bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dietary Intake of Key Nutrients and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Population-Based Case-Control Study in Australasia
Authors: Shiue Ivy , Arima Hisatomi , Hankey Graeme J. , Anderson Craig S. ,   for the ACROSS Group
Published: March 2011

Background: A healthy, balanced diet can prevent stroke, but little is known about dietary risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We aimed to determine the relationship between common dietary habits and risk of SAH. Methods: In a population-based, case-control study of SAH undertaken across 4 Australasian cities, a standardized questionnaire was used to obtain information on the frequency of consumption of 15 common food items and alcohol in incident cases (n = 383) and frequency-matched community controls (n = 473). Logistic regression models were used to estimate the independent effects of these dietary factors, after adjusting for conventional risk factors for SAH. Data are reported with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: The risk of SAH rose with increasing consumption of fat or skin on meat (p trend = 0.04), being highest in those with consumption >4 times weekly compared with no fat or skin on meat (adjusted OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.09–2.66), while use of skim or reduced-fat milk (p trend = 0.01) and fruit (p trend = 0.04) was associated with a reduced risk of SAH compared with rare use. Among people with a history of hypertension, frequently adding salt to food was associated with an increased risk of SAH, irrespective of whether they were (OR 2.58, 95% CI 1.29–5.13) or were not (OR 2.88, 95% CI 1.46–5.70) currently taking antihypertensive treatment. Conclusions: Frequent intake of fat appears to be associated with an increased risk of SAH, particularly in people with hypertension, while frequent use of skim or reduced-fat milk and fruit appears protective for SAH.
Sirolimus Prevents Short-Term Renal Changes Induced by Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats
Authors: Esposito C. , Grosjean F. , Torreggiani M. , Esposito V. , Mangione F. , Villa L. , Sileno G. , Rosso R. , Serpieri N. , Molinaro M. , Fasoli G. , Dal Canton A.
Published: March 2011

Background: Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is present at various degrees in kidney transplants. I/R plays a major role in early function and long-term survival of renal allograft. The purpose of our study was to determine if immunosuppressants modulate I/R in a model that separates I/R from all immune responses. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats with monolateral renal I/R received daily cyclosporine (A), tacrolimus (B), sirolimus (C) or saline (D). Sham-operated rats received saline (E). After 30 days, glomerular filtration rate for each kidney was measured by inulin clearance. Kidney injury was examined, and TGF-β, fibronectin and metalloproteases were evaluated by real-time PCR, Western blot and zymography. Results: Sirolimus, but not cyclosporine and tacrolimus, prevented a glomerular filtration rate decrease in I/R kidneys (403 ± 303 vs. 1,006 ± 484 µl/min, p < 0.05; 126 ± 170 vs. 567 ± 374 µl/min, p < 0.05; 633 ± 293 vs. 786 ± 255; A, B and C group, respectively, I/R vs. contralateral kidneys). Sirolimus reduced ED-1+ cell infiltrate, interstitial fibrosis and intimal thickening of small vessels observed in I/R kidneys of controls and calcineurin inhibitor-treated rats. Tacrolimus and cyclosporine increased fibronectin and TGF-β expression and matrix deposition. Only sirolimus increased metalloprotease activity. Conclusions: Sirolimus but not calcineurin inhibitors prevented I/R-induced kidney injury.
Approaches to Prolong the Use of Uncuffed Hemodialysis Catheters: Results of a Randomized Trial
Authors: Filiopoulos Vassilis , Hadjiyannakos Dimitrios , Koutis Ioannis , Trompouki Sofia , Micha Theodora , Lazarou Dimitrios , Vlassopoulos Dimosthenis
Published: March 2011

Background: Use of uncuffed catheters (UCs) in hemodialysis patients is common practice. An antibiotic lock has been recommended to prevent catheter-related bacteremia (CRB), although insufficient data are available about the appropriate antimicrobial agent and dose with prolonged use of UCs. Methods: This open-label randomized study was conducted to compare gentamicin/heparin (group A) and taurolidine/citrate (group B), as catheter-lock solutions, in 119 chronic hemodialysis patients in whom a total of 150 UCs were placed. A well-matched historical control group (heparin) included 67 UCs in 58 patients (group C). Results: CRB episodes developed in 6 and 8 patients in groups A and B, respectively, significantly fewer than in group C (20 patients). Cumulative CRB-free catheter survival at 90 days was 82% for A and 78% for B, which is significantly higher than the 26% for C. Similar Gram-positive infection rates were found in all groups. The Gram-negative infection rate was significantly lower in B compared to C. No significant differences in thrombosis rates were observed between the groups. Conclusions: Gentamicin/heparin and taurolidine/citrate, used for locking UC, were similarly effective at preventing CRB and catheter thrombosis for up to 3 months, until a functional permanent vascular access became available. Both antimicrobial lock solutions were superior to heparin in CRB prevention with similar thrombosis rates.
Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Chen Ming Hui , Colan Steven D. , Diller Lisa
Published: March 2011

Although important advances have been made in curing childhood cancer in the last several decades, long-term survivors face considerable morbidity and mortality because of late effects from their initial anticancer therapy. By 30 years after treatment, the cumulative mortality from treatment-related medical illness actually exceeds that of mortality from cancer recurrence. Cardiovascular disease, in particular, is a leading threat to the well-being of adult survivors of childhood cancers. Unfortunately, the mechanisms of these late cardiac effects are understudied and poorly understood. This article reviews cardiotoxicity associated with 2 major anticancer regimens used in treating childhood cancer patients: anthracycline treatment and radiation therapy. The known pathophysiology and clinical cardiac risk factors that further predispose these patients to late-onset cardiac events are discussed. Basic and translational research is urgently needed to clarify pathophysiologic mechanisms of late cardiac effects and to develop therapies to improve both long-term survival and quality of life of adults cured of pediatric cancers.
Molecular Imaging of Coronary Atherosclerosis and Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Leuschner Florian , Nahrendorf Matthias
Published: March 2011

Motivated by the promise to transform preclinical research and clinical care, cardiovascular molecular imaging has made advances toward targeting coronary atherosclerosis and heart failure. Here, we discuss recent progress in the field, highlight how molecular imaging may facilitate preventive patient care, and review specific challenges associated with coronary and heart failure imaging. Practical considerations stress the potential of fluorescence imaging for basic research and discuss hybrid protocols such as FMT-CT and PET-MRI.
Measuring the Evolution of the Drivers of Technological Innovation in the Patent Record
Authors: Buchanan Andrew , Packard Norman H. , Bedau Mark A.
Published: March 2011

We argue that technology changes over time by an evolutionary process that is similar in important respects to biological evolution. The process is adaptive in the sense that technologies are selected because of their specific adaptive value and not at random, but this adaptive evolutionary process differs from the Darwinian process of random variation followed by natural selection. We find evidence for the adaptive evolution of technology in the US patent record, specifically, the public bibliographic information of all utility patents issued in the United States from 1976 through 2010. Patents record certain innovations in the evolution of technology. The 1976–2010 patent record is huge, containing almost four million patents. We use a patent's incoming citations to measure its impact on subsequent patented innovations. Weighting innovative impact by the dissimilarity between parent and child technologies reveals that many of the most fecund inventions are door-opening technologies that spawn innovations in widely diverse categories.
Interactive Evolution of Camouflage
Authors: Reynolds Craig
Published: March 2011

This article presents an abstract computation model of the evolution of camouflage in nature. The 2D model uses evolved textures for prey, a background texture representing the environment, and a visual predator. A human observer, acting as the predator, is shown a cohort of 10 evolved textures overlaid on the background texture. The observer clicks on the five most conspicuous prey to remove (“eat”) them. These lower-fitness textures are removed from the population and replaced with newly bred textures. Biological morphogenesis is represented in this model by procedural texture synthesis. Nested expressions of generators and operators form a texture description language. Natural evolution is represented by genetic programming (GP), a variant of the genetic algorithm. GP searches the space of texture description programs for those that appear least conspicuous to the predator.
Estimating Spatial Velocity Statistics with Coherent Doppler Lidar
Authors: Frehlich Rod , Cornman Larry
Published: March 2011

The spatial statistics of a simulated turbulent velocity field are estimated using radial velocity estimates from simulated coherent Doppler lidar data. The structure functions from the radial velocity estimates are processed to estimate the energy dissipation rate ε and the integral length scale Li, assuming a theoretical model for isotropic wind fields. The performance of the estimates are described by their bias, standard deviation, and percentiles. The estimates of ε2/3 are generally unbiased and robust. The distribution of the estimates of Li are highly skewed; however, the median of the distribution is generally unbiased. The effects of the spatial averaging by the atmospheric movement transverse to the lidar beam during the dwell time of each radial velocity estimate are determined, as well as the error scaling as a function of the dimensions of the total measurement region. Accurate estimates of Li require very large measurement domains in order to observe a large number of independent samples of the spatial scales that define Li.
Assessment of Acoustic Coherent Doppler and Cross-Correlation Techniques for Measuring Near-Bed Velocity and Suspended Sediment Profiles in the Marine Environment
Authors: Betteridge Kyle F. E. , Thorne Peter D. , Bell Paul S.
Published: March 2011

The simultaneous measurement of current flow and suspended sediment concentration in the marine environment is central to the study of sediment transport processes. In view of this, two acoustic approaches for measuring flow were tested in a tidal estuary to assess their capabilities in this environment. A coherent Doppler velocity profiler and a cross-correlation velocity profiler were assessed using conventional current meters and a commercially available acoustic Doppler velocimeter. Mean velocity profiles were obtained up to a range of 1.47 m in 0.046-m range bins over a number of flood tides. The measurements compared well with the reference instruments and regression analysis produced gradients close to unity. Turbulent velocities measured with the coherent Doppler profiler were comparable with turbulent fluctuations measured with the acoustic Doppler velocimeter. The cross-correlation velocity profiler was shown to be unable to measure turbulent velocities. The backscattered signals received on the cross-correlation transducers were also used to compute the sediment concentration profiles using an explicit solution to the acoustic backscatter equation. Combining the concentration and flow measurements enabled sediment flux profiles to be obtained, the results of which compared favorably with flux measurements obtained from the conventional current meters and pumped sampling.
A Wavelet-Based Technique for Identifying, Labeling, and Tracking of Ocean Eddies
Authors: Luo Jingjia , Jameson Leland
Published: March 2011

Wavelet analysis offers a new approach for viewing and analyzing various large datasets by dividing information according to scale and location. Here a new method is presented that is designed to characterize time-evolving structures in large datasets from computer simulations and from observational data. An example of the use of this method to identify, classify, label, and track eddylike structures in a time-evolving dataset is presented. The initial target application is satellite data from the TOPEX/Poseiden satellite. But, the technique can certainly be used in any large dataset that might contain time-evolving or stationary structures.
XBT Fall Rate in Waters of Extreme Temperature: A Case Study in the Antarctic Ocean
Authors: Thadathil Pankajakshan , Saran A. K. , Gopalakrishna V. V. , Vethamony P. , Araligidad Nilesh , Bailey Rick
Published: March 2011

XBT fall-rate variation in waters of extreme temperature and the resulting depth error has been addressed using controlled XBT–CTD datasets collected from two cruises in the Southern Ocean. Mean depth errors deduced from both the datasets are significantly different from those reported earlier for tropical and subtropical regions. The comprehensive study of Hanawa et al. (making use of controlled XBT–CTD data, mostly from tropical and subtropical waters) showed that the manufacturer's equation underestimates the probe's fall rate. This is manifested by the mean negative depth error reported from this region. However, results from the present study show that the manufacturer's equation slightly overestimates the fall rate in this region, as indicated by the small positive error (5–10 m).

In order to provide theoretical support to the observed depth error, an analytical approach is adopted based on the viscosity effect on the probe's fall rate. Observed as well as analytical results suggest that the probe has a decelerating tendency due to the viscosity effect in high-latitude waters, and the existing correction scheme is not appropriate for XBT data from regions of such extreme low temperature.

The existing correction scheme is valid for tropical and subtropical waters of negative depth error zones. However, for XBT data from high-latitude waters it is reasonable not to correct XBT data based on the existing scheme until the exact nature of depth error from this region is known. Though the mean depth errors from both the datasets show nearly identical values, it is necessary to conduct more controlled XBT–CTD experiments in this region in order to substantiate the exact nature of error for this region and then develop an appropriate depth-correction scheme.
An Examination of the Uncertainty in Interpolated Winds and Its Effect on the Validation and Intercomparison of Forecast Models
Authors: Greene J. Scott , Cook W. Ethan , Knapp David , Haines Patrick
Published: March 2011

Meteorological models need to be compared to long-term, routinely collected meteorological data. Whenever numerical forecast models are validated and compared, verification winds are normally interpolated to individual model grid points. To be statistically significant, differences between model and verification data must exceed the uncertainty of verification winds due to instrument error, sampling, and interpolation. This paper will describe an approach to examine the uncertainty of interpolated boundary layer winds and illustrate its practical effects on model validation and intercomparison efforts. This effort is part of a joint model validation project undertaken by the Environmental Verification and Analysis Center at the University of Oklahoma (http://www.evac.ou.edu) and the Battlefield Environment Directorate of the Army Research Laboratory. The main result of this study is to illustrate that it is crucial to recognize the errors inherent in gridding verification winds when conducting model validation and intercomparison work. Defendable model intercomparison results may rely on proper scheduling of model tests with regard to seasonal wind climatology and choosing instrument networks and variogram functions capable of providing adequately small errors due to sampling and imperfect modeling. Thus, it is important to quantify verification wind uncertainty when stating forecast errors or differences in the accuracy of forecast models.
Comments on "Precipitation Processes Revealed by Cosmogenic Radionuclide Scavenging"
Authors: Orville Richard E.
Published: March 2011

No abstract available.
Reply
Authors: Takeda Takao
Published: March 2011

No abstract available.
PRESSURE
Authors: STOCKMAN W. B.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.
PRESENT DAY CLIMATES IN THEIR TIME RELATION
Authors: BALL FRANK MORRIS
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.
MAY–PAST AND PRESENT.1
Authors: LARNED E. D.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.
SUMMER AND WINTER VERTICAL TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS
Authors: HUMPHREYS W. J.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.

February, 1909
THE IMPORTANCE OF SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION OF PERSISTENT METEOR TRAINS
Authors: TROWBRIDGE C. C.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.

[Reprinted from The Observatory, No. 402, November, 1908.]

September, 1908
TRANSFORMATIONS OF SNOW CRYSTALS
Authors: ERMAN A.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.

1859
THE CRYSTALIZATION OF UNDERCOOLED WATER
Authors: WEINBERG BORIS
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.

[Reprinted from the Physical Review, 1908, 27:509–510.]

July, 1908
RAIN WITH LOW TEMPERATURE
Authors: ROTCH A. LAWRENCE
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.

[Reprinted at author's request from Boston Transcript of January 20, 1909.]

January 18, 1909
A PORTABLE ROTATION PSYCHROMETER
Authors: O'GARA P. J.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.

January 16, 1909
RETIREMENT OF PROFESSOR KLOSSOVSKII
Authors: ZIWET ALEXANDER
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.

February 6, 1909
DISTRICT No. 7. LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY
Authors: CLINE ISAAC M. , COBERLY EDWARD D.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.
DISTRICT No. 9, COLORADO VALLEY
Authors: BRANDENBURG FREDERICK H.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.
THE RISE OF TEMPERATURE ASSOCIATED WITH THE MELTING OF ICEBERGS
Authors: BARNES H. T.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.
DISTRICT No. 12, COLUMBIA VALLEY
Authors: BEALS EDWARD A. , DRAKE THEODORE F.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.
A PHENOMENALLY HEAVY RAIN AT ALTON, ILL.
Authors: HAYES MONTROSE W.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.
DISTRICT No. 6, MISSOURI VALLEY
Authors: HAYES MONTROSE W.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.
EXCESSIVE RAINS IN LOUISIANA
Authors: COBERLY EDWARD D.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.
DISTRICT No. 2, SOUTH ATLANTIC AND EAST GULF STATES
Authors: VON HERRMANN CHARLES F.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.
BEAR VALLEY HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT, CALIFORNIA
Authors: WISE JAMES H.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.
DISTRICT NO. 1, NORTH ATLANTIC STATES
Authors: WILSON WILFORD M.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.
DISTRICT NO. 6, MISSOURI VALLEY
Authors: HAYES MONTROSE W.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.
NOTES ON THE HEAT AND DROUGHT DURING THE SUMMER OF 1913 AT KANSAS CITY, MO.
Authors: CONNOR P.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.
Winter Precipitation Microphysics Characterized by Polarimetric Radar and Video Disdrometer Observations in Central Oklahoma
Authors: Zhang Guifu , Luchs Sean , Ryzhkov Alexander , Xue Ming , Ryzhkova Lily , Cao Qing
Published: March 2011

The study of precipitation in different phases is important to understanding the physical processes that occur in storms, as well as to improving their representation in numerical weather prediction models. A 2D video disdrometer was deployed about 30 km from a polarimetric weather radar in Norman, Oklahoma, (KOUN) to observe winter precipitation events during the 2006/07 winter season. These events contained periods of rain, snow, and mixed-phase precipitation. Five-minute particle size distributions were generated from the disdrometer data and fitted to a gamma distribution; polarimetric radar variables were also calculated for comparison with KOUN data. It is found that snow density adjustment improves the comparison substantially, indicating the importance of accounting for the density variability in representing model microphysics.
A Square Prism Urban Canopy Scheme for the NHM and Its Evaluation on Summer Conditions in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, Japan
Authors: Aoyagi Toshinori , Seino Naoko
Published: March 2011

A single-layered square prism urban canopy (SPUC) scheme for the Japan Meteorological Agency nonhydrostatic model (NHM) was developed. This scheme considers the urban canopy layer with square prism–shaped buildings. The basic concept of this scheme is similar to those of the conventional energy balance models for an urban canyon structure. The scheme presented here differs slightly from them in its representation of the bulk resistance circuit and some treatments of radiation processes, however, as well as by considering the water reservoir on building surfaces. A comparison between the SPUC scheme and the existing slab scheme of the NHM was made on summer days in the Tokyo metropolitan area. The SPUC run more accurately reproduced the expected behavior of the urban canopy effect than did the slab run. The effective albedo was smaller in the SPUC run than in the slab run (the upward shortwave radiation of the SPUC run was smaller than that of the slab run). The forecast heat fluxes in the SPUC run, however, showed worse performances. Adequate parameter settings (especially concerning latent heat fluxes) are needed in the SPUC run. The mean bias errors of the surface air temperature during nighttime were less negative and slightly improved in the SPUC run than in the slab run.
Using MSG-SEVIRI Cloud Physical Properties and Weather Radar Observations for the Detection of Cb/TCu Clouds
Authors: Henken Cintia Carbajal , Schmeits Maurice J. , Deneke Hartwig , Roebeling Rob A.
Published: March 2011

A new automated daytime cumulonimbus/towering cumulus (Cb/TCu) cloud detection method for the months of May–September is presented that combines information on cloud physical properties retrieved from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) on board Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellites and weather radar reflectivity factors. First, a pixel-based convective cloud mask (CCM) is constructed on the basis of cloud physical properties [cloud-top temperature, cloud optical thickness (COT), effective radius, and cloud phase] derived from SEVIRI. Second, a logistic regression model is applied to determine the probability of Cb/TCu clouds for the collection of pixels that pass the CCM. In this model, MSG-SEVIRI cloud physical properties and weather radar reflectivity factors are used as potential predictor sources. The predictand is derived from aviation routine weather reports (METAR) made by human observers at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol for 2004–07. Results show that the CCM filters out >70% of the “no” events (no Cb/TCu cloud) and that >93% of the “yes” events (Cb/TCu cloud) are retained. Most skillful predictors are derived from radar reflectivity factors and the COT of high resolution. The derived probabilities from the combined MSG and radar method clearly show skill over sample climatology. Probability thresholds are used to convert derived probabilities into derived group memberships (i.e., yes/no Cb/TCu clouds). When comparing verification scores between the combined MSG and radar method and either the radar-only method or the MSG-only method, the combined MSG and radar method shows slightly better performance. When comparing the combined MSG and radar method with the current Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) radar-based Cb/TCu cloud detection method, the two methods show comparable probability of detection, but the former shows a false-alarm ratio that is about 8% lower. Moreover, a big advantage of the newly developed method is that it provides probabilities, in contrast to the current KNMI method.
Estimating the Ice Crystal Enhancement Factor in the Tropics
Authors: Zeng Xiping , Tao Wei-Kuo , Matsui Toshihisa , Xie Shaocheng , Lang Stephen , Zhang Minghua , O’C Starr David , Li Xiaowen
Published: March 2011

The ice crystal enhancement (IE) factor, defined as the ratio of the ice crystal to ice nuclei (IN) number concentrations for any particular cloud condition, is needed to quantify the contribution of changes in IN to global warming. However, the ensemble characteristics of IE are still unclear. In this paper, a representation of the IE factor is incorporated into a three-ice-category microphysical scheme for use in long-term cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulations. Model results are compared with remote sensing observations, which suggest that, absent a physically based consideration of how IE comes about, the IE factor in tropical clouds is about 103 times larger than that in midlatitudinal ones. This significant difference in IE between the tropics and middle latitudes is consistent with the observation of stronger entrainment and detrainment in the tropics. In addition, the difference also suggests that cloud microphysical parameterizations depend on spatial resolution (or subgrid turbulence parameterizations within CRMs).
Vertical Structure of Hurricane Eyewalls as Seen by the TRMM Precipitation Radar
Authors: Hence Deanna A. , Houze Robert A.
Published: March 2011

Statistical analysis of the vertical structure of radar echoes in the eyewalls of tropical cyclones, shown by the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR), shows that the eyewall contains high reflectivities and high echo tops, with deeper and more intense but highly intermittent echo perturbations superimposed on the basic structure. The overall echo strength, height of echo top, and presence of intense echo perturbations all increase with vortex strength. Intense echo perturbations decrease in frequency with low sea surface temperatures. When the PR data are normalized by the amount of radar echo in each sample and examined quadrant by quadrant relative to the direction of the environmental shear, the nature of convective processes in different parts of the eyewall becomes apparent. The normalized statistics of the echo intensity, brightband structure, and maximum echo-top height show that processes generating convective precipitation are generally favored in the downshear-right region of the eyewall, while the nonnormalized statistics indicate that the vertical wind shear determines the placement of precipitation particles downwind of the generation zone such that the precipitation maximum occurs about one quadrant downwind of the convective generation zone. When the track speed exceeds the magnitude of the shear vector, this pattern modifies such that the asymmetry rotates one quadrant to the right. The statistics, moreover, indicate that vertical wind shear is the factor determining the placement of precipitation particles around the storm, while other factors determine the location, intensity, and means of their generation.
Statistical Analysis of Aerosol Effects on Simulated Mixed-Phase Clouds and Precipitation in the Alps
Authors: Zubler Elias M. , Lohmann Ulrike , Lüthi Daniel , Schär Christoph , Muhlbauer Andreas
Published: March 2011

Increasing the aerosol number in warm-phase clouds is thought to decrease the rain formation rate, whereas the physical processes taking place in mixed-phase clouds are more uncertain. Increasing number concentrations of soluble aerosols may reduce the riming efficiency and therefore also decrease precipitation. On the other hand, the glaciation of a cloud by heterogeneous freezing of cloud droplets may enhance the formation of graupel and snow. Using a numerical weather prediction model with coupled aerosol microphysics, it is found, in a statistical framework with 270 clean and polluted 2D simulations of mixed-phase precipitation over an Alpine transect, that the presence of the ice phase determines the magnitude and the sign of the effect of an increasing aerosol number concentration on orographic precipitation. Immersion/condensation freezing is the only ice-nucleating process considered here. It is shown that this indirect aerosol effect is much less pronounced in cold simulations compared to a warmer subset and that cloud glaciation tends to compensate the loss of rain in polluted situations. Comparing the clean and polluted cases, a reduction of rain by 52%, on average (std dev = 25%), over the transect in the polluted cases is found. For frozen precipitation a much broader range of differences is found (mean = +4%, std dev = 60%). Furthermore, this study shows that in comparison with the clean cases more precipitation spills over to the leeward side of the major ridge in the polluted cases (median = +14.6%).
Dynamics and Structure of Forecast Error Covariance in the Core of a Developing Hurricane
Authors: Poterjoy Jonathan , Zhang Fuqing
Published: March 2011

An ensemble of cloud-resolving forecasts from the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) was used to study error covariance for Hurricane Katrina (2005) during a 64-h period in which the storm progressed from a tropical storm to a category-4 hurricane. Spatial error covariance between hypothetical measurements and model state variables was found to be highly anisotropic, variable dependent, and ultimately determined by the underlying storm dynamics, which change dramatically over time. Early in the forecast, when Katrina passed over the southern tip of the Florida Peninsula as a highly asymmetric tropical storm, error covariance structures in the Eulerian coordinates were dominated primarily by position uncertainty, with a secondary dependence on land–air interaction, storm structure, and intensity. The ensemble error dependence on position uncertainty becomes markedly greater with increasing lead time, as diverging storm tracks cause large gradients of wind, temperature, and pressure to be concentrated farther from the mean vortex center.

Ensemble variance for model state variables on storm-relative coordinates becomes increasingly symmetric about the vortex center at greater hurricane intensity. Likewise, spatial and cross-spatial correlations share a similar axisymmetric transition about the origin, while maintaining a large degree of local anisotropy with respect to the location chosen for the correlation point. Our results demonstrate the necessity of using flow-dependent error covariance for initializing a tropical cyclone with dynamically consistent inner-core structure, and provide motivation for future sensitivity experiments pertaining to model resolution and ensemble size.
Limited-Area Ensemble-Based Data Assimilation
Authors: Meng Zhiyong , Zhang Fuqing
Published: March 2011

Ensemble-based data assimilation is a state estimation technique that uses short-term ensemble forecasts to estimate flow-dependent background error covariance and is best known by varying forms of ensemble Kalman filters (EnKFs). The EnKF has recently emerged as one of the primary alternatives to the variational data assimilation methods widely used in both global and limited-area numerical weather prediction models. In addition to comparing the EnKF with variational methods, this article reviews recent advances and challenges in the development and applications of the EnKF, including its hybrid with variational methods, in limited-area models that resolve weather systems from convective to meso- and regional scales.
Luther’s Behemot: The Politics of Grace between Paul and Badiou
Authors: Olfert Ryan J
Published: March 2011

The discourse of universal grace is employed as revolutionary theo-politics by many of the readers of Paul’s letters. Alain Badiou is one such reader of Paul, who finds in Paul the possibility of a new radical egalitarianism based on the constitution of a subject committed to the truth of a grace-like event. This paper examines the compatibility of Badiou’s politics and his reading of Paul in his book St. Paul: The Foundation of Universalism through a comparison with another politically radical reading of Paul, that of the German theologian and reformer Martin Luther. Like Badiou, Luther is a prime example of the way in which theology, philosophy, and politics are intimately connected. But more than that, Luther occupied a position from which he was able to, and did, affect the social and political implementation of his ideas. Thus, he provides a means of analyzing the results of the coordination of power and a Pauline universalism of grace. This paper concludes not only that Badiou’s attempt at a materialistic appropriation of Pauline grace is incommensurable with his political vision but that it has, to borrow Slavoj Žižek’s phrase, a hidden perverse core.

Le discours de la grâce universelle est utilisé en tant que theo-politique révolutionnaire par plusieurs des lecteurs des lettres de Paul. Alain Badiou est un tel lecteur de Paul, qui trouve en Paul la possibilité d’un nouvel égalitarisme radical basé sur la constitution d’un sujet investi dans la vérité d’un événement de grâce. Ce document examine la compatibilité des politiques de Badiou et sa lecture de Paul dans son livre St. Paul: The Foundation of Universalism au moyen d’une comparaison à une autre lecture politiquement radicale de Paul, celui du théologien et réformateur allemand Martin Luther. Comme Badiou, Luther est un exemple typique de la manière dont la théologie, la philosophie, et la politique sont reliées intimement. Mais plus que ça, Luther a occupé une position dans laquelle il pouvait affecter et a affecté l’exécution sociale et politique de ses idées. Ainsi, il fournit des moyens d’analyser les résultats de la coordination de la puissance et d’un universalisme Pauline de grâce. Cet essai conclut que la version de grâce matérialiste avancée par Badiou est non seulement incommensurable avec sa vision politique mais qu’elle a-pour emprunter l’expression de Slavoj Žižek-un Ž noyau pervers caché.
Studies in Religion / Sciences Religieuses: A Forty-Year Retrospective
Authors: Desjardins Michel
Published: March 2011

This article looks back on the first 40 years of Studies in Religion / Sciences Religieuses. It reviews its original mandate, and some of the people and institutions that were responsible for its success.

Cet article revient sur les 40 premières années de la revue Studies in Religion / Sciences Religieuses. Il explore son mandat original, ainsi que certaines des personnes et institutions qui ont été responsables de sa réussite.
Transnational Governance as Contested Institution-Building: China, Merchants, and Contract Rules in the Cotton Trade
Authors: Quark Amy A.
Published: March 2011

We are in an era of uncertainty over whose rules will govern global economic integration. With the growing market share of Chinese firms and the power of the Chinese state it is unclear if Western firms will continue to dominate transnational governance. Exploring these dynamics through a study of contract rules in the global cotton trade, this article conceptualizes commodity chain governance as a contested process of institution-building. To this end, the global commodity chain/global value chain (GCC/GVC) framework must be revised to better account for the broader institutional context of commodity chain governance, institutional variation across space, and strategic action in the construction of legitimate governance arrangements. I provide a more dynamic model of GCC governance that stresses how strategic action, existing institutions, and dominant discourses intersect as firms and states compete for institutional power within a commodity chain. This advances our understandings of how commodity chain governance emerges and changes over time.
Paving the Road to “Too Big to Fail”: Business Interests and the Politics of Financial Deregulation in the United States
Authors: Suárez Sandra , Kolodny Robin
Published: March 2011

The debate over the political power of business has witnessed a revival after the global financial crisis of 2007—2009. We begin by arguing that business political fragmentation or unity has important consequences for policy outcomes. The structure of the U.S. government is conducive to incremental policy changes, often in response to business pressures. In turn, these changes shape the political interests and alliances of business. We illustrate this dynamic through an analysis of the political processes leading to the enactment of the Financial Modernization Act (FMA) of 1999, which repealed Depression-era regulations and allowed commercial banks to enter the securities and insurance business and vice versa. The FMA condoned the emergence of largely unregulated diversified financial institutions, which proved “too big to fail” during the crisis. Several factors contributed to the FMA: political institutions, international competition, the ideological convergence of the Republican and Democratic parties, and the political interests of financial industry actors.
Imitating Paul’s Relationship to the Gospel: 1 Corinthians 8.1-11.1
Authors: Ellington Dustin W.
Published: March 2011

To overcome past shortcomings in the interpretation of Paul’s exhortation ‘Imitate me, as I imitate Christ’ (1 Cor. 11.1), we must study the roles of Paul’s ‘I’ and Christ in the context of 1 Cor. 8.1—11.1. Christ died for the weak (8.11), and Paul’s renunciation of his apostolic rights follows this pattern. Paul’s self-portrayal reaches its climax when he says that he does all things for the sake of the gospel, in order to be συγκòıνωνòςς αυτòυ (9.23). This article proposes that the expression συγκòıνωνòςς αυτòυ contains more shades of meaning than scholars have previously allowed. It summarizes Paul’s aim to be the gospel’s partner in the salvation of others and to participate in the gospel’s pattern and power. Paul’s call to imitation exhorts the Corinthian believers to share in his relationship to the gospel, working with it for the salvation of others and allowing its pattern and power to shape their life together.
The Vision of Acts: World Right Way Up
Authors: Sleeman Matthew
Published: March 2011

This essay responds to C. Kavin Rowe’s World Upside Down: Reading Acts in the Graeco-Roman Age, and seeks to press Rowe’s argument further in two ways: first, by engaging with the resurrection and ascension of Jesus, and the vital heavenly dimension to the story of Acts, which assist in defining the narrative shape of the book; secondly, by considering the locatedness or spatial dimension of the ‘new cultural reality’ which is the believing communities in the Mediterranean basin, in order to see how the cultural shift brought about in believing in Jesus finds spatial expression.
Reading World Upside Down: A Response to Matthew Sleeman and John Barclay
Authors: Kavin Rowe C.
Published: March 2011

This essay discusses the argument of C. Kavin Rowe, World Upside Down: Reading Acts in the Graeco-Roman Age by engaging with criticisms and comments by Matthew Sleeman and John Barclay. The response accepts several key points, including the locatedness of the early believing communities, the place of the resurrection and ascension of Jesus, and the importance of heaven for the early Christians. The response also clarifies and defends the view of Christianity’s cultural subversiveness and political engagement implied in Acts, as well as the claim that ‘tension’ is the right interpretive vocabulary needed to grasp the Christian political stance(s) in Acts.
Historiography of Antisemitism versus Anti-Judaism: A Response to Robert Morgan
Authors: Heschel Susannah
Published: March 2011

Responding to Robert Morgan’s plaidoyer for Christianity by claiming a distinction between theological anti-Judaism and modern, racial antisemitism, this article demonstrates that the texts of pro-Nazi German Protestant theologians integrate race and religion with a fluidity that obviates a sharp distinction between the two terms. Antisemitic propaganda produced by Christian theologians during World War II leaves the strictly theological realm in its use of Nazi language and concepts, even when framed in a Christian context, and demands a different kind of conceptualization by historians. Why a group of theologians—professors, instructors, students, pastors and bishops—sought the dejudaization of Christianity during the Third Reich requires attentiveness by historians to the affinities these theologians thought they recognized between Christianity and the claims of modern racial theorists. General historians of Nazi social history will benefit from greater awareness of the racialization of significant sectors of the Christian community in Germany, and students of postwar German theology will benefit from considering the legacy of the pre-1945 Nazification of certain university theological faculties as well as Nazi-era racial tendencies in certain strands of theological scholarship.
The Value of Intra-organizational Social Capital: How it Fosters Knowledge Transfer, Innovation Performance, and Growth
Authors: Maurer Indre , Bartsch Vera , Ebers Mark
Published: March 2011

While most literature promotes a positive impact of social capital on various organizational performance outcomes, empirical results on the social capital—organizational performance link are not conclusive. We propose that one reason for the discordant findings is that research has largely not accounted for the mediating process steps that translate social capital into organizational performance outcomes. We suggest that organizational performance outcomes of organization members’ social capital hinge on the mediating processes of resource mobilization, assimilation, and use. An empirical study of 218 projects in the German engineering industry supports our theoretical model. Findings show that knowledge transfer (conceptualized as the mobilization, assimilation, and use of knowledge resources) mediates between organization members’ intra-organizational social capital and organizational performance outcomes of growth and innovation performance. The present study thus contributes to a deeper understanding of the value of intra-organizational social capital.
Rage against Self-replicating Machines: Framing Science and Fiction in the US Nanotechnology Field
Authors: Granqvist Nina , Laurila Juha
Published: March 2011

Research in the sociology of science has increasingly begun to acknowledge the role that external influences play in shaping the boundaries and content of science. However, a scarce understanding still prevails with regard to the role of peripheral, popular movements in the emergence of scientific fields, and of professional fields in general.Through their attention to boundary work, scientific fields also provide a fruitful yet neglected context to study how actors engage in efforts to alter frames in order to adjust and negotiate community boundaries. This qualitative study of the emergence of the US nanotechnology field from 1986 to 2005 makes several contributions to knowledge about these issues. First, our study shows that peripheral, popular movements open up avenues for scientific fields by generating understanding and receptivity for novel ideas through story-telling, which gives rise to their cultural embeddedness. Second, we find that by capitalizing on such culturally embedded concepts, scientists make science particularly vulnerable to external interventions, limiting the effect of boundary work. Third, the study shows how usually persistent hierarchies between communities are tested, challenged, and reproduced in an emerging professional field. The study therefore provides understanding on how actors in the key communities are able to use framing to negotiate their positions and community boundaries within a complex, emergent field.
Resisting the Stigma of Mental Illness
Authors: Thoits Peggy A.
Published: March 2011

The relationship between stigmatization and the self-regard of patients/consumers with mental disorder is negative but only moderate in strength, probably because a subset of persons with mental illness resists devaluation and discrimination by others. Resistance has seldom been discussed in the stigma and labeling literatures, and thus conditions under which individuals are resistant have not been identified. I define resistance as opposition to the imposition of mental illness stereotypes by others and distinguish between deflecting (“that’s not me”) and challenging resistance strategies. Individuals should be more likely to employ resistance strategies when they have: past experience with stigma resistance; past familiarity with an ill family member or friend; symptoms that are non-severe or controlled; treatment experience in settings run by consumers; initially high levels of psychosocial coping resources; and multiple role-identities. Incorporating resistance into classic and modified labeling theories of mental illness highlights the personal agency of labeled individuals, missing especially in classic labeling theory.
Coming Out as Fat
Authors: Saguy Abigail C. , Ward Anna
Published: March 2011

This paper examines the surprising case of women who “come out as fat” to test and refine theories about social change, social mobilization, stigma, and stigma resistance. First, supporting theories about “social movement spillover,” we find that overlapping memberships in queer and fat activist groups, as well as networks between these groups, have facilitated the migration of this cultural narrative. Second, we find that the different, embodied context of body size and sexual orientation leads to changes in meaning as this narrative travels. Specifically, the hypervisibility of fat changes what it means to come out as a fat person, compared to what it means to come out as gay or lesbian. Third, this case leads us to question the importance of the distinction made in the literatures on stigma and on social movements between assimilationist strategies that stress sameness, on the one hand, and radical political strategies that emphasize difference, on the other. Finally, this case suggests that the extent to which a stigmatized trait is associated with membership in a social group—with its own practices, values, and norms—shapes what it means to “come out” as one who possesses that trait.
Vigilance, expectancy, and noise: Attention in second language lexical learning and memory
Authors: Nelson Robert
Published: March 2011

Talamas et al. (1999), Ferré et al. (2006) and Sunderman and Kroll (2006) exposed participants to first-language/second-language (L1/L2) pairs of words and asked them to decide whether the second word was the correct translation of the first. In the critical condition, the L2 word was either the translation of the L1 word ( man → hombre) or a form-relative of the translation ( man → hambre). Less fluent speakers showed higher recognition latencies in the form-relative condition than did more fluent speakers. This report explores whether an appropriately trained Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) neural network (Carpenter and Grossberg, 1987a) will suffer from form-relative interference, and the role of vigilance (a parameter of low-level attention sensitive to environmental complexity) in this effect. I argue that the learning environment of early bilinguals is more complex than that of adult L2 learners, and therefore adult learners may be less vigilant to word form. ART2 networks were trained with English and Spanish corpora under conditions emulating early and late second language acquisition at different vigilance levels and then serially exposed to the same types of word pairs used in the three studies mentioned above. Form-relative interference was observed, indicating that low-level attentional mechanisms may play a role in second language lexical learning and access.