bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relation between daily variations in sea level and meteorological forcing in Sancti Petri Channel (SW Spain)
Authors: Aboitiz A , Tejedor B , Muñoz JJ , Abarca JM
Published: August 2017

Sea level series were recorded from October 2006 to January 2007 at two different sites in a shallow-water estuary of SW Spain. Results showed a very significant temporal variability in daily sea level. Moreover, 85% of the variance was explained by atmospheric pressure variability, obtaining a relation between sea level and atmospheric pressure of around –2 cm hPa–1. A more detailed study showed the existence of two different types of oscillations in daily sea level: the first, with periods of 10 days, was related to the inverted barometer (IB) effect associated with synoptic-scale atmospheric pressure oscillations (IB factor of around 1.4 ± 0.1 cm hPa–1), and the second, with periods of more than 10 days, was related to pressure changes in the planetaryscale atmospheric waves. Even though the high barometric behaviour of the 10-day period was partially related to the local winds, the shallowness of the study area invalidated the assumption of a static IB effect (–1 cm hPa–1). Rather, it was the dynamic IB effect that explained the displacement of the IB factor relative to the static assumption.
Short-term size-specific distribution and movement patterns of juvenile flatfish in a Pacific estuary derived through length-frequency and mark-recapture data
Authors: Herzka SZ , Griffiths R , Fodrie FJ , McCarthy ID
Published: August 2017

Evaluating small-scale distribution and movement patterns of juvenile fishes within estuarine systems is necessary for identifying favorable nursery habitats and adequately interpreting local instantaneous growth and mortality estimates. Finescale, size-specific catch per unit effort (CPUE, catch per 500 m tow) and movement of juvenile flatfish were studied in Punta Banda Estuary, Baja California, Mexico, during the summer of 2004. After dividing the estuary into five contiguous sections, habitat utilization and movement were analyzed using two complimentary approaches. We intensively surveyed the estuary throughout the summer to document the size-specific distribution of flatfishes. California halibut and diamond turbot were captured throughout the estuary on all sampling dates, indicating that the entire system serves as habitat for juveniles. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the CPUE of California halibut was significantly and negatively related to temperature and depth, although the model exhibited low explanatory power. In contrast, the CPUE of diamond turbot was only significantly and negatively related to depth. CPUE was not related to salinity for either species. Analyses of site- and time-specific lengthfrequency distributions indicated movement by all flatfishes on the time scale of weeks, which is likely due to the estuarine emigration of fish >140 mm standard length. In addition, an estuary-wide mark-recapture study was performed. Visible elastomer implants were used to tag 697 California halibut, 442 diamond turbot, and 128 spotted turbot. Based on sectionspecific CPUE and the area of the estuary, we tagged 3–6% of the local population of each species in a given month. Four Californian halibut and two diamond turbot were recaptured within hundreds of meters of where they were released. Hence, we observed residency and movement at the same time. This study indicates that short-term movement and its underlying causes should be taken into account when assessing patterns of juvenile habitat utilization.
Effect of solar and artificial UV radiation on photosynthetic performance and carbonic anhydrase activity in intertidal macroalgae from southern Spain
Authors: Viñegla B , López-Figueroa F
Published: August 2017

The effect of UV radiation on photosynthetic rate and carbon uptake, estimated as carbonic anhydrase activity, was studied by incubating intertidal algae, Fucus spiralis (Phaeophyta) and Ulva olivascens (Chlorophyta), under both artificial and solar radiation. In these experiments, treatments excluding UV-B or UV-A + UV-B radiations were applied. Thalli of U. olivascens and F. spiralis showed completely different responses when exposed to artificial radiation and three different light treatments (PAR + UV-A + UV-B, PAR + UV-A, and only PAR). After exposure for 24 h, photosynthetic activity increased in F. spiralis, although the presence of UV-B slightly reduced the increase, whereas U. olivascens showed an inverse pattern, with decreasing photosynthetic rates in all the treatments and with the lowest decrease in the presence of UV-B radiation. Surprisingly, the presence of UV-B stimulated carbon uptake, though this effect was more clear in the case of F. spiralis, while a similar inhibitory effect of UV-A radiation was found in both species. Thalli of U. olivascens and F. spiralis were also exposed to solar radiation for daily and yearly periods. The photosynthetic rate was coupled to incident irradiance in F. spiralis, whereas in U. olivascens a significant decrease in the presence of both UV-A or UV-A + UV-B was found. A significant increase of carbon uptake in the presence of UV-B radiation was observed in U. olivascens, while no clear pattern was found in F. spiralis under any of the light treatments. During an annual cycle, carbon uptake in U. olivascens decreased in winter, compared with the initial levels, in the PAR and PAR + UV-A treatments. The high level of carbon uptake was maintained until the end of spring, when higher levels of incident energy might promote photoinhibition (in the presence of UV-B). The absence of a general response to UV radiation in the macroalgae studied may be due to their different photoprotection mechanisms, physiological-morphological characteristics, and acclimation to environmental conditions.
Sediment variations and littoral transport at La Victoria Beach, Cádiz, Spain
Authors: Avila-Serrano GE , Santa Rosa del Río MA , Anfuso-Melfi G , Benavente-González J , Guardado-France R , González-Yajimovich O , Velázquez-González EK
Published: August 2017

The evolution of La Victoria Beach, located in the province of Cádiz (Spain), was evaluated from February to October 2004 by comparing the lithology and slope of two beach sections: the northern or Final Victoria (FV) section and the southern or Hotel Victoria (HV) section. Textural parameters and CaCO3 content of 24 sediment samples were obtained, and littoral transport was determined by fluorescent tracers. Topographic profiles were measured every 15 days using a total station during low spring tides. The sediment samples were analyzed by the method of moments and their textural paramete (mean, asymmetry, sorting, and kurtosis) calculated. The textural analysis showed that the sediment in section FV during the study period was moderately well classified and extremely leptokurtic, whereas section HV had two sediment groups: fine sands near the breaker zone and very fine pebbles at the berm; however, the winter period was evident in both sections. The CaCO3 content varied between 3% and 9%, indicating beach instability. The direction of the littoral transport, in agreement with the region’s behavior, was NW–SE, and showed a displacement of 130 m at 0.29 m s–1.
What Is Doxycycline Postexposure Prophylaxis?
Authors: Rockney Danica , Malani Preeti
Published: October 2024

This JAMA Patient Page describes doxycycline postexposure prophylaxis (doxyPEP), a medication prescribed to prevent certain sexually transmitted bacterial infections in people at increased risk.
Reducing Wasteful Spending on Discarded Lecanemab in the US Medicare Program
Authors: Zhou Frank F. , Tseng Chi-Hong , Leng Mei , Delarmente Benjo A. , Damberg Cheryl L. , Sarkisian Catherine A. , Mafi John N.
Published: October 2024

This cross-sectional study examines the wastage observed with the use of weight-based dosing of lecanemab in treatment of Alzheimer disease and proposes alternative vial sizes to reduce wastage.
Performance of Machine Learning Suicide Risk Models in an American Indian Population
Authors: Haroz Emily E. , Rebman Paul , Goklish Novalene , Garcia Mitchell , Suttle Rose , Maggio Dominick , Clattenburg Eben , Mega Joe , Adams Roy
Published: October 2024

Importance

Few suicide risk identification tools have been developed specifically for American Indian and Alaska Native populations, even though these populations face the starkest suicide-related inequities.

Objective

To examine the accuracy of existing machine learning models in a majority American Indian population.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This prognostic study used secondary data analysis of electronic health record data collected from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2021. Existing models from the Mental Health Research Network (MHRN) and Vanderbilt University (VU) were fitted. Models were compared with an augmented screening indicator that included any previous attempt, recent suicidal ideation, or a recent positive suicide risk screen result. The comparison was based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). The study was performed in partnership with a tribe and local Indian Health Service (IHS) in the Southwest. All patients were 18 years or older with at least 1 encounter with the IHS unit during the study period. Data were analyzed between October 6, 2022, and July 29, 2024.

Exposures

Suicide attempts or deaths within 90 days.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Model performance was compared based on the ability to distinguish between those with a suicide attempt or death within 90 days of their last IHS visit with those without this outcome.

Results

Of 16 835 patients (mean [SD] age, 40.0 [17.5] years; 8660 [51.4%] female; 14 251 [84.7%] American Indian), 324 patients (1.9%) had at least 1 suicide attempt, and 37 patients (0.2%) died by suicide. The MHRN model had an AUROC value of 0.81 (95% CI, 0.77-0.85) for 90-day suicide attempts, whereas the VU model had an AUROC value of 0.68 (95% CI, 0.64-0.72), and the augmented screening indicator had an AUROC value of 0.66 (95% CI, 0.63-0.70). Calibration was poor for both models but improved after recalibration.

Conclusion and Relevance

This prognostic study found that existing risk identification models for suicide prevention held promise when applied to new contexts and performed better than relying on a combined indictor of a positive suicide risk screen result, history of attempt, and recent suicidal ideation.
Crossed Clonus Response
Authors: Hazra Sourav , Dhamija Rajinder K. , Maheshwari Siddharth
Published: October 2024

This case report describes a novel crossed clonus response in a 48-year-old man with compressive cervical myelopathy.
Naloxone Access Laws and Opioid-Related Overdose Deaths in Youths
Authors: Toce Michael S. , Michelson Kenneth A. , Hadland Scott E. , Monuteaux Michael C. , Bourgeois Florence T.
Published: October 2024

This cross-sectional study assesses fatal drug overdoses in youths associated with implementation of state-level naloxone access expansions.
Clinical target volume (CTV) automatic delineation using deep learning network for cervical cancer radiotherapy: A study with external validation
Authors: Wu Zhe , Wang Dong , Xu Cheng , Peng Shengxian , Deng Lihua , Liu Mujun , Wu Yi
Published: October 2024

Purpose

To explore the accuracy and feasibility of a proposed deep learning (DL) algorithm for clinical target volume (CTV) delineation in cervical cancer radiotherapy and evaluate whether it can perform well in external cervical cancer and endometrial cancer cases for generalization validation.

Methods

A total of 332 patients were enrolled in this study. A state‐of‐the‐art network called ResCANet, which added the cascade multi‐scale convolution in the skip connections to eliminate semantic differences between different feature layers based on ResNet‐UNet. The atrous spatial pyramid pooling in the deepest feature layer combined the semantic information of different receptive fields without losing information. A total of 236 cervical cancer cases were randomly grouped into 5‐fold cross‐training (n = 189) and validation (n = 47) cohorts. External validations were performed in a separate cohort of 54 cervical cancer and 42 endometrial cancer cases. The performances of the proposed network were evaluated by dice similarity coefficient (DSC), sensitivity (SEN), positive predictive value (PPV), 95% Hausdorff distance (95HD), and oncologist clinical score when comparing them with manual delineation in validation cohorts.

Results

In internal validation cohorts, the mean DSC, SEN, PPV, 95HD for ResCANet achieved 74.8%, 81.5%, 73.5%, and 10.5 mm. In external independent validation cohorts, ResCANet achieved 73.4%, 72.9%, 75.3%, 12.5 mm for cervical cancer cases and 77.1%, 81.1%, 75.5%, 10.3 mm for endometrial cancer cases, respectively. The clinical assessment score showed that minor and no revisions (delineation time was shortened to within 30 min) accounted for about 85% of all cases in DL‐aided automatic delineation.

Conclusions

We demonstrated the problem of model generalizability for DL‐based automatic delineation. The proposed network can improve the performance of automatic delineation for cervical cancer and shorten manual delineation time at no expense to quality. The network showed excellent clinical viability, which can also be even generalized for endometrial cancer with excellent performance.
Does Higher Compliance With American College of Sports Medicine Exercise Prescription Guidelines Influence Exercise Outcomes in Knee Osteoarthritis? A Systematic Review With Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Lawford Belinda J. , Hinman Rana S. , Spiers Libby , Kimp Alexander J. , Dell'Isola Andrea , Harmer Alison R. , Van der Esch Martin , Hall Michelle , Bennell Kim L.
Published: October 2024

Objective

We wanted to determine if higher compliance with American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) exercise prescription guidelines influences exercise outcomes in knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

We conducted a systematic review. We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and Embase up to January 4, 2024, for randomized controlled trials evaluating resistance and/or aerobic exercise for knee OA. Interventions were classified as higher compliance (meeting ≥60% of ACSM guideline recommendations for frequency, intensity, and duration) or lower compliance (meeting <60% of recommendations). Effects on pain and function were evaluated via meta‐analysis, stratified by compliance.

Results

Twenty‐five trials (3,290 participants) evaluated combined resistance and aerobic programs, with no differences in outcomes between those with higher and lower compliance (standardized mean difference [SMD] pain: −0.38 [95% confidence interval (CI) −0.59 to −0.17] vs −0.31 [95% CI −0.45 to −0.16], respectively; SMD function: −0.43 [95% CI −0.64 to −0.21] vs −0.36 [95% CI −0.58 to −0.14]). Sixty‐six trials (5,231 participants) evaluated resistance exercise, with no differences between interventions with higher and lower compliance (SMD pain: −0.60 [95% CI −0.81 to −0.39] vs −0.93 [95% CI −1.27 to −0.59]; SMD function: −0.64 [95% CI −0.83 to −0.44] vs −0.85 [95% CI −1.20 to −0.49]). Twelve trials (958 participants) evaluated aerobic exercise, with no differences between interventions with higher and lower compliance (SMD pain: −0.79 [95% CI −1.20 to −0.38] vs −1.00 [95% CI −2.52 to 0.53]; SMD function: −0.83 [95% CI −1.27 to −0.38] vs −0.76 [95% CI −2.02 to 0.50]).

Conclusion

Higher or lower compliance with ACSM exercise prescription guidelines did not influence exercise outcomes. Given there was substantial heterogeneity and many publications were at risk of bias, our results should be interpreted with caution.
On the Surface Property–Oxidation Relationship in Refractory High‐Entropy Alloys
Authors: Nazarahari Alireza , Ozdemir Huseyin Can , Barienti Khemais , Unal Ugur , Canadinc Demircan , Maier Hans Jürgen
Published: October 2024

In this study, oxidation behavior in as‐cast polycrystalline HfNbTaTi3, HfNbTaTiZr, HfMoTaTiZr, and NbMoTaTiZr refractory high‐entropy alloys (RHEAs), and the amorphous form of NbMoTaTiZr RHEA, is investigated. Herein, the surfaces of samples undergoing static oxidation experiments at 700, 800, and 900 °C using scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐Ray spectroscopy, X‐Ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X‐Ray diffraction are explored. In the corresponding findings, the presence of three different oxidation behaviors in the studied RHEAs is shown: formation of a non‐protective scale, powderization and pesting of the sample, and a distinct amorphous oxidation behavior compared to its polycrystalline counterpart. Notably, Nb appears to induce a detrimental effect on the oxidation properties of samples due to the high ratio of volume change between the oxide and the metal. In the current findings, it is also evidenced that Mo can cause catastrophic failure in RHEAs that lack a protective oxide layer. Overall, the results constitute a step forward in enhancing the understanding of oxidation behavior in RHEAs and developing novel oxidation‐resistant RHEAs.
Dual‐Phase Enabled Sinusoidal Current Anodizing for Efficient Preparation of High Specific Capacitance Anode Aluminum Foils
Authors: Li Yizhuo , Zhu Jie , Wang Jun , Bai Jiedong , Fan Mingjie , Xu Youlong
Published: October 2024

The anodized aluminum oxide prepared by anodizing is the core of aluminum electrolytic capacitors, and its quality determines the performance of aluminum electrolytic capacitors. The traditional direct current (t‐DC) anodizing method commonly used in industrial production today with low current density has the problems of low anodizing efficiency, poor crystallinity, and high formation constants of the oxide film. However, high current density direct current anodizing has the problems of severe defects of the oxide film and much thermal dissolution of aluminum foil. Herein, the dual‐phase enabled sinusoidal current (DESC) anodizing method is proposed for the preparation of 200 V anodized aluminum foil with much higher efficiency and performance. After testing, it is found that the alumina prepared by the DESC method has higher crystallinity and fewer defects. Consequently, the specific capacitance of the DESC sample is 23% greater than that of the t‐DC anodized sample, while the former displays a lower loss angle tangent and leakage current. Meanwhile, DESC anodizing takes 60% time less than t‐DC anodizing due to its high current density. The DESC anodizing method has been identified as a promising avenue for further investigation, exhibiting high efficiency and performance.
Effect of Hydrodynamic Shear Stress on Algal Cell Fate in 3D Extrusion Bioprinting
Authors: Shakur Md Shihab , Lazarus Emily , Wang Can , Du Ke , Rivero Iris V. , Ramesh Srikanthan
Published: October 2024

The 3D bioprinting of aquatic photosynthetic organisms holds potential for applications in biosensing, wastewater treatment, and biofuel production. While algae cells can be immobilized in bioprinted cell‐friendly matrices, there is a knowledge gap regarding the thresholds of hydrodynamic shear stress that affect the cells’ functionality and viability during bioprinting. This study examines the effect of hydrodynamic shear stress on the fate of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. Computational fluid dynamics models based on the Navier–Stokes equations are developed to numerically predict the shear stresses experienced by the cells during extrusion. Parallelly, cell culture experiments are conducted to evaluate the functionality, growth rates, and viability of algae cells within bioprinted constructs. By correlating cell culture and simulation results, the causal link between shear stress in the nozzle and cell viability and function has been characterized. The findings highlight that cell viability and function are significantly impacted by process factors. Notably, algae cell function is more sensitive to shear stress than cell viability. Functional impairments occur at maximum shear stresses around 5 kPa, while viability remains unaffected. Beyond 14 kPa, both functionality and viability decline significantly and irreversibly. The results emphasize the importance of assessing viability and function after bioprinting, rather than just viability.
Dynamic Electromechanical Co‐Stimulation Based Enhancement of Skeletal Muscle Tissues for Fast Biosyncretic Robots Actuation
Authors: Yang Lianchao , Zhang Chuang , Wang Ruiqian , Zhang Yiwei , Zhang Qi , Qin Hengshen , Liu Lianqing
Published: October 2024

Biosyncretic robots composed of living and synthetic materials have garnered significant attention due to their high energy conversion efficiency, good biocompatibility and human‐robot interaction safety. Among common living actuation materials, artificial skeletal muscle tissue (ASMT) stands out for its good size scalability, controllability, and potential high driving force. However, due to the low differentiation efficiency of myoblasts, the performance of ASMT lags behind that of natural skeletal muscle tissue, thereby hindering the progress of biosyncretic robots. Here, inspired by the training mode of human skeletal muscle, an electromechanical co‐stimulation system for enhancing the performance of ASMTs is proposed. This system is capable of simultaneously applying electrical and mechanical stimulation to ASMTs. Moreover, the mechanical resistance can be dynamically adjusted during ASMT growth based on real‐time measurements of the contractile force of the ASMT. The results show that the enhanced ASMTs demonstrate improved differentiation and performance and can actuate a robot at a maximum speed of 2.38 mm s−1, which is faster than those of most currently reported ASMT‐based robots. This study introduces a novel approach for enhancing the performance of ASMTs, with substantial implications for the fields of biosyncretic robots and tissue engineering.
Shadow Mask Molecular Beam Epitaxy for In‐Plane Gradient Permittivity Materials
Authors: Mukherjee Shagorika , Sitaram Sai Rahul , Wang Xi , Law Stephanie
Published: October 2024

Infrared spectroscopy currently requires the use of bulky, expensive, and/or fragile spectrometers. For gas sensing, environmental monitoring, or other applications, an inexpensive, compact, robust on‐chip spectrometer is needed. One way to achieve this is through gradient permittivity materials, in which the material permittivity changes as a function of position in the plane. Here, synthesis of infrared gradient permittivity materials is demonstrated using shadow mask molecular beam epitaxy. The permittivity of the material changes as a function of position in the lateral direction, confining varying wavelengths of infrared light at varying horizontal locations. An electric field enhancement corresponding to wavenumbers ranging from ≈650 to 900 cm−1 over an in‐plane width of ≈13 µm on the flat mesa of the sample is shown. An electric field enhancement corresponding to wavenumbers ranging from ≈900 to 1250 cm−1 over an in‐plane width of ≈13 µm on the slope of the sample is also shown. These two different regions of electric field enhancement develop on two opposite sides of the material. This demonstration of a scalable method of creating in‐plane gradient permittivity material can be leveraged for the creation of a variety of miniature infrared devices, such as an ultracompact spectrometer.
Controlling Polarization‐Induced Polaron Accumulation in OLEDs via Device Design
Authors: Pakhomenko Evgeny , Martin Sage , He Siliang , Kapur Abhinav , Holmes Russell J.
Published: October 2024

Spontaneous alignment of molecular electric dipole moments, known as spontaneous orientation polarization (SOP), is present in many organic electronic materials. The SOP‐induced field changes the internal voltage distribution within the device, altering polaron injection and accumulation. The important role of SOP in organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs) has recently been emphasized with clear links between dipole alignment and device efficiency and operational lifetime. Prior work has thus sought to engineer SOP via changes in thin film composition or processing conditions. These efforts have generally been directed at the OLED electron transport layer, which can show strong SOP. This work takes a different approach, focusing instead on how changes in device architecture can be applied to tune the magnitude and dynamics of polaron accumulation in response to SOP. In this work, it is demonstrated that the introduction of SOP into the device emissive layer offers control over the spatial location of accumulation. In parallel, insertion of a spacer layer between the hole transport and emissive layers can be used to tune the polaron accumulation rate and density during device operation. Both of these architectural changes permit an increase in OLED efficiency and a pathway around the deleterious impact of SOP‐induced polaron accumulation.
Carbon‐Encapsulated Single‐Atom Platinum Nickel Alloy for Efficient and Durable Alkaline Hydrogen Oxidation Through Enhanced Charge Polarization
Authors: Ren Huanwei , Yu Wanqing , Lv Maoyuan , Gao Jie , Hu Hao , Wang Mengdi , Cui Xuejing , Liu Jing , Jiang Luhua
Published: October 2024

Developing efficient and stable non‐noble metal electrocatalysts for fuel cells is pivotal yet challenging. Herein, a dual‐modulation strategy by integrating a single‐atom alloy (SAA) core with carbon encapsulation to fabricate an advanced NiPtSA@NC catalyst is proposed, which exhibits an impressive specific activity of 82.0 µA cm−2 and superior stability for alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR). Experimental and theoretical investigations unveil that the superior HOR performance is due to the enhanced water adsorption and optimized hydrogen binding energy over the dual‐modulated Ni active centers with a moderately downshifted d‐band center, which stems from the charge polarization triggered by the introduced Pt atoms, creating an electron‐rich local environment for Pt atoms while electron‐depletion for Ni atoms, as well as inducing electrons transfer from the metallic core to the carbon shell. This study provides an effective dual modulation strategy to construct robust non‐noble metal electrocatalysts for HOR, guiding the catalyst design of other related catalytic reactions.
Construction of Heterointerfaced Nanoreactor Electrocatalyst via In Situ Evolution Toward Practical Room‐Temperature Sodium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Wei Xiaoling , Zhang Zhen , Luo Dan , Wang Xin
Published: October 2024

Sodium‐sulfur (Na─S) batteries have drawn considerable research interest owing to their high theoretical energy density and nature abundance. However, the intrinsic sluggish kinetics that has so far been scarcely explored in the conversion reaction of sodium polysulfides (NaPS) hinders its practical application. Herein, the design strategy of heterointerfaced nanoreactor is presented as sulfur reduction reaction (SRR) electrocatalyst for room temperature Na─S batteries. The synergistic incorporation of heterointerface and confined structure design can modulate the electronic structure of transitional metal active site and upshift its d‐band center, leading to enhanced NaPS adsorption and catalytic conversion toward streamlined SRR. Moreover, the spatial confinement of nanoreactor can not only stockpile nanoparticles to avoid their agglomeration and detachment, but also effectively immobilize sulfur species to inhibit shuttle effect and accommodate volume expansion over sodiation. The as‐developed electrocatalyst can achieve high discharge capacity of 1310 mAh g−1, remarkable cycling stability over 2500 cycles, and excellent performance under high sulfur loading and lean electrolyte/sulfur ratio. Ah level pouch cell can also exhibit promising performance for practical application. This strategy affords a synergistic combination of nanoreactor and heterointerface structure engineering toward fast and reliable electrochemistry, paving ways for the practical application of room temperature Na─S batteries.
Multimodal, Ultrasensitive, and Biomimetic Electronic Skin Based on Gradient Micro‐Frustum Ionogel for Imaginary Keyboard and Haptic Cognition
Authors: Xia Yifan , Zhi Xinrong , Guo Mengjia , Zhang Yinghao , Ma Shifan , Wang Xin
Published: October 2024

Electronic skins (E‐skins) are poised to revolutionize human interaction not only with one another but also with machines, electronics, and surrounding environment. However, the wearable E‐skin that simultaneously offers multiple sensing capabilities, high sensitivity, and broad sensing ranges remains a great challenge. Here, drawing inspiration from human haptic perception, a multimodal, ultrasensitive, and biomimetic E‐skin (MES) founded on micro‐frustum ionogel is developed based on iontronic capacitive and triboelectric effects for imaginary keyboard and multifunctional haptic cognition. Leveraging simultaneously the ionogel as capacitive layer and triboelectric layer, the MES enables human‐dermis perception performances of high sensitivity (357.56 kPa−1), low limit of detection (0.47 Pa), and broad linear detection range (0–500 kPa). Moreover, human finger joint movements can be precisely monitored by the attached MES and be transferred into accurate typed letter information on an imaginary keyboard. More importantly, by harnessing signal acquisition/processing circuits and machine learning, the real‐time haptic cognition of different materials, surface roughness, and contact pressure can be achieved by the MES, which endows the advancement of interaction between next‐generation intelligent robot and physical environment. Consequently, the proposed MES demonstrates impressive potentials in the fields of wearable electronics, human–machine interaction (HMI), and Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Molecular Confinement Engineering Induced Super Thermostable and RT‐Adjustable Gel for Tri‐Heat‐Channeled Smart Window
Authors: Guo Zhi‐Guang , Xiong Peng‐Qi , Nan Hai‐Feng , Yan Ding‐Xiang , Zhong Gan‐Ji , Lei Jun , Li Zhong‐Ming
Published: October 2024

Thermochromic hydrogel‐based smart windows hold great potential for building energy‐saving. However, most of thermochromic hydrogels possess high response temperatures (RT) and poor size stability under heat, resulting in limited energy‐saving performance for smart windows. Here, a printable thermochromic gel (PNC) is reported with low thermal shrinkage and tunable RT for smart windows applications via molecular confinement engineering. The RT of PNC gel is well within the comfort temperature zone of the human body and can be modulated (26.5–31.5 °C) by the introduced support networks. Importantly, the resultant gel exhibits a super transmittance (95%) in visible light and an outstanding modulation (87%) for sunlight. Based on PNC gel, a tri‐heat‐channeled smart window is fabricated using a multilevel thermal regulation strategy that couples conduction, radiation, and evaporative cooling. The tri‐heat‐channeled smart window demonstrates outstanding daytime cooling (10 °C lower than conventional windows) and can cut off 30% of annual heating, ventilation, and air‐conditioning (HAVC) energy consumption. Furthermore, a novel smart window is designed with invisible shutters that appear only when needed. This work offers novel clues for constructing versatile gels and innovative smart windows for building energy‐saving.
Application of Drug Delivery System Based on Nanozyme Cascade Technology in Chronic Wound
Authors: Wang Wenyu , Li Zhipeng , Liu Chaolong , Yu Hongli , Sun Yong
Published: October 2024

Chronic wounds are characterized by long‐term inflammation, including diabetic ulcers, traumatic ulcers, etc., which provide an optimal environment for bacterial proliferation. At present, antibiotics are the main clinical treatment method for chronic wound infections. However, the overuse of antibiotics may accelerate the emergence of drug‐resistant bacteria, which poses a significant threat to human health. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic strategies for bacterial infections. Nanozyme‐based antimicrobial therapy (NABT) is an emerging antimicrobial strategy with broad‐spectrum activity and low drug resistance compared to traditional antibiotics. NABT has shown great potential as an emerging antimicrobial strategy by catalyzing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with its enzyme‐like catalytic properties, producing a powerful bactericidal effect without developing drug resistance. Nanozyme‐based cascade antimicrobial technology offers a new approach to infection control, effectively improving antimicrobial efficacy by activating cascades against bacterial cell membranes and intracellular DNA while minimizing potential side effects. However, it is worth noting that this technology is still in the early stages of research. This article comprehensively reviews wound classification, current methods for the treatment of wound infection, different types of nanozymes, the application of nanozyme cascade reaction technology in antimicrobial therapy, and future challenges and prospects.
Strong Silkworm Silk Fibers through CNT‐Feeding and Forced Reeling
Authors: Lu Haojie , Jian Muqiang , Liang Xiaoping , Wang Yida , Niu Jiali , Zhang Yingying
Published: October 2024

High‐performance silk fibers, with their eco‐friendly degradability and renewability, have long captivated researchers as an alternative to synthetic fibers. Spider dragline silk, renowned for its exceptional strength (>1 GPa), has an extremely low yield, hindering its widespread use. While domesticated silkworms (Bombyx mori) can produce silk fibers industrially, their moderate strength (≈0.5 GPa) pales in comparison to the formidable spider dragline silk. In this study, naturally produced strong silkworm silk fibers are reported with a tensile strength of ≈1.2 GPa achieved through combining feeding carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to silkworms and in situ forced reeling for alignment. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm the interaction between the CNTs and silk fibroin, while the forced reeling process aligns these reinforcing fillers and the silk fibroin β‐sheet nanocrystals along the fiber axis. Structural analysis reveals a significant enhancement in the content and alignment of β‐sheet nanocrystals within the silk fibers, accounting for their superior mechanical properties, including tensile strength of ≈1.2 GPa and Young's modulus of 24.4 GPa, surpassing various types of silkworm silk and spider silk. This advancement addresses the historical trade‐off between the strength and scalability of silk, potentially paving the way for eco‐friendly, biodegradable, and renewable alternatives to synthetic fibers in a variety of applications.
Gradient and De‐Clustered Anionic Redox Enabled Undetectable O2 Formation in 4.5 V Sodium Manganese Oxide Cathodes
Authors: Li Na , Zhao Enyue , Zhang Zhigang , Yin Wen , He Lunhua , Wang Baotian , Wang Fangwei , Xiao Xiaoling , Zhao Jinkui
Published: October 2024

Anionic redox chemistry presents a promising approach to enhancing the energy density of oxide cathode materials. However, anionic redox reactions invariably lead to O2 formation, either as free gaseous O2 or trapped molecular O2, which destabilizes the material's structure. Here, this critical challenge is addressed by constructing a crystal structure with both gradient redox activity and de‐clustered redox‐active oxygen. This design strategy is directly validated by operando differential electrochemical mass spectrometry and ex situ 50 K electron paramagnetic resonance, revealing no release of O2 or trapped O2 in the 4.5 V P2‐type sodium manganese‐based layered oxide. Notably, the material exhibits a highly reversible capacity of 247 mA h g−1 at 20 mA g−1 and exceptional capacity retention of 91.4% after 300 cycles at 300 mA g−1. In situ X‐ray diffraction further suggests that the absence of O2 formation suppresses the typical P2‐O2 phase transition, resulting in a minimal lattice volume change of only 0.5%. Ex situ neutron diffraction studies and theoretical calculations further elucidate that the locally ordered lattice is well‐preserved, attributable to reduced cationic migrations during cycling.
The Roles of Micro‐ and Nanoscale Materials in Cell‐Engineering Systems
Authors: Jiang Yuan , Harberts Jann , Assadi Artin , Chen Yaping , Spatz Joachim P. , Duan Wei , Nisbet David R. , Voelcker Nicolas H. , Elnathan Roey
Published: October 2024

Customizable manufacturing of ex vivo cell engineering is driven by the need for innovations in the biomedical field and holds substantial potential for addressing current therapeutic challenges; but it is still only in its infancy. Micro‐ and nanoscale‐engineered materials are increasingly used to control core cell‐level functions in cellular engineering. By reprogramming or redirecting targeted cells for extremely precise functions, these advanced materials offer new possibilities. This influences the modularity of cell reprogramming and reengineering, making these materials part of versatile and emerging technologies. Here, the roles of micro‐ and nanoscale materials in cell engineering are highlighted, demonstrating how they can be adaptively controlled to regulate cellular reprogramming and core cell‐level functions, including differentiation, proliferation, adhesion, user‐defined gene expression, and epigenetic changes. The current reprogramming routes used to achieve pluripotency from somatic cells and the significant potential of induced pluripotent stem cell technology for translational biomedical research are covered. Recent advances in nonviral intracellular delivery modalities for cell reprogramming and their constraints are evaluated. This paper focuses on emerging physical and combinatorial approaches of intracellular delivery for cell engineering, revealing the capabilities and limitations of these routes. It is showcased how these programmable materials are continually being explored as customizable tools for inducing biophysical stimulation. Harnessing the power of micro‐ and nanoscale‐engineered materials will be a step change in the design of cell engineering, producing a suite of powerful tools for addressing potential future challenges in therapeutic cell engineering.
Alicyclic Polyimide With Multiple Breakdown Self‐Healing Based on Gas‐Condensation Phase Validation for High Temperature Capacitive Energy Storage
Authors: Huang Wenjie , Wan Baoquan , Yang Xing , Cheng Meng , Zhang Yiyi , Li Yuchao , Wu Chao , Dang Zhi‐Min , Zha Jun‐Wei
Published: October 2024

Polymer dielectrics with combined thermal stability and self‐healing properties are specifically desired for high‐temperature film capacitors. The high thermal stability of conventional polymers benefits from the abundance of aromatic rings in the molecule backbone, but the high carbon content sacrifices their self‐healing properties. Here, analicyclic polyimide with a high glass transition temperature (256 °C) and wide energy bandgap (4.58 eV) is designed, which exhibits electric conductivity more than an order of magnitude lower than that of classical polyimide at high electric fields and high temperatures. As a result, alicyclic polyimide achieves a discharged energy density of 4.54 J cm−3 and a charge‐discharge efficiency of above 90% at 200 °C, which is superior to existing dielectric polymers and composites. The alicyclic polyimide benefits from a low pyrolytic residual carbon rate, retaining 93% of the dielectric breakdown strength after four electrical breakdown cycles. Distinguishing from the current condensed‐phase self‐healing concept, for the first time, exploring the self‐healing capability of high‐temperature polyimide dielectric is presented based on dual self‐healing mechanisms of gas‐phase and condensed‐phase. The high energy density at high temperatures and the superior self‐healing capability of alicyclic polyimide further indicate the promise of polyimide dielectric film capacitors for extreme conditions.
Remote Activation of Antimicrobial Properties via Magnetoeletric Stimulation of Biopolymer‐Based Nanocomposites
Authors: Moreira Joana , Fernandes Margarida M. , Correia Daniela M. , Correia Vitor , Rincón‐Iglesias Mikel , Lanceros‐Mendez Senentxu
Published: October 2024

Antimicrobial materials are crucial for high‐touch surfaces to prevent the adhesion and proliferation of microorganisms, playing a key role in infection control measures. In this work, a magnetoelectric nanocomposite able to exert antimicrobial activity when magnetically stimulated, is obtained by solvent casting. The nanocomposites, composed of poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and cobalt ferrite magnetostrictive nanoparticles (CFO NPs), respond to a variable magnetic field by mechanically stimulating the piezoelectric component of the material, thereby inducing an electrical polarization. The antimicrobial properties of the material are determined by exposing it to different frequencies (0.3 and 1 Hz) using a custom‐designed magnetic bioreactor, where the resulting electrical microenvironments are the contributing factor. The growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus over the nanocomposite is highly inhibited when magnetically stimulated (dynamic conditions) mainly at 0.3 Hz, in contrast to static conditions. The electric microenvironment is further measured upon magnetic stimulation, with PHBV films with 20% CFO inducing a voltage variation of ≈20 µV at the surface while the films with 10% CFO induced a voltage variation of ≈12 µV. This work demonstrated that magnetic stimulation, combined with magnetoelectric materials, can be used for remote antimicrobial control, thus preventing the spread of infections.
Probing of Polarization Reversal in Ferroelectric (Al,Sc)N Films Using Single‐ and Tri‐Layered Structures With Different Sc/(Al+Sc) Ratio
Authors: Yasuoka Shinnosuke , Shimizu Takao , Okamoto Kazuki , Sun Nana , Doko Soshun , Matsui Naoko , Irisawa Toshikazu , Tsunekawa Koji , Gruverman Alexei , Funakubo Hiroshi
Published: October 2024

Wurtzite‐(Al,Sc)N films are promising candidates for ferroelectric memory devices owing to their outstanding properties. However, there are many challenges on the way to practical applications, including lowering an electric field required for polarization switching. Understanding the switching kinetics, especially the starting point of polarization reversal, is key to designing materials with desired properties. Here, the impact of Sc concentration and segregation on the switching kinetics for (Al,Sc)N capacitors is investigated by evaluating time‐ and field‐dependences of the switching polarization for the tri‐layered (Al,Sc)N films with various Sc/(Al+Sc) ratios. The remanent polarization of stacked films slightly decreased compared to those of the single‐layered films with the same average Sc/(Al+Sc) ratio, while their coercive fields depended on the average Sc content in (Al,Sc)N. The ferroelectric switching behavior suggests the possibility of nucleation originating from the Sc‐rich region and the sequential switching mechanism for individual layers, which is unique to multilayered films. This shows a possibility that nucleations of the polarization switching start not from the interface between the (Al,Sc)N films and the electrodes. The unique switching kinetics in tri‐layered (Al,Sc)N films have provided new insights into the field of ferroelectric switching in wurtzite‐nitrides.
Polarization‐Controlled Diffractions of Submicron Pillar Arrays of Azo Molecular Glass for Image Recording and Reconstruction
Authors: Wang Zenan , Hsu Chungen , Wang Xiaogong
Published: October 2024

Recording and manipulating optical waves with functional structures are crucially important for many applications. Herein, the submicron pillar arrays of an azo molecular glass (IA‐Chol) are explored to show functional synergy of a recording medium and a diffractive optical element. The image recording is achieved through the pillar deformation along the electric‐field oscillation direction of incident light. When illuminated with a polarized beam, the reconstructed images appear in the first‐order diffraction spots of the pillar array with the tailored intensity distributions depending on the states of polarization of the recording beam and the image reconstruction beam. This approach enables several images to be recorded in the adjacent zones of the same pillar array using lights with different polarization directions, and then the images are reconstructed separately or simultaneously upon the polarization directions of the illumination light. Furthermore, the topographic features of the pillar array after the recording are replicated by replica‐molding to the surfaces of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) slices as negative replicas and transformed to surfaces of poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) films through hot‐embossing. The PDMS and PMMA replicas are highly transparent in the visible light range and able to produce the reconstructed images with light in a wide‐wavelength extent.
A Hybrid Mechanism Metasurface Based on Absorption and Phase Cancellation for Ultra‐Wideband RCS Reduction
Authors: Wu Song , Zhang Yihang , Hu Yangsen , Wang Geng , Liu Zhao , Zhang Jinye , Ji Xiao
Published: October 2024

This paper proposes a hybrid mechanism based on phase cancellation and absorption to design a metasurface with ultra‐wideband 10 dB radar cross‐section (RCS) reduction from 6 to 64.7 GHz (171%). At high frequencies of 15–64.7 GHz, 10 dB RCS reduction is achieved by a phase cancellation mechanism, which is realized by arranging a perfect electric conductor (PEC) to form an arrayed structure with varying heights. At low frequencies of 6–15 GHz, 10 dB RCS reduction is achieved by the absorption mechanism, which is realized by designing a rotationally symmetric dual‐pattern absorber. The coupled mode theory (CMT) is used to explain the absorption mechanism. Additionally, it is found that a 180° phase difference is obtained by two different patterns to enhance RCS reduction in the high‐frequency band of 28–35 GHz. Finally, the phase cancellation and absorption mechanisms are combined to achieve an ultra‐wideband 10 dB RCS reduction from 6 to 64.7 GHz, which is realized by integrating the absorber into the arrayed structure to form the ultra‐wideband RCS reduction metasurface. The designed metasurface has a compact size (subwavelength), and a thin profile with 0.105λL.
Precise Control of Intracellular Trafficking and Receptor‐Mediated Endocytosis in Living Cells and Behaving Animals
Authors: Chen Shiau‐Chi , Zeng Neng‐Jie , Liu Grace Y. , Wang Hsien‐Chu , Lin Tzu‐Ying , Tai Yi‐Ling , Chen Chiao‐Yun , Fang Yin , Chuang Yi‐Chien , Kao Ching‐Lin , Cheng Hsuan , Wu Bing‐Huang , Sun Pin‐Chiao , Bayansan Odvogmed , Chiu Yu‐Ting , Shih Chi‐Hsuan , Chung Wen‐Hong , Yang Jia‐Bin , Wang Lily Hui‐Ching , Chiang Po‐Han , Chen Chun‐Hao , Wagner Oliver I. , Wang Yi‐Ching , Lin Yu‐Chun
Published: October 2024

Intracellular trafficking, an extremely complex network, dynamically orchestrates nearly all cellular activities. A versatile method that enables the manipulation of target transport pathways with high spatiotemporal accuracy in vitro and in vivo is required to study how this network coordinates its functions. Here, a new method called RIVET (Rapid Immobilization of target Vesicles on Engaged Tracks) is presented. Utilizing inducible dimerization between target vesicles and selective cytoskeletons, RIVET can spatiotemporally halt numerous intracellular trafficking pathways within seconds in a reversible manner. Its highly specific perturbations allow for the real‐time dissection of the dynamic relationships among different trafficking pathways. Moreover, RIVET is capable of inhibiting receptor‐mediated endocytosis. This versatile system can be applied from the cellular level to whole organisms. RIVET opens up new avenues for studying intracellular trafficking under various physiological and pathological conditions and offers potential strategies for treating trafficking‐related disorders.