bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utilization of old meadow by reindeer in spring in northern Norway
Authors: Eilertsen Svein M. , Schjelderup Ivar , Mathiesen Svein D.
Published: February 2013

Utilization of abandoned coastal meadows in northern Norway by reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) were investigated for 25 days in spring 1996 (« = 12, 40-57 kg body mass (BM)) and 24 days in 1997 (» = 12, 39-61 kg BM). Grass production on grazed and ungrazed meadow was measured both years. Faecal dry matter (DM) production and ruminai in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) of selected plants were measured in the reindeer 15-22 days after the grazing experiment started each year. During the grazing period mean, standard deviation (s), temperature was 8.7, s = 2.8, °C in 1996 and 11.0, s = 3.0, °C in 1997, while temperature the first week was significantly higher in 1997 (P < 0.05). Mean herbage mass, on ungrazed meadow (control), after one week of plant growth in 1996 (408, J" = 166, kg DM ha"1) was significantly different (P < 0.05) from 1997 (576, s = 110, kg DM ha'). We believe the low temperature the first week in 1996 affected the plant production, and was the main reason for the significant (P < 0.05) difference in mean daily plant DM production on the grazed meadow between 1996 (57, s = 16, kg DM ha') and 1997 (81, s = 16, kg DM ha"1). Mean ruminai IVDMD of a mixture of meadow plants, differed (P<0.05) between 1996 (72.4, s = 1.0, %) and 1997 (83.9, s = 1.3, %), and mean daily food intake in 1996 (82, s = 13.5, g DM/kg0 75) was significantly lower than the intake in 1997 (131, s = 15.8, g DM/kg0 75). Daily digestible energy intake in reindeer was estimated to 0.96 Ml/kg07"5 X d 1 in 1996 and 1.85 Ml/kg""5 X d"1 in 1997, which was 1.3 and 2.5 times the resting metabolic rate in reindeer, respectively. We therefore assume the difference in food intake could be due to the initial difference in herbage mass.
Conceptus-endometrial interactions and reproductive hormone profiles during embryonic diapause and reactivation of the blastocyst in the European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)
Authors: Lambert Roger T.
Published: February 2013

Abstract: Roe deer blastocysts exhibit obligate embryonic diapause between early August and late December. The blastocyst then expands and elongates rapidly before implantation. The objective of this study was to ascertain the cues for reactivation of the diapausing blastocyst. Blood samples and reproductive tracts were collected from roe does during diapause, blastocyst expansion and subsequent implantation. Peripheral concentrations of oestradiol-17/3, progesterone and prolactin were measured by radioimmunoassay. Luteal progesterone release was determined following in vitro incubation. Conceptuses and endometrial tissue were cultured with 3H-leucine for 24 hours to measure de novo synthesis of secretory proteins. Endometrial secretory proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Results showed that peripheral progesterone concentrations declined by 55% just prior to expansion and did not rise until a 3-fold increase after implantation. Luteal progesterone release remained constant until expansion when it declined by 50% before increasing 2-fold at elongation and implantation. Concentrations of oestradiol-17/3 remained at a consistently low level during diapause and expansion until a 30-fold increase at elongation with concentrations remaining elevated after implantation. Plasma prolactin levels remained at basal concentrations during late diapause and then increased marginally at reactivation before decreasing again at elongation and implantation. Incorporation of radiolabel into both conceptus and endometrial secretory proteins was low during diapause, but incorporation in the conceptus increased 4¬fold at expansion and by 24-fold at the expanded trophoblast stage. Incorporation into endometrial secretoty proteins remained constant until the expanded trophoblast stage and implantation when a 2-fold increase was recorded. Furthermore, the profile of endometrial secretory proteins was constant during diapause and expansion but changed qualitatively following implantation. These data indicate that both endometrial protein synthesis and sectetion did not change during late diapause and early expansion. The increase in conceptus protein synthesis not only precedes that of the endometrium but consistently low luteal progesterone release, peripheral progesterone and oestradioi-17/J concentrations at early expansion suggests that reactivation is not in response to a maternal uterine trigger.
Factors affecting velvet antler weights in free-ranging reindeer in Alaska
Authors: Prichard Alexander K. , Finstad Greg L. , Shain Drew H.
Published: February 2013

Free-ranging reindeer on the Seward Peninsula in western Alaska are rounded up from late May to early July and antlers are removed. We used data collected from 1987 to 1997 to determine how velvet antler weights of males and females varied with age, year, reproductive status, Julian date, and body weight. Male antler weights increased with age up to age five years, and were lower in castrates than in bulls. There was a significant positive relationship between body weight and antler weight in both sexes. Female antler weights increased with age until at least age nine. Lactating females had lower antler weights than non-lactating females, but this effect is better explained by differences in body weight. Antler weight of individual reindeer at age two years was better predicted by their antler weights as yearlings than their body weight as yearlings.
Effects of medetomidine and atipamezole on serum glucose and cortisol levels in captive reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)
Authors: Arnemo Jon M. , Ranheim Birgit
Published: February 2013

Serum concentrations of glucose and Cortisol were measured in five adult captive reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) at 24 h and 10 min before, and at 0.5, 1,2,4, 8, 12 and 24 h after, treatment with 60 p.g/kg of medetomidine i.v. followed by 300 jig/kg of atipamezole i.v. 60 min later. The experiments were performed in January and repeated in July-August. The animals were used as their own controls and treated with saline in July-August. The wash-out period between experiments in summer was 2 weeks or more. No obvious seasonal differences were observed. Mederomidine induced a 2.5-fold increase in glucose (mean ± standard error of the mean being 15.4 ± 0.6 mmol/1 at 1 h) and a 3.5-fold increase Cortisol (349 ± 28 nmol/1 at 0.5 h). Serum glucose reached control levels within 12 h, and Cortisol declined to baseline levels within 4 h after injection og medetomidine. The use of blood concentrations of glucose and Cortisol to assess nutritonal status, body condition and stress may be significantly biased in animals chemically immobilized with medetomidine or other alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists.
Forage chemistry and the digestive system in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in northern Norway and on South Georgia
Authors: Mathiesen Svein D. , Aagnes Utsi Tove H. , Sørmo Wenche
Published: February 2013

Comparative chemical and botanical analyses of the reticulo-rumen content (RR) and the fill of the digestive system were carried out in free-living Norwegian reindeer {Rangifer t. tarandus) on South Georgia (SG) in summer (mean body mass (BM) = 74 kg, n - 10), and in northern Norway in late summer (NS) (mean BM = 77 kg, n = 6) and winter (NW) (mean BM = 60 kg, n = 11). The RR of SG reindeer contained mainly grasses, while grasses dominated in NS reindeer and woody plants and lichens in NW reindeer. Mean ruminal plant cell-wall contents (CWC) comprised 37% of organic dry matter (OM) in SG reindeer and 50 and 69% in NS and NW reindeer, respectively. The high CWC in NW reindeer was due to high intake of lichens containing as much as 45% hemi-cellulose. Mean ruminal content of lignin was as low as 5% of OM in SG reindeer, which was different (P < 0.05) from NS (14%) and NW reindeer (15%), respectively. The mean total gastro-inresrinal tract (GIT) (fill and tissue) weight was 27% of BM in SG reindeer, different (P < 0.05) from NS (18% of BM) and NW reindeer (22% of BM), respectively. Wet weight RR content was 14.5% of BM in SG reindeer, not different from NS (12.2% of BM) and NW reindeer (14.2% of BM). The ratio between the wet weight content of the distal fermentation chamber (DFC) and the RR wet weight content was 1:10 in SG reindeer, different (P < 0.05) from NS (1:14) and NW reindeer (1:14). We did not find any significant differences between the intestinal lengths of the groups investigated. It was concluded that the degree of fill of the different parts of GIT in reindeet seems to be related to the lignin content of plants eaten and not only of seasonal changes in appetite and availability of plants. Our data stress the fact that reindeer are highly adaptable to a wide range of different dietary plants, even in the southern hemisphere.
Svält
Authors: Åhman Gustaf
Published: February 2013

Forfatteren tar for seg flere årsaker til at reinen sulter og  omfanget av sultproblemet. Artikkelen er delt i følgende hovedavsnitt: Innledning om vinterforholdenes påvirkning, reinens egne næringsreserver, insektstress og avsluttes med noe statistikk.
Grupp 2. Rovdjur
Authors: Nordkvist (moderator) Magnus
Published: February 2013

Gruppens gjennomgang finnes i fullstendig pdf
Report: Vegetasjonskart
Authors: Skjenneberg Sven
Published: February 2013

Moen, A. 1981. Oppdragsforskning og vegtajonskartlegging ved Botanisk avdeling, D.K.N.V.S., Muset. K. norske Vidensk. Selsk. Rapp. Bot. Ser. 1: 1-49.
Lars Hällbom; Nitrogenase regulation and ultrastructure of heterocystous cyanobacteria; free living and in lichen symbiosis.
Authors: Skjenneberg Sven
Published: February 2013

Doktoravhandling forsvart i Botanisk auditorium, Uppsala Universitet 19. mai 1982. (Inst. for fysiologisk botanik, Uppsala Universitet).
Renforskning i Norden
Authors: Nordkvist Magnus
Published: February 2013

Debattinnlegg

Jag vill begagna mig av denna möjlighet for en liten personlig betraktelse kring renforskningens nuvarande status och skönjbara utvecklingstendenser i våra tre nordiska länder med renforskning. Jag avser då i första hand de basresurser (personella och institutionella) som respektive land synes vara beredda att stäla till renforskningens förfogande. Min syn på forskningen bygger på den fasta övertygelsen att utan en kvalificerad forskning kommer rennäringen på sikt att degenerera och förslummas och utgöra ett allt sämre försörjningsunderlag for allt färre näringsutövare och fungera allt sämre som grund för en levande samekultur.
Third International Reindeer/ Caribou Symposium, Saariselkä, Finland, 1982
Authors: Skjenneberg Sven
Published: February 2013

The third international reindeer/caribou symposium was arranged in Saariselkä, Finland, 23-26 August 1982 under the leadership of Dr. Erkki Pulliainen. 125 participants presented 70 lectures and posters. Proceedings will be published in Acta Zoologica Fennica, Volume VII. NOR contributed much to the conference in giving travelling grants to 35 participants from Finland, Norway and Sweden.
Linguatula serrata in Swedish reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L)
Authors: Rehbinder Claes , Nordkvist Magnus
Published: February 2013

A high prevalence (24,2%) of the tongue-worm Lingutula serrata was found in reindeer yearlings. Apparently the high incidence found in this material indicates that the parasite is well adapted to reindeer; the reaction of the nasal mucosa is very mild. The abscence of clinical manifestations and the hidden localization in sinuses which are rarely inspected at slaughter or autopsy is most probably the reason why L. serrata is seldom observed.

Tungmask (Linguatula serrata) hos svensk skogsren.

Abstract in Swedish / Sammandrag: En hög frekvens(24,2%) av tungmask (Linguatula serrata) påvisades hos årskalv av skogsren. Den ringa våvnadsreaktion som forelag antyder att L serrata troligen ar val anpassad till ren. Att endast ett fåtal rapporter om forekomst av L serrata hos ren foreligger torde bero på att parasiten inte ger några kliniska symptom samt dess i huvudsak gomda lokalisation i overkåkshåligheterna vilka sållan inspekteras vid slakt eller obduktion. L serrata år dårfor sannolikt vanligare hos svenska renar ån man tidigare antagit.
Lichens, wildfire, and caribou on the taiga ecosystem of northcentral Canada
Authors: Miller Don
Published: February 2013

Terrestrial lichens are unique organisms that are pioneers on bare sand and rock, survive desiccation and reproduce both sexually and asexually. They compete poorly with dense, aggressive vascular flora. Wildfires require organic matter as fuels, are the driving force in perpetuation of the Taiga Ecosystem in a heterogeneous environment and, if left alone, are self controlling. Caribou wintering on the Taiga are dependent on: (1) a terricolous lichen forage supply for most of the winter, (2) a heterogeneous environment to cope with predators and the changing nival environment, and (3) natural wildfires to supply these needs. Wildlife control on the Taiga winter range is not recommended as a management tool for barren-ground caribou.
Productivity factors of the Finnish semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer t.tarandus) stock during the 1990s
Authors: Kumpula Jouko , Colpaert Alfred , Nieminen Mauri
Published: February 2013

Intensive reindeer grazing and the increase of other land use forms have caused a decline in the amount of arboreal (Alectoria, Bryoria spp.) and reindeer (Cladina spp.) lichens in the Finnish reindeer management area during the last few decades. Supplementary feeding of reindeer has increasingly compensated for the lack of natural winter fodder. The amount of the supplementary feeding and the quantity and quality of summer pastures should therefore have an increasing effect on the productivity of reindeer stock. In order to outline better the present carrying capacity problems on pastures in the Finnish reindeer management area we focused some of the most important productivity factors of Finnish reindeer stock from 1993 to 1999. The results showed that the productivity of reindeer stock in Finland was dependent especially on two main elements: amount of reindeer feeding and reindeer densities on summer pastures. Winter pastures had no clear effect on productivity when analysing the entire management area. High productivity figures in reindeer stock (calf production, carcass mass and meat production per reindeer) were reached in the management districts where winter feeding was the most abundant, reindeer densities relatively low and summer pastures abundant. An increase in reindeer density on summer pastures raised meat production per total summer pasture area but decreased carcass mass of reindeer calves and meat production per reindeer. It seems that the fundamental factor for keeping the reindeer stock productivity sustainable at a high enough level is to optimize the longterm reindeer densities on pastures. Summer pastures may gradually become a limiting factor for reindeer stock productivity in some areas if overgrazed and decreased winter pastures are only compensated for by winter feeding of reindeer.

 
Variations in plant forage quality in the range of the Porcupine caribou herd
Authors: Johnstone Jill , Russell Donald E. , Griffith Brad
Published: February 2013

Understanding potential impacts of vegetation change on caribou energetics requires information on variations in forage quality among different plant types and over time. We synthesized data on forage quality (nitrogen, neutral detergent fiber and dry matter digestibility) for 10 plant growth forms from existing scientific literature and from field research in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. These data describe forage quality of plant species in habitats found within the summer and winter range of the Porcupine caribou herd in northwestern Canada and northern Alaska, U.S.A. We compared mean levels of summer forage quality among growth forms and, where possible, estimated seasonal changes in forage quality. Preferred forage groups (deciduous shrubs, forbs, and cottongrass flowers) had higher nitrogen and digestibility, and lower fiber content, than other growth forms. Nitrogen concentration in green biomass peaked at the onset of the growing season in forbs and deciduous shrubs, whereas graminoids reached peak nitrogen concentrations approximately 15-30 days after growth initiation. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and concentration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of green biomass differed among growth forms, but did not show strong seasonal changes. IVDMD and NDF concentrations were correlated with nitrogen concentrations in studies that had paired sampling.
Effect of wind on Svalbard reindeer fur insulation
Authors: Cuyler Christine , Øritsland Nils A.
Published: February 2013

The heat transfer through Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) fur samples was studied with respect to wind velocity, season and animal age. A total of 33 dorsal fur sections were investigated using a wind tunnel. Insulation varied with season (calving, summer, autumn and winter). At zero wind velocity, fur insulation was significantly different between seasons for both calf and adult fur samples. At the same time, there was no significant difference between calf and adult insulation for the summer, autumn and winter seasons. Calf fur insulated as well as adult fur. Winter insulation of Svalbard reindeer was approximately 3 times that of summer. Increasing wind veloci¬ty increased heat loss, however, the increase was not dramatic. When wind coefficients (slope) of the heat transfer regression lines were compared, between season and between calf and adult, no significant differences were reported. All fur samples showed similar increases in heat transfer for wind velocities between 0 and 10 m.s-1. The conductance of winter fur of Svalbard reindeer was almost half that of caribou fur. Also, conductance was not as greatly influenced by wind as caribou fur
Retrospective reproduction analysis in female reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)
Authors: Heggberget Thrine Moen
Published: February 2013

Retrospective reproduction analysis has proven a useful study method for many mammal species, but the method has not been used as much in reindeer and caribou studies as it deserves.
Final report of the NOR project "Management of reindeer pastures under uncertainty" Report title: "A decision-tool for adaptation of reindeer herds to rangeland: the user's manual".
Authors: Moxnes Erling , Danell Öje , Gaare Eldar , Kumpula Jouko
Published: February 2013

The management of reindeer ranges is a complicated task as indicated both by the complexity of the normative analyses required and the mismanagement observed in real and laboratory settings. The present report is a user's manual to a decision-tool that attempts to strike a balance between complex normative analyses and practical decision-making. A simulator is provided to give decision-makers experience with the tool and to build intuition for strategies. Several cases are used to illustrate the use of the decision-tool and to demonstrate how even scarce and imprecise data can yield important insights. The project has been financed by "Nordisk ministerråd" ("Nordic Council of Ministers") under the program "Nordiska miljöstrategin för jord- och skogsbruk 1996-1999" ("Nordic Environmental Strategies for Agriculture and Forestry 1996-1999"). It was initiated and administered by "Nordisk organ for reinforskning" (NOR) ("Nordic Council for Reindeer Research").
Caribou response to human activity: research and management
Authors: Miller Donald R.
Published: February 2013

This paper describes the need by researchers and managers of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) to carefully assess the impact of their study methods on animals and results. An error made during a study of barren-ground caribou is described. Assumptions made during preparation of study methods need to be tested during collection of data. Study plans should include communication with, and respect for, residents who depend on the caribou resource. During field observations of caribou behavior, feeding habits, rutting activity or sex and age composition, closer is not better. During capture, handling and marking activities, shorter processing time is better. During aerial surveys, photography, sex and age determinations, higher is better. When interpreting data collected from marked caribou, and generally applying to the unmarked population, caution is advised. The merits and drawbacks of helicopter use to capture and mark caribou for research and management need to be discussed.
Estimation of arboreal lichen biomass available to woodland caribou in Hudson Bay lowland black spruce sites
Authors: Proceviat Sarah K. , Mallory Frank F. , Rettie W. James
Published: February 2013

An arboreal lichen index to be utilized in assessing woodland caribou habitat throughout northeastern Ontario was developed. The "index" was comprised of 5 classes, which differentiated arboreal lichen biomass on black spruce trees, ranging from maximal quantities of arboreal lichen (class 5) to minimal amounts of arboreal lichen (class 1). This arboreal lichen index was subsequently used to estimate the biomass of arboreal lichen available to woodland caribou on lowland black spruce sites ranging in age from 1 year to 150 years post-harvest. A total of 39 sites were assessed and significant differences in arboreal lichen biomass were found, with a positive linear relationship between arboreal lichen biomass and forest age. It is proposed that the index be utilized by government and industry as a means of assessing the suitability of lowland black spruce habitat for woodland caribou in this region.
Use of satellite telemetry data, GIS, and HTML to create an interactive display of caribou movements
Authors: Prichard Alexander K. , Carroll Geoffry M. , George John C. , Murphy Stephen M. , Smith Mike D. , Suydam Robert S. , Yokel David A.
Published: February 2013

The use of animation clearly reveals the large annual variation in wintering areas and large differences in daily movement rates for this herd. This interactive display can be adapted for school groups, subsistence hunters, the general public, or scientists.
Population growth, movements, and status of the Nushagak Peninsula Caribou Herd following reintroduction, 1988 - 2000
Authors: Collins Gail H. , Hinkes Michael T. , Aderman Andrew R. , Woolington James D.
Published: February 2013

Barren ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus) were reintroduced to the Nushagak Peninsula, Alaska in February of 1988 after an absence of more than 100 years. Since reintroduction, herd growth and population dynamics have been monitored closely. At this time, there has been no significant dispersal from the herds' core range. The Nushagak Peninsula Caribou Herd (NPCH) grew rapidly from 146 reintroduced individuals to over 1000 in 13 years. Dramatic mean annual growth during the first 6 years (1988-1994) of 38% (r = 0.32) can be attributed to the high percentage of females in the initial reintroduction, high calf production and survival, exceptional range conditions, few predators, and no hunting. However, the populations' exceptional growth (peak counts of 1400) slowed and stabilized between 1996¬1998 and then decreased between 1998 and 2000. Size, body condition and weights of calves captured in 2000 were significantly lower than those captured in 1995 and 1997. Although calf production also decreased from close to 100% (1990-1995) to about 91% (1996-2000), overall calf survival continued to be high. Legal harvest began in 1995, and harvest reports have accounted for approximately 3% of population mortality annually. Although brown bears (Ursus arctos) and wolves (Canis lupus) are present, the extent of predation is unknown. Mean home range of the NPCH was 674 km2 and group sizes were greatest during post-calving aggregation in July (mean = 127). Caribou population density on the Nushagak Peninsula reached approximately 1.2 caribou/km2 in 1997 before declining to about 1.0 caribou/km2. A range survey in 1994 noted only trace utilization of lichens on the Nushagak Peninsula by caribou. A subsequent survey in 1999 found moderate to severe utilization in 46% of plots, suggesting the reintroduced herd was beginning to alter range condition. Between 1997 and 2000, both calf production and condition of 10-month-old calves declined. Calving has also been delayed in recent years. However, we suspect the reduced herd growth can be attributed to increasing hunting pressure and some dispersal of caribou from the Peninsula, not reduced range condition.
The hygienic quality of raw reindeer milk
Authors: Kurki Joanna , Pitkälä Anna , Nieminen Mauri
Published: February 2013

The somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC) as well as the presence of major food-borne pathogens and udder pathogens in reindeer raw milk were studied. Two groups of 4 female reindeer were milked on alternate days for six weeks. A milk sample from each quarter was taken before milking and of the bulk milk at the end of milking. Micrococcus sp. was observed in one, Staphylococcus aureus in one and coagulase-negative staphylococci in five of the quarter samples (n=318). In the bulk milk (n=19) TBC varied between 700 and 1 700 000 cfu (colony forming units)/ml and SCC between 52 000 and 183 000 cells/ml. No Bacillus cereus, S. aureus or Listeria monocytogenes were detected in the bulk milk, but Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae were found in 5 bulk milk samples. According to the bacteriological examination the udder health of the reindeer was good. Indicative information on the SCC of healthy reindeer was obtained. None of the common potential food-poisoning bacteria were found in raw milk. There was great variation in the bulk milk TBC and the average TBC was rather high (ca. 300 000 cfu/ml). The hygienic quality of raw reindeer milk makes it well suited for food manufacture. However, the results indicate that the milking conditions may be crucial for the quality of raw milk.Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto:Tutkimuksen kohteena oli poron raakamaidon solupitoisuus ja kokonaispesäkeluku sekä tärkeimpien elintarvike- ja utarepatogeenien esiintyminen raakamaidossa. Kaksi 4 vaatimen ryhmää lypsettiin vuoropäivinä 6 viikon ajan. Ennen lypsyä vaatimista otettiin vedinkohtaiset näytteet ja lypsyn päätyttyä näyte yhteismaidosta. Micrococcus sp. todettiin yhdessä, Staphylococcus aureus yhdessä ja koagulaasinegatiivisia stafylokokkeja viidessä vedinkohtaisessa näytteessä (n=318). Yhteismaitonäytteiden (n=19) kokonaispesäkeluvut vaihtelivat välillä 700-1 700 000 pmy (pesäkkeitä muodostava yksikkö)/ml ja somaattisten solujen määrät välillä 52 000-183 000 kpl/ml. Yhteismaitonäytteissä ei todettu Bacillus cereus-, S. aureus- eikä Listeria monocytogenes -bakteereita, mutta viidessä näytteessä todettiin Enterobacteriaceae-heimon bakteereita ja Escherichia coli -bakteereita. Bakteeriviljelyjen perusteella vaadinten utareterveys oli hyvä. Terveiden vaadinten maidon solupitoisuudesta saatiin suunta-antavaa tietoa. Raakamaidossa ei todettu yleisimpiä potentiaalisia ruokamyrkytysten aiheuttajia. Yhteismaidon kokonaispesäkeluvuissa esiintyi suurta vaihtelua ja niiden keskiarvo oli melko korkea (n. 300 000 pmy/ml). Poron raakamaito on hygieeniseltä laadultaan hyvää elintarvikkeiden raakaainetta. Tulokset antavat kuitenkin viitteitä, että itse lypsytapahtuma on porollakin avainasemassa raakamaidon laatuun vaikuttavana tekijänä.
From subsistence to market economy: Responses of Tibetan pastoralists to new economic realities
Authors: Manderscheid Angela , Naukkarinen Arvo , Ning Wu , Colpaert Alfred
Published: February 2013

In many regions around the world the pastoral economy shifted from subsistence-oriented to a market-oriented production. Pastoral goods acquired monetary value and became a market commodity that entailed changes in the production system and in the attitude towards livestock. On the Tibetan plateau this shift did not follow a linear way. Until the 1950s, most consumption requirements could be satisfied with animal products. Economic exchange relations were essential to provide grain requirements, at least for those households who relied exclusively on animal husbandry. During the Mao era, animal husbandry was carried out in line with state targets and the produce was delivered according to central planning. In the late 1970s the transition towards a market-oriented production began. This paper discusses the recent reactions of pastoralists to the new realities in one specific area on the eastern Tibetan plateau. This shift from pastoral products to market commodities, the commercial network established as well as the market places for pastoral produce, are examined in this paper. These facts show that the pastoralists in question successfully market their produce. The research area, Dzoge county, is located on the eastern border area of the Tibetan plateau, where different ethnic groups live in proximity to each other. Grassland predominates the landscape, used by nomads as pastures for livestock breeding (yak, sheep and horses). Mobile animal husbandry and the marketing of the livestock products are decisive to guarantee the livelihood of the majority of the population.
Remote sensing in inventory of high altitude pastures of the eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Kumpula Timo , Colpaert Alfred , Qian Wang , Manderscheid Angela
Published: February 2013

The animal husbandry practised on high altitude pastures of the eastern Tibetan Plateau is based on the use of natural pastures. The livestock consists of yaks, sheep and horses. During the recent decades the number of animals has increased in the Dzoge study area, which is located in the north western part of the Sichuan province at an altitude of 2800-4000 meters. Most of Dzoge is treeless grassland with large peat land areas. The remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) methods combined with the conventional pasture mapping provide a methodology to make a cost effective and reliable inventory of large areas. Providing accurate data about the quality and quantity of pastures and also of the amount of natural forage resources promotes sustainable use of the pastures. Two field trips were made to Dzoge. Random test plots (186) covering the main vegetation types in the research area were selected. The Landsat TM image is the remote sensing data in used this study. The image classification was done in the ERMapper program. The final map producing and the accuracy assessment were performed in the ArcGIS program. The Landsat TM image proved to be a useful data source in the mapping of pastures in the Dzoge area. The main vegetation classes were classified accurately. The estimations of the biomass of different vegetation types were made. Elevation differences were relatively small and the shadows on the slopes did not affect the classification significantly.
Key note lectures - 11th Arctic Ungulate Conference
Authors: Haugerud (editor) Rolf Egil
Published: February 2013

Key note lectures 11th Arctic Ungulate Conference (AUC), Saariselkä, Finland, 24-28 August 2003
Reindeer husbandry in Finland
Authors: Filppa Jouni
Published: February 2013

Reindeer are herded in the northernmost Finland over an area of 114 000 km2, about 35% of the area of the country. Herding is carried out both by Sami and Finns. The paper gives some statistics on the reindeer industry and underlines the importance of reindeer husbandry in Finland.
The effects of sampling regime on the analysis of movements of overwintering female caribou in east-central Alaska
Authors: Joly Kyle
Published: February 2013

Global Positioning System (GPS) technology enables research of animal movements at finer levels of spatial and temporal resolution than previous methodologies allowed. A feature of GPS collar technology is the capability to program the dates of (sample period) and time between successive relocations (sample interval). I investigated the effects of sampling regime, the combination of sample period and interval, on analyzing movements of female caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) in the Fortymile Caribou Herd as a case study. Based on hourly relocations throughout the winter, caribou moved 260 meters per hour or 6.2 kilometers per day. Sample period influenced estimates of movement rates, as I detected both diurnal and seasonal variability. Caribou movement rates during daylight and twilight hours were significantly greater than during the nighttime. Movement rates were greater during twilight hours than during daylight, but only slightly. Mid-winter and late winter movement rates were virtually the same, however, both were significantly less than during early winter. As sample interval increased, estimates of movement rates decreased substantially. Estimates based on 2-hour sample intervals were 14% less than those based on one-hour sample intervals, with estimates declining to 65% of the one-hour sample interval estimates at 167-hour (weekly) intervals. Estimates of home range were also affected by using different sampling intervals, however, kernel and MCP estimates responded antithetically to increasing sample interval. Researchers need to be aware that decisions about sampling regime can affect the estimates of ecological parameters that are based on relocations, such as movement rate, habitat selection, and home range.
Colour stability and water-holding capacity of M. longissimus and carcass characteristics in fallow deer (Dama dama) grazed on natural pasture or fed barley
Authors: Wiklund Eva , Hutchison C. , Flesch J. , Mulley R. , Littlejohn R. P.
Published: February 2013

The effects of feeding regimen on carcass characteristics, meat colour and water-holding capacity of M. longissimus were studied in 24 female fallow deer (Dama dama). All animals were farm raised; twelve were grazed on pasture and twelve were fed barley and a small amount of hay prior to slaughter. The animals were slaughtered at two occasions (during the Southern Hemisphere spring); after 19 weeks of feeding (n=12; 6 grazing and 6 barley fed animals; group 1) and after 24 weeks of feeding (n=12; 6 grazing and 6 barley fed animals; group 2). The barley/hay-fed deer had significantly higher body condition scores and carcass weights than the pasture raised group. No difference in meat ultimate pH values between the treatment groups was recorded. The meat from the pasture raised deer had significantly longer colour display life after 2 and 3 weeks of refrigerated storage (+ 2.0 ºC) in vacuum bags. There was no difference in drip loss between the two treatment groups. However, significantly lower drip losses were found in meat from the animals in group 2 compared with the ones in group 1 (P ≤ 0.001). It was concluded that the feeding regimen of the animals is an important factor that contributes to the variation in quality of fresh chilled deer meat (venison), mainly the colour stability and display life of vacuum packaged meat.Abstract in Swedish / Sammanfattning: I denna undersökning ingick 24 dovhjortshindar (Dama dama) för att studera effekterna av olika typer av foder (bete och korn) på slaktkroppskvalitet samt färg och vattenhållande förmåga i köttet (M. longissimus). Alla djur var uppfödda på en hjortfarm, 12 betade gräs och 12 utfodrades med korn och en liten mängd hö före slakt. Djuren slaktades vid två olika tillfällen (under våren på det södra halvklotet); efter 19 veckors utfodring (n=12; 6 betesdjur och 6 kornfodrade djur; grupp 1) och efter 24 veckors utfodring (n=12; 6 betesdjur och 6 kornfodrade djur; grupp 2). De dovhjortar som utfodrats med korn och hö var i bättre kondition och hade högre slaktvikter jämfört med de djur som betat gräs. Ingen skillnad i köttets pH-värde mellan de två utfodringsgrupperna kunde dock påvisas. Köttet från de betande dovhjortarna hade bättre färgstabilitet efter lagring i 2 och 3 veckor (+ 2.0 ºC) i vakuumförpackning. Det fanns ingen skillnad mellan kött från betande och korn/hö-utfodrade djur i vattenhållande förmåga. Däremot hade kött från djur i grupp 2 (slaktade efter 24 veckors utfodring) bättre vattenhållande förmåga jämfört med grupp 1 (P ≤ 0.001). Vi kunde konstatera att de olika fodertyperna påverkade kvaliteten hos färskt kyllagrat kött, framförallt färgstabiliteten hos vakuumförpackat kött.
Calving distribution of the Teshekpuk caribou herd, 1994-2003
Authors: Carroll Geoff M. , Parrett Lincoln S. , George J. Craig , Yokel Dave A.
Published: February 2013

Parturient female caribou from the Teshekpuk caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) herd (TCH) have been observed across the western North Slope, but most cows that were seen with calves during the calving period were in the area surrounding Teshekpuk Lake. During surveys conducted between 1994 and 2003, 155 (91%) of 171 collared cows seen with calves were within an area given protected status in the 1998 Bureau of Land Management Final Integrated Activity Plan/Environmental Impact Statement (IAP/EIS). The percentage of adult collared cows seen with a calf between 1994 and 2003 has ranged from 44% to 86%, with a mean of 66%. The years with the lowest percentage of collared cows seen with calves were 1997 (50%) and 2001 (44%). In 1997 most of the herd migrated much farther south than usual, and in 2001 unusually deep, persistent snow restricted spring migration, resulting in fewer cows returning to the traditional calving area during the calving period. When snowmelt dates were earlier, calving locations were farther north. Average standardized travel rates for parturient cows were significantly greater before they had calves (7.25 km/day) than after 3.89 (km/day). Geographically, protections granted by the 1998 BLM IAP/EIS appear to adequately cover the concentrated calving grounds, allowing for variance in the annual distribution of calving cows.
Two caribou mortality events in Northwest Alaska: possible causes and management implications
Authors: Dau Jim
Published: February 2013

During fall and winter 1994—1995 and winter 1999—2000, caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) from the Western Arctic Herd experienced high, localized mortality in northwest Alaska near Cape Thompson. Substantial numbers of caribou wintered in this area during 1986—1987, 2001—2002, and 2002—2003 without suffering high mortality. During the 1994—1995 event, 2000 to 3000 caribou died out of roughly 10 000 that wintered in this area. About 4000 caribou perished out of approximately 20 000 that wintered here during 1999—2000. During both mortality events, gross characteristics and tissue analyses indicated caribou in this area were malnourished. Weather near Cape Thompson during winter 1994—1995 was colder, windier, and had more snow than other years when caribou wintered in this area; in contrast, conditions during 1999—2000 were not unusually severe. Additionally, Cape Thompson experienced 2—5 occurrences of severe conditions during winter 1994—1995 while 1999—2000 experienced only 1 such occurrence at most. Several indicators suggested severe storms killed some caribou before starvation was fatal. Cape Thompson consistently experienced higher wind, lower ambient air temperature, and shallower snow cover than other portions of winter range used by this herd. Unlike years when caribou wintered in this area without experiencing high mortality, caribou were in relatively poor body condition during the autumn that preceded each die-off. Although these mortality events were inconsequential to size of this caribou herd, they raised local residents' concerns that contaminants had poisoned caribou and possibly jeopardized human health. Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) in this area were not affected by weather or snow conditions during either caribou mortality event.
Where the wild things are: Seasonal variation in caribou distribution in relation to climate change
Authors: McNeil Philippa , Russell Don E. , Griffith Brad , Gunn Anne , Kofinas Gary P.
Published: February 2013

In this study, we develop a method to analyse the relationships between seasonal caribou distribution and climate, to estimate how climatic conditions affect interactions between humans and caribou, and ultimately to predict patterns of distribution relative to climate change. Satellite locations for the Porcupine (Rangifer tarandus granti) and Bathurst (R. t. groenlandicus) caribou herds were analysed for eight ecologically-defined seasons. For each season, two levels of a key environmental factor influencing caribou distribution were identified, as well as the best climate data available to indicate the factor's annual state. Satellite locations were grouped according to the relevant combination of season and environmental factor. Caribou distributions were compared for opposing environmental factors; this comparison was undertaken relative to hunting access for the Porcupine Herd and relative to exposure to mining activity for the Bathurst Herd. Expected climate trends suggest an overall increase in access to Porcupine caribou for Aklavik (NWT) hunters during the winter and rut seasons, for Venetie (Alaska) hunters during midsummer and fall migration and for Arctic Village (Alaska) during midsummer. Arctic Village may experience reduced availability with early snowfalls in the fall, but we expect there to be little directional shift in the spring migration patterns. For the Bathurst Herd, we expect that fewer caribou would be exposed to the mines during the winter, while more caribou would be exposed to the combined Ekati and Diavik mining zone in the early summer and to the Lupin-Jericho mining zone during the fall migration. If changes in climate cause an increased presence of caribou in the mining sites, monitoring and mitigation measures may need to be intensified.
Conservation of Peary caribou based on a recalculation of the 1961 aerial survey on the Queen Elizabeth Islands, Arctic Canada
Authors: Miller Frank L. , Barry Samuel J. , Calvert Wendy A.
Published: February 2013

The estimate of 25 845 Peary caribou (Rangifer tarandus pearyi) on the Queen Elizabeth Islands (QEI) in the Canadian High Arctic in summer 1961 is the only nearly range-wide 'benchmark' for the past number of caribou. No variances or confidence intervals were calculated for this estimate and no estimates were calculated for Peary caribou on the three major islands of Ellesmere, Devon, and Axel Heiberg. We reexamined the 1961 raw data by grouping the QEI into five island-complexes ('eco-units') and calculating, for each unit, the estimated number of caribou and the standard error, and the 95% confidence interval of the estimate, using a 'bootstrap' technique with 100 000 replications. Our goal was to provide an ecological basis for evaluating subsequent changes in numbers rather than relying on single-island evaluations. Our bootstrap reanalysis produced an estimate of 28 288 ± 2205 SE with a 95% CI of 20 436—37 031 Peary caribou on the QEI in summer 1961. Substantial differences in density were apparent among the five eco-units, with about a 50-fold difference from 0.01 caribou • km-2 in the Eastern eco-unit to 0.5 caribou • km-2 in the Northwestern eco-unit. The 1961 findings, with our subsequent reexamination, are crucial to any evaluation of trends for the number of Peary caribou on the QEI and the relative importance of individual eco-units for these animals. These findings also allow a more accurate evaluation of the magnitude of the subsequent decline of Peary caribou on the QEI during the last four decades and may help predict future potential levels for caribou in each of the five eco-units.
Sea-ice crossings by caribou in the south-central Canadian Arctic Archipelago and their ecological importance
Authors: Miller Frank L. , Barry Samuel J. , Calvert Wndy A.
Published: February 2013

The islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago lie immediately north of mainland North America in the Arctic Ocean. They are surrounded by ice for most of each year. Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) cross the sea ice in seasonal migrations among the islands and between the mainland and Arctic Islands. We compiled observations of 1272 discrete caribou crossings on the sea ice of northeastern Franklin Strait, Bellot Strait, Peel Sound and Baring Channel in the south-central Canadian Arctic Archipelago during four May—June search periods from 1977 to 1980. We clustered the 850 caribou trails found on the sea ice of northeastern Franklin Strait and on outer Peel Sound as 73 sea-ice crossing sites. We investigated whether caribou at the origin of a sea-ice crossing site could see land on the opposite side at the potential terminus. We measured the straight-line distance from where the caribou first came onto the ice (origin) to the first possible landfall (potential terminus). Potential termini were geodetically visible to caribou from elevated terrain near 96% of the origins of the 73 sea-ice crossing sites and still visible at sea-level at the origins on 68%. Caribou are able to take advantage of seasonal use of all of the islands and the peninsula by making sea-ice crossings, thereby helping to increase the magnitudes and durations of population highs and reduce their lows. Knowledge of these alternative pat¬terns of use made possible by sea-ice crossings is necessary to fully understand the population dynamics of these caribou and the importance of possible future changes in ice cover.
George’s Island, Labrador - A high-density predator-free refuge for a woodland caribou subpopulation?
Authors: Jeffery Rebecca A. , Otto Robert D. , Phillips Frank R.
Published: February 2013

The movement patterns and demographic parameters were measured for caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) on George’s Island (Labrador, Canada) to determine if the population is separate from the Mealy Mountain Caribou Herd. Movements between George’s Island caribou and nearby Mealy Mountain caribou were examined through satellite telemetry (April 2005 to April 2006). Demographic information was collected through aerial classification surveys. The predator-free island is currently maintaining a density of 22.5-26.5 caribou/km2. Female survival appears high and the recruitment rate in late fall-early spring was 19.0-29.2% calves. Mainland caribou moved very little throughout the year, travelling no more than 53.7 km on average from their initial collaring locations. Also, satellite data indicated no mixing between animals on George’s Island and the mainland. The elevated caribou density and high proportion of calves suggest that George’s Island could at times be acting as a predator-free recruitment area and that George’s Island may be a subpopulation from which animals disperse to the mainland.