bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three exploratory studies of college theme parties
Authors: CLAPP JOHN D. , KETCHIE JULIE M. , REED MARK B. , SHILLINGTON AUDREY M. , LANGE JAMES E. , HOLMES MEGAN R.
Published: August 2008

Introduction and Aims. The objectives of this exploratory research were to (1) explore the characteristics and risks associated with college theme parties, (2) assess differences in risk associated with college theme parties compared to non‐theme parties and (3) to assess differences in risk associated with risqué theme parties as compared to non‐risqué theme parties. Design and methods. We used a mixed methods design. Results are presented from three exploratory studies of alcohol consumption in college theme parties: (1) four qualitative focus groups of students who have attended such events, (2) a web‐based survey and (3) a multi‐level (observational, survey, breath blood alcohol samples) study of 226 college parties, 29 of which were themed events. Focus group participants included a convenience sample of 17 college students aged 18–24 years; participants for the web survey included a convenience sample of 407 college students; participants for the multi‐level study of college parties included 1725 randomly selected individuals at college parties. Results. Themes tended to be highly sexualised. Compared to non‐themed parties, theme parties have been observed to be more rowdy, louder, involve drinking games, feature kegs and feature hard liquor. Discussion and Conclusions. Themed parties are associated with heavy drinking and are consistent with environments sought by heavy drinkers. As a result, themed parties are marked by a greater number of alcohol‐related problems. Further research is needed to understand more clearly the risks involved in themed and risqué themed events.
Alcohol advertising in the New Zealand university student press
Authors: COUSINS KIM , KYPRI KYPROS
Published: August 2008

University students drink more heavily than their non‐student peers in New Zealand. The promotion of alcohol via advertising is a known contributor to heavy drinking. The aim of this paper was to determine the nature and extent of alcohol‐related advertising and related policies at New Zealand universities. We sought to obtain all issues for 2005, of student newspapers at five New Zealand universities that had participated in an ongoing research project examining alcohol‐related harm. The number of alcohol‐related advertisements was determined and counts were weighted by the proportion of the page they took up. We surveyed senior university administrators to determine whether policies existed to regulate alcohol advertising on campus. The number of alcohol‐related advertisements in student publications ranged from 1 to 129 across the academic year (median: 74 advertisements, 34 full‐page equivalents). At three universities, most advertisements promoted bars, pubs and restaurants, while at the other two universities, most alcohol‐related advertising was for events sponsored by a brewery, alcohol company or local pub. At one university with almost no advertising, a brewery sponsorship agreement with the student association forbade other parties from advertising alcohol and related events. Alcohol‐related advertising is pervasive in the New Zealand university student press. Student associations should consider the ethics of alcohol industry sponsorship in light of the high prevalence of heavy drinking in this population group.
Drugs and pregnancy—outcomes of women engaged with a specialist perinatal outreach addictions service
Authors: MAYET SORAYA , GROSHKOVA TEODORA , MORGAN LOUISE , MacCORMACK TRACEY , STRANG JOHN
Published: August 2008

Substance misuse during pregnancy may result in harm to both mother and child. The aims of this study were to assess changes in outcomes of women seen by a specialist perinatal addictions outreach service (1989–1991 versus 2002–2005) and compare outcomes to the local hospital maternity population (2004–2005). A cross‐sectional audit of health‐care records was conducted comparing the outcomes of women in 2002–2005 with earlier data from 1989–1991 and the local maternity population (2004–2005). The service was attended by 126 women, of whom 83% of opioid‐dependent women started/continued opioid maintenance treatment. Of 118 babies delivered, there were two stillbirths and one early neonatal death, 20% were premature, 28% were low birth weight, 21% required the Special Care Baby Unit and 21% of babies born to opioid‐dependent mothers were treated for neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Fewer babies required treatment for NAS in 2002–2005 compared to 1989–1991 (21% versus 44%). There were higher rates of miscarriage (3% versus <1%), low birth weight (28% versus 9%) and premature babies (20% versus 9%) compared to the local maternity population (2004–2005). Integrated perinatal addictions treatment may deliver benefits; however, engaging women into treatment earlier and reducing substance use before conception remains the objective.
Management of acute pain in methadone maintenance therapy in‐patients
Authors: HINES SUSAN , THEODOROU STAN , WILLIAMSON ANNA , FONG DAMIAN , CURRY KENNETH
Published: August 2008

Methadone maintained treatment (MMT) patients may be given less opioid analgesia for acute pain than the general patient, due to requests for analgesia being misinterpreted as craving for drugs. Pain studies have showed that MMT patients have hyperalgesic responses and that cross‐tolerance to opioids may be present, suggesting that they may need more analgesia than the non‐MMT patient. This study compares the pain management of MMT patients and controls during an acute hospital stay. It is a retrospective study of MMT in‐patients and controls matched for medical condition, age and gender, comparing the analgesia given and pain stated in hospital notes. Patients with a chronic pain condition were excluded. MMT patients and controls did not differ in relation to median morphine dose received or average number of pain reports per day, and only a small proportion of both groups engaged in drug‐seeking behaviour. Behavioural problems were significantly more common among MMT patients (39% versus 5%, p < 0.001). The fact that the opioid doses were not significantly different between subjects and controls seems to contradict the experimental evidence that patients on methadone tend to be hyperalgesic. Alternatively, MMT patients may be hyperalgesic, and statistically equal levels of opioid analgesia given to both groups may indicate an effective under‐treatment of pain in the hyperalgesic MMT group. Inadequate analgesia may contribute to both behavioural problems and premature discharge. Resolving these uncertainties will require prospective studies.
Strategies for facilitating change in alcohol and other drugs (AOD) professional practice: a systematic review of the effectiveness of reminders and feedback
Authors: BYWOOD PETRA T. , LUNNAY BELINDA , ROCHE ANN M.
Published: August 2008

In all areas of health research, including the alcohol and other drugs (AOD) field, funds are committed to developing and evaluating research and resources, yet little is invested into helping potential resource users understand, adopt and implement innovations. This study evaluated the effectiveness of two professional practice change interventions (reminders and feedback) that are designed to bridge the ‘research—practice gap’ by increasing knowledge and changing behaviour of health‐care professionals and specialist AOD workers. We conducted a systematic review of general health, AOD and mental health literature (1966 to March 2005). Fourteen existing systematic reviews and 15 primary studies were assessed. Because few studies evaluated the effectiveness of reminders and feedback in the AOD context, evidence is drawn largely from the general health‐care literature. Use of reminders and feedback is supported for a range of health behaviours. AOD‐specific clinical behaviours that are most likely to be improved with the use of reminders or feedback include pharmacotherapy prescribing, AOD education, screening and counselling and monitoring/management of AOD treatment and/or related problems (e.g. depression). Reminders and feedback are effective strategies to facilitate professional practice change and have potential in the AOD field. However, further well‐designed empirical studies are needed to assess fully the effectiveness of these professional practice change strategies in AOD‐specific contexts.
Nitric Oxide and Prostaglandin Inhibition During Acetylcholine‐Mediated Cutaneous Vasodilation in Humans
Authors: MEDOW MARVIN S. , GLOVER JUNE L. , STEWART JULIAN M.
Published: August 2008

Acetylcholine‐induced endothelium‐dependent vasodilation in conduit arteries primarily depends on nitric oxide (NO). However, the biochemical mediators in the microvasculature remain less well defined. We tested whether prostaglandins and NO are responsible for cutaneous acetylcholine‐mediated vasodilation and if they interact to modulate vasodilation. We measured skin blood flow (SBF) using laser Doppler flow (LDF) with intradermal microdialysis in the calves of 23 healthy volunteers. We examined the response of SBF to different doses of acetylcholine (0.01–100 mM), the nonisoform‐specific NO synthase inhibitor, nitro‐L‐arginine (NLA, 10 mM), the nonspecific cyclo‐oxygenase (COX) inhibitor, ketorolac (Keto, 10 mM), and combined NLA + Keto. NLA had no effect on baseline SBF, while Keto increased baseline SBF by approximately 150%. The increase was blunted with combined NLA + Keto. SBF increased by approximately 700% with the highest acetylcholine concentration and reduced by approximately 60% by NLA. Ketorolac alone also reduced the response to acetylcholine, although the reduction varied between 10 and 20% at differing acetylcholine doses. NLA plus ketorolac reduced the responses to different doses of acetylcholine by some 30%, which was intermediate to NOS or COX inhibition alone. These data suggest that cutaneous acetylcholine‐mediated endothelium‐dependent vasodilation is highly NO‐dependent and is also strongly related to the interactions of NO with prostaglandins.
The Csk-binding protein PAG regulates PDGF-induced Src mitogenic signaling via GM1
Authors: Veracini Laurence , Simon Valérie , Richard Véronique , Schraven Burkhart , Horejsi Vaclav , Roche Serge , Benistant Christine
Published: August 2008

Spatial regulation is an important feature of signal specificity elicited by cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases of the Src family (SRC family protein tyrosine kinases [SFK]). Cholesterol-enriched membrane domains, such as caveolae, regulate association of SFK with the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), which is needed for kinase activation and mitogenic signaling. PAG, a ubiquitously expressed member of the transmembrane adaptor protein family, is known to negatively regulate SFK signaling though binding to Csk. We report that PAG modulates PDGFR levels in caveolae and SFK mitogenic signaling through a Csk-independent mechanism. Regulation of SFK mitogenic activity by PAG requires the first N-terminal 97 aa (PAG-N), which include the extracellular and transmembrane domains, palmitoylation sites, and a short cytoplasmic sequence. We also show that PAG-N increases ganglioside GM1 levels at the cell surface and, thus, displaces PDGFR from caveolae, a process that requires the ganglioside-specific sialidase Neu-3. In conclusion, PAG regulates PDGFR membrane partitioning and SFK mitogenic signaling by modulating GM1 levels within caveolae independently from Csk.
Expression and localization of Ski determine cell type–specific TGFβ signaling effects on the cell cycle
Authors: Jacob Claire , Grabner Henrik , Atanasoski Suzana , Suter Ueli
Published: August 2008

Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) promotes epithelial cell differentiation but induces Schwann cell proliferation. We show that the protooncogene Ski (Sloan-Kettering viral oncogene homologue) is an important regulator of these effects. TGFβ down-regulates Ski in epithelial cells but not in Schwann cells. In Schwann cells but not in epithelial cells, retinoblastoma protein (Rb) is up-regulated by TGFβ. Additionally, both Ski and Rb move to the cytoplasm, where they partially colocalize. In vivo, Ski and phospho-Rb (pRb) appear to interact in the Schwann cell cytoplasm of developing sciatic nerves. Ski overexpression induces Rb hyperphosphorylation, proliferation, and colocalization of both proteins in Schwann cell and epithelial cell cytoplasms independently of TGFβ treatment. Conversely, Ski knockdown in Schwann cells blocks TGFβ-induced proliferation and pRb cytoplasmic relocalization. Our findings reveal a critical function of fine-tuned Ski levels in the control of TGFβ effects on the cell cycle and suggest that at least a part of Ski regulatory effects on TGFβ-induced proliferation of Schwann cells is caused by its concerted action with Rb.
Regulation of protein O-glycosylation by the endoplasmic reticulum–localized molecular chaperone Cosmc
Authors: Ju Tongzhong , Aryal Rajindra P. , Stowell Caleb J. , Cummings Richard D.
Published: August 2008

Regulatory pathways for protein glycosylation are poorly understood, but expression of branchpoint enzymes is critical. A key branchpoint enzyme is the T-synthase, which directs synthesis of the common core 1 O-glycan structure (T-antigen), the precursor structure for most mucin-type O-glycans in a wide variety of glycoproteins. Formation of active T-synthase, which resides in the Golgi apparatus, requires a unique molecular chaperone, Cosmc, encoded on Xq24. Cosmc is the only molecular chaperone known to be lost through somatic acquired mutations in cells. We show that Cosmc is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–localized adenosine triphosphate binding chaperone that binds directly to human T-synthase. Cosmc prevents the aggregation and ubiquitin-mediated degradation of the T-synthase. These results demonstrate that Cosmc is a molecular chaperone in the ER required for this branchpoint glycosyltransferase function and show that expression of the disease-related Tn antigen can result from deregulation or loss of Cosmc function.
dLKR/SDH regulates hormone-mediated histone arginine methylation and transcription of cell death genes
Authors: Cakouros Dimitrios , Mills Kathryn , Denton Donna , Paterson Alicia , Daish Tasman , Kumar Sharad
Published: August 2008

The sequential modifications of histones form the basis of the histone code that translates into either gene activation or repression. Nuclear receptors recruit a cohort of histone-modifying enzymes in response to ligand binding and regulate proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. In Drosophila melanogaster, the steroid hormone ecdysone binds its heterodimeric receptor ecdysone receptor/ultraspiracle to spatiotemporally regulate the transcription of several genes. In this study, we identify a novel cofactor, Drosophila lysine ketoglutarate reductase (dLKR)/saccharopine dehydrogenase (SDH), that is involved in ecdysone-mediated transcription. dLKR/SDH binds histones H3 and H4 and suppresses ecdysone-mediated transcription of cell death genes by inhibiting histone H3R17me2 mediated by the Drosophila arginine methyl transferase CARMER. Our data suggest that the dynamic recruitment of dLKR/SDH to ecdysone-regulated gene promoters controls the timing of hormone-induced gene expression. In the absence of dLKR/SDH, histone methylation occurs prematurely, resulting in enhanced gene activation. Consistent with these observations, the loss of dLKR/SDH in Drosophila enhances hormone-regulated gene expression, affecting the developmental timing of gene activation.
A cyclin D1/microRNA 17/20 regulatory feedback loop in control of breast cancer cell proliferation
Authors: Yu Zuoren , Wang Chenguang , Wang Min , Li Zhiping , Casimiro Mathew C. , Liu Manran , Wu Kongming , Whittle James , Ju Xiaoming , Hyslop Terry , McCue Peter , Pestell Richard G.
Published: August 2008

Decreased expression of specific microRNAs (miRNAs) occurs in human tumors, which suggests a function for miRNAs in tumor suppression. Herein, levels of the miR-17-5p/miR-20a miRNA cluster were inversely correlated to cyclin D1 abundance in human breast tumors and cell lines. MiR-17/20 suppressed breast cancer cell proliferation and tumor colony formation by negatively regulating cyclin D1 translation via a conserved 3′ untranslated region miRNA-binding site, thereby inhibiting serum-induced S phase entry. The cell cycle effect of miR-17/20 was abrogated by cyclin D1 siRNA and in cyclin D1–deficient breast cancer cells. Mammary epithelial cell–targeted cyclin D1 expression induced miR-17-5p and miR-20a expression in vivo, and cyclin D1 bound the miR-17/20 cluster promoter regulatory region. In summary, these studies identify a novel cyclin D1/miR-17/20 regulatory feedback loop through which cyclin D1 induces miR-17-5p/miR-20a. In turn, miR-17/20 limits the proliferative function of cyclin D1, thus linking expression of a specific miRNA cluster to the regulation of oncogenesis.
Protection of specific maternal messenger RNAs by the P body protein CGH-1 (Dhh1/RCK) during Caenorhabditis elegans oogenesis
Authors: Boag Peter R. , Atalay Arzu , Robida Stacey , Reinke Valerie , Blackwell T. Keith
Published: August 2008

During oogenesis, numerous messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are maintained in a translationally silenced state. In eukaryotic cells, various translation inhibition and mRNA degradation mechanisms congregate in cytoplasmic processing bodies (P bodies). The P body protein Dhh1 inhibits translation and promotes decapping-mediated mRNA decay together with Pat1 in yeast, and has been implicated in mRNA storage in metazoan oocytes. Here, we have investigated in Caenorhabditis elegans whether Dhh1 and Pat1 generally function together, and how they influence mRNA sequestration during oogenesis. We show that in somatic tissues, the Dhh1 orthologue (CGH-1) forms Pat1 (patr-1)-dependent P bodies that are involved in mRNA decapping. In contrast, during oogenesis, CGH-1 forms patr-1–independent mRNA storage bodies. CGH-1 then associates with translational regulators and a specific set of maternal mRNAs, and prevents those mRNAs from being degraded. Our results identify somatic and germ cell CGH-1 functions that are distinguished by the involvement of PATR-1, and reveal that during oogenesis, numerous translationally regulated mRNAs are specifically protected by a CGH-1–dependent mechanism.
Maternal mRNAs are regulated by diverse P body–related mRNP granules during early Caenorhabditis elegans development
Authors: Noble Scott L. , Allen Brittany L. , Goh Lai Kuan , Nordick Kristen , Evans Thomas C.
Published: August 2008

Processing bodies (P bodies) are conserved mRNA–protein (mRNP) granules that are thought to be cytoplasmic centers for mRNA repression and degradation. However, their specific functions in vivo remain poorly understood. We find that repressed maternal mRNAs and their regulators localize to P body–like mRNP granules in the Caenorhabditis elegans germ line. Surprisingly, several distinct types of regulated granules form during oocyte and embryo development. 3′ untranslated region elements direct mRNA targeting to one of these granule classes. The P body factor CAR-1/Rap55 promotes association of repressed mRNA with granules and contributes to repression of Notch/glp-1 mRNA. However, CAR-1 controls Notch/glp-1 only during late oogenesis, where it functions with the RNA-binding regulators PUF-5, PUF-6, and PUF-7. The P body protein CGH-1/Rck/Dhh1 differs from CAR-1 in control of granule morphology and promotes mRNP stability in arrested oocytes. Therefore, a system of diverse and regulated RNP granules elicits stage-specific functions that ensure proper mRNA control during early development.
CaM kinase Iα–induced phosphorylation of Drp1 regulates mitochondrial morphology
Authors: Han Xiao-Jian , Lu Yun-Fei , Li Shun-Ai , Kaitsuka Taku , Sato Yasufumi , Tomizawa Kazuhito , Nairn Angus C. , Takei Kohji , Matsui Hideki , Matsushita Masayuki
Published: August 2008

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that frequently move, divide, and fuse with one another to maintain their architecture and functions. However, the signaling mechanisms involved in these processes are still not well characterized. In this study, we analyze mitochondrial dynamics and morphology in neurons. Using time-lapse imaging, we find that Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs) causes a rapid halt in mitochondrial movement and induces mitochondrial fission. VDCC-associated Ca2+ signaling stimulates phosphorylation of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) at serine 600 via activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Iα (CaMKIα). In neurons and HeLa cells, phosphorylation of Drp1 at serine 600 is associated with an increase in Drp1 translocation to mitochondria, whereas in vitro, phosphorylation of Drp1 results in an increase in its affinity for Fis1. CaMKIα is a widely expressed protein kinase, suggesting that Ca2+ is likely to be functionally important in the control of mitochondrial dynamics through regulation of Drp1 phosphorylation in neurons and other cell types.
TRPP2 and TRPV4 form a polymodal sensory channel complex
Authors: Köttgen Michael , Buchholz Björn , Garcia-Gonzalez Miguel A. , Kotsis Fruzsina , Fu Xiao , Doerken Mara , Boehlke Christopher , Steffl Daniel , Tauber Robert , Wegierski Tomasz , Nitschke Roland , Suzuki Makoto , Kramer-Zucker Albrecht , Germino Gregory G. , Watnick Terry , Prenen Jean , Nilius Bernd , Kuehn E. Wolfgang , Walz Gerd
Published: August 2008

The primary cilium has evolved as a multifunctional cellular compartment that decorates most vertebrate cells. Cilia sense mechanical stimuli in various organs, but the molecular mechanisms that convert the deflection of cilia into intracellular calcium transients have remained elusive. Polycystin-2 (TRPP2), an ion channel mutated in polycystic kidney disease, is required for cilia-mediated calcium transients but lacks mechanosensitive properties. We find here that TRPP2 utilizes TRPV4 to form a mechano- and thermosensitive molecular sensor in the cilium. Depletion of TRPV4 in renal epithelial cells abolishes flow-induced calcium transients, demonstrating that TRPV4, like TRPP2, is an essential component of the ciliary mechanosensor. Because TRPV4-deficient zebrafish and mice lack renal cysts, our findings challenge the concept that defective ciliary flow sensing constitutes the fundamental mechanism of cystogenesis.
Two new species of Junghuhnia (Basidiomycota, Polyporales), and a key to the species of China
Authors: Yuan Hai‐Sheng , Dai Yu‐Cheng
Published: August 2008

The knowledge of Junghuhnia in China is summarized, and nine species in the genus were found. A key to the Chinese species of the genus is presented. Two species, J. pseudominuta H. S. Yuan & Y. C. Dai and J.rhizomorpha H. S. Yuan & Y. C. Dai, are described as new. The former is characterized by resupinate to effused–reflexed basidiocarps, tiny pores, presence of gloeocystidia and encrusted skeletocystidia, and small basidiospores; the latter by rhizomorphic margin, fairly small pores and small, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose basidiospores. Illustrated descriptions of these two species are provided.
Schizostachyum diaoluoshanense sp. nov. (Poaceae–Bambusoideae) from Hainan, China
Authors: Zhang Lin‐lin , Lin Ru‐shun , Xia Nian‐he
Published: August 2008

A new species Schizostachyum diaoluoshanense N. H. Xia, L. L. Zhang et R. S. Lin sp. nov. (Poaceae–Bambusoideae) is described and illustrated from Diaoluo Shan, Hainan, China. The new species is closely related to S. pseudolima, but differs by shorter internodes, florets 1–4, palea apex of fertile florets equally 2‐keeled, and keels up to 2 mm long. A key to the new species and its allies is provided.
New chromosome counts in Asarum s. l. (Aristolochiaceae) from China
Authors: Shi Quan‐Fen , Wang Heng‐Chang , Li Xin‐Wei , Meng Ai‐Ping , Li Jian‐Qiang
Published: August 2008

In the present paper, chromosome numbers are reported for 20 species representing five segregate genera of Asarum s. l. from China. Five different numbers, 2n=12, 24, 26, 39 and 48 were encountered, and the number 2n=48 is a new record for Chinese species. The chromosome numbers of seven species are reported for the first time: 2n=26 for A. bashanense, A. crispulatum, A. inflatum, A. insigne, A. longerhizomatosum and A. magnificum and 2n=48 for A. wulingense. New and previous chromosome data are critically evaluated and we support the treatment of Asarum in the broad sense. Based on all available information, t ompaeur result is s studies three basic chromosome numbers, x=6, 12 and 13, are determined for Asarum s. l. China may be the origin centre of the genus Asarum, with the highest morphology and chromosome variation.
Validation of the name Lindernia megaphylla P. C. Tsoong (Scrophulariaceae)
Authors: Xiang Chun‐Lei , Peng Hua
Published: August 2008

Lindernia megaphylla P. C. Tsoong, originally described from Hainan, China, was not validly published in 1959 because no type specimen was designated. To enable formal use of the name, the species is validated here, with one of originally cited specimens designated as the holotype.
Musa zaifui sp. nov. (Musaceae) from Yunnan, China
Authors: Häkkinen Markku , Wang Hong
Published: August 2008

The center of diversity of the genus Musa (Musaceae) is in southeast Asia, a region not studied in detail and where new species and varieties are reported continously. Here, a new wild banana species Musa zaifui Häkkinen & H. Wang from Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. These studies are based on observed morphological characteristics in the field and from cultivated plants in the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden. Musa sect. Rhodochlamys in west Yunnan and east Myanmar have a rich diversity caused by their hermaphroditic flowers in which self‐pollination takes place before the bracts open. This habit has evolved in response to their isolation in different watersheds and the lack of proper pollinators. The seeds of these plants’ fruits are dispersed in the local area by small mammals. Hybrids are very seldomly encountered due to self‐pollination. Musa zaifui is only observed in a wet ditch covered with secondary forest on the eastern bank of Da Yingjiang River, on the way from Yingjiang to Longchuan (about 50 km from Yingjiang), Dehong District, west Yunnan. A key to M. zaifui and related taxa is provided.
Sugar preferences of nectar feeding birds – a comparison of experimental techniques
Authors: Brown Mark , Downs Colleen T. , Johnson Steven D.
Published: August 2008

Experiments to determine sugar preferences of nectarivorous animals have been conducted using a wide variety of experimental procedures, all of which aim at ensuring that the solutions offered in choices are “equivalent”. Each method used historically has controlled for a particular variable, such as number of molecules in solution, weight of sugar in solution, or amount of energy in solution, depending on what question the researchers have tried to answer. Biologists interpreting these results in terms of bird sugar preference have seldom taken these differences into account. The consequences of using different experimental procedures for sugar preferences exhibited by a nectarivorous bird, the malachite sunbird Nectarinia famosa, were examined using paired sucrose and hexose sugar solutions made up to be either equimolar, equiweight or equicaloric. We found the effect of methodology on bird sugar preference to be quite distinct, especially at low concentrations, where malachite sunbirds showed either sucrose preference, no preference, or hexose preference, depending on the method used. This study highlights the need for researchers to consider methodology when interpreting, or comparing among, results from previous studies.
Solar incubation cuts down parental care in a burrow nesting tropical shorebird, the crab plover Dromas ardeola
Authors: De Marchi Giuseppe , Chiozzi Giorgio , Fasola Mauro
Published: August 2008

We describe an unknown mode of solar‐assisted egg development in the crab plover Dromas ardeola, a shorebird that breeds in self‐excavated burrows. The insulating properties of the nest burrow and the intense solar radiation allowed egg development at near‐optimal temperature (35.2°C±0.2) and humidity (60.2%±4.4), allowing a very low incubation attendance by the parent birds (28.3% of time, with recesses lasting up to 58 h). Crab plovers did not abandon completely parental incubation, possibly because of the need to turn their egg, and because the slight warming provided by parents (0.8°C) may improve hatching. This is the first case of solar assisted incubation in a species unrelated to the Megapodiidae, the only birds known to develop their eggs without contact incubation.
Characterization of a novel microdeletion polymorphism on BTA5 in cattle
Authors: Liu G. E. , Li R. W. , Sonstegard T. S. , Matukumalli L. K. , Silva M. V. G. B. , Van Tassell C. P.
Published: August 2008

We present a detailed breakpoint mapping and population frequency analysis of a 214‐kb microdeletion that removes multiple olfactory receptor genes. Using progressive rounds of PCR assays, we mapped the upstream and downstream breakpoints of this microdeletion event to ∼1 and 12 kb genomic regions, respectively. We developed PCR‐based genotyping assays, characterized a dairy cattle panel of 96 samples and found that the frequency of the deletion allele was over 51%. Our results indicated that this microdeletion is an ancient event occurring in one of the earlier founders, and that it has been stably inherited across generations in the North American dairy cattle population.
High accuracy of genetic discrimination among chicken lines obtained through an individual assignment test
Authors: Tadano R. , Nishibori M. , Tsudzuki M.
Published: August 2008

In the current study, we carried out assignment tests applying the Bayesian and distance‐based methods, using 20 microsatellite genotypes in four chicken lines. The Bayesian method showed slightly higher performance of assignment than the distance‐based method. In the assignment using the Bayesian method, ≥90% accuracy of assignment was attained by using only two of the most heterozygous markers, whereas in the case of the least heterozygous markers, six were needed to reach the same level of accuracy. In the assignment of the most closely related line pair (FST = 0.1736), at least 12 markers selected by random ordering and at least 15 individuals per line were needed to stably obtain high accuracy of assignment (≥97%), whereas using only six random markers achieved 97–100% of accuracy between the two most distinct lines (FST = 0.3651) without reference to the sample size per line.
Linkage of bilateral convergent strabismus with exophthalmus (BCSE) to BTA5 and BTA18 in German Brown cattle
Authors: Mömke S. , Fink S. , Wöhlke A. , Drögemüller C. , Distl O.
Published: August 2008

Bilateral convergent strabismus with exophthalmus (BCSE) is a widespread inherited eye defect in several cattle populations. Its progressive condition often leads to blindness in affected cattle and decreases their usability. Furthermore, the German animal welfare laws prevent breeding with animals whose progeny are expected to be affected by genetic defects. Identifying genes involved in the heredity of BCSE should lead to insights into the molecular pathogenesis of this eye disease and permit the establishment of a genetic test for this disease. A whole‐genome scan for 10 families containing a total of 159 genotyped individuals identified two BCSE loci. One BCSE locus mapped to the centromeric region on bovine chromosome (BTA) 5 and the other BCSE locus mapped to the telomeric region of BTA18. Thus, it is possible that two genes are involved in the development of BCSE. Alternatively, one of these loci could be the cause for the development of BCSE and the other locus could affect the progression and severity of the defect.
Integrated genomic and expression profiling in mantle cell lymphoma: identification of gene‐dosage regulated candidate genes
Authors: Schraders Margit , Jares Pedro , Bea Silvia , Schoenmakers Eric F. P. M. , Van Krieken Johan H. J. M. , Campo Elias , Groenen Patricia J. T. A.
Published: August 2008

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is characterized by the t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation and several other cytogenetic aberrations, including heterozygous loss of chromosomal arms 1p, 6q, 11q and 13q and/or gains of 3q and 8q. The common intervals of chromosomal imbalance have been narrowed down using array‐comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). However, the chromosomal intervals still contain many genes potentially involved in MCL pathogeny. Combined analysis of tiling‐resolution array‐CGH with gene expression profiling on 11 MCL tumours enabled the identification of genomic alterations and their corresponding gene expression profiles. Only subsets of genes located within given cytogenetic anomaly‐intervals showed a concomitant change in mRNA expression level. The genes that showed consistent correlation between DNA copy number and RNA expression levels are likely to be important in MCL pathology. Besides several ‘anonymous genes’, we also identified various fully annotated genes, whose gene products are involved in cyclic adenosine monophosphate‐regulated pathways (PRKACB), DNA damage repair, maintenance of chromosome stability and prevention of rereplication (ATM, ERCC5, FBXO5), energy metabolism (such as genes that are involved in the synthesis of proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome) and signal transduction (ARHGAP29). Deregulation of these gene products may interfere with the signalling pathways that are involved in MCL tumour development and maintenance.
The addition of rituximab to anthracycline‐based chemotherapy significantly improves outcome in ‘Western’ patients with intravascular large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Ferreri Andrés J. M. , Dognini Giuseppina P. , Bairey Osnat , Szomor Arpad , Montalbán Carlos , Horvath Barbara , Demeter Judit , Uziel Lilj , Soffietti Riccardo , Seymour John F. , Ambrosetti Achille , Willemze Rein , Martelli Maurizio , Rossi Giuseppe , Candoni Anna , De Renzo Amalia , Doglioni Claudio , Zucca Emanuele , Cavalli Franco , Ponzoni Maurilio ,   on behalf of the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group (I.E.L.S.G.)
Published: August 2008

Some case reports and a Japanese series suggest benefit from the use of rituximab in patients with intravascular large B‐cell lymphoma (IVL). Rituximab efficacy was evaluated in Western patients with IVL, comparing outcome of 10 patients treated with rituximab + chemotherapy (R‐CT) and of 20 patients treated with chemotherapy alone (CT). There were no significant differences in patients’ characteristics between the two subgroups. The addition of rituximab was associated with improved complete remission rate (90% vs. 50%; P = 0·04), event‐free survival (3‐year: 89% vs. 35%; P = 0·003) and overall survival (3‐year: 89% vs. 38%; P = 0·01). In conclusion, rituximab may substantially change the dismal prognosis of IVL.
Aplastic anaemia in association with coeliac disease: a series of three cases
Authors: Grey‐Davies E. , Hows J. M. , Marsh J. C. W.
Published: August 2008

We report a series of three patients in whom the diagnoses of aplastic anaemia (AA) and coeliac disease were made concurrently. Haematological manifestations of coeliac disease are well described but this is the first report to suggest an association with aplastic anaemia. ‘Silent/atypical coeliac disease’, in the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms, is increasingly recognised and patients may present with generalised symptoms, such as malaise and fatigue, which are easily attributable to AA. Immunosuppressive therapy for AA could modulate the course of celiac disease. We recommend clinicians should be vigilant for signs of coeliac disease in patients with AA.
Effect of the dose per body weight of conditioning chemotherapy on severity of mucositis and risk of relapse after autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in relapsed diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Authors: Costa Luciano J. , Micallef Ivana N. , Inwards David J. , Johnston Patrick B. , Porrata Luis F. , Litzow Mark R. , Ansell Stephen M.
Published: August 2008

High‐dose chemotherapy and haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation is considered standard therapy in patients with chemosensitive relapsed diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). BCNU (carmustine), etoposide, cytarabine and melphalan (BEAM) is a widely used standard DLBCL conditioning regimen. The practice of basing chemotherapy doses on body surface area (BSA) is empirical and the best biometric parameter to dose chemotherapy is unknown. Weight‐based dosing has been suggested to better predict toxicity of the conditioning regimen. We correlated the dose/weight ratio with toxicity and overall outcome in a uniform cohort of 80 consecutive patients receiving HSC transplant for relapsed DLBCL at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN following BSA‐dosed BEAM conditioning chemotherapy. Melphalan dose was used as surrogate for the entire regimen. Median age at the time of transplant was 62 (26–77) years; 65% were males. The median melphalan dose was 3·2 mg/kg (range 2·2–4·5). Patients who received >3·6 mg/kg of melphalan were more likely to have grade 3 or 4 mucositis (44·4% vs. 9·8%, P = 0·001) and prolonged hospitalization (median 13 vs. 7 d; P = 0·04). Dose/weight ratio did not correlate with cumulative incidence of relapse (P = 0·3) or survival (P = 0·8). Transplant physicians should consider limiting the dose of BEAM to the equivalent of 3·6 mg/kg of melphalan.
Double cord blood transplantation in patients with high risk bone marrow failure syndromes
Authors: Ruggeri A. , Peffault de Latour R. , Rocha V. , Larghero J. , Robin M. , Rodrigues C. A. , Traineau R. , Ribaud P. , Ferry C. , Devergie A. , Gluckman E. , Socié G.
Published: August 2008

Patients with bone marrow failure syndromes (BMFS) who reject a first allogeneic transplant or fail immunosuppressive therapy (IST) have an especially grim prognosis. We report 14 patients (eight adults, six children) transplanted with double cord blood transplantation (dUCBT) for BMFS. Neutrophil recovery was observed in eight patients, with full donor chimerism of one unit, and acute GVHD in 10. With a median follow‐up of 23 months, the estimated 2 years overall survival was 80 ± 17% and 33 ± 16% for patients with acquired and inherited BMFS, respectively. Transplantation of two partially HLA‐matched UCB thus enables salvage treatment of high‐risk patients with BMFS.
On the need for manipulating density in competition experiments
Authors: Damgaard C.
Published: August 2008

It has recently been recommended that one can experimentally test the hypothesis of coexistence in competition experiments by varying the proportions of different species, with a fixed combined density. This recommendation is based on the use of the per‐capita growth rate of rare species as a criterion for species coexistence. Here, I will discuss why this is not a good idea; it is argued that because mortality and reproduction in plants is known to be affected by density in nonlinear ways it is essential to include density as an experimental factor in competition experiments when making predictions about coexistence.
On testing the role of niche differences in stabilizing coexistence
Authors: Levine Jonathan M. , Adler Peter B. , HilleRisLambers Janneke
Published: August 2008

Replacement series designs have been criticized because they may inaccurately predict the outcome of competition, particularly when species’ vital rates respond to competitor density in strongly nonlinear ways. Here we explain that despite this concern, experiments manipulating frequency can still effectively quantify the strength of niche differences in stabilizing coexistence, the goal of an experiment we proposed in an earlier paper. Niche differences cause species to have greater per capita growth rates when rare than when common, and we demonstrate that this result is robust to variation in total density. We also emphasize that our proposed experimental design does not call for fixing density across species’ frequency gradients, thus differing from a traditional replacement series design. We show that our approach and the more labor‐intensive response surface design share the same theoretical foundation and both are apppropriate for quantifying the role of niche differences in stabilizing the dynamics of coexisting species.
Paediatric renal tumours: recent developments, new entities and pathological features
Authors: Sebire Neil J , Vujanic Gordan M
Published: August 2008

Paediatric renal tumours represent a relatively common group of childhood solid neoplasms, in which both diagnosis and treatment are highly dependent on the histopathological findings. In addition to Wilms’ tumour (nephroblastoma), a number of specific distinct entities are now reported, including (congenital) mesoblastic nephroma, clear cell sarcoma of the kidney, rhabdoid tumour of the kidney, specific paediatric variants of renal cell carcinoma, and others such as renal primitive neuroectodermal tumour and desmoplastic small round cell tumour. Recent advances in both molecular biological findings and immunohistochemistry allow reliable diagnosis of most of these entities even on the basis of small needle biopsy specimens. This review highlights both the salient features important for the diagnostic pathologist reporting such cases, and areas in which either new classifications or major advances in diagnostic criteria have occurred in recent years.
Treatment of inflammatory internal root resorption with mineral trioxide aggregate: a case report
Authors: Jacobovitz M. , De Lima R. K. P.
Published: August 2008

Aim  To report the treatment and follow‐up of a maxillary central incisor with internal resorption managed by root canal treatment, white mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) repair and a fibre‐glass post for reinforcement.

Summary  This study presents a case of extensive internal root resorption affecting tooth 11 (FDI) in a 28‐year‐old male patient, with a history of trauma in that region. The substantial loss of tooth structure, including cementum, and a perforation with lateral periodontal communication were complicating factors. Despite a guarded prognosis but encouraged by a healthy periodontal condition, treatment based on reconstructing the tooth with white MTA and a fibre‐glass core was carried out. Follow‐up radiographs over 20 months demonstrated the maintenance of a functional tooth. The tooth did, however, discolour after MTA treatment.

Key learning points • Because of its insidious pathology, internal root resorption can extend to significant dimensions before being recognized.

• MTA plus the fitting of a fibre‐glass post provided adequate, functional rehabilitation of a compromised tooth for 20 months.

• Despite the favourable biological and mechanical properties of white MTA, considerable tooth discolouration may occur.
Complex endodontic treatment of an immature type III dens invaginatus. A case report
Authors: Fregnani E. R. , Spinola L. F. B. , Sônego J. R. O. , Bueno C. E. S. , De Martin A. S.
Published: August 2008

Aim  To report the endodontic treatment of an immature maxillary central incisor with dens invaginatus.

Summary  Dens invaginatus is a rare malformation of teeth, probably resulting from an infolding of the dental papilla during tooth development. The present case describes the complex endodontic treatment of a type III dens invaginatus in an immature maxillary central incisor with a necrotic pulp and abscess formation. The initial treatment goal was to achieve apexification of the pseudocanal root and conservative root canal treatment in the main canal. Following 1‐year of treatment with calcium hydroxide dressings, radiography revealed a healing response, but no sign of a hard tissue barrier at the apex. Periapical surgery with the placement of a zinc oxide cement (IRM) root‐end filling was considered successful at the 4‐year follow‐up.

Key learning points • The complexity of the canal system and open apex in dens invaginatus present a challenge to endodontic treatment.

• Correct diagnosis and treatment planning are fundamental to treatment of dens invaginatus.

• Periapical surgery is indicated in cases of unsuccessful apexification in immature teeth with dens invaginatus and nonvital pulp.
Foreign body in the apical portion of a root canal in a tooth with an immature apex: a case report
Authors: Prabhakar A. R. , Namineni S. , Subhadra H. N.
Published: August 2008

Aim  To describe the successful retrieval of a foreign object located in the apical portion of an immature root canal by simple orthograde techniques, avoiding the need for surgery or intentional reimplantation.

Summary  A radio‐opaque foreign object lodged in the apical portion of an immature root canal was discovered on radiographic examination of a patient with a complicated crown fracture. Attempts to retrieve it resulted in displacement into the periapical area. Eventually, the object was retrieved by a simple technique, followed by successful apexification, root canal filling and jacket crown placement.

Key learning points • Foreign bodies in root canals should be carefully evaluated to determine their nature, position, size and the degree of difficulty that may be encountered during retrieval.

• Patience, care and appropriate techniques may be helpful in retrieving foreign bodies and avoiding periapical surgery.

• Complicated crown fractures should be managed promptly, and prolonged open drainage avoided in children if the risks of foreign body impaction are to be minimized.
Modification of mineral trioxide aggregate. Physical and mechanical properties
Authors: Camilleri J.
Published: August 2008

Aim  To evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of two cements with a similar chemical composition to mineral trioxide aggregate and to attempt to improve their properties by producing a composite material.

Methodology  Two cement types were used: a mixture of calcium sulpho‐aluminate cement and Portland cement (CSA) and calcium fluoro‐aluminate cement (CFA) in conjunction with an admixture to improve the handling characteristics. Cements were mixed with an inert filler to produce cement composite. The setting time of the cements was evaluated using an indentation technique. The flexural and uni‐axial compressive strengths and solubility of the cements and cement composites were evaluated. The properties of the materials were compared with proprietary brand glass–ionomer cement.

Results  The setting time of the CSA and CFA cements was less than 6 min. The use of an admixture to improve the handling properties tended to retard setting. CSA was stronger then CFA in both compression and flexure (P < 0.001). Addition of granite increased the flexural strength of both cements but reduced the compressive strength (P < 0.01). CFA absorbed more water then CSA. Addition of granite reduced the water uptake of both cements.

Conclusions  Both CSA and CFA cements had adequate setting times and compressive strength values when compared with proprietary brand glass–ionomer cement. CSA was superior to CFA and had more promise as a prospective dental material.