bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do photos help or hinder field experiments of discrimination?
Authors: Rich Judith
Published: June 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to assess field experiments of labour and product markets that have attached photos to identify applicants (in the case of labour markets) or sellers/crowd funders (in the case of product markets).

Design/methodology/approach

The experiments seek to identify the contribution of attractiveness, race/ethnicity, skin colour, sexual orientation or religion to the behaviour of agents in markets. These experiments attach photos to CV to signal attractiveness, or the basis of being tested such as race/ethnicity, skin colour or religion.

Findings

Many experiments report significant findings for the impact of attractiveness or the identity revealed on positive callbacks to applicants.

Research limitations/implications

The issue considered here, however, is to what extent it is attractiveness or other perceived characteristics that may have had an impact on the behaviour recorded in the experiments. The results of the studies covered in this paper, to a lesser extent those of Weichselbaumer (2004) and Baert (2017), are compromised by including photos, with the possibility the responses received were influenced not only by the basis being tested such as attractiveness, race/ethnicity or religion but by some other characteristic unintended by the researcher but conveyed by the photo.

Practical implications

There is evidence in the experimental work of a range of characteristics that photos convey of individuals and their impact on labour and product market outcomes such as success in obtaining a positive response to job applications and success in obtaining funding to finance projects in the product market. Suggestions are made for future experiments: evaluation of photos for a range of characteristics; use of a “no photo” application together with the photo applications; and evaluation of responses for any bias from unobservable characteristics using Neumark (2012).

Originality/value

This paper discusses for the first time three questions with some tentative answers. First, the researcher faces introducing further unobservable characteristics by using photos. Second, the researcher cannot fully control the experimental approach when using photos. Third, the researcher is able to accurately evaluate the impact of the photos used on the response/probability of call back. Field experiments using photos need to ensure they do this for the range of factors that have been shown to affect judgments and therefore potentially influence call back response. However, the issue remains whether the researcher has, in fact, identified all potential characteristics conveyed by the photos.
Risky business
Authors: Donovan Stephanie , Duncan Jordan , Patterson Sue
Published: June 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe the experiences of non-clinical staff working in psychiatric settings, particularly in relation to exposure to context-specific hazards, and perceived safety.

Design/methodology/approach

Qualitative interviews with 23 administrative and operational staff were analysed using a framework approach.

Findings

Analysis demonstrated extensive exposure to occupational violence, including assault and verbal abuse within and/or beyond the workplace and concern about infectious disease. Impact of exposure was wide ranging, dependent on type and circumstances of violence and personal resources, with several participants experiencing ongoing psychological distress. Participants employed a range of problem- and emotion-focused strategies, typically seeking support from peers, to manage work-related stress but felt neglected by the organisation. They sought inclusion in or access to processes, such as supervision and debrief, routinely available to clinicians and to information about risk associated with patients.

Research limitations/implications

Generalisability is constrained by conduct of this study in a particular setting with non-random sample.

Practical implications

The findings of this paper indicate a pressing need for administrators to ensure efforts to address safety encompass all staff, and the need for further research. Particular attention should be given to enabling non-clinical staff to examine ethical questions, ensuring access to support mechanisms and development of an inclusive culture.

Originality/value

While exposure to, and impact of workplace violence on clinical staff have been extensively studied, this paper is the first to qualitatively examine the safety of a commonly forgotten workforce.
Health-relevant personality traits in relation to adherence to a web-based occupational health promotion and stress management intervention
Authors: Villaume Karin , Tafvelin Susanne , Hasson Dan
Published: June 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possible associations between health-relevant personality traits and adherence; and if these traits predict adherence to a web-based occupational health intervention.

Design/methodology/approach

In total, 563 participants were analyzed using the Health-relevant Personality Inventory. Adherence measures were: logins, utilization of self-help exercises and time spent logged in.

Findings

Higher levels of antagonism (a facet of agreeableness) and impulsivity (a facet of conscientiousness) correlated to fewer logins, and higher levels of negative affectivity (a facet of neuroticism) and impulsivity correlated to a higher utilization of self-help exercises. Alexithymia (a facet of openness) negatively predicted self-help exercise utilization and antagonism was a positive predictor. Negative affectivity was a positive predictor of time spent logged in to the intervention. There were sex-related differences in outcomes.

Originality/value

This is the first study to investigate health-relevant personality traits in relation to adherence to a web-based occupational health intervention. The practical implications are that intervention developers could benefit from taking personality into consideration to better understand and improve adherence.
Human capital flows in failing organizations: an integrated conceptual framework
Authors: Amankwah-Amoah Joseph
Published: June 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the dynamics of human capital accumulation and human capital depletion in the processes leading to business failure.

Design/methodology/approach

Building on the human capital theory, strategic human resource and business failure literature, this paper develops a conceptual framework which links the inward and outward dimensions of human capital flows in the business failure process.

Findings

The analysis sheds light on why some highly skilled individuals may opt to flee declining firms to avoid being stigmatised whilst others become motivated to joint such firms.

Research limitations/implications

The paper suggests that understanding the nature and dynamics of both flows are essential when seeking to avert collapse.

Originality/value

In spite of a growing body of research on business failure and intense competition for top talent, much of the existing literature has circumvented the relationship between them. This study develops a unified model towards enhancing our understanding of the human capital flows.
The generation process of internal-driven management innovation in companies in transitional economies
Authors: Xue Jie , Zhang Zhengang
Published: June 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze how internal-driven management innovation (IDMI) takes shape, which highlights the objective-oriented and problem-oriented property of the innovation.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on a case study of a new practice called 11X integration strategy in Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, a Chinese pharmaceutical group in Guangdong province, through applying Grounded Theory the authors get a concise systematic framework of generation process that is more practical and more understandable than the counterparts in current literature.

Findings

First, this paper uncovers five stages and two parallel sub processes in the generation process of IDMI. The sub processes involves practical exploration process (i.e. primary activities) carried out by the internal change agents and theoretical support process (i.e. support activities) carried out by the external change agents. Second, by adopting a process perspective the authors are able to demonstrate how the different activities in both types of processes are combined over time in an intertwined way.

Research limitations/implications

First, the case the authors studied is embedded in the context of China’s transitional economy, and the single case study limits us to make comparisons of the generation process of management innovation between different market economies. Second, the external-driven management innovation is still a field untouched. Third, in the research the authors explore the issues of how new management innovation is generated and implemented, but the authors do not systematically research on why different companies exhibit different levels of management innovativeness.

Practical implications

First, the findings suggest that firms should consciously and systematically invest in IDMI to create sustainable competitive advantage. Second, the process framework provides a clear guidance to the managers in Chinese state-owned enterprises who are engaged in developing or adopting management innovation. Third, the study indicates the managers in Chinese company should be aware of the importance of external change agents to IDMI. Fourth, this study could facilitate the enterprises to develop or adopt management innovation based on their real needs rather than just “jumping on the bandwagon” when adopting certain new management skills.

Originality/value

This study offers a new generation framework by identifying possible facilitators of IDMI that does not yet exist in extant literatures, and the two sub processes – the practical exploration process and the theoretical support process – deepen the understanding of the generation mechanisms of IDMI. Furthermore, the study contributes to reaching a better understanding of management innovation in the context of transitional economy such as China.
South African women leaders, transformation and diversity conflict intersections
Authors: Mayer Claude-Hélène , Surtee Sabie , Mahadevan Jasmin
Published: June 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate diversity conflict intersections and how the meanings of diversity markers such as gender and race might be transformed. It highlights the resources of South African women leaders in higher education institutions for doing so.

Design/methodology/approach

This study proceeds from a social constructivist perspective, seeking to uncover narrated conflict experiences via a hermeneutical approach.

Findings

Women leaders in South Africa experience diversity conflict across multiple intersecting diversity markers, such as gender, race, ethnicity and class. They are united by inner resources which, if utilized, might bring about transformation.

Research limitations/implications

Intersectional approach to diversity conflict is a viable means for uncovering positive resources for transformation across intersecting diversity markers.

Practical implications

Practitioners wishing to overcome diversity conflict should identify positive resources across intersecting diversity markers. This way, organizations and individuals might bring about transformation.

Social implications

In societal environment wherein one diversity marker is institutionalized on a structural level, such as race in South Africa, diversity conflict might be enlarged beyond its actual scope, thereby becoming insurmountable. This needs to be prevented.

Originality/value

This paper studies diversity conflict intersections in a highly diverse societal environment in organizations facing transformational challenges and from the perspective of women leaders.
Strategic networking and small firm growth in an emerging economy
Authors: Obeng Bernard Acquah
Published: June 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the sources and use of social capital on small firm growth in an emerging economy. The study also examines the relationship between small firms’ human capital, internal resources and strategy on social capital sources used, and their impact on small firms’ growth in employment.

Design/methodology/approach

The study uses logistics regression and structural equation modelling to analyse data gathered from 441 small firms located in six regions of Ghana where approximately 81 per cent of all businesses are found.

Findings

Among the 16 sources of social capital examined, customers were found to be the most used source and the only social capital source that showed significant statistical association with firm growth in employment. Also, the study revealed that human capital, firm resources and strategy variables such as educational level of the owner-manager, firm size, location, firm involvement in internalisation and innovation are statistically significant with social capital sources such as accountants, banks, solicitors, business associates and chamber of commerce.

Research limitations/implications

The findings of the study have implications for policy and practice in situations where government and private sector institutions mandated to support enterprise development appear to be the least social capital sources used by small firms. The findings also provide a better understanding of the use and impact of social capital sources on small firm growth in an emerging economy in Africa.

Originality/value

This study appears to be the first known research on small firms’ social capital that has examined 16 different social capital sources and shown how human capital, internal resources and firm strategy have influenced the use of social capital sources by small firms in an emerging economy.
Effect of natural fortification with calcium and protein rich ingredients on texture, nutritional quality and sensory acceptance of cookies
Authors: Agrahar-Murugkar Dipika , Dwivedi Shraddha , Dixit-Bajpai Preeti , Kumar Manoj
Published: June 2018

Purpose

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of substituting different concentrations of sesame, soy butter, driedmoringaleaves and coconut powder on the physicochemical and sensory properties especially calcium and protein content of salted and sweet cookies.

Design/methodology/approach

Cookies were prepared by fortifying refined flour with sesame (T1 and T3) and soy butter (T2 and T4) and further fortified with driedmoringaleaves (salted) and coconut (sweet). Linear programing was used to formulate percentage of major ingredients to yield maximum calcium and protein. Cookies were evaluated for physical, textural, colour, nutritional, functional and organoleptic properties and compared with refined flour cookies, C1 (salted) and C2 (sweet).

Findings

It was observed that fortification significantly decreased the hardness of the test cookies when compared with control. C2 cookies were observed to be the hardest (42.3 N), whereas T2 cookies were the softest (23.7 N). Nutritional and functional components of fortified (T) cookies were significantly (p= 0.01) higher than control (C) cookies, and within T cookies, salted cookies were more nutritious than sweet cookies. Cookies fortified with sesame and driedmoringaleaves (T1) contained the highest protein (19 g), calcium (312 mg) and flavonoids (2.0 QE mg/100g) content. Scores on sensory acceptability revealed that T cookies were highly acceptable when compared to cookies for all sensory attributes tested.

Research limitations/implications

Incorporation of protein and mineral rich natural ingredients like sesame, soy butter, driedmoringaleaves and coconut powder has improved the nutritional, functional and sensory properties especially calcium and protein content of salted and sweet cookies. There is tremendous scope for utilisation, commercialization of such plant-based nutrient dense ingredients in variety of food snacks, and this will ensure better nutritional security.

Originality/value

Fortification of biscuits with sesame, soy butter, driedmoringaleaves and coconut powder resulted in to a superior quality of biscuits in terms of its protein, minerals specially calcium, flavonoid content and organoleptic acceptability. These protein and calcium rich biscuits may help in solving many nutritional deficiencies and can add variety to the bakery industry.
Chronological observation of surgically‐treated granuloma faciale implies the necessity of circumspect management for perinasal nodular subset
Authors: Shimoda‐Komatsu Yurie , Kinoshita‐Ise Misaki , Shimoyamada Hiroaki , Ohyama Manabu
Published: June 2018

Granuloma faciale (GF) is a rare chronic dermatosis with still unknown etiopathology, which usually presents a solitary, asymptomatic, smooth reddish‐brown to violaceous plaques or nodules on the face. Various therapeutic approaches, including topical application of corticosteroid or tacrolimus and removal with laser, cryotherapy and surgery have been attempted; however, the outcome has been inconsistent. Herein, we report a case of perinasal nodular GF who repeatedly underwent surgical excisions after the failure of laser treatment. Despite its nomenclature, GF does not manifest granulomatous tissue and the lesion is histopathologically characterized by dense dermal cell infiltration devoid of granulomatous changes and not distinguished by a clear border, which partially explains the difficulty of complete removal in our case. Review of the published work delineated that GF could be largely divided into two clinical subsets: plaque and nodular types. The plaque type GF could be responsive to topical tacrolimus, an approach preferentially adopted nowadays, while nodular type GF was often resistant to topical therapies and required surgical or laser removal. The latter subset often arose around the nose. For this location, surgical excision with sufficient removal margin is sometimes technically difficult when an aesthetically acceptable outcome is expected, explaining the basis for local recurrence. Postoperative recurrence could be observed after years of disease‐free period. These observations indicated that the need for respective treatment strategies for the management of distinctive GF subsets. Of note, a multidisciplinary approach combining radical resection and additional supportive intervention with long‐term follow up may be required for perinasal and nodular GF.
Understanding activated network resilience: A comparative analysis of co‐located and co‐cluster disaster response networks
Authors: Lai Chih‐Hui , Hsu Ying‐Chia
Published: June 2018

Building on the resilience literature, this study analyzes the response networks that were activated for four disasters during 2015–2016 (Cyclone Pam, the 2015 Nepal earthquake, Cyclone Winston, the 2016 Ecuador earthquake). The analysis shows that different interrelated resilient capacities are manifested in the activation of response networks. In particular, in exhibiting redundancy and robustness, disaster‐specific network structures are discerned. In both cyclones, response networks resemble a predefined cluster design, whereas in the earthquake disasters, networks are more fluid. Moreover, organizations' varied levels of prior response experiences help build the network's capacities of redundancy and resourcefulness. Implications are discussed in ways to advance contributions to research on resilience and disaster response networks.
Incorporating Phage Therapy into WPI Dip Coatings for Applications on Fresh Whole and Cut Fruit and Vegetable Surfaces
Authors: Vonasek Erica L. , Choi Angela H. , Sanchez Juan , Nitin Nitin
Published: June 2018

There is a significant unmet need to develop antimicrobial solutions to reduce the risk of contamination in fresh produce. Bacteriophages have been proposed as a potential approach for controlling foodborne pathogens. This study evaluated the combination of edible dip coatings with T7 bacteriophages on whole and cut produce. The evaluation includes an assessment of phage loading, phage storage stability, antimicrobial activity, and phage stability during simulated gastric digestion on sliced cucumbers, sliced apples, and whole cherry tomatoes. In this evaluation, phages coated on fresh produce using edible whey protein isolate (WPI) were compared with phages coated from an aqueous suspension (control coating). The results demonstrated that WPI coatings load more phages than the control and enhanced phage stability during cold storage (4 °C) for cut apples and whole cherry tomatoes. Phage stability decreased by 1 to 3 log(PFU) in a simulated gastric environment. Phage antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli BL21 decreased 2 to 4 log(CFU) of bacteria on cut apples and whole cherry tomatoes, while no significant bacterial reduction was observed for sliced cucumbers. Overall, the results show that WPI dip coating provides phage loading, stability, and antimicrobial activity to produce surfaces compared to the control coating, and thus may be considered an effective approach for extending phage therapy on fresh produce.

Practical Application

The practical application is to prevent bacterial cross contamination of fresh produce by using a combination of edible coating with bacteriophages. The results demonstrate enhanced loading and stability of phages on fresh produce when used in combination with an edible coating.
Effect of Goat and Cow Milk Ratios on the Physicochemical, Rheological, and Sensory Properties of a Fresh Panela Cheese
Authors: Ramírez‐López Carolina , Vélez‐Ruiz Jorge Fernando
Published: June 2018

Fresh cheeses, Panela type, were manufactured from cow milk and with goat milk incorporation, constituting 4 blends of milks (G10:C90, G20:C80, G30:C70, G40:C60, v/v). The cheeses were analyzed to determine the effect of the different goat milk ratios on the physicochemical, textural, rheological, and sensory properties over 15 d of storage. Significant differences in protein (14.6% to 18.5%), fat (13.0% to 19.4%), and moisture contents (51.7% to 61.3%), pH (6.38 to 6.67), color (Lh > 64.4, ah > 1.06, bh > 5.14), textural (σf > 14.8 kPa, εC: 0.77 to 0.79, elasticity modulus > 13.5 kPa), and rheological parameters (G′ > G′′, G′: 10.6 to 31.9 kPa, G′′: 2.39 to 7.31 kPa, tan δ: 0.21 to 0.24) were detected as a function of the milks ratio, as well as a function of the storage time. The incorporation of goat milk improved the overall quality in the formulation of Panela cheese, enhancing the texture, flavor and aroma, commonly associated with hand‐crafted cheeses when they are used in the proper ratio. Furthermore, the nutritional value of the cheese is increased with the incorporation of goat milk, which can contribute to a better consumer health.
Migration of Water in Litopenaeus Vannamei Muscle Following Freezing and Thawing
Authors: Deng Qi , Wang Yaling , Sun Lijun , Li Jianrong , Fang Zhijia , Gooneratne Ravi
Published: June 2018

Water and protein are major constituents of shrimp, any changes in protein and the state of water influence the quality of shrimp. Therefore, a study to examine the law of moisture migration and protein denaturation under different freezing and thawing conditions is important. The proton density images of thawed frozen‐shrimp revealed that the water loss during quick‐freezing was much greater than that during slow freezing or microfreezing. At room temperature (25 °C), the water loss from brine‐thawing was more than still‐water thawing and still‐water thawing was more than thawing spontaneously. Freezing‐thawing resulted in uniform water redistribution in shrimp muscle. Nuclear magnetic resonance technology (low field magnetic imaging) was used to directly monitor the dynamic processes of fluidity state in shrimp and indirectly monitor protein denaturation and thereby determine the optimal method of freezing‐thawing shrimp. Our research showed that microfreezing preservation minimized weight loss, juice leakage and protein denaturation in shrimp muscle during thawing.

Practical Application

Water is one of the major components in most organs and is an important factor that influences the shrimp muscle quality. Water migration patterns and subsequent effects on the shrimp muscle under different freezing and thawing conditions were examined using low field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology. This research provides a theoretical foundation for shrimp processing plants to improve the freezing and thawing process to obtain optimal quality and flavor of shrimp products.
Life satisfaction and diet in transition: evidence from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey
Authors: Huffman Sonya K. , Rizov Marian
Published: June 2018

This article develops a theoretical framework and provides empirical evidence on the impacts of diet and lifestyles on life satisfaction in Russia using 1995–2005 data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey. Our results suggest that diet measured as calories, fat, protein, and diversity of food consumption has a statistically significant effect on life satisfaction levels of the Russian population. In addition, living in a region with higher per capita income increases population's life satisfaction. While living in a rural area, having health problems, and having young children affect individual life satisfaction in Russia in a negative and statistically significantly way. Life satisfaction is also positively correlated with education and income, and negatively with unemployment. Better understanding of the drivers of life satisfaction and more generally of subjective well‐being in Russia can assist in the government decision‐making processes, including the allocation of scarce resources and the design of public health policies.
Sensitivity of geomorphons to mapping specific landforms from a digital elevation model: A case study of drumlins
Authors: Sărășan Adriana , Józsa Edina , Ardelean Adrian C. , Drăguț Lucian
Published: June 2018

The current paper explores the suitability of geomorphons for the automatic extraction of drumlins. To calibrate the geomorphons to the size of drumlins, it is necessary to optimally define the maximum scale of mapping, i.e., the lookup distance parameter (L). Therefore, based on the concept of topographic grain, we introduce a new automated approach for identifying the specific threshold of L (13 cells) and assessing its potential to generate consistent and accurate results in drumlin extraction. Following an object‐based image analysis (OBIA) routine, a new method for mapping and detecting drumlins is proposed. The aggregated geomorphons map was employed both as a thematic layer for image segmentation and as a first criterion for the identification of drumlin candidates. The classification results were quantitatively compared with the reference data in order to evaluate the performance of the drumlin classification, by using five additional L values (3, 50, 100, 200, 400 cells). The evaluation revealed that the highest drumlin detection rate of 91.7% was reached at an L value of 13 cells (65 m), while the lowest value of 84.3% was reached at the default value (L‐3 cells). We conclude that the use of the automated procedure for the detection of the L value is useful in achieving a rapid computation of geomorphons, which leads to consistent and accurate results in drumlin extraction. A comparison with previous OBIA methods suggests that the proposed approach produced the most accurate extraction of drumlins.
Performance of rapid prescreening and 100% rapid review as internal quality control methods for cervical cytopathology
Authors: Tobias A. H. G. , Vitalino A. C. , Rezende M. T. , Oliveira R. R. R. , Coura‐Vital W. , Amaral R. G. , Carneiro C. M.
Published: June 2018

Background

An objective of quality control for cervical cytopathology is reducing high rates of false‐negative results of laboratory tests. Therefore, methods to review smears such as rapid prescreening and 100% rapid review, which have shown better performance detecting false‐negative results, have been widely used. The performance of rapid prescreening and the performance of 100% rapid review as internal quality control methods for cervical cytology examinations were evaluated.

Methods

For 24 months, 9318 conventional cervical cytology smears underwent rapid prescreening and routine screening. The 100% rapid review method was performed for 8244 smears classified as negative during routine screening. Any discordant results underwent detailed review to define the final diagnosis. This was considered the gold standard for evaluating the performance of rapid prescreening and 100% rapid review.

Results

Routine screening showed increases of 13.3% and 11.5% in the detection of abnormal smears with rapid prescreening and 100% rapid review, respectively. The relative percentage variation showed a 38.1% increase in the diagnosis of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance with routine screening and rapid prescreening and a 12.5% increase in the diagnosis of atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion with both rapid prescreening and 100% rapid review. Sensitivity rates of rapid prescreening and routine screening were 48.2% and 83.2%, respectively. Sensitivity rates of rapid prescreening and 100% rapid review were 65.7% and 57.8%, respectively, for detecting false‐negative results.

Conclusions

Inclusion of rapid prescreening and/or 100% rapid review improved the diagnostic sensitivity of the cervical cytology examination and reduced false‐negative results of routine screening and can provide good quality control.
Postural control during reaching while sitting and general motor behaviour when learning to walk
Authors: Boxum Anke G , La Bastide‐Van Gemert Sacha , Dijkstra Linze‐Jaap , Furda Anna , Reinders‐Messelink Heleen A , Hadders‐Algra Mijna
Published: June 2018

Aim

To study changes in muscular postural strategies and general motor behaviour during the transition to independent walking. Postural control was assessed at its two functional levels: (1) direction specificity, in which dorsal muscles are primarily activated when reaching forward; and (2) fine‐tuning of direction specificity.

Method

In an explorative longitudinal study, surface electromyograms of the arm, trunk, and neck muscles of 28 typically developing infants were recorded during reaching while sitting. Each infant was assessed in three developmental phases: during pull‐to‐stand (T0), first independent steps (T1), and 1 month after T1 (T2). Motor behaviour was assessed using the Infant Motor Profile (IMP). The effect on developmental outcome measures (postural parameters and IMP) of the developmental phases (T0, T1, T2) was estimated using linear mixed‐effects models.

Results

None of the postural parameters changed significantly over time. However, individual developmental trajectories showed infant‐specific postural reorganizational changes. Total IMP score decreased between T0 and T1 (mean IMP score 95% and 91% respectively; p<0.001); between T1 and T2 IMP scores did not change (91% and 93%; p=0.073).

Interpretation

Typically developing infants do not show consistent patterns of postural reorganization but show individual muscular strategies during the transition to independent walking. However, signs of reorganization of general motor behaviour are present.

What this paper adds

Infants show signs of reorganization of motor behaviour when learning to walk.

Infants show individual strategies of postural reorganization when learning to walk.
The effects of soft tissue procedures for internal hip rotation in cerebral palsy
Authors: de Morais Filho Mauro César
Published: June 2018

This commentary is on the original article by Niklasch et al. on pages 1033–1037 of this issue.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy and caregiver burden: a systematic review
Authors: Landfeldt Erik , Edström Josefin , Buccella Filippo , Kirschner Janbernd , Lochmüller Hanns
Published: June 2018

Aim

To conduct a systematic literature review of caregiver burden in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).

Method

We searched Embase, Web of Science, and PubMed for full‐text articles reporting results from studies of caregiver burden in DMD.

Results

We identified 483 unique publications. Of these, 450 were excluded after title and abstract screening, and 12 after full‐text review. A total of 21 articles were included for data synthesis. Results encompassing more than 15 aspects of caregiver burden, investigated through surveys and/or interviews across 15 countries, were identified in the literature. Caregiving in DMD was frequently associated with impaired health‐related quality of life, poor sleep quality, reduced family function, depression, pain, stress, sexual dysfunction, and/or lower self‐esteem, as well as a considerable impact on work life and productivity.

Interpretation

Providing informal care to a patient with DMD can be associated with a substantial burden. Yet, more research is needed to better understand the clinical implications of caregiving in DMD and the relationship between caregiver burden and the progression of the disease. Our data synthesis should be helpful in informing clinical and social support programmes directed to families caring for a patient with DMD.

What this paper adds

A substantial body of evidence describes caregiver burden in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Little is known of the family burden beyond caregivers’ self‐assessments.
Clinical assessment of early brain function in infants with congenital heart disease
Authors: Mebius Mirthe J , Bos Arend F
Published: June 2018

This commentary is on the original article by Hogan et al. on pages 1225–1231 of this issue.
Stability of three classification systems for cerebral palsy: benefits from multicenter collaboration
Authors: Gisel Erika G
Published: June 2018

This commentary is on the original article by Palisano et al. on pages 1026–1032 of this issue.
Optimism, opportunities, outcomes: the Australian Cystic Fibrosis Data Registry
Authors: Ahern Susannah , Sims Geoff , Earnest Arul , C. Bell Scott
Published: June 2018

The Australian Cystic Fibrosis Data Registry is positioning itself as an exemplar of a rare disease registry for the future. While it continues to inform cystic fibrosis (CF) clinicians of patterns of CF disease and quality of care, its capability is increasing as a resource for further research into CF subpopulations, as a platform for clinical trials, and as an interface for patient experiences.
The upconversion luminescence modulation and its enhancement in Er3+‐doped Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 based on photochromic reaction
Authors: Li Kaixuan , Luo Laihui , Zhang Yuanyuan , Li Weiping , Hou Yafei
Published: June 2018

A large and reversible upconversion (UC) luminescence modulation has been found in the Na0.498Bi0.498TiO3:0.002Er (NBT:0.002Er) based on the photochromic reaction. The dependence of luminescence modulation of the ceramics on the wavelength of irradiation light and sintering temperature was investigated. It was found that the optimized sintering temperature and irradiation wavelength were 1130°C and 405 nm, respectively. The highest ΔRt (defined as: ΔRt = (R0 – Rt)/R0×100(%), where R0 and Rt are the initial emission intensity and that after different irradiation time, respectively) value of 44.9% was obtained for the ceramics sintered at 1130°C after irradiation at 405 nm. More importantly, for the poled ceramics, ΔRt value was promoted to a high value of 75.5%, which was 168% of that of the unpoled ones. The mechanism of luminescence modulation and its enhancement via electric field poling were discussed. This study demonstrated that electric field poling was an effective strategy to enhance the PC reaction in the NBT ceramics.
Are Healthy Eating Policies Consistent with Public Reason?
Authors: Bonotti Matteo , Barnhill Anne
Published: June 2018

States are increasingly implementing policies aimed at changing people's dietary habits, such as fat taxes, food bans, and nudges. In this article, we ask whether healthy eating policies are consistent with public reason, the view that state laws and policies should be justified on the basis of reasons that all citizens can accept at some level of idealisation despite their different conceptions of the good. What we intend to explore is an ‘if…, then…’ line of thought: if one is committed to public reason, then may one consistently endorse healthy eating policies? First, we illustrate multiple ways in which contemporary societies are characterised by a reasonable pluralism concerning conceptions of health and values attached to eating practices. Second, we critically assess the implications of three main conceptions of the structure of public reason, i.e. ‘shareability’, ‘intelligibility’ and ‘accessibility’, for the public justifiability of healthy eating policies. We conclude that healthy eating policies are only consistent with public reason under the ‘accessibility’ conception, i.e. if they are based on reasons grounded in shared epistemic and moral evaluative standards, as long as such reasons reflect a reasonable balance of political values and do not overly prioritise or neglect any of these values.
Day‐flying moths are smaller: evidence for ecological costs of being large
Authors: Tammaru Toomas , Johansson Niko R. , Õunap Erki , Davis Robert B.
Published: June 2018

Research on evolutionary forces determining optimal body sizes has primarily relied on experimental evaluation of respective selective pressures. Accounting for among‐species variation through application of phylogenetic comparative methods is a complementary although little used approach. It enables the direct association of body size values with particular environments. Using phylogenetically explicit comparative analyses, we show that small body size is associated with diurnal (rather than nocturnal) activity of adults among temperate species of the moth family Geometridae. The association of an exclusively adult trait with species‐specific body size suggests that optimal body sizes are at least partly determined by the costs being a large adult, as opposed to the more frequently considered costs of attaining large size. It appears likely that size‐selective predation by insectivorous birds is the primary factor responsible for selection against large body size in day‐flying moths.
Directional selection in the evolution of elongated upper canines in clouded leopards and sabre‐toothed cats
Authors: Harano Tomohiro , Kutsukake Nobuyuki
Published: June 2018

Extremely developed or specialized traits such as the elongated upper canines of extinct sabre‐toothed cats are often not analogous to those of any extant species, which limits our understanding of their evolutionary cause. However, an extant species may have undergone directional selection for a similar extreme phenotype. Among living felids, the clouded leopard,Neofelis nebulosa, has exceptionally long upper canines for its body size. We hypothesized that directional selection generated the elongated upper canines of clouded leopards in a manner similar to the process in extinct sabre‐toothed cats. To test this, we developed an approach that compared the effect of directional selection among lineages in a phylogeny using a simulation of trait evolution and approximate Bayesian computation. This approach was applied to analyse the evolution of upper canine length in the Felidae phylogeny. Our analyses consistently showed directional selection favouring longer upper canines in the clouded leopard lineage and a lineage leading to the sabre‐toothed cat with the longest upper canines,Smilodon. Most of our analyses detected an effect of directional selection for longer upper canines in the lineage leading to another sabre‐toothed cat,Homotherium, although this selection may have occurred exclusively in the primitive species. In all the analyses, the clouded leopard andSmilodonlineages showed comparable directional selection. This implies that clouded leopards share a selection advantage with sabre‐toothed cats in having elongated upper canines.
Platelet rich plasma for the management of hair loss: Better alone or in combination?
Authors: Anitua Eduardo , Pino Ander , Jaén Pedro , Navarro Mª Rogelia
Published: June 2018

Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) and autologous protein‐based treatments have recently emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for hair loss‐related disorders including androgenetic alopecia and alopecia areata. The safety and efficacy of repeated intradermal injections of PRP has proved to promote hair growth in a number of randomized clinical trials. Biologically active proteins and cytokines released upon platelet activation have shown to induce folliculogenesis and activate the anagen growing phase of dormant bulbs. Interestingly, further studies have revealed that combining PRP with other hair loss‐related products may enhance the final performance of the treatment. These synergistic approaches include Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs such as finasteride or minoxidil, bioactive macromolecules and cell‐based therapies. Here, recent research involving alone or combined therapy with platelet‐rich plasma for the management of hair loss‐related disorders are outlined and future prospects are discussed.
WHAT MOTIVATES TAX COMPLIANCE?
Authors: Alm James
Published: June 2018

In this paper, I review and assess what we have learned about what motivates individuals to pay – or to not pay – their legally due tax liabilities. I focus on three specific questions. First, what does theory say about what motivates tax compliance? Second, what does the evidence show? Third, how can government use these insights to improve compliance? I conclude with some suggestions – and some predictions – for future research.
Developing goal orientations conducive to learning and performance: An intervention study
Authors: Wang Ying , Wu Chia‐Huei , Parker Sharon K. , Griffin Mark A.
Published: June 2018

Goal orientation is an important psychological attribute for employees, as it has been found to predict a wide range of work‐related outcomes. Although goal orientation has been well‐studied, little is known about the extent to which individuals’ stable, trait‐like goal orientation can be changed and about whether some individuals are more likely than others to engage in such intrapersonal change. In this study, we examined an intervention program designed to change individuals’ trait‐like goal orientation. The results from 132 full‐time managers and professionals participating in a part‐time MBA course revealed that, on average, participants’ performance‐avoid orientation was lessened as a result of the intervention, while there was no overall change in learning orientation, perhaps due to ceiling effects. Furthermore, evidence showed individual variation in these changes. Drawing on adult attachment theory, we investigated and showed the critical role of facilitator support and individuals’ attachment styles in shaping intrapersonal changes in goal orientation. Facilitator support resulted in fostering greater positive change, particularly for individuals with high levels of anxious attachment. Implications are discussed in terms of advancing theories on personality change and goal orientation, as well as designing interventions to support the development of positive psychological attributes.

Practitioner points

Individuals’ trait‐level goal orientation can be changed through a purposefully designed intervention program.

The program helps to significantly reduce participants’ performance‐avoid orientation while maintaining their learning orientation.

Greater support from program facilitators means greater change in participants’ goal orientation, especially for those with high attachment anxiety.
Testing reticulate evolution of fourVitisspecies from East Asia using restriction‐site associated DNA sequencing
Authors: Ma Zhi‐Yao , Wen Jun , Tian Jing‐Pu , Jamal Abbas , Chen Long‐Qing , Liu Xiu‐Qun
Published: June 2018

Reticulate evolution is an important driving force of angiosperm evolution. It has been proposed as an important evolutionary process inVitisL. subgenusVitis. Events of natural hybridization and introgression of several taxa native to North America have been hypothesized and discussed. However, there is no convincing evidence of reticulate evolution reported for closely relatedVitistaxa from East Asia. We aim to explore natural hybridization and introgression among four closely relatedVitistaxa from East Asia (V.amurensisRuprecht,V.romanetiiRomanet du Caillaud,V.shenxiensisC. L. Li, andV.piasezkiiMaximowicz) with the restriction‐site associated DNA sequencing technique. A total of 46 accessions, covering the potential morphological and geographic variation of each species, are sequenced. Our results show a complex evolutionary pattern of the fourVitisspecies. The phylogenetic inference suggests thatV.amurensisis monophyletic, however,V.romanetii,V.shenxiensis, andV.piasezkiido not appear to be monophyletic. Significant signals of introgression in some accessions have been detected by population structure analyses.D‐statistics analysis and population structure analyses support the presence of introgression betweenV.shenxiensis/V.piasezkiiandV.romanetiiin sympatric populations, but a strong signal of admixture has not been recognized between distantly located populations. Our results provide strong evidence of reticulate evolution amongV.romanetii,V.shenxiensis, andV.piasezkii.
Cast away: drift as the main determinant for larval survival in western fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) in headwater streams
Authors: Reinhardt T. , Baldauf L. , Ilić M. , Fink P.
Published: June 2018

Unidirectional drift is amongst the most relevant population regulators in riverine animal populations. Drift occurs randomly, but it can also be a behavioural response to abiotic and biotic stressors, or the result of catastrophic events such as heavy rain. In this study, we investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of larvae of the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) in three headwater streams in the Eifel mountains, Western Germany. We marked 568 salamander larvae to conduct capture–recapture estimates of abundance, and followed their individual fate throughout the season. Population density of larval salamanders along the stream showed both strong temporal and spatial variation. Random drift of salamander larvae was particularly rare, and drift did not result in a size structuring of larval populations in the field. Yet, catastrophic events of high summer precipitation were the best predictor for pulse‐wise restructuring of the salamander larvae's density distribution. Strong discharge coincided with a severe decrease in population density, and thus appears to be the most relevant cause of mortality for salamander larvae. Furthermore, we find strong indications that drift has the potential to influence this species’ evolutionary processes, as well as its ecological prevalence.