bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eavesdropping in solitary large carnivores: Black bears advance and vocalize toward cougar playbacks
Authors: Suraci Justin P. , Clinchy Michael , Roberts Devin J. , Zanette Liana Y.
Published: June 2017

Large carnivore behavioral responses to the cues of their competitors are rarely observed, but may mediate competition between these top predators. Playback experiments, currently limited to interactions involving group‐living large carnivores, demonstrate that attending to cues indicative of the immediate presence of heterospecific competitors plays a substantial role in influencing competition among these species. Group‐living species vocalize regularly to signal to one another, and competitors can readily “eavesdrop” on these acoustic cues. Solitary large carnivores also vocalize to conspecifics, but much less frequently, reducing the ease with which heterospecific competitors can eavesdrop. Eavesdropping could nonetheless play a substantive role in mediating competition among solitary large carnivores if the benefits of responding to the acoustic cues of heterospecific competitors (reducing risk or locating resources) are sufficiently large. Behavioral interactions between solitary large carnivore species are almost never observed, and there have been no experimental tests of their reactions to cues indicative of the immediate presence of other solitary large carnivores. We used an automated playback system to test the responses of a solitary large carnivore (black bear, Ursus americanus) to vocalizations of their similarly solitary competitor (cougar, Puma concolor), presenting both cougar and control vocalizations to free‐living bears foraging along shorelines in British Columbia, Canada. Both mothers with cubs and solitary bears were significantly more likely to advance and vocalize toward cougar than control playbacks, mothers producing one or both of two distinct vocalizations and solitary bears producing just one. Cougars could either represent a potential risk to bears (particularly cubs), or a source of resources, as bears are known to regularly scavenge cougar kills. Our results are consistent with bears eavesdropping on cougars for both these reasons. As with group‐living species, eavesdropping may be common among solitary large carnivores, and may be an important driver of competition between these species.
Antimicrobials used for surgical prophylaxis by equine veterinary practitioners in Australia
Authors: Hardefeldt L. Y. , Browning G. F. , Thursky K. , Gilkerson J. R. , Billman‐Jacobe H. , Stevenson M. A. , Bailey K. E.
Published: June 2017

Background

Antimicrobials are widely used in Australian veterinary practices, but no investigation into the classes of antimicrobials used, or the appropriateness of use in horses, has been conducted.

Objectives

The aim of the study was to describe antimicrobial use for surgical prophylaxis in equine practice in Australia.

Study design

Cross‐sectional questionnaire survey.

Methods

An online questionnaire was used to document antimicrobial usage patterns. Information solicited in the questionnaire included demographic details of the respondents, the frequency with which antimicrobials were used for specific surgical conditions (including the dose, timing and duration of therapy) and practice antimicrobial use policies and sources of information about antimicrobials and their uses.

Results

A total of 337 members of the Australian veterinary profession completed the survey. Generally, the choice of antimicrobial was appropriate for the specified equine surgical condition, but the dose and duration of therapy varied greatly. While there was poor optimal compliance with British Equine Veterinary Association guidelines in all scenarios (range 1–15%), except removal of a nonulcerated dermal mass (42%), suboptimal compliance (compliant antimicrobial drug selection but inappropriate timing, dose or duration of therapy) was moderate for all scenarios (range 48–68%), except for an uninfected contaminated wound over the thorax, where both optimal and suboptimal compliance was very poor (1%). Veterinarians practicing at a university hospital had higher odds of compliance than general practice veterinarians (Odds ratio 3.2, 95% CI, 1.1–8.9, P = 0.03).

Main limitations

Many survey responses were collected at conferences which may introduce selection bias, as veterinarians attending conferences may be more likely to have been exposed to contemporary antimicrobial prescribing recommendations.

Conclusions

Antimicrobial use guidelines need to be developed and promoted to improve the responsible use of antimicrobials in equine practice in Australia. An emphasis should be placed on antimicrobial therapy for wounds and appropriate dosing for procaine penicillin.
From Couple Therapy 1.0 to a Comprehensive Model: A Roadmap for Sequencing and Integrating Systemic, Psychodynamic, and Behavioral Approaches in Couple Therapy
Authors: Nielsen Arthur C.
Published: June 2017

Couple therapy is a complex undertaking that proceeds best by integrating various schools of thought. Grounded in an in‐depth review of the clinical and research literature, and drawing on the author's 40‐plus years of experience, this paper presents a comprehensive, flexible, and user‐friendly roadmap for conducting couple therapy. It begins by describing “Couple Therapy 1.0,” the basic conjoint couple therapy format in which partners talk to each other with the help of the therapist. After noting the limitations of this model, the paper introduces upgrades derived from systemic, psychodynamic, and behavioral/educational approaches, and shows how to combine and sequence them. The most important upgrade is the early focus on the couple's negative interaction cycle, which causes them pain and impedes their ability to address it. Using a clinical case example, the paper shows how all three approaches can improve couple process as a prerequisite for better problem solving. Additional modules and sequencing choice points are also discussed, including discernment counseling and encouraging positive couple experiences.
Fracture mechanics‐based progressive damage modelling of adhesively bonded fibre‐reinforced polymer joints
Authors: Cameselle‐Molares Aida , Sarfaraz Roohollah , Shahverdi Moslem , Keller Thomas , Vassilopoulos Anastasios P.
Published: June 2017

A quasi‐static progressive damage model for prediction of the fracture behaviour and strength of adhesively bonded fibre‐reinforced polymer joints is introduced in this paper. The model is based on the development of a mixed‐mode failure criterion as a function of a master R‐curve derived from the experimental results obtained from standard fracture mechanics joints. Consequently, the developed failure criterion is crack‐length and mode‐mixity dependent, and it takes into account the contribution of the fibre‐bridging effect. Energy release rate values for adhesively bonded double‐lap joints are obtained by using the virtual crack closure technique method in a finite element model, and the numerically obtained strain energy release rate is compared to the critical strain energy release rate given by the mixed‐mode failure criterion. The entire procedure is implemented in a numerical algorithm, which was successfully used for predicting the strength and R‐curve response of adhesively bonded double‐lap structural joints made of pultruded glass fibre‐reinforced polymers and epoxy adhesives.
Changing the Prior Model Description in Bayesian Inversion of Hydrogeophysics Dataset
Authors: de Pasquale Giulia
Published: June 2017

Article impact statement: In Bayesian inversion describing the prior information in terms of global model structure improves the reliability of posterior realizations.
Immunoexpression of p16 in uterine leiomyomas with infarct‐type necrosis: an analysis of 35 cases
Authors: Ip Philip P , Lim Diana , Cheung Annie N Y , Oliva Esther
Published: June 2017

Aims

Uterine leiomyosarcomas frequently show p16 immunoexpression. However, p16 may also be expressed in some benign leiomyoma variants such as leiomyomas with bizarre nuclei and cellular leiomyomas, limiting its utility as a biomarker to distinguish between benign and malignant neoplasms. We investigated p16 expression in leiomyomas with infarct‐type necrosis, tumours which may sometimes be misinterpreted as smooth muscle tumours of uncertain malignant potential or even leiomyosarcoma on conventional light microscopy.

Methods and results

p16 immunostaining was performed on 35 leiomyomas with infarct‐type necrosis and the staining pattern was analysed. Staining was classified as absent, scattered/isolated, <33‐, 33–66‐ or >66%‐positive cells, and was assessed in the areas immediately surrounding and distant from the infarct. The median age of patients was 44 years. Seventeen had hormonal/non‐hormonal drugs and three were pregnant. The median tumour size was 7.25 cm. The mean mitotic count was 0.9/10 high‐power fields. Only one tumour had multifocal mild nuclear atypia. Positive p16 was noted in 34 of 35 (97.2%) tumours. It was typically patchy, and was concentrated in areas immediately surrounding the necrosis. Distant from the necrosis, p16 positivity was seen predominantly in scattered/isolated cells. One tumour without any worrisome microscopic features showed diffuse p16 positivity throughout. Median follow‐up was 55 months, and none of the patients experienced any recurrence.

Conclusion

p16 expression in benign uterine smooth muscle tumours with infarct‐type necrosis is common. The staining is particularly concentrated adjacent to areas of necrosis. It is important to be aware of this potential pitfall when interpreting p16 expression.
Clinical benefit of eculizumab in patients with no transfusion history in the International Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria Registry
Authors: Almeida Antonio M. , Bedrosian Camille , Cole Alexander , Muus Petra , Schrezenmeier Hubert , Szer Jeff , Rosse Wendell F.
Published: June 2017

Background

Eculizumab reduces intravascular haemolysis and improves disease symptoms in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH).

Aims

To characterise, in a real‐world setting, the effect of eculizumab in patients with haemolytic PNH (lactase dehydrogenase (LDH) ≥ 1.5 upper limit of normal) and no history of red blood cell transfusion, including those with high disease activity (HDA).

Methods

Three populations from the International PNH Registry were studied: (i) non‐transfused, untreated; (ii) non‐transfused, eculizumab‐treated and (iii) transfused, eculizumab‐treated (≥1 transfusions in 6 months prior to eculizumab initiation). Using multivariate linear regression, the primary outcome was mean absolute change from baseline to 6 months in LDH (U/L) in non‐transfused patients who were treated with eculizumab versus those who remained untreated. Secondary outcomes were mean changes in functional assessment of chronic illness therapy (FACIT)‐Fatigue and European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC‐QLQ)‐C30 Fatigue scores from baseline to last available assessment.

Results

The study population included (i) 144 non‐transfused, untreated patients; (ii) 45 non‐transfused, eculizumab‐treated patients and (iii) 105 transfused, eculizumab‐treated patients. Of these, 136/144, 43/45 and 99/105 had HDA respectively. Compared with untreated patients, non‐transfused, treated patients had greater absolute reduction in LDH (−1318.8 vs −39.4; P < 0.001) and greater percentage reduction in LDH (−69.9 vs −1.6%; P < 0.001). Clinically meaningful improvements in FACIT‐Fatigue (73.7 vs 24.6%, respectively) and in EORTC‐QLQ‐C30 (84.2 vs 33.3%, respectively) were observed. Non‐transfused, treated patients with HDA had significantly reduced LDH levels (P < 0.001) and clinically meaningful improvements in FACIT‐Fatigue (P = 0.003) and EORTC‐QLQ‐C30 (P = 0.020) versus untreated patients.

Conclusion

Significant LDH reduction and clinically meaningful improvement in fatigue were observed in patients with PNH and HDA treated with eculizumab versus untreated patients, irrespective of transfusion history.
Book Reviews
Authors: Watson Billy
Published: June 2017

INDUSTRIAL PURCHASING BEHAVIOR: A STUDY OF COMMUNICATIONS EFFECTS BY THEODORE LEVITT (Boston: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1965. 184 pages. $4.00)
Book Reviews
Authors: Pearson Art G.
Published: June 2017

HOW TO USE THE LEARNING CURVE BY RAYMOND JORDAN (Boston: Materials Management Institute, 1965. 321 pages. $14.95)
Book Reviews
Authors: Affleck Gordon Burt
Published: June 2017

COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION BY MARTIN DOMKE (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice‐Hall, Inc., 1965. 116 pages. $2.25, paperbound)

RESOLVING BUSINESS DISPUTES: THE POTENTIAL OF COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION (New York: American Management Association, Inc., 1965. 208 pages. $6.00, members; $9.00, nonmembers)
Book Reviews
Authors: Brown W. B.
Published: June 2017

PURCHASING HANDBOOK BY GEORGE W. ALJIAN (New York: McGraw Hill Book Co., Second Edition, 1966. 1336 pages. $24.50)
Book Reviews
Authors: Fearon Harold E.
Published: June 2017

THE POLITICS OF MILITARY AVIATION PROCUREMENT, 1926‐34 BY EDWIN H. RUTKOWSKI (Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1966. 318 pages. $6.50)
Book Reviews
Authors: Newman R. G.
Published: June 2017

DECISION RULES FOR INVENTORY MANAGEMENT, By ROBERT G. BROWN, (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967. 398 pages. $9.95)
Book Reviews
Authors: Fearon Harold
Published: June 2017

GUIDE FOR MARKETING COPPER, BRASS, BRONZE (Philadelphia, Pa.: Copper and Brass Warehouse Association, Inc, 1968. 360 pages. $5)
Book Reviews
Authors: Hahn James D.
Published: June 2017

THE PROCUREMENT CYCLE: UNIT I: REQUISITION AND PURCHASING SYSTEMS; A SPECIAL STUDY IN HOSPITAL SYSTEMS AND PROCEDURE (New York, N.Y.: United Hospital Fund of New York, 1968. Paperback, 74 pp. plus appendices. $3)
Book Reviews
Authors: Fearon Harold E.
Published: June 2017

PURCHASING AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT By P. J. H. Baily (London, England: Chapman and Hall, Ltd., Second edition, 1969. 308 pages. $6.50 in flexible binding. Distributed in U.S.A. by Barnes & Noble, Inc.)
Book Reviews
Authors: Hale E. A.
Published: June 2017

READINGS IN BUSINESS LOGISTICS: CONCEPTS AND VIEWPOINTS By NORMAN E. DANIEL and J. RICHARD JONES (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1969. 446 pages. $5.95)
Book Reviews
Authors:   Kenneth Cox O‐4 (Opportunist—Total self interest)
Published: June 2017

THE CORPORATE PROMOTABLES By SEXTON ADAMS and DON FYFFE (Houston, Texas: Gulf Publishing Company, 1969. 213 pages. $8.50)
Book Reviews
Authors: Monczka Robert M.
Published: June 2017

PURCHASING & SUPPLY MANAGEMENT THOMAS J. CURLEY (Sydney, Australia: West Publishing Corporation Pty Ltd., 1968. 382 pages. $8.50 in Australia, $10 in United States)
Book Reviews
Authors: Berenson Conrad
Published: June 2017

THE ECONOMICS OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY By JULES BACKMAN (Washington, D.C.: Manufacturing Chemists Association, 1970. 361 pages)
Book Reviews
Authors: Monczka Robert M.
Published: June 2017

PURCHASING AND MATERIALS MANAGEMENT By LAMAR LEE, JR. and DONALD W. DOBLER (New York: McGraw‐Hill Book Company, Second edition, 1971. 850 pages. $10.95)
Book Reviews
Authors: Soza Carlos V.
Published: June 2017

PURCHASING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS By STUART F. HEINRITZ and PAUL V. FARRELL (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice‐Hall, Inc., Fifth edition, 1971. 460 pages. $11.50)
Book Reviews
Authors: Fearon Harold E.
Published: June 2017

MATERIALS HANDBOOK By GEORGE S. BRADY (New York, N.Y.: McGraw‐Hill Book Company, Tenth edition, 1971. 1045 pages. $22.50)
Book Reviews
Authors: Moore D. Larry
Published: June 2017

DATA PROCESSING FOR PURCHASING AND STOCK CONTROL, by WALTER R. TRUX, (London: McGraw‐Hill Book Company [UK] Limited, 1971. 368 pages. $17.50)
Book Reviews
Authors: Weydert K. A.
Published: June 2017

MATERIEL MANAGEMENT PROCEDURAL MANUAL, By JOAN M. BUNETTA AND PAUL SLOWIAK, (Rantoul, Illinois: Hospital Logistics Management, 1974. Looseleaf. $14.95)
Book Reviews
Authors: Fearon Harold
Published: June 2017

COMMODITY PRICES, Compiled By PAUL WASSERMAN and DIANE KEMMERLING, (Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Company, 1974. 200 pages. $15.00)
Book Reviews
Authors: Reichard Robert S.
Published: June 2017

CORPORATE PLANNING AND PROCUREMENT. Edited by David H. Farmer and Bernard Taylor. Published in the U.S.A. by Halsted Press, A Division of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 1975.
Book Reviews
Authors: Shopher William E.
Published: June 2017

PURCHASING MANAGEMENT: MATERIALS IN MOTION. Fourth Edition. J. H. Westing, I. V. Fine, Gary J. Zenz. J. Wiley & Sons. 1976
Book Reviews
Authors: Frye Myron E.
Published: June 2017

PURCHASING AND MATERIALS MANAGEMENT: TEXT AND CASES. Third Edition. Lamar Lee, Jr. and Donald W. Dobler. McGraw‐Hill Book Company. 1977
Book Review
Authors: Henderson Robert D.
Published: June 2017

PURCHASING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Sixth Edition, Stuart F. Heinritz and Paul V. Farrell, Prentice‐Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1981.
Book Review
Authors: Thompson George H.
Published: June 2017

PURCHASING AND MATERIALS MANAGEMENT FOR HEALTH‐CARE INSTITUTIONS, Second edition, revised. Dean S. Ammer, Lexington Books, Lexington, Massachusetts, 1983.
Book Review
Authors: Leach Nile R.
Published: June 2017

MANUFACTURING PLANNING AND CONTROL SYSTEMS, by T. E. Vollmann, W. L. Berry, and D. C. Whybark, Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1984.
Book Review
Authors: Dobler D. W.
Published: June 2017

MANAGING OPERATIONS IN EMERGING COMPANIES, Clifford A. Morton, Addison‐Wesley Publishing Company, 1984, 169 pages.
Book Review
Authors: Carvey Davis W.
Published: June 2017

INDUSTRIAL PURCHASING AND EFFECTIVE MATERIALS MANAGEMENT, by Raymond R. Colton and Walter F. Rohrs, Reston Publishing Company, Inc., Reston, Virginia, 1985.
The Buyer‐Seller Linkage in a Just‐in‐Time Environment
Authors: O'Neal Charles R.
Published: June 2017

An increasing number of manufacturing firms are developing and implementing just‐in‐time (JIT) systems. A unique feature of a JIT system is the new partnership philosophy of the buyer‐seller organizations, which is essential to its successful implementation. This article is based on the results of an empirical study of OEM adopters of the JIT concept. It demonstrates the dramatic effect of the system on traditional buyer‐seller practices, measures the performance results to date, and points up the key role of purchasing and materials management in developing successful buyer‐seller JIT linkages.
Procurement in Large‐Scale Oil and Gas Projects
Authors: Silver Edward A.
Published: June 2017

The author is engaged in an ongoing research project dealing with the management of large‐scale projects in the construction and extraction industries in Western Canada. This article reports on one important aspect of the findings: the involvement of procurement and logistics personnel in the various phases of such projects. He identifies a number of problems and discusses suggestions for improved operating effectiveness.
Purchasing Performance: What Makes the Magic?
Authors: Cavinato Joseph L.
Published: June 2017

Traditional formal reporting systems do not always do the job in effectively communicating purchasing's accomplishments. Nor are these cold, hard numbers effective in elevating the views non‐purchasing managers have of this key function.

In‐depth interviews with CEOs and major department heads in more than fifty companies, and surveys of their counterparts in nearly two hundred other firms, revealed that purchasing's performance is often assessed under a broader umbrella of evaluative factors. This article discusses the five key factors that others typically use when viewing and evaluating their company's purchasing operation.
Sourcing from Less Developed Countries: A Case Study
Authors: Caddick J.R. , Dale B.G.
Published: June 2017

This article reports the results of a study conducted in a European subsidiary of an American‐based firm. The research focuses on the development of a formal approach to international sourcing, with an emphasis on the less developed countries.

Results indicate that decision making in sourcing from less developed countries is considerably more complex than it is in the domestic market. There are more variables in the decision matrix; a greater need exists to understand the macro‐economies of the sourcing countries; and more evaluative risk taking is involved in the decision‐making process. This requires the accumulation and interpretation of much more information than is the case in domestic sourcing.
Coping with International Freight Rate Volatility
Authors: Thuong Le T. , Ho Christina
Published: June 2017

A major problem confronting bulk‐cargo shippers is the volatility of charter rates. With the recent availability of freight rate futures, logistics and materials managers can now hedge against such risks in international shipping. The freight rate futures market became operational on May 1, 1985. Through use of the futures market, cargo owners and ship charterers can reduce freight risks, and importers and exporters can conduct their business with the expectation of more stable freight rates.
Demand Variability and Cost Effectiveness of the Incremental Part‐Period Algorithm
Authors: Jordan Paul C.
Published: June 2017

Recent studies have suggested that increased variability of demand (lumpyness) increases the total variable cost of the optimal schedules for various dynamic lot‐sizing algorithms. These investigations, however, have had a relatively small number of schedules, and researchers have only suggested that this effect may be true.

This research looks at the effect of variability on 1,600 distinct combinations of demand level and variability. For each combination, 100 random normal demand patterns are evaluated. The average TVC for each 100 schedules is calculated, and computer graphics are used to show the relationships.
JIT Purchasing in a Non‐Manufacturing Environment: A Case Study
Authors: Giunipero Larry C. , Keiser Edward F.
Published: June 2017

JIT purchasing concepts can provide competitive advantages to firms in non‐manufacturing industries, as well as to those in manufacturing industries. Preliminary results obtained from research conducted with a large firm in the communications business indicate significant benefits—improved internal and external communications, improved supplier performance, and warehouse space requirement reductions. The specific steps followed in achieving these results, from development through implementation of the program, are discussed in this article. Differences and similarities of applications in non‐manufacturing and manufacturing environments are explored as the authors take the reader through this emerging process.
Book Review
Authors: Thompson George H.
Published: June 2017

CREATIVE COUNTERTRADE: A GUIDE TO DOING BUSINESS WORLDWIDE, by Kenton W. Elderkin and Warren E. Norquist, Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1987.
Raw Materials Procurement Strategy: The Differential Advantage in the Success of Japanese Steel
Authors: Mohan Krishna , Berkowitz Marvin
Published: June 2017

One of the best kept secrets of the Japanese economic miracle after World War II, and particularly its rise to becoming the world's leader in steel sales, has been the intracacies of its aggressive international procurement and logistics strategy. That any nation essentially devoid of raw materials could organize the logistics of acquiring bulky, heavy inputs from locations 5,000–15,000 miles from its domestic factories, and then be able to sell finished products to distant resource‐rich industrialized nations at prices significantly below those of local manufacture, stretches the imagination. This accomplishment also refutes the traditional economic laws of comparative advantage. This article makes clear the elements of the long‐term Japanese materials management strategy that were an essential precondition for efficiently manufacturing steel and have been the vehicle for repeated successes in many other industries.
Implementing Electronic Data Interchange
Authors: Monczka Robert M. , Carter Joseph R.
Published: June 2017

Electronic data interchange (EDI) is the direct electronic transmission, computer to computer, of standard business forms between two organizations/In the purchasing environment, documents are transmitted “over the wire,” eliminating the need to generate hard copies and to distribute them manually. By utilizing EDI in purchasing, a buyer and a supplier are operating in a near ‘real‐time’ environment, which can reduce incoming material delays by shortening procurement lead times.

This article is the second of two reports that present the results of a major research project, funded by the Computer Information Systems and Technology Group of the National Association of Purchasing Management and Michigan State University, that focused on the implementation of electronic data interchange in a purchasing environment. The article presents a framework that can help managers find patterns and trends in the EDI system design and installation process in order to develop a useful model for EDI implementation in their firms.
Evaluating Order Point Inventory Systems
Authors: Pope James A. , Ardalan Ali
Published: June 2017

The techniques for establishing an optimal order point inventory system are well known. Once the system is established, however, evaluating and maintaining the system may be difficult. Two factors that contribute to this difficulty are the compromises with inventory theory that may have been made in establishing the system, and the large number of items in the typical inventory system. This article describes a series of measures and techniques that may be used to track and evaluate the performance of an order point inventory system. Each of these techniques utilizes data that typically already are found in inventory system records. Using these techniques, the inventory manager is able to give a precise answer when top management asks, How is the inventory system functioning, and how do you know?
The Purchasing Interface With Transportation
Authors: Walters Peter J.
Published: June 2017

Real bottom‐line opportunities stemming from deregulation of the transportation industry have become widespread. To fully exploit the intended benefits, an effective interface between the purchasing and the transportation functions must be achieved.

Strategies for an effective interface between these operating units are explored in this article, thus encouraging those responsible to benefit from the current deregulated environment.
Curriculum Development in Purchasing and Materials Management
Authors: Browning John M.
Published: June 2017

Courses in purchasing, procurement, and materials management are being introduced by business schools in increasing numbers. Community colleges have introduced courses and comprehensive two‐year programs. Some schools have combined coursework into a concentration or major at the undergraduate level, and at the graduate level as well. Continuing education and certification programs are also available and growing. A review of the literature, as well as survey results obtained from selected business schools on their approaches to this field, are presented in this article.
Currency Exchange Rates: Their Impact on Global Sourcing
Authors: Carter Joseph R. , Vickery Shawnee K.
Published: June 2017

Exchange rate considerations are becoming an important facet of international sourcing. Not only can volatile exchange rates impact the supplier selection decision, they can also affect the volume‐timing of purchases once the supplier is selected. The analyses presented in this article are intended to familiarize purchasing managers with two macro level exchange rate management strategies and demonstrate the potential benefits of using these strategies in international purchasing.
The Supplier Development Program: A Conceptual Model
Authors: Hahn Chan K. , Watts Charles A. , Kim Kee Young
Published: June 2017

In order to compete effectively in the world market, a company must have a network of competent suppliers. A supplier development program is designed to create and maintain such a network—and to improve various supplier capabilities that are necessary for the buying organization to meet its increasing competitive challenges. This article details a conceptual model that describes the organizational decision process associated with a supplier development program. The proposed decision model can serve as a guideline for designing a supplier development program that can link purchasing strategy with a firm's overall corporate competitive strategy. Empirical evidence drawn from the experience of several companies actively involved with such a program is used to validate the model.
Materials Management Policies and Warehouse Requirements: A Case Study
Authors: Joshi Kailash
Published: June 2017

For organizations facing warehouse capacity constraints, the cost of warehouse capacity expansion may be substantial. Through suitable materials management policies and practices, however, it may be possible to postpone or eliminate the need for expansion in many cases. A thorough review of materials and inventory management practices prior to finalizing a decision on capacity expansion can pay off handsomely. This article presents a case study of an engineering company to illustrate the interaction between warehouse space requirements and materials management practices. In this case, the need for warehouse capacity expansion was eliminated through the use of a standardization and simplification program, the removal of dead and slow moving stock, the efficient utilization of storage space, and selected changes in inventory control and stocking policies. The article concludes with recommendations for organizations considering the possibility of warehouse capacity expansion.
The Supplier Selection Decision in Strategic Partnerships
Authors: Ellram Lisa M.
Published: June 2017

The concept of partnerships between buyers and suppliers is receiving increasing attention in American industry. This article examines the issue of supplier selection in situations where the firm is considering a partnership type of relationship with potential suppliers. The argument is made that partnerships are different in nature than traditional buyer‐supplier relationships, and thus require the consideration of additional factors in supplier selection.

This study combines a literature review with the use of case studies of firms involved in buyer‐supplier partnerships to develop additional factors that should be considered in the selection of supply partners. Four categories of additional factors are developed: (1) financial issues, (2) organizational culture and strategy, (3) technology, and (4) a group of miscellaneous factors. The issues included in these categories tend to be longer term and more qualitative than factors included in traditional supplier selection models.

The article suggests that these additional factors supplement, rather than replace, the more traditional factors in developing strategic partnerships with suppliers.
A Case Study of NUMMI and Its Suppliers
Authors: Newman Richard G. , Rhee K. Anthony
Published: June 2017

The arrival of the automotive transplants from Japan over the last decade has brought about a different method of dealing with suppliers. Long known for close working relationships with suppliers, the Japanese transplants brought a new focus on supplier relations. After developing its own “corporate culture,” the joint venture between General Motors and Toyota, named New United Motors Manufacturing Inc. (NUMMI), embarked on a program of supplier development. This program encompasses effective communications with the supplier as well as a sharing of information which is essential to supplier performance. The NUMMI approach may have significant implications for supplier relationships throughout American industry.
Technology Management: An Important Element in the Supplier Capability Survey
Authors: Presutti William D.
Published: June 2017

Technology management has become an important issue as the United States wrestles with ways to remain competitive in an ever‐aggressive global marketplace. It is becoming increasingly clear that investment in new technology is not enough to establish that competitiveness. How effectively firms manage the internal use of their manufacturing technologies is also of fundamental importance.

Purchasing professionals can contribute to the nation's efforts to improve the management of its capital stock by including technology management as part of the supplier capability survey. This requires careful evaluation of how suppliers manage certain key activities in their operations that have an impact on the quality of their technology management efforts. A recent survey among purchasing professionals suggests a degree of unevenness in purchasing's evaluation of those key activities.
Supplier Development: A British Case Study
Authors: Galt J. D. A. , Dale B. G.
Published: June 2017

This article describes the major findings of a study focusing on the supplier development programs of ten organizations based in the United Kingdom. The primary research methodology used was the case study; each case was developed by the use of semistructured interviews with management personnel and by analysis of company records and reports. Major findings of the study show that (1) the firms studied are continuing to reduce their supplier base in order to improve product and service quality; (2) there appears to be a lack of acceptance of externally developed standards and programs designed to give third‐party accreditation status to suppliers; and (3) most of the firms are urgently attempting to improve their communication channels with suppliers. Perhaps the most basic point to come from the study is the strong realization that only by working with its suppliers can a firm hope to remain at the forefront of technology and hence protect its share of the market.
Performance Measurement and Decision Making in a Purchasing Environment
Authors: Dumond Ellen J.
Published: June 2017

Performance measurement has been, and continues to be, an important issue in the management of the purchasing function. Performance measures are useful in that they provide guidance in decision making by focusing a buyer's attention on particular criteria, e.g., delivery, quality, or cost. At the same time, it must be recognized that these performance measures (either formal or perceived) encourage a buyer to make certain types of decisions. For example, if emphasis is placed on cost reduction, decisions in areas of supplier selection, material substitution, or value analysis may well be made with the intent to reduce costs, as opposed to reducing the supplier base, improving quality, and so on. Additionally, the performance measurement system can affect a buyer's confidence, commitment, and enjoyment while working in that particular environment. As a purchasing executive, it is essential to understand the potential impact of different performance measurement systems on both a buyer's decision‐making activities and his or her perceptions of priorities. This discussion, based on the results of a behavioral laboratory simulation, attempts to provide that understanding.
Trade‐offs Under Uncertainty: Implications for Industrial Purchasers
Authors: Tullous Raydel , Munson J. Michael
Published: June 2017

The research reported in this article reflects prevailing procurement practices in a sample of eighty industrial firms in the electronics industry. The specific objectives were to determine the relative importance of widely used purchasing criteria (price, quality, technical service, delivery lead time, and delivery reliability) in specific purchasing situations and to identify underlying patterns of trade‐offs associated with those situations. While quality consistently was rated as important, the relative ratings of technical service and price were affected by the specific purchasing situation. The discussion highlights information that can be used in purchasing training programs.
The C.P.M. and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Lumpkin James R. , Tudor R. Keith
Published: June 2017

This study investigates the differences in perceptions of job satisfaction factors between individuals who hold the C.P.M. designation and those who do not. A sample of 395 purchasing managers who were members of the National Association of Purchasing Management, from both large and small firms, participated in the study. The results of the study indicate that the certification process appears to enhance role clarity and perceptions of the job itself, while decreasing role conflict and job anxiety. Specific differences between the two groups are identified and implications are discussed.
Purchasing in an R&D Environment: Effective Teamwork in Busines
Authors: Stuart F. Ian
Published: June 2017

This article examines the concept of collaborative efforts within organizations, using the interface between purchasing personnel and scientists in research centers as the unit of analysis. The study indicates that significant perceptual benefits and client satisfaction can be achieved as a result of meaningful purchasing involvement in the acquisition process. The study also suggests some prerequisites for achieving a high level of meaningful involvement within a highly technical environment for complex purchase decisions.
Operationalizing Quality Considerations in the Purchasing Proces
Authors: Perry James H. , Perkins Charles A.
Published: June 2017

This article examines the use of product quality information in capital equipment purchasing decisions. The authors incorporate specific quality factors in a simple analytical model designed to provide a buyer with the capability to appropriately consider quality differences in reaching a cost‐effective purchasing decision.

Initially, dimensions of product quality are identified and discussed based on the parameters proposed by David Garvin. Using the Garvin framework, the article then reports the results of a study of procurement professionals in which the feasibility and desirability of explicit consideration of quality factors in the purchasing process are established. Finally, the article extends the consideration of specific quality factors by introducing and illustrating an analytical approach that effectively incorporates quality differences in a structured and auditable model. The model projects the cost implications to the firm of those quality differences identified. The analysis indicates that generally accepted dimensions of quality can be identified and applied operationally to assist a buyer in making the most effective purchasing decision.
Cooperative Exchange: Rewards and Risks
Authors: Pilling Bruce K. , Zhang Li
Published: June 2017

While cooperative buyer‐supplier relationships are becoming increasingly popular, barriers to their successful implementation exist. This research examines the dual nature of cooperative exchange as an important obstacle that may hinder buyers and suppliers in achieving all the potential benefits of cooperative exchange. This article presents and discusses the results of research that examined the attitudes of mid‐level purchasing personnel in the aerospace and electronics industries toward such cooperative arrangements.
Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process to Structure the Supplier Selection Procedure
Authors: Nydick Robert L. , Hill Ronald Paul
Published: June 2017

The supplier selection problem is perhaps the most important component of the purchasing function. Some of the common and influential criteria in the selection of a supplier include quality, price, delivery, and service. These evaluation criteria often conflict, however, and it is frequently impossible to find a supplier that excels in all areas. In addition, some of the criteria are quantitative and some are qualitative. Thus, a methodology is needed that can capture both subjective and objective evaluation measures.

The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a decision‐making method for ranking alternative courses of action when multiple criteria must be considered. This article shows how AHP can be used to structure the supplier selection process. This method of selection is described, and a detailed, hypothetical example of how AHP can be used also is provided. Finally, a framework is presented that any buying organization can adapt to fit its specific set of needs.
Business Volume Discount: A New Perspective on Discount Pricing Strategy
Authors: Sadrian Amir A. , Yoon Yong S.
Published: June 2017

This article describes the emergence of a new strategy for developing discount pricing schedules called Business Volume Discount. Several advantages are discussed from both the buyer's and the supplier's point of view.
Book Review
Authors: Page Harry Robert
Published: June 2017

GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT MANAGEMENT, by Stanley N. Sherman, Wordcrafters Publications, 13700 Deakins Lane, Germantown, Maryland 20874, 1991, third edition, 403 pages.
Maintaining Inventory System Accuracy
Authors: Ernst Ricardo , Guerrero José‐Luis , Roshwalb Alan
Published: June 2017

In practice, managers rely on methods to measure inventory accuracy that are not necessarily developed for that purpose. This article presents a new approach for evaluating the accuracy of an inventory management system. The methodology is based on a simple measure (ACN) that considers the proportion of error in every record, while recognizing the difference between the positive and negative balances. This measure will change over time, and therefore quality control charts can be used to monitor the performance of the inventory management system. An illustration based on an inventory population for a retail pharmaceutical operation is discussed.
Book Reviews
Authors: Giunipero Larry C.
Published: June 2017

DEVELOPING A WINNING J.I.T. MARKETING STRATEGY, by Charles O'Neal and Kate Bertrand, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1991.
Book Reviews
Authors: Thompson George H.
Published: June 2017

QUALITY IMPROVEMENT THROUGH STANDARDS, by Barrie G. Dale and John S. Oakland, Stanley Thornes Publishers Limited, Cheltenham, England, 1991, 268 pages.
Linking Purchasing to Corporate Competitive Strategy
Authors: Watts Charles A. , Kim Kee Young , Hahn Chan K.
Published: June 2017

To compete effectively in the global marketplace, a firm must have a competent and strategically integrated purchasing organization. It is important that all functional area strategies and capabilities, including purchasing, be consistent with corporate competitive strategy. It is also critical that a company's suppliers have the capability to meet its strategic priorities. This article develops a conceptual framework to aid in linking purchasing to corporate competitive strategy and to other functional area strategies as well. The proposed model can be used to begin to integrate purchasing into overall corporate strategy.
Expert Systems in Purchasing: Applications and Development
Authors: Cook Robert Lorin
Published: June 2017

Expert systems are artificially intelligent computer software that show significant promise for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of purchasing management decision making. This article provides a description of expert systems technology, reports the current status of purchasing expert system applications, presents a number of purchasing expert system applications that offer significant potential for future development, and offers guidelines for expert system development.
Book Review
Authors: Mooney Richard L.
Published: June 2017

THE EQUIPMENT ACQUISITION BOOK: WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, AND HOW TO BUY, by Gilbert Held, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991, 212 pages
What's normal anyway? Residual plots are more telling than significance tests when checking ANOVA assumptions
Authors: Kozak M. , Piepho H.‐P.
Published: June 2017

We consider two questions important for applying analysis of variance (ANOVA): Should normality be checked on the raw data or on the residuals (or is it immaterial which of the two approaches we take)? Should normality and homogeneity of variance be checked using significance tests or diagnostic plots (or both)? Based on two examples, we show that residuals should be used for model checking and that residual plots are better for checking ANOVA assumptions than statistical tests. We also discuss why one should be very cautious when using statistical tests to check the assumptions.
Hydrogen Sulphide modulating mitochondrial morphology to promote mitophagy in endothelial cells under high‐glucose and high‐palmitate
Authors: Liu Ning , Wu Jichao , Zhang Linxue , Gao Zhaopeng , Sun Yu , Yu Miao , Zhao Yajun , Dong Shiyun , Lu Fanghao , Zhang Weihua
Published: June 2017

Endothelial cell dysfunction is one of the main reasons for type II diabetes vascular complications. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) has antioxidative effect, but its regulation on mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in aortic endothelial cells under hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia is unclear. Rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs) were treated with 40 mM glucose and 200 μM palmitate to imitate endothelium under hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia, and 100 μM NaHS was used as an exogenous H2S donor. Firstly, we demonstrated that high glucose and palmitate decreased H2S production and CSE expression in RAECs. Then, the antioxidative effect of H2S was proved in RAECs under high glucose and palmitate to reduce mitochondrial ROS level. We also showed that exogenous H2S inhibited mitochondrial apoptosis in RAECs under high glucose and palmitate. Using Mito Tracker and transmission electron microscopy assay, we revealed that exogenous H2S decreased mitochondrial fragments and significantly reduced the expression of p‐Drp‐1/Drp‐1 and Fis1 compared to high‐glucose and high‐palmitate group, whereas it increased mitophagy by transmission electron microscopy assay. We demonstrated that exogenous H2S facilitated Parkin recruited by PINK1 by immunoprecipitation and immunostaining assays and then ubiquitylated mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), which illuminated the mechanism of exogenous H2S on mitophagy. Parkin siRNA suppressed the expression of Mfn2, Nix and LC3B, which revealed that it eliminated mitophagy. In summary, exogenous H2S could protect RAECs against apoptosis under high glucose and palmitate by suppressing oxidative stress, decreasing mitochondrial fragments and promoting mitophagy. Based on these results, we proposed a new mechanism of H2S on protecting endothelium, which might provide a new strategy for type II diabetes vascular complication.