bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Description of Brooksia lacromae sp. nov. (Tunicata, Thaliacea) from the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Garić Rade , Batistić Mirna
Published: May 2016

Brooksia lacromae sp. nov. is described from zooplankton material collected at a marine monitoring station in the South Adriatic in the autumn of 2014. The description of both solitary and aggregate forms is given along with 18S rRNA and mitochondrial cox1 sequence data that provides strong evidence that both forms belong to the same species. The described species is morphologically markedly different from B. rostrata (Traustedt, 1893) and B. berneri van Soest, 1975, previously the only two species in the genus Brooksia. Genetic analysis based on 18S rRNA gene confirmed distinctness of B. lacromae sp. nov. from B. rostrata (1.5% uncorrected pairwise distance). The appendicularian Fritillaria helenae Bückmann, 1924, so far known from the Atlantic only, was found in the same samples as B. lacromae sp. nov. Co-occurrence of B. lacromae sp. nov. with an Atlantic appendicularian suggests an Atlantic or Western Mediterranean origin for this new taxon.
Variability Space-Temporal of Annual Precipitation of Wet and Dry Period in the Paraíba State
Authors: Francisco Paulo Roberto Megna , Medeiros Raimundo Mainar de , Tavares Alexandra Lima , Santos Djail
Published: May 2016

Rainfall is considered an important climatological variable in the semiarid region of Brazil, mainly due to irregularity in its temporal and spatial distribution. It has been aimed at achieving the analysis of spatio-temporal variability of rainfall, maximum, minimum and average annual for the State of Paraíba. Data were used with 30 or more years of observation, analysis was carried out for consistency and homogeneity. To analyze the spatial distribution was used Surfer and their statistical software using the Kriging interpolation method which is considered a good data interpolation methodology and producing maps. From the results it is observed that in January were the most significant rainfall and isolated regions of the Sertão and Alto Sertão Paraiba. In February the distribution already became homogeneous. The months of March and April are the rainy months in every state and from May to Augusts the highest rainfall concentrated in the eastern and southern coastal strip. September considered the driest month and throughout the year rainfall occurred in isolation. The annual distribution showed high spatial variability of rainfall in the central sector of the state with minor fluctuations ranging from 300 to 500mm, in the Sertão and Alto Sertão flowed from 700 to 900mm; in Brejo and Agreste from 700 to 1,200 mm; and Litoral of 1,200 to 1,600mm
Specializing: An Entry Point for Problem Solving
Authors: Lane Catherine Pullin
Published: May 2016

Specializing is one aspect of mathematical reasoning that supports problem solving. Through modeling the process of specializing and regularly providing students with the opportuniy to engage in specializing, teachers can help students develop their capacity to engage in the problem-solving process.
Acoustic focusing by an array of heat sources in air
Authors: Ge Yong , Sun Hong-xiang , Liu Chen , Qian Jiao , Yuan Shou-qi , Xia Jian-ping , Guan Yi-jun , Zhang Shu-yi
Published: May 2016

We report on a broadband acoustic focusing lens comprising 20 heat sources of different temperatures, 10 on each side of the array, in air. This focusing phenomenon is attributed to temperature gradients inducing the desired refractive index in one medium (air) and to the continuously changing acoustic impedance, which avoids any acoustic impedance difference that would occur between a lens and air. The results indicate that this focusing lens has a broader bandwidth (>3.5 kHz), higher intensity amplification (about 5.0 times), and a simpler structure. This focusing lens has great potential for applications in ultrasonic devices.
Electron-state tuning of multilayer graphene by defects
Authors: Kishimoto Ken , Okada Susumu
Published: May 2016

Electronic band structures of graphene thin films, in which the topmost layer possesses atomic and topological defects, are studied using the density functional theory. Our calculations showed that all graphene thin films studied here have a finite energy gap in their π electron states, although the thin films possess defect-free hexagonal networks, because of the spatially undulated local potential on pristine graphene layers induced by the defects. The energy gap in π states slightly decreases with increasing number of layers, while the gap sensitively depends on the interlayer stacking arrangement. Our analyses clarify that the interlayer interaction plays a crucial role for mediating the effect of the defects on the π electrons of pristine layers.
Fabrication of electroformed long-period fiber grating by MEMS process for temperature sensing application
Authors: Chiang Chia-Chin , Wu Chao-Wei , Lin Kai-Xiang
Published: May 2016

In this study, we introduce an electroformed long-period fiber grating (ELPFG) with a periodic circle shaped polymer–metal (SU-8 photoresist and nickel) structure fabricated by the lithography process and electroforming process. The optical properties of the ELPFG were investigated with the thermal cycle test. Subsequent temperature sensor experiments showed that the ELPFG exhibited high temperature sensitivity from 26 to 100 °C (heating stage) and then reduced to room temperature (cooling stage). Temperature calibration results showed that the sensitivity of the ELPFG sensor is 0.238 dB/°C and that an average linearity (R
2) of 0.982 was reached. Therefore, the ELPFG temperature sensor has superior sensitivity and stability.
The genome and transcriptome ofPhalaenopsisyield insights into floral organ development and flowering regulation
Authors: Huang Jian-Zhi , Lin Chih-Peng , Cheng Ting-Chi , Huang Ya-Wen , Tsai Yi-Jung , Cheng Shu-Yun , Chen Yi-Wen , Lee Chueh-Pai , Chung Wan-Chia , Chang Bill Chia-Han , Chin Shih-Wen , Lee Chen-Yu , Chen Fure-Chyi
Published: May 2016

ThePhalaenopsisorchid is an important potted flower of high economic value around the world. We report the 3.1 Gb draft genome assembly of an important winter floweringPhalaenopsis‘KHM190’ cultivar. We generated 89.5 Gb RNA-seq and 113 million sRNA-seq reads to use these data to identify 41,153 protein-coding genes and 188 miRNA families. We also generated a draft genome forPhalaenopsis pulcherrima‘B8802,’ a summer flowering species, via resequencing. Comparison of genome data between the twoPhalaenopsiscultivars allowed the identification of 691,532 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. In this study, we reveal that the key role ofPhAGL6bin the regulation of labellum organ development involves alternative splicing in the big lip mutant. Petal or sepal overexpressingPhAGL6bleads to the conversion into a lip-like structure. We also discovered that the gibberellin pathway that regulates the expression of flowering time genes during the reproductive phase change is induced by cool temperature. Our work thus depicted a valuable resource for the flowering control, flower architecture development, and breeding of thePhalaenopsisorchids.
Genome-scale investigation of phenotypically distinct but nearly clonalTrichodermastrains
Authors: Lange Claudia , Weld Richard J. , Cox Murray P. , Bradshaw Rosie E. , McLean Kirstin L. , Stewart Alison , Steyaert Johanna M.
Published: May 2016

Biological control agents (BCA) are beneficial organisms that are applied to protect plants from pests. Many fungi of the genusTrichodermaare successful BCAs but the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood.Trichoderma cf. atroviridestrain LU132 is a remarkably effective BCA compared toT. cf. atroviridestrain LU140 but these strains were found to be highly similar at the DNA sequence level. This unusual combination of phenotypic variability and high DNA sequence similarity between separately isolated strains prompted us to undertake a genome comparison study in order to identify DNA polymorphisms. We further investigated if the polymorphisms had functional effects on the phenotypes. The two strains were clearly identified as individuals, exhibiting different growth rates, conidiation and metabolism. Superior pathogen control demonstrated by LU132 depended on its faster growth, which is a prerequisite for successful distribution and competition. Genome sequencing identified only one non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) between the strains. Based on this SNP, we successfully designed and validated an RFLP protocol that can be used to differentiate LU132 from LU140 and otherTrichodermastrains. This SNP changed the amino acid sequence of SERF, encoded by the previously undescribed single copy gene “small EDRK-rich factor” (serf). A deletion ofserfin the two strains did not lead to identical phenotypes, suggesting that, in addition to the single functional SNP between the nearly clonalTrichoderma cf. atroviridestrains, other non-genomic factors contribute to their phenotypic variation. This finding is significant as it shows that genomics is an extremely useful but not exhaustive tool for the study of biocontrol complexity and for strain typing.
Relationship between triterpenoid anticancer drug resistance, autophagy, and caspase-1 in adult T-cell leukemia
Authors: Nakanishi Tsukasa , Song Yuan , He Cuiying , Wang Duo , Morita Kentaro , Tsukada Junichi , Kanazawa Tamotsu , Yoshida Yasuhiro
Published: May 2016

We previously reported that the inflammasome inhibitor cucurbitacin D (CuD) induces apoptosis in human leukemia cell lines. Here, we investigated the effects of CuD and a B-cell lymphoma extra-large (Bcl-xL) inhibitor on autophagy in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) isolated from adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) patients. CuD induced PBL cell death in patients but not in healthy donors. This effect was not significantly inhibited by treatment with rapamycin or 3-methyladenine (3-MA). The Bcl-xL inhibitor Z36 induced death in primary cells from ATL patients including that induced by CuD treatment, effects that were partly inhibited by 3-MA. Similarly, cell death induced by the steroid prednisolone was enhanced in the presence of Z36. A western blot analysis revealed that Z36 also promoted CuD-induced poly(ADP ribose) polymerase cleavage. Interestingly, the effects of CuD and Z36 were attenuated in primary ATL patient cells obtained upon recurrence after umbilical cord blood transplantation, as compared to those obtained before chemotherapy. Furthermore, cells from this patient expressed a high level of caspase-1, and treatment with caspase-1 inhibitor-enhanced CuD-induced cell death. Taken together, these results suggest that rescue from resistance to steroid drugs can enhance chemotherapy, and that caspase-1 is a good marker for drug resistance in ATL patients.
Simultaneous ground‐ and satellite‐based observation of MF/HF auroral radio emissions
Authors: Sato Yuka , Kumamoto Atsushi , Katoh Yuto , Shinbori Atsuki , Kadokura Akira , Ogawa Yasunobu
Published: May 2016

We report on the first simultaneous measurements of medium‐high frequency (MF/HF) auroral radio emissions (above 1 MHz) by ground‐ and satellite‐based instruments. Observational data were obtained by the ground‐based passive receivers in Iceland and Svalbard, and by the Plasma Waves and Sounder experiment (PWS) mounted on the Akebono satellite. We observed two simultaneous appearance events, during which the frequencies of the auroral roar and MF bursts detected at ground level were different from those of the terrestrial hectometric radiation (THR) observed by the Akebono satellite passing over the ground‐based stations. This frequency difference confirms that auroral roar and THR are generated at different altitudes across the F peak. We did not observe any simultaneous observations that indicated an identical generation region of auroral roar and THR. In most cases, MF/HF auroral radio emissions were observed only by the ground‐based detector, or by the satellite‐based detector, even when the satellite was passing directly over the ground‐based stations. A higher detection rate was observed from space than from ground level. This can primarily be explained in terms of the idea that the Akebono satellite can detect THR emissions coming from a wider region, and because a considerable portion of auroral radio emissions generated in the bottomside F region are masked by ionospheric absorption and screening in the D/E regions associated with ionization which results from auroral electrons and solar UV radiation.
Downwelling wind, tides, and estuarine plume dynamics
Authors: Lai Zhigang , Ma Ronghua , Huang Mingfen , Chen Changsheng , Chen Yong , Xie Congbin , Beardsley Robert C.
Published: May 2016

The estuarine plume dynamics under a downwelling‐favorable wind condition were examined in the windy dry season of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) using the PRE primitive‐equation Finite‐Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM). The wind and tide‐driven estuarine circulation had a significant influence on the plume dynamics on both local and remote scales. Specifically, the local effect of downwelling‐favorable winds on the plume was similar to the theoretical descriptions of coastal plumes, narrowing the plume width, and setting up a vertically uniform downstream current at the plume edge. Tides tended to reduce these plume responses through local turbulent mixing and advection from upstream regions, resulting in an adjustment of the isohalines in the plume and a weakening of the vertically uniform downstream current. The remote effect of downwelling‐favorable winds on the plume was due to the wind‐induced estuarine sea surface height (SSH), which strengthened the estuarine circulation and enhanced the plume transport accordingly. Associated with these processes, tide‐induced mixing tended to weaken the SSH gradient and thus the estuarine circulation over a remote influence scale. Overall, the typical features of downwelling‐favorable wind‐driven estuarine plumes revealed in this study enhanced our understanding of the estuarine plume dynamics under downwelling‐favorable wind conditions.
Postcollisional lithospheric evolution of the Southeast Carpathians: Comparison of geodynamical models and observations
Authors: Göğüş Oğuz H. , Pysklywec Russell N. , Faccenna Claudio
Published: May 2016

Seismic evidence and thermal and topographic transients have led to the interpretation of lithospheric removal beneath the Southeast Carpathians region. A series of numerical geodynamic experiments in the context of the tectonic evolution of the region are conducted to test the surface‐crustal response to lithosphere delamination and slab break‐off. The results show that a delamination‐type removal (“plate‐like” migrating instability) causes a characteristic pattern of surface uplift/subsidence and crustal extension/shortening to occur due to the lithospheric deformation and dynamic/thermal forcing of the sublithospheric mantle. These features migrate with the progressive removal of the underlying lithosphere. Model results for delamination are comparable with observables related to the geodynamic evolution of the Southeast Carpathians since 10 Ma: the mantle structure inferred by seismic tomography, migrating patterns of uplift (>1.5 km) and subsidence (>2 km) in the region, crustal thinning in the Carpathian hinterland and thickening at the Focsani depression, and regional extension in the Carpathian corner (e.g., opening of Brasov basin) correlating with volcanism (e.g., Harghita and Persani volcanics) in the last 3 Myr.
Thermohaline instability and the formation of glacial North Atlantic super polynyas at the onset of Dansgaard‐Oeschger warming events
Authors: Vettoretti Guido , Peltier W. Richard
Published: May 2016

Late Quaternary rapid warming events inferred on the basis of oxygen isotopic data from Greenland ice cores are the most prominent characteristic of millennial‐scale Dansgaard‐Oeschger oscillations. In a coupled climate model simulation which has accurately reproduced this oscillatory behavior for the first time, we show that formation of a glacial North Atlantic super polynya characterizes the initial stage of transition from cold stadial to warm interstadial conditions. The winter polynya forms within the otherwise sea ice‐covered North Atlantic as a consequence of the onset of a thermohaline convective instability beneath an extensive stadial sea ice lid. Early in the stadial period, the tendency for thermal convective instability of an extensive warm pool beneath the sea ice lid is strongly inhibited by a stabilizing vertical salinity gradient, which gradually diminishes until a thermohaline convective instability occurs that leads to polynya formation and the rapid retreat of North Atlantic sea ice cover.
Zakharov simulations of beam‐induced turbulence in the auroral ionosphere
Authors: Akbari H. , Guio P. , Hirsch M. A. , Semeter J. L.
Published: May 2016

Recent detections of strong incoherent scatter radar echoes from the auroral F region, which have been explained as the signature of naturally produced Langmuir turbulence, have motivated us to revisit the topic of beam‐generated Langmuir turbulence via simulation. Results from one‐dimensional Zakharov simulations are used to study the interaction of ionospheric electron beams with the background plasma at the F region peak. A broad range of beam parameters extending by more than 2 orders of magnitude in average energy and electron number density is considered. A range of wave interaction processes, from a single parametric decay, to a cascade of parametric decays, to formation of stationary density cavities in the condensate region, and to direct collapse at the initial stages of turbulence, is observed as we increase the input energy to the system. The effect of suprathermal electrons, produced by collisional interactions of auroral electrons with the neutral atmosphere, on the dynamics of Langmuir turbulence is also investigated. It is seen that the enhanced Landau damping introduced by the suprathermal electrons significantly weakens the turbulence and truncates the cascade of parametric decays.
Preparation and characterization of waterborne polyurethane based on diphenylmethane diisocyanate‐50
Authors: Xiao Yao , Zhao Hongbo , Wu Bo , Fu Xiaowei , Hu Kai , Zhou Changlin , Lei Jingxin
Published: May 2016

A new waterborne polyurethane was prepared using diphenylmethane diisocyanate‐50. Properties of this waterborne polyurethane and the conventional isophorone diisocyanante‐based waterborne polyurethane were tested. It was found that diphenylmethane diisocyanate‐50‐based waterborne polyurethane showed better properties compared to isophorone diisocyanante‐based waterborne polyurethane. The films of diphenylmethane diisocyanate‐50‐based waterborne polyurethane had higher tensile strength than of isophorone diisocyanante‐based waterborne polyurethane; their water resistance and thermal stability were also improved. And they have higher surface hydrophobicity compared with those of isophorone diisocyanante‐based waterborne polyurethane. It's believed that diphenylmethane diisocyanate‐50‐based waterborne polyurethane has excellent application performance in many industrial fields.
Synthesis and Ethylene Oligomerization of Hyperbranched Salicylaldimine Nickel Complexes
Authors: Wang Jun , Zhang Na , Li Cuiqin , Shi Weiguang , Lin Zhiyu
Published: May 2016

A series of new hyperbranched salicylaldimine nickel complexes were synthesized by the Schiff's base and the complexation reactions with 1.0 generation hyperbranched macromolecules, salicyladehyde and nickel chloride hexahydrate as materials by employing two‐step synthesis and one‐pot synthesis, respectively. The hyperbranched salicylaldimine ligands and the complexes were characterized by FT‐IR, 1H NMR, UV, and ESI‐MS. All nickel complexes, activated with Methylaluminoxane, exhibited high activities for ethylene oligomerization (TOF = 1.92–4.93 g/mol Ni h) and showed good selectivities for the longer chain oligomers produced (36.35–60.33%). When activated with ethylaluminum dichloride, it was found that a tandem process occurred in which ethylene oligomerization was followed by Friedel–Crafts alkylation of the reaction solvent, toluene. On increasing the pressure of ethylene and Al/Ni ratio, the catalytic activities of precatalyst increased and the processes became more selective for the shorter oligomers. Not only the polymerized parameters but also the length of alkyl chain of the ligands influenced the catalytic activities and selectivities for the longer chain oligomers. The catalytic activities and selectivities for the longer chain oligomers declined with the increase in length of alkyl chain of ligand.
Efficient Blue Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes with Electron‐Dominated Transport Due to Trap Dilution
Authors: Abbaszadeh Davood , Blom Paul W. M.
Published: May 2016

As is common for many conjugated polymers used in light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs), the charge transport in blue‐emitting polyspirobifluorene (PSF) copolymerized with the hole transport unit – N,N,N′N′‐tetraaryldiamino (TAD) biphenyl – is dominated by holes. Although the free electron mobility is an order of magnitude higher than the hole mobility, the electron transport is strongly hindered by traps. By diluting PSF‐TAD with the wide band gap polymer poly(9,9‐di‐n‐octylfluorenyl‐2,7‐diyl) (PFO), the effect of electron trapping can be nearly eliminated. As a result, the transport in the PSF‐TAD:PFO blend becomes electron dominated. Due to the higher electron mobility, PLEDs made from these blends exhibit higher current and light‐output as compared to hole‐dominated PLEDs made from pristine PSF‐TAD. The reduced amount of electron traps enhances their efficiency from 2 cd A−1 for the hole‐dominated PLED to 5.3 cd A−1 for the electron‐dominated blend PLED.
An international, multicenter, prospective, observational study of neutropenia in patients being treated with lenalidomide + dexamethasone for relapsed or relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RR‐MM)
Authors: Leleu Xavier , Terpos Evangelos , Sanz Ramón García , Cooney Julian , O'Gorman Peter , Minarik Jiri , Greil Richard , Williams Catherine , Gray Diep , Szabo Zsolt
Published: May 2016

Neutropenia is a well‐known dose‐limiting toxicity associated with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone treatment in patients with multiple myeloma; however, little is known about its management and associated outcomes in the real world setting. The present prospective, multicenter, observational study evaluated the incidence, management, and outcomes of grade 3/4 neutropenia in patients with relapsed or relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma who initiated treatment with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone. Of 198 patients, 62 (31%, 95% CI: 25, 38) experienced grade 3/4 neutropenia, and half of these patients experienced 3 or more events during the 12‐month observational period. Grade 3/4 neutropenia occurred throughout lenalidomide treatment, with a median time to first event of 8.8 weeks (Q1, Q3: 5.9, 17.3). In a multivariate analysis, diagnosis of relapsed and refractory disease was associated with grade 3/4 neutropenia. Lenalidomide exposure reduction, use of G‐CSF, unplanned hospitalization, and outpatient clinic visits were more common in patients who experienced grade 3/4 neutropenia than in those who did not. In conclusion, grade 3/4 neutropenia is a common toxicity and patients are at continued risk throughout treatment with lenalidomide and dexamethasone. Further efforts should be made to improve the recommendations for neutropenia management in this population. Am. J. Hematol. 91:806–811, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of synoptic conditions and cyclones associated with top ranking potential wind loss events over Iberia
Authors: Karremann Melanie K. , Liberato Margarida L. R. , Ordóñez Paulina , Pinto Joaquim G.
Published: May 2016

Intense extra‐tropical cyclones are often associated with strong winds, heavy precipitation and socio‐economic impacts. Over southwestern Europe, such storms occur less often, but still cause high economic losses. We characterize the large‐scale atmospheric conditions and cyclone tracks during the top‐100 potential losses over Iberia associated with wind events. Based on 65 years of reanalysis data, events are classified into four groups: (1) cyclone tracks crossing over Iberia on the event day (‘Iberia’), (2) cyclones crossing further north, typically southwest of the British Isles (‘North’), (3) cyclones crossing southwest to northeast near the northwest tip of Iberia (‘West’), and (4) so called ‘Hybrids’, characterized by a strong pressure gradient over Iberia because of the juxtaposition of low and high pressure centres. Generally, ‘Iberia’ events are the most frequent (31–45% for top‐100 vs top‐20), while ‘West’ events are rare (10–12%). Seventy percent of the events were primarily associated with a cyclone. Multi‐decadal variability in the number of events is identified. While the peak in recent years is quite prominent, other comparably stormy periods occurred in the 1960s and 1980s. This study documents that damaging wind storms over Iberia are not rare events, and their frequency of occurrence undergoes strong multi‐decadal variability.
Revisiting Kadenbach: Electron flux rate through cytochrome c‐oxidase determines the ATP‐inhibitory effect and subsequent production of ROS
Authors: Vogt Sebastian , Rhiel Annika , Weber Petra , Ramzan Rabia
Published: May 2016

Mitochondrial respiration is the predominant source of ATP. Excessive rates of electron transport cause a higher production of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS). There are two regulatory mechanisms known. The first, according to Mitchel, is dependent on the mitochondrial membrane potential that drives ATP synthase for ATP production, and the second, the Kadenbach mechanism, is focussed on the binding of ATP to Cytochrome c Oxidase (CytOx) at high ATP/ADP ratios, which results in an allosteric conformational change to CytOx, causing inhibition. In times of stress, ATP‐dependent inhibition is switched off and the activity of CytOx is exclusively determined by the membrane potential, leading to an increase in ROS production. The second mechanism for respiratory control depends on the quantity of electron transfer to the Heme aa3 of CytOx. When ATP is bound to CytOx the enzyme is inhibited, and ROS formation is decreased, although the mitochondrial membrane potential is increased.
Association between underestimation of tumour size by imaging and incomplete excision in breast-conserving surgery for breast cancer
Authors: Dixon J M , Newlands C , Dodds C , Thomas J , Williams L J , Kunkler I H , Bing A , Macaskill E J
Published: May 2016

Background

Completeness of excision is the most important factor influencing local recurrence after breast-conserving surgery (BCS). The aim of this case–control study was to determine factors influencing incomplete excision in patients undergoing BCS.

Methods

Women with invasive breast cancer treated by BCS between 1 June 2008 and 31 December 2009 were identified from a prospectively collected database in the Edinburgh Breast Unit. The maximum size of the tumour, measured microscopically, was compared with the size estimated before operation by mammography and ultrasound imaging. A multivariable analysis was performed to investigate factors associated with incomplete excision.

Results

The cohort comprised 311 women, of whom 193 (62·1 per cent) had a complete (CE group) and 118 (40·7 per cent) an incomplete (IE group) excision. Mammography underestimated tumour size in 75·0 per cent of the IE group compared with 40·7 per cent of the CE group (P < 0·001). Ultrasound imaging underestimated tumour size in 82·5 per cent of the IE group compared with 56·5 per cent of the CE group (P < 0·001). The risk of an incomplete excision was greater when mammography or ultrasonography underestimated pathological size: odds ratio (OR) 4·38 (95 per cent c.i. 2·59 to 7·41; P < 0·001) for mammography, and OR 3·64 (2·03 to 6·54; P < 0·001) for ultrasound imaging. For every 1-mm underestimation of size by mammography and ultrasonography, the relative odds of incomplete excision rose by 10 and 14 per cent respectively.

Conclusion

Underestimation of tumour size by current imaging techniques is a major factor associated with incomplete excision in women undergoing BCS.
Lipotransfer for radiation-induced skin fibrosis
Authors: Kumar R , Griffin M , Adigbli G , Kalavrezos N , Butler P E M
Published: May 2016

Background

Radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF) is a late complication of radiotherapy that results in progressive functional and cosmetic impairment. Autologous fat has emerged as an option for soft tissue reconstruction. There are also sporadic reports suggesting regression of fibrosis following regional lipotransfer. This systematic review aimed to identify cellular mechanisms driving RIF, and the potential role of lipotransfer in attenuating these processes.

Methods

PubMed, OVID and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify all original articles regarding lipotransfer for RIF. All articles describing irradiated fibroblast or myofibroblast behaviour were included. Data elucidating the mechanisms of RIF, role of lipotransfer in RIF and methods to quantify fibrosis were extracted.

Results

Ninety-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. A single, definitive model of RIF is yet to be established, but four cellular mechanisms were identified through in vitro studies. Twenty-one studies identified connective tissue growth factor and transforming growth factor β1 cytokines as drivers of fibrotic cascades. Hypoxia was demonstrated to propagate fibrogenesis in three studies. Oxidative stress from the release of reactive oxygen species and free radicals was also linked to RIF in 11 studies. Purified autologous fat grafts contain cellular and non-cellular properties that potentially interact with these processes. Six methods for quantifying fibrotic changes were evaluated including durometry, ultrasound shear wave elastography, thermography, dark field imaging, and laser Doppler and laser speckle flowmetry.

Conclusion

Understanding how lipotransfer causes regression of RIF remains unclear; there are a number of new hypotheses for future research.
Comparative evaluation of four multi‐label classification algorithms in classifying learning objects
Authors: Aldrees Asma , Chikh Azeddine
Published: May 2016

With the increasing number of learning objects (LOs), the possibility of their fast and effective retrieving and storing has become a more critical issue. The classification of LOs enables users to search for, access, and reuse them in an effective and efficient way. In this article, the multi‐label learning approach is represented for classifying and ranking multi‐labeled LOs, whereas each LO might be associated with multiple labels as opposed to a single‐label approach. A comprehensive overview of the common fundamental multi‐label classification algorithms and metrics will be discussed. In this article, a new multi‐labeled LOs dataset will be created and extracted from ARIADNE Learning Object Repository. We experimentally train four effective multi‐label classifiers on the created LOs dataset and then, assess their performance based on the results of 16 evaluation metrics. The result of this article will answer the question of; what is the best multi‐label classification algorithm for classifying multi‐labeled LOs? © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:651–660, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21743
BET and BRAF inhibitors act synergistically against BRAF‐mutant melanoma
Authors: Paoluzzi Luca , Hanniford Douglas , Sokolova Elena , Osman Iman , Darvishian Farbod , Wang Jinhua , Bradner James E. , Hernando Eva
Published: May 2016

Despite major advances in the treatment of metastatic melanoma, treatment failure is still inevitable in most cases. Manipulation of key epigenetic regulators, including inhibition of Bromodomain and extra‐terminal domain (BET) family members impairs cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo in different cancers, including melanoma. Here, we investigated the effect of combining the BET inhibitor JQ1 with the BRAF inhibitor Vemurafenib in in vitro and in vivo models of BRAF‐mutant melanoma. We performed cytotoxicity and apoptosis assays, and a xenograft mouse model to determine the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of JQ1 in combination with Vemurafenib against BRAF‐mutant melanoma cell lines. Further, to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of combined treatment, we conducted antibody arrays of in vitro drug‐treated cell lines and RNA sequencing of drug‐treated xenograft tumors. The combination of JQ1 and Vemurafenib acted synergistically in BRAF‐mutant cell lines, resulting in marked apoptosis in vitro, with upregulation of proapoptotic proteins. In vivo, combination treatment suppressed tumor growth and significantly improved survival compared to either drug alone. RNA sequencing of tumor tissues revealed almost four thousand genes that were uniquely modulated by the combination, with several anti‐apoptotic genes significantly down‐regulated. Collectively, our data provide a rationale for combined BET and BRAF inhibition as a novel strategy for the treatment of melanoma.
ACCLMesh: curvature‐based navigation mesh generation
Authors: Berseth Glen , Kapadia Mubbasir , Faloutsos Petros
Published: May 2016

The proposed method computes a navigation mesh for arbitrary and dynamic 3D environments based on curvature and is robust and efficient. This method addresses a number of known limitations in state‐of‐the‐art techniques to produce navigation meshes that are tightly coupled to the original geometry, incorporate geometric details that are crucial for movement decisions, can robustly handle complex surfaces and can efficiently repair the navigation mesh to accommodate dynamically changing environments. The method is integrated into a standard navigation and collision avoidance system to simulate thousands of agents on complex 3D surfaces in real time. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Support Functionalization with a Phosphine‐Containing Hyperbranched Polymer: A Strategy to Enhance Phosphine Grafting and Metal Loading in a Hydroformylation Catalyst
Authors: Garcia Marco A. S. , Heyder Rodrigo S. , Oliveira Kelley C. B. , Costa Jean C. S. , Corio Paola , Gusevskaya Elena V. , dos Santos Eduardo N. , Bazito Reinaldo C. , Rossi Liane M.
Published: May 2016

We present the design of a hydroformylation catalyst through the immobilization of air‐stable Rh nanoparticles (NPs) on a magnetic support functionalized with a hyperbranched polymer that bears terminal phosphine groups. The catalyst modification with the hyperbranched polymer improved the metal–support interaction, the metal loading, and the catalytic activity. The catalyst was active for the hydroformylation of natural products, such as estragole, and could be used in successive reactions with negligible metal leaching. The phosphine grafting played a key role in the recyclability of Rh NPs under hydroformylation conditions. The catalytic activity was maintained in successive reactions, even if the catalyst was exposed to air during each recovery procedure. The modification of the support with hyperbranched polyester allowed us either to increase the number of Rh active species or to obtain more active Rh species on the catalyst surface.
ChemInform Abstract: Multinuclear NMR Characterization of Anionic Clusters of the Main‐Group Elements Ge, Sn, Sb, Tl, Pb, and Bi in Nonaqueous Solution.
Authors: WILSON W. L. , RUDOLPH R. W. , LOHR L. L. , TAYLOR R. C. , PYYKKOE P. +
Published: May 2016

Clusters, generated by dissolving their alloys with alkali metals in liquid ethylenediamine (e.g.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Magnetic Properties of PrLiGe, TbLiGe, DyLiGe, YbLiGe, and YbLi‐ Bi.
Authors: GRUND I. , ZWIENER G. , SCHUSTER H.‐U.
Published: May 2016

The title compounds ALiGe (A: Pr, Tb, Dy, Yb) are prepared starting from the elements (Ta crucibles; Li excess; 850 K (5‐12 h), then 1070‐ l 120 K (3‐15 h)).
ChemInform Abstract: Temperature Dependence of the Rate Constant for the Reaction OH + H2S in He, N2, and O2.
Authors: LIN Y.‐L. , WANG N.‐S. , LEE Y.‐P.
Published: May 2016

The rate constants of the title reaction have been measured in the temp. range 245‐450 K using the discharge‐flow‐resonance fluorescence technique.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Solid Catalysts for Vapor‐Phase Decomposition of Carbonyl Sulfide.
Authors: AKIMOTO M. , SUTO H. , NIIYAMA H.
Published: May 2016

Comparison of the catalytic activity and selectivity of a series of Al2O3 Catalysts in COS decomposition (reactions Aand B) demonstrate that electron‐donating sites catalyze reaction Awhereas Lewis acid sites catalyze reaction B. CaO Catalysts are prepared by thermal decomposition of CaCO3 and their catalytic activity is related to their amount of electron‐donating sites.
ChemInform Abstract: Trigonal Planar Coordinated Platinum: Preparation and Crystal Structure of SrPtAs (Sb), BaPtP (As, Sb), SrPtxP2‐x, SrPtxAs0.90, and BaPtxAs0.90.
Authors: WENSKI G. , MEWIS A.
Published: May 2016

The compounds (I)‐(VII) are prepared by reaction of the elements in corundum crucibles at 950‐1050°C (l ‐2 weeks).
ChemInform Abstract: Condensed Ring Systems. Part 17. Propellanes with Benzene‐Dewar‐Benzene Structure
Authors: WEINGES K. , KLEIN J. , SIPOS W. , GUENTHER P. + , HUBER‐PATZ U. , RODEWALD H. , DEUTER J. , IRNGARTINGER H.
Published: May 2016

Crystal and Molecular Structure of l′,8′:3,5‐Naphtho15.2.2lpropella‐ 3,8,l0‐triene.
ChemInform Abstract: Complexation of Gold(I) Thiomalate (′Myocrisin′) with 1,3‐Diazinane‐2‐thione in Aqueous Solution Followed by 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.
Authors: ISAB A. A.
Published: May 2016

It is shown that the anti‐arthritic drug gold(I) thiomalate forms a l :l complex with 1,3‐diazinane‐2‐thione (L) at pH 7.2.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionization and Electroreduction of Some Benzthiazin‐4‐one Azodyes.
Authors: ABED N. M. , NASHED B. , FAHMY H. M. , ABDEL AZZEM M.
Published: May 2016

The pKa‐values of (I) are highly dependent on the nature of the substituent on the arylazo moiety.
ChemInform Abstract: SRN1 Reactions of Halocyclopropanes with Benzenethiolate Ion.
Authors: MEIJS G. F.
Published: May 2016

Die Umsetzungen zahlreicher gem‐Dibromcyclopropane (I) mit Thiophenolat (II) zu den Verbindungen (III)‐(V) werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Diels‐Alder Additions of Benzynes to Furans.
Authors: BEST W. M. , WEGE D.
Published: May 2016

The synthetic strategy of constfucting heterocycles of type (II) by intramolecular Diels‐Alder reac‐ tion of benzynes (I) is explored.
ChemInform Abstract: Phenyl Isothiocyanate‐Mediated Cyclocondensation of Hippuric Acid in the Presence of Salicylaldehyde/o‐Hydroxyacetophenone.
Authors: ASHARE R. , MUKERJEE A. K.
Published: May 2016

Phenyl Isothiocyanate‐Mediated Cyclocondensation of Hippuric Acid in the Presence of Salicylaldehyde/o‐Hydroxyacetophenone.
ChemInform Abstract: Pummerer‐Type Reaction of α‐Acylsulfides Using Phenyl Iodosyl Bis(trifluoroacetate).
Authors: TAMURA Y. , YAKURA T. , SHIROUCHI Y. , HARUTA J.
Published: May 2016

Bei der Behandlung des Methylthioacetanilids (I) mit Phenyliodosyl‐bis‐(trifluoracetat) (PIFA) entsteht direkt das Pummerer‐Umlagerungsprodukt (II) des (I) entsprechenden Sulfoxids (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Rearrangement of Polybromoalkyl Radicals with 1,5‐ and 1,6‐Hydrogen Migration in the Reduction of 1,1,1,3‐Tetrabromoheptane.
Authors: VASIL'EVA T. T. , GERMANOVA L. F. , NELYUBIN B. V. , FREIDLINA R. KH.
Published: May 2016

Aus der im Titel genannten Verbindung (I) entsteht unter dem katalytischen Einfluß von Eisenpentacarbonyl (II) mit Triethylsilan (III) das Tribromid (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Induction in Intramolecular Ene Reactions of 1,7‐Dienes.
Authors: TIETZE L. F. , BEIFUSS U.
Published: May 2016

Das Dien (I) reagiert mit Zinkbromid zum Isomeren (III) und Cyclisierungsprodukt (II).
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Methyl Migration in the Claisen Rearrangement of 3‐(1,1‐Dimethylprop‐ 2‐ynyloxy)‐4‐methylxanthone and 7‐(1,1‐Dimethylprop‐2‐ynyl‐ oxy)‐8‐methylisoflavone.
Authors: JOSHI S. C. , PATEL G. N. , TRIVEDI K. N.
Published: May 2016

Die Claisen‐Umlagerung des Xanthons (I) in siedendem Dimethylanilin führt unter Methylgruppenwanderung zum Furanoxanthon (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Isomerization of Water‐Soluble Quadricyclane to Norbornadiene Derivatives Induced by Cobalt‐Porphyrin Complexes.
Authors: MARUYAMA K. , TAMIAKI H.
Published: May 2016

Wasserlösliche Quadricyclan‐carbonsäuren (I), deren Herstellung nach bekannten Verfahren beschrieben ist, isomerisieren bei Zusatz des Co‐ Katalysators (II) unter starker Wärmeentwicklung zu den Norbornadienen (III); in gleicher Weise reagieren die Dicarbonsäurederivate (IV) zu den Norbornadienen (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemical Reaction of N‐Methylnaphthalene‐1,8‐dicarboximide with Alkenes, Dienes, and Furans.
Authors: KUBO Y. , SUTO M. , TOJO S. , ARAKI T.
Published: May 2016

The irradiation of the title compound (II) in the presence of the alkenes (Ia)‐(Ig) [(Ih) gives no reaction], the dienes (VII) and (IX) and the furans (XII) is examined.
ChemInform Abstract: The Photochemical 1,5‐Benzoyl Migration in 2,2‐Diaryl‐1,4,4‐triphenyl‐3‐azabut‐ 3‐en‐1‐ones.
Authors: ARMESTO D. , GALLEGO M. G. , HORSPOOL W. M. , PEREZ‐OSSORIO R.
Published: May 2016

The imines (I) which are obtained by condensation of the corresponding ketones with diphenylmethylamine under reducing conditions, react with NaH to form the corresponding anions, which are quenched by benzoyl chloride to yield (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinduced Reactions. Part 84. Photochemistry of the Phthalimide System.
Authors: TAKECHI H. , MACHIDA M. , KANAOKA Y.
Published: May 2016

The photoreaction of the phtha limides (I) causes C ‐ Cbond formation between one of the carbon atoms of the two carbonyl groups of the imide moiety and the carbon atom neighbouring the amide nitrogen atom to yield the cyclized products ( II).
ChemInform Abstract: Ultrasound in Organic Synthesis. Part 9. Further Results for the Bouveault Reaction.
Authors: EINHORN J. , LUCHE J. L.
Published: May 2016

Bei der Bouveault‐Reaktion von Brombenzol (I) mit Lithium und N‐Formyl‐ Verbindungen (III) erhält man unter Ultraschall‐Behandlung in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln (IV) unterschiedliche Anteile der Addukte (V), die zu Benzaldehyd (VI) hydrolysiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethyl‐4‐amino‐N‐(alkylmaleimide)‐1‐oxylpiperidines.
Authors: BONDAREV G. N. , BURZINA T. S. , KRASOTSKAYA G. I. , ISAEVA‐IVANOVA L. S. , KATSHURIN A. M. , KEINER A. R.
Published: May 2016

Die zur Spinmarkierung von Biopolymeren verwendeten Nitroxyle (IV) werden auf dem angegebenen Weg aus den Nitroxylen (I) dargestellt und an Serumalbumin auf ′ ihre Verwendbarkeit getestet.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Decomposition of Tertiary Alcohols in Basic Medium.
Authors: ARTAMKINA G. A. , GRINFEL'D A. A. , BELETSKAYA I. P.
Published: May 2016

Die Zersetzung des tertiären Alkohols (I) mit KOH in Dimethoxyethan liefert im Sauerstoff‐freien Milieu neben Aceton (III) Dichlorcarben, das mit Cyclohexen (II) zu Dichlornorcaran (IV) abgefangen wird.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Reduction of the Radiosensitizer Misonidazole by Zinc or Glucose.
Authors: GATTAVECCHIA E. , TONELLI D.
Published: May 2016

In order to examine the formation of secondary products in the reduction of the title compound (II), the reaction is carried out with Zn dust in aqueous NH4Cl or under more alkaline conditions and leads to the main products (I) or (III), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Chromium(II) Reduction of Trichloromethyl Carbinols and Their Corresponding Ethers: One‐Step Synthesis of Z‐Vinyl Chlorides.
Authors: WOLF R. , STECKHAN E.
Published: May 2016

The title reaction A) of (I), (V) and (VIII) readily yields the products ähown in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkylation of Schiff Bases by Halides of the Propargyl Type.
Authors: REMIZOVA L. A. , SHUSTROVA T. A. , FAVORSKAYA I. A.
Published: May 2016

The reaction between diphenylmethylenebenzylamine (I) and the p‐ropargyl bromides (II) under phase transfer conditions affords the prim. alkynylphenylamines (III) as the sole products.
ChemInform Abstract: Addition of Aldehydes to Activated Double Bonds. Part 38. Some Consecutive Reactions of α,β‐Unsaturated 1,4‐Diketones.
Authors: STETTER H. , HILLBOLL G. , SKOBEL S.
Published: May 2016

Acid‐catalyzed cyclization of the (E,Z) dione (I) yields the bicyclic enol ether (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Series of Linear Pentaamines with Three and Four Methylene Chain Intervals.
Authors: NIITSU M. , SAMEJIMA K.
Published: May 2016

Die symmetrischen (VI) und unsymmetrischen linearen Pentaamine (X) werden auf bekannten Wegen, wie im Formelschema skizziert, hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: McMurry Reaction of 2‐Alkyl‐3‐ethoxyacroleins.
Authors: DORMAGEN W. , BREITMAIER E.
Published: May 2016

McMurry reductive coupling of the title compounds (I) yields the dialkylhexadienedials (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Ozonolysis of Alkenes and a Study of the Reactions of Polyfunctional Compounds.
Authors: ODINOKOV V. N. , IGNATYUK V. K. , KRIVONOGOV V. P. , TOLSTIKOV G. A.
Published: May 2016

The ozonolysis of the caoutchouc SKI‐3 (I) yields a mixture of the w‐acetylpolyenic aldehydes (II), with Z‐configuration.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Allylic 1,3‐Rearrangement of a Sulfonyl Group and Its Application to a Synthesis of α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones.
Authors: OGURA K. , IIHAMA T. , KIUCHI S. , KAJIKI T. , KOSHIKAWA O. , TAKAHASHI K. , IIDA H.
Published: May 2016

Verbindung (I) wird stufenweise zu (IV) substituiert und dann über SiOz zu (V) umgelagert.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Polyfluoroalkylfluorosulfates with N‐Nucleophiles.
Authors: FOKIN A. V. , RAPKIN A. I. , TATARINOV A. S. , TITOV V. A. , STYDNEV YU. N.
Published: May 2016

Die Polyfluoralr kylfluorsulfonsäureester (I) setzen sich mit den Stickstoffbasen (II) zu den entsprechenden Amiden und Hydraziden (III) um.
ChemInform Abstract: Conjugated ω‐Dimethylaminothioaldehydes as a Result of the Reaction between Aminals and Thioacetoacetic Ester.
Authors: KRASNAYA ZH. A.
Published: May 2016

Die w‐Dimethylaminoaminale (I) bzw. (V) reagieren mit dem Thioacetylessigsäureester (II) zu den konjugierten Dimethylaminothioaldehyden (III) und (VI) neben dem Aminobutensäureester (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Cyclic Vicinal Tetraketones.
Authors: GLEITER R. , KRENNRICH G.
Published: May 2016

The dicarboxylic acids (Ia)/(Ib) are employed as starting material for the preparation of (VIII) and (XVI).
ChemInform Abstract: Stereochemistry of Oxidative Deiodination Leading to Formation of Covalent Perchlorates.
Authors: ZEFIROV N. S. , ZHDANKIN V. V. , KOZ'MIN A. S.
Published: May 2016

Aus den polycyclischen Iodverbindungen (I) erhält man bei der Oxidation in Gegenwart von Lithium‐perchlorat unter Konfigurationsumkehr die Perchlorate (II), wobei gleichzeitig eine Oxidation der Thioether‐Gruppierung in (Ia) zum Sulfoxid und zum Sulfon erfolgt.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions with Betaines. Part 21. On the Formation of Formazyl Compounds by Coupling of S‐Betaines with 4‐Nitrophenyldiazonium Tetrafluoroborate.
Authors: ZIEGLER E. , WITTMANN H.
Published: May 2016

The diazonium tetrafluoroborate (I) reacts with the betaines (II) or (IV) in acetic acid to yield the formazyl Compounds (III) or (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of N,N‐Dimethyl‐N′‐thiobenzoylformamidine and N,N‐Dimethyl‐N′‐phenylthiocarbamoylformamidine with N‐Arylbenzimidoyl Chlorides.
Authors: BARUAH P. D. , ROY G. , SATSANGI R. , MAHAJAN M. P.
Published: May 2016

While the reaction of the chlorides (I) with the formamidine (II) yields the sulfides (III), the reaction with the formamidine (IV) furnishes the products (V) and/or (VI) depending on the (I) used.
ChemInform Abstract: Thioketone‐S‐oxides by [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Ynamines with N‐Sulfinyl‐tosylamide.
Authors: KOSACK S. , HIMBERT G. , MAAS G.
Published: May 2016

The title reaction yields the heterocyclic intermediates (III), which isomerize to give either E or Zproducts (IV) [E‐(IVc) converts to Z‐(IVc) in solution].