bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Folate Receptor Alpha Immunohistochemistry in Cytology Specimens of Metastatic Breast Carcinoma
Authors: Sheikh Umer N. , Cohen Cynthia , Siddiqui Momin T.
Published: September 2015

Background: Folate receptor alpha (FRA) is involved in folate accumulation and utilization, and is expressed in varying proportions in breast, ovary and parotid epithelial cells, among others. FRA overexpression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been shown in estrogen/progesterone receptor (ER/PR)-negative carcinoma (40-74%) and in triple-negative breast carcinoma (TNBC; 50-86%) in histological specimens of primary breast cancers. We assessed the feasibility of IHC in detecting FRA expression and its patterns and clinical significance in metastatic TNBC in fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cell blocks (CBs). Materials and Methods: Metastatic breast ductal carcinoma cases were retrospectively immunostained with FRA IHC on FNA CBs. FRA staining was scored qualitatively (+/-), by intensity (0-3) and by staining area (0-100%). Of these metastatic cases, a subset of primary breast carcinoma cases was also immunostained with FRA. The results were correlated with ER, PR and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2/Neu) performed by routine IHC. Results: A total of 40 FNA CBs with metastatic disease were studied, including hormone (ER/PR) positive (n = 5), triple positive (n = 5), Her2/Neu-only positive (n = 5) and TNBC (n = 25). FRA IHC showed immunoreactivity with moderate positivity in only 1 (4%) TNBC. All the remaining 39 cases were negative for FRA expression. Five cases of primary TNBC were stained with FRA IHC and were negative for FRA expression. Conclusions: Our data suggest that FRA expression by IHC was rarely associated with ER/PR-negative tumors relative to ER/PR-positive tumors and, more importantly, with TNBC in FNA CBs. This finding may have a clinical significance and prognostic implications in metastatic breast carcinoma. Furthermore, 5 primary TNBC cases did not overexpress FRA by IHC. Hence, antifolate receptor therapies do not appear to be clinically relevant in TNBC based on immunostaining of FNA CBs of metastatic breast cancers.
Land for Food & Land for Nature?
Authors: Balmford Andrew , Green Rhys , Phalan Ben
Published: September 2015

Opinions on how to limit the immense impact of agriculture on wild species are divided. Some think it best to retain as much wildlife as possible on farms, even at the cost of lowering yield (production per unit area). Others advocate the opposite: increasing yield so as to limit the area needed for farming, and then retaining larger areas under natural habitats. Still others support a mixture of the two extremes, or an intermediate approach. Here we summarize a model designed to resolve this disagreement, and review the empirical evidence available to date. We conclude that this evidence largely supports the second, so-called land-sparing approach to reconciling agriculture and biodiversity conservation, but that important questions remain over the generality of these findings for different biota and for ecosystem services, how best to increase yields while limiting environmental externalities, and whether there are effective, socially just, and practical mechanisms for coupling yield growth to habitat retention and restoration.
A Sustainable Agriculture?
Authors: Robertson G. Philip
Published: September 2015

The defining challenge of sustainable agriculture is the production of food and other agricultural products at an environmental cost that does not jeopardize the food security and general welfare of future generations. Feeding another three billion people in the face of climate change, biodiversity loss, and an environment already saturated with excess nitrogen and other reactive pollutants requires new approaches and new tools in the design and deployment of workable solutions. Solutions will be local but all will require an ecological systems approach that considers sustainable farming practices in the full context of ecosystems and landscapes. And their deployment will require an understanding of the social systems capable of building incentives that produce socially desired outcomes. Socioecological models for agriculture provide an opportunity to explore feedbacks, trade-offs, and synergies that can optimize and strengthen emerging connections between farming and society. With the right incentives, innovative research, and political will, a sustainable agriculture is within our reach.
Aquatic and terrestrial locomotor performance of juvenile three-keeled pond turtles acclimated to different temperatures
Authors: Xu Chunxia , Dang Wei , Luo Laigao , Lu Hongliang
Published: September 2015

Locomotion is important for behaviors such as foraging and predator avoidance, and is influenced by temperature in ectotherms. To investigate this in turtles, we acclimated juvenile Chinese three-keeled pond turtles,Chinemys reevesii, under three thermal conditions for four weeks. Subsequently, we measured three locomotor performances (swimming, running, and righting) at different test temperatures. Overall, swimming and running speeds of turtles increased with increasing test temperature in the range of 13-33°C and decreased at higher test temperatures, whereas righting time decreased with increasing test temperature in the range of 13-33°C and slightly increased at higher test temperatures. Acclimation temperature affected both swimming and running speeds, with the high temperature-acclimated turtles swimming and running faster than low temperature-acclimated turtles, but it did not affect righting performance. From the constructed thermal performance curves, between-group differences were found in the estimated maximal speed (swimming and running) and optimal temperature, but not in the performance breadth. Juvenile turtles acclimated to relatively warm temperatures had better performances than those acclimated to cool temperatures, supporting the “hotter is better” hypothesis. A similar acclimatory change was found during aquatic and terrestrial locomotion in juvenileC. reevesii. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that animals from less thermally variable environments should have a greater acclimatory ability than those from more variable environments, because turtles were acclimated under aquatic environments with no thermal variability.
Contact Languages of the Ancient Near East – Three more Case Studies (Ugaritic-Hurrian, Hurro-Akkadian and Canaano-Akkadian)
Authors: Andrason Alexander , Vita Juan-Pablo
Published: September 2015

This article describes and analyzes three situations of linguistic contact in the Ancient Near East, taking as its staring point three theoretical studies on contact languages which have been developed recently: the framework of mixed languages (Bakker and Matras, 2013; Meakins, 2013), the theory of written language contact (Johanson, 2013) and the approach to contact among genetically related languages (Epps, Huehnergard and Pat-El, 2013a). The authors argue that the contact systems selected for this article (Ugaritic-Hurrian, Hurro-Akkadian and Canaano-Akkadian), although distinct from the grammatical and sociolinguistic perspective, can all be viewed as expressions of the same dynamic phenomena, where each variety of mixing corresponds to a different stage of a universal continuum of languages in the situation of merger. Consequently, they can be located along the universal cline of mixing: Ugaritic-Hurrian matches the initial stage of intermingling, Hurro-Akkadian reflects gradually more intense blending, and Canaano-Akkadian corresponds to the phase of a profound fusion of the two source codes. By examining and comparing the three cases of mixing, the authors introduce new insights to the general discussion on mixed languages, written language contact and relevance of genetic relation in language intermingling, thus corroborating and/or refining certain hypotheses and propositions that have previously been formulated within the latest theoretical studies.
On the diagnosis and conservation of the poorly known bromeligenous Scinax arduous Peixoto, 2002 (Amphibia; Anura; Hylidae)
Authors: Lacerda João victor a. , Ferreira Rodrigo b. , Souza GEisa Alves de , SILVA HÉLIO RICARDO DA , Feio Renato N.
Published: September 2015

Since Scinax arduous description, many other populations belonging to the Scinax perpusillus group have been recorded for the States of Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil. Both in collections and publications most of these new specimens are identified as S. arduous, Scinax cf. arduous, Scinax cf. perpusillus, Scinax gr. perpusillus, S. perpusillus and S. v-signatus. Such state of affairs may be due to the lack of information on the original description of S. arduous. Only two individuals [the holotype (female) and the paratype (male)] were used in the original description and diagnosis, therefore, information on variation and distribution were not available. Furthermore, in S. arduous description, the section on coloration in life was based only on two juveniles raised in laboratory. Herein we redefine Scinax arduous based on 44 males and 17 females from the type locality, the Municipality of Santa Teresa, in the State of Espírito Santo. In addition, we provide information on its conservation status, distribution, natural history, vocalization, tadpoles, and detailed photographs of both adults and larvae.
Biology and morphology of immature stages of Adosomus roridus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae)
Authors: TRNKA FILIP , STEJSKAL ROBERT , SKUHROVEC JIŘÍ
Published: September 2015

Mature larva and pupa of Adosomus (s. str.) roridus (Pallas, 1781) (Curculionidae: Lixinae: Cleonini) are described and compared with ten other taxa of Cleonini with known larvae. This weevil is an oligophagous species on the Asteraceae family. From our observations in Slovakia, we found active adults from April to September in dry sunny places within extensively used or fallow vineyards and in ruderal vegetation with host plants. The weevil is a root borer - larvae, pupae and fresh adults were collected from the root necks and roots of Common Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) and rarely from Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.). Each plant was usually occupied by one larva, or more rarely with two or three larvae. The new generation of adult individuals appeared from early summer to autumn. Both larvae and some of the adults overwinter, which is quite unique within Cleonini.
Redescription of the percoid fish Symphysanodon andersoni Kotthaus (Symphysanodontidae) from the northwestern Indian Ocean,
based on the holotype and the second known specimen
Authors: ANDERSON WILLIAM D., JR. , CHESALIN MIKHAIL V. , JAWAD LAITH A. , SHAJIBI SAID R. AL
Published: September 2015

Symphysanodon andersoni was described in 1974 from a single specimen collected southwest of Socotra Island, near the entrance to the Gulf of Aden. A more recent report (2003) of its capture in the Gulf of Kutch, Arabian Sea, was based on a misidentification. The second known specimen of the Bucktoothed Slopefish, S. andersoni, (at 204 mm SL the largest known specimen of the genus Symphysanodon) was collected off the south coast of Oman, Arabian Sea, in April 2014. Symphysanodon andersoni is distinguishable from its congeners by number of tubed scales in the lateral line, 60 to 65 versus 42 to 59 in the other species of the genus. In view of the fact that S. andersoni is poorly known, we redescribe it based on the holotype and the new specimen collected off Oman and provide the first color photograph of the species.
How Symbolic Boundaries Shape the Experience of Social Exclusion
Authors: Guetzkow Josh , Fast Idit
Published: September 2015

Symbolic boundaries, understood as the conceptual distinctions used to demarcate in-groups and out-groups, are fundamental to social inequality. While we know a great deal about how groups and individuals construct and contest symbolic boundaries along lines of class, race, ethnicity, religion, and nationality, less attention is given to (a) national belonging as a component of symbolic boundaries distinct from citizenship and (b) comparing how distinct symbolic boundaries shape individuals perceptions of, and reactions to, instances of stigmatization and discrimination. To examine these issues we compared two marginalized groups in Israel, Arab Palestinian citizens and Ethiopian Jewish immigrants. Analyzing 90 in-depth interviews, we find that exclusion based on boundaries of nationality engenders different ways of interpretating and responding to stigmatizing and discriminatory behavior, compared with exclusion based on racial and ethnic boundaries. While Ethiopians see everyday stigmatizing encounters as part of their temporary position as a recently immigrated group from a developing country, and react accordingly with attempts to prove their worth as individuals and ultimately assimilate, Palestinians view the line between them and the Jewish majority as relatively impermeable and attempts to fully integrate as mostly useless, viewing solidarity and education as a means to improve their group’s standing.
Should supervisors intervene during classroom visits?
Authors: Marshall Kim
Published: September 2015

Real-time coaching has become the go-to supervisory model in some schools (especially charters), with supervisors routinely jumping in during teacher observations and sometimes taking over the class to model a more effective approach. The author sets out goals and guidelines for impromptu classroom visits that include visiting each classroom at least once a month; being as unobtrusive as possible; sometimes taking videos of classroom interactions; and not using rubric scoring in feedback.
Goldilocks Discourse — math scaffolding that’s just right
Authors: Dale Rachel , Scherrer Jimmy
Published: September 2015

The Common Core has brought a sharp shift in what it means to be mathematically literate. Becoming mathematically literate is now as much a matter of acquiring mathematical practices as of acquiring any defined set of content standards. This more ambitious definition of literacy presents a challenge not only for students, but also for teachers who are supposed to provide students with opportunities to persevere in challenging tasks. To achieve this, teachers need to relinquish just the right amount of control to the students; relinquishing too little constrains students’ opportunities to persevere; relinquishing too much runs the risk of students engaging in unsystematic exploration. The secret ingredient to making it just right is what we call Goldilocks Discourse.
Information is a Common Core dish best served first
Authors: Walkowiak Temple A.
Published: September 2015

There has been a spike in negative comments about mathematics and standards since the implementation of the Common Core State Standards. Regardless of whether the comments are fueled by social media or traditional media, educators need to be armed with strategies for helping parents understand, navigate, and embrace the Common Core’s mathematics content and practices. In this article, the author outlines three strategies and accompanying action steps that can help school leaders and teachers to be proactive rather than reactive when addressing parent concerns about the Common Core math standards. While the examples in this article are embedded in elementary mathematics, the strategies and action steps apply to all K-12 settings.
Denver makes a fairer choice
Authors: Teske Paul , Yettick Holly , Ely Todd , Klute Mary
Published: September 2015

Denver Public Schools traditional and charter schools combined to create a single system that allowed all students to indicate their school choice preferences, replacing a system of more than 60 different selection processes. The new system also gave families a wealth of information regarding school quality. A study of the new system found it was fairer than its predecessor to students from disadvantaged backgrounds but that families nonetheless tended to chose schools closer to home regardless of their quality ranking.
Washington View
Authors: Ferguson Maria
Published: September 2015

A host of education reforms in California seem to be keeping the controversy over the Common Core and assessments at bay. The state’s latest reforms give local school districts budgetary power to spend education dollars as they see fit. But it has a very real teacher shortage and an ongoing dispute over teacher accountability. It bears watching. By embracing the inherent “local control” aspect of the U.S. public education system and aligning it with the heart and soul of local school systems, the budget, California has redefined the traditional governance model. California is going to have to manage those risks and revelations to maintain the forward motion of these important changes.
Under the Law
Authors: Underwood Julie
Published: September 2015

From a legal perspective in the U.S., education is a state function. But individuals and advocacy groups have the right to question the state’s fulfillment of this responsibility in court, and many have. Courts generally find that State constitutions afford all children an opportunity to acquire a minimum level of education. A case in Washington State poses what could become a groundbreaking ruling. In an unprecedented recent move, the state’s Supreme Court has imposed sanctions on the state legislature, fining them $100,000 a day until they adopt legislation that adequately funds that state’s public schools. What makes this case so important right now is that most states have reduced their support to public education.
Analytical performance of a point-of-care device in monitoring patients on oral anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists
Authors: Sen Indrani , Stephen Edwin , Agarwal Sunil , Rebekah Grace , Nair Sukesh Chandran
Published: September 2015

Background

[Please check the following sentence for clarity: “Point-of-care devices measuring international normalized ratio have clinical appeal, reports of ‘off-label’ in-hospital/primary care use report improved time to intervention/dose adjustment.”]Point-of-care devices measuring international normalized ratio have clinical appeal, reports of ‘off-label’ in-hospital/primary care use report improved time to intervention/dose adjustment. We evaluated the accuracy and precision of a device for such multiple patient use compared to a reference laboratory.

Methods

The point-of-care international normalized ratio result of patients on oral anticoagulation at the Vascular Surgery clinic was compared to the reference to check for statistical and clinical correlation. This was a prospective case–control study design with sample size calculated for sensitivity of 87.5%, precision 5% and desired confidence level 95%.

Results

There were 168 patients tested; 55% were male, the mean age was 45.4. Sixty per cent were in the target international normalized ratio range. Tests were done for statistical and clinical correlation. The international normalized ratio range using the point-of-care device was 0.8–7.5 (reference lab 0.8–10), mean international normalized ratio was 2.22 ± 1.6 (point-of-care device) compared to 2.46 ± 1.3 (reference lab). The mean absolute difference was 0.79 ± 0.92 and the mean relative difference was 8.1% ± 1.03. Data was analysed using a Bland–Altman plot yielding a mean of 0.738 (standard deviation 0.92). Concordance between the tests was 75% with r2 = 0.52 on linear regression. Using an error grid plot, excellent clinical correlation was seen in 63.8%. In 5.4% major corrective action was needed but potentially missed if relying on the point-of-care device.

Conclusion

The accuracy and precision of this point-of-care device is moderate. It may have potential utility only where access to a reference lab is difficult.
‘I know that I’m in my own world; it’s OK, they know me here': the challenge of coping with FASD in educational settings
Authors: Roberts Brian
Published: September 2015

In July 2012, the UK’s All Party Parliamentary Group published their long-awaited report into the educational attainment of looked after children. This report included 10 key recommendations to improve practice. One was that ‘teachers should receive greater training to improve their understanding of and ability to manage issues such as trauma, attachment and Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)’. Members of the working group understood that these conditions can have significant and lifelong effects on the education and life chances of children who have been in care. It could be argued that of the three conditions listed, FASD may well be the most significant but is often the most overlooked and misunderstood. FASD can place a significant barrier to learning, but currently is so poorly understood that teachers and schools struggle to provide the best learning environments.
Prenatal exposure to alcohol causes enduring brain damage
Authors: Phillips WA
Published: September 2015

This article summarises recent discoveries showing how prenatal exposure to alcohol affects the structure and function of the brain and of the individual neurons from which it is built. It explains why this weakens the ability to select activities that are appropriate in the context of current circumstances. It also explains why this reduces the ability to suppress habitual, automatic or impulsive responses when they are inappropriate. These effects of alcohol on the brain lead to enduring impairments in cognition, planning and self-control that become more obvious at later stages of child development. The complexities of these processes and the limitations of current knowledge are acknowledged. The article concludes that many of the enduring cognitive, emotional and social impairments associated with prenatal exposure to alcohol are the expected consequences of the effects that such exposure is known to have on the developing brain.
Making up Pious Women: Politics, Charity and Gender among Muslims of Kerala
Authors: Kottakkunnummal Manaf
Published: September 2015

This article looks at black and white photographs of poor rural Muslims that appear in advertisements and newspaper reports circulated for seeking charity. They appear in the Malayalam newspaper, Chandrika, which is the mouthpiece of the Muslim League, a Muslim-identity-based political party in Kerala, South India. The article attempts to connect politics, charity and gender by looking at photographs in the context of the history of charity in the region of Malabar. Based on oral narratives from Ponnani, a coastal town in Malappuram district, Kerala, and written history, the article analyses how political and social aspirations are historically gendered among Muslims. This is visible in the visual culture which is forged when the material culture of dress and the ways of covering the body inform political and social aspirations of communities, contestations in status and modes of gendering. The photographs are discussed as images that broadly invoke religious meanings, cultural values and memories of the past, especially for those to whom they are addressed—rich male Muslim readers located either in the Gulf or in Kerala. In brief, the article explores how the intersection between politics and charity casts women as objects of reform and sympathy for which women are presented in certain moral ways.
In Tailwind, in Headwind: Gender Quotas in China
Authors: Wang Qi
Published: September 2015

This article applies a broader, more holistic, less technically oriented approach to gender quotas in China. It places gender quotas in the historical context of China’s political development, delineates the silhouette of the overall political change over time and maps out the fluctuation of ideological and structural conditions for gender equality and hence gender quotas. The article shows how the validity of gender quotas depends on the coupling of women’s status to the Party’s overall political agenda and how the coupling has been a rather unstable one, leading to a swing between a strong tailwind on an occasion and a strong headwind on another. This ‘big picture’, the author argues, clears the ground for understanding quotas in the Chinese context and is the first step towards a solid and well-grounded study of the technical aspects of gender quotas in China.
Visual narrative of a post-communist estate: transgression of memory and the ruins of community
Authors: Rabikowska Marta
Published: September 2015

This article discusses the visual identity of a post-communist estate in Poland and the role of memory and the remembering of the communist past. Phenomenological concepts derived from Paul Ricoeur and Maurice Merleau-Ponty are employed in the analysis of the post-communist identity of Cementownia, a community and place observed through the lens of a video camera. Through the interpretation of videoed perceptions of the place, interviews and staged recordings, the performative work of memory is defined, while visual anthropology frames a reflection on ruination, which characterizes the condition of the community. Film-making is applied here as a method and a critique of the schizophrenic position of post-communist societies, suspended between past and present and consequently between the discourse of capitalist advancement and the experience of impoverishment. A self-reflective analysis shows that the process of transition from communism has resulted in social inequalities which relate to the political degradation of the meaning of a past alienated from the post-communist discourse of history.
Safety and efficacy of regional citrate anticoagulation in continuous venovenous hemodialysis in the presence of liver failure: the Liver Citrate Anticoagulation Threshold (L-CAT) observational study
Authors: Slowinski Torsten , Morgera Stanislao , Joannidis Michael , Henneberg Thomas , Stocker Reto , Helset Elin , Andersson Kirsti , Wehner Markus , Kozik-Jaromin Justyna , Brett Sarah , Hasslacher Julia , Stover John F. , Peters Harm , Neumayer Hans-H. , Kindgen-Milles Detlef
Published: September 2015

Introduction

Regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) for continuous renal replacement therapy is widely used in intensive care units (ICUs). However, concern exists about the safety of citrate in patients with liver failure (LF). The aim of this study was to evaluate safety and efficacy of RCA in ICU patients with varying degrees of impaired liver function.

Methods

In a multicenter, prospective, observational study, 133 patients who were treated with RCA and continuous venovenous hemodialysis (RCA-CVVHD) were included. Endpoints for safety were severe acidosis or alkalosis (pH ≤7.2 or ≥7.55, respectively) and severe hypo- or hypercalcemia (ionized calcium ≤0.9 or ≥1.5 mmol/L, respectively) of any cause. The endpoint for efficacy was filter lifetime. For analysis, patients were stratified into three predefined liver function or LF groups according to their baseline serum bilirubin level (normal liver function ≤2 mg/dl, mild LF >2 to ≤7 mg/dl, severe LF >7 mg/dl).

Results

We included 48 patients with normal liver function, 43 with mild LF, and 42 with severe LF. LF was predominantly due to ischemia (39 %) or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (27 %). The frequency of safety endpoints in the three patient strata did not differ: severe alkalosis (normal liver function 2 %, mild LF 0 %, severe LF 5 %; p = 0.41), severe acidosis (normal liver function 13 %, mild LF 16 %, severe LF 14 %; p = 0.95), severe hypocalcemia (normal liver function 8 %, mild LF 14 %, severe LF 12 %; p = 0.70), and severe hypercalcemia (0 % in all strata). Only three patients showed signs of impaired citrate metabolism. Overall filter patency was 49 % at 72 h. After censoring for stop of the treatment due to non-clotting causes, estimated 72-h filter survival was 96 %.

Conclusions

RCA-CVVHD can be safely used in patients with LF. The technique yields excellent filter patency and thus can be recommended as first-line anticoagulation for the majority of ICU patients.

Trial registration

ISRCTN Registry identifier: ISRCTN92716512. Date assigned: 4 December 2008.
3D parametric hybrid inversion of time-domain airborne electromagnetic data
Authors: McMillan Michael S. , Schwarzbach Christoph , Haber Eldad , Oldenburg Douglas W.
Published: September 2015

We have developed a method to invert time-domain airborne electromagnetic (AEM) data using a parametric level-set approach combined with a conventional voxel-based technique to form a parametric hybrid inversion. The approach was designed for situations in which a voxel-based inversion alone may struggle. Such an example is where a distinct anomaly is present with sharp boundaries, and there is a large contrast between a low-resistivity target and a high-resistivity background. The first step of the proposed hybrid method used our novel parametric inversion to recover a best-fitting skewed Gaussian ellipsoid that represented the target of interest. Subsequently, the parametric result was set as an initial and reference model for the second stage, where smooth features with smaller resistivity contrasts were introduced into the model through a conventional voxel-based approach. The approach was tested with synthetic and field data. In the synthetic case, we recovered the size and dip of a conductive, thin, dipping plate with better accuracy compared with a voxel-based inversion. In the field example, we inverted AEM data over the Caber volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit. Based on information from past drilling, our results improve upon previous parametric plate inversions of the deposit itself, while additionally imaging the conductive cover over the deposit. These findings showcased how our parametric hybrid method can improve the accuracy of time-domain AEM inversions for thin dipping targets with large resistivity contrasts compared with the background.
The Renaissance Collage: Signcutting and Signsewing
Authors: Fleming Juliet
Published: September 2015

The essays gathered in this special issue of JMEMS describe processes of cutting, dismantling, and reassembling printed books in the early modern period. This focus on “collage” techniques in bookmaking should displace the commonsense understanding of the book as an undisturbed whole, as these essays posit alternative, dispersive, and layered models for the book. By showing that cutting and pasting can rightly be recognized as acts of reading and writing, as specific intellectual gestures, these essays upset much of what has hitherto been known or assumed about literacy, composition, and the archive. They challenge cataloguing and descriptive conventions by demonstrating that the division between manuscript and print was not as clear during the print revolution as scholars have assumed, that texts are, at least to some degree, always in state of process and production. This special issue draws attention to the range of media in which early modern texts were “written.”
The Department of Hybrid Books: Thomas Milles between Manuscript and Print
Authors: Sherman William , Wolfe Heather
Published: September 2015

It is now a commonplace that texts were malleable in early modern England regardless of their manuscript or print origins; but the publications of Thomas Milles strain these categories—and the vocabularies used to describe them—to the breaking point. Between 1599 and 1617, Milles published more than a dozen books outlining his schemes for fiscal reform, becoming one of Renaissance England's most prolific writers on economics. But virtually every surviving copy of every published text was customized after it left the press: Milles used manuscript marginalia and a bewildering array of printed slips (cut from larger sheets, pasted into place, and often modified by hand) to direct his works to specific readers and continue developing his arguments after they had been published. Milles provides our most elaborate example to date of an early modern author whose books are best described as multimedia hybrids.
Cutting and Pasting Slips: Early Modern Compilation and Information Management
Authors: Considine John
Published: September 2015

Cutting up paper slips with pieces of information written on them, sorting them into alphabetical order or some other precise order, and pasting them into books was an important information management strategy in early modern Europe. It does not seem to have been used in the fifteenth century, but by 1548 it was apparently known to a number of people, and thereafter it continued to be used into the eighteenth century and, for a few purposes, beyond. The story of the use of cut and pasted slips is presented here from the primary evidence of surviving texts made up from pasted slips, and from the secondary evidence of references to such texts.
Isabella Whitney's Slips: Textile Labor, Gendered Authorship, and the Early Modern Miscellany
Authors: Trettien Whitney
Published: September 2015

As early efforts to include women in the canon of Renaissance literature give way to gender-oriented research in material culture and book history, it is increasingly the scholar's task to marry the language of ideological negotiation to a more wide-ranging investigation into the many ways that women of all social ranks contributed to the making, weaving, writing, printing, etching, annotating, composing, and publishing of English literary culture. This essay takes a fresh look at the authorship of Isabella Whitney, the earliest identified woman to publish secular English verse in print. Specifically, Whitney restructures humanist notions of reading-as-gathering around “huswifely” textile work by drawing on the rich semantic context of the word slip. Situating Whitney's A Sweet Nosgay in the material culture from which she drew her metaphors illuminates its relationship to a range of Elizabethan verse miscellanies and demonstrates her innovation within the genre as a woman.
Needles and Pens: Sewing in Early English Books
Authors: Knight Jeffrey Todd
Published: September 2015

This essay explores the long genealogy of sewing in books from the stab-stitched quartos and octavos in early modern bookshops to the sewn-in corrections, repairs, and embellishments of manuscript pages in the Middle Ages. Broadening the default chronology of book and literary history to encompass material practices that persisted across the medieval-early modern divide, we find in English book culture a deeper tradition of “craft” textualities than modern catalogs and bibliographic protocols permit us to see. This essay traces the spread of needlework in books from basic structural binding supports to unexpected, idiosyncratic stitching done by readers in paper pages, speculating that print opened up and diversified opportunities for crafting text rather than closing off the book from manual interventions more familiar to us from medieval manuscript culture.
Quantitative Introduction of Perfluoroalkyl Groups to Poly(diphenylacetylene) Membranes via Three-step Membrane Reaction Including Click Reaction and Their Gas Permeability
Authors: Sato Takashi , Teraguchi Masahiro , Kiuchi Motohiro , Kaneko Takashi , Aoki Toshiki
Published: September 2015

Poly(diphenylacetylene) membranes having perfluoroalkyl groups were quantitatively synthesized via a three-step membrane reaction, that is, desilylation (the 1st step), Williamson reaction (the 2nd step), and Click reaction (the 3rd step). The conversions of the all reactions were confirmed by IR spectra and elemental analysis. Even though the reactions were carried out in membrane state, the conversions were fairly high. These high conversions are attributed to high swelling property of poly(diphenylacetylenes), including the extremely large fractional free volume. The gas permeability and thermal property of the perfluoroalkylated poly(diphenylacetylene) membranes were investigated.
The Consequences of Teenage Childbearing before Roe v. Wade
Authors: Lang Kevin , Weinstein Russell
Published: September 2015

Using five cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth, we estimate the effect of teen motherhood on education, labor market, and marriage outcomes for teens conceiving from 1940 through 1968. Effects vary by marital status at conception, socioeconomic background, and year. Effects on teens married at conception were limited. However, teen mothers conceiving premaritally obtained less education and had a weaker marriage market. Teen mothers of the 1940s–1950s, affected by subsequent economic and social changes, were disadvantaged in the labor market of the 1970s. In the 1960s, teens for whom motherhood would be costly increasingly avoided pregnancy. (JEL I21, J13, J16, J23, J24, N32)
Professors in Core Science Fields Are Not Always Biased against Women: Evidence from France
Authors: Breda Thomas , Ly Son Thierry
Published: September 2015

We investigate the link between how male-dominated a field is, and gender bias against women in this field. Taking the entrance exam of a French higher education institution as a natural experiment, we find that evaluation is actually biased in favor of females in more male-dominated subjects (e.g., math, philosophy) and in favor of males in more female-dominated subjects (e.g., literature, biology), inducing a rebalancing of gender ratios between students recruited for research careers in science and humanities majors. Evaluation bias is identified from systematic variations across subjects in the gap between students’ nonanonymous oral and anonymous written test scores. (JEL I23, J16, J71)
Checklists and Worker Behavior: A Field Experiment
Authors: Jackson C. Kirabo , Schneider Henry S.
Published: September 2015

We analyze data from a field experiment in which an auto repair firm provided checklists to mechanics and monitored their use. Revenue was 20 percent higher during the experiment, and the effect is equivalent to that of a 1.6 percentage point (10 percent) commission increase. Checklists appear to boost productivity by serving both as a memory aid and a monitoring technology. Despite the large benefits to the firm, mechanics did not use checklists without the firm directly monitoring their use. We show that a moral hazard can explain why mechanics do not otherwise adopt checklists. (JEL C93, D82, L25, L81)
The Judge, the Politician, and the Press: Newspaper Coverage and Criminal Sentencing across Electoral Systems
Authors: Lim Claire S. H. , Snyder James M. , Strömberg David
Published: September 2015

We study how media environments interact with political institutions that structure the accountability of public officials. Specifically, we quantify media influence on the behavior of US state court judges. We analyze around 1.5 million criminal sentencing decisions from 1986 to 2006 and new data on the newspaper coverage of 9,828 trial court judges. Since newspaper coverage is endogenous, we use the match between newspaper markets and judicial districts to identify effects. We find that newspaper coverage significantly increases sentence length by nonpartisan elected judges for violent crimes. For partisan elected and appointed judges, there are no significant effects. (JEL D72, H76, K41, L82)
Racial Discrimination in Grading: Evidence from Brazil
Authors: Botelho Fernando , Madeira Ricardo A. , Rangel Marcos A.
Published: September 2015

We investigate whether racial discrimination in the form of biased assessment of students is prevalent within Brazilian schools. Evidence is drawn from unique administrative data pertaining to eighth-grade students and educators. Holding constant performance in blindly-scored tests of proficiency and behavioral traits we find that blacks have lower teacher-assigned math grades than their white classmates. Heterogeneity in differentials provides evidence both of robustness with respect to omission biases and of compatibility with predictions from models of statistical discrimination. (JEL I21, I24, J15, O15)
Intracellular Dynamics of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome-System
Authors: Chowdhury Maisha , Enenkel Cordula
Published: September 2015

The ubiquitin-proteasome system is the major degradation pathway for short-lived proteins in eukaryotic cells. Targets of the ubiquitin-proteasome-system are proteins regulating a broad range of cellular processes including cell cycle progression, gene expression, the quality control of proteostasis and the response to geno- and proteotoxic stress. Prior to degradation, the proteasomal substrate is marked with a poly-ubiquitin chain. The key protease of the ubiquitin system is the proteasome. In dividing cells, proteasomes exist as holo-enzymes composed of regulatory and core particles. The regulatory complex confers ubiquitin-recognition and ATP dependence on proteasomal protein degradation. The catalytic sites are located in the proteasome core particle. Proteasome holo-enzymes are predominantly nuclear suggesting a major requirement for proteasomal proteolysis in the nucleus. In cell cycle arrested mammalian or quiescent yeast cells, proteasomes deplete from the nucleus and accumulate in granules at the nuclear envelope (NE) / endoplasmic reticulum ( ER) membranes. In prolonged quiescence, proteasome granules drop off the nuclear envelopeNE / ER membranes and migrate as droplet-like entitiesstable organelles  throughout the cytoplasm, as thoroughly investigated in yeast. When quiescence yeast cells are allowed to resume growth, proteasome granules clear and proteasomes are rapidly imported into the nucleus.

Here, we summarize our knowledge about the enigmatic structure of proteasome storage granules and the trafficking of proteasomes and their substrates between the cyto- and nucleoplasm.

Most of our current knowledge is based on studies in yeast. Their translation to mammalian cells promises to provide keen insight into protein degradation in non-dividing cells, which comprise the majority of our body’s cells.
Case Report: Compound heterozygous nonsense mutations in TRMT10A are associated with microcephaly, delayed development, and periventricular white matter hyperintensities
Authors: Narayanan Mohan , Ramsey Keri , Grebe Theresa , Schrauwen Isabelle , Szelinger Szabolcs , Huentelman Matthew , Craig David , Narayanan Vinodh ,   C4RCD Research Group
Published: September 2015

Microcephaly is a fairly common feature observed in children with delayed development, defined as head circumference less than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender. It may be the result of an acquired insult to the brain, such prenatal or perinatal brain injury (congenital infection or hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy), or be a part of a genetic syndrome. There are over 1000 conditions listed in OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) where microcephaly is a key finding; many of these are associated with specific somatic features and non-CNS anomalies. The term primary microcephaly is used when microcephaly and delayed development are the primary features, and they are not part of another recognized syndrome.

In this case report, we present the clinical features of siblings (brother and sister) with primary microcephaly and delayed development, and subtle dysmorphic features. Both children had brain MRI studies that showed periventricular and subcortical T2/FLAIR hyperintensities, without signs of white matter volume loss, and no parenchymal calcifications by CT scan. The family was enrolled in a research study for whole exome sequencing of probands and parents. Analysis of variants determined that the children were compound heterozygotes for nonsense mutations, c.277C>T (p.Arg93*) and c.397C>T (p.Arg133*), in the TRMT10A gene. Mutations in this gene have only recently been reported in children with microcephaly and early onset diabetes mellitus.

Our report adds to current knowledge of TRMT10A related neurodevelopmental disorders and demonstrates imaging findings suggestive of delayed or abnormal myelination of the white matter in this disorder. Accurate diagnosis through genomic testing, as in the children described here, allows for early detection and management of medical complications, such as diabetes mellitus.
Skewness and the Relation Between Risk and Return
Authors: Theodossiou Panayiotis , Savva Christos S.
Published: September 2015

The relationship between risk and return has been one of the most important and extensively investigated issues in the financial economics literature. The theoretical results predict a positive relation between the two. Nevertheless, the empirical findings so far have been contradictory. Evidence presented in this paper shows that these contradictions are the result of negative skewness in the distribution of portfolio excess return and the fact that the estimation of intertemporal asset pricing models are based on symmetric log-likelihood specifications.

Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2201 .

This paper was accepted by Jerome Detemple, finance.
Penalty Function with Memory for Discrete Optimization via Simulation with Stochastic Constraints
Authors: Park Chuljin , Kim Seong-Hee
Published: September 2015

We consider a discrete optimization via simulation (DOvS) problem with stochastic constraints on secondary performance measures in which both objective and secondary performance measures need to be estimated by stochastic simulation. To solve the problem, we develop a new method called the Penalty Function with Memory (PFM). It is similar to an existing penalty-type method—which consists of a penalty parameter and a measure of violation of constraints—in a sense that it converts a DOvS problem with constraints into a series of unconstrained problems. However, PFM uses a different penalty parameter, called a penalty sequence, determined by the past history of feasibility checks on a solution. Specifically, assuming a minimization problem, a penalty sequence diverges to infinity for any infeasible solution but converges to zero for any feasible solution under certain conditions. As a result, a DOvS algorithm combined with PFM performs well even when an optimal feasible solution is a boundary solution with one or more active constraints. We prove convergence properties and discuss parameter selection for the implementation of PFM. Experimental results on a number of numerical examples show that a DOvS algorithm combined with PFM works well.
Investor Sentiment and Timberland Investment Returns
Authors: Yao Wenjing , Cheng Baodong , Mei Bin
Published: September 2015

We use the orthogonalized investor sentiment index formed by M. Baker and J. Wurgler (J. Financ. 61(4):1645–1680, 2006) to examine the relationship between investor sentiment and timberland investment returns. The empirical results show that current investor sentiment is an important factor that determines the one-quarter future returns of timberland investment, and the predicting power persists over the next 1 to 5 years. Both the short- and long-term studies obtain negative coefficients on investor sentiment, indicating that current increase in investor sentiment drives prices up and lowers future returns. In addition, significantly different return variances and insignificantly different average returns of timberland investment are obtained between low- and high-sentiment periods. The result further confirms the ability of earning long-term stable returns by timberland investment.