bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Industrial Applications
Authors: Kaiho Tatsuo , Zhdankin Viktor V.
Published: March 2018

This chapter provides a summary of industrial applications of organic and inorganic hypervalent iodine compounds. Potassium iodate has found some applications as a dietary supplement and a food additive. Iodine pentafluoride is used as an industrial fluorinating reagent, and iodine pentoxide is a powerful and selective oxidant that is particularly useful in analytical chemistry. Common hypervalent iodine reagents such as (dichloroiodo)benzene and (diacetoxyiodo)benzene are occasionally used in the chemical industry as reagents for the production of important pharmaceutical intermediates. Diaryliodonium salts have found industrial application as photoinitiators for cationic photopolymerizations. Hypervalent polyiodide compounds have numerous industrial applications including their use as disinfectants and intermediates in iodine production.
Point‐of‐Care Identification of Bacteria Using Protein‐Encapsulated Gold Nanoclusters
Authors: Ji Haiwei , Wu Li , Pu Fang , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang
Published: March 2018

The rapid, simple, and reliable identification of the most prevalent pathogens is essential for clinical diagnostics, biology, and food safety. Herein, four protein‐encapsulated gold nanoclusters (protein–AuNCs) are designed and prepared as a sensor array for rapid identification of bacteria. The discrimination of six kinds of bacteria, including two kinds of drug‐resistant bacteria, is successfully realized by the as‐fabricated sensor array. The strategy presented here shows the advantages of easy synthesis and convenient to use. Furthermore, 100% classification accuracy is achieved by the sensor array consisting of two protein–AuNCs probes, demonstrating the design with sufficient diagnostic capacity. Taken together, the developed sensor array holds great promise for facile diagnosis of bacterial infection in resource‐limited settings.
Novel 3D Hybrid Nanofiber Aerogels Coupled with BMP‐2 Peptides for Cranial Bone Regeneration
Authors: Weng Lin , Boda Sunil Kumar , Wang Hongjun , Teusink Matthew J. , Shuler Franklin D. , Xie Jingwei
Published: March 2018

An ideal synthetic bone graft is a combination of the porous and nanofibrous structure presented by natural bone tissue as well as osteoinductive biochemical factors such as bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP‐2). In this work, ultralight 3D hybrid nanofiber aerogels composed of electrospun PLGA‐collagen‐gelatin and Sr–Cu codoped bioactive glass fibers with incorporation of heptaglutamate E7 domain specific BMP‐2 peptides have been developed and evaluated for their potential in cranial bone defect healing. The nanofiber aerogels are surgically implanted into 8 mm × 1 mm (diameter × thickness) critical‐sized defects created in rat calvariae. A sustained release of E7‐BMP‐2 peptide from the degradable hybrid aerogels significantly enhances bone healing and defect closure over 8 weeks in comparison to unfilled defects. Histomorphometry and X‐ray microcomputed tomography (µ‐CT) analysis reveal greater bone volume and bone formation area in case of the E7‐BMP‐2 peptide loaded hybrid nanofiber aerogels. Further, histopathology data divulged a near complete nanofiber aerogel degradation along with enhanced vascularization of the regenerated tissue. Together, this study for the first time demonstrates the fabrication of 3D hybrid nanofiber aerogels from 2D electrospun fibers and their loading with therapeutic osteoinductive BMP‐2 mimicking peptide for cranial bone tissue regeneration.
Dynamic and Tunable Threshold Voltage in Organic Electrochemical Transistors
Authors: Doris Sean E. , Pierre Adrien , Street Robert A.
Published: March 2018

In recent years, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have found applications in chemical and biological sensing and interfacing, neuromorphic computing, digital logic, and printed electronics. However, the incorporation of OECTs in practical electronic circuits is limited by the relative lack of control over their threshold voltage, which is important for controlling the power consumption and noise margin in complementary and unipolar circuits. Here, the threshold voltage of OECTs is precisely tuned over a range of more than 1 V by chemically controlling the electrochemical potential at the gate electrode. This threshold voltage tunability is exploited to prepare inverters and amplifiers with improved noise margin and gain, respectively. By coupling the gate electrode with an electrochemical oscillator, single‐transistor oscillators based on OECTs with dynamic time‐varying threshold voltages are prepared. This work highlights the importance of electrochemistry at the gate electrode in determining the electrical properties of OECTs, and opens a path toward the system‐level design of low‐power OECT‐based electronics.
Optical and Thermal Switching of Liquid Crystals for Self‐Shading Windows
Authors: Oh Seung‐Won , Kim Sang‐Hyeok , Baek Jong‐Min , Yoon Tae‐Hoon
Published: March 2018

A liquid crystal light shutter whose transmittance can be controlled by ambient conditions, such as incident solar UV intensity and outdoor temperature, is demonstrated. Self‐shading by optical or thermal switching between transparent and opaque states is achieved by liquid crystals doped with push–pull azobenzene and can be used for energy‐saving smart windows. The self‐shading light shutter is transparent during cool weather or under weak sunlight, which could save the energy used for heating and lighting, and can be switched from transparent to opaque during warm weather or under strong sunlight, saving energy used for cooling.
Bipolar Membranes Inhibit Product Crossover in CO2 Electrolysis Cells
Authors: Li Yuguang C. , Yan Zhifei , Hitt Jeremy , Wycisk Ryszard , Pintauro Peter N. , Mallouk Thomas E.
Published: March 2018

As electrocatalysts and electrolyzer designs for CO2 reduction continue to improve in terms of current density and product selectivity, product crossover from the cathode to the anode is a loss mechanism that is relatively unexplored. The crossover rates of formate, methanol, and ethanol, which are desirable CO2 reduction products, are compared in electrolyzers containing anion‐exchange membranes and bipolar membranes. The crossover of formate, an anionic CO2 reduction product, occurs by electromigration through anion‐exchange membranes, and its rate increases linearly with current density. Crossover of electroneutral methanol or ethanol through anion‐exchange membranes occurs to a lesser extent through both diffusion and electroosmotic drag, the latter increasing with current density in anion‐exchange membranes. In contrast, the outward fluxes of protons and hydroxide ions generated in bipolar membranes inhibit the crossover of both anionic and neutral products, even with membranes that contain high surface area junctions. Calculated electroosmotic drag coefficients for each of the neutral products confirm the better performance of bipolar membranes in terms of product losses.
Quantum Magnetic Properties in Perovskite with Anderson Localized Artificial Spin‐1/2
Authors: Gunasekera Jagath , Dahal Ashutosh , Chen Yiyao , Rodriguez‐Rivera Jose A. , Harriger Leland W. , Thomas Stefan , Heitmann Thomas W. , Dugaev Vitalii , Ernst Arthur , Singh Deepak K.
Published: March 2018

Quantum magnetic properties in a geometrically frustrated lattice of spin‐1/2 magnet, such as quantum spin liquid or solid and the associated spin fractionalization, are considered key in developing a new phase of matter. The feasibility of observing the quantum magnetic properties, usually found in geometrically frustrated lattice of spin‐1/2 magnet, in a perovskite material with controlled disorder is demonstrated. It is found that the controlled chemical disorder, due to the chemical substitution of Ru ions by Co‐ions, in a simple perovskite CaRuO3 creates a random prototype configuration of artificial spin‐1/2 that forms dimer pairs between the nearest and further away ions. The localization of the Co impurity in the Ru matrix is analyzed using the Anderson localization formulation. The dimers of artificial spin‐1/2, due to the localization of Co impurities, exhibit singlet‐to‐triplet excitation at low temperature without any ordered spin correlation. The localized gapped excitation evolves into a gapless quasi‐continuum as dimer pairs break and create freely fluctuating fractionalized spins at high temperature. Together, these properties hint at a new quantum magnetic state with strong resemblance to the resonance valence bond system.
First line treatment of aplastic anemia with thymoglobuline in Europe and Asia: Outcome of 955 patients treated 2001‐2012
Authors: Bacigalupo Andrea , Oneto Rosi , Schrezenmeier Hubert , Hochsmann Britta , Dufour Carlo , Kojima Seiji , Zhu Xiaofan , Chen Xiaojuan , Issaragrisil Surapol , Chuncharunee Suporn , Jeong Dae Chul , Giammarco Sabrina , Van Lint Maria Teresa , Zheng Yizhou , Vallejo Carlos
Published: March 2018

The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of patients with aplastic anemia (AA), receiving rabbit anti‐thymocyte globulin (Thymoglobulin, SANOFI) and cyclosporin, as first line treatment. Eligible were 955 patients with AA, treated first line with Thymoglobulin, between 2001 and 2008 (n = 492), or between 2009 and 2012 (n = 463). The median age of the patients was 21 years (range 1‐84). Mortality within 90 days was 5.7% and 2.4%, respectively in the two time periods (P = .007).The actuarial 10‐year survival for the entire population was 70%; transplant free survival was 64%. Predictors of survival in multivariate analysis, were severity of the disease, patients age and the interval between diagnosis and treatment. Survival was 87% vs 61% for responders at 6 months versus nonresponders (P < .0001). The 10‐year survival of nonresponders at 6 months, undergoing a subsequent transplant (n = 110), was 64%, vs 60% for patient not transplantated (n = 266) (P = .1). The cumulative incidence of response was 37%, 52%, 65% respectively, at 90, 180, and 365 days. In multivariate analysis, negative predictors of response at 6 months, were older age, longer interval diagnosis treatment, and greater severity of the disease. In conclusion, early mortality is low after first line treatment of AA with Thymoglobulin, and has been further reduced after year 2008. Patients age, together with interval diagnosis—treament and severity of the disease, remain strong predictors of response and survival.
Eco‐Friendly Selenoamidation of Alkenes with Sulfamides and Organoseleniums: Rapid access to β‐Amidoselenides
Authors: Liu Yingjie , Li Changhao , Mu Shiqiang , Li Yali , Feng Ranran , Sun Kai
Published: March 2018

An eco‐friendly method has been developed for the 1,2‐selenoamidation of alkenes under metal‐free conditions. The reaction avoids the need for pre‐prepared Se−N regents, providing facile access to a variety of β‐amidoselenides with good regioselectivity and functional group tolerance. The broad substrate scope, good regioselectivity and easy derivation make this reaction attractive for the synthesis of nitrogen‐ and selenium‐containing molecules.
Soft–Hard Acid–Base‐Controlled C−H Trifluoroethoxylation and Trideuteriomethoxylation of Anilides
Authors: Maiti Saikat , Alam Toufique , Mal Prasenjit
Published: March 2018

Phenyliodinetrifluoroacetate (PIFA)‐mediated dehydrogenative C−H etherification of anilides is reported for the synthesis of ‐OCH2CF3 and ‐OCD3 incorporated aryl ethers. Nucleophilicity of the added nucleophiles and soft–hard acid–base (SHAB) principle were rationalized to understand those reactions. Anilides and PIFA led to the electrophiles either softer nitrenium ions or harder carbenium ions. The harder nucleophile alcohols exclusively reacted with the carbenium ions to produce aryl ethers.
Heterobimetallic Lanthanide–Sodium Alkoxides Catalyze the Amidation of Esters
Authors: Li Zhao , Wang Chao , Wang Yaorong , Yuan Dan , Yao Yingming
Published: March 2018

Heterobimetallic lanthanide–sodium alkoxides Ln2Na8(OCH2CF3)14(THF)6 catalyzed the reaction of esters and amines to produce amides in up to 99 % yields. They showed high catalytic activity for a wide scope of substrates under solvent‐free conditions. The cooperation of lanthanum and sodium alkoxide is proposed to account for the good activity.
The mechanism of blood flow during chest compressions for cardiac arrest is probably influenced by the patient's chest configuration
Authors: Ewy Gordon A.
Published: March 2018

Aim

Mechanical assist devices are sometimes needed during resuscitation efforts of patients with prolonged cardiac arrest. Two such devices, the AutoPulse and the LUCAS, have different mechanisms of action. We propose that the effectiveness of mechanical assist devices is somewhat dependent on the configuration and compliance of the patient's chest wall.

Methods

A previous study of patients with out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in Arizona reported that survivors were younger and many were observed to have narrow anterior–posterior chest diameters. These observations suggest that the predominant mechanism of blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation of individuals with primary cardiac arrest is influenced by the patient's anterior–posterior chest diameter and compliance. It is proposed that in older individuals with an increased anterior–posterior chest diameter and decreased chest compliance that the AutoPulse, which works by increasing intrathoracic pressures, may be more effective. In contrast, the LUCAS device, which works predominately by compression of the sternum, is probably more effective in patients with narrower anterior–posterior diameters and a more compliant chest.

Results

These hypotheses need to be confirmed by researchers who not only have access to the lateral chest roentgenograms of patients with cardiac arrest, to determine their anterior–posterior chest diameter, but also to the type of mechanical device that was used during resuscitation efforts and their patient's survival. If the observations herein proposed are confirmed, hospitals and paramedics may ideally need to have one of each type of mechanical chest compression unit and select the one to use depending on the patient's age and anterior–posterior chest diameter.

Conclusions

The mechanism of blood flow in patients with cardiac arrest is predominantly secondary to cardiac compression in younger patients with narrow anterior chest diameters and predominately secondary to the thoracic pump mechanism in older patients with emphysema.
Electrochemical Oxidative C−H Amination of Phenols: Access to Triarylamine Derivatives
Authors: Tang Shan , Wang Siyuan , Liu Yichang , Cong Hengjiang , Lei Aiwen
Published: March 2018

Dehydrogenative C−H/N−H cross‐coupling serves as one of the most straightforward and atom‐economical approaches for C−N bond formation. In this work, an electrochemical reaction protocol has been developed for the oxidative C−H amination of unprotected phenols under undivided electrolytic conditions. Neither metal catalysts nor chemical oxidants are needed to facilitate the dehydrogenation process. A series of triarylamine derivatives could be obtained with good functional‐group tolerance. The electrolysis is scalable and can be performed at ambient conditions.
Allosterically Activated Protein Self‐Assembly for the Construction of Helical Microfilaments with Tunable Helicity
Authors: Xu Miaomiao , Liu Lianxiao , Yan Qiang
Published: March 2018

Protein allostery, a chemical‐to‐mechanical effect that can precisely regulate protein structure, exists in many proteins. Herein, we demonstrate that protein allostery can be used to drive self‐assembly for the construction of tunable protein architectures. Calmodulin (CaM) was chosen as a model allosteric protein. Ca2+‐mediated contraction of CaM to a closed state can activate CaM and its ligand to self‐assemble into a 1D protein helical microfilament. Conversely, relaxation of CaM to the open state can unwind and further dissociate the helical assemblies. Fine regulation of the protein conformation by tuning the external Ca2+ level allows us to obtain various protein helical nanostructures with tunable helicity. This study offers a new approach toward chemomechanically controlled protein self‐assembly.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of Cationic Gold Diarylallenylidene Complexes
Authors: Kim Nana , Widenhoefer Ross A.
Published: March 2018

Methoxide abstraction from gold acetylide complexes of the form (L)Au[η1‐C≡CC(OMe)ArAr′] (L=IPr, P(tBu)2(ortho‐biphenyl); Ar/Ar′=C6H4X where X=H, Cl, Me, OMe) with trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) at −78 °C resulted in the formation of the corresponding cationic gold diarylallenylidene complexes [(L)Au=C=C=CArAr′]+ OTf− in ≥85±5 % yield according to 1H NMR analysis. 13C NMR and IR spectroscopic analysis of these complexes established the arene‐dependent delocalization of positive charge on both the C1 and C3 allenylidene carbon atoms. The diphenylallenylidene complex [(IPr)Au=C=C=CPh2]+ OTf− reacted with heteroatom nucleophiles at the allenylidene C1 and/or C3 carbon atom.
Halogen‐Bond‐Mediated Assembly of a Single‐Component Supramolecular Triangle and an Enantiomeric Pair of Double Helices from 2‐(Iodoethynyl)pyridine Derivatives
Authors: Ng Chun‐Fai , Chow Hak‐Fun , Mak Thomas C. W.
Published: March 2018

Construction of single‐component supramolecular triangle and unprecedented spontaneous resolution of pairs of intertwined supramolecular 31‐ and 32‐double helices by the self‐assembly of achiral 2‐(iodoethynyl)pyridine and its derivatives have been achieved through intermolecular ethynyl C−I⋅⋅⋅⋅N halogen bonds in the crystalline state. Fine‐tuning of the molecular structure of the achiral monomer and choice of solvents for crystallization have a dominant effect on the resultant supramolecular architectures.
Tailoring the d‐Band Centers Enables Co4N Nanosheets To Be Highly Active for Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis
Authors: Chen Zhiyan , Song Yao , Cai Jinyan , Zheng Xusheng , Han Dongdong , Wu Yishang , Zang Yipeng , Niu Shuwen , Liu Yun , Zhu Junfa , Liu Xiaojing , Wang Gongming
Published: March 2018

Endowing materials with specific functions that are not readily available is always of great importance, but extremely challenging. Co4N, with its beneficial metallic characteristics, has been proved to be highly active for the oxidation of water, while it is notoriously poor for catalyzing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), because of its unfavorable d‐band energy level. Herein, we successfully endow Co4N with prominent HER catalytic capability by tailoring the positions of the d‐band center through transition‐metal doping. The V‐doped Co4N nanosheets display an overpotential of 37 mV at 10 mA cm−2, which is substantially better than Co4N and even close to the benchmark Pt/C catalysts. XANES, UPS, and DFT calculations consistently reveal the enhanced performance is attributed to the downshift of the d‐band center, which helps facilitate the H desorption. This concept could provide valuable insights into the design of other catalysts for HER and beyond.
Investigation of the effect of foaming process parameters on expanded thermoplastic polyurethane bead foams properties using response surface methodology
Authors: Zhao Dong , Wang Guojian , Wang Mouhua
Published: March 2018

Expanded thermoplastic polyurethane (ETPU) bead foams were fabricated by batch foaming with supercritical CO2 as blowing agent. On the basis of single factor investigation, the response surface methodology based on Box‐Behnken Design was used to investigate the influences of saturation pressure, temperature, and soaking time and their interactions on foaming behavior of ETPU. The results showed that saturation temperature was the most significant parameter affecting the expansion ratio, shrinkage ratio, and cell morphology of ETPU. Moreover, there was an interaction effect between saturation temperature and soaking time, wherein the expansion ratio of ETPU was more sensitive to change of soaking time at higher temperature. As the soaking time increased, the shrinkage of ETPU increased firstly and then leveled off, and the cell diameter decreased significantly. By applying the response surface methodology optimization, ETPU bead foams with final expansion ratio of 8.04, mean cell diameter of 74.2 μm, and average cell density of 1.46 × 107cell/cm3 can be obtained while the optimum conditions at saturation pressure of 15 MPa, saturation temperature of 100 °C and soaking time for 60 min. In addition, the dual melting peak of ETPU characteristics demonstrated that it is suitable for steam‐chest molding technology. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46327.
Characterization of polypropylene/polystyrene boehmite alumina nanocomposites: Impact of filler surface modification on the mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties
Authors: Malwela Thomas , Khumalo Vincent Mandla , Salehiyan Reza , Ray Suprakas Sinha
Published: March 2018

The influences of surface treatment and the concentration of boehmite alumina (BA) particles on polypropylene and polystyrene (PS) (80/20) blends produced via melt compounding were examined. The results show that p‐toluene sulfonic acid‐treated BA particles yielded the highest stiffness improvement (27.5%), followed by untreated particles (25.7%), and dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid‐treated BA particles (8.5%). Transmission electron microscopy revealed that p‐toluene sulfonic acid‐treated BA particle agglomerates were dispersed in the PS phase, whereas untreated particles formed agglomerations at the interfaces. Dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid‐treated particles were poorly dispersed in both matrices. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that both untreated and p‐toluene sulfonic acid‐treated BA particles acted as nucleating agents in the blend because of the shifting of crystallization peaks to higher temperatures by 12 and 8 °C, respectively. A significant increase in decomposition temperatures occurred upon 7 wt % loading of all types of BA particles into the blend. Heat deflection temperature measurements showed that all types of BA particles improved the thermal properties of the blend. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46376.
Persistence of submerged macrophytes in a drying world: Unravelling the timing and the environmental drivers to produce drought‐resistant propagules
Authors: Calero Sara , Morellato Leonor Patrícia C. , Rodrigo María A.
Published: March 2018

Under a warming scenario many permanent inland water bodies in the Mediterranean region have become temporary ones, so the persistence of submerged macrophytes depends on the timely production of drought‐resistant propagules. Phenological research measures the timing of ecological processes and allows the consequences of disturbances such as climate change to be evaluated.

Among macrophytes, the charophytes are widely distributed benthic macroalgae and are particularly sensitive to environmental variations. The systems in which they live constitute valuable, threatened, and protected habitats (European Habitats Directive code 3140).

This study established a methodological basis for determining which environmental drivers trigger the sexual reproductive phenology of charophytes. For the first time, circular statistics were applied to describe and compare seasonal patterns for submerged macrophytes.

Over a period of 2 years, three charophyte species growing in two Mediterranean brackish ponds were monitored. Most of the sexual reproduction occurred during spring and summer, including the production of drought‐resistant propagules, before the harshest conditions arrived. Each species showed a distinctive phenological pattern, according to specific breeding systems, life cycles, and environmental tolerances and requirements. Deeper conditions and higher salinities delayed reproduction. Different rainfall intensities in autumn produced distinctions between years, as stronger rainfall reduced the salinity stress and stimulated the reproduction of plants.

Interacting factors act as cues for charophyte reproduction and cause antagonistic effects on propagule production. Among them, the heat required for each phenophase peak is essential for understanding the phenology of a population and for predicting its long‐term persistence.

Charophytes appear to be good candidates for tracking climate change in shallow ecosystems. Further phenological studies should consider more species, populations, and long‐term observations in order to predict climate‐change effects on water bodies, and to develop effective plans for management and conservation.

Circular statistics is a potential tool for analysing phenology in the context of global warming, as well as for many other conservation issues.
Is it a hindrance for an invasive aquatic species to spread across scattered habitat patches?
Authors: Tréguier Anne , Roussel Jean‐Marc , Bélouard Nadège , Paillisson Jean‐Marc
Published: March 2018

1. Despite their importance for aquatic biodiversity, ponds are among the most vulnerable freshwater habitats. Owing to their isolation in terrestrial environments, ponds are expected to be relatively well protected from biological invasions, but this depends on many factors.

2. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a range of variables (water quality, habitat, and landscape attributes) on the colonization of discrete ponds by a widespread aquatic invader, the red swamp crayfishProcambarus clarkii, which can disperse overland.

3. Investigations were conducted in two networks of ponds, each located in close proximity to a large invaded marsh. The two marshes under study differed in the length of time since the crayfish were introduced.

4. The proportions of colonized ponds and crayfish abundances were moderate in both networks, but higher in the network that had been invaded first. In both networks the distance to the marsh was the main predictor of pond colonization, considering similar energy costs to cross aquatic and terrestrial habitats for the recently invaded network, but assuming that dispersal was 25 times costlier across the terrestrial matrix than via streams for the earlier invaded network. Pond characteristics had no influence on crayfish occurrence in either network. Furthermore, predictions of pond invasion were lower for the recently invaded network.

5. The importance of the distance to the marsh indicates that natural dispersal was the main process of pond colonization by crayfish. Findings also suggested that overland dispersal was rare and costly. By contrast, streams were probably significant in facilitating crayfish dispersal. Differences between the two networks might arise from an invasion process still in progress in the recently invaded network.

6. From a management viewpoint, local actions are encouraged to prevent the spread of crayfish via streams. In addition, broader‐scale actions to mitigate other human disturbances would improve the outlook for pond biodiversity.
ZrMn Oxides for Aqueous‐Phase Ketonization of Acetic Acid: Effect of Crystal and Porosity
Authors: Wu Kejing , Yang Mingde , Hu Husheng , Liang Junmei , Wu Yulong
Published: March 2018

Aqueous‐phase ketonization of bio‐based acetic acid is important to improve the conversion efficiency of biomass resources. In this study, ZrMn mixed oxides (ZrMnOx) with high aqueous‐phase ketonization activity are synthetized through a carbonization/oxidation method (COM) and solvothermal method (STM). The results show that ZrMnOx prepared by COM possesses tetragonal ZrO2, and hausmannite Mn3O4 is observed only at a high oxidation temperature of 750 °C. Low‐temperature and long oxidation results in decreased crystallinity and crystallite size, which is related to highly dispersed Mnn+ species. The catalysts with improved acid sites possess high ketonization activity. Surface areas and pore size of ZrMnOx synthetized by STM are controlled by the solvents for thermal treatment. Compared with water as solvent, ethanol increases the surface area and pore size, resulting in high ketonization activity.
Methoden zur Identifikation von Zugvorbeifahrten aus kontinuierlichen Messdaten
Authors: Abrahamczyk Lars , Jaouadi Zouhour , Kähler Uwe , Legatiuk Dmitrii
Published: March 2018

Tragwerke des Konstruktiven Ingenieurbaus sind in der Regel Unikate. Systematische Untersuchungen dienen daher dem Ziel, Umwelteinflüsse und Einwirkungen auf die Tragwerke und deren tatsächliches statisches und dynamisches Verhalten kurzzeitig und auch langfristig zu erfassen und zu verstehen.

Im Rahmen des DFG‐geförderten Graduiertenkollegs 1462 wurden drei vorgespannte Schleuderbetonmaste entlang der ICE‐Neubaustrecke Erfurt–Leipzig mit verschiedenster Sensorik instrumentiert, um unter anderem das Verhalten der Maste während einer Zugvorbeifahrt zu untersuchen. Die Datenaufzeichnungen werden von Lichtschranken ausgelöst und erfolgen für einen definierten Zeitraum. Infolge von Störfaktoren und der Aufzeichnungslänge sind einerseits eine Vielzahl von Fehlmessungen und andererseits mehrere Zugvorbeifahrten in einem Datenfile zu verzeichnen. Somit sind in einem ersten Schritt die einzelnen Aufzeichnungen für die gezielte Auswertung des Einflusses der Zugvorbeifahrt auf das Verhalten der Oberleitungsmaste zu separieren. Dies erfolgt auch vor dem Hintergrund, dass die Bestimmung einer tatsächlichen Zugvorbeifahrt zukünftig nahezu fehlerfrei automatisiert erfolgen soll.

Im Beitrag werden Methoden und erhobene Datensätze unterschiedlicher Sensorik zur Identifikation der Zugvorbeifahrten verglichen. Die Auswertung der gemessenen Daten des Erddrucksensors und der Beschleunigungsaufnehmer erfolgt mittels Techniken der Signalanalyse: Fast Fourier (FFT) und Gabor‐Transformation.
Meaningful Model Comparisons have to Include Reasonable Competing Models and also all Data: A Rejoinder to Rieskamp (2018)
Authors: Jekel Marc , Glöckner Andreas
Published: March 2018

Proper methods for model comparisons require including reasonable models and all data. In an article in this issue, we highlight that excluding some models was common in parts of the literature supposedly supporting fast‐and‐frugal heuristics and show in comprehensive simulations and exemplified reanalyses of studies by Rieskamp that this can–under specific conditions–lead to wrong conclusions. In a comment in this issue, Rieskamp provides no conclusive arguments against these basic principles of proper methodology. Hence, the principles to include (i) all reasonable competing models and (ii) all data still stand and have to remain the standards for evaluating past and future empirical work. Rieskamp addresses the first of the two issues in a Bayesian analysis. He, however, violates the second principle by omitting data to be able to uphold his previous conclusion, which invalidates his results. We explain in more detail why exclusion of data leads to biased estimates in this context and provide a refined Bayesian analysis–of course based on all data–that underlines our previously raised concerns about the criticized studies. Instead of arguing against the two basic principles of model comparison, we recommend authors of affected studies to conduct proper reanalyses including all models and data. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonsyndromic cleft palate: An association study at GWAS candidate loci in a multiethnic sample
Authors: Ishorst Nina , Francheschelli Paola , Böhmer Anne C. , Khan Mohammad Faisal J. , Heilmann‐Heimbach Stefanie , Fricker Nadine , Little Julian , Steegers‐Theunissen Regine P.M. , Peterlin Borut , Nowak Stefanie , Martini Markus , Kruse Teresa , Dunsche Anton , Kreusch Thomas , Gölz Lina , Aldhorae Khalid , Halboub Esam , Reutter Heiko , Mossey Peter , Nöthen Markus M. , Rubini Michele , Ludwig Kerstin U. , Knapp Michael , Mangold Elisabeth
Published: March 2018

Background

Nonsyndromic cleft palate only (nsCPO) is a common and multifactorial form of orofacial clefting. In contrast to successes achieved for the other common form of orofacial clefting, that is, nonsyndromic cleft lip with/without cleft palate (nsCL/P), genome wide association studies (GWAS) of nsCPO have identified only one genome wide significant locus. Aim of the present study was to investigate whether common variants contribute to nsCPO and, if so, to identify novel risk loci.

Methods

We genotyped 33 SNPs at 27 candidate loci from 2 previously published nsCPO GWAS in an independent multiethnic sample. It included: (i) a family‐based sample of European ancestry (n = 212); and (ii) two case/control samples of Central European (n = 94/339) and Arabian ancestry (n = 38/231), respectively. A separate association analysis was performed for each genotyped dataset, and meta‐analyses were performed.

Results

After association analysis and meta‐analyses, none of the 33 SNPs showed genome‐wide significance. Two variants showed nominally significant association in the imputed GWAS dataset and exhibited a further decrease in p‐value in a European and an overall meta‐analysis including imputed GWAS data, respectively (rs395572: PMetaEU = 3.16 × 10−4; rs6809420: PMetaAll = 2.80 × 10−4).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that there is a limited contribution of common variants to nsCPO. However, the individual effect sizes might be too small for detection of further associations in the present sample sizes. Rare variants may play a more substantial role in nsCPO than in nsCL/P, for which GWAS of smaller sample sizes have identified genome‐wide significant loci. Whole‐exome/genome sequencing studies of nsCPO are now warranted.
Nd3+‐Yb3+/Nd3+‐Yb3+‐Li+ co‐doped Gd2O3 phosphors for up and down conversion luminescence
Authors: Ranjan Sushil Kumar , Soni Abhishek Kumar , Rai Vineet Kumar
Published: March 2018

Frequency up‐conversion (UC) emission from the Nd3+‐Yb3+/Nd3+‐Yb3+‐Li+ co‐doped gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) phosphors prepared by the solution combustion technique in the visible range have been studied by using 980 nm near infrared (NIR) laser diode excitation. The crystalline structure and formation of the cubic phase has been confirmed with the help of X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies. XRD peak shifts have been found towards the lower diffraction angle side in the case of the Nd3+‐Yb3+‐Li+ co‐doped phosphors. Surface morphology and particle size information have been observed by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. Down‐conversion emission study under 351 nm excitation in the visible region for the Nd3+‐Yb3+/Nd3+‐Yb3+‐Li+ co‐doped phosphors has been performed. The UC emission bands lying in the green and red region arising from the Nd3+ ions have been enhanced by ~260 times, ~113 times due to incorporation of Li+ ions in the Nd3+‐Yb3+ co‐doped phosphors. Photometric characterization has been done for the Nd3+‐Yb3+/Nd3+‐Yb3+‐Li+ co‐doped phosphors. The present study suggests the capability of the synthesized phosphors in near‐infrared (NIR) to visible upconverter and luminescent device applications.
Temperature dependence of bulk luminescence from ZnO
Authors: Cui Meima , Zhang Zili , Wang Yafang , Finch Adrian , Townsend P. D.
Published: March 2018

X‐Ray excited luminescence (radioluminescence, RL) spectra from nominally pure crystalline zinc oxide (ZnO) are reported. The temperature range is from 20 to 673 K. Significant changes of emission band energies and intensities are observed across the temperature range. Photon energies of emission bands linked to the band gap decrease with increasing temperature in RL. This dependence fits the theoretical equations describing the temperature response of the ZnO band gap. Defect related luminescence includes a complex mixture of features at low temperature for RL. Thermoluminescence (TL) signals from 20 to 300 K confirm the presence of an unresolved feature in the RL data. Comments on the possible origin of these bands are summarized. The data underline that it is essential to record the temperature dependence for the luminescence data in order to separate overlapping spectral features.
Trouble at teens' fingertips: Youth sexting and the law
Authors: Holoyda Brian , Landess Jacqueline , Sorrentino Renee , Friedman Susan Hatters
Published: March 2018

The last decade has seen a rapid increase in the use of smartphones among young children and adolescents. One consequence of this phenomenon is sexting. Although researchers of sexting have yet to arrive at a single, cohesive definition for the behavior, it generally involves the transmission of text, pictures, or videos containing sexual material. Different definitions of the behavior have led to widely varying estimates of its prevalence, although some studies have documented relatively high rates of sexting among teenagers. As adolescence is the time period in people's lives where the psychological tasks of identity consolidation and the development of intimate relationships become primary, it is not surprising that many teens utilize sexting as one way of practicing skills associated with successful completion of these tasks. The criminal prosecution of sexting cases, then, raises many legal and ethical questions. Offenders may be prosecuted under state or federal child pornography laws or state‐specific sexting laws. Sexting laws, particularly in instances of consensual sext exchange, call into question who they are meant to protect and from what. In this article we review the research on teen sexting, its prevalence, and its association with mental health problems; summarize legal responses to the behavior in the United States; and identify considerations for prosecutors and legal decision‐makers facing sexting cases.
Navigation of multiple humanoid robots using hybrid adaptive swarm‐adaptive ant colony optimisation technique
Authors: Parhi Dayal R. , Sahu Chinmaya , Kumar Priyadarshi Biplab
Published: March 2018

This paper is aimed at designing a navigation strategy for humanoid robots using a hybridised technique consisting of adaptive particle swarm optimisation and adaptive ant colony optimisation. The inputs to the navigational controller are the front obstacle distance, left obstacle distance, and right obstacle distance, and the output is the required final turning angle to reach the target position. Here, the governing parameters of the adaptive ant colony optimisation technique are optimised by using adaptive particle swarm optimisation method. These optimised parameters are subsequently used by the adaptive ant colony optimisation technique to get the final turning angle by which the humanoid navigates in a cluttered environment. Here, navigation is performed in both static and dynamic environments. To avoid the intercollision among the humanoids, a Petri‐net controller has been designed and implemented along with the proposed hybridised method. Humanoid navigation is performed in both simulated and experimental environments, and a comparison is done between them. Finally, the proposed controller is compared with the developed method by other researchers.
Religion and desistance from substance use among adolescent offenders: The role of cognitive functioning
Authors: Stansfield Richard
Published: March 2018

Background

Religious beliefs and practices have been shown to have some association with desistance from offending, as have cognitive processes, including emotion regulation, self‐control, reasoning, learning, and empathy. Religious behaviours may, however, be moderated or mediated by cognitive abilities, but few studies take this into account.

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess the role of cognitive ability in any relationship between religious beliefs and behaviours and desistance from substance use among adolescents.

Method

Data were extracted from the Pathways to Desistance Study dataset (n = 1,354). Religious measures were self‐rated importance of religion, helpfulness of religion in dealing with problems, and attendance at religious services. Cognitive measures were the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence and Trail Making Tests. A count of numbers of mind‐altering substances used constituted the main substance measure. Control variables included sex, age, and age of onset of offending.

Results

Mixed‐effects longitudinal analyses revealed that religious behaviours did constitute a significant predictor of lower substance use for young people after a criminal conviction, after controlling for changes in employment, social support, and delinquent peer association, but only among those with average or above cognitive function.

Conclusions

These findings may explain why there have been some discrepancies in previous studies of religion and substance misuse. They may also have important implications for the training of anyone delivering programmes to young people in prison that have faith‐based elements, including community faith group leaders and volunteers.
Reversible Oxygen‐Driven Nickel Oxide Structural Transition on the Nickel(1 1 1) Surface at Near‐Ambient Pressure
Authors: Noh Myung Cheol , Kim Jeongjin , Doh Won Hui , Kim Ki‐Jeong , Park Jeong Young
Published: March 2018

NiO cluster formation with strictly controlled O2 exposure on a Ni(1 1 1) surface has been investigated extensively for decades under ultra‐high vacuum (UHV) conditions. The classical model of three‐stage Ni oxidation refers to the relationship between NiO cluster evolution and the kinetics of O2 exposure; however, this information has a critical inherent limitation because of the “pressure gap” between UHV and real reaction conditions. Here, we report reversible NiO phase transitions on the Ni(1 1 1) surface at near‐ambient pressure by using scanning tunneling microscopy at room temperature. The restricted kinetic growth of NiO cluster evolution expands unexpectedly to oxide multi‐layer formation at 100 mTorr of O2. Furthermore, metastable NiO islands can be manipulated by varying the partial CO pressure of the gas mixture. The interplay between the CO and O2 molecules on the Ni(1 1 1) is correlated definitely to either surface oxide formation or competitive CO adsorption on the defect‐laden multi‐layered NiO interface.
Control Vector Parameterization‐Based Adaptive Invasive Weed Optimization for Dynamic Processes
Authors: Tian Jing , Zhang Panpan , Wang Yalin , Liu Xinggao , Yang Chunhua , Lu Jiangang , Gui Weihua , Sun Youxian
Published: March 2018

A novel optimal approach named invasive weed optimization‐control vector parameterization (IWO‐CVP) for chemical dynamic optimization problems is proposed where CVP is used to transform the problem into a nonlinear programming (NLP) problem and an IWO algorithm is then applied to tackle the NLP problem. To improve efficiency, a new adaptive dispersion IWO‐based approach (ADIWO‐CVP) is further suggested to maintain the exploration ability of the algorithm throughout the entire searching procedure. Several classic chemical dynamic optimization problems are tested and detailed comparisons are carried out among ADIWO‐CVP, IWO‐CVP, and other methods. The research results demonstrate that ADIWO‐CVP not only is efficient, but also outperforms IWO‐CVP in terms of both accuracy and convergence speed.
Release of Isonitrile‐ and NHC‐Stabilized Borylenes from Group VI Terminal Borylene Complexes
Authors: Nutz Marco , Borthakur Bitupon , Pranckevicius Conor , Dewhurst Rian D. , Schäfer Marius , Dellermann Theresa , Glaab Fabian , Thaler Melanie , Phukan Ashwini K. , Braunschweig Holger
Published: March 2018

A family of doubly isonitrile‐stabilized terphenyl borylenes could be obtained by addition of three equivalents of isonitrile to the corresponding Cr and W terminal terphenyl‐borylene complexes. The mechanism of isonitrile‐ and carbon‐monoxide‐induced borylene liberation was investigated computationally and found to be significantly exergonic in both cases. Furthermore, addition of a small N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) to a terminal Cr borylene complex results in release of an NHC‐stabilized borylene carbonyl species, whereas the analogous reaction with bulkier phosphines results in metal‐centered substitution.
Facile Synthesis of Single α‐tert‐Alkylated Acetaldehydes by Hydroxyalkylation of Enamides in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Murata Yumi , Nishikata Takashi
Published: March 2018

In this work, we established a general protocol to synthesize single α‐tert‐alkylated acetaldehydes via Cu‐catalyzed hydroxyalkylation of enamides in aqueous solutions. The yields of the products were very high and there was excellent functional group compatibility. Our reaction allows easy access to highly functionalized acetaldehydes that can be used to synthesize further useful compounds including spirocycles. The control experiments revealed that this reaction includes hydroxyalkylation processes via radical reactions.
Molecular enantiorecognition of l‐glucose and d‐glucose in whole blood samples
Authors: Stefan‐van Staden Raluca‐Ioana , Mitrofan Grigorina
Published: March 2018

In the past years, enantioanalysis became very important for clinical analysis; biomarkers/substances of biomedical importance with chiral structure should be analyzed and their presence correlated with the specific disorder. Therefore, we developed a method for the assay of l‐ and d‐glucose, based on molecular recognition of l‐ and d‐glucose. While for d‐glucose there are many methods to assess its quantity, the l‐enantiomer is not routinely detected by standard methods. Two stochastic microsensors based on the immobilization of Copper(II)phthalocyanine and Ni(II)phthalocyanine, in natural diamond powder, were proposed for the enantioanalysis of glucose. The proposed methods proved to have high sensitivities and were able to be used for determination of concentrations as low as 2.5 pg mL−1 for d‐glucose and as low as 2.5 fg mL−1 for l‐glucose. The enatioanalysis was performed with good results in whole blood samples collected from diabetic patients.
Thermogravimetric Investigation of Waste Wood by FTIR‐MS Coupling
Authors: Baris Daniela , Mätzing Hartmut , Gehrmann Hans‐Joachim , Stapf Dieter
Published: March 2018

Ein naturbelassenes Holz und zwei Althölzer wurden thermogravimetrisch untersucht und die entstehenden Pyrolysegase wurden mit einer Kopplung von Fourier‐Transformations‐Infrarotabsorptions‐ und Massenspektrometrie (FTIR‐MS) analysiert. Bezüglich der Abnahme der Probenmasse mit steigender Temperatur zeigen die Differenz‐Thermogravimetrie‐Kurven unterschiedliche Strukturen, was auf unterschiedliche Inhaltsstoffe hindeutet. Analog bilden sich bei den Althölzern N‐haltige Pyrolysegase, die im Fall von naturbelassenem Holz nicht nachweisbar sind. Die Messergebnisse dienen zur Erweiterung eines früher entwickelten Simulationsmodells für die Biomassepyrolyse auf Abfallhölzer.
Traditional herbal medicine prevents postoperative recurrence of small hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomized controlled study
Authors: Zhai Xiao‐feng , Liu Xiao‐lin , Shen Feng , Fan Jia , Ling Chang‐quan
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUND

To explore the clinical efficacy of traditional herbal medicine (THM) in the prevention of disease recurrence of small hepatocellular carcinoma after surgery, a prospective randomized controlled study was conducted between October 2006 and May 2010. The results indicated that THM prevented the recurrence of SHCC with an efficacy that was superior to that of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) during a median follow‐up of 26.61 months.

METHODS

The patients were followed up every 6 months, and the clinical data before October 20, 2015 were analyzed. The primary outcome measure was recurrence‐free survival (RFS), and the secondary outcome measure was overall survival (OS).

RESULTS

The 364 patients included 180 in the THM group and 184 in the TACE group. At the time of the data cutoff of October 20, 2015, a total of 205 patients demonstrated disease recurrence, including 85 patients in the THM group and 120 patients in the TACE group. The median RFS of the THM and TACE groups demonstrated a statistically significant difference (P<.001). Until October 20, 2105, there were 91 deaths, including 34 in the THM group and 57 in the TACE group. The median OS demonstrated a significant difference between the 2 groups (P = .008). Multivariate analysis indicated that THM was an independent factor influencing RFS and OS.

CONCLUSIONS

The efficacy of THM was found to be superior to that of TACE in preventing disease recurrence in patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma and prolonging OS. Cancer 2018;124:2161‐8. © 2018 American Cancer Society.