bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of student‐perceived competence of interprofessional working in Gerodontology
Authors: Mullan Francesca , Holmes Richard D. , Bateman Heidi L.
Published: November 2022

Objective

To evaluate pharmacy, dental and dental therapy undergraduate students' perceived competence of interprofessional working before and after attending an interprofessional education (IPE) Gerodontology workshop.

Background

Whilst there is international recognition of the importance of collaboration between the dental profession and systemic healthcare providers to enhance patient care, there remains a paucity of research into IPE in Gerodontology.

Materials and Methods

Pharmacy, dental and dental therapy undergraduate students attended a 2‐hour Gerodontology case‐based workshop. Students completed anonymised Interprofessional Collaborative Competencies Attainment Surveys (ICCAS) before and after attendance.

Results

108 questionnaires were received, 7 were withdrawn (1 incomplete with only pre‐workshop side completed, 6 did not identify degree programme). From 101 included questionnaires, 37 were from pharmacy, 56 dental and 8 dental therapy students resulting in response rates of 84%, 82% and 67%, respectively. Each student group recorded an increase in positive reflective competence median (IQR) after taking part in the workshop. Overall median (IQR) reflective competence before the workshop was 6 (1), 5 (2) and 6 (2) for pharmacy, dental and dental therapy students, respectively, which increased to 7 (1) for all groups. There was variability in reflective competence before attending the workshop between dental and pharmacy students for two questions, and dental and dental therapy students for two different questions.

Conclusion

All students reported increased reflective competence of interprofessional working following the workshop. These findings suggest that introduction of IPE events into Gerodontology curricula may improve student understanding and appreciation of interprofessional working when providing care for older people.
Activity and participation in haemophiliacs: Item response modelling based on international classification of functioning, disability and health
Authors: Feng Chun , Geng Bao‐Feng , Liu Shou‐Guo , Jiang Zhong‐Li , Lin Feng
Published: November 2022

Background and objectives

There is scant research investigating the user‐friendly functional assessment tool conceptualized by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) among persons with haemophilia (PWH). This study aims to accomplish two goals: (1) quantifying comprehensive functioning measures of haemophilia through Item Response Theory (IRT); (2) discussing patient‐centred care based on the Wright map of personal ability and item difficulty.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was carried out in 70 PWH (mean age, 33.09 ± 11.04) via convenience sampling. All patients completed the 45 ICF categories of haemophilic‐specific activity and participation. Psychometric properties of the categories were examined using Mokken scale analysis and parametric item response modelling.

Results

We extracted a unidimensional scale with 31 categories, and constructed a Rasch model with good fitness. The Cronbach's α of the scale was .9713, with the Guttman's λ2 = .9730, Molenaar Sijtsma ρ = .9802, and latent class reliability coefficient = .9769, indicating great internal reliability. The estimated individual social competence by the Rasch model was highly related to the index score of the three‐level EuroQol five‐dimensional questionnaire (EQ‐5D‐3L) (p < .001, r = .62), and had a moderate correlation (p < .001, r = .54) with the score of Haemophilia Activities List (HAL).

Conclusions

The ICF scale of haemophilic activity and participation with 31 categories (HAPPY‐ICF) has good construct validity and internal consistency. The person‐item threshold distribution map might be helpful in research and clinical practices for patient‐oriented care.
Classification and feasibility of mango kernel fat and its stepwise fractionated stearins for use in heat‐stable chocolate fats
Authors: Wang Yuxin , Jin Jun , Zeng Wei , Gu Xiaoxia , Jin Qingzhe , Wang Xingguo
Published: November 2022

Mango kernel fat (MKF) is a potential improver for heat‐stable abilities of chocolates. MKF and three stepwise fractionated stearins with increasing 1,3‐distearoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐glycerol (StOSt) were blended with cocoa butter (CB) to prepare binary fats, which were divided into four groups based on their triacylglycerols and compatibilities. POSt was the dominant triacylglycerol in groups I and II while StOSt became dominant in groups III and IV. Based on melting behaviours and morphologies, binary blends from groups I to II, containing 10%–50% of MKF, 10%–30% of its primary stearin, or 10%–20% of its secondary or tertiary stearins, were consistent with CB. In groups II and III, heat‐stable blends were formulated with 40%–60% of the primary stearin or 30%–40% of the secondary or tertiary stearins. However, most of the blends in groups III and IV maintained high amounts of fat solids near body temperature, failing to be used as chocolate fats.
Higher growth synchrony and climate change‐sensitivity in European beech and silver linden than in temperate oaks
Authors: Kasper Jan , Leuschner Christoph , Walentowski Helge , Weigel Robert
Published: November 2022

Aim

Climatic changes affect the growth dynamics of temperate trees, but these effects might differ between co‐occurring ring‐ and diffuse‐porous species as well as between mesic and xeric rear‐edge populations. We explore whether recent climate warming has increased the climate sensitivity and within‐stand synchrony of growth in these groups differently.

Location

The natural beech–oak ecotone in Western Romania at the dry margin of beech occurrence.

Taxa

Three ring‐porous oak species (Quercus petraea, Q. frainetto and Q. cerris), and diffuse‐porous European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and silver linden (Tilia tomentosa).

Methods

We correlated tree‐ring records with monthly and seasonal climate data (period 1940–2017). Regional growth synchrony was assessed through the analysis of inter‐series correlation of growth within populations and among populations using mixed models.

Results

In all five species including two south‐east European oak taxa and silver linden, water availability in summer was the most important climatic determinant of radial growth. This factor has gained in importance since the onset of rapid warming after 1980, while the impact of other climate factors in spring and summer has decreased. Within‐population growth synchrony as a measure of overall climatic stress has increased, or remained stable, since 1980 in beech and silver linden, but has decreased in the oak species, matching declining growth trends in beech and linden and increasing (or stable) trends in the oaks.

Main Conclusions

The patterns of growth synchrony provide valuable information on tree species' drought susceptibility in efforts to select suitable tree species for climate change‐adapted forestry. The climate vulnerability of beech is higher than that of the more drought‐resistant oak species due to its marked summer‐drought sensitivity of growth.
Splith mouth randomized control trial comparison of T‐PRF and subepithelial connective tissue graft in the treatment of maxillar multiple gingival recessions
Authors: Özkan Şen Dilek , Öncü Elif
Published: November 2022

Aim

The aim of this study is to compare the treatment efficacy of the bilateral multiple gingival recession areas with a titanium‐platelet‐rich‐fibrin (T‐PRF) and subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) combined with a modified coronal advanced flap (MCAF) and the clinical results.

Method

In the study, 118 maxillary bilateral multiple Miller I recessions were treated. Gingival index, plaque index, probing pocket depth, gingival thickness, recession height, recession width, keratinized gingival width and open root surface area were measured at baseline and at 6 months. Postoperative pain levels Visual Analog Scale, healing status, wound healing index evaluated with. The results of both groups pre and postoperative were compared.

Results

The initial recession height was 2.15 ± 1.0 mm in the T‐PRF group; 2.04 ± 0.80 mm in the SCTG group. After 6 months, the mean root closure rate was 61.77%, 75.31% in T‐PRF and SCTG group, respectively. Clinical attachment gain was achieved in both groups compared to baseline. When the results were compared, the gains achieved in the SCTG group were statistically significantly higher. İt was determined that patient satisfaction was higher in T‐PRF group and wound healing was faster.

Conclusion

Considering the advantages of T‐PRF such as providing effective results in the treatment of defects, patient satisfaction and rapid recovery; It can be applied as an alternative to SCTG.

Clinical Significance

T‐PRF can be an alternative to SCTG in the treatment of gingival recessions.
Bilateral asymmetry of otoliths from Collichthys lucidus of different sizes in Haizhou Bay and Xiangshan Bay
Authors: Zhang Shuo , Zhang Xiao , Gao Shike , Shu Ruilin , Fu Guanghui , Lu Jikun
Published: November 2022

In recent years, the frequent occurrence of most human activities has seriously affected the structure and functioning of coastal ecosystems. The asymmetric relationship between the left and right otoliths of fish is often used to test the difference in fluctuating asymmetry (FA) reflected by the square of the coefficient of asymmetric variation (CV2a), which can be regarded as an important step in the study of marine environmental pressure and implementation of offshore ecological restoration. In this study, the authors tested the bilateral FA of Collichthys lucidus in the coastal waters of Haizhou Bay, Jiangsu, and Xiangshan Bay, Zhejiang, China, using four sagittal otolith characters (length, width, perimeter and area) as biological characters. The results showed that the value of CV2a in otolith width (more sensitive to environmental pressure) of C. lucidus in Xiangshan Bay was higher than that in Haizhou Bay, indicating that the environmental pressure on Xiangshan Bay was relatively high. The authors did not find any significant differences in the FA of otoliths between different body sizes of C. lucidus, which may be related to the short‐distance migration in different regions and the dietary shifts in the life history of this species. The results have conservation and management implications for this population.
A national profile of sandwich generation caregivers providing care to both older adults and children
Authors: Lei Lianlian , Leggett Amanda N. , Maust Donovan T.
Published: November 2022

Background

Many U.S. caregivers provide care to the generation above and below simultaneously, described as “sandwich” generation caregivers. We seek to provide the first national estimates characterizing sandwich generation caregivers and the older adults for whom they care.

Methods

We used the 2015 National Study of Caregiving (NSOC) and National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) to compare individual (demographic, socio‐economic, health, and caregiving characteristics) and caregiving‐related experience (financial and emotional difficulties, caregiver role overload and gains, supportive services, employment and participation restrictions) between sandwich and non‐sandwich generation caregivers. The analysis included adult child caregivers with or without any minor child under 18 years (n = 194 and 912 NSOC respondents, respectively) providing care to n = 436 and 1217 older adult NHATS respondents.

Results

Of all adult child caregivers, 24.3% also cared for a minor child (i.e., sandwich generation caregivers), representing 2.5 million individuals. Sandwich generation caregivers provided similar care hours to older care recipients as non‐sandwich caregivers (77.4 vs. 71.6 h a month, p = 0.60), though more of them worked for pay (69.4% vs. 53.9%, p = 0.002). Both sandwich generation caregivers (21.0% vs. 11.1%, p = 0.005) and their care recipients (30.1% vs. 20.9%, p = 0.006) were more likely to be Medicaid enrollees than their non‐sandwich caregiving counterparts. More sandwich generation caregivers reported substantial financial (23.5% vs. 12.2%, p < 0.001) and emotional difficulties (44.1% vs. 32.2%, p = 0.02) than non‐sandwich caregivers; they also reported higher caregiver role overload (score: 2.9 vs. 2.4, p = 0.04). Their supportive services use was similarly low as non‐sandwich caregivers except for seeking financial help (24.8% vs. 14.7%, p = 0.008).

Conclusions

Besides caring for minor child(ren), sandwich generation caregivers provided similarly intense care to care recipients as non‐sandwich caregivers and had higher labor force participation; they experienced more caregiving‐related financial and emotional difficulties and role overload. Policymakers may consider supportive services that address their unique needs and roles.
Responding to change: Could co‐design overcome the complexities of electronic health record implementation?
Authors: Chang Yu‐Che , Hu Chia‐Yu
Published: November 2022

Chang argues that CHAT analysis can facilitate understanding of EHR implementation by turning our attention to its complex interplay with the whole process of medical care.
Staff well‐being: Is it time to rethink implications for work schedules?
Authors: Nisbet Gillian
Published: November 2022

As the world continues to navigate the impacts of COVID‐19, grappling with staff retention and emotional exhaustion, Nisbet shines a spotlight on healthcare professional well‐being.
The Vitruvian nurse and burnout: New materialist approaches to impossible ideals
Authors: Smith Jamie , Willis Eva , Hopkins‐Walsh Jane , Dillard‐Wright Jess , Brown Brandon
Published: November 2022

The Vitruvian Man is a metaphor for the “ideal man” by feminist posthuman philosopher Rosi Braidotti (2013) as a proxy for eurocentric humanist ideals. The first half of this paper extends Braidotti's concept by thinking about the metaphor of the “ideal nurse” (Vitruvian nurse) and how this metaphor contributes to racism, oppression, and burnout in nursing and might restrict the professionalization of nursing. The Vitruvian nurse is an idealized and perfected form of a nurse with self‐sacrificial language (re)producing self‐sacrificing expectations. The second half of this paper looks at how regulatory frameworks (using the example of UK's Nursing and Midwifery Council Code of Conduct) institutionalize the conditions of possibility through collective imaginations. The domineering expectations found within the Vitruvian nurse metaphor and further codified by regulatory frameworks give rise to boredom and burnout. The paper ends by suggesting possible ways to diffract regulatory frameworks to practice with affirmative ethics and reduce feelings of self‐sacrifice and exhaustion among nurses.
Plant functional groups and phylogenetic regularity control plant community bioelement composition through calcium and magnesium
Authors: Bitomský Martin , Kobrlová Lucie , Hroneš Michal , Duchoslav Martin
Published: November 2022

The identification of drivers of bioelement concentrations in plant communities is crucial for our understanding of ecosystem functioning. In this respect, soil nutrients, plant biodiversity and functional groups are reported to affect the plant community bioelement composition. However, given the predominant focus on species richness and single elements (or stoichiometric ratios) so far, only little is known about the patterns of the whole suite of bioelements at the community level and whether these patterns can be predicted by evolutionary relationships between co‐occurring species (phylogenetic diversity). To explore this knowledge gap, we used a comprehensive dataset of soil nutrients, plant community composition, phylogeny and aboveground tissue bioelement data from experimental sites established in central European semi‐natural grasslands. Plant community bioelement composition was strongly and exponentially related to community calcium and magnesium (bioelements reflecting deep phylogenetic differences). Plant community bioelement composition and stoichiometry were best indicated by functional group composition (graminoids and forbs) and phylogenetic regularity, whereas phylogenetic richness, phylogenetic divergence and species richness were poor predictors. Bioelement‐rich communities were poor in graminoids and rich in forbs, and tended to have evenly distributed phylogenetic distances (high regularity). No confounding effect of soil nutrients was observed. The links between functional group composition, phylogenetic regularity and plant community bioelement composition suggest that functional groups and phylogenetic diversity are mechanistically connected to ecosystem functions, such as primary production, decomposition, biogeochemical cycling or plant–herbivore interactions, through bioelements.
Risk factors and current trends in maxillofacial trauma: An epidemiologic study at a major Trauma Center of North India
Authors: Agarwal Padmanidhi , Neeraj  , Reddy Gosla Srinivas , Chug Ashi , Katiyar Awaneesh , Rashid Nouman , U Vignesh , Jain Kanav
Published: November 2022

Aims

This study aimed to obtain an update on the epidemiologic data of maxillofacial injuries with an analysis of current aetiology and associated factors encountered at a major Tertiary Care Centre of North India.

Materials and methods

This retrospective study was conducted in a Tertiary Care Centre in Uttarakhand over 2 years. The demographics, aetiology, seatbelt/helmet use, alcohol consumption at the time of injury, site of the fracture, other associated injuries and type of intervention were recorded.

Results

The male:female ratio was 4.2:1. A peak prevalence was found in the third decade (mean age 23.6). Road traffic accidents were the most common cause of trauma (76.9%). Maxillofacial injuries were higher in those who did not use a seatbelt or helmet (85.1%). Intoxication at the time of injury was a major factor, especially in accidents. Drivers were found to be injured more (74.7%) than pillion riders or passengers. The incidence of fractures was highest in monsoons (30%). Mandibular (37.8%) and zygomatic (20%) fractures were most commonly encountered. The most common site of mandibular fractures was parasymphysis (30.6%). Fractures were treated by open reduction and internal fixation. Concomitant neurological and orthopaedic injuries were common in patients sustaining maxillofacial injuries.

Conclusion

Road traffic accidents continue to be responsible for maximum trauma. A multidisciplinary assessment of every trauma victim is essential. This study can help formulate rigorous injury preventive schemes by distinguishing and analysing maxillofacial trauma. Advocation and strict implementation of helmet and seatbelt use with a heavy penalty for drinking and driving can lead to the reduction of maxillofacial injuries.
Influence of total temporomandibular joint prosthesis on chewing performance and quality of life
Authors: Sobral Paula Cristina Falchet , Bezerra Matheus Cavalcante Tomaz , Valadas Lidia Audrey Rocha , Rodrigues Luciane Lacerda Franco Rocha , Guimarães Antônio Sergio
Published: November 2022

Objective

To evaluate the chewing performance and quality of life of individuals undergoing temporomandibular joint prosthesis (TMJ) reconstruction with total prosthesis.

Materials and Methods

This is a crossover and quantitative study, where 36 individuals were randomized into two groups: Group 1 (G1)‐ was composed of individuals who underwent the surgery with a total prosthesis and Group 2 (G2): Healthy individuals (control group). Chewing performance was assessed using a two‐colour chewing gum method and computerized analysis, evaluating the type of total prosthesis (custom and stock), the reconstructed side and the amplitude of mandibular movements prior to surgery. Quality of life was assessed using the questionnaire 36‐item short‐form health survey (SF‐36), which was submitted to the student's test or ANOVA.

Results

Comparing G1 with the control group (G2), there was a statistically significant difference in quality of life, for the physical (p = 0.028) and emotional (p = 0.037) domains, and in the chewing performance for the type of total prosthesis (p = 0.003), reconstructed side (p < 0.001) and amplitude of mandibular movements (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Individuals who underwent TMJ reconstruction surgery with a total prosthesis seem to have a decrease in the ability to mix or grind food. These individuals also showed impaired daily and/or professional activities due to physical and emotional conditions.
Immuno‐epigenomic analysis identifies attenuated interferon responses in naïve CD4 T cells of adolescents with peanut and multi‐food allergy
Authors: Imran Samira , Neeland Melanie R. , Peng Stephen , Vlahos Amanda , Martino David , Dharmage Shyamali C. , Tang Mimi L. K. , Sawyer Susan , Dang Thanh D. , McWilliam Vicki , Peters Rachel L. , Koplin Jennifer J. , Perrett Kirsten P. , Novakovic Boris , Saffery Richard
Published: November 2022

Background

IgE‐mediated food allergies have been linked to suboptimal naïve CD4 T (nCD4T) cell activation in infancy, underlined by epigenetic and transcriptomic variation. Similar attenuated nCD4T cell activation in adolescents with food allergy have also been reported, but these are yet to be linked to specific epigenetic or transcriptional changes.

Methods

We generated genome‐wide DNA methylation data in purified nCD4 T cells at quiescence and following activation in a cohort of adolescents (aged 10–15 years old) with peanut allergy (peanut only or peanut + ≥1 additional food allergy) (FA, n = 29), and age‐matched non‐food allergic controls (NA, n = 18). Additionally, we assessed transcriptome‐wide gene expression and cytokine production in these cells following activation.

Results

We found widespread changes in DNA methylation in both NA and FA nCD4T cells in response to activation, associated with the T cell receptor signaling pathway. Adolescents with FA exhibit unique DNA methylation signatures at quiescence and post‐activation at key genes involved in Th1/Th2 differentiation (RUNX3, RXRA, NFKB1A, IL4R), including a differentially methylated region (DMR) at the TNFRSF6B promoter, linked to Th1 proliferation. Combined analysis of DNA methylation, transcriptomic data and cytokine output in the same samples identified an attenuated interferon response in nCD4T cells from FA individuals following activation, with decreased expression of several interferon genes, including IFN‐γ and a DMR at a key downstream gene, BST2.

Conclusion

We find that attenuated nCD4T cell responses from adolescents with food allergy are associated with specific epigenetic variation, including disruption of interferon responses, indicating dysregulation of key immune pathways that may contribute to a persistent FA phenotype. However, we recognize the small sample size, and the consequent restraint on reporting adjusted p‐value statistics as limitations of the study. Further study is required to validate these findings.
Diaspore dispersal season influences root growth and seed traits, but not germination responses, of sympatric Piper species in a seasonal forest
Authors: Valentin‐Silva A. , Torre F. D. , de Oliveira A. K. G. , França M. G. C.
Published: November 2022

Seeds may differ in terms of dormancy, longevity, sensitivity to desiccation and dry mass, according to the timing (dry season/rainy season) of diaspore dispersal. In addition, seasonal variations in temperature and water availability can act as signals of the season during seed development, influencing germination responses and root growth. We evaluated the effects of temperature variations and water availability on germination parameters, root growth and seed traits of four coexisting Piper species in seasonal vegetation that differed in diaspore dispersal timing.

Eight temperature treatments (15, 20, 23, 25, 28, 30, 35 °C, and alternate 30 °C–20 °C) and four induced water potentials (0, −0.3, −0.6 and −1.2 MPa) were used. The parameters germination onset, germination percentage (G%), mean germination time (MGT), root elongation, seed longevity during ex situ storage and dry mass of seeds were evaluated.

Germination responses observed were independent of the diaspore dispersal timing, such as variations in germination onset, G% and MGT, both in temperature and water availability treatments. In contrast, root elongation, longevity and dry mass of seeds varied according to the time of diaspore dispersal.

Our results corroborate the hypothesis that the timing of diaspore dispersal is an important factor in controlling the initial development of seedlings in seasonal vegetation, but not in germination responses. The predominance of negative effects of temperature increases and water deficit on root growth shows that the initial stages of plant development can be strongly impacted by these environmental factors.
The genome of the king protea, Protea cynaroides
Authors: Chang Jiyang , Duong Tuan A. , Schoeman Cassandra , Ma Xiao , Roodt Danielle , Barker Nigel , Li Zhen , Van de Peer Yves , Mizrachi Eshchar
Published: November 2022

The king protea (Protea cynaroides), an early‐diverging eudicot, is the most iconic species from the Megadiverse Cape Floristic Region, and the national flower of South Africa. Perhaps best known for its iconic flower head, Protea is a key genus for the South African horticulture industry and cut‐flower market. Ecologically, the genus and the family Proteaceae are important models for radiation and adaptation, particularly to soils with limited phosphorus bio‐availability. Here, we present a high‐quality chromosome‐scale assembly of the P. cynaroides genome as the first representative of the fynbos biome. We reveal an ancestral whole‐genome duplication event that occurred in the Proteaceae around the late Cretaceous that preceded the divergence of all crown groups within the family and its extant diversity in all Southern continents. The relatively stable genome structure of P. cynaroides is invaluable for comparative studies and for unveiling paleopolyploidy in other groups, such as the distantly related sister group Ranunculales. Comparative genomics in sequenced genomes of the Proteales shows loss of key arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis genes likely ancestral to the family, and possibly the order. The P. cynaroides genome empowers new research in plant diversification, horticulture and adaptation, particularly to nutrient‐poor soils.
Prevalence of dog erythrocyte antigen 1 in a population of dogs tested in California
Authors: Bank Anna S. , Farrell Kate S. , Epstein Steven E.
Published: November 2022

Background

Multiple studies have evaluated the breed‐specific prevalence of dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1 in various geographic regions. However, few large‐scale studies exist that describe breed prevalence of DEA 1 in the United States.

Key Findings

From January 2000 to October 2020, 6469 dogs had their RBC antigen type determined and were included in the study. The overall prevalence of DEA 1 in all dogs was 61.2%. Of 50 breeds with sample sizes ≥20, 8 breeds had a high prevalence (≥90%) of DEA 1‐positive blood type: Basset Hound, Bernese Mountain Dog, Brittany, Dachshund, Miniature Pinscher, Miniature Schnauzer, Pug, and Rottweiler. Four breeds had a high prevalence (≥90%) of DEA 1‐negative blood type: Boxer, English Bulldog, Flat‐Coated Retriever, and French Bulldog. Numerous breeds with a sample size <20 and ≥5 were found to have 100% prevalence of a DEA 1 blood type, although these findings need to be confirmed with a larger sample size. No statistical difference in any breed based on sex was found. The results in this study are consistent with previously reported data in other countries.

Significance

Knowledge of regional breed differences in DEA 1 prevalence can help to improve selection and recruitment of appropriate blood donor dogs.
White paper on pandemic preparedness in the blood supply
Authors: Strengers Paul , O'Brien Sheila F. , Politis Constantina , Mayr Wolfgang , Seifried Erhard , Spencer Bryan R.
Published: November 2022

Background and Objectives

In March 2020, the WHO declared the SARS‐CoV‐2 corona virus a pandemic which caused a great disruption to global society and had a pronounced effect on the worldwide supply of blood.

Materials and Methods

In 2022 an on‐line meeting was organised with experts from Austria, Canada, Germany, Greece, Netherlands and United States to explore the opportunities for increasing preparedness within blood systems for a potential future pandemic with similar, or more devastating, consequences. The main themes included the value of preparedness, current risks to the blood supply, supply chain vulnerabilities, and the role of innovation in increasing resiliency and safety.

Results

Seven key recommendations were formulated and including required actions at different levels.

Conclusion

Although SARS‐CoV‐2 might be seen as a unique event, global health risks are expected to increase and will affect blood transfusion medicine if no preparedness plans are developed.
A Review of Social Media Research in Higher English Education
Authors: Zhang Yuanyuan
Published: November 2022

Undoubtedly, social media plays a significant role in many people's lives, studies, and work. There is a positive attitude toward using social media among teachers and students in higher education. The outbreak of COVID-19 has prompted all teachers and students to pay attention to social media and effectively use it to prevent the spread of the virus. The main focus of current research in higher English education is the use of social media tools in different countries worldwide. However, there needs to be a universal teaching tool. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the development of social media tools over the past 20 years. Additionally, it describes their role in education and disciplinary learning. Social media has become increasingly popular in education, but its limitations need adequate attention, mainly because they are considered positive.
Activation of small conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ channels suppresses Ca2+ transient and action potential alternans in ventricular myocytes
Authors: Kanaporis Giedrius , Blatter Lothar A.
Published: November 2022

At the cellular level, cardiac alternans is observed as beat‐to‐beat alternations in contraction strength, action potential (AP) morphology and Ca2+ transient (CaT) amplitude, and is a risk factor for cardiac arrhythmia. The (patho)physiological roles of small conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ (SK) channels in ventricles are poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that in single rabbit ventricular myocytes pharmacological modulation of SK channels plays a causative role for the development of pacing‐induced CaT and AP duration (APD) alternans. SK channel blockers (apamin, UCL1684) had only a minor effect on AP repolarization. However, SK channel activation by NS309 resulted in significant APD shortening, demonstrating that functional SK channels are well expressed in ventricular myocytes. The effects of NS309 were prevented or reversed by apamin and UCL1684, indicating that NS309 acted on SK channels. SK channel activation abolished or reduced the degree of pacing‐induced CaT and APD alternans. Inhibition of KV7.1 (with HMR1556) and KV11.1 (with E4031) channels was used to mimic conditions of long QT syndromes type‐1 and type‐2, respectively. Both HMR1556 and E4031 enhanced CaT alternans that was prevented by SK channel activation. In AP voltage‐clamped cells the SK channel activator had no effect on CaT alternans, confirming that suppression of CaT alternans was caused by APD shortening. APD shortening contributed to protection from alternans by lowering sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ content and curtailing Ca2+ release. The data suggest that SK activation could be a potential intervention to avert development of alternans with important ramifications for arrhythmia prevention and therapy for patients with long QT syndrome.

image

Key points

At the cellular level, cardiac alternans is observed as beat‐to‐beat alternations in contraction strength, action potential (AP) morphology and intracellular Ca2+ release amplitude, and is a risk factor for cardiac arrhythmia.

The (patho)physiological roles of small conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ (SK) channels in ventricles are poorly understood.

We investigated whether pharmacological modulation of SK channels affects the development of cardiac alternans in normal ventricular cells and in cells with drug‐induced long QT syndrome (LQTS).

While SK channel blockers have only a minor effect on AP morphology, their activation leads to AP shortening and abolishes or reduces the degree of pacing‐induced Ca2+ and AP alternans. AP shortening contributed to protection against alternans by lowering sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ content and curtailing Ca2+ release.

The data suggest SK activation as a potential intervention to avert the development of alternans with important ramifications for arrhythmia prevention for patients with LQTS.
A deubiquitination module essential for T
reg
fitness in the tumor microenvironment
Authors: Montauti Elena , Weinberg Samuel E. , Chu Peng , Chaudhuri Shuvam , Mani Nikita L. , Iyer Radhika , Zhou Yuanzhang , Zhang Yusi , Liu Changhong , Xin Chen , Gregory Shana , Wei Juncheng , Zhang Yana , Chen Wantao , Sun Zhaolin , Yan Ming , Fang Deyu
Published: November 2022

The tumor microenvironment (TME) enhances regulatory T (T
reg
) cell stability and immunosuppressive functions through up-regulation of lineage transcription factor Foxp3, a phenomenon known as T
reg
fitness or adaptation. Here, we characterize previously unknown TME-specific cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying T
reg
fitness. We demonstrate that TME-specific stressors including transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β), hypoxia, and nutrient deprivation selectively induce two Foxp3-specific deubiquitinases, ubiquitin-specific peptidase 22 (
Usp22
) and
Usp21
, by regulating TGF-β, HIF, and mTOR signaling, respectively, to maintain T
reg
fitness. Simultaneous deletion of both USPs in T
reg
cells largely diminishes TME-induced Foxp3 up-regulation, alters T
reg
metabolic signatures, impairs T
reg
-suppressive function, and alleviates T
reg
suppression on cytotoxic CD8
+
T cells. Furthermore, we developed the first
Usp22
-specific small-molecule inhibitor, which dramatically reduced intratumoral T
reg
Foxp3 expression and consequently enhanced antitumor immunity. Our findings unveil previously unappreciated mechanisms underlying T
reg
fitness and identify
Usp22
as an antitumor therapeutic target that inhibits T
reg
adaptability in the TME.
Entangling free electrons and optical excitations
Authors: Konečná Andrea , Iyikanat Fadil , García de Abajo F. Javier
Published: November 2022

The inelastic interaction between flying particles and optical nanocavities gives rise to entangled states in which some excitations of the latter are paired with momentum changes in the former. Specifically, free-electron entanglement with nanocavity modes opens appealing opportunities associated with the strong interaction capabilities of the electrons. However, the achievable degree of entanglement is currently limited by the lack of control over the resulting state mixtures. Here, we propose a scheme to generate pure entanglement between designated optical-cavity excitations and separable free-electron states. We shape the electron wave function profile to select the accessible cavity modes and simultaneously associate them with targeted electron scattering directions. This concept is exemplified through theoretical calculations of free-electron entanglement with degenerate and nondegenerate plasmon modes in silver nanoparticles and atomic vibrations in an inorganic molecule. The generated entanglement can be further propagated through its electron component to extend quantum interactions beyond existing protocols.
Different reference frames on different axes: Space and language in indigenous Amazonians
Authors: Pitt Benjamin , Carstensen Alexandra , Boni Isabelle , Piantadosi Steven T. , Gibson Edward
Published: November 2022

Spatial cognition is central to human behavior, but the way people conceptualize space varies within and across groups for unknown reasons. Here, we found that adults from an indigenous Bolivian group used systematically different spatial reference frames on different axes, according to known differences in their discriminability: In both verbal and nonverbal tests, participants preferred allocentric (i.e., environment-based) space on the left-right axis, where spatial discriminations (like “b” versus “d”) are notoriously difficult, but the same participants preferred egocentric (i.e., body-based) space on the front-back axis, where spatial discrimination is relatively easy. The results (i) establish a relationship between spontaneous spatial language and memory across axes within a single culture, (ii) challenge the claim that each language group has a predominant spatial reference frame at a given scale, and (iii) suggest that spatial thinking and language may both be shaped by spatial discrimination abilities, as they vary across cultures and contexts.
Strain-induced antipolar phase in hafnia stabilizes robust thin-film ferroelectricity
Authors: Zhou Songsong , Zhang Jiahao , Rappe Andrew M.
Published: November 2022

Hafnia (HfO
2
) is a promising candidate for next-generation ferroelectric devices due to its robust ferroelectricity at reduced dimensions and its compatibility with silicon technology. Unfortunately, the origin of robust ferroelectricity and the underlying phase transition mechanism in HfO
2
remain elusive. Here, we show that its ferroelectricity arises from two phase transitions, where the primary phase transition to antipolar phase is activated by tensile strain. Above a threshold antipolar mode amplitude, a strong cooperative polar-antipolar coupling enables a second ferroelectric phase transition superimposed on the antipolar phase. Because the antipolar mode is not susceptible to depolarization, this polar-antipolar coupling stabilizes the polarization against depolarization effects. Our results demonstrate that tensile strain and polar-antipolar coupling are the origins of ferroelectricity in HfO
2
and provide a previously unknown mechanism against depolarization other than conventional improper ferroelectricity.
Patients’ awareness of their rights, associated factors and its practice by health professionals from a patient perspective among elective surgical patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study, 2021
Authors: Dessalegn Kaletsidk , Girma Betelihem , Oumer Keder Essa , Hunie Metages , Belete Kumlachew Geta
Published: November 2022

Objectives

To assess the patients’ awareness of their rights, associated factors and the practice of these rights by the medical team from the patients’ perspective at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital.

Design

An institution-based prospective cross-sectional study was carried out.

Setting

The research was conducted from January to May 2021 in a specialised hospital in central Ethiopia.

Participants

392 people who had elective surgery were included in this study; 217 men and 175 women responded. Systematic random sampling was employed to choose the research subjects, and K (skip interval) was calculated using the 3-month surgical waiting list at the hospital. Patients under the age of 18, those with severe illnesses, those who were not inpatients, and those who had diagnosable mental conditions were not eligible.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

A structured questionnaire was administered in a face-to-face interview by trained data collectors after surgery at the surgical ward and analysed by using SPSS V.24. Bivariate and multivariable regression analyses were used to identify the associated factors. A p<0.05 was used to judge the significance of the association.

Result

Patients’ awareness about their rights was 76%. Educational level, place of residency and the number of hospital admission were significantly associated with patients’ awareness. The majority (83.2%) of patients reported that health providers had poor practices regarding patient rights.

Conclusion

Most patients were unaware of most of their rights, and the majority of patients reported that healthcare providers did a poor job of protecting their patients’ rights. To advance the application and understanding of patient rights, access to various facilities, patient and healthcare provider education programmes, and patient rights information technology must be improved.
Emergency medical services and palliative care: protocol for a scoping review
Authors: Gage Caleb Hanson , Stander Charnelle , Gwyther Liz , Stassen Willem
Published: November 2022

Introduction

The purpose of emergency medical services (EMS) is to preserve life and limb in emergency situations. Palliative care, however, is not concerned with ‘life-saving’ measures, but the prevention and relief of suffering. While these care goals appear to conflict, EMS and palliative care may be complementary if integrated. The aim of this scoping review is to map existing literature concerning EMS and palliative care by identifying literature types, extracting key findings and noting limitations using descriptive analysis.

Methods and analysis

The framework of Arksey and O’Malley will direct this review. The following databases will be searched: MEDLINE via PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Embase and PsycINFO. In addition, the University of Cape Town Thesis Repository and Google Scholar will be searched for relevant grey literature. Empirical studies concerning EMS and palliative care published between January 2000 and September 2021 will be included. Article selection will be performed and presented in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews checklist. Extracted data from included articles will undergo descriptive analysis with findings being reported in a discussion format.

Ethics and dissemination

This review will identify and describe existing literature concerning EMS and palliative care, highlighting key findings and knowledge gaps in the subject area. Findings will be disseminated to relevant stakeholders through peer-reviewed, open-access journal publication. As no participants will be involved and selected literature is publicly available, no ethical approval will be required.
Impact of conditional cash transfer programmes on antenatal care service uptake in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review
Authors: Jacobs Ward , Downey Laura Emily
Published: November 2022

Objective

Antenatal care (ANC) is crucial to protecting the health of pregnant women and their unborn children; however, the uptake of ANC among pregnant women in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) is suboptimal. One popular strategy to increase the uptake of health services, including ANC visits, are conditional cash transfer (CCT) programmes. CCT programmes require beneficiaries to comply with certain conditionalities in order to receive a financial sum. A systematic review was carried out to determine whether CCT programmes have a positive impact on ANC uptake in LMIC populations.

Methods

Electronic databases CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, Maternity and Infant Care and Global Health were searched from database inception to 21 January 2022. Reference checking and grey literature searches were also applied. Eligible study designs were randomised controlled trials, controlled before-after studies and interrupted time series analysis. Risk of bias assessments were undertaken for each study by applying the Risk of Bias 2 tool and the Risk of Bias in Non-randomised Studies of Interventions tool.

Results

Out of 1534 screened articles, 18 publications were included for analysis. Eight studies reported statistically non-significant results on all reported outcomes. Seven studies demonstrated statistically significant positive effects ranging from 5.5% to 45% increase in ANC service uptake. A further three studies reported small but statistically significant impact of CCT on the use of ANC services in both positive (2.5% increase) and negative (3.7% decrease) directions. Subanalysis of results disaggregated by socioeconomic status (SES) indicated that ANC attendance may be more markedly improved by CCT programmes in low SES populations; however, results were inconclusive.

Conclusion

Our evidence synthesis presented here demonstrated a highly heterogeneous evidence base pertaining to the impact of CCTs on ANC attendance. More high-powered studies are required to elucidate the true impact of CCT programmes on ANC uptake, with particular focus on the barriers and enablers of such programmes in achieving intended outcomes.
Involving children and young people in paediatric research priority setting: a narrative review
Authors: Postma Laura , Luchtenberg Malou L , Verhagen A A Eduard , Maeckelberghe Els L
Published: November 2022

Objective

The objective of this study is twofold: first, to describe the methods used when involving children and young people (CYP) in developing a paediatric research agenda and, second, to evaluate how the existing literature describes the impact of involving CYP. We distinguish three forms of impact: impact on the research agenda (focused impact), impact on researchers and CYP (diffuse impact) and impact on future research (research impact).

Design

A narrative review of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Google Scholar was conducted from October 2016 to January 2022. The included studies involved at least one CYP in developing a research agenda and were published in English.

Results

22 studies were included; the CYP involved were aged between 6 years and 25 years. Little variation was found in the methods used to involve them. The methods used were James Lind Alliance (JLA) approach (n=16), focus groups (n=2), workshop (n=2), research prioritisation by affected communities (n=1) and combined methods (n=1). Impact was rarely described: focused impact in nine studies, diffuse impact in zero studies and research impact in three studies.

Conclusion

This study concludes that the JLA approach is most frequently used to involve CYP and that all methods used to involve them are rarely evaluated. It also concludes that the reported impact of involving CYPs is incomplete. This study implies that to convince sceptical researchers of the benefits of involving CYPs and to justify the costs, more attention should be paid to reporting these impacts.