bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of implant‐abutment connections on peri‐implant bone levels around single implants in the aesthetic zone: A systematic review and a meta‐analysis
Authors: Meijndert Caroliene M. , Raghoebar Gerry M. , Vissink Arjan , Delli Konstantina , Meijer Henny J. A.
Published: August 2021

Objective

To systematically review literature about the effect of different implant‐abutment interface designs on peri‐implant bone level changes, implant loss and mid‐buccal mucosa changes around single implants in the anterior maxilla. Reviewing three connection configurations: Platform switched conical (PS‐conical); Platform switched parallel (PS‐parallel); Platform matched parallel (PM‐parallel).

Methods

A detailed search was carried out in Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Scopus, Open Gray and African journals Online (until December 1, 2020) and was restricted to clinical prospective studies of at least 1 year and with at least 10 human participants. A meta regression analysis was carried out primarily on the pooled peri‐implant bone level changes followed by implant loss and mid‐buccal mucosa level change. Risk of bias was assessed with RoB 2.0 and ROBINS‐I. The manuscript complied with the PRISMA guidelines and was registered in the PROSPERO database (ID: 225092).

Results

A total of 5513 hits gave 44 eligible articles for the analyses. Bone level change did not differ significantly between the two platform switched connections; their bone loss scores were significantly lower than PM‐connection. The PS‐conical connections have significantly lower implant losses than the PM connection. Mid‐buccal mucosa level change was comparable between the three connection configurations. Moderate to high risk of bias was detected in the included studies.

Conclusions

The performance of PS‐conical and PS‐parallel connection configurations both favored bone loss scores compared to the PM‐parallel connection configuration. All three demonstrated mid‐buccal mucosa changes that were small and did not differ significantly amongst the groups.
Synergistic Effect of Active Sites of Double‐Atom Catalysts for Nitrogen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Sun Chang Ning , Wang Zhi Li , Lang Xing‐You , Wen Zi , Jiang Qing
Published: August 2021

Nitrogen fixation to produce ammonia is a vital process since nitrogen is an essential element for the human body. Industrial nitrogen fixation mainly relies on the Haber‐Bosch process. However, this process requires huge energy consumption and leads to pollution emission. In this study, the behaviors of intermediates in the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) are investigated for fifteen double‐atom catalysts (DACs) through density functional theory calculations, revealing that under the synergistic effect of active sites on appropriate DACs, intermediates can be adsorbed through different configurations according to the activity improvement needs. VFe−N−C shows the best catalytic activity for electrochemical NRR with a limiting potential of −0.36 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode. The proposed synergistic effect of active sites on DACs for NRR could provide a new method for design of NRR catalysts.
Integrated Capture and Conversion of CO2 to Methane Using a Water‐lean, Post‐Combustion CO2 Capture Solvent
Authors: Kothandaraman Jotheeswari , Saavedra Lopez Johnny , Jiang Yuan , Walter Eric D. , Burton Sarah D. , Dagle Robert A. , Heldebrant David J.
Published: August 2021

Integrated carbon capture and conversion of CO2 into materials (IC3M) is an attractive solution to meet global energy demand, reduce our dependence on fossil fuels, and lower CO2 emissions. Herein, using a water‐lean post‐combustion capture solvent, [N‐(2‐ethoxyethyl)‐3‐morpholinopropan‐1‐amine] (2‐EEMPA), >90 % conversion of captured CO2 to hydrocarbons, mostly methane, is achieved in the presence of a heterogenous Ru catalyst under relatively mild reaction conditions (170 °C and <15 bar H2 pressure). The catalytic performance was better in 2‐EEMPA than in aqueous 5 m monoethanol amine (MEA). Operando nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study showed in situ formation of N‐formamide intermediate, which underwent further hydrogenation to form methane and other higher hydrocarbons. Technoeconomic analyses (TEA) showed that the proposed integrated process can potentially improve the thermal efficiency by 5 % and reduce the total capital investment and minimum synthetic natural gas (SNG) selling price by 32 % and 12 %, respectively, compared to the conventional Sabatier process, highlighting the energetic and economic benefits of integrated capture and conversion. Methane derived from CO2 and renewable H2 sources is an attractive fuel, and it has great potential as a renewable hydrogen carrier as an environmentally responsible carbon capture and utilization approach.
Propofol promotes migration, alleviates inflammation, and apoptosis of lipopolysaccharide‐induced human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells by activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway via upregulating APOM expression
Authors: Wang Li , Tang Xingming , Li Shuping
Published: August 2021

Propofol (PRO), a clinical potent intravenous anesthetic, plays a significant role in relieving inflammatory diseases by repressing the release of inflammatory cytokines. The present study was aimed to reveal a novel mechanism by which PRO alleviates acute lung injury (ALI). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was utilized to induce human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs) so as to simulate the microenvironment of ALI, and the expression of apolipoprotein M (APOM) was examined with western blotting. Then, APOM was silenced and profopol was used to treat the LPS‐injured HPMECs. The cell viability, migration, and apoptosis were respectively observed after the processes of cell counting kit‐8, wound healing, transwell, and TUNEL assay. Meanwhile, the inflammatory response was detected by determining the contents of inflammatory cytokines. Subsequently, the relationship between phosphoinositide‐3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway and PRO was analyzed by western blotting. PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002 was employed to evaluate whether the effects of PRO on LPS‐challenged HPMECs injury were mediated by this pathway. Results revealed that APOM was notably downregulated in HPMECs after LPS exposure. PRO treatment promoted cell proliferation and migration while alleviated inflammation and apoptosis of LPS‐treated HPMECs, which was reversed by APOM‐downregulation. PRO brought about the upregulation of proteins in PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and LY294002 intervention further accentuated the impacts of APOM‐knockdown on LPS‐challenged HPMECs injury. To conclude, PRO promotes migration and alleviates inflammation and apoptosis of LPS‐treated HPMECs by PI3K/AKT signaling pathway via upregulating APOM, which laid an experimental foundation for the future study and clinical application of PRO.
Sequence determination of phosphorothioated oligonucleotides using MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry for controlling gene doping in equestrian sports
Authors: Tozaki Teruaki , Kwak Ho‐Geun , Nakamura Kotono , Takasu Masaki , Ishii Hideaki , Ohnuma Aoi , Kikuchi Mio , Ishige Taichiro , Kakoi Hironaga , Hirota Kei‐ichi , Kusano Kanichi , Hirata Minoru , Nirasawa Takashi , Nagata Shun‐ichi
Published: August 2021

In human and equestrian sporting events, one method of gene doping is the illegal use of therapeutic oligonucleotides to alter gene expression. In this study, we aimed to identify therapeutic oligonucleotides via sequencing using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS). As a model of therapeutic oligonucleotides, 22 bp‐long phosphorothioated oligonucleotides (PSOs) were used. By using a Clarity OTX kit for extracting short‐length oligonucleotides, a spectrum of singly charged PSO with a mean intensity of 6.08 × 104 (standard deviation: 4.34 × 103) was detected from 500 pmol PSO in 1 ml horse plasma using the linear negative mode of MALDI‐TOF MS. In addition, a 17 bp sequence was determined using in‐source decay (ISD) mode, indicating that 500 pmol of a PSO in 1 ml plasma is the detection limit for sequencing. Using the determined sequences (17 bp), a targeted gene for PSO was singly identified on the horse reference genome, EquCab2.0, via a GGGenome search. These procedures can be potentially used to identify therapeutic oligonucleotides, whose nucleotides are unknown, for gene doping control.
Procollagen type III amino‐terminal propeptide and insulin‐like growth factor I as biomarkers of growth hormone administration
Authors: Cowan David A. , Moncrieffe Danielle A.
Published: August 2021

The acceptance in 2012 by the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) of the biomarker test for human growth hormone (hGH) based on procollagen type III amino‐terminal propeptide (P‐III‐NP) and insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) was perhaps the first time that such a method has been used for forensic purposes. Developing a biomarker test to anti‐doping standards, where the strict liability principle applies, is discussed. An alternative WADA‐accepted approach is based on the measurement of different hGH isoforms, a method that suffers from the very short half‐life of hGH limiting the detection period. Modification or withdrawal of the immunoassays, on which the biomarker measurements largely depend, has necessitated revalidation of the assays, remeasurement of samples and adjustment of the decision limits above which an athlete will be assumed to have administered hGH. When a liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (LC–MS) method became a reality for the measurement of IGF‐I, more consistency of results was assured. Measurement of P‐III‐NP is still dependent on immunoassays although work is underway to develop an LC–MS method. The promised long‐term detection time for the biomarker assay does not appear to have been realised in practice, and this is perhaps partly the result of decision limits being set too high. Nevertheless, more robust assays are needed before a further adjustment of the decision limit is warranted. In the meantime, WADA is considering using P‐III‐NP and IGF‐I as components of a biomarker passport system recording data from an individual athlete, rather than the population. Using this approach, smaller perturbations in the growth hormone (GH) score would mandate an investigation and possible action for hGH administration.
Inflammatory dysregulation in women with an eating disorder: Relationships with altered emotional reactivity
Authors: Diaz‐Marsa Marina , MacDowell Karina , de laTorre‐Luque Alejandro , Caso Javier R. , Faya Mar , Gutierrez Silvia , Soto Marta , Pemau Andres , Diaz‐Carracedo Patricia , Carrasco‐Diaz Alvaro , Leza Juan C. , Graell Montserrat , Carrasco Jose L.
Published: August 2021

Background

Some studies suggest that inflammatory signaling dysregulation may contribute to eating disorder (ED) pathophysiology. However, little is known about the influence of inflammatory response on altered processes seen among patients with ED, such as emotional processing and reactivity.

Objectives

The objectives were: (a) to investigate the systemic inflammatory response in ED women; and (b) to analyze the role of inflammatory markers in emotional reactivity.

Method

Concentrations of several intercellular and intracellular inflammatory mediators (cytokines, prostaglandin by‐products and enzymes, TBARS, and MAPK proteins) were quantified in plasma and PBMCs from 68 women with an ED (m = 22.01 years, SD = 9.15) and 35 healthy controls (m = 18.54 years, SD = 4.21). Moreover, emotional reactivity to affective pictures (those without either food or thinness content) was studied using the adult (>18 years old) sample (n = 41).

Results

Between‐group differences were revealed for most markers (TNF‐α, PGE2, COX2, and ratio of activated MAPK proteins), pointing to increased inflammatory response in patients (p < .01). Women with ED showed heightened emotional reactivity, regardless of picture valence. Principal components derived from inflammatory markers showed an explanatory loading on patient's emotional reaction, in terms of valence and arousal.

Conclusion

This study corroborates the altered systemic inflammatory response in patients with ED. The inflammatory dysregulation may contribute to ED phenotype, as seen by its relationship with heightened emotional reactivity, even though the inflammatory markers were not evaluated throughout the emotional reactivity protocol.
Facile and Convergent Synthesis of Highly Fused Oligosiloles by Rhodium‐Catalyzed Stitching Reaction
Authors: Hamada Naoya , Tsuda Tomohiro , Shintani Ryo
Published: August 2021

A facile and convergent synthesis of highly fused oligosiloles was achieved by utilizing the rhodium‐catalyzed stitching reaction, an efficient synthetic method for ladder‐type π‐conjugated compounds recently developed in our group. Up to 11 rings could be fused together through the formation of 8 new rings in one synthetic operation, and a series of oligosiloles containing up to 21 fused rings in one direction were synthesized. Electrochemical analysis of these compounds revealed that they could accept multiple electrons reversibly under reducing conditions.
Innovative approach for the synthesis of graphene/MnO2 nanocomposites and their electrochemical behavior
Authors: Ossonon Benjamin D. , Tavares Ana C.
Published: August 2021

Graphene‐manganese dioxide composites were prepared using a simple one step method consisting of the electrochemical exfoliation of graphite in the presence of KMnO4 in 0.1 м H2SO4 at low temperature. In these conditions, the freshly exfoliated graphene sheets (EG) spontaneously reduce the permanganate ions and EG sheets decorated with MnO2 nanoparticles are obtained. This was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Raman, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopies and thermogravimetric analysis. The electrochemical properties of EG@MnO2 material were investigated and discussed. Electrodes based on the composite material exhibited enhanced capacitive performances compared to those made from pure graphene sheets. This was attributed to the synergic effect between the two components (graphene sheets and manganese dioxide nanoparticles) and to a larger porosity of the EG@MnO2 electrode compared to the EG electrode. Additionally, over 91.6% of original capacitance was retained after 4000 cycles, indicating a very good cycling capability of the composite material. Remarkably, the composite electrode showed promising properties in aqueous medium by exhibiting a large and stable operating voltage up 2 V. The results presented in this article could serve as a guide for improving the energy density of supercapacitors in aqueous media.
Honeycomb‐based heterostructures: An emerging platform for advanced energy applications: A review on energy systems
Authors: Sajjad Muhammad , Lu Wen
Published: August 2021

Due to their promising properties such as low corrosion resistance, excellent strength, high‐temperature operation, simple formability and machining, and, most importantly, cost‐effectiveness in the industry, honeycomb‐based heterostructures have been widely used as energy storage and conversion systems for decades. Despite their low density, honeycomb structures also have strong out‐of‐plane compression and shear properties, resulting in very high unique strengths. The honeycomb‐based molded structure, which was inspired by bee honeycombs and provides a material with low density and high out‐of‐plane compression and shear properties, has found widespread use and now plays a critical role in energy conversion and storage technologies such as lithium‐ion batteries, solar cells, and supercapacitors. These materials have a lot of promise in terms of addressing and environmental concerns regarding power sources at a time when global energy demand is skyrocketing. In light of this, we contend in this research paper that complex honeycomb‐based architectures outperform conventional simple 2D designs in a wide variety of technological applications. We also go into the different synthetic methods used to make honeycomb structures and look at how these novel materials may be used for long‐term electrochemical energy transfer and storage. Finally, the current challenges and opportunities for the construction of honeycomb systems are discussed, as well as new research directions.
Insights into Improving Photoelectrochemical Water‐Splitting Performance Using Hematite Anode
Authors: Devi Hemam Rachna , Ong Boon Chong , Zhao Xin , Dong Zhilli , Nanda Karuna Kar , Chen Zhong
Published: August 2021

Designing an efficient photoanode is of great importance for photoassisted solar water splitting. Herein, a series of modifications to a nanorod structure hematite, to be used as anode for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water‐splitting reactions is designed. Ti doping, oxygen vacancy formation by N2 treatment, TiO2 passivation, and FeOOH cocatalyst decoration are explored for their roles and contributions to the improvement of the PEC water oxidation performance. It is found that Ti doping and N2 treatment can greatly increase the charge carrier density, which has boosted the photocurrent. TiO2 passivation enhances the photovoltage, resulting in a cathodic shift in the onset potential (≈170 mV with respect to prepassivation). Further, the FeOOH cocatalyst decoration improves the reaction kinetics, thereby improving the overall photoassisted water oxidation performance.
Bionic coupling design and aerodynamic analysis of horizontal axis wind turbine blades
Authors: Chen Kun , Yao Wei‐wei , Wei Jian‐hui , Gao Rui‐biao , Li Yi‐xiao
Published: August 2021

With millions of years of evolution, owls have developed many excellent characteristics in terms of their flight. The speed of an owl in flight is similar to the relative speed of the blade of a small wind turbine with respect to air. Therefore, the owl wing airfoil is selected as the design airfoil of the wind turbine blade to reduce the flow separation under low Reynolds number. In this study, we analyze an owl wing‐section airfoil and the non‐smooth leading‐edge shape of an owl's wing, and implement an orthogonal optimum design to optimize the wavelength and amplitude of the non‐smooth leading edge. We extract the cross‐sectional features of the airfoil and the non‐smooth leading‐edge shape of the wing. Based on the orthogonal optimum design results, we determine the optimal combination of the wavelength, amplitude, and airfoil, and then design a horizontal‐axis wind turbine blade through bionic coupling. The flow field at different tip speed ratios (TSRs) is simulated using the turbulence model at the rated wind speed. The results show that the power coefficient () of the bionic wind turbine at a high tip speed ratio is 17.7% higher than that of the standard type. Furthermore, we analyze the operation of the turbine at TSRs of 2 and 5. At a high TSR, the leading edge bulge of the bionic wind turbine blade can change the flow direction distribution of the airflow on the blade surface, make the airflow to adhere to the suction surface, and then reduce the stall area on the suction surface of the blade. Thus, the wind turbine produces higher torque, thereby generating higher power.
Study of the influence of low air pressures on fire behavior and burn‐through of aircraft cargo liner
Authors: Wang Wei , Yang Rui , Zhang Hui , Zhang Yongfeng , Yang Juntao
Published: August 2021

The cargo liner is the most effective and practical burn‐through barrier when a fire originating in the cargo compartment penetrates into the cabin. To investigate the low‐pressure effect on cargo liner burn‐through and assess the fire hazards during depressurization, a series of cargo liner burn‐through tests is conducted with a self‐designed burning‐resistant test rig. The experimental results indicate that the flame height increase caused by pressure decrease results in the direct contact between the fire and cargo liner at the ceiling. The ceiling jet formed beneath the liner panel with increasing flame height enhances the contact with the cargo liner, thus increasing the flame horizontal sectional area above the fuel pan. The thermal feedback from the cargo liner notably affects the fire, and the closer cargo liner generates greater thermal feedback. Lower‐pressure conditions result in a low mass burning rate and long combustion time. The curve of the mass burning rate is smooth, and the flame fluctuation frequency is low under low pressures. Low pressures cause an increase in flame height and high‐temperature flame region, which causes the high‐temperature flame region to remain in contact with the liner panel for an extended time, resulting in the liner panel burning through more readily. The post‐fire panels under low pressures attain high rear temperatures and large dilation and carbonization areas, demonstrating that the burning damage of the liner panel is more serious under low pressures.
Two new species of Henckelia (Gesneriaceae) from the Eastern Himalayan state Arunachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Taram Momang , Borah Dipankar , Singh Rajeev Kumar , Tag Hui
Published: August 2021

Two new species of Henckelia from the Eastern Himalayan state Arunachal Pradesh, India, are described and illustrated. The first, Henckelia dasii Taram, D.Borah, R.Kr.Singh & Tag is allied to H. umbellata Kanthraj & K.N.Nair, the second, H. lallanii Taram, D.Borah, Tag & R.Kr.Singh is close to H. urticifolia (Buch.‐Ham. ex D.Don) A.Dietr. (type species of the former Chirita sect. Chirita). The differences are given in Table 1 and 2, respectively. A key is presented for the 21 Henckelia species presently known from N and NE India.
Amplification of ERBB2 (HER2) in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma: A potential treatment target in rare cases?
Authors: Mitra Shamik , Sydow Saskia , Magnusson Linda , Piccinelli Paul , Törnudd Lisa , Øra Ingrid , Ljungman Gustaf , Sandgren Johanna , Gisselsson David , Mertens Fredrik
Published: August 2021

The ERBB2 gene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase also known as HER2. The gene is amplified and overexpressed in one‐fifth of breast carcinomas; patients with such tumors benefit from targeted treatment with trastuzumab or other drugs blocking the receptor. In addition, ERBB2 has been shown to be amplified and/or overexpressed in a variety of other malignancies. Notably, both alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), especially in children, often show increased expression of ERBB2. Although high‐level amplification of the gene has not been described in RMS, its frequent expression at the cell surface of RMS cells has been exploited for chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell (CAR T)‐based treatment strategies. We here describe two cases of pediatric, fusion‐negative embryonal RMS with high‐level amplification of the ERBB2 gene. One patient is currently treated with conventional chemotherapy for a recently detected standard risk RMS, whereas the other patient died from metastatic disease. Both tumors displayed focal amplicons (210 and 274 Kb, respectively) in chromosome band 17q12, with proximal and distal borders corresponding to those typically seen in breast cancer. In both tumors, the ERBB2 amplicon correlated with high expression at the RNA and protein levels. Thus, breast cancer‐like ERBB2 amplification is a very rare, but recurrent feature of pediatric RMS, and should be exploited as an alternative treatment target.
On‐Site, On‐Demand 3D‐Printed Nasopharyngeal Swabs to Improve the Access of Coronavirus Disease‐19 Testing
Authors: Song Jiaxi , Korunes‐Miller Jeremy , Banerji Rohin , Wu Yuanqiao , Fazeli Shoreh , Zheng Hanqiao , Orr Beverley , Morgan Elise , Andry Christopher , Henderson Joel , Miller Nancy S. , White Alice , Grinstaff Mark W.
Published: August 2021

Diagnostic testing that facilitates containment, surveillance, and treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), or future respiratory viruses, depends on a sample collection device that efficiently collects nasopharyngeal tissue and that can be manufactured on site when an outbreak or public health emergency is declared by a government. Here two novel stereolithography‐based three‐dimensional (3D)‐printed nasopharyngeal swabs are reported which are made using a biocompatible and sterilizable photoresist. Such swabs are readily manufactured on‐site and on‐demand to ensure availability, if supply chain shortages emerge. Additionally, the 3D‐printed swabs easily adapt to current workflow and testing procedures in hospital clinical laboratories to allow for effortless scaling up of test kits. Finally, the 3D‐printed nasopharyngeal swabs demonstrate concordant SARS‐CoV‐2 testing results between the 3D‐printed swabs and the COPAN commercial swabs, and enable detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 in clinical samples obtained from autopsies.
Development and validation of an improved classification and risk stratification system for carotid body tumors: Multinational collaborative cohort study
Authors: Mehanna Hisham , Mistry Pankaj , Golusinski Pawel , Di Maio Pasquale , Nankivell Paul , Snider Francesco , Ferrante Angela M. R. , Montalto Nausica , Nicolai Piero , Marcantoni Alessandra , Grandi Cesare , Zavatta Marco , Grego Franco , Malec Kataryna , Hosal Sefik , Suslu Nilda , Kuscu Oguz , Torrealba Ignacio , Valdes Francisco , Sharma Neil , Ayuk John , Monksfield Peter , Irving Richard , Dunn Janet A. , Kay Mark , Borsetto Daniele
Published: August 2021

Background

This study aims to develop and validate a new classification system that better predicts combined risk of neurological and neurovascular complications following CBT surgery, crucial for treatment decision‐making.

Methods

Multinational retrospective cohort study with 199 consecutive cases. A cohort of 132 CBT cases was used to develop the new classification. To undertake external validation, assessment was made between the actual complication rate and predicted risk by the model on an independent cohort (n = 67).

Results

Univariate analyses showed statistically significant associations between developing a complication and the following factors: craniocaudal dimension, volume, Shamblin classification, and Mehanna types. In the multivariate prognostic model, only Mehanna type remained as a significant risk predictor. The risk of developing complications increases with increasing Mehanna type.

Conclusions

We have developed and then validated a new classification and risk stratification system for CBTs, which demonstrated better prognostic power for the risk of developing neurovascular complications after surgery.
Children’s exposure to outdoor food advertising near primary and secondary schools in Australia
Authors: Trapp Gina , Hooper Paula , Thornton Lukar , Kennington Kelly , Sartori Ainslie , Wickens Nicole , Mandzufas Joelie , Billingham Wesley
Published: August 2021

Issue addressed

Previous research has highlighted children's frequent exposure to advertisements of unhealthy food and beverages on television. However, the food industry is increasingly utilising non‐broadcast channels such as outdoor advertising (eg billboards, bus shelters, shop fronts) for product marketing. Few studies have investigated children's exposure to outdoor food advertising around primary and secondary schools. This study aimed to quantify the presence and content of outdoor food advertisements within a 500 m radius of primary and secondary schools in Perth, Western Australia.

Methods

A cross‐sectional design was used to capture outdoor advertisements within a 500 m radial buffer around the school boundary. The INFORMAS protocol for monitoring outdoor advertising around child‐serving institutions was used. Sixty‐four primary and secondary schools in Perth, Australia, were selected using random sampling within socio‐economic and population density strata.

Results

In total, 5636 outdoor advertisements were identified within a 500 m radius of all 64 schools combined and 30% were for food. Of the 1708 food advertisements, 74% were for unhealthy (non‐core) food. The most frequently advertised food products were alcohol, fast food and sugar‐sweetened beverages. Only 8% of food advertisements featured a healthy product. The majority of schools (75%) had at least one food advertisement within 500 m (mean 36, range 3‐190). Schools in lower socio‐economic areas had more food advertisements and a significantly higher proportion of unhealthy food advertisements within 250 m.

Conclusion

Outdoor advertising around schools constitutes a potential frequent source of children's exposure to unhealthy food and alcohol advertising.

So what?

Policy interventions restricting the content of outdoor food advertising near schools are needed.
Toward strengthening active case finding for ending tuberculosis in India
Authors: K. Thodika Nibras , Ghosh Mitra Susanna , Ramaprasad Arkalgud , Sreeganga Sulegai Dhondusa
Published: August 2021

Active case finding (ACF) is critical for the timely detection and treatment of diseases like tuberculosis (TB). ACF is crucial in India, where health‐seeking behaviour across various populations is low and non‐reporting is a barrier to breaking disease transmission cycles and eliminating the disease. As an integral part of India's national TB control programs, there is further scope for improvement in its design. This paper outlines a roadmap for ACF for TB in the country. It is based on current national strategic plans for public health monitoring and TB case identification. It suggests that ACF should be strengthened by developing it as a learning surveillance system involving a change from a siloed public health approach to a more comprehensive surveillance exercise. It defines operational requirements for establishing predictive capabilities and introducing feedback and learning in the system as a precondition. It highlights the importance of establishing proper processes, as well as extending and expanding on existing infrastructural and human resource, and inter‐programmatic coordination and collaboration in the health sector.
Audit of laboratory sensitivity of human papillomavirus and cytology testing in a cervical screening program
Authors: Hortlund Maria , Mühr Laila Sara Arroyo , Lagheden Camilla , Hjerpe Anders , Dillner Joakim
Published: August 2021

The globally recommended public health policy for cervical screening is primary human papillomavirus (HPV) screening with cytology triaging of positives. To ensure optimal quality of laboratory services we have conducted regular audits of cervical smears taken before cervical cancer or cancer in situ (CIN3+) within an HPV‐based screening program. The central cervical screening laboratory of Stockholm, Sweden, identified cases of CIN3+ who had had a previous cervical screening test up to 3 years before and randomly selected 300 cervical liquid‐based cytology (LBC) samples for auditing. HPV testing with Roche Cobas was performed either at screening or with biobanked samples. HPV negative samples and subsequent biopsies were retrieved and tested with modified general primer HPV PCR and, if still HPV‐negative, the LBCs and biopsies were whole genome sequenced. The Cobas 4800 detected HPV in 1020/1052 (97.0%) LBC samples taken before CIN3+. Further analyses found HPV in 28 samples, with nine of those containing HPV types not targeted by the Cobas 4800 test. There were 4 specimens (4/1052, 0.4%) where no HPV was detected. By comparison, the proportion of CIN3+ cases that were positive in a previous cytology were 91.6%. We find that the routine HPV screening test had a sensitivity in the real‐life screening program of 97.0%. Regular laboratory audits of cervical samples taken before CIN3+ can be readily performed within a real‐life screening program and provide assurance that the laboratory of the real‐life program has the expected performance.
Standing up for your birth rights: An intersectional comparison of obstetric violence and birth positions between Quichua and Egyptian women
Authors: Giacomozzi Maddalena , Farje De La Torre Fiorella , Khalil Merette
Published: August 2021

Obstetric violence is a pervasive phenomenon in reproductive health across the world. Denial of the choice in birth position is a common form of obstetric violence as horizontal positions are non–evidence based, yet routinely imposed. This contributes to the cultural barriers to access reproductive health care. The present study compares women's experiences in childbirth from the Quichua and Egyptian communities, exploring the intersectional factors that contribute to obstetric violence and the adoption of preferred birth positions to offer recommendations on implementing respectful and rights‐based reproductive care. Two independent scoping reviews have been carried out and subsequently compared. The intersectional approach revealed how gender, race, and class have a multiplicative effect on the denial of choice in birth position as a form of obstetric violence. This phenomenon exacerbates the pre‐existing health disparities that disproportionately affect women, indigenous and racialized groups, and people living in poverty. Culturally competent, multilevel, and multidisciplinary interventions, strengthening of health systems, and community participation are essential to combat discrimination and guarantee birth rights. Allowing women to choose their birth position is a low‐hanging fruit to challenge the complex issue of obstetric violence and ensure a rights‐based approach to reproductive health.
Sexual orientation and gynecologic medical care: A cross‐sectional study with Brazilian women
Authors: Paviani Gislaine , Chrisostomo Kadija R. , Sandrin Najila M. , Hilgert Mariana R. , Skare Thelma , Nisihara Renato
Published: August 2021

Objective

To study a sample of Brazilian lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual women concerning their gynecologic history and their experience with gynecologic care.

Methods

An internet‐based survey for women aged 18 years or older was conducted to gather epidemiologic data on sexual habits, primary gynecologic diseases, and patient‐gynecologist relationships.

Results

The survey was answered by 1201 women, with 571 reporting being heterosexual, 272 lesbian, and 358 bisexual. The lesbian/bisexual (LB) group contained fewer Caucasian individuals, used more public health resources, and had more individuals consuming tobacco, alcohol, and recreational drugs. No significant differences were found in the number of individuals with diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, and sexually transmitted diseases. Depression was more common in the LB group. Endometriosis and vaginismus were more common in bisexual women, whereas polycystic ovary syndrome was more frequent in lesbians. Questions on the patient‐gynecologist relationship revealed that most LB women felt uncomfortable and dissatisfied with the treatment received.

Conclusion

The LB group had different epidemiologic characteristics from the heterosexual group. Differences in morbid antecedents were found only in endometriosis, vaginismus, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Most LB Brazilian women are dissatisfied with treatment received from gynecologists.
Correlation between hysteroscopy findings in patients with hydrosalpinx and chronic endometritis
Authors: Peng Jintao , Guo Fei , Liu Huijun , Gu Zhongjia , Zeng Zhi , Li Manchao , Zeng Haitao , Liang Xiaoyan
Published: August 2021

Objective

To evaluate the role of hydrosalpinx in susceptibility to chronic endometritis (CE).

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study, which includes 624 patients with hydrosalpinx (group A) and 789 patients without hydrosalpinx (group B) undergoing laparoscopy and hysteroscopy simultaneously. Endometrial morphology was recorded under hysteroscopy. Endometrial biopsy was obtained after hysteroscopy, and immunohistochemical staining for syndecan‐1 (CD138) was carried out.

Results

No significantly statistical differences were found between the two groups when comparing the incidence of endometrial hyperemia or endometrial micro‐polyps under hysteroscopy (P > 0.05). Hydrosalpinx had a significant impact on the incidence of CE (P < 0.05) (plasma cell count: no plasma cells: odds ratio [OR] 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58–0.88, P = 0.002; ≥1/high‐power field [HPF]: OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.14–1.74, P = 0.002; ≥3/HPF: OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.18–1.91, P = 0.001; ≥5/HPF: OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.27–2.21, P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the comparison of plasma cell count between the unilateral hydrosalpinx group (274 patients) and the bilateral hydrosalpinx group (350 patients) (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

The presence of hydrosalpinx increased the incidence of CE. Bilateral hydrosalpinx did not significantly increase the incidence of CE compared with unilateral hydrosalpinx.
2‐Deoxy‐d‐glucose exploits increased glucose metabolism in cancer and viral‐infected cells: Relevance to its use in India against SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Mesri Enrique A. , Lampidis Theodore J.
Published: August 2021

Mechanisms discovered to drive increased glucose metabolism in cancer cells are found to be similar to those in viral‐infected cells. In this mini review, we summarize the major pathways by which the sugar analog, 2‐Deoxy‐d‐glucose, has been shown to exploit increased glucose metabolism in cancer and how this information applies to viral‐infected cells. Moreover, we highlight the relevance of these findings to the emergency approval of 2‐Deoxy‐d‐glucose in India to be used against SARS‐CoV‐2, the virus responsible for COVID‐19.
In vitro and in vivo degradation assessment and preventive measures of biodegradable Mg alloys for biomedical applications
Authors: Jana Anuradha , Das Mitun , Balla Vamsi Krishna
Published: August 2021

Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have been widely explored as a potential biodegradable implant material. However, the fast degradation of Mg‐based alloys under physiological environment has hindered their widespread use for implant applications till date. The present review focuses on in vitro and in vivo degradation of biodegradable Mg alloys, and preventive measures for biomedical applications. Initially, the corrosion assessment approaches to predict the degradation behavior of Mg alloys are discussed along with the measures to control rapid corrosion. Furthermore, this review attempts to explore the correlation between in vitro and in vivo corrosion behavior of different Mg alloys. It was found that the corrosion depends on experimental conditions, materials and the results of different assessment procedures hardly matches with each other. It has been demonstrated the corrosion rate of magnesium can be tailored by alloying elements, surface treatments and heat treatments. Various researches also studied different biocompatible coatings such as dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP), hydroxyapatite (HA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactic acid (PLA), and so on, on Mg alloys to suppress rapid degradation and examine their influence on new bone regeneration as well. This review shows the need for a standard method of corrosion assessment to predict the in vivo corrosion rate based on in vitro data, and thus reducing the in vivo experimentation.
Opportunities and challenges of hydrogel microspheres for tendon–bone healing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Authors: Zhao Xibang , Zhou Yuanyuan , Li Jianting , Zhang Chao , Wang Jiali
Published: August 2021

Poor angiogenesis and bony ingrowth are the major factors causing unsatisfactory healing between the tendon graft and the bone tunnel surface. Exogenous biological factors, biomaterials, and cells have been considered as new strategies to promote healing quality in recent years. However, it remains challenging for their clinical use because of insufficient in‐situ retention time and release efficiency. Increasing attention has been paid to the hydrogel microspheres (HMPs) as potential drug‐loading deliveries in biomedicine due to their minimally invasive manner, extended drug retention time, and high loading efficiency. In this review, the healing mechanism between the tendon graft and the bone tunnel is introduced, which is followed by a brief summarization of current methods applied for enhancement of the healing quality. Then, the preclinical studies focusing on HMPs as novel drug carriers are summarized to address the aforementioned concerns in the treatment of tendon–bone healing. Of note, the challenges and perspectives of HMPs in clinical conversion are also outlooked. Collectively, this review may inspire researchers and clinicians to develop clinical available HMPs in orthopedics such as sports medicine from both material and biomedical aspects.
Proteasome inhibition induces macrophage apoptosis via mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors: Wang Jieyan , Wang Yingling , He Shihan , Wang Zhu , Deng Qiong , Liang Hui
Published: August 2021

Dysfunction of the ubiquitin–proteasome system has been linked to the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. Proteasome inhibition not only exerts antitumor effects but also affects inflammatory signaling pathways. MG132, a proteasome inhibitor, has been shown to induce tumor cell apoptosis. However, its role in the induction of macrophage apoptosis remains unknown. In our study, we investigated the mechanism of the proapoptotic effects of MG132 in macrophages. Our data showed that MG132 treatment induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in macrophages. We found that proteasome inhibition induced a significant increase in the apoptosis rate, as evidenced by cleavage of caspase‐3 and cleavage of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP). Moreover, (2‐(2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐oxyl‐4‐ylamino)‐2‐oxoethyl)triphenyl‐phosphonium chloride (Mito‐TEMPO) attenuated MG132‐induced apoptosis. In conclusion, proteasome inhibition by MG132 can induce macrophage apoptosis by promoting the production of ROS and mitochondrial dysfunction.
A rare case of pulmonary nocardiosis comorbid with Sjogren’s syndrome
Authors: Peng Yumeng , Dong Xiaoyan , Zhu Yongze , Lv Huoyang , Ge Yumei
Published: August 2021

Background

Nocardia is an opportunistic pathogen, which occurs in patients with autoimmune diseases and immune dysfunction, and can cause bacteremia and other life‐threatening complications. The clinical manifestations of Nocardia pneumonia are similar to tuberculous and other clinical common bacterial pneumonia, but its antibacterial treatments are different and detection methods are unique, which may lead patients to suffer for many years due to clinical misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis.

Methods

Imaging and laboratory examinations were performed for preliminary diagnosis, and next‐generation sequencing was used to identify the exact species type of Nocardia in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of the patient.

Results

Imaging and laboratory parameters preliminarily implied that the patient was infected with Nocardia with Sjogren's syndrome (SS), and NGS showed that the strain was N. terpenica.

Conclusions

Accurate etiological diagnosis and corresponding antibiotics are key to improve the prognosis of pulmonary nocardiosis in this case. Nocardia pneumonia is rare in clinical practice; it is of great medical significance to improve the understanding of pulmonary nocardiosis.
Accurate reflection of hepatic venous pressure gradient by spleen stiffness measurement in patients with low controlled attenuation parameter values
Authors: Hirooka Masashi , Tanaka Takaaki , Koizumi Yohei , Yukimoto Atsushi , Watanabe Takao , Yoshida Osamu , Tokumoto Yoshio , Abe Masanori , Hiasa Yoichi
Published: August 2021

Background and Aim

Spleen stiffness measurement (SSM) is useful for assessing portal hypertension. It is unclear whether SSM values are appropriate because vibration‐controlled transient elastography (VCTE) does not generate B‐mode images. This study aimed to confirm whether the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) measured in the spleen can predict the accuracy of SSM.

Methods

This retrospective study enrolled 349 patients who underwent SSM using VCTE from January 2012 to December 2020. Consecutive patients were classified into the pilot set (SSM and hepatic venous pressure gradient [HVPG] were measured) and the validation set (SSM was measured without HVPG). In the pilot set, scatter plots with a nonparametric contour line were created. Logistic regression analysis was performed to predict outliers outside the 50% contour line.

Results

The values of CAP could distinguish the outliers in scatter plots between the HPVG and SSM in both univariate and multivariate analyses (cutoff, 118 dB/m). The correlation of SSM with HVPG (r = 0.718; P < 0.001) was significantly better in the low CAP (≤118 dB/m) group than in the high CAP (>118 dB/m) group (r = 0.330; P < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of SSM in predicting high‐risk varices was better in the low CAP group than in all patients or in the high CAP group in the pilot set (0.881, 0.854, and 0.843, respectively) and in the validation set (0.893, 0.821, and 0.814, respectively).

Conclusion

For patients with CAP <118 dB/m, SSM is a feasible predictor of HVPG.
Efficacy and safety of arimoclomol in Niemann‐Pick disease type C: Results from a double‐blind, randomised, placebo‐controlled, multinational phase 2/3 trial of a novel treatment
Authors: Mengel Eugen , Patterson Marc C. , Da Riol Rosalia M. , Del Toro Mireia , Deodato Federica , Gautschi Matthias , Grunewald Stephanie , Grønborg Sabine , Harmatz Paul , Héron Bénédicte , Maier Esther M. , Roubertie Agathe , Santra Saikat , Tylki‐Szymanska Anna , Day Simon , Andreasen Anne Katrine , Geist Marie Aavang , Havnsøe Torp Petersen Nikolaj , Ingemann Linda , Hansen Thomas , Blaettler Thomas , Kirkegaard Thomas , í Dali Christine
Published: August 2021

Niemann‐Pick disease type C (NPC) is a rare, genetic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder with high unmet medical need. We investigated the safety and efficacy of arimoclomol, which amplifies the heat shock response to target NPC protein misfolding and improve lysosomal function, in patients with NPC. In a 12‐month, prospective, randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, phase 2/3 trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02612129), patients (2‐18 years) were randomised 2:1 to arimoclomol:placebo, stratified by miglustat use. Routine clinical care was maintained. Arimoclomol was administered orally three times daily. The primary endpoint was change in 5‐domain NPC Clinical Severity Scale (NPCCSS) score from baseline to 12 months. Fifty patients enrolled; 42 completed. At month 12, the mean progression from baseline in the 5‐domain NPCCSS was 0.76 with arimoclomol vs 2.15 with placebo. A statistically significant treatment difference in favour of arimoclomol of −1.40 (95% confidence interval: −2.76, −0.03; P = .046) was observed, corresponding to a 65% reduction in annual disease progression. In the prespecified subgroup of patients receiving miglustat as routine care, arimoclomol resulted in stabilisation of disease severity over 12 months with a treatment difference of −2.06 in favour of arimoclomol (P = .006). Adverse events occurred in 30/34 patients (88.2%) receiving arimoclomol and 12/16 (75.0%) receiving placebo. Fewer patients had serious adverse events with arimoclomol (5/34, 14.7%) vs placebo (5/16, 31.3%). Treatment‐related serious adverse events (n = 2) included urticaria and angioedema. Arimoclomol provided a significant and clinically meaningful treatment effect in NPC and was well tolerated.