bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observations upon the Natural History of Epidemic Diarrhoea
Authors: Peters O. H.
Published: May 2009

The following observations upon the Natural History of Epidemic Diarrhoea were made in Mansfield during the summer and autumn of 1908. The fact that at the time the writer was engaged in preparing a paper—to which the present paper is to some extent complementary—upon the epidemiological relations of season and disease, lent special interest to the enquiries regularly made from the Health Department of this town into the circumstances attending fatal attacks of diarrhoea. Early in the season a more than usually extensive enquiry was made into one of these fatal attacks in an area where an outbreak of diarrhoea appeared to be spreading outwards from a group of old privy-middens. To test how far the condemnation of the latter was justifiable another area was taken on the other side of the town, where the houses were newly built and provided exclusively with water-closets; and records, collected by house-to-house visitation, were obtained of all cases of epidemic diarrhoea, whether non-fatal or otherwise, occurring in these localities. The enquiries thus begun were afterwards extended so as to embrace two fairly large districts, a chance of doing this being provided by the opportune postponement of the addition to the department of certain work of inspection which had been impending at the beginning of the summer. These districts were several times revisited and scattered observations were also made throughout the other parts of the town. During 1909, while there was no opportunity of making extended observations, there were valuable opportunities during the course of the routine inspections of the summer of testing and re-testing the principal results obtained during 1908.
Population Growth and Birth-control. A Biological Study
Authors: Gill C. A.
Published: May 2009

During the Spring Session (1934) of the Burma Legislative Council, a member of the Council—the only lady member—submitted the following resolution:

“This Council recommends to Government that immediate steps be taken to prevent the sale of medical preparations for preventing or controlling childbirth.”
The Serological Classification ofStreptococcus pyogenes
Authors: Griffith F.
Published: May 2009

The haemolytic streptococci associated with scarlet fever, tonsillitis, septic conditions, etc., belong to one group or species designatedStreptococcus pyogenes.

Cultural and serological aids to the identification ofStr. pyogenesare described.

The epidemiologically significant types ofStr. pyogenesappear to be about 20 in number, though probably more than thirty type sera will be necessary for the complete analysis of the group. So far twenty-seven individual serological types have been defined.

The irregularities which have been observed in the agglutination reactions of streptococcal cultures are ascribed chiefly to variations in type-specificity.

Different colonies may give “type-specific” or “group” agglutination, and these distinctions are revealed macroscopically in the case of certain types by growth on homologous agglutinating serum agar.

Some examples are given of observations on the epidemiology of streptococcal infections in schools and other institutions.

The principles involved in the serological classification of a bacterial group are discussed.
The Radiological Demonstration of Bronchial Constriction in Acute Anaphylaxis in the Guinea-Pig
Authors: Williamson Raymond
Published: May 2009

The bronchial constriction occurring in death from acute anaphylaxis has been demonstrated radiologically by the use of lipiodol.
Anti-Streptolysin Titres of Human Sera in Health and in Various Streptococcal Infections
Authors: Stuart R. D.
Published: May 2009

1. Streptolysin production by twenty-seven strains of haemolytic streptococci grown in a special buffered glucose serum-free broth has been compared and a very marked variation noted.

2. The anti-streptolysin titres in healthy individuals and in others at the commencement of illness showed a pronounced variation.

3. Throat infections with S. haemolyticus usually produced a rise in the level of circulating anti-streptolysin in the patients' blood, and this could be considered diagnostically significant.

4. Throat infections with haemolytic streptococci showed rather more rapid production and higher titres of anti-streptolysin than did skin infections such as erysipelas, and both throat and skin infections were greatly superior to uterine infections in this respect.

5. Neither the level of circulating anti-streptolysin at the commencement of infection nor the rate and height of response could be shown to have any bearing on the severity of the disease, except that a poor anti-streptolysin response was found in certain cases of relapses and toxic complications of throat infections. This appeared, however, to be merely indicative of a general poor antitoxic response and not to have any meaning by itself, except that in certain arthritic cases where the question of its importance was more open. No correlation whatsoever was noted between anti-streptolysin response and relapses and septic complications in erysipelas.

6. In general the anti-streptolysin response in infection appeared to depend more on the individual than on the site or severity of infection.
A Comparative Investigation of Bulir's Fermentation Test at 43°C. and the Standard American Test at 37° C
Authors: Minkevich J. E. , Joffe F. S. , Shafir A. J.
Published: May 2009

In our previous paper in thisJournalit was shown that the temperature of 46°C.1recommended by Eijkman and Bulir in their fermentation test is excessively high, as in water cultures it has a destructive effect onBact. coli. This was in accordance with the previous work of Brown and Skinner (1930) and Skinner and Brown (1934). At the same time we were able to show that in cultures in Bulir's medium at 43° not only is the destructive effect of the excessively high temperature onBact. coliremoved but the reproduction and fermentation activity of this organism is distinctly stimulated. At 43° Eijkman's and Bulir's tests effectively distinguish between trueBact. coli communisand other strains.
Serological Variants OfSalmonella Typhi-MuriumWith Special Reference ToS. Typhi-MuriumVar. Binns
Authors: Edwards Philip R.
Published: May 2009

Studies of several cultures ofSalmonella typhi-muriumvar.binnsrevealed the fact that all contained specific components characteristic ofS. typhi-murium. These cultures lacked the somatic factor V. It is proposed, therefore, to emend the antigenic formula ofS. typhi-muriumvar.binnsfrom IV, V: —: 1, 2, 3, to IV: i: 1, 2, 3. Under the emended variety would also be included the organisms described by Kauffmann asS. typhi-muriumvar.copenhagenand by Edwards asS. aertryckevar.storrs.

The writer acknowledges with grateful appreciation his indebtedness to Dr Harry Schiitze for his interest and helpful suggestions and to Dr W. M. Scott, Dr F. Kauffmann and Miss Georgia Cooper for forwarding cultures.
The Distribution of Antibody to Crystalline Egg Albumin in the Serum of Injected Rabbits
Authors: Adair Muriel E. , Taylor G. L.
Published: May 2009

Two batches of pooled antisera obtained from rabbits injected with crystalline egg albumin have been fractionated with ammonium sulphate in order to investigate the distribution of the antibody to this antigen in the serum proteins.

The albumin fractions contained no antibody.

All the globulin fractions examined contained antibody, and flocculated readily when mixed with appropriate dilutions of the antigen.

The distribution of antibody throughout the serum globulin was fairly uniform, the ratio of the antibody content to the protein concentration being the smallest in a fraction with a solubility in ammonium sulphate slightly lower than that of pseudoglobulin.
Late Deaths occurring in Active Anaphylaxis
Authors: Williamson Raymond
Published: May 2009

Conditions are described under which late death from active anaphylaxis occurred in the guinea-pig. The post-mortem appearances were those of gastrointestinal congestion and haemorrhage resembling the changes seen in dogs dying of anaphylactic shock.

Late deaths can be produced by the intravenous injection of antigen but more easily by intraperitoneal injections.
Experiments on the Infectivity for Healthy Calves of Bovine Tubercle Bacilli Discharged in Dung Upon Pasture Part I. From Tubercular Calves Fed with Emulsions of Tubercle Bacilli 1934–5. Part II. From Tubercular Cows Passing Tubercle Bacilli in their Dung 1935–6
Authors: Maddock E. C. G.
Published: May 2009

In a previous paper (Maddock, 1934), it has been shown that healthy calves may be infected with bovine tubercle bacilli when grazed upon pasture infected at intervals with emulsions of the virulent organisms. These infections were designedly heavy, and it was felt that this orientating experiment should be followed by one in which pasture infection was secured in a way more closely approximating to the natural.
Observations on the life cycle of the Nocardia
Authors: Morris E. O.
Published: May 2009

The life cycle of Nocardia starts-with the microcyst, which germinates by budding. The bud develops into a long multinucleate filament, which becomes divided into individual cells by the formation of transverse cell walls. Microcysts are formed in the same manner as in the Eubacteria. Multiplication of the cells takes place by simple fission, by complex vegetative reproduction, and by branching. They do not have a prolonged diploid phase like the Actinomyces.
The survival of bacteria during and after drying
Authors: Fry R. M. , Greaves R. I. N.
Published: May 2009

An investigation of the survival rate of bacteria after drying in vacuo by the ' spin–freeze' method showed that one of the most important factors was the fluid in which the bacteria were suspended. Broth or nutrient gelatin gave a moderate survival rate, but in various other protein solutions, even though there might be a fair survival immediately after drying, a large fall occurred in the viable count after storage. The addition of glucose to the suspending fluid in concentrations of between 5 and 10% greatly increased the survival rate both immediately and after storage. Some experiments showed that, without added glucose, the longer the drying process was continued the lower was the survival rate, and it is thought that glucose acts by automatically retaining a small amount of water which is necessary for survival. Lactose appears to produce the same effect.

It is shown that the highest death-rate generally occurs during the early stages of drying, the further drop after 24 hr. being small if glucose is used in the suspending fluid. Very young cultures (4½–6 hr.) seem to be far more sensitive to drying than older ones (18–24 hr.). The bacteria that survive drying are not more resistant to subsequent drying.

Most of these results have been obtained with one strain of paracolon bacillus, but a limited number of other experiments show that the same principles hold good for other organisms such as Salmonella typhi-murium, staphylococci, streptococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Vibrio cholerae. In the case of the last two species the percentage survival is much lower than with the others, but survivals up to 1% have been obtained after storage for from 1 to 3 years.
The penicillin sensitivity and phage types of staphylococci isolated from hospital patients
Authors: Elwood J. Stanley
Published: May 2009

1. A series of 110 patients with staphylococcal infections has been investigated. From 43 patients a penicillin-resistant staphylococcus was isolated: in cultures from 38 patients all staphylococcal colonies tested were penicillin resistant and in five both sensitive and resistant strains were isolated. Seven patients yielded a streptomycin-resistant staphylococcus.

2. Of the 84 strains of staphylococci which could be phage typed, 33 belonged to the group of phages 6/7/47 and 32 were of type 52 A. Of the 32 typable penicillin- resistant strains 18 belonged to the group of phages 6/7/47, and 13 were type 52 A.

3. Of the 115 strains isolated 110 were α-lysinogenic.

4. These results are compared with those found a year previously and the significant changes are discussed.
Factors influencing the results of blood culture in enteric fever
Authors: Shaw A. Batty , Mackay H. A. F.
Published: May 2009

1. The results of 192 blood cultures in an epidemic of enteric fever are analysed. The epidemic was caused by a double enteric infection withSalm. typhi(Vi-phage type T) andSalm. paratyphiB (Vi-phage type ‘Dundee’).

2. All of sixty –five cultures between 102 and 104∘ F. were positive, and a significant number of positive cultures at lower body temperatures were obtained. Three out of four cultures, taken when the temperature was subnormal, were positive. In seventy–one out of seventy–six cases (93·4%) a positive blood culture was obtained.

3. The highest percentage of positive isolations was obtained in the second week of disease. In the severe cases the highest percentage occurred in the third week. The reasons for this, and the findings of previous studies, are discussed.

4. No difficulty was encountered in obtaining positive blood cultures in previously inoculated individuals.

5. The average period of incubation of the cultures, required to produce a positive result, was 4–5 days, and 17% did not become positive until the ninth to eleventh day of incubation.

6. The discovery of ehloramphenicol has emphasized the need for the early diagnosis of enteric fever. This can most readily be achieved by the method of blood culture.
Observations on the prophylaxis of experimental pulmonary anthrax in the monkey
Authors: Henderson D. W. , Peacock S. , Belton F. C.
Published: May 2009

The evidence presented supports the hypothesis that the experimental form of anthrax induced by depositing a cloud of single spores on lung epithelium is initiated in the lymphatic regions and not in lung tissue.

Proportionately few of the deposited spores reach the lymph glands. The majority remain inactive in so far as induction of disease is concerned. Slowly, however, they seem to go through the first stages of germination but do not multiply and therefore die. This is probably the major factor operative in their disappearance from the lung.

Effective prophylactic measures are suggested for dealing with an unimmunized host exposed to anthrax infection by the pulmonary route.
Some observations on the influence of the micro-environment on loss of M substance in strains of Streptococcus pyogenes
Authors: Wormald P. J.
Published: May 2009

1. An M-producing strain of Streptococcus pyogenes type-12 was shown to be carried on the surface of apparently healthy tonsils for at least 3 years.

2. Loss of M substance in a strain of type-3 in a tonsillar carrier was shown to be by gradual replacement of matt forms by glossy variants. This pair of naturally occurring variants showed very different growth rates as mixtures in liquid media.

3. Under suitable conditions, glossy variants regularly appeared and replaced the M-producing strain from which they were derived in these and all other strains of type-3 and type-12 tested from a wide variety of sources.

4. It is suggested that the selection of variants by the differential nutrient value of the micro-environment is the deciding factor in carrier strains showing loss of M substance.
Some observations on the coli/coliphage relationship in sewage
Authors: Ware G. C. , Mellon Mafalda A.
Published: May 2009

No evidence was obtained to support the hypothesis that the observed reduction in numbers of coliform bacteria during sewage treatment was due to the action of bacteriophage.
Is Infantile gastro-enteritis fundamentally a milk-borne infection?
Authors: Thomson Scott
Published: May 2009

1. One per cent of samples of farm milk were found to contain pathogenic varieties of Bacterium coli of the O groups associated with infantile gastroenteritis.

2. Unheated cows' milk is a dangerous food for babies.

3. Summer diarrhoea was probably, for the most part, milk-borne infection by special O groups of Bact. coli.

4. Thirteen per cent of chickens on farms were found to be excreting Bact. coli of the O groups associated with infantile gastro-enteritis but only a few of the strains possessed H antigens of varieties known to have an association with human disease.

5. Possible reservoirs of infection cannot be adequately searched for until a selective method is devised to aid the separation of pathogenic O groups of Bact. coli from the non-pathogenic.
On the mechanism of silica toxicity
Authors: James Dinah M. , Marks J.
Published: May 2009

Silicic acid in its polymerized form is toxic to leucocytes in tissue culture and depresses leucocyte respiration, effects which appear to be paralleled by its inhibition of the cytochrome oxidase enzyme system. There is evidence that silicic acid acts on this system by combining with and inactivating cytochrome c and it is suggested that its effect in vivo may have a similar basis. The inhibitory effect of silicic acid on the two other respiratory enzyme systems studied is considerably less intense and probably non-specific.
The protective effect of some carbohydrates against the inactivation of complement by heat, together with a note on the effect of glycolamide (an isomer of glycine) on heat-inactivation
Authors: Gordon J. , Turner G. C.
Published: May 2009

Gordon & Turner (1955) reported that glucose and other sugars intensify the protective action of glycine against the heat-inactivation of complement, so that in their presence the concentration of glycine required to protect complement against inactivation at 55° C. is greatly reduced. Moreover, when high concentrations of glycine (e.g. 10%) were used, higher temperatures were required to inactivate complement if the glycine was dissolved in a high concentration of a sugar. They also showed that although this intensification is a property of a wide range of sugars, it is not shown by the corresponding alcohols, although inositol is exceptional in causing marked intensification. No explanation was offered for these findings and further experiments have been undertaken to throw light on them.
The Exhibition Phenomenon withPseudomonas AeruginosaPhage 13
Authors: Mead T. H.
Published: May 2009

1. The efficiency of plating of phage 13 on the semi-resistant strainPs.LIII-3bi decreases as the initial bacterial population on the plate is diminished. Addition ofPs.LII extract to the phage before plating with low bacterial concentrations increases the plating efficiency (exhibition effect).

2. An extract of a strainPs.LIII-lb which is fully sensitive to phage 13 also causes exhibition of this phage onPs.LIII-3bi.

3. It is suggested that dissolved phage 13 receptors present in extracts ofPs.LII andPs.LIII-lb have an affinity not only for the phage but also for suitable bacteria and thus cause exhibition. Inhibition (e.g. of phage 14 by thePs.LII extract) is due to phage receptors having no tendency to adsorb to bacteria.

4. The phage-exhibiting and inhibiting properties of a freeze-dried extract ofPs.LII active when dissolved in 0.85 % NaCl are lost if the solid is dissolved in water and the solution so obtained further diluted with 0.85 % NaCl. Activity is recovered slowly if NaCl is added to the aqueous solution, instantly if the solution is freeze-dried and the residue dissolved in 0.85 % NaCl.

5. The inhibitory properties of thePs.LII extract for phage 14 are more sensitive to heat and acidity or alkalinity than the exhibitory properties for phage 13.

6. The absence of cross-precipitin reactions betweenPs.LII andPs.LUI-lb suggests that the phage 13 receptors of the two organisms are non-antigenic or different. I am grateful to Prof. M. van den Ende and my colleagues in this Unit for helpful discussions.
The Preservation of Bacteria by Drying in Peptone Plugs
Authors: Annear D. I.
Published: May 2009

1. A new method for the preservation of bacteria by drying is described.

2. Marked differences between organisms were found with respect to the relationship between growth phase and recoveries after drying.

3. Recoveries of several strains of neisseriae and vibrios, both immediately after drying and after storage, were considerably higher than any previously recorded for similar species of these genera.
Counts of Air-Borne Bacteria as Indices of Air Hygiene
Authors: Reid D. D. , Lidwell O. M. , Williams R. E. O.
Published: May 2009

An attempt has been made to assess the value of counts of bacteria in the air of occupied rooms as indices of the risks of air-borne cross-infection in these rooms. Data collected during a field trial of ultra-violet irradiation in schoolrooms have been analysed to establish the correlation between counts of Streptococcus salivarius or of the general flora and classroom secondary attack rates for measles and the incidence of four groups of respiratory affections. Variations in classroom environment and child age and behaviour were taken into account in the analysis.

The Str. salivarius count has been shown to be significantly related to the risk of classroom transfer of measles, but not to the incidence of respiratory disease. For the general flora counts the reverse was true.

A discussion of these results in the light of the effects of ultra-violet air disinfection on the incidence of presumably air-borne diseases leads to the conclusion that the Str. salivarius count may reasonably be taken as index of the risk of classroom transfer of measles, but that no such assumption is possible about the value of general flora counts in the measurement of air hygiene in relation to respiratory diseases.
Anin vitrocomparison of the effect of some antibacterial, antifungal and antiprotozoal agents on various strains ofMycoplasma(pleuropneumonia–like organisms: P.P.L.O.)
Authors: Newnham Audrey G. , Chu H. P.
Published: May 2009

A study was made in liquid medium over 7 days at 37° C. of the inhibitory action of nineteen antibacterial, antifungal and antiprotozoal drugs on twenty strains ofM. gallisepticum, eight other avian mycoplasmata, six mammalian mycoplasmata, two saprophytic mycoplasmata and the L-form ofStreptobacillus moniliformis(L–1).

The twenty strains ofM. gallisepticumfrom Britain and other countries showed a similar range of drug sensitivity except where resistant strains were included. Tylosin and demethylchlortetracycline appeared to have the highest inhibitory action, followed by erythromycin, spiramycin, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline and ethidium bromide. A ‘Zone Phenomenon’ frequently occurred with sodium aurothiomalate, inhibition often being observed between 0·1 and 2·0 μg./ml. Polymixin and nystatin had no inhibitory effect on the growth of any mycoplasmata tested. With the exception of erythromycin and streptomycin in some cases, the pattern of sensitivity observed with the mycoplasmata of diverse origin was similar to that ofM. gallisepticum, most strains, however, being somewhat more resistant thanM. gallisepticumto many of the drugs.
Elimination ofEperythrozoon coccoidesinfection from mouse colonies
Authors: Gledhill A. W. , Niven Janet S. F. , Seamer John
Published: May 2009

1. Long-established infection of a mouse colony withEperthyrozoon coccoideswas eliminated by regular insecticidal treatments designed to reduce infestation with lice and fleas.

2. Undesirable consequences ofE. coccoidesinfection upon mice used as experimental animals are noted and an easy routine for exclusion of this parasite from mouse colonies is suggested.
The incidence of infection with cytomegalovirus in a normal population: A serological study in Greater London
Authors: Stern H. , Elek S. D.
Published: May 2009

A serological study of cytomegalovirus infection in London shows it to be prevalent. Under 5 years of age only 4% of children have antibodies, but this increases to 15% by 10 years of age and 21% by 15 years. The maximum incidence of 54% is reached by 25–35 years, and this is maintained in the older age groups of the population. In two mixed day schools the incidence of infection was significantly lower than in a boarding school, suggesting that close prolonged contact is required for spread of infection.

Different strains of cytomegalovirus possess common group-specific complement-fixing antigens.

It is suggested that clinical disease caused by cytomegaloviruses is more frequent and more varied than previously believed, although diagnosis may be difficult without virological help.
Histological study of adenovirus type 14 development in cell cultures
Authors: Măgureanu E. , Muşetescu M. , Grobnicu M.
Published: May 2009

By means of the fluorescent antibody method and of acridine orange staining experimental infection with adenovirus type 14 has been investigated in KB and MK cell cultures. Intracellular changes could be shown to precede the appearance of the cytopathic effect.

Thus, progressive stages in the development of adenovirus at this level could be separated both by the demonstration of the specific antigen and by the appearance of an altered DNA.

Both methods have proved to be equally useful for the detection of virus multiplication and of the histochemical changes induced in the cells.

No significant differences have been found to exist with respect to the cell line used.
The transmission of bacteria and viruses on gummed paper
Authors: Selwyn S.
Published: May 2009

The possible risks of infection associated with the practice of licking envelopes, stamps and labels were investigated. Although pathogenic bacteria and viruses were not isolated from sample envelopes obtained from various sources, the gums used in manufacture were found to exert a protective effect against death from desiccation on the bacteria and viruses which had been introduced into them.Staph. aureus and Salm. paratyphi Bremained viable for several months in dried films of two out of four gums tested. An echovirus could be recovered from similar films for up to 30 days, and an adenovirus for up to 10 days.

Bacterial multiplication occurred in the gum used for the manufacture of postage stamps. The comparison is drawn between the possible consequences of minimal contamination of this gum and of cans of corned beef in the light of recent studies.
The antibody response of rabbits to inactivated vaccinia virus
Authors: McNeill T. A.
Published: May 2009

Inactivated vaccinia virus vaccines were prepared from purified virus inactivated by either formalin, hydroxylamine or heat. The immunogenicity of these vaccines was assessed in rabbits by measurement of virus neutralizing antibody following each of two inoculations. It was concluded that inactivated vaccinia virus stimulates the production of neutralizing antibody and that the most important single factor in this immunogenicity is the concentration of virus in the vaccine. Vaccines prepared from virus suspensions containing 107to 108pfu/ml. before inactivation give variable antibody responses.
A comparative virological study of children in hospital with respiratory and diarrhoeal illnesses
Authors: Stott E. J. , Bell E. J. , Eadie M. B. , Ross C. A. C. , Grist N. R.
Published: May 2009

Between October 1963 and April 1965, 113 children with respiratory disease and 113 children with diarrhoeal disease were matched for age and time of entry into hospital and studied by virus isolation and serological techniques.

Infections with respiratory syncytial (RS) virus, parainfluenza virus and herpes simplex virus respectively were found in 29, 11 and 12 children in the respiratory illness group but in only 1, 2 and 4 children in the diarrhoeal group. Rhinoviruses were isolated from 10 children in each group and in seven cases were associated with lower respiratory disease. Adenovirus infections were found in nine children with respiratory disease and eight with diarrhoea. Of the 40 enteroviruses isolated 16 were associated with respiratory disease and 24 with diarrhoea.

A poor or delayed serological response in children under 4 months with RS virus infection was observed. Addition of unheated rabbit serum increased the sensitivity of the neutralization test with RS virus.

These findings indicate that respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza virus infections were clearly associated with respiratory illness but the pathogenic role of the other viruses was not clear.
Thermal inactivation of diphtheria toxoid following drying by sublimationin vacuo
Authors: Damjanovic Vladimir , Iovicic Marija
Published: May 2009

The Lfvalues of diphtheria toxoid alone and in combination with tetanus toxoid or tetanus toxoid plus pertussis vaccine, dried by sublimationin vacuo, sealed under nitrogen, exposed to elevated temperature and rehydrated thereafter were not altered. Lfvalues declined in samples sealed under air. The values for Kfin the above preparations increased in relation to increased temperatures of exposure for a given time or following exposure to a given temperature for increased time intervals. The sensitivity of the system of testing used was greater following the addition of ‘helper’, a fast flocculating solution of diphtheria toxin, and in the case of dried diphtheria toxoid stored under adverse conditions (sealed under air) for two years, the addition of ‘helper’ was necessary to obtain a flocculation reaction. In general, the results obtained indicated a very high stability for preparations sealed under nitrogen, and a significantly lower stability for preparations sealed under air.
Experimental infection of Common Terns with Tern virus: Influenza Virus A/Tern/South Africa/1961
Authors: Becker W. B.
Published: May 2009

Experimental infection of captive Common Terns with Influenza virus A/Tern/South Africa/1961 reproduced the disease seen in the 1961 epizootic during which Tern virus was originally isolated. Infected terns excreted virus in their droppings. At death a viraemia was present but immunofluorescent studies determined the sites at which virus reproduction occurred. A Swift Tern suffered no ill effect from the injection of Tern virus but developed HI antibodies. The role of migrant sea-birds in spreading avian influenza is briefly discussed.
Characterization ofMycoplasma suipneumoniae: a mycoplasma causing enzootic pneumonia of pigs
Authors: Goodwin R. F. W. , Pomeroy Annette P. , Whittlestone P.
Published: May 2009

A micro-organism, previously known as the J agent, was grown on solid medium: its various characteristics suggested that it was a mycoplasma and it was provisionally namedMycoplasma suipneumoniae.

In the growth-inhibition and metabolic-inhibition tests,M. suipneumoniaewas indistinguishable fromM. hyopneumoniae(Maré & Switzer, 1965).

By the growth-inhibition test,M. suipneumoniaeseemed unrelated to all of a wide range (42 strains) of other mycoplasmas examined. These results suggest that, if the similarity betweenM. suipneumoniaeandM. hyopneumoniaeis substantiated in further work, these latter two strains are probably a new species.

M. suipneumoniaewas also identified by the metabolic-inhibition test, by precipitation in agar gel, and by immune-fluorescence. Using the last two methods,M. suipneumoniaewas distinguished from a second porcine mycoplasma (strain 603).

The most important property ofM. suipneumoniaeis its ability to induce enzootic pneumonia experimentally in pigs.
Human infection with Salmonella choleraesuis in Hong Kong
Authors: Huang C. T. , Lo C. B.
Published: May 2009

The literature of human infection with Salmonella choleraesuis in China was fully reviewed with special reference to those written in Chinese language which are inaccessible to many readers. Compared with other regions of the world the ratio of S. choleraesuis to other salmonella infection in Hong Kong is high and is parallel to that in China. Dietetic habits of the local population apparently contribute to the high incidence. The clinical manifestations of 47 cases were outlined and details of the biochemical reactions and in vitro drug sensitivities of these strains were described. Two diphasic H2S-positive strains were encountered.
The sensitivity of the biotypes ofBrucella abortusto three antibiotics used in selective media, and the description of a new biotype
Authors: Farrell I. D. , Robertson L.
Published: May 2009

An investigation into the antibiotic sensitivity ofB. abortusbiotypes to polymyxin B sulphate, amphotericin B, and bacitracin has shown that the dye-sensitive strains are also antibiotic-sensitive; and preliminary experiments suggest that these two properties are not genetically related.

The results suggest that biotype 2 can be subdivided on the basis of antibiotic sensitivity pattern, and that this could be of epidemiological significance.

Investigation into the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the dye-sensitive variantB. abortus, biotype 4, leads us to believe that this strain should be reclassified as a separate biotype and provisionally called biotype 10.
Comparison of three ventilating systems in an operating room
Authors: Lidwell O. M. , Richards I. D. G. , Polakoff S.
Published: May 2009

Observations on the bacteriological contamination of the air have been made in an operating room fitted with three alternative systems of ventilation.

These were; A, downward displacement ‘piston’; B, moderate velocity turbulent; C, low velocity turbulent.

The volume of the ventilating air supplied was the only characteristic of the ventilation which affected the contamination levels reached during operations. No significant differences could be detected between the three ventilating systems in this respect.

Unavoidable temperature differences in the operating room render it generally impossible to produce effective downward displacement air movement with ventilating air supplies which do not exceed 1500 ft.3 per minute over a ceiling area of 300 ft.2.

Great differences were observed between the several carriers of Staphylococcus aureus in the extent to which they dispersed this organism into the air when working in the operating room.
Airborne staphylococci in the surgical ward
Authors: Williams R. E. O.
Published: May 2009

The air of a subdivided surgical ward was sampled by the exposure of culture plates for 12 hr. periods 5 days a week.

A number of ‘broadcasts’ of airborneStaphylococcus aureuswere observed; many of these were of very short duration. A single person could be recognized as responsible for 22 of the 33 broadcasts; in all cases dispersal seemed to be from carrier sites rather than from infected lesions.

There was little spread of the staphylococci between the 4 rooms of the ward. The frequency of nasal carriage of tetracycline-resistantS. aureusincreased from 6·2% in patients examined during their 1st week to 13·2% in those examined in their 4th week in the ward; the rate for allS. aureusdeclined from 31·3 to 26·4%.

It is suggested that the long-period exposure of culture plates for the collection of airborne staphylococci may be useful in monitoring some aspects of hospital hygiene.
Laboratory studies on a strain of Asian influenza virus used as a living vaccine. (A report to the Medical Research Council Committee on Influenza and other Respiratory Virus Vaccines)
Authors: Hobson D. , Gould E. A. , Flockton Hilary I.
Published: May 2009

Two pools of living influenza vaccine derived from the Russian A 2 strain Iksha had given discrepant results in clinical trials. The less effective pool showed an increased thermostability of haemagglutinin, an increased elution rate from red blood cells and a reduced ability to grow in chorioallantoic membranes at temperatures above 40° C. The relationship of these findings to the virulence of influenza viruses is discussed.
Factors affecting the production of foot-and-mouth disease virus in deep suspension cultures of BHK21 Clone 13 cells
Authors: Capstick P. B. , Garland A. J. M. , Chapman W. G. , Masters R. C.
Published: May 2009

For maximum utilization of deep cultures to produce FMD virus it was important to have adequate control of culture temperature and pH. Culture temperature should be controlled within the range 34·25°7–35°C. and culture pH at 7·2. The culture system became less efficient as the cell concentration was increased from 1 × 106·0to 9 × 106·0cells/ml. A cell concentration of 2·5 × 106·0cells/ml. represented a working compromise between efficiency and antigen titre/ml. for inactivated FMD vaccine production.

The input virus/cell ratio had no effect on the time or titre of peak virus yield in the range 1:1 to 1:320. This makes the production of seed virus from small numbers of monolayer cultures feasible and economical.

Virus yield was improved by the addition of 5% serum. It would be more satisfactory if a serum-free cell strain could be developed.
Phage typing of Staphylococcus aureus from dairy cattle in Australia
Authors: Frost A. J.
Published: May 2009

Preliminary typing of 1820 strains of Staph. aureus from 51 herds with the human set of phages showed that non-typable strains were common (31·4%). Other phages were investigated and 1404 strains from 328 herds were typed with 42 phages; these included the human phage set, phages from Weybridge and phages isolated in Brisbane. The following 20 phages were selected as suitable for typing bovine strains of Staph. aureus in Australia: 29, 80, 13, 71, 6, 7, 42E, 47, 53, 77, 31B, 42D, 81, 101, 102, 107, 110, 600, 367, 425. Phages 13, 367, 425, 600 were from Brisbane and 101, 102, 107 and 110 were from Weybridge.
Salmonellain meat imported from South American countries
Authors: van Schothorst M. , Kampelmacher E. H.
Published: May 2009

Salmonellas were isolated from 278 of 800 (34·7 %) samples of frozen carcass or boneless horsemeat from South America and from 101 of 751 (13·5%) samples of frozen boneless beef. However, the percentage of contamination detected depends to a large degree on the method of examination. Contamination was mostly external, a fact which points to slaughterhouse contamination. Boneless meat was contaminated to a higher degree than carcass meat.
Immunization of man with typhoid and cholera vaccine. Agglutinating antibodies after intracutaneous and subcutaneous injection
Authors: Clasener H. A. L. , Beunders B. J. W.
Published: May 2009

Young men were immunized against cholera, typhoid, paratyphoid A, and paratyphoid B. Agglutinating antibodies were measured 3 weeks after completion of the immunization schedule. Two injections separated by a 4-week interval were found to be as efficient as three injections with 1-week intervals.

Intracutaneous immunization with one-fifth of the standard subcutaneous dose was just as efficient as the standard subcutaneous immunization and did not cause greater general or local reaction.
A yellow fever vaccine free from avian leucosis viruses
Authors: Draper C. C.
Published: May 2009

1. The methods used for clearing a vaccine substrain of 17 D yellow fever virus of contaminant avian leucosis viruses are described.

2. Tests in animals and human subjects showed that the characteristics of the virus remained unchanged.
Poliomyelitis in the Netherlands before and after vaccination with inactivated poliovaccine
Authors: Hofman B.
Published: May 2009

Formalin-inactivated polio vaccine has been used in the Netherlands since 1957. Within 3 years all children born in 1945 and later were offered vaccine. In the first years poliovaccine from different manufacturers were used. In 1961 a vaccine produced in the Netherlands by the ‘Rijks Instituut voor de Volksgezondheid’ (National Institute of Public Health) became available and in 1962 the poliomyelitis components were incorporated in a quadruple vaccine, which contains 15 Lf diphtheria, 5 Lf tetanus toxoid and 16 × 109Bordetella pertussis organisms in addition to the three polio components. As an adjuvant this quadruple vaccine contains 1·5 mg. aluminium phosphate per 1 ml. dose. For infants the schedule became three doses at ages 3, 4 and 5 months respectively, followed by a booster dose at the end of the first year. The over-all acceptance rate can be estimated at almost 90% of those eligible, but there were pockets in the population with lower rates.

Since 1924 poliomyelitis has been a notifiable disease. During and after the last World War major epidemics occurred.

The poliomyelitis morbidity rates in the 8 post-vaccination years 1958–65 were compared with those from two preceding 4-year periods 1950–3 and 1954–7. In the 1–4-year-old children, who presented the most vulnerable age group, paralytic poliomyelitis was reduced by about 97 % and in the other age groups this percentage was slightly less. The over-all reduction was 96 %. Comparison of the morbidity rates of non-vaccinated persons in 1958–65 with the rates from 1950–3 and 1954–7 gave an impression of the extent of the herd immunity. These rates were reduced 70–80 % in the children under 15 years and 90–95 % in those over this age. The individual protection given to the vaccinated was calculated from the morbidity rates in non-vaccinated, incompletely and fully vaccinated persons in the 1958–65 period. The reduction of morbidity was 90–95% for children of 1–14 years who got three doses or more and about 85 % for those who had only 1 or 2 doses. Fully vaccinated children, who are profiting from both individual protection and herd immunity, showed a reduction of 97–99 %.

From the data presented it is concluded that vaccination with inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine can provide very effective protection for the individual and the community provided that a vaccine of good quality is used and the rate of acceptance is 75 % or better.
The Hampshire epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease, 1967
Authors: Sellers R. F. , Forman A. J.
Published: May 2009

An analysis was made of the spread of foot-and-mouth disease during the epidemic in Hampshire in January and February 1967. To explain the pattern of spread, it had to be postulated that virus was present seven days before the first outbreak was reported. It is suggested that the disease occurred initially in pigs fed on infected meat and that the virus was subsequently disseminated from the local abattoir, where the pigs were killed, to four farms by movement of animals, slaughterhouse waste, people or vehicles, and to fifteen by the airborne route. Subsequent spread from these farms was by movement in two instances and by the airborne route in five. The source and route of infection of the last farm in the outbreak were not determined.

The risk of spread through movement was associated more with carriage of infected slaughterhouse waste, movement of animals, people or vehicles carrying animals than through collection of milk, artificial insemination or movement of other types of vehicles. Outbreaks of disease among pigs gave rise to more secondary spread than outbreaks in cattle. Secondary outbreaks attributed to airborne spread occurred only in ruminants. Most airborne spread was into areas of high livestock density and cattle in the larger herds became infected. Airborne spread could be correlated with wind direction and speed but not with rain. The reduction in the number of outbreaks at the end of the epidemic could be attributed to the elimination of the largest sources of virus, the control of movements and the fact that in all instances except two the wind was blowing virus over towns and out to sea, to areas of low stock density and to areas where animals had been killed.
An epidemic of influenza on Tristan da Cunha
Authors: Mantle John , Tyrrell D. A. J.
Published: May 2009

Respiratory disease on Tristan da Cunha has been observed since the islanders returned in 1962. An epidemic of unprecedented severity occurred in the winter of 1971 and involved 273 (96%) of 284 islanders, 92 of whom had two attacks. The epidemic was apparently introduced by theTristania.

The illness of both first and second attacks ranged from mild to severe but there were some differences. There were two deaths, both in elderly persons with chronic chest disease and heart failure. Serological evidence suggests that this was due to influenza A2 of the Hong Kong serotype H3N2
Immunity to influenza in ferrets V. Immunization with inactivated virus in adjuvant 65
Authors: Potter C. W. , McLaren C. , Shore S. L.
Published: May 2009

Ferrets infected with influenza virus A2/Hong Kong/3/68 responded with a febrile reaction; the temperature was elevated by 1·0°C. or greater to a level of 40°C. or more. In addition, relatively high titres of virus were recovered from nasal washings taken 3 days after virus infection, serum antibody was produced, increased nasal protein was detected and nasal washings contained both HI and neutralizing antibody. Of four ferrets immunized with 400 CCA units of inactivated influenza virus A2/Aichi/2/68 in saline, only one produced detectable serum HI antibody, and none produced detectable nasal antibody. These ferrets were subsequently found to be susceptible to intranasal infection with influenza virus A2/Hong Kong/3/68. Thus, the temperature response, the titre of virus recovered from nasal washings and the serum HI antibody response found after virus infection was similar to that found after infection of non-immunized ferrets. However, the increase in protein concentration and the titre of HI and neutralizing antibody found in nasal washings after virus infection was detectably less than that found after virus infection of non-immunized ferrets.

Four ferrets were immunized with 400 CCA units of inactivated A2/Aichi/2/68 virus in adjuvant 65, and these ferrets produced relatively high titres of serum HI antibody but no detectable nasal antibody. After subsequent virus infection with influenza virus A2/Hong Kong/3/68, these ferrets showed a modified temperature response, reduced titres of virus in nasal washings compared to that found in nasal washings from non-immunized ferrets, no increase in nasal protein and no detectable nasal HI antibody. Thus, immunization with inactivated virus in adjuvant 65 resulted in a significant modification of the response of ferrets to challenge virus; however, the immunity was not complete, and appreciably less than that found after infection with live homologous virus.
An epidemiological study ofPseudomonas aeruginosain cattle and other animals by pyocine typing
Authors: Mushin Rose , Ziv G.
Published: May 2009

The high incidence (80·1%) ofPseudomonas aeruginosapyocine type 1 in bovine mastitis in Israel suggested some degree of selectivity under local conditions. Contrary to other reports, cattle and calves showed a high rate of faecal carriage of this organism. The water supply on farms was often contaminated. The presence of certain pyocine types in the udder, gut or water occasionally led to their transmission from one reservoir to another; however, many types did not seem to spread.

P. aeruginosawas found in association with infections in various animals and was present in many locations such as a mouse breeding house and a chick hatchery.
The direct fluorescent antibody test for detection ofBrucella abortusin bovine abortion material
Authors: Corbel M. J.
Published: May 2009

The direct fluorescent antibody test was assessed for detection ofBrucella abortusin bovine abortion material.Br. abortusorganisms could be readily detected as characteristic intra-cellular clumps, in smears stained with fluorescent antibody. Counterstaining with Evans Blue was necessary to suppress tissue auto-fluorescence. The method was specific and enabled brucella infection to be differentiated,inter alia, from Q-fever infection.
Studies on two methods for extraction of streptococcal T antigens
Authors: Erwa H. H.
Published: May 2009

The extraction of group A streptococcal antigens by group C phage-associated lysin has been confirmed. In addition to the T antigen the extract contained M-protein, group-specific polysaccharide and mucopeptide antigen which was difficult to remove. This method of extraction of the T antigen was compared with the trypsin method. The latter method was found to be of advantage in giving a pure specific antigen.
On the aetiology of whooping cough
Authors: Lewis F. A. , Gust I. D. , Bennett N. McK.
Published: May 2009

The results of routine bacterial and viral studies on 483 patients with whooping cough, investigated at one hospital over a five year period are presented. The possible role of respiratory viruses in the aetiology of the disease is discussed.