bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Zero‐Viscosity Limit of the 2D Navier–Stokes Equations
Authors: Bona Jerry L. , Wu Jiahong
Published: March 2003

It is shown that in a radially symmetric configuration, the zero‐viscosity limit of solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations satisfies the associated Euler equations. An ancillary result on continuous dependence of solutions on ν is also established.
Choosing Software
Authors: Visser John , Watt Marguerite
Published: March 2003

Marguerite Watt and John Visser argue that while there is considerable literature on the choice of computer hardware, there is far less solid information on the suitability of software for pupils with special educational needs. They tentatively put forward a simple format for analysing the usefulness of specific programs. Hardpressed special educational needs co‐ordinators might find this a useful tool.
Towards Inclusion of Students with Special Educational Needs in the Regular Classroom
Authors: Knight Bruce Allen
Published: March 2003

This article discusses the philosophy of inclusion before outlining the advantages and some concerns of implementing inclusion into classroom practice. Advice is given on school policy, and the concept of ‘guided internality’ is introduced. The author warns against reproducing the features of a segregated school in a mainstream setting.
Inclusive design in schools
Authors: Gathorne‐Hardy Flora
Published: March 2003

For many readers, Building Bulletins will be relatively unfamiliar texts. As a member of the research team compiling Building Bulletin 94: Inclusive School Design, Flora Gathorne‐Hardy's personal account of the process of producing this lively document should greatly encourage the rest of us to read it and use it, as a working document, in our schools
Gender and learning: equity, equality and pedagogy
Authors: Daniels Harry , Creese Angela , Hey Valerie , Leonard Diana , Smith Marjorie
Published: March 2003

In this article on gender and learning Harry Daniels and colleagues suggest that boys experience a contradiction between the cultural messages and practices associated with masculinity (competition and individuality) and the teaching practices typical of successful primary schooling (collaboration and codependency). They consider the impact of this contradiction on the question of boys' underachievement, and their account of the views of children as to whether boys and girls learn the same or differently makes salutary reading. ‘Which pedagogy,’ they ask, ‘suits who best?’
Multiple Case Checking
Authors: Bejar Susana , Massam Diane
Published: March 2003

This paper examines Multiple Case Checking (MCC) in raising constructions in light of minimalist Case theory and an interpretive view of vocabulary insertion. In general, Case theory excludes the option of a chain receiving more than one Case. However, certain constructions arguably demonstrate that this is possible. We present a range of MCC phenomena, showing that they are incompatible with early insertion models. Inherent Case examples, such as in Icelandic, are accounted for by markedness. For structural Case examples we present an analysis in which both Case assignment and Case checking are utilized. We account for aspects of English, Norwegian, and Niuean MCC using two parameters: whether or not Case features move along with NPs, and whether or not PF accesses whole chains.
Events and Economy of Coordination
Authors: Progovac Ljiljana
Published: March 2003

I argue that reinforcement of the conjunction and with the correlative both has a precise and consistent semantic effect on the event structure: assignment of two separate (θ‐) roles to the conjuncts, which gives rise to the interpretation of two grammatically encoded events/states. This effect is argued not to be the property of the meaning of the lexical item both itself but a computational property of the number of overt heads associated with coordination. Roughly put, multiplicity of events is encoded syntactically, in fact iconically, by an increased number of conjunction markers. I argue that the effect eventually follows from Economy of Pronunciation, a principle independently needed in the grammar. These event considerations are argued to be encoded in the structural representation of coordination.
“Lost at Sea”: New Teachers’ Experiences with Curriculum and Assessment
Authors: Kauffman David , Johnson Susan Moore , Kardos Susan M. , Liu Edward , Peske Heather G.
Published: March 2003

To better understand how new teachers experience curriculum and assessments in the face of standards-based reform, we interviewed a diverse sample of 50 1st- and 2nd-year Massachusetts teachers working in a wide range of public schools. We found that, despite the state's development of standards and statewide assessments, these new teachers received little or no guidance about what to teach or how to teach it. Left to their own devices, they struggled day to day to prepare content and materials. The standards and accountability environment created a sense of urgency for these teachers but did not provide them with the support they needed. The absence of a coherent curriculum has implications for student achievement and teacher retention in that students may learn less than they otherwise might, and many new teachers who could have succeeded with more support may leave teaching prematurely because of the overwhelming nature of the work and the pain of failing in the classroom. This suggests an urgent need to reconsider the curricula and support provided to new teachers.
Intransitive Dice Revisited
Authors: Deshpande M.N.
Published: March 2003

Intransitive dice were discussed in a previous article, following a competition in the journal. A further interesting result is presented here.
Beer Tasting and the Problem of Coincidences
Authors: Murrell Paul
Published: March 2003

This article describes a matching problem. Given k unlabelled items and k labels, how hard is it to correctly match the labels to the items? The problem is an example of a very old one known as the problem of coincidences, which was originally motivated by a game played in the 18th century.
The Language of Statistics
Authors: Rangecroft Margaret
Published: March 2003

The discussion of problems associated with the use of language, specifically vocabulary and symbolism, is extended from the teaching and learning of mathematics to the particular area of statistics.
Fifteen To One
Authors: Meacock Susan
Published: March 2003

This article shows how data from a television game show can be used as a basis for illustrating many statistical procedures.
Making Kin Out Of Others In Amazonia
Authors: Vilaça Aparecida
Published: March 2003

This article analyses the process of producing kinship among various Amazonian peoples, focusing primarily on the Wari’, a Txapakura‐speaking people living in Western Amazonia (Brazil). It argues that the production of kin cannot be related exclusively to the domestic or intra‐tribal domain, since kinship emerges through a constant dialogue with non‐human entities. By examining the significance of alimentary taboos associated with couvade practices in a number of groups, it shows that the new‐born is made human by means of the production of its body as a human body in contraposition to animal bodies.
Certainties undone: fifty turbulent years of legal anthropology, 1949‐1999
Authors: Moore Sally Falk
Published: March 2003

This article reviews the broadening scope of anthropological studies of law between 1949 and 1999, and considers how the political background of the period may be reflected in anglophone academic perspectives. At the mid‐century, the legal ideas and practices of non‐Western peoples, especially their modes of dispute management, were studied in the context of colonial rule. Two major schools of thought emerged and endured. One regarded cultural concepts as central in the interpretation of law. The other was more concerned with the political and economic milieu, and with self‐serving activity. Studies of law in non‐Western communities continued, but from the 1960s and 1970s a new stream turned to issues of class and domination in Western legal institutions. An analytic advance occurred when attention turned to the fact that the state was not the only source of obligatory norms, but coexisted with many other sites where norms were generated and social control exerted. This heterogeneous phenomenon came to be called ‘legal pluralism’. The work of the half‐century has culminated in broadly conceived, politically engaged studies that address human rights, the requisites of democracy, and the obstacles to its realization.
Beware of charitable souls: contagion, roguish ghosts and the poison(s) of Hindu alms
Authors: Snodgrass Jeffrey G.
Published: March 2003

Bhats are a caste of low‐status performers from the Indian state of Rajasthan. Bhat patrons, following deaths in their families, distribute ‘alms’ (dan) to Bhats who work as their genealogists and praise‐singers. Though their patrons are generous on these occasions, Bhats typically must be coerced into taking these offerings, which they consider dangerous and even lethal. The ‘poison’ of Hindu transactions such as these is usually attributed to a fear of impure or inauspicious substances passed between persons during exchange. Bhat explanations, however, reveal a danger linked to ambiguities created by death related to property rights and exchange obligations. These ambiguities, according to Bhats, precipitate disputes between patrons, ritual intermediaries, and spirits. Such conflict translates into a perception of danger to one’s person. Based on Bhat accounts, I suggest there may be a variety of distinctive ‘poisons’ associated with Hindu alms. I further argue that the Bhat sense of danger, which emerges from the fluid give and take of social relations rather than a fear of contagion, is heightened by this community’s position as marginalized bards.
Geography's Contested Stories: Changing States‐of‐the‐Art
Authors: Buttimer Anne
Published: March 2003

Geography lies at the heart of scholarly traditions in many world civilisations, inviting enquiry into the nature of the universe and the dynamics of the earth, prompting exploration and adventure, the naming and claiming of territory, and theories about relationships between human societies and their environments. As an academic discipline and a formal course in universities and schools, geography has acquired other histories, few uncontested. During its disciplinary period, geography has continued to mirror the fluctuating fortunes of nations and empires, ‘fitting’ itself within nationally defined structures of pedagogy and research, while remaining attuned to changing international trends of scientific thought and practice. The IGU Commission on the History of Geographical Thought has in recent years explored a variety of geographical knowledges – academic (scientific), official (applied), and popular (folk) – probing their origins, modes of articulation, and implications for the construction of images: of self and the other, of home place and other's space, and of nature, gender, culture and environmental concern. It has also opened enquiry to a wide cross‐cultural range of voices, thereby promoting better communication and mutual understanding among geographers throughout the world.
Agricultural Reform in Post‐Transition Poland
Authors: Ingham Hilary , Ingham Mike , Weclawowicz Grzegorz
Published: March 2003

Agriculture occupies a unique position in the economy of transition Poland: largely non‐collectivised during the communist regime, a large proportion of its agricultural output was, and continues to be, produced on small, private, family‐run farms. In this article it is argued that the agricultural community is more at risk than many others in contemporary Polish society from the dangers inherent in the transition to a market‐driven economy. If Poland is to become a fully fledged, Western‐style nation, radical restructuring of the agricultural sector is essential, although to date reform has been rather marginal. Without a quickening of the pace of agricultural reform, Poland is unlikely to achieve her goal of full EU membership by the beginning of the next century. The portents that this will happen are not, however, promising.
Local Development Initiatives And Unemployment In New Zealand
Authors: Scott Gary , Pawson Eric
Published: March 2003

In New Zealand, the national and local incidence of unemployment rose sharply with the drive to adopt neo‐liberal modes of regulation from the mid 1980s. This paper focuses on the local impacts of nationally formulated measures to combat unemployment, and in particular on the West Coast of the South Island. This is a region long regarded as problematic in terms of the provision of work given its history as a resource frontier. The measures can be divided into those that fall on a ‘business development’ path and those that come under the umbrella of ‘community development’. Although there is some overlap between both paths, the schemes promoted under each are distinctive and open to assessment. Such assessment shows the very limited contribution made by measures under either path to their targeted objective of reducing unemployment.
Enterprise, Embeddedness and Exclusion: Business and Development in Fiji
Authors: Taylor Michael
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the extent to which firms are locally embedded in the developing country context of Fiji. Current thinking on local growth in the face of globalisation emphasises the significance of networked, trust‐based relationships in either clusters or commodity chains as part of a broadly based institutionalist model of economic change. The changing relationships between sets of enterprises in Fiji are examined to assess whether the relationships of theory exist in this particular context. The relationships between ‘colonial’ transnational corporations (TNCs), other TNCs, Indo‐Fijian family business networks, livelihood enterprises, the Fijian political elite and an emerging Fijian business elite are examined. It is concluded that the economic and social fractures in the small island developing country limit, if not preclude, the creation of the local social capital that might foster self‐sustaining local economic growth.
The Cultural Politics of Local Economic Development: The Case of Toledo Jeep
Authors: Gatrell Jay D. , Reid Neil
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the inter–relationship between local dependence and local culture, reviews the historical development of Toledo’s industrial bases with an emphasis on automobiles and Jeep, and considers the historical context of the recent Jeep Crisis. The authors assert that the shared culture practices of Toledo residents –locality as cultures of production– contributed to community–wide mobilisation, the construction of a unique business coalition, and the resolution of the 1997 Jeep Crisis. Using a case study, the paper builds on a growing literature in economic and cultural geographies that repositions ‘culture’ as a core theme of contemporary economic development and demonstrates that the scalar politics of globalisation are not only local, but cultural.
An Assessment of the Accuracy of Triangulated Irregular Networks (TINs) and Lattices in ARC/INFO
Authors: Wang Kai , Lo Chor‐Pang
Published: March 2003

This paper evaluates the accuracy of triangulated irregular networks (TINs) and lattices in ARC/INFO. The results of an empirical comparison of the two models over two selected topographic sites are presented. Both vector and raster data were used to build the models. Three pairs of models were constructed based on 1,600, 4,000, and 9,000 sample points for the study area of the State Botanical Garden of Athens, Georgia, and 400, 800, and 1,600 sample points for the study area of Lake Lucerne of Wisconsin. The two models were assessed based on the same number of input sample points. Overall, TINs performed better than lattices. The quality of lattices decreased more dramatically than that of TINs when the number of sample points used for the construction of the models decreased. With an increase in the number of sample points used, the difference in performance between the two models decreased. The results of the evaluation directly depend on the comparison criteria and modeling algorithms. The evaluation is slightly sensitive to test indices used and the distribution of test points. The spatial pattern of residuals on spot heights was quite different from that on randomly selected test points. Users should choose models carefully based on the purpose of their application, the accuracy required, and the computer resources that are available.
Spatialized Browsing in Large Data Archives
Authors: Fabrikant Sara I.
Published: March 2003

Exponentially growing data archives emphasize the need for efficient techniques and novel approaches to find and extract information. Information visualization has emerged in the Information Retrieval domain to facilitate access to large databases. This development acknowledges the need to focus on higher level cognitive processes in information seeking. Graphic depictions of large databases are increasingly based on the spatial metaphor. These representations are also known as spatialized views or information spaces. Whereas space as a data property has implications for the design and implementation of spatial information systems, this paper explores whether commonly used spatial concepts could be used as browsing metaphors to explore a digital library catalog. A proof of concept is provided that illustrates how spatial metaphors might be embodied in a query interface to visually explore the catalog of the Alexandria Digital Library. This experimental interface includes an information landscape that is based on three spatial concepts, distance (similarity), arrangement (dispersion and concentration), and scale (level of detail).
A Geostatistical Approach to Modelling Positional Errors in Vector Data
Authors: Zhang J. , Kirby Roger P.
Published: March 2003

As part of the theoretical development and practical applications of GISs, error issues are receiving increasing attention. This paper contributes to the debate in GIS error issues by exploring the applications of geostatistics in vector data, where positional errors are of major concern. A review is provided of the methods for handling positional errors in GIS vector data comprising points and lines. This is followed by a description of a stochastic simulation approach to modelling positional errors, which is remarkable for its ability to accommodate the spatial correlation characteristics of spatial data and their errors. Results from an experiment using photogrammetric data confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach for modelling positional errors. The simulation approach is also examined with respect to other methods where due consideration is not given to the spatial correlation that is intrinsic to positional errors. Stochastic simulation‐based modelling of uncertain vector data via raster structures represents a valuable extension and contribution of geostatistical approaches to integrated handling of errors in heterogeneous spatial data.
Uncertainty Modeling in Buffer Operations Applied to Connectivity Analysis
Authors: De Genst William , Canters Frank , Gulinck Hubert
Published: March 2003

In this paper we will study the potential connectivity of red squirrels in a fragmented landscape, using a buffer operation that takes into account the difficulty of moving through the landscape. The outcome of such an analysis is greatly influenced by the various sources of uncertainty that are introduced in the model. Two main sources of uncertainty can be identified: source layer uncertainty and model uncertainty. In this paper the propagation of source layer uncertainty resulting from a multivariate statistical classification of remotely sensed data is studied using Monte Carlo simulation, taking the spatial structure of uncertainty into account. Model uncertainty results from the adoption of deterministic model parameters regarding the dispersal capacity and the landscape effect, and is examined using fuzzy set theory. Comparing the outcome of error sensitized models to the observed dispersal activity of squirrels, demonstrates how modeling of uncertainty can help to explain the dispersal activity of red squirrels.
Automated Digital Photogrammetry: A Valuable Tool for Small‐scale Geomorphological Research for the Non‐photogrammetrist?
Authors: Lascelles Bruce , Favis‐Mortlock David , Parsons Tony , Boardman John
Published: March 2003

Digital photogrammetry provides a tool with which to automatically generate digital elevation models (DEMs). The necessary equipment is now both readily available and affordable: thus there is considerable potential for this technique to be widely adopted in geomorphological studies. But is it possible for geomorphologists without a background in photogrammety to use it successfully? As part of a larger study into rill initiation by overland flow, a non‐metric digital camera and ERDAS IMAGINE OrthoMAX software were used to generate small‐scale DEMs of soil surface microtopography. This paper reports on the procedure used, highlights potential pitfalls, and comments on the quality of the resultant DEMs. Whilst acquisition of high‐quality images using a digital camera is relatively straightforward, problems were subsequently encountered due to the small size of the internal imager and the need for camera calibration. Potential stumbling blocks in the use of the software lay in the setting‐up of ground control points and the use of tie‐points and check‐points, as well as several software glitches not identified in the current manual. Nonetheless, once these problems were overcome the technique proved to be a simple, effective and fast tool for generating high quality microtopographical DEMs. This methodology shows great promise for future geomorphological studies that require these kinds of surface data.
Learnèd Syntax and the Romance Languages: the ‘Accusative and Infinitive’ Construction with Declarative Verbs in Castilian
Authors: Pountain Christopher J.
Published: March 2003

‘Learne`d’ syntactic influence is to be seen as a special case of language contact, the mechanism of which must form part of a general theory of language change and feature within the histories of individual languages. The identification of ‘learne`d’ syntactic features is especially problematic in the Romance languages, where Latin is both the lending and the parent language. In this article, I examine one case of learnéd syntactic influence which interestingly also suffers demise, and show that the many factors involved its rise and fall preclude a simplistic account of learnéd influence as mere imitative borrowing; they also shed light on the role of structural congruency in such influence and the apparent paradox that a construction can be favoured in one period and abandoned in another.
How hard is it to match CVC‐roots?
Authors: Ringe Don
Published: March 2003

Straightforward application of the ‘same birthdays’ problem shows that it is surprisingly easy to find a match for any CVC‐root when wordlists of many languages are compared simultaneously. A simple algorithm can be used to estimate the expected incidence of multiple CVC‐matches. A test of a sample from Greenberg's ‘Amerind Etymological Dictionary’ using that algorithm finds no ‘cognate sets’ whose resemblances are clearly not the result of random factors. The same test can and should be applied to all comparative etymological dictionaries.
Migration, new‐dialect formation and sociolinguistic refunctionalisation: reallocation as an outcome of dialect contact
Authors: Britain David , Trudgill Peter
Published: March 2003

When mutually intelligible, but distinct dialects of the same language come into contact, linguistic accommodation occurs. When this contact is long‐term, for example in post‐colonial settings, such as the English in Australia and New Zealand (Trudgill 1986; Trudgill et al forthcoming); or as a result of, say, New Town development (Omdal 1977; Kerswill and Williams 1992, forthcoming; Britain and Simpson forthcoming); indentured labour schemes (Barz and Siegel 1988; Siegel 1997); or land reclamation (Britain 1991; Scholtmeijer 1992), the accommodation can become routinised and permanent through the process of koineisation, and a new dialect can emerge. These new dialects are characteristically less ‘complex’ and contain fewer marked or minority linguistic features than the dialects which came together in the original mix. In this paper we wish to highlight another possible outcome of koineisation, namely reallocation. Reallocation occurs where two or more variants in the dialect mix survive the levelling process but are refunctionalised, evolving new social or linguistic functions in the new dialect. We provide a range of examples of social and linguistic reallocation, from a number of speech communities around the world, the dialects of which have developed from long‐term contact and linguistic accommodation.
Grammatically conditioned allomorphy, paradigmatic structure, and the Ancestry Constraint
Authors: Carstairs‐McCarthy Andrew
Published: March 2003

When inflectional allomorphy is grammatically conditioned, are there any constraints on the direction of conditioning (inward or outward)? Claims made by Bobaljik (2000) and Carstairs (1987) are compared with respect to data from Hungarian, Itelmen and Latin. An answer is suggested that exploits the notion of direct ancestry (relationships between (grand)mothers and (grand‐)daughters) in word‐structure trees, and the notion of blur avoidance in paradigmatic structure (Carstairs‐McCarthy 1994). Implications for Stump's (2001) theory of paradigm structure are briefly discussed.
The Gulf Co‐operation Council: A Slow Path to Integration?
Authors: Dar Humayon A. , Presley John R.
Published: March 2003

This paper assesses the progress towards the intra‐regional integration among the GCC countries. We find that although there is limited trade integration in the region as a whole, there are specific countries (for example Bahrain and Oman) that are significantly integrated with at least one trade partner from within the region. The paper argues that the GCC region will have to create a consensus on the trade barriers on the imports from outside the region if progress towards the intra‐regional integration is to be increased.
English in the Estonian Multicultural Society
Authors: Fonzari Lorenzo
Published: March 2003

There have been a number of recent publications that have stated that the expansion of the English language is a product of colonialism and political power. In the following paper the writer argues that the spread of English is not closely associated to a discourse of linguistic imperialism and bases this thesis on a case‐study carried out in Tartu, a university town in post‐Communist Estonia. The results show that the Estonians have on the whole accepted English as the language of communication and technology, as a reaction against the fifty‐year imposition of Russian language and culture. In particular, the research analyses the attitude of three generations of Estonians towards the spread of English in their country. The findings demonstrate that all three groups are aware of the presence of English and they welcome it as a kind of lingua franca, as a means of communication with the world they are trying to integrate with. In particular, young Estonian learners, already bilingual and, like other Scandinavians, using English for communication purposes, are prepared to exploit other foreign languages in order to preserve their own culture and language from extinction.
Standard English: Discordant Voices
Authors: Davies Alan
Published: March 2003

Standard English, belonging as it does to the optimistic rationality of the Enlightenment, has reached the nadir of all grand meta‐narratives, of being quotation marked. This fate may rile liberal humanists such as Randolph Quirk (1985: 6: ‘I hold that the stated or implied orthodoxy of regarding the term “standard” as fit only for quotation marks is a trahison des clercs’). But of course liberal humanists do not (yet?) accept that it is time to surrender to post modernism. If they do, then the relativizing of Standard English (as of other languages) seems inevitable: Lyotard (1984) reminds us that the post‐modern age is characterised by a loss of faith in all grand meta‐narratives, while Hobsbawm (1994) epigrammatizes that all postmodernisms ‘tended to a radical relativism’. This relativizing push has four major sources:

1. the general attack on all Enlightenment certainties;

2. the political (Marxist and feminist) critique against hegemony (‘what passes for standard so‐called correct English is not what is spoken by millions of people, Black or white, but what a small group of often unprincipled people speak’ (Smitherman, cited in Kramarae and Treichler, 1985: 431);

3. the argument from diffusion – with the global spread of English, how many standard Englishes are there? One consequence has been the claim that English language tests are unfair because they use Standard English or an inappropriate Standard English;

4. linguists' claim that all languages are equal, the very trahison des clercs that Quirk refers to.

Honey's (1997) defence of Standard English against its enemies turns the apophthegm ‘language is power’ on its head by arguing that Standard English does not disempower the weak, as its critics maintain, but rather empowers them. The status of the native speaker is examined in relation to the standardisation claims of the New Englishes and International English and it is then argued that in the institutional settings in which applied linguistics operates, the imperative to make decisions with regard to language policy, curriculum planning, text‐book and examination models etc. means that the lack of clarity about Standard English does not diminish its authority.
The international comprehensibility of varieties of South African English
Authors: Walt Christa van der
Published: March 2003

The justification for the continued use of a high status (‘international’) variety of English in education and the media in South Africa is that re‐standardizing to a local variety will result in South Africans becoming incomprehensible to the rest of the world. The study challenges the truth of this statement while it attempts to devise a more contextualized research methodology in the area of intelligibility and comprehensibility studies. It concludes that, although the comprehensibility tests devised for this study prove that South African Englishes are comprehensible internationally, comprehensibility and intelligibility cannot be reduced to linguistic features of a language. The results of the study imply that the use of ‘non‐standard’ varieties of language in education does not necessarily preclude international communication possibilities. Furthermore, teachers should be trained to avoid stigmatizing the varieties their students bring to school. The study also points the way to further developments in research methodology.
Cantonese‐English code‐switching research in Hong Kong: a Y2K review
Authors: Li David C. S.
Published: March 2003

This paper is a review of the major works in code‐switching in Hong Kong to date. Four context‐specific motivations commonly found in the Hong Kong Chinese press—euphemism, specificity, bilingual punning, and principle of economy—are adduced to show that English is one of the important linguistic resources used by Chinese Hongkongers to fulfill a variety of well‐defined communicative purposes.
Contextualizing range and depth in Indian English
Authors: D'souza Jean
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the ‘range’ and ‘depth’ of English in India and argues that these Kachruvian notions go a long way towards explaining how the language is used, exploited, extended and recreated in the sub‐continent. Data from a variety of sources, both written and spoken, literate and not‐so‐literate, are presented and it is suggested that in‐depth analyses of such data are a prerequisite to any real understanding of the local manifestations of English in the world context.
Shaping the climate for language shift? English in Sweden’s elite domains
Authors: Berg E. Cathrine , Hult Francis M. , King Kendall A.
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates how and to what degree English is used in specific elite domains in Sweden through analysis of (1) language requirements to participate in undergraduate and graduate programs at competitive institutions; and (2) language qualifications and language use patterns in elite professions. We find that English is used pervasively, but not exclusively. The paper also explores to what extent these language use patterns in elite domains suggest that language shift toward English in Sweden might take place in the future. Although our data indicate that functional dominance of English is far from complete, we argue that the fact that English holds a prominent position in certain elite domains might be significant in influencing language ideology. Furthermore, whereas Sweden cannot presently be characterized as a nation undergoing language shift, the high status of English as the language of international communication and its significance as an important channel of communication in many elite domains are possibly important factors in shaping the climate for language use patterns of the coming decades.
English for international trade: China enters the WTO
Authors: Pang Jixian , Zhou Xing , Fu Zheng
Published: March 2003

After 15 years’ negotiation, China officially became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on November 10, 2001 in Doha, Qatar, at the fourth ministerial meeting of the WTO. China’s accession to the WTO will inevitably influence every sphere of society, especially in such sectors as international trade and education. This paper reports on a survey into the impact of China’s entry into the WTO on business professionals and college English instruction. In the survey, 400 people in 126 business and trading companies from five cities in Zhejiang province, the People’s Republic of China, were polled on issues related to the learning and teaching of English with reference to China’s entry into the WTO. The results of this survey are discussed with reference to college English instruction and the in‐service training of business professionals in export‐related fields.
A Network Approach to Commuting
Authors: Thorsen Inge , Ubøe Jan , Naelig;vdal Geir
Published: March 2003

In this paper we present a model for commuting in a network of towns. A basic assumption is that all individuals have a given residential location and that every node in the network has a fixed number of jobs. We then propose a general model for the commuting of labor between the nodes in the network.
The Structure of Uncultivated Wilderness: Land Use Beyond the Extensive Margin
Authors: Walker Robert
Published: March 2003

This paper presents an agent‐based model of shifting cultivation that explains patterns of land use and forest structure beyond the extensive margin of agriculture. The anthropological literature is first examined in order to specify key aspects of farming group preferences vis‐a‐vis food requirements. Two existing theories of shifting cultivation are then addressed to motivate the present formulation, which integrates household production theory and the concept of optimal rotation originating in the forestry literature. It is argued that the cycling of secondary vegetation by shifting cultivators represents a form of rotation analogous to the foresters' case. The model developed explains the empirical observation that individual agents use multiple rotation ages, and it does so for the nonmarket case, which is consistent with the institutional environment of many indigenous peoples and colonists. The paper concludes with an application to the problem of rural violence in Brazil and with suggestions for extending the framework to the policy arena of global change.
On the Rank‐Size Distribution for Human Settlements
Authors: Reed William J.
Published: March 2003

An explanation for the rank‐size distribution for human settlements based on simple stochastic models of settlement formation and growth is presented. Not only does the analysis of the model explain the rank‐size phenomenon in the upper tail, it also predicts a reverse rank‐size phenomenon in the lower tail. Furthermore it yields a parametric form (the double Pareto‐lognormal distribution) for the complete distribution of settlement sizes. Settlement‐size data for four regions (two in Spain and two in the U.S.) are used as examples. For these regions the lower tail rank‐size property is seen to hold and the double Pareto‐lognormal distribution shown to provide an excellent fit, lending support to the model and to the explanation for the rank‐size law.
Theistic Ethics and the Euthyphro Dilemma
Authors: Joyce Richard
Published: March 2003

It is widely believed that the Divine Command Theory is untenable due to the Euthyphro Dilemma. This article first examines the Platonic dialogue of that name, and shows that Socrates’s reasoning is faulty. Second, the dilemma in the form in which many contemporary philosophers accept it is examined in detail, and this reasoning is also shown to be deficient. This is not to say, however, that the Divine Command Theory is true—merely that one popular argument for rejecting it is unsound. Finally some brief thoughts are presented concerning where the real problems lie for the theory.
Newman and his Audiences: 1825–1845
Authors: Mandle W. F.
Published: March 2003

This article examines Newman’s communication with others in a variety of modes. It suggests there was a deliberate underlying theme of preaching in whatever he did, not only from the pulpit, where his skills were famous, but in virtually all his other forms of discourse, from letter‐writing to his setting up of the “retreat” at Littlemore. He used whatever means were available, including marketing and journalism as well as scholarly work, to bring a concept of public witness to his mission. His social life, as evidenced in his generally scrupulously kept appointments diaries, is analysed to demonstrate that it too was part of his holistic approach. The suggestion is that Newman was much more aggressive and publicly aware than is generally recognized and that he combined an intense personal internalizing with active public performance in a wide range of spheres.
Exploring the effects of talking book software in UK primary classrooms
Authors: Lewin Cathy
Published: March 2003

This paper reports on an exploratory study concerning the effectiveness of specific design features in talking book software. Talking book software has the potential to complement current approaches to literacy instruction. In addition to common features such as word pronunciations, the implementation included sub‐syllabic word pronunciations, hints to encourage independent word identification and activities to reinforce specific reading skills. Two versions of the software were compared using both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. One software version had minimal functionality (‘Basic’) and the other incorporated all design features (‘Enhanced’). Each version of the software was used daily for a period of four weeks by 16 children, aged 5 to 6 years.

The findings of the study were complex due to variations in learner preferences and reading abilities. Nevertheless, it seems that electronic books can complement teaching approaches in infant classrooms and can positively affect both cognitive and affective learning outcomes. It is evident that children beginning to recognise words can benefit from common features alone. Those children using the Enhanced software who had already acquired a limited sight vocabulary can benefit from exposure to reinforcement activities. Children with more advanced reading skills may benefit from hints to support independent word identification.
Toward dynamic assessment of reading: applying metacognitive awareness guidance to reading assessment tasks
Authors: Guterman Eva
Published: March 2003

This paper focuses on research that aimed to provide a theoretical–practical framework to link literacy assessment practice with learning theory. An experimental study was designed with reference to three theoretical axes: ‘metacognitive awareness’ theory, ‘schema’ theory and the Vygotskian ‘zone of proximal fevelopment’. The study tested the effect of using written metacognitive awareness guidance (MCAG) as a tool for activating and engaging learners’Habits of Mind while processing authentic reading assessment tasks taken from Israeli kits of assessment tasks (Guterman, 2000). The study on 300 Grade–4 pupils used three modalities: a control group, which received no treatment; a placebo group, which received content instructions (CI); and a treatment group, which was given written MCAG. The findings confirmed that applying metacognitive awareness guidance to reading assessment tasks makes a difference in the learners’ level of performance and achievement on those tasks, and also increases learners’ chances of internalising the guidance components.
A Method for Estimating Age-Specific Reference Intervals (‘Normal Ranges’) Based on Fractional Polynomials and Exponential Transformation
Authors: Royston Patrick , Wright Eileen M.
Published: March 2003

The age-specific reference interval is an important screening tool in medicine. Put crudely, an individual whose value of a variable of interest lies outside certain extreme centiles may be suspected of abnormality. We propose a parametric method for constructing such intervals. It provides smooth centile curves and explicit formulae for the centile estimates and for standard deviation (SD) scores (age-standardized values). Each parameter of an exponential–normal or modulus–exponential–normal density is modelled as a fractional polynomial function of age. Estimation is by maximum likelihood. These three- and four-parameter models involve transformations of the data towards normality which remove non-normal skewness and/or kurtosis. Fractional polynomials provide more flexible curve shapes than do conventional polynomials. The method easily accommodates binary covariates facilitating, for example, parsimonious modelling of age- and sex-specific centile curves. A method of calculating precision profiles for centile estimates is proposed. Goodness of fit is assessed by using Q–Q-plots and Shapiro–Wilk W-tests of the SD scores, and likelihood ratio tests of the parameters of an enlarged model. Four substantial real data sets are used to illustrate the method. Comparisons are made with the semiparametric LMS method of Cole and Green.
An Experiment in Primary Health Care Provision
Authors: Longford Nicholas T.
Published: March 2003

Missing data and, more generally, imperfections in implementing a study design are an endemic problem in large scale studies involving human subjects. We present an analysis of an experiment in the interaction between general practitioners and their patients, in which the issue of missing data is addressed by a sensitivity analysis using multiple imputation. Instead of specifying a model for missingness we explore certain extreme ways of departing from the assumption of data missing at random and establish the largest extent of such departures which would still fail to supplant the evidence about the studied effect. An important advantage of the approach is that the algorithm intended for the complete data, to fit generalized linear models with random effects, is used without any alteration.
The Relationship between Crime, Punishment and Economic Conditions: Is Reliable Inference Possible When Crimes are Under-Recorded?
Authors: Pudney Stephen , Deadman D. , Pyle D.
Published: March 2003

We investigate the estimation of dynamic models of criminal activity, when there is significant under-recording of crime. We give a theoretical analysis and use simulation techniques to investigate the resulting biases in conventional regression estimates. We find the biases to be of little practical significance. We develop and apply a new simulated maximum likelihood procedure that estimates simultaneously the measurement error and crime processes, using extraneous survey data. This also confirms that measurement error biases are small. Our estimation results for data from England and Wales imply a significant response of crime to both the economic and the enforcement environment.
Investigating Disease Clusters: Why, When and How?
Authors: Wartenberg Daniel
Published: March 2003

The investigation of disease clusters, aggregations of a few to several cases of disease, remains a controversial issue in epidemiology and public health. Reported at the rate of more than three per day nationally, a response commands substantial resources. This paper considers whether scientists or public health officials should investigate disease clusters, when they should, and, if so, how. Part of the disparity in opinions arises from differing goals: trying to identify new carcinogens versus identifying situations in which people are at risk. There are also differences in investigation strategies: passive versus active. This paper suggests that a more active surveillance programme with occasional investigation may best meet the needs of the public while accommodating the limited resources of public health officials and some of the concerns of epidemiologists.
Mixture Models in Measurement Error Problems, with Reference to Epidemiological Studies
Authors: Richardson Sylvia , Leblond Laurent , Jaussent Isabelle , Green Peter J.
Published: March 2003

The paper focuses on a Bayesian treatment of measurement error problems and on the question of the specification of the prior distribution of the unknown covariates. It presents a flexible semiparametric model for this distribution based on a mixture of normal distributions with an unknown number of components. Implementation of this prior model as part of a full Bayesian analysis of measurement error problems is described in classical set-ups that are encountered in epidemiological studies: logistic regression between unknown covariates and outcome, with a normal or log-normal error model and a validation group. The feasibility of this combined model is tested and its performance is demonstrated in a simulation study that includes an assessment of the influence of misspecification of the prior distribution of the unknown covariates and a comparison with the semiparametric maximum likelihood method of Roeder, Carroll and Lindsay. Finally, the methodology is illustrated on a data set on coronary heart disease and cholesterol levels in blood.
Remembrances of Things Past: Test–Retest Reliability of Retrospective Migration Histories
Authors: Smith James P. , Thomas Duncan
Published: March 2003

Matched retrospective life history data collected from the same individuals in two waves of the Malaysian Family Life Survey provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the quality of long-term recall data in a rapidly changing developing country. Recall quality, measured by consistency of incidence and dating of moves reported 12 years apart, is higher among the better educated. Respondents better remember more salient moves, those linked with other important life events such as marriage, childbirth or a job change and moves that lasted a long time. Migrations that dim in memory as time passes are typically shorter duration or local moves, often made while the respondent was young. The dating of moves is also significantly improved when linked with other salient events. Our findings suggest concrete and practical steps that can be followed to improve the quality of retrospective life-histories collected in field surveys.