bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The angular momentum of vectorial non-paraxial fields and the role of radial charges in orbit-spin coupling
Authors: El Gawhary Omar , Urbach Paul
Published: August 2020

Electromagnetic fields carry a linear and an angular momentum, the first being responsible for the existence of the radiation pressure and the second for the transfer of torque from electromagnetic radiation to matter. The angular momentum is considered to have two components, one due to the polarization state of the field, usually called Spin Angular Momentum (SAM), and one due to existence of topological azimuthal charges in the field phase profile, which leads to the Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM). For non-paraxial fields these two contributions are not independent of each other, something which is described as spin-orbit coupling. It has been recently proved that electromagnetic fields necessarily carry also invariant radial charges that, as discussed in this work, play a key role in the angular momentum. Here we show that the total angular momentum consists in fact of three components: one component only dependent on the spin of the field, another dependent on the azimuthal charges carried by the field and a third component dependent on the spin and the radial charges contained in the field. By properly controlling the number and coupling among these radial charges it is possible to design electromagnetic fields with a desired total angular momentum. In this way it is also possible to discover fields with no orbital angular momentum and a spin angular momentum typical of spin-3/2 objects, irrespective of the fact that photons are spin-1 particles.
Projection-based model reduction with dynamically transformed modes
Authors: Black Felix , Schulze Philipp , Unger Benjamin
Published: August 2020

We propose a new model reduction framework for problems that exhibit transport phenomena. As in the moving finite element method (MFEM), our method employs time-dependent transformation operators and, especially, generalizes MFEM to arbitrary basis functions. The new framework is suitable to obtain a low-dimensional approximation with small errors even in situations where classical model order reduction techniques require much higher dimensions for a similar approximation quality. Analogously to the MFEM framework, the reduced model is designed to minimize the residual, which is also the basis for ana posteriorierror bound. Moreover, since the dependence of the transformation operators on the reduced state is nonlinear, the resulting reduced order model is obtained by projecting the original evolution equation onto a nonlinear manifold. Furthermore, for a special case, we show a connection between our approach and the method of freezing, which is also known as symmetry reduction. Besides the construction of the reduced order model, we also analyze the problem of finding optimal basis functions based on given data of the full order solution. Especially, we show that the corresponding minimization problem has a solution and reduces to the proper orthogonal decomposition of transformed data in a special case. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our method with several analytical and numerical examples.
Solar surveillance with CLIMSO: instrumentation, database and on-going developments
Authors: Pitout Frédéric , Koechlin Laurent , López Ariste Arturo , Dettwiller Luc , Glorian Jean-Michel
Published: August 2020

CLIMSO is a suite of solar telescopes installed at Pic du Midi observatory in the southwest of France. It consists of two refractors that image the full solar disk in Hα and CaII K, and two coronagraphs that capture the prominences and ejections of chromospheric matter in Hα and HeI. Synoptic observations are carried out since 2007 and they follow those of previous instruments. CLIMSO, together with its predecessors, offer a temporal coverage of several solar cycles. With a direct access to its images, CLIMSO contributes to real time monitoring of the Sun. For that matter, the national research council for astrophysics (CNRS/INSU) has labelled CLIMSO as a national observation service for “surveillance of the Sun and the terrestrial space environment”. Products, under the form of images, movies or data files, are available via the CLIMSO DataBase. In this paper, we present the current instrumental configuration; we detail the available products and show how to access them; we mention some possible applications for solar and space weather; and finally, we evoke developments underway, both numerical to valorise our data, and instrumental to offer more and better capabilities.
Experimentelle Forschung an der Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie
Authors: Boeckmann L. , Bernhardt T. , Schäfer M. , Semmler M. L. , Glatzel A. , Martens M. C. , Ulrich M. , Thiem A. , Tietze J. , Jung O. , Panzer R. , Fischer T. , Emmert S.
Published: August 2020

Seit Antritt von Prof. Dr. med. Steffen Emmert als Ordinarius der Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie im Jahr 2015 konnte das dermatologische Forschungslabor sukzessive aufgebaut und erweitert werden. Im Einklang mit dem onkologischen Schwerpunkt der Universitätsmedizin Rostock sowie dem von der Landesregierung forcierten „Gesundheitsland Mecklenburg-Vorpommern“ wird grundlagenorientierten und translationalen Projekten nachgegangen. Das vorwiegend drittmittelfinanzierte und stetig wachsende Forschungsteam bearbeitet diverse Fragestellungen in den Bereichen der Dermato-Onkologie, Plasmamedizin und seltenen Hauterkrankungen. Inzwischen auf einem soliden Fundament stehend, befindet sich der Forschungsbereich weiterhin in einem dynamischen Entwicklungsprozess. Nicht nur personell, sondern auch thematisch und methodisch wird er derzeit durch die Integration weiterer Arbeitsgruppen unter der Leitung von Ärzten aus der Klinik ergänzt und ausgebaut. Diverse Kollaborationen an der Universitätsmedizin Rostock und im Land zeugen von einem freundlichen, unterstützenden und kollegialen Umfeld, das die Integration am Standort befördert hat.
Online Patient Consultation
Authors: Juhra Christian , Ansorg Jörg , Back David Alexander , John Dominik , Kuckuck-Winkelmann Andrea , Raschke Michael , Osterhoff Georg , Pförringer Dominik , Scherer Julian
Published: August 2020

New communication technologies allow patients to communicate with their physicians from anywhere using computer or smartphone. Adding video to the mere phone call optimizes the personal contact between patient and physicians regardless of distance. Legal and reimbursements requirements must be taken into account, especially only certified software products must be used. In addition, patient consent is needed and confidentiality must be assured. The video patient consultation can be reimbursed by the health insurance companies. As with all new technologies, the introduction of these video consultations faced some challenges. Although patients and physicians have expressed great interest in this technology, it has been rarely used so far. The current COVID crisis increased the need for video consultations resulting in an increasing use of video patient consultation. It can be expected that this demand will still exists after the COVID crisis.
Kalziumkristalle im Gelenk
Authors: Märtens Nicole , Bertrand Jessica
Published: August 2020

Es gibt im Wesentlichen 2 Arten von Kalziumkristallen im Gelenk. Zum einen gibt es Kalziumphosphatkristalle (BCP) und zum anderen gibt es Kalziumpyrophosphatkristalle (CPPD). BCP-Kristalle sind mit der Arthrose assoziiert und entstehen durch die hypertrophe Differenzierung von Chondrozyten. CPPD-Kristalle sind mit der Chondrokalzinose assoziiert. Hier ist die Entstehung noch nicht vollständig verstanden. Die Kalziumkristalle lösen eine entzündliche Reaktion im Gelenk aus und induzieren die Sekretion von proinflammatorischen Zytokinen. Unterschiedliche direkte oder indirekte Signalwege sind hierfür bereits beschrieben worden und werden im Text näher erläutert. Die bisherigen Therapien greifen hauptsächlich in das Entzündungsgeschehen ein. Es gibt bisher wenige Ansätze einer gezielten Kristall-abhängigen oder insbesondere Kristall-auflösenden Therapie. Durch besseres Verständnis der zu Grunde liegenden Signalwege wird in Zukunft eventuell eine derartige Therapie zur Verfügung stehen, sodass gezielt die Kalziumkristalle aufgelöst oder die spezifischen Signalwege inhibiert werden können.
Digitale Missachtung der Bedürfnisse und Rechte von Kindern und Jugendlichen: Cybermobbing
Authors: Möhler Eva , Ohmann Susanne , Popow Christian , Paulus Frank W.
Published: August 2020

Mobbing beinhaltet aggressive Handlungen mit dem Ziel, eine andere Person zu verletzen, zu demütigen oder einzuschüchtern. Die digitale Revolution hat die Möglichkeiten des klassischen Mobbings erweitert. Täter können anonym bleiben, körperliche Überlegenheit ist nicht notwendig, ein größeres Publikum kann erreicht werden, Nachrichten sind unbegrenzt speicherbar und nicht zurücknehmbar. Cybermobbing hat schwerwiegende Probleme für Opfer bzw. Täter zur Folge und beeinträchtigt deren physische und psychische Gesundheit, ihre sozialen Beziehungen und ihre Lebensqualität. Folgen können bei Opfern Depressionen, Ängste, PTBS, intensiver Stress, Schlafstörungen, Selbstverletzungen, Suizidalität und Suizid sein. Die komorbiden psychischen Störungen sind so früh wie möglich zu erkennen und angemessen zu behandeln. Wirksame Maßnahmen zur Prävention sind verfügbar, werden jedoch nicht ausreichend intensiv und flächendeckend durchgeführt. Anti-Mobbing-Maßnahmen verhindern nicht nur (Cyber-)Mobbing, sondern tragen auch zu einem besseren schulischen und innerfamiliären Klima bei und begünstigen Einstellungen gegen Mobbing und die Lebensqualität von Beteiligten.
Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia in Tunisia. Report upon a Series of 69 Patients
Authors: Nasrallah Fahmi , Hadj-Taieb Sameh , Chehida Amel Ben , Jelassi Awatef , Ben Massoued Sana , Charfi Manel , Zidi Wiem , Amri Fethi , Helel Khaled Ben , Mejaoual Houssain , Seboui Hassen , Mahdhaoui Nabiha , Gargouri Abdellatif , Monastiri Kamel , Turki Ilhem , Cheour Myriam , Sanhaji Haifa , Tebib Neji , Feki Moncef , Kaabachi Naziha
Published: August 2020

Aim The aim of the study is to report on epidemiological, clinical, and biochemical characteristics of nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) in Tunisia.

Methods Patients diagnosed with NKH in Laboratory of Biochemistry at Rabta hospital (Tunis, Tunisia) between 1999 and 2018 were included. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) free amino acids were assessed by ion exchange chromatography. Diagnosis was based on family history, patient's clinical presentation and course, and increased CSF to plasma glycine ratio.

Results During 20 years, 69 patients were diagnosed with NKH, with 25 patients originating from Kairouan region. Estimated incidences were 1:55,641 in Tunisia and 1:9,684 in Kairouan. Consanguinity was found for 73.9% of the patients and 42% of the families have history of infantile death due to a disease of similar clinical course than the propositus. Clinical symptoms initiated within the first week of life in 75% of the patients and within the first 3 months in 95.7% ones. The phenotype was severe in 76.8% of the patients. Main symptoms were hypotonia, feeding difficulties, coma, apnea, and seizures. Most patients died within few days to months following diagnosis. CSF to plasma glycine ratio was increased in all patients. CSF and plasma glycine levels were negatively correlated with age of disease onset and severity.

Conclusion NKH is quite frequent in Tunisia. Kairouan region has the highest NKH incidence rate, worldwide. However, due to lack of confirmatory enzymatic and genetic tests, NKH diagnosis was based on first-line biochemical tests. Characterization of causal mutations is needed for accurate diagnosis and prenatal diagnosis of this devastating life-threatening disease.
Reloadable Stapler Use during Peripartum Hysterectomy for Placenta Accreta Spectrum: A Novel Surgical Technique and Case Series
Authors: Smith Christopher G. , Cottrill Hope M. , Barton John R.
Published: August 2020

Objective This study aimed to describe a novel surgical technique for the management of antenatally suspected placenta accreta spectrum (PAS).

Study Design This is a retrospective, case series of patients with suspected PAS undergoing peripartum hysterectomy with a reloadable articulating stapler at a tertiary care center.

Results Eighteen patients with antenatally suspected PAS were identified and underwent peripartum hysterectomy with the aid of a reloadable stapler. Mean gestational age at delivery was 344/7 ± 11/7 weeks. Mean total operative time (skin-to-skin) was 117.3 ± 39.3 minutes, and 79.8 ± 19.8 minutes for the hysterectomy. Mean blood loss for the entire case was 1,809 ± 868 mL. Mean blood loss for the hysterectomy was 431 ± 421 mL. Mean units of intraoperative red blood cells transfused was 3 ± 1 units. Mean units of postoperative red blood cells transfused was 1 ± 0.5 units. Five cases were complicated by urological injury (two intentional cystotomies). Four patients were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for a mean of ≤24 hours. Mean postoperative LOS was 4.11 ± 1.45 days. Three patients had final pathology that did not demonstrate PAS while four were consistent with accreta, six increta, and five percreta.

Conclusion Use of a reloadable articulating stapler device as part of the surgical management of antenatally suspected PAS results in a shorter operative time (117 ± 39 minutes vs. 140–254 minutes previously reported), lower average blood loss (1,809 ± 868 mL vs. 2,500–5,000 mL previously reported) and shorter LOS (4.11 ± 1.45 days vs. 9.8 ± 13.5 days previously reported) compared with traditional cesarean hysterectomy. The reloadable stapling device offers an advantage of more rapidly achieving hemostasis in the surgical management of PAS.

Key Points
Patient-Reported Health Outcomes and Quality of Life after Peripartum Hysterectomy for Placenta Accreta Spectrum
Authors: Grover Bryan , Einerson Brett D. , Keenan Karissa D. , Gibbins Karen J. , Callaway Emily , Lopez Sarah , Silver Robert M.
Published: August 2020

Objective Short-term morbidity of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is well described, but few data are available regarding long-term outcomes and quality of life. We aimed to evaluate patient-reported outcomes after hysterectomy for PAS.

Study Design This is a prospective cohort study of women with risk factors for PAS who were enrolled antenatally. Exposed women were defined as those who underwent cesarean hysterectomy due to PAS. Unexposed women were those with three or more prior cesareans or placenta previa, but no PAS, who underwent cesarean delivery without hysterectomy. Two surveys were sent to patients at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months postpartum: (1) a general health questionnaire and (2) the SF-36, a validated quality of life survey. Aggregate scores for each questionnaire were calculated and responses were analyzed.

Results At 6 months postpartum, women with PAS were more likely to report rehospitalization (odds ratio [OR] 5.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40–24.3), painful intercourse (OR 2.50, 95% CI 1.04–6.02), and anxiety/worry (OR 3.77, 95% CI 1.43–9.93), but were not statistically more likely to report additional surgeries (OR 3.39, 95% CI 0.99–11.7) or grief and depression (OR 2.45, 95% CI 0.87–6.95). At 12 months, women with PAS were more likely to report painful intercourse, grief/depression, and anxiety/worry. At 36 months, women with PAS were more likely to report grief/depression, anxiety/worry, and additional surgeries. Women with PAS reported significantly lower quality of life in physical functioning, role functioning, social functioning, and pain at 6 months postpartum, but not in other quality of life domains. Decreased quality of life was also reported at 12 and 36 months in the PAS group.

Conclusion Women with PAS are more likely to report ongoing long-term health issues and decreased quality of life for up to 3 years following surgery than those undergoing cesarean for other indications.

Key Points
Design of a scanning magnetic induction phase measurement system for respiratory monitoring
Authors: Chen Ruijuan , Huang Juan , Li Bingnan , Wang Jinhai , Wang Huiquan
Published: August 2020

The commonly used respiratory monitoring methods in clinical medicine are chest belt or ventilators, which are not easy to carry and cumbersome to operate. In order to solve this problem, a low-cost and portable magnetic induction phase detection system for respiratory monitoring is proposed. In this study, a magnetic induction tomography system for respiration detection is established, and the phase sensitivity of the system to conductive object is evaluated through a series of experiments. At the same time, phantom experiments are carried out to simulate the respiratory process, and the phase monitoring indicators are collected to describe different respiratory states. The experimental results show that the phase detection results are consistent with the changes in the respiratory cycle. The signal-to-noise ratio of the system is 79 dB. It proves the feasibility of using magnetic induction phase measurement in respiratory monitoring and provides a new detection method of respiratory monitoring.
An angle-scanned cryogenic Fabry–Pérot interferometer for far-infrared astronomy
Authors: Veenendaal Ian , Naylor David , Gom Brad , Christiansen Adam , Jellema Willem , Feenstra Carolien , Ridder Marcel , Eggens Martin , Ade Peter
Published: August 2020

The sensitivity of state-of-the-art superconducting far-infrared detectors used in conjunction with cryogenically cooled space telescopes and instrumentation is such that spectroscopic observations are generally limited by photon noise from the astronomical source or by galactic foreground or zodiacal emission within the field-of-view. Therefore, an instrument design that restricts the spectral bandpass viewed by the detector must be employed. One method of achieving background limited, high resolution spectroscopy is to combine a high resolution component such as a Fabry–Pérot interferometer (FPI) with a lower resolution, post-dispersing system, such as a grating spectrometer, the latter serving to restrict the spectral bandpass. The resonant wavelength of an FPI is most often tuned by changing the spacing or medium between the parallel reflecting plates of the etalon. In this paper, we present a novel design for an FPI in which the wavelength is tuned by scanning the angle of incidence on a high refractive index etalon. This concept simplifies the cryomechanical design, actuation, and metrology. The first results from the realized instrument are presented and compared with theory. The effects on the spectral response as a function of the incident angle have been simulated and shown to agree well with the observation.
Direct observation of the effects of spin dependent momentum of light in optical tweezers
Authors: Pal Debapriya , Gupta Subhasish Dutta , Ghosh Nirmalya , Banerjee Ayan
Published: August 2020

We demonstrate that tight focusing of a circularly polarized Gaussian beam in optical tweezers leads to spin-momentum locking—with the transverse momentum density (Poynting vector) being helicity-dependent, while the transverse spin angular momentum density becomes independent of helicity. We further use a stratified medium in the path of the trapping beam in our optical tweezers setup to enhance the magnitude of the transverse momentum and the electric field intensity in the radial direction with respect to the beam axis and cause them to significantly overlap. This overlap allows us to experimentally observe the circular motion of a birefringent particle, trapped off-axis, in response to an input circularly polarized fundamental Gaussian beam carrying no intrinsic orbital angular momentum (OAM). The circular motion is dependent on the helicity of the input beam so that we can identify it as the signature of the elusive Belinfante spin in propagating light beams obtained in our optical tweezers configuration. Our results can be extended to beams carrying intrinsic OAM leading to simple routes for achieving complex manipulation of micro-machines or other mesoscopic matter using optical tweezers.
Experimental investigation of wave tip variability of impacting waves
Authors: van Meerkerk M. , Poelma C. , Hofland B. , Westerweel J.
Published: August 2020

We present an experimental study on the variation in wave impact location and present a mechanism for the development of free surface instabilities on the wave crest for repeatable plunging wave impacts on a vertical wall. The existence of free surface instabilities on an impacting wave is well known, but their characteristics and formation mechanism are relatively unknown. The development of the global wave shape is measured using a visualization camera, whereas the local wave shape is measured with an accurate stereo-planar laser-induced fluorescence technique. A repeatable wave is generated with negligible system variability. The global wave behavior resembles that of a plunging breaker, with a gas pocket cross-sectional area defined by an ellipse of constant aspect ratio. The variability of the local wave profile increases significantly as it approaches the wall. The impact location varies by ∼0.5% of the wave height or more than a typical pressure sensor diameter. Additionally, the wave tip accelerates to a velocity of 1.5gh0 compared to the global wave velocity of 1.2gh0. The difference in impact location and velocity can result in a pressure variation of ∼25%. A mechanism for instability development is observed as the wave tip becomes thinner and elongates when it approaches the wall. A flapping liquid sheet develops that accelerates the wave tip locally and this triggers a spanwise Rayleigh–Taylor instability.
Tri-control large angle electromagnetically induced reflection in metamaterials with graphene and vanadium dioxide
Authors: Ning Renxia , Xiao ZhiQiang , Chen Zhenhai , Huang Wei
Published: August 2020

Graphene and vanadium dioxide (VO2) have been widely studied because of their flexibly tunable conductivity. In this study, a multilayer structure of a graphene disk and a VO2 square ring is investigated. The proposed structure exhibits an electromagnetically induced reflection (EIR) that is caused by a bright mode coupled with a dark mode. Since the permittivity of graphene can be modulated by chemical potential and electron–phonon relaxation time, while that of VO2 can be modulated by temperature, the EIR effect of the proposed structure can be tuned by the chemical potential and relaxation time of graphene as well as the surrounding temperature. Therefore, a triple-tunable EIR effect is obtained. Simulation results confirm that the tunable EIR phenomenon is polarization-independent owing to the symmetry of the structure. Moreover, a large angle EIR effect is obtained up to an angle of 80°. Our results can contribute significantly in applications of terahertz devices, such as slow light devices, absorbers, switching devices, and sensors.
Low Reynolds number turbulent flows over elastic walls
Authors: Rosti Marco E. , Brandt Luca
Published: August 2020

We study the laminar and turbulent channel flow over a viscous hyper-elastic wall and show that it is possible to sustain an unsteady chaotic turbulent-like flow at any Reynolds number by properly choosing the wall elastic modulus. We propose a physical explanation for this effect by evaluating the shear stress and the turbulent kinetic energy budget in the fluid and elastic layer. We vary the bulk Reynolds number from 2800 to 10 and identify two distinct mechanisms for turbulence production. At moderate and high Reynolds numbers, turbulent fluctuations activate the wall oscillations, which, in turn, amplify the turbulent Reynolds stresses in the fluid. At a very low Reynolds number, the only production term is due to the energy input from the elastic wall, which increases with the wall elasticity. This mechanism may be exploited to passively enhance mixing in microfluidic devices.
Influence of molecular weight, temperature, and extensional rheology on melt blowing process stability for linear isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Drabek Jiri , Zatloukal Martin
Published: August 2020

In this work, three linear isotactic polypropylenes with different weight-average molecular weights, Mw, and comparable polydispersities were used to produce nonwovens by melt blowing technology at two different temperatures, T. The air/polymer flow rate was changed to maintain the same average fiber diameter, resulting in a different broadness of fiber diameter distribution, which was quantified by the coefficient of variation, CV. The elasticity of the material was evaluated by the reptation-mode relaxation time, λ1, and the Rouse-mode reorientation time, λ2, determined from the deformation rate dependent shear viscosity data. Extensional rheology was evaluated using uniaxial extensional viscosity measured over a very wide range of strain rates (2 × 104 s−1–2 × 106 s−1) using entrance pressure drop and Gibson methods. An obtained plateau value of uniaxial extensional viscosity at the highest extensional strain rates, ηE,∞ (normalized by the three times zero-shear rate viscosity, η0), and the minimum uniaxial extensional viscosity, ηE,min, were related to Mw and T using simple equations. It has been found that the stability of fiber production captured by CV depends exclusively on the extensional properties of the polypropylene melts, namely, ηE,U,∞3η0 and ηE,U,min. These findings are important especially with regard to the stable production of polymeric nanofibers by melt blowing technology.
Skeletal health of layers across all housing systems and future research directions for Australia
Authors: Campbell D. L. M.
Published: August 2020

Modern laying hens have been selected for an astounding rate of egg production, but the physiological calcium demand takes a significant toll on their skeletal health. Bones can be assessed both in vivo and ex vivo, using a combination of different structural and mechanical analysis methods. Typically, the properties of leg, wing and keel bones are measured. Conventional caged layers are restricted in movement, which imbalances structural bone resorption and new bone formation, resulting in osteoporosis. Hens within alternative housing systems have opportunities to exercise for strengthening bones, but they can also suffer from higher rates of keel fractures and/or deviations that are likely to have resulted from collisions or pressure force. Limited research has been conducted within Australian commercial housing systems to assess hen skeletal health, including prevalence of keel damage across different system types. Research conducted on both brown and white hen strains approximately within the past decade internationally (2009 onward) has shown that skeletal health is impaired across all housing systems. Keel-bone damage is of specific concern as it occurs at high rates, particularly in multi-tiered systems, is painful, can alter hen behaviour, and reduce both production and egg quality. Management strategies such as the provision of ramps to access perches and tiers can reduce the incidence of keel-bone damage to a degree. Bone strength can be improved through exercise opportunities, particularly when available during pullet rearing. Genetic selection for high bone strength may be necessary for hens to adequately adapt to loose-housed systems, but the best strategy for improving skeletal health is likely to be multifactorial.
Current methods and techniques of beak trimming laying hens, welfare issues and alternative approaches
Authors: Glatz Philip C. , Underwood Greg
Published: August 2020

Beak trimming is used in the egg industry to prevent mortality from cannibalism and minimise injurious pecking, vent pecking, aggressive pecking at the head and all forms of feather pecking, although the practice does not completely reduce the damage. There are alternatives to beak trimming, but they have not been reliable in preventing injurious pecking. However, beak trimming should not be used without providing birds enriched indoor and outdoor environments. Even when birds are beak trimmed, providing enriched facilities is recommended. The two main methods of beak trimming are hot blade (HB) and infrared beak treatment (IRBT). HB trimming removes the beak tips and cauterises the beak stump. The IRBT method uses heat from an infrared lamp to treat the outer beak and the underlying tissue. Initially, the tips of the beak remain intact and then soften and wear as the bird uses its beak. In contrast, the HB method results in an open wound that takes 3 weeks to heal. Two major welfare issues arise from beak trimming. The first is loss of sensory input because of removal of or heat treatment of sensory receptors in the beak. The second issue is the potential for acute and chronic pain from severing or heat treatment of nerves. HB trimming initially results in acute pain but there is limited evidence for beak sensitivity in IRBT birds. The development of neuromas in the beak have been implicated as a cause of chronic pain after HB trimming. When birds are HB trimmed (one-half of upper beak; one-third of lower) in the first 10 days of life, neuromas will develop, but they will resolve, compared with birds trimmed at older ages. However, neuromas will not resolve in 10-day old birds if more than one-half of the beak is HB trimmed. While HB trimming is performed according to accreditation standards by removal of one-half the upper beak and one-third of the lower beak is considered excessive, it prevents beak regrowth and the need to subject birds to re-trimming and a second bout of acute pain from the beak wound. Current levels of IRBT to treat half of the beak using the vendors quality-assurance protocol have been implemented worldwide to ensure that neuroma formation is prevented; however, if severe levels of IRBT are used, acute pain and subsequent neuromas may persist. The main impact of beak trimming is how the bird uses its beak when it eats, drinks and pecks at other birds and the environment. Reduced feed intake after HB trimming indicates pain associated with pecking or difficulty in eating. HB-trimmed birds initially show an increase in listlessness and guarding behaviours and increased inactivity, which indicates pain. IRBT and HB-trimmed birds have fewer aggressive pecks at the head, and there is a reduction in severe feather pecking and better feather scores, which results in a large reduction in mortality. Depending on the severity of IRBT and HB trimming, the advantage of using IRBT is improved welfare.
Leptanoine D, a New Quinoline Alkaloid from the Australian Tree Pitaviaster haplophyllus (Rutaceae)
Authors: Robertson Luke P. , Makwana Vivek , Voser Tanja M. , Holland Darren C. , Carroll Anthony R.
Published: August 2020

One new furoquinoline alkaloid, leptanoine D (1) and nine known alkaloids 2–10 were isolated from Pitaviaster haplophyllus. Leptanoine D (1) contains a typically unstable vinyl ether moiety and was structurally elucidated based on 2D NMR, (+)-HR-ESI-MS, and ECD data. The structures of the known furoquinoline alkaloids leptanoine A (11) and B (12) have also been revised. Compounds 1–10 were screened against three species of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli), however they showed no activity at the highest dose tested (32µg mL−1). The compounds were also evaluated for anti-proliferative action against PC-3 and WPMY-1 cells, with 7–9 displaying weak activity at 100μM.
Complying with Defence Export Controls: a working perspective
Authors: Gray Joanna L , Theis Torsten , Kaufer Alexa M
Published: August 2020

The Royal College of Pathologists (RCPA) and then RCPA Quality Assurance Programs Pty Ltd (RCPAQAP), a company independent from but aligned with the RCPA, have been producing proficiency testing programs (PTP) for infectious diseases for 52 years. This involves sending infectious disease material in surveys to over 80 countries worldwide throughout any year. The PTP panels are developed depending on the prevalence of diseases, which requires flexible panel composition and dynamic enrolments. The Defence Trade Controls Act was introduced in 2012 as part of a wider international regulatory counter-proliferation framework. In 2017, the inclusion of inactivated infectious diseases as controlled microorganisms in the Defence Strategic Goods List (DSGL) had the potential to completely disrupt the RCPAQAP business model in the provision of infectious disease PTP. Some strategies for mitigating this risk are discussed in this paper.
Preliminary age and growth of the deep-water goblin shark Mitsukurina owstoni (Jordan, 1898)
Authors: Caltabellotta Fabio P. , Siders Zachary A. , Cailliet Gregor M. , Motta Fabio S. , Gadig Otto B. F.
Published: August 2020

Owing to poorly mineralising structures, ageing deep-water elasmobranchs requires unconventional techniques. The aim of the present study was to develop an ageing method for the goblin shark Mitsukurina owstoni (Jordan, 1898) using Alcian blue staining of the vertebral column. One vertebral centrum from a male individual measuring 315.2-cm total length (TL) was aged with a minimum age of 27 years. Using a Bayesian von Bertalanffy growth model informed by back-calculated length at age, a literature search of maximum male TL, the TL of the smallest free-swimming individuals and informative priors, we estimated males grow to 374cm TL, mature at 16 years and live up to 60 years. Our results provide useful life history information, with the aim of elucidating the cryptic biology of this deep-water shark.
KSHV LANA acetylation-selective acidic domain reader sequence mediates virus persistence
Authors: Juillard Franceline , de Miranda Marta Pires , Li Shijun , Franco Aura , Seixas André F. , Liu Bing , Álvarez Ángel L. , Tan Min , Szymula Agnieszka , Kaye Kenneth M. , Simas J. Pedro
Published: August 2020

Significance

Understanding how viruses modulate host cell function is central to prospects for potential therapies. A recently described mechanism mediates selective protein interactions between acidic domain readers and unacetylated, lysine-rich regions, opposite of bromodomain function. Here we show that the latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) encoded by Kaposi´s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) contains a SET oncoprotein homologous acidic domain reader that interacts with p53 in an acetylation-dependent manner. Significantly, the LANA acidic domain reader is critical for viral latency and persistent infection. The finding that KSHV has evolved a mechanism for acetylation-dependent protein interaction underscores the physiological importance of this cellular regulatory posttranslational modification. Furthermore, opportunity may exist to develop inhibitors that disrupt LANA acidic domain reader function for therapy of KSHV-associated tumors.
A study of poetics in Coleman Barks’ translations of Rumi
Authors: Sharifi Ahmad , Hashemi Mohammad Reza
Published: August 2020

Coleman Barks’ translations of Rumi’s works are astonishingly popular, especially among the American public. The study
presented here deals particularly with the role of poetics in shaping the image and reception of Rumi’s works in the target language and
culture. Thus, it describes and analyses Barks’ approach/strategies in rendering the poetic elements of Rumi’s poems, and examines Barks’
translation poetics in the context of the dominant poetics in the target literature. The corpus of the study is delimited to Barks’
renditions of the poems of the first book of the Masnavi included in The Essential Rumi (1995). The findings involve Barks’ modifications in
favor of the formal and structural conventions of English poetry, the linguistic and literary norms of the target language and the taste and
communicative needs of the target audience as well as the conformity of Barks’ translation poetics with the dominant poetics and ideology of
his time.
Lin Shu as a translator
Authors: Dai Yun-fang
Published: August 2020

As a pioneer of Chinese translation, Lin Shu groped for a way out of the dichotomy to achieve a balance between
foreignization and domestication. His domesticating strategies have enjoyed considerable attention from critics, whereas his
foreignization has so far been largely ignored. Mainly concentrating on his collaborative translation, Yinbian
yanyu, this essay opens a window to see Lin’s translation strategy as an inevitable mixture of domestication and
foreignization, and throws light on the contradictory nature of Lin, identifying him as both a defender and an opponent of
Confucian ideology, and as both an inheritor and an innovator of Chinese literary and linguistic traditions.
Sanāʾi’sHadiqat al-haqiqeh: Between Narrative and Non-narrative
Authors: Zahiremami Parisa
Published: August 2020

This paper explores the unity of theHadiqat al-haqiqeh, a medieval mystical didactic work composed by the twelfth-century Persian poet Sanāʾi. It provides one possible reading from the text by following the link between some of the major themes discussed in its chapters. By doing so, the paper first challenges the common view of the work as a fragmentary, non-narrative text, and second it draws attention to the synthesis of political ethics and Sufi didacticism as a possible starting point in the interpretation of the work. It also highlights the possibility—and necessity—of further scholarly inquiry into theHadiqeh, regardless of issues caused by its complex textual history.
The political economy of disability in South Africa, between social grants and job-creation programmes
Authors: Schnitzler Marie
Published: August 2020

While previous studies focusing on disability in South Africa have mostly discussed the programme of disability grants, this article examines the interface between disability, social welfare and the labour market in the post-apartheid society. On this basis, it shows how the pressure on people with disabilities to work is framed in a progressive recognition of their right to work and agency. However, ethnographical study cases reveal the extent to which the experience of work faced every day by people with physical disabilities in a Coloured township remains disempowering and frustrating. Based on these observations, the conclusion suggests that the current system of disability grants and job creation programmes keeps many people with disabilities in a liminal situation, since the state considers them fit and unfit for work at the same time, claiming to reintegrate them into the workforce while failing to offer them long-term employment.
MicroRNA-18a-5p mitigates oxygen-glucose-deprivation/reoxygenation-induced injury through suppression of TLRs/NF-κB signaling by targeting TLR8 in PC12 cells
Authors: Lu Ying-Yun , Ma Xiao-Jun , Yang Yan-Na
Published: August 2020

This work aimed to assess the role of TLR8 in cerebral I/R injury and its in-depth pathogenesis. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that TLR8 was up-regulated in patients with ischemic stroke than that in healthy control, and miR-18a-5p was the upstream regulatory of TLR8. Then, the rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells were exposed in oxygen-glucose-deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) conditions to construct a model in vitro. The functional experiments indicated that OGD/R can decline the viability and elevate the apoptosis of PC12 cells, while up-regulation of miR-18a-5p can alleviate OGD/R-induced cell injury. Notably, overexpression of TLR8 reverses the miR-18a-5p-mediated protection on OGD/R-induced cells injury. Finally, we found that up-regulation of miR-18a-5p obviously declined the protein levels of TLR4 and TLR7 as well as the phosphorylation of NF-κB, while overexpression of TLR8 canceled the decrease caused by miR-18a-5p up-regulation. In summing, our results illustrated that miR-18a-5p/TLR8 axis can mitigate OGD/R-induced cells injury through TLRs and NF-κB pathway.
Utility of the MMPI-2-RF in Sexual Violence Risk Assessment
Authors: Anderson Jaime L. , Brockhaus Robbi , Kloefer Julia , Sellbom Martin
Published: August 2020

The prediction of sexual violence recidivism is an important societal concern and has been the frequent subject of psychological research. Although research has supported the use of the MMPI-2-RF in violence risk assessment, there is a paucity of research related to sexual violence risk assessment. The present study evaluated the convergent validity of the MMPI-2-RF with measures used in sexual violence risk assessment evaluations (i.e., the Static 99, SVR-20, and PCL:SV) in a sample of German inmates in a psychological treatment setting. Analyses generally showed an expected pattern of results, with MMPI-2-RF externalizing scales having the strongest associations with measures of violence and sexual violence risk assessment. Indeed, although smaller associations were found with Static-99 scales, there were moderate to large associations between SVR-20 and PCL:SV scores and MMPI-2-RF externalizing scales. Taken together, these findings suggest that, although the MMPI-2-RF does not appear to be associated with specific static risk factors (e.g., previous victim qualities, type of sexual offenses), the externalizing scales on the MMPI-2-RF are useful in examining more dynamic factors (e.g., those assessed on the SVR-20) in conjunction with other dynamic and static risk tools (e.g., SVR-20, Static-99) in sexual violence risk evaluations.
The effect of calcium co‐ingestion on exogenous glucose oxidation during endurance exercise in healthy men: A pilot study
Authors: Narang Ben J. , Wallis Gareth A. , Gonzalez Javier T.
Published: August 2020

The benefits of high exogenous glucose availability for endurance exercise performance are well‐established. Exogenous glucose oxidation rates are thought to be limited by intestinal glucose transport. Extracellular calcium in rodent intestine increases the translocation of the intestinal glucose transporter GLUT2 which, if translated to humans, could increase the capacity for exogenous glucose availability during exercise. Therefore, this pilot study aimed to explore the effect of calcium co‐ingestion during endurance exercise on exogenous glucose oxidation in healthy men. Eight healthy men cycled for 2 h at 50% peak power output, ingesting either 1.2 g min−1 dextrose alone (GLU) or with the addition of 2000 mg calcium (GLU + CAL), in a randomised crossover design. Expired breath samples were collected to determine whole‐body and exogenous glucose oxidation. Peak exogenous glucose oxidation during GLU was 0.83 ± 0.15 g min−1, and was not enhanced during GLU + CAL (0.88 ± 0.11 g min−1, p = 0.541). The relative contributions of exogenous carbohydrate (19 ± 3% vs. 20 ± 2%, p = 0.434), endogenous carbohydrate (65 ± 3% vs. 65 ± 3%, p = 0.822) and fat (16 ± 3% vs. 15 ± 3%, p = 0.677) to total substrate utilisation did not differ between trials. These results suggest the addition of calcium to glucose ingestion, at saturating glucose ingestion rates, does not appear to alter exogenous glucose oxidation during endurance exercise in healthy men.
Wireless potential difference electrocardiogram constituted by two electrode-pairs wearing comfort
Authors: Hsieh Hsin-Yen , Luo Ching-Hsing , Tai Cheng-Chi
Published: August 2020

Recently proposed is a newly Electrocardiogram (ECG) with separate powered electrode-pairs without common ground between two pairs instead of the traditional ECG with a reference electrode and the necessity of common ground creating wearing uncomfortable. Even the novel two-electrode-pair ECG can highly improve the wearing comfort, it must become wireless by overcoming wireless difference problem. This study introduces two analog transceivers of two amplitude modulation (AM) frequencies combined with two front-end amplifiers, two electrode-pairs, and one difference amplifier to implement two-electrode-pair wireless ECG. The experimental results demonstrate that the wireless difference is made possible, i.e., ECG can be constructed after wireless transmission. Two-electrode-pair wireless ECG can greatly improve wearing or measurement comfort without many wires around the body, even Lead I is clear with the acceptable signal-to-noise ratio and only clear QRS complex waves of Lead II and III are detectable for wearing comfort in the health applications.
Climate implications of electrification projects in the developing world: a systematic review
Authors: Jeuland Marc , Ohlendorf Nils , Saparapa Rajah , Steckel Jan Christoph
Published: August 2020

Energy is crucial to household health and consumption needs, and for enabling productive uses that enhance development. Yet increasing energy use also affects climate change. While ‘off-grid’ renewable solutions offer the possibility of climate-sensitive development, some argue that a low emissions energy pathway conflicts with economic development. This systematic review analyzes the state of knowledge concerning the surprisingly understudied nexus of climate and development implications of electrification projects in low- and middle-income countries, focusing on whether and how these two potentially conflicting objectives can be balanced. After systematically identifying and coding the relevant literature, we describe the relationships between generation technologies, energy services, emissions, and development outcomes therein. Despite the increasing importance of this topic, relevant literature is scant, and largely supports the idea that the development impacts from off-grid, low-emissions renewables have been muted in the past, relative to high-emissions grid-based electrification. Our results hint at the fact that more sustainable long term development will inevitably require supporting poor countries in their efforts to develop high-quality electricity grids that are more reliant on low carbon technologies.
New decisions in the organization of the procedure for setting norms in standards on the example of metal products
Authors: Polyakova Marina , Dryagun Eduard
Published: August 2020

Standard contains the full set of requirements to the product, its production, control and acceptance. A customer and a manufacturer assess one and the same object of standardization in different ways. The function-target analysis makes it possible to find out the relation between the customer functions and the object properties. Application of this developed method results in a network graph reflecting the connections between the main useful function and individual functions as well as the properties providing these functions. The developed approach of assessment of similarity of the customer and the manufacturer positions in the process of development of standard technical requirements is based on the mathematical description of an S-curve. The proposed method makes it possible to take into account the peculiarities for setting norms in standards of metal products.
Wear of a high pressure layered pipe by a rough rigid bush
Authors: Kazakov K E , Kurdina S P
Published: August 2020

The article describes the solution to the problem of linear wear of a high pressure elastic pipe with an elastic coating by rigid bush worn on the pipe so that there is no gap between them. It is assumed that both the thickness of the coating in undeformed state and the shape of the inner surface of the bush are variable and depend on the coordinate along the axis of pipe. In the case when indicated characteristics are described by complex rapidly changing functions, standard approaches to solving such a problem turn out to be ineffective. The article describes an approach based on the use of special representations and basic functions that take into account the presence of complex characteristics. In the expression for contact pressures, which is the result of solving the problem and allows us to further evaluate the resource and durability of such a connection, the functions that describe the surfaces shapes are highlighted in explicit form. This allows us to perform exact calculations in cases where the forms are described by complex functions.