bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Prefrontal Cortical Connectivity and the Enduring Effect of Learned Value on Cognitive Control
Authors: Davidow Juliet Y. , Sheridan Margaret A. , Van Dijk Koene R. A. , Santillana Rosario M. , Snyder Jenna , Vidal Bustamante Constanza M. , Rosen Bruce R. , Somerville Leah H.
Published: August 2018

Inhibitory control, the capacity to suppress an inappropriate response, is a process employed for guiding action selection in the service of goal-directed behavior. Under neutral circumstances, inhibitory control success improves from childhood to adulthood and has been associated with developmental shifts in functional activation and connectivity of the PFC. However, the ability to exercise inhibitory control is challenged in certain contexts by including appetitive cues, a phenomenon that may be particularly pronounced in youths. Here, we examine the magnitude and temporal persistence of learned value's influence on inhibitory control in a cross-sectional sample of 8- to 25-year-olds. Participants first underwent conditioning of a motor approach response to two initially neutral cues, with one cue reinforced with monetary reward and the other with no monetary outcome. Subsequently, during fMRI, participants reencountered these cues as no-go targets in a nonreinforced go/no-go paradigm. Although the influence of learned value increasingly disrupted inhibitory control with increasing age, in young adults this pattern remitted over the course of the task, whereas during adolescence the impairing effect of reward history persisted. Successful no-go performance to the previously rewarded target was related to greater recruitment of the right inferior frontal gyrus and age-related increase in functional connectivity between the inferior frontal gyrus and the ventromedial PFC for the previously rewarded no-go target over the control target. Together, results indicate the complex influence of value on goals over development relies upon the increased coordination of distinct higher-order regions in the PFC.
The Complexity of Contemporary Rural Society: Agricultural ‘Betterment’ and Social Realities in Semi-arid Zimbabwe
Authors: Thebe Vusilizwe
Published: August 2018

Modernist assumptions have guided rural development interventions in Zimbabwe since the mid-twentieth century. As a result interventions were not firmly grounded on rural socio-economic and physical realities. The aim was not only to create a society of ‘modern’, ‘progressive farmers’ who followed a predetermined agricultural path, but also, the quest for order and modernity was clearly manifest through centralization measures and increased emphasis on prudent land husbandry. This article seeks to demonstrate that these rural development initiatives were ill-suited to the socio-physical realities in some rural societies. Using a case study of a communal area in semi-arid north-western Zimbabwe, it stresses the importance of the physical conditions, the socio-economic dynamics and the particular livelihood trajectories of rural households. It concludes that, even if the state in Zimbabwe was to succeed in imposing an agrarian order driven by these models, such a policy was more likely to end in dismal failure.
Uniting for Enforcement: Resolving the World Court’s Enforcement Gap
Authors: Begoore Yateesh
Published: August 2018

This article, which identifies the United Nations Security Council’s selective enforcement of the International Court of Justice’s rulings as an enforcement deficit within the Court’s system, delves into the possibility – and legality – of utilising the Uniting for Peace Resolution as an alternative enforcement mechanism in the event of a veto precluding enforcement by the Security Council.
Terra Incognita: What Happens When a Problem of State Succession Occurs during Arbitration Proceedings?
Authors: Dumberry Patrick
Published: August 2018

This article examines the question of State succession to bilateral investment treaties (BITs) in the unique context whereby the events leading to this change in sovereignty happen during an arbitration proceeding. I will assess the impact this will have on the respondent State in the proceedings which may cease to exist (dissolution, unification, and integration) or lose part of its territory (cession, secession). Succession may also affect the home State of the claimant investor and result in that person losing its nationality and acquiring a new one. An arbitral tribunal should continue to have jurisdiction over a dispute whenever a claimant involuntarily changes its nationality in such context. While the same conclusion should apply when changes affect the respondent State, major difficulties will arise if that State ceases to exist and no other State is willing to participate in the proceedings. I will examine the limits of tribunals’ powers in this respect.
Counterclaims in Investment Arbitration: Old Questions, New Answers?
Authors: de Nanteuil Arnaud
Published: August 2018

There have been several cases involving counterclaims in recent investment arbitration practice. Though counterclaims are well-known in international litigation, they raise special issues when it comes to investor-State arbitration, especially when it is based on treaties that recognize only rights and not obligations of private parties; thus, a counterclaim may be a way of rebalancing investment law, by allowing States to file claims against investors. However, certain conditions must be fulfilled which are not always easy to combine with the special features of investment arbitration. That is what this article explores, in order to determine whether counterclaims could be a way of addressing the critique that has been recently formulated against investment arbitration.
Judicial Cooperation in Environmental Matters: Mapping National Courts’ Behaviour in Follow-up Cases
Authors: Squintani Lorenzo , Annink Dionne
Published: August 2018

The need to ensure a uniform interpretation and effective application of the large corpus of EU environmental regulation in the jurisdictions of the Member States remains a task of pivotal importance for the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). A quick look at the
CURIA
database reveals that many judgments are handed down every year to clarify the meaning of EU environmental provisions. It is therefore important to study the proper functioning of the tandem composed of the CJEU and the national courts in this field of EU law. In that sense, this article responds to Bogojević’s call ‘to draw a grander map of judicial dialogues initiated across various Member States’. More specifically, the topic investigated by this article is how Dutch courts have followed up on responses received from the CJEU to their preliminary reference requests in the field of EU environmental law, until January 2017. Almost all the cases we have retrieved from the Netherlands show various degrees of willingness to cooperate with the CJEU. This article highlights the existence of three trends: full cooperation, gapped cooperation and withdrawn cooperation.
The Quest for the Holy Grail and the Dutch Integrated Approach to Nitrogen: How to Align Adaptive Management Strategies with the EU Nature Directives?
Authors: Schoukens Hendrik
Published: August 2018

The concept of adaptive management is generally defined as a flexible decision-making process that can be adjusted in the face of uncertainties as outcomes of management actions and other events become better understood. These experimental management strategies, which may grant permit agencies more discretion to authorise economic developments, have become increasingly popular as tools to overcome deadlock scenarios in the context of the EU Nature Directives. One notable application is the Dutch Programmatic Approach to Nitrogen (Programma Aanpak Stikstof – PAS
), which puts forward a more reconciliatory and integrated approach towards permitting additional nitrogen emissions in the vicinity of Natura 2000 sites. The purpose of this paper is to use the Dutch PAS as a benchmark to explore the margins available within the EU Nature Directives to implement more flexible adaptive management strategies. This paper argues that the Dutch PAS, especially taking into account the immediate trade-off that is provided between future restoration actions and ongoing harmful effects, appears to stand at odds with the substantive underpinning of the EU Nature Directives. As a result, its concrete application might be stalled through legal actions which advocate for a more restrictive approach to the authorization of additional impacts on vulnerable EU protected nature. It therefore remains highly doubtful whether the Dutch PAS is to be presented as a textbook example of a genuine sustainable management strategy within the context of EU environmental law.
A new species of Gastrodia (Gastrodieae, Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae) from the Maliau Basin Conservation Area, Sabah, Borneo
Authors: SUETSUGU KENJI , SULEIMAN MONICA , TSUKAYA HIROKAZU
Published: August 2018

Gastrodia Brown (1810: 330; Gastrodieae, Epidendroideae) comprises mycoheterotrophic orchids from throughout the temperate and tropical regions of Asia, Oceania, Madagascar and Africa (Chung & Hsu 2006, Cribb et al. 2010, Tan et al. 2012). The genus is characterized by fleshy tubers, as well as the absence of normal leaves, union of sepals and petals and two mealy pollinia that lack caudicles. Furthermore, many Gastrodia species within section Codonanthus (Schlechter 1911, Tuyama 1967) produce inflorescences that are only 3–15 cm in length at flowering (Chung & Hsu 2006) and, owing to their short flowering seasons and dwarf habits, are seldom noticed when flowering (Tuyama 1982, Suetsugu et al. 2012). The identification of Gastrodia species requires detailed observation of floral features, such as lip and column morphology, that are hidden within the perianth tube.
New records of one of the least known snakes, Telescopus pulcher (Squamata: Colubridae) from the Horn of Africa
Authors: MAZUCH TOMÁŠ , ŠMÍD JIŘÍ , PRICE THOMAS , FRÝDLOVÁ PETRA , AWALE AHMED IBRAHIM , ELMI HASSAN SH ABDIRAHMAN , FRYNTA DANIEL
Published: August 2018

Telescopus pulcher is an enigmatic colubrid snake only known from the holotype and paratype specimens described from ‘Migiurtinia’ in Puntland (Somalia) in 1935. Herein we recorded the third and fourth-ever known specimens of this species from the Toon village, Woqooyi Galbeed Region, and 15 km southeast of Sheikh, Saahil Region, Somaliland. The species is endemic to Somaliland and adjoining parts of Ethiopia and Puntland. Data on morphology and natural history, as well as the first photographs of live specimens are provided. We also provide a detailed description of the paratype. The coloration of the species resembles that of the vipers of the genus Echis and we hypothesize that T. pulcher mimics these common and sympatric vipers in the Horn of Africa.
The Experience of Self-Employment Among Young People: An Exploratory Analysis of 28 Low- to Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Burchell Brendan J. , Coutts Adam P.
Published: August 2018

Youth unemployment has become the global “wicked” policy issue for governments and multilateral agencies with many regions experiencing endemically high levels. In response, governments and international organizations have introduced more active labor market interventions to address youth unemployment. Self-employment and entrepreneurship programs are seen as the key mechanisms to reduce unemployment, welfare dependency, and poverty. We use the International Labour Organization’s 2012 School-to-Work Transition Survey from 28 developing countries to provide new evidence of young people’s experience of job quality and associated working conditions in self-employment. We find that self-employment is not necessarily a favorable employment status in terms of the economic and social benefits it provides for young people. In countries often characterized by limited formal employment opportunities, a large informal sector and depressed local labor markets, self-employment can be seen as the only realistic way many young people can generate an income. Entry into self-employment can be more accurately described as a pragmatic coping mechanism by the young person and their family to get by rather than as evidence of entrepreneurship and a pathway to get on in terms of social mobility and poverty alleviation. We find little evidence that young people are making utility-maximizing decisions concerning their employment status. Furthermore, we argue that if youth employment policies overlook the importance and role of kinship networks in the uptake of self-employment, they are likely to be even less effective than other programs to promote entrepreneurship.
Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio as a Prognostic Predictor in Older People With Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Diniz Lucas Rampazzo , de Lima Sandro Gonçalves , de Amorim Garcia Jessica Myrian , de Oliveira Diniz Keila Lima
Published: August 2018

The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) at admission is a prognostic marker for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, no study was performed exclusively with older people. The present study evaluated the NLR in older people with ACS as a predictor of death, combined major in-hospital outcomes (death, stroke, reinfarction), hospital stay, ventricular ejection fraction, use of vasoactive drugs, and extent of coronary artery disease. We conducted a retrospective cohort study with in-hospital follow-up using data from a single center in Recife, Brazil. Patients aged 60 and older admitted with ACS were selected. The patients were followed until discharge or death. A total of 272 individuals were evaluated; 55.8% were men and the mean age was 73 years. The NLR was not a predictor of in-hospital death. A higher NLR upon admission was associated with a longer hospital stay (β = 0.131; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.017-0.246; P = .024) and an ejection fraction <50% (relative risk = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.19-3.57; P = .001). The other outcomes did not reach significance. The NLR was associated with a longer hospital stay and a left ventricular ejection fraction <50% in older people with ACS.
Self- and Group-Orientations and Adjustment in Urban and Rural Chinese Children
Authors: Liu Xiaoshi , Fu Rui , Li Dan , Liu Junsheng , Chen Xinyin
Published: August 2018

This study examined self- and group-orientations and their associations with social and psychological adjustment among children in urban and rural China. We expected that self-orientation would be more strongly associated with adjustment in urban children than in rural children whereas group-orientation would be more strongly associated with adjustment in rural children than in urban children. Data on self- and group-orientations and indexes of adjustment were collected for students in urban and rural elementary schools ( N = 990, Mage = 11 years) from multiple sources including teacher ratings, self-reports, and school records. The results showed that self-orientation was positively associated with academic achievement (β = .27, t = 5.20, p < .001) and negatively associated with emotional problems (βs = −.12 to −.20, ts = −2.34 to −3.93, ps = .007 to < .001) in urban children; the associations were weaker or nonsignificant in rural children (βs = −.04 to .12, ts = −.83 to 2.54, ps = .405 to .011). Group-orientation was associated with social standing, academic achievement, and psychological well-being more strongly in rural children (βs = −.35 to .36, ts = −7.32 to 7.63, ps = .048 to < .001) than in urban children (βs = −.19 to .20, ts = −.3.75 to 3.77, ps = .432 to < .001). These results indicate different implications of self- and group-orientations for adjustment in urban and rural children in contemporary China.
Risky Sexual Behaviors, Substance Use, and Perceptions of Risky Behaviors Among Criminal Justice Involved Women Who Trade Sex
Authors: Jones Abenaa A. , Dyer T. V. , Das A. , Lasopa S. O. , Striley C. W. , Cottler L. B.
Published: August 2018

This study examined risky sexual behaviors, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV)-defined alcohol and substance use disorders, and perceptions of risky behaviors among community released, justice-involved women, who are currently trading sex (CTS), formerly traded sex (FTS), or have never traded sex. Data were derived from 266 sexually active women recruited from a Municipal Drug Court System in St. Louis, Missouri. In an adjusted multinomial regression model, being dependent on alcohol and cocaine was the most robust correlate of sex-trading status (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: CTS = 4.21, FTS = 4.66). Perceptions of sexual risk and HIV were significantly associated with CTS (AOR = 3.39), however, not FTS. Other significant correlates of sex trading status included age, lifetime injection drug use, lower education, child sexual abuse, and unstable housing. Gender-specific interventions tailored toward currently and formerly sex-trading women are needed.
Opinion of Computer Science Instructors and Students on MOOCs in an Indian University
Authors: Sra Pushp , Chakraborty Pinaki
Published: August 2018

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have lately emerged as an effective form of distance education. Computer science is one of those disciplines in which MOOCs are quite common. We conducted a survey to know the opinion of computer science instructors and undergraduate students on MOOCs in an Indian university in March 2018. Of the 26 instructors and 273 students who participated, 73% instructors and 87% students reported to have attended MOOCs. We found that 50% instructors and 72% students considered MOOCs to be a more comprehensive source of knowledge and 54% instructors and 76% students felt that MOOCs let students learn faster when compared to courses taught in a classroom. Moreover, 58% instructors believed that the courses they teach in classrooms can also be taught effectively through MOOCs. The instructors and students appreciated several aspects of MOOCs. However, the students had an opinion that MOOCs can augment classroom teaching but cannot replace it. MOOCs on computer programming (22%), artificial intelligence (9%), and computer networking (8%) were found to be particularly popular among the students.
Breaking bad news from the doctors’ perspective in a paternalistic society: the case of Sudan
Authors: Muneer Mohamed S , Elhassan Ahmed E , Osman Ahmed M , Abdalla Abdelmohaymin A , Abdelrahim Mohamed A , Ali Suad M , Abdalrahman Ihab B
Published: August 2018

Breaking bad news is a global challenge for all types of health providers. Our study assessed the attitude and practice from the doctors’ perspective in a patriarchal society. A descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted, involving doctors from both medical and surgical departments. Almost half of the respondents believed that Sudanese patients do not like to know their diagnosis, and a slightly higher proportion had no previous training on how to break bad news. Some 20% indicated that they would conceal the diagnosis from a patient if his or her relatives so requested. Less than one-quarter of respondents followed a standard protocol. Although most of the doctors subscribed to the notion that patients have the right to know everything about their illnesses, not all of them held this attitude towards their local patient population.
The evaluation of potential for the exploration and development of coalbed methane resources based on an improved uncertainty measure optimization model
Authors: Fang Jie , He Hujun , An Le , Jin Gang
Published: August 2018

The recognition criteria of credible degree in uncertainty measure theory are improved based on the concept of distance discriminant and used to evaluate the potential for exploration and development of coalbed methane. This paper uses a systematic approach to establish a mathematical model based on entropy weight and improved uncertainty measure theory. In this model, uncertainty influence factors were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using data for the Muli coalfield of Qinghai province, China. The uncertainty measure function is based on experimental data, and the weight of index is determined by entropy weight theory. Optimization credible degree recognition criteria were used to evaluate the potential for coalbed methane exploration and development of six mines in the Muli coalfield. These data indicate that evaluation results obtained using entropy weight and improved uncertainty measure theory have practical application and can effectively assess the exploration and development potential of coalbed methane in a coal basin.
Improving Intercity Passenger Rail Planning using Evidence from Passenger Survey Data
Authors: Sperry Benjamin R. , Collins Tyler
Published: August 2018

Federal mandates require that states develop comprehensive state rail plans that clarify a vision for the role of intercity passenger rail services in the state’s transportation system and a program of projects necessary to achieve that vision. In that context, this paper presents an analysis of more than 10,000 surveys obtained during the past 10 years from passengers of five U.S. state-supported intercity passenger rail routes. The purpose of the analysis is to support the development of state rail plans by gaining valuable insight into passenger behavior, the market area for passenger rail services, and the broader mobility impacts of passenger rail services. The market area analysis found that approximately three-quarters of rail passengers live within 30 mi of a rail station, affirming the use of this distance as a radius for planning purposes. The mobility analysis indicated that automobile is the primary alternative to passenger rail services among passengers of the five routes; statistical models of alternative mode preference yielded significant insight into strategies that states can implement to increase the mode shift of automobile and airplane passengers to rail services. The findings and recommendations of this paper can be used by planners and policymakers to implement a practical yet data-driven approach to the development of passenger-related components of state rail plans, providing a clear linkage between investment strategies and statewide mobility goals.
Influence of the Built Environment on the Spatiotemporal Variation of Pedestrian Collision in Seoul: An Application of Big Data
Authors: Kim Dohyung , Chanchlani Hina Maheshbhai
Published: August 2018

Although it is reasonable to hypothesize that the spatial pattern of pedestrian collisions changes by the time of day, there has been a lack of research that addresses this spatiotemporal variation because of a shortage of pedestrian volume data by time of day. The goal of this paper is to examine the contribution of the built environment to the spatiotemporal variations by employing a big data set of pedestrian count data that is based on cell phone signals on the streets. This paper constructs eight spatial error models that are based on a 3-h time period and a 300 m by 300 m (984 feet) grid cell. Of the twelve built environmental factors, the employment and restaurant factors show consistent correlation with pedestrian collisions. Local roads, office land uses, and bars do not present a correlation. Although the outputs of the models do not show distinct patterns of correlation between built environment and pedestrian collisions by time period, they indicate that the built environment contributes to pedestrian collisions more during nighttime than daytime. This distinction is primarily caused by transportation factors associated with pedestrian collisions when people journey back home during the night period. They include bus stops, rail transit stations, and arterial roads. School is a factor that positively correlates with pedestrian collisions during the school exit time, while population density negatively correlates with collisions during periods with lower pedestrian and automobile volumes. Employment density shows a negative correlation with pedestrian collisions, regardless of the time period.
Development of Smartphone Accelerometer-Based Airfield Friction Assessment Tools
Authors: Ward Andrew B. , Rutland Craig A.
Published: August 2018

Airfield managers have identified a need for contingency/emergency friction assessment tools that are both cost-effective and commonly found. Presently, airfield managers and pavement inspection teams prefer to measure friction at high speed with continuous friction measuring equipment (CFME) like the Findley Irvine GripTester. This device and the labor required to operate it are cost prohibitive. This paper explores an alternative, more economical measure of a surface’s frictional characteristics, that is, smartphone accelerometers. Accelerometers were standard friction assessment tools before CFMEs became available. Accelerometer-based friction testers measure the peak deceleration of a vehicle during braking. This acceleration, specifically the vehicle’s deceleration, is proportional to the surface’s friction coefficient. This paper covers research conducted to verify that smartphone accelerometers have sufficient accuracy and precision to operate as deceleration-based friction assessment tools. Findings reported here show that smartphone accelerometers, given sufficient conservatism, can function as deceleration-based friction assessment tools. Along with existing models, new regressions are presented that show correlation between smartphone deceleration measurements and high-speed GripTester measurements. The present work found that improved correlation was limited by common problems associated with poor reproducibility in braking tests.
Purified Polydimethylsiloxane (Silicone) as Dermal Filler Resolving the Controversy?
Authors: Akkary Ehab , Shumway Robert , Barnett Jay
Published: August 2018

Dermal fillers are widely used in Medical and Surgical Cosmetic practices. Temporary and semipermanent fillers are more commonly used for a wide variety of reasons; however, permanent fillers represent an excellent option in properly selected patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the off-label use of Silikon 1000 (S1000) as a permanent filler analyzing safety, durability, and patient satisfaction. This was a retrospective chart review of prospectively collected data. The study included 25 patients who underwent S1000 injection in 32 treatment areas. The following parameters were assessed: age, gender, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), number of treatments, duration of treatments, follow-up, complications, and interventions. Patients who had other fillers injected into the same area within 1 year before or after the S1000 injection were excluded from the study. In all, 32 treatment areas in 25 patients (21 females, 4 males) were included in the study. Five female patients received S1000 in more than one area. Treatment areas included the following: nose (n = 4), lips (n = 16), glabella (n = 4), nasolabial folds (n = 3), scars (acne or others) (n = 2), orbital rim (n = 2), and perioral (n = 1). Extrusion of silicone, migration, cosmetic deformity, hematoma, seroma, and infection were considered as inclusive criteria for injection complications. None of the patients developed any complications along the course of follow-up that ranged from 8-38 months; therefore, no intervention or surgery was needed to treat any adverse outcomes. All patients reported high satisfaction with the cosmetic results. Off-label use of highly purified polydimethylsiloxane as dermal filler is safe and durable. Being conservative is key to optimize outcomes and avoid complications. Proper approach involves injection of small doses using microdroplet technique to augment the tissue gradually over sessions at 1-2 months apart. Complications as silicone migration and irregularities can be largely avoided by following proper techniques and understanding the unique mechanism of action of S1000 compared with traditional fillers.
Factors Influencing Law Enforcement Responses to Child to Parent Violence
Authors: Armstrong Gaylene S. , Muftic Lisa R. , Bouffard Leana A.
Published: August 2018

A domestic violence incident perpetrated by a child toward his or her parent presents a challenging dynamic for law enforcement officers responding to these calls for service. To date, law enforcement responses to child to parent violence (CPV) have only been studied dichotomously (i.e., decision to arrest), and as a result, the associated complexities are not well understood. Here, we add to the understanding of individual, situational, and contextual factors that influence law enforcement response to CPV by examining 1,113 calls for service in a Midwestern state. In assessing the relative influence of these factors on responses using a multinomial logistic regression with cluster robust standard errors, we find evidence that the gendered nature of CPV victim-offender dyads and the presence of victim injury influences police decision to arrest in lieu of an informal, de-escalation only response. We also find officers are less likely to refer youth to social welfare agencies or arrest a youth perpetrator when CPV occurs in neighborhoods with a high level of family disruption. In these instances, the officer works to deescalate the situation, but is significantly less likely to take further action or formally refer the family to social resources. Researchers must work to better understand CPV prevention and improve system responses and resources for affected families.
Toward a Militant Ethnography of Infrastructure: Cybercartographies of Order, Scale, and Scope across the Occupy Movement
Authors: Donovan Joan
Published: August 2018

Taking networked social movements as a fieldsite, I chart how the Occupy Movement transformed as activists turned to building infrastructure as a mode of political participation. Critically, infrastructure is not simply a feature of networked social movements, but forms its core capacities. Integrating insights from militant ethnography with STS research on infrastructure studies, I illustrate how to use these methods to render visible the infrastructure of networked social movements. Because militant research projects and STS scholarship have a dual role of making knowledge about as well as knowledge for participants, examining the epistemological foundations of social movement research requires understanding the researcher’s purpose for participating and, then, operationalizing their knowledge. To illustrate this, I introduce cybercartography, a theory/methods package, for mapping organizational change in order, scale, and scope across networked social movements. As such, cybercartography bridges academic knowledge production with activists’ goals to organize action.
Asymptotic and exact interval estimators of the common odds ratio under the sequential parallel comparison design
Authors: Lui Kung-Jong
Published: August 2018

When studying treatments for psychiatric or mental diseases in a placebo-controlled trial, we may consider use of the sequential parallel comparison design to reduce the number of patients needed through the reduction of the high placebo response rate. Under the assumption that the odds ratio of responses is constant between phases in the sequential parallel comparison design, we derive the conditional maximum likelihood estimator for the odds ratio. On the basis of the conditional likelihood, we further derive three asymptotic interval and an exact interval estimators for the odds ratio of responses. We employ Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the performance of these interval estimators in a variety of situations. We find that the asymptotic interval and exact interval estimators developed here can all perform well. We use the double-blind, placebo-controlled study assessing the efficacy of a low dose of aripiprazole adjunctive to antidepressant therapy for treating patients with major depressive disorder to illustrate the use of these estimators.
Hierarchical Dyadic Congruence in Family Firms: The Interplay of Supervisor and Supervisee Socioemotional Wealth Importance and Familial Status
Authors: Campopiano Giovanna , Rondi Emanuela
Published: August 2018

We extend McLarty, Vardaman, and Barnett’s analysis of how family firm supervisor attributes, in terms of familial status and socioemotional wealth importance, affect supervisee performance by considering the supervisee attributes. We further integrate the concept of restricted and generalized social exchange to provide a theoretical basis for how hierarchical dyadic (in)congruence moderates the relationship between supervisee commitment and performance. By providing a more fine-grained conceptualization, we contribute to the family business literature at its organization behavior interface.
Advance Care Planning in Community: An Evaluation of a Pilot 2-Session, Nurse-Led Workshop
Authors: Rabow Michael W. , McGowan Marilyn , Small Rebecca , Keyssar Redwing , Rugo Hope S.
Published: August 2018

Background:

Engaging patients in advance care planning (ACP) is challenging but crucial to improving the quality of end-of-life care. Group visits and multiple patient–clinician interactions may promote advance directive (AD) completion.

Objective:

Facilitate ACP discussions with patients and caregivers and the creation of notarized AD’s at a comprehensive cancer center.

Design:

Two-session, nurse-led ACP workshops for patients and their family caregivers.

Setting/Participants:

The workshop was offered to patients with cancer at a comprehensive cancer center and their family caregivers.

Measurements:

Validated 4-question ACP engagement survey, creation of a notarized AD by end of the workshop, and semistructured interviews.

Results:

Thirty-five patients participated in 10 workshops held March 2017 to February 2018. Median age was 52. Of 35, 24 (68.5%) patients completed pre- and postworkshop evaluation surveys. Mean preworkshop ACP readiness was 3.64 of 5; postworkshop readiness increased to 4.26 of 5 ( P = .001). Of 26, 17 (65.4%) of the patients who attended both workshop sessions had a new notarized AD scanned into the electronic medical record at the completion of the workshop series. Three family caregivers completed and had their own ADs notarized. Patient and family member response was overwhelmingly positive, with participants citing opportunities for group discussion and inclusion of family caregivers as important.

Conclusions:

The ACP workshop was well received by participants and increased ACP readiness, discussion, and completion. Attendance at the workshop was low and barriers to attending workshops must be explored.
Sub-constituencies and Legislative Responsiveness: Evidence from the States
Authors: Jaeger Jillian
Published: August 2018

This article tests whether theories of congressional behavior that link legislative responsiveness to the preferences of sub-constituencies at the expense of party preferences apply to the state level. Using ten years of state-level data and roll-call data from nearly 4,000 individual votes on E-Verify legislation, I examine the competing influences of party and constituency preferences on legislative behavior. The results confirm that state legislatures/legislators are responsive to sub-constituencies, but find that responsiveness plays out in different ways depending on the level of analysis and the political party and constituents in question. These results have important implications for our understanding of legislative representation: because responsiveness to sub-constituencies can yield policy results that are antithetical to stated party goals, what appears to be collective irresponsibility from a party may actually be individual legislators striving to be responsive to those constituents that they anticipate will hold them accountable.
Employees’ Social Self-Efficacy and Work Outcomes: Testing the Mediating Role of Social Status
Authors: Luo Yang , Permzadian Vahe , Fan Jinyan , Meng Hui
Published: August 2018

This study examined the beneficial role of social self-efficacy (SSE) in relation to the important workplace outcomes of job satisfaction and task performance. We proposed and tested a model in which social status functioned as a mediator of the above relationships. Participants were 172 employees from diverse industries in China, who self-reported their SSE and job satisfaction. Each participant had three coworkers who provided peer ratings of his or her social status and task performance. Results based on structural equation modeling indicated that SSE positively related to social status, which in turn positively related to both job satisfaction and task performance. Consistent with our prediction, social status was found to mediate the above relationships. Implications for career development practices were discussed.
An Examination of Antecedents to Perceived Community Resilience in Disaster Postcrisis Communication
Authors: Zhang Xiaochen Angela , Shay Ronen
Published: August 2018

Through an online survey of residents in areas affected by Hurricane Matthew ( n = 596), this study examines antecedents that lead to perceived community resilience (PCR) in a disaster crisis. Crisis efficacy, community identification, positive and negative emotions, and social media engagement are identified as factors contributing to PCR. Social media engagement was defined as coping behaviors such as, information seeking, social support seeking, and giving behaviors on social media during and in the aftermath of crisis. The results of this study provide implications for postcrisis rebuilding processes, and how government and organizational communicators can utilize social media communication to foster PCR.
Homogenization of very rough two-dimensional interfaces separating two dissimilar poroelastic solids with time-harmonic motions
Authors: Vinh PC , Tung DX , Kieu NT
Published: August 2018

The homogenization of a very rough three-dimensional interface separating two dissimilar isotropic poroelastic solids with time-harmonic motions was considered by Gilbert and Ou (Acoustic wave propagation in a composite of two different poroelastic materials with a very rough periodic interface: A homogenization approach. Int J Multiscale Comput Eng 2003; 1(4): 431–440). The homogenized equations have been derived; however, they are still in implicit form. In this paper, the homogenization of a very rough two-dimensional interface separating two dissimilar generally anisotropic poroelastic solids with time-harmonic motions is investigated. The main aim of the investigation is to derive homogenized equations in explicit form. By employing the homogenization method, along with the matrix formulation of the poroelasticity theory, the explicit homogenized equations have been derived. Since these equations are totally explicit, they are very useful in solving practical problems. As an example proving this, the reflection and transmission of SH waves at a very rough interface of the tooth-comb type is considered. The closed-form analytical expressions of the reflection and transmission coefficients are obtained. Based on these expressions, the dependence of the reflection and transmission coefficients on some parameters is examined numerically.
Empowering young people who experienced domestic violence and abuse: The development of a group therapy intervention
Authors: Fellin Lisa C , Callaghan Jane EM , Alexander Joanne H , Harrison-Breed Claire , Mavrou Stavroula , Papathanasiou Maria
Published: August 2018

This article describes the development of a group-based therapeutic intervention for young people (YP) who have lived with domestic violence and abuse. The intervention was informed by interviews with 107 YP, focused on their experiences of coping, resilience and agency. The intervention draws on resources from systemic, creative and narrative approaches to group work, and aims to facilitate YP’s expression of distress in a way that recognizes that it is embodied, contextual and relational. The intervention also explores YP’s existing strategies for coping and maintaining a sense of agency, and works to harness, enhance and further develop those skills. We report on the pilot of this intervention, and its development and application across four European countries (the United Kingdom, Greece, Italy and Spain). We outline the goals, strengths and limitations of this group intervention, as well as the main challenges, hindrances and ethical dilemmas experienced by the research and intervention team. Implications for therapeutic practice and training are addressed.
The active defense of fanfiction writing: Sherlock fans’ metatextual response
Authors: Michaud Wild Nickie
Published: August 2018

In 2013, Sherlock fans were incensed when journalist Caitlin Moran surprised the show’s actors at a press event by having them read a piece of fanfiction aloud without telling them first what they would be reading. This was clearly done to make fun of fan writing. They took to social media to express their opinions, which included the idea that they were tired of women and minority groups being made fun of for their passionate engagement with cultural products. Themes of queerbaiting, symbolic violence, double standards, and critiques of misogynistic and heteronormative processes were inherent in their conversations about the incident on Tumblr. They characterized the mockery as typical of exclusionary social institutions that characterized them as irrational individuals. This article examines how they responded back with a metatextual commentary to attacks from without, which allowed them to validate their practices to each other.
Effects of ventilation state of vertical shaft on fire tilt direction and smoke migration behaviours in a multi-storey building
Authors: Huang Yubiao , Zhou Xiaodong , Cao Bei , Yang Lizhong
Published: August 2018

Ventilation is an important method to control fire development in the building. However, most of the previous studies focused mainly on single building structure (shaft or corridor, respectively) and seldom considered composite structure. In this study, a scaled multi-composite building was studied to investigate the effects of ventilation state on building fire. Under positive pressurized air supply and negative pressure air exhaust conditions, the performance of flame direction and tilt angle was evaluated to analyse the interactive effect between air supply ventilation, stack effect and building structure. By analysing fire-related parameters (smoke field, fluid velocity and direction and temperature distribution), six typical migration paths were identified and validated by their corresponding experimental cases. Considering the impact factors of air supply pressure, stack effect and the pressure induced by the horizontal corridor smoke, a non-dimensional number, [Formula: see text], has been presented in this paper to identify the flame tilt direction for composite building, which had so far not been studied before.
Journalism and activist democratic theory and ethics: When the ‘chilling effects’ of libel can lose effect
Authors: Mohamed Ali Noor
Published: August 2018

We use the events of the civil rights movement of the 1960s as context in exploring deployment of ethical principles associated with activist democratic theory by New York Times editors. The ethical framework helped shape coverage of perceived injustices against minorities and set the tenor of confrontation with public officials. Subscription to activist journalism ethics assumes a lack of fairness in liberal democratic processes that take place within unequal social, economic, and political environments. These media tend to challenge the status quo more vigorously than do other media. A content analysis shows that the Times pursued the civil rights story with an activist zeal that got it entangled in the historic Sullivan libel lawsuit of 1960. The paper did not scale back its tone in challenging the social order in the South – even in the face of physical intimidation of reporters and in spite of the widely assumed ‘chilling effects’ of libel. This suggests that when media cover certain issues in an activist spirit, conventional restraints engendered by fear of libel may lose effect.
Theatricalization of enterprise education: A call for “action”
Authors: Oparaocha Gospel Onyema , Daniil Pokidko
Published: August 2018

Changing environment requires not just creativity, but disruptive creativity. The traditional planning paradigm within business organizations heavily relies on long- and short-term forecasting in order to predict the future and plan accordingly. However, a large share of business development is now characterized by rapid changes, inconsistency and unpredictability. Taking that into account a key task for managers is to explore and innovate in chaotic conditions, but how can owner–managers, business leaders and the employees respond to such rapid changes without the appropriate skillset and educational background? This study calls for the modernization of enterprise education systems in order to provide students and graduates with tools relevant to the changing requirements of the business environment. We argue that such needed mastery of unconventional innovative thinking and acting “as if” rather have a lot in common with art education concepts and theatrical skills. Using videography as an example, we illustrate how advances in digital technology can help incorporate such theatrical concepts into enterprise education. As a contribution we provide insights and falsifiable propositions toward a renewal and revitalization of enterprise education pedagogy.
Reciprocity Among Preschoolers in Relation to Resource Allocation Toward Siblings, Friends, and Strangers
Authors: Lu Hui Jing , Chang Lei
Published: August 2018

Children at age 6 years differentially treat kin, friends, and strangers in resource allocation games by being more altruistic toward kin. However, it is unknown how previous allocation experience as a recipient influences the potential kinship effect in subsequent resource allocations. The present study investigated how 4- to 6-year-old children allocated resources between themselves and a sibling, a friend, or a stranger in three allocation tasks after the recipient had previously shared or nonshared with the participant. Results showed that, when a share would induce cost on the self, 6-year-old children were likely to share with a sibling whether the sibling had previously shared or not, but they would share only with friends or strangers who had previously shared. When a share would induce no cost, participants across ages were likely to share with a recipient who had previously shared. When the decision option was between sharing equally and sharing altruistically, participants would allow the recipient to have more only when the recipient was a sibling or friend who had previously allocated altruistically. These findings suggest that kin altruism in resource allocation emerges at around 6 years of age and that reciprocity partly overrides and partly reinforces kin altruism.
Rank and Performance in Dynamic Tournaments: Evidence From the PGA Tour
Authors: Hickman Daniel C. , Kerr Craig , Metz Neil
Published: August 2018

Using data from the final round of golf tournaments, we analyze the effect of player rank on performance. The identification of varying levels of pressure is possible due to the detailed nature of the data set, which allows us to determine the rank of each player just prior to teeing off on each hole. We find that players in the lead tend to underperform, especially near the very end of the tournament and when the lead is closely contested. We also create a measure to rank individual golfers based on how their performance is affected by high-pressure situations.