bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Public Finances And The Quality Of Life Of The Population In Regions (Considering An Example Of The Russian Far East)
Authors: Kadomtseva, SV. S. , Pivkina N.
Published: October 2021

The Object of the Study. Quality of life of the population in the Russian Far East. The Subject of the Study. Assessment of socioeconomic indicators of the quality of life in the regions of the Russian Far East.The Purpose of the Study. Analyzing the quality of life of the population on the most important components based on socioeconomic indicators of regions and comparing them with similar indicators for the Russian Far East Federal Okrug and Russia as a whole.The Basic Provisions of the Article. An important condition for improving demographic processes in the regions of the Russian Far East is the improvement of the quality of life. Prior to the leaders of the regions is the task of increasing socioeconomic indicators above the national average for the preservation of skilled personnel in the region. The birth rate and mortality rate, the level of external and internal migration, the monetary incomes of the population, the level of poverty, unemployment and inflation are analyzed. Improving transport accessibility for regions that have a huge territory and negative migration processes stimulates the consolidation of the population.
LIMITATIONS OF THE LIVING WORKING-AGE POPULATION AS A TOOL FOR REGULATING THE MINIMUM LEVEL OF LABOUR INCOMES IN RUSSIA AND ITS ARCTIC SPECIFICITY
Authors: Zlenko E
Published: October 2021

Object. The minimum level of labour incomes of the working populationSubject. Subsistence level of the able-bodied population.Purpose. Identification of the main signs of the limited subsistence level of the able-bodied population as a tool for regulating minimum labour incomes and their Arctic specificity.The Main Provisions of the Article. In the mechanism of regulation of the minimum incomes operating in Russia, the subsistence level of the able-bodied population is intended to justify the minimum wage guaranteed by the state. The main discussions are held around issues revealing the limited living wage of the able-bodied population as a regulator of the minimum income. Its vulnerability comes from the methodology of definition and is manifested both in the norms of consumption, and in the degree to which the commodity sets correspond to contemporary realities. Another, no less important side of the limitation of the subsistence level of the able-bodied population, is related to the method of calculating it, which has been changed since 2013 from normative to normative-statistical. The vector of the regulator's limitations is aimed at reducing the level of minimum income. Regions of the Arctic, located in difficult climatic conditions for living, are significantly different from other Russian regions in terms of consumption characteristics of the population, which are higher for northerners. Therefore, the limited subsistence level of the able-bodied population as an instrument for regulating the minimum income for the Arctic is more significant. In addition, the significance is strengthened by the reduction in the incentive function of the minimum payment for a fee associated with the procedure for calculating northern payments. In the Arctic labour market, this promotes the spread of cheap labour policies, and at the household level, financial difficulties lead to outstanding financial obligations for established payments.Negative consequences affect the level of social sustainability and the level of development of the Arctic zone as well. Against the background of other arctic countries in the world, the Russian Arctic lags behind in this aspect. One of the factors influencing the acceleration of positive changes in the Arctic is the use of the most successful foreign experiences of financial regulation, including the experience of taking into account the economic interests of the family in the policy of income. The work was carried out on the basis of an analysis of normative legal acts, a database of state statistics and publications on the topic of open access research.
The Current Position of Young People of the «New Working Class» in the Labour Market of the Ural Federal District
Authors: Bocharov V. , Gavrilyuk V. , Gil’tman M.
Published: October 2021

The Object of the Study. Youth of the «new working class».The Subject of the Study. Employment of young people of the «new working class» in the labour market.The Purpose of the Study. Basing on the analysis of statistical databases of youth employment of the UrFO’s «new working class» to show the specifics of the situation and the main problems of employment of that social group in the labour market.The Main Provisions of the Article. The article contains the analysis of the young people’s employment of the Ural Federal Okrug on the basis of data from monitoring surveys of micro-farms related to employment, conducted by the Higher School of Economics together with the Rosstat. The peculiarity of this analysis is the first attempt to show the situation in the regional labor market not in the whole social group (youth), but only in a certain part of it, based on the concept of the «new working class». Under this concept we mean a group of employees engaged in all areas of material production and services whose work is routinized, divided into standardized segments, amenable to an algorithmization and a quantitative regulation of the results and who are not involved into the management and have no ownership rights in the system they work in. The analysis of youth statistics of the " new working class " in the Ural Federal Okrug was carried out in three age groups (15-19 years - employment needed, 20-24 - combining study and work, and 25-29 – a transition between study-work) in two periods – 2010 (an economic recovery after the crisis of 2008-2009) and 2015 (the beginning of the economic recession).The article shows the differences between the youth employment in 2010 and 2015 in the Ural Federal Okrug, taking into account the area of residence of respondents (city/village) by age and gender groups. The paper considers the prevalence of informal and flexible employment as well as the level of education among economically active and inactive youth.Two trends in the economic behaviour of young people in the labour market are identified: first, in due course preferences of educational trajectories towards longer ones, with a higher level of education are formed. Second, young people enter the labour market later. The special features of the employment of young people in the «new working class» also include the high involvement in informal employment of the youngest groups of workers. That is connected with low wages, worse and dangerous working conditions, an exception from the legal terrain of labor relations’ regulation.
Underutilization of Labour Force: Methodological Approaches to Measurement and Statistical Analysis
Authors: Chernykh Ekaterina
Published: October 2021

The Object of the Study. The problem of underutilization of labour force in the context of the present-day labour market. The Subject of the Study. Category of underutilization of the labour force: indicators, components, methodological aspects of formation and measurement.The Purpose of the Study. Calculating the components of underutilization of labor force in the Russian Federation. Identify the sociodemographic characteristics of people falling into the category of underutilization of the labour force.The Main Provisions of the Article. The author has revealed methodological approaches to the measurement of underutilization of labour force, the quantitative and qualitative aspects of this phenomenon, analyzed international statistics using ILO data, Rossiyskaya Federatsiya conducted calculations of the components of underutilization of labour in the Rossiyskaya Federatsiya using Rosstat microdata, identified the key sociodemographic characteristics of the people in the category of underutilization of labour (potential labour force, working insufficient hours and people with insufficient or excessive education), and outlined the key problems of underestimation of this phenomenon.
Impact of the Minimum Wage on Wages and Wage Inequality in 2019
Authors: Migranova Lyudmila , Popova Raisa
Published: October 2021

The Object of the Study. Wages in Russiya and in its regionsThe Subject of the Study. Levels and differentiation of wages The Purpose of the Study is examining the impact of raising the minimum wage up to the subsistence minimum level of the able-bodied population in 2018-2019 on the dynamics of the main characteristics of wages at the federal and regional levels. The Main Propositions of the Article. The problem of spatial inequality includes socioeconomic inequality of the population which primarily depends on work remuneration as the main source of monetary income of households. The problems of work remuneration in the post-Soviet period are well-known – low levels, relatively high wage differentiation including cross-sectoral and cross-regional disparities. These were caused to a large extent by the low level of the minimum wage in the country. In May 2018 the minimum wage was raised up to the subsistence minimum level (poverty line) of the able-bodied population. Using the data from the wage surveys conducted by Rosstat in 2017 and 2019 the authors analyse the shifts in wage distribution of workers in Russiya and in its regions. The increase in the minimum wage resulted in a decline in the general differentiation of wages across the country and in the vast majority of regions, in reduction of the intra-industry and cross-regional differences. In 2019 the funds ratio (ratio of mean wages of the upper and the bottom deciles) exceeded 10 only in six regions, while in 2017 there were 29 such regions. In 2017 that ratio was below 8 only in 6 regions, in 2019 – in 45 regions, and in most of them (26) the average wage was 3 times below the subsistence minimum level of the able-bodied population. The analysis has shown that the low level of wages of most employees still remains an urgent problem, and reduction in wage inequality also has the reverse aspect. We know from the Soviet experience that low (as well as high) level of wage inequality does not promote work incentives and socioeconomic development of territories.
Deepfake a prawo karne. Uwagi „de lege lata” i „de lege ferenda” dotyczące fałszywej pornografii
Authors: Ziobroń Agata
Published: October 2021

W niniejszym opracowaniu poruszono problematykę technologii deepfake i jej wykorzystania do produkcji fałszywej pornografii (deep porn). Zwrócono uwagę na znamiona typów czynów zabronionych, które może wypełnić osoba dopuszczająca się modyfikacji i rozpowszechniania filmów o charakterze pornograficznym. Celem artykułu było przeanalizowanie przepisów kodeksu karnego pod kątem spełniania przez nie funkcji ochronnej względem osoby, której wizerunek zostałby wykorzystany i następnie rozpowszechniony dla celów produkcji deep porn, oraz omówienie stosunku przedstawicieli doktryny amerykańskiej względem tego zagadnienia. W wyniku przeprowadzonej analizy prawnokarnej stwierdzono, że ochrona zapewniona jest na podstawie art. 212 (zniesławienie) i 216 (znieważenie) ustawy z dnia 6 czerwca 1997 r. Kodeks karny.
Bezkompromisowa ucieczka do dyktatury. Teologia polityczna Juana Donoso Cortésa
Authors: Chrząszcz Bartosz
Published: October 2021

Krytyka rewolucji nie jest właściwa wyłącznie myślicielom francuskim. Reakcjonizm odnosi się do tych, których dotknęła klęska ancien régime’u. W nurt ten wpisuje się Juan Donoso Cortés, a niniejszy artykuł służy uważnemu przeanalizowaniu jego osoby pod kątem przemiany światopoglądowej i krytyki doktryn o rewolucyjnym rodowodzie oraz przedstawieniu śmiałej koncepcji tego dyplomaty, to jest dyktatury w imię ładu prawdziwego. Choć hiszpański konserwatysta nie stworzył przywołanej koncepcji całkowicie od podstaw, gdyż opierał się na doktrynie Josepha de Maistre’a, to jednak należy stwierdzić, że rozwinął ją, obudowując dodatkowo ideowym uzasadnieniem. Przejawiając zakorzenione w platońsko-augustiańskiej filozofii podejście pesymistyczne, wyrażał postawę bliską francuskiej odmianie tradycjonalizmu. Inicjator decyzjonizmu z jednej strony oraz kontynuator tradycjonalistycznych zwyczajów z drugiej, sformułował intrygującą konstrukcję będącą zarówno kontynuacją wielu stanowisk myśli konserwatywnej, jak i — przy zachowaniu wyraźnie zachowawczych tendencji — otwarciem jej na nowe rozwiązania. Wszystko dla urzeczywistnienia największego celu — obrony ładu prawdziwego.
Small Bowel Hernia due to a Blunt Pelvic Injury
Authors: Jae Gal Min , Kim Jung Chul
Published: October 2021

A 91-year-old female presented to Chonnam National University Hospital Regional Trauma Center with a lateral compression type III fracture of the pelvis. She was managed non-operatively for a week in the intensive care unit under close observation and had an emergency operation due to delayed onset of an acute obstructed direct inguinal hernia. Traumatic abdominal wall hernias are rare. However, trauma surgeons should always be aware of the possibility of such injuries because of their critical consequences.
Visual Disturbance Caused by a Nail Gun-Induced Penetrating Brain Injury
Authors: Ye Jin Bong , Sul Young Hoon , Kim Se Heon , Lee Jin Young , Lee Jin Suk , Kim Hong Rye , Yoon Soo Young , Choi Jung Hee
Published: October 2021

Penetrating brain injury caused by a nail gun is an uncommon clinical scenario reported in the literature. A 36-year-old male presented with a nail that had penetrated through the occipital bone. He was alert and neurologically intact except for visual disturbance. Computed tomography (CT) of the brain showed the nail lodged at the occipital lobe and the parietal lobe, with minimal intracerebral hemorrhage. The nail was placed in the occipital lobe close to the superior sagittal sinus. We removed the nail with craniotomy since the entrance of the nail was close to the superior sagittal sinus. There were no newly developed neurological deficits postoperatively. Immediate postoperative CT showed no newly developed lesions. The patient recovered well without any significant complications. Two weeks postoperatively, magnetic resonance imaging showed no remarkable lesions. The visual disturbance was followed up at the outpatient department. To summarize, we report a rare case of penetrating head injury by a nail gun and discuss relevant aspects of the clinical management.
La agricultura mexicana del TLCAN al TMEC: consideraciones teóricas, balance general y perspectivas de desarrollo
Authors: Hernández Pérez Juan Luis
Published: October 2021

Desde 1994, el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) fue puesto en marcha como “estrategia de desarrollo” para México. Recientemente, los Estados Unidos, México y Canadá renegociaron este tratado, lo que dio paso a uno nuevo denominado TMEC (Tratado entre México, Estados Unidos y Canadá), el cual tiene como objetivo modernizar las relaciones comerciales, incluyendo las del rubro agrícola, pero sin alejarse de la esencia neoliberal del anterior. Por ello, el propósito de este trabajo es plantear los probables efectos del nuevo tratado comercial en la agricultura mexicana, con base en el papel que ésta desempeña de acuerdo con la estrategia de desarrollo económica vigente y la política de fomento agrícola gubernamental actual.
Um Olhar Psicanalítico sobre a Amamentação de Bebês Prematuros na UTI Neonatal
Authors: Leonardo-Pereira de Freitas Andréa Leão , Lazzarini Eliana Rigotto , Fleury Seidl Eliane Maria
Published: October 2021

Este artigo consiste em um estudo teórico sobre a complexidade dos fatores físicos, psíquicos e socioculturais implicados na vivência das mães de bebês prematuros em relação à amamentação, na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTIN). Busca-se problematizar a prática de prescrever a amamentação às gestantes e lactantes, sem levar em consideração aspectos subjetivos e inconscientes que influenciarão na adesão a esta recomendação. Os discursos dos profissionais de saúde, apoiados no excesso de informações científicas sobre a amamentação, bem como argumentos moralistas que circunscrevem este tema, não são suficientes para que se estabeleça o aleitamento materno. A amamentação vai além de um processo meramente fisiológico, exigindo da mulher condições psíquicas favoráveis para que ela possa desempenhar o papel de nutriz. Pode haver casos em que não amamentar a criança no seio traga mais benefícios à saúde mental da díade, sem que isso signifique ser a mãe menos zelosa ou cuidadosa do que as demais.
Reflexões Ético-Políticas de Questões Metodológicas de Pesquisa em Psicologia: Problema e Objetivos
Authors: Bernardes Anita Guazzelli , Guareschi Neuza Maria de Fátima , Galeano Giovana Barbieri
Published: October 2021

Este texto pretende refletir sobre objetivos e problema de pesquisa a partir de uma dimensão ético-política, por meio de uma perspectiva da Psicologia Social crítica. Partimos de um exercício de problematização que compreende o problema e objetivos de pesquisa como práticas situadas. Assim, apontam-se alguns elementos importantes desse exercício de pensamento – formulação de objetivos e problemas – a partir da experiência e de barreiras que devem ser consideradas. A experiência e as barreiras aparecem no texto como estratégias para afirmar a pesquisa como aposta ético-política. A ideia é refletir como essas dimensões éticas e políticas são coextensivas ao problema e aos objetivos da pesquisa também, afirmando, assim, o caráter situado, portanto, as implicações de todos os movimentos que realizamos durante os processos de investigação.
Environmental impact of industrial transport
Authors: Terentiev O. , Sergienko M. , Smoliar V.
Published: October 2021

The article discusses topical issues and problems of the impact of industrial road transport on the environment, namely: emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere depending on the type of fuel and their negative impact on human health. The significant increase in the vehicle fleet is causing great harm in the form of harmful emissions from fuel combustion systems, which cannot be dealt with standard car cleaning systems. The situation is aggravated by the fact that car emissions are concentrated in the surface air layer - precisely in the zone of our breathing. Low- quality gasoline is still used, polluting the environment. About 280 harmful substances were found in the exhaust gases of cars, including carcinogenic benzopyrenes, nitrogen oxides, lead, mercury, aldehydes, carbon oxides, soot, hydrocarbons. These emissions increase significantly when starting off or increasing speed. Diesel engine emissions are different from gasoline engine emissions. A diesel engine burns fuel more completely, oxidizes less carbon and produces less non-combustible hydrocarbons. But, at the same time, due to the lack of air in the diesel engine, more nitrogen oxide is formed. Diesel engines also emit soot. Gas emissions from transport into the atmosphere are exposed to sunlight, which leads to photochemical reactions leading to the formation of NО2, 0з, peroxides, benzopyrene (C22H14) and other compounds. In addition, each vehicle emits rubber dust into the atmosphere when its tires are abraded and worn out. Accordingly, the scale of damage caused by transport to the environment and people is also increasing. The article analyzes the existing and promising types of fuel and the reduction of the technogenic impact of industrial road transport on the environment in Ukraine.
Напрями роботи редактора з дитячими інтерактивними виданнями
Authors: Фіялка Світлана , Мельник Іванна
Published: October 2021

Наукова новизна дослідження полягає у вдосконаленні визначення поняття «інтерактивне видання». Популярність інтерактивних видань на ринку зумовлена потребами часу та потужним розвитком технологій. Видавництва орієнтуються на новий формат видань, який одразу ж зацікавлює читача своїми альтернативними підходами та оригінальною структурою. Саме це пояснює тенденцію поширення інтерактивних видань та зумовлює потребу їх детального аналізу.
Досліджено вплив інтерактивного видання на психіку дитини з урахуванням перцептивних особливостей дітей старшого дошкільного віку. Доведено, що характер впливу відрізняється залежно від виду видання (друковане, електронне, друковане з використанням гаджета). Зазначено, що те, як впливатиме видання на дитину, залежить не тільки від його функціональних можливостей, а й від батьків, які самі вирішують, скільки часу дитина проводитиме за читанням книги, як вона буде з нею ознайомлюватися (сама або за допомогою батьків) тощо. Розглянуто сутність професійної діяльності редактора та особистісні критерії в роботі, які визначають високий професіоналізм фахівця.
Запропоновано методику редагування інтерактивних видань. Розроблена методика забезпечує високий рівень професійної діяльності редактора у створенні якісного кінцевого продукту та поєднує в собі набір основних особистісних якостей редактора; осучаснені прийоми редагування; методику роботи з основним текстом, ілюстративним і мультимедійним матеріалом.
Результати дослідження можна використовувати для формування професійної компетентності майбутніх фахівців видавничої справи та редагування та для підвищення кваліфікації редакторів. Робота доводить доцільність та ефективність використання інтерактивних видань для навчання дітей старшого дошкільного віку.
Vibroextrusion flow of concrete mixtures in a right four-corner pyramidal channel
Authors: Andreiev Igor , Pinchuk Andrey , Kramar Oleksandra
Published: October 2021

The purpose of the research was to obtain calculation formulas for describing the flow of concrete mixtures and determining their viscosity directly in the process of vibroextrusion in regular quadrangular pyramidal channels.

In solving the flow problems, it was taken into account that concrete mixtures are non-Newtonian systems in the conditions of a vibration field, and hydrodynamic theories were used to calculate the processes and rheological characteristics.

Since the calculation formulas for describing the flow of fluids in a regular quadrangular pyramidal channel are absent and the channel has a square cross section, an analytical dependence was used to characterize the process, which describes the flow of a Newtonian fluid in a rectangular channel of constant cross section. The authors proposed for use simplified formulas for determining the maximum flow rate and flow rate of a Newtonian fluid in a channel of rectangular cross-section.

The degree of decrease in the flow velocity and the flow rates of a Newtonian fluid in a channel of rectangular cross-section in comparison with the flow between flat parallel plates are analyzed.

To describe the flow of concrete mixtures in regular quadrangular pyramidal channels, the proposed coefficients for reducing the speed and flow rate, as well as the existing formulas for the flow between flat symmetric stationary walls, which converge, were used.

The possibility of using the obtained formula for the flow rate in a regular quadrangular pyramidal channel for calculating the viscosity of a concrete mixture during vibration extrusion is shown. To simplify the experimental procedure, a new formula for calculating the viscosity based on the expiration time for a certain amount of concrete mixture has been proposed.

The formulas obtained are convenient for further mathematical processing and have no restrictions in their application. The proposed method for determining the viscosity expands the possibilities of studying the rheological properties of concrete mixtures in the vibroextrusion of fiber-reinforced concrete mixtures.
Comparative Analysis of Classification Algorithms in the Analysis of Medical Images From Speckle Tracking Echocardiography Video Data
Authors: Petrunina Olena , Shevaga Diana , Babenko Vitalii , Pavlov Volodymyr , Rysin Sergiy , Nastenko Ievgen
Published: October 2021

Background. Machine learning allows applying various intelligent algorithms to produce diagnostic and/or prognostic models. Such models can be used to determine the functional state of the heart, which is diagnosed by speckle-tracking echocardiography. To determine the patient's heart condition in detail, a classification approach is used in machine learning. Each of the classification algorithms has a different performance when applied to certain situations. Therefore, the actual task is to determine the most efficient algorithm for solving a specific task of classifying the patient's heart condition when applying the same speckle-tracking echocardiography data set.
Objective. We are aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the application of prognostic models of logistic regression, the group method of data handling (GMDH), random forest, and adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) in the construction of algorithms to support medical decision-making on the diagnosis of coronary heart disease.
Methods. Video data from speckle-tracking echocardiography of 40 patients with coronary heart disease and 16 patients without cardiac pathology were used for the study. Echocardiography was recorded in B-mode in three positions: long axis, 4-chamber, and 2-chamber. Echocardiography frames that reflect the systole and diastole of the heart (308 samples in total) were taken as objects for classification. To obtain informative features of the selected objects, the genetic GMDH approach was applied to identify the best structure of harmonic textural features. We compared the efficiency of the following classification algorithms: logistic regression method, GMDH classifier, random forest method, and AdaBoost method.
Results. Four classification models were constructed for each of the three B-mode echocardiography positions. For this purpose, the data samples were divided into 3: training sample (60%), validation sample (20%), and test sample (20%). Objective evaluation of the models on the test sample showed that the best classification method was random forest (90.3% accuracy on the 4-chamber echocardiography position, 74.2% on the 2-chamber, and 77.4% on the long axis). This was also confirmed by ROC analysis, wherein in all cases, the random forest was the most effective in classifying cardiac conditions.
Conclusions. The best classification algorithm for cardiac diagnostics by speckle-tracking echocardiography was determined. It turned out to be a random forest, which can be explained by the ensemble approach of begging, which is inherent in this classification method. It will be the mainstay of further research, which is planned to be performed to develop a full-fledged decision support system for cardiac diagnostics.
Aportes de experiencias de Educación Superior Rural de Colombia, Brasil y México a la construcción de una propuesta curricular en el Sur del Tolima (Colombia)
Authors: Ochoa Laura Valentina Amado , Salamanca Laura Marcela García , Escobar Jorge Jairo Posada , Cuervo Luisa Fernanda Ramirez
Published: October 2021

En este artículo se presenta un estudio documental que tiene por objetivo reconocer los principios, propuestas curriculares y estrategias metodológicas de las experiencias de educación superior rural en Colombia, Brasil y México en los últimos 10 años. El análisis de las experiencias permite generar aportes para una región del centro de Colombia, ya que el estudio se realiza en el marco de la investigación “Construcción participativa de un programa curricular de educación superior rural de base agroecológica como alternativa al desarrollo territorial en el pos-acuerdo”. Dichas experiencias analizadas se fundamentan en el reconocimiento de las y los campesinos e indígenas como sujetos culturales, en la necesidad de la formación para la transformación social, la articulación de componentes de formación técnica con lo político y lo ecológico. Las experiencias proponen currículos contextualizados, con estrategias metodológicas y experienciales que parten de los saberes campesinos e indígenas, con el trabajo de proyectos productivos, de servicio a la comunidad e investigativos.
A Novel Treatment of the Josephson Effect
Authors: Szeftel Jacob , Sandeau Nicolas , Abou Ganthous Michel
Published: October 2021

A new picture of the Josephson effect is devised. The radio-frequency (RF) signal, observed in a Josephson junction, is shown to stem from bound electrons, tunneling periodically through the insulating film. This holds also for the microwave mediated tunneling. The Josephson effect is found to be conditioned by the same prerequisite worked out previously for persistent currents, thermal equilibrium and occurence of superconductivity. The observed negative resistance behaviour is shown to originate from the interplay between the normal and superconducting currents.
Timoshenko Beam Theory: First-Order Analysis, Second-Order Analysis, Stability, and Vibration Analysis Using the Finite Difference Method
Authors: Fogang Valentin
Published: October 2021

This paper presents an approach to the Timoshenko beam theory (TBT) using the finite difference method (FDM). The Timoshenko beam theory covers cases associated with small deflections based on shear deformation and rotary inertia considerations. The FDM is an approximate method for solving problems described with differential equations. It does not involve solving differential equations; equations are formulated with values at selected points of the structure. In addition, the boundary conditions and not the governing equations are applied at the beam’s ends. The model developed in this paper consisted of formulating differential equations with finite differences and introducing additional points at the beam’s ends and at positions of discontinuity (concentrated loads or moments, supports, hinges, springs, brutal change of stiffness, spring-mass system, etc.). The introduction of additional points allowed us to apply the governing equations at the beam’s ends. Moreover, grid points with variable spacing were considered, the grid being uniform within beam segments. First-order, second-order, and vibration analyses of structures were conducted with this model. Furthermore, tapered beams were analyzed (element stiffness matrix, second-order analysis, vibration analysis). Finally, a direct time integration method (DTIM) was presented; the FDM-based DTIM enabled the analysis of forced vibration of structures, with damping taken into account. The results obtained in this paper showed good agreement with those of other studies, and the accuracy was increased through a grid refinement. Especially in the first-order analysis of uniform beams, the results were exact for uniformly distributed and concentrated loads regardless of the grid.
How Fast Is the Distance between Earth and Sun Changing in the Solar System?
Authors: Henry Jim , Yurukcu Mesut , Nnanna George
Published: October 2021

This paper aims to investigate the rate of expansion and extraction within the solar system. We carried out the Solar system expansion calculations to do such a review. The Universe is expected to look the same from every point in it. After the big bang, Universe is expanding at some speed. Astrophysicists have been in a race to measure precisely how fast the Universe is expanding since Hubble announced that galaxies were systematically moving away from Milky Way Galaxy with a current speed in 1929. Hubble’s observations came after Einstein’s general relativity, which inspired the big bang theory. According to the Big Bang theory, the Universe has created billions of years ago with an explosion and started to expand until today. The expansion of the Universe mostly happens in vast spaces, so clusters of galaxies move away from each other. For example, raising bread during baking will expand, but the raisings will stay the same size while moving each other to expand the bread. Observers have proven that an object (galaxies, a cluster of planets) held together by gravity has a patch of nonexpanding space produced by a gravitational field. However, some observers claimed the solar system is not expanding, while others claimed it is expanding. Does our solar system expand in an expanding Universe? The cosmological expansion of local systems is reviewed in the modern cosmological models. We showed answers related to this question with the help of literature. This review article revisited the proof of the Solar System’s expansion and its speed with about 0.32 nm/s in an expanding Universe.
An Analysis of the Online Final Examination Items for Ninth-graders in the Mathematics Course Using the Rasch Measurement Model
Authors: Wijaya Tommy Tanu
Published: October 2021

The National Examination in Indonesia has been abolished since 2020. Hence, the Indonesian junior high schools makes its final examination items for the 9th-grade, and from the results, the school determines students' graduation. The final examination has an important role and significant value in making decisions about students' graduation. Therefore, this study is aimed to analyze the Online Final Examination items in one of the public junior high schools in Bandung. The sample was 234 students in grade 9 using their mathematics examination tests, comprising 20 multiple-choice items with 4 options, while the data processing used Winsteps software with the Rasch modeling technique. Subsequently, the Rasch model results showed an acceptable person separation statistic of 1.54 and sufficient person reliability at 0.74. The item separation statistics was in a good category at 4.59, while the item reliability at 0.95 was excellent. Although four online final examination items were in the fit category, 16 were good and capable of dividing students according to their abilities. The result also provided very detailed data about the quality of the items and the ability of each grade 9 student. Since each test item is included in the fit category, this study contributes information on preparing and analyzing the Online Final Examination to teachers..
Oxygen, pH, Lactate, and Metabolism- How Old Knowledge and New Insights Might be Combined for New Wound Treatment
Authors: Haller Herbert Leopold , Sander Frank , Nischwitz Sebastian Philipp , Popp Daniel , Rapp Matthias , Hartmann Bernd , Demircan Mehmet , Kamolz Lars Peter
Published: October 2021

: Over time, we have come to recognize a very complex network of physiological changes enabling wound healing. An immunological process enables the body to distinguish damaged cells and begin a cleaning mechanism by separating damaged proteins and cells with matrix metallopro-teinases, a complement reaction, and free radicals. A wide variety of cell functions help to rebuild new tissue, dependent on energy provision and oxygen supply. Like in an optimized "biorector," disturbance can lead to prolonged healing. One of the earliest investigated local factors is the pH of wounds, studied in close relation to the local perfusion, oxygen tension, and lactate concentration. Granulation tissue with the wrong pH can hinder fibroblast and keratinocyte division and pro-liferation, as well as skin graft takes. Methods for influencing the pH have been tested, such as occlusion and acidification by the topical application of acidic media. In most trials, this has not changed the wound's pH to an acidic one, but it has reduced the strong alkalinity of deeper or chronic wound. Energy provision is essential for all repair processes. New insights into the metabolism of cells have changed the definition of lactate from a waste product to an indispensable energy provider in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Neovascularization depends on oxygen provision and lactate, signaling hypoxic conditions even under normoxic conditions. An appropriate pH is necessary for successful skin grafting; hypoxia can change the pH of wounds. This review describes the close interconnections between the local lactate levels, metabolism, healing mechanisms, and pH. Furthermore, it analyzes and evaluates the different possible ways to support metabolism, such as lactate enhancement and pH adjustment. The aim of wound treatment must be the optimization of all these components. Therefore, the role of lactate and its influence on wound healing in acute and chronic wounds will be assessed.
Diabetes-associated Susceptibility to Tuberculosis: Contribution of Hyperglycemia vs. Dyslipidemia
Authors: Ngo Minh Dao , Bartlett Stacey , Ronacher Katharina
Published: October 2021

Diabetes is a major risk factor for tuberculosis (TB). Diabetes increases the risk of progression from latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) to active pulmonary TB and TB patients with diabetes are at greater risk of more severe disease and adverse TB treatment outcomes compared to TB patients without co-morbidities. Diabetes is a complex disease characterized not only by hyperglycemia but also various forms of dyslipidemia. However, the relative contribution of these underlying metabolic factors to increased susceptibility to TB are poorly understood. This review summarizes our current knowledge on epidemiology and clinical manifestation of TB and diabetes comorbidity. We subsequently dissect the relative contribution of body mass index, hyperglycemia, elevated cholesterol and triglycerides on TB disease severity and treatment outcomes. Lastly, we discuss the impact of selected glucose and cholesterol lowering treatments frequently used in the management of diabetes on TB treatment outcomes.
Mitosis Inhibitors Induce Massive Accumulation of Phytoene in the Microalga Dunaliella salina
Authors: Xu Yanan , Harvey Patricia J
Published: October 2021

Phytoene is a colourless natural carotenoid that absorbs UV light and provides antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities as well as protection against photodamage. It is therefore valued for its skin health and aesthetic benefits by the cosmetic industry, as well as by the health food sector. The halotolerant green microalga Dunaliella salina is one of the richest sources of natural carotenoids. We have previously investigated over-production of phytoene in D. salina after cultivation with the well-characterised mitosis inhibitor, chlorpropham. In this study, 15 herbicides with different modes of action were tested for their potential to promote phytoene accumulation. All herbicides showed different levels of capabilities to support phytoene over-production in D. salina. Most significantly, the two mitosis inhibitors tested in this study, propyzamide and chlorpropham, showed similar capacities to support over-production of phytoene by D. salina cultures, as phytoene desaturase inhibitors. The cellular content of phytoene increased by over 10-fold within 48 h after treatment with the mitosis inhibitors compared to untreated cultures. Results indicate a general effect of mitosis inhibitors on phytoene accumulation in D. salina. Furthermore, red light was found to significantly enhance the phytoene yield when used in combination with effective inhibitor treatments. Red light can be applied to maximize the production of phytoene from D. salina.
Short-Term Cumulative Exposure to Ambient Traffic-Related Black Carbon and Blood Pressure: MMDA Traffic Enforcers’ Health Study
Authors: Regencia Zypher Jude G. , Dalmacion Godofreda V. , Ligsay Antonio D. , Baja Emmanuel S.
Published: October 2021

Exposure to traffic-related air pollution is linked with acute alterations in blood pressure (BP). We examined the cumulative short-term effect of black carbon (BC) exposure on systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BP and assessed effect modification by participant characteristics. SBP and DBP were repeatedly measured on 152 traffic enforcers. Using a linear mixed-effects model with random intercepts, quadratic (QCDL) and cubic (CCDL) constrained distributed lag models were fitted to estimate the cumulative effect of BC concentration on SBP and DBP during the 10-hours (daily exposure) and 7-days (weekly exposure) before the BP measurement. Ambient BC was related to increased BP with QCDL models. An interquartile range change in BC cumulative during the 7-days before the BP measurement was associated with increased BP [1.2% change in mean SBP, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.1 to 2.3; and 0.5% change in mean DBP, 95% CI, –0.8 to 1.7]. Moreover, the association between the 10-hours cumulative BC exposure and SBP was stronger for females (4.0% change, 95% CI: 2.1–5.9) versus males, and for obese (2.9% change, 95% CI: 1.0–4.8) vs. non-obese traffic enforcers. Short-term cumulative exposure to ambient traffic-related BC could bring about cardiovascular diseases through mechanisms involving increased BP.
Energy Homeostasis Principle: A Naturalistic Approach to Explain the Emergence of Behavior
Authors: Vicencio Sergio , Villalobos Mario , Maldonado Pedro , Vergara Rodrigo
Published: October 2021

Explaining the emergence of behavior and understanding on the basis of neuronal mechanisms is still elusive. One renowned proposal is the Free Energy Principle (FEP), which uses an information-theoretic framework derived from thermodynamic considerations to describe how behavior and understanding would emerge. FEP starts from a whole organism approach, based on mental states and phenomena, mapping them into the neuronal substrate. An alternative approach, the Energy Homeostasis Principle (EHP), initiates a similar explanatory effort, but starting from single neuron phenomena and building up to the whole organism’s behavior and understanding. In this work, we develop the EHP as an alternative but complementary vision to FEP and try to explain how behavior and understanding would emerge from the local requirements of the neurons. Based on EHP and a strict naturalist approach that sees living beings as physical and deterministic systems, we explain scenarios where learning would emerge without the need for volition or goals. Given these starting points, we state several considerations of how we see the nervous system, particularly the role of function, purpose, and the conception of goal-oriented behaviors. We problematize these conceptions, giving an alternative teleology-free framework in which behavior and, ultimately, understanding would still emerge. We reinterpret neural processing explaining basic learning situations up to simple anticipatory behavior. Finally, we end the work with an evolutionary perspective of how this non-goal-oriented behavior appears. We acknowledge that in the current form of our proposal, we are still far from explaining the emergence of understanding. Still, we set the ground for an alternative neuron-based framework to ultimately explain understanding.
21. Yüzyılda BRIC Ülkelerinde Devlet Kapitalizminin Politik Ekonomisi
Authors: CENGİZ Orhan
Published: October 2021

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, 21. yüzyıldaki devlet kapitalizminin BRIC ülkeleri için incelenmesidir. Tasarım/Yöntem: Araştırmada 21. yüzyıldaki devlet kapitalizminin yapısı ve bunun BRIC ülkelerinde işleyişi nicel verilerle ele alınmıştır. Devlet kapitalizminin iki önemli unsuru olan Devlet Mülkiyetli Şirketler (SOEs) ve Ulusal Varlık Fonları (SWFs) BRIC ülkeleri için ayrı ayrı analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: Sadece ulusal piyasalara odaklanan klasik devlet kapitalizminin aksine, 21. yüzyıldaki devlet kapitalizmi modelinde devlet; petrol, doğal gaz, enerji, ulaşım ve finans gibi sektörlerde doğrudan küresel ekonomiye entegre olmaya başlamıştır. Özellikle BRIC ülkelerinde benimsenen devlet kapitalizmi modeli ile bu ülkelerin küresel sistemdeki etkilerinin artması birbiriyle yakın ilişkilidir. Bunun yanında, 21. yüzyılda yaşanan iki büyük krizle beraber (2008 küresel finans krizi ve Covid-19 krizi) devlete dönüş eğilimlerinin artması, devlet kapitalizmi politikalarını genişletecektir. Sınırlılıklar: Devlet kapitalizminin bütün unsurları yerine sadece en önemli iki unsuru olan Devlet Mülkiyetli Şirketler (SOEs) ve Ulusal Varlık Fonları’nın (SWFs) dikkate alınması çalışmanın sınırlılığını oluşturmaktadır. Özgünlük/Değer: Devlet kapitalizmi teması, yoğun olarak incelenmesine rağmen ülke özelinde kapitalizmi, 21. yüzyıldaki yapısıyla analiz eden çalışmalar oldukça sınırlıdır. Dolayısıyla devlet kapitalizminin 21. yüzyıldaki modelinin BRIC ülkelerinin her birisi için ayrı ayrı incelenmesi çalışmanın özgün yanını oluşturmaktadır.
Анализ динамики эпидемического процесса COVID-19 в мире за неделю с 25.09.2021 г. по 01.10.2021 г.
Authors: Зимирова Анастасия , Поспелов Михаил , Иванова Александра , Дмитриева Людмила , Чумачкова Елена , Сафронов Валентин , Карнаухов Игорь , Щербакова Светлана , Кутырев Владимир
Published: October 2021

В обзоре представлен анализ эпидемиологической ситуации в странах мира по COVID-19, за неделю с 25.09.2021 г. по 01.10.2021 г.
Thermal camera reliability study : FLIR Pro One
Authors: Alexander Quincy , Lunderman Christo
Published: October 2021

The purpose of the effort described herein is to verify the reliability of the FLIR One Pro Gen 3 (FLIR One) unit through systematic experiments that compare the temperature perceived by the unit to the temperature measured by contact sensors on different materials through a range of temperatures.
Abstract OR-5: Helicobacter pylori Surface Structures
Authors: Zhukhovitsky Vladimir , Smirnova Tatyana , Shevlyagina Nataliya
Published: October 2021

Background: Helicobacter pylori, which infects at least half of the human population, is an etiopathogenetic factor in the development of chronic gastritis (CG), gastric and duodenal ulcer disease (UD), and is also considered a risk factor in the occurrence of some forms of stomach cancer. Various surface structures of H. pylori are important pathogenic factors. Methods: Reference (NCTC 11637, NCTC 11639) and freshly isolated H. pylori strains as well as samples of the gastric mucosa were examined using transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) by means of “JEM-100 В” (JEOL, Japan) and “Quanta 200 3D” (FEI Company, USA) systems, respectively. Samples for SEM fixed with formalin and not subjected to dehydration were sprayed with an electrically conductive layer of gold. Samples for TEM were prepared using negative contrast (NC) with ammonium molybdate and ultrathin sections (US) contrasted by Reynolds; fixation by Ito-Karnovsky was used in both cases. Accelerating voltage at TEM and SEM was 80 and 10 kV, respectively. Results: Three types of H. pylori surface structures were found: flagella, fimbria, and vesicles. Flagella were found both in the material of cultures maintained in vitro and in each native sample of the gastric mucosa. SEM images suggest the involvement of flagella in biofilm formation. On longitudinal sections of the flagellum, the outer electron-dense layer and the inner content in the form of a filament were visualized; on cross sections, the flagellum looked like an annular structure with a centrally located point accumulation of electron-dense matter. Paradoxically, the H. pylori forms with a defective cell wall also possessed flagella. Freely located flagellar sheaths without central filament were often found in vitro only. Fimbriae were found exclusively in negatively contrasted pure bacterial cultures material. In addition, vesicles detaching from the surface of bacterial cells were found both in the material of aging H. pylori pure cultures and in native samples of the gastric mucosa under CG and UD. A small part of the vesicles retains their connection with the cell wall, while detached vesicles are present in excess in the surrounding space. Massive detachment of vesicles leads to the formation of spheroplasts, devoid of an outer membrane. Conclusion: H. pylori has a representative set of surface structures that play an important role in the onset and development of the infectious process in the gastroduodenal area.