bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3-1 The Analysis of Metallic Adhesion Data
Authors: Keller D. V.
Published: September 2009

The analysis of the forces which lead to metallic adhesion phenomena may be categorized arbitrarily into four sub-groups: interfacial, solution, electronic, and fracture which are based on a particular model of the interface between the interacting systems. Since the conclusions of each of these analyses are based on a theoretical study rather than on the interpretation of an extensive array of experimental data from adhesion experiments, each model must be examined in order to ascertain whether or not the available information as well as the predicted behavior of real systems are consistent with the particular model. The interfacial energy and van der Waals models, for example, were derived originally for non-metallic systems; and, as a consequence, the field effects of collective electron transfer and magnetic interaction have been neglected in the attractive force determination. The purpose of this paper was to present some of the other considerations that must be acknowledged before a particular model is acceptable for the application to metallic adhesion data.
3-2 Cold Welding in Copper in an Ultra-High Vacuum
Authors: Conrad H. , Rice L. A.
Published: September 2009

The cohesion of previously fractured polycrystalline copper specimens was determined as a function of purity (99.999 per cent copper, OFHC and tough pitch), grain size (6 microns to 100 microns), compression stress during cold welding (zero up to the stress at which fracture initially occurred in the virgin specimen), time of contact during welding (5 sec to 900 sec) and exposure to the ultra-high vacuum* previous to cold welding (pt = 10−9 to 10−4 torr-sec).
3-3 Solid-Phase Joining of 99.8 Per Cent Iron
Authors: Johnson T. E.
Published: September 2009

An investigation of the solid-phase joining of iron was undertaken as part of an effort to extend the applicability of dispersion- and/or work-hardened steels, mainly in the form of laminates or composite materials. Because the mechanical properties of these steels can be degraded by high-temperature exposure, a low-temperature joining process is to be greatly desired. The aims of this investigation were to determine the effects of various surface treatments on the joining pressures, temperatures, and times required to produce mechanically strong, metallurgically sound interfaces. This paper presents some results on the joining behavior of vacuum outgassed, 99.8 per cent iron specimens, the surfaces of which were mechanically polished to a roughness of about 0.3 micron.
3-4 Adhesional Behavior of Air and Ultra-High Vacuum Formed Silicate Surfaces
Authors: Ryan J. A. , Baker M. B.
Published: September 2009

It is generally believed that the lunar surface consists primarily of silicates, and that these may exhibit significant adhesion under the ultra-high vacuum conditions present. This paper presents results to date on a study of the possible adhesional behavior of lunar silicates. To place reasonable bounds on the range of lunar adhesional phenomena, and on the degree to which these phenomena can affect lunar missions, two types of silicate surface have been considered. The first is a surface which is contaminated to the degree that the charge and coordination demands are satisfied. The second is the ultra-clean surface.
3-5 Mineral Cleavage and Cohesive Strength of Single Crystals
Authors: DeVore George W.
Published: September 2009

The relationship of fracture stress to Young's modulus, surface energy and atomic separation that has been used successfully for NaCl, diamond and glasses is applied to the interpretation of cleavage and parting in silicate single crystals. If modulus of rigidity is substituted for Young's modulus in the fracture stress equation, improved correlations between cleavage directions and directions of low or minimum values for the rigidity modulus result. If the elastic moduli and the atomic separations are known for a crystal, the relative surface energies for the different crystallographic directions may be estimated from the cleavage relations. A Griffith crack mechanism for cleavage should yield the same cleavage directions but at lower stresses.
4-1 The Influence of Crystal Structure, Orientation and Solubility on the Adhesion and Sliding Friction of Various Metal Single Crystals in Vacuum (10−11 Torr)
Authors: Buckley Donald H.
Published: September 2009

The objective of this investigation was to gain some insight into the relation of friction to the adhesion or cohesion of metals in vacuum. This study was conducted with primarily metal single crystals in an attempt to attain a better understanding of the influence of basic metal properties such as orientation of planes, surface energy, work hardening and crystal structure on friction and adhesion. Thus, the variables of grain size and random crystallite orientation at the contacting interface are eliminated. It is the further purpose of this paper to supply quantitative data on the metals in vacuum. The following characteristics were examined; 1) atomic plane matching across an interface, 2) the effect of plane density and lattice spacing, 3) dissimilarity of coupled metals, 4) mutual solubility, and 5) the effect of crystal structure.
4-2 Friction of Tungsten Disulfide Sliding in an Ultra-High Vacuum System
Authors: Haltner A. J.
Published: September 2009

Studies in ultra-high vacuum have shown that a number of inorganic layer lattice solids can perform as solid lubricants in environments where adsorbed surface films of gases cannot form. Most notable of these is molybdenite (MoS2) which has better frictional properties in ultra-high vacuum (<10−9 torr) than in ordinary high vacuum (10−6 torr). In lightly loaded friction experiments of this sort, sliding appears to be largely confined to crystallite surfaces already present in the specimen. Then it is the adhesive forces between these surfaces that should determine friction levels. Hence adhesive forces between “clean” MoS2 surfaces appear to be substantially less than for surfaces contaminated with active gases (i.e., water vapor commonly present in unbaked high vacuum systems). This behavior contrasts sharply with that reported for many metals.
4-3 The Wear of Electrodeposited Gold
Authors: Antler Morton
Published: September 2009

Little basic work has been done on the sliding properties of electrodeposited metals despite the practical importance of such coatings. For example, most slip ring, encoder, and separable connector contacts for space systems are plated with precious metals, and the reliability of these components to a large extent depends on maintaining the integrity of the plate.
4-4 A Statistical Method for the Study of Sliding Friction and Wear in Vacuum
Authors: Podlaseck S. E. , Shen H. K.
Published: September 2009

The objective of this research was to determine whether a method other than the traditional friction coefficient, u, could be used to better characterize the friction forces involved in the sliding of unlubricated metal systems.
Understanding Low-Sloped Roofs Under Hurricane Charley From Field to Practice
Authors: Baskaran A. , Molleti S. , Roodvoets D.
Published: September 2009

Natural wind hazard damages have been dramatic in recent years, incurring losses of life and property around the world. Wind-induced failure is one of the major contributors to insurance claims, and it is rising. To address these growing concerns, RICOWI (Roofing Industry Committee on Weather Issues) started a Wind Investigation Program (WIP) to investigate the field performance of roofing assemblies after major windstorm events and to factually describe roof assembly performance and modes of damage. As part of this program, Hurricane Charley, which hit Punta Gorda, FL, with winds exceeding 140 mph (63 m/s), was investigated. This paper mainly focuses on the field performance of the low-sloped roofs with three important parameters that were found critical in the failure of the roofing systems, namely, • Effect of corner wind suction, • Effect of parapet, • Effect of internal pressure. For each scenario, first scientific documentation was presented, and then how the field observation reflects the fundamental principles were discussed. Based on this exercise, correlations are developed for roof wind design. In addition, wind design data from the North American codes of practice are also calculated and compared to show the impact of science and field observation on durable roof design. With these illustrations, this paper offers recommendations to advance the roof system design for hurricane-prone regions.
Retrofitting a Green Roof on an Existing Facility: A Case History
Authors: Lindow Edward S. , Michener Mark L.
Published: September 2009

Paraphrasing an old adage, anything worth doing, will be hard to accomplish. And so it is with retrofitting an existing building with a “green roof.” This paper presents a case history of funding, designing, and installing a vegetated green roof on the existing Public Service Building in Battle Creek, Michigan. Funding for the project included a grant from the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality as well as capital investment made by the City. The State grant was tied to an Environmental Science and Services Division Grant, for a Storm Water Runoff Control Project. The paper discusses latent conditions encountered in the existing facility and other challenges overcome in the construction process. The end result of the project is a sustainable roofing system that was certainly worth doing right. In fact, the project is a 2006 recipient of the American Public Works Association national award for projects under two million dollars.
Welding of Thermoplastic Roofing Membranes Subjected to different Conditioning Procedures
Authors: Graveline Stanley
Published: September 2009

The use of thermoplastic roofing membranes has grown dramatically over the past years. This has occurred for a number of reasons including the proven track record of some products, the move to light colored “cool” materials, and the variety of systems available. A key benefit of thermoplastic membranes is the ability to hot air weld their seams, creating a permanent seal. As these single-ply membranes are installed in a one-ply configuration, a properly executed seam is critical to their long-term performance. Welding properties of membranes from five different manufacturers of thermoplastics: two polyvinyl chloride (PVC), two thermoplastic olefins (TPO), and one KEE (ketone ethylene ester) were studied. All materials were welded at twelve different combinations of welding temperature and speed. Each of these “welding windows” was completed with material as received, after 4 days immersed in water and after 30 days of exposure to severe soiling. Finished welds were assessed by peel testing in a tensile test apparatus. Differences in welding properties of specific materials and the generic types of products were evaluated, including sensitivity to changes in weld parameters, the effectiveness of manufacturer recommended cleaning/seam preparation, as well as the impact of the conditioning processes on weld quality. Integrating a previous study by others, a weld safety factor concept was developed which is a useful metric for assessing weld quality. This work demonstrated the need for clear, product specific welding guidelines for both new materials and for roof membranes exposed to the elements so as to ensure a proper weld.
Update on Injury Trends in Alpine Skiing
Authors: Johnson Robert J. , Ettlinger Carl F. , Shealy Jasper E.
Published: September 2009

Over the 34 years from December of 1972 to April of 2006 the authors evaluated prospectively 18,696 injuries sustained by 17,193 skiers and reported to the injury clinic operated in the base lodge of a medium-sized northern Vermont ski area. Data from a total of 3966 randomly selected uninjured controls were also collected. Over the period approximately 6,780,940 skier-visits were accrued by the area. The overall injury rate dropped by 55 % over the 34 years of the study to 1.9 injuries per thousand skier visits. Among lower extremity injuries only tibial plateau fractures produced a statistically significant negative trend. Twist-related lower leg injuries improved the most with a net reduction of 87 % over 34 years. Bending-related lower leg injuries showed no improvement in the last half of the study. Overall, the incidence of knee ligament injuries changed very little. However, the incidence of minor to moderate sprains diminished by 77 % while severe knee sprains, usually involving the anterior cruciate ligament, increased by 268 % through the early 90s. Since then there has been a 37 % improvement. Among upper body injuries only clavicle and humerus fractures produced statistically significant negative trends.
Skiing and Snowboarding Injuries in Greece: A Two-Year Case-Control Study
Authors: Zacharopoulos Athanasios N. , Tzanakakis Nikolaos E. , Douka Maria I.
Published: September 2009

Purpose: To examine the incidence, types and patterns of snow sports injuries at Greek ski resorts. Material and Methods: Prospective case-control study at two major Greek ski resorts during 2004–5 and 2005–6 winter seasons, involving 978 injured skiers and snowboarders who asked for medical help and 775 uninjured controls randomly selected. The controls comprised every fifth person at the waiting queue towards the lifts, during weekdays, weekends and holidays, in all weather conditions. Results: The injury rate was 6.05 injuries per 1000 skier days, while 72.7 % of injuries occurred during alpine skiing and 27.3 % during snowboarding. Lower limb injuries were the commonest among skiers 43 % and females had a significant higher prevalence of injury than males (59 % versus 39 %). Snowboarders sustained more frequently upper limb injuries (49.2 %). Ligament sprains (22 %) and contusions (17.4 %) were commonest among skiers, whereas fractures (20.5 %) and contusions (15.4 %) were commonest among snowboarders. Knee and wrist injuries had statistically significant differences between skiers and snowboarders: knee 33.1 % versus 13.3 % and wrist 6.8 % versus 20 %. Most of injuries occurred during “free riding” (65 %), while the second cause of injury was collision for skiers (15.6 %) and jumps for snowboarders (23.5 %). Almost one out of five injuries (19.8 %) was lift related and 23.4 % of the lift related injuries happened when riding with an instructor. Most of injuries occurred at the end of the skiing day. Conclusions: Despite the high incidence of snow sports injuries in Greece the patterns and specific rates of injuries are similar to those previously reported in comparable studies. Many injuries were lift related, most of the injuries happened at the end of the skiing day and many people were injured when skiing/boarding with an instructor. So there is much room to update skiing safety in Greece providing safer slopes and adequate instruction.
Evaluation of Falls Occurring While Exiting from an Eight-Seat Chairlift
Authors: Whelan Karyn M. , Coates Lucas
Published: September 2009

The introduction of eight-seat chairlifts has raised the concern of increased risk of collision, falling, and possibly injury while unloading due to the greater number of passengers. This study aimed to investigate: if there was a difference in the fall rate between skiers and snowboarders; if seat position on an eight-seat chairlift affected whether passengers fell or not; and if the time of day or day of the weekend affected whether passengers fell or not. Video was used to record passengers' equipment, seat position, and whether passengers fell or not. 1103 chairs were observed carrying 7293 passengers, of which 4551 (62 %) were skiers and 2742 (38 %) were snowboarders. 877 (12 %) passengers fell while unloading from the chairlift, with a significant difference between 133 skier falls (15 %) and 744 snowboarder falls (85 %) (p= 0.0005). Ski patrol was not required to attend any injuries. There was a significant relationship between seat position and whether passengers fell or not (p=0.02) with fewer falls than expected from seats 3, 4, and 5 and more falls than expected from seats 1, 2, 6, 7, and 8. There was a significant association between time of day/day of the weekend and whether passengers fell or not (p = 0.001) with more falls than expected during the Saturday morning and afternoon sessions, and less falls than expected during the Sunday midday session. Conclusions: The high fall rate, particularly of snowboarders, is of concern due to the potential for injury. Equipment, rather than seat position, had the greatest effect on whether passengers fell or not. The significant association between time of day/day of the weekend and whether passengers fell or not suggests that practice over a single weekend was associated with a significantly reduced risk of falling.
Behaviors and Attitudes Towards Snowsport Safety in Australia
Authors: Dickson Tracey
Published: September 2009

In order to develop and implement effective snowsport safety strategies, it is essential to understand the behaviors and attitudes of snowsport participants towards snowsport safety. In Australia, there is little published research on snowsport safety even though there are an estimated 2 000 000 skier days annually. This exploratory study, using an on-line survey, seeks to begin to understand the behaviors and attitudes of Australian snowsport participants towards safety upon which further research may be built. The results suggest that additional efforts need to be made to inform people of the real level of risk in snowsports and where, in a resort, the injuries are most likely to occur. In addition, informing people of the benefits of wearing protective equipment will assist protective equipment usage. Key targets for improved safety messages regarding protective equipment usage include alpine skiers, beginners, and females.
Potential Risk Factors for Knee Injuries in Alpine Skiers
Authors: Burtscher M. , Sommersacher R. , Ruedl G. , Nachbauer W.
Published: September 2009

Objectives: To identify potential risk factors for knee injury in female alpine skiers. Methods: Injury survey in the winter season 2005 in one big Austrian ski area. Data collection on all injured skiers who needed evacuation included demographic variables, weather and snow conditions, circumstances of the skiing accident, the type of ski used, and injury location. Results: In total, 344 injured alpine skiers (41.3 % males, 58.7 % females) who needed evacuation were recorded. Twenty six percent of the injured male skiers and 47 % of the injured female skiers had knee injury. Female skiers with knee injuries were older, reported less regular physical activity, had more injuries in the morning hours and on cold days, and were not as likely to be using newly adjusted bindings in comparison to female skiers with non-knee injuries. Conclusion: This study found a set of potential risk factors for knee injury in female skiers. This is considered to be a valuable basis for more in-depth studies evaluating causal connections between these factors and the risk for knee injuries in female skiers.
Ski Bindings and Lower Leg Injuries, a Case Control Study in Flaine, 2006
Authors: Laporte Jean-Dominique , Binet Marc-Hervé , Fenet Nicolas , Constans Dominique , Joubert Patrick
Published: September 2009

There has been much discussion in recent years regarding appropriate settings for release bindings in Alpine skiing. The authors take into account the fact that current recommended release criteria are based on midshaft tibia bone strength. The hypothesis of this work is to look at a link between binding release values and all lower limb injuries. Additionally, there is a proposal regarding the possibility of reducing injuries to the ligaments in the knee through modification of binding release value standards. Knee injuries including rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament remain a major risk for skiers and for women in particular. In July, 2000, the French standards group, AFNOR, recommended a modification to the ISO 11088 standard for release settings specifically designed to reduce binding release values particularly for women and for individuals with body weight less than 55 kg. The objective of this study is to measure the influence of binding release values on lower leg injuries, in particular for women. A case-control study at Flaine ski resort in 2006 was conducted to determine whether there is proof of causation between ski binding release values and lower leg injuries sustained on the ski slopes. Release torque values were measured for injured (n=129) and control (n=339) groups. The measurements were made for Alpine skiers by using standard measurement devices. Comparisons between recommended release settings based on AFNOR FD S 52-748 compared to actual release levels as a function of fall mechanism speed, type of release, type of ski, and self-reported experience level were analyzed statistically. There is a statistical link between AFNOR standard ski binding release values and injuries of lower limbs. We believe it is important to introduce a gender parameter in ISO binding release value tables to reduce the release values for women.
Does Laterality Exist in ACL Injury Prevalence in Alpine Skiers?
Authors: Urabe Y. , Iwamoto H. , Koshida S. , Tanaka K. , Miyashita K. , Ochi M.
Published: September 2009

From a clinical viewpoint, a greater number of ACL injuries have been observed involving the left knee than the right knee; however, the evidence is still limited. The purpose of the first study in this two-part investigation was to demonstrate whether laterality of ACL injury exists in various sports activities, including alpine skiing. We hypothesized that the incidence of left knee ACL injury would be higher than that of right knee injury. In the second study, a knee kinematic analysis during a trunk-turning test was conducted to demonstrate the laterality of knee kinematics in female alpine skiers. Subjects for the first study were ACL patients who visited Hiroshima University Hospital between 1994 and 2004. For the alpine skiers, the injury side, the mechanism of injury, and the turning side at the moment of injury were also determined. In the second study, the participants were female recreational skiers who had no history of an ACL injury. Kinematic analyses with a high-speed camera were conducted to measure the knee, hip, and trunk angles during the trunk-turning test. In alpine skiers, 194 (57 %) left ACL injuries and 146 (43 %) right ACL injures were observed. However, there were no significant differences in knee flexion angle during the trunk-turning test. Our findings showed that a left ACL injury occurred 33 % more frequently than a right knee ACL injury in alpine skiers. In addition, we found no differences in the knee flexion angle during the trunk-turning test; however, the height of left shoulder appeared to be higher than the right shoulder during the right turn.
The Importance of an Objective Assessment to Identify Functional Constraints of Young Skier Athletes
Authors: Stradijot Fulvio , Vieira Taian de Mello Martins
Published: September 2009

In general, athletes and trainers overlook the need for periodical monitoring of functional abilities. Altered abilities may lead to the development of acute and chronic injuries. This study provides evidence supporting the inclusion of functional assessment as an essential branch of a training program applied to young skiers. Healthy and recently injured athletes engaged in a ski team were functionally evaluated prior to start of the next winter season. Force production and balance abilities were measured, respectively, by means of isokinetic contractions at three speeds (240°s−1, 120°s−1, and 60°s−1) of knee joint movement and of forceplate sway frequency on the frontal plane. In addition, muscle power was indirectly assessed by measuring jump height with an optic device. Subjects were compared according to their right and left leg performance. Although no sign of physical disability was reported by subjects within the injured group, the functional assessment revealed a diminished ability to produce force and to balance similarly with both legs, exhibiting a statistically significant increase in sway frequency (p<0.05) and decrease in jump height (p<0.05) when performing the task with the injured leg. An interesting outcome of this survey was the identification of two distinct groups by using an objective assessment of functional abilities. The applied quantitative approaches are preferred to be unaffected by potentially misleading subjective interpretations of the experimenter and to provide reliable and useful information to monitor injured and healthy people.
Safer Ski Jump Landing Surface Design Limits Normal Impact Velocity
Authors: Hubbard Mont
Published: September 2009

Skiing and snowboarding have become more acrobatic with terrain park jumps and other manmade features playing a prominent role in an increase in serious spinal cord injuries. Yet these jumps rarely, if ever, involve formal or detailed design or engineering. This paper presents a coherent theory and methodology for the design of ski jump landing surfaces. The motion of the skier center of mass is modeled. Although jumpers may land in many configurations, we assume that the probability of severe landing injury is correlated with the component of skier velocity perpendicular (normal) to the landing surface v⊥ or, more understandably, with the corresponding equivalent fall height (EFH). The requirement that v⊥ and EFH be small is satisfied by making the landing surface nearly parallel to the skier flight path at landing. Safer landing surfaces that limit EFH to a given value are shown to satisfy a first order ordinary differential equation (ODE). Having chosen an EFH deemed safe enough by the designer, integration of this ODE provides members of an infinite family of landing surfaces that limit the EFH to the desired value, for any jumper in-run velocity. Using the takeoff ramp angle as another design variable, one can choose a member of this family to fit on almost any available jump site. The formulation incorporates the fact that skiers can slightly modify velocity direction and magnitude at takeoff by jumping and is valid for any landing body configuration. Such landing surfaces can still yield exhilarating flight experiences with relatively large flight times and air height above the surface, but without the danger posed by jumps created in an ad hoc manner, which can expose the skier to much larger unsafe equivalent fall heights.
New Polymeric Comb Dispersants for Agricultural Formulations: A Comparison of Performance in Pesticide Suspension Concentrates
Authors: Stern Alan J. , Elsik Curtis M.
Published: September 2009

A new family of dispersants for agrochemical suspension concentrate (SC) formulations has been created by reacting an anhydride-bearing resin with a methyl capped polyether amine. The result is a moderate molecular weight graft polyamide, with the desirable “comb” geometry. From this family of materials, four were chosen for comparison to three commercially available benchmark dispersants in several typical pesticide suspension concentrates. The criteria used to compare the new to the old dispersants were: ability to reduce suspension viscosity, zeta potential, syneresis, and tendency of the concentrate to “hardpack.” The study demonstrated that the new dispersants are generally very effective dispersants, but care must be used in selecting the best dispersant/wetting agent combination for a given pesticide formulation.
Formulation Performance Improvements with Blends of Alkyl Naphthalene Sulfonate Condensates Plus Lignosulfonates When Compared to Lignosulfonates Alone
Authors: Alexander Mark W.
Published: September 2009

Comparative data were generated on lignosulfonates, dry blends, and co-processed blends of ANSCs plus lignosulfonates in a series of pesticide formulations. There was an unexpected improvement in the performance of certain formulations when the co-processed blends were compared to the dry blends of the dispersants.
Alkyl-Capped Block Copolymer Surfactants for Remediation of Soil Water Repellency and Heterogeneous Rootzone Moisture
Authors: Kostka Stanley J. , Schuermann Gregor , Franklin Mica
Published: September 2009

Soil water repellency (SWR) leads to nonwettable soils, heterogeneous rootzone moisture, reduced irrigation efficiency, leaching due to preferential flow, localized dry spots, and deterioration of turfgrass quality. Nonionic hydroxyl-terminated methyl oxirane-oxirane (EO/PO triblock copolymers) copolymers are commonly employed to remediate SWR. To determine if molecular modification influenced remediation performance, C1-C4 alkyl ethers of methyl oxirane-oxirane copolymers were produced through etherification of hydroxyl-terminated methyl oxirane-oxirane copolymers. ACA 1820, an alkyl ether of methyl oxirane-oxirane copolymer (MW approximately 2500) (applied monthly at 1.9 kg ha−1) reduced SWR and maintained quality at higher levels (p=0.05) for longer periods than the hydroxyl-terminated methyl oxirane-oxirane copolymer or the control. Turf density in plots treated with the alkyl ether of methyl oxirane-oxirane copolymer was three-fold greater than the control and two-fold greater than in plots treated with the hydroxyl-terminated methyl oxirane-oxirane copolymer. Rootzone moisture was more homogeneous in plots treated with ACA1820 than other treatments. Differences in visual turf quality were observed for up to nine months after the last application of the alkyl ether of methyl oxirane-oxirane copolymer. The observed effects are proposed to be due to interfacial interactions of the alkyl caps both in solution and at hydrophobic soil surfaces.
Fluorescence Imaging as a Non-Invasive Technology to Monitor the Performance of Glyphosate Adjuvants and Formulations
Authors: de Ruiter H. , Mack B. , van der Schoor R. , Jalink H.
Published: September 2009

Fluorescence can be used to measure and visualize the activity of herbicides that inhibit the photosynthesis. Glyphosate, although not acting primarily on the photosystems, appears to increase fluorescence of plants. We investigated whether fluorescence technology is a useful tool to both quantify and image of the performance of different adjuvants for glyphosate. A red laser beam providing equipment is used to scan black nightshade plants at a low and high light intensity. A cooled, integrating 16 bit CCD camera is used to record the fluorescence during the low level (Fo and high level scan (Fm). The relative increase of fluorescence expressed as [(Fm−Fo)/Fm] 100 % is calculated and color images are produced. Glyphosate was applied at two suboptimal application rates of 16.9 and 33.8 g ae/ha at 200 L/ha. Both the influence of glyphosate rate and the influence of added adjuvants were obvious. The fluorescence data 30 h after treatment demonstrated that the adjuvants HM9121-A and HM9110 performed better than AMS, HM9541-A, HM9910, or HM2005-B. This observation was consistent over the next three observations (54, 78, and 102 h). The fluorescence data after 72 h correlated (R2=0.82; logarithmic regression) with the fresh weight reduction caused by the glyphosate treatments. The adjuvants HM 9121-A and HM9110 performed the best and the adjuvant HM9541-A had little effect on glyphosate performance. Both imaging and fresh weight data indicate that HM 9121-A performs somewhat better than HM9110.
Techniques for Predicting Cladding Design Wind Pressures
Authors: Browne Matthew , Irwin Peter , Garber Jason , Cicci Michael , Dale Jan , Parnell Russ
Published: September 2009

With advances in wind tunnel methodologies in recent years, the measurement of wind loads on wind tunnel models of buildings and structures can be carried out with a high degree of accuracy. These results lead to more economical and risk-consistent structural designs than do code calculation methods. Five topics related to the prediction of cladding design wind pressures are examined in this paper: (1) wind tunnel testing and analysis methods, (2) integration of wind tunnel data with the full-scale wind climate, (3) evaluation of internal pressures, (4) duration of constant wind pressure for determining the load resistance of glass, and (5) computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
Over-Cladding of Aluminum Framed Curtainwalls and Skylights
Authors: Boyd Jon M.
Published: September 2009

The need to upgrade the performance of existing building façade systems provides many opportunities for innovation and the creative reuse of existing building components. As many mid-20th century building enclosure systems age, they exhibit performance deficiencies, both in the form of deteriorating performance and in lagging performance as weighed against newer technologies. The installation of replacement exterior envelope systems on existing facilities provides many challenges, especially in fully occupied buildings. Over-cladding of existing metal and glass curtainwall and skylight systems, wherein portions of the pre-existing systems are integrated into the new construction, provides significant opportunities to resolve construction phase issues while providing improved functionality to the completed building envelope. This paper will address two case studies in which contemporary aluminum and glass elements were combined with pre-existing mid-1900s aluminum framed cladding elements to provide two wholly new enclosure systems with significantly improved performance characteristics. The case studies deal with two very different sets of project objectives, site constraints and project solutions, but share common approaches and eventual solutions. The paper presents the problems posed by the pre-existing systems, the site investigations conducted to confirm existing conditions and site restrictions, reasons for considering the specific replacement cladding approaches, specific project constraints, the approaches used in development of the new over-clad solutions, and considerations in the design, development, and construction phase delivery of these projects. Applicability of these approaches to other types of contemporary building enclosure types is explored as well.
Façade Renovation of the Wexner Center for the Arts
Authors: Li Shawn S. , McClelland Neil
Published: September 2009

The Wexner Center for the Arts went through a major façade renovation to fix the water leakage and condensation problems. The work included replacing glazed skylights, curtain walls, and roofs. This paper describes how renovation work has been done with modern technologies to study thermal and lighting performance on the new façade. In addition to the computational analysis, a full scale mock-up was constructed in a laboratory for air, water, and structural test, and to evaluate the condensation resistance performance. Currently there are no industry standards for condensation evaluation for a mock-up of this size. The mock-up test method refers to ASTM C 1199, “Standard Test Method for Measuring the Steady-State Thermal Transmittance of Fenestration Systems Using Hot Box Methods,” and AAMA 1053 test procedures but with modifications to suit the project. The new façade of the Wexner Center is a perfect example of how façade design can be done with modern analyses tools and a coordinated design approach to deliver an environmentally efficient cladding system. The paper also describes the issues for the current test standards to the projects that have specific design conditions.
D 510 - 55 T Tentative Methods of Sampling Industrial Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) These methods cover the sampling of industrial water for physical, chemical, or biological tests. (b) Normal variations in processes and in equipment from plant to plant preclude the possibility of specifying standard methods of sampling that are applicable in all cases. Definite principles have, however, been established as a basis for the formulation of procedures for sampling which are applicable in general and probably applicable in most specific cases. Where modifications of these procedures are necessary, they may be made by the exercise of trained judgment in each individual case. (c) Changes which may be necessary in these procedures under specific circumstances may be made in any particular case by mutual agreement of the parties concerned.
D 511 - 52 Standard Method of Test for Calcium Ion and Magnesium Ion in Industrial Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method covers the gravimetric determination of calcium ion and magnesium ion after removal of silica, phosphates, iron, aluminum, and manganese, when necessary. The method is applicable to industrial water.
D 512 - 55 T Tentative Methods of Test for Chloride Ion in Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) These methods cover the volumetric determination of chloride ion in industrial water and industrial waste water. The following two methods are included: (b) Referee Method A is applicable to high-purity industrial water and water relatively free of heavy metal ions. Referee Method B is applicable to low-purity industrial water and industrial waste water.
D 513 - 57 Standard Methods of Test for Total Carbon Dioxide and Calculation of the Carbonate and Bicarbonate Ions in Industrial Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) These methods cover the determination of total carbon dioxide, both dissolved and chemically combined, in industrial water. The methods also cover the calculation of the concentrations of carbonic acid, bicarbonate ion, and carbonate ion. Two methods are given, as follows: (b) The referee method provides the maximum accuracy and freedom from interference. The non-referee method requires less apparatus, but is less precise and more liable to interference problems.
D 515-60 T Tentative Methods of Test for Phosphate in Industrial Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) These methods cover the determination of dissolved phosphates in industrial water. The following four methods are included: (b) All of the methods are based on reactions that are specific for the orthophosphate ion. Preliminary treatment is included for removal of color and turbidity, and heating in the presence of strong acids in the gravimetric and volumetric methods is included to convert most polyphosphates to the ortho form. As described, the gravimetric and volumetric methods determine all dissolved phosphates that can be dissolved and converted to the ortho form by the prescribed treatment. Non-Referee Method B covers the determination of only orthophosphate, whereas Non-Referee Method C covers the determination of both ortho and total phosphate. Selection of the method to use for a specific water depends on its expected phosphate content.
D 596 - 58 Standard Method of Reporting Results of Analysis of Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method presents recommendations as to the nature, extent, and form in which the results of analysis of industrial water and industrial waste water should be presented. All analyses are to be made in accordance with the methods of test of the American Society for Testing Materials, unless otherwise specified.
D 807 - 52 Standard Method of Corrosivity Test of Industrial Water (USBM Embrittlement Detector Method)
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method, known as the embrittlement-detector test, covers the apparatus and procedure for determining the embrittling or nonembrittling characteristics of the water in an operating boiler. The interpretation of the results shall be restricted to the limits set forth in Section 12. Note 1.—The embrittlement detector was designed to reproduce closely the conditions existing in an actual boiler seam. It is considered probable that the individual conditions of leakage, concentration, and stress in the boiler seam can equal those in the detector. The essential difference between the detector and the boiler is that the former is so constructed and operated that these three major factors act simultaneously, continuously, and under the most favorable circumstances to produce cracking; whereas, in the boiler the three factors are brought together only under unique circumstances. Furthermore, in the detector any cracking is produced in a small test surface that can be inspected thoroughly, while the susceptible areas in a boiler are large and can be inspected only with difficulty. In these respects the embrittlement detector provides an accelerated test of the fourth condition necessary for embrittlement, the embrittling nature of the boiler water. Note 2.—Cracks in a specimen after being subjected to this test indicate that the boiler water can cause embrittlement cracking, but not that the boiler in question necessarily has cracked or will crack.
D 858-49 Standard Method of Test for Manganese in Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method covers the colorimetric determination in industrial waters and industrial waste waters of manganese with valences of seven or less. It does not determine the form in which the manganese originally was present. The method is applicable to any concentration of manganese apt to be encountered in industrial water or industrial waste water. The visual comparison procedure is best suited to the range of 0 to 1 ppm of manganese.
D 887 - 49 Standard Method of Field Sampling of Water-Formed Deposits
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method covers the selection, removal, storage, and description of any samples of deposit formed on surfaces in contact with water in any of its phases. It also defines the various types of deposits.
D 888 - 49 T Tentative Methods of Test for Dissolved Oxygen in Industrial Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) These methods of test cover procedures for the determination of dissolved oxygen in industrial water. Three methods are given, as follows: (b) The referee method covers the procedure for the most precise and accurate determination of dissolved oxygen in all industrial waters. Non-referee methods A and B cover procedures of greater simplicity and lesser precision and accuracy than the referee method.
D 932 - 58 Standard Method of Test for Iron Bacteria in Industrial Water and Water-Formed Deposits
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method describes the procedure for the detection of iron bacteria by examination under the microscope. The method provides for the identification of the following genera of bacteria found in industrial water and water formed deposits: Siderocapsa, Gallionella (Didymohelix), Sphaerotilus, Crenothrix, Leptothrix, and Clonothrix.
D 934 - 52 Standard Method for Identification of Crystalline Compounds in Water-Formed Deposits by X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method describes equipment and a procedure for the identification by X-ray diffraction of crystalline compounds (1, 2, 3, 4) in deposits formed from or by water during its industrial use. The procedure is basically that of Hull (5) with the contributions of Hanawalt, Rinn, and Frevel (6). This method yields positive identification of the crystalline components of water-formed solids for which X-ray diffraction data are available or can be obtained. Without special treatment, amorphous phases cannot be identified. The sensitivity for a given component varies with a combination of such factors as the density, degree of crystallization, particle size, coincidence of strong lines of components, and the kind and arrangement of the atoms of the component. Minimum percentages for identification may therefore vary between the ranges of 5 to 40 per cent. Note 1.—The practice and theory of X-ray diffraction have been described in detail in the Recommended Practice for Identification of Crystalline Materials by the Hanawalt X-ray Diffraction Method (ASTM Designation: E 43) and in other available reference works (7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12).
D 935 - 49 Standard Method of Corrosivity Test of Industrial Water (NDHA Method)
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method covers a procedure, known as the NDHA method, for studying the corrosivity of waters. It is particularly applicable to waters relatively free of suspended materials at temperatures below 200 C and at flow rates below 5 ft per sec, and has had extensive use for determining corrosion by steam condensate. Note 1.—This method conforms to the general requirements for conducting plant tests given in the Recommended Practice for Conducting Plant Corrosion Tests (ASTM Designation: A 224). Note 2.—The prime purpose of the test is to investigate the corrosive characteristics of waters in the equipment in which the test is made. It may fail to indicate the corrosive characteristics of the same water in different equipment. Results may be used also to indicate the ability of the materials tested to withstand corrosion by the water.
D 992 - 52 Standard Method of Test for Nitrate Ion in Industrial Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method covers the colorimetric determination of nitrate ion in industrial water, particularly in water intended for use in steam boilers.
D 993 - 58 Standard Methods of Test for Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Industrial Water and Water Formed Deposits
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) These methods are intended for the detection of the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria when present in deposits or industrial water samples and for estimation of the number of bacteria present. Two methods are given, as follows: (b) The referee method covers the preferred procedure for the detection and estimation of sulfate-reducing bacteria in industrial water samples. The non-referee method covers a procedure of greater simplicity and lesser precision than the referee method.
D 1066 - 59 T Tentative Method of Sampling Steam
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method covers the sampling of steam, either saturated or super-heated, flowing in a pipe or conduit. It applies to steam at pressures sufficiently above atmospheric pressure to establish the required rate of sample flow, and also to steam at lower and subatmospheric pressures for which means must be provided to establish the required rate of flow and to deliver the sample to a container at atmospheric pressure.
D 1067 - 57 T Tentative Methods of Test for Acidity and Basicity (Alkalinity) in Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) These methods cover the determination of acidity and basicity (alkalinity) in industrial water and industrial waste water. Procedures are given for the determination of a titration curve that will define the inflection points and the buffering capacity, and for the determination of acidity or basicity (alkalinity) to a predesignated pH end point. Three methods are given, as follows: (b) The Referee Method is electrometric and is the most precise and accurate of the three methods. Non-Referee Method A depends on the matching of colors with those of buffered standards and is satisfactory for routine control use, provided the sample contains no buffering materials at the end point. Non-Referee Method B depends upon the color change of an indicator during the course of a titration and is suitable for routine use, providing the sample contains no buffering materials at the end point.
D 1068 - 60 T Tentative Methods of Test for Iron in Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

These methods cover the determination of iron in industrial water and in industrial waste water. Procedures are given for determining total iron, dissolved iron, and ferrous iron. Suspended iron may be calculated from the total iron and soluble iron determinations. Two methods are given as follows: