bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Solution for Development of Large Scale Grid-Connected PV Generation in China
Authors: Qiankun Wang
Published: April 2015

To combat climate change and fulfill the national target of having 15% of primary energy from non-fossil fuels by 2020, China's central government is making every effort to promote PV generation, especially in the context of deteriorating export markets for China's PV industry, resulting from anti-dumping and anti-subsidy campaigns launched by United States and European Union. PV generation PV generation is set to boom in coming years in China.

Although there is ambitious planning of building large scale ground-mounted PV plants in the Northwest of China, more than half of the installations are expected to be customer-sited small scale distributed systems. Because PV generation, particularly customer-sited PV systems represents a totally new pattern of power production and consumption. China's electricity system, which has been originally designed for centralized power delivery, is not fully prepared to accommodate large scale PV generation from the technical point of view. Besides, governmental policies and operational regulations are not able to match the need of these new comers.

This paper works out a comprehensive solution for integration of large scale distributed PV, which consists of technical strategy, regulatory strategy and policy strategy. Firstly, electricity grids and PV systems should be directionally technically adapted to each other. oGrid friendly PV plants” requires that PV plants should be equipped with advanced technologies to improve the visibility, controllability and predictability, bringing the performance of PV plants increasingly close to that of conventional power plants. Secondly, with high penetration of distributed PV generation, grid dispatch centers should have necessary monitoring and control over these dispersed generating systems, which are supposed to follow the instructions issued by grid operators. Thirdly, incentive polies should be in accordance with national medium-and long term planning, with consideration of minimizing social cost. Policies should also be foreseeable and persistent for all the investors.

Based on the framework of the comprehensive solution for PV generation, this paper elaborates major experience drawn from Germany with high PV penetration and illustrates how Germany has successfully integrated large scale distributed PV systems from the technical, regulatory and policy aspect respectively. Finally, it comes up with relevant recommendations for the development of PV generation in China: to speed up the process of establishing and improving the system of technical requirements, to draw up and release detailed operational rules on distributed PV generating systems and replace unified FIT for ground-mounted systems with differentiated FIT. Distributed customer-sited PV systems should be promoted by subsidizing the self-consumed electricity in the form of RMB cent per kWh.
Tweets from the forest: using Twitter to increase student engagement in an undergraduate field biology course
Authors: Soluk Lauren , Buddle Christopher M.
Published: April 2015

Twitter is a cold medium that allows users to deliver content-rich but small packets of information to other users, and provides an opportunity for active and collaborative communication. In an education setting, this social media tool has potential to increase active learning opportunities, and increase student engagement with course content. The effects of Twitter on learning dynamics was tested in a field biology course offered by a large Canadian University: 29 students agreed to take part in the Twitter project and quantitative and qualitative data were collected, including survey data from 18 students. Students published 200% more public Tweets than what was required, and interacted frequently with the instructor and teaching assistant, their peers, and users external to the course. Almost 80% of students stated that Twitter increased opportunities for among-group communication, and 94% of students felt this kind of collaborative communication was beneficial to their learning. Although students did not think they would use Twitter after the course was over, 77% of the students still felt it was a good learning tool, and 67% of students felt Twitter had a positive impact on how they engaged with course content. These results suggest social media tools such as Twitter can help achieve active and collaborative learning in higher education.
Case Report: Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder secondary to chronic renal fungal ball and recurrent polymicrobial urinary tract infections.
Authors: Keller Andrew , Shepherd Benjamin , Mulyadi Arief , Ali Ahmad
Published: April 2015

Introduction

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the bladder is a rare malignancy in Western countries accounting for only 5% of all primary bladder cancers. Chronic irritation is the predominant risk factor, with chronic infections, bladder stones and long term catheterisation common precursors. The highest incidence of SCC occurs in patients with spinal cord injuries who rely on indwelling or self-catheterisation for bladder drainage. We report a case of primary SCC of the bladder secondary to a fungal ball located in the renal pelvis.

Case report

A 72 year-old lady was referred to our unit for further investigation of recurrent polymicrobial urinary tract infections associated with intermittent flank pain and complicated by sepsis. Investigations into the cause for her recurrent urinary tract infections identified a mass in her left renal pelvis. Pyeloscopy demonstrated no tumour, but a fungal ball. Attempts to clear the fungal ball via pyeloscopy resulted in recurrent intensive care unit (ICU) admission for urosepsis. Several months after her last pyeloscopy she returned with haematuria. Cystoscopy at this time revealed a large bladder mass. Biopsy revealed primary SCC of the bladder invading muscle. At cystectomy the mass had invaded pubic bone and was unresectable and a palliative ileal conduit was formed. The patient passed away less than 4 months following diagnosis.

Conclusion

We report what we believe to be the first case of primary SCC of the bladder secondary to a renal pelvis fungal ball. Despite frequent surveillance of her urinary tract the tumour developed rapidly and was unresectable at diagnosis.
An evaluation of long-acting intramuscular injection administration training
Authors: Carthy John , Saxton Louise , Carter Rebecca , Knowles Paul
Published: April 2015

The safe administration of oil-based depot, and other long-acting intramuscular antipsychotic injections, is an integral and distinct aspect of the role of registered nurse practitioners within mental health nursing. This article provides an evaluation of education and training workshops for inpatient and community nurses at West London Mental Health NHS Trust. There was a significant (p > 0.05) difference in pre- and post-training self-ratings for knowledge, confidence and attitude observed.
Under-recognised and under-treated: ADHD in adults
Authors: Gournay Kevin
Published: April 2015

While commonly thought of as affecting children, attention deficit hyeracivity disorder (ADHD) often persists into adulthood as this case study explores
Alcohol: brief interventions for hazardous drinking and dependency
Authors: Tobutt Clive
Published: April 2015

Alcohol problems including hazardous drinking, or harmful or higher-risk drinking, can be screened and identified, and brief advice given by health and social care professionals to reduce the individual's consumption and lower their risk of harms—both physical, psychological and social. Those assessed and identified with alcohol dependence, depending on the severity, can either be withdrawn using benzodiazepines by symptom-triggered therapy, or if mildly dependent with no withdrawal symptoms, can be prescribed an opioid receptor antagonist drug (nalmefene), with a psychosocial support programme to reduce the individual's alcohol consumption.
Cinders needs to meet a prince
Authors: Lawson Deborah
Published: April 2015

Childcare has long been known as the Cinderella service, but this cannot continue if the government, present or future, truly wants to provide world class provision that finally closes the disadvantage gap.
What we can learn from…: Maths in the environment
Authors: Chapman Ailsa
Published: April 2015

This month, our focus is on the numbers that children can find all around them in their everyday lives, from cereal boxes to catching buses, and we talk about the fun this ‘normality’ brings to learning.
On the fascinating floor
Authors: Chalmers Debbie
Published: April 2015

Children may not often think about the different types of floor and ground surfaces that they play on, unless they are specifically introduced to activities that explore this surprisingly versatile theme.
Socioeconomic factors affecting the health of people with diabetes
Authors: Everest Sharron , Phillips Anne
Published: April 2015

Socioeconomic factors can affect the health of people with diabetes. Sharron Everest and Anne Phillips explain how practice nurses can implement health promotion in their practice
Sarah O'Donnell: Shiny matters
Authors: O'Donnell Sarah
Published: April 2015

Sarah O'Donnell found her vocation in general practice nursing during the last placement for her nursing degree. She spoke to Liam Benison
Have you got the giggles?
Authors: Teare Sally
Published: April 2015

Appreciating the humorous side of life helps children to develop ‘social competence’ and gives them resilience and self-esteem. Undoubtedly it is one of the most fascinating areas of child development.
Count your Easter goodies
Authors: Clarke Jenni
Published: April 2015

It is time to celebrate the arrival of spring and use its many associations to encourage children to identify big and small things, and place them in meaningful contexts. And don't forget to observe the fun on April Fool's Day!
Publication Review
Authors: Hackney Dr Fiona
Published: April 2015

Oral History in the Visual Arts, Linda Sandino and Matthew Partington (eds) (2013) London, New Delhi, New York and Sydney: Bloomsbury, 211 pp. ISBN: 9780857851987, p/bk, £21.99
Conference Review
Authors: Perren Nicola
Published: April 2015

Review of the Transitions – Rethinking Textiles and Surfaces Conference, University of Huddersfield, 26–27 November 2014
About the time dependency of the Van der Waals equation of state
Authors: Friedel Peter
Published: April 2015

The Van der Waals equation is one of the prototypes of the equation of states for realistic systems because of the first time introduction of excluded volume and particle interactions into theoretical considerations. On the other side the simulated annealing (and the similar simulated compressing) approach applies the time dependency to one of the variables of state performing simulations as quasi static state changes. The combination of this time dependency and the VdW-EoS enables a generalization of such considerations up to the simulations of time dependent processes like phase transitions and the obtaining of phase transition kinetics. Simple mathematical deductions starting with the time dependent Van der Waals equation allow not only the direct derivation of the simulated annealing/compressing method (isochor condition) but also the derivation of two so called differential simulated changes of state methods (isobar and isotherm conditions). These new methods enable the performation of phase transition simulations of hypocritical substances (e.g. crystallization/melting or condensation/evaporation) forward and backward in an hysteresis manner without the danger of crashing the simulations by achieving infinite values of the corresponding suszeptibility coefficients. The reason is quite simple: Such processes which occure very often in nature seem to run not by means of continous temperature or pressure increasing/decreasing but by means of a speed limited steady volume expansion. The demonstrated method handling the Van der Waals equation as a time dependent one may be a blue print for considering other equations of state by the same manner.
Factores que inciden en el acceso de las mujeres a cargos de responsabilidad en la estructura organizacional
Authors: María Beatriz Moine
Published: April 2015

El presente artículo ofrece una revisión de la literatura a nivel nacional e internacional indagando acerca del proceso de promoción del género femenino en la escala jerárquica de la organización. El objetivo central del artí- culo apunta a determinar qué factores o características personales, profesionales y culturales, entre otras, influyen en la participación de las mujeres en los puestos directivos de las empresas. A partir de esta base, se analiza la situación de las mujeres en el ámbito de Río Cuarto, Córdoba y la región. Esta última premisa involucra la realización de un trabajo de campo que, a nivel exploratorio, analiza las características de la inserción de varones y mujeres en la organización locales y regionales y los determinantes en el acceso a cargos de dirección.
Costos sociales y regulación de la movilidad urbana
Authors: Roa Silvia Regoli , Bobbio Horacio , Brondino Gabriel
Published: April 2015

El objetivo del trabajo es identificar las posibles políticas de regulación de movilidad urbana de la Ciudad de Santa Fe orientadas a corregir los equilibrios intermodales descentralizados. En primer lugar, se indaga la naturaleza teórica del equilibrio descentralizado. Luego se realiza un cotejo de las implicancias de dicho equilibrio versus la alternativa, con intervención estatal. Posteriormente, se proponen acciones o políticas que las autoridades gubernamentales podrían emprender para corregirlos. En función del análisis realizado, se considera importante la implementación de políticas públicas que permitan el desarrollo de una oferta atractiva de transporte público.
La concesión de obra pública. Una perspectiva económica
Authors: Beltrán Carlos , Dutto Martín L.
Published: April 2015

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar, desde una perspectiva económica, las cláusulas contractuales incorporadas en los contratos de Concesión de obra pública, que tienen por fin incrementar el cumplimiento contractual y disminuir los costos de transacción. En particular, se describirán las soluciones contractuales a los problemas originados en la racionalidad limitada y especificidad de activos. Se recurre para este estudio a la evidencia de un caso de concesión de obra pública. El análisis revela que en la concesión objeto de estudio se invierte radicalmente el esquema de financiación de la inversión, respecto al existente en el contrato de obra pública. Mientras que en esta última la financiación de la inversión estaba en su mayor parte a cargo del Estado, ya que paga lo construido por la empresa generalmente a los treinta días, en la Concesión la financiación de inversión está a cargo usualmente de la empresa, ya que recupera lo invertido recién cuando cobra a los usuarios del servicio. En consecuencia, mientras que en el contrato de obra pública debería ser principalmente el Estado el destinatario de salvaguardas para proteger el capital humano generado y financiado por Él, en la Concesión debería ser la empresa la principal destinataria de salvaguardas tanto por la inversión en activos físicos como humanos.
Perspectivas económicas, crisis comparadas y nuevos actores en el contexto internacional
Authors: Buchieri Flavio E. , Pereyra Alejandro
Published: April 2015

La aún no resuelta crisis financiera abre el debate acerca de cuáles son los principales tópicos que en materia económica, política e institucional determinarán la estructura de la agenda mundial en los próximos años. Agenda que refleja no sólo los desequilibrios existentes sino también los nuevos actores que sumarán tensiones en la arena del juego geo–estratégico a nivel internacional. Actores que no sólo desafían liderazgos del presente sino que obligará, en muchos casos, a discutir cómo se reparte del poder mundial y hasta cuáles serán los paradigmas que guiarán el curso del desarrollo futuro del planeta.
Per-tiling, rep-tiling and Penrose tiling: a notion to edge cordial and cordial labeling
Authors: A. A. Sathakathulla
Published: April 2015

A fractal is a complex geometric figure that continues to display self-similarity when viewed on all scales. A simple, yet unifying method is provided for the construction of tiling by tiles obtained from the attractor of an iterated function system (IFS). This tiling can be used to extend a fractal transformation on the entire space upon which the IFS acts. There are many in this family of tiling fractals curves but for my study, I have considered each one from the above family of tiling fractals. These fractals have been considered as a graph and the same has been viewed under the scope of cordial and edge cordial labeling to apply this concept for further study.
Dazed, Confused, and Asystolic: Possible Signs of Anti–N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis
Authors: Ziaeian Boback , Shamsa Kamran
Published: April 2015

Anti–N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is a rare panencephalitis that can present with severe cardiac dysrhythmias. We present a case of a 19-year-old woman with no significant medical history who presented with progressive changes in mental status and profound ictal asystole that necessitated the placement of an external temporary pacemaker. She was diagnosed with and treated for anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, and she recovered after a prolonged and complicated hospitalization. We review the pathophysiology and management of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, as well as its cardiac manifestations.
Fractured Inferior Vena Cava Filter Strut Presenting with ST-Segment Elevation and Cardiac Tamponade
Authors: Khurana Dheeraj , Raza Jaffar , Abrol Sunil , Coplan Neil L.
Published: April 2015

The fracture of an inferior vena cava filter strut and its migration to the heart is a rare sequela of implanted inferior vena cava filters. Perforation through the right ventricle into the pericardium with resultant cardiopulmonary compromise is even less frequent. We report the case of a 53-year-old man who presented with chest pain and hypotension consequent to cardiac tamponade. A fractured inferior vena cava filter strut had migrated and perforated his right ventricle. The fractured strut was successfully removed by means of cardiac surgery. Inferior vena cava filters should be placed when necessary to minimize the risk of pulmonary embolism, and regular radiologic monitoring should be performed; however, the eventual extraction of retrievable filters should be considered. In addition to discussing the patient's case, we briefly review the relevant medical literature.
Seventh grade students’ perceptions on webquest- aided learning apporoach ın terms of science
Webquest destekli işbirlikli öğrenme yaklaşımının yedinci sınıf öğrencilerinde fene yönelik algıları
Authors: Ballıel Buket , Sarıkaya Mustafa
Published: April 2015

     The purpose of this study; is to examine attitude of students, who took education according to learning method based on WebQuest supported collaboration of “Force and Motion” taken part in 7th grade Science and Technology Classes and renewed first education programme, towards Science.

      Study carried out through pre-test post-test experimental design with control group.  Experimental application of research was carried out on 68 students, studying in 7th grade D-E classes at Muğla City Türdü 100. Yıl Secondary school in 2012-2013 academic years. Two groups were established as experimental and control groups, as part of research. The group, receiving Webquest supported collaborative education was defined as experimental group and the other group was defined as control group. 31 students took part in experimental group and 37 students took part in control group.

      Research data was obtained with attitude scale intended science, “Force and Motion” unit. Data, obtained, were analyzed by defining necessary statistical techniques with SPPS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) packet programme.

      In line with the findings from the research, Webquests supported collaborative learning methods couldn’t be effective on students’ attitude towards science. 

 

Özet

Bu araştırmanın amacı; 7. sınıf fen ve teknoloji dersinde yer alan kuvvet ve hareket ünitesinin webquest destekli işbirliğine dayalı öğrenme yöntemi ile yenilenen ilköğretim programa göre öğretim yapılan öğrencilerin fen bilgisine karşı tutumlarına etkisini incelemektir.

     Araştırma ön test-son test kontrol gruplu deneysel desen ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın deneysel uygulaması 2012-2013 eğitim-öğretim yılında Muğla ili Türdü 100.Yıl Ortaokulunda 7. sınıf D-E şubelerinde öğrenim gören 68 öğrenci üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında deney ve kontrol grubu olmak üzere iki grup kurulmuştur. Webquest destekli işbirlikli eğitim alan grup deney, diğer grup ise kontrol grubu olarak belirlenmiştir. Deney grubunda 31, kontrol grubunda 37 öğrenci yer almıştır. Araştırmanın verileri “Kuvvet ve Hareket” ünitesi Fen Bilgisine Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği ile elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) paket programı ile gerekli istatistiki teknikler belirlenerek analiz edilmiştir.

     Araştırma sonucu elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda, webquest destekli işbirlikli öğrenme yöntemi, öğrencilerin fene karşı tutumları üzerinde etkili olamamıştır.
Labour Laws and Informalisation of Employment: Panel Evidences from Indian Formal Manufacturing Sector
Authors: Sofi Irfan Ahmad , Sharma Pritee
Published: April 2015

Labour law is widely being cited as one of the principal factors creating rigidities in industrial business and, thereby, holding back productivity growth and employment generation. However, a substantial chunk of literature disputes the “rigidity argument” on the ground that there has been a sharp growth in informal employment, which is often considered as flexible labor input as it does not fall under the purview of what is believed to be directly related with rigidity – employment protection legislation (EPL). However, given empirical evidence showing that informal worker is less productive as compared to its formal (regular) counterpart, the question arises: what motivates the employer to employ less productive worker? Using three-dimensional panel data on 28 industrial sectors between 1999–2000 and 2007–2008 across 13 states of India, our results show that the incidence of informal employment is directly linked with EPL, volatility, and labor bargaining power. We utilize instrumental variable two stage least square (IV 2SLS) to overcome the endogeneity issues. The results are robust.
Some further estimates of the prolate spheroidal wave functions and their spectrum
Authors: Bonami Aline , Karoui Abderrazek
Published: April 2015

We complete here our recent work on explicit approximations of the Prolate Spheroidal Wave Functions (PSWFs) on the interval [-1,+1] and their associated spectra by pushing forward the methods in view of new results. We give in particular approximations of the ratio between large and small oscillations of PSWFs as well of the transition bandwidth for which the PSWF stops to take its largest values at the boundary of the interval. The aim of this work is two folds. On one hand, we prove a bunch of properties of the PSWFs and on the other hand, we illustrate the theoretical results by some numerical experiments.
Al-Fārābīs Kommentar zum Almagest in sekundärer Überlieferung bei Ibn aṣ-Ṣalāḥ: Ein vorläufiger Bericht
Authors: Thomann Johannes
Published: April 2015

Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ (d. 1154 CE) wrote a critique on chapter V. 17 of al-Fārābī’s commentary on the Almagest, which is preserved in a unique MS in Mashhad. More than half of its text consists of literal quotations of al-Fārābī’s commentary, which previously was considered to be lost. A commentary on books IX–XIII of the Almagest, handed down anonymously in two MSS and recently discovered was attributed to al-Fārābī.

Thomann 2010–2011.

This assumption can now be tested on a more secure basis. Al-Fārābī’s commentary was evidently not limited to the cosmological parts of the Almagest, but reached far into the mathematical parts, and makes the existence of books IX– XIII more likely. Furthermore, comments are verbose and larger in size than Ptolemy’s corresponding text, especially in the geometrical proofs. Finally, the quoted passages of al-Fārābī concern the calculation of parallaxes. In the two extant Arabic translations of the Almagest Greek parallaxis ist translated by ikhtilāf al-manẓar (“difference of the aspect”), and this became the standard term in astronomical works. But in the passages of al-Fārābī, the uncommon expression inḥirāf al-manẓar (“inclination of the aspect”) is consistently used instead. Parallaxis occurs only in one chapter of books IX–XIII and the anonymous commentary uses the expression inḥirāf al-manẓar. This striking common feature corroborates the attribution of the commentary of books IX–XIII to al-Fārābī. An edition and translation of the texts is in preparation.
Universal eigenvarieties, trianguline Galois representations, and
p-adic Langlands functoriality
Authors: Hansen David , Newton James
Published: April 2015

Using the overconvergent cohomology modules introduced by Ash–Stevens, we construct eigenvarieties associated with reductive groups
and establish some basic geometric properties of these spaces, building
on work of Ash–Stevens, Urban, and others. We also formulate a precise
modularity conjecture linking trianguline Galois representations with
overconvergent cohomology classes. In the course of giving evidence
for this conjecture, we establish several new instances of p-adic
Langlands functoriality. Our main technical innovations are a family
of universal coefficients spectral sequences for overconvergent cohomology
and a generalization of Chenevier’s interpolation theorem.
Topological invariance of the homological index
Authors: Carey Alan , Kaad Jens
Published: April 2015

R. W. Carey and J. Pincus in [6]
proposed an index theory for non-Fredholm bounded operators T on a separable Hilbert space

ℋ

{\mathcal{H}}

such that

T
⁢

T
*

-

T
*

⁢
T

{TT^{*}-T^{*}T}

is in the trace class.
We showed in [3] using Dirac-type operators acting on sections of bundles over

ℝ

2
⁢
n

{\mathbb{R}^{2n}}

that we could construct bounded operators T satisfying the more general condition
that the operator

(

1
-

T
⁢

T
*

)

n

-

(

1
-

T
*

⁢
T

)

n

{(1-TT^{*})^{n}-(1-T^{*}T)^{n}}

is in the trace class. We proposed there a ‘homological index’ for these Dirac-type operators given by

Tr
⁢

(

(

1
-

T
⁢

T
*

)

n

-

(

1
-

T
*

⁢
T

)

n

)

{{\rm Tr}((1-TT^{*})^{n}-(1-T^{*}T)^{n})}

. In this paper we show that the index introduced in [3] represents the result of a paring between a cyclic homology theory for the algebra generated by T and

T
*

{T^{*}}

and its dual cohomology theory. This leads us to establish the homotopy invariance of our homological index (in the sense of cyclic theory).
We are then able to define in a very general fashion a homological index for certain unbounded operators and prove invariance of this index under a class of unbounded perturbations.
Crowdfunding and Value Creation
Authors: Meyskens Moriah , Bird Lacy
Published: April 2015

Social ventures like other entrepreneurial endeavors often have difficulty in seeking financing. This study assesses the role of crowdfunding in social venture funding. We provide insight into crowdfunding types and platforms and social value creation. Then we offer a theoretical framework to help social ventures and social investors best choose which type of crowdfunding (reward, donation, equity, debt) might make most sense to them given their economic and social value creation goals.
Purchasing Power Parity and the Law of One Price: Evidence from Commodity Prices in Asian Countries
Authors: Bahmani-Oskooee Mohsen , Nasir ABM
Published: April 2015

Almost all previous studies that have tested the law of one price or Purchasing Power Parity theory (PPP) have used either real effective exchange rates or bilateral real exchange rates which are constructed using CPI or PPI data. Most of these studies have failed to support the PPP mostly due to aggregation bias. A few recent studies, have, therefore used commodity prices in different countries and have provided strong support for the theory. These studies have mostly used data from industrial countries. In this paper, we use individual prices of 52 retail items from 15 cities in Asia and test for stationarity of the real exchange rate and speed of adjustment. We provide support for PPP in 63% of the cases. We also find that using individual prices lead to faster convergence of real rates toward their PPP values.
Positioning self and others in the courtroom: Person markers in the opening statement
Authors: Chaemsaithong Krisda
Published: April 2015

Conceptualizing person markers as an instrument of ideological negotiation and persuasion, this study explores the relationships between language, interaction and identity in the context of courtroom opening statements. The study quantitatively and qualitatively analyzes the use of first- and second-person markers. Based on a corpus of three high-profile trials, the findings indicate that person markers are pragmatically conditioned and contribute to making opening statement argumentative. By manipulating pronouns, the lawyers construct a shared identity with jurors and, at the same time, an authoritative self-image in order to align the jurors with their version of reality.
The logical-semantic content of subject: A configurational view from syntax and LF
Authors: Jurczyk Rafał
Published: April 2015

The paper raises the topic of what the functional and logical notion of subject is. It examines the syntax-semantic nature of Icelandic and Polish quirky subject constructions (subjectless clauses in which the initial DP bears oblique Case) with psych-verbs. Of main interest is the full vs. default agreement on V which nominative DPs and quirky subjects always trigger, respectively. We attempt to define the primitive notion of subject from two standpoints – its LF representation and how it is mirrored syntactically by the predication relation of the subject with respect to vP/VP and the proposition of the sentence in TP between the subject and T′. We discuss the semantic and configurational dependencies between quirky subjects and nominative DPs and vP and TP/CP. The paper investigates also the landing site for non-nominative initial DPs and argues for the Topic Phrase in the Left Periphery (Rizzi 1997) as a most natural candidate to host quirky subjects. Hopefully, the conclusions reached here may offer some way of bringing the notion of subject towards its more satisfactory understanding and description within the generative approach.
Antonymy in language use: From core members to ad hoc couplings
Authors: Kostić Nataša
Published: April 2015

This paper analyzes instances of use of conventionalized antonyms in sentences in which they generate a related contrast pair or enhance its contrast potential, e.g.
Regulation of Patterned Dynamics of Local Exocytosis in Growth Cones by Netrin-1
Authors: Ros Oriol , Cotrufo Tiziana , Martínez-Mármol Ramón , Soriano Eduardo
Published: April 2015

Axonal guidance and synaptic specification depends on specific signaling mechanisms that occur in growth cones. While several signaling pathways implicated in cone navigation have been identified, membrane dynamics in growth cones remains largely unknown. We took advantage of SynaptopHluorin and high-speed optical recordings to monitor the patterns of membrane dynamics in rat hippocampal growth cones. We show that exocytosis occurs both at the peripheral and central domains, including filopodia, and that SynaptopHluorin signals occur as spontaneous patterned peaks. Such transients average approximately two per minute and last ∼30 s. We also demonstrate that the chemoattractant Netrin-1 elicits increases in the frequency and slopes of these transients, with peaks averaging up to six per minute in the peripheral domain. Netrin-1-dependent regulation of exocytotic events requires the activation of the Erk1/2 and SFK pathways. Furthermore, we show that domains with high SynaptopHluorin signals correlate with high local calcium concentrations and that local, spontaneous calcium increases are associated with higher SynaptopHluorin signals. These findings demonstrate highly stereotyped, spontaneous transients of local exocytosis in growth cones and that these transients are positively regulated by chemoattractant molecules such as Netrin-1.
Contribution of the Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter KCC2 to the Strength of Inhibition in the Neonatal Rodent Spinal CordIn Vitro
Authors: Gackière Florian , Vinay Laurent
Published: April 2015

In healthy mature motoneurons (MNs), KCC2 cotransporters maintain the intracellular chloride concentration at low levels, a prerequisite for postsynaptic inhibition mediated by GABA and glycine. KCC2 expression in lumbar MNs is reduced after spinal cord injury (SCI) resulting in a depolarizing shift of the chloride equilibrium potential. Despite modeling studies indicating that such a downregulation of KCC2 function would reduce the strength of postsynaptic inhibition, physiological evidence is still lacking. The present study aimed at investigating the functional impact of a modification of KCC2 function. We focused on a well characterized disynaptic inhibitory pathway responsible for reciprocal inhibition between antagonistic muscles. We performedin vitroextracellular recordings on spinal cords isolated from rodents at the end of the first postnatal week. Genetic reduction of KCC2 expression, pharmacological blockade of KCC2, as well as SCI-induced downregulation of KCC2 all resulted in a reduction of the strength of reciprocal inhibition. We then tried to restore endogenous inhibition after SCI by means of zinc ions that have been shown to boost KCC2 function in other models. Zinc chloride indeed hyperpolarized the chloride equilibrium potential in MNs and increased reciprocal inhibition after neonatal SCI. This study demonstrates that the level of KCC2 function sets the strength of postsynaptic inhibition and suggests that the downregulation of KCC2 after SCI likely contributes to the high occurrence of flexor–extensor cocontractions in SCI patients.
Delayed Inhibition of VEGF Signaling after Stroke Attenuates Blood–Brain Barrier Breakdown and Improves Functional Recovery in a Comorbidity-Dependent Manner
Authors: Reeson Patrick , Tennant Kelly A. , Gerrow Kim , Wang Josh , Weiser Novak Sammy , Thompson Kelsey , Lockhart Krista-Linn , Holmes Andrew , Nahirney Patrick C. , Brown Craig E.
Published: April 2015

Diabetes is a common comorbidity in stroke patients and a strong predictor of poor functional outcome. To provide a more mechanistic understanding of this clinically relevant problem, we focused on how diabetes affects blood–brain barrier (BBB) function after stroke. Because the BBB can be compromised for days after stroke and thus further exacerbate ischemic injury, manipulating its function presents a unique opportunity for enhancing stroke recovery long after the window for thrombolytics has passed. Using a mouse model of Type 1 diabetes, we discovered that ischemic stroke leads to an abnormal and persistent increase in vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGF-R2) expression in peri-infarct vascular networks. Correlating with this, BBB permeability was markedly increased in diabetic mice, which could not be prevented with insulin treatment after stroke. Imaging of capillary ultrastructure revealed that BBB permeability was associated with an increase in endothelial transcytosis rather than a loss of tight junctions. Pharmacological inhibition (initiated 2.5 d after stroke) or vascular-specific knockdown of VEGF-R2 after stroke attenuated BBB permeability, loss of synaptic structure in peri-infarct regions, and improved recovery of forepaw function. However, the beneficial effects of VEGF-R2 inhibition on stroke recovery were restricted to diabetic mice and appeared to worsen BBB permeability in nondiabetic mice. Collectively, these results suggest that aberrant VEGF signaling and BBB dysfunction after stroke plays a crucial role in limiting functional recovery in an experimental model of diabetes. Furthermore, our data highlight the need to develop more personalized stroke treatments for a heterogeneous clinical population.
The Influence of Movement Preparation Time on the Expression of Visuomotor Learning and Savings
Authors: Haith Adrian M. , Huberdeau David M. , Krakauer John W.
Published: April 2015

Following a change in the environment or motor apparatus, human subjects are able to rapidly compensate their movements to recover accurate performance. This ability to adapt is thought to be achieved through multiple, qualitatively distinct learning processes acting in parallel. It is unclear, however, what the relative contributions of these multiple processes are during learning. In particular, long-term memories in such paradigms have been extensively studied through the phenomenon of savings—faster adaptation to a given perturbation the second time it is experienced—but it is unclear which components of learning contribute to this effect. Here we show that distinct components of learning in an adaptation task can be dissociated based on the amount of preparation time they require. During adaptation, we occasionally forced subjects to generate movements at very low preparation times. Early in learning, subjects expressed only a limited amount of their prior learning in these trials, though performance improved gradually with further practice. Following washout, subjects exhibited a strong and persistent aftereffect in trials in which preparation time was limited. When subjects were exposed to the same perturbation twice in successive days, they adapted faster the second time. This savings effect was, however, not seen in movements generated at low preparation times. These results demonstrate that preparation time plays a critical role in the expression of some components of learning but not others. Savings is restricted to those components that require prolonged preparation to be expressed and might therefore reflect a declarative rather than procedural form of memory.
Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Vestibular Disorders: Psychophysics and Prosthetics
Authors: Lewis Richard F.
Published: April 2015

Although vestibular disorders are common and often disabling, they remain difficult to diagnose and treat. For these reasons, considerable interest has been focused on developing new ways to identify peripheral and central vestibular abnormalities and on new therapeutic options that could benefit the numerous patients who remain symptomatic despite optimal therapy. In this review, I focus on the potential utility of psychophysical vestibular testing and vestibular prosthetics. The former offers a new diagnostic approach that may prove to be superior to the current tests in some circumstances; the latter may be a way to provide the brain with information about head motion that restores some elements of the information normally provided by the vestibular labyrinth.
The Knockdown of αkap Alters the Postsynaptic Apparatus of Neuromuscular Junctions in Living Mice
Authors: Martinez-Pena y Valenzuela Isabel , Aittaleb Mohamed , Chen Po-Ju , Akaaboune Mohammed
Published: April 2015

A muscle-specific nonkinase anchoring protein (αkap), encoded within the calcium/calmodulin kinase II (camk2) α gene, was recently found to control the stability of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters on the surface of cultured myotubes. However, it remains unknown whether this protein has any effect on receptor stability and the maintenance of the structural integrity of neuromuscular synapsesin vivo. By knocking down the endogenous expression of αkap in mouse sternomastoid muscles with shRNA, we found that the postsynaptic receptor density was dramatically reduced, the turnover rate of receptors at synaptic sites was significantly increased, and the insertion rates of both newly synthesized and recycled receptors into the postsynaptic membrane were depressed. Moreover, we found that αkap shRNA knockdown impaired synaptic structure as postsynaptic AChR clusters and their associated postsynaptic scaffold proteins within the neuromuscular junction were completely eliminated. These results provide new mechanistic insight into the role of αkap in regulating the stability of the postsynaptic apparatus of neuromuscular synapses.
Broad Thorny Ganglion Cells: A Candidate for Visual Pursuit Error Signaling in the Primate Retina
Authors: Puller Christian , Manookin Michael B. , Neitz Jay , Rieke Fred , Neitz Maureen
Published: April 2015

Functional analyses exist only for a few of the morphologically described primate ganglion cell types, and their correlates in other mammalian species remain elusive. Here, we recorded light responses of broad thorny cells in the whole-mounted macaque retina. They showed ON-OFF-center light responses that were strongly suppressed by stimulation of the receptive field surround. Spike responses were delayed compared with parasol ganglion cells and other ON-OFF cells, including recursive bistratified ganglion cells and A1 amacrine cells. The receptive field structure was shaped by direct excitatory synaptic input and strong presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibition in both ON and OFF pathways. The cells responded strongly to dark or bright stimuli moving either in or out of the receptive field, independent of the direction of motion. However, they did not show a maintained spike response either to a uniform background or to a drifting plaid pattern. These properties could be ideally suited for guiding movements involved in visual pursuit. The functional characteristics reported here permit the first direct cross-species comparison of putative homologous ganglion cell types. Based on morphological similarities, broad thorny ganglion cells have been proposed to be homologs of rabbit local edge detector ganglion cells, but we now show that the two cells have quite distinct physiological properties. Thus, our data argue against broad thorny cells as the homologs of local edge detector cells.
A Proteomic Analysis Reveals the Interaction of GluK1 Ionotropic Kainate Receptor Subunits with Go Proteins
Authors: Rutkowska-Wlodarczyk Izabela , Aller M. Isabel , Valbuena Sergio , Bologna Jean-Charles , Prézeau Laurent , Lerma Juan
Published: April 2015

Kainate receptors (KARs) are found ubiquitously in the CNS and are present presynaptically and postsynaptically regulating synaptic transmission and excitability. Functional studies have proven that KARs act as ion channels as well as potentially activating G-proteins, thus indicating the existance of a dual signaling system for KARs. Nevertheless, it is not clear how these ion channels activate G-proteins and which of the KAR subunits is involved. Here we performed a proteomic analysis to define proteins that interact with the C-terminal domain of GluK1 and we identified a variety of proteins with many different functions, including a Go α subunit. These interactions were verified through distinctin vitroandin vivoassays, and the activation of the Go protein by GluK1 was validated in bioluminescence resonance energy transfer experiments, while the specificity of this association was confirmed in GluK1-deficient mice. These data reveal components of the KAR interactome, and they show that GluK1 and Go proteins are natural partners, accounting for the metabotropic effects of KARs.
Lex Mitior
Authors: Westen Peter
Published: April 2015

In 2009, New Mexico prospectively repealed the death penalty. Three years later in 2012, New Mexico prosecuted a defendant for a capital murder that was committed before repeal, and it sought to subject him to the death penalty. If state prosecutors had prevailed with the jury, they would have secured the very kind of sentence—death—that state officials had been lauded in Europe for outlawing three years earlier. A prosecution like New Mexico’s could never occur in Europe, and not merely because Europe has long outlawed the death penalty. It could never occur because, in contrast to the law of most American jurisdictions, European states embrace a doctrine known as “lex mitior” (“the milder law”). The latter doctrine is a counterpart to the ex post facto prohibition. Both doctrines concern retroactivity in criminal law, but they are the converse of one another. The ex post facto doctrine prohibits retroactivity by prohibiting the state from prosecuting persons under criminal statutes that either retroactively criminalize conduct that was hitherto lawful or retroactively increase penalties for conduct that, while unlawful all along, was hitherto punishable less severely. In contrast, lex mitior mandates retroactivity by mandating that criminal defendants receive the retroactive benefits of repealing statutes that either decriminalize conduct altogether or reduce punishment for it. After surveying laws in the United States regarding the retroactive effect of ameliorative repeals, the author addresses whether punishing offenders under harsher laws that obtained at the time of their conduct can serve consequentialist and/or retributive purposes of punishment. He concludes that, although doing so can be morally justified under limited circumstances, typically it is not—a conclusion that bears upon lex mitior’s proper scope, whether it consists of a binding norm (as it is among European nations), a nonconstitutional norm (as it presently is within the United States), or, when legislative intent is uncertain, a function of the rule of lenity.
Coping strategies and characteristics of the nursing staff of a private hospital
Authors: Benetti Eliane Raquel Rieth , Stumm Eniva Miladi Fernandes , Weiller Teresinha Heck , Batista Karla De Melo , Lopes Luis Felipe Dias , Guido Laura De Azevedo
Published: April 2015

Objective: to analyze the relationships between sociodemographic/functional characteristics and the coping strategiesused by the nursing staff of a private hospital. Methods: it is a quantitative, analytical and cross-sectional study developedwith 209 nursing workers. Data were collected sociodemographic/functional characterization and form inventory of thecoping strategies. Results: positive reassessment, social support and problem solving were the most used coping factors.There was statistically significant difference between self-control and sex; social support and salary range; acceptance ofresponsibility and the variables age, number of children, training and salary. The staff use strategies focused on emotionsand problems to cope with or to minimize stressors at work. Conclusion: educational activities need to be encouragedaiming to instrumentalize them to do the evaluation of stressors and to use resolutive coping strategies.
Perception of the nursing team on pregnancy concerning infection caused by HIV
Authors: Caldas Marcela Araújo Galdino , Porangaba Shyrllene Correia Ferreira , Melo Elizabete Santos , Gir Elucir , Reis Renata Karina
Published: April 2015

Objective: to identify the perception of the nursing team concerning pregnancy in the presence of HIV. Methods: this is aqualitative study made in a reference hospital. For data collection individual interviews were conducted and recorded with15 nurses who provide care to women during their puerperal and/or pregnancy process. The data were described accordingto thematic analysis. Results: gestation in the presence of HIV is perceived as irresponsibility, misinformation, and concernwith the risks of vertical transmission. The divergent statements of the nursing team point to the lack of understanding ofpregnancy in terms of the needs and desires of people living with HIV which may favor an improper procedure and nursingassistance limited to the behavior and technical nursing care in order to reduce vertical transmission of HIV. Conclusion:it is necessary that in the education of health, in the several levels of nursing include matters concerning the gender, sexualand reproductive rights.