bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coevolution of lexicon and syntax from a simulation perspective
Authors: Gong Tao , Minett James W. , Ke Jinyun , Holland John H. , Wang William S.‐Y.
Published: August 2005

Whether simple syntax (in the form of simple word order) can emerge during the emergence of lexicon is studied from a simulation perspective; a multiagent computational model is adopted to trace a lexicon‐syntax coevolution through iterative communications. Several factors that may affect this self‐organizing process are discussed. An indirect meaning transference is simulated to study the effect of nonlinguistic information in listener's comprehension. Besides the theoretical and empirical argumentations, this computational model, following theEmergentism, demonstrates an adaptation of syntax from some domain‐general abilities, which provides an argumentation against theInnatism. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 10: 50–62, 2005
Cross‐Correlation Spectroscopy Applied to the Investigation of Barrier Discharges in N2/O2 Mixtures at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Wagner H.‐E. , Brandenburg R. , Kozlov K. V. , Morozov A. M. , Michel P.
Published: August 2005

The techniques of spatially resolved cross‐correlation spectroscopy (CCS) and current pulse oscillography were used to carry out systematic investigations of the barrier discharge (BD) in the binary gas mixtures N2/O2 at atmospheric pressure. In the case of the BD filamentary mode, which is characterized by the formation of microdischarges (MDs) of short duration, the spatio‐temporal distributions of the BD radiation intensities were recorded for the spectral bands of the 0‐0 transitions of the 2nd positive (λ = 337 nm) and 1st negative system of molecular nitrogen (λ = 391 nm). The velocities of the cathode‐directed ionising waves as well as the effective lifetimes of the excited states N 2(C 3Πu )υ ′=0 and N +2 (B 2Σ+u )υ ′=0 were evaluated from the CCS data. The two‐dimensional optical scanning of the MD channel (in axial and radial directions of the MD) was carried out for the BD operated in the gas mixture consisting of 6 vol.% of O2 and 94 vol.% of N2. In the middle of gap, the MD channel diameter was found to be about 0.3 mm and to expand towards both electrodes. On the dielectrics, outward propagating discharges were observed. In pure nitrogen the diffuse mode of barrier discharge was investigated. Surprisingly, under the conditions studied, the transition to the filamentary mode already starts for O2 admixtures to nitrogen of ≥400 ppm. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the Reaction Kinetics of Chemically Active Molecular Microwave Plasmas
Authors: Stancu G. D. , Pipa A. V. , Lombardi G. , Davies P. B. , Gicquel A. , Lavrov B. P. , Röpcke J.
Published: August 2005

Recent studies of phenomena in molecular non‐equilibrium microwave plasmas, which have been performed within the framework of the DFG‐Sonderforschungsbereich 198, project A12, are presented in this review article. Special attention is devoted to the properties and kinetics of transient molecular species. The experimental methods used were optical emission and absorption spectroscopy. The main objectives of this contribution were threefold: (i) the determination of the degree of dissociation of hydrogen in plasmas, (ii) the quantitative detection of the methyl radical, and (iii) plasma process monitoring using quantum cascade lasers. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Lipase‐catalysed interesterification of palm stearin with soybean oil in a continuous fluidised‐bed reactor
Authors: Osório Natália M. , Gusmão José H. , da Fonseca M. Manuela , Ferreira‐Dias Suzana
Published: August 2005

The aim of this study was the interesterification of palm stearin with soybean oil, catalysed by a commercial immobilised lipase from Candida antarctica, in a continuous fluidised‐bed reactor. The interesterification was indirectly followed by the decrease in the solid fat content at 35 °C (SFC35 °C). The best reaction conditions were previously established batchwise via response surface methodology as a function of temperature and medium composition. The reactor operated continuously for 21 days. During the first 16 days, no significant decrease in the initial activity was observed and a reduction of 30–40% in the SFC35 °C was achieved. Subsequently, a progressive decrease in the activity was detected, and a reduction of only 5% in the SFC35 °C was obtained after 21 days of operation. The biocatalyst could be partially reactivated and was reused, under the same conditions, for a further period of 21 days. A similar inactivation profile, described by a series‐type inactivation kinetics model, was observed. The estimated values for the half‐life and the deactivation coefficient were the same for the fresh and reactivated biocatalyst (17 days and 0.0035 d−2, respectively). The free fatty acid content of the interesterified fat in the continuous reactor (0.7–1.2%) was lower than that of the fat obtained batchwise (2–6%).
Book Review: The Chemistry of Oils and Fats – Sources, Properties and Uses. Edited Frank D. Gunstone
Authors: Claude Sylvain
Published: August 2005

No abstracts.
Are reproductive health NGOs in Uganda able to engage in the health SWAp?
Authors: Mugisha Frank , Birungi Harriet , Askew Ian
Published: August 2005

This paper explores the ability for reproductive health (RH) non‐governmental organizations (NGO) in Uganda to survive in the context of SWAp and decentralization. The authors argue that, contrary to the perceptions that this context may increase NGO's financial vulnerability, a SWAp and a decentralized system may provide an opportunity that should be embraced by NGOs to enhance their sustainability and effectiveness by reducing their current dependency on donor funding. The paper discusses the systemic weaknesses of many NGOs that currently make them vulnerable, and observes that unless these weaknesses are addressed, such NGOs will lose their space in the SWAp and decentralization arena. The authors suggest that NGOs need to recognize the opportunities that participating in public‐private partnerships through a SWAp can offer them for long‐term and significant funding. They need also to develop their capacity to pro‐actively participate in a SWAp and decentralized context by becoming more entrepreneurial in nature, through re‐orienting their organizational philosophies and strategic planning and budgeting so as to be able to partner effectively with the public sector in accessing funds made available through health sector reform. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro study of drug loading on polymer‐free oxide films of metallic implants
Authors: Shih Chun‐Ming , Shih Chun‐Che , Su Yea‐Yang , Chang Nen‐Chung , Lin Shing‐Jong
Published: August 2005

Traditionally, a drug that is loaded onto a metallic surface has to use various polymer bondings as its platform. Unfortunately, polymer coatings on a metallic surface cause numerous problems after implantation, such as late thrombosis, inflammation, and restenosis. This research was conducted to investigate whether an oxide layer can be used as a polymer‐free platform for drug loading, especially for cardiovascular stents. The interaction and loading of heparin onto different oxide films on 316LVM stainless steel wire was confirmed in vitro by experimental studies using linear voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. The eluting of heparin from heparinized surface was studied by using high‐performance liquid chromatography, and activated clotting time in addition to linear voltammetry and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis analyses. Experimental results show that amorphous oxide could be a potential substitute for the polymer coating of drug‐loaded stents for minimizing metallic corrosion, inflammation, late thrombosis, and restenosis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Integrating remote sensing data and rapid appraisals for land‐cover change analyses in Uganda
Authors: Vogt N. , Bahati J. , Unruh J. , Green G. , Banana A. , Gombya‐Ssembajjwe W. , Sweeney S.
Published: August 2005

Rapid population growth, unsustainable land use, and a pervasively degrading landscape are components of a dominant paradigm regarding African development. While recent work articulating the ‘misreading’ of the African landscape have begun to challenge this paradigm, much work remains regarding the pervasiveness and character of this misread. A method is presented for investigating mechanisms of land‐cover change that combines remotely sensed data, archival data, and rapid appraisals in a way less influenced by dominant paradigms. We present a case where increasing human activity is resulting in accumulation of woody biomass on edaphic grasslands of a forest–grassland mosaic, rather than the expansion of grasslands at the expense of forests as is currently understood in that area. These increases in biomass are stimulated by anthropogenic influences that are shaped by institutional and edaphic factors. We do not claim that resources are being pervasively enhanced across sub‐Saharan Africa under conditions of population growth, but that there may be many mechanisms of change, resulting in both degradation and enhancement, occurring simultaneously across sub‐Saharan Africa or even intra‐regionally within a nation under these conditions. The integration and application of these methods serve to improve applied analyses of land‐cover change to better characterize these mechanisms, and avoid the wrong policy prescriptions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Light, Small Angle Neutron and X‐Ray Scattering from Gels
Authors: Geissler Erik , Hecht Anne‐Marie , Rochas Cyrille , Horkay Ferenc , Basser Peter J.
Published: August 2005

This paper gives two examples of experiments that demonstrate the power of small angle scattering techniques in the study of swollen polymer networks. First, it is shown how the partly ergodic character of these systems is directly detected by neutron spin echo experiments. The observed total field correlation function of the intensity scattered from a neutral gel allows the ergodic contribution to be directly distinguished from the non ergodic part, at values of transfer wave vector q that lie well beyond the range of dynamic light scattering. The results can be compared with those obtained at much lower q from visible light scattering.

Second, a recent application of small angle X‐ray (SAXS) and neutron (SANS) scattering is described for a polyelectrolyte molecule, DNA, in semi‐dilute solutions under near‐physiological conditions. For these observations, the divalent ion normally present, calcium, is replaced by an equivalent ion, strontium. The comparison between SANS and SAXS yields a quantitative picture of the cloud of divalent counter‐ions around the central DNA core. At physiological conditions, the cloud is thinner than that predicted on the basis of the Debye screening length but thicker than if the counter‐ions were condensed on the DNA chain.
Synthesis and Characterization of Three‐Component Polyelectrolytic Amphiphilic Model Networks
Authors: Hadjiantoniou Natalia , Triftaridou Aggeliki I. , Georgiou Theoni K. , Patrickios Costas S.
Published: August 2005

Two hydrophilic monomers, 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA, ionizable) and methoxy hexa(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (HEGMA, non‐ionic), and one hydrophobic monomer, n‐butyl methacrylate (BuMA) were copolymerized via group transfer polymerization (GTP) to prepare eight equimolar, isomeric, amphiphilic terpolymer networks. The degree of swelling in acidic water of these networks varied, depending on network structure.
A Study of Probe Characteristics on the Diffusion Process in Materials Containing Acryloxy and Acrylate Units
Authors: Galiatsatos Vassilios , Sherman B. Jeffrey
Published: August 2005

We study the diffusion of an atomic probe in materials used in restorative dentistry. We rely on computer simulation and on a version of transition state theory to access the diffusion regimes of interest. We find that the calculated logD values are in good agreement with reported results in other glassy polymeric materials. We report the effect of atomic mass and probe radius on the diffusion process.
Improved Dental Composites Utilizing Dibenzylidene Sorbitol Networks
Authors: Wilder Elizabeth A. , Antonucci Joseph M.
Published: August 2005

Dibenzylidene sorbitol (DBS) is a sugar derivative that is capable of self‐organizing into a 3D nanofibrillar network at relatively low concentrations in a wide variety of organic solvents and polymer melts to induce physical gelation. This research was aimed at determining the effect of DBS networks on vinyl conversion, polymerization shrinkage, and mechanical strength of bioactive dental composites containing zirconyl‐modified amorphous calcium phosphate (Zr‐ACP) and a polymer matrix derived from the photopolymerization of ethoxylated bisphenol‐A dimethacrylate (EBPADMA). Flexural strength was enhanced while polymerization shrinkage and its associated stress development were both significantly reduced by the incorporation of DBS into the composites, suggesting that DBS may be a useful additive for dental composites.
Imaging Therapeutic Proteins in Gelatin for Controlled Drug Release
Authors: Wagoner Johnson Amy , Serrano Nilda Juan , Whittington Morgan Abby , Jamison Russell , Choy Young Bin , Choi Hyungsoo , Kim Kyekyoon (Kevin) , DeCarlo Francesco
Published: August 2005

Preliminary results from this study show that x‐ray microcomputed tomography can be used to image model proteins for bone inducing growth factors. Small quantities (<1 μg protein/mg gelatin) of soybean trypsin inhibitor labeled with either gold nanoparticles or nonradioactive iodine were detected using synchrotron radiation. These results could lead to a new method of measuring the release profile of therapeutic proteins.
Nanoparticles from Chitosan
Authors: Bodnár Magdolna , Hartmann John F. , Borbély János
Published: August 2005

Novel biodegradable nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical modification of the chitosan linear chain. A natural dicarboxylic acid (malic acid) was used as a crosslinking agent for intramolecular covalent condensation reaction to obtain hydrophilic nanoparticles based on chitosan. A variety of methods including, solubility studies, laser light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to characterize the crosslinked macromolecules.

The prepared biodegradable chitosan nanoparticles, soluble in aqueous media, might be useful for various biomedical applications, like injectable drug‐ or gene‐delivery systems.
Preparation and Characterization of Electroactive Biopolymers
Authors: Finkenstadt Victoria , Willett J.L.
Published: August 2005

Biopolymers have the potential for use as a matrix for applications such as controlled release devices, environmentally sensitive membranes, mimic materials and energetic applications. Renewable resources (such as starch) can be utilized as polymer matrices for electroactive materials that are sensitive to their environment. Natural polymers are generally more environmentally‐friendly and biocompatible than existing synthetic products. Thermoplastic starch is naturally insulative; however, the chemical, electrical, and mechanical properties of the biopolymer matrix can be tailored for specific functionality in a continuous process utilizing reactive extrusion. Conductance can be measured in the solid state by a direct‐current resistance method. Ion‐conducting materials, produced by doping thermoplastic starch and biopolymers with metal halides, have 5 orders of magnitude greater conductance than native materials. There is a correlation between polymer mobility and conductance. Plant or microbial biopolymers with ionic functional groups have shown promise for higher levels of conductance. The conductance approaches the level of synthetic polymer electrolytes.
Role of PI3K/Akt signaling in insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) skin tumor promotion
Authors: Wilker Erik , Lu Jerry , Rho Okkyung , Carbajal Steve , Beltrán Linda , DiGiovanni John
Published: August 2005

Overexpression of human IGF‐1 with the bovine keratin 5 (BK5) promoter (BK5.IGF‐1 transgenic mice) induces persistent epidermal hyperplasia and leads to spontaneous skin tumor formation. In previous work, PI3K and Akt activities were found to be elevated in the epidermis of BK5.IGF‐1 transgenic mice compared to nontransgenic littermates. In the present study, we examined the importance of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in mediating the skin phenotype and the skin tumor promoting action of IGF‐1 in these mice. Western blot analyses with epidermal lysates showed that signaling components downstream of PI3K/Akt were altered in epidermis of BK5.IGF‐1 mice. Increased phosphorylation of GSK‐3 (Ser9/21), TSC2(Thr1462), and mTOR(Ser2448) was observed. In addition, hypophosphorylation and increased protein levels of β‐catenin were observed in the epidermis of BK5.IGF‐1 mice. These data suggested that components downstream of Akt might be affected, including cell cycle machinery in the epidermis of BK5.IGF‐1 mice. Protein levels of cyclins (D1, E, A), E2F1, and E2F4 were all elevated in the epidermis of BK5.IGF‐1 mice. Also, immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated an increase in cdk4/cyclin D1 and cdk2/cyclin E complex formation, suggesting increased cdk activity in the epidermis of transgenic mice. In further studies, the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, significantly blocked IGF‐1‐mediated epidermal proliferation and skin tumor promotion in DMBA‐initiated BK5.IGF‐1 mice. In addition, inhibition of PI3K/Akt with LY294002 reversed many of the cell cycle related changes observed in untreated transgenic animals. Collectively, the current results supported the hypothesis that elevated PI3K/Akt activity and subsequent activation of one or more downstream effector pathways contributed significantly to the tumor promoting action of IGF‐1 in the epidermis of BK5.IGF‐1 mice. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of dielectric constant using a microwave microstrip ring resonator (MMRR) at 10 GHz irrespective of the type of overlay
Authors: Sofin R. G. Sumesh , Aiyer R. C.
Published: August 2005

A new equation to measure the dielectric constant of materials using a microwave microstrip ring resonator (MMRR) at 10 GHz by empirically modifying the design equation of the effective dielectric constant of the system is proposed. Each material, with the proper size of interest, is overlaid on the MMRR and the change in resonance frequency caused by the change of effective dielectric constant of the system is measured, which depends on the dielectric constant, thickness, and type of overlay (complete or partial). No equations are available for obtaining the dielectric constant of the materials, which are used as partial overlays. The proposed equation can be used for both a complete and a crossed partial overlay. Validation of the equation is done using different dielectric materials and is in good agreement with the experimental results (within ±1%). This will be useful in applications such as grain‐moisture sensing using MMRR. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 47: 11–14, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21066
Conductor and dielectric‐property extraction using microstrip tee resonators
Authors: Fulford Andrew R. , Wentworth Stuart M.
Published: August 2005

A pair of microstrip tee resonators, each with a different impedance resonating element, are employed to extract conductor‐sheet resistance as well as dielectric properties. The method's performance is evaluated for copper lines on microwave laminate substrate. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 47: 14–16, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21067
On the evaluation of self‐patch integrals in the method of moments
Authors: Knockaert Luc , Olyslager Frank , Vande Ginste Dries
Published: August 2005

Starting with the general expression for the m‐dimensional scalar Green's function or its singular part, we transform the 2n‐dimensional moment integral into an n‐dimensional integral in the Fourier domain. This allows us to perform a powerful singularity extraction and to replace the singular Green's kernel by a nonsingular truncated kernel, for which the moment integrals can be evaluated by means of numerical‐quadrature methods. Additionally, when utilizing a Galerkin pulse basis, a double Gauss theorem permits us to replace the 2n‐dimensional moment integral with a 2(n − 1)‐dimensional boundary integral, again offering dimensionality and computational gain. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 47: 22–26, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21070
Hybrid packaging for a 1.25‐Gb/s bidirectional transceiver using a filter‐integrated planar lightwave circuit platform
Authors: Moon Sungwook , Han Sub , Choi Jung‐Ho , Shin Sang‐Gil , Ryu Gihan , Park Sung‐Woong , Song Sun‐Ho , Margalit Moti , Avni Eitan , Rogovsky Gideon
Published: August 2005

A 1.25‐Gb/s bidirectional transceiver is designed and fabricated on a filter‐integrated PLC platform for access networks. The fabricated transceiver has optical output of 2.2 dBm at 30 mA and minimum sensitivity of −22.7 dBm at 10−12at a 1.25‐Gb/s NRZ signal and crosstalk penalty of 0.8 dB. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 47: 34–36, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21073
Fully matched dual‐operation‐mode GaAs FET amplifier for efficiency enhancement at low‐power level
Authors: Chung Younkyu , Song Reem , Itoh Tatsuo
Published: August 2005

This paper presents a 2.12‐GHz GaAs FET dual‐operation‐mode amplifier with a new efficiency‐enhancing technique that employs novel switchable 1:1/1:0 ratio power‐routing schemes. The amplifier switches its operation, depending upon a required power level, to either a low‐power or high‐power mode. The integrated power routers enable all matching requirements in both modes to be satisfied regardless of the operating condition of the reference amplifiers. The measurement results show an improved efficiency performance in a low‐operation power range, as compared to a conventional balanced amplifier, due to the power‐routing schemes and demonstrated dual‐mode operation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 47: 41–44, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21075
NMR measurements of gaseous sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) to probe the cross‐linking of EPDM rubber
Authors: Terekhov M. , Neutzler S. , Aluas M. , Hoepfel D. , Oellrich L. R.
Published: August 2005

The effects of embedding gaseous SF6 into EPDM rubber were investigated using NMR methods. It was found that observed sorption and desorption processes follow the behavior of the dual mode sorption model. A strong correlation was found between EPDM cross‐linking and transversal relaxation time of embedded SF6. EPDM samples with different cross‐link densities, preliminarily determined by 1H transversal relaxation using the Gotlib model and Litvinov's method, were investigated using embedded SF6. The sensitivity of the 19F transversal relaxation rate of SF6 to the EPDM cross‐link density variation was found to be at least 10 times higher than for 1H in the polymer chain. First experiments on probing the swelling effects in EPDM due to its contact with polar liquids have been performed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resolution and reproducibility of BOLD and perfusion functional MRI at 3.0 Tesla
Authors: van Gelderen Peter , W.H. Wu Carolyn , de Zwart Jacco A. , Cohen Leonardo , Hallett Mark , Duyn Jeff H.
Published: August 2005

Visual and somatosensory activation studies were performed on normal subjects to compare the spatial discrimination and reproducibility between functional MRI (fMRI) methods based on blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) and perfusion contrast. To allow simultaneous measurement of BOLD and perfusion contrast, a dedicated MRI acquisition technique was developed. Repeated experiments of sensory stimulation of single digits of the right hand showed an average variability of activation amplitude of 25% for BOLD data, and a significantly lower variability of 21% for perfusion data. No significant difference in the variability of the locus of activity was observed between the BOLD and perfusion data. In somatotopy experiments, digits II and V were subjected to passive sensory stimulation. Both the BOLD and perfusion data showed substantial overlap in the activation patterns from the two digits. In a retinotopy study, two stimuli were alternated to excite different patches of V1. Again there was substantial overlap between the activation patterns from both stimuli, although the perfusion performed somewhat better than the BOLD method. Particularly for the visual studies, the overlap in activation patterns was more than expected based on the fine‐scale retinotopic mapping of cortical activity, suggesting that both BOLD and perfusion contrast mechanisms contribute substantially to the point‐spread function (PSF). Magn Reson Med, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of myocardial elastic modulus and viscosity using displacement imaging and phase‐contrast velocity mapping
Authors: Wen Han , Bennett Eric , Epstein Neal , Plehn Jonathan
Published: August 2005

Approximately half of patients experiencing congestive heart failure present with a normal left ventricular ejection fraction. Perturbations in material properties affecting ventricular pressure/volume relationships likely play an important role in the “stiff heart syndrome” yet noninvasive tools permitting the accurate assessment of myocardial elasticity are extremely limited. We developed an MRI‐based technique to examine regional left ventricular stress/strain relationships by incorporating displacement‐encoding with stimulated‐echoes (DENSE) and phase‐contrast (PC) velocity mapping and compared regional elastic moduli (EM) and viscous delay time constants (VDTCs) (N = 10) with immediate postmortem direct strain gauge measurements (N = 8) and global chamber compliance (literature) in normal dogs. EMs by MRI were significantly greater in papillary muscle columns when compared with lateral wall and septal locations by MRI (7.59 ± 1.65 versus 3.40 ± 0.87 versus 2.55 ± 0.93 kPa, P < 0.0001) and were in agreement with direct strain gauge measurements (3.78 ± 0.93 and 2.96 ± 0.88 kPa for the lateral wall and the septum, P = ns for both versus MRI). MRI‐determined VDTCs were similar in the three regions (VDTC = −1.15 ± 12.37 versus 3.04 ± 7.25 versus 4.17 ± 5.76 ms, P = ns) and did not differ from lateral and septal wall strain gauge assessment (VDTC = 3.09 ± 0.40 and 4.57 ± 1.86 ms, P = ns for both versus MRI). Viscoelastic measurements obtained in six normal volunteers demonstrated the feasibility of this technique in humans. Noninvasive, regional assessment of myocardial stiffness using DENSE and PC velocity mapping techniques is accurate in a canine model and feasible in humans. Magn Reson Med, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Full‐brain T1 mapping through inversion recovery fast spin echo imaging with time‐efficient slice ordering
Authors: Zhu David C. , Penn Richard D.
Published: August 2005

Brain T1 mapping has important clinical applications in detecting brain disorders. Conventional T1 mapping techniques are usually based on inversion recovery spin echo (IRSE) imaging or its more time‐efficient counterpart inversion recovery fast spin echo (IRFSE) imaging because they can deliver good image quality. Multiple inversion times are required to accurately estimate T1 over a wide range of values. Without acquisition optimization, both the IRSE and the IRFSE T1 mapping techniques require long scan times to image the whole brain. To reduce the scan time and maintain the quality of the T1 maps, we propose a new full‐brain T1 mapping pulse sequence based on a multislice inversion recovery fast spin echo imaging using a time‐efficient slice ordering technique. Magn Reson Med, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of well‐defined AB20‐type star polymers with cyclodextrin‐core by combination of NMP and ATRP
Authors: Miura Yutaka , Narumi Atsushi , Matsuya Soh , Satoh Toshifumi , Duan Qian , Kaga Harumi , Kakuchi Toyoji
Published: August 2005

The synthesis of an AB20‐type heteroarm star polymer consisting of a polystyrene arm and 20‐arms of poly(methyl methacrylate) or poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) was carried out using the combination of nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (NMP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The NMP of styrene was carried out using mono‐6‐[4‐(1′‐(2″,2″,6″,6″‐tetramethyl‐1″‐piperidinyloxy)‐ethyl)benzamido]‐β‐cyclodextrin peracetate (1) to afford end‐functionalized polystyrene with an acetylated β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CyD) unit (prepolymer 2) with a number‐average molecular weight (Mn) of 11700 and a polydispersity (Mw/Mn) of 1.17. After deacetylation of prepolymer 2, the resulting polymer was reacted with 2‐bromoisobutyric anhydride to give end‐functionalized polystyrene with 20(2‐bromoisobutyrol)s β‐CyD, macroinitiator 4. The copper (I)‐mediated ATRP of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and tert‐butyl acrylate (tBA) was carried out using macroinitiator 4. The resulting polymers were isolated by SEC fractionation to produce AB20‐type star polymers with a β‐CyD‐core, 5. The well‐defined structure of 5 with weight‐average molecular weight (Mw)s of 13,500–65,300 and Mw/Mn's of 1.26–1.28 was demonstrated by SEC and light scattering measurements. The arm polymers were separated from 5 by destruction with 28 wt % sodium methoxide in order to analyze the details of their characteristic structure. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4271–4279, 2005
Analysis of charge transient spectroscopy data originating from Gaussian densities of electron states in organics
Authors: Thurzo I. , Méndez H. , Zahn D. R. T.
Published: August 2005

For a large number of organic disordered semiconductors the transport of electrons or holes via hopping is mediated by localized states in the band gap. An attempt is presented towards testing the widely met hopping transport model based on the assumption of a Gaussian density of states (DOS). An analysis of both isothermal and thermal charge transient spectroscopy (QTS) response to recharging the Gaussian DOS by a sudden change in the applied bias (pulse) is presented. A three‐channel correlator is used for processing the exponential decay of transient charge Q(t) after the pulse: ΔQ = Q(t1) – 3/2Q(2t1) + 1/2Q(4t1), the response ΔQ peaking at the delay t1max ≈ τi, the latter quantity standing for the time constant of recharging the i‐th level of a discrete Gaussian spectrum of electron states. It is shown how the variances w of the isothermal ΔQ–log10(t1) spectrum and wT (in K) of a thermal ΔQ–T peak (T → temperature) are transformed to the variances in energy σ and σT, respectively. For the isothermal regime there is an analytical expression for the error of the transform due to the finite energy resolution of the ΔQ filter of time constants, however, the error in σT is to be assessed via simulation. Practical usage of the formalism is exemplified, taking QTS spectra of Ag/Dimethyl‐PTCDI/GaAs diodes as reference. The dominant peak (0.26 eV) is assigned to a dielectric relaxation, i.e. to charging the depletion layer capacitance of GaAs through the equivalent parallel resistance of the organic layer. In addition, QTS responses of metal/Alq3/indium‐tin‐oxide diodes are analysed, Alq3 being known as a prototypic disordered organic material with hopping transport of electrons via localized states in the band gap. In the latter case two processes have been envisaged, assigned to hopping of free charge carriers (signal tail at short times) and a distributed dielectric relaxation peak, respectively. This is to be compared with the case of locally ordered Alq3 layer on the same substrate, the QTS spectrum comprising three linear relaxation processes characterized by discrete time constants, while the signal tail pointing to the hopping transport being absent. The linear dependence of the peak heights on both the excitation pulse amplitude and polarity is suggestive of the presence of “dipolar” defects, envisaged as rotating polar molecules. The relative density of these (polarization) is peaking in the nitrogen‐rich Alq3 thin films. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Identification of vacancy‐type defects in ZnTe using positron annihilation spectroscopy
Authors: Hamid A. S. , Shaban H. , Mansour B. A. , Uedono A.
Published: August 2005

The species of defects in Mg0.5Zn0.5Te, Li‐doped and P‐doped ZnTe samples were investigated by using positron‐based experiments. The positron lifetime experiments along with the atomic superposition (AT‐SUP) method were used to predict the positron trapping centers in the samples. The results of lifetime of positron were combined with the 2D angular correlation of annihilation radiation (ACAR) experiments to get information on the electronic structure of these defects. The momentum density distributions permitted the vacancy‐type defect to be distinguished in each sample. In addition, the results of the 2D‐ACAR experiments disclosed a relaxation of the atoms around the vacancy in the P‐doped ZnTe sample. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Erratum: E.A. Boudreaux and E. Baxter, “More QR‐SCMEH‐MO calculations on group VIB transition metal molecules, M2 (M = Cr, Mo, W, Sg) valence and valence‐core effects,” International Journal of Quantum Chemistry(2004) 100(6)1170–1178
Authors: Boudreaux E. A. , Baxter E.
Published: August 2005

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in International Journal of Quantum Chemistry (2004) 100(6) 1170–1178.
Using an individual‐based model for assessment of sea turtle population viability
Authors: Mazaris Antonios D. , Fiksen Øyvind , Matsinos Yiannis G.
Published: August 2005

Marine turtle species have a complex life history characterized by interannual variability in reproductive performance and a long life span. These ecological features in combination with the animals’ highly migratory nature create numerous difficulties when trying to assess population dynamics. This study attempts to couple existing information on species demographics and behavioral strategies with simple energetic rules in a theoretical framework. We study sea turtle population dynamics using an individual‐based model that incorporates known behavioral‐ecological characteristics of the species. Methodology used to design the model was based on the superindividual approach (Scheffer et al. Ecol Model 80:161–170, 1995). We constructed our simulation experiment on a virtual sea turtle population, which was parameterized by using recent literature reviews with emphasis on reproductive parameters of the Mediterranean loggerhead sea turtle population. Switching rules describing critical processes of reproductive performances were established as theoretical functions of efficiency of energy transfer. In order to explore the significance of variable reproductive patterns upon population dynamics and persistence, a series of simulations was performed. The model was also run under fluctuated demographic variables to perform a sensitivity analysis of critical parameters and life‐history stages. Based on the specific model parameterization, simulation results show that population persistence was most sensitive to fecundity and to survival at the pelagic juvenile stage. Additionally a surprising finding is the relatively high importance of egg survival in terms of both hatching and hatchling success. We conclude that enhancing the population with new individuals by increasing survival in the early life stages could compensate for additional losses in other age classes. The need for further research regarding biological and behavioral features as well as basic demographic insights into the endangered loggerhead sea turtle is also highlighted.
Ubiquitin and ubiquitin‐derived peptides as substrates for peptidylglycine α‐amidating monooxygenase
Authors: Chew Geoffrey H. , Galloway Lamar C. , McIntyre Neil R. , Schroder Laura Aaron , Richards Karla M. , Miller Scott A. , Wright David W. , Merkler David J.
Published: August 2005

Ubiquitin (Ub) and the ubiquitin‐like proteins (UBLs) mediate an array of cellular functions. These proteins contain a C‐terminal glycine residue that is key to their function. Oxidative conversion of C‐terminal glycine‐extended prohormones to the corresponding α‐amidated peptide is one step in the biosynthesis of bioactive peptide hormones. The enzyme catalyzing this reaction is peptidylglycine α‐amidating monooxygenase (PAM). We report herein that Ub is a PAM substrate with a (V/K)amidation that is similar to other known peptide substrates. This work is significant because PAM and the UBLs co‐localize to the hypothalamus and the adrenal medulla and are both over‐expressed in glioblastomas.
A Randomized Comparison of Locking and Non-Locking Palmar Plating for Unstable Colles’ Fractures in the Elderly
Authors: KOSHIMUNE M. , KAMANO M. , TAKAMATSU K. , OHASHI H.
Published: August 2005

This study compared the effectiveness of locking and non-locking palmar plating for unstable Colles’ fractures in the elderly. The patients treated with locking plates included 4 men and 18 women with a mean age of 68 years (Group A) and those treated with non-locking plates included 3 men and 28 women with a mean age of 74 years (Group B). Radiographic parameters, including palmar tilt, radial inclination and radial length were measured before surgery, after surgery and at final followup. There were no significant differences in respect of any of the radiographic parameters between the two groups pre-operatively. After surgery, all of the radiographic parameters were improved in both groups and there were no significant differences between the two groups at final followup.
Simple Decompression or Subcutaneous Anterior Transposition of the Ulnar Nerve for Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: NABHAN A. , AHLHELM F. , KELM J. , REITH W. , SCHWERDTFEGER K. , STEUDEL W. I.
Published: August 2005

The purpose of this prospective randomised study was to evaluate which operative technique for treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome is preferable: subcutaneous anterior transposition or nerve decompression without transposition. This study included 66 patients suffering from pain and/or neurological deficits with clinically and electromyographically proven cubital tunnel syndrome. Thirty-two patients underwent nerve decompression without transposition and 34 underwent subcutaneous transposition of the nerve. Follow-up examinations evaluating pain, motor and sensory deficits as well as motor nerve conduction velocities, were performed 3 and 9 months postoperatively. There were no significant differences between the outcomes of the two groups at either postoperative follow-up examination. We recommend simple decompression of the nerve in cases without deformity of the elbow, as this is the less invasive operative procedure.
Russia’s missing linkŒ Social capital, entrepreneurialism, and economic performance in post-communist Russia
Authors: Buttrick Steven C. , Moran John P.
Published: August 2005

This paper argues that there is a spurious correlation between social capital and economic development in the regions of post-communist Russia. This argument rejects Robert Putnam’s collectivist hypothesis that social capital is the ubiquitous cause of economic growth. Rather, the data presented in this paper indicates that individualistic behavior in the form of entrepreneurialism, has been the prerequisite for growth in post-communist Russia. While social capital may slow or accelerate economic growth, it will not cause it. Without entrepreneurialism, social capital cannot be harnessed for economic development. In essence, social capital does not create wealth, entrepreneurs do.
Lithium induces changes in the plasma membrane protein pattern of early amphibian embryos
Authors: Lazou Antigone , Beis Androniki
Published: August 2005

Summary— The plasma membrane protein pattern of Rana ridibunda embryos subjected to lithium (Li) treatment at various stages of development was examined by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis. Differences were observed at the neurula stage not only as compared to controls but among lithium‐treated embryos as well. Of particular interest was the presence of proteins, specific for the gastrula stage, in lithium‐treated embryos. The results are discussed in relation to the well‐known effect of lithium on amphibian morphogenesis.
New Questions about an Old Concept: The Supreme Court of Canada's Judicial Independence Decisions
Authors: McCormick Peter
Published: August 2005

Abstract.In the age of the Charter, courts are an important part of the policy process, and judicial independence is the concept that structures the interactions between courts and other institutions. Historically, judicial independence in Canada was modelled on (and little different from) that of England; but politically-led reforms in the 1970s, and a string of more than a dozen Supreme Court decisions centred on the 1997Remuneration Reference, are transforming the concept. At the same time, a parallel string of cases extends more limited but essentially similar guarantees to some other administrative bodies. Together, these developments represent an important and enduring change in the Canadian political landscape.

Résumé.À l'ère de la Charte, les tribunaux sont un élément important de l'élaboration des politiques publiques, et l'indépendance judiciaire est le fondement des interactions entre les tribunaux et les autres institutions. Par le passé, l'indépendance judiciaire au Canada épousait le modèle britannique (et s'en éloignait assez peu); cependant, des réformes politiquement inspirées dans les années 1970 et une série de plus d'une douzaine de jugements de la Cour suprême centrés sur le renvoi de 1997 relatif à la rémunération sont en train de transformer ce concept. En même temps, une série de cas parallèles accorde des garanties plus limitées mais très similaires à d'autres corps administratifs. Ces changements se conjuguent pour modifier considérablement et de façon permanente le paysage politique canadien.
Egalité hommes-femmes ? Le militantisme au Québec : le
PQ et le PLQ
Authors: Dauphin Sandrine
Published: August 2005

Egalité hommes-femmes ? Le militantisme au Québec : le
PQ et le PLQ, Evelyne Tardy (avec la collaboration de Rébecca
Beauvais et André Bernard), Montréal, Collection science
politique, Cahiers du Québec, Ed. Hurtubise, 2003, 222 p.

Lors des dernières élections québécoises
du 14 avril 2003, la proportion de femmes élues a augmenté,
avec trois femmes députées de plus, soit une
représentation à hauteur de 30% contre 28% auparavant.
Indéniablement, le pourcentage de femmes élues n'a
cessé de progresser depuis le milieu des années 80, soit
quarante ans après l'obtention du droit de vote. La
représentation parlementaire des femmes au Québec
dépasse ainsi largement la moyenne mondiale qui est de 14%.
Néanmoins, la proportion d'élues peut paraître
encore faible, sinon insuffisante, par rapport au vivier de militantes
existant dans les partis (37% de femmes en moyenne) et de l'objectif
idéal de parité. Analyste incontournable du rapport des
Québécoises au politique et du militantisme féminin,
Evelyne Tardy, dans son dernier ouvrage, tente d'expliquer cette
sous-représentation des femmes parmi les candidats aux
différentes élections, à la lumière,
notamment, des propos tenus par les militants et militantes. Une telle
analyse conduit à s'intéresser aux ressources
potentielles en femmes politiques. En effet, si les militants et
militantes agissent pour faire triompher leurs idées, ils
n'ont pas forcément de responsabilité de direction. Ils
se situent en quelque sorte entre l'amateur (ils s'initient
à la politique) et le professionnel de la politique. C'est aux
instances dirigeantes des partis qu'il revient de sélectionner
ceux qui sont susceptibles de remplir des fonctions politiques. Seules les
hypothèses relatives au fonctionnement des partis politiques ont
dond été retenues pour cette recherche dont les auteurs ont
considéré comme militant “ toute personne qui
siégeait à un comité exécutif du parti,
qu'il soit local, régional ou central, autrement dit toute
personne qui était susceptible de se voir confier des
responsabilités au sein du parti (27). ” Il n'en demeure
pas moins que les militants se caractérisent aussi par une grande
diversité et qu'une typologie plus fine aurait pu enrichir le
propos. On aurait pu imaginer, par exemple, de distinguer le militant
ponctuel, dont la mobilisation est fonction de l'enjeu, du militant
engagé qui prend des responsabilités dans
l'organisation (seul considéré ici a priori)
et enfin le militant qui possède un mandat électif.
Parallèlement aux militants et militantes de base, il aurait
été intéressant également de
s'intéresser aux personnalités féminines qui ont
fait carrière dans ces partis, aux militantes devenues
députées ou ministres, par exemple, à leur profil et
à leur parcours au sein du parti, par rapport aux hommes, pour
avoir une analyse différenciée des parcours d'exception
et d'une éventuelle évolution des années 70
à aujourd'hui. On aurait ainsi dégagé les
profils valorisés par chacun des partis politiques.
L'atelier de l'organisation. Un observatoire sur les
changements dans les entreprises
Authors: Tremblay Diane-Gabrielle
Published: August 2005

L'atelier de l'organisation. Un observatoire sur les
changements dans les entreprises, Bruno Maggi (sous la direction, 2001),
Paris : L'Harmattan. 284 pages.

Cet ouvrage fort original est issu d'un séminaire que
Bruno Maggi, professeur de théorie de l'organisation à
la Faculté d'économie de l'université de
Bologne, a organisé pendant une douzaine d'années
à l'université de Bologne. Ce séminaire
réunissait des praticiens d'entreprise et des chercheurs
universitaires et constitue un observatoire tout à fait
privilégié des changements survenus dans les entreprises,
dont plusieurs très grandes entreprises publiques et privées
: Ciba, FIAT, Fininvest, Mediaset, Iveco, RAS, Rinascente,
Télécom, Zurigo. Au total, 78 rencontres ont
été organisées et elles ont donné lieu
à l'analyse de 92 cas.
Democracy, Human Rights, and Civil Society in South East Asia
Authors: Embong Abdul Rahman
Published: August 2005

Democracy, Human Rights, and Civil Society in South East Asia, Amitav
Acharya, B.M. Frolic and Richard Stubbs, eds., Toronto: Joint Centre for
Asia Pacific Studies, 2001, pp. 208

This is an important volume on the hotly debated topic of democracy,
human rights and civil society in South East Asia, a region that has
witnessed a confrontation between the old order of authoritarian regimes
and strong states on one hand, and the new democratic forces embedded in
an emerging civil society, on the other. The focus of the book is on the
evolution of debates about democracy and human rights during the decade
following the end of the Cold War in 1989 to the 1997–98 Asian
economic crisis, with the latter being regarded as the watershed that
unleashed the democratic forces. The book consists of nine chapters, plus
an introduction and a conclusion, contributed by nine political
scientists. Except for Johan Saravanamuttu, who is from the region under
study, the other contributors are Southeast Asianists teaching at various
universities in Canada, the United States, and Australia.