bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entre école et musée : le temps du partenariat culturel et éducatif?
Authors: Buffet Françoise
Published: March 2010

Des enseignants de l'IUFM de Lyon ont mis en place une recherche exploratoire sur le partenariat éducatif entre école et musée. Ce projet vise à analyser et à comprendre les pratiques relationnelles qui peuvent servir de support à la mise en place de collaborations mieux définies et maîtrisées. Le partenariat culturel éducatif n'apparaît pas comme une situation naturelle, mais est-il assimilable au partenariat entre école et entreprises ? Quelle est la nature de l'objet étudié? La situation de négociation entre les partenaires peut-elle être considérée comme le point d'ancrage de la médiation culturelle? La situation de partenariat est-elle une situation de formation qui traduit la volonté du sujet de participer autrement au changement social? Ces questions ont été au point de départ d'une réflexion sur la mise en place d'une éducation fondée sur des pratiques démocratiques. Pratiques qui doivent être adaptées au rapport que les hommes entretiennent avec le temps et l'espace, via les technologies, et qui seules peuvent garantir la cohésion culturelle et sociale sans laquelle il n'est plus de citoyenneté possible.
Effets des variations du nombre de tableaux exposés dans une salle de musée
Authors: Melton Arthur Weever ,   American Association of Museums
Published: March 2010

Une étude expérimentale de l'effet de l'augmentation du nombre de tableaux sur l'intérêt manifesté par les visiteurs a été conduite, en 1932, dans une salle du Musée des Beaux-arts de Pennsylvanie. Au-delà de 18 tableaux, l'augmentation du nombre a un double effet, à la fois positif et négatif; l'effet de l'accrochage sur deux rangs est particulièrement analysé.
Le texte dans un musée d'histoire et de société
Authors: Poli Marie-Sylvie
Published: March 2010

En un museo de historia y de sociedad, las competencias requeridas por los jùvenes visitantes para desarollar sus capacidades de entender lo expuesto, son ante todo competencias de lectura.

En efecto, si los textos del museo - abundantes por lo géneral en los museos de historia - son escritos con palabras cuyo significado los jùvenes pùblicos conocen poco o mal, todas las condi- ciones quedan reunidas para que la visita sea un fracaso. De ahi la cuestiUn esencial de saber si résulta pertinente crear textos especificos para adolescentes de los cuales se conoce el nivel medio de competen- cias lingùisticas.

El estudio que presentamos aqui responde de modo afirmativo a esta pregunta.

El articulo propone tambien hipûtesis relativas al impacto de los textos leidos en el museo : impacto no solamente en la memoria a corto plazo durante la visita, pero tambien en los fenómenos cognoscitivos que ayudan los jùvenes visitantes a entender el pasado.
Le scénario d'une exposition
Authors: Sunier Sandra
Published: March 2010

En se définissant comme la production du discours conceptuel créateur de l'exposition, le scénario se consacre aux règles qui prévalent à la mise en forme du message discursif. Tenter de catégoriser les divers types de discours propres à l'exposition revient à s'interroger sur la façon dont l'exposition crée son unité, agence les divers espaces qui la constituent pour donner à l'ensemble final l'image d'une édification extrêmement «construite». Se pose également la question du statut institutionnel de l'objet muséalisé, de ce qui fonde les décisions de choix quant à sa présence dans l'exposition ainsi que du sens à donner à son articulation dans l'espace.
L'interactivité et les sites Web de musée
Authors: Vidal Geneviève
Published: March 2010

Dans un contexte de développement des sites de musées sur l'Internet, la description de quatre services — les collections et les expositions en ligne, la messagerie électronique, les forums de discussion et les jeux — permet l'analyse des caractéristiques de l'interactivité dans sept sites Web de musée et le site du ministère de la Culture. On relève un début d'appropriation des technologies interactives de la part des professionnels de musée, ouvrant la voie à une diversité en matière d'édition hypermédia.

Aucune interactivité spécifique n'est à mentionner, cependant la diffusion des contenus museaux sur les réseaux informatiques se confirme, accompagnée d'une lente mise en place d'outils de dialogue entre les musées et les publics.
Le déplacement virtuel de Lascaux
Authors: Weissberg Jean-Louis
Published: March 2010

Cet article a été publié en introduction des Actes du séminaire, « de Lascaux au virtuel » en 1994, bien avant que plusieurs réalisations viennent concrétiser certains des problèmes soulevés. Ce texte envisage quelques obstacles et questions qui apparaissent dans le projet de déplacement virtuel de la fameuse grotte ornée. Appuyée sur les évocations de Bataille et sur le travail de Leroi-Gourhan, on tente de montrer comment la virtualisation de Lascaux pourrait faire entrer en résonance deux régimes de l'image : celui qui a émergé dans l'art figuratif à Lascaux et, à l'autre extrême, celui porté par la Réalité Virtuelle. Loin de poursuivre un vain projet de duplication à l'identique, la réflexion porte plus généralement sur la virtualisation du musée et de son parcours.
Conscience esthétique et expertise : la collaboration entre Dewey et Barnes
Authors: Chateau Dominique
Published: March 2010

La fondation Barnes fut une des expériences pédagogiques les plus originales tentées jusqu'à ce jour, notamment par la collaboration du collectionneur avec un grand philosophe, John Dewey. Sans lui (et le pragmatisme), Barnes n'aurait pas conçu la dimension pédagogique de sa fondation, et sans Barnes (et son approche de l'art), Dewey n'aurait pas développé sa puissante théorie esthétique. Certes la théorie et son application échappent à la contradiction; du moins a-t-elle le mérite de diriger l'attention sur des problèmes habituellement éludés.
La relation homme-objet exposée : théorie et pratique d'une expérience muséologique
Authors: Schärer Martin R.
Published: March 2010

Nous proposons d'abord quelques réflexions théoriques sur la muséologie de l'objet et de l'exposition. Ensuite, nous présentons et interprétons deux expositions, thématiques et muséologiques à la fois, qui se sont autoexposées dans le sens qu'elles n'essayaient pas seulement de développer un thème mais aussi de visualiser leur mise en scène. Ce métadiscours muséologique exposé permettait aux visiteurs de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement d'une exposition.
Dans le filigrane des cartels... Du contexte muséographique comme discours régionaliste : l'exemple du Museon arlaten
Authors: Lardellier Pascal
Published: March 2010

Las cartulinas del Museon Arlaten (Museo ATP de la ciudad de Arles) fueron concebidas y redactadas por el poeta provenzal Frédéric Mistral a inicios del siglo XX. Constituyen un sistema de un desuso y de una coherencia sorprendentes. Esas cartulinas, al igual que la museografïa que acompañan, son propicias para cristalizar la identitad cultural de los visitantes que, al conseguir descifrarlas y comprender su sentido, pertenecen de hecho a la comunidad sonada de los Provenzales. En ese sentido, este museo es tanto el santuario de Mistral como al emblema de una reinvindicación regionalista fuerte.
L'économie des musées d'art, un état de la question
Authors: Benhamou Françoise
Published: March 2010

Les musées ont de tout temps été confrontés à des problématiques économiques, qu'il s'agisse de leur financement, de la mise en valeur des collections, de l'évaluation de leur « efficience » ou de la question de la fixation d'un « juste » prix. Les évolutions de la science économique donnent prise à l'utilisation de nouveaux outils pour aborder la question de l'efficacité des musées, tandis que les développements des analyses économiques du droit permettent de proposer des interprétations nouvelles des origines et des effets des dispositifs réglementaires qui en encadrent l'activité. Cette contribution montre, à partir d'une revue des travaux existants, en quoi ces questions ont partie liée : les formes organisationnelles reflètent pour partie au moins le faisceau des contraintes réglementaires et institutionnelles, et celles-ci à leur tour sont au fondement des politiques menées en matière de tarification.
Le patrimoine scientifique et technique du XXe siècle : un projet de sensibilisation et de sauvegarde
Authors: Cuenca Catherine
Published: March 2010

Ces quarante dernières années, les sciences et les technologies ont connu une évolution marquée, les appareils utilisés pour l'enseignement et la recherche deviennent obsolètes et les savoir-faire des chercheurs disparaissent des laboratoires ; il est nécessaire au XXIe siècle de sauvegarder ce patrimoine matériel et immatériel du xxe « en devenir », si l'on veut replacer toute cette mémoire dans le cycle de l'innovation qui l'a vu naître. Le programme de « sauvegarde du patrimoine scientifique et technique du XXe siècle », créé en Pays de la Loire (GIP Atlantech), a abouti à la mise en place d'une méthodologie, à la fois par la constitution d'outils d'identification et d'inventaire adaptés aux objets repérés dans les organismes d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche de la région, à la création d'opérations de sensibilisation et de valorisation, telles que la réalisation à court terme d'outils multimédias pédagogiques sur le thème d'« histoires de vie de chercheurs ».
La construction des représentations de l'art et des artistes non occidentaux dans la presse à la suite d'une exposition d'art contemporain
Authors: Deflaux Fanchon
Published: March 2010

L'émergence, au cours des années 1980, d'artistes contemporains non occidentaux sur la scène de l'art international conduit à s'interroger sur leur intégration au monde de l'art occidental.

Cette recherche analyse les représentations sociales des œuvres et des artistes non occidentaux véhiculées par les médias, parmi lesquels la critique d'art journalistique paraît jouer un rôle essentiel. La réception médiatique d'une exposition comme Partage d'exotismes (biennale d'Art contemporain de Lyon, 2000) fournit un terrain propice pour mettre en correspondance les représentations des œuvres et des artistes non occidentaux, et celles des occidentaux.

Nous souhaitons ainsi souligner que si l'art non occidental semble aujourd'hui accepté et intégré au niveau institutionnel, sa réception par les critiques montre qu'il est en fait marqué par des représentations antérieures (issues de la période coloniale et de l'art « primitif »), et relégué en périphérie de la création contemporaine.
L'art contemporain demande-t-il de nouvelles formes de médiation ?
Authors: Ceva Marie-Luz
Published: March 2010

L'art contemporain prend pleinement sens dès lors que les spectateurs le comprennent en relation avec son contexte. La pragmatique, discipline issue de la philosophie du langage, a formalisé la façon dont le sens se crée en interaction avec les contextes de communication. Grâce à l'apport de cette discipline, on comprend tout d'abord qu'apprécier l'art contemporain fait appel à des implicites (ceux de l'artiste, ceux de l'histoire de l'art, ceux de l'actualité du monde), de même que le sens des œuvres varie avec les contextes de leurs présentations (public, conditions spatiales et temporelles). La relation au spectateur est donc constitutive du sens des œuvres contemporaines. En abolissant ainsi le principe de l'autonomie de l'œuvre, l'art contemporain rend nécessaires des actions de médiation pour se faire comprendre des spectateurs. Le rôle de la médiation est alors de mettre au jour l'interaction entre l'œuvre et son contexte. Des exemples réels de médiation illustrent les diverses modalités qu'elle peut adopter. Les compléments d'information habituels (cartels, feuilles de salle...), qui apportent les connaissances nécessaires sur l'œuvre et sur l'artiste, gagneraient à être enrichis de formes plus novatrices.
Les friches culturelles, genèse d'un espace public de la culture
Authors: Poggi Marie-Hélène , Vanhamme Marie
Published: March 2010

L'étude concerne une dizaine de cas de figure différents d'expériences qui relèvent de ce que l'on désigne aujourd'hui sous le nom de friches culturelles. Elle s'appuie sur une enquête, menée par questionnaire d'abord, suivie par une série d'entretiens in situ, dont les thématiques sont celles du lieu, du projet, des acteurs, des actions et du financement.

Considérés ici du point de vue de leur situation urbaine et à travers la qualité spatiale des lieux que les acteurs mobilisent (voire occupent) puis aménagent pour les transformer en « espaces culturels », les cas étudiés délimitent le terrain diversifié d'une analyse de la manière dont se structure une expérience publique de la culture. En s'attachant à la fabrication de la forme friche, à ce qui en fait un événement public, cette morphogenèse permet de dessiner les contours d'un dispositif de mise en débat de la raison culturelle. Les conditions physiques, matérielles et symboliques au sein desquelles se construisent les échanges dans le domaine de la culture sont constitutives de l'espace public de la culture que génèrent les friches culturelles.
L'initiative culturelle participative au cœur de la cité : les arts de la critique sociale et politique
Authors: Raffin Fabrice
Published: March 2010

La multiplication de pratiques et d'initiatives privées à l'écart des institutions ou du marché de la culture bouleverse aujourd'hui la tranquillité établie, quasi routinière, du paysage culturel contemporain. Ce phénomène est tout à fait observable du côté des squats ou de collectifs qui réinvestissent d'anciens sites marchands ou industriels, mais aussi de pratiques culturelles en apparence bien différentes, comme les courants musicaux liés à la techno ou au hip-hop. Cet ensemble de tendances a en commun de réinterroger le sens des pratiques et des actions culturelles, mais aussi le statut des productions esthétiques qui les fondent et le rapport que les publics développent à leur contact et plus largement, leurs sens sociaux. Si ces pratiques concernent de nombreuses jeunes populations, elles ne s'y limitent pas et ce sont plutôt les termes d'une tendance culturelle générale que cet article propose d'analyser.
L'immersion dans les musées de science : médiation ou séduction ?
Authors: Belaën Florence
Published: March 2010

Les musées des sciences tentent de renouveler leur offre muséologique en proposant des expositions spectaculaires basées sur le principe d'émotions fortes et d'expériences mémorables. Ainsi ont-ils de plus en plus recours aux techniques d'immersion parce qu'elles activent fortement le potentiel émotionnel du visiteur. Le fonctionnement d'une médiation de type immersif est de « faire éprouver directement le propos ». Mais les raisons d'un déclenchement d'un sentiment d'immersion apparaissent multiples et difficiles à cerner. Quelques exemples de procédés expographiques illustrent ici la variété des techniques qui produisent une dimension immersive. C'est par l'étude des modes de réception que l'auteur cherche ici à formaliser ce nouveau mode de médiation. La description de configurations de visite obtenues à partir d'entretiens approfondis rend compte d'une tension entre un effet d'immersion et un effet de distanciation. L'analyse de l'extension de cette muséographie dans les musées des sciences témoigne d'un changement de paradigme : d'une « mise en culture » de la science au loisir scientifique.
Expositions, parcs, sites : des lieux d'expériences patrimoniales
Authors: Montpetit Raymond
Published: March 2010

El desarollo del entretenimiento en los museos les relaciona con lugares de diversion. Pienso que debemos analizar esto dentro de una persectiva ancha. Lo pensamos aqui en relación con une reflexión acerca del concepto de « experiencia », y con las tendencias de la economia contemporànea. La palabra « experiencia » se encuentra cada vez mas en la reflexión museológica como en la publicidad de los museos.

En primera parte, exploraremos este concepto de « experiencia », analizando como se utiliza en las exposiciones, los parques, los sitios históricos : dos sitios de pleno aire nos servirân de ejemplos, Colonial Williamsburg y Plimoth Plantation. En la secunda parte, pondremos en relación las observaciones hechas en museos y las anàlisis propuestas por los economistas americanos. Tenemos una hipótesis : una parte importante del desarollo reciente y del exito de los museos es relacionado con su inclusion en la categoria de los lugares de experiencia, y en las dinàmicas de « entertainment economy » y « expérience economy ». Entretenimiento, estetismo, evasión, educación, se combinan para ofrecer ricas experiencias que cada uno puede vivir y incluir en su desarollo personal.
Isolation of microsatellite markers for the common Mediterranean shrubMyrtus communis(Myrtaceae)
Authors: Albaladejo Rafael G. , Sebastiani Federico , González‐Martínez Santiago C. , González‐Varo Juan P. , Vendramin Giovanni G. , Aparicio Abelardo
Published: March 2010

•Premise of the study: The development of microsatellite markers was conducted in the Mediterranean common shrubMyrtus communis(myrtle) to assess levels of genetic diversity and patterns of gene flow across fragmented landscapes in southern Spain.

•Methods and Results: Fourteen primer pairs were isolated showing clear and consistent patterns of amplification, three of which were apparently monomorphic. Levels of polymorphism in the other 11 markers were checked in 48 individuals from two populations. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 11 and the total number of alleles was 83.

•Conclusions: These highly polymorphic markers will allow us to improve our understanding of the genetic consequences of chronic fragmentation in Mediterranean landscapes.
Identification, Recombinant Expression, and Characterization of the 100 kDa High Molecular Weight Hymenoptera Venom Allergens Api m 5 and Ves v 3
Authors: Blank Simon , Seismann Henning , Bockisch Benjamin , Braren Ingke , Cifuentes Liliana , McIntyre Mareike , Rühl Dana , Ring Johannes , Bredehorst Reinhard , Ollert Markus W. , Grunwald Thomas , Spillner Edzard
Published: March 2010

Insect stings can cause life-threatening IgE-mediated anaphylactic reactions in venom-allergic patients. Although several compounds have already been described as venom allergens, prominent allergen candidates especially in the higher m.w. range have still remained elusive. Tandem mass spectrometry-based sequencing assigned a candidate gene to the most prominent putative high m.w. allergen Api m 5 (allergen C) in honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom and also allowed identification of its homologue Ves v 3 in yellow jacket (Vespula vulgaris) venom. Both proteins exhibit a pronounced sequence identity to human dipeptidyl peptidase IV or CD26. Reactivity of a human IgE mAb verified the presence of these proteins in the venoms. Both proteins were produced in insect cells and characterized for their enzymatic activity as well as their allergenic potential using sera and basophils from insect venom-allergic patients. Both Api m 5 and Ves v 3 were recognized by specific IgE of the majority of patients even in the absence of cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants. Serologic IgE reactivity closely matched activation of human basophils by Api m 5 or Ves v 3, thus underlining their relevance in functional assays. With Api m 5 and Ves v 3, a new pair of homologous allergens becomes available for future clinical applications in diagnosis and therapy that may also contribute to the understanding of molecular mechanisms of insect venoms. Moreover, the patient IgE reactivity together with the cellular activation demonstrates for the first time the relevance of high m.w. allergens in the context of hymenoptera venom allergy.
Induction of TGF-β1, Not Regulatory T Cells, Impairs Antiviral Immunity in the Lung following Bone Marrow Transplant
Authors: Coomes Stephanie M. , Wilke Carol A. , Moore Thomas A. , Moore Bethany B.
Published: March 2010

Patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or bone marrow transplantation (BMT) as therapy for various malignancies or autoimmune diseases have an increased risk for infectious complications posttransplant, especially in the lung. We have used BMT in mice and murine gammaherpesvirus, γHV-68, to study the efficacy of adaptive immune responses post-BMT. Five weeks posttransplant, mice have fully reconstituted their hematopoietic lineages in both the lung and periphery. When challenged with virus, however, BMT mice have a reduced ability to clear lytic virus from the lung. Defective viral control in BMT mice is not related to impaired leukocyte recruitment or defective APC function. Rather, BMT mice are characterized by defective CD4 cell proliferation, skewing of effector CD4 T cells from a Th1 to a Th17 phenotype, and an immunosuppressive lung environment at the time of infection that includes overexpression of TGF-β1 and PGE2 and increased numbers of regulatory T cells. Neither indomethacin treatment to block PG synthesis nor anti-CD25 depletion of regulatory T cells improved antiviral host defense post-BMT. Transplanting mice with transgenic bone marrow expressing a dominant-negative TGF-βRII under the permissive CD4 promoter created mice in which effector CD4 and CD8 cells were unresponsive to TGF-β1. Mice with TGF-β1–nonresponsive effector T cells had restored antiviral immunity and improved Th1 responses post-BMT. Thus, our results indicate that overexpression of TGF-β1 following myeloablative conditioning post-BMT results in impaired effector T cell responses to viral infection.
Human TLRs 10 and 1 Share Common Mechanisms of Innate Immune Sensing but Not Signaling
Authors: Guan Yue , Ranoa Diana Rose E. , Jiang Song , Mutha Sarita K. , Li Xinyan , Baudry Jerome , Tapping Richard I.
Published: March 2010

TLRs are central receptors of the innate immune system that drive host inflammation and adaptive immune responses in response to invading microbes. Among human TLRs, TLR10 is the only family member without a defined agonist or function. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that TLR10 is most related to TLR1 and TLR6, both of which mediate immune responses to a variety of microbial and fungal components in cooperation with TLR2. The generation and analysis of chimeric receptors containing the extracellular recognition domain of TLR10 and the intracellular signaling domain of TLR1, revealed that TLR10 senses triacylated lipopeptides and a wide variety of other microbial-derived agonists shared by TLR1, but not TLR6. TLR10 requires TLR2 for innate immune recognition, and these receptors colocalize in the phagosome and physically interact in an agonist-dependent fashion. Computational modeling and mutational analysis of TLR10 showed preservation of the essential TLR2 dimer interface and lipopeptide-binding channel found in TLR1. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments indicate that, similar to TLR2/1, TLR2/10 complexes recruit the proximal adaptor MyD88 to the activated receptor complex. However, TLR10, alone or in cooperation with TLR2, fails to activate typical TLR-induced signaling, including NF-κB–, IL-8–, or IFN-β–driven reporters. We conclude that human TLR10 cooperates with TLR2 in the sensing of microbes and fungi but possesses a signaling function distinct from that of other TLR2 subfamily members.
Francisella Acid Phosphatases Inactivate the NADPH Oxidase in Human Phagocytes
Authors: Mohapatra Nrusingh P. , Soni Shilpa , Rajaram Murugesan V. S. , Dang Pham My-Chan , Reilly Tom J. , El-Benna Jamel , Clay Corey D. , Schlesinger Larry S. , Gunn John S.
Published: March 2010

Francisella tularensis contains four putative acid phosphatases that are conserved in Francisella novicida. An F. novicida quadruple mutant (AcpA, AcpB, AcpC, and Hap [ΔABCH]) is unable to escape the phagosome or survive in macrophages and is attenuated in the mouse model. We explored whether reduced survival of the ΔABCH mutant within phagocytes is related to the oxidative response by human neutrophils and macrophages. F. novicida and F. tularensis subspecies failed to stimulate reactive oxygen species production in the phagocytes, whereas the F. novicida ΔABCH strain stimulated a significant level of reactive oxygen species. The ΔABCH mutant, but not the wild-type strain, strongly colocalized with p47phox and replicated in phagocytes only in the presence of an NADPH oxidase inhibitor or within macrophages isolated from p47phox knockout mice. Finally, purified AcpA strongly dephosphorylated p47phox and p40phox, but not p67phox, in vitro. Thus, Francisella acid phosphatases play a major role in intramacrophage survival and virulence by regulating the generation of the oxidative burst in human phagocytes.
COBALAMIN AND THIAMINE IN LONG ISLAND SOUND: PATTERNS OF DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE1
Authors: Vishniac H. S. , Riley G. A.
Published: March 2010

Cobalamin occurs in surface waters of Long Island Sound at high levels (to 16 µµg/ml) during the winter, falling markedly with the late winter diatom bloom and rising during the summer with temperature. The pattern of cobalamin and PO4‐P concentrations are similar, both nutrients reflecting but not limiting phytoplankton growth. Thiamine is present only in barely detectable amounts in the main body of the Sound. Data suggest that thiamine, but not cobalamin, may be mainly derived from land drainage.
THE EFFECT OF TWEEN 80 ON THE ENUMERATION OF MARINE BACTERIA BY THE SPREAD AND POUR PLATE METHODS1,2
Authors: Buck John D. , Cleverdon Robert C.
Published: March 2010

The effect of adding Tween 80 to water from Fisher’s Island Sound was studied. Spread and pour platings, using media with and without yeast extract, showed highest counts by the spread technique, corroborating previous work. Tween 80 at 20 ppm was inhibitory; at 10 ppm showed only irregular increases, in contradiction to the findings with California waters.
INCIDENCE OF THE COD PARASITE LERNAEOCERA BRANCHIALIS L. IN THE NEW ENGLAND AREA, AND ITS POSSIBLE USE AS AN INDICATOR OF COD POPULATIONS
Authors: Sherman Kenneth , Wise John P.
Published: March 2010

A total of 4,519 cod, Gadus morhua L., from the coastal and offshore regions of New England were examined during June to December 1957 for the parasitic copepod, Lernaeocera branchialis L. Infestation decreased from north to south and inshore to offshore.

The effect of infestation on the length‐weight relationship of cod was examined and found non‐significant. An examination of infestation selectivity by fish size also showed no significant differences.

From the differential infestation rates, it is shown that four general groups of cod can be distinguished: those of the northern Gulf of Maine heavily infested, the moderately infested central and southern Gulf cod, the lightly infested Georges Bank population, and the southern New England group which is free of infestation. This supports previous unpublished tag return data, and indicates the usefulness of Lernaeocera for distinguishing various groups of cod.
THE DETERMINATION OF ZERO‐THICKNESS ACTIVITY IN GEIGER COUNTING OF C14 SOLUTIONS USED IN MARINE PRODUCTIVITY STUDIES
Authors: Jitts H. R. , Scott B. D.
Published: March 2010

Liquid scintillation counting methods are described for the determination, with a precision of ± 2%, of the absolute activities of C14 stock solutions to be used in marine productivity studies. The efficiency of a windowless Geiger counter was found to be 58% by counting very thin films of labelled plastic whose absolute activities were then determined by liquid scintillation counting. The zero‐thickness Geiger activities of several C14 stock solutions were determined with a precision of ± 3%, and an accuracy of ± 5%. This method was compared with the method of extrapolating self‐absorption curves of BaC14O3 planchets of varying thicknesses. It was found that the self‐absorption curve between 0.5 and 6.0 mg/cm2 conformed equally well to an exponential as to a hyperbolic function. Extrapolation of these functions to 0 mg/cm2 gave zero‐thickness activities 24% and 17% respectively lower than those obtained by the new method described, showing that the self‐absorption curve varied considerably from both the exponential and hyperbolic function at thicknesses below 0.5 mg/cm2. This is attributed largely to back‐scattering. Empirical self‐absorption curves were found to be unsatisfactory due to the impossibility of preparing planchets of BaCO3 in the critical range of 0 to 0.5 mg/cm2.
THE UPTAKE AND RELEASE OF INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS BY DAPHNIA MAGNA STRAUS
Authors: Rigler F. H.
Published: March 2010

Radio‐chemical and chemical studies of the uptake of inorganic phosphorus by Daphnia magna have shown that an apparent direct uptake of 2.2 ✕ 10−3 µg/animal/hr of PO4·P from solution is caused by epizootic bacteria, which depend on organic substrates in the water for their activities. It is not known whether or not this phosphorus is available to D. magna.

D. magna loses inorganic phosphorus to the ambient medium at the rate of 8.4 ✕ 10 3 µg/animal/hr. Loss of phosphorus is independent of epizootic bacteria and production of feces. No loss of organic phosphorus was detected.

Although the excretion of phosphatase by D. magna was confirmed, the regeneration of inorganic phosphorus due to hydrolysis of naturally‐occurring organic phosphorus compounds is negligible compared with the direct release of inorganic phosphorus by D. magna.
STRUCTURE AND ENERGY FLOW OF A MUSSEL POPULATION IN A GEORGIA SALT MARSH1
Authors: Kuenzler Edward J.
Published: March 2010

Modiolus demissus Dillwyn was studied near Sapelo Island, Georgia. The size distribution of the mussels was bimodal with maximum numbers in the dry weight (body) classes 0–24 mg and 400–599 mg. The total weight of mussels smaller than 200 mg was less than 2% of the total population weight. Random samples gave an estimated population density of 7.8/m2 for the entire inhabited marsh; the estimated organic biomass was 11.5 gm/m2, one third of which was body and two thirds was shell conchiolin. The population was most dense near the heads of small creeks, averaging 32 mussels/m2. The mussels, however, were not only more abundant in some types of marsh than in others, they were also clumped within areas of uniform marsh. Shell growth occurred throughout the year, especially in small and medium‐sized individuals, but it was more rapid during the warm months. The height‐to‐weight ratio changed with the seasons, the mussels being heaviest prior to spawning. Growth and mortality of mussels in flower pots in the marsh indicated a net annual population growth of 445 mg/m2 (dry body weight) and a net annual mortality loss of 1200 mg/m2. Allowance for bias would place the steady state growth‐mortality rate necessary to just maintain the population somewhere between these two estimates. Population growth and gamete production accounted for an energy flux of about 13.9 and 2.8 kg‐cal/m2/yr, respectively. Respiration by the population accounted for approximately 39 kg‐cal/m2/yr, over two thirds of which took place in air during ebb tide. Total assimilation amounted to 56 kg‐cal/m2/yr.
MEASUREMENTS OF PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN COASTAL SEA WATER USING A LARGE‐VOLUME PLASTIC SPHERE
Authors: McAllister C. D. , Parsons T. R. , Stephens K. , Strickland J. D. H.
Published: March 2010

A free‐floating 20‐ft diameter thin transparent sphere, with its center 5.5 m below the sea surface, was filled with nutrient rich water filtered free from plants and animals and inoculated with a natural population of coastal phytoplankters. The resulting phytoplankton “bloom” was then studied in this well‐mixed water mass under near‐natural conditions of temperature and illumination with the minimum of complications arising from grazing, sinking or lateral transport of the plant cells.

Daily measurements were made of temperature, light and photosynthesis and the water was analyzed for oxygen, carbon dioxide and all common micronutrients. The production of plant material was followed by cell counts and pigment values and by analyses for particulate carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbohydrate, protein and fat.

The results have a bearing on nearly all aspects of marine primary productivity and are discussed in detail. In particular, the growth kinetics and chemical composition of a natural mixed crop have been related to the environment with the minimum of ambiguity. Growth was finally limited by nitrogen deficiency, although the plant biomass nearly doubled after nitrate became depleted, with a shift of metabolism to carbohydrate and fat synthesis. The composition of the plankton at various stages in a bloom is summarized by ratios involving carbon and chlorophyll a.

Differences between the results for photosynthesis obtained by the oxygen and C14 method have emphasized the importance of knowing photosynthetic quotient values and possible unlabeled sources of plant carbon. During an initial period of low illumination there was strong evidence for heterotrophic growth.

The principal species found in the “bloom” were Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira nordenskiöldii, T. rotula, Gyrodinium fulvum, Glenodinium danicum, Nitzschia delicatessima and Asterionella japonica. The last two grew very slowly and the two dinoflagellates only appeared after the nitrate was depleted.
MEASUREMENT OF ORGANIC CARBON IN SEA WATER1
Authors: Wilson Ronald F.
Published: March 2010

An apparatus and procedure for precise measurement of organic carbon in sea water is described. The method, sensitive at < 1 mg/L, entails wet combustion of 200‐ml samples of sea water and infrared CO2 analysis.
THE ENIGMA OF GEORGES BANK SPAWNING
Authors: Colton John B. , Temple Robert F.
Published: March 2010

The drift of bottles and transponding drift buoys over the Georges Bank area show that, with the exception of midsummer when the Georges eddy is most pronounced and southerly winds predominate, surface drift is offshore in the direction of the slope water band. Indications are that the currents below the surface move at a slower rate than at the surface, but in a similar direction. The effects of offshore drift, time and location of spawning, vertical distribution of eggs and larvae, and length of pelagic life on the dispersal and survival of eggs, larvae, and juveniles of commercially important foodfishes are discussed. It appears from observations on haddock and herring that under average conditions most fish eggs and larvae are carried away from Georges Bank and lost to the fishery, that only under unusual hydrographic conditions are the eggs and larvae retained in the area, and that the year class strength of the various species inhabiting Georges Bank is dependent in part upon non‐tidal drift.
THE LIMNOLOGY OF CANYON FERRY RESERVOIR IV. THE ESTIMATION OF PRIMARY PRODUCTION FROM PHYSICAL LIMNOLOGICAL DATA1
Authors: Wright John C.
Published: March 2010

Biological rates of oxygen production and consumption were computed by adding the rates of turbulent transport of oxygen to the observed rates of change in concentration at successive depths. This involved using coefficients of vertical eddy diffusivity which were assumed to be equivalent to coefficients of vertical eddy conductivity, computed on the basis of a heat transport equation utilizing Birgean heat budgets. An attempt was made to assess the validity of the coefficients as follows. In the clinolimnion, the average values of the coefficients were similar when computed either on the basis of temperature change with depth and time or on the basis of the heat transport equation. A satisfactory correlation was obtained between the coefficients and a function of shearing stress (velocity gradient) and resistance to mixing (stability). The coefficients decreased with increasing depth in the epilimnion, became minimal and constant in the metalimnion and increased in the hypolimnion. Oxygen consumption exceeded oxygen production below 5.5 m and was maximal just below the euphotic zone (9–12 m). Oxygen consumption was minimal in the metalimnion and increased in the hypolimnion. An oxygen concentration maximum was correlated with the metalimnetic oxygen consumption minimum. Euphotic zone oxygen production equivalent to dysphotic zone oxygen consumption amounted to 1.01 g O2/m2/day. Euphotic zone respiration would have been 1.21 g O2/m2/day if it proceeded at the same rate as in the 9‐ to 12‐m stratum. On the basis of the ratios, oxygen consumption/chlorophyll and oxygen consumption/seston euphotic zone respiration amounted to 1.44 g O2/m2/day and 2.01 g O2/m2/day respectively. Gross production values then would range between 2.22 g O2/m2/ day and 3.02 g O2/m2/day. The latter value was extremely close to black and clear bottle estimates of 3.00 g O2/m2/day.
THE VERTICAL VARIATION OF WIND‐DRIVEN CURRENTS IN LAKE MENDOTA1
Authors: Shulman Mark D. , Bryson Reid A.
Published: March 2010

The deviation of wind‐driven water currents from wind direction was examined as a function of depth in Lake Mendota utilizing the free‐drag method. The mean vector hodographs were obtained for various wind velocities. The relation of wind velocity to angular deflection was also obtained.

The depth of frictional influence was empirically determined to be between 2 and 3.5 m and an improved relationship with wind speed was developed.

Wind stress on the water surface was calculated by fitting Ekman and Rossby spirals to the hodographs and integrating the cross‐wind component from the surface to depth D. The proportionality of the stress to the wind velocity was determined and comparisons made with previous computations.
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF WIND FACTOR IN LAKE MENDOTA1
Authors: Haines Donald A. , Bryson Reid A.
Published: March 2010

Wind blowing across a water surface will transmit momentum to the water and cause a surface current. The ratio of water velocity to wind velocity is called the wind factor. This paper presents observed values of the wind factor obtained as median values and by regression analysis of wind velocity vs. water velocity. The data show that the wind factor is a discontinuous function at a critical wind speed. Water velocity in the surface layers increases with wind velocity until a critical wind speed is reached, and then it decreases. This observation is in agreement with Munk’s (1946) theory of a critical wind speed for air‐sea boundary processes, which yields air‐sea boundary instability for winds exceeding 6.5 m/sec. The observations taken in Lake Mendota yield a critical wind speed of 5.7–6.1 m/sec. The present results were arrived at after a study of 356 observations.
PLANKTON ENERGETICS OF RARITAN BAY
Authors: Patten Bernard
Published: March 2010

Plankton production in Raritan Bay is described based on total chlorophyll data and two series of 24‐hr dark and light bottle differential oxygen experiments. Maximum chlorophyll (γ) recorded was 663 µg L‒1 in a bloom of Massartia rotundata. Utility of pigment data in estimating productivity or biomass is regarded as dubious: i) 17.3 × 106 chains of Skeletonema costatum once corresponded to only trace quantities of chlorophyll; ii) production occurred several times in absence of detectable chlorophyll.

In the first (1957) series of experiments, gross production (π) at 1 ft ranged from 4.8 to 531.6 µg O2 L‒1 hr‒1. Ratios of πγ‒1 (when γ > 0) varied from ‒0.4 to 14.1 µg O2 L‒1 hr‒1 µg‒1. Respiration (ρρ) at 1 ft ranged from ‒49.1 to 230.8 µg O2 L‒1 hr‒1, and net production (π ‒ ρ) from ‒24.7 to 483.0.

In the second (1959) series at a station 15 ft deep, chlorophyll in the whole water column varied from 14.68 to 173.14 µg cm ‒2 (mean 50.75). The range of π was 1.65– 13.90, of ρ 1.42–24.51, and of (π ‒ ρ) ‒14.63 to 4.53 cal cm‒2 day‒1. Compensation depths ranged from 0 to 6.3 ft (mean 3.0); compensation points varied from 37.1 to 315.7 cal cm‒2 day‒1 (mean 169.3). A model is developed which demonstrates that compensation is the critical variable in water mass metabolism, and that determination of this variable is the main reason for experimentation. Gross production per unit light intensity (I) at a given depth z, (πI‒1)z, ranged 0.3–828.6 µg O2 L‒1 cal‒1 cm‒2. Chlorophyll activity, (πI‒1 γ‒1)z, varied from 0.03 to 6.62 µg O2 L‒1 cal‒1 cm‒2 µg‒1. Total production in the water column relative to incident radiation, πo → z Io‒1, ranged from 0.17 to 1.78% (mean 0.88%). Production efficiency relative to amount of light in the water column, (πI‒1) o→z, was 0.96–28.71 cal kcal‒1 (mean 9.07 or 0.907%). Thermodynamic cost of energy procurement varied from 0.54 to 2.58 cal cal‒1 (mean 1.48), indicating a net energy loss during the study. It is concluded that even if this indicated dystrophy is widespread in the upper estuary, sufficient energy is probably introduced from Lower Bay in the form of standing planktonic biomass to bring the system into positive energy balance.
A PORTABLE PHOTOCELL FLUOROMETER FOR DILUTION MEASUREMENTS IN NATURAL WATERS1,2
Authors: Noble Vincent E. , Ayers John C.
Published: March 2010

A portable fluorometer for use with a fluorescent dye tracer in field measurements of dilution rates in natural waters has been designed and tested. The unit is inexpensive, accurate. and reliable. It requires only a small amount of a–c power.

The instrument has been used in a series of 24 measurements of the dilution rate in the surface waters of Little Traverse Bay, Lake Michigan. The dilution of a quantity of dye introduced into the Bay is given by: D(T) = rtT/t where T is the time in minutes, and t is a quantity expressing the dilution period of interest. The average value for the observed dilution ratio, under winds up to 10–12 mph, is (r10)av = 2 (i.e., an average dilution of x2 every 10 min) .
A METHOD FOR SORTING BOTTOM FAUNA SAMPLES BY ELUTRIATION1
Authors: Lauff George H. , Cummins Kenneth W. , Eriksen Clyde H. , Parker Michael
Published: March 2010

A sorting device based on mechanical agitation of a substrate sample in a water column, followed by elutriation, provides a rapid and convenient method of separating benthic faunal components and finer sediment fractions. The operation is efficient in terms of total time of analysis and the percentage of animals removed. The method is versatile and can be modifed to meet the needs of specific sampling programs.
RESONANT CAVITY MEASUREMENTS OF THE EFFECTS OF “RED WATER” PLANKTON ON THE ATTENUATION OF UNDERWATER SOUND
Authors: Hansen Palle G. , Barham Eric G.
Published: March 2010

During the summer of 1958, a “red water” bloom caused by the dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax polyedra, occurred off San Diego, California. Using resonant cavity instrumentation, high attenuations were measured at sea (64 db/kyd max), and these measurements were repeated in the laboratory with collected samples. The mechanism of sound absorption has not been demonstrated, but it might be related to gaseous metabolic by‐products of the planktonic organisms.
SUSPENDED SEDIMENT AND PLANKTON OVER SAN PEDRO BASIN, CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Gunnerson C. G. , Emery K. O.
Published: March 2010

The distribution of suspended sediment and plankton throughout the upper 275 m of water over San Pedro Basin, California, was observed on 4 cruises in 1957–58. In general, plankton concentrations varied inversely with depth while suspended sediment concentrations varied inversely with distance from shore. On 3 of the cruises, localized high concentrations of 2‐µ diameter sediment were found near the bottom at depths between 200 and 275 m. Evidence of entrainment and subsequent sinking of plankton along with the suspended sediment suggests turbidity currents originating within the upper 50 m on the continental shelf.
A LIMNOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE IN THE AREA OF McMURDO SOUND, ANTARCTICA1
Authors: Armitage Kenneth B. , House Hugh B.
Published: March 2010

During the Antarctic summer of 1960–61, limnological data were collected from a series of meltwater ponds and permanently ice‐covered lakes in the area of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica (77°51′ S, 166°37′ E). All ponds were basic and more saline than typical fresh‐water lakes. Primary production, measured in two ponds by the “light and dark bottle” technique, varied from 326 to 1008 mgC/m3/day. High intensity of light inhibited photosynthesis in shallow water. Lake Bonney in Taylor Dry Valley and Lake Vanda in Wright Valley lie in a large ice‐free area in South Victoria Land on the west side of McMurdo Sound. Each lake is covered with 3.4–4.2 m of permanent ice and is meromictic. The mixolimnion of Lake Bonney varied from 0.3°–8°C; the monomolimnion was below 0°C. The mixolimnion of Lake Vanda varied from 0.7°–9.6°C; the monomolimnion was warmed to 22°C. The lakes are probably warmed geothermally. No zooplankton was found in any of the lakes, but 7 genera of Ciliata, 4 of Rotifera, and one each of Nematoda, Turbellaria, and Tardigrada were collected from the littoral fauna of the meltwater ponds and around the edges of Lakes Bonney and Vanda.
A STUDY OF THE INTERTIDAL FAUNA OF BARNSTABLE HARBOR, MASSACHUSETTS1
Authors: Sanders H. L. , Goudsmit E. M. , Mills E. L. , Hampson G. E.
Published: March 2010

An intensive investigation of 6 localities on the intertidal flats of Barnstable Harbor, Mass., was undertaken during the summer of 1959. The number of animals ranged 7,000– 355,000/m2. The total dry weight varied from 17.6–60.2 g/m2. A less detailed study was carried out on the same stations during the summer of 1960. A total of 82 species were collected during the 2‐year period.

Stomach contents of 234 individuals representing 36 species showed that many of the forms considered to be carnivorous are, in reality, omnivores obtaining most of their food as deposit‐feeders. This explains why many of these species are present in such large numbers. With the exception of molluscs and crustaceans, the supposed carnivores, selective, and non‐selective deposit‐feeders can each be divided into three groups with respect to stomach contents: 1) Smaller species with only diatoms, detritus, and sand grains in the gut; 2) Intermediate‐sized species with these components plus fragments of macroalgae and occasional animal remains; 3) Larger species with conspicuous animal remains in the gut in addition to all the other components.

Despite the fact that the sediment at 5 of the stations consisted almost entirely of fine sand with very little organic matter, most of the biomass (78%) was made up of animals that are primarily deposit‐feeders. The presence or absence of large populations of deposit‐feeders in sandy sediments was correlated with the stabiltiy of the sediment surface; in unstable sediments, as indicated by ripple marks, the standing crops were small; in stable sediments where the ripple marks were absent, dense concentrations of benthic diatoms and dinoflagellates were found which provide the major food source for the large biomass of deposit‐feeders. The chlorophyll readings obtained from the sediments were about intermediate between the highest values reported for sea water and a rich terrestrial environment.

Observations were made on the natural history of the three dominant species: Gemma gemma, Glymenella torquata, and Glycera dibranchiata.
PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN FISHPONDS AND ITS APPLICATION TO FERTILIZATION EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Hepher B.
Published: March 2010

Primary production was determined in fertilized and unfertilized fishponds in Israel by the “light and dark bottle” oxygen method. In the unfertilized ponds it was in summer 138–190 mg C/m2/hr; in the fertilized ponds it was 4 to 5 times higher. There was a sharp decrease of production with depth and in most cases the compensation layer in the fertilized ponds was at the depth of only 40 cm. Chlorophyll a concentration was high reaching a maximum value of 212.3 mg/m3 in the fertilized ponds. Production per unit of chlorophyll and its variations with season and fertilization rate is discussed. Fertilization of fishponds with excessive amounts of fertilizers increases production in the upper layers of the water where favorable light conditions exist, but decreases production in the lower layers, where overshading by the plankton causes decreased light penetration. The effect of excessive doses of fertilizers may thus cause a lowering of production per unit area.