bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studying intra-organizational dynamics in implementing supply chain partnering
Authors: Venselaar Marieke , Gruis Vincent
Published: November 2023

This study aims at uncovering intra-organizational dynamics in implementing supply chain partnering. Narrative techniques are used in a qualitative case study in a Dutch housing association. This study shows how project leaders of a Dutch Housing Association perceive relationships in the internal supply chain and the strategies that they develop to cope with these relationships. Furthermore, it is argued that key values of SCP as understood by the project leaders - such as sharing responsibilities and addressing feedback towards each other openly - are not applied in intraorganizational relationships.
State of the art in automated map generalization
Authors: Šuba Radan
Published: November 2023

Automated map generalization is a difficult, complex and computational very intensive problem. The aim of this chapter is to study existing solutions and state of the art. It also provides context and motivation for why we tackle this problem by applying varioscale approach. In Section 2.1, the paradigm shift in map generalization in a digital environment is studied. We investigate if requirements in the map making process have changed with the transformation from paper to digital environment and if so what are the consequences. Then Section 2.2 investigates how National Mapping Agencies are dealing with automated generalization process in general and what are their recent developments. In Section 2.3, the focus is on the issue of continuous map generalization, which is becoming more researched as an alternative to the map generalization for discrete predefined scales. Section 2.4 demonstrates another problem of digital map environment where the number of map scales available is not sufficient for user interactions. Final remarks are covered in 2.5.
Large vario-scale datasets
Authors: Šuba Radan
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 3 the focus was on vario-scale data structure description. This was extended in Chapter 4, where generating better content for this structure was investigated. It showed how the structure has been developed and used in practice, and current technical limitations. One of them is processing really massive dataset with records in order of millions which do not fit in the main memory of computer. It is a notorious and challenging problem. This is especially true in the case of map generalization, where the relationships between (adjacent) features in the map must be considered. Therefore, this chapter presents our solution for automated generalization in vario-scale structure based on the idea of subdividing the workload according to a multi-level structure of the space, allowing parallel processing. More specifically: Section 5.1 specifies our goal. Section 5.2 presents related work and other options to handle large datasets. Section 5.3 explains the principles of our method in more detail. In Section 5.4 modifications of the process specific for road network generalization are introduced. Statistics and a test of real dataset with more than 800 thousand objects are given in Section 5.5, followed by conclusions and the future work related to processing large datasets in Section 5.6.
Smooth zooming
Authors: Šuba Radan
Published: November 2023

Chapter 2 showed that current maps on the Internet are composed of the discrete set of LODs/scale pyramids with big changes of map content and representations. This can lead to confusion for the users when they navigate in the map. Therefore, a conceptual model (SSC) was proposed, see Chapter 3. We believe that, by capturing the whole generalization process in small smooth incremental changes, it is possible to achieve a better user experience e. g. when the user zooms in and out. To verify this hypothesis it is necessary: (1) generate a SSC dataset (2) develop a software prototype where a dataset can be used in its full potential and (3) perform usability test. Hence this chapter will describe the benefits of such as smooth representation in more detail. Section 6.1 gives an introduction to the problem and it suggests our solution. Section 6.2 covers the theoretical background, principle and example of smooth zooming. Section 6.3 presents possible conversion strategies to smooth representation. Section 6.4 explains the software prototype for possible usability testing. This is followed by our initial usability test, which was carry out addition to our plans. More specific, Section 6.5 defines all elements of the testing. Section 6.6 presents preliminary results, and Section 6.7 describes gained experiences. Then, Section 6.8 summarizes possible improvements for the future.
Paper
Authors: Latka Jerzy F.
Published: November 2023

Paper is a material we know from our day-to-day lives because it is used in newspapers, tissues, packaging, etc. Its web-like structure consists of wood fibres and can be visualised by comparing it to the cooking of a portion of spaghetti that is later served onto a plate.

Paper is often associated with traditional materials and production technologies. Brought to life in the second century AD, paper has had a significant role in the history of civilisations, from the Chinese empire through the Guttenberg era up to the current ‘digital age’. It has primarily been used as an information carrier and packaging material. However, the architectural applications of paper have been known since the eighth century AD.

Although production technologies and the finish of paper have changed and improved over the years, paper has in fact remained remarkably the same through the centuries. It still has the same composition: cellulose fibres bonded in a wet environment, then pressed and dried. Recently, not only the paper-making industry has undergone change, but other industries, like architecture, electronics, the automotive industry and others, are also receptive to the innovative qualities of paper.

Growing awareness of the scarceness of fossil fuels and natural resources, the need to curb CO2 emissions and the necessity of reducing the ecological burden caused by the use of materials such as plastics, foam, concrete or steel is encouraging people to find more environmentally friendly solutions, including the circular economy. 

Paper and its derivatives can satisfy these needs, although it seems that the golden age of paper is coming to an end. Electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets and e-readers, as well as the growing popularity of electronic media, have taken the place of traditional print media, which has resulted in the paper industry’s decline as the producer of information carriers. However, the paper industry can develop in other directions, e.g. smart packaging, the provision of energy and construction materials, where this renewable and cheap material can make a new start, using and being used along with new technologies and innovations.

Sustainable development was first described in the Agenda21 document in 1992 and its appendices, which state that the most important challenges for global policy are improving people’s lives and conserving our natural resources in a world that is growing in population, with ever-increasing demands for food, water, shelter, sanitation, energy, health services and economic security. Moreover, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union ordered in Directive 2008/98/EC that by 2020, the weight amount of recycled or re-used construction waste must be increased to a minimum of 70%.

These challenges can be addressed by renewable resources – reusable, recyclable, available and affordable materials, among other things. One of these renewable resources is paper.
Paper in design and architecture
Authors: Latka Jerzy F.
Published: November 2023

Paper base products such as corrugated cardboard, paper tubes, honeycomb panels and strong papers like Kraft and Washi can be successfully used for the production of interior design, products for everyday use, furniture, indoor partitions, pavilions and bigger architectural structures. Paper and its derivatives are often used for other purposes such as educational (origami) or social and artistic events.

Moreover, paper and cardboard are cheap and eco-friendly materials. Therefore, are they fit to be used in spatial structures for a limited lifespan. Fairs, exhibitions, major sporting events and other short-term events cost an enormous amount of money, and in many cases leave behind an ecological burden in the form of construction waste.

In 2008, under the EU’s revised Waste Framework Directive, a new target for recycling rates was established. By the year 2020 50% of municipal waste, including at least 50% of paper, metal, plastics and glass, will have to be recyclable, as well as 70% of demolition waste.

The projects presented in this chapter are characterised by different size, geometry, materials and properties, as well as by different connections between these aspects. The projects were created by various designers, including the author of this thesis.

In this chapter, the typology of paper and cardboard in design and architecture is described and depicted by means of realised examples. Smaller projects of the first two types are described below, in this chapter. For their part, more complicated structures, such as large pavilions, houses and public buildings, will be described in Chapter 4. Emergency and relief projects will be presented in Chapter 5.
Paper structures
Authors: Latka Jerzy F.
Published: November 2023

The examples of paper architecture presented in this chapter show the wide variety of materials and compositions used. The chosen examples are divided into two sections. The first section, entitled ‘The History of Paper in Architecture,’ embraces the projects realised from the late nineteenth century to the late 1980s. The examples provided in the ‘Case Studies’ section were assessed more thoroughly for their function, structural system, usable area, used material, connections and details of the structure (foundation, walls, roof), impregnation and lifespan. The chosen projects represent the most interesting solutions as far as structure and use of materials are concerned. Each of the examples described in this section presented an element of novelty in the world of paper architecture.
Impacts, strategies and tools to mitigate UHI
Authors: Leal Filho Walter , Echevarria Icaza Leyre , Omenche Victoria , Al-Amin Abul Quasem
Published: November 2023

The impacts of climate changes to cities, which are home to over half of the world´s population, are already being felt. In many cases, the intensive speed with which urban centres have been growing means that little attention has been paid to the role played by climatic factors in maintaining the quality of life. Among the negative consequences of rapid city growth is the expansion of the problems posed by urban heat islands, defined as areas in a city that are much warmer than in other sites, especially in comparison with rural areas.

This paper analyses the consistency of the UHI related literature in three stages: first it outlines its characteristics and impacts in a wide variety of cities around the world, which poses pressures to public health in many different countries. Then it introduces strategies which may be employed in order to reduce its effects, and finally, it analyses available tools to systematize the initial high-level assessment of the phenomenon for multidisciplinary teams involved in the urban planning process. The analysis of the literature on the characteristics, impacts, strategies and digital tools to assess on the UHI, reveals the wide variety of parameters, methods, tools and strategies analysed and suggested in the different studies, which does not always allow to compare or standardize the diagnosis or solutions.
Is Higher Education Economically Unsustainable?
Authors: Maragakis Antonios , van den Dobbelsteen Andy , Maragakis Alexandros
Published: November 2023

As students continue to review the sustainability of higher education institutions, there is a growing need to understand the economic returns of degrees as a function of a sustainable institution. This paper reviews a range of international research to summarize the economic drivers of higher education attainment. Although the cost inputs to higher education are fairly well understood, the economic return of a degree is not. Students misperception of economic returns coupled with a dynamic definition of employability create the framework for unsustainable debt loads for graduates.

This paper proposes three metrics that can be used to assess the economic sustainability of students graduating higher education that can be used to supplement the broader definition of sustainability within higher education.
Introduction to state‑of‑the‑art thin-walled GFRC
Authors: Henriksen Thomas
Published: November 2023

Thin-walled fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) elements are being adapted for large scale buildings with complex geometry envelopes. The current production methods, developed in the initial stages of glass fibre reinforced concrete (GFRC) elements in the 1970s, are limited when striving to produce more complex shaped FRC elements. The limitations of the FRC elements in terms of material properties and surface quality are described for these current state of the art production methods. New production methods and casting techniques are proposed that will advance the application of thin-walled FRC for buildings with complex geometry envelopes. Evaluation of the current state of the art production methods concluded that the sprayed GFRC methods are currently the most flexible solution which has the greatest potential for adapting the method to the requirements of complex geometry buildings. Further development of thin-walled GFRC elements would be possible by developing a mould system for complex geometry panels with an edge-return, which can utilise glass fibre reinforced ultra high performance concrete (GF-UHPC) with a vacuum technology, it would be possible to produce complex geometry GFRC elements with an increased material performance and yet still meet the aesthetic requirements of minimal visual defects in the surface of thin-walled elements.
Developing a solution for the premixed concrete method and proposing a step by step fabrication process.
Authors: Henriksen Thomas
Published: November 2023

Complex geometry concrete is being used in building and infrastructure projects however, costly in-situ mouldings are necessary to achieve these geometries. Advancing discretised concrete shell structures requires the development of a new moulding system at lower cost and reduced mould production times. Future thinwalled glass fibre reinforced concrete (GFRC) elements must possess good continuous surface quality, with the required edge-returns and panel offsets, combined with the physical material properties to increase spans and lower the risk of visible surface cracks. Existing moulding systems do not have the capability to meet these contemporary architectural aesthetic and design aspirations. A new mould system to produce free-form thin-walled GFRC elements is presented and can be used to replace CNC milled moulds for the manufacture of thin walled GFRC. Such a system allows the mould for thin-walled GFRC elements to be produced in a fast, cost effective and more efficient manner. A new step-by-step process to achieve such new thin-walled GFRC panels is described, permitting the fabrication of complex geometry thinwalled GFRC elements using more cost effective large-scale production methods. This process bridges the gap between the limited capabilities of current solutions, and the architectural aesthetic demands for good surface quality, with the option of having an edge-return and the same surface quality as the front surface to give a monolithic appearance.
Developing a solution for the sprayed concrete method and proposing automated process.
Authors: Henriksen Thomas
Published: November 2023

Resolving the challenges of advancing thin-walled glass fibre reinforced concrete (GFRC) requires a novel, more automated digital design and manufacturing process that meets the requirements of present demands for thin-walled GFRC panels. The design, optimisation and manufacture of moulds using existing approaches is subject to many limitations and constraints that result in feedback loops between each stage of the design and manufacturing processes. This precludes the efficient and fully automated digital design and manufacture of complex geometry thin-walled GFRC panels. The proposed mould system overcomes many of these constraints, and when combined with new software plug-ins, will be capable of digitally resolving the limitations or constraints that interrupt each key stage of the design and manufacturing processes. These plug-ins have been characterized to provide a seamless interface between software and hardware with minimal delays caused by design feedback loops to allow a fully automated digital design process to be realised. The impact of the new mould on this novel process is analysed and further research necessary to advance the process is identified.
Shrinking regions in a shrinking country
Authors: Ubarevičienė Rūta , van Ham Maarten , Burneika Donatas
Published: November 2023

Shrinking populations have been gaining increasing attention, especially in postsocialist East and Central European countries. While most studies focus on specific cities and regions, much less is known about the spatial dimension of population decline on the national level and the local factors determining spatially uneven population change. This study uses Lithuanian census data from the years 2001 and 2011 to get insight into the geography of population change for the whole country. Lithuania has experienced one of the highest rates of population decline in the world in the last decades. The predictive models show that regional factors have a strong effect on the variation in population change throughout the country but also reveal that sociodemographic and economic area characteristics play a role in the process of decline. Our results give little hope to those who would like to reverse the ongoing trends of population change and emphasize the need for spatial planning to cope with the changes. This is an approach which currently does not exist in practice in Lithuania.
Ethno-political effects of suburbanization in the Vilnius urban region
Authors: Ubarevičienė Rūta , Burneika Donatas , van Ham Maarten
Published: November 2023

We use electoral data to analyze the ethno-political consequences that may arise from the fact that the region surrounding the city of Vilnius is dominated by residents with a Polish identity, while those who move to the suburbs are mainly ethnic Lithuanians. In the suburban ring we found increasing voting turnout, a decreasing share of votes for the Polish party, and an increase of the absolute number of votes for this party. The changing electoral behavior might be an indicator of growing ethno-political tensions and the zones of the most intense changes identify areas of potential social tensions between ethnic groups.
Large social inequalities and low levels of socio-economic segregation in Vilnius
Authors: Valatka Vytautas , Burneika Donatas , Ubarevičienė Rūta
Published: November 2023

The city of Vilnius has experienced major shifts in occupational structure between 2001 and 2011 and at the same time there were major transitions in the housing market and suburbanization. The main aim of this chapter is to get more insight in recent socio-economic segregation processes in Vilnius. We used occupational groups as a proxy for socio-economic status, and census tract level data to measure segregation in Vilnius and its three main housing zones during 2001 and 2011. Notwithstanding the major economic and social changes of post-communist society, we found low levels of segregation and modest change during the last decade. Local patterns of segregation were explored using location quotient maps. The analyses illustrated a deepening social divide in the city between the relatively rich north and the poorer south of the city, but the inner city changes are somehow ambiguous. In this chapter we argue that the main factors of socio-spatial change in Vilnius are related to an exceptionally high share of housing estates in the city and the polycentric urban system of the country. Together with 'fast-track' reforms after 1990 this urban system gave a unique character to the current processes and patterns of segregation.
Introduction
Authors: Chang Jia-Rey
Published: November 2023

This research examines three fundamental topics: Computation, Embodiment, and Biology to develop a design framework for developing Organic, Interactive Architectures. The design framework is termed “HyperCell”, which involves, developing real-time interactive designs leading to novel organic architectural proposals. Furthermore, such a biotic space advances the next level of artistic and philosophical discourse via broadening the range of innovative interactive architectural design thinking. The ultimate goal of the research is to evoke and enrich more innovative interactive architectural design to take place in the near future.
Shantytown Redevelopment Projects
Authors: Li Xin , Kleinhans Reinout , van Ham Marteen
Published: November 2023

Since 1978, market transition in China has significantly influenced the roles of the state, the market and the residents in urban restructuring. Since 2008, the central government has initiated Shantytown Redevelopment Projects (SRPs) to improve the living conditions of low-income residents. Between 2008 and 2012, about 12.6 million households were involved in SRPs, and forced to move as their dwellings were demolished. This paper investigates how SRPs are implemented by revealing how different stakeholders interact in SRPs in the city of Shenyang, China. Through indepth interviews with various stakeholders and analysis of policy documentation on SRPs, the paper reveals a complex interplay between different stakeholders, which is characterized by the centralization of the inception of SRPs, the decentralization of actual SRP implementation, changes in the role of market forces, and decreasing housing affordability and multiple deprivation of residents in SRP target areas. Various stakeholders have consensus on the need for improving the living conditions in deprived neighbourhoods and on boosting the housing market. However, conflicts arise due to frictions between the central and local governments regarding the implementation of SRPs. We also find evidence of an entrepreneurial paradox in the relationship between local governments and developers. Finally, a mismatch occurs between the scope of the SRP policy and residents’ attempts to improve their socioeconomic situation.
Ambivalence in Place Attachment
Authors: Li Xin , Kleinhans Reinout , van Ham Maarten
Published: November 2023

This paper focuses on the influence of state-led urban redevelopment on the place attachment of deprived homeowners living in danwei communities that are facing demolition in Shenyang, China. It investigates lived experiences through in-depth interviews with homeowners at the pre-demolition phase. The paper reveals how these homeowners cleverly mobilize local resources, such as strong social bonds among homeowners, low living costs, flexibility on space usage and good neighbourhood location to cope with their life constraints, which is translated into their strong neighbourhood attachment. However, various forms of neighbourhood decline have decrease their quality of life. Meanwhile, they have to move due to the impending neighbourhood demolition. State-led urban redevelopment, therefore, confronts those deprived homeowners with a dilemma concerning their strong neighbourhood dependence and the desire for better living conditions. The impending neighbourhood demolition uncovers accumulated social issues in danwei communities in the context of market reforms and institutional changes in current China, such as the emergence of deprived social groups and their struggles for better housing.
How to claim what is mine: Negotiating professional roles in inter-organizational projects
Authors: Bos -de Vos Marina , Lieftink Bente
Published: November 2023

Professional roles within inter-organizational projects have become increasingly diverse and contested, yet little is known about how the members of a profession react to the threats of marginalization these collaborative settings entail. Focusing on the architectural profession, in which historically established role boundaries have become particularly blurred, we analyse how professionals address the concept of these boundaries in order to negotiate their roles in inter-organizational projects. Drawing on empirical data from interviews with project architects, we identify and detail three types of boundary work: reinstating role boundaries, bending role boundaries, and pioneering role boundaries. These categories exemplify how professionals may frame the threat of marginalization differently depending upon their preconceptions of what constitutes professional work. This study provides important insights into how professionals reclaim, change, or temporarily adapt their practice domains in inter-organizational projects; how their boundary work practices help to (re)shape role structures; and how these practices may trigger different paths of professional evolution.
Trade-offs in the value capture of architectural firms
Authors: Bos -de Vos Marina , Wamelink Hans , Volker Leentje
Published: November 2023

Architectural firms often have difficulty generating profit from their services as they pursue not only commercial but also professional goals. These goals frequently conflict and have to be balanced during the process of value creation and value capture. So far, literature has focused on the interaction between the perceived use value for the customer and the fee that is paid to the firm. To better understand how professional service firms realize their organizational targets, professional value needs to be included. In this study, in-depth interviews with the architects and clients of nine housing projects provide insight into the content and process of value capture by architectural firms. The data reveal strategies by which architects tried to maximize the capture of professional value at the expense of profit or sometimes even their clients’ perceived use value. These trade-offs in value capture confirm the importance of professional value when studying value creation and capture in a professional service context. This paper provides an understanding of how architectural firms struggle to balance competing goals and highlights the importance of well-managed value capture.
Energy efficiency measures implemented in the Dutch non-profit housing sector
Authors: Filippidou Faidra , Nieboer Nico , Visscher Henk
Published: November 2023

The existing housing stock plays a major role in meeting the energy efficiency targets set in EU member states such as the Netherlands. The non-profit housing sector in this country dominates the housing market as it represents 31% of the total housing stock. The focus of this paper is to examine the energy efficiency measures that are currently applied in this sector and their effects on the energy performance. The information necessary for the research is drawn from a monitoring system that contains data about the physical state and the energy performance of more than 1.5 million dwellings in the sector. The method followed is based on the statistical modeling and data analysis of physical properties regarding energy efficiency, general dwellings’ characteristics and energy performance of 757,614 households. The outcomes of this research provide insight in the energy efficiency measures applied to the existing residential stock. Most of the changes regard the heating and domestic hot water (DHW) systems, and the glazing. The rest of the building envelope elements are not improved at the same frequency. The results show that the goals for this sector will be hard to achieve if the same strategy for renovation is followed.
Reciprocity in Intergenerational Transfer of Housing Assets: A case study in Chongqing, China
Authors: Deng Weijing
Published: November 2023

Worldwide, housing is increasingly unaffordable for young people, many of whom rely on intergenerational transfer of assets to enter home ownership. The explanation lies in two macro-structural shifts: the retrenchment of the welfare state and the rise of the home-owning society. A case study in Chongqing, China suggests an answer to the following research question: How does the expectation of reciprocity affect housingasset intergenerational transfer (HIT) in contemporary China where the welfare system is not equally distributed among urban and rural residents? Data derived from 31 in-depth interviews with young adults and parents show that HIT is perceived as an exchange of financial support in the present for generalized support in the future. Families with a rural migration background, who tend to have less access to the public welfare system due to China’s dual hukou system, are the most eager to invest in HIT and expect the most reciprocity.
The Changing Determinants of Homeownership amongst Young People in Urban China
Authors: Deng Weijing , Hoekstra Joris , Elsinga Marja
Published: November 2023

This article examines the determinants of home ownership among young people in China. More specifically, it aims to shed light on the shifting importance of the state (through ‘redistributive power’) and the ability of young people to compete in housing markets (‘market ability’) after more than three decades of market transition. Through an analysis of data from the China General Social Survey, the paper quantifies the impacts of four types of determinant on young people’s access to homeownership: political affiliation, organizational affiliation, territorial affiliation, and market ability. Results show that a redistributive power (through territorial, political and organizational affiliation) still influences access to housing, mainly in the form of territorial affiliation (hukou registration). Higher market ability does not contribute to homeownership but is related to independent living. The paper points to three housing policy priorities to improve young people’s housing opportunities: reduce inequalities resulting from unequal access to homeownership, improve options for young migrants, and improve conditions in the rented sector.
Energy Performance and comfort in residential buildings
Authors: Ioannou Anastasios , Itard Laure
Published: November 2023

Energy performance simulation is a generally used method for assessing the energy consumption of buildings. Simulation tools, though, have shortcomings due to false assumptions made during the design phase of buildings, limited information on the building’s envelope and installations and misunderstandings over the role of the occupant’s behavior. This paper presents the results of a Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis on the factors (relating to both the building and occupant behavior) that affect the annual heating energy consumption and the PMV comfort index. The PMV results are presented only for the winter (heating) period, which is important for energy consumption in Northern Europe. The reference building (TU Delft Concept House) was simulated as both a Class-A and Class F dwelling and with three different heating systems. If behavioral parameters are not taken into account, the most critical parameters affecting heating consumption are the window U value, window g value and wall conductivity. When the uncertainty of the building-related parameters increases, the impact of the wall conductivity on heating consumption increases considerably. The most important finding was that when behavioral parameters like thermostat use and ventilation flow rate are added to the analysis, they dwarf the importance of the building parameters. For the PMV comfort index the most influential parameters were found to be metabolic activity and clothing, while the thermostat had a secondary impact.
Behavioral patterns relating to thermal comfort and energy consumption
Authors: Anastasios Iounnou
Published: November 2023

Since the introduction of computers, the way research is performed has changed significantly. A huge amount of data can be gathered and handled by a computer, compared to the situation before these machines were commonly available to scientists and households. Every interaction with a computer system or sensor can be recorded, resulting to an abundance of data that has already surpassed the human capability to analyze and understand them. Computers are not only used for monitoring, creating and recording data but also they have become the tool to analyze these data with the use of certain automations that otherwise would make the data analysis take years.

The aim of this paper is to go a step further in this direction. Repetitive behavioral actions in sensor rich environments, such as the dwellings of the Ecommon measurement campaign, can be observed and categorized into patterns through data mining techniques. These discoveries could form the basis of a model of tenant behavior that could lead to a self-learning automation strategy [16] or better occupancy data to be used for better predictions of building simulation software such as Energy+ or ESP-r and others.
Introduction
Authors: Prieto Hoces Alejandro Ignacio
Published: November 2023

The thesis ‘COOLFACADE – Architectural integration of solar cooling strategies in the building envelope’ aims to shed light on the possibilities and constraints for architectural integration of solar cooling systems in façades, in order to support the design of climate responsive architectural products for office buildings as self-sufficient alternatives to conventional air-conditioning systems.

This first chapter introduces the topics to be addressed throughout the dissertation, stating the main research problem, aim and focus of the study. Moreover, research questions are formulated, with consequent strategy and required methods to provide comprehensive answers to the defined challenges. Finally, the impact of the thesis is discussed in terms of its scientific and societal relevance, aiming to provide new knowledge to close research gaps in the field; but most importantly striving to promote further application of environmentally friendly technologies driven by renewable energy sources in the built environment.
Solar cooling integrated facades
Authors: Prieto Hoces Alejandro Ignacio , Knaack Ulrich , Auer Thomas , Klein Tillmann
Published: November 2023

Solar cooling systems have gained increased attention these last years, for their potential to lower indoor temperatures using renewable energy. However, architectural integration of these systems in buildings has not been fully explored. Current developments such as small scale solar driven heat pumps and solar cooling kits commercially available for application raise questions about how to successfully integrate these systems into buildings, while present interesting opportunities for the development of new performance based façade components or even self-sustaining cooling façade modules for high-performing commercial buildings. So, what are the conceptual issues and state-of-the-art components and systems to consider for solar cooling façade integration?

This chapter discusses current possibilities for façade integration of solar cooling systems, generating a framework for the understanding and further development of solar cooling façade systems. The proposed framework was made by means of a review of solar cooling technologies and solar cooling façade concepts reported by several researchers. The outcomes of the chapter are a matrix outlining the possibilities for the integration of several components and subsystems from the entire cooling process (cooling generation, distribution and delivery), and an early assessment of the development level of state-of-the-art experiences within the field considering examples from current research projects and working prototypes, for the development of solar cooling integrated façade concepts.
Design and construction requirements for façade integration of building services
Authors: Prieto Hoces Alejandro Ignacio , Klein Tillman , Knaack Ulrich , Auer Thomas
Published: November 2023

The integration of decentralised building services into façade components presents advantages from functional and constructional standpoints. However, this integrated approach has not been massively implemented, having only stand-alone buildings and façade concepts as examples.This chapter delves into the requirements for integration within the façade development process, aiming to identify the main perceived problems for building services integration in facades at design, production and assembly stages.

The employed method was an exploratory survey addressed to professionals involved in the development of façade systems for office buildings, at different stages, in order to generate new knowledge based on practical experience. The survey was conducted from mid-September to mid-November, 2015 and was distributed both as an online form and in printed format among several professional networks. Results show that the main problems refer to the overall process, particularly regarding coordination issues among different disciplines and stakeholders, while other problems such as costs and lack of knowledge, while still relevant, have more impact on particular stages. Among relevant problems related to the products themselves, the results show physical integration issues during production and assembly stages, and barriers derived from unreliable performance and technical limitations of current products to be integrated in façade systems.
Climate responsive façade design
Authors: Prieto Hoces Alejandro Ignacio , Knaack Ulrich , Auer Thomas , Klein Tillmann
Published: November 2023

Cooling demands of commercial buildings present a relevant challenge for a sustainable future. They account for over half of the overall energy needs for the operation of an average office building in warm climates, and this situation is expected to become more pressing due to increasing temperatures in cities worldwide. To tackle this issue, it is widely agreed that the application of passive strategies should be the first step in the design of energy efficient buildings, only using active equipment if it is truly necessary. Nonetheless, there is still further need for information regarding the potential limits derived from their application.

This chapter explores the impact of selected passive cooling strategies in commercial buildings from warm climates, discussing their effectiveness in multiple scenarios and climate contexts. This task is carried out through the statistical analysis of results from documented research experiences, to define overall ranges and boundary conditions; and through software simulation of selected parameters to isolate their impact under a controlled experimental setup. General findings show that the mere inclusion of passive strategies is not enough to guarantee relevant savings. Their effectiveness is conditioned to both the harshness of a given climate and an adequate application of the strategies. Specific recommendations are discussed for the passive strategies considered in the evaluation, in order to optimise the overall performance of a given building in different climates.
Conclusion
Authors: Prieto Hoces Alejandro Ignacio
Published: November 2023

This dissertation aimed to explore the possibilities and constraints for the façade integration of solar cooling systems, in order to support the design of climate responsive architectural products for office buildings as an alternative to conventional AC systems. This final chapter summarises and discusses the main outcomes of the dissertation. Firstly, responses to the research questions are showcased, starting with the subquestions and their particular findings, leading to a comprehensive answer to the main research question driving the research project. Then, general conclusions are drafted, outlining the scientific contribution and limitations of the study to finalise with recommendations for further developments in the field.
General conclusions
Authors: Teye Alfred Larm
Published: November 2023

Since the 2007-2008 Global Financial Crisis (GFC), a great deal of research has been conducted in various countries into the dynamics and risks associated with house prices in an attempt to find innovative ways of reducing these risks and resuscitating a depressed housing market. This dissertation contributes to that literature by providing comprehensive analyses of the spatial diffusion and risks associated with house prices in the Netherlands. It also studies the efficiency and loss coverage of home-value insurance in the context of the Dutch housing market and suggests modifications to the index-based insurance scheme that would minimise the residual idiosyncratic risks for home-owners. The dissertation innovatively adopts empirical methods that combine standard statistical analyses with more complex and recent econometric models.

The contributions of the dissertation are presented in five main chapters. Four of these chapters have already been published separately in international journals and one is under review. Chapter 2 provided a general overview of the Dutch housing market and the risks involved in home-ownership. Chapters 3, 4 and 5 were devoted to the diffusion mechanism of house prices in the Netherlands. Chapter 5 also dealt in part with house price risks, while Chapter 6 focused on the house price risks and home-value insurance. Each chapter has provided a detailed conclusion on each aspect of the research questions addressed in this dissertation. This concluding chapter summarises the main findings of the dissertation as a whole. The limitations of the analyses are discussed, together with potential applications for its findings and directions for further research.
Introduction
Authors: Nillesen Anne Loes
Published: November 2023

This thesis report is paper based, and as such contains a series of 7 journal and book chapter publications published as part of my PhD research. Each paper has its own problem statement, research question, theoretical framework, and methods section, which are not repeated in this introduction.

Due to the paper-based setup of the dissertation, this introductory section is of a different nature than the traditional introduction found in many thesis books at the Faculty of Architecture. The goal of this introduction is not to give a comprehensive introduction to aspects of the research, but to explain the relation between the different publications, which are subsequently included as chapters.
Improving the Allocation of Flood risk management interventions From a Spatial Quality Perspective
Authors: Nillesen Anne Loes
Published: November 2023

In this publication, the developed integrated method for including spatial quality as an ex-ante criterion in flood risk management strategy development is presented in detail and tested. Based on the results of the earlier research-by-design exercise, as described in the third publication, it is concluded that the key to making spatial quality an ex-ante criterion is to make sure sufficient interchangeable flood risk management interventions, with varying locations, are available, since having multiple effective measures from a flood risk perspective makes selection based on other criteria, such as spatial quality, possible.

In this paper, the ways in which a range of interchangeable measures can be included by considering flood risk management interventions at different scale levels (varying from system scale to local scale interventions) and at different flood risk layers (including both flood risk reduction and consequence reduction measures) is described.

As a base reference situation, the impact on spatial quality of the ‘business as usual’ flood risk management strategy for this region is assessed. Subsequently, the ways that the flood risk management interventions can be shifted away from the locations in which they have a negative effect on spatial quality, by considering alternatives with a better (preferably neutral or positive) impact on spatial quality is tested. This is done by systematically deploying interventions at different scale levels and safety layers, while assessing their impact on spatial quality. Based on this assessment, the combinations of measures that result in an optimal impact on spatial quality, can be selected for the regional flood risk management strategy.

This case study research demonstrates that the developed method, compared to the business as usual reference strategy, allows for spatial quality to become an ex-ante criterion, resulting in the formulation of a flood risk management strategy with an improved impact on spatial quality. The approach includes the following steps:

An inventory of the current and potential flood risk protection strategies
An inventory of the spatial characteristics, ambition, and potentials of the region
A qualitative assessment of the existing situation and (if available) of a reference flood risk management strategy

Systematic research-by-design on how flood risk management interventions at different scales can shift the local flood risk management interventions (and a qualitative assessment of this shift)

Systematic research-by-design on how interventions in different flood risk intervention layers can shift the flood risk intervention (and a qualitative assessment of this shift)
Discussion & Recommendations
Authors: Nillesen Anne Loes
Published: November 2023

The proposed methodology creates opportunities for designers to actively participate in debates concerning the location, layer, and scale of flood risk management interventions, resulting in a more integrated design approach. The systematic approach and the strong connection to variables and data sets provides a framework that makes it easier to communicate designers’ propositions from a spatial point of view to engineers and facilitates interdisciplinary cooperation.

The developed sub-method for evaluating interventions at different flood risk levels, to shift flood risk management interventions to the most suitable locations, offers a framework for developing a combined probability and consequence reduction strategy. This method can become a valuable tool for strategy development and decision making in so-called multi-layered flood risk management approaches, in which interventions regarding the probability and the consequential damage of a flood are combined. Multi-layered safety approaches have often been referred to in flood risk management debates in the Netherlands, but so far, consistent methods for achieving a balanced probability and consequence reduction strategy have not been put in place.