bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of seismic-wave velocities in rock at various confining pressures based on unconfined data
Authors: Najibi Ali Reza , Asef Mohammad Reza
Published: June 2014

Laboratory measurement of P- and S-wave velocities ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively) under confining pressure indicates that with an increase in confining pressure, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] will increase. The trend is exponential at low pressures, transitioning to linear above a critical pressure. However, the trend of the velocity-pressure curve for each rock specimen may be determined knowing the coefficients of this curve. We first studied how the coefficients of the velocity-pressure curve were expected to be functions of elastic moduli. Then, four empirical equations were used to estimate four coefficients of the velocity-pressure curve, using the rock density and [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] at atmospheric pressure (unconfined conditions). This analysis was carried out based on laboratory experiments on 285 rock specimens of different lithology from around the world, namely the United States, China, Germany, Iran, and deep-sea-drilling projects. For each rock specimen, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] were measured at different confining stress levels, rendering more than 4000 data points. The accuracy of the estimated wave velocities was on the order of 2%–3% of the measured values on average. This methodology is especially valuable for prediction and analysis of the rock behavior at deep well conditions. This is applicable for predicting geophysical properties of the earth’s crust at depth, geomechanical study of hydrocarbon and geothermal reservoirs, wellbore stability analysis, and in situ stress determination.
Multiple Metabolic Genetic Risk Scores and Type 2 Diabetes Risk in Three Racial/Ethnic Groups
Authors: Klimentidis Yann C. , Wineinger Nathan E. , Vazquez Ana I. , de los Campos Gustavo
Published: June 2014

Context/Rationale:

Meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies have identified many single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with various metabolic and cardiovascular traits, offering us the opportunity to learn about and capitalize on the links between cardiometabolic traits and type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Design:

In multiple datasets comprising over 30 000 individuals and 3 ethnic/racial groups, we calculated 17 genetic risk scores (GRSs) for glycemic, anthropometric, lipid, hemodynamic, and other traits, based on the results of recent trait-specific meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies, and examined associations with T2D risk. Using a training-testing procedure, we evaluated whether additional GRSs could contribute to risk prediction.

Results:

In European Americans, we find that GRSs for T2D, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and body mass index are associated with T2D risk. In African Americans, GRSs for T2D, fasting insulin, and waist-to-hip ratio are associated with T2D. In Hispanic Americans, GRSs for T2D and body mass index are associated with T2D. We observed a trend among European Americans suggesting that genetic risk for hyperlipidemia is inversely associated with T2D risk. The use of additional GRSs resulted in only small changes in prediction accuracy in multiple independent validation datasets.

Conclusions:

The analysis of multiple GRSs can shed light on T2D etiology and how it varies across ethnic/racial groups. Our findings using multiple GRSs are consistent with what is known about the differences in T2D pathogenesis across racial/ethnic groups. However, further work is needed to understand the putative inverse correlation of genetic risk for hyperlipidemia and T2D risk and to develop ethnic-specific GRSs.
PIWI homologs mediate Histone H4 mRNA localization to planarian chromatoid bodies
Authors: Rouhana Labib , Weiss Jennifer A. , King Ryan S. , Newmark Phillip A.
Published: June 2014

The well-known regenerative abilities of planarian flatworms are attributed to a population of adult stem cells called neoblasts that proliferate and differentiate to produce all cell types. A characteristic feature of neoblasts is the presence of large cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granules named chromatoid bodies, the function of which has remained largely elusive. This study shows that histone mRNAs are a common component of chromatoid bodies. Our experiments also demonstrate that accumulation of histone mRNAs, which is typically restricted to the S phase of eukaryotic cells, is extended during the cell cycle of neoblasts. The planarian PIWI homologs SMEDWI-1 and SMEDWI-3 are required for proper localization of germinal histone H4 (gH4) mRNA to chromatoid bodies. The association between histone mRNA and chromatoid body components extends beyond gH4 mRNA, since transcripts of other core histone genes were also found in these structures. Additionally, piRNAs corresponding to loci of every core histone type have been identified. Altogether, this work provides evidence that links PIWI proteins and chromatoid bodies to histone mRNA regulation in planarian stem cells. The molecular similarities between neoblasts and undifferentiated cells of other organisms raise the possibility that PIWI proteins might also regulate histone mRNAs in stem cells and germ cells of other metazoans.
Biocompatible Gold Submicrometer Spheres with Variable Surface Texture Fabricated by Pulsed Laser Melting in Liquid
Authors: Rehbock Christoph , Zwartscholten Janina , Barcikowski Stephan
Published: June 2014

This paper highlights a strategy on how totally ligand-free biocompatible gold submicrometer spheres (Au-SMSs) can be synthesized by aggregating laser-fabricated nanoparticles (NPs) with NaCl followed by subsequent post-irradiation using pulsed lasers at a moderate fluence. Interestingly, we observed significant changes in the surface structure of the SMSs, caused by the adsorption of smaller particles following a disaggregation–melting–redeposition–sintering-mechanism. Here, utilization of low fluences yielded perfectly smooth textures while higher fluences lead to wrinkled textures. Furthermore, we elucidate that prior to aggregation, the particle size distribution of the source AuNPs may significantly interfere with the surface texture of the resulting Au-SMSs, indicated by predominant formation of rough surface structures in the presence of smaller source NPs. These findings may highlight novel synthesis strategies for Au-SMSs with rough surface textures, particularly beneficial for SERS applications.
The Technology of Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Блынская  , Blynskaya E. , Турчинская  , Turchinskaya K. , Алексеев  , Alekseev K. , Тихонова  , Tikhonova N.
Published: June 2014

Nearly 40% of novel chemical entities show evidence of low solubility in water and low bioavailability. Self-emulsifying formulations have showed the power to improve the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. Self-emulsifying formulations belong to lipid formulations, and their size range from 100 nm in case of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems and less than 50 nm in case of self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems. In general self-emulsifying formulations s represent isotropic mixtures of oils, surfactants and co-surfactants, which emulsify spontaneous in aqueous media under conditions of gentle stirring. Usually self-emulsifying formulations presented liquids, which fill the soft gelatinous capsules. However, the dosage form has drawbacks, especially in the production process. In this regard, the use of the methodology of solidification of liquid or semi-solid components of self-emulsifying formulations and their transformation into powders for the preparation of solid dosage forms is relevant. This paper summarizes the main features, a classification of lipid forms, auxiliary substances for the preparation of self-emulsifying formulations, techniques of solidification, the phases of the development of self-emulsifying formulations, evaluation of parameters of quality of liquid and solid self-emulsifying formulations, approaches to development of medicinal forms on the basis of the self-emulsifying formulations, as well as an overview of the drugs, presented on the market in the form of self-emulsifying formulations.
Complex System Stationary Mode According to the Theory of Chaos-Self-Organization
Authors: Бикмухаметова  , Bikmukhametova L. , Полухин  , Polukhin L. , Вохмина  , Vokhmina Yu. , Тотчасова  , Totchasova M.
Published: June 2014

Traditional biological science (biophysics, systems analyses of biosystems) stationary mode of biosystems describes according to equation dx/dt=0 for the systems state vector x=x(t)=(x1, x2,…xm)T. But real biosystems demonstrated uninterrupted chaotic dynamics when dx/dt≠0 is always uninterrupted. The authors present two types of approaches to stationary mode investigation for biosystems. The first approach is based on the compartmental-cluster theory and the second approach is based on the theory of chaos-self-organization. The last is more convenient for real biosystems description because there are pragmatic results of its use. The compartmental-cluster approach may be used for real complex biosystems and the authors present some typical examples of such theory. The stationary mode of hierarchical neural networks were illustrated according to specific audi - analyzator. It was demonstrated that short intervals of tremogram demonstrate the real difference of distribution function parameters. As a result of such experiments – the classical statistics methods don’t usefulness for investigation of postural tremor. The tremogram, cardiogram, encephalogram are the systems of third type. The main idea consists of uninterrupted chaotic movements (glimmering property) of system’s vector in phase space of state and evolution of such system’s state vector in phase space of state. The glimmering property and evolution don’t have properties which can be modeled by traditional deterministic and stochastic approaches.
About Prospects of Development of Geometry and Its Tools
Authors: Волошинов  , Voloshinov Denis
Published: June 2014

This paper is devoted to development of new tools

implementing methods of constructive geometric modeling. Such

tools’ development methods on a base of discrete electronic programmable

devices’ use have been proposed. It has been shown

that such tools can serve as a base for an enhanced implementation

of geometric methods in practical applications.
Computer Graphics Use for Coursework of Optical Instruments
Authors: Парвулюсов  , Parvulyusov Yu.
Published: June 2014

Structure and content of a coursework on a subject

«Optics and Optical-Electronics Instruments Development», and

an approach of this coursework performing based on rational combination

of traditional and computer design are considered.
Assessment in Historical Discourse
Authors: Миньяр-Белоручева  , Minyar-Belorucheva A.
Published: June 2014

The present paper deals with linguistic means of expression evaluation of

historical events and personalities. Evaluation as a universal language category

is determined by social and cultural factors. Evaluation is of primary

im-portance for historical discourse in which the generalized world view of

the historical past is reflected as the unity of rational and emotional. In History

as an academic discipline evaluation permits to expose the significance

of the events of the past within the framework of the present-day ideology.

Historians never overlook their milieu and always evaluate historical facts

in its light. Determined by the system of concepts particular for a certain

social class or a political group evaluation of historical facts can be modified

together with ideology renovations, invigorating historians to revise their

views. This makes historians be cautious in choosing linguistic means of

expression evaluation, which can be both explicit and implicit.
Electronic Resources as a Mean of Students’ Independent Work Organization
Authors: Исакова  , Isakova G.
Published: June 2014

The article deals with the problem of learners’ independent work organization

effectiveness. The author defines active use of electronic resources

within the organization of students’ independent work as one of the most

effective means of this issue solution in college educational environment.

The article describes pedagogical potential of Internet-resources, such as:

search engines and catalogues, theme web-sites and portals within the

framework of examined material, college web-site, personal teachers’ websites

(web-pages), e-mail services, web-forums, students’ blogs, students’

promo-sites, cloud technologies, wiki technologies, social networks. The

author comes to a conclusion that the types of students’ independent work,

which are becoming available to the teacher with using mentioned electronic

resources, facilitates the learners’ motivation rising, their cognitive activity,

professional self-perfection, developing of business communication skills,

and therefore upgrading the level of college students specialized training.
The Role of Capital Regulation and Risk-Taking by Banks in Monetary Policy
Authors: Olszak Małgorzata
Published: June 2014

The credit boom prevailing in the period preceding the last financial crisis was prolonged and associated with neither particularly strong output growth nor rising inflation in economies in which it occurred. This type of credit cycle and financial cycle is hard to reconcile with existing economic theory applied in monetary policy. In this paper we point out to endogenous factors behind this phenomenon. We aim to identify what is the role of bank capital regulation and bank risktaking in the transmission mechanism of monetary policy. The transmission of monetary policy impulses through capital channel is a diversified process, and depends on bank specific, background macroeconomics’s specific and other factors. Bank capital standards affect the banks’ perception, management and pricing of risks. In this area, monetary policy is also of great importance, with prominent role of the so called risk-taking channel in which central banks actions have an impact on bank risk attitudes. Consequently monetary policy is not fully neutral from a financial stability perspective. Stable level of inflation does not guarantee the stability of financial system. Therefore central banks in their conduct of monetary policy should constrain the build-up of financial imbalances.
A Hybrid Simulation Approach for Estimating the Market Share Evolution of Electric Vehicles
Authors: Kieckhäfer Karsten , Volling Thomas , Spengler Thomas Stefan
Published: June 2014

Meeting the 21st century’s challenges of climate change and scarcity of crude oil requires a better understanding of the forces that ensure a successful market introduction of electric vehicles. Against this background, we develop a hybrid simulation approach to estimate the evolution of market shares of electric vehicles. The approach integrates a system dynamics model with an agent-based discrete choice model. System dynamics is used to model the interdependencies between consumer choice, consumer awareness, evolution of powertrain technologies, and service station availability on the macro level. By integrating the agent-based discrete choice model we refine the model parts of consumer choice and consumer awareness. This allows for considering individual consumer choices. Based on real-world data, we apply the model to the established and saturated German market, where replacement purchases dominate. This way we study the interdependencies between the evolution on the macro level and (1) individual replacement purchases as well as (2) heterogeneous consumer behavior. We show that both effects have a clear influence on the market share evolution of electric vehicles. The results indicate that neglecting individual consumer choices in aggregated system models may lead to systematically wrong estimations of the evolution of the market shares of electric vehicles.
Microchipping: a brief history
Authors: Walsom Celia
Published: June 2014

As part of National Microchipping Month, Celia Walsom provides a brief history of microchipping, looking into the technology itself, microchipping around the world and the future of microchipping.
Gonadectomy in cats: the why and when of systemic pain management
Authors: Farnworth Mark J
Published: June 2014

Cats as companions now outnumber dogs in many countries, making gonadectomy of cats a substantial and necessary component of the cat population's veterinary care and growth management. Pain, and especially pain caused by elective surgeries, requires to be effectively managed if animal welfare compromises are to be minimised. Current research indicates that provision of analgesia to cats has increased substantially in recent decades. This paper explores exactly why pain management is important before, during and after gonadectomy. It also raises some, as yet, unaddressed questions, which may be interesting for practitioners, researchers and owners alike.
The geriatric canine and physiotherapy
Authors: Cottriall Suzanne
Published: June 2014

The geriatric canine is an increasing population where breed type determines the aged patient. Multi-medical problems exist and must be considered in any physiotherapy programme prescribed. Close attention should be paid to pain, and pain eliminated wherever possible to achieve better outcomes so that the therapist can achieve the functional and realistic goals being set.

This article outlines the potential physical problems presented in the elderly canine and the associated physiotherapy that can be used to address these. The aim of the physiotherapy is to reduce pain and improve quality of life.
Cervical spine injury associated with facial trauma
Authors: Mukherjee Soumya , Revington Peter
Published: June 2014

Maxillofacial fractures carry a high risk of associated cervical spine injury. Concomitant cervical spine injury in trauma patients may influence airway management, choice of diagnostic imaging, surgical approach, and timing of repair of associated facial fractures.
Psychological disturbance associated with recurrent abnormal nocturnal events
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: June 2014

Sleep-related abnormal nocturnal events (parasomnias) are common and linked with psychological disturbance in various ways. If not realized, this can lead to mistaken diagnosis and treatment. Possible origins of such psychological disturbance are discussed, with the aim of improving clinical care.
An overview of the Medical Emergency Response Team (MERT) in Afghanistan: a paramedic's perspective
Authors: Thomas Andrew
Published: June 2014

This article gives an overview of the Medical Emergency Response Team (MERT) while deployed in Afghanistan during Operation Herrick. The article is an information piece giving a brief history, training background and an overview on how the MERT works and is governed. It will give an insight into the clinical procedures used by a multi-disciplinary pre-hospital care team, the decision-making process and the advances made in military pre-hospital care. It is written from a paramedic's perspective and develops the understanding of how MERT and wider military developments during this conflict have impacted on civilian trauma care and what potential it has in the future.
In-home hospice provision — a viable option for veterinary palliative care?
Authors: Kerrigan Lynne
Published: June 2014

Veterinary hospice care has developed significantly in the US as a practice involving a multidisciplinary team and a variety of settings. A dedicated veterinary practice hospice facility, while possible, will place huge demands on most practices, therefore in-home hospice care may be a more viable option for a veterinary practice wishing to extend its range of services, and a more appealing option for a pet owner facing the impending loss of their treasured companion.
Benefits for EEA migrants
Authors: Sibley Eleanor
Published: June 2014

Amid a political and media furore over EEA nationals' rights to claim social assistance benefits in the UK, this article sets out some recent changes to entitlement – amendments to the Habitual Residence Test, restrictions on entitlement to Housing Benefit, and the income threshold for relying on a right to reside as a worker – and considers the likely impact and legality of these changes.
Volunteering and employability: implications for policy and practice
Authors: Kamerāde Daiga , Paine Angela Ellis
Published: June 2014

In this article, we argue that if the principal aim of a volunteering programme is to provide a route into employment, its effectiveness can be improved if the participants acquire the specific skills, knowledge and attitudes that employers need. Volunteering programmes where enhancing employability is only one of several desired outcomes should focus primarily on other benefits of volunteering, with a realistic expectation of how much (or little) volunteering can contribute as a direct pathway into employment.
Natural Clay-Sized Glauconite in the Neogene Deposits of the Campine Basin (Belgium)
Authors: Adriaens R. , Vandenberghe N. , Elsen J.
Published: June 2014

Natural clay-sized glauconite has the same mineralogical composition as sand-sized glauconite pellets but occurs in <2 μm clay fractions. This particular glauconite habit has been described previously from soil environments resulting from pelletal weathering but is rarely reported in higher-energy sedimentary environments. In the present study, clay-sized glauconite was identified as a common constituent in transgressive Neogene glauconite pellet-rich deposits of the southern North Sea in Belgium. X-ray diffraction results revealed that the characteristics of the clay-sized glauconite are very similar to the associated glauconite pellets in sand deposits. Both glauconite types consisted of two glauconite-smectite R1 phases with generally small percentages of expandable layers (<30%) with d060 values ranging between 1.513 Å and 1.519 Å. Clay-sized glauconite was not neoformed but formed by the disintegration of sand-sized glauconite pellets which were abraded or broken up during short-distance transport within the sedimentary basin or over the hinterland. Even in an environment where authigenic glauconite pellets occur, minimal transport over transgressive surfaces is sufficient to produce clay-sized glauconite. Furthermore, clay-sized glauconite can be eroded from marine deposits and subsequently resedimented in estuarine deposits. Clay-sized glauconite is, therefore, a proxy for the transport intensity of pelletal glauconite in energetic depositional environments and, moreover, indicates reworking in such deposits which lack pelletal glauconite.
Relative Humidity-Induced Reversible Hydration Of Sulfate-Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxides
Authors: Radha S. , Jayanthi K. , Breu Josef , Kamath P. Vishnu
Published: June 2014

Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are extremely important materials for industrial processes and in the environment, and their physical-chemical behavior depends in large part on their hydration state, but the characterization of these hydration effects on their properties are incomplete. The present study was designed to explore the interpolytype transitions induced by variation in the ambient humidity among LDHs. The cooperative behavior of intercalated water molecules resulted in a sudden, single-step, reversible dehydration of the [Zn-Cr-SO4] LDH. The [Zn-Al-SO4] LDH provided an interesting contrast with (1) the coexistence of the end members of the hydration cycle over the 40-20% relative humidity range during the dehydration cycle, and (2) a random interstratified intermediate in the hydration cycle. These observations showed that the [Zn-Al-SO4] LDH offered sites having a range of hydration enthalpies, whereby, at critical levels of hydration (20–40%), the non-uniform swelling of the structure resulted in an interstratified phase. The variation in domain size during reversible hydration was also responsible for the differences observed in the hydration vs. the dehydration pathways. This behavior was attributed to the distortion in the array of hydroxyl ions which departs from hexagonal symmetry on account of cation ordering as shown by structure refinement by the Rietveld method. This distortion was much less in the [Zn-Cr-SO4] LDH, whereby the nearly hexagonal array of hydroxyl ions offered sites of uniform hydration enthalpy for the intercalated water molecules. In this case, all the water molecules experienced the same force of attraction and dehydrated reversibly in a single step. The changes in basal spacing were also accompanied by interpolytype transitions, involving the rigid translations of the metal hydroxide layers relative to one another.
Reliability and Validity of the Supplemental Protection and Advocacy Scale of the Supports Intensity Scale
Authors: Shogren Karrie A. , Thompson James R. , Wehmeyer Michael L. , Chapman Tec , Tassé Marc J. , McLaughlin Colleen A.
Published: June 2014

Three separate studies were undertaken to examine the reliability and validity of the Supplemental Protection and Advocacy Scale (P&A Scale) of the Supports Intensity Scale (SIS). In Study 1, the interrater reliability of the P&A Scale was investigated when interviewers were trained in SIS administration and scoring. Pearson's product moment coefficients were considerably higher than coefficients reported in a previous study conducted with untrained interviewers. In Study 2, the reliability (internal consistency, standard error of measurement, and interrater reliability) and validity (content and construct validity) of the P&A Scale when administered by trained interviewers with a sample of individuals with intellectual disability and related developmental disabilities (ID/DD) receiving services from a state ID/DD agency were examined. Results indicated strong reliability and validity of the P&A Scale, comparable to other domains of the SIS. In Study 3, additional psychometric properties of the P&A Scale were examined in a large sample of trained interviewers from across the United States and Canada using the SIS Online, with findings again showing strong psychometric properties. Collectively, findings from these three investigations suggested that the P&A Scale is a reliable and valid measure of support needs. In future revisions of the SIS, the P&A Scale should be considered for inclusion in the section of the SIS that yields standard scores reflecting an individual's relative intensity of support need.
The never-ending problem named female migrant workers: A critical discourse analysis of Indonesian media
Authors: Sarwono Billy
Published: June 2014

The Indonesian media seems to confirm the endless suffering of Indonesian migrant workers (IMWs). In June 2011, Ruyati Binti Satubi’s execution in Saudi Arabia was put in the spotlight by widespread national media coverage. The government seemed to ignore the problem, but it is more striking as to how the execution was also ignored by high-ranking female officials. Study of women’s voices and gender bias in the news coverage is important since most victims are female migrant workers (FMW). It focuses on how Ruyati’s execution was framed in three national newspapers. Interviews were conducted with a journalist, a female migrant worker, a media observer, a political observer and a feminist blogger. This study concludes that: Fewer female voices are represented by the media; IMWs are powerless; Indonesia’s foreign diplomacy and internal bureaucracy are weak; and female politicians’ awareness of migrant workers’ problems was an individual position rather than a gender movement.
Leprosy, philanthropy and social capital in New Zealand/Pacific relations 1950s–1960s
Authors: Buckingham Jane
Published: June 2014

Focusing on the 1950s and 1960s, this article is concerned with the role of the Lepers’ Trust Board and its most famous representative, P. J. Twomey, in the formation of unofficial voluntary and philanthropic relationships between the people of New Zealand and the South Pacific. The origins of the Lepers’ Trust Board lie in the charitable outreach of Benjamin Pratt and Pat Twomey to the leprosy patients isolated on Quail Island in Lyttleton Harbour, New Zealand. On Pratt’s death, Twomey continued the work initiated in the 1920s and became known throughout New Zealand and the South Pacific as the ‘Leper Man’. This article draws on the theory of social capital to help explain the diversity and dynamic of philanthropic networks linking the Lepers’ Trust Board in Christchurch, New Zealand, to the leprosy sufferers of the South Pacific. It foregrounds the importance of the marginalized and isolated leprosy communities in providing an ethical and emotional focus for the forging of personal relationships between peoples of New Zealand and the Pacific islands. This article contributes new research and interpretive insights into the history of welfare in New Zealand, arguing that the fundraising activities and donor response to Twomey, and the leprosy-affected people of the South Pacific, became a means of developing a micro-economy of personally and financially invested intra-Pacific networks.
The construction of a myth: Bloody Mary, Aggie Grey and the optics of tourism
Authors: Thompson Kirsten Moana
Published: June 2014

This article examines the discursive circulation of stories in journalism and travel writing over the last fifty years that linked leading Western Samoan hotelier Aggie Grey to South Pacific’s iconic Tonkinese, Bloody Mary. Made famous by Juanita Hall in the Broadway musical (1949–1954), and subsequent cinematic adaptation (Joshua Logan, 1958), Bloody Mary first appeared in James Michener’s Pulitzer Prize-winning Tales of the South Pacific (written 1944–1946, published 1947). The careful marketing and growth of the Aggie Grey brand both before and after her death in 1988, exemplifies the close economic relationship between the development of tourism in Samoa in the post-war years and the American film and celebrity industries, with the hotel in Apia providing accommodation, logistical and catering support to Hollywood productions and film stars from William Holden to Marlon Brando. My examination of an origin myth linking a charismatic historical figure with an iconic fictional character is undertaken not to ultimately suggest any one-to-one relationship between the two, but rather to demonstrate a remarkable persistence of a Pacific romanticism. In what I name as the optics of tourism I join with earlier scholars in suggesting that we must be more attuned to accounting for the affective power of visual media and the ways in which Hollywood plays a continuing complex role in cultural memory, tourism and popular culture.
Reviews
Authors: David-Ives Corinne , Brooking Tom , MacLean Malcolm , Franke Norman P. , van Meijl Toon , Aitken Tom , Philo Phil , Rimoldi Eleanor , Talairach-Vielmas Laurence , Park Julie , MacLean Malcolm , Winkler Krzysztof , Thompson Kirsten , Napoli Valentina , Taylor Maggie
Published: June 2014

Treaty of Waitangi Settlements, Nicola R. Wheen and Janine Hayward (eds) (2012) Wellington: Bridget Williams Books, 300 pp., ISBN 978 1 9271 3138 1 (pbk), NZ$49.99

Home in the Howling Wilderness: Settlers and the Environment in Southern New Zealand, Peter Holland (2013) Auckland: Auckland University Press, 256 pp., ISBN 978 1 8694 0739 1 (pbk), NZ$49.99

The Making of New Zealanders, Ron Palenski (2012) Auckland: Auckland University Press, 392 pp., ISBN 978 1 8694 0726 1 (pbk), NZ$45

Extra! Extra! How the People Made the News, David Hastings (2013) Auckland: Auckland University Press, 288 pp., ISBN 978 1 8694 0738 4 (pbk), NZ$45

Maori and Social Issues, Tracey McIntosh and Malcolm Mulholland (eds) (2011) Wellington: Huia, 322 pp., ISBN 978 1 7755 0002 5 (pbk), NZ$45

Mana Maori and Christianity, Hugh Morrison, Lachy Paterson, Bret Knowles and Murray Rae (eds) (2012) Wellington: Huia, 356 pp., ISBN 978 1 7755 0012 4 (pbk), NZ$45

Fiona Pardington: The Pressure of Sunlight Falling, Kriselle Baker and Elizabeth Rankin (eds) (2011) Dunedin: Otago University Press, 160 pp., ISBN 978 1 8775 7809 0 (hbk), NZ$120

Ancestral Lines: The Maisin of Papua New Guinea and the Fate of the Rainforest, John Barker (2008) Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 240 pp., ISBN 978 1 4426 0105 5 (pbk), CAN$24.95

Moa: The Life and Death of New Zealand’s Legendary Bird, Quinn Berentson (2012) Nelson: Craig Potton Publishing, 300 pp., ISBN 978 1 8775 1784 6 (hbk), NZ$49.99

Born to a Changing World: Childbirth in Nineteenth-Century New Zealand, Alison Clarke (2012) Wellington: Bridget Williams Books, 320 pp., ISBN 978 1 9271 3142 8 (pbk), NZ$39.99

Strong, Beautiful and Modern: National Fitness in Britain, New Zealand, Australia and Canada, 1935–1960, Charlotte Macdonald (2011) Wellington: Bridget Williams Books, 256 pp., ISBN 978 1 9271 3140 4 (pbk), NZ$49.99

Diplomatic Ladies: New Zealand’s Unsung Envoys, Joanna Woods (2013) Dunedin: Otago University Press, 286 pp., ISBN 978 1 8775 7830 4 (pbk), NZ$49.99

Hollywood’s South Seas and the Pacific War: Searching for Dorothy Lamour, Sean Brawley and Chris Dixon (2012) New York: Palgrave, 280 pp., ISBN 978 0 2301 1656 6 (hbk), US$90

Narrating Indigenous Modernities: Transcultural Dimensions in Contemporary Maori Literature, Michaela Moura-Koçoğlu (2011) Amsterdam: Rodopi, 298 pp., ISBN 978 9 0420 3410 5 (hbk), €66

The Bush Baptist, Paul Burns (2013) London: FeedARead.com, 456 pp., ISBN 978 1 7829 9707 8 (pbk), £9.99
Dishonest Assistance in Singapore and Malaysia since Barlow Clowes
Authors: Manley Stewart
Published: June 2014

Determining civil liability for dishonest assistance in breach of fiduciary duty requires courts to consider a combination of subjective and objective factors. Taking into account the person’s experience, intelligence and reasons for acting (subjective factors), did the person have sufficient knowledge of the transaction (subjective factor) so as render participation in the transaction contrary to ordinary standards of honest behaviour (objective factor)? The piecemeal development of this test, as well as its complexity, led to inconsistency and confusion in application. In 2006, the Privy Council in

This article assesses how the dishonest assistance test has been applied since
The Units ppm, ppb, and ppt
Authors: Mills Ian
Published: June 2014

Dimensionless quantities, which are also sometimes called quantities of dimension one, are generally defined as the ratio of two quantities of the same kind. Examples are refractive index n (defined as the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed in a medium, n = c0/c); and mole fraction xi
– more properly called amount of substance fraction (defined as the ratio of the amount of a particular substance i in a mixture to the total amount of substance xi
= ni
/Σ

jnj
). Thus the value of a dimensionless quantity is simply a number, and it would seem that no unit is required. The International System of units, the SI, includes no units for dimensionless quantities as it is at present defined.
IUPAC Glossaries in Toxicology
Authors: Templeton Doug
Published: June 2014

Increasingly, chemists, whether in industry, academia, or other settings need to understand the basics of toxicology to meet current legal, safety, and regulatory requirements. As has always been appreciated by IUPAC, understanding starts with good terminology. The core work on a “Glossary for chemists of terms used in toxicology” was published by John Duffus 20 years ago1 and a fully revised and updated version appeared in 2007.2 It contains about 1200 terms, and has been adopted by the U.S. National Library of Medicine and, in particular, by the ToxLearn modules on ToxNet. ToxGloss is also found at http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/enviro/iupacglossary/frontmatter.html. The revised version is included in the “Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 3rd Edition” to be published shortly.
Symbols of the Elements, Part II
Authors: Meija Juris
Published: June 2014

Typographical symbols of chemical elements were established in the early 19th century and they soon spread throughout the textbooks of chemistry. This spread, however, was not an exemplary adoption of international standards. Rather, a garden variety of individual notations soon emerged. This is a brief story of their eradication.
Open Innovation in the Food and Drink Industry
Authors: Pellegrini Luisa , Lazzarotti Valentina , Manzini Raffaella
Published: June 2014

The subject of this paper is Open Innovation (OI) in the food and drink industry (FDI). Both academics and managers are pushing for improved knowledge in the practice of OI. To this end they have invited researchers to include traditional, low-tech industries in their analyses, since these have been poorly investigated (Gassmann, Enkel, and Chesbrough. 2010. “The Future of Open Innovation.” R&D Management40(3):213–21). In accepting this invitation, we shall be focusing our attention on the FDI, which is going through a transition phase. Although traditionally characterized by a low propensity towards OI, FDI has recently started to open up its innovation processes on account of developments in the competitive context. Hence, a survey involving 284 companies from three countries (UK, Italy and Spain) was carried out. Results show that FDI can be indicated as a sector under increasing pressure to open up. This is an important result that will add to the literature on this topical debate, more especially as the role exerted by the industry in OI choices still remains ambiguous.
Die liberalen und konservativen Interpretationen der deutschen Politik an der Kaiserlichen Universität Tokio 1905–1933
Authors: Konno Hajime
Published: June 2014

Vorspann

Über Deutschland diskutieren und Japan mitdenken oder umgekehrt. So könnte man die Positionen und Debatten der beiden japanischen Staatsrechtler und Intellektuellen Sakuzo Yoshino und Shinkichi Uesugi charakterisieren. Trotz eines ähnlichen Bildungsgangs – beide waren längere Zeit in Deutschland und Studenten von Georg Jellinek in Heidelberg – nahmen sie in allen wichtigen Fragen gegensätzliche Positionen ein. Hajime Konno, Zeithistoriker und Deutschlandspezialist an der Universität der Präfektur Aichi in Nagakute, schlüsselt diese kontroversen ost-westlichen Spiegelungen auf.
Stock Market Reaction to Various Dividend Announcements: Which Kind of Dividend Announcement is More Significant?
Authors: Liu Jau-Yang , Chi Der-Jang
Published: June 2014

According to the dividend signalling theory, companies take advantage of their announcement of dividend payout policy to signal the market that the firm now has positive future prospects, which will result in changing stock prices. However, there has been no study to date exploring which factor is more significant to its possible dividends payout portfolio. This study focuses on the impact of various dividends payout policies, cash, stock, and even dual dividends, for 5870 Taiwanese companies in the electronics and non-electronics industries listed in the Taiwan Stock Exchange (TSE) during the period from 2000–2010. The study employs event study methodology to examine the effect of a dividend announcement on the stock price within thirty days of the announcement. The results indicate that, on the whole, stock prices will show significant upward movement after dividend announcements. The observed results also explain why firms typically distribute certain dividends in certain ways and why the market might react more positively to stock dividend announcements in emerging markets.
Comparison of Data-Processing Methods by Air-Coupled Impact Echo Testing for the Assessment of a Concrete Slab
Authors: Oh Taekeun , Park Jongil
Published: June 2014

The practical application of three different processing methods for impact-echo test data—the classical impact-echo method, the peak frequency map, and the 4D spectrum technique—is performed and analyzed in this study. For comparative evaluation, a concrete slab with simulated delaminations and voids was cast and employed. Two conventional methods, the impact-echo and peak frequency map, are used to determine the relative performance of the 4D spectrum technique, in which the impact-echo data are presented as 4D maps representing x, y, the frequency, and the frequency amplitude for the tested area. For verification, the 4D spectrum technique and the other two methods were applied to three artificial defects at the depth of rebar in the designated concrete slab. The results obtained from comparing the three processing methods show that although three methods are comparable, the 4D spectrum technique is more effective and accurate for the detection of shallow defects in the slab.
Mapping Our Disconnect
Authors: Miller Kristin
Published: June 2014

Maps have power. They can make the illegible legible and the invisible visible. They can make the obvious even more obvious and the impossible seem possible, as a map published in 2012 did when it mapped the routes of the private buses that ferry techies between their homes in San Francisco and their jobs in Silicon Valley. It shows that tech companies, in their libertarian, do-it-yourself way, have solved the transit problem for themselves, not waiting for a potentially time-consuming, representative political process to do the job. That, the author argues, shows a failure of belief in the city as a commons, a city that supports existing residents and new arrivals by integrating them into the collective spaces and systems perhaps best represented by public transportation. That there are entire networks of free transit options available to only some of the city’s wealthiest residents cannot help but create tension, especially against a background of skyrocketing housing costs and a wave of no-fault evictions.
Epigenetic alterations in endocrine-related cancer
Authors: Rodríguez-Rodero Sandra , Delgado-Álvarez Elías , Fernández Agustín F , Fernández-Morera Juan L , Menéndez-Torre Edelmiro , Fraga Mario F
Published: June 2014

Aberrant epigenetics is a hallmark of cancer, and endocrine-related tumors are no exception. Recent research has been identifying an ever-growing number of epigenetic alterations in both genomic DNA methylation and histone post-translational modification in tumors of the endocrine system. Novel microarray and ultra-deep sequencing technologies have allowed the identification of genome-wide epigenetic patterns in some tumor types such as adrenocortical, parathyroid, and breast carcinomas. However, in other cancer types, such as the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes and thyroid cancer, tumor information is limited to candidate genes alone. Future research should fill this gap and deepen our understanding of the functional role of these alterations in cancer, as well as defining their possible clinical uses.
Anorexia nervosa and bone
Authors: Misra Madhusmita , Klibanski Anne
Published: June 2014

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a condition of severe low weight that is associated with low bone mass, impaired bone structure, and reduced bone strength, all of which contribute to increased fracture risk. Adolescents with AN have decreased rates of bone accrual compared with normal-weight controls, raising additional concerns of suboptimal peak bone mass and future bone health in this age group. Changes in lean mass and compartmental fat depots, and hormonal alterations secondary to nutritional factors contribute to impaired bone metabolism in AN. The best strategy to improve bone density is to regain weight and menstrual function. Oral estrogen–progesterone combinations are not effective in increasing bone density in adults or adolescents with AN, and transdermal testosterone replacement is not effective in increasing bone density in adult women with AN. However, physiological estrogen replacement as transdermal estradiol with cyclic progesterone does increase bone accrual rates in adolescents with AN to approximate that in normal-weight controls, leading to a maintenance of bone densityZ-scores. A recent study has shown that risedronate increases bone density at the spine and hip in adult women with AN. However, bisphosphonates should be used with great caution in women of reproductive age, given their long half-life and potential for teratogenicity, and should be considered only in patients with low bone density and clinically significant fractures when non-pharmacological therapies for weight gain are ineffective. Further studies are necessary to determine the best therapeutic strategies for low bone density in AN.
Hyperinsulinemia induces insulin resistance and immune suppression via Ptpn6/Shp1 in zebrafish
Authors: Marín-Juez Rubén , Jong-Raadsen Susanne , Yang Shuxin , Spaink Herman P
Published: June 2014

Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome are pathologies where insulin resistance plays a central role, and that affect a large population worldwide. These pathologies are usually associated with a dysregulation of insulin secretion leading to a chronic exposure of the tissues to high insulin levels (i.e. hyperinsulinemia), which diminishes the concentration of key downstream elements, causing insulin resistance. The complexity of the study of insulin resistance arises from the heterogeneity of the metabolic states where it is observed. To contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms triggering insulin resistance, we have developed a zebrafish model to study insulin metabolism and its associated disorders. Zebrafish larvae appeared to be sensitive to human recombinant insulin, becoming insulin-resistant when exposed to a high dose of the hormone. Moreover RNA-seq-based transcriptomic profiling of these larvae revealed a strong downregulation of a number of immune-relevant genes as a consequence of the exposure to hyperinsulinemia. Interestingly, as an exception, the negative immune modulator protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 6 (ptpn6) appeared to be upregulated in insulin-resistant larvae. Knockdown ofptpn6was found to counteract the observed downregulation of the immune system and insulin signaling pathway caused by hyperinsulinemia. These results indicate thatptpn6is a mediator of the metabolic switch between insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant states. Our zebrafish model for hyperinsulinemia has therefore demonstrated its suitability for discovery of novel regulators of insulin resistance. In addition, our data will be very useful in further studies of the function of immunological determinants in a non-obese model system.
Pleiotropy Can Be Effectively Estimated Without Counting Phenotypes Through the Rank of a Genotype–Phenotype Map
Authors: Gu Xun
Published: June 2014

Although pleiotropy, the capability of a gene to affect multiple phenotypes, has been well known as one of the common gene properties, a quantitative estimation remains a great challenge, simply because of the phenotype complexity. Not surprisingly, it is hard for general readers to understand how, without counting phenotypes, gene pleiotropy can be effectively estimated from the genetics data. In this article we extensively discuss the Gu-2007 method that estimated pleiotropy from the protein sequence analysis. We show that this method is actually to estimate the rank (K) of genotype–phenotype mapping that can be concisely written as K = min(r, Pmin), where Pmin is the minimum pleiotropy among all legitimate measures including the fitness components, and r is the rank of mutational effects of an amino acid site. Together, the effective gene pleiotropy (Ke) estimated by the Gu-2007 method has the following meanings: (i) Ke is an estimate of K = min(r, Pmin), the rank of a genotype–phenotype map; (ii) Ke is an estimate for the minimum pleiotropy Pmin only if Pmin < r; (iii) the Gu-2007 method attempted to estimate the pleiotropy of amino acid sites, a conserved proxy to the true gene pleiotropy; (iv) with a sufficiently large phylogeny such that the rank of mutational effects at an amino acid site is r → 19, one can estimate Pmin between 1 and 19; and (v) Ke is a conserved estimate of K because those slightly affected components in fitness have been effectively removed by the estimation procedure. In addition, we conclude that mutational pleiotropy (number of traits affected by a single mutation) cannot be estimated without knowing the phenotypes.