bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Erskine-Hill Howard
Published: October 2011

This introductory chapter begins by laying out the main contention of this book, that there is a political component, often involving contemporary political ideas and historical circumstance, in some of the most powerful poetic works of 16th- and 17th-century English literature, works which have in the past been usually read for their aesthetic achievement and generalized wisdom. It argues that this political component is an eventual part of their aesthetic life, and that that, in its turn, is part of that wider historical culture which it is the vocation of scholarship to explore.
Parataxis and the ‘Multiple Sentence’
Authors: Mitchell Bruce
Published: October 2011

The term ‘parataxis’ is used here in a purely formal sense to mean a construction in which sentences or clauses are not formally subordinated one to the other. A multiple (or compound) sentence is traditionally defined as a sentence consisting of two or more co-ordinate clauses, i.e., clauses joined together by co-ordinating conjunctions such as ‘and’ (‘cumulative’), ‘but’ (‘adversative’), ‘(either…) or’ (‘alternative’), and ‘for’ (‘illative’). This chapter discusses asyndetic parataxis, syndetic parataxis, correlation not involving subordination, and element order in paratactic non-dependent questions.
Narrativity: Theory and Practice
Authors: Sturgess Philip J. M.
Published: October 2011

Defining narrativity as the enabling force of narrative, this is a full-length exploration of the concept in fiction. It develops the notion of a ‘logic of narrativity’, and by this means contributes a new critical strategy to the field of narrative theory. The book also takes issue with a number of critical approaches which have in recent years acquired near-orthodox status in the matter of textual interpretation. Most prominent among these approaches are deconstruction and a particular form of Marxist criticism. The author's own theoretical claims are substantiated by readings of major 20th-century novels by Conrad, Joyce, Flann O'Brien, and Arthur Koestler, and the book concludes with an analysis of an earlier narrative, Maria Edgeworth's Castle Rackrent, which illustrates the wider premises of the theory and its applications.
Narrative Despotism and Metafictional Mastery: The Case of Flann O'Brien's At Swim-Two-Birds
Authors: Sturgess Philip J. M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter focuses on the way in which the concept of a logic of narrativity relates to, and meets the challenge of, Flann O'Brien's fiction. At first sight this fiction seems completely illogical in its mode of being, illogical both in terms of narrative logic (the second principle of the concept) and in terms of intelligible sequence and overall syntagmatic continuity (the fourth and fifth principles of the concept). If the theory in question can, as it were, make sense of this illogic, then by implication it can make sense of other works for which At Swim-Two-Birds may stand as a paradigm.
Ambiguity: The Making of the Irish Treaty, 1921–1922
Authors: Lavin Deborah
Published: October 2011

Sceptics turned Curtis's own phrase against him saying that he brought dyarchy in India and anarchy to Ireland. Curtis inspired the Irish Branch with a theory of Commonwealth which suggested how an Irish settlement might be worked. He had argued that the Commonwealth must operate as a unit, symbolized by the common citizenship of its peoples. To be made saleable in two fundamentally opposed political systems, the Treaty had to mean several inconsistent things at once. In Britain, it had to be seen to create a monarchical Dominion; in Ireland it had to be seen as capable of evolution into independence, even as an autonomous republic. Curtis had advised that the constitutional issue raised points which ‘unless handled with the greatest care, may easily range the whole of the Dominion on the side of Ireland against the country and precipitate a crises on the Imperial question’.
An Irish Dominion in an International Commonwealth
Authors: Lavin Deborah
Published: October 2011

For a time much of the responsibility for the Irish Branch fell to Curtis. His influence in Dublin grew as he negotiated directly with Liam Cosgrave and Kevin O'Higgins. Curtis perceived a new role for the Commonwealth — nothing less than keeping the peace of the world, with the Foreign Office giving form to its international identity as a whole by acting as the agent of the Imperial Conference. Curtis worked up a plan of his own for international action to stabilize world peace after the war, and had suggested a limited federal union among the Allies for mutual defence and security. He proposed to fit the Irish scheme into a wider plan, since the new federal union was designed to be sufficiently international.
Oxford—Civitas Mei,Civitas Dei
Authors: Lavin Deborah
Published: October 2011

Curtis was elected to a Fellowship at All Souls, renewing an attachment to Oxford that lasted for the rest of his life. Influential American industrialists and academics and Dominion magnates frequented the College as his weekend guests. His rather surprising friendship with T. E. Lawrence had begun in London. Curtis has been elected to his Fellowship to complete The Commonwealth of Nations, but he found that ‘the political landscape had so changed, and my own outlook upon it had widened to such an extent, that the “Commonwealth of Nations” Part I was too obsolete to continue’. The extraordinary title and form Curtis chose — Civitas Dei — show that he was still labouring to reconcile responsible government and internationalism, his principle of Commonwealth with his personal morality and hatred over war.
Settled Practices
Authors: Gurr Andrew
Published: October 2011

The Privy Council’s settlement of two approved playing companies in two approved playhouses in 1594 was the first permanent foothold for the companies in London. The years from 1594 to 1603 laid down new patterns, which only altered very slowly in the decades that followed. A number of different aspects of their working, such as the times and conditions of performance, licensing, the effects of the plague bills, and the sharer system and company finances are considered in this chapter. Given the variety of playing through time and space, the number of different playhouses and playing companies, the seventy-five-year span of performances, changing tastes among playgoers and playwrights, and the inevitability of change, development, and even evolution in theatre traditions, we do it wrong to use it so homogeneously, as if it was a single, invariable practice. Given such variety, too, many of the questions that stand up about the London theatres of William Shakespeare’s time get answers for which the evidence is all too imprecise.
A Biographical Evaluation: Jerome
Authors: Simmons Michael Bland
Published: October 2011

Jerome is the only ancient author who provides any biographical information about Arnobius, and two important passages related to this form the basis of this chapter.
The Supreme God and Saturn
Authors: Simmons Michael Bland
Published: October 2011

The Adversus nationes was written during a period of great religious conflict and competition. Two very powerful forces were simultaneously confronting the Christian Church in North Africa: the Roman Empire and the cult of Saturn. This chapter suggests that in Arnobius, one can glimpse a few impacts which resulted from the most cataclysmic event in North Africa up to his time. God depicted as the lord of nature and the agrarian processes, who sends the rains, blesses the crops, and has created the sun to make things grow, is a conception of deity which indeed comprises a small but very important part of Arnobius' overall understanding of the manner in which the Christian God providentially relates himself to man and his world. The immediate Christian source underlying this concept is the De bono patientiae of Cyprian. Whether Arnobius has carried with him any former pagan religious concepts into his Christian views of the agrarian lordship of the deity is not ascertainable, but certainly possible in light of the conceptual parallels noted above with the Saturn cult.
Preface
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

This chapter focuses on the origins and writings of Yiddish literature written in Eastern Europe. Titles of the earliest work are enumerated, those that were of notable influence on modern literature. Times of oppression, such as the Khmelnitski massacre in 1648, forced the Jewish people to migrate to other regions in Europe, such as the Central and Western parts. Due to the new settling of colonies, they brought with them the Yiddish literature, which they were able to share with the natives. It brought about the further expansion of the literature. Also highlighted in the chapter are commemorative poems that are important manifestations of the Eastern Yiddish Literature. They also reflect the cruelty and pain that the massacre caused.
Two Books from the Early Eighteenth Century
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

Ethical literature was a very popular genre in Yiddish literature during the sixteenth and up until the eighteenth century. Simplicity and moral tones were some of the elements that were emphasized in the two books that served as examples of eighteenth-century Eastern literature. Both were concerned with religious and spiritual aspects, using narrative tales and parables that speak of general ethical principles and religious customs. They are a guide for people to stay on track with their lives and be mindful of their actions. What is interestingly about these writings is that they had both Western and Eastern thoughts in them, as though the writers had these readers in mind, albeit that it was European in origin.
The Eastern Yiddish Re-editions
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

The Eastern re-editions are important in that they provide information on the transition that took place in terms of form, structure, and content. The most important changes were those regarding syntax, morphology, and lexicon. These, however, still follow the old Jewish spelling conventions, as there is still a sort of conservatism in some respects. The greatest change took place in the early nineteenth century, where typographical transition was very much apparent. A high level of consistency was still maintained, in spite of the alterations. Points such as stressed and unstressed vowels, spelling of consonants, and phonology are tackled in this chapter, lending insight into and comprehension of the evolution that took place.
Lexicon
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

A limited change with regards to lexicon was noted in the three featured writings. What is notable is the replacement of Western, both the old and modern components, into Eastern Yiddish. Although this is only very minimal, it is still of substantial impact. It is as if the old lexicon nature was to be preserved in this context, as it is more meaningful and comprehensible to an Eastern Yiddish speaker. This provided an archaic style in the midst of modern Yiddish forms, most notable in the first half of the nineteenth century. It was an attempt to maintain the treasured traditions and ways of the old times.
Morphology
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

Of all the elements of structure and form, it is morphology that was central to modernizing old Yiddish literature. It is the most visual and was the most significant change to both the publisher and the reader, and was consistently done in an extremely organized and systemic fashion. There were some aspects that were a little conservative; this included the future-tense auxiliary, the relative pronouns, and the Western Yiddish accusative and dative forms of the masculine definitive article. Only a limited few have achieved an archaic feel: those that were very little in alteration, most prominent during the first half of the nineteenth century. However, it is those that were artistically and substantially transformed that were the most successful in modernization.
The Extent of Easternization and the Levels of Linguistic Change
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

As has been mentioned, morphology and syntax are the most visible and significant parts in organizing and altering Eastern Yiddish literature. The degree of transformation however, is still determined not just by the author but by the editor as well. This intervention may limit or exaggerate the final version of the work. A significant change in syntactic usually indicates a higher level of modernization. The more the structure of syntax is changed, the more elevated the standard of the writing. The work Tsene rene was the most popular of those that underwent changes towards Westernization, the latest of which was released in 1988 in Jerusalem. This most recent version of the writings marked the last in the long journey towards Easternization.
The Language of the Eastern Version [Novidvor,c. 1783]
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

Modern Eastern is what best describes this version. It is a mixture of all the styles and revisions that emerged throughout the nineteenth century. Aside from this, new features were included to suit the modern form of the literature, such as that in orthography. Patterns in pretonic and posttonic vowels are used to describe these features. Orthography and phonology had a somewhat conservative alteration in this version, due to the minimal amount of spellings that were replaced or totally changed, such as those leaning towards Southeastern Yiddish. There was to a certain extent a reorganization and reconstruction of the stressed vowel system that adapted and conformed to the Southeastern dialect, the origin of the author.
Eastern Yiddish Dialect Correlates
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

Published late eighteenth-century works were said to be from the Southeastern region. Thus it is understandable that there is a mixture of different regional dialects present, such as the pan-eastern, Northeastern and Southeastern. Even though a few of these works were also published in the mideastern region, there seems to be minimal influence on them. Morphology in these texts was found to be predominantly Southeastern, although this chapter discusses forms and structures of the Northeastern and mideastern dialect, such as word order and other components of syntax. It is said that the agglutinative word order can be likened to an archaic feature, and the more agglutinative the word order is, the more it is linguistically archaic.
The Rise of Modern Literary Yiddish: Historical, Linguistic, and Socio-linguistic Perspectives
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

Technology and the need for improvement and excellence drive change. Literature is not far behind, driven by the desire to adapt to its readers. The culture and socio-economic state of the eighteenth century was by far different from that of the twentieth century, thus the effects on readers are not the same for each time. During the earlier periods, there was much resistance to the modernization of literature, as it was still too premature and radical to be accepted. Yiddish literature had to be patient and endure a long and tedious amount of transformation before it was finally embraced by its age. Contemporary finally prevailed against traditional, although the latter cannot be forgotten.
Liberal Individualism and the Fear of the Feminine in Spanish Romantic Drama
Authors: LABANYI JO
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the ways in which four major Spanish Romantic plays first staged during 1834–7 — La conjuración de Venecia by Martínez de la Rosa, Don Álvaro o la fuerza del sino by the Duque de Rivas, El trovador by García Gutiérrez, and Los amantes de Teruel by Juan Eugenio Hartzenbusch — dramatise the contradictions inherent in liberal individualism. In particular, the chapter shows how the latter cannot be understood without reference to gender. Martínez de la Rosa and Rivas, both prominent liberal statesmen, had firsthand knowledge of Britain and France as political émigrés; it was in those countries that liberal political theory was developed. However, their plays show an identical understanding of the construction of the individual subject, for liberal political theory was predicated on new models of the family and of sexual difference which became commonly accepted by the European bourgeoisie.
‘Poesía … eres tú’, or the Construction of Bécquer and the Sign of Woman
Authors: MANDRELL JAMES
Published: October 2011

This chapter indicates that discussions of Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer and the question of the view of women, respond not necessarily to the poems in and of themselves, but to the thematic grouping of the poems as found in the volume entitled Rimas, and to the narrative given the poems by Rodríguez Correa in his biographical introduction to the posthumous Obras completas. Moreover, the chapter suggests that Bécquer's biography furnishes an interpretative key that proves almost impossibly seductive to scholars and critics alike, whether or not these more apparently ‘objective’ readers realise it. Finally, the view of woman that emerges from the Rimas, biographies of Bécquer, and critical approaches to the question of woman in Bécquer's poetry and prose has less to do with Bécquer and much more to do with 19th-century attitudes toward women and artistic creation, and to the ways in which these attitudes are carried into and fostered in the 20th century.
Fantasy, Seduction, and the Woman Reader: Rosalía de Castro's Novels
Authors: KIRKPATRICK SUSAN
Published: October 2011

To find an intervention in 19th-century Spanish discourse about women's reading that confronts the subordinating effects of all types of fiction on women, we must turn to the fiction of Pilar Sinués's contemporary Rosalía de Castro. Castro sidesteps the question of morality and explores in her novels the connected issues of fiction, female fantasy, and women's oppression. What Jessica Benjamin has termed ‘the intricate relationship between woman's desire and women's submission’ becomes the implicit problem posed in the narratives that Castro situates within or in relation to the genre of romance fiction, or popular Romantic melodrama. This chapter discusses at length Rosalía de Castro's engagement with this problem in her fourth novel, El caballero de las botas azules [The Knight of the Blue Boots]. The chapter first considers Castro's treatment of seduction in her first novel, La hija del mar [Daughter of the Sea].
Public Service Broadcasting in the Post-war World
Authors: Tracey Michael
Published: October 2011

This book examines the ideas which constitute public service broadcasting, detailed history about very precise moments in the post-war history of public service broadcasting, and a more general assessment of events in the years leading up to the book's publication. Within the histories there are key moments of three of the most powerful and established public service broadcasting organisations: the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) in Britain, NHK in Japan, and what was Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk, part of the federally structured but institutionally linked public service ARD in Germany. The book contains a proposition that within the whole of broadcasting there is a basic conflict. Questions point the book in two particular directions: a close look at some of the history of the ideas and institutions of public broadcasting; and an examination of the contemporary state of those ideas and institutions, particularly in light of the alleged implications of recent and future developments in cable and satellite television.
The Rise of the Novel: Gender and Genre in Theories of Prose Fiction
Authors: Ballaster Ros
Published: October 2011

This chapter surveys and evaluates 20th-century accounts of the late 17th- and 18th-century novel, arguing for a more sophisticated analysis of the role of the sexual fantasy and party-political metaphor in the literature of seduction. The predominance of realist teleologies in historic studies of the rise of the novel has obscured the continuing appeal of fantasy and non-realist forms (traditionally associated with romance and feminine literary consumption) for writers of early prose fiction.
Introduction
Authors: Stone Lawrence
Published: October 2011

This chapter presents historical background on separation and divorce in pre-modern society and various legal or judicial processes involved in marriage and divorce. It introduces the case studies of this book that illustrate, through detailed narratives of individual lives, just how marriages broke up in early modern England. The stories in this volume are based on what for England appears to be a uniquely rich set of documents. This volume is concerned almost exclusively with marital breakdowns among the very rich. Some hints of the scale of marital breakdown among the poor, and even of its causes, can be gleaned from other sources, namely those concerned with poor relief.
Turst v. Turst Marital cruelty and the wife's separate estate, 1725–1738
Authors: Stone Lawrence
Published: October 2011

This story is unusual only in the degree of brutality used by Thomas Trust in his efforts to force his wife to surrender to him her property, which had been settled on trustees for her exclusive use. Fathers of daughters had first begun to make these trusts in the late 17th century, and almost at once Chancery began to protect them. But many husbands naturally resisted, and the struggle to obtain possession of the trust estates of wives was fought out in household after household from then until the late 19th century, when Parliament at last legislated to provide secure protection for married women's property.
Beaufort v. Beaufort The impotent duke and the adulterous duchess, 1729–1742
Authors: Stone Lawrence
Published: October 2011

This story illustrates the intolerable strains placed on marriage in England in the mid-18th century when the old practice of choice of a spouse based almost exclusively on considerations of financial and political advantage was now having to compete with the new ideal of free choice by those involved, based on settled affection. Where, as in his case, there were gigantic economic interests at stake, the patriarchal tradition still persisted at the ducal level. The almost inevitable result was adultery by one or both sexes. The old system worked perfectly well in a place like Italy, where everyone accepted the conventions. After a sufficient number of children had been born, husband and wife had separate bedrooms and separate coaches, lived quite separate lives, and did not interfere with each other's sexual arrangements.
Westmeath v. Westmeath The wars between the Westmeaths, 1812–1857
Authors: Stone Lawrence
Published: October 2011

This story of the legal wars between the Westmeaths includes examples of almost all the possible causes of marital breakdown, from cruelty to adultery; from disputes over money to quarrels over where to live; from incompatible attitudes to sex to occasional blows; from battles over child custody to struggles over the descent of property; from quarrels within the family to basic flaws in personal character and temperament. The resolution of the various legal battles were of lasting importance in the changing of the law: for example, the sentence in the separation suit modified the previous legal definition of marital cruelty. The same suit was also a test case of what actions and behaviour amounted to condonation, and therefore acted as a bar to any subsequent suit for separation.
‘Let this be a Rhodesian solution’
Authors: Godwin Peter , Hancock Ian
Published: October 2011

The main theme of this chapter is that the Rhodesians accepted further and fundamental political change without adapting mentally to its consequences. A secondary concern is to show how the society which considered itself civilized plunged deeper into uncivilized thinking and behavior as it tried to resist assault. The formal negotiation for an internal settlement began when the delegation representing the government, the African National Council, and Zimbabwe United People's Organization (ZUPO) met at Salisbury.
The States of Holland
Authors: Price J. L.
Published: October 2011

Supreme political authority within the province of Holland and West Friesland, lay with its states, but this statement of the conventional constitutional position disguises some real difficulties. From the first months of the revolt, the political life of Holland had centred on the states, but equally almost from the beginning also on the relationship of the States to the stadhouder on the one hand and to the generality on the other. It was only on rare occasions, such as in the three major crises of the 17th century, that they threatened to disrupt or perhaps even destroy the relatively smooth workings of the Dutch political system. The states of Holland was composed of nineteen members: the nobles or ridderschap, and the representatives of the eighteen voting towns.
The States General and the Generality
Authors: Price J. L.
Published: October 2011

The States General had direct control, formally at least, of certain important matters: foreign relations, the armed forces, and the administration of the generality lands. They sent out ambassadors and received the representatives of foreign powers; foreign policy and particularly matters of peace and war were decided in this assembly. Similarly, they were ultimately responsible for the direction and financing of the armed forces. Drente, although it was regarded as an autonomous province, was not allowed membership of the states, basically because it was so poor and small that the other provinces were not willing to give it equal representation, and there was no middle ground between that and no representation at all. Similarly, the generality lands were excluded, despite persistent efforts to gain admission, especially from the towns of that part of Brabant controlled by the Dutch Republic.
The Not-So-United Provinces
Authors: Price J. L.
Published: October 2011

The nearest thing the Dutch had to a constitution or founding charter was the Union of Utrecht, and whatever may have been read into this document by later politicians and jurists, it was in origin and intention an alliance to improve the prosecution of the war against Spain. This was one of the reasons why the signing of the 1609 Truce caused so much apprehension: many seem to have feared that once the war was ended the alliance would also collapse and with it the Union. There was no obvious or natural unity between the seven (or eight, with Drente) provinces, never mind between them and the Generality lands. The provinces commonly referred to as the bondgenoten, and this, together with the stress on the importance of the preservation of provincial autonomy, can be taken as a symbol of the rather limited sense of common identity possessed by the inhabitants of the Dutch Republic.
The Possibilities of Judicial Revision
Authors: Wagner William G.
Published: October 2011

This chapter emphasizes the ability of the high court to initiate amendment in the family law, as demonstrated by the actions of the Civil Cassation Department to signify the property and personal rights of wives. It also discusses marital separation in relation to being a possible means to protect mistreated and abused wives.
Introduction
Authors: Eastwood David
Published: October 2011

One of the peculiarities of the recent historiography of the late Hanoverian period is its tendency to underestimate both the vitality and political significance of English provincialism. In a classic account of English local government, Redlich and Hirst discerned ‘a fundamental antithesis’ between the powerful unifying forces of monarchy, law, and parliament at the centre of the English state, and strong local feelings articulated within ancient territorial divisions.
Structures of Authority the Parish and the Vestry
Authors: Eastwood David
Published: October 2011

The rhythms of rural life and the institutions of the village community offered points of reference and a means of establishing an individual's economic role and social location. This chapter describes the Laws of Settlement and parish vestry. Over 90% of local taxation was absorbed by the parish, and the proportion could rise above 95% when poor-relief expenditure reached unprecedented levels in response to inflated food prices and extensive structural underemployment. The parish vestry and its officers were preoccupied with narrowly parochial concerns and this led to frequent clashes between parish officials and magistrates whose administrative perspective was regional rather than narrowly parochial.
Men of Authority the Magistrates and their System
Authors: Eastwood David
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the role of magistrates in the local government. Much the most important figures within English counties, upon whom the whole weight of local government ultimately rested, were the magistrates. In their person and through their collective actions, justices substantiated the authority of the Quarter Sessions. There can be fewer clearer illustrations of the primacy of magistrates both as arbiters of the public interest and upholders of private rights in late Hanoverian England.
A Life of Expedients the Old Poor Law at Work
Authors: Eastwood David
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the old poor law and the expedients, which became cornerstones of a more humane, but vastly more expensive system. This chapter also discusses the published statistics, of figures for poor relief and figures for per capita expenditure, the policies and influence, the county elite and problem of the poor, the labour rate, the poor law on the eve of reform, and the provision of parish employment under the old poor law.
The Peace of 382 and After
Authors: Heather P. J.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the peace that followed after six years of conflict between the Goths and Gratian. It looks at the treaty of 382, which renewed Constantine's special relationship with the Goths. This treaty helped grant the Goths with land to farm, highlighted their military obligations to the Roman state, and provided a framework for coexistence.
Conclusion
Authors: Heather P. J.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the important themes of this study on the transformation of the Goths in the so-called migration period. It briefly reflects on the nature of the Goths' relations with the Roman state, the actual process of transformation, and the part played by royal dynasties in the creation and maintenance of tribal groupings.
War, Revolution, and the Bureaucratic State
Authors: Brown Howard G.
Published: October 2011

This book examines a period of particular importance in the formation of the modern French state. The revolutionary strife and international war of the 1790s had important and far-reaching consequences for the development of democracy and bureaucracy in France. This book's study of changes in army administration in this period sheds light on the dynamic relationship between the spread of political participation, the rationalization of public power, and the build-up of military might. The book shows how the exigencies of war and the vagaries of revolutionary politics wrought rapid and profound changes in the structures and personnel of army administration. Although loath to see a massive military bureaucracy take root, legislators found that their desire to combine civilian control with military effectiveness made a large central administration unavoidable.
A Separation of Powers
Authors: Brown Howard G.
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the history of the separation of powers in France during the later part of the 18th century. It suggests that the French Revolution began on June 17, 1789 when the Third Estate claimed supreme legislative power in the state by adopting the title National Assembly and guaranteeing the monarchy's debt. After this event, the monarchy was no longer the sole repository of state sovereignty, combining legislative, executive, and judicial power.
Thermidor and the Bureaucratic Challenge
Authors: Brown Howard G.
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the changes in the bureaucracy and in the structure and personnel of military administration in France during the Thermidorian Convention of the French Revolution. The Thermidorians had to face various problems, including the lack of stability of executive power and the Conventionnels' use of despotic state power for personal and factional ends. Somehow, the Thermidorian Convention largely surmounted the bureaucratic challenge of year III through cuts and consolidation.
Formal Rationalization
Authors: Brown Howard G.
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the role of the French Revolution in reforming the French state through democracy and bureaucracy. These reforms were achieved between 1792 and 1799 when bureaucracy's role shifted from being a strictly executive tool to being a source of continuity, stability, and even legitimacy for the state. All of this was made possible by the people's acceptance of national sovereignty, representative democracy, and legal-rational authority as the bases of state power.
Introduction
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: October 2011

Much of the force of contemporary regionalism in Europe derives from its critique of a hegemonic political culture which characterizes states without a devolved structure of power. There is now a widespread perception that only a regional framework for political, cultural, and economic activity can overcome the rigidities of the nation-state or, for that matter, of bureaucratic centralism in Brussels. This book investigates whether a sense of regional identity, defined by economic criteria, can be discerned on the southern Upper Rhine in the period from the mid-fifteenth to the late sixteenth century. It examines whether natural regions and frontiers exist at all, and if so, how they should be defined. It also considers the economic structure of the Upper Rhine in the light of competition over resources and their distribution. It applies theories of centrality to see whether they can explain the incidence of rural competition in crafts and marketing for the traditional urban centres.
The Rise and Decline of the Rappen Coinage League
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: October 2011

The political development of the Upper Rhine lends only modest support to the notion that it formed a natural region. The coherence of what at first sight appears to be a self-contained region was in fact the outcome of a late medieval contraction and concentration of political power. This chapter argues that an analogous, and indeed simultaneous, contraction can also be observed in the pattern of regional monetary cooperation. In the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, that cooperation had been vested in regional coinage associations. Such associations sprang up across the length and breadth of Germany. Although their importance as agents of regional monetary policy needs no stressing, their significance in the longer term — at least on the Upper Rhine — lay in providing a framework for cooperation over fundamental issues of ‘good police’ and public welfare. This chapter looks at one coinage association, the Rappen coinage league, focusing on its rise and collapse.
The Fracturing of a Regional Identity
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: October 2011

From 1300 onwards the shifting balance of political and military fortunes on the Upper Rhine had fostered the growth of regional solidarity. The requirements of public peace on the western frontiers of the Empire found their expression in the many defensive treaties which bound local lords and cities together. Yet a sense of positive solidarity, grounded in the perception of enduring common interests, had also emerged in the two centuries before 1500. Its most obvious manifestation was the transformation of the Rappen coinage league from a loose association stretching well into Switzerland to a coinage area restricted to the southern Upper Rhine, whose boundaries were defined more by geography and commerce than by ties of lordship. The rise of confessional divisions gave an added twist to the intricacies of dynastic politics. By 1600, a sense of regional identity on the southern Upper Rhine had neither collapsed nor disappeared — but it had become progressively fractured in the face of territorial and confessional politics.
Containing Communism Anglo-American Policy towards the KPD, 1945–1950
Authors: Major Patrick
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the Anglo-American containment policy towards the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD) during the period from 1945 to 1950. It traces and compares the Anglo-American attitudes to German Communism on the ground, as opposed to at the negotiating table, in the form of local military government. This chapter also examines the popular receptivity to anti-communism among the West German general public and the role of the Federal authorities in Bonn.
Conclusion
Authors: Gat Azar
Published: October 2011

Fascism is primarily associated with the Mussolini's regime in Italy and Hitler's government in Germany. While these two countries exhibited an explosive effect, this study was only marginally concerned with their actual practices, their ‘modernizing’ nature and impact and their role in perpetrating the Second World War. The main concern of this study was the concept of fascism as an idea and a cultural mood which attracted intellectuals before the World War I and before fascism was transformed into mass political movements. Fascism in internationally deprived countries such as Italy and Germany were seen as tools for strong revisionist foreign policy element and a militaristic tendency which aided for procuring power. On the whole, fascism was more about domestic affairs. It was a cultural and political response to the rise of mass society, urbanization, and secularization. Fascists belonging to the nineteenth century looked for an alternative way to modernity that would preserve ‘civilization’ and elite culture from the threat of democratic and socialism, that would include the masses without being dominated and subjugated by them and that would change the ‘disenchantment of life ’ linked with modern rationalism.
Introduction
Authors: Gat Azar
Published: October 2011

Basil Henry Liddell Hart is perhaps the most well-known strategic theorist of the twentieth century, however since his death, his ideas were subjected to scholarly criticism and his reputation suffered heavy blows. His theories were criticised as historically dubious, politically unrealistic, and strategically dangerous. He was also charged of being guilty of manipulating evidence and people to serve his personal interest and to enhance his reputation. This second part of the book examines Liddell Hart 's contribution to strategic theory. This second part of the book aims to overturn much of the criticisms hurtled against Liddell. In the following pages of the second part, are several strategic paradigm of an epoch served through the intellectual biography of Liddell Hart.
Policy: Defence of the West (II): Cold War-Hot War
Authors: Gat Azar
Published: October 2011

During the advent of the Second World War, Liddell Hart's growing opposition to Britain's war policy made him an outcast and relegated him to isolation and wilderness from his once popular and most-sought after status quo as a military analyst. This chapter discusses growing distance from the precepts of war and Britain's war policy. On the onset of the Second World War, Liddell Hart pursued a different form of stand against the war that relegated him to isolation. Questioning Britain's stand against the Nazi Germany, he concluded the prevailing strategy of Britain in defeating Germany was largely illusionary. He also maintained that Britain's concept of ‘victory ’ proved to be counter-productive and reckless. He believed that Britain should adopt a long-term view of conflict rather than exhausting efforts that would bring American and Soviet domination. He instead, proposed for Cold War against the Germany wherein he proposed to make Britain impregnable but devoid of offensive efforts.
Conclusion: ‘The Western Way in Warfare’, Past and Future
Authors: Gat Azar
Published: October 2011

This conclusion concludes that Liddell Hart's contribution to strategic theory exceeds and is much serious than his popular doctrines of ‘indirect approach’ and the ‘British way in warfare’. It is concluded that his substantial contribution and claim for originality should be examined and understood in their historical context. As fundamental changes and paradigmatic shifts occur, new and significant intellectual constructions usually emerge when the prevailing ways of interpreting and coping with reality no longer suffice. In the West's most liberal and the increasing democratic societies such as the Britain and the United States, the growing negative reaction against the First World War is seen as a paradigmatic break. In these societies, leading sectors of public opinion and political elite see the major war which resulted to major loss of life and wealth as an increasingly unacceptable means. Instead, they called for a different set of strategic ideas wherein the force is applied in terms of economic sanctions, blockade and limited ‘surgical’ operations by highly mobile and technologically superior striking forces.
Introduction
Authors: Emsley Clive
Published: October 2011

This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to study the development and origin of soldier-policemen who have been ignored in the gendarme. It describes Gendarmerie as the most efficient way to maintain the peace in Europe because it provides a surveillance half civil, half military, spread across the whole territory.
‘One of the Most Sure Guarantees of Order’: The Gendarmerie and the Restoration
Authors: Emsley Clive
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the Gendarmerie's role in achieving Restoration in Europe. Restoration was a role which the gendarme acquired almost by default. No other organized state institution available within the provinces gave assistance in an emergency aside from Gendarmerie. The Gendarmerie of the early years of the Restoration remained a force of Napoleonic veterans.
‘A Sacrifice to Rancour…Popular Prejudices and…Jealousy’: Gendarmes and the July Monarchy
Authors: Emsley Clive
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses how the Gendarmerie was on the lookout for political disaffection throughout the July Monarchy. There was a little serious political commotion to occupy Gendarmerie brigades across provincial France in the months and years following the July Revolution. Moreover, legislation under the Restoration and the July Monarchy sought to improve the situation of the country, but even in départements where the state of the roads was prominent, the peasantry could resent the resulting interference.
‘For the Greater Happiness of the State’: Gendarmes beyond the Empire
Authors: Emsley Clive
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the creation of the Gendarmerie by Maximilian Joseph. Joseph announced a centralized system of government including the Gendarmerie in order to maintain peace in times of war and to deal with police matters. The Bavarian government appears to have felt that the Gendarmerie system was preferable to any further attempts to shore up the old practices. However, the corps was not formally established for another four years.
The Quaker Tribe
Authors: DAVIES ADRIAN
Published: October 2011

This chapter focuses on a form of tribalism being practised by Friends. Quaker tribalism led to a disregard of worldly customs and associations. Recollections in the diaries and journals of Quakers, as well as the criticisms levelled by opponents of the sect, indicate that after conversion, the importance to family members, neighbours, and acquaintances was diminished.
The Brotherhood
Authors: DAVIES ADRIAN
Published: October 2011

This chapter describes the sect as a brotherhood and thus functions as a surrogate family. Friends helped each other by visiting the sick and assisting at confinement or at times of bereavement. The movement also developed contacts between members which cut across normal kin and neighbourly relations. These developments occurred independently of the direction of the local meeting.
Augustine and the Problem of Authority
Authors: Leyser Conrad
Published: October 2011

The moral drawn by Augustine of Hippo's early medieval readers — very different from the lesson he himself had attempted to expound — was this. The dream of reconstructing the first community of Christians at Jerusalem could only be sustained through an extraordinary display of episcopal authority. Acts four profferred the hope of a community that was self-regulating. However, if that was the promise of the Acts verses, it was not one they could deliver — not without the intervention of an expert on moral rhetoric. Augustine of Hippo's contemporaries and his late readers, for all that they may have respected and even required Augustinian authority, decided repeatedly that a systematic approach to the moral exercise of authority of the sort that Augustine had refused to give was the only way to preserve the hope of establishing a moral community.
Medieval Irish Saints' Lives
Authors: Sharpe Richard
Published: October 2011

This is a study of three important late medieval collections of saints' Lives. The manuscripts, written in Latin and, for the most part, relating to the lives of Irish saints, have never before been subject to critical examination. The book addresses such questions as when and where the Lives were compiled, and from what sources they derive. It sets its own treatment of the collections within the wider context of Irish hagiographical studies. It sets out and resolves complex problems of historical and linguistic evidence.
Clandestine Marriage
Authors: Stone Lawrence
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses clandestine marriage: a legally binding marriage, but one conducted in a manner which broke canon law. It was binding since it was conducted by a clergyman, following the ritual prescribed by the Book of Common Prayer. But it could be irregular in a number of ways, the primary cause being that it was done in secret rather than in public. The second section examines the advantages which increased the demand for clandestine marriage, the primary one being secrecy. A key group who catered to such demand was surrogates authorised to issue marriage licenses, explained in the third section. The fourth section looks at the parliamentary legislation between 1666 and 1718, where more than ten bills were introduced in order to stop the clandestine marriage business. The fifth section examines Fleet marriages between 1696 and 1753. The sixth section explores the demands for reform.
Early Writings: Science and the Role of the Imagination
Authors: Skinner Andrew Stewart
Published: October 2011

The Lectures on Rhetoric clearly illustrate Smith's interest in the principles of human nature and the emphasis that he placed upon the faculties of reason and imagination, together with man's propensity to discover patterns of causality or to classify phenomena. While these faculties and propensities are illustrated by reference to a wide range of literary works, they are further illustrated by writings of a more philosophical or scientific kind. It is probable that Smith's essay on the ‘External Senses’ dates from the early 1750s, and it is known that at least part of his study of the ‘Imitative Arts’ was read to a society in Glasgow. However, Smith had a very wide knowledge of scientific literature. He also drew attention to the importance of the ‘subjective side of science’, both in emphasizing the role of the imagination when reviewing the basic principles of human nature and in illustrating the working of these principles by reference to the history of astronomy.