bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pilot‐scale evaluation of in situ cometabolic bioremediation of TCE in groundwater using PHOSter® technology
Authors: Eggers Karl W. , Rees Assaf A. , Siegal Joan , Hobbs Rebecca L.
Published: March 2008

A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of PHOSter® technology for treating groundwater contaminated with trichloroethene (TCE) at Edwards Air Force Base, California. The technology consists of injecting a gaseous mixture of air, methane, and nutrients into groundwater with the objective of stimulating the growth of methanotrophs, a naturally occurring microbial group that is capable of catalyzing the aerobic degradation of chlorinated solvents into nontoxic products. Injection operations were performed at one well for a period of three months. Six monitoring wells were utilized for groundwater and wellhead vapor monitoring and for groundwater and microbial sampling. In the five monitoring wells located within 44 feet of the injection well, the following results were observed: dissolved oxygen concentrations increased to a range between 6 and 8 milligrams per liter (μg/L); the biomass of target microbial groups increased by one to five orders of magnitude; and TCE concentrations decreased by an average of 92 percent, and to below the California primary maximum contaminant level (MCL; 5 micrograms per liter [µg/L]) in the well closest to the injection well. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.*

This article is a U.S. Government work and, as such, is in the public domain of the United States of America.
Larval fish catches in the lower Milk River, Montana in relation to timing and magnitude of spring discharge
Authors: Bednarski Julie , Miller Shannon E. , Scarnecchia Dennis L.
Published: March 2008

Larval fishes were sampled in the Milk River, Missouri River drainage, Montana from May to August 2002, 2003 and 2004 to describe temporal spawning distribution in relation to spring discharge. Total larval catch‐per‐unit‐effort (CPUE) in 2002 (28.9 fish/100 m3) was an estimated 29 times greater than in 2003 (0.99 fish/100 m3) and 16 times greater than in 2004 (1.78 fish/100 m3). In 2003 and 2004 more than one third of the total catch occurred before 12 June whereas in 2002, only 5% of the total catch occurred before 12 June. Marked differences in larval species composition were also observed between years, suggesting that a later peak in discharge may benefit some species and an earlier peak others. In 2002, when flows peaked later (at 77 m3 s−1), common carp Cyprinus carpio represented 37% of the total larval catch. Common carp were proportionally less abundant in 2003 (7.2%) and 2004 (1.4%) than in 2002. In 2004, when flows peaked (at 163 m3 s−1) 32 days earlier than in 2002 but only 15 days earlier than in 2003 (at 73 m3 s−1), shorthead redhorse Moxostoma macrolepidotum and suckers Catostomus sp. were the numerically dominant taxa. These results indicate that the timing, not necessarily the magnitude, of peak spring discharge may influence spawning success in the lower Milk River, as indicated by larval fish catches. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrologic spiralling: the role of multiple interactive flow paths in stream ecosystems
Authors: Poole G. C. , O'Daniel S. J. , Jones K. L. , Woessner W. W. , Bernhardt E. S. , Helton A. M. , Stanford J. A. , Boer B. R. , Beechie T. J.
Published: March 2008

We develop and illustrate the concept of ‘hydrologic spiralling’ using a high‐resolution (2 × 2 m grid cell) simulation of hyporheic hydrology across a 1.7 km2 section of the sand, gravel and cobble floodplain aquifer of the upper Umatilla River of northeastern Oregon, USA. We parameterized the model using a continuous map of surface water stage derived from LIDAR remote sensing data. Model results reveal the presence of complex spatial patterns of hyporheic exchange across spatial scales. We use simulation results to describe streams as a collection of hierarchically organized, individual flow paths that spiral across ecotones within streams and knit together stream ecosystems. Such a view underscores the importance of: (1) gross hyporheic exchange rates in rivers, (2) the differing ecological roles of short and long hyporheic flow paths, and (3) the downstream movement of water and solutes outside of the stream channel (e.g. in the alluvial aquifer). Hydrologic spirals underscore important limitations of empirical measures of biotic solute uptake from streams and provide a needed hydrologic framework for emerging research foci in stream ecology such as hydrologic connectivity, spatial and temporal variation in biogeochemical cycling rates and the role of stream geomorphology as a dominant control on stream ecosystem dynamics. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lessons of loss: Meaning‐making in bereaved college students
Authors: Neimeyer Robert A. , Laurie Anna , Mehta Tara , Hardison Heather , Currier Joseph M.
Published: March 2008

The authors discuss lessons from a multifaceted research program focused on how individuals find meaning in the wake of loss experiences. These lessons offer guidance to help bereaved students make sense of bereavement and move beyond grief to growth.
A theory of prestressed thermoelastic Cosserat continua
Authors: Ieşan D.
Published: March 2008

This paper presents a theory of Cosserat thermoelastic solids with initial stresses, initial couple stresses, and initial heat flux. First, the equations governing the infinitesimal deformations superposed on large deformations of Cosserat thermoelastic bodies are established. Then, a linear theory of prestressed Cosserat continua with initial heat flux is derived. The continuous dependence of the solutions upon initial data and body supplies is established.
Gene Diagnosis and Prognostic Significance of Lymph Node Micrometastasis after Complete Resection of Histologically Node‐negative Non‐small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Li Shu‐Hai , Wang Zhou , Liu Xiang‐Yan , Liu Fan‐Ying
Published: March 2008

Background

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of lymph node micrometastasis (LNMM) based on the detection of MUC1 mRNA, and assess the impact of these micrometastases on prognosis after resection of pathologic N0 (pN0) non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods

The subjects were 89 patients who underwent complete resection of pN0 NSCLC at our department between January 2000 and January 2002. All lymph nodes (402 stations) obtained from these patients were re‐evaluated by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) to detect MUC1 mRNA. The diagnosis of LNMM was based on the detection of MUC1 mRNA. The Kaplan‐Meier method was used to calculate the survival rate, and Cox regression multivariate analysis was performed to determine independent prognostic factors.

Results

Micrometastases were detected in 36 lymph node stations (9.0%) from 21 patients (23.6%). The TNM staging of these 21 patients was upregulated from stage IA–IIB to stage IIIA. The 5‐year survival rate of patients with LNMM was significantly lower than that of patients without LNMM (23.8% versus 44.1%; p < 0.05). The results of multivariate analysis confirmed that T status, histology, and LNMM were independent prognostic factors.

Conclusions

The prevalence of LNMM in patients with pN0 NSCLC was 23.6% (21/89). T status, histology, and LNMM were independent prognostic factors.
An Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Composite as a Coating Agent
Authors: Kuroda Akihiro , Joly Pascal , Shibata Naoki , Takeshige Hikari , Asakura Kouichi
Published: March 2008

An organic–inorganic hybrid composite for use as a coating agent was prepared by mixing linseed oil with hydrophobic octylsilyl titanium dioxide particles having an average diameter of 35 nm (OSI‐TIO2‐35) in volatile silicone. The weight ratio of linseed oil with OSI‐TIO2‐35 was varied from 2:8 to 8:2 and the mixture was spread on a glass plate by dragging an applicator across it. After storing in the oven at 60 °C for 2 days, the composite having the weight ratio of OSI‐TIO2‐35 with linseed oil at 8:2 exhibited very high water‐repellent properties having a water contact angle of 148°. Variation of the water contact angle during storage at 60 °C was monitored. It decreased by 10° in the initial 8 h and then increased by 45° over the next 2 days. Composites containing silicone resin, TMSS BY11‐018, instead of linseed oil were also prepared. The sample having a weight ratio of OSI‐TIO2‐35 with TMSS BY11‐018 at 8:2 also exhibited very high water‐repellent properties with a water contact angle of 152°. The highly hydrophobic surface thus prepared by the coating and drying of those organic‐inorganic hybrid composites was easily transferred to highly hydrophilic surfaces by calcination at 500 °C for 3 h.
Asymptotic stability of Oseen vortices for a density-dependent incompressible viscous fluid
Authors: Rodrigues L. Miguel
Published: March 2008

In the analysis of the long-time behavior of two-dimensional incompressible viscous fluids, Oseen vortices play a major role as attractors of
any
homogeneous solution with integrable initial vorticity [T. Gallay, C.E. Wayne, Global stability of vortex solutions of the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equation, Commun. Math. Phys. 255 (1) (2005) 97–129]. As a first step in the study of the
density-dependent
case, the present paper establishes the asymptotic stability of Oseen vortices for slightly inhomogeneous fluids with respect to localized perturbations.

Les tourbillons d'Oseen occupent une place majeure dans la description du comportement asymptotique en temps des fluides bidimensionnelles incompressibles et visqueux, en tant qu'attracteurs de
toute
solution homogène de vorticité initiale intégrable [T. Gallay, C.E. Wayne, Global stability of vortex solutions of the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equation, Commun. Math. Phys. 255 (1) (2005) 97–129]. Première étape dans l'analyse du cas
inhomogène
, cet article établit la stabilité asymptotique des tourbillons d'Oseen, vis-à-vis de perturbations localisées, en tant que fluides à densité variable.
Proximal suction tracheotomy tube reduces aspiration volume
Authors: Coffman Heather M. S. , Rees Catherine J. , Sievers Ann E. F. , Belafsky Peter C.
Published: March 2008

Objective

Conventional cuffed tracheotomy tubes do not prevent aspiration of secretions. Aspiration of saliva may be decreased with the use of a subglottic suction port.

Study Design

Prospective.

Methods

Shiley Disposable Cuffed Tracheotomy (DCT) tubes sizes 4, 6, and 8 (Tyco Healthcare, Pleasanton, CA) were compared to Portex Blue Line Ultra Suctionaid (BLUS) tracheotomy tubes sizes 6, 7, and 8 (Fig 1; Smiths Medical, Watford, UK). All tubes were tested in a simulated tracheal model using 10 cc of human saliva with no suction, intermittent suction, and constant suction (15 minutes).

Results

There was a significant decrease in aspirate between the larger Shiley and BLUS tubes with intermittent suction (mean 8.38 mL Shiley 6 vs 1.60 mL BLUS 7; 8.50 mL Shiley 8 vs 2.80 mL BLUS 8). There was a significant decrease in aspirate between all sizes of Shiley and BLUS tubes with continuous suction. For BLUS 7 and 8, there was a significant difference between intermittent suction (mean, 1.60 mL, 2.80 mL, respectively) and continuous suction (mean, 0.20 mL, 0.60 mL respectively). Shiley and BLUS without suction were equivalent.

Conclusion

Subglottic suction tracheotomy tubes reduce the risk of aspiration beyond the cuff in a bench‐top model.
Enhanced hearing in heat‐activated‐crimping prosthesis stapedectomy
Authors: Tenney Justin , Arriaga Moisés A. , Chen Douglas A. , Arriaga Rebecca
Published: March 2008

Objectives

Compare short‐term hearing outcomes with a heat‐activated‐crimping versus manual‐crimping stapedectomy prosthesis.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Setting

Tertiary care neurotology referral center.

Patients

219 charts reviewed.

Intervention

Laser stapedectomy.

Main Outcome Measures

Audiometric.

Methods

Retrospective study comparing postoperative hearing in manual‐crimp prostheses stapedectomies versus heat‐activated‐crimp prostheses stapedectomies.

Results

Of the 219 patients reviewed, 94 met inclusion criteria for the study, with 47 receiving manual‐crimp prosthesis and 47 receiving heat‐activated‐crimp prosthesis. Short‐term poststapedectomy air‐bone gaps, long‐term air‐bone gaps, long‐term pure‐tone averages, and long‐term air‐bone gap closures were significantly better for heat‐activated‐crimp versus manual‐crimp prostheses.

Conclusion

Heat‐activated‐crimping prostheses demonstrated enhanced stapedectomy hearing outcomes versus manual‐crimping prostheses on short‐ and long‐term follow‐up. Three‐dimensional reorientation of the heat‐activated prosthesis may enhance the hearing outcome; however, theoretical nickel allergy considerations, effects of case selection, follow‐up duration, possible eventual loosening of the heat‐activated crimp, and long‐term incus necrosis are considerations requiring continued longitudinal analysis.
Botulinum toxin for radiation‐induced facial pain and trismus
Authors: Dana M Hartl , Cohen Myriam , Morbize Juliéron , Marandas Patrick , Janot Franéois , Bourhis Jean
Published: March 2008

Objective

To report the efficacy of botulinum toxin A for radiation‐induced pain, trismus, and masticator spasm in head and neck cancer.

Patients and Methods

This prospective nonrandomized study included patients in complete remission with radiation‐induced pain and trismus with or without masticator spasms. Fifty units of Botox (Allergan) or 250 units of Dysport (Ipsen) were injected transcutaneously into the masseter muscles. Jaw opening was measured and patients answered 20 questions about jaw opening, pain, and cramps, before injection at 1 month.

Results

Nineteen patients (7 women, 12 men) were included. Median time after radiation therapy was 5 years (range, 11 months to 22 years). At 1 month, no significant increase in jaw opening was recorded. Improvement was noted in the functional domain (P = 0.004), for pain (P = 0.002) and cramps (P = 0.004), but not in the social (P = 0.83) or emotional (P = 0.43) domains. No side effects occurred.

Conclusions

Botulinum toxin did not improve trismus but significantly improved pain scores and masticator spasms (oromandibular dystonia).
Cervical spine causes for referred otalgia
Authors: Jaber James J. , Leonetti John P. , Lawrason Amy E. , Feustel Paul J.
Published: March 2008

Objective

Present experience in diagnosis and treatment for referred otalgia secondary to cervical spine degenerative disease (CSDD).

Study Design

A retrospective study of 123 patients with ear pain.

Subjects and Methods

All patients had a normal otologic examination and diagnosed with unspecified otalgia. The causes for referred otalgia were categorized into Group I: otalgia from non–cervical spine disease (n = 72), and Group II: cervical spine disease–referred otalgia (n = 51). Pain relief following cervical spine physical therapy (CSPT) was assessed.

RESULTS: The most common cause for referred otalgia in Group I was Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction (46%); most common cervical spine finding in Group II was CSDD (88%). CSPT in those documented patients all reported subjective pain relief.

Conclusion

As the population in America ages, CSDD in the elderly will begin to emerge as a major etiologic source for referred otalgia. With a targeted medical history and physical examination one can use directed studies to diagnose CSDD‐referred otalgia, and this pain can be alleviated with CSPT.
MONSTRE SACRÉ:THE QUESTION OF CULTURAL IMPERIALISM AND THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE
Authors: ENGLUND STEVEN
Published: March 2008

This review considers, first, current work on the Napoleonic Empire dealing with Switzerland, the three parts of ‘Germany’ (the Rhineland, the ‘Third Germany’, Prussia), Spain, and the so-called ‘national’ question(s) in these countries and regions. It next focuses on recent work on the three parts of ‘Italy’ (the Kingdom of Italy, the départements réunis, and the Kingdom of Naples). But the main body of the review concentrates on the work of Michael Broers: not only his new and remarkable conceptualization of the Empire as containing ‘inner’, ‘outer’, and ‘intermediate’ zones, but also his creative if controversial application of post-modern colonial theory to an analysis of the French in Italy. The review suggests that Broers, for all his brilliance and mastery, has perhaps pressed his arguments and conclusion beyond his evidence base. The latter, while extensive, is too limited to just French perceptions of Italians before 1815, and does not extensively consider Italian reactions to the French presence; nor does it provide significant evidence to buttress Broers's far-reaching conclusions about nineteenth- and twentieth-century Italy.
Differences among fish assemblages associated with a nearshore vermetid reef and two other rocky habitats along the shores of Cape Milazzo (northern Sicily, central Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Consoli P. , Romeo T. , Giongrandi U. , Andaloro F.
Published: March 2008

Fish assemblages associated with shallow rocky bottoms along the coast of Cape Milazzo were investigated within three selected habitats, each represented by a different degree of complexity and namely vermetid reef (VR), rocky-algal reef (RR) and boulder and pebbles (BP). The area, located along the northern coast of Sicily (southern Tyrrhenian Sea) was studied by using a non-destructive diver visual census methodology evaluating species composition and abundance. A total of 39 fish taxa belonging to 15 families were recorded over the three habitats investigated. Multivariate and univariate approaches detected significant differences among the three habitats. These differences were either in fish assemblage structure, in the assemblage parameters or in the abundances of some common species. A multidimensional scaling performed on the entire fish density data set showed distinct groupings for the three habitats. The highest values of mean species richness (S), diversity (H′), evenness (J) and density (N) occurred over the more complex habitat, represented by VR, than over rocky-algal reef habitat or BP. Different habitat preferences were evidenced for several fish species.Diplodus sargus,Serranus scriba,Tripterygion tripteronotus,T. delaisiandT. melanuruswere significantly more abundant over VR whereasThalassoma pavoandSymphodus tincawere more abundant both over VR and BP habitats. Statistical comparison did not detect habitat preferences inSymphodus roissali,Oblada melanura,Diplodus vulgarisandSarpa salpa. As far as the size is concerned, small, medium and large-sized specimens ofD. sargusand only large-sized individuals ofD. vulgariswere significantly more abundant over the VR habitat side than over the other two. These results suggest that differences in assemblage parameters are related to habitat structure. Greater habitat complexity means greater surface available, thus providing additional resources for adults and juveniles of many species: food, cavities, caves and then new niches, refuges from predation, from artisan fishery nets, as well as resting or mating sites, boosting the total number of individuals and species. The results of this study highlight the importance of VR in sustaining the biodiversity of fish assemblages and emphasize the need for their careful management in an area already proposed as a Site of Community Interest.
Spawning and fecundity of Jenyns's sprat, Ramnogaster arcuata, a winter spawner in the temperate waters of the Río de la Plata estuary, Argentina–Uruguay
Authors: Rodrigues Karina A. , Macchi Gustavo J. , Acha Eduardo M. , Militelli María I.
Published: March 2008

The reproductive biology of the Jenyns's sprat Ramnogaster arcuata in the Río de la Plata area was studied using macroscopic and histological analysis of ovaries. Samples were collected during two research surveys carried out in June 1998 and June 1999. In addition monthly occurrences of this species from historical data were analysed. Jenyns's sprat specimens were mainly observed in open waters of the estuary during winter months. Most of the females collected during June 1998 and 1999 were in the spawning stage. This pattern differs from fish that reproduce in the estuarine waters of the Río de la Plata, which spawn during spring and summer. These results suggest that conditions of productivity and larval retention in the estuary also remain during winter months. This characteristic might be useful for R. arcuata larvae in avoiding competition with other estuarine spawners. Jenyns's sprat is a multiple spawner with indeterminate annual fecundity. A preliminary estimate of spawning frequency (N = 220) indicated a daily percentage of females with postovulatory follicles of 17.35%, which suggests that this species spawns on average once every six days. Batch fecundity, estimated from counts of hydrated oocytes from 40 females, ranged from 669 to 2026 hydrated oocytes in 1998 and from 570 to 1830 hydrated oocytes in 1999. Batch fecundity was fitted to a linear function of total body weight (without ovary) in 1999. Mean relative fecundity was 234 hydrated oocytes per female gram (ovary free) in 1998 and 155 hydrated oocytes per female gram (ovary free) in 1999, and no significant relationship was observed between this parameter and female size. The dry weight of 100 hydrated oocytes ranged between 3.9 and 6.3 mg, these values being significantly higher than those estimated for other species of the Río de la Plata estuary.
Macrobenthic fauna in the Ensenada de San Simón (Galicia, north-western Spain)
Authors: Cacabelos E. , Gestoso L. , Troncoso J.
Published: March 2008

Distribution and abundance of the macrobenthic fauna was studied in the intertidal and subtidal soft-bottoms of the Ensenada de San Simón (north-western Spain). Depth and grain size were the most important factors in determining patterns of distribution of the macrozoobenthos. A reduced Macoma community was present in the inner area of the inlet structured in two facies subdivision in the community that does not affect its qualitative composition: the first one was in intertidal areas associated with meadows of the sea grasses Zostera noltii and Z. marina and defined by the dominance of Hydrobia ulvae; the second facies in intertidal sediments was characterized by the dominance of Tubificidae and nematodes and Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata. The poverty of these bottoms in number of species can be due to salinity fluctuations and human activities developed in the area. Subtidal bottoms were characterized by a Syndosmya(=Abra)alba community. Two facies were detected: one facies located in shallow subtidal bottoms with H. ulvae and Thyasira flexuosa as characteristic species, and a second facies in deeper areas, characterized by the polychaetes Ampharete finmarchica, P. paucibranchiata, Aphelochaeta marioni, Melinna palmata and Paradoneis lyra.
Biological observations on the gulper shark Centrophorus granulosus (Chondrichthyes: Centrophoridae) off the coast of Galicia (north-western Spain, eastern Atlantic)
Authors: Bañón R. , Piñeiro C. , Casas M.
Published: March 2008

The observed Centrophorus granulosus were caught with bottom trawl and longline between 500 and 1300 m depth off the continental slope of Galicia and the Galician Bank (north-eastern Atlantic) between 1996 and 1998. The main biological data obtained were: a maximum recorded size of 166 cm TL (total length); females mature at 147 cm TL; between 1 and 10 mature oocytes by females of 55–80 mm diameter and as many as 6 pups per litter, and size at birth ranging between 35–47 cm TL. These results differ greatly from those compiled in the literature suggesting different populations or perhaps a possible misidentification.
Gap compensation during accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy in head and neck cancer
Authors: Sanghera Paul , Arnfield John , McConkey Chris , Hartley Andrew
Published: March 2008

Introduction:In squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck, unplanned gaps risk prolongation of the overall treatment time (OTT) and reduction in tumour control. This audit determines whether further acceleration can safely be employed to compensate for missed treatments during accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy.

Methods:Patients receiving accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy for SCC of the head and neck were prospectively audited. Outcome measures were OTT, degree of compensation and acute toxicity determined by incidence of grade 3 mucositis, prolonged grade 3 mucositis, grade 3 dysphagia and pain.

Results:In the 87 patients identified, the dose administered was 55 Gy in 20 fractions (81 patients), 50 Gy in 20 fractions (1 patient) and 50 Gy in 16 fractions (5 patients). Of those patients receiving 20 fractions, 94% completed within 28 days. Grade 3 mucositis was seen in 56 patients (64%). Compensating for unplanned gaps did not result in any significant increase in toxicity. Administering 6 fractions/week, as compensation, was associated with a lower pain score (p= 0.003) as was receiving 2 fractions on the same day (p= 0.0004).

Conclusions:Accelerated hypofractionation is tolerable with most patients completing treatment within the planned OTT. When unplanned gaps occur, then compensation by further acceleration is possible.
Detailed structural image around splay‐fault branching in the Nankai subduction seismogenic zone: Results from a high‐density ocean bottom seismic survey
Authors: Nakanishi Ayako , Kodaira Shuichi , Miura Seiichi , Ito Aki , Sato Takeshi , Park Jin‐Oh , Kido Yukari , Kaneda Yoshiyuki
Published: March 2008

To investigate megathrust earthquake and tsunami generation in a subduction seismogenic zone, it is important to know the detailed structure around the plate boundary and active splay‐fault system. The Nankai Trough, southwestern Japan, is among the best studied subduction zones with splay faults in the world. This paper presents a detailed structural image around the splay fault in the coseismic rupture zone of the 1944 Tonankai earthquake in the central Nankai Trough, based on results from a wide‐angle, high‐density ocean bottom seismograph (OBS) survey. Our seismic image clearly shows for the first time the subduction structure along with the splay‐fault reflections imaged on a previously obtained seismic reflection profile. The correspondence between the splay‐fault reflections imaged on the seismic reflection profile and our reflectivity image was confirmed by converting the time‐migrated section to a depth section by using a velocity model estimated from the wide‐angle OBS data in this study. The high‐resolution seismic image obtained by the high‐density OBS survey demonstrates a zone of low‐velocity gradient just above and along the splay fault. We focused specifically on the detailed structure around the splay fault. A simple amplitude analysis of the wide‐angle reflections showed that it is likely that a thin low‐velocity layer with velocities 0.5–1.5 km/s slower than those in the surrounding rock exists above the splay fault. The presence of this layer suggests elevated fluid pressure in the fault zone, which cut through the relatively homogeneous rock of the accretionary prism and generated past megathrust earthquakes.
Australian winter anticyclonicity, 1850–2006
Authors: Larsen S. H.
Published: March 2008

The latitude, longitude, and longitudinal extent of Australian winter anticyclonicity are reconstructed for the period 1850–2006 using the gridded mean sea level pressure data set of the Met Office (HadSLP2r). The latitude of the system has varied about 29°S, with no long‐term trend evident, while the longitudinal extent has expanded by some 17° and the center pressure increased by some 1.5 hPa.
A New Focus on Supervision: Looking to the Future
Authors: O’Connor Lisa Cabiale
Published: March 2008

This article examines some of our assumptions about clinical supervision, such as, good clinicians automatically make good supervisors, the major role of the supervisor is evaluation, and formal education is not necessary for engaging in supervision. It is important to examine what actions or future directions are necessary so that we do more than just say we recognize supervision as a distinct area of practice. It is time to identify actions professionals and/or the professions need to take in order to ensure quality supervision and, as a result, more effective clinical education. Suggestions include, among others, focusing on increased knowledge and understanding of the supervisory process in speech-language pathology and audiology, acknowledging that education in supervision makes a difference and creates opportunities for professionals to obtain such education, developing and distributing new professional policy documents that focus on supervision, recognizing and promoting a comprehensive definition of the supervisory process, developing tools to evaluate the effectiveness of supervisors, and promoting research that supports the efficacy of supervision in the professions. Supervision is necessary; it is guided by competencies that require training; it is both an art and a science; and, it is a specialty area of the professions.
Identification and Remediation of At-Risk Student Clinicians in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology
Authors: Wilson Martha Wilder , Zylla-Jones Elizabeth
Published: March 2008

The goal of university training programs is to educate speech-language pathology and audiology students to become competent and independent practitioners, with the ability to provide high quality and professional services to the public. This article describes the behaviors of “at-risk” student clinicians, so they may be identified early in their practica and remediation may be implemented. The importance of establishing a student at-risk protocol is discussed as well as a remediation plan for these students. This article summarized the Auburn University Speech and Hearing Clinic’s Student At-Risk Protocol, which may serve as a model for university training programs. The challenges of implementing such a protocol are also discussed.
Collaborating With Tribal Communities and Families to Improve the Social, Emotional, and Linguistic Competence of Young Indigenous Children
Authors: Faircloth Susan C. , Pfeffer Robert
Published: March 2008

Purpose:
The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of an innovative community based participatory based research partnership between a university researcher and a tribal Head Start program. This initiative is aimed at improving communicative competence of young Indigenous children while simultaneously decreasing challenging behaviors.

Method:
The use of community based participatory research is presented as a potential model that speech-language pathologists might follow in developing and implementing interventions when working with indigenous children and families. The article includes recommendations for working collaboratively with schools, early education providers, and communities using lessons learned from the emerging partnership between a university researcher and a tribal Head Start program. Recommendations are made regarding the modification and, when appropriate, the development of speech-language interventions aimed at improving communicative competence, emergent literacy, and social and emotional behavior in both therapeutic and home environments.

Conclusion:
This article is useful for speech-language pathologists who are working to develop and implement culturally and linguistically appropriate speech-language interventions for use in early childhood education and home-based programs in Indigenous communities.
Frequency Modulated (FM) Considerations for Children With Minimal/Mild or Unilateral Hearing Loss
Authors: Mckay Sarah
Published: March 2008

Children with minimal/mild bilateral hearing loss (MBHL) or unilateral hearing loss (UHL) are at risk for academic, speech/language, and social/emotional difficulties, and the provision of FM is a standard recommendation. In this article, various topics relating to FM use by children with MBHL/UHL are discussed. First, the difficulties that some children with MBHL/UHL experience are reviewed. A discussion ensues on the use of FM systems by children with MBHL/UHL and what choices could be considered. Ultimately, each child must be evaluated individually for use of an FM system, as there is no “one size fits all” solution to their communication difficulties. Finally, tips on communicating with children who have MBHL/UHL are reviewed.
Avoiding a Due Process Hearing
Authors: Kreb Roberta
Published: March 2008

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) provides a framework for ensuring students receiving special education and related services receive a free and appropriate education. When provision of that education is called into question, speech-language pathologists may find themselves involved in a due process hearing. By maintaining solid documentation of services provided and being clear communicators, speech-language pathologists will be prepared for a due process hearing.
Coding for Evaluation and Treatment
Authors: Kander Mark , White Steve
Published: March 2008

This article explains the development and use of ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes, CPT procedure codes, and HCPCS supply/device codes. Examples of appropriate coding combinations, and Coding rules adopted by most third party payers are given. Additionally, references for complete code lists on the Web and a list of voice-related CPT code edits are included. The reader is given adequate information to report an evaluation or treatment session with accurate diagnosis, procedure, and supply/device codes. Speech-language pathologists can accurately code services when given adequate resources and rules and are encouraged to insert relevant codes in the medical record rather than depend on billing personnel to accurately provide this information. Consultation is available from the Division 3 Reimbursement Committee members and from
reimbursement@asha.org
.
Triple excitations in state-specific multireference coupled cluster theory: Application of Mk-MRCCSDT and Mk-MRCCSDT-n methods to model systems
Authors: Evangelista Francesco A. , Simmonett Andrew C. , Allen Wesley D. , Schaefer Henry F. , Gauss Jürgen
Published: March 2008

We report the first implementation with correct scaling of the Mukherjee multireference coupled cluster method with singles, doubles, and approximate iterative triples (Mk-MRCCSDT-n, n=1a,1b,2,3) as well as full triples (Mk-MRCCSDT). These methods were applied to the classic H4, P4, BeH2, and H8 model systems to assess the ability of the Mk-MRCCSDT-n schemes to accurately account for triple excitations. In all model systems the inclusion of triples via the various Mk-MRCCSDT-n approaches greatly reduces the nonparallelism error (NPE) and the mean nonparallelism derivative diagnostics for the potential energy curves, recovering between 59% and 73% of the full triples effect on average. The most complete triples approximation, Mk-MRCCSDT-3, exhibits the best average performance, reducing the mean NPE to below 0.6mEh, compared to 1.4mEh for Mk-MRCCSD. Both linear and quadratic truncations of the Mk-MRCC triples coupling terms are viable simplifications producing no significant errors. If the off-diagonal parts of the occupied-occupied and virtual-virtual blocks of the Fock matrices are ignored, the storage of the triples amplitudes is no longer required for the Mk-MRCCSDT-n methods introduced here. This proves to be an effective approximation that gives results almost indistinguishable from those derived from full consideration of the Fock matrices.
Field cooling dependence of the anisotropy in exchange biased FeF2∕Co films
Authors: Alsmadi A. M. , te Velthuis S. G. E. , Weber Z. J. , Welp U. , Shi H. , Lederman D.
Published: March 2008

The magnetization reversal in exchange biased FeF2/Co films was studied using polarized neutron reflectometry and magneto-optical imaging (MOI). After field cooling in a field H perpendicular to the c axis (the easy axis of FeF2) through the FeF2 Néel temperature, the magnetization curve measured with H parallel to the c axis showed a double loop, one with a positive exchange bias field (HE) and one with a negative HE. This behavior suggests that the antiferromagnet (AFM) is split into two types of domains with HE in opposite directions along the c axis. However, the observation of spin-flip reflectivity in the field region separating the two loops indicates that some rotation of the Co magnetization also occurred during reversal. Concurrently, small inhomogeneous domains with sizes much less than 30μm were observed using MOI. This implies that small AFM domains with opposing HE created during cooling and the resulting frustration of the interface exchange interaction with the ferromagnet are responsible for the perpendicular magnetization during reversal.
High resolution electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of quintet pyridyl-2,6-dinitrene in solid argon: Magnetic properties and molecular structure
Authors: Misochko E. Ya. , Akimov A. V. , Chapyshev S. V.
Published: March 2008

The high resolution X-band electron para magnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum of quintet pyridyl-2,6-dinitrene was recorded after the photolysis of 4-amino-2,6-diazido-3,5-dichloropyridine in solid argon matrix at 15K. This spectrum represents a new type of powder EPR spectra that are characteristic for quintet spin states with zero-field splitting parameters ∣Eq∕Dq∣≈1∕4. All EPR lines of the quintet dinitrene were unambiguously assigned based on the eigenfield calculations of the Zeeman energy levels and angular dependencies of resonance magnetic fields. Owing to the high resolution of the experimental EPR spectrum, zero-field splitting parameters of the quintet dinitrene were determined with a high accuracy: Dq=0.2100±0.0005cm−1 and Eq=−0.0560±0.0002cm−1. These parameters provide correct information regarding the molecular angle Θ and distance r between two triplet sites in the molecule of quintet dinitrene. The measured molecular angle Θ=114.2°±0.2° is in excellent agreement with results of the density functional theory calculations. The analysis of the magnetic parameters shows that the spin population on the nitrene units in the quintet dinitrene is greater than that on the nitrene unit in the triplet nitrene.
The first transport code simulations using the trapped gyro-Landau-fluid model
Authors: Kinsey J. E. , Staebler G. M. , Waltz R. E.
Published: March 2008

The first transport code simulations using the newly developed trapped gyro-Landau-fluid (TGLF) theory-based transport model are presented. TGLF has comprehensive physics to approximate the turbulent transport due to drift-ballooning modes in tokamaks. The TGLF model is a next generation gyro-Landau-fluid model that improves the accuracy of the trapped particle response and the finite Larmor radius effects compared to its predecessor, GLF23. The model solves for the linear eigenmodes of trapped ion and electron modes, ion and electron temperature gradient modes, and electromagnetic kinetic ballooning modes in either shifted circle or shaped geometry. A database of over 400 nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations using the GYRO code has been created. A subset of 83 simulations with shaped geometry has been used to find a model for the saturation levels. Using a simple quasilinear (QL) saturation rule, remarkable agreement with the energy and particle fluxes from a wide variety of GYRO simulations is found for both shaped or circular geometry and also for low aspect ratio. Using this new QL saturation rule along with a new E×B shear quench rule for shaped geometry, the density and temperature profiles have been predicted in over 500 transport code runs and the results compared against experimental data from 96 tokamak discharges. Compared to GLF23, the TGLF model demonstrates better agreement between the predicted and experimental temperature profiles. Surprisingly, TGLF predicts that the high-k modes are found to play an important role in the central core region of low and high confinement plasmas lacking transport barriers.
Correlation between thermodynamic and kinetic fragilities in nonpolymeric glass-forming liquids
Authors: Senkov Oleg N. , Miracle Daniel B.
Published: March 2008

A phenomenological relationship between reduced excess heat capacity of supercooled liquid ΔCpexc(Tg)∕ΔSm at the glass transition temperature Tg, fragility index m, and reduced glass transition temperature Trg=Tg∕Tm, where Tm is the melting (liquidus) temperature, was derived for fragile nonpolymeric glass-forming liquids under the assumptions that the fragile behavior of these liquids is described by the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann (VFT) equation; the excess heat capacity of liquid is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature and the VFT temperature T0 is equal to the Kauzmann temperature TK. It was found that ΔCpexc(Tg)∕ΔSm is a composite function of m and Trg, which indicates that the empirical correlation ΔCpexc(Tg)∕ΔSm=0.025m recently identified by Wang et al. [J. Chem Phys. 125, 074505 (2006)] is probably valid only for liquids which have nearly the same values of Trg.
Depth dependence of ultraviolet curing of organosilicate low-k thin films
Authors: Kim Taek-Soo , Tsuji Naoto , Kemeling Nathan , Matsushita Kiyohiro , Chumakov Dmytro , Geisler Holm , Zschech Ehrenfried , Dauskardt Reinhold H.
Published: March 2008

UV radiation curing has emerged as a promising postdeposition curing treatment to strengthen organosilicate interlayer dielectric thin films. We provide the evidence of film depth dependent UV curing which has important effects on through thickness mechanical and fracture properties. Force modulation atomic force microscopy measurements of the elastic modulus through the thickness of the films revealed evidence of periodic modulations of the glass stiffness which increased in magnitude with UV curing time. Furthermore, while significant increases in fracture energy were observed with UV curing time at the top of the organosilicate film, much lower increases were observed at the bottom. The increase in fracture energy with UV curing was film thickness dependent. The cohesive fracture resistance was less sensitive to UV curing. Possible explanations for the stiffness modulations through the film thickness involving UV light interference or phase separation by spinodal decomposition during the cure process are described.
Effect of heat release on turbulence and scalar-turbulence interaction in premixed combustion
Authors: Hartung G. , Hult J. , Kaminski C. F. , Rogerson J. W. , Swaminathan N.
Published: March 2008

Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry and planar laser induced fluorescence measurements of hydroxyl radical are simultaneously applied to measure, respectively, local turbulence intensities and flame front position in premixed ethylene-air flames stabilized on a bluff body. Three different equivalence ratios, 0.55, 0.63, and 0.7, and three different Reynolds numbers, 14 000, 17 000, and 21 000, are considered. Laser measurements were made for five different flame configurations within the ranges above and in the corresponding cold flows. By comparing the measurements of the cold and the corresponding hot flows, the effect of heat release on the turbulence and its interaction with the flame front is studied. All the flames are in the thin reaction zone regime. Typical flow features forming behind the bluff body are observed in the cold flows, whereas in the reacting flows the mean velocities and thus the shape, size, and characteristics of the recirculating eddy behind the bluff body are strongly influenced by the heat release. The strong acceleration across the mean flame and the radial outward shift of the stagnation plane of the recirculating eddy yield negative radial velocities which are absent in the corresponding cold flow cases. The spatial intermittency of the flame front leads to an increase in the turbulent kinetic energy. Although a decrease in the mean and rms values of the strain rate tensor eij components is observed for the reacting case as one would expect, the local flow acceleration across the flame front leads to a substantial increase in the skewness and the kurtosis of the probability density functions (PDFs) of eij components. The turbulence-scalar interaction is studied by analyzing the orientation of the flame front normal with the eigenvectors of eij. The PDFs of this orientation clearly show that the normals have an increased tendency to align with the extensive strain rate, which implies that the scalar gradients are destroyed by the turbulence as the scalar isosurfaces are pulled apart. This result questions the validity of passive scalar turbulence physics commonly used for premixed flame modeling. However, the influence of Lewis number on this alignment behavior is not clear at this time.
Performance enhancement of white-electrophosphorescent devices incorporating a mixed-transition layer
Authors: Wang Yu , Hua Yulin , Wu Xiaoming , Zhang Lijuan , Hou Qingchuan , Yin Shougen , Petty M. C.
Published: March 2008

The performance of white organic light-emitting devices has been improved significantly by incorporating a mixed-transition layer, consisting of the hole-transporting (or electron-transporting) layer doped with the emissive dye. These devices exhibit maximum current and power efficiencies of 13.3cd∕A and 11.3lm∕W, respectively (1.6 and 2 times higher than the corresponding values of devices without the mixed-transition layer), with slightly modified Commission Internationale De L’Eclairage coordinates, from (0.300, 0.371) to (0.312, 0.366). This is attributed to the enhancement of carrier transport by doping, thereby improving both the exciton formation probability and the charge transport balance.
Determination of the electron density in plasma by means of a floating double probe
Authors: Jauberteau J. L. , Jauberteau I.
Published: March 2008

Investigations are performed in a microwave plasma expansion containing argon-nitrogen gas mixture. The purpose of this work is to measure accurate electron density values by means of a floating double probe. We check the accuracy of the different methods developed for the double probe under different experimental conditions in Ar–N2 gas mixture, comparing results to single probe measurements. On the basis of previous works, we propose a simple way to determine the electron density without the knowledge of the plasma potential.
Effects of interfacial polarization on the dielectric properties of BiFeO3 thin film capacitors
Authors: Liu Guo-Zhen , Wang Can , Wang Chun-Chang , Qiu Jie , He Meng , Xing Jie , Jin Kui-Juan , Lu Hui-Bin , Yang Guo-Zhen
Published: March 2008

Epitaxial BiFeO3∕La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (BFO/LSMO) heterostructures were grown on SrTiO3 (001) substrates. Dielectric properties of the BFO thin films were investigated in an In/BFO/LSMO capacitor configuration. The capacitance of the capacitor shows strong dependences on measuring frequency and bias voltage especially in low frequency region (⩽1MHz). By means of complex impedance analysis, it is found that the interfacial polarization caused by space charges in the film/electrode interfaces plays an important role in the dielectric behavior of the capacitor. Our results indicate that the influences of film/electrode interfaces might not be neglected on the dielectric properties of the BFO thin film capacitors.
Resonant terahertz reflection of periodic arrays of subwavelength metallic rectangles
Authors: Lu Xinchao , Han Jiaguang , Zhang Weili
Published: March 2008

We present reflection properties of terahertz pulses in periodic arrays of metallic rectangles of subwavelength dimensions. Resonant reflection is characterized by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and is attributed to the contributions from the dipole localized surface plasmons of isolated metallic rectangles, their interactions between the rectangles, and the nonresonant direct reflection. A number of factors, including the polarization of the terahertz electric field, the shape of the metal structures, the dielectric function of the substrate, and the lattice constant of the arrays are found to influence terahertz reflection properties. The measured resonant reflectance is well fit by numerical simulations.