bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epic on Stage in the Dutch Republic
Authors: Naerebout Frederick
Published: December 2018

This chapter deals with the writing, publishing, and staging of epic drama in the Dutch Republic. In the flourishing cultural climate of the Republic epic poetry was much loved, but ‘epic drama’, as such, is not a category recognized in either modern or contemporary poetics, and thus it is necessary to establish what would have counted as ‘epic’ at this time. The subset constructed here consists of drama based on what seventeenth- and eighteenth-century sources consider epic poetry, classical and newly composed, but also drama that takes other subject matter (biblical or historical) and dramatizes this in an ‘epic’ manner. This is illustrated by an analysis of the play Gysbreght van Aemstel (1638) by Joost van den Vondel, which treats subject matter taken from Amsterdam’s medieval history in a Virgilian manner: a new epic drama befitting the Dutch Republic’s new Rome.
‘Of arms and the man’
Authors: Kenward Claire
Published: December 2018

In c.1537 Thersites made his entrance on the English stage, and declared himself as belonging to Homer at the start of a comic interlude that has typically been considered (like Thersites himself) as travestying high epic into low, scurrilous entertainment. This chapter examines the intersection between staged versions of the character Thersites and the early modern period’s ongoing reception of Homer’s Iliad. Considering the Thersites interlude as representative of a broader cultural conception of Thersites, the chapter argues that a peculiarly English, and explicitly metatheatrical, Thersites emerges from a series of receptions-within-receptions, as Homer’s character was approached via refractions across a number of later classical texts. Moreover, when resurrected on the public stage in Shakespeare’s Troilus and Cressida (c.1602) and Thomas Heywood’s two-part drama The Iron Age (c.1611), this alternative, composite Thersites offers a significant commentary on the offstage reception of Homer’s epic text.
The Costs of Epistemic Realism
Authors: Ahlstrom-Vij Kristoffer
Published: December 2018

This chapter considers some neglected costs of epistemic realism. It argues that those responding to the realist’s main argument against epistemic expressivism—the so-called perspective objection—have overestimated the power of that argument, since a central premise of it can actually be used to turn the tables on the realist. More specifically, the premise entails that, unless the realist accepts a far-reaching scepticism, she must do two things. First, she must reject the idea that true belief is a central epistemic goal. Second, she must hold that the diversity of views in discussions about epistemic normativity is a sign of cognitive-behavioural incoherence, if not of widespread irrationality, on the part of epistemologists. Such are the costs of epistemic realism.
Campanian Geography in Statius’ Silvae
Authors: Esposito Paolo
Published: December 2018

This chapter illustrates Statius’ versatility and originality in adducing literary allusion and imagery in the analysis of a trio of poems which deploy a catalogue of Campanian places to serve three different purposes. A list of places in the area attractive to visitors for their beauty, history, and cultural value supports Statius’ invitation to his wife to join him in Campania (Silv. 3.5). A second poem (4.3) lists places recently connected by the new Via Domitiana in the form of an encomium to a far-sighted, modernizing emperor keen to promote commerce and communications, whilst a third (5.3) celebrates the widespread popularity of the bicultural educational opportunities offered by study in Naples under the tutelage of Statius’ father by listing, in poetic periphrases, the far-flung hometowns of his students.
The Many Faces of Capua
Authors: Pyy Elina , Keur Michiel van der
Published: December 2018

This chapter focuses on the complex identity of Capua through its past and present associations with Troy, Rome, and Carthage. Whilst Capua’s defection to Hannibal provides the conqueror with the comforts and loyalty of home, the definition altera Carthago speaks primarily of perfidy but also of luxuria to his Roman enemies. This dichotomy is explored through a multiplicity of images and intertexts designed to evoke the banquets of Dido and Virrius. Capua’s past, her Trojan inheritance, raises the ambiguity of altera Troia, evoking the fall of Troy and, through Virgilian allusion, its renascence as Rome, whereas Capua’s perfidia sets her in contrast with another Trojan foundation, the city of Saguntum, which fell rather than betray her loyalty to Rome. Silius’ description of Capua’s decadent luxury is an admonition, grimly associating Rome’s imperial grandeur with the undercurrents of civil war, which are underlined by the kinship of Rome and Capua.
Multilayer Networks
Authors: Gómez Sergio , De Domenico Manlio , Omodei Elisa , Solé-Ribalta Albert , Arenas Alex
Published: December 2018

The chapter “Multilayer Networks” introduces the topic of interconnected multilayer networks, analyzing them from a few fronts: types of multilayer networks, their mathematical description, the dynamics of random walks, and the centrality (versatility) of nodes. Multilayer networks appear naturally in real data as, in many cases, the relationships (links) between the elements (nodes) can be of different kinds. For example, people can be connected through friendship, family relations, or work relations. This structure can be represented as a network formed by three layers, one for each type of relationship, with the same nodes repeated in all layers. Thus, there are different behaviors in each layer, and interactions between them, which result in more realistic but, at the same time, more complex dynamics. This chapter shows how interconnected multilayer topology describes such networks more accurately than edge coloring does and introduces the tensor formalism used to construct them.
Classifying Networks with dk-Series
Authors: Dankulov Marija Mitrović , Caldarelli Guido , Fortunato Santo , Krioukov Dmitri
Published: December 2018

“Classifying Networks with dk-Series” discusses the dk-series and how it can be extended to describe the structure of multiplex networks. One way to address the problem of interdependence among network properties is to find which of them are significant for a given network, and thus for its function. The standard procedure for identifying a significant property X and its dependence on some other property Y is to generate a set of random graphs that have property Y but are random in all other respects, and then to check whether the property X is also characteristic of these graphs. It has been proposed that these properties can be identified by using dk-series. This chapter applies this approach to three networks, finding that they differ in the randomness of their structure. Furthermore, it shows that this approach can be extended to describe in a systematic way the structure of multiplex networks.
Self-Organization in Multiplex Networks
Authors: Kouvaris Nikos E. , Díaz-Guilera Albert
Published: December 2018

The chapter “Self-Organization in Multiplex Networks” discusses the use of multiplex networks in studying complex systems and synchronization. An important question in the research of complex systems concerns the way the network structure shapes the hosted dynamics and leads to a plethora of self-organization phenomena. Complex systems consist of nodes having some intrinsic dynamics, usually nonlinear, and are connected through the links of the network. Such systems can be studied by means of discrete reaction–diffusion equations; reaction terms account for the dynamics in the nodes, whereas diffusion terms describe the coupling between them. This chapter discusses how multiplex networks are suitable for studying such systems by providing two illustrative examples of self-organization phenomena occurring in them.
A study in scarlet
Authors: Storz Jay F.
Published: December 2018

Chapter 2 provides an overview of hemoglobin function and its physiological role in respiratory gas transport. Much of the chapter is devoted to explaining the physiological significance of cooperative oxygen binding by hemoglobin, and why it constitutes a key innovation in vertebrate evolution. The chapter explores the respiratory functions of hemoglobin under in vivo conditions in the red blood cell and its recently discovered role in regulating local blood flow via oxygen-coupled transport of vasoactive nitric oxide. Findings to date demonstrate that vertebrate hemoglobin has evolved physiologically important interactions with nitric oxide in addition to the more familiar interactions with oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Hemoglobin structure and allosteric mechanism
Authors: Storz Jay F.
Published: December 2018

Chapter 4 provides an overview of hemoglobin structure and explains the mechanistic basis of ligand-binding dynamics and allosteric effects. The chapter provides an overview of decades of research on structure-function relationships based on X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This body of work has provided atomic level insights into the structural mechanisms underlying key functional properties. The chapter also reviews experimental data on the ligand-binding behavior of hemoglobin, and discusses how the oxygenation properties of blood reflect a complex and dynamic interplay between the intrinsic O2-binding properties of hemoglobin and its operating conditions in the chemical milieu of the red blood cell.
Evolution of the vertebrate globin gene family
Authors: Storz Jay F.
Published: December 2018

Chapter 5 provides an overview of the evolutionary history of the globin gene superfamily and places the evolution of vertebrate-specific globins in phylogenetic context. The duplication and functional divergence of globin genes has promoted key physiological innovations in respiratory gas transport and other physiological functions during animal evolution. A combination of both tandem gene duplication and whole-genome duplication contributed to the diversification of vertebrate globins. Phylogenetic reconstructions arrange vertebrate globins into those that derive from vertebrate-specific duplications (cytoglobin, globin E, globin Y, and the independently derived myoglobin-like and hemoglobin-like genes of jawed vertebrates and jawless fishes [lampreys and hagfish]) and those that derive from far more ancient duplication events that predate the divergence between deuterostomes and protostomes (androglobin, globin X, and neuroglobin). Tracing the evolutionary history of deuterostome globins reveals evidence for the repeated culling of ancestral diversity, followed by lineage-specific diversification of surviving gene lineages via repeated rounds of duplication and divergence.
Specific and epistemic indefinites in Latin
Authors: Gianollo Chiara
Published: December 2018

This chapter introduces and motivates the research topics. The centrality of indefinite pronouns and determiners for a number of theoretical questions concerning the grammar of nominal phrases is discussed, and it is argued that a diachronic analysis may help shed light on some of the categories involved. The comparative study of diachronies, which is approached by analyzing the historical processes that took place from Latin to the Romance languages, promises to disclose new perspectives on the determinants of variation. At the same time, the phenomena observed in the empirical domain of indefinites are strong indicators of the fact that change at the syntax-semantics interface also proceeds systematically and follows recurrent patterns, as has been shown for phonological and syntactic change. The chapter discusses which challenges we face in this respect, and what can be gained when the theoretical analysis of variation is combined with the investigation of the diachronic dimension.
Developments in negative and polarity-sensitive contexts from Latin to Romance
Authors: Gianollo Chiara
Published: December 2018

This chapter explores some determining factors for the development of indefinites participating in Negative Concord from Latin to Romance (with special attention to Old French and Old Italian). In particular, the discussion concentrates on the subclass of Romance n-words formed with the negative morpheme ne- / ni- < Latin nec. In its role as building block of the new indefinites, nec is a negative scalar focus particle meaning ‘even not’ (a use that first emerges in Post-Classical Latin); the cardinal numeral unus provides the scalar end point. With nec specific syntactic patterns are observed that quite systematically result in the redundant expression of negation, this occurring already in Classical Latin. These structures are easily prone to reanalysis once the prerequisites for Negative Concord are present. The chapter provides a reconstruction of how the facts emerging from Latin may help toward an improved understanding of optional Negative Concord in Early Romance.
The Territories of Human Reason
Authors: McGrath Alister E.
Published: December 2018

Our understanding of human rationality has changed significantly since the year 2000, with growing emphasis placed on multiple rationalities, each adapted to the specific tasks of communities of practice. We may think of the world as an ontological unity—but we use a plurality of methods to investigate and represent this world. This development has called into question both the appeal to a universal rationality, characteristic of the Enlightenment, and also the simple ‘modern–postmodern’ binary. This work is the first major study to explore the emergence of multiple situated rationalities. It focusses on the relation of the natural sciences and Christian theology, but its approach can easily be extended to other disciplines. It provides a robust intellectual framework for discussion of transdisciplinarity, which has become a major theme in many parts of the academic world. The work offers a major reappraisal of what it means to be ‘rational’ which will have significant impact on older discussions of this theme. It explores the consequences of the seemingly inexorable move away from the notion of a single universal rationality towards a plurality of cultural and domain-specific methodologies and rationalities. What does this mean for the natural sciences? For the philosophy of science? For Christian theology? And for the exciting and important interdisciplinary field of science and religion? How can a single individual hold together scientific and religious ideas, when these arise from quite different rational approaches? This ground-breaking volume sets out to engage these questions. In doing so, it is certain to provoke intense discussion and debate.
Rational Consilience
Authors: McGrath Alister E.
Published: December 2018

This final chapter focusses on the question of how insights gained from multiple disciplines can be brought together or colligated into a deeper and more satisfying vision of the world. It specifically engages the question of whether it is irrational to hold beliefs which are developed through the use of different rational strategies and criteria—for example, the scientist who is also a socialist, or a theologian who is also a natural scientist. It is argued that any form of interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary engagement requires working with multiple rationalities and learning to live with the tensions this creates. In arguing for the need for integration and dialogue, the chapter criticizes the influential approach to consilience developed by E. O. Wilson on the grounds that it it is excessively dependent on the intellectual framework provided by the Enlightenment, and gives too prominent a place to the natural sciences. A more open approach is suggested in its place.
Blackface and Drag in the Palliata
Authors: Richlin Amy
Published: December 2018

This chapter continues the preceding chapter’s mobilization of post-colonial perspectives and interrogation of traditional accounts of beginnings of Latin literature relative to Greece by studying the ‘double-drag’ of slave-women characters wearing blackface masks in Plautine comedy. It begins from the premise that some palliata texts, often taken to be foundational in Roman self-fashioning vis-à-vis Greece, are not strictly Roman at all, but that they do deliberately adopt an inferior position—indeed, multiple inferior positions: at the time the palliata was developed and performed, it belonged to acting troupes of lower-class and slave men, none Roman by birth, who traveled around central Italy, making the palliata out of bits and pieces of comedy in current circulation. Focusing in particular on Plautus’ Poenulus, this chapter offers reflections on the identity politics of the palliata as assertions of a barbarian identity, spoken by and to displaced and deracinated people.
‘The Noise, and the People’
Authors: O’Gorman Ellen
Published: December 2018

The potentially devastating effects of the clamor of the plebs in the theatre crowd, which looms in the background of Horace’s Ars Poetica as a force to be reckoned with by the young aristocrats (discussed in the previous chapter), receives further discussion and detailed analysis in this chapter, which draws on the work of Rancière and Kristeva in order to offers a reappraisal of how clamor signifies, both in terms of the modalities of its political presence and efficacy and in terms of its mimetic irruption within historiographic writing. Livy’s account of the emergence of the popular voice provides a site of reflecting on the complex inter-relations of plebeian body and senatorial speech from which popular clamor emerges as bodily sound rather than rational speech, as a distinctive political counter-rhythm to the controlled, referential discourse of forensic oratory.
The Aeneid as ‘Weaker Text’ and Fulgentius’ Radical Hermeneutics
Authors: Bartsch Shadi
Published: December 2018

The shadow of Vergil and the tensions of competing interpretations constitute the main concern of this chapter. It first demonstrates that allegorical interpretation, although an established practice in both pagan-classical and Jewish-Christian culture, initially features only as a valued and legitimate interpretative practice when used by each side for their own literature, but is used to discredit the other side in arguments that seek to establish the aesthetic, intellectual, or spiritual superiority of one side over the other—subsuming both their texts and their hermeneutics. It then goes on to show that Fulgentius’ Continentia Vergiliana marks the turning point at which a first Christian allegorical reading of a pagan text is executed in the form of a fraught, fictive dialogue between ‘Vergil’ and ‘Fulgentius’, bridging the gap of mutual recriminations of inferiority.
Cowherds and Saints
Authors: Hardie Philip
Published: December 2018

The volume’s final chapter follows the one that precedes it in continuing to address the challenge of reconciling the grandeur of classical yet pagan writings, notably Vergil’s canonical epic, and the Christian commitment to the truth of the gospel and its values of simplicity and humility—but takes it up from the perspective of literary production rather than literary interpretation. Drawing on Auerbach’s arguments in his classic Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature, it analyses the roles of realism and laughter in this poem and sets out to illuminate the dynamics between the multiple hierarchies of social, educational, and spiritual status that are negotiated by this text, encompassing the variously intersecting relationships between writer and readers, rustic protagonist and saintly patronus, Christian writing and Vergilian epic.
Introduction
Authors: Muir Elise
Published: December 2018

An intense debate was sparked in the late 1990s: should the EU become a ‘Human Rights Organization’? Twenty years later, in the midst of a migration, security, and economic crisis, the relevance of the debate has been anything but tempered. Despite the clear rejection of a general mandate for the EU in this field, over the past two decades competences have emerged to give shape to a given fundamental right. EU equality law provides a particularly useful example of such a policy. The principle of equal treatment has gained a particularly clear and forceful human rights connotation. It has also been encapsulated in a remarkably ambitious as well as homogeneous set of legislative instruments. As such specific fundamental rights competences and relevant areas of law have emerged despite the reluctance of the Member States to grant the EU a core human rights policy, the constitutional setting in which they are embedded today warrants investigation. What characterizes equality law today, as our key example, is twofold. First, the narrative on equality law is very often couched in constitutional terms. Second, the equality law directives adopted from the year 2000 onwards have brought in a diverse set of rules intended to support a change in mentality from within domestic legal and policy arenas. The EU, in developing legislation that shapes the content of a right deemed to be fundamental and that diversifies the governance tools for anchoring that right in our societies, has unique strengths as well as weaknesses.
Introduction
Authors: Ciardelli Ivano , Groenendijk Jeroen , Roelofsen Floris
Published: December 2018

The first chapter discusses why a framework like inquisitive semantics is needed for a satisfactory analysis of information exchange. In particular, it argues that neither declarative nor interrogative sentences can be fully understood in isolation. Further, it is argued that semantic theories which aim to cover both declarative and interrogative sentences should not employ two different notions of semantic content, one for declaratives and one for interrogatives, but should rather be based on a single notion of semantic content that is general enough to capture both the information that sentences convey and the issues that they may raise.This requires a new formal notion of issues, which forms the cornerstone of inquisitive semantics.
Basic operations on propositions
Authors: Ciardelli Ivano , Groenendijk Jeroen , Roelofsen Floris
Published: December 2018

Chapter 3 considers what the basic operations are that can be performed on propositions in inquisitive semantics. In the classical setting, where propositions are simple sets of worlds, one can form the intersection or the union of two propositions, or the complement of a single proposition. These operations play a central role in logic and in semantic analyses of natural languages: conjunction and disjunction are standardly taken to express intersection and union, respectively, while negation is standardly taken to express complementation. It is shown that these operations have natural counterparts in the inquisitive setting, even though propositions are no longer simple sets of worlds.
Propositional attitudes
Authors: Ciardelli Ivano , Groenendijk Jeroen , Roelofsen Floris
Published: December 2018

In Chapter 8 it is shown that inquisitive semantics gives rise to a new view on propositional attitudes, especially those that are relevant for information exchange. Namely, besides the familiar informationdirected attitudes like knowing and believing, it allows us tomodel issuedirected attitudes like wondering and being curious as well. This also leads to a semantic treatment of the verbs that are used to express such attitudes. Among other things, this treatment explains the selectional restrictions of verbs like wonder, i.e. why they only take interrogative complements, while verbs like know take both declarative and interrogative complements.
The Prodigal Son in English and American Literature
Authors: Jack Alison M.
Published: December 2018

The Parable of the Prodigal Son, one of the best-known stories in the Bible, has captured the imagination of commentators, preachers, and writers. This book explores the reconfiguring of the character of the Prodigal Son and his family in literature in English. It considers diverse literary periods and genres in which the paradigm is particularly prevalent, such as Elizabethan literature, the work of Shakespeare, the novels of female Victorian writers, the American short story tradition, novels focused on the lives of ordained ministers, and the poetry of Elizabeth Bishop and Iain Crichton Smith. Drawing on scholarship from biblical and literary studies, it aims to demonstrate the remarkable potency of the parable in generating new, and at times contradictory, meanings in different contexts. These include issues left open in the parable, such as the Prodigal Son’s motive for leaving and his response to his father’s welcome, which are given multiple expressions, both positive and negative. Historical and literary criticism are brought into dialogue to explore this remarkably resilient and nimble character as he dances through drama, novels, and poetry across the centuries.
The ‘Ecclesiastical Aristocracy’, 600–730
Authors: Pickles Thomas
Published: December 2018

Chapter 2 charts the formation and dynamics of a new social fraction amongst the Deirans—the ‘ecclesiastical aristocracy’. It uses early eighth-century histories to consider the relationship between the social uncertainties faced by members of local free kin groups and the utility of conversion as a social strategy, and to explore the identity of those who entered the church. It suggests that conversion was a gradual social process, beginning before the official conversion of the Deirans and proceeding over two to three generations, as those born and brought up as Christians entered the church and made manifest the value of conversion as a social strategy. It argues that the ‘ecclesiastical aristocracy’ had a distinctive social identity, but one whose reproduction was resource intensive and fragile.
The ‘Ecclesiastical Aristocracy’ and the Laity, 600–867
Authors: Pickles Thomas
Published: December 2018

Chapter 4 considers the potential impact of the ‘ecclesiastical aristocracy’ on lay society amongst the Deirans. It uses histories and letters, the archaeology of settlements and cemeteries, and the corpus of stone sculpture to investigate the network of religious communities founded amongst the Deirans, their pastoral responsibilities, and their possible pastoral impact. It begins by reconstructing a dense network of religious communities. It proceeds to argue that they were founded at central, accessible locations, which were also acceptable as sacred places symbolizing vocations including pastoral activity. It demonstrates a correlation between early religious communities and medieval mother churches, suggesting that this reflects an early institutional framework for pastoral care. It observes that some religious communities erected monuments with pastoral resonance. Finally, it explores diverse symptoms of Christianization amongst the Deiran laity.
Local Knowledge and Book-Learning
Authors: Howard June
Published: December 2018

The second chapter of The Center of the World: Regional Writing and the Puzzles of Place-Time, titled “Local Knowledge and Book-Learning,” offers a revision of received American literary history. It argues that the figure of the schoolteacher personates the contested connection between the particular place and the world beyond. The one-room schoolhouse, in particular, is a site where provincial and metropolitan or cosmopolitan knowledges meet. These topoi play an important role in local color fiction in the nineteenth century, and persist into later periods. The chapter includes Southern, Midwestern, Appalachian, and New England examples; the difference between African-American and Native American representations proves especially revealing. The chapter also considers the implications of this work for college and university teachers, arguing for acknowledgement of their commonalities with primary and secondary school teachers.
White Heat
Authors: McKevitt Steven
Published: December 2018

Chapter 1 looks at consumption, consumerism, and the emergence of the consumer society in Britain at the end of the twentieth century. It draws out the main academic debates concerning consumption and its evolving role in society and explores changes in work, leisure, gender roles, family life, and living standards in the UK in the twentieth century. There follows an examination of the impact of the New Right and its ideology in Britain in the 1980s and 1990s and also the renaissance in popular culture from the 1970s, which not only helped to drive the expansion of the mass media but was also fueled by it. It concludes with an analysis of arguments presented by critics of affluence from the post-war period to the early twenty-first century. There is particular emphasis on the role of persuasion within market economies.
Rational Appeal
Authors: McKevitt Steven
Published: December 2018

Chapter 2 begins with a detailed examination of extant historiography relating to the persuasion industries. Full consideration is given to the various academic approaches regarding the study of persuasion and their theoretical frameworks. It begins by looking at how the persuasion industries define and present themselves and at the first attempts to developmodels of persuasion during the post-war period, which were based upon the notion of the rational consumer. As a consequence of the increasingly consumer-oriented nature of society, the persuasion industries expanded rapidly during the 1980s and 1990s, becoming increasingly more specialized and fragmented in the process.
Shakespeare's Contagious Sympathies
Authors: Langley Eric
Published: December 2018

ULYSSES … No man is the lord of any thing,Though in and of him there be much consisting,Till he communicate his parts to others.Troilus and Cressida Understanding the early-modern subject to be constituted, as Shakespeare’s Ulysses explains, by its communications with others—by its open involvement with interlocutors, its participation in interaction—this study considers what happens when these conceptions of compassionate communication and sympathetic exchange are comprehensively undermined by period anxieties concerning contagion and the transmission of disease. Allowing that ‘no man is … any thing’ till he has ‘communicate[d] his parts to others’, can these formative communications still be risked in a world preoccupied by communicable sickness, where every contact risks contraction, where every touch could be the touch of plague, where kind interaction could facilitate cruel infection, and where to commiserate is to risk ‘miserable dependence’ (Tro.)? Counting the cost of compassion, this study offers analysis of how medical explanations of disease impact upon philosophical conceptions and literary depictions of individuals who find themselves precariously implicated within a world of ill communications. It examines the influence of scientific thought upon the history of the subject, and explores how Shakespeare—alive to both the importance and dangers of sympathetic communication—articulates an increasing sense of both the pragmatic benefits of monadic thought, emotional isolation, and subjective quarantine, while offering his account of the considerable loss involved when we lose faith in vulnerable and tender, extensive existence.
Telecommunication and ICT-Based Services Trade
Authors: Frischtak Cláudio R.
Published: December 2018

This chapter provides a basic understanding of emerging key information and communication technologies which are increasingly critical for economic growth and development. It establishes the distance to high-quality access to the internet for the least developed and other countries. Broad-based access is key in order to make use of ICT-related innovations. The chapter underlines the importance of governments creating a more open and competitive environment in order to attract infrastructure investment in terms, among others, of fibre-optic rings and cable links, foster rivalry among suppliers of services, thereby benefiting users and consumers with lower prices and better-quality services. Ultimately, the challenge is, through sound public policy, to steer societies from being marginalized by the major technological changes in information and communication.
Tourism Global Value Chains and Africa
Authors: Daly Jack , Gereffi Gary
Published: December 2018

Tourism is an important driver of economic growth around the world. While Europe remains the most visited continent in the world, Asia Pacific and Africa had the highest growth rates in visitors over the decade spanning 2005–14. With a wide array of animals and picturesque landscapes, Africa has long captured the imagination of international leisure travellers. In more recent years, the growing diversity of experiences in countries such as South Africa has helped fuel a record number of visitors. While the economic importance of tourism to Africa is a central characteristic throughout the continent, there is variance in its profile at both the regional and country levels. North Africa is the most vibrant tourism destination on the continent. Southern Africa has the second largest total tourism receipts behind North Africa, with its relatively high leisure spending. Central Africa, meanwhile, has the most underdeveloped tourism industry in the world.
Industries without Smokestacks
Authors: Cruz António S. , Mafambissa Fausto J.
Published: December 2018

Under the current international economic conditions, where Asian countries are strong competitors in the manufacturing commodities, low-income countries like Mozambique could attempt to compete in industries without smokestacks. Fruits and vegetables, agro-processing goods, and various tradable services are estimated to have contributed 1.9 per cent to annual average gross domestic product growth in 1993–2015, when the aggregate growth was 7.8 per cent. Around 80 per cent of the total labour force is dedicated to primary activities, producing 25 per cent of the aggregated value added in 2013–15. The share of services in total exports was only 17 per cent in 2012–14. Although still relatively small, these industries have potential for growth, if Mozambique follows a diversified growth strategy.
Rwanda
Authors: Ggombe Kasim Munyegera , Newfarmer Richard S.
Published: December 2018

Since civil war and genocide left the country in ruins, Rwanda has undergone a remarkable transformation. Growth rates since 1995 have averaged 8 per cent annually, poverty rates have fallen, maternal and child health have improved, and infrastructure and public institutions have been rebuilt. This chapter examines the determinants of the growth path of the Rwandan economy, focusing on: the central role of government; the structural transformation of the economy; the role of exports and foreign investment; and particularly the role of ‘industries without smokestacks’. Policy coherence, together with substantial international support, allowed Rwanda to embark on a growth path. A hallmark of the development path has been to use services as a leading sector at an earlier stage of its development than many other countries.
Lords of the Land, Lords of the Sea
Authors: Biedermann Zoltán
Published: December 2018

Chapter 2 highlights the early obstacles to the unfolding of a Lankan-Portuguese inter-imperial dialogue. It dwells on the contrast between the lack of curiosity shown by early Portuguese agents of empire in Ceylon, and the vivid interest taken by the Lankan elites in the Portuguese. While Ceylon disappeared from the Portuguese imperial imagination, in a process that is most visible in the development of Portuguese cartography, the elite of the kingdom of Kōṭṭe, which operated on grounds of the concept of tributary overlordship, attempted to entice Portuguese leaders into visiting the island. This inverts the logic of traditional narratives of the first encounter. Requests were soon made to the reluctant Portuguese for the establishment of a military base at Colombo, which, it was hoped, would help consolidate the authority of the ruler of Kōṭṭe in a highly unstable political environment, against the fierce competition of other Lankan rulers, and amidst internal, factional strife.
Conversion Diplomacy
Authors: Biedermann Zoltán
Published: December 2018

Chapter 4 explores the ways in which rulers and princes across Sri Lanka followed Bhuvanekabāhu’s initiative and engaged diplomatically with the Portuguese empire. Conversion to Catholicism became a key diplomatic tool during the 1540s. This served the interests of Lankan rulers and princes in the short term, helping them to transfuse imperial ideas into the Portuguese sphere, but also prepared the ground for larger transformations in the longer run, driven by Catholic Universalism. Sri Lanka as a territory of the mind began to emerge among the Portuguese, combining Lankan ideas of the island as a repository of cakravarti emperorship with a novel notion of spiritual conquest. This chapter explores a range of local contexts including diplomacy in Sītāvaka, Kandy, Jaffna, and smaller polities such as Batticaloa. Emphasis is again on local diplomatic agency.
Translatio Imperii in the Tropics
Authors: Biedermann Zoltán
Published: December 2018

Chapter 6 analyses the transformations that paved the way, in the 1580s and 1590s, for a policy turn towards an officially sanctioned Iberian conquest of Ceylon. The 1580 donation of Kōṭṭe to the Portuguese crown, which would itself fall into Habsburg hands soon after, emerges as a key moment along with the dramatic military and political developments in other parts of the island. The growth and collapse of the rival empire of Sītāvaka in the interior is shown to have triggered perceptions of opportunity among Portuguese leaders, but wider connections were also essential for change to occur. Crucial new links emerged between Colombo, Malacca, Manila, and Madrid, the imperial capital where, ultimately, conquest orders were issued. Even so, the local initiatives of Luso-Lankan and Sinhalese war-makers remained a driving force.
The Christological Debates and the Miracles and Sufferings of Christ
Authors: Forness Philip Michael
Published: December 2018

This chapter traces the history of the Christological language of the miracles and sufferings of Christ from the fourth through sixth centuries. Armenian, Coptic, Latin, Greek, and Syriac texts pair the miracles of Christ with the sufferings of Christ to express the relationship between his divinity and humanity. This pairing first appeared in Cappadocia in the late fourth century, but it became a source of controversy especially through Cyril of Alexandria and Nestorios of Constantinople’s disagreement. The presence of this phrase in Pope Leo I’s Tome led to further disagreements at the Council of Chalcedon in 451. The Emperor Zeno used this phrase in an imperial decree issued in 482, known as the Henotikon, and it would later be codified in Roman law through the Emperor Justinian I. Miaphysite leaders, including Jacob of Serugh, debated the proper understanding of Christology in reference to this phrase in the early sixth century.
Jacob of Serugh’s Letters as a Context for his Homilies
Authors: Forness Philip Michael
Published: December 2018

This chapter demonstrates that Jacob of Serugh engaged directly in debates over Christology through his letters. The pairing of miracles and sufferings explored in the chapter 2 serves as a link between his letters and the activities of his peers. Three sets of correspondence reveal his use of this phrase in concrete situations. His exchanges with the monastery of Mar Bassus feature his direct engagement in the debate over the use of the Henotikon for expressing Christology. His letter to the military leader Bessas shows his advocacy for fellow non‐Chalcedonians experiencing persecution after the rise of Emperor Justin I. Finally, his letter to the Christian community in Najran of the Himyarite Kingdom in South Arabia coordinates miaphysite Christology with the experience of persecution. Jacob saw miaphysite Christology as expressed through the language of miracles and sufferings as an answer to the challenges that non‐Chalcedonian communities faced in the aftermath of Chalcedon.
Conclusion
Authors: Forness Philip Michael
Published: December 2018

The conclusion highlights the central arguments of the monograph and identifies future directions for research. The difficulty of contextualizing Jacob of Serugh’s sermons necessitates attention not only to the physical audience that gathered for his sermons but also to the individuals and communities that read his homilies after delivery. It is possible to connect both Jacob’s letters and his homilies to a historical debate related to the pairing of miracles and sufferings of Christ as found in Zeno’s Henotikon. The four homilies at the center of this work form a spectrum from sermons best interpreted as texts that circulated to those seemingly preached on ordinary liturgical occasions. Future studies could profitably explore the diverse audiences that preachers sought to address in their preaching as well as differences in language, themes, and rhetoric between homilies dictated for circulation and those recorded during oral delivery.
Blake and Hamann
Authors: Regier Alexander
Published: December 2018

Out of the Anglo-German context, the previous chapter uncovered its two most exorbitant figures: William Blake and Johann Georg Hamann. This chapter discusses the most startling affinities and parallels in their works, especially in their ideas about language, and makes clear their status as exorbitants, as figures who move outside the track of traditional literary history. The chapter takes inspiration from previously unknown nineteenth-century material and presents Blake and Hamann as philosophically deeply related figures who need to be read across national traditions (and, by extension, show us the limitations of these traditions). It shows how, once we take them seriously, they open up a way of thinking about central issues of the period—language, reason, religion, sexuality—in ways that radically question our standard accounts both of the periods and our own assumptions.
Crossing Channels
Authors: Regier Alexander
Published: December 2018

This chapter focuses on three key intellectuals of the Anglo-German exchange of ideas in the eighteenth century: Henry Fuseli, Georg Hamann, and Caspar Lavater. Henry Fuseli, the chapter shows, is not only the painter of English Gothic Romanticism but also one of the most important textual authors and translators in 1760s Enlightenment London. The second example, Hamann, appears as one of the main figures from the Anglo-German exchange of ideas who is relevant far beyond our current appreciation. The chapter closes by discussing Lavater’s role in the Anglo-German context. What it illustrates is how he not only connects Blake and Hamann in this historical way, but also through his neglected writings on language, which reveal a thinker whose ideas on the book of nature are remarkably close to Blake’s and Hamann’s. The multiple connections between Fuseli, Hamann, and Lavater, then, reveal the complexity and richness of the Anglo-German context in the eighteenth century.
The Polyglot Moravians in Eighteenth-Century London
Authors: Regier Alexander
Published: December 2018

This chapter turns the book’s attention from individuals to institutions, specifically the congregation of the Moravian Church in London. The Moravians came to London from Germany and were an idiosyncratic, exorbitant nonconformist group who had considerable influence, even though it never sought to be at the centre. They remain relatively unknown in literary studies, despite their central role in the formation of Methodism and beyond. As the chapter’s discussion of previously unpublished materials from the extensive Moravian Archive in London reveals, the Moravians were a unique hub for Anglo-German thinking, language acquisition, and bilingual book-printing in eighteenth-century London. In particular, their investment in an aesthetic of the quotidian makes their direct links to Blake and Hamann (Blake’s mother was a Moravian, Hamann visited the London congregation) deeply relevant for the account of the period.
A Critique of Habit
Authors: Regier Alexander
Published: December 2018

This chapter shows how Blake and Hamann connect their exorbitant critique of conventional thinking and its deadening force with their sharp analysis of institutional religion, matrimony, and pedagogy. As deeply spiritual writers, they are particularly appalled with their historical moment and the position institutional religion has assumed as a form of organization and disciplining that perverts creativity and freedom. Remarkably, one of their common examples for such a negative development is the sacrament of marriage, which they see stripped of all its original meaning. Similarly, they produce an account which makes clear how pedagogy in the eighteenth century (and beyond) is being used to close off the real and affective dimensions of spirituality, ensuring conventional thinking. The way in which these thinkers translate such insights into their own lives forms the central discussion of this chapter, giving the reader a good sense of their biographical circumstances and their exorbitant arguments.
Introduction
Authors: Gilabert Pablo
Published: December 2018

This chapter outlines the main conceptual and substantive contributions of this book, and provides an overview of the three parts composing it. A characterization of the concept of human rights is offered. The eight components of the dignitarian approach to human rights developed in the rest of the book are outlined. They comprise: (C1) an account of human dignity; (C2) the ideal of solidaristic empowerment; (C3) a distinction between abstract and specific human rights and a division of three dimensions of a conception of human rights; (C4) an account of feasibility; (C5) general and dignitarian schemas for justifying rights; (C6) a contractualist framework of reasoning for justifying rights; (C7) the method of deliberative reflective equilibrium; and (C8) the idea of a deliberative interpretive proposal. Finally, the practical significance of the idea of putting humanity first—which follows naturally from the dignitarian approach—is identified.
Understanding Human Dignity in Human Rights
Authors: Gilabert Pablo
Published: December 2018

This chapter offers an interpretation of the idea of human dignity that explains how it can play certain valuable roles in human rights discourse. The idea contributes to the articulation of a distinctive set of norms that are universalist and humanist, the justification of specific human rights, the grounding of the great normative force of these rights, the combined generation of both negative and positive duties correlative to them, the explanation of the significance of political struggles against their violation, and the illumination of the arc of humanist justice running from basic requirements mandating people’s access to a decent life to maximal requirements to support people’s access to a flourishing life. The idea of human dignity is articulated through a conceptual network that includes an organic set of more specific ideas. These ideas include status-dignity, condition-dignity, dignitarian norms, the basis of dignity, the circumstances of dignity, and dignitarian virtue.
Defending the Significance of Human Dignity
Authors: Gilabert Pablo
Published: December 2018

Chapter 5 identified the main dimensions of human dignity and some important roles of it in human rights discourse. This chapter addresses the most important charges levelled against the deployment of the idea of human dignity in human rights discourse. They say that the idea is empty, indeterminate, incoherent, politically pernicious, exclusionary, sterile, or redundant. The chapter argues that each of these charges fails. As a result, we can resist the disabling skepticism associated with them. We can learn from these objections to improve our views of human dignity, but we can remain confident about its significance in human rights discourse.