bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of Isochromenones by Iron(III)/PhSeSePh‐Mediated Cyclization of 2‐Alkynylaryl Esters.
Authors: Speranca Adriane , Godoi Benhur , Pinton Simone , Back Davi F. , Menezes Paulo H. , Zeni Gilson
Published: November 2011

In the absence of the dichalcogenides, isochromenones are also available.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Non‐Ionic Surfactant Catalyzed Multicomponent Synthesis of Novel Benzylamino Coumarin Derivative via Mannich‐Type Reaction in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Kumar Atul , Gupta Maneesh Kumar , Kumar Mukesh
Published: November 2011

An interesting synthesis of benzylamino coumarin derivatives and analogues of type (XI) utilizes a micelle‐promoted three‐component reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,5‐Dihydropyridine Derivatives by Gold‐Catalyzed Reactions of β‐Ketoesters and Propargylamines.
Authors: Fananas Francisco J. , Arto Tamara , Mendoza Abraham , Rodriguez Felix
Published: November 2011

Isomeric forms of 2,5‐dihydropyridine derivatives are not observed.
ChemInform Abstract: Eosin Y Catalyzed Visible Light Oxidative C—C and C—P Bond Formation.
Authors: Hari Durga Prasad , Koenig Burkhard
Published: November 2011

The process is investigated for a broad spectrum of tetrahydroisoquinolines and found to be successful within several hours.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile, Four‐Component, Domino Reactions for the Regioselective Synthesis of Tetrahydrobenzo[g]quinolines.
Authors: Bala Balasubramanian Devi , Balamurugan Kamaraj , Perumal Subbu
Published: November 2011

Various title compounds, which represent scaffolds of natural products, are available following either conventional conditions or microwave chemistry.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some Triazolophthalazine Derivatives for Their Antiinflammatory and Antimicrobial Activities.
Authors: Habib Nargues S. , Farghaly Ahmed M. , Ashour Fawzia A. , Bekhit Adnan A. , Abd El Razik Heba A. , Abd El Azeim Tarek
Published: November 2011

A variety of novel triazolophthalazine derivatives is synthesized using 3‐oxopropenyltriazolophthalazinones (III) as key intermediates.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Functionalized Pyridazin‐3(2H)‐ones via Selective Bromine—Magnesium Exchange and Lactam Directed ortho C—H Magnesiation.
Authors: Verhelst Tom , Maes Jens , Liu Zuming , Sergeyev Sergey , Maes Bert U. W.
Published: November 2011

In the presence of Mst‐MgBr the pyridazinone (I) can undergo selective substitution at C‐5 to afford products like (III), (V), and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of N‐Arylmaleimides with 3‐Amino‐1,2,4‐triazole and 2‐Aminobenzimidazole.
Authors: Rudenko Roman V. , Komykhov Sergey A. , Musatov Vladimir I. , Konovalova Irina S. , Shishkin Oleg V. , Desenko Sergey M.
Published: November 2011

The selective formation of the products (III) and (IV) depends on the solvents and the reaction time.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Tetrazolo[1,5‐a]quinoxaline Based Azetidinones (X) and Thiazolidinones (XII) as Potent Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents.
Authors: Kumar Shiv , Khan S. A. , Alam Ozair , Azim Rizwan , Khurana Atul , Shaquiquzzaman M. , Siddiqui Nadeem , Ahsan Waquar
Published: November 2011

Some of the new title compounds exhibit promising antibacterial and for antifungal activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Highly Chemo‐, Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of Eight‐ to Ten‐Membered Lactones from Allenyl 3‐Oxoalkanoates and Organic Halides.
Authors: Wan Baoqiang , Jia Guochen , Ma Shengming
Published: November 2011

The reaction tolerates a wide range of organic halides and functionalized allenes 2‐Substituted allenes require higher temperature and longer reaction time with the growing chain length of the substituents [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalyzed Synthesis of Tertiary α‐Hydroxyphosphonates by a Highly Regioselective Modified Pudovik Reaction.
Authors: Barros Maria Teresa , Phillips Ana Maria Faisca
Published: November 2011

Quinine is used to catalyze a modified Pudovik reaction between α‐haloketones and dialkyl phosphites.
ChemInform Abstract: Limonoids from Seeds of Thai Xylocarpus moluccensis
Authors: Ravangpai Warin , Sommit Damrong , Teerawatananond Thapong , Sinpranee Nuntawan , Palaga Tanapat , Pengpreecha Somchai , Muangsin Nongnuj , Pudhom Khanitha
Published: November 2011

isolation, characterization and antiinflammatory activity of the new andirobin, thaimoluccensin A (I), the new phragmalin‐type limonoids, thaimoluccensins B (II) and C (III) and eight known compounds
ChemInform Abstract: The First Synthesis and Molecular Docking Studies of Diastereomerically Pure Substituted 4‐Amino‐7‐hydroxyheptanoic Acids.
Authors: Sukhorukov Alexey Yu. , Andryushkevich Svetlana O. , Chilov Ghermes G. , Zeifman Alexey A. , Svitanko Igor V. , Ioffe Sema L.
Published: November 2011

Title compounds (III) are synthesized diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel and Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Perhydrofuro[2,3‐b]pyran Derivatives.
Authors: Ma Xiaofeng , Tian Qiang , Tang Qin , Zhao Jinzhong , Shao Huawu
Published: November 2011

Treatment of thioglycoside (I) with various acceptors under conditions A) allows the stereoselective preparation of the required subunits in good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: General and Modular Synthesis of Isomeric 5‐Substituted Pyridin‐2‐yl and 6‐Substituted Pyridin‐3‐yl C‐Ribonucleosides Bearing Diverse Alkyl, Aryl, Hetaryl, Amino, Carbamoyl, and Hydroxy Groups.
Authors: Stefko Martin , Slavetinska Lenka , Klepetarova Blanka , Hocek Michal
Published: November 2011

New and general methods to prepare biologically important title nucleosides are reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Sodium Borohydride/Methoxydiethylborane Mediated syn‐1,3‐Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Herbarumin‐III.
Authors: Yadav J. S. , Narasimhulu G. , Reddy Y. Vikram , Reddy B. V. Subba , Ghamdi Ahmad Al Khazim Al
Published: November 2011

A total synthesis of the 10‐membered macrolide herbarumin‐III is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Heteropoly Acid‐Based Materials for Reversible H2 Storage as Protons and Electrons under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Itagaki Shintaro , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Mizuno Noritaka
Published: November 2011

A composite of Pt and H4SiW12O40 reversibly stores hydrogen at 40 kPa H2 and 308 K.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐(3‐Phenoxybenzyl)amino‐β‐carboline: A Novel Antitumor Drug Targeting α‐Tubulin.
Authors: Konakahara Takeo , et al. et al.
Published: November 2011

A series of β‐carboline derivatives, substituted at the 1‐ or 3‐position with benzylamino groups, is prepared and their cytotoxic effects on a human cancer cell line are determined.
ChemInform Abstract: Design and Synthesis of Pyridine‐Substituted Itraconazole Analogues with Improved Antifungal Activities, Water Solubility and Bioavailability.
Authors: Liu Yu , Liu Zining , Cao Xufeng , Liu Xin , He Huili , Yang Yushe
Published: November 2011

Replacement of the phenyl ring in the itraconazole side chain with pyridine as a bioisostere yields a new class of antifungal agents.
ChemInform Abstract: First‐Principles Calculations of Half‐Metallic Heusler Alloys: The Effect of Atomic Disorder and Interfaces
Authors: Shirai Masafumi , Miura Yoshio , Abe Kazutaka
Published: November 2011

Review: 136 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Complexes of Phosphorus Halides with Two or More Coordination Bonds
Authors: Bezgubenko L. V. , Pipko S. E. , Sinitsa A. D.
Published: November 2011

Review: 106 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organometallic Chemistry
Authors: Fossey John S.
Published: November 2011

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric Mannich Reactions in the Preparation of Enantioenriched β3‐Amino Acid Derivatives
Authors: Bernardi Luca , Ricci Alfredo , Franchini Mauro Comes
Published: November 2011

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Imines
Authors: de Vries Johannes G. , Mrsic Natasa
Published: November 2011

Review: 95 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalysis: Cinchona Catalysts
Authors: Marcelli Tommaso
Published: November 2011

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pteridines Fused to Heterocycles
Authors: Gulevskaya A. V. , Pozharskii A. F.
Published: November 2011

Review: 155 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Subphthalocyanines and Their Analogues: Methods for the Synthesis and Structure Modification
Authors: Tolbin A. Yu. , Tomilova L. G.
Published: November 2011

Review: 83 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbocations on Zeolites. Quo Vadis?
Authors: Mota Claudio J. A. , Rosenbach Nilton Jr.
Published: November 2011

Review: 52 refs.
An Efficient Palladium Catalyst System for the Oxidative Carbonylation of Glycerol to Glycerol Carbonate
Authors: Hu Jianglin , Gu Yanlong , Guan Zhenhong , Li Jinjin , Mo Wanling , Li Tao , Li Guangxing
Published: November 2011

Glycerol carbonate can be readily synthesized from the oxidative carbonylation of glycerol catalyzed by PdCl2(phen) (phen=1,10‐phenanthroline) with the aid of CuI. High conversion (95 %) and selectivity (98 %) are achieved and the turnover frequency (TOF) reaches 455 h−1. Furthermore, a new zeolite‐Y‐confined Pd catalyst, PdCl2(phen)@Y, has been successfully prepared by a ‘‘flexible ligand’’ method. The structure and composition of the heterogeneous catalyst have been characterized by atomic absorption spectroscopy, elemental analysis, N2 sorption, XRD, FTIR, solid‐state NMR, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This catalyst exhibits a comparable activity to its homogeneous counterpart and could be reused five times without significant decrease in activity. This is the most efficient heterogeneous system for synthesizing glycerol carbonate by the oxidative carbonylation of glycerol to date.
Fuzzy constrained optimization of eco‐friendly reservoir operation using self‐adaptive genetic algorithm: a case study of a cascade reservoir system in the Yalong River, China
Authors: Han Jing‐Cheng , Huang Guo‐He , Zhang Hua , Zhuge Yi‐Si , He Li
Published: November 2011

With the increasing demands for hydropower development in China, it is particularly important to implement eco‐friendly reservoir operation in consideration of the vulnerability of downstream aquatic environment. In this paper, a fuzzy constrained nonlinear programming model is presented. Fuzzy programming is used to deal with the inherent imprecision and vagueness in constraints, and a self‐adaptive genetic algorithm with simulated binary crossover is proposed for searching for the optimal reservoir operating rules. First, the fuzzy reservoir operation model is transformed into two deterministic sub‐models. Self‐adaptive genetic algorithm is then used to generate optimal solutions by applying penalty functions to integrate constraints into the objective function to form the fitness function. To achieve a final compromise between the fuzzy objective and the constraints, a ‘max‐min’ decision principle is incorporated into the optimization process to obtain satisfactory operating schemes. The methodology is demonstrated through a cascade system of reservoirs in the Yalong River, southwest China. A monthly reservoir operation model, which considered downstream ecological flow requirements as fuzzy constraints, is developed to optimize eco‐friendly reservoir operation with the objective of maximizing total hydropower generation. Monthly operating rules are generated for two cascade reservoirs, and the optimal hydropower generation is also obtained. Results indicate that the proposed approach can effectively improve the operation of the cascade reservoir system and fulfill the flow requirements of the downstream ecosystem that are expressed as fuzzy sets. It is a useful tool for generating optimal strategy to achieve an eco‐friendly reservoir operation under uncertainty. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable isotopes reveal linkages among ecohydrological processes in a seasonally dry tropical montane cloud forest
Authors: Goldsmith Gregory R. , Muñoz‐Villers Lyssette E. , Holwerda Friso , McDonnell Jeffrey J. , Asbjornsen Heidi , Dawson Todd E.
Published: November 2011

Despite their critical role as freshwater resources and their vulnerability to anthropogenic pressures, our knowledge of the ecohydrology of tropical montane cloud forests remains limited. Here, we use a dual stable isotope approach (δ2H and δ18O) to trace water inputs, fluxes, and pools through a seasonally dry tropical montane cloud forest in central Veracruz, Mexico. We found strong seasonal variation in the isotope composition of precipitation inputs (δ2H ~130‰ and δ18O ~18‰), with significantly more depleted wet‐season values as compared with dry‐season values. These seasonal differences are subject to inter‐annual variation, as reflected by shifts in the local meteoric water line. Even at the peak of the dry season, stable isotope values of plant xylem water from six different deciduous and evergreen species occurring in the understory and canopy of mature and secondary forests were all consistent with the use of shallow soil water (20–60 cm). Alternative limiting factors, such as nutrient distribution along the soil profile, may be strongly contributing to plant rooting patterns. Stable isotope values of soil water were evaporatively enriched compared with precipitation inputs, whereas stream values plotted with precipitation on the local meteoric water line. In contrast to current hydrologic models, this indicates the presence of two distinct soil water pools, one highly mobile pool of precipitation that contributes to streams and a second less mobile pool of soil water that contributes to plant fluxes. This comprehensive perspective can provide the basis for generating process‐based models of ecohydrology in the future. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concentration‐Dependent Dehydrogenation of Ammonia–Borane/Triglyme Mixtures
Authors: Kostka Johannes F. , Schellenberg René , Baitalow Felix , Smolinka Tom , Mertens Florian
Published: November 2011

The dehydrogenation reaction of the hydrogen‐storage compound ammonia–borane (AB) dissolved in triglyme (TG) reveals an unexpected but favourable concentration dependence of its dehydrogenation behaviour. Formal reaction‐order considerations and 11B NMR spectroscopic analytics point towards a complex AB decomposition and hydrogen‐release scheme that in highly concentrated solutions partly begins to resemble that of the solid‐state case. The analysis of the gas‐release characteristics identified two hydrogen desorption events that display an increasing peak overlap with increasing initial AB concentration. 11B NMR spectroscopic studies indicate that the concentration‐dependent stability of the intermediate diammoniate of diborane, the presence of which appears to influence the rates of several dehydrogenation steps by interacting with various other intermediates, is one of the key factors for the overall hydrogen release.
Magnesium Complexes Containing η1‐ and η3‐Pyrrolyl or Ketiminato Ligands: Synthesis, Structural Investigation and ϵ‐Caprolactone Ring‐Opening Polymerisation
Authors: Hsueh Li‐Feng , Chuang Nien‐Tsu , Lee Cheng‐Yuan , Datta Amitabha , Huang Jui‐Hsien , Lee Ting‐Yu
Published: November 2011

A series of dimeric magnesium derivatives containing substituted pyrrolyl or ketiminato ligands was synthesised and the application of these derivatives for the ring opening polymerisation of ϵ‐caprolactone has been carried out. Reactions of [Mg{N(SiMe3)2}]2 (1) with one equiv. of 2‐dimethylaminomethyl pyrrole and 2‐diethylaminomethyl pyrrole in toluene generates [Mg{C4H3N(2‐CH2NMe2)}{N(SiMe3)2}]2 (2) and [Mg{C4H3N(2‐CH2NEt2)}{N(SiMe3)2}]2 (3), respectively, in high yield. Similarly, the reaction of 1 with one equiv. of 2‐tert‐butylaminomethyl pyrrole in toluene at room temperature affords [Mg{C4H3N(2‐CH2NHtBu)}{N(SiMe3)2}]2 (4). Furthermore, reactions of 1 with one equiv. of HOCMeCHCMeN(C6H3‐2,6‐iPr2) or HOCMeCHCMeN(C6H4‐2‐OMe) in toluene yielded the dimeric magnesium complexes, [Mg{OCMeCHCMeN(C6H3‐2,6‐iPr2)}{N(SiMe3)2}]2 (5) and [Mg{OCMeCHCMeN(C6H4‐2‐OMe)}{N(SiMe3)2}]2 (6), respectively, in satisfactory yields by means of deamination. All the complexes were characterised by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis in the solid state. They show moderate reactivity towards the ring opening polymerisation of ϵ‐caprolactone in dichloromethane or tetrahydrofuran.
Rapid and direct quantitative analysis of positional fatty acids in triacylglycerols using 13C NMR
Authors: Gouk Shiou Wah , Cheng Sit Foon , Ong Augustine Soon Hock , Chuah Cheng Hock
Published: November 2011

There is increasing evidence that the positional fatty acid composition (FAC) of TAG is more important than total FAC with regard to nutrition values of edible oils and fats. A rapid and direct regiospecific analysis of positional fatty acids in TAG using 13C NMR was developed to overcome the tedious conventional methods which involve enzymatic hydrolysis, Grignard chemical degradation, and chromatography analysis. A set of NMR data acquisition parameters and processing methods had proven their excellent versatility and applicability on various types of oils and fats, with systematic error of 1.0 mol%. It was found that there are discrepancies between the regiospecific analysis results obtained by the current method and by conventional methods. Probable acyl migration occurring in the hydrolysis process in conventional methods is a noted problem. As the current 13C NMR method is a direct measurement and no hydrolysis of the sample is needed, acyl migration during the analysis is eliminated. As a result, the saturation level is always higher at sn‐1, 3 positions and lower at sn‐2 position in TAG structure of oils in the regiospecific data obtained from the current 13C NMR than that from conventional methods. In the absence of laborious chemical derivatization, this method is simple, accurate, and user‐friendly for researchers, especially for nutritionists to support their nutritional studies from the perspective of positional FAC of edible oils and fats.
Mimicking Nature to Make Unnatural Amino Acids and Chiral Diamines
Authors: So Soon Mog , Kim Hyunwoo , Mui Leo , Chin Jik
Published: November 2011

Biomimetic studies of pyridoxal and pyridoxamine models are of both fundamental and practical interest. This review examines (i) deracemization of α‐amino acids with a chiral pyridoxal model, (ii) sensing of chirality of small molecules including α‐, β‐, and γ‐amino acids, peptides, amino alcohols and diamines with an achiral pyridoxal model and (iii) stereospecific synthesis of chiral diamines with a chiral pyridoxamine model. A binol‐based aldehyde is useful as a chiral pyridoxal model to deracemize a variety of α‐amino acids to make D‐amino acids. 2,2′‐Dihydroxybenzophenone is useful as an achiral pyridoxal model for sensing the chirality of the above‐mentioned small molecules in a unified way. Bis(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐ethylenediamine (hpen) is useful as a chiral pyridoxamine model for making chiral diamines. Weak forces (H‐bonding, steric and electronic effects) involved in transamination reactions with pyridoxamine for the synthesis of amino acids are compared with those for the diaza‐Cope rearrangement reaction with hpen for the synthesis of chiral diamines. Both experimental and computational methods are used to analyze the biomimetic systems.
Albumin infusion in patients undergoing large-volume paracentesis: A meta-analysis of randomized trials
Authors: Bernardi Mauro , Caraceni Paolo , Navickis Roberta J. , Wilkes Mahlon M.
Published: November 2011

Albumin infusion reduces the incidence of postparacentesis circulatory dysfunction among patients with cirrhosis and tense ascites, as compared with no treatment. Treatment alternatives to albumin, such as artificial colloids and vasoconstrictors, have been widely investigated. The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine whether morbidity and mortality differ between patients receiving albumin versus alternative treatments. The meta-analysis included randomized trials evaluating albumin infusion in patients with tense ascites. Primary endpoints were postparacentesis circulatory dysfunction, hyponatremia, and mortality. Eligible trials were sought by multiple methods, including computer searches of bibliographic and abstract databases and the Cochrane Library. Results were quantitatively combined under a fixed-effects model. Seventeen trials with 1,225 total patients were included. There was no evidence of heterogeneity or publication bias. Compared with alternative treatments, albumin reduced the incidence of postparacentesis circulatory dysfunction (odds ratio [OR], 0.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27–0.55). Significant reductions in that complication by albumin were also shown in subgroup analyses versus each of the other volume expanders tested (e.g., dextran, gelatin, hydroxyethyl starch, and hypertonic saline). The occurrence of hyponatremia was also decreased by albumin, compared with alternative treatments (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.39–0.87). In addition, mortality was lower in patients receiving albumin than alternative treatments (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.41–0.98). Conclusions: This meta-analysis provides evidence that albumin reduces morbidity and mortality among patients with tense ascites undergoing large-volume paracentesis, as compared with alternative treatments investigated thus far. (Hepatology 2012)
The association between fracture and obesity is site-dependent: A population-based study in postmenopausal women
Authors: Prieto-Alhambra Daniel , Premaor Melissa O , Fina Avilés Francesc , Hermosilla Eduard , Martinez-Laguna Daniel , Carbonell-Abella Cristina , Nogués Xavier , Compston Juliet E , Díez-Pérez Adolfo
Published: November 2011

The association between obesity and fracture is controversial. We investigated the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and fracture at different skeletal sites in women aged ≥50 years using data from the Sistema d' Informació per al Desenvolupament de la Investigació en Atenció Primària (SIDIAP) database. SIDIAP contains the computerized medical records of >3400 general practitioners in Catalonia (northeastern Spain), with information on a representative 80% of the population (>5 million people). In 2009, 1,039,878 women aged ≥50 years were eligible, of whom 832,775 (80.1%) had a BMI measurement. These were categorized into underweight/normal (302,414 women), overweight (266,798), and obese (263,563). Fractures were ascertained using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) codes. Multivariate Poisson regression models were fitted to adjust for age, smoking, high alcohol intake, type 2 diabetes, and oral corticosteroid use. Hip fractures were significantly less common in overweight and obese women than in normal/underweight women (rate ratio [RR] 0.77 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68 to 0.88], RR 0.63 [95% CI 0.64 to 0.79], p < 0.001, respectively). Pelvis fracture rates were lower in the overweight (RR 0.78 [95% CI 0.63 to 0.96], p = 0.017) and obese (RR 0.58 [95% CI 0.47 to 0.73], p < 0.001) groups. Conversely, obese women were at significantly higher risk of proximal humerus fracture than the normal/underweight group (RR 1.28 [95% CI 1.04 to 1.58], p = 0.018). Clinical spine, wrist, tibial, and multiple rib fracture rates were not significantly different between groups. An age-related increase in incidence was seen for all BMI groups at all fracture sites; obese women with hip, clinical spine, and pelvis fracture were significantly younger at the time of fracture than normal/underweight women, whereas those with wrist fracture were significantly older. The association between obesity and fracture in postmenopausal women is site-dependent, obesity being protective against hip and pelvis fractures but associated with an almost 30% increase in risk for proximal humerus fractures when compared with normal/underweight women. The reasons for these site-specific variations are unknown but may be related to different patterns of falls and attenuation of their impact by adipose tissue. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Relationship of age to bone microstructure independent of areal bone mineral density
Authors: Nicks Kristy M , Amin Shreyasee , Atkinson Elizabeth J , Riggs B Lawrence , Melton L Joseph , Khosla Sundeep
Published: November 2011

Previous studies using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) have demonstrated that age is a major predictor of bone fragility and fracture risk independent of areal bone mineral density (aBMD). Although this aBMD-independent effect of age has been attributed to poor bone “quality,” the structural basis for this remains unclear. Because high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HRpQCT) can assess bone microarchitecture, we matched younger and older subjects for aBMD at the ultradistal radius and assessed for possible differences in trabecular or cortical microstructure by HRpQCT. From an age-stratified, random sample of community adults, 44 women aged <50 years (mean age 41.0 years) were matched to 44 women aged ≥50 years (mean age 62.7 years) by ultradistal radius aBMD (mean ± SEM, younger and older aBMD 0.475 ± 0.011 and 0.472 ± 0.011 g/cm2, respectively), and 57 men aged <50 years (mean age 41.3 years) were matched to 57 men aged ≥50 years (mean age 68.1 years; younger and older aBMD both 0.571 ± 0.008 g/cm2). In these matched subjects, there were no sex-specific differences in trabecular microstructural parameters. However, significant differences were noted in cortical microstructure (all p < 0.05): Older women and men had increased cortical porosity (by 91% and 56%, respectively), total cortical pore volume (by 77% and 61%, respectively), and mean cortical pore diameter (by 9% and 8%, respectively) compared with younger subjects. These findings indicate that younger and older women and men matched for DXA aBMD have similar trabecular microarchitecture but clearly different cortical microstructure, at least at an appendicular site represented by the radius. Further studies are needed to define the extent to which this deterioration in cortical microstructure contributes to the aBMD-independent effect of age on bone fragility and fracture risk at the distal radius and other sites of osteoporotic fractures. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Relationship between bone mineral density changes with denosumab treatment and risk reduction for vertebral and nonvertebral fractures
Authors: Austin Matthew , Yang Yu-Ching , Vittinghoff Eric , Adami Silvano , Boonen Steven , Bauer Douglas C , Bianchi Gerolamo , Bolognese Michael A , Christiansen Claus , Eastell Richard , Grauer Andreas , Hawkins Federico , Kendler David L , Oliveri Beatriz , McClung Michael R , Reid Ian R , Siris Ethel S , Zanchetta Jose , Zerbini Cristiano AF , Libanati Cesar , Cummings Steven R ,   for the FREEDOM Trial
Published: November 2011

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometric bone mineral density (DXA BMD) is a strong predictor of fracture risk in untreated patients. However, previous patient-level studies suggest that BMD changes explain little of the fracture risk reduction observed with osteoporosis treatment. We investigated the relevance of DXA BMD changes as a predictor for fracture risk reduction using data from the FREEDOM trial, which randomly assigned placebo or denosumab 60 mg every 6 months to 7808 women aged 60 to 90 years with a spine or total hip BMD T-score < −2.5 and not < −4.0. We took a standard approach to estimate the percent of treatment effect explained using percent changes in BMD at a single visit (months 12, 24, or 36). We also applied a novel approach using estimated percent changes in BMD from baseline at the time of fracture occurrence (time-dependent models). Denosumab significantly increased total hip BMD by 3.2%, 4.4%, and 5.0% at 12, 24, and 36 months, respectively. Denosumab decreased the risk of new vertebral fractures by 68% (p < 0.0001) and nonvertebral fracture by 20% (p = 0.01) over 36 months. Regardless of the method used, the change in total hip BMD explained a considerable proportion of the effect of denosumab in reducing new or worsening vertebral fracture risk (35% [95% confidence interval (CI): 20%–61%] and 51% [95% CI: 39%–66%] accounted for by percent change at month 36 and change in time-dependent BMD, respectively) and explained a considerable amount of the reduction in nonvertebral fracture risk (87% [95% CI: 35% – >100%] and 72% [95% CI: 24% – >100%], respectively). Previous patient-level studies may have underestimated the strength of the relationship between BMD change and the effect of treatment on fracture risk or this relationship may be unique to denosumab. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Real‐time gene delivery vector tracking in the endo‐lysosomal pathway of live cells
Authors: Suh Junghae , An Yoojin , Tang Benjamin C. , Dempsey Christopher , Huang Feiran , Hanes Justin
Published: November 2011

Using live‐cell confocal microscopy and particle tracking technology, the simultaneous transport of intracellular vesicles of the endo‐lysosomal pathway and nonviral polyethylenimine (PEI)/DNA nanocomplexes was investigated. Due to potential problems associated with the use of acid‐sensitive probes in combination with a gene vector that is hypothesized to buffer the pH of intracellular vesicles, the biological location of PEI/DNA gene vectors was revealed by probing their trafficking in cells expressing fluorescent versions of either early endosome antigen 1, a protein that localizes to early endosomes, or Niemann Pick C1, a protein that localizes to late endosomes and lysosomes. Studies directly show that PEI/DNA nanoparticles are actively transported within both early and late endosomes, and display similar overall transport rates in each. Additionally, gene vector transfer between endosomes is observed. Over time post‐transfection, gene vectors accumulate in late endosomes/lysosomes; however, real‐time escape of vectors from membrane‐bound vesicles is not observed. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Color tuning by local sputtering metal nanolayer on microstructured porous alumina
Authors: Wang Xulongqi , Zhang Haijun , Zhang Dongxian , Ma Yi , Fecht H.‐J. , Jiang J. Z.
Published: November 2011

This article reports a novel color tuning method by local sputtering nanolayers on microstructured porous alumina (PA) templates with different pore depths. With the aid of scanning electron microscopy observation, physical models of the original and sputtered PA templates are set up, and the details of the color tuning method are further proposed. Two series of colors covering the whole visible range are first obtained by respectively sputtering Cr and Ag nanolayers on two groups of PA templates with pore‐depths ranging from 230 to 490 nm. A vivid colorful pattern of “Butterfly wings” is then prepared by local sputtering such Cr and Ag nanolayers on the surface of a PA with 310 nm pore‐depth. The scanning electron microscopy images of Cr and Ag sputtered PA surfaces show different microstructures, which is in agreement with different color exhibiting. This method is expected to have a potential of being widely applied in the fields of micro‐optics, microstructures, advanced materials, and micro/nanotechnology. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High‐capacity adenoviral vectors circumvent the limitations of ΔE1 and ΔE1/ΔE3 adenovirus vectors to induce multispecific transgene product‐directed CD8 T‐cell responses
Authors: Kron Matthias W. , Engler Tatjana , Schmidt Erika , Schirmbeck Reinhold , Kochanek Stefan , Kreppel Florian
Published: November 2011

Background

The ability to induce cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses that are multispecific is considered to comprise an essential feature for an efficacious genetic vaccine against many pathogens including HIV and hepatitis C virus. ΔE1Ad vectors are promising vectored vaccines but have been shown to induce antigen‐specific CTLs with only limited multispecificity. In the present study, we investigated the applicability of gene‐deleted high‐capacity adenovirus (HC‐Ad) vectors and focused on the induction of multispecific CTL responses.

Methods

We generated ΔE1 and HC‐Ad vectors expressing hepatitis B virus small surface antigen (HBsAg). We comparatively analyzed the CTL profiles against various transgene product‐ and vector‐derived epitopes in several mouse strains and HBsAg‐ and vector‐directed antibody responses.

Results

HC‐Ad vectors efficiently induced multispecific HBsAg‐directed CTLs. By contrast, ΔE1Ad vectors mainly primed CTLs against one immunodominant epitope of HBsAg. This absence of multispecific CTL responses correlated with the induction of CTLs against viral epitopes generated by de novo expression of Ad genes from the ΔE1Ad vector. However, Ad‐specific CTLs induced in trans did not impair HC‐AdS‐induced multispecific CTL responses against HBsAg. Finally, HC‐Ad vectors also induced higher HBsAg antibody titers compared to ΔE1Ad vectors.

Conclusions

De novo expression of viral genes from ΔE1Ad vector genomes restricts the multispecificity of transgene product‐specific CTLs by immunodominance effects. HC‐Ad vectors devoid of Ad genes are favorable for the induction of both multispecific CD8 T‐cell responses and high antibody responses. Our results suggest the deletion of Ad genes as an important means for developing potent Ad‐based vectored vaccines. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of UpToDate and outcomes in US hospitals
Authors: Isaac Thomas , Zheng Jie , Jha Ashish
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND:

Computerized clinical knowledge mana‐gement systems hold enormous potential for improving quality and efficiency. However, their impact on clinical practice is not well known.

OBJECTIVE:

To examine the impact of UpToDate on outcomes of care.

DESIGN:

Retrospective study.

SETTING:

National sample of US inpatient hospitals.

PATIENTS:

Fee‐for‐service Medicare beneficiaries.

INTERVENTION:

Adoption of UpToDate in US hospitals.

MEASUREMENT:

Risk‐adjusted lengths of stay, mortality rates, and quality performance.

RESULTS:

We found that patients admitted to hospitals using UpToDate had shorter lengths of stay than patients admitted to non‐UpToDate hospitals overall (5.6 days vs 5.7 days; P < 0.001) and among 6 prespecified conditions (range, −0.1 to −0.3 days; P < 0.001 for each). Further, patients admitted to UpToDate hospitals had lower risk‐adjusted mortality rate for 3 of the 6 conditions (range, −0.1% to −0.6% mortality reduction; P < 0.05). Finally, hospitals with UpToDate had better quality performance for every condition on the Hospital Quality Alliance metrics. In subgroup analyses, we found that it was the smaller hospitals and the non‐teaching hospitals where the benefits of the UpToDate seemed most pronounced, compared to the larger, teaching institutions where the benefits of UpToDate seemed small or nonexistent.

CONCLUSIONS:

We found a very small but consistent association between use of UpToDate and reduced length of stay, lower risk‐adjusted mortality rates, and better quality performance, at least in the smaller, non‐teaching institutions. These findings may suggest that computerized tools such as UpToDate could be helpful in improving care. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine.
High resolution three‐dimensional cine phase contrast MRI of small intracranial aneurysms using a stack of stars k‐space trajectory
Authors: Kecskemeti Steven , Johnson Kevin , Wu Yijing , Mistretta Charles , Turski Patrick , Wieben Oliver
Published: November 2011

Purpose:

To develop a method for targeted volumetric, three directional cine phase contrast (PC) imaging with high spatial resolution in clinically feasible scan times.

Materials and Methods:

A hybrid radial‐Cartesian k‐space trajectory is used for cardiac gated, volumetric imaging with three directional velocity encoding. Imaging times are reduced by radial undersampling and temporal viewsharing. Phase contrast angiograms are displayed in a new approach that addresses the concern of signal drop out in regions of slow flow. The feasibility of the PC stack of stars (SOS) trajectory was demonstrated with an in vivo study capturing 14 small intracranial aneurysms (2–10 mm). Aneurysm measures from six aneurysms also imaged with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) were compared with linear regression with those from the PC SOS images.

Results:

All aneurysms were identified on the phase contrast angiograms. The geometric measures from PC SOS and DSA were in good agreement (linear regression: slope = 0.89, intercept = 0.35, R∧2 = 0.88).

Conclusion:

PC SOS is a promising method for obtaining volumetric angiograms and cine phase contrast velocity measurements in three dimensions. Acquired spatial resolutions of 0.4 × 0.4 × (0.7–1.0) mm make this method especially promising for studying flow in small intracranial aneurysms. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:518‐527. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inversion‐recovery‐prepared dixon bSSFP: Initial clinical experience with a novel pulse sequence for renal MRA within a breathhold
Authors: Worters Pauline W. , Saranathan Manojkumar , Xu Alan , Vasanawala Shreyas S.
Published: November 2011

Purpose:

To evaluate the capability of a new breathhold non–contrast‐enhanced MRA method (Non‐contrast Outer Radial Inner Square k‐space Scheme, NORISKS) to visualize renal arteries by comparing the method with a routine clinical but significantly longer non–contrast‐enhanced (non‐CE) MRA technique.

Materials and Methods:

Eighteen subjects referred for abdominal MRI were examined with NORISKS and a routine non–contrast‐enhanced MRA technique. Two versions of NORISKS were evaluated: with and without ECG gating. The images were then scored independently and in blinded manner by two radiologists on 5‐point scales for visualization of the proximal and distal renal arteries and quality of fat suppression.

Results:

No statistically significant difference was detected between NORISKS and routine clinical non‐CE MRA in all categories except for visualization of the distal renal arteries where ungated NORISKS performed poorer than the routine non‐CE MRA (P < 10−4).

Conclusion:

We have demonstrated a promising non‐CE MRA method for acquiring renal angiograms within a breathhold without any compromise in spatial resolution or coverage. ECG‐gated NORISKS is able to acquire renal angiograms that are comparable to a routine clinical non‐CE MRA method (Inhance IFIR, GE Healthcare), which requires approximately seven times the scan time of NORISKS. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:875–881. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Arterial spin labeling measurement of cerebral perfusion in children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Gevers Sanna , Nederveen Aart J. , Fijnvandraat Karin , van den Berg Sandra M. , van Ooij Pim , Heijtel Dennis F. , Heijboer Harriët , Nederkoorn Paul J. , Engelen Marc , van Osch Matthias J. , Majoie Charles B.
Published: November 2011

Purpose:

To evaluate the applicability of arterial spin labeling (ASL) cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements in children with sickle cell disease (SCD).

Materials and Methods:

We included 12 patients and five controls. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (T2, fluid attenuated inversion recovery [FLAIR], and MR angiography) was performed to diagnose silent infarcts, vasculopathy, or leukoencephalopathy. Pseudo‐continuous ASL was performed to measure CBF using two postlabeling delays to identify transit‐time effects. Perfusion estimates were corrected for hematocrit and blood velocity in the labeling plane and compared to phase‐contrast MR. CBF asymmetries between the flow maps of the left and right internal carotid arteries were tested for significance using paired t‐tests. Significant asymmetries were expressed in terms of an asymmetry ratio (AR = absolute difference/mean). An AR >10% was considered clinically relevant.

Results:

Mean CBF was higher in patients than in controls. Agreement between CBF and flow improved after applying hematocrit and velocity corrections. At a 2100 msec postlabeling delay one patient had a clinically relevant asymmetry. No association was observed between CBF asymmetries and silent infarcts.

Conclusion:

Care must be taken in the interpretation of ASL‐CBF measurements in SCD patients. A long postlabeling delay with blood velocity correction anticipates overestimation of CBF asymmetries. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:779‐787. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of a 28‐channel receive array coil and quadrature volume coil for morphologic imaging and T2 mapping of knee cartilage at 7T
Authors: Chang Gregory , Wiggins Graham C. , Xia Ding , Lattanzi Riccardo , Madelin Guillaume , Raya Jose G. , Finnerty Matthew , Fujita Hiroyuki , Recht Michael P. , Regatte Ravinder R.
Published: November 2011

Purpose:

To compare a new birdcage‐transmit, 28‐channel receive array (28‐Ch) coil and a quadrature volume coil for 7T morphologic MRI and T2 mapping of knee cartilage.

Materials and Methods:

The right knees of 10 healthy subjects were imaged on a 7T whole body magnetic resonance (MR) scanner using both coils. 3D fast low‐angle shot (3D‐FLASH) and multiecho spin‐echo (MESE) sequences were implemented. Cartilage signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR), thickness, and T2 values were assessed.

Results:

SNR/CNR was 17%–400% greater for the 28‐Ch compared to the quadrature coil (P ≤ 0.005). Bland–Altman plots show mean differences between measurements of tibial/femoral cartilage thickness and T2 values obtained with each coil to be small (−0.002 ± 0.009 cm / 0.003 ± 0.011 cm) and large (−6.8 ± 6.7 msec/−8.2 ± 9.7 msec), respectively. For the 28‐Ch coil, when parallel imaging with acceleration factors (AF) 2, 3, and 4 was performed SNR retained was: 62%–69%, 51%–55%, and 39%–45%.

Conclusion:

A 28‐Ch knee coil provides increased SNR/CNR for 7T cartilage morphologic imaging and T2 mapping. Coils should be switched with caution during clinical studies because T2 values may differ. The greater SNR of the 28‐Ch coil could be used to perform parallel imaging with AF2 and obtain similar SNR as the quadrature coil. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;441‐448. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimization of mass spectrometers using the adaptive particle swarm algorithm
Authors: Bieler A. , Altwegg K. , Hofer L. , Jäckel A. , Riedo A. , Sémon T. , Wahlström P. , Wurz P.
Published: November 2011

Optimization of mass spectrometers using the adaptive particle swarm algorithm (APSA) is described along with implementations for ion optical simulations and various time‐of‐flight (TOF) instruments. The need for in situ self optimization is addressed through discussion of the reflectron TOF mass spectrometer (RTOF) on the European Space Agency mission Rosetta. In addition, a tool for optimization of laboratory mass spectrometers is presented and tested on two different instruments. After the application of APSA optimization, a substantial increase in performance for mass spectrometers that have manually been tuned for several weeks or months is demonstrated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Speech processing: From peripheral to hemispheric asymmetry of the auditory system
Authors: Lazard Diane S. , Collette Jean‐Louis , Perrot Xavier
Published: November 2011

Language processing from the cochlea to auditory association cortices shows side‐dependent specificities with an apparent left hemispheric dominance. The aim of this article was to propose to nonspeech specialists a didactic review of two complementary theories about hemispheric asymmetry in speech processing. Starting from anatomico‐physiological and clinical observations of auditory asymmetry and interhemispheric connections, this review then exposes behavioral (dichotic listening paradigm) as well as functional (functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography) experiments that assessed hemispheric specialization for speech processing. Even though speech at an early phonological level is regarded as being processed bilaterally, a left‐hemispheric dominance exists for higher‐level processing. This asymmetry may arise from a segregation of the speech signal, broken apart within nonprimary auditory areas in two distinct temporal integration windows—a fast one on the left and a slower one on the right—modeled through the asymmetric sampling in time theory or a spectro‐temporal trade‐off, with a higher temporal resolution in the left hemisphere and a higher spectral resolution in the right hemisphere, modeled through the spectral/temporal resolution trade‐off theory. Both theories deal with the concept that lower‐order tuning principles for acoustic signal might drive higher‐order organization for speech processing. However, the precise nature, mechanisms, and origin of speech processing asymmetry are still being debated. Finally, an example of hemispheric asymmetry alteration, which has direct clinical implications, is given through the case of auditory aging that mixes peripheral disorder and modifications of central processing.
Cationic Polymerization of Styrene Derivatives and Cyclopentadiene Catalyzed by B(C6F5)3 in Aqueous Media: Comparison of Suspension, Emulsion and Dispersion Processes
Authors: Kostjuk Sergei V. , Ganachaud Francois , Radchenko Alexei V. , Vasilenko Irina V.
Published: November 2011

Summary: The cationic polymerization of styrene derivatives [p‐methoxystyrene (pMOS), p‐hydroxystyrene (pHS), styrene (St)] and cyclopentadiene (CPD) using B(C6F5)3‐based initiating systems in aqueous media is reported, focusing specifically on the influence of various additives (surfactant, solvent) on the control of the polymerization rate and molar masses. 1‐(4‐Methoxyphenyl)ethanol (1)/B(C6F5)3 system induced living dispersion (in solvent/water mixture, without surfactant) cationic polymerize‐tion of pMOS and pHS, affording polymers which Mns increased in direct proportion to monomer conversion (Mn ≤ 4500 g mol−1) and which exhibited rather narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn ≤ 1.5). Polymerization of St and CPD in suspension (in water without surfactant) proceeded uniquely through activation of the initiator followed by irreversible termination by water giving oligomers with Mn ≤ 2000 g mol−1 and Mw/Mn ≤ 2.0. Besides, pHS also polymerized in a living fashion under emulsion (in micellar aqueous solutions) conditions (Mn ≤ 4500 g mol−1; Mw/Mn ≤ 1.5) using either BRIJ®97 or hexa‐decyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as surfactants, whereas conventional non‐living cationic polymerization occurred with pMOS (using BRIJ®97 or CTAB as surfactants) and CPD (using dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, DBSA).
Investigation of 1,1‐diphenylethylene Oligomerization in the End‐Capping Reaction of Poly(styryl)lithium
Authors: Quirk Roderic P. , Garces Camila , Dabney David , Polce Michael J. , Wesdemiotis Chris
Published: November 2011

Summary: The possible oligomerization of 1,1‐diphenylethylene (DPE) in the end‐capping reaction of poly(styryl)lithium (PSLi) was studied in hydrocarbon solvents using excess DPE (≤16 mol‐eq); the effect of addition of THF (30 mol‐eq Lewis base) and extended times of reaction (8‐24 h) were also investigated. The characterization of the polymers was made by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS). MALDI‐ TOF mass spectrometric results revealed the absence of DPE oligomerization under the reaction conditions used in this study.