bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Prandtl’s ratio on balance in geophysical turbulence
Authors: Dritschel David G. , McKiver William J.
Published: July 2015

The fluid dynamics of the atmosphere and oceans is to a large extent controlled by the slow evolution of a scalar field called ‘potential vorticity’ (PV), with relatively fast motions such as inertia-gravity waves playing only a minor role. This state of affairs is commonly referred to as ‘balance’. Potential vorticity is a special scalar field which is materially conserved in the absence of diabatic effects and dissipation, effects that are generally weak in the atmosphere and oceans. Moreover, in a balanced flow, PV induces the entire fluid motion and its thermodynamic structure (Hoskins et al., Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., vol. 111, 1985, pp. 877–946). While exact balance is generally not achievable, it is now well established that balance holds to a high degree of accuracy in rapidly rotating and strongly stratified flows. Such flows are characterised by both a small Rossby number, $\mathit{Ro}\equiv |{\it\zeta}|_{max}/f$, and a small Froude number, $\mathit{Fr}\equiv |{\bf\omega}_{h}|_{max}/N$, where ${\it\zeta}$ and ${\bf\omega}_{h}$ are the relative vertical and horizontal vorticity components, while $f$ and $N$ are the Coriolis and buoyancy frequencies. In fact, balance can even be a good approximation when $\mathit{Fr}\lesssim \mathit{Ro}\sim \mathit{O}(1)$. In this study, we examine how balance depends specifically on Prandtl’s ratio, $f/N$, in unforced freely evolving turbulence. We examine a wide variety of turbulent flows, at a mature and complex stage of their evolution, making use of the fully non-hydrostatic equations under the Boussinesq and incompressible approximations. We perform numerical simulations at exceptionally high resolution in order to carefully assess the degree to which balance holds, and to determine when it breaks down. For this purpose, it proves most useful to employ an invariant PV-based Rossby number ${\it\varepsilon}$, together with $f/N$. For a given ${\it\varepsilon}$, our key finding is that – for at least tens of characteristic vortex rotation periods – the flow is insensitive to $f/N$ for all values for which the flow remains statically stable (typically $f/N\lesssim 1$). Only the vertical velocity varies in proportion to $f/N$, in line with quasi-geostrophic (QG) scaling for which $\mathit{Fr}^{2}\ll \mathit{Ro}\ll 1$. We also find that as ${\it\varepsilon}$ increases towards unity, the maximum $f/N$ attainable decreases towards 0. No statically stable flows occur for ${\it\varepsilon}\gtrsim 1$. For all stable flows, balance is found to hold to a remarkably high degree: as measured by an energy norm, imbalance never exceeds more than a few per cent of the balance, even in flows where $\mathit{Ro}>1$. The vertical velocity $w$ remains a tiny fraction of the horizontal velocity $\boldsymbol{u}_{h}$, even when $w$ is dominantly balanced. Finally, typical vertical to horizontal scale ratios $H/L$ remain close to $f/N$, as found previously in QG turbulence for which $\mathit{Fr}\sim \mathit{Ro}\ll 1$.
Early problematic eating behaviours are associated with lower fruit and vegetable intake and less dietary variety at 4–5 years of age. A prospective analysis of three European birth cohorts
Authors: Oliveira A. , Jones L. , de Lauzon-Guillain B. , Emmett P. , Moreira P. , Charles M. A. , Lopes C.
Published: July 2015

Problematic eating behaviours during early childhood could be mediators of poor dietary habits. This study aims to prospectively relate early eating behaviours with fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake and a healthy diet variety score of children aged between 4 and 5 years. Eating behaviours were assessed in three European birth cohorts (Generation XXI from Portugal, ALSPAC from the UK and EDEN from France) at 4–6, 12–15, 24 and 48–54 months of age, based on the child’s feeding difficulties, mother’s perception of child’s poor eating (eating small quantities at each meal, not eating enough or needing to be stimulated to eat), food refusal and difficulties in the establishment of daily food routines. Daily servings of F&V (>1 v. ≤1 serving/d, except in Generation XXI: >3 v. ≤3) and the Healthy Plate Variety Score (categorised by the median score of each sample) were calculated using FFQ. Associations were tested by logistic regressions adjusted for maternal age, education, smoking during pregnancy, any breast-feeding and the child’s z-score BMI at 4–5 years of age. Children with more feeding difficulties, poor eating, food refusal/neophobia and difficulties in establishing a daily routine at 12–15, 24 and 48–54 months of age had in general lower F&V intake at 4–5 years of age. The association with vegetables was slightly stronger than with fruits. These early feeding problems were also inversely associated with the variety score at 4–5 years of age, particularly when eating behaviours were reported after 12–15 months of age. A better understanding of these early feeding difficulties may help define strategies to increase the dietary quality in children.
From Arrow’s Theorem to ‘Dark Matter’
Authors: Saari Donald G.
Published: July 2015

Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem and Sen’s Minimal Liberalism example impose ‘impossibility’ roadblocks on progress. A reinterpretation explained in this article exposes what causes these negative conclusions, which permits the development of positive resolutions that retain the spirit of Arrow’s and Sen’s assumptions. What precipitates difficulties is surprisingly common, and it affects most disciplines. This insight identifies how to analyze other puzzles such as conflicting laws or controversies over voting rules. An unexpected bonus is that this social science issue defines a research agenda to address the ‘dark matter’ mystery confronting astronomers.
A trilobite faunule from the Lower Devonian of the Saoura Valley, Algeria: biodiversity, morphological variability and palaeobiogeographical affinities
Authors: KHALDI AHMED YACINE , CRÔNIER CATHERINE , HAINAUT GAUTIER , ABBACHE ABDELKADER , OUALI MEHADJI ABDELKADER
Published: July 2015

Trilobites are widespread in Lower Devonian deposits of north Gondwana, and some have been collected from two known sections of the Saoura Valley in SW Algeria, from the ‘Chefar el Ahmar’ Formation. This formation is considered to be from late Emsian to Frasnian in age, but only the lower parts of this formation have yielded trilobites. Nevertheless, no detailed studies have focused on their biodiversity and their morphological variability. New occurrences of phacopids includingBarrandeops chattertonisp. nov.,Geesops fabreisp. nov.,Austerops legrandisp. nov. andPhacops boudjemaaisp. nov. are described from this area and comparisons are made with closely allied species. These new occurrences have been integrated into analyses of intra- and inter-specific variability and biodiversity.
ON SEMIGENERIC TAMENESS AND BASE FIELD EXTENSION
Authors: PÉREZ EFRÉN
Published: July 2015

The notions of central endolength and semigeneric tameness are introduced, and their behaviour under base field extension for finite-dimensional algebras over perfect fields are analysed. Forka perfect field,Kan algebraic closure and Λ a finite-dimensionalk-algebra, here there is a proof that Λ is semigenerically tame if and only if Λ ⊗kKis tame.
HYPERSURFACES IN P2 AND H2 WITH TWO DISTINCT PRINCIPAL CURVATURES
Authors: IVEY THOMAS A. , RYAN PATRICK J.
Published: July 2015

It is known that hypersurfaces in ${\mathbb C}$Pn or ${\mathbb C}$Hn for which the number g of distinct principal curvatures satisfies g ≤ 2, must belong to a standard list of Hopf hypersurfaces with constant principal curvatures, provided that n ≥ 3. In this paper, we construct a two-parameter family of non-Hopf hypersurfaces in ${\mathbb C}$P2 and ${\mathbb C}$H2 with g=2 and show that every non-Hopf hypersurface with g=2 is locally of this form.
ISOMORPHIC INDUCED MODULES AND DYNKIN DIAGRAM AUTOMORPHISMS OF SEMISIMPLE LIE ALGEBRAS
Authors: GUILHOT JÉRÉMIE , LECOUVEY CÉDRIC
Published: July 2015

Consider a simple Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ and $\overline{\mathfrak{g}}$ ⊂ $\mathfrak{g}$ a Levi subalgebra. Two irreducible $\overline{\mathfrak{g}}$-modules yield isomorphic inductions to $\mathfrak{g}$ when their highest weights coincide up to conjugation by an element of the Weyl group W of $\mathfrak{g}$ which is also a Dynkin diagram automorphism of $\overline{\mathfrak{g}}$. In this paper, we study the converse problem: given two irreducible $\overline{\mathfrak{g}}$-modules of highest weight μ and ν whose inductions to $\mathfrak{g}$ are isomorphic, can we conclude that μ and ν are conjugate under the action of an element of W which is also a Dynkin diagram automorphism of $\overline{\mathfrak{g}}$? We conjecture this is true in general. We prove this conjecture in type A and, for the other root systems, in various situations providing μ and ν satisfy additional hypotheses. Our result can be interpreted as an analogue for branching coefficients of the main result of Rajan [6] on tensor product multiplicities.
EXPLICIT CONSTRUCTION OF COMPANION BASES
Authors: PARSONS MARK JAMES
Published: July 2015

A companion basis for a quiver Γ mutation equivalent to a simply-laced Dynkin quiver is a subset of the associated root system which is a$\mathbb{Z}$-basis for the integral root lattice with the property that the non-zero inner products of pairs of its elements correspond to the edges in the underlying graph of Γ. It is known in typeA(and conjectured for all simply-laced Dynkin cases) that any companion basis can be used to compute the dimension vectors of the finitely generated indecomposable modules over the associated cluster-tilted algebra. Here, we present a procedure for explicitly constructing a companion basis for any quiver of mutation typeAorD.
EXCEPTIONAL ZEROES OF P-ADIC L-FUNCTIONS OVER NON-ABELIAN FIELD EXTENSIONS
Authors: DELBOURGO DANIEL
Published: July 2015

Suppose E is an elliptic curve over $\Bbb Q$, and p>3 is a split multiplicative prime for E. Let q ≠ p be an auxiliary prime, and fix an integer m coprime to pq. We prove the generalised Mazur–Tate–Teitelbaum conjecture for E at the prime p, over number fields $K\subset \Bbb Q\big(\mu_{{q^{\infty}}},\;\!^{q^{\infty}\!\!\!\!}\sqrt{m}\big)$ such that p remains inert in $K\cap\Bbb Q(\mu_{{q^{\infty}}})^+$. The proof makes use of an improved p-adic L-function, which can be associated to the Rankin convolution of two Hilbert modular forms of unequal parallel weight.
EMBEDDING AND TRACE RESULTS FOR VARIABLE EXPONENT SOBOLEV AND MAZ'YA SPACES ON NON-SMOOTH DOMAINS
Authors: VÉLEZ-SANTIAGO ALEJANDRO
Published: July 2015

We establish interior and trace embedding results for Sobolev functions on a class of bounded non-smooth domains. Also, we define the corresponding generalized Maz'ya spaces of variable exponent, and obtain embedding results similar as in the constant case. Some relations between the variable exponent Maz'ya spaces and the variable exponent Sobolev spaces are also achieved. At the end, we give an application of the previous results for the well-posedness of a class of quasi-linear equations with variable exponent.
TWISTING OPERATORS, TWISTED TENSOR PRODUCTS AND SMASH PRODUCTS FOR HOM-ASSOCIATIVE ALGEBRAS
Authors: MAKHLOUF ABDENACER , PANAITE FLORIN
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this paper is to provide new constructions of Hom-associative algebras using Hom-analogues of certain operators called twistors and pseudotwistors, by deforming a given Hom-associative multiplication into a new Hom-associative multiplication. As examples, we introduce Hom-analogues of the twisted tensor product and smash product. Furthermore, we show that the construction by the twisting principle introduced by Yau and the twisting of associative algebras using pseudotwistors admit a common generalization.
WEAK INJECTIVE AND WEAK FLAT COMPLEXES
Authors: GAO ZENGHUI , HUANG ZHAOYONG
Published: July 2015

Let R be an arbitrary ring. We introduce and study a generalization of injective and flat complexes of modules, called weak injective and weak flat complexes of modules respectively. We show that a complex C is weak injective (resp. weak flat) if and only if C is exact and all cycles of C are weak injective (resp. weak flat) as R-modules. In addition, we discuss the weak injective and weak flat dimensions of complexes of modules. Finally, we show that the category of weak injective (resp. weak flat) complexes is closed under pure subcomplexes, pure epimorphic images and direct limits. As a result, we then determine the existence of weak injective (resp. weak flat) covers and preenvelopes of complexes.
ON THE WEAK GROTHENDIECK GROUP OF A BEZOUT RING
Authors: SOROKIN O. S.
Published: July 2015

The K-theoretical aspect of the commutative Bezout rings is established using the arithmetical properties of the Bezout rings in order to obtain a ring of all Smith normal forms of matrices over the Bezout ring. The internal structure and basic properties of such rings are discussed as well as their presentations by the Witt vectors. In a case of a commutative von Neumann regular rings the famous Grothendieck group K0(R) obtains the alternative description.
EQUIVARIANT ANDERSON DUALITY AND MACKEY FUNCTOR DUALITY
Authors: RICKA NICOLAS
Published: July 2015

We show that the$\mathbb{Z}$/2-equivariantnth integral MoravaK-theory with reality is self-dual with respect to equivariant Anderson duality. In particular, there is a universal coefficients exact sequence in integral Morava K-theory with reality, and we recover the self-duality of the spectrumKOas a corollary. The study of$\mathbb{Z}$/2-equivariant Anderson duality made in this paper gives a nice interpretation of some symmetries ofRO($\mathbb{Z}$/2)-graded (i.e. bigraded) equivariant cohomology groups in terms of Mackey functor duality.
RELIGION, CHILDREN AND EMPLOYMENT: THE BABY LOUP CASE
Authors: Hunter-Henin Myriam
Published: July 2015

This article offers a systematic analysis of the plenary Chamber of the French Cour de Cassation's final decision in the Baby Loup case which held that a private nursery had acted lawfully when requiring an employee to remove her jilbab at work, in accordance with the religious neutrality requirements of the nursery's policy. The article examines the decision in light of ECHR and French domestic legal requirements. First, it is argued that laïcité—rightly held to be irrelevant—still unduly taints the reasoning. As a result, proportionality and anti-discrimination provisions are not properly applied. Secondly, the decision is compared and contrasted with recent ECtHR cases, notably Eweida and Others v UK. It is argued that a Baby Loup-type restriction does not meet ECHR standards. Additionally the margin of appreciation, used by the ECtHR to save the French ban on the full-covering of the face in the SAS case, should not, as will be demonstrated, come into play in a Baby Loup context.
Morphology and morphometrics of Heterodorus qinghaiensis n. sp. (Dorylaimida, Nordiidae) from soil samples in China
Authors: Wu W.J. , Yan L. , Xu C.L. , Yu L. , Wang K. , Jin S.Y. , Xie H.
Published: July 2015

One new species of the family Nordiidae Jairajpuri & Siddiqi, 1964 from the enclosure grassland of Qinghai Province, China, Heterodorus qinghaiensis n. sp., is described and illustrated. The new species is characterized by the slender body, 1.29–1.46 mm in length; the granular lateral chord with numerous large depression plaques throughout its entirety; the lip region offset by a distinct depression; amphid goblet-shaped with aperture about half to two-thirds of corresponding body diameter; odontostyle 11–13 μm long; rod-like odontophore without basal flanges; pharyngeal basal expansion about one-third of the total neck length; didelphic genital system containing sperm; ovaries generally not reaching the sphincter level; vulva transversed and sclerotized; female tail conoid with round terminus; 3–5 spaced ventromedial supplements and spicule 32–41 μm long. It is close to H. liangi (Ahmad, Wu & Shaheen, 2002) Andrássy, 2009, H. brevidentatus (Thorne, 1939) Andrássy, 2009, H. monticola Andrássy, 2011, H. morgensis (Loof, 1988) Andrássy, 2009 and H. meghalayensis (Mushtaq, Baniyamuddin & Ahmad, 2007) Andrássy, 2009 in having inconspicuous or no lateral body pores, smaller odontostyle and ventrally curved tail.
Detection of Dientamoeba fragilis in Portuguese children with acute gastroenteritis between 2011 and 2013
Authors: JÚLIO C. , FURTADO C. , ROCHA R. , ESCOBAR C. , BRITO M. J. , OLEASTRO M.
Published: July 2015

Dientamoeba fragilis is an inhabitant of human gastrointestinal tract with a worldwide distribution. The first description considered this protozoan a rare and harmless commensal, since then it has struggled to gain recognition as a pathogen. Commercial multiplex real-time PCR was used to detect D. fragilis in fecal samples from hospitalized children (⩽18 years) with acute gastrointestinal disease, admitted to two hospitals of Lisbon area, with different demographic characteristics. A total of 176 children were studied, 103 (58·5%) male, 144 (81·8%) children between 0 and 5 years and 32 (18·2%) above 6 years old. The overall protozoa frequency considering the four tested microorganisms were 8·5% (15/176), and the most frequently found protozoan was D. fragilis, 6·3% (11/176). Dientamoeba fragilis frequency was higher among older children (21·9%), than younger children (2·8%), and greater in boys (6·8%) than in girls (5·5%). All positive children presented with diarrhoea associated with vomiting, fever and abdominal pain. Infection was associated with the age of children (P < 0·001), school attendance (P = 0·002) and consumption of certain foods (P = 0·014), e.g. cakes with crème and ham. The frequency of diantamoebiasis found in a cohort of hospitalized Portuguese children, with acute gastrointestinal disease, could be considered a very high value when compared with the protozoan frequency normally associated with this pathology.
Resilience, Hardship and Social Conditions
Authors: DAGDEVIREN HULYA , DONOGHUE MATTHEW , PROMBERGER MARKUS
Published: July 2015

This paper provides a critical assessment of the term ‘resilience’ – and its highly agent-centric conceptualisation – when applied to how individuals and households respond to hardship. We provide an argument for social conditions to be embedded into the framework of resilience analysis. Drawing on two different perspectives in social theory, namely the structure-agent nexus and path dependency, we aim to demonstrate that the concept of resilience, if understood in isolation from the social conditions within which it may or may not arise, can result in a number of problems. This includes misidentification of resilience, ideological exploitation of the term and inability to explain intermittence in resilience.
Rethinking Cold War Culture: Gender, Domesticity, and Labor on the Global Home Front
Authors: Rogers-Cooper Justin
Published: July 2015

During their famous Kitchen Debate at the 1959 American National Exhibition in Moscow, US Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev argued over the relative merits of capitalism and communism, but they agreed on what success meant: nice furniture, big houses, and cool appliances. Both believed in the necessity of consumer citizenship in part because the mass production economies behind mass-produced domesticity meant lucrative contracts for both private corporations and state-owned enterprises. Like the defense corporations transforming Cold War fears into lucrative contracts, well-positioned individuals and firms in both countries understood that billions were at stake in the economy of domesticity. Much like the urbanization model that's driven the Chinese economy of the past twenty years, the mass housing projects of the United States and Soviet Union were vital to economic and political stability during the second half of the twentieth century. Both Nixon and Khrushchev understood that the success of their governments depended upon contented middle classes. Economic growth strongly influenced public opinion about political leadership and, by extension, government legitimacy. Nothing was more important to economic growth than housing. Each man fantasized about a future of beautiful mothers working effortlessly with electric mixers to feed their Cold War kids.
Landscape, Labor, and Label: The Second World War, Pastoralist Amelioration, and Pastoral Conservation in the Nilgiris, South India (1929–1945)
Authors: Krishnan Siddhartha
Published: July 2015

The upper plateau of the Nilgiris, South India, was a grazed, grassy, and open landscape until the mid-nineteenth century when it was subject to colonial rule and commerce. However, even as it initiated and institutionalized capitalism, colonial rule also sought to selectively and legally safeguard from the material consequences of modernity and capitalism the pastoral lifestyles of the Toda graziers and the open and grassy biophysicality of their principal grazing landscape. Anointed the “Wenlock Downs” and reserved as forest in 1900, conservation policies to preserve this landscape for the amenities it afforded the English gentry significantly influenced policies to ameliorate backwardness associated with the pastoral lifestyles of the Toda. As official policy prior to the Second World War the Toda were encouraged to farm the grasslands to which they were given property rights. After the war, pastoralism gained official preference despite ostensible Toda interest in cultivation. English interests in protecting amenities trumped ameliorative interests. An historical racial standpoint, the pejorative labeling of Toda as indolent, also served strategically during the war as a rhetorical device to make a convincing case for pastoralism as an ameliorative panacea. This article is an historical sociology of bureaucratic discourse on Toda labor and landscape during and immediately preceding the Second World War.
The Textile Labour Association and Dadagiri: Power and Politics in the Working-Class Neighborhoods of Ahmedabad
Authors: Barua Rukmini
Published: July 2015

This article explores the changing modes of political practices in the mill neighborhoods of Ahmedabad, through an investigation of the figure of the political intermediary. By focusing primarily on local municipal politics in the mill areas it charts the electoral fortunes of the main union, the Textile Labour Association, and the techniques of political control it exercised. Through an examination of the circulation of local power, I seek to understand the ambiguous but critical position occupied by the intermediary. I use both archival material and oral narratives to investigate the intersections and overlaps between two figures of local importance—the union representative and the neighborhood tough.
Novel 2R3T and 2R2T parallel mechanisms with high rotational capability
Authors: Wang Congzhe , Fang Yuefa , Fang Hairong
Published: July 2015

Large rotational angles about two axes for parallel mechanisms (PMs) with two rotational and three translational (2R3T) degrees of freedom (DOFs) or two rotational and two translational (2R2T) DOFs are demanded in some industries, such as parallel machine tools and multi-axis 3D printing. To address the problem, this paper focuses on the structural synthesis of new 2R3T and 2R2T PMs with high rotational capability. First, two new moving platforms are proposed based on the concepts of decoupled and configurable design. By means of the proposed platforms and Lie group theory, a series of 2R2T and 2R3T PMs are synthesized. Then the inverse kinematics and velocity relationship of one of the synthesized 2R3T PMs are presented. Finally, the rotational capability of the same 2R3T PM is analyzed. The result shows that by means of actuation redundancy, the studied 2R3T PM indeed possesses the high rotational capability about two axes, even though interferences and singularities are taken into consideration.
The Problem of University Courses on Infinitesimal Calculus and Their Demarcation from Infinitesimal Calculus in High Schools – ERRATUM
Authors: Toeplitz Otto
Published: July 2015

In the above mentioned article [1] unfortunately the names of the translators of Toeplitz's lecture were omitted. The correct title is:

The Problem of University Courses on Infinitesimal Calculus and Their

Demarcation from Infinitesimal Calculus in High Schools

Otto Toeplitz

Translated into English by Michael N. Fried and Hans Niels Jahnke
Existence of positive solutions for a class of p-Laplacian superlinear semipositone problems
Authors: Chhetri M. , Drábek P. , Shivaji R.
Published: July 2015

We consider a quasilinear elliptic problem of the form

where λ > 0 is a parameter, 1 < p < 2 and Ω is a strictly convex bounded domain in ℝN, N > p, with C2 boundary ∂Ω. The nonlinearity f : [0, ∞) → ℝ is a continuous function that is semipositone (f(0) < 0) and p-superlinear at infinity. Using degree theory, combined with a rescaling argument and uniform L∞a priori bound, we establish the existence of a positive solution for λ small. Moreover, we show that there exists a connected component of positive solutions bifurcating from infinity at λ = 0. We also extend our study to systems.
Thrombolytics for late superior caval vein thrombus in a patient with tricuspid atresia and single-lung Glenn anastomosis
Authors: Bonnel Alexander R. , Paruchuri Vijayapraveena , Franklin Wayne J.
Published: July 2015

Background

Those with cyanotic heart disease have an elevated bleeding risk but also are hypercoaguable. Treating haemodynamically significant thrombi in this unique cohort poses a monumental challenge.

Case

A 29-year-old women with tricuspid atresia and left pulmonary artery atresia presented with superior caval vein syndrome. She had a right modified Blalock–Taussig shunt as a neonate. A left modified Blalock–Taussig shunt performed later failed to establish flow to her left lung. At age 5, she had a Fontan procedure to the right lung but could not tolerate the physiology and had a low cardiac output syndrome. The Fontan was taken down and she was left with a Glenn anastamosis to the right pulmonary artery. She did well for years until she had dyspnea, upper extremity oedema and “facial fullness”. On examination she was tachycardic, hypotensive, and more desaturated than baseline. She also had facial plethora.

Decision-making

Echocardiogram showed a large 9×3 mm nearly occlusive thrombus in the superior caval vein at the bifurcation of the left and right innominate veins. An emergent venogram confirmed the location and size of the thrombus. Given the thrombus burden and potential for distal embolisation through the Glenn to the single functional lung, we chose to treat the patient with thrombolytics. She had uncomplicated ICU course and was sent home on warfarin. Follow-up echocardiogram showed complete resolution of clot.

Conclusion

This case shows the importance of history and physical exam in caring for this complex cohort of adult patients with CHD.
Prolonged Living as a Refugee from the Area Around a Stricken Nuclear Power Plant Increases the Risk of Death
Authors: Tanaka Reiichiro
Published: July 2015

Although it is well known that the Great East Japan Earthquake (March 11, 2011) resulted in a large number of disaster-related deaths, it is not common knowledge that the number of disaster-related deaths continues to increase, even four years after the earthquake, in Fukushima Prefecture, where the nuclear power plant accident occurred. There has been a lack of a minute and critical analysis for the causes for this continuous increase. In this report, the causes for the increase in disaster-related deaths in Fukushima Prefecture were analyzed by aggregating and comparing multiple data released by public organizations (the Reconstruction Agency, the National Police Agency, and Fukushima Prefecture), which may also have implications for developing response strategies to other disasters. The disaster-related death rate, the dead or missing rate, and the refugee rate (the number of disaster-related deaths, dead or missing persons, and refugees per 1,000 people) in each prefecture in stricken areas, and also each city, county, town, and village in Fukushima Prefecture, were calculated and compared with each other. The populations which were used for the calculation of each death rate in the area were based on the number of dead victims who had lived in the area when the earthquake occurred, regardless of where they were at the time of their death. The disaster-related death rate was higher than the dead or missing rate in the area around a stricken nuclear power plant in Fukushima Prefecture. These areas coincide exactly with the Areas under Evacuation Orders because of unsafe radiation levels. The external and internal radiation doses of most of the victims of the Great East Japan Earthquake have appeared not to be so high to harm their health, until now. The psychological stress associated with being displaced from one’s home for a long time with an uncertain future may be the cause for these disaster-related deaths. There is an urgent need to recognize refugees’ stressful situations, which could even cause death, and to provide them with high-quality medical treatment, including care for their long-term mental health.

TanakaR. Prolonged living as a refugee from the area around a stricken nuclear power plant increases the risk of death. Prehosp Disaster Med.2015;30(4):1-6.
Efficient and Accurate Identification of Platinum-Group Minerals by a Combination of Mineral Liberation and Electron Probe Microanalysis with a New Approach to the Offline Overlap Correction of Platinum-Group Element Concentrations
Authors: Osbahr Inga , Krause Joachim , Bachmann Kai , Gutzmer Jens
Published: July 2015

Identification and accurate characterization of platinum-group minerals (PGMs) is usually a very cumbersome procedure due to their small grain size (typically below 10 µm) and inconspicuous appearance under reflected light. A novel strategy for finding PGMs and quantifying their composition was developed. It combines a mineral liberation analyzer (MLA), a point logging system, and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA).

As a first step, the PGMs are identified using the MLA. Grains identified as PGMs are then marked and coordinates recorded and transferred to the EPMA. Case studies illustrate that the combination of MLA, point logging, and EPMA results in the identification of a significantly higher number of PGM grains than reflected light microscopy. Analysis of PGMs by EPMA requires considerable effort due to the often significant overlaps between the X-ray spectra of almost all platinum-group and associated elements. X-ray lines suitable for quantitative analysis need to be carefully selected. As peak overlaps cannot be avoided completely, an offline overlap correction based on weight proportions has been developed. Results obtained with the procedure proposed in this study attain acceptable totals and atomic proportions, indicating that the applied corrections are appropriate.
GORENSTEIN DIMENSIONS MODULO A REGULAR ELEMENT
Authors: RAJABI SHAHAB , YASSEMI SIAMAK
Published: July 2015

Let $R$ be a commutative ring. In this paper we study the behavior of Gorenstein homological dimensions of a homologically bounded $R$-complex under special base changes to the rings $R_{x}$ and $R/xR$, where $x$ is a regular element in $R$. Our main results refine some known formulae for the classical homological dimensions. In particular, we provide the Gorenstein counterpart of a criterion for projectivity of finitely generated modules, due to Vasconcelos.
AVERAGES OF TWISTED -FUNCTIONS
Authors: JACKSON JULIA , KNIGHTLY ANDREW
Published: July 2015

We use a relative trace formula on $\text{GL}(2)$ to compute a sum of twisted modular $L$-functions anywhere in the critical strip, weighted by a Fourier coefficient and a Hecke eigenvalue. When the weight $k$ or level $N$ is sufficiently large, the sum is nonzero. Specializing to the central point, we show in some cases that the resulting bound for the average is as good as that predicted by the Lindelöf hypothesis in the $k$ and $N$ aspects.
NEXT ORDER ASYMPTOTICS AND RENORMALIZED ENERGY FOR RIESZ INTERACTIONS
Authors: Petrache Mircea , Serfaty Sylvia
Published: July 2015

We study systems of $n$ points in the Euclidean space of dimension $d\geqslant 1$ interacting via a Riesz kernel $|x|^{-s}$ and confined by an external potential, in the regime where $d-2\leqslant s<d$. We also treat the case of logarithmic interactions in dimensions 1 and 2. Our study includes and retrieves all cases previously studied in Sandier and Serfaty [2D Coulomb gases and the renormalized energy, Ann. Probab. (to appear); 1D log gases and the renormalized energy: crystallization at vanishing temperature (2013)] and Rougerie and Serfaty [Higher dimensional Coulomb gases and renormalized energy functionals, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. (to appear)]. Our approach is based on the Caffarelli–Silvestre extension formula, which allows one to view the Riesz kernel as the kernel of an (inhomogeneous) local operator in the extended space $\mathbb{R}^{d+1}$.

As $n\rightarrow \infty$, we exhibit a next to leading order term in $n^{1+s/d}$ in the asymptotic expansion of the total energy of the system, where the constant term in factor of $n^{1+s/d}$ depends on the microscopic arrangement of the points and is expressed in terms of a ‘renormalized energy’. This new object is expected to penalize the disorder of an infinite set of points in whole space, and to be minimized by Bravais lattice (or crystalline) configurations. We give applications to the statistical mechanics in the case where temperature is added to the system, and identify an expected ‘crystallization regime’. We also obtain a result of separation of the points for minimizers of the energy.
On a discrete-time risk model with claim correlated premiums
Authors: Wu Xueyuan , Chen Mi , Guo Junyi , Jin Can
Published: July 2015

This paper proposes a discrete-time risk model that has a certain type of correlation between premiums and claim amounts. It is motivated by the well-known bonus-malus system (also known as the no claims discount) in the car insurance industry. Such a system penalises policyholders at fault in accidents by surcharges, and rewards claim-free years by discounts. For simplicity, only up to three levels of premium are considered in this paper and recursive formulae are derived to calculate the ultimate ruin probabilities. Explicit expressions of ruin probabilities are obtained in a simplified case. The impact of the proposed correlation between premiums and claims on ruin probabilities is examined through numerical examples. In the end, the joint probability of ruin and deficit at ruin is also considered.
ALG-2 activates the MVB sorting function of ALIX through relieving its intramolecular interaction
Authors: Sun Sheng , Zhou Xi , Corvera Joe , Gallick Gary E , Lin Sue-Hwa , Kuang Jian
Published: July 2015

The modular adaptor protein ALIX is critically involved in endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT)-mediated multivesicular body (MVB) sorting of activated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR); however, ALIX contains a default intramolecular interaction that renders ALIX unable to perform this ESCRT function. The ALIX partner protein ALG-2 is a calcium-binding protein that belongs to the calmodulin superfamily. Prompted by a defined biological function of calmodulin, we determined the role of ALG-2 in regulating ALIX involvement in MVB sorting of activated EGFR. Our results show that calcium-dependent ALG-2 interaction with ALIX completely relieves the intramolecular interaction of ALIX and promotes CHMP4-dependent ALIX association with the membrane. EGFR activation induces increased ALG-2 interaction with ALIX, and this increased interaction is responsible for increased ALIX association with the membrane. Functionally, inhibition of ALIX activation by ALG-2 inhibits MVB sorting of activated EGFR as effectively as inhibition of ALIX interaction with CHMP4 does; however, inhibition of ALIX activation by ALG-2 does not affect cytokinetic abscission or equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) budding. These findings indicate that calcium-dependent ALG-2 interaction with ALIX is specifically responsible for generating functional ALIX that supports MVB sorting of ubiquitinated membrane receptors.
Erratum: An active atmospheric methane sink in high Arctic mineral cryosols
Authors: Lau M C Y , Stackhouse B T , Layton A C , Chauhan A , Vishnivetskaya T A , Chourey K , Ronholm J , Mykytczuk N C S , Bennett P C , Lamarche-Gagnon G , Burton N , Pollard W H , Omelon C R , Medvigy D M , Hettich R L , Pfiffner S M , Whyte L G , Onstott T C
Published: July 2015

Correction to: The ISME Journal (2015) 9, 1880–1891; doi:10.1038/ismej.2015.13; published online 14 April 2015 Since the publication of this article, the authors have identified an error in the reported values for CH4 oxidation rates calculated from the microcosm experiment (Table 1), which also affected the reported Q10 values (on page 7 and Figure 3):
A potent broad-spectrum protective human monoclonal antibody crosslinking two haemagglutinin monomers of influenza A virus
Authors: Wu Ying , Cho MyungSam , Shore David , Song Manki , Choi JungAh , Jiang Tao , Deng Yong-Qiang , Bourgeois Melissa , Almli Lynn , Yang Hua , Chen Li-Mei , Shi Yi , Qi Jianxu , Li An , Yi Kye Sook , Chang MinSeok , Bae Jin Soo , Lee HyunJoo , Shin JiYoung , Stevens James , Hong SeoungSuh , Qin Cheng-Feng , Gao George F. , Chang Shin Jae , Donis Ruben O.
Published: July 2015

Effective annual influenza vaccination requires frequent changes in vaccine composition due to both antigenic shift for different subtype hemagglutinins (HAs) and antigenic drift in a particular HA. Here we present a broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody with an unusual binding modality. The antibody, designated CT149, was isolated from convalescent patients infected with pandemic H1N1 in 2009. CT149 is found to neutralize all tested group 2 and some group 1 influenza A viruses by inhibiting low pH-induced, HA-mediated membrane fusion. It promotes killing of infected cells by Fc-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. X-ray crystallographic data reveal that CT149 binds primarily to the fusion domain in HA2, and the light chain is also largely involved in binding. The epitope recognized by this antibody comprises amino-acid residues from two adjacent protomers of HA. This binding characteristic of CT149 will provide more information to support the design of more potent influenza vaccines.
Bile diversion to the distal small intestine has comparable metabolic benefits to bariatric surgery
Authors: Flynn Charles Robb , Albaugh Vance L. , Cai Steven , Cheung-Flynn Joyce , Williams Phillip E. , Brucker Robert M. , Bordenstein Seth R. , Guo Yan , Wasserman David H. , Abumrad Naji N.
Published: July 2015

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is highly effective in reversing obesity and associated diabetes. Recent observations in humans suggest a contributing role of increased circulating bile acids in mediating such effects. Here we use a diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model and compare metabolic remission when bile flow is diverted through a gallbladder anastomosis to jejunum, ileum or duodenum (sham control). We find that only bile diversion to the ileum results in physiologic changes similar to RYGB, including sustained improvements in weight, glucose tolerance and hepatic steatosis despite differential effects on hepatic gene expression. Circulating free fatty acids and triglycerides decrease while bile acids increase, particularly conjugated tauro-β-muricholic acid, an FXR antagonist. Activity of the hepatic FXR/FGF15 signalling axis is reduced and associated with altered gut microbiota. Thus bile diversion, independent of surgical rearrangement of the gastrointestinal tract, imparts significant weight loss accompanied by improved glucose and lipid homeostasis that are hallmarks of RYGB.
Carbohydrate scaffolds as glycosyltransferase inhibitors with in vivo antibacterial activity
Authors: Zuegg Johannes , Muldoon Craig , Adamson George , McKeveney Declan , Le Thanh Giang , Premraj Rajaratnam , Becker Bernd , Cheng Mu , Elliott Alysha G. , Huang Johnny X. , Butler Mark S. , Bajaj Megha , Seifert Joachim , Singh Latika , Galley Nicola F. , Roper David I. , Lloyd Adrian J. , Dowson Christopher G. , Cheng Ting-Jen , Cheng Wei-Chieh , Demon Dieter , Meyer Evelyne , Meutermans Wim , Cooper Matthew A.
Published: July 2015

The rapid rise of multi-drug-resistant bacteria is a global healthcare crisis, and new antibiotics are urgently required, especially those with modes of action that have low-resistance potential. One promising lead is the liposaccharide antibiotic moenomycin that inhibits bacterial glycosyltransferases, which are essential for peptidoglycan polymerization, while displaying a low rate of resistance. Unfortunately, the lipophilicity of moenomycin leads to unfavourable pharmacokinetic properties that render it unsuitable for systemic administration. In this study, we show that using moenomycin and other glycosyltransferase inhibitors as templates, we were able to synthesize compound libraries based on novel pyranose scaffold chemistry, with moenomycin-like activity, but with improved drug-like properties. The novel compounds exhibit in vitro inhibition comparable to moenomycin, with low toxicity and good efficacy in several in vivo models of infection. This approach based on non-planar carbohydrate scaffolds provides a new opportunity to develop new antibiotics with low propensity for resistance induction.
Active suppression of intestinal CD4+TCRαβ+ T-lymphocyte maturation during the postnatal period
Authors: Torow Natalia , Yu Kai , Hassani Kasra , Freitag Jenny , Schulz Olga , Basic Marijana , Brennecke Anne , Sparwasser Tim , Wagner Norbert , Bleich André , Lochner Matthias , Weiss Siegfried , Förster Reinhold , Pabst Oliver , Hornef Mathias W.
Published: July 2015

Priming of the mucosal immune system during the postnatal period substantially influences host–microbial interaction and susceptibility to immune-mediated diseases in adult life. The underlying mechanisms are ill defined. Here we show that shortly after birth, CD4 T cells populate preformed lymphoid structures in the small intestine and quickly acquire a distinct transcriptional profile. T-cell recruitment is independent of microbial colonization and innate or adaptive immune stimulation but requires β7 integrin expression. Surprisingly, neonatal CD4 T cells remain immature throughout the postnatal period under homeostatic conditions but undergo maturation and gain effector function on barrier disruption. Maternal SIgA and regulatory T cells act in concert to prevent immune stimulation and maintain the immature phenotype of CD4 T cells in the postnatal intestine during homeostasis. Active suppression of CD4 T-cell maturation during the postnatal period might contribute to prevent auto-reactivity, sustain a broad TCR repertoire and establish life-long immune homeostasis.
Nanoparticles with photoinduced precipitation for the extraction of pollutants from water and soil
Authors: Brandl Ferdinand , Bertrand Nicolas , Lima Eliana Martins , Langer Robert
Published: July 2015

Nanotechnology may offer fast and effective solutions for environmental clean-up. Herein, amphiphilic diblock copolymers are used to develop a platform of photosensitive core-shell nanoparticles. Irradiation with ultraviolet light removes the protective layer responsible for colloidal stability; as a result, the nanoparticles are rapidly and irreversibly converted to macroscopic aggregates. The associated phase separation allows measuring the partitioning of small molecules between the aqueous phase and nanoparticles; data suggests that interactions are enhanced by decreasing the particle size. Adsorption onto nanoparticles can be exploited to efficiently remove hydrophobic pollutants from water and contaminated soil. Preliminaryin vivoexperiments suggest that treatment with photocleavable nanoparticles can significantly reduce the teratogenicity of bisphenol A, triclosan and 17α-ethinyl estradiol without generating obviously toxic byproducts. Small-scale pilot experiments on wastewater, thermal printing paper and contaminated soil demonstrate the applicability of the approach.
Transient signal generation in a self-assembled nanosystem fueled by ATP
Authors: Pezzato Cristian , Prins Leonard J.
Published: July 2015

A fundamental difference exists in the way signal generation is dealt with in natural and synthetic systems. While nature uses the transient activation of signalling pathways to regulate all cellular functions, chemists rely on sensory devices that convert the presence of an analyte into a steady output signal. The development of chemical systems that bear a closer analogy to living ones (that is, require energy for functioning, are transient in nature and operate out-of-equilibrium) requires a paradigm shift in the design of such systems. Here we report a straightforward strategy that enables transient signal generation in a self-assembled system and show that it can be used to mimic key features of natural signalling pathways, which are control over the output signal intensity and decay rate, the concentration-dependent activation of different signalling pathways and the transient downregulation of catalytic activity. Overall, the reported methodology provides temporal control over supramolecular processes.
Functional genomics identifies negative regulatory nodes controlling phagocyte oxidative burst
Authors: Graham Daniel B. , Becker Christine E. , Doan Aivi , Goel Gautam , Villablanca Eduardo J. , Knights Dan , Mok Amanda , Ng Aylwin C.Y. , Doench John G. , Root David E. , Clish Clary B. , Xavier Ramnik J.
Published: July 2015

The phagocyte oxidative burst, mediated by Nox2 NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species, confers host defense against a broad spectrum of bacterial and fungal pathogens. Loss-of-function mutations that impair function of the Nox2 complex result in a life-threatening immunodeficiency, and genetic variants of Nox2 subunits have been implicated in pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Thus, alterations in the oxidative burst can profoundly impact host defense, yet little is known about regulatory mechanisms that fine-tune this response. Here we report the discovery of regulatory nodes controlling oxidative burst by functional screening of genes within loci linked to human inflammatory disease. Implementing a multi-omics approach, we define transcriptional, metabolic and ubiquitin-cycling nodes controlled byRbpj, PfklandRnf145, respectively. Furthermore, we implicate Rnf145 in proteostasis of the Nox2 complex by endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. Consequently, ablation ofRnf145in murine macrophages enhances bacterial clearance, and rescues the oxidative burst defects associated withNcf4haploinsufficiency.
ITG: A New Global GNSS Tropospheric Correction Model
Authors: Yao Yibin , Xu Chaoqian , Shi Junbo , Cao Na , Zhang Bao , Yang Junjian
Published: July 2015

Tropospheric correction models are receiving increasing attentions, as they play a crucial role in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Most commonly used models to date include the GPT2 series and the TropGrid2. In this study, we analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of existing models and developed a new model called the Improved Tropospheric Grid (ITG). ITG considers annual, semi-annual and diurnal variations and includes multiple tropospheric parameters. The amplitude and initial phase of diurnal variation are estimated as a periodic function. ITG provides temperature, pressure, the weighted mean temperature (Tm) and Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD). We conducted a performance comparison among the proposed ITG model and previous ones, in terms of meteorological measurements from 698 observation stations, Zenith Total Delay (ZTD) products from 280 International GNSS Service (IGS) station and Tm from Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) products. Results indicate that ITG offers the best performance on the whole.