bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EUPHEMISM OF SURAH AL-BAQARAH IN THE HOLY QUR’AN
Authors: Tamba Nurhalimah , Pulungan Anni Holila , Saragih Amrin
Published: September 2020

This study deals with euphemism of surah Al-Baqarah in the Holy Qur’an. It was aimed for investigating the types of euphemism used in surah Al-Baqarah, to describe realization of euphemistic expressions in surah Al-Baqarah, and to elaborate the reasons for realization of euphemism in surah Al-Baqarah. This study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative research. The data analyzed were sentence to sentence which contained euphemism. The source of the data was taken from Tafseer Ibn Kathir Vol 1-10 in the English language with Arabic verses. The researcher is the key instrument of the research. The result showed that there were 29 verses that contained of euphemism of surah Al-Baqarah. It divided into four concepts found in surah Al-Baqarah and one concept as new finding found in surah Al-Baqarah. Specifically, 1 (4%) for Shortening, 7 (23%) for Remodelling, 17 (59%) for Semantic change, 2 (7%) for Borrowing, and 2 (7%) for narrowing as new finding. The dominant types of euphemism of surah Al-Baqarah was Semantic change. It means that Muslim have to understanding and comprehending the meaning deeply. The ways of euphemism realized in surah Al-Baqarah, namely direct, indirect, implicit, and explicit. The reason euphemism realized in surah Al-Baqarah to soften a vulgar expression. In certain social contexts, they are used to avoid embarrassment and the direct mention of social taboos. In other situations, they are used to give more importance and a higher status to certain individuals and events.Keyword: Euphemism, Taboo, Surah Al-Baqarah
SPEECH ACTS IN POLICE INVESTIGATIVE INTERVIEWS
Authors: Barus Ricky Drimarcha , Saragih Amrin , Zein Thyrhaya
Published: September 2020

This study aimed at exploring the speech acts in police investigative interviews. The objectives of the study were to discover, to explain how types of speech acts used by the interviewers and interviewees in the police investigative interviews on Michael Brown’s case and to elaborate the reasons. This research applied descriptive qualitative method. The data were the utterances gathered from the interviewers and the interviewees in two different investigative interviews. They were then analyzed by using Searle’s Speech Acts theory. The findings revealed that the five types of speech acts, namely representative, directive, commissive, expressive and declarative were found in the first investigative interview. However, declarative was not found in the second investigative interview. The most dominant type from the two investigative interviews was representative speech act. The most dominant speech act performed by the detectives and special agents as the interviewers was directive speech act. The most dominant speech act performed by the suspect and the witness as the interviewee was representative speech act. The interviewers and interviewees performed them in two ways, direct - literal way and indirect - literal way, in which the direct - literal way was the most dominant one. The main reason why the interviewers performed directive speech act in the form of questioning, clarifying questioning and confirming questioning was to find facts and information. On the other hand, the interviewees performed the representative speech act in order to inform, explain, describe, affirm or deny. The direct - literal way was dominantly performed because all the participants want to avoid misunderstanding through ambiguous words or sentences since the investigative interviews are serious things.Keywords: interview, investigative interviews, speech acts
COHORT-BASED GRAMMAR TEACHING MODEL DEVELOPMENT IN STRUCTURE SECTION OF TOEFL AT SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU MANAJEMEN SUKMA MEDAN
Authors: Hidayat Hidayat , Gurning Busmin , Husein Rahmad
Published: September 2020

This research makes use of Research and Development method in which a teaching model is developed to teaching grammar in the form of multiple-choice questions. It is Cohort-based Grammar Teaching Model that is developed. In the development of this teaching model, fifty students took part in. The research was conducted at Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Manajemen Sukma Medan on jalan Sakti Lubis no. 80. To figure out what teaching model which the students need, questionaire was disseminated. In analyzing the available data from the instrument, questionaire inspired by Guttman Scale was made with numerous modifications in statements and questions.The analysis reveals that the participants require an intersting and fun grammar teaching model; easy to understand and more efective; quick problem-solving, time-saving  and target-oriented.  Due to this reason, eventually, Cohort-based Grammar Teaching Model is not mediocrewhere it is capable of alternating grammar problem for multiple-choice question in structure part of the TOEFL in a relative instant high result way.Keywords: Research and Development, Teaching Grammar, Multiple-choice question, Cohort
MANDAILING LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE IN KELURAHAN SUDIREJO II MEDAN
Authors: Zuri Nisma , Sumarsih Sumarsih , Setia Edy
Published: September 2020

This study deals with Language Maintenance in Kelurahan Sudirejo II Medan. The objectives of the study are (1) to describe out the factors affecting Mandailing Languagein Kelurahan Sudirejo II Medan (2) to elaborate how Mandailingnese maintain the Mandailing Languagein Kelurahan Sudirejo II Medan, and (3) to reason for the manners or way by which they maintain Mandailing Languagein Kelurahan Sudirejo II Medan. The method of this study was descriptive qualitative research. The participants were twenty Mandailing people who live in Kelurahan Sudirejo II Medan. The data were taken from questionnaire and interview as instrument. Questionnaire was applied to collect the data about the factors affecting the Mandailing Language maintenane and strategies in maintaining ML. While the interview was applied to get data about the reason of Mandailing people maintain Mandailing Language. The data were analyzed by using Miles and Huberman matrix (1994). This research found the following results (1) There are seven factors affecting Mandailing Languagemaintenance in Kelurahan Sudirejo II Medan such as: Use of language in family (intermarriage and intermarriage), visiting homeland,  use of the language in neighborhood domain, ethno linguistic vitality, living together in an area, use of the language in religion and practice of traditional ceremony. (2) to maintain Mandailing Language, the Mandailing people in Kelurahan Sudirejo II Medan conducted strategies like: Family language policy, using Mandailing Languagein daily life, using Mandailing Languagein social meeting or religious, using Mandailing Languagein cultural activity. (3) the reasons why the Mandailing people maintain the language are: they were proud being Mandailing people and speak Mandailing language and Mandailing Languageshows their identity as Mandailing people. Keywords: Language maintenance and Mandailing.
THE EFFECT OF TEACHING STRATEGIES AND SEL-EFFICACY ON STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN READING COMPREHENSION
Authors: Sinaga Arthalina Romauli , Husein Rahmad , Murni Sri Minda
Published: September 2020

The objective of this experimental research were to find out whether: (1) The students’ achievement in reading comprehension taught by using Annotation strategy was higher than that taught by using Compensation strategy, (2) the students’ achievement in reading comprehension with high self-efficacy was higher than that low self-efficacy, and (3) there was  interaction between teaching strategies and self-efficacy on the students’ achievement in reading comprehension. The population of this research was the students in grade IX of SMP Negeri 18 Medan of 2016/2017 academic year. There were 52 students as samples of this research by applying cluster random sampling technique. The instruments of this research were reading comprehension test and questionaire sheet. The data were analyzed using ANOVA at the level of significant α = 0.05. The result of the data analysis proved that:    (1) the students’ achievement in reading comprehension taught by using Annotation strategy was higher than that taught by using Compensation strategy, with Fobs (66.73) ˃ Ftab (4.10),  (2) the students’ achievement in reading comprehension with high self-efficacy was higher than that with low self-efficacy, with Fobs (94.83) ˃ Ftab (4.10),  (3) there was interaction between teaching strategies and self-efficacy, with Fobs (11.29) ˃ Ftab (4.10).     Keywords: teaching strategies, self-efficacy, reading comprehension
STEREOTYPED LANGUAGE ABOUT WOMEN ON INTERNET MEMES OF MEME COMIC INDONESIA (A Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis)
Authors: Siregar Ayu Lestari , Gurning Busmin , Santoso Didik
Published: September 2020

This study examined 21 (twenty one) Internet memes taken from instagram wall of Meme Comic Indonesia (MCI). This studies applied Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis promoted by Van Leeuwen which particularly in this study was the merger between Three Dimensional of Fairclough and Visual Grammatical of Kress and Van Leeuwen. The results of this study revealed five kinds of stereotyped language about women which are women’s personality traits, women’s cooking domestics behaviour, women’s physical appearances, women’s teaching occupation and women’s driving motorcycle behaviour which considered as new kind of stereotype about women. It is also revealed that the process of realization of stereotyped language about women is by seeing the context of the features used by the creator of the internet memes. The reasons of using stereotyped language about women as humour can be seen as critics and warning attemptions by the creator of the internet memes.Key words: Stereotyped Language about Women, internet memes, Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis
SILENCE OF STUDENTS IN EFL CLASSROOM AT ATDS
Authors: Sirait Eka Trisnawati , Murni Sri Minda , Sumarsih Sumarsih
Published: September 2020

This study was aimed at examining the Silence of students in EFL Classroom. The objectives of this study were to find out the types and the reason of silence is used by students in Industry Engineering. This study was conducted by descriptive qualitative method. The source of data was recording and interview. The technique of data collection was recording and interview. The technique of data analysis was interactive model by Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014). The findings of the study showed that: ATDS students in EFL classroom just uses 9 types out of 12 types of silence. They are: (1)The wise or virtuous silent, (2) The modest silent,(3)The cunning silent, (4)The eloquent silent, (5)The dumb founded silent, (6) The culpable silent, (7)The strong silent, (8)The weak silent, (9) The dead silent.Keywords: Silence, EFL Classroom
LEXICAL METAPHOR IN PRINTED CAR ADVERTISEMENTS
Authors: Misdiana Misdiana , Saragih Amrin , Ginting Siti Aisyah
Published: September 2020

This study deals with the use of Lexical Metaphor in Printed Car Advertisements. The objective of the study was to describe the types of lexical Metaphor used in Printed Car Advertisements and to elaborate the reasons why those kinds of lexical metaphor used in that way. This study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative research. The source of data was taken from slogan of magazines and brochure which containing 28 texts printed. The data were analyze using content analysis technique by describing the kinds of lexical metaphors. The data obtained through purposive sampling technique with focused on the lexis (words) that contained of lexical metaphors., the realization of lexical metaphor and the reason were analyzed by using systematic functional linguistic approach. The instrument in this study was the researcher itself. The result showed that there are eight concepts of lexical metaphor, namely Noun-Noun, Noun-Verb, Noun Adjective, Intransitive-Verb, Adjective-Adjective, Intransitive_Verb-Noun, Noun-Pronuon, Verb_Pronoun. The findings showed that advertisers construct different slogan for persuading the consumers or to positively dispose toward their brand. As a form of marketing strategy, advertising ideology work and it played an important role to beautify or describe his literature, feeling and thought. Potentially to make specific product or brand name more appealing and memorable. The reason were attention getting, persuasion, innovation and creativity, prestige, technological words, to fun and memo ability cause the owner thought that tag line/branding cannot translate directly in English the message cannot deliver well consumers because English has own term in the market/business.Keywords: Metaphor, Printed advertisement, Lexical.
EUPHEMISM OF SURAH AL-BAQARAH IN THE HOLY QURAN
Authors: Tamba Nurhalimah , Pulungan Anni Holila , Saragih Amrin
Published: September 2020

This study deals with euphemism of surah Al-Baqarah in the Holy Qur’an. It was aimed to describe realization of euphemistic expressions in surah Al-Baqarah. This study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative research. The data analyzed were verses of surah Al-Baqarah which contained euphemism. The source of the data was taken from Tafseer Ibn Kathir Vol 1-10 in the English language with Arabic verses. The researcher is the key instrument of the research. The findings show that there are four the ways of euphemism realized in surah Al-Baqarah, namely direct, indirect, implicit, and explicit. The dominant of ways realized euphemism in surah Al-Baqarah was direct. It means that the most of euphemism to describe truth from Allah is real and Allah delivered messangers directly about the laws of Allah so that they can know the truth.Keyword: Euphemism, Taboo, Surah Al-Baqarah
THE SHIFT OF THEMES AND RHEMES IN THE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH POLITICAL TEXTS INTO INDONESIAN
Authors: Astuti Widya , Husein Rahmad , Lubis Syahron
Published: September 2020

This study was conducted to describe the shift of themes and rhemes in The Translation of English Political Text into Indonesian. In this research, descriptive qualitative design is applied by the researcher in order to answer the questions. The data were taken from English and Indonesia political news texts of Waspada. The technique used was interactive model by Miles,  Huberman and Saldana (2014). This study found some enrichment with variation of theme and information structure of thematic and rhematic in English – Indonesia Waspada political texts. Based on analyzing data, the findings of this study are formulated : (1) There are some ways in which shifts applied in the thematic and rhematic in English - Indonesian translation of Waspada political texts there are such as : the SL which is differently translated into TL considering the grammatical pattern of both language and the unit of word constructing the theme and rheme and (2) There are some reasons for applying shifts in the thematic and rhematic shift in English – Indonesian translation of Waspada political texts such as different language system and grammatical structure from both English and Indonesia. Keywords: Translation Shifts, Theme, Rheme, Political, Text
LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE BY JAVANESE FAMILIES IN DESA SAMBIREJO TIMUR
Authors: Riadiani Ayu Utatri Prastica
Published: September 2020

This study deals with language maintenance by Javanese families. It employs qualitative research design with case study. This study aims to find out: (1) the dominant factor affect f Javanese families language maintenance in Desa Sambirejo Timur, (2) the strategies used by Javanese families to maintain their ethnic language, and (3) the reason Javanese families maintained their language. The subjects were ten Javanese families including parents (the third generation) and children in Desa Sambirejo Timur. The instruments used for this study were observation and interview (in-depth interview). The observation was applied to get the data about the factor affect Javanese families’ language maintenance. The interview was applied to find the dominant factor affect language maintenance by Javanese families. The data was analyzed by using interactive model from Miles and Huberman’s. There are five factors being analyzed, namely: (1) attitude towards Javanese language, (2)value, (3) identity, (4) demography, and social factor. The dominant factor affect Javanese lang8uage maintenance in this study is the attitude towards language. Besides that there is one additional factor found during research namely visiting homeland. The strategy used by parents to maintained Javanese language in their family are: (1) raising Javanese language interest for children by direct them to arts, culture and literature about Javanese such as wayang, Javanese radio broadcasting, and Javanese song and (2) mix Javanese language with Indonesian when speaking to the children. Key Words     : language maintenance, language attitude, family language maintenance, factors in language maintenance
IMPOLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY GOVERNOR CANDIDATES OF DKI JAKARTA IN GOVERNOR ELECTION DEBATE 2017
Authors: Siburian Yohana Debora , Murni Sri Minda , Gurning Busmin
Published: September 2020

This study aimed at exploring the impoliteness strategies in governor election debate 2017. The objectives of the study were to describe, to explain how types of impoliteness strategies used and to expose the reasons. This research applied descriptive qualitative method. The data were the utterances of the governor candidates in two different debate sessions which were analyzed by using Culpeper Impoliteness Theory. The findings revealed that there were three out of five impoliteness strategies found in both debates, namely bald on record impoliteness, positive impoliteness and negative impoliteness. The governor candidates used the bald on record in three realizations, positive impoliteness in seven realizations and negative impoliteness in three realizations. There are some reasons of using the impoliteness strategies, namely to vent negative feelings, to mock others, to show disagreement, to show power, and to clarify something. However, the main reason to use the impoliteness strategies was to show power. Moreover, it is also revealed that both two different types of impoliteness strategies and two different realizations were used at the same moment.Keywords: election debate, governor candidates, impoliteness strategies
THE ELEMENTS OF IDEATIONAL GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR IN READING TEXTS FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS
Authors: Ferzhawana Diemam , Ginting Siti Aisyah , Zainuddin Zainuddin
Published: September 2020

This study investigated ideational grammatical metphor in Senior High School English Textbook. The objectives of the study were to identify what ideational grammatical metaphors were used in Senior High School English Textbooks. The research was conducted by applying descriptive qualitative design. The data for this study were texts which were taken from Texts in Senior High School English Textbooks. The data were collected by selecting all the texts in the textbooks, then retyping the passage of the texts, editing the passage by breaking down the clauses into a data, and finally printing out the data. After the data had been collected, they were analyzed by some procedures; identifying the ideational grammatical metaphor in the data, rewording or unpacking the data into a congruent form, making comparisons between the two forms, classifying the classes of ideational grammatical metaphor and its function and analyzing the reason the ideational grammatical metaphor was used in Senior High School English Textbooks. The findings of the study showed that there were four ideational grammatical metaphor used in Senior High School English Textbook, namely the data of epithet = thing, event = thing, event = epithet and head = modifier.Keywords: Ideational Grammatical Metaphor, Senior High School English Textbooks,
IDEATIONAL GRAMMATICAL METAPHORS IN EDITORIALS TEXTS OF THE JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER
Authors: Wardhani Kiky , Ginting Siti Aisyah , Sumarsih Sumarsih
Published: September 2020

This study was investigated the realization of ideational grammatical metaphors in editorials of The Jakarta Post Newspaper. The objectives of this study were to identify the types of ideational grammatical metaphor are found in editorials texts of, to describe how the ideational grammatical metaphor lingustically realized in the editorials text, and to explain the reasons for the used of ideational grammatical metaphors. This study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative research. The sourceof data were editorials of The Jakarta Post newspaper, published on http://www.thejakartapost.com/chanel/editorial, which containing of six editorials written in January 2015 episode. The data were the texts containing of ideational grammatical metaphors. The data were analyzed based on  the Sistemic Functional Language approach. The result showed that there were four types of ideational grammatical metaphor, namely adjective =>noun, verb =>noun, verb =>adjective, adverb =>adjective. The dominant type of ideational grammatical  metaphor in the editorials is verb =>adjective. The reasons of ideational grammatical metaphor used in the editorials was due to nominalization and condensation. Grammatical metaphor as a model of language was needed to help people to understand how a text work to make meaning and all meaning was situated in context of situation and context of culture. There was a great deal of variation among different register in the degree and types of metaphor that was encountered. Register of field is social action of which is going on the text of editorials texts.Key words: Ideational Grammatical Metaphor, Texts, The Jakarta Post newspaper,
THE REALIZATION OF METAPHOR OF MODALITY USED IN DONALD TRUMP’S SPEECH IN UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY 2017
Authors: Handayani Nursyah , Ginting Siti Aisyah , Zainuddin Zanuddin
Published: September 2020

This Study investigates modality used by Donald Trump in his   speech  in  United Nations General Assembly 2017. Modality is expressed as the speakers’s judgment of the Obligation, or probabilities involved what is saying. The speech was conveyed by Donal Trump as the  representative of America in United Nations General Assembly 2017. Three objectives of the study are the describtion of  kinds of the modality used on  Donald Trump’s speech in United Nations General Assembly, the analyze of realization of modality and the describtion of the reasons of modality.the data were obtained from Donal Trump’s speech . The speech transcription was analyzed by applying Systemic Functional Linguistics Theory. The Occurences of modality were qualitatively analyzed by converting them into persentages to determine the proportions namely (i) explicitly subjective, (ii) imlicity subjective, (iii) explicitly objective and (iv) imlicity objective. The findings indicates that imlicity subjective (68.75 %) , ) explicitly subjective (17.19%), imlicity objective (7.81%) and explicitly objective (6.25%). It means that the speech is also conveyed methaphorically or congruently by grammatical variation which occurs is based on the logical semantic relationship projection and exert the pragmatic function to connct the listener perception toward the speaker judgmentKeywords: modality, explicitly subjective, imlicity subjective, explicitly objective, imlicity objective
FIGURATIVE MEANINGS OF PERIBAHASA TEXT BOOK
Authors: Chairani Eva , . Zainuddin , Minda Sri Minda
Published: September 2020

Proverb is one of many ways for people in communication. Linguistics and people cognition play vital role for people in constructing proverbs and it also depends on their natural background knowledge. Figurative meaning as a component which found in proverbs gives unexpected orientation toward subject matter. This research deals with the figurative meanings of Peribahasa Text Book. This study revealed the investigation of the types of figurative meanings in Peribahasa text book. This research is conducted by the qualitative research. The data are analyzed by applying interactive models of Miles, Huberman and Saldana. Based on the analysis data then there are another six figurative meanings beyond personification, simile, metaphor, metonymy, and synecdoche , they are Irony 26 proverbs (7.1%), Hyperbole 23 proverbs (6.3%), Symbol 15 proverbs (4.1%), Understatement 6 proverbs (1.6%), Paradox 7 proverbs (2%), and Allegory 1 proverb (0.3%) and the rest refers to the construction identity, such as reiteration formula, cultural figurative expression and proverbial reality. This implied that proverbs were created by genius imagination, by chosing the words, then combining them and producing the idea formulation in the form of scenic series of words and full of aesthetics.Keywords: Proverbs, Figurative Meanings, Construction Identity
Modality Used in Beauty Product Advertisements on Instagram Caption
Authors: Sari Indri Eka , Pulungan Anni Holila , Husein Rahmad
Published: September 2020

This research was carried out to investigate the modality used in beauty product advertisements on Instagram caption. The objective of the research was to describe the types of modality used in beauty product advertisements on Instagram caption. The data of this research was the clauses consisting of modality used in beauty product advertisements which are taken from official account of three local brands on Instagram. Descriptive qualitative method was used in this research. The instrument of this research was observation. The types of modality were analyzed by using the theory of Carrettero (2007). In this research was found four types of modality. The types were found in this research, namely Epistemic, Deontic, Dynamic, and Boulomaic.Keywords: Types of Modality, Beauty Product Advertisements, Instagram Caption
The Types of Discourse Markers in Joko Widodo’s Speeches in KTT APEC China in 2015
Authors: Nasution Syahbuddin - , Gurning Busmin - , Tangkas I Wayan Dirgeyasa
Published: September 2020

This study deals with the discourse marker in Joko Widodo’s Speeches in KTT APEC CHINA in 2015. This study attampted to investigate the domaint elements of Discourse Marker of Joko Widodo speeches in KTT APEC in CHINA 2015, the type and how discourse marker are coded in the president Joko Widodo specches in KTT APEC in CHINA 2015. The study was conducted by quantitative design. The data in this study were the vidio of JOKO widodo’s Speeches in KTT APEC in China 2015 which got 102 clauses from the vidio. The clauses were transcribed in order to be analyzed. In relation to the problems of the study, the purpose of the study is to find the types of discourse markers and to elaborate the reasons of occurrence of discourse markers used the speech based on situational context. And this research was using descriptive qualitative method. From the data analysis and findings, there were four categories from discourse markers found in Joko Widodo speeches they are interpersonal category, referential categories, structural category and cognitive category,  and the dominant category found was cognitive category.Keywords: Discourse Markers, Speeches and Types, KTT APEC
Developing English Speaking Material through Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) for Beauty Study Program
Authors: Siregar Nilam Ulami , Dirgeyasa I Wayan , Husein Rahmad
Published: September 2020

The research was aimed to identify the target needs and learning needs of the tenth grade student of Beauty Study program at SMK Pariwisata Imelda Medan and to develop English speaking material through CTL for Beauty Study Program. This research was implemented by conducting Research and Development (R n D) study by Borg and Gall. There are four steps were done namely: (1) need analysis; (2) developing material; (3) evaluating and (final revision).  The target clients of this research were 34 people which consisted of (a) 30 students of Tenth grade of Beauty Program chosen by total random sampling technique; (b) English lectures; (c) English teacher; and (d) stakeholder. There were 3 types of technique for collecting the data applied in this research, they were questionnaire which used to gain the need analysis and validate the material, documentation consisted of the existing material, and interview to support the data gained from the previous techniques. The data of the research was analyzed descriptively. The result of this research were (1) the students needed the English speaking material which contains the material relating to their filed expertise and supported by innovative and creative learning process, and (2) the English speaking material developed through CTL is a set of English speaking material which consisted of 6 units.  Keywords: R and D, Speaking Material, Beauty Study, CTL
External and Internal Conjunctions in the News Story Text of the Jakarta Post
Authors: Sari Novita , Saragih Amrin , Pulungan Anni Holila
Published: September 2020

This study was investigated external and internal conjunctions in the news story text of the Jakarta Post based on Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach. The objective of this study was to describe the realization of external and internal conjunctions. The research was conducted by using qualitative design. The data of this research were clause complex of external and internal conjunctions in the news text the Jakarta Post. The data were taken from website official Jakarta Post https://www.thejakartapost.com/. The data were collected by documentary technique. The technique of data analysis applied interactive model technique by Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014). The findings showed external and internal conjunctions describes in clause complex news text used to clause complex have several clauses consist of independent clause is an equal (paratactic) and clause complex have several clauses consist of independent clause relate with dependent clause is an unequal (hypotactic). Keywords: External Conjunction, Internal Conjunctions, News Text
Sobre Francisco Quijano Velasco, Las repúblicas de la Monarquía: pensamiento constitucionalista y republicano en Nueva España 1550-1610
Authors: Velasco Gómez Ambrosio
Published: September 2020

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Sobre Iván Jaksic (ed. gral.), Historia política de Chile, 1810-2010, t. III. Problemas económicos
Authors: Badia-Miró Marc
Published: September 2020

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Sobre Tomás Cornejo C., Ciudad de voces impresas: historia cultural de Santiago de Chile, 1880-1910
Authors: Pulido Esteva Diego
Published: September 2020

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Sobre Ricardo Martínez Esquivel (coord.), Los chinos de ultramar: diásporas, sociabilidad e identidades
Authors: Bucher Greta
Published: September 2020

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Sobre José Ramón Cossío, Pablo Mijangos y Erika Pani (coords.), Derecho y cambio social en la historia
Authors: Spindola Zago Octavio
Published: September 2020

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The advances in human oral biology and biotechnology
Authors: Borowiec Blanka , Hutchings Greg , Bryl Rut , Melo Marcelo A. , Shibli Jamil A. , Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska Marta
Published: September 2020

The oral cavity is a very specific and complicated structure. It plays the role of a speech apparatus but is also a gate and a preliminary processing plant for fuel nourishing the body. Analyzing the embryological development of the oral cavity, we can distinguish here the stages of growth, migration and fusion. This processes mainly involves the formation of branched arches that appear between the fourth and fifth weeks of fetal development. In recent years, interest in researching its various features has been still growing. After a thorough description and anatomical examination, researchers began to think about its other possibilities than just crushing, throwing, swallowing, bringing out the sounds and articulating words. It turns out that the whole range of its potential is not limited to just a few functions mentioned above. The following review article covers specific studies that have emerged most frequently over the past year. You will find here information about the microbiome of the oral cavity which plays an significant role in maintaining a proper physiological environment of the oral cavity, oral tumors and how the SCC or squamous cell carcinoma is histologically the most common and its treatment, even in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as the least discovered and still fascinating for scientists wound healing processes and unknown exosomes that can transport biological molecules in their original, intact and active form, including nucleic acids and proteins with their signaling pathways.

Running title: The advances in human oral biology and biotechnology
An analytical “quality by design” approach in RP-HPLC method development and validation for reliable and rapid estimation of irinotecan in an injectable formulation
Authors: Bhaskaran Navya Ajitkumar , Kumar Lalit , Reddy M Sreenivasa , Pai Girish K
Published: September 2020

The objective of the present study was to develop a robust, simple, economical and sensitive HPLC-UV method using the “quality-by-design” approach for the estimation of irinotecan (IRI) in marketed formulations. RP-HPLC method was developed by applying Box-Behnken design with Hyper-Clone (Phenomenex®) C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm id, particle size 5 µm, ODS 130 Å) as a stationary phase. Acetonitrile and 20 mmol L−1 potassium phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) containing 0.1 % triethylamine in a ratio of 45:55 % (V/V) was used as a mobile phase. The sample was injected in a volume of 20 µL into the HPLC system. UV detector at 254 nm was used to estimate and quantify IRI. Isocratic elution was opted while the flow rate was maintained at 0.75 mL min−1. The retention time of IRI was found to be 4.09 min. The responses were found to be linear for concentration range of 0.5 to 18.0 µg mL−1 and the coefficient of determination value was found to be 0.9993. Percent relative standard deviation for intra- and inter-day precisions was found in the range of 0.1 to 0.4 %. LOD and LOQ values were found to be 4.87 and 14.75 ng mL−1, resp. Robustness studies confirmed that the developed method is robust with RSD of a maximum 0.1 %. The method is simple, precise, sensitive, robust and economical making it applicable to the estimation of IRI in an injectable formulation.
Euro-Atlantic security before and after COVID-19
Authors: Gvineria Shota
Published: September 2020

Contemporary global power competition has turned the world into a hybrid battlefield. In modern battlefield, authoritarian regimes have the strategic advantage of being irresponsible, reckless and aggressive. This advantage is combined with the ability of the authoritarian regimes to find cheap and effective - short of war - solutions for achieving geopolitical objectives. In past decades authoritarian regimes such as Russia and China have been actively applying hybrid strategies against the Western dominated rules based international system. Those strategies are being constructed based on identification and utilization of the vulnerabilities of the democratic political systems, institutions and societies. Pandemic crisis caused by unpredictable and unprecedented spread of the mutated new Corona virus, have underlined vulnerabilities and opened up new possibilities for the hybrid warfare. The pandemic influences every power on the global stage, but will COVID-19 be a turning point for the Euro-Atlantic Security environment?
Practical Approach to Optimal Cooling System Design for a Production Line Consisting of Plastic Injection Moulding Machines in Polish Specific Climat Conditions
Authors: Bernacki Maciej , Kaminski Piotr
Published: September 2020

The paper presents and describes cooling systems mainly used in industrial plants specialized in production based on injection moulding machines. Each solution is rated taking into account investment costs, technical complexity, exploitation costs and system flexibility in general. With regard to dynamically changing law regulations linked to refrigeration installations, mainly F-Gases Act, during optimal system selection new restrictions were respected. This approach ensures long-term exploitation without additional complications. The paper contains characteristics of cooled facility, i.e. production plastic plant using injection moulding machines, presents specifics for this type of application where two extremely different cooling processes are placed in parallel. One task is heat collection from injection moulds to ensure short production time and produced details recurrence, the second is keeping hydraulic oil temperature between temperature limits – this process ensures proper oil viscosity and prevents its premature wear.
Analytical Approach to Product Reliability Estimation Based on Life Test Data for an Automotive Clutch System
Authors: Niknafs Hamed , Faridkhah Morteza , Kazemi Camelia
Published: September 2020

The study of reliability is an important part of engineering design process which forms the basis of analysis and judgment on future performance of the product. Since the future couldn’t be predicted with an absolute certainty, the nature of reliability would lead us to probability theory and uncertainty modeling. The quantitative calculation of this parameter for mechanical systems within different steps of production requires an analytical and systematic approach which has been focused in this paper. The proposed approach has been applied for calculating reliability of a clutch system as a case study. The system reliability in this work is determined based on the block diagram method as a function of individual component reliabilities which are calculated by statistical analysis of life test results. Using Weibull model, reliability of a typical clutch system has been formulated based on durability bench test and results has been interpreted to estimate field reliability.
Evolution of Tenacity in Mixed Mode Fracture – Volumetric Approach
Authors: Zebri O. , El Minor H. , Bendarma A.
Published: September 2020

In fracture mechanics most interest is focused on stress intensity factors, which describe the singular stress field ahead of a crack tip and govern fracture of a specimen when a critical stress intensity factor is reached. In this paper, stress intensity factors which represents fracture toughness of material, caused by a notch in a volumetric approach has been examined, taking into account the specific conditions of loading by examining various U-notched circular ring specimens, with various geometries and boundary conditions, under a mixed mode I+II. The bend specimens are computed by finite element method (FEM) and the local stress distribution was calculated by the Abaqus/CAE. The results are assessed to determine the evolution of the stress intensity factor of different notches and loading distances from the root of notch. This study shows that the tenacity is not intrinsic to the material for all different geometries notches.
Prediction of Solutions of the Duffing System with Tuned Mass Damper
Authors: Mnich Konrad
Published: September 2020

In this work we analyze the behavior of a nonlinear dynamical system using a probabilistic approach. We focus on the coexistence of solutions and we check how the changes in the parameters of excitation influence the dynamics of the system. For the demonstration we use the Duffing oscillator with the tuned mass absorber. We mention the numerous attractors present in such a system and describe how they were found with the method based on the basin stability concept.
Gear Crack Detection Using Residual Signal and Empirical Mode Decomposition
Authors: Selami Salim , Mecibah Mohamed Salah , Debbah Younes , Boukelia Taqiy Eddine
Published: September 2020

Diagnosis of gearbox defects at an early stage is very important to avoid catastrophic failures. This article presents experimental results of tests made to evaluate the cracks of the cylindrical gears of a transfer case under advanced test conditions. For the diagnosis of a gearbox, various signal processing techniques are mainly used for the vibration study of the gears, such as: Fast Fourier Transform, synchronous time average, and time-based wavelet transformation, etc. Various methods can be found in the literature which can be used to calculate the residual signal (RS), however, in this paper, we suggest a new method combined empirical mode decomposition (EMD) technique with RS for detection of the crack gear. In order to extract the associated defect characteristics of the transfer box vibration signals, the EMD has been performed. The results show the effectiveness of the EMD method in the evaluation of tooth cracking in spur gears. This effectiveness can be proved by the obtained results of the experimental tests, which were presented and carried out on a test rig equipped with a transfer box.
The Expansion of the Inverse of the Mutual Distance Between Two Planets Raised to Any Real Integer Using Taylor Theorem and Elliptic Expansions Part I: Theoretical Results
Authors: Elmabsout Badaoui , Kamel Osman M. , Soliman Adel S.
Published: September 2020

We introduce in this part the method to obtain the literal expansion of the mutual distance between two planets of the solar system raised to any negative real integer.
Kinematic and Dynamic Analysis for a New MacPherson Strut Suspension System
Authors: Dehbari S. , Marzbanrad J.
Published: September 2020

The present paper undertakes kinematic and dynamic analysis of front suspension system. The investigated model is a full-scale Macpherson which is a multibody system. Two degree of freedom model is considered here to illustrate the vertical displacement of sprung mass and unsprung mass with using displacement matrix. Ride and handling parameters including displacement of sprung and unsprung masses, camber/caster angle, and track changes are derived from the relationships. Moreover, geometrical model and equations are validated by Adams/Car software. The kinematic and dynamic results have been compared in both analytical and numerical outputs for verification. The proposed analytical model shows less than 5% differences with a complicated multibody model.
Effect of the Oxidation on the Tribological Behaviour of Steels
Authors: Djilali Kaid-Ameur , Hebbar Ahmed
Published: September 2020

The work presented in this study focus on the application of the method of the plans of experiences (MPE) to the study and the optimization of the quantification of the wear of the steels (XC48, A60) under the effect of a factor of environment in the occurrence Hydrogen. Modeling can draw inspiration from the mathematical models established by the (MPE) in order to analyze more deeply the phenomenon of the wear while taking account of the various relevant factors [1].

The MPE, introduced is a consistent set of tools and methods algèbro-statistics to establish and analyze the relationships in the quantities studied (responses) and their sources of variations (factors) [2]. This analysis may be qualitative: study of “screening” (determination of influential factors) or quantitative: methodology of the surfaces of answers (variation of responses according to the influential factors). In all cases, it has for the purpose of determination of mathematical models approached the answers expressed in terms of the factors. These models are deducted from the values obtained of series of experiments. The definition of these plans of experiences determines the measurable quality of models. The multiple facets of the MPE are then used as the basis for the development of strategy to optimize [3].
Investigation of Surface Roughness and Material Removal Rate on Machining of TIB2 Reinforced Aluminum 6063 Composites: A Taguchi’s Approach
Authors: Emmanual L. , Karthikeyan T.
Published: September 2020

The utilization of TiB2 particles reinforced aluminum (Al6063) metal matrix composite materials in many different engineering fields has undergone a tremendous increase. Accordingly, the need of accurate machining of composites has increased enormously; an attempt has been made to assess the factors influencing surface roughness and material removal rate on machining the composite. The orthogonal array, the signal-to-noise ratio, and analysis of variance were employed to study the performance characteristics in turning operations of 5 and 10 wt. % TiB2 particles reinforced aluminum (Al6063) metal matrix composites. Taguchi method was used to find the optimal cutting factors for surface roughness (Ra) and material removal rate (MRR). Three cutting factors namely speed; feed and depth of cut were optimized with considerations of Ra and MRR. The experimental plan and analysis was based on the Taguchi L27 orthogonal array with three cutting factors using carbide tool (K20). The optimal parametric combination for K20 carbide insert was found to be feed, speed and depth of cut. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) result shows that feed the most significant process parameter on surface roughness followed by speed. For MRR result show that the speed and the feed are the significant parameters followed by the composition of composite material.
Numerical analysis based on finite element method of active vibration control of a sandwich plate using piezoelectric patches
Authors: Serhane Hanane , Bendine Kouider , Boukhoulda Farouk Benallel , Lousdad Abdelkader
Published: September 2020

An active method of vibration control of a smart sandwich plate (SSP) using discrete piezoelectric patches is investigated. In order to actively control the SSP vibration, the plate is equipped with three piezoelectric patches that act as actuators. Based on the classical plate theory, a finite element model with the contributions of piezoelectric sensor and actuator patches on the mass and stiffness of the sandwich plate was developed to derive the state space equation. LQR control algorithm is used in order to actively control the SSP vibration. The accuracy of the present model is tested in transient and harmonic loads. The applied piezoelectric actuator provides a damping effect on the SSP vibration. The amplitudes of vibrations and the damping time were significantly reduced when the control is ON.
Surface micromorphology characterization of PDI8-CN2 thin films on H-Si by AFM analysis
Authors: Ţălu Ştefan , Kulesza Slawomir , Bramowicz Miroslaw , Solaymani Shahram , Ţălu Mihai , Nezafat Negin Beryani , Rezaee Sahar
Published: September 2020

A nanoscale investigation of three-dimensional (3-D) surface micromorphology of archetypical N, N0- bis (n-etyl) x:y, dicyanoperylene- 3, 4:9, 10 bis (dicarboximide) (PDI8-CN2) thin films on H-Si substrates, which are applicable in n-type semiconducting compounds, has been performed by using fractal analysis. In addition, surface texture characteristics of the PDI8-CN2 thin films have been characterized by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) operated in tapping-mode in the air. These analyses revealed that all samples can be described well as fractal structures at nanometer scale and their three dimensional surface texture could be implemented in both graphical models and computer simulations.