bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Replicative Senescence of Human Chorionic MSCs on their EV-miRNA Profile
Authors: Košuthová Hedviga , Fecskeová Lívia K. , Matejová Jana , Slovinská Lucia , Morávek Marko , Bártová Zuzana , Harvanová Denisa
Published: September 2024

Chorionic mesenchymal stromal cells (CHO-MSCs) and their extracellular vesicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly popular, since chorion is ethically harmless and an easily accessible source of MSCs. However, until now there is only a limited number of studies with a thorough characterization of CHO-MSCs derived EVs and their miRNA profile. In this study, we monitored changes in the EV-miRNA profile between early and late passage of human CHO-MSCs. First, senescence of CHO-MSCs was induced by serial passaging and confirmed by morphological changes, shortened telomeres and changes in the expression of selected genes. The expression of MSCs-specific surface markers CD73, CD90, CD105 did not change with increasing passages. Next, EVs and their miRNA profiles were compared between early vs late passage cells. Number of EVs and their size were not significantly changed. Seven of the top 10 most expressed EV-miRNAs were common to both early and late passages. A differential expression study between early and late passages identified 37 significantly differentially expressed EV-miRNAs, out of which 23 were found to be associated with pathways of cellular senescence based on KEGG pathway analysis. A set of 9 miRNAs were identified as the most frequently associated with senescence and/or with the most altered expression between early and late passages, out of which miR-145-5p, miR-335-5p and miR-199b-3p were the most significant downregulated miRNAs in late passages. The most upregulated EV-miRNAs were miR-1307-3p, miR-3615 and miR320b. Targeting these miRNAs in future experiments may prolong the therapeutic potential of CHO-MSCs and their EVs.

Graphical Abstract
Crafting an ultrashort workplace incivility scale and determining cutoffs for varied risk levels through item response theory
Authors: Dåderman Anna M. , Basinska Beata A. , Ragnestål-Impola Carina , Hedman Marie , Wicksell Anna , Lindh Mathilde Faure , Cider Åsa
Published: September 2024

Workplace incivility (WI), characterized by disrespectful or rude behavior in the workplace, is linked to poor mental health and overall well-being. The Workplace Incivility Scale (WIS) is a popular 7-item measure for assessing WI. There is a current need for an ultrashort conceptually clear version of the WIS. In addition, the cutoffs for varied at-risks of WI, requiring intervention, remains unknown. Using data from 426 employees across diverse organizations, we employed item response theory (IRT) to create an ultrashort WIS and establish cutoffs for high, moderate, low, and at-not risk of WI. Confirmatory factor analyses were utilized to validate WIS construct validity. In supporting convergent validity, WIS was correlated with workplace bullying and poor health-related quality of life. All items demonstrated adequate severity threshold parameters with very high discrimination and good reliability parameters except for item WIS7. We successfully developed an ultrashort and valid 3-item WIS, specifically comprising items WIS2–4, and identified cutoffs for varying levels of WI risk. This streamlined measure aims to reduce response burden and foster a healthier organizational culture. In essence, cutoff points streamline the classification process, allowing for quicker and more standardized identification of at-risk employees. This concise, valid, and reliable ultrashort WIS holds potential for use in intervention studies conducted by organizational and occupational health psychologists, ultimately promoting employee well-being and cultivating a positive workplace environment. The current study further advances the existing theoretical framework rooted in the social interactionist perspective by delineating WI as a distinct and independent construct.
Bott–Chern Formality and Massey Products on Strong Kähler with Torsion and Kähler Solvmanifolds
Authors: Sferruzza Tommaso , Tomassini Adriano
Published: September 2024

We study the interplay between geometrically-Bott–Chern-formal metrics and SKT metrics. We prove that a 6-dimensional nilmanifold endowed with a invariant complex structure admits an SKT metric if and only if it is geometrically-Bott–Chern-formal. We also provide some partial results in higher dimensions for nilmanifolds endowed with a class of suitable complex structures. Furthermore, we prove that any Kähler solvmanifold is geometrically formal. Finally, we explicitly construct lattices for a complex solvable Lie group in the list of Nakamura (J Differ Geom 10:85–112, 1975) on which we provide a non vanishing quadrupleABC-Massey product.
The glass from the arrabal of Arrixaca (Murcia, 12th-13th centuries)
Authors: Govantes-Edwards David J. , Velo Almudena , Hernández-Robles Alicia , González-Ballesteros José Ángel , Duckworth Chloe
Published: September 2024

This article presents an assemblage of 36 glass samples excavated in the urban site of San Esteban, part of the arrabal of Arrixaca (Murcia) (in al-Andalus, an arrabal was a relatively dense urbanised area outside the city walls) in contexts securely dated to the 12th and early 13th century, spanning the rule of Ibn Mardanīš, and the early period of Almohad domination in the city. The samples were analysed by electron microprobe (EMPA) for major and minor elements and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for trace elements. The results are examined within the context of glass production, circulation, and consumption in al-Andalus and the Islamicate Mediterranean more broadly. The results show that some of the glasses found in San Esteban-Arrixaca may have been imported from other Islamicate regions (Egypt and Mesopotamia), but that the vast majority can be related to previously recognised compositional Iberian glass groups. At the same time, the identification of several fragments of production waste and raw glass suggest that some glass-working facility may have existed in the vicinity of San Esteban-Arrixaca. The compositional evidence also indicates that recycling (including of imported glass objects) may have been a fairly common practice in Andalusi glassmaking, but it is suggested that some of the usual chemical markers of recycling may, in the case of al-Andalus and perhaps also elsewhere in the medieval Mediterranean, be the result of the cross-breeding of glass- and glaze-making activities.
A generic stochastic network-based formulation for production optimization of district heating systems
Authors: Guericke Daniela , Schledorn Amos , Madsen Henrik
Published: September 2024

District heating (DH) systems are an important component in the EU strategy to reach the emission goals, since they allow an efficient supply of heat while using the advantages of sector coupling between different energy carriers such as power, heat, gas and biomass. Most DH systems use several different types of units to produce heat for hundreds or thousands of households (e.g. natural gas-fired boilers, electric boilers, biomass-fired units, waste heat from industry, solar thermal units). Furthermore, combined heat and power units units are often included to use the synergy effects of excess heat from electricity production. To address the challenge of providing optimization tools for a vast variety of different system configurations, we propose a generic mixed-integer linear programming formulation for the operational production optimization in DH systems. The model is based on a network structure that can represent different system setups while the underlying model formulation stays the same. Therefore, the model can be used for most DH systems although they might use different combinations of technologies in different system layouts. The mathematical formulation is based on stochastic programming to account for the uncertainty of energy prices and production from non-dispatchable units such as waste heat and solar heat. Furthermore, the model is easily adaptable to different application cases in DH systems such as operational planning, bidding to electricity markets and long-term evaluation. We present results from three real cases in Denmark with different requirements.
Increased expression of IL-1β in adipose tissue in obesity influences the development of colon cancer by promoting inflammation
Authors: Neira Gabriela , Gómez-Ambrosi Javier , Cienfuegos Javier A. , Ramírez Beatriz , Becerril Sara , Rodríguez Amaia , Burrell María A. , Baixauli Jorge , Mentxaka Amaia , Casado Marcos , Silva Camilo , Escalada Javier , Frühbeck Gema , Catalán Victoria
Published: September 2024

Excess adiposity contributes to the development of colon carcinoma (CC). Interleukin (IL)-1β is a pro-inflammatory cytokine relevant in obesity-associated chronic inflammation and tumorigenic processes. We herein aimed to study how obesity and CC affects the expression of IL1B, and to determine the impact of IL-1β on the regulation of metabolic inflammation and gut barrier function in the context of obesity and CC. Samples from 71 volunteers were used in a case–control study and a rat model of diet-induced obesity (DIO). Furthermore, bariatric surgery was used to determine the effect of weight loss on the intestinal gene expression levels of Il1b. To evaluate the effect of IL-1β and obesity in CC, we treated the adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29 with IL-1β and the adipocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) from patients with obesity. We showed that obesity (P < 0.05) and CC (P < 0.01) upregulated the transcript levels of IL1B in visceral adipose tissue as well as in the colon from patients with CC (P < 0.01). The increased expression of Il1b in the ileum and colon in DIO rats decreased after weight loss achieved by either sleeve gastrectomy or caloric restriction (both P < 0.05). ACM treatment on HT-29 cells upregulated (P < 0.05) the transcripts of IL1B and CCL2, while reducing (P < 0.05) the expression of the anti-inflammatory ADIPOQ and MUC2 genes. Additionally, IL-1β upregulated (P < 0.01) the expression of CCL2 and TNF whilst downregulating (P < 0.01) the transcript levels of IL4, ADIPOQ and TJP1 in HT-29 cells. We provide evidence of the important role of IL-1β in obesity-associated CC by directly promoting inflammation.
Destination and time-series inference of moving objects via conditionally Markov process
Authors: Lee Seokwon , Shin Hyo-Sang
Published: September 2024

This paper presents a destination and time-series inference algorithm for tracking moving targets. The destination of the object is considered the intent, and inference and state estimation are performed in the Bayesian framework. To describe the destination-aware target motion, we construct the state transition model using a conditionally Markov process. We introduce a multiple model to achieve simultaneous intent and time-series inferences. Given finite destination candidates, the maximum a posteriori hypothesis is chosen as the destination. For time-series inference, local estimates obtained from Kalman filters are fused to yield target state estimates. To address unspecified terminal conditions, the proposed algorithm incorporates parameter correction techniques based on relative geometry. Numerical simulations are performed to validate the proposed inference algorithm.
Effect of intraoperative hyperthermic intrathoracic chemotherapy after pleurectomy decortication for treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma: a comparative study
Authors: Elsayed Hany Hasan , Sharkawy Hazem Youssef , Ahmed Mohammed Attia , Abdel-Gayed Mohammed , Eldewer Mostafa
Published: September 2024

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive malignancy with few long-term survivors. Despite the dismal prognosis, hyperthermic intrathoracic chemoperfusion (HITOC) was shown to improve survival in a selective group of patients. We analyzed the influence of HITOC following pleurectomy and decortication on postoperative morbidity and overall survival for patients suffering from localized mesothelioma. From March 2017 until August 2023, 55 patients with localized pleural mesothelioma underwent pleurectomy and decortication. Thirty patients performed only surgery while 25 consecutive patients had surgery followed by HITOC with cisplatin (125 mg/m2) infused for 70 min at a temp of 40–43 °C. We analyzed postoperative morbidity, HITOC-related complications, and the influence of HITOC on survival. The trial was registered on 19/08/2022 as NCT05508555. The HITOC group had a mean age of 53.1 ± 8.2 years while the surgery group (non-HITOC) had a mean age of 52.1 ± 8.6 years. The HITOC group had 17 (68%) men, whereas the surgery group included 18 (60%) males. The 30-day mortality in the HITOC group was 0% vs 1 case (3.3%) in the surgery group. HITOC-related transient complications occurred in 4/25 (16%) of the HITOC group (atrial fibrillation, renal impairment and transient hypotension). Progression-free survival in the HITOC group was 8 months (95% CI 4.3–11.6) vs 6 months (95% CI 2.5–9.9) in the surgery-only group (p = 0.79). The overall survival time in the HITOC group was 28 months (95% CI 21.5–34.5) vs 22 months (95% CI 17.5–26.5) in the surgery-only group (p = 0.75). Risk factors analysis for recurrence in the HITOC group confirmed a significant role for early stages (p = 0.03). HITOC following pleurectomy and decortication is a safe therapeutic option that may improve survival for selected patients with localized epithelial pleural mesothelioma. Patients with earlier-stage mesothelioma are more likely to benefit from radical surgery and HITOC.
QTL analysis of sorghum grain traits based on high-density genetic map
Authors: Cao Ning , Ding Yanqing , Xu Jianxia , Cheng Bin , Gao Xu , Li Wenzhen , Zou Guihua , Zhang Liyi
Published: September 2024

Sorghum grain traits are important agronomic traits directly related to yield and are key factors affecting the brewing process of distill liquor. Exploring the genes controlling those traits is of great significance for understanding the genetic mechanism of sorghum grain development. In this study, we conducted genotyping using Super-GBS technology on a recombinant inbred lines (RILs) population derived from the cross between “BTx623” and “Hongyingzi,” consisting of 205 lines. The grain-related traits of the RIL population were investigated in Guiyang, Anshun in Guizhou, and Ledong in Hainan in China. By inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) method, a total of 47 quantitative trait locus (QTL) related to four grain traits (thousand grain weight, grain length, grain width, and length–width ratio) were identified across 10 chromosomes. Among them, 20 important QTL were repeatedly detected in multiple traits or environments and distributed on chromosomes 1 (1), 2 (2), 3 (5), 4 (5), 5 (1), 6 (2), 7 (2), 8 (1), and 9 (1). Six candidate genes were identified within the confidence interval of these QTL, and they are homologous to genes controlling rice grain development (OsMADS1, RGG2, OsNST1, SMG1, OsGRF8, and OsAP2-39). The results provide a basis for further cloning and functional verification of these candidate genes.
Morphological characterization of two dermal and hypodermal alterations in an adult man: surgical scar vs. stretch mark
Authors: Veronese Sheila , Picelli Alessandro , Zoccatelli Andrea , Amuso Domenico , Amore Roberto , Smania Nicola , Frisone Alessio , Sbarbati Andrea , Scarano Antonio
Published: September 2024

Scars and stretch marks are extremely common. For scars, evidence of alterations of the dermal and hypodermic layers is known, while for stretch marks, less data are available, and they are considered purely aesthetic conditions. The intra- and inter-subject variability of the skin makes the comparison between these two particularly complex. This study presents the case of a 54-year-old man who had both stretch marks and a surgical scar on his abdomen. We performed ultrasound and elastosonographic investigations for both to analyse the structural alteration of the skin and subcutaneous layers. Their structures were also compared to the structure of intact skin. The two skin conditions appeared substantially morphologically different and different from intact skin. The alterations detected, particularly of the connective structures, allow us to state that both scars and stretch marks are alterations of both the dermis and the hypodermis and stretch marks differ from scars.
Relacorilant or surgery improved hemostatic markers in Cushing syndrome
Authors: Simeoli C. , Di Paola N. , Stigliano A. , Lardo P. , Kearney T. , Mezosi E. , Ghigo E. , Giordano R. , Mariash C. N. , Donegan D. M. , Feelders R. A. , Hand A. L. , Araque K. A. , Moraitis A. G. , Pivonello R.
Published: September 2024

Purpose

Glucocorticoid-mediated hypercoagulability can persist in patients with endogenous Cushing syndrome (CS) after curative surgery and may transiently worsen early postoperatively. These studies aimed to characterize coagulation markers at baseline in patients with CS and the impact of relacorilant or remission post-surgery in an open-label, phase 2 study (NCT02804750) and a retrospective, longitudinal, surgical cohort study.

Methods

In the relacorilant study, 34 patients received relacorilant (100–200 mg/day for up to 12 weeks or 250–400 mg/day for up to 16 weeks) and had postbaseline data. Coagulation markers were assessed before and during treatment. In the surgical study, conducted at “Federico II” University of Naples, Italy, coagulation markers were assessed in 30 patients before surgery and after biochemical remission.

Results

In the relacorilant study, significant mean changes from baseline to last observed visit were reported in factor VIII (− 18.9%, P = 0.022), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) (+ 1.5 s, P = 0.046), and platelet count (− 68.8*109/L, P < 0.0001), whereas von Willebrand factor was unchanged. In the surgical study, the mean time to hemostasis assessment was 6.2 months. Significant mean changes from baseline to hemostasis assessment were reported in factor VIII (− 24.2%, P = 0.044), von Willebrand factor (− 20.6%, P = 0.018), and aPTT (+ 2.0 s, P = 0.031), whereas platelet count was unchanged.

Conclusions

Several coagulation markers improved in patients with CS after 3–4 months of relacorilant treatment and within an average of 6 months after surgery. Relacorilant’s positive effects on coagulation markers support further investigation of its use preoperatively in patients with CS or in patients who are not eligible for surgery.

Clinical Trial Registration Number

NCT0280475 (registration date: 15 June 2016).
Bid-Aggregation Based Clearing of Day-Ahead Electricity Markets
Authors: Feczkó Botond , Divényi Dániel , Sleisz Ádám , Csercsik Dávid
Published: September 2024

In this work we propose a heuristic clearing method for a simplified model of European day-ahead electricity auction markets, considering divisible standard bids and block orders. In the first part of the process, a computationally less demanding problem is solved using an approximation of the cumulative demand and supply curves, which are derived via the aggregation of simple bids. Based on the outcome of this problem, estimated ranges for the clearing prices of individual periods are determined. In the final step, the clearing for the original bid set is solved, taking into account the price ranges determined previously as constraints, reducing the feasibility region of the clearing problem. By removing bids whose acceptance or rejection is already determined by the assumed price range constraints, the size of the problem is also significantly reduced. Via simple examples, we show that due to the possible paradox rejection of block orders the proposed bid-aggregation based approach may result in a suboptimal solution or in an infeasible problem, but we also point out that these pitfalls of the algorithm may be avoided by using different aggregation patterns. We propose to run multiple threads of the algorithm, using different aggregation patterns. We evaluate the performance of the algorithm via numerical tests.
Survival Outcomes of Metastatic or Recurrent Cervical Cancer Patients Treated with Palliative Intent Chemotherapy: Real-World Data
Authors: Rath Sushmita , Elamarthi Prahalad , Ghosh Jaya , Gulia Seema , Bajpai Jyoti , Mittal Prachi , Gurram Lavanya , Kulkarni Rohini , Dash Biswajit , Rekhi Bharat , Menon Santosh , Deodhar Kedar , Baheti Akshay , Sable Nilesh , Popat Palak , Maheshwari Amita , Chopra Supriya , Gupta Sudeep
Published: September 2024

Objective

To analyse the outcomes of metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer patients treated with palliative intent chemotherapy, as data on their outcomes are scant from LMIC.

Methods

In this retrospective analysis, 302 upfront metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer patients were treated with palliative intent from 1 January 2015 till 31 March 2020. The demographics, palliative therapy details, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall—survival (OS) were analysed for those receiving chemotherapy.

Results

The median age was 53 (IQR 48-61) years and 248, (82.0 %) patients belonged to low-socioeconomic strata. Most common histology was squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in 263 (87.1%) patients. De novo metastatic disease was seen in 119 (39.4 %) and recurrence post-treatment was seen in 183 (60.6 %) patients. Among the 302 patients, 149 (49.3%) patients received palliative chemotherapy, 70 (23.2 %) received palliative radiotherapy and 83 (27.5%) patients were considered for palliative care alone. The most common regimen was paclitaxel and carboplatin in 124 (83.2 %) patients. Eighty (53.7 %) patients completed 6 cycles. Four (2.7 %) received bevacizumab with chemotherapy in the first line and 3 (2.0%) patients received pembrolizumab in second line. The median PFS was 8.5 months (95% CI: 7.12–9.89 months) and median OS was 13.0 months (95% CI: 11.10–14.98 months) with median duration of follow-up of 33.4 months (range 27.9–38.9 months).

Conclusions

In real-world scenario, only half of the metastatic or recurrent cervical patients received any palliative chemotherapy. Paclitaxel and carboplatin are an effective regimen, and there was limited access to targeted therapy and immunotherapy.
Stone Tools in Shifting Sands: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives on the Châtelperronian Stone Tool Industry
Authors: Djakovic Igor , Roussel Morgan , Soressi Marie
Published: September 2024

The Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition in France and northern Spain reflects the transition from Neandertals to Homo sapiens and the emergence of novel cultural entities and standardised blade and bladelet technologies between ~ 55 and 40 thousand years ago. The Châtelperronian stone tool industry represents the first unambiguous appearance of Upper Palaeolithic technologies in this region, and is traditionally considered as representing a geographically isolated archaeological entity produced by late Neandertals. However, debate as to the makers and origin of this industry has been ever-present. In recent years, fuel has been thrown onto this discussion through (a) the demonstration that the association between Neandertal remains and Châtelperronian artefacts at the key site of Saint-Césaire could not be reliable, (b) the identification of an immature Homo sapiens pelvic fragment in association with Neandertal remains and Châtelperronian artefacts at the Grotte du Renne (Arcy-sur-Cure), and (c) the formulation of a disruptive hypothesis in which the Châtelperronian directly originates from the Early Upper Palaeolithic of the Levant. In conjunction with the increasing evidence for a protracted presence of Homo sapiens across Europe, these observations have led to the arrival of an inflection point for the competing interpretations concerning the origin and implications of this industry. In this paper, we provide a critical review of the Châtelperronian in light of the emerging data—taking into account technological, chronological, geographic, stratigraphic, and genetic perspectives. First we provide a detailed, three-part historiography of this industry and a modern, synthetic review of Châtelperronian lithic technology. Our review reinforces the fact that the Châtelperronian is a fully Upper Palaeolithic industry with no ‘transitional’ nor Initial Upper Palaeolithic-type technological features. Subsequently, we highlight a series of prospects, problems, and uncertainties which remain to be addressed in discussions concerning the origins, maker(s), and implications of the Châtelperronian and the onset of the Upper Palaeolithic in western Europe. Finally, we propose a few potential paths forward and call for an open and critical approach towards the re-conceptualisation of the Châtelperronian in the years to come.
Towards a taxonomy of team workflow structures
Authors: Fitzhugh Sean M.
Published: September 2024

Team workflow represents interactions between individuals and specific actions or tasks. Individuals’ interactions have important effects on fellow teammates’ actions by expanding or constraining actions available to them. For example, teammates may avoid performing the same action to avoid duplication of effort or they may perform their actions sequentially if one task’s completion is a prerequisite for another task. Complex dependencies embedded in these interactions suggest the need to understand team workflows from a relational perspective. As workflow structures are shaped by elements of organizational design, cognitive factors, and features of the task environment, no single workflow structure is optimal for all teams, and team workflows may manifest in countless distinct configurations. Through a systematic, network-based representation of team workflows, this paper uses a sample of 139,500 teams on GitHub to identify common patterns of team workflows. Each team is represented as a two-mode network where individuals form ties to up to fifteen distinct actions capturing productivity, discussion, and team management. Several node-level and graph-level centrality indices highlight patterns of differentiation across team workflows, and a k-means clustering algorithm detects three distinct clusters of team workflow structures: small teams of highly active generalists, small teams with a moderately active mix of focused and generalist members, and large, segmented teams of focused individuals collectively engaging in a few extremely popular actions. These results demonstrate how a structural representation of team workflows provides unique insight into team behavior and highlights distinctions that may otherwise be lost when examining team activity in aggregate.
Regional ecosophy: a Guattarian approach to the border landscapes of the Irish Northwest
Authors: Doherty Gareth , Fité Matamoros Pol
Published: September 2024

In this paper, we propose that landscape architecture is uniquely equipped to shape highly contested and politicized border regions. We contend that recognizing landscape architecture’s agency to contribute to national and international politics may enable the field to intervene in contemporary theoretical discussions within urban and regional studies that are otherwise dominated by geography and urban planning. Through the example of the Irish/Northern Irish border region in the face of Brexit, we discuss the limits to city planning and policy designations—such as that of city-region—in addressing the complex economies and ecologies of similar geopolitical landscapes. We also highlight environmentalist planning and design’s limitations in addressing the complex social practices and subjectivities that weave together regions like the Irish Northwest. Our alternative is a fieldwork-based “ecosophical” approach capable of addressing Félix Guattari’s social, environmental, and subjective ecologies in an integrated manner. With this, we establish how such an approach can offer a more nuanced set of tools to design and plan for larger regional landscapes.
Sunward Oxygen Ion Fluxes and the Magnetic Field Topology at Mars From Hybrid Simulations
Authors: Dubinin E. , Modolo R. , Leblanc F. , Pätzold M. , Romanelli N.
Published: September 2024

It is commonly believed that because of the direct solar wind interaction with the Martian atmosphere/ionosphere, the planet could have lost a significant part of its atmosphere. Closed field lines of the crustal magnetic field can weaken a transport of the ionospheric ions to the tail. Reconnection of the interplanetary magnetic field lines draping around Mars and the crustal magnetic field can also lead to a presense of sunward fluxes of planetary ions that might affect the total ion loss. The LatHyS (LATMOS Hybrid Simulation) three‐dimensional multispecies hybrid model is used here to characterize sunward fluxes of O+ ions and the magnetic field topology at Mars. It is shown that although reconnection between the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and the crustal magnetic fields strongly modifies the field topology, then sunward ion fluxes are rather small and do not significantly change the total ion loss.
Physics‐Based Forecasts of Eruptive Vent Locations at Calderas
Authors: Mantiloni L. , Rivalta E. , Anderson K. R. , Davis T. , Passarelli L.
Published: September 2024

Constraining stresses in the Earth's crust in volcanic regions is critical for understanding many mechanical processes related to eruptive activity. Dike pathways, in particular, are shaped by the orientation of principal stress axes. Therefore, accurate models of dike trajectories and future vent locations rely on accurate estimates of stresses in the subsurface. This work presents a framework for probabilistic constraint of the stress state of calderas by combining three‐dimensional physics‐based dike pathway models with observed past vent locations using a Monte Carlo approach. The retrieved stress state is then used to produce probability maps of future vent opening across a caldera. We test our stress inversion and vent forecast approach on synthetic scenarios, and find it successful depending on the distribution of the available vents and the complexity of the volcano's structural history. We explore the potential and limitations of the approach, show how its performance is sensitive to the assumptions in the models and available prior information, and discuss how it may be applied to real calderas.
New Heat Flow Measurements Offshore Montserrat: Advective Heat Flow Detected via MeBo Borehole Temperature Logging
Authors: Hornbach Matthew J. , Kühn Michel , Freudenthal Tim , Graw Jordan , Berndt Christian , Huhn‐Frehers Katrin , Watt S. F. L. , Phrampus Benjamin J. , Wood Warren T.
Published: September 2024

New heat flow measurements collected at the Lesser Antilles Arc using a Hybrid Lister‐Outrigger probe and a new logging‐while‐tripping MeBo70 drilling approach provide the first high‐resolution (meter‐to‐cm‐scale) temperature‐depth measurements across the Lesser Antilles volcanic arc and offer new insight into heat and fluid transfer at a convergent oceanic margins. At multiple sites where logging‐while‐tripping MeBo temperature measurements were made, temperature increases linearly with depth in shallowly buried hemipelagic sediment but is isothermal or significantly hotter in deeper, courser‐grained sediments associated with mass flows. We interpret these isothermal zones as regions where advective heat flow—perhaps caused by convection or pressure‐driven advection—dominates. The implication is that apparently conductive heat flow regimes observed in the shallowest upper 5–10 m of hemipelagic sediment across the Lesser Antilles Arc measured using standard lister‐type probes may often unknowingly be influenced by deeper, advective flow along buried mass transport deposits at this site. Since mass transport deposits are ubiquitous on convergent margins, higher permeability mass transport deposits may play a fundamental and previously unrecognized role in fluid and heat transport.
Structures and Magmatism Associated With a Failed Triple Junction in Traill Ø, East Greenland
Authors: Guarnieri Pierpaolo , Tegner Christian , Brooks Charles K.
Published: September 2024

The Late Eocene–Oligocene post‐breakup magmatism of the North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP) in East Greenland, is represented by sub‐volcanic intrusions associated with a NE‐SW oriented magmatic lineament, the Werner Bjerge Rift. This onshore magmatism extends for more than 100 km from eastern Traill Ø to Werner Bjerge. In the same region, strike‐slip post‐breakup faulting is documented along N‐S trending faults extending more than 300 km from Traill Ø up to the north, along the Loch Fyne Fault Zone. Offshore East Greenland, the NW‐SE trending East Jan Mayen Fracture Zone, has represented the northern boundary of the Jan Mayen Micro Continent in the Eocene–Oligocene, and extended westward, toward Traill Ø. The Werner Bjerge Rift, the Loch Fyne Fault Zone and the East Jan Mayen Fracture Zone were active during the Late Eocene–Oligocene and intersected in eastern Traill Ø with a 120° angle, resembling a triple junction. This study presents the onshore deformation and magmatism associated with a failed triple junction that was active between 40 and 25 Ma, highlighting the importance of inherited structures in response to stress variations and plate tectonics modifications. The tectonic trends of the Fault‐Fault‐Ridge Traill Ø triple junction are inherited structures from the Caledonian Orogeny and from multi‐stage rifting episodes that characterized the East Greenland basin system since the Late Carboniferous. New age and geochemistry of the magmatism in the Werner Bjerge Rift, combined with structural analyses of fault systems suggest that the Traill Ø triple junction was generated by plate tectonics configuration and not by a mantle plume.
Earth Sciences Are the Model Sciences of the Anthropocene
Authors: Richter Daniel D. , Billings Sharon A. , Brantley Susan L. , Gaillardet Jerome , Markewitz Daniel , Schlesinger William H. , Amundson Ronald , Ashley Gail M. , Bacon Allan R. , Bales Roger C. , Binkley Dan , Brecheisen Zachary , Calvo‐Alvarado Julio , Cassar Nicolas , Clifford Chelsea , Derry Louis A. , Edgeworth Matt , Eppes Martha‐Cary , Fan Ying , Ferguson Terry A. , de Graaff Marie‐Anne , Handelsman Jo , Hartemink Alfred E. , Hofmockel Kirsten , Huggett Richard J. , Jobbagy Esteban G. , Kim Hyun Seok , Krishnaswamy Jagdish , Kumar Praveen , Lozier Susan , Lu Louis , McDowell William H. , McNeill John R. , Oh Neung‐Hwan , O’Neill Katherine , Prendergast Mary E. , Richardson Curtis J. , Richardson Justin B. , Schroeder Paul A. , Scow Kate , Siebe Christina , Thompson Aaron , White Timothy , Whitlock Cathy L. , Wolf Marilyn
Published: September 2024

After 4.5 billion years as an evolving and dynamic planet, the Earth continues to evolve but with human‐altered dynamics. Earth scientists have special opportunities and responsibilities to accelerate our understanding of Earth's changes that are transforming our most remarkable home.
Seismic Evidence of Basin Development in NE Tibetan Plateau in Response to Deep Crustal Dynamics From Joint Inversion of Rayleigh Wave Ellipticity and Phase Velocity
Authors: Ren Pengfei , Guo Zhen , Liu Yiduo , Luo Bin , Wu Xiaoyang
Published: September 2024

The NE Tibet experienced complex and distinct basin developments and uplifts in different areas. However, the reasons for such distinct surface deformation and their relationship to deep crustal geodynamic processes are not well understood. Here, we obtain a crust model of NE Tibet by jointly inverting Rayleigh wave ellipticity and phase velocity. Our results reveal that deep crustal strength contrasts across NE Tibet play an important role in controlling basin development. Extrusion of the significantly weak Qilian crust is obstructed by rigid Alxa block, resulting in deep foreland basin with dramatic topographic step. In contrast, the relatively weak crust of Longzhong absorbs outward extrusion of NE Tibet within a wide transition zone, leading to small intermontane basins. Furthermore, the systematic thinning of basins from north to south around the western Ordos Block demonstrates the tectonic transformation from extension to compression due to expansion of NE Tibet since the late Miocene.
Frictional Properties of Simulated Fault Gouges Subject to Normal Stress Oscillation and Implications for Induced Seismicity
Authors: Yu Bowen , Chen Jianye , Spiers Christopher J. , Ma Shengli , Zhang Miao , Qi Wenbo , Chen Hao
Published: September 2024

Under critical conditions where experimental fault slip exhibits self‐sustained oscillation, effects of normal stress oscillation (NSO) on fault strength and stability remain poorly understood, as do potential effects of NSO on natural and induced seismicity. In this study, we employed double direct‐shear testing to investigate the frictional behavior of a synthetic, slightly velocity‐weakening (SVW) fault gouge (characterized by self‐sustained oscillation under quasi‐static shear loading), when subjected to NSO at different amplitudes (5%–20% of 5 MPa) and frequencies (0.001–1 Hz). During the experiment, fault displacement and gouge layer thickness were measured. Transmitted ultrasonic waves were also employed to probe grain contact states within the gouge layer. Our results show that fault weakening and unstable slip can be triggered at NSO frequencies ranging from 0.03 to 0.1 Hz and amplitudes exceeding 5%. Interestingly, an amplified shear stress drop and weakening effect were observed when the NSO frequency fell in 0.05–0.1 Hz. Analysis of transmitted ultrasonic waves in tests on the SVW gouge revealed fault dilation, accompanied by unstable slip and weakening. By extending an existing microphysical model (the “Chen‐Niemeijer‐Spiers [CNS]” model), to account for elastic effects of NSO on gouge microstructure and grain contact state, the mechanical and wave data obtained in our experiments on the SVW gouge was reproduced, suggesting an approach for modeling fault instability under upper crustal (SVW) conditions where normal stress is perturbed by subsurface operations, such as periodic gas storage stimulation of reservoir formations.
Overriding Plate Deformation Controls Inferences of Interseismic Coupling Along the Himalayan Megathrust
Authors: Panda Dibyashakti , Lindsey Eric O.
Published: September 2024

The seismic hazard along the Himalayan arc remains a focus of discussion due to its huge potential societal impact. Taking advantage of modern, dense geodetic observations, several attempts have been made to provide a clear picture of the present‐day rate of strain accumulation caused by interseismic coupling on the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT). However, there are differing opinions regarding the interpretation of spatial variation in interseismic coupling along some parts of the arc. Critically, the resolution of heterogeneity of coupling is limited due to sparse geodetic observations in some areas. In the present work, we use an updated compilation of all available Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data along the Himalayan arc and a suite of kinematic block models to account for deformation within the overriding plate to characterize the status of interseismic plate coupling. Our results show that the MHT is highly coupled (>0.8) along its entire length and the coupling distribution is nearly binary along‐dip. This translates to a high seismic hazard in the densely populated Indo‐Gangetic plains with a seismic moment accumulation of one Mw 8.7 megathrust earthquake per 100 years. Our results suggest that previously inferred low coupling zones along the MHT are possible manifestations of block modeling artifacts, where the fault segments in the overriding plate control the megathrust slip distribution more strongly than structures within the Indian lithosphere. This result highlights a strong need for better characterization of deforming structures in the overriding plate within the Himalayas and southern Tibetan plateau.
Shallow Convective Heating in Weak Temperature Gradient Balance Explains Mesoscale Vertical Motions in the Trades
Authors: Janssens M. , George G. , Schulz H. , Couvreux Fleur , Bouniol Dominique
Published: September 2024

Earth's climate sensitivity depends on how shallow clouds in the trades respond to changes in the large‐scale tropical circulation with warming. In canonical theory for this cloud‐circulation coupling, it is assumed that the clouds are controlled by the field of vertical motion on horizontal scales larger than the convection's depth ( 1 km). This assumption has been challenged both by recent in situ observations, and idealized large‐eddy simulations (LESs). Here, we therefore bring together the recent observations, new analysis from satellite data, and a 40‐day, large‐domain ( km2) LES of the North Atlantic from the 2020 EUREC4A field campaign, to study the interaction between shallow convection and vertical motions on scales between 10 and 1,000 km (mesoscales), in settings that are as realistic as possible. Across all data sets, the shallow mesoscale vertical motions are consistently represented, ubiquitous, frequently organized into circulations, and formed without imprinting themselves on the mesoscale buoyancy field. Therefore, we use the weak‐temperature gradient approximation to show that between at least 12.5–400 km scales, the vertical motion balances heating fluctuations in groups of precipitating shallow cumuli. That is, across the mesoscales, shallow convection controls the vertical motion in the trades, and does not simply adjust to it. In turn, the mesoscale convective heating patterns appear to consistently grow through moisture‐convection feedback. Therefore, to represent and understand the cloud‐circulation coupling of trade cumuli, the full range of scales between the synoptics and the hectometer must be included in our conceptual and numerical models.
An Integrated Study of Age and Formation of the Aru Trough, Eastern Banda Arc, Indonesia: Implications for Seismic Hazards
Authors: Zhang Zhiwen , Yang Xiaodong , Mooney Walter D. , Bell Rebecca E. , Zhao Siyuan , Lin Jian , Zheng Tingting , Xu Haobo
Published: September 2024

The Banda Arc in eastern Indonesia has a complex tectonic history involving oceanic and continental subduction, arc‐continent collision and slab rollback. Among these the subduction rollback that began at 16 Ma shaped the regional tectonic configuration, causing notable upper plate extension evidenced by the Banda Sea and Weber Deep. However, the effects of subduction rollback on the lower plate remain less understood. The Aru Trough, part of subducting Australian continental margin, shows strong deformation and high seismicity, making it ideal for studying these effects. Utilizing multibeam bathymetry, seismic reflection profiles, GPS observations, seismicity and focal mechanisms, we investigate the crustal deformation, driving mechanisms and seismic risks in the Aru Trough under the background of Banda slab rollback. The Aru Trough shaped like an inverted triangle narrows from 160 to 40 km southward. It has a fast 53.8 mm/yr extensional rate at present, when combined with its maximum width suggesting a 3 Ma age. High‐angle faults (>60°) are present at its margins and interior. The trough has a high density of seismicity up to 5.9 events per 25 km2, with dominant normal and strike‐slip events, consistent with observed deformational patterns. The low seismic b‐value of 0.82 ± 0.01 suggests a high‐stress state with potential for strong earthquakes (Mw ≥ 6.5). Our findings indicate that lower plate deformation is profoundly influenced by subduction rollback, oblique arc‐continent collision and regional strike‐slip faulting. Understanding deformation in the Aru Trough is crucial for grasping the broader tectonic evolution of the Banda Arc and assessing seismic risks.
Attributing Urban Evapotranspiration From Eddy‐Covariance to Surface Cover: Bottom‐Up Versus Top‐Down
Authors: Jongen H. J. , Vulova S. , Meier F. , Steeneveld G. J. , Jansen F. A. , Tetzlaff D. , Kleinschmit B. , Haacke N. , Teuling A. J.
Published: September 2024

Evapotranspiration is a key process in the hydrological cycle that can help mitigate urban heat. depends on the surface cover, as the surface affects the partitioning of precipitation between runoff and evapotranspiration. In urban neighborhoods, this surface cover is highly heterogeneous. The resulting neighborhood‐scale can be observed with eddy‐covariance systems. However, these observations represent the signal from wind‐ and stability‐dependent footprints resulting in a continuously changing contribution of surface cover types to the observation. This continuous change prevents quantifying the contribution of the surface cover types to neighborhood and their hourly dynamics. Here, we disentangle this neighborhood‐scale at two sites in Berlin attributing the patch‐scale dynamics to the four major surface cover types in the footprint: impervious surfaces, low vegetation, high vegetation, and open water. From the bottom‐up, we reconstruct neighborhood based on patch‐scale observations and conceptual models. Alternatively, we start top‐down and attribute neighborhood to the surface cover types solving a system of equations for three eddy‐covariance systems. Although data requirements for the bottom‐up approach are met more frequently, both approaches indicate that vegetation is responsible for more than proportional to its surface fraction in the footprint related to the large evaporating surface compared to the ground surface. Evaporation from impervious surfaces cannot be neglected, although it is less than from vegetation due to limited water availability. The limited water availability causes impervious surfaces to cease evaporation hours after rainfall, while vegetation and open water sustain for extended periods.
Long-term follow-up of Chinese patients with methylmalonic acidemia of the cblC and mut subtypes
Authors: Hao Lili , Ling Shiying , Ding Si , Qiu Wenjuan , Zhang Huiwen , Zhang Kaichuang , Chen Ting , Gu Xuefan , Liang Lili , Han Lianshu
Published: September 2024

Background

Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is the most common organic acidemia in China, with cblC (cblC-MMA) and mut (mut-MMA) being the predominant subtypes. The present study aimed to investigate the prognostic manifestations and their possible influence in patients with these two subtypes.

Methods

A national multicenter retrospective study of patients with cblC-MMA and mut-MMA between 2004 and 2022 was performed. We compared the clinical features between patients with two subtypes or diagnosed with or without newborn screening (NBS) and further explored the potentially influential factors on the prognosis.

Results

The 1617 enrolled MMA patients included 81.6% cblC-MMA patients and 18.4% mut-MMA patients, with an overall poor prognosis rate of 71.9%. These two subtypes of patients showed great differences in poor prognostic manifestations. The role of NBS in better outcomes was more pronounced in cblC-MMA patients. Predictors of outcomes are “pre-treatment onset”, “NBS”, variants of c.80A > G and c.482G > A and baseline levels of propionylcarnitine and homocysteine for cblC-MMA; “pre-treatment onset”, “responsive to vitB12”, variants of c.914T > C and baseline propionylcarnitine and propionylcarnitine/acetylcarnitine ratio for mut-MMA. Besides, prognostic biochemical indicators have diagnostic value for poor outcomes in mut-MMA.

Conclusions

The study provided potential predictors of the long-term outcome of patients with cblC-MMA and mut-MMA.

Impact

Predictors of outcomes are “pre-treatment onset”, “NBS”, MMACHC variants of c.80A > G and c.482G > A and baseline propionylcarnitine and homocysteine for cblC-MMA, “pre-treatment onset”, “responsive to vitB12”, MMUT variants of c.914T > C and baseline propionylcarnitine and propionylcarnitine/acetylcarnitine ratio for mut-MMA.

This study with larger sample sizes effectively validated the prediction power and emphasized the importance of NBS in improving the outcomes of both MMA subtypes.

The study enhances understanding of the phenotypic and prognostic variations of MMA disease and the predictors will help in the improvement of diagnosis and treatment strategies to achieve a better prognosis for MMA.