bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Otto Jesse: A pioneer in the exploration of the upper atmosphere
Authors: Schröder W.
Published: October 2011

In December 1924 the first observations reflected by the ionosphere at steep incidence were made by Appleton, Barnett.Breit, and Tuve. Their research has often been marked as the beginning of modern physics of the upper atmosphere [see Vasilyev, 1967; Villmann, 1967; Bronsten and Grisin, 1970].

It is perhaps fair to place the beginning of aeronomic research at some special studies made at the Berlin Observatory some 40 years earlier. The Krakatoa eruption stirred up a worldwide interest in the intense twilight phenomena. Although earlier in the nineteenth century W. Bezold had studied twilights for some years, 1883 marked the beginning of extensive twilight research. The astronomer Otto Jesse (1838–1901) of the Berlin Observatory continued the twilight observations ]Jesse, 1884]. Within the framework of these observations, in 1885 noctilucent clouds appeared in the twilight. They were first noted by Backhause at Bad Kissingen and a few days later by Jesse in Berlin. In Russia they were observed by Ceraskij (1849–1925).
New drilling at Los Alamos
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Beginning in April 1979, the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory will drill a third deep hole, EE‐2, at the Fenton Hill Hot Dry Rock site in north central New Mexico. It is anticipated that this new hole will penetrate Precambrian basement rocks to a temperature of 275°C. Based on gradients measured in the two existing deep holes, the 275°C temperature will correspond to a depth of approximately 4.43 km. During drilling, cuttings will be collected at 3‐m intervals down to the depth of 3 km (the present depth of EE‐1); from 3 km to 4.43 km, cuttings will be collected at 1.5‐m intervals. Coring attempts will be made at 150–200‐m intervals from 3 km to 4.43 km.
Chinese Earth scientists wind up visit with USGS
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A group of top earth scientists from the State Bureauof Geology (SBG) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) has been meeting with scientists of the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior, and touring a number of Survey offices and laboratories, as well as universities, facilities of the Bureau of Mines, and active mines of private companies in different parts of the country.

The 3‐week visit by the Chinese scientific delegation, which concluded at the end of April, resulted from a visit to Peking last July of a U.S. delegation headed by Frank Press, Scientific Advisor to the President. During that visit, USGS Director H. William Menard, a member of the U.S. delegation, developed a set of proposals for cooperative research .
Wasatch fault damage estimate
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Studies of ground motion caused in the Salt Lake City, Ogden, and Provo, Utah, areas by underground nuclear tests suggest that a moderate earthquake in the region could cause significant damage.

Walter W. Hays, USGS seismologist, Golden, Colorado, said that the studies indicate that soils in some parts of the Utah urban corridor along the Wasatch fault are susceptible to enhanced ground shaking in case of a moderate or stronger earthquake.
Voyager 2
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The second episode in this year's intensive closeup scientific examination of Jupiter, its major satellites, and the complex Jovian environment is under way with the NASA Voyager 2 spacecraft.

Just 4 months after the successful observations of Voyager 1 its twin spacecraft is homing in on a second close encounter with the giant planet on July 9,1979.
Applications of Geodesy to Geodynamics: 3. Tectonic Plate Movements and Crustal Deformations (Space Techniques)
Authors: Bender P. L.
Published: October 2011

The use of space techniques for determining tectonic motions can be divided conveniently into two parts. One involves measurements at separations of a few hundred kilometers or more where the accuracy achievable by space techniques appears higher than can be expected by reasonable improvements of present ground techniques. The goal of such measurements can be thought of as the establishment of a worldwide geodynamics monitoring network consisting of perhaps 200 points at which measurements are made by mobile stations plus a few points where fixed stations are operated. Fixed stations are useful for monitoring the earth's rotation as well as for serving as reference points for the mobile station measurements. In addition to determining plate tectonic motions and large‐scale distortions within plates, some points at spacings of a few hundred kilometers around seismic zones would provide a control framework for measurements made within the zones and at nearby points by either ground techniques or other space techniques. The mobile station development work now appears to be far enough along so that plans are being made for establishing the first regular measurement program to determine roughly 100 points per year. The scientific benefits from such programs are expected to be large, even within the first few years.
New support for foreign coinvestigators
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Arthur L. Day Fund, administered by the National Academy of Sciences, provides one of the few available sources of grants‐in‐aid for foreign collaborators of U.S. geophysicists. U.S. scientists directly involved in programs of geophysical studies in other countries may apply for modest grants to support studies by their collaborators abroad. Expenditures will be under the general guidance and control of the U.S. investigator, who must certify that the money is spent in accordance with the guidelines for the Day Fund. Applications and requests for information should be sent to Office of the Home Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, NAS‐247, Washington, D.C. For further information, contact V. Crawford, 202‐389‐6134.
The Alan T. Waterman award
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

In August 1975 the Congress established the Alan T. Waterman Award to mark the twenty‐fifth anniversary of the National Science Foundation and to honor the first director of the foundation, Alan T. Waterman.

This annual award recognizes an outstanding young scientist in the forefront of science. In addition to a medal and other recognition the recipient receives a grant of up to $50,000 per year for a period of up to three years for scientific research or advanced study in the mathematical, physical, medical, biological, engineering, social, or other sciences at the institution of the recipient's choice.
Cragwall named Associate Director of USGS
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Joseph S. Cragwall, Jr., 59, has been officially named associate director of the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior. He has held the Survey's ‘number 2’ post in an acting capacity since February 1979, when he replaced William A. Radlinski, who retired after more than 35 years of federal service.

Cragwall joined the USGS in 1941 as a hydraulic engineer and became the Survey's chief hydrologist in 1974, responsible for the management of the Survey's nationwide water resources program involving the appraisal of the quantity and quality of the nation's surface water and groundwater resources.
Application of Geodesy to Geodynamics: 7. Surface Gravity and New Techniques for the Geophysical Interpretation of Gravity and Geoid Undulation
Authors: Uotila U. A.
Published: October 2011

We are currently getting information about the earth's gravity field through potential coefficients derived from satellite data, from interpretation of altimeter data, and from direct observations on the surface of the Earth. In this session direct observational instrumentations and techniques, both relative and absolute, were discussed, as well as standardization of gravity values to the worldwide system. Results in the form of mean anomalies from satellite and surface observations were compared in the worldwide scale. Some techniques of interpretation of the gravity anomaly field and undulations were interpreted geophysically and accuracy analyses of vertical deflection determinations were reported.
Viking, three years later
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Three years after NASA's Viking spacecraft has landed on Mars, scientists at Jet Propulsion Laboratory are still receiving data from one orbiter and two landers.

The Viking mission has gone into a fourth major stage, called the survey mission, and the first data from that period have been received at J P L The survey mission is scheduled to continue through 1990, more than 15 years after the spacecraft were launched.
Magsat: October, 1979
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Magnetic Field Satellite (Magsat) will be launched on or about October 18 of this year. Magsat is a satellite designed to measure the near‐earth magnetic field on a global basis and, with improved resolution, should overcome shortcomings of earlier satellites such as the NASA Polar Orbiting Geophysical Observatory satellites that obtained data on the scalar magnetic field from October, 1965 through June, 1971.

This NASA satellite is to obtain data for a large analytical program involving outside investigator groups. Thirty two investigations, involving geophysics, geology, field modeling, marine studies, magnetosphere/ionosphere, and core/mantle studies are being supported. These groups are from the U.S. and 10 foreign nations. The objectives of the Magsat mission are to obtain an accurate, up‐to‐date Quantitative description of the earth's main magnetic field; provide data and a worldwide magnetic field model to update and refine magnetic charts and maps; compile global scalar and vector crustal magnetic anomaly maps (the spacial resolution goal for the anomaly map is 300 km); and interpret the crustal anomaly map, in conjunction with correlative data, in terms of geologic and geophysical models of the earth's crust, thus providing information useful in the assessment of natural resources.
Federal support of university R&D
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

To say that the federal government has a definitive policy in its actions to support university‐based scientific research and development would require more justification than was readily discernable from a recent briefing given to representatives of the AAU (American Association of Universities) by geophysicist and presidential science advisor, Frank Press, with a group of executive administrators of various agencies. However, there may be a recognizable trend occurring that is quite evident when the numbers are viewed. Clearly, there is a notable increase in funding for research done outside of the government, and in particular, by scientists in geophysics.

For example, the National Science Foundation's overall request of more than $1 billion came through Congress unscathed for the first time in recent years. NASA's budget faired almost as well, even taking into account the huge and mounting costs of shuttle (but not taking into account future costly delays). Other agencies that appear to have had little budgetary problems with this Congress are the Departments of Defense, Interior, Energy, and Commerce, all of which spend most of their research dollars in house, with larger contractors, or with industry, but nonetheless also support a sizable portion of geophysical research done at universities. Other agencies, such as Agriculture and HUD, did not appear to have suffered serious reductions, although agencies that support biomedical and associated research seemed to have taken the largest cuts. The medical research cuts, however, were made by OMB, and as usual, were reinstated by Congress.
Near‐Earth satellite magnetic field measurements: A prelude to Magsat
Authors: Langel Robert A.
Published: October 2011

A new era in near‐earth magnetic field measurements will begin with NASA's launch of Magsat in September of this year. Magsat will provide the first truly global geomagnetic survey since the Pogo (Polar Orbiting Geophysical Observatories) satellites, Ogo 2, 4, and 6 of 1965–1971; it will also provide the very first global survey of all vector components of the geomagnetic field. Therefore this seems an appropriate time to review previous magnetic field experiments on nearearth spacecraft. These were designed to map the main geopotential field originating in the earth's core; to determine the long‐term temporal, or secular, variations in that field; and to investigate those short‐term field perturbations that are due to ionospheric and magnetospheric currents. While analyzing data from the Pogo satellites, Regan et al. [1975] discovered that the loweraltitude data contained separable fields which were caused by crustal anomalies, thus opening the door to a new class of investigations.
Environmental Research Laboratories Fellowships
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) offers 1 ‐year visiting fellowships to scientists with research interests in the areas of environmental electromagnetics, solid earth geophysics, atmospheric dynamics, atmospheric chemistry, and climate dynamics.
Report from the Pioneer Saturn press briefings
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

On September 1, 1979 Pioneer 11 entered history books as the first spacecraft to visit Saturn. The spacecraft successfully passed down through the ring plane and up again, suffering no noticeable damage from any dust particles in the E ring, the recently reported diffuse outer ring of Saturn. Investigators were very pleased with the initial results which have already added much to knowledge of the Saturnian system and are helping in the planning for the Voyager encounter late next year. This report summarizes the findings presented at the first few press briefings.
Some do...
Authors: White Robert M. , Ogg James , Honnorez Jose J.
Published: October 2011

I've just received my first issue of the new EOS, and I wanted to tell you that I think it's just great. It's good to see some innovation in the scientific publications arena.
... and some don't
Authors: Meyerhoff A. A. , Lehr Jay H. , Goldfinger Andrew D. , Simpson E. S.
Published: October 2011

You invited comment on the new EOS publication format. I just have to tell you frankly that I think it is terrible. It is not in any shape that will fit on my shelves, and there are many things in which I am interested that I cannot keep. I don't have the time to clip them. I hope you will go back to the old format. In addition, the paper quality is so cheap that I don't even like to show the magazine to my friends.
Proposals for fundamental earthquake studies
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Unsolicited research proposals for fiscal year 1980 under the Fundamental Earthquake Studies element of the Earthquake Prediction and Hazard Mitigation Program may be submitted at any time during the fiscal year to the Geophysics Program of the National Science Foundation.

The Fundamental Earthquake Studies element is concerned with in‐depth studies and measurements of a basic nature directed toward the development of a more thorough understanding of earthquake phenomena.
Geophysical divining rod
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A scientific divining rod for measuring electrical conductivity as an indicator of underground water supplies is being developed at Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Keeva Vozoff, geophysicist in charge of the project, said: ‘Conductivity rises considerably where there is water. We will be able to locate water nearest the surface and determine where it lies in large volumes for towns and factories. The method is based on solid physics instead of the ancient divining rod method. It is an extension of the work on deeper targets such as petroleum exploration.’
Continental margins
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

It is a good bet that during the next decade considerable geophysical field research effort will be focused on the U.S. continental margins. The reasons for this follow from national needs and the results of a decade of intensive study of the ocean floors and trenches. The practical entities are related to petroleum exploration and the likelihood that the conditions required to form reservoirs of oil and gas exist in continental sedimentary structures. Scientifically, the great advances in ocean floor research point to the edges of the oceans as zones where fundamental unanswered questions concerning the differences in crustal structure between continents and oceans may be addressed.
Joint study of water problems and needs in the northeast
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A group of seven Northeastern organizations have issued a major study which documents the region's water problems and needs, saying it would help them chart a course of political action to assist in addressing water policy throughout the 11 states in the region. The three basic goals: to identify water resource priorities for the Northeast, to compile an inventory of major water projects and plans proposed for the region, and to assess the job‐creating impact of public works and water projects. They said it was the most comprehensive survey of the region's water resources and problems ever conducted.

The joint study estimated that the total price tag for ‘high‐priority’ water resource projects in the Northeast might exceed $25 billion.
Geochemist's Travel Grant Program
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The U.S. National Committee for Geochemistry is seeking funding for its Travel Grant Program to the 26th International Geological Congress (IGC) to be held in Paris, July 7–1 7,1980. The Committee seeks to ensure appropriate U.S. participation by providing for approximately 30 partial travel grants to enable geochemists residing in the United States to attend the IGC and the General Assembly of the International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry (IAGC), which is to be held in conjunction with the Congress.

Depending on available funds, travel grants are to be awarded in part on the Screening Committee's ranking of geochemistry papers submitted for presentation at the 26th IGC. Younger geochemists are encouraged to apply; the Awards Committee plans special consideration for those judged to benefit most by attendance at the IGC and IAGC General Assembly.
Stellar variability and its consequences for the Sun: A workshop held in Tucson, Arizona, March 1–2,1979
Authors: Livingston W. C.
Published: October 2011

Attempts to understand solar change and its influence on the earth are frustrated by the brevity of our life spans. The few decades of modern solar‐terrestrial data hint at secular modifications, but we can only speculate what the sun has in store for us and on what time scale. Yet the sky abounds with stars similar to the sun—some older, some younger—and through these living examples, we ought to be able to look into the future and past. This workshop assessed the technology for observing such solar‐type stars (by means of precision stellar spectroscopy and photometry), considered the available evidence, and inquired as to what questions needed answers in order for scientists to decide between various proposed theoretical models of stellar/solar activity mechanisms.
Yellowstone‐Snake River Plain seismic data available
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Seismic refraction‐reflection record sections for the Yellowstone‐Snake River Plain area are now available to interested investigators. The data were obtained during September 1978 as part of a cooperative seismicprofiling experiment. Participants in the experiment included personnel from the universities of Utah, Nevada, Montana, California at San Diego, and Texas at Dallas; Purdue University; Stanford University; New Mexico State University; the Geophysics Institute of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland; the Geophysics Institute of the University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany; the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; and the U.S. Geological Survey. Funding for the experiment was provided by grants from the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Geological Survey Geothermal Research Program, and other sources. Project directors for the experiment were Robert B. Smith of the University of Utah and Lawrence W. Braile of Purdue University.
Nominees for general secretary
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

There is no question but that the members and officers of the AGU have succeeded in making it the most dynamic and authoritative voice for the exchange of new geophysical information among the scientists of the world. This very success, however, has created both new opportunities as well as fiscal problems for the Union. For example, publication costs have been rising and the Union's reserve fund has been declining. Clearly a strong Union, capable of achieving its objectives, needs to be strong fiscally. However, this should not be viewed as an end in itself but only as a necessary part of the Union achieving its larger objectives. These larger objectives should be determined by the membership, to which I would try to be responsive. My own viewpoints on these objectives, however, are fourfold. The first is that the Union must structure its policies even more strongly to attract as members students and younger scientists and to consciously try to help build in them the excitement of discovery found in so many of our present members. Second, it is becoming apparent that an increasing number of geophysical problems will require a view of the earth as a whole and not as a collection of individual parts. This implies that in the future the AGU should be even more active in taking an international outlook and promoting more communications among scientists of the world. Third, for the Union to be of most service to its members it is important that it be selective in the information it makes available. Publishing too much information is both expensive to the members and serves to lower the standards of scientific endeavor. Continuing attention to the editorial policies is essential in order to provide Union members with the most useful information. Fourth, and finally, the vitality of geophysics requires direct contacts between researchers of all levels of experience. AGU‐sponsored meetings help fill this important need, but continuing attention is needed to the promotion of the relative informality of the meetings and the open discussion of issues.
Hot dry rock at Fenton Hill
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The concept is almost as simple as extracting free heat from the sun. Any geophysicist knows of the geothermal gradient and has thought at one time that eventually geothermal heat will have to be tapped as a source of energy. To quote a brochure published by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL), ‘Naturally heated rock in the earth's crust is one of the greatest sources of energy that is accessible to man.’ Why not, then, proceed? At its Fenton Hill, New Mexico, experimental site, (See Figure 1) LASL has found out that the concept may be somewhat oversimplified in practice. One cannot, in fact, just drill down a couple of wells and circulate water through a heat exchanger for the indefinite extraction of heat. Not yet, that is, on an indefinite time scale, or for reasonable cost.
New plate map in Pacific Northwest
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A sea floor and land relief map based on a tectonic ‘plate’ was recently published by the Canadian Department of Energy, Mines and Resources. Qeoscientists working in the Pacific Northwest and British Columbia and in the adjacent sea areas of the northeast Pacific Ocean are increasingly focusing attention on the Juan de Fuca plate and its zone of interaction with North America. In practical terms, realization of the tectonic unity and similarity of much of the region has been hampered by the fact that published Canadian and U.S. topographic maps stopped at the border and were of different scales, projections, and styles. Offshore bathymetric maps by NOS and other U.S. and Canadian agencies differed again and seldom included land information.
Statement of candidates for section presidents‐elect
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

In the next few issues comments from all candidates for the office of section president ‐elect will appear. The statements for the Oceanography and Seismology sections appear below.
NCAR research fellowships
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Eight fellowships will be awarded for recent doctoral graduates interested in research on the atmospheres of the earth, the sun, and the planets. The fellowships are being offered as part of the Advanced Study Program at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado.

The competitive fellowships are open to scientists who have just received their Ph.D.'s or those with no more than 4 years of experience beyond the doctoral degree. Fellows are awarded a stipend of $18,000–$19,000 a year, depending upon experience, and they have the opportunity to use the facilities available in Boulder during the year‐long term of the fellowship.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Roger M. Stewart has been named deputy chief, Office of Earthquake Studies, at the USGS National Center, Reston, Virginia.

Doyle G. Frederick, 44, a career cartographer with the U.S. Geological Survey, has been named associate chief of the USGS Topographic Division. Frederick joined the U.S. Geological Survey in 1973, and prior to holding his present position, was chief of the Topographic Division's Office of Plans and Program Development. A successor to Frederick has not yet been named.

Anand Prakash has joined the Denver office of Dames and Moore as chief water resources engineer. His new position will involve him in a wide variety of water resources projects in the United States and abroad.
Robert E. Horton award, 1979: Citation and acceptance of Peter S. Eagleson
Authors: Beard Leo R. , Eagleson Peter S.
Published: October 2011

For the past twenty years Peter Eagleson has been active in teaching and research in hydrology. His contributions are numerous and significant, and they are among the finest ever made in the field of hydrology. Eagleson's commitment to excellence and to the importance of fundamentals in the application of science are fully deserving of the Horton Award. The following are among his more important contributions: 1. Most recently, he has presented his ideas in a seven‐part paper, ‘Climate, Soil, and Vegetation,’ in Water Resources Research (October 1978). This work is probably the first analytical approach to come up with a better understanding of the physical and probabilistic aspects of hydrology within the context of climatic modeling. This is a classic piece of synthesis which will remain important for many years to come. The ideas developed in this paper form the basis of a book by Eagleson, ‘Water Balance Dynamics—Climate, Soil and Vegetation,’ which is about to be published by MIT Press.
N.Y. coastal sediment movement monitored by sensors
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Instruments that record the concentration of suspended sediments and particles by the photoextinction method are coupled with electromagnetic current meters to sense the dispersal of coastal sediments. These instruments have been employed as part of the study of the infamous New York Bight, the area that extends from Montauk Point, Long Island, to Cape May, New Jersey.

It has been determined that sediment transport occurs within the New York Bight only during major storms, usually northeasters, according to a report by the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories (part of NOAA) in Miami. The results of this study and of a study planned for the northern California coast may form the basis of new sedimentary models. It may be possible to determine the rate and the extent of horizontal sand movement.
Statements of candidates for president‐elect of AGU
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

As I understand it, this is the first election where the new AGU rules require that there be two candidates for the officers to be chosen in the spring elections. Why else would one agree to oppose such an outstanding candidate for the office of president‐elect? The questions and opportunities facing the AGU are staggeringly complex. One of its main purposes, to act as an intelligence service in the geophysical sciences, requires countless inputs to be somehow reviewed and collated into a limited number of useful journal outputs. The AGU's publication power is impressive, but it must always be concerned with C2QD; coverage, cost, quality, and distribution.
Comment on “Pioneer Saturn results summarized”
Authors: Birch Francis
Published: October 2011

On page 999 (EOS, 60(47), 998–999, 1979) of the very interesting summary of the Pioneer 11 results for Saturn, it is stated, ‘Gravity field analysis and temperature profile measurements suggest that the planet's core, extending out about 13,800 km from the center, is about twice the size of the earth but is so compressed by its huge mass that it contains about 11 earth masses of material, largely iron and rock.’ If the core radius is a s stated, it is 2.17 times the earth's radius, but the volume (size?) of Saturn's core is 10 times the volume of the earth. The mean density of Saturn's core (
) is then 6t/m3 versus 5.5 for the earth, nearly the same despite the higher pressure in Saturn's core.
Pacific Northwest meeting
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Twenty‐Sixth Annual Meeting of Pacific Northwest AGU was held in Bend, Oregon, September 17–18, 1979, attracting 101 papers and approximately 400 participants. A special symposium on volcanism included five topical sessions: Large Explosive Eruptions, Volatiles in Volcanism, Rates of Magma Supply and Ages of Volcanic Systems, Magma Mixing, and Glacier‐Volcano Interactions. Prior to and following formal sessions, field trips were taken to Columbia River Basalt‐Clarno and John Day formations (Swanson, Wright, Robinson); Medicine Lake Highlands (Donnelly‐Nolan, Eichelberger, Heiken, Fink); Newberry Volcano (Macleod, Chitwood, Sherrod); High Cascades (Ed Taylor); Christmas Lake Valley (Heiken, Fisher); Brothers Fault Zone‐Harney Basin (Walker, Nolf). Session summaries follow.
Sixth annual meeting of the European Geophysical Society
Authors: Kisslinger Carl
Published: October 2011

Five hundred forty‐one geophysicists, including 53 students and representing 22 European and 11 other countries reaching from Kenya to Japan, gathered in Vienna for the Sixth Annual Meeting of the European Geophysical Society, September 11–14, 1979. The scientific program was organized around 14 symposia, six ‘open’ or general sessions for contributed papers in various subdisciplines, and one workshop. Three Society lectures were featured as part of the program, and the Voyager films of Jupiter attracted a full house. The vigor of European research in all areas of geophysics was manifested in the broad range of topics presented.
Space, R & D , and the FY '81 mission queue
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The fiscal year 1981 budget for NASA is part of an overall trend to increase R & D spending. The R & D budget for defense has had a major increase of well over 15% for F Y 1981. T h i s includes almost half of the $35 billion slated for R & D in the federal budget. The NSF R & D budget is increasing to above $1 billion, as the basic research programs are increasing by more than 15%. NASA's budget overall will be increased by 8%. This is higher than the increases for other agencies, which are set at approximately 6% (some agencies will not have a budget increase).
OPEN response
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

More than 500 scientists have notified NASA that they are considering submitting proposals to participate in a new, high‐priority, solar‐terrestrial exploration program called Origins of Plasma in the Earth's Neighborhood (OPEN), J. K. Alexander, program study scientist, reports. The respondents represent over 100 different institutions, including universities, private industry, and government laboratories, from the United States and 14 foreign countries.

Scheduled for the mid‐80's, the ambitious program would place a network of spacecraft around the earth in order to study the flow of matter and energy through the solar wind, the earth's magnetosphere, and the earth's ionized upper atmosphere. (See EOS, Nov. 27,1979.)
AGU Scholars
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Recognizing the strong support of the American Geophysical Union and its substantial contribution to the American Geological Institute's Minority Participation Program, twelve of the 1979–1980 scholarship recipients were designated ‘AGU Scholars.’ Because of a matching grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to increase the number of minority students studying in fields related to the development of marine and coastal resources, two students were designated AGU Sea Grant Scholars

The AGU Scholars, all of whom have elected courses of study related to the broad areas of interest of the Union, are Rena G. Boggs, an earth science student at Columbus College; Rufus D. Catchings, a marine geology student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Patricia M. Ford, an earth science student at the University of New Orleans; John F. Guadagnoli, an earth science student at Highlands University; Joseph M. Hayden, a geophysics student at the University of Oklahoma; Steven M. Hunter, a recently graduated student at the University of Wisconsin, who will be continuing his studies at the University of Wyoming; Daniel M. Melendez, a meteorology student at Florida State University; Gary M. Mercado, a geophysics student at North Arizona University; Brian Rodriguez, a geophysics student at the University of California; and David M. Trujillo, an earth science student at New Mexico Highland University.
Harnessing ocean energy
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The authors of an article in a recent issue of Oceanus (22, Winter, 1979/1980) say that

…rivers flowing into the sea could provide enough salinity‐gradient power to meet 10 percent of present global demands. There is fifty times more energy in the Florida Current than in all the rivers of the world. OTEC, the most publicized experiment in ocean energy (the acronym stands for ocean thermal energy conversion), is thought by its supporters capable ultimately of equalling something on the order of a third of present installed electric capacity in this country. The wave energy flux along a hundred kilometers of the most promising coasts translates into the output of a large generating plant. An all‐out wind conversion program along our coasts could produce more than a billion kilowatt‐hours annually within twenty years. If the long life of most tidal facilities is taken into account, tidal power probably is economically competitive with other forms of generation right now. Marine biomass may become an important source of fuel and food, and breakthroughs in our knowledge of chemosynthesis and other bacterial activity may open even wider horizons.
Instrumentation grants
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Geoscientists John Cowley and Peter Buseck, jointly with chemists LeRoy Eryring and John Spence, were awarded $1.5 million by the NSF to add instrumentation and computer analysis to the Arizona State University electron microscope facility. This large grant is a portion of $11.39 million, recently awarded by the NSF, designated for the establishment of regional instrumentation facilities. Arizona State is one of eight universities to receive regional facility grants in the second year of this program.

This granting program is in response to the equipment problem that has plagued university laboratories nationwide. The decade of the ′70's brought significant advances in the state of the art of the apparatus in many fields, which had the result of leaving many laboratories in a noncompetitive position. In many instances, equipment has simply worn out, and federal government granting agencies have provided few funds for replacement or update.
Grants for solar UV research
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has announced that the Space Environment Laboratory (SEL) has funds available for small grants for research on the climatic impact of variations of solar ultraviolet (UV) irradiance. This short‐term program will deal with UV measurements, analysis of sources of error in instruments, and solar variability in solar flux ratios. The SEL program involves the design, development, and operation of a solar ultraviolet spectral irradiance monitor.
Zurich to cease compiling sunspot series
Authors: Greathouse Lee
Published: October 2011

By the end of this year, one of the oldest continuous series of astronomical data—the Zurich Relative Sunspot Numbers—will no longer be compiled. Other indexes of sunspot activity are under consideration as replacements.

J. O. Stenflo, the new director of the Swiss Federal Astronomical Observatory, where the Zurich numbers are compiled, has directed that the observatory discontinue this service by the end of 1980. An attempt to find a more accurate substitute for the somewhat subjective observations may have prompted the decision.
Report from IUGG Assembly: IAGA session on lithospheric mapping from local anomaly charts
Authors: Hood P. J.
Published: October 2011

The objective of this session was to review recent advances in utilizing magnetic survey data to delineate the geological formations that comprise the earth's crust, and to provide information on their genesis.

P. J. Hood commenced the session with a review of the national aeromagnetic survey, which has been carried out by the Geological Survey of Canada, since 1947, as an aid to both geological mapping and mineral exploration programs in Canada. Since that time some 8 million line kilometers of aeromagnetic survey data have been obtained and have resulted in the production of, 8100 aeromagnetic maps at various scales. The specifications for aeromagnetic surveys in Canada have been continually improved upon over the years, mainly as a result of developmental work undertaken by the Geological Survey of Canada. This developmental work has also resulted in the fabrication of an inboard aeromagnetic gradiometer survey system, which measures the vertical gradient of the earth's total field in addition to being a high‐resolution total field instrument. The main advantages of the aeromagnetic gradiometer as a geological mapping tool, compared to the single‐sensor (total‐field) technique, are: (a) superior resolution of anomalies produced by closely spaced geological formations; (b) anomalies produced by nearsurface features are emphasized with respect to those resulting from more deeply buried rock formations; (c) regional gradient of the earth's magnetic field and diurnal variation are automatically removed; (d) direct delineation of vertical contacts by the zero‐gradient contour value, i.e., vertical contact mapper. In 1967 the first, colored Magnetic Anomaly Map (MAM) of Canada was produced, at a scale of 1:5,000,000, in which the dominating effects of the main earth's field were removed. Two more editions of the map have been produced in the subsequent 10‐year period. The main uses of such a magnetic anomaly map are threefold: first, as an index map it presents an overview of the aeromagnetic survey coverage of Canada; second, the map presents the major patterns produced by the continental rocks of the Canadian landmass and may be utilized both as an aid in the delineation of structural provinces and in the interpretation of regional features in the basement rocks; third, the map stimulates comparisons of magnetic features with other geological and geophysical compilations on a regional scale. More recently, commencement of colored 1:1,000,000 MAM's has also begun, and these are clearly superior to the 1:5,000,000 MAM in showing the finer details of the regional anomalies, since short wavelength features, especially dykes, tend to be eliminated at the smaller scale.
Swiss observatory to change names
Authors: Greathouse Lee
Published: October 2011

The Swiss Federal Astronomical Observatory will soon be renamed the Astronomical Institute of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. A new director, J. O. Stenflo, will take office this month.
NSF granting program in applied research
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Not many geophysicists In Industry and academia are aware that the National Science Foundation (NSF), Division of Applied Research (Directorate for Engineering and Applied Science) has a granting program in applied research that places special emphasis on geophysics. Recently released figures for FY 1979 indicate that approximately $16 million was awarded in grants, ranging in duration from 6 months to 3 years. Geophysicists were awarded approximately $1.5 million of this budget. Elements of this NSF program that include geophysical research are the Physical, Mathematical, and Engineering Applications Program; the Geophysical and Environmental Applications Program; and the Small Business Research Program. The following projects received support in FY 1979.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Walter O. Duing died in Miami, Florida, March 24, of leukemia. He was 45. Duing was a member of the faculty of the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science of the University of Miami.

Edward Bullarddied of cancer, April 3, at his home in La Jolla, California. He was 72.
Mount St. Helens protected
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The U.S. Forest Service has declared Mount St. Helens, in Washington state, a ‘geological area.’ This designation is reserved for outstanding earth formations or geological features. The region is thereafter given protection from encroachment by roads or other improvements, and from vandalism. Mount St. Helens is the 15th area in U.S. national forests to be named a geological area. Among the others are Madison River Canyon, Montana, and the Red River Gorge, Kentucky. The designation applies for an indefinite period.
NASA planetary programs
Authors: Greathouse Lee
Published: October 2011

Money to start work on the Venus Orbital Imaging Radar (Voir) mission and the Halley's comet/Tempel 2 project was deleted from NASA's 1981 budget, but according to NASA planners, the agency could still execute those missions with minimum delay through the use of alternative strategies.

This year's version of the long‐range plans that are drawn up annually by NASA divisions, and which are used by the agency in preparing for‐the coming year's budget process, indicates that through the use of ‘aerobraking,’ a technique which would put a spacecraft into a circular orbit around Venus by using the planet's atmosphere to slow it down, Voir could orbit Venus in 1986. The proposal calls for a launch date of August 1986 and an arrival date in December of that year.
Experiments for Spacelab Flight
Authors: Adams R. D.
Published: October 2011

The National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) have selected 37 scientific experiments to be conducted on the first flight of Spacelab, scheduled for launch aboard the space shuttle in late 1982.

The experiments fall into five broad categories: atmospheric physics and earth observations, space plasma physics, material sciences and technology, astronomy and period. (Note: Seismograms can be very complicated, and ultimately, the selection of a particular measurement must be left to the observer's experience).
Observations of a fireball and a stable auroral red arc
Authors: Moore Jim G.
Published: October 2011

The purpose of this note i s to present observations of two phenomena that were clearly observed and photographed from an instrumented aircraft of the U.S. Air Force.

During the night of November 25–26, 1978, the Airborne Ionospheric Observatory (AIO), an NKC‐135 flown by the Air Force Systems Command for the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, was on a scientific mission to observe the effects of a major geomagnetic storm on the mid‐latitude ionosphere and Air Force communication systems.
Ocean margin drilling—A multifaceted picture
Authors: Greathouse Lee
Published: October 2011

While many in the oceanographic community enthusiastically look forward to the Ocean Margin Drilling (OMD) program, others are not sure that the science to be gained will be worth the commitment to such an expensive, technology‐intensive venture. The program was 7 years in the planning at the National Science Foundation (NSF), calls for a total cost of about $700 million over the next decade, and is to last through 1989.

OMD was envisioned at the NSF as the next step after the enormously successful Glomar Challenger Deep‐Sea Drilling Project (DSDP). Now winding down, DSDP is scheduled to continue through 1981 and taper off in 1982. A proposal has been submitted that would extend Challenger operations through 1983.
High Heat flow along China Sea Margin
Authors: Greathouse Lee
Published: October 2011

When Lamont‐Doherty researchers Roger Anderson and Michael Hobart and three Chinese scientists set out in the Vema last December for 12 days of tests in the South China Sea, they were doing two things for the first time. The 88 site measurements they would make on the trip would become the first detailed heat flow values obtained across a continental margin, and the voyage would be made in the first joint explorations undertaken between scientists from the People's Republic of China and those from the United States since the thaw in relations between the two countries.

The investigators were looking for two things, Anderson said at the AGU Spring Meeting in Toronto: (1) data for testing models of continental rifting (the southern part of the sea used to be attached to the Chinese mainland, but began to separate about 30 million years ago) and (2) indications of the potential for finding oil in the region.
Nuclear waste in a repository: Amount as a factor in risk duration
Authors: Zen E‐an
Published: October 2011

Design of a repository for high‐level nuclear waste material should take into account the relation of its size to the duration of its period of hazard in the event of a breach by groundwater and leach to the biosphere. The amount of a given hazardous nuclide that is potentially leachable depends, in addition to the initial amount of waste in the repository, on the time that has elapsed since the repository was put into operation; thus the time required to attain a given level of safety depends on the amount of waste, and for the principal heat‐generating nuclides, this dependence is not trivial. Safety of repositories can be enhanced if they are designed to consist of leach‐resistant watertight compartments; this in turn puts severe restrictions on the nature and technique of backfill.

The long‐term safety of repositories for disposal of high‐level nuclear wastes, including possible unreprocessed spent‐fuel rods, is of foremost consideration in the science of nuclear waste disposal [e.g., Burkholder et al., 1977; Logan, 1977; Bredehoeft et al., 1978; Interagency Review Group, 1979; Materials Research Society, 1979]. Most discussions center around the chemical, mechanical, thermal, and geological processes generated by the waste, by the engineering undertakings associated with the repository and its use, or by natural external processes such as groundwater flow, earthquake, climatic change, volcanism, erosion, and meteorite impact. I propose to show that under some reasonable circumstances the scale of the repository itself may influence the safety considerations.