bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zusammenhang zwischen Gitterparameter und Ferromagnetismus
Authors: Köster Werner , Schmidt Winfried
Published: December 2016

Einfluß der magnetischen Umwandlung auf den Gitterparameter des Eisens. Zusammenhang zwischen magnetischer Umwandlung und Gitterparameter in den Systemen Kobalt‐Mangan, Eisen‐Kobalt‐Mangan und Nickel‐Molybdän. Aenderung des Atomvolumens beim Uebergang aus dem ferromagnetischen in den paramagnetischen Zustand.
Formänderungen und Eigenspannungen von Schweißverbindungen
Authors: Siebel Erich , Pfender Max
Published: December 2016

Bestimmung der Eigenspannungen in geschweißten Stücken mit einem Setzdehnungsmesser aus der Abstandsänderung eines auf dem Werkstück angebrachten Markennetzes bei der Zerteilung. Formänderungen und Eigenspannungen an einer in der Mitte erwärmten Platte, beim autogenen Schneiden von Blechen, bei der Verbindung von Blechen durch Elektrolichtbogen‐ und Gasschmelzschweißung sowie beim Ausbesserungsschweißen. Wirkung der Eigenspannungen auf die Festigkeitsverhältnisse. Abbau der Eigenspannungen durch Glühen und überlagerte Betriebsbeanspruchungen.
Beiträge zur Thermochemie des Eisens
Authors: Roth Walther A. , Wienert Fritz
Published: December 2016

Schwierigkeiten bei der Reduktion von Eisen‐III‐oxyd in der Bombe. Nachprüfung der Bildungswärmen der Eisenoxyde durch Lösen von feinverteiltem Eisen und seiner Oxyde in Salzsäure bei Zimmertemperatur. Beschreibung eines Heizwiderstandes für das Kalorimeter. Herstellung von Eisenoxyduloxyd und Eisenoxydul. Oxydation von Eisen‐II‐chlorid zu Eisen‐III‐chlorid mit Wasserstoffperoxyd im Kalorimeter. Bildungswärme des Eisen‐III‐chlorids. Chlorierungswärme des Eisen‐III‐oxyds.
Nachweis von Schweißfehlern im Röntgenbild und deren Einfluß auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften
Authors: Tofaute Walter
Published: December 2016

Untersuchungen an V‐ und X‐Schweißnähten, die mit unlegierten und austenitischen Elektroden hergestellt wurden, über die Erkennbarkeit von Poren, Bindungsfehlern und Rissen im Röntgenbild und über den Einfluß dieser Fehler auf Zugfestigkeit, Streckgrenze, Dehnung und Kerbzähigkeit. Zusammenhang zwischen Röntgenbild und mechanischen Eigenschaften.
Eigenschaften von Nickel‐Aluminium‐Magnetstahl
Authors: Messkin Wenjamin S. , Somin Boris E.
Published: December 2016

Erforderliche Magnetisierungsfeldstärke. Einfluß der Wandstärke, des Aluminium‐, Nickel‐ und Kohlenstoffgehaltes sowie der Wärmebehandlung. Magnetisierung fertiger Magnete.
Die Bedeutung der Zeitstudie für Betriebswirtschaft und industrielles Rechnungswesen
Authors: Euler Hans
Published: December 2016

Einführung. Gliederungsarten der Zeit. Die Verwertung der Zeitstudie für technische Leistungssteigerung, Leistungslohn und Akkordgestaltung, Betriebsorganisation, Vor‐ und Nachrechnung, Kostenwesen, Wirtschaftlichkeitsberechnungen, Arbeitsvorbereitung, Terminwesen, Planung in Betrieb, Unternehmen und Volkswirtschaft. Zusammenfassung.
Die Möglichkeiten und Schwierigkeiten der Luft‐ und Gasmengenmessung nach dem Impfverfahren
Authors: Neumann Gustav
Published: December 2016

Versagen der Blendenmessung in besonderen Fällen. Impfmessung nach dem Hauptstromverfahren. Nebenstrom‐impfmessung. Wasserstoffimpfmessung. Chemische Impfmeßverfahren.
Untersuchungen zur Vergasung von Koks mit Kohlenmonoxid‐Kohlendioxid‐Gemischen
Authors: Beyer Hans‐Dieter , Pückoff Ulf , Ulrich Klaus Herbert
Published: December 2016

Aussagen über die Bedeutung der Boudouard‐Reaktion für den Hochofenprozeß. Messungen der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit von Koks nach gravimetrischen Verfahren zur Ermittlung der Einflüsse von Temperatur, Gaszusammensetzung und Stückgröße im Bereich von 900 bis 1100 °C in Kohlenmonoxid‐Kohlendioxid‐Stickstoff‐Gemischen an Schüttungen mit Stückgrößen von 10 bis 60 mm und an Einzelstücken. Erörterung von mathematischen Ansätzen zur Beschreibung der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit von Koks.
Untersuchungen zum Mangan‐Sauerstoff‐Gleichgewicht im flüssigen Eisen bei 1600 °C
Authors: Mathew P. Mani , Kapoor Madan Lal , Frohberg Martin G.
Published: December 2016

Ermittlung von Gleichgewichtsbeziehungen zwischen Mangan und Sauerstoff in flüssigem Eisen bei Gehalten von 0,4 bis 1% Mn über EMK‐Messungen mit einem Zirkondioxid‐Festelektrolyten und einer Chrom‐Chromoxid‐Vergleichselektrode der Konzentrationskette Pt | Cr, Cr2O3 ‖ ZrO2 · CaO ‖ [O]Fe | Fe. Überprüfung der Brauchbarkeit der verwendeten Meßzelle. Bestimmung der freien Standardenthalpie der Reaktion 1/2 {O2} ⇌ [O] sowie des Aktivitätskoeffizienten γ0o im System Eisen–Sauerstoff. Berechnung der freien Standardenthalpie der Reaktion (FeO)ι + [Mn] ⇌ (MnO)ι + Fe aus den Meßergebnissen zu ΔG0 = – 8,6 ± 1,3 kcal/mol und Erörterung über die Abweichungen zu im Schrifttum angegebenen ΔG0‐Werten.
Auswertung und Beurteilung des Größeneinflusses bei Dauerschwingversuchen mit ungekerbten Proben und Bauteilen
Authors: Buch Alfred
Published: December 2016

Einfluß der Probengröße auf die Dauerfestigkeit bei Biege‐, Verdreh‐ und Zug‐Druck‐Wechselbeanspruchung. Höchstwert des rein geometrischen Größeneinflusses, Einfluß der Oberflächenverfestigung, der Oberflächenrauhigkeit und statistischer Werkstoffehler. Abschätzung der Dauerfestigkeit von Bauteilen
Anforderungen an Kraft‐ und Durchbiegungsmessungen beim Kerbschlagbiegeversuch
Authors: Krisch Alfred
Published: December 2016

Zeiten für den Ablauf der elastischen Verformung der Probe im Kerbschlagversuch und, den Kraftabfall beim Eintreten des kristallinen Flecks. Kraft‐Weg‐ und Kraft‐Zeit‐Schaubilder der Hammerscheibe. Laufzeiten der elastischen Welle. Verschlucken von Vorgängen bei Messungen am Widerlager und mit Geräten niedriger Bandbreiten. Eigenschwingungen von Hammerfinne und ‐scheibe.
Risk factors for suicide in the Israeli army between the years 1992–2012: A case-control study
Authors: Shelef L. , Tomer G. , Tatsa-Laur L. , Kedem R. , Bonne O. , Fruchter E.
Published: December 2016

Objective

Young age, availability of weapons, and stressful life events, increase the risk of suicide. The aim of the present study was to assess additional risk factors for suicide in the Israeli army.

Methods

We conducted a case-control study, to assess risk factors for suicide. The cases comprised soldiers who died by suicide during their military service (n = 462; 0.039% of all soldiers in the cohort). The control group consisted of soldiers who did not commit suicide but were in active service during the investigated period (n = 1,170,895; 99.96%). Predictor variables, including socio-demographic and psychiatric diagnoses, were considered.

Results

Using a Generalized Linear Model with a Binary Logistic dependent variable to predict suicide, while controlling the effect of intervening variables, we found the following variables enhanced the risk for committing suicide: male (RR = 6.703; P < 0.001), country of origin: Ethiopia (RR = 4.555; P = 0.014), low socioeconomic status (RR = 1.448; P = 0.016) and low adjustment difficulties (RR = 2.324; P < 0.001). In addition, we found that in males only, Cluster B Personality Disorder (RR = 2.548; P = 0.027), low (RR = 1.657; P = 0.002), to average motivation to serve in a combat unit (RR = 1.322; P = 0.046) increased the risk for suicide.

Conclusions

IDF Soldiers bearing a psychiatric diagnosis or severe adjustment difficulties remained tightly monitored through their military service, and were found to be at a lower risk for suicide. However, those enlisted with mild (low) difficulties, were found to be at greater risk for suicide, as well as soldiers whose country of origin is Ethiopia. Suicide prevention program should focus on monitoring soldiers with these risk factors, together with soldiers’ guidance regarding help seeking and de-stigmatizing suicide.
Objective and subjective scar aesthetics with topical Manuka honey post‐thyroidectomy: A randomized control study
Authors: Thamboo Andrew , Mulholland Graeme , Matthews Kathleen , Ayoub Noel , Anderson Donald
Published: December 2016

Objective

Leptospermum Honey (Manuka honey) has proven to be effective in improving acute and chronic wound healing presumably due to its antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory properties. The aim is to determine if Manuka honey decreases scar formation and results in a cosmetically appealing scar.

Methods

A prospective single‐blinded randomized control trial was performed. All patients received an 8 cm incision. Patients randomized to honey treatment were instructed to apply Manuka honey paste topically to the incision site once per day post surgery for 4 weeks. The patients' scar was then analyzed objectively by a blinded observer and subjectively at 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively. The primary outcome measure used was the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS).

Results

A total of 21 patients completed the entire scar analysis (honey treatment = 9, standard treatment = 12). There was no statistically significant difference between patient scar assessment scale and observer scar assessment scale at 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively.

Conclusion

Despite Leptospermum Honey's reported anti‐inflammatory and antibacterial properties, this study did not show a difference in scar appearance when applied.
Scaling theory for vortices in the two-dimensional inverse energy cascade
Authors: Burgess B. H. , Scott R. K.
Published: December 2016

We propose a new similarity theory for the two-dimensional inverse energy cascade and the coherent vortex population it contains when forced at intermediate scales. Similarity arguments taking into account enstrophy conservation and a prescribed constant energy injection rate such that $E\sim t$ yield three length scales, $l_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}}$, $l_{E}$ and $l_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}}$, associated with the vorticity field, energy peak and streamfunction, and predictions for their temporal evolutions, $t^{1/2}$, $t$ and $t^{3/2}$, respectively. We thus predict that vortex areas grow linearly in time, $A\sim l_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}}^{2}\sim t$, while the spectral peak wavenumber $k_{E}\equiv 2\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}l_{E}^{-1}\sim t^{-1}$. We construct a theoretical framework involving a three-part, time-evolving vortex number density distribution, $n(A)\sim t^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{i}}A^{-r_{i}},~i\in 1,2,3$. Just above the forcing scale ($i=1$) there is a forcing-equilibrated scaling range in which the number of vortices at fixed $A$ is constant and vortex ‘self-energy’ $E_{v}^{cm}=(2{\mathcal{D}})^{-1}\int \overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{v}^{2}}A^{2}n(A)\,\text{d}A$ is conserved in $A$-space intervals $[\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}A_{0}(t),A_{0}(t)]$ comoving with the growth in vortex area, $A_{0}(t)\sim t$. In this range, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{1}=0$ and $n(A)\sim A^{-3}$. At intermediate scales ($i=2$) sufficiently far from the forcing and the largest vortex, there is a range with a scale-invariant vortex size distribution. We predict that in this range the vortex enstrophy $Z_{v}^{cm}=(2{\mathcal{D}})^{-1}\int \overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{v}^{2}}An(A)\,\text{d}A$ is conserved and $n(A)\sim t^{-1}A^{-1}$. The final range ($i=3$), which extends over the largest vortex-containing scales, conserves $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}_{v}^{cm}=(2{\mathcal{D}})^{-1}\int \overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{v}^{2}}n(A)\,\text{d}A$. If $\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{v}^{2}}$ is constant in time, this is equivalent to conservation of vortex number $N_{v}^{cm}=\int n(A)\,\text{d}A$. This regime represents a ‘front’ of sparse vortices, which are effectively point-like; in this range we predict $n(A)\sim t^{r_{3}-1}A^{-r_{3}}$. Allowing for time-varying $\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{v}^{2}}$ results in a small but significant correction to these temporal dependences. High-resolution numerical simulations verify the predicted vortex and spectral peak growth rates, as well as the theoretical picture of the three scaling ranges in the vortex population. Vortices steepen the energy spectrum $E(k)$ past the classical $k^{-5/3}$ scaling in the range $k\in [k_{f},k_{v}]$, where $k_{v}$ is the wavenumber associated with the largest vortex, while at larger scales the slope approaches $-5/3$. Though vortices disrupt the classical scaling, their number density distribution and evolution reveal deeper and more complex scale invariance, and suggest an effective theory of the inverse cascade in terms of vortex interactions.
Anchoring Credit Default Swap Spreads to Firm Fundamentals
Authors: Bai Jennie , Wu Liuren
Published: December 2016

In this article, we examine the extent to which firm fundamentals can explain the cross-sectional variation in credit default swap (CDS) spreads. We construct a fundamental CDS valuation by combining the Merton distance-to-default measure with a long list of firm fundamentals via a Bayesian shrinkage method. Regressing CDS quotes against the fundamental valuation cross-sectionally generates an averageR2of 77%. The explanatory power is stable over time and robust in out-of-sample tests. Deviations between market quotes and the valuation predict future market movements. The results highlight the important role played by firm fundamentals in differentiating the credit spreads of different firms.
Alliances and Return Predictability
Authors: Cao Jie , Chordia Tarun , Lin Chen
Published: December 2016

Building on the growing literature on interfirm links and limited attention, we find evidence of return predictability across alliance partners. A long–short portfolio sorted on lagged returns of strategic alliance partners provides a return of 89 basis points per month that is robust to a number of specifications. Investor inattention and limits to arbitrage may be the source of the underreaction of a firm’s returns to that of its partners.
Short Term Predictors of Unemployment in Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Authors: Busche K.D. , Fisk J.D. , Murray T.J. , Metz L.M.
Published: December 2016

Background:

Unemployment is common in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and is associated with loss of income and impaired health related quality of life. This study determined variables associated with unemployment and risk factors for the development of unemployment in people with MS.

Methods:

Ninety-six patients who were under age 65 and participated in two previous studies to measure economic costs and health related quality of life in MS were included. The baseline employment rate and variables associated with unemployment at baseline were determined. The ability of these variables to predict unemployment over the next two and a half years was then evaluated.

Results:

At baseline 50.1% (50/96) of participants were employed. Two and a half years later only 40.6% (39/96) remained employed. This represents loss of employment for 22.0% (11/50) of those originally employed. Factors associated with unemployment at baseline included greater disability, progressive disease course, longer disease duration, and older age. Risk factors for loss of employment over the next 2.5 years included greater disability and older age.

Conclusions:

This study confirms the low employment rate among people with MS and confirms the association of several previously-reported factors with greater risk of unemployment. It is also the first study to confirm that some of these factors also increase the risk of future unemployment. People with MS who are over age 39 or have moderate disability and are still employed can now be identified as at risk for becoming unemployed over the next 2.5 years. They should be considered for interventions to maintain employment or to lessen the impact of unemployment.
Varicose vein therapy and nerve lesions
Authors: Hirsch Tobias
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Treating varicose veins using endovenous thermal techniques – especially laser and radio frequency ablation – has emerged as an effective alternative to open surgery with stripping and high ligation. Even though these methods are very gentle and patient-friendly, they are nevertheless accompanied by risks and side effects. Compared to open surgical therapy, the risk of damage to peripheral and motor nerves is reduced; however, it still exists as a result of heat exposure and tumescent anaesthesia. Non-thermal methods that can be applied without tumescent anaesthesia have been introduced to the market. They pose a considerably lower risk of nerve lesions while proving to be much more effective. This paper investigates data on postoperative nerve damage and paraesthesia using internet research (PubMed). It analyses the current state of knowledge regarding non-thermal treatment methods and takes into account the latest developments in the use of cyanoacrylate to close insufficient saphenous veins.
2016 Arctic Report Card Highlights Dramatic Changes in Region
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: December 2016

The report says that the Arctic is warming twice as fast as the global average.
A Quest to Put Sea Level Rise Data in Your Pocket
Authors: Sidder Aaron
Published: December 2016

A new climate change app uses interactive data maps to engage users and prompt the exploration of questions related to changing sea levels and climate vulnerability.
Fiber-based modulated optical reflectance configuration allowing for offset pump and probe beams
Authors: Fleming A. , Folsom C. , Jensen C. , Ban H.
Published: December 2016

A new fiber-based modulated optical reflectance configuration is developed in this work. The technique maintains the fiber-based heating laser (pump) and detection laser (probe) in close proximity at a fixed separation distance in a ceramic ferrule. The pump beam periodically heats the sample inducing thermal waves into the sample. The probe beam measures the temperature response at a known distance from the pump beam over a range of heating modulation frequencies. The thermal diffusivity of the sample may be calculated from the phase response between the input heat flux and the temperature response of a sample having a reflective surface. The unique measurement configuration is ideal for in situ measurements and has many advantages for laboratory-based systems. The design and development of the system are reported along with theoretical justification for the experimental design. The thermal diffusivities of Ge and SiC are measured and found to be within 10% of reported literature values. The diffusivity for SiO2 is measured with a relative difference of approximately 100% from the literature value when the ferrule is in contact with the sample. An additional measurement was made on the SiO2 sample with the ferrule not in contact resulting in a difference of less than 2% from the literature value. The difference in the SiO2 measurement when the ferrule is in contact with the sample is likely due to a parallel heat transfer path through the dual-fiber ferrule assembly.
Interband and intraband relaxation dynamics in InSb based quantum wells
Authors: Bhowmick M. , Khodaparast G. A. , Mishima T. D. , Santos M. B. , Saha D. , Sanders G. , Stanton C. J.
Published: December 2016

We utilize pump/probe spectroscopy to determine the interband and intraband relaxation dynamics in InSb based quantum wells. Using non-degenerate pump/probe techniques, we observed several time scales for relaxation. One time scale τ3 ranging from 2 ps to 5 ps is due to the intraband relaxation dynamics. Here, both the emission of LO phonons (within the Γ valley) and carrier scattering between the X, L, and Γ valleys contribute to the relaxation. An observed longer relaxation time, τ2 ≈ 20 ps, is attributed to electron–hole recombination across the gap (the interband relaxation time). Finally, using a mid-infrared (MIR) degenerate pump/probe scheme, we observed a very fast relaxation time of ∼1 ps, which is due to the saturation of the band-to-band absorption. Our results are important for developing concepts for InSb devices operating in the THz or MIR optical ranges with the endless need for faster response.
A new method to calibrate the absolute sensitivity of a soft X-ray streak camera
Authors: Yu Jian , Liu Shenye , Li Jin , Yang Zhiwen , Chen Ming , Guo Luting , Yao Li , Xiao Shali
Published: December 2016

In this paper, we introduce a new method to calibrate the absolute sensitivity of a soft X-ray streak camera (SXRSC). The calibrations are done in the static mode by using a small laser-produced X-ray source. A calibrated X-ray CCD is used as a secondary standard detector to monitor the X-ray source intensity. In addition, two sets of holographic flat-field grating spectrometers are chosen as the spectral discrimination systems of the SXRSC and the X-ray CCD. The absolute sensitivity of the SXRSC is obtained by comparing the signal counts of the SXRSC to the output counts of the X-ray CCD. Results show that the calibrated spectrum covers the range from 200 eV to 1040 eV. The change of the absolute sensitivity in the vicinity of the K-edge of the carbon can also be clearly seen. The experimental values agree with the calculated values to within 29% error. Compared with previous calibration methods, the proposed method has several advantages: a wide spectral range, high accuracy, and simple data processing. Our calibration results can be used to make quantitative X-ray flux measurements in laser fusion research.
Lowest bending mode of 13C-substituted C3 and an experimentally derived structure
Authors: Breier Alexander A. , Büchling Thomas , Schnierer Rico , Lutter Volker , Fuchs Guido W. , Yamada Koichi M. T. , Mookerjea Bhaswati , Stutzki Jürgen , Giesen Thomas F.
Published: December 2016

The ν2 lowest bending mode of linear C3 and of all its 13C-substituted isotopologues was recorded using a terahertz-supersonic jet spectrometer in combination with a laser ablation source. Sixty-five ro-vibrational transitions between 1.8 and 1.9 THz have been assigned to linear C12C12C12, C12C12C13, C12C13C12, C13C13C12, C13C12C13, and C13C13C13. For each isotopologue, molecular parameters were obtained and the C–C-bond length was derived experimentally. All results are in excellent agreement with recent ab initio calculations [B. Schröder and P. Sebald, J. Chem. Phys. 144, 044307 (2016)]. The new measurements explain why the interstellar search for singly substituted C12C12C13 has failed so far. A spectral line list with recommended transition frequencies based on global data fits is given to foster future interstellar detections.
Aerodynamics of two-dimensional flapping wings in tandem configuration
Authors: Lua K. B. , Lu H. , Zhang X. H. , Lim T. T. , Yeo K. S.
Published: December 2016

This paper reports a fundamental investigation on the aerodynamics of two-dimensional flapping wings in tandem configuration in forward flight. Of particular interest are the effects of phase angle (φ) and center-to-center distance (L) between the front wing and the rear wing on the aerodynamic force generation at a Reynolds number of 5000. Both experimental and numerical methods were employed. A force sensor was used to measure the time-history aerodynamic forces experienced by the two wings and digital particle image velocimetry was utilized to obtain the corresponding flow structures. Both the front wing and the rear wing executed the same simple harmonic motions with φ ranging from −180° to 180° and four values of L, i.e., 1.5c, 2c, 3c, and 4c (c is the wing chord length). Results show that at fixed L = 2c, tandem wings perform better than the sum of two single wings that flap independently in terms of thrust for phase angle approximately from −90° to 90°. The maximum thrust on the rear wing occurs during in-phase flapping (φ = 0°). Correlation of transient thrust and flow structure indicates that there are generally two types of wing-wake interactions, depending on whether the rear wing crosses the shear layer shed from the front wing. Finally, increasing wing spacing has similar effect as reducing the phase angle, and an approximate mathematical model is derived to describe the relationship between these two parameters.
Magnetocaloric effect in the metamagnet ErRhSi compound
Authors: Debnath J. C. , Nair Harikrishnan S. , Strydom André M. , Ramesh Kumar K. , Wang Jianli
Published: December 2016

The magnetocaloric effect is observed in the 1:1:1 compound ErRhSi, which is a metamagnet is reported in this paper. ErRhSi crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma, adopting the TiNiSi structure type, with lattice parameters a(Å) = 6.7903(5), b(Å) = 4.1881(3), and c(Å) = 7.3847(4). Our magnetic measurements confirm an antiferromagnetic phase transition at TN ≈ 8.5 K, also supported by the specific heat measurement. Crystal field effects of Er3+ are suggested by the inverse magnetic susceptibility data which do not conform to an ideal Curie-Weiss behaviour and also by the total entropy that attains Rln (2) at TN. Although the magnetic hysteresis indicates ErRhSi to be a soft magnet, several clear metamagnetic features are observed at 2 K. Magnetic entropy change ΔSM = − 8.7 J/kg-K is observed at about 9 K with the application of 5 T magnetic field. The corresponding adiabatic temperature change ΔTad is about 4 K. Large magnetocaloric effects suggest that this material is suitable for the low temperature magnetic refrigeration.
Classical investigation of long-range coherence in biological systems
Authors: Preto Jordane
Published: December 2016

Almost five decades ago, H. Fröhlich [H. Fröhlich, “Long-range coherence and energy storage in biological systems,” Int. J. Quantum Chem. 2(5), 641–649 (1968)] reported, on a theoretical basis, that the excitation of quantum modes of vibration in contact with a thermal reservoir may lead to steady states, where under high enough rate of energy supply, only specific low-frequency modes of vibration are strongly excited. This nonlinear phenomenon was predicted to occur in biomolecular systems, which are known to exhibit complex vibrational spectral properties, especially in the terahertz frequency domain. However, since the effects of terahertz or lower-frequency modes are mainly classical at physiological temperatures, there are serious doubts that Fröhlich's quantum description can be applied to predict such a coherent behavior in a biological environment, as suggested by the author. In addition, a quantum formalism makes the phenomenon hard to investigate using realistic molecular dynamics simulations (MD) as they are usually based on the classical principles. In the current paper, we provide a general classical Hamiltonian description of a nonlinear open system composed of many degrees of freedom (biomolecular structure) excited by an external energy source. It is shown that a coherent behaviour similar to Fröhlich's effect is to be expected in the classical case for a given range of parameter values. Thus, the supplied energy is not completely thermalized but stored in a highly ordered fashion. The connection between our Hamiltonian description, carried out in the space of normal modes, and a more standard treatment in the physical space is emphasized in order to facilitate the prediction of the effect from MD simulations. It is shown how such a coherent phenomenon may induce long-range resonance effects that could be of critical importance at the biomolecular level. The present work is motivated by recent experimental evidences of long-lived excited low-frequency modes in protein structures, which were reported as a consequence of the Fröhlich's effect.
Thermal fluctuation analysis of singly optically trapped spheres in hollow photonic crystal cavities
Authors: Tonin M. , Mor F. M. , Forró L. , Jeney S. , Houdré R.
Published: December 2016

We report on the behaviour of singly optically trapped nanospheres inside a hollow, resonant photonic crystal cavity and measure experimentally the trapping constant using back-focal plane interferometry. We observe two trapping regimes arising from the back-action effect on the motion of the nanosphere in the optical cavity. The specific force profiles from these trapping regimes is measured.
Role of quantum fluctuations in structural dynamics of liquids of light molecules
Authors: Agapov A. , Novikov V. N. , Kisliuk A. , Richert R. , Sokolov A. P.
Published: December 2016

A possible role of quantum effects, such as tunneling and zero-point energy, in the structural dynamics of supercooled liquids is studied by dielectric spectroscopy. The presented results demonstrate that the liquids, bulk 3-methyl pentane and confined normal and deuterated water, have low glass transition temperature and unusually low for their class of materials steepness of the temperature dependence of structural relaxation (fragility). Although we do not find any signs of tunneling in the structural relaxation of these liquids, their unusually low fragility can be well described by the influence of the quantum fluctuations. Confined water presents an especially interesting case in comparison to the earlier data on bulk low-density amorphous and vapor deposited water. Confined water exhibits a much weaker isotope effect than bulk water, although the effect is still significant. We show that it can be ascribed to the change of the energy barrier for relaxation due to a decrease in the zero-point energy upon D/H substitution. The observed difference in the behavior of confined and bulk water demonstrates high sensitivity of quantum effects to the barrier heights and structure of water. Moreover, these results demonstrate that extrapolation of confined water properties to the bulk water behavior is questionable.
Anisotropic cation diffusion in the GaAs capping of InAs/GaAs(001) quantum dots
Authors: Tisbi E. , Latini V. , Patella F. , Placidi E. , Arciprete F.
Published: December 2016

The effect of the As flux on the kinetics of Ga and In cations, and the role of the elastic strain were studied in the capping process of isolated InAs quantum dots with GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy. Using a fixed evaporation geometry and a suitable choice of growth parameters which enhance the anisotropic diffusion of In and Ga cations, we obtained, at variance with current results, the formation of asymmetric GaAs caps. The growth of a second InAs layer led to the formation of vertically aligned couples of dots (one buried, the other uncapped) placed on the right side of the GaAs caps on the surface, with no other dots in different locations.
Analysis of the lattice kinetic Monte Carlo method in systems with external fields
Authors: Lee Young Ki , Sinno Talid
Published: December 2016

The lattice kinetic Monte Carlo (LKMC) method is studied in the context of Brownian particles subjected to drift forces, here principally represented by external fluid flow. LKMC rate expressions for particle hopping are derived that satisfy detailed balance at equilibrium while also providing correct dynamical trajectories in advective-diffusive situations. Error analyses are performed for systems in which collections of particles undergo Brownian motion while also being advected by plug and parabolic flows. We demonstrate how the flow intensity, and its associated drift force, as well as its gradient, each impact the accuracy of the method in relation to reference analytical solutions and Brownian dynamics simulations. Finally, we show how a non-uniform grid that everywhere retains full microscopic detail may be employed to increase the computational efficiency of lattice kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of particles subjected to drift forces arising from the presence of external fields.
Inertial rotation measurement with atomic spins: From angular momentum conservation to quantum phase theory
Authors: Zhang C. , Yuan H. , Tang Z. , Quan W. , Fang J. C.
Published: December 2016

Rotation measurement in an inertial frame is an important technology for modern advanced navigation systems and fundamental physics research. Inertial rotation measurement with atomic spin has demonstrated potential in both high-precision applications and small-volume low-cost devices. After rapid development in the last few decades, atomic spin gyroscopes are considered a promising competitor to current conventional gyroscopes—from rate-grade to strategic-grade applications. Although it has been more than a century since the discovery of the relationship between atomic spin and mechanical rotation by Einstein [Naturwissenschaften, 3(19) (1915)], research on the coupling between spin and rotation is still a focus point. The semi-classical Larmor precession model is usually adopted to describe atomic spin gyroscope measurement principles. More recently, the geometric phase theory has provided a different view of the rotation measurement mechanism via atomic spin. The theory has been used to describe a gyroscope based on the nuclear spin ensembles in diamond. A comprehensive understanding of inertial rotation measurement principles based on atomic spin would be helpful for future applications. This work reviews different atomic spin gyroscopes and their rotation measurement principles with a historical overlook. In addition, the spin-rotation coupling mechanism in the context of the quantum phase theory is presented. The geometric phase is assumed to be the origin of the measurable rotation signal from atomic spins. In conclusion, with a complete understanding of inertial rotation measurements using atomic spin and advances in techniques, wide application of high-performance atomic spin gyroscopes is expected in the near future.
Surface sensitivity of secondary electrons emitted from amorphous solids: Calculation of mean escape depth by a Monte Carlo method
Authors: Zou Y. B. , Mao S. F. , Da B. , Ding Z. J.
Published: December 2016

A Monte Carlo simulation method for study of electron-solid interaction based on modeling of cascade secondary electron (SE) production and transportation has been used to determine the escape depth of emitted SE signals from amorphous solid specimens. The excitation depth distribution function and emission depth distribution function for, respectively, excited and emitted SEs are obtained at first based on the continuous medium approximation, whose product yields the secondary electron depth distribution function from which the mean escape depth (MED) of SEs is calculated. In this work, we study systematically the dependence of the MED on the atomic number of the specimen, primary energy, and incident angle of the incident electron beam. The derived MEDs of SEs for C, Ni, Cu, Ag, Pt, and Au specimens are found surprisingly to fall into a shallow sub-nanometer region, i.e., 0.4–0.9 nm, while Al and Si present larger values, due to elastic scattering effects. Furthermore, SE energy-depth distributions indicate that lower-energy SEs are escaped mainly from the greater depth region under the surface whereas higher-energy SEs are from the near-surface region. The results hence show that the SE emission is dominated by very thin top-surface layers in most cases, leading to the surface sensitivity of SEs.
Lasing in an optimized deterministic aperiodic nanobeam cavity
Authors: Moon Seul-Ki , Jeong Kwang-Yong , Noh Heeso , Yang Jin-Kyu
Published: December 2016

We have demonstrated lasing action from partially extended modes in deterministic aperiodic nanobeam cavities inflated by Rudin-Shapiro sequence with two different air holes at room temperature. By varying the size ratio of the holes and hence the structural aperiodicity, different optical lasing modes were obtained with maximized quality factors. The lasing characteristics of the partially extended modes were confirmed by numerical simulations based on scanning microscope images of the fabricated samples. We believe that this partially extended nanobeam modes will be useful for label-free optical biosensors.
A self-triggered picoinjector in microfluidics
Authors: Yang Yiming , Liu Songsheng , Jia Chunping , Mao Hongju , Jin Qinghui , Zhao Jianlong , Zhou Hongbo
Published: December 2016

Droplet-based microfluidics has recently emerged as a potential platform for studies of single-cell, directed evolution, and genetic sequencing. In droplet-based microfluidics, adding reagents into drops is one of the most important functions. In this paper, we develop a new self-triggered picoinjector to add controlled volumes of reagent into droplets at kilohertz rates. In the picoinjector, the reagent injecting is triggered by the coming droplet itself, without needing a droplet detection module. Meanwhile, the dosing volume can be precisely controlled. These features make the system more practical and reliable. We expect the new picoinjector will find important applications of droplet-based microfluidics in automated biological assay, directed evolution, enzyme assay, and so on.
QseC inhibition as an antivirulence approach for colitis-associated bacteria
Authors: Rooks Michelle G. , Veiga Patrick , Reeves Analise Z. , Lavoie Sydney , Yasuda Koji , Asano Yasunari , Yoshihara Kazufumi , Michaud Monia , Wardwell-Scott Leslie , Gallini Carey Ann , Glickman Jonathan N. , Sudo Nobuyuki , Huttenhower Curtis , Lesser Cammie F. , Garrett Wendy S.
Published: December 2016

Significance

Bacteria use two-component quorum-sensing systems to communicate with each other and their hosts. Catecholamines are host stress signals that participate in this dialogue and drive bacterial growth and virulence. Evidence from a preclinical model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) revealed that Enterobacteriaceae and pathways linked to catecholamine-mediated bacterial virulence are enriched in active disease. Here we targeted the bacterial adrenergic sensor, quorum-sensingEscherichia coliregulator C (QseC) of the QseBC two-component system. Genetically inactivatingqseCin a pathogenic, IBD-associatedE. colistrain (LF82) reduced its virulence and ability to colonize a murine host. Furthermore, biochemically inhibiting QseC attenuated disease in multiple preclinical IBD models. This report demonstrates that QseC signaling influences IBD pathogenesis and identifies QseC blockade as a therapeutic strategy for colitis-associated bacteria.
The Emergence of the Syntactic Concept of Phrase in Comenius
Authors: Oniga Renato
Published: December 2016

We owe the emergence of the linguistic idea of phrase to Jan Amos Comenius (1592–1670), in his Grammatica Latino-vernacula (Leszno 1649). He proposes to use the stylistic term ‘phrasis’ with a new linguistic meaning, in order to indicate a group of words arranged in a hierarchical structure, which is an intermediate syntactic unit between the word and the sentence. This idea allows us to back-date by a century the discovery of “groups of words”, which is usually ascribed to Gabriel Girard (1677–1774) in 1747.
Drawing Syntax before Syntactic Trees
Authors: Mazziotta Nicolas
Published: December 2016

This contribution investigates the syntactic conceptions of, and the diagramming system introduced by, the American grammarian Stephen Watkins Clark (1810–1901), who introduced the first comprehensive syntactic diagramming system. The structure of the English sentence is illustrated by agglutinated ‘bubbles’ expressing the relations between words by the means of their relative position. The sentence consists of two or three horizontally aligned bubbles containing words that are called principal elements. These principal elements can be complemented with adjunct elements, that appear in bubbles attached below them. For grammatical words the conventions differ depending on whether the grammatical word is a preposition or a conjunction. Coordination is never named as such, but there is an orthogonal abstract relation that connects elements performing the same role in a “compound” construction. The system allows recursivity in two different ways: by wrapping bubbles into other bubbles, thus following a mereological logic (i.e., partwhole relations) close to IC analysis or by hierarchically aggregating bubbles that resemble dependency trees. Clark’s conceptions thus prefigure modern graphical formalizations.
Divided Allegiance
Authors: Joseph John E.
Published: December 2016

Read outside its immediate historical context,Languages in Contact(1953) by Uriel Weinreich (1926–1967), most particularly its Preface by André Martinet (1908–1999), contains statements that can seem contradictory and mystifying. Describing his student Weinreich’s book, Martinet characterises bilingualism as “divided linguistic allegiance”, and uses the metaphor of a battlefield to describe the feelings of language variation experienced by bilinguals – but also by monolinguals, suggesting that the mainstream doctrine of languages as self-contained and unified is nothing more than a useful abstraction. Martinet’s own allegiances were divided between loyalty to his student and to his profession, since his own best-known work tended in the direction of the abstraction. All this was taking place in a febrile atmosphere at Columbia University, as “loyalty investigations” were being implemented by the Dean of Students to root out suspected communists – people thought to have allegiances divided between the two sides of the Iron Curtain. This paper tries to make the curious statements in the Preface and the book proper comprehensible by reading them within these professional and political contexts. It considers too how Martinet and Weinreich conceive of the bilingual brain on the model of two nations within a single state.
Ritual, aggression, and participatory ambiguity
Authors: Kádár Dániel Z. , Davies Siân Robinson
Published: December 2016

This paper analyses the phenomenon of participatory ambiguity in aggressive ritualistic interactions. One can ‘participate’ (Goffman 1979, 1981) in an interaction in different statuses, and these statuses entail different interactional constraints and obligations, also within the realms of language aggression and conflict. We are interested in a specific aspect of participation, namely ratification — the assumed right to participate in an interaction. ‘Ambiguity’ describes forms of behaviour which deviate from participant and observer expectations of interacting in certain discursive roles, without clearly violating (un)ratified participation roles. Examining the relationship between participatory ambiguity and language aggression fills an important knowledge gap in the field, as this area has been relatively ignored. We take heckling in experimental performing arts as a case study.
Hebrew adjective lexicons in developmental perspective
Authors: Ravid Dorit , Bar-On Amalia , Levie Ronit , Douani Odelia
Published: December 2016

Objective frequency does not always provide reliable information about lexical distributions across individuals’ development. We propose the subjective ranking by experts of lexical items’ register in the sense of ‘levels of linguistic usage’, which has been independently linked to AoA, as an alternative. This proposal was tested in Hebrew, a language showing marked distinctions between the everyday colloquial style and more formal, historically-related types of expression. A list of over 3,500 Hebrew adjectives in 19 morphological categories was compiled from dictionary sources. All adjectives on the list were ranked on a 1–5 linguistic register scale by 329 language expert judges. A Model Based Latent Class Analysis yielded five high-agreement groups of adjectives with mean register scores from 1.44 to 4.51, taken to represent five developmentally consecutive adjective lexicons. Semantic and morphological analyses indicated a rise in the abstractness and specificity of adjectives in the five lexicons, with concurrent changes in their morphological makeup. Two morphological categories emerged as the major components of the Modern Hebrew adjective lexicon: Resultative patterns, expressing states, and i-suffixed denominals, expressing nominal attributes. The study showed that subjective register classification may constitute a yardstick in development, with implications for other languages where register judgements can apply.
Los sufijos –ico, -ito, -illoen el español de Granada, España
Authors: Manjón-Cabeza Cruz Antonio
Published: December 2016

En el español de Granada (España) conviven tres sufijos diminutivos: –ico/a, –ito/a, –illo/a. En el corpus PRESEEA de Granada se ha hallado la siguiente distribución: 13 % corresponde a–ico,42 % a –itoy 45 % a –illo. Tras su estudio, en primer lugar, comprobamos que el empleo de diminutivos es un rasgo idiosincrásico, dada la alta desviación típica que presenta su uso (σ = 18). En segundo lugar, constatamos que existe una distribución social donde –icotiende a ser abandonado, mientras que compiten –itoe –illo. Parece ser el primer paso para la convergencia con el estándar del centro de la península. Por otra parte, se puede observar que la penetración de –itoobedece a un fenómeno de difusión léxica, con menor productividad morfológica que –illo. Por último, observamos que estos cambios están llevando a restricciones fónicas, puesto que el fonema final de la base a la que se aplica el diminutivo está comenzando a determinar el sufijo.
Distinct, shared and complementary: gendered agroecological knowledge in review.
Authors: Elias M.
Published: December 2016

The gendered nature of local agroecological knowledge remains poorly recognized. Gender biases in research and practice result in policies, programmes and interventions that are based on an incomplete understanding of local knowledge systems, and particularly of women's knowledge. This review of over 250 articles, books and chapters explores the complex, culturally specific and dynamic relationship between gender and agroecological knowledge, and underscores the central role both rural men and women play in managing biologically diverse, anthropogenic landscapes. Gender relations and norms, including the gender division of rights and responsibilities spatially, temporally and taskwise critically influence the acquisition and adaptation of local agroecological knowledge. Local knowledge varies across not only genders, but also other axes of social differentiation such as age and ethnicity, which intersect to shape the ways individuals, households and communities interact with their environment. Women and men may have different knowledge about the same or different things, and different ways of organizing and transmitting their knowledge. Although gendered spheres of knowledge are distinct, they are also shared, interwoven and complementary; and are neither fixed nor separable. Understanding local knowledge systems requires recognizing the distinctiveness, overlaps and interdependence of gendered knowledge repertoires. Current socio-economic trends are causing rapid shifts in local agroecological knowledge systems and resource management practices, and interrupting inter-generational knowledge transfers. Recognizing and valuing both women's and men's agroeocological knowledge(s) is crucial to preserve this (adaptive and evolving) body of knowledge, the cultures in which it is embedded and the agroecosystems it contributes to sustaining.
Self-selection Policing and the Disqualified Driver
Authors: Roach Jason
Published: December 2016

Previous research has identified those who commit serious driving offences, such as driving while over the legal limit for alcohol, dangerous and reckless driving, and driving while legally disqualified, as more likely to engage in other types of criminality, including serious offences, than their non-serious driving offender counterparts. Furthermore, those who continue to drive while disqualified have been singled out as the most likely group of serious driving offenders to be involved in a wide array of different types of offending and at rates more consistent with mainstream criminals than those who simply commit other driving-related offences. The present study builds on previous findings by focusing explicitly on the offending versatility of a sample of 50 disqualified drivers, the different categories of crime they commit, and the recency of other offences relative to the driving whilst disqualifying offence. With an overwhelming percentage of the sample found to have convictions for other types of offences, the study concludes with the suggestion that although driving while disqualified should be considered a trigger offence in self-selection policing, several anticipated obstacles to implementation must first be removed before it can be firmly integrated into current police practice.