bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The importance of external climate forcing for the variability and trends of coastal upwelling in past and future climate
Authors: Tim Nele , Zorita Eduardo , Hünicke Birgit , Yi Xing , Emeis Kay-Christian
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The eastern boundary upwelling systems, located in the subtropics at the eastern boundary of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and mainly driven by the trade winds, are the major coastal upwelling regions. Previous studies have suggested that the intensity of upwelling in these areas in the past centuries may have been influenced by the external radiative forcing, for instance by changes in solar irradiance, and it will also be influenced in the future by the increasing atmospheric greenhouse gases. Here, we analyse the impact of the external climate forcing on these upwelling systems in ensembles of simulations of two Earth system models. The ensembles contain three simulations for each period covering the past millennium (900–1849) and the 20th century (1850–2005). One of these Earth system models additionally includes the near future (2006–2100). Using a set of simulations, differing only in their initial conditions, enables us to test whether the observed variability and trends are driven by the external radiative forcing. Our analysis shows that the variability of the simulated upwelling is largely not affected by the external forcing and that, generally, there are no significant trends in the periods covering the past and future. Only in future simulations with the strongest increase of greenhouse gas concentrations the upwelling trends are significant and appear in all members of the ensemble.
Entre lo público y lo privado: empleadores y trabajadoras domésticas frente al Tribunal del Trabajo Doméstico de la ciudad de Buenos Aires
Authors: Pérez Inés , Canevaro Santiago
Published: June 2016

El servicio doméstico ocupa un lugar ambiguo entre los mundos público y privado. Desarrollado en el interior de los hogares de los empleadores, da lugar a relaciones en las que lo laboral y lo afectivo están imbricados. Los juicios laborales entre empleadores y trabajadoras domésticas constituyen un escenario privilegiado para observar el solapamiento de estas dimensiones. Si las demandas de las trabajadoras frente a las instituciones de justicia sitúan esta relación en el mundo público, las respuestas de los empleadores muchas veces buscan resituarlas en el orden privado. Por otra parte, en algunos escenarios, las demandas de las trabajadoras son también expresadas en un lenguaje que remite a lo privado. En este artículo analizamos las lógicas de la confl ictividad judicial establecidas en las estrategias de empleadores y trabajadoras frente al Tribunal del Trabajo Doméstico (TTD), un organismo creado en 1956 para atender los confl ictos individuales que derivan de las relaciones de trabajo de este sector en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Tomamos dos horizontes temporales caracterizados por cambios en la regulación del trabajo, en general, y del servicio doméstico, en particular: el de los primeros años de funcionamiento del TTD y el cambio de siglo.
Al rescate de la niñez indígena. Refl exiones antropológicas a partir de una campaña de UNICEF Argentina
Authors: Szulc Andrea , Colangelo María Adelaida , Shabel Paula , Leavy María Pía , Enriz Noelia , Hernández María Celeste
Published: June 2016

En este trabajo abordaremos, desde una perspectiva antropológica, la “campaña por los derechos de la niñez y la adolescencia indígena” lanzada por UNICEF Argentina en 2009, con el fin de problematizar las construcciones de niñez, de la cuestión indígena y de la noción de “derechos” que allí se ponen en juego. Distanciándonos de concepciones ontológicas sobre los derechos humanos, analizaremos esta campaña en tanto dispositivo cuyo efecto es la construcción de los niños indígenas como sujetos de derechos de maneras específi cas. Para ello, indagamos en el modo en que fue ésta elaborada, así como en sus contenidos, procurando explicar qué derechos y qué representaciones de los niños indígenas se visibilizaron a través de ella y las tensiones suscitadas en su proceso de armado y presentación.
Incertidumbre y actitudes pro-redistributivas: mercados de trabajo y modelos de bienestar en Europa
Authors: Martín Artiles Antonio , Molina Romoa Oscar , Carrasquer Oto Pilar
Published: June 2016

La articulación entre las políticas de empleo y las políticas sociales condicionan la percepción subjetiva de incertidumbre los individuos. El modelo de mercado laboral tiene un peso determinante en la percepción de incertidumbre. El empleo en sí mismo ya no es suficiente garantía de ingresos seguros. El empleo a tiempo parcial y los contratos temporales generan una creciente demanda de políticas de redistribución de los ingresos en los países del Sur y Este de Europa. En los países escandinavos los mismos tipos de contratos laborales generan menos desigualdad porque el empleo público contribuye a generar un “círculo virtuoso” que favorece las políticas de igualdad y la conciliación entre la vida laboral y familiar. A nivel individual las actitudes pro-redistributivas las impulsan las mujeres, aquellas personas con incertidumbre en sus ingresos económicos y con bajo nivel de estudios. Por el contrario, quienes más confían en el éxito individual y el mérito son los jóvenes con estudios universitarios y aquellos que perciben ingresos económicos altos.
¿Facilitan los proyectos institucionales de participación la capacitación política?
Authors: Funes María Jesús
Published: June 2016

La participación parte habitualmente de las bases sociales, organizadas en acciones colectivas más o menos duraderas y con desigual capacidad de infl uencia. Sin embargo, en las últimas décadas las instituciones políticas han puesto en marcha unos proyectos con el objetivo de implicar a la ciudadanía y de profundizar los hábitos democráticos de individuos y administraciones. Este artículo analiza el potencial de capacitación política de estos proyectos institucionales: si haber formado parte de los mismos cualifi ca como ciudadano activo, si aporta motivación hacia lo público, profundización (o creación) de voluntad política y habilidades para ejercerla. Se utilizan datos de un análisis comparado de cinco proyectos participativos en España y Francia lo que permite identifi car qué proyectos contribuyen a la formación de sujetos políticos y de qué modo. Finalmente, para comprender mejor esta dimensión formativa, se la compara con la de otras formas participativas que desarrollan los individuos de manera espontánea.
Corruption and Deforestation: a differential game model
Authors: Mendes Cassandro , Junior Sabino
Published: June 2016

Deforestation is a global issue and recently has been given much attention by governments and international institutions. The present paper aims to present a simple theoretical model on the relationship between corruption and deforestation. To model such relationship, we used differential games. Our model suggests that corruption increases deforestation. Moreover, the salary paid in the public sector may be an important tool to fight deforestation in development countries.
Determinants of Bachelor Students’ Intention to Enter a Research-Oriented Career
Authors: Heerwegh Dirk , Verhoeven Jef C. , De Wit Kurt
Published: June 2016

The career opportunities of university bachelor students are multiple. Some bachelor students might consider a career in research. In this article, we explore, first, the degree to which bachelor students in a research intensive university intend to enter a research-oriented career, and second, the factors influencing this intention. 1,232 students of a research-intensive university answered an on line questionnaire. 4.08% scored 4 or higher out of 5 on a scale that measures the intention to become a researcher. A regression model (R² = .47) showed that among a set of 13 variables, the attitude towards research proved to have the strongest influence on the intention to enter a research-oriented career, next to gender, and study major. The occupational focus, frequency of use of ICT (information and communication technologies) instruments, and the opinion that scientific research needs ICT have a negative influence.
Genetisk psykiatrisk epidemiologi: Litt om historie og metode og noen eksempler fra angst- og depresjonsstudier
Authors: Tambs Kristian
Published: June 2016

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Psykisk helse i Helse- og levekårsundersøkelsen i 1998. I. Sosioøkonomiske forskjeller i psykisk helse og livsstil
Authors: Rognerud m.fl. Marit
Published: June 2016

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Livskvalitet i ulike deler av Oslo
Authors: Cramer m.fl Victoria
Published: June 2016

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Svangerskapskomplikasjoner og risikoen for astma blant nordmenn født 1967-1993
Authors: Nafstad Per , Samuelsen Sven O. , Irgens Lorentz M. , Bjerkedal Tor
Published: June 2016

Bakgrunn  Metode  Resultater  Konklusjon  Background  : Fetal life events may affect the development of the immune and/or respiratory system and increase the risk of asthma and allergic diseases. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that pregnancy complications are associated with the risk of developing asthma in the offspring.Methods  : The study population comprised Norwegian live births 1967-1993 (n = 1 548 429) linking the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN) (exposure variables) and the National Insurance Administration Register (NIAR) (outcome variables), which covers all Norwegians. The MBRN variables included pregnancy complications, pregnancy outcomes and diseases of the mother. The NIAR provided data on all Norwegians who had received cash benefit for treatment of asthma from 1967 to 1996 (n = 5938, 3.9/1000 persons).Results  : In multiple logistic regression analysis, pregnancy complications (International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-8 codes: 630-34) were associated with the risk of asthma (odds ratio 1.82, 95% confidence interval: 1.67–1.98). This was also the case if analyses were performed in different strata according to year of birth, plurality, maternal atopy, geographical district of birth, and maternal education.Conclusions  : Pregnancy complications may represent risk factors for the development of asthma in the offspring or express early signs of increased risk for developing the disease.: Svangerskapskomplikasjoner hos mor kan gi økt risiko for utvikling av astma hos barnet eller utrykke tidlige tegn på økt risiko for å utvikle sykdommen: Multipell logistisk regresjonsanalyse viste at svangerskapskomplikasjoner (International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-8 kode 630-34) var assosiert med risikoen for å ha fått grunn- og/eller hjelpestønad for astma (odds ratio 1,82, 95% konfidensintervall: 1,67–1,98). Dette var også tilfelle hvis analysene ble utført i forskjellige strata av fødselsår, pluralitet, atopisk sykdom hos mor, utdanningsnivå hos mor og hvor i landet fødselen fant sted.: Undersøkelsespopulasjonen består av levende fødte nordmenn født i perioden 1967-1993(n = 1 548 429). Opplysninger fra Medisinsk fødselsregister (MFR) ble koblet med opplysninger fra Rikstrygdeverket om mottatt grunn- og hjelpestønad. Fødselsregisteret inneholder opplysninger om svangerskapskomplikasjoner og sykdommer hos den gravide/fødende mor og Rikstrygdeverkets register inneholder opplysninger og diagnoser over alle nordmenn som har motatt grunn- og hjelpestønad pga. astma i perioden 1967-1996 (n = 5938, 3,9/1000 personer).: Det er mulig at forhold og hendelser i svangerskapet kan påvirke utviklingen av immunog/eller respirasjonssystemet og dermed øke risikoen for å utvikle astma og allergiske lidelser. I denne artikkelen testes hypotesen om hvorvidt svangerskapskomplikasjoner påvirker risikoen for at barn utvikler astma.
Distal upper limb disorders and ergonomics of VDU work: a review of the epidemiological evidence
Authors: Veiersted Kaj Bo , Wærsted Morten
Published: June 2016

A review is presented of epidemiological peer-reviewed publications that relate the mechanicalexposure of the arm in work with visual display units (VDU) to musculoskeletal disorders of the upperlimb. The twenty included studies were divided into those with (1-7) and without (8-21) use of physicalexamination in the definition of cases. The main conclusion of this review is the documentation ofevidence for the VDU work per se, none or insufficient lower arm support and non-neutral positions ofthe wrist as predictors of distal upper limb disorders (DULDs). These findings are based solely onstudies that use physical examination or objective signs to define the DULDs, and the conclusions arenot changed after inclusion of studies based only on self-reported symptoms. When the last category ofstudies is included as documentation in the review, the amount of VDU work (and an exposuredose/effect relationship) will also be documented as predictors. The referred studies indicated that notonly the VDU work per se, but also (and in particular) VDU work for more than 20 hours per weekcombined with limited opportunity for rest breaks and without lower arm support is a predictor ofDULDs. Another conclusion is that critical reviews may benefit from use of both strict criteria and lessstrict criteria for inclusion of studies, to optimize the conclusions drawn from existing documentation.
Individuell variasjon i utskillelse av 6-sulfatoksymelatonin og døgnrytmetype analysert hos skiftarbeidere
Authors: Tynes Tore , Haugsdal Bjarte , Kleiven Magnar , Tønnessen Arnfinn
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGI denne studien har vi undersøkt om det finnes noen sammenheng mellom målte verdier av urinmetabolitten6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) tatt ut i porsjoner gjennom døgnet og selvrapportert døgnrytme hos engruppe norske skiftarbeidere. Studien omfatter 19 arbeidstakere ved to produksjonsenheter ved HydroPorsgrunn, magnesiumfabrikken og fullgjødselfabrikk 3. Etter å ha deltatt i en studie der urinprøver blesamlet inn, svarte de involverte senere på et spørreskjema om søvn og døgnrytme. Resultatene indikerer ategenrapporterte B-type mennesker har en tendens til høyere midlere timeutskillelse av aMT6s analysert pådøgnbasis første døgn med nattskift, og en signifikant høyere nattutskillelse (8 timer) i et kontrolldøgnhjemme. I fremtidige studier av melatoninsekresjon og utskillelse av metabolitt i urin, kan det være avinteresse samtidig å samle inn spørreskjemabaserte opplysninger om døgnrytmetype og utfyllende opplysningerom søvn og søvnmønster i relasjon til eksponeringer som skiftarbeid og andre arbeidsmiljøfaktorersom kan ha effekt på hormonbalansen.Tynes T, Haugsdal B, Tønnessen A, Kleiven M. Individual variations in excretion of6-sulfatoxymelatonin in morning and evening type Norwegian shift workers.Nor J Epidemiol ENGLISH SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to evaluate whether there is an association between measured values of the urinemetabolite 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) in samples collected at selected intervals and self-reported diurnalrhythm in a group of Norwegian shift workers. The study included 19 workers at two production unitsat Hydro Porsgrunn, the magnesium factory and fertiliser factory 3. After submitting the urine samplesused for the study, subjects filled in a questionnaire on sleep and diurnal rhythm at a later date. The resultsindicate that self-reported evening type subjects have a tendency towards a higher mean hourly aMT6ssecretionfirst day on night shift, and a significantly higher night secretion (8 hours) analysed for a controlday at home. In future studies on secretion of melatonin and its metabolite in urine, the collection ofquestionnaire-based information on diurnal type, sleep and sleep pattern in relation to exposures like shiftwork, and other work-related factors with potential effect on hormone balance might be of interest.1999; 9 (1): 33-38.
Multiple pregnancies among women engaged in agriculture in Norway
Authors: Kristensen Petter , Irgens Lorentz M.
Published: June 2016

Background. Methods.  Results.  !30 years, and were more likely to undergo invitro fertilization (IVF). Combined grain farming and seaso nal late blight warnings did not influence theprevalence of DZ pregnancies. Unexpectedly, the same climate variable, in combination with horticulture,was negatively associated with DZ pregnancies (PR 0.3; 95% confidence interval 0.1–0.7).Conclusion.  Active Norwegian farmers seem to have a somewhat higher natural occurrence of DZ pregnanciesthan mothers in non-farming sectors of the agricultural population. After the late 1970s this situationwas reversed, mainly because the latter group consisted of more older first-time mothers, and probablywith a higher need of assisted fertility treatment. Interpretations are difficult concerning the inverse relationbetween DZ pregnancy and climatic conditions in horticulture.We identified 2,131 (11.2 per 1,000) multiple pregnancies, 1,322 (6.9) were classified as DZ. Theprevalence of DZ pregnancies was declining until the late 1970s, and increased thereafter. The agriculturalpopulation of Norway is heterogeneous along two dimensions, with a difference between farmers and nonfarmers(mainly engaged in forestry), and a difference according to degree of maternal work input on thefarm holding. Farmers, in particular active farmers, had more DZ pregnancies than non-farmers early in thestudy period; this ratio was reversed late in the study period. Non-farmers had a much higher temporalincrease in the proportion of first-time mothers who were By record linkage of national registers in Norway, we identified 246,043 farm holders andspouses born between 1925 and 1971 in agricultural censuses and the population register. In this population,190,258 pregnancies were recorded in the Medical Birth Registry 1967-91. The prevalences ofmultiple pregnancy, subdivided in DZ and monozygotic (MZ) pregnancies, were examined in strata ofseveral determinants. Exposure, defined as the combination of grain farming and categories of seasonalfungal warnings, was based on data on farm activity and on local fungal warnings in the growth seasons.Adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) served as estimates of association.SUMMARY The worldwide occurrence of dizygotic (DZ) multiple pregnancies has increased since 1980as a consequence of assisted fertilization techniques. An opposite influence by environmental factors yetunidentified has been a suspected explanation of decreased multiple pregnancies in several countriesduring 1960-1980. The aim of our study was to describe multiple, in particular DZ, pregnancy patterns inthe Norwegian agricultural population between 1967 and 1991, and to investigate the hypothesis that grainproduction under climatic conditions favoring fungal growth causes a decline in DZ pregnancies.
Trenger vi epidemiologi?
Authors: Thelle Dag
Published: June 2016

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Ørebetennelser hos barn – "alle har noen, men gutter har flest"
Authors: Kværner Kari J.
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGMellomørebetennelse, eller otitis media, er en infeksjons- eller inflammasjonsprosess i mellomøret somogså rammer de tilgrensende avsnitt av denne delen av øvre luftveier, dvs. tuba auditiva og mastoidcellene,selv om disse sjelden gir manifeste symptomer. OM er nesten alltid sekundært til en oppadstigendeslimhinnepatologi i nesen, epipharynx og tuba auditiva.Kværner KJ. Otitis media in children. Nor J Epidemiol 1999; 9 (2): 123-127. ENGLISH SUMMARYOtitis media refers to an infection or inflammation of the middle ear cavity that also affects the eustachiantube and the mastoid cells. Otitis media is almost always caused by an ascending pathology of theepithelial and subepithelial layers of the middle ear mucoperiostium. This paper firstly describes theclassification and distribution of otitis media. Next, using Norwegian data, host related risk factors forotitis media are discussed, particularly focusing on gender differences.
Kjønnsforskjeller i suicidal atferd
Authors: Rossow Ingeborg
Published: June 2016

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Public Philosophy and Philosophical Publics: Performative Publishing and the Cultivation of Community
Authors: de Avillez André Rosenbaum , Fisher Mark D. , Klotz Kris , Long Christopher P.
Published: June 2016

The emergence of new platforms for public communication, public deliberation, and public action presents new possibilities for forming, organizing, and mobilizing public bodies, which invite philosophical reflection concerning the standards we currently look to for coordinating public movements and for evaluating their effects. Developing a broad understanding of public philosophy, this article begins with the view of philosophy and intellectual freedom articulated in Kant's publicly oriented writings. We then focus on the power of philosophical discourse to form and further articulate public bodies. Drawing on Dewey's work, we discuss the role of philosophical discourse in the articulation of publics into self-regulated, sovereign entities. We conclude with an account of how publishing itself might come to play an important role in the practice of public philosophy in a digital age.
Eliminación de datos personales en internet: El reconocimiento del derecho al olvido
Authors: Muñoz Ana María
Published: June 2016

El presente artículo aborda la existencia de un «derecho al olvido» en internet en la regulación chilena, a partir del análisis de la Ley 19.628 sobre Protección de la Vida Privada. Adicionalmente, se exponen los criterios que la jurisprudencia internacional y nacional ha entregado sobre la materia, en especial aquellos referentes al rol que cumplen los archivos de prensa online y también aquellos que han reconocido la existencia de un derecho al olvido en internet, como fue el caso del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea. Finalmente, se aborda la problemática del establecimiento de una obligación general de eliminación de datos personales en internet, especialmente por la eventual vulneración de garantías como la libertad de expresión y de información.
¿Qué significa justificar el derecho de autor?
Authors: Figueroa Felipe
Published: June 2016

En la primera sección de este artículo se argumenta que el problema central del derecho de autor consiste en resolver la tensión entre dos intereses: el interés del titular de derechos de autor de controlar los usos de su obra y el interés del público de acceder a ella. Ello se hace mostrando cómo esta tensión se manifiesta en el concepto de autor y en el concepto de dominio público. A continuación, se responde a lo que se denomina "la objeción del escéptico". Por último, al establecer las condiciones que debe cumplir una teoría capaz de justificar el derecho de autor, se ofrece una estrategia para resolver la tensión identificada al comienzo de este trabajo.
Análise de possibilidade de expansão das Pequenas Centrais Hidroelétricas no Brasil: um estudo dos limitantes e potencialidades da cadeia produtiva à luz da sustentabilidade
Authors: Silva Christian Luiz da , Nowakowski Georgia Alana Andréas , Santoyo Alain Hernandez , Perez Leon Victor Ernesto , Vilardell Mayra Casas
Published: June 2016

As pequenas centrais hidroelétricas são estratégicas para a expansão da matriz energética brasileira e a sua expectativa de crescimento consta do Plano Nacional de Energia. Contudo, não é evidente como esta expansão efetivamente poderá ocorrer, considerando que apenas o potencial hidráulico não garante isso. Neste contexto, o principal objetivo dessa pesquisa é identificar os principais limites e potencialidades da sustentabilidade da cadeia produtiva de Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas (PCHs) no Brasil, no contexto das dimensões ambiental, social, econômica e institucional. No que tange à metodologia da pesquisa, ela pode ser classificada como aplicada e exploratória. Os dados empregados são secundários e foi utilizada a técnica de análise qualitativa. Para a identificação dos gargalos e potencialidades, foi realizado um mapeamento da estrutura da cadeia de produção das PCHs no país. Em seguida, foram estudadas, de forma mais aprofundada, cinco etapas que compõem a cadeia: recurso natural, geração, transmissão, distribuição e comercialização. Na sequência, foram utilizados cinco critérios (importância, probabilidade, temporalidade, efeito e abrangência) para classificar os fatores identificados em cada etapa. Por fim, estabeleceu-se um critério de agregação e definiu-se um índice de significância para a potencialidade e para o limitante de cada etapa da cadeia. Como resultados, foram identificados 20 limites e 17 potencialidades relacionadas com a cadeia produtiva das PCHs no Brasil. Concluiu-se que para tornar o setor mais competitivo são necessários alguns esforços para reduzir os impactos socioambientais negativos decorrentes da instalação das PCHs, tais como das áreas alagadas e das famílias reassentadas, bem como ajustar alguns aspectos legais e técnicos relacionados com o meio ambiente e a comercialização de enermagia. Por outro lado, o potencial hidráulico e a consolidação dos fabricantes de turbinas e geradores ratificam as PCHs como estratégicas e potenciais para o país.
Sobre pinturas deshonestas, lienzos y naipes protestantes . Tres documentos inquisitoriales vinculados a la censura y tráfico de imágenes heréticas en el mundo hispánico del siglo XVI
Authors: Franco Llopis Borja , Rusconi Stefania
Published: June 2016

El temor a la llegada de doctrinas luteranas al territorio hispánico se zanjó con la censura de diversas obras literarias de temática controvertida que pudieran confundir a los fieles e infundirles ideas heréticas. El arte no estuvo exento de esta circunstancia. En nuestro artículo analizamos diversos textos donde se ve el temor por parte de los inquisidores a la transmisión de ideología anticatólica y también planteamos la subjetividad en la argumentación desarrollada en algunos de estos casos.
Presentació
Authors: Martí Escayol Maria Antònia
Published: June 2016

Presentació dossier n. 33.
Hydraulic Transient Modeling: The Importance of Calibration
Authors: Yang Andrew
Published: June 2016

Calibrated transient models offer utilities advantages such as decreased capital expenditures, enhanced system reliability, and increased protection of public health and safety.
2016 State of the Water Industry: The Cornerstone Needs Support
Authors: Mercer Kenneth
Published: June 2016

Our water systems, the cornerstone of modern society, are at risk unless the water industry can secure community support and funding to tackle infrastructure renewal and other critical challenges.
The Water‐Energy Nexus in Water and Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Maxwell Steve
Published: June 2016

The phrase “water ‐ energy nexus” has been on the lips of virtually everyone in the water industry for several years now. Whereas the phrase was vaguely seductive 10 years ago, it has become almost blasé today. But with increasing recognition of the critical role that energy consumption has to play in the more efficient treatment of our drinking water and wastewater, this is becoming an area of greater focus for most utility planners and operators. Given highly visible challenges like the ongoing California water crisis, the vast consumption of power in more and more parts of the world to desalinate seawater for drinking, the water necessary to extract deep shale gas, nuclear plants having to be shut down as a result of low river flows, and so on, this critical intertwining of ‐ and trade‐offs between ‐ water and energy is quickly becoming a key focus of policymakers, plant operators, and the broader informed public.
A Fish “Tale”
Authors: LaFrance David B.
Published: June 2016

As we work to solve today's lead‐in‐water crisis, we also need to think about how to use this moment to build support to solve other contributing water challenges. Ultimately many of those challenges wind their way back to the importance of reinvesting in water's distribution system infrastructure.
Book Review: A Review of The New Math: A Political History
Authors: Fey James
Published: June 2016

For mathematics educators of a certain age or those with particular expertise in the history of mathematics education, the appearance of a book that purports to describe, analyze, and explain the “new math” movement of the 1950s and 1960s quite reasonably prompts the question: What else could possibly be said about that iconic era? Others with less experience in or historical knowledge of the field might pass on the book because they are only vaguely aware of the new math as a longago and thoroughly discredited effort to reform school mathematics curricula and teaching. However, I think mathematics educators in both groups–knowledgeable veterans and newcomers to the field–will find Christopher J. Phillips's retelling of the new math story a fascinating read that is filled with timeless insights into the academic and political dynamics of school mathematics and, more broadly, American education.
Engineered Mesenchymal Cells Improve Passive Immune Protection Against Lethal Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Exposure
Authors: Braid Lorena R. , Hu Wei-Gang , Davies John E. , Nagata Les P.
Published: June 2016

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are being exploited as gene delivery vectors for various disease and injury therapies. We provide proof-of-concept that engineered MSCs can provide a useful, effective platform for protection against infectious disease. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen affecting humans and equines and can be used in bio-warfare. No licensed vaccine or antiviral agent currently exists to combat VEEV infection in humans. Direct antibody administration (passive immunity) is an effective, but short-lived, method of providing immediate protection against a pathogen. We compared the protective efficacy of human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs; a rich source of MSCs), engineered with a transgene encoding a humanized VEEV-neutralizing antibody (anti-VEEV), to the purified antibody. In athymic mice, the anti-VEEV antibody had a half-life of 3.7 days, limiting protection to 2 or 3 days after administration. In contrast, engineered HUCPVCs generated protective anti-VEEV serum titers for 21–38 days after a single intramuscular injection. At 109 days after transplantation, 10% of the mice still had circulating anti-VEEV antibody. The mice were protected against exposure to a lethal dose of VEEV by an intramuscular pretreatment injection with engineered HUCPVCs 24 hours or 10 days before exposure, demonstrating both rapid and prolonged immune protection. The present study is the first to describe engineered MSCs as gene delivery vehicles for passive immunity and supports their utility as antibody delivery vehicles for improved, single-dose prophylaxis against endemic and intentionally disseminated pathogens.

Significance

Direct injection of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is an important strategy to immediately protect the recipient from a pathogen. This strategy is critical during natural outbreaks or after the intentional release of bio-weapons. Vaccines require weeks to become effective, which is not practical for first responders immediately deployed to an infected region. However, mAb recipients often require booster shots to maintain protection, which is expensive and impractical once the first responders have been deployed. The present study has shown, for the first time, that mesenchymal stromal cells are effective gene delivery vehicles that can significantly improve mAb-mediated immune protection in a single, intramuscular dose of engineered cells. Such a cell-based delivery system can provide extended life-saving protection in the event of exposure to biological threats using a more practical, single-dose regimen.
Real‐Time Nitrification Control Nets Energy Savings
Authors: Lunn Mike , Dabkowski Bob , Morgan Laron , Craig Kathryn , Ingleright John
Published: June 2016

The city of Grand Rapids, Mich., installed a real‐time nitrification control system to reduce the energy consumed by its wastewater treatment facility's aeration process.
Relating Use of Effective Responsive, Structure, and Non-Directive Control Vegetable Parenting Practices to Subscales from the Model of Goal Directed Behavior
Authors: Diep Cassandra S. , Beltran Alicia , Chen Tzu- An , Thompson Debbe , Connor Teresia O , Hughes Sheryl , Baranowski Janice , Baranowski Tom
Published: June 2016

Parents may positively influence children’s vegetable consumption through effective vegetable parenting practices (VPP). Research has demonstrated three dimensions of effective VPP: Effective Responsiveness, Structure, and Non-Directive Control, but there is limited research investigating each separately. This study presents the modeling of Effective Responsive, Structure, and Non-Directive Control VPP using constructs from the Model of Goal Directed Vegetable Parenting Practices (MGDVPP). Parents (n=307) completed a survey on demographics, MGDVPP constructs, and effective VPP. Block regression modeling tested three models: one for each dimension of effective VPP as the dependent variable. Independent variables included validated subscales representing MGDVPP constructs: Intention, Desire, Perceived Barriers, Autonomy, Relatedness, Self-Efficacy, Habit, Anticipated Emotions, Perceived Behavioral Control, Attitudes, and Norms. Participants were racially diverse, and a majority was female, of higher socioeconomic status, and with a male child. Effective Responsive VPP was positively related to a Habit subscale. Effective Structure VPP was positively related to a Barrier, two Habit, and an Attitude subscales. Effective Non-Directive Control VPP was positively related to being a high school or GED graduate, having younger children, a Habit, and two Intentions subscales, and negatively related to an Intentions and a Perceived Behavioral Control subscales. The adjusted R2 for the Effective Responsive, Structure, and Non-Directive Control VPP models were 0.432, 0.310, and 0.515, respectively. This was the first study to relate constructs from a theoretical model to effective VPP dimensions. Research is needed to longitudinally assess the MGDVPP and test its utility in vegetable-related interventions.
Comparison of Two School Feeding Programmes in Ghana, West Africa
Authors: Owusu Justina S. , Colecraft Esi K. , Aryeetey Richmond N.O. , Vaccaro Joan A. , Huffman Fatma G.
Published: June 2016

Background: Malnutrition of children in Ghana continues during school years. There is limited information on how school meals meet nutrient recommendations in Ghana.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare energy and nutrient content of meals served by Ghana School Feeding Programme (GSFP) and Non-Governmental School Feeding Programme (NGSFP) and adherence to nutrient recommendations.
Methods: This was a cross sectional study design involving observation of school meals at two sites: GSFP and NGSFP. Average weights of a week’s meal were converted to energy and nutrient equivalence and compared with international recommendations. Differences assessed with t-tests.
Results: NGSFP provided significantly higher portion size (416 ± 96 g vs. 243 ± 50 g; p=0.007), energy (776 ± 427 kcal vs. 315 ± 24 kcal; p=0.042) and fats (17± 8 vs. 6 ± 2; p=0.019) but similar micronutrient contributions to GSFP. NGSFP met energy and macronutrient recommendation set by World Food Programme; whereas, GSFP did not meet the recommendations.
Conclusion and Recommendations: The NGSFP had more energy and macronutrients per serving size than the GSFP. Regulation of meals served by GSFP should be reviewed to ensure they contribute to the adequacy of children’s diets as well as meet recommendations set by World Food Programme.
Opérationnaliser la théorie de la justice sociale d’Amartya Sen au champ de l’orientation scolaire : les apports d’une étude multicas qualitative et comparative
Authors: Picard France , Pilote Annie , Turcotte Michel , Goastellec Gaële , Olympio Noémie
Published: June 2016

Cette recherche traite des dispositifs d’orientation scolaire et professionnelle (DOSP) voués au soutien et à l’accompagnement de jeunes inégalement dotés dans leur parcours d’orientation au moment de la transition vers l’enseignement supérieur. Des innovations méthodologiques étaient requises afin d’étudier cette question dans la perspective théorique de justice sociale d’Amartya Sen (1992), dont l’élaboration et la vérification des qualités scientifiques d’outils de récolte de données dans une étude comparative internationale. Cette étude multicas se fonde sur cinq pays : le Burkina Faso, le Canada, la France, la Turquie et la Suisse. Dans chacun des cas, des données qualitatives ont été récoltées sur le système éducatif, sur l’organisation des services et sur les prestations de services d’orientation. Vingt-six entretiens semi-structurés ont été menés auprès de responsables de service, de conseillères et conseillers d’orientation-psychologues ainsi que de jeunes en transition vers l’enseignement supérieur. La validité interne ou crédibilité des outils a été assurée tout au long de l’élaboration et des révisions du protocole de recherche, empruntant les procédés propres à l’étude de cas. La vérification de la validité de construit et de la validité externe ou transférabilité, effectuée à partir des données de la préenquête, a mis en lumière la valeur heuristique des outils. Au final, le cadre comparatif des DOSP, présenté en annexe, compte parmi les toutes premières formes d’opérationnalisation du cadre théorique de Sen au champ de l’orientation.
La validité psychométrique : un regard global sur le concept centenaire, sa genèse, ses avatars
Authors: André Nathalie , Loye Nathalie , Laurencelle Louis
Published: June 2016

Depuis Alfred Binet, qui, sans parler de validité, présentait toutefois une conception pragmatique, utilitaire et empirique de la pertinence d’un test, le concept de validité est né et a beaucoup évolué. À partir d’une perspective historique du concept de validité psychométrique, cet article vise à en explorer de manière critique quelques facettes afin de dégager les différentes orientations définitionnelles, sans perdre de vue les démarches d’opérationnalisation qu’on leur associe.
La conservation des ressources en eau par la mise en oeuvre de paiements pour services environnementaux dans un bassin versant
Authors: El Mokaddem Abdelmohssin , Benchekroun Fayçal
Published: June 2016

Les paiements pour services environnementaux (PSE) sont un outil économique d’incitation de plus en plus utilisé pour la conservation des bassins versants. En se basant sur la notion des services environnementaux, il permet de concilier plusieurs objectifs de conservation au niveau des bassins versants pour une finalité d’amélioration des attributs qui caractérisent les ressources en eau. L’amélioration de la disponibilité de l’eau en surface et en sous-sol, ainsi que l’amélioration de sa qualité par la réduction de l’érosion hydrique et la filtration des nitrates, sont des exemples de services qui permettent de renforcer la conservation des bassins versants et d’améliorer l’efficacité économique des investissements. Au Maroc, la conservation des bassins versants a traversé des étapes importantes vers la mise en place d’une gestion intégrée, toutefois les PSE ne sont pas encore mis en oeuvre. Leur introduction au niveau du pays permettra des apports et sera en même temps contrariée par un certain nombre de limites. L’article présente la notion de services environnementaux et les fondements économiques des PSE, puis apporte un point de vue et des propositions quant à leur mise en oeuvre pour améliorer la conservation des bassins versants dans le contexte spécifique du Maroc.
Étude de la biodégradation des feuilles d’eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) et de laurier rose (Nerium oleander) dans l’eau de l’Oued Aïn Chkef au Maroc
Authors: Bouraada Khalid , Essafi Mariam
Published: June 2016

Cet article traite de l’aspect global et des effets positifs etnégatifs du phénomène de la décompositiondes feuilles, qui représente l’une des principalescaractéristiques du fonctionnement hétérotrophedes milieux aquatiques. L’objectif de cette étudeétait d’évaluer la relation entre les coursd’eau et les milieux terrestres adjacents, puisque c’est auniveau des interfaces terre/eau que se résument les grandesétapes du fonctionnement d’un écosystème.Nous avons utilisé la technique des sacs à mailles, avecdes sachets de 0,5 cm d’ouverture de mailles permettant ainsi unaccès plus facile à la majeure partie desinvertébrés aquatiques qui interviennent dans ladégradation des feuilles dans l’eau. Les sachetsétaient introduits dans l’eau avec deux ou trois pierrespermettant de les lester au fond. Au niveau de la dégradationdes feuilles, nous avons constaté que les feuilles de laurierrose se décomposent et perdent leurs poids plus rapidement quecelles d’eucalyptus, une perte d’ailleurs trèsrapide puisqu’elle atteint la valeur de 70 % du poidsinitial en 30 jours seulement. Cette perte du poids initial pourraitêtre liée au phénomène de lessivage desfeuilles, lui-même dépendant de la texture et de lastructure des feuilles et de l’action desinvertébrés, particulièrement celle des mollusques(dilacérateurs) et des diptères (filtreurs) quicontribuent pour une part très importante dans ladégradation des feuilles. Cette période est assez rapidepour les feuilles de laurier rose (15 jours), alors qu’elle estrelativement longue pour celles d’eucalyptus (30 jours) dont lacolonisation par les invertébrés, aussi bien en nombrequ’en biomasse, demeure plus faible par rapport à celledes feuilles de laurier.
Les enseignants canadiens à risque de décrochage : portrait général et comparaison entre les régions
Authors: Kamanzi Pierre Canisius , Tardif Maurice , Lessard Claude
Published: June 2016

Le présent article tente de cerner les caractéristiques des enseignants canadiens ayant l’intention d’abandonner leur profession, en mettant l’accent sur les aspects du rapport au métier. Les résultats de l’analyse réalisée à partir d’un échantillon de 4210 répondants montrent que ces enseignants se distinguent davantage par le sentiment d’avoir des relations difficiles avec les élèves, mais également par un pessimisme au regard des changements de politiques éducatives et par un rapport au métier négatif caractérisé par l’insatisfaction vis-à-vis de la charge, des conditions de travail, des relations avec les collègues et de l’autonomie professionnelle. La situation varie toutefois entre les cinq régions du Canada.
Understanding Turnover as a Lifecycle Process: The Case of Young Nurses
Authors: Côté Nancy
Published: June 2016

Based on the life course perspective and the sociology of individuation, this article aims to examine the temporal processes at work in the decision of nurses to leave their jobs and the role played by different life contexts in guiding this decision. A qualitative study was conducted with nurses in order to gain an in-depth understanding of the reasons why so many young nurses decide to leave their jobs.

The theoretical perspective used focuses on the importance of considering the interaction between the different spheres of a person’s life, the social environment in which they live and the work-related decisions they make. We conducted life-narrative interviews during which the nurses were asked about their overall work trajectory and the events in their work, personal, family, and social lives which, in their opinion, contributed to their decision to leave their jobs. A total of 26 nurses under the age of 35 were interviewed. The data analysis helped to identify several job-leaving pathways structured around three main dimensions: 1- the temporal aspects of the job-leaving pathways (short or long term); 2- the nurses’ subjective work experience; and 3- the stage in the nurses’ work lives or personal lives in which they found themselves when they made the decision.

The findings reveal that the nurses’ decision to leave their jobs represents a complex process that developed over a short or longer period of time and involved various dimensions of their lives. Our analysis brought out two sources of tension underlying the nurses’ decision to leave their jobs: 1- a gap between their expectations regarding the possibilities for self-realization in their jobs and the concrete realities of work; and 2- a job situation that limited the possibilities to self-realize in other spheres of their lives.
Words at Work: Constructing a Labour Conflict
Authors: Reshef Yonatan , Keim Charles
Published: June 2016

We use the 2011-12 conflict between the British Columbia Teachers’ Federation (BCTF) and the British Columbia (BC) government to explore how the union president, Susan Lambert, used language to bring the conflict into being and mobilize union members in opposition to the government. We use newspaper articles and archival material from mid-2011 to June 2012 to explore how Lambert identified the core issues and actors, prescribed roles, relationships and actions, and, importantly, inspired a will to act in union members and supporters.

To explore how she constructed the conflict, we adopt a mobilization theory developed by scholars of social movement organizations (SMO). Snow and Benford (1988: 200-202) conceptualize three core pillars of conflict: 1-diagnostic framingidentifies a problem, attributes blame or causality, and identifies the key actors; 2-prognostic framingoffers a solution and identifies strategies, tactics and targets; 3-motivational framingprovides a call to arms, or rationale for action while inspiring an urge to act among members and supporters. In exploring how she urged action among members, we use the four archetypal legitimation strategies identified by Van Leeuwen (2008) and Van Leeuwen and Wodak (1999): authorization, rationalization, moralization and mythopoesis.

McAdam (1982: 48) argues that before collective action can begin people must come to view their situation as unjust and subject to change. We use the above framework to structure our exploration of how the union president used language to frame members’ understanding of the conflict. Through language she ushered the reality of labour conflict into being and constructed a reality in which union members could identify themselves as agents of protest and change.
Insatisfaction des salariés et des clients en réaction à l’automatisation des caisses d’un hypermarché : de la prise de parole à la défection et à la négligence
Authors: Ba Amadou , Alis David
Published: June 2016

La grande distribution fait l’objet d’innovations technologiques fortes. Le développement des caisses libre-service (CLS) vise à réduire les dépenses de personnel et faciliter la gestion des effectifs en caisse, tout en répondant aux attentes de nombreux consommateurs autonomes et pressés. Nous analysons les réactions des clients et des salariés à l’automatisation des caisses dans un hypermarché à l’aide du modèle « Défection, Prise de parole, Loyauté, Négligence » connu sous l’acronyme anglo-saxon EVLN (Exit, Voice, Loyalty, Neglect) initié par les travaux fondateurs de Hirschmann, en utilisant également le modèle d’acceptation de la technologie développé par Venkatesh et Davis. Nous nous appuyons sur une étude de cas unique portant sur l’un des hypermarchés français les plus avancés en matière d’automatisation des caisses. La méthodologie qualitative repose sur une observation participante d’une durée de trois ans, sur 29 entretiens semi-directifs avec les salariés et sur une analyse du contenu de 184 réclamations émises par la clientèle.

La recherche permet de mettre en évidence les manifestations concrètes de la prise de parole, de la défection et de la négligence. Les réticences vis-à-vis de l’automatisation exprimées à la fois par la clientèle et le personnel sont ainsi expliquées à l’aide du modèle d’acceptation de la technologie. L’intérêt de comparer les perceptions de salariés et de clients est mis en évidence. Les sources d’insatisfaction vis-à-vis de l’automatisation ne sont pas identiques, ce qui nécessite des analyses croisées des convergences et divergences de perceptions. L’analyse des mécanismes de co-production du service et du transfert de rôle de l’organisation vers les clients dans la distribution apparait ainsi riche, avec de nouvelles formes d’intensification du travail des caissiers. Dans ce contexte de changement technologique, l’importance des mécanismes d’écoute des salariés et des clients est soulignée. La recherche contribue ainsi au renouveau des études sur l’importance de la prise de parole en relations industrielles dans une économie de plus en plus tertiaire, caractérisée par une forte évolution technologique.