bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global perspective on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis ‐ prevalence, clinical impact, economic implications and management strategies
Authors: Golabi Pegah , Owrangi Soroor , Younossi Zobair M.
Published: May 2024

Background

The metabolically‐based liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is the most common cause of chronic liver disease currently affecting 38% of the world's adult population. NAFLD can be progressive leading to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver transplantation, liver cancer, liver‐related mortality and is associated with decreased quality of life from impaired physical functioning and increased healthcare resource utilisation. However, screening for NAFLD is cost‐prohibitive but screening for high risk NAFLD (NAFLD with F2 fibrosis or greater) is imperative.

Aim

To review the global perspective on NAFLD and NASH

Methods

We retrieved articles from PubMed using search terms NAFLD, prevalence, clinical burden, economic burden and management strategies.

Results

NAFLD/NASH shows geographical variation across the globe. Highest prevalence rates are in South America and the Middle East and North Africa; lowest prevalence is in Africa. NAFLD's economic impact is from direct and indirect medical costs and loss in worker productivity. It is projected that, over the next two decades, the total cost of NAFLD and diabetes will exceed $1.5 trillion (USD). Risk stratification algorithms identifying “high risk NAFLD” were made following non‐invasive tests for NAFLD identification and fibrosis development. These algorithms should be used in primary care and endocrinology settings so timely and appropriate interventions (lifestyle and cardiometabolic risk factor management) can be initiated.

Conclusions

To reduce the burgeoning burden of NAFLD/NASH, management should include risk stratification algorithms for accurate identification of patients, linkage to appropriate settings, and initiation of effective treatment regimens.
Role of lifestyle and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists for weight loss in obesity, type 2 diabetes and steatotic liver diseases
Authors: Giannakogeorgou Anna , Roden Michael
Published: May 2024

Background

The current obesity pandemic has given rise to associated comorbidities and complications, including type 2 diabetes and metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). During the last decade, certain glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RA), originally developed as antihyperglycemic drugs, also demonstrated efficacy for weight loss.

Aims

To review shared pathophysiologic features of common metabolic diseases and compare therapeutic strategies to reduce body weight and related complications.

Methods

We performed an extensive literature research to describe the effects of lifestyle modification, first‐generation anti‐obesity drugs, and GLP‐1RA on weight loss in humans with obesity, type 2 diabetes and MASLD.

Results

Until recently, treatment of obesity has been limited to lifestyle modification, which offer moderate degree and sustainability of weight loss. The few approved first‐generation anti‐obesity drugs are either limited to short term use or to certain forms of obesity. Some GLP‐1RA significantly decrease caloric intake and body weight. Liraglutide and semaglutide have therefore been approved for treating people with obesity. They also lead to a reduction of hepatic fat content and inflammation in people with biopsy‐confirmed MASLD. Possible limitations comprise adverse effects, treatment adherence and persistence.

Conclusion

Certain GLP‐1RA are superior to lifestyle modification and first‐generation anti‐obesity drugs in inducing weight loss. They have therefore markedly changed the portfolio of obesity treatment with additional beneficial effects on steatotic liver disease.
Meta‐analysis: Over‐the‐scope clips in patients at high risk of re‐bleeding following upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding
Authors: He Kun , Pang Ke , Ying Lujing , Yang Daiyu , Song Kai , Ciren Yangjin , Yan Xiaxiao , Guo Ziqi , Lyu Chengzhen , Wang Qiang , Wu Dong
Published: May 2024

Background

Acute non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is challenging in patients at high risk of re‐bleeding in whom standard endoscopic treatment (ST) has limited effectiveness. Over‐the‐scope clips (OTSC) have shown promise in these patients although their precise role remains uncertain.

Aims

To confirm the role of OTSC in patients with UGIB at high risk of re‐bleeding.

Methods

We systematically searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE and Embase from January 1st, 1970 to April 24, 2024 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing OTSC and ST in acute non‐variceal UGIB with high re‐bleeding risk. The GRADE framework assessed evidence certainty, while trial sequential analysis (TSA) controlled random errors and evaluated conclusion validity.

Results

We analysed four RCTs (319 patients); pooled risk ratio (RR) for clinical success at initial endoscopy favoured OTSC (RR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.08–1.56, p = 0.006, I2 = 58%, moderate certainty of evidence). TSA showed the desired sample size was 410 and the cumulative Z curve crossing the trial sequential monitoring boundary. The pooled RR for re‐bleeding within 30 days favoured OTSC (RR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.30–0.94, p = 0.03, I2 = 0%, moderate certainty of evidence). There was no significant difference in 30‐day mortality, or length of hospital or ICU stay.

Conclusions

Moderate certainty evidence supports OTSC as a superior initial treatment for acute non‐variceal UGIB with high re‐bleeding risk. Further large‐scale studies are needed to confirm OTSCs’ role by exploring other prognostic outcomes and assessing cost‐effectiveness and potential complications.
Large cell lymphoma through a liquid lens
Authors: Shortt Jake , Opat Stephen
Published: May 2024

Liquid biopsy to provide a mutational snapshot of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma is an emerging technology of exciting potential utility. The report by Alcoceba et al. assesses the tractability of the EuroClonality‐NDC assay to profile lymphoma using cell‐free DNA and highlights the prognostic implication of attaining a major molecular response to therapy.

Commentary on: Alcoceba et al. Liquid biopsy for molecular characterization of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma and early assessment of minimal residual disease. Br J Haematol 2024;205:109–121.
Dung beetle populations's morphology show evidence of isolation in southern Brazil islands
Authors: de Sousa Eloisa Alves , Hernández Malva Isabel Medina
Published: May 2024

Insects in islands may undergo morphological variations related to the geographic isolation faced by their populations. This isolation on insular biota can vary according to the history and characteristics of the islands, as well as the dispersal ability of each species. We investigated the existence of morphological variations in the populations of the Canthon rutilans cyanescens dung beetle from the southern Brazil islands and the nearby mainland. Dung beetles were sampled from December/2020 to April/2021 from five Islands in the Santa Catarina Archipelago and on the mainland through samplings with baited live traps. With geometric morphometry analyses and individuals from each population we compared the body size using an Analysis of Variance and body shape using a Discriminant Analysis with cross‐validation test, followed by a Canonical Variable Analysis to visualize the populations in morphometric space. We found a significant difference in the body length: the population of Ratones Grande Island has smaller individuals than the populations of the mainland, Dona Francisca Island, and Peri on Santa Catarina Island. We also observed that the body shape of the population of Campeche Island differs from the populations of Arvoredo Island and Dona Francisca Island, with a slightly oval body, a larger dorsal region, and a retracted abdomen. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the populations found on the islands may have remained there since their formation after the Last Glacial Maximum. The isolation and the absence of connectivity between the populations would explain why some islands have populations with distinct morphology.

Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.
A Global Call for Two‐Generation Approaches to Child Development and Caregivers' Livelihoods
Authors: Sommer Teresa Eckrich , Franchett Emily , Yoshikawa Hirokazu , Lombardi Joan
Published: May 2024

Interest in two‐generation approaches to improve the developmental outcomes of children and their caregivers and the economic well‐being of families has increased amid persistent child and family poverty worldwide. Grounded in a dual developmental science perspective and the theory of linked lives, these approaches maximize developmental potential by addressing the interrelated educational, economic, and developmental needs of children and their caregivers. They offer coordinated, aligned, and simultaneous services for at least two generations in the same family. In this article, we propose that from a global perspective, two‐generation approaches that harness synergies among children and their caregivers are likely to be more effective than single‐generation approaches in alleviating poverty and improving human development. We identify five models in different geographic regions of the world that promote the development of young children (0–6 years), the education and livelihood of their caregivers, and the well‐being of both, which we group by type of program: quality child care, early childhood development + nonformal education for parents, and cash transfers + parenting. We close with a call for more research on two‐generation programs and policies globally.
Revisiting the conceptualization and measurement of ethnic‐racial identity affect: Recommendations for future directions
Authors: Umaña‐Taylor Adriana J.
Published: May 2024

Ethnic‐racial identity (ERI) is an important psychological construct that can have significant implications for individuals' positive development and adjustment. The multifaceted nature of ERI has been well documented, and scholars have identified clear distinctions between process and content dimensions of ERI. ERI affect is among the most widely studied dimensions of ERI. In this article, I revisit the theoretical and empirical foundations on which the conceptualization and measurement of ERI affect have been grounded, and present findings that suggest that distinctions between positive and negative affect are necessary. I also draw on social identity and emotion science theories to explain the patterns of findings for positive and negative affect and offer suggestions for future theorizing and empirical work on ERI affect. Finally, I offer recommendations for revised interpretations of prior work, more refined measurement approaches for future work, and increased attention to the practice‐based implications of research on ERI affect.
COPD patients with high blood eosinophil counts exhibit a lower rate of omicron infection and milder post‐infection symptoms
Authors: Bai Xueli , Niu Yanan , Wei Shuang , Zhu Zhifan , Xu Min , Liu Hu , Liu Xiansheng , Wang Ruiying
Published: May 2024

Background

The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and its subsequent Omicron variant has raised concerns for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients due to the potential risk of disruptions to healthcare services and unknown comorbidities between COPD and Omicron.

Method

In this study, we conducted a follow‐up investigation of 315 COPD patients during the Omicron outbreak at Shanxi Bethune Hospital to understand the impact of the pandemic on this vulnerable population. Among all patients, 228 were infected with Omicron, of which 82 needed hospitalizations.

Result

We found that COPD patients with high blood eosinophil (EOS) counts exhibited lower susceptibility to Omicron infection and were more likely to have milder symptoms that did not require hospitalization. Conversely, patients with low EOS counts showed higher rates of infection and hospitalization. Moreover, EOS count was positively correlated with T lymphocyte counts in hospitalized patients after Omicron infection, suggesting potential associations between EOS and specific immune responses in COPD patients during viral infections. Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between EOS count and lymphocyte and T‐cells, and a negative correlation between EOS count and age, neutrophil, and C‐reactive protein.

Conclusion

Overall, our study contributes to the knowledge of COPD management during the COVID‐19 Omicron outbreak and emphasizes the importance of considering individual immune profiles to improve care for COPD patients in the face of the ongoing global health crisis.
Habitat parameters influencing the distribution of a geographically isolated flying squirrel
Authors: Winchell Clark S. , Holway David A. , Diggins Corinne A. , Doherty Paul F. , Yuan Stella C. , Banyai‐Becker Daniel , Tremor Scott B.
Published: May 2024

The San Bernardino flying squirrel (SBFS) is an isolated subspecies of Humboldt's flying squirrel, occurring in montane sky islands in the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains in Southern California, USA. Recent small mammal surveys in the San Jacinto Mountains suggest the squirrel is extirpated. Our objectives were (1) determine habitat features, including forest metrics and topographical factors, that influence SBFS presence, in the San Bernardino Mountains; (2) use information collected in the San Bernardino Mountains to confirm squirrel occurrence and habitat preference in the San Jacinto Mountains; and (3) assess habitat and climatic differences between the two mountain ranges that could explain species persistence in one mountain range but not the other. We surveyed for SBFS using camera traps at 54 sites in the San Bernardino Mountains and 34 sites in the San Jacinto Mountains using both camera traps and acoustics. In the San Bernardino Mountains, we detected squirrels in sites that were more mesic, had higher structural heterogeneity, and had greater amounts of downed woody material compared to non‐detection sites. Habitat parameters were similar between the two ranges; however, squirrels were not detected in the San Jacinto Mountains. Conditions in the San Jacinto Mountains were hotter and drier. Increased temperatures due to climate change could potentially explain the absence of flying squirrels in the San Jacinto Mountains.
Big data, big problems? How to circumvent problems in biodiversity mapping and ensure meaningful results
Authors: Hughes Alice C. , Dorey James B. , Bossert Silas , Qiao Huijie , Orr Michael C.
Published: May 2024

Our knowledge of biodiversity hinges on sufficient data, reliable methods, and realistic models. Without an accurate assessment of species distributions, we cannot effectively target and stem biodiversity loss. Species range maps are the foundation of such efforts, but countless studies have failed to account for the most basic assumptions of reliable species mapping practices, undermining the credibility of their results and potentially misleading and hindering conservation and management efforts. Here, we use examples from the recent literature and broader conservation community to highlight the substantial shortfalls in current practices and their consequences for both analyses and conservation management. We detail how different decisions on data filtering impact the outcomes of analysis and provide practical recommendations and steps for more reliable analysis, whilst understanding the limits of what available data will reliably allow and what methods are most appropriate. Whilst perfect analyses are not possible for many taxa given limited data, and biases, ensuring we use data within reasonable limits and understanding inherent assumptions is crucial to ensure appropriate use. By embracing and enacting such best practices, we can ensure both the accuracy and improved comparability of biodiversity analyses going forward, ultimately enhancing our ability to use data to facilitate our protection of the natural world.
Exploring ultrasonic communication in mice treated with Cannabis sativa oil: Audio data processing and correlation study with different behaviours
Authors: Pilipenko Tatiana , Premoli Marika , Gnutti Alessandro , Bonini Sara Anna , Leonardi Riccardo , Memo Maurizio , Migliorati Pierangelo
Published: May 2024

Studying ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) plays a crucial role in understanding animal communication, particularly in the field of ethology and neuropharmacology. Communication is associated with social behaviour; so, USVs study is a valid assay in behavioural readout and monitoring in this context. This paper delved into an investigation of ultrasonic communication in mice treated with Cannabis sativa oil (CS mice), which has been demonstrated having a prosocial effect on behaviour of mice, versus control mice (vehicle‐treated, VH mice). To conduct this study, we created a dataset by recording audio‐video files and annotating the duration of time that test mice spent engaging in social activities, along with categorizing the types of emitted USVs. The analysis encompassed the frequency of individual sounds as well as more complex sequences of consecutive syllables (patterns). The primary goal was to examine the extent and nature of diversity in ultrasonic communication patterns emitted by these two groups of mice. As a result, we observed statistically significant differences for each considered pattern length between the two groups of mice. Additionally, the study extended its research by considering specific behaviours, aiming to ascertain whether dissimilarities in ultrasonic communication between CS and VH mice are more pronounced or subtle within distinct behavioural contexts. Our findings suggest that while there is variation in USV communication between the two groups of mice, the degree of this diversity may vary depending on the specific behaviour being observed.
With instead of about: Toward an anthropology that is critically integrated into Global Early Childhood Development interventions
Authors: Remorini Carolina
Published: May 2024

This comment posits questions and opens debates around the recent article by Scheidecker et al. based in the author's experience in anthropological research and applied work in child development in the Global South. The article advocates for a critical review of how anthropologists in the Global South carry out and disseminate their research, in order to broaden audiences beyond the academy. Finally, it is argued that for anthropological evidence to hold a place at the table on Global Early Childhood Development (ECD), anthropologists must engage in practices, methodologies, and forms of collaboration that make our findings and perspectives hearable. For this to happen, anthropologists should take an active part in institutions and fields of work they tend to avoid. Only in this way can we positively impact children and families by incorporating the inherent diversity of ECD beyond the parameters and values of normalcy that predominate in the so‐called minority world.
Behavioral transcriptomic effects of triploidy and probiotic therapy (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Lactococcus mixture) on juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
Authors: Frank Chelsea E. , Sadeghi Javad , Heath Daniel D. , Semeniuk Christina A. D.
Published: May 2024

Aquaculturists use polyploid fish to maximize production albeit with some unintended consequences including compromised behaviors and physiological function. Given benefits of probiotic therapies (e.g., improved immune response, growth, and metabolism), we explored probiotic supplementation (mixture of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Lactococcus), to overcome drawbacks. We first examined fish gut bacterial community composition using 16S metabarcoding (via principal coordinate analyses and PERMANOVA) and determined probiotics significantly impacted gut bacteria composition (p = 0.001). Secondly, we examined how a genomic disruptor (triploidy) and diet supplements (probiotics) impact gene transcription and behavioral profiles of hatchery‐reared Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Juveniles from four treatment groups (diploid‐regular feed, diploid‐probiotic feed, triploid‐regular feed, and triploid‐probiotic feed; n = 360) underwent behavioral assays to test activity, exploration, neophobia, predator evasion, aggression/sociality, behavioral sensitivity, and flexibility. In these fish, transcriptional profiles for genes associated with neural functions (neurogenesis/synaptic plasticity) and biomarkers for stress response and development (growth/appetite) were (i) examined across treatments and (ii) used to describe behavioral phenotypes via principal component analyses and general linear mixed models. Triploids exhibited a more active behavioral profile (p = 0.002), and those on a regular diet had greater Neuropeptide Y transcription (p = 0.02). A growth gene (early growth response protein 1, p = 0.02) and long‐term neural development genes (neurogenic differentiation factor, p = 0.003 and synaptysomal‐associated protein 25‐a, p = 0.005) impacted activity and reactionary profiles, respectively. Overall, our probiotic treatment did not compensate for triploidy. Our research highlights novel applications of behavioral transcriptomics for identifying candidate genes and dynamic, mechanistic associations with complex behavioral repertoires.
Impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on children overweight in Japan in 2020
Authors: Kawahara Tomoki , Doi Satomi Kato , Isumi Aya , Matsuyama Yusuke , Tani Yukako , Fujiwara Takeo
Published: May 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to explore the association between the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic and overweight incidence among preadolescent elementary school children in Japan.

Methods

A population‐based longitudinal study was conducted in Adachi City, Tokyo, Japan, using data from the Adachi Child Health Impact of Living Difficulty (A‐CHILD) study. The control group (2016–2018) comprised 434 children, and the COVID‐19 exposure group (2018–2020) included 3500 children. Overweight was defined as a body mass index (BMI) z‐score of 1 SD or more according to the World Health Organization standards. The study design involved comparing BMI z‐scores before and after exposure to the pandemic, considering the associated lifestyle changes and potential consequences on physical activity, parental employment status and income.

Results

By 6th grade, the prevalence of overweight increased from 17.7% to 19.2% in the control group and 22.5% to 29.5% in the COVID‐19 exposure group. Difference‐in‐differences analysis revealed that children's exposure to COVID‐19 significantly increased BMI z‐scores (coefficient 0.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14–0.29) and a higher odds ratio of overweight (odds ratio 2.51, 95% CI 1.12–5.62), even after adjusting for time‐varying covariates.

Conclusion

The COVID‐19 pandemic has been associated with an increased prevalence of overweight among elementary school children in Japan.
Designing interview questions to find the right candidate
Authors: Liston Adrian
Published: May 2024

Asking the right questions during a job interview helps you find the best person for your team. A well‐crafted question will allow the applicants to shed light on their skills and their passion for science. Just as importantly, good interview questions can let you know about the applicants’ support expectations and needs, and their approach to lab citizenship and research culture. Here we crowd‐sourced the #ImmunologyFutures community for their go‐to job interview questions, to help you find the right candidate for your position.
I Am in Prison, Making Batik, and You Are Visiting Me
Authors: Wowor Jeniffer F. P. , Rungkat Merry K.
Published: May 2024

This article contributes to the literature on interreligious engagement in prison from the perspective of Christian religious educational and missional ministry. It uses a case study conducted in the Class IIA Women's Correctional Institution in Semarang, Indonesia. In Indonesia, educational and missional ministry in prisons plays a vital role in supporting prison services. This ministry is understood as part of the Christian mandate to serve those in prison, regardless of their religion. Though spiritual development for Christian inmates is also essential, it is important to consider a comprehensive interreligious engagement programme that includes art, creativity, and imagination, including batik‐making. Using a postcolonial feminist perspective, this article proposes practices relevant to prison ministry, especially for female inmates. The practices are both educational and missional. We call the interconnection between the educational and missional a liberating third space – a space of interreligious engagement that is relevant for female inmates in Indonesia.
A Future Agenda for Research on In‐Service Theological Training in Thailand and Beyond
Authors: Winchester Ross , Hovey Kevin , Luetz Johannes M.
Published: May 2024

Contextualization has featured prominently in missiological research for decades, often alongside concepts such as syncretism and hybridity. Being typically conceived as attempts to transpose and communicate the gospel in words and ways that make sense to people in their local cultural settings, contextualization has been theorized extensively in missiological scholarship. Notwithstanding this longstanding scholarly interest, a dearth of research recognizes in‐service training as a valid expression of contextualization praxis. This article addresses this knowledge gap. Set in the contemporary church context in Thailand, the article explores questions, issues, and trends of current theological training practice, considering future opportunities for indigenous leadership formation. The analysis converges around the central proposition that in‐service training is an under‐recognized strategy for leadership development in Thailand and beyond. Conceptualizing opportunities for future research, the review charts pertinent perspectives and prospects for in‐service training. This article embodies a timely research agenda aimed at sidestepping undue reliance on Western‐dominated hermeneutics while at the same time advocating for indigenous theological training approaches in countries of the majority world.
Enhancing maturity in 3D kidney micro‐tissues through clonogenic cell combinations and endothelial integration
Authors: Abdollahzadeh Fatemeh , Khoshdel‐Rad Niloofar , Bahrehbar Khadijeh , Erfanian Saiedeh , Ezzatizadeh Vahid , Totonchi Mehdi , Moghadasali Reza
Published: May 2024

As an advance laboratory model, three‐dimensional (3D) organoid culture has recently been recruited to study development, physiology and abnormality of kidney tissue. Micro‐tissues derived from primary renal cells are composed of 3D epithelial structures representing the main characteristics of original tissue. In this research, we presented a simple method to isolate mouse renal clonogenic mesenchymal (MLCs) and epithelial‐like cells (ELCs). Then we have done a full characterization of MLCs using flow cytometry for surface markers which showed that more than 93% of cells expressed these markers (Cd44, Cd73 and Cd105). Epithelial and stem/progenitor cell markers characterization also performed for ELC cells and upregulating of these markers observed while mesenchymal markers expression levels were not significantly increased in ELCs. Each of these cells were cultured either alone (ME) or in combination with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (MEH; with an approximate ratio of 10:5:2) to generate more mature kidney structures. Analysis of 3D MEH renal micro‐tissues (MEHRMs) indicated a significant increase in renal‐specific gene expression including Aqp1 (proximal tubule), Cdh1 (distal tubule), Umod (loop of Henle), Wt1, Podxl and Nphs1 (podocyte markers), compared to those groups without endothelial cells, suggesting greater maturity of the former tissue. Furthermore, ex ovo transplantation showed greater maturation in the constructed 3D kidney.
Can displaced Anguilla marmorata return to their original habitat? Daily tracking study of their homing behavior
Authors: Maeda Tatsuhiko , Hagihara Seishi , Wakiya Ryoshiro , Kimura Shingo
Published: May 2024

Anguilla marmorata collected in the Odana River lower reaches were passive integrated transponder‐tagged displaced and released into the upper river reaches (54 up‐transported eels), and eels collected in the upper reaches were tagged and released downstream (52 down‐transported eels). Their movements were detected once per day for 10 days using a portable radio‐frequency identification (RFID) system. The homing rate of the down‐transported eels was 38.9%, compared to 3.7% for the up‐transported eels, suggesting that eels inhabiting upstream areas have relatively high fidelity to their habitats and downstream eels have less fidelity.
The effect of dementia on patterns of healthcare use in older adults with diabetes
Authors: Nothelle Stephanie K. , Kleijwegt Hannah , Bollens‐Lund Evan , Covinsky Kenneth , Ankuda Claire K.
Published: May 2024

Background

For persons with diabetes, incidence of dementia has been associated with increased hospitalization; however, little is known about healthcare use preceding and following incident dementia. We describe healthcare utilization in the 3 years pre‐ and post‐incident dementia among older adults with diabetes.

Methods

We used the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) linked to Medicare fee‐for‐service claims from 2011 to 2018. We included community‐dwelling adults ≥65 years who had diabetes without dementia. We matched older adults with dementia (identified with validated NHATS algorithm) at the year of incident dementia to controls using coarsened exact matching. We examined annual outpatient visits, emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalization, and post‐acute skilled nursing facility (SNF) use 3 years preceding and 3 years following dementia onset.

Results

We included 195 older adults with diabetes with incident dementia and 1107 controls. Groups had a similar age (81.6 vs 81.7 years) and were 56.4% female. Persons with dementia were more likely to be of minority racial and ethnic groups (26.7% vs 21.3% Black, non‐Hispanic, 15.3% vs 6.7% other race or Hispanic). We observed a larger decrease in outpatient visits among persons with dementia, primarily due to decreasing specialty visits (mean outpatient visits: 3 years pre‐dementia/matching 6.8 (SD 2.6) dementia vs 6.4 (SD 2.6) controls, p < 0.01 to 3 years post‐dementia/matching 4.6 (SD 2.3) dementia vs 5.5 (SD 2.7) controls, p < 0.01). Hospitalization, ED visits, and post‐acute SNF use were higher for persons with dementia and rose in both groups (e.g., ED visits 3 years pre‐dementia/matching 3.9 (SD 5.4) dementia vs 2.2 (SD 4.8) controls, p < 0.001; 3 years post‐dementia/matching 4.5 (SD 4.7) dementia vs 3.5 (SD 6.1) controls, p = 0.04).

Conclusions

Older adults with diabetes with incident dementia have higher rates of acute and post‐acute care use, but decreasing outpatient use over time, primarily due to a decrease in specialty visits.
The effects of carbon emissions trading on profitability and value: Evidence from Korean listed firms
Authors: Park Hyejin , Khue Pham Minh , Lee Jiyoon
Published: May 2024

We examine the effects of environmental regulations on the profitability and value of Korean listed firms, exploiting the first phase of the Korean Emissions Trading System (ETS) as an exogenous shock. While previous studies have mainly focused on environmental regulations in developed countries, often yielding inconclusive results, emerging markets like South Korea remain less explored. Using data on Korean listed firms from 2011 to 2017, we explore the effects of the 2015 Korean ETS on environmental and financial performance in treated firms. We find that treated firms did not reduce their carbon emissions, but their environmental ratings improved. Moreover, the ETS slightly increased profitability but significantly decreased firm value. Treated firms also exhibited a higher systematic risk, indicating that investors account for future carbon risks. In summary, the Korean ETS has not effectively incentivized firms to reduce emissions and has diminished their long‐term value.
Water rights trading and corporate productivity: Evidence from a quasi‐natural experiment of China's pilot policy
Authors: Liu Duan , Yu Nizhou , Wan Hong , Ou Jinghua , Yao Shujie , Wang Qiuhong
Published: May 2024

The economic consequences of water efficiency that results from water policies remains controversial. Studies on how water rights trading (WRT), which allocates water resources in and across industries, influences corporate efficiency can reveal the behavioral response of market participants to increase water efficiency. Considering the WRT pilot implemented in 2014 as a quasi‐natural experiment, we adopt the difference‐in‐difference‐in‐differences method to evaluate its impact on corporate total factor productivity (TFP). Our findings show that WRT significantly stimulates the TFP of firms with high water costs. This effect is achieved by promoting water‐related green innovation and optimizing resource allocation instead of alleviating corporate risks. Furthermore, the impact of WRT is more pronounced in areas with lower levels of water endowment and market development. The research findings have strikingly important policy implications regarding water management in China through WRT.
Do effervescent vitamin tablets affect the surface roughness, microhardness, and color of human enamel and contemporary composite resins?
Authors: Sozen Yanik Irem , Kesim Betül , Ersu Bahadır , Koc Vural Uzay
Published: May 2024

Purpose

To compare the impact of four effervescent vitamin tablets on the surface roughness, microhardness, and color of human enamel and contemporary composite resins.

Material and Methods

Sixty enamel and a total of 240 anterior (Gradia Direct Anterior), posterior (Gradia Direct Posterior), and universal composite resin (Filtek Ultimate) specimens (n = 60 per group) were fabricated. Each group was subdivided into five subgroups (n = 12, per subgroup). The specimens were subsequently immersed in YOUPLUS, Redoxon, Sunlife Immuvit, and Sambucol effervescent vitamin solutions for 2 min per day over 30 days. Distilled water was used as control. Subsequently, surface roughness (Ra) was detected using a profilometer, and microhardness (VHN) was measured using a microhardness tester. A spectrophotometer device was used to record the L,a,b color coordinates of the specimens after 24 h, 7 days, and 30 days, and the color changes (ΔE00) of the groups were calculated. The data were analyzed by ANOVA, two‐way ANOVA, Kruskal‐Wallis, Levene's, and Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) tests (p < 0.05). SEM analysis was conducted on one randomly selected specimen per group (×1000).

Results

In terms of surface roughness, material X vitamin interactions were found significant (p < 0.05). The increase in Ra from 24 h to 30 days was found significant (p < 0.05) except for Gradia Direct Anterior X Redoxon, Sunlife Immuvit and Sambucol, Filtek Ultimate X Sunlife Immuvit and Sambucol, and all control groups. Ra changes were also concluded by SEM. Regarding VHNs, material X vitamin interactions were significant (p < 0.005), except for all Filtek Ultimate subgroups. The changes in VHNs of the groups from 24 h to 30 days were significant for all enamel and Gradia Direct Anterior X YOUPLUS, Gradia Posterior X YOUPLUS, Sunlife Immuvit, and Sambucol groups (p < 0.05). In terms of ΔE00, significant differences were observed between the 7 days and 30 days in the enamel (p = 0.047), Gradia Direct Anterior (p = 0.019), and Gradia Direct Posterior groups (p = 0.038).

Conclusions

Daily consumption of effervescent vitamin tablets can increase surface roughness, decrease microhardness, and influence the color of human enamel and contemporary anterior, posterior, and universal composite resins after a 30‐day period.
Exploring current and emerging therapies for porphyrias
Authors: Jericó Daniel , Córdoba Karol M. , Urigo Francesco , Enríquez de Salamanca Rafael , Anderson Karl E. , Deybach Jean‐Charles , Ávila Matías A. , Fontanellas Antonio
Published: May 2024

Porphyrias are rare, mostly inherited disorders resulting from altered activity of specific enzymes in the haem synthesis pathway that lead to accumulation of pathway intermediates. Photocutaneous symptoms occur when excess amounts of photoreactive porphyrins circulate in the blood to the skin, whereas increases in potentially neurotoxic porphyrin precursors are associated with neurovisceral symptoms. Current therapies are suboptimal and their mechanisms are not well established. As described here, emerging therapies address underlying disease mechanisms by introducing a gene, RNA or other specific molecule with the potential to cure or slow progression of the disease. Recent progress in nanotechnology and nanoscience, particularly regarding particle design and formulation, is expanding disease targets. More secure and efficient drug delivery systems have extended our toolbox for transferring specific molecules, especially into hepatocytes, and led to proof‐of‐concept studies in animal models. Repurposing existing drugs as molecular chaperones or haem synthesis inhibitors is also promising. This review summarizes key examples of these emerging therapeutic approaches and their application for hepatic and erythropoietic porphyrias.
The clinical management of porphyria cutanea tarda: An update
Authors: Sarkany R. P. E. , Phillips J. D.
Published: May 2024

Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is the commonest of the porphyrias (Semin Liver Dis 1998;18:67). It often occurs secondary to an underlying internal disorder, has significant impacts on liver health and longevity, and is a treatable disease. Thus, for the clinician, recognising the disease to make the correct diagnosis, identifying causative underlying diseases, and treating the porphyria and its complications, are crucial. Although reviews on the management of PCT have been written, there have recently been significant advances in the understanding of the factors predisposing to the disease, and of its wider health impacts. This review aims to help the clinician to diagnose and manage patients with PCT, with an emphasis on the impact of recent advances on clinical management.
Impact of Matrix Gel Variations on Primary Culture of Microvascular Endothelial Cell Function
Authors: Burboa Pía C. , Corrêa‐Velloso Juliana C. , Arriagada Cecilia , Thomas Andrew P. , Durán Walter N. , Lillo Mauricio A.
Published: May 2024

Objective

The endothelium regulates crucial aspects of vascular function, including hemostasis, vasomotor tone, proliferation, immune cell adhesion, and microvascular permeability. Endothelial cells (ECs), especially in arterioles, are pivotal for flow distribution and peripheral resistance regulation. Investigating vascular endothelium physiology, particularly in microvascular ECs, demands precise isolation and culturing techniques.

Methods

Freshly isolated ECs are vital for examining protein expression, ion channel behavior, and calcium dynamics. Establishing primary endothelial cell cultures is crucial for unraveling vascular functions and understanding intact microvessel endothelium roles. Despite the significance, detailed protocols and comparisons with intact vessels are scarce in microvascular research. We developed a reproducible method to isolate microvascular ECs, assessing substrate influence by cultivating cells on fibronectin and gelatin matrix gels. This comparative approach enhances our understanding of microvascular endothelial cell biology.

Results

Microvascular mesenteric ECs expressed key markers (VE‐cadherin and eNOS) in both matrix gels, confirming cell culture purity. Under uncoated conditions, ECs were undetected, whereas proteins linked to smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts were evident.

Examining endothelial cell (EC) physiological dynamics on distinct matrix substrates revealed comparable cell length, shape, and Ca2+ elevations in both male and female ECs on gelatin and fibronectin matrix gels. Gelatin‐cultured ECs exhibited analogous membrane potential responses to acetylcholine (ACh) or adenosine triphosphate (ATP), contrasting with their fibronectin‐cultured counterparts. In the absence of stimulation, fibronectin‐cultured ECs displayed a more depolarized resting membrane potential than gelatin‐cultured ECs.

Conclusions

Gelatin‐cultured ECs demonstrated electrical behaviors akin to intact endothelium from mouse mesenteric arteries, thus advancing our understanding of endothelial cell behavior within diverse microenvironments.
Representing the nation in Citizenship in an Independent Scotland: Compromised inclusion?
Authors: Bond Ross
Published: May 2024

This paper analyses how Citizenship in an Independent Scotland (CIS)—published by the Scottish Government as part of a ‘prospectus for an independent Scotland’—discursively represents the Scottish nation in the context of establishing who should be eligible to be a member of that nation. I relate CIS to the historical and contemporary determination of British citizenship and to evidence concerning popular conceptions of citizenship and national belonging in Scotland. I argue that while CIS reflects nation‐building through an attempt to rhetorically differentiate Scotland from Britain, it also reflects the influence that the evolution of British citizenship has on proposed post‐independence Scottish citizenship. I also evaluate CIS's stress on ‘inclusion’, consistent with its representation of Scotland as an ‘inclusive’ nation. I conclude that the proposals may be described as compromised inclusion and that the reasons for this are likely to be common to similar aspirational secessionist proposals in sub‐state nations.
Feasibility, Reliability, and Effectiveness of Oral cancer screening in South Asia and Southeast Asian countries: A systematic review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Gurushanth Keerthi , Sunny Sumsum P. , Kuriakose Moni Abraham , Birur Praveen N.
Published: May 2024

Objectives

The incidence of oral cancer is significantly high in South Asia and Southeast Asia. Organized screening is an effective approach to early detection. The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to evaluate the reliability, diagnostic accuracy, and effectiveness of visual oral screening by community health workers (CHWs) in identifying oral cancer/oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) in this region.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a bibliographic search in PubMed, Scopus, the gray literature of Google Scholar, ProQuest dissertations, and additional manual searches. Twelve articles were included for qualitative synthesis and six for meta‐analysis. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and forest plot analysis were performed.

Results

Meta‐analysis showed CHWs identified 8% (n = 6365) as suspicious and 92% (n = 74,140) as normal. The diagnostic accuracy of visual oral screening by CHWs showed a sensitivity of 75% (CI: 74–76) and specificity of 97% (CI: 97–97) in the detection of OPMDs/oral cancer. Forest plots were obtained using a random effects model (DOR: 24.52 (CI: 22.65–26.55)) and SAUC: 0.96 (SE = 0.05).

Conclusions

Oral visual examination by trained CHWs can be utilized for community screenings to detect oral cancer early. This approach can be used in primary healthcare to triage patients for further referral and management.
Risk quantification as an epidemiological analysis strategy: Analysis and application to bud rot in oil palm
Authors: Ramírez‐Gil Joaquín Guillermo , Rivera‐Lozano Carlos Mauricio , Tapiero Aníbal L.
Published: May 2024

Bud rot (BR), caused by Phytophthora palmivora, limits growth and development of oil palms in the American continent, particularly in Colombia. Due to the absence of systematic epidemiological analyses and determination of risk factors associated with BR, this study aimed to employ deterministic mathematical models and frequentist and Bayesian statistical methods to quantify the genetic response and edaphoclimatic variables as risk indicators of BR. From 2011 to 2014, the severity of BR in oil palm crops was recorded monthly in two locations: Tumaco (hot spot) and Villavicencio (cold spot), determining the edaphoclimatic variables at each site. Using the area under the disease progress stairs curve, temporal models were applied to determine the rate of disease development (R0) to quantify risk at locality and genotype levels. Subsequently, the observed intensity and severity levels of BR were adjusted to models such as survival curves, Cox proportional hazard risk and transition probabilities, or Markov states, with the aim of quantifying and characterizing risk factors associated with genotype and edaphoclimatic variables at each location. The risk in Tumaco was three times higher than in Villavicencio, and the R0 values were differential by genotype, with Tenera more susceptible than Hybrids. Moreover, the risk of BR increased when periods of 2–3 months occurred with successive instances of precipitation and relative humidity greater than 150 mm/month and 90%, respectively, and when manganese and zinc levels were below optimal. This approach allowed us to characterize epidemiological factors that cause plant diseases, allowing quantification of the risk of BR.
Early prognostic markers to predict unsuccessful pregnancy in dairy cattle
Authors: Yokus Beran , Takci Abdurrahman , Ercan Nazli , Em Bernan , Uysal Ersin
Published: May 2024

This study aimed to investigate maternal serum levels of some angiogenic factors and certain proteins in dairy cattle for (1) early prediction of unsuccessful fertilization and (2) early detection of possible pregnancy failures (early EM) after positive insemination Serum samples were collected from the same cattle at three distinct time points: 30 days before artificial insemination (B‐AI), on the day of artificial insemination (AI), and 30 days after artificial insemination (A‐AI). As a result of the pregnancy examination, the cows were divided into two main groups according to whether they were pregnant. The results showed that leucyl/cystinyl aminopeptidase (LNPEP) concentration was significantly decreased B‐AI and Secreted frizzled‐related proteins (SFRP‐3), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and LNPEP levels were significantly decreased on day of AI, while PRL level was increased, and these data have prognostic significance as early indicator of the risk of potentially failed pregnancy. Additionally, a significant decrease in LNPEP, SFRP3, and VEGF levels, along with an increase in PRL levels was also observed in A‐AI. These results suggest that these biomarkers can be used as a screening test to monitor the course of pregnancy. There were no significant differences in serum levels of Insulin‐Like Growth Factor 2 (IGF‐2), Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP‐1), angiopoietin (ANG), Endoglin (ENG), Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Inhibine‐A (INH‐A) and Transforming growth factors‐β1 (TGF‐β1) between the evaluated periods neither unsuccessful nor the successful pregnancy groups. This is the first study reporting that the maternal serum levels of LNPEP, SFRP3, VEGF, and PRL have important roles in pregnancy success and may indicate whether insemination outcome will be successful B‐AI and predict the risk of unsuccessful pregnancy after AI in dairy cattle. The increase in such studies will allow the development of more specific, practical, and applicable markers.