bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defining Abstinence: Views of Directors, Instructors, and Participants in Abstinence‐Only‐Until‐Marriage Programs in Texas
Authors: Goodson Patricia , Suther Sandy , Pruitt B.E. (Buzz) , Wilson Kelly
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study examined how program directors, instructors, and participant youth from a sample of federally funded absti‐nence‐only‐until‐marriage education programs in Texas define the term “abstinence” and its object (from what one abstains). A sample of eight programs, from the 32 federally funded programs in the state (funded in fiscal year 2000–2001), were selected for in‐depth case studies. Interviews were conducted with 29 program staff (10 directors and 19 instructors). Six focus group sessions were held with youth participating in the programs. Interview and focus group transcripts were analyzed qualitatively, with salient themes being coded and counted. Results are presented in terms of frequency of mention of each theme/code. Most respondents (80% of program directors, 89% of instructors, 83% of focus groups) provided definitions of abstinence containing both positive and negative elements. Positive‐patterned definitions emphasized specific attitudes and behaviors that must be internalized by youth (Internal Management; Values/Attitudes Incorporation; Abstinence as an Option; Investment in the Future). Negative definitions stressed restraint and avoidance, and focused on the objects of abstinence (Sexual/Vaginal Intercourse; Oral Sex; Anal Sex; Pre‐Coital Behaviors; Behaviors with Purpose of Sexual Arousal; Non‐Sexual Behaviors), Each element was mentioned by at least 26% of program staff and in at least 17% of youth focus groups. Results indicated substantial variability in how the term “abstinence” is defined. Such variability has implications for development of abstinence education programs, as well as for implementation of valid, equitable, and useful evaluations.
Comparing Unintentional and Intentional Injuries in a School Setting
Authors: Limbos Mary Ann P. , Peek‐Asa Corinne
Published: October 2009

This study determined the incidence of violence‐related injuries in an urban school district, and compared characteristics of unintentional and intentional school injuries. A sample of student Accident Report Forms completed for a school district in 1997 were reviewed for demographic characteristics of the student and injury characteristics. Injuries were categorized as unintentional, intentional, or of unknown intent. Annual incidence rates of injury per 100 students were calculated by intention, grade, and gender. Comparisons between unintentional and intentional injuries were made using odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Of 11,674 annualized injuries, 77.2% were unintentional, 16.8% were intentional, and 6.0% were of unknown intent. The overall annualized injury rate was 1.74 injuries per 100 students/year. The unintentional injury rate was almost five times the intentional injury rate of 0.29 injuries per 100 students/year. High school students had both the highest unintentional and intentional injury rates. Males in all grade levels had the highest rates of injury. Most injuries occurred during school hours. Intentional injuries were almost three times more likely to be associated with unstructured play or after school playground hours; were less likely to be witnessed events; and were more likely to occur on the surrounding school grounds than unintentional injuries. Unintentional injuries represent a greater risk to school children than do intentional injuries. A potential area to focus interventions for intentional injuries are modifications of the school environment and surrounding grounds to improve supervision and monitoring.
Adolescent Homosexuality and Concerns Regarding Disclosure
Authors: Harrison Therese W.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Development of sexual identity in middle childhood and early adolescence is a natural process. However, it is more stressful for homosexual adolescents. Society continues to stigmatize and marginalize homosexuality. To avoid rejection and hostility, homosexual adolescents are pressured to hide their sexual identities. This fact compounds the anticipated normal developmental concerns of adolescence, and can create unique problems for the homosexual adolescents. Homosexuality can place them at risk for social stigmatization, isolation, depression, suicide, abuse, and rejection by their families and friends. During this exceptionally stressful time, both adolescent students and their families need anticipatory guidance and support. In providing anticipatory guidance, this article discusses critical roles played by professionals who work with adolescents in community or school settings. Included are insights into development of this normal variant of sexual attraction and orientation, risks that homosexual adolescent students may face as well as their disclosure concerns, and possible reactions families may have following disclosure. Supporting homosexual adolescents and their families is emphasized with regard to sensitively providing information, disclosure decisions, coping with stigmatization. and resiliency factors.
Association of Parental Involvement and Social Competence with School Adjustment and Engagement Among Sixth Graders
Authors: Simons‐Morton Bruce G. , Crump Aria Davis
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: To identify factors associated with school adjustment and engagement, 1,267 sixth graders in four middle schools in one US school district were surveyed at the beginning (Time I) of the school year, 1,081 (85.3%) of whom were surveyed again at the end (Time 2). School adjustment was higher for girls than boys at both Time 1 and Time 2 and the decline was less for girls than boys and Whites than Blacks. School engagement also declined significantly from Time 1 to Time 2, but no differences existed among subgroups. In multiple linear regression analyses, female gender, school engagement, social competence, parental involvement, and depressive symptoms (negative association) assessed at Time 1 were associated with school adjustment assessed cross‐sectionally at Time 1 and prospectively at Time 2. Social competence and parental involvement assessed at Time 1 were associated with school engagement assessed at Time 1 and Time 2. Findings confirm the decline in school adjustment and engagement during middle school and provide evidence that parental involvement and social competence may be protective against declines in these variables.
A Role for Community HealthCorps Members in Youth HIV/AIDS Prevention Education
Authors: Morris Leslie A. , Ulmer Cheryl , Chimnani Jaya
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: One‐half of all new infections with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) occur in young people under age 25. While many markers for the spread of HIV/AIDS have been declining, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports no similar reduction in newly diagnosed HIV cases among youth. These findings point to the need for greater prevention and education efforts to help curb the spread of HIV/AIDS among the nation's youth. Community HealthCorps members working in community health centers provided HIV/AIDS prevention education to youth as part of their community service work. After HealthCorps members received training in the HIV/AIDS prevention curriculum, Be Proud! Be Responsible!, they recruited young people from their communities to participate in the program. HealthCorps members provided prevention education to students to ensure they acquired basic knowledge about HIV/AIDS on which to base personal decisions and actions. Staff of the Adolescent School Health Initiative of the National Association of Community Health Centers assessed the impact of the education on youth knowledge ofHIV/AIDS, understanding of personal risk, their ability to refuse or negotiate safer sex, and proper use of condoms. This article highlights findings and summarizes lessons learned from the prevention education initiative.
Variation in School Health Policies and Programs by Demographic Characteristics of US Schools
Authors: Brener Nancy D. , Jones Sherry Everett , Kann Laura , McManus Tim
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: To understand the relationship between demographic characteristics of schools and school health policies and programs, this study analyzed data from the School Health Policies and Programs Study (SHPPS) 2000. SHPPS 2000 provides nationally representative data on eight components of school health. Data were collected from school faculty and staff using onsite, computer‐assisted personal interviews, then linked with extant data on school characteristics. Results from a series of regression analyses indicated that the presence of most policies and programs examined differed according to school type (public, private, or Catholic), urbanicity, school enrollment size, per‐pupil expenditure, percentage of White students and, among high schools, percentage of college‐bound students. No one type of school, however, was more likely than another type to have all key aspects of a school health program in place. Regardless of school characteristics, all schools are capable of implementing quality school health programs.
Relationship Between Student Illicit Drug Use and School Drug‐Testing Policies
Authors: Yamaguchi Ryoko , Johnston Lloyd D. , O'Malley Patrick M.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This report provides information about drug testing by American secondary schools, based on results from national surveys. The study provides descriptive information on drug‐testing practices by schools from 1998 to 2001, and examines the association between drug testing by schools and reported drug use by students. School‐level data on drug testing were obtained through the Youth, Education, and Society study, and student‐level survey data were obtained from the same schools participating in the Monitoring the Future study. A relatively small percentage of schools (about 18%) reported testing students for drug use, with more high schools than middle schools reporting drug testing. Drug testing was not associated with students' reported illicit drug use, or with rate of use among experienced marijuana users. Drug testing of athletes was not associated with illicit drug use among male high school athletes. Policy implications are discussed.
The Nature and Extent of Bullying at School
Authors: Dake Joseph A. , Price James H. , Telljohann Susan K.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: In elementary schools, the prevalence of bullying ranges from 11.3% in Finland to 49.8% in Ireland. The only United States study of elementary students found that 19% were bullied. Bullying behavior declines as students progress through the grades. School bullying is associated with numerous physical, mental, and social detriments. A relationship also exists between student bullying behavior and school issues such as academic achievement, school bonding, and absenteeism. Prevention of school bullying should become a priority issue for schools. The most effective methods of bullying reduction involve a whole school approach. This method includes assessing the problem, planning school conference days, providing belter supervision at recess, forming a bullying prevention coordinating group, encouraging parent‐teacher meetings, establishing classroom rules against bullying, holding classroom meetings about bullying, requiring talks with the bullies and victims, and scheduling talks with the parents of involved students. Finally, this review suggests further studies needed to help ameliorate the bullying problem in US schools.
Do School‐Based Health Centers Provide Adequate Asthma Care?
Authors: Oruwariye Tosan , Webber Mayris P. , Ozuah Phillip
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: School‐based health centers (SBHCs) are increasingly charged with providing primary care services including asthma care. This study assessed SBHC provider adherence to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) asthma care guidelines and the association among provider adherence, patient characteristics, and asthma outcomes. A cross‐sectional study design was used to assess SBHC chart data from 415 children with asthma attending four inner‐city elementary schools (K‐5) in the Bronx, NY. Asthma symptoms, peak flow use, follow‐up visits, and referrals to asthma specialists were documented in the charts of 60%, 51%, 22%, and 3% of subjects, respectively. Thirty‐three percent of charts had SBHC clinician‐documented severity classifications, of which 70% had appropriate medications prescribed. Asthma education and an asthma plan were documented in 18% and 10% of charts, respectively. Environmental triggers and tobacco exposures were documented in 71% and 49% of charts, respectively. Older children (> 8 years) were more likely to have documentation of peak flow use for asthma management, asthma education, follow‐up visits, and written asthma plans, whereas younger children (< 8 years) were more likely to miss more days of school (all p < .05). Overall, provider adherence to NHLBI guidelines was inadequate, with adherence somewhat better for older children.
Gender Differences in the Consequences of a Coercive Sexual Experience Among Adolescents Attending Alternative Schools
Authors: Buzi Ruth S. , Tortolero Susan R. , Roberts Robert E. , Ross Michael W. , Markham Christine M. , Fleschler Melissa
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Of 490 middle and high school students attending alternative schools who participated in this study, 18.2% of females and 6.7% of males reported a past unwanted sexual experience. Relative to nonabused subjects, female and male adolescents who reported a forced sexual experience were more likely to exhibit externalizing problems such as sexual risk behaviors and internalizing problems such as depression and suicidal thoughts in the past two weeks. Females with a history of a coercive sexual experience also had increased odds of drug and alcohol use, and violence‐related behaviors. The magnitude of these associations ranged from a twofold increase to a tenfold increase. Controlling for ethnicity, family income, and family support had less impact on the strength of associations between a forced sexual experience and sexual risk behaviors for females than for males. A forced sexual experience remained significantly associated with depression for females and suicidal thoughts for males. Alcohol use in the past 30 days was the only substance use‐related problem that remained significant for females. Violence‐related behaviors did not remain significant in the presence of control variables for females. Interventions focusing on adolescents with a history of a coercive sexual experience in general, and in alternative schools in particular, are suggested by these results. More research focusing on the differential impact of a coercive sexual experience on males and females is crucial.
A Sport‐Based Intervention for Preventing Alcohol Use and Promoting Physical Activity Among Adolescents
Authors: Werch Chudley (Chad) , Moore Michele , DiClemente Carlo C. , Owen Deborah M. , Jobli Edessa , Bledsoe Rhonda
Published: October 2009

This study tested the potential of a novel intervention addressing alcohol prevention within the context of a sport program. Study participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups, with one group receiving the sport consultation (Sport), a second the sport consultation plus an alcohol consultation (Sport Plus), and a third a sport consultation, alcohol consultation, and mailed parent print materials (Sport Plus Parent). Researchers recruited 465 eighth graders from three schools in the northeast Florida region to participate in the study. The Youth Alcohol and Health Survey' was used to collect data on alcohol and drug consumption, alcohol use risk and protective factors, and exercise habits at baseline and three‐month post‐intervention. Significant time effects (p's < .05) were found on three of six alcohol measures, both exercise measures, and four risk/protective factors, with all but one risk factor showing improvements over time. Time by assignment by current drinking status (yes/no) interaction effects (p'. < .05) were found on alcohol initiation, length of alcohol use, quantity, heavy use, moderate physical activity, and four risk/protective factors, with preintervention drinking adolescents exposed to the Sport intervention showing the greatest improvements on all hut two measures. Findings suggest that a brief sport‐based screen and consultation tailored to adolescents' health habits, with and without parent materials, may potentially reduce alcohol use while increasing exercise frequency.
Issues of Medication Administration and Control in Iowa Schools
Authors: Farris Karen B. , McCarthy Ann Marie , Kelly Michael W. , Clay Daniel , Gross Jami N.
Published: October 2009

Who is responsible for medication administration at school? To answer this question, a descriptive, self‐administered survey was mailed to a random sample of 850 school principals in Iowa. The eight‐page, 57‐item, anonymous survey was mailed first class, and a follow‐up reminder post card was mailed two weeks later. Descriptive analyses were conducted, with type of respondent (principal versus school nurse), grade level, and size of school examined to explore differences. A 46.6% response rate was obtained; 97% of respondents indicated their schools had written guidelines for medication administration. Principals (41%) and school nurses (34%) reported that they have the ultimate legal responsibility for medication administration. Policies for medication administration on field trips were available in schools of 73.6% of respondents. High schools were more likely to allow self‐medication than other grade levels. “Missed dose” was the most common medication error. The main reasons contributing to medication administration errors included poor communication among school, family, and healthcare providers, and the increased number of students on medication. It remains unclear who holds ultimate repsonsibility for medication administration in schools. Written policies typically exist for medication administration at school, but not field trips. Communicating medication changes to schools, and ensuring medications are available at school, likely can reduce medication administration errors.
Impact of the Life Skills Training Curriculum on Middle School Students Tobacco Use in Marion County, Indiana, 1997–2000
Authors: Zollinger Terrell W. , Saywell Robert M. , Muegge Carolyn M. , Wooldridge J. Scott , Cummings Sandra F. , Caine Virginia A.
Published: October 2009

Evaluation of school‐based tobacco prevention and control programs have yielded mixed results. This study assessed the impact of the Life Skills Training curriculum on Marion County, Ind., middle school students' knowledge, attitudes, and ability to make good lifestyle decisions. From 1997 to 2000, students in grades six to eight in the study schools received the Life Skills Training curriculum. Survey data (n = 1,598) were used to compare tobacco use behavior, attitudes, and knowledge of those exposed with those not exposed to the program. Of the students surveyed, 12.5% were currently smoking. There were significantly fewer current smokers, and more students exposed to the program indicated they intended to stay smoke‐free. Fewer of those participating in the program “hung out” with smokers and more said they could easily refuse a cigarette if offered one. Students completing the Life Skills Training curriculum were more knowledgeable about the health effects of smoking. Program effects were different for male and female students as well as for White and Black students.
Teacher Perceptions and Practices Regarding School Bullying Prevention
Authors: Dake Joseph A. , Price James H. , Telljohann Susan K. , Funk Jeanne B.
Published: October 2009

This study examined a national random sample of teachers regarding their perceptions and practices concerning school bullying prevention activities. A total of 359 of 700 (52.4%) teachers responded. Most (86.3%) teachers had serious talks with both the bully and victim. Less than one‐third set aside classroom time to discuss bullying (31.7%) or involved students in creating classroom rules against bullying (31.2%). Most perceived no barriers to implementing these activities. Teachers perceived post‐bullying activities as the most effective means of reducing bullying problems, followed by improved student supervision, and by environmental bullying prevention activities. The findings suggest that preprofessional and continuing education are needed to improve teacher knowledge about effective classroom‐based bullying prevention activities.
Elementary School Teachers' Techniques of Responding to Student Questions Regarding Sexuality Issues
Authors: Price James H. , Dake Joseph A. , Kirchofer Gregg , Telljohann Susan K.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Fifth‐ and sixth‐grade elementary school teachers' (n = 277) techniques of responding to students' human sexuality‐related questions were assessed. Few teachers (34%) reported receiving formal training in sexuality education. The most commonly asked student questions dealt with STDs, puberty, homosexuality, pregnancy, and abortion. Teachers' willingness to answer sexually‐related questions in front of the class varied (73% to 14%) by content of the question. There were no questions on the questionnaire in which more than one in five teachers would choose not to answer. The most common questions the teachers identified they would not respond to dealt with topics such as abortion, masturbation, homosexuality, and issues about the male genitals. Finally, none of the questions was perceived by more than one in eight of the teachers as questions they would not be allowed to answer.
Reporting of Validity from School Health Promotion Studies Published in 12 Leading Journals, 1996–2000
Authors: Estabrooks Paul , Dzewaltowski David A. , Glasgow Russell E. , Klesges Lisa M.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: A targeted review was conducted of school‐based, controlled intervention studies that promoted good nutrition, physical activity, or smoking cessation/prevention, and were published in one of 12 leading health behavior journals between 1996 and 2000. The RE‐AIM framework was used to evaluate the extent to which each paper reported on elements of reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation, and maintenance. Thirty‐two publications were reviewed. Reporting rates across the RE‐AIM dimensions varied substantially: Reach = 59.3%; Efficacy = 100%; Adoption = 14.8%; Implementation = 37%; Maintenance = 25.9% for individuals, 0% for schools. Few studies reported if characteristics of the study sample were representative of those found in the broader population of students or schools. Among studies reporting on the RE‐AIM dimensions, participation rates generally were high (median 82%), adoption rates were moderate (median 72.5%), and reports of implementation were high (87%). To increase the potential to translate controlled research to “real‐world” practice conditions, a stronger emphasis should be placed on reporting the representativeness of the sample of students and schools.
Integrating School‐Based and Therapeutic Conflict Management Models at Schools
Authors: D'Oosterlinck Franky , Broekaert Eric
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Including children with emotional and behavioral needs in mainstream school systems leads to growing concern about the increasing number of violent and nonviolent conflicts. Schools must adapt to this evolution and adopt a more therapeutic dimension. This paper explores the possibility of integrating school‐based and therapeutic conflict management models and compares two management models: a school‐based conflict management program, Teaching Students To Be Peacemakers; and a therapeutic conflict management program. Life Space Crisis Intervention. The authors conclude that integration might be possible, but depends on establishing a positive school atmosphere, the central position of the teacher, and collaborative and social learning for pupils. Further implementation of integrated conflict management models can be considered but must be underpinned by appropriate scientific research.
A Preliminary Survey of Dieting, Body Dissatisfaction, and Eating Problems Among High School Cheerleaders
Authors: Thompson Sharon H. , Digsby Sohailla
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Cheerleading, a staple of American schools, has received little attention in scholarly research. This sport is considered “high risk”for development of eating disorders; therefore, female, high school cheerleaders (n = 156. mean age = 15.43 years) from the southeastern region were surveyed in this preliminary study to determine rates of dieting, body dissatisfaction, and eating problems. Almost one‐half of the girls (46%) indicated they were currently trying to lose weight. Body dissatisfaction was significant by race [%‘ (2, n = 753,1 = 9.270, p = .010] and was reported by 50% and 73.5% of Black and White girls, respectively. About 13% of girls had EAT‐26 scores of 20 or higher (possible eating problems). On the Orientation to Exercise Questionnaire, a measure of subclinical eating disorders, those with eating problems (EAT‐26 score of> 20) had significantly higher scores (M ‐ 87.65, p = .0002) than those without problems (M = 76.05). Furthermore, scores increased by 69% for each unit increase in BM1 (p. 0481, slope = +.6902). The cheerleaders did not appear at higher risk for eating problems than adolescent girls in general, but this age group is considered at “high risk” for eating disorders, so those who work with cheerleaders should be aware of warning signs.
Factors Related to Alcohol Use Among 6th through 10th Graders: The Sarasota County Demonstration Project
Authors: Eaton Danice K. , Forthofer Melinda S. , Zapata Lauren B. , Brown Kelli R. McCormack , Bryant Carol A. , Reynolds Sherri T. , McDermott Robert J.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Alcohol consumption by youth can produce negative health outcomes. This study identified correlates of lifetime alcohol use, recent alcohol use, and binge drinking among youth in sixth through 10th grade (n = 2,004) in Sarasota County, Fla. Results from a closed‐ended, quantitative survey acknowledged a range of personal, social, and environmental influences. Breadth of these influences supports a need for multifaceted, community‐based interventions for effective prevention of youth alcohol use. This study was unique because it represents population‐specific research in which community partners are using the findings to develop community‐specific social marketing interventions to prevent underage drinking and promote alternative behaviors.
Effect of School Policy on Tobacco Use by School Personnel in Bihar, India
Authors: Sinha Dhirendra N. , Gupta Prakash C. , Warren Charles W. , Asma Samira
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study examined the relationship between school tobacco policies and tobacco use prevalence among school personnel. Two subsets of schools were identified in Bihar, India: Federal schools (with a tobacco policy), and State schools (without a tobacco policy). Stratified probability samples of 50 schools each were selected. The survey was conducted through an anonymous, self‐administered questionnaire. School personnel from State schools (non‐policy schools) reported significantly higher daily cigarette smoking and daily current smokeless tobacco use compared to personnel in Federal schools (policy schools). Teachers in State schools did not teach about health consequences of tobacco, and they had not received training for such teaching. Extent of teaching about health consequences of tobacco varied across topics for teachers in Federal schools. They received negligible training, but more than 35% reported access to teaching materials. More than one‐half the personnel from Federal schools knew about their school's policy prohibiting tobacco use among students and school personnel, and about policy enforcement. Personnel in State schools did not know about tobacco control policy in their schools. All school personnel in both types of schools were near unanimous in supporting policy prohibiting tobacco use in schools. The study demonstrated an association between enacting a school policy regarding tobacco use and school personnel's use of tobacco, curricular teaching, and practical training of students. Findings suggest that more extensive introduction of comprehensive school policies may help reduce tobacco use among school personnel.
Preliminary Testing of a Program to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes Among High‐Risk Youth
Authors: Grey Margaret , Berry Diane , Davidson Maryanne , Galasso Pam , Gustafson Elaine , Melkus Gail
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Type 2 diabetes is increasing among youth, with minority youth at highest risk. This preliminary study tested the feasibility of a school‐based program to prevent type 2 diabetes in youth at risk. Forty‐one participants (age 12.6 ± 1.1 years; 63% female, 51% African American, 44% Hispanic, and 5% Caucasian) were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Both the experimental and control groups received nutrition education and exercise training. The experimental group also received coping skills training. Data collected included body mass index (BMI), insulin resistance, dietary intake (24‐Hour Food Recall), self‐efficacy (Health Behavior Questionnaire), activity (Revised Godin‐Shepard Activity Survey), and parents' health promoting behaviors (Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile III). At baseline BMI ranged from 27 to 53 (M=36.2 ± 6.0), and 95% (n = 39) demonstrated insulin resistance or pre‐diabetes on an oral glucose tolerance test. After 12 months, the experimental group showed trends in improved usual food choices (p = .1) and increased dietary knowledge (p = .3). They also demonstrated lower glucose (p = .07) and insulin levels (p = .2). Experimental group parents demonstrated improved health responsibility (p = .03), healthier nutrition choices (p = .05), improved stress management skills (p = .05), increased activity (p = .2), and increased spirituality (p = .2). Data suggest a school‐based program tailored to multiethnic youth may prove successful in helping these youth increase activity, improve nutrition status, and stabilize glucose and insulin metabolism, and also may be effective in changing parent health behavior.
Physical Activity, Dietary Practices, and Other Health Behaviors of At‐Risk Youth Attending Alternative High Schools
Authors: Kubik Martha Y. , Lytle Leslie , Fulkerson Jayne A.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study assessed the interest of alternative high school staff in intervention research on students' eating and physical activity habits und the feasibility of conducting such research in alternative school settings. A two‐phase descriptive design incorporated both quantitative and qualitative methods. In fall/winter 2001–2002, alternative high school administrators in Minnesota were surveyed (response rate = 83%; n = 130/157). During summer 2002, one‐on‐one, semistruclured interviews were conducted with key‐school personnel (n = 15) from urban and suburban schools. Findings indicated few schools had been invited to participate in research on nutrition (11%) and physical activity (7%). However, more than 80% of administrators reported interest in their students participating in such research. Most schools offered health and PE classes and had access to indoor gym facilities and outdoor play areas. While most schools offered a school lunch program, participation was low, cold lunches were common, and food often was unappealing. Beverage and snack vending machines were common. Overall, the physical environment of most alternative schools did not support physical activity and healthy eating as normative behavior. Interest in interventions on physical inactivity, unhealthy dietary practices, und other priority health‐risk behavior common in students attending alternative schools was high among teachers and administrators. Results suggest research in alternative high schools is feasible and successful implementation and evaluation of programs possible.
Mental Health Services at Selected Private Schools
Authors: Van Hoof Thomas J. , Sherwin Tierney E. , Baggish Rosemary C. , Tacy Peter B. , Meehan Thomas P.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT:Private schools educate a significant percentage of US children and adolescents. Private schools, particularly where students reside during the academic year, assume responsibility for the health and well‐being of their students. Children and adolescents experience mental health problems at a predictable rate, and private schools need a mechanism for addressing their students' mental health needs. Understanding that need requires data to guide the services and programs a school may put in place. Having data helps inform those services, and comparative data from other schools provides feedback and perspective. This project surveyed type and frequency of mental health problems experienced by students who received a formal evaluation at 11 private schools in Connecticut during academic year 2001–2002.
Correlates of Body Mass Index, Weight Goals, and Weight‐Management Practices Among Adolescents
Authors: Paxton Raheem J. , Valois Robert F. , Drane J. Wanzer
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The study examined associations among physical activity, cigarette smoking, body mass index, perceptions of body weight, weight‐management goals, and weight‐management behaviors of public high school adolescents. The CDC Youth Risk Behavior Surwy provided a cross‐sectional sample (n = 3,089) of public high school students in South Carolina. Logistic regression models were constructed separately for four race‐gender groups. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to determine the magnitude of associations. Based on self‐reported height and weight, 13% of students were overweight, while 15% were at risk for becoming overweight. However, 42% of students were trying to lose weight, and 22% were trying to maintain current weight. Female students were less likely than male students to be overweight, but more likely to be attempting to lose weight. Extreme weight control practices were reported by 27% of the sample. Among Black females trying to lose weight, positive associations were observed for strengthening exercises (OR = 1.55), but that relationship was associated inversely in Black males (OR = .600). Among White females, attempted weight loss was associated with strengthening exercises (OR = 1.72) and cigarette smoking (OR = 1.54). For White males, attempted weight loss was associated positively with vigorous exercise (OR = 1.41) and inversely related to moderate exercise (OR = .617). Effective weight‐management practices for adolescents should focus on appropriate eating behaviors, physical activity, and low‐fat/calorie diets. Multicomponent weight management interventions should be conducted within a coordinated school health framework.
A Qualitative Evaluation of the Students of Service (SOS) Program for Sexual Abstinence in Louisiana
Authors: Yoo Seunghyun , Johnson Carolyn C. , Rice Janet , Manuel Powlin
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Abstinence‐only programs for preventing teen pregnancy are the only options in some states but are the programs of choice in others. Effectiveness data, however, are lacking. The SOS Adolescent Family Life Program (SOS), an abstinence‐only teen pregnancy prevention program, was implemented in south central Louisiana. Peer mentoring with an abstinence and life skills curriculum comprised the major components. SOS was implemented in the same grades in the same schools with new students each year for five years. During the final years of the program, qualitative evaluation was conducted with principals, teachers, peer mentors, and students. Use of peer mentors was reaffirmed as valuable; however, quality of peer mentoring was questioned and was a major issue for improvement. Other issues included: starting sexuality education in earlier grades, updating curricula and materials, offering more interactive classes, improving peer mentor training, and using teacher input to improve educational aspects of the program. Qualitative assessments provided valuable insights for future improvement in abstinence‐only programs.
Association of Selected Risk Factors with Variation in Child and Adolescent Firearm Mortality by State
Authors: Murnan Judy , Dake Joseph A. , Price James H.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study examined relationships between variation in child and adolescent firearm mortality by state and the following variables: childhood poverty rate, percent single parent families, percent population that is African American, percent population that is Hispanic, percent students carrying a gun, percent students carrying a weapon, percent students feeling unsafe, percent students feeling sad/hopeless, percent students academically at‐risk, percent students involved infighting, percent students engaging in binge drinking behavior, violent crime rate for youths, individual gun laws in each state, prevalence of firearm ownership, and percent residing in urban area. Stepwise regression was calculated and one independent variable, prevalence of firearm ownership in the state, emerged as a significant predictor of child and adolescent firearm mortality. This variable predicted 47% of the variance from state to state in the child and adolescent firearm mortality. Schools need to address firearm safety and advocate for elimination of firearms accessible to youth.
Teaching at the Secondary Level: Wisdom from Veteran Health Educators
Authors: Ransdell Lynda B. , Grosshans Onie , Trunnell Eric
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This qualitative study explored factors that helped veteran public school health educators sustain enthusiasm in the classroom throughout their careers. Twelve Caucasian participants, seven men and five women with 18 to 28 years of public school teaching experience (mean age = 49 years, mean experience = 24 years), were interviewed. Participants were selected from teachers with at least 18 years experience who lived within 60 minutes of Salt Lake City, Utah. Semi‐structured, individual interviews addressed four questions: Why did participants enter teaching? What are some challenges of teaching? What factors contribute to successful teaching? What factors contributed to participants' longevity in teaching? A decision to teach was based primarily on having an influential teacher. The greatest challenges were discipline and diversity. Factors related to successful teaching also contributed to longevity in teaching. These factors included staying current with information and technology, supportive colleagues, and sharing oneself with students and colleagues. Those interested in a teaching career, and those already invested in teaching, can learn from these veterans in terms of skills and values.
Chronic Disease Medication Administration Rates in a Public School System
Authors: Weller Lawrence , Fredrickson Doren D. , Burbach Cindy , Molgaard Craig A. , Ngong Lolem
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Anecdotal reports suggest school nurses and staff treat increasing numbers of public school students with chronic diseases. However, professionals know little about actual disease burden in schools. This study measured prevalence of chronic disease medication administration rates in a large, urban midwestern school district. Data from daily medication logs were recorded by school nurses during a single week. Medications and administrations were sorted by disease type. Prevalence rates were calculated for six chronic diseases: asthma, diabetes, seizures, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, other mental/behavioral disorders, and other diseases/conditions. Separate rates stratified by school grade, poverty level, and type of school were calculated. Overall, 3.12% of students received medication for chronic diseases, including 2.13% for psychiatric/mental disorders and 1.91% for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder alone. These rates were lower than estimates from other states. Factors that contributed to this finding are reviewed.
Evaluation of the National School Health Coordinator Leadership Institute
Authors: Ottoson Judith M. , Streib Greg , Thomas John Clayton , Rivera Mark , Stevenson Beth
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: In 1999 the American Cancer Society (ACS) launched the National School Health Coordinator Leadership Institute, a groundbreaking initiative designed to enhance and invigorate school health in the nation's schools by training individual school health coordinators to act as change agents. The Institute consisted of three, week‐long summer training sessions, and three, shorter midyear “booster” sessions, with the various sessions designed to assist one cohort of participants (n = 50) to build leadership capacities to coordinate school health. This evaluation examined the effects of the Institute as measured through a panel survey of participants ‐ school health coordinators or their equivalents ‐ over an 18‐month period. Findings suggest that substantial progress was made in institutionalizing the school health coordination function in the target school districts. Specifically, in contrast to when the training began, clear, written position descriptions are common among program participants, most have functioning school health councils in their school districts, and program trainees appear to be moving aggressively to enhance the infrastructure for school health coordination through planning, setting priorities, and assessing needs. Program trainees report spending increased time on school health coordination, and they are active in spreading the word about coordinated school health programs. Trainees viewed the Institute as relevant to their needs, though not all aspects of the program are viewed as equally useful. As possible shortcomings, the training needed more emphasis on funding for school health coordination, and a low level of evaluation skills existed among coordinators.
Competitive Foods and Beverages Available for Purchase in Secondary Schools — Selected Sites, United States, 2004
Authors: Kann L. , Grunbaum J. , McKenna M. L. , Wechsler H. , Galuska D. A.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: School Health Profiles is conducted biennially to assess characteristics of school health programs. State and local departments of education and health select either all public secondary schools within their jurisdictions or a systematic, equal‐probability sample of public secondary schools to participate in School Health Profiles. At each school, the principal and lead health education teacher were sent questionnaires to be self‐administered and returned to the state or local agency conducting the survey. In 2004, a total of 27 states and 11 large urban school districts obtained weighted data from their survey of principals. The findings in this report indicate that the majority of secondary schools in 27 states and 11 large urban school districts allow students to purchase snack foods or beverages from vending machines or at the school store, canteen, or snack bar. The types of competitive foods and beverages available for purchase varied across states and large urban school districts. Overall, fruits or vegetables were less likely to be available for purchase than the other types of foods or beverages. Bottled water and soft drinks, sports drinks, or fruit drinks that are not 100% juice were most likely to be available for purchase.
Associations Among Risk Factors, Individual Resources, and Indices of School‐Related Asthma Morbidity in Urban, School‐Aged Children: A Pilot Study
Authors: Mitchell Daphne Koinis , Adams Sue K. , Murdock Karla Klein
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a conceptual model including examples of risk and resource factors associated with indices of school‐related asthma morbidity (eg, missed sleep, participation in activities, school absences) in a group of urban, school‐aged children with asthma from ethnic minority backgrounds. Specifically, the current longitudinal study examines relations between a contextual risk factor (ie, family life stressors), an asthma‐related risk factor (ie, asthma symptoms), individual resources (ie, attention, children's problem‐solving beliefs, and self‐esteem), and aspects of asthma morbidity that have been shown to have an impact on children's academic performance. Participants of the study included 31 mother‐child dyads from low‐income, inner‐city neighborhoods. Results of hierarchical regression analyses revealed that after controlling for risk factors (ie, asthma symptoms and family life stressors) at baseline, children's individual characteristics (ie, children's problem‐solving beliefs and self‐esteem) functioned as resource factors for some indices of asthma‐related functioning (school absences, participation in activities, and missed sleep) at follow‐up (1 year later). Results suggest that contextual and individual risk and resource factors should be further explored in studies including larger samples of urban children with asthma in order to help guide the development of preventive interventions in school‐based and health care settings.
Bullying Perspectives: Experiences, Attitudes, and Recommendations of 9‐ to 13‐Year‐Olds Attending Health Education Centers in the United States
Authors: Brown Stephen L. , Birch David A. , Kancherla Vijaya
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Because 1 in 5 elementary school and 1 in 10 middle school students in the United States report being bullied, understanding student perspectives is crucial to prevention. This study solicited opinions of 9‐ to 13‐year‐olds regarding the magnitude of, causes of, and remedies for bullying. Data were obtained from 1229 students visiting 11 health education centers in seven states. Students responded via anonymous, electronic keypads. Half the respondents said they have been bullied at least once in a while. When bullied, almost half said they fight back, about a fourth tell an adult, and 20% do nothing; only 8% try to talk to the bully. Nearly two thirds claimed they tell or try to stop bullying when they see it, but 16% do nothing, and 20% join in. Almost three fourths believed bullying is “uncool,” yet 42% said they bully at least occasionally. Bullies and victims were more likely to be middle school age. Frequent bullies were more likely to think it is cool, to fight back when bullied, and to join in when others are bullied. Two classes of victims were apparent. Victims who also bully often said that bullying occurs because others are not friendly to bullies or because bullies want to get their way; many also admitted that they do not know how it can be stopped. Victims who do not bully were most likely to do nothing when bullied but to try to stop the bullying of others. Recommendations are given for using these findings to customize curricula or programs.