bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and melamine phosphate on flame‐retardant polystyrene
Authors: Wang Gang , Bai Shibing
Published: August 2017

The halogen‐free flame‐retardant polystyrene (PS) composites containing expandable graphite (EG) and melamine phosphate (MP) were prepared successfully, and the thermal degradation behavior and fire performance were investigated by various measurements. The experimental results show that EG and MP have a synergistic effect on flame‐retardant PS, which can catalyze the char formation from PS. PS/MP/EG(1:2) composite achieves limited oxygen index value of 28.0% and UL‐94V‐0 (1.6 mm) rate. The mass retention at high temperature (800 °C) under air atmosphere of PS composites have a large increase by the introduction of EG and MP. Microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC) and cone calorimetric analysis indicate that the heat release rate and total heat release of PS/MP/EG(1:2) composite are reduced significantly, because the formed thick char layer has a notable barrier property. The study on the char residue of PS/MP/EG(1:2) composite by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirms the formation of the stable structures containing POC. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of PS composites were also investigated; compared with neat PS, the addition of flame retardants leads to the decrease of tensile strength and flexural strength, but the impact strength of PS/MP/EG(1:2) has increased by 44.2%. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45474.
Cultural diversity of quality of information on Wikipedias
Authors: Jemielniak Dariusz , Wilamowski Maciej
Published: August 2017

This article explores the relationship between linguistic culture and the preferred standards of presenting information based on article representation in major Wikipedias. Using primary research analysis of the number of images, references, internal links, external links, words, and characters, as well as their proportions in Good and Featured articles on the eight largest Wikipedias, we discover a high diversity of approaches and format preferences, correlating with culture. We demonstrate that high‐quality standards in information presentation are not globally shared and that in many aspects, the language culture's influence determines what is perceived to be proper, desirable, and exemplary for encyclopedic entries. As a result, we demonstrate that standards for encyclopedic knowledge are not globally agreed‐upon and “objective” but local and very subjective.
Case study of Berengario da Carpi and Lorenzo de' Medici
Authors: Lippi D
Published: August 2017

Jacopo Berengario da Carpi (c.1460–c.1530) made several important advances in anatomy, being universally considered the founder of ‘animated anatomy’ (anatomia animata). In addition to being a famous anatomist, Berengario was also a highly regarded surgeon. One of his famous clients was Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino (1492–1519). In 1517, Lorenzo suffered a skull injury from an harquebus shot and Berengario was asked to come to his bedside. Lorenzo's case gave Berengario the opportunity to write his Tractatus de Fractura Calve sive Cranei, published in Bologna by Gerolamo Benedetti in 1518. Berengario addressed his treatise to Lorenzo himself.

This illustrated monograph was the most original neurosurgical treatise at that time, as Berengario was able to cite both from contemporary information and from his own direct observation all possible kinds of skull fracture, including the relationship between the site of the lesions and the resulting neurological effects. At the end of the book, Berengario explained and illustrated the surgical equipment to be used in each case, depicting a drill previously unseen in a medical volume and providing the recipe for a human dressing, a kind of poultice made of mummified human remins, to be applied regularly to wounds.

Lorenzo de' Medici died in 1519 and was buried in the Church of San Lorenzo in Florence. His corpse was exhumed in 1875 and 1947. The casts of his skull made on those occasions are now preserved in the museums of Florence University, and clearly show evidence of the wound.

Read more about the stories behind this masterpiece in an essay online.
Breast cancer recurrence after reoperation for surgical bleeding
Authors: Pedersen R N , Bhaskaran K , Heide-Jørgensen U , Nørgaard M , Christiansen P M , Kroman N , Sørensen H T , Cronin-Fenton D P
Published: August 2017

Background

Bleeding activates platelets that can bind tumour cells, potentially promoting metastatic growth in patients with cancer. This study investigated whether reoperation for postoperative bleeding is associated with breast cancer recurrence.

Methods

Using the Danish Breast Cancer Group database and the Danish National Patient Register (DNPR), a cohort of women with incident stage I–III breast cancer, who underwent breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy during 1996–2008 was identified. Information on reoperation for bleeding within 14 days of the primary surgery was retrieved from the DNPR. Follow-up began 14 days after primary surgery and continued until breast cancer recurrence, death, emigration, 10 years of follow-up, or 1 January 2013. Incidence rates of breast cancer recurrence were calculated and Cox regression models were used to quantify the association between reoperation and recurrence, adjusting for potential confounders. Crude and adjusted hazard ratios according to site of recurrence were calculated.

Results

Among 30 711 patients (205 926 person-years of follow-up), 767 patients had at least one reoperation within 14 days of primary surgery, and 4769 patients developed breast cancer recurrence. Median follow-up was 7·0 years. The incidence of recurrence was 24·0 (95 per cent c.i. 20·2 to 28·6) per 1000 person-years for reoperated patients and 23·1 (22·5 to 23·8) per 1000 person-years for non-reoperated patients. The overall adjusted hazard ratio was 1·06 (95 per cent c.i. 0·89 to 1·26). The estimates did not vary by site of breast cancer recurrence.

Conclusion

In this large cohort study, there was no evidence of an association between reoperation for bleeding and breast cancer recurrence.
Klinefelter's syndrome and sexual offending – A literature review
Authors: O'Donovan Rebecca , Völlm Birgit
Published: August 2017

Background

Klinefelter's syndrome is a sex chromosome abnormality affecting approximately 1 in 1000 men. There have been suggestions that it is associated with a higher than average prevalence of sexual offending but to what extent does research evidence support this assertion?

Aims

This study aimed to conduct a systematic review of published research to establish the prevalence of sexual offending in men with Klinefelter's syndrome.

Method

The databases MEDLINE, PsycINFO and EMBASE were searched from inception until 31 December 2016 by using a range of terms for Klinefelter's syndrome and for sexual offending. All selected papers were examined for quality by using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist.

Results

We identified 53 relevant papers of which 10 met our inclusion criteria. All but one were prevalence studies conducted in a prison or hospital setting. The one, Danish, register‐based cohort study did suggest an increased risk of sex offending among Klinefelter men, probably established before the diagnosis was made and, therefore, any hormone replacement instituted.

Conclusion

There is insufficient evidence to date to support concerns about exceptional risk of sex offending among men with Klinefelter's syndrome. Rather, it is arguable that there is a research gap in understanding how the experience of and treatment for their condition may affect them. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanistic Origin of Enhanced CO Catalytic Oxidation over Co3O4/LaCoO3 at Lower Temperature
Authors: Liu Shujie , Zhang Wei , Deng Ting , Wang Dong , Wang Xiyang , Zhang Xinxin , Zhang Cai , Zheng Weitao
Published: August 2017

CO catalytic oxidation on the perovskite oxide LaCoO3, which can be ascribed to a decoration of Co3O4 nanoparticles on the surface, was achieved with 90 % conversion rate at 202 °C. The obtained dual‐phase catalyst was successfully synthesized through a non‐stoichiometric Ce‐induced exsolution‐like process, after an electrospinning treatment with subsequent annealing. The enhanced activity originates from the surface oxygen of LaCoO3/Co3O4 and Co3+ in the Co3O4 nanoparticles, as confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure analysis (XANES). The synergic effect of the surfaced Co3O4 and parent LaCoO3 may open a path to unlocking the activity of perovskite oxides for enhanced low‐temperature CO oxidation.
Highly Conductive Hierarchical C/C Composites to Eliminate Conductive Agent in EDLC Electrodes
Authors: Chang Panpan , Wang Chengyang , Kinumoto Taro , Tsumura Tomoki , Chen Mingming , Toyoda Masahiro
Published: August 2017

Nowadays, when fabricating electric double‐layer capacitor (EDLC) electrodes, 10–20 % conductive carbon black (CB) is indispensable to guarantee a satisfactory power output of the whole EDLC. Herein, we constructed a series of porous frame‐filling C/C composites with ample specific surface area (SSA) and adequate electrical conductivity (e‐conductivity), aiming at CB‐free EDLC electrodes. The content of the frame and KOH dosage were well‐optimized to balance the SSA and e‐conductivity. An optimized sample, named F310 exhibits an abundant SSA of 2562 m2 g−1, a high sp2‐bonding carbon content of 88.2 %, and sufficient e‐conductivity of 120 S m−1. Even totally free of any CB, the resultant EDLC electrode achieved a high gravimetric capacitance of 130.4 F g−1 at 50 mA g−1 with a rate capacity C10/0.05 of 56.8 % in TEABF4/PC electrolyte. Significantly, it could also run independently up to 10,000 cycles at 1 A g−1 with a capacitance retention of 78.3 % in TEABF4/PC electrolyte. More importantly, when the CB‐free electrode is in use, the lifespan at a stable high‐rate output is clearly decided by the e‐conductivity rather than the mesoporous channels.
Clarifying Thoughts About the Clarification of Liquids – Filtration and the Philosophy of Science
Authors: Kuhn Michael , Pietsch Wolfgang , Briesen Heiko
Published: August 2017

Basic topics in the philosophy of science are introduced by means of applying them to filtration research. This article thereby aims at improving the understanding of the history and character of technological research. The concept of scientific paradigms is introduced and it is applied to the history of filtration. Eliminative induction is presented as a way to determine cause‐and‐effect relations. Also, the testing of filtration theories and their falsification is discussed. Finally, it is shown how filtration is linked to natural science and society, with consequences for the epistemology of the discipline.
Cardiac Safety of Ozanimod, a Novel Sphingosine‐1‐Phosphate Receptor Modulator: Results of a Thorough QT/QTc Study
Authors: Tran Jonathan Q. , Hartung Jeffrey P. , Olson Allan D. , Mendzelevski Boaz , Timony Gregg A. , Boehm Marcus F. , Peach Robert J. , Gujrathi Sheila , Frohna Paul A.
Published: August 2017

Ozanimod is a novel, selective, oral sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (1 and 5) receptor modulator in development for multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. This randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, positive‐controlled, parallel‐group thorough QT study characterized the effects of ozanimod on cardiac repolarization in healthy subjects. Eligible subjects were randomized to 1 of 2 groups: ozanimod (escalated from 0.25 to 2 mg over 14 days) or placebo (for 14 days). A single dose of moxifloxacin 400 mg or placebo was administered on days 2 and 17. The primary end point was the time‐matched, placebo‐corrected, baseline‐adjusted mean QTcF (ΔΔQTcF). A total of 113/124 (91.1%) subjects completed the study. The upper limits of the 2‐sided 90% confidence intervals for ΔΔQTcF for both ozanimod 1 and 2 mg were below the 10‐millisecond regulatory threshold. No QTcF >480 milliseconds or postdose change in QTcF of >60 milliseconds was observed. There was no evidence of a positive relationship between concentrations of ozanimod and its active metabolites and ΔΔQTcF. Although ozanimod blunted the observed diurnal increase in heart rate, excursions below predose heart rates were no greater than with placebo. Results demonstrate that ozanimod does not prolong the QTc interval or cause clinically significant bradycardia, supporting ozanimod's evolving favorable cardiac safety profile.
Evolutionary agroecology: individual fitness and population yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Weiner Jacob , Du Yan‐Lei , Zhang Cong , Qin Xiao‐Liang , Li Feng‐Min
Published: August 2017

Although the importance of group selection in nature is highly controversial, several researchers have argued that plant breeding for agriculture should be based on group selection, because the goal in agriculture is to optimize population production, not individual fitness. A core hypothesis behind this claim is that crop genotypes with the highest individual fitness in a mixture of genotypes will not produce the highest population yield, because fitness is often increased by “selfish” behaviors, which reduce population performance. We tested this hypothesis by growing 35 cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in mixtures and monocultures, and analyzing the relationship between population yield in monoculture and individual yield in mixture. The relationship was unimodal, as predicted. The highest‐yielding populations were from cultivars that had intermediate fitness, and these produced, on average, 35% higher yields than cultivars with the highest fitness. It is unlikely that plant breeding or genetic engineering can improve traits that natural selection has been optimizing for millions of years, but there is unutilized potential in traits that increase crop yield by decreasing individual fitness.
Charge‐ and Electric‐Field‐Controlled Switchable Carbon Dioxide Capture and Gas Separation on a C2N Monolayer
Authors: Qin Gang‐qiang , Du Ai‐jun , Sun Qiao
Published: August 2017

The use of advanced materials with a high selectivity and easy regeneration to capture CO2 from a gas mixture is an effective strategy to reduce the greenhouse effect. In this study, we report a comprehensive investigation of CO2, N2, CH4, and H2 adsorption on a C2N monolayer by using DFT calculations. We find that CO2 is adsorbed weakly on a neutral C2N monolayer, and the interaction between CO2 and C2N can be enhanced considerably by applying a negative charge or an external electric field to C2N. Moreover, once the charge state/electric field is switched off, CO2 is released spontaneously from the C2N. However, in contrast to the adsorption of CO2, the interaction between N2/CH4/H2 and C2N is physisorption under all of the above conditions. In all, our study demonstrates that the C2N monolayer can be used as an excellent material for highly selective and reversible CO2 capture and gas separation through the strategy of switching on/off its charge state/electric field. In addition, as a 2 D material, the C2N monolayer possesses a narrow band gap (1.70 eV) that ensures that the application of a charge/electric field can be realized easily experimentally by electrochemical methods.
Porous titanium scaffolds with self‐assembled micro/nano‐hierarchical structure for dual functions of bone regeneration and anti‐infection
Authors: Han Lu , Wang Menghao , Sun Honglong , Li Pengfei , Wang Kefeng , Ren Fuzeng , Lu Xiong
Published: August 2017

Porous titanium (Ti) scaffolds are widely used for bone repair because of their good biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance. However, pristine Ti scaffolds are bioinert and unable to induce bone regeneration. In this study, chitosan coated bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (CBSA NPs) and oxidized alginate (OSA) were in a layer‐by‐layer (LbL) manner on Ti scaffolds. The LbL film possessed micro/nano‐hierarchical architectures, has the features of nanostructures, and possesses abundant functional groups from CBSA NPs and OSA to improve the surface biocompatibility and biofunctionality of Ti scaffolds. These groups provide active sites for stable and efficient immobilization of bone morphogenic protein‐2 (BMP2) through chemical and physical interactions without compromising its bioactivity. The synergistic effect of the hierarchical structure of assembled films and immobilized BMP2 on the scaffold improves cell adhesion, proliferation, and induces osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells in vitro. Moreover, this modification also enhances ectopic bone formation bone. Furthermore, grafting of vancomycin on OSA resulted in good antibacterial activity of Ti scaffolds for prevention of infection during the bone healing process. In summary, this NPs‐assembling method is convenient and effective to produce nanostructures and to load growth factors and antibacterial agents into Ti scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 3482–3492, 2017.
Customized, degradable, functionally graded scaffold for potential treatment of early stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head
Authors: Kawai Toshiyuki , Shanjani Yaser , Fazeli Saba , Behn Anthony W. , Okuzu Yaichiro , Goodman Stuart B. , Yang Yunzhi P.
Published: August 2017

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a debilitating disease that results in progressive collapse of the femoral head and subsequent degenerative arthritis. Few treatments provide both sufficient mechanical support and biological cues for regeneration of bone and vascularity when the femoral head is still round and therefore salvageable. We designed and 3D printed a functionally graded scaffold (FGS) made of polycaprolactone (PCL) and β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) with spatially controlled porosity, degradation, and mechanical strength properties to reconstruct necrotic bone tissue in the femoral head. The FGS was designed to have low porosity segments (15% in proximal and distal segments) and a high porosity segment (60% in middle segment) according to the desired mechanical and osteoconductive properties at each specific site after implantation into the femoral head. The FGS was inserted into a bone tunnel drilled in rabbit femoral neck and head, and at 8 weeks after implantation, the tissue formation as well as scaffold degradation was analyzed. Micro‐CT analysis demonstrated that the FGS‐filled group had a significantly higher bone ingrowth ratio compared to the empty‐tunnel group, and the difference was higher at the distal low porosity segments. The in vivo degradation rate of the scaffold was higher in the proximal and distal segments than in the middle segment. Histological analysis of both non‐decalcified and calcified samples clearly indicated new bone ingrowth and bone marrow‐containing bone formation across the FGS. A 3D printed PCL‐β‐TCP FGS appears to be a promising customized resorbable load‐bearing implant for treatment of early stage ONFH. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1002–1011, 2018.
In situ force in the anterior cruciate ligament, the lateral collateral ligament, and the anterolateral capsule complex during a simulated pivot shift test
Authors: Bell Kevin M. , Rahnemai‐Azar Ata A. , Irarrazaval Sebastian , Guenther Daniel , Fu Freddie H. , Musahl Volker , Debski Richard E.
Published: August 2017

The role of the anterolateral capsule complex in knee rotatory stability remains controversial. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the in situ forces in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), the anterolateral capsule, the lateral collateral ligament (LCL), and the forces transmitted between each region of the anterolateral capsule in response to a simulated pivot shift test. A robotic testing system applied a simulated pivot shift test continuously from full extension to 90° of flexion to intact cadaveric knees (n = 7). To determine the magnitude of the in situ forces, kinematics of the intact knee were replayed in position control mode after the following procedures were performed: (i) ACL transection; (ii) capsule separation; (iii) anterolateral capsule transection; and (iii) LCL transection. A repeated measures ANOVA was performed to compare in situ forces between each knee state (*p < 0.05). The in situ force in the ACL was significantly greater than the forces transmitted between each region of the anterolateral capsule at 5° and 15° of flexion but significantly lower at 60°, 75°, and 90° of flexion. This study demonstrated that the ACL is the primary rotatory stabilizer at low flexion angles during a simulated pivot shift test in the intact knee, but the anterolateral capsule plays an important secondary role at flexion angles greater than 60°. Furthermore, the contribution of the “anterolateral ligament” to rotatory knee stability in this study was negligible during a simulated pivot shift test. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:847–853, 2018.
Intravenous iron sucrose and ferric carboxymaltose in pregnant patients: an observational study of maternal efficacy and tolerance
Authors: Boughton Selina , Chen Lily , Kidson‐Gerber Giselle , Curtain Colin , Zaidi Syed Tabish R. , Henry Amanda
Published: August 2017

Aim

To compare the tolerability and effectiveness of ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) and iron sucrose (FeS) in pregnant women with iron deficiency (ID).

Methods

Retrospective audit of pregnant women in their second or third trimesters receiving intravenous (IV) FCM or FeS at an Australian tertiary maternity hospital from January 2007 to July 2013. Demographics, haematological and infusion details, including adverse events and pregnancy outcomes, were compared using Student's t‐test, Chi‐square and Fisher's exact tests.

Results

Eighty‐three women had 94 infusions (56 FCM requiring 2 h in Day Stay; 38 FeS requiring 6 h in Acute Care) administered. There were no significant demographic differences between groups. Neither group had anaphylactic reaction or unplanned admission after infusion. Non‐anaphylactic adverse reactions at first infusion were lower in the FCM group (16 vs 34%, p = 0.049). Pre‐infusion mean Hb and ferritin were 98.1 g/L ± 10.8 g/L and 9.7 μg/L ± 6.2 μg/L in the FCM group and 98.3 g/L ± 11.7 g/L and 8.0 μg/L ± 3.9 μg/L in the FeS group. Post‐infusion, both groups had significantly higher Hb and ferritin: rises of 12.7 g/L and 296 μg/L, respectively for FCM (p < 0.001 vs all pre‐infusion values) and rises of 8.9 g/L and 105 μg/L in FeS (p < 0.05 vs all pre‐infusion values). Pregnancy outcomes, including post partum haemorrhage rates, were similar between groups.

Conclusion

Although haematological parameters improved following infusion in both groups, FCM had a lower incidence of infusion‐related adverse events compared to FeS. Although sample size is small, given decreased monitoring and infusion time required for FCM, it may become the preferred formulation for ID treatment in pregnancy.
Habitat suitability modeling for mink passage activity: A cautionary tale
Authors: Martinig April Robin
Published: August 2017

Many studies have evaluated wildlife passage effectiveness, but few have explored how accurately passage activity can be modeled. I created a habitat suitability index (HSI) model for American mink (Neovison vison) using a geographic information system with 17 wildlife passages located in Quebec, Canada as validation for the model. I addressed how well HSI modeling using constrained habitat data could determine mink passage activity and tested model sensitivity to different parameterizations. Uncertainty analysis revealed that the HSI model was sensitive to extreme changes in factor weights and scale. I used a generalized linear model to test how well the constrained HSI model explained the variability in passage activity (counts). For the HSI model (and all alternatives) the HSI scores were negatively associated with passage use. The predictive power of all models greatly improved after including aspects related to passage construction, with the pseudo‐R2increasing by 64–73%. These findings suggest that the constrained HSI models are a poor predicator of passage activity for mink, but wildlife passage characteristics are highly predictive. Transportation agencies would benefit from the ability to make informed planning decisions; however, greater care is required to determine passage suitability. The proper implementation of these tools requires knowledge of habitat preferences and how movement is influenced by the wildlife passages themselves. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
Perceptions of the laryngology Match: A survey of program directors and recent trainees
Authors: Formeister Eric J. , Courey Mark S. , Yung Katherine C.
Published: August 2017

Objectives/Hypothesis

Evaluate program director and recent trainee perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of the laryngology Match.

Study Design

Web‐based survey study.

Methods

A Web‐based survey study was distributed to program directors and recent laryngology trainees to evaluate perceptions of the laryngology Match. A 15‐item questionnaire with free‐form, Likert, and multiple selection answers was emailed to 115 recent/current trainees and 22 laryngology directors.

Results

Fifty‐nine percent (13/22) of the program directors and 47% (54/115) of the recent trainees responded to the survey. There were significant increases in the number of programs applied to, interview offers received, and interviews attended by laryngology trainees who applied after adoption of the Match compared to those who applied prior to the Match. Seventy‐one percent (22/31) of applicants after 2012 participated in the Match; those who did not accepted positions outside of the Match. Ninety‐five percent (21/22) who applied through the Match successfully matched. Two‐thirds of recent trainees and three‐quarters of directors believe the Match process primarily benefits the applicant. The number of candidates interviewed per program approximately doubled from three to six after institution of the Match.

Conclusions

Overall, both program directors and recent or current laryngology trainees have a positive perception of the laryngology match process. The Match process increased the number of applicants and interviews per year, which both directors and trainees believe increases an applicant's chance at successfully matching.

Level of Evidence

NA. Laryngoscope, 127:2818–2822, 2017
Utility of preoperative fine needle aspiration in parotid lesions
Authors: Eytan Danielle F. , Yin Linda X. , Maleki Zahra , Koch Wayne M. , Tufano Ralph P. , Eisele David W. , Boahene Kofi D. O. , Fakhry Carole , Bishop Justin A. , Westra William H. , Gourin Christine G.
Published: August 2017

Objectives

Preoperative fine needle aspiration (FNA) of parotid lesions often is used in the initial evaluation of parotid masses, but its role in guiding surgical decision making remains unclear, in part due to varying diagnostic accuracy reported. We sought to evaluate the role of preoperative FNA in detection of malignancy and impact on surgical management.

Study Design

Retrospective study.

Methods

The medical records of patients who underwent parotidectomy at a single tertiary medical center were reviewed from 2000 to 2015. Patients who had a preoperative FNA comprised the study cohort.

Results

A total of 1,074 consecutive patients underwent parotidectomy during the study period; of those, 477 had a preoperative FNA. FNA was nondiagnostic in 26 cases. There were 29 false positives (6.4%), 26 false negatives (5.8%), 122 true positives (27.1%), and 274 true negatives (60.8%). The sensitivity and specificity of FNA were 82.4% and 90.4%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 80.8% and a negative predictive value of 91.3%. The overall accuracy of preoperative FNA was 87.8%. The preoperative FNA resulted in a change in the surgical plan in 85 (18.9%) cases. In 66 of these cases (78%), surgery was extended to include neck dissection at time of resection. In 10 cases, FNA led to surgical management over surveillance. In 11 cases, FNA downgraded the extent of surgery planned to an excisional biopsy.

Conclusion

Preoperative FNA is a valuable adjunct in the surgical management of parotid lesions, with high specificity for the detection of malignant disease.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 128:398–402, 2018
Resident responses to after‐hours otolaryngology patient phone calls: An overlooked aspect of residency training?
Authors: Lehmann Ashton E. , Kozin Elliott D. , Sethi Rosh K. V. , Wong Kevin , Lin Brian M. , Gray Stacey T. , Cunningham Michael J.
Published: August 2017

Objectives/Hypothesis

Otolaryngology residents are often responsible for triaging after‐hours patient calls. However, residents receive little training on this topic. Data are limited on the clinical content, reporting, and management of otolaryngology patient calls. This study aimed to characterize the patient concerns residents handle by phone and their subsequent management and reporting.

Study Design

Retrospective review.

Methods

Five hundred consecutive after‐hours patient calls in a tertiary pediatric hospital were reviewed. Data collected included patient and caller demographics, clinical concerns, surgical history, recommendations, and subsequent emergency department (ED) visits.

Results

On average, 3.7 calls occurred per shift, 2.8 on weekday and 5.9 on weekend shifts. Mean patient age was 6.6 years. Mothers (71%) called most frequently. The majority of calls were postoperative (64.2%). Of postoperative calls, most occurred within 3 days of surgery (52.3%). Most calls were for surgical site bleeding (19.9%). Residents recommended ED evaluation for 17.2% of calls, of which 20.9% returned to the primary institution ED. ED evaluation was recommended more frequently for postoperative patients (P = .040), particularly following adenotonsillectomy (51.2%) or surgical site bleeding (18.6%). With respect to documentation, 32.8% of medical record numbers were absent, 11.8% had name errors, and 2.2% of patients could not be identified.

Conclusions

This is the first study to analyze the management and reporting of patient calls by otolaryngology residents. A wide array of clinical concerns are triaged by phone conversations. The study has implications for both resident and patient education.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 128:E163–E170, 2018
Volumetric MRI thermometry using a three‐dimensional stack‐of‐stars echo‐planar imaging pulse sequence
Authors: Jonathan Sumeeth V. , Grissom William A.
Published: August 2017

Purpose

To measure temperature over a large brain volume with fine spatiotemporal resolution.

Methods

A three‐dimensional stack‐of‐stars echo‐planar imaging sequence combining echo‐planar imaging and radial sampling with golden angle spacing was implemented at 3T for proton resonance frequency‐shift temperature imaging. The sequence acquires a 188x188x43 image matrix with 1.5x1.5x2.75 mm3 spatial resolution. Temperature maps were reconstructed using sensitivity encoding (SENSE) image reconstruction followed by the image domain hybrid method, and using the k‐space hybrid method. In vivo temperature maps were acquired without heating to measure temperature precision in the brain, and in a phantom during high‐intensity focused ultrasound sonication.

Results

In vivo temperature standard deviation was less than 1°C at dynamic scan times down to 0.75 s. For a given frame rate, scanning at a minimum repetition time (TR) with minimum acceleration yielded the lowest standard deviation. With frame rates around 3 s, the scan was tolerant to a small number of receive coils, and temperature standard deviation was 48% higher than a standard two‐dimensional Fourier transform temperature mapping scan, but provided whole‐brain coverage. Phantom temperature maps with no visible aliasing were produced for dynamic scan times as short as 0.38 s. k‐Space hybrid reconstructions were more tolerant to acceleration.

Conclusion

Three‐dimensional stack‐of‐stars echo‐planar imaging temperature mapping provides volumetric brain coverage and fine spatiotemporal resolution. Magn Reson Med 79:2003–2013, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Population Exposure‐Response Modeling Supported Selection of Naloxegol Doses in Phase III Studies in Patients With Opioid‐Induced Constipation
Authors: Al‐Huniti Nidal , Xu Hongmei , Zhou Diansong , Aksenov Sergey , Fox Robert , Bui Khanh H.
Published: August 2017

Naloxegol is approved for the treatment of opioid‐induced constipation (OIC) in adults with chronic noncancer pain. Population exposure‐response models were developed using data from a phase II study comprising 185 adults with OIC. The weekly probability of response defined as having ≥3/week spontaneous bowel movements (SBMs) and ≥1 SBM/week increase over baseline was characterized by a longitudinal mixed‐effects logistic regression dose‐response model, and the probability of time to discontinuation was modeled with a Weibull distribution function. The predicted probability of SBM in a given week increased with increasing naloxegol dose. The model predicted that 12.5, 25, and 37.5 mg doses would produce median response rates of 40%, 50%, and 60%, and dropout rates of 13.3%, 16.7%, and 23.3%, respectively. The large overlap of predicted difference of the response rate between placebo and the 25 or 37.5 mg doses suggested little utility of using a 37.5 mg dose in phase III studies.
In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Characterization and Manipulation of Two‐Dimensional Layered Materials beyond Graphene
Authors: Luo Chen , Wang Chaolun , Wu Xing , Zhang Jian , Chu Junhao
Published: August 2017

Two‐dimensional (2D) ultra‐thin materials beyond graphene with rich physical properties and unique layered structures are promising for applications in electronics, chemistry, energy, and bioscience, etc. The interaction mechanisms among the structures, chemical compositions and physical properties of 2D layered materials are critical for fundamental nanosciences and the practical fabrication of next‐generation nanodevices. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with its high spatial resolution and versatile external fields, is undoubtedly a powerful tool for the static characterization and dynamic manipulation of nanomaterials and nanodevices at the atomic scale. The rapid development of thin‐film and precision microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) techniques allows 2D layered materials and nanodevices to be probed and engineered inside TEM under external stimuli such as thermal, electrical, mechanical, liquid/gas environmental, optical, and magnetic fields at the nanoscale. Such advanced technologies leverage the traditional static TEM characterization into an in situ and interactive manipulation of 2D layered materials without sacrificing the resolution or the high vacuum chamber environment, facilitating exploration of the intrinsic structure–property relationship of 2D layered materials. In this Review, the dynamic properties tailored and observed by the most advanced and unprecedented in situ TEM technology are introduced. The challenges in spatial, time and energy resolution are discussed also.
Paintable Carbon‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells with Engineered Perovskite/Carbon Interface Using Carbon Nanotubes Dripping Method
Authors: Ryu Jaehoon , Lee Kisu , Yun Juyoung , Yu Haejun , Lee Jungsup , Jang Jyongsik
Published: August 2017

Paintable carbon electrode‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are of particular interest due to their material and fabrication process costs, as well as their moisture stability. However, printing the carbon paste on the perovskite layer limits the quality of the interface between the perovskite layer and carbon electrode. Herein, an attempt to enhance the performance of the paintable carbon‐based PSCs is made using a modified solvent dripping method that involves dripping of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which is dispersed in chlorobenzene solution. This method allows CNTs to penetrate into both the perovskite film and carbon electrode, facilitating fast hole transport between the two layers. Furthermore, this method is results in increased open circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF), providing better contact at the perovskite/carbon interfaces. The best devices made with CNT dripping show 13.57% power conversion efficiency and hysteresis‐free performance.
Fabrication of Fe3O4 Dots Embedded in 3D Honeycomb‐Like Carbon Based on Metallo–Organic Molecule with Superior Lithium Storage Performance
Authors: Li Chengfei , Li Liuqing , Li Zhaopeng , Zhong Weihao , Li Zhenghui , Yang Xiaoqing , Zhang Guoqing , Zhang Haiyan
Published: August 2017

A novel metallo–organic molecule, ferrocene, is selected as building block to construct Fe3O4 dots embedded in 3D honeycomb‐like carbon (Fe3O4 dots/3DHC) by using SiO2 nanospheres as template. Unlike previously used inorganic Fe3O4 sources, ferrocene simultaneously contains organic cyclopentadienyl groups and inorganic Fe atoms, which can be converted to carbon and Fe3O4, respectively. Atomic‐scale Fe distribution in started building block leads to the formation of ultrasmall Fe3O4 dots (≈3 nm). In addition, by well controlling the feed amount of ferrocene, Fe3O4 dots/3DHC with well‐defined honeycomb‐like meso/macropore structure and ultrathin carbon wall can be obtained. Owing to unique structural features, Fe3O4 dots/3DHC presents impressive lithium storage performance. The initial discharge and reversible capacities can reach 2047 and 1280 mAh g−1 at 0.05 A g−1. With increasing the current density to 1 and 3 A g−1, remarkable capacities of 963 and 731 mAh g−1 remain. Moreover, Fe3O4 dots/3DHC also has superior cycling stability, after a long‐term charge/discharge for 200 times, a high capacity of 1082 mAh g−1 can be maintained (80% against the capacity of the 2nd cycle).
Anticipating Cutoff Diameters in Deterministic Lateral Displacement (DLD) Microfluidic Devices for an Optimized Particle Separation
Authors: Pariset Eloise , Pudda Catherine , Boizot François , Verplanck Nicolas , Berthier Jean , Thuaire Aurélie , Agache Vincent
Published: August 2017

Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) devices enable to separate nanometer to micrometer‐sized particles around a cutoff diameter, during their transport through a microfluidic channel with slanted rows of pillars. In order to design appropriate DLD geometries for specific separation sizes, robust models are required to anticipate the value of the cutoff diameter. So far, the proposed models result in a single cutoff diameter for a given DLD geometry. This paper shows that the cutoff diameter actually varies along the DLD channel, especially in narrow pillar arrays. Experimental and numerical results reveal that the variation of the cutoff diameter is induced by boundary effects at the channel side walls, called the wall effect. The wall effect generates unexpected particle trajectories that may compromise the separation efficiency. In order to anticipate the wall effect when designing DLD devices, a predictive model is proposed in this work and has been validated experimentally. In addition to the usual geometrical parameters, a new parameter, the number of pillars in the channel cross dimension, is considered in this model to investigate its influence on the particle trajectories.
Repräsentative Vorkrümmungen e0 für das Biegeknicken – Ergänzende Untersuchungen
Authors: Lindner Joachim
Published: August 2017

Frau Univ.‐Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Ulrike Kuhlmann zur Vollendung ihres 60. Lebensjahres gewidmet

Für den Nachweis eines Druckstabs gibt es nach Eurocode 3 zwei Möglichkeiten: Nachweis nach dem Ersatzstabverfahren oder Nachweis nach Theorie II. Ordnung. Für die zweite Möglichkeit ist es erforderlich. Vorkrümmungen e0 zu berücksichtigen. Diese werden im Regelfall nach DIN EN 1993‐1‐1, Tabelle 5.1 gewählt. Die bisher verwendeten Werte sind zu ändern, was insbesondere in [5] durch die Erläuterung umfangreicher Untersuchungen belegt wurde. Diese werden ergänzt durch die hier vorgestellten Auswertungen zu Versuchen und zusätzliche Untersuchungen an Stäben mit der Stahlsorte S700. Weiterhin werden Hinweise gegeben, dass auch die bisherige Gleichung (5.10), mit deren Hilfe die Vorverkrümmung e0 in Abhängigkeit des bezogenen Schlankheitsgrades λ berechnet werden kann, zu modifizieren ist.
Trends in steel structures concerning materials, codes and applications
Authors: Snijder H. H.
Published: August 2017

Frau Univ.‐Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Ulrike Kuhlmann zur Vollendung ihres 60. Lebensjahres gewidmet

Trends im Stahlbau bezüglich Material, Normung und Anwendung.

In diesem Aufsatz wird eine Übersicht über Trends im Stahlbau bezüglich der Materialien, Normung und Anwendungen gegeben. Einer dieser Trends führt hin zum vermehrten Einsatz höherfester Baustähle mit entsprechenden Konsequenzen für die Auslegung der Konstruktionen. Zurzeit wird an der nächsten Version von Eurocode 3, Teil 1‐1 [1] gearbeitet. Viele der dort enthaltenen Bemessungsregeln sind weiterzuentwickeln und Hinweise aus dem sogenannten „systematic review” sind zu berücksichtigen. Eine Reihe von Änderungen zu EN 1993‐1‐1 wurden bereits durch den verantwortlichen Ausschuss für den Eurocode 3, den CEN/TC250/SC3, akzeptiert, der sehr effektiv von Prof. Ulrike Kuhlmann geleitet wird. In diesem Beitrag werden einige Inhalte dieser Änderungen wiedergegeben. Der Anwendungsbereich wird unter anderem dadurch erweitert, dass die höherfesten Baustähle aufgenommen werden. Neben den Entwicklungen bezüglich des Materials und der Normung gibt es auch Trends in der Anwendung von Stahlkonstruktionen. Selbstverständlich stehen diese Trends in Beziehung zueinander und beeinflussen sich gegenseitig.
Biege‐ und Biegedrillknicken in konsistentem Ansatz als Basis einer allgemeinen Knickkurve für EC3‐1‐1, 6.3.4
Authors: Feldmann Markus , Wieschollek Matthias , Heinemeyer Christoph
Published: August 2017

Frau Univ.‐Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Ulrike Kuhlmann zur Vollendung ihres 60. Lebensjahres gewidmet

Bei Anwendung des allgemeinen Verfahrens nach Kapitel 6.3.4 der DIN EN 1993‐1‐1 [1] wird der allgemeine Fall des Biegedrillknickens (BDK mit Moment und Normalkraft) mit den Knickkurven seiner Spezialfälle (BDK nur mit Moment bzw. Knicken um die schwache Achse nur mit Normalkraft) behandelt. In Bezug auf Schlankheit und Imperfektion entstehen dadurch Inkonsistenzen, was zu Konflikten mit der beabsichtigten Allgemeingültigkeit und zu nicht richtigen Ergebnissen führt. Denn die Hauptebene‐Beanspruchungen My und N sind in ihrer individuellen Kombination ursächlich für die Instabilität aus der Ebene. Wenn man berücksichtigt, dass die Vergrößerungsfaktoren αcr und αult, damit die bezogene Schlankheit λ sowie die eigenformaffin anzunehmenden Imperfektionen vom Verhältnis von My und N abhängen, so ist eine allgemeine Knickkurvenformulierung für BDK mit Moment und Normalkraft möglich, die sich an die der Spezialfälle konsistent anfügt. Damit kann die unzureichende Regel zur Wahl der Knickkurve in 6.3.4 ersetzt werden. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt deswegen mechanisch nachvollziehbar dar, in welcher Beziehung die Imperfektionsbeiwerte für das Biegeknicken nach EC3 aus der Ayrton‐Perry‐Formulierung heraus mit entsprechenden Werten für das Biegedrillknicken stehen. Die Herleitungen werden durch zahlreiche Vergleichsrechnungen mit der FEM abgerundet.
The La and related RNA‐binding proteins (LARPs): structures, functions, and evolving perspectives
Authors: Maraia Richard J. , Mattijssen Sandy , Cruz‐Gallardo Isabel , Conte Maria R.
Published: August 2017

La was first identified as a polypeptide component of ribonucleic protein complexes targeted by antibodies in autoimmune patients and is now known to be a eukaryote cell‐ubiquitous protein. Structure and function studies have shown that La binds to a common terminal motif, UUU‐3′‐OH, of nascent RNA polymerase III (RNAP III) transcripts and protects them from exonucleolytic decay. For precursor‐tRNAs, the most diverse and abundant of these transcripts, La also functions as an RNA chaperone that helps to prevent their misfolding. Related to this, we review evidence that suggests that La and its link to RNAP III were significant in the great expansions of the tRNAomes that occurred in eukaryotes. Four families of La‐related proteins (LARPs) emerged during eukaryotic evolution with specialized functions. We provide an overview of the high‐resolution structural biology of La and LARPs. LARP7 family members most closely resemble La but function with a single RNAP III nuclear transcript, 7SK, or telomerase RNA. A cytoplasmic isoform of La protein as well as LARPs 6, 4, and 1 function in mRNA metabolism and translation in distinct but similar ways, sometimes with the poly(A)‐binding protein, and in some cases by direct binding to poly(A)‐RNA. New structures of LARP domains, some complexed with RNA, provide novel insights into the functional versatility of these proteins. We also consider LARPs in relation to ancestral La protein and potential retention of links to specific RNA‐related pathways. One such link may be tRNA surveillance and codon usage by LARP‐associated mRNAs. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1430. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1430

This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Recognition

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA–Protein Complexes

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
Subacute Progressive Myelopathy: Transverse Myelitis or Subacute Combined Degeneration? A Case Report
Authors: Goldish Daniel , Massagli Teresa L.
Published: August 2017

Evolving subacute myelopathies have many possible etiologies. This is a report of a patient who presented with progressive paresthesias, proprioceptive loss, and gait disturbance with acute myelitis seen on magnetic resonance imaging initially concerning for transverse myelitis. However, she also had vitamin B12 deficiency, and her clinical course ultimately suggested a diagnosis more compatible with subacute combined degeneration. The clinical features, laboratory, and imaging findings and prognosis of the 2 disorders are compared.

Level of Evidence

V
Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia, Hypernatremia, and Hydration Status in Multistage Ultramarathons
Authors: Krabak Brian J. , Lipman Grant S. , Waite Brandee L. , Rundell Sean D.
Published: August 2017

Objective

Dysnatremia and altered hydration status are potentially serious conditions that have not been well studied in multistage ultramarathons. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence and prevalence of exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) (Na+ <135 mmol·L-1) and hypernatremia (Na+ >145 mmol·L-1) and hydration status during a multistage ultramarathon.

Methods

This study involved a prospective observational cohort study of runners competing in a 250-km (155-mile) multistage ultramarathon (in the Jordan, Atacama, or Gobi Desert). Prerace body weight and poststage (stage [S] 1 [42 km], S3 [126 km], and S5 [250 km]) body weight and serum sodium concentration levels were obtained from 128 runners.

Results

The prevalence of EAH per stage was 1.6% (S1), 4.8% (S3), and 10.1% (S5) with a cumulative incidence of 14.8%. Per-stage prevalence of hypernatremia was 35.2% (S1), 20.2% (S3), and 19.3% (S5) with a cumulative incidence of 52.3%. Runners became more dehydrated (weight change <–3%) throughout the race (S1=22.1%; S3=51.2%; S5=53.5%). Body weight gain correlated with EAH ( r=–0.21, P = .02). Nonfinishers of S3 were significantly more likely to have EAH compared with finishers (75% vs 5%, P = .001), but there was no difference in either EAH or hypernatremia between nonfinishers and finishers of S5.

Conclusions

The incidence of EAH in multistage ultramarathons was similar to marathons and single-stage ultramarathons, but the cumulative incidence of hypernatremia was 3 times greater than that of EAH. EAH was associated with increased weight gain (overhydration) in early stage nonfinishers and postrace finishers.