bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation, Characterization of Some Metal Complexes of New Mixed Ligands Derived from 5-Methyl Imidazole and Study the Biological Activity of Palladium (II) Complex as Anticance
Authors: Yahya Widad I. , Mgheed Tariq H. , Kadhium Afaq Jaber
Published: February 2022

A new series of mixed ligand complexes synthesized and characterized using of azo ligand derived from (5-methyl— imidazole) with (8-hydroxy quinolone). New mix-ligand structures and their transitional metal complexes were fully characterized using several techniques, including molar conductance, elemental analysis (C.H.N), electronic spectral, magnetic measurements, 1HNMR, spectral studies, and mass spectra. The data shows that these complexes have a composition of [ML(8-HQ) Cl2] H2O where M = Co(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), X=0, and Ni(II), X=1, [ML(8-HQ)] Cl. where M=Pd. The electronic spectral data and magnetic susceptibility calculations of the complexes indicate that the octahedral geometry of all complexes, except for the Pd(II) complex, indicates a planar-square geometry. The results demonstrate that the nitrogen of the imidazole ring and azo nitrogen atom of the primary ligand are coordination sites with a nitrogen atom and oxygen atom of a secondary ligand of the (8-HQ) in the basic medium. Biological effects of the palladium (II) complex are screening against human breast cancer (MCF-7 and AMJ-13) and normal cells (HBL) were examined, which indicated colon cancer cell line LS-174. The results show the highest activity effect for the complex.
Detecting Damaged Buildings on Post-Hurricane Satellite Imagery based on Transfer Learning
Authors: Al-Saffar Rawaa , Mohammed Raghad K. , Abed Woud M. , Hussain Omar F
Published: February 2022

In this article, Convolution Neural Network (CNN) is used to detect damage and no damage images form satellite imagery using different classifiers. These classifiers are well-known models that are used with CNN to detect and classify images using a specific dataset. The dataset used belongs to the Huston hurricane that caused several damages in the nearby areas. In addition, a transfer learning property is used to store the knowledge (weights) and reuse it in the next task. Moreover, each applied classifier is used to detect the images from the dataset after it is split into training, testing and validation. Keras library is used to apply the CNN algorithm with each selected classifier to detect the images. Furthermore, the performance measures are used as a criterion to decide which classifier is the best one to detect the images with high accuracy. Eventually, the simulation results show that each classifier detect the damage/no damage image with different performance measures and then makes it easy to select the best one.
MiR-494 Inhibits the Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of Cervical Cancer Cells by Regulating LETMD1
Authors: Wen Na , Zhang Ji , Zhang Qiaoyu
Published: February 2022

LETMD1 is a differentially expressed gene selected by scientists from cervical cancer (CC) tissues by RT-PCR technology. It has been confirmed that LETMD1 is overexpressed in many human malignant tumors, so it can be used as an early diagnostic marker for malignant tumors and as a target for gene therapy. The purpose of this article is to further explore the effectiveness of miR-494 in inhibiting the proliferation, migration and invasion of CC cells by regulating LETMD1, selecting 40 cases of CC admitted to a hospital from June 2015 to September 2018 Patients, tumor tissue specimens were taken from the primary tumor tissue of CC, and normal tissues near the cutting edge were collected as controls. Normal tissues were confirmed by pathology after surgery that they were not invaded by cancer tissues. The results of the study showed that the expression level of miR-494 increased by 15%, and the prognostic survival rate after surgery increased by 20%, depending on gender, age, tumor size, and tumor site. After high expression of miR-494 in CC patients, the vascular invasion of CC cells was reduced by 33%, and distant metastasis was reduced by 11%, and the survival time of patients was significantly prolonged. After the expression of LETMD1, the proportion of cancer cells decreased by 5%, the proportion of macrophages increased by 2%, and the dendritic cells increased by 3%.
Primary mediastinal seminoma with leiomyosarcoma: a rare case report
Authors: Qi Yali , Dong Chi , Cui Wenjun , Da Lijun , Li Enxi , Liu Yating , Song Feixue
Published: February 2022

Germ cell tumor is the most common malignant tumor of the gonads, sometimes they are found in locations other than the gonads, called Extra-gonadal Germ cell tumours (EGCTs). Primary mediastinal germ cell tumors (PMGCTs) are a kind of rare neoplasm in the anterior mediastinum, including seminoma and non-seminomatous, or appear as a mixture. Primary mediastinal seminoma mixed with sarcoma is an extremely rare clinicopathologic entity. Previous studies have revealed that primary pure mediastinal seminomas are commonly sensitive to chemoradiotherapy and possibly to palliative excision. The treatment options for mixed germ cell tumor composed of seminoma and sarcoma remain unknown. Only one case of primary mediastinal seminoma with rhabdosarcoma has been reported in the literature up to date and the patient benefited from chemotherapy as the neoadjuvant therapy. However, cases of primary mediastinal seminoma with leiomyosarcoma have not been documented. Herein, we report a case of an 18-year-old patient, who presented with dyspnea, orthopnea, and chest pain, the CECT scan of the chest showed a large mass in the anterior mediastinum, which turned out to be seminoma mixed with leiomyosarcoma after partial excision. We investigate the treatment strategy and potential molecular mechanism of this disease. Finally, our study demonstrated that the patient benefited from the treatment of chemotherapy alone, or combined with target therapy after the operation. Meanwhile, the BRAF p.G466V, TP53 mutations, MTOR p.T1977I and exons 2-5 deletion of FLCN may be potential molecular mechanisms and oncogenic drivers of this disease.
Small molecule TKI inhibitors affect the development of non-small cell carcinoma through HIPPO/YAP/PD-L1
Authors: Lei Li , Weidong Zhang
Published: February 2022

Non-small cell lung cancer accounts for approximately 80%~85% of lung cancer (1, 2). With the rapid development of medical technology, targeted therapy is a common choice in treatment plans due to its low toxicity and high pertinence (3). EGFR can reduce the possibility of autophagy by activating downstream factors such as P13K and MAPK (4, 5). TKI inhibitors are targeted therapies for EGFR receptors, which bind to receptor target genes to block downstream pathways and improve tumor development (6, 7). Low expression of membrane proteins on PD-1T cells is an important molecule in regulating the autoimmune system (8, 9). Existing literature shows that the expression of PD-L1 is increased in tumor patients, and this protein can combine with PD-1, resulting in the occurrence of immune escape (10). The activation of YAP can be involved in tumor development. Studies have confirmed that the increased expression of YAP in serum and tissues of lung cancer patients can promote cell proliferation and metastasis (11, 12), so most drugs can inhibit tumor proliferation through HIpo-YAP. At present, there are few studies on TKI inhibition and its relationship with HIpo-YAP or PD-L1 at home and abroad. Therefore, in order to explore the correlation among the three and provide a reference for clinical drug use, this study took non-small cell lung cancer A549 cell line as the research object to explore the relationship between the influence of small molecule inhibitors on the development of non-small cell carcinoma and HIPPO/YAP/PD-L1 signaling pathway, so as to provide a basis for tumor targeting and immunotherapy. The results are as follows.
The regulating role of miR-494 on HCCR1 in cervical cancer cells
Authors: Zheng Ziwen , Yang Xiaorong , Yu Qinde , Li Ling , Qiao Li
Published: February 2022

This study focused on miR-494 inhibiting the proliferation, migration and invasion of cervical cancer cells by regulating HCCR1. During the study, 30 pairs of primary cervical cancer tissues and adjacent tissues diagnosed by pathology were collected, and then placed in a cryopreservation tube, immediately placed in liquid nitrogen to freeze, and then moved to a -80 °C refrigerator for storage until use. They were dipped with crystal violet staining solution for 20 minutes, washed 3 times with PBS, and dried at room temperature. The polycarbonate film on the chamber was gently cut, placed on a glass slide, and covered with neutral resin. The number of cells in 5 random fields was counted under a microscope, and the differences between the groups were compared. The qRT-PCR results showed that compared with the normal cervical tissue cell line HCCR1, the expression levels of miR-494 in cervical cancer cell lines HCCR1 and C-33A were significantly reduced. Compared with the transfection of mimics NC, the level of HCCR1mRNA and protein decreased significantly when transfected with miRNA-494mimics (P <0.05); compared with the transfection of inhibitor NC, the level of HCCR1 mRNA and protein increased significantly when transfected with miRNA-494 inhibitor (P <0.05).
Re-positive PCR of SARS-CoV-2 in health care persons during COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Alebouyeh Masoud , Aavani Pooya , Abdulrahman Nareen Arif , Haleem Azad Abduljabar , Karimi Abdollah , Armin Shahnaz , Fallah Fatemeh , Amirali Arezu , Sadr Saeed , Ghandchi Ghazaleh , Abdollahi Nafiseh , Ghanaie Roxana Mansour , Tabatabaei Sedigheh Rafiei , Fahimzad Seyed Alireza , Razmara Raheleh , Alzahrani Khalid J. , Khanbabaee Ghamartaj , Vaghefi Soheila Sadat , Imanzadeh Farid , Eshghi Peyman , Azimi Leila
Published: February 2022

Reinfection rate with SARS-CoV-2 and degree of protection by the induced antibody after the first episode of the infection is not well known, so it makes a big dilemma for health care personnel (HCP) who work in the front line of combating SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we investigated the frequency of SARS-CoV-2 redetection among HCP after the initial onset of the infection in a children’s hospital during one year. Out of 131 seropositive HCP, 13.7% of them were symptomatic and PCR positive during 74-360 days after first sampling. Analysis of demographic data of seropositive HCP showed a correlation between a higher number of family members, higher body mass index, and the existence of underlying diseases with SARS-CoV-2 redetection. In conclusion, reinfection is one of the important problems in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Research on this topic can help us to find answers to questions for estimating the duration of human protection with produced immunity after the infection or vaccination.
Effects of imbalance of lipid metabolism through NF-KB pathway on atherosclerosis and vascular aging in rats
Authors: Kong Xiangyong , Chen Hongwu , Li Dan , Ma Likun
Published: February 2022

Cardiovascular diseases have become a mainstream disease by intensifying the country's population aging. The purpose of this article is to explore the specific effect and mechanism of lipid metabolism imbalance through the NF-KB pathway on atherosclerosis and vascular aging in rats. Twenty healthy adult rats were randomly divided into two groups, control in the observation group and the observation group. The rats in the observation group were fed a high-fat diet to imbalance the lipid metabolism of the rats. Immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscope detectors were used to observe the NF-KB pathway in rats and study atherosclerosis-specific conditions of sclerosis and vascular aging. The results show that the imbalance of lipid metabolism through the NF-KB pathway can increase the rate of apoptosis in rat blood vessels by 24% and the proliferation rate by 18%. The number of vascular endothelial cell damage increased by 33%, which promoted atherosclerosis in rats and increased the rate of vascular aging in rats by 27%.
Comparative study on sex hormone secretion in peripheral blood of women with common hematological tumors before and after chemotherapy
Authors: Liu Liying , Zhou Kexin , Yao Liping , Hou Rui , Zhu Hui
Published: February 2022

This study aimed to explore the secretion of sex hormones in peripheral blood of women with common hematological tumors before and after chemotherapy. From January 2019 to April 2021, 100 female patients with common hematological tumors in our hospital were selected as the observation group, and 50 healthy women in our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group. The serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were detected and compared between the observation group and the control group before chemotherapy, patients with different disease types in the observation group, postmenopausal patients in the observation group, and postmenopausal patients in the observation group. Results showed that the serum FSH, E2 and LH levels of the observation group had no significant changes before chemotherapy (P > 0.05). Compared with before chemotherapy, the levels of serum FSH and LH in patients with different disease types in the observation group after chemotherapy were significantly higher, while E2 was significantly lower (P < 0.05), and the serum FSH, E2 and LH levels of postmenopausal patients in the observation group did not change significantly after chemotherapy (P > 0.05). The levels of FSH and LH in the observation group after chemotherapy were significantly higher, and E2 was significantly lower (P < 0.05). In general, the levels of sex hormone secretion in peripheral blood of women with common hematological tumors before and after chemotherapy can change significantly, especially in postmenopausal patients, but not in postmenopausal patients, which has a certain reference value for clinical practice.
The relationship between serum vitamin D level with inflammatory markers and Total Antioxidant Capacity in Oral lichen planus
Authors: Hu Yuhan
Published: February 2022

Inflammatory markers play an important role in the pathophysiology of patients with oral problems such as oral lichen planus. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between vitamin D levels and inflammatory markers and total antioxidants in people with oral lichen planus. In this case-control study, 131 patients with oral lichen planus (67 in the lichen planus group and 54 in the control group) were examined. 8 cc of blood was taken from all participants to assess blood factors, inflammatory markers and antioxidant levels. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. The mean age of subjects was 42 years. Vitamin D3 levels in the lichen planus group were lower than in the control group, but this decrease was not statistically significant (P> 0.05). According to statistical findings in the lichen planus group, there was a significant relationship between vitamin D3 levels, inflammatory markers and cellular stress factors (P≤0.05). It is concluded that vitamin D3 in people with oral lichen planus can play an important role in the pathogenesis of oral disease and increase inflammation. Because patients with oral lichen planus are affected by various inflammatory factors, paying attention to vitamin D levels in these patients can be effective in reducing inflammation caused by lichen planus.
Expression of LncRNA-BCYRN1 in pediatric asthma and related factors of disease induction
Authors: Huang Xufeng , Huang Zhengguo , Shao Chengliang , Zheng Bin , Zhang Jing
Published: February 2022

The study aimed to investigate the expression of lncRNA-BCYRN1 in serum of pediatric asthma patients and the related factors of disease induction. For this purpose, a total of 95 patients were randomly selected from the outpatient department of pediatrics of a hospital affiliated with the medical university from October 2018 to October 2019, including 25 intermittent episodes, 25 mild persistent episodes, 20 moderate persistent episodes, and 20 severe persistent episodes. In addition, serum samples from 30 healthy control children were selected for comparison. The expression levels of lncRNA-BCYRN1 and the inflammatory factors IL-4, IL-12, IL-37, 25-(OH)D in serum were detected by real-time quantitative fluorescence PCR(qrt-PCR), and the influence of the expression of lncRNA-BCYRN1 on the prognosis of children and its correlation with the expression of TNF-a and IgE were analyzed. Results: the expression of LncRNA BCYRN1 was positively correlated with the expression of TNF-α and IgE (r=0.712, 0.748, all P<0.001). Serum IL-4 levels in each group were 21.06±2.93pg/ml, 23.88±3.91pg/ ml, 25.85±4.02pg/ml, and 17.74±1.77pg/ml, respectively. Serum IL-4 levels in each group were higher than those in the normal control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). The levels of IL-12, IL-37 and 25-(OH)D in all the affected groups were decreased compared with the normal control group, while the serum levels of IL-37 were negatively correlated with IL-4 and positively correlated with IL-12 and 25-(OH)D. Conclusion: serum IL-4 level of children in the disease group was increased, indicating hyperexpression of Th2 cell function, and serum IL-12 and IL-37 levels were decreased, suggesting decreased Th1 cell function, indicating Th1/Th2 imbalance in children with asthma. The low serum vitamin D level of children in the disease group was negatively correlated with serum IL-4 level and positively correlated with IL-12 and IL-37 levels, which may be the trigger factor of inflammation in asthmatic diseases and should be supplemented in clinical treatment. The expression level of lncRNA-BCYRN1 is related to the severity of pediatric asthma, which can be used as a prognostic indicator and has a certain effect on the prognosis of clinical pediatric asthma.
MiR-143-3p Increases the Radiosensitivity of Breast Cancer Cells Through FGF1
Authors: Wang Dewen , Wang Chunying , Sun Lei , Lu Xiang , Shi Jiangwei , Chen Jing , Zhang Xuesong
Published: February 2022

Breast cancer is a common malignant tumor in women. At present, the main treatment for breast cancer is radiotherapy. Due to the difference in radiosensitivity between individuals or tumor cells, the effect of radiotherapy is not good. Therefore, in radiotherapy, how to use various auxiliary means to reduce the radiation resistance of tumor, Therefore, it has become an important research topic to improve the radiosensitivity of the tumor. Fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF1) plays an important role in tumor migration. Therefore, the study of miR-143-3p increasing the radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells through FGF1 is proposed in this paper. In this study, a control group experiment was set up to study. During the experiment, the relative expression of miR-143-3p was detected by fluorescent quantitative PCR of miRNA, and the cell irradiation experiment was created to analyze the radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells by comparing their survival fraction. The results of this study showed that when the radiation dose was 0, the survival scores of the three groups were all 1. The survival fraction of the experimental group decreased from 0.26 ± 0.045 to 0.068 ± 0.008 when the dose was added to 4Gy. The survival fraction of the experimental group was always greater than that of the two control groups. The results of this study show that miR-143-3p can increase the radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells through FGF1.
A systematic analysis of molecular mechanisms in non-metastatic renal cancer delineates affected regulatory pathways and genes in tumor growth
Authors: Xia Rongjun , Lin Lijuan , Yu Shengjin , Zhang Jinhui , Zheng Linlin , Zhou Lijie , Lin Junrong
Published: February 2022

In the recent century, Kidney cancer has emerged as one of the critical renal diseases. Therefore, we analyzed gene expression profiles of non-metastatic kidney cancer to find mechanisms associated with the early-stage pathogenesis of the disease. We concentrated on the most dysregulated genes in expression to discover possible unknown proliferative molecular mechanisms and oncogenic pathways promoting kidney renal cancer growth. Survival analysis, expression profiling, and gene set over-representation analysis were conducted on the most upregulated and most down-regulated genes alongside the hub genes. Our results demonstrated that pathways engaged in the metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates and those involved in peroxisome organization were shown to be important in developing benign tumors. Furthermore, upregulation of genes such as CXCL9 and 10 genes and CXCR4 in chemokine response pathways would bolster differentiation and engagement of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. C3, one of the essential members of the complement system, with a high degree and betweenness centrality in the PPI network, upregulated significantly not only in our analysis but also in the validation expression profiling results and survival analysis. We also identified genes such as TYROBP, ITGB2, and EGFR to be engaged in both immunological pathways and superoxide pathways. Furthermore, we found that downregulation of Aldolase B engaged in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis pathways would help develop benign tumors. Finally, many top hub genes, including TYMS, PTPRC, AURKA, FN1, UBE2C, and CD53 were proposed to be engaged in the progression of non-metastatic renal tumors. This holistic interrogation calls attention to investigate further and experimentally validate the proposed molecular mechanisms.
Zum strukturvorwissensbasierten Testsignalentwurf mittels Vorsteuerung für die Identifikation von Takagi-Sugeno-Modellen
Authors: Himmelsbach Matthias , Kroll Andreas
Published: February 2022

In diesem Beitrag wird eine Methode zum Entwurf von Testsignalen für die Identifikation lokal-affiner dynamischer Takagi-Sugeno-SISO-Modelle vorgestellt. Diese Methode verwendet ein erstes identifiziertes Prozessmodell und nutzt so erlangtes Wissen über die Modellstruktur mittels modellprädiktiver Regelung aus, um einen Testsignalentwurf durchzuführen. Im Rahmen einer Fallstudie wird die Methode demonstriert.
Profiling transcription factor sub-networks in type I interferon signaling and in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Ramana Chilakamarti V. , Das Bikul
Published: February 2022

Type I interferons (IFN α/β) play a central role in innate immunity to respiratory viruses, including coronaviruses. In this study, transcription factor profiling in the transcriptome was used to gain novel insights into the role of inducible transcription factors in response to type I interferon signaling in immune cells and in lung epithelial cells after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Modeling the interferon-inducible transcription factor mRNA data in terms of distinct sub-networks based on biological functions such as antiviral response, immune modulation, and cell growth revealed enrichment of specific transcription factors in mouse and human immune cells. Interrogation of multiple microarray datasets revealed that SARS-CoV-2 induced high levels of IFN-beta and interferon-inducible transcription factor mRNA in human lung epithelial cells. Transcription factor mRNA of the three sub-networks were differentially regulated in human lung epithelial cell lines after SARS-CoV-2 infection and in COVID-19 patients. A subset of type I interferon-inducible transcription factors and inflammatory mediators were specifically enriched in the lungs and neutrophils of Covid-19 patients. The emerging complex picture of type I IFN transcriptional regulation consists of a rapid transcriptional switch mediated by the Jak-Stat cascade and a graded output of the inducible transcription factor activation that enables temporal regulation of gene expression.
Cyclic deformation and dislocation structure evolution of a copper bicrystal with components rotating gradually along the grain boundary
Authors: Li Y. , Li S. X. , Li G. Y. , Lu K.
Published: February 2022

The push –pull cyclic deformation of a copper bicrystal with components rotating gradually along the grain boundary (GB) was carried out under constant plastic strain amplitude at room temperature in air. The evolution of slip morphology and dislocation structure was observed by scanning electron microscopy electron channelling contrast technique. It was shown that slip morphology and dislocation structure in one of the grains changed gradually along the GB. This phenomenon can be understood based on the local irreversible rotation of crystals, which exists during the symmetrical push– pull loading. When the secondary slip was localized to form the secondary persistent slip bands, which interacted with the regular walls in the second type of deformation band, then the cell structure was formed. The second type of deformation band is one kind of sites for cell formation.
Microstructural characterisation and thermal stability of a metastable Mg-8.6 wt.% Zr alloy produced by physical vapour deposition
Authors: Garcés G. , Antoranz J. M. , Pérez P. , Badía J. M. , Dodd S. B. , Morris S. , Adeva P.
Published: February 2022

The thermal stability of a Mg-8.6 wt.% Zr alloy processed by physical vapour deposition has been studied using differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy. The alloy, in the as-deposited condition, is a solid solution of Zr in the Mg matrix. The microstructure is characterised by elongated grains oriented with their [0001] direction parallel to the growth direction. After DSC experiments, three exothermic transformations have been observed. The first one takes place above the deposition temperature and is related to the recovery phenomena due to stress relaxation generated during the growth process. The second transformation corresponds to the breakdown of the solid solution by the precipitation of Zr in the Mg matrix. This reaction takes place in two stages: (i) Zr plates are formed in the basal plane and (ii) these initial precipitates grow along the [0001] direction. An epitaxial relationship between those Zr precipitates and the Mg matrix of [0001]Zr || [0001]Mg and [1120]Zr || [1120]Mg has been obtained. The third exothermic transformation appears above 720 K and is caused by the strong oxidation of the deposit.
Deformation behavior during hot torsion of an ultrahigh carbon steel containing 1.3 wt.% C
Authors: Fernández-Vicente A. , Carsí M. , Peñalba F. , Carreño F. , Ruano O. A.
Published: February 2022

The torsion behavior of an ultrahigh carbon steel containing 1.3 wt.% C has been studied at high strain rates (2 – 26 s –1) and high temperatures (900 – 1200 °C). Adiabatic heating strongly affects the shape of the stress– strain curves. Grain size measurements at strains of ε = 2 and ε = 5 reveal that the austenite grain size does not change between these two strains and is finer than the initial austenite grain size. This is an indication that a recrystallization process took place in the interval of strains between ε
peak and ε = 2 and that the deformation state associated to the strains of ε = 2 and ε = 5 can be considered as steady state. Stress–strain rate relations have been analysed for ε
peak, ε = 2 and ε = 5. It has been found that data obtained at ε
peak correlate well with a lattice diffusion-controlled dislocation creep process. On the other hand, analysis of the stress –strain rate relations found at the steady state indicated that the deformation occurs by the contribution of two independent mechanisms: grain boundary sliding controlled by pipe diffusion and slip creep controlled by lattice diffusion.
Depth-resolved residual stress evaluation from X-ray diffraction measurement data using the approximate inverse method
Authors: Schuster T. , Plöger J. , Louis A. K.
Published: February 2022

The paper deals with the depth determination of residual stress states from diffraction data. First an historical overview of the known approaches is given. Then we apply the approximate inverse method to this problem. This method is known to be very efficient and stable with respect to noise-contaminated data. It is even possible to prove convergence and it allows an error estimate of the calculated depth resolved residual stress profile.
Microstructure and fatigue strength of A356 alloy castings refined on the surface by rapid crystallization
Authors: Orłowicz A. W. , Mróz M.
Published: February 2022

The effect of the microstructure on the fatigue strength of A356 alloy castings with a surface refined through rapid crystallization has been investigated. The refinement of the structure, in order to improve the fatigue strength of the alloy surface, was accomplished with an electric arc plasma. The surface fusions were made in helium atmosphere by changing the welding current intensity from 100 to 300 A and the arc advance speed from 200 to 600 mm/min. The rapid crystallization reduced the parameters 𝜆1 and 𝜆2 of the 𝜆 phase dendrites and 𝜆E of the eutectic, compared to the initial material. The parameter 𝜆E changed by a factor of nearly 3. The structural refinement was determined by the amount of heat input into the fusion area. The fatigue strength increased with decreasing values of the λ parameters of the structure.
Fatigue crack propagation in pseudoelastic TiNi smart microcomponents
Authors: Filip Peter , Paliwal Manish , Mazanec Karel
Published: February 2022

Mechanisms of fatigue crack propagation in pseudoelastic TiNi thin strips are similar in air, physiological 0.9 NaCl, and aerated Hank’s solution, when tested at 40 °C and a loading frequency of 15 Hz. The threshold values △K
th, the Paris-Erdogan exponents, and the maximum applied △K at instability prior to failure were found to be similar for all three environments. In a good correlation with finite element analysis, B19’martensite forms at the crack tip during cycling with applied external loads significantly lower than the critical stress required for stress-induced phase transformation. Formation of martensite may be eliminated due to work hardening at the crack tip, which contrasts with former assumptions. Cracks typically propagate by bridging the crack tip with microvoids formed in front of the advancing crack at locations with maximum stress intensity. TiNi thin strips exhibited a lower fatigue crack growth resistance when compared to data previously published for bulky TiNi.
Thermodynamics of grain boundary adsorption in binary systems with limited solubility
Authors: Bokstein Boris S. , Rodin Alexey O. , Smirnov Andrey N.
Published: February 2022

A thermodynamic analysis of grain boundary adsorption is presented. From the thermodynamic model developed it follows that in binary polycrystals with identical grain boundaries at some conditions three phases can coexist in equilibrium below the solidus temperature.

The model predicts that two solid solutions in the grain and in the grain boundaries coexist below some critical value,

X
2
*

$X_2^*$

, of solute concentration in the grain. At

X
2
*

$X_2^*$

, a compositional phase transition occurs in the GB which is accompanied by a gap in the adsorption isotherm, a change of the slope of the GB tension isotherm, and the formation of a new 2D grain boundary phase.

It is shown for three systems (Cu–Sb, Fe –P, and Sn–Bi) that the compositions of the GB phase and the phase in the grain are in close agreement with the predictions.
On the three-dimensional twin-limited microstructure
Authors: Gertsman Valéry Y. , Reed Bryan W.
Published: February 2022

Grain boundary networks consisting entirely of Σ3 and Σ9 boundaries (twin-limited microstructures) are analyzed. Analyses of thought examples and theoretical considerations show that there are fundamental differences between two-dimensional and three-dimensional networks. The notion of the upper limit of the fraction of Σ3 boundaries is reassessed, and implications for the concept of grain boundary engineering are discussed.
Grain boundary mobility under a stored-energy driving force: a comparison to curvature-driven boundary migration
Authors: Taheri M. L. , Molodov D. , Gottstein G. , Rollett A. D.
Published: February 2022

Grain boundary mobility has been measured in high-purity aluminum alloyed with 0.03 wt.% Zr using energy stored during plastic deformation as a driving force. In general, the dependence of mobility on grain boundary character was similar to that observed by previous authors with a maximum in mobility in the vicinity of the ∑7 type (38°<111>). The exact location of the mobility maximum varied, however, with temperature in a manner similar to that observed for curvature-driven mobility measurements. Although <111> tilt boundaries exhibit high mobilities in general, the single peak at the ∑7 position at low temperatures changes to a double peak at high temperatures with a local minimum at ∑7. The combination of mobility variation and the thermal activation analysis of the results points to a compensation temperature effect. All these results suggest that grain boundary mobility is a true material property.
Solid state infiltration of porous steel with aluminium by the forcefill process
Authors: Estrin Y. , Rabkin E. , Hellmig R. J. , Kazakevich M. , Zi A.
Published: February 2022

We report first results on producing a metal – metal composite by forcing solid aluminium to fill a porous steel preform. This process is akin to forcefill used for filling of vias when producing metallic interconnects in microelectronics. Using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, it was shown that for nominal pore size as small as 100 μm, the pores could be filled with aluminium throughout the entire preform used, thus demonstrating the viability of the process. An interesting aspect of this solid state ‘infiltration’ is that the tortuous random paths taken by the plastically flowing Al involve numerous kinks. Some of them may induce large localised shear deformation similar to that produced by equal channel angular pressing, which is used to fabricate bulk ultra-fine-grained materials. It is, therefore, conjectured that towards the exit end of the channels the infiltrating material may develop an ultra-fine grain structure and exhibit enhanced strength. It is suggested that the process described can be used to produce metal– metal (or ceramic – metal) composites with unusual mechanical properties. Thin fibres of the material that has percolated through the porous preform can be expected to have a sub-micron grain structure and to possess improved mechanical properties.
Comparison between conventional Vickers hardness and indentation hardness obtained with different instruments
Authors: Chudoba T. , Griepentrog M.
Published: February 2022

An extensive comparison between the conventional Vickers hardness at 500 mN and indentation hardness measured with Vickers indenters at 500 mN is presented for up to 20 different materials and for three different instruments. Additionally, the indentation modulus is compared to Young’s modulus, which was measured with alternative methods or taken from the literature. It is shown that the agreement between the results from depth-sensing indentation and the reference values can be improved by additional corrections, for the calculation of the indentation area. With corrections the mean hardness difference to the Vickers hardness reference as average of all investigated materials can be reduced to about 10 % although disturbing pile-up or sink-in effects can still not be considered. For the modulus, the mean difference was only about 6 %.
A review on the reverse analysis for the extraction of mechanical properties using instrumented Vickers indentation
Authors: Pintaúde G. , Cuppari M. G. di V. , Schön C. G. , Sinatora A. , Souza R. M.
Published: February 2022

This work presents a review on recent methodologies for the analysis of data obtained through instrumented indentation testing. Experimental tests, using a Vickers indenter, were carried out on low-carbon and bearing steels and indents were later analyzed in a laser interferometer. The results were used to verify the accuracy of methods proposed to predict the indentation morphology, pile-up or sink-in, and the accuracy of routines proposed to extract the mechanical properties of the indented materials. The occurrence of pile-up in all tested materials indicated that models may fail in predicting this behavior and, consequently, in determining the yield stress and strain-hardening exponent.
A corpus-based approach to mind style
Authors: McIntyre Dan , Archer Dawn
Published: February 2022

Fowler's (Linguistics and the novel, Methuen, 1977) original definition of mind style emphasised consistency as a defining feature of the phenomenon, something that is (i) difficult to measure, and (ii) often missed in qualitative analyses. In this paper we investigate how a computational semantic analysis might be used to address this difficulty, with particular reference to McIntyre's (Journal of Literary Semantics 34: 21–40, 2005) analysis of the deviant mind style of the character of Miss Shepherd in Alan Bennett's play The Lady in the Van. To do this we analyse the speech of all the characters in The Lady in the Van using Wmatrix (Rayson, Matrix: A statistical method and software tool for linguistic analysis through corpus comparison, Lancaster University PhD thesis, 2003, Wmatrix: A web-based corpus processing environment, Lancaster University, 2008), to see whether it provides quantitative support for the interpretative conclusions reached by McIntyre. Wmatrix utilises the UCREL Semantic Annotation System (USAS) which has been designed to undertake the automatic semantic analysis of English. The initial tag-set of the USAS system was loosely based on McArthur's Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English (McArthur, Longman, 1981), but has since been considerably revised in the light of practical tagging problems met in the course of previous research, and now contains 232 category labels (such as
medicine and medical treatment, movement, obligation and necessity
, etc.). We use Wmatrix's facility for identifying key semantic domains in pursuit of our two main aims: (i) to determine whether Miss Shepherd's odd mind style is consistent, as Fowler's definition suggests it should be; and (ii) to determine the usefulness of computational semantic analysis for investigating mind style.
Justifying and Categorizing Tort Doctrines: What is the Optimal Level of Generality?
Authors: Simons Kenneth W.
Published: February 2022

This essay explores the issue of generality and tort law from two directions. First, when common law judges offer justifications of tort doctrine, what is the appropriate level of generality or specificity of those justifying principles and policies? Second, when judges identify and refine tort doctrines, what is the appropriate level of generality or specificity of the doctrines themselves? With respect to the first issue, Stephen A. Smith has argued that judges ordinarily do, and should, invoke only “intermediate” justifications for their decisions (such as dignity, fairness, or reasonableness), rather than “foundational” ones (such as utilitarianism or corrective justice). Smith’s argument has some purchase: intermediate principles indeed do and should play a prominent role in common law decision-making. However, foundational principles can legitimately play a more significant role than Smith suggests, especially if they are pluralistic. And intermediate principles are sometimes too vacuous to operate as genuine justifications. With respect to the second issue, Stephen D. Sugarman and Caitlin Boucher have proposed that numerous torts that might be characterized as “dignitary” torts should be merged into a single “unifying” tort, the tort of wrongfully harming another’s dignity in a highly offensive way. The authors plausibly argue that courts have not paid sufficient attention to gaps and arbitrary distinctions between these torts. However, their more radical claim that one uber-tort should replace all “dignitary” torts is not persuasive. Torts as distinct as battery, false imprisonment, intrusion into a private place, and malicious prosecution reflect distinct wrongs and should not be supplanted by a single tort prohibiting wrongful and highly offensive conduct. The analysis offered in this essay is informed by many examples from the Restatement Third, Torts: Intentional Torts to Persons, for which I have served as co-Reporter or Reporter.
Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
Authors: Madani Mohamed , Hosny Shimaa , Alshangiti Dalal Mohamed , Nady Norhan , Alkhursani Sheikha A. , Alkhaldi Huda , Al-Gahtany Samera Ali , Ghobashy Mohamed Mohamady , Gaber Ghalia A.
Published: February 2022

This study presents an outline of the 12 principles of green relevance in nanomaterial synthesis. The goal of using green renewable resources is to protect the environment from negative effects, which can be achieved via several main directions, including the choice of innocuous solvents, such as supercritical (SC) fluids or water, and/or additives (i.e. stabilizers, capping, and reducing agents) such as polysaccharides, using alternative reaction circumstances, and the development of energy-efficient synthetic methods. This review shows how different green renewable resources routes are reducing the impact of chemical processes on the environment and how their benefit can be achieved in nanotechnology applications such as green energy.
Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
Authors: Mohammed Sameh A. , Shaaban Esraa Ibrahim A.
Published: February 2022

COVID-19 outbreak has become one of the catastrophic health emergencies that could threaten public health worldwide through several hospitalizations and thousands of deaths, leading to boosting global concern intensive precautionary measurements. The clinical and research trials are ongoing for developing several diagnostic tools, antiviral therapeutics, and vaccines versus COVID-19 infectiousness. This review argues the recent nanomedical progress and efficient nanomedicine applications and highlights relevant challenges and considerations of nano-based materials for combating COVID-19 infectiousness and severity. Eventually, we also provide futuristic avenues and perspectives paving the way to explore outstanding solutions for SARS-CoV-2 control and eradication.
Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: A study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement
Authors: Zeng Lijian , Tao Wenwu , Zhao Junjie , Li Yichao , Li Renfu
Published: February 2022

This study investigates the effect of a bio-surfactant gelatin-modified carbon nanotubes (g-CNTs) on the fiber interfacial property and matrix performance of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite. Transverse fiber bundle test (TFBT) and in situ three-point bending test were conducted to analyze the fiber/matrix interfacial normal strength (IFNS) and bulk mechanical performance of the CNTs–CFRP composite. The results showed that g-CNTs have superb affinity and uniformity wrapping on the surface of carbon fiber via 2 min electrophoretic deposition (EPD) under a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL and a voltage strength of 10 V/cm, resulting in an increase of 40.3% of IFNS and 22.1%/25.3% of flexural strength/modulus of CFRP composites. Meanwhile, g-CNTs can also evenly distribute in the resin matrix with an improvement of 12.6% of IFNS and 20.3%/11.4% of flexural strength/modulus of CFRP composites under 0.1 wt% loading. This study provides a mechanism basis for the subsequent introduction of g-CNTs for the development of advanced CNT-reinforced CFRP composite.
Seabed mining and blue growth: exploring the potential of marine mineral deposits as a sustainable source of rare earth elements (MaREEs) (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Sakellariadou Fani , Gonzalez Francisco J. , Hein James R. , Rincón-Tomás Blanca , Arvanitidis Nikolaos , Kuhn Thomas
Published: February 2022

The expected growth of the global economy and the projected rise in world population call for a greatly increased supply of materials critical for implementing clean technologies, such as rare earth elements (REEs) and other rare metals. Because the demand for critical metals is increasing and land-based mineral deposits are being depleted, seafloor resources are seen as the next frontier for mineral exploration and extraction. Marine mineral deposits with a great resource potential for transition, rare, and critical metals include mainly deep-sea mineral deposits, such as polymetallic sulfides, polymetallic nodules, cobalt-rich crusts, phosphorites, and rare earth element-rich muds. Major areas with economic interest for seabed mineral exploration and mining are the following: nodules in the Penrhyn Basin-Cook Islands Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), the Clarion–Clipperton nodule Zone, Peru Basin nodules, and the Central Indian Ocean Basin; seafloor massive sulfide deposits in the exclusive economic zones of Papua New Guinea, Japan, and New Zealand as well as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the three Indian Ocean spreading ridges; cobalt-rich crusts in the Pacific Prime Crust Zone and the Canary Islands Seamounts and the Rio Grande Rise in the Atlantic Ocean; and the rare earth element-rich deep-sea muds around Minamitorishima Island in the equatorial North Pacific. In addition, zones for marine phosphorites exploration are located in Chatham Rise, offshore Baja California, and on the shelf off Namibia. Moreover, shallow-water resources, like placer deposits, represent another marine source for many critical minerals, metals, and gems. The main concerns of deep-sea mining are related to its environmental impacts. Ecological impacts of rare earth element mining on deep-sea ecosystems are still poorly evaluated. Furthermore, marine mining may cause conflicts with various stakeholders such as fisheries, communications cable owners, offshore wind farms, and tourism. The global ocean is an immense source of food, energy, raw materials, clean water, and ecosystem services and suffers seriously by multiple stressors from anthropogenic sources. The development of a blue economy strategy needs a better knowledge of the environmental impacts. By protecting vulnerable areas, applying new technologies for deep-sea mineral exploration and mining, marine spatial planning, and a regulatory framework for minerals extraction, we may achieve sustainable management and use of our oceans.
Abundant accurate analytical and semi-analytical solutions of the positive Gardner–Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation
Authors: Zhao Dexu , Attia Raghda A. M. , Tian Jian , Salama Samir A. , Lu Dianchen , Khater Mostafa M. A.
Published: February 2022

This research article examines the correctness of two new analytical methods for solving the internal solitary waves of shallow seas. To get the computational solutions to the positive (2 + 1)-dimensional Gardner–Kadomtsev–Petviashvili model, the extended simplest equation and modified Kudryashov methods are used. Numerous new traveling wave solutions in various forms are developed in order to assess the starting conditions required for the variational iteration technique, one of the most accurate semi-analytical methods. The semi-analytical solutions are used to demonstrate the precision of the solutions obtained and the analytical methods employed. The dynamical behavior of internal solitary waves in shallow waters is shown using many three-dimensional drawings. The performance of the used schemes demonstrates their efficacy and power, as well as their capacity to handle a large number of nonlinear evolution equations.