bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deciphering Long Covid: Next Emergent Healthcare Dilemma
Authors: Abbas Sana , Abbas Beenish , Rafique Haifsa , Rafique Aisha , Zafar Saima , Azam Ramesha
Published: November 2021

Objective: To determine the prevalence of Long Haul COVID–19 Syndrome among Pakistani Population.
Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted after approval from the ethical review committee of the Foundation University College of Dentistry, Islamabad from June 2021 to September 2021. A non-probability consecutive sampling methodology was employed and a total of (168) participants after voluntary consent were enrolled in the study, after explaining the study protocol to the patients. The final Questionnaire is comprised of three sections. Section – I focused on the demographic profile (Age, Gender, Profession) of the participants. Section – II was designed to investigate COVID – 19 disease history, comorbid, coronavirus disease severity along with the number of individuals infected in the family, duration of positive polymerase chain reaction results, and management destination (Hospital or Home). Section – III addressed the frequency of persistent symptoms (Gastrointestinal, Systemic, Cardiovascular, Musculoskeletal, Immunological, Dermatological, Neuropsychiatric, Ophthalmological, Pulmonary, Otorhinolaryngological, Endocrine, Reproductive and Genitourinary systems).
Results: 168 responders participated in this survey study,48 (28.6%) males while 120 (71.4%) females. About 36 (11.9%) were found to be suffering from comorbidity, 84 (50.0%) suffered from mild disease symptoms, while only 4 (2.4%) experienced the severe disease. The disease was managed at home for a major chunk of responders, 140 (83.3%).132 (78.6%) were found to have suffered from long COVID syndrome with the persistence of symptoms beyond four weeks of infection. The most common symptoms included fatigue (78.8%), fever (60.0%), loss of taste (57.8%), dry cough (45.5%), headache (42.4%), post-exertional malaise (45.5%), shortness of breath (39.4%), insomnia (39.0%), loss of smell (36.4%), loss of appetite (33.3%) and depression (33.3%).Male gender (p=0.009), with existing chronic illnesses (p<0.001), moderate and severe disease (p<0.001), higher age group (p<0.001) and isolated at hospital (p=0.002).
Conclusion: In conclusion, this study has shown that persistence of COVID disease symptoms (most common symptoms included fatigue, fever, loss of taste, dry cough, headache, post-exertional malaise, shortness of breath, insomnia, loss of smell, loss of appetite, and depression) are common in Pakistani population. Male gender, existing chronic illnesses, moderate and severe disease, higher age group, and isolation at the hospital are the probable risk factors.
Socio-Cultural and Societal Demands Influencing Pregnancy among HIV Positive Women in Kakamega County, Kenya
Authors: Maru Isaac , Olayo Rose , Kipmerewo Mary
Published: November 2021

Globally, the number of women living with HIV who desire pregnancy has been increasing and little is known as what motivates them, with test and treat women accessing ART desiring pregnancy will increase. Kakamega County has been leading in the region on women living with HIV accessing antenatal services. Past literature in the subject matter failed to look at socio-cultural and societal factors influencing pregnancy among HIV positive women in Kakamega County, Kenya; a gap that informed this study. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was employed. The target population were women aged 18-49 years receiving their family planning services in sub-county hospitals in Kakamega County. Key informants were made up of health care workers at comprehensive care clinics. Purposive sampling was used to select 4 sub-county hospitals, systematic random sampling to select 319 known HIV positive women and 4 focus group discussions. Questionnaires focused on group discussions and key informant interviews were used to collect data. Data collected were entered into Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25.0. Descriptive results were presented in proportionate tables. The results showed that age, education, employment status and parity influenced the desire for pregnancy among HIV positive women in Kakamega County. Society influenced the number of children a woman should have. The community held a negative perception of childless women, especially HIV positive women; the community members did not attach value and pride over the childless HIV positive women. The socio-cultural and societal demand on HIV positive women influenced pregnancy; however, there decreasing association, which meant that the society was 71% less likely to influence the number of children; the spouse was 63% less likely to influence pregnancy. In conclusion, age, education level, marital status parity and employment status, medical cover influenced pregnancy among the known HIV positive women in Kakamega County. Socio-cultural and societal demands were predictors of pregnancy among known HIV positive women in Kakamega County. The community should treat HIV positive women with respect and dignity, thus permitting them to continue their family legacy and sire children. It recommends that there is a need for the county government, department of health services to provide health education to the community on stigma reduction and discrimination meted on these women and negative perception of childlessness women in the society especially known HIV positive women. Further works on the myths and misconception that barrenness is blamed on women leaving men scot-free for the cloud to be the culprits of childlessness in the family.
Dislocation After Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in Elderly Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Dharmayuda Cokorda Gde Oka , Febyan
Published: November 2021

Total hip arthroplasty and hemiarthroplasty are two primary treatment choices for elderly patients with fractures or dislocations of the pelvic bone, as well as in fractures of the femoral neck. Dislocation of bipolar hemiarthroplasty is a rare postsurgical complication, but it can be a problem that requires acute management and is quite challenging to revise. We presented a case of an elderly patient with dislocation of hip bipolar hemiarthroplasty on the right side. The patient underwent a revision of total hip arthroplasty and had a satisfactory outcome. Mobilization began within two days after surgery. One-year follow-up revealed no occurrence of long-term complications.
Improving Medical Handover: An SHO-Led Approach to Implementing A Formalized Handover System
Authors: Hallam Rachel , Kumar Kurun , Akintunde Susan , Akinnawonu Opeyemi , Mahmood Saba , Momoh Rabiu
Published: November 2021

Handover is a high-risk exercise. As the number of doctors in hospitals vary between shifts, continuity of care must be secured from many professionals down to a few. Literature has repeatedly shown that handover time is when the greatest number of medical errors occur [1]. Tasks may be inefficiently handover over, mis-represented or forgotten entirely. We have shared perspectives from a quality improvement (QI) project undertaken at the William Harvey Hospital, Kent, United Kingdom towards ensuring safe and smooth handover of medical tasks between shifts at the acute medical department in this hospital.
FETAL ANATOMY OF THE STRUCTURES OF THE BUTTLE REGION IN THE HUMAN FETUS
Authors: Khmara T.
Published: November 2021

In the scientific literature, there are reports on the compression of the nerves of the sacral plexus of the pelvic area or above the gluteal fold in different age periods of a person's life. However, not enough attention is paid by morphologists to the options for the exit of the pudendal, superior and inferior gluteal neurovascular bundles and the sciatic nerve from the pelvic cavity in the perinatal period of human ontogenesis. To perform therapeutic and diagnostic manipulations, as well as surgical interventions in the gluteal region, accurate information is required about the projection-syntopic relationships of the pudendal, superior and lower gluteal neurovascular bundles and the sciatic nerve in human fetuses of different age groups. The study was carried out on 34 preparations of human fetuses, 186.0-310.0 mm parietococcygeal length. The material was fixed in a 7% formalin solution for two weeks, after which the topographic anatomical features of the muscles, blood vessels and nerves of the gluteal region in fetuses of 6-8 months were studied by fine dissection under the control of a binocular loupe. Human fetal preparations were received after artificial termination of pregnancy, which were carried out for social and medical reasons on the basis of district and city maternity hospitals. In 63.24% of the examined fetuses of 6-8 months, the projection of the superior gluteal vessels corresponds to the point located on the border between the upper and middle third osteocetabular line, less often (33.82% of observations) - downward (by 1.5-4, 3 mm) and medially (2.0-4.5 mm) from the specified point, and as an exception (only 3%) - 5.0-5.5 mm laterally from this point. The superior sciatic nerve is located 1.0-3.8 mm lateral to the vessels of the same name. In 75.01% of cases, the lower gluteal vessels leave the pelvis medially (by 2.0-4.7 mm) and down (by 1.5-4.2 mm) from the middle of the osteo-hump line. In 17.64% of observations, the projection of the lower gluteal vessels corresponds to the middle of the osteo-hump line, and in 7.35% of the fetuses, the projection of these vessels is determined 2.5-3.4 mm outward from the point located in the middle of the osteo-hump line. The sciatic nerve leaves the pelvis mainly (75% of observations) medially (2.0-5.4 mm) from the middle of the hump-acetabular line, and in 25% of cases the projection of the sciatic nerve corresponds to the middle of this line.
Privatization of Higher Education in Indonesia
Authors: Hanif Muhammad
Published: November 2021

Abstract: Privatisasi adalah fenomena global yang terjadi di negera maju maupun negara berkembang. Indonesia mengikuti kebijakan privatisasi sebagai bagian dari kesepakatan antara pemerintah dengan IMF untuk pemullihan krisis tahun 1997. Salah satu bidang yang sedang dalam proses privatisasi di Indonesia adalah pendidikan, termasuk pendidikan tinggi. Privatisasi pendidikan adalah kebijakan yang keliru dan seharusnya dihentikan atas dasar pertimbangan:Pertama, pendidikan adalah barang publik (public goods) dan merupakan bagian dari HAM sehingga tidak bisa diprivatisasi. Kedua, privatisasi dapat melemahkan otonomi, karena perguruan tinggi dapat dikontrol oleh investor asing dan lembaga donor. Ketiga, privatisasi memperlemah kekuatan masyarakat sipil (civil society) karena posisi yayasan, tokoh masyarakat, organisasi social dan kegamaan yang mendirikan perguruan tinggi akan diganti oleh investor. Keempat, privatisasi menyebabkan biaya pendidikan tinggi menjadi mahal, sehingga masyarakat tidak bisa belajar di perguruan tinggi. kelima, privatisasi dapat menurunkan kualitas akademik perguruan tinggi khususnya pada bidang humanity, ilmu sosial, dan riset. Keenam, privatisasi yang notabene bagian dari kebijakan neoliberalisme bertentangan dengan Pancasila dan UUD 45 yang berpaham welfare state yang mewajibkan negara memenuhi hak pendidikan warga negaranya.

 

Kata kunci: Privatisasi, Komersialisasi, Pendidikan, Perguruan Tinggi, Hak Asasi Manusia.
Rekontruksi Kurikulum Pondok Pesantren di Era Globalisasi
Authors: Mu'tafi Ali
Published: November 2021

Abstract: For pesantren as a system of education has many problems in facing globalization, many efforts should be done. Among many, curriculum of pesantren becomes the most important aspects to be reconstructed within global perspective since curriculum as one of the most fundamental rute in handling the process of education. Therefore, this paper actually tries to elaboraate the problem of pesantren curriculum in facing globalization and then tries to promote alternative model of curriculum construction. Using sosio-historical perspective, the alternative mcdel oi curriculum reconstruction is done by integrating between both traditional and modern system of education.

Keywords: Pesantren, curriculum, tradisional, globalisasi, and reconstruction.
Modernisasi Pendidikan Islam Ala Soekarno
Authors: Zubaedah Siti
Published: November 2021

Abstract: For Soekarno, Islamic education, as education in general is an arena to sharpen the mind, sharpen the mind, and develop the intellect. Soekarno said that the essential motor of the rethinking of Islam is the return of respect for reason. In addition, islamic education witi be able to grow and move forward if there is a position of equatity between women and men, teachers who are quatified and actually able to become an educator (not just teachers) are constantly thinking about the progress of their students to be able to face her future, and the presence of education system that is mutuatism. Mutual interaction led to a creative, critical, promote dialogue, as well as distance learners from an authoritarian cutture.

Keywords : Soekarno, Islamic education, modernization.
Home Schooling Sebagai Pendidikan Alternatif
Authors: Kasinu Akhmad
Published: November 2021

Abstract: School s as an educational institution which most people regard as the main institution in educating children today begin to doubt. This institution is deemed not able to optimally to achieve these noble ideas. School educational institutions is felt most people only as an institution that targets only the curriculum, concerned with value and achievement as measured on the basis of ranking, are not concerned with the development potential of children, even more, school is considered as an institution that student creatiivity into it. So these days many parents begin to look to the concept of why home schooling began in great demand. This paper will examine why home schoolong should be used as an alternative model of education to answer the lack of success of the school institution in realizing the ideals of the above.

Keywords: Home schooling, Educational Institution.
Hakikat Pendidikan bagi Anak Usia Dini
Authors: Fauzi Fauzi
Published: November 2021

Abstract: Early age is the â€œgolden ageâ€ that will determine the childâ€™s development in subsequent phases. This period should be worked as well as possible to optimize the development of the child in accordance with their potential trough educational stimulation. Children are unique individuals, distinctive, and intact. Therefore the development of early childhood holistically-integrated into the essence of education for young children. Education for young children should be able stimulate the overall the development potential inherent in every child, while education should be able to meet the basic needs of children. In addition, required an integrated program covering health care, human diet, education, mental stimulation, and psychosocial services to meet all basic needs of children. In addition required an integrated program covering health care, human diet, education, mental stimulation, and psychosocial services to meet all basic needs of children (physical, motor, language, mental/moral, emotional, and social) in order to grow and develop optimally according to its potential.

Keywords: Education, Early Chilhood, and Children Development.
Pengembangan Kurikulum Sekolah Bertaraf Internasional
Authors: Purnami Sri
Published: November 2021

Abstract: Development of the connectedness of the world affects the lives of individuals and national institutions. This has prompted the government to develop international education by starting with the pioneering on international standard schools (Rintisan Sekolah Bertaraf International-RSBI) model. The implementation of international standard schools based on the philosophy of existentialism and essentialism / functionalism. RSBI is ordered by the government to adopt the curriculum of one of the OECD countries, that are countries considered to have been developed and established, to be implemented at the school. One of them is a popular Cambridge International Education (CIE), which originated in England. Students will be free how they will learn, how long a period of time, and others. Students may learn at school / educational institutes, self-taught, taught by the parents themselves, tutorials, or private.

Keywords : Curriculum development and RSBI
Pentingnya Pendidikan Nilai Moral Bagi Generasi Penerus
Authors: Nawawi Ahmad
Published: November 2021

Abstract: Moral/ Religion Values Education in Indonesia from 1968 to now a days are still neglected, it has not been addressed in a planned and serious. This is proved by the number of hours learning that has nuances of religious and moral education in minimal, it is only 2 to 4 hours per week than the hours from 34 to 42 hours per week. Whereas by KTSP, it is actually more manageable, so that these needs can be accommodated and fulfilled. Moral/ Religion Values Education is very important for youth as the future generation, that lifted the nationâ€™s dignity, increasing quality of life, life for the better, safe and comfortable and prosperous. Education is to form the next generation who has German brains and has Mecca heart that reflects a balance between knowledge and practice of the moral / religious values. Ideal conditions of the next generation youth, as an individual who is growing, and therefore need to be given the opportunity to grow in proportion, directed, and optimal and get a balanced education services between knowledge and moral / religion education. They have a role and position strategic in the continuity of the nation life. But the factual conditions in the field as it appears in print and electronic media, in fact as the next generation, youths caught up in immoral behavior that is very worrying and fearing even disturbing the public, such as the emergence of biker gangs, fights (students, university students, and even between villages involving mass ). It is predicted as a result of the neglect of Moral Values Education in Indonesia. Therefore, this writing tries to explore based on literature review and the real conditions in the field to obtain a reliable solution / cespleng. Assisted by the Social and Moral Development theories of Albert Bandura and Kohlberg expected a solution to encourage the implementation of Moral/ Religion Values Education in Indonesia.

Keywords: Moral Values Education / Religion, next generation.
KONSEP PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM (PAI) BERBASIS PESANTREN DI LEMBAGA PENDIDIKAN UMUM
Authors: Sudadi Sudadi
Published: November 2021

Penelitian ini berawal dari anggapan umum bahwa sebagian besar generasi Indonesia didominasi oleh masyarakat muslim yang bersekolah di sekolah negeri bukan pada sekolah madrasah, sedangkan Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) yang diajarkan kepada siswa lebih banyak di ajarkan di sekolah madrasah. Akibatnya, banyak siswa siswi beragama Islam memiliki pemahaman yang kurang terhadap agama dan mereka tidak mengerti dengan sempurna (kaffah) tentang nilai-nilai yang terkandung di dalamnya. Pendidikan Islam di sekolah umum seperti sekolah dasar hingga sekolah menengah harus mendapat pengembangan, modifikasi, inovasi dan program pembelajaran tambahan sehingga tujuan integral pendidikan Islam dapat tercapai dengan baik. Sistem  pembelajaran yang lebih optimal dapat dilakukan dengan memodifikasi mata pelajaran PAI secara luas. Selain itu, pendidikan berbasis pesantren diluncurkan di sekolah umum adalah untuk menciptakan siswa agar memiliki karakter moral yang lebih tinggi. Penelitian ini membahas tentang pengembangan dan proses pembelajaran PAI di sekolah umum yang menerapkan program sekolah berbasis pesantren. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan sekolah berbasis pesantren dengan menguraikan perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan evaluasi pada sistem pembelajarannya. Pendekatan analisis dalam kajian ini bersifat naturalistik dengan melakukan diskusi secara komprehensif dan deskriptif pada fokus penelitian dalam system pendidikan terpadu, dengan metode observasi dan wawancara, dilanjutkan dengan menguji validitas data melalui interaksi yang sering dilakukan dengan sumber primer, melakukan obeservasi lebih rajin dan uji triangulasi konduksi. Selain itu penelitian ini mengunakan analisis deskriptif, analisis kasus silang dan penalaran komparatif dan induktif untuk pembahasan dan analisis temuan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa penerapan pendidikan agama Islam berbasis pesantren di sekolah umum memiliki nilai yang baik bagi siswa, karena siswa mampu mempraktekan dan mendalami ilmu agama sebagaimana mestinya.
NILAI-NILAI PENDIDIKAN ISLAM BAGI ANAK USIA DINI DALAM LAGU ISLAMI ANAK USIA DINI
Authors: Sumarni Sumarni , Ali Musyafa
Published: November 2021

Pembelajaran anak usia dini di lembaga TK atau PAUD pastinya tak lekang dari yang namanya bermain dan bernyanyi. Lagu menjadi salah satu media yang sering digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran oleh guru. Ada begitu banyak jenis genre lagu yang ada di Indonesia, dan salah satu genre lagu yang biasa digunakan sebagi media belajar di TK atau PAUD adalah lagu dengan genre religi, dengan tujuan sebagai media penanaman karakter religius bagi anak, sebagai media pengembangan nilai agama moral bagi anak dan lain sebagainya.

            Penelitiann yang dilakukan oleh peneliti digolongkan sebagai penelitian librarary research dengan mengumpulkan data primer dan sekunder terkait dengan lagu-lagu Islami anak usia dini.  Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, guna menginterpretasikan dan menjelaskan objek penelitian, yaitu analisis nilai-nilai religi dalam lagu Islami anak usia dini. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti mengambil beberapa lagu Islami anak usia dini sebagai sampel, yang kemudian akan dianalisis nilai-nilai religi apa yang ada dalam lagu tersebut.

            Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan,
KONSEP HARKAT DAN MARTABAT PEREMPUAN DALAM BUKU HABIS GELAP TERBITLAH TERANG KARYA R.A KARTINI DAN RELEVANSINYA TERHADAP PENDIDIKAN ISLAM
Authors: Marfu'ah Uliyatul
Published: November 2021

Latar belakang penelitian ini berawal dari kekaguman penulis pada buku Habis Gelap Terbitlah Terang karya R.A. Kartini yang memiliki semangat luar biasa dalam memperjuangkan harkat dan martabat perempuan. Perempuan yang tidak dihargai, tidak diakui, dan tidak memiliki kesempatan untuk mengembangkan diri pada masa R.A. Kartini, kini telah memiliki kebebasan. Harkat dan martabatnya terakui oleh masyarakat. Namun seiring perkembangan zaman yang begitu luar biasa. Buku Habis Gelap Terbitlah Terang ini mulai terlupakan oleh masyarakat. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian kualitatif dan jenis penelitian yang penulis lakukan merupakan penelitian kepustakaan (library research). Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan yaitu pendekatan sejarah (histori). Metode pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini disesuaikan dengen jenis penelitian yang dilakukan, yaitu library research maka metode pengumpulan data yang tepat adalah metode pengumpulan dan dokumentasi. Analisis data pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode content analysis. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh penulis tentang konsep harkat dan martabat perempuan dalam pandangan R.A. Kartini dapat disimpulkan bahwa konsep harkat dan martabat perempuan dalam pandangan R.A. Kartini ada tujuh konsep yaitu: perempuan berpendidikan, perempuan berbudi luhur, perempuan berketerampilan, perempuan bebas yang beradab dan terpelajar, laki-laki bekerjasama dengan perempuan, perempuan yang berpengetahuan ilmu agama, serta menghapus sistem kasta di masyarakat. Ketujuh konsep tersebut memiliki hubungan yang erat terhadap pendidikan Islam yang difokuskan pada tujuan pendidikan Islam yaitu memfasilitasi perempuan untuk mengembangkan diri, baik dalam ranah individu, keluarga, sosial dan dalam berkarya sehingga terciptalah insan kamil.
NILAI, PERAN, SERTA FUNGSI SHALAT DAN MASJID DALAM MENYIKAPI PROBLEMATIKA MASYARAKAT MODERN
Authors: Kurahman Taufik
Published: November 2021

Religion doesnâ€™t only teach vertical worship, but also teaches horizontal worship. The point is that religion leads people, as social beings, to live kindly with others. Shalat in Islam contains two aspects above. Prayers (shalat) are preferred for doing congregrated. The aims are to gether people in one place, so they able to socialize with others. In addition, masjid can also be used as a socialization place, not only as a worship place. Even less in modern era, where there is a distance between individuals and their society. To treat the disease of modern society, the author sees that masjid can be used as a medium to unite the individualist modern society. In this case, the autor makes Masjid Nabawi as a model role. By observing the values of congregational prayer, roles and functions of Masjid Nabawi in Prophet era, the author offers that masjid can be used as a place for society to socialize.
REINTERPRETATION OF HIJAB CONCEPT IN THE VIEW OF MURTADHA MUTAHHARI
Authors: Khair Nurul
Published: November 2021

In the view of Millennial society, Hijab was better known as fashion for woman to look beautiful. Itâ€™s proven by the presence of so many tutorials wearing Hijab with various models showed on Youtube. Those tutorials influenced women views that to make them look completely enchanting they should wear Hijab. As the consequence, Hijab what must be believed to be an obligation and the guidance of the Shariâ€™a, itâ€™s even understood by women as a form of need and desire only, and itâ€™s especially just to attract man attentions. Former times, Hijab was understood by people as a symbol of glory and a form of the obedience of a woman to God. But, now, due to misunderstanding of the meaning and the essence of Hijab, itâ€™s misused by women in this Millennial era. To solve this problem, itâ€™s required a philosophical study. This study is expected to be one way to refine meaning of the essence of Hijab. To look further, we can study some views of Sayid Murtadha Muthahhari. He was one of contemporary Iranian philosophers who refined the essence of Hijab. In Murtadha Mutahhari philosophical views, he offered to us four meaning of the essence of Hijab, those were the first was psychological tranquility, the second was strengthen the relationship of husband and wife, the third was the glory and honor of women, and the fourth was strengthen of the society. In another hand, he also offered to us three reasons that why women must wear Hijab. Itâ€™s economic reasons, social reason, and ethical reason. This Study is trying to refine and inform the meaning of the essence of hijab to Moslem society through Murtadha Mutahhari philosophical view.
PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DAN PERKEMBANGAN PSIKOLOGI ANAK DALAM DONGENG BURUNG MERPATI DAN SEMUT MERAH
Authors: Arif Fani Mauliya Nandra
Published: November 2021

This study aims to describe the values of character education in the tale â€œThe Pigeon and The Red Antâ€ that is concerned with child psychology development. This study is qualitative study using descriptive method. This study focus to character in tale â€œâ€œThe Pigeon and The Red Antâ€ that is concerned with child psychology development in the first their growth age. The social values as help each other, care, creative, and response to phenomenon of around that is found in this tale can create good personality for children in develpment of their psychology.
Regulation A+ Sebagai Alternatif Penghimpun Dana Untuk UMKM Dan Start-Up
Authors: Dinda Silviana Putri
Published: November 2021

Capital is a problem that is often faced by start-up companies and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). On the other hand, these activities are often the choice of Indonesia's lower and middle class as an effort to improve their economy. For this reason, the Government through the Financial Services Authority (OJK) provides steps to raise capital through a crowdfunding method using information technology (equity crowdfunding / ECF). ECF activities are a solution for start-ups and MSMEs to raise capital in ways that are almost similar to Initial Public Offering (IPO) activities by involving publishers, organizers, and investors. Unfortunately, even though it has been going on since 2018, business activities using the ECF as a real effort to provide additional capital have not been maximally implemented. This is because there are several records that can hinder the optimization of the ECF itself, such as the Investors criteria, shares Flexibility, and maximum securities ownership.

This research is normative legal research using a conceptual approach, a statutory approach, and a comparative approach and the development of ECF regulations in Indonesia and reformation on investor limitation law in the ECF in Indonesia as research problems.

The results of this study indicate that the application and regulation of the ECF in Indonesia still have various deficiencies. Therefore, a solution is needed by adopting several provisions in Regulation A + in America as an effort to overcome these deficiencies.
Self-extubation after major trauma: another trauma?
Authors: Cho Hye Jung , Jang Sung Woo , Jung Pil Young
Published: November 2021

Self-extubation can lead to detrimental outcomes for the patient. Complications that result from self-extubation range from laryngeal injury, respiratory distress, arrhythmia, pneumonia, to even death. With respect to patient safety, not only is prevention of self-extubation one of the most important goals in all intensive care units around the world, but also it is one of the most common mishaps in the area of intensive care. Since self-extubation and consequent re-intubation are unexpected events, they can embarrass the medical staff and negatively affect the treatment choice, and consequently, require other invasive procedures that may not have been necessary. The most important thing for patients exposed to self-extubation is to keep in mind the presence of airway damage, which can be confirmed through our experience as described here, through repeated re-intubations and eventually tracheostomy.
La teoría de la prehistoria humana de Karl Marx
Authors: Boltvinik Julio
Published: November 2021

Se configura la teoría de la prehistoria de Marx, cuyo inicio (antropogénesis) está marcado por la fabricación de herramientas, haciendo del trabajo humano una actividad vital dirigida a la satisfacción mediada de necesidades, lo que lo convierte en ser que puede transformar toda la naturaleza en objeto de su actividad, un ser universal. Para este inicio el artículo sigue la antropología filosófica de Marx-Márkus. El fin de la prehistoria se hace posible cuando el ser humano crea las condiciones para superar la escasez y la alienación. Esto se apoya en un pasaje de los Grundrisse que explica el límite objetivo del capitalismo. Abundancia y superación del capitalismo: prerrequisitos del inicio de la historia del ser humano plenamente creativo.
Territorios configurados en el departamento de Ayacucho a inicios del siglo XX: las provincias “alejadas” y la alteridad indígena quechua
Authors: Del Aguila Irma Norka
Published: November 2021

El artículo se propone examinar, desde el enfoque del territorio, los cambios que se produjeron en el departamento andino de Ayacucho a inicios del siglo XX. Se intenta complejizar el concepto desde las ciencias sociales con la introducción de las dimensiones simbólicas: Se conciben las provincias “alejadas” y las “próximas”, respecto de un “centro” huamanguino. Circulan flujos económicos que articulan y desarticulan el territorio departamental y se imaginan “distancias” físicas y evolutivas que separan a esas provincias “alejadas” de la modernidad. Reflexiona, asimismo, sobre el ordenamiento social que suscribe un discurso racialista que configura un “territorio” de la alteridad. Ese “lugar” es, en realidad, un tiempo espacializado, donde moran los indígenas: un “atrás” en el tiempo y un espacio distinto del mundo contemporáneo.
Las estrategias de las principales empresas agroindustriales de soja en Argentina 1980-2011: los casos de Bunge, Cargill y LDC desde un enfoque internacional
Authors: Naspleda Federico Daniel
Published: November 2021

En Argentina entre los años 1980-2011 las producciones de aceite y harina de soja crecieron a tal punto de convertirse en las más importantes del mundo. Bunge, Cargill y Dreyfus van terminar liderando la competencia en este rubro por las tácticas desarrolladas en los tres países más productivos: Argentina, Brasil y EE.UU. El objetivo de este trabajo es comprender las estrategias realizadas por estas corporaciones en los tres países de referencia para explicar la formación de una posición competitiva única en Argentina basada en la integración vertical. Se aplican métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos mediante un análisis teórico y descriptivo del contexto mundial y local.
El rol de las agronomías y acopios en la consolidación del modelo de agronegocios en Balcarce (2000 – 2019)
Authors: Bruno Mariana Paola , Viteri Maria Laura , Sili Marcelo
Published: November 2021

El objetivo de este trabajo es reflexionar sobre el rol de las agronomías y acopios en la construcción social del territorio de Balcarce (sudeste bonaerense) a partir del año 2000. Para ello, se focaliza en las interacciones entre lo global y local, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas a responsables de empresas, empleados e informantes calificados. Se concluye que los distribuidores de agroinsumos son clave en la organización de los sistemas productivos locales. Las prácticas e interacciones entre los diferentes actores de este ensamblaje colaboran en la construcción de un espacio de control y disciplinamiento al comando de las empresas transnacionales.
Interaction soil compaction and soil moisture in physiological responses of freshly planted coffee
Authors: Dias Samuel Moreira , França André Cabral , Silva Ricardo Siqueira da , Carvalho Rita de Cassia Ribeiro , Aguiar Fabrício Resende de
Published: November 2021

In the field, coffee is subject to the stress of soil compaction and lack of water, which may cause changes in the physiological responses of the plant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological responses of the coffee tree under different soil moisture content and compaction degrees in the soil subsurface. The experimental design was in blocks, arranged in a factorial scheme, with four replications. The first factor corresponds to the two wetlands, 50 and 100% of the soil field capacity. The second factor corresponds to 60, 70, 80 and 90% of soil subsurface compaction. The experimental plot consisted of a Coffea arabica L. plant grown on a polyvinyl chloride column. The physiological responses were evaluated at 180 days of planting. The photosynthetic rate, carbon consumption, CO2 concentration in the substamatic chamber, internal carbon / atmospheric carbon ratio, water efficiency and absolute coffee growth rate were influenced by the different compaction degrees and soil moisture content. The transpiration rate and the root weight ratio were influenced only by the humidity, as opposed to the stomatal conductance and the foliar temperature, which were by degrees of compaction. The ratio of root system per soil layer was influenced by compaction degrees and soil depth. The limitation of root growth and lack of water are the main causes of the decrease in physiological responses. Subsurface compaction and water deficit together potentiate the effect negatively on the physiological responses of freshly seeded coffee plants.
Prevalence of Diarrheagenic E. Coli Among Hospitalized Children in a Clinical Centre
Authors: Velev V. , Pavlova M. , Alexandrova E. , Popov M. , Ivanov I. R.
Published: November 2021

Introduction. Escherichia coli is a common cause of acute diarrhea mainly in young children and, less frequently, in elderly or immunosuppressed patients. Many types of E. coli are part of the normal enteric flora, but can cause urinary tract or nervous system infections.

Objective. To study the prevalence of the main types and serogroups of diarrheagenic E. coli among hospitalized children with enteric infections.

Material and methods. Over a period of 5 years, 1,160 hospitalized children with acute diarrhea syndrome were studied. Fecal samples underwent culturing, biochemical and phenotypic identification.

Results. Among the studied patients, 112/1,160 children (9.7%) had diarrhea caused by E. coli, and only 4 of the isolates were lactose-negative. The most common was diarrhea caused by ETEC – 65/112 (58.0%), followed by EPEC – 38/112 (33.9%), and in third place – EHES 9/112 (8.0%). We did not isolate EIEC types. Depending on the group of E. coli, we observed some differences in the clinical presentation and specifics in the distribution of patients by age.

Conclusion. The study shows that this causative agent is common among Bulgarian children with diarrhea. Unfortunately, in Bulgaria the microbiological network is still not able to adequately respond to the challenges of the extended serodiagnosis for detection of diarrheagenic E. coli, which is performed in Western Europe and North America.
Abernethy Malformation Type II in a 70-Year-Old Patient with Angina Pectoris
Authors: Gandileva V. , Makaveeva P. , Tabakova D. , Valerieva T. , Simova I. , Petkov P. , Niagolova S. , Hristov V. , Poposki S. , Dimitrov N. , Vekov T.
Published: November 2021

Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (ECPSS) are rare developmental anomalies in which a variable portion of the portal blood bypasses the liver and is shunted in the systemic circulation via one or more aberrant vessels. We present a clinical case of a 70-year-old man, who was referred to the Cardiology Department because of exertional dyspnea, fatigue, and feeling of heaviness and pressure behind the sternum. MDCT of the aorta was performed and an aberrant vessel was discovered with communication with the left iliac vein on one side and superior mesenteric and splenic veins on the other. The portal vein was hypoplastic. The radiologic findings were suggestive of malformation of Abernethy. The ECPSS can be classified into 2 main groups (with complete and partial shunting). The patients have different clinical presentation. Some of them are completely asymptomatic while in others the shunt can manifest even before birth as fetal growth retardation or in the early neonatal period with neonatal cholestasis and galactosemia. Common complications are hepatic encephalopathy and hepatopulmonary syndrome and there is a wide variety of concomitant abnormalities. The imaging modalities play a crucial role in the diagnosis, classification, follow-up and the proper choice of therapeutic management in patients with ECPSS.
A Rare Case of Juvenile X-Linked Retinoschisis
Authors: Mermeklieva E. , Vasileva P.
Published: November 2021

Aim: To present a rare clinical case of X-linked retinoschisis, confirmed clinically, electrophysiologically and genetically.

Material and methods: A 12-year-old boy underwent detailed ophthalmic examination including fundus photography, full-field, multifocal and pattern electroretinography, visual field testing, optical coherence tomography, which established the clinical diagnosis, confirmed also genetically.

Results: The clinical findings included a slight loss of vision, central and paracentral scotomas, a characteristic spoke-wheel pattern appearance of the macula in fundoscopy and the pathognomic appearance of splitting of the retinal layers in the macula with foveal schisis with cystic spaces on OCT. Reduced cone and rod ERG responds were detected with the characteristic decreasing of b-ware near the isoelectric line. The genetic analysis found that the patient was hemizygous for the missense mutation c.598G>A (p.Arg200Cys) of RS1 gene, coming from his asymptomatic mother.

Conclusion: The comprehensive clinical, electrophysiological and genetic testing of patients with rare hereditary retinal dystrophies is essential for the correct diagnosis and the choice of therapeutic approach.
Significance of the Dominant Psychological and Physiological Aspects of the Occupational Stress Models
Authors: Simeonova S. , Nikolova R.
Published: November 2021

The importance of the dominant psychological and physiological aspects of occupational stress models is a significant topic for researchers working in the field of medicine. Modern society faces significant problems in the detection and management of stress due to its growing impact on the functional state of working individuals. Ensuring safe and healthy working conditions is necessary to deal with the adverse effects of occupational stress on health. Controlling and reducing stress is possible by revealing the causal psychophysiological links in the mechanisms of work-related stress. Scientifically based stress management is based on the categories and concepts underlying occupational stress models. Modern work-related models of stress describe and study not only the adverse characteristics of the work process, but also the factors that stimulate the health and well-being of the individual. Monitoring occupational stress is part of the process of neutralizing and eliminating it. In today’s dynamic world, it is not enough to expect only quality performance of the professional duties of employees, but the commitment of managers working in the field of health care is needed to analyse and manage the dominant psychological and physiological aspects of occupational stress models and prevent adverse aspects of models of this type of stress at work.
Current Knowledge About the Implication of Bacterial Microbiota in Human Health and Disease
Authors: Nikolova D.
Published: November 2021

Recent advances in molecular genetics and the invention of new technologies led to a development in our knowledge about human microbiota, specifically bacterial one. The microbiota plays a fundamental role in the immunologic, hormonal and metabolic homeostasis of the host. After the initiation of the Human Microbiome Project, it became clear that the human microbiota consists of the 10-100 trillion symbiotic microbial cells harbored by each person, primarily bacteria in the gut, but also in other spots as the skin, mouth, nose, and vagina. Despite of the differences in studying bacterial species, decreased bacterial diversity and persistence has been connected with several diverse human diseases primarily diabetes, IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) and others; attempts were made even to explain psychiatric pathology. Several species emerged as dominant and were clearly linked to certain disorders or accepted as biomarkers of others. The current review aims to discuss key issues of our current knowledge about bacteria in human, the difficulties and methods of its analysis, its contribution to human health and responsibility for human diseases.
Current Trends in the Gene Therapy of Hematologic Disorders
Authors: Nikolova D.
Published: November 2021

Recent advances in molecular genetics and the invention of new technologies led to an advance in the development of gene therapy. Gene therapy is used to correct defective genes in order to cure a disease or help the body better fight a disease. It works by restoring or modifying cellular functions through the introduction of a functional gene into the target cell. The concept of gene therapy is simple, but introducing it to routine clinical practice is not. The main concerns are related to some safety issues as well as to the problem that maintaining a stable and prolonged expression in target cells may not be easily achieved. In spite of the difficulties, gene therapy remains a hope for many hematological disorders that cannot be effectively treated so far. This article reviews the current status of gene therapy with a focus on hematological disorders. In addition, clinically applied approaches are presented through particular examples of approved gene therapy drugs.
Possible Hypothetical Mode of Action of ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy) Based on DNA Dipole Character and Epigenetics
Authors: Koch H. J.
Published: November 2021

The human genome consists of roughly 23000 genes which cannot explain the enormous diversity of proteins or behavior. A second epigenetic code warrants adaptive variation of gene expression. The rationale of this variation are transfer reactions such as methylation, acetylation or phosphorylation of DNA or histones including reverse reactions which are supposed to be altered by electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The method has been successfully used since the 1930ies but the underlying molecular mechanism of action has not been elucidated yet. The paper discusses the theoretical involvement of epigenetic gene expression as an adaptive process to explain biochemical changes after ECT administration.
Physical Activity and Rehabilitation – A Key to Healthy Aging
Authors: Mihaylova V. , Ivanova I. , Alakidi A. , Kilova K. , Liochkova M.
Published: November 2021

A doctrine was established regarding the so called “new beginning” – the transition to the post-retirement period for a full-value experience of the available compensatory reserves and creation of overcoming strategies for opposing and coping with the obstacles in the still uncommon lifestyle of the senior citizen. By outlining the role of physical activity in a synthesized format, a successful attempt for data classification worldwide was made; in one fourth of the elderly people there is insufficient physical activity, more evident in the women and for Bulgaria this percent is higher (95%). The role and effect of categorized physical exercises for mobility, flexibility, and stretching, aerobic and anaerobic movements have been pointed out. Moreover, the review discusses the preventive effects of rehabilitation, including psychological ones and the role of it in helping patients live with socially significant diseases, coping with disability. The contribution of physical activity and rehabilitation as protective factors of non-infectious diseases is associated with good mental health, improved quality of life and well-being. Within this meaning, while contemporary medicine adds years to life, physical activity and mostly rehabilitation is a significant reason for adding a meaningful life in the course of aging and old age.
Association of X Chromosome Aberrations with Male Infertility
Authors: Xharra S. , Behluli E. , Moder A. , Nefic H. , Hadziselimovic R. , Temaj G.
Published: November 2021

Male infertility is caused by spermatogenetic failure, clinically noted as oligoor azoospermia. Approximately 20% of infertile patients carry a genetic defect. The most frequent genetic defect leading to azoospermia (or severe oligozoospermia) is Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY), which is numerical chromosomal abnormality and Y- structural chromosome aberration. The human X chromosome is the most stable of all human chromosomes. The X chromosome is loaded with regions of acquired, rapidly evolving genes. The X chromosome may actually play an essential role in male infertility and sperm production. Here we will describe X chromosome aberrations, which are associated with male infertility.