bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic evaluation of a randomized controlled trial of ultrasound therapy for hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers
Authors: Chuang L-H , Soares M O , Watson J M , Bland J M , Cullum N , Iglesias C , Kang'ombe A R , Torgerson D , Nelson E A
Published: April 2011

Background

A pragmatic, multicentre randomized controlled trial (VenUS III) was conducted to determine whether low-dose ultrasound therapy increased the healing rate of hard-to-heal leg ulcers. This study was a cost-effectiveness analysis of the trial data.

Methods

Cost-effectiveness and cost–utility analyses were conducted alongside the VenUS III trial, in which patients were randomly allocated to either ultrasound treatment administered weekly for 12 weeks along with standard care, or standard care alone. The time horizon was 12 months and based on the UK National Health Service (NHS) perspective.

Results

The base-case analysis showed that ultrasound therapy added to standard care was likely to be more costly and provide no extra benefit over standard care alone. Individuals who received ultrasound treatment plus standard care took a mean of 14·7 (95 per cent confidence interval − 32·7 to 56·8) days longer to heal, had 0·009 (−0·042 to 0·024) fewer quality-adjusted life years and had higher treatment costs by £197·88 (−35·19 to 420·32). Based on these point estimates, ultrasound therapy plus standard care for leg ulcers was dominated by standard care alone. The analysis of uncertainty showed that this treatment strategy is unlikely to be cost-effective.

Conclusion

Ultrasound treatment was not cost-effective for hard-to-heal leg ulcers and should not be recommended for adoption in the NHS. Registration number: ISRCTN21175670 (http://www.controlled-trials.com) and N0484162339 (National Research Register).
Strategies of xylanase supplementation for an efficient saccharification and cofermentation process from pretreated wheat straw
Authors: Alvira Pablo , Tomás‐Pejó Elia , José Negro María , Ballesteros and Mercedes
Published: April 2011

Ethanol production from lignocellulosic raw materials includes a pretreatment step before enzymatic hydrolysis (EH). Pretreated substrates contain complex hemicelluloses in the solid fraction that can protect the cellulose from enzymatic attack. In addition, soluble xylooligomers are contained in the pretreated materials and may have an inhibitory effect on cellulase activity. In this context, several approaches for xylanase supplementation have been studied to increase EH yields. In this study, the whole slurry obtained after steam explosion pretreatment of wheat straw has been used as substrate. EH experiments were performed using commercial cellulase preparations supplemented with an endoxylanase (XlnC) from Aspergillus nidulans. Among different strategies of XlnC supplementation, the 24‐h xylanase treatment before cellulase addition yielded an increase of 40.1 and 10.1% in glucose and xylose production, respectively. Different XlnC addition strategies were integrated in a simultaneous saccharification and cofermentation process (SSCF) using the xylose fermenting strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae F12. Ethanol production in SSCF was 28.4% higher when comparing to a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
An anatomically based imaging sign to detect adventitial cyst derived from the superior tibiofibular joint
Authors: Hébert‐Blouin Marie‐Noëlle , Pirola Elena , Amrami Kimberly K. , Wang Huan , Desy Nicholas M. , Spinner Robert J.
Published: April 2011

The origin for complex intraneural cysts remains controversial despite recent emerging evidence to support their articular origin. The coexistence of intraneural and adventitial cysts has been described due to the proximate neurovascular bundle, i.e., the articular (neural) branch and vessels at the joint capsule. To clarify the pathogenesis, anatomically based imaging patterns can be identified. This paper characterizes a common finding identified on MRI describing the adventitial component originating from the superior tibiofibular joint (STFJ). MRIs of patients with fibular (peroneal) (n = 24) and tibial (n = 7) intraneural ganglion cysts were reviewed. Eleven patients with fibular intraneural ganglion cysts were identified as having a coexisting adventitial component. In all cases, the adventitial cyst extended from the anterior portion of the STFJ, within the capsular vessels, and along the anterior tibial vessels. The reproducible anatomy permitted the identification of an imaging pattern: the “vascular U” sign, consisting of cystic anterior tibial vessels running through the interosseous membrane between the proximal tibia and fibula. This sign was seen on axial MR image(s) obtained at the level of the fibular neck in all cases. To generalize these findings, the rare tibial intraneural ganglion cysts (derived from the posterior aspect of the STFJ) were examined; two cases had coexisting adventitial cysts with visualization of the vascular U sign. This new imaging pattern can improve the identification of adventitial cysts at the level of the STFJ. Clin. Anat. 24:893–902, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bioconjugates of Enantiomerically Pure Organopalladium Compounds by Metal‐Assisted Positional Selective Transesterifications at Palladium Enolates
Authors: Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Riedel Dominic , Grundl Marc A. , Wittel Bärbel C. , Föll Andreas , Lubkoll Jana , Traut Telisha , Hewer Raymond , Rominger Frank , Frey Wolfgang , Bats Jan W.
Published: April 2011

The synthesis of enantiomerically pure palladatricyclo[4.1.0.02,4]heptanes and their modification by an unprecedented and very efficient positional selective transesterification is described. The mild reaction conditions are most probably based on an acceleration of the transesterification due to assistance by the metal. This novel approach allows straightforward access to a large number of structurally diverse organometallic complexes. The functional groups on the newly installed ester moieties were modified by using standard peptide synthesis protocols, Sonogashira reactions, and nucleophilic substitution reactions. The cellular uptake of these organometallic species was traced by confocal microscopy and their biological activity was evaluated by using different cell lines. Inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptotic cell death by these novel palladium heterocycles are equivalent to Cisplatin.
ChemInform Abstract: The New Vanadoborate‐Supported Hexanuclear Zinc Complex [Zn(teta)]6 [(VO)12O6B18O36(OH)6] (H2O)·8H2O.
Authors: Liu Xing , Zhou Jian
Published: April 2011

The new title compound is hydrothermally synthesized from a mixture of V2O5, ZnSO4, H3BO3, teta (teta: triethylenetetramine), pyridine, and H2O (autoclave, 145 °C, 6 d, 73% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and NLO Properties of 1D Heterothiometallic Anionic W/S/Ag Clusters Possessing Solvento‐Ytterbium Cation‐Directed Isomeric Skeletons.
Authors: Zhang Jinfang , Meng Suci , Song Yinglin , Yang Junyi , Wei Hongyang , Huang Wenjiang , Cifuentes Marie P. , Humphrey Mark G. , Zhang Chi
Published: April 2011

Compounds (IV), (V), and (VI) are characterized by single crystal XRD, IR and UV/VIS spectroscopy, DFT calculations, and nonlinear optical measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: An Experimental Study of Special Leaving Group Behavior in the Reaction of Arylidenebarbituric Acids with Carbon Nucleophiles.
Authors: Bigdeli Mohammad A. , Sheikhhosseini Enayatollah , Habibi Azizollah , Balalaie Saeed
Published: April 2011

Depending on the nucleophile and on the presence of N—H bonds in barbituric acids the title reaction leads to 3 different products of type (III), (V) or (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Reactions Leading to Bicyclic Pyrimidine Nucleosides and Benzopyran‐4‐ones.
Authors: Fan Xuesen , Wang Yangyang , Qu Yingying , Xu Haiyun , He Yan , Zhang Xinying , Wang Jianji
Published: April 2011

A new, general, and efficient method to prepare pyranopyrimidinedione nucleosides, pyranopyrimidinediones, and benzopyranones is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: V(HSO4)3‐Promoted Oxidation of Alcohols and Trimethylsilyl, Tetrahydropyranyl and Methoxymethyl Ethers with Cu(NO3)2·3H2O in the Absence of Solvent.
Authors: Shirini Farhad , Abedini Masoumeh , Pourvali Aysa
Published: April 2011

The main advantages in the synthesis of aldehydes and ketones are relatively high reaction rates and simple and clean work‐up.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Alkoxycarbonylation of (Z)‐2‐En‐4‐yn Carbonates Leading to 2,3,5‐Trienoates.
Authors: Akpinar G. Eray , Kus Melih , Ucuencue Muhammed , Karakus Erman , Artok Levent
Published: April 2011

The reaction (E)‐configurated substrates carbonate generates only a small amount of the desired vinylallene together with a complex mixture of by‐products.
ChemInform Abstract: O‐Substituted Alkyl Aldehydes for Rhodium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Alkyne Hydroacylation: The Utility of Methylthiomethyl Ethers.
Authors: Parsons Scott R. , Hooper Joel F. , Willis Michael C.
Published: April 2011

The reaction with a wide range of terminal alkynes affords α‐O‐methylthiomethyl‐substituted enone products.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Cyclohexenone Rings: Rhodium‐Catalyzed 1,3‐Acyloxy Migration and Subsequent [5 + 1] Cycloaddition.
Authors: Shu Dongxu , Li Xiaoxun , Zhang Min , Robichaux Patrick J. , Tang Weiping
Published: April 2011

The title reaction of various cyclopropanes in the presence of carbon monoxide results in stereoselective formation of cyclohexenone derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Chiral Hydrogen Bond Donor Catalysts Based on a 4,5‐Diaminoxanthene Scaffold: Application to Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds to Nitroalkenes.
Authors: Nemoto Tetsuhiro , Obuchi Kazumichi , Tamura Shinji , Fukuyama Takashi , Hamada Yasumasa
Published: April 2011

Catalysts of type (I) are developed and successfully applied to the title reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Indium Homoenolate with Aryl Halide with Wide Functional Group Compatibility.
Authors: Shen Zhi‐Liang , Lai Yin‐Chang , Wong Colin Hong An , Goh Kelvin Kau Kiat , Yang Yong‐Sheng , Cheong Hao‐Lun , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: April 2011

The reaction tolerates a wide range of functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Weinreb and MAP Aryl Amides via Pd‐Catalyzed Heck Aminocarbonylation Using Mo(CO)6 or W(CO)6.
Authors: Wieckowska Anna , Fransson Rebecca , Odell Luke R. , Larhed Mats
Published: April 2011

It allows a convenient access to various Weinreb and MAP aryl amides.
ChemInform Abstract: Unsaturated Hetero Chains. Part 19. Synthesis, Structures, and Aggregation Properties of N‐Acylamidines.
Authors: Wigbers Christof , Prigge Joerg , Mu Zhongchen , Froehlich Roland , Chi Lifeng , Wuerthwein Ernst‐Ulrich
Published: April 2011

A library of N‐acylamidines bearing three different aromatic or aliphatic substituents is prepared using various synthetic pathways.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring‐Opening Reactions of 2‐Alkoxy‐3,4‐dihydropyrans with Thiols or Thiophenols.
Authors: Li Minghao , Li Haoquan , Li Tao , Gu Yanlong
Published: April 2011

MnBr2‐catalyzed treatment of 2‐alkoxy‐3,4‐dihydropyrans with thiols and thiophenols results in unexpected formation of novel compounds of type (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Gelatin as a Bioorganic Reductant, Ligand and Support for Palladium Nanoparticles. Application as a Catalyst for Ligand‐ and Amine‐Free Sonogashira—Hagihara Reaction.
Authors: Firouzabadi Habib , Iranpoor Nasser , Ghaderi Arash
Published: April 2011

A clean, eco‐friendly one‐pot method furnishes uniform nanoparticles, supported on gelatin, without the use of any special reducing agents.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Convergent Cascade Cyclization to cis‐Hydrindans with All‐Carbon Quaternary Centers and Its Application in the Synthesis of the Aglycon of Dendronobiloside A.
Authors: Han Yejian , Zhu Lizhi , Gao Yuan , Lee Chi‐Sing
Published: April 2011

The synthetic utility of the method is demonstrated by preparation of the aglycon (V) of dendronobiloside A.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Mediated Trifluoromethylation of Heteroaromatic Compounds by Trifluoromethyl Sulfonium Salts.
Authors: Zhang Cheng‐Pan , Wang Zong‐Ling , Chen Qing‐Yun , Zhang Chun‐Tao , Gu Yu‐Cheng , Xiao Ji‐Chang
Published: April 2011

Based on the observation that substrate (I) can be reduced by metals, a convenient synthesis of trifluoromethylated aryl and hetaryl derivatives from the corresponding iodides is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Angular Spirocyclic Azetidines.
Authors: Guerot Carine , Tchitchanov Boris H. , Knust Henner , Carreira Erick M.
Published: April 2011

A number of new, synthetically important angular spirocyclic azetidines is prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis and Characterization of New Polymerizable Conjugated 2,5‐Di(selenophen‐2‐yl)pyrroles and 2,5‐Difuranylpyrroles.
Authors: Amaladass Pitchamuthu , Pasunooti Kalyan Kumar , Png Zihuan , Liu Xue‐Wei
Published: April 2011

The target compounds are prepared via Paal—Knorr reaction and their photophysical and electrochemical properties are studied.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Synthesis of Oxazolidine‐2,4‐diones via an Efficient Fixation of CO2 with 3‐Aryl‐2‐alkynamides.
Authors: Chen Guofei , Fu Chunling , Ma Shengming
Published: April 2011

Reaction of 3‐aryl‐2‐alkynamides (I) and (IV) with carbon dioxide proceeds under very mild conditions to give oxazolidinediones (III) and (V), resp., in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Unsymmetrical 1,1′‐Disubstituted Bis(1,2,3‐triazole)s Using Monosilylbutadiynes.
Authors: Doak Bradley C. , Scanlon Martin J. , Simpson Jamie S.
Published: April 2011

Stepwise and one‐pot procedures are developed for the preparation of a variety of unsymmetrical 4,4′‐linked bis(1,2,3‐triazoles).
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of 3‐(Succinimid‐3‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydroimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine Derivatives by Sequential Intra‐ and Intermolecular Michael Reactions Between 2‐Aminopyridines and Maleimides.
Authors: Shimo Tetsuro , Itoh Tomoko , Araki Yasutaka , Iwanaga Tetsuo , Shinmyozu Teruo , Somekawa Kenichi
Published: April 2011

The mechanism of the reaction is elucidated by means of MOPAC‐PM6 calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Phenanthroindolizidine Alkaloids with Hydroxyl Group at the C14 Position and Evaluation of Their Antitumor Activities.
Authors: Ikeda Takashi , Yaegashi Takashi , Matsuzaki Takeshi , Hashimoto Syusuke , Sawada Seigo
Published: April 2011

The asymmetric total synthesis of the strongly cytotoxic phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid (IX) is achieved via a photo‐induced electron cyclization reaction to (II), a racemization‐free amination—cyclization sequence using (S)‐diisopropyl glutamate as chiral building block, and diastereoselective reduction to (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Gephyronic Acid, a Missing Link between Polyketide Inhibitors of Eukaryotic Protein Synthesis. Part 1. Structural Revision and Stereochemical Assignment of Gephyronic Acid.
Authors: Nicolas Lionel , Anderl Timo , Sasse Florenz , Steinmetz Heinrich , Jansen Rolf , Hoefle Gerhard , Laschat Sabine , Taylor Richard E.
Published: April 2011

The structure of the title compound, a constituent of the myxobacterium Archangium gephyra (Ar 3895) which exists as a separable mixture of keto and hemiketal isomers, is unambiguously confirmed as (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Potential Applications of Sonochemistry in Spent Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing: A Short Review
Authors: Nikitenko S. I. , Venault L. , Pflieger R. , Chave T. , Bisel I. , Moisy P.
Published: April 2011

Review: 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Review: The Effects of Radiation Chemistry on Solvent Extraction 4: Separation of the Trivalent Actinides and Considerations for Radiation‐Resistant Solvent Systems
Authors: Mincher Bruce J. , Modolo Giuseppe , Mezyk Stephen P.
Published: April 2011

Review: 65 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of Colloidal Heteronanocrystals
Authors: de Mello Donega Celso
Published: April 2011

Review: 283 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Transfer and Its Applications in Nanotechnology
Authors: Yang Jun , Lee Jim Yang , Ying Jackie Y.
Published: April 2011

Review: 258 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(II) Acetates: Synthesis and Molecular Transformation Scheme
Authors: Mulagaleev R. F. , Kirik S. D.
Published: April 2011

Review: 64 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Organocatalytic Synthesis of Fluorinated Molecules
Authors: Valero Guillem , Companyo Xavier , Rios Ramon
Published: April 2011

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Trifluoromethylation of C=N Bonds
Authors: Dilman Alexander D. , Levin Vitalij V.
Published: April 2011

Review: 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis Using P‐Chiral Diaminophosphine Oxide Preligands: DIAPHOXs
Authors: Nemoto Tetsuhiro , Hamasa Yasumasa
Published: April 2011

Review: 222 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Low Symmetry Phthalocyanines and Their Analogues
Authors: Mack John , Kobayashi Nagao
Published: April 2011

Review: 623 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Environmental Photocatalysis: Perspectives for China
Authors: Herrmann Jean Marie
Published: April 2011

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of Pheromones Based on Commercially Available Starting Materials
Authors: Petrushkina E. A. , Khomishin D. V.
Published: April 2011

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Multicomponent Reactions: Securing a Catalytic Route to Ketenimine Intermediates and Their Reactivities
Authors: Yoo Eun Jeong , Chang Sukbok
Published: April 2011

Review: 42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aromatic Chloride to Nitrile Transformation: Medicinal and Synthetic Chemistry
Authors: Jones Lyn H. , Summerhill Nicholas W. , Swain Nigel A. , Mills James E.
Published: April 2011

Review: 79 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Reactions of Dialkyl H‐Phosphonate
Authors: Munavalli S. , Durst H. D. , Rohrbaugh D. K.
Published: April 2011

Review: 139 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Dimensional Coordination Polymers: Complexity and Diversity in Structures, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Leong Wei Lee , Vittal Jagadese J.
Published: April 2011

Review: 735 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Functionalization of Carbohydrates in Water
Authors: Scherrmann Marie‐Christine , Lubineau Andre , Queneau Yves
Published: April 2011

Review: 219 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermochemistry of Proton‐Coupled Electron Transfer Reagents and Its Implications
Authors: Warren Jeffrey J. , Tronic Tristan A. , Mayer James M.
Published: April 2011

Review: 574 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Chemistry of Peptides Containing Backbone Expanded Amino Acid Residues: Conformational Features of β,γ, and Hybrid Peptides
Authors: Vasudev Prema. G. , Chatterjee Sunanda , Shamala Narayanaswamy , Balaram Padmanabhan
Published: April 2011

Review: 406 refs.
CO2 sequestration using principles of shell formation
Authors: Lee Seung‐Woo , Lee Si‐Hyun , Jang Young‐Nam , Lim Kyoung‐Soo , Jeong Soon‐Kwan
Published: April 2011

Biomimetic sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the methods proposed to reduce the CO2 released into the atmosphere. In this study, we compared soluble protein of hemocyte from diseased shell (HDS) and extrapallial fluid (EPF) extracted from Crassostrea gigas with bovine carbonic anhydrase II in terms of their ability to promote CO2 hydration and the production of calcium precipitates. On the basis of the experiments of CO2 hydration, the key role of HDS was identified. Moreover, mass‐spectroscopic analysis (MALDI‐TOF) and circular dichroism (CD) analysis were used for understanding molecular weight and secondary protein structure. From the amino acid sequence and secondary protein structure, the different processes of CO2 hydration by bovine carbonic anhydrase II and HDS could be assessed.
Inhibitors of the Interactions between HIV‐1 IN and the Cofactor LEDGF/p75
Authors: De Luca Laura , Ferro Stefania , Morreale Francesca , De Grazia Sara , Chimirri Alba
Published: April 2011

The replication cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) is a complex multistep process that depends on both viral and host cell factors. The nuclear protein lens epithelium‐derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) is a multidomain protein, present in host cells, which plays an important role in the integration process. LEDGF/p75 not only binds HIV‐1 integrase (IN) at its IN binding domain (IBD) but also contains several motifs that function in DNA and chromatin binding. The demonstrated importance of the association between IN and LEDGF/p75 in HIV‐1 integration suggests the possibility that this protein–protein interaction (PPI) could be exploited as an antiviral target. We describe herein the progress to date in developing inhibitors of this promising target.
Normen im Mauerwerksbau — Hintergründe und Strukturen
Authors: Feine Immo
Published: April 2011

“Normen machen Märkte” lautet der Titel einer Pressemitteilung des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Technologie vom 02. September 2009. Darin wird über das an diesem Tag von der Bundesregierung beschlossene normungspolitische Konzept berichtet, in dem die hohe wirtschaftspolitische Bedeutung von Normen und die damit erreichbaren Ziele herausgestellt werden. Einige dieser Ziele sind die Öffnung von Märkten, die Deregulierung der Gesetzgebung durch den Bezug auf technische Normen oder die Stärkung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit im internationalen Kontext. Grund genug, um sich mit dem Thema Normung grundlegend auseinanderzusetzen und Hintergründe und Strukturen aus dem Bereich des Mauerwerksbaus aufzuzeigen.

Codes for masonry constructions — backgrounds and structures. “Standards create markets” is the title of a press release by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology of 2 September 2009. The press release reports on the standards policy adopted by the Federal Government on that day in which the major economic importance of standards and the attainable goals are identified. Some of these are to open markets, deregulate legislation by reference to technical standards or to enhance competitiveness in the international context. Reason enough to take a good look at standardization and to identify the background and structures in the field of masonry construction.
Au�ergewöhnliche Einwirkungen nach DIN EN 1991‐1‐7
Authors: Kunz Claus
Published: April 2011

DIN EN 1991‐1‐7 (2010‐12) [1] sowie der zugehörige Nationale Anhang DIN EN 1991‐1‐7/NA (2010—12) regeln künftig auf der Grundlage des neuen europäischen Normenkonzepts “Au�ergewöhnliche Einwirkungen”, die früher als Katastrophenlasten bezeichnet wurden. Mit der bauaufsichtlichen Einführung ist zum 01. Juli 2012 zu rechnen [2], so dass zu diesem Zeitpunkt die derzeit noch gültige DIN 1055‐9 (2003‐08) [3] ersetzt werden wird. Der Nationale Anhang zu DIN EN 1991‐1‐7 regelt 43 in DIN EN 1991‐1‐7 erlaubte Öffnungsklauseln für nationale Festlegungen, sogenannte “Nationally Determined Parameter (NDP)” sowie 13 der DIN EN 1991‐1‐7 nicht widersprechende zusätzliche Informationen (“Non Contradictory Complementary Informations (NCI)”. Wird nachfolgend “DIN EN 1991‐1‐7+NA” erwähnt, so ist für den besprochenen Sachverhalt die eigentliche Norm unter Berücksichtigung des deutschen Nationalen Anhangs gemeint. In diesem Beitrag wird vor dem Hintergrund des Mauerwerksbaus auf Regelungen der DIN 1991‐1‐7+NA für Hochbauten eingegangen.

Accidental actions according DIN EN 1991‐1‐7 — a reflection for buildings. Starting from july 2012 DIN EN 1991‐1‐7 (2010—12) and the adjacent National Annex will be the code for accidental actions based on the new European design concept. DIN EN 1991‐1‐7 and the National annex deal with actions from vehicle, railway, helicopter and ship collision as well as from gas explosion. The National Annex covers 43 procedures, values and recommendations which are opened for national choices known as Nationally Determined Parameter (NDP) and 13 additional informations known as Non Contradictory Complementary Informations (NCI). This contribution aims at a introducing information of the new code “Accidental Actions” for buildings. As for buildings concern is made for collisions to the outside walls of houses, parking garages buildings in the vicinity of and over railways and for gas explosions. Considering gas explosions the design philosophy of the code is based on three consequence classes representing the consequence of failure or malfunction of the structure. According these classes adjusted different design methods are recommended.
Bemessung im Mauerwerksbau nach EC 6 — wie geht es weiter?
Authors: Hauschild Carola , Ostendorf David , Purtak Frank
Published: April 2011

Nachdem die im Mauerwerksbau gültigen nationalen Normen zunächst in einer neuen Normenreihe DIN 1053‐11 bis DIN 1053‐14 aktualisiert, an den Stand der Technik und den in den nächsten Jahren verbindlich werdenden Eurocode 6 angepasst werden sollten, hat sich mittlerweile der Druck zur Einführung der Eurocodes in Deutschland erhöht. Eine An wendung der Eurocode‐Normen ist nur mit den für das jeweilige Land gültigen Nationalen Anhängen möglich. Deshalb beschloss das Lenkungsgremium des Fachbereichs 06 “Mauerwerkbau” dem Entwurf der Nationalen Anhänge zu Eurocode 6 den Vorrang zu geben und mit Hochdruck an deren Fertigstellung zu arbeiten.

Zum Zeitpunkt des Erscheinens dieses Heftes werden die Entwürfe zu den Nationalen Anhängen des EC 6 beim DIN erschienen sein, und die Fachöffentlichkeit ist aufgefordert, innerhalb der viermonatigen Einspruchsfrist bis zum 04.08.2011 Kommentare abzugeben und ggf. Einsprüche geltend zu machen.

Dieser Beitrag stellt in Kürze das Vorgehen bei der Einführung der europäischen Normen und bei der Zurückziehung der nationalen Normen für den Mauerwerksbau in Deutschland dar. Im Folgenden wird auf wesentliche Veränderungen in der Mauerwerksbemessung, die sich mit dem Eurocode 6 und den im Entwurf vorliegenden Nationalen Anhängen ergeben, eingegangen.

Design of masonry structures to EC 6 — the next steps — Appeal process for the drafts to national annexes DIN EN 1996‐1‐1/NA, DIN EN 1996‐2/NA and DIN EN 1996‐3/NA runs. Since the valid national standards in masonry construction first should have been updated in a new standard series of DIN 1053‐11 to DIN 1053‐14, adapted to the state of the art and the Eurocode 6 which will become compulsory within the next years, the pressure for the introduction of the Eurocodes in Germany has increased meanwhile. A use of the Eurocode standards is only possible in connection with the National Annexes valid for the respective country. Therefore, the steering committee of FB 06 “Masonry constructions” decided to give the draft of the National Annexes to Eurocode 6 priority and to work flat out on their completion.

At the time of the appearance of this journal the drafts to the National Annexes to Eurocode 6 will have published by the German Institute for Standardization and the professional public is asked to make comments and if necessary to raise objections within the 4‐month time for appeal up to the 4/08/2011.

This contribution shows shortly the action of the introduction of the European standards and of the withdrawal of the national standards of masonry construction in Germany. The following article deals with essential changes resulting from EC 6 and the draft of the National Annexes in the design of masonry.
Power sharing control between load‐side inverters in DC microgrid for superhigh‐quality electric power distribution system
Authors: Kakigano Hiroaki , Nada Kaho , Miura Yushi , Ise Toshifumi , Uchida Ryohei
Published: April 2011

A DC microgrid is a novel power system using DC distribution in order to provide superhigh‐quality electric power. The DC distribution system is suitable for DC‐output distributed generation such as photovoltaic and fuel cells, and energy storage devices such as batteries and electric double layer capacitors. Power is distributed through a DC distribution line and converted to the required AC or DC voltage by converters placed near the loads. Load‐side single phase converters are connected through transformers in order to share active and reactive power. In this paper, a power sharing control scheme is proposed, and the power sharing characteristics are demonstrated by experimental results. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(1): 55–64, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21052
Proposal of current control method of high‐speed AC motor system
Authors: Furutani Shinichi , Satake Akira
Published: April 2011

In this paper, a current control method for a high‐speed AC motor system is proposed. In high‐speed driving operation, the current controller tends to lose stability because of the dead time caused by computational delay and electromagnetic coupling included in the AC motor model. The main purpose of the proposed method is reduction of the dead time on the current controller. The proposed method is based on model predictive control and optimization of the start timing. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by simulation results. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(1): 37–45, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21083
Design of multi‐input multi‐output minimum‐phase state control system with decoupling and feedforward compensation
Authors: Tomaru Takao , Mori Yasuchika
Published: April 2011

This paper discusses the design of decoupling control for a multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) linear system. A new configuration of the prepositional tandem matrix is presented as a decoupling compensator, and minimum‐phase state control is applied to the resulting decoupled system. In general, non‐minimum‐phase characteristics often accompany decoupled systems. Feedforward compensation makes the non‐minimum‐phase effect of each decoupled scalar system change to the delay time. A numerical example is given for the MIMO linear system, which conventionally results in non‐minimum‐phase systems. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(2): 53–61, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21117
Programmed death ligand 1 is over‐expressed by neutrophils in the blood of patients with active tuberculosis
Authors: McNab Finlay W. , Berry Matthew P. R. , Graham Christine M. , Bloch Susannah A. A. , Oni Tolu , Wilkinson Katalin A. , Wilkinson Robert J. , Kon Onn M. , Banchereau Jacques , Chaussabel Damien , O'Garra Anne
Published: April 2011

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains one of the world's largest infectious disease problems. Despite decades of intensive study, the immune response to Mtb is incompletely characterised, reflecting the extremely complex interaction between pathogen and host. Pathways that may alter the balance between host protection and pathogenesis are therefore of great interest. One pathway shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic infections, including TB, is the programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) pathway. We show here that the expression of the programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1), which interacts with PD‐1, is increased in whole blood from active TB patients compared with whole blood from healthy controls or Mtb‐exposed individuals, and that expression by neutrophils is largely responsible for this increase.
Computational Study of the Intramolecular Pericyclic Reactions of Aldazines and Some Pseudopericyclic Variants
Authors: González Pérez Adán B. , Souto José A. , Silva López Carlos , de Lera Ángel R.
Published: April 2011

The mechanisms of the complex cascade cyclizations of homoallenyl aldazines and analogues to afford tetracyclic compounds has been computed. Double sequential crisscross 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition through azomethine imine intermediates was characterized both for the homoallenyl aldazine and for its ketene analogue. If conjugation of the two interacting groups (azine and allene/ketene) was introduced through the presence of an olefin system or an oxygen atom in place of the saturated carbon, pseudopericyclic mechanisms were also characterized. Unlike in the parent system, the barrierless cascade electrocyclization of [(Z)‐hexa‐2,4,5‐trien‐1‐ylidene]hydrazine and of its ketene analogue is interrupted after formation of the 2,2′‐methylenebis(dihydropyridine) and bis‐2,2′‐pyridone, respectively, by pseudoelectrocyclic reactions. The cascade reaction of a hypothetical diazine with an allenylformimidate structure generates a compound containing four fused five‐membered heterocyclic rings through a sequence that differs from that of the parent homoallenyl aldazine in the involvement of 6π‐electron‐5‐atom electrocyclization and nucleophile–electrophile reaction steps before the final 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition. The analysis of the aromaticities of the transition structures through the computation of the NICS is consistent with their characterization as pericyclic or pseudopericyclic processes.
Comment on “A new simple square root option pricing model”
Authors: Kim Hwa‐Sung , Kang Jangkoo , Shin Jeongwoo
Published: April 2011

Câmara A. and Wang Y.‐H. (2010) introduce a simple square root option pricing model where the square root of the stock price is governed by a normal distribution. They show that their three‐parameter option pricing model can outperform the Black–Scholes option pricing model. We demonstrate that their assumption possesses an internal inconsistency in that the square root of the stock price can take on negative values. We generalize and revise their assumption so that the internal inconsistency can be avoided, and introduce a new square root option pricing model. The difference in option prices calculated from the two models may not be trivial. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark
Damage to the cingulum contributes to alzheimer's disease pathophysiology by deafferentation mechanism
Authors: Bozzali Marco , Giulietti Giovanni , Basile Barbara , Serra Laura , Spanò Barbara , Perri Roberta , Giubilei Franco , Marra Camillo , Caltagirone Carlo , Cercignani Mara
Published: April 2011

This study investigates the differential contribution of gray matter (GM) atrophy and deafferentation through white matter (WM) damage in the clinical progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thirty‐one patients with probable AD, 23 with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (a‐MCI), and 14 healthy subjects underwent MRI scanning at 3T. Voxel‐based morphometry was used to assess regional GM atrophy in AD and a‐MCI patients. Diffusion tensor‐MRI tractography was used to reconstruct the cingulum bilaterally, and to quantify, voxel‐by‐voxel, its fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) (measures of microscopic WM integrity). Atrophy of the cinguli was also assessed by means of jacobian determinants (JD) of local transformations. In AD patients, four clusters of reduced GM were found nearby the cinguli, in the posterior (PCC) and anterior cingulate cortex, and in the hippocampal/parahippocampal areas. Widespread areas of reduced FA and increased MD were found in the cinguli of both, AD and a‐MCI patients. A region of macroscopic atrophy was detectable in AD patients only. Strong associations were found between local GM densities in the four identified clusters, and measures of micro‐ and (to a lesser extent) macroscopic damage of patients' cinguli. Linear regression analyses revealed that MD in the cinguli predicts patients' measures of episodic memory in combination with GM density of hippocampal/parahippocampal areas, and measures of global cognition in combination with GM density of the PCC. This study indicates that brain deafferentation though the cingulum is likely to play a remarkable role in progressive development of cognitive impairment in AD. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new model for nanofluid conductivity based on the effects of clustering due to Brownian motion
Authors: Akbari Mahmood , Galanis Nicolas , Behzadmehr Amin
Published: April 2011

Conductivity values of nanofluids calculated with the model proposed by Nan et al. 1 consistently underestimate the corresponding measured values for 20 sets of experimental data from 12 published studies; thus the conclusion of the recent International Nanofluid Property Benchmark Exercise 2 which stated that it is not necessary to resort to other theories (e.g., Brownian motion, liquid layering, and aggregation) for the interpretation of the INPBE database cannot be generalized. In view of this situation, a new model which takes into account clustering and micro‐convection is proposed and compared with experimental data for five nanofluids (with different particle sizes and a range of particle concentrations) as well as two previously published models. The maximum difference between the predictions of the proposed model and the measured values is 6.7% of the latter. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.20350
Chemoselective synthesis of 4‐oxo‐2‐aryl‐4,10‐dihydropyrimido [1,2‐a][1,3]benzimidazol‐3‐yl cyanides via [3+3] atom combination of 2‐aminobenzimidazole with ethyl‐α‐cyanocinnamoates
Authors: Sheibani Hassan , Hassani Fahimeh
Published: April 2011

Chemoselective synthesis of 4‐oxo‐2‐aryl‐4,10‐dihydropyrimido[1,2‐a][1,3]benzimidazol‐3‐yl cyanides from three‐component reactions of 2‐aminobenzimidazole, aldehydes, and ethyl cyanoacetate via [3+3] atom combination is reported. The effect of different base catalysts such as sodium acetate, triethylamine, and magnesium oxide MgO on the product yield has also been investigated under conventional heating. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Synthesis and application of modified silica sulfuric acid as a solid acid heterogeneous catalyst in Michael addition reactions
Authors: Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Veisi Hojat , Mohanazadeh Farajollah , Sedrpoushan Alireza
Published: April 2011

Modified silica sulfuric acid (MSSA) as a new type of silica sulfuric acid was prepared and effectively used in the conjugate addition of indole, pyrrole, and thiols with Michael acceptors under mild conditions at room temperature. Also, MSSA was used as a catalyst for the synthesis of 1,1,3‐tri‐indolyl compounds in good to excellent yield at room temperature. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
The novel triazine cored tripodal and trinuclear Schiff base‐oxime metal complexes: Their magnetic properties and thermal decompositions
Authors: Uysal Şaban , Coşkun Ahmet
Published: April 2011

2,4,6‐tris(4‐hydroxybenzimino)‐1,3,5‐triazine [1, 2] (III) have been synthesized by the reaction of 1 equiv melamine and three equiv 4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde, and characterized by means of elemental analysis, 1H‐NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrscopy, liquid chromatography‐mass spectroscopy (LC‐MS). L (IV) has been synthesized by the reaction of one equiv (III) and three equiv 4‐(thiophenoxy)phenyloxylohydroxymoyl chloride (II), and characterized by means of the same methods. Then, four novel trinuclear Fe(III) and Cr(III) complexes involving tetradentate Schiff bases N,N′‐bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine‐(salenH2) or bis(salicylidene)‐o‐phenylenediamine‐(salophen H2) with L (IV) have been synthesized and characterized by means of elemental analysis, FTIR spectrscopy, LC‐MS, thermal analyses. The metal ratios of the prepared complexes have been determined using AAS. The aim of the present study is synthesis of novel tridirectional‐trinuclear systems and to present their effects on magnetic behavior of [salenFe(III)], [salophenFe(III)], [salenCr(III)], and [salophenCr(III)] capped complexes. The complexes have also been characterized as low‐spin distorted octahedral Fe(III) and Cr(III) bridged by keton‐oxime group. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Quantifying the benefits of a long‐lead ENSO prediction model to enhance harvest management—A case study for the Herbert sugarcane growing region, Australia
Authors: Everingham Yvette L. , Stoeckl Natalie E. , Cusack Justin , Osborne John A.
Published: April 2011

In the Australian sugarcane industry, the decision about when to start the harvest season (which runs from approximately June through to November) must be made no later than March. This is necessary to give sugar milling personnel sufficient time to complete important mill maintenance procedures prior to commencement of harvest. The harvest season must start early enough so that all sugarcane is harvested before the rainy season commences, but late enough to capitalize on the higher sugar content in the cane stalk, which forms the basis of industry payment. An early indication (e.g. January) about likely rainfall conditions during the latter half of the harvest season (e.g. September to November) would provide crucial information to industry planners when deciding the start of the harvest season. By coupling a long‐lead statistical ENSO prediction scheme with the cane payment system, we investigated the ability of the climate forecast model to deliver a quantitative benefit to the Herbert sugarcane region. Through the use of bootstrapped confidence intervals, we found the region could benefit by up to 1.9 million AUD per annum by starting the harvest season later than that conventionally practiced when warm ENSO conditions were predicted for the end of the harvest season. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Buoy wind inhomogeneities related to averaging method and anemometer type: application to long time series
Authors: Thomas B. R. , Swail V. R.
Published: April 2011

Moored buoy observations began two to three decades ago. These datasets have value for calibration of remotely sensed data, validation of weather and ocean wave models, input to reanalysis models, and studies of climate trend and variability. Changes in buoy wind observation methods have the potential to introduce inhomogeneities into the time series. These include changes in anemometer height (typically between 5 and 10 m) with changes in platform type; the transition in the 1980s and 1990s from use of a vector‐mean to a scalar‐mean averaging method; and, in recent years, the introduction of ultrasonic anemometers in the buoy networks, as well as the continued use of mechanical propeller‐vane type of anemometers. This study examines differences in buoy wind measurements from RM Young propeller‐vane and Vaisala ultrasonic anemometers installed on the same buoy, and differences in vector‐averaged and scalar‐averaged wind speeds from the same RM Young anemometer. This study also considers the effect of waves on these differences. The comparisons are based on large multi‐year datasets from 6‐m buoys with boat‐shaped hulls (6N) and 3‐m buoys with round hulls (3D), deployed off the coasts of Canada in the northeast Pacific and northwest Atlantic Oceans. Results of the anemometer type comparison suggest that the Vaisala ultrasonic winds are 0.16 ms−1 + 1.6% of the RM Young winds. Results of the vector scalar comparison of Canadian buoy data show that scalar mean winds were 2.1% and 2.7% greater than RM Young vector mean winds from 6N and 3D buoys, respectively. Vector‐scalar differences increased with increasing wave height, more quickly with 3D than with 6N buoys. Results are used to adjust the winds from a long‐term buoy in the northeast Pacific. The height adjustment is shown to be more important than the adjustment for vector or scalar averaging of the sustained wind speed, in terms of the impact of monthly mean wind speeds. A homogeneity testing program finds other unexplained significant shifts in the time series of monthly mean wind speeds. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society and Crown in the right of Canada.
Improved large tip angle parallel transmission pulse design through a perturbation analysis of the bloch equation
Authors: Zheng Hai , Zhao Tiejun , Qian Yongxian , Ibrahim Tamer S. , Boada Fernando E.
Published: April 2011

Parallel transmission has emerged as an efficient means for implementing multidimensional spatially selective radiofrequency excitation pulses. To date, most theoretical and experimental work on parallel transmission radiofrequency (RF) pulse design is based on the small‐tip‐angle approximation to the Bloch equation. The small‐tip‐angle, while mathematically compact, is not an exact solution and leads to significant errors when large‐tip‐angle pulses are designed. Methods have been proposed to overcome the limitations of the small‐tip‐angle using regularized least‐square optimization or optimal control algorithms. These methods, however, are based on further approximations to the Bloch equation or require the use of general purpose algorithms that do not capitalize fully on the dynamics of the physical model at hand. In this article, a novel algorithm for large‐tip‐angle parallel transmission pulse design is proposed. The algorithm relies on a perturbation analysis of the Bloch equation and it depicts the relationship between the excited magnetization, its deviation from the target pattern and the desired pulses. Simulations and experiments are used to validate the proposed method on a 7T 8‐channel transmit array. The results demonstrate that the perturbation analysis algorithm provides a fast and accurate approach for multidimensional large‐tip‐angle pulse design, especially when large acceleration factors and/or echo‐planar trajectories are used. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Central inhibitory effect of intravesically applied botulinum toxin A in chronic spinal cord injury
Authors: Munoz Alvaro , Somogyi George T. , Boone Timothy B. , Smith Christopher P.
Published: April 2011

Aims

We evaluated a putative central inhibitory effect of intravesical botulinum toxin A (BoNT‐A) on the activity of lumbosacral spinal neurons in a chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) model of bladder overactivity.

Methods

Female Sprague‐Dawley rats underwent T8 spinal cord transection. Four weeks later, once overactive neuropathic detrusor pathways had developed, the animals underwent intravesical instillation with either saline (1 ml) or BoNT‐A (Botox®, 20 U/1 ml) for 1 hr. Two days later, the rats then completed a cystometric evaluation prior to spinal cord harvest. Sections from the L4‐S1 spinal cord segments were examined for the total number of c‐fos immunoreactive cells.

Results

Comparison of the saline and BoNT‐A treated groups showed a significant decrease in L6 (i.e., 67%, P < 0.001) and S1 (i.e., 47%, P < 0.01) c‐fos expression (43%) in BoNT‐A treated rats compared to saline controls. Cystometrogram studies revealed that the frequency of non‐voiding bladder contractions was reduced by 73% (P < 0.05) in BoNT‐A compared to saline treated rats. No change in the frequency of voiding bladder contractions or amplitude of bladder contraction was observed between the saline and BoNT‐A treated groups.

Conclusion

In a SCI model of bladder overactivity, intravesical BoNT‐A significantly inhibits the response of bladder afferent activated lumbosacral neurons without significantly impairing efferent bladder function. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:1376–1381, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.