bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A neural basis for the development of inhibitory control
Authors: Durston Sarah , Thomas Kathleen M. , Yang Yihong , Uluğ Aziz M. , Zimmerman Robert D. , Casey B.J.
Published: March 2003

The present study explores the neural basis of the development of inhibitory control by combining functional neuroimaging with a parametric manipulation of a go–nogo paradigm. We demonstrate how the maturation of ventral fronto–striatal circuitry underlies the development of this ability. We used event–related fMRI to examine the effect of interference on neural processes involved in inhibitory control in children and adults. Nogo trials were preceded by either 1, 3 or 5 go trials and then compared to one another. Both children and adults showed an increase in errors with increasing interference. Successful response inhibition was associated with stronger activation of prefrontal and parietal regions for children than for adults. In adults, activation in ventralprefrontal regions increased with increasing interference from go trials. Unlike adults, the circuitry appeared to be maximally activated in children when suppressing a behavioral response regardless of the number of preceding responses. Furthermore, activation in ventral fronto–striatal regions correlated with both age and performance. These findings suggest that immature cognition is more susceptible to interference and this is paralleled by maturational differences in underlying fronto–striatal circuitry.
Application of pharmacological fMRI to developmental psychiatric disorders
Authors: Vaidya Chandan J.
Published: March 2003

Functional magnetic resonance imaging of neural activity induced by pharmacological stimulation (phMRI) is a promising technique for revealing pathophysiology and etiology of developmental psychiatric disorders. Recent investigations of the dopaminergic system have made possible the use of phMRI as a non‐invasive assay for neurotransmitter function. This paper explores applications of phMRI for identification of neurophysiological trait‐dependent and clinical state‐dependent mechanisms that can define biologically valid diagnostic criteria for developmental psychiatric disorders. Further, applications of phMRI for investigations of neurochemical changes induced by long‐term drug exposure, alternative therapies and normal brain maturation are discussed. The paper ends by highlighting methodological challenges posed by experimental control of pharmacological stimulation that is essential for valid interpretation of phMRI results.
The Wreck of Amtrak's Sunset Limited: News Coverage of a Mass Transport Disaster
Authors: Garner Ana C. , Huff W.A. Kelly
Published: March 2003

Using the 1993 crash of Amtrak's Sunset Limited in Mobile, Alabama, this study examines the safety education provided by seven newspapers. A total of 117 news stories were analysed for five primary themes: overall story category, passenger safety theme, train personnel safety theme, train safety theme and rescue safety. Sixty‐three per cent were found to contain at least one safety theme paragraph within the larger story. A total of 631 paragraphs were identified as safety theme paragraphs, 32 per cent of which were passenger safety themes, 8 per cent were train personnel safety, 31 per cent were train safety and 29 per cent were rescue safety themes. As in previous research, safety themes rarely appeared alone; more often than not, a story contained a mixture of all themes. Some safety themes appeared more frequently than others, but overall, the safety themes present a complete view of the safety issues surrounding the crash.

Safety themes are embedded within a story framework which reflects the three stages of disaster news work. Images of normalcy tragically disrupted by the crash abound as do images of passengers escaping and aiding others. Disaster relief personnel and aviation officials are shown working to restore order and solve the mystery of the crash. Within this framework we can learn what to expect when a train crashes and what we might have to do in a similar situation.
A Research Note about Military‐Civilian Humanitarianism: More Questions than Answers
Authors: Weiss Thomas G.
Published: March 2003

‘Military‐civilian humanitarianism’— or the coming together of military forces and civilian aid agencies to deal with the human suffering from complex emergencies — has numerous forms, but disenchantment has resulted from the Somalia and Bosnia syndromes. There is little political will at present, but evidence from the immediate post‐Cold War era suggests how multilateral military operations could expand or contract in future to the benefit or peril of war victims. Partly a literature review but more importantly a framework for interpreting recent publications, this essay seeks to move beyond exchanging assertions. There is a contextualisation of recent literature; a definition of military‐civilian humanitarianism; a discussion of possible military contributions to humanitarian action; a framework to assess the effectiveness of military‐civilian humanitarianism; and a preliminary analysis of experience from northern Iraq, Somalia, Bosnia, Rwanda and Haiti. Caveat lector: At this point in time, there are still ‘more questions than answers’.
Conflict, the Continuum and Chronic Emergencies: A Critical Analysis of the Scope for Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development Planning in Sudan
Authors: Macrae Joanna , Bradbury Mark , Jaspars Susanne , Johnson Douglas , Duffield Mark
Published: March 2003

The concept of the ‘relief‐to‐development continuum’ has been the subject of renewed interest in recent years. Concerned by the rise in relief budgets over the past decade and the absolute fall in development aid resources, support has been growing for the concept of developmental relief. In the context of complex political emergencies, it has been argued further that as effective development aid can reduce vulnerability to the impact of natural hazards, so it might also be used to contribute to a process of conflict prevention. In this way, the concept of the relief‐development continuum has become entwined with broader discussions about the contribution of official development assistance to conflict management.

Drawing on a Review of Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS), this paper cautions against uncritical application of the concept of the continuum in complex political emergencies, and of rehabilitation in particular, in the current Sudanese context. It argues that in order to move legitimately from relief aid programming to development aid programming, three fundamental conditions must be in place: first, a minimum level of security, respect for human rights and humanitarian access. Second, empirical evidence from the field needs to demonstrate that the emergency is over. Finally, moving from relief to development aid programming is contingent on donor governments accepting the legitimacy of national governmental structures and of the rebel movements. In other words, for donor governments, moving along the continuum is in significant part determined by foreign policy considerations, not only technical ones. Consideration needs to be given to the actual and perceived legitimation of the different movements that a move to rehabilitation might be seen to imply.

The paper argues that none of these conditions had been satisfied in Sudan by mid‐1997. Instead of a process of normalisation paving the way to long‐term development, the current situation in Sudan is better described as a chronic political emergency. In such a context, uncritical pursuit of developmental strategies may negatively affect the welfare of conflict‐affected populations.
Uncertainty and Information Flows in Humanitarian Agencies
Authors: Benini Aldo A.
Published: March 2003

Humanitarian agencies struggle with high uncertainty. The focus here is on uncertainty that grows out of the internal complexity of the agencies themselves, rather than simply emanating from their war‐ridden environments. This is illustrated with a study of uncertainty management and information processing in two UN agencies working for the victims of the conflict in southern Sudan. Data from 1995 relief distributions are used to simulate aspects of uncertainty; paradoxically, uncertainty increased with growing success of the relief operation. The finding is in tune with observations from the same region that Jok (1996) reported in this journal. While uncertainty may remain difficult to reduce, co‐operation among agencies and public confidence in their work provide functional equivalents for certainty.
Targeting the Vulnerable: A Review of the Necessity and Feasibility of Targeting Vulnerable Households
Authors: Jaspers Susanne , Shoham Jeremy
Published: March 2003

This article examines whether it is possible to target vulnerable households within a geographically defined area. It looks first at the justification for targeting and then reviews recent practical experience in actually trying to reach vulnerable groups. As complex emergencies increasingly last longer, strategies to target vulnerable households are common in the protracted phase of the emergency. While this is often necessary because of a decline in resources, it is not always justified by an improvement in nutritional status or food security of the beneficiary population.

Common target groups are the poor and the malnourished, but in complex emergencies these are not always the most vulnerable. Moreover, recent practical experience has shown considerable difficulties in targeting the poor. Methods to target the poor rely on community‐based relief committees, whose priorities are not necessarily the same as those of external agencies. This paper gives examples of such targeted assistance programmes in Kenya, south Sudan and Tanzania. The paper concludes that situations where targeting vulnerable households is justified and feasible are extremely limited. It is suggested that if targeting has to be done because of scarce resources, this should be done on a geographical basis and on the basis of nutritional status. Case‐study material shows that it is essential to understand the political determinants of vulnerability and to design methods that will reach the most vulnerable.
Female Adolescents and Their Sexuality: Notions of Honour, Shame, Purity and Pollution during the Floods
Authors: Rashid Sabina Faiz , Michaud Stephanie
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the experiences of female adolescents during the 1998 floods in Bangladesh, focusing on the implications of socio‐cultural norms related to notions of honour, shame, purity and pollution. These cultural notions are reinforced with greater emphasis as girls enter their adolescence, regulating their sexuality and gender relationships. In Bangladeshi society, adolescent girls are expected to maintain their virginity until marriage. Contact is limited to one's families and extended relations. Particularly among poorer families, adolescent girls tend to have limited mobility to safeguard their ‘purity’. This is to ensure that the girl's reputation does not suffer, thus making it difficult for the girl to get married. For female adolescents in Bangladesh, a disaster situation is a uniquely vulnerable time. Exposure to the unfamiliar environment of flood shelters and relief camps, and unable to maintain their ‘space’ and privacy from male strangers, a number of the girls were vulnerable to sexual and mental harassment. With the floods, it became difficult for most of the girls to be appropriately `secluded'. Many were unable to sleep, bathe or get access to latrines in privacy because so many houses and latrines were underwater. Some of the girls who had begun menstruation were distressed at not being able to keep themselves clean. Strong social taboos associated with menstruation and the dirty water that surrounded them made it difficult for the girls to wash their menstrual cloths or change them frequently enough. Many of them became separated from their social network of relations, which caused them a great deal of anxiety and stress. Their difficulty in trying to follow social norms have had far‐reaching implications on their health, identity, family and community relations.
Predictors for People’s Response to a Tornado Warning: Arkansas, 1 March 1997
Authors: Balluz Lina , Schieve Laura , Holmes Talmage , Kiezak Stephanie , Malilay Josephine
Published: March 2003

On 1 March 1997, powerful tornadoes touched down in Arkansas (USA) on a Saturday afternoon. Twenty‐six fatalities and 400 non‐fatal injuries were reported. We performed a population‐based cross‐sectional study to determine factors associated with appropriate responses to tornado warnings.

Of 146 survey participants, 140 (96 per cent) knew the difference between ‘tornado watch’ and ‘tornado warning’ and were aware of when the warning was announced. Of those 140 participants, 64 (45.7 per cent) responded to the warning by seeking shelter, and 58 (90.6 per cent) of those 64 acted within five minutes of hearing the warning. Four factors were positively associated with those seeking shelter: having graduated from high school (OR = 4.2, 95 per cent CI =1.1−15.5); having a basement in one's house (OR = 3.8, 95 per cent exact CI=1.1−17.1); hearing a siren (OR = 4.4, 95 per cent CI = 1.3−18.9); and having prepared a household plan of response when tornadoes occur (OR=2.6, 95 per cent CI = 1.1−>6.3).

On the basis of these findings, we recommend: first, that people who live in tornado‐prone areas have a personal plan of action to help them respond immediately to warnings; second, public‐health education officials in areas with frequent tornadic activity should do more to educate the public about what they can do to protect themselves from a tornado; and third, that emergency‐management officials planning protection measures for vulnerable communities should consider that most people have limited time (our study documented five minutes) in which to respond to a tornado warning. Thus, shelters in tornado‐prone areas should be quickly accessible by residents.
The Accuracy of Mortality Reporting in Displaced Persons Camps During the Post‐emergency Phase
Authors: Spiegel Paul B. , Sheik Mani , Woodruff Bradley A. , Burnham Gilbert
Published: March 2003

For humanitarian organisations, accurate data are essential to identify emerging health problems and determine programme needs. We visited 45 post‐emergency phase displaced persons camps and collected three months' mortality data which we compared with organisations' routine mortality reports. Organisations reported 612 deaths and we identified 741 deaths, for a mortality‐reporting ratio, defined as the number of organisation‐reported deaths divided by the number of investigator‐identified deaths, of 83 per cent. For the majority of camps which under‐reported deaths, mortality reporting ratios were significantly higher for women than men, and for camps with central mortality registers rather than those without. In the few camps which over‐reported deaths, these occurred primarily among children younger than five years of age, probably due to the inclusion of abortions and stillbirths. Despite the overall under‐reporting of deaths by humanitarian organisations, the existing health information systems appear to estimate mortality rates adequately in these post‐emergency camps. However, organisations should improve the precision and completeness with which they report the characteristics of deaths in order to provide valuable data to target their programmes at the most vulnerable people.
Apples, Pears and Porridge: The Origins and Impact of the Search for ‘Coherence’ between Humanitarian and Political Responses to Chronic Political Emergencies
Authors: Macrae Joanna , Leader Nicholas
Published: March 2003

During the 1990s a consensus emerged within the international humanitarian system that there was a need to enhance the ‘coherence’ between humanitarian and political responses to complex political emergencies. Closer integration between aid and political responses was seen to be necessary in order to address the root causes of conflict‐induced crises, and to ensure that aid did not exacerbate political tensions. This paper explores the theory and practice of coherence over the past decade. It argues that, by sleight of hand, the coherence agenda has been reinterpreted such that humanitarian action has become the primary form of political action, rather than merely a substitute for it. The coherence agenda has been driven by geopolitical events, domestic policy considerations in donor countries and the more parochial concerns of aid policy, and is reflected in a number of substantive changes in the humanitarian architecture. Many of the tenets of this ‘new humanitarianism’ have been embraced by the majority of relief agencies, and thus legitimised it. The paper concludes that political humanitarianism, as opposed to active engagement by political and military actors, is flawed ethically and technically. It will provide neither an effective palliative for the ill effects of war, nor address its causes.
Governing the Borderlands: Decoding the Power of Aid
Authors: Duffield Mark
Published: March 2003

This article examines aid practice, that is, the public‐private contractual networks that link donor governments, UN agencies, military establishments, NGOs, private companies and others, as a relation of global liberal governance. In order to fulfil this function, such networks embody what could be called the ‘securitisation’ of international assistance. Based upon ideas of human security and ameliorating the effects of poverty and vulnerability reduction, aid is now seen as playing a direct security role. Rather than being concerned with relations between states, the primary aim of this security paradigm is to modulate and change the behaviour of populations within them. In doing so, it is able to exploit the opportunities afforded by privatisation. At the same time, however, aid as security is confronted by its own particular problem of ‘governing at a distance’: how can calculations made by leading states be transformed into actions at the global edge when a multitude of private and non‐government implementors now intervene? The article concludes by examining the contribution of risk analysis to solving this problem and, especially, the development of new contractual regimes based around technical standardisation, benchmarking and performance auditing. Through such technologies, metropolitan states are learning how to manage the public‐private networks of aid practice and, as a result, to govern the borderlands in new ways.
Guatemala: Violence in Peacetime ‐ A Critical Analysis of the Armed Conflict and the Peace Process
Authors: Preti Alessandro
Published: March 2003

The recent history of Guatemala is interpreted here using an interdisciplinary approach inspired by recent development and conflict studies. The author reflects on his experience in peace‐building activities and uses a combination of primary and secondary sources to present the Guatemalan war as a complex political emergency.

The first part (a methodological introduction) proposes an analytical framework, taking into account both the root causes and the different functions of violence, in order to achieve a better understanding of contemporary conflicts. In the second and central part of the article, the integrated framework is applied to Guatemala, trying to understand causes and functions of war and negotiation and underlining the existence of structural obstacles to a lasting peace. The conclusions are dedicated to policy implications: if the signing of peace accords represents only a step towards negative peace, the condition for a lasting peace is a strategy for reconciliation and development based on social participation and social justice.
Getting Off the Seeds–and–tools Treadmill with CRS Seed Vouchers and Fairs
Authors: Remington Tom , Maroko Jeremiah , Walsh Stephen , Omanga Paul , Charles Edward
Published: March 2003

The free distribution of seeds and tools is the standard approach to agricultural recovery. The predominance of this approach is partly attributable to the: (1) perception that farmer seed quality is poor, (2) insistence on seed certification, (3) promotion of researcher varieties, (4) misdiagnosis of unavailability, (5) difficulty accessing farmer seed, and (6) support for the commercial seed sector. This paper presents a Seed Security Assessment Framework to distinguish among the causes of seed insecurity and focuses on three principal concepts: seed availability; access to seed; and factors associated with seed utilisation. Using this diagnostic framework, Catholic Relief Services (CRS) has developed a better approach to promoting seed system–based agricultural recovery. It involves a combination of seed voucher distribution and the organisation of seed fairs, which bring together a range of sellers from whom the holders of vouchers may purchase seed. This approach is advantageous because it: strengthens farmer seed procurement systems; is cost efficient; in economic terms, has a multiplier effect in the community; is straightforward to plan and implement; allows commercial sector participation; provides an opportunity to promote improved varieties for farmer evaluation; brings together different communities.
Nouvelles Relations du Travail dans les Entreprises de Service Public
Authors: Moreau Y.
Published: March 2003

The article presents the labour relations evolutions in five sectors (postal services, telecommunications, electricity, railways, air transport) and in six countries (Great Britain, Germany, Sweden, Italy, Spain and France).

True convergences appear in the management and administration of employment, in human resources management and in social law. However, sectoral diversities exist and national specificities remain strong: each country ’s situation is marked by different national traditions and influenced by the States’ choices. The State appears as a key actor of changes, too often forgotten.

Trades union resistance, which varies considerably according to country, represents an important risk for enterprises if they lead to the postponement of necessary changes. But it may also be the chance to ask the right questions, among which are: the future of public utilities in Europe, the possibility of considering a social project for public services enterprises, the place of law in social regulation and the labour law evolution. The choice is doubtless between a pure adjustment of the market law and “a re‐institution of the labour law” by changing the central reference from the employee to a worker having the right to move from one work situation to another (A. Supiot).
Globalisation—New Demands on Public Enterprises
Authors: Ebert W. , Noll W.
Published: March 2003

The globalisation of the economy and society reduces the economic policy capabilities of the state with its public enterprises considerably, but at the same time it triggers fundamental pressure on the government to compensate for the negative economic, political and social effects of the globalisation process. Using a system‐theoretic framework, requirements for the public economy can be developed reaching from a social coordination function to an evolutionary‐based industrial policy function of public enterprises. These functions and instrumental targets have to be implemented in a system of an internationalised public economy based on an appropriate institutional foundation. This in turn means focusing on a mixed system of public and non‐profit organisations combined with market type institutions. By no means is an erosion of the public sector in the sense of radical privatisation strategies as propagated by the IMF and other prominent institutions implied. Rather a social need for public action must be considered mainly due to the public interest (Gemeinwohl). In this context, the socio‐political competence of the public and nonprofit economy can be revitalised in an innovative way.
Privatization and Utility Regulation in Developing Countries: the Lessons So Far
Authors: COOK P.
Published: March 2003

The privatization of utilities has grown in developing countries in recent years. Privatization transactions for the utilities sector have accounted for over a third of all sales in developing countries since 1988. The introduction of privatization has not necessarily meant more competition. Consequently, utility privatization has led in many cases to the creation of regulatory structures that aim to protect consumers from monopoly abuse and to provide incentives to firms to maintain efficiency. Case studies drawing on examples from the telecommunications, electricity and water sectors indicate that creating effective regulation and a competitive environment is a difficult and slow process. The cases have shown that regulation rather than privatization achieved the largest gains. Similarly, although the variety of regulatory measures that have been introduced have made a difference, the most tangible benefits, particularly to consumers, result from the establishment of competition. The case studies have shown that privatization has preceded the development of effective regulation and competition. The development of regulatory structures is constrained by the capacity of governments to enforce regulatory rules and monitor contracts. Fostering conditions that encourage competition and lessen anti‐competitive behaviour by incumbents is a beneficial but slow process.
Innovation in Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Zimmermann H.
Published: March 2003

Innovation as the driving force behind the economic growth of high‐income countries has almost exclusively been researched for the private enterprise sector. Nonproft organizations as a growing sector also have to be assessed for their contribution. They are first grouped by their different outputs (proximity to public versus private good provision). Next, for each output group fields of activities are identified, which exhibit differences in management regimes and incentive structure. This leads to hypotheses (and some empirical evidence) on innovative behavior and on barriers to innovation. The result: Their potential for contributing is far from being fully used.
Local Exchange Trading Systems: A Solution to the Employment Dilemma?
Authors: Peacock M.S.
Published: March 2003

Local exchange trading systems (LETS) are fast becoming a significant socio‐economic phenomenon. It is held that they represent new forms of work which reduce unemployment. The author discusses LETS in the context of three contributions to the future of work to show that LETS are a neglected phenomenon. He then considers whether these proposals on the future of work offer an alternative to the unemployed. The empirical evidence shows a strong bias towards those people in gainful employment and those who are well‐educated and well‐off. In conclusion the author suggests ways in which this bias may be remedied and measures through which LETS may make a practical contribution to the future of work.
Coordination failure, property rights and non‐profit organizations
Authors: Enjolras Bernard
Published: March 2003

This paper advances a socio‐economic theory of nonprofit organizations aiming at conceiving this organizational form in its complexity and at analysing it from both the viewpoints of its economical and political (democratic) dimensions. This theoretical approach accounts for the existence of nonprofit organizations and the reasons why nonprofit organizations are relatively more efficient when compared with for‐profit and government organizations in particular circumstances. The various current explanations of the existence of nonprofit organizations (contract failure, government failure, philanthropic failure) are regrouped around the concept of coordination failure. The paper then examines how nonprofit organizations are able to mitigate these coordination failures. The central thesis is that the specific distribution of property rights characterizing nonprofit organizations results in a particular type of governance structure which allows them to mitigate coordination failures. In turn, the ability of the organization to mitigate coordination failures and therefore its efficiency is conditioned on its democratic functioning.
The shifting boundaries of the mixed economy and the future of the nonprofit sector
Authors: Ben‐Ner Avner
Published: March 2003

The nonprofit sector exists because it can solve better than for‐profit firms problems associated with the provision of products with publicness (nonrivalry or nonexcludability) attributes, or those affected by asymmetric information between providers and customers. This advantage is likely to be eroded in the future by various technological advances, particularly in the area of information transmission, analysis, storage and retrieval, and by the increase in the effective size of markets. Consequently, the demand for nonprofit organizations will possibly decline in the future. On the other hand, the operational efficiency of nonprofit organizations is likely to improve due to possibilities of stricter audit of and control over management made possible by enhanced access by nonprofit stakeholders to budgetary and operational information. This will help nonprofit organizations respond better to various failures of for‐profit firms and to the insufficiency of government correctives. It is difficult to forecast the net effect of the myriad factors that work in opposite directions on the demand for and supply of nonprofit organizations, although it appears to this author that the economic weight of nonprofit organizations and their distinctive features will wane.
An Examination of Key Factors of Influence in the Development Process of Credit Union Industries
Authors: Sibbald Alexander , Ferguson Charles , McKillop Donal
Published: March 2003

The aim of this paper is to analyse credit union industries within a development framework. Explicit consideration is given to credit union industries in four countries – Great Britain, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. It is argued that in terms of a developmental typology the credit union industry in Great Britain is at a nascent stage of development, the industries in Ireland and New Zealand are at a transition stage while the US credit union industry is mature in nature. In progression between stages the analysis considers the influence of factors such as situational leadership, the complexion of trade associations, professionalisation, regulatory and legislative initiatives and technology. The analysis concluded that while there was a substantial commonality of experience, there were also significant differences in the impact of these factors. This consequently encouraged the recognition of the existence of ‘a variety of the species’ in respect of credit union development.
For Whom the Nation? Internationalization, Zapatismo, and the Struggle Over Mexican Modernity
Authors: Hilbert Sarah
Published: March 2003

Recent literature on interactions arising between capital forces and local communities has tended to equate “the global” with economic globalization and “the local” as a more or less reactive formation. Less attention is paid to the fact that processes very particular to a locale are crucial mediators between global and local scales. Perhaps the most salient of these is the production of national ideology. This paper examines Mexico in the 1990s and explores the way leaders wove articulations of modernity through reproductions of nationalism to exclude those—poor, largely rural and indigenous—who didn't fit the picture of progress, then looks at how several indigenous communities contested these elite notions, demanding equal access as citizens of Mexico, and radically altered the public view of elite notions of progress.
Timber and Town: Post‐War Federal Forest Policy, Industrial Organization, and Rural Change in Oregon's Illinois Valley
Authors: Prudham William S.
Published: March 2003

In the recent political furor over disposition of the remaining old‐growth forests in the Pacific Northwest, focus has been directed at the ecological shortcomings of the federal sustained yield forest management doctrine. This has occurred in part at the expense of evaluation of these policies based on social criteria. Yet the sustained yield paradigm and the post‐war compact between private capital and federal forest agencies were justified in part to foster stable rural timber economies. Nowhere has this compact been more significant than in rural Oregon. And yet nowhere are its failings more apparent. The central argument of this paper is that the failure of federal sustained yield policies to sustain rural communities stems from an implicitly naive model of industrial capitalism. By ignoring the inherently destabilizing character of capitalist industry, by further failing to refine the notion of community stability, and by failing to take genuine steps to defend rural society from the upheavals of industrial change, the United States Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management have allowed community stability to languish in the dogged pursuit of accelerated cutting rates. This paper explores industrial change in Oregon's forest products sector in the post‐war era of federal sustained yield management, looking specifically at southwest Oregon's Illinois Valley.
On the Contours of Public Space: A Tale of Three Women
Authors: Bondi Liz , Domosh Mona
Published: March 2003

This article explores the changing contours of the relationship between gender and the distinction between public and private spaces in western cities. Our account returns to the emergence of a modern understanding of public and private spaces to highlight its class and gender connotations. Then, focusing on middle‐class women's experiences of public spaces, we use examples from the mid‐nineteenth century and the late‐twentieth century to illustrate continuities and changes. We emphasize persistent but evolving exclusions from the category “public,” which have been sustained in part by changing delineations of “public space” associated with consumer activities. In developing our argument, we question representations of public spaces invoked in arguments about its decline and argue for a politics sensitive to different experiences of such spaces.
Regulating Investment Abroad: The Political Economy of the Regionalization of Singaporean Firms
Authors: Yeung Henry Wai‐chung
Published: March 2003

This paper attempts to understand the regionalization of national firms from Singapore within the methodological construct of the regulationist perspective. It aims to demonstrate the usefulness of some concepts in the regulationist perspective for explaining restructuring processes in developing countries, and to evaluate critically the role of some of these concepts—such as regimes of accumulation and modes of social regulation—in illuminating the internationalization of capital through transnational corporations and their associated foreign direct investment. In particular, the paper argues that Singapore's export‐led regime of accumulation manifests inherent contradictions in its dependence on foreign capital, the domination of the domestic economy by state‐owned enterprises, and the relative underdevelopment of indigenous entrepreneurship. While this accumulation process was embedded in an earlier set of social and institutional mechanisms, its contradictions and tensions were not appropriately regulated and contained. When Singapore experienced two major external economic crises in the mid‐1970s and 1985, these shocks and their internal tensions triggered a continuous process of economic restructuring regulated by a distinct combination of social and institutional mechanisms, or “fixes.” One such institutional fix in recent years has been the promotion of the regionalization of Singaporean firms through the social regulation of local labor markets and the state‐led establishment of institutions to facilitate the regionalization drive.
Trade Union Internationalism in the Age of Seattle
Authors: Waterman Peter
Published: March 2003

It is widely recognised within and around the labour movement that labour (as wage work, as class identity, in the trade union form, as a partner in industrial relations, as a radical‐democratic social movement, as a part of civil society) is in profound crisis. Even more is this the case for labour as an international movement at a time in which the old international capitalist order is being challenged by the new capitalist disorder. Recovery requires a critique of traditional labour internationalism, reconceptualisation, new kinds of analysis and a new dialogue and dialectic between interested parties. Presented here in turn are the following: (1) a critique of the union internationalism of the national/industrial/colonial era; (2) a reconceptualisation of unionism and labour internationalism appropriate to a globalised/networked/informatised capitalist era; (3) the millennial dialogue on labour and globalisation; and (4) the role of communication, culture and the new information and communication technology. The conclusion stresses the centrality of networking, communication and dialogue to the creation of a new labour internationalism. An extended resource list on international unionism is attached.
Whose Economy for Whose Culture? Moving Beyond Oppositional Talk in European Debate about Economy and Culture
Authors: Gregson Nicky , Simonsen Kirsten , Vaiou Dina
Published: March 2003

This paper provides an overview of the economy‐culture debate as currently rehearsed within European urban and regional change circles, explores some of the key theoretical inadequacies of this debate and outlines and illustrates one possible way of moving debate forward. The paper begins by identifying the different ways in which economy and culture, and economy‐culture articulations, are thought about within this debate and by arguing that what purports to be a debate about articulation collapses in practice into the respective privileging of either culture or economy. Subsequently, after a critique of the “economy‐culture as differential logics” argument, we forward what we consider to be the minimal conditions for conjoining economy and culture theoretically. These entail according economy and culture equivalent conceptual standing, centring meaning and seeing meaning and practice as conceptually inseparable. We then illustrate this approach at the level of particularities, using a range of examples that span commodities, “productive” practices and processes of consumption and exchange.
For a Critical Cultural Political Economy
Authors: Sayer Andrew
Published: March 2003

This paper argues that, if cultural political economy is to be worthwhile, it needs to be critical of its object. In order to develop its critical understanding of contemporary society, it needs to do at least three things. Firstly, while the cultural turn has corrected and sometimes inverted economic reductionism's dismissive treatment of culture and the lifeworld, it needs to avoid reducing economic systems to the lifeworld in which they are embedded, so that the extent to which systems are responsible for economic and cultural effects—good or bad—is not obscured. Secondly, it needs to take a more critical look at the social and cultural embedding of economic activities, and at the way system mechanisms of capital accumulation and uneven development have powerful disembedding and disruptive effects. Thirdly, it needs to reconsider, rather than ignore, classical political economy, which was always cultural and is still of relevance today, even though it failed to anticipate new issues of cultural and political significance, such as the politics of identity.
Re‐evaluating Asia
Authors: Hoadley Steve
Published: March 2003

Harland, Bryce Collision Course: America and East Asia in the Past and Future.

da Cunha, Derek (ed.) The Evolving Pacific Power Structure.

King, Peter and Kibata, Yoichi (eds) Peace Building in the Asia Pacific Region: Perspectives from Japan and Australia.

Bell, Roger; McDonald, Tim and Tidwell, Alan (eds) Negotiating the Pacific Century: The ‘New’ Asia, the United States and Australia.

Robison, Richard (ed.) Pathways to Asia: The Politics of Engagement.
Old‐age support and care in China in the early 1990s
Authors: Hao Yan
Published: March 2003

Owing to increased life expectancies and falling fertility, China will have not only the largest aged population but also the most rapid ageing process in the foreseeable future. The need to provide adequate and affordable support and care for the elderly has recently caused both scholars and policymakers concern. By analysing a 1992 sample of the aged in 12 provinces, this paper examines the support and care received by the elderly, focusing on living arrangements, economic security (income sources and levels), physical care, access to health services and emotional support.

In the early 1990s old‐age support in China was mainly provided by families, primarily through co‐residence. The coverage of government‐sponsored pension programmes was limited largely to city dwellers. Economically, physically and emotionally, most old people were well cared for, although the rural old and women were relatively disadvantaged. Rural elderly were more likely to still be engaged in productive activities, while old women were more likely than old men to be financially dependent on their children. Women played an important role as care‐givers at home. However, the current familial system is under increasing pressure as the country’s social and economic structure changes drastically. To meet the mounting challenge of the future, early and comprehensive strategies are needed to establish an old‐age support system that brings into full play the state, local communities and individuals.
Migration and circulation as a way of life for the Wosera Abelam of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Curry George , Koczberski Gina
Published: March 2003

Migration and circulation are now an integral part of the socio‐economy of the Wosera Abelam of Papua New Guinea. Since the 1950s large numbers of Wosera Abelam have settled in West New Britain (WNB) towns and government sponsored resettlement schemes. These long‐term migrants provide a base in WNB for temporary migrants from the Wosera seeking work or a break from village life. This paper explores the linkages between temporary and long‐term migrants in WNB, and between migrants and their relatives remaining in the village. We argue that migration is now a ‘way of life’ for the Wosera Abelam, and is, to a large extent, underpinned by indigenous (precapitalist) social and economic relations.
Poetry and Pacific studies: notes from the field
Authors: Clarke William C.
Published: March 2003

After many years at the University of the South Pacific (where this paper was written), William Clarke is currently a Visiting Fellow in Resource Management in the Asia‐Pacific Project at the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra.

Following a brief review of the place of oral poetry and song in Pacific Island societies, aspects of contemporary life are examined through the words of present‐day Pacific poets. Topics examined include tourism, land issues, cultural identity and authenticity, the place of women in Pacific societies, corruption, environmental issues, population growth and urbanisation. A central theme of the discussion is that the poetic voice can heighten our attention towards and understandings of people’s lives and feelings.
Breaking out of the MIRAB mould: historical evidence from Norfolk Island
Authors: Treadgold Malcolm L.
Published: March 2003

The MIRAB model offers an explanation of the evolution and operation of some tiny Pacific island economies. Proponents of the model have argued that it describes an economic system that is durable and persistent. Using an historical approach, this paper explores whether and how an economy of the MIRAB type can break out of its structural mould without regressing to an earlier stage of development. After establishing that Norfolk Island possessed strong MIRAB characteristics from the end of World War II until the early 1960s, the paper analyses the tourism‐dominated economic growth that erased these characteristics, or at least reduced them to insignificance. It concludes that the island has achieved a sustained break‐out from the MIRAB mould, although not without incurring some social costs.
Pessimism and pragmatism: agricultural trade liberalisation from the perspective of South Korean farmers
Authors: Chung Heesun , Veeck Gregory
Published: March 2003

Based on a survey sample of 483 farm households in three provinces of the Republic of Korea, we report on the perspectives of full‐time farmers regarding trade liberalisation, its effects on their lives, and the future of small‐scale farming. The report includes opinions obtained from interviews and the results of 27 Likert scale items in our field survey conducted in 1997. As the Korean government seeks to comply with GATT regulations by reducing a wide range of farm supports and opening the domestic markets, farm families have borne the brunt of the policy changes. Rising costs, declining returns, massive amounts of debt, and draconian land use regulations have left farmers frustrated and discouraged. Results indicate that specific concerns frequently vary by location. There is optimism in areas with diversified farm operations, and the greatest pessimism in locations dependent on food grains and fruits – domestically important crops which already are being imported in increasing volumes.
Te Iwi Maori
Authors: Douglas E. M. K.
Published: March 2003

The decade started with the 150‐year commemoration of the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi that established British governance. This was when Maori were severely and disproportionately affected by the structural adjustment programmes which had reduced their standards of living and thrown them back on their own community resources as government withdrew from community involvement. The continuing conflict between the desire to retain their collective Maori identity and the almost overwhelming forces of assimilation (internally) and globalisation affected fortunes of Maori New Zealanders (internationally). This is best exemplified by the conflict in the Treaty of Waitangi between British sovereignty and Maori tino rangatiratanga. As the decade progressed, government sought a full and final settlement of the many hundreds of historical treaty claims, with a unilateral declaration of what was available ($1 billion). Unilateral actions on either side did little to assuage the long‐standing sense of mutual mistrust between Maori and Pakeha which was fuelled by a hostile mass media. Notwithstanding, ‘progress’ was made, and the twentieth century ended with Maori and Pakeha closer together than they had ever been.
The Environment
Authors: Jackson Laurie , Garthwaite Rachel
Published: March 2003

The 1990s represented a decade of immense changes in environmental management in New Zealand. This paper outlines the challenges of implementing the widespread reforms started in the 1980s. In terms of the environment, reforms came in the form of a large volume of new legislation and a new system of decentralised planning and management. This paper discusses these changes in the context of a shift toward a new environmental paradigm. Key issues and initiatives of the 1990s are discussed which address sustainability, integration, environmental leadership, and public involvement. Specific strategies are outlined in reference to biodiversity, which has been identified as New Zealand's most pervasive environmental issue. Ongoing challenges for the future include how to better involve stakeholders to incorporate alternative values in decision making.