (RUSI) technique for muscle thickness measurement of the rhomboid major at rest and with the shoulder abducted to 90°.

Participants

Twenty‐four young adults (eight men, 16 women; right‐handed; mean age [±SD], 24·4 years [±2·6]) with no history of neck, shoulder, or arm pain were recruited.

Methods

Rhomboid major muscle images were obtained in the resting position and with shoulder in 90° abduction using an ultrasonography system with a 7·5‐MHz linear transducer. In these two positions, the examiners found the site at which the transducer could be placed. Two examiners obtained the images of all participants in three test sessions at random. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to estimate reliability.

Results

All ICCs (95% CI) were >0·75, ranging from 0·93 to 0·98, which indicates good reliability. The ICCs for inter‐rater reliability ranged from 0·75 to 0·94. For the absolute value of the difference in the intra‐examiner reliability between the right and left ratios, the ICCs ranged from 0·58 to 0·91.

Conclusion

In this study, the intra‐ and interexaminer reliability of muscle thickness measurements of the rhomboid major were good. Therefore, we suggest that muscle thickness measurements of the rhomboid major obtained with the RUSI technique would be useful for clinical rehabilitative assessment.
How global biodiversity hotspots may go unrecognized: lessons from the North American Coastal Plain
Authors: Noss Reed F. , Platt William J. , Sorrie Bruce A. , Weakley Alan S. , Means D. Bruce , Costanza Jennifer , Peet Robert K.
Published: November 2014

Biodiversity hotspots are conservation priorities. We identify the North American Coastal Plain (NACP) as a global hotspot based on the classic definition, a region with > 1500 endemic plant species and > 70% habitat loss. This region has been bypassed in prior designations due to misconceptions and myths about its ecology and history. These fallacies include: (1) young age of the NACP, climatic instability over time and submergence during high sea‐level stands; (2) climatic and environmental homogeneity; (3) closed forest as the climax vegetation; and (4) fire regimes that are mostly anthropogenic. We show that the NACP is older and more climatically stable than usually assumed, spatially heterogeneous and extremely rich in species and endemics for its range of latitude, especially within pine savannas and other mostly herbaceous and fire‐dependent communities. We suspect systematic biases and misconceptions, in addition to missing information, obscure the existence of similarly biologically significant regions world‐wide. Potential solutions to this problem include (1) increased field biological surveys and taxonomic determinations, especially within grassy biomes and regions with low soil fertility, which tend to have much overlooked biodiversity; (2) more research on the climatic refugium role of hotspots, given that regions of high endemism often coincide with regions with low velocity of climate change; (3) in low‐lying coastal regions, consideration of the heterogeneity in land area generated by historically fluctuating sea levels, which likely enhanced opportunities for evolution of endemic species; and (4) immediate actions to establish new protected areas and implement science‐based management to restore evolutionary environmental conditions in newly recognized hotspots.
Influence of aortic regurgitation after TAVI on left ventricular filling pattern
Authors: Caballero Luis , Saura Daniel , García‐Lara Juan , Oliva Maria José , Pinar Eduardo , González‐Carrillo Josefa , García‐Navarro Miguel , Espinosa Maria Dolores , Valdés Mariano , de la Morena Gonzalo
Published: November 2014

Background

Paravalvular aortic regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve implantation is associated with a hemodynamic deterioration and a poor outcome. We aim to determine the early hemodynamic effect of paravalvular aortic regurgitation in relation with the change in the left ventricle filling pattern and to assess their clinical outcome.

Material and methods

Eighty‐two consecutive patients referred for transcatheter aortic valve implantation were included. Patients were classified according to the change in the left ventricular filling pattern, and significant paravalvular aortic regurgitation (grade ≥ 2) was reported. Follow‐up and incidence of death and hospitalization for heart failure were reported.

Results

Sixteen patients (19·5%) presented a worsening of left ventricular filling pattern. The incidence of significant paravalvular aortic regurgitation was higher in the group with a worsening of left ventricular filling pattern (56·3% vs. 19·7%; P = 0·009). In the multivariate analysis, the only variable significantly associated with the worsening of left ventricular filling pattern was the significant paravalvular aortic regurgitation (OR 4·84; 95% CI 1·23 – 19·1; P = 0·024). During the follow‐up (642·5 days), there was a higher incidence of the endpoint of death or hospitalization for heart failure in the group with a worsening of left ventricular filling pattern (62·5% vs. 31·8%; P = 0·042) and a lower event‐free survival rate (long rank test = 0·013).

Conclusions

The presence of a significant paravalvular aortic regurgitation is associated with a worsening in parameters of diastolic function. This finding should alert the cardiologist as patients with a worsening of left ventricular filling pattern present a higher incidence of paravalvular aortic regurgitation and a less favourable outcome.
Role of climate and geohistorical factors in driving plant richness patterns and endemicity on the east Asian continental islands
Authors: Kubota Yasuhiro , Shiono Takayuki , Kusumoto Buntarou
Published: November 2014

We investigated the roles of climate, geography, and geology in plant diversity and endemicity on the east Asian continental islands, by testing predictions from contrasting hypotheses considering current climate, habitat stability, and isolation as major drivers of plant richness and endemicity. We created a fine‐resolution map of vascular plant richness (5614 species) with 10 × 10 km grid cells. Using this large dataset and regression models, we explored correlations between species richness/number of endemics and temperature, precipitation, Quaternary temperature/precipitation changes, Quaternary alluvial development and volcanic disturbances (presence of alluvial plains and of pyroclastic flows), distance from the continent, and elevation. We applied these analyses to the vascular plant assemblage as a whole and separately to trees, herbs, and ferns. Temperature and precipitation were associated with the richness of vascular plants overall and of their endemics. Quaternary temperature change was negatively associated with the richness of vascular plants overall and of their endemics. The presence of pyroclastic flows and of lowland alluvial plains was negatively associated with those. Distance from the continent and elevation were positively associated with endemic species richness, especially those of trees and herbs. While current climate was an important predictor of species richness (especially of ferns), geographical isolation and habitat stability were the main predictors of the endemic species richness of trees and herbs. The relative importance of current climate and historical factors may be related to the dispersal ability of functional groups. Our results illustrate that the diverse geographical conditions reflecting the characteristics of the island led to the various historical effects on biodiversity patterns. The highly endemic flora on the east Asian islands resulted from species accumulation and in situ diversification, suggesting that the climate and historical hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, but can be reconciled as the interplay between recent ecological and evolutionary processes.
Not just about sunburn – the ozone hole's profound effect on climate has significant implications for Southern Hemisphere ecosystems
Authors: Robinson Sharon A. , Erickson David J.
Published: November 2014

Climate scientists have concluded that stratospheric ozone depletion has been a major driver of Southern Hemisphere climate processes since about 1980. The implications of these observed and modelled changes in climate are likely to be far more pervasive for both terrestrial and marine ecosystems than the increase in ultraviolet‐B radiation due to ozone depletion; however, they have been largely overlooked in the biological literature. Here, we synthesize the current understanding of how ozone depletion has impacted Southern Hemisphere climate and highlight the relatively few documented impacts on terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Reviewing the climate literature, we present examples of how ozone depletion changes atmospheric and oceanic circulation, with an emphasis on how these alterations in the physical climate system affect Southern Hemisphere weather, especially over the summer season (December–February). These potentially include increased incidence of extreme events, resulting in costly floods, drought, wildfires and serious environmental damage. The ecosystem impacts documented so far include changes to growth rates of South American and New Zealand trees, decreased growth of Antarctic mosses and changing biodiversity in Antarctic lakes. The objective of this synthesis was to stimulate the ecological community to look beyond ultraviolet‐B radiation when considering the impacts of ozone depletion. Such widespread changes in Southern Hemisphere climate are likely to have had as much or more impact on natural ecosystems and food production over the past few decades, than the increased ultraviolet radiation due to ozone depletion.
Formulation and evaluation on human skin of a water‐in‐oil emulsion containing Muscat hamburg black grape seed extract
Authors: Sharif A. , Akhtar N. , Khan M. S. , Menaa A. , Menaa B. , Khan B. A. , Menaa F.
Published: November 2014

Synopsis

Background

Vitis vinifera ‘muscat hamburg’ (Vitaceae) is a blue‐black grape variety commonly found in Pakistan. It has been consumed and used in traditional medicine for centuries. Compared to other grapes, M. hamburg records one of the greatest amount of polyphenols and displays potent antioxidant activities, which make it a great candidate for its exploitation in the development of stable cream emulsions destined to improve the skin appearance.

Objective

Evaluate the effects of stable water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsion containing 2% M. hamburg grape seed extract (‘formulation’) on human cheek skin in comparison with the placebo (‘base’).

Methods

An occlusive patch test, containing either the formulation or the base, was topically tested for 8 weeks during a winter period in young adult and healthy Pakistani male volunteers. The subjects were instructed to use twice a day the base and the formulation on their right and left cheek skin, respectively. Non‐invasive measurements on these skin areas were carried out every week to assess any effects produced on melanin, elasticity and sebum. Skin compatibility assay (Burchard test) was used to report any potential skin reactivity. ANOVA, paired sample t‐test and LSD test were applied to determine the statistical data significance.

Results

Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were found between the placebo and the formulation in terms of their respective skin effects elicited on melanin, elasticity and sebum content. Nevertheless, placebo and formulation exerted similar effects on skin erythema and moisture contents. Importantly, no skin hypersensitivity cases were reported during the whole course of the study.

Conclusion

The developed grape‐based cream could be efficiently and safely applied to improve a number of skin conditions (e.g. hyper‐pigmentation, premature ageing, acne).
Peanut exposure during pregnancy, breastfeeding and complementary feeding: perceptions of practices in four countries
Authors: Boulay Annabelle , Gancheva Vyara , Houghton Julie , Strada Anna , Sora Beatriz , Sala Roser , Rowe Gene
Published: November 2014

Food allergy is an increasing problem worldwide. Allergy to peanuts is a particular concern, given that this is rarely outgrown and may be associated with life‐threatening anaphylaxis. However, it is unclear what factors are responsible for a perceived increase in prevalence rates. One matter on which scientists agree, however, is that exposure to peanuts early in life is significant – although whether early exposure protects or sensitizes to allergy is unclear. There is no significant research that currently records differences in early life exposure either within or between populations. This exploratory study makes a first step in this direction using focus groups conducted in four countries with disparate ‘peanut experiences’ to characterize early exposure in these. The ultimate aim is to help in the development of a survey instrument to attain nationally representative samples of consumers and hence to use the results from this to compare with allergy prevalence data collected in other parts of the European Union‐funded ‘EuroPrevall’ project. The results in this study not only reveal considerable similarities across countries (e.g. in terms of lack of knowledge of guidelines; lack of changes in feeding behaviour during/after pregnancy, feelings that diet variety in children is important) but also one or two interesting and potentially important differences, such as increased consumption in Bulgarian (and some Spanish) breastfeeding mothers because of the ability of peanuts to facilitate lactation. Study limitations and future study intentions are also discussed.
Obstructive pyelonephritis as a result of urolithiasis in Japan: Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis
Authors: Hamasuna Ryoichi , Takahashi Satoshi , Nagae Hiroshi , Kubo Tatsuhiko , Yamamoto Shingo , Arakawa Soichi , Matsumoto Tetsuro
Published: November 2014

Objectives

To study the current scenario of diagnosis, treatment and mortality of obstructive pyelonephritis secondary to urolithiasis in Japan.

Methods

The study was a retrospective and multicenter survey for hospitalized patients with obstructive pyelonephritis as a result of urolithiasis in educational facilities for specialists by the Japanese Urological Association. Patients' characteristics including physical or laboratory examinations, treatment and prognosis were recorded, and the risk factors for disease death were analyzed.

Results

A total of 1363 patients from 208 hospitals were analyzed. The median age of patients was 68 years, and there were 2.2‐fold more female patients than male patients. From 844 patients, 891 species of bacteria or fungi were isolated, and Gram‐negative rods accounted for 76.5% of cases. The mortality of patients was 2.3%. The risk factors related to disease death by univariate analysis were identified as older age, solitary kidney, ambulance use to visit hospital, disturbance of consciousness, severe appetite loss, higher performance status, disseminated intravascular coagulation status or systemic inflammatory response syndrome, vasopressors and anti‐disseminated intravascular coagulation therapies, increased pulse rates, lower hemoglobin, lower serum albumin, and high blood urea nitrogen values. The predictive risk factors for disease death of patients' status at hospitalization were age over 80 years, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation status, disturbance of consciousness and solitary kidney by multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

Obstructive pyelonephritis as a result of urolithiasis represents an emergent disease in the urological field with relatively high mortality. Patients with older age or poor conditions should be hospitalized, and intervention by a urology specialist is likely to be required.
Loss of Local Capture of the Pulmonary Vein Myocardium After Antral Isolation: Prevalence and Clinical Significance
Authors: SQUARA FABIEN , LIUBA IOAN , CHIK WILLIAM , SANTANGELI PASQUALE , ZADO ERICA S. , CALLANS DAVID J. , MARCHLINSKI FRANCIS E.
Published: November 2014

Loss of Pulmonary Vein Capture After Isolation

Introduction

Capture of the myocardial sleeves of the pulmonary veins (PV) during PV pacing is mandatory for assessing exit block after PV isolation (PVI). However, previous studies reported that a significant proportion of PVs failed to demonstrate local capture after PVI. We designed this study to evaluate the prevalence and the clinical significance of loss of PV capture after PVI.

Methods and Results

Thirty patients (14 redo) undergoing antral PVI were included. Before and after PVI, local PV capture was assessed during circumferential pacing (10 mA/2 milliseconds) with a circular multipolar catheter (CMC), using EGM analysis from each dipole of the CMC and from the ablation catheter placed in ipsilateral PV. Pacing output was varied to optimize identification of sleeve capture. All PVs demonstrated sleeve capture before PVI, but only 81% and 40% after first time and redo PVI, respectively (P < 0.001 vs. before PVI). In multivariate analysis, absence of spontaneous PV depolarizations after PVI and previous PVI procedures were associated with less PV sleeve capture after PVI (40% sleeve capture, P < 0.001 for both). Loss of PV local capture by design was coincident with the development of PV entrance block and importantly predicted absence of acute reconnection during adenosine challenge with 96% positive predictive value (23% negative predictive value).

Conclusion

Loss of PV local capture is common after antral PVI resulting in entrance block, and may be used as a specific alternate endpoint for PV electrical isolation. Additionally, loss of PV local capture may identify PVs at very low risk of acute reconnection during adenosine challenge.
Glucose alleviates cadmium toxicity by increasing cadmium fixation in root cell wall and sequestration into vacuole in Arabidopsis
Authors: Shi Yuan‐Zhi , Zhu Xiao‐Fang , Wan Jiang‐Xue , Li Gui‐Xin , Zheng Shao‐Jian
Published: November 2014

Glucose (Glu) is involved in not only plant physiological and developmental events but also plant responses to abiotic stresses. Here, we found that the exogenous Glu improved root and shoot growth, reduced shoot cadmium (Cd) concentration, and rescued Cd‐induced chlorosis in Arabidopsis thaliana (Columbia ecotype, Col‐0) under Cd stressed conditions. Glucose increased Cd retained in the roots, thus reducing its translocation from root to shoot significantly. The most Cd retained in the roots was found in the hemicellulose 1. Glucose combined with Cd (Glu + Cd) treatment did not affect the content of pectin and its binding capacity of Cd while it increased the content of hemicelluloses 1 and the amount of Cd retained in it significantly. Furthermore, Leadmium Green staining indicated that more Cd was compartmented into vacuoles in Glu + Cd treatment compared with Cd treatment alone, which was in accordance with the significant upregulation of the expression of tonoplast‐localized metal transporter genes, suggesting that compartmentation of Cd into vacuoles also contributes to the Glu‐alleviated Cd toxicity. Taken together, we demonstrated that Glu‐alleviated Cd toxicity is mediated through increasing Cd fixation in the root cell wall and sequestration into the vacuoles.
A new dermal filler made of cross‐linked and auto‐cross‐linked hyaluronic acid in the correction of facial aging defects
Authors: Sparavigna Adele , Fino Pasquale , Tenconi Beatrice , Giordan Nicola , Amorosi Vittoria , Scuderi Nicolò
Published: November 2014

Background

A novel Hyaluronic Acid (HA) derivative dermal filler has been developed with characteristics especially suited for nasolabial folds (NLF) and facial defects due to volume loss.

Aims

An open‐label prospective study was carried out to evaluate this HA filler's performance in correcting facial defects due to volume loss.

Methods

A single Italian site treated subjects aged 30–65 for facial defects due to volume loss with a new dermal filler injectable gel; subjects returned to the clinic at 7 and 14 days, and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months for follow‐up. The primary effectiveness endpoint was improvement in wrinkle severity (measured using the Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale) (WSRS) and facial volume (measured using the Facial Volume Loss Scale) (FVLS) at 6 and 12 months from baseline. Secondary endpoints were safety evaluation, performance duration, product handling, subjects' and investigator's treatment evaluation. Assessment of aesthetic results included the skin hydration, image analysis of nasolabial folds (3D), and photographic documentation.

Results

The reduction in nasolabial wrinkles was statistically significant at 6 months after the first implant. The aesthetic improvement of 1 grade on WSRS was evident in 95% of subjects up to 3 months, in 84% of subjects up to 6 months and in 27% up to 12 months. A clinically (> 1 point improvement) and statistically significant improvement in the FVLS was observed at each study visit; in 100% of treated cases, up to 3 months and in 61% up to 9 months. Good results were obtained during the study in skin hydration. There were no severe adverse events related to treatment.

Conclusion

This injectable gel is well tolerated and has been demonstrated to provide a smooth and natural improvement in facial defects due to volume loss in nasolabial folds and the malar region that lasts for up to 1 year.
A review of nicotinamide: treatment of skin diseases and potential side effects
Authors: Rolfe Heidi M
Published: November 2014

Nicotinamide, also known as niacinamide, is the amide form of vitamin B3. It is a precursor of essential coenzymes for numerous reactions in the body including adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Nicotinic acid, also known as niacin, is converted into nicotinamide in the body. The use of topical nicotinamide in the treatment of acne vulgaris; melasma; atopic dermatitis; rosacea; and oral nicotinamide in preventing nonmelanoma skin cancer is discussed. The possible side effects and consequences of excessive nicotinamide exposure are reviewed, including suggestions nicotinamide might have a role in the development of diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and liver damage.
Anti‐aging and filling efficacy of six types hyaluronic acid based dermo‐cosmetic treatment: double blind, randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety
Authors: Nobile Vincenzo , Buonocore Daniela , Michelotti Angela , Marzatico Fulvio
Published: November 2014

Background

Human skin aging is a multifactorial and complex biological process affecting the different skin constituents. Even if the skin aging mechanism is not yet fully unravelled is evident that epidermis loses the principal molecule responsible for binding and retaining water molecules, resulting in loss of skin moisture and accounting for some of the most striking alterations of the aged skin.

Objectives

This Study investigated the cosmetic filling efficacy of Fillerina® in decreasing the skin aging signs and in improving facial volume deficiencies.

Methods

A placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, randomized clinical trial was carried out on 40 healthy female subjects showing mild to moderate clinical signs of skin aging. The effect of the treatment on skin surface and on face volumes was assessed both in the short‐term (3 h after a single product application) and in the long‐term (7, 14, and 30 days after continuative daily use).

Results

Three hours after a single application and after 7, 14, and 30 days of treatment the lips volume was increased by 8.5%, 11.3%, 12.8%, and 14.2%. After 7, 14, and 30 days: (1) skin sagging of the face contours was decreased by −0.443 ± 0.286, −1.124 ± 0.511, and −1.326 ± 0.649 mm, respectively; (2) skin sagging of the cheekbones contours was decreased by −0.989 ± 0.585, −2.500 ± 0.929, and −2.517 ± 0.927 mm, respectively; (3) cheekbones volume was increased by 0.875 ± 0.519, 2.186 ± 0.781, and 2.275 ± 0.725 mm, respectively; (4) wrinkle volume was decreased by −11.3%, −18.4%, and −26.3%, respectively; and (5) wrinkle depth was decreased by −8.4%, −14.5%, and −21.8% respectively.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated the positive filling effect of Fillerina® in decreasing the clinical signs of skin aging and in improving the face volumes.
Exploring Material‐Discursive Practices
Authors: Orlikowski Wanda J. , Scott Susan V.
Published: November 2014

Our intent in this commentary is to support the turn to materiality in organizational research, and contribute to it by considering some differences in our approach from that proposed by Hardy and Thomas. Drawing on agential realism – which theorizes the entanglement of matter and meaning – we explore the relation between discourse and materiality in terms of the ideas of materialization and performativity as enacted in a study of hotel valuation in the hospitality industry. We offer our comments in the spirit of constructive engagement and hope that our discussion along with others in this Point‐Counterpoint will generate further explorations.
Levels of interleukin‐37 in gingival crevicular fluid, saliva, or plasma in periodontal disease
Authors: Sağlam M. , Köseoğlu S. , Savran L. , Pekbağriyanik T. , Sağlam G. , Sütçü R.
Published: November 2014

Background and Objective

The aim of this study was to compare the levels of levels of interleukin‐37 (IL‐37) in gingival crevicular fluid, saliva and plasma in patients with periodontal disease and patients with healthy periodontium and to correlate these levels with clinical parameters.

Material and Methods

Samples of gingival crevicular fluid, whole saliva and plasma were collected from systemically healthy, nonsmoker periodontally healthy controls (group 1, n = 20), gingivitis patients (group 2, n = 20) and chronic periodontitis patients (group 3, n = 20). Full‐mouth clinical periodontal parameters, including probing depth, plaque index, gingival index and bleeding on probing, were also recorded. IL‐37 levels in the biofluid samples were determined by ELISA. Data were tested statistically using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the Mann–Whitney U‐test.

Results

The concentration of IL‐37 in gingival crevicular fluid was significantly lower in group 3 than in groups 1 and 2 (p = 0.001), whereas the total amounts in gingival crevicular fluid samples were similar (p > 0.05). The salivary and plasma concentrations of IL‐37 were similar in the study groups (p > 0.05). There were negative correlations between gingival crevicular fluid IL‐37 concentrations and gingival crevicular fluid volume in all groups (p < 0.05). There was also a negative correlation between the gingival crevicular fluid IL‐37 concentration and gingival index in group 3 (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

IL‐37 was expressed in all biofluids. According to our findings, the total amount of IL‐37 in gingival crevicular fluid, or salivary or plasma concentrations of IL‐37, may not be useful diagnostic markers to differentiate periodontal disease and the periodontally healthy condition. The difference in gingival crevicular fluid IL‐37 concentration between the study groups may be a result of the variation in gingival crevicular fluid volume, as suggested by the negative correlation between gingival crevicular fluid volume and gingival crevicular fluid IL‐37 concentration. In the light of our findings, it seems that IL‐37 is not involved in periodontal disease. Further comprehensive studies may clarify this issue more clearly.
Evaluation of gingival alterations in rats medicated with cyclosporine A, tacrolimus and sirolimus: a stereological study
Authors: Pamuk F. , Cetinkaya B. O. , Ayas B. , Keles G. C. , Gacar A.
Published: November 2014

Background and Objective

It has previously been shown that both cyclosporine A and tacrolimus cause gingival overgrowth in the rat. We proposed that sirolimus may play an important role in decreasing the severity of gingival overgrowth. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the gingival changes induced by immunosuppressants, in the presence and absence of sirolimus, using histopathology and stereological methods.

Material and Methods

Thirty‐six male Sprague‐Dawley rats were distributed into six treatment groups, each containing six rats, as follows: (i) cyclosporine A for 8 wk; (ii) tacrolimus for 8 wk; (iii) sirolimus for 8 wk; (iv) cyclosporine A + sirolimus for 8 wk; (v) tacrolimus + sirolimus for 8 wk; and (vi) distilled water for 8 wk. Histomorphometric analyses included measurements of epithelial thickness and connective tissue width and height. Stereological analyses included measurements of volumetric densities of fibroblasts (Vf), collagen fibers (Vcf) and blood vessels (Vbv).

Results

Connective tissue width and height were significantly increased in cyclosporine A, tacrolimus and cyclosporine A + sirolimus groups compared with the control group (p < 0.05), and epithelial thickness was significantly increased in the cyclosporine A group and tacrolimus group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Vf was significantly increased in the cyclosporine A group and the tacrolimus group compared with the control group (p < 0.05), whereas Vcf and Vbv were significantly increased in the cyclosporine A, tacrolimus and cyclosporine A + sirolimus groups compared with the control group (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The results of the study suggest that sirolimus seems not to be associated with gingival overgrowth, and combined usage of sirolimus and immunosuppressants decreases the severity of gingival overgrowth.
Can Pelvic Floor Muscle Training Improve Sexual Function in Women with Pelvic Organ Prolapse? A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Brækken Ingeborg H. , Majida Memona , Ellström Engh Marie , Bø Kari
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) has level 1 evidence of reducing the size and symptoms associated with pelvic organ prolapse (POP). There is scant knowledge, however, regarding whether PFMT has an effect on sexual function.

Aim

The aim of the trial was to evaluate the effect of PFMT on sexual function in women with POP.

Methods

In this randomized controlled trial, 50 women were randomized to an intervention group (6 months of PFMT and lifestyle advice) and 59 women were randomized to a control group (lifestyle advice only).

Main Outcome Measures

Participants completed a validated POP-specific questionnaire to describe frequency and bother of prolapse, bladder, bowel, and sexual symptoms and answered a semi-structured interview.

Results

No significant change in number of women being sexually active was reported. There were no significant differences between groups regarding change in satisfaction with frequency of intercourse. Interview data revealed that 19 (39%) of women in the PFMT group experienced improved sexual function vs. two (5%) in the control group (P < 0.01). Specific improvements reported by some of the women were increased control, strength and awareness of the pelvic floor, improved self-confidence, sensation of a “tighter” vagina, improved libido and orgasms, resolution of pain with intercourse, and heightened sexual gratification for partners. Women who described improved sexual function demonstrated the greatest increases in pelvic floor muscle (PFM) strength (mean 16 ± 10 cmH20) and endurance (mean 150 ± 140 cmH20s) (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

PFMT can improve sexual function in some women. Women reporting improvement in sexual function demonstrated the greatest increase in PFM strength and endurance.
Sexual Satisfaction, Sexual Compatibility, and Relationship Adjustment in Couples: The Role of Sexual Behaviors, Orgasm, and Men's Discernment of Women's Intercourse Orgasm
Authors: Klapilová Kateřina , Brody Stuart , Krejčová Lucie , Husárová Barbara , Binter Jakub
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Research indicated that (i) vaginal orgasm consistency is associated with indices of psychological, intimate relationship, and physiological functioning, and (ii) masturbation is adversely associated with some such measures.

Aim

The aim of this study was to examine the association of various dyadic and masturbation behavior frequencies and percentage of female orgasms during these activities with: (i) measures of dyadic adjustment; (ii) sexual satisfaction; and (iii) compatibility perceived by both partners.

Methods

In a sample of 85 Czech long-term couples (aged 20–40; mean relationship length 5.4 years), both partners provided details of recent sexual behaviors and completed sexual satisfaction, Spanier dyadic adjustment, and Hurlbert sexual compatibility measures. Multiple regression analyses were used.

Main Outcome Measure

The association of sexual behaviors with dyadic adjustment, sexual compatibility, and satisfaction was analyzed.

Results

In multivariate analyses, women's dyadic adjustment is independently predicted by greater vaginal orgasm consistency and lower frequency of women's masturbation. For both sexes, sexual compatibility was independently predicted by higher frequency of penile–vaginal intercourse and greater vaginal orgasm consistency. Women's sexual satisfaction score was significantly predicted by greater vaginal orgasm consistency, frequency of partner genital stimulation, and negatively with masturbation. Men's sexual satisfaction score was significantly predicted by greater intercourse frequency and any vaginal orgasm of their female partners. Concordance of partner vaginal orgasm consistency estimates was associated with greater dyadic adjustment.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that specifically penile–vaginal intercourse frequency and vaginal orgasm consistency are associated with indices of greater intimate relationship adjustment, satisfaction, and compatibility of both partners, and that women's masturbation is independently inversely associated with measures of dyadic and personal function. Results are discussed in light of previous research and an evolutionary theory of vaginal orgasm.
Spatial analysis of gene regulation reveals new insights into the molecular basis of upper thermal limits
Authors: Telonis‐Scott Marina , Clemson Allannah S. , Johnson Travis K. , Sgrò Carla M.
Published: November 2014

The cellular stress response has long been the primary model for studying the molecular basis of thermal adaptation, yet the link between gene expression, RNA metabolism and physiological responses to thermal stress remains largely unexplored. We address this by comparing the transcriptional and physiological responses of three geographically distinct populations of Drosophila melanogaster from eastern Australia in response to, and recovery from, a severe heat stress with and without a prestress hardening treatment. We focus on starvin (stv), recently identified as an important thermally responsive gene. Intriguingly, stv encodes seven transcripts from alternative transcription sites and alternative splicing, yet appears to be rapidly heat inducible. First, we show genetic differences in upper thermal limits of the populations tested. We then demonstrate that the stv locus does not ubiquitously respond to thermal stress but is expressed as three distinct thermal and temporal RNA phenotypes (isoforms). The shorter transcript isoforms are rapidly upregulated under stress in all populations and show similar molecular signatures to heat‐shock proteins. Multiple stress exposures seem to generate a reserve of pre‐mRNAs, effectively ‘priming’ the cells for subsequent stress. Remarkably, we demonstrate a bypass in the splicing blockade in these isoforms, suggesting an essential role for these transcripts under heat stress. Temporal profiles for the weakly heat responsive stv isoform subset show opposing patterns in the two most divergent populations. Innate and induced transcriptome responses to hyperthermia are complex, and warrant moving beyond gene‐level analyses.
Dispersal ability and habitat requirements determine landscape‐level genetic patterns in desert aquatic insects
Authors: Phillipsen Ivan C. , Kirk Emily H. , Bogan Michael T. , Mims Meryl C. , Olden Julian D. , Lytle David A.
Published: November 2014

Species occupying the same geographic range can exhibit remarkably different population structures across the landscape, ranging from highly diversified to panmictic. Given limitations on collecting population‐level data for large numbers of species, ecologists seek to identify proximate organismal traits—such as dispersal ability, habitat preference and life history—that are strong predictors of realized population structure. We examined how dispersal ability and habitat structure affect the regional balance of gene flow and genetic drift within three aquatic insects that represent the range of dispersal abilities and habitat requirements observed in desert stream insect communities. For each species, we tested for linear relationships between genetic distances and geographic distances using Euclidean and landscape‐based metrics of resistance. We found that the moderate‐disperser Mesocapnia arizonensis (Plecoptera: Capniidae) has a strong isolation‐by‐distance pattern, suggesting migration–drift equilibrium. By contrast, population structure in the flightless Abedus herberti (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae) is influenced by genetic drift, while gene flow is the dominant force in the strong‐flying Boreonectes aequinoctialis (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). The best‐fitting landscape model for M. arizonensis was based on Euclidean distance. Analyses also identified a strong spatial scale‐dependence, where landscape genetic methods only performed well for species that were intermediate in dispersal ability. Our results highlight the fact that when either gene flow or genetic drift dominates in shaping population structure, no detectable relationship between genetic and geographic distances is expected at certain spatial scales. This study provides insight into how gene flow and drift interact at the regional scale for these insects as well as the organisms that share similar habitats and dispersal abilities.
Bright luminescence of Vibrio fischeri aconitase mutants reveals a connection between citrate and the Gac/Csr regulatory system
Authors: Septer Alecia N. , Bose Jeffrey L. , Lipzen Anna , Martin Joel , Whistler Cheryl , Stabb Eric V.
Published: November 2014

The Gac/Csr regulatory system is conserved throughout the γ‐proteobacteria and controls key pathways in central carbon metabolism, quorum sensing, biofilm formation and virulence in important plant and animal pathogens. Here we show that elevated intracellular citrate levels in a Vibrio fischeri aconitase mutant correlate with activation of the Gac/Csr cascade and induction of bright luminescence. Spontaneous or directed mutations in the gene that encodes citrate synthase reversed the bright luminescence of aconitase mutants, eliminated their citrate accumulation and reversed their elevated expression of CsrB. Our data elucidate a correlative link between central metabolic and regulatory pathways, and they suggest that the Gac system senses a blockage at the aconitase step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, either through elevated citrate levels or a secondary metabolic effect of citrate accumulation, and responds by modulating carbon flow and various functions associated with host colonization, including bioluminescence.
Shewanella oneidensis cytochrome c maturation component CcmI is essential for heme attachment at the non‐canonical motif of nitrite reductase NrfA
Authors: Fu Huihui , Jin Miao , Wan Fen , Gao Haichun
Published: November 2014

Shewanella oneidensis is renowned for its respiratory versatility, which is largely due to abundant c‐type cytochromes. Maturation of these proteins depends on a Ccm system encoded by genes in an unusual chromosomal arrangement, but the detailed mechanism is not understood. In this study, we identify SO0265 as CcmI, an apocytochrome c chaperone that is important and essential for maturation of c‐type cytochromes with the canonical heme binding motif(s) (HBM; CX2CH) and nitrite reductase NrfA carrying a non‐canonical CX2CK motif respectively. We show that the N‐terminal transmembrane segment of CcmI, CcmI‐1, is sufficient for maturation of the former but the entire protein is required for maturation of the latter. Although S. oneidensis possesses a heme lyase, SirEFG, dedicated for non‐canonical HBMs, it is specific for SirA, a sulfite reductase with a CX15CH motif. By presenting evidence that the periplasmic portion of CcmI, CcmI‐2, interacts with NrfA, we suggest that CcmI also takes the role of Escherichia coli NrfG for chaperoning apo‐NrfA for maturation at CX2CK. Moreover, intact CcmI is required for maturation of NrfA, presumably by ensuring that heme attachment at canonical HBMs occurs before apoprotein degradation.
Invited review: Prion‐like transmission and spreading of tau pathology
Authors: Clavaguera Florence , Hench Jürgen , Goedert Michel , Tolnay Markus
Published: November 2014

Filaments made of hyperphosphorylated tau protein are encountered in a number of neurodegenerative diseases referred to as ‘tauopathies’. In the most prevalent tauopathy, Alzheimer's disease, tau pathology progresses in a stereotypical manner with the first lesions appearing in the locus coeruleus and the entorhinal cortex from where they appear to spread to the hippocampus and neocortex. Propagation of tau pathology is also characteristic of argyrophilic grain disease, where the tau lesions appear to spread throughout distinct regions of the limbic system. These findings strongly implicate neurone‐to‐neurone propagation of tau aggregates. Isoform composition and morphology of tau filaments can differ between tauopathies suggesting the existence of conformationally diverse tau strains. Altogether, this points to prion‐like mechanisms in the pathogenesis of tauopathies.
Big thistle eats the little thistle: does unidirectional introgressive hybridization endanger the conservation of Onopordum hinojense?
Authors: Balao Francisco , Casimiro‐Soriguer Ramón , García‐Castaño Juan Luis , Terrab Anass , Talavera Salvador
Published: November 2014

Hybridization is known to have a creative role in plant evolution. However, it can also have negative effects on parental species. Onopordum is a large genus whose species frequently hybridize. In the Southwest Iberian Peninsula, the rare O. hinojense co‐occurs with the widely distributed O. nervosum, and hybrids between these two taxa have been described as O. × onubense.

In this study we determine the extinction risk in a hybrid zone, both for hybrids and parentals, using analyses of morphological and cytogenetic traits as well as genetic markers and demographic models. To investigate the introgression process we used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, Bayesian analyses and genome scan methods.

Morphology, genome size and molecular markers confirmed homoploid hybridization and also indicated unidirectional backcrossing of F1 hybrids with O. nervosum, which is likely to swamp O. hinojense, the parental with lower pollen size and a very low fruit set (8%). Genome scan methods revealed several loci significantly deviating from neutrality. Finally, our demographic modeling indicated that the higher fitness of O. nervosum threats the survival of O. hinojense by demographic swamping.

Our study provides strong new evidence for a scenario of rapid extinction by unidirectional introgression and demographic swamping. The multifaceted approach used here sheds new light on the role of introgression in plant extinctions.
Metaphysical Healing and Health in the United States
Authors: Hendrickson Brett
Published: November 2014

Healing has always been at the heart of metaphysical religious practice in the United States. This article discusses the American history of metaphysical healing from the colonial era to the present. It also examines the diverse characteristics that comprise this kind of healing, which include an emphasis on the power of the mind, the manipulation of omnipresent energy, alternative states of reality, complementary and alternative medicines, holistic health, and the re‐fashioning of non‐Western spiritualities. Mesmerism, spiritualism, New Thought, Christian Science, neo‐shamanism, and the New Age movement are examples of metaphysical healing traditions that are analyzed with special attention to their relationships with biomedicine, science, and Christianity. The article suggests that changing racial and ethnic minority engagements with metaphysical healing in combination with ongoing debates about cultural appropriation of so‐called global or universal wisdom promise to make this an increasingly complex subfield in the study of American religions.