bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
As Tecnologias Informacionais e os Excluídos Digitais da Amazônia: O Papel da Jurisdição na Consecução de Direitos
Authors: Barros Bruno Mello Corrêa de , Richter Daniela , Reis Patrícia dos
Published: December 2016

O ensaio tem como viés principal analisar a interface existente entre as Tecnologias Informacionais e a sustentabilidade ambiental, os eixos tecnológicos que as conectam e que podem propiciar medidas necessárias para um desenvolvimento sustentável através do acesso à informação. Ademais, pretende-se explanar a respeito dos excluídos digitais, àqueles que não utilizam da Internet ou que a ela não possuem acesso, bem como questionar o papel da jurisdição na consecução de um meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado. Nesse ínterim, como aporte metodológico utilizou-se o método de abordagem dedutivo, propiciando uma visão ampla acerca da revolução informacional e das TICs como instrumentos necessários à efetivação da sustentabilidade através do amplo e irrestrito acesso à informação, ainda, da jurisdição na consecução do direito a um meio ambiente sustentável, já quanto ao método de procedimento, utilizou-se do procedimento monográfico ou de estudo de caso, vislumbrando os excluídos digitais, localizados no Norte e Nordeste do país.
Notas Sobre o Estatuto da Pessoa com Deficiência (Lei 13.146/2015) e a Alteração da Curatela e do Regime de Capacidade
Authors: Andrade Fábio Siebeneichler de , Bublitz Michelle Dias
Published: December 2016

Aproximadamente 15% da população mundial convive com alguma deficiência. No Brasil, o censo IBGE 2010 revela que 23,9% da população declarou-se com alguma deficiência. Portanto, este segmento quantificado é diretamente afetado pelos efeitos dos fatos expostos no presente trabalho acadêmico. O estudo abaixo propõe uma análise a partir das alterações sofridas no regime jurídico das (in)capacidades e da curatela, no Brasil, após a promulgação da Lei 13.146, em 06 de julho de 2015. A Convenção sobre os Direitos da Pessoa com Deficiência alterou a significação da deficiência, o que impactou no reconhecimento da autonomia da pessoa com deficiência e, por consequência, nos institutos da capacidade e da curatela. Em 06 de março de 2015, promulgado o novo Código de Processo Civil, a ação de interdição sofre alterações importantes, especialmente, no que se refere aos limites da curatela. Além das alterações no instituto da curatela, institui o mecanismo de “tomada de decisão apoiada”.
Apontamentos Iniciais sobre a Força Gravitacional da Jurisprudência no Novo Código de Processo Civil
Authors: Zanon Junior Orlando Luiz , Luiz Fernando Vieira
Published: December 2016

O objetivo (ou referente) do presente texto é tratar da força gravitacional dos precedentes jurisprudenciais como elementos de determinação na tomada de decisões judiciais e, também, estabelecer alguns critérios quanto à sua incidência no contexto brasileiro, mormente considerando o Novo Código de Processo Civil (NCPC). A motivação para tratar deste assunto decorre do notável aumento da importância das decisões dos tribunais, notadamente os superiores, como argumentos persuasivos para formação da convicção judicial no cenário brasileiro. As conclusões foram no sentido de que a Jurisprudência é uma Fonte Jurídica de hierarquia decisiva no cenário jurídico brasileiro, posicionada logo abaixo dos Textos Normativos e dos Princípios Jurídicos, cuja relevância reside não no sentido do julgado (dispositivo), mas sim na apresentação dos argumentos pertinentes para resolução de casos similares (fundamentação estruturada), de modo a otimizar o lançamento de decisões judiciais, aumentar a coerência do Ordenamento Jurídico e preservar a história institucional do Direito. Também restou esclarecido que o NCPC conferiu um tratamento especial à força gravitacional da Jurisprudência no cenário brasileiro, de modo a alterar o funcionamento do sistema neste particular e, assim, exigir atenção dos profissionais quanto à operacionalização das categorias stare decisis, analogia, distinção, superação, ratio decidendi e obter dicta. Por fim, quanto à metodologia empregada, destaca-se que na fase de investigação foi utilizado o método indutivo, na fase de tratamento de dados o cartesiano e o texto final foi composto na base lógica dedutiva. Nas diversas fases da pesquisa, foram acionadas as técnicas do referente, da categoria, do conceito operacional e da pesquisa bibliográfica.
A Moralidade Kantiana Questionada por Hegel: Fundamentos para a Bioética como Filosofia Moral
Authors: Wittckind Ellara Valentini , Bernardi Vanessa de Oliveira , Bunchaft Maria Eugenia
Published: December 2016

Os filósofos Kant e Hegel desenvolveram estudos que até hoje influenciam questões éticas e políticas. Kant dedicou-se ao estudo do conhecimento e da ação humana e estabeleceu a justificação do princípio supremo da moralidade. Hegel, por seu turno, apresentou a crítica à moralidade kantiana, através da ponderação de que o “dever pelo dever” é uma “indeterminação abstrata”. Nessa linha, Hegel procurou superar o formalismo do imperativo categórico kantiano pela eticidade, via determinações do princípio da liberdade. Assim, a bioética entra no debate quando nela se vislumbra um novo ramo da filosofia moral, baseada no diálogo entre os seres racionais, a fim de universalizar direitos morais, à luz da filosofia de Kant e de Hegel.
A Postmodern Employment Model on the Peripheries
Authors: G. Fekete Éva
Published: December 2016

A new employment model has been evolving in the advanced economies since the 1980s. A change in labour and labour force management has led to an extreme rise in unemployment and, hence, social exclusion. In order for labour to retain its function as a value driver, a societal organiser and an engine of individual development a new (let us say “postmodern”) employment model should be developed and strengthened. In Hungary, the most marked change to the employment model is an increase in the importance of the role of the state and local governments as employers and a growing reliance on public work as a means of employment. The question is how public work can be incorporated into a sustainable postmodern employment model and channelled towards forand non-profit undertakings. While seeking to find an answer to this question, we also provide an outline of thecharacteristics of the employment situation in Hungary.
Cuenca: World Heritage to the 15 years of its Declaration
Authors: Lloret Orellana Gustavo
Published: December 2016

Nuestra ciudad, con sus características excepcionales, su materialización textual de los fundamentos teóricourbanísticos que se emplearon en la conquista y colonización española, su Centro Histórico, su tradición, su historia, su paisaje y sus relaciones de integración con la naturaleza representan una faceta de la memoria colectiva de la humanidad y marcan unas constantes de valor. El diálogo de la ciudad con el cordón montañoso que la circunda y con los cuatro ríos que lo atraviesan son hechos contundentes para quienes la habitamos y para quienes la visitan.
A Tutorial on Epistemic Network Analysis: Analyzing the Structure of Connections in Cognitive, Social, and Interaction Data
Authors: Shaffer David Williamson , Collier Wesley , Ruis A. R.
Published: December 2016

This paper provides a tutorial on epistemic network analysis (ENA), a novel method for identifying and quantifying connections among elements in coded data and representing them in dynamic network models. Such models illustrate the structure of connections and measure the strength of association among elements in a network, and they quantify changes in the composition and strength of connections over time. Importantly, ENA enables comparison of networks both directly and via summary statistics, so the method can be used to explore a wide range of qualitative and quantitative research questions in situations where patterns of association in data are hypothesized to be meaningful. While ENA was originally developed to model cognitive networks—the patterns of association between knowledge, skills, values, habits of mind, and other elements that characterize complex thinking—ENA is a robust method that can be used to model patterns of association in any system characterized by a complex network of dynamic relationships among a relatively small, fixed set of elements.
Proletariado e Emancipação
Authors: Rossi Rafael
Published: December 2016

RESUMOA emancipação humana, cada vez mais, por uma série de motivos tem se tornado um conceito tratado com pouca rigorosidade e muita deturpação. Entendemos que este debate é tratado com profundidade pela ontologia marxiana, pois passa a discuti-la com base no próprio movimento histórico e social da realidade objetiva. Nesse aspecto,é preciso compreender a centralidade ontológica do trabalho e sua centralidade política, com intuito de contribuir para o resgate da perspectiva crítica e revolucionária do pensamento marxiano. Ao contrário do que muitos discursos disseminam o proletariado ainda é o sujeito revolucionário por excelência – porém não único – e isto deve ser debatido em amplos espaços perante todos aqueles comprometidos com a luta para além do capital e não dentro dos parâmetros de sualógica incontrolável e estruturalmente desigual.Palavras-chave: Capital. Emancipação Humana. Proletariado. Trabalho.ABSTRACTHuman emancipation, increasingly, for a number of reasons has become a concept treated with little rigor and much misrepresentation. We believe that this debate is discussed in depth by the Marxian ontology, as it starts to discuss it based on own historical and social movement of objective reality. In this aspect, one must understand the ontologicalcentrality of labor and its political centrality, in order to contribute to the rescue of the critical and revolutionary perspective of Marxian thought. Contrary to what many speeches spread the proletariat is still the revolutionary subject par excellence - but not only - and this should be discussed in open spaces in front of all those committed to the fight beyond the capital and not within the parameters of his uncontrollable and structurally antagonic logic.Keywords: Capital. Human Emancipation. Proletariat. Labor.RESUMENLa emancipación humana, cada vez más, por una serie de razones se ha convertido en un concepto tratado con poco rigor y mucha distorsión. Creemos que este debate se discute en profundidad por la ontología marxista, ya que empieza a discutirla basado en el propio movimiento histórico y social de la realidad objetiva. En este respecto, hay que comprender la centralidad ontológica del trabajo y su centralidad política, con el fin de contribuir para el rescate de la perspectiva críticay revolucionaria del pensamiento marxista. Contrariamente a lo que muchos discursos propagan el proletariado sigue siendo el sujeto revolucionario por excelencia - pero no sólo - y esto debe ser discutido en amplios espacios delante de todos aquellos comprometidos con la lucha más allá del capital y no dentro de los parámetros de su lógica incontrolable y estructuralmente desigual. Palabras clave: Capital. Emancipación Humana. Proletariado. Trabajo.
Falsificação e Direito à Saúde: Os Medicamentos e o Caso do Brasil
Authors: Martini Sandra Regina , Kölling Gabrielle
Published: December 2016

A falsificação de medicamentos afeta diretamente o direito à saúde e demanda respostas do tipo jurídicas. No Mercosul, em função das peculiaridades do bloco (livre circulação) temos algumas particularidades dentro do problema da falsificação de medicamentos. A própria falta de um direito a saúde comum ao bloco mostra-se como agravante da situação. Nesse contexto, o artigo pretende analisar o direito à saúde no viés da falsificação de medicamentos no âmbito do Mercado Comum do Sul, com ênfase no Brasil, a partir do método descritivo-analítico.
Proteção do Direito Social à Saúde: Uma Condição de Igualdade da Pessoa Humana
Authors: Morais Océlio de Jesus Carneiro de
Published: December 2016

A temática desse artigo científico é a proteção jurídica e judicial do direito fundamental à saúde e tem por objetivo propor um aprofundamento teórico acerca do problema do fundamento jurídico relativo ao direito universal à saúde.

Existe um fosso vergonhoso entre o reconhecimento formal dos direitos sociais da iguadade humana e a realidade. Isso reforça a ideia de que o apelo ético das declarações sobre direitos humanos não tem sido suficiente para evitar violação de direitos.

E quando se constata que o Estado não garante o pleno gozo do direito à saúde, reforça-se a ideia de que os direitos sociais da igualdade são violados.

Essa realidade desafia mudanças. Uma delas é a estruturação de um sistema de proteção legal eficiente à efetividade dos direitos sociais da igualdade humana – objetivo que precisa ser alcançado para concretizar a vontade da Lei.

Outra é o acesso real às prestações securitárias, como resultado da opção ético-política dos governos, bem como da sociedade para com os seus cidadãos.

Se queremos de fato efetivar os direitos sociais, é preciso eliminar a retórica e implementar uma plataforma ética de igualdade social. O princípio da dignidade humana será levado a sério quando, cada um de nós e todos nós, tratarmos os outros com igual valor ético como quereríamos que nos fizessem conosco.

Esse farol deve irradiar quaisquer premissas relativas à dignidade humana e quaisquer pressupostos político e econômico acerca da proteção jurídica aos direitos sociais da igualdade.
El Reconocimiento en la Unión Europea del Derecho de Defensa del Menor: La Directiva (UE) 2016/800, Relativa a las Garantías Procesales de los Menores Sospechosos o Acusados en los Procesos Penales
Authors: Marín Mª Ángeles Pérez
Published: December 2016

En las normas internacionales y en las normas supranacionales el menor es considerado una persona especialmente vulnerable. La falta de madurez y la capacidad disminuida del niño han obligado al legislador a establecer sistemas específicos de protección que también se trasladan al proceso penal cuando el menor es sospechoso de la comisión de un delito.

Sin embargo, las diferencias legislativas que se aprecian entre los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea han supuesto un claro obstáculo que era necesario superar para elaborar un texto normativo que sirva para armonizar los ordenamientos nacionales. Esta función parece cumplirse con la Directiva (UE) 2016/800 que viene a establecer normas mínimas sobre el derecho de defensa del menor en el proceso penal.
La Disposición Final Primera de la Ley 15/2015 de Jurisdicción Voluntaria
Authors: Presas Inmaculada García
Published: December 2016

La Disposición Final Primera de la Ley 15/2015, de 2 de julio, de Jurisdicción Voluntaria trae consigo importantes cambios en el Código Civil español, tanto en materia de matrimonio como de tutela.

Entre ellos destaca la posibilidad de celebrar matrimonio ante notario o secretario judicial y, también, la opción de tramitar la separación o el divorcio, si es de mutuo acuerdo y no existen hijos menores no emancipados o con la capacidad modificada judicialmente que dependan de sus progenitores, ante notario o secretario judicial. Además, a raíz de la citada Ley, producen efectos civiles los matrimonios celebrados conforme a los ritos religiosos de mormones, testigos de Jehová, ortodoxos y budistas, confesiones que tienen notorio arraigo pero que no firmaron acuerdos de cooperación con el Estado.

Por lo que respecta a la edad para casarse la Ley 15/2015 erradica la emancipación por matrimonio lo que implica que la edad mínima para contraerlo es dieciséis años, en vez de catorce.

En materia de tutela entre las modificaciones que ocasiona en el Código Civil español la Disposición Final Primera de la Ley 15/2015 destaca la atribución de más funciones al secretario judicial en detrimento del juez.
In Search for the Open Educator: Proposal of a Definition and a Framework to Increase Openness Adoption Among University Educators
Authors: Nascimbeni Fabio , Burgos Daniel
Published: December 2016

The paper explores the change process that university teachers need to go through in order to become fluent with Open Education approaches. Based on a literature review and a set of interviews with a number of leading experts in the field of Open Educational Resources and Open Education, the paper puts forward an original definition of Open Educator which takes into account all the components of teachers’ work: learning design, teaching resources, pedagogical approaches and assessment methods- of teachers’ activities. Subsequently, to help the development of teachers’ openness capacity, the definition is further developed into a holistic framework for teachers, which takes into account all the dimensions of openness included in the definition and which provides teachers with self-development paths along each dimension. By working on the definition and on the framework with the interviewed experts, the paper concludes that a strong relation exists between the use of open approaches and the networking and collaboration attitude of university teachers, and that in order to overcome the technical and cultural barriers that hinder the use of open approaches in Higher Education, it is important to work on the transition phases – in terms of awareness and of capacity building - that teachers have to go through in their journey towards openness.
Open Assessment of Learning: A Meta-Synthesis
Authors: Chiappe Andres , Pinto Ricardo Alfonso , Arias Vivian
Published: December 2016

Open Assessment of Learning (OAoL) is an emerging educational concept derived from the incorporation of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to education and is related with the Open Education Movement. In order to improve understanding of OAoL a literature review was conducted as a meta-synthesis of 100 studies on ICT-based assessment published from 1995 to 2015, selected from well-established peer-reviewed databases. The purpose of this study focused on identifying the common topics between ICT-based assessment and OAoL which is considered as an Open Educational Practice.

The review showed that extensive use of the Internet makes it easy to achieve some special features of OAoL as collaboration or sharing, which are considered negative or inconvenient in traditional assessment but at the same time become elements that promote innovation on that topic. It was also found that there is still a great resistance to accept change (as OAoL does) when structural elements of traditional assessment are questioned or challenged.
Language Studies in Global Initiatives for Integrated National Transformation
Authors: BELLO Yekeen , A. A. Olaoye
Published: December 2016

The thrust of this study was to make Linguistics and English language study as tools in global initiatives for integrated development. The existence of a close relationship between English language and global initiatives for integrated development was considered very important because language is viewed as a base-order system feeding higher-order systems of integration and development. The coming together of people of diverse and with divergent opinions globally is possible only by using language (English) as its social engineering or social factor. Since developments such as economic, human, sustainability, poverty reduction, good health care delivery system, gender equality, disaster preparedness, human rights, education, among others, are global desire, therefore, the presence of English language, the world language, and the medium of instruction cannot be over emphasized. As such, the dimensional rubrics of Linguistics and English language studies such as pedagogical, organizational, linguistic, technological, psychological and sociological dimensions are pointers to the efficacies of global initiatives for integrated development. Based on these therefore, it was concluded that for an individual or a nation to enjoy economic fairness and a fulfilled life, there must be a study of science, technology and information system which must embrace Linguistics and English language as their lubricants.
A new method for the identification of cyclic diglycerols in wine
Authors: Bononi Monica , Favale Chiara , Lubian Elisabetta , Tateo Fernando
Published: December 2016

Glycerol is the most important secondary product of the grape's must fermentation, but it can be also industrially produced by synthesis. In this case, other substances such as cyclic diglycerols (CycD) and 3-methoxy -1,2-propandiol (3-MPD), are present together with glycerol. The presence of CycD and 3-MPD in wine evidences the illegally addition of glycerol. This paper proposes a new analytical method able to evidence CycD by GC/MS operating in MID (Multiple Ion Detection) or SIM (Single Ion Monitoring) mode.
A Wearable Encounter-Type Haptic Device Suitable for Combination with Visual Display
Authors: Komizunai Shunsuke ,   Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Nishizaki Keisuke , Wada Kyohei , Kijima Takuya , Konno Atsushi
Published: December 2016

[abstFig src='/00280006/02.jpg' width='260' text='The encounter type wearable haptic device' ] This paper describes a wearable encounter-type haptic device suitable for combined usage with a visual display. The features of the device lie in a driving mechanism that enables an encounter-type haptic display and the compact implementation of the entire device including the driving mechanism. The driving mechanism displays a natural haptic sense based on a smooth transition between follow-up and constraint of finger movements. The compactness is important because it contributes to preserving the quality of visual information when used together with a visual display. To test the basic performance of the device, the response of the driving mechanism was evaluated. The haptic display function was evaluated by a simulation in which the device is used to touch an object in a computer graphics (CG) space.
Measurement Experiments and Analysis for Modeling of McKibben Pneumatic Actuator
Authors: Nakanishi Daisuke ,   Osaka University, Sugimoto Yasuhiro , Honda Hiroaki , Osuka Koichi ,   CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency
Published: December 2016

[abstFig src='/00280006/06.jpg' width='300' text='Relation betweenV,Landfmon constant pressure condition' ] In this study, we investigate the dynamic relationship between tension, contraction velocity, and length of the McKibben pneumatic actuators (MPAs) via experiments. Although MPAs are widely used in biomimetic robots or rehabilitation machinery, it has not been verified why they can exhibit stable motion from their simple structure. We analyze the relation of output tension, contraction velocity, and length. From the results of experiments, we conclude that the tension is related to both the velocity and the length of the actuator and the general form of this relation can be approximated as a plane. Moreover, we confirm that the parameters of the plane depend on the MPA pressure and valve condition.
Scalable Component-Based Manzai Robots as Automated Funny Content Generators
Authors: Umetani Tomohiro ,   Department of Intelligence and Informatics, Konan University, Aoki Satoshi , Akiyama Kazuhiro , Mashimo Ryo , Kitamura Tatsuya , Nadamoto Akiyo ,   Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology
Published: December 2016

[abstFig src='/00280006/10.jpg' width='300' text='Tabletop component-based Manzai robots' ] This manuscript describes a scalable tabletop Manzai robot system that has been developed using distributed software components. Manzai is a style of traditional Japanese stand-up comedy that is typically performed by two comedians – a stooge and a straight man. Manzai script refers to the dialogues exchanged between the two comedians. Manzai robots automatically generate their Manzai scripts from web news articles based on keywords provided by audiences and search results on the Internet. Then, the robots perform according to these Manzai scripts. This study focuses on the flexibility and scalability of a robot system based on distributed Robot Technology (RT) components. The results of the implementation experiments demonstrate the flexibility of the Manzai performing robots and the scalability of the functions of the robot system.
ANALISIS EKONOMI USAHA TERNAK SAPI POTONG BERBASIS AGROEKOSISTEM DI INDONESIA
Authors: Rusdiana S. , Adiati Umi , Hutasoit Rijanto
Published: December 2016

Konversi lahan untuk pengembangan usaha pertanian dapat menyediakan hijauan pakan ternak yang berkualitas baik. Pendapatan peternak dapat dipengaruhi oleh jumlah ternak yang dipelihara dan manajemen yang baik, artinya semakin banyak ternak yang dipelihara akan semakin besar keuntungan yang dipeloreh. Tujuan tulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahi analisis ekonomi usaha sapi potong berbasis agroekosistem di Indonesia. Pengembangan usaha ternak sapi potong dapat dilakukan dengan cara penggemukan dan pembibitan. Potensi ketersediaan hijauan pakan ternak dari berbagai sumber dengan rataan produksi bahan kering sekitar 28.42 ton/ha/tahun, jumlah produksi bahan kering sekitar 58.048.233 ton. Potensi tersebut belum termasuk dari sumber hijauan ternak, dari lahan perkebunan, kehutanan dan lainnya. Ketersediaan hijauan
pakan ternak merupakan salah satu faktor penentu untuk keberhasilan usaha sapi potong. Keuntungan bersih petani sapi potong skala 4-6 ekor/petani sekitar Rp.1.048.066/tahun/petani, nilai B/C ratio 0.17, keuntungan bersih petani sapi potong PO jantan skala 3 ekor/petani sebesar Rp.5.464.000/ tahun/petani nilai B/C ratio 1.3 , dan, keuntungan bersih petani sapi potong skala 7-10 ekor/petani sebesar Rp.3.705.159/tahun/petani, sapi potong secara sosial memiliki nilai ekonomi yang cukup baik bagi petani.
Taxa horária da mão de obra direta - contribuições à sua aplicabilidade no processo de precificação inseridos em um mercado competitivo
Authors: Oliveira Antonio Benedito Silva , Souza Rubens Feitosa
Published: December 2016

A análise de custo minuciosa se faz necessária atualmente em função dos mercados cada vez mais competitivos. A gestão estratégica de custos, analisada a partir do esboço do target costing, pode ser uma poderosa ferramenta das empresas para apresentarem-se competitivas. Dentro deste contexto, o presente trabalho se propÿs a apresentar uma análise minuciosa especificamente da taxa horária da mão de obra direta inserida no processo de precificação de um novo produto, com a finalidade de responder se a utilização da mesma é adequada em um processo de precificação. Utilizou-se o método dedutivo amparado em um estudo de caso e o resultado alcançado é que a taxa horária da mão de obra direta corrente não pode ser utilizada no processo de precificação, pois atribui custos irreais ao produto. Destaca-se que esta análise aplica-se desde às micro e pequenas até grandes corporações.
Program Literasi Media Televisi untuk Penguatan Minat Baca Siswa
Authors: Alfandi M.
Published: December 2016

Lack of attention and guidance from parents to children, resulting in the child will be negatively affected in the use media.Minat kids to reading material that is very important for children of school age actually outweighed by the interests of children to television. Media literacy programs required to address issues Government Elementary School students (MI) Al-Hikmah Ngadirejo Hamlet Village Resources Simo Boyolali District of which are susceptible to the negative influence of television media. Also the students are still low interest in reading. Results of media literacy is the strengthening of the students' interest in reading MI Alhikmah Source Simo Boyolali and increased knowledge and understanding of students and parents about the negative and positive impacts of the television media.
Solos, Florística e Fitossociologia em Áreas de Reserva sob Vegetação de Cerrado Sensu Stricto em Propriedades Rurais de Urutaí, GO
Authors: Cardoso Álvaro Oliveira , Lemos Dalilla Cristina Socorro , Mesak Carlos , Ramos Marcus Vinícius Vieitas , Santos Mirley Luciene Dos
Published: December 2016

Objetivou-se caracterizar e comparar os solos, a composição florística e a estrutura de duas comunidades de cerrado sensu stricto localizadas em áreas de reserva em propriedades rurais de Urutaí, GO (R1 e R2). A disponibilidade da maioria dos nutrientes dos solos é baixa, tanto em R1 quanto em R2, entretanto, o solo de R1 é quimicamente menos pobre em nutrientes e apresenta maior teor de matéria orgânica do que de R2. Em R1 registrou-se 66 espécies, distribuídas em 27 famílias, enquanto em R2 foram registradas 26 espécies em 15 famílias. A similaridade florística entre as áreas foi 0,43. O índice de diversidade de Shannon (H’) foi 3,265 nats.ind-1 na área R1 e 2,758 nats.ind-1 na R2. As áreas estudadas apresentam vegetação distinta quanto à composição florística e estrutura. Estas diferenças provavelmente estão associadas às propriedades dos solos em que cada comunidade está assentada e à influência de fatores antrópicos.
PRAWO W UTOPII KOMUNISTYCZNEJ. ZARYS PROBLEMATYKI
Authors: Kuźmicz Karol
Published: December 2016

LAW IN THE COMMUNIST UTOPIA. AN OUTLINE OF TOPIC Summary The Communist Utopia is strictly connected with the philosophical concepts of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the 19th century. It is based on historical and dialectical materialism, which were later developed by younger philosophers who created Communist ideology. The scientific character of Communism was stressed and they claimed that it is possible to reach Communism, which will be the highest achievement of social development of progressive mankind. According to XI thesis about Ludwig Feuerbach “the philosophers have interpreted the world in many ways, but the clue problem is to change the world”. In order to change the world law was supposed to be used, because the philosophers claimed that it is easier to create a new man and new world than to adapt the system to people. The transition to Communism, with its first phase called „real socialism”, was connected with the fight of classes, which was supposed to be sharper and sharper. In this fight the law had to be both sword and shield on the way to Communism. The law was used as a tool in this fight against „relics of capitalism” such as: counter-revolution, imperialism, non-socialist attitude towards ownership and labor, nationalistic prejudices, religion and many other relics of capitalism. The Communist ideology presumed that reaching the power would be achieved by the revolution. In political and legal practice the ideology was totalitarian. The Communist system has elaborated its own theory of state and law, according to which the law was regarded as a tool for rulers, who wanted to achieve their own goals (often Utopian). The revolutionary movement tried to preserve the changes by binding law. As a result of it the law was instrumentally treated by the regime, which itself was above the law. The Communism, which as a presumption was not Utopian, has occurred to be anti-Utopian (so called negative Utopia). According to Leszek Kołakowski, the Communism was a “total lie” from the beginning. The highest point of the Communist Utopia was a presumption that at the end of the revolution the state and law will not be necessary any more. The non-class society will reach Communist paradise on the earth.
FUNDUSZ POMOCY POKRZYWDZONYM ORAZ POMOCY POSTPENITENCJARNEJ – O NOWEJ INSTYTUCJI PRAWA KARNEGO WYKONAWCZEGO KRYTYCZNIE
Authors: Bieńkowska Ewa
Published: December 2016

CRIME VICTIMS AND THE POLISH POSTPENITENTIARY ASSISTANCE FUND: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF A NEW INSTITUTION FOR EXECUTIVE PENAL LAW Summary The paper describes and analyses the regulation of a Fund which has been in operation since January 1st, 2012. The idea behind the Fund was to establish a centralised system for the management and fair distribution of financial resources allocated to assist crime victims and persons discharged from penitentiary institutions. Paradoxically, however, the two parts of the Fund come from separate sources. In the author’s opinion it is completely unacceptable to incorporate a regulation concerning victims of crime in the executive code of penal law, which regulates the execution of penalties imposed on perpetrators of crime and is not concerned with crime victims at all. The analysis of the details of the Fund shows that the legislator’s main intention was to find financial justification for his own activity and to create a means of control over non-governmental organisations assisting crime victims.
O PIENIACTWIE NA LITWIE WEDŁUG WŁODZIMIERZA GADONA
Authors: Godek Sławomir
Published: December 2016

On Litigiousness in Lithuania according to Włodzimierz Gadon Summary Litigiousness is often mentioned in turn-of-the-18th- and 19th-century correspondence, memoirs and academic studies as a widespread abuse plaguing Lithuania. In 1818 an analysis of the causes of its prevalence was conducted in a short essay by Włodzimierz Gadon. Some of the causes he listed were inadequate land registration, a deficient statute of limitations, no mortgage law and no justices of the peace, professional pettifoggers, dishonest officials, poorly educated judges and the custom of landowners prosecuting runaway peasants years after their escape. The measures Gadon recommended against litigiousness were a land registration act, a uniform statute of limitations, the institution of a mortgage law and justices of the peace, and the prosecution of professional pettifoggers and dishonest officials.
OCHRONA ORTODOKSYJNEJ WIARY W USTAWODAWSTWIE JUSTYNIANA
Authors: Kursa Sławomir
Published: December 2016

Protection of the Orthodox Religion in the Legislation of Justinian I Summary The protection of the Orthodox religion was one of the priorities in Justinian’s life and activities. However, his religious policy was not very different from that of previous Christian emperors. The aim of this article is to show that Justinian’s policy was more a result of tendencies in the legal protection of Orthodoxy which had already developed in the postConstantinian age, in other words Justinian only reinforced existing regulations; and likewise his legislation to eradicate heresy and apostasy was similar to earlier provisions. Justinian used legal measures for the protection of the True Faith in an immensely instrumental way. On the one hand he maintained and introduced numerous material sanctions against heretics and apostates; on the other hand he prescribed material advantages for the Orthodox Church and those in communion with her. There were also material incentives for those who returned to the Church. The article shows that Justinian’s measures followed the same line as the religious regulations introduced by previous Christian emperors, especially Theodosius II.
KLASYFIKACJA ŚRODKÓW PRAWNYCH PRZECIWDZIAŁANIA BEZROBOCIU – WYBRANE ZAGADNIENIA
Authors: Staszewska Ewa
Published: December 2016

CLASSIFICATION OF LEGAL MEASURES TO COUNTERACT UNEMPLOYMENT: SELECTED ASPECTSSummary In order to effectively counteract unemployment the state needs to adopt and pursue an appropriate policy. The law is obviously one of the instruments which the state can use to curb unemployment. In particular, labour law regulations serve as an institutional and legal framework used by the state to achieve its goals within the area of fighting unemployment. The present article focuses on the classification of legal measures of counteracting unemployment as defined by the Polish Act of 20th April 2004 on the Promotion of Employment and Labour Market Institutions. The author defines two areas of fighting unemployment. The first area comprises measures taken by the state to assist the unemployed in finding new jobs and help them to adapt to the requirements of the labour market. The second area includes the state’s actions to create new jobs and the occupational activation of the unemployed. The author emphasises the fact that certain measures for counteracting unemployment are addressed specifically to groups whose social and demographic status puts them at greater risk of unemployment.
ROLA ZWIĄZKÓW ZAWODOWYCH W PODNOSZENIU KWALIFIKACJI PRACOWNIKÓW
Authors: Surdykowska Barbara
Published: December 2016

THE ROLE OF TRADE UNIONS IN THE ENHANCEMENT OF EMPLOYEES’ QUALIFICATIONS Summary The aim of this article is to discuss the enhancement of employees’ qualifications as an area for the potential joint involvement of Polish trade unions and employers’ organisations, and particularly for the assessment of the negotiability of solutions to remedy the current situation, which is giving rise to concern. The author attempts to answer the question whether the policy pursued by Polish trade unions entails a commitment to the idea that the enhancement of professional qualifications may serve as an efficient tool to secure jobs. The same question is also put with respect to employers, who do not appear to be very interested in negotiating such issues or even in general in Staff training, either. The attitude of diffidence may be explained by the fact that in comparison with the 15 member states of the pre-2004 EU, in Poland entrepreneurs receive a relatively low level of state support for continuing professional training for their staff. This observation applies not only to insufficient fiscal incentives but also to inadequate counselling services. In the author’s opinion collective bargaining on effective professional training and qualification enhancement programmes cannot be conducted without a profound transformation of the model for the allocation of financing from the Labour Fund. This should also entail raising the joint responsibility of employers and trade unions, which cannot be done unless an incentive in the form of tax relief on professional training courses comes from the legislator. Until such changes are introduced, the issue will continue to be perceived as it has been up to now – as a matter concerning an individual’s right to work, not as the collective interest of employees represented by their trade unions.
KORELACJA WAD OŚWIADCZENIA WOLI PRZY ZAWARCIU MAŁŻEŃSTWA NA GRUNCIE PRAWA KANONICZNEGO I POLSKIEGO
Authors: Pielichowski Jerzy
Published: December 2016

CORRELATION OF DEFECTS OF DECLARATION OF INTENT WHEN ENTERING INTO MATRIMONY UNDER CANON LAW CODE AND FAMILY AND GUARDIANSHIP CODE Summary The analysis concerns the intertwining of the areas of secular and canon law with regard to defects of a declaration of will at the time of contracting a marriage. The author proceeds from an analysis of the historic background to denominational marriages starting with the 1557 Synod of Piotrków, until the 1917 enactment of the Canon Law Code (Kodeks Prawa Kanonicznego, „KPK”), when a uniform approach to marriage was adopted in the whole Universal Church. He goes on to look into the question of the forms of contracting a marriage, both the ordinary and the extraordinary form, based on the provisions of the Canon Law Code from 1983. A further part of the analysis looks back at the historical evolution of the regulations relating to the defects of the declaration of will in Polish matrimonial legislation, with emphasis on the periods when Poland was partitioned by the neighboring powers and on post-WWII Polish and international legislation relating to family matters. The article ends with an analysis of the defects of declarations of intent made in connection with entering into matrimony under the KPK and under the Family and Guardianship Code („KRO”). Under the former, these include: the lack of sufficient use of reason, significant absence of the person’s awareness of material marital rights and duties, mental inability to accept significant marital duties, error, trickery, simulation of marital consent, conditional consent, coercion or fear, while under KRO these would include: lack of awareness of a declaration of will, mistake concerning a person and threat.
INSTYTUCJA MEDIACJI KARNEJ W PRAWIE POLSKIM
Authors: Pachnik Karol
Published: December 2016

THE INSTITUTION OF PENALTY MEDIATION IN POLISH LAW Summary The institution of penalty mediation is underestimated form of resolving disputes. Mediation is a agreement between parties in the presence of mediator. This article presents main functions of mediation, which become a another way of resolving disputes, main advantages of mediation for example: speed procedure, smaller costs and effectiveness. Advantages of penalty mediation on the one hand are beneficial for victim and on another hand is also beneficial for defendant. Polish state of law don’t realize this roles of mediation so this part of law should be change. Effectiveness of penalty mediation confirming all statistics in many countries (UE and USA) but this conclusions are hard to prove. This article present in spite of decreased role of penalty mediation, admission this form of mediation as a more effectiveness form.
KULTURA I ROZWÓJ JAKO PODSTAWOWE KATEGORIE ODNIESIENIA W TWORZĄCYM SIĘ PRAWIE LUDÓW TUBYLCZYCH
Authors: Rudnicki Zbigniew B.
Published: December 2016

CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT AS THE BASIC CATEGORIESOF REFERENCE IN THE EMERGING LAW OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES Summary In contemporary international relations indigenous peoples constitute particular ethnic communities waiting for a long time for the regulation of their status as subjects of international law. Paradoxically, decolonisation, which helped many colonial societies gain national rights, has not only left the issue of indigenous peoples in countries formerly colonised by the White Man unresolved but has also complicated their status. In practice former colonies such as the United States, Canada, Australia or New Zealand have not regulated the legal status of indigenous peoples, relegating them politically and economically to the margins of society. The rights of indigenous peoples as minority groups living in the former Soviet Union, who are not at all colonial peoples officially, have not been defined either. The category of indigenous peoples now extends to many ethnic groups living in nation-states, who are culturally and linguistically distinct with respect to the dominant segments of the national society. However, assigning the attributes of indigenous peoples to them in the strict sense of the term is questionable and is not dealt with in this article. This article traces the process which leads to indigenous peoples acquiring the status of a fully-fledged subject of international law. It describes attempts that have been made to interpret the rights of indigenous peoples on the grounds of the universal instruments of international law. The principal documents are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1960), the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1966), the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), and finally the Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations (1992). Despite the progress made in granting indigenous peoples their rights with the adoption of the UN Declaration on Indigenous Rights (2007), it is still difficult to talk of full success, i.e. the recognition of the international identity and rights of indigenous peoples on a par with other sovereign nations.
ZWYKŁY UŻYTEK ORAZ TYPOWE WŁAŚCIWOŚCI W PRZYPADKU TOWARÓW KONSUMPCYJNYCH
Authors: Koszowski Maciej
Published: December 2016

NORMAL USE AND TYPICAL FEATURES IN THE CONTEXT OF CONSUMER SALE Summary The article addresses the issue of the so-called normal use and typical features of a good of a given type in the context of consumer sale. These two legal institutions – along with public statements on the specific characteristics of a consumer good – are decisive if the parties did not make any, express or presumed, arrangements as to the purposes that the good should be fit for and the qualities it should possess. That is, basing upon the aforementioned institutions, we determine whether, according to the law, a specific consumer good can, or cannot, be presumed to be in conformity with the contract of sale. Moreover, unless there is a situation in which the buyer knew or may reasonably be expected to have known of the good’s lack of conformity with the contract at the time the contract was concluded, the normal use and typical features of a good of a given type usually determine the minimum standards that goods delivered to the buyer have to meet in the situation when the parties reached an agreement as to these goods’ quality. Although a good’s utility for normal use seems to imply that it must have the typical features proper for the given type of good, the application of both the institution of normal use and typical features to determine whether or not a given good conforms to the contract of sale leaves no doubt that legally non-conformity with the contract also encompasses aesthetic defects or maintenance costs and other expenses incurred in connection with its use which are higher than the normal costs.
OPINIOWANIE PRZEZ BIEGŁEGO Z ZAKRESU SLANGU NARKOTYKOWEGO I PRZESTĘPCZOŚCI NARKOTYKOWEJ NA PODSTAWIE MATERIAŁÓW NIEJAWNYCH UZYSKANYCH W WYNIKU PODSŁUCHU TELEFONICZNEGO
Authors: Teluk Rafał
Published: December 2016

EXPERT OPINIONS CONCERNING DRUG SLANG AND DRUG CRIME COMPILED ON THE BASIS OF TELEPHONE TAPPING DATASummaryThis article discusses the value for courts of opinions drawn up by experts on drug slang and drug crime, especially in criminal proceedings involving organised crime. It presents a dictionary of the most frequently used Polish drug slang. The author describes the principles governing the protection of classified information obtained by telephone tapping (lawful interception); he also outlines the limits to the access the expert appointed by the court has to intercepted data on the grounds of their status as classified information. The article addresses the use of the expert’s opinion both in the preliminary proceedings phase as well as in court.
PRAWO PIERWOKUPU A SĄDOWY PODZIAŁ MAJĄTKU WSPÓLNEGO MAŁŻONKÓW
Authors: Jędrejek Grzegorz
Published: December 2016

RIGHT OF FIRST REFUSAL AND THE DIVISION OF JOINT MATRIMONIAL PROPERTYSummaryThe aim of this article is to answer the question whether a court ruling awarding a particular asset of the joint matrimonial property to one of the spouses automatically means the expiry of the right of first refusal. The author’s position is that neither the contractual nor the statutory right of first refusal is extinguished by a court ruling on the division of the spouses’ jointly held assets. A legal decision whereby a particular asset is awarded to one of the spouses does not mean the cessation of the right of first refusal. The court conducting the division of joint matrimonial assets does not rule on the spouse’ liabilities or debts. Hence spouses who share liabilities cannot apply to a court to have the right of first refusal revoked.
ZBIEG EGZEKUCJI SĄDOWEJ I ADMINISTRACYJNEJ
Authors: Miśtal Kamil
Published: December 2016

THE CONCURRENCE OF THE EXECUTION OF COURT ORDERS FOR THE SEIZURE OF PROPERTY ISSUED BY THE POLISH CIVIL AND ADMINISTRATIVE COURTSSummaryThis study begins with a discussion of the concept of the execution of Polish civil court orders for the seizure of property with an indication of the relevant provisions. A description is given of the assets subject to seizure. The analogous administrative proceedings are presented in a similar way. The author goes on to analyse the provisions in the event of a concurrence of a civil court order with an administrative court order. He considers the implementation of the two orders by a single authority, and discusses the procedural law applicable in the event of concurrence. He continues with a description of the further procedure once the implementing authority has been designated. He also observes that executive proceedings generally take too long. The author uses empirical data from court cases to illustrate his points.