bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The (de)construction of culture in interpreter-mediated medical discourse
Authors: Felberg Tatjana R. , Skaaden Hanne
Published: October 2021

In Norway, perceived communication problems in medical encounters with minority patients are often ascribed to ‘culture’ by the professional in charge of the institutional dialogue. Even in literature on medical encounters involving language barriers and interpreting, culture is used as an explanatory tool for observed complications, and an expansion of the interpreter role is suggested as the remedy. Comparing statements about the concept ‘culture’ made by medical professionals against a backdrop of Norwegian legislative texts on the role of the medical professional and interpreter, this article deconstructs culture as an explanatory tool. It is suggested that the source of the perceived problems of communication may lie at general levels of human interaction, e.g. concentration or language proficiency, rather than culture. We argue that the use of the concept of culture may lead to ‘othering’ of minority patients, may conceal rather than reveal communication problems, and may confuse the intersection between interpreters’ and medical professionals’ areas of expertise. Ultimately, not only minority patients’ health but also medical personnel’s professional integrity may be threatened.
Medical terminology circulation and interactional organisation in interpreter-mediated medical encounters
Authors: Pittarello Sara
Published: October 2021

Two medical encounters taking place in a Northern Italian hospital are analysed in this paper from a qualitative point of view, based on the author’s previous research. The aim is to reveal the strategies adopted by medical interpreters, in these two specific cases, to translate medical terminology and promote/exclude interlocutors’ active participation. This latter aspect is influenced by the way the interaction is socially and linguistically organised and, in particular, by how interlocutors’ utterances are translated. The prevalence of dyadic or triadic sequences and especially the shifts between such communication exchanges are pivotal in fostering or hindering interlocutors’ participation. Furthermore, medical interactions, as a form of institutional talk, enshrine specific expectations, which are mainly of a cognitive nature but may also be affective, as in the two encounters observed. By conveying such expectations and expressions of personal interest, interpreters have proved to contribute to the fair distribution of active participation among primary interlocutors. Hospital ethical approval and subjects’ written informed consent have been obtained.
Interpreting and knowledge mediation in the healthcare setting: What do we really mean by “accuracy”?
Authors: Major George , Napier Jemina
Published: October 2021

This paper explores the concept of “accuracy” in the context of interpreter-mediated healthcare interaction by reporting on a study of simulated doctor-patient consultations involving professional Australian Sign Language (Auslan)/English interpreters. Wadensjö’s (1998) taxonomy of renditions is used to analyse the ways interpreters convey health information. Our data reveals that interpreters frequently produce reduced and expanded renditions that are not detrimental to the message or the interaction. There has previously been little discussion of how qualified interpreters make these decisions, and we suggest that achieving accuracy in the healthcare setting may be a more dynamic and context-dependent process than previously suggested. While the use of role-plays can on the one hand can be considered a delimiting factor (due to their artificial nature), they also allow a systematic comparison of different interpreters, thus providing more robust evidence for healthcare interpreter training.
Relations between terms: a cognitive approach. The interaction between Terminology, Lexicology, Translation Studies and translation practice
Authors: Thelen Marcel
Published: October 2021

This paper discusses two problem areas of Terminology: the word-term dis-tinction and a particular type of terminological relation, viz. the complex or associative relation. Both areas will be discussed in the light of the actual practice of translating and the translator. It will be argued that for the trans-lator to deal with these areas successfully there should be a contribution from basic translation practices and Translation Studies, on the one hand, and from Lexicology, notably TCM (“Two-Cycle Model of Grammar”), on the other.
Linguistics - Translation Studies - Linguistics: eine Einführung
Authors: Van Vaerenbergh Leona
Published: October 2021

The introduction primarily explains the meaning of the title “Linguistics and Translation Studies. Translation Studies and Linguistics” and furthermore focuses on the choice of the term “translation studies” which in the present context should be considered as any form of scientific approach to transla¬tion which is not based on a preconceived theory.The second paragraph outlines the difficult relationship between lin-guistics and translation studies. The convergence of both disciplines was particularly favoured by the fact that since the Seventies and Eighties, Linguistics have expanded their research to include text linguistics, prag-matics and cognitive studies. The three mentioned fields and the actual tech¬nological developments are the basis on which this publication was subdi¬vided into four parts.The third paragraph presents various contributions. The first part “textlinguistic approaches” starts with an overview of the relationship between (text) linguistics and translation studies (Holzer); two pair-related language contributions (Krein-Kühle, Sládková), a contribution on hermeneutics, translation and text linguistics (Stolze) and a contribution on translational text production from a pragmatic functional viewpoint (Feyrer). In part two “pragmatic approaches ”, the various aspects of prag-matism are represented: the sociocultural context of the translator (Goyens & Van Hoecke), rendering the implicit explicit by the translator (Zlateva), the cultural influences on juridical terminology (Brugnoli), the genre as a culture-specific category (García Izquierdo & Montalt i Resurrecció), the social relationship between sender and receiver (Nord) and the involvement of the reader in the translation discussion (Renkema & van Wijk). The contributions to the third part are divided into three main themes: 1. Cognitive structures which are the basis for complex relations between terms and the formation of metaphors (Thelen, Temmerman, Holm), 2. cognitive processes of information flow in understanding and translating (Sévigny) and the description of the note-taking technique of the interpreter as a language and discourse (Kohn & Albl-Mikasa), 3. empirical studies of the translation process on the basis of data collection with subsequent didactic goals (Rydning, Büyükkantarcio lu & Do an, Hansen, Breedveld & van den Bergh). The fourth part “technological approaches” consists on the one hand of contributions that examine technological procedures as an auxiliary means for the translator (Michiels, Feder, Schmitz) and on the other hand contributions that relate to corpus-based research as a bridge between linguistics and translation studies (Ramón-García, Nilsson, Olohan).
Les textes francophones malgaches sont-ils hybrides?
Authors: Ranaivoson Dominique
Published: October 2021

Francophone literary production in Madagascar, although born out of a colonial context, has found its own voice in terms of the codes and themes it uses. It seeks to take its place in Francophone literature through comprehension based on a common language. However, the works written in French are informed by the cultural, social, spiritual and linguistic context of Madagascar. The resulting texts are full of allusions to prestigious literary genres, shared concerns and concepts whose comprehension is difficult for a readership which understands the words without understanding their cultural connotations. It is necessary to reflect on the specific task of the literary critic who may, whilst respecting the dynamics of a literary text, add annotations in the form of ‘cultural translations’. The aim would be not to smother a body of work, which must be allowed to maintain its own nuances, but to allow better knowledge of the works and to make more effective the intercultural exchanges which are part of contemporary globalisation.
El traductor visible de literatura poscolonial ante la tentación del exotismo
Authors: López Heredia Goretti
Published: October 2021

Building upon The Translator’s Invisibility by L. Venuti and related work by Susan Bassnett, Ovidi Carbonell, Anuradha Dingwaney, Samia Mehrez and Mahasweta Sengupta, among others, this paper argues for the visibility of the postcolonial literature translator and draws a carefull line between proper visibility – as we define it – and a counterproductive exotism that may arise as the side-product of a poorly understood visibility. Our discussion focuses on the particular case of postcolonial lusophone African literature. In particular, we analyze the translation strategy adopted by the author of this paper for the translation from portuguese to catalan of A Varanda do Frangipani, a novel by Mia Couto from Mozambique.
Re-creating the hybrid text: postcolonial Indian writings and the European scene
Authors: Snell-Hornby Mary
Published: October 2021

For a language with a wealth of great literature such as English, globaliza-tion has been a mixed blessing. The International English of Mc World is a poor descendant of the language of Shakespeare and Dickens. On the other hand, English literature has been tremendously enriched by writings from the former colonies of the British Empire, creating their own ‘norms’ of English – ‘a new English’, as Chinua Achebe famously put it, “still in full communion with its ancestral home, but altered to suit its new surroundings ”. In the postcolonial literary scene, such ‘hybrid’ texts – or ‘métissés ’– are now a familiar feature, but a complicated one for translators working into other European languages. This essay concentrates on India, and looking at writings by Sethu (Pandavapuram in English translation) and Arundhati Roy (The God of Small Things in English and in German translation), it investigates the striking features of hybrid source texts and the cultural and linguistic problems involved in re-creating them for a European target culture.
Verso una terminografia per il traduttore giuridico
Authors: Magris Marella
Published: October 2021

It is often stated that the structure of a terminological data bank should be developed taking the user’s needs into account. Translation-oriented terminology is certainly no exception to this rule. The creator of a data bank for legal terminology should assess the specific problems typically found in legal translation as well as the use of terminological resources by legal translators. However , users’ needs and users’ behaviour are extensively investigated in specialised lexicography, but seem to be a rather under-researched area in terminology and termino graphy. By drawing on relevant lexicographic experience, some empirical observations on the terminological needs of LSP translators, and translationoriented terminography with particular reference to legal terminology, this study aims at developing a list of ‘questions’ (related to terminological problems), to which a legal translator should find answers in a properly constructed and reliable language resource.
The influence of the contemporary social background on the coinage of technical lexicons. The case of the lexicon of political economy in 19PthP century China
Authors: Pellin Tommaso
Published: October 2021

During the second half of the 19PthP century, Chinese scholars created the lexicons of many scientific domains through the translation of Western works. The aim of this article is to describe the impact of the expectations of contemporary readers on the process of coinage of the language of political economy, as an instance of the influence of users of translations on the translator ’s work. Here I will present the results of a lexicological analysis of the first two Chinese translations of English politico- economic essays, which appeared respectively before and after 1895. This will be followed by an illustration of some historical elements for identifying the general profile of the potential readership. Finally, an analysis of the link between the lexicological choices of the translators and the expectations of their public will help to assess the weight of the reader ’s profile on the terminological work.
TERMINTEGRAL: Una plataforma para la construcción de bases terminológicas y ontologías
Authors: Cabré M. Teresa
Published: October 2021

Linguistics engineering is frequently based on a descriptive analysis of terms and their combinations in order to design tools to detect units and structures that can be relevant for knowledge extraction. The integration of all the tools needed by terminologists in a platform enables the transformation of spe-cialised texts and the construction and enrichment of ontologies. In this paper we present the design of TERMINTEGRAL, an open multimodular platform for terminology work. TERMINTEGRAL has been constructed by reusing tools previously developed by IULATERM, a research group of IULA at the Pompeu Fabra University (Barcelona). TERMINTEGRAL enables the construction of terminological glossaries and ontologies on the basis of automatic text processing.
Fictionalising interpreters: traitors, lovers and liars in the conquest of America
Authors: Ríos Castaño Victoria
Published: October 2021

Conquistadors’ interpreters in America could be seen as mediators whose effort made possible the communication between Indians and Europeans. Yet, their very names are stigmatised as symbols of betrayal if and when they emerge as fictionalised figures in literature, political move-ments and popular culture. Columbus’ interpreter is an outcast in both the New and the Old World. La Malinche is widely epitomised as Cortés’ mis-tress and traitor of the Aztecs, although her identity has been re-evaluated as mother of the Mexican nation and feminist icon of Chicana writers. Felipillo, Pizarro ’s ill-reputed interpreter, is used in the Andean regions as a metaphor for corrupt politicians.
Le jeu de scène: traductions et traducteurs à travers les cultures et les genres littéraires
Authors: Mihalache Iulia
Published: October 2021

This article aims at revealing a series of collective and individual represen-tations of translation and of the translating subject present in the work of fiction. The authors chosen for this analysis belong to a multicultural space and are therefore inclined to reflect upon translation. Every author will opt for a specific genre. However , are there any recurrent representations of translation and of the translating subject from one genre to the other, across the cultures and across the different writing styles? In order to analyse the transfer of representations between these genres, but also between translation theory and fiction, we have selected the following texts: Carlos Batista ’s Bréviaire d’un traducteur (2003), Ólafur Jóhann Ólafsson ’s Absolution (1994), Dezsó Kosztolányi’s Le Traducteur cleptomane (1985), José Carlos Somoza’s La caverne des idées (2002), Michel Orcel’s Les larmes du tra-ducteur (2001) and John Crowley ’s The Translator (2002).
Translating the transition: the translator-detective in Post-Soviet fiction
Authors: Baer Brian James
Published: October 2021

This article explores the ways in which the figure of the translator-detective in contemporary Russian literature functions to express and neutralize a range of fears and anxieties engendered by the post-Soviet transition. Tracing the roots of the motif of the translator in Russian literature back to F. M. Dostoevsky ’s Crime and Punishment, the paper then examines the translator-hero in the detective fiction of the best-selling contemporary authors Aleksandra Marinina, Boris Akunin, Dar’ia Dontsova, and Polina Dashkova. Representatives of the embattled Russian intelligentsia, their translator-detectives embody resistance to mindless cultural borrowing from the West.
No book to call one’s own: Perspectives on translation and literary creation in Francesca Duranti’s The House on Moon Lake
Authors: Feltrin-Morris Marella
Published: October 2021

Francesca Duranti ’s prize-winning novel The House on Moon Lake (La casa sul lago della luna, 1984) has been hailed by various critics as an intriguing concoction of reality and illusion. However , the story ’s main dichotomy seems to be between translation as frustrated desire for possession, and original writing as more fulfilling ownership of the text. The fact that even the possession of a text on the part of its author ultimately proves to be ephemeral does not chan ge the image of translation with which Duranti presents the reader: a mechanical transfer of words, a cowardly, unimagi-native anta gonist to ‘true’ literary creation. This essay examines the ways in which this portrayal is carried out in the text, and its implications in a per-spective on translation that perpetuates notions of weakness and passivity as its defining characteristics.
Making the case for Community Interpreting in health care: from needs assessment to risk management
Authors: Abraham Diana , Fiola Marco A.
Published: October 2021

In Canada, community interpreting is little recognized and valued by public institutions, including those in the healthcare sector. Although many healthcare practitioners recognize the crucial role played by interpreters in delivering healthcare services, some of them ascribe to the notion that the inability to communicate with English-speaking or French-speaking patients is the patient ’s problem, and that any linguistic miscommunication which may occur is the responsibility of the patient. This attitude contributes to the degree to which healthcare practitioners rely on interpreting provided by family members, including children, without consideration either for risks of errors and omission or for potential violations of confidentiality, which are likely to occur when askingfriends or relatives to provide interpreting services. This “wall of resistance” has been deemed responsiblefor much of the difficulty experienced in Canada by immigrant and minority language advocacy groups in trying to ensure community interpreting services for immigrants, refugees and those Canadians with limited proficiency in English and/or French. A recently completed research studyfunded by the Government of Canada suggests that a paradigm shift may be operating in the healthcare sector, and that instead of still seeing language barriers solely as a human rights issue, language barriers should be considered from a risk-management perspective as well. This paper will review some of the mainfindings of this study.
Community Interpreting: signed or spoken? Types, modes, and methods
Authors: Grbić Nadja , Pöllabauer Sonja
Published: October 2021

This article focuses on the similarities and differences between spoken and signed language Community Interpreting (CI). After a briefoverview of the various terms that are generally used in the relevant literature – albeit in- consistently – to categorize various sorts of interpreting (type, mode, setting), we examine a number of typologies of interpreting events that have been developed in order to allowfor a more complex categorization of such events. A briefoutline of the history of research into spoken and signed language CI is complemented by a short description of the similarities and differences between spoken and signed language CI. We also discuss various examples of research methods that have been applied to spoken and signed language CI.
Salient Studies of Signed Language Interpreting in the Context of Community Interpreting Scholarship
Authors: Metzger Melanie
Published: October 2021

During the pastfour decades, signed language interpreting (SLI) scholars have created a growing body of research. This work covers a broad range of topics, from a psycholinguistic perspective to a sociolinguistic one, from analyses of the cognitive processes in which signed language interpreters engage, to analyses of the management and participation framework of interpreted events, from linguistically-oriented studies to studiesfocused on aspects of the environment in particular settings or various applications of the interpreting process that impact on the flow and outcome of the interpreted event, be it consecutive or simultaneous work, in-person or via technology. Yet these contributions to our understanding of SLI neither occur in a vacuum, nor do they reflect issues limited to SL interpreters. This paper examines seminal studies in SLI research, and contextualizes them within the largerframework of community interpreting research.
The need for long-term empirical studies in remote interpreting research: a case study of telephone interpreting
Authors: Ko Leong
Published: October 2021

Remote interpreting refers to the mode of interpreting in which the interpreter and clients do not meet in person and interpreting is conducted via media such as telephone or the Internet. Remote interpreting is becoming increasingly popular globally, particularly for community interpreting. However , this area is significantly under-researched and some of the findings of the limited existing research andfrom subjective observation do not accurately reflect the real situation. The findings of a long-term empirical study of sound-only telephone interpreting suggest that telephone interpreters can overcome the problems offatigue, stress, and a reduced concentration span after a period of interpreting practice and by using proper equipment. The paper concludes that long-term empirical studies are an essential methodology in remote interpreting research.
Making sense of reality
Authors: Corsellis Ann
Published: October 2021

There is a pressing need to provide a worthwhile academic underpinning to public service or community interpreting and its professional context. This paper considers the strategies that could benefit both pure and applied research in this area by discussing a number of majorfactors. First, the approaches used by interpreting as well as related scientific re- search in the public service field to engage with the relevant range of professional practitioners in identifying the topic, gathering adequate and reliable information, seeking ways forward, developing interdisciplinary understanding and implementing improvedpractice, are considered.Second, it is argued that there is a crucial needfor interpreting and language specialists to demonstrate and apply standards of valid research methodologies equivalent to those used in other disciplines in this context (such as medicine), in order to affirm their academic responsibility and interdisciplinary credibility. Finally, the dissemination of the results of research, not only to fellow academics in the language world but also to academics in other related disciplines as well as to the practitioners - interpreters, translators, doctors, lawyers, police officers, social workers etc., is considered. Research results must be accessible in order to improve practice and to enable the research results to be brought into the mainstream informed debate.
La traducción de la publicidad televisiva: la globalización, catalizadora de cambios en la estrategia traductora
Authors: Agost Rosa
Published: October 2021

Spain has always been a prototypical subtitling country, and it still is. Thirty years of democracy and openness to Europe and the world have not succeeded in changing the habits of its viewers, once imposed by an iron dictatorship, nor have they succeeded in supplanting the complexity of the dubbing industry with the apparent simplicity of subtitling. And yet, the translation of publicity offers a revealing take on the world of subtitling and today ’s television landscape.It is my contention that the globalising strategies of publicity, and audiovisual genre that is a kind of reflection of contemporary society (?), as well as the advent of younger generations, more acustomed to multilingualism, might stimulate change in translation practice in this sector, and that this might in its turn lead to more fundamental (future) changes in the way society consumes audiovisual products in a broader sense.
A Critique of Statistical Machine Translation
Authors: Way Andy
Published: October 2021

Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation (PB-SMT) is clearly the leading paradigm in the field today. Nevertheless—and this may come as some surprise to the PB-SMT community—most translators and, somewhat more surprisingly perhaps, many experienced MT protagonists find the basic model extremely difficult to understand. The main aim of this paper, therefore, is to discuss why this might be the case. Our basic thesis is that proponents of PB-SMT do not seek to address any community other than their own, for they do not feel any need to do so. We demonstrate that this was not always the case; on the contrary, when statistical models of trans-lation were first presented, the language used to describe how such a model might work was very conciliatory, and inclusive. Over the next five years, things changed considerably; once SMT achieved dominance particularly over the rule-based paradigm, it had established a position where it did not need to bring along the rest of the MT community with it, and in our view, this has largely pertained to this day. Having discussed these issues, we discuss three additional issues: the role of automatic MT evaluation metrics when describing PB-SMT systems; the recent syntactic embellishments of PB-SMT, noting especially that most of these contributions have come from researchers who have prior experience in fields other than statistical models of translation; and the relationship between PB-SMT and other models of translation, suggesting that there are many gains to be had if the SMT community were to open up more to the other MT paradigms.
Automated error analysis for multiword expressions: Using BLEU-type scores for automatic discovery of potential translation errors
Authors: Babych Bogdan , Hartley Anthony
Published: October 2021

We describe the results of a research project aimed at automatic detection of MT errors using state-of-the-art MT evaluation metrics, such as BLEU. Currently, these automated metrics give only a general indication of translation quality at the corpus level and cannot be used directly for identifying gaps in the coverage of MT systems. Our methodology uses automatic detection of frequent multiword expressions (MWEs) in sentence-aligned parallel corpora and computes an automated evaluation score for concordances generated for such MWEs which indicates whether a particular expression is systematically mistranslated in the corpus. The method can be applied both to source and target MWEs to indicate, respectively, whether MT can successfully deal with source expressions, or whether certain frequent target expressions can be successfully generated. The results can be useful for systematically checking the coverage of MT systems in order to speed up the development cycle of rule-based MT. This approach can also enhance current techniques for finding translation equivalents by distributional similarity and for automatically identifying features of MT-tractable language.
¿Por qué hay alguien y no más bien nadie?
Authors: Serrano Gonzalo
Published: October 2021

La cuestión de ‘Por qué hay alguien más bien que nadie?’ obliga a retomar la que indaga por qué hay algo y no más bien nada, que debemos a Leibniz y que implica su principio de razón suficiente, la completa determinación y la confianza que ello provee. 1) Perseguiremos esa implicación con cierto detalle hasta lograr la dimensión que Leibniz le otorga aalguien y sus propiedades en su sistema. 2) Mediante una sucinta consideración histórica a partir del contraste de Descartes con el trasfondo neoplatónico (animismo), y un recuento de la reacción de Spinoza (monismo e inmanentismo) frente a su predecesor (dualismo), intentaré ilustrar la postura de Leibniz (trascendente) respecto de la pregunta que nos orienta. 3) Pero la pregunta es pertinente todavía hoy frente a posturas que apostarían a que más bien >nadie que alguien, tales como el naturalismo o el nihilismo, 4) para lo cual finalmente valoraremos cuánto nos ayuda Leibniz, y qué tanto hemos de apartarnos de él, o de una tradicional interpretación de su concepto de razón.
Justicia y educación en la interpretación de Gadamer de la República de Platón en Platos Staat der Erziehung
Authors: Norberto Bey Facundo
Published: October 2021

En 1942 Gadamer publicó su ensayo Platos Staat der Erziehung. En este artículo interrogará la mutua relación entre pólis y psyché, así como entre política y filosofía en el diálogo República de Platón. El presente texto se propone exponer de modo crítico el análisis que el autor realizó, en el ensayo mencionado, de la dikaiosýne entendida como “hacer propio” en los diálogos platónicos, así como el  rango político de la educación filosófica. Para ello se pondrá énfasis en el papel que desempeñan en su elaboración las nociones de andreía y sophrosýne. Finalmente, en las conclusiones se mostrará cómo en la lectura de Gadamer la educación filosófica de los guardianes y de los líderes se inscribe en una interpretación inescindible de una caracterización utópica de la kallípolis, que problematiza la cuestión del poder en el pensamiento platónico.
Robust Virtue Epistemology and the Ontology of Complete Competences
Authors: Gómez Alonso Modesto
Published: October 2021

In Judgment and Agency, Ernest Sosa argues for a triple-S structure of complete competences that includes, besides the innermost seat competence of the agent, her overall intrinsic condition (shape) and the right situational factors for the manifestation of cognitive success to occur. Complete competences are context-sensitive. The question is raised whether epistemic competences are extrinsic or intrinsic dispositional properties, as well as whether knowledge is the manifestation of powers of the actual world or whether it is a matter of what happens in modally close worlds. An ontological background for the context-sensitivity of epistemic competences that is compatible with their intrinsic character is set in the context of a general account of dispositions. An actualist conception of knowledge is also provided. On this view, the modal force of knowledge, far from being captured by non-localized possibilities, is rooted in the directedness of powers. This article, thus, aims at making explicit the ontological underpinnings of knowledge in a way that it is consistent with Sosa’s fully dispositional virtue epistemology. To this end, the constitution of complete competences is placed in a proper perspective.
La operatividad de una teología política en el marco del espinosismo a partir del uso del milagro en el análisis del Estado hebreo
Authors: Donoso Gómez Mario
Published: October 2021

Como dispositivo narrativo-imaginario, el milagro crea una configuración nueva del poder al restablecer una polarización simétrica entre el deseo soberano de gobernar y un cierto deseo voluntario de sumisión. La crítica de los milagros en el plano teórico no impide al espinosismo desarrollar, en el terreno de lo práctico, una reconstrucción imaginaria del poder basada en la analogía entre teología y política, como puede constatarse en el análisis que Spinoza lleva a cabo del Estado Hebreo. A partir de las dos explicaciones que Spinoza da de la formación del Estado Hebreo, este artículo se propone mostrar cómo la operatividad del milagro, desarticulado en el plano teórico, se mantiene en el terreno de lo práctico y con ella la vigencia de un imaginario teológico cuya dimensión política continúa activa.
La Medicina mentis de E. W. von Tschirnhaus o el paso en Alemania de la Teosofía a la Preilustración tras la paz de Westfalia
Authors: Granada Miguel Ángel
Published: October 2021

Con anterioridad a la paz de Westfalia (1648) el espacio filosófico alemán había estado dominado en gran medida por la teosofía, especialmente en el ámbito protestante y en regiones como Sajonia, Silesia y Württemberg. Con la Medicina mentis (1686 y 1695) de E. W. von Tschirnhaus, noble sajón de estudios universitarios en Leiden, donde entra en contacto con Spinoza y su círculo, entramos en un nuevo mundo conceptual. Bajo la apariencia de una propuesta metodológica, de corte cartesiano, de conducir la razón al descubrimiento de cuanto es posible conocer por la ‘luz natural’, Tschirnhaus propone una reforma moral del sujeto humano capaz de procurarle la perfección, la felicidad y la unión con Dios, donde la impronta de Spinoza (y acaso también de Giordano Bruno) es fuerte, aunque en ningún momento son nombrados estos dos filósofos. Tras estudiar la acusación de spinozismo por Christian Thomasius (1688) y el rechazo de la imputación por Tschirnhaus, el artículo se pronuncia sobre el sentido y función de ese rechazo.
El cristianismo pacífico de Vives. A propósito de un reciente libro de José Luis Villacañas
Authors: Prieto López Leopoldo José
Published: October 2021

Un nuevo y espléndido libro de José Luis Villacañas ha aparecido recientemente para el lector culto de lengua española . El libro, publicado por Taurus-Penguin Random House a inicios de 2021, pretende hacer justicia a la figura egregia de Luis Vives, el gran humanista español, menos conocido en España de lo que ciertamente merece.
Public perception of COVID-19 in the Triângulo Mineiro region, Minas Gerais state, Brazil: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: De Oliveira-Leandro Maísa , Almeida Guimarães Vinícius Henrique , Cassiano Carolina , Costa-Madeira Juliana Cristina , Piantino Marques Anna Laura , Motta Clara , Silva Marcos Vinícius , Rodrigues Jr Virmondes , Francisco Rodrigues Wellington , Freire Oliveira Carlo José
Published: October 2021

This was a cross-sectional, anonymous, online survey aimed at assessing the perceptions and basic knowledge of COVID-19, a highly transmissible disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, in a sample population in the Triângulo Mineiro region, Minas Gerais, Brazil. A questionnaire devised by the researchers and distributed through social media was applied between June 16, 2020 and August 21, 2020. The survey consisted of questions about the basic aspects of COVID-19, which included symptoms, risk groups, suspicion of infection, prevention, transmission, and perception regarding social isolation. The average distribution, frequencies, similarities and differences between the responses for the different variables were evaluated. Five hundred twenty valid responses were obtained from participants aged ≥18 years. Most of the respondents showed satisfactory basic knowledge of COVID-19. Moreover, the data showed that the participants scored an average of 87.6%. Sex, age, and socioeconomic vulnerability presented a statistically significant link with knowledge of the disease; women, young participants, and the least socioeconomically vulnerable had the highest scores. This study indicated that the population in the Triângulo Mineiro region able to access social networking platforms were basically well informed regarding COVID-19, although differences were observed depending on the group analyzed.
KEY WORDS: Coronavirus; knowledge; surveys and questionnaires.
Employees’ Separation and Performance of Unionised Organisations in the Food, Beverage and Tobacco Industry in Lagos State, Nigeria
Authors: Christopher Chidi, Odogwu
Published: October 2021

The study investigated the effect of employees’ separation on performance of unionised organisations in the Food, Beverage, and Tobacco industry in Lagos State. The adopted research design is the survey method. The proportional stratified sampling was used to select equal sample of thirty (30) from each of the organisations surveyed. A total of four hundred and twenty (420) research subjects were drawn from fourteen respondent companies. However, 284 copies of questionnaire were properly completed and used for data analysis. This represents 68 per cent response rate. The research instrument was subjected to validity and reliability testing. The domain of validity also called intrinsic validity was used for the validity estimate. Validity estimate is 0.88 while the Cronbach’s Alpha is 0.77 being the reliability coefficient of the instrument. The hypothesis for the study was tested using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation, Regression Model and Chi-square test of goodness-of–fit at 5 per cent level of significance. It was hypothesised that employees’ separation does not affect performance of unionised organisations. The result of hypothesis test shows that employees’ separation exhibited significant relationship with performance of organisations. Of the ten measures of performance, six positively and significantly associated with employees’ separation. Such as public image (r = 0.352; p< 0.01); staff morale (r = 0.340; p< 0.01); innovativeness (r =0.190; p< 0.01); performance stability(r = 0.199; p< 0.01); growth in number of employees (r = 0.214; p< 0.01) and adaptability (r =0.157; p< 0.01). However, profitability, market share, operational efficiency and rate of sales were non-significant. The Chi-square test of goodness-of-fit also confirms that employees’ separation affect performance of unionised organisations (x2 =103.170, df=2, p< 0.01). Similarly, from regression Table in the appendix, it could be observed from the result of the regression analysis that employees’ separation affects performance of unionised organisations in the Food, Beverage and Tobacco Industry in Lagos State. From the foregoing, it is recommended that organisations should aim at improving remuneration packages; there is empirical evidence to show that on average, employers who offer the most attractive reward packages have lower attrition rates than those who pay poorly. Organisations should adopt rigorous screening procedures for new hires; improve training programmes as well as flexible working hours and employee participation.
Severe COVID pneumonia complicated with transient Diabetic ketoacidosis in a diabetes-naive patient: A case report and literature review
Authors:   Consultant Anaesthetic, Specialised COVID 19 treatment unit , Base Hospital, Teldeniya, Sri Lanka., Ratnayake Ashani , Kumarihamy Prabhashini ,   Consultant Physician, Specialised COVID 19 treatment unit, Base Hospital, Teldeniya, Sri Lanka., Gunaratne Sujeewa ,   Consultant Physician, Specialised COVID 19 treatment unit, Base Hospital, Teldeniya, Sri Lanka., Abeysinghe Hiranya ,   Consultant Physician, Specialised COVID 19 treatment unit, Base Hospital, Teldeniya, Sri Lanka., Wickramasinghe Navoda ,   Research Assistant, Specialised COVID 19 treatment unit, Base Hospital Teldeniya, Sri Lanka.
Published: October 2021

A very few cases with Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) inducing Diabetic ketoacidosis in non-diabetic patients are reported. Hyperglycaemia caused by transient damage to pancreatic cells by the virus and cytokine storm is identified as the underlying pathophysiology. Here, we present a patient who presented with transient Diabetic ketoacidosis while being treated for COVID-19 pneumonia and is the first reported case in Sri Lanka as per literature. We highlight the approach to diagnosis, monitoring and management of this patient which was challenging for the treating physician. Case: A 34-year-old previously well Sri Lankan male presented with severe covid pneumonia. He was found to have diabetic ketoacidosis and managed as per protocol with fluid and insulin. His glycosylated haemoglobin was normal. Even though his Covid pneumonia worsened leading to death, he recovered from diabetic ketoacidosis and did not require exogenous insulin later in the course of the illness. Conclusion: Transient hyperglycemia with ketoacidosis, such as in our patient, associated with Covid infection has been reported very rarely in the literature. The treating physician should have a high index of suspicion to diagnose these types of patients and to manage them timely. Otherwise, it will be an added but a preventable factor to increase mortality in patients with Covid pneumonia. Keywords: coronavirus disease; COVID-19; non-diabetes; diabetesnaive; hyperglycemia; diabetic ketoacidosis.
Silent hypoxaemia in COVID-19: Journey through ICU
Authors:   Consultant Anaesthetist, Specialised COVID-19 Treatment Unit, Base Hospital, Teldeniya, Sri Lanka., Ratnayake Ashani , Kumarihamy Prabhashini ,   Consultant Physician, Specialised COVID-19 Treatment Unit, Base Hospital, Teldeniya, Sri Lanka., Gunaratne Sujeewa ,   Consultant Physician, Specialised COVID-19 Treatment Unit, Base Hospital, Teldeniya, Sri Lanka., Abeysinghe Hiranya ,   Consultant Physician, Specialised COVID-19 Treatment Unit, Base Hospital, Teldeniya, Sri Lanka., Perera Sahan ,   Consultant Physician, Specialised COVID-19 Treatment Unit, Base Hospital, Teldeniya, Sri Lanka., Ekanayake Shirley ,   Consultant Radiologist, Specialised COVID-19 Treatment Unit, Base Hospital, Teldeniya, Sri Lanka.
Published: October 2021

Silent hypoxia is a well-known entity associated with SARSCoV-2 [1,2]. It is a condition where despite the patient being hypoxic, they do not show any signs and symptoms of respiratory distress [2]. Hypoxia can only be detected either by pulse oximetry reading or through blood gas analysis. These patients may have variable radiological appearances on presentation. Many studies have shown silent hypoxia has a high incidence of 20-40% with patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia [2,3]. Some patients need intensive care support and some recover without any supports. Here we present a series of chest radiographs of a patient presented with silent hypoxia. A previously well 53 year old male presented to a COVID-19 treatment facility with a positive antigen testing. At the time of admission, the patient was well with a respiratory rate of 16/min and stable haemodynamics. There were no other signs and symptoms of respiratory distress. His routine pulse oximetry reading was 66% with an arterial oxygen partial pressure of 56 mmHg. The first chest radiograph showed an extensive air space opacification (Figure 1). The appearance was so severe and did not match with his clinical picture. An entity of silent hypoxia was diagnosed, and he was admitted to the Intensive care unit and started on face mask oxygen through 60% venturi.
Life-threatening secondary infection in a patient with Covid-19 pneumonia treated with tocilizumab: A picture series
Authors:   Consultant Physician, Specialised COVID-19 Treatment Unit, Base Hospital, Teldeniya, Sri Lanka., Kumarihamy Prabhashini , Ratnayake Ashani ,   Consultant Anaesthetist, Specialised COVID-19 Treatment Unit, Base Hospital, Teldeniya, Sri Lanka., Abeysinghe Hiranya ,   Consultant Physician, Specialised COVID-19 Treatment Unit, Base Hospital, Teldeniya, Sri Lanka., Perera Sahan ,   Consultant Physician, Specialised COVID-19 Treatment Unit, Base Hospital, Teldeniya, Sri Lanka., Ekanayake Shirley ,   Consultant Radiologist, Specialised COVID-19 Treatment Unit, Base Hospital, Teldeniya, Sri Lanka.
Published: October 2021

As of February 2021, cumulative high-certainty data shows that Tocilizumab decreases the risk of mechanical ventilation in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 [1]. COVID-19 patients receiving tocilizumab may have a theoretical risk of acquiring a secondary infection due to immunosuppression [2]. Here we present a series of chest radiographs of a patient presented with severe Covid pneumonia who improved rapidly with tocilizumab but died of secondary infection later on.
Ligação intracelular entre a toxina botulínica e covid-19
Authors: Oliveira Lopes Daniela
Published: October 2021

A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) declarou em 2019 uma pandemia causada pelo novo coronavírus, chamado de Sars-Cov-2. Estudos demonstram que poderá estar relacionado ao coronavírus de morcegos e pangolins e teria saltado para a espécie humana durante o último trimestre de 2019. A toxina botulínica conhecida popularmente como Botox®, é uma proteína produzida pela bactéria Clostridium botulinum capaz de bloquear os sinais de impulso específicos para tal área levando assim ao relaxamento local, atuando na paralisação da musculatura subjacente das linhas indesejadas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar se a vacina Coronavac é capaz de alterar a ação da toxina botulínica. Sendo assim foram analisados 61 indivíduos. Concluindo que o grupo que recebeu a vacina demonstrou alteração na eficácia da toxina.
Procedimentos estéticos não cirúrgicos, como torna-los mais duradouros
Authors: Bastos Hellisse Nogueira , Rodrigues Fabiano de Abreu
Published: October 2021

Os procedimentos estéticos são amplamente utilizados hoje e vem aumentando a procura e oferta cada vez mais em todos os países, em todas as etnias, gêneros e classes sociais. A busca por redução da percepção do envelhecimento com procedimentos estéticos como toxina botulínica, preenchimentos com ácido Hialurônico, bioestimuadores de colágeno dos mais diversos como PLLA, Hidróxiapatita de Cálcio, Fios de DPO, etc. e também busca por mais beleza dentro dos padrões atuais com as harmonizações faciais feitas com grandes intervenções e volumes de produtos estão cada vez mais sendo realizada por profissionais médicos. A duração de seus efeitos inﬂuencia nos intervalos de seus tratamentos, custo e comodidade para o paciente e esses são os principais fatores para o sucesso do tratamento. Uma revisão integrada de estudos descobriu que a duração dos efeitos está relacionadas com os processos fisiológicos de anti-oxidação e estabilização de radicais livres e inﬂamação crônica sub-clínica que acontecesse na senescência e também associado ao processo de envelhecimento precoce o que chamamos de inﬂamm- again.
O impacto da atividade física na qualidade de vida do idoso
Authors: Lopes Gabriel César Dias
Published: October 2021

A atividade física é importante promotora da qualidade de vida do idoso. No entanto, o tipo de exercício a ser realizado depende do organismo e da vontade de cada um. Atualmente a preocupação com a saúde do idoso tem sido a pauta de instituições e governos preocupados com essa significativa parcela da população. Esse estudo analisa o nível de atividade física que o idoso frequentador do Parque Nacional Serra dos Ossos em Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro,   desempenha e sua efetiva repercussão em sua saúde. O objetivo é além de traçar esse perfil, diferenciar como homens e mulheres frequentadores do local, realizam as atividades. Trata-se aqui de uma pesquisa bibliográfica baseada em autores que tratam dos temas saúde, bem-estar e atividade física para idosos, usando o método quantitativo para a coleta dos dados ,onde um questionário aplicado a vinte pessoas avaliou o nível dessa atividade física, ficando evidenciado que é satisfatório o índice e que o idoso na cidade começa a buscar os meios para aprimorar sua qualidade de vida, buscando uma velhice agradável, feliz, saudável e ativa.
Deficiências físicas: barreiras na aprendizagem e adaptações do ambiente acadêmico
Authors: Pires Eliene Germana
Published: October 2021

Esta pesquisa identificou que as principais barreiras na aprendizagem dos alunos deficientes físicos são: físicas, atitudinais e de comunicação em razão de muitas escolas ainda não contarem com estruturas físicas adaptadas e profissionais capacitados para lidar com deficiências diversas. Notou-se que há a necessidade de adaptações do ambiente acadêmico para superar as barreiras que interferem no processo de ensino-aprendizagem do acadêmico com deficiência física tais como: construção de rampas de acessos, banheiros para cadeirantes, contratação de redução do preconceito e tecnologias assistivas. Mediante uma pesquisa descritiva que teve o questionário, mediado por uma entrevista, como instrumento de coleta de dados, notou-se que o não oferecimento de condições de acesso, permanência, sucesso e garantia do padrão de qualidade desse processo incidem sobre as dificuldades de aprendizagem, nas notas baixas e no processo de interação destes alunos. Este trabalho serviu de norte para a eliminação de barreiras físicas, atitudinais e de comunicação da aprendizagem da pessoa com deficiência.