bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ghrelin and Cardiovasculature
Authors: Isgaard Jörgen ,   Chairman, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and Consultant, Clinical Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital
Published: June 2015

Apart from stimulating growth hormone (GH) secretion and a regulatory role for appetite and metabolism, it has become increasingly clear that GH secretagogues (GHS) and ghrelin exert a number of effects on the cardiovascular system. The main cardiovascular actions of GHS are possible inotropic effects, vasodilation, reported cardioprotective effects against ischaemia andin vitroeffects on cardiomyocytes involving cell proliferation and antiapoptotic actions. An interesting and intriguing feature of the cardiovascular effects of GHS is that they may be exerted directly on the heart and vasculature rather than being mediated by GH. Evidence to suggest this is the finding of GHS binding sites on cardiomyocytes and the fact that some of the effects of GHS can be expressed also in the absence of GH. Although these results offer interesting possibilities for ghrelin and/or GHS to be used as therapeutic tools in cardiovascular disease, larger clinical trials in this area are still lacking. Future studies aiming at evaluating a role of GHS and ghrelin in the treatment of cardiovascular disease are warranted.
Drug Profile—Saxagliptin, a Novel Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Gallwitz Baptist ,   Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine IV, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen
Published: June 2015

Saxagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It is a novel DPP-4 inhibitor with a high selectivity for DPP-4 compared with other dipeptidyl peptidases and a duration profile designed for once-daily application. DPP-4 inhibitors enhance endogenous concentrations of the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide. This action leads to a glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin and inhibition of glucagon secretion post-prandially. DPP-4 inhibitors have no intrinsic risk of hypoglycemia and are weightneutral. Saxagliptin has been approved in the US and other countries. Phase I clinical trials demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition of DPP-4 by saxagliptin in a dose range from 2.5 to 100mg daily without serious side effects. Patients with type 2 diabetes receiving 10mg saxagliptin once-daily in phase II trials showed a lowering of HbA1cand glucose together with good tolerability and safety. Phase III clinical studies demonstrated a good efficacy regarding glycemic parameters in different patient populations, either in monotherapy or in combination with metformin, as well as a favorable cardiovascular profile.
The Role of Total Thyroidectomy in the Initial Treatment of Well-differentiated Follicular-cell-derived Thyroid Carcinomas
Authors: Antonelli Alessandro , Miccoli Pablo , Materazzi Gabriele , Minuto Michele , Fallahi Poupak , Ferrari Silvia M , Berti Piero ,   Department of Internal Medicine,   Department of Surgery, University of Pisa,   Department of Surgery, University of Pisa,   Department of Surgery, University of Pisa,   Department of Internal Medicine,   Department of Internal Medicine,   Department of Surgery, University of Pisa
Published: June 2015

The incidence of thyroid cancer has been increasing over the past 30 years. The follicular-cell-derived thyroid carcinomas (DTC) – papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) – are most common (79 and 13%, respectively). Initial treatment of DTC involves resection of the primary tumour. Post-operative therapy consists of radioactive iodine ablation for most patients, followed by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression with thyroxine. An ongoing controversy in the surgical treatment of DTC is the extent of thyroid gland resection. Consensus guidelines recommend total or near-total thyroidectomy in high-risk DTC (PTC tumour >1–2cm, any tumour, node, metastasis [TNM] stage III and IV [extrathyroidal spread], any N1 [regional metastasis] or M1 [distant metastasis], any patient 㹅 years and <16 years of age, aggressive histological subtypes) rather than thyroid lobectomy as the initial procedure of choice, given its advantages of treating potential multicentric disease, facilitating maximal uptake of adjuvant radioactive iodine and facilitating post-treatment follow-up by monitoring serum thyroglobulin levels and neck ultrasonography. Low-risk patients are currently treated by thyroid lobectomy or total (or near-total) thyroidectomy; in fact, conflicting views persist for low-risk patients who have differentiated thyroid cancer. The main arguments for lobectomy in low-risk PTC patients are that there is no clear evidence that total thyroidectomy may affect the survival of patients with low-risk PTC, and that total thyroidectomy increases the risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and hypoparathyroidism even in the hands of an experienced endocrine surgeon.
Resistance to Thyroid Hormone and Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Campi Irene , Mannavola Deborah , Beck-Peccoz Paolo ,   Clinical Fellow,   Research Assistant,   Full Professor of Endocrinology, and Director, School of Specialisation in Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), University of Milan
Published: June 2015

Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) is a dominantly inherited syndrome of impaired tissue responsiveness to thyroid hormones (TH) characterised by high circulating TH in the presence of unsuppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TH achieve their action on the heart chiefly via thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 (TRa1), which is the TH receptor (TR) isoform predominantly expressed in such an organ. Data derived from animal models suggest that in RTH the overstimulation of the TRa1 pathway by the high TH levels could explain the cardiovascular abnormalities seen in these animals, although the discordant cardiac gene expression profile between wild-type (wt) and transgenic mice treated with triiodothyronine (T3) imply that the effects of RTH on the heart are complex and not completely explicable by the heightened T3/TRa1 signalling. To date, only a few studies have evaluated cardiovascular risk in RTH, with conflicting results, confirming the large variability of the RTH phenotype. In particular, some reports show that several cardiovascular parameters seem to move towards hyperthyroidism, while others show a pattern that resembles thyroid hormone deficiency. Finally, recent data suggest that in addition to reduced vascular compliance and echocardiographic abnormalities, RTH subjects may exhibit some features of metabolic syndrome, suggesting an overall increased cardiometabolic risk in this disorder.
Species sorting and patch dynamics in harlequin metacommunities affect the relative importance of environment and space
Authors: Leibold Mathew A. , Loeuille Nicolas
Published: June 2015

Metacommunity theory indicates that variation in local community structure can be partitioned into components including those related to local environmental conditions vs. spatial effects and that these can be quantified using statistical methods based on variation partitioning. It has been hypothesized that joint associations of community composition with environment and space could be due to patch dynamics involving colonization–extinction processes in environmentally heterogeneous landscapes but this has yet to be theoretically shown. We develop a two‐patch, type‐two, species competition model in such a “harlequin” landscape (where different patches have different environments) to evaluate how composition is related to environmental and spatial effects as a function of background extinction rate. Using spatially implicit analytical models, we find that the environmental association of community composition declines with extinction rate as expected. Using spatially explicit simulation models, we further find that there is an increase in the spatial structure with extinction due to spatial patterning into clusters that are not related to environmental conditions but that this increase is limited. Natural metacommunities often show both environment and spatial determination even under conditions of relatively high isolation and these could be more easily explained by our model than alternative metacommunity models.
Expressions of Identity and Self in Daily Life at a Group Home for Older Persons With Dementia in Japan
Authors: Anbäcken Els-Marie , Minemoto Kayoko , Fujii Miwa
Published: June 2015

This study focuses on expressions of identity and self among residents at a group home for older persons with dementia in Japan—a study, which started as an explorative study on spirituality—and how residents make meaning of life. Although aware of stages of dementia illness and briefly commenting on these, the analysis does not make any specific point of it. This article views dementia from a sociocultural perspective and is based on participant observations at a group home with 19 residents, combined with interviews with 6 of them. Two central concepts for the study are discussed and drawn on in the analysis: ie, meaning home and family, and dementia and boke, senility. The study examines how the group home is ie and concludes that it is “home enough” in the sense that one’s identity and self are honored here. The old word boke represents a state in which one has “given up” any attempts to keep one’s mental health. This concept was used by some residents to mark the line between those who were “helpless” with boke and those who could manage by themselves without boke. Identities are analyzed in different terms: as profession, as feeling secure, as being physically close, in social interactions, and as being cared for properly also after death. The analysis of self and identity showed that contentment in life was expressed in various ways, as a whole or as a patchwork with light and dark colors, and that it is still in process. Here, the supportive but discreet scaffolding of staff seems to matter. Life is lived until death, and the farewell ceremonies are analyzed as existential closures for many—and for life finalized here at Ie, the group home.
Frankly, None of Us Know What Dementia Is: Dementia Caregiving Among Iranian Immigrants Living in Sweden
Authors: Antelius Eleonor , Kiwi Mahin
Published: June 2015

In quite a short amount of time, Sweden has gone from being a relatively homogeneous society to a multicultural one, with a rapid expansion of immigrants having culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds growing old in Sweden. This is particularly interesting in relation to studying age-related dementia diseases. Research shows that not only do CALD persons with dementia diseases tend to mix languages, have difficulties with separation of languages, or revert to speaking only their native tongue as the disease progresses, but they also show tendencies to experience that they live in the cultural environment in which they were brought up, rather than in the current Swedish one. In this article, we explore findings in relation to one such CALD group in Sweden, Iranians. The article is empirically driven and based on data gathered in 2 separate settings with specific ethnocultural profiles, offering dementia care with Middle Eastern, Arab, and/or Persian profile. Observations were carried out in combination with semistructured in-depth interviews (n = 66). By using a combination of content and ethnographic analysis, 4 main findings related to ethnocultural dementia care were elucidated. These include (a) a wider recognition of people from different CALD backgrounds possibly having different perceptions of what dementia is, (b) a possibility that such ascribed meaning of dementia has a bearing on health maintenance and health-seeking behavior as well as the inclination to use formal services or not, (c) choosing to use formal service in the forms of ethnoculturally profiled dementia care facility seems to relate to being able to “live up to ideals of Iranian culture,” and (d) “culture,” however ambiguous and hotly debated a concept it is, appears to be a relevant aspect of people’s lives, an aspect that is both acquired as well as ascribed to oneself and to others. As such, we argue that culture needs to be further addressed in relation to dementia care in multicultural societies because ascribing culture boxes people in as well as out. In addition, ethnocultural contextualization of dementia care needs to be understood in relation to this because it affects the care provided.
DCIR2+ cDC2 DCs and Zbtb32 Restore CD4+ T-Cell Tolerance and Inhibit Diabetes
Authors: Price Jeffrey D. , Hotta-Iwamura Chie , Zhao Yongge , Beauchamp Nicole M. , Tarbell Kristin V.
Published: June 2015

During autoimmunity, the normal ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to induce T-cell tolerance is disrupted; therefore, autoimmune disease therapies based on cell types and molecular pathways that elicit tolerance in the steady state may not be effective. To determine which DC subsets induce tolerance in the context of chronic autoimmunity, we used chimeric antibodies specific for DC inhibitory receptor 2 (DCIR2) or DEC-205 to target self-antigen to CD11b+ (cDC2) DCs and CD8+ (cDC1) DCs, respectively, in autoimmune-prone nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Antigen presentation by DCIR2+ DCs but not DEC-205+ DCs elicited tolerogenic CD4+ T-cell responses in NOD mice. β-Cell antigen delivered to DCIR2+ DCs delayed diabetes induction and induced increased T-cell apoptosis without interferon-γ (IFN-γ) or sustained expansion of autoreactive CD4+ T cells. These divergent responses were preceded by differential gene expression in T cells early after in vivo stimulation. Zbtb32 was higher in T cells stimulated with DCIR2+ DCs, and overexpression of Zbtb32 in T cells inhibited diabetes development, T-cell expansion, and IFN-γ production. Therefore, we have identified DCIR2+ DCs as capable of inducing antigen-specific tolerance in the face of ongoing autoimmunity and have also identified Zbtb32 as a suppressive transcription factor that controls T cell–mediated autoimmunity.
Electronic Documentation of Lifestyle Counseling and Glycemic Control in Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Hosomura Naoshi , Goldberg Saveli I. , Shubina Maria , Zhang Mary , Turchin Alexander
Published: June 2015

OBJECTIVE

To establish quantitative characteristics of lifestyle counseling documentation associated with improved glycemic control in patients with diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We retrospectively studied 10,870 hyperglycemic (HbA1c ≥7.0% [53 mmol/mol]) adults with diabetes followed at primary care practices affiliated with two academic hospitals between 2000 and 2010. Documentation intensity was represented by the mean number of characters per note documenting lifestyle counseling. Heterogeneity was calculated as the normalized Levenshtein distance between lifestyle counseling sentences between consecutive notes. Cox proportional hazards model was constructed to assess association of heterogeneity and intensity of lifestyle counseling documentation to time to HbA1c <7.0% (53 mmol/mol) while adjusting for demographics, initial HbA1c level, insulin therapy, medication intensification, and frequency of lifestyle counseling.

RESULTS

Comparing patients in the highest versus lowest tertile by documentation heterogeneity and documentation intensity, median time to HbA1c <7.0% (53 mmol/mol) was 26 vs. 39 months and 24 vs. 39 months, respectively (P < 0.001 for all). In multivariable analysis, an increase of documentation heterogeneity by 0.15 units and an increase of documentation intensity by 45 characters/note was associated with hazard ratios of 1.08 (95% CI 1.04–1.12; P < 0.001) and 1.27 (95% CI 1.23–1.31; P < 0.001) for time to HbA1c target, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Higher heterogeneity and intensity of lifestyle counseling documentation in provider notes were associated with better glycemic control. Further studies involving direct observation of patient care are needed to establish the nature of the relationship between documentation characteristics and patient outcomes.
Excess Risk of Dying From Infectious Causes in Those With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Magliano Dianna Josephine , Harding Jessica L. , Cohen Kerryn , Huxley Rachel R. , Davis Wendy A. , Shaw Jonathan E.
Published: June 2015

OBJECTIVE

To investigate infection-related mortality in individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 1,108,982 individuals with diabetes who were registered with the Australian Diabetes register between 2000 and 2010 were linked to the National Death Index. Mortality outcomes were defined as infection-relatedA-B death (ICD codes A99–B99), pneumonia (J12–J189), septicemia (A40 and A41), and osteomyelitis (M86).

RESULTS

During a median follow-up of 6.7 years, there were 2,891, 2,158, 1,248, and 147 deaths from infection-relatedA-B causes, pneumonia, septicemia, or osteomyelitis, respectively. Crude mortality rates from infectionsA-B were 0.147 and 0.431 per 1,000 person-years in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were higher in type 1 and type 2 diabetes for all outcomes after adjustment for age and sex. For infection-relatedA-B mortality, SMRs were 4.42 (95% CI 3.68–5.34) and 1.47 (1.42–1.53) for type 1 and type 2 diabetes (P < 0.001), respectively. For pneumonia in type 1 diabetes, SMRs were approximately 5 and 6 in males and females, respectively, while the excess risk was ∼20% for type 2 (both sexes). For septicemia, SMRs were approximately 10 and 2 for type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively, and similar by sex. For osteomyelitis in type 1 diabetes, SMRs were 16 and 58 in males and females, respectively, and ∼3 for type 2 diabetes (both sexes).

CONCLUSIONS

Although death owing to infection is rare, we confirm that patients with diabetes have an increased mortality from a range of infections, compared with the general population, and that the increased risk appears to be greater for type 1 than type 2 diabetes.
Academic Achievement in Primary School in Offspring Born to Mothers With Type 1 Diabetes (the EPICOM Study): A Register-Based Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Knorr Sine , Clausen Tine D. , Vlachová Zuzana , Bytoft Birgitte , Damm Peter , Beck-Nielsen Henning , Jensen Dorte M. , Juul Svend , Gravholt Claus Højbjerg
Published: June 2015

OBJECTIVE

This study examined the effect of maternal pregestational type 1 diabetes on offspring primary school performance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We performed a prospective combined clinical and register-based cohort study comparing primary school performance in offspring (n = 707) of women with pregestational type 1 diabetes with matched control offspring (n = 60,341). We also examined the association between HbA1c levels during pregnancy and later school performance among offspring born to women with pregestational type 1 diabetes.

RESULTS

Offspring of mothers with pregestational type 1 diabetes obtained similar school grades as control offspring when finishing primary school (regression coefficient [β] = –0.13; 95% CI = –0.30 to 0.03; P = 0.12). Adjusting for parental education also resulted in an insignificant difference between the two groups (β = –0.07; 95% CI = –0.23 to 0.09; P = 0.37). Among offspring of women with type 1 diabetes, increasing maternal HbA1c pregestationally and throughout the pregnancy was associated with lower average school grades. Offspring born to mothers with good glycemic control in the third trimester obtained higher average school grades compared with control offspring. The opposite applied to offspring born to mothers with inadequate glycemic control, who obtained significantly lower average school grades compared with control offspring.

CONCLUSIONS

Offspring of mothers with pregestational type 1 diabetes obtained similar average grades when finishing primary school compared with matched control offspring. Among offspring of women with type 1 diabetes, we found a consistent negative association between maternal HbA1c in pregnancy and primary school grades. However, whether this association reflects a direct causal influence of intrauterine hyperglycemia is uncertain.
Effect of Low-Energy Diets Differing in Fiber, Red Meat, and Coffee Intake on Cardiac Autonomic Function in Obese Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Ziegler Dan , Strom Alexander , Nowotny Bettina , Zahiragic Lejla , Nowotny Peter J. , Carstensen-Kirberg Maren , Herder Christian , Roden Michael
Published: June 2015

OBJECTIVE

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates both the cardiovascular system and energy balance and is disturbed in diabetes and obesity. The effect of different approaches of caloric restriction on ANS function has not been assessed in individuals with diabetes. Thus, we sought to determine whether low-energy diets differing in fiber, red meat, and coffee intake exert differential effects on cardiac autonomic function.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In this randomized parallel-group pilot trial, obese patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly allocated to consume either a diet high in cereal fiber, free of red meat, and high in coffee (n = 13) or a diet low in fiber, high in red meat, and coffee free (n = 15) over 8 weeks. Eight measures of heart rate variability (HRV) indicating vagal and/or sympathetic modulation over 3 h and inflammatory markers were determined during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp.

RESULTS

After 8 weeks, both dietary interventions resulted in a mean weight loss of 5–6 kg, a mean decline in heart rate of 4–6 bpm, and improvement in vagally mediated HRV. However, the changes in HRV parameters from baseline to 8 weeks did not differ between the groups. In the entire study cohort, incremental HRV from baseline to 8 weeks was associated with enhanced oxidative glucose utilization (P < 0.05), but not with insulin sensitivity and inflammatory markers.

CONCLUSIONS

In obese patients with type 2 diabetes, energy restriction per se over 8 weeks contributed to improved cardiac vagal function in relation to improved oxidative glucose utilization. This preliminary finding should be verified in a confirmatory trial.
Geographic variation in shoot traits and branching intensity in relation to leaf size in Fagus crenata: A common garden experiment
Authors: Osada Noriyuki , Nabeshima Eri , Hiura Tsutom
Published: June 2015

• Premise of the study: Differences in leaf size are expected to be coordinated with various shoot traits and branching intensity because these relationships will influence light capture efficiency, water use, and biomechanics. Previous studies have mainly focused on interspecific patterns of these trait relationships, but not on intraspecific patterns at the geographic scale. We investigated intraspecific variation in shoot traits and branching intensity of Fagus crenata in Japan.

• Methods: Allometric relationships between the traits of current‐year shoots and branching intensity per branch unit of 1‐m length on the main axis (BI) and its coordination with latitude were investigated using trees from 10 provenances in a common garden.

• Key results: Individual trees originating from lower latitudes have smaller leaves with greater leaf mass per area and nitrogen content per area, greater Huber value (stem cross‐sectional area per total leaf area [ATL]) of current‐year shoots, and greater BI. Notably, the slope of the log–log relationship between BI and ATL was close to −1.0 across the trees from different source sites, implying that branching in this species occurs to control leaf area.

• Conclusions: Shoot traits and branching intensity were apparently coordinated with leaf size to control leaf area deployment in this species. Such patterns probably reflect differences in competition for hydraulic conductance among nearby shoots within crowns, as a consequence of different meteorological conditions across the source sites.
Lack of divergence in seed ecology of two Amphicarpaea (Fabaceae) species disjunct between eastern Asia and eastern North America
Authors: Zhang Keliang , Baskin Jerry M. , Baskin Carol C. , Yang Xuejun , Huang Zhenying
Published: June 2015

• Premise of the study: Many congeneric species are disjunct between eastern Asia and eastern North America. No previous study has compared the seed biology of closely related disjunct taxa of legumes or of a diaspore‐heteromorphic species. Our objective was to compare seed dormancy in two such sister species in the genus Amphicarpaea (Fabaceae).

• Methods: We investigated the ecology and ecophysiology of aerial and subterranean seeds of the amphicarpic species Amphicarpaea edgeworthii from China and compared the results to those published for its sister species A. bracteata from eastern North America.

• Key results: The seed coat of aerial seeds of A. edgeworthii is well developed, whereas the seed coat of subterranean seeds is not. Aerial seeds have combinational dormancy (physical dormancy [PY] + physiological dormancy [PD]) broken by scarification followed by cold stratification or by after‐ripening and scarification; whereas subterranean seeds have PD broken by cold stratification. Aerial seeds formed a persistent soil seed bank, and subterranean seeds a transient soil seed bank. Aerial seeds of A. bracteata also have PY+PD and subterranean seeds PD. Subterranean seeds of both species are desiccation intolerant.

• Conclusion: Dormancy in neither aerial nor subterranean seeds of both species has diverged over geological time. Compared to subterranean seeds, aerial seeds of both species dispersed over longer distances. Seed dispersal ability and degree of dormancy of neither species fits the high‐risk/low‐risk (H‐H/L‐L) strategy found in many diaspore‐dimorphic species. Rather, both species have an H‐L/L‐H strategy for these two life history traits.
Ordre et influence : de la réalité des conduites sociales à leurs interprétations individualistes fallacieuses. Retour sur l’expérience de Milgram et son interprétation
Authors: Laurens Stéphane
Published: June 2015

L’influence d’autrui est souvent considérée comme une interférence momentanée aux effets néfastes : les perceptions seraient perturbées, les jugements faussés et le sujet lui-même anéanti (d’indépendant il deviendrait énergumène, possédé, automate, aliéné, agent...). Pour l’auteur, ces conceptions sont des interprétations fallacieuses qui masquent le déterminant véritable des conduites d’ordres ou de suggestions – la similarité et l’interdépendance entre soi et autrui– en donnant, au contraire, à voir deux entités indépendantes qui, subitement, seraient liées par une « force magique » : l’influence. Ces représentations sont des interprétations individualistes des actes sociaux. Des interprétations qui reposent sur des mécanismes de répartition et d’attribution des parties de l’acte social à telle ou telle entité supposée indépendante. Plutôt que de voir le nécessaire –une coréalisation– chacun voit le contingent : Qui a fait quoi ? Qui a une influence sur qui ?... L’influence relie a posteriori ces parties que l’on a supposées à tort indépendantes.
Comment sont perçues les personnes au chômage au sein de la société française ? Étude de la composition du stéréotype
Authors: Camus Gauthier , Berjot Sophie
Published: June 2015

Ces études ont pour principal objectif d’identifier la composition du stéréotype associé aux personnes au chômage et de repérer si celle-ci diffère en fonction de l’appellation qui est faite de ces personnes, en tant que « demandeur d’emploi » ou en tant que « chômeur ». Ces contenus stéréotypiques sont étudiés selon deux méthodes complémentaires, l’association libre (Etude 1) et la méthode du ratio diagnostique (Etude 2). Une troisième étude a pour objectif d’évaluer l’impact du type de consigne (standard vs substitution) sur le contenu du stéréotype associé aux demandeurs d’emploi. Les résultats montrent que le stéréotype concernant les personnes au chômage, est globalement très négatif et que sa composition fait référence à deux facettes différentes : celle du demandeur d’emploi responsable de sa situation et celle du demandeur d’emploi victime de la société. Ils montrent également que le stéréotype associé au terme ‘chômeur’ est sensiblement plus négatif que celui associé au terme ‘demandeur d’emploi’. Enfin, les résultats de cette recherche montrent que seuls les termes dispositionnels du stéréotype sont impactés par le type de consigne. Ces derniers étant plutôt négatifs en consigne de substitution et plutôt positifs en consigne standard. L’ensemble de ces constatations est discuté, posant ainsi les limites de cette recherche et les ouvertures qu’elle suscite.
Le rôle de l’imagination créative dans la vie psychique
Authors: Faure Cédric
Published: June 2015

Associé fréquemment au chimérique, à l’apparence, au spéculaire, à l’erreur ou à l’inexistant, l’imaginaire reste encore aujourd’hui largement entaché d’une représentation négative dans les recherches scientifiques. Nous voudrions contribuer dans cet article à en réhabiliter sa valeur créative et structurante dans la vie psychique.
Le sens critique. Et quoi encore ?
Authors: De Visscher Héloïse , Latinis Philippe
Published: June 2015

L’objectif de cet article introductif est de sensibiliser à la pensée critique et de développer une prise de distance et une attitude d’expectative face aux manipulations éventuelles de l’information.
Érotisme et discours du genre dans les récits de Luisa Valenzuela
Authors: Orecchia Havas Teresa
Published: June 2015

Étude des transformations successives du discours de l’érotisme et de la sexualité dans l’œuvre de Luisa Valenzuela, à partir du volume Cambio de armas [Passe d’armes] (1982) et qui prend en considération deux romans ultérieurs : Novela negra con argentinos (1990) et La travesía (2001). Il s’agit de montrer que les textes de Valenzuela, après avoir mené une représentation du désir sexuel marqué par le genre, affirmé et tendant à la transgression, se déplacent ensuite vers une zone plus ambiguë où les objets deviennent plus évasifs et où les sujets peuvent intervertir leur genre, puis enfin vers la construction d’un commentaire intra-diégétique et autoréflexif sur la problématique de l’écriture de l’érotisme.Le roman plus récent, La travesía, à travers la quête obstinée d’une femme pour récupérer de vieilles lettres au contenu d’une sexualité exacerbée, traite justement d’une double enquête : le sujet féminin spécule autant sur l’énigme de ses propres zones obscures que sur son écriture passée. Il est permis de supposer que l’imaginaire de cette quête énonce plus clairement que jamais une tentative pour retrouver une expérience érotique afin de la comprendre et de la dominer, tandis que l’obsession des écrits perdus et finalement retrouvés propose un bilan méta-critique du langage de la fiction et de ses hypothétiques traversées des espaces des pulsions.
Imaginaire érotique et affirmation de soi dans l’œuvre de l’écrivaine péruvienne Patricia de Souza
Authors: Aubès Françoise
Published: June 2015

Depuis son premier roman, Cuando llegue la noche (1994), Patricia de Souza s’inscrit dans le courant de femmes écrivaines, poétesses qui dès la fin des années quatre-vingt au Pérou tentent d’imposer une contre-image de la femme, scandaleuse et obscène (Carmen Ollé, Giovanna Pollarolo, Mariela Dreyfus etc.). Mais si on analyse l’œuvre de Patricia de Souza – ses derniers romans autofictions (El último cuerpo de Úrsula, 2000), ses essais comme Eva no tiene paraíso (2011), ainsi que le livre de nouvelles intitulé Erótika. Escenas de la vida sexual, publié en 2009 –, on constate qu’en mettant en scène le désir au féminin, elle dépasse le simple clivage féministe de la littérature de genre. La sexualité qui devient érotisme grâce à l’imaginaire et au langage est avant tout l’affirmation de ce que Patricia de Souza appelle, reprenant une citation de Flora Tristan, « un être à part entière ». C’est l’élaboration de cette poétique qui est analysée.
Hollywood disfuncional: el erotismo como estado de sublimación
Authors: Polotto Sabate María Lydia
Published: June 2015

Esta comunicación pretende ahondar en la relación dialógica que se establece en la novela Pubis angelical (1979) de Manuel Puig entre los momentos oníricos y los momentos de vigilia. En este contexto, el personaje principal, Ana –quien se encuentra en la cama de un hospital con cáncer– sublima sus deseos eróticos a partir de construcciones marcadas por la influencia del imaginario de las películas Hollywoodenses. En estas sublimaciones, la narración erótica sobre la femme fatale (alter ego narrativo de Ana) contrasta con la realidad de la protagonista y funcionan a la vez como medio de evasión y como puesta en abismo de sus propias disfuncionalidades sexuales. Se pone especial atención en el análisis de los estereotipos en torno al tema del erotismo que hay en la sociedad falocéntrica y que se exponen en el discurso machista que construye la protagonista utilizando material cinematográfico.
Los sueños tristes de este amor extraño : Molina encuentra a la Manuela con guión de Puig, Donoso, Ripstein y Sarduy
Authors: Corbatta Jorgelina
Published: June 2015

Mi artículo explora la imagen del homosexual travesti como el producto/proyecto final de una construcción cuyas partes están en la figura de Molina en El beso de la mujer araña (l976) de Manuel Puig, la Manuela en El lugar sin límites (l966) de José Donoso y su adaptación al cine por Arturo Ripstein en el film homónimo (l976), en diálogo con textos de Sarduy sobre ambos escritores y, en especial, «Escritura/Travestismo» (Escrito sobre un cuerpo, l969).Tenemos entonces que en el lapso de diez años aparece en el imaginario colectivo latinoamericano la figura del homosexual travesti en dos textos literarios, con adaptación cinematográfica ambos (y la excelente interpretación de William Hurt como Molina en el film de José Babenco), a lo que se agrega las notas a pie de página en El beso de la mujer araña como parte de lo que he llamado en otro lugar –comparando a Puig con Almodóvar– ‘la agenda Puig’, junto con un discurso constante sobre la sexualidad en innumerables reportajes. En mis dos libros sobre Puig he analizado la presencia de una suerte de ‘estudio antropológico sexual’ de los mitos, ideología y tabués que rigieron (rigen?) el discurso sexual rioplantese y que él encarnó en personajes tales como Choly (La traición de Rita Hayworth), Gladys (The Buenos Aires Affair), Ana (Pubis angelical). La visión tropical/parisina de Sarduy –por su parte– arrojaría una nueva luz al discurso narrativo de Puig y Donoso. Uso, como instrumento teórico, textos de Judith Butler y de Eva Kosofsky Sedwick.
Transgressions et résistances homoérotiques dans les œuvres de Sonia Rivera-Valdés
Authors: Cabaloue Sophie
Published: June 2015

S’agissant d’érotisme, le rôle de la littérature est fondamental de par la représentation esthétique et idéologique du désir. La représentation de l’érotisme féminin en Amérique latine est liée au mythe de la féminité qui a surgi dans une société hétéronormative. Elle va de pair avec la conception binaire du sexe et du genre qui fomente le machismo dans la société latino-américaine, notamment à Cuba. Dès lors, l’érotisme lesbien apparaît comme un nouvel espace d’expression pour la femme dominée. Qu’elle soit lesbienne ou appartienne à une autre minorité, la femme peut alors s’exprimer à travers son corps.Sonia Rivera Valdés, auteure cubaine exilée aux États-Unis, crée un espace privilégié pour les femmes appartenant à une minorité (sexuelle, raciale ou physique) en faisant ressortir un érotisme de la marginalité. Deux de ses livres de nouvelles sont analysés dans cet article.
Erotismo, heterosexualidad y violencia de género en el poemario Poemas de la Izquierda erótica (1973) de Ana María Rodas
Authors: Palma Milagros
Published: June 2015

En este primer poemario de Ana María Rodas el término «izquierda» alude a la época del sueño colectivo de un «futuro radioso» de los regímenes de izquierda. El adjetivo erótica que sugiere la relación entre el deseo sexual y la práctica del placer confiere al sustantivo una connotación inusual. Este calificativo no es usual para la «izquierda» ya que es considerada como una ideología igualitaria portadora de justicia e igualdad. Sin embargo en la palabra «erotismo» hay un diferencial significativo en función de los géneros masculino/femenino, con la oposición placer/frustración. El erotismo del objeto es un rasgo pertinente del género femenino y no tiene equivalente en el masculino.Esta ponencia analiza la estética del erotismo femenino. Los términos «dictador» y «guerrillera del amor» que aluden al contexto histórico en el espacio público, también ponen de relieve el carácter íntimo, privado y liberador de la poética del poemario de la escritora centroamericana.
L’érotisme politique : le programme du « Partido de la Izquierda Erótica » dans El País de las Mujeres de Gioconda Belli
Authors: Large Sophie
Published: June 2015

Le dernier roman de Gioconda Belli, une fascinante utopie littéraire, s’intéresse à la création et à la trajectoire politique du PIE, « Partido de la Izquierda Erótica ». Exclusivement féminin, ce parti a pour objectif de lutter contre le sexisme dans la société de Faguas, un pays imaginaire déjà évoqué dans d’autres récits de la romancière nicaraguayenne. Cet article vise à démontrer que l’érotisme occupe une place centrale dans la stratégie politique du PIE, qui cherche en premier lieu à contrer les idées reçues sur la sexualité, et utilise l’érotisme comme un efficace outil de campagne électorale. Pourtant, au-delà de cette visée purement utilitaire, l’érotisme représente le fondement même du système de pensée du parti, dans la mesure où il constitue un levier capable de faire tomber les dernières barrières à l’égalité des sexes.
Érotisme et révélation de soi dans la poésie de Gioconda Belli
Authors: Besse Nathalie
Published: June 2015

Femme poète nicaraguayenne la plus reconnue internationalement, Gioconda Belli (1948) serait, à en croire son pair admiratif José Coronel Urtecho, l’une des plus remarquables représentantes de la poésie érotique : « une des grandes poètes érotiques de tous les temps. Une des rares femmes qui aient fait une franche et sincère poésie d’amour ».L’étude montre comment l’érotisme permet l’affirmation d’un « je » poétique qui est aussi le « je » féministe – et transgressif – d’une femme de désir revendiquant son droit à l’existence et à la jouissance, et ce dans le contexte propice d’une révolution politique et sociale, la Révolution sandiniste. Après le temps de la passion, c’est un érotisme abîmé par le temps que Gioconda Belli décrit dans son dernier recueil à ce jour, sans toutefois se résigner totalement à laisser s’éteindre la flamme.
L’érotisme féminin dans María Antonia de E. Hernández Espinosa : prise de pouvoir ou aliénation ?
Authors: Roth Salomé
Published: June 2015

Erotismo femenino en María Antonia, de E. Hernández Espinosa: ¿toma de poder o alienación?Estudio de la problematización del erotismo femenino en una de la obras del dramaturgo cubano E. Hernández Espinosa, María Antonia (1967). En el contexto de los primeros años de la Revolución cubana, esta «tragedia republicana» pone en escenario a una joven mulata, María Antonia, presionada por dos modelos sociales de los que participa a pesar suyo y de los que en vano trata de emanciparse: el modelo religioso afrocubano que la signa como hija de Ochún (diosa de la sensualidad y sexualidad femenina) y le impone pautas de conducta, y el de la sociedad republicana revolucionaria dentro de la cual las mujeres deben estar sometidas a los hombres y en ningún caso pueden ejercer sobre ellos su poder seductor, so pena de que las consideren como mujeres de mala vida. El desesperado esfuerzo de María Antonia por liberarse de ambos modelos la conduce a la muerte, temática a través de la que el autor deja entrever la salida única posible a este trágico conflicto: construir una sociedad nueva dentro de la que cada mujer podrá afirmar su individualidad con entera libertad, sin que la pongan en la disyuntiva de ser esposa o prostituta…
Pouvoir et sexe : La favorita del Señor, roman de Ana Teresa Torres
Authors: Delprat François
Published: June 2015

La favorita del Señor (2001), roman de Ana Teresa Torres, se caractérise à la fois comme roman érotique et comme roman historique : la belle mauresque Aisa doit à une initiation précoce à l’art du sexe, dans son île natale méditerranéenne, d’accéder, devenue captive, à une exceptionnelle destinée en terre chrétienne. Éduquée par une esclave dans l’exultation des corps (danse érotique), elle est tour à tour bonne élève, adolescente passionnée, victime soumise et conquérante. La contradictoire condition de la servante-maîtresse s’aiguise par l’incongruité d’un choix selon son cœur, une autre voie vers l’amour qui ne manque pas de tragique. Le roman a été écrit après l’édition en espagnol d’un célèbre recueil érotique en langue arabe, mais l’action est placée dans un contraste entre raffinements de la civilisation hispano-mauresque et élémentarité des plaisirs et mobiles des chrétiens de la Reconquista.Le roman a pu être qualifié par certains critiques de « manuel de pornographie », mais il invite à une analyse du discours que la communication appuie sur les propositions de Michel Foucault. Dans le premier volume de son Histoire de la sexualité (1. La volonté de savoir - 1976), celui-ci montre comment l’Occident moderne a élaboré une scientia sexualis qui a évincé l’ars erotica des siècles de l’Antiquité et du Moyen Âge. Tout en insistant sur l’ambiguïté et l’omniprésence du discours sur le sexe, il retourne les arguments selon lesquels le pouvoir en réprime et l’expression et la pratique. Plus largement, il voit une permanente obsession de la sexualité et de son lien direct et étroit avec le pouvoir dans les écrits littéraires, philosophiques et scientifiques des trois derniers siècles.
Los caminos de la obscenidad. Literatura y sexualidad alrededor de Nanina
Authors: Orellana Patricio
Published: June 2015

Publicada en 1968 y acompañada de una gran batahola publicitaria, la novela Nanina de Germán García fue considerada obscena por un fiscal argentino, que llevó a juicio a su autor y sus editores. Estos últimos complementaron su defensa legal con la edición de otro libro, Proceso a Nanina, el año siguiente, donde compendian, junto a los textos correspondientes al fallo y la defensa empleados en el juicio, una importante cantidad de reseñas y críticas que la novela mereció en muy diversos medios. Mi ponencia interroga en estos materiales el modo en que se anudan ideas de «sexualidad» y «literatura» en un contexto de modernización autoritaria (el gobierno de Onganía). Se apoya en el relevamiento de otros casos de censura cultural en el período realizado por Andrés Avellaneda (Censura, autoritarismo y cultura: Argentina, 1960-1983), como así también en textos sobre casos de censura literaria en otros países (LaCapra y Ronell sobre Madame Bovary), y en las teorizaciones de Michel Foucault en La voluntad de saber acerca de la sexualidad.
Erotismo, sexualidad e iconografía en el cine mexicano de Ficheras de los años 1970
Authors: Lemus Martínez Violeta
Published: June 2015

A fines de los años 1970, todavía se consideraba tabú en México el erotismo y el sexo. Sin embargo apareció en 1976 un nuevo enfoque cinematográfico de mujeres que en unos bares de coperas vendían su compañía por dinero: el Cine de Ficheras, también llamado Sexicomedia. Derivado del teatro y el cabaret y del Cine de Rumberas, esta tendencia fue despreciada por dar una imagen vulgar de la sociedad mexicana, pese a su innegable éxito comercial, como fue el caso de Bellas de noche de Miguel Delgado. La ponencia analiza la representación del erotismo y la sexualidad en este Cine de Ficheras, en el contexto social mexicano de fines de los 70. Destaca las figuras más representativas: la mujer fatal, incitadora e interesada, el macho carismático y alburero (con sus chistes de doble sentido), la loca (homosexual afeminado y comunicativo). Considera además el origen de estos últimos personajes y su repercusión en el imaginario en cuanto fantasma colectivo.
From situational crime prevention to predictive policing
Authors: Benbouzid Bilel
Published: June 2015

This article considers a body of scientific articles relating to an important point in the process of legitimizing situational crime prevention: research on repeat victimization and the construction of predictive algorithms. This body of work allows us to explore a controversy that is often ignored, between Ken Pease and Tim Hope, on the interpretation of the results of statistical modelling of the distribution of victimization in the population. Put into perspective with the research results of Ken Pease and his colleagues, Tim Hope’s critique can account for the ignorance that evolves as knowledge develops on victimization prevention and its associated innovations. In conclusion, this paper calls for a definition of prevention and security public policies, based not on knowledge produced by experts, but on a public agreement on which researchers disagree.
Projet professionnel, rapport à l’apprendre et sens de l’expérience scolaire chez des collégien(ne)s orienté(e)s vers le Dispositif d’Initiation aux Métiers de l’Alternance (DIMA)
Authors: Bouzignac Vincent , Capdevielle-Mougnibas Valérie , Léonardis Myriam de
Published: June 2015

Cet article appréhende le sens que les élèves orientés vers le Dispositif d’Initiation aux Métiers de l’Alternance (DIMA) accordent à leur orientation. A partir d’une étude extensive par questionnaire réalisée auprès de 285 collégiens, les résultats montrent que l’entrée en DIMA est étroitement dépendante de la réussite scolaire et de l’origine sociale. Elle suscite une forte adhésion très conforme aux objectifs institutionnels qui s’étaye sur des dynamiques identitaires hétérogènes liées, non pas uniquement à son utilité pour la préparation et la mise en œuvre d’un projet professionnel, mais bien davantage au rapport à l’apprendre et à la diversité des formes de l’expérience scolaire antérieures.
Entre revanche scolaire et subordination salariale. Les appropriations ambivalentes du statut d’apprenti chez des coiffeurs en CAP
Authors: Renard Fanny
Published: June 2015

À partir d’une enquête qualitative, nous étudions dans cet article les appropriations ambivalentes du statut d’apprenti par des jeunes préparant un Certificat d’aptitude professionnelle coiffure. Nous montrons que cette ambivalence résulte de la confrontation entre, d’une part, des aspirations et satisfactions suscitées par une orientation réussie dans un secteur particulièrement fermé ; d’autre part, des déceptions et réajustements produits au cours de la socialisation professionnelle qui s’opère au Centre de formation d’apprentis et en entreprise, et impose une acculturation au salariat d’exécution.
La formation professionnelle au Québec : le regard des élèves
Authors: Masdonati Jonas , Fournier Geneviève , Pinault Mathieu
Published: June 2015

S’appuyant sur les concepts de représentation sociale, personnelle et professionnelle, cette contribution s’intéresse aux représentations de la formation professionnelle québécoise. Des analyses de contenu de 53 entrevues avec des élèves montrent que cette voie est privilégiée en raison de ses spécificités pédagogiques, de la possibilité d’apprendre un métier et des perspectives d’insertion qu’elle offre. La formation professionnelle semble socialement dévalorisée, tout en étant valorisante pour l’individu. Cette vision contraste avec celle des pays, comme la Suisse, où cette voie est valorisée, mais sélective. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance de considérer l’influence des représentations et du contexte institutionnel sur les choix d’orientation.