bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Back to the fundamentals again
Authors: Yu Liangzhi
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to redefine information and other associated library and information science (LIS) concepts and to reformulate the mission of the library and information profession and the problem of LIS using these concepts.

Design/methodology/approach

– This study adopts a deductive approach to conceptualization, starting from one given, a priori concept.

Findings

– This paper develops a constellation of concepts which offer mutual clarification for each other. Having defined data by drawing on its existing denotations, it defines “information” as the combined product of data and meaning, and “document” as the combined product of information and media; it defines “knowledge” as one type of meaning and “work” as one type of information. It shows that the mission of the library and information profession is to ensure maximum discoverability and accessibility of information, and that LIS is structured into two fields correspondingly, each consisting of three tiers of knowledge: philosophical foundations, theories, and technologies.

Practical implications

– The redefinition of basic LIS concepts may have practical implications for LIS curriculum design and for the cultivation of professional identity among LIS students in the all-encompassing I-Schools.

Originality/value

– This study has formed a coherent conceptual framework for LIS and has clarified the hitherto rather confusing relationship between data, information, and knowledge, and the rather nebulous structure of LIS problems; it sheds some light on the source of conflicts between the subjective and objective conceptualization of information and questions the prevailing understanding of work as ideas or meanings.
CVA: the first sign of BCBS strategic change?
Authors: Viljanen Mika Veli-Pekka
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to aid understanding of the changes in Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) regulatory strategies after the global financial crisis.

Design/methodology/approach

– The author uses the credit valuation adjustment (CVA) charge reform as a test case for inquiring whether BCBS has departed from its pre-crisis facilitative regulatory strategy path. The regulatory strategy of the CVA charge is discussed.

Findings

– The charge exhibits a new regulatory strategy that BCBS has adopted. It seeks to manipulate market structures by imposing risk-insensitive capital charge methodologies.

Originality/value

– The paper offers a new heuristic to analyse regulatory initiatives and their significance. The CVA charge has not been subject to a regulatory theory-based analysis in prior literature.
Electronic games: can they create value for the moderate drinking brand?
Authors: Mulcahy Rory , Russell-Bennett Rebekah , Rundle-Thiele Sharyn
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to understand how experiential value can generate awareness, image, perceived quality and loyalty to the moderate drinking brand. Electronic games are increasingly used by social marketers in an attempt to support target audiences uptake of social behaviours. However, little is known of the value this creates for target audiences and its impact on the uptake of a social behaviour brand.

Design/methodology/approach

– A survey of male adolescents (n = 137) was conducted to test proposed relationships between experiential value and consumer-based brand equity dimensions. The research tested the game “Don’t Turn a Night Out into a Nightmare” that was developed by the Australian Federal Government as part of a social marketing campaign. Data were analysed using linear regression and MANCOVA.

Findings

– The findings indicate that there are significant relationships between consumer-based brand equity dimensions for the social behaviour brand of moderate drinking, indicating relevance of a commercial marketing theory for social marketing. Furthermore, findings show that different combinations of experiential value dimensions have an impact on different components of consumer-based brand equity. These findings indicate that when social marketers are developing electronic games, they must create different combinations of value in game play to achieve awareness, positive image, high perceived quality and, ultimately, loyalty to a behaviour.

Practical implications

– Social marketers seeking to use electronic games to influence the uptake of behaviour brands such as moderate drinking must provide a more complete value package.

Originality/value

– This paper is the first to examine how experiential value can influence the creation of brand equity for a social behaviour brand.
Integrated marketing communications and social marketing
Authors: Dahl Stephan , Eagle Lynne , Low David
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the view of integrated marketing communications (IMC) by social marketing practitioners. Specifically, the paper furthers the discussion how a symbiotic relationship between IMC and social marketing can lead to both practical improvements of health-related social marketing campaigns, as well as theoretical advancement of the IMC construct.

Design/methodology/approach

– Based on semi-structured, in-depth interviews with practitioners, the authors provide exploratory evidence for support for IMC within the social marketing community and highlight potential differences and similarities when transferring IMC from a commercial to a social context.

Findings

– Three main differences emerged when transferring IMC from a commercial to a social context. These include differences of customer-centric approaches between commercial and social marketing, the need to weigh out the application of IMC to the charity brand or the use of IMC at a behavioural level and, finally, different complexity levels of desired behaviour as a mediating factor.

Research limitations/implications

– As with all qualitative data, the findings may not be generalisable beyond the interview participants and organisations studied.

Practical implications

– Many practitioners expressed that they liked IMC as a concept, but they lacked guidance as to the application with a social marketing context. This paper contributes to providing this guidance and establishing a body of knowledge how IMC can be applied in a non-commercial setting.

Originality/value

– The paper contributes to the practical development of guidance how the largely commercially applied IMC construct can be modified to be used in a social marketing context, while correspondingly highlighting how IMC needs to evolve to grow beyond purely commercial application.
Evaluating young adult voter decision-making involvement within a compulsory political system
Authors: Winchester Tiffany , Hall John , Binney Wayne
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– This study aims to specifically focus on the lower-involvement young adult voters within the Australian compulsory voting context. It explores voters’ political decision-making by considering the influence of the consumer behaviour theory of involvement.

Design/methodology/approach

– A thematic analysis was conducted to analyse the interviews within the two research questions: information seeking and decision-making.

Findings

– Key themes within information seeking are the reach of the information available, the frequency of the information presented, the creativity of the message and one-way versus two-way communication. Key themes within evaluation are promise keeping/trust, achievements or performance and policies. Lower-involvement decision-making has the potential to be a habitual, limited evaluation decision. However, issues of trust, performance and policies may encourage evaluation, thereby reducing the chances of habitually voting for the same party as before.

Practical implications

– This new area of research has implications for the application of marketing for organisations and political marketing theory. Considering voting decision-making as a lower-involvement decision has implications for assisting the creation and adaptation of strategies to focus on this group of the population.

Originality/value

– The compulsory voting environment creates a unique situation to study lower-involvement decision-making, as these young adults are less likely to opt out of the voting process. Previous research in political marketing has not specifically explored the application of involvement to young adult voting within a compulsory voting environment.
Knowledge sharing in online brand communities
Authors: Sloan Sarah , Bodey Kelli , Gyrd-Jones Richard
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper was to explore the role knowledge sharing plays in both firm-sponsored (FS) and user-generated (UG) Online Brand Communities (OBCs) on Facebook. Branding through online mediums is an under-researched area that is slowly gaining attention in the literature. In some ways, action has come first as theory struggles to catch up with technological advances. Given that social sharing behaviours (i.e. online social networking) are arguably driving the strategic direction of marketers, it is important to understand the discourse that is being communicated. One such avenue is through participation in an OBC. While it is apparent that research is growing in the OBC area, there are still areas of interest that have gained little attention.

Design/methodology/approach

– Data were collected using netnography, an appropriate yet under-applied methodological technique used to investigate the consumer behaviour of cultures and communities present on the Internet. Specifically, Facebook Pages relating to five OBCs based on the cruise-liner P & O Australia have been chosen for this case study.

Findings

– Results indicate that in both the FS and UG OBCs, knowledge-sharing was seen to have an important influence on pre-purchase decision-making. It also acted as a mechanism for trust building and sharing brand experiences and as an important encouragement to developing a sense of community among community members. A particularly interesting outcome of this research was the way in which consumers have taken on an active role in co-creating brand identity, which seemingly illuminates the role of brand management in social media.

Practical implications

– Given that this research was conducted with a real brand, with real customers, in a real OBC, the findings also point to some important practical applications. This study has found that the role of brands in their online forums is paramount, and as such, highlights the importance of effective brand governance. The rise of technology brings increased opportunities for a brand to reach out to their consumers. This study makes a further contribution by providing insights into how the consumer–brand relationship is shaped by the communication that occurs between consumers. To this end, consumers see it as the brand’s responsibility to monitor such online platforms, thus indicating the management of OBCs needs to be at the forefront of brand management practices.

Originality/value

– This study represents one of the earliest investigations of brand communities facilitated by social media, specifically focusing on Facebook as the communication platform. Importantly, this study increases our knowledge of consumer interaction in social media, with an emphasis towards the role that knowledge sharing contributes to OBCs and the differences prevalent between FS and UG online communities.
Optimisation of selective laser melting for a high temperature Ni-superalloy
Authors: Carter Luke N. , Essa Khamis , Attallah Moataz M
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to optimise the selective laser melting (SLM) process parameters for CMSX486 to produce a “void free” (fully consolidated) material, whilst reducing the cracking density to a minimum providing the best possible fabricated material for further post-processing. SLM of high temperature nickel base superalloys has had limited success due to the susceptibly of the material to solidification and reheat cracking.

Design/methodology/approach

– Samples of CMSX486 were fabricated by SLM. Statistical design of experiments (DOE) using the response surface method was used to generate an experimental design and investigate the influence of the key process parameters (laser power, scan speed, scan spacing and island size). A stereological technique was used to quantify the internal defects within the material, providing two measured responses: cracking density and void per cent.

Findings

– The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the most significant process parameters and showed that laser power, scan speed and the interaction between the two are significant parameters when considering the cracking density. Laser power, scan speed, scan spacing and the interaction between power and speed, and speed and spacing were the significant factors when considering void per cent. The optimum setting of the process parameters that lead to minimum cracking density and void per cent was obtained. It was shown that the nominal energy density can be used to identify a threshold for the elimination of large voids; however, it does not correlate well to the formation of cracks within the material. To validate the statistical approach, samples were produced using the predicted optimum parameters in an attempt to validate the response surface model. The model showed good prediction of the void per cent; however, the cracking results showed a greater deviation from the predicted value.

Originality/value

– This is the first ever study on SLM of CMSX486. The paper shows that provided that the process parameters are optimised, SLM has the potential to provide a low-cost route for the small batch production of high temperature aerospace components.
Fabrication of microscaffolds from Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy by SLM
Authors: Pawlak Andrzej , Szymczyk Patrycja , Ziolkowski Grzegorz , Chlebus Edward , Dybala Bogdan
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to present the results of theoretical considerations and experimental tests concerning microscaffold fabrication by selective laser melting (SLM). Also described are manufacturing technologies for regular lattice microstructure with the smallest possible pore sizes and fullest possible order of geometric accuracy retained. Process parameters of SLM greatly affect the properties of the fabricated structures not only in regards to their material characteristics but also in their geometric representation accuracy.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper discusses technological relationships between different laser micrometallurgy strategies and the accuracy of the manufactured microstructures.

Findings

– With technological possibilities evaluated, regular porous structure was created composed of cubic pores with cylindrical struts as their boundaries. Strut diameters are up to 180 μm, and the distance between neighboring strut axes was reduced to 600 μm, which gives a hollow channels clearance of approximately 420 μm.

Originality/value

– Presented results show possibilities of manufacturing small high-strength lattice microstructures by SLM using Ti-6Al-7Nb titanium alloy powders for tissue engineering.
Characterization and modeling of surface defects in EP3D printing
Authors: Rojas Arciniegas Alvaro Jose , Esterman Marcos
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to report an experimental study of how surface defects evolve in EP3D printing as more layers are accumulated and proposes a simulation model for the process.

Design/methodology/approach

– A series of measurements on the surface roughness were taken layer-by-layer for two 30-layer samples. A model of the process was constructed based on dynamic system modeling, system identification techniques and the analysis of the measurements from the samples.

Findings

– The transient response of the fuser has a significant impact on the surface of the print. The surface of the EP3D printed part depends heavily on the compliance of the interface. The model developed is able to approximate the behavior of the surface as more layers are deposited.

Research limitations/implications

– The model requires tuning multiple parameters, especially the compliance threshold for the interface; similar experiments/measurements are needed for any change in the system.

Practical implications

– The simulation model provides a way to evaluate different process parameters and conditions that otherwise would be difficult and expensive to test.

Originality/value

– This work provides better understanding into the limitations of EP3D printing process and provides a tool to find countermeasures to achieve successful EP3D prints.
Shape evolution of multiple interacting droplets in inkjet deposition
Authors: Zhou Wenchao , Loney Drew , Fedorov Andrei G. , Degertekin F. Levent , Rosen David W.
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The aim of this paper is to advance the understanding of the droplet deposition process to better predict and control the manufacturing results for ink-jet deposition.

Design/methodology/approach

– As material interface has both geometric and physical significance to manufacturing, the approach the authors take is to study the interface evolution during the material joining process in ink-jet deposition using a novel shape metric and a previously developed powerful simulation tool. This tool is an experimentally validated numerical solver based on the combination of the lattice Boltzmann method and the phase-field model that enabled efficient simulation of multiple-droplet interactions in three dimensions.

Findings

– The underlying physics of two-droplet interaction is carefully examined, which provides deep insights into the effects of the printing conditions on the interface evolution of multiple-droplet interaction. By studying line printing, it is found that increasing impact velocity or decreasing fluid viscosity can reduce manufacturing time. For array printing, the authors have found the issue of air bubble entrapment that can lead to voids in the manufactured parts.

Research limitations/implications

– The array of droplets impinges simultaneously, in contrast to most ink-jet printers. Sequential impingement of lines of droplet needs to be studied. Also, impingement on non-planar surfaces has not been investigated yet, but is important for additive manufacturing. Finally, it is recognized that the droplet hardening mechanisms need to be incorporated in the simulation tool to predict and control the final shape and size of the arbitrary features and manufacturing time for ink-jet deposition.

Practical implications

– The research findings in this paper imply opportunities for optimization of printing conditions and print head design. Furthermore, if precise droplet control can be achieved, it may be possible to eliminate the need for leveling roller in the current commercial printers to save machine and manufacturing cost.

Originality/value

– This work represents one of the first attempts for a systematic study of the interface dynamics of multiple-droplet interaction in ink-jet deposition enabled by the novel shape metric proposed in the paper and a previously developed numerical solver. The findings in this paper advanced the understanding of the droplet deposition process. The physics-based approach of analyzing the simulation results of the interface dynamics provides deep insights into how to predict and control the manufacturing relevant outcomes, and optimization of the deposition parameters is made possible under the same framework.
Crop price comovements during extreme market downturns
Authors: Zimmer David M.
Published: June 2015

This study develops and estimates mixture models of crop price comovements using copula functions, which allow for departures from normality during extreme market circumstances. The models also account for unique time‐series patterns inherent in crop price data. The results point to two main conclusions. First, mixture models appear to provide an easy‐to‐estimate approach for capturing real‐life crop price movements. Second, mixture models find that, during extreme market downswings, correlations in price movements strengthen by several orders of magnitude. These results suggest that structured securities assembled from different crops tend to lose diversified protection during extreme market downswings, the exact times when such protection is needed most.
James VII's Multiconfessional Experiment and the Scottish Revolution of 1688–1690
Authors: Raffe Alasdair
Published: June 2015

Recently, historians have contended that the Scottish revolution of 1688–90 was at least as radical as the simultaneous revolution in England. This article makes a complementary claim: that James VII and II's policy of tolerating almost all Christian worship, which was introduced first in Scotland, had a greater impact in the northern kingdom than has previously been recognized. Using hitherto unexamined local church court papers, the article argues that James's indulgences of 1687 initiated a ‘multiconfessional experiment’, a period of largely unfettered competition between religious groups that lasted until the overthrow of the king in the revolution. Not only Scotland's small Catholic and Quaker communities, but also a large body of presbyterian dissenters, benefited from this multiconfessionalism. The revival of presbyterianism ultimately allowed for the re‐establishment of presbyterian government in 1690. Though there was peaceful coexistence between rival religious groups in 1687–8, the outbreak of religious violence at the revolution suggests that most Scots remained intolerant of cultural difference. The wider importance of James's experiment was to reveal how difficult it was for an established Church accustomed to uniformity to perform vital social functions – including poor relief and moral discipline – in conditions of religious pluralism.
Enforcing Religious Repression in an Age of World Empires: Assessing the Global Reach of the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions
Authors: Soyer François
Published: June 2015

This article highlights how the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions endeavoured to police religious orthodoxy on a global scale in an era without modern means of communication or personal identification. It examines how the inquisitors struggled to deal successfully with the high mobility of individuals who not only moved within the Spanish and Portuguese empires but also across political boundaries. The first section examines the means by which inquisitorial tribunals surmounted the challenge of geographical distance in their attempt to impose orthodoxy throughout the Iberian empires and ensure that individuals suspected of heresy could not seek to take advantage of the vastness of the Spanish and Portuguese empires to evade justice. The second section focuses on a single trial initiated in the Indian tribunal of Goa in the early seventeenth century and uses this case study to illustrate the manner in which the Inquisition was able to overcome the seemingly intractable obstacles of geographical and temporal distance, as well as jurisdictional boundaries, to establish the identity of a suspected heretic and prosecute him.
The Effects of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease on Forensic Breath Alcohol Testing
Authors: Booker James L. , Renfroe Kathryn
Published: June 2015

Fifteen test subjects, 10 of whom were diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), were dosed with alcohol to BACs above 0.150 g/dL. Blood and breath assays taken at 20‐min intervals for 8 h after dosing demonstrated close agreement between postabsorptive BAC and BrAC values. Three subjects exhibited elevated breath alcohol concentrations up to 0.105 g/dL during the absorptive phase that were apparently due to the passage of gastric alcohol through the lower esophageal sphincter not attributable to eruction or regurgitation. The effect of gastric alcohol was not consistently proportional to the amount of unabsorbed gastric alcohol. Absorption of alcohol in the esophagus explains the nonproportionality. Breath samples contaminated by GERD‐related alcohol leakage from the stomach into a breath sample were found only when there was a high concentration of alcohol in the stomach. When contaminated breath samples were encountered, they were irreproducible in magnitude.
In the eyes of the beholder: the HRM capabilities of the HR function as perceived by managers and professionals
Authors: John Sofia , Björkman Ingmar
Published: June 2015

This study investigated factors influencing line managers' and professionals' perceptions of the HRM capabilities of the HR function. Using a sample of 913 managers and professionals in subsidiaries of 11 Nordic multinational corporations, we tested the extent to which features of the unit's HRM system, attitudes of the unit's general manager and characteristics of the HR manager helped explain the perceived HRM capabilities. The analysis revealed that perceived HRM practice visibility and HRM inducements (the link between individual performance and HRM‐related benefits) were strong predictors of individual perceptions of the HR function's HRM capabilities. The use of e‐HRM and the most senior manager's attitudes towards the unit's HRM practices were also significantly related to perceived HRM capabilities.
Imaging evaluation of treated benign bone tumours
Authors: Dobson Michael A , McDonald Douglas J , Wessell Daniel E , Friedman Michael V
Published: June 2015

A number of benign bone tumours can be treated with curettage and packing with either bone cement or graft. It is essential that the radiologist be familiar with both the normal and abnormal post‐operative imaging appearance of these treated tumours. Through the use of numerous imaging examples, we aim to provide a pictorial review of the expected post‐operative appearance of benign bone tumours treated with curettage and packing, as well as the imaging features of recurrence, the most common potential complication.
Evaluating the accuracy of the XVI dual registration tool compared with manual soft tissue matching to localise tumour volumes for post‐prostatectomy patients receiving radiotherapy
Authors: Campbell Amelia , Owen Rebecca , Brown Elizabeth , Pryor David , Bernard Anne , Lehman Margot
Published: June 2015

Introduction

Cone beam computerised tomography (CBCT) enables soft tissue visualisation to optimise matching in the post‐prostatectomy setting, but is associated with inter‐observer variability. This study assessed the accuracy and consistency of automated soft tissue localisation using XVI's dual registration tool (DRT).

Methods

Sixty CBCT images from ten post‐prostatectomy patients were matched using: (i) the DRT and (ii) manual soft tissue registration by six radiation therapists (RTs). Shifts in the three Cartesian planes were recorded. The accuracy of the match was determined by comparing shifts to matches performed by two genitourinary radiation oncologists (ROs). A Bland–Altman method was used to assess the 95% levels of agreement (LoA). A clinical threshold of 3 mm was used to define equivalence between methods of matching.

Results

The 95% LoA between DRT‐ROs in the superior/inferior, left/right and anterior/posterior directions were −2.21 to +3.18 mm, −0.77 to +0.84 mm, and −1.52 to +4.12 mm, respectively. The 95% LoA between RTs‐ROs in the superior/inferior, left/right and anterior/posterior directions were −1.89 to +1.86 mm, −0.71 to +0.62 mm and −2.8 to +3.43 mm, respectively. Five DRT CBCT matches (8.33%) were outside the 3‐mm threshold, all in the setting of bladder underfilling or rectal gas. The mean time for manual matching was 82 versus 65 s for DRT.

Conclusions

XVI's DRT is comparable with RTs manually matching soft tissue on CBCT. The DRT can minimise RT inter‐observer variability; however, involuntary bladder and rectal filling can influence the tools accuracy, highlighting the need for RT evaluation of the DRT match.
Management of Noncardiac Comorbidities in Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Chong Vun Heng , Singh Jagdeep , Parry Helen , Saunders Jocelyn , Chowdhury Farhad , Mancini Donna M. , Lang Chim C.
Published: June 2015

Prevalence of heart failure is increasing, especially in the elderly population. Noncardiac comorbidities complicate heart failure care and are increasingly common in elderly patients with reduced or preserved ejection fraction heart failure, owing to prolongation of patient's lives by advances in chronic heart failure (CHF) management. Common comorbidities include respiratory disease, renal dysfunction, anemia, arthritis, obesity, diabetes mellitus, cognitive dysfunction, and depression. These conditions contribute to the progression of the disease and may alter the response to treatment, partly as polypharmacy is inevitable in these patients. Cardiologists and other physicians caring for patients with CHF need to be vigilant to comorbid conditions that complicate the care of these patients. There is now more guidance on management of noncardiac comorbidities in heart failure, and this article contains a comprehensive review of the most recent updates on management of noncardiac comorbidities in CHF.
Rollback of Democracy? A Tocquevillean Perspective
Authors: Atanassow Ewa
Published: June 2015

This article suggests that to judge the state of democracy today we need to clarify what we mean by democracy. Not simply given, democracy's institutional and moral meanings have been historically, and continue to be at present, the subject of intense disagreement. Drawing on one of the most influential accounts of modern democracy – Tocqueville's – it argues that far from rolling back, democracy defined by the passion for equality is, so to say, rolling forward; and that the various crises we are observing today issue less from the retreat than from a deepening of inherently democratic tendencies. These same trends may help explain the rise of neo‐liberalism in recent decades. Mitigating these deep‐seated tendencies would require a comprehensive set of remedies. Among them is the need to rethink not only the nature of equality but also, perhaps above all, the meaning of freedom.
European Democracy Promotion in Crisis: Conflicts of Objectives, Neglected External–Domestic Interactions and the Authoritarian Backlash
Authors: Grimm Sonja
Published: June 2015

Democracy promotion is an integral component of European foreign policy. However, the 1990s’ rosy proliberalization rhetoric faded with the failed interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq, the bumpy integration of the Western Balkans into the EU and the persistence of authoritarianism in the Arab world despite the popular uprisings of the Arab Spring. This article suggests four explanations for the observed lack of effectiveness of European democracy promotion: (1) the absence of a consensus among democracy promoters about policy objectives, and the interference of hidden agendas; (2) the neglect of rational interests of domestic actors and the dynamics of the external–domestic interplay in democracy promotion; (3) the adaption of authoritarian incumbents to the domestic and international threats to democratize, and (4) the existence of negative external actors interested in promoting autocracy and undermining democratic transition.
Fixing Europe Is About Performance, Not Democracy
Authors: Mungiu‐Pippidi Alina
Published: June 2015

The gradual drop in public confidence in the EU since the beginning of the 2008 economic crisis indicates an erosion of the long‐held belief among citizens and elites alike that European integration is the best option to secure a better future. But is it EU democracy that is being challenged here, or is democracy itself challenging the prospects for EU integration? To answer this question, this article briefly reviews first‐hand evidence of the basis of trust and the loss of it in European institutions. The evidence is dealt with at a national rather than individual level, and comprises mostly survey data and primary facts that can inform a policy argument. This article does not offer a full explanation of populism nor of attitudes to democracy or globalization, each of which clearly deserve an article in their own right. Instead, it uses data to deconstruct the myths of the EU loss of confidence and its connection with democracy. The two main factors found to decrease trust in the EU are economic growth and confidence in national governments’ performance in terms of controlling corruption.
Testing of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Al‐Gamal Ekhlas
Published: June 2015

Purpose

The aim of this study was to develop the Arabic version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (A‐HADS) and test its psychometric proprieties for the assessment of anxiety and depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Method

The A‐HADS and Quality of Life Index Pulmonary version were completed by 67 Jordanian patients with COPD.

Results

Cronbach's alpha coefficient has been found to be 0.75 for the A‐HADS anxiety subscale and 0.82 for the A‐HADS depression subscale. A‐HADS scores correlated significantly with the Quality of Life Index Pulmonary version and demonstrated construct validity.

Implications

This preliminary validation study supports the A‐HADS as a reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of anxiety and depression in Arabic speaking patients with COPD.
Nuclear respiratory factor 2 induces SIRT3 expression
Authors: Satterstrom F. Kyle , Swindell William R. , Laurent Gaëlle , Vyas Sejal , Bulyk Martha L. , Haigis Marcia C.
Published: June 2015

The mitochondrial deacetylase SIRT3 regulates several important metabolic processes. SIRT3 is transcriptionally upregulated in multiple tissues during nutrient stresses such as dietary restriction and fasting, but the molecular mechanism of this induction is unclear. We conducted a bioinformatic study to identify transcription factor(s) involved in SIRT3 induction. Our analysis identified an enrichment of binding sites for nuclear respiratory factor 2 (NRF‐2), a transcription factor known to play a role in the expression of mitochondrial genes, in the DNA sequences of SIRT3 and genes with closely correlated expression patterns. In vitro, knockdown or overexpression of NRF‐2 modulated SIRT3 levels, and the NRF‐2α subunit directly bound to the SIRT3 promoter. Our results suggest that NRF‐2 is a regulator of SIRT3 expression and may shed light on how SIRT3 is upregulated during nutrient stress.
Cross‐sectional study on socio‐demographic and clinical correlates of depression among human immunodeficiency virus‐positive patients inSurat City,WesternIndia
Authors: Rupani Mihir Prafulbhai , Pawar Ajay Bhaskar , Bansal Raj Kumar , Patel Prakash B. , Shah Parag S. , Parikh Khushali D.
Published: June 2015

Introduction

Surat has the highest incidence of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) inGujarat, the main reason being its large migrant population. Mental health inHIV/AIDShas most often been a topic of neglect all over the world. This study attempts to assess the magnitude of depression and the socio‐demographic and clinical variables associated with it inHIV‐positive patients.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted in 270HIV‐positive patients usingBeck Depression Inventory (BDI; translated and validated inGujarati andHindi) along with a questionnaire for eliciting information on socio‐demographic and clinical variables.

Results

The prevalence of depression amongHIV‐positive patients was 30% with 12.22% having mild depression; 14.07% with moderate depression and 3.7% with severe depression. Bivariate analysis showed that physical pain, physical illness,Cluster ofDifferentiation 4 (CD4) <300 cells/mm3,HIVpositive spouse, discrimination at hospital, discrimination in society, government setup as the first place ofHIVtest and broken relationship with spouse afterHIVdisclosure were significantly associated with depression among the patients. On multiple logistic regression, discrimination at hospital, physical pain andCD4 <300 cells/mm3were found to be the significant predictors of depression among the patients.

Discussion

HIV‐positive patients can be screened by counselors using easy‐to‐administer scales likeBDI, which can be translated and validated into any regional language. A trained psychiatrist should be appointed at theAnti‐RetroviralTherapy (ART) center to take care of the mental health issues of the patients.
Northern comfort: geographical scale, locality and the evolution of networks in the Finnish metal music genre
Authors: Makkonen Teemu
Published: June 2015

There is a limited geographical literature on the evolution of networks in distinct music genres. This gap is addressed here through an analysis of empirical evidence on theFinnish metal music genre, specifically utilising a questionnaire survey of Finnish metal music bands. The results show that, in terms of networking, local buzz is more important for bands that reside in large cities compared with those from small localities. However, even small towns can host creative teams, as the bands in smaller (peripheral) localities network through extra‐local (global) pipelines. Consequently, extra‐local networks are at least as important as local ones for this music genre to thrive in a particular location. In addition, record deals are more important than geographical scales in explaining variances in networking within the genre. Thus, contrary to the recent literature underlining the role of geographical proximity in the creative industries, locality and geographical scale do not play such a significant role in the evolution of networks in the Finnish metal music genre.
Episodic Future Thinking Is Related to Impulsive Decision Making in Healthy Adolescents
Authors: Bromberg Uli , Wiehler Antonius , Peters Jan
Published: June 2015

Delay discounting is a stable trait measure of impulsivity. Engaging in episodic future thinking (EFT) can reduce discounting, but whether individual differences in discounting are associated with differences in future thinking remains unclear. Here, this association was tested in healthy adolescents (n = 49, age range = 12–16 years, fluent German speakers, from a large German city). Data collection was between December 2011 and December 2012. Vividness of EFT (assessed via the Autobiographical Memory Interview) was negatively correlated with discounting (r = −.41, 95% CI [−.63, −.13], r2 = .17). Regression analyses confirmed that this association was stable when controlling for additional variables, including hormonal measures of pubertal maturation and intelligence. EFT may attenuate impulsivity in young people at risk of engaging in problematic behavior.
Diagnosis of Dysponetinae (Chrysopetalidae, Annelida)
Authors: Aguado M. Teresa , Nygren Arne , Rouse Greg W.
Published: June 2015

The subfamily Dysponetinae (Annelida, Chrysopetalidae) was proposed by Aguado et al. (Cladistics 29, 610) based on a phylogenetic analysis including morphological and molecular information. However, as a differential diagnosis of the new subfamily, as required by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, was not included, the name was not made available. A diagnosis of the subfamily is proposed herein to correct this oversight.
Zur Immunologie von Metallallergien
Authors: Schmidt Marc , Goebeler Matthias
Published: June 2015

Allergische Kontakthypersensitivität gegenüber Metallallergenen ist weltweit ein häufiges Gesundheitsproblem, das sowohl die Lebensqualität als auch die Arbeitsfähigkeit der betroffenen Personen stark beeinträchtigt. Schätzungsweise 15–20 % der westlichen Bevölkerung sind gegen mindestens ein Metallallergen überempfindlich. Damit übertreffen die Sensibilisierungsraten durch Metallallergene bei Weitem diejenigen durch Auslöser wie Duftstoffe und Kautschuk. Leider ist trotz gesetzgeberischer Bemühungen, den Gehalt allergieauslösender Metalle in Produkten für Arbeit und Freizeit zu verringern oder ganz zu verbieten, die Prävalenz der metallinduzierten Hypersensitivität immer noch hoch.

In jüngerer Zeit wurden bei der Erforschung der Perzeptionsmechanismen, die den Entzündungsreaktionen auf diese Kontaktallergene zugrunde liegen, deutliche Fortschritte erzielt. In diesem Übersichtsartikel sind die neuesten Erkenntnisse zu dieser rätselhaften Erkrankung zusammengefasst. Besonderes Gewicht wird auf die Mechanismen der Stimulation des angeborenen Immunsystems sowie die Aktivierung von T‐Zellen durch häufige Metallallergene wie Nickel, Kobalt, Palladium und Chromat gelegt.
T‐Zellplastizität bei entzündlichen Hauterkrankungen – die Guten, die Schlechten und die Chamäleons
Authors: Gatzka Martina , Scharffetter‐Kochanek Karin
Published: June 2015

Nach dem Konzept der T‐Zellplastizität können periphere T‐Zellen – sobald sie sich in eine spezifische T‐Zell‐Untergruppe differenziert haben – in Reaktion auf neue Umweltfaktoren oder veränderte Signale den Phänotyp einer anderen Helferzell‐Untergruppe in Bezug auf Zytokinproduktion und regulatorische Funktionen annehmen. Die T‐Zellplastizität – besonders die Umwandlung regulatorischer T‐Zellen (Tregs) zu IL‐17‐produzierenden Entzündungszellen – wurde in jüngster Zeit bei verschiedenen T‐Zell‐vermittelten entzündlichen Erkrankungen wie rheumatoider Arthritis, Multipler Sklerose, entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen und Psoriasis als wichtiger Pathomechanismus, der an der Verschlimmerung von Entzündungssymptomen und der Chronifizierung der Krankheit beteiligt ist, beschrieben. Neben Psoriasis kann das Phänomen der Immunzellplastizität auch bei anderen entzündlichen Hauterkrankungen mit T‐Zell‐Komponente und/oder einer IL‐17‐vermittelten Symptomatik eine Rolle spielen, wie beispielsweise bei Lichen ruber, Lupus erythematodes, blasenbildenden Erkrankungen, allergischen Erkrankungen sowie anderen. Diese Übersichtsarbeit fasst die grundlegenden molekularen Mechanismen zusammen, welche über das Schicksal von T‐Zellen und ihre Plastizität in entzündeter Haut und anderen lymphatischen Organen entscheiden. Außerdem umreißt sie die Wirkung etablierter zielgerichteter Therapien sowie alternativer Konzepte daraufhin, wie sich die ungewollte Umwandlung “hilfreicher” T‐Zellen und anderer nützlicher Immunzellen in pathologische entzündliche „Schädlinge“ vermeiden lässt.
Methods of analyzing regional dermatological care as exemplified by the city of Hamburg
Authors: Augustin Jobst , Erasmi Stefan , Reusch Michael , Augustin Matthias
Published: June 2015

Background

The rural‐urban divide is often linked to regional inequalities in healthcare. However, studies have also shown regional healthcare disparities within urban areas. To evaluate these studies, further parameters such as accessibility must be added to the standard criteria. The objective of this study was to present methodic tools for evaluating dermatological healthcare provision in Hamburg, primarily focusing on accessibility.

Methods

Analyzing data from 97 districts, the geographical distribution of 101 dermatologists and the physician‐patient ratio were determined. In a second step, network analysis regarding accessibility was performed.

Results

There are regional inequalities in Hamburg with respect to dermatological care. Depending on the district, the physician‐patient ratio ranges from 44.9 % (undersupply) to > 500 % (oversupply). Similar differences exist regarding accessibility. Although 94.5 % of the population of Hamburg is able to reach the nearest dermatologist within ten minutes (by car), it may take more than 30 minutes depending on district and mode of transportation.

Conclusions

Analysis of the physician‐patient ratio reveals differences regarding dermatological care in Hamburg. However, results of the network analysis show that these differences do not significantly affect access to dermatological care. Therefore, network analysis should be used as an additional tool to evaluate regional healthcare provision.
Methoden zur Analyse der regionalen dermatologischen Versorgung am Beispiel Hamburgs
Authors: Augustin Jobst , Erasmi Stefan , Reusch Michael , Augustin Matthias
Published: June 2015

Hintergrund:

Regionale Ungleichheiten in der Gesundheitsversorgung werden häufig mit dem Stadt‐Land‐Unterschied in Verbindung gebracht. Untersuchungen haben aber gezeigt, dass sich bei einer kleinräumigen Betrachtung auch in Städten regionale Versorgungsdisparitäten ausmachen lassen. Für deren Bewertung sind neben Versorgungsgrad noch weitere Größen wie die Erreichbarkeit hinzuzuziehen. Zielsetzung der vorliegenden Arbeit war das Aufzeigen methodischer Werkzeuge zur Bewertung der dermatologischen Versorgung am Beispiel Hamburgs. Besonderer Fokus wurde auf die Erreichbarkeit gelegt.

Methoden:

Auf Basis der 97 Hamburger Stadtteile wurde zunächst die Verteilung der 101 berücksichtigten Dermatologen sowie der Versorgungsgrad ermittelt. Anschließend wurde eine Netzwerkanalyse zur Erreichbarkeit durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse:

In Hamburg bestehen regionale Unterschiede im Versorgungsgrad und in der Erreichbarkeit von Dermatologen. Je nach Stadtteil liegt der Versorgungsgrad zwischen 44,9 % (unterversorgt) und > 500 % (überversorgt). Ähnliche Unterschiede zeigen sich bei der Erreichbarkeit. 94,5 % der Einwohner Hamburgs erreichen den nächsten Dermatologen innerhalb von zehn Minuten (PKW). Entsprechend dem Stadtteil und Verkehrsmittel kann der Zeitaufwand auf über 30 Minuten ansteigen.

Schlussfolgerungen:

Mittels des Versorgungsgrades können Unterschiede in der dermatologischen Versorgung Hamburgs aufgezeigt werden. Anhand der Netzwerkanalyse wurde jedoch ersichtlich, dass es trotz dieser Unterschiede nur wenige Defizite in der Erreichbarkeit des nächsten Dermatologen gibt. Netzwerkanalysen können damit als wertvolle und ergänzende Methode dienen, um das regionale Versorgungsgeschehen zu bewerten.
Prospective assessment of consensus criteria for evaluation of patients with suspected choledocholithiasis
Authors: Sethi Saurabh , Wang Fen , Korson Andrew S. , Krishnan Sandeep , Berzin Tyler M. , Chuttani Ram , Pleskow Douglas K. , Sawhney Mandeep S.
Published: June 2015

Background and Aim

American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) guidelines have proposed criteria to stratify patients into low, intermediate and high risk of choledocholithiasis. The criteria include variables that are readily available in clinical practice. The objective of the present study was to prospectively assess the accuracy of these criteria.

Methods

A prospective observational cohort study was conducted at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. All adult patients referred for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with suspected choledocholithiasis were considered for inclusion. ASGE criteria were applied, and each patient was categorized as high, intermediate or low risk for choledocholithiasis. Presence of stone at ERCP served as criteria standard.

Results

During the study period, 402 patients met study inclusion criteria and 336 were reported in the final analysis. Of the 244 patients in the high risk for choledocholithiasis group, 185 were found to have stones at ERCP (75.8%, 95% CI 70.2–80.1%). Of the 92 patients in the intermediate risk for choledocholithiasis group, 45 had stones at ERCP (48.9%, 95% CI 38.8–59.1%); P‐value for difference between groups = 0.001. Diagnostic accuracy for choledocholithiasis in the high‐risk group was 69.05%, and for the intermediate group was 39.95%. Presence of choledocholithiasis on pre‐ERCP imaging (OR: 3.6; 95% CI 2.2–6.0; P < 0.01), and bilirubin >1.8 but <4 mg/dL (OR: 1.69; 95% CI 1.0–2.8; P < 0.04) were the strongest predictors of choledocholithiasis. No additional variable that improved accuracy of ASGE criteria was identified.

Conclusion

ASGE criteria stratify patients by risk for choledocholithiasis and can be used in routine clinical practice.