bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generation of Two-Level Cost Optimal Fractional Factorials
Authors: Pignatiello Joseph J.
Published: July 2017

It is assumed that, in a 2k factorial experiment, there are different costs per observation at each of the factor combinations. When the number of factors, k, increases, the total number of observations in the full factorial increases rapidly as does the expense of observing all observations in the full factorial. If the experimenter can assume certain classes of higher-order interactions are negligible, then advantage may be taken by observing measurements from an orthogonal fractional factorial. For any “1/2p” fraction of the full factorial, a 2k-p experiment, there are 2p feasible orthogonal fractions that could be selected at random. This paper develops an algorithm for generating the minimum cost such fraction in an efficient way. The problem is formulated as a mathematical programming problem subject to a resolution III constraint (main effects unconfounded). Computational experience is presented.
Anatomical Frames of Reference and Biomechanics
Authors: Reynolds Herbert M. , Hubbard Robert P.
Published: July 2017

Segment axes systems for simulations have been defined by the inertial tensor unique to each simulated body segment. When empirical three-dimensional data are sought that describe either the mass distribution or the kinematic properties of the human body, anatomical frames of reference are needed for the sake of measurement methodology and data comparability. Anatomical axes systems are based on anatomical landmarks that must represent functional and stable features in the skeletal geometry. This presentation will, therefore, discuss the role of anthropometric landmarks used in defining anatomical coordinate axes systems, and results using present preliminary anatomical frames of reference in a kinematic study of the human hip joint in a research program sponsored by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (Contract #F49620-78-C-0012).
Secular Changes in the Body Size of Non-Military Populations
Authors: Stoudt Howard W.
Published: July 2017

People are getting bigger. Overall increases in body size can be documented for various worldwide populations for which adequate anthropometric data are available. In Western Europe and North America the increase in adult stature over the past century has commonly approximated one centimeter per decade, though with some variability between different groups. Other body dimensions, as well as weight, have also been increasing in both men and women and in different ethnic groups. The most likely explanations for such increases in body size are improved nutrition and better health care during growth years. Since such factors tend to be associated with higher socio-economic status, it is these groups who have demonstrated the most marked increases in body size in recent years. Many upper socio-economic groups have already attained most or all of their maximum body size potential, and will experience little further increase. On the other hand, those presently less favored groups who can still benefit from improved nutrition and health care will continue to show increases in body size until they also have reached their maximum potential.
Spatial Determinants and Perceived Qualities of Bus Shelters in the Urban Setting
Authors: Wise James A. , Alden Richard
Published: July 2017

Two prototype bus shelters in downtown Seattle were evaluated by means of sophisticated time-lapse photography and a user questionnaire. The results reveal the major determinants of waiter placement, and how these interact with the shelter design to critically affect loading/unloading conditions at the site.

Other responses concerning the perceived qualities of the shelters help establish guidelines for amenities of rest, sheltering, and comfort under high density use conditions.

Bus shelters actually perform in respect to a few simple but enduring patterns of user behavior. Basic consideration of these elements can result in shelter designs that are more responsive to creating comfort and safety for the transit rider.
Agricultural Safety and Health—State of the Art
Authors: Saran Chitaranjan
Published: July 2017

This paper explores the state of the art of agricultural safety and health. It is organized under nine major headings: The Problem; Present Federal Standards and Areas for Future Consideration; Legal Status of Farms and Farm Workers; Conditions Typical of Farm Work; Major Farm Hazards; Diseases and Injuries; Tractor—The Major Injury Source; Safety Education and Research; and Selected Bibliography.
Lawnmower Safety Research
Authors: Pezoldt Valmon J. , Persensky Julius J. , RameySmith Arm M.
Published: July 2017

The Human Factors Group at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) has supported the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) during the development and evaluation of a power lawn mower safety standard. This support provided CPSC with data concerning how lawn mower users interact with power mowers. Three studies assisted CPSC in resolving specific questions concerning requirements in the proposed safety regulation based on a report from Consumers Union (Consumers Union, 1975).
Judging Clearance Distances near Overhead Power Lines
Authors: Middendorf Lorna
Published: July 2017

A field study was conducted to determine the accuracy of clearance judgments involving lifting equipment near overhead power lines. Results showed generally unreliable performance in making visual judgments and significant differences by observer station. Background and implications are presented.
The Plaintiff's Attorney
Authors: Philo Harry M. , Atkinson Linda Miller
Published: July 2017

The social purpose of product liability litigation is product safety and accident Prevention. The role of the Human Factors Expert in that context is to educate juries, trial judges and appellate judges, attorneys, and experts in product design. The role of the Human Factors Expert in this context also includes being educated by the attorney's hindsight and experience, the technical materials, and by due care standards rather than compromise standards.
Problems in the Presentation of Anthropometric Data for Use by Designers and Engineers
Authors: Mauro Charles L. , Maney Mary A.
Published: July 2017

The types of formats which are utilized in the presentation of anthropometric data are discussed in order to evaluate the resulting difficulties for designers and engineers who may not have a detailed knowledge of the disciplines of anatomy, kinesiology, and statistics.
Two Studies of Lighting Aesthetics
Authors: Bennett Corwin A. , Ali Pervais A. , Perecherla Anjiraju , Rubison R. M.
Published: July 2017

Two semantic differential studies were carried out, each with 60 subjects evaluating various lighting systems in scale model rooms. The prior work of Flynn finding an evaluation, a clarity and a spaciousness factor was confirmed. Room type-living or waiting room -had no effect on reactions to the lighting. No differences were found between subjective reactions to incandescent and fluorescent sources. Various specific lighting system effects were found in terms of use of a multiple lighting system, high and low illumination levels, peripheral vs. central lighting, shapes of luminaires and uniformity of lighting.
Behavioral Data in Evaluation Research: Use in Correctional Visitation Facilities
Authors: Whiting Carol , De Joy David
Published: July 2017

This paper is a report on an evaluation study of the redesign of a visitation area in a county jail in Pennsylvania. Data were collected through interviews with key prison personnel, questionnaires distributed to inmates, staff and visitors, and behavioral observations. Results indicated that the new setting was a significant improvement over the old, but that the flexibility programmed into the redesign was not being utilized to the fullest extent.
Marketing Expertise Applied to the Evaluation of Chairs for FAA Traffic Controllers
Authors: West Terry D. , Kleeman Walter
Published: July 2017

The National Furniture Center has evaluated present Federal Aviation Administration traffic controllers' chairs to determine reaction to chairs presently used and determine whether or not new chairs and/or new features are needed. To formulate the questions and questionnaire format, the services of a major market research organization were retained. This paper will present the preliminary results of the first stage of evaluation.
Flowcharts vs. Program Design Languages: An Experimental Comparison
Authors: Ramsey H. Rudy , Atwood Michael E. , Van Doren James R.
Published: July 2017

An experiment was performed to assess the relative merits of Program Design Languages (PDLs) and flowcharts as techniques for the development and documentation of detailed designs for computer programs. The use of a PDL by a software designer, for the development and description of a detailed program design, produced better results than did the use of flowcharts. Specifically, the designs appeared to be of significantly better quality, involving more algorithmic or procedural detail, than those produced using flowcharts. In addition, flowchart designs exhibited considerably more abbreviation and other space-saving practices than did PDL designs, with a possible adverse effect on their readability. When equivalent, highly readable designs were presented to subjects in both PDL and flowchart form, no pattern of short-term or long-term differences in comprehension of the design was observed. No significant differences were detected in the quality or other properties of programs written as implementations of the designs. Subjective ratings indicated a mild preference for PDLs. Overall, the results suggest that software design performance and designer-programmer communication might be significantly improved by the adoption of informal Program Design Languages, rather than flowcharts, as a standard documentation method for detailed computer program designs.
A Systems Approach to Studying Organizations: Selection, Training, Performance
Authors: Goldstein Irwin L.
Published: July 2017

This presentation explores the idea that training analysts have not fully utilized the rich source of data which can stem from the examination of training programs. Several approaches including individual difference methodology, trainee expectations and training process measures are discussed.
Quality Control of Instruction: A Logical Analysis Procedure
Authors: Montague William E.
Published: July 2017

In the context of the systems approach to instructional program development this paper reports the development and validation of a set of procedures called the Instructional Quality Inventory (IQI) to be used for diagnostic evaluation of materials and procedures. In contrast to traditional empirical procedures, the IQI detects faults in instruction using logical analysis which prescribes changes required for correction. Tests of the validity of the prescriptions in terms of student performance are reported as well as test of the reliability with which users evaluate instruction. Although the IQI can be used reliably, the substantial support for the validity of the ideas is mostly indirect and based on modest amounts of instruction. Therefore, a large scale experimental test is proposed.
Vehicle Ride Quality and Passenger Comfort
Authors: Richards Larry G. , Jacobson Ira D.
Published: July 2017

The state of the art in ride quality assessment is reviewed. A portable environmental measuring system (PEMS II) has been developed to simultaneously record variation in motion (in all six degrees of freedom), temperature and pressure for various segments of a ride. The results of extensive studies of passenger reactions to diverse vehicles are presented as a set of models relating human comfort ratings to environmental conditions, vehicles studied include aircraft (commuter planes, S-61 helicopter, Boeing 747, Concorde), trains (conventional and special purpose), buses, and cars. Limited data are available on marine vehicles. Models for aircraft involve vertical and lateral accelerations and noise levels; while models for ground based vehicles also involve roll rate.
How Safe the Lift?
Authors: MacCollum David V.
Published: July 2017

Investigation of accidents involving lifting equipment has revealed that ineffective accident reporting systems are presently obscuring identification of human factors considerations omitted in initial design. Hazards created by man/machine mismatches can be identified by using REME, a simplified analysis system for design safety.
Marine Bridge Simulation Research
Authors: Hammell Thomas J. , Jones D. Todd
Published: July 2017

The U.S. Coast Guard and the Maritime Administration have undertaken a major research program utilizing a marine bridge simulator in an effort to reduce the number of marine collisions, rammings and groundings attributed to human error.
Field Evaluation of a Computer Graphics System
Authors: de Morell K. H.
Published: July 2017

A computer graphics system for draftspeople was developed and evaluated by Bell Telephone Laboratories. There was no significant difference found in drafting time between the manual mode and the computer system. The graphics system must have more capabilities than just drawing to be economical.
MIQSTURE: Design for a Mixed Initiative Structure with Task and User Related Elements 1
Authors: Katter Robert V. , Potash Lawrence M. , Halpin Stanley M.
Published: July 2017

This project was undertaken to provide design specifications for a mixed initiative system, MIQSTURE, that is applicable to Army tactical information processing. After undertaking a requirements analysis, design specifications were developed for MIQSTURE to accomplish three major functional goals: user interface subsystem adaptivity, user learning support, and task state sensitivity. The features incorporated in the MIQSTURE design concept to achieve these goals are described.
The Effects of Stimulus and Response Modalities and Task Loading on Dual-Task Performance
Authors: Harris Steven D. , Owens Jerry M. , North Robert A.
Published: July 2017

Recent advances in artificial intelligence technology have resulted in commercially available computer systems that are able to synthesize auditory messages and to recognize spoken words and phrases in near-real-time with a high level of reliability. Several researchers have enumerated the benefits that are expected to accrue from computer recognition of speech (1971, 1975). Beek, Neuberg, and Hodge (1977) summarized the possible applications of this new technology to military systems. Curran (1978) and Coler, Plummer, Huff and Hitchcock (1978) reported significant progress in the development of automated speech understanding systems for the control of on-board systems in military aircraft.
Disorientation of Workers
Authors: Riley Michael W. , Cochran David J.
Published: July 2017

Many manufacturing processes include rapidly revolving objects, such as a turning lathe. Often workers must focus their eyes and attention on the moving object for extended periods of time. There is some indication that as workers monitor such an activity, there is a decrement in perceptual and motor abilities during, or for a short period of time immediately following the observation period. This is an example of disorientation that could jeopardize a worker's safety. The worker could make a mistake (unsafe act) at his work station while in this state of decreased perceptual-motor ability. It is also possible that a disoriented worker could leave a work position and encounter dangerous materials or situations.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the potential characteristics of the working environment and the worker that could possibly contribute to disorientation. The various potential causes of disorientation are discussed. Recognizing these potentially hazardous factors will be an aid in improving workplace design.
Human Factors Engineering Technology Integration into the Naval Ship Acquisition Process: Designing for Operability
Authors: Malone Thomas B. , Eike David , Baker Cliff , Andrews Phillip J.
Published: July 2017

Traditionally, Naval ship design programs have placed Human Factors Engineering (HFE) in a subordinate role to ship manning, a process primarily concerned with determining the ship's complement. As a result, HFE inputs to ship design documentation are often scattered, uncoordinated and lacking in fundamental standardization. The Naval Sea Systems Command has recently initiated an effort to correct these problems through a program designed to integrate HFE technologies into the ship planning and acquisition process.

One of the primary objectives of this project is the development of an HFE Design Guide to assist Navy personnel in applying HFE technologies early in the design phase of the ship acquisition process. The paper describes the current status and philosophy of this program, and evaluates an attempt to apply a preliminary model of the Guide to Naval recovery systems presently in the development stages: the Mark-14 Arresting Gear System and the Beartrap Recovery Assist, Secure and Traverse System.
An Investigation of Pictorial and Symbolic Aircraft Displays for Landing
Authors: Simonelli Nicholas Michael
Published: July 2017

Each of four different approach to landing displays was flown by a different group of four male instrument pilots. A pictorial approach “gate” symbology with perspective runway was compared to an electronic ILS-type display. Best performance overall was achieved with the combination of both these displays. No reliable lateral performance difference was found among displays but the variability tended to be less for displays with the perspective runway, especially close to the threshold. The vertical performance, however, was best on those displays that contained the vertical deviation scale and pointer irrespective of the presence of the runway. It was concluded that the pictorial information is of benefit in stabilizing lateral control, but the approach gates as used in the study did not, by themselves provide adequate guidance cues for precise vertical control.
Human Factors Considerations in the Design and Evaluation of a Helmet Mounted Display Using a Light Emitting Diode Matrix
Authors: Moroney William F. , Barnette James F.
Published: July 2017

The human factors considerations in the design and evaluation of a helmet mounted display (HMD) using a light emitting diode (LED) matrix are discussed. Specific issues including: helmet weight, bulk, image brightness/contrast, exit pupil size, reduction in visual field, and restriction of head movement were addressed and tradeoffs evaluated. The HMD was evaluated in flight as a device to provide energy maneuverability data to pilots. Preliminary findings are discussed.
Human Factors Analysis of Women Working in Industrial Environments
Authors: Kaplan Marsha C. , Knutson Sheri J.
Published: July 2017

With increasing numbers of women moving into jobs traditionally held by men, it was hypothesized that machinery, equipment, job operations, originally designed for the “average man” may be inadequately human factored for women, small men and other persons. These deficiencies may hamper performance, achievement or safety of women on the job. Statistical analyses and field studies confirmed this hypothesis.
A Method of Deriving Hierarchies of Instructional Objectives
Authors: Gibbons Andrew S. , Hughes John A.
Published: July 2017

A method is outlined for the development of hierarchies of instructional objectives to be used in instructional development and training. The method proposed increases the specificity normally encountered for hierarchy development and allows participation of non-scientist level workers in the generation of analyses with anticipated logical qualities. A system of deriving hierarchy patterns growing out of the application of the analysis is also described which assists the developer and simplifies the analysis process.
The Examination of Fixation Locus in Scanning a Visual Display
Authors: Leisman Gerald
Published: July 2017

A technique is described for assessing whether an individual is fixating centrally and if not to provide an estimate of fixation eccentricity.
Perceptual Localization, Feature Identification and Ocular Motor Factors in Scanning a Visual Display
Authors: Leisman Gerald , Ashkenazi Maureen
Published: July 2017

The preprogramming of saccadic eye movements is examined by studying the pattern of ocular-motor sequences while scanning a visual display. The effects of interference employing a backward masking paradigm on the ocular-motor response as well as on position judgment and stimulus identification are examined. Data indicates that the motor programming of an ocular saccade is linked to the perceptual analysis of target position and cannot be set in motion with an impairment in perceptual localization.
Differentiated-Psychophysiological Aspects of the Problem of Individual Adaptation in Control Systems
Authors: Venda V.F. , Russalov V.M.
Published: July 2017

The problem of group, individual and individually-operative adaptation lies on the junction of engineering and differential psychology. Three main categories of properties can be identified in multi-dimensional space of human individual characteristics: natural properties of individuum, properties of subject of activity and properties of personality.

The center of problem of mutual adaptation in man-machine system is compensation of negative individual peculiarities of man by his training or special variation of technical means' characteristics. As example the task of evaluation of optimal frequency of hazard training of operators is solved in the paper.
Visual Search Using Microfiche: Effects of Microfiche Reader Screen Scintillation on Visual Fatigue, General Fatigue, and Performance
Authors: Cushman William H.
Published: July 2017

Nine subjects performed a visual search task for two 100-minute sessions using microfiche with positive appearing images and small, portable microfiche readers. During one session the subjects performed the task with a reader having a screen with highly visible scintillation. During the other they used a reader equipped with a screen that was nearly free from scintillation. Dependent variables were subjective visual fatigue, general fatigue, and number of targets located. Subjects reported significantly greater visual fatigue after viewing the “high” scintillation screen for 50–100 minutes than after viewing the “low” scintillation screen for the same length of time. When the high-scintillation screen was used, the subjects also reported an increase in general fatigue. Screen scintillation did not affect the subjects' performance on the search task, however.
The Effects of Size, Distance, Height and Frequency on Manual Handling Performance
Authors: Ciriello Vincent M. , Snook Stover H.
Published: July 2017

Fifteen second shift male industrial workers from local industries performed 61 variations of lifting, pushing and pulling tasks to investigate the effects of task frequency, height, distance, and box size. A psychophysical methodology was employed whereby the test subject controlled the amount of weight or force being handled. Measurements of heart rate, oxygen consumption, and body size were also taken. The results indicated that size, distance, height and frequency are significant variables to consider when establishing guidelines for maximum acceptable weights.
Force Platform Output for Manual Lifting as a Function of Task, Technique and Individual Variables
Authors: Coetzee J. , Konz S.
Published: July 2017

Manual lifting was studied using a six axis force platform. Subjects (6 male, 6 female) lifted and lowered boxes at eight variations of location and direction. For each of the eight, there were three weights (5, 10 and 15 kg for males, 5, 7.5 and 10 for females), three volumes (150, 225 and 300 mm cubes), and two techniques (bend and squat); 144 conditions in all. Peak force or torque was recorded for the vertical, lateral and frontal forces and the somersault, twist and cartwheel torques.

In general, male forces and torques are 25–40% higher than for females. Object weight had different effects on males and females. Forces and torques tend to be smaller for lowering (than lifting), for smaller containers (than larger), and for objects close to the body (than away). Forces and torques for straight ahead (vs 45°) and squat (vs bend) had mixed results so one simple rule is not always best.
A Field Trial of Four Training Methods for Business Customers
Authors: Dooling D. James
Published: July 2017

Customers for a new electronic telephone system were trained by one of four methods: (1) Slide-tape presentation, with lecture; (2) Lecture with flip charts; (3) Self-instruction: Color photograph version; (4) Self-instruction: Inexpensive version. Individual telephone users were given questionnaires and interviewed one week and six weeks after installation. Data were collected on feature usage, feature knowledge, satisfaction with the system, and satisfaction with training. The talk will point out the advantages and disadvantages of each training method. In addition, customer feedback on the various instructional materials will be summarized. Some methodological issues in conducting field trials will also be discussed.
A Meeting is Not a Meeting is Not a Meeting: Implications for Teleconferencing
Authors: Brecht Mark
Published: July 2017

The behavior of participants and the events that occurred in 48 academic, business, and government meetings were recorded using observational techniques and a participant questionnaire. Meetings were compared to determine if and how associated communication requirements differed due to: (a) the purpose of the meeting, (b) the group conducting the meeting (academic, business, or government), and (c) the “size/complexity” of the meeting. Differences due to purpose were untestable because meetings were not conducted for single purposes; rather, meetings served multiple functions. Group differences, that is, whether a meeting was academic, business, or government, had no effect on the variables tested. Meetings of the three groups were judged similar in nature and communication processes. Meetings did differ, however, along a size/complexity dimension. Three distinct types of meetings—small, medium, and large—were identified and shown to differ in complexity and communication characteristics. Implications of these and other observed differences among meetings for teleconferencing meetings are reported.
Cross-Validation of Regression Equations to Predict Performance in a Pursuit Tracking Task
Authors: Savage Ricky E. , Williges Robert C. , Williges Beverly H.
Published: July 2017

A double, cross-validation procedure was used to validate regression equations which predict training time to learn a two-dimensional pursuit tracking task. Motor skill and information processing tasks were used as predictors. The results yielded a reliable regression equation for each training condition, and these equations were quite similar in cross-validation. Subsequently, a regression equation based on pooled data from the original and cross-validation sample was calculated for each training condition. To establish the usefulness of a regression approach for selecting training strategies, these equations will be used in a future study where students will be matched, mismatched, and randomly assigned to various training alternatives.
Visual vs Auditory Displays for Different Tasks of a Car Driver
Authors: Bouis D. , Voss M. , Geiser G. , Haller R.
Published: July 2017

The development of new visual displays and speach synthesizers leads to the on board presentation of additional information to the car driver. A series of laboratory and field experiments was carried out to compare visual, auditory, and partly combined presentation of binary and textual information. From the results recommendations for practical design can be given. Binary alarms which occur seldomly and with high priority have to be a dynamic signal, e. g. a blinking lamp optionally supported by an intermittent auditory signal. For textual information a voice warning system is recommended.
Development of the Letter-Shape Keyboard: A New Approach to the Design of Data Entry Devices
Authors: Gopher Daniel , Eilam Zohar
Published: July 2017

Development of a four key typewriter for Hebrew characters is described. It capitalizes on the visual imagery capabilities of human operators. Parallel and sequential key strokes are employed as graphic elements to reproduce the shape of printed letters. Preliminary experiments show that letter-shape code is acquired with little training and is highly resistant to forgetting. Single hand blind typing at a relatively fast rate is achieved after few hours of training. No difference is revealed between right and left hand operation. Only small and non reliable decrements in data entry rates were observed when system was operated during a simulated flight mission in a F-4 simulator.
Colors for Sizes: An Applied Approach
Authors: Pond Daniel J.
Published: July 2017

Fifty auto repairmen were asked to pair eight different sized socket wrenches with eight differently colored handles. Half of subjects were told the purpose of the study was to establish a color code for size while the remainder were misled as to the true intent of the research. Results indicate:

a) Subjects did not associate colors with size unless asked specifically to do so. b) Subjects who chose to perform the task with an increasing order of size selection were especially sensitive to color-size associations. c) Relative saturation of hue may be an operant variable in formation of a color-size relationship.
Legibility of Public Information Symbols
Authors: Zwaga Harm J.
Published: July 2017

A legibility test is one a set of tests to be proposed by a committee of the International Standardization Organization as a standard procedure to ensure that public information symbols can be used efficiently by the population of users. Although the method of administering has been decided upon for most of the tests, there is not yet a satisfactory method for the legibility test.
A Users' Guide to Positive Guidance in Highway Control
Authors: Alexander Gerson J. , Lunenfeld Harold
Published: July 2017

Positive Guidance is an approach to enhance the safety and operational efficiency of hazardous locations. This approach joins the highway engineering and human factors technologies to produce an information system matched to the characteristics of the location and the attributes of drivers. The Users' Guide to Positive Guidance is used to both analyze the location and develop the most effective solution. The Guide provides a procedure consisting of six major functions: Data collection at problem locations; problem specification; definition of driver performance factors; definition of information system requirements; determination of positive guidance information; and evaluation.
Debut II—The CNA Data Entry Utility
Authors: Galitz Wilbert O.
Published: July 2017

DEBUT II is a CNA developed utility that provides a single data entry discipline for various corporate applications. This paper reviews DEBUT II's design objectives, component subsystems, operator interface and user and training documentation. Also described is DEBUT II's relation to corporate screen and form design standards.
Innovative JPA Techniques
Authors: Smillie Robert J. , Smith M. Gregory
Published: July 2017

Job performance aid (JPA) technology has evolved along two lines, JPAs for non-troubleshooting tasks and JPAs for troubleshooting tasks. Although various JPA formats have been developed for each of the two types of tasks, advancing technology and the application of a systems approach to the design of an integrated personnel system required the identification and testing of innovative JPA techniques. These are enrichment, hybridizing, and state tables. An enriched JPA has information in addition to the stated task procedures that supports the task being performed. Results are reported that support the enrichment concept when it is incorporated into fully proceduralized JPAs. Hybrid JPAs present task information in a mixed level format. The premise of the hybrid JPA is that users will transition from reliance on a directive element to reliance on a deductive element and thus permit the user to advance his or her skill and knowledge level. The results of hybrid JPA research, especially when it is enriched, indicate that it is a good candidate for inclusion in an integrated personnel system and permits individuals to develop higher level skills. The state table presents an organized flow of system functions By listing and describing all the significant events that are necessary to complete an operational function. By using state tables, it is expected that learning and the subsequent progression in skill level will take place.
Development of Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (PETER): Time Estimation Test
Authors: McCauley Michael E. , Kennedy Robert S. , Bittner Alvah C.
Published: July 2017

A time estimation task was considered for inclusion in the Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (PETER) battery. As part of this consideration the effects of repeated testing on the reliability of time judgments, using the method of production, was studied. Forty trials per day were administered individually to each of 19 subjects for 15 consecutive weekdays. Descriptive statistics are reported and the need for knowledge about the reliability coefficient over repeated test administrations in the context of performance testing in exotic environments is discussed.
Data Analysis Methodology for Day/Night Inflight Tactical Navigation
Authors: Connelly Edward M. , Comeau Robert F. , Holman Garvin L. , Bynum James A.
Published: July 2017

Nap-of-the-earth helicopter navigation, both at night and during the day, is essential to the Army's mission. Navigation performance, defined as the probability of navigating along a prescribed route or route segment without deviation, is a function of many factors including map and terrain types. Determination of the effects of these factors is important information for predicting performance of Army navigators, identifying factors critical to navigation, evaluating the probability of navigation success along a route and developing training aids. The purpose of the research work reported here was to analyze NOE flight experiment data to develop that information. This paper contains results from analyses of helicopter NOE navigation data to determine the probability of navigation success along a route as a function of terrain type, to develop a means of determining route difficulty, and to develop a method of scoring student performance.
The Impact of Computer Assistance on District Office Operations
Authors: Dan Massey L. , Lawler Jerry T.
Published: July 2017

To predict the potential cost effectiveness of computer assisted information processing in the District Offices (DOs) of the Social Security Administration (SSA), we developed a model of manpower allocation in present DO operations. We adapted existing SSA management data sources to quantify this baseline model. We also constructed a description of the changes in manpower requirements expected to occur on introduction of a hypothetical computer assisted system. We used analyses of user functional requirements to determine overall system capabilities. We used the results of user performance trials on a simulated system to quantify this change model.

Significant reductions in manpower for processing of individual claims in the DO appear to be attainable. Computer system response time was identified as a controllable design characteristic with a strong effect on manpower requirements.

Introduction of computer assistance to the DO could free manpower from mechanical clerical activities for application to more creative and professional functions. This manpower could be applied to expansion of SSA services and to improvement of DO service quality. An overall increase of 25% to 33% in workload processing capacity appears potentially attainable with computer assistance at current DO manpower levels.

Suitable workstations might be based on use of individual personal computers or on sharing the resources of a single larger machine among a number of users. Consideration of relative costs and benefits suggests that the personal computer approach, while initially more costly, offers better control over system response time, which can have a major effect on system acceptance and cost effectiveness. It is likely that computer assistance for DOs will be deployed through workstations based on individual personal machines. Full recovery of capital investment can potentially be achieved in two years of actual operation.
Equipment Handling Modeling
Authors: Bittner Alvah C. , Ayoub M. M.
Published: July 2017

Recent analyses of military equipment design have revealed deficiencies in consideration of operator/maintainer manual equipment handling. Equipment handling tasks include: lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling, carrying and manual manipulation. Deficiencies in military equipment design are reviewed and an ongoing Navy program for their rectifications is outlined. One aspect of this program, equipment handling modeling, is focused upon and its status reported. Design with user-accommodation models, it is concluded, would lead to both reduced need for selection and decreases in manning for developed equipment.
Paper Simulation Techniques in User Requirements Analysis for Interactive Computer Systems
Authors: Ramsey H. Rudy , Atwood Michael E. , Willoughby John K.
Published: July 2017

This paper describes the use of a technique called “paper simulation” in the analysis of user requirements for interactive computer systems. In a paper simulation, the user solves problems with the aid of a “computer”, as in normal man-in-the-loop simulation. In this procedure, though, the computer does not exist, but is simulated by the experimenters. This allows simulated problem solving early in the design effort, and allows the properties and degree of structure of the system and its dialogue to be varied. The technique, and a method of analyzing the results, are illustrated with examples from a recent paper simulation exercise involving a Space Shuttle flight design task.
Annoyance and Speech Interference from Noise
Authors: Ou Peggy , Gough Helen , Konz Stephan
Published: July 2017

In Experiment One, noise from five home appliance and five shop tools was evaluated for speech interference (ie words missed) and annoyance by 23 subjects (11 male, 12 female). Both speech interference and annoyance were highly (r2 = .76 and .66) correlated with dbA noise level.

In Experiment Two, 15 “industrial” noises (mean dbA=84; range = 59 to 97) were evaluated for annoyance by 100 subjects (79 male, 21 female). The annoyance vote was analyzed by analysis of covariance. In addition to annoyance being a function of dbA, the subject's gender, age and whether they were a student or not were significant predictor's of annoyance. A simple predictor equation was ANNOY (vote on scale 1 to 5) = 3.05 + .124 (dbA—84) + .001 (dbA-84)2 + .16 (if student) with r2= .60.
Written Transmission of a Nine Digit Zip Code
Authors: Baumgarten M. Lisa , Konz Stephan
Published: July 2017

The US Post Office is scheduled to adopt a 9 digit zip code. Seven alternative designs were evaluated for ease of copying and preference. The seven types were unbroken 9 (352641091), 5-3-1 (35264 109 1), 5-4 (35264 1091), 5-A3 (35264 A091), 5A3 (35264A091), 3-3-3 (352 641 091) and 3-2-4 (352 64 1091). The 138 subjects copied 1880 codes/type. The error rate varied from 1.0% for 3-3-3 to 2.5% for the two codes with letters. The 3-3-3 also was most preferred. For a 9 symbol code we recommend it be all numeric. The recommended grouping is 3-3-3. If the present 5 digits are to be retained unbroken, the new code should be 5-4; that is, the present code, a space, and a new string of 4 digits.
Multidimensional Studies of a Tool “Feel” Sensation—Moment of Inertia
Authors: Kreifeldt John G. , Chuang Ming
Published: July 2017

The distribution of mass in a handheld object is a fundamental and potent but largely unrecognized component of the object's “feel. ” In order to supply information to designers of consumer products trying to improve tool “feel” and to further psychophysical understanding of it, we performed careful studies (1) to determine Weber fractions related to moment of inertia sensitivity and (2) to study the interaction of weight and moment of inertia as they influence the user's perception of feel. Results showed that moment of inertia sensitivity is about 1/10 that for lifting lightweights and that subjects can clearly distinguish the difference between the two sensations, putting more emphasis on moment of inertia in forming their judgments.

In addition to their scientific use, the results are useful to the design of common handheld tools and sports equipment.
Design Evaluation of an Interface between Passengers and an Automated Ground Transportation System
Authors: Bateman Robert P.
Published: July 2017

In an automated airport ground transportation system, passengers who are not familiar with the system nor oriented with respect to the airport, are faced with the problem of selecting a vehicle and destination to change between airlines. The design of an interface between an untrained human user and an automated system requires skillful application of basic human factors principles. An existing system was studied to determine its effectiveness. Passengers were interviewed to identify specific problems. An operational sequence diagram was used to analyze the interface problem. A simplified sequence is proposed in a design modification which can be implemented at minimum cost. A redesign of the complete interface, using the power of the computer which controls the system, and applying human factors principles, results in a greatly simplified operational sequence diagram and is recommended for future systems.
Attitudinal, Personality, and Age Characteristics for Machine-Paced and Self-Paced Operations
Authors: Sanders Susan , Salvendy Gavriel , Knight James L. , McCabe George P.
Published: July 2017

In studying the personality, attitude and subjective feelings of 33 female operators regarding their jobs, the following is concluded: that workers with specific identifiable attributes are more suited for machine-paced work than people having different attributes; attributes of people most suited for self-paced work are also identified. These attributes are detailed and discussed.
The Effect of Part Proliferation on Assembly Line Operators' Decision Making Capabilities
Authors: Gatchell Susanne M.
Published: July 2017

In order to quantify the effects of part proliferation on assembly line operators' decision making capabilities, a research study was conducted. Using a Choice Reaction Time technique, 16 operators were tested to determine their reaction times and error rates when selecting parts. These operators were from four training levels (trained, relief, untrained/job and untrained/plant) and had to decide between 4, 7 or 10 major parts.

Results show that operators with 10 parts made 46% more errors and needed 13% more decision time than operators with 4 parts. Furthermore, the relief and untrained/job operators made three times more errors than the trained operators. The untrained/plant operators had over five times more errors than the trained operators. These results indicate that all operators could make a selection when working with 10 major parts. However, their reaction times and error rates increased as the number or parts increased from 4 to 10.
Evaluation of Static Work Capabilities in a Hot Environment
Authors: Schlegel Robert E.
Published: July 2017

The effects of heat stress on an individual's static work capabilities were investigated. Various indicators of strength and endurance were measured under differing heat stress levels. One measure which exhibited a significant change at higher heat stress levels was a combined strength-endurance measurement involving a series of maximal voluntary contractions throughout a one hour exposure. At 35° C WBGT the decrease in MVC from the beginning of the exposure to the end was 43% compared to only 6% at 18° C WBGT. Core temperature was also monitored throughout each exposure.
Effects of Couplings, Container Type and Box Size on Maximum Acceptable Weight of Lift
Authors: Garg Arun , Saxena U.
Published: July 2017

A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the effects of couplings, shape of the container, and width of the tote box on maximum acceptable weight of lift. Ten male college students were required to lift three different tote boxes with handles, one tote box without handles and one mailbag from floor to a bench height (76 cm). A psychophysical methodology was employed to determine the maximum acceptable weight of lift. The results indicated that size, shape and couplings are significant variables to consider when establishing guidelines for maximum acceptable weight.
Synthetic Switching Time Statistics
Authors: Payne David R. , Buck James R.
Published: July 2017

A synthetic (predetermined) time system with expected times and time variances appears to have considerable usefulness in the design of panel layouts and the estimation of operator workloads, particularly during early developmental phases of a system. Accordingly, the study was made to see if a synthetic time system could be devised to predict the time statistics for setting and changing various types of switches as a function of several variables. These variables include: reach distances, type of switch, potential and actual switching uncertainty; both without and with different complexities of a simultaneous tracking task. Time data were collected through computerized instrumentation and the root-mean-square of tracking errors were collected for time intervals between switching task events. Analyses are being made to determine the repeatable predictability of the switching time statistics, the influence of the variables on these statistics, statistical independence of sequential switching times, learning effects on the tracking task, and switching task interferences on the tracking task. Since a synthetic time system requires a number of properties to be a useful technique of statistical time prediction, these tests are needed to show the degree to which these properties hold with switching tasks.
Achieving Safety Objectives through Household Furnishings Design
Authors: Woodson Wesley E.
Published: July 2017

In spite of recurring survey results that show home accidents exceeding those of other environments, there is little indication of real interest in safer home furnishing products by consumers, industry or educational institutions. This paper discusses some of the reasons for this disinterest, some of the more critical products that often are improperly designed, and some suggestions for a changing of attitudes.
Functional Anatomical Analysis Applied to Appliances and Kitchen Work Spaces
Authors: Meagher Stephen W.
Published: July 2017

Functional anatomy is an essential element of sound design of kitchen appliances (Meagher, 1978) and work areas. All age groups should receive meaningful consideration of their functional needs to avoid inclusion of mechanisms of injury in design concepts whenever possible.
On-the-Road Detection of Driving While Intoxicated
Authors: Harris Douglas H.
Published: July 2017

Visual cues were identified and procedures were developed to enhance on-the-road detection of driving while intoxicated (DWI) by police patrol officers. Related research was reviewed; police officers with demonstrated effectiveness in DWI detection were interviewed; DWI arrest reports were analyzed; and a study was conducted to determine the frequency of occurrence and relative discriminability of potential visual cues. Based on the results, a DWI detection Guide was developed; the Guide is currently being verified and evaluated in a field-study involving a sample of 10 law enforcement agencies.