bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human-level information extraction from clinical reports with fine-tuned language models
Authors: Liu Longchao , Lian Long , Hao Yiyan , Pace Aidan , Kim Elaine , Homsi Nour , Pershad Yash , Lai Liheng , Gracie Thomas , Kishtagari Ashwin , Carroll Peter R , Bick Alexander G , Odisho Anobel Y , Chung Maggie , Yala Adam
Published: November 2024

Background

Extracting structured data from clinical notes is a key bottleneck in developing AI tools for radiology and pathology. Manual annotation is labor-intensive and unscalable. An efficient, automated method for clinical information extraction with human-level performance is urgently needed.

Purpose

To introduce a low-code open-source library,Strata, that facilitates fine-tuning, evaluating, and deploying large language models (LLMs) for structured data extraction from clinical reports.

Materials and Methods

Four clinical datasets were annotated by a trained human annotator: 431 prostate MRI reports, 978 breast pathology reports, 238 kidney pathology reports, and 724 myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) pathology reports. Datasets were split into training, development, and test sets. A second reader annotated the test set. We fine-tuned open-source LLMs (Llama-3.1 8B, Mistral-v0.3 7B) to extract variables from clinical reports. We evaluated zero-shot and fine-tuned open-source models, zero-shot GPT-4, and the second human annotator using exact match accuracy. Exact match accuracy assesses if all variables for a report were extracted correctly.

Results

The second human annotator obtained exact match accuracies of 83.1 (95% CI 75.4, 88.5), 75.5 (95% CI 70.4, 80.3), 70.8 (95% CI 59.7, 80.6), and 85.8 (95% CI 80.7, 89.9) in the prostate, breast, kidney, and MDS test sets, respectively. Our fine-tuned Llama-3.1 8B model achieved human-level performance across all fine-tuning settings with exact-match test-set accuracies of 91.5 (95% CI 85.4, 95.4), 91.5 (95% CI 88.1, 94.2), 72.2 (95% CI 61.1, 81.9), and 89.4 (95% CI 84.9, 93.1) for prostate, breast, kidney, and MDS reports, respectively. We found that ≤ 100 training reports were needed to achieve human-level performance on these tasks.

Conclusion

Strata enables automated human-level performance in extracting structured data from clinical notes using ≤ 100 training reports.

Summary Statement

Fine-tuned open-source LLMs achieved human-level performance in extracting structured outcomes from prostate MRI, breast pathology, kidney pathology, and myelodysplastic syndrome pathology reports, supporting diverse research applications.

Key Results

- Fine-tuned Llama-3.1 8B obtained human-level exact match accuracies in all four test sets.

- 100, 95, 43, and 72 training reports from the breast pathology, kidney pathology, prostate MRI, and myelodysplastic syndrome pathology datasets were needed for fine-tuned Lamma-3.1 8B to achieve human-level performance.

- Each fine-tuned model required 1-3 hours of training on a single A40 GPU, costing between $0.80 to $2.40 on a private cloud.
Genome-wide investigation of rare germline copy-number variants in retinoblastoma
Authors: Chapman Hannah Lesley M. , Kim Jung , Bess Jazmyn L. , Kim Sungduk , Albert Paul S. , Japkowicz Nathalie , Stewart Douglas R. , Boukouvalas Zois
Published: November 2024

Approximately 8,000 children are diagnosed with retinoblastoma (Rb) globally each year, and the rate of survival as well as prognosis can differ greatly based on access to quality screening and treatment. Over 90% of patients with the inherited bilateral form of Rb have germline variantsRB1, whereas approximately 20-30% of the unilateral form of Rb harbor germline variants inRB1. In the following study, rare germline copy-number variants (CNVs) within and outside of theRB1gene were evaluated. Germline whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data from 134 Rb samples and 313 non-cancer controls of European ancestry were analyzed from the St. Jude Cloud. In an analysis of 1514 rare germline CNVs, non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) and Bayesian logistic regression identified 18 CNVs associated with Rb status. NMF analysis was used to reduce the high-dimensional feature space and resulted in 412 rare germline CNVs, one of which was found inRB1. A rare intronic germline CNV within theACDY9gene (OR= 3.29, 95% CI = 0.56 to 6.63) as well as an event within the intronic region of thePLXNC1gene (OR= 2.24, 95% CI = 0.87 to 3.67) were found. In an evaluation of gene function within the UCSC hg38 Fetal Gene Atlas,ACDY9has a role in eye photoreceptor cell development, andPLXNC1has a role in eye horizontal cell development; both cell types have a functional role in Rb development. These findings suggest novel rare germline CNVs outside of theRB1gene could be associated with Rb risk.
Epidemiology of pathologic myopia in UK adults with high myopia
Authors: Yii Fabian , Strang Niall , Bernabeu Miguel O. , Dhillon Baljean , MacGillivray Tom , MacCormick Ian J.C.
Published: November 2024

Aims

To conduct the first cross-sectional epidemiological investigation of pathologic myopia (PM) in UK adults with high myopia.

Methods

Fundus photographs of 3,024 highly myopic eyes (spherical equivalent refraction, SER ≤ –5.00D) from 2,000 randomly sampled adults (aged 40-70 years) in the UK Biobank were double graded by an ophthalmic reading centre using the Meta-analysis for Pathologic Myopia framework. Adjudication was performed by one of two retinal specialists. Multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression was used to explore potential risk factors and fundus biomarkers—initially controlling for SER, age and sex, before including all variables with p<0.10 in a single model.

Results

PM was present in 1,138 of 3,006 gradable fundus photographs, with 41.7% (95% CI: 39.5%-43.9%) of participants affected in at least one eye graded. Most eyes with PM exhibited diffuse chorioretinal atrophy (97.4%), while the more severe stages— patchy chorioretinal atrophy and macular atrophy—were observed in only 24 and 5 eyes, respectively. Thirteen eyes had “plus” lesions or suspected staphyloma. Factors independently associated with increased odds of PM (all p<0.05) included decreasing SER (adjusted odds ratio: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.15-0.32), older age (2.20, 1.63-2.97), female sex (1.87, 1.12-3.12), lower deprivation (0.73, 0.56-0.94), White ethnicity (52.3, 17.3-158.3), lower retinal arteriovenous ratio (0.47, 0.37-0.58), increased retinal vascular complexity (4.68, 3.22-6.81) and a relatively horizontal disc orientation (2.98, 1.88-4.72). None of the explored modifiable lifestyle or health-related variables were associated with PM.

Conclusions

PM prevalence is high among mid-life adults with high myopia in the UK Biobank. Although most cases are mild, the progressive and age-related nature of PM means an elevated risk of irreversible visual impairment for these individuals in later life.
Blood-brain barrier leakage in the penumbra is associated with infarction on follow-up imaging in acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Naegele Felix L , Scheldeman Lauranne , Wouters Anke , Heinze Marlene , Petersen Marvin , Schlemm Eckhard , Schell Maximilian , Ebinger Martin , Endres Matthias , Fiebach Jochen B , Fiehler Jens , Galinovic Ivana , Lemmens Robin , Muir Keith W , Nighoghossian Norbert , Pedraza Salvador , Puig Josep , Simonsen Claus Z , Thijs Vincent , Thomalla Goetz , Cheng Bastian
Published: November 2024

Background Blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage measured with dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging (DSC-MRI) has been associated with hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, the influence of pre-thrombolysis BBB leakage on infarct growth has not been studied. Therefore, we aimed to characterize BBB integrity according to tissue state at admission and tissue fate on follow-up MRI. Methods This is a post-hoc analysis of the Efficacy and Safety of MRI-Based Thrombolysis in Wake-Up Stroke (WAKE-UP) trial including 165 randomized patients (mean age 66 years, 38% women, median National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score 6, 53% receiving alteplase) with available baseline DSC-MRI. Ischemic cores were segmented on diffusion weighted imaging at baseline and on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images at follow-up (22-36h). DSC-MRI provided penumbra masks (Tmax>6s minus ischemic core) and BBB leakage (extraction fraction, EF, z-scored) maps via automated analysis. EF was averaged within the ischemic core, total penumbra, 2 penumbra subtypes (salvaged/infarcted penumbra) and normal tissue. Adjusted linear mixed effects models tested for differences between tissue types and associations of EF with clinical/imaging outcomes. Complementary voxel-wise analyses were performed. Results Linear models showed significant differences in EF between tissue types (P<.001). Specifi-cally, EF was increased in the ischemic core and penumbra relative to normally-perfused tissue, while differences between total penumbra and ischemic core were statistically non-significant. Penumbral tissue that later infarcted exhibited higher EF than salvaged penumbra, even after adjusting for hypoperfusion severity (P<.001). Voxel-wise analyses showed a significant association between EF and voxel-level infarction in the placebo group only (P<.001). Lesional and penumbral EF did not predict hemorrhagic transformation or functional outcomes. Conclusions Our results suggest that penumbral BBB leakage may identify tissue at increased risk of infarction. Larger, prospective studies are needed to determine the clinical relevance of BBB leakage as an imaging marker of tissue fate. WAKE-UP ClinicalTrials.gov number:NCT01525290; EudraCT number: 2011-005906-32.
Sleep Regularity Index as a Novel Indicator of Sleep Disturbance in Stroke Survivors: A Secondary Data Analysis
Authors: Schruers Katrijn B. , Weightman Matthew , Guttesen Anna á V. , Robinson Barbara , Johansen-Berg Heidi , Fleming Melanie K.
Published: November 2024

Background

Sleep disturbance is common but often overlooked following stroke. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of sleep regularity in overall health, however, there is little information about sleep regularity after stroke. This study aimed to test for differences in the sleep regularity index (SRI), derived from actigraphy data, between stroke survivors and healthy controls. Secondary objectives included testing for correlations between SRI and other actigraphy derived sleep metrics in both groups, and the association between SRI and depression, disability, quality of life, and chronicity in the stroke group.

Methods

Actigraphy data were obtained from an existing dataset (approx. 1 week of data per participant). SRI calculation followed established procedures for 162 community-dwelling stroke survivors (mean age 61±14 years, 5±5 years post-stroke, 89 males) and 60 healthy controls (mean age 57±17 years, 32 males). The primary outcome measure was SRI (score 0-100; higher scores indicating greater sleep regularity). Other sleep metrics included total sleep time, fragmentation, sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset and self-reported sleep.

Results

The SRI was significantly lower for stroke survivors compared to healthy controls (p=0.001). Higher SRI correlated with longer total sleep time (p=0.003) and better self-reported sleep (sleep condition indicator;p=0.001) for the stroke group, but not for any other sleep metrics, nor for controls. For the stroke group, lower SRI was associated with worse depression (p=0.006), and quality of life (p=0.001), but there were no associations with post-stroke disability (p=0.886) nor time since stroke (p=0.646).

Conclusion

This study highlights potential disrupted sleep regularity post-stroke. Future research should explore interventions targeting sleep regularity to improve sleep quality and overall outcomes in this population.
The Pathogen Adaptation of HLA Alleles and the Correlation with Autoimmune Diseases based on the HLA Diversity Resource in the Han Chinese
Authors: Liu Shuai , Li Yanyan , Song Tingrui , Zhang Jingjing , Zhang Peng , Luo Huaxia , Zhang Sijia , Niu Yiwei , Xu Tao , He Shunmin
Published: November 2024

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes play a crucial role in the adaptation of human populations to the dynamic pathogenic environment. Despite their significance, investigating the pathogen-driven evolution of HLAs and the implications for autoimmune diseases presents considerable challenges. Here, we genotyped over twenty HLA genes at 3-field resolution in 8278 individuals from diverse ethnic backgrounds, including 4013 unrelated Han Chinese. We focused on the adaptation of HLAs in the Han Chinese by analysing their binding affinity for various pathogens, and explored the potential correlations between pathogen adaptation and autoimmune diseases. Our findings reveal that specific HLA alleles like HLA-DRB1*07:01 and HLA-DQB1*06:01, confer strong pathogen adaptability at the sequence level, notably forCorynebacterium diphtheriaeandBordetella pertussis. Additionally, alleles like HLA*03:02 demonstrate adaptive selection against pathogens likeMycobacterium tuberculosisandCoronavirusat the gene expression level. Simultaneously, the aforementioned HLA alleles are closely related to some autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). These exploratory discoveries shed light on the intricate coevolutionary relationships between pathogen adaptation and autoimmune diseases in the human population. These efforts led to an HLA database athttp://bigdata.ibp.ac.cn/HLAtyping, aiding searches for HLA allele frequencies (AF) across populations.
The Accuracy of Price Transparency Files at Top-Rated US Hospitals
Authors: Triana Austin J. , Van Horn R. Leland , Alford-Holloway Mason , Quintana Joseph A. , Laffer Arthur B. , Van Horn R. Lawrence
Published: November 2024

Recent U.S. policies require hospitals and health insurers to post payer-specific negotiated prices for services. Few studies, if any, have thoroughly investigated the accuracy of these payer-specific prices for individual hospitals. Our aim was to evaluate the concordance of prices using three datasets: 1) hospital price transparency, 2) payer price transparency data, and 3) Electronic Remittance Advice (ERA) claims data, reflecting actual payments. Evaluating transthoracic echocardiograms at 22 top-rated hospitals, we found high variability in prices and low concordance between datasets, as less than 30% of claim payments had a concordant price in the price transparency datasets. Deriving accurate price estimates for patients requires precise matching of the insurance plan, place of service, and fee type, all of which should be included in standardized reporting. This process highlights the complexity of insurance contracting, and it is not surprising that there is some disagreement in prices. Regardless, we are hopeful that highlighting variation and complexity in prices is a step towards a better system of healthcare payments in the United States.
Deep-learning-derived neuroimaging biomarkers of sarcopenia as predictors of outcome in endovascular thrombectomy in large vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Hwee Teo Kevin Soon , Tan Benjamin YQ , Teo Yao Neng , Zhang Yichi , Wu Yilei , Teo Yao Hao , Low Xi Zhen , Wu Peng , Yeo Joshua YP , Hallinan James T P D , Tan Li Feng , Anderson Christopher D , Yeo Leonard LL , Makmur Andrew , Zhou Juan Helen
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Sarcopenia is an emerging marker of biological health and is associated with poor outcomes in many disease states. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the utility of muscle biomarkers in predicting clinical outcomes for patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) acute ischemic stroke (AIS).

Methods

This was a single-center observational cohort study of consecutive patients that underwent endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) for LVO AIS. A deep-learning model was employed to segment and measure the volume, surface area, and maximum thickness of temporalis and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscles. The primary outcome was poor functional outcome, defined by an mRS of 3-6 at 3 months post-stroke. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were performed to evaluate associations between the muscle biomarkers and outcome measures after adjusting for clinical variables of age, sex, and NIHSS.

Results

A total of 297 patients were included. 175 (58.9%) had poor functional outcomes at 3 months post-stroke. For each 10cm³ decrease in SCM volume (SV) and temporalis volume (TV), the odds of poor functional outcome at 3 months post-stroke increased by 34% (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.52–0.84, p < 0.001) and 18% (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91, p < 0.001), respectively. After adjusting for age, sex and NIHSS, our baseline outcome model yielded an AUC of 0.716. Including sarcopenia biomarkers in the model improved discrimination: SV dichotomized (adjusted OR (aOR) 0.39, 95% CI 0.20-0.74, p-value <0.01, AUC: 0.731), TV dichotomized (aOR 0.51, 95% CI 0.30-0.86, p-value 0.012, AUC: 0.724).

Conclusion

Our study identified that temporalis and SCM muscle volumes were independently associated with functional outcomes after EVT for LVO AIS.
c-Triadem: A constrained, explainable deep learning model to identify novel biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Jemimah Sherlyn , Abuhantash Ferial , AlShehhi Aamna
Published: November 2024

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that requires early diagnosis for effective management. However, issues with currently available diagnostic biomarkers preclude early diagnosis, necessitating the development of alternative biomarkers and methods, such as blood-based diagnostics. We propose c-Triadem (constrained triple-input Alzheimer’s disease model), a novel deep neural network to identify potential blood-based biomarkers for AD and predict mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD with high accuracy. The model utilizes genotyping data, gene expression data, and clinical information to predict the disease status of participants, i.e., cognitively normal (CN), MCI, or AD. The nodes of the neural network represent genes and their related pathways, and the edges represent known relationships among the genes and pathways. We trained the model with blood genotyping data, microarray, and clinical features from the Alzheimer’s Neuroimaging Disease Initiative (ADNI). We demonstrate that our model’s performance is superior to previous models with an AUC of 97% and accuracy of 89%. We then identified the most influential genes and clinical features for prediction using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). Our SHAP analysis shows that CASP9, LCK, and SDC3 SNPs and PINK1, ATG5, and ubiquitin (UBB, UBC) expression have a higher impact on model performance. Our model has facilitated the identification of potential blood-based genetic markers of DNA damage response and mitophagy in affected regions of the brain. The model can be used for detection and biomarker identification in other related dementias.

Author Summary

C-Triadem, our novel developed deep neural network, accurately predicts moderate cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) while identifying potential blood biomarkers for AD. Current diagnostic methods have limitations, emphasizing the critical need for early AD detection. Our model integrates genetic, gene expression, and clinical data to differentiate among cognitively normal individuals, MCI, and AD cases. Training and validation using Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) data demonstrate superior performance, with a 97% AUC and 89% accuracy, surpassing previous models. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis highlights key clinical features (e.g., MMSE scores, brain volume) and genes (e.g., CASP9, LCK, SDC3), revealing potential genetic markers and pathways in blood associated with AD. By incorporating Reactome pathways, our approach enhances interpretability, providing insight into the biological context of predictions. In summary, c-Triadem represents a significant advancement in AD diagnostics, enabling earlier and more accurate diagnoses for improved treatment strategies.
Local precursors to anomalous dissipation in Navier-Stokes turbulence: Burgers vortex-type models and simulation analysis
Authors: Zinchenko Georgy , Pushenko Vladyslav , Schumacher Jörg
Published: November 2024

Anomalous dissipation is a mechanism to dissipate kinetic energy which is established by a sufficiently spatially rough velocity field. It implies that the rescaled mean kinetic energy dissipation rate becomes constant with respect to Reynolds number Re, the dimensionless parameter that characterizes the strength of turbulence, given that Re≫1. The present study aims at bridging this statistical behavior of high-Reynolds-number turbulence to one specific structural building block of fluid turbulence—local vortex stretching configurations which take in the simplest case the form of Burgers's classical vortex stretching model from 1948. We discuss the anomalous dissipation in the framework of Duchon and Robert for this analytical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations, apply the same analysis subsequently to a generalized model of randomly oriented Burgers vortices by Kambe and Hatakeyama, and analyze finally direct numerical simulation data of three-dimensional homogeneous, isotropic box turbulence in this respect. We identify local high-vorticity events in fully developed Navier-Stokes turbulence that approximate the analytical models of strong vortex stretching well. They correspond to precursors of enhanced anomalous dissipation.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Diversity 5.0 framework: managing innovation in Industry 5.0 through diversity and inclusion
Authors: D’souza Chiara Petria , Tapas Poornima
Published: November 2024

Purpose

This paper outlines the diversity and inclusion framework for Industry 5.0, which has human-centricity, sustainability and resilience as its main characteristics. This is concerning the disruption technology has caused.

Design/methodology/approach

A rapid scoping review was carried out, which collates recent scholarly outputs. It is based on a sample of 92 high-quality documents from two databases focusing on diversity and inclusion in Industry 5.0. Further, the authors have analyzed the literature based on the McKinsey 7S model and formed a diversity framework for Industry 5.0 to promote innovation.

Findings

These findings can support Diversity 5.0 applications with human–robot collaboration and a human-centric approach in Industry 5.0. The article provides key insights on cross-cutting themes like upskilling given digitization, innovation and other HR trends in the industry.

Practical implications

The study suggests that HR professionals, governments and policymakers can use the recommendations to broaden their perspectives and develop policies, interventions, laws and practices that will impact the future workforce and boost innovation.

Social implications

This will help organizations in Industry 5.0 to be competitive and build on their talent management strategies to fulfill their diversity goals as well as support sustainable development goals.

Originality/value

We give critical views on the aspects that will define the future of work in terms of skills, innovation and safety for employees, drawing on results from a wide range of theoretical and analytical viewpoints.
Financial challenges in Portuguese hospitals: debt influences
Authors: Neves Maria Elisabete , Carolina Ana
Published: November 2024

Purpose

This study aims to understand how specific variables of companies, corporate governance and macroeconomic factors influence the indebtedness of Portuguese hospitals, a key sector in the economy.

Design/methodology/approach

To test the hypotheses, data from 256 Portuguese hospitals were used, in the period between 2015 and 2021. The models were estimated using the panel data methodology, specifically using the estimation method generalized method of moments (GMM) system, from Arellano and Bover (1995) and Blundell and Bond (1998).

Findings

Using three measures of indebtedness to assess whether the determinants vary according to debt maturity, the results show differences in the sign and significance of the variables determining total indebtedness across short, medium and long-term debt.

Originality/value

This article appears to be original and significant as it provides detailed awareness of debt levels and their management, particularly in the context of ongoing debates about Portugal’s national health system.
An integrated AHP-EDAS approach for evaluating the green human resource management practices in different industrial sectors of India
Authors: Gupta Srikant , Bhargava Anvay
Published: November 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of green human resource management (GHRM) practices on Indian companies of different sectors and to identify the most critical GHRM practices that can lead to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly workplace.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses an integrated Analytic Hierarchy Process-Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution approach to determine the importance of 32 GHRM practices classified into eight categories, as identified through literature review and expert consultation. This study also identifies the best sector for GHRM practices in India.

Findings

This study reveals that employee engagement is the most critical practice among all the GHRM practices identified. India’s Information Technology-Enabled Services sector benefited the most from GHRM practices, followed by the Insurance sector.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the literature on GHRM practices and their impact on organisations and sectors. The integrated Analytic Hierarchy Process-Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution approach used in this study is innovative and can be helpful for Indian companies to prioritise and implement effective GHRM practices.
To activate, or not to activate? Officers’ decisions to turn on body-worn cameras during different police services
Authors: Oglesby-Neal Ashlin , Peterson Bryce E. , Lawrence Daniel S.
Published: November 2024

Purpose

This study explores how various officer and event-level factors influence Milwaukee Police Department officers’ decision to activate their body-worn cameras (BWCs) across both community member-initiated services and officer-initiated activities.

Design/methodology/approach

Across the 1,052 officers and 1,066,112 officer-events in the sample, we use descriptive and logistical regressions to assess differences in BWC activations across calls for service and officer-initiated activities.

Findings

We found similar activation rates between calls for service (41.5%) and officer-initiated activities (44.1%). However, our logistic regression analysis results suggest the explanatory power of the event and officer-level variables was substantially better in models examining officer-initiated activities. Among calls for service, officers were more likely to activate BWCs during calls involving crimes against persons compared to other crimes or non-criminal incidents. Activation was more frequent during traffic stops than other self-initiated activities. Activation increased when the event resulted in an advisement, citation, detention or arrest.

Originality/value

The success of police BWC programs hinges on whether officers activate their cameras when interacting with community members. Findings suggest that officers are more likely to activate their BWCs during activities that involve direct interactions with community members, especially in situations with a higher potential for volatility or serious criminal implications.
When customers become scapegoats: how negative gossip about organizational change can cause negative emotions and displaced aggression
Authors: Cao Wenyi , Chen Lu , Tang Rong , Zhao Xinyuan , Mattila Anna S. , Liu Jun , Qin Yan
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Based on affective events theory, this research attempted to investigate how negative gossip about organizational change drives employees to experience negative emotions and direct their aggression toward customers.

Design/methodology/approach

We conducted a scenario-based experiment (Study 1) and a multiwave field survey (Study 2) to test our hypotheses.

Findings

The results show that (1) negative emotions mediate the relationship between change-related negative gossip and displaced aggression toward customers; (2) perceived organizational constraints strengthen the relationship between change-related negative gossip and negative emotions; (3) future work self-salience weakens the relationship between change-related negative gossip and negative emotions; and (4) change-related negative gossip has a strengthened (weakened) indirect effect on displaced aggression via negative emotions when employees have high perceived organizational constraints (future work self-salience).

Originality/value

The study expands research on organizational change and displaced aggression and provides practical implications for managing organizational change.
Evolving visitors/tourists’ demands, preference and future expectations, related to 7PS sustainability during and after the pandemic through the X.0 wave/tomorrow age theory (when X.0=5.0)
Authors: Mattiello Hamid , Alijani Omid , Rahimi Moghaddam Mohammad , Ameri Behnam
Published: November 2024

Purpose

This study explores evolving tourist preferences post-COVID-19, focusing on the growing demand for sustainable tourism. Using the X.0 wave/tomorrow age theory when X.0 = 5.0, it identifies transformative trends influencing the tourism industry's adaptation to new sustainability expectations.

Design/methodology/approach

A mixed-methods approach combines extensive surveys and interviews with diverse tourist profiles to examine behaviors and preferences. The seven pillars of sustainability (7PS) model frames the analysis.

Findings

Tourism is shifting toward sustainable practices, emphasizing cultural differences, environmental stewardship, social engagement, economic resilience, technological infrastructure, educational methods and political supports. The integration of X.0 wave theory with SME 5.0 concepts highlights the importance of responsible tourism aligned with evolving tourist expectations.

Originality/value

This study pioneers the application of the X.0 wave/tomorrow age theory to tourism, offering a novel framework for sustainable practices. It provides insights for making tourism resilient, ecologically sound and socially responsible, meeting post-pandemic visitor demands.
Not only transitions in nutritional modes but also niche shifts facilitate mycorrhizal fungal specialization in Burmannia
Authors: Zhao Zhongtao , Tu Tieyao , Zhang Yu , Meng Ruifan , Shi Miaomiao , Fan Li , Merckx Vincent S. F. T. , Saunders Richard M. K. , Zhang Dianxiang
Published: November 2024

Mycoheterotrophs are non‐photosynthetic plants that obtain all of their carbon requirements through parasitizing mycorrhizal fungi. They originated from the autotrophic ancestors and usually have more specific relationships with fungi than that of green plants, for reasons that are largely unknown. Determining the factors that lead to specificity in mycoheterotrophs could provide insights on the constraints to mycoheterotrophic evolution.

Here we assess the fungal diversities in mycoheterotrophic plants and their co‐occurring plants to determine the roles of ecological factors on the specific fungal associations in mycoheterotrophic plants. We investigated mycorrhizal fungal communities in 16 populations of seven Burmannia species with different trophic modes and their co‐occurring plants using high‐throughput sequencing to assess the tripartite relationships of fungi, mycoheterotrophs and co‐occurring autotrophs.

We found that mycoheterotrophic species have similar fungal richness to their chlorophyllous relatives, indicating that they are not associated with a reduced set of fungal partners. The preference of mycoheterotrophic species toward specialized fungal assemblages is consistent with the pattern found in the green autotrophic plants within forest habitats, suggesting a coupling of the fungal phylogenetic constraints between mycoheterotrophs and their co‐occurring autotrophs. We furthermore show that the turning to fungal communities having closer phylogenetic relationships during habitat shifts from open grasslands to shaded forests might provide the basis for the specialization of mycorrhizal associations in mycoheterotrophic species of Burmannia.

Our findings suggest that fungal niche shifts may have promoted fungal partner changes and specialization in mycoheterotrophic plants. Our results provide new insights into the ecological factors leading to the specialized interactions between mycoheterotrophic plants and their fungal partners, expanding our understanding of the evolutionary trajectories followed by mycoheterotrophs.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Reconstruction of long‐term sublethal effects of warming on a temperate coral in a climate change hotspot
Authors: Vergotti Marina J. , D'Olivo Juan P. , Brachert Thomas C. , Capdevila Pol , Garrabou Joaquim , Linares Cristina , Spreter Philipp M. , Kersting Diego K.
Published: November 2024

The impact of warming on zooxanthellate corals is widespread, from tropical to temperate seas, with its associated mortalities causing global concern.

The temperate coral Cladocora caespitosa is the only zooxanthellate coral with reef building capacity in the Mediterranean Sea, a climate change hotspot with warming rates triple the global average.

During the past two decades, C. caespitosa populations have suffered severe mortality events associated with marine heatwaves (MHWs). However, with monitoring efforts beginning, at best, in the 2000s, the occurrence of MHWs before that period, as well as the sublethal effects of these events remain poorly understood.

Here, we use sclerochronology to reconstruct the histories of past stress events and long‐term sublethal effects on C. caespitosa in three locations along a latitudinal gradient within the NW Mediterranean Sea, each with different environmental conditions.

Skeletal extension, density and calcification rates were compared with the in situ seawater temperature of each site to assess their relationship. Furthermore, we assessed the occurrence of skeletal growth anomalies to reconstruct stress events between 1991 and 2021, a period that encompasses the onset and evolution of warming‐related mass mortality events in the NW Mediterranean Sea.

Our results reveal a positive association between calcification and temperature, following a latitudinal temperature gradient. However, the evolution of the likelihood distribution of growth rates in the warmest site (Columbretes Islands) since the 1990s indicates a decrease in linear extension and calcification rates during the most recent years. With the increase in the frequency of MHWs and growth anomalies during the last decade, this decline suggests recurrent physiological stress events.

These results unravel information on the long‐term impacts of warming on coral growth and highlight the potential of applying sclerochronology to reconstruct the sublethal effects of warming using C. caespitosa.
Reproductive success and offspring survival decline for female elephant seals past prime age
Authors: Payne Allison R. , Czapanskiy Max F. , Kilpatrick A. Marm , Robinson Patrick W. , Munro Cara M. O. , Ong Kelli , Bastidas Adrien , Negrete Alegra O. , Theders Brecken , Stillwell Bryn , Coffey Danissa , Schweitzer Elijah , Baugh Elise , Salazar Jasmine , Chau‐Pech Keenan , Rodrigues Mason , Chavez Mimi , Wright Savanna , Rivas Sofia , Reiter Joanne , Costa Daniel P. , Beltran Roxanne S.
Published: November 2024

Maternal age can influence reproductive success and offspring fitness, but the timing, magnitude and direction of those impacts are not well understood. Evolutionary theory predicts that selection on fertility senescence is stronger than maternal effect senescence, and therefore, the rate of maternal effect senescence will be faster than fertility senescence.

We used a 36‐year study of northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) to investigate reproductive senescence. Our dataset included 103,746 sightings of 1203 known‐age female northern elephant seals.

We hypothesized that fertility (maternal reproductive success), offspring survival and recruitment into the breeding population, and male offspring production would decline with advanced maternal age. Furthermore, we hypothesized that older females would shorten their moulting haul out to allow for more time spent foraging.

We found evidence for both fertility and maternal effect senescence, but no evidence for senescence impacting offspring recruitment or sex ratio. Breeding probability declined from 96.4% (95% CI: 94.8%–97.5%) at 11 years old to 89.7% (81.9%–94.3%) at 19 years old, and the probability of offspring survival declined from 30.3% (23.6%–38.0%) at 11 years old to 9.1% (3.2%–22.9%) at 19 years old.

The rates of decline for fertility and maternal effect senescence were not different from each other. However, maternal effect senescence had a substantially greater impact on the number of offspring surviving to age 1 compared to fertility senescence. Compared to a hypothetical non‐senescent population, maternal effect senescence resulted in 5.3% fewer surviving pups, whereas fertility senescence resulted in only 0.3% fewer pups produced per year. These results are consistent with evolutionary theory predicting weaker selection on maternal effect than fertility senescence. Maternal effect senescence may therefore be more influential on population dynamics than fertility senescence in some systems.
Effective Market Power and Welfare Loss
Authors: Deng Zhongqi , Luo Yue , Yang Cailin , Fan Xuecheng
Published: November 2024

This paper introduces a straightforward and effective estimation methodology for quantifying firm‐level welfare losses attributable to market power in monopolistic competition markets. Our analysis underscores that welfare losses are primarily contingent on effective market power, expressed as the product of the Lerner index and market share. Furthermore, our study demonstrates that welfare loss computed using the Hicksian measurement is smaller than that obtained through the Marshallian measurement. Finally, we apply this methodology to estimate firm‐level market power and welfare losses in the Chinese carbonated beverage industry.
Does teacher behaviour matter? The relation between perceived teacher behaviour and students' adaptive error responses
Authors: Pöchmüller Viktoria
Published: November 2024

Teachers serve as role models in dealing with errors. They play a crucial role in creating a positive error climate in the classroom. Students with emotional and behavioural disorders (EBD) make more errors during learning activity, tend to dysregulate error‐specific emotions, and are more likely to receive negative teacher feedback. In particular, externalizing behaviour problems are a risk factor for maladaptive individual error processing. Consequently, it is of significant interest to examine the students' perception of teacher behaviours in addressing errors, particularly in terms of the degree of adaptivity of individual error responses. For the first time, students with EBD attending German special schools were asked to provide their perceptions of error handling in the classroom. A total of 279 adolescents completed a questionnaire. The results of a path analysis indicate that the absence of negative teacher reactions and teacher support following errors have a significant direct effect on the adaptivity of individual error responses. The study recommends that teachers adopt positive responses and teacher support to promote students' adaptive individual error responses. In order to acquire professional error competence, teachers must develop an understanding of social–emotional competencies in children and adolescents related to error management in students with EBD.
Clinician compliance to intrapartum antibiotics prophylaxis for minimising neonatal group B streptococcal infection risk
Authors: Mehta Shailender , Oraekeyi Roseline Charity , Catalano Nicole
Published: November 2024

Background

Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) administration to group B streptococcal (GBS) positive pregnant women and other pregnant women with risk factors may reduce the rate of neonatal early‐onset GBS infection (EOGBSI).

Aims

Our aims were estimating the current indications for IAP among women presenting in labour, evaluating compliance to the current local IAP guidelines and to provide recommendations for improving clinician compliance.

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively analysed IAP data at our tertiary perinatal centre over a 16‐month period. Our cohort included women, positive for GBS (± risk factors for EOGBSI), and a comparable number of randomly selected women with risk factors and GBS status negative or unknown.

Results

A total of 424 mother‐baby pairs were included in this study. Forty‐seven percent of the study cohort had IAP indication (n = 202/424). Of these, 72% (n = 145/202) received some form of IAP and 61% (n = 123/202) received ‘adequate’ IAP. IAP was adequately administered in 67% (n = 99/148) of women positive for GBS, 27% (n = 9/33) of women with unknown GBS status and 71% (n = 15/21) of women negative for GBS with IAP indication. Most frequent reason (30%, n = 125/424) for ‘inadequate’ IAP was less than four hours from birth for women positive for GBS despite spending more than 60 min in the hospital before birthing.

Conclusions

A substantial number of IAP were administered less than four hours before birth and were therefore ‘inadequate’ according to the current recommendations. These high rates could be reduced if those administered at least two hours prior to birth were redefined as ‘adequate’.
Replenishing Geographical Thinking on Depletion through and of Social Reproduction
Authors: Guermond Vincent , Brickell Katherine , Natarajan Nithya
Published: November 2024

This Symposium aims to replenish geographical thinking in relation to the depletion that is entailed through social reproduction labour, and the wider, structural depletion of social reproduction that is continuing apace in capitalist times. In this introduction, we trace the existing contours of how depletion through social reproduction has come to be conceptualised. Thereafter, we focus on four areas of development that the four spatially oriented papers of the Symposium probe at: first, on the links between harm and depletion; second, on depletion both through and of social reproduction; third, on the methods that are harnessed to examine depletion; and fourth, on the possibility and limits of appreciation and repair.
Towards ecosystem‐based techniques for tipping point detection
Authors: Hemraj Deevesh Ashley , Carstensen Jacob
Published: November 2024

An ecosystem shifts to an alternative stable state when a threshold of accumulated pressure (i.e. direct impact of environmental change or human activities) is exceeded. Detecting this threshold in empirical data remains a challenge because ecosystems are governed by complex interlinkages and feedback loops between their components and pressures. In addition, multiple feedback mechanisms exist that can make an ecosystem resilient to state shifts. Therefore, unless a broad ecological perspective is used to detect state shifts, it remains questionable to what extent current detection methods really capture ecosystem state shifts and whether inferences made from smaller scale analyses can be implemented into ecosystem management. We reviewed the techniques currently used for retrospective detection of state shifts detection from empirical data. We show that most techniques are not suitable for taking a broad ecosystem perspective because approximately 85% do not combine intervariable non‐linear relationships and high‐dimensional data from multiple ecosystem variables, but rather tend to focus on one subsystem of the ecosystem. Thus, our perception of state shifts may be limited by methods that are often used on smaller data sets, unrepresentative of whole ecosystems. By reviewing the characteristics, advantages, and limitations of the current techniques, we identify methods that provide the potential to incorporate a broad ecosystem‐based approach. We therefore provide perspectives into developing techniques better suited for detecting ecosystem state shifts that incorporate intervariable interactions and high‐dimensionality data.
Transition Readiness Among Youth Accessing Mental Health Services With Physical Health Co‐Morbidities
Authors: Davies Julia , Brennenstuhl Sarah , Allemang Brooke , Salman Soha , Sainsbury Katherine , Cleverley Kristin
Published: November 2024

Background

Transition readiness, or skills and preparation for navigating adult health care, is an important factor in the successful transition from child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) to adult care; however, predictors of transition readiness are not fully understood. One factor which may impact transition readiness among youth accessing CAMHS is the presence of a co‐occurring physical health condition; however, this has not been previously examined. Within a cohort of youth receiving CAMHS, the objective of this study was to understand if there is an association between co‐occurring physical health conditions and transition readiness and if this relationship is impacted by severity of mental health symptoms.

Methods

This study was a secondary analysis of baseline data from the Longitudinal Youth in Transition Study, including 237 16‐ to 18‐year‐old youth accessing outpatient CAMHS from four different clinical sites. Participants completed self‐report measures on mental health symptoms, functioning, service use, transition readiness, and physical health conditions. Multiple linear regression models were used to measure the association between the presence of health conditions and transition readiness scores as well as determine if there was an interaction between mental health symptoms and physical health conditions to predict transition readiness.

Results

Co‐occurring physical conditions were reported by 41% of youth and were associated with greater overall transition readiness. There was no interaction between mental health symptom severity and co‐occurring physical conditions, though attention problems were independently associated with lower transition readiness scores.

Conclusions

Youth accessing CAMHS who have a co‐occurring physical condition have overall greater transition readiness than youth without a co‐occurring condition. Further research should explore the role of frequency and types of healthcare encounters in transition readiness for transition age youth needing ongoing mental health care to better understand how to support self‐management and care navigation skill development.