bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetics and Family Systems: Articulation and Disarticulation
Authors: Reiss David
Published: February 2016

The scientific study of genetics and of social systems dates back to the nineteenth century. In the course of this history each field has both challenged and enriched the other. In the 1920s investigators began to use the twin and adoption methods to tease apart the role of social processes and genetic factors in the transmission of psychopathology and of capabilities from parents to children. These approaches have been continually improved to investigate more nuanced interplay between genetic factors and social processes in the development of family social systems. Among the most striking recent findings with these techniques are the very substantial genetic influences on parent–child and marital interaction and the sizable role that family process plays in the moderation and mediation of genetic influence on child and adult development. More recently, molecular genetic techniques have also been applied in studies of family systems. Results suggest biological systems that regulate the sensitivity of individual members in a family to one another and also how they evoke behavior in others. However, many of these studies are underpowered, have not been replicated and fail to meet high methodological standards for molecular genetic studies; therefore many of their results must still be interpreted with caution. Overall, the uncertain marriage between the study of family systems and of genetics has yielded strong affirmation of child effects in parent–child relationships, radically new ideas for studying adult development, major changes in etiological models of mental disorders and preliminary clues to individual differences in response to family‐based treatments.
Molecular Genetics Methods for Developmental Scientists
Authors: Kornilov Sergey A. , Grigorenko Elena L.
Published: February 2016

The chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular genetics study designs most commonly employed to investigate the genetic etiology of monogenic Mendelian and complex human traits and disorders. We provide a succinct primer on basic molecular‐genetic concepts, followed by an overview of genetic linkage and association studies (including whole‐genome linkage and association studies). We then discuss recent developments in the field regarding the role of structural variation in the human genome in the context of the common vs. rare variant debate, and the methods for copy number variant genotyping. We also provide an overview of DNA sequencing methods, focusing on common applications of next‐generation DNA sequencing paradigms and gene expression profiling. Throughout the chapter, we emphasize critical design issues and limitations specific to each method and illustrate the application of molecular genetics methods to studying human traits with examples relevant to the field of developmental psychopathology.
Neurogenetics Approaches to Mapping Pathways in Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Hyde Luke W. , Swartz Johnna R. , Waller Rebecca , Hariri Ahmad R.
Published: February 2016

The field of neurogenetics has emerged over the last decade and has begun to help specify the complex molecular pathways leading from genetic variation to differences in brain structure and function, as well as risk for psychopathology. Here we provide an overview of this relatively new field that includes techniques such as imaging genetics and imaging gene by environment interaction studies and discuss how work in this field has informed our understanding of the development of psychopathology. We discuss how neurogenetics and developmental psychopathology models could inform each other and also review neurogenetics findings in studies of youth internalizing disorders with an emphasis on how research in adults and youth fit together. Throughout this chapter we highlight the ways that developmental neurogenetics studies can help inform our understanding of the development of psychopathology across multiple levels of analysis.
Self‐Regulation and Developmental Psychopathology: Experiential Canalization of Brain and Behavior
Authors: Blair Clancy , Raver C. Cybele , Finegood Eric D.
Published: February 2016

We use principles of developmental science and the concept of experiential canalization as a lens through which to view the development of self‐regulation in childhood and risk for the development of psychopathology. Problems with the regulation of emotion, attention, the stress response, and executive functions are characteristic of many psychiatric disorders. Experiential canalization provides a framework within which to examine interactions among processes of self‐regulation across multiple levels of analysis from the genetic to the social and cultural. A focus on self‐regulation illuminates a developmental analysis of risk for psychopathology and also processes of resilience in response to risk. We review the historical understanding of experiential canalization in the scientific literature, examining its initial representation through to its manifestation in current thinking about processes of epigenesis. We then present a comprehensive model of self‐regulation and apply it to research literatures on the development of depression, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. In keeping with central concepts in developmental science, we highlight the ways that self‐regulation can best be understood in terms of reciprocal interactions among genetic, physiological, perceptual, cognitive, affective, behavioral and social‐cultural processes and consider the ways in which behavior plays a central organizing role in development with implications for both stability and change. We conclude with an examination of resilience as an instance of the experiential canalization of self‐regulation and resulting considerations for prevention and intervention.
Adolescent Brain Development
Authors: Galván Adriana , Tottenham Nim
Published: February 2016

Adolescence is a time of significant social, emotional, and cognitive change. This chapter will review the literature on neurobiological changes that underlie these behaviors. We begin by operationalizing adolescence, then review how the conceptual frameworks and empirical studies in the field of developmental cognitive neuroscience have contributed to understanding this important developmental window and conclude by discussing the translational value of the basic science and implications for real‐world applicability.
Neuropsychological and Structural Neuroimaging Endophenotypes in Schizophrenia
Authors: Stone William S. , Seidman Larry J.
Published: February 2016

The limits of the current diagnostic systems have led to a variety of efforts to identify alternate expressions of mental disorders that are broader than the DSM or ICD diagnostic criteria needed to diagnose them (e.g., Research Diagnostic Criteria, or RDoC). These newer approaches reflect a growing consensus that characterizing multiple, dimensional phenotypes can advance the search for identifying etiological or modulatory factors of psychiatric disorders. Moreover, the failure of Mendelian genetics to make progress in psychiatric disorders has led some to propose an alternative genetic focus on the traits associated with illnesses rather than on the diagnosis per se. These alternate phenotypes or endophenotypes (e.g., neuroanatomical, psychophysiological or neuropsychological abnormalities) of disorders may be more specific and amenable to objective measurement than clinical symptoms, and presumably reflect variation among smaller numbers of genes than more complex, clinical symptoms that are hypothesized to be more distal from their genetic origins. This has led to a dramatic growth of using endophenotypes in genetic studies, and consideration of their potential usefulness in the development of targets for early interventions. In this chapter, we review neuropsychological and structural neuroimaging endophenotypes for schizophrenia and for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, with an emphasis on key conceptual criteria for assessing endophenotypes, including their relationships to schizophrenia, to non‐psychotic relatives, and to heritability. Future directions for establishing the validity of endophenotype research are also discussed.
Fragile X Syndrome as a Multilevel Model for Understanding Behaviorally Defined Disorders
Authors: Karmiloff‐Smith Annette , Doherty Brianna , Cornish Kim , Scerif Gaia
Published: February 2016

Because of the growing availability and feasibility of genetic testing, neurodevelopmental disorders of identified genetic etiology (i.e., genetic disorders) are increasingly diagnosed in early childhood, perinatally or even prenatally. Multiple genetic disorders are also associated with high risk for a diverse range of childhood psychopathological outcomes, such as attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Genetic disorders therefore offer an appealing opportunity: mapping between genetic differences, atypical brain function, cognitive development, and risk for psychopathological outcomes. Here we focus on a specific monogenic disorder, fragile X syndrome (FXS), to illustrate the complexities of mapping efforts across levels of description, and the need for a developmental perspective throughout. In applied terms, the comparison between FXS and other genetic disorders at high risk also pinpoints subtly diverging profiles of risk and thus the need for information about differences in early neurocognitive trajectories, to optimize early intervention in a syndrome‐specific way. Understanding neurodevelopmental trajectories to both poor and good outcomes across multiple genetic disorders will require increasing collaborations between basic and clinical neuroscientists, with mechanisms of typical and atypical neurocognitive development clearly in focus.
Joint Attention and the Social Phenotype of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Perspective From Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Van Hecke Amy Vaughan , Oswald Tasha , Mundy Peter
Published: February 2016

This chapter describes the way translational research on the development of joint attention and social cognition has changed how we view the social challenges of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We begin with a brief historical review of the conceptualization of ASD. Then, a review of the typical development of joint attention and underlying neural systems, within a dynamic systems, parallel and distributed processing model framework, is provided. A section on the relation between social impairment and joint attention in ASD follows. The chapter then concludes with explicit links among social‐developmental research, neural connectivity and genetics, ocular motor control, and intervention in ASD. Suggestions for future avenues of theory, research, and translational intervention are provided.
The Development of Emotion Regulation: Implications for Child Adjustment
Authors: Calkins Susan D. , Perry Nicole B.
Published: February 2016

In this chapter, we consider the development of emotion regulation (ER) and its role in child adaptation broadly construed, with the goals of (1) elucidating some of the complex mechanisms and pathways that are operating in development; (2) citing challenges and controversies that have emerged through the study of ER; and (3) advocating for an integrated biopsychosocial approach to the study of ER in the next generation of theory and research in this area. We organize the chapter in five sections: (1) definitional and theoretical considerations; (2) developmental and contextual issues; (3) empirical approaches and challenges; (4) relations to child outcomes (including psychopathology, social competence, and academic achievement); and finally (5) implications and challenges for future research. Our overarching aim is to go beyond a summary of research findings to highlight the many conceptual and empirical issues that ought to be considered in studies examining the relation between ER and child outcomes related to developmental psychopathology.
Cognitive Risks in Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Hankin Benjamin L. , Snyder Hannah R. , Gulley Lauren D.
Published: February 2016

We review the dominant cognitive risks for several prevalent and impairing psychopathologies (depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorders, and schizophrenia). We focus on central mentalprocesses, including attention, memory, and executive functioning, alongside core cognitiveproducts, including attributions, attitudes, rumination, and reappraisal. There is considerable evidence that both products and processes are associated with several psychopathologies, although there are gaps in coverage. Studies that have spanned different developmental periods, from childhood into adolescence and adulthood, suggest that cognitive influences are related to psychopathologies across the life span. In many cases, longitudinal studies indicate that cognitive factors, especially products, predict prospective elevations of psychopathology. We discuss points that emerged from this review and present future research directions: (1) developmental issues; (2) the integration of cognitive products and processes within cognitive/affective neuroscience and genetics frameworks; (3) transdiagnostic versus disorder‐specific models of psychopathology; and (4) translational implications.
Narcissism
Authors: Thomaes Sander , Brummelman Eddie
Published: February 2016

The young field of research on youth narcissism has begun to bloom. Narcissism is a personality type marked by a sense of grandiosity and a strong need to get attention and admiration from others. Youth narcissism typically emerges at some point in late childhood or adolescence as a derailment of normal self‐development and may yield considerable impairment in psychological and interpersonal adjustment. This chapter provides an integrative overview of current knowledge on youth narcissism—discussing its historical roots, theoretical underpinnings, manifestations, and developmental origins; considering pivotal issues regarding assessment, diagnosis, and intervention; and addressing key controversies. In doing so, this chapter illustrates the potential of the study of youth narcissism to the field of developmental psychopathology, and highlights exciting directions for future research. We call for an integrative, interdisciplinary approach to studying the development of trait narcissism and narcissistic pathology.
A Multilevel Perspective on the Development of Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Fonagy Peter , Luyten Patrick
Published: February 2016

This chapter provides an update of the mentalizing approach to borderline personality disorder (BPD). We present a multilevel approach toBPDfrom a developmental psychopathology life‐span perspective, discussing developmental pathways involved in the emergence ofBPDfrom infancy to adolescence and (young) adulthood, locating the origins of the social cognition or mentalizing impairments typical ofBPDpatients in attachment disruptions. We also discuss in this context emerging findings stressing the importance of gene–environment transactions inBPD, and research findings concerning the neurobiology of impairments in mentalizing and attachment in these patients. Finally, we outline mentalization‐based treatment forBPDand we present a new view on the mechanisms of change in the treatment ofBPDrooted in extant theories concerning the intergenerational transmission of social knowledge and social learning, suggesting that this mechanism may be the missing link that connects and is shared by all effective treatments ofBPD.
Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Chassin Laurie , Colder Craig R. , Hussong Andrea , Sher Kenneth J.
Published: February 2016

Substance use and substance use disorders are of great public health significance because of their high prevalence and associated mortality, morbidity, and economic cost. Moreover, substance use and substance use disorders must be studied within a developmental context, given the etiological importance of age‐related neurobiological maturation of reward and control systems; age‐related sensitivities to substance use effects; age‐related developmental tasks, social roles, and changes in social context; and age (and stage of substance use) differences in heritability. This chapter applies a developmental psychopathology perspective to the literature on substance use and substance use disorders. We describe multiple biopsychosocial pathways of risk, including those that are broad and not specific to substance use (i.e., externalizing and internalizing pathways) and those that are specific to substance use effects. Because these risk pathways are themselves embedded in broader societal contexts, we also consider macrolevel societal influences. Finally, we consider implications of these models for prevention and treatment interventions.
Childhood Schizophrenia
Authors: Caplan Rochelle
Published: February 2016

This chapter introduces the reader to the need for a developmental approach and the challenges involved in diagnosing this neurodevelopmental disorder in children, the related clinical and research implications, and how to make a differential diagnosis. It then describes relevant developmental, environmental, and genetic risk factors during the perinatal period, infancy, and childhood. The next section reviews the impaired cognition, social cognition, and self‐disturbance that occur during the illness. A detailed review of structural imaging findings sheds light on the developmental mechanisms underlying the multiple areas of functional impairment and associated symptoms found in youth with schizophrenia. After briefly reviewing the findings of functional imaging and genetic studies, the chapter describes the treatment and course of the disorder. The concluding section emphasizes the need for future studies on the epidemiology, outcome, clinical markers, gene‐psychosocial risk factors, treatment modalities, and neural circuits underlying the developmental impact of the disorder's extensive functional impairment.
Toward a Unifying Perspective on Personality Pathology Across the Life Span
Authors: Tackett Jennifer L. , Herzhoff Kathrin , Balsis Steve , Cooper Luke
Published: February 2016

The current chapter aims to examine personality pathology across the life span within a developmental psychopathology framework. Specifically, the chapter covers multiple aspects and issues within the domain of personality disorder with a focus on childhood/adolescence and later life. We define and briefly review the life span development of normal‐range personality. We then define and review longitudinal studies of personality disorder and summarize critical measurement issues for PDs in early and later life. We then review empirical literature (for early and later life) organized within four core components of personality pathology: traits, emotions, relationships, and identity. We review literature relevant for four critical developmental periods for personality pathology: infancy–toddlerhood, middle childhood–early adolescence, late adolescence–early adulthood, and later adulthood. Finally, we offer a general summary and highlight some future directions for the study of personality pathology in childhood and adolescence and in older adults.
Vulnerability and Resiliency of African American Youth: Revelations and Challenges to Theory and Research
Authors: Spencer Margaret Beale , Swanson Dena Phillips
Published: February 2016

Increased attention in recent years has focused on theoretical orientations, considerations of environmental influences, and progressively nuanced methodological and statistical approaches for analyzing complex phenomena. Despite advances and recommendations, outcomes for many African American youth have declined in education, in physical health, in mental health, and in more general well‐being. To address these contradictory trends, this chapter provides a sociohistorical framing in reviewing research that has informed the field, with specific attention on African American youth vulnerability and resilience.

The phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory affords a strategy for examining the vulnerability status and resiliency patterns of African American children and youth while acknowledging the role of the American Creed and historical contributions on their social contexts and patterned outcomes. An alternative strategy for examining vulnerability and resiliency among African American youth is introduced along with findings on typical and atypical developmental. These reports represent and focus on several central research themes for youth of African American descent that are further considered in explaining methodological controversies. The scope of risk and attributes of resiliency are raised in understanding mechanisms by which protective factors mitigate risks and extend current translational practices.
The Development of Coping: Implications for Psychopathology and Resilience
Authors: Zimmer‐Gembeck Melanie J. , Skinner Ellen A.
Published: February 2016

The goal of this chapter is to review conceptual and empirical progress in the study of the development of coping and to identify important ways in which this work may be useful to researchers studying the development of psychopathology and resilience. We first summarize perspectives that identify coping as a transactional process, reviewing theory and research on how individual differences in stress appraisals, coping, and emotional responses are linked to psychopathology and adaptive functioning. Then, in the normative developmental perspectives section, we describe coping as a fundamental human adaptive process that involves the regulation of multiple subsystems (like emotion and attention) that are activated by stress. We consider age‐graded developments in multiple ways of coping in order to bring structure to research on the negative and positive outcomes of coping for human adaptation, psychopathology, and resilience. In the developmental systems section, we consider coping as an integral part of developmental cascades that contribute to psychopathology and resilience. We review research on how coping is associated with temperament, attachment, and parenting to identify examples of underlying risk and protective factors. These factors likely play a role in developmental cascades that mark and contribute to psychopathology and resilience. We end with suggestions for future research and highlight some translational implications of research.
Temperament and Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Stifter Cynthia , Dollar Jessica
Published: February 2016

Extensive theoretical and empirical work has outlined the importance of temperament in developmental psychopathology. This chapter focuses on recent advances in the conceptualization and measurement of temperament, including the progress that has been made in empirical work that has enabled researchers to test several proposed models of psychopathology. We first introduce the concept of temperament and discuss a series of agreed‐on principles. The next section includes consideration of the structure of temperament, which includes a review of contemporary theoretical models. We follow this with a discussion of the various measurement approaches to the study of temperament. Preceding the review of recent empirical work on temperament and psychopathology, we outline the proposed links between temperament and psychopathology. Following the literature review, we discuss the biological underpinnings of temperament and their associations to developmental psychopathology. Finally, we conclude the chapter with a discussion of the translational implications of these findings and suggest directions for future research.
Interparental Conflict and Child Adjustment
Authors: Jouriles Ernest N. , McDonald Renee , Kouros Chrystyna D.
Published: February 2016

This chapter reviews empirical knowledge on the association between interparental conflict and child adjustment problems. We begin with a brief historical overview. We then deconstruct the concept of interparental conflict, describing key dimensions of incidents of such conflict (topic, behavioral tactics, emotions, and resolution) that have been linked to children's adjustment. Next, we turn to a presentation of theories on the link between interparental conflict and child adjustment problems, highlighting key variables and processes implicated by these theories. We examine child attributes and family and community factors that influence how interparental conflict can contribute to child adjustment problems. We then discuss translational implications of this research, providing examples of how it has been used to inform practice. We conclude with suggestions for future research. Throughout the chapter, we illustrate how the use and contributions of disparate assessment methods and how principles of developmental psychopathology have contributed to and strengthened knowledge on this topic.
Relational Aggression: A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective
Authors: Murray‐Close Dianna , Nelson David A. , Ostrov Jamie M. , Casas Juan F. , Crick Nicki R.
Published: February 2016

In the past two decades, there has been significant interest among developmental psychopathologists in the study of relational forms of aggression, including gossip, social exclusion, and rumor spreading. This chapter reviews recent advances in research regarding the development of relational aggression in males and females. We focus on conceptual challenges in defining relational aggression, normative and atypical developmental trajectories, and theoretical and empirical work regarding gender differences in such conduct. We also examine potential mechanisms involved in the development of relational aggression, including biobehavioral, cognitive‐emotional, and social risk factors. Next, we discuss both positive and negative developmental outcomes associated with involvement in relational aggression. Implications for both cross‐cultural research and interventions are discussed. Finally, developmental psychopathology perspectives and directions for future research are highlighted.
Culture, Peer Relationships, and Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Chen Xinyin , Liu Cindy H.
Published: February 2016

Research has shown considerable cross‐cultural variations in the prevalence of major internalizing and externalizing behaviors such as social anxiety, aggression, conflict, and bullying that children and adolescents display in peer settings. There is also evidence indicating that specific behaviors may have different meanings in different societies. Culture plays a major role in shaping social attitudes and responses toward children's behaviors, which in turn serve to regulate the development of the behaviors and their relations with adjustment outcomes. Through guiding social interaction processes and affecting the function and structure of social relationships, culture exerts a significant impact on individual development in various areas. Thus, it is important to understand adaptive and maladaptive human development with cultural factors taken into account. Researchers and professionals should consider culturally bound social interaction context in developing effective and appropriate prevention and intervention programs for children and adolescents with psychopathological problems.
Classroom Processes and Teacher–Student Interaction: Integrations with a Developmental Psychopathology Perspective
Authors: Pianta Robert C.
Published: February 2016

This chapter reviews theory and empirical evidence linking developmental psychopathology (methods, models, and understandings) with education science, practice, and policy around a particular focus on proximal processes in classrooms related to interactions with teachers. More fully exploiting the intersection of schooling and development remains important for developmental psychopathology precisely because of the role school context dynamics play in shaping the outcome trajectories of children and youth and of the adults who also populate these settings. This intersection is critical for education scientists, practitioners, and policymakers if they hope to fully understand and explain the student outcomes around which most of their efforts are organized. The discussion focuses on the experiences of children and youth in classroom settings and the opportunities they create for development of human capital. Proximal process experiences in schools play a meaningful role in organizing development—aspects of identity, competence, relationships, risk and opportunity all emerge and consolidate in part through experiences in schools. The chapter reviews evidence on the nature, quality, and impact of teacher‐student interactions as they pertain to development and includes new evidence from the study of teacher‐child interaction that reflects developmental psychopathology frameworks for understanding biological mechanisms that intersect with context and experience.
Preventing Sensitization and Kindling‐like Progression in the Recurrent Mood Disorders
Authors: Post Robert M.
Published: February 2016

The bipolar and unipolar mood disorders are complex multifactorial illnesses with the potential to progress through a number of stages of increasing morbidity if inadequately treated. Although genetic vulnerability remains constant, stressors, episodes of illness, and bouts of substance recur, sensitize, and cross‐sensitize to each other in a long‐lasting fashion, likely based on epigenetic mechanisms. As such, stressors, episodes, and abused substances become major targets for therapeutic intervention, amelioration, and prevention in an effort to slow illness progression and the multiple consequences of accumulating illness burden: medical disability, cognitive dysfunction, treatment refractoriness, and dementia in old age. Virtually every aspect of illness vulnerability, early onset, and adverse course is more severe in the United States than in many European countries.

A paradigm shift toward earlier, more intense, and more consistent psychotherapeutic and pharmacological intervention is required to attempt to reverse this virulent course of bipolar illness in the United States.
Mental Health Stigma: Theory, Developmental Issues, and Research Priorities
Authors: Martinez Andres G. , Hinshaw Stephen P.
Published: February 2016

Mental health stigma is arguablythefundamental issue in the entire mental health field, including developmental psychopathology, given its impact on every participant in the enterprise: scientists, clinicians, social theorists, policymakers, and those contending with mental disorder as well as their many associates. This chapter synthesizes core findings in mental health stigma research and articulates strategies to strengthen its explanatory and applied reach. Specifically, topics include theoretical perspectives on stigma (including social psychological and evolutionary approaches), historical accounts, empirical and cultural evidence for stigma, intersecting developmental themes, future research directions, and strategies to overcome mental health stigma. The chapter includes an integrative theoretical model, incorporating the vantage point of thesocial perceiver(the person doing the stigmatizing) and thetarget(the experiencer) of that stigma. It is concluded that although stigma processes may be universal—given evidence that stigma is pancultural and even evolutionarily wired into the mind/brain as an “us” versus “them” module—it can nevertheless be meaningfully reduced. Stigma reduction efforts must consist of multilevel interventions that leverage psychological, family, community, and policy factors.
Full‐Color Delayed Fluorescence Materials Based on Wedge‐Shaped Phthalonitriles and Dicyanopyrazines: Systematic Design, Tunable Photophysical Properties, and OLED Performance
Authors: Park In Seob , Lee Sae Youn , Adachi Chihaya , Yasuda Takuma
Published: February 2016

Purely organic light‐emitting materials, which can harvest both singlet and triplet excited states to offer high electron‐to‐photon conversion efficiencies, are essential for the realization of high‐performance organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) without using precious metal elements. Donor–acceptor architectures with an intramolecular charge‐transfer excited state have been proved to be a promising system for achieving these requirements through a mechanism of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Here, luminescent wedge‐shaped molecules, which comprise a central phthalonitrile or 2,3‐dicyanopyrazine acceptor core coupled with various donor units, are reported as TADF emitters. This set of materials allows systematic fine‐tuning of the band gap and exhibits TADF emissions that cover the entire visible range from blue to red. Full‐color TADF‐OLEDs with high maximum external electroluminescence quantum efficiencies of up to 18.9% have been demonstrated by using these phthalonitrile and 2,3‐dicyanopyrazine‐based TADF emitters.
The Swiss‐Army‐Knife Self‐Assembled Monolayer: Improving Electron Injection, Stability, and Wettability of Metal Electrodes with a One‐Minute Process
Authors: Alt Milan , Jesper Malte , Schinke Janusz , Hillebrandt Sabina , Reiser Patrick , Rödlmeier Tobias , Angelova Iva , Deing Kaja , Glaser Tobias , Mankel Eric , Jaegermann Wolfram , Pucci Annemarie , Lemmer Uli , Bunz U. H. F. , Kowalsky W. , Hernandez‐Sosa G. , Lovrincic R. , Hamburger M.
Published: February 2016

A novel Self‐assembled Monolayer (SAM) forming molecule bisjulolidyldisulfide (9,9'‐disulfanediylbis(2,3,6,7‐tetrahydro‐1H,5H‐pyrido[3,2,1‐ij]quinoline)) is demonstrated which lowers the work function of metal surfaces by ≈1.2 eV and can be deposited in a 1 min process. Bisjulolidyldisulfide exists in a stable disulfide configuration prior to surface exposure and can therefore be stored, handled, and processed in ambient conditions. SAM from bisjulolidyldisulfide are deposited on metal surfaces (Au and Ag), including inkjet printed Ag on polyethylene terephthalate substrates, investigated by photoelectron and infrared spectroscopy, and used as electrodes in n‐type organic field effect transistor (OFET). Treatment of electrodes in OFET devices with with bisjulolidyldisulfide‐SAMs reduces the contact resistance by two orders of magnitude and improves shelf life with respect to pristine metal electrodes. The presented treatment also increases the surfaces wettability and thereby facilitates solution processing of a subsequent layer. These beneficial properties for device performance, processing, and stability, combined with ease of preparation and handling, render this SAM‐forming molecule an excellent candidate for the high‐throughput production of flexible electronic devices.
Biologically Inspired and Magnetically Recoverable Copper Porphyrinic Catalysts: A Greener Approach for Oxidation of Hydrocarbons with Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Henriques César A. , Fernandes Auguste , Rossi Liane M. , Ribeiro M. Filipa , Calvete Mário J. F. , Pereira Mariette M.
Published: February 2016

An efficient synthetic method for magnetically recoverable hybrid copper porphyrinic nanomaterials is reported. These functionalized magnetic materials prove to be efficient bioinspired oxidation catalysts of olefins and thiols, using molecular oxygen as oxidant, in total absence of reductants and solvents, with the highest TON (turnover number) yet achieved for this reaction (≈200 000). A comparative study between homogeneous and heterogeneous oxidation of cyclohexene is discussed, revealing the heterogeneous system to be the most promising concerning stability and reusability of the catalysts. The full characterization of the magnetic hybrid porphyrinic nanomaterials, by transmission electron microscopy, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, thermogravimetry, N2sorption, and infrared spectroscopy, is also described.
Tunicate‐Inspired Gallic Acid/Metal Ion Complex for Instant and Efficient Treatment of Dentin Hypersensitivity
Authors: Prajatelistia Ekavianty , Ju Sung‐Won , Sanandiya Naresh D. , Jun Sang Ho , Ahn Jin‐Soo , Hwang Dong Soo
Published: February 2016

Dentin hypersensitivity is sharp and unpleasant pains caused by exposed dentinal tubules when enamel outside of the tooth wears away. The occlusion of dentinal tubules via in situ remineralization of hydroxyapatite is the best method to alleviate the symptoms caused by dentin hypersensitivity. Commercially available dental desensitizers are generally effective only on a specific area and are relatively toxic, and their performance usually depends on the skill of the clinician. Here, a facile and efficient dentin hypersensitivity treatment with remarkable aesthetic improvement inspired by the tunicate‐self‐healing process is reported. As pyrogallol groups in tunicate proteins conjugate with metal ions to heal the torn body armor of a tunicate, the ingenious mechanism by introducing gallic acid (GA) as a cheap, abundant, and edible alternative to the pyrogallol groups of the tunicate combined with a varied daily intake of metal ion sources is mimicked. In particular, the GA/Fe3+complex exhibits the most promising results, to the instant ≈52% blockage in tubules within 4 min and ≈87% after 7 d of immersion in artificial saliva. Overall, the GA/metal ion complex‐mediated coating is facile, instant, and effective, and is suggested as an aesthetic solution for treating dentin hypersensitivity.
Development of Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles for Genetic Engineering and Tracking of Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Adams Christopher , Israel Liron Limor , Ostrovsky Stella , Taylor Arthur , Poptani Harish , Lellouche Jean‐Paul , Chari Divya
Published: February 2016

Genetic modification of cell transplant populations and cell tracking ability are key underpinnings for effective cell therapies. Current strategies to achieve these goals utilize methods which are unsuitable for clinical translation because of related safety issues, and multiple protocol steps adding to cost and complexity. Multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) offering dual mode gene delivery and imaging contrast capacity offer a valuable tool in this context. Despite their key benefits, there is a critical lack of neurocompatible and multifunctional particles described for use with transplant populations for neurological applications. Here, a systematic screen of MNPs (using a core shown to cause contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) bearing various surface chemistries (polyethylenimine (PEI) and oxidized PEI and hybrids of oxidized PEI/alginic acid, PEI/chitosan and PEI/polyamidoamine) is performed to test their ability to genetically engineer neural stem cells (NSCs; a cell population of high clinical relevance for central nervous system disorders). It is demonstrated that gene delivery to NSCs can be safely achieved using two of the developed formulations (PEI and oxPEI/alginic acid) when used in conjunction with oscillating magnetofection technology. After transfection, intracellular particles can be detected by histological procedures with labeled cells displaying contrast in MRI (for real time cell tracking).
Recent Strategies for Improving the Catalytic Activity of 2D TMD Nanosheets Toward the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Voiry Damien , Yang Jieun , Chhowalla Manish
Published: February 2016

Two‐dimensional (2D) transition‐metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanosheets have emerged as a fascinating new class of materials for catalysis. These nanosheets are active for several important catalysis reactions including hydrogen evolution from water. The rich chemistry of TMDs combined with numerous strategies that allow tuning of their electronic properties make these materials very attractive for understanding the fundamental principles of electro‐ and photocatalysis, as well as for developing highly efficient, renewable, and affordable catalysts for large‐scale production of hydrogen. Recent developments are highlighted and important challenges in using TMDs as catalysts are also discussed.
Hierarchical α‐MnO2 Tube‐on‐Tube Arrays with Superior, Structure‐Dependent Pseudocapacitor Performance Synthesized via a Selective Dissolution and Coherent Growth Mechanism
Authors: Yu Bao Zhi , Dan Zhao Xiao , Luo Jun , Zhang Hui Gang , Zhu Yan Wu , Jing Guang Yin , Ma Pei , Ren Zhao Yu , Fan Hai Ming
Published: February 2016

Hierarchical α‐MnO2 tube‐on‐tube arrays (HMNTAs) are controllably synthesized by a facile hydrothermal route. HMNTAs are comprised of single‐crystal [001]‐oriented tetragonal nanotubes, where the branch nanotubes are assembled onto a backbone nanotube along a specific crystallographic direction, showing a unique edge‐to‐edge structure. Time‐dependent evolution of the morphology reveals that the formation of HMNTAs undergoes a selective dissolution of δ‐MnO2 nanoflakes and a coherent growth of α‐MnO2 nanotubes. Additionally, the spatial structure of HMNTAs can be easily controlled from 4‐fold‐symmetry to 2‐fold‐symmetry by varying the diameter of branch nanotubes from 80 to 180 nm. Owing to remarkable structural features, the 4‐fold‐symmetry HMNTAs exhibit a specific capacitance of 780 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and 98% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles at 10 A g−1, which is superior to that of 2‐fold‐symmetry HMNTAs and α‐MnO2 nanotube arrays. Furthermore, the prototype symmetric supercapacitor (SSC) device based on 4‐fold‐symmetry HMNTAs electrode exhibits high specific capacitance (213 F g−1), higher than that of the SSCs for 2‐fold‐symmetry HMNTAs (182 F g−1) and α‐MnO2 nanotube arrays (80 F g−1). This work demonstrates a previously undescribed level of structural and functional complexity in hierarchical nanoarrays and brings new perspectives on designing novel hierarchical nanoarrays for various structure‐sensitive applications.
Improving the Charge Injection in Organic Transistors by Covalently Linked Graphene Oxide/Metal Electrodes
Authors: Chen Xiaosong , Zhang Suna , Wu Kunjie , Xu Zeyang , Li Hongwei , Meng Yancheng , Ma Xueming , Liu Liwei , Li Liqiang
Published: February 2016

Electrodes, one of the key components of organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs), exert great influence on the device performance as well as circuit fabrication. Conventional metal electrodes generally show poor contact quality with organic semiconductors, especially in bottom‐contact geometry. Development of appropriate modification materials and methods for metal electrodes is an efficient way to improve OFET performance, which is, however, quite a challenging task. In this work, a facile strategy is developed to modify the metal surface with graphene oxide (GO) via covalent bonds for application in OFETs, which has not been reported before. This selective covalent modification strategy is compatible with diverse patterning techniques, and the covalently linked GO‐Au electrode exhibits strong robustness against solvent treatment. Remarkably, the GO‐Au electrode shows very good generality with both p‐type and n‐type organic semiconductors, which contributes to the realization of p‐/n‐type OFETs with significantly improved performance compared with the pristine Au electrode. The facile and low temperature modification method, compatibility with diverse patterning techniques, robustness against solvent treatment, good generality with organic semiconductors, and high OFET performance enable the strategy to be very promising for application in the field of organic electronics.
High‐Performance Thermoelectric Paper Based on Double Carrier‐Filtering Processes at Nanowire Heterojunctions
Authors: Choi Jaeyoo , Lee Jang Yeol , Lee Sang‐Soo , Park Chong Rae , Kim Heesuk
Published: February 2016

As commercial interest in flexible power‐conversion devices increases, the demand for high‐performance alternatives to brittle inorganic thermoelectric (TE) materials is growing. As an alternative, we propose a rationally designed graphene/polymer/inorganic nanocrystal free‐standing paper with high TE performance, high flexibility, and mechanical/chemical durability. The ternary hybrid system of the graphene/polymer/inorganic nanocrystal includes two hetero­junctions that induce double‐carrier filtering, which significantly increases the electrical conductivity without a major decrease in the thermopower. The ternary hybrid shows a power factor of 143 μW m−1 K−1 at 300 K, which is one to two orders of magnitude higher than those of single‐ or binary‐component materials. In addition, with five hybrid papers and polyethyleneimine (PEI)‐doped single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as the p‐type and n‐type TE units, respectively, a maximum power density of 650 nW cm−2 at a temperature difference of 50 K can be obtained. The strategy proposed here can improve the performance of flexible TE materials by introducing more heterojunctions and optimizing carrier transfer at those junctions, and shows great potential for the preparation of flexible or wearable power‐conversion devices.
Protein‐energy malnutrition is frequent and precocious in children with cri du chat syndrome
Authors: Lefranc Violaine , de Luca Arnaud , Hankard Régis
Published: February 2016

Protein‐energy malnutrition (PEM) is poorly reported in cri du chat syndrome (CDCS) (OMIM #123450), a genetic disease that causes developmental delay and global growth retardation. The objective was to determine the nutritional status at different ages in children with CDCS and factors associated with PEM. A questionnaire focused on growth and nutritional care was sent to 190 families. Among 36 analyzable questionnaires, growth and nutritional indices compatible with PEM occurred in 47% of patients: 19% before 6 months of age, 24% between 6–12 months and 34% after 12 months. Eight patients received enteral feeding. Speech therapy for swallowing education was performed more often in malnourished children (63% vs. 22%, P < 0.02). PEM is frequent and occurs early in this disease, requiring closed nutritional monitoring. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scaffold Hopping Approach to a New Series of Pyridine Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors of CDK2
Authors: Xu Xiaojuan , Yao Qizheng
Published: February 2016

A scaffold hopping approach was exploited to guide the discovery of a series of pyridine derivatives as novel cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK2) inhibitors. These new compounds were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as CDK2 inhibitors. Most of the compounds showed potent inhibition against CDK2, and preliminary structure–activity relationship trends were revealed. A docking study on the most potent compound 6g implied the structural basis for potent CDK2 inhibition. All of the synthesized compounds were also evaluated for their cytotoxicity against the H522 and U87 cancer cell lines. The most potent and drug‐like compound 6g was further tested against a normal cell line (L02), demonstrating that this compound is selectively toxic toward cancer cell lines. The results provide the foundation for further improving the potency of this series of compounds.