bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel approach of developing all-optical frequency encoded dibit-based Peres gate using reflective semiconductor optical amplifier
Authors: Bhattacharjee Baibaswata , Bosu Surajit
Published: June 2022

In recent trends, digital systems in the light of power dissipation are a crucial issue. In computing, the computational process of reversible logic is bijective and can decrease the rising issue of power dissipation. In reversible circuit design, Peres gate considered as one of the fundamental reversible gate. Therefore, a Peres gate using Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM) and Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (RSOA) is proposed in this paper. Frequency encoding scheme and dibit-based logic are incorporated here. In long range transmission, frequency encoding bears huge benefits in respect with the other encoding techniques. This encoding technique may decrease the probability of bit error. Due to the high gain and low noise property of RSOA, the proposed design can perform operations like computation, data processing, etc. at ultra-high speed with low noise. MATLAB Simulink (R2018a) software has been used to verify the operation of the proposed design.
Study of a bi-axial (KTP) crystal using double Stokes–Mueller polarimetry
Authors: Shaji Chitra , Sruthil Lal S. B. , Sharan Alok
Published: June 2022

In this paper, we report the significance of the double Stokes–Mueller polarimetry (DSMP) technique, to characterize a large size ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mm) Potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) crystal. The crystal undergoes second harmonic generation with type II phase matching. The study of standard KTP crystal using the DSMP technique helps to validate the efficiency of this technique. We were able to extract the crystal’s double Mueller matrix, relative contribution of the susceptibility tensor components, the phase difference between the susceptibility tensor components, etc. We could determine the crystal axes orientation using this optical technique, which was not possible through a single crystal X-Ray diffraction technique for such a large size crystal for which both optic axes and crystallographic axes are the same. Axes direction determined from polarization microscope measurements and Laue diffraction measurements on KTP crystal is compared with those obtained from DSMP measurements.
Two incompatible types of invariants in the octonion spaces
Authors: Weng Zi-Hua
Published: June 2022

This paper aims to study some invariants and conservation laws relevant to electromagnetic and gravitational fields by means of the rotational transformations of octonion coordinate systems. The scholars utilize the octonions to analyze the electromagnetic and gravitational fields simultaneously, including the octonion field potential, field strength, field source, linear momentum, angular momentum, torque and force. When the octonion coordinate system transforms rotationally, the vector part of one octonion may alter, while the scalar part of the octonion will remain unchanged. This property allows one to deduce a few invariants, such as the scalar part of octonion radius vector, speed of light, and norm of octonion radius vector. These invariants are the basic postulates for the Galilean transformation and Lorentz transformation. Furthermore, from the rotation transform of octonion coordinate systems, it is capable of deducing several invariants, including the mass, energy and power relevant to gravitational fields, in one octonion space [Formula: see text]. And the term relevant to the electric charge will transform with the rotation of coordinate systems. In another octonion space [Formula: see text], it is capable of inferring a few invariants, including the electric charge related to electromagnetic fields. And the terms relevant to the mass and energy will vary with the rotation of octonion coordinate systems. So, the invariants are divided into two different groups. In particular, the mass conservation law and energy conservation law can be effective simultaneously. But the charge conservation law and mass conservation law are unable to be valid simultaneously, in the strict sense. It is beneficial to further understand the laws of conservation.
Exact solution of generalized KG-oscillator under Lorentz-violating effects by a fixed vector field subject to interaction potential
Authors: Ahmed Faizuddin
Published: June 2022

In this work, the relativistic quantum oscillator under the Lorentz symmetry violation environment defined by an arbitrary constant vector field [Formula: see text] is analyzed. We solve the generalized Klein–Gordon oscillator with different vector field configurations and obtained the bound-states solutions. After that, we insert a static Coulomb-type scalar potential in the wave equation and solve the generalized Klein–Gordon oscillator analytically. We discuss the effects of Lorentz symmetry violation and the Coulomb-type potential on the energy spectrum of these oscillator fields.
A study of almost pseudo 𝒵 symmetric spacetimes with application to f (R) gravity
Authors: Shenawy Sameh , De Uday Chand , Turki Nasser Bin , Syied Abdallah Abdelhameed
Published: June 2022

We prove that an almost pseudo [Formula: see text] symmetric spacetime with Codazzi type of [Formula: see text] tensor is perfect fluid whose velocity vector field [Formula: see text] is parallel. The energy density [Formula: see text] of such perfect fluid spacetime is constant and the state equation is obtained. Also, this spacetime is shown to be a static spacetime. Next, it is shown that such spacetime is a GRW spacetime with Einstein fiber. This kind of spacetime is investigated in f (R) theory of gravity; in this case, we find the forms of the isotropic pressure p and the energy density [Formula: see text] which are constant. Further, some energy conditions are studied in this spacetime. Finally, a concrete example of almost pseudo [Formula: see text] symmetric spacetimes is considered.
Remarks on the group-theoretical foundations of particle physics
Authors: Wilson Robert Arnott
Published: June 2022

I propose using the group [Formula: see text] as a generalization of the Dirac group [Formula: see text] used in quantum mechanics, in an attempt to match the symmetries of the ‘internal’ spacetime of elementary particles to the symmetries of the ‘external’ spacetime of general relativity. While my conclusions do not amount to a new model or theory, they do highlight some specific points where there are apparent conflicts between the mathematics and the physics of the standard model, that might repay closer investigation. As evidence that this mathematical approach may have interesting things to say about physics, I propose two mass equations that seem not to have been observed previously.
Propagation of shock wave in a non-ideal dusty gas in rotating medium using Lie group theoretic method: Isothermal flow
Authors: Nath G. , Devi Arti
Published: June 2022

This paper concerns with the similarity solutions using Lie group theoretic method for one-dimensional unsteady isothermal flow behind the shock wave in the mixture of non-ideal gas and small solid particles in rotating medium. Group theoretic technique brings the different possible cases of potential solutions with the power law, particular case of power law and exponential law shock paths with the different choices of constants present in the generators of the Lie group of transformations. Similarity solutions for non-ideal dusty gas (a mixture of non-ideal gas and small solid dust particles) exist if the density of the ambient medium is constant. Solutions are obtained for both exponential law and power law shock paths. The effects of the variation of the physical parameters on the flow variables distribution behind the shock wave front, and on the shock are discussed. The shock strength increases with an increase in the ratio of the specific heat of the solid particles to the specific heat of the gas at constant volume [Formula: see text], the initial azimuthal velocity variation index [Formula: see text], and the ratio of the density of solid particles to the initial density of the gas [Formula: see text]. The shock wave decays with an increase in the value of gas non-idealness parameter [Formula: see text].
Note on the Levi-Civita metric
Authors: Halilsoy M. , Mazharimousavi S. Habib
Published: June 2022

By introducing a new coordinate condition we divide the cylindrical spacetime of Levi-Civita (LC) into a sourceful inner ([Formula: see text]) and vacuum outer ([Formula: see text]) regions. The emergent fluid with zero radial pressure confined to the finely-tuned inner region serves to make the spacetime regular in a natural way. At [Formula: see text] the LC spacetime becomes ‘Cartesian flat’ so that no deficit angle arises.
Cosmic hierarchy in f (R) gravity
Authors: Sami Heba , Abebe Amare
Published: June 2022

In this contribution, we investigate hierarchical nature of large-scale structure clustering through the oscillatory nature of the solutions of the Schrödinger-like Friedmann equation in a modified gravitational background described by the f (R) gravity theory. We find the cosmological solutions to the Schrödinger equation for different ranges of n of the [Formula: see text] toy model for both radiation and matter-dominated epochs of the expansion history for open, flat and closed spacetimes. Our results show that for certain choices of the model parameters and initial conditions, the formation and distribution of cosmic structures might indeed be hierarchical, leading to a natural explanation for the breakdown of the cosmological principle on small scales.
Effects of Carbon Nanotube Diameter on the Fabrication and Performance of Collagen-Inspired Carbon Nanotube Films
Authors: Yin Qifang , Liu Pan , Gao Lei , Liu Yuan , Yuan Yanan , Zhang Zuoqi
Published: June 2022

High-performance carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers have long been pursued in many academic and industrial communities, and recent decades have witnessed continuous progress in the CNT fiber design and fabrication, although their commercial applications have not been well realized. Inspired by the microstructure of type I collagen fibers, we have proposed a high-throughput route to fabricate CNT fibers/ films by domino-pushing and ion bombarding as-grown CNT forest. With CNTs of small diameter, numerical simulations have demonstrated that the route can well produce collagen-mimicked high-performance CNT fibers with unidirectionally aligned and transversally crosslinked CNTs. As CNT diameter increases, the complex mechanical behaviors such as collapse will probably occur, and hence the influence of the CNT diameter on the fabrication and performance of the fibers needs to be further studied. This work revealed that during the fabrication process the round-to-dumbbell CNT collapse happens with their diameter larger than 2[Formula: see text]nm. Before the collapse, the mechanical performance of the acquired CNT fibers decreases with CNT diameter, but reverses to increase after the collapse, mainly due to the reversed porosity-diameter relation by the collapse behavior. The varying of the fiber mechanical properties with the bombardment energy and dosage was also shown for different CNT diameters. Further, some useful guidelines on the mechanical property and fabrication process design of the bioinspired CNT fibers are concluded.
On the Asymptotic Insensitivity of the Supermarket Model in Processor Sharing Systems
Authors: Kielanski Grzegorz , Van Houdt Benny
Published: June 2022

The supermarket model is a popular load balancing model where each incoming job is assigned to a server with the least number of jobs among d randomly selected servers. Several authors have shown that the large scale limit in case of processor sharing servers has a unique insensitive fixed point, which naturally leads to the belief that the queue length distribution in such a system is insensitive to the job size distribution as the number of servers tends to infinity. Simulation results that support this belief have also been reported. However, global attraction of the unique fixed point of the large scale limit was not proven except for exponential job sizes, which is needed to formally prove asymptotic insensitivity. The difficulty lies in the fact that with processor sharing servers, the limiting system is in general not monotone.

In this paper we focus on the class of hyperexponential distributions of order $2$ and demonstrate that for this class of distributions global attraction of the unique fixed point can still be established using monotonicity by picking a suitable state space and partial order. This allows us to formally show that we have asymptotic insensitivity within this class of job size distributions. We further demonstrate that our result can be leveraged to prove asymptotic insensitivity within this class of distributions for other load balancing systems.
Electrochemical Sodiation and Desodiation of Gallium
Authors: Le Ruyet Ronan , Kullgren Jolla , Naylor Andrew J. , Younesi Reza
Published: June 2022

This study demonstrates the electrochemical sodiation and desodiation of gallium (Ga). A variety of techniques including galvanostatic cycling, cyclic voltammetry, as well as ex situ and in situ powder X-ray diffraction were used to determine the electrochemical reaction mechanisms. The sodiation and desodiation of Ga occurs reversibly at 0.71 V vs Na+/Na and the sodiated product was determined to be NaGa4 with a theoretical capacity of 96 mAh g−1 (567 mAh cm−3). In addition, an anomalous plateau was observed at 0.66 V vs Na+/Na during the sodiation, which was attributed to a slow diffusion of Na into Ga particles. It was also shown that Na22Ga39 was not formed even if it is one of the expected compounds from the Ga-Na phases diagram. However, new crystalline structures were observed and were attributed to metastable phases of NaGa4.
Specific Surface Area and Bulk Strain: Important Material Metrics Determining the Electrochemical Performance of Li- and Mn-Rich Layered Oxides
Authors: Strehle Benjamin , Yoon Jiyoung , Friedrich Franziska , Gasteiger Hubert A.
Published: June 2022

Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides are a promising next-generation cathode active material (CAM) for automotive applications. Beyond well-known challenges such as voltage fading and oxygen release, their commercialization also depends on practical considerations including cost and energy density. While the cost requirement for these materials could be satisfied by eliminating cobalt, the volumetric energy density requirement might imply the transition from the most widely used porous structure to a more densely packed structure. Here, we investigated five Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides which were synthesized by various routes to obtain CAMs with different morphologies (porous vs dense), transition-metal compositions (Co-containing vs Co-free), and agglomerates sizes (≈6−12 μm). The as-received materials were characterized, e.g., by gas physisorption, Hg intrusion porosimetry, as well as X-ray powder diffraction, and were electrochemically tested by a discharge rate test. Thus, we identified two important material metrics which determine the initial electrochemical performance of Li- and Mn-rich CAMs, and which might be used as performance predictors: (i) the surface area in contact with the electrolyte that defines the effective current density which is applied to the surface of the CAMs, and (ii) the microstrain in the bulk that affects distinct redox features during cycling.
Oligomeric Poly(Oxazoline) as Potential Lithium Battery Electrolytes
Authors: Wylie Ross A. L. , Miller Bob , Connal Luke A. , Qiao Greg
Published: June 2022

Polymer electrolytes are a promising and inherently material for next generation lithium batteries. The advancement in this field requires the use of new synthetic and fabrication techniques, as well as the investigation of new polymers. Here we report on the development of oligomeric Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) as a candidate for lithium batteries. By reducing the degree of polymerisation, the glass transition temperature was reduced from 54 °C for commercially available 50,000 Da PEtOx to 9.45 °C for lab synthesized 890 Da PEtOx. Doping with high concentrations of the lithium salts lithium nitrate, Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and lithium perchlorate, we demonstrate a glass transition temperature maximum as the polymer electrolyte moves into the polymer-in-salt regime. In this regime we recorded a maximum conductivity of was 3.3 x 10−3 S cm−1 at 100 °C and 67 mol % LiClO4. This study demonstrates the potential for further use of alkyl oxazolines at high lithium salt concentrations and elevated temperatures.
Facile Electrochemical Preparation of Nano-sized Ultra-high-temperature Ta1−xHfxC Ceramic Powders
Authors: Sure Jagadeesh , Vishnu D. Sri Maha , Choi Sunghun , Kim Hyun-Kyung , Schwandt Carsten
Published: June 2022

Nano-sized powders of the Ta1−xHfxC class of ceramics, with compositions of Ta0.2Hf0.8C, Ta0.5Hf0.5C and Ta0.8Hf0.2C, were successfully synthesized from mixtures of the corresponding metal oxides and graphite by electro-deoxidation in molten CaCl2 at 1173 K. X-ray diffraction revealed that the as-prepared Ta0.8Hf0.2C mixed carbide had a single-phase cubic structure whereas Ta0.5Hf0.5C and Ta0.2Hf0.8C had dual-phase cubic structures, indicating that the large proportion of Ta promoted the formation of a homogeneous solid solution of TaC and HfC during synthesis. Electron microscopy proved that the particle size of the mixed carbides was in the nano range, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that the intended compositions had been attained. Notably, the electrochemical method of synthesizing Ta1−xHfxC mixed carbides proceeds at a significantly lower temperature than the conventional preparation methods. This offers a number of key advantages in that it saves energy, gives better control over composition and allows for higher purity, and it suppresses in situ sintering and thus enables the formation of nanoparticles.
Transient Photoconduction and Relaxation Photocurrent of ZnO Thin Films Produced by Pulsed Laser Deposition
Authors: Virt Ihor , Gamernyk Roman , Potera Piotr , Cieniek Bogumił , Lozynsky Andrej
Published: June 2022

This paper presents the results of a photoelectric study of cobalt-doped zinc oxide thin films. Layers were grown by pulsed laser deposition on Si, glass, and SiO2/Si substrates. The crystal structure of the layers was determined by X-ray diffraction methods. The time dependence of the photoconductivity was studied with zone-band excitation, excitation in the contaminant absorption region, and excitation in the dark. The analysis of the photoconductivity dynamics on the duration of the excitation pulse was carried out for the structural layers. The influence of the concentration of deep traps on the form of the photoconduction and long-term relaxation processes is evaluated. ZnO thin films produced by pulsed laser deposition are suitable for photosensors because of their photosensitivity in the UV spectral range.
Effect of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO‐NPs) on Seed Germination Characteristics in Two Brassicaceae Family Species: Camelina sativa and Brassica napus L
Authors: Sarkhosh Sara , Kahrizi Danial , Darvishi Elahe , Tourang Masoud , Haghighi-Mood Sohrab , Vahedi Parviz , Ercisli Sezai
Published: June 2022

Introduction. Zinc is one of the essential micronutrients for living organisms; so, the right performance of several enzymes depends on this element. This micronutrient is a regulator of phytohormones and chlorophyll synthesis, and also, it is an essential element for the carbohydrates’ metabolisms in plants. Considering the relatively high solubility of ZnO‐NPs and also the ability of plants to uptake and accumulate these nanoparticles in their biomass, ZnO‐NPs can be used as an effective nanofertilizer for plants’ growth. Methods. In the present study, zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using chemical method and the effect of ZnO‐NPs (as a nanofertilizer) on seeds’ germination, seedlings’ rootlet, seedlings’ plumule, and seedling’s vigour index in two oilseed crops from the Brassicaceae family, including Brassica napus L. and Camelina sativa, were investigated. After treating the seeds with different concentrations of ZnO‐NPs (from 0.1 to 1000 ppm) for 6 days, the germination percentage (GP) of each treatment was measured. Results. The results indicated an increase in GP for both plants treated with 10 ppm ZnO‐NPs. For B. napus, the maximum GP occurred in treated seeds with 5 ppm ZnO‐NPs which showed a 30% increase of GP compared with the control condition. For Camelina, this maximum GP was observed in 0.1 ppm concentration of ZnO‐NPs which showed a 15% increase compared with the control condition. After the germination test, germinated seedlings were planted in Hoagland hydroponic solution and treated with ZnO‐NPs again for a week. For both species, treatment with ZnO‐NPs showed a great effect on rootlet growth, while the effects of these treatments on plumule were negligible. The maximum rootlet length was observed in treated B. napus seedlings with 5 ppm ZnO‐NPs which showed a 32% increase in this parameter compared with the control condition. In contrast, the high concentrations of ZnO‐NPs showed toxic effects on B. napus seedlings’ rootlets. Results showed a 41% decrease in B. napus seedlings treated with 50 ppm ZnO‐NPs compared with control seedlings. Similar results were observed in the treated seedlings of Camelina. For Camelina seedlings treated with 1 ppm ZnO‐NPs, 15% increase in rootlets’ length was observed, while treated Camelina seedlings with 50 ppm ZnO‐NPs showed a 68% decrease in rootlet length compared with the control condition. The results of this study indicated the potential of using ZnO‐NPs as nanofertilizer for B. napus and Camelina in low concentrations (lower than 10 ppm). In addition, these results suggest the toxicity effects of these nanoparticles on both species in concentrations higher than 50 ppm.
Earthquake-Induced Ground Deformation Assessment via Sentinel-1 Radar Aided at Darbandikhan Town
Authors: Saed Farman Galeb , Noori Abbas Mohammed , Kalantar Bahareh , Qader Waleed Mohammed , Ueda Naonori
Published: June 2022

Deformation monitoring has conventional increasing consideration in recent years due to its great importance in modern engineering. Darbandikhan town was hit by a strong earthquake on 12th November 2017 which is the Sarpol-e Zahab earthquake. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique has been used to investigate Darbandikhan town stability and the surrounding areas of the Kurdistan region in Iraq. The purpose of this research is to estimate the ground vertical displacement induced by the earthquake as well as the east-west deformation components. Moreover, previous research covered more of Iran’s side country that the earthquake had an impact on with little on Iraq’s side (Northern-eastern of Iraq), so it was worth researching on Darbandikhan town and surrounding structures to estimate the displacement on its infrastructures. For this study, two pairs of Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images are used from each ascending and descending tracks over the study area to validate the work. Then, two differential interferograms are created from these images, along Darbandikhan town and the surrounding areas. These differential interferograms are then converted to line of sight (LOS) displacements using open source software (SNAP 8.0). The overall vertical displacement of the residential area of Darbandikhan was estimated from -4 to -10 cm after the earthquake, and the overall east-west displacement was ranging from 2 to 6.4 cm. The current study does not only examine the northern east of Iraq but the whole area of Iran and Iraq in general that lies within the influence of the earthquake. This research could be useful to estimate the overall deformation of Darbandikhan town in particular and the whole area in general. Therefore, the authorities and civil engineers could think of more sustainable buildings and structures before they start to plan within the area of earthquake impact.
Application of Methods for a Morphological Analysis of the Femoral Diaphysis Based on Clinical CT Images to Prehistoric Human Bone: Comparison of Modern Japanese and Jomon Populations from Hegi Cave, Oita, Japan
Authors: Endo Daisuke , Saiki Kazunobu , Yoneda Minoru , Ishida Hajime , Ogami-Takamura Keiko , Sakai Rina , Murai Kiyohito , Imamura Takeshi , Naito Yoshiatsu , Wakebe Tetsuaki , Tsurumoto Toshiyuki
Published: June 2022

A morphological analysis of ancient human bones is essential for understanding life history, medical history, and genetic characteristics. In addition to external measurements, a three‐dimensional structural analysis using CT will provide more detailed information. The present study examined adult male human skeletons excavated from Hegi cave, Nakatsu city, Oita Prefecture. CT images were taken from the femurs of adult males (Initial/Early Jomon Period (n = 10) and Late Jomon Period (n = 5)). Cross‐sectional images of the diaphysis from below the lesser trochanter to above the adductor tubercle were obtained using the method established by Imamura et al. (2019) and Imamura et al. (2021). Using Excel formulas and macros, the area of cortical bone, thickness, and degree of curvature were quantitatively analyzed. The results were compared with data on modern Japanese. The maximum thickness of cortical bone in the diaphysis and the degree of the anterior curvature were significantly greater in Late Jomon humans than in the other groups. In contrast to modern humans, the majority of Jomon femurs showed the S‐shaped curvature with the medial side at the top position and the lateral side at the lower position. The present results demonstrate that Late Jomon humans had a wider range of activity than the other groups and also provide insights into diseases in the hip and knee joints of Jomon humans.
The Contribution of Walking to School in Students’ Physical Activity and Its Effect on Being Overweight
Authors: Khodanazari Hemmat , Choupani Abdoul-Ahad , Aghayan Iman
Published: June 2022

Introduction and Aim. According to a common belief, overweight students are less active than their nonoverweight peers. However, it is unclear whether overweight students who walk to school accumulate the minimum recommended moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on school trips. In addition, the extent to which walking to school contributes to the MVPA of the population of overweight students has not been studied yet. Accordingly, the present study was aimed at finding whether students’ inactivity in traveling to school was associated with their being overweight and whether overweight students were more autodependent. This study further evaluated the differences in the active travels of overweight and nonoverweight students and whether insufficient physical activity (PA) in school trips is associated with overweight. Finally, the contribution of walking to school to the MVPA of overweight students was also assessed. Results. The findings of this research showed that being overweight is a concerning issue even in a small‐sized and lightly populated city such as Bandar‐Turkmen, Iran. Most students (90%) did not perform the required minimum daily activity when commuting to school. Further, overweight could be found even among those students who walked more than one hour to commute to school. The contribution of walking to school to the MVPA of overweight students was found to be low on school days and throughout the year. Counterintuitively, the situation is even worse for nonoverweight students. Conclusion. The population of overweight students was more active compared to nonoverweight students in general, although they still suffered from excess weight since walking distances were short and not all days were school days. Thus, encouraging students to walk to school is necessary, while it is not sufficient alone as a single measure. Moreover, we recommend that all students should perform extra PA at home, school, or other places, on both school days and all other days of the year.
Reinforcement Learning for Computational Guidance of Launch Vehicle Upper Stage
Authors: Li Shiyao , Yan Yushen , Qiao Hao , Guan Xin , Li Xinguo
Published: June 2022

This manuscript investigates the use of a reinforcement learning method for the guidance of launch vehicles and a computational guidance algorithm based on a deep neural network (DNN). Computational guidance algorithms can deal with emergencies during flight and improve the success rate of missions, and most of the current computational guidance algorithms are based on optimal control, whose calculation efficiency cannot be guaranteed. However, guidance-based DNN has high computational efficiency. A reward function that satisfies the flight process and terminal constraints is designed, then the mapping from state to control is trained by the state-of-the-art proximal policy optimization algorithm. The results of the proposed algorithm are compared with results obtained by the guidance-based optimal control, showing the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. In addition, an engine failure numerical experiment is designed in this manuscript, demonstrating that the proposed algorithm can guide the launch vehicle to a feasible rescue orbit.
A Suite of Design Quality Metrics for Internet of Things by Modelling Its Ecosystem as a Schema Graph
Authors: Waris Zeest , Jaleel Abdul , Shoaib Muhammad , Nigar Natasha , Abalo Douhadji
Published: June 2022

Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure connects consumer electronics, household appliances, and other smart gadgets. For designing IoT systems and applications, different architectures and protocols are being used. The design quality of an IoT system and its services is assessed with quality of service (QoS) factors such as complexity, functional appropriateness, performance, efficiency, compatibility, maintainability, portability, and usability. The existing methods in the literature focus on measuring the quality of an IoT system during execution time; however, there is a need to define some standards that may be used to determine the quality of an IoT system from its design. This work models the IoT EcoSystem as a schema graph and presents a suite of metrics to determine the design quality of an IoT system and its services under the defined QoS factors. The presented metrics are mapped to the ISO-9126 QoS factors to ensure the standards and quality of IoT services during the design phase. The proposed metrics are validated with benchmarking on a case study smart healthcare IoT system. The results proved that the presented metrics are practical to quantify the quality of IoT design models under QoS factors, and the suite of metrics is able to compare differently designed IoT services.
Does Shanghai International Financial Center Promote RMB Internationalization?
Authors: Li Lijun , Xu Feng
Published: June 2022

The construction of the Shanghai International Financial Center was completed in 2020, which signaled the new age of financial reforms in China. The Shanghai International Financial Center plays a significant part in the progress of RMB internationalization. However, empirical proof of the impacts remains few. So, we conducted an empirical analysis to determine if the Shanghai International Financial Center promoted RMB internationalization effectively. To obtain robust results, we conducted regressions with Newey–West standard errors, Cochrane–Orcutt estimation, and Prais–Winsten estimation. We observed that the Shanghai International Financial Center has significant positive effects on RMB internationalization by expanding financial scale and activity. The findings give adequate evidence to support the theories advanced in prior research, and the methodology and indicators used in the study may serve as a guide for future research. We made several policy discussions of the findings regarding the continued expansion of the offshore market and capital liberalization within Shanghai.
Development of Gluten-Free Cupcakes Enriched with Almond, Flaxseed, and Chickpea Flours
Authors: Jabeen Shaista , Khan Azmat Ullah , Ahmad Waqas , Ahmed Mansur-ud-Din , Ali Muhammad Asif , Rashid Summer , Rashid Anjum , Sharifi-Rad Javad
Published: June 2022

Background. The mixing of cereals and legumes with nuts and seeds can produce various products that can be optimal for consumption with respect to their nutritional density. The use of legumes in gluten-free foods is becoming very prominent with increase in advancement in food engineering and technology. This study was aimed to develop a gluten-free product (cupcake) enriched with chick pea flour, almonds, and flaxseeds for celiac disease patients. Materials and Methods. The procured raw material including almonds, chickpea flour, and flaxseeds was mixed in appropriate amounts, and cupcakes were formulated following a specified recipe. The cupcakes were divided in five groups based on their recipe. First one was wheat based; 2nd one was corn and rice based; and next 3 were chickpea, almond, and flaxseed based, respectively. The cupcakes were checked for their proximate analysis parameters (carbohydrate, protein, and nitrogen-free extract), gluten and heavy metals (lead, chromium, and arsenic), bacterial load (E. coli, total coliforms, salmonella, yeast, and molds), fatty acid, texture parameters (firmness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness), and physical parameters (weight, height, volume, and specific volume). All these parameters were compared with wheat-based cupcakes to assess the product’s quality. Results. The volume of intervention cupcakes was a bit low compared to wheat/rice-based cupcakes but the specific volume was comparable. In texture analysis, firmness, gumminess, and chewiness were enhanced in intervention cupcakes compared to control but cohesiveness was comparable also. The carbohydrate contents were significantly lower in intervention cupcakes 22–30% compared to control cupcakes. Protein, fiber, and fat contents were significantly higher 11–14, 8–10, and 40%, respectively, with improvement (2-3 folds) in calcium, zinc, and iron contents in intervention cupcakes. All the safety parameters including heavy metals and bacterial and fungal load were found normal. The sensory attributes like size and color were found to be less acceptable but odor and taste were comparatively high in formulated products. Conclusion. The use of chickpeas, almonds, and flaxseeds in high concentration was first-time used to formulate a recipe of gluten-free cupcake. These cupcakes were more nutritious compared to available conventional recipes. Apparently, no health hazard was found in these cupcakes. Some sensory characteristics of cupcakes were slightly lower and comparable to wheat/rice-based cupcakes.
Performance Comparison of Different Neuroimaging Methods for Predicting Upper Limb Motor Outcomes in Patients after Stroke
Authors: Tao Jingyan , Li Zhaoqing , Liu Yang , Li Jianhua , Bai Ruiliang
Published: June 2022

Several neuroimaging methods have been proposed to assess the integrity of the corticospinal tract (CST) for predicting recovery of motor function after stroke, including conventional structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). In this study, we aimed to compare the predicative performance of these methods using different neuroimaging modalities and optimize the prediction protocol for upper limb motor function after stroke in a clinical environment. We assessed 28 first-ever stroke patients with upper limb motor impairment. We used the upper extremity module of the Fugl-Meyer assessment (UE-FM) within 1 month of onset (baseline) and again 3 months poststroke. sMRI (T1- and T2-based) was used to measure CST-weighted lesion load (CST-wLL), and DTI was used to measure the fractional anisotropy asymmetry index (FAAI) and the ratio of fractional anisotropy (rFA). The CST-wLL within 1 month poststroke was closely correlated with upper limb motor outcomes and recovery potential.

CST
‐
wLL
≥
2.068
 
cc

indicated serious CST damage and a poor outcome (100%).

CST
‐
wLL
<
1.799
 
cc

was correlated with a considerable rate (>70%) of upper limb motor function recovery. CST-wLL showed a comparable area under the curve (AUC) to that of the CST-FAAI (

p
=
0.71

). Inclusion of extra-CST-FAAI did not significantly increase the AUC (

p
=
0.58

). Our findings suggest that sMRI-derived CST-wLL is a precise predictor of upper limb motor outcomes 3 months poststroke. We recommend this parameter as a predictive imaging biomarker for classifying patients’ recovery prognosis in clinical practice. Conversely, including DTI appeared to induce no significant benefits.
Aggregation-Based Dynamic Channel Bonding to Maximise the Performance of Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)
Authors: Parashar Vivek , Kashyap Ramgopal , Rizwan Ali , Karras Dimitrios A. , Altamirano Gilder Cieza , Dixit Ekta , Ahmadi Fardin
Published: June 2022

Channel bonding is considered by the IEEE 802.11ac amendment to improve wireless local area network (WLAN) performance. In this article, the channel bonding and aggregation method were proposed to increase wireless local area network performance (WLANs). It combines many channels (or lanes) to boost the capacity of modem traffic. Channel bonding is the combination of two neighbouring channels within a certain frequency band to increase wireless device throughput. Wi-Fi employs channel bonding, also known as Ethernet bonding. Channel bandwidth is equal to the uplink/downlink ratio multiplied by the operational capacity. A single 20 MHz channel is divided into two, four, or eight power channels. At 80 MHz, there are more main and smaller channels. Performance of short-range WLANs is determined through graph-based approach. The two-channel access techniques including channel bonding proposed for the IEEE 802.11ac amendment are analysed and contrasted. The novel channel sizing algorithm based on starvation threshold is proposed to expand the channel size to improve WLAN performance. Second-cycle throughput is estimated at 20 Mbps, much beyond the starvation threshold. Our test reveals access points (AP) 1, 2, and 4 have enough throughput. A four-AP WLAN with a 5-Mbps starvation threshold is presented. C160 = 1 since there is only one 160 MHz channel. MIR (3, 160 (a, a, a)) =0, indicating that AP 3’s predicted throughput is 0. The algorithm rejects the 160 MHz channel width since ST is larger than 0. The channel width in MHz is given by B =0,1 MIR. The MIR was intended to maximise simultaneous broadcasts in WLANs. The authors claim that aggregation with channel bonding outperforms so all WLAN APs should have a single-channel width. It usually outperforms fairness-based measures by 15% to 20%. Wi-Fi standards advise “channel bonding,” or using higher frequency channels. Later standards allow channel bonding by increasing bands and channel lengths. Wider channels enhance average WLAN AP throughput, but narrower channels reduce appetite. Finally, it is concluded that APs are more useful than STAs.
A Novel Stress State Assessment Method for College Students Based on EEG
Authors: Liu Li , Ji Yunfeng , Gao Yun , Li Tao , Xu Wei
Published: June 2022

Stress is an unavoidable problem for today’s college students. Stress can arouse strong personal emotional and behavioral responses. Compared with other groups of the same age, college students have a special way of life and living environment. They have complex interpersonal relationships and relatively weak social support systems. At the same time, they also face fierce competition in both academic and employment. However, they lack the skills to deal with the crisis and are reluctant to ask others for help, which leads to a simultaneous increase in mental stress. The pressure on college students mainly comes from study, family, social, employment, society, and economy. When students face multiple pressures from family, school, society, etc., some students are prone to some psychological problems due to their own personality or external environment and other reasons. Therefore, regular assessment of students’ stress status is an important means to prevent college students’ psychological problems. Considering that in real life, the number of students whose pressure is within the tolerable range is the majority, while the number of students who are under too much pressure is a minority. Therefore, the actual dataset to be identified belongs to a kind of imbalanced data. In this study, an improved extreme learning machine (IELM) is used to improve the performance of the recognition model as much as possible. IELM takes the idea of label weighting as the starting point, introduces the AdaBoost algorithm, and combines its weight distribution with the label weighted extreme learning machine (ELM). During the weight update process, the advantage of the imbalanced nature of multi-label datasets is taken. IELM was used to classify EEG data to determine the stress level of college students. The experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm used in this study has excellent classification performance and can accurately assess students’ stress levels. The accurate assessment of stress has provided a solid foundation for the development of students’ mental health and has significant practical implications.
Silencing the ADAM9 Gene through CRISPR/Cas9 Protects Mice from Alcohol‐Induced Acute Liver Injury
Authors: Zhang Yong-Yong , Li San-Qiang , Song Ying , Wang Ping , Song Xiao-Gai , Zhu Wen-Feng , Wang Dong-Mei
Published: June 2022

Alcoholic liver injury is a major global public health concern at present. The ADAM9 gene plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of various liver diseases, but its role in acute alcoholic liver injury remains ambiguous. In this study, a chimeric single‐guide RNA targeting the genomic regions of mouse ADAM9 was designed using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (Cas9) technology. Next, the role of ADAM9 in acute alcoholic liver injury in vitro in cultured mouse cells and in vivo in a hydrodynamic injection‐based alcoholic liver injury mouse model was documented. The findings of this study suggest that ADAM9 induces by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and stress metabolism in mice. Thus, inhibiting the expression of ADAM9 gene using CRISPR/Cas9 can attenuate alcohol‐induced acute liver injury in mice.
Effects of 5.8 GHz Microwaves on Testicular Structure and Function in Rats
Authors: Xue Yizhe , Guo Ling , Lin Jiajin , Lai Panpan , Rui Gang , Liu Liyuan , Huang Rongrong , Jing Yuntao , Wang Fuli , Ding Guirong
Published: June 2022

Objective. To investigate the effects of exposure to 5.8 GHz microwaves on testicular structure and function of male adult rats. Methods. After 30 days of exposure, we evaluated sperm quality by determining sperm concentration and quantifying the number of abnormal sperm. Testicular morphology was investigated by hematoxylin‐eosin (HE) staining. The levels of testosterone (T), follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), stem cell factor (SCF), and transferrin (TRF) were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). We also used western blotting to determine the levels of GDNF and SCF and apoptosis‐related protein (caspase‐3) in the testis. Results. Compared with the sham group, there were no significant differences in terms of sperm count, sperm abnormality, and the levels of T, FSH, LH, GDNF, SCF, and caspase‐3 in the microwave group. Conclusion. Under the experimental conditions, 5.8 GHz microwave exposure has no obvious effect on testicular structure and function of rats.
Study on Challenges and Solutions for Enhancing Photocatalytic Activities of Ag3PO4 Nanoparticles for Degradation of Organic Dyes from Wastewater
Authors: Beyecha Wegene Lelisa , Asefa Misikir Tamiru , Feyisa Gebisa Bekele
Published: June 2022

Improper management of discharged waste material such as toxic organic dyes from industries causes severe health and economic problems because contaminated water with organic dyes is harmful to human being and aquatic ecosystems. The photocatalyst is a preferable wastewater treatment method because it is environmentally benign, cost‐wise, and more efficient in degrading dyes. Most metal oxide semiconductors are photocatalytic materials, but nowadays, Ag3PO4 nanoparticles have attracted enormous attention due to their low bandgap and high absorption of visible light. However, Ag3PO4 nanoparticles have low performance due to photocorrosion, high recombination rate, and instability in the solution. Thus, in this review article, the mechanism to enhance the photocatalytic activities of Ag3PO4 nanoparticles was discussed, and the future perspective of the silver phosphate was also stated.
Application of Decision Tree Algorithm Based on Data Mining in English Teaching Evaluation
Authors: Hou Rui
Published: June 2022

In order to bring new opportunities and challenges to teaching and learning English. This paper proposes a study of the use of a data tree-based decision tree algorithm in English language learning assessment. Teaching and learning through online English learning platforms using data mining technology to analyze student learning data, create relevant models, and explore the relationship between English exams and various elements is important for student learning and teacher teaching. Firstly, this paper introduces the function, process, and common machine learning models of data mining. Finally, by using data created by college English tutors and measurements to create and identify student images, through image users, you can learn about student behavior, learning behaviors, etc., provide a foundation after the design experiment, technology training technology in logistic regression model, wooden model making, and postfusion modeling of two models and analyze the factors affecting students’ passing the exam according to the prediction results. The results show that the decision tree model predicts that the score of each question type occurs 72 times, the score of students’ examination occurs 70 times, and the completion of homework occurs 70 times. Trees determined by this approach can have a profound impact on a wide range of indicators of academic excellence and provide a fundamental and useful basis for measuring future improvement.