bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative mapping of renal oxygen consumption using pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling and quantitative susceptibility mapping in humans
Authors: Jung Yujin , Ahn Hyun‐Seo , Park Sung‐Hong
Published: September 2024

Purpose

To propose a new method for quantitatively mapping the renal metabolic rate of oxygen (RMRO2) and to evaluate the proposed method using a caffeine challenge.

Theory and Methods

Pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) and QSM sequences were used to obtain MR images in the kidney. Six healthy volunteers were scanned on caffeine and control days. The pCASL and QSM images were registered using DICOM information and rigid translation. The Fick principle was applied to estimate RMRO2. The results on caffeine and control days were compared to evaluate the capability of the proposed method to estimate renal oxygen consumption. A paired t‐test was used to assess the statistical significance.

Results

Estimated renal blood flow (RBF), QSM, and RMRO2 maps were consistent with those reported in the literature. RMRO2 values were higher than the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) and were significantly reduced on the caffeine days compared to the control days, consistent with findings from non‐MRI literature.

Conclusion

The feasibility of measuring renal oxygen consumption using pCASL and QSM images was demonstrated. To the best of our knowledge, this work provides quantitative maps of renal oxygen consumption in humans for the first time. The results were consistent with the literature, including the statistically significant reduction in renal oxygen consumption with caffeine challenge. These findings suggest the potential utility of our technique in measuring renal oxygen consumption noninvasively, especially for patients with complications associated with contrast agents.
A skeletal dysplasia leading to a perinatal death in 17th–19th century Lisbon, Portugal
Authors: Lourenço Marina , Cunha Eugénia , Meco Carolina , Curate Francisco
Published: September 2024

Congenital skeletal disorders are a heterogeneous group of anomalies that become evident during gestation. They are expressed in the shape and growth of the bones during development because of a defective genetic background. With the follow‐up of pregnant women and the advances in prenatal ultrasonographic examination and molecular genetic tests, nowadays, congenital skeletal disorders are identified at an early gestational age. If they are considered lethal, the termination of pregnancy is advised. This work unveils an exceptional instance of a rare pathological condition identified in a perinate (birth ± 2 weeks) from the 17th to 19th centuries, recovered during an excavation at the cloister of the São Domingos Convent in Lisbon, Portugal. The skeleton presents with exuberant modifications that include, among others, severe shortening (micromelia) and bowing of the long bones of the upper and lower limbs. The main skeletal findings indicated a presumptive general diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia, while the differential diagnosis includes hypophosphatasia, campomelic dysplasia, achondrogenesis, thanatophoric dysplasia, and severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans (SADDAN) as the most plausible causes for the observed skeletal changes. Even though an exact diagnosis is unattainable based only on the macroscopic analysis of the bones, the phenotypic features observed in this perinate are more consistent with thanatophoric dysplasia type 1.
Digital Otoscopy With Computer‐Aided Composite Image Generation: Impact on the Correct Diagnosis, Confidence, and Time
Authors: Camalan Seda , Langefeld Carl D. , Zinnia Amy , McKee Brigham , Carlson Matthew L. , Deep Nicholas L. , Harris Michael S. , Jan Taha A. , Kaul Vivian F. , Lindquist Nathan R. , Mattingly Jameson K. , Shah Jay , Zhan Kevin Y. , Gurcan Metin N. , Moberly Aaron C.
Published: September 2024

Objective

This study investigated the comparative performance of ear, nose, and throat (ENT) physicians in correctly detecting ear abnormalities when reviewing digital otoscopy imaging using 3 different visualization methods, including computer‐assisted composite images called “SelectStitch,” single video frame “Still” images, and video clips. The study also explored clinicians' diagnostic confidence levels and the time to make a diagnosis.

Study Design

Clinician diagnostic reader study.

Setting

Online diagnostic survey of ENT physicians.

Methods

Nine ENT physicians reviewed digital otoscopy examinations from 86 ears with various diagnoses (normal, perforation, retraction, middle ear effusion, tympanosclerosis). Otoscopy examinations used artificial‐intelligence (AI)‐based computer‐aided composite image generation from a video clip (SelectStitch), manually selected best still frame from a video clip (Still), or the entire video clip. Statistical analyses included comparisons of ability to detect correct diagnosis, confidence levels, and diagnosis times.

Results

The ENT physicians' ability to detect ear abnormalities (33.2%‐68.7%) varied depending on the pathologies. SelectStitch and Still images were not statistically different in detecting abnormalities (P > .50), but both were different from Video (P < .01). However, the performance improvement observed with Videos came at the cost of significantly longer time to determining the diagnosis. The level of confidence in the diagnosis was positively associated with correct diagnoses, but varied by particular pathology.

Conclusion

This study explores the potential of computer‐assisted techniques like SelectStitch in enhancing otoscopic diagnoses and time‐saving, which could benefit telemedicine settings. Comparable performance between computer‐generated and manually selected images suggests the potential of AI algorithms for otoscopy applications.
Superhydrophilic‐underwater superoleophobic polyvinyl alcohol membranes for oily water treatment
Authors: Padhan Arpita , Singh Vickramjeet
Published: September 2024

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and potato starch‐based porous hydrogels have been fabricated and studied for their wettability. The starting material was crosslinked by glutaraldehyde performed via co‐polymerization reaction at room temperature and low temperature (freeze–thaw). The gels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM), thermogravimetric (TG), and powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis. The wetting studies of the gels were evaluated at ambient and submerged conditions by considering both oil and water drops as probe liquids. The gels tend to absorb oil and water in air, however, water‐wet gels demonstrated a very high oil contact angle (>150°). The gels demonstrated superoleophobicity, and the underwater oil CA >172° as the concentration (wt%) of PVA was increased in the gels. Overall, the freeze–thaw gels demonstrated higher underwater oil CA, however, both (room temperature and freeze–thaw fabricated) gels demonstrated similar affinity for under‐oil–water absorption and separation. The hydrogel can retain water easily and thus remove water (even dye dissolved in water) with high separation efficiency and recyclability.
Bimodal imaging: Detection rate of clinically significant prostate cancer is higher in MRI lesions visible to transrectal ultrasound
Authors: Falkenbach Fabian , Ahmad‐Sterkau Fatima , Kachanov Mykyta , Beyersdorff Dirk , Koehler Daniel , Ambrosini Francesca , Ortner Gernot , Maurer Tobias , Graefen Markus , Budäus Lars
Published: September 2024

Background

To explore the detection rates of clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa; ISUP ≥2) in patients with a single MRI lesion that is visible or invisible on transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) during biopsy.

Methods

Retrospective analyses of patients who underwent targeted and systematic biopsy of the prostate for one MRI‐visible lesion (PI‐RADS score ≥ 3) between 2017 and 2022. TRUS‐visibility, PI‐RADS score, and clinical parameters were recorded prospectively. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify predictors of csPCa.

Results

277 consecutive patients with one MRI‐visible lesion were identified. A correlating lesion on TRUS was present in 147/277 (53%). The median age, PSA level, and prostate volume were 68.0 years (IQR: 62.0–73.0), 7.3 ng/ml (IQR: 5.4–10.8) and 45.0 cc (IQR: 32.0–68.0), respectively. Baseline parameters were not significantly different between the two groups. CsPCa was detected in 59/130 (45%) without and in 102/147 (69%) patients with a corresponding TRUS lesion. In multivariable logistic regression analysis predicting csPCa, TRUS‐visibility (OR: 2.13, CI: 1.14–4.03, p = 0.02) and PI‐RADS score (PI‐RADS 4: OR: 7.28, CI: 3.33–17.19; PI‐RADS 5: OR: 13.39, CI: 5.27–36.83, p < 0.001) achieved independent predictor status.

Conclusions

Bimodal‐visible lesions more often harbored csPCa and were easier to target. TRUS‐visibility of MRI lesions is an independent predictor of csPCa. Therefore, education in both modalities is essential. Despite MRI, the ultrasound should still be diligently examined.
Targeting proliferating cell nuclear antigen enhances ionizing radiation‐induced cytotoxicity in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Lu Shan , Lamba Michael , Wang Jiang , Dong Zhongyun
Published: September 2024

Background

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is essential for DNA replication and repair, cell growth, and survival. PCNA also enhances androgen receptor (AR) signaling in prostate cancer (PC) cells. We identified a PCNA interaction protein (PIP) box at the N‐terminal domain of AR and developed a small peptide PCNA inhibitor R9‐AR‐PIP containing AR PIP‐box. We also identified a series of small molecule PCNA inhibitors (PCNA‐Is) that bind directly to PCNA and interrupt PCNA functions. The present study investigated the effects of the PCNA inhibitors on the sensitivity of PC cells to X‐ray radiation.

Methods

The effects of targeting PCNA on radio sensitivity of PC cells were investigated in four lines of castration‐resistant PC (CRPC) cells with different AR expression statuses. The cells were treated with the PCNA inhibitors and X‐ray radiation alone or in combination. The effects of the treatment on expression of AR target genes, DNA damage response, DNA damage, homologous recombination repair (HRR), and cytotoxicity were evaluated.

Results

We found that the androgen response element (ARE) occupancy of the DNA damage response gene PARP1 by AR is significantly attenuated by PCNA‐I1S or R9‐AR‐PIP combined with X‐ray radiation, while X‐ray radiation alone does not enhance the ARE occupancy. PCNA‐I1S or R9‐AR‐PIP alone significantly inhibits occupancy of the AR‐occupied regions (AROR) in PRKDC and XRCC2 genes. R9‐AR‐PIP and PCNA‐I1S inhibit expression of AR‐Vs target gene cyclin A2 and show the additive effects with radiation in AR‐positive CRPC cells. Targeting PCNA by PCNA‐I1S and R9‐AR‐PIP downregulates expression of DNA damage response genes EXO1, Rad54L, Rad51, and/or PARP1 and shows the additive effects with radiation as compared with their respective controls in AR‐positive CRPC LNCaP‐AI, 22Rv1, and R1‐D567 cells, but not in AR‐negative PC‐3 cells. R9‐AR‐PIP and PCNA‐I1S elevate the levels of phospho‐DNA‐PKcs(S2056) and γH2AX, indicating DNA damage in response to radiation in AR‐positive cells. The HRR is significantly attenuated by PCNA inhibitors PCNA‐I1S, R9‐AR‐PIP, and T2AA in all four CRPC cells examined, and inhibited by Enzalutamide (Enz) only in 22RV1 cells. The cytotoxicity induced by X‐ray radiation in androgen‐dependent LNCaP cells is enhanced by Enz and a lower concentration of R9‐AR‐PIP in the colony formation assay. R9‐AR‐PIP at higher concentration reduces the colony formation and has an additive effect with X‐ray radiation in all AR expressing cells, regardless of AR‐FL and AR‐Vs, but does not significantly alter the colony formation in AR‐negative PC‐3 cells. PCNA‐I1S attenuates colony formation and has an additive effect with ionizing radiation in all four CRPC cells, regardless of AR expression status.

Conclusion

These data provide a strong rationale for the therapy studies using PCNA‐I1S or R9‐AR‐PIP in combination with X‐ray radiation against CRPC tumors in preclinical models.
Factors Associated With Satisfaction With Diabetes Care Among Patients Attending Public Diabetic Clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Chona Emmanuel Z. , Kayange Lusajo F. , Iseselo Masunga K.
Published: September 2024

Background

Diabetes is a major public health problem worldwide, currently affecting more than 537 million people. The disease is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Modern diabetes care has evolved toward more patient‐centered approaches, emphasizing individualized treatment plans and targets. This study sought to assess the level of satisfaction with diabetes care and related factors among patients attending public diabetes clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Methods

This descriptive cross‐sectional study used a simple random sampling method to recruit 423 diabetic patients from May to October 2023. Data collection was conducted using a structured questionnaire administered by an interviewer. The collected data were coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.

Results

The mean (±SD) age of participants was 58.7 (±11.68) years. About half (51.1%) of participants reported being satisfied with the diabetes care provided, 26.2% were very satisfied, and 22.7% were dissatisfied. Participants who usually spend 1–3 h pursuing services at the facilities had 0.40 less odds of being dissatisfied with diabetes care offered at the clinics compared to those who spend more than 3 h on each attendance (adjusted odds ratio [adjusted OR] 0.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.21–0.76, p = 0.005). For each one‐unit increase in the communication subscale score, the likelihood of satisfaction (as opposed to being very satisfied) increased (adjusted OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.09–1.38, p = 0.001). Each one‐unit increase in the accessibility subscale score increased the probability of satisfaction (adjusted OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.02–1.24, p = 0.023) and decreased the probability of dissatisfaction (adjusted OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.76–0.95, p = 0.004).

Conclusion

These findings highlight the importance of effective communication and accessibility in improving patient satisfaction with diabetes care in public clinics. Health facilities and allied stakeholders should engage in continual capacity building among healthcare providers. Furthermore, other studies should be conducted at different levels of health facilities across the country to capture new insights on the satisfaction of homogenous sub‐groups of patients.
Practical prescribed time tracking control for a class of nonlinear systems with event triggering and output constraints
Authors: Zou Fangling , Wu Kang
Published: September 2024

This paper investigates the practical prescribed time tracking for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems based on neural networks and event‐triggered control. Introducing a time‐varying constraint function transforms the original practical prescribed time‐tracking control issue into a tracking error constraint problem. An event‐triggered adaptive control has been proposed, which can effectively reduce the communication burden between the controller and the actuator. Using neural networks to approximate unknown nonlinear functions avoids the differentiation of virtual controllers, thereby reducing the computational burden. In addition, users can independently choose preset time and tracking accuracy without changing the control structure, which remains independent of the initial conditions and any design parameters. Finally, the effectiveness of this method is verified through simulation examples.
Discharge coefficient prediction and sensitivity analysis for triangular broad‐crested weir using machine learning methods
Authors: Shen Guiying , Cao Dingye , Parsaie Abbas
Published: September 2024

The broad‐crested weir is convenient to construct and has a small amount of excavation, widely used in practical engineering. Discharge computing has been the focus of research on this structure, thus developing generalized regression neural network (GRNN), genetic programming (GP), and extreme learning machine (ELM) are used to predict the discharge coefficient (Cd) of the triangular broad‐crested weir. The comprehensive analysis shows that the ELM model has high stability, predictive ability, and computational speed. The coefficient of determination (R^2) is 0.99982, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is 0.000261, the Nash‐Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE) is 0.99977, and the root means square error (RMSE) is 4.17E‐05 in the testing phase. The apex angle θ is the most critical parameter affecting the Cd, and the contribution to the Cd is 52.45%. A new computational formula is proposed and compared with the accuracy of empirical formulas, showing that the intelligent method has higher accuracy and efficiency.
Hybrid Nanogel‐Wrapped Anisotropic Gold Nanoparticles Feature Enhanced Photothermal Stability
Authors: Esporrín‐Ubieto David , Huck‐Iriart Cristián , Picco Agustin S. , Beloqui Ana , Calderón Marcelo
Published: September 2024

Anisotropic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are renowned for their unique properties – including localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and adjustable optical responses to light exposure – that enable the conversion of light into heat and make them a promising tool in cancer therapy. Nonetheless, their tendency to aggregate and consequently lose their photothermal conversion capacity during prolonged irradiation periods represents a central challenge in developing anisotropic AuNPs for clinical use. To overcome this issue, an innovative approach that facilitates the encapsulation of individual anisotropic AuNPs within thin nanogels, forming hybrid nanomaterials that mirror the inorganic core's morphology while introducing a negligible (2–8 nm) increase in overall diameter is proposed. The encapsulation of rod‐ and star‐shaped anisotropic AuNPs within poly‐acrylamide (pAA) or poly‐(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) nanogels is successfully demonstrated. The ultrathin polymeric layers display remarkable durability, significantly enhancing the photothermal stability of anisotropic AuNPs during their interaction with near‐infrared light and effectively boosting their photothermal capacities for extended irradiation periods. The outcomes of the research thus support the development of more stable and reliable AuNPs as hybrid nanomaterials, positioning them as promising nanomedicinal platforms.
Imine‐linked covalent organic frameworks: Recent advances in design, synthesis, and application
Authors: Huang Tianhong , Zhang Weifeng , Yang Shuai , Wang Liping , Yu Gui
Published: September 2024

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are new porous organic materials made of organic building blocks precisely constructed by strong covalent bonds. These new materials feature tunable structure, permanent porosity, high crystallinity, high specific surface area, and excellent stability, which enable COFs to be used in many applications. Linkage chemistry is a key factor in the synthesis of COFs and the control of their physicochemical properties. The boroxine, boronate‐ester, imine, hydrazone, imide, and C=C linkages have been widely used in the construction of COFs. Among the various linkages, imine has become the most important linkage for the COFs due to the easy formation of imine linkage with structural and functional diversity. Over the past decade, imine‐linked COFs have made significant progress and become an indispensable part of various applications of COFs. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the research progress in the field of imine‐linked COFs, especially the advances in topology design and COF powder and film preparation, and their important advances in gas adsorption, catalysis, and optoelectronic devices. Finally, we discuss the challenges in the design, synthesis, and application of imine‐linked COFs, and present our views on the further development of imine‐linked COFs.
Pristine NASICON Electrolyte: A High Ionic Conductivity and Enhanced Dendrite Resistance Through Zirconia (ZrO2) Impurity‐free Solid‐Electrolyte Design
Authors: Kumari Pratima , Kumar Ajit , Lohani Harshita , Ahuja Aakash , Sengupta Abhinanda , Mitra Sagar
Published: September 2024

Sodium batteries are considered a promising candidate for large‐scale grid storage at tropical climate zone, and solid‐state sodium metal batteries have a strong proposition as high energy density battery. The main challenge is to develop ultra‐pure solid‐state ceramic electrolyte and compatible metal interface. Here, a scalable and energy‐efficient synthesis strategy of sodium (Na) Super Ionic CONductor, Na1+xZr2SixP3‐xO12 (x = 2, NZSP) solid electrolyte, has been introduced with the complete removal of unreacted zirconium oxide (ZrO2) impurities. Additionally, the reaction mechanism for the formation of pure phase NZSP is reported for the first time. The NZSP prepared by utilizing the Zr precursor, i.e., tetragonal zirconium oxide (t‐ZrO2) derived from the Zr(OH)4 gets quickly and completely consumed in the synthesis process leaving no unreacted monoclinic ZrO2 impurities. The synthesis process only needs a minimum stay of 4 h, which is three times less than the conventional synthesis method. The elimination of ZrO2 impurities results in a 2.5‐fold reduction in grain boundary resistivity, showcasing a total ionic conductivity of 1.75 mS cm−1 at room temperature and a relative density of 98%. The prepared electrolyte demonstrates remarkable resistance to dendrite formation, as evidenced by a high critical current density value of 1.4 mA cm−2.
Standardized IETA criteria enhance accuracy of junior and intermediate ultrasound radiologists in diagnosing malignant endometrial and intrauterine lesions
Authors: Chen B. , Wang P. , He W. , Yang P. , Kong Z. , Wang D. , Huang L. , Chen X. , Zheng Y. , Chen Q. , Xu H. , Qi J.
Published: September 2024

Objectives

To transform the standardized descriptions of the ultrasound characteristics of endometrial and intrauterine lesions devised by the International Endometrial Tumor Analysis (IETA) group into a practical scoring method and to investigate whether application of this method enhances the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound radiologists with different levels of experience in detecting malignancy compared with subjective assessment.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of 855 patients with endometrial and/or intrauterine lesions, who were divided into a training (n = 600) and a validation (n = 255) set. Ultrasound radiologists with varying levels of experience (expert, intermediate and junior) evaluated all lesions by subjective assessment and according to IETA rules. Using IETA rules, the experts identified signs of malignancy in the training set, assigned scores for each indicator and validated the scoring method in the validation set. The intermediate‐level and junior ultrasound radiologists reassessed the malignancy of the lesions using the IETA scoring method and compared their classifications with those made previously by subjective assessment. Postsurgical pathological evaluation was used as the reference standard.

Results

Using subjective assessment, the experts demonstrated the highest level of diagnostic accuracy, with a sensitivity of 85.0%, specificity of 94.3% and an area under the receiver‐operating‐characteristics curve (AUC) of 0.897. Applying the IETA scoring method (comprising eight ultrasound characteristics that contributed to the total score) with a threshold of > 25 points for the diagnosis of malignancy achieved a sensitivity of 84.7%, specificity of 94.7% and AUC of 0.9533 in the training set, with similar performance in the validation set, when performed by experts. Using the IETA scoring method, both junior and intermediate ultrasound radiologists showed improvement in sensitivity (from 55.5% to 74.8% and from 70.2% to 77.1%, respectively), specificity (from 88.4% to 91.5% and from 87.4% to 92.2%, respectively) and AUC (from 0.704 to 0.827 and from 0.793 to 0.841, respectively) for diagnosing malignant lesions.

Conclusions

The IETA scoring method exhibits high diagnostic efficacy for malignant endometrial and intrauterine lesions. This method compensates for the lack of experience among junior and intermediate‐level ultrasound radiologists, enhancing their diagnostic skill to a level nearing that of experienced senior ultrasound radiologists. Further research is essential to validate the practicality of implementing this method and to confirm its clinical value. © 2024 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Supramolecular Interactions as Key in Racemic Resolution: New Insights into the (SSi)‐ and (RSi)‐Diastereomers of (1R,2S,5R)‐Methyl(1‐naphthyl)‐phenylmenthoxysilane of Sommer
Authors: Kirchhoff Jan‐Lukas , Strohmann Carsten
Published: September 2024

A highly selective approach with high yields of two diastereomeric silicon‐stereogenic menthoxysilanes, (RSi)‐3 and (SSi)‐3, introduced by Sommer et al., could be established as well as investigated in detail using different analytical tools. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis was used to examine the different crystallization rates while Hirshfeld surface analysis was applied to extend supramolecular interactions in the solid state which showed stronger hydrogen bridges for the faster crystallizing diastereomer (SSi)‐3. In addition, similar ground‐state energies haven been found for both diastereomers by DFT calculations. Subsequent NMR studies showed stable Si‐configurations wherein epimerization only started after more than 4 hours at 110 °C. Access to both diastereomers with opposite configuration at the stereogenic silicon center is achievable in high yields and high stereochemical purity using only naturally occurring (−)‐menthol as a reagent.
Design of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Theranostic Nanoplatforms for Cancer Treatment
Authors: Gevart Thomas , Freis Barbara , Vangijzegem Thomas , Ramirez Maria Los Angeles , Stanicki Dimitri , Begin Sylvie , Laurent Sophie
Published: September 2024

This chapter describes the structure and magnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), which are currently being developed for biomedical applications, especially in the case of cancer treatment. Cancer is a major public health issue worldwide, with increasing incidence and mortality rates. According to the Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN), it is the second leading cause of death globally, after ischemic heart disease; responsible for an estimated 9.6 million deaths in 2018. Early diagnosis is essential for effective treatment and management. Patients with early-stage cancers have a better chance of survival and may require less aggressive treatments, leading to a better quality of life. However, detecting cancer at an early stage is challenging due to the lack of sensitive and specific diagnostic tools. Furthermore, conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy are efficient but show limitations due to the non-specific targeting of cancer cells and potential toxicity to healthy tissues. Therefore, there is a need for the development of both novel diagnostic methods that can accurately detect cancer at an early stage as well as novel therapeutic strategies that are more effective and less toxic. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) represent an interesting solution, offering implementation of a theranostic approach. Thanks to their magnetic properties, the particles act as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) but also as therapeutic agents for magnetic hyperthermia (MH) or as drug delivery systems. Here the different ways to synthesize nanoparticles are quickly described, the thermal decomposition method is emphasized as it allows a fine control of the nanoparticles size distribution. Then biological applications of nanoplatforms designed for theranostics will serve as examples to emphasize the interest of these materials.
Influence of Large Magnetic Field Gradients at the Electrochemical Interface
Authors: Kurian Jinu , Dunne Peter , Vivier Vincent , Atcheson Gwenaël , Salikhov Ruslan , Fowley Ciaran , Venkatesan Munuswamy , Hellwig Olav , Coey Michael , Doudin Bernard
Published: September 2024

We investigate how a model single-electron-exchange electrochemical reaction can be influenced by a magnetic field, B, which is a combination of an external applied field and the stray field generated by a Co/Pt multilayer thin film stack with preferred perpendicular magnetization. The Lorentz force, proportional to B, creates gentle bath stirring. The magnetic field gradient force, proportional to grad B, is enhanced by the size reduction provided by nanoscale stripe domain patterns at the magnetic multilayer surface and acts locally at first tens of nm of the electrode/electrolyte interface. Cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and impedance spectroscopy data reveals that such localized magnetic forces impact the electrochemical double layer, however with a change limited to around 7% when turning on and off the magnetic gradient force, with clear indications that the reaction kinetics remain unchanged. Our specific design of the magnetic field forces allows us to differentiate between these two main magnetic force effects and provides better insight into a controversial issue.
Transdisciplinary Competencies for Transformation
Authors: Zeidan Hussein , Rai Sarju Sing , Zweekhorst Marjolein B. M.
Published: September 2024

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There are growing academic discussions on preparing individuals to engage effectively in transdisciplinarity and/or collaborative transformation. Researchers are delving into specific instances, highlighting the competencies that align with the unique problem contexts, themes, roles, methods/methodologies employed, and more. Despite the advantages these approaches offer, the literature has become overwhelmed with lists of competencies. This presents challenges in terms of understanding their convergence, equilibrium, the feasibility of mastering such an extensive array of skills, and the dynamic trade-offs involved in possessing various competencies simultaneously. These aspects and challenges have been acknowledged in earlier chapters, particularly concerning the positionality of researchers and the shifting of roles. We recognize the significance of re-examining the discourse on competencies development in conjunction with these practical experiences and reflections. We aim to address the question of ‘what’ are we preparing individuals for, which involves revisiting, challenging, and questioning the practice of continually adding new competencies to the list. We go on to explore ‘how’ higher education is expected to nurture these competencies. We conclude this chapter by exploring the role of ‘purpose’ as a compass and guiding principle in the development of transformational competencies.
Trans-, Inter-, and Monodisciplinarity: Some Historical Considerations
Authors: Somsen Geert , van Lunteren Frans
Published: September 2024

Transdisciplinarity is often regarded as, or implicitly presumed to be, the outcome of a three-stage process. It was the natural ‘next step’ after the rise of interdisciplinarity, which itself came about as the logical response to monodisciplinarity. The story presents a neat narrative of an almost inevitable development, where each stage almost inevitably produced the next. It also projects a clear starting point in everything that transdisciplinarity is not: a primordial state of single disciplines, isolated from each other and aloof from the needs of society. This Monodisciplinary Ivory Tower was the building to be razed to the ground. In this chapter we take issue with this all too simple historical picture. We argue that the relations between disciplinary science and inter- and transdisciplinary approaches have been much closer than suggested (also in time), and much more entangled than the standard narrative allows. We also show that the primordial state of the Monodisciplinary Ivory Tower never existed as such. Rather, the landscape of approaches to understanding and changing the world has always been rough and unruly, like a physical map of the Earth’s surface. Disciplines and their inter- and trans-correlates, were structures superimposed on this landscape like the territories of states on a political map. And the ways in which this was done have been historically changing and deeply contingent.
Structuring Design & Evaluation in Transdisciplinarity for Transformation
Authors: Regeer Barbara J. , Kok Kristiaan P. W. , Lux Alexandra , Lang Daniel J. , van Mierlo Barbara
Published: September 2024

While transdisciplinary knowledge production is increasingly gaining traction in academic and policy environments, initiating and guiding such approaches is not straightforward and comes with challenges. These challenges concern, among other things, methodological and practical difficulties that arise in the ‘fuzzy reality’ of doing transdisciplinary research. In this chapter, we elaborate on the different ways that the literature has dealt with design and evaluation of transdisciplinarity. We highlight a number of challenges in applying frameworks in the ‘real’ fuzzy work of transdisciplinary, look into three ideal-typical conceptualizations of transdisciplinary research and propose a number of ‘non-negotiables’ in doing design and evaluation.
Safe Spaces in Unsafe Environments—Experiences from COP26 About Hosting Inclusive Spaces for Deep Encounters and Reflection
Authors: Bruhn Thomas , Schäpke Niko , Fraude Carolin , Bendlin Lena , Dirar Azza , Fang Man , Finn Karen , Goodman Maureen , Simon Laureline , Kunkel Stefanie , Mandal Shantanu , Mangondo Natalie , Mar Kathleen A. , Peringer Christine , Schroeder Heike , Siegel Joseph A. , Tronchon Juliette , Tsuyuki-Tomlinson Calder , Virah-Sawmy Malika , Wamsler Christine , Lawrence Mark G.
Published: September 2024

Transdisciplinary research (TDR) seeks to involve non-academic perspectives from the start, ensuring that research draws on diverse knowledge to better address “wicked” problems. Since TDR researchers have to engage with non-academic perspectives throughout the research process, this chapter focuses on the kind of communication practices that are appropriate and effective for engaging with people from potentially very different backgrounds. Based on work aspiring to organize inclusive spaces for deep encounters and reflection at COP26 (Conference of the Parties, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2026), this chapter explores effective communication practices for engaging with people from various backgrounds in TDR, taking into account the fact that generally speaking TDR takes place in non-ideal circumstances. It provides recommendations on how to design and host inclusive, ‘safe enough’ spaces.
Taking the Landscape into Conversations: A Way to Engage (with) Diverse Knowledges and Values
Authors: Brouwers Hilde J. H. , Egberts Linde R. , de Hoop Evelien
Published: September 2024

Research and practice in sustainability transformations often manifest diverging ideas on the nature and origin of sustainability problem(s), their solutions and the division of roles and responsibilities to address these problems. This diversity is underpinned by a plurality of values, forms of knowledge and worldviews. Moreover, these diverging ideas are dynamic, both in interaction with each other and with the sustainability challenges they are addressing. Providing room for these diverse ideas and bringing them into conversation has proven challenging. Based on research revolving around wildfire prevention in the Netherlands, in this chapter we explore a relatively unknown methodology to engage with such diversity: the transdisciplinary walkshop. A transdisciplinary walkshop combines the act of walking and being at the site where there is a sustainability challenge with a workshop in which multiple stakeholders, including researchers, participate. We reflect on ways in which transdisciplinary walkshops may allow diversity to become explicit and to engage with it.
Mobilitätspraktiken in der Automobilgesellschaft: Zur Wechselwirkung von räumlichen, zeitlichen und verkehrlichen Strukturen
Authors: Manderscheid Katharina
Published: September 2024

Das eigene Auto ist ein fester Bestandteil des Alltags der Gegenwart im globalen Norden. Die automobil zurückgelegten Distanzen sowie die Zahl der zugelassenen Autos steigen nach der COVID-19 Pandemie weiterhin, obwohl der spürbare Klimawandel die Notwendigkeit unterstreicht, die Treibhausgasemissionen drastisch zu reduzieren. Aus mobilitätssoziologischer Sicht ist das Auto nicht einfach ein Fahrzeug zur Distanzüberwindung, sondern ist tief in die Gesellschaft und den Alltag der Menschen eingelassen. Ein Verständnis der Integration des Autos in die Gesellschaft und der Verkehrspraktiken in den Alltag stellt eine Voraussetzung für eine mögliche Abkehr von der automobilen Verkehrsordnung dar. Durch die andauernde Befahrung der Straßen und automobilen Infrastrukturen durch Autos, durch die Affizierung, Unterscheidung und Hierarchisierung von Fortbewegungsarten, die Reproduktion und Aktualisierung des automobilen Wissens erhält sich Automobilität als normale Fortbewegungsart der Gegenwart. In diesen automobilen Praktiken werden die Elemente des Automobilitäts-Dispositivs verbunden: Verkehrsinfra- und Siedlungsstrukturen zusammen mit den individuellen sozialen Netzwerken bzw. gesellschaftlichen Einbindungen geben die Geographen des Alltags, also die Orte und Beziehungen vor, die wiederkehrend miteinander verbunden werden. Mobilitätspraktiken können entsprechend nur unzureichend als Ergebnis individueller Entscheidungen oder Wahlmöglichkeiten verstanden werden, vielmehr sind diese gesellschaftlich und räumlich vorgespurt. Für die Politik der Verkehrswende bedeuten diese Überlegungen, dass die Hegemonie des Automobils auf der Ebene der gesellschaftlichen Normalität, d. h. auf der Ebene der gebauten Umwelt und der sozialen Strukturen, der gesellschaftlichen Wissensvorräte, der Subjektivierungen und Identitäten sowie auf der Ebene der Praktiken des Alltags zunächst verstanden werden muss, um sie dann systematisch und jeweils praktikenspezifisch aufzubrechen. Eine sozial-ökologische Verkehrs- oder Mobilitätswende hätte entsprechend weitreichende Implikationen auf die weitere Alltagsorganisation, das Selbstverständnis, Konsumpraktiken, Vorstellungen über das „gute Leben“ und gesellschaftlich erforderliche Kompetenzen der Individuen.
Die Kartierung von Parametern zur Bestimmung der Bodentextur
Authors: Rühlmann Jörg , Bönecke Eric , Meyer Swen
Published: September 2024

Die sensorbasierte Erfassung der Bodentextur hat sich als sehr effiziente Methode zur Generierung präziser, räumlich hoch aufgelöster Bodentexturkarten erwiesen. Ausgehend von der Definition der Bodentextur enthält dieses Kapitel Angaben zur pflanzenbaulichen Bedeutung sowie zu Methoden der Bestimmung der Bodentextur. Weiterhin ist der aktuelle Stand der in den Landwirtschaftsbetrieben verwendeten Datengrundlagen für die Berücksichtigung der Bodentextur im pflanzenbaulichen Management dargestellt. Den Schwerpunkt des Kapitels bildet die Beschreibung der zur sensorbasierten Texturbestimmung geeignetsten Messprinzipien incl. der bereits in praktischer Anwendung befindlichen Sensoren.
Von Sensormessungen zu Bodeneigenschaftskarten
Authors: Bönecke Eric , Schröter Ingmar , Vogel Sebastian , Gebbers Robin , Rühlmann Jörg , Meyer Swen
Published: September 2024

Eine teilflächenspezifische Kalkung erfordert hochauflösende Bodendaten, um die Variabilität der Bodeneigenschaften besser zu bewerten und die Entscheidungssicherheit zu erhöhen. Verschiedene Bodensensoren können diese Informationen liefern und mittels geeigneter Verfahren können damit Bodeneigenschaftskarten erzeugt werden. Die mit den mobilen Sensoren erfassten Punktmessdaten werden zunächst interpoliert, um flächenhafte Sensordatenkarten zu erhalten. Anschließend werden diese Karten zur Festlegung von Beporbungspunkten verwendet. An diesen Referenzpunkten werden im Feld Proben entnommen und im Labor mit Standardmethoden auf die Bodeneigenschaften untersucht. Die flächenhaften Sensordaten werden am Ende mit den Labordaten verschnitten, um Bodeneigenschaftskarten für pH, Textur und Humusgehalt zu erstellt.
Die pH-BB Toolbox
Authors: Schröter Ingmar , Walch Jakob , Zieger Karin
Published: September 2024

Für die Präzisionslandwirtschaft sind hochaufgelöste Bodeneigenschaftskarten, die die Variabilität im Feld kleinräumig abbilden, von zunehmender Bedeutung. Durch ihre Verknüpfung mit agronomischen Entscheidungsregeln wie z. B. dem VDLUFA-Algorithmus zur Bestimmung des Kalkbedarfs kann die Düngemenge für jeden Ort des Feldes ermittelt werden. Für die Errechnung einer Streukarte aus Sensordaten ist eine Vielzahl statistischer, empirischer, geostatistischer und hybrider Methoden erforderlich. Damit ihre Anwendung in der landwirtschaftlichen Praxis gelingt, müssen sie in Form von Werkzeugen einfach und niedrigschwellig zur Verfügung stehen. Mit der pH-BB Toolbox wurde ein Werkszeug zur Verbesserung des Managements der Bodenacidität in Deutschland entwickelt. Der modulare Aufbau der Toolbox erlaubt Landwirt/-innen den einfachen und schnellen Einstieg in eine teilflächenspezifische Bewirtschaftung. Mit dem Bodenkartenmodul kann die Datenbasis für eine präzise und ressourcenschonende Landwirtschaft geschaffen werden. In diesem Kapitel werden die einzelnen Module der Toolbox kurz vorgestellt und beispielhaft erläutert.
Enhancement of mycobacterial pathogenesis by host interferon-γ
Authors: Hop Huynh Tan , Liao Pao-Chi , Wu Hsin-Yi
Published: September 2024

The cytokine IFNγ is a principal effector of macrophage activation and immune resistance to mycobacterial infection; however, pathogenic mycobacteria are capable of surviving in IFNγ-activated macrophages by largely unknown mechanisms. In this study, we find that pathogenic mycobacteria, including M. bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis can sense IFNγ to promote their proliferative activity and virulence phenotype. Moreover, interaction with the host intracellular environment increases the susceptibility of mycobacteria to IFNγ through upregulating expression of mmpL10, a mycobacterial IFNγ receptor, thereby facilitating IFNγ-dependent survival and growth of mycobacteria in macrophages. Transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals that IFNγ triggers the secretion of extracellular vesicles, an essential virulence strategy of intracellular mycobacteria, while proteomics identifies numerous pivotal IFNγ-induced effectors required for mycobacterial infection in macrophages. Our study suggests that sensing host IFNγ is a crucial virulence mechanism used by pathogenic mycobacteria to survive and proliferate inside macrophages.
Dietary patterns during pregnancy and maternal and birth outcomes in women with type 1 diabetes: the Environmental Determinants of Islet Autoimmunity (ENDIA) study
Authors: Thomson Rebecca L. , Brown James D. , Oakey Helena , Palmer Kirsten , Ashwood Pat , Penno Megan A. S. , McGorm Kelly J. , Battersby Rachel , Colman Peter G. , Craig Maria E. , Davis Elizabeth A. , Huynh Tony , Harrison Leonard C. , Haynes Aveni , Sinnott Richard O. , Vuillermin Peter J. , Wentworth John M. , Soldatos Georgia , Couper Jennifer J. ,   on behalf of the ENDIA Study Group
Published: September 2024

Aims/hypothesis

Dietary patterns characterised by high intakes of vegetables may lower the risk of pre-eclampsia and premature birth in the general population. The effect of dietary patterns in women with type 1 diabetes, who have an increased risk of complications in pregnancy, is not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dietary patterns and physical activity during pregnancy and maternal complications and birth outcomes in women with type 1 diabetes. We also compared dietary patterns in women with and without type 1 diabetes.

Methods

Diet was assessed in the third trimester using a validated food frequency questionnaire in participants followed prospectively in the multi-centre Environmental Determinants of Islet Autoimmunity (ENDIA) study. Dietary patterns were characterised by principal component analysis. The Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire was completed in each trimester. Data for maternal and birth outcomes were collected prospectively.

Results

Questionnaires were completed by 973 participants during 1124 pregnancies. Women with type 1 diabetes (n=615 pregnancies with dietary data) were more likely to have a ‘fresh food’ dietary pattern than women without type 1 diabetes (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.07, 1.31; p=0.001). In women with type 1 diabetes, an increase equivalent to a change from quartile 1 to 3 in ‘fresh food’ dietary pattern score was associated with a lower risk of pre-eclampsia (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.17, 0.78; p=0.01) and premature birth (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.20, 0.62, p<0.001). These associations were mediated in part by BMI and HbA1c. The ‘processed food’ dietary pattern was associated with an increased birthweight (β coefficient 56.8 g, 95% CI 2.8, 110.8; p=0.04). Physical activity did not relate to outcomes.

Conclusions/interpretation

A dietary pattern higher in fresh foods during pregnancy was associated with sizeable reductions in risk of pre-eclampsia and premature birth in women with type 1 diabetes.

Graphical Abstract
On the modulus of continuity of fractional Orlicz-Sobolev functions
Authors: Alberico Angela , Cianchi Andrea , Pick Luboš , Slavíková Lenka
Published: September 2024

Necessary and sufficient conditions are presented for a fractional Orlicz-Sobolev space on

$${\mathbb {R}}^n$$

R

n

to be continuously embedded into a space of uniformly continuous functions. The optimal modulus of continuity is exhibited whenever these conditions are fulfilled. These results pertain to the supercritical Sobolev regime and complement earlier sharp embeddings into rearrangement-invariant spaces concerning the subcritical setting. Classical embeddings for fractional Sobolev spaces into Hölder spaces are recovered as special instances. Proofs require novel strategies, since customary methods fail to produce optimal conclusions.
Mappings of finite distortion on metric surfaces
Authors: Meier Damaris , Rajala Kai
Published: September 2024

We investigate basic properties of mappings of finite distortion

$$f:X \rightarrow \mathbb {R}^2$$

f
:
X
→

R

2

, where X is any metric surface, i.e., metric space homeomorphic to a planar domain with locally finite 2-dimensional Hausdorff measure. We introduce lower gradients, which complement the upper gradients of Heinonen and Koskela, to study the distortion of non-homeomorphic maps on metric spaces. We extend the Iwaniec-Šverák theorem to metric surfaces: a non-constant

$$f:X \rightarrow \mathbb {R}^2$$

f
:
X
→

R

2

with locally square integrable upper gradient and locally integrable distortion is continuous, open and discrete. We also extend the Hencl-Koskela theorem by showing that if f is moreover injective then

$$f^{-1}$$

f

-
1

is a Sobolev map.