bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Targeting human Ep‐CAM in transgenic mice by anti‐idiotype and antigen based vaccines
Authors: Mosolits Szilvia , Campbell Fiona , Litvinov Sergey V. , Fagerberg Jan , Crowe J. Scott , Mellstedt Håkan , Ellis Jonathan H.
Published: July 2004

Anti‐idiotypic antibodies (anti‐Id) as surrogate TAAs have been shown to induce immunity against tumours in animals and humans. SM262 is a human monoclonal anti‐Id raised against MAb 17‐1A recognising Ep‐CAM. Plasmids encoding the variable regions of SM262 with either murine or human Fc regions, both with and without fusion to GM‐CSF were constructed. DNA was delivered by gene gun to C57BL/6 (wt) mice and mice expressing the transgene for human Ep‐CAM (tg). The immunogenicity of anti‐Id DNA constructs, anti‐Id protein and Ep‐CAM DNA vaccines was compared. SM262 plasmids induced antibodies (Abs) inhibiting MAb 17‐1A binding to SM262 as well as recognising Ep‐CAM in wt and tg mice. Fusion to GM‐CSF evoked significantly higher Ab titres, whereas a xenogeneic Fc region had no significant effect. The highest Ab titres were elicited by protein immunisation. The original Ag was superior as compared to the anti‐Id vaccines in wt but not tg mice in terms of Ab induction. A weak Ep‐CAM‐specific cytotoxic response was induced in wt but not tg mice. The data suggest that B cell tolerance to Ep‐CAM can be circumvented by anti‐Id DNA, anti‐Id protein as well as Ep‐CAM DNA immunisation. Fusion of GM‐CSF to anti‐Id increased the magnitude of the immune response with no requirement of a foreign Fc domain. Furthermore, no superiority of Ep‐CAM as compared to anti‐Id DNA vaccine was noted in tg mice and protein immunisation induced a more potent humoral response than DNA. The results might have implications for the design of future vaccine trials using Ep‐CAM as a target structure. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Life stages and reproductive components of the Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish), the first parthenogenetic decapod crustacean
Authors: Vogt Günter , Tolley Laura , Scholtz Gerhard
Published: July 2004

Recently, we briefly reported on the first case of parthenogenesis in the decapod Crustacea which was found in the Marmorkrebs or marbled crayfish, a cambarid species of unknown geographic origin and species identity. Curiously, this animal is known only from aquarium populations, where it explosively propagates. By means of light and electron microscopic techniques we have now investigated the reproductive components of this crayfish, using more than 100 specimens ranging from hatchling to repeatedly spawned adult. Additionally, we documented its principal life stages. Our results revealed that the external sexual characters and also the gonads of the marbled crayfish are purely female, making this fast‐reproducing species a good model for investigating female reproductive features in crayfish. Testicular tissues, ovotestes, or male gonoducts, gonopores, or gonopods were never found, either in small juveniles or large adult specimens, confirming the parthenogenetic nature of this crayfish. Parthenogenesis may have arisen spontaneously or by interspecific hybridization since Wolbachia‐like feminizing microorganisms were not found in the ovaries. The external sexual characters of the marbled crayfish are first recognized in Stage 4 juveniles and are structurally complete ∼2 months after hatching in specimens of ∼2 cm total length. In the same life stage the ovary is fully differentiated as well, although the oocytes are in previtellogenic and primary vitellogenic stages only. The architecture of the mature ovary and also the synchronous maturation of cohorts of primary vitellogenic oocytes by secondary vitellogenesis are in general agreement with data published on ovaries of bisexual crayfish. New results were obtained with respect to the muscular nature of the ovarian envelope and its extensive proliferation after the first spawning, the distribution of hemal sinuses in the ovarian envelope and in the interstitium around the oogenetic pouches, the high transport activity of the follicle cells, and the colonization of oogenetic pouches by previtellogenic oocytes that originate in the germaria. Investigation of the nuclei of oocytes in the germaria and oogenetic pouches revealed no signs of meiosis, as usually found in females of bisexual decapods, suggesting that parthenogenesis in the marbled crayfish might be an apomictic thelytoky. The detection of new rickettsial and coccidian infections in the ovary and further organs raises fears that the marbled crayfish might endanger native European species by transmission of pathogens once escaped into the wild. J. Morphol. 261:286–311, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Excurrent duct system of the male turtle Chrysemys picta
Authors: Holmes Hilary J. , Gist Daniel H.
Published: July 2004

The epididymis and efferent duct system of the turtle Chrysemys picta were examined. Seminiferous tubules are drained by a series of ducts that form a rete exterior to the tunica albuginea. The rete is located lateral to the testis and consists of anastamosing tubules of varying diameters, lined by a simple epithelium consisting of squamous to cuboidal cells. The rete is highly vascularized. A series of tubules (efferent ductules) connect the rete to the epididymis proper. The efferent ductules are highly convoluted, running between the epididymal tubules and are of varying diameters. The simple columnar epithelium lining these tubules possesses tight junctions, with every third or fourth cell possessing long cilia that protrude into the lumen. The cytoplasm of these epithelial cells contains abundant mitochondria. In the central portion of the efferent ductule, epithelial cells possess granules that appear to be secreted into the lumen by an apocrine process. The epididymis proper is a single, long, highly convoluted tubule that receives efferent ductules along its entire length. It is lined by a pseudostratified epithelium containing several cell types. The most abundant cell (vesicular cell) lacks cilia, but has a darkly staining apical border due to numerous small vesicles immediately beneath the luminal membrane. The small vesicles appear to fuse with each other basally to form larger vesicles. These cells appear to have an absorptive function, and occasionally sperm are embedded in their cytoplasm. The second‐most abundant cell is a basal cell found along the basement membrane. The number of these cells fluctuates throughout the year, being most abundant in late summer and early fall. A small narrow cell with an oval nucleus and darkly staining cytoplasm, extending from the basement membrane to the apical surface, is present in small numbers, particularly in the caudal regions of the epididymis. This cell is frequently found in association with another narrow cell having a rounded nucleus and abundant mitochondria in its cytoplasm. J. Morphol. 261:312–322, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CDK9/CYCLIN T1 expression during normal lymphoid differentiation and malignant transformation
Authors: Bellan Cristiana , De Falco Giulia , Lazzi Stefano , Micheli Pietro , Vicidomini Sonia , Schürfeld Karin , Amato Teresa , Palumbo Annalisa , Bagella Luigi , Sabattini Elena , Bartolommei Sabrina , Hummel Michael , Pileri Stefano , Tosi Piero , Leoncini Lorenzo , Giordano Antonio
Published: July 2004

CDK9 is a member of the CDC2‐like family of kinases. Its cyclin partners are members of the CYCLIN T family (T1, T2a, and T2b) and CYCLIN K. The CDK9/CYCLIN T1 complex is very important in the differentiation programme of several cell types, controlling specific differentiation pathways. Limited data are available regarding the expression of CDK9/CYCLIN T1 in haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. The aim of this study was to analyse the expression of the CDK9/CYCLIN T1 complex in lymphoid tissue, in order to assess its role in B‐ and T‐cell differentiation and lymphomagenesis. CDK9/CYCLIN T1 expression was found by immunohistochemistry in precursor B and T cells. In peripheral lymphoid tissues, germinal centre cells and scattered B‐ and T‐cell blasts in interfollicular areas expressed CDK9/CYCLIN T1, while mantle cells, plasma cells, and small resting T‐lymphocytes displayed no expression of either molecule. CDK9/CYCLIN T1 expression therefore appears to be related to particular stages of lymphoid differentiation/activation. CDK9 and CYCLIN T1 were highly expressed in lymphomas derived from precursor B and T cells, from germinal centre cells, such as follicular lymphomas, and from activated T cells (ie anaplastic large cell lymphomas). Hodgkin and Reed–Sternberg cells of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma also showed strong nuclear staining. Diffuse large B‐cell, Burkitt's lymphomas, and peripheral T‐cell lymphomas, among T‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders, showed a wide range of values. No expression of CDK9 or CYCLIN T1 was detected in mantle cell and marginal zone lymphomas. However, at the mRNA level, an imbalance in the CDK9/CYCLIN T1 ratio was found in follicular lymphoma and diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas with germinal centre phenotype, and in the cell lines of classical Hodgkin's lymphomas, Burkitt's lymphomas, and anaplastic large cell lymphoma, in comparison with reactive lymph nodes. These results suggest that the CDK9/CYCLIN T1 complex may affect the activation and differentiation programme of lymphoid cells. The molecular mechanism through which the CDK9/CYCLIN T1 complex is altered in malignant transformation needs to be elucidated. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The developmentally regulated neural crest‐associated glycotope HNK‐1 predicts metastasis in cutaneous malignant melanoma
Authors: Thies Anka , Schachner Melitta , Berger Jürgen , Moll Ingrid , Schulze Hans‐Joachim , Brunner Georg , Schumacher Udo
Published: July 2004

Aberrant glycosylation is a common feature of metastatic sub‐clones of malignant tumours and in uveal melanoma in particular, the HNK‐1 glycotope has been positively correlated with poor prognosis. So far, no such correlation has been investigated in cutaneous melanoma. In order to do so, HNK‐1 expression was evaluated immunohistochemically in 100 primary cutaneous melanomas and correlated with metastasis after up to 10‐years' follow‐up. Furthermore, HNK‐1 expression was analysed in metastatic deposits (19 distant cutaneous metastases and six sentinel lymph node metastases), as well as in benign nevi. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed a positive association between HNK‐1 expression and metastasis (p < 0.005) and multivariate Cox regression analysis adjusted for the standard prognostic markers ulceration and vertical tumour thickness confirmed HNK‐1 expression as an independent prognostic marker. HNK‐1 expression was preserved in 42% of the distant cutaneous metastases, but metastatic cells in lymph nodes were devoid of HNK‐1 immunoreactivity. None of the benign pigmented lesions exhibited HNK‐1 immunoreactivity. Expression of the HNK‐1 glycotope in cutaneous malignant melanoma is an independent prognostic marker of metastasis. Differential HNK‐1 expression at the metastatic sites implies that its expression is modulated by the surrounding environment. As HNK‐1 is also transiently expressed during migration of melanocyte precursor cells derived from the neural crest, recapitulation of this transient expression might occur during metastatic spread of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Homogeneous immunophenotype and paucity of secondary genomic aberrations are distinctive features of endemic but not of sporadic Burkitt's lymphoma and diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma with MYC rearrangement
Authors: Barth Thomas FE , Müller Silja , Pawlita Michael , Siebert Reiner , Rother Josef U , Mechtersheimer Gunhild , Kitinya James , Bentz Martin , Möller Peter
Published: July 2004

The present study has compared immunohistological marker expression profiles and genomic imbalances in seven African endemic Burkitt's lymphomas (eBLs) with those in ten European B‐cell lymphomas with MYC rearrangement as shown by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. eBLs showed a typical histomorphology and a homogeneous immuno‐profile: CD10+, CD38+, CD77+, bcl‐2–, and IgM+. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) DNA was present in all cases. On comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), only three out of six eBLs showed imbalances (median number of imbalances = 2), with gains on chromosome 17 in two eBLs. The European lymphomas were all highly proliferating, with a Ki‐67 index of at least 90%, and included seven with morphology typical of sporadic Burkitt's lymphoma (sBL) and three immunoblastic diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas with MYC rearrangement (MYCre+DLBCL). In contrast to eBL, the immuno‐profiles of the European lymphomas were less homogeneous and inconsistent for CD10, CD38, CD77, IgM and bcl‐2 expression. EBV DNA was not detected. In five of seven sBLs, CGH showed a higher number of imbalances (median = 6), with recurrent gains on chromosome 1q (3/7) and losses on 12q and 17p (2/7), whereas all three MYCre+DLBCLs had fewer imbalances (median = 4), with gains on 17q in two of three lymphomas. It is concluded that eBL has a homogeneous immunohistology and few secondary genomic aberrations, whereas MYC‐rearranged and highly proliferating European B‐cell lymphomas are a heterogeneous group that includes sBL and a subgroup of diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular and cellular basis of restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention: the intertwining roles of platelets, leukocytes, and the coagulation–fibrinolysis system
Authors: Lee Michael S , David Eric M , Makkar Raj R , Wilentz James R
Published: July 2004

The major limitation of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is restenosis. Restenosis is considered to be an overreaction of the natural healing process after traumatic balloon dilatation. An elaborate web of cellular and molecular responses, including the interaction of platelets, leukocytes, and the coagulation–fibrinolysis system, as well as the secretion of various growth factors and pro‐inflammatory cytokines, contributes to neointimal hyperplasia and the development of restenosis. Moreover, platelet and neutrophil activation after stenting appears to be different from that after balloon angioplasty alone. Pharmacotherapy targeting the cell‐to‐cell interaction between platelets and neutrophils may potentially offer an effective treatment strategy against restenosis after PCI. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐specific phospholipase D immunoreactivity is present in islet amyloid in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Larson DM , Kennedy MA , Bowen RF , Verchere CB , Deeg MA
Published: July 2004

Numerous apolipoproteins associate with amyloid plaques. A minor high‐density lipoprotein‐associated protein, glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐specific phospholipase D (GPI‐PLD), has recently been described by the authors and others. Since GPI‐PLD is synthesized by, and secreted from, pancreatic islet β cells, the present study examined the hypothesis that GPI‐PLD associates with islet amyloid. GPI‐PLD immunoreactivity was examined in pancreatic tissues from type 2 diabetic and non‐diabetic humans. GPI‐PLD binding to heparan sulphate proteoglycan was determined in the absence or presence of heparan sulphate or heparin. Fibril formation from human islet amyloid polypeptide was determined in the absence or presence of GPI‐PLD. In non‐diabetics, GPI‐PLD immunoreactivity was present and co‐localized with insulin, as opposed to co‐localizing with amyloid in diabetics. No immunoreactivity for apolipoprotein A‐I was present in islet cells or islet amyloid. Heparan sulphate proteoglycan, which is commonly present in most amyloid, bound GPI‐PLD in vitro. GPI‐PLD inhibited the formation of amyloid fibrils from synthetic islet amyloid polypeptide in vitro. GPI‐PLD is therefore present in islet amyloid and appears to derive from local production from islets. This localization likely derives from interaction between GPI‐PLD and heparan sulphate proteoglycan. Since GPI‐PLD also inhibited islet amyloid polypeptide fibril formation in vitro, it is concluded that GPI‐PLD may play a role in islet amyloid formation in type 2 diabetes. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tissue pathology in undergraduate medical education: atrophy or evolution?
Authors: Mattick Karen , Marshall Rob , Bligh John
Published: July 2004

Changes are occurring in undergraduate medical curricula and there is limited published information about how contemporary tissue pathology is taught. The aim of this study was to collect information on this topic and to invite expert opinion about best teaching practice. A postal questionnaire survey of medical schools in the UK was performed, with a response rate of 23/28 schools (82%). The two most striking findings were the variation in teaching and learning strategies between schools and the spirit of the respondents, some relishing the challenges associated with reorganization and some thoroughly demoralized. The main concerns about pathology teaching were a feeling of lack of ownership of the content taught, an overall lack of visibility of tissue pathology in teaching and assessment, and staff shortages. Respondents valued the autopsy as an educational tool but were finding it increasingly difficult to provide. On the other hand, key opportunities for pathology teaching were highlighted through the questionnaire. The potential for developments in information technology and the possibility of creating national forums to develop core curricula and generate e‐resources was recognized. The findings of this study will provide a milestone against which future change in pathology education can be measured. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasonic studies on the phase transition from the dilute‐good to the theta regimes in polymer solution
Authors: Ikeda Hiroaki , Higashi Minemasa
Published: July 2004

The phase transition from the dilute‐good solvent (I) to the theta (I′) regimes, which does not exist in the earlier phase diagram presented by Flory and has not been detected by common methods such as intrinsic viscosity, was observed clearly by measurements of ultrasonic velocity in the MHz range. Furthermore, ultrasonic absorption measurements revealed that the thermal relaxation, due to local segmental motions, observed in phase I disappeared in phase I′. Ultrasonic methods allow us to ascertain the existence of a second‐order phase transition from phase I to phase I′ above the theta temperature in the phase diagram of polymer solutions. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Temperature‐dependent fluorescence from pyrenyl‐modified polyethylene films. A comparison of attachment methods and morphology changes by irradiation with eV‐range photons and bombardment with MeV‐range positive ions
Authors: Brown Gerald O. , Atvars Teresa D. Z. , Guardala Noel A. , Price Jack L. , Weiss Richard G.
Published: July 2004

1‐Pyrenyl groups were attached covalently to three polyethylene (Py–PE) films with different crystallinities by irradiating (eV‐range photons–UV‐photons) or by bombarding (MeV‐range ions–protons and alpha particles) pyrene‐doped PE films (Py/PE). Onset temperatures of relaxation processes (Tx) of the Py–PE were approximated from (1) Arrhenius‐type plots of the normalized integrated intensities of the films and (2) the temperature dependence of the full‐width half‐maximum (FWHM) films and the position of the 0–0 fluorescence band. DSC thermograms of the native and irradiated or bombarded films were also compared to independently assess the morphological changes. The onset temperatures Tx in lower crystallinity Py–PE films were more difficult to locate when prepared by bombardment with high doses than with low doses of photons or ions or by irradiation. The ease of locating the Tx in higher crystallinity Py–PE films was independent of dose, suggesting little change in the mobility in the vicinity of pyrenyl probes. Fluorescence from Py–PE bombarded with alpha particles indicated the presence of both singly‐ and doubly‐attached pyrenyl groups. The singly‐attached pyrenyl groups were less sensitive than the doubly attached to the Tx. Py–PE films were more sensitive luminescence reporters of Tγ segmental motions than were 9‐anthryl groups covalently attached to the same polymers. We also discuss possible reasons why the values of the activation energies for the relaxation processes, as calculated from the Arrhenius plots, were much smaller than those based on the dynamic mechanical methods. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2957–2970, 2004
Angular dispersion of protons transmitted through thin gold films
Authors: Archubi C. , Denton C. , Eckardt J. C. , Lantschner G. H. , Lovey F. , Valdés J. , Parra C. , Zappa F. , Arista N. R.
Published: July 2004

The angular distributions of protons travelling through thin polycrystalline gold targets (∼15 nm) with incident energies in the range of 4–10 keV have been measured. The results confirm previous experiments at higher energies showing deviations from theoretical predictions based on the standard multiple scattering theory. In order to prove that the effect of crystal structure is one of the main causes of these deviations we have performed numerical simulations. To simulate the polycrystalline structure in a realistic way, we have made an analysis of the target by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Including these characteristics in the simulation, together with the effect of vibrations and crystal disorder we analyzed the corresponding angular distribution. To evaluate the role of channeling, we also measured angular distributions of protons in a 〈100〉 gold foil and made the corresponding numerical simulations. The results show the critical influence of the target structure in the angular spectra of transmitted ions. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Grazing incidence collisions of fast protons with insulators: electron emission around the convoy peak
Authors: Aldazábal I. , Ponce V. H. , Arnau A.
Published: July 2004

A general model to calculate electron spectra in grazing incidence ion‐surface collisions is presented. It is based on the use of atomic form factors for projectile ionization and incoherent scattering functions for the target. The model is applicable for arbitrary systems whose electrons can be described by localized atomic orbitals, like ionic crystals. For 100 keV protons on LiF surfaces we find that the projectile electron contribution to the convoy peak is larger than the contribution from target ionization. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Exciton mixing and internal transitions of neutral magnetoexcitons in quantum wells
Authors: Duque C. A. , Barticevic Z. , Pacheco M. , Oliveira L. E.
Published: July 2004

We present a theoretical investigation, in the effective‐mass approximation, of exciton mixing and 1s – 2p± internal transitions of neutral magnetoexcitons in GaAs–Ga1–xAlxAs quantum wells. Theoretical results are obtained by diagonalizing the Kohn–Luttinger Hamiltonian in the presence of an external magnetic field along the growth direction of the quantum well, with mixing of appropriate light‐ and heavy‐ hole exciton states taken into account. We first perform the exciton calculations in the diagonal approximation, and take the exciton‐envelope wave functions as linear combinations of products of hole and electron quantum‐well states with Gaussian functions. Effects of exciton mixing are then calculated within perturbation theory. Theoretical results for the exciton internal transitions from 1s‐like to 2p±‐like magnetoexciton states in GaAs–Ga1–xAlxAs quantum wells, with well widths of 80 Å, 100 Å, 125 Å, 150 Å and 200 Å, are found in overall agreement with optically detected resonance measurements. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Geh‐ und Radwegbrücke über den Main‐Donau‐Kanal in Forchheim: Entwurf und Ausarbeitung des ausgeführten Sondervorschlags
Authors: Neuner Florian
Published: July 2004

In den letzten drei Jahrzehnten wurden in Deutschland einige außergewöhnliche Fußgängerbrücken errichtet. Viele dieser Bauwerke zeichnen sich durch die gekonnte, häufig auch innovative Verwendung relativ “teurer” Komponenten wie z. B. aufwendige Seilwerke, Gußteile oder konische Rohre aus. Der Gebrauch derartiger Konstruktionselemente fand viele Nachahmer, wobei das Resultat nicht immer die damit verbundenen Kosten gerechtfertigt erscheinen läßt.

In Zeiten wirtschaftlicher Bedrängnisse ist es deshalb ein wesentliches Anliegen dieses Aufsatzes, am Beispiel zu zeigen, wie auch mit knappsten Mitteln elegante, repräsentative und funktionale Fußgängerbrükken erbaut werden können.
Zur Berechnung von Gittermasten
Authors: Ziesing Dirk
Published: July 2004

Als August Ritter vor mehr als 140 Jahren das nach ihm benannte Schnittverfahren entwickelte, konnte er nicht ahnen, daß selbst im Zeitalter des Computers weiterhin Fachwerksysteme auf dieser Basis berechnet werden. Gegenwärtig erfolgt auf breiter Front die computergestützte Einführung dreidimensionaler Berechnungen für Türme und Maste in Stahlgitterbauweise. Der vorliegende Beitrag liefert einige Ansatzpunkte für die Diskussion der Ergebnisse, die mit den alternativen Verfahren ermittelt werden.
Structural damage assessment of building structures using dynamic experimental data
Authors: KIM HEUNG‐SIK , CHUN YOUNG‐SOO
Published: July 2004

Detection of damage to structures has recently received considerable attention from the viewpoint of maintenance and safety assessment. In this respect, the vibration characteristics of buildings have been applied consistently to obtain a damage index of the whole building, but it has not been established as a practical method until now. It is reasoned that this is perhaps due to restrictions on the experiment, use of improper method, and lack of inspection opportunity for the structures. In addition, in the case of large‐scale structures such as buildings, many variables to be considered for the analysis contribute to a large number of degrees of freedom, and this can also be a considerable problem for the analysis. A practical method for the detection of structural damage using the first natural frequency and mode shape of building is proposed in this paper. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by numerical analysis and experimental tests. From the results, it is observed that the severity and location of the damage can be estimated with a relatively small error by using modal properties of building. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimized use of the outrigger system to stiffen the coupled shear walls in tall buildings
Authors: ZEIDABADI NAVAB ASSADI , MIRTALAE KAMAL , MOBASHER BARZIN
Published: July 2004

Based on the conventional yet accurate continuum approach, a general analysis is presented for a pair of coupled shear walls, stiffened by an outrigger and a heavy beam in an arbitrary position on the height. Subsequently, a parametric study is presented to investigate the behavior of the structure. The optimum location of the outrigger and the parameters affecting its position were also investigated. The results showed that the behavior of the structure can be significantly influenced by the location of the outrigger. It was also indicated that in most ordinary cases the best location of the structure to minimize top drift is somewhere between 0·4 to 0·6 of the height of the structure. Though this method is not a substitute for the finite element method, it gives an initial simple solution to determine the size and position of outrigger, stiffening beam and coupled shear walls in the preliminary design stages. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy dissipation of tuned mass dampers during earthquake excitations
Authors: Wong K. K. F. , Chee Y. L.
Published: July 2004

The effectiveness of energy‐dissipative tuned mass dampers (TMD) on structural dynamic responses have been studied extensively since its development in the 1970s. Its applications have recently been extended to the use of active multiple tuned mass dampers. However, the process of a damper in improving a structure's ability to dissipate the earthquake's input energy has never been investigated. In this research, the objective lies in studying the process of structural energy transfer and the ability for the structure to dissipate energy. Numerical simulations are performed to study the energy responses of structures with and without TMD installed. The effectiveness of TMD in reduction of energy responses is also studied by using energy spectra and in a case study of a six‐storey building. Results show that TMD is more effective in reducing the energy responses for structures with a moderate to long period of vibration than those for short period structures. In addition, TMD is very effective in reducing both the maximum kinetic energy and strain energy of the structure, while it is also effective in reducing the amount of damping energy that must be dissipated through the structure by providing an alternating route of damping energy dissipation through the TMD. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hysteretic energy response of steel moment‐resisting frames with vertical mass irregularities
Authors: Choi Byong Jeong
Published: July 2004

Dynamic analyses were carried out to study the seismic response of high‐rise steel moment‐resisting frames in 16‐storey buildings. The frames are intentionally designed using three different design procedures: strength‐controlled design, strong column–weak beam controlled design, and drift‐controlled design. The seismic performances of the so‐designed frames with vertical mass irregularities were discussed in view of drift ratio, plastic hinge rotation, hysteretic energy input and stress demand. A demand curve of hysteretic energy inputs was also presented with two earthquake levels in peak ground accelerations for a future design application. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semi‐active predictive control of non‐linear structures with controlled stiffness devices and friction dampers
Authors: Ribakov Yuri
Published: July 2004

A predictive semi‐active control system used to improve the response of non‐linear multistorey structures to earthquakes is presented. A system of controlled stiffness devices (CSD) and friction dampers (FD) is studied. The system combines the forces produced by the semi‐active FD and additional stiffness supplied by the CSD in order to obtain an optimal structural response. A predictive algorithm is used to overcome the time delay problem in the control system. The control forces in the FD are calculated at every time step by applying the instantaneous optimum control law according to the structural behaviour predicted for the next time step at each storey level of the structure. The proposed system can be efficiently used for structural control because the forces developed in it are independent of the structure's displacements or velocities. Its efficiency is demonstrated by a numerical simulation of a seven‐storey building subjected to various seismic excitations. The simulation shows that the behaviour of a structure with the proposed control system is significantly improved compared to an uncontrolled one, or controlled by friction dampers or by semi‐active controlled stiffness devices only. The structural response with a predictive controlled system is similar to that with an instantaneous one. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Arabidopsis mutant disrupted in valine catabolism is also compromised in peroxisomal fatty acid β‐oxidation
Authors: Lange Peter R , Eastmond Peter J , Madagan Kathryn , Graham Ian A
Published: July 2004

Characterisation of the Arabidopsis dbr5 mutant, which was isolated on the basis of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4‐DB) resistance, revealed that it is disrupted in the CHY1 gene. CHY1 encodes a peroxisomal protein that is 43% identical to the mammalian β‐hydroxyisobutryl‐CoA hydrolase of valine catabolism. We show that 2,4‐DB resistance and the associated sucrose dependent seedling growth are due to a large activity decrease of 3‐ketoacyl‐CoA thiolase, which is involved in peroxisomal fatty acid β‐oxidation. 14C‐feeding studies demonstrate that dbr5 and chy1 seedlings are reduced in valine catabolism. These data support the hypothesis that CHY1 plays a key role in peroxisomal valine catabolism and that disruption of this enzyme results in accumulation of a toxic intermediate, methacrylyl‐CoA, that inhibits 3‐ketoacyl‐CoA thiolase activity and thus blocks peroxisomal β‐oxidation. We also show that CHY1 is repressed in seedlings grown on sugars, which suggests that branched chain amino acid catabolism is transcriptionally regulated by nutritional status.
Using worker personality and demographic information to improve system performance prediction
Authors: Juran David C. , Schruben Lee W.
Published: July 2004

This paper presents an approach to modeling workers where human performance has a significant impact on system productivity. Highly technical industries such as semiconductor manufacturing and service industries like banking are relying on fewer but more skilled workers. In these systems, productivity depends on worker availability and organization; therefore, modeling system performance may require accurate representations of individual worker behavior. This paper examines the tradeoffs in including information about the demographics and personalities of workers in system performance simulation models. A series of actual and simulated experiments in which personality and demographic data are used in different ways to model the performance of a team of workers is reported. Significant differences are found in predicted system performance demonstrating that model validity depends on the methodology used for modeling workers. These results have practical implication for the managerial processes of recruiting and selecting individual workers, as well as organizing teams of workers and assigning them to tasks.
Temporal expression of growth factors and matrix molecules in healing tendon lesions
Authors: Dahlgren Linda A. , Mohammed Hussni O. , Nixon Alan J.
Published: July 2004

Overuse tendon injuries are common among elite and recreational athletes. Tendon healing may be enhanced at the cellular level through the use of exogenous growth factors; however, little is known about the endogenous expression of growth factors in healing tendon. This study describes the temporal expression of insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I), transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1), and collagen types I and III in healing tendon lesions. Collagenase‐induced lesions were created in the tensile region of theflexor digitorum superficialistendon of both forelimbs of 14 horses. Tendons were harvested from euthanatized horses 1, 2, 4, 8 or 24 weeks following injury. Gene expression was evaluated using Northern blot analysis (collagen types I and III), real time PCR (IGF‐I and TGF‐β1), and in situ hybridization. Protein content was assayed by dye‐binding assay (collagen types I and III), radioimmunoassay (IGF‐I), ELISA (TGF‐β1), and immunohistochemistry. Samples were also processed for differential collagen typing. DNA and glycosaminoglycan content, and routine H&E staining. Microscopically, lesions progressed from an amorphous, acellular lesion soon after injury to scar tissue filled with collagen fibers and mature fibroblasts organized along lines of tension. Early lesions were characterized by immediate increases in expression of growth factors and collagen. Message levels for TGF‐β1 peaked early in the wound healing process (1 week), while IGF‐I peaked later (4 weeks), as the regenerative phase of healing was progressing. In the first 2 weeks after lesion induction, tissue levels of IGF‐I protein actually decreased approximately 40% compared to normal tendon. By 4 weeks, these levels had exceeded those of normal tendon and remained elevated through 8 weeks. Message expression for collagen types I and III increased by 1 week following injury and remained elevated throughout the course of the study. Collagen type I represented the major type of collagen in healing tendon at all time points of the study. Based on these results, IGF‐I, administered exogenously during the first 2 weeks following injury, may provide a therapeutic advantage by bolstering low endogenous tissue levels and enhancing the metabolic response of individual tendon fibroblasts. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
“BALANCING” AND THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE HABERMAS-ALEXY DEBATE
Authors: Greer Steven
Published: July 2004

At the core of contemporary political, constitutional, and legal theory, lie the questions of how “constitutional”, “fundamental”, and “human” rights are, and should be, reconciled with each other and with considerations of the wider public interest. This article considers how the debate between Habermas and Alexy about the appropriateness of “balancing” as a way of addressing these problems might apply to the adjudication of the European Court of Human Rights, and concludes that, with some modification, Alexy's model is to be preferred.
THE TRAJECTORY OF (CORPORATE LAW) SCHOLARSHIP
Authors: Cheffins Brian R.
Published: July 2004

While considerable attention is devoted to legal scholarship, little has been written on the process by which academic writing on law evolves. This paper departs from the existing pattern and examines five potential trajectories for legal scholarship. One is based on the idea that knowledge “accumulates” as part of “progress” towards a better understanding of the matters under study. The second is the concept of the “paradigm”, derived from work done on the history and sociology of science. The third focuses on the idea that academic endeavour concerning law yields useful ideas since market forces are at work. The fourth is a “cyclical” thesis, based on the assumption that themes legal scholars write about arise on a reoccurring basis. Finally, legal scholarship can potentially be characterised in terms of fads and fashions. It appears that scholarly trends in law develop in a manner that is at least partially consistent with each of the five potential trajectories identified. At the same time, none captures fully the dynamics at work and indeed there is some conflict between the various paths available. The paper tests these conjectures by focusing on a particular topic, namely corporate law. The survey offered does not identify one of the five potential trajectories as being dominant. Still, each does help to explain how corporate law scholarship has developed. Correspondingly, for those who are interested in why some ideas prosper whereas other claims “burn out”, this paper offers a “test-driven” analytical framework that can be applied to discern how academic writing on law evolves over time.
I REALLY CANNOT MAKE AFRICA MY HOME: WEST INDIAN MISSIONARIES AS ‘OUTSIDERS’ IN THE CHURCH MISSIONARY SOCIETY CIVILIZING MISSION TO SOUTHERN NIGERIA, 1898–1925
Authors: WARIBOKO WAIBINTE E.
Published: July 2004

Informed by the notion of racial affinity, the European managers of the Church Missionary Society Niger Mission had required all black West Indians in their employ to make Africa their home. However, because the African posting involved a substantial devaluation in the material benefits to be derived from missionary service, West Indians vigorously objected to the idea of making Africa their home. They demanded instead to be perceived and treated as foreigners on the same footing as Europeans. Although they were subsequently defined as part of the expatriate workforce of the Mission, they were still denied parity with Europeans in the allocation of scarce benefits on the basis of racial considerations. Unresolved tensions over the redistribution of scarce resources led to the premature collapse of the West Indian scheme. This essay is an analysis of how the pursuit of socioeconomic self-interest affected the construction and representation of race and identity among the West Indians in the Niger Mission.
ACCOUNTING FOR POWER IN NORTHERN NIGERIA
Authors: NEWBURY COLIN
Published: July 2004

The contribution made by accountancy historians to the historiography of imperial over-rule underlines the need for attention to financial records. This is especially true for the example of Northern Nigeria, where Lugard's successors initiated consolidated tax assessment based on wealth and administration of emirate finances through treasuries. The economic and political results of this decentralization were expansion of personnel and emoluments, confusion over funding for central and provincial departments and financial underpinning for regional autonomy.
Vox Electronica: Nostalgia, Irony and Cyborgian Vocalities in Kraftwerk’s Radioaktivität and Autobahn
Authors: BIDDLE IAN
Published: July 2004

This paper takes a close look at the music of Kraftwerk, perhaps the best known of the ‘electronic’ groups of former West Germany’s so-called neue Welle, in order to raise some fundamental questions about the politics of elektronische Musik before the dawn of the digital age and, in particular, how constructions and performances of the voice in late analogue technology rehearse new and critical strategies of resistance in the aftermath of 1968.

It is a commonplace of recent cultural-theoretical considerations of digital technology to ascribe to it a fundamental re-positioning of imaginations of the subject, of authorship and of agency in the broadest sense. What has never really been fully worked through in this (usually utopian) figuration of digital technology is the extent to which technology can be conceived as ‘autonomous’ (as Rosie Braidotti would have it) or whether new technologies in themselves are a guarantor of new cultural formations. In particular, this paper seeks to test the extent to which Kraftwerk’s pre-digital imagination can be read as an expression of the politics of the so-called Tendenzwende (a ‘turning inwards’ from explicitly activist politics to a more diffuse politics of the personal) of the Schmidt- and early Kohlzeit. The article looks in particular at Kraftwerk’s use of what might be termed the ‘electronic sublime’ as a way of disengaging the music from the ego-centred practices of earlier German rock music and as a way of anticipating new German subject positions and political identities in the light of de-industrialization and globalization.
On the Definition of Fluctuating Temperature
Authors: Lavenda B. H.
Published: July 2004

The Maxwell distribution is derived from the F-distribution in the limit where one of the degrees of freedom of the χ2 variates tends to infinity. The estimator of the temperature is consistent, and, hence coincides with the temperature of the heat reservoir in the asymptotic limit; it is also unbiased and efficient. Consequently, there is a contradiction between indentifying the Lagrange multiplier in the variational formalism that Tsallis and co-workers use to maximize his nonadditive entropy with respect to escort expectation values in order to derive the Student t- and r-distributions and the physical meaning of these variables. Only in the asymptotic limit when these distributions become the χ2-distributions of MBG statistics can the Lagrange multiplier be interpreted as the inverse temperature. Hence, there is no generalization of the χ2-distributions that can be made which involves interpreting the Lagrange multiplier as the inverse temperature. The frequency interpretation of the fluctuating temperature is contrasted with the Bayesian approach that treats a parameter to be estimated as a random variable which is equipped with a probability distribution.
Pores in bilayer membranes of amphiphilic molecules: Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations compared with simple mesoscopic models
Authors: Loison C. , Mareschal M. , Schmid F.
Published: July 2004

We investigate pores in fluid membranes by molecular dynamics simulations of an amphiphile-solvent mixture, using a molecular coarse-grained model. The amphiphilic membranes self-assemble into a lamellar stack of amphiphilic bilayers separated by solvent layers. We focus on the particular case of tensionless membranes, in which pores spontaneously appear because of thermal fluctuations. Their spatial distribution is similar to that of a random set of repulsive hard disks. The size and shape distribution of individual pores can be described satisfactorily by a simple mesoscopic model, which accounts only for a pore independent core energy and a line tension penalty at the pore edges. In particular, the pores are not circular: their shapes are fractal and have the same characteristics as those of two-dimensional ring polymers. Finally, we study the size-fluctuation dynamics of the pores, and compare the time evolution of their contour length to a random walk in a linear potential.
Interactions between spherical colloids mediated by a liquid crystal: A molecular simulation and mesoscale study
Authors: Kim Evelina B. , Guzmán Orlando , Grollau Sylvain , Abbott Nicholas L. , de Pablo Juan J.
Published: July 2004

Monte Carlo simulations and dynamic field theory (DyFT) are used to study the interactions between dilute spherical particles, dispersed in nematic and isotropic phases of a liquid crystal. A recently developed simulation method (expanded ensemble density of states) was used to determine the potential of mean force (PMF) between the two spheres as a function of their separation and size. The PMF was also calculated by a dynamic field theory that describes the evolution of the local tensor order parameter. Both methods reveal an overall attraction between the colloids in the nematic phase; in the isotropic phase, the overall attraction between the colloids is much weaker, whereas the repulsion at short range is stronger. In addition, both methods predict a new topology of the disclination lines, which arises when the particles approach each other. The theory is found to describe the results of simulations remarkably well, down to length scales comparable to the size of the molecules. At separations corresponding to the width of individual molecular layers on the particles’ surface, the two methods yield different defect structures. We attribute this difference to the neglect of density inhomogeneities in the DyFT. We also investigate the effects of the size of spherical colloids on their interactions.