bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of green tea (Camellia sinensis Linn) 3% extract cream on improvement of striae distensae
Authors: Ayuningsih Sartika , Jusuf Nelva Karmila , Putra Imam Budi
Published: March 2024

Background Striae distensae (SD) is a skin condition that frequently causes dermatological consultations and although asymptomatic, it may can cause itch and burning sensation. Green tea extract contains polyphenol, including flavanol, flavandiol, flavonoid, phenolic acid, amino acids and minerals which play a role in the repair of stretch marks through anti-inflammatory mechanism, increase collagen production, fibroblast proliferation, and skin hydration. Objective To determine the efficacy of green tea extract cream on striae distensae. Methods This is a pre-experimental clinical trial with a pretest-posttest design on 36 subjects with striae distensae. Diagnosis establishes through history taking and clinical evaluation. Imam Nelva Alviera (INA) score was used as SD severity before and after the application of the 3% green tea extract cream carried out at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8. Side effects and subjects’ satisfaction were also recorded. Cochran test was carried out to see the difference before and after treatment, with a p-value <0.05 considered significant. Results Majority of study subjects were 18–25 years (77.8%), had history of pregnancy (75%), had a history of menarche at the age of 12 years (27.8%) and all subjects had striae alba. There was significant decrement in INA score for striae distensae (p<0.001) after eight weeks administration of 3% green tea extract cream. Clinical improvement and no side effects were also noted. All subjects were satisfied. Conclusions The use of 3% green tea extract cream can improve the appearance of SD.
Management information system, a strategic tool to enhance decision making in micro and small businesses
Authors: CRUZ MARTINEZ SILVIA JACQUELINE , ASTO CASTRO EDDIE DAMIAN , Pacheco Alex
Published: March 2024

Background Nowadays, companies face continuous changes, which force them to be more versatile by managing large volumes of data, which do not always become relevant information for decision making. Therefore, the objective of this research is to implement a management information system to improve administrative management in micro and small businesses. Method it was developed under the approach of the agile methodology “SCRUM” following its 5 phases; In addition, the visual basic programming language in ASP.NET was used for the development of the source code and Microsoft SQL Server 2019 and its extensions: Ma-nagement Studio for data processing, “Integration Services” for the migration to the new dimensional model, Reporting Services for reports and Looker Studio for dashboards. Results The implementation of a management information system based on a dashboard allowed managers to obtain relevant information quickly and easily, optimizing decision-making times. In addition, the system allowed for homogeneous comparisons by level, which made it easier to identify deviations in commercial goals and the implementation of corrective actions such as adjustments in goals, changes in productivity, among others. Another result was the visualization of the monthly behavior of the financial system, which helped management structure short, medium and long-term strategies; in addition to the export of reports for “offline” analysis, which facilitates the work of employees in the field. Conclusions This allows reducing the time invested in generating reports, improving the efficiency and precision of the analysis. In addition, it has facilitated the identification of opportunities for improvement in administrative and commercial management, specifically in average productivity and the weighted average rate per advisor.
Case Report: A pyramidal lobe coexisting with a left-sided thyroid goiter displacing trachea and esophagus: A cadaveric finding with clinical implications
Authors: George Triantafyllou , George Tsakotos , Olewnik Łukasz , Fiska Aliki , Koutserimpas Christos , Zielinska Nicol , Maria Piagkou
Published: March 2024

Background The current report describes a unimodular thyroid goiter (TGo), identified unilaterally in a female cadaver, causing displacement or compression effects in the adjacent neck structures (common carotid artery (CCA) and internal jugular vein (IJV),). Methods Routine dissection of the neck of an 86-year-old female donated a Greek cadaver. Results A thyroid gland variant was identified coexisting with a TGo originating from the left thyroid lobe. The variant is a pyramidal lobe located on the left side of the isthmus. Owing to the presence of the TGo, the left CCA, along with the left IJV, deviated 50.6 mm ipsilaterally from the midline of the neck. The right CCA had a minor deviation of 30.8 mm, from the midline to the right side due to the proximity of the shifted trachea and esophagus with the CCA origin. The trachea and esophagus deviated contralaterally to the TGo, 24.4 mm from the midline. Conclusions CCA compression, stenosis, and angulation may cause dizziness, weakness, and hypomnesia. The potential outcomes were worse with IJV compression. Atherosclerosis tends to occur more often in arteries with inclined (angulated) parts.
The Flux Operator
Authors: Sochat Vanessa , Culquicondor Aldo , Ojea Antonio , Milroy Daniel
Published: March 2024

Converged computing is an emerging area of computing that brings together the best of both worlds for high performance computing (HPC) and cloud-native communities. The economic influence of cloud computing and the need for workflow portability, flexibility, and manageability are driving this emergence. Navigating the uncharted territory and building an effective space for both HPC and cloud require collaborative technological development and research. In this work, we focus on developing components for the converged workload manager, the central component of batch workflows running in any environment. From the cloud we base our work on Kubernetes, the de facto standard batch workload orchestrator. From HPC the orchestrator counterpart is Flux Framework, a fully hierarchical resource management and graph-based scheduler with a modular architecture that supports sophisticated scheduling and job management. Bringing these managers together consists of implementing Flux inside of Kubernetes, enabling hierarchical resource management and scheduling that scales without burdening the Kubernetes scheduler. This paper introduces the Flux Operator – an on-demand HPC workload manager deployed in Kubernetes. Our work describes design decisions, mapping components between environments, and experimental features. We perform experiments that compare application performance when deployed by the Flux Operator and the MPI Operator and present the results. Finally, we review remaining challenges and describe our vision of the future for improved technological innovation and collaboration through converged computing.
The genome sequence of the devil’s coach horse beetle, Ocypus olens (Müller, 1764)
Authors: Crowley Liam M. ,   University of Oxford and Wytham Woods Genome Acquisition Lab,   Darwin Tree of Life Barcoding collective,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life programme,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Scientific Operations: DNA Pipelines collective,   Tree of Life Core Informatics collective,   Darwin Tree of Life Consortium
Published: March 2024

We present a genome assembly from an individual female Ocypus olens (the devil’s coach horse; Arthropoda; Insecta; Coleoptera; Staphylinidae). The genome sequence is 1,084 megabases in span. The majority (98.81%) of the assembly is scaffolded into 20 chromosomal pseudomolecules, with the X sex chromosome assembled.
Exploring the foundations of tourism geography: between flat ontology and J. Searle’s vertical social ontology
Authors: Butowski Leszek
Published: March 2024

This article explores the theoretical foundations of tourism geography, focusing on the dialectic between flat ontology and John Searle's vertical ontology. Drawing from contemporary debates in the field, it examines the philosophical underpinnings of tourism geography and their implications for understanding the social and spatial dynamics of tourism. The concept of flat ontology, rooted in posthuman approach, posits an egalitarian view of the world, where both human and nonhuman entities possess equal ontological status. Proponents argue that this perspective provides a holistic understanding of tourism, acknowledging the co-agency of non-human elements such as landscapes, ecosystems, and material culture. In contrast, J. Searle's ontology underscores the significance of human intentionality and social structures in shaping the institutional frameworks and practices of tourism. By engaging with these two ontological frameworks, the article highlights the potential synergies, but also tensions between flat ontology and vertical social ontology within tourism geography.
Flood Mapping Using the Sentinel-1 SAR Dataset and Application of the Change Detection Approach Technique (CDAT) to the Google Earth Engine In Sindh Province, Pakistan
Authors: Ahmed Yaseen Ghouri  , Ateeq ur Rehman  , Rasheed Fahad , Miandad Muhammad , Rehman Ghani
Published: March 2024

Flooding is a natural disaster characterised by overflowing water onto normally dry land, resulting in widespread damage and disruption to communities. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technologies, accurate flood maps can be created. The Change Detection approach was employed using pre-processed Sentinel-1 SAR data. Pre-processing steps, including Thermal-Noise Removal, Radiometric Calibration, and Terrain Correction, were carried out using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. This methodology allows for accurate and reliable analysis of land cover changes and provides valuable information for land management and decision-making processes in the region. The purpose of this study was to estimate the damage caused by flooding. The flood status between 18 August 2022 and 28 August 2022 was analysed. The estimated flood extent based on Sentinel-1 SAR data is almost 759,642 ha. The estimated number of people exposed is almost 663,797, estimated using the Global Human Settlement Layer (2015), with a resolution of about 250 m. Based on a MODIS land cover dataset with a resolution of 500 m, the estimated area of crops damaged is almost 415,450 ha and estimated urban area affected is almost 8435 ha.
Sovereign green bonds as an unconventional tool to address climate change
Authors: Yadav Anuradha , Manda Vijaya Kittu , Shivani  , Sangwan Vikramaditya , Vambol Sergij
Published: March 2024

Creative efforts are necessary as global efforts seek to undertake projects focused on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) initiatives. Among various financial products that provide funding for projects, green bonds, particularly sovereign green bonds (SGB or SGrB) issued with sovereign guarantees by central governments, have gained prominence. Proceeds from SGBs are used to finance green projects such as non-conventional and renewable energy projects, alternative energy solutions, greenhouse gas emission reduction, climate change mitigation, or reduced use of carbon-based energy sources. SGB will receive increasing global attention as governments attempt to meet UN climate change goals. This research uses descriptive research methodology to examine the evolution, operational aspects, challenges, and investor expectations associated with SGrBs by taking India as a case. The study period is taken from 2016 to 2023. It used a conceptual approach to discuss the market's evolution. The findings highlight how SGBs provide an unconventional way to link green finance with ecological priorities by combining fiscal policy, investment and science-based solutions. The insights are intended to inform future SGB frameworks and strategies to target funded green growth towards pressing global sustainability issues.
El mecanismo de solución de diferencias de la OMC
Authors: Wills Valderrama Santiago
Published: March 2024

El mecanismo de solución de diferencias de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) ha sido considerado reiteradamente como “la joya de la corona” de la Organización. En tan solo 24 años de vigencia, bajo este mecanismo se han administrado más de 550 disputas y se han expedido más de 350 reportes entre Grupos Especiales y el Órgano de Apelación, con un nivel de cumplimiento por parte de los miembros de la OMC de más del 80%. No en vano, en varias ocasiones se ha considerado como el mecanismo de solución de diferencias Estado-Estado más exitoso del derecho internacional público y como uno de los pilares fundamentales de la OMC.
Estados Unidos: medidas adoptadas sobre las importaciones de acero y aluminio conforme a la Sección 232 del Trade Expansion Act de 1962 (caso de estudio)
Authors: Ramírez Martínez Luis Carlos
Published: March 2024

Este caso de estudio es particular no solo por su contenido, sino porque al momento de escribirse continúa pendiente de un final que, por la complejidad del asunto, podría tener serias implicaciones para el sistema multilateral de comercio como lo conocemos.
Comunidad Andina
Authors: Cárdenas Rodríguez Laura Catalina , Acosta Sánchez Juan Felipe
Published: March 2024

La Comunidad Andina es una organización internacional poco estudiada, pero trascendental para la vida moderna de los nacionales de sus países miembros. Es producto de un lento proceso de integración, que sigue en desarrollo.
El derecho internacional de la inversión extranjera y la capacidad regulatoria del Estado
Authors: Pontón-Serra Juan P.
Published: March 2024

La facultad del Estado de regular a nivel legislativo, administrativo y judicial las actividades que se desarrollan en su territorio es un atributo básico de su soberanía1. Si bien la condición de Estado está determinada por el ejercicio de su soberanía, no puede entenderse que esta le confiera al Estado un poder ilimitado de actuar exclusivamente bajo su propia voluntad2. Justamente la soberanía está equilibrada por un conjunto de normas y reglas que surgen del consentimiento de Estados soberanos y que se plasman, entre otras fuentes, en convenciones internacionales.
El arbitraje de inversión como autoridad pública global
Authors: Urueña René , Prada-Uribe María Angélica
Published: March 2024

En este contexto de crítica, este artículo argumenta que, más allá de un ser un simple régimen de solución de disputas, el arbitraje de inversión es un verdadero ejercicio de poder público internacional. Para hacerlo, se discute en primera instancia el régimen legal aplicable y los actores del sistema, los efectos que el arbitraje tiene sobre el poder regulador de los Estados, el tipo de controversias de interés público que se ventilan ante el sistema y la consolidación de un sistema de cuasi precedente jurisprudencial. Con base en esa descripción, en la segunda sección se describen algunas de las formas en que se ejerce la autoridad pública a través del arbitraje internacional de inversiones: trato justo y equitativo, expropiación y, finalmente, la percepción el derecho fallido del Estado huésped. Finalmente, en la última sección se concluye sobre estos aspectos.
No Panic in Pandemic: The Impact of Individual Choice on Public Health Policy
Authors: Bai Miao , Cui Ying , Kong Guangwen , Zhang Anthony Zhenhuan
Published: March 2024

Problem definition: Public health interventions, such as social distancing and lockdown, play an important role in containing infectious disease outbreaks, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Yet, these interventions could cause significant financial losses because of the disruption to regular socioeconomic activities. Moreover, an individual’s activity level is influenced not only by public health policies but also by one’s perception of the disease burden of infection. Strategic planning is required to optimize the timing and intensity of these public health interventions by considering individual responses. Methodology/results: We use the multinomial logit choice model to characterize individual reactions to the risk of infection and public health interventions and integrate it into a repeated Stackelberg game with the susceptible-infected-recovered disease transmission dynamics. We find that the individual equilibrium activity level is higher than the socially optimal activity level because of an individual’s ignorance of the negative externality imposed on others. As a result, implementing lockdown and social distancing policies at moderate disease prevalence may be equivalently critical, if not more, compared with their implementations when the disease prevalence is at its peak level. To verify these findings, we conduct numerical studies based on representative COVID-19 data in Minnesota. Managerial implications: Our results call for policymakers’ attention to consider the impact of individuals’ responses in the planning for different pandemic containment measures. Individuals’ responses in the pandemic may significantly affect the optimal implementation of lockdown and social distancing policies.

Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.0514 .
Code-switching in students’ group discussions in EFL classroom at a university level
Authors: Gendroyono Gendroyono , Baharun Hazleena
Published: March 2024

Code-switching is an activity when a person switches their language in a speech. Some research have been conducted in the field of code switching, however, very little was done in looking both the types and the reasons of doing it in the group discussion context. This research focuses on exploring the types of code-switching used by the students in EFL classroom during group discussion and the reasons why the students used code-switching during group discussion in EFL classroom. The methodology used in this research was a descriptive qualitative. There were three participants in this research, two females and one male aged 21 to 24-year-old which was done in a private university of Yogyakarta. In collecting the data, the researcher used interview and follow-up questions. And the finding of this research found that there were three types of code-switching used by the EFL student, the first one is tag switching, inter-sentential switching, and the last one is intra-sentential switching. Furthermore there were three reasons why the participants used code-switching. The first one is feeling comfortable in using their mother tongue, lacking the target language proficiency, and the last one is holding the floor.
A new model to predict complex risk following percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Palmer Sarah Jane
Published: March 2024

Sarah Jane Palmer outlines a recent study that developed and tested a tool that uses machine learning to predict and display patients’ risk following percutaneous coronary intervention.
ECG of the month
Authors: Bloe Charles
Published: March 2024

In this issue’s ECG of the month, Charles Bloe presents the case of a 19-year-old student who presented to her GP with heart palpitations.
A study of factors affecting pass rates of level 5 written assessments for undergraduate adult nursing students
Authors: Barker Stuart , Ford Claire , Flynn Deborah , Tiplady Sue
Published: March 2024

Nursing programmes were flexible during the COVID-19 pandemic, offering simulation to replace clinical hours and adjusting supervision and assessment. However, second-year students in two modules had lower results despite no changes to the material, team or delivery. Objectives: A retrospective cohort study was conducted, on second-year adult nursing students who submitted written assignments, to analyse recurring patterns that could explain the failure rate. Method: Data were analysed from 265 university students to identify patterns of association in demographics, module results and student engagement indicators. Results: A positive correlation was found between age and assignment results, with older students achieving higher grades. Clustering identified three patterns of student engagement. Students demonstrating engagement with all aspects of the course (30.2%) performed significantly better than those in other clusters (P<0.001). Students with disabled student support recommendations performed notably worse than those without. All sizeable differences were resolved following the return to campus and the implementation of additional writing support. Discussion: Age, cross-medium engagement and preparation were all shown to have an impact on marks. These findings can influence how higher education institutions drive and monitor engagement, as this study suggests that all parts of a blended learning approach are equally important.
Development of a Secondary Model for the Growth of Salmonella enterica in Food by Applying Artificial Neural Networks and Databases (ComBase and FoodData Central)
Authors: Koo Yong Keun , Jung Yong Woon , Kim Dong Hwa , Kim Sang Won , Kim Eun Seol , Park Byeong Jae , Lee Seung Ju , Jung Seung Won
Published: March 2024

The secondary growth model for Salmonella was developed based on the artificial neural network (ANN) with data collected from ComBase and FoodData Central. In addition to the existing secondary model variables (temperature, pH, Na+, and water contents), more input variables (sugar, carbohydrate, lipid, and protein contents) were considered. The output variables were microbial growth parameters (lag phase duration [λ] and maximum growth rate [μmax]). A commercial ANN program (NeuralWorks Predict) was utilized with training at 80%, validation at 10%, and test data at 10%. ANN models were created using all data and cleansed data. Using the cleansed data, the training/testing root mean square error (RMSE) for μmax improved from 0.14/0.16 to 0.11/0.14, whereas the RMSE for λ was still not acceptable, from 11.94/33.03 to 7.09/4.18. The λ data were divided into two ranges with high and low goodness of fit, whereas the ANN model for each field was built, resulting in an optimally low RMSE.
Physicochemical Characteristics of Wheat-flour Mixed Powders and Cooking Properties of Sujebi Based on Addition of the ‘Baromi2’ Rice Cultivar
Authors: Yoon Jisun , Oh Seah , Park Hyeyoung , Kim Hongsik , Choi Hyesun , Park Jiyoung
Published: March 2024

This study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics of wheat-flour mixed powders and cooking properties of Sujebi based on the addition of ‘Baromi2’ rice flours for increased expansion of rice consumption. The addition rates at which a roll surface sheet was formed were selected as 0, 10, 20, 30, and 50% based on preliminary experiments with 0-90% addition rates of ‘Baromi2’. Results of physicochemical characterization showed that increasing the addition ratio of ‘Baromi2’ rice flour resulted in increased crude ash and crude fat levels, however crude protein and total starch decreased. The L*-value (lightness) increased with increasing addition ratio of ‘Baromi2’ rice flour; in contrast, a*-value (redness), b*-value (yellowness), and particle size decreased. Results of RVA showed that increasing the addition ratio of ‘Baromi2’ rice flour increased the peak, breakdown, and setback. Regarding textural properties, hardness and chewiness values were significantly reduced with increasing addition ratios of ‘Baromi2’ rice flour. Based on these results, a blending ratio of 20% or less of ‘Baromi2’ is considered suitable for producing Sujebi, and this result serves as basic data for the development of processed rice flour products using ‘Baromi2’.
At Midnight I Rise: The Symbolism of Midnight in the Assertion of Jewish-Christian Difference
Authors: Polyakov Emma O’Donnell
Published: March 2024

precis: This essay explores the negotiation of Jewish-Christian difference in the beginning of the Common Era through a comparative study of the symbolic associations of midnight. It comparatively analyzes references to midnight in the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament, as well as their later reception in Jewish and Christian communities, with attention to how the early Christian community adopted Jewish traditions of time and revised them to reinforce emerging Christian concepts. This essay proposes that the divergent symbolic associations of midnight in the two canons illustrate some of the central concerns and self-understandings of early Christian and Jewish communities, which became thematic in the assertion of Jewish-Christian difference during the parting of the ways. It demonstrates that the midnight passages are thematically linked as a time of transformation, but the content of that transformation differs between the two canons, reflecting themes of concern to the communities that developed the texts. Across the passages in the Hebrew Bible, midnight appears to be symbolic of a transformation that leads to the creation or strengthening of the people of Israel. In contrast to the national transformation envisioned in the Hebrew Bible, references to midnight in the New Testament are thematically related in their presentation of midnight as a time of eschatological transformation, symbolizing the turning point from this world to the next world, and reflecting an emerging religious tradition focused on a redemption beyond worldly time. This essay argues that these distinct thematic associations present concepts of transformation that were asserted during the parting of the ways, as the two religious traditions formulated parameters around their identities. It concludes with an exploration of two distinct temporal visions that eventually emerged as the two traditions separated, drawing parallels between the literary symbolism of midnight in the biblical text and later developments in Jewish and Christian perspectives on time.
“M pral plante yon pye bwa” (I will plant a tree): Lyrics and Stills from an Eco-musical Film Collaboration
Authors: Dirksen Rebecca , Vérilus Kendy , Saillant (BIC) Roosevelt
Published: March 2024

Abstract: The music video for “M pral plante yon pye bwa” (I will plant a tree) (2020), by BIC with Kompè Filo, was a component of the project “Field to Media: Applied Musicology for a Changing Climate” supported by the Mellon Foundation and Humanities without Walls consortium initiative on “The Work of the Humanities in a Changing Climate.” Haiti team leaders for this music video were Rebecca Dirksen (co-PI), Kendy Vérilus, Anthony Pascal (Kompè Filo), and Roosevelt Saillant (BIC).
Hybrid metamaterials combining zero-index and graded-index materials for multi-directional Bessel beam generation
Authors: Jiang Jie , Deng Fusheng , Guo Zhiwei , Wang Yuqian , Wu Yuntai , Sun Yong , Shi Yunlong , Chen Hong
Published: March 2024

Bessel beams, characterized by their unique non-diffractive and self-healing properties, have been a focal point in optical research. They offer unique advantages in various applications, from high-resolution imaging to the enhancement of optical communication. However, traditional methods of Bessel beam generation face limitations in producing multiple beams simultaneously, which hinders the application of complex light manipulation and multiple beam pathways. In this work, by merging the wave steering function of zero-refractive index metamaterials and the phase tailoring functionality of dielectric metasurfaces, we have realized the generation of multi-directional Bessel beams with the hybrid metamaterials. The multidirectional Bessel beams are not only self-healing to the defects along the propagation paths but also robust to the defects in the Bessel beam generator. Notably, the intrinsic zero-index property facilitates the minimization of light crosstalk beyond the hybrid metamaterials, preventing interference and providing a disturbance-free environment for the generation of Bessel beams. Our results provide a new perspective on designing novel optical devices with multi-channel and open novel routes to steer the electromagnetic waves in nano-scale structures.
Impact of annual community-directed treatment with ivermectin on the incidence of epilepsy in Mvolo, a two-year prospective study
Authors: Amaral Luís-Jorge , Jada Stephen Raimon , Ndjanfa Aimee Kemayou , Carter Jane Y. , Abd-Elfarag Gasim , Okaro Samuel , Logora Makoy Yibi , Bol Yak Yak , Lakwo Thomson , Fodjo Joseph N Siewe , Colebunders Robert
Published: March 2024

Objectives

The potential impact of cumulative community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) on epilepsy epidemiology in Mvolo County, South Sudan, an onchocerciasis-endemic area with high epilepsy prevalence, was investigated. Annual CDTI was introduced in 2002 in Mvolo, with interruptions in 2016 and 2020.

Methods

Comprehensive house-to-house surveys in Mvolo (June 2020 and 2022) identified cases of epilepsy, including probable nodding syndrome (pNS). Community workers screened households in selected sites for suspected epilepsy, and medical doctors confirmed the diagnosis and determined the year of seizure onset. The incidence of epilepsy, including pNS, was analysed using 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Data on ivermectin intake and onchocerciasis-associated manifestations (itching and blindness) were collected.

Results

The surveys covered 15,755 (2020) and 15,092 (2022) individuals, identifying 809 (5.2%, 95% CI: 4.8–5.5%) and 672 (4.5%, 95% CI: 4.1–4.8%) epilepsy cases, respectively. Each survey reported that a third of the surveyed population experienced skin itching, and 3% were blind. Epilepsy incidence per 100,000 person-years gradually declined, from 326.5 (95% CI: 266.8–399.1) in 2013–2015 to 96.6 (95% CI: 65.5–141.7) in 2019–2021. Similarly, pNS incidence per 100,000 person-years decreased from 151.7 (95% CI: 112.7–203.4) to 27.0 (95% CI: 12.5–55.5). Coverage of CDTI was suboptimal, reaching only 64.0% of participants in 2019 and falling to 24.1% in 2021 following an interruption in 2020 due to COVID-19 restrictions. Additionally, while 99.4% of cases had active epilepsy in 2022, less than a quarter of these had access to antiseizure medication.

Conclusions

The observed decrease in epilepsy incidence despite suboptimal CDTI coverage highlights the potential impact of onchocerciasis control efforts and underscores the need to strengthen these efforts in Mvolo County and across South Sudan. As a proactive measure, Mvolo and neighbouring counties are transitioning to biannual CDTI. Furthermore, the substantial epilepsy treatment gap in Mvolo should be addressed.
Interpretable prediction of brain activity during conversations from multimodal behavioral signals
Authors: Hmamouche Youssef , Ochs Magalie , Prévot Laurent , Chaminade Thierry
Published: March 2024

We present an analytical framework aimed at predicting the local brain activity in uncontrolled experimental conditions based on multimodal recordings of participants’ behavior, and its application to a corpus of participants having conversations with another human or a conversational humanoid robot. The framework consists in extracting high-level features from the raw behavioral recordings and applying a dynamic prediction of binarized fMRI-recorded local brain activity using these behavioral features. The objective is to identify behavioral features required for this prediction, and their relative weights, depending on the brain area under investigation and the experimental condition. In order to validate our framework, we use a corpus of uncontrolled conversations of participants with a human or a robotic agent, focusing on brain regions involved in speech processing, and more generally in social interactions. The framework not only predicts local brain activity significantly better than random, it also quantifies the weights of behavioral features required for this prediction, depending on the brain area under investigation and on the nature of the conversational partner. In the left Superior Temporal Sulcus, perceived speech is the most important behavioral feature for predicting brain activity, regardless of the agent, while several features, which differ between the human and robot interlocutors, contribute to the prediction in regions involved in social cognition, such as the TemporoParietal Junction. This framework therefore allows us to study how multiple behavioral signals from different modalities are integrated in individual brain regions during complex social interactions.
Can neural networks benefit from objectives that encourage iterative convergent computations? A case study of ResNets and object classification
Authors: Lippl Samuel , Peters Benjamin , Kriegeskorte Nikolaus
Published: March 2024

Recent work has suggested that feedforward residual neural networks (ResNets) approximate iterative recurrent computations. Iterative computations are useful in many domains, so they might provide good solutions for neural networks to learn. However, principled methods for measuring and manipulating iterative convergence in neural networks remain lacking. Here we address this gap by 1) quantifying the degree to which ResNets learn iterative solutions and 2) introducing a regularization approach that encourages the learning of iterative solutions. Iterative methods are characterized by two properties: iteration and convergence. To quantify these properties, we define three indices of iterative convergence. Consistent with previous work, we show that, even though ResNets can express iterative solutions, they do not learn them when trained conventionally on computer-vision tasks. We then introduce regularizations to encourage iterative convergent computation and test whether this provides a useful inductive bias. To make the networks more iterative, we manipulate the degree of weight sharing across layers using soft gradient coupling. This new method provides a form of recurrence regularization and can interpolate smoothly between an ordinary ResNet and a “recurrent” ResNet (i.e., one that uses identical weights across layers and thus could be physically implemented with a recurrent network computing the successive stages iteratively across time). To make the networks more convergent we impose a Lipschitz constraint on the residual functions using spectral normalization. The three indices of iterative convergence reveal that the gradient coupling and the Lipschitz constraint succeed at making the networks iterative and convergent, respectively. To showcase the practicality of our approach, we study how iterative convergence impacts generalization on standard visual recognition tasks (MNIST, CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100) or challenging recognition tasks with partial occlusions (Digitclutter). We find that iterative convergent computation, in these tasks, does not provide a useful inductive bias for ResNets. Importantly, our approach may be useful for investigating other network architectures and tasks as well and we hope that our study provides a useful starting point for investigating the broader question of whether iterative convergence can help neural networks in their generalization.
Comparative effectiveness of dexamethasone in treatment of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the United States during the first year of the pandemic: Findings from the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) data repository
Authors: Zhou Richard , Johnson Kaitlyn E. , Rousseau Justin F. , Rathouz Paul J. ,   on behalf of the N3C Consortium
Published: March 2024

Background

Dexamethasone was approved for use in hospitalized COVID-19 patients early in the pandemic based on the RECOVERY trial, but evidence is still needed to support its real-world effectiveness in heterogeneous populations of patients with a wide range of comorbidities.

Methods

COVID-19 inpatients represented within the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) Data Enclave, prior to vaccine availability, were studied. Primary outcome was in-hospital death; secondary outcome was combined in-hospital death and severe outcome defined by use of ECMO or mechanical ventilation. Missing data were imputed with single imputation. Dexamethasone-treated patients were propensity score (PS) matched to non-dexamethasone-treated controls, stratified by remdesivir treatment and based on demographics, baseline laboratory values, comorbidities, and amount of missing data before imputation. Treatment benefit was quantified using logistic regression. Further sensitivity analyses were performed using clinical adjusters in matched groups and in strata defined by quartiles of PS.

Results

Dexamethasone treatment was associated with reduced risk of in-hospital mortality for n = 1,263 treated, matched 1:3 to untreated, patients not receiving remdesivir (OR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.62 to 0.95, p = 0.017), and for n = 804 treated, matched 1:1 to untreated, patients receiving remdesivir (OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.53 to 1.02, p = 0.054). Treatment showed secondary outcome benefit. In sensitivity analyses, treatment effect generally remained similar with some heterogeneity of benefit across quartiles of PS, possibly reflecting concentration of benefit among the more severely affected.

Conclusions

We add evidence that dexamethasone provides benefit with respect to mortality and severe outcomes in a diverse, national hospitalized sample, prior to vaccine availability.
Research on bronze wine vessel classification using improved SSA-CBAM-GNNs
Authors: Wang Weifan , Miao Siming , Liao Yin
Published: March 2024

This article proposes an advanced classification algorithm for bronze drinking utensils, taking into account the complexity of their cultural characteristics and the challenges of dynasty classification. The SSA-CBAM-GNNs algorithm integrates the Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA), Spatial and Spectral Attention (CBAM) modules, and Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). The CBAM module is essential for optimizing feature extraction weights in graph neural networks, while SSA enhances the weighted network and expedites the convergence process. Experimental results, validated through various performance evaluation indicators, illustrate the outstanding performance of the improved SSA-CBAM-GNNs algorithm in accurately identifying and classifying cultural features of bronze drinking utensils. Comparative experiments confirm the algorithm’s superiority over other methods. Overall, this study proposes a highly efficient identification and classification algorithm, and its effectiveness and excellence in extracting and identifying cultural features of bronze drinking utensils are experimentally demonstrated.
Identification and extraction of cementation patterns in sand modified by MICP: New insights at the pore scale
Authors: Wang Baoquan , Guo Liang , Luo Xuanli , Jiang Yuhong , Li Quanwei , Xie Jiaheng
Published: March 2024

Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) is an environmentally friendly technology that improves soil permeability resistance through biocementation. In this study, 2D microscopic analysis and 3D volume reconstruction were performed on river sand after 24 cycles of bio-treatment based on stacked images and computed tomography (CT) scanning data, respectively, to extract biocementation patterns between particles. Based on the mutual validation findings of the two techniques, three patterns in the biocemented sand were identified as G-C-G, G-C, and G-G. Specifically, 2D microscopic analysis showed that G-C-G featured multi-particle encapsulation and bridging, with a pore filling ratio of 81.2%; G-C was characterized by locally coated particle layers, with a pore filling ratio of 19.7%; and the G-G was marked by sporadic filling of interparticle pores, with a pore filling ratio of 11.7%. G-C-G had the best cementation effect and permeability resistance (effective sealing rate of 68.5%), whereas G-C (effective sealing rate of 2.4%) had a relatively minor contribution to pore-filling and flow sealing. 3D volume reconstruction showed that G-C-G had the highest pore filling rate, followed by G-G and G-C. The average filling ratios of area and volume for G-C-G were 83.979% and 77.257%, respectively; for G-G 20.360% and 23.600%; and for G-C 11.545% and 11.250%. The analysis of the representative element volume (REV) was conducted, and the feasibility and reliability of the micro-scale pattern extraction results were confirmed to guide the analysis of macro-scale characteristics. The exploration of the effectiveness of cementation patterns in fluid sealing provides valuable insights into effective biocementation at the pore scale of porous media, which may inspire future research.
Persistent long-term habitat use by Florida manatees at Fort Pierce, Florida from 1997 to 2020
Authors: Tennant Rachel , Brady Beth , Love Kim , Ramos Eric , Schloesser Ryan
Published: March 2024

To survive cold winters, Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) depend on artificial (i.e., power plants) and natural warm water sources such as springs and passive thermal basins. Passive thermal basins can provide critical habitat for manatees for short or extended periods of time. The Henry D. King Powerplant in Fort Pierce, Florida discharged warm water into Moore’s Creek until it went offline in 1995. However, it is unknown to what degree manatees continue to occupy this area and how environmental factors influence their occurrence in the creek. To explore this, we examined the habitat use of Florida manatees in Moore’s Creek after the shutdown from November 1997 to March 2020 from daily counts of manatees. In addition, we correlated local environmental data (ambient air, temperature, salinity) to assess if Moore’s Creek had properties indicative of a passive thermal basin. Results indicated there was not an increase or decrease in habitat use over twenty years in the Creek. The consistent use of Moore’s Creek over the study period suggests that this habitat possesses thermal and freshwater resources to support manatee occurrence long-term. These findings provide robust support for the importance of this habitat and passive thermal basins for Florida manatees.
Differences in lower extremity kinematics during single-leg lateral drop landing of healthy individuals, injured but asymptomatic patients, and patients with chronic ankle instability- a cross-sectional observational study
Authors: Sagawa Yuki , Yamada Takumi , Ohmi Takehiro , Moriyama Yoshinao , Kato Junpei
Published: March 2024

The lower-extremity kinematics associated with forward jump landing after an ankle injury is known to differ for patients with Chronic Ankle Instability (CAI), copers (injured but asymptomatic patients), and healthy individuals. However, the differences in the lower extremity kinematics of these groups associated with a Single-leg Lateral Drop Landing (SLDL) are unknown. The purpose of this study is to characterize the lower limb and foot kinematics during SLDL in CAI patients and to compare these characteristics with those of the copers and healthy individuals. This was a cross-sectional observational study. Nineteen participants, each, were selected from the CAI, Coper, and control groups. The lower-extremity kinematics during SLDL was measured using three-dimensional motion analysis over an interval progressing from 200 ms before landing to 200 ms after landing. Either one-way ANOVA or the Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare the attributes of the respective groups, with each parameter measured every 10 ms. The maximum values and excursions of the parameters were established over time intervals progressing from 200 ms before landing to 200 ms after landing. Significant observations were subjected to post hoc analysis. Compared to the Coper group, the CAI group exhibited significantly smaller hip adduction angles at 160 ms, ankle dorsiflexion angles in the 110–150 ms interval, and maximum ankle dorsiflexion angles after landing. Compared to the control group, the CAI group exhibited significantly smaller excursions of MH inversion/eversion after landing. Our findings confirm the necessity of focusing on the kinematics of hip adduction/abduction and plantar/dorsiflexion during SLDL in evaluating patients with ankle injuries.
Acute kidney injury in hospitalized children with proteinuria: A multicenter retrospective analysis
Authors: Baggett Katelyn H. , Manghi Tomas , Walter Vonn , Thomas Neal J. , Freeman Michael A. , Krawiec Conrad
Published: March 2024

Background and objective

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in hospitalized pediatric patients. Previous studies focused on adults found that proteinuria detected during an admission urinalysis is fit to serve as an indicator for AKI and associated clinical outcomes. The objective of this study is to evaluate if proteinuria on the first day of hospital services in hospitalized children is associated with AKI, need for renal replacement therapy, shock and/or antibiotic use, critical care services, and all-cause mortality at 30 days, hypothesizing that it is associated with these outcomes.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study using TriNetX electronic health record data of patients 2 to 18 years of age who underwent urinalysis laboratory testing on hospital admission, had three subsequent days of hospital or critical care services billing codes and creatinine laboratory values, and no pre-existing renal-related complex chronic condition. This study evaluated for the frequency, odds, and severity of AKI as defined by Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes modified criteria and assessed for associated clinical outcomes.

Results

This study included 971 pediatric subjects [435 (44.7%) with proteinuria]. Proteinuria on the first day of hospital services was associated with an increased odds for higher severity AKI on any day of hospitalization (odds ratio [OR] 2.41, CI 1.8–3.23, p<0.001), need for renal replacement therapy (OR 4.58, CI 1.69–12.4, p = 0.001), shock and/or antibiotic use (OR 1.34, CI 1.03–1.75, p = 0.033), and all-cause mortality at 30 days post-admission (OR 10.0, CI 1.25–80.5, p = 0.013).

Conclusion

Children with proteinuria on the first day of hospital care services may have an increased odds of higher severity AKI, need for renal replacement therapy, shock and/or antibiotic use, and all-cause mortality at 30 days post-admission, with no significant association found for critical care services, mechanical intubation, or inotrope or vasopressor use.
In situ potassium and hydrogen ion exchange into a cubic zirconium silicate microporous material
Authors: Lively Jason , Celestian Aaron J.
Published: March 2024

The selective separation of ions from aqueous systems, and even in the human body, is a crucial to overall environmental management and health. Nanoporous materials are widely known for their selective removal of cations from aqueous media, and therefore have been targeted for use as a pharmaceutical to treat hyperkalemia. This study investigated the detailed crystallographic molecular mechanisms that control the potassium ion selectivity in the nanoporous cubic zirconium silicate (CZS) related materials. Using time-resolved in situ Raman spectroscopy and time-resolved in situ X-ray diffraction, the selectivity mechanisms were determined to involve a synchronous cation-cation repulsion process that serves to open a favorable coordination bonding environment for potassium, not unlike the ion selectivity filter process found in potassium ion channels in proteins. Enhancement of ion exchange was observed when the CZS material was in a partial protonated state (≈3:1 Na:H), causing an expansion of the unit-cell volume, enlargement of the 7 member-ring window, and distortion of framework polyhedra, which allowed increased accessibility to the cage structures and resulted in rapid irreversible potassium ion exchange.