bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PR-430-173869-R01 Guideline for Integrity Assessment of Difficult to Inspect Pipelines
Authors: Mittelstadt Benjamin , Parker Curtis
Published: August 2023

Pipeline operators apply inspection methods and technologies for the purposes of assessing, or providing confidence in, the operational integrity of pipeline systems. In-line inspection (ILI), hydrostatic testing, and Direct Assessment (DA) methods are well-established and heavily relied upon by the industry; however, as additional technologies and methods continue to be developed and advanced, a structured process is needed for guidance in application of other methods.

This document was developed for use by pipeline operators and service companies as a technology independent framework in the planning and execution of pipeline integrity assessments. This guidance presents requirements for any inspection process including qualification, validation, and development of a performance specification. It should be noted that these elements are required in application of any inspection method; in this regard, any established inspection method could be applied using the principles in this guideline. This guideline was thus created with many similar components as established standards and procedures for inspections such as API 1163 In-Line Inspection Systems Qualification and NACE SP-0502-2010 Pipeline External Corrosion Direct Assessment Methodology.

This work was accomplished through collaboration with PRCI pipeline operating members to learn the steps each use to justify equivalent understanding of line pipe for other technologies. The criteria used to justify the established pipeline integrity technologies in their development (e.g. ILI, DA, RSTRENG) were also reviewed. This project reports the instances in the public record of pipeline operator notifications to PHMSA for application of other technologies and the criteria, both current and past, used to justify equivalent understanding.

There is a related webinar.
PR-616-17607-R01 Sulfur Condensation in Pressure Reduction Equipment
Authors: Pack David
Published: August 2023

In natural gas transmission pipelines systems, there is a growing awareness of contamination due to the presence of sulfur vapor in the gas stream at sub ppm levels. Particularly at pressure reduction facilities, the sulfur vapor can desublimate out as solid elemental sulfur and then combine with other particle matter and trace liquids in the gas stream to form the observed contamination deposits. In order to better control the formation of the elemental sulfur, an improved understanding of the contribution that the design of pressure regulators make to this desublimation process is required.

This research program has come to the challenge of this requirement. In the conducted program, two pressure regulators were tested at a common facility that was known to have an elemental sulfur deposition problem. Each pressure regulator was alternatively placed in service so as each was subjected to, as near as possible, identical operating conditions. A requirement for the selection of the two pressure regulators was that they had to have different internal design features. The quality of the natural gas supply was regularly sampled and analyzed, with the contamination deposits on the pressure regulator internals sampled and analyzed at the termination of the test period. These deposits were analyzed for both hydrocarbon and other liquid deposits as well as a range of metal and semi-metal compounds captured in the deposits.
PR218-183607-Z01 Peer Review of the Plausible Profile (Psqr) Corrosion Assessment Model
Authors: Kiefner John
Published: August 2023

This project consisted of a review by subject matter experts of a new corrosion assessment model developed by TC Energy. This new model retains some of the fundamental aspects of RSTRENG but utilizes a novel approach to characterize the shape of metal loss. The new model, called the Psqr Model, utilizes plausible profiles as opposed to the single RSTRENG "river-bottom" profile. The .zip file includes the TC Energy Report, an Excel spreadsheet that demonstrates the process, as well as the PRCI project report.
PR-366-173814-R01 Assessment of SCC with Advances in NDE including EMAT and IWEX Imaging
Authors: Haines(Archived) Harvey , Bellistri Domenico , Vinyard Jeff
Published: August 2023

The goal of this project is to improve failure pressure estimates of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) colonies by advancing field measurements and comparison to in-line inspection (ILI) tool data. Electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) ILI technologies have made significant strides in providing crack depth measurements for SCC colonies, and emerging technologies such as ultrasonic testing (UT) imaging are providing more accurate in-ditch validation data. A project was proposed to improve failure pressure estimates, with 3 tasks spanning 3 years. This report covers the results of year 1 (task 1) which includes the development of ultrasonic imaging processes and procedures for gathering accurate in-ditch measurements of depth, length and separation for SCC. Year 2 (task 2) comprised filed trials of the ultrasonic imaging and collections and analysis of EMAT data. Validation will be performed and improvements to signal analysis for crack sizing and interaction will be made as needed. Year 3 (task 3) work will include validation by means of burst tests to evaluated the performance of the model that predicts failure pressure based on ultrasonic imaging measurements.

The main focus of year 1 was comparing the dimensions of SCC colonies measured by X-ray computed tomography (XCT) to IWEX ultrasound imaging for thirty 4-in (10 cm) wide plates containing SCC colonies. For truth data, two of these samples were destructively evaluated by breaking open cracks frozen in liquid nitrogen and sectioning through multiple parallel cracks with subsequent polishing of samples. Comparisons of the XCT and IWEX to the freeze break sample results are presented in this report across profiles of cracks in an SCC colony.
PR-459-133750-R03 Fast Accurate Automated System To Find And Quantify Natural Gas Leaks
Authors: Christensen Lance
Published: August 2023

Miniature natural gas sensors weighing a few hundred grams with 10 ppb s-1 sensitivity towards methane and ppb s-1 sensitivity towards methane and ethane present the energy industry with cost effective ways to improve safety, comply with State and Federal regulations, decrease natural gas emissions, and attribute natural gas indications to thermogenic or biogenic sources. One particularly promising implementation is on small unmanned aerial systems (sUASs) flown by service providers or in-house personnel or even more ambitiously as part of larger network conducting autonomous, continual monitoring.

This report describes refinement of the OPLS measurement system to include all ancillary instruments needed to put OPLS methane and ethane measurements into context for leak surveillance, localization, and quantification. Flights were conducted on a variety of VTOLs and fixed wing drones as described below to ensure that the overall system development resulted in a system that was platform agnostic.

This report describes:

- The complete agnostic OPLS measurement system.The individual components are described and their performance investigated.Technical issues that arose during testing and field deployment are described.

- Field experiments of the refined OPLS measurement system at a real-world oil and gas production site.These experiments exercise the OPLS system's ability to do leak surveillance, localization, and quantification.

- Laboratory development of the OPLS instrument to improve its performance in terms of signal-to-noise and accuracy.

- Field experiments demonstrating the successful application of OPLS on a fixed-wing hybrid flown at altitudes higher than 50 m.

- Field experiments demonstrating the utility of source attribution using the ethane measurement capability.

There is a related webinar.
L41071 Lean Mixture Ignition Systems For Natural Gas Engines
Authors: Ward Michael
Published: August 2023

This work describes the development of two new forms of ignition systems, one based on an improved capacitive discharge ignition system and on e based on a new form of Kettering Inductive ignition. The goal is to increase combustion energy and improve spark life. A new spark plug was also designed and tested.
PR-535-183856-R01 Small Diameter Acoustic Resonance ILI Tool Feasibility Study
Authors: Ullebust Martin , Rooney Stephen
Published: August 2023

Halfwave's ART Scan technology is a proven method of pipeline inspection and has been engineered and configured to suit a variety of pipeline diameters. Until now the smallest pipeline ART Scan could inspect is 10" with a bespoke application specific design.

The purpose of this feasibility study is to investigate to challenges involved in the miniaturization of ART Scan to suit pipeline diameters from 8" to 12". Through this study each element of the ART Scan tool design has been considered, from Mechanical design, Electronics design to the development of a new ART transducer.
PR-214-163713-R01 Review of Response Requirements and Criteria for Plain Dents
Authors: Leis Brian
Published: August 2023

Beginning in 2007 the I and I committee has developed an expansive set of modeling and full-scale testing projects dealing with mechanical damage, considering the severity of damage response to pressure and pressure cycling and its assessment, its detection and sizing, and its management. While much data and insight has been developed, the practicable outcomes are limited to tools to predict the burst pressure specific to collapse-controlled failure and fatigue response specific to plain dents. Simple practical acceptance guidelines have however not emerged. The subcontract sought completion of Task 1 of Project MD-4-13. Thus, information was gathered and reviewed concerning the body of knowledge developed by PRCI and others with a view to best define a plain dent such that: 1) simple management guidelines can be established; 2) such dents can be readily distinguished relative to other damage features; and 3) gaps in existing technology can be identified and bridged to enable developing management guidelines for other more complex dents. In complement to that, the subcontract's scope sought comments concerning definitions of dent-related damage to pipelines, which is addressed in large part by this report.

Subsequent Tasks in this Project will benefit from these outcomes as they establish the technical foundation to define the response time frame when managing such features.
PR185-173611-R01 Applicability of Existing Metal-Loss Criteria to Low-Hardening Steels
Authors: Leis Brian , Zhu Xian-Kui , McGaughy Tom
Published: August 2023

This two-year project has evaluated the applicability of B31G and Modified B31G corrosion assessment criteria for applications to low-hardening pipe steels, whereas these criteria were originally developed and calibrated for high-hardening steels common in lower strength grades and in older steel production. This project builds upon work completed in EC-2-6 and EC-2-7 by trending changes in pipe properties over time, and by quantifying the role of the flow response, including the influence of strain hardening on failure response and predicted failure pressure for metal loss defects in pipelines. This report presents the outcomes of this two-year project in regard to the need for corrections for these criteria, and where required considers suggested corrections to ensure the usual margin of safety afforded by these criteria.
PR-453-134504-R04 CFD Simulation of Hydrodynamic Forces on Submarine Pipelines
Authors: Abdolmaleki Kourosh
Published: August 2023

This document is the Final report of the Milestone 4 of the SPDA-1-3 Industry High Value Objectives project. It presents validation of the CFD models prepared for simulation of wave and current forces on subsea pipelines as well as a summary of the CFD results on singular pipelines.

Although the original scope was considering simulation of small diameters pipes only, through CFD research, it was found necessary and useful to extend the scope to include larger pipes.

The results of CFD simulations will be integrated with the software in the next phases of the project.
PR-398-133719-R02 Inspection of Composite Repairs for Pipelines and Piping - Phase 3 Further NDE Trials
Authors: Lee Richard
Published: August 2023

In the current extension of the work, three additional inspection trials were successfully completed by two NDE vendors, Sonomatic Ltd and Testex, Inc. The Sonomatic inspection team used two advanced ultrasonic techniques, M-skip and Dynamic Response Spectroscopy (DRS). The Testex team used an existing Low Frequency Electromagnetic Technique (LFET) and a recently developed Off-Surface Electromagnetic Technique (OSET). Both electromagnetic tests are complementary. The LFET was designed to scan bare metals as well as through paints and protective coatings. OSET has been specifically developed for inspection of corrosion (and girth weld location) under insulation (CUI). Both M-skip and LFET/ OSET successfully reported the correct axial/ circumferential location and extent of the external pipe wall defects as well as the location of the longitudinal ERW seam welds. The DRS technique, successfully detected the debonded regions that contained interlaminar and interfacial debonding.
PR-73-57-R03 Ultrasonic Inspection of In-Place Gas Pipelines - Phase III
Authors: Alers George
Published: August 2023

Describes the third phase of the development of a prototype ultrasonic inline inspection tool for natural gas applications. A primary focus being on enhancing the signal/noise ratio. The work includes an assessment of the performance in a buried pipeline.
PR-154-128-R01 Thermodynamic Model of Gas Turbines - Two Shaft Regenerative Engine
Authors: Dupuis R. J.
Published: August 2023

Models of a two-shaft gas turbine with an exhaust gas regenerator for use in detecting changes in engine performance.
PR-140-178-R01 Ultrasonic Detection of Girth Weld Defects in Shielded Metal Arc Welds
Authors: Lazor R. B. , Lemon A.
Published: August 2023

Development of ultrasonic examination techniques for girth weld verification.
NG-18-904-R01 Procedure for Obtaining Pipe and Soil Samples from SCC Failures
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

Outlines procedures to obtain pipe and soil samples at a location of a pipe failure suspected of SCC. The actual date of this document is unknown.
NG-18-38-R01 Determination of Inhibitors to be Added to Pipeline Coating Systems to Prevent SCC
Authors: Fessler R. R. , Wenk R. L. , Berry W. E. , Osborne D. E. , Perkins R. N. , Elsea A. R.
Published: August 2023

This report summarizes the work that has been done in evaluating the effectiveness of inhibitors for preventing stress-corrosion cracking in pipe steels. ft describes the screening techniques used and the experiments conducted to evaluate the inhibitors mixed with the coal-tar primers.
NG-18-04-Z01 Research on Conditions Affecting Crack Initiation in Line Pipe Ph3
Authors: Elber Robert , McClure George
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this research has been to determine the primary types of defects that cause leaks and fractures in buried pipelines and the effect of environmental factors on these defects. Of particular interest are those defect types which fracture in a cleavage manner. The investigation of leaks and failures that have occurred in actual pipelines has also been conducted over the past year and a half. The purpose of this part of the program has been to accurately determine the cause of the field failures and to correlate the results with the laboratory results. This report summarizes the details of the latest experimental results and all of the field failure investigations to date, and contains a summary and interpretation of the results of the important crack initiation work.
PR-685-184506-R02 Additional Hydrotechnical Hazard Pipeline Integrity
Authors: Budzich Jeffrey
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this document is to identify and discuss hydrotechnical hazards and the threats they pose to an exposed pipeline in a watercourse. The discussion herein is intended to assist operators in identifying and assessing the hazards to facilitate safe operation of the pipeline. Although some topics in this report such as wave-action erosion are also applicable to sub-sea pipelines, they are meant to be applied in context to inland watercourses. The scope of this document is limited to the discussion of threats that could potentially affect the integrity of onshore pipelines at water crossings.
PR-40-46-R01 Channeled Flow at the Pipe Surface in Gas Transmission Pipelines
Authors: Bath Thomas D.
Published: August 2023

Phase I of this research has been directed toward a non-experimental evaluation of the effect on pipeline flow efficiency that may be created by placing small vanes or fins on the surface of gas transmission pipelines, parallel to flow.
NG-18-09-R01 A Study of the Effect of Manufacturing Variables on the Properties of Line-Pipe Steels
Authors: Boulger F. , Hansen w.
Published: August 2023

Special laboratory steels representative of existing and new line-pipe steels have been made up in the Battelle laboratories with systematically varied chemistry, rolling temperatures, amount of cold work, etc., in order to investigate the effects of each variable on the strength and fracture properties. In determining the influence of each of the various factors, emphasis is placed on methods of economically improving the performance characteristics of pipe. The program is continuing; this report presents the results to date.
PR-157-134-R03 Qualitative Analysis of Compressor Station Emissions other than Criteria Pollutants
Authors: Castaldini C. , Waterland L.R.
Published: August 2023

Field testing and subsequent laboratory analyses to determine noncriteria pollutant emissions were conducted on seven gas transmission pipeline sources. The sources tested were a two-stroke turbocharged engine, a two-stroke "Clean Burn" engine, a four-stroke naturally aspirated engine, a gas turbine. a DEA gas purification plant tail gas, a sulfur recovery plant incinerated tail gas, and liquid condensate recovery tank purge vent gas.
PR-015-19602-R02 Water in Oil Meter Technology Testing
Authors: McCleney Amy
Published: August 2023

Water-cut meters measure the water content in a crude-oil stream and can use different sensor technologies and approaches to achieve this measurement. Each of these technology types has advantages and limitations for use in certain operating conditions. Current industry knowledge about the performance and limitations of the different technology meters for measuring a wide range of water cuts has not been extensively quantified. This testing effort was initiated to determine the stability and accuracy of different water-cut meters by flowing a crude-oil stream of water content through these meters. The performance of the different water-cut meters was assessed at a constant 100-gpm flow rate, two sweeps of water-cut ranges from 0% to 5% and 0% to 20%, and two different crude oils. To provide a reference water content, fluid samples were manually drawn from the flow loop upstream of the meters for each test point following API MPMS Ch. 8.1 (2019). The fluid samples were handled and mixed in accordance with API MPMS Ch. 8.3 (2019), and were assessed using two different analysis methods: a Karl Fisher Titration method using ASTM D4928 (2018) for the nominal 0% to 5% water-cut tests, and a centrifuge method using ASTM D4007 (2016) for the nominal 0% to 20% water-cut tests. The results from this testing effort will allow the PRCI members to assess the accuracy and stability of different water-cut meters and to select a water-cut metering technology that is most compatible with their operating conditions.
ASME-PVP05 Brittle-to-Ductile Fracture Initiation Transition Temperature for Old Linepipe w Surface-Crack
Authors: Wilkowski G.M. , Rudland D. , Mincer P. , Metrovich B. , Rider D.
Published: August 2023

Much work has been done to assess constraint effects on the crack-driving force for specimens and cracks in pipes. The material's transition temperature where the fracture process changes from ductile tearing to cleavage fracture at crack initiation is affected by the constraint conditions but is a material property that cannot be determined analytically. This paper presents a methodology to account for constraint effects to predict the lowest temperature where ductile fracture initiation occurs and relates that temperature back to Charpy impact data for X60 and lower grades, particularly for older vintage linepipe materials. The method involves a series of transition temperature shifts to account for thickness effects, strain-rate effects, and constraint effects to give a master curve of transition temperatures from Charpy data to through-wall-cracked or surface-cracked pipes (with various a/t values) under quasi-static loading. These transition temperature shifts were based on hundreds of pipe tests and thousands of specimen tests over several decades of work by numerous investigators.

This method is being validated by examining 1927 and 1948 vintage linepipe steels. In addition, data have been developed on the 1927 vintage pipe material to assess the effect of the bluntness of a corrosion flaw on the lowest temperature where ductile fracture will still initiate under quasi-static loading. An additional transition temperature shift occurs as a function of the bluntness of the flaw.
IPC-BST-R01 Burst Strength of Gouges in Low Toughness Gas Transmission Pipes
Authors: Leveque E. , Zarea M. , Batisse R. , Roovers P.
Published: August 2023

EPRG research aimed at establishing a limit on the toughness value that separates toughness-dependent from toughness-independent failure behavior. More specifically, one objective is to evaluate the toughness-dependent Battelle formula for burst resistance of gouges for (very) low toughness values. This mainly experimental project checks this behavior on several gas transmission pipes, a small diameter one, 150 mm, a medium diameter one, 350 mm, and a large diameter one, 900 mm.

Pipe material is carefully characterized in terms of tensile properties, Charpy energy, and shear area. Then, based on the toughness independent criterion, a set of gouges is defined, of different depths/lengths, so as to span the different regions of the criterion, covering both short and long defects. These defects are manufactured by spark erosion, resulting in thin slits. Each such slit is incorporated into a vessel that is submitted to a burst test, with a number of additional measurements, like strain gauges on the pipe surface, a clip gauge et the center of the defect. For the small and medium sized pipes, temperature is also controlled during the test, to ensure it is as low as practically feasible, without heavy infrastructure.

The results are interpreted both in terms of comparison with the criteria, and also in terms of analysis of the failure surface, to identify failure mechanisms.
PR-000-CATALOG PRCI Research Catalog
Authors: Choquette Gary
Published: August 2023

This document provides a high-level summary of all research deliverables involving developed through the support of PRCI. The purpose of this document to aid members, research contractors, and others in identifying completed pipeline research.

It should be understood that PRCI's research is continually being updated and this catalog represents a snapshot in time. PRCI's website is considered the master record of PRCI's research information.

It should also be noted that not all of the research results are available to the public. There are multiple reasons for this including:

� PRCI does not own the copyright to the material. This is typically the case where PRCI cofunds research with others and receives a copy of the related deliverables for member use.

� The research results are preliminary, inconclusive, or incomplete.

� The research results did not sufficiently pass a peer review for technical quality or rigor.

� The results were deemed to provide cost efficiencies.
PR-471-18210-R01 Pump Failure and Performance Degradation Prediction
Authors: Giannoulakis Stylianos , Beretta Arrigo
Published: August 2023

Sulzer Pumps Incorporation is performing fundamental research for developing an early pump failure prediction method, for better supporting its customers. Target is to protect critical equipment and reduce unplanned outages. This effort focuses on combining modern machine learning anomaly detection techniques with pump physical know-how. The developed approach was tested with real life failure datasets, provided by Pipeline Research Council International members. In addition, a performance degradation technique was inspired by anomaly detection learnings and tested at this project.
DTPH56-06-T-0009 Enhancing Direct Assessment with Remote Inspection through Coatings and Buried Regions
Authors: Alers Ron
Published: August 2023

The objective of this program is to advance the state-of-the-art of electromagnetic induction transducer technology to demonstrate the ability to perform an ultrasonic inspection of steel pipes with sensors separated from the pipe wall by a large distance which may be filled with an irregular layer of tar or other corrosion preventing coating. Thus, a direct assessment of a pipeline's integrity can be achieved from a single ultrasonic sensor placed on top of a partially excavated pipeline while it is still covered with a thick tar coating.
CWDI-79-001 Correlations and Various Weld Cracking Tests
Authors: Glover A.G. , Graville B. A.
Published: August 2023

The thermal contractions of a cooling weld may easily produce average strains of several percent in the weldment. Since hydrogen, which is likely to be present, can embrittle the steel, it is not surprising to find that welds in steel often crack. In order to try and control this phenomenon therefore requires a study of both the strains in a weld and the embrittling effect of hydrogen.
NG-18-113-R01 Property Changes of X70 Pipe Due to Applying a Thin-Film Epoxy-Resin
Authors: Williams D. N.
Published: August 2023

During the application of a thin-film epoxy-resin coating, line pipe may be heated to temperatures in the vicinity of 450 �F for as long as 1 hour. Because pipe-manufacturing processes, such as the U-O-E process, introduce significant plastic strain into the pipe, the pipe steel is in a condition in which it might undergo strain aging during coating application. Strain aging is a change in properties that occurs in many steels as a consequence of interstitial-related age hardening induced by cold working and time at a suitable temperature. The aging temperature is usually relatively low, only moderately above room temperature, but in highly susceptible steels, aging may occur even at room temperature. The change in properties generally occurs slowly at room temperature and more rapidly at somewhat higher temperature. Since thin-film coating involves elevated temperatures, the properties of pipe produced from a steel susceptible to strain aging are likely to be modified by the application of a thin-film epoxy-resin coating. The objective of the investigation described in this report was to measure the changes in properties in a typical X70 pipe that resulted from the application of a thin-film epoxy-resin coating.
CGX-00-005 Cellulosic-Covered Electrode Storage - Influence on Welding Performance and Weld Properties
Authors: Weaver R. , Ogborn J.
Published: August 2023

Cellulosic-covered electrodes have been used for shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) circumferential welding of line pipe over many decades. They are characterized by electrode coverings containing organic matter. Unlike low hydrogen SMAW electrodes that achieve optimum results at low covering moisture levels, cellulosic-covered electrodes require much higher covering moisture levels for proper operation. For example, pipe welders have been known to deliberately expose electrodes to the weather, or even dip them in water prior to use. There are suggestions that high incidents of hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC) might be associated with low moisture levels in the cellulosic-covered electrodes used. This suggests further that storage and handling practices based on conventional wisdom in the field may not be sufficient as the industry transitions to more demanding applications and higher-strength materials. Consequently, this work was undertaken to develop more definitive information on the performance of cellulosic-covered electrodes for three purposes:

� determine the influence of various storage and handling practices on electrode covering moisture,

� determine the influence of covering moisture on electrode operability, weld metal chemical composition, and weld hardness, and

� develop more definitive guidelines for cellulosic-covered electrode storage and handling practice.

Three different E8010 type electrodes (one E8018-G and two E8018-P1) were subjected to various storage conditions - temperatures from -40�C (-40�F) to 66�C (150�F), and time periods up to 196 hours. As the temperature increased there was a tendency for lower electrode covering moisture levels with corresponding increases in weld metal alloy content (particularly Mn, Si, and Ti), increased weld hardness, increased weld strength, and higher tendency to HAC. Variations in electrode operation were also noted.
DRS04BSS Criteria to Assess the Alternating Current Corrosion Risk of Cathodically Protected Pipelines
Authors: Buchler M. , Schoneich H.-G. , Stalder F.
Published: August 2023

This paper addresses the assessment of the corrosion risk of a pipeline due to alternating currents. The state of the art technique is the use of coupons, which simulate a coating fault and which allow to measure the ac-current density and also to evaluate corrosion products and pits. Recently, different criteria to assess the corrosion risk have been proposed that are based on the ratio between ac- and dc-current density or the instantaneous off-potential (high-speed off-potential measurement) measured on a coupon. Furthermore, the charge needed to oxidize corrosion products (under alkaline conditions) on a corroded steel surface indicates the level of metal loss.

These criteria are discussed on the basis of field experience from coupons and from alternating current-corrosion pits on high voltage interfered pipelines. Results from long term laboratory corrosion measurements under constant AC and DC load are presented which indicate that not only a reduction of pipe/ground AC potential but also a careful adjustment of cathodic protection level helps to minimize a.c. corrosion rates.

Based on the results from cyclic potentiodynamic experiments under alkaline conditions, a basic model explaining AC corrosion on cathodically protected pipelines has been developed.
R9218-3a Designing for Gouge-Resistance and Puncture-Resistance
Authors: Spiekhout J.
Published: August 2023

An evaluation of the design factor necessary to help avoid pipeline failures associated with gouges and punctures.
PR-003-41-R01 Feasibility of Measuring Pipe Current with Hall Effect Devices
Authors: Hassfurther M.E. , Gahm W.L. , Crooks R.K.
Published: August 2023

Preliminary investigation to determine the feasibility of measuring pipeline current by observing the magnetic field associated with the current in the pipe.

Since there is a magnetic field associated with, and proportional to, the current flow through a pipeline, it appears that the magnitude of the current can be determined by a measurement of the intensity of the magnetic field produced by the current. Commercial instruments are available, namely those operating on the Hall principle, which is capable of measuring magnetic field intensities covering a wide range. However, certain complications may exist about a pipeline that must be taken into account in the development of any system using these devices for the measurement of pipeline current.
L22282 Predicting Short-Term Atmospheric Dispersion of Reciprocating Engine Exhaust Emissions
Authors: High M. Dean
Published: August 2023

Prepared to assist managers and engineers in the gas pipeline industry with a method of making dispersion estimates of effluent from reciprocating engines used for the transmission of natural gas. It is intended to be used as a first approximation of relatively simple situations in uncomplicated terrain. Even under uncomplicated conditions, the material in this Workbook should be used with caution, since the estimates are based on several simplifying assumptions.
DTRS-5916-R-01 Pipe Failures and Analysis - ERW-Seams
Authors: Kiefner John F.
Published: August 2023

Describes the principal types of problems that pipeline operators can expect to have with pipelines comprised of older pipe materials with electric resistance welded (ERW) seams. It also provides some suggestions for continuing to operate such pipelines with a minimum of risk to the public. The document is based on the premises that it is neither desirable nor practical to abandon such facilities and that operators can maintain and used them with an acceptable degree of safety.
PR-335-193805-R01 Recommended Practice for the Inspection of Stress Corrosion Cracking
Authors: Velsor Jason Van , Riccardella Scott
Published: August 2023

As pipeline operators continue to find pipeline degradation in the form of crack-like defects associated with stress corrosion cracking (SCC), having standardized and robust Non-Destructive Examination (NDE) procedures is essential to ensuring the safety and reliability of pipeline infrastructure. Prior PRCI projects (NDE-2-2g, NDE-4-6, IM-3C) identified key insights into the capabilities and limitations as well as identified standard practices to improve the reliability and repeatability of NDE for assessing SCC. PRCI commissioned research project NDE 4-6a to further investigate and document these recommended practices when using NDE to inspect for the threat of SCC. This report outlines these practices when applying NDE to characterize SCC.
PR-140-705-R01 Residual Stress at Weld Defects
Authors: Leewis K. , Mohaupt U. , Bala S.R.
Published: August 2023

The overall objectives of the research were:

1. To evaluate the residual stain distribution in pipeline girth welds, including the residual strain in the region of weld imperfections.

2. To observe the failure behavior of girth welds containing imperfections with known residual strain distributions.

The project was carried out using two test welds produced in the pipe with wall thicknesses of approximately 11 mm (0.43") and 16 mm (0.63").
DTRS56-03-T-0005 Emerging Bedding Padding and Related Pipeline Construction Practices
Authors: Leis B.N. , Forte T.P. , Flamberg S. , Clark E.B.
Published: August 2023

This project assessed enhancements in safety and productivity possible through recently developed construction practices, and identified and evaluated opportunities for cost reduction, improved pipe protection, and decreased construction created pipe/pipe coating damage that could be realized with new or emerging pipe support and padding/backfill practices. Data were gathered subject to the practical constraints imposed by the use of construction equipment and the contractor's permission to enter or approach the ditch for "hands-on" measurements and close-up observation. Coating damage resistance was found to be a major factor in the viability of bedding and padding practices and specifications, as existing coatings were found to be tough and durable and so were resistant to damage under conditions typical of well-controlled bedding and padding operations. Thus, the significance of bedding and padding practices designed to avoid damage was found to be limited where adequately damage-resistant coatings were used. Performance-based specifications for coatings and construction practices appear viable for such scenarios, with validation needed to make this a widely accepted approach. Some areas have been identified for future development, including combination crusher/padding machines and continued evolution of damage-resistant coatings.
GTI-000232 Leak vs Rupture for Steel Low-Stress Pipelines
Authors: Leis B.N. , Chang O.C. , Bubenik T. A.
Published: August 2023

Pipeline codes and regulations worldwide have less stringent requirements for low-wall stress pipelines. Factors underlying this include a reduced exposure zone as pipeline pressure decreases and the expectation that leaks occur for lower wall stress. This report evaluates leak versus rupture as a function of wall stress with a focus on pipelines operating between 20 to 40 percent of the specified minimum yield stress. Potential threats to the integrity of low-stress pipelines are identified and worst-case scenarios for these threats evaluated to determine leak versus rupture as a function of wall stress. The evaluation is based on an assessment of existing full-scale test data, incident experience in the United States, and mechanics and fracture calculations.
L51726A Guidelines for Riser Splash Zone Design and Repair - Detailed Edition
Authors: Young R.
Published: August 2023

This report provides guidelines for riser and splash zone design, provides a detailed overview of existing riser repair techniques and products, and provides guidelines identifying the capabilities and limitations of riser reinstatement systems. The objectives of this study were to establish the current state of technology for riser design and capabilities of riser repair systems and to provide guidance for the selection of a repair system with minimum downtime and loss for production in the event of unanticipated damage. This report contains more detail than its sister report L51726.
NR198706 Environmental Aspects of the Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Pipeline Steels
Authors: Parkins R.N.
Published: August 2023

A brief review of the circumstances whereby carbonate-bicarbonate solutions are considered the most likely potent environment for the stress corrosion cracking of pipelines is given. The possibility that other environments may also promote environment-sensitive cracking of pipelines cannot be completely ruled out.
PR-148-110-R04 Two-Phase Flow Pressure Gradient Correlations Using the Pipeline Data Bank
Authors: Filho Elisio Caetano
Published: August 2023

Utilized the AGA gas-liquid database to examine the behavior of some two-phase flow pressure gradient correlations.
DTRS57-04-C-10016 Piezo Structural Acoustic Pipeline Leak Detection System
Authors: Schoor Dr. Markthinus van
Published: August 2023

Describes structural-acoustic sensing and alert systems that continuously monitor a pipeline without the need for external power. When bonded to a pipeline, these sensors can detect minute and high-frequency strains. The specific focus here is on identifying leaks using this sensor by detecting associated acoustic waves traveling in the pipeline.
INGAAF-2002-06 Natural Gas Pipelines Making Connections - Communications Support for the Siting Process
Authors: Unknown Author
Published: August 2023

A feasibility study to examine the use of coupons for measuring the polarized potential of a pipe. This study was a 15-month effort (1992-1993) with the objective being to provide proof of concept for the ability of coupons installed near the pipe surface to estimate the polarized potential of the pipe without interruption of the cathodic protection system. The incentive for performing this project was to provide an additional means of evaluating the polarized potential of a pipeline in areas where interruption of all current to the pipeline is difficult or impossible to perform.
NG-18-145-R02 Evaluation of an X70 Low-Carbon Bainitic-Steel Pipe
Authors: Williams D. N. , Maxey W.A.
Published: August 2023

Evaluates the material properties of low-carbon bainitic-steel pipe with microalloying of titanium and boron in high manganese steel. The ductile-brittle transition temperature was determined as well as a full-scale burst test.
PR-15-160-R01 Explosion Pressures of Natural Gas-Air Mixtures
Authors: Esparza Edward D.
Published: August 2023

Testing to determine the magnitude of the explosion pressures generated in a pipeline from the reaction of a natural gas-air mixture initially at ambient pressure. This project included the design and fabrication of the experimental apparatus, the performance of a limited number of model scale experiments, and the measurement of several explosion pressures in each test.
PR-138-162-R03 Porosity of Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coating by Flotation
Authors: Unknown Author
Published: August 2023

The coating porosity as a function of the relative specific gravity and density of plastic coatings is determined readily by float sink criteria in aqueous salt solutions of known densities.

The porosity (void content) of plastic coatings is calculated readily from the experimentally found density and the maximum density supplied by the powder manufacturer.

This test method may involve hazardous operations and equipment. This test method does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this test method to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
PR-3-53-R01 Development of Standard Line-Marker Signs
Authors: Rosinger George , Merluzzi Thomas V. , Smith Robert B.
Published: August 2023

Development of specifications for unique, standard signs for marking buried gas pipelines.
PR-3-424-R01 GINO2s Validation Protocol
Authors: Kuhlman Michael R. , Curtis Lee Anne
Published: August 2023

Evaluates the performance of the GINO2S air dispersion model.
PR469-183600-R01 The Influence of Solid State Decouplers on Pipeline CP Surveys
Authors: Huatian Xu , Wuxi Bi
Published: August 2023

The objectives of this research are to figure out how solid state decouplers (SSDs) influence the surveys related to pipeline cathodic protection (CP) and provide corresponding field guidelines on how to mitigate the adverse effects of SSDs.

Firstly, by combining the classical capacitor discharge theory and the equivalent circuit of the CP system, a four-stage physical model is built to explain how SSDs' discharge current pulse influences the CP related readings.

From the physical model, we can obtain the following conclusions: (1) The driving force behind the discharging of an SSD's capacitor, after CP currents are cut off, is the voltage drop in the pipeline; (2)There are two contributors to the CP instant-off potential spikes: self-induced pipeline current and SSD discharge current; (3) The time constant ( and tau;=RC) of an SSD installation determines how fast the SSD finishes its discharging process; (4) The adverse effects of SSDs can be mitigated by making the SSD discharge time constant and tau; small enough (3 and tau;

Before performing numerical modeling, some commonly used SSDs are tested for their capacitances in the lab according to the classical capacitor impedance theory. The test results show that the typical SSD capacitance is between 0.15 F and 0.36 F.

The target pipeline for numerical modeling is a 50 km pipeline with different levels of coating quality, SSD grounding resistance, and SSD capacitance. An equivalent circuit model with ten parallel branches is built accordingly, and solved by an open-source electrical circuit software module. The numerical modeling results firmly support the primary conclusions drawn from the four-stage physical model. Moreover, the parallel analog circuit tests in the lab further prove the rationality of the four-stage model.

Finally, comprehensive field tests are performed to study how SSDs influence the CP install-off potential survey, close interval potential survey, direct current voltage gradient, and alternating current voltage gradient. Practical field guidelines on how to mitigate SSDs' influence are proposed.
PR-4-144-R01 Modeling of Mixing in Porous Media - Task 1
Authors: Foh Stephen E. , Poonawala Nadir A.
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this study was to locate a reservoir simulation model that will predict the mixing of gases in a gas storage reservoir. The three major mechanisms that govern a mixing process are gravitational effects, molecular diffusion, and dispersion. Operating procedures (injection/withdrawal rates, pressure levels, choice of wells for injection or withdrawal, etc.) affect the magnitude of these mechanisms and, therefore, can control the degree of mixing in a reservoir.
GMC-93-T03 Regenerative Heat Transfer in Reciprocating Compressors
Authors: Shiva B.G.
Published: August 2023

Evaluates the impact of heat transfer on reciprocating compressor performance, especially with respect to flow capacity. This paper gives results of the experimental measurements done to determine the contribution of regenerative heat transfer to suction gas heating and its comparison with earlier empirical models. It forms part of ongoing research on estimating the effects of heat transfer on compressor performance with a view to modeling such effects for improved prediction of compressor performance.
DTRS56-03-T-0012 Ultrasonic Inspection and Assessment Methods for Pipeline Girth Welds and Repair Welds
Authors: Lozev Mark , Spencer Roger , Huang Ta-Chieh , Patel Pratik
Published: August 2023

An AUT round robin was conducted at the McDermott facility in Batam, Indonesia, to evaluate multi- and PA probe techniques for inspection of pipe girth welds under actual tropical field conditions in August 2004. In addition, to the electrical noise tests, the welds were also scanned before and after heating to determine the effects of temperature on the test results.
WIC-V03-02 Full Scale Testing of Large Diameter Pipelines
Authors: Pick R.J. , Glover A.G. , Coote R.I.
Published: August 2023

Fitness for purpose evaluation of defects in pipeline girth welds using full-scale fracture tests. Also includes an analysis of the effects of preheating and microalloying on hydrogen-induced cracking of both the weld metal and the heat-affected-zone.
PR-228-9312-R01 Internal Corrosion Monitoring of Wet Gas Pipe Lines
Authors: Borenstein S.W. , Sauby M.E.
Published: August 2023

Describes the results of a literature review to describe the factors that contribute to the internal corrosion of wet gas pipelines and to describe internal corrosion control, inspection, and monitoring techniques. A number of apparently subtle factors can have significant effects on the internal corrosion of wet gas pipelines. The dominant factors are carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and microbiological-influences. There are a number of other factors that influence the corrosion rate, including temperature, pressure, inhibitor concentration, inhibitor efficacy, inhibitor distribution, water condensation, oil condensate drop out, topography, pigging frequency, and flow rate.