bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Presensitizing with a Toll-like receptor 3 ligand impairs CD8 T-cell effector differentiation and IL-33 responsiveness
Authors: Ngoi Soo Mun , St. Rose Marie-Clare , Menoret Antoine M. , Smith Dirk E. , Tovey Michael G. , Adler Adam J. , Vella Anthony T.
Published: June 2012

The synthetic double-stranded RNA poly(I:C) is commonly used as an adjuvant to boost CD8 T-cell function; however, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] can also suppress autoimmune disease. The mechanism by which a single adjuvant achieves two distinct immunoregulatory roles is unknown. Although it is clear that coadministration of poly(I:C) with antigen elicits strong adjuvant effects in mice, we found that poly(I:C) injection before antigen substantially reduced antigen-dependent CD8 T-cell responses. Notably, CD8 T cells sensitized in poly(I:C)-pretreated mice failed to fully up-regulate IL-33R (ST2), which led to impaired T-cell receptor-independent responses to IL-33. In contrast, nonsensitized effector CD8 T cells responded robustly to IL-33 using a two-signal cytokine mechanism. During an acute lung response toStaphylococcus aureusenterotoxin, peripheral injection of poly(I:C) manifested a suppressive process by inhibiting the differentiation of both antigen- and IL-33–responsive CD8 effectors systemically. These findings highlight that early exposure to double-stranded RNA reverses its role as an adjuvant and, importantly, prevents IL-33R up-regulation on CD8 effector T cells to dampen inflammation.
No evidence of sexual selection in a repetition of Bateman’s classic study of
Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Gowaty Patricia Adair , Kim Yong-Kyu , Anderson Wyatt W.
Published: June 2012

We are unique in reporting a repetition of Bateman [Bateman AJ (1948)
Heredity
(
Edinb
) 2:349–368] using his methods of parentage assignment, which linked sex differences in variance of reproductive success and variance in number of mates in small populations of
Drosophila melanogaster
. Using offspring phenotypes, we inferred who mated with whom and assigned offspring to parents. Like Bateman, we cultured adults expressing dramatic phenotypes, so that each adult was heterozygous-dominant at its unique marker locus but had only wild-type alleles at all other subjects’ marker loci. Assuming no viability effects of parental markers on offspring, the frequencies of parental phenotypes in offspring follow Mendelian expectations: one-quarter will be double-mutants who inherit the dominant gene from each parent, the offspring from which Bateman counted the number of mates per breeder; half of the offspring must be single mutants inheriting the dominant gene of one parent and the wild-type allele of the other parent; and one-quarter would inherit neither of their parent’s marker mutations. Here we show that inviability of double-mutant offspring biased inferences of mate number and number of offspring on which rest inferences of sex differences in fitness variances. Bateman’s method overestimated subjects with zero mates, underestimated subjects with one or more mates, and produced systematically biased estimates of offspring number by sex. Bateman’s methodology mismeasured fitness variances that are the key variables of sexual selection.
Some Class Formants in Technical Literature
Authors: Tonndorf Rolf
Published: June 2012

Summary
At attempt is made to classify the bulk of scientific and technical literature. It is found that each class is governed by a varying set of linguistic formants; thus, for instance, the class of Instructions for Operation is characterized, among other things, by the use of the imperative mood in English, the infinitive in Russian, and the passive voice in German. Examples are given to show the application of class formants in actual work. While some classes are briefly sketched and some others only mentioned for the sake of a survey of all technical literature (books, congress papers, articles for journals, patent applications, invoices, etc.), one class—the Descriptive Leaflet —is investigated in greater detail. The class formants listed apply only to English and German as source and target languages; other class formants may apply to other languages. The examples were taken from actual work in the field of electrical engineering. The references were selected with the view of famil-iarizing the translator with the actual usage, i. e. the actual frequency of technical terms in their context.
Was ist ein Fachübersetzer?
Authors: Bäse Hans-Jürgen
Published: June 2012

SUMMARY
The author investigates into the German conceptions connected with the German word "Fachübersetzer" (technical translator), and endeavours to define the German term "Fachgebiet" (special field) as its definitions are entirely indistinct. The author arrives at the result that a technical translator translates the terminology of his special field from or into one or several working languages or vice versa. A good translator should not be required to produce technical translations in more than three special fields, in which case the volume of each individual special field should not exceed the scope of functions of a university professorship for the particular field. With regard to this the author calls for reports from other countries and requests the Fédération Internationale des Traducteurs to work towards standardizing the terminology of the translator and interpreter trade with the aim of achieving a list of special fields agreed on an international basis. This would be the prerequisite for an international Hst of special fields.
Distinct subunit contributions to the activation of M-type potassium channels by PI(4,5)P2
Authors: Telezhkin Vsevolod , Brown David A. , Gibb Alasdair J.
Published: June 2012

Low-threshold voltage-gated M-type potassium channels (M channels) are tetraheteromers, commonly of two Kv7.2 and two Kv7.3 subunits. Though gated by voltage, the channels have an absolute requirement for binding of the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) to open. We have investigated the quantitative relation between the concentration of a water-soluble PI(4,5)P2 analog, dioctanoyl-PI(4,5)P2 (DiC8-PI(4,5)P2), and channel open probability (Popen) by fast application of increasing concentrations of DiC8-PI(4,5)P2 to the inside face of membrane patches excised from Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing M channels as heteromeric Kv7.2/7.3 subunits. The rationale for the experiments is that this will mimic the effect of changes in membrane PI(4,5)P2 concentration. Single-channel conductances from channel current–voltage relations in cell-attached mode were 9.2 ± 0.1 pS with a 2.5-mM pipette [K+]. Plots of Popen against DiC8-PI(4,5)P2 concentration were best fitted using a two-component concentration–Popen relationship with high and low affinity, half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of 1.3 ± 0.14 and 75.5 ± 2.5 µM, respectively, and Hill slopes of 1.4 ± 0.06. In contrast, homomeric channels from cells expressing only Kv7.2 or Kv7.3 constructs yielded single-component curves with EC50 values of 76.2 ± 19.9 or 3.6 ± 1.0 µM, respectively. When wild-type (WT) Kv7.2 was coexpressed with a mutated Kv7.3 subunit with >100-fold reduced sensitivity to PI(4,5)P2, the high-affinity component of the activation curve was lost. Fitting the data for WT and mutant channels to an activation mechanism with independent PI(4,5)P2 binding to two Kv7.2 and two Kv7.3 subunits suggests that the two components of the M-channel activation curve correspond to the interaction of PI(4,5)P2 with the Kv7.3 and Kv7.2 subunits, respectively, that channels can open when only the two Kv7.3 subunits have bound DiC8-PI(4,5)P2, and that maximum channel opening requires binding to all four subunits.
Proteomic Study of Low-Temperature Responses in Strawberry Cultivars (Fragaria×ananassa) That Differ in Cold Tolerance
Authors: Koehler Gage , Wilson Robert C. , Goodpaster John V. , Sønsteby Anita , Lai Xianyin , Witzmann Frank A. , You Jin-Sam , Rohloff Jens , Randall Stephen K. , Alsheikh Muath
Published: June 2012

To gain insight into the molecular basis contributing to overwintering hardiness, a comprehensive proteomic analysis comparing crowns of octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) cultivars that differ in freezing tolerance was conducted. Four cultivars were examined for freeze tolerance and the most cold-tolerant cultivar (‘Jonsok’) and least-tolerant cultivar (‘Frida’) were compared with a goal to reveal how freezing tolerance is achieved in this distinctive overwintering structure and to identify potential cold-tolerance-associated biomarkers. Supported by univariate and multivariate analysis, a total of 63 spots from two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis and 135 proteins from label-free quantitative proteomics were identified as significantly differentially expressed in crown tissue from the two strawberry cultivars exposed to 0-, 2-, and 42-d cold treatment. Proteins identified as cold-tolerance-associated included molecular chaperones, antioxidants/detoxifying enzymes, metabolic enzymes, pathogenesis-related proteins, and flavonoid pathway proteins. A number of proteins were newly identified as associated with cold tolerance. Distinctive mechanisms for cold tolerance were characterized for two cultivars. In particular, the ‘Frida’ cold response emphasized proteins specific to flavonoid biosynthesis, while the more freezing-tolerant ‘Jonsok’ had a more comprehensive suite of known stress-responsive proteins including those involved in antioxidation, detoxification, and disease resistance. The molecular basis for ‘Jonsok’-enhanced cold tolerance can be explained by the constitutive level of a number of proteins that provide a physiological stress-tolerant poise.
Environmental and lunar cues are predictive of the timing of river entry and spawning‐site arrival in lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens
Authors: Forsythe P. S. , Scribner K. T. , Crossman J. A. , Ragavendran A. , Baker E. A. , Davis C. , Smith K. K.
Published: June 2012

The associations were quantified between daily and interannual variation in the timing of a closed population of lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens migration and arrival at spawning sites with stream environmental and lunar covariates. Spawning data were gathered from 1262 fish in Black Lake, Michigan 2001 to 2008 and by video monitoring 2000 to 2002. Sex‐specific variation in responses to external cues was also tested. Results showed that a greater number of individuals initiated migration from lake to riverine habitats at dawn and dusk relative to other times of the day. Current and lagged effects of water temperature and river discharge, and periods in the lunar cycle were important variables in models quantifying movements into the river and timing of adult arrival at spawning sites. Different suites of covariates were predictive of A. fulverscens responses during different periods of the spawning season. The timing of initiation of migration and spawning, and the importance of covariates to the timing of these events, did not differ between sexes. Stream flow and temperature covaried with other variables including day length and the lunar cycle. Anthropogenic disruption of relationships among variables may mean that environmental cues may no longer reliably convey information for Acipenseriformes and other migratory fishes.
Yeast transformation mediated by Agrobacterium strains harboring an Ri plasmid: comparative study between GALLS of an Ri plasmid and virE of a Ti plasmid
Authors: Kiyokawa Kazuya , Yamamoto Shinji , Sato Yukari , Momota Naoto , Tanaka Katsuyuki , Moriguchi Kazuki , Suzuki Katsunori
Published: June 2012

Agrobacterium strains containing a Ti plasmid can transfer T‐DNA not only to plants but also to fungi, including the yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, no
Agrobacterium strain harboring an Ri plasmid has been evaluated in fungal transformation. Some Ri plasmids have
GALLS
, instead of virE1 and virE2. GALLS protein can functionally substitute in plant transformation for a structurally different protein VirE2. In this study, we compared the yeast transformation ability among Agrobacterium donors: a strain containing a Ti plasmid, strains harboring either an agropine‐type or a mikimopine‐type Ri plasmid, and a strain having a modified Ri plasmid supplemented with a Ti plasmid type virE
operon. Agrobacterium strains possessing
GALLS
transformed yeast cells far less efficiently than the strain containing virE operon. Production of GALLS in recipient yeast cells improved the yeast transformation mediated by an
Agrobacterium strain lacking neither
GALLS
nor virE operon. A reporter assay to detect mobilization of the proteins fused with Cre recombinase revealed that VirE2 protein is much more abundant in yeast cells than GALLS. Based on these results, we concluded that the low yeast transformability mediated by
Agrobacterium strains having the Ri plasmid is because of low amount of mobilized GALLS in yeast cells.
Polymorphisms of pro‐inflammatory cytokine genes and the risk for acute suppurative or chronic nonsuppurative apical periodontitis in a Colombian population
Authors: Amaya M. P. , Criado L. , Blanco B. , Gómez M. , Torres O. , Flórez L. , González C. I. , Flórez O.
Published: June 2012

Aim

To determine the association of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐8 and interleukin‐12B with the development of two clinical forms of apical periodontitis (AP): acute suppurative and chronic nonsuppurative.

Methodology

The study included 120 patients from Bucaramanga City, Colombia, 63 diagnosed with acute suppurative AP (ASAP) and 57 diagnosed with chronic nonsuppurative AP (CNAP). Genotyping for
IL1B
+3954 (rs1143634),
IL8
/
CXCL8
−251 (rs4073),
IL12B
+1188 (rs3212227) and
TNFA
−308 (rs1800629) was performed by the PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphisms method. The statistical analysis was performed using STATA 10.0 and PLINK V1.07 software.

Results

Significant differences in the distribution of
IL8
/
CXCL8
−251 A allele (P adjusted = 0.041; OR adjusted = 0.41, CI adjusted = 0.31–0.97) and
IL8
/
CXCL
−251 TT genotype (P adjusted = 0.04; OR adjusted = 2.24, CI adjusted = 1.04–4.84) were observed comparing patients diagnosed with ASAP and CNAP. No association was observed in genotype and allele distribution for other genetic polymorphisms analysed.

Conclusion

This study provides molecular epidemiological evidence that suggests in the present cohort that
IL8
/
CXCL8
−251 T allele, which is associated with higher production of IL8/CXCL8, is also associated with a higher risk of developing acute suppurative form of AP, whereas
IL8
/
CXCL8
−251 A allele, which is associated with lower production of IL8/CXCL8, is associated with chronic nonsuppurative form of AP. This suggests a pivotal role for IL‐8/CXCL8 in periapical disease because of its ability to induce chemotaxis and modulating the directed migration of neutrophils to the site of inflammation in response to microbial infection of pulp.
An observational study of hand hygiene compliance in paediatric wards
Authors: Randle Jacqueline , Firth Joseph , Vaughan Natalie
Published: June 2012

Aims and objectives.  To measure healthcare workers’, children’s and visitors’ hand hygiene compliance in a paediatric oncology ward and a paediatric respiratory ward in an English hospital.

Background.  Children are especially vulnerable to healthcare‐associated infections, yet few studies have reported on hand hygiene compliance in paediatric clinical areas.

Design.  This was an observational study.

Method.  We measured hand hygiene compliance over an eight‐hour period in two hospital wards using the ‘five moments of hand hygiene’ observation tool. We monitored a total of 407 hand hygiene opportunities.

Results.  Overall opportunities for compliance were 74% for healthcare workers (n = 315) and children and visitors 23% (n = 92). Compliance was 84% for allied health professionals, 81% for doctors, 75% for nurses and 73% for ancillary and other staff. Hand hygiene compliance varied depending on which of the five moments of hygiene healthcare workers were undertaking (p < 0·001), with compliance before child contact 90% (140/155); after child contact 78% (89/114); after body fluid exposure 75% (3/4); and after surroundings contact 36% (15/42). For healthcare workers and visitors, there was no evidence of an association between time of day and their hand hygiene compliance, and for visitors to the oncology ward, hand hygiene compliance was higher (p < 0·05).

Conclusion.  Owing to the nature of the clinical environments, we are unable to draw conclusions about children’s hand hygiene compliance; however, visitors’ compliance was low. Among healthcare workers, levels of compliance were higher compared with previous reported estimates.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Visitors had the lowest level of compliance yet owing to the nature of the clinical environments, nearly a quarter of care is delivered by them rather than healthcare workers, and so, this offers opportunities for specific future interventions aimed at families and carers.
A survey of specialized traumatic stress services in the United Kingdom
Authors: MURPHY D. , ARCHARD P. J. , REGEL S. , JOSEPH S.
Published: June 2012

Accessible summary

At some point in their life, most people experience an event which can be deemed traumatic. Following this experience however, only a minority develop severe and chronic psychological difficulties such as post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). For this minority, traumatic experience can have highly adverse consequences including a debilitating impact on individual psychosocial functioning, often with additional repercussions for the wider community.

Specialist care following psychological trauma in the United Kingdom is governed by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) Guidance for the treatment of PTSD whose recommended therapeutic treatment constitutes, in the first instance, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy alongside techniques of eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing, that focus on the traumatic event itself.

This survey study assessed the range and scope of specialist therapeutic traumatic stress services in the United Kingdom. 13 services in total were surveyed. Ten of the surveyed services were from within the National Health Service and three were non‐statutory organizations.

The survey found that, in line with NICE guidance, the recommended therapeutic treatment of trauma‐focussed cognitive behavioural therapy was the most common treatment, but that other therapeutic approaches, such as person‐centred therapy, were also widely employed illustrating some divergence from NICE guidance and, arguably, evidence of professionals within specialised settings tailoring therapeutic practices to the perceived needs of individual clients.

Specialist care following psychological trauma in the UK has, since 2005, been governed by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) Guideline 26, for the treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder. NICE guidance states that the preferred first‐line treatment is trauma‐focused cognitive behavioural therapy that incorporates techniques of eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing. In light of this guidance, the rationale for this survey was to assess the nature and scope of services available in UK specialist trauma services and range of available therapeutic approaches delivered. Thirteen organizations responded to the survey. Ten were NHS services and three were non‐statutory organizations. Professional positions were primarily populated by psychologists. The total number of referrals to UK specialist trauma services surveyed in the 12 months prior to the survey was 2041 with a mean of 157. Trauma‐focused cognitive behavioural therapy was the most common therapeutic treatment, but person‐centred therapy was found to have increased in availability within specialist trauma services. This arguably reflects the widening availability of person‐centred therapy in the improving access to psychological therapies initiative and perhaps suggests some divergence from more uniform cognitive and behavioural approaches within NHS therapy services. Implications for practice are discussed.
Changes in intern attitudes toward medical error and disclosure
Authors: Varjavand Nielufar , Bachegowda Lohith S , Gracely Edward , Novack Dennis H
Published: June 2012

Medical Education 2012: 46:668–677

Context  The 2000 Institute of Medicine report, ‘To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System’, focused the medical community on medical error. This focus led to educational initiatives and legislation designed to minimise errors and increase their disclosure.

Objectives  This study aimed to investigate whether increased general awareness about medical error has affected interns’ attitudes toward medical error and disclosure by comparing responses to surveys of interns carried out at either end of the last decade.

Methods  Two cohorts of interns for the academic years 1999, 2000 and 2001 (n = 304) and 2008 and 2009 (n = 206) at a university hospital were presented with two hypothetical scenarios involving errors that resulted in, respectively, no permanent harm and an adverse outcome. The interns were questioned regarding their likely responses to error and disclosure.

Results  We collected 510 surveys (100% response rate). For both scenarios, the percentage of interns who would be willing to fully disclose their mistakes increased substantially from 1999–2001 to 2008–2009 (‘no permanent harm’: 38% and 71%, respectively [p < 0.001]; ‘adverse outcome’: 29% and 55%, respectively [p < 0.001]). About two thirds of fully disclosing interns in both scenarios believed ‘the patient’s right to full information’ to be the primary reason for their disclosure. Fear of litigation in response to error disclosure decreased (70% and 52%, respectively), the percentage of interns who felt that ‘medical mistakes are preventable if doctors know enough’ decreased (49% and 31%, respectively), belief that competent doctors keep emotions and uncertainties to themselves decreased (51% and 14%, respectively), and agreement with leaving medicine if one (as an intern) caused harm or death decreased (50% and 3%, respectively). Prior training about medical mistakes increased more than four‐fold between the cohorts.

Conclusions  This comparison of intern responses to a survey administered at either end of the last decade reveals that there may have been some important changes in interns’ intended disclosure practices and attitudes toward medical error.
Relationship between clinical experiences and internal medicine clerkship performance
Authors: Dong Ting , Artino Anthony R , Durning Steven J , Denton Gerald D
Published: June 2012

Medical Education 2012: 46:689–697

Objectives  This study was conducted to assess the associations between several clerkship process measures and students’ clinical and examination performance in an internal medicine clerkship.

Methods  We collected data from the internal medicine clerkship at one institution over a 3‐year period (classes of 2010–2012; n = 507) and conducted correlation and multiple regression analyses. We examined the associations between clerkship process measures (student‐reported number of patients evaluated, percentage of core problems encountered, total number of core problems encountered, total number of clinics attended) and four clerkship outcomes (clinical points [a weighted summation of a student’s clinical grade recommendations], ambulatory clinical points [the out‐patient portion of clinical points], examination points [a weighted summation of scores on three clerkship examinations], and National Board of Medical Examiners examination score).

Results  After controlling for pre‐clerkship ability and gender, percentage of core problems was significantly associated with ambulatory clinical points (b = 3.84, total model R2 = 0.14). Further, number of patients evaluated was significantly associated with clinical points (b = 0.19, total model R2 = 0.22), but only for students who undertook first‐quarter clerkships, who reported higher numbers of patients.

Conclusions  Notwithstanding a few positive (but small) associations, the results from this study suggest that clinical exposure is, at best, weakly associated with internal medicine clerkship performance.
Effect of high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin on anti‐HLA antibodies in sensitized kidney transplant candidates
Authors: Nair Vinay , Sawinski Deirdre , Akalin Enver , Friedlander Rex , Ebcioglu Zeynep , Sehgal Vinita , Dinavahi Rajani , Khaim Rafael , Ames Scott , Lerner Susan , Murphy Barbara , Bromberg Jonathan S. , Heeger Peter S. , Schröppel Bernd
Published: June 2012

Limited data exist on the effect of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) on anti‐HLA antibodies as determined by solid‐phase assays. We reviewed our experience treating sensitized wait‐listed kidney transplant recipients with IVIg as a method for desensitization and report our results utilizing Luminex single antigen (LSA) bead assay to quantify antibody reactivity (MFI). Fifteen patients with a cPRA > 40% received 2 g/kg IVIg per month for four months or until transplanted. LSA testing was performed before and after IVIg. Median MFI for anti‐class I antibodies fell in 11 (73%) and increased in 4 (27%) patients after IVIg. Similar significant changes in MFI for anti‐class II antibodies were observed in 10 patients (66%). Administration of IVIg was associated with a modest decrease in reactivity to both class I and II HLA antigens (median MFI change 493 and 1110, respectively; p < 0.0001) but did not significantly alter mean cPRA (85% before IVIg vs. 80% after IVIg; p = 0.1). Our data suggest a smaller effect of IVIg on HLA antibody reactivity than previously described, leading us to question how best to measure the efficacy of a desensitization protocol in current practice.
Liver transplant center risk tolerance
Authors: Johnson Scott R. , Karp Seth J. , Curry Michael P. , Barugel Martin , Rodrigue James R. , Mandelbrot Didier A. , Rogers Christin P. , Hanto Douglas W.
Published: June 2012

Recent changes in Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) condition for participation, using benchmark volume/outcomes requirements for certification, have been implemented. Consequently, the ability of a transplant center to assess its risk tolerance is important in successful management. An analysis of SRTR data was performed to determine donor/recipient risk factors for graft loss or patient death in the first year. Each transplant performed was then assigned a prospective relative risk (RR) of failure. Using a Monte‐Carlo simulation, transplants were selected at random that met the centers’ acceptable risk tolerance. Transplant center volume was fixed and its risk tolerance was adjusted to determine the impact on outcomes. The model was run 1000 times on centers with varying volume. The modeling demonstrates that centers with smaller annual volumes must use a more risk taking strategy than larger volume centers to avoid being flagged for CMS volume requirements. The modeling also demonstrates optimal risk taking strategies for centers based upon volume to minimize the probability of being flagged for not meeting volume or outcomes benchmarks. Small volume centers must perform higher risk transplants to meet current CMS requirements and are at risk for adverse action secondary to chance alone.
Innate Adjustment of Visitation Behavior to Rewarding and Reward‐Minimized Petunia axillaris (Solanacea) Plants by Hawkmoth Manduca sexta (Sphingidae)
Authors: Brandenburg Anna , Kuhlemeier Cris , Bshary Redouan
Published: June 2012

Plant–pollinator interactions offer an excellent system to study the stability of mutualistic interactions. While nectar production requires resources and a reduction could in principle benefit plant fitness, only few angiosperms lack nectar, and thus cheat from a pollinator's perspective. Cheating behavior may be scarce because of pollinator foraging behaviors that select for nectariferous plants. Shorter inspection duration, interaction with fewer flowers, or even complete avoidance of plants with low/no nectar may reduce the fitness of cheating plants. The effectiveness of pollinator strategies may depend on how they are implemented. Innate strategies would invariably decrease the fitness of a cheating plant, while learned responses allow cheaters to exploit naïve pollinators. Here, we studied the foraging strategies of the hawkmoth
Manduca sexta during interactions with nectariferous and reward‐minimized
Petunia axillaris. We found that neither naïve nor experienced hawkmoths discriminated a priori between rewarding and nectar‐less plants. However, naïve hawkmoths displayed reduced probing time per flower and number of flowers visited on reward‐minimized plants during the first trial, without showing further improved discrimination with experience. In conclusion, the foraging decision rules of hawkmoths that may reduce the fitness of reward‐minimized plants appear to be innate, with little scope for additional learning.
Parotid fistula complicating postauricular basal cell carcinoma excision
Authors: Gramp Dallas , Casey Genevieve , Kim Young Jin
Published: June 2012

Parotid fistulas after cutaneous surgery are a rare occurrence. To our knowledge there have been no cases reported of a parotid fistula occurring in the postauricular region. We present a case complicating a postauricular basal cell carcinoma excision and further discuss this rare but important complication of cutaneous facial surgery.
Food allergy testing in infantile eczema: A clinical approach and algorithm
Authors: Newland Kate , Warren Lachlan , Gold Michael
Published: June 2012

The complex relationship between food allergy and infantile eczema has prompted divergent approaches to investigating potential food triggers in eczematous patients. It is well recognised that a significant proportion of infants with eczema have immunoglobulin E‐mediated food allergy, reported to range between 20–80%. Determining whether certain foods trigger an eczematous flare in individual infants with eczema is difficult. For all infants with eczema, good skin care is the mainstay of treatment but identifying and avoiding triggers (both allergic and non‐allergic) is important in some infants. Given this, we have a developed an algorithm that can be used by dermatologists in the investigation and management of food allergies in infantile eczema. Issues such as patient selection, investigation and elimination diets are addressed, with reference to relevant evidence in the literature. Our aim is to provide dermatologists with a framework to manage food allergies in infantile eczema, allowing the problem to be addressed with confidence.
Libéralisation financière, développement financier et croissance économique: Nouvelle évidence empirique
Authors: El Moustapha Ould Sidi Mohamed
Published: June 2012

Résumé:  La relation entre le développement financier et la croissance économique a suscité beaucoup d’attention ces dernières années dans la littérature économique. Dans ce papier, nous avons présenté, en premier lieu, l’effet du développement bancaire sur la croissance économique à travers une validation empirique en données de panel d’un modèle à effets aléatoires de 52 pays de 1980 à 2005, et en second lieu, nous avons essayé d’explorer les liens qui peuvent exister entre le développement financier au sens large (bancaire et boursier) et la croissance économique à travers une analyse en coupe transversale pour 42 pays durant la période 1988–2002. Les principaux résultats retenus de ce travail montrent que le niveau du développement financier au sens large peut être un facteur important pour la croissance économique. Toutefois, force est de signaler que cette contribution est conditionnée par la réunion de certaines conditions.
‘MEIN WAHRER ARBEITSPLATZ’:THE ROLE OF THERESIENSTADT IN W. G. SEBALD'S AUSTERLITZ
Authors: Modlinger Martin
Published: June 2012

The former ghetto of Theresienstadt plays a central role in W. G. Sebald's Austerlitz. Examining this place where Austerlitz's ‘wahrer Arbeitsplatz’ should have been will not only offer insights into Sebald's interest in the relationship of personal and cultural memory, the search for remnants of history, the role of the archive in the construction of identity, or the relationship of photography and film to history and historical understanding, but also help situate Theresienstadt itself and its history in contemporary German literature. Based on Sebald's notes to his manuscript held at the Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach, this contribution examines Sebald's position on the historiography of suffering in general and what is left of Theresienstadt in particular. It sees Theresienstadt emerge as a fortress of memory, offering a connection to the past and thereby becoming the very centre of Austerlitz's memory work, yet remaining ultimately inaccessible and dividing Holocaust history from Holocaust literature.

Das ehemalige Ghetto Theresienstadt spielt eine zentrale Rolle in W. G. Sebalds Austerlitz– es sei, so Austerlitz, sein ‘wahrer Arbeitsplatz’. Eine Untersuchung der Bedeutung Theresienstadts für Sebalds Werk soll daher nicht nur Einsichten in Fragen des individuellen und kulturellen Gedächtnisses, der Rolle des Archivs in der Konstruktion von Identität, oder des Verhältnisses von Photographie und Film zu Geschichte und Geschichtsverständnis gewähren, sondern auch eine Situierung Theresienstadts selbst und seiner Geschichte in der deutschen Gegenwartsliteratur ermöglichen. Basierend auf Sebalds Originalmanuskript im Deutschen Literaturarchiv Marbach und den zugehörigen Notizen und Entwürfen beleuchtet dieser Beitrag Sebalds Position zur Historiographie des Leids im Allgemeinen und derjenigen Theresienstadts im Besonderen. Theresienstadt erweist sich so als eine Gedächtnisfestung, die zwar eine Verbindung zur Vergangenheit ermöglicht und somit zum Zentrum der Gedächtnis‐ und Erinnerungsarbeit Austerlitzens wird, gleichzeitig aber letztendlich verschlossen bleibt und so die Geschichte des Holocaust von der Holocaustliteratur scheidet.
Why can't we all just get along? Interspecific aggression in resident and non‐residentPodarcis melisellensislizards
Authors: Lailvaux S. P. , Huyghe K. , Van Damme R.
Published: June 2012

Interspecific aggression is thought to be driven by competition over either shared resources or mates, with the latter facilitated by mistaken or poor species recognition. However, such aggression may potentially also be modulated by other factors, including residency in territorial species. We tested the relative strengths of intra‐ and interspecific aggression in the lacertid lizardPodarcis melisellensisby introducing males to both the territories of conspecific males and the territories of a sympatric lacertid,Dalmatolacerta oxycephala. We also conducted reciprocal introductions to test the effect of residency on interspecific aggression inP. melisellensis. Our results show thatP. melisellensisexhibit significantly more aggression towardsD. oxycephalathan towards conspecifics, even though these two species do not closely resemble one another and do not exhibit extensive overlap in diet preferences. We also found an overall effect of residency on behavioural measures of aggression, as well as a clear increase in interspecific aggression towardsD. oxycephalain resident relative to non‐residentP. melisellensis. These results show that interspecific aggression between sympatric species can exist in the absence of breeding competition and with little resource overlap.
Celiac Disease in Elderly Adults: Clinical, Serological, and Histological Characteristics and the Effect of a Gluten‐Free Diet
Authors: Casella Silvia , Zanini Barbara , Lanzarotto Francesco , Villanacci Vincenzo , Ricci Chiara , Lanzini Alberto
Published: June 2012

Objectives

To compare celiac disease (CD) in older and younger adults and to assess the effects of a gluten‐free diet (GFD).

Design

Retrospective retrieval of information prospectively entered into a structured database.

Setting

CD clinic, University and Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.

Participants

Two cohorts were identified (older, Group A, n = 59, >65; younger, Group B, n = 1,166, 18–64), and Group B was subgrouped (B1, n = 600, 18–34; B2, n = 440, 35–49; and B3, n = 26, 50–64).

Measurements

Clinical, serological, and histological characteristics of individuals with CD studied before and during a GFD.

Results

At presentation, weight loss (37% vs 21%,
P
 = .005) and dyspepsia (22% vs 12%,
P
 = .04) were more frequent in older than younger participants. Incidence at diagnosis of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) was much higher in older (5%) than younger participants (0.3%,
P
 = .003). Prevalence of osteoporosis was 67% in older and 14% in younger male participants and 70% in older and 9% in younger female participants (
P
 < .001). During treatment, adherence to a GFD was 90%, normal villous structure was reconstituted, and t‐transglutaminase antibodies were negative in 80% of older and younger participants. Lumbar‐sacral and femoral
T
scores increased significantly during a GFD in pooled results of 48 older and younger participants studied before and during GFD.

Conclusion

NHL is already present at CD diagnosis in most cases in individuals aged 50 and older, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis. Older and younger individuals are equally adherent and equally benefit from a GFD, indicating that older age is not a barrier to dietary treatment.
High Hydrostatic Pressure Processing of Cheese
Authors: Martínez‐Rodríguez Yamile , Acosta‐Muñiz Carlos , Olivas Guadalupe I. , Guerrero‐Beltrán José , Rodrigo‐Aliaga Dolores , Sepúlveda David R.
Published: June 2012

Abstract: High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is a cutting‐edge processing technology attracting research and industrial interest in the food sector due to its potential to produce microbiologically safe products, modify the functional properties of proteins and polysaccharides, and alter biochemical reactions without significantly affecting the nutritional and sensory properties of food. Currently, there are only a limited number of pressure‐treated cheese products available in the market. Nevertheless, results from numerous research studies on various cheese varieties seem promising, especially since HHP technology is today more cost‐effective than in the past. Considering the progress made in the application of HHP on cheese during the past 15 years, this paper reviews the direct application of HHP treatments to cheese and the effects it has on its microbiology and ripening process, as well as on quality parameters such as physicochemical, rheological, and sensory properties. Detailed information of published studies is presented with the aim of providing a clear picture of the use of this technology on cheese processing. Areas of research in need of more attention are also identified.
Primary Relationship Scripts Among Lower‐income, African American Young Adults
Authors: Eyre Stephen L. , Flythe Michelle , Hoffman Valerie , Fraser Ashley E.
Published: June 2012

Research on romantic relationships among lower income, African American young adults has mostly focused on problem behaviors, and has infrequently documented nonpathological relationship processes that are widely studied among middle‐class college students, their wealthier and largely European American counterparts [Journal of Black Studies 39 (2009) 570]. To identify nonpathological cultural concepts related to heterosexual romantic relationships, we interviewed 144 low to low‐mid income, African American young adults aged 19–22 from the San Francisco Bay Area, CA, metropolitan Chicago, IL, and Greater Birmingham, AL. We identified 12 gender‐shared scripts related to the romantic relationship in areas of (1) defining the relationship, (2) processes of joining, (3) maintaining balance, and (4) modulating conflict. Understanding romantic relationship scripts is important as successful romantic relationships are associated with improved mental and physical health among lower income individuals as compared with individuals without romantic partners [Social Science & Medicine 52 (2001) 1501].
Cooperative Pastoral Production: Reconceptualizing the Relationship between Pastoral Labor and Production
Authors: Næss Marius Warg
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT A review of the literature concerning nomadic pastoralism reveals a prevalent assumption of a positive effect of labor inputs on pastoral production. However, studies that have tried to quantify the relationship between household labor availability and production are characterized by contradictory results where one reason may be related to the fact that nomadic pastoralists cooperate by sharing and exchanging labor. As a consequence, previous quantitative research may have neglected an important level of social organization. The prevalence of cooperative labor investment among pastoralists may indicate the presence of scale‐dependent effects of pastoral labor on production. This article aims at developing a conceptual model illustrating this possibility, where the scale dependent effects of labor inputs are conceptualized as changes in the relationship between the costs and benefits of labor at different levels of social organization. [nomadic pastoralism, labor, cooperation, production, modeling]

SAMMENDRAG En gjennomgang av litteraturen om nomadisk pastoralisme, avslører en utbredt forestilling om positiv effekt av arbeidskraft på pastoral produksjon. Til tross for dette har studier søkt å kvantifisere forholdet mellom tilgjengelig arbeidskraft og produksjon, gitt motstridende resultater hvor en årsak kan være at nomadiske pastoralister gjennom samarbeid, deler og utveksler arbeidskraft. Med andre ord kan tidligere studier ha oversett et viktig nivå av sosial organisering. Utbredelsen av arbeidsinvestering gjennom samarbeid, synes å antyde tilstedeværelsen av skalaavhengige effekter av pastoral arbeidskraft på produksjon. Artikkelens mål er å utvikle en konseptuell modell som illustrerer denne muligheten, hvor de skalaavhengige effektene av arbeidskraft består av endringer i forholdet mellom kostnader og fordeler ved arbeidsinvestering på forskjellige nivåer av sosial organisering.
Crystal structure and functional mapping of human ASMT, the last enzyme of the melatonin synthesis pathway
Authors: Botros Hany Goubran , Legrand Pierre , Pagan Cecile , Bondet Vincent , Weber Patrick , Ben‐Abdallah Mariem , Lemière Nathalie , Huguet Guillaume , Bellalou Jacques , Maronde Erik , Beguin Pierre , Haouz Ahmed , Shepard William , Bourgeron Thomas
Published: June 2012

Abstract:  Melatonin is a synchronizer of many physiological processes. Abnormal melatonin signaling is associated with human disorders related to sleep, metabolism, and neurodevelopment. Here, we present the X‐ray crystal structure of human N‐acetyl serotonin methyltransferase (ASMT), the last enzyme of the melatonin biosynthesis pathway. The polypeptide chain of ASMT consists of a C‐terminal domain, which is typical of other SAM‐dependent O‐methyltransferases, and an N‐terminal domain, which intertwines several helices with another monomer to form the physiologically active dimer. Using radioenzymology, we analyzed 20 nonsynonymous variants identified through the 1000 genomes project and in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. We found that the majority of these mutations reduced or abolished ASMT activity including one relatively frequent polymorphism in the Han Chinese population (N17K, rs17149149). Overall, we estimate that the allelic frequency of ASMT deleterious mutations ranges from 0.66% in Europe to 2.97% in Asia. Mapping of the variants on to the 3‐dimensional structure clarifies why some are harmful and provides a structural basis for understanding melatonin deficiency in humans.
London 2012 and Sports Participation: The Myths of Legacy
Authors: Green Ken
Published: June 2012

Today's young people play far less sport than before. Or do they? The evidence, says Ken Green, shows quite the reverse. We have been promised “a deep and lasting legacy” from the Olympics. The evidence shows the Olympic sports model to be irrelevant to youth participation. Have we a misguided response to a fictitious illness?
A Century and a Half of Moral Statistics in the United Kingdom
Authors: Cook Robert , Wainer Howard
Published: June 2012

Do ignorance and crime go together? And does immorality accompany them?Robert Cook and Howard Wainer tell of a Victorian pioneer of maps that contain more than geography, and bring his advances up to date.
Are First-Borns More Likely to Attend Harvard?
Authors: Millner Antony , Calel Raphael
Published: June 2012

Between 75% and 80% of students at Harvard are first-borns. Do first-born children work harder academically, and so end up overrepresented at top universities? So claims noted philosopher Michael Sandel. But Antony Millner and Raphael Calel find a simple fault in the statistical reasoning and give a more plausible explanation.
Spermatogenic defects in F2 mice between normal mouse strains C3H and C57BL/6 without mutation
Authors: Gotoh Hideo , Aoyama Hiroaki
Published: June 2012

Genetic disorders are usually considered to be caused by harmful gene mutations, as well as by chromosomal aberrations, including small insertions, duplications and/or deletions. However, as infertile individuals often arise among the offspring of crosses between two fertile mouse strains, we postulate that a certain combination of ‘normal’ genes with neither gene mutations nor chromosomal aberrations can cause such serious phenotypic alterations as reproductive dysfunction. In this study, we show evidence that a combination of multiple normal genes from two different normal mouse strains manifests a wide range of male reproductive dysfunctions, from benign changes to complete infertility. These abnormal phenotypes are thought to have occurred by epistatic interactions of alleles.
Measurement and Analysis of Broadband UVB Solar Radiation in Spain
Authors: Martínez‐Lozano José A. , Utrillas María P. , Núnez José A. , Esteve Anna R. , Gómez‐Amo José L. , Estellés Victor , Pedrós Roberto
Published: June 2012

Measurements of broadband UVB irradiance (290–315 nm) at 14 locations in Spain for the period 2000–2009 have been used to generate instantaneous, hourly and daily values of irradiance (W m−2) and radiant exposure (kJ m−2). These measurements, and its statistical indices, have been analyzed. For the UVB irradiance, the values corresponding to July (maximum) and December (minimum) have been analyzed as representative of the year during the whole period for all locations. For the UVB radiant exposure, the temporal evolution of daily values has been evaluated for all locations to estimate an average yearly behavior. The accumulated radiant exposure for an average year has also been studied for each location. Finally, to determine possible trends in the evolution of the UVB levels, the linear regressions for the mean daily values for all locations have been determined.
The limits of learning: Policy evaluation and the Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation
Authors: Sharaput Markus
Published: June 2012

This article reviews recent efforts by the Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation (MRI) to measure and evaluate the success of its policies. It argues that these efforts have been inhibited by changes in the ministry's political context and the inherent complexity of the issues that innovation policies seek to address. The innovation strategy pursued by the ministry incorporates an element of mediated causality in its program logic, which complicates efforts to determine policy outcomes. When compounded by a changing normative context for judging success, this inherent complexity makes it very difficult to accurately determine and learn from the MRI's policy outcomes. The article concludes by suggesting a preliminary process of inquiry that might address some of these difficulties.