bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lean Methodology to Transform Shipbuilding Panel Assembly
Authors: Kolich Damir , Storch Richard L. , Fafandjel Niksa
Published: October 2017

The core competence of any medium-to-large sized shipyard includes the panel assembly line. Ship panels are the basic building blocks of well over 60% of the interim products of typical commercial ships. Therefore the improvement of the panel assembly process could greatly reduce the number of man-hours of all assembled panels, thereby yielding significant savings to the shipyard. Using a lean methodology to make kaizen improvements to traditional panel assembly lines will greatly reduce the costs in ship production. This means that shipyards, which are barely keeping earnings above costs, will be able to increase profits. Value stream mapping is a key way of determining how lean a production process is. The wastes in production assembly are readily identified as well as the takt time and the areas where there is push as opposed to pull. In this paper, a case study of a typical commercial shipyard, which builds a product mix of vessels is analyzed. The present state panel assembly line is mapped and then using lean tools and avantgarde technologies, such as hybrid laser arc welding, the new transformed panel assembly line is demonstrated to bring man-hour reductions of over 80%, so that a typical panel is assembled using 12 man-hours as opposed to the present 72 man-hours.

1. Introduction

The core competence of virtually any medium-to-large sized shipyard includes a panel assembly line. Many times shipyard management takes for granted that the panel assembly line is just fine as is and therefore it is not necessary to make analysis to improve this core shipbuilding assembly process any further. However, since flat panels make up well over 60% of the building blocks of most commercial ships, any type of significant improvement to the panel assembly line will result in important cost savings for the shipyard.
Response of Water Use Efficiency to Global Environmental Change Based on Output From Terrestrial Biosphere Models
Authors: Zhou Sha , Yu Bofu , Schwalm Christopher R. , Ciais Philippe , Zhang Yao , Fisher Joshua B. , Michalak Anna M. , Wang Weile , Poulter Benjamin , Huntzinger Deborah N. , Niu Shuli , Mao Jiafu , Jain Atul , Ricciuto Daniel M. , Shi Xiaoying , Ito Akihiko , Wei Yaxing , Huang Yuefei , Wang Guangqian
Published: October 2017

Water use efficiency (WUE), defined as the ratio of gross primary productivity and evapotranspiration at the ecosystem scale, is a critical variable linking the carbon and water cycles. Incorporating a dependency on vapor pressure deficit, apparent underlying WUE (uWUE) provides a better indicator of how terrestrial ecosystems respond to environmental changes than other WUE formulations. Here we used 20th century simulations from four terrestrial biosphere models to develop a novel variance decomposition method. With this method, we attributed variations in apparent uWUE to both the trend and interannual variation of environmental drivers. The secular increase in atmospheric CO2 explained a clear majority of total variation (66 ± 32%: mean ± one standard deviation), followed by positive trends in nitrogen deposition and climate, as well as a negative trend in land use change. In contrast, interannual variation was mostly driven by interannual climate variability. To analyze the mechanism of the CO2 effect, we partitioned the apparent uWUE into the transpiration ratio (transpiration over evapotranspiration) and potential uWUE. The relative increase in potential uWUE parallels that of CO2, but this direct CO2 effect was offset by 20 ± 4% by changes in ecosystem structure, that is, leaf area index for different vegetation types. However, the decrease in transpiration due to stomatal closure with rising CO2 was reduced by 84% by an increase in leaf area index, resulting in small changes in the transpiration ratio. CO2 concentration thus plays a dominant role in driving apparent uWUE variations over time, but its role differs for the two constituent components: potential uWUE and transpiration.
Variations of the Antarctic Ice Sheet in a Coupled Ice Sheet‐Earth‐Sea Level Model: Sensitivity to Viscoelastic Earth Properties
Authors: Pollard David , Gomez Natalya , Deconto Robert M.
Published: October 2017

A coupled ice sheet‐solid Earth‐sea level model is applied to long‐term variations of the Antarctic ice sheet. A set of radially varying viscoelastic profiles in the global Earth model is used to explore feedbacks on ice sheet variability, including one with a very weak upper mantle zone and thin lithosphere representative of West Antarctic regions. Simulations are performed for (1) the deglacial retreat over the last ~20,000 years, (2) the future 5,000 years with greenhouse‐gas scenario Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5), and (3) the warm Pliocene ~3 Ma. For the deglacial period a large ensemble of 625 simulations is analyzed, with a score computed for each run based on comparisons to geologic and modern data. For each of the five Earth profiles, the top‐scoring combinations of the other model parameters in the ensemble are used to perform future and Pliocene simulations. For the last deglacial retreat, the viscoelastic Earth profiles produce relatively small differences in overall ice volume and equivalent sea level. In contrast, profiles with weak upper mantle and thin lithosphere produce strong negative feedback and less ice retreat in the future and Pliocene runs. This is due to the faster pace of ice sheet retreat in these runs, leading to greater lags in the viscous bedrock rebound behind the unloading, which allows for greater influence of the viscosity profiles. However, the differences in grounding‐line retreat are located primarily in East Antarctic basins, where a weak upper mantle and thin lithosphere may not be realistic, emphasizing the need for lateral heterogeneity in the Earth model.
A Robust Automatic Ionospheric O/X Mode Separation Technique for Vertical Incidence Sounders
Authors: Harris T. J. , Pederick L. H.
Published: October 2017

The sounding of the ionosphere by a vertical incidence sounder (VIS) is the oldest and most common technique for determining the state of the ionosphere. The automatic extraction of relevant ionospheric parameters from the ionogram image, referred to as scaling, is important for the effective utilization of data from large ionospheric sounder networks. Due to the Earth's magnetic field, the ionosphere is birefringent at radio frequencies, so a VIS will typically see two distinct returns for each frequency. For the automatic scaling of ionograms, it is highly desirable to be able to separate the two modes. Defence Science and Technology Group has developed a new VIS solution which is based on direct digital receiver technology and includes an algorithm to separate the O and X modes. This algorithm can provide high‐quality separation even in difficult ionospheric conditions. In this paper we describe the algorithm and demonstrate its consistency and reliability in successfully separating 99.4% of the ionograms during a 27 day experimental campaign under sometimes demanding ionospheric conditions.
Biological Imaging with Medium‐Sensitive Bichromatic Flexible Fluorescent Dyes
Authors: Cao Yang , Wang Xiaozhu , Shi Xiaolei , Clee Susanne M. , McGeer Patrick L. , Wolf Michael O. , Orvig Chris
Published: October 2017

A family of environment‐sensitive shape‐shifting molecules have been developed as flexible fluorescent (FlexFluor) dyes for biological imaging applications. These compounds feature a flexible bithiophene‐based fluorophore that gives rise to different emission colors in lipophilic or hydrophilic environments, as well as side groups that can be synthetically modified with ease. FlexFluor dyes are the first fluorescent dyes in which emission color can be used to indicate lipid/water environments. The behavior of these dyes in different solvents was studied, and used to simultaneously highlight lipid and water contents in adipose and brain tissues using optical fluorescence microscopy.
Oxidation of Organic Molecules with a Redox‐Active Guanidine Catalyst
Authors: Wild Ute , Schön Florian , Himmel Hans‐Jörg
Published: October 2017

Herein, we report the first examples of the use of redox‐active guanidines as catalysts in the green oxidation of organic molecules with dioxygen. In one half‐reaction, the oxidized form of the redox‐active guanidine is converted into the reduced, protonated state, thereby enabling dehydrogenative oxidation of the substrate (3,5‐di‐tert‐butylcatechol→ortho‐benzoquinone, benzoin→benzil, and 2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenol→biphenol). In the other half‐reaction, efficient re‐oxidation of the guanidine to the oxidized state is achieved with dioxygen in the presence of a copper catalyst. These results pave the way for the broader use of redox‐active guanidines as oxidation catalysts.
Step‐Up Synthesis of Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas with a Tyrosine Framework and Performance in Horseradish Peroxidase Immobilization
Authors: Wang Jianqiang , Zhang Wenqi , Gu Changqing , Zhang Wenpei , Zhou Man , Wang Zhiwei , Guo Cheng , Sun Linbing
Published: October 2017

New amino‐acid‐bridged periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) were constructed by hydrolysis and condensation reactions under acid conditions in the presence of a template. The tyrosine bissilylated organic precursor (TBOS) was first prepared through a multistep reaction by using tyrosine (a natural amino acid) as the starting material. PMOs with the tyrosine framework (Tyr‐PMOs) were constructed by simultaneously using TBOS and tetraethoxysilane as complex silicon sources in the condensation process. All the Tyr‐PMOs materials were characterized by XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, N2 adsorption–desorption, TEM, SEM, and solid‐state 29Si NMR spectroscopy to confirm the structure. The horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme was first immobilized on these new Tyr‐PMOs materials. Optimal conditions for enzyme adsorption included a temperature of 40 °C, a time of 8 h, and a pH value of 7. Furthermore, the novel Tyr‐PMOs materials could store HRP for approximately 40 days and maintained the enzymatic activity, and the Tyr‐PMOs–10 % HRP with the best immobilization effect could be reused at least eight times.
Iterative Learning Control for Nonlinear Systems with Data Dropouts at Both Measurement and Actuator Sides
Authors: Jin Yanqiong , Shen Dong
Published: October 2017

This paper discusses the iterative learning control (ILC) for nonlinear systems under a general networked control structure, in which random data dropouts occur independently at both measurement and actuator sides. Both updating algorithms are proposed for the computed input signal at the learning controller and the real input signal at the plant, respectively. The system output is strictly proved to converge to the desired reference with probability one as the iteration number goes to infinity. A numerical simulation is provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism and algorithms.
Adaptive Iterated Extended KALMAN Filter for Relative Spacecraft Attitude and Position Estimation
Authors: Xiong Kai , Wei Chunling
Published: October 2017

This paper presents a novel adaptive iterated extended Kalman filter (AIEKF) for relative position and attitude estimation, taking into account the influence of model uncertainty. Considering a nonlinear stochastic discrete‐time system with unknown disturbance, the AIEKF algorithm adopts the Gauss‐Newton iterative optimization steps to implement a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation, and the switch‐mode combination technique is used to achieve the adaptive capability. The mean‐square estimation error (MSE) of the state estimate is derived. It is proved that the AIEKF can yield a smaller MSE than that of the traditional extended Kalman filter (EKF) or iterated extended Kalman filter (IEKF). The performance advantage of the AIEKF is illustrated via Monte Carlo simulations on a typical relative position and attitude estimation application. Through comparisons in different scenarios, the presented algorithm is shown to improve adaptability and ensure estimation accuracy.
Delayed effect of Arctic stratospheric ozone on tropical rainfall
Authors: Xie Fei , Zhang Jiankai , Sang Wenjun , Li Yang , Qi Yulei , Sun Cheng , Li Yang , Shu Jianchuan
Published: October 2017

The tropical precipitation has a wide effect on the tropical economics and social life. Many studies made efforts to improve the tropical precipitation forecast using tropical climate factors. This study, based on observations, found that Arctic stratospheric ozone (ASO) could exert a significant effect on the tropical precipitation, i.e. there is more (less) rainfall over the eastern Pacific and less (more) precipitation over the western Pacific when the ASO anomalies are lower (larger) than normal. It is because a decrease (increase) in ASO could affect El Niño (La Niña) events and lead to a weakened (enhanced) Walker circulation. Time‐slice experiments confirmed that the ASO anomalies can force El Niño–Southern Oscillation‐like anomalies of tropical sea surface temperature and subsequent tropical precipitation anomalies. In addition, the ASO variations could also change the occurrence probability of extreme precipitation in the tropics. During the anomalously low (high) ASO events, there are more occurrences of heavier precipitation over the eastern Pacific (western Pacific) and of lighter precipitation over the western Pacific (eastern Pacific). Furthermore, the ASO variations lead tropical rainfall by approximately 21 months, suggesting that the ASO can serve as a potentially effective predictor of tropical rainfall.
Bewerbung mit Hindernissen
Authors: Hauk Andrea
Published: October 2017

Es wird viel diskutiert über die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. Andrea Hauk – BIUZ‐Lesern bekannt als Autorin der Laborseite – hat den Praxistest gemacht und berichtet nun im fünften Teil unserer Reihe von ihren Erfahrungen als Mutter eines Krabbelkindes.
Di(hydroperoxy)alkane Adducts of Phosphine Oxides: Safe, Solid, Stoichiometric, and Soluble Oxidizing Agents
Authors: Ahn Shin Hye , Bhuvanesh Nattamai , Blümel Janet
Published: October 2017

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Janet Blümel at Texas A&M University. The image depicts the crystals and crystal structures of novel oxidizing agents: di(hydroperoxy)alkane adducts of phosphine oxides. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201703676.
Analysis and Annotation of Whole‐Genome or Whole‐Exome Sequencing Derived Variants for Clinical Diagnosis
Authors: Worthey Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2017

Over the last 10 years, next‐generation sequencing (NGS) has transformed genomic research through substantial advances in technology and reduction in the cost of sequencing, and also in the systems required for analysis of these large volumes of data. This technology is now being used as a standard molecular diagnostic test in some clinical settings. The advances in sequencing have come so rapidly that the major bottleneck in identification of causal variants is no longer the sequencing or analysis (given access to appropriate tools), but rather clinical interpretation. Interpretation of genetic findings in a complex and ever changing clinical setting is scarcely a new challenge, but the task is increasingly complex in clinical genome‐wide sequencing given the dramatic increase in dataset size and complexity. This increase requires application of appropriate interpretation tools, as well as development and application of appropriate methodologies and standard procedures. This unit provides an overview of these items. Specific challenges related to implementation of genome‐wide sequencing in a clinical setting are discussed. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
SPICE simulation of memristive circuits based on memdiodes with sigmoidal threshold functions
Authors: Patterson German A. , Suñé Jordi , Miranda Enrique
Published: October 2017

In this paper, a SPICE implementation of a memristive model is presented and put under test by means of different circuit configurations. The model is based on sigmoidal threshold functions that switch the parameters involved in the transport equation. Results show that the model is stable under different driving signals, in particular, in multielement circuits. Antiparallel and anti‐series configurations are investigated as well as its application to thresholding devices and 1R1S structures. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Policy Mixes and their Alignment over Time: Patching and stretching in the oil sands reclamation regime in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Rayner Jeremy , Howlett Michael , Wellstead Adam
Published: October 2017

When, why and how do policy mixes change and evolve? Much of the contemporary interest in such mixes is focused on distinguishing simple policies from more complex policy mixes, evaluating the relationships between single and multiple policy tools within a mix, and developing criteria to assess the likely performance of particular mixes. These are important and necessary analytical tasks. However, another required step in understanding policy mixes is to understand how and why mixes evolve and change over time and to determine whether any changes are an improvement. In this paper, we analyse the development of a complex policy mix in the case of reclamation and remediation of the Alberta oil sands from an earlier ‘simple goal, single instrument’ policy regime to a more complex one. This case study reveals the presence of at least two dynamic processes at work in policy mix development, with significant implications for the nature of the changes that result from them. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Pre‐discharge and early post‐discharge troponin elevation among patients hospitalized for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: findings from the ASTRONAUT trial
Authors: Greene Stephen J. , Butler Javed , Fonarow Gregg C. , Subacius Haris P. , Ambrosy Andrew P. , Vaduganathan Muthiah , Triggiani Marco , Solomon Scott D. , Lewis Eldrin F. , Maggioni Aldo P. , Böhm Michael , Chioncel Ovidiu , Nodari Savina , Senni Michele , Zannad Faiez , Gheorghiade Mihai ,   for the ASTRONAUT Investigators and Coordinators
Published: October 2017

Aims

Troponin levels are commonly elevated among patients hospitalized for heart failure (HF), but the prevalence and prognostic significance of early post‐discharge troponin elevation are unclear. This study sought to describe the frequency and prognostic value of pre‐discharge and post‐discharge troponin elevation, including persistent troponin elevation from the inpatient to outpatient settings.

Methods and results

The ASTRONAUT trial (NCT00894387;
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov) enrolled hospitalized HF patients with ejection fraction ≤40% and measured troponin I prior to discharge (i.e. study baseline) and at 1‐month follow‐up in a core laboratory (elevation defined as >0.04 ng/mL). This analysis included 1469 (91.0%) patients with pre‐discharge troponin data. Overall, 41.5% and 29.9% of patients had elevated pre‐discharge [median: 0.09 ng/mL; interquartile range (IQR): 0.06–0.19 ng/mL] and 1‐month (median: 0.09 ng/mL; IQR: 0.06–0.15 ng/mL) troponin levels, respectively. Among patients with pre‐discharge troponin elevation, 60.4% had persistent elevation at 1 month. After adjustment, pre‐discharge troponin elevation was not associated with 12‐month clinical outcomes. In contrast, 1‐month troponin elevation was independently predictive of increased all‐cause mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18–2.13] and cardiovascular mortality or HF hospitalization (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.03–1.58) at 12 months. Associations between 1‐month troponin elevation and outcomes were similar among patients with newly elevated (i.e. normal pre‐discharge) and persistently elevated levels (interaction P ≥ 0.16). The prognostic value of 1‐month troponin elevation for 12‐month mortality was driven by a pronounced association among patients with coronary artery disease (interaction P = 0.009).

Conclusions

In this hospitalized HF population, troponin I elevation was common during index hospitalization and at 1‐month follow‐up. Elevated troponin I level at 1 month, but not pre‐discharge, was independently predictive of increased clinical events at 12 months. Early post‐discharge troponin I measurement may offer a practical means of risk stratification and should be investigated as a therapeutic target.
Advancing the social identity approach to health and well‐being: Progressing the social cure research agenda
Authors: Jetten Jolanda , Haslam S. Alexander , Cruwys Tegan , Greenaway Katharine H. , Haslam Catherine , Steffens Niklas K.
Published: October 2017

The health of people's body and mind is powerfully conditioned by social factors that affect their social identity. Consistent with this notion, there is a growing interest in the way that group memberships (and the social identities derived from belonging to these groups) affect health and well‐being. To the extent that group memberships provide individuals with meaning, support, and agency (i.e., a positive sense of social identity), health is positively impacted, constituting a “social cure”. However, when group membership is not associated with these positive psychological resources or when social identity is challenged in other ways (e.g., group membership is devalued or stigmatised), social identities may become a curse, threatening and potentially harming health and well‐being. In a range of social contexts, novel examples of these processes are brought together in the contributions to this special issue. In this editorial, we link the findings from these contributions to a set of hypotheses that emerge from the social identity approach to highlight the nuanced ways in which social identity processes are key to understanding health and well‐being (Haslam, Jetten, Cruwys, Dingle, & Haslam, forthcoming). The contributions in this special issue point to fruitful ways to develop the social cure agenda. Together they highlight the importance of social identities as powerful psychological resources that have an important role to play in managing and improving health.
The impact of substance use disorders on clinical outcomes in older‐adult psychiatric inpatients
Authors: Lane Scott D. , da Costa Sabrina C. , Teixeira Antonio L. , Reynolds Charles F. , Diniz Breno S.
Published: October 2017

Objective

To examine associations among substance use disorder (SUD) and measures of length of stay (LOS) and non‐psychiatric medical comorbidity (MEDCO) in older‐adult inpatients with serious mental illness (SMI), hypothesizing SUD would be related to worse clinical outcomes.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study analyzed medical records from 2010 to 2016 of 7258 inpatients with SMI ≥ age 50, obtained from a 274‐bed psychiatric hospital. Descriptive analyses examined prevalence rates for SUD status (+/−), individual drug classes, and total number of SUDs (polysubstance use disorders). Regression models examined the influence of 2 independent variables of interest: (1) SUD status (+/−) and (2) type of SUD (ie, specific drug), controlling for demographic factors and additional (non‐SUD) psychiatric disorders. Two dependent (outcome) variables were examined: LOS and MEDCO.

Results

The overall SUD rate was 26%; cocaine was the most common SUD (≈ 10%). SUD status and additional (non‐SUD) psychiatric diagnoses were significantly associated with longer LOS (both P < 0.001). For individual SUDs, cocaine, marijuana, opiates, and alcohol were all significantly associated with LOS (all P < 0.01). SUD status, age, sex, admission status, and race were significantly associated with MEDCO (all P < 0.002). For individual SUDs, barbiturates, opiates, and alcohol were all significantly associated with MEDCO (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

The prevalence of SUD in this sample underscores concerns related to treating older adults presenting providers with comorbid SUD and SMI. This combination may increase the burden and complexity of care, warranting further investigation into mechanisms and long‐term consequences.
Lessons From Lincoln’s Leadership
Authors: Galli Brian J.
Published: October 2017

The premise of the current paper is to present a review of the book entitled “Lincoln on Leadership,” which was written by Donald T. Phillips. The current paper presents the summary of the book, discusses the objective and target audience of the book, and the structure and organization of the book. The final section of the current paper analyzes the book and provides the critique of the book in order to identify what the reader can take away from the book.
The Dilemma of Ethical Leadership
Authors: Avella Jay R.
Published: October 2017

There’s a well‐known leadership aphorism that states, “Managers do things right, but leaders do the right thing.” But what constitutes the “right” thing will vary (and sometimes conflict) depending on the ethical theory that drives the decision or action. A leader might pursue a utilitarian view of ethics which would seek the greatest good for the greatest number, but what constitutes the greatest good for the greatest number may adversely affect the rights of others, articulated in the Theory of Rights. An extension of utilitarianism can be found in the Theory of Justice, which looks for the greatest good for all humans, but that theory would provide “extra” benefit to the least favored in society. Deontological theory takes the position that obligation and duty take precedence when analyzing an ethical dilemma. Contract theory extends this principle to agreements between individuals and organizations; what is ethical is what the contract says is ethical. A casuist approach simply looks to previous examples of what was considered ethical in prior situations and considers those ethics to carry over to the current situation. Finally, there is the issue of virtue, where judgment is based on character as opposed to action.
Suppression of Iron Memory Effect in GaN Epitaxial Layers
Authors: Leone Stefano , Benkhelifa Fouad , Kirste Lutz , Manz Christian , Mueller Stefan , Quay Ruediger , Stadelmann Tim
Published: October 2017

AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) require a semi‐insulating buffer to compensate a high background donor concentration and to prevent parasitic effects, such as parallel conduction. Iron and carbon are typical impurities used for such purpose, since they can behave as deep acceptors in GaN layers. The former (Fe) brings as drawback a well‐known memory effect which consists in the segregation of Fe atoms through the GaN layers, requiring thick undoped layers to keep the two‐dimensional electron gas (2DEG) away from such electron traps. The latter (C), although easier to incorporate in the GaN layers and free of any memory effect, could cause current collapse. In this study we investigate the effect of differently strained epitaxial layers on Fe‐segregation. HEMT structures were grown on sapphire substrates by MOCVD. By growing the Fe‐doped layers under unusual growth conditions (low temperature, or as AlGaN), or by adding an interlayer (AlN, 5× AlN/GaN, or C‐doped GaN) between the doped and undoped epitaxial layers, we have succeeded in limiting the Fe segregation within 200 nm of undoped GaN layer instead of the typically required 800 nm, as proven by SIMS. While the morphology and the crystal quality of the HEMT structures have been affected to a very low extent, the electrical characteristics have benefitted from such interlayers. Higher carrier mobility and lower sheet resistance distinguish such epitaxial structures. Further benefits are expected by the device performance such as reduced soft‐subthreshold behavior (soft‐breakdown) and dispersion effects.
Changing Perspectives on the Strategic Use of Microwave Heating in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Dudley Gregory B. , Stiegman A. E.
Published: October 2017

This Personal Account describes collaborative investigations into apocryphal microwave effects in organic chemistry. Focused research on microwave‐assisted organic synthesis has been fraught with confusion, controversy, and misinformation. Microwave heating is an undoubtedly useful tactic for organic synthesis, but whether or not it can offer strategic advantages remains an open question in the minds of many people. (Ironically, those who do not consider it an open question are split as to whether it has been resolved affirmatively or negatively.) Our research in this area is guided by the hypothesis that microwave heating can alter reaction kinetics in ways distinct from what is observable under conventional heating. Here we provide a succinct record of the origins of our interests, our initial queries and associated controversies, and recent efforts to identify, quantify, and begin to leverage selective microwave heating for strategic advantage in organic synthesis.
Synthesis, Structures, and Photoluminescence Properties of Five Novel Zinc(II) and Cadmium(II) Coordination Polymers based on Different Zwitterionic Pyridine Ligands
Authors: Du Lin , Zhou Lin‐Zong , Ma Yu‐Lu , Wang Yu‐Na , Wang Da‐Wei , Zhao Qi‐Hua
Published: October 2017

A series of five new ZnII and CdII mixed‐ligand coordination polymers, namely, {[Zn(L1)(4,4′‐bpy)]·(ClO4)·2H2O} (1), {[Zn(L2)(4,4′‐bpy)0.5]·(ClO4)} (2), {[Zn(L3)(4,4′‐bpy)]·(NO3)·2H2O} (3), {[Cd(L4)(4,4′‐bpy)0.5(NO3)]·5H2O} (4), and {[Zn(L4)(4,4′‐bpy)]·Cl·H2O} (5) [4,4′‐bpy = 4,4′‐bipyridine, L1 = 4‐carboxy‐1‐(4‐carboxybenzyl)pyridin‐1‐ium chloride, L2 = 3‐carboxy‐1‐(4‐carboxybenzyl)pyridin‐1‐ium chloride, L3 = 4‐carboxy‐1‐(3‐carboxybenzyl)pyridin‐1‐ium chloride, and L4 = 3‐carboxy‐1‐(3‐carboxybenzyl)pyridin‐1‐ium chloride], were obtained by the reactions of the 4,4′‐bipyridine with four dicarboxylate zwitterionic pyridine ligands. Single‐crystal X‐ray structural analyses reveal that the five complexes demonstrate different molecular frameworks coming from various coordination modes and flexibilities of different dicarboxylate zwitterionic pyridine ligands and central metal atoms. Mononuclear twofold dinuclear 2D twofold interpenetrating net for 2, four‐coordinate mononuclear twofold interpenetrating 2D layer for 3, mononuclear 2D layer arranged in parallel and with large grids for 4, and twofold trans interpenetrating 2D network for compound 5. The structural diversities in 1–5 indicate that the nature of the ligands and the presence of different metal atoms have a great influence on central metal coordination modes and the structural topologies of the metal‐organic molecular architectures. In addition, π···π stacking interactions also play important roles in the final crystal packing and supramolecular frameworks. The powder X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, and photoluminescence properties of 1–5 were studied, which show that architectures play an important role in emission bands and intensities.
Existence of discretely self-similar solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations for initial value in \( L_{l o c}^{2}\left(\right.R^{3}\left.\right) \)
Authors: Chae Dongho , Wolf Jörg
Published: October 2017

We prove the existence of a forward discretely self-similar solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations in

\mathbb{R}^{3} \times (0, + \infty )

for a discretely self-similar initial velocity belonging to

L_{loc}^{2}(\mathbb{R}^{3})

.
String Theory Methods for Condensed Matter Physics
Authors: Nastase Horatiu
Published: October 2017

The discovery of a duality between Anti-de Sitter spaces (AdS) and Conformal Field Theories (CFT) has led to major advances in our understanding of quantum field theory and quantum gravity. String theory methods and AdS/CFT correspondence maps provide new ways to think about difficult condensed matter problems. String theory methods based on the AdS/CFT correspondence allow us to transform problems so they have weak interactions and can be solved more easily. They can also help map problems to different descriptions, for instance mapping the description of a fluid using the Navier–Stokes equations to the description of an event horizon of a black hole using Einstein's equations. This textbook covers the applications of string theory methods and the mathematics of AdS/CFT to areas of condensed matter physics. Bridging the gap between string theory and condensed matter, this is a valuable textbook for students and researchers in both fields.
Hospital Surge Capacity: A Web-Based Simulation Tool for Emergency Planners
Authors: Toerper Matthew F. , Kelen Gabor D. , Sauer Lauren M. , Bayram Jamil D. , Catlett Christina , Levin Scott
Published: October 2017

The National Center for the Study of Preparedness and Catastrophic Event Response (PACER) has created a publicly available simulation tool called Surge (accessible at http://www.pacerapps.org) to estimate surge capacity for user-defined hospitals. Based on user input, a Monte Carlo simulation algorithm forecasts available hospital bed capacity over a 7-day period and iteratively assesses the ability to accommodate disaster patients. Currently, the tool can simulate bed capacity for acute mass casualty events (such as explosions) only and does not specifically simulate staff and supply inventory. Strategies to expand hospital capacity, such as (1) opening unlicensed beds, (2) canceling elective admissions, and (3) implementing reverse triage, can be interactively evaluated. In the present application of the tool, various response strategies were systematically investigated for 3 nationally representative hospital settings (large urban, midsize community, small rural). The simulation experiments estimated baseline surge capacity between 7% (large hospitals) and 22% (small hospitals) of staffed beds. Combining all response strategies simulated surge capacity between 30% and 40% of staffed beds. Response strategies were more impactful in the large urban hospital simulation owing to higher baseline occupancy and greater proportion of elective admissions. The publicly available Surge tool enables proactive assessment of hospital surge capacity to support improved decision-making for disaster response. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:513–522)
Conceptualizations of suicide through time and socio-economic factors: a historical mini-review
Authors: Solano P. , Pizzorno E. , Pompili M. , Serafini G. , Amore M.
Published: October 2017

Objectives

Suicide is a complex phenomenon determined by the interplay of an articulated network of factors including socio-economic factors which have a decisive role. This paper investigates the development of the modern conceptualization of suicide in Europe, its sociological understandings and its intertwinement with economic cycles throughout time.

Methods

MEDLINE, SCHOLAR, EMBASE using the keywords ‘socioeconomic factors AND suicide’; ‘economic cycles AND suicide’; ‘history AND suicide’ without timeframe limitations. Moreover, journal-by-journal search in journals of related areas was performed.

Results

In total, 51 historical studies focusing on the subjects in European countries were included. Three main areas arose: (a) development of the conceptualization of suicide over time; (b) sociological understandings of suicide according to the structure of society and its economy of power; (c) economic theories explaining the intertwinement of economic cycles and suicides.

Conclusions

Suicide is a deeply human phenomenon inescapably linked to and grounded in society and economic cycles. Understandings from the past show the importance of accurate analysis of socio-economic contexts that shape societies together with man’s own sense of self in order to organize multi-layered tangible and intangible support strategies to better understand and prevent suicide in this day and age.
Evaluating the paleoclimatic significance of clay mineral records from a late Pleistocene loess-paleosol section of the Ili Basin, Central Asia
Authors: Li Yue , Song Yougui , Zeng Mengxiu , Lin Weiwei , Orozbaev Rustam , Cheng Liangqing , Chen Xinli , Halmurat Tiliwaldi
Published: October 2017

In this study, we present clay mineral records from a late Pleistocene loess-paleosol sequence in the Ili Basin, Central Asia, and assess their significance for paleoclimatic reconstruction. The results show that the clay minerals are mainly illite (average 60%) and chlorite (28%), with minor kaolinite (9%) and smectite (3%). Illite was of detrital origin with no obvious modification to its crystal structure. Increases in illite content in the loess are ascribed to wind intensity rather than pedogenesis. High proportions of illite in the clay fraction, and of muscovite in the bulk samples of the paleosol units, may lead to an overestimation of the weathering intensity. Kaolinite was likely inherited from the sedimentary rocks, while chlorite might have been inherited from both sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. The paleoclimatic signals of kaolinite and chlorite were unclear, due to reworking by both fluvial and eolian systems. Smectite was more likely formed by the transformation of biotite and illite, and its variation in the loess sequence was also controlled by wind intensity; this was largely due to aggregation and is unlikely to reflect moisture changes. Although the interpretation of paleoclimate evolution may contain some uncertainties, clay mineralogy does provide the possibility of tracing dust provenance.
CHANGES IN TILLERING DYNAMICS OF INTERCROPPED BLACK OAT AND ANNUAL RYEGRASS ENSURE A STABLE SWARD
Authors: DUCHINI PAULO GONÇALVES , GUZATTI GABRIELA CRISTINA , RIBEIRO-FILHO HENRIQUE MENDONÇA NUNES , SBRISSIA ANDRÉ FISCHER
Published: October 2017

Mixing species with different tillering peaks may enhance pasture stability, but intercropping may also alter the plants’ tillering patterns. This study aimed to evaluate tillering dynamics in black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pastures grown as monocultures or intercropped. Three following treatments are established: black oat and annual ryegrass pastures grown as monocultures and an intercrop composed of these two species. Tillering dynamics were measured for black oat and annual ryegrass populations separately. When intercropped, tiller birth rates of black oat decreased (20.0 vs. 28.9 tillers 100 tillers−1) and those of annual ryegrass increased (30.5 vs. 14.3 tillers 100 tillers−1), compared to their monocultures. Tiller death rates for annual ryegrass did not differ between monoculture and intercropping (23.9 tillers 100 tillers−1), but black oat presented higher mortality in monocultures (48.8 vs. 36.4 tillers 100 tillers−1). The black oat monoculture had the lowest population stability index (0.80), whereas annual ryegrass in monoculture and intercropped pastures exhibited greater values (on average, 0.92). Our results indicated that black oat and annual ryegrass present distinct tillering dynamics whether grown as monoculture or intercropped, and suggest that intercropping species with elevated death rates (black oat) with later species (annual ryegrass) could be an important tool for maintaining pasture stability throughout the growing season.
ARTHROSCOPIC SURGERY FOR KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS: IMPACT OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT IN GERMANY
Authors: Fujita-Rohwerder Naomi , Rüther Alric , Sauerland Stefan
Published: October 2017

Objectives: This study aims to describe how a negative reimbursement decision—based on the health technology assessment (HTA) report of a nondrug intervention—affects healthcare providers in Germany.

Methods: Knee arthroscopy was chosen as an example, because as of April 2016 this procedure is no longer reimbursed for osteoarthritis, but is still covered for other indications, including meniscal lesions. The exclusion followed an HTA report prepared by the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). Here, we examine how the decision to revoke reimbursement for arthroscopy was perceived by the surgical community. Information was collected from official hospital statistics, the internet, and informal interviews with orthopedic surgeons.

Results: In 2015, a total of 37,920 arthroscopic procedures were performed for knee osteoarthritis in Germany. Several surgical societies were unhappy with the negative decision, which was issued as a directive in November 2015, and they challenged the decision-making process as well as the underlying scientific evidence. In March 2016, fifteen societies issued joint recommendations on how to differentiate osteoarthritis from other knee diseases and how to document other diseases in a way that inspections by representatives of health insurance funds would not detect any deficiencies. In informal interviews, orthopedic surgeons indicated that miscoding of the principal diagnosis (meniscal tear rather than knee osteoarthritis) is to be expected, especially in the hospital sector.

Conclusions: HTA can have a significant impact on the provision of health services, but various loopholes allow physicians to undermine policy decisions. Therefore, it is important to involve all stakeholders in HTA and to convince them of the benefits of evidence-based medicine.
Buying for Britain, China, or India? Patriotic trade, ethnicity, and market in the 1930s British empire/Commonwealth
Authors: Thackeray David
Published: October 2017

This article seeks to gain a clearer understanding of the language, reach, and limits of competing patriotic trade campaigns in the British empire during the 1930s, focusing on efforts to promote the purchase of Indian, Chinese, and ‘British’ products (a term which was used to refer to goods from both the UK and the Dominions). Civil society groups used patriotic-buying campaigns to promote and maintain forms of regionalized integration in response to the partial deglobalization of trade. Supporters of such campaigns sought to develop trade networks based on ethnic ties which could connect across and, in the Chinese case, beyond imperial spaces. However, the hybridity of colonial subjects’ identities impeded each of these efforts to develop patriotic trade networks and meant that the content, character, and popular appeal of trade campaigns shifted between different regions.
Wie weit muss man laufen, um 1 kg Fett zu verlieren?
Authors: Knechtle Beat , Nikolaidis Pantelis T.
Published: October 2017

Zusammenfassung. Wir berichten über einen übergewichtigen Läufer mittleren Alters, der sich gezielt auf einen 24-h-Lauf vorbereitet hat mit dem Ziel, 100 Meilen (160,93 km) zu laufen und den Abbau des viszeralen Fettes zu dokumentieren. Es zeigte sich, dass der Läufer in der Lage war, konstant mit einer Geschwindigkeit von fast 7 km/h durchzulaufen, dabei mehr als 164 km erzielte und 1 kg viszerales Fett verlor. Im Alltag werden umgerechnet rund vier Marathons benötigt, um 1 kg viszerales Fett zu verlieren.
Aktuelle Diagnose- und Therapiestrategie bei Gelenksprothesen-Infektionen
Authors: Biasca Nicola , Brinkmann Olaf , Bungartz Matthias , Orasch Christina
Published: October 2017

Zusammenfassung. Mit stetig steigender Häufigkeit endoprothetischer Eingriffe nimmt auch die Bedeutung der damit vergesellschafteten Revisionschirurgie zu. Die Gelenksprothesen-Infektion ist hierbei eine der schwerwiegendsten Komplikationen, die zur Erlangung eines bestmöglichen Behandlungsergebnisses eine differenzierte Diagnose- und Therapiestrategie erfordert. Anamnese, klinische Untersuchung, Laborkontrollen, Radiologie (konventionelle und spezialisierte), Gelenkspunktion sowie Mikrobiologie und Histologie liefern entscheidende Hinweise zur Diagnosestellung als unabdingbare Voraussetzung zur Erstellung und Einleitung des entsprechenden Therapiekonzeptes. Insbesondere die Abgrenzung zwischen aseptischen und septischen Prothesenlockerungen ist schwierig und erfordert ein differenziertes und interdisziplinäres Vorgehen. Die kurative Behandlungsstrategie ist abhängig von: Dauer der Symptome, Latenz seit Primärimplantation, Keimspektrum, Antibiogramm und Weichteilverhältnissen und umfasst prothesenerhaltende Strategien bei nicht gelockerter Prothese, reizlosen Weichteilen und Abwesenheit von Problemkeimen, bis hin zum kompletten ein- oder zweizeitigen Prothesenwechsel bei einer chronischen Infektion. In diesem Beitrag werden die aktuellen Management-Konzepte der Gelenksprothesen-Infektionen diskutiert.
Development of a Shortened Version of the Latent and Manifest	Benefits of Work (LAMB) Scale
Authors: Kovacs Carrie , Batinic Bernad , Stiglbauer Barbara , Gnambs Timo
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Paid work offers latent benefits (e.g., social contact, time structure) that go beyond mere access to financial resources in predicting individuals’ psychological well-being. Despite the importance of the concept for organizational research and practice, available instruments measuring these latent benefits suffer either from psychometric deficiencies or from a scale length that makes integrating them into large-scale work/life surveys cumbersome. Thus, the current two studies ( N = 1,054 and N = 677) report on the development of the Short Latent and Manifest Benefits of Work scale (LAMB-S; cf. Muller, Creed, Waters, & Machin, 2005 ). The new 18-item instrument showed a clear factor structure, appropriate external validities, and even slight improvements in content and criterion validity for some subscales. Overall, the LAMB-S represents an economical instrument with satisfactory psychometric properties, making it an attractive alternative in situations where participant time is limited.
Predicting Cyberbullying Behavior From Attitudes
Authors: Barlett Christopher P. , Gentile Douglas A. , Dongdong Li , Khoo Angeline
Published: October 2017

Abstract. There is a paucity of research testing (a) the longitudinal stability in positive cyberbullying attitudes, (b) whether any change in positive cyberbullying attitudes over time predict subsequent cyberbullying perpetration, and (c) the cross-lagged relations between positive attitudes toward cyberbullying attitudes and behavior over time. The current study focused on empirically testing these theoretical gaps and sampled over 3,000 Singaporean youth participants (at Wave 1) who completed measures of cyberbullying behavior and positive attitudes consecutively for 3 years. Correlations and path analyses showed modest stability in positive cyberbullying attitudes and perpetration over time. Also, latent class analysis classified participants into either stable high attitudes, stable low attitudes, increasing attitudes, or decreasing attitudes. Results using this classification showed that changes in positive cyberbullying attitudes across Waves 1 and 2 predicted Wave 3 cyberbullying, such that those who endorsed cyberbullying attitudes were more likely to cyberbully than those who did not advocate such attitudes. Finally, path analysis results showed significant longitudinal cross-lags between positive attitudes toward cyberbullying and behaviors.
Vector characterization of zero-order terahertz Bessel beams with linear and circular polarizations
Authors: Wu Zhen , Wang Xinke , Sun Wenfeng , Feng Shengfei , Han Peng , Ye Jiasheng , Zhang Yan
Published: October 2017

As a kind of special beams, Bessel beams are always a research hot spot in optics due to its non-diffractive and self-healing properties. Here, zero-order terahertz (THz) Bessel beams with linear and circular polarizations are generated by using a THz quarter wave plate and Teflon axicons with different opening angles. By applying a THz digital holographic imaging system, the evolutions of the transverse (E
x
, E
y
) and longitudinal (E
z
) electric fields are coherently measured and analyzed during the propagation processes of the THz Bessel beams. The vectorial Rayleigh diffraction integral is used to accurately reproduce the amplitude, phase, and non-diffractive feature of each polarization component for the THz Bessel beams. With varying opening angles of the axicons, the focal spots, diffraction-free ranges, and Gouy phase shifts of the THz Bessel beams are compared and discussed. The experiment and simulation results provide a comprehensive view for exactly understanding peculiar features of THz Bessel beams.