bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mutant p53 dictates the oncogenic activity of c-Abl in triple-negative breast cancers
Authors: Morrison Chevaun D , Chang Jenny C , Keri Ruth A , Schiemann William P
Published: June 2017

We recently established c-Abl as a potent suppressor of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) progression through its reactivation of a p53:p21 signaling axis coupled to senescence. Moreover, we observed co-expression of p53 and c-Abl to be essential for normal mammary epithelial cell physiology, as this relationship is lost upon breast cancer progression. Cytoplasmic c-Abl activity is markedly increased in some TNBCs and contributes to disease progression; however, the mechanisms underlying these events remain largely unknown. In addressing this question, we show here that c-Abl is predominantly restricted to the cytoplasm of human MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells, and to the nucleus of human MCF-7 luminal A cells. TTK is a mitotic protein kinase that phosphorylates c-Abl on Thr735, thereby creating a recognition binding motif for 14-3-3 adaptor proteins in response to oxidative stress. By interrogating the METABRIC database, we observed a significant correlation between p53 expression and that of c-Abl and TTK in basal-like breast cancers. Moreover, heterologous expression of TTK in MCF-7 cells significantly stimulated their growth in part via a c-Abl-dependent mechanism. Conversely, depleting TTK expression in MDA-MB-231 cells not only inhibited their organoid growth in 3D-cultures, but also sensitized them to the tumor suppressing activities of c-Abl independent of its subcellular localization. Moreover, we show that mutant p53 forms cytoplasmic complexes with c-Abl, thereby dictating the subcellular localization of c-Abl and the sensitivity of MDA-MB-231 cells to Imatinib. In response to nutrient deprivation, c-Abl:p53 complexes readily accumulate in the nucleus, resulting in the hyperactivation of c-Abl and initiation of its anti-tumor activities. Collectively, we identified a novel mutant p53:c-Abl cytoplasmic signaling complex that promotes MDA-MB-231 cell growth and highlights the contextual cues that confer oncogenic activity to c-Abl in breast cancer.
Understanding dynamic friction through spontaneously evolving laboratory earthquakes
Authors: Rubino V. , Rosakis A. J. , Lapusta N.
Published: June 2017

Friction plays a key role in how ruptures unzip faults in the Earth’s crust and release waves that cause destructive shaking. Yet dynamic friction evolution is one of the biggest uncertainties in earthquake science. Here we report on novel measurements of evolving local friction during spontaneously developing mini-earthquakes in the laboratory, enabled by our ultrahigh speed full-field imaging technique. The technique captures the evolution of displacements, velocities and stresses of dynamic ruptures, whose rupture speed range from sub-Rayleigh to supershear. The observed friction has complex evolution, featuring initial velocity strengthening followed by substantial velocity weakening. Our measurements are consistent with rate-and-state friction formulations supplemented with flash heating but not with widely used slip-weakening friction laws. This study develops a new approach for measuring local evolution of dynamic friction and has important implications for understanding earthquake hazard since laws governing frictional resistance of faults are vital ingredients in physically-based predictive models of the earthquake source.
Miniature probe for mapping mechanical properties of vascular lesions using acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography
Authors: Qu Yueqiao , Ma Teng , He Youmin , Yu Mingyue , Zhu Jiang , Miao Yusi , Dai Cuixia , Patel Pranav , Shung K. Kirk , Zhou Qifa , Chen Zhongping
Published: June 2017

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of fatalities in the United States. Atherosclerotic plaques are one of the primary complications that can lead to strokes and heart attacks if left untreated. It is essential to diagnose the disease early and distinguish vulnerable plaques from harmless ones. Many methods focus on the structural or molecular properties of plaques. Mechanical properties have been shown to change drastically when abnormalities develop in arterial tissue. We report the development of an acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography (ARF-OCE) system that uses an integrated miniature ultrasound and optical coherence tomography (OCT) probe to map the relative elasticity of vascular tissues. We demonstrate the capability of the miniature probe to map the biomechanical properties in phantom and human cadaver carotid arteries.
Membraneless electrolyzers for the simultaneous production of acid and base
Authors: Talabi Oyinkansola O. , Dorfi Anna E. , O’Neil Glen D. , Esposito Daniel V.
Published: June 2017

This study demonstrates the ability to use membraneless flow-cell electrolyzers to simultaneously produce acids and bases from neutral brine solutions.
Copper-catalyzed intermolecular asymmetric propargylic dearomatization of phenol derivatives
Authors: Shao Long , Hu Xiang-Ping
Published: June 2017

A copper-catalyzed intermolecular asymmetric propargylic dearomatization of phenol derivatives with excellent control of chemo-, regio- and enantioselectivities. With the support of a chiral tridentate ketimine P,N,N-ligand, the reaction gave rise to a variety of optically active cyclohexadienone derivatives with up to >99% ee.
Tri- and hexaferrocenyl-substituted subphthalocyanines in the quest for the optimum electron donor–acceptor distances
Authors: Fernández-Ariza Javier , Krick Calderón Rafael M. , Perles Josefina , Rodríguez-Morgade M. Salomé , Guldi Dirk M. , Torres Tomás
Published: June 2017

Three and six ferrocenyl subunits have been attached to the periphery of subphthalocyanines (SubPcs).
Modulating the assembly of N-benzylideneaniline by halogen bonding: crystal, cocrystal and liquid crystals
Authors: Wang Yufei , Shang Hongxing , Li Bao , Zhang Houyu , Jiang Shimei
Published: June 2017

A halogen bond donor–acceptor N-benzylideneaniline self-assembles into an unusual head-to-head chain and a fishbone-like array by C–I⋯π and π⋯π interactions. Furthermore, it forms halogen-bonded cocrystal and liquid crystals with 4,4′-bipyridine or 4-alkoxystilbazole.
Electrosorption at functional interfaces: from molecular-level interactions to electrochemical cell design
Authors: Su Xiao , Hatton T. Alan
Published: June 2017

This perspective discusses the fundamental processes behind electrosorption at charged interfaces, and highlights advances in electrode design for sustainable technologies in water purification and ion-selective separations.
Correction: Zn2+ and Cd2+ cationized serine complexes: infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy and density functional theory investigations
Authors: Coates Rebecca A. , Boles Georgia C. , McNary Christopher P. , Berden Giel , Oomens Jos , Armentrout P. B.
Published: June 2017

Correction for ‘Zn2+ and Cd2+ cationized serine complexes: infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy and density functional theory investigations’ by Rebecca A. Coates et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2016, 18, 22434–22445.
Privileged chiral N-heterocyclic carbene ligands for asymmetric transition-metal catalysis
Authors: Janssen-Müller Daniel , Schlepphorst Christoph , Glorius Frank
Published: June 2017

An overview on the most successful chiral N-heterocyclic carbene ligands in asymmetric catalysis is given.
Electromagnetic theories of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Ding Song-Yuan , You En-Ming , Tian Zhong-Qun , Moskovits Martin
Published: June 2017

A fundamental theoretical understanding of SERS, and SERS hotspots, leads to new design principles for SERS substrates and new applications in nanomaterials and chemical analysis.
The influence of the explosive decompression in steam-explosion pretreatment on the enzymatic digestibility of different biomasses
Authors: Seidel Christoph-M. , Pielhop Thomas , Studer Michael H. , Rudolf von Rohr Philipp
Published: June 2017

For the production of second generation biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass, pretreatment of the biomass feedstock is necessary to overcome its recalcitrance in order to gain fermentable sugars. Due to many reasons, steam-explosion pretreatment is currently the most commonly used pretreatment method for lignocellulosic biomass on a commercial scale [S. Brethauer and M. H. Studer, CHIMIA, 2015, 69, 572–581]. In contrast to others, we showed that the explosive decompression at the end of this pretreatment step can have a positive influence on the enzymatic digestibility of softwood, especially in combination with high enzyme dosages [T. Pielhop, et al., Biotechnology for Biofuels, 2016, 9, 152]. In this study, the influence of the explosive decompression on the enzymatic digestibility of hardwood and herbaceous plants was systematically studied. Beech and corn stover were pretreated under different pretreatment conditions and enzymatically hydrolysed with different enzyme dosages. The maximum enhancement of the digestibility of corn stover was 16.53% after a 2.5 min pretreatment step at 15 barg steam pressure. For beech, a maximum relative enhancement of 58.29% after a 10 min pretreatment step at 15 barg steam pressure could be reached. With this, we show that the explosive decompression can also enhance the enzymatic cellulose digestibility of hardwood and herbaceous plants.
Ceramide phosphoethanolamine synthase SMSr is a target of caspase-6 during apoptotic cell death
Authors: Cabukusta Birol , Nettebrock Niclas T. , Kol Matthijs , Hilderink Angelika , Tafesse Fikadu G. , Holthuis Joost C.M.
Published: June 2017

Ceramides are essential precursors of sphingolipids with a dual role as mediators of apoptotic cell death. Previous work revealed that the ER-resident ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) synthase SMSr/SAMD8 is a suppressor of ceramide-mediated apoptosis in cultured cells. Anti-apoptotic activity of SMSr requires a catalytically active enzyme but also relies on the enzyme’s N-terminal sterile α-motif or SAM domain. Here, we demonstrate that SMSr itself is a target of the apoptotic machinery. Treatment of cells with staurosporine or the death receptor ligand FasL triggers caspase-mediated cleavage of SMSr at a conserved aspartate located downstream of the enzyme’s SAM domain and upstream of its first membrane span. Taking advantage of reconstitution experiments with SMSr produced in a cell-free expression system, specific caspase-inhibitors and gene silencing approaches, we show that SMSr is a novel and specific substrate of caspase-6, a non-conventional effector caspase implicated in Huntington’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. Our findings underscore a role of SMSr as negative regulator of ceramide-induced cell death and, in view of a prominent expression of the enzyme in brain, raise questions regarding its potential involvement in neurodegenerative disorders.
Synthesis of Ring-Opened Analogues of Oxysterol-Binding Protein-Inhibiting Piperidinyl-thiazole Fungicides
Authors: Lamberth Clemens , Sulzer-Mosse Sarah , Kubizna Peter
Published: June 2017

Novel aminoethyl-, aminopropyl-, and aminobutyl-substituted thiazole-4-carboxamides have been prepared which are ring-opened analogues of piperidinyl-thiazole fungicides. Depending of the chain length, completely different synthetic approaches had to be chosen which vary from a Sonogashira coupling with a 2-bromothiazole derivative to a thiazole ring construction from different β- and δ-amino acids.
Bromine-Radical-Mediated Synthesis of β-Functionalized β,γ- and δ,ε-Unsaturated Ketones via C–H Functionalization of Aldehydes
Authors: Kippo Takashi , Kimura Yuki , Ueda Mitsuhiro , Fukuyama Takahide , Ryu Ilhyong
Published: June 2017

The bromine-radical-mediated allylation reaction of aldehydes was studied. In the presence of V-65 as radical initiator, the reaction of aldehydes with allyl bromides gave β,γ-unsaturated ketones in good yields (13 examples, 45–84%). The reaction is triggered by hydrogen abstraction from the aldehyde by bromine radical to form an acyl radical, which undergoes an SH2′-type addition–elimination reaction with allyl bromides to give coupling products with liberation of bromine radical. Three-component coupling reactions comprising aldehydes, electron-deficient alkenes, and methallyl bromide also proceeded to give δ,ε-unsaturated ketones.
Scalable and Purification-Free Synthesis of a Myristoylated Fluoro­genic Sirtuin Substrate
Authors: Olsen Christian , Galleano Iacopo , Nielsen John , Madsen Andreas
Published: June 2017

Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent deacylases involved in the regulation of fundamental cellular processes in both normal and diseased cells. Therefore, the development of selective inhibitors for this class of enzymes is of great interest. Herein, we report an optimized synthesis of Ac-ETDK(myristoyl)-AMC, a sirtuin 2 substrate that can be used to profile inhibitors in fluorescence-based assays. The presented synthesis is scalable and does not involve chromatographic purification, making this substrate readily available in few steps.
Evaluating Surgeon Estimation of Cup Position in Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Cadaver Study
Authors: Vigdorchik Jonathan , Cross MIchael , Miller Theodore , Bogner Eric , Muir Jeffrey , Schwarzkopf Ran
Published: June 2017

Inaccurate placement of components during total hip arthroplasty (THA) can lead to significant postoperative complications including revision surgery. Traditionally, surgeons grossly estimate component positioning intraoperatively using anatomical landmarks; however, evidence indicates that this surgeon assessment may not be reliable. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of surgeon estimates of component position as compared with imaging (radiographs and computed tomography [CT] scan) and a new surgical navigation system. Three board-certified orthopaedic surgeons each performed four THA procedures on six cadavers (12 hips). Radiographs and CT scans were obtained postoperatively. The “gold standard” measurements of implanted cup anteversion and inclination were derived from three-dimensional renderings created from postoperative CTs. A reference value for cup position was created by aligning the anterior pelvic plane in each rendering coplanar with the CT table. Following each procedure, surgeons provided their estimate of acetabular cup component orientation. Surgeon estimates were compared with data gathered from postoperative radiographs, CT scans, and the navigation device. Surgeon estimates of anteversion and inclination were within 10 degrees of reference values in 64% (7/11) and 82% (9/11) of cases, respectively. Surgeon estimates of anteversion differed from reference values by a mean of 7.6 ± 5 degrees, whereas inclination differed from reference values by a mean of 6.1 ± 5.1 degrees (all means absolute). Radiographic measurements differed from reference values by 7.8 ± 4.3 degrees (p > 0.05) and 2.7 ± 2.3 degrees (p = 0.06) for anteversion and inclination, respectively, whereas CT values differed by 2.5 ± 1.6 degrees (p = 0.004) and 2.3 ± 2.1 degrees (p = 0.04). The navigation system differed from reference values by 4 ± 4 degrees (p = 0.08) and 4.2 ± 3.2 degrees (p = 0.31). Surgeons underestimated anteversion and inclination by 7.7 ± 4.8 degrees and 6.9 ± 4.8 degrees, respectively. Surgeon underestimation was observed in 8/11 (73%) cases, with anteversion underestimated by > 5 degrees in 5/8 (62%) cases and inclination underestimated by > 5 degrees in 4/8 (50%) cases. Our findings suggest that surgeons tend to underestimate both anteversion and inclination and that the accuracy of their estimates is similar to that of radiographs. CT scans and the navigation system were able to provide more accurate measurements of cup position.
Changes in divergence-free grid turbulence interacting with a weak spherical shock wave
Authors: Kitamura T. , Nagata K. , Sakai Y. , Sasoh A. , Ito Y.
Published: June 2017

The characteristics of divergence-free grid turbulence interacting with a weak spherical shock wave with a Mach number of 1.05 are experimentally investigated. Turbulence-generating grids are used to generate nearly isotropic, divergence-free turbulence. The turbulent Reynolds number based on the Taylor microscale Reλ and the turbulent Mach number Mt are 49≤Reλ≤159 and 0.709  × 10−3≤Mt≤2.803×10−3, respectively. A spherical shock wave is generated by a diaphragmless shock tube. The instantaneous streamwise velocity before and after the interaction is measured by a hot wire probe. The results show that the root-mean-square value of streamwise velocity fluctuations (r.m.s velocity) increases and the streamwise integral length scale decreases after the interaction. The changes in the r.m.s velocity become small with the increase in Reλ and Mt for the same strength of the shock wave. This tendency is similar to that of the streamwise integral length scale. The continuous wavelet analysis shows that high intensity appears mainly in the low-frequency region and positive and negative wavelet coefficients appear periodically in time before the interaction, whereas such high intensity appears in both the low- and high-frequency regions after the interaction. The spectral analysis reveals that the energy at high wavenumbers increases after the interaction. The change in turbulence after the interaction is explained from the viewpoint of the initial turbulent Mach number. It is suggested that the change is more significant for initial divergence-free turbulence than for curl-free turbulence.
Alfvén eigenmode stability and critical gradient energetic particle transport using the Trapped-Gyro-Landau-Fluid model
Authors: Sheng He , Waltz R. E. , Staebler G. M.
Published: June 2017

The Trapped-Gyro-Landau-Fluid (TGLF) transport model is a physically realistic and comprehensive theory based on a local quasilinear transport model fitted to linear and nonlinear GYRO gyrokinetic simulations [Staebler et al., Phys. Plasmas 14, 55909 (2007)]. This work presents the first use of the TGLF model to treat low-n Alfvén eigenmode (AE) stability and energetic particle (EP) transport. TGLF accurately recovers the local GYRO toroidicity-induced AE (TAE) and energetic particle mode (EPM) linear growth and frequency rates for a fusion alpha case. With a very high grid resolution, TGLF can quickly find the critical EP pressure gradient profile for stiff EP transport based on an AE linear threshold given the background thermal plasma profiles in DIII-D. The TGLF critical gradient profile using the recipe γAE = 0, that is the linear AE growth rate without additional driving rates from the background plasma gradients, matches the more expensive linear GYRO results with a single worst toroidal mode number n. TGLF can easily find the minimum critical gradient profile with testing multiple ns. From a database of runs using a newly developed TGLFEP code, a rough but insightful parametric “power law” scaling for critical EP beta is demonstrated. An important toroidal stabilization condition on the EP pressure gradient pEP/LpEP drive is isolated: R/LpEP>CR ∼ 3, where LpEP is the EP pressure gradient length and R is the tokamak major radius. This paper also demonstrates that relaxation of the fixed slowing down EP profile shape approximation often used to find the critical EP density profile has little effect on the resulting EP transport. The single EP species critical gradient model is generalized to handle two EP species.
Anomalous skin effects in anisotropic kappa distributed plasmas
Authors: Khokhar Tajammal H. , Bashir M. F. , Murtaza G.
Published: June 2017

Anomalous skin effects (ASEs) are studied for the transverse electromagnetic waves in an unmagnetized collisionless plasma using anisotropic kappa distribution. The effects of the kappa spectral index (κ), temperature anisotropy (A=T⊥/T||), and the wave frequency (ω) on the ASEs are highlighted to be applicable for a wide range of plasma parameters. It is shown that the skin depth is reduced in a kappa distributed plasma as compared to the Maxwellian one. The anisotropy may enhance/reduce the skin depth depending upon the wave frequency to plasma frequency ratio (ω/ωp) and the regime of the anisotropy (i.e., A > 1 or A < 1). The results for the Maxwellian distribution (κ→∞) are also retrieved. The possible applications to space and laboratory plasmas are also discussed.
Impact of a hollow density profile on turbulent particle fluxes: Gyrokinetic and fluid simulations
Authors: Tegnered D. , Oberparleiter M. , Strand P. , Nordman H.
Published: June 2017

Hollow density profiles may occur in connection with pellet fuelling and L to H transitions. A positive density gradient could potentially stabilize the turbulence or change the relation between convective and diffusive fluxes, thereby reducing the turbulent transport of particles towards the center, making the pellet fuelling scheme inefficient. In the present work, the particle transport driven by Ion Temperature Gradient/Trapped Electron (ITG/TE) mode turbulence in hollow density profiles is studied by fluid as well as gyrokinetic simulations. The fluid model used, an extended version of the Weiland transport model, Extended Drift Wave Model (EDWM), incorporates an arbitrary number of ion species in a multi-fluid description and an extended wavelength spectrum. The fluid model, which is fast and hence suitable for use in predictive simulations, is compared to gyrokinetic simulations using the code GENE. Typical tokamak parameters are used based on the Cyclone Base Case. Parameter scans in key plasma parameters like plasma β, R/LT, and magnetic shear are investigated. In addition, the effects of a fast species are studied and global ITG simulations in a simplified physics description are performed in order to investigate nonlocal effects. It is found that β in particular, has a stabilizing effect in the negative R/Ln region. Both nonlinear GENE and EDWM simulations show a decrease in inward flux for negative R/Ln and a change in the direction from inward to outward for positive R/Ln. Moreover, the addition of fast particles was shown to decrease the inward main ion particle flux in the positive gradient region further. This might have serious consequences for pellet fuelling of high β plasmas. Additionally, the heat flux in global ITG turbulence simulations indicates that nonlocal effects can play a different role from usual in connection with pellet fuelling.
Experimental and theoretical study of the radial density distribution of metastable atoms in a dc glow discharge in neon
Authors: Grigorian G. M. , Dyatko N. A. , Kochetov I. V.
Published: June 2017

Radial distributions of the number density of metastable atoms in the positive column of a dc glow discharge in neon were studied both experimentally and theoretically in a wide range of gas pressures (0.1–50 Torr) and discharge currents (10–40 mA, for gas pressures of 0.1–10 Torr, and 20–100 mA, for the gas pressure of 50 Torr). Measurements were performed in a glass discharge tube 4 cm in diameter using the optical absorption technique. It was found that, at pressures of 0.1–1 Torr, the radial profiles of the number density of metastable atoms are almost independent of a discharge current value. At higher pressures, noticeable narrowing of the profiles with discharge current was observed; at a pressure of 50 Torr, measurements were performed up to the jump-like transition of the positive column from the diffuse form to the constricted one. Theoretical studies of the discharge plasma parameters under experimental conditions were carried out in the framework of a one-dimensional (along the tube radius) discharge model. For the case of the diffuse form of the discharge, the results of simulations appeared to be in a reasonable agreement with the experimental data.
Ion acceleration boosted by recycling of the reflected laser pulse in target-normal-sheath-acceleration
Authors: Kim Young-Kuk , Kang Teyoun , Jung Moon Youn , Hur Min Sup
Published: June 2017

This paper suggests recycling of a reflected laser pulse using a secondary target to boost the maximum ion energy and the beam charge in target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA). In the regular TNSA, energy coupling between the laser pulse and the target is low, as a large fraction of the laser energy is reflected from the target. In our double-target scheme, the secondary target reflects the laser pulse back to the main target, leading to reinforcement of the accelerating sheath field. In two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, we observed that the maximum ion energy was enhanced by up to 60 percent and the beam charge was increased by a factor of three compared with the regular single-target system. In addition, the tilted angular distribution of the ion beam for oblique irradiation in TNSA became more symmetric owing to the second irradiation. We found that the maximum ion energy and the beam charge are larger for shorter distances between the targets. We also found that the double-target configuration is effective in boosting the ion acceleration even in the presence of pre-plasmas.
Improved interface properties of GaN-based metal-oxide-semiconductor devices with thin Ga-oxide interlayers
Authors: Yamada Takahiro , Ito Joyo , Asahara Ryohei , Watanabe Kenta , Nozaki Mikito , Hosoi Takuji , Shimura Takayoshi , Watanabe Heiji
Published: June 2017

The impact of thin Ga-oxide (GaOx) interlayers on the electrical properties of GaN-based metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices was systematically investigated. Thin thermal oxides formed at around 900 °C were found to be beneficial for improving the electrical properties of insulator/GaN interfaces, despite the fact that thermal oxidation of GaN surfaces at high temperatures proceeds by means of grain growth. Consequently, well-behaved capacitance-voltage characteristics of SiO2/GaOx/n-GaN stacked MOS capacitors with an interface state density (Dit) as low as 1.7 × 1011 cm−2 eV−1 were demonstrated. Moreover, the Dit value was further reduced for the SiO2/GaOx/GaN capacitor with a 2-nm-thick sputter-deposited GaOx interlayer. These results clearly indicate the intrinsically superior nature of the oxide/GaN interfaces and provide plausible guiding principles for fabricating high-performance GaN-MOS devices with thin GaOx interlayers.
Quality in consecutive interpreting
Authors: Al-Kharabsheh Aladdin
Published: June 2017

Given the lack of sensitization to the multi-dimensional concept ofquality, and given the versatility of the concept ofrelevance, the present investigation attempts to examine the premise that Relevance Theory (RT) can function as a standard or a benchmark for maximizing and/or optimizing quality in CI. Whilst the theoretical part relies heavily on Ernst-August Gutt’s seminal workTranslation and Relevance: Cognition and Context(2000), the practical part draws on some empirical data obtained from trainee-interpreters’ recorded sessions at the Hashemite University (Jordan) in order to provide a relevance-driven account for some semantic, syntactic, and cultural difficulties and problems in CI. The study arrives at the main conclusion that the degree of quality in CI largely depends on the degree of relevance achieved by the interpreter’s TL version, i.e., quality in CI would rise exponentially with the degree of relevance achieved by the interpreter’s TL version. The study also concludes that the pragmatic RT can be considered a reliable instrument, a reliable frame of reference, or a reliable screening system that can ensure both relevance-building and a correspondingly concomitant quality-building in CI, i.e., RT can possibly fine-tune the interpreters’ performance in the booth.
Avoiding initiation of repair in L2 conversations-for-learning
Authors: Hauser Eric
Published: June 2017

Using audio-recorded data from second language (L2) English conversations-for-learning between an L2 user of English and a first language (L1) user of English (the researcher), this study analyzes cases in which the L1 user avoids initiation of repair. In each case, the L2 user appears to have misunderstood something said by the L1 user. Instead of initiating repair in next turn on the L2 user’s talk, or in third position on his own talk, the L1 user goes along, at least briefly, with the direction set by the L2 user. Often, the L1 user, sooner or later, returns to the misunderstood talk. Avoidance of repair initiation is one way in which the L1 user contributes to the construction of the L2 user as interactionally competent to participate in conversations-for-learning.
Characterization of spindle pole body duplication reveals a regulatory role for nuclear pore complexes
Authors: Rüthnick Diana , Neuner Annett , Dietrich Franziska , Kirrmaier Daniel , Engel Ulrike , Knop Michael , Schiebel Elmar
Published: June 2017

The spindle pole body (SPB) of budding yeast duplicates once per cell cycle. In G1, the satellite, an SPB precursor, assembles next to the mother SPB (mSPB) on the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear envelope (NE). How the growing satellite subsequently inserts into the NE is an open question. To address this, we have uncoupled satellite growth from NE insertion. We show that the bridge structure that separates the mSPB from the satellite is a distance holder that prevents deleterious fusion of both structures. Binding of the γ-tubulin receptor Spc110 to the central plaque from within the nucleus is important for NE insertion of the new SPB. Moreover, we provide evidence that a nuclear pore complex associates with the duplicating SPB and helps to insert the SPB into the NE. After SPB insertion, membrane-associated proteins including the conserved Ndc1 encircle the SPB and retain it within the NE. Thus, uncoupling SPB growth from NE insertion unmasks functions of the duplication machinery.
What your PI forgot to tell you: why you actually might want a job running a research lab
Authors: Gladfelter Amy S. , Peifer Mark
Published: June 2017

A PhD in biomedical science and the critical thinking skills that it provides can open the door to many different careers. The current popular scientific press and blogosphere too often portray the job of a research-intensive faculty member and principal investigator (PI) as both unattainable and undesirable. We want to make sure our trainees include our own career path among their options, as for each of us it has been a fantastic, family-friendly, and highly impactful career.
A Multicenter Pivotal Study to Evaluate Tissue Stabilized—Guided Subcision Using the Cellfina Device for the Treatment of Cellulite With 3-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Kaminer Michael S. , Coleman William P. , Weiss Robert A. , Robinson Deanne M. , Grossman Jody
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND

Cellulite is a common female cosmetic concern for which no single treatment option had been proven effective over the long term. A novel tissue stabilized-guided subsicion system (TS-GS system) has demonstrated significant reduction in the appearance of cellulite after treatment.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this extended follow-up period was to assess the effectiveness of TS-GS out to 3 years after initial treatment.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

After completing an open-label, multicenter, pivotal study, 45 subjects were followed for an extended period of up to 3 years after receiving a single treatment using the TS-GS system. Treatment areas were photographed prior to the procedure and at multiple time points post-treatment throughout the 3 years. In this open-label study, subjects served as their own controls. Effectiveness was assessed based on blinded independent physician panel assessments of improvement from baseline using a cellulite severity scale. Subject aesthetic improvement and patient-reported satisfaction were also collected.

RESULTS

The results of this trial supported Food and Drug Administration clearance of the device for the long-term reduction in the appearance of cellulite following TS-GS.

CONCLUSION

These data further demonstrate the safety and efficacy of this treatment with no reduction in treatment benefits out to 3 years.
Treatment Patterns, Outcomes, and Patient Satisfaction of Primary Epidermally Limited Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
Authors: Drew Benjamin A. , Karia Pritesh S. , Mora Ariana N. , Liang Christine A. , Schmults Chrysalyne D.
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND

Epidermally limited nonmelanoma skin cancer (ELNMSC) (superficial basal cell carcinoma [SBCC] and squamous cell carcinoma in situ [SCCIS]) is common. Data on outcomes and patient satisfaction are lacking.

OBJECTIVE

To examine treatment efficacy and satisfaction in ELNMSC patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Retrospective cohort study of adults with primary SBCC or SCCIS. A 25% random subset completed a satisfaction questionnaire.

RESULTS

Five hundred and fifty patients with 227 SBCC and 451 SCCIS were included; 329 tumors (49%) were treated with Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) and 349 (51%) with non-MMS (imiquimod [n = 26], 5% 5-fluorouracil [n = 234], ingenol mebutate [n = 32], or cryotherapy [n = 57]). Five-year recurrence-free survival was high in both groups, with MMS having a small but statistically significant advantage (99% vs 95%, p = .004). More MMS patients were willing to undergo treatment again (97% vs 86%, p = .024). Dissatisfaction was mostly due to prolonged treatment course and pain associated with non-MMS treatments.

CONCLUSION

Surgical and nonsurgical treatments for primary ELNMSC have low recurrence rates, though cure rate and patient satisfaction are higher with MMS. Treatment choice for epidermal NMSC may be guided through patient preferences regarding ability to comply with topical treatment, out-of-pocket costs, desire to treat surrounding field disease, and desire to avoid a surgical scar.
First Cases of Severe Flaccid Paralysis Associated With Enterovirus D68 Infection in Spain, 2015–2016
Authors: Cabrerizo María , García-Iñiguez Juan Pablo , Munell Francina , Amado Alfonso , Madurga-Revilla Paula , Rodrigo Carlos , Pérez Sonia , Martínez-Sapiña Ana , Antón Andrés , Suárez Gerardo , Rabella Nuria , del Campo Víctor , Otero Almudena , Masa-Calles Josefa
Published: June 2017

Enterovirus D68 was known to be the cause of mild to severe respiratory infections, but in the last few years, it has also been associated with myelitis and paralysis. This report describes the first Enterovirus D68 detections in acute flaccid paralysis cases occurring between December 2015 and March 2016 in Spain.
Prevalence of Anal Dysplasia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Transgender Women
Authors: Kobayashi Takaaki , Sigel Keith , Gaisa Michael
Published: June 2017

Although human immunodeficiency virus–infected men who have sex with men are at high risk for anal cancer, little is known about the prevalence of anal dysplasia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected transgender women. Our study found that prevalence rates of abnormal anal cytology and histology in HIV-infected transgender women were similar to those in HIV-infected men who have sex with men.
Current directions in research and treatment of fear of cancer recurrence
Authors: Sharpe Louise , Thewes Belinda , Butow Phyllis
Published: June 2017

Purpose of review

An expert meeting in Ottawa in 2015 galvanized efforts to answer key questions relevant to the understanding and management of fear of cancer recurrence (FCR). The aim of this review is to summarize key developments.

Recent findings

A consensus on the definition of FCR has helped to further research in this area. There have been a number of theories put forward to account for the development of FCR, all of which share key components. Importantly, a number of important trials have been published that confirm both brief and more intensive interventions can successfully treat FCR.

The consensus definition of FCR is an important development, as is the development of treatments for FCR. There are now evidence-based options for the management of patients with clinical levels of FCR. Future research priorities include determining the optimal cut-off points for identifying clinically significant FCR, testing the major tenets of the recent theoretical formulations of FCR; and determining the relative efficacy and cost-effectiveness of different treatment approaches for managing FCR.
Linkage mapping of yeast cross protection connects gene expression variation to a higher-order organismal trait
Authors: Stuecker Tara N. , Scholes Amanda N. , Lewis Jeffrey A.
Published: June 2017

Gene expression variation is extensive in nature, and is hypothesized to play a major role in shaping phenotypic diversity. However, connecting differences in gene expression across individuals to higher-order organismal traits is not trivial. In many cases, gene expression variation may be evolutionarily neutral, and in other cases expression variation may only affect phenotype under specific conditions. To understand connections between gene expression variation and stress defense phenotypes, we have been leveraging extensive natural variation in the gene expression response to acute ethanol in laboratory and wildSaccharomyces cerevisiaestrains. Previous work found that the genetic architecture underlying these expression differences included dozens of “hotspot” loci that affected many transcripts intrans. In the present study, we provide new evidence that one of these expression QTL hotspot loci is responsible for natural variation in one particular stress defense phenotype—ethanol-induced cross protection against severe doses of H2O2. The causative polymorphism is in the heme-activated transcription factor Hap1p, which we show directly impacts cross protection, but not the basal H2O2resistance of unstressed cells. This provides further support that distinct cellular mechanisms underlie basal and acquired stress resistance. We also show that the Hap1p-dependent cross protection relies on novel regulation of cytosolic catalase T (Ctt1p) during ethanol stress in wild strains. Because ethanol accumulation precedes aerobic respiration and accompanying reactive oxygen species formation, wild strains with the ability to anticipate impending oxidative stress would likely be at an advantage. This study highlights how strategically chosen traits that better correlate with gene expression changes can improve our power to identify novel connections between gene expression variation and higher-order organismal phenotypes.
Myocardial injury in critically ill patients with community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Frencken Jos. F. , van Baal Lottie , Kappen Teus H. , Donker Dirk W. , Horn Janneke , van der Poll Tom , van Klei Wilton A. , Bonten Marc J.M. , Cremer Olaf L. ,   on behalf of the MARS consortium
Published: June 2017

Background

Myocardial injury, as reflected by elevated cardiac troponin levels in plasma, is common in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), but its temporal dynamics and etiology remain unknown. Our aim was to determine the incidence of troponin release in patients with CAP and identify risk factors which may point to underlying etiologic mechanisms.

Methods

We included consecutive patients admitted with severe CAP to two intensive care units in the Netherlands between 2011 and 2015. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I was measured daily during the first week. We used multivariable linear regression to identify variables associated with troponin release on admission, and mixed-effects regression to model the daily rise and fall of troponin levels over time.

Results

Among 200 eligible patients, 179 were included, yielding 792 observation days. A total of 152 (85%) patients developed raised troponin levels >26 ng/L. Baseline factors independently associated with troponin release included coronary artery disease (160% increase, 95% CI 7–529), smoking (304% increase, 95% CI 59-924), and higher APACHE IV score (2% increase, 95% CI 0.7-3.3), whereasStaphylococcus aureusas a causative pathogen was protective (67% reduction, 95% CI 9-88). Time-dependent risk factors independently associated with daily increase in troponin concentrations included reduced platelet count (1.7% increase, 95% CI 0.1-3.4), tachycardia (1.6% increase, 95% CI 0.3-3), hypotension (5.1% increase, 95% CI 1-9.4) and dobutamine use (38.4% increase 95% CI 8.8-76).

Conclusions

Cardiac injury develops in a majority of patients with severe CAP. Myocardial oxygen supply-demand mismatch and activated coagulation are potential causes of this injury.
Balancing the Local and the Universal in Maintaining Ethical Access to a Genomics Biobank
Authors: Heeney Catherine , Kerr Shona M.
Published: June 2017

Background

Issues of balancing data accessibility with ethical considerations and governance of a genomics research biobank, Generation Scotland, are explored within the evolving policy landscape of the past ten years. During this time data sharing and open data access have become increasingly important topics in biomedical research. Decisions around data access are influenced by local arrangements for governance and practices such as linkage to health records, and the global through policies for biobanking and the sharing of data with large-scale biomedical research data resources and consortia.

Methods

We use a literature review of policy relevant documents which apply to the conduct of biobanks in two areas: support for open access and the protection of data subjects and researchers managing a bioresource. We present examples of decision making within a biobank based upon observations of the Generation Scotland Access Committee. We reflect upon how the drive towards open access raises ethical dilemmas for established biorepositories containing data and samples from human subjects.

Results

Despite much discussion in science policy literature about standardisation, the contextual aspects of biobanking are often overlooked. Using our engagement with GS we demonstrate the importance of local arrangements in the creation of a responsive ethical approach to biorepository governance. We argue that governance decisions regarding access to the biobank are intertwined with considerations about maintenance and viability at the local level. We show that in addition to the focus upon ever more universal and standardised practices, the local expertise gained in the management of such repositories must be supported.

Conclusions

A commitment to open access in genomics research has found almost universal backing in science and health policy circles, but repositories of data and samples from human subjects may have to operate under managed access, to protect privacy, align with participant consent and ensure that the resource can be managed in a sustainable way. Data access committees need to be reflexive and flexible, to cope with changing technology and opportunities and threats from the wider data sharing environment. To understand these interactions also involves nurturing what is particular about the biobank in its local context.
A model for sheath formation coupled to motility inLeptothrix ochracea
Authors: Vesenka James , Havu James , Emerson David
Published: June 2017

Optical and atomic force microscopy (AFM) of naturally occurringLeptothrix ochraceawas used to study the fine structure of sheaths and cells. Morphology of young sheaths suggests the scaffold chains have strong self-adhesion. Evidence from un-encapsulated cells indicates fresh scaffold production through cell walls. Simple diffusion arguments are used to explain the morphology of the sheath structure. We propose a novel cell motility model based on previously published video data, our AFM images of naked cells, and simple flow calculations. The model indicates that motility results from differential shear forces resulting from extrusion of sheath material that passively pushes a filament of connected cells forward as the surrounding sheath material hardens behind the cell train.
Variation in neuronal activity state, axonal projection target, and position principally define the transcriptional identity of individual neocortical projection neurons
Authors: Chevée Maxime , Robertson Johanna D. , Cannon Gabrielle H. , Brown Solange P. , Goff Loyal A.
Published: June 2017

Single-cell RNA sequencing technologies have generated the first catalogs of transcriptionally defined neuronal subtypes of the brain. However, the biologically informative cellular processes that contribute to neuronal subtype specification and transcriptional heterogeneity remain unclear. By comparing the gene expression profiles of single layer 6 corticothalamic neurons in somatosensory cortex, we show that transcriptional subtypes primarily reflect axonal projection pattern, laminar position within the cortex, and neuronal activity state. Pseudotemporal ordering of 1023 cellular responses to manipulation of sensory input demonstrates that changes in expression of activity-induced genes both reinforced cell-type identity and contributed to increased transcriptional heterogeneity within each cell type. This is due to cell-type specific biases in the choice of transcriptional states following manipulation of neuronal activity. These results reveal that axonal projection pattern, laminar position, and activity state define significant axes of variation that contribute both to the transcriptional identity of individual neurons and to the transcriptional heterogeneity within each neuronal subtype.
Developing mental orthographic representations in refugee spellers with low literacy: how much input is too much?
Authors: Smyser Heather , Alt Mary
Published: June 2017

Background

We used two principles of implicit learning, variability and complexity, to train mental orthographic representations in refugee English learners to improve spelling.

Methods

Twenty‐eight refugees enrolled in a 10‐week English class were trained on classroom words using stimuli designed to encourage implicit learning. We contrasted high‐variability visual input combined with either high‐linguistic or low‐linguistic complexity, using a short (<5 minute) PowerPoint‐based training. Participants were regularly tested on their spelling and were compared with themselves using single subject design. Individual effect sizes were aggregated across participants, and we used dependent measures t‐tests to compare conditions.

Results

Participants learned significantly more treated words than control words in the high‐variability/low‐complexity condition, but not in the high‐variability/high‐complexity condition.

Conclusions

Refugees can benefit from interventions designed to promote implicit learning but can be overwhelmed by too much input.
Complex Suicide by Self‐stabbing and Drowning: A Case Report and a Review of Literature
Authors: Peyron Pierre‐Antoine , Casper Thierry , Mathieu Olivier , Musizzano Yuri , Baccino Eric
Published: June 2017

Sharp force injuries and drowning are methods exceptionally combined in complex suicides. We report a challenging case of complex suicide by self‐stabbing and drowning that illustrates the difficulty in discriminating between homicide and suicide in such circumstances of death. The corpse of a young man was found submerged in a river, stabbed nine times with two wounds that had penetrated the thorax and had caused lung injuries and a hemopneumothorax. The postmortem and histological examinations were consistent with a death caused by drowning, but the manner of death still remained undetermined. Police investigation finally concluded to a suicide, although no suicide note had been left and the victim had no underlying diagnosed mental disorder. The parameters that may help distinguish suicide from homicide at the autopsy should be interpreted in light of a thorough forensic investigation to determine the exact manner of death in such a case.