bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Christian Salvation Through Muslim Domination: Divine Punishment and Syriag Apocalyptic Expectation in the Seventh and Eighth Centuries
Authors: Villagomez Cynthia
Published: April 2008

Syriac apocalyptic texts are among the most important literary responses to the rise and establishment of the Islamic state in the indigenous lands of Syriac-speaking Christians. The apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius and other Syriac apocalyptic sources are used to demonstrate the negative reactions of Christians to Muslim political authority. These reactions are discussed in relation to Syriac patterns of response to crisis in the pre-Islamic period which explained wide-spread, severe suffering in the physical world as a consequence of Christians' sins, but also a demonstration of God's chastizing love.
Aspects of Baraka (Blessings) and Ritual Devotion Among Medieval Muslims and Jews1
Authors: Meri Josef W.
Published: April 2008

Baraka (lit. blessing) lay at the foundation of Muslim and Jewish conceptions and perceptions of the sacred. Medieval devotees sought the baraka of prophets, saints and devotional objects. This study considers the physical and devotional setting for the transmission of baraka and the ritual acts devotees performed in order to acquire it.
Explaining order in religious systems1
Authors: Malley Brian E.
Published: April 2008

Ours is a problem of order, cognitive and cultural. Were religion simply chaotic, we would not recognize it as an object of study. In this article, I outline two complementary approaches to religious phenomena; both aim to explain different aspects of order in religion. First, recently-developed cognitive theories of religious phenomena account for some aspects of cultural order in terms of cognitive constraints. Second, complexity theory offers hypotheses about the emergent dynamics of entire religious systems. Before examining these theories themselves, however, I will explain in more detail the problem of order and the place of these theories in explaining it.
Reading difference in Isaiah 56-66: The interplay of literary and sociological strategies
Authors: Berquist Jon L.
Published: April 2008

Current trends in biblical scholarship investigate texts using a variety of strategies, including literary and sociological methods. Usually, these different methods never interact in ways that could lead to fuller understandings of their underlying assumptions. Isaiah 56-66 provides a test-case for the comparison of method, with a focus on the ways in which various newer methodologies can interpret the differences within the text. Whereas philosophical and literary methods (such as those of Derrida, Fish, and Bakhtin) understand that texts construct themselves within infinite difference, sociological approaches may better concentrate on the power differentials inherent within textual differences. However, both canon and method conspire to (fail to) interpret, in that they limit the infinite interplay of difference in order to produce a (single) interpretation. The singularity and multiplicity of "meaning" coheres in the multiple identities formed by interpreting communities. Fragmentation of self mirrors the fragmentation of text and interpretation.
Why are perfect animals, hybrids, and monsters food for symbolic thought?
Authors: Sperber Dan
Published: April 2008

Work on animal symbolism, in particular that of Mary Douglas, suggests that the symbolic value of some animals is grounded in taxonomic anomaly. Yet the work of ethnozoologists tends to show that folk taxonomies are consistent and devoid of true anomalies. This raises a first problem. Moreover, not only anomalous animals, but also exemplary animals often take on a symbolic value, thus raising a second problem. A solution to both problems is suggested, based on an examination of the cognitive organization of folk taxonomies, and with illustrations drawn from Ethiopian, Biblical, and Western culture.
Psychoanalytic methods in the history of religion: A personal statement1
Authors: Merkur Dan
Published: April 2008

For the Scandinavian tradition of the history of religions, in which I was trained, not the numinous, but the experience of the numinous is the sui generis subject matter of the discipline; and historians routinely emphasize the experiential aspects of religions. The better to understand religious experience, I work interdisciplinarily with psychoanalysis. Freud's treatment of group processes as though they were individual psyches and his pathologizing of religious symbolism are badly dated. Current work in both clinical psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic anthropology is more sophisticated. My major innovations are two. (1) Where historians of religions aspire for religious devotees to recognize themselves in their portraits of the religions, I seek for devotees additionally to gain insight into the unconscious dimensions of their religions. Religions are not reducible to their symbolism, but unconscious motives influence the imagery that religions use to symbolize their metaphysical concerns. (2) I also use psychoanalytic findings and methods to contribute to historiography, in some cases as aids to textual exegesis, but more extensively in studies of shamans, prophets, apocalyptists, and mystics, where psychoanalytic observations on the techniques for inducing and controlling alternate states furnishes historical information that enriches the research findings.
The treatment of women in the historiography of late medieval popular religion
Authors: Lee Becky R.
Published: April 2008

The study of medieval European popular religion is broad and diverse, drawing upon a variety of sources and addressing a multiplicity of questions. Underlying that diversity, however, is a single quest: to unearth and analyze religion as it was experienced and practiced by the "common folk".1 For the past twenty years women have been explicitly and deliberately included in that analysis. Evident in the literature, however, are diverse and divergent opinions concerning both the ways by which to ascertain and interpret women's practices and beliefs, and their significance for the study of popular religion. This article explores those opinions and some of their implications.
History and nostalgia: Reflections on John Wansbrough's The Sectarian Milieu
Authors: Calder Norman
Published: April 2008

In the fourth chapter of The Sectarian Milieu, John Wansbrough asks the question whether Islam gives expression to a concept of history as event or as process, the one implying a nostalgic, the other a dynamic approach to community history. This paper accepts the distinction while suggesting that there are more ways of exploring the question than that exemplified in his analysis. While his study comes to a tentatively negative answer (Islam as nostalgia), this article suggests that the processes of reading scripture constitute precisely a means for the preservation of event and for its transformation into process. Section 2 looks at a liturgical and Section 3 at a scholastic (exegetical) reading of scripture, while Section 4 proposes that the literature of the law must also be understood as a "reading" of scripture. In each case, it is argued, the meanings of salvation history are re-discovered from generation to generation through the experience of the community, in an ongoing hermeneutical tradition which stresses not event but process (in Wansbrough's own words "the afterlife of an event perpetuated by constant interpretation"). Sections 5 and 6 offer some concluding remarks about Islamic epistemology and the process of reading, which is both the activity of contemporary scholars and the object of their studies.
Rhetorical analysis and sociological analysis in historical Jesus research
Authors: Bloomquist L. Gregory
Published: April 2008

In this article I suggest ways in which rhetorical analysis can complement sociological analysis of early Christianity. On the basis of a universally acknowledged saying of Jesus ("blessed are you poor"), I suggest that those who use social scientific perspectives need to clarify more accurately the levels of data from which they are working (i.e., when they are working with probably early material, possibly the words of Jesus himself, and when they are working with the later elaboration of the traditional material) and to identify the rhetorical value of each level. I then show how, contrary to sociological analysis that depicts Jesus as merely proclaiming reversal, the historical Jesus proclaimed a reversal that had already happened but one that was away from God's intended order: what the historical Jesus was calling for was a future restoration to a state that existed before the reversal. Attention to the rhetorical nature of his follower's use of this proclamation, however, shows that when the author of the Gospel of Luke and the Lukan Acts of the Apostles uses the language of reversal and restoration, he now does so to describe what was happening not primarily vis-à-vis "the world" but in their own, now Christian communities. Jesus' message of reversal of the fate of the poor becomes in this way the Lukan message of the apostolic governance of that reversal, that is, the broker's (the apostolic leadership's, after the model of Jesus) dispensation of the patron's (God's) resources.
Fessing up in theory: On professing and confessing in the religious studies classroom
Authors: Jaffee Martin S.
Published: April 2008

The essay focusses on pedagogical method in the undergraduate study of religion. It proposes that the very nature of religious studies as an interpretive program requires that theoretical issues be explicitly foregrounded as the principal route into the discussion of particulars and general cases. The bulk of the essay exemplifies this proposal by reporting on the author's own attempt to bring under theoretical control one of the most contentious issues of pedagogy in the study of religion: the question of the teacher's personal commitments for or against "religion" or specific religious traditions.
A religious agenda continued
Authors: Wiebe Donald
Published: April 2008

It has been argued that with the transformation of the National Association of Biblical Instructors (NABI) into the American Academy of Religion (AAR) in 1964 the study of religion in America moved from being essentially a religious exercise to a broadly scientific undertaking. The review and comparison of the presidential addresses to the NABI with the addresses to the AAR, it is argued here, undermines that conclusion. The founding of the AAR in part signalled the demise of the traditional Protestant dominance in the field of "religious studies" but it did not undermine the religio-humanistic underpinnings of the field and did not provide the foundations for a more objective and scientific study of religious phenomena.
Theological Correctness: Cognitive Constraint and the Study of Religion
Authors: Barrett Justin L.
Published: April 2008

In both natural and religious thinking, people have ntultiple versions of the same concepts that may be contradictory. In the domain of religious concepts, these ntultiple levels of representation in single individuals may be termed "Theological Correctness." Versions of religioiis concepts range front fairly simple or concrete to very complex and abstract. Selection of the, concept to be used in any given context is largely dependent on the cognitive processing demands of the task. In tasks in which there is great derrtand to draw quick and rich inferences, a basic concept comprised largely of intuitive knowledge, is used. In tasks in which there is less demand, as when one is slowly and carefully riflecting on one's knowledge, more complicated, intuition violating theoretical concepts may be drawn upon. In the domain of religious concepts these concepts closely match traditional theology and so may be termed theological concepts. Implications for data gathering and theorizing in the study of religion are discussed. Finally, these observations suggest the. importance of insights from cognitive sciertce, for the study of religion.
La formation et l'évolution typographiques de Henry van de Velde (1863-1957)
Authors: Baudin Fernand
Published: April 2008

The prominent part played by Van de Velde in the Art Nouveau movement would lead one to suppose that he was also an originating force in typography. This is not so, however. At Brussels that honour must go to Edmond Deman, Theo van Rijsselberghe, and the printing-office of Veuve Monnom, who were collaborating together as early as 1876. At Antwerp it was Paul Buschmann who, even before 1893, initiated Max Elskamp, who in his turn taught Van de Velde in 1895. A certain independence with respect to typefaces, and a marked preference for ornament to the exclusion of illustration formed the common ground of ideas linking this group of friends, who evidently remained undivided despite the distance between Brussels and Antwerp.
Charles de Beauvais auteur de 'Lettres sur la mort de quelques personnes'
Authors: Gorissen P.
Published: April 2008

Although no fewer than 8,500 letters from Constantijn Huygens's large correspondence are known, many thousands more have gone astray, among them a letter in print, originally received on 25 November 1649 and sent to Huygens by a friend in London, Charles de Beauvais. Other items of this correspondence, which spans the years between about 1622 and about 1661, reflect Beauvais's endeavours, from 1648 onwards, to leave his native society, that of the Walloons in London, for the Dutch Republic, where he had formerly been a scholar at Leiden University. The printed letter of 1649 is one of his attempts to persuade Huygens to find him a position in Holland. It is a genuine letter, but at the same time it is a eulogy to Francis
A new study of woodcuts in the incunabula of the Netherlands
Authors: Kok Ina
Published: April 2008

A century ago, in 1882, the art historian William Conway published the chief results of his research into the woodcuts in the incunabula of the Low Countries, in a series of articles in The Bibliographer. Two years later his book The woodcutters of the Netherlands in the fifteenth century appeared. Conway's approach is that of an art historian: he classifies the woodcuts according to their artists and then groups these together in schools. Two general surveys of this area have appeared since Conway, Delen (1924) and Schretlen (1925), both likewise written from the angle of art history. Unlike Conway, however, they make no attempt at completeness, so that even today for an overall view one has to turn to Conway. Despite the progress that has been made in the field of bibliography in our own century and the new discoveries of Netherlandic illustrated incunabula, there has so far been no new study of the subject in bibliographical terms. Work is now in progress on such an investigation at the Department of Book and Library Science at the University of Amsterdam. Besides a census of all woodcuts and the books in which they appear, the project is intended, through a study of the sorts of edition that were illustrated and the association between illustration and text, to gain an insight into the nature and function of the illustrations. Study of the technical aspects of the woodcuts is designed to provide greater insight into the practice of printing with woodcuts in the fifteenth century and the wanderings of the wood blocks from printer to printer. An extensive collection of photographic reproductions of pages with woodcuts has now been brought together, and work has started on preliminary ordering and analysis.
Les Chevaliers de la Jubilation: Maçonnerie ou libertinage? A propos de quelques publications de Margaret C. Jacob
Authors: Fielding W. , Berkvens-Stevelinck Christiane
Published: April 2008

Between 1970 and 1981 Mrs. Jacob published a variety of books and articles on the subject of the Knights of Jubilation and their clandestine influence on both political and cultural life in the early decades of the eighteenth century. Mrs. Jacob sees the Knights of Jubilation as the first Continental Lodge, founded by John Toland in the United Provinces in about 1710. According to this thesis, Freemasonry on the Continent would be a quarter of a century older than historians have hitherto supposed (viz. 1710 instead of 1734). However, if one reads the texts on which Mrs. Jacob bases this assertion carefully and in their cultural context - they are published here complete and in the original language so that everyone may do just that-it seems to me that her conclusions are somewhat premature. The resonance of these texts goes back to the French libertinage and the burlesque tradition of Rabelais, rather than that they herald the era of Continental Freemasonry.
Cornelis Claesz's 1605 stock catalogue of Chinese books1
Authors: Van Selm Bert
Published: April 2008

One of the stock catalogues published by the important Amsterdam bookseller and publisher Cornelis Claesz is known only from a description in the catalogue of the Frankfurt autumn book fair of 1605. In this article the author presents arguments to show that in the autumn of that year Cornelis Claesz could indeed have offered a collection of Chinese books for sale. These might have come from the captured Portuguese carrack Catharina, whose cargo was sold at public auction in Amsterdam. Descriptions in sale catalogues and inventories of 1609, 1610 and 1615 indicate that quity early on there were scholars at Leiden who numbered more than one Chinese book in their collections. This exceptional stock catalogue by an Amsterdam bookseller is the earliest known printed list of Chinese books and thus represents a source of great importance to cultural historical research. It is to be hoped that the present article will lead to the discovery of a copy.
From mythology to merchandise: an interpretation of the engraved title of Van Mander's Wtleggltinglt *
Authors: Hamilton Alastair , Becker Jochen
Published: April 2008

Karel van Mander's Schilder-Boeck (Haarlem 1604) contains, apart from the most frequently read biographies of the painters ('Levens'), a theoretical justification of painting (the 'Grondt'), and an interpretation (Wtlegghingh) of Ovid's Metamorphoses. The interpretation discusses the thesaurus of mythological images for the benefit of the painter of historical subjects. The first Dutch iconology (Vvtbeeldinge), which immediately follows the text of the interpretation of Ovid, sums up and supplements the latter. In both the Wtlegghingh and the 'Grondt' Van Mander employs a language of images involving several layers which ultimately goes back to the doctrine of the fourfold meaning of the Scripture. This philological tradition is flanked by elements from (Italian) mythographical literature. This paper offers a reading of the title-page of the Wtlegghingh, engraved by J. Matham after a sketch by Van Mander, and following Italian examples, Vasari's among others. It makes use of the interpretative scheme mentioned. Van Mander's own text in the Wtlegghingh justifies and explains the four layers of the interpretation: mythological, cosmological, ethical, and art theoretical interpretation. The title-print considered as façade and portal of the book thus contains a demonstration of the method used in the Wtlegghingh immediately following, and a concise summary of contents, encoded pictorially. Thus the title-print satisfies the demands which according to rhetoric the proemium has to fulfil. The interpretation of this engraved title-page might appear far-fetched if it were not for the fact that the title-print introduces an art theoretical text, and that the writer of that text and the inventor of the title-print are the same person. Furthermore it is supported by other examples. The fact, however, that only nineteen years later the original plate was used in a historical treatise on Friesland, and without any secondary meaning whatever, indicates that plates of this complexity could be used for purely decorative purposes, perhaps because of their complexity.
Dru Drury, his Illustrations of natural history (1770-82) and the European market for printed books
Authors: Noblett William
Published: April 2008

This study attempts to show how the English entomologist, Dru Drury (1725-1804) exported his only published book, Illustrations of natural history, which appeared in three volumes between 1770 and 1782. Drury used three contacts on the European mainland: the Amsterdam bookseller, Jan Christian Sepp; the German botanist, Paul Dietrich Giseke and the Danish naturalist, Morten Thrane Brunnich. Drury's letters to these three men form the basis of the study. An examination of them reveal some of the problems encountered in the international book-trade in the eighteenth century (such as parcels going missing and the difficulties of payment) and show some of the formalities that had to be undertaken when exporting.
Jan van Doesborch (?-1536), printer of English texts
Authors: Franssen P.J.A. , Simoni A.E.C.
Published: April 2008

The article Jan van Doesborch (?-1536), printer of English books examines in how far this printer-publisher issued texts in Dutch-English parallel editions so as to gain understanding of the artistic and commercial considerations which played a part in the production of books and further to reconstruct the extent, especially of the production of books in the Dutch language within the whole of Jan van Doesborch's output. When his output is put together it appears that Jan van Doesborch employed strict criteria in deciding to issue a particular text in English translation and that arbitrary choice was out of the question. Beside reprints of very popular small school textbooks, Jan van Doesborch produced books in the English language only if he was the first to print them in the English-speaking countries and if they were in prose. On the strength of this investigation it is possible to maintain that Jan van Doesborch could have printed Dutch language editions also only of those works of fiction which he printed in English. Jan van Doesborch's selection policy and his pursuance of both the English and Dutch markets by means of parallel productions may have influenced the form in which these texts were published. Differences in form and content, especially between Mary of Nemmegen and Mariken van Nieumeghen have to be seen in this light.
The hunt for popular prose; the correspondence between J. F. M. Scheepers and M. Buisman, from 1929 until 1942
Authors: Buijnsters Piet J.
Published: April 2008

This study deals with two notable Dutch book collectors: Johannes F. M. Scheepers (1893-1942) and his friend Michiel Buisman (1891-1986), two men of simple origin. Since their meeting in 1929, they applied themselves, in a spirit of friendly rivalry, to the study of an area of Dutch bibliophily which had hitherto been ignored: the so-called popular prose of the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. Relying on the pioneer work of the Amsterdam firm of Frederik Muller & Co., Scheepers and Buisman, despite modest means, assembled an enormous collection which was to form the basis of Buisman's bibliography Populaire Prozaschrijvers van 1600 tot 1815 (Amsterdam 1960). From the more than 200 remaining letters which Scheepers wrote to Buisman, we gain an impression of the way in which these two men actually set about their work. We learn of their lucky finds, their criticism of the notable scholars of literature and their growing self-awareness. The Dutch world of antiquarian bookshops and auctioning between the wars is also reflected in the correspondence. Scheepers's death in a German concentration camp abruptly ended the pact between these two men.
Printers to the 'arch-heretic' David Joris Prolegomena to a bibliography of his works
Authors: Valkema Blouw Paul
Published: April 2008

Despite the increased interest in all aspects of the Radical Reformation we are still in need of a bibliography of David Joris which might satisfy reasonable requirements. A. van der Linde's book, which presented itself as such over a century ago, is imprecise and not unnaturally entirely out of date. A new version would thus fulfil an obvious need. The reasons for which it has not yet been undertaken must be sought in the complication created by the fact that the hundreds of writings all appeared without an imprint. The dates, if indeed any are given, generally apply to the composition of the text and only coincide exceptionally with the often considerably later year of publication. All we can conclude from historical sources is that a number of his tracts were published in Deventer in about 1540 by Albert Pafraet and Dirk (II) van den Borne. In order to determine who dared to work for the arch-heretic (or, after his death, for later followers of his teaching) it is impossible to avoid a bibliographical analysis. In this manner we find the names of various of his printers and, from the years of their activity, we can deduce sufficient indications to date the publication of the writings within certain limits. This investigation shows that the first were indeed printed in Deventer, the very earliest being a treatise which has so far been ascribed to the Anabaptist Bernhard Rothmann. Thereafter David Joris gave orders for his works to be printed alternately in Antwerp, to Adriaen van Berghen, and in Deventer. After he had left for Basel he briefly applied to the services of two printers in the German-speaking area until he discovered a permanent supplier in the future university printer Ludwig Dietz in Rostock. The sectarian's death and his posthumous execution in 1559 were succeeded by a few decades of silence in the camp of his followers. In 1584, however, an edition of the Wonderboeck, entirely revised by the author, appeared and was soon followed by a series of other publications. Much previously unpublished work proved to have remained in the possession of David Joris's family. The printer, as he himself was later to admit, was Dirk Mullem in Rotterdam. When his activities came to an end in the last years of the century, other publishers took over the task.
The composition of a fifteenth-century aristocratic library in Breda: the books of John IV of Nassau and Mary van Loon1
Authors: Brinkman Herman
Published: April 2008

The composition of the library of John IV of Nassau (1410-75) and his wife Mary van Loon (1424-1502) has been reconstructed on the basis of data from a fifteenth-century book list, surviving manuscripts and seventeenth- and eighteenth-century catalogues. The collection was possibly made up of at least 29 volumes which in the main dealt with devotion and catechesis. In contrast to their son Engelbert II whose collection of books manifests a pronounced Burgundian taste, John and Mary specialised in collecting rather plainly executed manuscripts with both Dutch and German texts.
The Gouda Erasmiana revisited
Authors: Goudriaan Koen
Published: April 2008

In this contribution additional evidence is provided for Klein's theory that hand A in MSS Librije 1323 and 1324 belongs to a canon of Stein. A few possible objections are discussed. Though Klein's hypothesis that A is Servatius Rogerus cannot be true, it is argued that MS 1323 (part A) and 1324, together with the original of the Scriverius manuscript now in Tilburg, once formed a coherent collection of works by Erasmus and by the associates of his early years, and that Servatius Rogerus is the most likely person to have made this collection. In the second half of the sixteenth century the Erasmiana in the Stein monastery were kept by someone who was both an ardent defender of Erasmus and a loyal catholic. He is the person behind hand B, and may perhaps be identified with Wouter Jacobsz Maes, the last prior of Stein (but Maes is not B himself). Finally, a piece of Latin prose, preserved in a little manuscript kept in Leiden but originally from Stein, is analysed. It is a historical introduction to an agreement concluded between Stein and the city of Gouda. The hypothesis is launched that it may have been composed by a humanist canon of Stein in his early years, possibly Willem Hermansz.
Was Plantin a member of the Family of Love? Notes on his dealings with Hendrik Niclaes
Authors: Blouw Paul Valkema
Published: April 2008

Partly intended as a summary of recent research on Plantin's activities, this article provides a new interpretation of certain aspects of his career: the circumstances in which the Officina came into existence; the collaboration between Plantin and Hendrik Niclaes as partners in a printing shop in Kampen which besides various publications by the prophet, produced two editions of the Bible; and the course of events in the transfer of Plantin's
Der Nürnberger Verlag Caymox und die Kartographie
Authors: Meurer Peter H.
Published: April 2008

The present article is a contribution to research on the activities of exiled Dutchmen in connection with the publication of maps, as illustrated by the Caymox family in Nuremberg. Cornelis Caymox (Antwerp?-Nuremberg c.1590), a general trader, sold the maps of Gerard de Jode and Gerard Mercator in Germany (from c.1565). It was he and Hubert Caymox (his brother?) who officially applied for the imperial privilege to print De Jode's atlas in 1574; De Jode's own efforts were obstructed by his rival Abraham Ortelius. Cornelis Caymox also contributed to Braun & Hogenberg's town atlas. Cornelis's relative (his nephew?) Balthasar Caymox (Beerse/Brabant 1561-Nuremberg 1635) set up as a publisher in Nuremberg around 1590. Among his first publications was a re-issue of the 1567 map of Hungary by Matthias Zündt. When the Dutch-born engraver and geographer Matthias Quad (1557-1613) left Cologne and spent some years (c.1605-7) in Nuremberg, he issued some cartographical broadsheets together with Caymox (distance triangle 1605; map of Spain after Blaeu 1606; map of Palestine after Adrichomius and Duchetti c.1606). Caymox was also the publisher of the paper instruments (quadrant, sundial, astrolabe) designed by Franz Ritter (1579-c.1650). Among these is an interesting dial plate of a sundial in the form of a world map, indicating local time, world time and the geographical latitude of the equinox. Balthasar Caymox's business was subsequently (in 1633) taken over by Paulus Fürst (1608-66).
The long life of the book: public book auctions in Leiden 1725-1805 and the second-hand book trade
Authors: Van Goinga Hannie
Published: April 2008

In the Dutch Republic the books that were sold in public auction were bound, which implied that they were second-hand. They came either from private collections or from booksellers' stock. For the eighteenth-century Leiden booksellers auctions were an important outlet for the second-hand trade. This is demonstrated on the basis of the auction ledgers of the firm of Luchtmans. In their auction catalogues booksellers often mixed their own stock in with private libraries. Of only 194 of the 1707 public auctions recorded for the period 1725-1805 catalogues are known, i.e. 11,4%. It is shown that these catalogues are not representative for public auctions in general and cannot be used as sources for developments in the book trade. The practice of mixing in and combining books makes their use as sources for the study of private ownership problematical. In an outline of the Leiden public auctions for the period 1725-1805 the number of auctions is given, as well as the turnovers per five-year period and the average annual turnovers. The fluctuations in the five-year turnovers for 1725-70 correspond with the general economic trends. A remarkable rise in the turnovers occurred between 1776 and 1785 - the more notable as the economic crisis of 1772-3 took a long time to overcome. Just in this period the position of the book and its cultural importance
The Aulularia edition which served as basis for the Warenar
Authors: Jansen Jeroen
Published: April 2008

This article examines the question which edition of the Aulularia of Plautus P.C. Hooft used when he adapted this Latin play to the Dutch comedy Warenar (1617). The method followed consists in an analysis of (1) manuscripts and (2) printed editions of the comedies of Plautus from the editio princeps (1472) to 1617. By selecting relevant passages in the Aulularia and comparing these in all Aulularia recensions with the Warenar, a process of elimination leads to the edition which probably served as the model.
Success in numbers: a bibliometric analysis of the publications of Gheraert Leeu
Authors: Heijting Willem
Published: April 2008

The printer Gheraert Leeu, active at Gouda from 1477 to July 1484, and thereafter at Antwerp to 1492, is known as a remarkably successful figure in his trade. To allow a more exact specification of the factors that led to his success, the present article presents a hibliometric analysis of his publications. This analysis also serves to raise questions about the methodology to be used. The measurement of a publisher's output on the basis of the number of editions turns out to have a limited value; counts based on the number of edition-sheets lead to different and in some respects better results. The latter should ideally be supplemented with information about the edition sizes. If one wishes to study a publisher's output in relation to the content of the books, then one needs not only a universal division into subjects or genres, but also a classification suited to the particular period. For this study of a fifteenth-century publisher, a division according to mediaeval 'dimensions' yields good results. The quantitative information this approach provides about Leeu's publications paints a picture of this printer as an entrepreneur who reacted to changing economic circumstances with some success. This did not, however, allow him to escape the general trends. An economic crisis around 1482 led to a decline in Leeu's production along with that of other printers. Leeu's production at Antwerp especially shows that he followed general practice by reducing the average size of his books while increasing the number of editions he put on the market. In spite of that, the average number of edition-sheets produced annually declined so much that it would have taken a large increase in the edition sizes to compensate for it. In the content of his Antwerp publications, Leeu shifted his emphasis from texts with moralistic, narrative or religious dimensions to texts with a more practical content.
Comparing Oser's and Fowler's Developmental Stages
Authors: Tamminen Kalevi
Published: April 2008

The development of religious judgment according to Oser's theory and the development of faith according to Fowler were compared in this article on the basis of studies made among Finnish young adults (age 19-35, N=40) and adults (age 45-62, N=40). Development of religious judgment was studied also among a group (40) of 15 to 18 year-old adolescents. The developmental lines of these measures differed in some degree from each other. In the adult group development towards higher stages was more prevalent by Fowler's measure than by Oser's. Age and various life experiences have clearly more influence on Fowler's stages than on those of Oser. A very important factor for both developmental lines but especially for the development of religious judgment was education. In fact, after the age of 45-52 development continued only among highly educated persons. As for Oser's stages, the third was problematic also in this study because of its extent and diffuseness. It was the shelter of both young 'atheists' and older committed believers. No remarkable differences were in this study found between women and men. Also religiousness, i.e. religious and congregational activity and Christian beliefs, was measured. Religiously committed persons were placed quite evenly in both Oser's and Fowler's different stages. At Oser fourth stage religious judgment seemed to succeed, perhaps because dealing with problems of the kind treated in these dilemmas gives experience. Among other things, this empirical study raises again the question, what is actually the relationship of traditional religiousness with Oser's religious judgment and Fowlerian faith.
Global I Fisheries Regulations in the First Half of the 1990s
Authors: Hey Ellen
Published: April 2008

This article analyses the main global instruments that aim to regulate fishing activities and that were adopted during the first half of the 1990s. These instruments are the UNGA Driftnet Resolutions; the sections on fisheries in Chapter 17 of Agenda 21; the FAO Compliance Agreement; the Straddling Stocks Agreement; the FAO Code of Conduct; and the documents adopted under the Biodiversity Convention. After discussing these instruments, the author concludes that they reflect a fundamental alteration of the discourse on fisheries conservation and management policies. The agenda now includes items as the application of the precautionary approach and the exercise of enforcement competences in high seas areas by states other than the flag state. However, the instruments only to a limited extent address the problems that arose in international fisheries relations in the '1980s and early 1990s. In addition, this article illustrates that as a result of the ample room for bona fide differences of interpretation inherent in the two treaty instruments, the precise rights and duties of states remain uncertain.
The International Court of Justice and the Law of the Sea-Some Reflections
Authors: Kwiatkowska Barbara
Published: April 2008

"On the whole, the World Court has a distinguished record of achievement-even if that record is not as extensive or exemplary as one might wish. It is one of the principal tasks of the student and practitioner of international law, and, for that matter, of people the world over who are concerned with promoting a more peaceful and less lawless world, to give their critical but constructive support to the strengthening of the institutions of international adjudication, and especially the only universal such institution, the International Court of Justice." S.M. Schwebel, Justice in International Law-Selected Writings of Judge Stephen M. Schwebel (1994)
Access to Ports in International Law
Authors: de La Fayette Louise
Published: April 2008

This study examines the international law on access to maritime ports, in particular, in relation to the right to deny access to foreign fishing vessels, especially in response to overfishing and the undermining of conservation measures. The first part surveys the general principles of international law, international conventions, state practice, the resolutions of international organizations and diplomatic conferences and the opinions of distinguished legal experts, to come to the determination that coastal states have a sovereign right to regulate and even to deny access to their maritime ports. The second part considers the arguments that have been advanced against such a right, concluding that the objections are unfounded.
Medical, Ethical and Legal Aspects of Somatic Gene Therapy
Authors: Roger H.-D. , Winter S.F.
Published: April 2008

Somatic gene therapy is one of the most fascinating and important medical developments as well as a field bearing unknown risks in human medicine of the nineties. This article tries to give a short survey on the medical applications of this new technique on the one hand and reflects possible ethical and legal implications on the other hand. We conclude that only an international agreement on risk assessment and ethical principles will lead to a adequate approach to somatic gene therapy.
Slav non-citizens in the Baltics
Authors: Driessen Bart
Published: April 2008

This study argues that customary international law obliges the Baltic states to accept the Slav populations as an integral part of the Baltic peoples. The history and collapse of the Soviet Union has produced large groups of Slav immigrants to remain in the Baltic states. They are not automatically granted citizenship rights in Estonia and Latvia, as they have to prove to qualify for naturalisation. People descending from the inter-War citizenry do ipso facto qualify for citizenship. First the nature of the coming-to-independence of the Baltic states is analysed, after which the law on self-determination is investigated. The de facto recognition of the Soviet annexation by most of the international community is seen as the watershed as far as the status of the Baltic states is concerned; from then on they were for all practical purposes part of the Soviet Union. Following an analysis of the applicable norms of customary international law, a scrutiny of relevant Baltic legislation is presented.
The CSCE's (im)possibilities for preventive diplomacy in the context of ethnic conflict
Authors: Leatherman Janie
Published: April 2008

This article examines the CSCE response to ethnic conflict in the post-Cold War in terms of the High Commissioner on National Minorities' early warning and conflict prevention capabilities in the broader context of the CSCE's potentialities in this area. First, the special challenges of ethnic strife for conflict prevention are examined. Second, the implementation of the CSCE mechanisms and of the High Commissioner mandate is analyzed in terms of the different levels of CSCE involvement as conflict moves from the early warning to the crisis management phase. The role of the High Commissioner in the Baltic States, and the various functions served by the CSCE missions deployed to different conflict and potential conflict zones are highlighted. The conclusions reflect in preliminary fashion on the (im)possibilities of the CSCE approaches for contributing to regional peace and security in the post-Cold War period, and the ways in which CSCE cooperation with other international institutions and non-governmental actors may enhance its capacity to accomplish its objectives.
Nagorno Karabakh: An historical perspective
Authors: Avdoyan L.
Published: April 2008

The author addresses the historicity of the claim made in various governmental and academic circles that the Armenians are relative newcomers to the land now known as Nagorno Karabakh. After briefly describing the ancient and mediaeval Armenian primary source materials, he describes attempts to deny their authenticity, placing the question in the context of achieving a lasting piece between the Armenians and Azeris and between the antagonists of similar controversies. Arguing that perceptions are as important as actualities, he asserts that the historical claims of all sides can and must be accurately examined to achieve a viable solution.
Over De Receptie Van Filips Van Leiden in De Zeventiende Eeuw
Authors: Chorus Jeroen M.J.
Published: April 2008

Philip of Leyden's treatise De Cura reipublicae et sorte principantis (on the care of the state and the role of the ruler), completed 1355 - 1378 approximately, was first printed in 1516 and, again, in 1701 (the latter edition was re-issued, with a new title, in 1705). The treatise is usually thought not to have attracted much interest in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, though it was not unknown in that period (see R. Feenstra's Introduction to the 1971 reprint of the 1516 editio princeps). Its reception between 1516 and 1701 may be deduced from four modern sources: R. Fruin's seminal study (1864, first publ. 1865), R. Feenstra's 1967 David Murray lecture (first publ. 1970), P. Leupen's book on Philip of Leyden (1981) and the latter's contribution to Ad fontes ... [essays for] C. van de Kieft (1984). Indicated are there, as writings from that period which mention Philip of Leyden and De Cura, one publication from 1517 and some eight from the seventeenth century. Some of these writings provide exact quotations from De Cura: so do the 1517 book and three others. They quote, in all, twelve different passages from De Cura. They are all historical works, but for one exception: Hugo Grotius' Introduction to the Jurisprudence of Holland. But this one legal work does not accompany the reference to Philip of Leyden with an exact quotation. In this contribution, dedicated to R. Feenstra, it is argued that Philip's De Cura was more widely received among seventeenth century lawyers than is usually thought. The reader is directed to the Decisiones curiae Belgicae, written by Paulus Christinaeus and first published in Antwerp, 1626. This copious work, in six volumes, was well distributed: six later editions are known. Now it is shown that twenty-six decisiones, collected in Christinaeus' volume V, contain references to Philip of Leyden. The harvest consists of sixty-three references, pointing to thirty-five different passages from De Cura.
Cornelis Van Vollenhoven Over Onze Nationale Staatsrechtsstudie
Authors: Veen Theo
Published: April 2008

Cornelis van Vollenhoven (1874-1933), Professor des Rechts der (damaligen) niederländischen Kolonien an der Leidener Universität (1901-1933), hat in einer Mitteilung an die Königliche Niederländische Akademie der Wissenschaften über 'Nationales Staatsrechtsstudium' (1930) historische Untersuchungen angestellt nach der Pflege der Staatsrechtswissenschaft in den Niederlanden. Offensichtlich verfolgte Van Vollenhoven das rechtstheoretische Ziel festzustellen, was 'eigentlich' Staatsrechtswissenschaft ist, d.h. was Staatsrechtswissenschaft sein soll. Die Aanteekening op de Grondwet ('Kommentar zum Grundgesetz', 1. Aufl. 1839, 2e Aufl. 1841-1843) des berühmten Leidener Professors und späteren Staatsmannes Johan Rudolf Thorbecke (1798-1872) war in Van Vollenhovens Augen offenbar zwar nicht das Alpha und Omega in dieser Materie, sondern schon ein Modell der Staatsrechtswissenschaft. Für Van Vollenhoven ist Staatsrechtswissenschaft Studium des positiven Rechts, und ist Staatslehre keine Staatsrechtswissenschaft. Van Vollenhoven war kein Verehrer 'aristotelischer Allgemeinplätzen' in der Staatsrechtswissenschaft und er wehrte sich gegen das sogenannte 'antirevolutionaire Staatsrecht' des Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer (1801-1876 ; Groen war in seiner Staatslehre beeinflußt von C.L. von Haller, und später von F.J. Stahl) und seinen Nachfolgern (beispielsweise: A.F. de Savornin Lohman (1837-1924)). Diese 'kirchliche', d.h. 'unwissenschaftliche' Richtung in der Staatsrechtswissenschaft seiner Zeit betrachtete er als ein typisch niederländisches Phänomen. Van Vollenhovens anachronistischer Denkansatz hat m.E. zu einer völlig falschen Betrachtungsweise der Geschichte der niederländischen Staatsrechtswissenschaft geführt. Außerdem ging Van Vollenhoven außerordentlich schlampig um mit den historischen Quellen. Er war der Meinung, daß der Franeker Professor Ulrik Huber (1636-1694) der erste Jurist in den Niederlanden, und vielleicht mit Ph.R. Vitriarius (1647-1720) in ganz Europa, gewesen sei, der sich mit Staatsrechtswissenschaft beschäftigt hat (er hatte offenbar nie einen Blick in die Schriften von Männern wie Dominicus Arumeus (1579-1637) und Johannes Limnaeus (1593-1663) geworfen). Huber hat sich aber - anders als Van Vollenhoven behauptete - nie mit dem positiven Staatsrecht als eigenständiger juristischer Disziplin auseinandergesetzt. Van Vollenhovens Ausführungen sind deshalb völlig unhaltbar: der berühmte Leidener Gelehrte war Opfer seiner Nachlässigkeit und einer bornierten liberalen Wissenschaftsauffassung.