bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Military and Veteran Families
Authors: Wilson Steven R.
Published: September 2022

Military and veteran families are a population with unique health needs. Socialized into a military culture that prioritizes courage, loyalty, respect, and self‐sacrifice, military and veteran families are increasingly diverse, experience frequent family transitions, and operate within a growing military–civilian divide. Unique features of the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq also have implications for understanding the health needs of post‐9/11 veterans and their families. Health communication scholars have offered important insights about communication dilemmas and practices, as well as healthcare programs and policies, as military and veteran families navigate behavioral health challenges, provide informal caregiving for wounded warriors, and enact resilience.
Science Communication
Authors: Ho Shirley S. , Yu Peihan
Published: September 2022

Science communication encompasses communication
about
science, as well as communication
of
science, each with its own aims. The communication
about
science aims to involve the public in defining the boundaries of science, thus enabling them to shape and conduct science. The communication
of
science, on the other hand, conveys scientific information from scientific experts to nonexperts, and aims to promote behavior that is in line with science. Similar to science communication, health communication also involves the exchange of information with different populations – specifically, health‐related information – but with the aim to change or sustain a health behavior or practice that can improve public health outcomes. Health communication can draw on findings from science communication research to understand public health attitudes, and design effective health communication strategies. Various communication theories have been used to understand public attitudes toward vaccines and new technologies, such as novel foods and energy technologies. In the age of new media, science communication has become ever more complex. It needs to be considered in the context of this changing media landscape, where science and health misinformation can easily surface, and be further reinforced in “echo chambers” or “filter bubbles.”
Academic Organizations:
ICA HC
Division
Authors: Kreps Gary L. , Sharf Barbara F. , Harrington Nancy Grant , Thompson Teresa L.
Published: September 2022

Health communication is a rapidly growing interdisciplinary area of study concerned with the powerful roles performed by human and mediated communication in the delivery of healthcare and in the promotion of health. The modern field of health communication began to formalize in the early 1970s with the introduction of the Health Communication Division as part of the International Communication Association (ICA). The ICA Health Communication Division was the first formal organizational unit representing the emerging field of health communication and has been an essential part of the robust development of health communication research and education.
Stigma Communication
Authors: Hoffner Cynthia A.
Published: September 2022

Stigma has been defined as a mark or label that associates a negatively stereotyped attribute with a person, elicits contempt and rejection from others, and leads to adverse life consequences. Stigmas are not inherent in people; they are socially constructed and shared via language and other forms of communication. Most research has focused on stigmas related to health and disability, workplaces and occupations (“dirty work”), social deviance, and devalued social groups (e.g., based on race, ethnicity, nationality). Stigmas of all types adversely affect the health and well‐being of stigmatized individuals. Stigma is multifaceted, including public stigma, self stigma, stigma by association, and structural stigma. Communication plays a central role in creating, sharing, perpetuating, and responding to stigma. Smith's model of stigma communication offers a broad perspective on stigma communication, including features of stigma messages, social transmission of stigma, and responses to stigma. In this model, stigma messages are characterized by marks, labels, etiology, and peril. Social transmission of stigma messages occurs in response to perceived threat and negative emotions, in part to mobilize protective responses. Stigma may be conveyed interpersonally, in contexts such as families, workplaces, and healthcare facilities. The media is also a source of stigma communication, including messages shared on social networking sites. Stigma is also communicated by/within institutions, through practices, policies, and laws that promote prejudice and discriminatory practices. Responses to stigmatization include concealment and social withdrawal, as well as actively challenging stigma. Public stigma reduction efforts include social/parasocial contact, anti‐stigma media campaigns, protest, and activism.
Substance Abuse: Prescription Drugs
Authors: Scheinfeld Emily , Crook Brittani , Yang Jiahua
Published: September 2022

The World Health Organization states that we are facing a global public health issue surrounding the abuse of prescription drugs, defined as either taking a prescription in a dose that is not prescribed, or taking someone else's prescription. For some, this misuse may be for legitimate reasons, including pain relief, heightened anxiety, or trouble focusing or sleeping. For others, they are merely taking the medication to get a high or to feel a sense of disassociation. This misuse of prescription drugs could have even started as one reason and morphed into another. To better understand the public health issue surrounding prescription drugs and substance use, and the communicative processes surrounding the issue, we examine patient–clinician communication, intraprofessional communication, as well as the role of mass media, and important interpersonal relationships.
Substance Use and Abuse/Misuse: Alcohol
Authors: Patel Nilam , Chen Yixin
Published: September 2022

This entry provides an introduction to alcohol use research in the context of health communication. We first cover the prevalence of alcohol use in general, drinking age worldwide, and health impacts of alcohol use. Then we discuss important psychosocial factors influencing alcohol use, including cognitive and affective variables. We also discuss competing communication variables that influence alcohol use, including alcohol advertising, media portrayal of alcohol use, alcohol warning labels, and public health campaigns on alcohol control. Finally, we offer a critique of alcohol use research and suggest future research directions.
Well‐Being
Authors: Chen Yixin , Smallwood Margaret
Published: September 2022

This entry provides an introduction to well‐being research in the context of health communication. It discusses four important types of well‐being: subjective well‐being, psychological well‐being, emotional well‐being, and social well‐being. It also examines various psychosocial and communication factors that influence well‐being, including social support and communication competence. Well‐being at the individual level and the national level are reviewed as well. Finally, the entry offers a critique of well‐being research and suggests future research directions.
Health Information, Conflicting and Controversial
Authors: Nagler Rebekah H. , Shi Weijia
Published: September 2022

Today's health information landscape is increasingly characterized by conflicting and often controversial messages about a range of health topics, including nutrition, cancer screening, e‐cigarettes, and medications. Content analyses of media coverage suggest that conflicting health information is widespread, and observational survey studies consistently show that the public notices such content – not only from media sources, but also from interpersonal and clinical information sources. Importantly, experimental and longitudinal survey studies provide evidence of media effects: greater exposure to conflicting health information has been shown to produce adverse affective, cognitive, and behavioral intentional responses, including negative emotional reactions, confusion about and backlash toward health research and recommendations, and lower intentions to adhere to healthy lifestyle recommendations. Moreover, there is even nascent evidence that exposure to conflicting health information reduces receptivity to subsequent
unrelated
health messages about behaviors for which there is broad scientific consensus, such as fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity. Taken together, this growing body of research documenting the adverse consequences of exposure to conflicting health information signals the need for continued attention from health communication scholars. Future research should consider how best to intervene and mitigate the negative consequences of such exposure.
Virality
Authors: Boon Miriam , Kim Hyun Suk
Published: September 2022

Virality occurs when content is retransmitted at an accelerating pace. Health communication clinicians are particularly interested in understanding what makes content “go viral,” as this can greatly increase diffusion. Such factors can generally be divided into three categories: the message content, message context, and message recipients. However, very few aspects of message content or context can be considered independent of the message recipients. Message recipients go through several stages, during which they select the content for consumption, consume some portion of it, assess it for acceptance, rejection, or further consideration, and decide whether to retransmit it. Although any model must leverage certain well‐studied areas such as selective exposure and information diffusion, when these are combined, a wide variety of new opportunities and challenges present themselves.
Infertility and Pregnancy Loss
Authors: Hand Lindsey Jo , Horstman Haley Kranstuber
Published: September 2022

This entry provides an overview of health communication research surrounding infertility and pregnancy loss. Although infertility and pregnancy loss are relatively common, they are socially complex phenomena. Those who experience infertility and/or pregnancy loss must navigate not only their loss and grief but also privacy management, disclosure of their diagnosis, and seeking social support. This entry covers aspects of interpersonal communication, clinician–patient communication, and public discourse surrounding infertility and miscarriage. This entry suggests that future research should include better representation of ethnic/racial minorities, low‐income populations, and LGBTQ+ communities, given the reproductive health disparities and the unique challenges faced by individuals in these groups. Future research should also examine how religious and cultural expectations of fertility, loss, motherhood, and grief affect how people discuss and cope with infertility/miscarriage.
Cotton waste and nanoclay‐based phenolic novolac epoxy composites and evaluation of their properties
Authors: Soydal Ulku
Published: September 2022

In this study, two types of biobased epoxy composites were prepared by using only alkali‐treated cotton waste (CtW), or with the nanoclay (NC) in the form of hybrid reinforcement. Phenol novolac‐type epoxy resin (EPN) was used as a matrix. Untreated (CtW) and alkali‐treated (NaOH‐CtW) particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX). The average size for NC was determined as 3838 nm. Composites were prepared at 10–50 wt% NaOH‐CtW and 20 wt% NaOH‐CtW/(1–2–3–4–5) wt% NC ratios. The morphology of the composites was investigated using SEM. The composites' properties were determined by applying thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and various tests (tensile, hardness, water sorption, and surface contact angle measurement). The tensile strength of pure EPN was 96.6 MPa, while it changed in the range of 74–98 and 81–106 MPa for NaOH‐CtW and hybrid composites, respectively. All hybrid composites exhibited higher Young's modulus values (7.7–8.9 GPa). Thermal values of hybrid composites were found higher and their char percentages varied in the range of 28.9–30.3%. NaOH‐CtW increased the water sorption of the epoxy matrix from 0.59% up to 6% by 50 wt%. In contrast, a decrease in water sorption of NC composites was observed.
A sandwich‐structure, low‐temperature sensitive and recyclable liquid metal organic hydrogel for a wearable strain sensor
Authors: Dong Yiwei , Wang Chen , Hu Zhirui , Mao Shujuan , Wei Xiaotong , Fu Yueqing , Li Jie , Han Jing
Published: September 2022

Currently, sensors based on hydrogels are less sensitive at low temperatures, and discarded sensors are prone to generate e‐waste. Thus, it is challenging to design and prepare novel hydrogels with good properties for wearable sensors. Herein, we report a sandwich‐structure liquid metal organic hydrogel with low‐temperature sensitive, recyclable and multiple sensation properties. Liquid metal (LM)/cross‐linked chitosan quaternary ammonium salt (CHACC) composite is prepared by evaporating ethanol and water co‐solvent as the core layer. CHACC is used as the top and the bottom layer respectively. The optimal performance of the organic hydrogel is obtained when the volume ratio of ethanol to water is 1:3. The LM/CHACC organic hydrogel exhibits excellent stretchability (strain: 428.37%). Importantly, it has fast responsiveness, recyclability and excellent low‐temperature sensitivity (GF = 8.29) at −20°C. The sensors possess stress‐temperature sensation with high sensitivity. Moreover, LM as the conductive filler is recyclable under acidic conditions. We demonstrate the functionality of the LM/CHACC organic hydrogel to detect human joint movements and fine movements at low temperatures. It is anticipated to open up new sensing applications based on LM organic hydrogel‐based wearable sensors.
Social violence and the trivialising effects of youth in school bullying: Extended listening to South Australian young people on bullying and violence
Authors: Lohmeyer Ben A.
Published: September 2022

School bullying attracts significant research and resources globally, yet critical questions are being raised about the long‐term impact of these efforts. There is a disconnect between young people's perspectives and the long‐established psychology‐based technical definitions of school bullying dominating practice and policy in Australia. This dominant paradigm has recently been described as the first paradigm of school bullying. In contrast, this paper explores the potential for reorienting school bullying research towards the concerns of young people and away from adult‐derived technical definitions. Borrowing from paradigm two, which emphasises the social, cultural and philosophical (among others) elements of school bullying, in this paper, I approach bullying under the broad banner of ‘social violence’. This approach addresses some of the inherent limitations of the first paradigm to conceptualise social and cultural dynamics. I argue that a ‘social violence’ approach reveals that the exclusionary effects of the social phenomenon of youth continue to be overlooked. Furthermore, the term ‘violence’ in bullying research could benefit from integrating contemporary sociological insights on this phenomenon. This paper draws on qualitative insights from a small group of young people in secondary schooling in South Australia gained through prolonged listening to peer conversations in a series of focus groups. In addition, 1:1 interviews were conducted pre and post the focus group series. I argue that these participants' insights reveal the exclusionary effects of youth and the employment of bullying to trivialise young people's experiences and concern for harm. There is a need to reprioritise young people's knowledge in school bullying research and the exclusionary effects of youth alongside other social forces.
Covalent Modification of Bromodomain Proteins by Peptides Containing a DNA Damage‐Induced, Histone Post‐Translational Modification
Authors: Jacinto Marco Paolo , Heidenreich David , Müller Susanne , Greenberg Marc M.
Published: September 2022

An electrophilic 5‐methylene‐2‐pyrrolone modification (KMP) is produced at lysine residues of histone proteins in nucleosome core particles upon reaction with a commonly formed DNA lesion (C4‐AP). The nonenzymatic KMP modification is also generated in the histones of HeLa cells treated with the antitumor agent, bleomycin that oxidizes DNA and forms C4‐AP. This nonenzymatic covalent histone modification has the same charge as the N‐acetyllysine (KAc) modification but is more electrophilic. In this study we show that KMP‐containing histone peptides are recognized by, and covalently modify bromodomain proteins that are KAc readers. Distinct selectivity preferences for covalent bromodomain modification are observed following incubation with KMP‐containing peptides of different sequence. MS/MS analysis of 3 covalently modified bromodomain proteins confirmed that Cys adduction was selective. The modified Cys was not always proximal to the KAc binding site, indicating that KMP‐containing peptide interaction with bromodomain protein is distinct from the former. Analysis of protein adduction yields as a function of bromodomain pH at which the protein charge is zero (pI) or cysteine solvent accessible surface area are also consistent with non‐promiscuous interaction between the proteins and electrophilic peptides. These data suggest that intracellular formation of KMP could affect cellular function and viability by modifying proteins that regulate genetic expression.
Novel 2D Layered Manganese Silicate Nanosheets with Excellent Performance for Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with Ammonia
Authors: Li Yanqin , Wan Yinji , Sun Ruobing , Qian Gang , Liu Zhisong , Dan Jianming , Yu Feng
Published: September 2022

Two‐dimensional (2D) catalysts are highly attractive for their great potential in environment remediation and energy conversion. In this work, a novel layered manganese silicate (MnSiO3) catalyst was synthesized by hydrothermal method using silica in vermiculite, a layered silicate clay mineral, as the lattice‐matching matrix and silicon source. The epitaxial growth of MnSiO3 is confined in the 2D directions, resulting in the morphology of vermiculite crystal thin nanosheets. The physichemical characterization results showed that MnSiO3 possessed higher Mn4+ content, acidic sites and reducing substances than that of MnOx/SiO2. The MnSiO3 therefore exhibited 100 % NO conversion rate with 85 % N2 selectivity at 150 °C in the NH3−SCR process. In situ DRIFTS studies show that MnSiO3 has strong NO adsorption capacity and NH3 activation capacity, which is beneficial to the improvement of NH3−SCR activity.
σ‐Holes in Iodonium Ylides: Halogen‐Bond Activation of Carboxylic Acids, Phenols and Thiophenols May Enable Their X−H Insertion Reactions
Authors: Montgomery Carlee A. , Jameel Islam , Cuzzucoli Fabio , Chidley Tristan , Hopkins W. Scott , Murphy Graham K.
Published: September 2022

The first systematic evaluation of the electrostatic potential energy maps of iodonium ylides was conducted. We determined that they possess two σ‐holes of differing electron deficiencies, with the more electropositive σ‐hole located opposite the dative I−C bond to the β‐dicarbonyl motif, and the lesser electropositive σ‐hole located opposite the iodoarene C−I bond. We also conducted the first systematic evaluation of carboxylic acids, phenols and thiophenols in the O/S‐alkylation reaction of iodonium ylides. While carboxylic acids and thiophenols were found to be generally viable, only phenols possessing electron‐withdrawing substituents were effective. This high‐yielding and highly chemoselective reaction is believed to involve halogen‐bond activation of heteroatoms, and nicely complements existing diazo‐based methods for alkylation of acidic functional groups.
Catalysts as Key Enablers for the Synthesis of Bioplastics with Sophisticated Architectures
Authors: Rittinghaus Ruth D. , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja
Published: September 2022

Bioplastics are one of the answers to environmental pollution and linear material flows. The most promising bioplastic polylactide (PLA) is already replacing conventional plastics in a number of applications. The properties of PLA, however, do not fit for all potential application areas, but they can be altered by the introduction of comonomers. The copolymerization of lactide (LA) with other lactones like ϵ‐caprolactone (CL) has been established for several years. Nevertheless, controlling copolymerizations remains a challenge due to the high complexity of the system. Copolymerization of LA with other monomer classes is much less investigated, but has the chance to overcome the limitations in material properties that occur when only lactones are used. The crucial factor for all copolymerizations is the catalyst. It dominates the reaction kinetics and determines the resulting microstructure. In this review, copolymerization catalysts for LA are presented divided into catalysts for the synthesis of lactone block copolymers, lactone random copolymers, and multimechanistically synthesized copolymers. The selected catalysts are highlighted either owing to their industrially applicable polymerization conditions or their non‐standard mechanism.
Structure–Property Relationship of Cyano‐Functionalized Conjugated Polymers for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Chi Xu , Chen Qian , Lan Zhi‐An , Zhang Xirui , Chen Xiong , Wang Xinchen
Published: September 2022

Conjugated polymers (CPs) have garnered increasing attention in the field of photocatalysis due to their stability and molecular tunability. Understanding the structure–property relationship in CPs and addressing appropriate molecular design strategies are pivotal to improving the photocatalytic performance of CPs. Herein, a new efficient cyano (CN) engineering approach was proposed to promote the photocatalytic performance of CPs, and three representative CP‐based photocatalysts with different CN contents were tailor‐made to investigate the relationship between CN functionalization and photocatalytic activity. A series of systematically experimental and theoretical studies reveal that CN functionalization contributes to strengthening the donor‐acceptor (D‐A) interaction, enhancing the light absorption ability, charge separation/transfer efficiency, and hydrophilicity of CPs, and also facilitating the output of separated photoinduced electrons from CPs to Pt cocatalyst. Thus, the dicyano‐functionalized polymer (P‐2CN) manifests an attractive photocatalytic performance in hydrogen production. This study provides a facile strategy to develop excellent CP‐based photocatalysts for solar fuel production.
S‐Doped Porous Carbon Cage with Good Accommodation Ability as an Effective S Host for Li‐S Batteries
Authors: Jin Peng , Li Long , Hu Yanshao , Yang Xu , Xu Chenggen , Wu Mingzhen , Zhang Xiaojing , Zhang Shouren , Ma Xinlong
Published: September 2022

The practical application of Li−S batteries is still limited by the fundamental problems of the insulation properties of sublimed S and the “shuttle effect” of polysulfides. S‐doped porous carbon cage (SPCC) obtained by the catalytic guidance methodology is employed as a highly efficient S host material for Li−S batteries, which presents the cage‐like morphology coupled with abundant pore channels. Compared to the undoped PCC, SPCC exhibits higher electrical conductivity. The composite of sublimed S and SPCC (S@SPCC) employed as cathode for Li−S batteries possesses a higher reversible capacity, superior rate capability and better durability in comparison with that of S@PCC cathode. The synergistic effect of robust matrix associated with good electrical conductivity and abundant pore channels of SPCC is beneficial for the fast electron transport and shorten the Li‐ion diffusion distance. Besides, S doping possesses the positive function to attract Li‐polysulfides, inhibiting the shuttle of Li‐polysulfides and contributing to the superior electrode behavior of the S@SPCC cathode.
Hybrid meta‐heuristic algorithm for optimal virtual machine placement and migration in cloud computing
Authors: Infantia Henry Niroshini , Anbuananth C , Kalarani S
Published: September 2022

Data sharing in cloud computing happens with multiple participants to freely distribute the group data, which focuses on advancing the effectiveness of work in cooperative backgrounds and has attained widespread benefits. The main intent of this article is to accomplish a virtual machines (VMs) placement and migration model using a hybrid meta‐heuristic concept. A new meta‐heuristic algorithm named DJ‐HA is developed for optimal VM placement and migration to reduce the count of active servers, and minimization of makespan, and energy consumption with a faster convergence rate in a cloud background. Then, the VM migration is done based on the multi‐objective function concerning energy consumption and makespan using the same hybrid DJ‐HA. From the result analysis, the energy consumption of the DJ‐HA is correspondingly secured at 4.3%, 3.5%, 31%, and 33% more advanced than PSO, GWO, DHOA, and JA, at the 100th iteration for Experiment 1. Accordingly, the cost function of the suggested DJ‐HA is secured at 88.8%, 89.4%, 33.3%, and 50% increased than PSO, GWO, DHOA, and JA at the 100th iteration for Experiment 4. Hence, it is proved that the suggested VM migration using DJ‐HA is enriched than the other conventional algorithms.
Remarkable Enhancement of Catalytic Activity of Cu‐Complexes in the Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction by Using Triply Fused Porphyrin**
Authors: Chandra Shubhadeep , Hazari Arijit Singha , Song Qian , Hunger David , Neuman Nicolás. I. , van Slageren Joris , Klemm Elias , Sarkar Biprajit
Published: September 2022

A bimetallic triply fused copper(II) porphyrin complex (1) was prepared, comprising two monomeric porphyrin units linked through β–β, meso–meso, β′–β′ triple covalent linkages and exhibiting remarkable catalytic activity for the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction in comparison to the analogous monomeric copper(II) porphyrin complex (2). Electrochemical investigations in the presence of a proton source (trifluoroacetic acid) confirmed that the catalytic activity of the fused metalloporphyrin occurred at a significantly lower overpotential (≈320 mV) compared to the non‐fused monomer. Controlled potential electrolysis combined with kinetic analysis of catalysts 1 and 2 confirmed production of hydrogen, with 96 and 71 % faradaic efficiencies and turnover numbers of 102 and 18, respectively, with an observed rate constant of around 107 s−1 for the dicopper complex. The results thus firmly establish triply fused porphyrin ligands as outstanding candidates for generating highly stable and efficient molecular electrocatalysts in combination with earth‐abundant 3d transition metals.
Resource amount and discontinuity influence flight and reproduction in Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Stowe Hannah E. , Michaud J. P. , Kim Tania N.
Published: September 2022

Industrial‐scale agriculture creates a mosaic of large monocultures in the landscape, where seasonal cropping cycles generate discontinuous resource availability for insect predators both spatially and temporally. In this environment, selection will favor predator movement and reproductive behaviors that optimize the location and effective utilization of resource (prey) pulses that are both patchy and ephemeral in nature. Using a model system to study predator movement and reproduction, we tested how discontinuous periods of food resource access that mimic fluctuating resource populations (aphids) would influence flight behavior and reproduction of a highly mobile predator, Hippodamia convergens (convergent lady beetle), and possibly modify energetic trade‐offs between these behaviors. Adult beetles were provided either short (3 h) or long (6 h) food pulses daily (continuous availability) or short (6 h) or long (12 h) food pulses every other day (discontinuous availability). We measured preoviposition period, fecundity, and fertility during an 18‐day oviposition period, and female tethered flight activity (3 h) before and after the oviposition period. We found that discontinuous food access delayed the onset of oviposition in the high food quantity treatment; fewer females laid eggs overall, and 18‐day fecundity was lower compared with continuous provision of the same food quantity. A longer preoviposition period was associated with fewer reproductive days and lower fitness. Flight distance and fecundity were negatively correlated, suggesting that energetic expenditure in flight can deplete energetic reserves otherwise used for subsequent reproduction. The negative effects of discontinuous resource access at fine temporal scales reveal how gaps in resource availability could influence lady beetle population dynamics and their ecosystem services within the agricultural landscape.
The relationship between thermal spatial variability and mean temperature alters movement and population dynamics
Authors: Schuman Isaac J. , Meier Hannah S. , Layden Tamara J. , Fey Samuel B.
Published: September 2022

The importance of spatial and temporal environmental variation in shaping ecosystem dynamics is well appreciated, yet the ecological consequences of dynamic spatial variability, that is, the temporal patterning of spatial variation, remain unresolved. Here, we experimentally generate temporally fluctuating thermal environments that have either a negative, positive, or neutral relationship between the mean spatial environmental temperature and the degree of thermal spatial heterogeneity. We test the hypothesis that the timing of spatial variation relative to diel temperature cycles can meaningfully alter movement patterns and population dynamics, using the motile green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Our results indicate that C. reinhardtii individuals growing in environments with positive relationships between spatial variability and mean temperature show reduced population growth rates, more directed movement as indicated by a reduced turning angle, and decreased negative thermotaxis over time, relative to those growing in environments with a negative relationship between spatial variability and mean temperature. We additionally document substantial regional variation in the dynamics of natural spatial variability by collecting summer water temperature measurements from five ponds in the Mount Saint Helens watershed, WA, USA. Our results collectively suggest that the dynamics of spatial variation are an underappreciated but salient feature within the broader interwoven fabric of spatiotemporal variation.
Recent Development of Photofunctional Transition Metal−Peptide Conjugates for Bioimaging and Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Lee Lawrence Cho‐Cheung , Huang Lili , Leung Peter Kam‐Keung , Lo Kenneth Kam‐Wing
Published: September 2022

Peptides are attractive for diagnostic and therapeutic applications due to their small molecular size, ease of synthesis and chemical modifications, high target affinity and specificity, efficient tissue penetration, and low immunogenicity. In the past decade, there has been enormous interest in the utilization of photofunctional transition metal complexes as cellular probes, bioimaging reagents, and therapeutic agents. The interest stems from the intriguing photophysical and photochemical properties of the complexes, including large Stokes’ shifts, long emission lifetimes, high photostability, and high singlet oxygen‐photosensitization efficiency. In this Review, we summarize recent advances in the development of photofunctional transition metal−peptide conjugates for bioimaging and therapeutic applications, with a focus on the cellular uptake, intracellular localization, and (photo)cytotoxic activity of the conjugates. Our perspective on the current challenges and future development of photofunctional transition metal−peptide conjugates as diagnostic and therapeutic tools is also provided.
Intersectional politicization: A facet of youth activists' sociopolitical development
Authors: Conner Jerusha O. , Lotesta Johnnie , Stannard Rachel
Published: September 2022

This article explores the sociopolitical development (SPD) of youth activists involved in climate justice and gun violence prevention movements. Interviews with 52 youth members of five different youth‐led activist organizations and follow‐up surveys supplied the data. We found that involvement in youth‐led activist organizations facilitates a particular kind of SPD we term “intersectional politicization.” Intersectional politicization involves critical intersectional reflection paired with critical intersectional action. Critical intersectional reflection entails analysis of how marginalized populations are impacted by particular social problems and how various social issues and forces of oppression interconnect. Critical intersectional action consists of participating actively in multiple movements or activist organizations to address distinct issues simultaneously. Intersectional politicization is fostered through organizational trainings and programming, collaborative work with other organizations, dialog with fellow activists, and online activist content. Intersectional politicization raises new considerations for research on critical consciousness and youth SPD.
Clinical and imaging clues to the diagnosis and follow‐up of ptosis and ophthalmoparesis
Authors: Keene Kevin R. , Kan Hermien E. , van der Meeren Stijn , Verbist Berit M. , Tannemaat Martijn R. , Beenakker Jan‐Willem M. , Verschuuren Jan J.G.M.
Published: September 2022

Ophthalmoparesis and ptosis can be caused by a wide range of rare or more prevalent diseases, several of which can be successfully treated. In this review, we provide clues to aid in the diagnosis of these diseases, based on the clinical symptoms, the involvement pattern and imaging features of extra‐ocular muscles (EOM). Dysfunction of EOM including the levator palpebrae can be due to muscle weakness, anatomical restrictions or pathology affecting the innervation. A comprehensive literature review was performed to find clinical and imaging clues for the diagnosis and follow‐up of ptosis and ophthalmoparesis. We used five patterns as a framework for differential diagnostic reasoning and for pattern recognition in symptomatology, EOM involvement and imaging results of individual patients. The five patterns were characterized by the presence of combination of ptosis, ophthalmoparesis, diplopia, pain, proptosis, nystagmus, extra‐orbital symptoms, symmetry or fluctuations in symptoms. Each pattern was linked to anatomical locations and either hereditary or acquired diseases. Hereditary muscle diseases often lead to ophthalmoparesis without diplopia as a predominant feature, while in acquired eye muscle diseases ophthalmoparesis is often asymmetrical and can be accompanied by proptosis and pain. Fluctuation is a hallmark of an acquired synaptic disease like myasthenia gravis. Nystagmus is indicative of a central nervous system lesion. Second, specific EOM involvement patterns can also provide valuable diagnostic clues. In hereditary muscle diseases like chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) and oculo‐pharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) the superior rectus is often involved. In neuropathic disease, the pattern of involvement of the EOM can be linked to specific cranial nerves. In myasthenia gravis this pattern is variable within patients over time. Lastly, orbital imaging can aid in the diagnosis. Fat replacement of the EOM is commonly observed in hereditary myopathic diseases, such as CPEO. In contrast, inflammation and volume increases are often observed in acquired muscle diseases such as Graves' orbitopathy. In diseases with ophthalmoparesis and ptosis specific patterns of clinical symptoms, the EOM involvement pattern and orbital imaging provide valuable information for diagnosis and could prove valuable in the follow‐up of disease progression and the understanding of disease pathophysiology.
Adsorption characteristics of N‐rGO for multiple representative trace antibiotics in water
Authors: Zhang Xue , Wu Nan
Published: September 2022

Antibiotics have attracted considerable attention as pollutants; however, they have not been controlled because they cannot be effectively treated via conventional water treatment. In this study, nitrogen‐doped reduced graphene oxide (N‐rGO) was prepared, and its adsorption performance on multiple trace antibiotics in water was investigated by considering sulfamethoxazole, levofloxacin, clindamycin, tetracycline, penicillin, and chloramphenicol as target pollutants. The results demonstrated that the adsorption process was completed within 60 min at a removal rate exceeding 80%. The adsorption process was in line with the first‐order kinetic equation and the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model, with a theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of 1,265.82 mg g−1. Meanwhile, the effect of pH value was related to the structure of antibiotics. Simulation studies showed that anions and cations in natural water matrix did not inhibit the adsorption process, whereas humic acid adversely affected the adsorption effect. Characterizations revealed that the N‐rGO surface was wrinkled with abundant and diverse oxygen‐containing functional groups, which provided suitable conditions for efficient adsorption. The results indicated that N‐rGO rapidly and effectively adsorbed trace antibiotics in water, thus providing a basis for constructing an adsorption–catalytic oxidation system. Overall, the proposed method is excellent for treating trace antibiotics in a water environment.
Heterotopic Interstitial Pregnancy: Early Ultrasound Diagnosis of 179 Cases After In Vitro Fertilization‐Embryo Transfer
Authors: Li Xihong , Cai Pei , Ouyang Yan , Gong Fei
Published: September 2022

Objectives

What is the role of transvaginal sonography (TVS) in the early diagnosis of hectopic interstitial pregnancy (HIP) after in vitro fertilization‐embryo transfer (IVF‐ET)?

Methods

A retrospective observational study was conducted from January 2005 to December 2018. Routine two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional TVS were used to confirm clinical pregnancy. Women were diagnosed with HIP when an intrauterine gestational sac was combined with an extrauterine chorionic sac, which was at least 1 cm away from the uterine cavity and surrounded by a thin myometrial layer (<5 mm). Surgery and pathology results were the gold standard for diagnosing interstitial pregnancy. Non‐surgical patients were excluded from the study. The performance of TVS and the pregnancy outcomes of intrauterine pregnancies (IUPs) were evaluated.

Results

A total of 97,161 women underwent IVF treatment and TVS examinations in our hospital during this study. Of these, 194 patients were diagnosed with HIP, with an incidence of 0.2% (194/97,161). Surgical and pathological findings confirmed 179 interstitial pregnancies, of which 174 were diagnosed by TVS, 4 were missed, and 1 was misdiagnosed. The sensitivity of TVS diagnosis was 97.8% and the positive predictive value was 99.4%. The mean time to diagnosis was 31 days after transplantation. One hundred and thirty‐nine cases of HIP (77.7%) were diagnosed at the time of initial TVS examination. In 132 patients (73.7%), IUPs resulted in live births.

Conclusions

In our practice, most HIPs following IVF‐ET can be accurately diagnosed by TVS, which facilitates early management of interstitial pregnancies and enables high live birth rates for IUPs.
Adolescent Marathon Training
Authors: DeJong Lempke Alexandra F. , Willwerth Sarah B. , Hunt Danielle L. , Meehan William P. , Whitney Kristin E.
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Assess changes in lower extremity musculotendinous thickness, tissue echogenicity, and muscle pennation angles among adolescent runners enrolled in a 6‐month distance running program.

Methods

We conducted prospective evaluations of adolescent runners' lower extremity musculotendinous changes at three timepoints (baseline, 3 months, and 6 months) throughout a progressive marathon training program. Two experienced researchers used an established protocol to obtain short‐ and long‐axis ultrasound images of the medial gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor hallicus, and Achilles and patellar tendons. ImageJ software was used to calculate musculotendinous thickness and echogenicity for all structures, and fiber pennation angles for the ankle extrinsic muscles. Repeated measures within‐subject analyses of variance were conducted to assess the effect of endurance training on ultrasound‐derived measures.

Results

We assessed 11 runners (40.7% of eligible runners; 6F, 5M; age: 16 ± 1 years; running experience: 3 ± 2 years) who remained injury‐free and completed all ultrasound evaluation timepoints. Medial gastrocnemius muscle (F2,20 = 3.48,P = .05), tibialis anterior muscle (F2,20 = 7.36,P = .004), and Achilles tendon (F2,20 = 3.58,P = .05) thickness significantly increased over time. Echogenicity measures significantly decreased in all muscles (P‐range: <.001–.004), and increased for the patellar tendon (P < .001) during training. Muscle fiber pennation angles significantly increased for ankle extrinsic muscles (P < .001).

Conclusions

Adolescent runners' extrinsic foot and ankle muscles increased in volume and decreased in echogenicity, attributed to favorable distance training adaptations across the 6‐month timeframe. We noted tendon thickening without concomitantly increased echogenicity, signaling intrasubstance tendon remodeling in response to escalating distance.
Identifying appropriate comparison groups for health system interventions in the COVID‐19 era
Authors: Savitz Samuel T. , Scott Jason L. , Leo Michael C. , Keast Erin M. , Savitz Lucy A.
Published: September 2022

Introduction

COVID‐19 has created additional challenges for the analysis of non‐randomized interventions in health system settings. Our objective is to evaluate these challenges and identify lessons learned from the analysis of a medically tailored meals (MTM) intervention at Kaiser Permanente Northwest (KPNW) that began in April 2020.

Methods

We identified both a historical and concurrent comparison group. The historical comparison group included patients living in the same area as the MTM recipients prior to COVID‐19. The concurrent comparison group included patients admitted to contracted non‐KPNW hospitals or admitted to a KPNW facility and living outside the service area for the intervention but otherwise eligible. We used two alternative propensity score methods in response to the loss of sample size with exact matching to evaluate the intervention.

Results

We identified 452 patients who received the intervention, 3873 patients in the historical comparison group, and 5333 in the concurrent comparison group. We were able to mostly achieve balance on observable characteristics for the intervention and the two comparison groups.

Conclusions

Lessons learned included: (a) The use of two different comparison groups helped to triangulate results; (b) the meaning of utilization measures changed pre‐ and post‐COVID‐19; and (c) that balance on observable characteristics can be achieved, especially when the comparison groups are meaningfully larger than the intervention group. These findings may inform the design for future evaluations of interventions during COVID‐19.
Spatial‐temporal scanning detection model and calculation method of laser fuze
Authors: Li Hanshan
Published: September 2022

To scientifically evaluate the detection performance and detection ability of laser fuze, this study studies the double‐laser circumferential scanning detection method of laser fuze and its spatial‐temporal scanning detection model. According to the intersection relationship between projectile and target, the key parameters' calculation method of laser scanning detection is studied, and the spatial‐temporal scanning detection model and output signal model of laser fuze are established based on multi parameters in the detection system. Through calculation and analysis, the changing relationship between the laser detection ability under different laser beam incident angles, scanning frequency, deflection angle as well as other parameters and the laser echo under different deflection angles of laser fuze is discussed. The results show that when the emitted laser beam angle is fixed, the diameter of the detectable target becomes smaller and smaller with the increase of laser pulse frequency, that is, the detection ability of the laser fuze becomes higher and higher. At the same detection distance, the smaller the intersection angle of the missile and target, the stronger the laser echo power reflected by the target; when the detection distance and intersection angle increase, the detection probability of the laser detection system decreases significantly.
A pruning method of feedforward neural network based on contribution of input components for digital predistortion of power amplifier
Authors: Zhao Guobo , Wang Guizhen , Lin Yingchao , Li Shulan , Yu Cuiping , Liu Yuanan
Published: September 2022

In this paper, a pruning method based on contribution of input components is proposed to optimize the structure of Feedforward neural network (FNN) model for digital predistortion of power amplifier. The optimized hyperparameters are the specific input components. The pruning algorithm is divided into two stages. The stage I is used to rough rank the importance of input components and the stage II is used to modify the results of stage I. Then, we can get an importance ranking of input components. By deleting unimportant input components, a pruned FNN model with fewer input components can be obtained. Test results show that the proposed algorithm can greatly simplify the FNN model on the premise of ensuring the predistortion performance.
Chinese college students' help‐seeking behavior: An application of the modified theory of planned behavior
Authors: Pan Qi , Hao Zhihong
Published: September 2022

Chinese college students have a high incidence of psychological problems but rarely seek professional psychological help. Despite this fact, there have been few studies of the help‐seeking behavior of Chinese college students with mental health problems. This research aims to use a modified model based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to explore the intentions and behaviors of Chinese college students with psychological problems in seeking professional psychological help. A total of 319 Chinese college students were recruited to measure attitude, stigma, coping efficiency, help‐seeking intention, help‐seeking behavior, and demographic variables. The results showed that attitudes were the most powerful predictor of intentions to seek help, followed by coping effectiveness and stigma. In addition, a multigroup analysis showed that the model was valid across genders. Our research results show that the TPB‐based model can effectively explain the intentions and behaviors of college students with psychological problems in seeking professional help. Using our results, families, schools, and society could design intervention measures to enhance students' help‐seeking intentions and behaviors.