bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phosphorus sorption properties of deposits from peat-muck soil profile in the Kuwasy object
Authors: Sapek Barbara
Published: February 2013

Sorption capacity and the energy of phosphorus adsorption on muck and peat deposits were studied in peat- -muck soil profile from a lowland peatland in the Kuwasy object. Soils of the area are characterised by a laminar structure which results in variable sorption properties of peat deposits of different origin, degree of humification (decomposition - R) and transformation of organic matter of upper muck layers (degree of mucking - Z). There was a relationship between the maximum phosphorus adsorption calculated from the Langmuir isotherm (b) and adsorption energy (k) and the type and degree of humification of peat and transformation of muck mass. Muck deposits of the maximum sorption capacity similar to that of peat deposits bind phosphorus less intensively than peats. One may expect that different sorption capacity and the strength of phosphorus binding will effect in different migration of inorganic and organic P compounds in soil profile and their transfer to ground waters.
Predicting Risk of Collision for Oil Tankers in the Gulf of Finland
Authors: Montewka Jakub
Published: February 2013

Predicting Risk of Collision for Oil Tankers in the Gulf of Finland

the Gulf of Finland (GOF) is considered one of the most dense place in the world in terms of marine traffic, and in addition to the Danish Straits it forms the narrowest and shallowest waters in the Baltic Sea. As the volume of shipping in the GOF increases constantly, so does the risk of accidents. This paper presents a model for risk assessment for vessels colliding with emphasis put on tankers. A new adaptation of pre-existent physical model based on molecular collision theory for probability of collision assessment is presented. The consequences of an accident are expressed in the monetary terms, and concern the costs due to an oil spill. Neither loss of humans' life nor structural damages were considered in the presented risk model. The risk that colliding tankers pose are assessed for winter and traffic summer profiles separately.
Simulation and optimization of heavy-duty semitrailer dynamic model/Symulacja i optymalizacja dynamicznego modelu naczepy pojazdów transportu ciężkiego
Authors: Korta Jakub , Martowicz Adam , Gallina Alberto , Uhl Tadeusz
Published: February 2013

This paper presents an optimization of a multibody truck semitrailer model; its
purpose was to find the best values of suspension parameters in order to minimize the
disadvantageous influence of force distribution in the high risk areas. A number of
simulations with different parameters and under different load cases have been carried out,
combined with a parametric and structural sensitivity analysis, and in this way individual
factors influencing particular forces have been estimated. The stiffness and damping
coefficients of the construction suspension system have been adjusted by applying
metamodeling techniques, using two different approaches: Kriging and polynomial
regression. Finally, using a desirability function, the most optimal solution has been found.
Differences in the Efficiency Between the Grab and Track Starts for Both Genders in Greek Young Swimmers
Authors: Thanopoulos Vassilios , Rozi Georgia , Okičić Tomislav , Dopsaj Milivoj , Jorgić Bojan , Madić Dejan , Veličković Saša , Milanović Zoran , Spanou Fani , Batis Emilios
Published: February 2013

Differences in the Efficiency Between the Grab and Track Starts for Both Genders in Greek Young Swimmers

The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the kinematic parameters between the grab and track starts and the differences in these two starts between genders. A total of 27 swimmers at the competitive level participated in the study, 13 boys (mean ± SD: age 15.8 ± 0.8 years, body mass 67.7 ± 7.7 kg and body height 178.6 ± 5.7 cm) and 14 girls (mean ± SD: age 16 ± 0.8 years, body mass 59.2 ± 6.6 kg and body height 166.2 ± 6.7 cm). Each swimmer performed three attempts for both start techniques. The best attempt of the grab start and the track start was taken for further analysis. The following kinematic parameters were analysed: flight distance, flight time, flight velocity, entry angle and reaction time. The males had greater numeric values for the results in all kinematic parameters for the grab start compared with the track start, except for flight velocity and entry angle (flight time 0.42 vs. 0.41 s, flight distance 3.21 vs. 3.14 m, flight velocity 7.76 vs. 7.83 m/s, entry angle 44.22 vs. 43.85 degrees and reaction time 0.86 vs. 0.81 s). The females also had greater numeric values for the results in all kinematic parameters for the grab start compared with the track start, except for flight time (flight time 0.38 vs. 0.38 s, flight distance 2.82 vs. 2.73 m, flight velocity 7.47 vs. 7.31 m/s, entry angle 45.18 vs. 44.79 degrees and reaction time 0.88 vs. 0.82 s). These results indicate that the males had significantly better results for flight time and flight distance compared with the females for the grab start (flight time 0.42 vs. 0.38 s, flight distance 3.21 vs. 2.82 m). In the case of the track start, the males had significantly better results for flight distance (3.14 vs. 2.73 m). Exploring the characteristics of the two starts did not lead to any significant kinematic differences. Therefore, a conclusion that demonstrates the superiority of one of the techniques cannot be reached. The coach, together with each swimmer individually, should devote some time to decide after some tests what type of start is better for the body type and general qualifications of the swimmer.
Age- and Sex-Related Differences in Force-Velocity Characteristics of Upper and Lower Limbs of Competitive Adolescent Swimmers
Authors: Nikolaidis Pantelis
Published: February 2013

Age- and Sex-Related Differences in Force-Velocity Characteristics of Upper and Lower Limbs of Competitive Adolescent Swimmers

While there is a direct relationship between maximal anaerobic power (Pmax) and swimming performance, the relationship between upper and lower limbs with regard to Pmax and force-velocity (F-v) characteristics is not clear. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of age and sex on the ratios of mechanical characteristics between upper and lower extremities of adolescent swimmers. Seventeen girls (aged 14.7±1.8 yr) (mean±standard deviation) and 28 boys (14.6±1.4 yr), all members of competitive swimming clubs, performed a F-v test for both legs and arms. In legs, boys had higher values of Pmax (t43=2.4, p<0.05), Pmax expressed in relative to body mass values (rPmax, t43=3.4, p<0.01) and v0 (t43=4.3, p<0.001), while no differences were found for F0 (t43=1.0, p=0.31) and v0/F0 (t43=0.55, p=0.59). In arms, boys had higher values of Pmax (t43=3.2, p<0.01), rPmax (t43=3.9, p<0.001) and v0 (t43=3.4, p<0.01), while no differences were found for F0 (t43=1.9, p=0.06) and v0/F0 (t43=0.16, p=0.87). However, no sex difference was found with regard to the ratios of Pmax (t43=1.9, p=0.06), F0 (t43=1.2, p=0.23) and v0 (t43=1.3, p=0.20) between upper and lower extremities. There was direct relationship between age and Pmax of legs (r=0.64, p<0.01 in girls; r=0.43, p<0.05 in boys) and arms (r=0.56, p<0.05; r=0.57, p<0.01 respectively), while there was not any significant association between age and the ratios of mechanical characteristics of upper and lower limbs. These findings emphasize the need for separate evaluation of arms' and legs' force-velocity characteristics on a regular basis and the consideration of these measures in training design.
The Reliability, Validity and Applicability of Two Sport-Specific Power Tests in Synchronized Swimming
Authors: Peric Mia , Zenic Natasa , Mandic Gordana , Sekulic Damir , Sajber Dorica
Published: February 2013

The Reliability, Validity and Applicability of Two Sport-Specific Power Tests in Synchronized Swimming

Sport-specific tests are rarely investigated in synchronized swimming (synchro). The aim of this research was to study the reliability and the validity of two sport-specific tests that are based on synchro elements, namely, the Barracuda thrust ("Barracuda") and the Boost. The Barracuda is a move in which the swimmer begins in the back pike position (head down with the legs perpendicular to the surface of the water) and then moves the legs and hips rapidly upward, unrolling the body to obtain a maximal vertical position above the surface of the water. The Boost occurs when the swimmer rises rapidly out of the water, head first, to bring as much of the body as possible above the surface of the water. Both patterns are considered power moves and are therefore theoretically related to explosive strength. This study involved 22 female competitive synchro swimmers aged 16-18 years. The variables examined included performance on the Barracuda, Boost and countermovement jump and anthropometric measures (body height, body weight and body composition). Statistical analyses showed appropriate reliability for all tests, with no systematic bias between trials. A factor analysis calculated for the Barracuda, Boost and countermovement jump revealed one significant factor based on the Guttmann-Kaiser criterion with all three tests significantly projected. The structure of the significant factor did not change if the results for the Boost and Barracuda were normalized for body height. The Boost and Barracuda, but not the countermovement jump, were significantly correlated with the competitive achievements of the swimmers. In conclusion, the Boost and Barracuda are reliable and valid measures of the explosive strength of synchronized swimmers and are significantly related to competitive achievement.
A Comparison of the Physiological Responses to Underwater Arm Cranking and Breath Holding Between Synchronized Swimmers and Breath Holding Untrained Women
Authors: Alentejano Teresa , Bell Gordon , Marshall Dru
Published: February 2013

A Comparison of the Physiological Responses to Underwater Arm Cranking and Breath Holding Between Synchronized Swimmers and Breath Holding Untrained Women

Exercise and breath holding in the water such as that performed in the sport of synchronized swimming may evoke the physiological consequences of the diving response. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological responses of breath holding during underwater arm cranking in synchronized swimmers who are trained in breath holding and compare these responses to untrained women. Each participant performed 6 breath holding periods in the water (2 × 10s, 2 × 20s and 2 × 25s) with 2 minutes of normal breathing in between, in either an ascending or descending order while performing arm crank exercise. The intensity of arm crank exercise was set below the individual ventilatory threshold. Both synchronized swimmers and controls were matched on sitting height and then randomly divided into 2 groups: one group started breath holding with the longest (25s) breath holding periods while the other group began breath holding with the shortest (10s) breath holding periods. The synchronized swimmers experienced a significant decrease in heart rate while breath holding for 20 and 25s but the changes in heart rate for the control group was not consistent between subgroups. Full recovery from breath holding was identified for minute ventilation after 25s of recovery from breath holding for all groups. Results suggest synchronized swimmers exhibited a better adaptation to breath holding while exercising underwater.
Effects of Aquatic and Dry Land Resistance Training Devices on Body Composition and Physical Capacity in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Colado Juan , Garcia-Masso Xavier , Rogers Michael , Tella Victor , Benavent Juan , Dantas Estelio
Published: February 2013

Effects of Aquatic and Dry Land Resistance Training Devices on Body Composition and Physical Capacity in Postmenopausal Women

To determine the effects of a supervised strength training program on body composition and physical capacity of older women using three different devices: weight machines, elastic bands, and aquatic devices that increase drag forces (ADIDF). Four groups were formed: control group, weight machine group (WMG), elastic band group (EBG) and a group that used ADIDF (ADIDFG). Body composition and physical capacity were assessed before and after the intervention period. The ADIDFG showed improvements in fat mass (FM), fat-free mass of the left arm (FFM-LA) and right arm (FFM-RA), knee push-up test (KPT), squat test (ST) and crunch test (CT) (p <0.05). Individuals in the EBG and WMG also improved their FM, fat free mass (FFM), FFM-LA, FFM-RA, KPU, ST and CT. ADIDF training improves body composition and physical capacity of postmenopausal women as does performing land-based training programs.
Deep and Shallow Water Effects on Developing Preschoolers' Aquatic Skills
Authors: Costa Aldo , Marinho Daniel , Rocha Helena , Silva António , Barbosa Tiago , Ferreira Sandra , Martins Marta
Published: February 2013

Deep and Shallow Water Effects on Developing Preschoolers' Aquatic Skills

The aim of the study was to assess deep and shallow water teaching methods in swimming lessons for preschool children and identify variations in the basic aquatic skills acquired. The study sample included 32 swimming instructors (16 from deep water programs and 16 from shallow water programs) and 98 preschool children (50 from deep water swimming pool and 48 from shallow water swimming pool). The children were also studied regarding their previous experience in swimming (6, 12 and 18 months or practice). Chi-Square test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare the teaching methodology. A discriminant analysis was conducted with Λ wilk's method to predict under what conditions students are better or worse (aquatic competence).

Results suggest that regardless of the non-significant variations found in teaching methods, the water depth can affect aquatic skill acquisition - shallow water lessons seem to impose greater water competence particularly after 6 months of practice. The discriminant function revealed a significant association between groups and all predictors for 6 months of swimming practice (p<0.001). Body position in gliding and leg displacements were the main predictors. For 12 and 18 months of practice, the discriminant function do not revealed any significant association between groups. As a conclusion, it seems that the teaching methodology of aquatic readiness based on deep and shallow water programs for preschoolers is not significantly different. However, shallow water lessons could be preferable for the development of basic aquatic skills.
Plantar-flexor static stretch training effect on eccentric and concentric peak torque – a comparative study of trained versus untrained subjects
Authors: Abdel-aziem Amr Almaz , Mohammad Walaa Sayed
Published: February 2013

The aim of this study was to examine the long-term effects of static stretching of the plantar-flexor muscles oneccentric and concentric torque and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion in healthy subjects. Seventy five healthy malevolunteers, with no previous history of trauma to the calf that required surgery, absence of knee flexion contracture andno history of neurologic dysfunction or disease, systemic disease affecting the lower extremities were selected for thisstudy. The participants were divided into three equal groups. The control group did not stretch the plantar-flexormuscles. Two Experimental groups (trained and untrained) were instructed to perform static stretching exercise of 30second duration and 5 repetitions twice daily. The stretching sessions were carried out 5 days a week for 6 weeks. Thedorsiflexion range of motion was measured in all subjects. Also measured was the eccentric and concentric torque ofplantar-flexors at angular velocities of 30 and 120o/s pre and post stretching. Analysis of variance showed a significantincrease in plantar-flexor eccentric and concentric torque (p < 0.05) of trained and untrained groups, and an increase indorsiflexion range of motion (p < 0.05) at both angular velocities for the untrained group only. The static stretchingprogram of plantar-flexors was effective in increasing the concentric and eccentric plantarflexion torque at angularvelocities of 30 and 120o/s. Increases in plantar-flexors flexibility were observed in untrained subjects.
Acute effects of dropsets among different resistance training methods in upper body performance
Authors: Melibeu Bentes Claudio , Simão Roberto , Bunker Travis , Rhea Matthew R. , Miranda Humberto , Matassoli Gomes Thiago , Da Silva Novaes Jefferson
Published: February 2013

The aim of this study was to compare the influence of including dropset exercises in different orders, both inthe pre-exhaustion, as in the post-exhaustion method, and to analyze the performance of total work on the bench pressand chest flying exercise. Twenty-two male volunteers with a recreational experience in ST were evaluated in six visitsin non-consecutive days, at approximately the same time of the day. During the first visit, subjects signed an informedconsent form and underwent an anthropometric evaluation and testing of 10RM. The second visit involved a re-test of10RM. From third to sixth visits, the subjects were randomly grouped into the following experimental situations: 3rdVisit (V3 - Post-exhaustion): Bench Press (dropset) + Chest Flying (10RM); 4th visit (V4 - Post-exhaustion): BenchPress (10RM) + Chest Flying (dropset); 5th Visit (V5 - pre-exhaustion): Chest Flying (dropset) + Bench Press (10RM);6th Visit (V6 - pre-exhaustion): Chest Flying (10RM) + Bench Press (dropset). The protocol of dropset was performedwith 3 sets and no rest intervals 10RM + 80% 10RM + 60% 10RM. An interval between sets was adopted for 2minutes. The primary results showed a significant difference in Total Work for visits V3 and V6, which was included inthe dropset multiarticular exercises. These results suggest that the exercise order with the dropset method in the preexhaustionor post-exhaustion methods had an acute influence on Total Work.
Relationship between group cohesion and anxiety in soccer
Authors: Chicau Borrego Carla , Cid Luis , Silva Carlos
Published: February 2013

Group cohesion in sport is a widely spread theme today. Research has found cohesion to be influenced byseveral individual and group components. Among the cognitive variables that relate to cohesion we found competitiveanxiety. The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between task cohesion (ATG-T, and GI-T) andcompetitive state anxiety (A-state), and also if there would be a relation between cohesion and self-confidence.Participants were 366 football players of both genders male and female, aged between 15 to 23 years old, fromPortugal’s championships. Cohesion was measured using the Portuguese version of the Group EnvironmentQuestionnaire, and to assess competitive anxiety, we used the Portuguese version of the Competition State AnxietyInventory 2. Our results show that female athletes report experiencing more cognitive anxiety and less self-confidencethan male athletes. Only cognitive anxiety relates in a significantly negative way with the perception of cohesion (GI-Te ATG-T) in the total number of participants and in male athletes. Relatively to the somatic anxiety, it only relatesnegatively with the perception of the integration of the group in the total number of participants and in the malegender.
Leadership power perceptions of soccer coaches and soccer players according to their education
Authors: Konter Erkut
Published: February 2013

The purpose of this study was to analyze the leadership power perceptions of soccer coaches and soccer playersaccording to their educational levels. Data were collected from 165 male soccer coaches and 870 male soccer players.Adapted versions of the “Power in Soccer Questionnaire-Other”, the “Power in Soccer Questionnaire-Self” and an“information form” were used for data collection, and collected data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and theMann-Whitney Tests. Analysis of the Power in Soccer Questionnaire-Other revealed significant differences betweensoccer players’ level of education and their perception of Coercive Power (p<.003), and no significant differences relatedto Referent Power, Legitimate Power and Expert Power. Analysis of the Power in Soccer Questionnaire-Self alsorevealed the only significant difference between coaches’ level of education and their perception of Legitimate Power(p<.001), and no significant differences with regard to others. Different perception of leadership powers between coachesand players might create communication and performance problems in soccer.
The meaning of the NAATA + infinitive construction in basse mandinka
Authors: Andrason Alexander
Published: February 2013

Alexander Andrason. The Meaning of the NAATA + Infinitive Construction in Basse Mandinka. Lingua P osnaniensis, vol. L IV (1)/2012. T he P oznań Society for the A dvancement of the A rts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-103-7, pp. 7-19.

Purpose: T he present paper aims at providing a detailed description of values and uses offered by the NAATA form - an analytic Mandinka construction formed by means of the auxiliary naa ‘come’, employed itself in the so-called ‘TA tense’, and the infinitive of the main “meaning” verb. In that manner, we intend to rectify an important lacuna in grammatical studies of the Mandinka language which have almost entirely ignored the issue of the NAATA locution.

Method: A detailed map of the semantic content of the NAATA form will be designed, specifying its temporal, taxis, aspectual and modal implications, as well as certain textual properties. A ll the values will be illustrated by instructive examples provided by ten native Mandinka speakers (i.e. residents of Basse and neighboring villages: Manne K unda, Bassending, Mansajang and K aba K ama) and collected by the author in 2010 and 2011.

Results: T he evidence shows that the meaning of the NAATA construction corresponds to a present perfect (resultative, iterative, inclusive, experiential and indefinite), to a past tense (immediate, recent, general and remote) and to a perfective aspect (punctual, terminative and ingressive; less commonly the locution approximates a simple past). A dditionally, the formation expresses certain modal concepts, such as non-intentionality, accidentality or spontaneity of a corresponding perfect or past event. A s far as textual properties are concerned, the NAATA form is found both in discourse and narration, being able in the latter case to introduce events of the narrative foreground.

Conclusion: T he author demonstrates that the values displayed by the construction (with an exception of the modal senses) can be connected and a definition, which exceeds a simple inventory of uses, may be provided if one views the locution from a dynamic evolutionary perspective, i.e. as a manifestation of one of the developmental scenarios governing the grammatical evolution of original resultative constructions, namely as a realization of the anterior path. Furthermore, the modal senses of the NAATA form may be related to the anterior trajectory (and to its meanings-stages) if we make use of the evidential path, an evolutionary possibility which links the grammatical life of resultatives with determined modal domains. T his latter proposition, however, needs a more profound analysis and will constitute one of the research activities, conducted by the author in the future.
The language of online sports commentary in a comparative perspective
Authors: Lewandowski Marcin
Published: February 2013

Marcin Lewandowski. The Language of Online Sports Commentary in a Comparative Perspective. Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. L IV (1)/2012. The Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-103-7, pp. 65-76.

This paper attempts to describe a relatively new media genre (or as the author prefers to see it, an electronic register), i.e., online sports commentary (OSC). The analysis concerns English-language online live soccer match reports, and is based on a methodological framework proposed by D. Biber and S. Conrad (2009), who in register studies emphasize the correlation between the situational characteristics and lexico-grammatical features of a particular language variety. The paper also aims to compare the register in question with other related varieties, i.e., written sports commentary (WSC) and sports announcer talk (SAT ) in order to corroborate the hypothesis that the register of online commentary is a hybrid of spoken and written language.
Crankshaft development of a two-stroke compression-ignition engine with contra-running pistons
Authors: Drápal Lubomír , Novotný Pavel , Píštěk Václav , Ambróz Richard
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTI

Tento članek se zabyva navrhem, porovnanim různych variant a vyběrem vhodneho řešeni klikovych hřidelů pro dvoudoby vznětovy přeplňovany letecky motor s protiběžnymi pisty a souproudym vyplachovanim. Navrh variant klikovych hřidelů je proveden na zakladě analyzy vyvaženi celeho hnaciho ustroji a zahrnuje v sobě různe kombinace požadavků na pevnost, hmotnost a pravě i vyvaženi. Všechny varianty jsou s využitim postupů MKP a MBS podrobeny dynamickym simulacim pro cele spektrum provoznich otaček a vhodne řešeni je zvoleno na zakladě kriteria minimalizace torsniho kmitani, unavove životnosti časti motoru a zatiženi hlavnich ložisek.
Pressure wave supercharger 0-d model
Authors: Macek Jan , Vítek Oldřich , Pohořelský Luděk , Žák Zdeněk
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTI

Přispěvek představuje využiti a potencial 0-D algebraickeho modelu tlakoveho vyměniku. Tlakovy vyměnik je nestacionarni zařizeni, ktere využiva tlakovych vln ke stlačovani tekutin v serii axialnich kanalků. Ke stlačovani dochazi přenosem energie z vysokotlakeho do nizkotlakeho proudu bez odděleni pevnymi stěnami. 0-D model vychazi z fyzikalniho popisu procesů uvnitř tlakoveho vyměniku. Zjednodušeny popis procesů je korigovan kalibračnimi koeficienty určenymi pomoci 1-D modelu. Kalibračni koeficienty jsou do 0-D modelu přenesny regresnimi funkcemi.
Performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine using blends of bio-oil as a fuel
Authors: Mrityunjaya Swamy K.M. , Ramesha D.K. , Premkumara G. , Ranaprapareddy N.
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTI

Rostlinne oleje mohou byt s vyhodou využity jako paliva pro vznětove spalovaci motory, protože jejich vlastnosti se bliži vlastnostem nafty. Avšak vyšši viskozita rostlinnych olejů ma za nasledek nespravne rozprašeni paliva během vstřiku, což vede k nedokonalemu spalovani. Viskozitu rostlinnych olejů je možne snižit transesterifikaci nebo smisenim s naftou. Tento članek se zabyva vyzkumem zaměřenym na studium vlastnosti neupraveneho a metyl esteru oleje rostliny jatropha cursus (jatropha) a ryžoveho oleje vyrobeneho z kličků obilky ryže a jejich směsi s naftou od 5 do 50 objemovych procent. S těmito palivy byly uskutečněny zkoušky na vznětovem motoru. Cilem zkoušek bylo dosaženi porovnavacich měřeni vykonů a emisi pro posouzeni a vypočet vlastnosti vznětoveho motoru při spalovani vyše uvedenych paliv.

Sniženi emisi společně s vyšši efektivni učinnosti (BTE) a sniženim měrne spotřeby (BSEC) děla ze směsi (B -20 pro metyl estery a B -15 pro nezpracovane oleje) vyhovujici nahradu nafty. Vlastnosti těchto olejů jsou srovantelne s naftou.
The use of simulation models for the design of friction shifting elements used in planetary transmissions
Authors: Pitoňák Jaroslav , Galbavý Miroslav
Published: February 2013

ZHRNUTIE

Otazka projektovania a navrhovania transmisii nadobuda pri sučasnom využivani softverovych prostriedkov nove rozmery. Vypočtovy system Matlab ponuka široke možnosti pri vytvarani a skumani novych riešeni v prostredi matematickych modelov. Jeho sučasťou je aj modul SimDriveline, ktory nadobuda vyznam hlavne čo sa tyka zjednodušenia zostavenia modelu transmisie, vytvarania vzťahov medzi objektmi modelu, nazornosti, prehľadnosti, prezentacie vysledkov a pod. V tomto pripade sa však jedna o simulačne modely fyzikalne, ktore umožňuju modelovať spravanie sa systemu priamo popisom jeho fyzikalnej štruktury. Taketo simulačne modely nachadzaju využitie pri navrhoch roznych časti pohonov, napriklad i radiacich prvkov planetovych prevodoviek - spojok a bŕzd. Pomocou simulacii možno sledovať priebehy zakladnych veličin, teda aj spravanie sa jednotlivych členov mechanizmu, čo umožňuje značnou mierou prispieť k optimalnemu riešeniu transmisie.
Hydrogen containing gaseous blends as vehicle fuels
Authors: Takáts Michal
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTÍ

Článek se zabývá vlivem přítomnosti vodíku v plynném palivu s vysokým obsahem metanu. Dopad složení paliva na pracovní oběh motoru a na jeho parametry je popsán na základě experimentálně zjištěného chování testovacího motoru. Použitá experimentální data byla naměřena při středním zatížení motoru, kdy se neuplatňují žádná omezení z hlediska mechanického a teplotního namáhání dílů motoru. Posuzuje se použitelnost plynných směsí s (vysokým) obsahem vodíku jako paliva pro konvenční plynové motory s atmosférickým plněním.

Konstatuje se, že použití paliva s vysokým obsahem vodíku v konvenčních plynových motorech je možné, i když primárně se předpokládá využití těchto plynných směsí pro budoucí generaci plynových vozidel speciálně pro použití tohoto paliva přizpůsobených.
Advanced engine control possibilities to react on fuel features
Authors: Škarohlíd Marcel
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTÍ

Tematem tohoto članku je zkoumani kombinovaneho učinku změny složeni zemniho plynu a řizenim motoru pomoci změny jednoho regulačniho parametru. Za potencialni regulačni parametry jsou uvažovany uhel předstihu zažehu, nastaveni plniciho tlaku a poměr recirkulace vyfukovych plynů. Jsou zde prezentovany experimentalni a simulačni metody k posouzeni dopadu změny složeni paliva. Použivane simulačni nastroje byly kalibrovany pomoci experimentalnich dat z testovaneho motoru.
Engine control unit based on the Ni compactrio platform
Authors: Strapko Michal , Tichánek Radek
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTÍ

Byla vyvinuta programovatelna řidici jednotka na platformě CompactRIO s programem vytvořenym v prostředi LabVIEW. Jednotka byla vyvijena jako univerzalni a byla testovana při řizeni maleho zažehoveho motoru YAMAHA YZF R6. Jednotka je dale použitelna pro zažehove motory různe koncepce, přeplňovane i nepřeplňovane. Požadavku na univerzalnost jednotky byl přizpůsoben řidici program, ktery je uspořadan ve vzajemně komunikujicich samostatnych blocich. Zařizeni je rozšiřitelne o dalši I/O moduly, což umožňuje použiti dalšich snimačů, aktuatorů nebo modulů pro komunikaci. Rozhrani pro zesileni vystupů napajejicich zapalovani a vstřikovače bylo vyvinuto pro řizeni motoru YAMAHA YZF R6. Toto zařizeni zaroveň stabilizuje napajeni snimačů motoru a filtruje jejich vystupni signaly. Članek je shrnutim procesu vyvoje řidici jednotky motoru, obsahuje přehled použitych zařizeni, seznamuje s řidicim programem a zkušenostmi z testovani na motoru.
Communication Concepts for Handling Projects More Efficiently
Authors: Seitz Peter
Published: February 2013

In our current, fast-lived society, construction projects are becoming ever larger and more demanding. In order to achieve the tasks in the often short timeframe provided the number of project participants increases proportionally. To achieve the project goals, interfaces must be negotiated along with the client's wishes. For international partners not only efficient communication is important, but gaining an understanding of the cultural differences as well as mastery of the language used in the project are just as vital. Inadequate communication may increase the risks of the project not succeeding and cause additional costs and possibly significant delays.

By using adequate methods in communication and through systematic documentation of the results many typical errors can be avoided which may have a significant impact on a project's success. This paper presents the general problem and shows some simple solutions which can help in handling projects more efficiently.
The Structural Design of a 30 Meter Steel Cantilever Structure
Authors: Kujime Kaoru , Kouno Toshihiko , Asakawa Takeshi
Published: February 2013

This building is a private museum built in Chiba City (on the outskirts of Tokyo) exhibiting the owner’s collection of 160 paintings by Japanese artists. Besides the museum is a part of the park giving the site a natural environment. Based on this site, the gallery part at the edge of the first floor in the north part is designed as a cantilever structure of 30m long toward the next park. As a result, the space that floats in the forest has been achieved, with dynamic externals. We introduce the design of the structure in this thesis.
Adaptive Geometrical Construction Control Method of Super Long Span Cable Stayed Bridges
Authors: Li Qiao , Bu Yizhi , Zhang Qinhua
Published: February 2013

The method of profile and internal force control during the construction of super long span cable stayed bridges is introduced. A new strategy, the adaptive geometrical control concept, has been used in this method. Comparing with traditional construction control method in which the cable tension is the main control means, the method introduced here can apparently improve the geometric profile and the state of internal forces of the bridge when the construction completed, decrease the influence of surveying errors caused by the vibration of the long cantilever girder and the temperature change of environment. The principle of the method has been described. The control system and its establishment for long span cable stayed bridges are introduced. The method has been successfully used in the construction control of Sutong Yangtze River Bridge with 1088m main span which is the longest span cable stayed bridge in the world and Edong Yangtze River Bridge with 926m main span, and is being used in the Jiashao Bridge which is a 6-tower cable stayed bridge with main span of 428m.Through the practices of Sutong Bridge and Edong Bridge, it is proved that the new method is effective and advantages mentioned above can be used.
The construction of the double-deck system consisted of new railway deck and existing Shinkansen viaduct in urban area
Authors: Yamaguchi Shin , Tsuyoshi Takeshi , Yamada Masato
Published: February 2013

We have implemented the project which connects the radiate railway lines existing individually with new line “Tohoku-Jukan line”. This line is now under construction just above the in-service Shinkansen line, because it is very difficult to obtain the space for new line in urban area of Japan. The construction is realized by applying the viaduct structure with double-deck system, which consists of the existing viaduct for Shinkansen and new deck and new pier for the new line added on the steel rigid-frame pier of the existing viaduct.

For this renewed structure, we had studied on the seismic performance by carrying out the analysis and the experiment. The study gave us the result that the base of the piers had not enough capacity against the large-scale earthquake, which we have experienced up to now in Japan. From this result, we also developed the reinforcement method, which was ascertained by horizontal cyclic loading test, for the base from the inside of the hollow steel pier, and conducted it. The reason why the reinforcement had to be conducted from the inside of pier was that the space underneath the viaduct is normally used for various building and it is impossible to construct something from the outside of the pier.
A Signature Bridge in a Congested Urban Area
Authors: Duclos Thierry , Ketfi Mohamed , Amami Haythem , Aubazac Cedric
Published: February 2013

The future Mass Rapid Train System line 1 in Mumbai implemented by Mumbai Metro One Private limited (MMOPL), is an elevated line of 12 km long. This project needed a Signature Bridge.

SYSTRA designed the line with U shape viaduct and this typical section was extended to this Signature Bridge.

It is set at the crossing with the Western Express Highway coming from the north to Bandra Worli Sea Link. It takes its name from this highway. Flying over two roadways, the highway and Andheri Kurla Road, it is set near the future WEH Station in a very congested site with heavy traffic, heavy crowds and inhabitants, with utilities underground and height limitation for the pylons due to the closeness of an airport. More, an environmental constraint consisting in a very aggressive atmosphere had to be integrated in the design.

WEH Bridge is a stay cable bridge of 5 spans: 23m, 23m, 86, 23m, 23m. It will support two tracks with a commercial speed of 80 km/h and 17t per axle. As long welded rails are used, the bridge is designed to avoid any dilatation device and to take into account seismic loads and the constraints of the UIC standards. Built with the cantilever method, the U shape deck implied a special design for the form traveler and specific stages of construction involved by the two intermediate piers working as anti-uplift piers.

An optimization of all elements was necessary to limit the weight and to provide a long life time in regard to the environmental constraint.
Seismic Performance of Bridges with Rubber Bearing Systems under the 2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake Ground Motions
Authors: An Tongxiang , Kiyomiya Osamu
Published: February 2013

In this study, the characteristics of ground motion and the damage to bridges with a rubber bearing system were investigated and the seismic performance of a typical bridge with a rubber bearing system was verified by dynamic analysis method. As a result, the ground motions caused by this earthquake affected the seismic performance of bridges with rubber bearing systems.
Seismic Performance Evaluation of Twisted Braced Tube Systems
Authors: Yoon Woo-Suk , Lee Dong-Hun , Lee Yongjei , Kim Taejin , Kang Dae-Eon , Kim Jong-Ho
Published: February 2013

One of the distinguished features of the complex-shaped tall buildings adopting the braced tube system is the twisted angle of their bracings.The seismic responses of the complex-shaped tall buildings are examined as the planar twisted angle of the diagonal members varies. Six of sixty story building models with different angle conditions and different seismic loading conditions are assumed.In a high seismicity area, it is found that the angle of twist is an important factor that affects the base shear and story drifts.
RAINBOW Footbridge
Authors: Nasini Augusto
Published: February 2013

An innovative design concept for a cable-stayed footbridge has been studied, alternative to the classical Pratt or Warren truss-girders type footbridges. This footbridge is provided with an arch (so called “Rainbow”) that is detached from the whole structure and carrying the cables to support the deck, making the footbridge a two-span structure. The idea is providing a footbridge with the features necessary to produce energy by itself, by means of piezoelectric sensors placed at the floor and activated by the pressure of the foot and photovoltaic panels to supply the lifts for disabled persons. Two mechanical systems are placed right under the deck, in proximity of the maximum sagging moment of the two spans and designed to develop energy from the vibrations induced by the pedestrians and store into battery chargers or used for lighting.
Innovative Concept for the Steel Bridge over the Ter River in Girona, Spain
Authors: Sobrino Juan
Published: February 2013

A new innovative bridge concept has been developed for a steel-concrete bridge crossing the Ter River in Girona (North-East of Spain). The bridge is a continuous girder with expressive forms and slender elements. The bridge exhibits a complex simplicity: new forms, pure lines that can be easily followed by viewers, well balanced composition based on symmetrical shapes, and a complex structure. The bridge interacts smoothly with both the urban environment of the suburbs of Girona and the environmentally protected River valley. The bridge is perceived as a transparent and powerful structure with a clear identity but not visually dominating in the location.
Kazimierz-Ludwinów footbridge over the Vistula River in Cracow
Authors: Biliszczuk Jan , Kaminski Tomasz , Toczkiewicz Robert
Published: February 2013

The paper presents the technical design of an innovative structure of Kazimierz-Ludwinów footbridge in Cracow over the Vistula River. The main span of the footbridge represents very unusual structural form. Static system of its two of three decks can be defined between a fixed beam and a shallow arch. The third deck supported by the two main decks has a sinusoidal profile. The most complex elements of the structure designed with rigorous requirements of architectural forming are indicated. These extraordinary elements are: massive concrete supports with a complicated geometric shape, steel decks of the main span composed of irregular tapered box girders prestressed in the edge parts of the spans and the whole structure of the approach ramps.

Some details of numerical modelling of the structure by means of FEM are presented as well as the concept of the footbridge construction technology is discussed.
Robustness and Resilience — Two Key Concepts for a Sustainable Built Environment
Authors: Edlund Bo L. O.
Published: February 2013

The first item is Robustness of structures, which has drawn much attention during the past decade. In this paper special interest will be paid to accidental loading and extreme events like natural hazards. The part dealing with Resilience is related to Natural Hazards and Disasters and their influence on the built environment and society. One section deals with vulnerability and resilience of communities, especially in urbanized areas. The paper is of conceptual character and contains some critical review of some past work. It will show the importance of using relevant and clear concepts.

"Today, as civil and structural engineers, we should feel the urgency of our role in mitigating the threats to urban areas caused by climate change and natural disasters".
The immersion details of the Busan-Geoje Immersed Tunnel
Authors: Cho Bonghyun , Heo Jinwook
Published: February 2013

GK Immersed Tunnel has its reputation for the successful completion of project in time after overcoming all the difficulties expected during the design stage. Waves are high and fluctuating from time to time and the tunnel elements were to be placed at deep sea, maximum depth of 48m below the sea level. All the necessary activities have to be finished within the time frame allowed in the weather window. This paper presents major studies and methodologies(weather forecasting system, gravel bedding, positioning system) adopted for the immersion operation to overcome these difficulties during execution of GK immersed tunnel.
Inhomogeneous Poisson Model for Peeling/Falling of Concrete
Authors: Kaito Kiyoyuki , Matsuoka Kodai
Published: February 2013

Convenient methods for predicting the peeling and of cover concrete falling off based on reinforcement corrosion amount require a lot of inspection data, and assume the correction based on several inspections because there are many uncertainties. In this study, the authors propose a methodology using inhomogeneous Poisson process for estimating the peeling and falling process based on a small amount of inspection data. In addition, the proposed model was applied to the data on the inspection of the railings of RC railway viaducts, which would undergo the composite deterioration due to neutralization and salt damage, and it was found that the proposed model enables the prediction that takes into account the increase in reinforcement corrosion rate and explains the process of peeling and falling more accurately than a homogeneous Poisson model.
Construction of Cable-Stayed Bridges Built on Temporary Supports
Authors: Lozano-Galant Jose , Ruiz-Ripoll Lidia , Payá-Zaforteza Ignacio , Xu Dong , Turmo José
Published: February 2013

One of the fastest and more economical ways of erecting cable-stayed bridges consists on building the bridge deck on a set of temporary and permanent supports. Then, the stays are successively placed and tensioned according to a predefined tensioning sequence and the static scheme of the structure is successively changed. Despite this technique has been used for erecting many cable- stayed bridges worldwide, no specific research referring to the modelling of the temporary supports erection method has been found in existing literature. In fact, most of the literature is based on the alternative erection technique, the cantilever erection method, and the temporary supports erection method is usually only described in general terms. This paper aims to fill this gap by providing an algorithm specifically designed to model the construction process of cable-stayed bridges built on temporary supports from a backward approach. This algorithm can be efficiently used to define the initial design of the tensioning sequence and, because of its simplicity; it can be easily implemented in any structural code that enables the modelling of the prestressing of the stays by means of imposed strains or imposed temperature increments.
West Gate Bridge – Conquering the Logistical Challenges
Authors: Platt Alan
Published: February 2013

The 2.5km long West Gate Bridge comprises an eastern and western concrete approach viaduct, 871m and 670m respectively in length either side of the 848m long cable stayed steel box girder main span section. The key objective with the West Gate Bridge Strengthening Project was to increase the number of lanes in each carriageway from 4 to 5 to reduce traffic congestion on the M1 Freeway.

With the bridge carrying over 170,000 vehicles per day, being a key link in the transport network around Melbourne and spanning the Yarra River, the entrance to Australia’s busiest port, the project was always going to be a logistical challenge. This paper describes these challenges and the extraordinary measures that were implemented for the work to be completed safely and economically.
West Gate Bridge Strengthening Project - The Strengthening of Bolted Splices and the use of Torshear Type Bolts
Authors: McFadyen Neil , Taylor Scott , Murphy Chris , Silla-Sanchez Javier
Published: February 2013

The West Gate Steel Bridge (WGB) was completed in 1978 and is distinct from other bridges of similar type and vintage in that it makes extensive use of bolted rather than welded connections. The main girder comprises trapezoidal box sections joined at 53 locations across the bridge using high-strength friction grip (HSFG) bolted plate splices on the bottom flange and webs.

All bolted connections originally employed a proprietary waisted shank bolt and during the recent strengthening works, a total of 84 cell splices were upgraded to meet modern code requirements. Torshear Type Bolts (TSBs) to JSS-II-09 (often confusingly known as Tension Control Bolts) were chosen as the replacement bolt type. By the close of the project, approximately 450,000 new bolts had been installed, 96% of which were TSBs. This report describes the findings of several tests carried out over a 30-month period to verify bolt performance.
Shear Capacity of Prestressed Continuous Concrete Beams
Authors: Herbrand Martin , Hegger Josef
Published: February 2013

A better part of the existing bridges of the German Federal Highways are built as prestressed concrete continuous beams [1]. Since traffic loads have been rising since their construction, the shear capacity of some bridges is insufficient according to current standards. However, the shear capacity of concrete beams can be increased in different ways, e.g. by using external tendons.

In this paper a research programme, funded by the Federal Highway Research Institute of Germany (BASt) and carried out by the Institute of Structural Concrete at RWTH Aachen University, is presented. Six tests on three continuous beams with parabolic tendons and additional external prestressing are performed within this project. This paper presents the testing programme and a preliminary numerical analysis of the specimen in comparison with different approaches for the calculation of the shear capacity.