bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A review of sediment quantity issues: Examples from the River Ebro and adjacent basins (Northeastern Spain)
Authors: Batalla Ramon J , Vericat Damià
Published: August 2010

Sediment flows naturally through the drainage network, from source areas to deposition zones. Sedimentary disequilibrium in rivers and coastlines is related to the imbalance within the fluvial system caused mostly by dams, instream mining, and changes in land use. This phenomenon is also responsible for ecological perturbations in rivers and streams. A broad need exists to establish comprehensive management strategies (soft measures) that would go beyond site-specific engineering practices (technical measures) typically taken to solve particular problems. Long-term programs are also required to monitor sediment transport in river basins, in order to assess the magnitude and variability of sediment transfer and potential deficits. This paper shows examples of rivers with important sediment disequilibrium in the Ebro and adjacent basins. These basins, like most in the Iberian Peninsula, experience sediment discontinuity in the catchment–river–coast system. Reservoir siltation is the main quantitative issue. Land use change and especially gravel mining downstream from dams accentuate the process. We also present and discuss recent developments on water and sediment management undertaken to improve the morphosedimentary dynamics of rivers. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:256–268. © 2010 SETAC
Loss of skeletal mineralization by the simultaneous ablation of PHOSPHO1 and alkaline phosphatase function: A unified model of the mechanisms of initiation of skeletal calcification
Authors: Yadav Manisha C , Simão Ana Maria Sper , Narisawa Sonoko , Huesa Carmen , McKee Marc D , Farquharson Colin , Millán José Luis
Published: August 2010

Endochondral ossification is a carefully orchestrated process mediated by promoters and inhibitors of mineralization. Phosphatases are implicated, but their identities and functions remain unclear. Alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) plays a crucial role promoting mineralization of the extracellular matrix by restricting the concentration of the calcification inhibitor inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi). Mutations in the TNAP gene cause hypophosphatasia, a heritable form of rickets and osteomalacia. Here we show that PHOSPHO1, a phosphatase with specificity for phosphoethanolamine and phosphocholine, plays a functional role in the initiation of calcification and that ablation of PHOSPHO1 and TNAP function prevents skeletal mineralization. Phospho1−/− mice display growth plate abnormalities, spontaneous fractures, bowed long bones, osteomalacia, and scoliosis in early life. Primary cultures of Phospho1−/− tibial growth plate chondrocytes and chondrocyte-derived matrix vesicles (MVs) show reduced mineralizing ability, and plasma samples from Phospho1−/− mice show reduced levels of TNAP and elevated plasma PPi concentrations. However, transgenic overexpression of TNAP does not correct the bone phenotype in Phospho1−/− mice despite normalization of their plasma PPi levels. In contrast, double ablation of PHOSPHO1 and TNAP function leads to the complete absence of skeletal mineralization and perinatal lethality. We conclude that PHOSPHO1 has a nonredundant functional role during endochondral ossification, and based on these data and a review of the current literature, we propose an inclusive model of skeletal calcification that involves intravesicular PHOSPHO1 function and Pi influx into MVs in the initiation of mineralization and the functions of TNAP, nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase-1, and collagen in the extravesicular progression of mineralization. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Effects of 1 year of daily teriparatide treatment on iliacal bone mineralization density distribution (BMDD) in postmenopausal osteoporotic women previously treated with alendronate or risedronate
Authors: Misof Barbara M , Paschalis Eleftherios P , Blouin Stéphane , Fratzl-Zelman Nadja , Klaushofer Klaus , Roschger Paul
Published: August 2010

Anabolic treatment with teriparatide of postmenopausal osteoporotic patients previously treated with bisphosphonates is a new therapeutic approach. However, its effects on the bone mineralization density distribution (BMDD) are unknown. We studied paired transiliac bone biopsy samples taken before and after 1 year of treatment with recombinant human parathyroid hormone peptide 1-34 (teriparatide) from 16 osteoporotic women treated with either alendronate (priorALN) or risedronate (priorRIS) for at least 2 years and subsequently treated for 12 months with teriparatide. Cancellous (Cn.) and cortical (Ct.) BMDD values were measured using quantitative backscattered electron imaging. At baseline, BMDD values of priorALN and priorRIS women were similar and within the normal range. One year of teriparatide treatment caused significant effects on the BMDD. Analyzing changes from baseline for each bisphosphonate group separately, priorALN patients revealed increases in the portion of low mineralized bone areas (Cn.CaLow +25.9%, Ct.CaLow +62.0%, both p < .05) and Ct. heterogeneity of mineralization (Ct.CaWidth +22.8%, p < .001). PriorRIS patients showed increased mineralization heterogeneity (Cn.CaWidth +14.8%, p < .05, and Ct.CaWidth +15.8%, p < .001). Analysis of the influence of the prior bisphosphonate treatment showed that the BMDD response to 1 year of teriparatide treatment did not depend on the type of prior bisphosphonate. In consequence, priorALN and priorRIS groups were combined. The pooled groups revealed increased Cn.CaWidth and Ct.CaWidth (+10.7%, p < .01, and +19.6%, p < .001, respectively) as well as increased Cn.CaLow and Ct.CaLow (+18.2%, p < .05, and +36.6%, p < .01, respectively). In summary, our findings indicate a significant effect of teriparatide on BMDD when administered subsequent to a bisphosphonate in agreement with teriparatide's anabolic action. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Inhibitory effects of megakaryocytic cells in prostate cancer skeletal metastasis
Authors: Li Xin , Koh Amy J , Wang Zhengyan , Soki Fabiana N , Park Serk In , Pienta Kenneth J , McCauley Laurie K
Published: August 2010

Prostate cancer cells commonly spread through the circulation, but few successfully generate metastatic foci in bone. Osteoclastic cellular activity has been proposed as an initiating event for skeletal metastasis. Megakaryocytes (MKs) inhibit osteoclastogenesis, which could have an impact on tumor establishment in bone. Given the location of mature MKs at vascular sinusoids, they may be the first cells to physically encounter cancer cells as they enter the bone marrow. Identification of the interaction between MKs and prostate cancer cells was the focus of this study. K562 (human MK precursors) and primary MKs derived from mouse bone marrow hematopoietic precursor cells potently suppressed prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells in coculture. The inhibitory effects were specific to prostate carcinoma cells and were enhanced by direct cell-cell contact. Flow cytometry for propidium iodide (PI) and annexin V supported a proapoptotic role for K562 cells in limiting PC-3 cells. Gene expression analysis revealed reduced mRNA levels for cyclin D1, whereas mRNA levels of apoptosis-associated specklike protein containing a CARD (ASC) and death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) were increased in PC-3 cells after coculture with K562 cells. Recombinant thrombopoietin (TPO) was used to expand MKs in the marrow and resulted in decreased skeletal lesion development after intracardiac tumor inoculation. These novel findings suggest a potent inhibitory role of MKs in prostate carcinoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo. This new finding, of an interaction of metastatic tumors and hematopoietic cells during tumor colonization in bone, ultimately will lead to improved therapeutic interventions for prostate cancer patients. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Some useful strategies for unstructured edge‐based solvers on shared memory machines
Authors: Aubry R. , Houzeaux G. , Vázquez M. , Cela J. M.
Published: August 2010

Three strategies for shared memory parallel edge‐based solvers are proposed which guarantee that nodes belonging to one thread are not accessed by other threads for vertex‐centered discretizations (replace nodes by cells in case of cell‐centered discretizations). The algorithms reorder the edges in groups in order for the parallelization to take place at the edge level, possibly through multiple passes, which constitutes the bulk of the work in an edge‐based solver. These strategies are presented in an increasing order of programming effort and their performances are also compared. Various renumbering algorithms are considered. Results and timings are given for a classical Computational Fluid Dynamics compressible edge‐based solver and a Numerical Weather Prediction compressible dynamic solver for dry air, as well as computational details to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed approach. The influence of the point renumbering on the final edge grouping and efficiency is also studied through numerical results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of data structures for the simulation of polydisperse particle packings
Authors: Raschdorf S. , Kolonko M.
Published: August 2010

Simulation of particle packings is an important tool in material science. Polydisperse mixtures require huge sample sizes to be representative. Simulation, in particular with iterative packing algorithms, therefore requires highly efficient data structures to keep track of particles during the packing procedure.

We introduce a new hybrid data structure for spherical particles consisting of a so‐called loose octree for the global spatial indexing and Verlet lists for the local neighbourhood relations. It is particularly suited for relocation of spheres and contact searches. We compare it to classical data structures based on grids and (strict) octrees. It is shown both analytically and empirically that our data structure is highly superior for packing of large polydisperse samples. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of organoclay structure in hydrocarbon polymers
Authors: Galimberti Maurizio , Giudice Simona , Cipolletti Valeria , Guerra Gaetano
Published: August 2010

Two different kinds of organoclays were prepared by mixing a pristine montmorillonite and a double‐chain ammonium salt in many different thermoplastic or elastomeric polymers. Independently of the chemical nature of the considered polymers, the obtained organoclays presented a basal spacing of 4 or 6 nm, when the mixing occurred in the absence or in the presence of a small amount of stearic acid (SA), respectively. X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared measurements support the hypothesis that these two kinds of organoclays correspond to paraffin‐type tilted and perpendicular bi‐layer intercalates, respectively. The co‐intercalation of SA molecules with the double‐chain amphiphile is suggested, to explain the observed expansion of the clay interlayer distance. The obtained results suggest an easy way to control the organoclay structure in polymer composites. Moreover, the authors on the basis of these results propose a criticism to the extensive literature that systematically explains most d basal spacing increase observed for clays in polymer with the penetration of apolar polymer chains in the clay interlayer space. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure of the micronemal protein 2 A/I domain from Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Tonkin Michelle L. , Grujic Ognjen , Pearce Mark , Crawford Joanna , Boulanger Martin J.
Published: August 2010

Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread zoonotic pathogen capable of causing serious disease in humans and animals. As an obligate intracellular parasite, T. gondii relies on the orchestrated secretion of proteins from its apical complex organelles including the multimodular, transmembrane micronemal protein 2 (MIC2) that couples recognition of the host cell with cytoskeletal reorganization of the parasite to drive invasion. To probe the basis by which the von Willebrand Factor A (vWA)–Integrin like module of TgMIC2 engages the host cell, we solved the crystal structure of a truncated form of TgMIC2A/I (TgMIC2A/Ic) phased by iodide SIRAS and refined to a resolution of 2.05 Å. The TgMIC2A/Ic core is organized into a central twisted beta sheet flanked by α‐helices consistent with a canonical vWA fold. A restricted basic patch serves as the putative heparin binding site, but no heparin binding was detected in native gel shift assays. Furthermore, no metal was observed in the metal ion dependent adhesion site (MIDAS). Structural overlays with homologous A/I domains reveal a divergent organization of the MIDAS β4–α4 loop in TgMIC2A/Ic, which is stabilized through the burial of Phe195 into a deep pocket formed by Gly185. Intriguingly, Gly185 appears to be unique among A/I domains to TgMIC2A/I suggesting that the divergent loop conformation may also be unique to TgMIC2A/I. Although lacking the C‐terminal extension, the TgMIC2A/Ic structure reported here is the first of an A/I domain from an apicomplexan parasite and provides valuable insight into defining the molecular recognition of host cells by these widespread pathogens.
CI‐Graph simultaneous localization and mapping for three‐dimensional reconstruction of large and complex environments using a multicamera system
Authors: Piniés Pedro , Paz Lina María , Gálvez‐López Dorian , Tardós Juan D.
Published: August 2010

Submapping and graphical methods have been shown to be valuable approaches to simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), providing significant advantages over the classical extended Kalman filter (EKF) solution: they are faster and, when usinglocal coordinates, produce more consistent estimates. The main contribution of this paper isCI‐Graph SLAM, a novel algorithm that is able to efficiently map large environments by building a graph of submaps and a spanning tree of this graph with the following properties: (1) any pair of neighboring submaps in the spanning tree areconditionally independentand (2) the current submap is always up to date, containing the marginal probabilities of the submap variables given all previous measurements. Thanks to these properties, an old submap can be updated at any time by performing a single propagation from the current map to the old submap along the spanning tree. This operation is required only when a map is revisited, with a cost linear with the number of maps in the loop. At the end of the experiment the method performs a single propagation through the whole tree, recovering exactly the same marginals for all the map variables as the EKF–SLAM algorithm does, without ever needing to compute the whole covariance matrix. To evaluate CI‐Graph performance in extremely loopy environments, the method was tested using a synthetic Manhattan world. The behavior of the algorithm in large real environments is shown using the public data sets from the RAWSEEDS project in which a robot equipped with a trinocular camera traversed indoor and outdoor environments with several loops and revisited areas. Loops are robustly closed using a novel technique that detects candidate loop closures using a visual vocabulary tree and filters them using temporal and geometric constraints. Our experiments show that when using frontal cameras, the technique outperforms FAB‐MAP. The epipolar geometry of the loop‐closing images is used to find feature matches that are imposed on the CI‐Graph to correct the submap estimations along the loop. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Autonomous underwater vehicle–assisted surveying of drowned reefs on the shelf edge of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Authors: Williams Stefan B. , Pizarro Oscar , Webster Jody M. , Beaman Robin J. , Mahon Ian , Johnson‐Roberson Matthew , Bridge Tom C. L.
Published: August 2010

This paper describes the role of the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) Sirius on a research cruise to survey drowned reefs along the shelf edge of the Great Barrier Reef in Queensland, Australia. The primary function of the AUV was to provide georeferenced, high‐resolution optical validation of seabed interpretations based on acoustic data. We describe the AUV capabilities and its operation in the context of the multiple systems used in the cruise. The data processing pipeline involved in generating simultaneous localization and mapping–based navigation, large‐scale, three‐dimensional visualizations, and automated classification of survey data is briefly described. We also present preliminary results illustrating the type of data products possible with our system and how they can inform the science driving the cruise. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sliding window filter with application to planetary landing
Authors: Sibley Gabe , Matthies Larry , Sukhatme Gaurav
Published: August 2010

We are concerned with improving the range resolution of stereo vision for entry, descent, and landing (EDL) missions to Mars and other planetary bodies. The goal is to create accurate and precise three‐dimensional planetary surface‐structure estimates by filtering sequences of stereo images taken from an autonomous landing vehicle. We describe a sliding window filter (SWF) approach based on delayed state marginalization. The SWF can run in constant time, yet still achieve experimental results close to those of the bundle adjustment solution. This technique can scale from the offline batch least‐squares solution to fast online incremental solutions. For instance, if the window encompasses all time, the solution is equivalent to full bundle adjustment; if only one time step is maintained, the solution matches the extended Kalman filter; if poses and landmarks are slowly marginalized out over time such that the state vector ceases to grow, then the filter becomes constant time, like visual odometry. Within the constant time regime, the sliding window approach demonstrates convergence properties that are close to those of the full batch solution and strictly superior to visual odometry. Experiments with real data show that ground structure estimates follow the expected convergence pattern that is predicted by theory. These experiments indicate the effectiveness of filtering long‐range stereo for EDL. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A machine‐learning approach to detecting unknown bacterial serovars
Authors: Akova Ferit , Dundar Murat , Davisson V. Jo , Hirleman E. Daniel , Bhunia Arun K. , Robinson J. Paul , Rajwa Bartek
Published: August 2010

Technologies for rapid detection of bacterial pathogens are crucial for securing the food supply. A light‐scattering sensor recently developed for real‐time identification of multiple colonies has shown great promise for distinguishing bacteria cultures. The classification approach currently used with this system relies on supervised learning. For accurate classification of bacterial pathogens, the training library should be exhaustive, i.e., should consist of samples of all possible pathogens. Yet, the sheer number of existing bacterial serovars and more importantly the effect of their high mutation rate would not allow for a practical and manageable training. In this study, we propose a Bayesian approach to learning with a nonexhaustive training dataset for automated detection ofunknownbacterial serovars, i.e., serovars for which no samples exist in the training library. The main contribution of our work is the Wishart conjugate priors defined over class distributions. This allows us to employ the prior information obtained from known classes to make inferences about unknown classes as well. By this means, we identify new classes of informational value and dynamically update the training dataset with these classes to make it increasingly more representative of the sample population. This results in a classifier with improved predictive performance for future samples. We evaluated our approach on a 28‐class bacteria dataset and also on the benchmark 26‐class letter recognition dataset for further validation. The proposed approach is compared against state‐of‐the‐art involving density‐based approaches and support vector domain description, as well as a recently introduced Bayesian approach based on simulated classes. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 3: 289‐301, 2010
Genetic and pharmacological evidence for schizophrenia‐related Disc1 interaction with GSK‐3
Authors: Lipina Tatiana V. , Kaidanovich‐Beilin Oksana , Patel Satish , Wang Min , Clapcote Steven J. , Liu Fang , Woodgett James R. , Roder John C.
Published: August 2010

Recent studies have identified disrupted‐in‐schizophrenia‐1 (DISC1) as a strong genetic risk factor associated with schizophrenia. Previously, we have reported that a mutation in the second exon of the DISC1 gene [leucine to proline at amino acid position 100, L100P] leads to the development of schizophrenia‐related behaviors in mice. Glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK‐3) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that interacts with the N‐terminal region of DISC1 (aa 1–220) and has been implicated as an important downstream component in the etiology of schizophrenia. Here, for the first time, we show that pharmacological and genetic inactivation of GSK‐3 reverse prepulse inhibition and latent inhibition deficits as well as normalizing the hyperactivity of Disc1‐L100P mutants. In parallel to these observations, interaction between DISC1 and GSK‐3α and β is reduced in Disc1‐L100P mutants. Our data provide genetic, biochemical, and behavioral evidence for a molecular link between DISC1 and GSK‐3 in relation to psychopathology and highlights the value of missense mutations in dissecting the underlying and complex molecular mechanisms of neurological disorders. Synapse, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The synthesis and preclinical evaluation in rhesus monkey of [18F]MK‐6577 and [11C]CMPyPB glycine transporter 1 positron emission tomography radiotracers
Authors: Hamill Terence G. , Eng Waisi , Jennings Andrew , Lewis Richard , Thomas Steven , Wood Suzanne , Street Leslie , Wisnoski David , Wolkenberg Scott , Lindsley Craig , Sanabria‐BohÓRquez Sandra M. , Patel Shil , Riffel Kerry , Ryan Christine , Cook Jacquelynn , Sur Cyrille , Burns H. Donald , Hargreaves Richard
Published: August 2010

Two positron emission tomography radiotracers for the glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) are reported here. Each radiotracer is a propylsulfonamide‐containing benzamide and was labeled with either carbon‐11 or fluorine‐18. [11C]CMPyPB was synthesized by the alkylation of a 3‐hydroxypyridine precursor using [11C]MeI, and [18F]MK‐6577 was synthesized by a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction using a 2‐chloropyridine precursor. Each tracer shows good uptake into rhesus monkey brain with the expected distribution of highest uptake in the pons, thalamus, and cerebellum and lower uptake in the striatum and gray matter of the frontal cortex. In vivo blockade and chase studies of [18F]MK‐6577 showed a large specific signal and reversible binding. In vitro autoradiographic studies with [18F]MK‐6577 showed a large specific signal in both rhesus monkey and human brain slices and a distribution consistent with the in vivo results and those reported in the literature. In vivo metabolism studies in rhesus monkeys demonstrated that only more‐polar metabolites are formed for each tracer. Of these two tracers, [18F]MK‐6577 was more extensively characterized and is a promising clinical positron emission tomography tracer for imaging GlyT1 and for measuring GlyT1 occupancy of therapeutic compounds. Synapse, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prefrontal cell firing in male rats during approach towards sexually receptive female: Interactions with cocaine
Authors: Febo Marcelo
Published: August 2010

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a role in anticipation of rewards and goal orientation, properties that are influenced by cocaine administration. Single‐unit firing was measured in the mPFC of seven male rats during the expression of approach responses toward a sexually receptive female. Nose‐poking in male rats was used as a measure of approach behavior during the following periods: a baseline, first exposure to a female, a second baseline 2 h later and a second exposure to female 10 min after cocaine (15 mg kg−1 i.p.). Two types of excitatory responses were identified. First, a subset of cells (23%) showed increased firing activity during nose‐poke behavior upon presentation of the female, but not before. Another subset of cells (12%) showed increased firing in the presence of the female only after cocaine was administered. The present results provide preliminary evidence for neurons in the mPFC that are involved in sexually motivated approach behavior and that are modulated by cocaine. Synapse, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new classification for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus
Authors: Shi Jie , Lai Eric C. H. , Li Nan , Guo Wei‐Xing , Xue Jie , Lau Wan‐Yee , Wu Meng‐Chao , Cheng Shu‐Qun
Published: August 2010

Background/purpose

We aimed to correlate the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with macroscopic portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) who underwent partial hepatectomy with or without portal thrombectomy with our PVTT classification. Currently, different staging systems for HCC are widely used in clinical practice. However, they lack the refinement in giving prognosis and guiding surgical treatment once macroscopic PVTT is present.

Methods

A retrospective study was carried out, in a single tertiary center, from January 2001 to December 2004 on 441 patients who underwent partial hepatectomy with or without portal thrombectomy for HCC with macroscopic PVTT. Overall survival was examined to determine whether it was correlated with our PVTT classification, and with the TNM staging, Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) scoring system, and the Japan Integrated Staging (JIS) scoring system.

Results

With our PVTT classification, the numbers (percentages) of patients with types I, II, III, and IV PVTT were 144 (32.7%), 189 (42.9%), 86 (19.5%), and 22 (5.0%), respectively. The corresponding 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐year overall survival rates for types I to IV PVTT were 54.8, 33.9, and 26.7%; 36.4, 24.9, and 16.9%; 25.9, 12.9, and 3.7%; and 11.1, 0, and 0%, respectively (log‐rank of the survival curvesp < 0.0001). Using the TNM system, the majority of patients were classified as stage III (n = 379 or 85.9%). Similarly, the majority of patients (n = 388 or 88.0%) were classified as having CLIP scores of 2 (n = 143, or 32.4%), 3 (n = 171, or 38.8%), and 4 (n = 74, or 16.8%). The 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐year overall survivals for these 3 CLIP scores were very similar. Using the JIS score, the majority of patients (n = 372 or 84.4%) were classified with a JIS score of 2. The 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐year overall survivals of patients with a JIS score of 2 were worse than those of the patients with a JIS score of 1 (this was expected) as well as being worse than those with a JIS score of 3 (this was unexpected). Thus, the latter 3 systems of classification were not refined enough, and they were inadequate for stratifying HCC with macroscopic PVTT treated with partial hepatectomy with or without thrombectomy.

Conclusions

In patients with HCC with macroscopic PVTT treated by partial hepatectomy with or without thrombectomy, our PVTT classification better stratified and predicted prognosis than the TNM staging, CLIP scoring system, and JIS scoring system, which were unrefined and inadequate for this group of patients.
Experiences of Brands and National Identity
Authors: Bulmer Sandy , Buchanan-Oliver Margo
Published: August 2010

Other disciplines know that brands affect national identity, but marketing has barely examined this relationship. We explore the conceptualisation of brands as symbolic and experiential resources from which consumers construct identity narratives. National identity is justified as a construct relevant to contemporary consumers and brands; more than shared culture, national identity encompasses feelings of belonging. We investigate consumer perspectives of how experiences of brands affect national identity. Life history narratives and friendship pair interviews were used to address how national identity is experienced in brands, and which and why brands impact national identity. Findings demonstrate the contribution of brands to consumer feelings of belonging, and of being part of a national community. Common brand consumption practices and shared appreciation for important stories embedded in brand communications assist in linking individuals with the same national identity. This research contributes to understanding brands, especially how consumers use and derive value from them.

National identity is a particular social imaginary identity and is a creditable, relevant contemporary form of identity which is essential for maintaining self-respect, belonging and a sense of security. Despite the fact that there is little mention of nations or national identity in marketing literature, it is striking to note that advertising is regarded as playing a central role in conceptualising the nation. Given that brands are typically the sponsors of such advertisements and that brands are partially consumed and experienced via their advertisements we ask, what is the relationship between brands and national identity?

The objectives of this qualitative study in New Zealand were to determine how national identity is experienced in brands and to identify which brands make people feel the way they do about their own national identity in the New Zealand context. We found that frequently advertised local and multinational brands were identified as brands that make people feel the way they do about their own national identity. Heritage brands, that do little advertising or whose marketing communications could not be recalled, also contributed strongly to national identity. The common factor amongst all these brands was the provision of stories that were relevant to the brand and that resonated with participants.

From a practitioner perspective our study provides evidence of a link between brands and national identity and points to the importance of brand owners understanding how their brand stories affect consumer usage and purchase of brands, and impact on brand value.
I like those glasses on you, but not in the mirror: Fluency, preference, and virtual mirrors
Authors: Cho Hyejeung , Schwarz Norbert
Published: August 2010

Consumers like the same accessories (eye glasses and earrings) more, and are more likely to recommend a purchase, when the accessories are displayed on a familiar other's regular image rather than mirror image. However, image format does not affect consumers' judgments when the other person is unfamiliar. These findings reflect differences in consumers' natural exposure history: we see others more often face‐to‐face than in the mirror, giving their regular image a fluency advantage; this advantage does not apply to unfamiliar others, whose image is disfluent in either presentation format. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed.
Hydrodynamic Stability
Authors: Drazin P. G. , Reid W. H.
Published: August 2010

Hydrodynamic stability is of fundamental importance in fluid mechanics and is concerned with the problem of transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Drazin and Reid emphasise throughout the ideas involved, the physical mechanisms, the methods used, and the results obtained, and, wherever possible, relate the theory to both experimental and numerical results. A distinctive feature of the book is the large number of problems it contains. These problems not only provide exercises for students but also provide many additional results in a concise form. This new edition of this celebrated introduction differs principally by the inclusion of detailed solutions for those exercises, and by the addition of a Foreword by Professor J. W. Miles.
Referential-Semantic Analysis
Authors: Thrane Torben
Published: August 2010

Dr Thrane makes an original contribution to one of the central topics in syntax and semantics: the nature and mechanisms of reference in natural language. He makes a fundamental distinction between syntactic analyses that are internal to the structure of a language and analyses of the referential properties that connect a language with the 'outside world' - and therefore derive in some sense from common human capacities for perceptual discrimination. Dr Thrane argues that the failure to make this distinction and to attend separately to both kinds of analysis has vitiated previous general accounts of linguistic structure. The book focuses particularly on pronouns and on the role of determiners, quantifiers and other components of the noun phrase. Most of the data come from the modern Germanic languages, especially English, but Dr Thrane considers also the structural peculiarities of 'classifier languages' like Vietnamese. The book will be important for students of English language as well as for general linguists.
Island Networks
Authors: Hage Per , Harary Frank
Published: August 2010

Contrary to common perception and belief, most island societies of the Pacific were not isolated, but were connected to other island societies by relations of kinship and marriage, trade and tribute, language and history. Using network models from graph theory, the authors analyse the formation of island empires, the social basis of dialect groups, the emergence of economic and political centres, the evolution and devolution of social stratification and the evolution of kinship terminologies, marriage systems and descent groups from common historical prototypes. The book is at once a unique and important contribution to Oceania studies, anthropology and social network analysis.
Palatability,in situandin vitronutritive value of dried sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia)
Authors: KHALILVANDI-BEHROOZYAR H. , DEHGHAN-BANADAKY M. , REZAYAZDI K.
Published: August 2010

The current study was conducted to determine chemical composition, nutrient content and availability, metabolizable energy (ME) content and nutritive value of sainfoin hay for ruminants. Three ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were used forin situandin vivoexperiments, to determine rumen degradability and digestibility of sainfoin hay. Apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients was determined with feeding of sainfoin hay as the sole diet to achieve 10% more than maintenance energy requirements. Six Zandi ewes were used in the palatability experiment. Means for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and condensed tannins (CTs) of sainfoin hay were: 940·4 g/kg and 93·43, 12·13, 47·87, 43·33 and 2·13 g/kg DM, respectively.In situeffective degradability of CP and DM were 0·38 and 0·54 g/g with a ruminal outflow rate of 0·05/h, respectively. OM apparent digestibility was in the range of 0·592–0·689, respectively, for Tilley & Terry and total faecal collection assays. ME content of sainfoin hay, according to different methods (gas production,in vitroandin vivodetermined digestible organic matter in dry matter (DOMD)) was in the range 6·87–10·11 MJ/kg DM. Metabolizable protein (MP) content was 483·4 g/kg CP. Sainfoin was more palatable than alfalfa for sheep. It was concluded that sainfoin has a potential use in ruminant rations, especially if environmental conditions are not suitable for alfalfa production.
Insight into helicase mechanism and function revealed through single-molecule approaches
Authors: Yodh Jaya G. , Schlierf Michael , Ha Taekjip
Published: August 2010

Helicases are a class of nucleic acid (NA) motors that catalyze NTP-dependent unwinding of NA duplexes into single strands, a reaction essential to all areas of NA metabolism. In the last decade, single-molecule (sm) technology has proven to be highly useful in revealing mechanistic insight into helicase activity that is not always detectable via ensemble assays. A combination of methods based on fluorescence, optical and magnetic tweezers, and flow-induced DNA stretching has enabled the study of helicase conformational dynamics, force generation, step size, pausing, reversal and repetitive behaviors during translocation and unwinding by helicases working alone and as part of multiprotein complexes. The contributions of these sm investigations to our understanding of helicase mechanism and function will be discussed.
Motion by anisotropic mean curvature as sharp interface limit of an inhomogeneous and anisotropic Allen–Cahn equation
Authors: Alfaro Matthieu , Garcke Harald , Hilhorst Danielle , Matano Hiroshi , Schätzle Reiner
Published: August 2010

We consider the spatially inhomogeneous and anisotropic reaction–diffusion equation ut = m(x)−1 div[m(x)ap(x,∇u)] + ε−2f(u), involving a small parameter ε > 0 and a bistable nonlinear term whose stable equilibria are 0 and 1. We use a Finsler metric related to the anisotropic diffusion term and work in relative geometry. We prove a weak comparison principle and perform an analysis of both the generation and the motion of interfaces. More precisely, we show that, within the time-scale of order ε2|ln ε|, the unique weak solution uε develops a steep transition layer that separates the regions {uε ≈ 0} and {uε | 1}. Then, on a much slower time-scale, the layer starts to propagate. Consequently, as ε → 0, the solution uε converges almost everywhere (a.e.) to 0 in Ω−t and 1 in Ω+t , where Ω−t and Ω+t are sub-domains of Ω separated by an interface Гt, whose motion is driven by its anisotropic mean curvature. We also prove that the thickness of the transition layer is of order ε.
Nonlinear Schrödinger equations with strongly singular potentials
Authors: Bellazzini Jacopo , Bonanno Claudio
Published: August 2010

We look for standing waves for nonlinear Schrödinger equations

with cylindrically symmetric potentials g vanishing at infinity and non-increasing, and a C1 nonlinear term satisfying weak assumptions. In particular, we show the existence of standing waves with non-vanishing angular momentum with prescribed L2 norm. The solutions are obtained via a minimization argument, and the proof is given for an abstract functional which presents a lack of compactness. As a specific case, we prove the existence of standing waves with non-vanishing angular momentum for the nonlinear hydrogen atom equation.
Executive dysfunction in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: A study of action planning
Authors: ROY ARNAUD , ROULIN JEAN-LUC , CHARBONNIER VALERIE , ALLAIN PHILIPPE , FASOTTI LUCIANO , BARBAROT SEBASTIEN , STALDER JEAN-FRANCOIS , TERRIEN ANNE , LE GALL DIDIER
Published: August 2010

In this study, we tested the hypothesis that action planning is impaired in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Thirty-six children with NF1 were pair-matched to 36 healthy controls (HC) on age (range, 7–12 years), sex, and parental education level, and both groups were administered three action-planning tasks. To examine the relation of task performance to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the NF1 group was divided into subsets of children who met or did not meet criteria for ADHD. Children with NF1 performed less well than HC on all planning tasks, and differences remained when controlling for IQ or a measure of visuospatial skill. Both the NF1 with ADHD subset and NF1 without ADHD subset performed more poorly than HC on two of the tasks, whereas only the NF1 with ADHD subset performed worse than HC on the third planning task. The results underscore the importance of evaluating executive function in children with NF1 and suggest that deficits in this domain may be only partially related to ADHD. Planning deficits in children with NF1 may be part of their cognitive phenotype. Identifying these deficits is relevant in determining factors contributing to learning problems and in developing appropriate interventions. (JINS, 2010,16, 1056–1063.)
Die Geschichte des Rauchens – wie Nichtrauchen wieder gesellschaftsfähig wird
Authors: Brändli Otto
Published: August 2010

Während Tabakkonsum in Form von Zigarre und Pfeife bei uns schon seit vier Jahrhunderten verbreitet war, wurde Zigarettenrauchen erst nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg bei den Männern und nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg bei den Frauen zur Mode. Die jeden zweiten Konsumenten krankmachende Raucher-Epidemie hat ihren Zenit in den USA schon in den 60er-Jahren, bei uns erst jetzt überschritten. Heute sterben in der Schweiz jedes Jahr über 8000 Menschen an deren Folgen. Trotz nicht deklarierter Zusätze zur Verstärkung der Nikotinabhängigkeit und raffiniertem Marketing durch die Tabakindustrie hat das Wissen um die Schädlichkeit des Rauchens (ab 1964) und des Passivrauchens (ab 1986) bereits zu einem deutlichen Rückgang des Raucheranteils auch in der Schweizer Bevölkerung auf 27 % im Jahre 2008 geführt. Höhere Tabaksteuern, strengere Marktregelungen und Maßnahmen zum Schutz vor Passivrauchen tragen dazu bei, dass Nichtrauchen auch bei uns wieder zur Regel werden wird.
Situationswahrnehmung und Deutung in der Interaktion zwischen Pflegenden und Patienten – Ergebnisse einer empirischen Studie
Authors: Sieger Margot , Ertl-Schmuck Roswitha , Harking Martina
Published: August 2010

In der vorliegenden Studie wurden die pflegerischen Interaktionen mit querschnittgelähmten Menschen untersucht – eine Klientel, die exemplarisch für das Streben nach Selbstbestimmung und Autonomie chronisch Kranker in allen Lebensbereichen steht. Im Zentrum des hier zur Diskussion stehenden Projekts, mit dem eine Lücke in der pflegerischen Interaktionsforschung gefüllt werden soll, steht die Interaktion zwischen Pflegenden und Patienten. Der Fokus liegt darauf, wie die zu pflegenden Menschen ihre momentane Situation erleben und deuten. Die Datenerhebung erfolgte in zwei Kliniken und basierte auf problemzentrierten Interviews mit Pflegenden und Patienten sowie teilnehmenden Beobachtungen während der Pflegesituation Mobilisation zu drei verschiedenen Zeitpunkten. Die Auswertung der 26 Fälle erfolgte als fallrekonstruierendes, hermeneutisches Verfahren. Das empirische Material aus den Beobachtungssituationen und Interviews mit den Patienten und Pflegenden wurde sequenziell darauf hin untersucht, welche Themen Patienten während des Pflegeverlaufs beschäftigen und wie diese von den Pflegenden im Interaktionsprozess wahrgenommen und gedeutet werden. In mehreren Schritten der Analyse wurden Kategorien aus dem Material hergeleitet, sinngemäße Kategorien vernetzt und zu Schlüsselkategorien erklärt. Darüber ließen sich Kernthemen ermitteln, die die Patienten während des Pflegeverlaufs beschäftigen. In einem weiteren Schritt erfolgte eine Perspektivverschränkung. Die in der Verschränkung der beiden Perspektiven induktiv herausgearbeiteten Kernthemen wurden abschließend in einer Fallbeschreibung dokumentiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine aktive kommunikative Teilhabe des Patienten am Pflegeprozess für den Patienten von zentraler Bedeutung ist.
Active Source Seismic Experiment Peers Under Soufrière Hills Volcano
Authors: Voight Barry , Sparks R. S. J. , Shalev E. , Malin P. , Kenedi C. , Minshull T. A. , Paulatto M. , Mattioli G. , Hidayat D. , Widiwijayanti C. , Hammond J.
Published: August 2010

Characterizing internal structures of active volcanoes remains an enigmatic issue in geosciences. Yet studies of such structures can greatly improve hazard assessments, helping scientists to better monitor seismic signatures, geodetic deformation, and gas emissions, data that can be used to improve models and forecasts of future eruptions.

Several passive seismic tomography experiments—which use travel times of seismic waves from natural earthquakes to image underground structures—have been conducted at active volcanoes (Hawaii's Kilauea, Washington's Mount St. Helens, Italy's Etna, and Japan's Unzen), but an inhomogeneous distribution of earthquakes compromises resolution. Further, if volcanic earthquakes are dominantly shallow at a given location, passive methods are limited to studying only shallow features. Thus, active source experiments—where seismic waves from the explosion of deliberately set charges are used to image below the surface—hold great potential to illuminate structures not readily seen through passive measures.
Improving Consistency in Laser Ablation Geochronology; Workshop on Data Handling in LA‐ICP‐MS U‐Th‐Pb Geochronology; San Francisco, California, 12–13 December 2009
Authors: Horstwood Matt , Gehrels George , Bowring James
Published: August 2010

The use of uranium‐thorium‐lead (U‐Th‐Pb) laser ablation—inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) geochronology involves rapid analysis of U‐ and Th‐rich accessory minerals. It routinely achieves 1–2% precision for U‐Th‐Pb dates constituting detrital mineral age spectra and for dating igneous and metamorphic events. The speed and low setup and analysis cost of LA‐ICP‐MS U‐Th‐Pb geochronology has led to a proliferation of active laboratories. Tens of thousands of analyses are produced per month, but there is little agreement on how to transform these data into accurate U‐Th‐Pb dates. Recent interlaboratory blind comparisons of zircon samples indicate that resolvable biases exist among laboratories and the sources of bias are not fully understood. Common protocols of data reduction and reporting are essential for scientists to be able to compare and interpret these data accurately.

Members of the international community met prior to the 2009 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco to address these issues. Funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), this collaboration between the Working Group on LA‐ICP‐MS U‐Th‐Pb Geochronology of the International Association of Geoanalysts (IAG) and the EARTHTIME and EarthChem communities was attended by 34 scientists from nine countries and multiple geochronological specialties. Attendees sought to compare and contrast the wide array of data reduction software currently used, agree on a common data reduction strategy and reporting protocol, and discuss funding agency‐driven initiatives to create community databases for the wealth of data produced.
About AGU Statement
Authors: Landau Elizabeth
Published: August 2010

AGU occasionally releases statements on relevant science policy issues that affect our members. The purpose of these statements is to support the global community of Earth and space scientists by providing relevant information to members, policy makers, and the public. We encourage our members to share and discuss this information with others as one way to engage in science outreach and expand scientific discourse. Statements are written with collaboration between AGU member experts along with AGU leadership and staff. Seismologists who work internationally participated in the writing of the accompanying statement. Comments are welcome.