bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frequency of Concurrent Use of Warfarin with Potentially Interacting Drugs
Authors: Wittkowsky Ann K. , Boccuzzi Stephen J. , Wogen Jenifer , Wygant Gail , Patel Pankaj , Hauch Ole
Published: November 2004

Study Objective. To determine the rates of concomitant use of drugs known to interact with warfarin by increasing the prothrombin time expressed as the international normalized ratio (INR), decreasing the INR, or increasing bleeding risk without apparent changes in INR in a cohort of patients receiving long‐term warfarin therapy.

Design. Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study.

Setting. Large pharmacy benefits manager database.

Patients. A total of 134,833 patients who were prescribed long‐term warfarin from June 1, 1999–May 31, 2000.

Measurements and Main Results. Longitudinal pharmacy claims from the pharmacy benefits manager database were reviewed to identify coprescription of warfarin and drugs associated with significant interactions with warfarin. Of the 134,833 patients receiving long‐term warfarin therapy, 109,998 (81.6%) were prescribed a concurrent prescription for at least one potentially interacting drug, including 87,346 (64.8%) who were prescribed one or more concomitant drugs associated with interactions known to increase the INR. Acetaminophen‐containing products, prescribed for 22.7% of patients receiving concomitant prescriptions, and thyroid hormones, prescribed for 17.5%, were the most commonly prescribed concurrent drugs associated with an increased INR response. The most frequently prescribed interacting agents associated with a decreased INR response were trazodone (2.2%) and carbamazepine (1.1%). The most commonly prescribed agents independently associated with increased bleeding risk were cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitors.

Conclusion. Many patients receiving warfarin therapy are treated with concomitant drugs that may interact with the warfarin. The high percentage of patients taking drugs that may increase INR or bleeding risk is a reminder that bleeding events are a likely adverse outcome of combining drugs that interact with warfarin. Careful warfarin management is necessary to avoid adverse events associated with drug interactions.
Assessing and managing contaminated sediments: Part I, developing an effective investigation and risk evaluation strategy
Authors: Apitz Sabine E. , Davis John W. , Finkelstein Ken , Hohreiter David W. , Hoke Robert , Jensen Richard H. , Jersak Joe , Kirtay Victoria J. , Mack E. Erin , Magar Victor S. , Moore David , Reible Danny , Stahl Ralph G.
Published: November 2004

This is the first of a two-part review of the current state-of-the-science pertaining to the assessment and management of contaminated sediments. The goal of this review is to introduce some of the major technical and policy issues stemming from the assessment and management of contaminated sediments, highlight a number of aspects of contaminated sediment assessment and management found to be successful, and, when appropriate, address the barriers that still exist for improving contaminated sediment management. In this paper, Part I, the many key elements of an effective investigation and risk evaluation strategy are reviewed, beginning with the development of a conceptual site model (CSM) and including a discussion of some of the key factors influencing the design of sediment investigations and ecological risk assessment of sediment-bound chemicals on aquatic biota. In Part II of this paper (Apitz et al. 2005), various approaches are reviewed for evaluating sediment risk and monitoring sediment remedy effectiveness. While many of the technical and policy issues described in this review are relevant to dredged material management, the focus of this paper is on sediment assessment for environmental management.
Effects of dissolved organic carbon on copper toxicity: Implications for saltwater copper criteria
Authors: Arnold W. Ray
Published: November 2004

During the past three decades, significant advances have been made in understanding how environmental factors modify the bioavailability and the toxicity of metals such as copper in aquatic environments. Several of these advances have led to the development of guidelines to indirectly account for modifying factors, adjustment of criteria on a site-specific basis, and direct changes to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) freshwater quality criteria. To date, most of this effort has focused on freshwater systems, although similar modifying factors exist in marine environments as well. This paper focuses on one such modifying factor, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and describes a method to aid in risk assessments or to refine the saltwater copper criteria on a site-specific basis. The relationship between DOC and toxicity of copper to the most sensitive saltwater genus in the U.S. EPA criteria database, Mytilus, is extensively analyzed. Dissolved copper 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) are highly correlated (r2 = 0.71, n = 54, p < 0.001) across a wide range of sample DOC concentrations (0.3−10 mg carbon [C]/L) and are explained by the equation EC50 = 11.53DOC0.54. Two equations based on DOC are proposed for consideration as a means for deriving site-specific final chronic criteria (FCC) and final acute criteria (FAC) for copper in marine and estuarine environments (Copper FCCDOC = 3.71 DOC0.54 and Copper FACDOC = 5.843DOC0.54).
Assessing and managing contaminated sediments: Part II, evaluating risk and monitoring sediment remedy effectiveness
Authors: Apitz Sabine E. , Davis John W. , Finkelstein Ken , Hohreiter David W. , Hoke Robert , Jensen Richard H. , Jersak Joe , Kirtay Victoria J. , Mack E. Erin , Magar Victor S. , Moore David , Reible Danny , Stahl Ralph G.
Published: November 2004

This is the second of a two-part review of the current state-of-the-science pertaining to the assessment and management of contaminated sediments. The goal of this review is to introduce some of the major technical and policy issues stemming from the assessment and management of contaminated sediments, highlight a number of aspects of contaminated sediment assessment and management found to be successful, and, when appropriate, address the barriers that still exist for improving contaminated sediment management. In Part I (Apitz et al. 2005), the key elements of an effective investigation and risk evaluation strategy were reviewed, beginning with the development of a conceptual site model (CSM) and including a discussion of some of the key factors influencing the design of sediment investigations and ecological risk assessment of sediment-bound chemicals on aquatic biota. In this paper, Part II, various approaches are reviewed for evaluating sediment risk and monitoring sediment remedy effectiveness. While many of the technical and policy issues described in this review are relevant to dredged material management, the focus of this paper is on sediment assessment for environmental management.
Mesomixing in semi‐batch reaction crystallization and influence of reactor size
Authors: Torbacke Marika , Rasmuson Åke C.
Published: November 2004

Experiments on semibatch reaction crystallization of benzoic acid are reported, in which hydrochloric acid was fed into an agitated solution of sodium benzoate. The influence of mixing and the influence of reactor size are examined on the product crystal mean size. The product mean size increases with increasing stirring rate and with decreasing feed rate. At low feed rates, the mean size increases at decreasing feed pipe diameter. At high feed rates the influence of the feed pipe diameter is more complex. Micromixing is of some importance in most experiments, but the rate of mesomixing especially governs the process. Mesomixing seems to be adequately described by the inertial‐convective disintegration mechanism. In many aspects experimental results cannot be described by the turbulent‐dispersion mechanism. The product mean size does not exhibit a clear dependence on reactor size, but depends more strongly on other parameters. Results from experiments from 1 L scale to 200 L scale can be correlated fairly well against a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of the total time of reactant feeding to the time constant of mixing. The best representation of the mixing time constant is obtained by making it directly proportional to the ratio of the feed pipe diameter and the linear velocity of the bulk flow passing the feed pipe. The proportionality constant can be calculated from turbulence data over the bulk flow at the feed point. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 3107–3119, 2004
Curing of composites by radiation and natural convection in an autoclave
Authors: Salagnac P. , Dutournié P. , Glouannec P.
Published: November 2004

As a major objective, the feasibility is checked of the curing of composite material parts in a small diameter autoclave. The material must respect a temperature cycle curing and different thermal constraints. The particularity of this study is the heat exchanges which are mainly free convection and radiation. The temperature profile and the reticulation conversion yield are determined in a section of the autoclave by numerical simulations at different functioning pressures and commented. An experimental investigation has been made at atmospheric pressure. The measured data well agreed with the simulated results. This study allows us to validate this autoclave designed for the curing of composite material parts. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 3149–3159, 2004
Influence of mass transfer in distillation: Residue curves and total reflux
Authors: Taylor R. , Baur R. , Krishna R.
Published: November 2004

The relationship is explored between residue curves and composition trajectories in tray and packed distillation columns. The standard model for residue curves as described by, for example, Doherty and Malone is completely consistent, and that published attempts to modify this model to take into account mass transfer effects are flawed. The packed and tray column composition trajectories at total reflux collapse onto the residue curves when each species in the vapor phase has an identical facility for mass transfer (and there is no resistance to mass transfer in the liquid phase). The stationary points of a residue curve map (RCM) and a composition trajectory map (CTM) are the same (pure components and azeotropes). Thus, mass transfer effects do not change the basic structure of the RCM. However, distillation boundaries computed from a mass transfer model are not, in general, identical to those in the RCM. Differences between residue curves and composition trajectories are characterized by the relative length of and angle between the two composition vectors. The relative length of the composition vectors characterizes the separation process and can be best understood as an average efficiency for a multicomponent mixture. For a binary system in a tray column the new efficiency is equal to the Murphree efficiency. For a binary system in a packed column the vector average efficiency is equal to the overall number of transfer units. The average efficiency may also be viewed as the local ratio of the arc length of the actual composition profile to the arc length of the composition trajectory for a reference (virtual) column in which all species have the same facility for mass transfer. The reference composition profile is coincident with a residue curve. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50:3134–3148, 2004
A Three Dimensional Network of Iodide Ions and Iodine Molecules in the Crystal Structure of [Pr(Benzo‐15‐crown‐5)2]I21.
Authors: Pantenburg Ingo , Mueller Ingrid
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Crystal Structure Determination of Zeolite Nu‐6(2) and Its Layered Precursor Nu‐6(1).
Authors: Zanardi Stefano , Alberti Alberto , Cruciani Giuseppe , Corma Avelino , Fornes Vicente , Brunelli Michela
Published: November 2004

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Powder Neutron Diffraction of SrNbO2N at Room Temperature and 1.5 K.
Authors: Ebbinghaus Stefan G. , Weidenkaff Anke , Rachel Anita , Reller Armin
Published: November 2004

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Magnetic Properties of Lone‐Pair‐Containing, Sandwich‐Type Polyoxoanions: A Detailed Study of the Heteroatomic Effect.
Authors: Stowe Ashley C. , Nellutla Saritha , Dalal Naresh S. , Kortz Ulrich
Published: November 2004

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Sonochemical Synthesis of Aragonite‐Type Calcium Carbonate with Different Morphologies.
Authors: Zhou Gen‐Tao , Yu Jimmy C. , Wang Xin‐Chen , Zhang Li‐Zhi
Published: November 2004

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The Topotactic Conversion of a Novel Layered Silicate into a New Framework Zeolite.
Authors: Ikeda Takuji , Akiyama Yoshikatsu , Oumi Yasunori , Kawai Akiko , Mizukami Fujio
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis, X‐Ray Structural Analysis and Spectroscopic Investigations (IR and 31P MAS NMR) of Mixed Barium/Strontium Fluoroapatites.
Authors: Aissa Abdallah , Badraoui Bechir , Thouvenot Rene , Debbabi Mongi
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis, Magnetism, and Crystal Structure of Li2Fe[(PO4)(HPO4)] and Its Hydrogen Position Refinement.
Authors: Mi Jin‐Xiao , Borrmann Horst , Zhang Hui , Huang Ya‐Xi , Schnelle Walter , Zhao Jing‐Tai , Kniep Ruediger
Published: November 2004

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New Efficient Ruthenium Catalysts for Racemization of Alcohols at Room Temperature.
Authors: Csjernyik Gabor , Bogar Krisztian , Baeckvall Jan‐E.
Published: November 2004

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Asymmetric Autocatalysis Initiated by Chiral Ephedrine Immobilized on Silica Gel in a Diisopropylzinc Addition to Pyrimidine‐5‐carbaldehyde.
Authors: Sato Itaru , Shimizu Masako , Kawasaki Tsuneomi , Soai Kenso
Published: November 2004

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A New Class of Chiral Pyrrolidine—Pyridine Conjugate Base Catalysts for Use in Asymmetric Michael Addition Reactions.
Authors: Ishii Takaaki , Fujioka Shingo , Sekiguchi Yusuke , Kotsuki Hiyoshizo
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ferrocenylphosphine‐Amide Ligands for Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylation.
Authors: Boaz Neil W. , Ponasik James A. Jr. , Large Shannon E. , Debenham Sheryl D.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of New Chiral Benzylically Substituted P,N‐Ligands and Their Applications in the Asymmetric Heck Reaction.
Authors: Hou Xue‐Long , Dong Da Xuan , Yuan Ke
Published: November 2004

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Chiral Monodentate Phosphoramidite Ligands Control the Absolute Configuration at Pseudotetrahedral Ruthenium: Asymmetric Catalytic Cyclopropanation of Olefins.
Authors: Huber Dominik , Mezzetti Antonio
Published: November 2004

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Biphenol‐Based Ligands for Cu‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Addition.
Authors: Alexakis Alexandre , Polet Damien , Benhaim Cyril , Rosset Stephane
Published: November 2004

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Enantioselective Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ethyl Acetoacetate in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Berthod Mikael , Joerger Jean‐Michel , Mignani Gerard , Vaultier Michel , Lemaire Marc
Published: November 2004

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The Application of Monodentate Secondary Phosphine Oxide Ligands in Rhodium‐ and Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation.
Authors: Jiang Xiao‐bin , van den Berg M. , Minnaard Adriaan J. , Feringa Ben L. , de Vries Johannes G.
Published: November 2004

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Asymmetric Palladium‐Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Styrenes Using Efficient Chiral Spiro Phosphoramidite Ligands.
Authors: Guo Xun‐Xiang , Xie Jian‐Hua , Hou Guo‐Hua , Shi Wen‐Jian , Wang Li‐Xin , Zhou Qi‐Lin
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Furanoside Diphosphinites as Suitable Ligands for the Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation of Prochiral Olefins.
Authors: Guimet Eugeni , Dieguez Montserrat , Ruiz Aurora , Claver Carmen
Published: November 2004

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New Developments in the Synthesis of Heterotopic Atropisomeric Diphosphines via Diastereoselective Aryl Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Madec Jonathan , Michaud Guillaume , Genet Jean‐Pierre , Marinetti Angela
Published: November 2004

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A trans‐Chelating Bisphosphine Possessing only Planar Chirality and Its Application to Catalytic Asymmetric Reactions.
Authors: Kuwano Ryoichi , Uemura Takashi , Saitoh Makoto , Ito Yoshihiko
Published: November 2004

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Ru3(CO)12‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Allylic Transfer Reaction of Tethered Carbonyl Group and Allylic Acetate Moiety.
Authors: Yu Chan‐Mo , Lee Sungwon , Hong Young‐Taek , Yoon Seok‐Keun
Published: November 2004

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Generation of Carbon Free Radicals by Reduction of the Cation Pool.
Authors: Suga Seiji , Suzuki Shinkiti , Maruyama Tomokazu , Yoshida Jun‐ichi
Published: November 2004

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Side Chain Bromination of Mono and Dimethyl Heteroaromatic and Aromatic Compounds by Solid Phase N‐Bromosuccinimide Reaction Without Radical Initiator under Microwave.
Authors: Goswami Shyamaprosad , Dey Swapan , Jana Subrata , Adak Avijit Kumar
Published: November 2004

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A New, Efficient Method for Direct α‐Alkenylation of β‐Dicarbonyl Compounds and Phenols Using Alkenyltriarylbismuthonium Salts.
Authors: Matano Yoshihiro , Imahori Hiroshi
Published: November 2004

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ROM‐RCM of Cycloalkene‐yne.
Authors: Kitamura Tsuyoshi , Kuzuba Yuichi , Sato Yoshihiro , Wakamatsu Hideaki , Fujita Reiko , Mori Miwako
Published: November 2004

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Novel Isothiocyanato Esters Appended to Task‐Specific Ionic Liquid as New Tools for Ionic Liquid Phase Organic Synthesis (IoLiPOS).
Authors: Hakkou Halima , Vanden Eynde Jean Jacques , Hemelin Jack , Bazureau Jean Pierre
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Access to Functionalized Cyclopropylcarbinyl Compounds from Homoallylic Ethers via Zirconocene Intermediates.
Authors: Vasse Jean‐Luc , Szymoniak Jan
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure α‐Amino‐β‐hydroxy‐cyclobutanone Derivatives and Their Transformations into Polyfunctional Three‐ and Five‐Membered Ring Compounds.
Authors: Ghosez Leon , Yang Gaoqiang , Cagnon Jose Renato , Le Bideau Franck , Marchand‐Brynaert Jacqueline
Published: November 2004

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Radical Carbonylation of 1,5‐Enynes Using TTMSS as a Chain Carrier. Unexpected Formation of Persistent 3‐Silyl‐1‐siloxyallyl Radicals Serving as a Chain Breaking Path.
Authors: Fukuyama Takahide , Uenoyama Yoshitaka , Oguri Shinya , Otsuka Noboru , Ryu Ilhyong
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Diiodo‐ and Triiodoanilines by Iodination of Aniline with Potassium Dichloroiodate and Preparation of 1,3,5‐Triiodobenzene.
Authors: Vatsadze S. Z. , Titanyuk I. D. , Chernikov A. V. , Zyk N. V.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel (3,5‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐hydroxy‐phenylcarbamoyl)‐alkanoic Acids as Potent Antioxidants.
Authors: Lodyato Vladimir I. , Yurkova Irina L. , Sorokin Viktor L. , Shadyro Oleg I. , Dolgopalets Vladimir I. , Kisel Mikhail A.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Simple and Facile Stereoselective Synthesis of (Z)‐ and (E)‐Allyl Halides Catalyzed by Silica Supported Sodium Hydrogen Sulfate: Factors Influencing the Yields and Stereochemistry of Allyl Halides.
Authors: Das Biswanath , Banerjee Joydeep , Ravindranath Nasi
Published: November 2004

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Lithium Acetate‐Catalyzed Mannich‐Type Reaction Between Trimethylsilyl Enolates and Aldimines in a Water‐Containing DMF.
Authors: Takahashi Eiki , Fujisawa Hidehiko , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: November 2004

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Reaction of Magnesium Carbenoids with N‐Lithio Arylamines: A Novel Method for Generation of Non‐Stabilized α‐Amino‐Substituted Carbanions and a New Synthesis of α‐Amino Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Satoh Tsuyoshi , Osawa Atsushi , Kondo Atsushi
Published: November 2004

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A Novel Method for Sulfonation of Aromatic Rings with Silica Sulfuric Acid.
Authors: Hajipour Abdol R. , Mirjalili Bi Bi F. , Zarei Amin , Khazdooz Leila , Ruoho A. E.
Published: November 2004

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A Remarkably Efficient Coupling of Acid Chlorides with Alkynes in Water.
Authors: Chen Liang , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis and Stereoselective Lithiation of Enantiopure 2‐(1‐Aminoalkyl)aziridine‐Borane Complexes.
Authors: Concellon Jose M. , Suarez Jose Ramon , Garcia‐Granda Santiago , Diaz M. Rosario
Published: November 2004

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Lawesson Reagent: A New Entry in the Preparation of 2‐Azetidinones.
Authors: Sharma S. D. , Kanwar Seema
Published: November 2004

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Ethynylation of Pyrroles with 1‐Acyl‐2‐bromoacetylenes on Alumina: A Formal “Inverse Sonogashira Coupling”.
Authors: Trofimov Boris A. , Stepanova Zinaida V. , Sobenina Lyubov' N. , Mikhaleva Al'bina I. , Ushakov Igor A.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Titanium‐Mediated Domino Radical Cyclization/β Elimination of Phosphine Oxides.
Authors: Leca Dominique , Fensterbank Louis , Lacote Emmanuel , Malacria Max
Published: November 2004

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New Approach to Indole Alkaloids Based on the Intramolecular Pauson—Khand Reaction.
Authors: Perez‐Serrano Leticia , Dominguez Gema , Perez‐Castells Javier
Published: November 2004

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Divergence of Carbonyl Ylide Reactions as a Function of Diazocarbonyl Compound and Aldehyde Substituent: Dioxolanes, Dioxolenes, and Epoxides.
Authors: Russell Albert E. , Brekan Jonathan , Gronenberg Luisa , Doyle Michael P.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reaction of (Organylthio)chloroacetylenes with Aliphatic 1,2‐Dithiols: A Route to Functionalized 1,3‐Dithiolanes.
Authors: D'yachkova Svetlana G. , Gusarova Nina K. , Nikitina Elena A. , Afonin Andrei V. , Deryagina Eleonora N. , Russavskaya Natal'ya V. , Trofimov Boris A.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient Tetrahydrosalen Synthesis from Mannich‐Type Bases.
Authors: Rivera Augusto , Quevedo Rodolfo , Navarro Miguel A. , Maldonado Maucicio
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of the Chiral α,β‐Unsaturated N‐Acyl‐oxazolidin‐2‐ones by Wittig Reaction.
Authors: Mamaghani Manouchehr , Tabatabaeian Khalil , Badrian Abed
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 6‐Cycloalkyl‐2(3H)‐benzoxazolones and Benzoxathiazolones via 6‐Tri‐N‐butyltin Intermediates.
Authors: Carato P. , Moussavi Z. , Yous S. , Poupaert J.‐H. , Lebegue N. , Berthelot P.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Nazarov Reactions Through Catalytic Asymmetric Proton Transfer.
Authors: Liang Guangxin , Trauner Dirk
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis of 3‐Alkylamino‐3‐(2‐hydroxyaryl)‐1‐polyfluoroalkylprop‐2‐en‐1‐ones and 2‐Polyfluoroalkyl‐4H‐chromen‐4‐imines
Authors: Sosnovskikh V. Ya. , Usachev B. I.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of β‐Fluorophenethyl Halopyridyl Thiourea Compounds as Non‐nucleoside Inhibitors of HIV‐1 Reverse Transcriptase.
Authors: Venkatachalam T. K. , Uckun F. M.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel Short‐Step Synthesis of Functionalized 4‐Hydroxy‐2‐quinolones Using a 1‐Hydroxybenzotriazole Methodology.
Authors: Zikou Lamprini , Athanasellis Giorgos , Detsi Anastasia , Zografos Alexandros , Mitsos Christos , Igglessi‐Markopoulou Olga
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
NbCl5‐Catalyzed Rapid and Efficient Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidinones under Ambient Conditions.
Authors: Yadav J. S. , Reddy B. V. S. , Naidu Jaishri J. , Sadashiv K.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of Novel Aza‐1,7‐annulated Indoles and Their Conversion of Potent Indolocarbazole Kinase Inhibitors.
Authors: Al‐awar Rima S. , et al. et al.
Published: November 2004

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Binuclear and Polynuclear Transition Metal Complexes with Macrocyclic Ligands. Part 4. New Polydentate Azomethine Ligands Based on 2,5‐Diformylpyrrole and 2,6‐Diformylpyridine.
Authors: Katayev E. A. , Reshetova M. D. , Ustynyuk Yu. A.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Formyl Derivatives of Benzodiazacrown Ethers and Benzocryptands.
Authors: Fedorova O. A. , Vedernikov A. I. , Baronova I. E. , Eshcheulova O. V. , Fedorchuk E. A. , Gloe K. , Gromov S. P.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Structures of Highly Conducting Charge‐Transfer Salts of Selenium Containing TTM‐TTP Derivatives.
Authors: Mori Takehiko , et al. et al.
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Electrochemical Properties of Bis(ethylenedioxy)tetraselenafulvalene (BEDO‐TSeF).
Authors: Imakubo Tatsuro , Shirahata Takashi , Kibune Megumi
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of 3‐O‐Acyl/3‐hydrazine/2‐bromo/20,29‐dibromo Betulinic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Mukherjee Rama , Jaggi Manu , Siddiqui Mohammad J. A. , Srivastava Sanjay K. , Rajendran Praveen , Vardhan Anand , Burman Anand C.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of (+)‐Drim‐9(11)‐en‐8α‐ol from Sclareol.
Authors: Vlad P. F. , Aryku A. N. , Chokyrlan A. G.
Published: November 2004

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Total Synthesis of (‐)‐ent‐Jolkinolide D.
Authors: Suenaga Kiyotake , Takayanagi Yui , Yamaura Masashi , Kigoshi Hideo
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis of (‐)‐Mintlactone via Intramolecular Wittig—Horner Reaction.
Authors: Pandey Rajesh K. , Upadhyay Rajesh K. , Shinde Sandip S. , Kumar Pradeep
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis of Novel 5α,9α‐Bridged Steroids by a Boron Trifluoride—Diethyl Ether Induced Rearrangement.
Authors: Bondarenko Lidija , Lorenc Ljubinka , Blaeser Dieter , Boese Roland
Published: November 2004

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Regioselective and Stereoselective Nucleophilic Ring Opening of Trifluoromethylated Cyclic Sulfates: Asymmetric Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of syn‐(3‐Trifluoromethyl)isoserine.
Authors: Jiang Zhong‐Xing , Qing Feng‐Ling
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis of Glucopyranosyl Amides Using Polymer‐Supported Reagents.
Authors: Root Yuriko Y. , Bailor Maximillian S. , Norris Peter
Published: November 2004

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Enantioselective Formal Synthesis of Uleine Alkaloids from Phenylglycinol‐Derived Bicyclic Lactams.
Authors: Amat Mercedes , Perez Maria , Llor Nuria , Martinelli Marisa , Molins Elies , Bosch Joan
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemistry of L‐Ascorbic Acid. Part 4. Regioselective O‐Alkylation of 5,6‐O‐Isopropylidene‐L‐ascorbic Acid Using CsF.
Authors: Kulkarni Mukund G. , Kate Sandesh D.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
AL‐12182, a Novel 11‐Oxa Prostaglandin Analogue with Topical Ocular Hypotensive Activity in the Monkey.
Authors: Klimko Peter G. , et al. et al.
Published: November 2004

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Oxy Acids of Halogens HOHal
Authors: Nikitin I. V.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The LAMOX Family of Fast Oxide‐Ion Conductors: Overview and Recent Results
Authors: Georges S. , Goutenoire F. , Bohnke O. , Steil M. C. , Skinner S. J. , Wiemhoefer H.‐D. , Lacorre P.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Layered Manganese Oxides. Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Liu Jia , Durand Jason P. , Espinal Laura , Garces Luis‐Javier , Gomez Sinue , Son Young‐Chan , Villegas Josanlet , Suib Steven L.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
General Strategies for Nonaqueous Polyoxometalate Synthesis
Authors: Errington R. J.
Published: November 2004

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General Principles of the Synthesis of Polyoxometalates in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Herve G. , Teze A. , Contant R.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Metallacyclopentadienes: Structural Features and Coordination in Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Dolgushin F. M. , Yanovsky A. I. , Antipin M. Yu.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ru, Rh, and Ir Trinuclear Mixed‐Valence Oxygen‐Bridged Carboxylate Complexes
Authors: Belyaev A. N. , Simanova S. A.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Molecular “Iron Maidens”: Ultrashort Nonbonded Contacts in Cyclophanes and Other Crowded Molecules.
Authors: Pascal Robert A. Jr.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereo‐ and Regiocontrol in the Formation of Lactams by Rhodium‐Carbenoid C—H Insertion of α‐Diazoacetamides
Authors: Gois Pedro M. P. , Afonso Carlos A. M.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cyanation of Carbonyl and Imino Groups
Authors: Vachal Petr , Jacobsen Eric N.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Alkylation of C=N
Authors: Hatanaka Keiko , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
β‐Diketones and Related Ligands
Authors: Pettinari C. , Marchetti F. , Drozdov A.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Advances in Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Biphasic Metal‐Catalyzed Reactions in Dense‐Phase Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Ikariya Takao , Noyori Ryoji , Abrams Michael B. , Carter Charles A. G. , Jacobson Gunilla B. , Liu Fuchen , Pesiri David R. , Tumas William
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Linkers and Resins for Solid‐Phase Synthesis
Authors: Li Pan , Kolaczkowski Elaine K. , Kates Steven A.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Case Study of the Dicyanamidobenzene System
Authors: Crutchley R. J.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Polyatomic Bridging Ligands
Authors: Swavey S. , Brewer K. J.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Pectin Fragments by Modular Design Principle
Authors: Vogel C. , Nolting B. , Kramer S. , Steffan W. , Ott A.‐J.
Published: November 2004

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Catalytic Conversion of Methane to Synthesis Gas by Partial Oxidation and CO2 Reforming
Authors: Hu Yun Hang , Ruckenstein Eli
Published: November 2004

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Dynamic Chemical Instabilities in Living Cells May Provide a Novel Route in Drug Development
Authors: Petty Howard R.
Published: November 2004

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Color Theory in Science and Art: Ostwald and the Bauhaus
Authors: Ball Philip , Ruben Mario
Published: November 2004

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DFT‐Based Reactivity Descriptors and Their Application to the Study of Organotin Compounds
Authors: Geerlings P. , Vivas‐Reyes R. , De Proft F. , Biesemans M. , Willem R.
Published: November 2004

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From Penicillin to the Ribosome: Revolutions in the Determination and Use of Molecular Structure in Chemistry and Biology.
Authors: Baker Edward N.
Published: November 2004

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Derivatization and Solid‐Phase Microextraction
Authors: Stashenko Elena E. , Martinez Jairo R.
Published: November 2004

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Investigation of healthcare‐associated transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among patients with malignancies at three hospitals and at a residential facility
Authors: Malone Joseph L. , Ijaz Kashef , Lambert Lauren , Rosencrans Louie , Phillips Lynelle , Tomlinson Victor , Arbise Michael , Moolenaar Ronald L. , Dworkin Mark S. , Simoes Eduardo J.
Published: November 2004

BACKGROUND

Immunocompromised patients have an increased risk of experiencing progression of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI) to active tuberculosis (TB) disease. In January 2002, 2 patients with leukemia (Patients 1 and 2) developed pulmonary TB after recent exposure at 3 hospitals (Hospital A, Hospital B, and Hospital C) and at a residential facility for patients with cancer. Neither was known to have LTBI. Within 1 year, 3 other patients with malignancy and TB disease had been identified at these facilities, prompting an investigation of healthcare facility–associated transmission of M. tuberculosis.

METHODS

The authors performed genotypic analysis of the five available M. tuberculosis isolates from patients with malignancies at these facilities, reviewed medical records, interviewed individuals who had identical M. tuberculosis genotypic patterns, and performed tuberculin skin testing (TST) and case finding for possible exposed contacts.

RESULTS

Only Patients 1 and 2 had identical genotypic patterns. Neither patient had baseline TST results available. Patient 1 had clinical evidence of infectiousness 3 months before the diagnosis of TB was ascertained. Among employee contacts of Patient 1, TST conversions occurred in 1 of 59 (2%), 2 of 34 (6%), 2 of 32 (6%), and 0 of 8 who were tested at Hospitals A, B, and C and at the residential facility, respectively. Among the others who were exposed to Patient 1, 1 of 31 (3%), 1 of 30 (3%), 0 of 40 (0%), and 12 of 136 (9%) who were tested had positive TSTs at Hospitals A, B, and C and at the residential facility, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Delayed TB diagnosis in 2 patients with leukemia resulted in the transmission of M. tuberculosis to 19 patients and staff at 3 hospitals and a residential facility. Baseline TB screening and earlier clinical recognition of active disease could reduce healthcare facility–associated transmission of M. tu‐berculosis among patients with malignancy. Cancer 2004. Published 2004 by the American Cancer Society.
Corporate sustainability – integrating environmental and social concerns?
Authors: Schaefer Anja
Published: November 2004

This article presents a case of the early stages of an attempted integration of environmental management and corporate responsibility in a UK utility company, which may, in due course, develop into a more holistic orientation towards corporate sustainability. The company had made some deliberate attempts to link environmental and social responsibility issues. However, this integration was partial and contested within the company. The case shows that dealing with environmental soundness and starting to integrate environmental and social issues and management need not be a sequential process. Institutional and wider social factors are shown to play a strong role in influencing company thinking and actions in this area, seemingly sending rather mixed signals in this case. The case also highlights the role of sustainability champions in making links between the organization's business purpose, its environmental performance and its social responsibility in terms of the long term sustainability of the region and the company's future. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Electroconductive Hydrogels: Electrical and Electrochemical Properties of Polypyrrole‐Poly(HEMA) Composites
Authors: Brahim Sean , Guiseppi‐Elie Anthony
Published: November 2004

Composites of inherently conductive polypyrrole (PPy) within highly hydrophilic poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate)‐based hydrogels (p(HEMA)) have been fabricated and their electrochemical properties investigated. The electrochemical characteristics observed by cyclic voltammetry suggest less facile reduction of PPy within the composite hydrogel compared to electropolymerized PPy, as shown by the shift in the reduction peak potential from −472 mV for electropolymerized polypyrrole to −636 mV for the electroconductive composite gel. The network impedance magnitude for the electroconductive hydrogel remains quite low, ca. 100 Ω, even upon approach to DC, over all frequencies and at all offset potentials suggesting retained electronic (bipolaronic) conductivity within the composite. In contrast, sustained application of +0.7 V (vs. Ag/AgCl, 3 M Cl−) for typically 100 min. (conditioning) to reduce the background amperometric current to <1.0 μA, resulted in complete loss of electroactivity. Nyquist plots suggest that sustained application of such a modest potential to the composite hydrogel results in impedance characteristics that resembles p(HEMA) without evidence of the conducting polymer component. PPy composite gels supported a larger ferrocene monocarboxylate diffusivity (Dappt=7.97×10−5 cm2 s−1) compared to electropolymerized PPy (Dappt=5.56×10−5 cm2 s−1), however a marked reduction in diffusivity (Dappt=1.01×10−5 cm2 s−1) was observed with the conditioned hydrogel composite. Cyclic voltammograms in buffer containing H2O2 showed an absence of redox peaks for electrodes coated with PPy‐containing membranes, suggesting possible chemical oxidation of polypyrrole by the oxidant
Sonoelectroanalytical Detection of Ultra‐Trace Arsenic
Authors: Simm Andrew O. , Banks Craig E. , Compton Richard G.
Published: November 2004

The electroanalytical detection of arsenic on a gold electrode is investigated in the presence and absence of ultrasound. It is found that under quiescent conditions a detection limit of 1.8×10−7 M is achievable using a 120 seconds accumulation period. Applying optimised ultrasound during the accumulation period was found to reduce the limit of detection to 1×10−8 M from using a deposition period of 60 s at −0.5 V, while increasing the sensitivity by a factor of 15. The methodology was tested on a river sample containing significant copper contamination and electrode passivating organic materials. This technique provides promise for ‘in the field’ measurements due to the electrode‐depassivating effects of ultrasound.
Are big basins just the sum of small catchments?
Authors: Shaman Jeffrey , Stieglitz Marc , Burns Doug
Published: November 2004

Many challenges remain in extending our understanding of how hydrologic processes within small catchments scale to larger river basins. In this study we examine how low‐flow runoff varies as a function of basin scale at 11 catchments, many of which are nested, in the 176 km2 Neversink River watershed in the Catskill Mountains of New York. Topography, vegetation, soil and bedrock structure are similar across this river basin, and previous research has demonstrated the importance of deep groundwater springs for maintaining low‐flow stream discharge at small scales in the basin. Therefore, we hypothesized that deep groundwater would contribute an increasing amount to low‐flow discharge as basin scale increased, resulting in increased runoff. Instead, we find that, above a critical basin size of 8 to 21 km2, low‐flow runoff is similar within the Neversink watershed. These findings are broadly consistent with those of a previous study that examined stream chemistry as a function of basin scale for this watershed. However, we find physical evidence of self‐similarity among basins greater than 8 km2, whereas the previous study found gradual changes in stream chemistry among basins greater than 3 km2.

We believe that a better understanding of self‐similarity and the subsurface flow processes that affect stream runoff will be attained through simultaneous consideration of both chemical and physical evidence. We also suggest that similar analyses of stream runoff in other basins that represent a range of spatial scales, geomorphologies and climate conditions will further elucidate the issue of scaling of hydrologic processes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Issues concerning a diagnostic study of an action plan for the San Juan river basin
Authors: Yamaguchi Hiromi , Futamura Hisanori , Nakayama Mikiyasu
Published: November 2004

An action plan is being formulated for the San Juan River basin, shared by Costa Rica and Nicaragua in Central America. The action plan is assumed to be ‘a planning tool designed to ensure the availability of the goods and services that water resources provide for the conservation of ecosystems and for social and economic development’. Development of the action plan comprises two phases, namely elaboration of the diagnostic study and drafting of the action plan. The diagnostic study was published in 1997. After examining previous cases in international water systems, for which the diagnostic study was developed as the precursor of an action plan, the author felt that the existing diagnostic study for the San Juan River basin still had room for improvements, in particular in the following aspects: (a) inventory of past, ongoing and future projects; (b) impacts of reserved areas on the basin as a whole; (c) instruments to promote public participation; (d) support by central decision makers; (e) mechanisms for information transparency. These aspects, which need enhancements, seem to suggest that more emphasis should be put on the ‘soft’ aspects of the sciences. While the diagnostic study addresses issues of natural environment in detail, both data and analysis of human environments are in low profile. The lesson gained from the Zambezi River basin project is that lack of a proper strategy and political commitments by the central decision makers (of the riparian states) will lead to an impasse in implementation of the project, due mainly to paucity of support within basin countries. Lack of support by the general public may also lead to a failure in the implementation phase. These aspects should have been sufficiently addressed in the diagnostic study, so that appropriate actions (to be listed in the action plan) should be elaborated for implementation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental analysis of moisture dynamics of litter layers—the effects of rainfall conditions and leaf shapes
Authors: Sato Yoshinobu , Kumagai Tomo'omi , Kume Atsushi , Otsuki Kyoichi , Ogawa Shigeru
Published: November 2004

The effects of rainfall conditions and the morphological characteristics of leaves on the moisture dynamics of litter layers were investigated. Maximum water storage capacity and interception storage capacity under various rainfall conditions were evaluated for two contrasting litter types: a needle‐leaf type, represented by Cryptomeria japonica leaves; and a broad‐leaf type, represented by Lithocarpus edulis leaves. An artificial rainfall simulator was applied to measure each litter type's interception storage capacity under various rainfall intensities. Our results indicated that (1) the maximum water storage capacity of each litter layer was proportional to the litter mass (kg/m2) regardless of layer thickness; (2) the litter interception storage capacity increased with rainfall intensity in the range of realistic rainfall conditions (under 50 mm/h); (3) the broad‐leaf litter of L. edulis intercepted more rainwater than the needle‐leaf litter of C. japonica; and (4) the rainwater moved laterally in the litter layer of L. edulis whereas it moved directly down in the litter layer of C. japonica. These results show that not only the litter mass but also the rainfall conditions and leaf shapes are important in evaluating the moisture dynamics of litter layers. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A general method of parameterizing the big‐leaf model to predict the dry‐canopy evaporation rate of individual coniferous forest stands
Authors: Komatsu Hikaru
Published: November 2004

This study proposes a general method of parameterizing the big‐leaf model that is applicable to estimation of daytime dry‐canopy evaporation (hereafter, evaporation) rates of coniferous forest stands without observed flux data. The method considers variation in the reference value of surface conductance Gs between individual stands by incorporating a relationship between canopy height and reference Gs values reported by Komatsu (2003c) [Hydrological Processes 17: 2503–2512]. However, the method does not consider variation in modifier functions of Gs and in aerodynamic conductance Ga between individual stands.

We examined the validity of the method based on daytime evaporation rate data for 26 coniferous stands. The method showed greater predictability than another method that ignores variation in reference Gs values between individual stands. This illustrates the validity of considering variation in reference Gs values between individual stands. Model predictability was not enhanced by considering variation in modifier functions of Gs and Ga between individual stands. This illustrates the validity of ignoring variation in modifier functions of Gs and Ga between individual stands.

The method is applicable to stands with projected LAI ≥ 3·0 and canopy height <c. 30 m. The method can result in errors when applied outside these limitations. Regardless, the method should be valuable for estimating daytime evaporation rates of coniferous stands, as many stands fall within these limitations. The method is applicable to evaporation rate estimates in growing seasons without soil water stress when dry‐canopy evaporation significantly affects the forest water cycle. At this stage, the method can result in errors when applied outside this limitation. However, the method should be valuable as a basis for developing a more comprehensive method applicable outside this limitation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.