bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Um passeio flaneurístico nas ruas brasileiras com o chutador de tampinhas de João Antônio
Authors: Souza Luciéle Bernardi de
Published: December 2016

O homem moderno é caracterizado de inúmeras maneiras, mas poucas características lhe são tão intrínsecas quanto o flanar. Não há nada mais moderno do que esse singular caminhar entre as ruas das cidades, flanar de diferentes maneiras, conhecida atividade presente em algumas obras de Baudelaire. Poderia o flanar do homem europeu ser adaptado, flertar com o flanar carioca representado na arte de caminhar e chutar tampinhas no asfalto do personagem suburbano de João Antônio? O homem que faz o espaço, pois o significa, dota de sentido, o flâneur que não ouve Wagner, mas Noel Rosa, não leva guarda-chuva, mas chuta tampinhas, e faz desse chute sua arte de olhar o ordinário na cidade.
Itapuã: um sentimento e uma lembrança
Authors: Tanure Milena Guimarães Andrade
Published: December 2016

O presente artigo tem como objeto a produção literária de Carlos Ribeiro e desenvolve-se a fim de analisar como, a partir de representações do espaço urbano, o texto literário desse escritor baiano é capaz de engendrar a leitura de memórias subjetivas e coletivas. Analisa-se, assim, o bairro de Itapuã que se faz representar e é uma imagem que aparece reiteradamente nas produções literárias de Ribeiro, nas quais a cidade de Salvador se faz presente. As representações que se projetam nas narrativas recuperam as memórias de vivências naquele antigo espaço urbano e a própria história de formação e modificação do bairro. Desse modo, a análise aqui realizada objetiva pensar o bairro de Itapuã apresentado no texto de Ribeiro como uma escrita de memórias que resguarda o aspecto bucólico da paisagem de outra época, assim como as manifestações culturais, as práticas sociais, os moradores que se fizeram marcantes em seu domínio, bem como os processos de modernização que alteraram o antigo espaço edênico.
O meditador e o observador: os narradores de Rubem Braga e Fernando Sabino em duas crônicas
Authors: Balbi Henrique
Published: December 2016

Tomando como objeto uma crônica de Rubem Braga (“Quem sabe Deus está ouvindo”) e uma de Fernando Sabino (“Anjo brasileiro”), este artigo tece uma comparação entre a figura do narrador em cada texto. Percebe-se entre eles um posicionamento bastante distinto em relação à matéria narrada: enquanto o narrador de Braga, em primeira pessoa, demonstra certa proximidade, participando da ação e da reflexão construída no decorrer do texto, o narrador de Sabino, em terceira pessoa, toma distância para contar sua história. O artigo busca desenvolver essa comparação amparado nos conceitos de “mostrar” e “dizer”, conforme apresentados por David Lodge em A arte da ficção. Baseia-se também nos textos de Davi Arrigucci Jr. sobre Braga. A partir daí, sintetiza as diferenças em duas figuras: a do narrador-meditador, de Braga, e a do narrador-observador, de Sabino. Em seguida, rastreia em parte da bibliografia especializada na crônica essa centralidade da figura do narrador (conceituada por Norman Friedman), novamente se baseando em texto de Arrigucci Jr., a fim de apontar as duas figuras como parte de um conjunto de estratégias criativas possíveis para a crônica.
Infraestrutura de dupla-face: entrevista com Sophia Beal
Authors: Almeida Aline Novais de , Caldas Juliana , Higa Larissa Satico Ribeiro
Published: December 2016

Estados Unidos, Minneapolis, março de 2016, em meio a turbulentas manifestações que se multiplicavam pelo Brasil evidenciando as contradições do sistema político nacional, nos encontramos com a professora Sophia Beal em seu gabinete na Universidade de Minnesota. Um mural com recortes de mapas do Brasil, cartazes da Copa do Mundo de 2014, fotografias de obras de artistas brasileiros, como Diálogo: óculos, de Lygia Clark, e um evento sobre Camargo Guarnieri nos introduzem nesta conversa em que o olhar do “outro”, estrangeiro, revela outras nuances sobre “nós mesmos”.
BEAL, Sophia. Brazil Under Construction – Fiction and Public Works. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
Authors: Higa Larissa Satico Ribeiro
Published: December 2016

O livro Brazil Under Construction – Fiction and Public Works (2013), de Sophia Beal (professora associada do Department of Spanish and Portuguese Studies, da Universidade de Minnesota), propõe importante reflexão sobre a relação entre a cultura brasileira elaborada ao longo do século XX e as obras públicas estatais, às quais a narrativa oficial atribuiu ideais de modernização, coesão identitária e progresso. O trabalho situa-se no campo de estudos culturais e abrange análises de textos literários, canções, peças teatrais, charges e filmes. A pesquisa é interdisciplinar – envolvendo, por exemplo, geografia, arquitetura, história e política – e inovadora, por trazer ao âmbito da crítica literária o debate sobre infraestrutura e proporcionar diferente chave de leitura para os textos apresentados.
Wnt Signaling Pathway Inhibitor Sclerostin Inhibits Angiotensin II–Induced Aortic Aneurysm and Atherosclerosis
Authors: Krishna Smriti Murali , Seto Sai-Wang , Jose Roby J. , Li Jiaze , Morton Susan K. , Biros Erik , Wang Yutang , Nsengiyumva Vianne , Lindeman Jan H.N. , Loots Gabriela G. , Rush Catherine M. , Craig Jeffrey M. , Golledge Jonathan
Published: December 2016

Objective—

Sclerostin (SOST) has been identified as an important regulator of bone formation; however, it has not been previously implicated in arterial disease. The aim of this study was to assess the role of SOST in aortic aneurysm (AA) and atherosclerosis using human samples, a mouse model, and in vitro investigations.

Approach and Results—

SOST protein was downregulated in human and mouse AA samples compared with controls. Transgenic introduction of human SOST in apolipoprotein E–deficient (
ApoE
−/−
) mice (
SOST

Tg

.
ApoE
−/−
) and administration of recombinant mouse Sost inhibited angiotensin II–induced AA and atherosclerosis. Serum concentrations of several proinflammatory cytokines were significantly reduced in
SOST

Tg

.
ApoE
−/−
mice. Compared with controls, the aortas of mice receiving recombinant mouse Sost and
SOST

Tg

.
ApoE
−/−
mice showed reduced matrix degradation, reduced elastin breaks, and preserved collagen. Decreased inflammatory cell infiltration and a reduction in the expression of wingless-type mouse mammary virus integration site/β-catenin responsive genes, including matrix metalloproteinase-9, osteoprotegerin, and osteopontin, were observed in the aortas of
SOST

Tg

.
ApoE
−/−
mice. SOST expression was downregulated and the wingless-type mouse mammary virus integration site/β-catenin pathway was activated in human AA samples. The cytosine–phosphate–guanine islands in the SOST gene promoter showed significantly higher methylation in human AA samples compared with controls. Incubation of vascular smooth muscle cells with the demethylating agent 5-azacytidine resulted in upregulation of SOST, suggesting that SOST is epigenetically regulated.

Conclusions—

This study identifies that SOST is expressed in the aorta and downregulated in human AA possibly because of epigenetic silencing. Upregulating SOST inhibits AA and atherosclerosis development, with potential important implications for treating these vascular diseases.
Ischemic Preconditioning Confers Epigenetic Repression of
Mtor
and Induction of Autophagy Through G9a‐Dependent H3K9 Dimethylation
Authors: Gidlöf Olof , Johnstone Andrea L. , Bader Kerstin , Khomtchouk Bohdan B. , O'Reilly Jiaqi J. , Celik Selvi , Van Booven Derek J. , Wahlestedt Claes , Metzler Bernhard , Erlinge David
Published: December 2016

Background

Ischemic preconditioning (
IPC
) protects the heart from prolonged ischemic insult and reperfusion injury through a poorly understood mechanism. Post‐translational modifications of histone residues can confer rapid and drastic switches in gene expression in response to various stimuli, including ischemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of histone methylation in the response to cardiac ischemic preconditioning.

Methods and Results

We used cardiac biopsies from mice subjected to
IPC
to quantify global levels of 3 of the most well‐studied histone methylation marks (H3K9me2, H3K27me3, and H3K4me3) with Western blot and found that H3K9me2 levels were significantly increased in the area at risk compared to remote myocardium. In order to assess which genes were affected by the increase in H3K9me2 levels, we performed Ch
IP
‐Seq and transcriptome profiling using microarray. Two hundred thirty‐seven genes were both transcriptionally repressed and enriched in H3K9me2 in the area at risk of
IPC
mice. Of these,
Mtor
(Mechanistic target of rapamycin) was chosen for mechanistic studies. Knockdown of the major H3K9 methyltransferase G9a resulted in a significant decrease in H3K9me2 levels across
Mtor
, increased
Mtor
expression, as well as decreased autophagic activity in response to rapamycin and serum starvation.

Conclusions

IPC
confers an increase of H3K9me2 levels throughout the
Mtor
gene—a master regulator of cellular metabolism and a key player in the cardioprotective effect of
IPC
—leading to transcriptional repression via the methyltransferase G9a. The results of this study indicate that G9a has an important role in regulating cardiac autophagy and the cardioprotective effect of
IPC
.
Loss of Caspase‐Activated DNase Protects Against Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice
Authors: Chao Meng‐Lin , Guo Junhong , Cheng Wen‐Lin , Zhu Xue‐Yong , She Zhi‐Gang , Huang Zan , Ji Yong , Li Hongliang
Published: December 2016

Background

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease that is closely related to inflammation and macrophage apoptosis, which leads to secondary necrosis and proinflammatory responses in advanced lesions. Caspase‐activated
DN
ase (
CAD
) is a double‐strand specific endonuclease that leads to the subsequent degradation of chromosome
DNA
during apoptosis. However, whether
CAD
is involved in the progression of atherosclerosis remains elusive.

Methods and Results

CAD
−/−
ApoE
−/−
and ApoE
−/−
littermates were fed a high‐fat diet for 28 weeks to develop atherosclerosis. Human specimens were collected from coronary heart disease (
CHD
) patients who were not suitable for transplantation.
CAD
expression was increased in the atheromatous lesions of
CHD
patients and high‐fat diet‐treated ApoE‐deficient mice. Further investigation demonstrated that
CAD
deficiency inhibited high‐fat diet‐induced atherosclerosis, as evidenced by decreased atherosclerotic plaques, inhibited inflammatory response, and macrophage apoptosis, as well as enhanced stability of plaques in
CAD
−/−
ApoE
−/−
mice compared to the ApoE
−/−
controls. Bone marrow transplantation verified the effect of
CAD
on atherosclerosis from macrophages. Mechanically, the decrease in the phosphorylated levels of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1 and 2 (
MEK
‐
ERK
1/2) that resulted from
CAD
knockout and the activation of nuclear factor kappa B signaling mediated by
CAD
stimulation that was suppressed by inhibiting
ERK
1/2 phosphorylation revealed the potential association between the role of
CAD
in atherosclerosis and the
MAPK
signaling pathway.

Conclusions

In conclusion,
CAD
deficiency protects against atherosclerosis through inhibiting inflammation and macrophage apoptosis, which is partially through inactivation of the
MEK
‐
ERK
1/2 signaling pathway. This finding provides a promising therapeutic target for treating atherosclerosis.
Predictors and Long‐Term Clinical Impact of Acute Stent Malapposition: An Assessment of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy With Drug‐Eluting Stents (ADAPT‐DES) Intravascular Ultrasound Substudy
Authors: Wang Bin , Mintz Gary S. , Witzenbichler Bernhard , Souza Cristiano F. , Metzger D. Christopher , Rinaldi Michael J. , Duffy Peter L. , Weisz Giora , Stuckey Thomas D. , Brodie Bruce R. , Matsumura Mitsuaki , Yamamoto Myong‐Hwa , Parvataneni Rupa , Kirtane Ajay J. , Stone Gregg W. , Maehara Akiko
Published: December 2016

Background

The impact of acute stent malapposition (
ASM
) on long‐term clinical outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention is still controversial. We sought to evaluate predictors and long‐term clinical outcomes of
ASM
.

Methods and Results

ADAPT
‐
DES
(Assessment of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy With Drug‐Eluting Stents) was a prospective multicenter study of 8663 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention using drug‐eluting stents. In a prespecified intravascular ultrasound–guided substudy, 2072 patients with 2446 culprit lesions had post–percutaneous coronary intervention intravascular ultrasound and were classified according to the presence or absence of
ASM
. After intravascular ultrasound–guided percutaneous coronary intervention, the overall prevalence of
ASM
after successful drug‐eluting stents implantation was 14.4% per patient and 12.6% per lesion. Compared to lesions without
ASM
, lesions with
ASM
had larger in‐stent lumen areas, larger stent areas, and larger in‐stent vessel areas. A larger mean plaque area along with more attenuated plaque was observed in lesions with
ASM
versus lesions without
ASM
. Lesions with
ASM
had greater proximal and distal reference lumen areas and more distal, but not proximal, reference calcium compared to lesions without
ASM
. At 2‐year follow‐up, there was no significant difference in the incidence of cardiac death; myocardial infarction; early, late, or very late stent thrombosis; or clinically driven target lesion revascularization in patients with
ASM
versus those without
ASM
. Furthermore,
ASM
was not an independent predictor of 2‐year major adverse cardiac events or target lesion revascularization even when forced into the multivariate model.

Conclusions

In patients treated with intravascular ultrasound–guided drug‐eluting stents implantation,
ASM
was not associated with adverse clinical events during long‐term follow‐up including, but not limited to, stent thrombosis.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
00638794.
Optical Coherence Tomography to Evaluate Plaque Burden and Morphology in Patients With Takotsubo Syndrome
Authors: Eitel Ingo , Stiermaier Thomas , Graf Tobias , Möller Christian , Rommel Karl‐Philipp , Eitel Charlotte , Schuler Gerhard , Thiele Holger , Desch Steffen
Published: December 2016

Background

Disrupted atherosclerotic plaques in the left anterior descending coronary artery are discussed controversially as a potential pathophysiological mechanism in Takotsubo syndrome (
TTS
). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess plaque burden and morphology by using optical coherence tomography in patients with
TTS
.

Methods and Results

A total of 23 consecutive
TTS
patients were included in this single‐center study and underwent optical coherence tomography imaging of the left main coronary artery and the left anterior descending coronary artery at acute presentation. All patients fulfilled the established diagnostic criteria for
TTS
and the diagnosis was confirmed with a multimodality imaging approach including cardiac magnetic resonance in 16 patients (69.6%). Atherosclerotic plaques located in the left anterior descending coronary artery or both the left anterior descending coronary artery and the left main coronary artery were detected in 16
TTS
patients (69.6%), with 6 patients exhibiting multiple plaque types. In addition to the predominant fibrocalcific (52.2%) and lipid‐rich plaques (30.4%), thin‐cap fibroatheromas were also found in 6 patients (26.1%). However, ruptured plaques or intracoronary thrombi were not observed. Vessel stenosis >50% was found in 3 patients (13.0%) by analyzing cross‐sectional areas. Clinical characteristics and cardiac magnetic resonance findings did not differ significantly between
TTS
patients with and without atherosclerotic plaques.

Conclusions

Using optical coherence tomography, the present study revealed a high prevalence of atherosclerotic plaques in patients with
TTS
, including a considerable number of highly vulnerable thin‐cap fibroatheromas. However, ruptured plaques or intracoronary thrombi were not observed and are therefore most likely not the underlying mechanism of
TTS
.
Invasive minimal Microvascular Resistance Is a New Index to Assess Microcirculatory Function Independent of Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: de Waard Guus A. , Nijjer Sukhjinder S. , van Lavieren Martijn A. , van der Hoeven Nina W. , Petraco Ricardo , van de Hoef Tim P. , Echavarría‐Pinto Mauro , Sen Sayan , van de Ven Peter M. , Knaapen Paul , Escaned Javier , Piek Jan J. , Davies Justin E. , van Royen Niels
Published: December 2016

Background

Coronary microcirculatory dysfunction portends a poor cardiovascular outcome. Invasive assessment of microcirculatory dysfunction by coronary flow reserve (
CFR
) and hyperemic microvascular resistance (
HMR
) is affected by coronary artery disease (
CAD
). In this study we propose minimal microvascular resistance (m
MR
) as a new measure of microcirculatory dysfunction and aim to determine whether m
MR
is influenced by CAD.

Methods and Results

We obtained 482 simultaneous measurements of intracoronary Doppler flow velocity and pressure. The m
MR
is defined as the ratio between distal coronary pressure and flow velocity during the hyperemic wave‐free period. Measurements were divided into 2 cohorts. Cohort 1 was a paired analysis involving 81 pairs with a vessel with and without
CAD
to investigate whether
HMR
,
CFR
, and m
MR
are modulated by
CAD
.
CFR
was lower, and
HMR
was higher, in vessels with
CAD
than in vessels without
CAD
: 2.12±0.79 versus 2.56±0.63 mm Hg·cm
−1
·s,
P
<0.001, and 2.61±1.22 versus 2.31±0.89 mm Hg·cm
−1
·s,
P
=0.04, respectively. m
MR
was equal in vessels with and without
CAD
: 1.54±0.77 versus 1.53±0.57 mm Hg·cm
−1
·s,
P
=0.90. Differences for
CFR
occurred when
FFR
was 0.60 to 0.80 or ≤0.60 but not when
FFR
≥0.80. For
HMR
, the difference occurred only when
FFR
≤0.60. For m
MR
, no difference was observed in any
FFR
stratum. Cohort 2 was used for validation and showed significant relationships for
CFR
and
HMR
with
FFR
: Pearson r=0.488,
P
<0.001 and −0.159,
P
=0.03, respectively; m
MR
had no association with
FFR
: Pearson r=0.055;
P
=0.32.

Conclusions

mMR
is a novel index to assess microcirculatory dysfunction and is not modified by the presence of obstructive
CAD
.
Early Coronary Reperfusion Facilitates Return of Spontaneous Circulation and Improves Cardiovascular Outcomes After Ischemic Cardiac Arrest and Extracorporeal Resuscitation in Pigs
Authors: Hutin Alice , Lamhaut Lionel , Lidouren Fanny , Kohlhauer Matthias , Mongardon Nicolas , Carli Pierre , Berdeaux Alain , Ghaleh Bijan , Tissier Renaud
Published: December 2016

Background

Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (
ECPR
) is widely proposed for the treatment of refractory cardiac arrest. It should be associated with coronary angiography if coronary artery disease is suspected. However, the prioritization of care remains unclear in this situation. Our goal was to determine whether coronary reperfusion should be instituted as soon as possible in such situations in a pig model.

Methods and Results

Anesthetized pigs were instrumented and submitted to coronary artery occlusion and ventricular fibrillation. After 5 minutes of untreated cardiac arrest, conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (
CPR
) was started. Fifteen minutes later,
ECPR
was initiated for a total duration of 240 minutes. Animals randomly underwent either early or late coronary reperfusion at 20 or 120 minutes of
ECPR
, respectively. This timing was adapted to the kinetic of infarct extension in pigs. Return of spontaneous circulation was determined as organized electrocardiogram rhythm with systolic arterial pressure above 80 mm Hg. During conventional
CPR
, hemodynamic parameters were not different between groups. Carotid blood flow then increased by 70% after the onset of
ECPR
in both groups. No animal (0 of 7) elicited return of spontaneous circulation after late reperfusion versus 4 of 7 after early reperfusion (
P
=0.025). The hemodynamic parameters, such as carotid blood flow, were also improved in early versus late reperfusion groups (113±20 vs 43±17 mL/min after 240 minutes of
ECPR
, respectively;
P
=0.030), along with infarct size decrease (71±4% vs 84±2% of the risk zone, respectively;
P
=0.013).

Conclusions

Early reperfusion improved hemodynamic status and facilitated return of spontaneous circulation in a porcine model of ischemic cardiac arrest treated by
ECPR
.
Impact of Retinal Vein Occlusion on Stroke Incidence: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Li Min , Hu Xiaolan , Huang Jiangtao , Tan Yuan , Yang Baoping , Tang Zhenyu
Published: December 2016

Background

Considerable controversy exists on the association between retinal vein occlusion (
RVO
) and stroke risk. Therefore, we conducted a meta‐analysis to assess the relationship between
RVO
and stroke risk.

Methods and Results

PubMed,
EMBASE
, and the Cochrane library databases were searched for cohort studies with data on
RVO
and stroke risk. Studies that reported adjusted relative risks (
RR
s) with 95%
CI
s of stroke associated with
RVO
were included. Stratified analyses were conducted according to key characteristics. A total of 5 articles including results from 6 prospective cohort studies with 431 cases of stroke and 37 471 participants were included in the meta‐analysis. Overall, after adjustment for established cardiovascular risk factors, participants with
RVO
at baseline were considerably more associated with a greater incidence of stroke risk (combined
RR
: 1.50, 95%
CI
: 1.19–1.90), compared to participants without
RVO
. The results were more pronounced for stroke (
RR
: 1.72, 95%
CI
: 1.24–2.37) in the stratified with a stroke history. The risk of stroke was nonsignificant in male subjects (
RR
: 1.20, 95%
CI
: 0.96–1.49) and in female subjects (
RR
: 0.93, 95%
CI
: 0.64–1.34). The presence of both central
RVO
(
RR
: 1.90, 95%
CI
: 1.46–2.48) and branch
RVO
(
RR
: 1.79, 95%
CI
: 1.18–2.72) was associated with increased risk of stroke. Stratifying by age, the associations between
RVO
and risk of stroke were similar between the age range in the cohorts that ranged from 50 to 59 years and 60 to 69 years.

Conclusions

Exposure to
RVO
was associated with an increased risk of stroke, especially in subjects aged between 50 and 69 years. Future studies on the effect of
RVO
treatment and modifiable risk factor reduction on stroke risk in
RVO
patients are warranted.
Revisiting the “Christmas Holiday Effect” in the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Knight Josh , Schilling Chris , Barnett Adrian , Jackson Rod , Clarke Phillip
Published: December 2016

Background

A “Christmas holiday effect” showing elevated cardiovascular mortality over the Christmas holidays (December 25 to January 7) was demonstrated previously in study from the United States. To separate the effect of seasonality from any holiday effect, a matching analysis was conducted for New Zealand, where the Christmas holiday period falls within the summer season.

Methods and Results

New Zealand mortality data for a 25‐year period (1988–2013) was analyzed based on the same methodology used in the previous study. Locally weighted smoothing was used to calculate an “expected” number of deaths for each day of the year. The expected value was compared with the actual number of deaths. In addition, mean age at death was estimated and used to assess the life‐years lost due to excess mortality. There were 738 409 deaths (197 109 coded as cardiac deaths) during the period. We found evidence of a Christmas holiday effect in our of medical facility's cardiac deaths, with an excess event rate of 4.2% (95%
CI
0.7–7.7%) leading to ≈4 additional deaths per annum. The average age of those with fatal cardiac deaths was 76.8 years (
SD
13.5) during the Christmas holiday period, resulting in 148 to 222 years of life lost per annum.

Conclusions

Cardiac mortality is elevated during the Christmas holiday period relative to surrounding time periods. Our findings are consistent with a previously reported study conducted in the
United States
, suggesting that cardiac mortality does not take a “summer break.”
Intracranial Carotid Artery Calcification Relates to Recanalization and Clinical Outcome After Mechanical Thrombectomy
Authors: Hernández-Pérez María , Bos Daniel , Dorado Laura , Pellikaan Karlijn , Vernooij Meike W. , López-Cancio Elena , Pérez de la Ossa Natalia , Gomis Meritxell , Castaño Carlos , Munuera Josep , Puig Josep , Millán Mònica , Dávalos Antoni
Published: December 2016

Background and Purpose—

Intracranial carotid artery calcification (ICAC) is a surrogate marker of intracranial arteriosclerosis, which may impact the revascularization and clinical outcome of acute stroke patients who undergo mechanical thrombectomy.

Methods—

We included 194 patients admitted to our Stroke Unit between January 2009 and September 2015 who underwent mechanical thrombectomy for an anterior circulation occlusion. ICAC was quantified in both intracranial carotid arteries on the nonenhanced computed tomographic scan that was acquired before thrombectomy. Complete arterial revascularization was defined as a Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction ≥2b on the final angiographic examination. Poor functional outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of >2 at 90 days. We assessed the independent effect of ICAC volume on complete arterial revascularization, functional outcome, and mortality using logistic regression models adjusted for relevant confounders.

Results—

ICAC was present in 164 (84.5%) patients, with a median volume of 87.1 mm
3
(25th–75th quartile: 18.9–254.6 mm
3
). We found that larger ICAC volumes were associated with incomplete arterial revascularization (adjusted odds ratio per unit increase in ln-transformed ICAC volume 0.73 [95% confidence interval, 0.57–0.93]) and with poorer functional outcome (adjusted odds ratio per unit increase in ln-transformed ICAC volume 1.31 [95% confidence interval, 1.04–1.66]).

Conclusions—

A larger amount of ICAC before mechanical thrombectomy in acute stroke patients is an indicator of worse postprocedural arterial revascularization and poorer functional outcome.
Review of the mirine plant bug genus Pachylygus (Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae), with description of a new species from Japan
Authors: Yasunaga Tomohide , Schwartz Michael D.
Published: December 2016

The little-known plant bug genus Pachylygus Yasunaga, 1994, now considered nearly endemic to Japan proper and to include five monophagous species, is reviewed, diagnosed, and discussed. A new species, P. luteonotatus, is described on the basis of specimens recently collected from Nikko, central Honshu. All known congeners are diagnosed and an identification key to them is included. A checklist, with known distributions, is also provided. The Asian genus Peltidolygus Poppius, 1915 is proposed as the most closely related sister taxon of Pachylygus.
Revision of the genus Cyphura. Part I: Introduction of the New Subgenus Xysterophora with Two New Species from New Guinea (Lepidoptera: Uraniidae: Uraniinae)
Authors: Sinnema Siep , Sinnema-Bloemen Jannie
Published: December 2016

A new subgenus, Xysterophora, is introduced for the albisecta species group of the genus Cyphura Warren, 1902 (Lepidoptera: Uraniidae). Two new species are described: Cyphura (Xysterophora) devosi and C.(X). femkeae. The subspecies Cyphura atramentaria extensa Rothschild, 1915 is raised to species level. New combinations are formed for the species albisecta Warren, 1907, atramentaria Warren, 1907, extensa Rothschild, 1915, semialba Warren, 1907, and urapteroides Joicey & Talbot, 1917. Lectotypes are designated for the species albisecta, atramentaria, semialba, and urapteroides. Xysterophora is restricted to New Guinea.
Religious Accommodation in the American Workplace
Authors: Kaminer Debbie
Published: December 2016

This article examines how the us Supreme Court’s decision in
eeoc v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc. represents a shift in the Court’s analysis in religious accommodation cases under §701(j) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. As a result of this decision lower courts are now likely to provide greater protection to employees requesting accommodation under §701(j) for two reasons. First, Abercrombie held that an employer can be liable for religious discrimination even if it does not have “actual knowledge” of an applicant’s or employee’s need for religious accommodation. Additionally, the Court also determined that religious accommodation claims can be raised as disparate treatment claims, and in doing so emphasized for the first time that §701(j) mandates more than formal equality. This is an important shift since previous federal decisions often relied on formal equality in limiting an employer’s accommodation obligation.
The Jealous God of Ancient Greece: Interpreting the Classical Greek Notion of Φθόνος Θεῶν between Renaissance Humanism and Altertumswissenschaft
Authors: Ellis Anthony
Published: December 2016

The description of god as phthoneros (‘envious’, ‘jealous’, ‘grudging’) in the works of Pindar, Aeschylus, and Herodotus has played an important role in the later understanding of archaic and classical Greek religion. This paper explores the genesis and development of several interpretations of the Greek concept of φθόνος θεῶν that have arisen since the Renaissance, and how these relate to wider debates on the relationship between Christianity and ‘paganism’, including the ‘jealous God’ of Scripture. I outline three principal approaches to the topic. First, a Platonizing or Christianizing interpretation whereby divine phthonos is god’s moral disapproval of human ‘hubris’, impiety, or arrogance and thus a form of ‘divine justice’; second, a ‘Paganizing’ interpretation, whereby divine phthonos is an immoral resentment of human success or simply a hostility towards humanity, and represents an essential difference between the ‘moral’ theology of Christianity and ‘amoral’ pagan theology; third, a ‘developmental’ explanation posited in the late Enlightenment (and later popularized in a different form by anthropologists and philologists) as part of a thesis for the religious development of mankind as a whole. In this third view, divine phthonos was initially an ‘amoral’ emotion, felt by the gods of ‘primitive’ religious systems, but the concept was ‘purified’ in the course of the Greeks’ theological development, so that divine phthonos became a ‘moral’ response to hybris. By exploring the intellectual climate which gave rise to each of these interpretations, I trace the origins of the tacit but total disagreement over the meaning of ‘divine phthonos’ in classical scholarship today, and encourage a return to the long-standing debates about a theme at the heart of Herodotus’s Histories and our understanding of Greek religion more generally.
Antiquarianism: A Reinterpretation
Authors: Jackson Williams Kelsey
Published: December 2016

Antiquarianism, the early modern study of the past, occupies a central role in modern studies of humanist and post-humanist scholarship. Its relationship to modern disciplines such as archaeology is widely acknowledged, and at least some antiquaries—such as John Aubrey, William Camden, and William Dugdale—are well-known to Anglophone historians. But what was antiquarianism and how can twenty-first century scholars begin to make sense of it? To answer these questions, the article begins with a survey of recent scholarship, outlining how our understanding of antiquarianism has developed since the ground-breaking work of Arnaldo Momigliano in the mid-twentieth century. It then explores the definition and scope of antiquarian practice through close attention to contemporaneous accounts and actors’ categories before turning to three case-studies of antiquaries in Denmark, Scotland, and England. By way of conclusion, it develops a series of propositions for reassessing our understanding of antiquarianism. It reaffirms antiquarianism’s central role in the learned culture of the early modern world and offers suggestions for avenues which might be taken in future research on the discipline.
A joint ERS/ATS policy statement: what constitutes an adverse health effect of air pollution? An analytical framework
Authors: Thurston George D. , Kipen Howard , Annesi-Maesano Isabella , Balmes John , Brook Robert D. , Cromar Kevin , De Matteis Sara , Forastiere Francesco , Forsberg Bertil , Frampton Mark W. , Grigg Jonathan , Heederik Dick , Kelly Frank J. , Kuenzli Nino , Laumbach Robert , Peters Annette , Rajagopalan Sanjay T. , Rich David , Ritz Beate , Samet Jonathan M. , Sandstrom Thomas , Sigsgaard Torben , Sunyer Jordi , Brunekreef Bert
Published: December 2016

The American Thoracic Society has previously published statements on what constitutes an adverse effect on health of air pollution in 1985 and 2000. We set out to update and broaden these past statements that focused primarily on effects on the respiratory system. Since then, many studies have documented effects of air pollution on other organ systems, such as on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. In addition, many new biomarkers of effects have been developed and applied in air pollution studies.

This current report seeks to integrate the latest science into a general framework for interpreting the adversity of the human health effects of air pollution. Rather than trying to provide a catalogue of what is and what is not an adverse effect of air pollution, we propose a set of considerations that can be applied in forming judgments of the adversity of not only currently documented, but also emerging and future effects of air pollution on human health. These considerations are illustrated by the inclusion of examples for different types of health effects of air pollution.
Comparison of the Dyspnoea-12 and Multidimensional Dyspnoea Profile in people with COPD
Authors: Williams Marie T. , John David , Frith Peter
Published: December 2016

We directly compared convergent, discriminant and concurrent validity of the Dyspnoea-12 (D-12) and Multidimensional Dyspnoea Profile (MDP) in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Breathlessness measures (D-12, MDP, visual analogue scales and descriptors) were completed for two focal periods (daily life and end of walk test). Instrument structure (D-12 and MDP item grouping) was assessed with factor analysis. Differences between airflow severity stage and focal periods (ANOVA, t-test and Chi-squared test), associations between D-12 and MDP (r, r2for static pulmonary function, 6-min walk test and self-reported measures of impairment) and individual consistency for comparable items of the D-12 and MDP (McNemar's test) were assessed.

In 84 participants (mean±sdage 70±9 years, 47 males, forced expiratory volume in 1 s 48±17% predicted), item groupings were confirmed for both focal periods. Developer-recommended single and subdomain scores were highly correlated, and demonstrated similar convergent, discriminant and concurrent validity. Individual consistency differed between the D-12 and MDP according to item/item groups.

At the level of developer-recommended single and subdomain scores, the D-12 and MDP share similar psychometric properties, but these instruments serve different purposes, do not assess the same sensations or emotions and are not interchangeable.
Measurement of tidal breathing flows in infants using impedance pneumography
Authors: Malmberg Leo Pekka , Seppä Ville-Pekka , Kotaniemi-Syrjänen Anne , Malmström Kristiina , Kajosaari Merja , Pelkonen Anna S. , Viik Jari , Mäkelä Mika J.
Published: December 2016

Tidal breathing flow volume (TBFV) profiles have been used to characterise altered lung function. Impedance pneumography (IP) is a novel option for assessing TBFV curves noninvasively. The aim of this study was to extend the application of IP for infants and to estimate the agreement between IP and direct pneumotachograph (PNT) measurements in assessing tidal airflow and flow-derived indices.

Tidal flow profiles were recorded for 1 min simultaneously with PNT and uncalibrated IP at baseline in 44 symptomatic infants, and after methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in a subgroup (n=20).

The agreement expressed as the mean deviation from linearity ranged between 3.9 and 4.3% of tidal peak inspiratory flow, but was associated with specific airway conductance (p=0.002) and maximal flow at functional residual capacity (V′maxFRC) (p=0.004) at baseline. Acute bronchoconstriction induced by methacholine did not significantly affect the agreement of IP with PNT. TBFV indices derived from IP were slightly underestimated compared to PNT, but were equally well repeatable and associated with baselineV′maxFRC(p=0.012 and p=0.013, respectively).

TBFV profiles were consistent between IP and PNT in most infants, but the agreement was affected by reduced lung function. TBFV parameters were not interchangeable between IP and PNT, but had a similar association with lung function in infants.
Predictors of mortality in chronic pulmonary aspergillosis
Authors: Lowes David , Al-Shair Khaled , Newton Pippa J. , Morris Julie , Harris Chris , Rautemaa-Richardson Riina , Denning David W.
Published: December 2016

Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is a chronic progressive infection that destroys lung tissue in non-immunocompromised patients. Contemporary series suggest 50–85% 5-year mortality, with few prognostic factors identified.

A cohort of 387 CPA patients referred to the UK's National Aspergillosis Centre from 1992 to June 2012 was studied until June 2015. The impact of objective and subjective variables including age, sex, previous pulmonary conditions, dyspnoea score, quality of life, serum albumin and C-reactive protein and radiological appearances were assessed using Kaplan–Meier curves, log rank tests and Cox proportional hazards modelling. In samples of patients, retrospective review of time from likely onset of CPA to referral and cause of death were also investigated.

Survival was 86%, 62% and 47% at 1, 5 and 10 years, respectively. Increased mortality was associated with nontuberculous mycobacterial infection (hazard ratio 2.07, 95% CI 1.22–3.52; p<0.001) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1.57, 1.05–2.36; p=0.029) as well as higher age (1.053, 1.03–1.07 per year; p<0.001), lower albumin (0.92, 0.87–0.96 per g·L−1), lower activity (1.021, 1.01–1.03 per point increase in St George's Respiratory Questionnaire activity domain; p<0.001) and having one, and especially, bilateral aspergillomas (p<0.001).

Several factors impact on mortality of CPA, and can be evaluated as tools to assess CPA prognosis.
Psychometric properties of the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Swigris Jeffrey J. , Esser Dirk , Wilson Hilary , Conoscenti Craig S. , Schmidt Hendrik , Stansen Wibke , Leidy Nancy Kline , Brown Kevin K.
Published: December 2016

The St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) has been used to measure health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).

This analysis evaluated the psychometric properties of the SGRQ using data from 428 patients with IPF who participated in a 12-month, randomised, placebo-controlled phase II trial of nintedanib.

Internal consistency (Cronbach's α) was 0.91 for SGRQ total and >0.70 for domain scores. Test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients) was 0.77, 0.77, 0.69 and 0.66 for SGRQ total, activity, impact and symptoms scores, respectively. Construct validity of SGRQ total and domain scores was supported by weak to moderate cross-sectional correlations with the Medical Research Council dyspnoea scale (0.32–0.55), 6-min walk test distance (−0.25– −0.34), percentage predicted forced vital capacity (−0.11– −0.15) and measures of gas exchange (−0.26–0.03). There was some evidence that the SGRQ total score was sensitive to detecting change.

The reliability, construct validity and responsiveness of the SGRQ in patients with IPF suggest that this is an acceptable measure of HRQoL in patients with IPF.
Amplified canonical transforming growth factor-β signallingviaheat shock protein 90 in pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Sibinska Zaneta , Tian Xia , Korfei Martina , Kojonazarov Baktybek , Kolb Janina Susanne , Klepetko Walter , Kosanovic Djuro , Wygrecka Malgorzata , Ghofrani Hossein Ardeschir , Weissmann Norbert , Grimminger Friedrich , Seeger Werner , Guenther Andreas , Schermuly Ralph T.
Published: December 2016

Interstitial lung fibroblast activation coupled with extracellular matrix production is a pathological signature of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and is governed by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad signalling. We sought to define the role of heat shock protein (HSP)90 in profibrotic responses in IPF and to determine the therapeutic effects of HSP90 inhibition in a murine model of pulmonary fibrosis.

We investigated the effects of HSP90 inhibitionin vitroby applying 17-AAG (17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin) to lung fibroblasts and A549 cells andin vivoby administering 17-DMAG (17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin) to mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

HSP90 expression was increased in (myo)fibroblasts from fibrotic human and mouse lungs compared with controls. 17-AAG inhibited TGF-β1-induced extracellular matrix production and transdifferentiation of lung fibroblasts and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of A549 cells. The antifibrotic effects were associated with TGF-β receptor disruption and inhibition of Smad2/3 activation. Co-immunoprecipitation revealed that HSP90β interacted with TGF-β receptor II and stabilised TGF-β receptors. Furthermore, 17-DMAG improved lung function and decreased fibrosis and matrix metalloproteinase activity in the lungs of bleomycin-challenged mice.

In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate that HSP90 inhibition blocks pulmonary fibroblast activation and ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice.
Wage rigidities and business cycle fluctuations: a linked employer-employee analysis
Authors: Adamopoulou Effrosyni , Bobbio Emmanuele , De Philippis Marta , Giorgi Federico
Published: December 2016

This paper analyses wage dynamics in Italy in the last 25 years with a special focus on the recent recession. Despite the rather rigid Italian institutional setting, using linked employer-employee data we find that wage rigidities, albeit always present, have been subdued during the recessionary years. Using complementary data, we verify that, although we only observe daily and not hourly wages, overtime hours are not the main mechanism behind this enhanced wage flexibility. We document the presence of a trade-off between wage and employment adjustments: firms historically displaying higher levels of wage rigidities were less able to modify wages but exhibited higher turnover. A higher share of temporary workers, whose contractual relationship may be costlessly terminated and whose wages are therefore more frequently negotiated, served instead as a significant wage flexibility enhancing margin. More broadly, we find that firms of larger dimension, with a higher share of blue collar workers, or belonging to a sector where bonuses represent a large part of annual earnings were the ones displaying a higher level of wage flexibility.

JEL Classification

J31, J33
Frontline Science: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) facilitate maternal–fetal tolerance in mice
Authors: Ostrand-Rosenberg Suzanne , Sinha Pratima , Figley Chas , Long Ramses , Park DoHwan , Carter Darryl , Clements Virginia K
Published: December 2016

During successful pregnancy, a woman is immunologically tolerant of her genetically and antigenically disparate fetus, a state known as maternal–fetal tolerance. How this state is maintained has puzzled investigators for more than half a century. Diverse, immune and nonimmune mechanisms have been proposed; however, these mechanisms appear to be unrelated and to act independently. A population of immune suppressive cells called myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) accumulates in pregnant mice and women. Given the profound immune suppressive function of MDSCs, it has been suggested that this cell population may facilitate successful pregnancy by contributing to maternal–fetal tolerance. We now report that myeloid cells with the characteristics of MDSCs not only accumulate in the circulation and uterus of female mice following mating but also suppress T cell activation and function in pregnant mice. Depletion of cells with the phenotype and function of MDSCs from gestation d 0.5 through d 7.5 resulted in implantation failure, increased T cell activation, and increased T cell infiltration into the uterus, whereas induction of MDSCs restored successful pregnancy and reduced T cell activation. MDSC-mediated suppression during pregnancy was accompanied by the down-regulation of L-selectin on naïve T cells and a reduced ability of naïve T cells to enter lymph nodes and become activated. Because MDSCs regulate many of the immune and nonimmune mechanisms previously attributed to maternal–fetal tolerance, MDSCs may be a unifying mechanism promoting maternal–fetal tolerance, and their induction may facilitate successful pregnancy in women who spontaneously abort or miscarry because of dysfunctional maternal–fetal tolerance.
Rhetoric and Reform in Waiver States
Authors: Grogan Colleen M. , Singer Phillip M. , Jones David K.
Published: December 2016

Seven states have used Section 1115 waivers to expand Medicaid as part of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). While each state pursued a unique plan, there are similarities in the types of changes each state desired to make. Equally important to how a state modified their Medicaid programs is how a state talked about Medicaid and reform. We investigate whether the rhetoric that emerged in waiver states is unique, analyze whether the rhetoric is associated with particular waiver reforms, and consider the implications of our findings for the future of Medicaid policy making. We find that proponents in waiver states have convinced a conservative legislature that their reform is sufficiently innovative that they are not doing a Medicaid expansion, and not building on the traditional Medicaid program. Particularly striking is that none of these reforms are entirely new to the Medicaid program. While not new, the way in which waiver states have been allowed to implement many of the reforms is new and has become stricter. We find an emerging consensus utilized by conservative policy makers in framing the Medicaid expansion. Expansion efforts by conservative policy makers in other states have subsequently pushed this framing far to the right.
Policy Diffusion in Polarized Times: The Case of the Affordable Care Act
Authors: Volden Craig
Published: December 2016

With increasing ideological polarization both within states and across states, policy makers face new challenges in developing and refining policies. This essay explores these challenges in the context of the spread of health policies across the states under the Affordable Care Act, highlighting key arguments and findings from the authors in this Special Issue. I discuss how common mechanisms of policy diffusion, the attributes of policies themselves, and the conditional nature of policy diffusion all play somewhat different roles during polarized times. In addition to new challenges to policy makers, polarization offers new opportunities for experimentation and learning that may be valuable to scholars and practitioners alike.