bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of the Tungurahua eruption on the ice core records of Chimborazo, Ecuador
Authors: Ginot P. , Schotterer U. , Stichler W. , Godoi M. A. , Francou B. , Schwikowski M.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. The comparison of two shallow ice cores recovered in 1999 and 2000 from the same place on the Chimborazo summit glacier revealed the influence of the coincident Tungurahua volcanic eruption on their stable isotope and chemical records. The surface snow melting and water percolation induced from the ash deposition caused a preferential elution and re-localization of certain ionic species, while the stable isotope records were not affected. Additionally, the comparison of the ionic amount and some selected ion ratios preserved along the ice core column reports under which processes the chemical species are introduced in the snow pack, as snow flake condensation nuclei, by atmospheric scavenging or by dry deposition. This preliminary study is essential for the interpretation of the deep Chimborazo ice core, or for other sites where surrounding volcanic activity influences the glaciochemical records.
Una nación más allá de las fronteras
Authors: Matamoros Ruth
Published: December 2010

Este artículo explora la recién emergente identidad transnacional que los miskitos están experimentando. Los miskitos son un grupo indígena que solía compartir un territorio común en el área que ahora esta divida por la frontera entre Honduras y Nicaragua. Esta región fue dividida, en 1957, cuando la frontera fue delimitada por el rio Coco o Wangki, atendiendo intereses estatales. Dado este contexto, este artículo tiene dos objetivos: Primero tratar de entender la insistencia del pueblo miskito en mantener su identidad como tal a pesar de sus diferencias y de estar separados en dos diferentes estados naciones. En segundo lugar argumentar que la emergente relación transnacional miskita está siendo usada como una estrategia para consolidar su identidad como etnia, lo que consecuentemente tendrá un impacto positivo en sus reclamos por la tierra y los recursos naturales ante los estados de Honduras y Nicaragua. DOI: 10.5377/wani.v56i0.223Wani No.56 2007 pp.25-44Pa as kau ma muhunki kidi yakaupak baisa tanit kau kidika.  Ulna adika laihwi tatalwi wisam wayah balna sau uk kau yalahwi bang kidika lani balna laihwi tatalwa bang kidika yulni, wayah balna kidika indian kaluduhna aski, witingna puyuni bayakna yakat sau aslah kau bangdai, kaunah waralaih sahwi yakwi duwa bangki Nikarawa dawak Honduras karak, sauni adika sahwi yayakna dai kurih 1957 kau, rio coco awaskat wangki wasni kidika muhun kapat duduna dai, gabamint balna adarni kat yayamna adika dini balna bitik kidika, ulna adika di nuhni bu duwa sak ki, Tatuna kau kidika kuduh, wayah balna kuduh sau as kau kamanah yalalahwaski witingna sau bu kau yalalahwi kaunah alas lani kat yalahnin lani kidika ban duduwa atnin yulni wat wat ramhnina yuyulwa kidika amangnina lana atnin.Usnit kau kidika kuduh, wayah balna alas lani kat yalahnin lani kidika ban duduwa atnin yulni aslah kaluduhnin lani sau bu kau yayamwa bang kidika baisa parasni duwarang taimni Nikarawa dawak Honduras gabamintni balna kau yuyulnin ahawi witingna sauni ritsni balna kidika.
Siete semanas en bote en el territorio del alto río Coco en Nicaragua: Viaje de exploración misionera de los Hermanos Grossman y Garth de septiembre a noviembre de 1905
Authors: Grossman Guido
Published: December 2010

Este artículo es la crónica de un viaje de ida y regreso emprendido por los hermanos misioneros Grossman y Garth por el alto río Coco y los ríos Waspuk, Pis Pis y Bocay a finales de 1905. En dicho viaje, sus anotaciones revelan la existencia de algunas comunidades importantes (Wasla, Saupuka, Kisalaya, Leymus, etcétera) que visitaron en su recorrido; describen las crecidas de los ríos y de la visita que hicieron al rey miskito Andrew. Fueron testigos de costumbres ancestrales, de tal manera que describe ritos de curación entre los indígena, alimentos que consumían, entre otras características, tanto de los miskitos como de los sumos. Aunque la mayor parte del recorrido fue sobre ríos, también participaron en cabalgatas en la selva, por donde pudo observar plantaciones de hule, caña de azúcar, cacao y bananos. DOI: 10.5377/wani.v56i0.224Wani No.56 2007 pp.45-60Nikarawa wangki ni wasni sauni ma saitni kau sandi tiaskau bu kurin kau tulu atna dai kurihbin wainiku kaupak wing wainiku kat 1905 kurihni, kristian aslah kaluduhna as ayangni wahai Grossman dawak Garth atwa kidika. Uhulna akat yulwi kristian aslah kaluduhna as ayangni wahai Grossman dawak Garh atwa kidika,witingna kurih 1905 kau, uiwi nawatwi aina dai wangki wasni ma saitni dawak Waspuk, Pispis, dawak Bocay wasni yakat. Adika tulu atna yakat witingna uhulna dai tawan yamni nunuhni as as yulni(Wasla, Saupuka, Kisalaya, Leymus, dawak uk uk balna bik),witingna adika tawanni balna yakat uina dai, uhulna dai ampat was bangwa kidika yulni dawak wayah balna kingnina Andrew kau uiwi tatalna kidika yulni bik. Witingna miniknapa kau tatalna tawan balna ampat yalahwada bang kidika lani balna, uhulna indian balna ampat waraih siknis balna yamni yayamwa kidika yulni, ais dini balna kakaswa kidika yulni, dawak di uk balna yulni bik, wayah dawak sumu balna ampat bang kidika yulni, puyu baisa mahni kau kidi witingna was munah tulu dai, kaunah asangpas kau bik yaknunuhdana dai, dawak tatalna tunu panan, tisnak panan, kakau panan dawak wakisa panan bik.
Orígenes de nuestro Palo de Mayo
Authors: Deerings Johnny Hodgson
Published: December 2010

El presente documento es producto de una investigación basada en una consulta bibliográfica que ha tomado en cuenta documentos históricos de las primeras iglesias establecidas en la Costa Caribe, pero, sobre todo, en base a entrevistas o escritos de costeños estudiosos del tema, como lo son Donovan Brautigam Beer, Lizzie Nelson, Hugo Sujo Wilson y otros. Según el autor, no se puede entender a cabalidad el significado del Palo de Mayo y sus canciones sin conocer cuáles eran las costumbres y festividades de la gente en la Costa Caribe de los tres últimos siglos y particularmente las festividades y costumbres de Bluefields, que es reconocida como la cuna y hogar del Palo de Mayo costeño, una comunidad fundada y habitada mayoritariamente por negros identificados como creoles.DOI: 10.5377/wani.v57i0.215Wani No.57 2008 pp.5-23Yawan wan Palo de Mayo ka ta krikan baNaha wauhkataya na ulbi sakras kainara taura stadi muni laki kaiki bangwan ulbanka wala nani bangwi kan bawal baku sin Karibi kuska ra pas taura sots bal diman kanba uplika nani bui ulbi saki bangwan ba sut praki asla dauki naha na ulbi saki bangwan, sakuna, naha purkara, upla nani wal aisi kaikan dahra bara kus uplika naha dukiara stadi muni kaiki ulbi bangwan ba, witing nani ba sika Donovan Brautigam Beer, Lizzie Nelson, Hugo Sujo Wilson bara wala nani sin. Ulbanka dawan ka bui wisa, sip yawan sitnika sut pali tanka briras Palo de Mayo bara ai lawanka nani ba dukiara, pas taura laki kaikan kaia sa mani yumhpa luan kainara karibi kuska ra witing nani ba nahki iwikan bara nahki ai lilia brih bangwi kanba. Kau paliba sika Blupils ra iwi bangwi ba lilika natka bara ai iwanka laka nani ba, naha tawanka ra upla sut bui kulkisa kus ra Palo de Mayo aisubi takan pliska baku, naha tawanka na aisubi takan pyua wina iwi bangwisa nikru bara Kriyul nani kau aihkika ba.
El lenguaje y el arte del desconsuelo entre los miskitos
Authors: Jamieson Mark
Published: December 2010

Este artículo considera dos formas de acción entre los adolescentes miskitos, que se codifican en ansiedades y deseos formados por la práctica de rituales referidos a la transición inminente de la adolescencia a la edad adulta. El primero de éstos es una danza enmascarada conocida como "Mosko" la cual es realizada principalmente por hombres y mujeres jóvenes, solteros y solteras, en la comunidad de Kakabila. La segunda es una supuesta, y evidentemente contagiosa, condición conocida como "Grisi siknis" que afecta principalmente a jóvenes mujeres solteras en comunidades hablantes del miskito en el Este de Nicaragua y Honduras. El análisis de este material sugiere que donde estén ausentes los rituales que decretan transformaciones directas a la edad adulta, las acciones que permitan que los individuos expresen sus preocupaciones en cuanto a este cambio de estado podrían ser particularmente dramáticas. DOI: 10.5377/wani.v57i0.216 Wani No.57 2008 pp.24-39Maskarit bara tanis dukia:Miskitu wahma nani bara tiara nani, witing nani mahka almuk takisa pyuara ai winara diara nani takibaNaha ulbanka nara diara wal wan mahrikisa miskitu wahmika bara tiarka nani dukiara, witing nani mahka almuk takaisa pyuara ai srinhka nani uba bri ba tawan diara nani tanis ailal sin dauki bangwisa. Pas taura ba sika witing nani maskarit satka nani paski ai mawanra wilki muni dans pulisa, naha nina ba lika "Mosko" wisa, naha danska na puli bangwisa kau aihkika ba lika waitna wahma bara mairin tiara nani, witing nani kau marit takras uplika nani, kakabila tawanka ra. Wala ba sika siknis baku kum upla walara lui alki dukia, naha dukia nina lika "Krisi Siknis" wisa, naha dukia na mairin tiara waitna briras nanira kau ambuk munisa miskitu tawanka nani Nikarawa bara Honduras ra yu baiwi tanira iwi bangwi bara. Naha wauhkataya nani na laki kaiki muni naku wan wisa, plis kumira wahma bara tiara nani almuk takaisa sainka nani dukiara taura aisata ba apu kan kata, bara wahma-tiara nani winara diara taki ba dukiara aisi kaiki bangwras kan kata lika, naha trabil ka nani na kau saura kawaya.
Las competencias interculturales
Authors: Sancho Victor Obando
Published: December 2010

El propósito de este artículo es analizar, de forma general, el concepto "competencias" y su relación con el Sistema Educativo Autonómico Regional (SEAR). Uno de los fundamentos del SEAR es la interculturalidad, por ello, en este texto se habla, en forma particular, de competencias interculturales. El punto de partida de este concepto es lo que se conoce como Currículo Orientado al Desarrollo Humano Integral (CODHI), el cual es un proyecto-propuesta curricular basado en la tradición humanista y liberadora para el contexto latinoamericano. Asimismo, el autor aprovecha el concepto de transferibilidad para relacionar el concepto CODHI con el SEAR. DOI: 10.5377/wani.v57i0.217Wani No.57 2008 pp.40-50Upla nani ai iwanka satka nani ailal brih bangwi ba laki kaikanka Naha ulbanka nara wan wisa nahki laki kaikaia, sut aiska laka kat, aisanka kum nina "ya kau diara pain dauki ba (competencia)" naha dukia bara kul sinska laka satka wan tasbaia ra ba wal praki kaikaia(SEAR wiba ispail ra), witing ai wark ka kum kau tara baku kulki ba sika iwanka satka ailal nani ba dukiara, Baha dukiara naha wauhkataya nara aisisa, upla nani iwanka satka ailal ba dukiara, naha wark ka ta krikaia ba taura daukaia sa wark kum nina Curriculo wiba, naha ra sika aisisa upla nani sut aiska pawanka nani ba dukiara (CODHI wisa ispail ra), naha sika Proyectu kum Curriculo wiba wal praki daukisa, upla nani blasi pyuara iwanka nani bara latinoamerica ra sut ra sin bara sa. Baku sin, naha ulbanka dawanka ba wisa naha na sipsa lakaia CODHI wiba bara SEAR wiba wal kumira praki.
Leading democratically
Authors: Brookfield Stephen
Published: December 2010

Leading democratically means viewing leadership as a process and function, not a positional responsibility. It involves trusting the extraordinary knowledge of ordinary people and working to ensure that those affected by decisions have the most powerful voices in those decisions and have access to all relevant knowledge.
Democracy is in the details: Small writing groups prefiguring a new society
Authors: Hurtig Janise , Adams Hal
Published: December 2010

Drawing on examples from adult writing groups the authors have taught in marginalized communities in Chicago and Minneapolis, they present an egalitarian approach to teaching and learning that promotes democracy and eliminates hierarchical roles and relationships in classrooms and other educational settings.
Race, power, and democracy in the graduate classroom
Authors: Ramdeholl Dianne , Giordani Tania , Heaney Thomas , Yanow Wendy
Published: December 2010

In this chapter, three graduates and a faculty member analyze efforts to create a democratic practice in the context of their doctoral program in adult education.
Effect of rituximab on physical function and quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis previously untreated with methotrexate
Authors: Rigby William , Ferraccioli Gianfranco , Greenwald Maria , Zazueta‐Montiel Beatriz , Fleischmann Roy , Wassenberg Siegfried , Ogale Sarika , Armstrong Gillian , Jahreis Angelika , Burke Laura , Mela Christopher , Chen Annie
Published: December 2010

Objective

To assess the effect of rituximab plus methotrexate (MTX) compared with MTX alone on patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with active early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) previously untreated with MTX.

Methods

Patients with active early RA were randomized to groups receiving placebo, rituximab 500 mg, or rituximab 1,000 mg. Rituximab was given by intravenous infusion on days 1 and 15. From week 24, patients with a Disease Activity Score in 28 joints–erythrocyte sedimentation rate of ≥2.6 were eligible for retreatment. Physical function was assessed by Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) disability index (DI) and Short Form 36 (SF‐36) scores. Patients achieving a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for PROs were determined. Additional PROs, including fatigue and pain, were assessed.

Results

A total of 748 patients were randomized and received the study drug. Patient characteristics were well balanced. At week 52, treatment with rituximab in both dose groups showed significant improvements in the HAQ DI compared to the MTX alone group (−0.905 and −0.916 in the rituximab 500 mg plus MTX and 1,000 mg plus MTX groups, respectively, versus −0.628 in the MTX alone group; P < 0.0001). Higher proportions of patients achieved MCID in the HAQ DI in the rituximab plus MTX groups compared to MTX alone. Treatment with rituximab plus MTX led to a significant reduction in the SF‐36 physical component summary for both rituximab dose groups, but did not show statistically significant differences in the SF‐36 mental component summary. Compared to the MTX alone group, both doses of rituximab plus MTX were associated with significant reductions in the patient global assessment of disease activity and pain, and a significantly higher improvement in Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Fatigue scores from baseline to 52 weeks.

Conclusions

Rituximab plus MTX was associated with significant improvement in physical function and HRQOL outcomes compared with MTX alone in patients previously untreated with MTX.
Organic–Organic Heterojunction Interfaces: Effect of Molecular Orientation
Authors: Chen Wei , Qi Dong‐Chen , Huang Han , Gao Xingyu , Wee Andrew T. S.
Published: December 2010

Organic–organic heterojunctions (OOHs) are critical features in organic light‐emitting diodes, ambipolar organic field‐effect transistors and organic solar cells, which are fundamental building blocks in low‐cost, large‐scale, and flexible electronics. Due to the highly anisotropic nature of π‐conjugated molecules, the molecular orientation of organic thin films can significantly affect the device performance, such as light absorption and charge‐carrier transport, as well as the energy level alignment at OOH interfaces. This Feature Article highlights recent progress in the understanding of interface energetics at small molecule OOH interfaces, focusing on the characterization and fabrication of OOH with well‐defined molecular orientations using a combination of in situ low‐temperature scanning tunneling microscopy, synchrotron‐based high‐resolution ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure measurements. The orientation dependent energy level alignments at the OOH interfaces will be discussed in detail.
Synthesis of Methylene‐Bridge Polyarenes through Palladium‐Catalyzed Activation of Benzylic Carbon‐Hydrogen Bond
Authors: Hsiao Chien‐Chi , Lin Yi‐Kuan , Liu Chia‐Ju , Wu Tsun‐Cheng , Wu Yao‐Ting
Published: December 2010

In the presence of palladium(II) acetate [Pd(OAc)2] and an N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand, fluorene derivatives can be generated in good to excellent yields from 2‐halo‐2′‐methylbiaryls through the benzylic CH bond activation (14 examples; 81–97% yields). The scope and limitations of this protocol have been examined. A wide range of functional groups, such as alkyl, alkoxy, ester, nitrile, and others, is able to tolerate the reaction conditions herein. The cyclization of an isotope‐labelled biphenyl gave the corresponding product with a primary kinetic isotope effect (kH/kD=4.8:1), which indicates that the rate‐determining step of this reaction is the activation of the benzylic CH bond. Moreover, indenofluorenes were also accessed in excellent results from terphenyls (3 examples; 91–92% yields). The cascade reaction of 2,6‐dichloro‐2′‐methylbiphenyl with diphenylacetylene produced 8,9‐diphenyl‐4H‐cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene in 60% yield through the activation of an aryl and a benzylic CH bond.
Metal–Air Batteries with High Energy Density: Li–Air versus Zn–Air
Authors: Lee Jang‐Soo , Tai Kim Sun , Cao Ruiguo , Choi Nam‐Soon , Liu Meilin , Lee Kyu Tae , Cho Jaephil
Published: December 2010

In the past decade, there have been exciting developments in the field of lithium ion batteries as energy storage devices, resulting in the application of lithium ion batteries in areas ranging from small portable electric devices to large power systems such as hybrid electric vehicles. However, the maximum energy density of current lithium ion batteries having topatactic chemistry is not sufficient to meet the demands of new markets in such areas as electric vehicles. Therefore, new electrochemical systems with higher energy densities are being sought, and metal‐air batteries with conversion chemistry are considered a promising candidate. More recently, promising electrochemical performance has driven much research interest in Li‐air and Zn‐air batteries. This review provides an overview of the fundamentals and recent progress in the area of Li‐air and Zn‐air batteries, with the aim of providing a better understanding of the new electrochemical systems.
Third‐party postconflict affiliation of aggressors in chimpanzees
Authors: Romero Teresa , de Waal Frans B.M.
Published: December 2010

Postconflict management strategies have been defined as any postconflict interaction that mitigates the negative consequences of the preceding agonistic conflict. Although most studies have investigated postconflict interactions between former opponents or between victims and uninvolved bystanders, interactions between aggressors and bystanders have received much less attention. In this study, we examined a database of 1,102 agonistic interactions and their corresponding postconflict periods in two outdoor‐housed groups of captive chimpanzees in order to test the occurrence of postconflict third‐party affiliation of aggressors. Our results confirmed the occurrence of appeasement, i.e. postconflict affiliation by a bystander toward an aggressor, but failed to detect the occurrence of postconflict affiliation directed from aggressors toward bystanders. Appeasement rates did not differ according to the sex of the involved individuals. In addition, appeasement occurred more often in the absence of reconciliation than after its occurrence suggesting that appeasement may act as an alternative to reconciliation when the latter fails to occur. Both study groups showed behavioral specificity for appeasement, i.e. context‐specific use of certain behaviors, supporting the view that chimpanzees exhibit highly visible explicit postconflict affiliation. Am. J. Primatol. 73:397–404, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amantadine use associated with impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease in cross‐sectional study
Authors: Weintraub Daniel , Sohr Mandy , Potenza Marc N. , Siderowf Andrew D. , Stacy Mark , Voon Valerie , Whetteckey Jacqueline , Wunderlich Glen R. , Lang Anthony E.
Published: December 2010

A recent controlled clinical trial suggested a role for amantadine as a treatment for pathological gambling in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). Analyzing data from a large cross‐sectional study of impulse control disorders (ICDs) in PD, amantadine use (n = 728), vs no amantadine use (n = 2,357), was positively associated with a diagnosis of any ICD (17.6% vs 12.4%, p < 0.001) and compulsive gambling specifically (7.4% vs 4.2%, p < 0.001). This amantadine association remained after controlling for covariates of amantadine use, including both dopamine agonist use and levodopa dosage. Further research, including larger clinical trials, is needed to assess the role of amantadine in the development and treatment of ICDs in PD. Ann Neurol 2010
Coupling Effects in Optical Metamaterials
Authors: Liu Na , Giessen Harald
Published: December 2010

Metamaterials have become one of the hottest fields of photonics since the pioneering work of John Pendry on negative refractive index, invisibility cloaking, and perfect lensing. Three‐dimensional metamaterials are required for practical applications. In these materials, coupling effects between individual constituents play a dominant role for the optical and electronic properties. Metamaterials can show both electric and magnetic responses at optical frequencies. Thus, electric as well as magnetic dipolar and higher‐order multipolar coupling is the essential mechanism. Depending on the structural composition, both longitudinal and transverse coupling occur. The intricate interplay between different coupling effects in a plasmon hybridization picture provides a useful tool to intuitively understand the evolution from molecule‐like states to solid‐state‐like bands.
Selective O‐allylation of bisphenol A: toward a chloride‐free route for epoxy resins
Authors: van Rijn Jimmy A. , Guijt Marieke C. , Bouwman Elisabeth , Drent Eite
Published: December 2010

The O‐allylation of bisphenol A (BPA) has been performed with the most selective catalysts for O‐allylation of phenols reported previously. Both the cyclopentadienyl–ruthenium catalysts and the palladium–diphosphine catalysts are capable of selectively performing single and double O‐allylation of BPA. An intriguing solvent effect is observed; the choice of the solvent is of key importance for both conversion and selectivity. The use of an excess of diallyl ether as allylating agent results in relatively high yields of the bisallyl ether of bisphenol A, while maintaining the high selectivity for O‐allylation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scope of the allylation reaction with [RuCp(PP)]+ catalysts: changing the nucleophile or allylic alcohol
Authors: van Rijn Jimmy A. , Guijt Marieke C. , de Vries Dwight , Bouwman Elisabeth , Drent Eite
Published: December 2010

The scope of the dehydrative allylation reaction using allyl alcohol as allyl donor with [RuCp(PP)]+ complexes as catalysts is explored. Aliphatic alcohols are successfully allylated with allyl alcohol or diallyl ether, obtaining high selectivity for the alkyl allyl ether. The reactivity of aliphatic alcohols is in the order of primary > secondary ≫ tertiary. The tertiary alcohol 1‐adamantanol reacts extremely slowly in the absence of strong acid, but when HOTs is added, reasonable yields of 1‐adamantyl allyl ether are obtained. The alkyl allyl ether is found to be the thermodynamically favored product over diallyl ether. Apart from alcohols, thiols and indole are also efficiently allylated, while aniline acts as a catalyst inhibitor. Allylation reactions with various substituted allylic alcohols give products with retention of the substitution pattern. It is proposed that a Ru(IV) σ‐allyl species plays a key role in the mechanism of these allylation reactions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of a new composite by reaction of SnBu3Cl with TiCl4 in the presence of NH4OHphotocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine
Authors: Coelho M. G. , de Andrade F. V. , de Lima G. M. , Augusti R. , Ferreira M. P. , Maria D. A. , Ardisson J. D.
Published: December 2010

Reactions of SnBu3Cl, TiCl4 and NH4OH in ethanol followed by pyrolysis of the resultant product at 550 °C, either in an atmosphere of oxygen or hydrogen, yielding new SnO2TiO2 based composites. In all, eight products were prepared with weight ratios of SnTiO2 of 0% (1), 5% (2), 15% (3) and 30% (4) in O2 and 0% (5), 5% (6), 15% (7) and 30% (8) in H2. XRD revealed diffraction patterns of TiO2 (anatase) in the composites, but not those of SnO2 due to its insufficient crystallinity. Scanning electron microscopy indicated the presence of Sn metal on the surface of composites 6–8. 119Sn Mössbauer experiments revealed SnO2 in all samples, and increasing amounts of tin in samples 7 and 8, respectively. The composites were used in experiments of photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine dye. The catalytic experiments monitored by mass spectrometry and electronic spectroscopy revealed that, in the conditions of the experiments, composite 8 displays the highest activity. In addition, degradation products were characterised using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS and ESI‐MS/MS) data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vinyl‐addition copolymerization of norbornene and polar norbornene derivatives using novel bis(β‐ketoamino)Ni(II)/B(C6F5)3/AlEt3 catalytic systems
Authors: Zhou Weihua , He Xiaohui , Chen Yiwang , Chen Muqing , Shi Ling , Wu Qing
Published: December 2010

Copolymerization of norbornene (NBE) and polar norbornene derivatives undergoes vinyl polymerization by using novel catalyst systems formed in situ by combining bis(β‐ketoamino)Ni(II) complexes {Ni[R1C(O)CHC(NR3)R2]2 (Rl = R2 = CH3, R3 = naphthyl, 1; R1 = R2 = CH3, R3 = C6H5, 2; R1 = C6H5, R2 = CH3, R3 = naphthyl, 3; Rl = R2 = CH3, R3 = 2, 6‐(CH3)2C6H3, 4; R1 = R2 = CH3, R3 = 2, 6‐′Pr2C6H3
5; R1 = C6H5, R2 = CH3, R3 = 2, 6‐′Pr2C6H3, 6)} and B(C6F5)3/AlEt3 in toluene. The 1/B(C6F5)3/AlEt3 catalytic system is effective for copolymerization of NBE with NBEOCOCH3 and NBECH2OH, respectively, and copolymerization activity is followed in the order of NBECH2OH > NBEOCOCH3 > NBECN. The molecular weights of the obtained poly(NBE/NBECH2OH) reached 5.97 × 104 to 2.07 × 105 g/mol and the NBECH2OH incorporation ratios reached 7.0–55.4 mol % by adjusting the comonomer feedstock composition. The copolymerization of NBE and NBE CH2OH also depend on catalyst structures and activity of catalyst followed in the order of 2 > 1 > 3 > 5 > 4 > 6. The molecular weights and NBECH2OH incorporation ratios of poly(NBE/NBECH2OH) were adjustable to be 1.91–5.37 × 105 g/mol and 9.5–41.1 mol % OH units by using catalysts 1–6. The achieved copolymers were confirmed to be vinyl‐addition type, noncrystalline and have good thermal stability (Td = 380–410°C). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Efficacy of hindered amines in woodflour‐polypropylene composites compatibilized with vinyltrimethoxysilane after accelerated weathering and moisture absorption
Authors: Bouza R. , Abad M. J. , Barral L. , Lasagabaster A. , Pardo S.‐G.
Published: December 2010

In this work, the aim was to analyze the efficacy of hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) in woodflour‐polypropylene composites compatibilized with vinyltrimethoxysilane after moisture absorption and accelerated weathering. Moisture uptake of materials decreased with incorporation of silane due to diminished accessibility of water molecules to reactive regions. In dynamic mechanical experiments performed on wet samples, a marked reduction in the storage modulus in the glassy and rubbery zone was observed, since water has a plasticizing effect. After sample weathering, in a xenon‐arc apparatus, the changes in chemical structure and physical properties after exposure were analyzed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy, color measurement, flexural properties, and morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data showed that HALS maintain the brightness of the materials after aging and prevent sample whitening. They also reduced color loss after aging and the SEM micrographs revealed that they inhibit surface cracking during weathering. Although a slight decline in the mechanical properties was not completely avoided, the combination of the additives studied (UV absorbers and HALS) successfully prevented the deterioration of surface materials by UV radiation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
α‐Al2O3 improves the properties of gel polyacrylonitrile nanocomposite electrolytes used as electrolyte materials in rechargeable lithium batteries
Authors: Hwang Jiunn‐Jer , Peng Hsueh‐Hsin , Yeh Jui‐Ming
Published: December 2010

In this investigation, a series of gel polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/α‐Al2O3 nanocomposite electrolyte materials that incorporate various fractions of PAN, α‐Al2O3 inorganic powders, propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate as cosolvents, and LiClO4 were prepared. X‐ray diffraction revealed that the gel nanocomposite electrolyte materials contained amorphous PAN in which was uniformly dispersed α‐Al2O3. The gel PAN/α‐Al2O3 nanocomposite electrolytes had lower glass‐transition temperatures (as determined by dynamic mechanical analysis) and higher conductivity than a similar electrolyte prepared in the absence of α‐Al2O3. The conductivity of the PAN/α‐Al2O3 nanocomposite films was inversely proportional to the size of the α‐Al2O3 particles and directly proportional to (I) the amount of α‐Al2O3 (up to 7 wt %), (II) the F value [LiClO4/CH2CH(CN) ratio], and (III) the amount of plasticizer (propylene carbonate/ethylene carbonate = 1 : 1). Cyclic voltammetry revealed that adding α‐Al2O3 significantly increased the electrochemical stability of the composite electrolyte system. A rechargeable lithium battery prepared using this gel nanocomposite electrolyte system exhibited good cyclability and a stable capacity. The coulombic efficiency for the recharge/discharge process was approximately 75%, even after 100 cycles. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Enhancement of photocatalytic degradation activity of poly(vinyl chloride)‐TiO2 nanocomposite film with polyoxometalate
Authors: Yang Changjun , Tian Lihong , Ye Liqun , Peng Tianyou , Deng Kejian , Zan Ling
Published: December 2010

A novel photodegradable poly(vinyl chloride)‐polyoxometalate/TiO2 (PVC‐POM/TiO2) nanocomposite film was prepared by embedding nano‐TiO2 photocatalyst modified by POM into the commercial PVC plastic. The solid‐phase photocatalytic degradation behavior of as‐prepared film under UV light irradiation was investigated and compared with those of the PVC‐TiO2 film and the pure PVC film, with the aid of FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and weight loss monitoring. The results show that PVC‐POM/TiO2 nanocomposite film has a high photocatalytic activity. The optimal ratio of POM to TiO2 is found to be 2 wt %, the degradation rate of PVC‐POM/TiO2 film is 1.5 times higher than that of PVC‐TiO2 film under the identical conditions. The enhancement of photocatalytic activity is due to the achievement of a rapid photogenerated charge separation with the assistance of POM which can mediate photogenerated electron transfering from TiO2 conduction band to dioxygen. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Overshooting effect of poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) hydrogels
Authors: Li Cancan , Xu Ling , Zhai Maolin , Peng Jing , Li Jiuqiang
Published: December 2010

An overshooting effect was observed during the swelling procedure of poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) gel for the first time. The effects of the temperature, ionic strength, and pH on the overshooting effect of the PDMAEMA gel were investigated. We found that the overshooting effect of the gel could not be eliminated by changing the temperature; however, the overshooting effect was indiscernible in high‐concentration NaCl solutions (>0.2 mol/L) and basic (pH 11.9) and acidic solutions (pH = 2.1). The overshooting effect of the PDMAEMA gel was attributed to the dynamic conformational changes of the side chains of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) units during the swelling of the gels. In the presence of NaCl or NaOH, the stretching of the macromolecular chains of the gels was disrupted. While in acidic solution, the protonation of tertiary amino groups in the DMAEMA units made the side chains of the DMAEMA units change from the cyclic conformation to the stretched one; this was analyzed with the aid of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis and liquid‐crystalline properties of poly(4‐vinylpyridinium) bromides N‐substituted with dialkyloxyterphenyl groups
Authors: Santos‐Martell Rocio Guadalupe , Larios‐López Leticia , Rodríguez‐González Rosa Julia , Donnio Bertrand , Guillon Daniel , Navarro‐Rodríguez Dámaso
Published: December 2010

Poly(4‐vinylpyridine)s (P4VPs) fully and partially quaternized with dialkyloxyterphenyl groups were synthesized and characterized. These new polymers developed both liquid‐crystalline (LC) properties and a light emission (luminescence) in the blue region. The mesomorphic behavior of the polymers was initially characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and polarizing optical microscopy and was further corroborated by X‐ray diffraction analyses. The X‐ray diffraction patterns showed in the low‐angles region several equidistant diffraction peaks (d001, d002, d003, …) and in the wide‐angles region a broad peak typical of nonordered mesophases. From d001 and the length of the monomers, we deduced that the molecular arrangement in the mesophase corresponded to a double‐layered stacking of molecules with mesogens tilted with respect to the smectic plane and the backbones sandwiched between. In this arrangement, the different parts of mesogens are segregated from one another in layered domains. The longer smectic periods observed for copolymers indicated that the nonsubstituted pyridine cycles were sandwiched between two smectic layers. The emission spectra of these polymers were characterized by a broad signal centered at 365 nm. The combination of LC properties with luminescence in the polymers is interesting for the preparation of thin films with aligned emitters, particularly for linearly polarized light emission. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation and characterization of triple polymer‐coated controlled‐release urea with water‐retention property and enhanced durability
Authors: Tao Shuming , Liu Jun , Jin Kemo , Qiu Xiaoyun , Zhang Yuan , Ren Xueqin , Hu Shuwen
Published: December 2010

Triple polymer coated with controlled‐release water retention fertilizer (TCWF) and enhanced mechanical property was developed by coating polyethylene (first layer), poly (acrylic acid‐co‐acrylamide) superabsorbent (second layer), and poly (butyl methacrylate) (third layer) consecutively on the granule core urea in the fluidized‐bed coater. The inner layer possessed controlled‐release property, the middle layer had water absorbent characteristic, and the thin outer layer aimed to protect the fragile layer of the superabsorbent. The relationship between the thickness of coating layer and the nutrient releasing properties was established. The effects of polymerization parameters on the water absorbency of the superabsorbent were studied and optimized as well. The nutrients release behaviors of this triple‐coated urea in both water and soil were investigated and compared. The results showed that TCWF not only performed as a good controlled‐release fertilizer but also had excellent water retention capacity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
The effect of soft segment content and linker length on shape recovery and mechanical properties of laterally linked polyurethane copolymer
Authors: Chung Yong‐Chan , Khiem Nguyen Duy , Won Choi Jae , Chul Chun Byoung
Published: December 2010

Lateral flexible linking of shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) by a polyethyleneglycol (PEG) linker through the allophanate linking method was studied, while adjusting the soft segment content and PEG length. The SMPU was composed of 4,4′‐methylenebis(phenylisocyanate) (MDI), poly(tetramethyleneglycol) (PTMG), 1,4‐butanediol (BD), and PEG‐200 as a linker. A second MDI was used to connect the carbamate group of the SMPU chain and PEG. The impact of soft segment content and PEG length on the mechanical properties and shape recovery of two series of SMPU were compared. In the best case, a 545% increase in maximum stress compared to a linear polymer was attained. The flexibly crosslinked SMPUs behave similarly to natural rubber in their stress–strain curve, but their tensile mechanical properties surpassed those of natural rubber. Shape recovery went up to 96%, which is among the best SMPUs tested so far, and shape recovery remained above 90% after four cyclic tests. The extraordinary shape memory results are analyzed and discussed together with DSC and IR data. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Face processing abilities in relatives of individuals with ASD
Authors: Wallace Simon , Sebastian Catherine , Pellicano Elizabeth , Parr Jeremy , Bailey Anthony
Published: December 2010

Individuals with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show difficulties identifying familiar faces, recognizing emotional expressions and judging eye‐gaze direction. Recent research suggests that relatives of individuals with AS also show impairments in some aspects of face processing but no study has comprehensively assessed the nature and extent of face‐processing difficulties in a group of relatives. This study compared the performance of 22 parents/adult siblings of individuals with ASD (“relatives” group), 26 adults with ASD, and 26 typically developing adults on tasks of face discrimination, facial expression recognition and judging eye‐gaze direction. Relatives of individuals with ASD were less able to discriminate subtle differences between faces than typically developing adults, but were more sensitive to such differences than adults with ASD. Furthermore, relatives were significantly worse at identifying expressions of fear and disgust than typically developing adults and failed to show the typical sensitivity to direct compared with averted eye‐gaze direction—a strikingly similar pattern to that observed in adults with ASD. These findings show that atypical patterns of face processing are found in some relatives of individuals with ASD and suggest that these difficulties may represent a cognitive endophenotype.
Application of high‐resolution melting for genotyping bovine mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Zhou Zai‐Wei , Yan Jing‐Bin , Li Hua , Ren Zhao‐Rui
Published: December 2010

Recent studies have demonstrated that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype has a significant impact on the efficiency of bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer. Conventional methods for detecting mtDNA variations and haplotypes, such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis, dHPLC and sequencing, are labor intensive or expensive and have low sensitivity. High‐resolution melting (HRM) analysis is a new technique for mutation detection and has the advantages of speed, cost, and accuracy. Here, we describe the genotyping of bovine mtDNA using HRM analysis. DNA samples containing mtDNA were extracted from 75 Holstein cows and subjected to rapid‐cycle (<20 min) PCR of small amplicons (<120 bp) using specific primer sets. Capillaries containing the PCR products were then subjected to HRM analysis; data were acquired in 2 min and analyzed using the instrument's software. Five common bovine mtDNA single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified: 9602 G>A, 169 A>G, 166A>G with 173A>G, and 363C>G. These results agree with both sequencing and RFLP analysis. In addition, a very small amount of heteroplasmic variants (<5%) was sufficiently to be distinguished by HRM analysis that would be very useful to differentiate heteroplasmy vs. homoplasmy. HRM analysis thus provides a new approach to genotyping bovine mtDNA sequence variations and has many advantages over other methods, including speed of analysis, cost, and accuracy. We believe this will be a valuable technique for determining the efficiency of nuclear transfer in cloned embryos and for studying maternal effects on nuclear‐cytoplasm interactions. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Determination of yeast viability during a stress‐model alcoholic fermentation using reagent‐free microscopy image analysis
Authors: Tibayrenc Pierre , Ghommidh Charles , Preziosi‐Belloy Laurence
Published: December 2010

A dedicated microscopy imaging system including automated positioning, focusing, image acquisition, and image analysis was developed to characterize a yeast population with regard to cell morphology. This method was used to monitor a stress‐model alcoholic fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Combination of dark field and epifluorescence microscopy after propidium iodide staining for membrane integrity showed that cell death went along with important changes in cell morphology, with a cell shrinking, the onset of inhomogeneities in the cytoplasm, and a detachment of the plasma membrane from the cell wall. These modifications were significant enough to enable a trained human operator to make the difference between dead and viable cells. Accordingly, a multivariate data analysis using an artificial neural network was achieved to build a predictive model to infer viability at single‐cell level automatically from microscopy images without any staining. Applying this method to in situ microscope images could help to detect abnormal situations during a fermentation course and to prevent cell death by applying adapted corrective actions. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Expression and purification of cGMP grade NY‐ESO‐1 for clinical trials
Authors: Lowe Adam J. , Bardliving Cameron L. , Huang Chung‐Jr , Teixeira Leonardo M. , Damasceno Leonardo M. , Anderson Kyle A. , Ritter Gerd , Old Lloyd J. , Batt Carl A.
Published: December 2010

NY‐ESO‐1 is a cancer testis antigen expressed in numerous cancers. Initial tests have shown its efficacy as a cancer vaccine, stimulating the body's own immune response against the invading tumor. To produce enough material for phase I clinical trials, a process using current good manufacturing practices to produce clinical grade material was developed and executed. His‐tagged NY‐ESO‐1 was expressed in C41DE3 Escherichia coli under control of the T‐7 promoter. NY‐ESO‐1 was produced in a 20 L fed‐batch fermentation utilizing a pH‐stat control scheme. The protein was then purified from inclusion bodies using a three‐column process that achieved a yield of over 3.4 g and endotoxin below the detection limit of 0.005 EU/μg protein. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Enzymatic hydrolysis of chemithermomechanically pretreated sugarcane bagasse and samples with reduced initial lignin content
Authors: Mendes Fernanda M. , Siqueira Germano , Carvalho Walter , Ferraz André , Milagres Adriane M. F.
Published: December 2010

Chemithermomechanical (CTM) processing was used to pretreat sugarcane bagasse with the aim of increasing cell wall accessibility to hydrolytic enzymes. Yields of the pretreated samples were in the range of 75–94%. Disk refining and alkaline‐CTM and alkaline/sulfite‐CTM pretreatments yielded pretreated materials with 21.7, 17.8, and 15.3% of lignin, respectively. Hemicellulose content was also decreased to some extent. Fibers of the pretreated materials presented some external fibrillation, fiber curling, increased swelling, and high water retention capacity. Cellulose conversion of the alkaline‐CTM‐ and alkaline/sulfite‐CTM‐pretreated samples reached 50 and 85%, respectively, after 96 h of enzymatic hydrolysis. Two samples with low initial lignin content were also evaluated after the mildest alkaline‐CTM pretreatment. One sample was a partially delignified mill‐processed bagasse. The other was a sugarcane hybrid selected in a breeding program. Samples with lower initial lignin content were hydrolyzed considerably faster in the first 24 h of enzymatic digestion. For example, enzymatic hydrolysis of the sample with the lowest initial lignin content (14.2%) reached 64% cellulose conversion after only 24 h of hydrolysis when compared with the 30% observed for the mill‐processed bagasse containing an initial lignin content of 24.4%. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Probing the active site of cellodextrin phosphorylase from Clostridium stercorarium: Kinetic characterization, ligand docking, and site‐directed mutagenesis
Authors: Hai Tran Giang , Desmet Tom , De Groeve Manu R. M. , Soetaert Wim
Published: December 2010

Cellodextrin phosphorylase from Clostridium stercorarium has been recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli for the first time. Kinetic characterization of the purified enzyme has revealed that aryl and alkyl β‐glucosides can be efficiently glycosylated, an activity that has not yet been described for this enzyme class. To obtain a better understanding of the factors that determine the enzyme's specificity, homology modeling and ligand docking were applied. Residue W168 has been found to form a hydrophobic stacking interaction with the substrate in subsite +2, and its importance has been examined by means of site‐directed mutagenesis. The mutant W168A retains about half of its catalytic activity, indicating that other residues also contribute to the binding affinity of subsite +2. Finally, residue D474 has been identified as the catalytic acid, interacting with the glycosidic oxygen between subsites −1 and +1. Mutating this residue results in complete loss of activity. These results, for the first time, provide an insight in the enzyme–substrate interactions that determine the activity and specificity of cellodextrin phosphorylases. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Three‐Component Reactions of Isochromenylium Tetrafluoroborates via Non‐Classical [4+2]‐Intermediates: Mild One‐Step Metal‐Free Synthesis of Functionalized Dihydronaphthalenes and Tetrahydronaphthalenes
Authors: Hu Zhi‐Long , Yang Zhen‐Yu , Wang Shaozhong , Yao Zhu‐Jun
Published: December 2010

Two novel types of elegant three‐component reactions of stable isochromenylium tetrafluoroborates (ICTBs) have been developed under mild metal‐free conditions in this work. Mechanistically, these reactions are commonly initiated by a [4+2]‐cycloaddition between the non‐classical isochromenylium diene and the aldehyde–enol, and terminated by the following addition of weak nucleophiles, including nitriles or the second equivalent of aldehydes, in a one‐pot fashion. The developed methodologies exhibit excellent chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and diastereoselectivity, and provide a new convenient access to functionalized dihydronaphthalenes and tetrahydronaphthalenes.