bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RICE CROP MAPPING USING SENTINEL-1A PHENOLOGICAL METRICS
Authors: Chen C. F. , Son N. T. , Chen C. R. , Chang L. Y. , Chiang S. H.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Rice is the most important food crop in Vietnam, providing food more than 90 million people and is considered as an essential source of income for majority of rural populations. Monitoring rice-growing areas is thus important to developing successful strategies for food security in the country. This paper aims to develop an approach for crop acreage estimation from multi-temporal Sentinel-1A data. We processed the data for two main cropping seasons (e.g., winter–spring, summer–autumn) in the Mekong River Delta (MRD), Vietnam through three main steps: (1) data pre-processing, (3) rice classification based on crop phenological metrics, and (4) accuracy assessment of the mapping results. The classification results compared with the ground reference data indicated the overall accuracy of 86.2% and Kappa coefficient of 0.72. These results were reaffirmed by close correlation between the government’s rice area statistics for such crops (R2 > 0.95). The values of relative error in area obtained for the winter–spring and summer–autumn were -3.6% and 6.7%, respectively. This study demonstrates the potential application of multi-temporal Sentinel-1A data for rice crop mapping using information of crop phenology in the study region.
MONITORING LAND COVER DYNAMICS AT VARYING SPATIAL SCALES USING HIGH TO VERY HIGH RESOLUTION OPTICAL IMAGERY
Authors: Lavender S. J.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Activities have focused on using the Landsat time-series and Sentinel-2 datasets to monitor land cover dynamics across the United Kingdom, with mapping of specific areas including missions such as Worldview and Kompsat. This short conference paper shows some of the preliminary results from the Landsat Operational Land Imager, Thematic Mapper and Enhanced Thematic Mapper data processing that has included the development of a pre-processing system that includes cloud masking and an atmospheric correction. The results are promising, but further research is needed.
LANDSAT 8 MULTISPECTRAL AND PANSHARPENED IMAGERY PROCESSING ON THE STUDY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING ISSUES
Authors: Lazaridou M. A. , Karagianni A. Ch.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Scientific and professional interests of civil engineering mainly include structures, hydraulics, geotechnical engineering, environment, and transportation issues. Topics included in the context of the above may concern urban environment issues, urban planning, hydrological modelling, study of hazards and road construction. Land cover information contributes significantly on the study of the above subjects. Land cover information can be acquired effectively by visual image interpretation of satellite imagery or after applying enhancement routines and also by imagery classification. The Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM – Landsat 8) is the latest satellite in Landsat series, launched in February 2013. Landsat 8 medium spatial resolution multispectral imagery presents particular interest in extracting land cover, because of the fine spectral resolution, the radiometric quantization of 12bits, the capability of merging the high resolution panchromatic band of 15 meters with multispectral imagery of 30 meters as well as the policy of free data. In this paper, Landsat 8 multispectral and panchromatic imageries are being used, concerning surroundings of a lake in north-western Greece. Land cover information is extracted, using suitable digital image processing software. The rich spectral context of the multispectral image is combined with the high spatial resolution of the panchromatic image, applying image fusion – pansharpening, facilitating in this way visual image interpretation to delineate land cover. Further processing concerns supervised image classification. The classification of pansharpened image preceded multispectral image classification. Corresponding comparative considerations are also presented.
Which are the highest peaks in the US Arctic? Fodar settles the debate
Authors: Nolan Matt , DesLauriers Kit
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Though an outstanding achievement for their time, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) topographic maps of the eastern Alaskan Arctic nonetheless contain significant errors, and in this paper we address one of them. Specifically, USGS maps of different scale made in the late 1950s alternate between Mt. Chamberlin and Mt. Isto as the tallest peak in the US Arctic. Given that many of the peaks here are close in height and covered with glaciers, recent climate change may also have changed their height and their order. We resolved these questions using fodar, a new airborne photogrammetric technique that utilizes structure-from-motion (SfM) software and requires no ground control, and validated it using GPS measurements on the peaks as well as airborne lidar. Here we show that Mt. Chamberlin is currently the third tallest peak and that the order and elevations of the five tallest mountains in the US Arctic are Mt. Isto (2735.6 m), Mt. Hubley (2717.6 m), Mt. Chamberlin (2712.3 m), Mt. Michelson (2698.1 m), and an unnamed peak (2694.9 m); these heights are relative to the NAVD88 GEOID12A vertical datum. We find that it is indeed plausible that this ranking has changed over time and may continue to change as summit glaciers continue to shrink, though Mt. Isto will remain the highest under current climate trends. Mt. Isto is also over 100 m taller than the highest peak in Arctic Canada, making it the highest peak in the North American Arctic. Fodar elevations compared to within a few centimeters of our ground-based GPS measurements of the peaks made a few days later and our complete validation assessment indicates a measurement uncertainty of better than ±20 cm (95 % RMSE). By analyzing time series of fodar maps, we were able to detect topographic change on the centimeter level on these steep slopes, indicating that fodar can be used to measure mountain snow packs for water resource availability or avalanche danger, glacier volume change, and slope subsidence, as well as many other applications of benefit to society. Compared to lidar, the current state-of-the-art airborne topographic mapping, we found this SfM technique as accurate, more useful scientifically, and significantly less expensive, suggesting that fodar is a disruptive innovation that will enjoy widespread usage in the future.
Homage to Ed Soja
Authors: Kramsch Olivier Thomas
Published: June 2016

Homage to Ed Soja
En memoria de Edward W. Soja
Authors: De Geógrafos Equipo de la Asociación Americana
Published: June 2016

En memoria de Edward W. Soja
Voluntad nacional y narrativa de guerra: una lectura desde la geopolítica crítica
Authors: Clavé-Mercier Valentin
Published: June 2016

Jeffrey Kubiak (2014) War Narratives and the American National Will in War. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan. 221 pp. ISBN 978-1-137-42620-8.
Eurobonos: evolución y soluciones de la deuda en Europa
Authors: Arribas Cámara Javier , Cárdenas del Rey Luis
Published: June 2016

En este trabajo se analizan los principales problemas derivados de la gestión de la deuda pública, discutiendo si es un problema latente o puntual. A continuación, se propone un mecanismo solución a la crisis de deuda soberana que sufren los países de la Eurozona en el marco de la crisis financiera internacional. Dicho mecanismo consiste en la combinación de un proceso de reestructuración unido a la creación de un sistema común de emisión de deuda soberana en la Eurozona, denominado habitualmente como Eurobonos. Por tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación es ofrecer los elementos analíticos necesarios para comprender las posibles soluciones a los problemas de la deuda pública.
El concepto de ciudadanía en la obra de Dominique Schnapper: entre el tipo ideal sociológico y el ideal de sociedad democrática
Authors: Martín Pérez Alberto
Published: June 2016

Este artículo analiza la evolución del concepto de ciudadanía en la obra de Dominique Schnapper como uno de los ejemplos más destacados en la sociología contemporánea de una aproximación completa a la cuestión. A través de un recorrido exhaustivo por su obra, el objetivo es profundizar en la comprensión de la tensión entre la dinámica democrática y la idea de ciudadanía en cuanto que tipo ideal del vínculo social y como principio regulador de las sociedades democráticas. La autora propone en sus primeros trabajos una noción de ciudadanía vinculada al proceso político de construcción de la nación que no distingue entre la definición de un tipo ideal sociológico y la construcción de un ideal de sociedad. Esta confusión se corrige al introducir posteriormente en el análisis la incidencia de la democracia sobre las experiencias individuales de la ciudadanía, aportando una perspectiva de análisis de gran utilidad tanto para la comprensión de la dinámica contemporánea de las sociedades democráticas como para la necesaria defensa de la ciudadanía como vínculo social fundamental y como principio fundador de la legitimidad política.
Consumer Preferences for Cigarettes in Sudan-A Conjoint Analysis Approach
Authors: Idriss Elfadil Timan
Published: June 2016

Understanding Consumer’s preferences on attributes of cigarettes market is the first step to successful marketing strategies. The goal of this article is to explore the preferences of the smokers and to determine the way consumers perceive the importance of cigarettes attributes using conjoint analysis. Research was conducted on a sample of 416 users of cigarettes in Sudan and data were collected using a structured questionnaire. By implementing conjoint analysis, the current study investigates how consumers do tradeoff between preferences of number of attributes and the importance they attached to each of these cigarettes' attributes. The four attributes that are dealt within this study are the social status, availability, quality and price of cigarettes. Though the preferences of the various consumers vary, the results show that while price, quality and availability are important attributes, the social status is the most preferred attribute in the cigarettes industry in Sudan. The findings of the current study provide essential implications for marketers in developing future marketing strategies and for investment in this sector.
Concurrent, Prospective, Analytical Cohort Study of Endometriosis Patients at Latifa Hospital – Dubai, UAE
Authors: Lotfi Ghassan , Isaac Bindu , Nasir Razan , Paulose Litty
Published: June 2016

Objective

To analyze the prevalence and features of endometriosis in a targeted group of population in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

Methods

A prospective study of 247 patients with endometriosis who attended the specialty clinic for endometriosis, Latifa Hospital from September 2012 to May 2015. All patients underwent surgical treatment. All patients filled out a preoperative questionnaire that included demographic data, clinical presentation, chief complaint, prior treatment, and personal, obstetric, and family history. Confirmation of endometriosis was carried out intraoperatively with/without conclusive histopathology of endometriosis. Epidemiological analysis of patients with confirmed endometriosis was done, as compared to published international data of the same category.

Results

The prevalence of endometriosis in our study was 4.2%. UAE nationals made up 57.9% (143) of endometriosis sufferers and 42.1% (104) were expatriates. A total of 2.8% (7) were adolescents (14-20), 35.8% (88) were in the early reproductive age group (20-30), 47.3% (117) in the mid-age group (30-40), 13.3% (33) in late reproductive age group (40-50), and 0.8% (2) in postmenopausal age group. 56.6% (140) were P-0, 17% (42) P-1, and 26.4% (65) P-2 or more. Primary infertility was shown in 22.2% (55) of patients and 15.3% (38) had secondary infertility. There were 44.5% (110) of patients with a normal BMI index, 2.8% (7) underweight, 31.9% (79) overweight, and 20.6% (51) were obese. Regarding the type of endometriosis, patients were divided into three groups, those with ovarian endometriosis 49.8% (123), pelvic endometriosis 42.2% (104), and other, mainly adenomyosis 8% (20). The stages of endometriosis were 17.2% (42) with stage I, 44.5% (110), with stage II, 32.4% (80) with stage III, and 5.8% (14) with stage IV. In our study 19.4% had a family history of endometriosis while in 72.1% there was no family history.

Conclusions

This was the first ever epidemiological study in the UAE among patients with a confirmed diagnosis of endometriosis. There is need for further epidemiological surveys to obtain a more realistic view of the prevalence and severity of the disease in UAE patients with endometriosis who, however, do seem to share the same incidence rate and features as reported worldwide.
Inguinal Endometriosis – A Series of Five Cases and Literature Review
Authors: Jorge-Moreira Cátia , Pereira Joana , Amaral Joana , Costa Ana R.
Published: June 2016

Introduction

Endometriosis is a benign gynecological pathology defined as the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue which grows in response to hormonal stimulus. It affects women of reproductive age, with a prevalence of 10%-20%. Although it appears mainly in the pelvic organs, we can find lesions in extrapelvic locations. Inguinal endometriosis is a very rare event. A history of painful inguinal mass, with exacerbation related to the menstrual cycle is the hallmark of diagnosis. However, typical symptoms may not be present or can mimic other inguinal pathology, posing a diagnostic challenge. In this article we present five cases of inguinal endometriosis referred to our institution along with a brief review of literature.

Case Report

We describe five clinical cases of women with inguinal endometriosis. Four of these cases were initially referred to general surgery and two of them had a primary diagnosis of inguinal hernia. Three patients were submitted to biopsy, which established the diagnosis of endometriosis prior to surgery in all. Surgical excision of the lesion was performed in all but one patient who refused treatment, and there were no serious complications or recurrences.

Discussion

Inguinal endometriosis is a rare condition. To diagnose this situation, physicians need to be aware of this pathology and include it in the differential diagnosis when facing a child-bearing age woman with complains of painful inguinal mass. Although the definitive diagnosis is histological, ultrasound or MRI may be helpful to establish a presumptive diagnosis. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice and is, in general, definitive.
Psykiatrisk epidemiologi i Norge – et historisk tilbakeblikk
Authors: Dalgard Odd Steffen
Published: June 2016

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The concept of psychiatric illness – a core problem in psychiatric epidemiology
Authors: Sandanger m.fl. Inger
Published: June 2016

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Risikofaktorer for suicidal atferd blant unge i Norge
Authors: Grøholt Berit
Published: June 2016

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Ung i Norge
Authors: Wichstrøm Lars
Published: June 2016

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Norsk arbeidsmedisinsk epidemiologi: Hvor står vi? Hvor går vi?
Authors: Kjuus Helge
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGArbeidslivet frembyr populasjoner med gunstige eksponeringskontraster, som kan være et attraktivtutgangspunkt for årsakssøkende epidemiologi. Denne artikkel gir eksempler på innholdsmessig ogmetodemessig praksis innenfor det arbeidsmedisinske epidemiologiske fagområdet i Norge de sistedecennier, og peker på en del utfordringer for fremtidig virksomhet innenfor den arbeidsmedisinskeepidemiologien. Økende gradienter i livsstil og helse, kompliserte årsaksnettverk, multikomponent,lavgradig eksponering og bruk av nye effektmarkører vil være noen av fremtidens utfordringer.Kjuus H. Occupational epidemiology in Norway. Status and future challenges.Nor J Epidemiol ENGLISH SUMMARYThe traditional exposure contrasts found in working populations represent an attractive starting pointfor epidemiological studies. This paper gives examples of past and current practice in the field ofoccupational epidemiology in Norway, and discuss some challenges for future epidemiologic studies.Increasing gradients in lifestyle and health, complicated causal webs, low exposure to a multitude offactors, and use of new biomarkers for effect represent some of these challenges.1999; 9 (1): 5-11.
Morbidity from ischemic heart disease in workers at a stainless steel welding factory
Authors: Hilt Bjørn , Qvenild Torgunn , Rømyhr Olve
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTObjectives:  Methods:  Results:  Conclusion:  Key terms:  Angina pectoris, cardiovascular diseases, grinding, ischemic heart disease, metal workers,myocardial infarction, stainless steel, weldingIn accord with some other studies, the results of the study support a hypothesis that there maybe a relation between exposure factors to which stainless steel metal workers are exposed and an increasedrisk of ischemic heart disease.There were 236 men from the study group and 989 men from the control group who fulfilled theinclusion criteria, and who answered the questionnaires. The bivariate analysis showed that the study grouphad an increased age and smoking adjusted prevalence of "chest pain on exercise" and "angina pectoris"with ratios 2.3 (95% CI 1.5–4.9) and 2.6 (95% 1.2–5.7) respectively. When using multiple logistic regressionanalysis with control for potential confounding factors, the odds ratios for the study group as comparedto the control group, were 2.6 (95% CI 1.3–5.3) for "chest pain on exercise", 2.5 (95% CI 1.1–5.8) for"angina pectoris", and 2.4 (95% CI 1.1–4.9) for myocardial infarction. The only explanatory variable whichshowed statistically significant increased odds ratios for all three outcome variables was work with grinding,with 2.4 (95% CI 1.0–5.5), 3.3 (1.3–8.5), and 2.5 (1.1–5.9) respectively.All the men who had worked at the plant for more than one year since 1960, and who were underthe age of 70 years at the time of the study, were included in the study group. The control group wasrandomly selected from the male population of the same town, and was categorically matched for age. A selfadministered questionnaire was used to collect information on the occurrence of CVD and related symptoms,background variables, and exposure factors. The validity of the outcome variables for a subgroup ofthe participants was checked with their appointed general practitioners. This validation revealed a low sensitivityand a high specificity for the outcome variables “chest pain on exercise” and “angina pectoris”, whilefor “myocardial infarction” both the sensitivity and the specificity of the answers given were high.To investigate whether there was an increased morbidity from cardiovascular diseases (CVD)among welders and other workers at a stainless steel welding factory, and, if so, to see whether morbiditycould be linked to specific exposure factors.
Male proportion in offspring of military air pilots in Norway
Authors: Irgens Ågot , Irgens Lorentz M.
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTRumours of a reduced male proportion in offspring of fathers occupied as military air pilots wereconfirmed in two American studies in 1961 and 1987, but not in a German study in 1976. Data of theMedical Birth Registry of Norway were used to assess whether offspring of fathers occupied as military airpilots, had a deviant sex-ratio.Method.  Results.  Conclusion.  NORSK SAMMENDRAGRykter om redusert andel sønner av fedre ansatt som flyvere i forsvaret, ble støttet i to amerikansk studierfra 1961 og 1987, men ikke i en tysk studie fra 1976. Data fra Medisinsk fødselsregister ble brukt til åundersøke om fødte, etter 16. svangerskapsuke, med fedre som flyvere i forsvaret i Norge, hadde en skjevkjønnsratio.Metode.  Resultat.  Konklusjon.  Andel sønner til mannlige flyvere i forsvaret var signifikant redusert. Gruppen er imidlertidliten og resultatet bør bekreftes av andre studier.Flyvere i forsvaret var fedre til 65 barn. Andelen av gutter var 36,9%, i referansepopulasjon varandelen 51,4% med en relativ risiko 0,72 (95% CI 0,57–0,92).Studien var basert på alle fødte i Norge 1970–1993 med tilgjengelig folketellings-informasjon(ca. 1,2 millioner). Kohorten av flyvere ble etablert ut fra opplysninger om yrke og utdannelse i folketellingenefra 1970, 1980 og 1990. Referansepopulasjonen var alle resterende barn.Male proportion in offspring of men occupied as military air pilots was significantly reduced.However, the group is small and the result needs to be confirmed in other studies.Men working as military air pilots had 65 infants. The male proportion was 36.9%, the maleproportion in the reference population was 51.4% with a relative risk 0.72 (95% CI 0.57–0.92).The study was based on all births in Norway 1970–1993 for which linkage with populationcensus data could be obtained (about 1.2 million). Fathers’ occupation was derived from census data of1970, 1980 and 1990 on job title and education. The reference population was the group that did not belongto the occupation under study.
Experiences with task-based exposure assessment in studies of farmers and tunnel workers
Authors: Eduard Wijnand , Bakke Berit
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTResults are described from exposure assessments in two epidemiological studies of farmers and tunnelworkers. The inter and intra worker variances of exposure were used as a basis for classification ofworkers in groups exposed to different levels.The between worker variability of exposure to α-quartz showed that tunnel workers were exposedto different levels (GSD B = 2.7). Classification by job type showed only 39% higher exposure of concreteworkers compared to excavation workers. The influence of tasks on exposure to α-quartz amongconcrete workers was studied further because the between worker variability was large (GSD B = 4.3).Multiple regression of tasks on α-quartz exposure identified two tasks that explained 51% of the totalvariance (R 2adj ). Further classification of concrete workers will depend on identification of workers thatuse different time on these tasks.As farmers carry out few exposed tasks per day, exposure for each task was measured separately.The between worker variability of exposure to fungal spores among farmers was high (GSD B = 4.4).Classification of measurements into two broad task categories related to plant and livestock productionshowed that the tasks within each category were relative homogeneously exposed (GSD B = 1.1 and 1.4)and with geometric mean exposures that differed by a factor of 20. It therefore seems likely thatfarmers can be divided in groups with different cumulative exposure.These preliminary results indicate that task-based exposure assessment may improve classificationof workers by exposure.
Is the overall SMR a useful measure of mortality in occupational cohort studies?
Authors: Hobbesland Ånund
Published: June 2016

Objectives.  Methods.  ptw is presented which is the sum of the stratum specific observed/expected ratiosweighted by the person-time distribution.Results.  ptw of 1.18 were estimated for this cohort.Conclusions.  Traditional SMR analyses of occupational cohorts are in general influenced by the distributionof age and active/inactive person-time. To reduce the influence of random variations in thesedistributions it is proposed to perform person-time weighting of the age, employment status, and calendartime strata. The healthy hire effect and the healthy worker survivor effect (HWSE) are the maincomponents of the HWE which did not decline by increasing duration of follow-up.The proportions of person-time attributed from the highest age stratum (≥ 65 years) and theproportions of all inactive person-time varied considerably between the populations from the 12 plants.Among individuals aged < 65 years the overall SMRs increased by increasing proportions of inactiveperson-time. The inactive person-time stratum among individuals aged 65 years or more showed anSMR close to 1.00. The active person-time SMRs were fairly stable over increasing strata of durationof follow-up. A traditional SMR of 1.08 and an SMR A previously defined cohort of 14 730 male workers from 12 Norwegian ferroalloy plantswas studied with analyses of the overall SMR stratified by age at risk, employment status, periods ofobservation and duration of follow-up. The age distribution and the proportions of active and inactiveperson-time were also examined among workers from each of the 12 plants. An alternative SMR notiondesignated SMR This study was performed to examine the importance of the age structure of a cohort andthe impact of the healthy worker effect (HWE) on the overall standardised mortality ratio (SMR), andto investigate the components of the HWE.ABSTRACT
Leder
Authors: Schei Berit
Published: June 2016

Tema:Kjønnsulikheter i helse
Astma
Authors: Nystad Wenche
Published: June 2016

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Kjønnsforskjeller i forekomst av legemiddelrelaterte bivirkninger
Authors: Nordeng Hedvig
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGKvinnelig kjønn er blitt identifisert som risikofaktor for legemiddelrelaterte bivirkninger både i primærhelsetjenestenog under sykehusopphold. Hyppigere forekomst av bivirkninger kan forklares delvis,men ikke fullstendig, av at kvinner som gruppe konsumerer oftere og flere legemidler. Videre har legemiddelbrukhos kvinner i mange tilfeller tilknytning til biologiske tilstander som menstruasjon, graviditetog menopause, og den øker med alderen. Det er viktig å ta i betraktning kulturelle forskjeller hoskvinner og menn som kan være med på å overestimere kjønnsforskjellene i bivirkningsforekomsten.Kvinner bruker helsevesenet hyppigere og rapporterer oftere bivirkninger. Høyere bivirkningsfrekvenshos kvinner kan også være resultat av at kvinner generelt får høyere dose per kg enn menn fordikvinner veier mindre. Kjønnsforskjeller i bivirkninger kan i tillegg være knyttet til forskjellig aktivitet ileverenzymene cytochrom P450, som metaboliserer de fleste legemidler. Strukturelle og funksjonellekjønnsforskjeller finnes også i nyrer, lunger, hjerte/kar- og mage/tarmsystemet, og påvirker i varierendegrad effekt og sikkerhet av legemidler.Nordeng H. Gender differences in the occurrence of adverse drug events.Nor J Epidemiol ENGLISH SUMMARYBoth pharmacoepidemiological and clinical studies have identified female gender as a risk factor foradverse events of drugs, both in primary care and in a hospital setting. Frequent occurrence of adverseevents can partly, but not totally, be explained by the fact that women as a group consume more drugsthan men. Women’s drug consumption can to a certain degree be related to menstruation, pregnancyand menopause, and increases with age. It is essential to take into account cultural differences that cancontribute to an overestimation of the gender effect of adverse drug events. Women use the health caresystem more frequently and report more often and more willingly adverse events. Higher frequency ofadverse events may also be the result of women receiving higher dose per kg than men because womenweigh less. Differences in activity of the liver enzyme system cytochrome P450 that metabolises mostdrugs may also cause gender differences in adverse drug events. There also exists structural and functionaldifferences between women and men in the kidney, lung, cardiovascular and gastrointestinalsystem that may influence the effect and safety of drugs.1999; 9 (2): 143-148.
Kvinnehelse i Rogaland – kartlegging av risikofaktorer for hjerte- og karsykdom hos 200 kvinner i to kommuner i Rogaland
Authors: Fevang Anne Kristine , Schei Berit , Grimstad Hilde
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGFormålet med studien var å kartlegge nivået og forekomsten av risikofaktorene totalkolesterol, triglyserid,glukose, kroppsmasseindeks, blodtrykk og røyking. Studien ble gjort i samarbeid med Statenshelseundersøkelser og var en utvidelse av 40-åringsundersøkelsene i to små øykommuner i Rogaland.Til undersøkelsen møtte 200 kvinner i alderen 15 til 75 år. Konsentrasjonen av totalkolesterol, triglyseridog glukose, samt verdien av kroppsmasseindeks og blodtrykk steg med stigende alder. Det var ensignifikant positiv assosiasjon mellom kroppsmasseindeks og triglyserid og mellom kroppsmasseindeksog blodtrykk. Over 50% av kvinnene rapporterte god helse. Forekomsten av røyking var lavere ennellers i landet. Kvinner som røykte eller som hadde enten totalkolesterol ≥ 5,7 mmol/l, triglyserid ≥ 2,3mmol/l, glukose ≥ 11,1 mmol/l, kroppsmasseindeks ≥ 2,7 kg/cm2 eller blodtrykk ≥ 140/90 mmHg bleklassifisert som å ha en eller flere risikofaktorer. I alt 71% av kvinnene i denne studien hadde en ellerflere risikofaktorer. Sammenliknet med andre studier var nivået av risikofaktorene gjennomsnittlig.Fevang AK, Schei B, Grimstad H. Women's health in Rogaland county – screening forcardiovascular risk factors. Nor J Epidemiol 1999; 9 (2): 159-164.  ENGLISH SUMMARYThe aims of the study were to report smoking habits and the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride,blood sugar, blood pressure and body mass index. The study was carried out in cooperation with theNational Health Screening Service. About 200 women, 15 to 75 years old, participated in the study.The concentration of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and blood sugar, and the levels of body mass index(BMI) and blood pressure increased with age. A statistically significant association was found betweenBMI and triglyceride, and between BMI and blood pressure. More than fifty percent of the womenreported that their health was good. The proportion of women who reported cigarette smoking waslower than among women in a national sample. Women who smoked or had either total cholesterol≥ 5.7 mmol/l, triglyceride ≥ 2.3 mmol/l, blood sugar ≥ 11.1 mmol/l, BMI ≥ 2.7 kg/cm2, or bloodpressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg were classified as having one or more risk factors. In the present study 71%of the women had one or more of the risk faktors. The levels of the cardiovascular risk factors amongthe women in this study were comparable with levels among women in other studies.
Kjønnsforskjeller i andelen lårhalsbrudd tilskrevet røykevaner: Tilskrivbar andel, et nyttig begrep innen forebyggende helsearbeid, men ikke uten reservasjoner
Authors: Forsén Lisa
Published: June 2016

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Editorial
Authors: Álvarez-Valenzuela Daniel
Published: June 2016

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Assessing Environmental Justice in Large Hydropower Projects: The Case of São Luiz do Tapajós in Brazil
Authors: Hess Christoph Ernst Emil , Costa Ribeiro Wagner , Wieprecht Silke
Published: June 2016

O fornecimento de energia elétrica numa maneira sustentável se encontra entre os maiores desafios para a sociedade humana hoje em dia. Energia hidrelétrica é de longe a tecnologia de eletricidade renovável mais importante, porém igualmente longe de incontroversa. De fato, se encontra na encruzilhada de correntes socioambientais, tão fortemente promovido por uns quanto rejeitado por outros argumentos, organizações e movimentos ambientalistas. Este artigo sugere a Justiça Ambiental como abordagem alternativa para incorporar a sustentabilidade no planejamento energético, particularmente em projetos hidrelétricos. Enquanto vários métodos foram desenvolvidos para avaliar Justiça Ambiental no contexto urbano, pouca atenção foi dada a projetos elétricos até agora. Um método qualitativo para avaliar projetos hidrelétricos em relação ao seu desempenho em Justiça Ambiental é discutido e ilustrado no caso do projeto hidrelétrico São Luiz do Tapajós, na Amazônia brasileira. Como vai ser mostrado, mudanças fundamentais serão necessárias no Brasil para que o planejamento energético em geral e projetos hidrelétricos em específico cumpram os princípios de Justiça Ambiental.
A Contemporary History of Bullying & Violence in South Korean Schools
Authors: Bax Trent M.
Published: June 2016

At the end of 2011 a bully-suicide case set off a wave of public and political concern for and increased sensitivity toward bullying-and-violence in South Korean schools. Following yet another high-profile bully-suicide case in 2013 the issue of school violence was designated a ‘social evil,’ with punitive-leaning and security-centric measures quickly implemented to try and ‘eradicate’ bullying-and-violence from South Korean society. During this period a particular discourse emerged - seemingly supported by survey data - claiming violence in schools in recent years has: a) become more pervasive, b) is occurring earlier and, c) like ‘gangsters,’ violent students are becoming more ‘organized.’ This paper critically analyzes this discourse by offering a ‘history of the present’ of school violence in South Korea from the 1950s until the present. Historical, empirical, developmental and international data are used to more accurately situate student-initiated violence, and, at the same time, to call in to question the current perceptions of juvenile delinquency and of juvenile justice.
Mean-correction and Higher Order Moments for a Stochastic Volatility Model with Correlated Errors
Authors: Mukhoti Sujay , Ranjan Pritam
Published: June 2016

In an efficient stock market, the log-returns and their time-dependent variances are often jointly modelled by  stochastic volatility models (SVMs). Many SVMs assume that errors in log-return and latent volatility process are uncorrelated, which is unrealistic. It turns out that if a non-zero correlation is included in the SVM (e.g., \cite{Shephard05}), then the expected log-return at time $t$ conditional on the past returns is non-zero, which is not a desirable feature of an efficient stock market. In this paper, we propose a mean-correction for such an SVM for discrete-time returns with non-zero correlation. We also find closed form analytical expressions for higher moments of log-return and its lead-lag correlations with the volatility process. We compare the performance of the proposed and classical SVMs on S\&P 500 index returns obtained from NYSE.
On the Existence Conditions for Balanced Fractional $2^{m}$ Factorial Designs of Resolution $\mathrm{R}^{\ast}(\{1\}|\mathrm{\Omega}_{\ell})$ with $N<\nu_{\ell}(m)$
Authors: Hyodo Yoshifumi , Kuwada Masahide , Yumiba Hiromu
Published: June 2016

We consider a fractional $2^{m}$ factorial design derived from a simple array (SA) such that the $(\ell+1)$-factor and higher-order interactions are assumed to be negligible, where $2\ell\le m$. Under these situations, if at least the main effect is estimable, then a design is said to be of resolution $\mathrm{R}^{\ast}(\{1\}|\mathrm{\Omega}_{\ell})$. In this paper, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for an SA to be a balanced fractional $2^{m}$ factorial design of resolution $\mathrm{R}^{\ast}(\{1\}|\mathrm{\Omega}_{\ell})$ for $\ell=2,3$, where the number of  assemblies is less than the number of non-negligible factorial  effects. Such a design is concretely characterized by the suffixes of the indices of an SA.
Innovation in the Water Sector: Pathway to Zero Net Energy
Authors: Snow Madeline , Darveau Linda , Lowery Ann , DiBara Michael
Published: June 2016

A Massachusetts‐based partnership was established in 2007 that focused on achieving zero net energy at wastewater and drinking water facilities. The model of this successful collaboration has been adapted by others in the water sector.
Generation of a Bone Organ by Human Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells Through Endochondral Ossification
Authors: Osinga Rik , Di Maggio Nunzia , Todorov Atanas , Allafi Nima , Barbero Andrea , Laurent Frédéric , Schaefer Dirk Johannes , Martin Ivan , Scherberich Arnaud
Published: June 2016

Recapitulation of endochondral ossification (ECO) (i.e., generation of marrow-containing ossicles through a cartilage intermediate) has relevance to develop human organotypic models for bone or hematopoietic cells and to engineer grafts for bone regeneration. Unlike bone marrow-derived stromal cells (also known as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells), adipose-derived stromal cells (ASC) have so far failed to form a bone organ by ECO. The goal of the present study was to assess whether priming human ASC to a defined stage of chondrogenesis in vitro allows their autonomous ECO upon ectopic implantation. ASC were cultured either as micromass pellets or into collagen sponges in chondrogenic medium containing transforming growth factor-β3 and bone morphogenetic protein-6 for 4 weeks (early hypertrophic templates) or for two additional weeks in medium supplemented with β-glycerophosphate, l-thyroxin, and interleukin1-β to induce hypertrophic maturation (late hypertrophic templates). Constructs were implanted in vivo and analyzed after 8 weeks. In vitro, ASC deposited cartilaginous matrix positive for glycosaminoglycans, type II collagen, and Indian hedgehog. Hypertrophic maturation induced upregulation of type X collagen, bone sialoprotein, and matrix metalloproteinase13 (MMP13). In vivo, both early and late hypertrophic templates underwent cartilage remodeling, as assessed by MMP13- and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive staining, and developed bone ossicles, including bone marrow elements, although to variable degrees of efficiency. In situ hybridization for human-specific sequences and staining with a human specific anti-CD146 antibody demonstrated the direct contribution of ASC to bone and stromal tissue formation. In conclusion, despite their debated skeletal progenitor nature, human ASC can generate bone organs through ECO when suitably primed in vitro.

Significance

Recapitulation of endochondral ossification (ECO) (i.e., generation of marrow-containing ossicles through a cartilage intermediate) has relevance to develop human organotypic models for bone or hematopoietic cells and to engineer grafts for bone regeneration. This study demonstrated that expanded, human adult adipose-derived stromal cells can generate ectopic bone through ECO, as previously reported for bone marrow stromal cells. This system can be used as a model in a variety of settings for mimicking ECO during development, physiology, or pathology (e.g., to investigate the role of BMPs, their receptors, and signaling pathways). The findings have also translational relevance in the field of bone regeneration, which, despite several advances in the domains of materials and surgical techniques, still faces various limitations before being introduced in the routine clinical practice.
Human Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Improve Left Ventricular Function, Perfusion, and Remodeling in a Porcine Model of Chronic Myocardial Ischemia
Authors: Liu Chuan-Bin , Huang He , Sun Ping , Ma Shi-Ze , Liu An-Heng , Xue Jian , Fu Jin-Hui , Liang Yu-Qian , Liu Bing , Wu Dong-Ying , Lü Shuang-Hong , Zhang Xiao-Zhong
Published: June 2016

Stem cell therapy has emerged as a new strategy for treatment of ischemic heart disease. Although umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (UC-MSCs) have been used preferentially in the acute ischemia model, data for the chronic ischemia model are lacking. In this study, we investigated the effect of UC-MSCs originated from Wharton's jelly in the treatment of chronic myocardial ischemia in a porcine model induced by ameroid constrictor. Four weeks after ameroid constrictor placement, the surviving animals were divided randomly into two groups to undergo saline injection (n = 6) or UC-MSC transplantation (n = 6) through the left main coronary artery. Two additional intravenous administrations of UC-MSCs were performed in the following 2 weeks to enhance therapeutic effect. Cardiac function and perfusion were examined just before and at 4 weeks after intracoronary transplantation. The results showed that pigs with UC-MSC transplantation exhibited significantly greater left ventricular ejection fraction compared with control animals (61.3% ± 1.3% vs. 50.3% ± 2.0%, p < .05). The systolic thickening fraction in the infarcted left ventricular wall was also improved (41.2% ± 3.3% vs. 46.2% ± 2.3%, p < .01). Additionally, the administration of UC-MSCs promoted collateral development and myocardial perfusion. The indices of fibrosis and apoptosis were also significantly reduced. Immunofluorescence staining showed clusters of CM-DiI-labeled cells in the border zone, some of which expressed von Willebrand factor. These results suggest that UC-MSC treatment improves left ventricular function, perfusion, and remodeling in a porcine model with chronic myocardial ischemia.

Significance

Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Many patients with chronic myocardial ischemia are not suitable for surgery and have no effective drug treatment; they are called “no-option” patients. This study finds that umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells transplanted by intracoronary delivery combined with two intravenous administrations was safe and could significantly improve left ventricular function, perfusion, and remodeling in a large-animal model of chronic myocardial ischemia, which provides a new choice for the no-option patients. In addition, this study used clinical-grade mesenchymal stem cells with delivery and assessment methods commonly used clinically to facilitate further clinical transformation.
What Are Some Best Practices for Starting a Pump in a Distribution System?
Authors: Gimson Mark , Duque Alejandro
Published: June 2016

Whenever a pump is started in a distribution system, the sudden increase in flow and pressure can create pressure waves that can cause noise and damage. To avoid this, engineers find ways to slowly ramp up pump speed.
Feasibility Study for the Installation of Wind Energy Conversion Systems in Pakistan
Authors: Saif ur Rehman  , Muhammad Shoaib  , Shamim Khan  , Muhammad Jahangir
Published: June 2016

Wind generated electricity is one of the most attractive methods of electric power generation in a third world country like Pakistan. This paper presents the economic and technical viability of wind energy generation in remote and rural areas of Sindh (Pakistan). In light of this, Three wind turbines with power ratings of 660 kW, 1,000 kW and 18,00 kW are chosen. The economic analysis has been carried out by four economic indexes that are: cost benefit analysis (CBI), Net Present Value (NPV), Pay Back Period (PBP) and the Costof Energy (COE $/kWh). The wind speed data for this study was obtained from the Pakistan meteorological | department, measured at heights of 10m and 30 m, that span from 2002 to 2005.The outcome of the study showed that, the highest annual average energy of 5396 MWh/yr could be generated by Vestas V80 (with power capacity of 1.8 MW). Furthermore, the baseline economic evaluation of all the selected turbines, indicted that V80-1.8 MW gave the least cost (0.043 $/KWh) of electricity production at 80m hub height while the Sensitivity of the selected parameters showed that NPV is more sensitive to retail price of local electricity cost.
A Methodology for Multilingual Automatic Item Generation
Authors: Gierl Mark J. , Lai Hollis
Published: June 2016

Testing agencies require large numbers of high-quality items that are produced in a cost-effective and timely manner. Increasingly, these agencies also require items in different languages. In this paper we present a methodology for multilingual automatic item generation (AIG). AIG is the process of using item models to generate test items with the aid of computer technology. We describe a three-step AIG approach where, first, test development specialists identify the content that will be used for item generation. Next, the specialists create item models to specify the content in the assessment task that must be manipulated to produce new items. Finally, elements in the item model are manipulated with computer algorithms to produce new items. Language is added in the item model step to permit multilingual AIG. We illustrate our method by generating 360 English and 360 French medical education items. The importance of item banking in multilingual test development is also discussed.
Le projet européen NOVIWAM et la gestion intégrée de l’eau
Authors: Sidibé Yoro , Terreaux Jean-Philippe , Tidball Mabel , Berland Jean-Marc , Jacquin Natacha
Published: June 2016

Le projet de recherche européen NOVIWAM (2010-2013), enassociant quatre types de partenaires (recherche, entreprises,gestionnaires, et autres parties prenantes) pour cinq régions oupays (Chypre, Albanie, Région Poitou Charentes, RégionHydrologique du Nord Portugal, Andalousie), a eu pour objectifd’harmoniser la programmation de travaux de recherche surl’eau, et de rendre cohérentes et complémentairesdifférentes approches pour résoudre les problèmesliés à la gestion de la ressource sur les plansquantitatifs et qualitatifs. Nous indiquons ici la démarche miseen place. Nous décrivons aussi très succinctement unexemple d’étude de faisabilité visant àabaisser d’un quart la consommation d’eau pourl’irrigation, tout en maintenant le revenu des agriculteurs etles volumes de biens agricoles produits et tout en s’assurant dela stabilité budgétaire des organismes gestionnaires dela ressource.
Évaluations nationales en France et contexte ultrapériphérique : un enjeu significatif pour l’école à La Réunion ?
Authors: Si Moussa Azzedine
Published: June 2016

La France a organisé, entre 1989 et 2012, des évaluations standardisées sur l’ensemble du territoire national à l’attention des élèves en école primaire ou en début d’enseignement secondaire. Dans les départements d’outre-mer, comme celui de La Réunion, ces évaluations nationales représentent un enjeu particulier au regard du degré de développement local du système éducatif et des caractéristiques contextuelles très spécifiques de l’environnement ultramarin sur les plans historique, social, culturel et économique. Alors que ces évaluations sont actuellement suspendues dans leur application à l’échelle nationale, leur pertinence sur le plan local est interrogée, tandis que les résultats scolaires témoignent de difficultés importantes et récurrentes. La discussion intègre des arguments tenant de l’intérêt de ce type d’évaluations pour ce qu’elles représentent au point de vue des enjeux théoriques sous-jacents ainsi que des arguments issus des réflexions pédagogiques recueillies auprès des enseignants des écoles de La Réunion.
Évaluation-régulation interactive : étude des structures de participation guidée entre enseignant et élèves dans le problème mathématique « Enclos de la chèvre »
Authors: Mottier Lopez Lucie
Published: June 2016

À partir d’un cadre qui définit l’évaluation-soutien d’apprentissage et l’évaluation formative élargie, cet article étudie une forme particulière d’évaluation formative qui a pour intérêt de s’intégrer aux activités d’apprentissage des élèves. Conceptualisée comme une évaluation-régulation interactive en tant que participation guidée qui a une fonction d’étayage et de médiation à l’autorégulation de l’élève, elle n’est cependant pas à confondre avec toute évaluation interactive. Cet article présente une recherche collaborative menée avec neuf enseignants de l’école primaire genevoise qui s’interrogent sur leur façon d’intervenir dans des situations complexes à des fins de soutien d’apprentissage. Les résultats sont présentés sous forme de quatre structures de participation guidée qui caractérisent les processus dialogiques des évaluations-régulations interactives étudiées. Afin d’illustrer la façon dont les enjeux d’apprentissage sont traités dans ces évaluations, les résultats se centrent sur un problème en particulier, « Enclos de la chèvre », issu des moyens d’enseignement romands des mathématiques.
Éclairer les performances par une analyse après coup pour évaluer des compétences professionnelles
Authors: Chenu Florent
Published: June 2016

Est-il pertinent, pour évaluer des compétences professionnelles, d’observer un individu évalué dans une situation de travail, puis de s’entretenir avec lui à propos de son activité dans cette situation ? La question posée dans cet article s’inscrit dans le cadre théorique proposé par la didactique professionnelle. Elle interroge l’intérêt d’une méthodologie d’évaluation des compétences professionnelles qui, au-delà de l’observation d’une performance dans une situation donnée, tente de pronostiquer la « répétabilité » de celle-ci en examinant après coup les raisonnements mis en oeuvre dans cette situation. C’est dans cette perspective que nous avons mené une étude expérimentale sur la relation entre performance et conceptualisation. Cet article présente les résultats de cette étude. Nos travaux ont été conduits dans le domaine de l’utilisation professionnelle du traitement de texte, mais ouvrent le questionnement sur des considérations dont l’intérêt dépasse ce contexte particulier.