bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Critical view on the level of maximum punching strength of flat slabs and column bases using database evaluations
Authors: Schmidt Philipp , Kalus Matthias , Hegger Josef
Published: September 2021

The level of maximum punching strength is of major importance to design highly stressed slab‐column connections and to choose the type of punching shear reinforcement. Since a couple of years, there is consensus that the maximum punching strength of shear‐reinforced concrete slabs can be defined as a multiple of the reference punching strength without shear reinforcement. The upper bound of this load‐increasing effect depends mainly on the anchorage and arrangement of shear reinforcement elements. Despite numerous research studies and database evaluations, there are ongoing discussions regarding the final effectiveness of stirrups and double headed studs installed in flat slabs and column bases.

In this paper, a strictly filtered punching database is used to highlight the significant impact of underlying reference strength comparing the maximum load increase according to current Eurocode 2 and the draft for the next generation of Eurocode 2 (prEC2). Based on this unifying database, the origin of current discrepancies is discussed and a combination of constant lower bound coefficients with a refined formula as specified in prEC2 is proposed. Additionally, the effect of adapting current European Technical Approvals for double‐headed studs and punching shear optimized lattice girders to prEC2 is shortly analyzed. A further database evaluation also allows for setting the basis for optimized detailing provisions regarding the maximum permissible diameter of shear reinforcement.
Preventing Alzheimer's disease within reach by 2025: Targeted‐risk‐AD‐prevention (TRAP) strategy
Authors: Vitali Francesca , Branigan Gregory L. , Brinton Roberta Diaz
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that currently affects 6.2 million people in the United States and is projected to impact 152 million worldwide in 2050 with no effective disease‐modifying therapeutic or cure. In 2011 as part of the National Alzheimer's Project Act, the National Plan to Address Alzheimer's Disease was signed into law which proposed to effectively prevent AD by 2025, which is rapidly approaching. The preclinical phase of AD can begin 20 years prior to diagnosis, which provides an extended window for preventive measures that would exert a transformative impact on incidence and prevalence of AD.

Methods

A novel combination of text‐mining and natural language processing strategies to identify (1) AD risk factors, (2) therapeutics that can target risk factor pathways, and (3) studies supporting therapeutics in the PubMed database was conducted. To classify the literature relevant to AD preventive strategies, a relevance score (RS) based on STRING (search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins) score for protein–protein interactions and a confidence score (CS) on Bayesian inference were developed. To address mechanism of action, network analysis of protein targets for effective drugs was conducted. Collectively, the analytic approach, referred to as a targeted‐risk‐AD‐prevention (TRAP) strategy, led to a ranked list of candidate therapeutics to reduce AD risk.

Results

Based on TRAP mining of 9625 publications, 364 AD risk factors were identified. Based on risk factor indications, 629 Food and Drug Administration‐approved drugs were identified. Computation of ranking scores enabled identification of 46 relevant high confidence (RS & CS > 0.7) drugs associated with reduced AD risk. Within these candidate therapeutics, 16 had more than one clinical study supporting AD risk reduction. Top‐ranked therapeutics with high confidence emerged within lipid‐lowering, anti‐inflammatory, hormone, and metabolic‐related drug classes.

Discussion

Outcomes of our novel bioinformatic strategy support therapeutic targeting of biological mechanisms and pathways underlying relevant AD risk factors with high confidence. Early interventions that target pathways associated with increased risk of AD have the potential to support the goal of effectively preventing AD by 2025.
Interactive Read‐Alouds as Translanguaging Spaces
Authors: Han Mihyun , Van Duinen Deborah Vriend , Weng Angela
Published: September 2021

In this Teaching Tips article, we discuss our efforts to create and utilize translanguaging interactive read‐aloud videos as part of a community‐wide reading program focused on the reading and discussing of a shared book. Offering translanguaging spaces for bilingual readers in area elementary classrooms and the community, these videos were designed to help readers develop their literacy skills by encouraging them to engage with the chosen book's content by drawing on their full linguistic repertoires. After introducing our project, we outline the translanguaging theoretical framework guiding our read‐aloud videos and offer suggestions for teachers interested in exploring ways to create translanguaging spaces in their classrooms.
Expected‐value bias in mid‐trimester preterm birth screening
Authors: Aiartzaguena A. , Del Campo A. , Melchor I. , Gutiérrez J. , Melchor J. C. , Burgos J.
Published: September 2021

Objectives

Cervical length (CL) measurement ≤ 25 mm on mid‐trimester ultrasound scan is a known risk factor for preterm birth, for which vaginal progesterone is recommended. The aims of this study were to evaluate whether CL measurement is affected by observer bias and to assess the impact on short cervix prevalence of masking CL measurement during routine mid‐trimester ultrasound scan.

Methods

This was a flash study designed for a 2‐month period (October and November 2018) at Cruces University Hospital (Bizkaia, Spain), in which all CL measurements from routine mid‐trimester scans were masked. During the study period, there was no modification of the routine screening method, and women with a short cervix were prescribed 200 mg vaginal progesterone daily as per usual. The control group included women examined in a 2‐month period (April and May 2018) prior to the study, in which CL measurements were taken as usual by a non‐blinded operator. The primary outcome was the prevalence of short cervix in each group.

Results

A total of 983 CL measurements were analyzed, including 457 in the blinded group and 526 in the control group. The prevalence of short cervix was 2.7% in the non‐blinded group and 5.5% in the blinded group (P = 0.024). We identified a statistically significant difference in the incidence of CL of 24–25 mm between the two groups, with a lower prevalence in the non‐blinded vs blinded group (0.6% vs 2.4%; P < 0.005). Moreover, the distribution of CL values was normal in the blinded group, in contrast to the non‐blinded group, which was characterized by skewed distribution of CL values.

Conclusions

Expected‐value bias exists and should be taken into account when measuring CL in mid‐trimester preterm birth screening. Blinding has demonstrated to be an effective strategy to improve the performance of CL screening in clinical practice. © 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Targeting steroid hormone receptors for anti‐cancer therapy—A review on small molecules and nanotherapeutic approaches
Authors: Mahadik Namita , Bhattacharya Dwaipayan , Padmanabhan Akshaya , Sakhare Kalyani , Narayan Kumar Pranav , Banerjee Rajkumar
Published: September 2021

The steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) among nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) are steroid ligand‐dependent transcription factors that play important roles in the regulation of transcription of genes promoted via hormone responsive elements in our genome. Aberrant expression patterns and context‐specific regulation of these receptors in cancer, have been routinely reported by multiple research groups. These gave an window of opportunity to target those receptors in the context of developing novel, targeted anticancer therapeutics. Besides the development of a plethora of SHR‐targeting synthetic ligands and the availability of their natural, hormonal ligands, development of many SHR‐targeted, anticancer nano‐delivery systems and theranostics, especially based on small molecules, have been reported. It is intriguing to realize that these cytoplasmic receptors have become a hot target for cancer selective delivery. This is in spite of the fact that these receptors do not fall in the category of conventional, targetable cell surface bound or transmembrane receptors that enjoy over‐expression status. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is one such exciting SHR that in spite of it being expressed ubiquitously in all cells, we discovered it to behave differently in cancer cells, thus making it a truly druggable target for treating cancer. This review selectively accumulates the knowledge generated in the field of SHR‐targeting as a major focus for cancer treatment with various anticancer small molecules and nanotherapeutics on progesterone receptor, mineralocorticoid receptor, and androgen receptor while selectively emphasizing on GR and estrogen receptor. This review also briefly highlights lipid‐modification strategy to convert ligands into SHR‐targeted cancer nanotherapeutics.

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease

Biology‐Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid‐Based Structures

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Wissensgenese 2.0: Social-Media-Analysen
Authors: Säugling Carolin
Published: September 2021

Kapitel 3 erweitert den theoretischen Bezugsrahmen dieser Studie im Hinblick auf deren Fragestellung und Untersuchungsgegenstand noch einmal, wobei Social-Media-Analysen in diese als innovative Methode der organisationalen Wissensgenese eingeführt werden. Zunächst fällt der Blick auf soziale Medien und das Web 2.0 als bedeutsame Phänomene der Digitalisierung. Es folgt eine Vorstellung der Computational Social Sciences beziehungsweise der Digital Humanities, die sich als neue Disziplinen mit der Wissensgenese 2.0 beschäftigen. Daraufhin geht es sowohl um methodologische Besonderheiten als auch ethische Aspekte, welche mit Social-Media-Analysen einhergehen, deren Methodik dann noch gesondert betrachtet wird. Da sich inzwischen mehrere wissenschaftliche Disziplinen mit der Methode der Social-Media-Analysen auseinandersetzen, wird auch deren Perspektiven ein gewisser Raum gewährt. Ein Überblick über die verschiedenen Einsatzgebiete von Social-Media-Analysen sowie ein Einblick in deren Nutzung innerhalb der Marktforschung schließt das Kapitel ab.
Introduction
Authors: Beeres Robert , Klomp Jeroen , Timmermans Job , Bertrand Robert , Voetelink Joop
Published: September 2021

This year’s volume of the Netherlands Annual Review of Military Studies (NL ARMS) offers an interdisciplinary view on the domain of Compliance and Integrity in International Military Trade (CIIMT), integrating defence economics, international law, arms export control frameworks and policies, information management, organizational sciences and ethics. Although in academia, and from an interdisciplinary perspective, CIIMT constitutes a novel research domain, across private and public defence-related sectors, the subject evokes high levels of attention and interest, instigating a need for critical thinking, reflection and creativity to address ensuing multi-faceted issues and problems. From 2017, the Faculty of Military Sciences (FMS) at the Netherlands Defence Academy (NLDA) has offered an in-house MSc programme on CIIMT, which, by integrating practice-based and scientific-based knowledge, aims to contribute to this need. The NL ARMS 2021 comprises, amongst others, contributions from students and lecturers partaking in this programme.
Case: Sharing Parts and Services Among NATO Members
Authors: Türkalp Semra , Dekkers Bastiaan
Published: September 2021

NATO’s goals require close cooperation of Member States on operational readiness, interoperability of their systems, material supplies, transfer of technology and joint R&D projects. A common approach on the application and implementation of arms export controls, however, is largely lacking. This chapter questions the absence of application and implementation of arms export controls in the context of the material logistical support and services provided by the NATO Support and Procurement Agency (NSPA). Three root causes of deviant behaviour of the Member States with the arms export controls are identified and analysed: (1) fragmentation of the arms export control laws and regulations; (2) a lack of leadership commitment and organisational culture of compliance; and (3) a combination of external and internal pressures leads to a forced prioritization of operational readiness above compliance. Next, a response is formulated to effectively counter deviant behaviour such as non-compliance with arms export controls by implementing a mixture of soft and hard controls. We advise the NSPA to create a culture of compliance within the NATO Partnership Program’s community based on ethical values and virtues. This requires social consensus, leadership commitment and a common agreement on and formalization of the basic rules of export control.
Contract-Boundary-Spanning Governance Initiatives in the International Defense Supply Chain of the F-35 Program
Authors: De Schryver Tom , Demmink Gert
Published: September 2021

International cooperation in the American-led F-35 program inherently triggers national security concerns. Consequently, the multiple exports in the supply chain are subject to intricate licensing and export controls. Drawing on insights from governance and contract theory we introduce a theoretical lens that highlights some important trade compliance challenges in supply chain networks. In this chapter, contract-boundary-spanning governance mechanisms are defined as increasingly sophisticated hard or soft governance mechanisms in the private law sphere that can be deployed by any public or private stakeholder to govern international supply chains. We find contract-boundary-spanning governance initiatives by state and private stakeholders in the defense supply chain of the F-35 program. At the same time, we argue that while serious efforts have been made by various state actors and legislators to reduce the burden in trade compliance requirements in the F-35 program, the industry is still facing a considerable number of compliance challenges. We argue that more contract-boundary-spanning initiatives by the private parties in defense supply chain network are needed if these challenges are to be successfully overcome.
Effectiveness of Arms Control: The Case of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Bogers Marion , Beeres Robert , Smetsers Koen
Published: September 2021

Using a four-level dashboard, this chapter offers a quantitative and a qualitative analysis of the effectiveness of an arms embargo against Saudi Arabia. The chapter elaborates on the question as to how political, security and economic motives have impacted the (un)willingness of major arms selling states to join the arms embargo against Saudi Arabia.
Developing an Adequate Internal Compliance Program for the Royal Netherlands Air Force Command
Authors: Bertrand Robert , van Riet Hans
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines how an adequate Internal Compliance Program (ICP) for the Royal Netherlands Airforce (RNLAF) was developed. In order to create an adequate ICP, it is essential to determine which legal and other aspects should be incorporated in the ICP framework. To deduct these relevant aspects of the environment the RNLAF operates in, a Political, Economic, Social, Technological and Legal (PESTL) analysis is used. Furthermore, the different ICP frameworks are compared in order to make a combination of them to create the most adequate ICP for the RNLAF. We conclude that this should be a combination of mainly US ICP Frameworks as of the fact that the RNLAF is mostly US orientated. The COSO model as an internationally widely used best practice framework is the core. The combination of the PESTL analysis, the legal framework and the chosen ICP frameworks together result in an 11 pillars ICP, which we consider is the most adequate ICP for the RNLAF. Leading principle in combining all the aforementioned elements, is that the ICP has to be tailored to its organizations’ characteristics (e.g. nature of items, size of the organization, national, regional and global footprint). We understand that there is no one-size-fits-all approach, but one needs to design an ICP that specifically fits the given organizational structure, its size and daily operations.
Arms Exports and Export Control of the Dutch Republic 1585–1621
Authors: de Jong Michiel
Published: September 2021

The Dutch Republic underwent a process of state formation, accelerated economic growth and military reforms during the Eighty Years War. In particular between 1585 and 1621, Dutch merchant-entrepreneurs built up a burgeoning arms industry and sector of arms exports. These exports required a system of passports, still an under-researched theme in current literature, organized by the States-General and admiralties in order to support exports to neutral and allied states, but to forestall these did not fall into enemy hands. In particular, the system of passports shows how merchants, acting as intermediaries between allies and the States-General and the admiralties, could meet the volatile demand of war materials. As a result, the supply side of the export market was oligopolistic, but the composition of the group of oligopolists varied depending on the region and the prevailing market conditions in question. From this study it can be concluded that the system of export control had only a limited effectiveness regarding the creative arms exports to Spanish Habsburg destinations, due to divergent central and local interests. However, the major part of the Dutch arms exports flowed to allies such as France, Venice, Sweden and the German protestant states. Dutch merchants provided them with batches of strategic materials and total package-deals of armaments for entire army and navy units. From 1621, the States-General supported these transactions by supplying war materials from the state arsenals fostering timely and largescale deliveries, meeting volatile demand conditions.
Economics of Arms Trade: What Do We Know?
Authors: van Lieshout Jan , Beeres Robert
Published: September 2021

Taking an economic perspective, and underpinned by a literature review, this chapter analyses the development of explicit sets of relationships between dependent and independent variables in the international arms trade from 1995 onwards. We distinguish five main categories within the markets of military and dual-use goods and services, comprising weapons of mass destruction, major weapon systems, small arms and light weapons, dual-use goods, and services. Per category, papers are ordered by research type and methodology. Based on our findings thus far, the final section of the chapter offers a research agenda for further studies.
Export Control Regimes—Present-Day Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: de Bruin Esmée
Published: September 2021

The system of export control regimes is an important instrument to prevent the proliferation of both weapons of mass destruction and conventional weapons. However, this system faces several structural and recent challenges. The regimes are informal, and consequently, their measures are non-binding upon states. Second, the regimes consist of a selective group of countries, excluding some dominant arms exporters. New technology is rapidly changing the military field, and it is difficult for the export control regimes to keep up with these developments. Further, most of the regimes were designed when states were the most important international actors while currently legitimate and illegitimate non-state actors play an ever-increasing role for export controls. In addition, it is unclear how the regimes will advance with the multipolar world order of the twenty-first century. All new developments could lead to the proliferation of weapons, making efforts to prevent proliferation more relevant than ever. There are several opportunities to reform and strengthen the export control regimes. Cooperation could help the regimes to remain relevant. The sharing of good practices can help the regimes to find the least disruptive and effective non-proliferation measures. Setting up a paradigm-based regime instead of a weapon-based regime may be more suitable for the future. In addition, a revision of the decision-making process would help the regimes to respond swiftly to developments in the field.
International Export Control Law—Mapping the Field
Authors: Voetelink Joop
Published: September 2021

Traditionally, the control of the export of arms and other military material is a national concern that flows from the principle of state sovereignty. As international public law developed, national rules and regulations were increasingly affected by a growing body of international law. Together, these rules and laws constitute an emerging subdiscipline of law impacting the international trade in military and dual-use goods, technology, and software and can be referred to as export control law. This chapter explores various well-established disciplines of public international law that form the constituent parts of international export control law.
Exploring the Multifaceted Relationship of Compliance and Integrity—The Case of the Defence Industry
Authors: Timmermans Job
Published: September 2021

Over the years, compliance has come to be closely associated with integrity. Originally, compliance foremost had been understood as abiding by (financial) law and regulation as a prerequisite to pursuing an organization’s operational goals. In response to societal developments and corruption scandals this perspective gradually has shifted. Despite the increased importance and consecutive academic attention of the seemingly self-evident relationship between compliance and integrity, a dedicated analysis of this relationship is still lacking. Such an analysis not only will increase our theoretical understanding of the underlying concepts and how they evoke each other, but practically its insights may also help to increase the effectiveness of managing compliance and integrity within organizations. This contribution, therefore, conducts a conceptual analysis into the relationship between compliance and integrity. First, the meaning of compliance and integrity as individual concepts is discussed, followed by a comparison of the two concepts. The commonalities and differences that come to the fore then act as a stepping stone to unpack the various ways the concepts of compliance and integrity invoke each other. Based on this discussion a basic analytic framework is drawn up that summarizes the different valuations of the relationship between compliance and integrity. To illustrate their practical relevance, the different valuations depicted by the framework are illustrated with an example drawn from the defence industry. It concludes by discussing the implications of the analysis and suggesting some possible routes for further research.
Do Sanctions Cause Economic Growth Collapses?
Authors: Splinter Melody , Klomp Jeroen
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores whether economic sanctions are able to trigger sudden economic growth collapses. The primarily aim of economic sanctions is to cause a political or behavioural change by imposing serious restrictions on important economic activities undertaken by the target country. In particular, the basic idea is that sanctions cause a large adverse and sudden shock to the target’s economy. It assumes that when this shock is severe enough, the target country is more willing to cooperate. The findings reported in this chapter clearly demonstrate that economic sanctions have a significant positive effect on the likelihood of a growth deceleration in the first three years after the first threat signals or actual imposition. It turns out that not all sanctions are equally successful in creating a sudden economic shock. In particular, trade sanctions, multilateral sanctions, and sanctions aimed at the business sector are the most harmful for the economy of the target country.
Does Legal Origin Matter for Arms Control Treaty Ratification?
Authors: Klomp Jeroen , Beeres Robert
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines whether the legal origin of a country influences the likelihood of ratification of multilateral international treaties concerning arms control. We theorize that ratification of an arms control treaty signals a country’s intention to avoid arms races and wars. We know only little about the variation in the ratification of such agreements. One possible element that may explain this variation is the legal origin or tradition of a country. Since treaties are legally binding agreements between two or more states and/or international governmental organizations, they cannot be adapted to local needs and circumstances. Treaties are therefore generally an uneasy fit with the gradual, organic evolution of law that is essential in the common-law system. By contrast, the civil-law tradition neatly distinguishes between legally binding obligations and non-binding guidelines or directives. Consequently, civil-law countries are expected to be more likely to ratify treaties than common-law countries. The empirical results clearly confirm this expectation. In particular, civil-law countries have ratified about nine percent more treaties than common-law countries.
Stokes phenomena in 3d $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 SQED2 and $$ \mathbbm{CP} $$1 models
Authors: Jain Dharmesh , Manna Arkajyoti
Published: September 2021

Abstract

We propose a novel approach of uncovering Stokes phenomenon exhibited by the holomorphic blocks of $$ \mathbbm{CP} $$
CP
1 model by considering it as a specific decoupling limit of SQED2 model. This approach involves using a ℤ3 symmetry that leaves the supersymmetric parameter space of SQED2 model invariant to transform a pair of SQED2 holomorphic blocks to get two new pairs of blocks. The original pair obtained by solving the line operator identities of the SQED2 model and the two new transformed pairs turn out to be related by Stokes-like matrices. These three pairs of holomorphic blocks can be reduced to the known triplet of $$ \mathbbm{CP} $$
CP
1 blocks in a particular decoupling limit where two of the chiral multiplets in the SQED2 model are made infinitely massive. This reduction then correctly reproduces the Stokes regions and matrices of the $$ \mathbbm{CP} $$
CP
1 blocks. Along the way, we find six pairs of SQED2 holomorphic blocks in total, which lead to six Stokes-like regions covering uniquely the full parameter space of the SQED2 model.
Entwicklung und Validierung eines Kurskonzepts zur medizinisch-taktischen Rettung unter Tage
Authors: Reuter Frank , Fichtner Andreas , Brunner Benedikt , Preuss Denise , Herrmann Beate , Herrmann Martin
Published: September 2021

Hintergrund

Die Strukturänderung im modernen Bergbau erhöht das Notfallpotenzial ohne Verfügbarkeit einer dem öffentlichen Rettungsdienst vergleichbaren Notfallrettung unter Tage, bei zusätzlich deutlich verlängerten Rettungszeiten.

Fragestellung

Kann die Grubenwehr zur medizinischen Notfallrettung unter Tage ertüchtigt werden?

Material und Methoden

Ein auf typische Notfälle optimiertes medizinisch-taktisches Rettungsschema nebst Ausrüstung wurde entwickelt und medizindidaktisch optimiert in 16 Unterrichtseinheiten geschult. Objective Structured Practical Examinations (OSPE) von 3 geschulten Grubenwehrtrupps a 4 Wehrleuten wurden mittels identischer Prüfung von zufällig ausgewähltem Rettungsdienstreferenzpersonal (17 Teilnehmer unterschiedlicher Ausbildungsniveaus) verglichen.

Ergebnisse

Das medizinisch-taktische Rettungsschema beinhaltet Vitalfunktions- und Bodycheck, Reanimation mit Defibrillation, nasale und intraossäre Medikamentengabe, Atemwegssicherung, Thoraxpunktion, Blutstillung, Tourniquet, Reposition, Schienung sowie Transportlagerung mit Wärmeerhalt. In der OSPE-Prüfung erzielte die Grubenwehr (Mittelwert [M] = 3,42, 95 %-Konfidenzintervall [KI95 %] = [3,24; 3,60]) gleiche Ergebnisse wie der Rettungsdienst höheren Ausbildungsniveaus (M = 3,28, KI95 % = [3,09; 3,46]), jedoch deutlich bessere Ergebnisse als Rettungssanitäter (M = 2,43, KI95 % = [2,10; 2,77]). Das Kompetenzniveau der Grubenwehr blieb nach einem 6‑monatigen übungsfreien Intervall stabil (M = 3,54, KI95 % = [3,31; 3,73]).

Diskussion

Das erzielte Kompetenzniveau der ausgebildeten Wehrleute nach taktischem Minenrettungskurs ist mit dem öffentlichen Rettungsdienst innerhalb des eng definierten Behandlungsschemas vergleichbar. Die Grubenwehr kann unter Anwendung medizinischer Notkompetenz ein geeignetes Instrument sein, um die Lücke der professionellen Notfallrettung unter Tage zu schließen.
What happens to the lower lumbar spine after marathon running: a 3.0 T MRI study of 21 first-time marathoners
Authors: Horga Laura M. , Henckel Johann , Fotiadou Anastasia , Di Laura Anna , Hirschmann Anna C. , Lee Robert , Hart Alister J.
Published: September 2021

Objective

To better understand the impact of long-distance running on runners’ lumbar spines by assessing changes before and after their first marathon run.

Materials and methods

The lumbar spines of 28 asymptomatic adults (14 males, 14 females, mean age: 30 years old), who registered for their first marathon, the 2019 London Richmond Marathon, were examined 16 weeks before (time point 1) and 2 weeks after (time point 2) the marathon. Participants undertook a pre-race 16-week training programme. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of high-resolution 3.0 Tesla was used at each time point. Senior musculoskeletal radiologists assessed the lower lumbar spine condition.

Results

Out of 28 participants, 21 completed both the training and the race and 7 neither completed the training nor started the marathon but not due to spine-related issues. At time point 1, disc degeneration was detected in 17/28 (61%), most predominantly at spinal segments L4–L5 and L5–S1. No back pain/other symptoms were reported. When compared to time point 2, there was no progression in the extent of disc degeneration, including intervertebral disc (IVD) height (p = 0.234), width (p = 0.359), and intervertebral distance (p = 0.641). There was a regression in 2 out of 8 (25%) participants who had pre-marathon sacroiliac joint bone marrow oedema, and a small increase in the size of a pre-marathon subchondral cyst in one participant, all asymptomatic.

Conclusion

Running 500 miles over 4 months plus a marathon for the first time had no adverse effects on the lumbar spine, even when early degenerative changes were present. Additionally, there was evidence of regression of sacroiliac joint abnormalities.
Three-Year Results from the Venovo Venous Stent Study for the Treatment of Iliac and Femoral Vein Obstruction
Authors: Dake Michael D. , O’Sullivan Gerard , Shammas Nicolas W. , Lichtenberg Michael , Mwipatayi Bibombe P. , Settlage Richard A. ,   for the VERNACULAR Trial Investigators
Published: September 2021

Purpose

To assess safety and patency of the Venovo venous stent for the treatment of iliofemoral vein obstruction.

Materials and Methods

Twenty-two international centers enrolled 170 patients in the VERNACULAR study (93 post-thrombotic syndrome; 77 non-thrombotic iliac vein lesions). Primary outcome measures were major adverse events at 30 days and 12-month primary patency (freedom from target vessel revascularization, thrombotic occlusion, or stenosis > 50%). Secondary outcomes included the Venous Clinical Severity Score Pain Assessment and Chronic Venous Quality-of-Life Questionnaire assessments (hypothesis tested). Secondary observations included primary patency, target vessel and lesion revascularization (TVR/TLR), and assessment of stent integrity through 36 months.

Results

Freedom from major adverse events through 30 days was 93.5%, statistically higher than a pre-specified performance goal of 89% (p = 0.032) while primary patency at 12 months was 88.6%, also statistically higher than a performance goal of 74% (p < 0.0001). Mean quality-of-life measures were statistically improved compared to baseline values at 12 months (p < 0.0001). Primary patency at 36 months was 84% (Kaplan–Meier analysis) while freedom from TVR/TLR was 88.1%. There was no stent embolization/migration, and no core laboratory assessed stent fractures reported through 36 months. Six deaths were reported; none adjudicated as device or procedure related.

Conclusion

The Venovo venous stent was successfully deployed in obstructive iliofemoral vein lesions and met the pre-specified primary outcome measures through 12 months. At 3 years, primary patency was 84%, reintervention rates were low, standardized quality-of-life and pain measures improved from baseline, and there was no stent migration or fractures.

Level of Evidence

Level 2—prospective, multicenter, controlled clinical study without a concurrent control or randomization. Pre-specified endpoints were hypothesis-tested to performance goals derived from peer-reviewed clinical literature.

Registration clinicaltrials.gov

Unique Identifier NCT02655887.
Post-operative hearing among patients with labyrinthine fistula as a complication of cholesteatoma using “under water technique”
Authors: Thangavelu K. , Weiß R. , Mueller-Mazzotta J. , Schulze M. , Stuck B. A. , Reimann K.
Published: September 2021

Introduction

During surgery in patients with labyrinthine fistula the mandatory complete removal of the cholesteatoma while preserving inner ear and vestibular function is a challenge. Options so far have been either the complete removal of the cholesteatoma or leaving the matrix on the fistula. We evaluated an alternative “under water” surgical technique for complete cholesteatoma resection, in terms of preservation of postoperative inner ear and vestibular function.

Methods

From 2013 to 2019, 20 patients with labyrinthine fistula due to cholesteatoma were operated. We used the canal wall down approach and removal of matrix on the fistula was done as the last step during surgery using the “under water technique”. The pre and postoperative hearing tests and the vestibular function were retrospectively examined.

Results

There was no significant difference between pre and post-operative bone conduction thresholds; 20% experienced an improvement of more than 10 dB, with none experiencing a postoperative worsening of sensorineural hearing loss. Among seven patients who presented with vertigo, two had transient vertigo postoperatively but eventually recovered.

Conclusion

Our data show that the “under water technique” for cholesteatoma removal at the labyrinthine fistula is a viable option in the preservation of inner ear function and facilitating complete cholesteatoma removal.
GIS-based optimization – achieving Austria’s 2030 wind energy target
Authors: Gaugl Robert , Klatzer Thomas , Bachhiesl Udo , Wogrin Sonja , Jodl Stefan
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we take a look at Austria’s renewable energy targets established in the Renewable Energy Expansion Act (EAG), aiming to annually generate an additional 10 TWh of wind power by 2030. We conduct a GIS (geographic information system)-based analysis to determine average wind power density in Austria on a cellular level while considering prohibited regions, such as national parks, where building wind turbines might not be allowed. The calculated expansion potential for all remaining regions of Austria is allocated to the closest corresponding transmission nodes. Furthermore, we suggest an optimization algorithm to geographically distribute the expansion of wind power capacity to applicable transmission nodes. Finally, we conduct a case study to validate the algorithm using historical data on expansion and utilize it to predict an annual scenario for wind power expansion from 2021 to 2030 on a regional level. The total expansion required to achieve the goal of 10 TWh is assessed to be 4 GW based on predefined full load hours while assuming an exponential increase in annually added capacity (from 250 MW in 2021 to 590 MW in 2030).
Natural transformation in Gram-negative bacteria thriving in extreme environments: from genes and genomes to proteins, structures and regulation
Authors: Averhoff Beate , Kirchner Lennart , Pfefferle Katharina , Yaman Deniz
Published: September 2021

Extremophilic prokaryotes live under harsh environmental conditions which require far-reaching cellular adaptations. The acquisition of novel genetic information via natural transformation plays an important role in bacterial adaptation. This mode of DNA transfer permits the transfer of genetic information between microorganisms of distant evolutionary lineages and even between members of different domains. This phenomenon, known as horizontal gene transfer (HGT), significantly contributes to genome plasticity over evolutionary history and is a driving force for the spread of fitness-enhancing functions including virulence genes and antibiotic resistances. In particular, HGT has played an important role for adaptation of bacteria to extreme environments. Here, we present a survey of the natural transformation systems in bacteria that live under extreme conditions: the thermophile Thermus thermophilus and two desiccation-resistant members of the genus Acinetobacter such as Acinetobacter baylyi and Acinetobacter baumannii. The latter is an opportunistic pathogen and has become a world-wide threat in health-care institutions. We highlight conserved and unique features of the DNA transporter in Thermus and Acinetobacter and present tentative models of both systems. The structure and function of both DNA transporter are described and the mechanism of DNA uptake is discussed.
On the interpretation of inflated correlation path weights in concentration graphs
Authors: Roverato Alberto
Published: September 2021

Statistical models associated with graphs, called graphical models, have become a popular tool for representing network structures in many modern applications. Relevant features of the model are represented by vertices, edges and other higher order structures. A fundamental structural component of the network is represented by paths, which are a sequence of distinct vertices joined by a sequence of edges. The collection of all the paths joining two vertices provides a full description of the association structure between the corresponding variables. In this context, it has been shown that certain pairwise association measures can be decomposed into a sum of weights associated with each of the paths connecting the two variables. We consider a pairwise measure called an inflated correlation coefficient and investigate the properties of the corresponding path weights. We show that every inflated correlation weight can be factorized into terms, each of which is associated either to a vertex or to an edge of the path. This factorization allows one to gain insight into the role played by a path in the network by highlighting the contribution to the weight of each of the elementary units forming the path. This is of theoretical interest because, by establishing a similarity between the weights and the association measure they decompose, it provides a justification for the use of these weights. Furthermore we show how this factorization can be exploited in the computation of centrality measures and describe their use with an application to the analysis of a dietary pattern.
The contribution of immigration from Ukraine to economic growth in Poland
Authors: Strzelecki Paweł , Growiec Jakub , Wyszyński Robert
Published: September 2021

From 2014 onwards Poland witnessed an unprecedented inflow of immigrant workers from Ukraine. Coupled with strong labour demand, this surge in labour supply provided a major contribution to Poland’s economic growth. However, due to problems with capturing immigration in Labour Force Survey data this contribution has remained hitherto largely unaccounted in official data. This paper uses a range of alternative official data sources to estimate the actual number of immigrants, and survey data on migrant characteristics, collected in four Polish cities, to estimate the effective labour supply of Ukrainian immigrants in terms of productivity-adjusted hours worked. The authors find that the arrival of Ukrainian workers was increasing the effective labour supply in Poland in 2013–2018 by 0.8% per annum. Imputing this additional labour supply in a growth accounting exercise they find that the (previously unaccounted) contribution of Ukrainian workers amounted to about 0.5 pp. per annum, i.e., about 13% of Poland’s GDP growth in 2013–2018. The same figure should be subtracted from the residual contribution of total factor productivity growth, suggesting that recent growth in Poland has been in fact much more labour-intensive than previously interpreted.
Modelling diapause termination and phenology of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica
Authors: Gilioli Gianni , Sperandio Giorgio , Simonetto Anna , Colturato Michele , Battisti Andrea , Mori Nicola , Ciampitti Mariangela , Cavagna Beniamino , Bianchi Alessandro , Gervasio Paola
Published: September 2021

We deve﻿loped a mechanistic, stage-structured model simulating the phenology of Popillia japonica. The model simulates the influence of soil temperature on the larval diapause termination and on the development rate function of post-overwintering larvae and pupae. Model parameters are estimated based on literature evidence for pupae development and on a parameterisation process that allows estimating parameters for larval diapause termination and for the development rate function (and the related uncertainty) of post-overwintering larvae. Data used for model parameterisation and validation refer to time-series adult trap catches collected during the P. japonica monitoring programme performed by the Phytosanitary Service of Lombardy Region within the infested area in Lombardy (Italy) from 2015 to 2019. A total of 12 randomly selected locations are used to estimate biologically realistic model parameters (parameterisation dataset). We applied a Jackknife nonparametric resampling procedure on the parameterisation dataset to quantify uncertainty associated with parameters’ estimates. Parameterised model is then validated on time-series adult trap catches data referring to a different set of 12 randomly selected locations (validation dataset) surveyed in Lombardy. The model successfully predicted the beginning of adult emergence and the overall curve of adult emergence in the validation dataset. The model presented can support the definition of the best timing for the implementation of monitoring and control activities for the local and the area-wide management of P. japonica.
Self-reported health among immigrants in Luxembourg: insights from a nationally representative sample
Authors: Saint-Fort Launick , Rodriquez Erik J. , Pérez-Stable Eliseo J. , Billieux Joël
Published: September 2021

Aim

Although immigrants account for nearly half of Luxembourg’s population, few studies have investigated differences in self-reported health by nationality in Luxembourg. Our study aimed to explore the association between nationality and self-reported health in Luxembourg.

Subject and methods

Cross-sectional data from the 2015–2016 Panel Socio-Economique Liewen zu Lëtzebuerg (PSELL3) were used. Nationalities included Luxembourger, Portuguese, French, Italian, Belgian and German. Multivariable logistic regression analyses examined the association between nationality and three self-reported health measures: general health status, limitation in activity due to a health problem, and living with a chronic illness or condition.

Results

Of 8084 participants, 65% were Luxembourgers, 20% were Portuguese, and the remaining 15% were French, Italian, Belgian, or German. Italian nationals were more likely to report fair, poor, or very poor health [aOR = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.07, 2.22] and Portuguese nationals demonstrated both higher odds of fair, poor, or very poor health [aOR = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.28, 1.92] and limitation in activity [aOR = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.07, 1.64] compared to Luxembourgers. However, Portuguese nationals were also less likely to report living with a chronic illness [aOR = 0.79; 95% CI = 0.63, 0.98]. In education-stratified models, primary-educated Portuguese nationals were more likely to report fair, poor, or very poor health [aOR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.36, 1.92] and limitation in activity [aOR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.04, 1.79], but not less likely to report living with a chronic illness.

Conclusions

Nationality and education level should be considered in future studies concerning self-reported health in Luxembourg. Further research is needed to examine disparities in self-reported health among Portuguese and Italian nationals.
Effects of Father-Adolescent and Mother-Adolescent Relationships on Depressive Symptoms among Chinese Early Adolescents
Authors: Zhang Qiongwen , Pan Yangu , Chen Yanghong , Liu Wei , Wang Li , Jean Jason A.
Published: September 2021

Parent–adolescent relationships play an important role in protecting adolescents from depressive symptoms. However, there are no consistent conclusions about the extent to which fathers and mothers uniquely contribute to adolescents’ depressive symptoms. The present study aimed to acquire knowledge in this research area in two ways. First, this study separated the potential impacts of father–child and mother–child relationships on depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents. Second, this study used a longitudinal design with nationally representative samples from the China Education Panel Survey. A total of 8794 middle school students in grade 7 completed measures of father–adolescent and mother–adolescent relationships, and depressive symptoms twice (T1 and T2; one-year interval). Results indicated that both positive father–adolescent and mother–adolescent relationships had negative effects on depressive symptoms in female adolescents. However, positive father-adolescent, not mother-adolescent, relationships had a negative effect on depressive symptoms in male adolescents. These findings suggest that positive parent–adolescent relationships could reduce early adolescents’ depressive symptoms, but positive father–adolescent and mother–adolescent relationships might have different protective effects on early adolescents’ depressive symptoms among male and female adolescents in China.
The Effect of Energy Density and Nb Content on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Selective Laser Melted Ti-(10-30 wt.%) Nb
Authors: Borgman James M. , Wang Jing , Zani Lorenzo , Conway Paul P. , Torres-Sanchez Carmen
Published: September 2021

In this study, Ti-(0-30 wt.%)Nb alloys developed from elemental powders were fabricated by the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process. Compositional homogeneity, microstructure and mechanical performance were investigated as a function of energy density. The proportion of un-melted Nb particles and isolated pore count reduced with increasing energy density, while Ti allotropic content (i.e. α’, α” and β) varied with energy density due to in-situ alloying. Increasing the Nb content led to the stabilisation of the α” and β phases. The mechanical properties were similar to those compositions manufactured using casting methods, without further post processing. The addition of 20Nb (wt.%) and using an energy density of 230 J/mm3 resulted in a Young’s Modulus of 65.2 ± 1.8 GPa, a yield strength of 769 ± 36 MPa and a microstructure of predominantly α” martensite. This strength to stiffness ratio (33% higher than Ti-10Nb and 22% higher than Ti-30Nb), is attributed to in-situ alloying that promotes solid solution strengthening and homogenisation. These alloys are strong contenders as materials suitable for implantable load-bearing orthopaedic applications.