bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘In One Ear and Out the Other – It's a Lot to Take in’: A Qualitative Study Exploring the Informational Needs of Patients with ANCA‐Associated Vasculitis
Authors: Mooney Janice , Poland Fiona , Spalding Nicola , Scott D. G. I. , Watts Richard A.
Published: July 2012

Objectives

To explore the informational needs of patients with anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody‐associated vasculitis (AAV).

Methods

Three focus groups and eight one‐to‐one interviews were conducted with patients with AAV. A purposeful sample of 15 patients (ten female) [disease: three Churg–Strauss syndrome (CSS); nine granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA); one microscopic polyangiitis (MPA); two polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)] participated in the focus groups. Eight (five female) (disease: three CSS; four GPA; one MPA) participated in the one‐to‐one interviews. A semi‐structured interview guide was used to explore patients’ experiences of informational needs. The focus groups and interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim, and analysed using the framework technique.

Results

Emergent themes were: reaction to diagnosis, need for information on disease management and access to knowledgeable practitioners. When given the initial diagnosis, all patients described themselves as being too ill to take in information and that they later found it difficult to find information. Most information received at diagnosis was in the form of verbal information given by the hospital doctor. Patients wanted positive but truthful information in the form of a booklet.

Conclusions

Receiving the diagnosis of a rare, potentially life‐threatening disease and then dealing with its complex treatment causes anxiety and fear and can impede information retention and recall. Patients want information on diagnosis and treatment but this should be tailored to individual needs, including timing that is appropriate for them. All patients wanted the opportunity to discuss their illness and its management with a knowledgeable healthcare practitioner but also wanted printed forms of information to assimilate at their own pace. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An extended Eulerian method for contacts in Godunov formulations
Authors: Vitali E. , Lomov I. N. , Antoun T. H. , Fujino D. H.
Published: July 2012

This paper offers a new method to treat contacts in Eulerian Godunov formulations. The inadequacy of classic Eulerian formulations to describe contacts behavior is identified in the lack of degrees of freedom. This limitation is overcome by employing a set of state variables per material for the calculation of multi‐material elements and faces. The extra state variables allow for the independent analysis of the materials present in the problem; materials interactions are characterized by introducing contact constraints in the formulation. The locality of the method limits the memory burden. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the necessity of joint adoption of both Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking and Central Maximum Power Point Tracking in PV systems
Authors: Vitelli Massimo
Published: July 2012

In this paper, the main causes that are able to limit the efficiency of Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking (DMPPT) are analyzed in detail. It will be shown that, to get full profit from DMPPT, it is necessary that the bulk inverter voltage belongs to an optimal range whose position and amplitude are functions of the following factors: the number of PV modules and dedicated DC/DC converters in a string, the atmospheric operating conditions characterizing each PV module (irradiance and temperature values), the voltage and current ratings of the physical devices the DC/DC converters are made of, and the adopted DC/DC converter topology. Moreover, it will be given proof of the necessity to couple the DMPPT function with a suitable centralized MPPT function carried out by the inverter through the proper control of its own DC input voltage. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of well‐defined optically active methacrylic diblock copolymers
Authors: Achilleos Mariliz , Kafouris Demetris , Holder Simon J. , Krasia‐Christoforou Theodora
Published: July 2012

A new, simple, and cost‐effective approach toward the development of well‐defined optically active diblock copolymers based on methacrylate monomers is described for the first time. Starting from the low‐cost optically active (S)‐(−)‐2‐methyl‐1‐butanol, a new optically active methacrylic monomer, namely, (S)‐(+)‐2‐methyl‐1‐butyl methacrylate [(S)‐(+)‐MBuMA], was synthesized. Reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization was then used for preparing well‐defined poly[(S)‐(+)‐MBuMA] homopolymers and water‐soluble diblock copolymers based on [(S)‐(+)‐MBuMA] and the hydrophilic and ionizable monomer 2‐(dimethyl amino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA). The respective homopolymers and diblock copolymers were characterized in terms of their molecular weights, polydispersity indices, and compositions by size exclusion chromatography and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Polarimetry measurements were used to determine the specific optical rotations of these systems. The structural and compositional characteristics of micellar nanostructures possessing an optically active core generated by p((S)‐(+)‐MBuMA)‐b‐p(DMAEMA) chains characterized by predetermined molecular characteristics may be easily tuned to match biological constructs. Consequently, the aggregation behavior of the p[(S)‐(+)‐MBuMA]‐b‐p[DMAEMA] diblock copolymers was investigated in aqueous media by means of dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy, which revealed the formation of micelles in neutral and acidified aqueous solutions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Fast annealing and patterning of polymer solar cells by means of vapor printing
Authors: Burgués‐Ceballos Ignasi , Campoy‐Quiles Mariano , Francesch Laia , Lacharmoise Paul D.
Published: July 2012

The viability of vapor printing as a fast annealing treatment for the processing of polymer solar cells is demonstrated. In this method, a carrier gas transporting vapor solvent is delivered through a nozzle promoting self‐assembly of polymer chains. Devices based on poly(3‐hexylthiophene) blended with soluble fullerene are locally exposed during different annealing times to chlorobenzene vapor in a nitrogen flow. This enables finding an optimal nanostructure in promisingly short time‐scales (<5 s of exposure to vapor solvent), which yields a twofold increase in efficiency with respect to as‐cast samples. Moreover, a combined Raman, photometric, and ellipsometric characterization allows to understand why overexposure to vapor solvent reduces the performance. Finally, toluene and 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthalene are also tested using this method, showing different printing efficiencies corresponding to their specific vapor pressures. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Computational strategy for graphene: Insight from odd electrons correlation
Authors: Sheka Elena F.
Published: July 2012

The correlation of odd electrons in graphene turns out to be significant so that the species should be attributed to correlated ones. This finding profoundly influences the computational strategy addressing it to multireference computational schemes. Owing to serious problems related to the schemes realization, a compromise can be suggested using single‐determinant approaches based on either Hartree–Fock or density‐functional theory in the form of unrestricted open‐shell presentation. Both computational schemes enable to fix the electron correlation, whereas only the Hartree–Fock theory suggests a set of quantities to be calculated that can quantitatively characterize the electron correlation and be used for a quantitative description of such graphene properties as magnetism, chemical reactivity, and mechanical response. The article presents concepts and algorithms of the unrestricted Hartree–Fock theory applied for the consideration of magnetic properties of nanographenes, their chemical modification by the example of stepwise hydrogenation, as well as a possible governing the electron correlation by the carbon skeleton deformation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The diameter of a random subgraph of the hypercube
Authors: Kulich Tomáš
Published: July 2012

In this paper we present an estimation for the diameter of random subgraph of a hypercube. In the article by A. V. Kostochka (Random Struct Algorithms 4 (1993) 215–229) the authors obtained lower and upper bound for the diameter. According to their work, the inequalities n + mp ≤ D(Gn) ≤ n + mp + 8 almost surely hold as n → ∞, where n is dimension of the hypercube and mp depends only on sampling probabilities. It is not clear from their work, whether the values of the diameter are really distributed on these 9 values, or whether the inequality can be sharpened. In this paper we introduce several new ideas, using which we are able to obtain an exact result: D(Gn) = n + mp (almost surely). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2012
An experimental and theoretical view of energetic C60 cluster bombardment onto molecular solids
Authors: Brenes Daniel A. , Postawa Zbigniew , Wucher Andreas , Blenkinsopp Paul , Garrison Barbara J. , Winograd Nicholas
Published: July 2012

Recent experimental measurements and calculations performed by molecular dynamics computer simulations indicate, for highly energetic C60 primary ions bombarding molecular solids, the emission of intact molecules is unique. An energy‐ and angle‐resolved neutral mass spectrometer coupled with laser photoionization techniques was used to measure the polar angle distribution of neutral benzo[a]pyrene molecules desorbed by 20‐keV C60+ primary ions and observed to peak at off‐normal angles integrated over all possible emission energies. Similarly, computer simulations of 20‐keV C60 projectiles bombarding a coarse‐grained benzene system resulted in calculations of nearly identical polar angle distributions. Upon resolving the measured and calculated polar angle distributions, sputtered molecules with high kinetic energies are the primary contributors to the off‐normal peak. Molecules with low kinetic energies were measured and calculated to desorb broadly peaked about the surface normal. The computer simulations suggest the fast deposition of energy from the C60 impact promotes the molecular emission by fluid‐flow and effusive‐type motions. The signature of off‐normal emission angles is unique for molecules because fragmentation processes remove molecules that would otherwise eject near normal to the surface. Experimental measurements from a Ni {001} single crystal bombarded by 20‐keV C60+ demonstrate the absence of this unique signature. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous Observation of the Lever Arm and Head Explains Myosin VI Dual Function
Authors: Ikezaki Keigo , Komori Tomotaka , Sugawa Mitsuhiro , Arai Yoshiyuki , Nishikawa So , Iwane Atsuko H. , Yanagida Toshio
Published: July 2012

Myosin VI is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐driven dimeric molecular motor that has dual function as a vesicle transporter and a cytoskeletal anchor. Recently, it was reported that myosin VI generates three types of steps by taking either a distant binding or adjacent binding state (noncanonical hand‐over‐hand step pathway). The adjacent binding state, in which both heads bind to an actin filament near one another, is unique to myosin VI and therefore may help explain its distinct features. However, detailed information of the adjacent binding state remains unclear. Here simultaneous observations of the head and tail domain during stepping are presented. These observations show that the lever arms tilt forward in the adjacent binding state. Furthermore, it is revealed that either head could take the subsequent step with equal probability from this state. Together with previous results, a comprehensive stepping scheme is proposed; it includes the tail domain motion to explain how myosin VI achieves its dual function.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Five New Coordination Polymers Based on Benzophenone‐2, 4′‐dicarboxylic Acid and N‐Donor Spacers
Authors: Xu Jiakun , Sun Xiaochun , Fan Yuhua , Bi Caifeng , Sun Mi
Published: July 2012

Five new coordination polymers, namely, [Ni2(L)2(4, 4′‐bipy)3)]·H2O]n (1), [Ni2(L)2(O) (bpp)2]n (2), [Zn(L)(bib)0.5]n (3), [Zn(L)(PyBIm)]n (4), and [Zn3(L)2(OH)(im)]n (5) [H2L = benzophenone‐2, 4′‐dicarboxylic acid, 4, 4′‐bipy = 4, 4′‐bipyridine, bpp = 1, 3‐bis(4‐pyridyl)propane, PyBIm = 2‐(4‐pyridyl)benzimidazole, and im = imidazole] were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Structure determination revealed that compound 1 is a 3D network and exhibits a 4‐connected metal‐organic framework with (42.63.8) topology, whereas compounds 2, 3, 4, and 5 are two‐dimensional layer structures. In compounds 2–4, dinuclear metal clusters are formed through carboxylic groups. In compound 5, trinuclear metal clusters are formed through μ3‐OH and carboxylic groups. The carboxylic groups exhibit three coordination modes in compounds 1–5: monodentately, bidentate‐chelating, and bis‐monodentately. Furthermore, the luminescent properties for compounds 3, 4, and 5 were investigated.
New Quaternary Alkali‐Metal Hypodiphosphate Hydrates: Preparation, Crystal Structure, Vibrational Spectrum, and Thermal Behavior of K4P2O6·8H2O and Na2K2P2O6·8H2O in Comparison to Na4P2O6·10H2O
Authors: Gjikaj Mimoza , Wu Peng , Brockner Wolfgang
Published: July 2012

Single crystals of the alkali‐metal hypodiphosphates K4P2O6·8H2O (1) and Na2K2P2O6·8H2O (2) could be obtained and their crystal structures determined. The compounds 1 and 2 crystallize isotypic in the orthorhombic space group Pbca (no. 61) with four formula units in the unit cell. The crystal structures are built up by discrete [P2O6]4– units in an ethane‐like staggered conformation, by the corresponding alkali‐metal cations and water molecules. FT‐IR/FIR and FT‐Raman spectra of the crystalline title compounds were recorded and a complete assignment for the [P2O6]4– modes is proposed. Raman spectra of aqueous hypodiphosphate solutions deliver additional polarization data supporting the band assignment. Compounds 1 and 2 show a complete H2O loss in case of slow heating avoiding the formation of a hydrate melt.
Moving Knowledge into Action: Developing the Rapid Synthesis and Translation Process Within the Interactive Systems Framework
Authors: Thigpen Sally , Puddy Richard W. , Singer Helen Harber , Hall Diane M.
Published: July 2012

The Interactive Systems Framework (ISF) for Dissemination and Implementation presents an overall framework for translating knowledge into action. Each of its three systems requires further clarification and explanation to truly understand how to conduct this work. This article describes the development and initial application of the Rapid Synthesis and Translation Process (RSTP) using the exchange model of knowledge transfer in the context of one of the ISF systems: the Prevention Synthesis and Translation System (see [special issue “introduction” article] for a translation of the Wandersman et al. (Am J Community Psychol 41:3–4, 2008) article using the RSTP). This six‐step process, which was developed by and for the Division of Violence Prevention at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in collaboration with partners, serves as an example of how a federal agency can expedite the transfer of research knowledge to practitioners to prevent violence. While the RSTP itself represents one of the possible functions in the Prevention Synthesis and Translation System, the resulting products affect both prevention support and prevention delivery as well. Examples of how practitioner and researcher feedback were incorporated into the Rapid Synthesis and Translation Process are discussed.

Special Issue: Advances in Bridging Research and Practice Using the Interactive System Framework for Dissemination and Implementation; Guest Editors: Abraham Wandersman, Paul Flaspohler, Catherine A. Lesesne, Richard Puddy; Action Editor: Emilie Phillips Smith
Serum creatinine as a marker of muscle mass in chronic kidney disease: results of a cross‐sectional study and review of literature
Authors: Patel Sapna S. , Molnar Miklos Z. , Tayek John A. , Ix Joachim H. , Noori Nazanin , Benner Deborah , Heymsfield Steven , Kopple Joel D. , Kovesdy Csaba P. , Kalantar-Zadeh Kamyar
Published: July 2012

Background

Higher muscle mass is associated with better outcomes and longevity in patients with chronic disease states. Imaging studies such as dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) are among the gold standard methods for assessing body fat and lean body mass (LBM), approximately half of which is comprised of skeletal muscle mass. Elaborate imaging devices, however, are not commonly available in routine clinical practice and therefore easily accessible and cost‐effective, but reliable muscle mass biomarkers are needed. One such marker is serum creatinine, derived from muscle‐based creatine, which is inexpensive and ubiquitously available, and it can serve as a biomarker of skeletal muscle mass in human subjects.

Methods and results

In 118 hemodialysis patients, we found that the 3‐month averaged serum creatinine concentration correlated well with DEXA‐measured LBM. The recent literature regarding serum creatinine as a surrogate of muscle mass is summarized, as is the literature concerning the use of other measures of muscle mass, such as plasma gelsolin and actin, and urinary creatinine excretion. We have also reviewed the role of dietary meat intake in serum creatinine variability along with several biomarkers of dietary meat intake (creatine, carnitine, carnosine, ophidine, anserine, 3‐methyl‐
l‐histidine and 1‐methylhistidine).

Conclusion

In summary, none of these biomarkers was studied in CKD patients. We advance the hypothesis that in both health and disease, under steady state, serum creatinine can serve as a reliable muscle mass biomarker if appropriate adjustment for full or residual kidney function and dietary meat intake is undertaken.
Proconsuls
Authors: Lord Carnes
Published: July 2012

This book is a study of proconsulship, a form of delegated political-military leadership historically associated with the governance of large empires. Opening with a conceptual and historical analysis of proconsulship as an aspect of imperial or quasi-imperial rule generally, it surveys its origins and development in the late Roman Republic and its manifestations in the British Empire. The main focus is proconsulship in American history. Beginning with the occupation of Cuba and the Philippines after the Spanish-American War, it discusses the role of General Douglas MacArthur in East Asia during and after World War II, the occupation of Germany (focusing on General Lucius Clay), and proconsular leadership during the Vietnam War and the occupation of Iraq and Afghanistan at the turn of the twenty-first century. An additional chapter provides an assessment of the evolution of American political-military command and control and decision making after the end of the Cold War.
Laonici Chalcocondylae Atheniensis historiarum libri decem
Authors: Chalcocondyles Laonicus
Published: July 2012

The Byzantine writer Laonicus Chalcocondyles (c.1430–90) has been described as 'the last Athenian historian'. From a noble Athenian family, he moved to the court of Mistra in the Peloponnese, then ruled by Constantine XI Palaiologos (later the last emperor of Byzantium), and may have been a pupil of Gemistos Plethon. Laonicus' most important work was this 'Apodeixis' or 'setting forth' of the history of the period from 1298 to 1463, during which the Byzantine Empire came under increasing pressure from, and eventually succumbed to, the Ottoman Turks. Laonicus uses the Ancient Greek historians, especially Herodotus, as his models, comparing the fall of Constantinople in 1453 to the fall of Troy. The surviving Greek manuscripts of his work were not well preserved, and for this edition of 1843, the German philologist Immanuel Bekker (1785–1871) collated the various versions and supplied a Latin translation, rendering the work accessible to historians.
Rights of Man. Part the Second. Combining Principle and Practice
Authors: Paine Thomas
Published: July 2012

A major actor in the American Revolution, English intellectual Thomas Paine (1737–1809) is remembered especially for his pamphlet Common Sense (1776; also reissued in this series), which advocates America's independence from Great Britain. A dedicated radical, Paine went on to lend his support to the French Revolution. In 1791, he published Rights of Man in response to Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), a condemnation of the events in France. First published in 1792, this book is a continuation of Rights of Man. While the first volume was a passionate rebuttal of Burke's argument, this book - reissued here in its second edition - develops concrete measures for political reform, proposing novel concepts such as political representation and tax reform to benefit the poor. Widely circulated because of its low price, the book proved immensely influential, and resulted in indictments for seditious libel for Paine and his editor.
Attitude Bias Conversion Model for Mobile Radar Error Registration
Authors: Chen L. , Wang G. H. , Jia S. Y. , Progri I.
Published: July 2012

Besides offset biases (such as range, the gain of range, azimuth, and elevation biases), for mobile radars, platform attitude biases (such as yaw, pitch, and roll biases) induced by the accumulated errors of the Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) of the Inertial Navigation System (INS) can also influence radar measurements. Both kinds of biases are coupled. Based on the analyses of the coupling influences and the observability of 3-D radars’ error registration model, in the article, an Attitude Bias Conversion Model (ABCM) based on Square Root Unscented Kalman Filter (SRUKF) is proposed. ABCM can estimate 3-D radars’ absolute offset biases under the influences of platform attitude biases. It converts platform attitude biases into radar measurement errors, by which the target East-North-Up (ENU) coordinates can be obtained from radar measurements directly without using the rotation transformation, which was usually used in the transition from platform frame to ENU considering attitude biases. In addition, SRUKF can avoid the inaccurate estimations caused by linearization, and it can weaken the adverse influences of the poor attitude bias estimation results in the application of ABCM. Theoretical derivations and simulation results show that 1) ABCM-SRUKF can improve elevation bias estimate accuracy to about 0·8 degree in the mean square error sense; 2) linearization is not the main reason for poor estimation of attitude biases; and 3) unobservability is the main reason.
Ticket Entailment is decidable
Authors: PADOVANI VINCENT
Published: July 2012

We prove the decidability of the logic T→ of Ticket Entailment. This issue was first raised by Anderson and Belnap within the framework of relevance logic, and is equivalent to the question of the decidability of type inhabitation in simply typed combinatory logic with the partial basis BB′IW. We solve the equivalent problem of type inhabitation for the restriction of simply typed lambda calculus to hereditarily right-maximal terms.
SELLING A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE IN LATE QING TIANJIN: COMMERCIAL ADVERTISEMENTS FORWEISHENGPRODUCTS IN THEDAGONG BAO, 1902–1911
Authors: Peng Juanjuan
Published: July 2012

Based on the advertisements in theDagong bao大公報, this article first attempts to understand the concept ofweisheng衛生 as promoted by advertisers, arguing that during the first decade of the twentieth century, when social reformers had already used this old Chinese term to translate the Western concept of hygiene and associated it with public health programs and a stronger state, the general public as consumers in Tianjin continued to understand the concept according to its traditional meaning of “guarding life.” However, new ideas, such as disease-causing germs, cleanliness, and odor, were grafted on to this oldweishengconcept as a result of strong Western influence. Still, Chinese “weisheng” differed from Western “hygiene” even in the context of private health, as foreign ideas were often transformed drastically to fit into the Chinese medical tradition. The second part of this article further explores the consumption activities involving products that were associated with theweishengconcept and discusses three questions: What didweishengproducts include? Who were the consumers ofweishengproducts? And what kind of role did gender play inweishengconsumption?
EMOTION AND THE LANGUAGE OF INTIMACY IN MING CHINA: THESHAN'GEOF FENG MENGLONG
Authors: McLaren Anne E.
Published: July 2012

In recent decades, historians of European history have produced many studies on the history of emotions. Based on the hypothesis that emotions are neither a biological essence nor a universal fixed attribute, they have sought to trace constructions of human emotionality as reflected in literary and other works in a particular society over time. This new sub-discipline, the study of what is often termed “sentimental culture”, has illuminated the interaction between the articulation of an emotional sensibility and significant social trends of the age, including the rise of humanitarian discourse, radical Protestantism, and a destabilizing of sexual norms. From the new perspective of the cultural history of emotion, the modern idea that emotions express individual inwardness and autonomy now appears to be contingent and culture bound. In the case of China, while there has been an abundance of studies of the cult ofqing情 (‘passion, desire’) in the late Ming, there are few works dealing specifically with the historical construction of emotion in pre-modern China, particularly from a linguistic point of view.
An MHD simulation model of time‐dependent co‐rotating solar wind
Authors: Hayashi K.
Published: July 2012

We present a treatment of observation‐based time‐dependent boundary conditions for the inner boundary sphere in the time‐dependent three‐dimensional MHD simulations of the global solar wind. With this boundary treatment, we obtain super‐Alfvenic MHD solutions of time‐dependent co‐rotating solar wind structures. The boundary variables on the inner boundary sphere, at 50 solar radii in this study, are assumed to change linearly from one instant to the next. A new feature is that, in order to maintain the divergence‐free condition of the magnetic field, the changes of the time‐dependent boundary magnetic field are expressed as the potential field in a thin shell volume. The solar magnetic field data from the Wilcox Solar Observatory (WSO) and the solar wind speed data from the interplanetary scintillation (IPS) observations at Nagoya University, Japan, are used as the input boundary data. The solar wind simulated with the time‐dependent boundary condition is compared with the near‐Earth and Ulysses in situ measurement data and the solar wind simulated with the fixed boundary condition over a 7‐month period in 1991. Reasonable agreements with the in situ measurements are obtained. The differences between the two simulations in the interplanetary field line paths are significant. The three‐dimensional time‐dependent MHD solution of the global solar wind will help enhance space weather models and other fields in heliophysics.
Entrainment of sediment particles by retrograde vortices: Test of hypothesis using near‐particle observations
Authors: Wu Fu‐Chun , Shih Wu‐Rong
Published: July 2012

We conduct an experimental study to test the hypothesis that particle entrainment is associated with a passing retrograde vortex (spanwise vortex rotating counter to the mean shear). The pre‐ and post‐entrainment quadrant structures are probed with the laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) at a near‐particle measurement spot, using the shifted‐time cumulative quadrant fraction approach. The results are characterized by a pre‐entrainment spiky rise of the Q1 fraction (outward interactions) and a mild increase of the Q4 fraction (sweeps), followed by the post‐entrainment dominance of the Q4 fraction and a drastic drop of the Q1 fraction. Such results suggest that it is highly probable that particle entrainment is a result of the interactions with a passing retrograde‐vortex‐type coherent structure. The time series of 2‐D velocities at the near‐particle spot consistently exhibit the short‐term peaks present at the time of entrainment. The quadrant signature at an alternative spot one grain diameter upstream of the target particle exhibits a sequence in which the pre‐entrainment dominant Q1 fraction is replaced by the Q4 fraction, followed by a post‐entrainment peak of the Q4 fraction. The results obtained from these two locations confirm the theoretical predictions, showing that different quadrant signatures would be detected at different spots during the passage of a retrograde vortex. We also perform an extra set of experiments, in which the target particle is set in an alternative pocket geometry with diagonal downstream valleys. The similar pre‐entrainment quadrant signatures detected in all the experiments performed with different types of pocket geometry and the unique post‐entrainment quadrant signature detected in those performed with the alternative pocket geometry imply that an obliquely oriented retrograde vortex may have passed, entraining the particle in diagonal directions. The results point to the potential discrepancy in the observed signatures that arises from the misalignment of the velocity measurement plane with the direction of particle entrainment.
Overcoming the stauchwall: Viscoelastic stress redistribution and the start of full‐depth gliding snow avalanches
Authors: Bartelt P. , Feistl T. , Bühler Y. , Buser O.
Published: July 2012

When a full‐depth tensile crack opens in the mountain snowcover, internal forces are transferred from the fracture crown to the stauchwall. The stauchwall is located at the lower limit of a gliding zone and must carry the weight of the snowcover. The stauchwall can fail, leading to full‐depth snow avalanches, or, it can withstand the stress redistribution. The snowcover often finds a new static equilibrium, despite the initial crack. We present a model describing how the snowcover reacts to the sudden transfer of the forces from the crown to the stauchwall. Our goal is to find the conditions for failure and the start of full‐depth avalanches. The model balances the inertial forces of the gliding snowcover with the viscoelastic response of the stauchwall. We compute stresses, strain‐rates and deformations during the stress redistribution and show that a new equilibrium state is not found directly, but depends on the viscoelastic properties of the snow, which are density and temperature dependent. During the stress redistribution the stauchwall encounters stresses and strain‐rates that can be much higher than at the final equilibrium state. Because of the excess strain‐rates, the stauchwall can fail in brittle compression before reaching the new equilibrium. Snow viscosity and the length of the gliding snow region are the two critical parameters governing the transition from stable snowpack gliding to avalanche flow. The model reveals why the formation of gliding snow avalanches is height invariant and how technical measures to prevent snowpack glide can be optimized to improve avalanche mitigation.
Ruthenium imidazole oxime carbonyls and their activities as CO-releasing molecules
Authors: Oresmaa Larisa , Tarvainen Heli , Kolari Kalle , Haukka Matti
Published: July 2012

Six ruthenium carbonyl complexes with imidazole and alkoxy carbonyl ligands were prepared and found to act as carbon monoxide releasing molecules (CORMs).
Verification of epigenetic inheritance in a unicellular model system: multigenerational effects of hormonal imprinting
Authors: Kőhidai László , Lajkó Eszter , Pállinger Éva , Csaba György
Published: July 2012

The unicellular Tetrahymena has receptors for hormones of higher vertebrates, produces these hormones, and their signal pathways are similar. The first encounter with a hormone in higher dose provokes the phenomenon of hormonal imprinting, by which the reaction of the cell is quantitatively modified. This modification is transmitted to the progeny generations. The duration of the single imprinter effect of two representative signal molecules, insulin and 5‐HT (5‐hydroxytryptamine), in two concentrations (10−6 and 10−15 M) were studied. The effects of imprinting were followed in 5 physiological indices: (i) insulin binding, (ii) 5‐HT synthesis, (iii) swimming behaviour, (iv) cell growth and (v) chemotaxis in progeny generations 500 and 1000. The result of each index was different from the non‐imprinted control functions, growth rate, swimming behaviour and chemotactic activity to insulin being enhanced, while others, e.g. synthesis and chemotactic responsiveness of 5‐HT and the binding of insulin were reduced. This means that a function‐specific heritable epigenetic change during imprinting occurs, and generally a single encounter with a femtomolar hormone concentration is enough for provoking durable and heritable imprinting in Tetrahymena. The experiments demonstrate the possibility of epigenetic effects at a unicellular level and call attention to the possibility that the character of unicellular organisms has changed through to the present day due to an enormous amount of non‐physiological imprinter substances in their environment. The results – together with results obtained earlier in mammals – point to the validity of epigenetic imprinting effects throughout the animal world.
A Stuttering Education and Bullying Awareness and Prevention Resource: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Langevin Marilyn , Prasad N. G. Narasimha
Published: July 2012

Purpose

This pretest–posttest study examined the feasibility of using a curriculum-level stuttering education and bullying awareness and prevention program to improve peer attitudes toward children who stutter and attitudes toward bullying. Knowledge about potential responses to bullying and students' liking of the program also were examined.

Method

Data were obtained from 608 children who participated in the stuttering education and bullying prevention initiative that used the Teasing and Bullying: Unacceptable Behaviour (TAB; Langevin, 2000) Program. Participants completed the Peer Attitudes Toward Children Who Stutter (PATCS; Langevin, 2009; Langevin & Hagler, 2004; Langevin, Kleitman, Packman, & Onslow, 2009) scale, the Provictim scale (Rigby & Slee, 1991, 1993), and bullying involvement and knowledge questionnaires.

Results

Statistically and practically significant improvements were found for both questionnaires. Children who did not know someone who stutters had higher change scores on the PATCS than children who knew someone who stutters. In general, children who were uninvolved in bullying had the most positive changes in attitudes and liked the TAB program the most. Victims liked the program significantly more often than children who were perpetrators of bullying or were dually involved in bullying.

Conclusion

Findings suggest that the TAB program may have the potential to effect positive changes in peer attitudes toward children who stutter and toward bullying. Further research using a randomized experimental design is warranted.
What can deuterium tell us?
Authors: Schramm David N. , Wagoner Robert V.
Published: July 2012

What is behind the unusual flurry of activity concerned with the isotope deuterium? Simply this: Because of its unique properties, the distribution of deuterium in the universe constitutes a powerful clue to the history of the development of matter.
Identifying capacitive and inductive loss in lumped element superconducting hybrid titanium nitride/aluminum resonators
Authors: Vissers Michael R. , Weides Martin P. , Kline Jeffrey S. , Sandberg Martin , Pappas David P.
Published: July 2012

We present a method to systematically locate and extract capacitive and inductive losses in superconducting resonators at microwave frequencies by use of mixed-material, lumped element devices. In these devices, ultra-low loss titanium nitride was progressively replaced with aluminum in the inter-digitated capacitor and meandered inductor elements. By measuring the power dependent loss at 50 mK as the Al/TiN fraction in each element is increased, we find that at low electric field, i.e., in the single photon limit, the loss is two level system in nature and is correlated with the amount of Al capacitance rather than the Al inductance. In the high electric field limit, the remaining loss is linearly related to the product of the Al area times its inductance and is likely due to quasiparticles generated by stray IR radiation. At elevated temperature, additional loss is correlated with the amount of Al in the inductance, with a power independent TiN-Al interface loss term that exponentially decreases as the temperature is reduced. The TiN-Al interface loss is vanishingly small at the 50 mK base temperature.
Direct numerical simulation of Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a cylindrical container of aspect ratio 1 for moderate Prandtl number fluid
Authors: Li You-Rong , Ouyang Yu-Qing , Peng Lan , Wu Shuang-Ying
Published: July 2012

A series of three-dimensional numerical simulations were conducted for the Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a cylindrical container with the aspect ratio Γ = 1. The Prandtl number of the fluid is 7 and the Rayleigh number varies from 103 to 105. Results show that the aspect ratio of the cylinder has an important influence on the multiplicity of the steady flow state. The sidewall of the cylinder at Γ = 1 restricts the increase of the number of rolls in the fluid layer. Therefore, only two-roll and single-roll flow patterns are observed at the whole simulation range of the Rayleigh number. During the transition of the Rayleigh-Bénard convection to the unsteady flow, it is found that the unsteady flow pattern and the bifurcation sequence of the oscillation flow are very sensitive to the initial condition.
Surface morphology of a glow discharge electrode in a solution
Authors: Saito Genki , Hosokai Sou , Tsubota Masakatsu , Akiyama Tomohiro
Published: July 2012

This paper describes the surface morphology of a glow discharge electrode in a solution. In the experiments detailed in the paper, the effects of electrolysis time, solution temperature, voltage, electrolyte concentration, and surface area on the size of nanoparticles formed and their amount of nanoparticles produced were examined to study the surface morphologies of the electrodes. The results demonstrated that the amount of nanoparticles produced increased proportionally with the electrolysis time and current. When the voltages were below 140 V, surfaces with nanoparticles attached, called “Particles” type surfaces, were formed on the electrode. These surfaces changed and displayed ripples, turning into “Ripple” type surfaces, and the nanoparticle sizes increased with an increase in the amount of nanoparticles produced. In contrast, at voltages over 160 V, the surfaces of the electrodes were either “Random” or “Hole” type and the particle sizes were constant at different amount of nanoparticles produced.
Polaronic quantum master equation theory of inelastic and coherent resonance energy transfer for soft systems
Authors: Yang Lei , Devi Murali , Jang Seogjoo
Published: July 2012

This work extends the theory of coherent resonance energy transfer [S. Jang, J. Chem. Phys. 131, 164101 (2009)]10.1063/1.3247899 by including quantum mechanical inelastic effects due to modulation of donor-acceptor electronic coupling. Within the approach of the second order time local quantum master equation (QME) in the polaron picture and under the assumption that the bath degrees of freedom modulating the electronic coupling are independent of other modes, a general time evolution equation for the reduced system density operator is derived. Detailed expressions for the relaxation operators and inhomogeneous terms of the QME are then derived for three specific models of modulation in distance, axial angle, and dihedral angle, which are all approximated by harmonic oscillators. Numerical tests are conducted for a set of model parameters. Model calculation shows that the torsional modulation can make significant contribution to the relaxation and dephasing mechanisms.
Towards spin injection from silicon into topological insulators: Schottky barrier between Si and Bi2Se3
Authors: Ojeda-Aristizabal C. , Fuhrer M. S. , Butch N. P. , Paglione J. , Appelbaum I.
Published: July 2012

A scheme is proposed to electrically measure the spin-momentum coupling in the topological insulator surface state by injection of spin polarized electrons from silicon. As an initial approach, devices were fabricated consisting of thin (<100 nm) exfoliated crystals of Bi2Se3 on n-type silicon with independent electrical contacts to silicon and Bi2Se3. Analysis of the temperature dependence of thermionic emission in reverse bias indicates a barrier height of 0.34 eV at the Si-Bi2Se3 interface. This robust Schottky barrier opens the possibility of original device designs based on sub-band gap internal photoemission from Bi2Se3 into Si.
Picosecond laser structuring of thin film platinum layers covered with tantalum pentoxide isolation
Authors: Heise Gerhard , Trappendreher Daniel , Ilchmann Florian , Weiss Robin S. , Wolf Bernhard , Huber Heinz
Published: July 2012

A thin film layer system consisting of platinum (Pt) as conductive layer on a glass substrate and tantalum pentoxide as isolating layer on top of the platinum is attractive for designing biocompatible conductor paths and contact pads for bio sensor chips. For the flexible and rapid patterning of the conductive and the isolating layers, both, the complete removal and the selective ablation of the individual thin films were investigated using ultra-short laser pulses with about 10 ps pulse duration and 1064 nm wavelength at low laser fluences. A platinum film covered with tantalum pentoxide shows a significantly lower ablation threshold than a single Pt film on glass alone when illuminated from the front side. Furthermore, we explored that the tantalum pentoxide film can be removed by glass side illumination from the Pt film, without affecting the Pt film and leaving the Pt film on the glass substrate intact. Those ablation phenomena occur at laser fluences of about 0.2 J/cm2, far below the evaporation limit of platinum. We present a detailed ablation threshold value examination for the structuring of these layer systems by front side and glass side irradiation for different film thicknesses. Furthermore, we discuss the possible underlying physical mechanisms of these ablation phenomena.
Effect of spin relaxation rate on the interfacial spin depolarization in ferromagnet/oxide/semiconductor contacts
Authors: Jeon Kun-Rok , Min Byoung-Chul , Park Youn-Ho , Jo Young-Hun , Park Seung-Young , Park Chang-Yup , Shin Sung-Chul
Published: July 2012

Combined measurements of normal and inverted Hanle effects in CoFe/MgO/semiconductor (SC) contacts reveal the effect of spin relaxation rate on the interfacial spin depolarization (ISD) from local magnetic fields. Despite the similar ferromagnetic electrode and interfacial roughness in both CoFe/MgO/Si and CoFe/MgO/Ge contacts, we have observed clearly different features of the ISD depending on the host SC. The precession and relaxation of spins in different SCs exposed to the local fields from more or less the same ferromagnets give rise to a notably different ratio of the inverted Hanle signal to the normal one. A model calculation of the ISD, considering the spin precession due to the local field and the spin relaxation in the host SC, explains the temperature and bias dependence of the ISD consistently.
Surface spin disorder and exchange-bias in hollow maghemite nanoparticles
Authors: Khurshid Hafsa , Li Wanfeng , Phan Manh-Huong , Mukherjee Pritish , Hadjipanayis George C. , Srikanth Hariharan
Published: July 2012

We report a comparative study of the magnetic properties of polycrystalline hollow γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with two distinctly different average sizes of 9.2 ± 1.1 nm and 18.7 ± 1.5 nm. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images reveal the presence of a shell with thickness of 2 nm and 4.5 nm for the 9.2 nm and 18.7 nm nanoparticles, respectively. The field-cooled hysteresis loops show interesting features of enhanced coercivity and horizontal and vertical shifts associated with the polarity of the cooling field for both types of nanoparticles. While the anomalously large horizontal shifts and open hysteresis loop in a field as high as 9 T observed for the 9.2 nm nanoparticles corresponds to a “minor loop” of the hysteresis loop, the loop shift observed for the 18.7 nm nanoparticles manifests an intrinsic “exchange bias” (EB). Relative to the 18.5 ± 3.2 nm solid nanoparticles, a much stronger EB effect is achieved in the 18.7 nm hollow nanoparticles. Our studies point to the importance of inner and outer surface spin disorder giving rise to surface anisotropy and EB and reveal a perspective of tuning EB in hollow magnetic nanoparticle systems.
Extending membrane pore lifetime with AC fields: A modeling study
Authors: Garner Allen L. , Bogdan Neculaes V.
Published: July 2012

AC (sinusoidal) fields with frequencies from kilohertz to gigahertz have been used for gene delivery. To understand the impact of AC fields on electroporation dynamics, we couple a nondimensionalized Smoluchowski equation to an exact representation of the cell membrane voltage obtained solving the Laplace equation. The slope of the pore energy function, dφ/dr, with respect to pore radius is critical in predicting pore dynamics in AC fields because it can vary from positive, inducing pore shrinkage, to negative, driving pore growth. Specifically, the net sign of the integral of dφ/dr over time determines whether the average pore size grows (negative), shrinks (positive), or oscillates (zero) indefinitely about a steady-state radius, rss. A simple analytic relationship predicting the amplitude of the membrane voltage necessary for this behavior agrees well with simulation for frequencies from 500 kHz to 5 MHz for rss < 10 nm. For larger pore size (rss > 10 nm), dφ/dr oscillates about a negative value, suggesting that a net creation of pores may be necessary to maintain a constant pore size. In both scenarios, the magnitude of rss depends only upon the amplitude of the membrane voltage and not directly upon the applied field frequency other than the relationship between the amplitudes of the applied field and membrane voltage.
Concentration and mobility of charge carriers in thin polymers at high temperature determined by electrode polarization modeling
Authors: Diaham Sombel , Locatelli Marie-Laure
Published: July 2012

Charge carrier concentration (n0) and effective mobility (μeff) are reported in two polymer films (<10 μm) and in a very high temperature range (from 200 to 400 °C). This was possible thanks to an electrode polarization modeling of broadband dielectric spectroscopy data. It is shown that the glass transition temperature (Tg) occurrence has a strong influence on the temperature dependence of n0 and μeff. We carry out that n0 presents two distinct Arrhenius-like behaviors below and above Tg, while μeff exhibits a Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman behavior only above Tg whatever the polymer under study. For polyimide films, n0 varies from 1 × 1014 to 4 × 1016 cm−3 and μeff from 1 × 10−8 to 2 × 10−6 cm2 V−1 s−1 between 200 °C to 400 °C. Poly(amide-imide) films show n0 values between 6 × 1016 and 4 × 1018 cm−3 from 270 °C to 400 °C, while μeff varies between 1 × 10−10 and 2 × 10−7 cm2 V−1 s−1. Considering the activation energies of these physical parameters in the temperature range of investigation, n0 and μeff values appear as coherent with those reported in the literature at lower temperature (<80 °C). Surface charge carrier concentrations (nS) are reported and discussed for potential passivation (i.e., surface electrical insulation) applications. Polyimide films appear as good candidates due to nS values less than 1011 cm−2 up to 300 °C.