bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RİZE’DE ZİRAAT, BALIKÇILIK VE HAYVANCILIK (1923-1950)
Authors: ALŞAN Songül
Published: October 2019

1923-1950 yılları arası Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde yapılan
çalışmalar; iç ve dış barışa katkı sağlamanın yanında toplumsal dönüşümün ve
ekonomik kalkınma planlarının ana merkeze oturtulduğu “Yeniden Yapılanma”
dönemi olarak ifade edilebilir. İmkanların oldukça kısıtlı olduğu bu süreçte
bir yandan sosyal ve ekonomik gerçekliğin tespiti yapılırken öte yandan
Anadolu’nun en ücra köşelerine varıncaya kadar bir toplumsal dönüşüm
hedeflenmiştir. Bu bağlamda iç göçleri önleyerek yerleşik nüfus üretim
seferberliğine katılması için bir dizi çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla,  coğrafi şartların etkisi, ekonomik katkı
sağlayacak alanların tespiti, imarı ve geliştirilmesi adımları atılmıştır.1923-1950 faaliyetlerinde, Rize’nin potansiyeli, katma
değer oluşturabilecek var-lıkları bu mülki adımlarla kayıt altına alınmaya
başlanmıştır. Ekonomik kalkınma hamlelerinde, ziraat, balıkçılık ve hayvancılık
belli bir kaide esasına göre ele alın-maya çalışılmış ve gerekli hukuki
düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. Bu düzenlemelerin halka anlatılması ve icrası
hususunda resmi kurumlar ve kişilerin yanı sıra, başta gazeteler olmak üzere
yerel unsurlar da önemli rol oynamıştır.

Bu makalede, ziraat, balıkçılık, hayvancılık ekseninde Rize tarihini
etkileyen eğitim faaliyetleri,  mülki
çalışmaları, yatırımlar ve ekonomik durumu değerlendirilmiştir.
KİR BULIÇEV’İN TRABZON’DAN DÖNÜŞ ADLI BİLİM KURGU ROMANINDA TRABZON
Authors: CAN EMİR Badegül
Published: October 2019

Her şeyin çok hızlı dönüştüğü teknoloji çağında, bilimsel parçalarla düş gücünü aynı paydada buluşturan bilim kurgu romanları, insanların bilişsel ihtiyacını karşılayan didaktik bir kaynak olarak dikkat çeker. Bilim kurgu yazarları alternatif ya da olası gelecek hikâyeleriyle yaşanması muhtemel olan bir evren sunarak bilime kurtarıcı bir rol biçerler. Rus edebiyatında bilim kurgu romanlarının dikkat çeken temsilcilerinden biri, bilimin bu rolüne değinen,  Oryantalist yazar Kir Bulıçev’dir. Oryantalist yazar gerek akademik gerekse edebi çalışmalarında yaratıcı rotasını genellikle doğuya çevirmiştir. Yazarın rotasını çevirdiği güzergâhlardan biri de tarihsel gelişim süreci içinde siyasi, sosyal, kültürel ve demografik dönüşümüyle dikkat çeken Trabzon’dur. Kir Bulıçev, Chronos Nehri (Река Хронос) adlı ünlü bilim kurgu üçlemesinin Trabzon’dan Dönüş (Возвращение из Трапезунда) adlı son romanında Trabzon’u kurgusuna taşımıştır.              Çalışmada 20. yüzyılda yazılmış Trabzon’dan Dönüş adlı bu Rus bilim kurgu romanından hareketle 1917 yılında Trabzon’un içinde bulunduğu siyasi, sosyal, ekonomik ve demografik hava değerlendirilmiş, Trabzon’a yapılan arkeolojik gezinin oluşum koşulları ve amaçları üzerinde durulmuştur.
Microshear Bond Strength of Scotchbond Universal Adhesive to Primary and Permanent Dentin: A Six-Month In Vitro Study
Authors: Fallahinejad Ghajari Masoud , Ghasemi Amir , Badiee Mohammadreza , Abdolazimi Zahra , Akbarzadeh Baghban Alireza
Published: October 2019

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the microshear bond strength (MSBS) of Scotchbond Universal adhesive, used in self-etch and etch-and-rinse modes, to primary and permanent dentin at 24 hours and six months.
Materials and Methods: A total of 88 composite micro-cylinders were divided into eight groups (n=11) as follows: (A) Etch-and-rinse, 24 hours, primary dentin; (B) Self-etch, 24 hours, primary dentin; (C) Etch-and-rinse, six months, primary dentin; (D) Self-etch, six months, primary dentin; (E) Etch-and-rinse, 24 hours, permanent dentin; (F) Self-etch, 24 hours, permanent dentin; (G) Etch-and-rinse, six months, permanent dentin; (H) Self-etch, six months, permanent dentin. The MSBS was measured by a testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute. Data were analyzed using three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Results: The mean MSBS was 12.3±2.3 MPa in A, 18.8±4.1 MPa in B, 11.9±3.7 MPa in C, 16±2.9 MPa in D, 19.1±2.7 MPa in E, 22.8±4.1 MPa in F, 16.2±2.6 MPa in G, and 17.2±4.4 MPa in H. In the self-etch mode, the MSBS was significantly higher than that in the etch-and-rinse mode (P<0.001). The MSBS in permanent teeth was significantly higher than primary teeth (P<0.001). At six months, the MSBS significantly decreased in all groups (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The micro-shear bond strength of Scotchbond Universal adhesive decreases over time and depends on the type of tooth and the mode of application of the adhesive.
Effect of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Using Indocyanine Green Doped with Chitosan Nanoparticles on Biofilm Formation-Related Gene Expression of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
Authors: Rostami Rad Mehdi , Pourhajibagher Maryam , Reza Rokn Amir Reza , Barikani Hamid Reza , Bahador Abbas
Published: October 2019

Objectives: Eradication of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. action-mycetemcomitans), as an opportunistic periodontopathogen, and inhibition of its virulence factor expression require a new adjunctive therapeutic method. In this study, we accessed the expression level of rcpA gene, as a virulence factor associated with A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm formation, following treatment by antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using indocyanine green (ICG) doped with chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs@ICG).
Materials and Methods: CS-NPs@ICG was synthesized and examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A. actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 33384 strain was treated with CS-NPs@ICG, as a photosensitizer, which was excited with a diode laser at the wavelength of 810 nm with the energy density of 31.2 J/cm2. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to determine the changes in rcpA gene expression level.
Results: Synthetized CS-NPs@ICG was confirmed via SEM. The results revealed that CS-NPs@ICG-mediated aPDT could significantly decrease rcpA gene expression to 13.2-fold (P<0.05). There was a remarkable difference between aPDT using CS-NPs@ICG and ICG (P<0.05). The diode laser, ICG, and CS-NPs@ICG were unable to significantly downregulate rcpA gene expression (P>0.05).
Conclusion: aPDT with CS-NPs@ICG leads to a decrease of the virulence factor of A. actinomycetemcomitans and can be used as an adjunct to routine treatments for successful periodontal therapy in vivo.
Endodontic Management of Various Canal Morphologies in Maxillary First Molars: A Series of Four Case Reports
Authors: Shaik Izaz , Bolla Nagesh , Dasari Bhargavi , Bhattacharjee Arka Prova
Published: October 2019

The success of nonsurgical endodontic management depends on the complete elimination of infection that compromises the tooth function. Thorough knowledge about the root canal anatomy is one of the principal factors in achieving a successful outcome. The morphology of root canals is not always typical. Maxillary molars, known for varied morphology, require advanced imaging modalities such as cone-beam computed tomography. This case report describes a series of four maxillary molars with different forms, numbers, and configurations of root canals and with unusual morphology, including a case of a third mesiobuccal canal, a case of a second mesiobuccal canal with two palatal canals (mesiopalatal and distopalatal), a case of three mesiobuccal canals, three distobuccal canals, and two palatal canals (mesiopalatal and distopalatal), and a case of taurodontism, where different access cavity modifications, diagnostic methods, and magnifications were considered.
Plant cells technology as an effective biotechnological approach for high scale production of pharmaceutical natural compounds: A meta-analysis study
Authors: Davoodi Ali , Khoshvishkaie Elnaz , Azadbakht Mohammad
Published: October 2019

Natural-based drugs are the important bioactive substances that have been used for prevention and treatment of diseases. Natural products are prepared in commercial scale from relevant medicinal plants. Hence, large amounts of the plants are needed for extraction and isolation of naturally occurring compounds. Plant cells technology is the best strategy for the production of the plant-derived drugs, which have difficulty process in large scale production. This study was conducted for types, frequencies and efficacies of production methods for natural-based drugs in plant cell technology as an alternative method to preparation from whole herb. Pharmaceutical and biomedical databases including PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, ProQuest and Google Scholar were searched in this study. Moreover, keywords words were ''secondary metabolite production'', ''pharmaceutical natural compounds'', ''high scale production'', ''cell suspension'', ''immobilized plant cell'', “hairy root”, ''elicitor'', ''substrate'', ''plant cell'', ''callus'', ''medicinal plants'', ''isolation and purification''. The correlations have been investigated by random effect model in an Excel program. Findings of this meta-analysis study showed all production methods had high efficacies and percentages of high scale production from 90 to 100%, which were comparable with conventional direct extractions. In addition to, median efficacy values for cell suspension, callus, hairy root and immobilized plant cell methods in production of selected drugs (atropine, paclitaxel, vincristine, camptothecin and colchicine) with 1124, 257, 797 and 969 events were 92.49 (CI95%: 89.78-95.86), 91.98 (CI95%: 89.13-95.25), 95.69 (CI95%: 92.84-98.68) and 93.86% (CI95%: 91.12-96.35), respectively. The plant cell technology for production of secondary metabolites has various advantages including high accuracy, repeatability and productivity, that is a best strategy for production of natural-based drugs.
Amlodipine and valsartan improving effect on the survival rate and deleterious pathological changes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with metformin
Authors: Olapeju Bolanle Israel , Inanemo Omogbai Eric Kelly , Evi Bafor Enitome
Published: October 2019

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension usually co-exist, and when this happens, the prognosis would be worse than each disease alone. Given this, we evaluated the possible effects of valsartan and amlodipine administration on metformin-treated diabetic rats models induced by streptozotocin. Male Wistar rats (200–350 g) were fasted overnight. Then, we induced DM by administrating a single dose of 40 mg/kg streptozotocin (IP), which was confirmed after 48 h. Animals with blood sugar ≥ 200 mg/dl were considered diabetic and divided into four diabetic groups of untreated diabetic animals (Group B), diabetic animals treated with metformin (Group C), diabetic animals treated with metformin plus amlodipine (Group D), and diabetic rats treated with metformin plus valsartan (Group E). There was also a group A, consisting of normal rats with no drug treatment. After six weeks of treatment, we sacrificed the animals under chloroform anesthesia, and their blood samples were collected for hematological and biochemical analyses. The mortality rate in untreated diabetic rats was 100% before 6 weeks, but anti-diabetic treatment (metformin) significantly (P < 0.05) improved the survival rate and controlled their blood glucose level. The addition of antihypertensive drugs (amlodipine and valsartan) enhanced this curative effect. The various treated groups showed ameliorations in pathologic changes and biochemical indices, as well as, evidence of organ protection, compared with the untreated diabetic group. The study showed that adding an antihypertensive drug (amlodipine or valsartan) to metformin regimen improved outcomes in diabetic rats compared to using metformin alone.
Facilitators, Barriers, and Outcomes of Self-Initiated HIV Testing: An Integrative Literature Review
Authors: Adebayo Oluwamuyiwa Winifred , Salerno John P.
Published: October 2019

Background and Purpose

HIV testing is an essential tool for identifying people at risk for HIV infection and linking those who are infected to care. Despite the recommendation for routine HIV testing for people who are vulnerable to HIV infection, healthcare professionals experience difficulties initiating discussions related to sexual health and recommending HIV testing. Healthcare professionals not offering HIV testing is a frequently reported reason for delays in testing. Self-initiated HIV testing is understudied and vital to improving HIV testing rates, treatment, and the process of HIV prevention. The main aim of this integrative literature review is to identify facilitators, barriers, and outcomes of self-initiated HIV testing.

Method

A search of PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, EBSCO host, and Google Scholar, revealed 31 studies that met the inclusion criteria.

Results

Self-initiated HIV testing is voluntarily requested and completed by individuals either using self-testing kits or in a setting that provides HIV testing. Perception of susceptibility to HIV infection, privacy, access to HIV testing sites or self-testing kits, and knowledge related to HIV infection and testing, were some of the salient facilitators and barriers to self-initiated HIV testing. Findings from our review indicate several benefits to self-initiated HIV testing, including early identification of acute HIV infection, increased likelihood for the uptake of HIV prevention interventions, and a reduction in sexual risk behaviors.

Implication for Practice

Nursing initiatives geared toward promoting self-initiated HIV testing will lead to prompt diagnoses and linkages to treatment which will further improve nursing care and a variety of health outcomes.
Hiperoxaluria primaria tipo 2 y oxalosis sistémica. Reporte de caso
Authors: Loza Munarriz Reyner , Ponce Gambini Jenny , Ynguil Muñoz Angélica , Sarmiento Barrientos Tatiana , Cok García Jaime
Published: October 2019

La hiperoxaluria primaria tipo 2 es una enfermedad rara caracterizada por sobreproducción de oxalato por una deficiencia enzimática intrahepática, lo que lleva a litiasis renal, nefrocalcinosis y daño renal crónico. Varón de 17 años con antecedentes de infecciones urinarias, y litiasis renal desde los 6 años. Desarrolló insuficiencia renal crónica terminal a los 11 años ingresando a terapia de diálisis peritoneal crónica ambulatoria. Durante su evolución presentó dolor a nivel de la columna vertebral y grandes articulaciones como tobillos, rodillas y hombros, deformación progresiva de las articulaciones distales de las manos. La resonancia magnética de columna reporto aplastamiento de cuerpos vertebrales en D8 y D9. La biopsia ósea de vértebra mostró depósito de cristales de oxalato de calcio. El estudio genético confirmó el diagnóstico de hiperoxaluria primaria tipo 2, esta enfermedad debe sospecharse en niños que forman cálculos a temprana edad, seria el primer caso reportado en Perú.
Síndrome de text-neck: una nueva pandemia en la era smartphone
Authors: Centeno-Leguía Dercy , Cubas W Samir
Published: October 2019

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Koordinasi Running Text Display Led Berbasis Android
Authors: Arifin Zaenal , Safrizal Safrizal
Published: October 2019

Media penyampaian informasi running text merupakan suatu inovasi yang menarik dalam perkembangan teknologi informasi saat ini. Informasi yang disampaikan pada umumnya diterima melalui berita dengan tulisan yang ditulis pada media cetak, internet dan lain-lain yang terkadang ada kejenuhan dalam membaca. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan informasi yang diterima oleh pengguna tidak akurat karena adanya keraguan saat informasi diterima dan mengurangi ketertarikan untuk membaca informasi. Running text yang beredar saat ini dengan kontrol komputer kadang terkendala pada ketersediaan PC saat mengontrol dan device sinkronisasinya yang harus ada untuk bisa mensetting running text sesuai input yang dimasukkan oleh user. Kecepatan transfer informasi sangat berpengaruh terhadap output, melalui teknologi android saat ini yang sudah canggih dimanfaatkan untuk control running text yang up to date, relatif lebih aman dan ramah lingkungan pada pemakaian dengan control led tipe TF-S6UW yang memiliki kemudahan dalam acces data pada android, kecepatan dan karakteristik text. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dengan output karakter i yang ditampilkan pada papan running text mulai 1 sampai dengan 25 karakter diperoleh besar nilai tegangan yang stabil pada 12 Vdc, dan nilai arus yang semakin bertambah sesuai dengan banyaknya dot led yang menyala mulai dari 1 Adc sampai dengan 2,1 Adc.
Complete Genomic Sequence of Noni mosaic virus (NoMV), a Novel Potyvirus Associated with a Mosaic Disease in Morinda citrifolia L.
Authors: Yu Nai-Tong , Cai Zhi-Ying , Xiong Zhongguo , Yang Yan , Liu Zhi-Xin
Published: October 2019

An outbreak of a virus-like disease has caused severe damage to noni plants (Morinda citrifolia L.) in Xishuangbanna area of China's southwestern Yunnan province since 2015. The diseased plants displayed typical mosaic symptom with light and dark green patches on leaves. Flexuous filamentous virus particles of about 800 nm in length were observed from the leaf saps by transmission electron microscope. Illumina transcriptomic sequencing further revealed the presence of a potyvirus and its near complete genome was obtained from de novo assembly. The complete genome of 9,659 nts was obtained by Sanger sequencing of eight amplicons generate by RT-PCR and 5’ and 3’ RACE. BLASTp analysis of the polyprotein sequence showed that the virus was most closely related to Tobacco vein banding mosaic virus (TVBMV), but these two viruses only shared 50.7% amino acid sequence similarity. Both phylogenetic analyses of the polyprotein and CP amino acid sequences indicated that this virus is a member of genus Potyvirus. However, the low sequence homology with all known potyviruses established this virus as a new species in the genus, tentatively named as Noni mosaic virus (NoMV). Our field surveys showed that 100% of the symptomatic samples and 28.57% of the asymptomatic samples were infected with this novel potyvirus. Aphids collected from diseased leaves were also detected carrying the virus. In summary, our data indicated that a novel species of potyvirus, NoMV, is prevalent in Yunnan, China and is associated with an emerging mosaic disease on M. citrifolia.
Study of the Relationship between Government Expenditure and Economic Growth for China and Korea
Authors: Lee Jong Chan , Won Yi Joong , Jei Sang Young
Published: October 2019

On October 18, 2017, Chinese President Xi Jinping presented the blueprint for building a modernized socialist nation through the realization of the Xiao Kang (Every nation enjoys a peaceful and affluent life, it is meaningless to eliminate the poor) social construction at the 19th Congress of China. Subsequent to the 2008 financial crisis, the world has moved on to the new economic status of the New Normal. China has also entered the era of “Xinchang Thai,” which is moving from the high-growth to the moderate-growth phase. Therefore, the government of China emphasizes privatization, liberalization, and deregulation. China is also influenced by government policies due to the nature of socialism. This study confirms China’s current stage of economic development based on Barro’s theory. Thus, we use a quantile regression model and examine the correlation between economic growth and functional classification of government expenditure during Xi Jinping's term of office. Furthermore, we selected Korea as a comparative country as the two countries have common features.
Integrated Dynamic and Static Characterization Study to Redevelop Mature Reservoir in Gulf of Suez
Authors: Falamouny Peter , Morsy Ahmed , Kinway Mahmoud
Published: October 2019

North Morgan Belayim is a mature reservoir with more than 40 years of production and injection. Low rate, low pressure and high water cut wells are the main features for the Belayim complex reservoir. Integrated static and dynamic study was conducted across more than 100 wells to have a reliable reservoir description, set a full depletion plan and determine bypassed oil potential.

Pressure and production performance and mapping of water cut, salinity and pressure were analyzed concluding reservoir compartmentalization. That was very consistent with findings from static describtion; Structure, Stratigraphic and formation evaluation components. Estimated recovery factor, RFT data and production logs showed the reservoir requires a new zonation as the current does not explain scattered measured data. Rock typing was performed for indetifying new zonation. Voidage replacement ratio exercise was used to evaluate water flood efficiency.

After the study, the compartmentalization has been supported by stratigraphic findings; the reservoir is found to be composed of two big geological fans while there is no single evidence from structural aspects was found to affect connectivity between sand bodies. The rock typing was very efficient in defining flow units. A total of six distinctive units have been identified instead of three units. This helped a lot in distinguishing between producible vs inproducible zones after considering the permeability cut-off. This was significant in fine-tuning STOIIP and recovery factor values. The better understanding of reservoir helped asset team to change its strategy in such field development not only for optimizing wells’ locations but also for waterflooding management and perforation strategy considering low-permeability and high-permeability zones.

This paper is a good example for integrating static description with dynamic data seeking better reservoir understanding. In addition, this paper proves the criticality of crosschecking different tools in filling gaps and optimizing redevelopmetion options in mature fields.
Value of Pressure Transient Analysis for Reservoir Surveillance and Production Optimization During Early Production of Kashagan Field
Authors: Bukharbayeva Aigerim , Hatiboglu Can , Saurbayev Ilyas , Reedy John , Haynes Byron , Uap Berik
Published: October 2019

This paper describes the importance of pressure transient analysis (PTA) for reservoir surveillance and production optimization of a giant carbonate field during the early stages of production. Multiple field examples are provided which illustrate an improved understanding of well behavior and reservoir response.

The Kashagan field operational procedures during start-up allowed for numerous shut-in and build-up opportunities which lasted from a few hours to several days. The time lapse analysis of short build-ups combined with pressure and temperature data was applied to monitor well performance, identify opportunities for productivity improvement and assess the effectiveness of acid stimulation. It was also utilized to improve the allocation process for production. Extended buildup tests were conducted to evaluate reservoir properties and identify unexpected well / reservoir responses.

Results from multiple buildup analysis in individual wells were critical to evaluate well performance behavior during early production. The time lapse analysis of the build-up data was able to confirm changing downhole conditions. Furthermore, continuous monitoring was helpful in characterizing the nature of the changes and identifying opportunities for improving well performance. Additionally, routine pressure transient analysis helped to resolve challenges faced by the surveillance team with production allocation.

Reservoir parameters determined by pressure transient analysis improved understanding reservoir behavior in various areas of the field and helped to detect outlying well behavior. As a result, the collected and analyzed pressure transient data has demonstrated its importance as an integral component of reservoir surveillance and production optimization.

This paper presents real field examples of pressure transient analysis in a giant carbonate field along with their ability to improve well performance and to better understand the reservoir response. It also describes the challenges and learnings from production pressure transient analysis data which can be useful for other practicing engineers who might face similar issues.
Contemporary Technologies of Production Logging in Horizontal Wells as a Tool for Oil and Gas Fields Digitalization
Authors: Dulkarnaev Marat , Ovchinnikov Kirill , Novikov Igor , Malyavko Evgeny
Published: October 2019

With the view to obtain reliable information in difficult geological conditions, the oil and gas industry is increasingly mastering Big Data to optimize technological processes and prevent accidents. Contemporary Big Data technologies, predictive analysis and machine-learning methods are changing the general image of many industries, and the oil and gas industry is no exception. New players are quickly emerging throughout the industry, and digitalization will affect the entire value chain in the oil and gas industry. Among the most promising segments for the transition to digital technologies are asset management and infrastructure facilities, field development, geophysical services, pipelines and processing.

The applied production logging system using markers allows for evaluating horizontal well (HW) production after multi-stage hydraulic fracturing (MFrac). In addition, the performance of each oil and water stage can also be evaluated. Based on this information control, users can leverage the technology to optimize their operations.

The technology is based on the use of marker-reporters with quantum dots placed in the polymer proppant coating or in the lower completion. Unlike conventional methods of horizontal well logging, this technology does not require any special means of equipment delivery and eliminates the risk of downhole equipment getting stuck or ambiguous data interpretation.

From 2017-2019, production logging technology using markers was applied in more than 30 horizontal wells in the fields of LUKOIL-Western Siberia LLC.
Operational Experience with MultiPhase Flow Meters
Authors: Skopich Anton , Neubauer Edward , Clarke John , Bopiyev Chingiz
Published: October 2019

TCO has been using multiphase flowmeters (MPFMs) since early 2000 and has gained significant operational experience during this time. MPFM’s have replaced conventional separators because of higher operating ranges and they provide instantaneous measurements for operating decisions.

MPFMs from several manufactures are used in the Tengiz and Korolev fields and have several applications such as gas oil ratio monitoring on each well in the Sour Gas Injection Project pilot, at the metering stations for well testing which is used to calibrate the well performance models and production allocation, daily water production monitoring and well clean ups.

TCO has been working with vendors to improve flowmeter performance and reliability in a sour environment and extreme weather conditions. Several modifications were implemented to improve inline temperature measurements. To ensure MPFMs are operating properly and reliably requires a good understanding of the principles the manufacturer uses to calculate flowrates, meter components, operating envelopes, daily monitoring of key parameters, ability to trouble-shoot problems that do occur, regular maintenance and dedicated Production Engineers to manage the process. Getting accurate surface measurements is a challenge due to the wide range of well rates (1,600 to 25,000 BOPD), large seasonal temperature variation (from -40 °C to +50 °C) and high H2S content.

This paper provides an overview of MPFM usage in Tengiz and describes lessons learnt, best practices and challenges, from the perspective of a Production Engineer who is responsible for ensuring the MPFM’s are providing accurate and reliable data.
First Implementation of High-Rate Pinpoint Technology in an Extremely Challenging Multilateral Well: Successful Lessons Learned From Tight Carbonate - Minagish Field, West Kuwait
Authors: Mofti Mohamed , Sierra Leopoldo , Alboueshi Alaeldin Saad , Patra Milan , Ali Sulaiman , Abu-Eida Abdullah , Matar Saad , Al-Shemali Nasser , Al-Azmi Nasser
Published: October 2019

A significant challenge in the tight Mishrif oil reservoir of the Minagish field is ensuring hydrocarbon flow through the complex and highly damage-susceptible carbonate intervals. In recent years, field development strategies have begun to prioritize multilateral well technology over vertical and deviated wells because of the advantages of maximized reservoir contact, higher production rates, and improved access to reserves (hydrocarbon in place). The downside of most unconventional multilateral wells is that laterals are open hole, completed with much complexity, and pose challenges for effective acid stimulation because of poor acid distribution over the long interval.

The Mishrif formation in the Minagish field in west Kuwait is a challenging tight carbonate with poor reservoir quality, relatively low pressure, and no external pressure support. The stimulation methodology was highly modified as fit-for-purpose to address the unique challenges of multilateral well operations, formation technical difficulties, high-stakes economics, and untapped potential from these formations. Furthermore, to enhance production, the lateral lengths of the well were designed as an optimum solution. To maximize and sustain hydrocarbon flow and production, a multiple stage acid pinpoint treatment was performed by dividing the wellbore into small intervals, based on petrophysical and reservoir properties evaluations; a high-rate pinpoint technique was used for both laterals individually. The selected sections were individually acid stimulated, and the inflow contribution from the entire productive sections of both laterals was maximized with a highly reliable and effective multistage continuous operation.

The post-operation well test and production data show a significant production increase; long-term production data show a sustained production increase, stable pump intake pressure, and low water cut, demonstrating the success of the pinpoint technique as an optimized solution for the first multilateral well. The success of this well stimulation method has enabled the use of this pinpoint-squeeze as the best technique for all horizontal wells in this field.

This paper summarizes the design processes, challenges encountered, production response, and lessons learned from applying this pinpoint acidizing technique. It can be considered as a potential approach for addressing stimulation challenges in similar tight carbonate reservoir conditions in other fields.
Well Cementing with Elastic Properties Cement Stone and Liner Rotation is the Key to the Successful Development of Hard-to-Recover or Tight Oil Reserves from Bazhenov Formation
Authors: Susliakov Ivan , Shevchuk Taras , Alekseev Alexey , Dryaba Alexey , Alyakin Andrey , Sekachev Oleg
Published: October 2019

Significant progress in technologies development of well completion and stimulation allowed to involve in the development of reserves which 10 years ago were considered unpromising due to the too low reservoir permeability. Particularly significant influence of modern achievements on shale beds, which were previously not seriously considered as possible objects for hydrocarbon production. The success of shale oil production in the United States inspires oil companies around the world to study the possibility for the development of such objects.

On the territory of the Russian Federation is perhaps the largest area of shale formation of the world – Bazhenov formation. In 2016, PJSC Gazprom Neft for the first time for the Bazhenov formation implemented a full cycle of construction of a horizontal well with a Multi-Stage Fracturing, which on the level of the applied technological solutions is not inferior to the American analogues used in the United States for shale oil production. The length of the horizontal section of the well was more than 1000 m; the 114 mm liner OD was run in and cemented. The cementing operation was carried out with liner rotation, and the cement blend itself contained specially selected additives which were designed to ensure high resistance of the cement stone to the damaging effects from multi-stage fracturing.

The experience in drilling and cementing, completion and production operation of the well turned out to be positive, and in 2018, a pilot project started drilling a whole series of horizontal wells with multi-stage fracturing at two well sites. During the implementation of the project was found a stable relationship between the well production and the efficiency of fracturing, which is significantly affected by the isolation the anulus.
Formation Pressure While Drilling Technology: Game Changer in Drilling Overpressured Reservoirs
Authors: Ramatullayev Samat , Makhmotov Akikat , Zhabagenov Muratbek , Cesari Michele , Torrisi Salvatore , Capone Graziano , Ferrari Federica
Published: October 2019

The Formation Pressure While Drilling (FPWD) has been widely used in the industry in different downhole environments for formation evaluation purposes – pressure gradients, fluid identification and contacts, and reservoir pressure management. However, there is a niche application of this tool that no wireline formation tester could provide – real-time drilling optimization.

Drilling reservoirs with abnormal high pressure is a complex process. The overpressure can cause a well to blowout or become uncontrollable during drilling leading to catastrophic outcome if too low mud weight is selected. On the other hand, too high mud weight can lead to lost circulation, decrease in rate of penetration, stuck pipe and most importantly it can damage the formation hindering productivity of the well. The monitoring of actual pore pressures in real-time with FPWD tool is critical to make proper mud weight adjustments, rather than relying on inferred pore pressure from either predictive models or offset wells.

The paper discusses a case study of application of FPWD in a well drilled in a fault block never drilled before, where pore pressure data from wells located in nearby blocks indicated that there may be abnormal high-pressure zones. Pressure measurements were performed while drilling after every 100 m upon reaching a certain depth. Since downhole BHA included gamma ray and resistivity tools along with FPWD tool, the combination of this data was used to select the intervals to be tested.

The study shows how real-time pore pressure measurements helped to adjust mud weight from 1.45 to 1.80 sg to avoid the risk of formation fluid influx into the well, optimize drilling operations and, based on the acquired results, an operator decided on the total depth (TD) of the well. Since pretests were performed at targeted layers, formation pressure and mobility data also aided in reservoir characterization.

The paper presents the first successful application of FPWD technology in Russia and Caspian region for drilling optimization purposes in overpressured reservoirs. Real-time data availability allowed making quick operational decisions to safely drill the well until planned TD.
Reservoir Value-Engineering for West Siberian Oil Fields
Authors: Naugolnov Mikhail , Murtazin Rustam
Published: October 2019

A new reservoir engineering analytic tool is presented that provides express oil residual reserves estimation, classification and following express waterflooding optimization for large West Siberian brownfields. Results are compared with full field 3d simulation models, and field pilot approbations.

The approach is based on residual reserves estimation and classification. Reserves classification is done with author's approach for reservoir complexity index (RCI) evaluation. The complexity of reservoir depends on three main parameters: permeability (1), fluid and rock properties: wettability, relative permeability, saturation and viscosity (2), and reservoir heterogeneity, calculated as a function of sweep efficiency and pumped pore volumes (3). All reserves are divided by RCI into several classes with the most economical way of development: sidetracks, re' hydraulic fracturing, treatments and flooding optimization. Waterflooding optimization using capacitance and resistivity model (CRM) considered more carefully as the main way to involve the largest scope of remaining reserves.

The implementation of the new approach based on reserves estimation and classification helps to identify the most attractive zones and to select the most suitable way for development. It also shows values of profitable and unprofitable current remaining reserves. Based on simple capacitance resistive analogue and economic models instrument for waterflooding optimization solves the problems of OPEX reduction, NPV or production maximization in express way. Combined capacitance and OPEX optimization models demonstrate good results on some West Siberian fields and find wells with unproductive injection, unprofitable oil production (due to high watercut and low liquid rate), show zones with high production potential, help to reallocate injection volumes and to involve into development additional amount of oil coupled with economic profit. The injection wells work regime optimization is solved using genetic algorithms based on differential evolution. Results of instrument implementation correspond with 3d simulation model and show nice additional oil production on real field. To summarize, the described approach gives an opportunity to minimize operational expenditures and to improve project economic performance without additional capital expenditures or investments in the terms of low oil prices.

The novelty of the work is in the using of new approach of reservoir complexity index estimation for STOIIP classification and best development methods selection. The novelty is also in integration of RCI, semi analytical physical based waterflooding management methods with hybrid data engineering methods and optimization algorithms. Using of new methods together with economic model provides a responsible tool for solving reservoir cost-engineering problems and increasing of project's value.
The Fracture Characterization and Assessment of Gas Potential with Advanced Formation Tester in Low Permeability Fractured Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Ramatullayev Samat , Blinov Vlad , Tukhtaev Rustam , Filimonov Anton , Mendybaev Nurhat , Zeybek Murat , Tillyabaev Muzafar , Abidov Khurshid , Gavrilov Alexey , Frik Vladimir
Published: October 2019

Carbonate reservoirs can exhibit heterogeneity in terms of porosity, permeability, fractures, vugs and wettability. This heterogeneity affects well performance, completion and reservoir management development decisions. Although extensive logs are run for the petrophysical evaluations in these formations, the use of advanced wireline formation testers (WFTs) can greatly aid in reservoir description. WFT not only can identify hydrocarbon bearing formations but also plays a vital role in fracture characterization and calibration of fracture models.

Advanced petrophysical logs were used to identify potential pay intervals, while high resolution image logs to delineate fractured zones and static fracture parameters, such as dip, azimuth and aperture. It has been shown that fracture dynamic properties, such as conductivity, can be quantified via pressure transient analysis using wireline formation tester in addition to fluid analysis. In this paper, WFT data was used to understand the pressure behavior of naturally fractured reservoir containing a network of discrete finite-conductivity fractures.

The study presents results obtained from advanced logging suite that was run to characterize complex low porosity and low permeability carbonate reservoir where natural fractures provide primary pathways of fluid flow. Advanced wireline formation tester with straddle packer and fluid analyzer were used to test potential intervals. Two out of several intervals were enabled to flow, identifying mobile gas. The pressure transient response confirmed the complexity of reservoir and dominant contribution to flow regimes from fractures in these two intervals. Dynamic fracture properties were characterized through pressure transient analysis and were integrated into fracture model. On the other hand, flow could not be established in number of other intervals indicating tight matrix and no flow contribution from fractures, leading to calibration of geological models.

The novelty of approach is the use of wireline formation tester not only to measure formation pressure and acquire downhole samples but to characterize dynamic fracture properties to calibrate fracture model.
The Results of the Pilot Works on Well Completion Technologies and Continuous Monitoring on the Example of Extremely Long Horizontal Wells of the Yu. Korchagin Field in the Caspian Sea
Authors: Shtun Segey , Senkov Alexander , Abramenko Oleg , Nukhaev Marat , Mukhametshin Ilkam , Naydenskiy Konstantin , Galimzyanov Artem , Popova Ekaterina
Published: October 2019

This paper presents the experience of LUKOIL-Nizhnevolzhskneft of implementation of various completion designs and continuous monitoring systems for extended-reach horizontal wells. The article describes the evolution from stand alone sand control screens and passive inflow control devices to the introduction of multi-zone advanced smart wells with inductive coupling. In addition, the work presents experience with fiber-optic distributed temperature measuring systems and chemical tracers.

Since 2010, There are a lot of advanced technologies for well completion and continuous monitoring has been introduced at the field named after Yu. Korchagin, including nozzle-based inflow control device (ICD), autonomous ICD, ICD with check valve, sliding couplings, multiposition couplings, interconnected sand screens, fiber optic systems, chemical tracers, hydraulic and electric smart wells. The application of some technologies turned out to be limited in the conditions of the field named after Yu. Korchagin, part of the technologies had limited implementation due to the long length of horizontal wells, and some technologies showed unique benefits and were recommended for further wide implementation.

Pilot projects of some technologies, as well as the use of various completion systems and continuous monitoring systems at the wells of the Yu. Korchagin field, allowed LUKOIL-Nizhnevolzhskneft not only to solve current operation problems, but also to select optimum technologies for usage in the following fields of Caspian shelf.
Optimization of New Well Flowback Process
Authors: Sadyrbakiyev Renat , Neubauer Edward , Skopich Anton , Suleimenov Olzhas , Aitzhanov Abzal
Published: October 2019

New wells were initially cleaned-up directly to the Plant Facilities in Tengiz. The existing facilities were not designed to process well flowback fluids which can contain contaminants, emulsions and solids from drilling and completion fluids. Well flowback operations directly to the process facilities were causing plant upsets and a backlog of wells to be placed on production.

An MRM (Management of Residual Materials) spread was introduced in TCO (Tengizchevroil) in 2016 to clean-up new wells prior to performing a Plant flowback. The MRM unit utilizes an EverGreen Burner that performs fallout free and smokeless combustion of liquid hydrocarbons and residual well materials during well clean-ups.

Cleaning-up new wells using the MRM spread has significantly improved the number of successful Plant flowbacks per year, lessons learned in all phases have been captured and will be shared. However, MRM clean-ups did not always guarantee a problem-free Plant flowback since only qualitative methods were being used to determine when a well had been cleaned-up sufficiently to be routed to the Plant.

To improve the ability to determine a well's readiness for a Plant flowback, new quantitative methods were developed which include continuous sampling and gas-chromatography analysis along with compatibility tests.

This paper will share the best practices and challenges during MRM operations, research details, field trial and results that were achieved after optimization of the flowback process.
APC for Wellhead Chokes to Optimize Plant Performance in Tengiz Field
Authors: Tanzharikov Arman , Cernik Randy , Shantayev Arman
Published: October 2019

Tengizchevroil (TCO) has implemented Advanced Process Control (APC) to automatically control the feed into the plant by adjusting the chokes of selected wells in the field. The automated choke operations are closely monitored and thoroughly discussed during daily Field-Plant interface meetings to confirm overall stability of the plant performance and improvement in plant efficiency. With the use of a dynamic multivariable model-based controller we are now able to predict the demands from the production facility and automatically deliver the exact amount of field production to meet plant's ever-changing production capabilities while minimizing the pressure losses between the field and the operating plant.

The early APC deployments demonstrated the opportunity in delivering highly significant value to TCO. TCO had implemented numerous APC throughout the plants to optimize complicated processes and developed the necessary organizational capability (OC) to implement the Field APC. The Field APC project was the first joint project involving both the field and the plant assets. This APC project demonstrated the "One TCO" approach, with support and buy in from a cross functional team of Automation, Reservoir Management, Process Engineering and Plant Operations personnel.

TCO is now able to automatically react to changes in both the field and plant to deliver the maximum plant capacity at any given moment. Since plant throughput limitations are constantly changing due to changes in ambient temperature, H2S content or gas-oil ratio (GOR) of the inlet feed, etc.; the APC is automatically adjusting the output from the wells to match the inlet requirements of the plants. The solution uses dynamic models to predict constraints and drive operations to an economic optimum while honoring an everchanging set of constraints. The APC allows the plant and field operators to spend more time addressing non-routine problems by automating one of the operator's routine duties.
Workflow of Oil Spill Estimation
Authors: Motaei Eghbal , Yeap May Chen Dharshini , Tewari Raj Deo , Mammadov Elnur , Ruvalcaba Jazael Ballina
Published: October 2019

Blowouts have catastrophic consequences and can potentially occur during any exploration or development projects. The situations that could lead to a blowout are underestimated pore pressure, rapid change in pressure, abnormal pressure or operation complexities such as complete fluid loss and thief zones. Blowouts are the most destructive and dangerous disaster in the oil and gas operations. Apart from causing fatalities and injuries, a blowout also causes ecological and environmental damages. While there is remedial work that can be done to manage the side effect of a blowout, an analysis has to be done to evaluate the extent of the damage. The oil spill analysis has to include all parameters and take into consideration all scenarios which would cater for the remedial work needed to address the aftermath of the blowout.

In this paper, the entire spill process beginning from the reservoir up to the surface is reviewed. The review covers the phenomenon involved in a spill process, the related HSE concerns, remedial work and spill modelling. The initial conditions, boundary conditions, and media transfer functions such as porous media properties, sand face and wellbore geometry are fully captured in the study and is reflected in the workflow. These parameters would affect the plume shape, size and geometry, blowout duration and oil spill volume estimation. The workflow presented in this paper is an effective technique for efficient decision making and remedial work in case of an oil spill resulting from an uncontrolled blowout.