bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating the water supply potential of traditional rainwater harvesting techniques used – A case study for the Municipality of Western Mani
Authors: Nikolinakou Maria , Moraiti Konstantina , Siganou Aimilia , Markantonis David , Sargentis G.-Fivos , Iliopoulou Theano , Dimitriadis Panayiotis , Meletopoulos Ilias Taygetos , Mamassis Nikos , Koutsoyiannis Demetris
Published: March 2022

Water availability is a critical issue for growing local communities. For example, in the Municipality of Western Mani (western Peloponnese, Greece) tourist development has caused scarcity of water intensifying during the summer period. In this context, multiple solutions are being studied in order to assist the local communities of Western Mani to deal with this situation.

This study focuses on traditional water harvesting structures and more specifically cisterns. In the past, a cistern was present nearby or almost at every house, collecting rain water so as to cover the various needs of the inhabitants, including human consumption and irrigation. However, although cisterns today have fallen into disuse due to the developments of modern water supply systems, they remain an important part of cultural heritage and an architectural element of great interest.

In this work, we evaluate the potential of traditional water infrastructures to cover domestic needs employing the method of stochastic simulation based on hydrological data and by also taking into account traditional architecture.
Paleoclimatic evolutions during the Holocene: A stalagmite δ18O record from Majiaping Cave, Guizhou, China
Authors: Liang Ming-Qiang , Li Hong-Chun , Mii Horng-Sheng , Ma Zhi-Bang , Li Ting-Yong , Löwemark Ludvig
Published: March 2022

Speleothemoxygen isotope records from East Asia have been utilized to reconstruct Asian summer monsoon (ASM) variability over the last several hundred thousand years. However, what the isotope variation represents on orbital to annual timescales remains greatly debated. The high-resolution speleothem records combined with modern meteorological observation are essential for better understanding this debate. Here, we report a stalagmite δ18O (δ18Oc) record of the highest resolution (average of ~1-yr) between 1730 to 8590 yr BP from Majiaping (MJP) Cave, Guizhou Province, southwest China. This record is precisely dated based on the 14C dating method combined with 230Th/U, 210Pb, and lamination counting dating methods. The result shows that the 14C dating method can establish a reliable chronology for stalagmites that cannot be dated by 230Th/U. The comparisons of the precipitation δ18O with the local temperature, rainfall amount, and moisture sources show that the δ18Oc record from southwest China is mainly controlled by the “amount effect” on annual to decadal timescale modified by ENSO. The consistent long-term δ18Oc trends among all monsoonal regions in the low latitudes of the northern hemisphere indicate that on the orbital timescale the δ18Oc trend reflects changes in the large-scale spatial circulation of the atmosphere, which is controlled by the changes of northern hemisphere summer insolation. Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) and Bernaola-Galvan Segmentation Algorithm (BGSA) analyses reveal that on the semi-millennium timescale, the δ18Oc record of the MJP stalagmite shows 8 weak East Asian summer monsoon events during 8.2ka BP, 7.3 ka BP, 5.9 ka BP, 5.5 ka BP, 4.2 ka BP, 3.1 ka BP, 2.4 ka BP and 1.9 ka BP. The comparisons of the structural feature and forcing factor of the first 7 events with the 1.9 ka event indicate that the first 7 events correspond to the changes in total solar irradiance and the 1.9 ka event may be related to the internal forcing of the Earth system controlled by the ENSO. On the interannual-multidecadal timescale, the δ18Oc record shows the high-frequency cyclicities of 3~7-yr and 30~70-yr which are related to ENSO and PDO according to modern instrumental records. However, the relationships among ENSO, PDO, and the δ18Oc are not constant during the Holocene.
Simulation of model uncertainty using multidimensional Langevin processes in the NOAA Unified Forecast System (UFS)
Authors: Bao Jian-Wen , Michelson Sara , Pegion Philip , Whitaker Jeffrey , Bengtsson Lisa , Penland Cecile
Published: March 2022

Numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems nowadays need to be capable of providing not only high-quality deterministic forecasts, but also information about forecast uncertainty.  The ensemble forecast technique is commonly used to provide an estimation of forecast uncertainty.  Since a great deal of the forecast uncertainty comes from dynamical and physical processes not resolved or explicitly represented numerically, there is a need to correctly quantify and simulate the uncertainty associated with these processes as required by the ensemble forecast technique.

To address this need, we have developed a new stochastic physics scheme for simulating the uncertainty in parameterizations in the NOAA Unified Forecast System (UFS).  This scheme is derived from the connection in mathematical physics between the Mori-Zwanzig formalism and multidimensional Langevin processes.  It follows the correspondence principle, a philosophical guideline for new theory development, such that it can be shown that the previously implemented stochastic uncertainty quantification schemes in the UFS are particular cases of this scheme.  We will show how we have used this scheme to simulate uncertainty at the process level of unresolved dynamics and physics in the UFS.  We will also present a preliminary performance comparison of previously-implemented stochastic physics schemes with the newly-developed process-level scheme in the UFS medium-range ensemble prediction
A Low Noise Model for Rotational Ground Motions
Authors: Igel Heiner , Brotzer Andreas , Stutzmann Eleonore , Montagner Jean-Paul , Lin Chin-Jen , Hadziioannou Celine , Wassermann Joachim , Schreiber Ulrich
Published: March 2022

The quantitative low/high noise models (L/HNM) for translational ground motions (e.g., Petersen 1993) based on many observations of acceleration power-spectral densities has been extremely successful for the evaluation of site quality, as well as the development of seismic sensors for passive experiments on Earth. No such L/HNM exists for rotational ground motions, primarily because 1) there are close to no direct sensors that measure below the Earth’s smallest rotational motions (large ring laser are currently the most sensitive instruments), and 2) small-scale seismic arrays can be used to derive rotational motions, but are limited in frequency range. A (even approximate) rotational L/HNM would be useful in particular for the development of new rotation sensors considering the numerous possible applications of 6 degree-of-freedom observations in terrestrial and planetary seismology as well as ocean bottom observations. As the terrestrial low-noise motion is primarily dominated by surface waves, the well-known connection between plane surface waves and rotational motions can be used to estimate rotational motions from classic seismometer records using local velocity information. We propose a methodology to derive a rotational L/HNM and support the model by ring laser and seismic array observations.
IMERG Validation with the GPM Validation Network
Authors: Watters Daniel , Gatlin Patrick , Kirstetter Pierre , Huffman George , Tan Jackson , Nelkin Eric , Bolvin David , Wolff David , Wang Jianxin
Published: March 2022

The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Mission Validation Network (VN) is a NASA software system run at Marshall Space Flight Center which geometrically matches three-dimensional precipitation retrievals from the GPM Core Observatory (CO) sensors to 118 international ground-based radars.  To advance the capabilities for validation of the multi-satellite IMERG product, the GPM VN is being updated to integrate this Level-3 (gridded) product alongside GPM’s Level-2 (footprint) products (DPR, CORRA, GPROF).  The updated GPM VN will enable the potential for tracing the origins of systematic and random errors back through IMERG into the source GPROF product at instances of GPM-CO overpasses.  Furthermore, the GPM VN can support validation efforts to trace the origins of IMERG inaccuracies under a consistent framework across locations including North America (Eastern CONUS, Alaska, Hawaii), Brazil, and Pacific islands (e.g. Kwajalein).  This first study with the updated GPM VN will assess the oceanic performance of IMERG V06B across different island sites, as well as stratify errors using the vertical profile of reflectivity and hydrometeor classification corresponding to the IMERG grid pixel.  These results will help to inform improvements for future IMERG versions, as well as to aid the community in understanding the conditions under which IMERG can be aptly applied for research and societal applications.
A semblance based microseismic event detector for DAS data
Authors: Porras Juan , Grigoli Francesco , Stucchi Eusebio , Tuinstra Katinka , Tognarelli Andrea , Lanza Federica , Aleardi Mattia , Mazzotti Alfredo , Wiemer Stefan
Published: March 2022

Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) is becoming increasingly popular in microseismic monitoring operations. Fiber-optic cables such as conventional telecommunication or built-for-purpose cables can be turned into a dense array of geophones that samples seismic wavefields continuously for several kilometers. DAS is particularly interesting for microseismic monitoring of geothermal systems since it does not have the same temperature limitations as standard electronic equipment. The sensing fiber can therefore be installed at high-temperature reservoir conditions and in the same well that is being stimulated. Because of these advantages, the distance between the detecting sensor and the induced seismicity can be minimized, maximizing the detection capability. Typical DAS acquisition samples the wavefield at about 1 m spacing and sampling frequencies of 1 kHz or higher. Unfortunately, standard seismological techniques are not capable of exploiting this high spatial density of sensors, hence they are ineffective in processing this kind of data. Here we propose a semblance-based seismic event detection method that fully exploits the characteristics of the DAS data. The detection identifies seismic events by looking at waveform coherence along hyperbolas while changing the curvature and position of the vertex. The method returns a time series of coherence values and, if these values are higher than a determined threshold, it catches a seismic event. First we test the detector with synthetic data resembling a realistic setup. Finally, we validate the detector by applying it to real DAS data from the Utah FORGE site in the US. This work is supported by the EU-Geothermica DEEP project.
Multiple Reconnection X-lines at the Magnetopause and Overlapping Cusp Ion Injections
Authors: Fuselier Stephen , Kletzing Craig , Petrinec Steven , Trattner Karlheinz , George Don , Bounds Scott , Sawyer Rhyan , Bonnell John , Burch James , Giles Barbara , Strangeway Robert
Published: March 2022

Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) observations during an extended crossing of the Earth’s dayside magnetopause show evidence of multiple reconnection at the boundary. This crossing occurred when the IMF was southward and had a significant BY component. Approximately two hours after this crossing, the Twin Rocket Investigation of Cusp Electrodynamics-2 (TRICE-2) rockets were launched into the northern hemisphere cusp and observed overlapping cusp ion injections. These overlapping injections are also evidence of multiple reconnection at the magnetopause. While the observations more than 2 hours apart do not constitute a conjunction between the spacecraft and the rockets, the IMF conditions during the magnetopause crossing and the cusp traversal were very similar. Therefore, had the magnetopause crossings and cusp traversals occurred at the same time, the observations would have been similar. This talk describes these observations and shows the link between multiple reconnection at the magnetopause and overlapping cusp ion injections. In addition, the global consequences on the magnetosphere from this link are discussed.
The difference between building anthropogenic heat flux and building energy consumption
Authors: Liu Yiqing , Luo Zhiwen , Grimmond Sue
Published: March 2022

Buildings are a major source of anthropogenic heat emissions, impacting energy use and human health in cities. The difference between building energy consumption and building anthropogenic heat emission magnitudes and time lag and are poorly quantified. Energy consumption (QEC) is a widely used proxy for the anthropogenic heat from buildings (QF,B). Here we revisit the latter’s definition. If QF,B is the heat emission to the atmosphere due to human activities within buildings, we can derive it from the changes in energy balance fluxes between occupied and unoccupied buildings. Our derivation shows the difference between QECand QF,B is attributable to a change in the storage heat flux induced by human activities (ΔSo-uo). Using building energy simulation (EnergyPlus) we calculate the energy balance fluxes for an isolated building with different occupancy states. The non-negligible differences in diurnal patterns between QF,B and QECcaused by thermal storage. With this definition negative QF,B can occur as human activities reduce heat emission from buildings but are associated with a larger storage heat flux. Building operations (e.g., open windows, use of HVAC system) modify the QF,B by affecting not only QEC but also the ΔSo-uo diurnal profile. This study demonstrates the difference between QF,B and QEC and the proposed new method for estimating QF,B could provide data for future parameterization of both anthropogenic heat and storage heat fluxes from buildings.
Synchronizing Rock Clocks in the Late Cambrian
Authors: Zhao Zhengfu , Thibault Nicolas , W. Dahl Tais , H. Schovsbo Niels , L. Sørensen Aske , M.Ø. Rasmussen Christian , T. Nielsen Arne
Published: March 2022

The Cambrian is the most poorly dated period of the past 541 million years of Earth history. This hampers analysis of profound environmental and biological changes that took place during this period. Astronomically forced climate cycle recognized in sediments and anchored to radioisotopic ages provides a powerful geochronometer that has fundamentally refined Mesozoic–Cenozoic time scales but not yet the Palaeozoic. Here we report a continuous astronomical signal detected as geochemical variations (1 mm resolution) in the late Cambrian Alum Shale Formation that is used to establish a 16 Myr-long astronomical time scale, anchored by radioisotopic dates. The resulting time scale is biostratigraphically well-constrained, allowing correlation of the late Cambrian global stage boundaries with a 405-kyr astrochronological framework. This enables a first assessment, in numerical time, of the evolution of major biotic and abiotic changes, including the end-Marjuman extinction and the Steptoean Positive Carbon Isotope Excursion, that characterized the late Cambrian Earth.
Ion Acceleration at the Quasi-Parallel Shock: The Source Distributions of the Diffuse Ions
Authors: Trattner Karlheinz , Fuselier Stephen , Schwartz Steven , Kucharek Harald , Burch James , Ergun Robert , Petrinec Steven , Madanian Hadi
Published: March 2022

The terrestrial bow shock is the boundary between the supersonic solar wind and the terrestrial magnetosphere and converts the kinetic energy of the solar wind into thermal energy, allowing the flow to become subsonic and move past the magnetosphere. Shocks are an important acceleration site for ions and electrons in collisionless plasmas and responsible for much of the particle acceleration in solar, planetary, and astrophysical regions. One of the fundamental outstanding questions of ion acceleration at the quasi-parallel bow shock is which portion of the incoming solar wind ion distribution ultimately becomes the seed population that is subsequently accelerated to high energies.

This talk focuses on distribution functions of protons and alpha particles observed by the HPCA and FPI instruments onboard the MMS satellites during an MMS crossing of the quasi-parallel bow shock. The bow shock transition from the downstream region into the upstream solar wind shows the presence of specularly reflected ions and a distribution at 90 degree pitch angle ions in the shock ramp consistent with shock drift accelerated ions.
Towards automatic real-time water level estimation using surveillance cameras
Authors: Blanch Xabier , Wagner Franz , Hedel Ralf , Grundmann Jens , Eltner Anette
Published: March 2022

The handling of natural disasters, especially heavy rainfall and corresponding floods, requires special demands on emergency services. The need to obtain a quick, efficient and real-time estimation of the water level is critical for monitoring a flood event. This is a challenging task and usually requires specially prepared river sections. In addition, in heavy flood events, some classical observation methods may be compromised.

With the technological advances derived from image-based observation methods and segmentation algorithms based on neural networks (NN), it is possible to generate real-time, low-cost monitoring systems. This new approach makes it possible to densify the observation network, improving flood warning and management. In addition, images can be obtained by remotely positioned cameras, preventing data loss during a major event.

The workflow we have developed for real-time monitoring consists of the integration of 3 different techniques. The first step consists of a topographic survey using Structure from Motion (SfM) strategies. In this stage, images of the area of interest are obtained using both terrestrial cameras and UAV images. The survey is completed by obtaining ground control point coordinates with multi-band GNSS equipment. The result is a 3D SfM model georeferenced to centimetre accuracy that allows us to reconstruct not only the river environment but also the riverbed.

The second step consists of segmenting the images obtained with a surveillance camera installed ad hoc to monitor the river. This segmentation is achieved with the use of convolutional neural networks (CNN). The aim is to automatically segment the time-lapse images obtained every 15 minutes. We have carried out this research by testing different CNN to choose the most suitable structure for river segmentation, adapted to each study area and at each time of the day (day and night).

The third step is based on the integration between the automatically segmented images and the 3D model acquired. The CNN-segmented river boundary is projected into the 3D SfM model to obtain a metric result of the water level based on the point of the 3D model closest to the image ray.

The possibility of automating the segmentation and reprojection in the 3D model will allow the generation of a robust centimetre-accurate workflow, capable of estimating the water level in near real time both day and night. This strategy represents the basis for a better understanding of river flooding and for the development of early warning systems.
Numerical analysis of the contemporary interaction between the Phoenix Metro Area Urban Boundary Layer and the local thermo-topographical circulation 
Authors: Brandi Aldo
Published: March 2022

Phoenix is one of the fastest growing U.S. cities located in complex terrain areas and whose climatology is characterized by persistent high-pressure systems and low synoptic winds. Phoenix population increased from roughly 1000 inhabitants to approximately 2.8 million throughout the 20th century, resulting in extensive land cover changes and structural landscape modifications that drove the growth of the city’s urban heat island (UHI). The thermal circulation in the Phoenix valley is characterized by average winds flow along the Salt River channel with westerly orientation during daytime and easterly at nighttime. An observed 60% increase in mean monthly wind speed in Phoenix over the second half of the 20th century suggests a strong relationship exists between such increase and the growing UHI over the city. This research investigates the contemporary summertime diurnal interaction between metro Phoenix Urban Boundary Layer (UBL) dynamics and the thermo-topographic circulation in the complex terrain landscape of the Phoenix metro valley using high-resolution convection-permitting regional climate modeling simulations. Studying urbanization impacts on thermal circulation in a semidesert complex terrain presents several advantages. Both processes heavily depend on local surface energy balances which in turn are affected by modification to the landscape and to global radiative forcing. The lack of vegetation in the non-built areas surrounding the city highlights the differences in aerodynamic and thermal properties between the two landscapes. The high predictability of slope and valley winds helps reduce attribution associated with out-of-scope factors, such as synoptic advection, the Northern American Monsoon and other large scale climatic fluctuations. Little attention has been given so far to this interaction. Yet, understanding the interplay between surface driven circulations is important as local winds have the potential to improve air quality and thermal comfort in urban environments. In addition, present-day local wind climatology assessment will provide a reference base for forthcoming analyses on the potential impacts of projected future urban development and climate change on surface wind circulation in the valley.
Magnetic Flux Transport Identification of Active Reconnection: MMS Observations in the Earth’s Magnetosphere
Authors: Qi Yi , Li Tak Chu , Russell Christopher , Ergun Robert , Jia Ying-dong , Hubbert Mark
Published: March 2022

Magnetic reconnection plays an important role in converting energy while modifying the field topology. This process takes place under various plasma conditions during which the transport of magnetic flux is intrinsic. Identifying active magnetic reconnection sites with in-situ observations is challenging. A new technique, Magnetic Flux Transport (MFT) analysis, has been developed recently and proven in numerical simulation for identifying active reconnection efficiently and accurately. In this study we examine the MFT process in 37 previously reported electron diffusion region (EDR)/reconnection-line crossing events at the dayside magnetopause, in the magnetotail and magnetosheath using Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) measurements. The co-existing inward and outward MFT flow at the X-point provides a signature that magnetic field lines become disconnected and reconnected. The application of MFT analysis to in-situ observations demonstrates that MFT can successfully identify active reconnection sites under symmetric, asymmetric, and turbulent upstream conditions, providing a also higher rate of successful identification than plasma outflow jets alone.
Global Estimate of Tropical Cyclone-Induced Diapycnal Mixing and Its Links to Climate Variability
Authors: Cao Yuan , Wang Xidong , Shao Caixia
Published: March 2022

A mixing length theory which considers the impact of TC characters and upper ocean stratification, is used to estimate the tropical cyclone (TC) induced diapycnal diffusivity, and investigate the trend, interannual and interdecadal variability of TC-induced diapycnal diffusivity in the globe and each basin. The annual mean climatology of the TC-induced diapycnal diffusivity is consistent with previous research, with maximum values in the Western North Pacific (WP) ranging from 0.05 cm2/s up to 1 cm2/s. The trends of TC-induced diapycnal diffusivity exhibit great inter-basin differences, which are not only related with TC itself, but also the ocean stratification. On the interannual timescales, El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) can modulate the variability of TC-induced diapycnal diffusivity in the globe by regulating the ocean stratification rather than TC intensity, because the impacts of ENSO on TC intensity in each basin cancel out each other. As for each basin, ENSO can affect TC-induced diapycnal diffusivity mainly by regulating the variability of TC intensity. In addition, the relationship of TC-induced diapycnal diffusivity with dominant climate modes such as Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) may be interactive on the interdecadal timescales, especially in the areas which are significantly influenced by PDO and NAO, such as WP, Eastern North Pacific and North Atlantic. We anticipate that these results can provide insights into the variability and physical mechanisms of TC-induced diapycnal mixing.
Monitoring of agricultural drought from remote sensing products and in-situ meteorological data
Authors: Neuhauser Mathis , Tilak Thomas , Point-Dumont Christophe , Peltier Alexandre
Published: March 2022

The extreme events increasingly present in the Pacific (El Nino / La Nina phenomena) have significant consequences on island territories. The effect of climate change and drought episodes is therefore a central concern in many Pacific islands like Vanuatu, Wallis-and-Futuna, French Polynesia, etc. The intense drought events have undeniable impacts on biodiversity, agricultural crops and water resource, as was the case in 2019 for New Caledonia. In particular, projections in New Caledonia count on a possible increase in temperatures of 3°C and a water deficit of 20% in 2100 with longer and more intense drought episodes and an even greater west coast/east coast disparity (Dutheil, 2018). To date, the monitoring and anticipation of these drought episodes is done via meteorological measurements providing information on the rainfall deficit and not on the water stress of plants. In addition, the data are only available on a few measurement points and are not continuous over the territories.

In order to meet this need, a tool for monitoring environmental and agricultural drought using satellite images and meteorological data is being developed and validated in New Caledonia: Earth Observations for Drought Monitoring (EO4DM) project. This project is carried out in collaboration with Météo-France NC as a technical partner and the local Rural Agency as end user, and aims to provide a tool to help decision-making to institutions and management assistance for farmers. This solution will provide data constituting a singularly important source of information whose valuations and contributions can be multiple: agriculture, resource management (water), security (monitoring of risks linked to floods, fires), environment, etc.

To do so, various surface indices reflecting the state of the vegetation and certain soil properties such as humidity and temperature were estimated from different satellite sensors (MODIS, Sentinel-2, Landsat-8, ASCAT) in order to address different space scales from the field to regional scale. These indices were normalized over a relatively long period, allowing access to drought indicators: VHI (Vegetation Health Index; Kogan et al., 1997), VAI (Vegetation Anomaly Index; Amri et al., 2011), MAI (Moisture Anomaly Index; Amri et al., 2012) or TAI (Temperature Anomaly Index; Le Page and Zribi, 2019). Combined with in-situ meteorological products like SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index; McKee et al., 1993) and SPEI (Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index; Vicente-Serrano et al., 2010), these indicators assess the intensity of drought episodes and estimate their severity over the entire territory.
ENTICE Satellite Orbital Simulator Enhanced with ARTS
Authors: Jiang Jonathan , Johnson Kyle , Yue Qing , Palo Scott
Published: March 2022

High-altitude clouds play a key role in Earth’s weather and climate which is crucial to life on Earth. However, many aspects of high-altitude cloud formation and evolution are not well understood and poorly modelled in climate simulations. Earth’s NexT-generation ICE mission (ENTICE) has been proposed to help solve this problem. ENTICE’s scientific objective is to advance our fundamental understanding of clouds by identifying how anvil clouds interact and evolve with ambient thermodynamic conditions. Combining a 94 GHz radar and multi-frequency sub-millimeter microwave radiometers, ENTICE would measure diurnally resolved ice water content, vertical profiles of cloud ice particle size, and in-cloud temperature and humidity from space. This in turn will help reduce uncertainties in cloud climate feedback and improve both climate and weather modelling. Building off previous work on the orbital characteristics required to fulfill ENTICE’s science goals, this paper attempts to improve the accuracy of past simulations. In this study, the atmospheric radiative transfer simulator (ARTS) software is used to enhance the fidelity of the simulated radar and radiometer retrievals from the previous study. ARTS is a radiative transfer software developed by the University of Hamburg and Chalmer University. The study looks at both a multi frequency radiometer and radar at 94 GHz. The results of these simulations will be used to enhance future satellite missions that study high clouds.
Identifiability of rheological models in landslides modeling: a 3D SPH study
Authors: Li Shuai , Tang Hui , Peng Chong , Chen Xiao-qing , Chen Hua-yong , Chen Jian-gang
Published: March 2022

Landslides are one of the most destructive geohazards due to their high mobility and long runout. Numerical prediction of their motion and deposit behavior is an effective method for quantitative hazard assessment. The numerical approaches can get more insight into the landslide dynamics such as displacement, momentum, and impact forces. One of the crucial aspects in the application of continuum models is how to choose an appropriate rheology law for the materials. However, this issue remains poorly addressed in the geo-hazards simulations community. In this study, two constitutive models are applied to interpret landslide materials that integrated within Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) scheme. The elastoplastic Drucker-Prager (DP) model from soil mechanics and its counterpart in fluid mechanics, the non-Newtonian rheological Drucker-Prager (RDP) model. The results indicate that both the soil mechanic model and the fluid model can reproduce key dynamic processes (e.g., acceleration, deceleration, rebound stages) and deposition morphology (e.g., deposit area and height), within different values of input parameters given equivalent burst simulations. There is no order of which is better than another, only the more appropriate model that depends on landslide characteristics.
High-Speed Jets in Earth’s Magnetosheath Downstream of the Quasi-Parallel Shock: A Two-Dimensional Global Hybrid Simulation
Authors: Guo Jin , Lu San , Lu Quanming , Lin Yu , Wang Xueyi , Hao Yufei , Huang Kai , Wang Rongsheng , Gao Xinliang
Published: March 2022

High-speed jets (HSJs) occur frequently in Earth’s magnetosheath downstream of the quasi-parallel bow shock. They have great impacts on the magnetosheath and the magnetosphere. Using a two-dimensional global hybrid simulation, we investigate the formation and evolution of the HSJs with an IMF cone angle of 0°. The quasi-parallel shock is near the subsolar point, and the HSJs begin to appear in the quasi-parallel magnetosheath with a parallel (perpendicular) scale size of about 1RE (0.2RE). These HSJs then converge, leading to the formation of a large-scale HSJ with a parallel (perpendicular) scale size of 6RE (1.2RE). Some long HSJs, with a large parallel but small perpendicular scale size, are formed at the quasi-parallel bow shock and extend toward the quasi-perpendicular magnetosheath along with the background magnetosheath flow. Moreover, these long HSJs can cause filamentary structures in the magnetosheath.
Integrated Multiscale Urban Flood Modeling with Drainage pipe system
Authors: Dasallas Lea , An Hyunuk , Lee Seungsoo
Published: March 2022

The integrated multiscale urban flood model (IMUFlood Model) is developed to incorporate the hydrologic influence of rainfall-runoff, and surface and sewer pipe interaction in a grid-size varying scheme for urban flooding. The aim of the research is to solve the calculation of the multiscale integrated relationship between the watershed-scale flood routing to urban domain-scale inundation, and the flow interaction between the surface and drainage pipe system.  The integration was performed by applying kinematic equation on the coarser-resolution watershed grid and 2D shallow water equation on the higher-resolution urban inundation domain. Likewise, the surface and subsurface interaction are calculated in the storm drain inlets using weir and orifice equations and the flow within the pipe system was estimated using Priessmann slot model discretized in finite volume and Euler Method. The flood extent and depth are validated for an extreme rainfall event in Marikina basin, Philippines.

Results show the possibility to simulate urban inundation without the need to require observed boundary conditions which opens the possibility of the use of rainfall forecast data for real-time flood prediction. The developed model can provide flood information such as the concentration of flood, estimated peak time, flood source point and flow velocity. The computation of spatial variations of pipe flow, wetted area and water depth inside the pipe can be used to identify the flood susceptible regions. This information can be used as supplementary tools to aid for early warning and flood prevention, as well as to be used for the improvement of sewer construction in decreasing urban flood risk.
Soil mass domination in debris-flow disasters and strategy for hazard mitigation
Authors: Chen Ningsheng , Tian Shufeng , Hu Guisheng , Deng Mingfeng , Peng Taixin
Published: March 2022

The traditional view is that the formation of debris flow disasters mainly depends on precipitation, and the process of its runoff and confluence is a physical process that can be simulated by hydrological processes. However, based on the current phenomenon that the debris flow disasters concentrated in seismic zones and arid valleys and the existing research on formation and prevention of debris flow, our study found that in the mountainous areas where humans live, the slope and precipitation conditions are easy to meet the formation of debris flow hazards, and consequently the soil mass dominates the preparation, formation and evolution process of debris flow disasters. Thus, the catastrophic debris flow is a disaster which dominated by geological process and the characterization of the process requires more consideration of empirical models based on geological conditions. In addition, based on historical accounts of debris-flow disaster events, it found that debris flow occurrence is closely related to the impact of earthquakes and droughts. Applying this method, the debris flow susceptibility in the Southwest China has been predicted for 10 years from 2012, which realizes the dynamic prediction of regional debris-flow susceptibility and is helpful for timely prevention. Our results suggested that the prediction, early warning system and resilient alleviation of debris flow need to be determined by the mechanism and process which dominated by soil mass.
Hipercorig Hallstatt History (H3) reveals a high-resolution Late Pleistocene to Holocene sediment record at Lake Hallstatt (Salzkammergut, Austria)
Authors: Ortler Marcel , Brauer Achim , Fabbri Stefano C. , Kowarik Kerstin , Kueck Jochem , Strasser Michael
Published: March 2022

The innovative, new drilling technique of the Hipercorig platform (Harms et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-28-29-2020) enables to recover undisturbed long cores of sediment archives, and hence allows us to study past environmental conditions and changes. Here we present initial results from the Hipercorig Hallstatt History (H3) lake drilling campaign 2021, which succeeded to recover two parallel cores (core A: 41m, core B: 51m) from 122 m water depth providing a high-resolution record, within the UNESCO World Heritage Cultural Landscape Hallstatt-Dachstein/Salzkammergut, Austria. The Hallstatt-Dachstein region has a history of over 7,000 years of human salt mining and is one of the oldest documented cultural landscapes worldwide.

We present physical- and litho-stratigraphy based on borehole logging (of hole B), non-destructive core logging data, visual core and lithofacies description, Core-Log-Seismic-Correlation and initial age modelling using 14C dating. The core logging covers (i) x-ray computed tomography, (ii) multi-sensor-core-logger data with Gamma-Ray attenuated bulk density, magnetic susceptibility and visible light photo spectroscopy. The upper ~15 m of the sediment profile can be unambiguously correlated with previous cores (Lauterbach et al., submitted) thus confirming that the sediments are truly representative for Lake Hallstatt. The entire stratigraphic succession comprises two major lithostratigraphic units: The Holocene unit (0-40 m below lake floor (mblf)) and the Late Pleistocene unit (> 40 m). The Holocene unit consists of variably laminated (sub-mm to 5 mm) dark gray clayey-silty carbonate mud interbedded with up to 5.5 m thick mass-movement deposits and thick turbidites. The Late Pleistocene sedimentary succession comprises very thin bedded (1-3 cm) medium gray silty clayey carbonate mud, with some laminated (<1 cm) intervals and multiple cm-thick light gray turbidites. Within the Late Holocene unit, there is a prominent yellowish gray clastic interval of ~4 m with faintly mm- to cm-scale laminated sediments. Another remarkable characteristic of the Holocene unit is the occurrence of at least four major mass-movement deposits containing pebbles (up to 3 cm in diameter) and six thick turbidite deposits >1 m with different sediment colors and compositions.

Detailed multi-proxy analyzes of the Lake Hallstatt cores will provide new insights into the early history of human settlement and salt mining in this Alpine region and their relation to environmental and climatic conditions and meteorological and geological extreme events.
Floods and droughts: a multivariate perspective on hazard estimation
Authors: Brunner Manuela Irene
Published: March 2022

Floods and droughts are often studied from a univariate perspective, which ignores their multivariate nature and can lead to risk under- or overestimation. The multivariate nature of hydrological extremes makes them particularly impactful, e.g. when they affect large areas or several components of the hydrological cycle, and should be considered when deriving frequency and magnitude estimates for hydraulic design and adaptation. However, studying multivariate extremes is challenging because different variables are related and because they are even less abundant in observational records than univariate extremes.
In this talk, I discuss different types of multivariate hydrological extremes and their dependencies including spatially co-occurring flood events, floods described by peak and volume, or droughts characterized by deficit and duration. I present different strategies to describe and model multivariate extremes, to assess their hazard potential, and to increase sample size – for example, the openly available R-package PRSim that stochastically simulates streamflow and hydrological extremes at multiple locations. I illustrate potential applications of some strategies using different large-sample datasets ranging from sets of alpine catchments in Switzerland to sets of hydro-climatologically diverse catchments in the United States and on the European continent. The strategies discussed enable a multivariate perspective in hydrological hazard assessments, which allows us to derive more comprehensive risk estimates than the classical univariate perspective commonly applied.
Multi-scale observations and evolution of the magnetopause Kelvin-Helmholtz waves during southward IMF
Authors: Blasl Kevin Alexander , Nakamura Takuma , Plaschke Ferdinand , Nakamura Rumi , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Stawarz Julia E. , Liu Yi-Hsin , Peery Sarah A. , Holmes Justin C. , Hosner Martin , Schmid Daniel , Roberts Owen Wyn , Volwerk Martin
Published: March 2022

The mass and energy transfer across Earth’s magnetopause is caused by a variety of different plasma processes. One of these processes is the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI), excited by the velocity shear between the fast-flowing magnetosheath plasma and the relatively stagnant magnetosphere. It has been frequently observed during periods of northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), however much less is known about its behaviour during southward IMF conditions.

We present the first Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) observations of KH waves and vortices at the dusk-flank magnetopause during southward IMF conditions on September 23, 2017. The instability criterion for the KHI was fulfilled during this event. The boundary normal vectors, obtained by using multi-point methods, are consistent with the predicted structures of the KH waves. We further performed a series of realistic 2D and 3D fully kinetic PIC simulations based on the plasma parameters observed during this MMS event. A comparison to results from these simulations demonstrated quantitative consistencies with the MMS data in many aspects such as the flow and total pressure variations in the KH waves, and the signatures of the non-linearly rolled up KH vortices including the Low Density Faster Than Sheath (LDFTS) plasma.

The simulations further showed that secondary instabilities are excited at the edges of the primary KHI. The Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) can lead to the penetration of high-density arms into the magnetospheric side and disturb the structures of the vortex layer, leading to irregular variations of the surface waves. This can be an important factor in explaining the lower observational probability of KH waves during southward IMF than northward IMF. In the non-linear growth stage of the primary KHI, the lower-hybrid drift instability (LHDI) is excited at the vortex edges leading to efficient plasma mixing across the magnetopause.

The high-time resolution of MMS measurements demonstrated the occurrence of kinetic-scale plasma waves mainly on the low-density side of the edges of the KH waves. Given quantitative consistencies with the simulations, these waves can be interpreted as being generated by the LHDI. These observed waves form due to the strong density gradient between the two sides of the boundary layer and can lead to a flattening of the edge layers.

In this presentation, we will show the consistencies between MMS observations and 2D and 3D simulation runs focusing on the large-scale surface waves (KHI, RTI) and the small-scale fluctuations (LHDI) and outline the multi-scale properties of the observed KH waves during southward IMF.
Assimilation of backscatter observations in a hydrological model: a case study in Belgium using ASCAT data
Authors: Baguis Pierre , Carrassi Alberto , Roulin Emmanuel , Vannitsem Stéphane , Van den Bergh Joris , Modanesi Sara , Lievens Hans
Published: March 2022

We investigate the possibilities to improve hydrological simulations by assimilating active radar backscatter observations from the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) in the hydrological model SCHEME. This effort is motivated by the great need of accurate initial model states in hydrological forecasting and the potential to improve them by using remotely sensed data of land surface processes. ASCAT data assimilation is enabled by coupling the Water Cloud Model (WCM) with the SCHEME model. We calibrated the WCM over two catchments in Belgium exhibiting different hydrological regimes. We explore a data assimilation system based on the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) whereby the observation operator is given by the coupling of WCM and SCHEME models. This coupling underlines the advantage of using backscatter data for assimilation purposes instead of a soil moisture product carrying its own climatology. In the present study we focus on optimising the EnKF for the task, unveil the main challenges and investigate possible solutions including methods to address the biases affecting the data assimilation procedure.
Evidence for large microbial-mediated losses of soil carbon under anthropogenic warming
Authors: García-Palacios Pablo
Published: March 2022

Anthropogenic warming is expected to accelerate global soil organic carbon (SOC) losses via microbial decomposition, yet, there is still no consensus on the loss magnitude. Here we argue that, despite the mechanistic uncertainty underlying these losses, there is confidence that a strong, positive land carbon–climate feedback can be expected. Two major lines of evidence support net global SOC losses with warming via increases in soil microbial metabolic activity: the increase in soil respiration with temperature and the accumulation of SOC in low mean annual temperature regions. Warming- induced SOC losses are likely to be of a magnitude relevant for emission negotiations and necessitate more aggressive emission reduction targets to limit climate change to 1.5 °C by 2100. We suggest that microbial community–temperature interactions, and how they are influenced by substrate availability, are promising research areas to improve the accuracy and precision of the magnitude estimates of projected SOC losses.
Impact of climate change on Spanish electricity demand
Authors: García-Herrera Ricardo , Garrido-Pérez Jose M , Barriopedro David , Ordóñez Carlos
Published: March 2022

 

The need to balance supply and demand has become an important policy concern in a context of a projected growth in global energy consumption. Based on the demand–temperature relationship and the ongoing global warming, climate change is expected to alter the regional patterns of electricity demand. This work evaluates the influence that climate change could exert on electricity demand patterns in Spain conditioned on the level of warming, with special attention to the seasonal occurrence of extreme demand days. For this purpose, assuming the currently observed electricity demand–temperature relationship holds in the future, we have generated daily time series of pseudo-electricity demand from the recent past until the late twenty-first century by using simulated temperatures from statistical downscaling of global climate model experiments.

We have found that, despite the minor warming effects on the median values of daily electricity demand, the mean values as well as the frequency and severity of extreme electricity demand days are expected to increase significantly in Spain, even for low levels of regional warming. Moreover, the occurrence of these extremes will experience a seasonal shift from winter to summer due to the projected temperature increases in both seasons. Under a high radiative forcing scenario of greenhouse gas emissions (RCP8.5), the extended summer season (June–September) will concentrate more than 50% of extreme electricity demand days by mid-century, increasing to 90% before the end of the century. Since these events will often be related to extreme heat, there could also be side effects that jeopardize the electricity infrastructure. Thus, this result should be considered by energy planners to ensure power supply and improve the effectiveness of the energy system.

Finally, we have shown that future changes in electricity demand could have considerable spatial heterogeneity over the country, which has strong implications for the management of the electricity system. While Spain is warming up faster than the global mean, there are some regions that will be exposed to lower warming than others. In particular, northwestern Spain will experience the seasonal shift later than the rest of the country due to the relatively mild summer temperatures and lower projected warming there. 