bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The development of Early Childhood intellectual Capacities in the Child Development Centers of the Local Administrative Organizations, Chaiyaphum
Authors: Siphai Sunan , Siphai Suphi , Sakulku Jaruwan
Published: September 2023

Background and Aim: The early stage of childhood is a crucial period that significantly impacts a child's learning and growth trajectory. Research has shown a strong connection between cognitive ability, developmental milestones during this phase, and future outcomes in adolescence and adulthood. Therefore, it is imperative for preschool learning programs to prioritize age-appropriate and holistic development. To enhance the intellectual capabilities of preschoolers, an integrated learning activity program was implemented and analyzed for its effectiveness in improving young learners' intellectual and other developmental factors.
Material and Methods: This study used pre- and post-test experimental designs. Through a multi-stage random sampling procedure, 113 preschoolers were chosen from five sub-district centers in Nai Faai, Nai Sineun, Ban Lao, Tha Hinong, and Huen. Developmental Assessment Scales, developed by the researcher, were used to compare cognitive abilities and development levels of children aged 24, 36, and 48 months before and after the 8-week Integrated learning program. The reliability of the scales was 0.85, 0.80, and 0.83, respectively. The t-test was employed for comparison analysis.
Results: The results indicated that the motor skills, language, problem-solving, and personal-social awareness of preschoolers aged 24, 36, and 48 months significantly improved at the .01 level after participating in the integrated learning activities.
Conclusions: Integrated learning activities could effectively support and enhance intellectual capacities and age-appropriate development.
The Right of all People to Self-determination at the Beginning of the 20th Century, Following the Example of the Committee for the Liberation of Georgia
Authors: Pheradze Guliko
Published: September 2023

This paper presents the essence of the right of all people to self-determination, the stages of its development, historical-legal analysis, its evolution - from individualist to collectivist doctrine, nature of the right to internal and external self-determination is explained. Furthermore, the letter illustrates the vision of the President of the United States of America, Woodrow Wilson, regarding the right of all people to self-determination based on "Wilson's Fourteen Points" and his legal analysis. The theoretical and practical aspects of the struggle for independence of the Georgian people based on the right of nation to self-determination are discussed directly in the work of the members of the Georgian National Committee.
Recognition of the Right, as a Ground to Acquire Property Rights of the Illegally Occupied Plots of Land
Authors: Kipshidze Shalva
Published: September 2023

The constitution of Georgia, article 19, stipulates the universal right to ownership, acquisition, alienation, and inheritance of property.  The right to own property is a pillar to the modern democratic society development, on which it is based economic freedom and stable civil turnover. According to the established practice of the Constitutional Court of Georgia, ’’The constitutional-legal guarantee of property rights includes the obligation to create a legal base that ensures the practical realization of the right to own property and makes it possible to accumulate property through the purchase of the property."

According to Georgian law, one type of property acquisition is the recognition of property rights to illegally occupied plots of land in the absence of a document certifying the lawful possession (use) of land. 

The purpose of this article is to discuss the recognition of the right as a basis for acquiring ownership to illegally occupied plots of land. To do this, logical analysis is used along with the presentation of the issue's informational and cognitive aspects and discussion of the judicial practice.
The Historical and Legal Role of Georgia in 1917-1918 for the Unity of the Caucasus
Authors: Zegardeli Beka
Published: September 2023

The article is devoted to the issue of the unity of the Caucasus region in 1917-1918. The article discusses and analyzes the historical and legal foundations of formation and dissolution of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federal Republic.

It presents problems and challenges that existed in the period under discussion both in Georgia and in Transcaucasia as a whole. The article portrays the unity of the Caucasus region and its relationship with Europe, as well as the possibilities of its constitutional regulation.

In the end, the article outlines the importance of the state of Georgia and the historical and legal role of Georgian people in management and leadership of issues of the Caucasus region.
Scientific Review on the Doctoral Thesis of Beka Khitiri: "The Entrepreneurial State: Legal and Economic Consequences Implementation of Commercial Activities by Public Authorities"
Authors: Burduli Irakli
Published: September 2023

Abstract is not available in the article.
https://www.zentimepublishing.com/journal/PMD/issues/Vol1Iss1/10.61189/550253gnnvtv.html
Authors: Li Hongsheng , Zhou Chunhua , Xie Er-ze , Zou Duowu , Yan Shiju
Published: September 2023

In recent years, the importance of endoscopic procedures has risen significantly in response to the escalating prevalence of digestive system diseases. The gastroenteroscopic technique has undergone several iteration and updates; however, challenges related to patient pain remain an ongoing concern. As a result, patients satisfaction with this examination method is still low. Based on this, research has been focusing on assistive technologies that work with endoscopy to increase patient tolerance. The technologies listed in this review inculde sedation, acupoint stimulation, recumbent changes, gas-filled assistance, warm water infusion assistance, and distraction.
Video Media In Learning Islamic Religion Education
Authors: Ahmad Syafi'i
Published: September 2023

Media in Islamic Studies serves to streamline and streamline learning. This paper describes the perspective of video media, types, syntax, characteristics, benefits, and advantages and disadvantages. This paper is a literature research using a content analysis model. The results of this study show that: 1) video is a combined tool of audio and visual media used simultaneously in learning. 2) Types of videos i.e. DVD, computer video, internet video, and streaming video. 3) The syntax of using video media, namely the preparation stage includes checking tools, understanding the relevance of video material and content, directing students to provide stationery. The implementation stage includes designing seating patterns, conveying goals, presenting tasks, presenting videos, monitoring student work, providing opportunities for students to be actively involved in dialogue, ensuring students understand the video, and students doing assignments. 4) Video characteristics are clarity of message, stand-alone, friendly, content representation, visual, and classical as well as individual. 5) The benefits of video are to streamline and streamline learning. 6) Excellence: awaken students' imagination, students learn actively, material is delivered to a large number of students, and encourages students. Weaknesses: the creativity of gur is limited, difficult to present if students cannot think abstractly, and requires special tools in delivery.
Classification of Blow-up and Global Existence of Solutions to a System of Petrovsky Equations
Authors: Truong Thi Nhan
Published: September 2023

In this paper, we investigate global existence, uniform decay, and blow-up of solutions for a class of system of Petrovsky equations containing nonlinear damping and sources. By introducing a family of potential wells, we not only obtain the invariant sets and vacuum isolating of solutions but also give some threshold results of global existence and nonexistence of solutions. Furthermore, by using energy techniques, we also establish certain qualitative estimates for solution.
Ruptured retinal macroaneurysm: A case report
Authors: Chinawa NE  , Odogu VK
Published: September 2023

Retinal arterial macroaneurysms are acquired, focal dilations of retinal arterial branches. It usually occurs in the first three orders of the arterial tree. It can present as insidious loss of central vision following leakage which involves the macula or less commonly it could cause sudden loss of vision following haemorrhage. The variable clinical presentation could make diagnosis difficult with a wide range of differentials
Perceived effect of caffeine-containing products consumption on nocturnal sleep and daytime functioning among students of a private tertiary institution in southern Nigeria
Authors: Eduviere AT  , Omogbiya AI  , Otomewo LO  , Otovwe A
Published: September 2023

Context: University students who deprive themselves of enough nocturnal sleep due to academic activities are at risk of the deleterious effects of sleep deprivation that usually follow. To reverse these effects, they tend to consume substances such as caffeine to counteract fatigue and possibly give them the feeling of alertness they need to perform their daily activities given that there is a popular concern that the academic demands of University training can cause significant stress and the need to gain insight into the effects of caffeine on students.Objective: This study set out to assess the self-reported effects of the consumption of caffeine-containing products on nocturnal sleep and daytime functioning among students of Novena University, Ogume Delta State, Nigeria.Materials and Methods: The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional design conducted among 400 students comprising 217 males and 183 females selected through random sampling. Data were collected using a 27-item questionnaire containing four sections; socio-demographic characteristics, caffeine consumption pattern, sleeping habits, and daytime functioning. The data was analysed using SPSS version 23 and presented in descriptive and inferential statistics at P <0.05 level of significance.Results: More than one-third of the respondents (68.50%) affirmed consuming caffeine-containing products such as caffeinated drinks and beverages. Only 21.50% affirmed practicing sleep deprivation and 40.10% agreed that their consumption of caffeine-containing products increases during times of academic stress. There was a significant relationship between the hours of sleep of the respondents and their consumption of caffeine. More than half of the respondents (71.90%) affirmed experiencing daytime sleepiness while about 40% affirmed experiencing caffeine-induced daytime dysfunction.Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between the level of caffeine consumption and students’ sleep quality. Caffeine-induced sleep deprivation and caffeine-induced daytime dysfunction are widespread among undergraduate students in the study population.
A randomized comparative study of warm saline mouth rinse protocols for prevention of Alveolar Osteitis following dental extractions
Authors: Egbor PE  , Olaitan OH  , Akpata O
Published: September 2023

Background: Warm saline mouth rinse (WSMR) for the prevention of alveolar osteitis (AO) following tooth extraction has been proven to be beneficial. The current practice of patients performing WSMR for 6-8 times a day for one week is cumbersome especially for patients in the working class.Objective: This study was conducted to determine the effect of different WSMR regimes (frequency and duration) on incidence of AO in patients who had intra-alveolar extraction. Methods: There were 253 participants with mean age of 29.3±8.4 years. They were randomly divided into four groups. Group1 had WSMR six times daily for 7 days; group 2, twice daily for 7 days; group 3, six times daily for 3 days, and group 4, twice daily for 3 days. Subjects were reviewed on the 3rd and 7th day post extraction.Results: The overall incidence of AO was 4.3%. Incidence of AO among group 1,2,3, and 4 were 4.8%, 3.2%, 4.8%, and 4.6% respectively. Occurrence of AO was not statistically significantly affected by either frequency or duration of WSMR (p > 0.05).Conclusions: We recommend WSMR twice daily as prophylactic measure for AO to allow for patient convenience and increase compliance.
Obesity among doctors: A pilot study in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Buowari DY  , Adebiyi O  , Bellgam HI  , Edewor U  , Agala V
Published: September 2023

Background: Doctors are ambassadors for change through counselling of their clients, patients and the general populace on lifestyle modification, maintenance of ideal weight and avoidance of obesity. Due to the sedentary lifestyle of doctors and other healthcare personnel, they are found to be susceptible to obesity. Consumption of snacks, family history of obesity and lack of physical activity /exercise are predictors of obesity among doctors.Objective: The general public is usually advised by doctors on a healthy lifestyle which includes maintaining ideal body weight but it has been observed that many healthcare providers do not necessarily keep to this advice. This study hopes to observe if the doctors are also keeping within the ideal body weight.Methodology: This was a descriptive observational study conducted among medical doctors in Rivers State, Nigeria. The study was conducted in Port Harcourt which is the capital of Rivers State. A semi-structured self-administered 37-item questionnaire divided into five sections was used. Section 1: Demographics, Section 2: Short Form of the International Physical Activity questionnaire, Section 3: lifestyle and dietary habits, Section 4: medical history and Section 5: measurements. Random sampling was used.The weight, height, waist circumference and hip circumference were measured. The weight was measured to the nearest 0.1kg and the height to the nearest 0.1cm using standardized measures and equipment while the waist circumference was measured using a tape measure to the nearest 0.1cm. The Body Mass Index was calculated and compared with the World Health Organization classification of obesity.Results: The number of research participants was102 doctors were recruited, Frequency (%) for each weight category - 2.9% underweight, 6.9% normal weight, 62.7% overweight, 21.6% Class 1 obesity, 2.0% Class 2 obesity and 3.9% Class 3 obesity.Conclusion: Despite the advice given to patients to avoid obesity and maintain an ideal weight, some doctors are obese. This predisposes them to non-communicable disease. They also consume sugared drinks. Doctors need to practice the counselling given to patients/clients.
Investigating the effect of selected antiretroviral therapies on serum testosterone and testicular microstructure of Wistar rats
Authors: Edagha IA  , Umoh VA  , Peter AI  , Asuquo IE  , Udofot E  , Archibong KE
Published: September 2023

Background: Highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAARTs) and other antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) are widely used in the management of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) as well as repurposing for other infectious conditions despite their reported toxicities. We investigated the gonado-toxicities of two HAARTs and five ARTs in vivo model.Materials and methods: Forty adult male Wistar rats were allotted into eight groups; where Group 1 served as normal control (NC) and received 5 mL distilled water per kg, while Groups 2 to 8 received (Efavirenz+Lamivudine+Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [ELT 17.14 mg]), (Lamivudine+Nevirapine+Zidovudine [LNZ 9.28 mg]), (Abacavir+Lamivudine [AL 12.86 mg]), (Lamivudine+Zidovudine [LZ 6.43 mg]), (Fumarate de tenofovir disoproxil+Lamivudine [TL 8.57 mg]), (Atazanavir+Ritonavir [AR 5.71 mg]) and (Liponavir+Ritonavir [LR 3.57 mg]) per kg body weight respectively at therapeutic doses via oral route for 30 days, and thereafter sacrificed under anesthesia injection. Blood was obtained via cardiac puncture for hormonal assay, while testes were dissected out for histological assessments.Results: Testosterone concentrations significantly (p < 0.05) declined in the HAART and ART-administered groups compared to NC. Testicular microstructure demonstrated mild to moderate degeneration of the germinal epithelium in the HAART- and ART- groups compared to NC.Conclusion: ELT was less gonadotoxic compared with LNZ, while LZ was the most gonadotoxic ART based on severity of alterations in the testicular hormone and microstructure.
Knowledge, awareness and perception of health care workers towards COVID-19 in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Iso PO  , Anyiekere ME  , David U  , Benjamin B
Published: September 2023

Context: Severe acute respiratory coronavirus disease 2019 (SARS-COVID-19) is a novel worldwide pandemic. Health care workers (HCWs) are at high risk of contacting the infection.Objective: To determine the knowledge, awareness and perceptions of HCWs towards COVID-19 in Southern Nigeria.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire study carried out between May 2020 and July 2020. Healthcare workers responded to questions covering their sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge of transmission, cure and outcome of COVID-19. Other questions asked were their perception about contacting the disease, and their facility preparedness to handle the pandemic. Data was analysed using Stata version 13.Results: A total of 366 healthcare workers completed the questionnaires. The mean age of respondents was 35.2 years. There were 209 (57.1%) males. Majority (44.5%) of the respondents were doctors. The top three symptoms identified by respondents were cough (97%), fever (92.9%) and sore throat (88%). Three hundred and sixty-four (99.5%) respondents had good level of knowledge of COVID -19. Two hundred and ninety (79.2%) of the respondents were worried about contacting COVID-19. Two hundred and thirty-five (64.2%) respondents said their facilities were not prepared to manage COVID-19 cases. Areas of concern were the absence of test kits and sample materials (70.5%), lack of personal protective equipment (PPE) (67.2%) and lack of dedicated intensive care units with ventilators (62%).Conclusion: There was good knowledge of COVID-19 among HCWs. However, there was a high degree of anxiety of contacting COVID-19 among HCWs and concerns about a general lack of preparedness for COVID-19 management. We therefore recommend the adequate provision of PPE and improved testing.
Ethical Dilemma involving autonomy and COVID-19 testing
Authors: Buowari DY
Published: September 2023

Background: In December 2019, an atypical form of pneumonia was discovered in Wuhan, China and it has spread to different parts of the world including Nigeria. Testing for the causative agent which is the severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus-2 is one of the strategies to contain the pandemic. For some reason, some patients with clinical symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 may refuse to be tested for the disease.Methodology: A review of studies conducted on COVID-19 testing and ethical dilemma associated with it was done using Google Scholar, PubMed and Cochrane reviews.Conclusion: Ethical dilemma exists in testing for COVID-19 as some patients may refuse testing even when it is necessary and they present with symptoms suggestive of COVID-19. The right to autonomy according to the principles of medical ethics is necessary for every medical consultation but may not be important in pandemics as the person becomes a health threat and harmful to the public.
Review of cardiovascular involvements in COVID-19
Authors: Ekpe EE  , Umoh IA  , Shogade TT  , Eyo CS  , Akpan AF
Published: September 2023

Background: A spectrum of cardiovascular pathologies occurs in patients with COVID-19 and increases the risk of mortality. Risk of mortality is also heightened in cardiovascular disease patients who contact COVID-19.Methodology: Online search for the keywords in PubMed, Medline, Embase, Google scholar was done. Relevant research articles yielded from the searches were reviewed.Results: the searches yielded a total of 172 results, out of which 111 were reviewed. Cardiac involvement was found in 70.6% COVID-19 patients: tachycardia (19%), electrocardiography abnormalities (22%), echocardiography abnormalities (57%), elevated myocardial enzymes (53%), and acute cardiac injury (9%). Eight percent of patients with acute cardiac injury were aged >60 years; 87.5% of them had ≥2 underlying comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and chronic kidney disease). Novel coronavirus pneumonia was much more severe in the patients with acute cardiac injury than in patients with non-definite acute cardiac injury (P<0.001). Multivariate analyses showed that C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, old age, novel coronavirus pneumonia severity, and underlying comorbidities were the risk factors for cardiac abnormalities in patients with COVID-19.Conclusion: Besides its prominent expression at the level of the respiratory apparatus, COVID-19 is also characterized by a substantial degree of cardiovascular involvement, both in terms of deterioration of pre-existing conditions, and as the effect of inflammation-facilitated acute events. They include ischemic and inflammatory heart disease, ventricular arrhythmias, conduction disturbances, thrombotic events at the level of the lungs, systemic activation of the coagulation cascade and disseminated intravascular coagulation.
Prevalence and determinants of medical errors among early career doctors in Nigeria
Authors: Adebayo O  , Kanmodi K  , Yahya A  , Umar SS  , Enebeli UU  , Ilesanmi O  , Ezem U  , Salihu M  , Ibrahim S  , Durowade KA  , Taiwo AO  , Ishaya DG  , Buowari DY  , Osasona EO
Published: September 2023

Objectives: This study aimed at investigating the prevalence and determinants of medical error involvement among early career doctors (ECDs) in Nigeria. Material and methods: This study was a post-hoc analysis of a descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey of 460 ECDs in 14 hospitals spreading across Nigeria.Results: The mean (±SD) age of the surveyed respondents was 32.6 (±5.7) years and 312 were males. Seventy-six respondents (16.5%) had been involved in medical error before, of which 38.1% of them indicated that they were involved in such error about 0 to 1 year ago. Bivariate analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between the place (Nigeria versus foreign) of respondents’ undergraduate medical/dental training and their status regarding involvement in medical error only (p = 0.048). However, multivariate analysis showed no statistically significant (p-values>0.05) relationship between the relevant characteristics of the respondents and their involvement in medical errors.Conclusion: This study affirms that medical error involvement is not an uncommon event among ECDs in Nigeria. Importantly, serious efforts need to be committed towards reducing the rate of medical errors among ECDs.
Oral hygiene status, oral mucosal lesions and body mass index of children living in internally displaced persons’ camps
Authors: Tochukwu OB  , Balarabe SA  , Hadiza MA  , Basil CL
Published: September 2023

Introduction: Children are major recipients of the hazards associated with internal displacement. Objectives: The study assessed the oral hygiene status, oral mucosal lesions (OML) and body mass index (BMI) of children living among internally displaced persons’ camps in Plateau state.Methods: Using a cross-sectional study design, a multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 300 children aged 2 – 13 years with history of ≥2 months IDP camp stay duration from IDPs’ camps in Plateau state. An interviewer-administered questionnaire and oral examination was used to collect data. Data was analyzed using SPSS 23. Ethical approval and permissions from relevant authorities were obtained.Result: A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed and 295 (98.3%) were returned correctly filled. The participants (98.3%) were males (55.6 %) and females (44.4%). Majority (61.3%) had fair oral hygiene status. The mean oral hygiene index (OHI) score was associated with age-group (p=0.001) and camp location (p=0.001) with plaque as main contributor. Oral mucosal lesion prevalence was 2.7%. The mean OHI scores increased with increasing BMI and was significant. Conclusion: Plaque was the main contributor to the fair oral hygiene status of the children and it was associated with age, camp location and BMI. The prevalence of OML was low.
Vibrational spectroscopy: A novel technique changing the face of clinical diagnosis
Authors: Effiong BO
Published: September 2023

The application of spectroscopy to provide insight to biological questions bothering on pathology in plant and animal tissues is a rapidly growing field known as biospectroscopy. Biospectroscopy has significantly changed the face of biological and toxicological research, from clinical diagnosis to environmental toxicology. Techniques involved have become potential tools for non-invasive optical tissue diagnosis and have been applied to study a wide variety of pathologic states. Cellular biomolecules absorb the mid-IR (λ = 2 -20 µm) via vibrational transitions that are derived from individual chemical bonds. Within the mid-IR range, 1800 – 900 cm-1 is regarded as the biochemical-cell fingerprint region, because it contains the fundamental vibrational modes of the structures present in biological specimens. The vibrational modes of key chemical bonds may thus be exploited to understand intracellular mechanisms as the biochemical-cell fingerprint of the material under study, is produced with direct association between peaks and chemical bonds. What makes it important for toxicological research in developing countries? 1) The relative simplicity of the technique with regards to the equipment 2) Ease of sample preparation/handling 3) Low cost and potentially reagent free. This technique will prove particularly useful in situations where a broad spectrum, exploratory Tox-Screen is required to observe the effect of a compound on a variety of biomolecules.
Prevalence and Determinants of the use of Enema in under-five children in Akwa Ibom State
Authors: Ekanem AM  , Udofia EA  , Oloyede IP  , Ekrikpo UE  , George KE
Published: September 2023

Background: Use of enema in children across clinical and community settings are associated with risks. This study seeks to determine the prevalence of enema practice in under-five children, substances used as enema and the reasons for enema practice by mothers.Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross sectional study among 252 consecutively recruited mothers of under-five children attending immunization/well babies clinics in 2 health centres in Akwa Ibom state using a semi-structured self and interviewer administered questionnaire for data collection. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 at a level of significance of P<0.05.Results: One hundred and sixty-nine (67.1%) respondents had ever given enema to their children. Mothers (69.2%) administered enema to their children which most often (72.8%) was recommended to them by others. Herbal enema was preferred to chemical and plain water enema. Common reasons for enema administration were in preparation for administration of antimalarial to ensure its effectiveness (60.4%), to relief constipation (49.7%) and abdominal pains (46.7%) and treatment of fevers (41.4%). Predictors of enema practice were age of the child (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.212-0.765, p=0.005) and ethnic origin of the mothers (OR 9.4,95% CI 4.024-22.104, p<0.001).Conclusion: The practice of enema is common in the study area. Health practitioners should be aware of this practice in the communities, seek for this history during clinical consultation and make concerted effort in educating the mothers and other caregivers against this practice.
Retinal changes among pre-eclamptic patients in University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin, Nigeria
Authors: Uwagboe PN  , Ebeigbe JA  , Uwagboe CU
Published: September 2023

Background: Preeclampsia is one of the hypertensive disorders in pregnancy that contributes significantly to maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, with the impact felt more in developing countries. It is characterized by endothelial dysfunction and vasospasm of vessels which can be observed by an ocular fundal examination. The aim of this study was to determine the ocular fundus findings of women with preeclampsia.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, carried out at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital involving a total of 220 pregnant women. The women were divided into two groups of 110 pregnant women (A&B).Their Age and Gestational age was cross-matched and retinopathy graded according to Keith and Wagner classification. Group A was made up of Preeclamptic women and Group B was made up of healthy pregnant women. Visual acuity was measured using Snellens’ chart, and the fundus was examined with direct ophthalmoscope.

Results: This showed that the retinal changes observed in the preeclamptic women were associated with their age (P = 0.009), gestational age (P = 0.044), blood pressure (P = 0.001), Proteinuria (P = 0.001), Severity of the disease (P = 0.001), visual acuity (P = 0.035) as well as with the visual symptoms (P = 0.001) but not statistically significant with the gravida (P = 0.799).

Conclusion: Our study highlights the importance of timely ophthalmoscopy which helps to assess severity of disease (pre-eclampsia) which affects the decision of induction of delivery to predict and prevent possible complications which in turn immensely helps in judicious management of disease. Also, the study revealed that preeclamptic women who are multigravida are more likely to have retinopathy than primigravida.
Immunohistochemical Survey of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast, using ER, PR, HER2 and KI-67 biomarkers, in Uyo, Nigeria
Authors: Eziagu UB  , Ndukwe CO  , Kudamnya I  , Peter AI  , Igiri AO
Published: September 2023

Background: Breast’s Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC), which is the commonest type of malignancy in females worldwide, can be characterized using immunohistochemistry in view of personalized cancer therapy. In this study, we aimed to determine the pattern of immunohistochemical profiles of IDC using oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor 2 receptor (HER2) and proliferative index (Ki-67) biomarkers in our tertiary healthcare facility in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria given the dearth of its data in our environment.

Materials and methods: We carried out a retrospective hospital-based immunohistochemical study of archival IDC tissue blocks over a four- and half-year period. Using systematic random sampling method, 64 formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) IDC tissue blocks were selected for this study. We carried out immunohistochemical evaluation using ER, PR, HER2 and Ki-67 biomarkers. Subsequently, we presented the results and classification schemes as text, tables, graphs, and photomicrographs.

Results: We found that the proportion of expressions were ER-negative (88.7%), PR-negative (87.3%), HER2-negative (68.3%) and Ki-67 (<20%) being 83.6% respectively. The immunohistochemical-based classification which was done using combined immunohistochemical profiles of ER/PR/HER2 and ER/PR/HER2/Ki-67 biomarkers respectively, revealed five immunohistochemical-based subtypes. These subtypes were ER-positive luminal A (ER+/±PR+/HER2-) [5.56%], ER-positive luminal B (ER+/±PR+/HER2+) [5.56%], HER2-overexpression (ER-/±PR+/HER2+) [16.66%], Triple negative (ER-/PR-/HER2-) [66.67%] and Unclassified subtypes (ER-/PR+/HER2-) [5.56%]. Furthermore, these five subtypes were further subcategorized into low (Ki-67 <20%) and high (Ki-67 ≥20%) proliferation subtypes accordingly.

Conclusion: The commonest pattern of immunohistochemical profile expression of IDC in Uyo was found to be the Triple negative subtype.
COVID-19: Socio-demographic determinants of knowledge
Authors: Ogbondah BO  , Owhonda G  , Jaja ID  , Luke A  , Green P  , Mberekpe PO
Published: September 2023

Background: Knowledge on etiology, risk factors, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms of COVID-19 is an essential element in pandemic control. Assessing the level of knowledge and determining sources from which information were derived is a fundamental element of situation analysis imperative in COVID-19 control.

Materials and method: The study is a cross sectional study. All eligible visitors who presented at the general out-patient department for Medicare were enlisted into the study until required sample size was achieved. Pre-tested interviewer administered questionnaire was used to elicit information from respondents. Statistical analysis was done with multinomial logistic regression analysis using SPSS version 23.1 with statistical significance set at 0.05. Ethical approval and permission for the study from relevant authorities were granted.

Results: Over all composite score for good knowledge was 1037(35.4%) with predominant statistically significant difference in knowledge. There was better knowledge score for females, public servants, married persons, respondents aged 31-40 years and those who had tertiary education.

Conclusion: Knowledge of COVID 19 was poor. Higher educational qualification enhances better knowledge. Females, public servants, married persons, respondents who attended tertiary institution and those aged 31-40 years had better knowledge score.
Evaluating the effect of antidiabetic treatment on haemostatic and fibrinolytic parameters among type 2 diabetics in Ilorin, Nigeria
Authors: Abolarin AT  , Olawumi HO  , Durotoye IA  , Olarinoye JK  , Olufemi-Aworinde KJ
Published: September 2023

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a disease of epidemic proportions and many patients are at a great risk of premature mortality and complication of atherothrombotic disorders affecting coronary, cerebral and peripheral arterial trees. Increased Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1 inhibits fibrinolysis and predicts cardiovascular risk in those living with Type 2 Diabetes. This study aimed to determine the effect of antidiabetic treatment on haemostatic and fibrinolytic parameters among Type 2 Diabetic subjects in Ilorin.

Methods: This was a comparative cross-sectional study involving 78 Type 2 diabetic patients, (39 treatment naïve, 39 treatment experienced). Full blood count was performed using Sysmex XP 300 while Prothrombin time was determined using one stage test of Owren. Activated partial thromboplastin time was determined by method of Proctor and Rapaport. Fibrinogen and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor type-1 were assayed using AssayMax Human Fibrinogen ELISA and AssayMax Human PAI-1 ELISA kit. Data Analysis was done using SPSS version 25.0.

Results: Mean PAI-1 levels were significantly higher in treatment naïve diabetics when compared to treatment experienced diabetics (2.44 ±2.57 vs 2.51±1.47 ng/ml p=0.002) as were fibrinogen levels (434.65±366.15 vs 482.24± 299.64mg /dl; p = 0.048). PAI -1 levels were lowest among diabetics treated with Metformin + DPP4 inhibitors, while fibrinogen levels were lowest among those treated with Metformin + sulfonylurea combination.

Conclusion: Oral hypoglycaemic treatment, combination therapy in particular, improves fibrinolysis in type 2 diabetics thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
Audit of Adenotonsillar surgeries in a Tertiary Facility in Uyo, South-south Nigeria
Authors: Inoh MI  , Inoh EE  , Ette UV  , Ette VF  , Iseh KR  , Enyeneokpon ES  , Sylvester E
Published: September 2023

Background: Adenoid and tonsils are lymphoid tissues that occupy the nasopharynx and tonsillar fossae and serve as the initial site of immunological contact for inhaled and ingested antigens. Adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy is a lifesaving surgical procedure and remains a leading reason of surgical admission in general otorhinolaryngological practice both in developed and developing countries.The study aims to audit adenotonsillar surgeries in the Department of Ear, Nose and Throat in University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, and compare findings with similar studies.

Method: This is a retrospective study of patients who had adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, or adenotonsillectomy over 5 years from January 2015 to December 2019 at the Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat, University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Akwa Ibom state, south-south Nigeria.

Results: A total of 526 patients were recruited, and this accounted for 38.7% of the total ENT surgeries performed within the study period. Ages ranged from 6 months to 72 years, with a mean age of 11.89+1.03. The majority of the patients were aged between 1-5 years and the commonest presenting symptom was snoring and mouth breathing (79.5%). Sleep-disordered breathing (55.7%) was the main indication for the surgeries. Adenotonsillectomy (61.0%) was the commonest surgery performed. About 1.0% of the patients had recurrent adenoids.

Conclusion: The surgeries were of immense necessity to the patients as all presenting complaints and pre-operative diagnoses became completely resolved.
Diagnostic urethrocystoscopy: A five-year review of indications and findings in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria
Authors: Abdullahi M  , Alhassan SU
Published: September 2023

Background: Urethrocystoscopy is defined as endoscopic visualization of the urethra and the urinary bladder for the purpose of diagnosis or treatment of diseases of the lower urinary tract.Objective: To study the indications, diagnosis and complications of diagnostic urethrocystoscopy in our hospital.

Materials and method: It was a retrospective descriptive study of all patients who had diagnostic urethrocystoscopy in our hospital between January 2016 to December 2021. Institutional ethical clearance was obtained. Particulars of the patients were collected from the operating theatre register and their medical case files were retrieved. Information about the patients’ bio-data, presentation, clinical/radiologic diagnosis, urethrocystoscopic findings and its complications were extracted. The generated data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21 and results presented in tables, text and figures.

Results: A total of 673 patients had urethrocystoscopy/cystoscopy during the period out of which we recovered full medical records of 592 patients whose data were analyzed.The patient’s age ranges between 9 to 86years with mean age of 43.7±9.3SD years and M: F = 3.9:1. The indications for diagnostic urethrocystoscopy were lower urinary tract symptoms [LUTS] (48.8%), bladder tumour (29.2%) and haematuria (11.1%) among others. The urethrocystoscopic diagnoses were bladder tumour (37.8%), prostate enlargement (19.1%) and urethral stricture (6.9%) among others. The complications recorded were urethral/bladder bleeding (2.4%), urosepsis (1.4%) and urethral/bladder injury (0.3%).

Conclusion: Urethrocystoscopy is a necessary tool for comprehensive practice of urology owing to its vital role in the diagnosis and treatment of different kinds of lower urinary tract diseases and it is generally a safe procedure.
Giant plexiform neurofibroma of lower limb: Importance of radiology in diagnosis, complications and management
Authors: Udeagu GC  , Njeze NR  , Ukwuaku CC
Published: September 2023

Plexiform neurofibromatosis is reported to occur in 26.7% of patients with type I neurofibromatosis. Plexiform neurofibromas present at, or soon after, birth as areas of hyperpigmentation, thickening of the skin and excess hair. In 50 percent of cases, it results from autosomal dominant transmission and in the remaining 50 percent of cases it arises as a spontaneous genetic mutation with no known cause. It affects all three germ layers and it is capable of involving any organ system. Plexiform neurofibroma pathognomonic of von Recklinghausen disease (neurofibromatosis type 1) and the gene responsible for the disorder is located in the chromosome region 17q11.2. The aim of this article is to report a rare case of giant plexiform neurofibromatosis in 15 year old Nigerian boy, its complications, its association with birth mark and hyperpigmentation, and its management.
Pneumococcal vaccine uptake and its associated factors among adult patients with congestive cardiac failure seen in a tertiary facility in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Ajibare AO  , Ojo OT  , Odeyemi AS  , Dada AO  , Adekoya AO  , Aderibigbe AA
Published: September 2023

Background: Patients with congestive cardiac failure (CCF) are at increased risk of morbidities and mortality associated with pneumococcal infections and thus should be vaccinated against Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, there is dearth of scientific data on pneumococcal vaccine uptake in this environment. This study set out to assess the vaccination status and its associated factors among CCF patients in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), Lagos, Nigeria.

Methodology: A questionnaire based cross-sectional study of one hundred patients with CCF conducted at the adult cardiology out-patient clinic of LASUTH between December 2021 and March 2022. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded as well as Pneumococcal vaccination status, source of vaccination, challenges and reasons for non-vaccination. The likelihood of recommending vaccination for others was also obtained.

Results: The mean age of the study population was 51.55±16.36 years (range 21-78 years). The male to female ratio was 56:44. Pneumococcal vaccination rate was 9% with only 4% fully vaccinated. Lack of information about vaccine was the commonest reason for non-vaccination. Healthcare providers were the source of vaccine information in only 58% of the vaccinated subjects. Majority of the vaccinated respondents (67%) had their vaccines outside the country and most of them will likely recommend vaccination to others.

Conclusion: Pneumococcal vaccination rate among CCF patients was poor. Better patients’ education and prompt vaccine recommendation by the managing physicians will improve vaccination uptake. A National guideline for adult pneumococcal vaccine in Nigeria is desirable.
Minimizing adverse effects of subjective measurement of endotracheal tube cuff pressure: Can the use of the loss of resistance technique help?
Authors: Mamuda A  , Ahmad A  , Salahu D
Published: September 2023

Background: Appropriate endotracheal tube cuff (ETTc) pressure estimation is essential to prevent airway complications. The pilot balloon palpation technique is the commonly used method of cuff inflation. It is however subjective thus prone to over or under estimation thus unreliable.

Objective: To determine if the use of the passive release technique of cuff inflation would reduce commonly encountered airway complications following ETT intubation.

Methodology: Patients scheduled for elective procedures under general anaesthesia with ETT were recruited into the study, 108 ASA I and II patients aged between 18-65 years were randomized into 2 groups with one group having their cuff inflated using the pilot balloon palpation (PBP) technique and the other by the use of a loss of resistance syringe (LOR). Airway complications were then assessed and compared between the 2 groups.

Results: The incidences of sore throat, cough and hoarseness were significantly lower in the LOR group compared to the PBP group (35.2vs79.6%, 14.8 vs64.8% and 7.4 vs 79.6% respectively; p = 0.0001 in each case).

Conclusion: Passive release technique using LOR was found to be less associated with post-endotracheal intubation airway complications than PBP technique
Prevalence, pattern and factors associated with undernutrition among Primary school aged children in Rivers State Nigeria
Authors: Osaro BO  , Edet CK  , Ben-Osaro NV
Published: September 2023

Background: Undernutrition among children contributes to the high diseases burden in Nigeria and other developing countries undergoing nutritional transition. It presents as underweight, stunting and thinness/wasting.

Objective: This study looked at the pattern of undernutrition among primary school aged children in Rivers State.

Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study among primary school-aged children in Rivers State Nigeria recruited through a multistage sampling method. Information on socio-demography, dietary habit and physical activity of the pupils were obtained from parents who gave informed consent while weight and height measurements were carried out directly on assenting pupils. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 23 and WHO Anthroplus software. Results were presented in frequency table. Test of statistical significance was done at P < 0.05

Results: A total of 465 pupils aged 5 – 13 years participated in the study. Mean age was 8.64 ± 0.113 years. Twenty-nine (6.2%) of the pupils were stunted, 8 (1.7%) were severely stunted; 19 (4.1%) were thin/wasted and 18 (3.9%) were severely thin/wasted; 12 (3.1%) were under-weight and 4 (1.0%) were severely underweight. Stunting and underweight were associated with type of school, place of residence, class of pupils, occupation and level of education of parents (P < 0.05); thinness/wasting was associated with only birth order (P < 0.05). Undernutrition was not associated with physical activity and dietary habit.

Conclusion: Stunting was the commonest pattern of undernutrition among primary school age children in Rivers State Nigeria followed by underweight and thinness/wasting.
Dental treatment needs among students with disabilities in Sokoto, Nigeria
Authors: Ogbeide ME  , Okeigbemen SA  , Taiwo AO  , Bala M
Published: September 2023

Background: Individuals with disabilities experience more dental problems and have more unmet dental needs, and face additional challenges accessing dental treatments. It is imperative therefore to carry out a study that would assess the dental treatment needs of this vulnerable population to aid the planning of appropriate oral health programs tailored towards their peculiarities.

Objective: To determine the dental treatment needs among students with disabilities in Sokoto, Nigeria

Methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey conducted in Sokoto State among students with disabilities. IBM SPSS version 23.0 was used to analyze data via descriptive statistics. The results were displayed in charts and frequency tables.

Results: Two hundred and thirty-six students with disabilities, 69 (29.2%) females and 167 (70.8%) males were recruited in the study. Preventive treatment need was the most required treatment need 65 (27.5%), it also accounted for the highest mean number of teeth per subject (0.86 ± 1.80) requiring treatment. The hearing-impaired group required the most treatments across the various treatment types [i.e. preventive treatment needs 26 (40.0%), conservative treatment needs 31 (53.4%), endodontic treatment needs 8 (44.4%), oral surgery treatment needs 13 (44.8%)], except in the prosthodontic treatment needs, which was required more by the intellectually impaired group 8 (42.1%).

Conclusion: The present study shows high dental treatment needs among students with disabilities in Sokoto, with preventive and restorative treatments accounting for the bulk of treatment required by the study population. The Hearing-impaired group had the most required treatment needs compared to others.