bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meeting the challenge of water sustainability: The role of process systems engineering
Authors: Shah Sirish L. , Bakshi Bhavik R. , Liu Jinfeng , Georgakis Christos , Chachuat Benoit , Braatz Richard D. , Young Brent R.
Published: November 2020

This white paper is the result of discussions during the FIPSE‐4 conference (http://fi-in-pse.org) in June 2018. It aims to highlight open problems and provide directions for future research in the area of water with emphasis on its agricultural usages. Some of the open problems discussed are: (a) the use of ecosystems as unit operations to understand their role in providing freshwater and in cleaning polluted water; (b) consideration of interactions and independencies between flows of water and other resources, such as food, energy, materials, ecosystem services, and environmental emissions; (c) challenges in modeling, sensing, and closed‐loop control in precision irrigation. In particular, the development of agro‐hydrological models that balance computing speed versus solution details and accuracy: (d) The use of state and parameter estimation approaches, through field measurements, to obtain soil moisture levels accurately; and (e) decision support systems to administer water and nutrient needs for optimum yields of agricultural products.
Body composition helps: Differences in energy expenditure between pregnant and nonpregnant females
Authors: Prado‐Nóvoa Olalla , Rodríguez Jesús , Martín García Adrián , Mateos Ana
Published: November 2020

Objectives

Human pregnancy is associated with important physiological changes that usually increase energetic requirements. However, great variability exists in the costs and mechanisms required to bear pregnancy. Since body mass (BM) and composition are modified during gestation, it is of great interest to compare the influence of BM on energy expenditure (EE) in pregnant and nonpregnant females.

Methods

BM, body composition, and EE of 77 volunteers (35 pregnant and 42 nonpregnant females) were measured. The pregnant volunteers completed two measurement rounds at 28 and 32 gestation weeks. Differences on the measured parameters were sought, and comparison of regression lines was computed to test how BM affected the EE of the volunteers.

Results

BM and body composition parameters are significantly higher in pregnant females, but EE is not statistically different. Pregnant females have a larger percentage of fat mass, but lower percentage of fat‐free mass (FFM). The EE per kg of FFM is similar in both groups. Comparison of regression lines shows that pregnancy does not change the relationship between BM and EE, but for similar BM pregnant females expend less energy than nonpregnant females.

Conclusions

We propose that their larger percentage of passive body tissues is the reason why pregnant females expend less energy than nonpregnant females of similar BM, without changing the scaling of EE on BM. Thus, pregnancy could not be as energetically constraining as usually assumed, with important consequences for human reproductive ecology.
Self‐reported and objectively measured occupational exposures, health, and safety concerns among fishermen: A cross‐sectional Fishing Industry Safety and Health (FISH) pilot study
Authors: Santiago Katerina M. , Louzado‐Feliciano Paola , Baum Jeramy , Bakali Umer , Caban‐Martinez Alberto J.
Published: November 2020

Background

Fishing industry workers are exposed to hazardous working conditions, engage in strenuous labor, and work long hours in variable weather conditions. Despite these known employment challenges, little is known of their perceived occupational health and safety concerns. In this pilot study, we: (1) describe fishermen's perceptions on worker‐ and organizational‐level characteristics that impact occupational health and safety; and (2) estimate environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) encountered during fishing activities.

Methods

We collected both qualitative and quantitative data from Mississippi and Florida fishermen. Using an ethnographic approach, the study team conducted 1‐h key informant interviews, administered a one‐page demographic survey, and collected objective measurements to PAHs using silicone‐based passive sampling wristbands.

Results

Study participants (n = 17) had a mean age of 50.9 years (SD = 11.7), 88.2% were male, 94.1% white, 100.0% non‐Hispanic/Latino, and 52.9% were married. Approximately, 87.5% reported fishing as their primary job, with a mean of 26.4 years in the industry (SD = 15.3). Four broad themes describing the culture of the fishing industry, common workplace exposures that impact fishermen's safety and health, and facilitators and barriers to safety while working in the fishing industry were documented. Deckhands had the lowest mean exposure to PAHs (8.3 ppb), followed by crew members (11.0 ppb), captains (82.64 ppb), and net makers (208.1 ppb).

Conclusions

Gulf coast fishermen expressed specific occupational health and safety concerns and were exposed to carcinogenic PAHs during regular work. Opportunities exist and strategies are needed for health protection and health promotion interventions among Gulf fishermen.
An Ethacrynic Acid‐Brominated BODIPY Photosensitizer (EA‐BPS) Construct Enhances the Lethality of Reactive Oxygen Species in Hypoxic Tumor‐Targeted Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Won Miae , Koo Seyoung , Li Hao , Sessler Jonathan L. , Lee Jin Yong , Sharma Amit , Kim Jong Seung
Published: November 2020

Despite being a clinically approved intervention for cancer, photodynamic therapy (PDT) still suffers from limitations. Prime among these is a therapeutic response that is mostly oxygen dependent. This limits the utility of PDT in treating hypoxic tumors since lower levels of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in regions of low oxygen tension. Glutathione‐pi (GST‐pi) is a key enzyme that militates against ROS‐mediated apoptosis. We report herein a new construct, EA‐BPS, that contains both a brominated BODIPY photosensitizer (BPS) and an ethacrynic acid (EA) GST‐pi inhibitor. Photoirradiation of EA‐BPS induces a synergistic antitumor effect that results from the combination of ROS production and GST‐pi inhibition. Relative to BPS alone, an enhanced cell‐killing effect is seen under hypoxic conditions both in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that by making better use of the available oxygen in tumor environments, improved therapeutic PDT outcomes should be achievable even under hypoxic conditions.
Reversible Activation and Transfer of White Phosphorus by Silyl‐Stannylene
Authors: Sarkar Debotra , Weetman Catherine , Munz Dominik , Inoue Shigeyoshi
Published: November 2020

Use of a silyl supported stannylene (MesTerSn(SitBu3) [MesTer=2,6‐(2,4,6‐Me3C6H2)2C6H3] enables activation of white phosphorus under mild conditions, which is reversible under UV light. The reaction of a silylene chloride with the activated P4 complex results in facile P‐atom transfer. The computational analysis rationalizes the electronic features and high reactivity of the heteroleptic silyl‐substituted stannylene in contrast to the previously reported bis(aryl)stannylene.
High‐Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells with Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquid for Surface Passivation and Charge Transport
Authors: Zhu Xuejie , Du Minyong , Feng Jiangshan , Wang Hui , Xu Zhuo , Wang Likun , Zuo Shengnan , Wang Chenyu , Wang Ziyu , Zhang Cong , Ren Xiaodong , Priya Shashank , Yang Dong , Liu Shengzhong (Frank)
Published: November 2020

Surface defects have been a key constraint for perovskite photovoltaics. Herein, 1,3‐dimethyl‐3‐imidazolium hexafluorophosphate (DMIMPF6) ionic liquid (IL) is adopted to passivate the surface of a formamidinium‐cesium lead iodide perovskite (Cs0.08FA0.92PbI3) and also reduce the energy barrier between the perovskite and hole transport layer. Theoretical simulations and experimental results demonstrate that Pb‐cluster and Pb‐I antisite defects can be effectively passivated by [DMIM]+ bonding with the Pb2+ ion on the perovskite surface, leading to significantly suppressed non‐radiative recombination. As a result, the solar cell efficiency was increased to 23.25 % from 21.09 %. Meanwhile, the DMIMPF6‐treated perovskite device demonstrated long‐term stability because the hydrophobic DMIMPF6 layer blocked moisture permeation.
Effects of modified poly(tetrafluoroethylene) on the physico‐mechanical and tribological properties of carbon‐black filled nitrile‐butadiene rubber
Authors: Jafari Farid , Razzaghi‐Kashani Mehdi , Hosseini Seyed Mostaffa , Pourhossaini Mohammad Reza
Published: November 2020

In this study the effects of electron beam irradiated poly (tetrafluoroethylene) (IR‐PTFE) on the mechanical and tribological properties as well as thermal and solvent aging behavior of carbon black filled nitrile‐butadiene rubber vulcanizates were studied. Based on the obtained results, addition of 30phr IR‐PTFE reduced mechanical strength about 10%, whereas coefficient of friction desirably reduced up to 60%. It was shown that IR‐PTFE significantly improved tribological properties by affecting the adhesion contribution of the friction mechanism. Moreover, formation of IR‐PTFE transfer films also contributed to the reduction of coefficient of friction in the long term tests. In addition, it was explained that IR‐PTFE enhances the sulfur cross‐linking reaction in the vulcanizates by reducing the intensity of carbon black network. Therefore, augmented chemical cross‐links compensates the loss of physical cross‐links in the carbon black network and keeps the solvent swelling resistance unchanged. Also, IR‐PTFE showed positive effects on the solvent aging of the vulcanizates, whereas the thermal aging of vulcanizates was unaffected.
Development of biphenyl monomers and associated crosslinked polymers with intramolecular pi‐pi interactions
Authors: Shah Rishabh A. , Ostertag Thomas W. , Tang Shuo , Dziubla Thomas D. , Hilt J. Zach
Published: November 2020

Monomers containing biphenyl moieties were employed to create two sets of covalently crosslinked polymers that displayed noncovalent interactions in their 3‐dimensional network. The biphenyls (precursors) used were 2‐phenylphenol, 4‐phenylphenol and 4,4′‐dihydroxybiphenyl, and their acrylated forms were synthesized and named as 2‐phenylphenolmonoacrylate, 4‐phenylphenolmonoacrylate, and 4,4′‐dihydroxybiphenyldiacrylate, respectively. These were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to confirm the successful acrylation reaction. Polymers were synthesized via free radical polymerization reactions with varying crosslinker contents, and their network properties were characterized using swelling studies and compressive modulus tests. Interestingly, swelling studies did not show the expected decreasing swelling ratio with increasing crosslinker content, while compression testing indicated the expected trend of increasing modulus with increasing crosslinking density. The unexpected swelling results are hypothesized to result from the intramolecular interactions between the biphenyl side groups that result in noncovalent crosslinks.
Novel benzoic acid derivatives: Synthesis and biological evaluation as multitarget acetylcholinesterase and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Authors: Kalaycı Muharrem , Türkeş Cüneyt , Arslan Mustafa , Demir Yeliz , Beydemir Şükrü
Published: November 2020

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dementia, memory impairment, cognitive dysfunction, and speech impairment. The utility of cholinergic replacement by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors in AD treatment has been well documented so far. Recently, studies have also evidenced that human carbonic anhydrases (hCAs) serve as an important target for AD treatment. In this direction, the improvement of new multitarget drugs, which can simultaneously modulate several mechanisms or targets included in the AD pathway, may be a potent strategy to treat AD. In light of these data for understanding and developing AD‐related multitarget AChE and hCAs inhibitors, in this study, novel methylene‐aminobenzoic acid and tetrahydroisoquinolynyl‐benzoic acid derivatives (4a–g and 6a–g) were designed. The synthesized analogs were experimentally validated for their effects by in vitro and direct enzymatic tests. Also, the compounds were subjected to in silico monitoring with Schrödinger Suite software to assign binding affinities of potential derivatives based on Glide XP scoring, molecular mechanics‐generalized Born surface area computing, and validation by molecular docking. The results revealed that 6c (1,3‐dimethyldihydropyrimidine‐2,4‐(1H,3H)‐dione‐substituted, KI value of 33.00 ± 0.29 nM), 6e (cyclohexanone‐substituted, KI value of 18.78 ± 0.09 nM), and 6f (2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxan‐4‐one‐substituted, KI value of 13.62 ± 0.21 nM) from the benzoic acid derivatives in this series were the most promising derivatives, as they exhibited a good multifunctional inhibition at all experimental levels and in the in silico validation against hCA I, hCA II, and AChE, respectively, for the treatment of AD.
Tensor product transformation‐based modeling of an induction machine
Authors: Németh Zoltán , Kuczmann Miklós
Published: November 2020

The paper demonstrates a tensor product (TP) model transformation‐based framework for an induction machine (IM). The state space model of an IM is highly nonlinear, thus the Takagi–Sugeno (TS) fuzzy model‐based quasi‐linear parameter‐varying (qLPV) representation can be a good alternative approach of machines modeling. The paper presents the basics of IM state space modeling, how the TP transformation can be applied in details. The control of IM is always a pivotal point; hence, options of feedback control are discussed. The main goal of this paper is to present the whole process of IM TP transformation‐based modeling including a control system.
A graphical diagnostic for heavy tailed data
Authors: Nolan John P.
Published: November 2020

Graphical diagnostics are described for general heavy tailed data. This tool allows for a model free assessment of the tails of a univariate dataset a transform on the tails of the data. In addition, one can add to the basic plots comparisons of a dataset to multiple models. Multivariate extensions are described using an ordering based on distance from a center.
Protein disulfide isomerase is regulated in multiple ways: Consequences for conformation, activities, and pathophysiological functions
Authors: Wang Lei , Yu Jiaojiao , Wang Chih‐chen
Published: November 2020

Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is one of the most abundant and critical protein folding catalysts in the endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotic cells. PDI consists of four thioredoxin domains and interacts with a wide range of substrate and partner proteins due to its intrinsic conformational flexibility. PDI plays multifunctional roles in a variety of pathophysiological events, both as an oxidoreductase and a molecular chaperone. Recent studies have revealed that the conformation and activity of PDI can be regulated in multiple ways, including posttranslational modification and substrate/ligand binding. Here, we summarize recent advances in understanding the function and regulation of PDI in different pathological and physiological events. We propose that the multifunctional roles of PDI are regulated by multiple mechanisms. Furthermore, we discuss future directions for the study of PDI, emphasizing how different regulatory modes are linked to the conformational changes and biological functions of PDI in the context of diverse pathophysiologies.
Models for human porphyrias: Have animals in the wild been overlooked?
Authors: de Oliveira Neves Ana Carolina , Galván Ismael
Published: November 2020

Humans accumulate porphyrins in the body mostly during the course of porphyrias, diseases caused by defects in the enzymes of the heme biosynthesis pathway and that produce acute attacks, skin lesions and liver cancer. In contrast, some wild mammals and birds are adapted to accumulate porphyrins without injurious consequences. Here we propose viewing such physiological adaptations as potential solutions to human porphyrias, and suggest certain wild animals as models. Given the enzymatic activity and/or the patterns of porphyrin excretion and accumulation, the fox squirrel, the great bustard and the Eurasian eagle owl may constitute overlooked models for different porphyrias. The Harderian gland of rodents, where large amounts of porphyrins are synthesized, presents an underexplored potential for understanding the carcinogenic/toxic effect of porphyrin accumulation. Investigating how these animals avoid porphyrin pathogenicity may complement the use of laboratory models for porphyrias and provide new insights into the treatment of these disorders.
New rules of social media shopping: Personality differences of U.S. Gen Z versus Gen X market mavens
Authors: Goldring Deborah , Azab Carol
Published: November 2020

This study compares differences in market mavenism between two generations: the young adult portion of Gen Z, born from approximately 1997 through 2012, to their Gen X parents, born from 1965 through 1980, using a field study of traits, shopping habits, and social media behaviors. Building on generational cohort theory, we conducted paired comparisons across generations and in mavens versus non‐mavens. We found differences between mavens and non‐mavens related to value consciousness, marketplace interfaces, status consumption, need for uniqueness, and social outcomes decision making. Significant differences were also found between GenZs and GenXs mavens when it comes to status consumption and social outcomes decision making. We also analyzed social media engagement by product category and platform and finally, suggest managerial implications.
Chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention: The Latin American experience
Authors: Postalian Alexander , Krajcer Zvonimir
Published: November 2020

Key Points

The role of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remains to be clarified.

The authors describe their experience with CTO PCI in Latin America. Success and complication rates were similar to those reported in other large CTO registries.

We welcome reports such as this that assist our group efforts in determining which patients benefit the most from CTO PCI and how we can best increase success rates while minimizing complications.
Overcoming obstacles in interventional cardiology training during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Okutucu Sercan , Cilingiroglu Mehmet
Published: November 2020

Key Points

During Covid‐19 pandemic, elective interventions have been postponed at many medical centers in the United States. This might have had significant impact on interventional cardiology training.

A significant proportion of interventional cardiology fellows think that by the end of their training they may not reach the minimum procedural requirements; and nearly half believe that the COVID‐19 pandemic will affect their interventional skills.

There is need to review current interventional cardiology program requirements and strategic solutions to supplement gaps in education and experience related to reduced interventions.
Staged CTO PCI: The investment that pays dividends
Authors: Rodriguez‐Paz Enrique , Heuser Richard
Published: November 2020

Key Points

For those who perform CTO recanalization, initial failure does not mean the vessel cannot be opened later.

If repeat PCI is performed after subintimal plaque modification, it is best to let the vessel heal for at least 60 days before reattempting the procedure for the best results.

A second procedure in a CTO can result in high success rate (83%).
Catheter allotopia with totally implantable access port: A report of three cases and literature review
Authors: Gu Jialin , Wei Guoli , Li Lingchang , Ji Yi , Yu Jialin , Hu Canhong , Huo Jiege
Published: November 2020

Early detection and treatment are critical for preventing catheter allotopia in the totally implantable access ports and whenever possible, the right internal jugular vein should be selected as the first puncture point.
Advances in Metal Phthalocyanine based Carbon Composites for Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Yue Zijun , Ou Caixia , Ding Nengwen , Tao Lihong , Zhao Jianjun , Chen Jun
Published: November 2020

Fossil energy can bring great convenience to human beings, but the carbon dioxide released at the same time can produce Greenhouse Effect, resulting in the rise of Earth's temperature, which has a great impact on the environment. Therefore, how to efficiently catalyze the reduction of carbon dioxide is a hot issue to be solved. Metal phthalocyanines exhibit superior electrochemical catalytic performance due to their large conjugated structure, while carbon nanotubes and graphene, as nanoscale materials, have extremely large surface area and excellent electrochemical performance. The combination of carbon nanotubes and graphene with metal phthalocyanine can greatly improve the electrocatalytic performance of the composites. Herein, in this review, the mechanism of catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) by metal phthalocyanine based composites and its research progress are reviewed, the current problems in the field of electrocatalysis of phthalocyanine based composites with the future prospects are presented. We hope this review will help to stimulate further development of phthalocyanine based composites with high performance CO2 catalytic reduction.
Design and Synthesis of Cage Molecules as High Energy Density Materials for Aerospace Applications
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Cheekatla Subba Rao , Meshram Milind
Published: November 2020

This account deals with our work on cage systems that was reported during the past two decades. Here, we summarized various new synthetic routes to diverse cage polycycles by employing Claisen rearrangement, Diels−Alder (DA) reaction, [2+2] photocycloaddition, Grignard addition, Fischer indolization, ring‐closing metathesis (RCM), Van Leusen oxazole synthesis, and rearrangement reaction as key steps. Several heterocyclic cage frameworks (oxacycles and oxazoles), polycyclic bisindoles, cage spirocycles, cage energetic systems,D3‐trishomocubanes, cage propellanes and unusual polycycles were designed starting with inexpensive and easily accessible starting materials. In some occasions, we also prepared biologically important triquinane frameworks starting with readily available cage diones via photo‐thermal olefin metathesis strategy under microwave irradiation conditions. This new protocol avoids specialized equipment such as flash vacuum pyrolysis. Additionally, we have also shown interesting rearrangements in cage frameworks to generate unusual new and cage systems with the aid of the Lewis acids such as BF3.OEt2. Moreover, these functionalized cage systems can be considered as a useful candidates in material science, medicinal chemistry, and also in drug in design.
Electrocatalytic Synthesis of Ammonia Using a 2D Ti3C2 MXene Loaded with Copper Nanoparticles
Authors: Liu Anmin , Liang Xingyou , Yang Qiyue , Ren Xuefeng , Gao Mengfan , Yang Yanan , Ma Tingli
Published: November 2020

As an energy‐saving and environmentally friendly ammonia synthesis method, electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) has received a great deal of attention. There is thus an urgent need to find high‐efficiency electrocatalysts for the NRR. In this work, a Cu/Ti3C2 composite catalyst was prepared and demonstrated excellent selectivity under environmental conditions, which could efficiently convert N2 into NH3 electrochemically. In 0.1 M KOH, Cu/Ti3C2 can achieve a high Faradaic efficiency of 7.31 % and a high NH3 production rate of 3.04 μmol h−1 cm−2 at −0.5 V vs. RHE. Moreover, the material also exhibits superior electrochemical stability and durability. At the same time, density functional theory (DFT) shows that, compared with Ti3C2, Cu/Ti3C2 exhibits a wider conduction and valence band and a larger Fermi level, thus indicating that Cu plays a vital role in the enhancement of the catalytic activity and conductivity of Ti3C2‐based materials. This work provides a feasible strategy for designing high‐efficiency MXene‐based NRR electrocatalysts.
Possible role of nonenzymatic antioxidants in hydroprimed sunflower seeds under heat stress
Authors: Catiempo Rose L. , Photchanachai Songsin , Bayogan Emma Ruth V. , Vichitsoonthonkul Taweerat
Published: November 2020

This work demonstrates how priming durations affect high‐ and low‐vigor sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seeds and relate to the dynamics of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant systems against heat stress. Heat tolerance of high‐vigor seeds were enhanced when primed 3–6 h, and low‐vigor seeds were enhanced when primed 3–12 h. Priming at optimum duration led to increases in ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity and higher levels of total phenolic content (TPC), vitamin C and total chlorophyll combined with decreased H2O2 content. After exposure to heat stress, the primed seeds maintained reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and alleviated seeds damage. This may be due to protective mechanisms of priming that prevented severe loss in catalase (CAT) and APX activities, maintained superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and increased TPC, proline, vitamin C, and carotenoid accumulation. However, extending priming to 18 h with subsequent heat stress decreased germination percentage. Control seeds lost viability, as oxidative balance was not maintained due to heat stress. These results support the participation of nonenzymatic antioxidants in the improved tolerance to heat stress of primed seeds.
Scalable Photocatalyst Panels for Photoreforming of Plastic, Biomass and Mixed Waste in Flow
Authors: Uekert Taylor , Bajada Mark A. , Schubert Teresa , Pichler Christian M. , Reisner Erwin
Published: November 2020

Solar‐driven reforming uses sunlight and a photocatalyst to generate H2 fuel from waste at ambient temperature and pressure. However, it faces practical scaling challenges such as photocatalyst dispersion and recyclability, competing light absorption by the waste solution, slow reaction rates and low conversion yields. Here, the immobilisation of a noble‐metal‐free carbon nitride/nickel phosphide (CNx|Ni2P) photocatalyst on textured glass is shown to overcome several of these limitations. The 1 cm2 CNx|Ni2P panels photoreform plastic, biomass, food and mixed waste into H2 and organic molecules with rates comparable to those of photocatalyst slurries. Furthermore, the panels enable facile photocatalyst recycling and novel photoreactor configurations that prevent parasitic light absorption, thereby promoting H2 production from turbid waste solutions. Scalability is further verified by preparing 25 cm2 CNx|Ni2P panels for use in a custom‐designed flow reactor to generate up to 21 μmolH
 m−2 h−1 under “real‐world” (seawater, low sunlight) conditions. The application of inexpensive and readily scalable CNx|Ni2P panels to photoreforming of a variety of real waste streams provides a crucial step towards the practical deployment of this technology.
From fragmentation to centralization in policymaking: An explanation for the expansion of China's civilian nuclear industry
Authors: Han Heejin
Published: November 2020

Several countries have pursued nuclear programs for various reasons, including energy security, environmental benefits, and technological progress. China is no exception, having pursued civilian nuclear programs since the 1970s. Existing studies depict China's nuclear policymaking as a contested bureaucratic struggle based on fragmented authoritarianism. This study, however, reveals an increasingly centralizing tendency in China's nuclear policymaking since the mid‐2000s. The central government has begun to undergird China's transition to an exporting country of nuclear technology through many policy instruments, seeing its technology as a global brand. China's accelerated promotion of the nuclear sector based on such centralization contrasts with its neighboring governments' shift away from the top–down, government‐dominant mode of policymaking to a more pluralistic and deliberative one in the post‐Fukushima era.
Potential environmental benefits of integrating flue gas quench in biomass/waste‐fueled CHP plants
Authors: Wang Yabo , Wang Jinshan , Naqvi Muhammad , Li Hailong , Wang Bin
Published: November 2020

Due to stricter regulations, large biomass/waste incineration power plants are expected to reduce (i) pollutant emissions through water (such as organic compounds dissolved in the discharge water), (ii) the withdrawal of external freshwater, and (iii) the disturbance to the natural water by increasing the water recycle and internal reuse. To address such challenges, flue gas quench (FGQ) is playing a vital role that links flue gas (FG) cleaning and wastewater treatment. In this study, a detailed analysis based on the material and energy balance is performed regarding the pollutant distribution in the flue gas and the wastewater within a combined heat and power (CHP) plant. The real data from the reference CHP plant were used; and results show that the utilization of FGQ can result in less wastewater discharge (about 73 tonnes/d) together with less pollutant concentration to the municipal wastewater treatment plant, as compared to the system with only flue gas condenser but without FGQ. The integration of FGQ also results in less burden on the external freshwater use by increasing the amount of clean water for internal use (about 57 tonnes per day). In addition, the integration of FGQ can offer a potential annual energy saving of about 13.1 MWh in the municipal wastewater treatment plant due to the less wastewater coming from the CHP plant.
Poor uterine contractility and postpartum hemorrhage among low‐risk women: A case‐control study of a large‐scale database from Japan
Authors: Nishida Keiko , Sairenchi Toshimi , Uchiyama Koji , Haruyama Yasuo , Watanabe Mariko , Hamada Hiromi , Satoh Toyomi , Miyashita Susumu , Fukasawa Ichio , Kobashi Gen
Published: November 2020

Objective

To examine the association between the risk of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and poor uterine contractility, which is suggested by the characteristics of labor.

Methods

This case‐control study used cases recorded in the Japan Perinatal Registry database during the period 2013–2016. After exclusion of women with specified known risk factors for PPH, we enrolled 174 082 primiparas who had a full‐term live singleton vaginal birth. Participants were classified into four classes according to the diagnosis of abnormal labor patterns and use of uterotonics. χ2 tests were used to compare PPH cases with controls, and odds ratios (OR) were calculated by univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

Among the enrolled women, 10 508 (6.0%) had PPH. Abnormal labor patterns were significantly associated with an increased risk of PPH. Compared with women without any abnormal labor patterns who had not used uterotonics, women with abnormal labor patterns were at a significantly increased risk for PPH regardless of whether they had used uterotonics (adjusted OR 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10–1.37) or not (adjusted OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.23–1.37).

Conclusion

Our study suggests that among low‐risk women with PPH, poor uterine contractility in labor could be a significant predisposing risk factor for PPH.
Deeply supervisedU‐Netfor mass segmentation in digital mammograms
Authors: N Ravitha Rajalakshmi , R Vidhyapriya , N Elango , Ramesh Nikhil
Published: November 2020

Mass detection is a critical process in the examination of mammograms. The shape and texture of the mass are key parameters used in the diagnosis of breast cancer. To recover the shape of the mass, semantic segmentation is found to be more useful rather than mere object detection (or) localization. The main challenges involved in the mass segmentation include: (a) low signal to noise ratio (b) indiscernible mass boundaries, and (c) more false positives. These problems arise due to the significant overlap in the intensities of both the normal parenchymal region and the mass region. To address these challenges, deeply supervised U‐Net model (DS U‐Net) coupled with dense conditional random fields (CRFs) is proposed. Here, the input images are preprocessed using CLAHE and a modified encoder‐decoder‐based deep learning model is used for segmentation. In general, the encoder captures the textual information of various regions in an input image, whereas the decoder recovers the spatial location of the desired region of interest. The encoder‐decoder‐based models lack the ability to recover the non‐conspicuous and spiculated mass boundaries. In the proposed work, deep supervision is integrated with a popular encoder‐decoder model (U‐Net) to improve the attention of the network toward the boundary of the suspicious regions. The final segmentation map is also created as a linear combination of the intermediate feature maps and the output feature map. The dense CRF is then used to fine‐tune the segmentation map for the recovery of definite edges. The DS U‐Net with dense CRF is evaluated on two publicly available benchmark datasets CBIS‐DDSM and INBREAST. It provides a dice score of 82.9% for CBIS‐DDSM and 79% for INBREAST.
Short‐term psychodynamic infant–parent interventions at Child health centers: Outcomes on parental depression and infant social–emotional functioning
Authors: Salomonsson Björn , Kornaros Katarina , Sandell Rolf , Nissen Eva , Lilliengren Peter
Published: November 2020

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) demonstrate efficacy of parent–infant psychotherapy, but its applicability and effectiveness in public health care are less known. The method followed is Naturalistic study evaluating Short‐term Psychodynamic Infant–Parent Interventions at Child Health Centers (SPIPIC) in Stockholm, Sweden. One hundred distressed mothers with infants were recruited by supervised nurses. Six therapists provided 4.3 therapy sessions on average (SD = 3.3). Sessions typically included the mothers, often with the baby present, while fathers rarely attended sessions. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social–Emotional (ASQ: SE) were distributed at baseline and at 3 and 9 months later. Data from a nonclinical group were collected simultaneously to provide norm data. Multilevel growth models on the mothers’ questionnaire scores showed significant decreases over time on both measures. Nine months after baseline, 50% achieved a reliable change on the EPDS and 14% on the ASQ: SE. Prepost effect‐sizes (d) were 0.70 and 0.40 for EPDS and ASQ: SE, figures that are comparable to results of other controlled studies. Psychotherapists integrated with public health care seem to achieve good results when supporting distressed mothers with brief interventions in the postnatal period. SPIPIC needs to be compared with other modalities and organizational frameworks.
A call to improve understanding of Undetectable equals Untransmittable (U = U) in Brazil: a web‐based survey
Authors: Torres Thiago S , Cox Joseph , Marins Luana MS , Bezerra Daniel RB , Veloso Valdilea G , Grinsztejn Beatriz , Luz Paula M
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Currently, the slogan “Undetectable = Untransmittable” (U = U), launched to disseminate scientific evidence on how people living with HIV (PLHIV) on antiretroviral treatment with suppressed viral load cannot transmit HIV to their sexual partners, is still challenged by individuals with differential acceptance across populations. In this study, we documented the perceived accuracy of U = U in Brazil in three different groups: PLHIV, HIV‐negative/unknown cisgender gay/bisexual men who have sex with men (GBM) and HIV‐negative/unknown other populations (POP).

Methods

Adult (age ≥ 18y) Brazilians were recruited during October 2019 to complete a web‐based survey advertised on Grindr, Facebook and WhatsApp. Perceived accuracy of U = U was assessed with the question: “With regards to HIV‐positive individuals transmitting HIV through sexual contact, how accurate do you believe the slogan U = U is?” Response options ranged from 1 (Completely inaccurate) to 4 (Completely accurate) plus a fifth option (I don’t know what “undetectable” means). Participants’ characteristics were described according to perceived accuracy of U = U. Logistic regression models assessed the factors associated with perceived accuracy of U = U (completely accurate vs. partially accurate/inaccurate or completely inaccurate) by group.

Results

Of 2311 individuals accessing the questionnaire, 1690 (73.1%) met inclusion/exclusion criteria and completed it. Of these, 347 (20.5%) were PLHIV, 785 (46.4%) GBM and 558 (33.0%) POP. More PLHIV perceived U = U as completely accurate (79.0%), compared to 44.2% GBM and 17.2% POP (p < 0.001). Among PLHIV, Black identity was associated with decreased odds of perceiving U = U as completely accurate while having a steady partner was associated with increased odds. Among GBM, being gay, having middle/higher income, being a resident of state capital metropolitan areas and ever testing for HIV were associated with increased odds. Lastly, among POP, ever testing for HIV increased the odds of perceiving U = U as completely accurate.

Conclusions

There was a significant difference in perceived accuracy of U = U across population groups. Accurate understanding of the slogan needs to be promoted in more vulnerable populations such as PLHIV of Black identity and GBM of lower income to maximize individual and societal prevention benefits. Moreover, broader understating of U = U among the general population can help decrease societal stigma towards PLHIV.
Isotope abundance ratio measurements using femtosecond laser ablation ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Tulej Marek , Neubeck Anna , Riedo Andreas , Lukmanov Rustam , Grimaudo Valentine , Ligterink Niels F.W. , Ivarsson Magnus , Bach Wolfgang , de Koning Coenraad , Wurz Peter
Published: November 2020

Accurate isotope ratio measurements are of high importance in various scientific fields, ranging from radio isotope geochronology of solids to studies of element isotopes fractionated by living organisms. Instrument limitations, such as unresolved isobaric inferences in the mass spectra, or cosampling of the material of interest together with the matrix material may reduce the quality of isotope measurements. Here, we describe a method for accurate isotope ratio measurements using our laser ablation ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer (LIMS) that is designed for in situ planetary research. The method is based on chemical depth profiling that allows for identifying micrometer scale inclusions embedded in surrounding rocks with different composition inside the bulk of the sample. The data used for precise isotope measurements are improved using a spectrum cleaning procedure that ensures removal of low quality spectra. Furthermore, correlation of isotopes of an element is used to identify and reject the data points that, for example, do not belong to the species of interest. The measurements were conducted using IR femtosecond laser irradiation focused on the sample surface to a spot size of ~12 μm. Material removal was conducted for a predefined number of laser shots, and time‐of‐flight mass spectra were recorded for each of the ablated layers. Measurements were conducted on NIST SRM 986 Ni isotope standard, trevorite mineral, and micrometer‐sized inclusions embedded in aragonite. Our measurements demonstrate that element isotope ratios can be measured with accuracies and precision at the permille level, exemplified by the analysis of B, Mg, and Ni element isotopes. The method applied will be used for in situ investigation of samples on planetary surfaces, for accurate quantification of element fractionation induced by, for example, past or present life or by geochemical processes.
Evaluation of a questionnaire‐based diabetes screening concept in German patients with Stage III or IV periodontitis: A practice‐based study
Authors: Schmalz Gerhard , Wolf Claudia , Merle Cordula , Kottmann Tanja , Haak Rainer , Ziebolz Dirk
Published: November 2020

Background

This practice‐based retrospective study evaluated a screening method for diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients with Stage III or IV periodontitis using the FINDRISC questionnaire.

Methods

Patients with Stage III or IV periodontitis who received FINDRISC screening in a German private dental practice were recruited. Individuals with positive FINDRISC scores (≥12, FINDRISC+) were referred for diabetological examination. Several general and periodontal findings from the patients’ documentation were recorded and analyzed.

Results

A total of 179 patients (52.65 ± 11.49 years) were included. In DM screening, 24.6% (n = 44) patients were FINDRISC+, including all patients with currently known DM (21 of 21). Of the remaining FINDRISC+ patients, 82.6% (19 of 23) visited their general practitioner, and 63.2% (12 of 19, 7.6% of total cohort) had an HbA1c ≥5.7%. Accordingly, 75% of the FINDRISC+ patients were diabetologically conspicuous (HbA1c ≥ 5.7%), including those with already known DM. Patients with previously unknown DM showed higher mean age, more missing teeth, a higher periodontitis stage (more Stage IV) and more frequently teeth with suppuration compared with the diabetologically inconspicuous individuals (P <0.01).

Conclusion

The FINDRISC questionnaire is appropriate for patients with Stage III or IV periodontitis and can be recommended in dental practice setting.
A novel extraction approach and unique physicochemical properties of gelatin from the swim bladder of sturgeon
Authors: Wang Lin , Li Peiyu , Ren Yuhan , Bai Fan , Wang Jinlin , Zhang Yuhao , Jin Wengang , El‐Seedi Hesham , Gao Ruichang
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND

Gelatin is traditionally produced from mammals and widely applied in the food industry. The production is tedious, time‐consuming and environment‐unfriendly, while the application is restricted because of zoonosis risk and religious sentiment.

RESULTS

Gelatin was extracted by hot water from sturgeon swim bladder after defatting with alcohol and hexane. The yield reached to 94.15% under the optimized conditions of 50 °C, 30 min and 10 mL g−1. Its amino acid and subunit profiles were similar to type I collagen. Compared to commercial porcine, bovine and piscine gelatins, it exhibited higher whiteness (3.38), emulsion activity (171.76 m2 g−1), gel strength (853.23 g), water‐holding capacity (92.37%) and viscoelasticity (0.03). But the transmittance (40.56% at 450 nm and 59.07% at 620 nm), emulsion stability (30.09 min), foam expansion (203.00) and stability (26.92), gelling (16.88 °C) and melting temperature (21.80 °C) were lower. While the pH (6.87) and viscosity (28.60 mPa s) were moderate. Moreover, it made better hydrogels and nanofibers.

CONCLUSION

Gelatin was extracted from sturgeon swim bladder using a clean and efficient approach, and exhibited unique properties and great potential for the food industry. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Weighing paper‐assisted magnetic ionic liquid headspace single‐drop microextraction using microwave distillation followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the determination of essential oil components in lavender
Authors: Chen Ping , Liu Xin , Wang Lili , Wang Caijuan , Fu Jihong
Published: November 2020

Weighing paper‐assisted magnetic ionic liquid headspace single‐drop microextraction using microwave distillation followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was successfully developed to determine the essential oil components in lavender. The magnetic ionic liquid 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate was successfully synthesized and used as the optimal extraction solvent. An aliquot of 9 μL of magnetic ionic liquid could be stably suspended on the weighing paper for long time extraction. The increase of the extractant volume resulted in a significantly enhanced in extracting efficiency of the weighing paper‐assisted magnetic ionic liquid headspace single‐drop microextraction than traditional headspace single‐drop microextraction method. In this experiment, the optimal conditions were 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate as the extraction solvent, extraction time of 12 min, microwave power of 600 W, cyclohexane as back‐extractant and sample amount of 30 mg. The developed method was successfully applied to analyze 16 lavender samples from three different harvest years. A total of 39 compounds in lavender were identified and the principal component analysis provided a clear separation between those lavender samples harvested in different years. The results indicated that the proposed weighing paper‐assisted magnetic ionic liquid headspace single‐drop microextraction is a novel, fast, simple and sensitive microextration technique for the determination of the essential oil components in lavender.
A Comparison of the Localization of Integral Membrane Proteins in Human and Rabbit Vocal Folds
Authors: Gartling Gary J. , Sayce Lea , Kimball Emily E. , Sueyoshi Shintaro , Rousseau Bernard
Published: November 2020

Objectives

This study's objective was to identify and compare the localization of Aquaporin (AQP) 1, 4, 7, Na+/K + ‐ATPase, E‐cadherin, zona occludin (ZO)‐1, and occludin in human and rabbit vocal folds (VF)s to inform the design of future studies to explore the function of these proteins in the regulation of VF homeostasis.

Methods

Four human larynges and five New Zealand white rabbit larynges were used. Samples were immunolabeled for primary antibodies against AQP1, AQP4, AQP7, the alpha subunit of Na+/K + ‐ATPase, E‐cadherin, and ZO‐1 and occludin and then captured digitally using a Nikon Eclipse 90i microscope and Hamamatsu C10600 Camera. Two raters familiar with human and rabbit VF histology identified positive labeling in tissue structures, including the apical epithelium, basal epithelium/basement membrane, and lamina propria (LP).

Results

Samples from both species showed positive labeling for AQP1 in the basal epithelium/basement membrane, superficial LP, and deep/intermediate LP. Aquaporin 4, Aquaporin 7, Na+/K + ‐ATPase, and E‐cadherin were primarily localized to the epithelium of both species. Zona occludin‐1 was primarily localized apical epithelium and the superficial LP of both species. Occludin was primarily present in the apical epithelium in rabbit samples but not human.

Conclusion

These data provide evidence of the presence of key ion transport channels and cell adhesion proteins in human and rabbit VFs. Aquaporin 1, 4, 7, Na+/K + ‐ATPase, E‐cadherin, and ZO‐1 were similarly localized in both species. These findings will be useful to investigators interested in the exploration of VF homeostasis and barrier integrity in future studies.

Level of Evidence

N/A Laryngoscope, 131:E1265–E1271, 2021