bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wäßrige Lösungen bei hohen Drucken und Temperaturen
Authors: Tödheide K.
Published: September 2023

Die thermodynamischen und kinetischen Eigenschaften fluider wäßriger Lösungen ändern sich in dem weiten Temperatur‐ und Druckbereich des Stabilitätsgebietes solcher Lösungen außerordentlich stark. Sie werden entscheidend durch Eigenschaften des reinen Wassers wie Dichte, Dielektrizitätskonstante und Zähigkeit unter den verschiedenen Bedingungen von Druck und Temperatur beeinflußt. Deshalb wird zunächst ein Überblick über die Druck‐ und Temperaturabhängigkeit dieser Größen des reinen Wassers gegeben. Anschließend wird gezeigt, wie sich die Fähigkeit des Wassers, andere Stoffe zu lösen, mit Temperatur und Dichte ändert. An Hand einiger Phasendiagramme wird das Mischungsverhalten binärer Systeme von Wasser mit verschiedenartigen Partnern im kritischen und überkritischen Bereich diskutiert. Weiterhin wird über die elektrische Leitfähigkeit verdünnter wäßriger Lösungen bei hohen Drucken und Temperaturen berichtet, aus denen Aufschlüsse über Ionenbildung und Ionengleichgewichte bei diesen Bedingungen gewonnen wurden. Abschließend werden die Druck‐ und Temperaturabhängigkeit der Ionenleitfähigkeiten, insbesondere der Protonenextraleitfähigkeit, im Bereich hoher Drucke und mäßiger Temperaturen behandelt.
Viskositäts‐ und Kompressibilitätsmessungen von Schmiermitteln im Druckbereich von 500 bis 2000 Atm
Authors: Rätzsch M.
Published: September 2023

Im Zusammenhang mit der Untersuchung von Schmiermitteln für Äthylenhöchstdruckverdichter wurden Apparaturen zur Bestimmung der Viskosität und Kompressibilität von 500–2000 Atm und 20–100 °C erstellt. Bei der Viskositätsapparatur handelt es sich um ein Kugelfallviskosimeter mit induktiver Anzeige der Kugelfallzeit. Die Kompressibilitäten wurden nach der Piezometermethode ermittelt. Nach Messung der bekannten Schmiermittel wie Paraffinöl und Glyzerin wurden ein zweifach äthoxyliertes Hexandiol‐1,6, ein Polypropylenglykol und ein gatschartiges niedermolekulares Polyäthylen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse werden den vorausberechneten Viskositäts‐Druck‐Temperatur‐Abhängigkeiten nach Kuss gegenübergestellt und miteinander verglichen. Bei gleichzeitiger Kenntnis der Reibeigenschaften können Schlußfolgerungen über die Eignung dieser Stoffe als Schmiermittel gezogen werden.
The influence of pressure on the lambda‐transition in ammonium chloride
Authors: Trappeniers N. J.
Published: September 2023

The λ‐transition in ammonium chloride around −30.3 °C is a prototype for the study of order‐disorder transitions in crystals. Although a great deal of experimental and theoretical work has been devoted to this transition, few data are available about its behaviour at high pressures. In this paper shall report briefly on measurements of the change in transition enthalpy and entropy under pressure. Also a set of preliminary measurements is presented of the spin lattice relaxation time in ammonium chloride as function of temperature and pressure. In contrast with earlier measurements by Purcell and coworkers it is found that the spin lattice relaxation time at the λ‐point shows a distinct discontinuity and an increase by about a factor 2. The shift in this discontinuity with pressure agrees well with the thermodynamical measurements.
Supraleitung und Debye‐Temperatur der Hochdruckmodifikation von Zinn
Authors: Wittig J.
Published: September 2023

Von Stager, Balchan und Drickamer wurde im Jahre 1962 über die Entdeckung einer Phasenumwandlung in Zinn berichtet, deren Umwandlungsdruck bei Raumtemperatur etwa 110–115 kbar beträgt. Die Struktur dieser Phase konnte inzwischen von Jamieson als kubisch raumzentriert bestimmt werden. Da der große Einfluß der Struktur insbesondere der Veränderungen in der Koordinationszahl auf die Supraleitungseigenschaften der Elemente in den letzten Jahren durch viele Experimente belegt wurde, konnte ein solcher auch bei dieser Sn‐Hochdruckphase vermutet werden.

Die Erzeugung des erforderlichen Druckes gelang in einer modifizierten Bridgman‐Druckapparatur, wobei der Ablauf der Phasenumwandlung mittels einer vierkontaktigen Widerstandsmessung registriert werden konnte. Die Apparatur gestattet Abkühlung der Probe auf Heliumtemperatur unter Aufrechterhaltung des Druckes. Die Messungen ergaben für die Hochdruckphase des Zinns die hohe Übergangstemperatur von 5,3 °K und einen Druckkoeffizienten von d Tdp = ‐ 1.0 · 10−5 °K/atm im Druckbereich 120–160 kbar. Aus dem linearen Widerstandstemperaturverlauf kann auf cine verringerte charakteristische Temperatur Θ der Hochdruckphase geschlossen werden, die nach der oft diskutierten Isomorphie der Elemente der vierten Gruppe vielleicht zu erwarten ist.

Ausführliche Veröffentlichung in Z. Physik 195, 228 (1966).
Kinetik und Mechanismus der Elektronübertragung bei der Fluoreszenzlöschung in Acetonitril
Authors: Rehm Dieter , Weller Albert
Published: September 2023

Die Fluoreszenz aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe und Azaverbindungen A, wird durch typische Elektrondonoren D (amino‐ und methoxy‐substituierte Benzole) in polaren Lösungsmitteln dynamisch gelöscht. Ein Vergleich der in (sauerstoff‐freiem) Acetonitril gemessenen Geschwindigkeitskonstanten kq der Fluoreszenzlöschung mit der aus spektroskopischen und elektrochemischen (Redoxpotentialen) Daten berechneten freien Enthalpieänderung Δ G23 für die Elektronübertragung im Begegnungskomplex:

magnified image

zeigt, daß die Löschreaktion diffusionsbestimmt verläuft (kq = 1,6 · 1010 M−1 sec−1), wenn Δ G23 < – 10 kcal/mol, während für Δ G23 > 5 kcal/mol kq proportional zu exp (– Δ G23/RT) abnimmt. Die kinetische Analyse der Meßergebnisse liefert die Beziehung:

magnified image

wobei Δ G, die zu k23 gehörende freie Aktivierungsenthalpie eine monotone Funktion von Δ G23 ist und daraus berechnet werden kann. Damit ist es möglich, die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten von Elektronübertragungsreaktionen auf Grund thermodynamischer Daten zu berechnen.

Ein über die intermediäre Bildung angeregter EDA‐Komplexe verlaufender Löschmechanismus kann ausgeschlossen werden.
The use of semiconductor electrodes in the study of photochemical reactions
Authors: Tributsch H. , Gerischer H.
Published: September 2023

Semiconductor electrodes can act either as donors or acceptors for electron exchange with excited molecules in the electrolyte. Unlike at metal surfaces, reaction with both the ground level and the excited level will not occur simultaneously provided that the semiconductor has a sufficiently large band gap. It is therefore possible to observe the injection of electrons or of holes into the semiconductor. The photocurrents produced in this way can be used to investigate the photochemical behaviour of the excited molecule. A series of examples is given in which the injected photocurrents are increased or decreased by simultaneously occurring reactions between the excited molecules and other species in the electrolyte. The interpretation of the observed effects is compatible with the notions concerning analogous homogeneous photochemical reactions.
Impact of programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) positivity on clinical and molecular features of patients with metastatic gastric cancer
Authors: Shin Minkyue , Ahn Soomin , Jung Jaeyun , Hyung Sujin , Kim Kyoung‐Mee , Kim Seung Tae , Kang Won Ki , Lee Jeeyun
Published: September 2023

Background

Programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) is an important screening biomarker to select patients with gastric cancer (GC) for optimized treatment, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI).

Methods

In this single‐institution retrospective cohort study, patients with metastatic GC with available PD‐L1 results between October 2019 and September 2021 were identified by reviewing their electronic medical records. Genomic data were obtained from the Samsung Medical Center Clinical Sequencing Platform.

Results

Among the 399 patients, 276 (69%) had a PD‐L1 combined positive score (CPS) ≥1, 155 (39%) had a CPS between 1 and 5, and 121 (30%) had a CPS ≥5. Of the 121 patients with CPS ≥5, 28 (23%) had a known etiology for “inflamed tumor,” with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) positivity (N = 11) or high tumor mutational burden (TMB) (N = 17), which included microsatellite instability (MSI) (N = 9). PD‐L1 CPS ≥5 was observed in 11/11 (100%) patients with EBV positivity, 9/12 (75%) patients with MSI, and 17/33 (52%) patients with high TMB. For the 108 patients who received ICI therapy, CPS ≥5 was the only predictor significantly associated with survival in multivariable analyses, including TMB, MSI, or EBV. Objective response rate (ORR) was 49% in patients with CPS ≥5, 30% in patients with 1 ≤ CPS <5, and 19% in patients with CPS <1. Among the 31 responders to ICI therapy, 27 (87%) had a CPS of ≥1. Mutations in TET2, IRS2, DOT1L, PTPRT, and LRP1B were associated with a higher ORR (63%–100%), whereas MDC1 mutations were associated with a low ORR (22%).

Conclusions

PD‐L1 expression is an independent and sensitive biomarker for ICI therapy. Considering its significant association with several gene alterations, including PIK3CA mutations and MET amplification, combining ICI therapy with other targeted agents may be a promising therapeutic strategy for GC.
Mechanistic study on the anti‐proinflammatory activity of Kunitz type inhibitor fromCaesalpinia decapetalaseeds
Authors: Rajegowda Sachin Honnenahalli , SnehaRani Athahalli Honnagirigowda
Published: September 2023

The study reports the biochemical characterization and mechanism of action of a novel 19.6 kDa protease inhibitor (PIs) isolated from the seeds ofCaesalpinia decapetalabelonging to the Fabaceae family. A systematic study was performed to ascertain the purity, specificity, biochemical and structural characterization, and its potential in curbing inflammation in vitro conditions. A two‐step chromatography technique was used to purify the PIs. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight were employed to detect the molecular mass of the protein. N‐terminal sequence analysis of the inhibitor showed sequence similarity with the Kunitz family PIs. The in vitro test tube assay was performed for determining the anti‐inflammatory activity and the inhibitor is antiproliferative against macrophage (RAW264.7) and lung cancer cell lines (A549). An effective decrease in the release of inflammatory mediators (NO, IL‐6, TNF‐α) and on the activity of elastase was observed in macrophage cell lines (RAW264.7) which were treated with PIs. The purified inhibitor shows promising results against inflammation.
High Conductivity and Rate Capability of NaNb13O33 Wadsley–Roth Phase as a Fast‐Charging Li‐Ion Anode
Authors: Allen Jan L. , Ren Xiaoming , Nguyen Chi K. , Horn David C. , Sun H. Hohyun , Tran Dat T.
Published: September 2023

The synthesis and electrochemical insertion of lithium into the Wadsley–Roth NaNb13O33 phase is studied. Lithium intercalation to form LixNaNb13O33 reaches a value of up to x~15, between 3.0 and 1.0 V vs. Li+/Li at a slow cycling rate, a capacity of 233 mAh g−1. Within this voltage window, two sharp peaks and one broad peak are observed in the differential capacity plots of lithium intercalation suggesting multiple two‐phase regions. High Li‐ion conductivity and rate capability was demonstrated. The lithium diffusion constant is about an order of magnitude greater than TiNb2O7. The average voltage is about 1.6 V and its high‐rate capability makes NaNb13O33 potentially useful as an anode in a fast‐charge Li‐ion battery application.
Reductive Amination of Levulinic Acid to Pyrrolidones: Key Step in Biomass Valorization towards Nitrogen‐Containing Chemicals
Authors: Wang Jingfei , Lu Xuebin , Guo Mengyan , Zhang Rui , Xiong Jian , Qiao Yina , Yu Zhihao
Published: September 2023

Nowadays, the field of biomass conversion is gradually moving towards an encouraging stage. The preparation of nitrogen‐containing chemicals using various biomass resources instead of fossil resources do not only reduce carbon emissions, but also diversify the products of biomass conversion, thus increasing the economic competitiveness of biomass refining systems. Levulinic acid (LA) can be used as a promising intermediate in biomass conversion for further synthesis of pyrrolidone via reductive amination. However, there are still many critical issues to be solved. Particularly, the specific effects of catalysts on the performance of LA reductive amination have not been sufficiently revealed, and the potential impacts of key conditional factors have not been clearly elucidated. In view of this, this review attempts to provide theoretical insights through an in‐depth interpretation of the above key issues. The contribution of catalysts to the reductive amination of LA as well as the catalyst structural preferences for improving catalytic performance are discussed. In addition, the role of key conditional factors is discussed. The insights presented in this review will contribute to the design of catalyst nanostructures and the rational configuration of green reaction conditions, which may provide inspiration to facilitate the nitrogen‐related transformation of more biomass platform molecules.
Critical considerations for communicating environmental DNA science
Authors: Stein Eric D. , Jerde Christopher L. , Allan Elizabeth Andruszkiewicz , Sepulveda Adam J. , Abbott Cathryn L. , Baerwald Melinda R. , Darling John , Goodwin Kelly D. , Meyer Rachel S. , Timmers Molly A. , Thielen Peter M.
Published: September 2023

The economic and methodological efficiencies of environmental DNA (eDNA) based survey approaches provide an unprecedented opportunity to assess and monitor aquatic environments. However, instances of inadequate communication from the scientific community about confidence levels, knowledge gaps, reliability, and appropriate parameters of eDNA‐based methods have hindered their uptake in environmental monitoring programs and, in some cases, has created misperceptions or doubts in the management community. To help remedy this situation, scientists convened a session at the Second National Marine eDNA Workshop to discuss strategies for improving communications with managers. These include articulating the readiness of different eDNA applications, highlighting the strengths and limitations of eDNA tools for various applications or use cases, communicating uncertainties associated with specified uses transparently, and avoiding the exaggeration of exploratory and preliminary findings. Several key messages regarding implementation, limitations, and relationship to existing methods were prioritized. To be inclusive of the diverse managers, practitioners, and researchers, we and the other workshop participants propose the development of communication workflow plans, using RACI (Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, Informed) charts to clarify the roles of all pertinent individuals and parties and to minimize the chance for miscommunications. We also propose developing decision support tools such as Structured Decision‐Making (SDM) to help balance the benefits of eDNA sampling with the inherent uncertainty, and developing an eDNA readiness scale to articulate the technological readiness of eDNA approaches for specific applications. These strategies will increase clarity and consistency regarding our understanding of the utility of eDNA‐based methods, improve transparency, foster a common vision for confidently applying eDNA approaches, and enhance their benefit to the monitoring and assessment community.
Lanthanide‐FRET Molecular Beacons for microRNA Biosensing, Logic Operations, and Physical Unclonable Functions
Authors: Dekaliuk Mariia , Hildebrandt Niko
Published: September 2023

Time‐resolved or time‐gated (TG) biosensing and bioimaging with luminescent lanthanide probes and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) have significantly advanced bioanalytical chemistry. However, the development of lanthanide‐based molecular beacons (MBs) has been rather limited. Here, we designed DNA stem‐loop MB probes against two different microRNAs (miR‐21 and miR‐27b) using Tb and Eu FRET donors and quenching (BHQ2) and fluorescent (Cy3) FRET acceptors. Limits of detection down to 190 pM and duplexed miR‐21/miR‐27b quantification at low nanomolar concentrations with Tb‐BHQ2 and Eu‐BHQ2 TG‐FRET MBs demonstrated the versatility and high analytical performance of lanthanide‐based MBs. The particular donor‐acceptor distances in the Tb‐Cy3 MB resulted in inverted nucleic acid target concentration‐dependent TG PL intensities in short (e. g., 0 to 40 μs) and long (e. g., 0.1 to 2.1 ms) TG detection windows after pulsed excitation. We showed that this specific feature of our TG‐FRET MBs can be adapted to the design of molecular logic devices (NOR, OR, NAND, AND, XNOR, XOR, IMPLEMENT, and INHIBIT). Moreover, the almost unlimited choice of TG detection windows and the distinct spectral features of Tb and Cy3 over a broad visible spectral range could be exploited to devise biophotonic physical unclonable functions for highly secure authentication and identification. Our study manifests the versatility of lanthanides for advanced biophotonic applications.
Territorial ownership perceptions and reconciliation in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict: A person‐centred approach
Authors: Warnke Kaja , Martinović Borja , Rosler Nimrod
Published: September 2023

We investigate land ownership claims and reconciliation‐related outcomes in the intractable Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Using a person‐centred approach and drawing on survey data of Jewish and Palestinian citizens of Israel, we (1) identify profiles with differing ingroup and outgroup ownership perceptions, (2) examine how profile membership depends on group identifications and the endorsement of ownership principles, and (3) assess how reconciliation intentions and support for concrete territorial conflict solutions differ across the profiles. The majority of the Jews (87%) perceived exclusive ingroup ownership of the contested land, whereas 13% perceived shared Jewish and Palestinian ownership. In contrast, most of the Palestinians perceived moderate levels of shared ownership (43%) followed by ingroup ownership (36%), but we also identified profiles with high levels of shared ownership (11%) and exclusive outgroup ownership (10%). We conclude that Jewish and Palestinian citizens of Israel have different understandings of land ownership. Complex patterns of endorsing various ownership principles and levels of group identifications explained profile membership, mostly in line with our expectations. Importantly, the profiles differed in attitudes towards concrete territorial solutions and intergroup reconciliation, attesting to the relevance of examining ownership perceptions in conflict regions from a person‐centred approach.
Effectiveness of psychoeducation for children, adolescents and caregivers in the treatment of eating disorders: A systematic review
Authors: Kurnik Mesarič Katja , Damjanac Žiga , Debeljak Tjaš , Kodrič Jana
Published: September 2023

Background

Eating disorders in childhood and adolescence negatively affect many areas of development and functioning of children, adolescents, and their families. Psychoeducation has an important role in management and treatment of eating disorders.

Methods

A systematic literature review was performed using multiple databases (PsycInfo, PubMed, and Web of Science). The inclusion criteria comprised empirical studies of psychoeducation for patients with eating disorders or their caregivers. The study reporting quality was assessed with the revised Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool and the Standard Quality Assessment Criteria for Evaluating Primary Research Papers from a Variety of Fields for non‐randomized studies.

Results

Ten studies met the inclusion criteria, in three of which the interventions were patient‐centred and in seven of which the interventions were caregiver‐centred. The studies differed in terms of methodology, outcome measures, and quality. The results suggest that psychoeducation is an effective intervention for children, adolescents and caregivers in the treatment of eating disorders. It may lead to weight gain, a decrease in eating disorder symptoms, and a reduction in caregiver burden.

Conclusions

There is a need for more randomized controlled trials to determine the effectiveness of psychoeducation for children, adolescents and caregivers in treatment of eating disorders.
Countering crossfire DDoS attacks through moving target defense in SDN networks using OpenFlow traffic modification
Authors: Hyder Muhammad Faraz , Fatima Tasbiha , Khan Shariq Mahmood , Arshad Saadia
Published: September 2023

Software‐Defined Networking (SDN) is an evolving networking technique due to its flexibility and programmability. OpenFlow is the primary protocol behind SDN. Moving Target Defense (MTD) is an emerging security technique to counter attacks by dynamically changing the attack surface. SDN‐based MTD security solutions are gaining popularity due to the centralized control and monitoring capabilities of the SDN control plane. Crossfire is a type of indirect Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack intending to impact the neighbors of the actual target. Crossfire DDoS attacks are gaining momentum in recent times. In this paper, a mechanism for the protection of crossfire DDoS attacks is proposed by exploiting OpenFlow‐based traffic modifications. We employed the Moving Target Defense scheme to redirect the traffic from the actual host to the shadow host to counter the crossfire DDoS attack and from the default domain name system port to another predefined port. Traffic redirection helps in diverting the attacker to shadow host and thus getting the incorrect network path and subsequently crossfire attack was unable to be executed properly. The proposed scheme utilized the ONOS cluster with Mininet. The results showed successful traffic redirection for countering the Crossfire DDoS attacks at a low computational cost.
Thermal insulation versus capacitance: A simulation experiment comparing effects of shade and hyporheic exchange on daily and seasonal stream temperature cycles
Authors: Fogg S. Kathleen , Reinhold Ann Marie , O'Daniel Scott J. , Hyman Amanda A. , Poole Geoffrey C.
Published: September 2023

In streams where water temperatures stress native biota, management of riparian shade or hyporheic exchange are both considered viable management strategies for reducing the peaks of daily and seasonal stream channel temperature cycles. Although shade and hyporheic exchange may have similar effects on stream temperatures, their mechanisms differ. Improved understanding of the heat‐exchange mechanisms influenced by shade and hyporheic exchange will aid in the appropriate application of either stream temperature management strategy. To illustrate a conceptual model highlighting shade as ‘thermal insulation’ and hyporheic exchange imparting ‘thermal capacitance’ to a stream reach, we conducted an in‐silico simulation modelling experiment increasing shade or hyporheic exchange parameters on an idealized, hypothetical stream. We assessed the potential effects of increasing shade or hyporheic exchange on a stream reach using an established process‐based heat‐energy budget model of stream‐atmosphere heat exchange and incorporated an advection‐driven hyporheic heat exchange routine. The model tracked heat transport through the hyporheic zone and exchange with the stream channel, while including the effects of hyporheic water age distribution on upwelling hyporheic temperatures. Results showed that shade and hyporheic exchange similarly damped diurnal temperature cycles and differentially altered seasonal cycles of our theoretical stream. In winter, hyporheic exchange warmed simulated channel temperatures whereas shade had little effect. In summer, both shade and hyporheic exchange cooled channel temperatures, though the effects of shade were more pronounced. Our simple‐to‐grasp analogies of ‘thermal insulation’ for shade effects and ‘thermal capacitance’ for hyporheic exchange effects on stream temperature encourage more accurate conceptualization of complex, dynamic heat exchange processes among the atmosphere, stream channel, and alluvial aquifer.
Machine perfusion preservation with hemoglobin based oxygen vesicles alleviate ultrastructural damages in porcine liver donated after cardiac death
Authors: Zin Nur Khatijah Mohd , Bochimoto Hiroki , Kondoh Daisuke , Ishihara Yo , Iwata Hiroyoshi , Shonaka Tatsuya , Obara Hiromichi , Sakai Hiromi , Furukawa Hiroyuki , Matsuno Naoto
Published: September 2023

Midthermic machine perfusion (MMP) of post‐circulatory arrest donor liver grafts has the advantage of preserving the functional ultrastructure of hepatocytes in donor grafts. It was reported that oxygenation during MMP reduces portal venous resistance and increases bile production. The MMP with hemoglobin‐based oxygen vesicles (HbV) keeps the lower aspartate aminotransferase level (an indicator of liver injury) and maintains the functional ultrastructure of mitochondria in the hepatocytes. To evaluated differences of ultrastructural damages in donor livers between the MMP with and without HbV, porcine liver grafts after 60 min of warm ischemia were perfused at 22°C for 4 h with or without HbV, and a part of liver grafts were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and osmium‐maceration scanning electron microscopy (OM‐SEM). The remaining grafts were perfused with autologous blood at 38°C for 2 h in an isolated liver reperfusion model (IRM) that mimics the inside of the body after transplantation, and then analyzed by TEM and OM‐SEM. Hepatocytes after MMP had small round mitochondria with rod‐shaped cristae and reticulovesicular rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) in both HbV(+) and HbV(−) livers. After IRM of HbV(+) livers, the well‐developed lamellar rER was often found in hepatocytes. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) after MMP contained some large vacuolar structures containing amorphous garbage in the cytoplasm, and their size along with appearance frequency were smaller and lower, respectively, in HbV(+) livers than HbV(−). Oxygenation during the MMP by using HbV suppressed the ultrastructural damages in donor livers, in particular for the LSECs.

Research Highlights

Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells after midthermic machine perfusion had large vacuolar organelles with amorphous garbage.

Oxygenation during the perfusion made them less and smaller, ultrastructurally supporting its utility.
Daytime Variation in Kidney Perfusion, Oxygenation, and Sodium Concentration Assessed by Multiparametric MRI in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Rasmussen Camilla W. , Bøgh Nikolaj , Ringgaard Steffen , Birn Henrik , Vaeggemose Michael , Schulte Rolf F. , Laustsen Christoffer
Published: September 2023

Background

MRI can provide information on kidney structure, perfusion, and oxygenation. Furthermore, it allows for the assessment of kidney sodium concentrations and handling, allowing multiparametric evaluation of kidney physiology. Multiparametric MRI is promising for establishing prognosis and monitoring treatment responses in kidney diseases, but its intraindividual variation during the day is unresolved.

Purpose

To investigate the variation in multiparametric MRI measurements from the morning to the evening.

Study Type

Prospective.

Population

Ten healthy volunteers, aged 29 ± 5 without history of kidney disease.

Field Strength/Sequence

3 T/T1 mapping, blood‐oxygen level dependent imaging, arterial spin labeling perfusion imaging, diffusion weighted imaging, and sodium imaging.

Assessment

A multiparametric MRI protocol, yielding T1, R2*, ADC, renal blood flow and renal sodium levels, was acquired in the morning, noon, and evening. The participants were fasting prior to the first examination. Urine biochemical analyses were performed to complement MRI data. The cortex and medulla were analyzed separately in a semi‐automatic fashion, and gradients of total sodium concentration (TSC) and R2* gradients were calculated from outer cortex to inner medulla.

Statistical Test

Analyses of variance and mixed‐effects models to estimate differences from time of day. Coefficients of variation to assess variability within and between participants. A P‐value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The coefficients of variation varied from 5% to 18% for proton‐based parametric sequences, while it was 38% for TSC over a day.

Data Conclusion

Multiparametric MRI is stable over the day. The coefficients of variation over a day were lower for proton multiparametric MRI, but higher for sodium MRI.

Evidence Level

2

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Dietary supplementation of ark clams protects gut health and modifies gut microbiota in d‐galactose‐induced aging rats
Authors: Tong Tao , Guo Jingya , Wu Ying , Sharma Divya , Sangar Madhuri , Sangpreecha Neeracha , Song Doyoung , Unno Tatsuya , Ham Kyung‐Sik , Kang Seong‐Gook
Published: September 2023

Background

Ark clams, a seafood abundant in various nutrients, are widely consumed worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the protective benefits of two common ark clams in Korea, Scapharca subcrenata (SS) and Tegillarca granosa (TG), on gut health in d‐galactose (d‐gal)‐induced aging rats.

Results

Thirty‐two Wistar rats (11 weeks old) were randomly allocated into four groups: a CON group (normal diet + saline intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection), a CD group (normal diet + d‐gal i.p. injection), an SS group (normal diet with 5% SS supplementation + d‐gal i.p. injection), and a TG group (normal diet with 5% TG supplementation + d‐gal i.p. injection). After 12 weeks of treatment, histopathological results showed that gut barrier damage was alleviated in rats of the SS and TG groups, as evidenced by increases in mucus layer thickness and goblet cell numbers. Meanwhile, the two groups supplemented with ark clams showed an evident reduction in oxidative stress biomarkers (malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl content levels in the colon) and an increase in the immune‐related factor (immunoglobulin A level in the plasma) in rats. The 16S ribosomal RNA analysis revealed that SS and TG ark clams significantly increased the proliferations of Bacteroidetes at the phylum level and Parabacteroides at the genus level. Additionally, the levels of the three main short‐chain fatty acids in the cecal contents were also significantly increased in the SS and TG groups.

Conclusion

Our results indicated a potent preventive effect of SS and TG ark clams on d‐gal‐induced gut injury, suggesting that ark clams may be a promising dietary component for intervening in aging. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Understanding the impacts of intensive student internships at a campus agricultural project
Authors: Biang JoHannah H. , Brooks Shannon O. , Herles Cecilia M. , Borron Abigail S. , Berle David C. , Thompson Jennifer Jo
Published: September 2023

Campus agricultural projects (CAPs) are campus farms or gardens where students learn to grow food. With at least 286 CAPs at institutions of higher education across the United States, this study seeks to understand the impact that participation in intensive internships at CAPs has on students and how student experiences align with the missions of CAPs. We used mixed ethnographic methods to collect rich, longitudinal data with 23 students enrolled in semester‐long internships at one particular CAP over the course of three semesters. Drawing on thematic analysis, we identify themes that capture what students are learning and experiencing in these spaces. Results from this study demonstrate that students participating in these internships gain not only agricultural and horticultural skills from hands‐on learning, but also interpersonal skills (i.e., teamwork and communication) and practical skills (i.e., changing a tire). Over the course of the semester, we see students gain confidence from these skills and develop self‐efficacy in their ability to face challenges and tackle new tasks in the future. Notably, students also develop a strong sense of community within these spaces. Finally, although students express a lingering disconnect between their work and its specific contribution to the community, we find that students can gain insights into service and community engagement in a service‐learning focused CAP.
The traditional approach is no longer sufficient
Authors: Lisouski Taras
Published: September 2023

Optical coatings play an enormous role both in our daily life and in advanced research. Virtually any optical element – from a simple lens to the ones used in the sophisticated laser systems, space instruments or data transmission cabinets – have optical coatings. New designs of the coatings and new applications require an upgraded and often designed‐from‐scratch technology to meet the continuously growing thin film optical metrology specifications.
XR unmasked
Authors: Picot‐Clémente Jérémy
Published: September 2023

As XR pushes the boundaries of immersive technology, the challenge of creating a flawless simulated reality presents unique design hurdles. In this critical analysis, we unpack the fundamental issues, identifying potential solutions and forecasting future developments in the XR landscape.
So weit das Auge trägt
Authors: Vollmer Michael
Published: September 2023

Sichtweiten in der Atmosphäre reichen von wenigen Metern im Nebel bis zu einigen hundert Kilometern bei extrem guten Fernsichtbedingungen. Die zugrundeliegende Physik geht vom Wahrnehmungskontrast aus. Dieser ändert sich mit der Entfernung entlang der Sichtlinie zwischen Objekt und Auge aufgrund von Lichtstreuung und Absorption an den Bestandteilen der Atmosphäre. Dazu kommt bei der Fernsicht die Refraktion, die es erlaubt, auch über den durch die Kugelform der Erde geometrisch bedingten Horizont hinaus zu sehen.
Der schnellste Detektor der Welt
Authors: Homs Marina , Köpfli Stefan
Published: September 2023

Die optische Datenübertragung ermöglicht einen immer schnelleren Datenaustausch, wird aber auch immer mehr an ihre Grenzen getrieben. Um die großen Datenmengen effizient auslesen zu können, hat ein Forschungsteam der ETH Zürich den bisher schnellsten Lichtsensor der Welt entwickelt, mit einer Bandbreite von über 500 GHz. Dieser Erfolg stellt einen wichtigen Schritt für die nächste Generation der optischen Datenübertragung dar.
Fallende Wassertropfen und ihr Schatten
Authors: Schlichting Hans‐Joachim
Published: September 2023

Weil das auf einen fallenden Wassertropfen auftreffende Sonnenlicht dicht hinter ihm fokussiert wird, wirft er trotz seiner Transparenz auf einer entfernteren Wand einen Schatten.
Der Beethoven der Bifurkation
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: September 2023

Zwar ließ er sich gerne vom Forschen ablenken, aber mit seinem Hang zum Herumspielen löste er schließlich das Chaostheorie‐Fieber aus.
Front Cover Image
Authors: Buczkowski Grzegorz
Published: September 2023

The cover image is based on the Research Article Termite cuticular extracts improve acceptance of bait for controlling invasive Asian needle ants, Brachyponera chinensis by Grzegorz Buczkowski, https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.7601.

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Transient perivascular inflammation of the carotid artery: Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging findings
Authors: Atik Irfan , Atalar Mehmet
Published: September 2023

Transient perivascular inflammation of the carotid artery (TIPIC) syndrome is a rare cause of atypical neck pain. The etiology of TIPIC is not fully known and is characterized by transient inflammation around the carotid artery. Ultrasonography (US) and especially magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the most important evaluation methods in the diagnosis and follow‐up of the disease. In this article, we report a 25‐year‐old male patient who presented with unilateral neck pain and was diagnosed with TIPIC in the light of his clinical and radiological findings.
Exploring the colour palette of Wasily Kandinsky: The case study of Spitz‐Rund (1925)
Authors: Ricci Chiara , Ponza Valeria , Romano Francesco Paolo , Caliri Claudia , Conti Claudia , Botteon Alessandra , Possenti Elena , Scalarone Dominique , Cardinali Michela , Bassi Alessandra , Abram Sara , Avataneo Luca , Demonte Daniele , Di Iorio Federico , David Melissa , Miliani Costanza , Previtali Angela Fabrizia , Piccirillo Anna
Published: September 2023

The study and conservation of a painting by Wasily Kandinsky, titled Spitz‐Rund and dated to 1925, was carried out at the Centro per la Conservazione ed il Restauro dei Beni Culturali “La Venaria Reale” 2018 and 2021. This work, owned by the Galleria d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea of Bergamo (GAMeC), was created with oil paints on cardboard, and later glued onto a wooden support. A first phase of the project entailed a thorough scientific investigation of the artist's materials and techniques by means of a multi‐analytical approach, including both non‐invasive and micro‐invasive techniques. The present contribution discusses some of the most relevant results obtained from scientific analyses on Kandinsky's masterpiece. The painting stratigraphy and colour palette were investigated using multispectral imaging, spot XRF and in situ Raman analyses. Micro‐samples were also taken and analysed with FTIR spectroscopy, Py‐GC/MS, optical microscopy and SEM–EDX. Additional investigations using MA‐XRF provided further insight into the distribution of various chemical elements, proving essential to deepen our knowledge of the painting and to integrate the information obtained from other analytical techniques. The study highlighted several similarities between Spitz‐Rund and other Kandinsky's artworks and made it possible to gain a broader understanding of the artist's technique during the Bauhaus period (1922–1933).
On Incremental Pre-processing for SMT
Authors: Bjørner Nikolaj , Fazekas Katalin
Published: September 2023

We introduce a calculus for incremental pre-processing for SMT and instantiate it in the context of z3. It identifies when powerful formula simplifications can be retained when adding new constraints. Use cases that could not be solved in incremental mode can now be solved incrementally thanks to the availability of pre-processing. Our approach admits a class of transformations that preserve satisfiability, but not equivalence. We establish a taxonomy of pre-processing techniques that distinguishes cases where new constraints are modified or constraints previously added have to be replayed. We then justify the soundness of the proposed incremental pre-processing calculus.
Incremental Rewriting Modulo SMT
Authors: Whitters Gerald , Nigam Vivek , Talcott Carolyn
Published: September 2023

Rewriting Modulo SMT combines two powerful automated deduction techniques (1) rewriting and (2) SMT-solving. Rewriting enables the specification of behavior of systems using rewriting rules, while SMT theories specify system properties. Rewriting Modulo SMT is enabled by combining existing tools, such as Maude and SMT solvers. Search algorithms used for carrying out Rewriting Modulo SMT, however, cannot exploit the incremental solving features available in SMT solvers as they are based on breadth-first search. This paper addresses this limitation by proposing Incremental Rewriting Modulo SMT Theories, which is a syntactical restriction to rewriting rules. This restriction turns out to naturally be used in several applications of Rewriting Modulo SMT, including the verification of algorithms, cyber-physical systems, and security protocols. Moreover, we propose a Hybrid-Search algorithm for Incremental Rewriting Modulo SMT Theories that combines breadth-first search and depth-first search, thus enabling incremental SMT-solving. We demonstrate through a collection of existing benchmarks that the Hybrid-Search algorithm can achieve a 10 times performance improvement in verification times.
Lagrangians manifesting color-kinematics duality in the NMHV sector of Yang-Mills
Authors: Ben-Shahar Maor , Garozzo Lucia , Johansson Henrik
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Scattering amplitudes in Yang-Mills theory are known to exhibit kinematic structures which hint to an underlying kinematic algebra that is dual to the gauge group color algebra. This color-kinematics duality is still poorly understood in terms of conventional Feynman rules, or from a Lagrangian formalism. In this work, we present explicit Lagrangians whose Feynman rules generate duality-satisfying tree-level BCJ numerators, to any multiplicity in the next-to-MHV sector of pure Yang-Mills theory. Our Lagrangians make use of at most three pairs of auxiliary fields (2, 1, 0-forms) — surprisingly few compared to previous attempts of Lagrangians at low multiplicities. To restrict the Lagrangian freedom it is necessary to make several non-trivial assumptions regarding field content, kinetic terms, and interactions, which we discuss in some detail. Future progress likely hinges on relaxing these assumptions.
Listeria monocytogenes detection on food contact surfaces: suitability of different swab materials
Authors: Hillig Nadja , Hamedy Ahmad , Koethe Martin
Published: September 2023

The high binding capacity of Listeria monocytogenes to food contact surfaces increases the risk of cross-contamination in food. In addition to appropriate cleaning and disinfection procedures, a suitable sampling plan and technique for the earliest possible detection are necessary for prevention. This paper evaluates the sensitivity of 3 swab materials (cotton, viscose and nylon-flocked) for the qualitative and quantitative detection of L. monocytogenes on food contact surfaces (100 cm2). A L. monocytogenes cocktail of 3 serotypes (IIa, IIb and IVb) was applied to stainless steel, polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene and high-density polyethylene surfaces at a concentration of approx. 1.0 × 101-1.0 × 102 CFU/100 cm2 and approx. 4.0 × 104 CFU/100 cm2. The surfaces were sampled after 15 min of incubation by 3 different swabs using the double-swab technique, and then stored for 4 and 24 h until processing. The results of the qualitative and quantitative tests showed a few statistically significant differences in the detectability of L. monocytogenes by different swab materials, which implies that the detection rate of L. monocytogenes on a certain food contact surfaces can be increased by using the respective most suitable swab.
The impact of process parameters and pin-to-shoulder diameter ratio on the welding performance of polycarbonate in FSW
Authors: Vidakis Nectarios , Mountakis Nikolaos , Moutsopoulou Amalia , David Constantine , Nasikas Nektarios K. , Petousis Markos
Published: September 2023

The utilization of friction stir welding (FSW) for the joining of polymers and composites is gaining increasing recognition due to its capabilities. In this study, the weldability of 4 mm thick polycarbonate (PC) plates in FSW is examined. Statistical modeling tools were employed to investigate the effect of four control parameters, i.e., rotational speed, travel speed, weld tool shoulder, and pin diameter, on the geometrical characteristics (residual thickness) of the weld region and the mechanical performance of the weld components under flexural and tensile loads. A screening experimental procedure with an L9 Taguchi was initially performed to calibrate the control parameter levels. During the welding procedure, the temperature profiles were continuously recorded to verify the materials’ solid state. The welding efficiency of the joint was also assessed, with a 90% welding efficiency achieved in the study. The morphological characteristics of the welded zones were assessed through optical and scanning electron microscopy. The samples welded with 4 mm/min travel speed, 10 mm shoulder diameter, 1000 rpm rotational speed, and 3 mm pin diameter had the highest mechanical performance. Overall, a shoulder-to-pin diameter ratio between 2.5 and 3 achieved the best results. The findings provide valuable information for the weld performance optimization of PC sheets, which can be employed successfully in real-life uses.

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Notes on the conservation threats to the western lesser spot-nosed monkey (Cercopithecus petaurista buettikoferi) in the Bijagós Archipelago (Guinea-Bissau, West Africa)
Authors: Colmonero-Costeira I. , Sá R. M. , Djaló M. L. , Cunha N. , Cunha J. , Minhós T. , Russo I.-R. M. , Bruford M. W. , Costa S. , Ferreira da Silva M. J.
Published: September 2023

The lesser spot-nosed monkey (Cercopithecus petaurista) is a widely distributed West African guenon, which is generally considered less vulnerable to local extinctions than many sympatric primate species. Guinea-Bissau harbours the westernmost populations of the species, which is thought to be very rare or even extinct on the mainland, but to have putative populations on some islands of the Bijagós Archipelago. However, due to a lack of regional studies, baseline information on these insular populations is missing. We collected baseline data on the anthropogenic activities that possibly threaten the long-term conservation of this primate by using non-systematic ethnographic methodologies. The species was reported to be decreasing in number or rare by locals on two of the islands, and we identified two main conservation threats to it: generalised habitat loss/degradation, and hunting. While subsistence hunting has been recorded before in these areas, we report, to the best of our knowledge for the first time for these islands, the presence of a semi-organised commercial wild meat trade. The carcasses of western lesser spot-nosed monkeys were observed being stored and shipped from seaports to be sold at urban hubs (Bissau and Bubaque Island). The effect of commercial trade on the species could be severe, considering the small, naturally occurring, carrying capacities typical of insular ecosystems. The results of this study highlight the importance of understanding the leading social drivers of wild meat hunting of lesser spot-nosed monkeys on the Bijagós Archipelago, and the need to conduct baseline research on these insular populations, for which qualitative and quantitative methods could be combined.
Breast cancer and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Jordt Nanna , Kjærgaard Kasper Aalbæk , Thomsen Reimar W. , Borgquist Signe , Cronin-Fenton Deirdre
Published: September 2023

Purpose

Breast cancer and its treatments may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the association between breast cancer and the incidence of T2D overall, and according to breast cancer treatments.

Methods

We searched PubMed, Embase and references of relevant papers for studies on breast cancer, breast cancer treatment, and subsequent T2D risk. Using random-effects models, we calculated effect estimates and associated 95% confidence intervals of the association between breast cancer, adjuvant breast cancer treatments (i.e., endocrine therapy (tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, and combined) and chemotherapy), and subsequent T2D. We used funnel plots to assess publication bias.

Results

Among 15 eligible studies, 10 reported on T2D risk after breast cancer, chemotherapy, or endocrine therapy; five studies investigated more than one association. Compared with patients without breast cancer, those with breast cancer and those who received any endocrine therapy had elevated risk of incident T2D (EE = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.13–1.33 and EE = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.16–1.32, respectively). Among breast cancer patients only, the risk of T2D was higher for those who received tamoxifen compared with those who did not receive tamoxifen (EE = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.18–1.38). Due to few studies, analyses investigating T2D risk after treatment with aromatase inhibitors or chemotherapy were inconclusive.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest an elevated risk of T2D in breast cancer survivors, particularly after tamoxifen therapy. Further research is needed to determine the impact of aromatase inhibitors, and chemotherapy on the incidence of T2D after breast cancer.