bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Polèse Mario
Published: October 2019

This chapter introduces the book’s principal premise, “Why Nations Matter,” and its guiding template, “The Ten Pillars of Urban Success,” which underpin much of what follows. Nations matter because the very institutional existence of “cities” as distinct administrative units is decided by national/state governments and because the principal tools that underpin the creation of wealth (monetary policy, the rule of law, sound macroeconomic management, etc.) are in the hands of national governments. Looking at cities through a national lens, from nation to neighborhood, allows the reader to uncover relationships that are often overlooked. A strong central business district (CBD) cannot be divorced from a strong national currency. The Ten Pillars of Urban Success walk the reader through the attributes that allow a city to succeed or, alternatively, cause it to fail, starting at the top with wise (or unwise) national governments to well-managed local neighborhoods conducive to productive interaction.
Pradyumna
Authors: Austin Christopher R.
Published: October 2019

This monograph provides the first full-scale English language study of Pradyumna, the son of the Hindu god Kṛṣṇa. Often represented as a young man in mid-adolescence, Pradyumna is both a handsome double of his demon-slaying father and the rebirth of Kāmadeva, the God of Love. Sanskrit epic, purāṇic, and kāvya narratives of the 300–1300 ce period celebrate Pradyumna’s sexual potency, mastery of illusory subterfuges, and military prowess in supporting the work of his avatāra father. These materials reflect chiefly the values of an evolving Brahminical and Vaiṣṇava tradition deeply invested in the imperatives of family, patriline, the violent but necessary defense of the social and cosmic order, and the celebration of beauty and desire as a means to the divine. As such, Pradyumna’s evolving narratives, almost completely unknown in existing studies of Hindu mythology, provide a point of access to the development of Krishna bhakti and Vaiṣṇava theism more broadly. However, Jain sources cast Pradyumna as an exemplary figure through whom a pointed rejection of these values can be articulated, even while sharing certain of their elementary premises. This book assembles these narratives, presents key Sanskrit materials in translation and summary form, and articulates the social, gender, and religious values encoded in them. Most importantly, the study argues that Pradyumna’s signature two-handed maneuver—the audacious appropriation of a feminine partner, effectuating and enabled by the emasculating destruction of her demonic male protector—communicates a persisting fantasy of male power, expressed in the language of mutually implicating sex and violence.
The Emergence of an Epidemic
Authors: Finkelman Elizabeth M. , McGinnis J. Michael
Published: October 2019

The opioid crisis has roots deep in history, including social, cultural, and economic factors and trends that have driven the current epidemic. In this chapter, the authors describe the history of opioid use and its evolution to the current day. The modern epidemic has been spurred by the early marketing of pain medications as “nonaddictive,” increased availability of both prescription and illicit opioids in the United States, and perceptions that drug misuse and addiction are individual “moral failings” versus a broader understanding of addiction as being driven by broader social and environmental factors such as community resilience and social cohesion. The chapter suggests several opportunities to improve efforts to end the epidemic, including working with clinicians and community leaders to change health system procedures and to adopt policies that support communities in efforts to address the social determinants of health.
Public Health Approaches to Overdose Prevention and Harm Reduction
Authors: Lysyshyn Mark , Tyndall Mark
Published: October 2019

Harm reduction aims to reduce the negative consequences of drug use in people unable or unwilling to stop. This chapter focus on harm reduction policies, programs, and practices that have been employed in Vancouver, British Columbia, including the controversial introduction of supervised injection sites. Using data from the Vancouver experience, the authors describe successful harm reduction efforts that have resulted in no overdose deaths in Vancouver’s supervised injection facilities. The authors stress that harm reduction approaches are meant to be complementary to prevention and treatment approaches, acknowledging that it is not currently possible to prevent or treat all cases of problematic substance use and also that addiction is a relapsing chronic condition. Other harm reduction strategies include drug checking and alerting, take-home naloxone, injectable therapies, hydromorphone distribution, and peer engagement.
Stigma and the Language of Addiction
Authors: Botticelli Michael , Barry Colleen L.
Published: October 2019

Stigma influences attitudes toward individuals and groups, and these attitudes are expressed in how we as a nation have dealt with addiction in general and the opioid crisis in particular. Stigma is defined as a strong lack of respect for a person or a group of people or a bad opinion of them because they have done something or have traits of which society disapproves. Stigma creates misperceptions about how to end the opioid crisis and acts as a barrier for individuals with opioid use disorder to seek treatment and engage in recovery. Public attitudes toward addiction need to be changed to effectively end the epidemic, as does the language used to describe individuals who misuse drugs. Misperceptions and lack of understanding of addiction as a chronic disease have promoted the criminalization of individuals with substance use disorder rather than a public health approach. The case is made for policy changes that support new policy directions that stress parity in treatment for mental health and substance misuse with other “physical health” conditions as well as suggestions for better communications strategies to reduce stigma.
The Role of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs) in Addressing the Opioid Overdose Epidemic
Authors: Baldwin Grant , Losby Jan L. , Sargent Wesley M. , Mells Jamie , Bacon Sarah
Published: October 2019

Prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) are secure, online, state-based databases that contain information about controlled substance prescriptions written by clinicians and dispensed by pharmacists within a jurisdiction. In this chapter, current and future trends impacting PDMPs are reviewed and the implication of these trends for the future development of even more effective PDMPs is discussed. Uses of PDMPs by public health partners are also reviewed. For example, law enforcement officials may use data collected by PDMPs when investigating unusual prescribing patterns. Law enforcement officials may also use PMDP data in drug courts and other criminal diversion programs. Medical licensing boards use PMDP data to assess aberrant prescribing practices. Health systems, insurers, and public health officials use aggregated PDMP data as part of their efforts to evaluate a quality improvement initiative, an opioid stewardship program to improve opioid prescribing system-wide, or broad changes to prescribing patterns across a city, county, or state.
Locations of God
Authors: Brett Mark G.
Published: October 2019

Political theology includes critical reflection on the intersections of religious, political, and economic life, and in the Hebrew Bible, it is articulated in many different ways. Examining a range of key topics—sovereignty, leadership, law, peoplehood, hospitality, redemption, creation, and eschatology—this book focuses in particular on conceptions of nationhood and empire, showing how they have figured in the forming and re-forming of ancient Israel’s social body in a number of geographical settings. The argument suggests that the national imaginary and its imperial alternatives were woven into the biblical traditions by authors who enjoyed very little in the way of political sovereignty. Eight different political theologies are outlined, articulated in the diverse genres of historiography, law, prophecy, and wisdom. The classic biblical literature has shaped the social imaginations of many peoples from ancient Canaan to global Christianity today, so attention is also given to key developments in the history of the Bible’s reception, particularly in the rise of modern polities, and in a variety of colonial projects. Understanding the inner-biblical debates and their later interpretations will continue to be relevant for those who still live within the Bible’s history of reception.
The Cleaved Core
Authors: Bromley Daniel W.
Published: October 2019

The evolutionary trajectory of capitalism has now rendered the household precarious, economically disadvantaged, and vulnerable to the whims of firms under the authoritarian grip of the wrangler. Stagnant living standards for the vast majority of households in the metropolitan core is evidence that most households have been reduced to peripatetic hustlers in order to survive. Job loss haunts many areas within the core. Worker protections have been reduced to a minimum, and political alienation is on the rise. The Brexit decision in the United Kingdom, the election of an angry outsider to the presidency of the United States, and the rise of right-wing parties in Europe signal the extent to which households have become marginalized and angry.
Escaping Possessive Individualism
Authors: Bromley Daniel W.
Published: October 2019

Contemporary economics stands implicated in the triumph of possessive individualism. In viewing the individual as nothing but a utility-maximizing consumer, economic theory offers apologetics for the self-interested tendencies that imperil personhood. Managerial capitalism reifies the acquisitive urges embedded in contemporary economics. As the defects of managerial capitalism become apparent, escape seems impossible. This mental barrier persists because economics is not an evolutionary science. An economy is always in the process of becoming, and yet economic theory denies this “becoming” to consumers whose tastes and preferences are assumed to be unchanging—and none of our business. The escape requires an evolutionary economics that recognizes the individual as constantly engaged in a process of experiencing life and necessarily adapting to it. In that dynamic process, individuals are also crafting their own future. An evolutionary economics can help light the way as societies seek escape from the grip of possessive individualism.
Recovering Personhood
Authors: Bromley Daniel W.
Published: October 2019

Possessive individualism undermines the realization of full personhood, and it enables the capitalist firm to shed any sense of obligation to those who must rent or sell their labor power in order that they might eat. The fundamental crisis of capitalism is that the self-absorbed individual and the self-dealing capitalist firm are locked in a perverse contest in which their mutual dependence is both acknowledged and resented. Re-creating historic ideas of obligations—civic duties—seems impossible to imagine. A more plausible transition is to be found in the idea of loyalty: loyalty to others with whom we work, with whom we share social spaces, and with the community at large. Loyalty from the capitalist firm toward its workers would be a start. Loyalty from the acquisitive selfish individual would be helpful in restoring a shared and necessary sense of personhood.
Running with a “Loser”
Authors: Boatright Robert G. , Sperling Valerie
Published: October 2019

This chapter explores the effects of Donald Trump’s nomination on the conduct of Senate and House general election campaigns. Trump’s nomination prompted many Republican donors and interest groups to decrease their spending on the presidential race and increase their spending in support of other candidates. The chapter documents the effects of this rapid shift in resources on down-ballot campaigns, and compares 2016 to a variety of previous presidential elections in order to explore past Democratic and Republican strategies for insulating congressional candidates from problematic presidential nominees. The chapter shows how Republican donors and candidates distanced themselves from Trump (applying the lessons they had learned from past elections), and why they did so. Trump’s misogyny played an important role in the latter question, as many Republican candidates broke with Trump after the Access Hollywood tape emerged in October 2016.
A History of American Law
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: October 2019

This book is a general history of the legal system of the United States, beginning in the colonial period, and continuing up to the present. The work was originally published in 1973; this is the fourth edition, which brings the material up to date and incorporates recent research. The book covers the changing configurations of commercial law, criminal law, and family law, and the law of property; lays great stress on race relations, especially black-white relations; it deals also with the legal profession and legal education. The approach throughout is geared toward an intelligent lay audience. Legal jargon is avoided. The underlying theory of the book is that law is the product of society, so that what is attempted, in essence, is a more or less sociological history of the legal system, as it evolved over the years.
Judges and Courts: 1850–1900
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses judiciary changes in the second half of the nineteenth century. After the middle of the century, the popular election of judges was more and more accepted as normal. Every state that entered the Union after 1846 gave voters the right to elect some or all of their judges. The California Constitution of 1849 made the whole system elective, from the supreme court down to justices of the peace. In the year 1850 alone, seven states amended their laws to provide for more popular election of judges. In 1850, both the Michigan and Pennsylvania supreme courts turned elective. In 1853, the voters of Tennessee approved a constitutional amendment; and from 1854 on, Tennessee abolished what one newspaper called a “relic of by-gone days,” the days of “repressive monarchy”; the supreme court of Tennessee became an elective body.
Administrative Law and Regulation of Business
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses the development of administrative law in the in the second half of the nineteenth century covering the coming of bureaucrats, infrastructure regulation, occupational licensing, and the Sherman Antitrust Act. The administrative agency was the child of necessity. Government was growing, at all levels, and this created a need for specialists and specialized bodies. The period between 1850 and 1900 sometimes looks as if this was a kind of climax of laissez-faire—the age of Social Darwinism, the businessman’s earthly kingdom in the United States. Obviously, there is some truth to this idea. It was a period in which businessmen made loud noises, and won some great victories, at all levels of government. But some of this was defensive, a response to movement on the other side.
The Legal Profession: The Training and Literature of Law
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses changes in the legal profession in the second half of the nineteenth century, covering the rise of the law school, the literature of the law, and legal periodicals and casebooks. No state in the nineteenth century made a law degree, or a college degree, a prerequisite for admission to the bar. Many lawyers, however, even in the 1850s, did go to college, and more and more students who could afford it chose law school as well. Indeed, by 1900 it was quite clear that the law schools would come to dominate legal education. After the Civil War, an increasing number of law schools formed some sort of tie with a college or university. More than three-quarters of the schools open and running in the 1890s were of this type.
Extreme Exoticism
Authors: Sheppard W. Anthony
Published: October 2019

Extreme Exoticism: Japan in the American Musical Imagination offers a detailed and wide-ranging documentation and investigation of the role of music in shaping American perceptions of the Japanese, the influence of Japanese music on American composers, and the place of Japanese Americans in American musical life. This book covers over 150 years of American musical history, from the first American encounters with the Japanese in the mid nineteenth-century to today, as it reveals the central role of music in American japonisme. Nearly every musical genre, media, and form is discussed, as parallels between “high” and “low” art and connections between various art forms are explored. Particular emphasis is placed on popular song in both the Tin Pan Alley period and in more recent decades and on representations of the Japanese throughout the history of Hollywood film and Broadway musicals. Manifestations of the “Madame Butterfly” narrative are explored throughout a wide range of popular musical, cinematic, and theatrical genres. Musical representations of Japan were directly connected to efforts to reshape American perceptions of race and gender and for the purposes of political propaganda, particularly during World War II and the Cold War periods. The book also details the extensive influence of Japanese traditional music on modernist American composers and the pursuit of Japanese musical performance by numerous American musicians.
Singing Sayonara
Authors: Sheppard W. Anthony
Published: October 2019

Postwar Hollywood films offered the most sustained exposure American audiences have ever had to the Japanese performing arts. Following World War II, Hollywood created a new image of Japan, one that replaced the racism it had nourished during the war with depictions emphasizing the cultural refinements of the exotic Japanese. Music was central to this transformation. The primary example is the 1957 Sayonara. Multiple forms of “Japanese” music are heard in this film, creating a complex and contradictory musical portrait. Franz Waxman’s score employs Irving Berlin’s “Sayonara” and numerous folk tunes and includes original music composed for Japanese instruments. Several traditional Japanese performing art forms are encountered as well as Takarazuka theater. Sayonara is but one of the multiple films from the late 1950s and early 60s discussed: Three Stripes in the Sun, Cry for Happy, The Barbarian and the Geisha, Teahouse of the August Moon, The Crimson Kimono.
Representing the Authentic from Japanese American Perspectives
Authors: Sheppard W. Anthony
Published: October 2019

This chapter explores the career of Japanese American composer and arranger Tak Shindo (1922–2002). Shindo grew up nisei in Los Angeles. Japanese American musical life is discussed with a focus on the community’s 1933 production of Sakura composed by Claude Lapham in the Hollywood Bowl. Interned at Manzanar during World War II, Shindo began musical studies through the camp’s programs. Although devoted to Latin jazz, he repeatedly served during the Cold War as a Japanese musical advisor for such Hollywood composers as Franz Waxman and Max Steiner (Sayonara, Cry for happy, and A majority of one). Several of his 1950s and 60s albums—combining elements of Japanese music with the big band style—were successful in the exotica genre. Shindo’s self-Orientalism is compared with the musical exoticism of Martin Denny. A brief discussion of subsequent Japanese American jazz follows. The chapter concludes with a profile of the composer Paul Chihara.
The Rise of China and International Law
Authors: Cai Congyan
Published: October 2019

The rise of China represents a far-reaching process of international relations in the twentieth century, which should bring about extensive but uncertain ramifications. How China interacts with international legal order—namely, how China takes advantage of international law to facilitate and justify its rise and whether and how international law is relied upon to engage a rising China—has been inviting growing debates among academics and policy circles. A couple of recently eye-catching events, for instance, China-Philippines South China Sea (SCS) arbitration and the China-U.S. trade war, have intensified unease in international society. This book for the first time provides a systematic and critical elaboration on interplay between a rising China and international law. It focuses on several crucial issues, including: Is international law relevant to the rise of China? How has China adjusted its international legal policies as China’s state identity changes over time, especially as it rises as a new great power? What methodologies does China adopt to comply with international law, in particular, to achieve its new legal strategy of norm entrepreneurship? What is the typology of China’s engagement with international organizations? How does China organize its domestic institutions to engage international law to enhance its rise? How does China use international law at the national level (Chinese courts) and the international level (lawfare in international dispute settlement)? And finally, how should “Chinese exceptionalism” be understood? This book adds important literature on emerging comparative international law.
The First Amendment in the Trump Era
Authors: Zick Timothy
Published: October 2019

This book examines challenges to the First Amendment during the Trump Era. The Trump Era is characterized first and foremost by a president who has publicly challenged First Amendment free speech and press principles, norms, and rights. Candidate and now President Trump has declared “war” on the institutional press, publicly condemned individual protesters, blocked Twitter critics, made derogatory comments about race and gender, and exhibited a general intolerance of criticism and dissent. These events have transpired in an era also characterized by a diminished institutional press, mass digitization of speech, generational uncertainty about the benefits of freedom of speech, deepening social and cultural cleavages, the rise of intense and negative partisanship, and the proliferation of hateful expression. Together, these conditions pose serious threats to our First Amendment traditions concerning freedom of press and speech. In particular, they pose a distinctive threat to the creation and preservation of a culture of dissent, without which democracy itself is imperiled. Although some of the era’s conditions and challenges are new, many of the First Amendment concerns they raise are not. The book thus looks to historical events to highlight both what is unique about the Trump Era and what is historically familiar. In terms of rebuffing authoritarian impulses and resisting pressures to conform, the lessons of the past point the way forward.
Sedition
Authors: Zick Timothy
Published: October 2019

This chapter examines the concept of “sedition” and efforts to suppress dissent and disloyalty. President Adams used the Sedition Act of 1798 to prosecute and jail his critics and political opponents. That episode ultimately revealed the “central meaning of the First Amendment”—that Americans must be free to criticize their public officials, even if that criticism is often caustic and unpleasant. Federal and state officials have not proposed reviving the crime of seditious libel. However, several critics of the Trump administration have come under fire and suffered tangible consequences for openly criticizing the president and the Trump administration. As in prior eras, recent efforts to punish sedition and disloyalty pose serious threats to democratic self-government and political discourse.
Cross-Genre Synthesis
Authors: Crist Stephen A.
Published: October 2019

The story of Time Out involves the surprising juxtaposition of seemingly disparate elements and an artistic vision that encompasses musical cultures from around the world. The present chapter unfolds three case studies that illustrate Dave Brubeck’s liberal attitude toward many different kinds of music and his desire to invite their influence into his work as a composer and an improviser. It also demonstrates Brubeck’s skill in bringing together aspects of classical and world music with jazz, to produce a coherent artistic statement. First, the three strands of “Blue Rondo à la Turk” (world music, classical, blues) are examined individually. The chapter then proceeds to discussion of the origins of “Watusi Drums” in a field recording of African drumming, and its transformation into “Pick Up Sticks.” The last vignette considers Brubeck’s quotation from Shostakovich’s Fifth Symphony in a version of “Take Five” that was recorded live in Moscow in 1987.
Music and Lyrics
Authors: Crist Stephen A.
Published: October 2019

Although Time Out is a purely instrumental album, several of its cuts either originated as songs or later were supplied with words. Two singers—Claude Nougaro in the 1960s and Al Jarreau in the 1970s and 1980s—rose to fame largely on the basis of their vocal renditions of tunes from Time Out. This chapter examines the interplay between music and lyrics in the origins and history of these numbers. It begins with examination of the interdependence of “Everybody’s Jumpin’ ” and “Everybody’s Comin’ ” (the latter a song from The Real Ambassadors). The vocal versions of “Strange Meadow Lark” and “Take Five,” with lyrics by Dave and Iola Brubeck, and their recordings by Carmen McRae, are considered next. The chapter concludes with discussion of Nougaro’s “À bout de souffle” and “Le jazz et la java,” and Jarreau’s “(Round, Round, Round) Blue Rondo à la Turk” and “Take Five.”
Introduction
Authors: Baggett David , Walls Jerry L.
Published: October 2019

The richness of the history of the moral argument is a well-kept secret. Numerous luminaries from its history devoted their best intellectual energies to its exploration. Several of them gave Gifford lectures on the topic. From before Kant until the present day, the story of the moral argument has been unfolding. Its adherents have had much to say about morality, its disparate features, and their evidential potential. This book will chronicle this long and fertile history. We trust the story will serve as inspiration for a new generation to recapture some of the vision and passion shared by these luminaries in the field who had learned to live long and well with these arguments, making them part of the air they breathed, and in so doing breathing new life back into them.
“Written by His Own Hand”
Authors: Givens Terryl , Hauglid Brian M.
Published: October 2019

In 1835, Joseph Smith acquired four mummies and a trove of papyri from an antiquities dealer. He claimed that the papyri included a narrative of the patriarch Abraham, and over the following years he translated the Book of Abraham. It describes a creation presided over by “gods” and details a premortal council in which human “intelligences” are present and a Savior is chosen. Controversy over Smith’s “translation” erupted almost immediately and reignited in 1967 when some of the original papyri were made public. Egyptologists identify those fragments as Egyptian funerary documents, unrelated to Smith’s Book of Abraham chronologically or thematically. Some Latter-day Saint apologists disagree, finding the Egypticity of Smith’s narrative credible. Other apologists agree that his work fails as translation in the conventional sense but succeeds as genuinely inspired scripture.
Syntactic Phenomena in Peruvian Spanish
Authors: Rodríguez-Mondoñedo Miguel
Published: October 2019

This work analyzes the syntactic properties of three constructions in Peruvian Spanish: existential sentences, double possession, and doubled clitic climbing. It considers the interaction between feature bundling and the operation Agree, providing evidence in favor of a microparametric approach to language and dialectal variation. It explains the apparent agreement between the existential verb and its accusative object by postulating a T with a valued [person] feature and a Small v with only [number] but not [person], and also for the doubling of the possessor if Small n has a [genitive] feature transferred from the contact language, which incorporates into the D head, inflecting it as a possessive determiner. In addition, it accounts for the doubled clitic climbing constructions by claiming that the clitic in these cases has a referentiality feature, which gives it an affixal nature. Therefore it blocks the c-command relation with its lower copy, forcing it to be pronounced.
Constitutional Amendments
Authors: Albert Richard
Published: October 2019

Constitutional Amendments: Making, Breaking, and Changing Constitutions is both a roadmap for navigating the intellectual universe of constitutional amendment and a blueprint for building and improving the rules of constitutional change. Drawing from dozens of constitutions in every region of the world, this book blends theory with practice to answer two all-important questions: What is an amendment and how should constitutional designers structure the procedures of constitutional change? The first matters now more than ever. Reformers are exploiting the rules of constitutional amendment, testing the limits of legal constraint, undermining the norms of democratic government, and flouting the constitution as written to create entirely new constitutions that masquerade as ordinary amendments. The second question is central to the performance and endurance of constitutions. Constitutional designers today have virtually no resources to guide them in constructing the rules of amendment, and scholars do not have a clear portrait of the significance of amendment rules in the project of constitutionalism. Constitutional Amendments: Making, Breaking, and Changing Constitutions shows that no part of a constitution is more important than the procedures we use change it. Amendment rules open a window into the soul of a constitution, exposing its deepest vulnerabilities and revealing its greatest strengths. The codification of amendment rules often at the end of the text proves that last is not always least.
Cinesonidos
Authors: Avila Jacqueline
Published: October 2019

Cinesonidos: Film Music and National Identity During Mexico’s Época de Oro is the first book-length study concerning the function of music in the prominent genres structured by the Mexican film industry. Integrating primary source material with film music studies, sound studies, and Mexican film and cultural history, this project closely examines examples from five significant film genres that developed during the 1930s through 1950s. These genres include the prostitute melodrama, the fictional indigenista film (films on indigenous themes or topics), the cine de añoranza porfiriana (films of Porfirian nostalgia), the revolutionary melodrama, and the comedia ranchera (ranch comedy). The musics in these films helped create and accentuate the tropes and archetypes considered central to Mexican cultural nationalism. Distinct in narrative and structure, each genre exploits specific, at times contradictory, aspects of Mexicanidad—the cultural identity of the Mexican people—and, as such, employs different musics to concretize those constructions. Throughout this turbulent period, these tropes and archetypes mirrored changing perceptions of Mexicanidad manufactured by the state and popular and transnational culture. Several social and political agencies were heavily invested in creating a unified national identity to merge the previously fragmented populace owing to the Mexican Revolution (1910–ca.1920). The commercial medium of film became an important tool in acquainting a diverse urban audience with the nuances of national identity, and music played an essential and persuasive role in the process. In this heterogeneous environment, cinema and its music continuously reshaped the contested, fluctuating space of Mexican identity.
What Is Positive in Negative Theology?
Authors: Goodman Lenn E.
Published: October 2019

Does the negative theology inspired by thoughts of God’s transcendence reduce to vacuity, leaving only atheism or agnosticism as its residue? Maimonides helps us frame an answer. The “lexicon” of biblical anthropomorphisms he surveys in the first seventy chapters of the Guide to the Perplexed prepare one for the discipline of apophatic theology by mapping an ontological, axiological, and epistemological hierarchy oriented by an axis stretching away from physicality and toward the intellectual and ever more real. God surmounts its summit. We enrich our grasp of God’s infinite perfection as our appreciation grows of the myriad ways in which perfection shows itself in nature. So broader experience can give content to our thoughts of God’s absoluteness and guide us in pursuit of a perfection of our own. Reaching beyond Maimonides’ hylomorphic axis of perfection, the Chapter 6 seeks to bring matter itself in from the cold.
The Spirit of the Constitution
Authors: Schwartz David S.
Published: October 2019

McCulloch v. Maryland is widely regarded as the greatest constitutional decision ever issued by the United States Supreme Court. Written in 1819 by Chief Justice John Marshall, the ruling upheld Congress’s constitutional power to create the Second Bank of the United States, recognizing the “implied powers” of Congress and the supremacy of federal over state laws. Modern constitutional scholars believe that McCulloch established the constitutional foundation for the historic expansion of federal authority in the wake of the New Deal. But The Spirit of the Constitution argues that the nationalizing potential of McCulloch has not been fully realized. Rather than establishing broad federal legislative power, McCulloch was virtually ignored for its first fifty years. Even Marshall shrank from the full nationalist reach of his own decision. When the late-nineteenth-century Supreme Court finally recognized McCulloch as a “great case,” the Court cited it more frequently when exercising judicial review to limit the powers of Congress rather than to expand them, striking down federal laws in the name of states’ rights and reserved state powers under the Tenth Amendment. Only briefly in the mid-twentieth century did the Court nearly embrace the full extent of McCulloch’s vision of implied powers, as it upheld broad federal laws regulating the economy and promoting racial equality. McCulloch’s 200-year odyssey, from 1819 to the present day, helps us understand how the “spirit” of the Constitution, and its structure of federalism, have been reinterpreted again and again throughout the eras of U.S. constitutional history.
“The Question Perpetually Arising”
Authors: Schwartz David S.
Published: October 2019

In antebellum America, the dispute over national versus state governmental powers—“federalism” questions—defined the major political line of division. While paying lip service to the axiom that the Constitution creates a national government of limited enumerated powers, nationalists like Alexander Hamilton and Henry Clay argued for liberal construction and implied federal powers, including implied commerce powers, to encompass national economic development and “internal improvements” (infrastructure) projects. Jeffersonian Republicans argued that these policy initiatives were unconstitutional, according to their strict construction of federal powers. They were concerned in part that federal powers would be deemed exclusive and preempt many state laws. Above all, they were concerned that broad interpretations of constitutional powers would disrupt state control over slavery. Chief Justice Marshall was undoubtedly aware of all this as he pondered his decision in McCulloch v. Maryland.
“The Baneful Influence of this Narrow Construction”
Authors: Schwartz David S.
Published: October 2019

McCulloch v. Maryland and its principles came under attack during the Jacksonian era, and the Supreme Court under John Marshall’s successor, Roger Taney, ignored McCulloch into oblivion and reversed its thrust. The Taney Court prioritized states’ rights over federal power, to protect the constitutional position of slavery. McCulloch and Gibbons v. Ogden had refrained from committing the Court to implied commerce powers, and Gibbons also invited the Taney Court to ignore McCulloch. To the Jacksonian justices of the Taney Court, preservation of slave-state sovereignty—not the power of Congress to act for the benefit of the whole people—was the bedrock principle of the Constitution. Reserved state powers under the Tenth Amendment were sufficient to block implied federal powers. Moreover, states could regulate matters expressly delegated to the United States when conducive to exercising their reserved powers.
The Radical's Journey
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Webber David , Koehler Daniel
Published: October 2019

The Radical’s Journey draws from interviews with former right-wing extremists in Germany to present a compelling account of life as a political extremist. Insights are provided into four distinct phases of an extremist’s lifecycle: joining a radical organization, involvement in and engagement with a violent movement, leaving extremism behind, and coping with the repercussions of once being an extremist and deviant in society. Analyses are derived from an empirically supported framework that emphasizes the importance of psychological needs, exposure to ideological narratives, and embeddedness within a social network as critical to involvement in extreme violence. Instead of focusing on the details of life within an extreme movement, space is devoted to understanding the social psychological processes and factors that help the reader understand, for instance, why one would choose an extremist lifestyle or why one would remain committed to a violent organization. Throughout, insight is provided into which aspects of this journey are unique to the German context and which aspects appear to be universal, no matter one’s country of origin or ideological subscriptions. Space is also devoted to understanding the German right-wing space, both in terms of the evolution of extremism and the evolution of the counter-extremism industry that has developed to address this expanding threat. The issues covered within should resonate with practitioners and scholars working within counter-extremism fields.
Right-Wing Extremism in Germany
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Webber David , Koehler Daniel
Published: October 2019

Chapter 2 provides an overview of German right-wing extremism. A history of German right-wing extremism is first discussed, tracing the formation of right-wing political parties and militant groups in this country in the post–World War II period. Critical periods and events are highlighted, including, among others, the reunification of East and West Germany and the current “refugee crisis.” The chapter describes important groups and organizations that operate or have operated within the right-wing milieu over the last decades. These groups include political parties, subcultural groups, and organizations that have committed terrorist attacks. These latter groups are discussed in terms of their formation, terrorist actions, and consequences.
Deradicalization in Germany
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Webber David , Koehler Daniel
Published: October 2019

The purpose of Chapter 3 is to elucidate the deradicalization and counter-extremism approaches that have been used in Germany. Relative to other countries, Germany has had a sustained history of involvement in efforts to rehabilitate extremists (right wing and other) that could serve as models for similar efforts worldwide. These tactics are often referred to as countering violent extremism (CVE). The chapter is divided into sections discussing the history of CVE in Germany, constraints and difficulties encountered by the German CVE enterprise, assessment of the success of CVE efforts in Germany, and anticipated developments within the field.
Inside the Extreme Right
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Webber David , Koehler Daniel
Published: October 2019

Chapter 7 turns to the interviewees’ phase of membership within the movement. For the majority of the interviewees, membership satisfied their quest for significance, purpose and acceptance. Nonetheless, life on the fringes of society was not all pleasant. Analyses revealed a significant increase over time in hardships experienced by our research participants, specifically, hardships related to the experience of discrimination and physical harm. The chapter explores these experiences in some detail and examines their impact on members’ commitment to the extreme movement. Finally, we examined participation in violence, and whether belief in various ideological ploys of the right-wing narrative (i.e., those that justify violence on moral grounds or denigrate the opposition) augmented individuals’ tendency to participate in violence.
Hardships of Extremism
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Webber David , Koehler Daniel
Published: October 2019

Chapter 8 reports on circumstances and reasons that our interviewees disengaged from the right-wing movement. The chapter begins by combining our 3N approach with a commonly cited “push–pull” framework to understand the mechanisms through which disengagement may typically occur. Analyses revealed that it was unlikely for a singular event to cause disengagement; rather, circumstances pertinent to several radicalization factors (the three Ns) were likely to be present. Diverging from other accounts of disengagement, the most frequently cited reason for leaving pertained to disillusionment with the ideological narrative advanced within the right wing. Throughout, the authors highlight the commonalities of their findings with those of past research, revealing the universal process of radicalization and deradicalization that underlies seemingly disparate special cases. The chapter also discusses the components of disengagement from extremism that appear to be unique to the German context.
Right to Mourn
Authors: Choi Suhi
Published: October 2019

Right to Mourn illustrates how suppressed trauma is manifested at the transient interactions among bodies, objects, and rituals in the sites of Korean War memorials. In a highly politicized memory space, many bereaved families of the Korean War have long been deprived of their rights to mourn the loss of their loved ones. These suppressed mourners comprise mainly survivors and victims’ families of the atrocities committed by the US-allied South Korean forces before and during the Korean War. The book explores dialectic roles that memorial sites can play in communicating suppressed trauma: Can a memorial facilitate empathic mourning in which trauma possibly could be transmitted—as incomprehensible, incommunicable, and inaccessible as it is? To further explore such a query, the book critically introduces the specific sites of Korean War memorials in South Korea that were recently built to commemorate the atrocities of the US-allied South Korean forces: the Jeju April 3 Peace Park, the Memorial for the Gurye Victims of Yŏsun Killings, and the No Gun Ri Peace Park. Unpacking these nascent sites of the Korean War, the book provokes readers to look at the nearly seven-decade-old war in the most updated context of the acts of mourning.
Proscription of Mourning
Authors: Choi Suhi
Published: October 2019

The proscription of mourning is the most pertinent characteristic of the Korean War memories. It has been caused by battlefield realities of the war (many unaccounted deaths of civilians), an ideologically charged memory process, fear-riddled bodies under censorship, and the convention of testimonial practices that mimics perpetrators’ epistemology. Although South Korea has recently opened up many memorial sites for suppressed mourners, the proscription of mourning nonetheless has been persistent and thus has continued to create an impasse of remembering. As a breakthrough of such an impasse, this chapter calls for emphatic mourning that reenacts survivors’ reflexive acts of witnessing their incommunicable trauma. Likewise, a memorial is reframed as a potential theater of empathic mourning that carries out an intangible process of the symbolic world through unorthodox signifiers such as bodies, nonverbal gestures, oralities, and even evanescent occurrences.
Reluctant Cold Warriors
Authors: Kontorovich Vladimir
Published: October 2019

The academic study of the Soviet economy in the US was created to help fight the Cold War, part of a broader mobilization of the social sciences for national security needs. The Soviet strategic challenge rested on the ability of its economy to produce large numbers of sophisticated weapons. The military sector was the dominant part of the economy, and the most successful one. However, a comprehensive survey of scholarship on the Soviet economy from 1948-1991 shows that it paid little attention to the military sector, compared to other less important parts of the economy. Soviet secrecy does not explain this pattern of neglect. Western scholars developed strained civilian interpretations for several aspects of the economy which the Soviets themselves acknowledged to have military significance. A close reading of the economic literature, combined with insights from other disciplines, suggest three complementary explanations for civilianization of the Soviet economy. Soviet studies was a peripheral field in economics, and its practitioners sought recognition by pursuing the agenda of the mainstream discipline, however ill-fitting their subject. The Soviet economy was supposed to be about socialism, and the military sector appeared to be unrelated to that. By stressing the militarization, one risked being viewed as a Cold War monger. The conflict identified in this book between the incentives of academia and the demands of policy makers (to say nothing of accurate analysis) has broad relevance for national security uses of social science.
The Secrecy Hypothesis
Authors: Kontorovich Vladimir
Published: October 2019

Secrecy is commonly cited in the literature to explain gaps in the understanding of the Soviet economy during its lifetime. Yet secrecy surrounding the military sector was a mixed affair. Western governments used their intelligence means to pry some of the secrets, and make public parts of what they found out. The Soviets themselves revealed significant information about the part of their economy that they generally tried to hide. Emigres, defectors, underground writers, and returning foreigners supplemented these two streams of information. Sovietologists did not point to secrecy as a barrier to studying the military sector, and expressed no surprise at or appreciation for colleagues who managed to do such work. There was enough information to support such work, but it was done mostly by the political scientists, think tank employees, and British scholars. Sovietology neglected the military sector by choice, not out of necessity.
The Good Wife
Authors: Hopwood Bronwyn
Published: October 2019

CIL 6.41062, popularly known as the Laudatio Turiae, records the story of a woman faced with the murder of her father and an attempt to defraud his will. The inscription attests the lawlessness and turmoil that existed in Rome during the civil wars, and efforts to reconstruct Roman society in the aftermath of the younger Caesar’s victory. Since 1863 it has been used to investigate problems of Roman inheritance law and the Augustan marriage legislation. Analysis has focused on what the inscription reveals about compliance and resistance in the triumviral and Augustan ages. This chapter contemplates two legal problems surrounding the identity of the heirs in the laudatio, and illuminates the republican traditions from which Augustus’ laws on marriage, and the rhetoric resisting those laws, developed.