bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The body politic: Gender, the right wing and ‘identity category violations’
Authors: Downing Lisa
Published: October 2018

The post-Brexit, post-Trump climate in the EU has seen a series of challenges from the right wing of politics to the liberal consensus of recent years (e.g. the rise of Gert Wilders in the Netherlands and the increased support for Alternativ für Deutschland in the 2017 German election). This article examines the gendering and embodiment of the new far right in France and the UK. It offers a comparative focus on two recent political challengers from the right who are female: Marine Le Pen (born 1968), the leader of the Front national in France since 2011, and Anne Marie Waters (born 1977), the Islam-critical candidate who was runner-up for the UK Independence Party (UKIP) leadership in the UK in 2017, and who has since started her own political party, For Britain. The article focuses on media coverage of, and self-representation by, these two figures. It argues that the discourse of the ‘right’ and ‘left’ wings has, historically, been gendered on the basis of assumptions that women are naturally more inclined towards consensus-building, collectivity and compassion (and therefore left-wing politics), by dint of their biological function as child-bearers and traditional gender role as care-givers. Right-leaning women have been treated as anomalies, by both feminist political analysts and the mainstream media. Feminist concerns over the very existence of right-wing women is suggested by books such as second-wave feminist Andrea Dworkin’s Right-Wing Women (1983), the more recent edited collection by Paola Bacchetta and Margaret Power, also called Right-Wing Women (2013) and, in the French context, Claudie Lesselier and Fiametta Venner’s L’Extrême Droite et les femmes (1997). Le Pen and Waters appear as doubly aberrant, doubly exceptional figures – firstly as (far-)right-wing women and secondly as (far-)right-wing female leaders. The article considers the stakes of our categorical understandings of (gendered and political) identity more broadly. Specifically, by introducing the original critical concept of ‘identity category violation’, it analyses the ways in which the recent trend for identity politics on the left in the West, often under the banner of ‘intersectionality’, leads to over-simplified understandings of how categories of gendered, sexual, class and race-based identities are assumed to determine political affiliation.
The reconstruction of culture: Peuple et Culture and the popular education movement
Authors: Rigby Brian
Published: October 2018

One of the most significant popular cultural movements of the Liberation was the organisation Peuple et Culture. Born in the Christian-Socialist ethos of the École des Cadres at Uriage under the Vichy regime, and inspired by the cultural policy of the Front Populaire, it developed as a Resistance organisation, bringing culture to the bands of résistants in the Vercors. At the Liberation and in the early years of the Fourth Republic, it played a key role in defining cultural reconstruction, emphasising the need for infrastructure and trained personnel, and working towards a holistic approach to workers’ education and culture from school years into all stages of adulthood. As such, in spite of political and theoretical inconsistencies and contradictions, it laid the ground for future cultural planning policies under the Fifth Republic.
To patent or not to patent: That is the question. Intellectual property protection in family firms
Authors: Chirico Francesco , Criaco Giuseppe , Baù Massimo , Naldi Lucia , Gomez-Mejia Luis R. , Kotlar Josip
Published: October 2018

This study examines family firms’ propensity to protect their intellectual property through patents. Building on the mixed gamble logic of the behavioral agency model, we theorize that family ownership has a U-shaped relationship with firm propensity to patent. Specifically, we argue that family firms’ desire to prevent losses of current socioemotional wealth (SEW) inhibits their propensity to patent until a threshold level of family ownership, beyond which the family’s SEW is secured and a greater focus on prospective financial gains attainable through patents is possible. We also suggest that environmental munificence moderates this nonlinear relationship such that a low-munificent environment accentuates the potentially detrimental (beneficial) effects of low-to-medium (medium-to-high) levels of family ownership on patents. We test our hypotheses on a sample of 4,198 small- and medium-sized family firms.
Applied Behavior Analysis, Students With Autism, and the Requirement to Provide a Free Appropriate Public Education
Authors: Stevenson Bradley S. , Correa Vivian I.
Published: October 2018

The prevalence of autism has been steadily rising over the previous decades. The diverse ways in which the disorder manifests in students and the free and appropriate public education (FAPE) mandate of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires that a student’s individualized education program (IEP) team tailor interventions to meet the unique educational needs of that student. Deciding on the most appropriate evidence-based intervention programs for students with autism can be complex. In fact, a frequent source of litigation is when families and school personnel disagree on the particular programming to be provided to students with autism. Often this litigation involves disagreement over the extent to which services should be based on the principles of applied behavior analysis (ABA). The purpose of this article is to review select case law to analyze how courts have ruled on whether schools must provide ABA services to meet FAPE requirement when families request those services, and to extrapolate implications for practice, including guidance to families and school personnel on how to work collaboratively to resolve conflicts surrounding ABA services.
The Importance of Psychoneuroimmunology for Social Workers
Authors: Littrell Jill L.
Published: October 2018

A wealth of information regarding how the immune system can influence the brain and result in changes in mood and behavior has accumulated. Inflammation is a causal factor in some cases of major depression and psychotic disorders and predicts whether trauma will result in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Fortunately, studies in the area of psychoneuroimmunology have also suggested ways to decrease inflammation. Knowledge of this information is vital for social workers so that the impact of their interventions can be maximized. Moreover, for macropractice social workers, the information underscores the importance of access to nutritional food, access to safe places for exercise, and the time for food preparation and exercise, which should be considered as social justice issues.
Textbook News Values: Stable Concepts, Changing Choices
Authors: Parks Perry
Published: October 2018

This article examines the historical contingency of news values as evidenced in journalism historiography and more than a century of journalism reporting and writing textbooks dating to 1894. Textbooks are important distillers and (re)constructors of journalists’ conceptions of news and not-news. Findings suggest that although key news values such as timeliness, proximity, prominence, unusualness, conflict, human interest, and impact have been fundamentally stable since the early 1900s, the way those values are applied to reporting depends on the sociocultural context of the era. A key implication is that news values are neither natural nor inevitable, but rather within journalists’ power to change.
“Suddenly Everyone’s an Expert in Our Field”: Campus Victim Advocates and the Promise and Perils of Professionalization
Authors: Brubaker Sarah Jane , Keegan Brittany
Published: October 2018

Changes in how campuses respond to sexual assault under Title IX may dramatically alter the experiences of survivors and the roles of responders. This exploratory study examines how the roles of campus-based sexual assault victim advocates are changing and the effects on advocacy and survivors. Although most advocates agree that Title IX has increased awareness and reporting of sexual assault, they are concerned about the loss of confidential outlets for reporting, conflicts with other responders, and devaluation of their role. Some advocates see professionalization as a solution, whereas others worry that professionalization might negatively affect their ability to serve survivors.
Sexual Assault in Ethiopian Contexts: Data From a Large Sample of Women and Girls Presenting at Two Hospital-Based, Limited-Resource Sexual Assault Treatment Clinics
Authors: Murphy Brett A. , Manning-Geist Beryl , Conrad Amelia , Chao Samantha J. , Desalegn Dawit , Richards Alexis , Borovali Melis , Sexton Sarah , Goedken Jennifer
Published: October 2018

This study presents data from a large sample of clinic-evaluated sexual assault survivors ( N = 1,667) in Ethiopia between 2009 and 2015, one of the largest such samples ever analyzed in an African country. Statistical analyses revealed a disproportionate number of minors presenting to the clinics, an extremely high prevalence of special kidnapping cases, significant differences in access and assault characteristics between survivors from within the clinic cities and those from outside of them, and an unacceptable clinical focus on unreliable hymenal findings. In addition, a myriad of important findings regarding patient characteristics, as well as injury and medical outcomes, are reported.
Pediatric Anastomosing Hemangioma: Case Report and Review of Renal Vascular Tumors in Children
Authors: Caballes Alvin B , Abelardo Agustina D , Farolan Miguel J , Veloso Januario Antonio D
Published: October 2018

The case involves a 10-year-old child who underwent a left radical nephrectomy for what was believed to be a Wilms’ tumor. Histopath examination indicated a benign vascular lesion, subsequently determined to be an anastomosing hemangioma of the kidney. A comparison with the previously cited pediatric patients with renal vascular tumors is provided, and the inconsistent diagnostic terminologies for these conditions are highlighted. The therapeutic implications of these predominantly benign renal tumors, in the context of the much more frequently encountered malignant neoplasms in children, are additionally discussed.
Data warehousing organization: Infrastructural experimentation with educational governance
Authors: Ratner Helene , Gad Christopher
Published: October 2018

Organization is increasingly entwined with databased governance infrastructures. Developing the idea of ‘infrastructure as partial connection’ with inspiration from Marilyn Strathern and Science and Technology Studies, this article proposes that database infrastructures are intrinsic to processes of organizing intra- and inter-organizational relations. Seeing infrastructure as partial connection brings our attention to the ontological experimentation with knowing organizations through work of establishing and cutting relations. We illustrate this claim through a multi-sited ethnographic study of ‘The Data Warehouse’. ‘The Data Warehouse’ is an important infrastructural component in the current reorganization of Danish educational governance which makes schools’ performance public and comparable. We suggest that ‘The Data Warehouse’ materializes different, but overlapping, infrastructural experiments with governing education at different organizational sites enacting a governmental hierarchy. Each site can be seen as belonging to the same governance infrastructure but also as constituting ‘centres’ in its own right. ‘The Data Warehouse’ participates in the always-unfinished business of organizational world making and is made to (partially) relate to different organizational concerns and practices. This argument has implications for how we analyze the organizational effects of pervasive databased governance infrastructures and invites exploring their multiple organizing effects.
Determining authenticity of video evidence in the age of artificial intelligence and in the wake of Deepfake videos
Authors: Maras Marie-Helen , Alexandrou Alex
Published: October 2018

Deepfake videos are the product of artificial intelligence or machine-learning applications that merge, combine, replace and superimpose images and video clips onto a video, creating a fake video that appears authentic. The main issue with Deepfake videos is that anyone can produce explicit content without the consent of those involved. While some of these videos are humorous and benign, the majority of them are pornographic. The faces of celebrities and other well-known (and lesser-known) individuals have been superimposed on the bodies of porn stars. The existence of this technology erodes trust in video evidence and adversely affects its probative value in court. This article describes the current and future capabilities of this technology, stresses the need to plan for its treatment as evidence in court, and draws attention to its current and future impact on the authentication process of video evidence in courts. Ultimately, as the technology improves, parallel technologies will need to be developed and utilised to identify and expose fake videos.
Populism as an intra-party phenomenon: The British Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn
Authors: Watts Jake , Bale Tim
Published: October 2018

This article seeks to demonstrate that the concept of populism can help us to understand the dynamics of intra-party politics. This argument is made via a case study of the British Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn, who was elected as its leader in late 2015. Corbynism as a (highly personalistic) political phenomenon has relied, in its resistance to opposition from more moderate MPs to Labour’s leftward turn, upon the idea that the party’s members are ‘the people’. This idea links to notions of the ‘heartland’ members occupy, the elite conspiracy against them and the democratic resolution made possible by the leader. Analysing how the rise of populist politics affects politics within parties, as well as between them, may, the article argues, help account for the populist transformation of established parties. This transformation, in turn, is one way in which populist discourse may infuse a country’s politics, permanently or otherwise.
Entrepreneurial ecosystem narratives and the micro-foundations of regional entrepreneurship
Authors: Roundy Philip T , Bayer Mark A
Published: October 2018

Entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs), the set of forces that generate and sustain regional entrepreneurial activity, are a growing focus of scholars and practitioners. Studies are beginning to draw attention to the role of cultural artifacts, including narratives, in the functioning of EEs. However, the mechanisms driving narratives’ effects on ecosystem participants are unexamined. The purpose of this article is to develop theory that explains the influence of EE narratives on how information is processed by audiences. It is theorized that differences among ecosystems can, in part, be explained by differences in the properties of the narratives that take hold in them. Specifically, propositions are developed about four properties that represent sources of variation among ecosystem narratives: their ability to capture attention, influence the cognitive and emotional encoding of information, and be memorable. Further, it is argued that the maturity of the EE influences the novelty and potency of narrative effects. By integrating theories of cognitive and social psychology, narrative theory, and entrepreneurship, this article advances our understanding of how narratives about EEs influence audiences.
Theoretical modeling of hydrodynamic characteristics of a compound column-plate structure based on a novel derivation of mean drift force formulation
Authors: Cong Peiwen , Liu Yingyi , Gou Ying , Teng Bin
Published: October 2018

To improve the seakeeping capability, some devices, such as submerged plates, are often installed on floating structures. The attached plate can not only suppress the motion response but also provide an additional immersed body surface that receives fluid action, aggravating the wave loads. In this study, a theoretical model is developed within the context of linear potential theory to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of a floating column with a submerged plate attached at the bottom. The eigenfunction expansion matching method is applied to obtain the velocity potential, based on which the linear wave force and wave runup can be found immediately. A novel derivation of the mean drift force formulation is developed via the application of Green’s second identity to the velocity potential and its derivative in finite fluid volume surrounding the body. Mean drift force formulation that involves control surfaces is then obtained. With the availability of the velocity potential, semi-analytical solution of the mean drift force on the compound column-plate structure is developed based on, respectively, the derived and the classic far-field formulations. After conducting convergence tests and validating the theoretical model, detailed numerical analysis is performed thereafter based on the theoretical model. The influence of the plate size, such as the radius and height, on the wave force and the associated wave runup is assessed.
Evaluation of the performance of an optimized road surface/lighting combination
Authors: Muzet V , Greffier F , Nicolaï A , Taron A , Verny P
Published: October 2018

Taking into account the actual photometric characteristics of a road surface to design and then adjust a lighting installation is seldom done. In a lighting renovation, one of the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage's standard r-tables is arbitrarily chosen although they are no longer representative of the characteristics of current road surfaces. The objective of the study is to assess an optimized, evolutive pavement and lighting combination, called Lumiroute®. To do this, two conventional designed sections were compared with two Lumiroute® sections. On-site measurements of road photometry, luminance and power consumption were conducted at regular intervals for three years. This paper presents the results of the photometric study together with an economic analysis. The Lumiroute® sections offer optimized performance and increased efficiency in comparison with the ordinary sections, particularly with regard to light and energy performance.
Application of Immuno-PET in Antibody–Drug Conjugate Development
Authors: Carmon Kendra S. , Azhdarinia Ali
Published: October 2018

Targeted therapies hold great promise for cancer treatment and may exhibit even greater efficacy when combined with patient selection tools. The clinical impact of identifying likely responders includes reducing the number of unnecessary and ineffective therapies as well as more accurately determining drug effects. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using zirconium-89 radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), also referred to as zirconium-89 (89Zr)-immuno-PET, provides a potential biomarker to measure target expression and verify optimal delivery of targeted agents to tumors. Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) combine the high affinity and specificity of mAbs with the potency of cytotoxic drugs to target tumor-expressing antigen and destroy cancer cells. Thus, 89Zr-immuno-PET of whole-body biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and tumor targeting of antibodies and ADCs to predict toxicity and efficacy could help guide individualized treatment. Here, we review how 89Zr-immuno-PET is being used as a companion diagnostic with the development of ADCs. Furthermore, we discuss how 89Zr-immuno-PET may be utilized in future clinical trials as an adjunct tool with novel ADCs to select cancer patients who have the greatest potential to benefit from treatment and improve ADC dosing regimens.
Crossing Over the Edge in Modified Landscapes: A Framework for Amphibian Studies Linking Occupancy Patterns With Underlying Mechanisms
Authors: Matlaga Tanya J. Hawley
Published: October 2018

The impact of habitat loss and modification on amphibians in the tropics is catastrophic. Ecologists must devote their limited time and resources to research that will allow for the most positive impact on the conservation of species into the future. I suggest a framework to aid in organizing research questions that center on understanding the patterns and underlying mechanisms of how species respond to habitat change. The first step is determining which abiotic and biotic factors have changed in the modified habitat compared with the intact habitat. Then, based on species-specific characteristics that mediate the mechanism, we can identify how vital rates of a given species are impacted and lead to the outcome of either growth or decline at the population level. I apply this framework to previous work to examine how breeding site use and tadpole performance contribute to our understanding of mechanisms that underlie occupancy patterns of species across a modified tropical landscape in the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica.
Help at hand: Women’s experiences of using a mobile health application upon diagnosis of asymptomatic osteoporosis
Authors: Ravn Jakobsen Pernille , Hermann Anne Pernille , Søndergaard Jens , Wiil Uffe Kock , Clemensen Jane
Published: October 2018

Objectives:

This study aims to test a mobile health application (mHealth app) developed to meet the needs of women newly diagnosed with asymptomatic osteoporosis. We investigate how the women experience using an mHealth app upon diagnosis of osteoporosis and whether the app can help them to be prepared for treatment decision-making and support them in osteoporosis self-management. We also tested the usability of the app, to find out whether any adjustments were necessary prior to implementation.

Methods:

A test was conducted at a Danish university hospital with 18 women aged 50–65, newly diagnosed with asymptomatic osteoporosis. On presenting for a bone density scan at the hospital, they were provided with the app, which was named ‘My Osteoporosis Journey’. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Giorgi’s descriptive phenomenological method guided the data analysis in four steps.

Findings:

In total, 17 women succeeded in downloading the app, thereby accessing information on asymptomatic osteoporosis, their bone density scan results and treatment recommendations prior to visiting their general practitioner. Three overall themes were identified. Women experienced that the app (1) gave a feeling of confidence and reassurance, (2) prepared the women on treatment decision-making in the general practitioner visit and (3) provided help at hand in self-management of osteoporosis.

Conclusion:

Our findings show that the mHealth app helps women to feel confident and reassured upon diagnosis of asymptomatic osteoporosis. The women felt that the app promoted an equal dialogue in the osteoporosis consultation since they felt prepared for visiting their general practitioner and were able to articulate their individual needs regarding treatment. After diagnosis, the women felt that the app provided support in self-management, right at their fingertips.
What is the cost of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)? A medico‐economic study
Authors: Dahan Martin , Pauliat Emmanuelle , Liva-Yonnet Sandra , Brischoux Sonia , Legros Romain , Tailleur Arnaud , Carrier Paul , Charissoux Aurélie , Valgueblasse Virginie , Loustaud-Ratti Véronique , Taibi Abdelkader , Durand-Fontanier Sylvaine , Valleix Denis , Sautereau Denis , Kerever Sébastien , Jacques Jérémie
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is the gold‐standard treatment for superficial lesions of the digestive tract. No medico‐economic study has been conducted in Europe.

Material and methods

A monocentric study was conducted including all patients undergoing ESD between January 2015 and December 2017. The global cost of hospital stays was measured by microcosting, and revenue was based on the diagnosis‐related group (DRG) system. The primary objective was to assess the cost/revenue balance. A medico‐economic comparison with surgery was performed as a secondary outcome.

Results

A total of 193 patients were prospectively included. The cost per procedure was €3463.79, subtracted from a €2726.84 revenue, with a deficit of −€736.96 per stay. Presence of comorbidities/complications increasing DRG value was the only predictive factor for a positive budgetary balance in a multivariate analysis (odds ratio 49.21, 95% confidence interval 11.3–214.25, p < 0.0001). In comparison with surgery, ESD was associated with shorter length of stay (11 vs 2 days; p < 0.0001) and lower morbidity (28% vs 14%; p = 0.061), lower cost (€8960 vs €1770; p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

The ESD cost/revenue balance is negative in 80% of cases. Given the benefits of ESD in terms of patient morbidity and financial savings compared with surgery, the implementation of a specific ESD reimbursement is warranted.
Time to endoscopy for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: Results from a prospective multicentre trainee‐led audit
Authors: Siau Keith , Hodson James , Ingram Richard , Baxter Andrew , Widlak Monika M , Sharratt Caroline , Baker Graham M , Troth Tom , Hicken Ben , Tahir Faraz , Magrabi Malik , Yousaf Nouman , Grant Claire , Poon Dennis , Khalil Hesham , Lee Hui Lin , White Jonathan R , Tan Huey , Samani Syazeddy , Hooper Patricia , Ahmed Saeed , Amin Muhammad , Mahgoub Sara , Asghar Khayal , Leet Farique , Harborne Matthew J , Polewiczowska Beata , Khan Sheeba , Anjum Muhammad R , McFarlane Michael , Mozdiak Ella , O'Flynn Lauren D , Blee Ilona C , Molyneux Rachel M , Kurian Ashok , Abbas Syed N , Abbasi Abdullah , Karim Aadil , Yasin Asif , Khattak Fawad , White Josephine , Ahmed Ruhina , Morgan James A , Alleyne Lance , Alam Mohamed A , Palaniyappan Naaventhan , Rodger Victoria J , Sawhney Paramvir , Aslam Nasar , Okeke Theodore , Lawson Adam , Cheung Danny , Reid Jeremy P , Awasthi Ashish , Anderson Mark R , Timothy Joe R , Pattni Sanjeev , Ahmad Saqib , Townson Gillian , Shearman Jeremy , Giljaca Vanja , Brookes Matthew J , Disney Ben R , Guha Neil , Thomas Titus , Norman Anthony , Wurm Peter , Shah Ashit , Fisher Neil C , Ishaq Sauid , Major Giles
Published: October 2018

Background

Endoscopy within 24 h of admission (early endoscopy) is a quality standard in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (AUGIB). We aimed to audit time to endoscopy outcomes and identify factors affecting delayed endoscopy (>24 h of admission).

Methods

This prospective multicentre audit enrolled patients admitted with AUGIB who underwent inpatient endoscopy between November and December 2017. Analyses were performed to identify factors associated with delayed endoscopy, and to compare patient outcomes, including length of stay and mortality rates, between early and delayed endoscopy groups.

Results

Across 348 patients from 20 centres, the median time to endoscopy was 21.2 h (IQR 12.0–35.7), comprising median admission to referral and referral to endoscopy times of 8.1 h (IQR 3.7–18.1) and 6.7 h (IQR 3.0–23.1), respectively. Early endoscopy was achieved in 58.9%, although this varied by centre (range: 31.0–87.5%, p = 0.002). On multivariable analysis, lower Glasgow–Blatchford score, delayed referral, admissions between 7:00 and 19:00 hours or via the emergency department were independent predictors of delayed endoscopy. Early endoscopy was associated with reduced length of stay (median difference 1 d; p = 0.004), but not 30‐d mortality (p = 0.344).

Conclusions

The majority of centres did not meet national standards for time to endoscopy. Strategic initiatives involving acute care services may be necessary to improve this outcome.
Processes in an Experience-Based Co-Design Project With Family Carers in Community Mental Health
Authors: Chisholm Laura , Holttum Sue , Springham Neil
Published: October 2018

Experience-based co-design (EBCD) is a service design strategy that facilitates collaborative work between professional staff and service users toward common goals. There is a lack of published examples of it in relation to family carer engagement within a mental health context, and little research exploring the mechanisms behind successful implementation. The aim of this study was to explore the processes that facilitated EBCD with carer involvement. The study adopted a grounded theory–informed approach involving interviews with 16 participants of an existing EBCD project in an English National Health Service (NHS) trust, reflecting multiple stakeholders. EBCD can be thrown off track in two ways: conflict and getting “bogged down.” Leadership by project and design-group leaders could return group cohesion and maintain project momentum. The developed model reflects key processes. Future research should examine EBCD projects with similar ranges of stakeholders and in contexts with different levels of organizational change.
The Worlds That Are Watching: Media, Politics, Diplomacy, and the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics
Authors: Rowe David
Published: October 2018

This article explores selected English-language media representation of the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics. These Games were remarkable in suddenly becoming a key subject for global media when North Korea unexpectedly announced its intention to participate barely a month before the opening ceremony. There followed an extraordinary turn of events, including revived talks between the Koreas and a meeting between South Korean President Moon Jae-in and North Korean Leader Kim Jong-un, the last-minute formation of a unified women’s ice hockey team, Korean athletes marching under a unification flag, and an unprecedented summit in Singapore involving U.S. President Donald Trump and Kim Jong-Un. These developments raise critical questions regarding sport, diplomacy, media, and geopolitics. A discursive exploration is conducted of the main thematic mediated currents as the Games passed from being in prospect to taking place to being appraised in rapid retrospect. It is argued that each sport event of this kind has much in common with others but also displays unique characteristics that can never be replicated in space or time. It seeks to derive lessons for communication and sport analysis from PyeongChang 2018 alongside sporting and other cultural events that have already happened and are yet to be conceived.
Polyethylene in total knee arthroplasty: Where are we now?
Authors: Wilhelm Spencer K , Henrichsen Jacob L , Siljander Matthew , Moore Drew , Karadsheh Mark
Published: October 2018

Polyethylene (PE) remains the gold standard for the articulating surface in hip and knee arthroplasty. To increase arthroplasty longevity and improve wear resistance, newer versions of PE have been designed with resultantly different wear properties. Highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE) is used in total hip arthroplasty with excellent outcomes; however, its use in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains conflicting. This review summarizes biomechanical and wear properties, clinical outcomes, and cost of polyethylene inserts in TKA. Simulation studies have convincingly shown decreased wear and oxidation rates with HXLPE when compared to conventional polyethylene (CPE). Registry results have been conflicting, and short- to midterm clinical studies have not demonstrated a significant difference between HXLPE and CPE. The cost of HXLPE inserts is higher than CPE. Long-term clinical data are lacking and further studies are warranted to evaluate the role of HXLPE in TKA.
Automation and the Future of Employment: Implications for India
Authors: Islam Iyanatul
Published: October 2018

This article reviews the international evidence on the impact of automation on employment and interprets the Indian experience in light of such evidence. It argues that the apocalyptic notion that one faces large-scale technological unemployment either in India or globally is exaggerated. On the other hand, the romantic notion that new technology–especially in the form of on-line work–will create a new era of prosperity in India driven by digitally-enabled micro-entrepreneurs is unlikely to materialize. This does not mean that new employment opportunities created by digital platforms should be shunned. They should be carefully nurtured by novel regulatory frameworks that seek to improve wages and working conditions for the growing community of online workers in India. This should be complemented by adequate investments in digital infrastructure.
Vertebral Osteomyelitis, Discitis, and Epidural Abscess: A Rare Complication of Cardiobacterium Endocarditis
Authors: Yadava Sanjay K. , Eranki Ambika
Published: October 2018

In this article, we report the case of a 75-year-old man who was presented with new low back pain for 2 weeks. His past history was significant for severe aortic stenosis necessitating bioprosthetic aortic valve placement 4 years ago, hypertension, and coronary artery disease. His physical examination was positive for point tenderness over the lower lumbar spine. He was found to be bacteremic with Cardiobacterium hominis. Magnetic resonance imaging of the spine showed lumbar (L4-L5) epidural abscess and vertebral osteomyelitis, discitis. He underwent a computed tomography–guided needle biopsy of L4-L5. The biopsy culture was also positive for Cardiobacterium hominis. A transesophageal echocardiogram showed small vegetation on the mitral valve with mild regurgitation. He was started on intravenous ceftriaxone 2 g once daily for a planned duration of 6 weeks and was discharged. However, he, unfortunately, expired at an outside facility secondary to an unknown illness 4 weeks into the treatment course.
Evidence for the impacts of agroforestry on agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, and human well-being in high-income countries: a systematic map protocol
Authors: Brown Sarah E. , Miller Daniel C. , Ordonez Pablo J. , Baylis Kathy
Published: October 2018

Background

Agroforestry bridges the gap that often separates agriculture and forestry by building integrated systems that address both environmental and socio-economic objectives. Agroforestry can improve the resiliency of agricultural systems and mitigate the impacts of climate change. Existing research suggests that integrating trees on farms can prevent environmental degradation, improve agricultural productivity, increase carbon sequestration, generate cleaner water, and support healthy soil and healthy ecosystems while providing stable incomes and other benefits to human welfare. Although these claims are becoming more widely accepted as the body of agroforestry research increases, systematic understanding of the evidence supporting them remains lacking for high-income countries. This systematic map will address this research need by providing a tool for identifying and visualizing the existing evidence demonstrating the impacts of agroforestry practices and interventions on agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, and human well-being. The results will be useful for informing policy decisions and future research by making the evidence easily accessible and highlighting the gaps in knowledge as well as areas with enough evidence to conduct systematic reviews.

Methods

This systematic map will identify, collect, display, and describe available evidence on the impacts of agroforestry on agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, and human well-being in high-income countries. The search strategy will cover 5 primary databases and 24 organizational websites using a pre-defined search string designed to capture studies relating agroforestry practices and interventions to outcomes in high-income countries. The searches will all be conducted in English. We will screen the identified studies for inclusion or exclusion in stages, first on title and abstract and then on full-text. We will collect data from studies included at the full-text stage to form the map and associated database. For inclusion, the study in question must assess the impacts of the deliberate promotion and/or actual integration of woody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) on the same land management unit as agricultural crops and/or animals.
Global Health Initiatives of the International Oncology Community
Authors: Al-Sukhun Sana , de Lima Lopes Gilberto , Gospodarowicz Mary , Ginsburg Ophira , Yu Peter Paul
Published: October 2018

Cancer has become one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 60% of the world’s total new cases are diagnosed. The challenge for effective control of cancer is multifaceted. It mandates integration of effective cancer prevention, encouraging early detection, and utilization of resource-adapted therapeutic and supportive interventions. In the resource-constrained setting, it becomes challenging to deliver each service optimally, and efficient allocation of resources is the best way to improve the outcome. This concept was translated into action through development of resource-stratified guidelines, pioneered by the Breast Health Global Initiative (BHGI), and later adopted by most oncology societies in an attempt to help physicians deliver the best possible care in a limited-resource setting. Improving outcome entails collaboration between key stakeholders, including the pharmaceutical industry, local and national health authorities, the World Health Organization (WHO), and other nonprofit, patient-oriented organizations. Therefore, we started to observe global health initiatives—led by ASCO, the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC), and the WHO—to address these challenges at the international level. This article discusses some of these initiatives.
Access to Cancer Therapeutics in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Ruff Paul , Al-Sukhun Sana , Blanchard Charmaine , Shulman Lawrence N.
Published: October 2018

Cancer is rapidly becoming a major health care problem, especially in developing countries, where 60% of the world’s total new cases are diagnosed. The success of new antineoplastic medicines and modern radiation devices to cure a good proportion of patients with cancer and to alleviate the suffering of many more has been achieved at a dramatic cost. Therefore, it has become mandatory for health care authorities and pharmaceutical companies to cooperate to use and develop resources in an efficient manner to improve health care delivery to patients with cancer worldwide. Regulatory harmonization is an important key to overcome delays in the approval process, whether for antineoplastic and pain control medicines or for essential medical devices. More emphasis on the significant role of opiates in pain control among patients with cancer is needed to overcome the ingrained belief in their potential for addiction. The World Health Organization (WHO) serves an important role in guiding priorities for health care and efficiently allocating resources by providing essential medicine lists (EMLs) and device lists. However, the financial challenge for access to health care is multi-tiered and requires collaboration between key stakeholders including pharmaceutical industry, local national health authorities, WHO, and other nonprofit, patient-oriented organizations.
Treatment of Lung Cancer in Medically Compromised Patients
Authors: Crawford Jeffrey , Wheatley-Price Paul , Feliciano Josephine Louella
Published: October 2018

Outcomes for patients with lung cancer have been improved substantially through the integration of surgery, radiation, and systemic therapy for patients with early-stage disease. Meanwhile, advances in our understanding of molecular mechanisms have substantially advanced our treatment of patients with advanced lung cancer through the introduction of targeted therapies, immune approaches, improvements in chemotherapy, and better supportive care. However, the majority of these advances have occurred among patients with good functional status, normal organ function, and with the social and economic support systems to be able to benefit most from these treatments. The aim of this article is to bring greater attention to management of lung cancer in patients who are medically compromised, which remains a major barrier to care delivery. Impaired performance status is associated with poor outcomes and correlates with the high prevalence of cachexia among patients with advanced lung cancer. CT imaging is emerging as a research tool to quantify muscle loss in patients with cancer, and new therapeutics are on the horizon that may provide important adjunctive therapy in the future. The benefits of cancer therapy for patients with organ failure are poorly understood because of their exclusion from clinical trials. The availability of targeted therapy and immunotherapy may provide alternatives that may be easier to deliver in this population, but clinical trials of these new agents in this population are vital. Patients with lower socioeconomic status are disproportionately affected by lung cancer because of higher rates of tobacco addiction and the impact of socioeconomic status on delay in diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. For all patients who are medically compromised with lung cancer, multidisciplinary approaches are particularly needed to evaluate these patients and to incorporate rapidly changing therapeutics to improve outcomes.
Oncology Advanced Practitioners Bring Advanced Community Oncology Care
Authors: Vogel Wendy H.
Published: October 2018

Oncology care is becoming increasingly complex. The interprofessional team concept of care is necessary to meet projected oncology professional shortages, as well as to provide superior oncology care. The oncology advanced practitioner (AP) is a licensed health care professional who has completed advanced training in nursing or pharmacy or has completed training as a physician assistant. Oncology APs increase practice productivity and efficiency. Proven to be cost effective, APs may perform varied roles in an oncology practice. Integrating an AP into an oncology practice requires forethought given to the type of collaborative model desired, role expectations, scheduling, training, and mentoring.
Tumor Evolutionary Principles: How Intratumor Heterogeneity Influences Cancer Treatment and Outcome
Authors: Venkatesan Subramanian , Swanton Charles
Published: October 2018

Recent studies have shown that intratumor heterogeneity contributes to drug resistance in advanced disease. Intratumor heterogeneity may foster the selection of a resistant subclone, sometimes detectable prior to treatment. Next-generation sequencing is enabling the phylogenetic reconstruction of a cancer's life history and has revealed different modes of cancer evolution. These studies have shown that cancer evolution is not always stochastic and has certain constraints. Consideration of cancer evolution may enable the better design of clinical trials and cancer therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the different modes of cancer evolution and how this might impact clinical outcomes. Furthermore, we will discuss several therapeutic strategies for managing emergent intratumor heterogeneity.
Overcoming Therapeutic Resistance by Targeting Cancer Inflammation
Authors: Beatty Gregory L.
Published: October 2018

Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells are a prominent feature of most solid malignancies. This inflammatory immune response, driven by tumor-intrinsic signaling pathways, is a major checkpoint to therapeutic efficacy achieved with immunotherapy and standard cytotoxic therapies. To overcome therapeutic resistance mediated by cancer inflammation, ongoing clinical trials are evaluating strategies that (1) deplete myeloid cells from tumors, (2) inhibit tumor-promoting properties of myeloid cells, and (3) redirect myeloid cells with tumor-inhibitory activity.
Next-Generation Sequencing Informing Therapeutic Decisions and Personalized Approaches
Authors: Szalat Raphael , Munshi Nikhil C.
Published: October 2018

Multiple myeloma is a heterogeneous disease featured by different molecular subtypes. In the last decade, new therapeutics including second- and third-generation proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory agents, monoclonal antibodies, and other novel targeted agents have completely transformed the outcome of the disease. The task ahead is to develop strategies to identify effective combinations and sequences of agents that can exploit the genetic make-up of myeloma cells to improve efficacy. Moreover, a subgroup of high-risk patients who experience early disease relapse and shorter survival also requires early identification and specific intervention. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies now allow us to accomplish some of these goals. As described here, besides improving our understanding of the disease, it is beginning to influence our clinical decisions and therapeutic choices. In this article, we describe the current state-of-the-art role of NGS in myeloma from identifying high-risk disease, to drug selection, and, ultimately, to guide personalized therapy.
Current State of Immune-Based Therapies for Glioblastoma
Authors: Lim Michael , Weller Michael , Chiocca E. Antonio
Published: October 2018

Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive solid tumors, and, despite treatment options such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, its prognosis remains grim. Novel approaches are needed to improve survival. Immunotherapy has proven efficacy for melanoma, lung cancer, and kidney cancer and is now a focus for glioblastoma. In this article, glioblastoma-mediated immunosuppression will be discussed and two exciting immune approaches, checkpoint inhibitors and viral-based therapies, will be reviewed.
Surgical Management and Adjuvant Therapy for High-Risk and Metastatic Melanoma
Authors: van Akkooi Alexander C.J. , Atkins Michael B. , Agarwala Sanjiv S. , Lorigan Paul
Published: October 2018

Wide local excision is considered routine therapy after initial diagnosis of primary melanoma to reduce local recurrences, but it does not impact survival. Sentinel node staging is recommended for melanomas of intermediate thickness, but it has also not demonstrated any indisputable therapeutic effect on survival. The prognostic value of sentinel node staging has been long established and is therefore considered routine, especially in light of the eligibility criteria for adjuvant therapy (trials). Whether completion lymph node dissection after a positive sentinel node biopsy improves survival is the question of current trials. The MSLT-2 study is best powered to show a potential benefit, but it has not yet reported any data. Another study, the German DECOG study, presented at the 2015 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting did not show any benefit but is criticized for the underpowered design and insufficient follow-up. There is no consensus on the use of adjuvant interferon in melanoma. This topic has been the focus of many studies with different regimens (low-, intermediate-, or high-dose and/or short- or long-term treatment). Adjuvant interferon has been shown to improve relapse-free survival but failed to improve overall survival. More recently, adjuvant ipilimumab has also demonstrated an improved relapse-free survival. Overall survival data have not yet been reported due to insufficient follow-up. Currently, studies are ongoing to analyze the use of adjuvant anti–PD-1 and molecular targeted therapies (vemurafenib, dabrafenib, and trametinib). In the absence of unambiguously positive approved agents, clinical trial participation remains a priority. This could change in the near future.
Minimal Residual Disease by Next-Generation Sequencing: Pros and Cons
Authors: Avet-Loiseau Herve
Published: October 2018

The wealth of data recently generated highlights that minimal residual disease (MRD)–negative status can be achieved in a large proportion of patients. These studies, in addition to a meta-analysis, clearly suggest significant improvement in both event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) among those patients achieving MRD–negative status, especially with sensitivity of one cell in 1 million bone marrow cells. There is an evolving consensus that achieving MRD–negative status should become the ultimate goal of therapeutic intervention. Further future efforts should now be directed at determining how MRD status can be used to guide and personalize further therapy including type of consolidation and maintenance therapy.