bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Paeoniaceae
Authors: He Chun‐Nian , Peng Yong , Zhang Yao‐Chun , Xu Li‐Jia , Gu Jing , Xiao Pei‐Gen
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Constituents of Plants from the Genus Melia
Authors: Zhao Lei , Huo Chang‐Hong , Shen Li‐Ru , Yang Yan , Zhang Qing , Shi Qing‐Wen
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanism of Cardiac Hypertrophy via Diacylglycerol‐Sensitive TRPC Channels
Authors: Nishida Motohiro , Watanabe Kenta , Nakaya Michio , Kurose Hitoshi
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: NMR Screening in the Fragment‐Based Drug Discovery
Authors: Hanzawa Hiroyuki , Takizawa Takeshi
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Fragment Screening Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Optical Biosensor Technology
Authors: Miura Takaaki
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Identification of Novel Molecules Regulating Differentiation and Hormone Secretion and Clarification of Their Functional Mechanisms in Pancreatic Endocrine Cells
Authors: Oka Takami , Ohtani Masahiro , Suzuki Jun‐ichiro
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Reliable analysis for the nonlinear fractional calculus model of the semilunar heart valve vibrations
Authors: Yıldırım Ahmet , Gülkanat Yaǧmur
Published: June 2010

The aim of this paper is to solve the equation of motion of semilunar heart valve vibrations using the homotopy perturbation method. The vibrations of the closed semilunar valves were modeled with fractional derivatives. The fractional derivatives are described in the Caputo sense. The methods give an analytic solution in the form of a convergent series with easily computable components, requiring no linearization or small perturbation. Analytical solution is obtained for the equation of motion in terms of Mittag–Leffler function with the help of Laplace transformation. These solutions can be interesting for a better fit of experimental data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and improved electrochemical performance of LiCo1‐xSnxO2 (x= 0 to 0.1) powders
Authors: Valanarasu S. , Chandramohan R.
Published: June 2010

Layered intercalation compounds LiCo1‐xSnxO2 (x= 0 to 0.1) have been prepared using a simple combustion route method. X‐ray diffraction patterns and Laser Raman spectrum suggest that the synthesized materials had the R‐3m structure. Scanning electron images show that particles are well‐crystallized with a size distribution in the range of 50‐100 nm. The room temperature electrical conductivity of the sample increased with Sn content. For LiCo1‐xSnxO2(x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.1), the first discharge capacity increased with increase in Sn content. Among these samples, LiCo0.95Sn0.05O2had produced the best performance of all others with a stable reversible capacity of 186 mAhg‐1 after 30 cycles. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis and tribological properties of laminated Ti3SiC2 crystals
Authors: Wu Qiong , Li Changsheng , Tang Hua
Published: June 2010

Laminated Ti3SiC2 crystals are prepared of Ti, Si, C and Al powders by the method of hot isostatic pressing with NaCl additive in argon at 1350 °C. The laminated morphology of Ti3SiC2 is presented through the SEM and TEM observations. The results of high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns combined, it can be seen that the layers are of Ti3SiC2 crystals. The growth mechanism of Ti3SiC2 crystals, controlled by two‐dimensional nucleation, is also explained. The tribological properties of Ti3SiC2 crystals as additives in HVI500 base oil are investigated by a UMT‐2 ball‐on‐plate friction and wear tester. The study shows that under determinate conditions, the friction coefficient of the base oil containing Ti3SiC2 crystals is lower than that of pure base oil, and it decreases with the increase of mass percent of Ti3SiC2 nanolayers when its proportion is lower than 5wt. %. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the simulation of fast settling charge pump PLLs up to fourth order
Authors: Guermandi Marco , Franchi Eleonora , Gnudi Antonio
Published: June 2010

In this paper, we discuss three different models for the simulation of integer‐N charge‐pump phase‐locked loops (PLLs), namely the continuous‐time s‐domain and discrete time z‐domain approximations and the exact semi‐analytical time‐domain model. The limitations of the two approximated models are analyzed in terms of error in the computed settling time as a function of loop parameters, deriving practical conditions under which the different models are reliable for fast settling PLLs up to fourth order. Besides, output spectral purity analysis methods based upon the time‐domain model are introduced and the results are compared with those obtained by means of the s‐domain model in terms of phase noise and reference spur estimation. As a case study, we use the three models to analyze a fast switching PLL to be integrated in a frequency synthesizer for WiMedia MB‐OFDM UWB systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zur Anwendbarkeit des vereinfachten Bemessungsverfahrens für Mauerwerksbauten in der Norddeutschen Tiefebene
Authors: Ortlepp Sebastian
Published: June 2010

Bei Bauvorhaben in der Norddeutschen Tiefebene sind bei der Lastermittlung besondere Regeln zu beachten. Der Grund hierfür ist, dass für die Schneelast ein zusätzlicher, außergewöhnlicher Lastfall mit 2,3‐fachem Einwirkungswert [1] berücksichtigt werden muss. Für die Zuordnung der Gebiete in der Norddeutschen Tiefebene zu Schneelastzonen wird auf die Musterliste der Technischen Baubestimmungen (MLTB [1]) bzw. die Liste der eingeführten Technischen Baubestimmungen (LTB [2]) der einzelnen Bundesländer verwiesen.

Für die Anwendung des vereinfachten Verfahrens nach DIN 1053‐100 [3] gelten bestimmte Grenzen für Geometrie und Einwirkungen. Unter anderem darf dieses Berechnungsverfahren nur angewendet werden, wenn eine veränderliche Last auf einer Deckenplatte, welche auf einer Wand aus Mauerwerk gelagert ist, maximal 5 kN/m2 beträgt. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt die Randbedingungen, bei denen dieser außergewöhnliche Lastfall maßgebend wird und dass das vereinfachte Verfahren hier auch weiterhin angewendet werden darf.

About the applicability of the simplified design method for mason ry buildings in the North German Plain.In construction projects in the North German Plain are special rules for determining the load to be observed. The reason for this is that to be expected for a snow load an additional, exceptional load case with 2.3‐fold value [1]. For the classification of areas in the North German Plain, the list of technical building regulations (MLTB [1] and [2]) of the various states is valid. The purposes of the simplified procedure provided in DIN 1053‐100 [3] is subject to certain limits on geo metry and loads. Among other things, this calculation method may be applied only if a variable load of less than 5 kN/m2 on a ceiling works, which is mounted on a wall of masonry. This paper describes the boundary conditions, for which the exceptional load case will prevail and when it is not important.
Schubtragfähigkeit von Mauerwerk aus Porenbeton‐Plansteinen und ‐Planelementen
Authors: Lohaus Ludger , Steinborn Thomas , Höveling Holger , Jäger Wolfram , Schöps Peter
Published: June 2010

Mauerwerkswände müssen neben Vertikallasten als platten‐ und scheibenförmige Bauteile auch horizontale Lasten aufnehmen und weiterleiten können. Die Neufassungen der DIN 1055 bzw. der DIN 4149 führten zu einer Erhöhung der anzusetzenden Horizontallasten aus Wind und Erdbeben und damit zu einer Erhöhung der Beanspruchung der aussteifenden Bauteile auf Schub.

Im nachfolgend vorgestellten Forschungsvorhaben konnten vorhandene Reserven der Schubtragfähigkeit von Mauerwerk aus Porenbeton‐Plansteinen und ‐Planelementen durch Schubversuche an geschosshohen Mauerwerkswänden sowie durch begleitende Materialversuche, numerische Simulationen und Parameterstudien aufgezeigt werden.

Durch die Versuche war es ebenfalls möglich, die vorhandene Datenbasis vor allem für Steine kleiner Festigkeiten (PP2) zu ergänzen und zu erweitern. Dadurch ist nun eine bessere statistische Anpassung der Bemessungsgleichung möglich. Für die Normung wurde ein Vorschlag erarbeitet. Sowohl im Versuch als auch in den Begleitrechnungen konnte für Wände mit vermörtelten Stoßfugen im Vergleich zu denen ohne eine Erhöhung der aufnehmbaren Horizontallasten nachgewiesen werden.

Shear Loading Capacity of Aerated Autoclaved Concrete (AAC) Flat Block Masonry. Masonry walls should be able to carry and transfer horizontal loads in addition to vertical loads, due to their plate or panel form. The new versions of the DIN 1055 and DIN 4149 have led to an increasing of the assumed horizontal loads caused by wind and earthquakes, and thus to an increase in stress in the stiffening components that are designated for shear.

The aim of the research project described below was to investigate the existing reserves in shear capacity of masonry made of aerated autoclaved concrete flat blocks. Therefore shear tests on masonry walls of a storey height were executed accompanied by material tests, numerical simulations and parameter studies. Furthermore it was possible to update and expand the existing data base particularly concerning blocks with lower strengths (PP2). Hence it is now possible to achieve a better statistical adjustment to the design equations. A proposal for standardization was also developed. From the investigations and the accompanying calculations, it was determined that walls with mortared butt joints have a higher horizontal load carrying capacity in comparison with those without.
Chemiluminescence detectors for liquid chromatography
Authors: Adcock Jacqui L. , Terry Jessica M. , Barrow Colin J. , Barnett Neil W. , Olson Don C. , Francis Paul S.
Published: June 2010

In this tutorial we describe the construction of chemiluminescence detectors for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), comprising the components required to deliver the chemiluminescence reagent, a coiled‐tubing flow cell, photomultiplier tube and detector housing, and various options for data acquisition. We also discuss two state‐of‐the‐art commercially available chemiluminescence detectors for HPLC and other flow analysis methodology. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of the misuse of bromide in horses
Authors: Ho Emmie N. M. , Wan Terence S. M. , Wong April S. Y. , Lam Kenneth K. H. , Schiff Peter J. , Stewart Brian D.
Published: June 2010

Bromide is a sedative hypnotic. Due to its potential use as a sedative or calmative agent in competition horses, a method to control bromide is needed. Colorimetric method had been employed in the authors' laboratory from 2003 for the semi‐quantification of bromide in equine plasma samples. However, the method was found to be highly susceptible to matrix interference, and was replaced in 2008 with a more reliable inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) method. Equine plasma was protein‐precipitated using trichloroacetic acid, diluted with nitric acid, and then submitted directly to ICP/MS analysis.

Since bromide is naturally occurring in equine plasma, a threshold is necessary to control its misuse in horses. Based on population studies (n = 325), a threshold of 90 µg/mL was proposed (with a risk factor of less than 1 in 10 000). Using the ICP/MS screening method, equine plasma samples with bromide greater than 85 µg/mL would be further quantified using the more accurate ICP/MS standard addition method. Confirmation of bromide was achieved by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), with the bromide detected as its pentafluorobenzyl derivative. A sample is considered positive if its plasma bromide concentration exceeds the threshold (90 µg/mL) plus the measurement uncertainty of the quantification method (8 µg/mL at 99% 1‐tailed confidence level) and its presence is confirmed using the GC‐MS method.

Following oral administration of potassium bromide (60 g each) to two geldings, plasma bromide levels peaked after approximately 2 hours at about 300 µg/mL, and then remained above the threshold for 8 and 13 days respectively. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Chemical Behavior of 3,4‐Benzocycloocten‐1,5‐diyne
Authors: Werner Christian , Hopf Henning , Grunenberg Jörg , Jones Peter G.
Published: June 2010

The title compound 3,4‐benzocycloocten‐1,5‐diyne (1) is a highly reactive hydrocarbon that has been shown to undergo addition reactions with tetraphenyl‐cyclopentadienone(tetracyclone) to the 2:1 adduct 6, with octacarbonyldicobalt to the bis metal complex 7, with lithium aluminium hydride to the bis diene 9, and with various electrophilic reagents. In these latter cases cationic intermediates are generated from 1 and a transannular cyclization takes place leading to novel derivatives of 1,2‐dihydropentalene (31, 32, 35, 36, 43, 44).
Chiral Phosphanylferrocenecarboxamides with Amino Acid Pendant Groups as Ligands for Cu‐Mediated Asymmetric Conjugate Additions of Diethylzinc to Chalcones – Structural Characterisation of Precursors to the Cu Catalyst
Authors: Tauchman Jiří , Císařová Ivana , Štěpnička Petr
Published: June 2010

A series of chiral phosphanylferrocenecarboxamides was prepared by treatment of either 1′‐(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocene‐1‐carboxylic acid (Hdpf) or its planar‐chiral 1,2‐isomers with amino acid methyl esters in the presence of peptide coupling agents. The compounds were characterised by spectroscopic methods, and the crystal structure of one representative was determined by X‐ray diffraction. Catalytic testing of these donors in Cu‐catalysed asymmetric conjugate additions of diethylzinc to chalcones revealed that the reaction outcomes were highly sensitive to the ligand structure and the reaction conditions (copper source and solvent), whereas the chalcone substituents (Me, MeO, or Cl in positions 4 or 4′) had a less pronounced influence. Compounds based on Hdpf proved to be better ligands than their planar‐chiral analogues. Under optimised conditions, the reactionwith L‐valine–Hdpf conjugate, (S)‐Ph2PfcCONHCH(CHMe2)CO2Me (fc = ferrocene‐1,1′‐diyl) and unsubstituted chalcone gave the alkylation product with complete conversion (20 °C/4 h) and in 87 % ee. The catalytic behaviour of the amidophosphane ligands was correlated to the results of amodel coordination study and the crystal structure of [Cu(Ph2PfcCONHCH2CO2Me)2](CF3SO3)·2CHCl3.
Striving for difference: On the spontaneous preference for ingroup members who maximize ingroup positive distinctiveness
Authors: Castelli Luigi , Carraro Luciana
Published: June 2010

Previous research demonstrated that individuals spontaneously prefer ingroup members who display ingroup favoritism rather than egalitarian behaviors (Castelli, Tomelleri, & Zogmaister, 2008). In the current work, we explored what specific strategies toward ingroup favoritism are spontaneously preferred. Results from four studies showed that ingroup members who made it possible for the ingroup to achieve a positive intergroup differentiation were preferred as compared to ingroup members who maximized the absolute gain for the ingroup. Study 5 further demonstrated that in the search for positive distinctiveness people are sensitive to the ratio between the gains of the ingroup and outgroup. Study 6 ruled out a possible alternative explanation. Overall, the current findings indicate that group members who set the difference from an outgroup elicit the most positive spontaneous responses demonstrating that the search for a positive intergroup distinctiveness automatically affects intragroup perception. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the impact of in-ovo exposure to dicofol on avian reproduction
Authors: Kamata Ryo , Shiraishi Fujio , Nakajima Daisuke , Takahashi Shinji , Shimizu Akira
Published: June 2010

To assess the possible impact of the currently used organochlorine insecticide, dicofol, on the development and reproduction of avian species, in ovo exposure experiments to its p,p′ and o,p′ isomers were performed using Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) eggs. o,p′-Dicofol (0.3–100 µg/g of egg) and p,p′-dicofol (3–100 µg/g) were injected into the yolk prior to incubation and hatched chicks were raised to adulthood. In ovo treatment with o,p′-dicofol impaired the eggshell-forming ability of female quails after sexual maturity; eggshell strength, mass, and thickness were significantly reduced at minimum dosages of 3, 1, and 0.3 µg/g, respectively. o,p′-Dicofol also caused abnormal development of the right oviduct independently of the dose; even a female exposed at the lowest dose tested (0.3 µg/g) possessed a large right oviduct. Minor but significant mass reductions of both the left oviduct and the testis were observed only at 10 µg/g. In addition, the transcript of a gene encoding cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage in the gonads of male hatchlings was markedly reduced by o,p′-dicofol treatment. p,p′-Dicofol did not have any marked effects on the reproductive systems, although some significant changes in eggshell formation and oviduct morphology were observed. The results indicate that transovarian exposure, especially to o,p′-dicofol, could damage avian reproduction mainly through eggshell thinning. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2316–2322. © 2010 SETAC
Bioaccumulation and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine species from Bohai Bay, China
Authors: Tian Shengyan , Zhu Lingyan , Liu Man
Published: June 2010

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed in invertebrate and fish species collected from Bohai Bay, China in 2007 to 2008. The concentrations of the 16 detected PBDE congeners were in the range of 1.4 to 425 and 2.9 to 767 ng/g lipid for invertebrates and fish, respectively. The summed concentrations of the six major PBDE congeners (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154) (Σ6PBDEs) in fish were significantly higher than in invertebrates, while demersal fish concentrations were higher than pelagic fish. The congeners BDE-47, 99, and 100 contributed more in viscera or liver than in muscle, indicating that the metabolic capability of the viscera or liver is greater than that of muscle. The ratio of BDE-47/99 was relatively higher in fish than in invertebrate samples, suggesting a more developed metabolism capacity in fish. Polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners tend to accumulate in viscera or liver rather than in muscle. The fully brominated congener BDE-209 was detected in some species, suggesting that it can be accumulated by organisms. Uptake from sediment may be the major uptake pathway for most brominated PBDEs in benthic species. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2278–2285. © 2010 SETAC
Comparison of the effects of glyphosate and atrazine herbicides on nontarget plants grown singly and in microcosms
Authors: Dalton Rebecca L. , Boutin Céline
Published: June 2010

Intensification of agriculture and the corresponding increase in herbicide use has led to concern regarding the effects these chemicals may have on nontarget plants of agroecosystems. Current pesticide registration guidelines are focused on testing crop species grown singly in pots under greenhouse conditions and may not provide adequate measures of protection to noncrop species. The objective of the present study was to compare the response of terrestrial and wetland plants to the herbicides glyphosate and atrazine when grown singly in pots versus under different microcosm conditions. Greenhouse microcosms were generally more sensitive than single-species tests. Plants grown for an extended test period or in seminatural field conditions were generally less sensitive to herbicides. Sensitivity was found to be dependent on interactions between species and test conditions. Changes in community structure were observed in herbicide-treated microcosms that would not be predicted from single-species testing. Single-species tests are useful because they are inexpensive, can demonstrate clear dose–response patterns uncomplicated by other factors influencing growth, and are able to provide a measure of the sensitivity of a given species to glyphosate and atrazine. However, they are unable to predict subtle changes in community structure that may have important long-term consequences. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2304–2315. © 2010 SETAC
ESR dating of tooth enamel in Mousterian layer 20, El Castillo, Spain
Authors: Liberda Jonathan J. , Thompson Jeroen W. , Rink W. Jack , Bernaldo de Quirós Federico , Jayaraman Rohit , Selvaretinam Kailash , Chancellor‐Maddison Kerry , Volterra Vito
Published: June 2010

Nine faunal teeth from layer 20 of El Castillo cave in Cantabrian Spain were dated using electron spin resonance (ESR). Two teeth were rejected due to inconsistent subsample ages, while the remaining teeth yielded a mean age that is consistent with the stratigraphic expectations: 42.7±3.5. Uncertainty in the external γ dose rate results in a potential systematic uncertainty of±6.4ka that should affect all samples equally. The results provide independent confirmation of previously reported 14C ages for layer 20. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Suppression of Liver Regeneration and Hepatocyte Proliferation in Hepatocyte-Targeted Glypican 3 Transgenic Mice†
Authors: Liu Bowen , Bell Aaron W. , Paranjpe Shirish , Bowen William C. , Khillan Jaspal S. , Luo Jian-Hua , Mars Wendy M. , Michalopoulos George K.
Published: June 2010

Glypican 3 (GPC3) belongs to a family of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored, cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. GPC3 is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma. Loss-of-function mutations of GPC3 result in Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, an X-linked disorder characterized by overgrowth of multiple organs, including the liver. Our previous study showed that GPC3 plays a negative regulatory role in hepatocyte proliferation, and this effect may involve CD81, a cell membrane tetraspanin. To further investigate GPC3

in vivo

, we engineered transgenic (TG) mice overexpressing GPC3 in the liver under the control of the albumin promoter. GPC3 TG mice with hepatocyte-targeted, overexpressed GPC3 developed normally in comparison with their nontransgenic littermates but had a suppressed rate of hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Moreover, gene array analysis revealed a series of changes in the gene expression profiles in TG mice (both in normal mice and during liver regeneration). In unoperated GPC3 TG mice, there was overexpression of runt related transcription factor 3 (7.6-fold), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (2.5-fold), GABA A receptor (2.9-fold), and wingless-related MMTV integration site 7B (2.8-fold). There was down-regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (8.4-fold), Rab2 (5.6-fold), beta-catenin (1.7-fold), transforming growth factor beta type I (3.1-fold), nodal (1.8-fold), and yes-associated protein (1.4-fold). Changes after hepatectomy included decreased expression in several cell cycle–related genes.

Conclusion:

Our results indicate that in GPC3 TG mice, hepatocyte overexpression of GPC3 suppresses hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration and alters gene expression profiles, and potential cell cycle–related proteins and multiple other pathways are involved and affected.
Associations Between Serum Lipids and Hepatitis C Antiviral Treatment Efficacy†,‡
Authors: Ramcharran Darmendra , Wahed Abdus S. , Conjeevaram Hari S. , Evans Rhobert W. , Wang Tianyi , Belle Steven H. , Yee Leland J.
Published: June 2010

Approximately one half of patients who undergo antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 infection do not respond to treatment. African Americans (AAs) are less responsive to treatment than Caucasian Americans (CAs), but the reasons for this disparity are largely unknown. Recent studies suggest that serum lipids may be associated with treatment response. The aims of this study were to evaluate baseline and changes in serum lipids during therapy, determine whether serum lipids are associated with virological response, and assess whether these measures explain the racial difference in efficacy. The study participants were from Virahep-C, a prospective study of treatment-naïve patients with genotype 1 HCV infection who received peginterferon (PEG-IN) alfa-2a plus ribavirin therapy for up to 48 weeks. Fasting serum lipids were analyzed at baseline and during and after therapy in 160 AAs and 170 CAs. A relative risk (RR) model was employed to evaluate characteristics associated with sustained virological response (SVR). Antiviral therapy was associated with changes in serum lipids during and after antiviral therapy, with the changes differing by race and the amount of PEG-IFN taken. Baseline lipid measures independently associated with higher rates of SVR were lower triglyceride and higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, with an interaction between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) and gender. Lipid measures did not contribute significantly to an explanation of the racial difference in SVR.

Conclusion:

Serum lipids are associated with SVR, although these paramaters did not explain the racial difference in treatment response. The results of this study are compatible with proposed biological mechanisms of HCV entry, replication, and secretion, and may underscore new potential therapeutic targets for HCV eradication.
Liver-Specific β-Catenin Knockout Mice Have Bile Canalicular Abnormalities, Bile Secretory Defect, and Intrahepatic Cholestasis
Authors: Yeh Tzu-Hsuan , Krauland Lindsay , Singh Vijay , Zou Baobo , Devaraj Prathab , Stolz Donna B. , Franks Jonathan , Monga Satdarshan P. S. , Sasatomi Eizaburo , Behari Jaideep
Published: June 2010

Beta-catenin plays important roles in liver physiology and hepatocarcinogenesis. While studying the role of β-catenin in diet-induced steatohepatitis, we recently found that liver-specific β-catenin knockout (KO) mice exhibit intrahepatic cholestasis. This study was undertaken to further characterize the role of β-catenin in biliary physiology. KO mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were fed standard chow or a diet supplemented with 0.5% cholic acid for 2 weeks. Chow-fed KO mice had higher serum and hepatic total bile acid levels and lower bile flow rate than WT mice. Expression levels of bile acid biosynthetic genes were lower and levels of major bile acid exporters were similar, which therefore could not explain the KO phenotype. Despite loss of the tight junction protein claudin-2, KO mice had preserved functional integrity of tight junctions. KO mice had bile canalicular morphologic abnormalities as evidenced by staining for F-actin and zona occludens 1. Electron microscopy revealed dilated and tortuous bile canaliculi in KO livers along with decreased canalicular and sinusoidal microvilli. KO mice on a cholic acid diet had higher hepatic and serum bile acid levels, bile ductular reaction, increased pericellular fibrosis, and dilated, misshapen bile canaliculi. Compensatory changes in expression levels of several bile acid transporters and regulatory genes were found in KO livers.

Conclusion:

Liver-specific loss of β-catenin leads to defective bile canalicular morphology, bile secretory defect, and intrahepatic cholestasis. Thus, our results establish a critical role for β-catenin in biliary physiology. (Hepatology 2010)
The double spiral of change—experiences of privatization in a Swedish hospital
Authors: Engström Agneta Kullén , Axelsson Runo
Published: June 2010

ObjectivesPrivatization is a trend in countries with a public health system. It involves organizational change, a cultural transformation and changes for the employees as well as a more strictly controlled work. The objective of this study is to describe, analyse and interpret how privatization is perceived by the employees of a health care organization in Sweden.

Methodology In‐depth interviews have been performed with physicians, paramedics, secretaries, nurses, assistant nurses and local managers, in all 14 respondents, after a private entrepreneur had taken over the management of a hospital. The interviews were tape‐recorded and have been analysed and interpreted following a grounded theory approach.

Findings The transcribed interviews show that trust is a core category and linked with emotions, commitment and security. The analysis shows that employees' experience of privatization within a health care organization differs and is full of nuances and complexities.

Conclusion A simultaneous virtuous and a vicious circle of experiences and reactions may describe how employees experience privatization. It can also be concluded that leadership is an important factor in the success of organizational change. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental isotopic and hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater systems in Daying and Qicun geothermal fields, Xinzhou Basin, Shanxi, China
Authors: Han Dongmei , Liang Xing , Currell Matthew J. , Song Xianfang , Chen Zongyu , Jin Menggui , Liu Changming , Han Ying
Published: June 2010

The conceptual hydrogeological model of the low to medium temperature Daying and Qicun geothermal fields has been proposed, based on hydrochemical characteristics and isotopic compositions. The two geothermal fields are located in the Xinzhou basin of Shanxi, China and exhibit similarities in their broad‐scale flow patterns. Geothermal water is derived from the regional groundwater flow system of the basin and is characterized by Cl·SO4‐Na type. Thermal water is hydrochemically distinct from cold groundwater having higher total dissolved solids (TDS) (>0·8 g/l) and Sr contents, but relatively low Ca, Mg and HCO3 contents. Most shallow groundwater belongs to local flow systems which are subject to evaporation and mixing with irrigation returns. The groundwater residence times estimated by tritium and 14C activities indicate that deep non‐thermal groundwater (130–160 m) in the Daying region range from modern (post‐1950s) in the piedmont area to more than 9·4 ka BP (Before Present) in the downriver area and imply that this water belong to an intermediate flow system. Thermal water in the two geothermal fields contains no detectable active 14C, indicating long residence times (>50 ka), consistent with this water being part of a large regional flow system. The mean recharge elevation estimated by using the obtained relationship Altitude (m) = − 23·8 × δ2H (‰ ) − 121·3, is 1980 and 1880 m for the Daying and Qicun geothermal fields, respectively. The annual infiltration rates in the Daying and Qicun geothermal fields can be estimated to be 9029 × 103 and 4107 × 103 m3/a, respectively. The variable 86Sr/87Sr values in the thermal and non‐thermal groundwater in the two fields reflect different lithologies encountered along the flow path(s) and possibly different extents of water‐rock interaction. Based on the analysis of groundwater flow systems in the two geothermal fields, hydrogeochemical inverse modelling was performed to indicate the possible water‐rock interaction processes that occur under different scenarios. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating nitrate uptake in a Rocky Mountain stream using labelled 15N and ambient nitrate chemistry
Authors: Hubbard K. A. , Lautz L. K. , Mitchell M. J. , Mayer B. , Hotchkiss E. R.
Published: June 2010

Background aqueous chemistry and 15Nnitrate tracer injection methods were used to calculate in‐stream nitrate uptake metrics at Red Canyon Creek, a third‐order stream in the Rocky Mountains in the state of Wyoming, United States. ‘Net’ nitrate uptake lengths, which reflect both nitrate uptake and regeneration, and ‘gross’ nitrate uptake lengths, which exclude re‐mineralization, were quantified separately from background nitrate chemistry and 15N labelling tracer data, respectively. Gross nitrate uptake lengths, from tracer injections of 15N labelled nitrate, ranged from 502 to 3140 m. Net nitrate uptake lengths, from background nitrate chemistry downstream of a point source, ranged from 1170 to 4330 m. Diurnal changes in uptake lengths suggest the importance of nitrate utilization by autotrophs in the stream and benthic zone. The differences between net and gross nitrate uptake lengths along lower reaches of Red Canyon Creek allowed us to estimate the nitrate regeneration rate, which was 0·056–0·080 µmol m−2 s−1 during the day and 0·0062–0·0083 µmol m−2 s−1 at night. Spatial patterns of streambed pore water chemistry indicate those areas of the hyporheic zone where denitrification was likely occurring. Permanent log dams generated stronger redox gradients in the hyporheic zone than areas with transient beaver dams. By combining isotopically labelled nitrate additions, estimates of uptake from background aqueous nitrate chemistry and characterization of redox conditions in the hyporheic zone, we were able to determine the nitrate regeneration rate and the redox processes responsible for nitrogen cycling in the hyporheic zone. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural evolution during ice‐sphere sintering
Authors: Chen Si , Baker Ian
Published: June 2010

Two‐dimensional ice‐sphere arrays were produced in a cold room and studied as a geometrically simplified model of dry snow aggregates. The structural evolution of the ice‐sphere arrays under either a quasi‐isothermal condition or a temperature gradient was examined temporally. Two observational techniques were combined for the structural characterization. Optical microscopy was used to perform periodic observations, whereas scanning electron microscopy was used to both acquire high‐resolution images and confirm the hexagonal crystal structure. Different thermal conditions led to the development of different morphologies of necks between two ice spheres by affecting the water vapour transfer in the pore spaces and the sublimation–condensation of water molecules. The microstructure of necks could also play a significant role in the structure development at later times by inducing or enhancing the local temperature gradient. This feature was discussed on the basis of steady‐state heat transfer modelling of a two‐sphere structure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of connective tissue growth factor/CCN2 expression in human dermal fibroblasts by interleukin‐1α and β
Authors: Nowinski D. , Koskela A. , Kiwanuka E. , Boström M. , Gerdin B. , Ivarsson M.
Published: June 2010

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) is a matricellular protein induced by transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β and intimately involved with tissue repair and overexpressed in various fibrotic conditions. We previously showed that keratinocytes in vitro downregulate TGF‐β‐induced expression of CTGF in fibroblasts by an interleukin (IL)‐1 α‐dependent mechanism. Here, we investigated further the mechanisms of this downregulation by both IL‐1α and β. Human dermal fibroblasts and NIH 3T3 cells were treated with IL‐1α or β in presence or absence of TGF‐β1. IL‐1 suppressed basal and TGF‐β‐induced CTGF mRNA and protein expression. IL‐1α and β inhibited TGF‐β‐stimulated CTGF promoter activity, and the activity of a synthetic minimal promoter containing Smad 3‐binding CAGA elements. Furthermore, IL‐1α and β inhibited TGF‐β‐stimulated Smad 3 phosphorylation, possibly linked to an observed increase in Smad 7 mRNA expression. In addition, RNA interference suggested that TGF‐β activated kinase1 (TAK1) is necessary for IL‐1 inhibition of TGF‐β‐stimulated CTGF expression. These results add to the understanding of how the expression of CTGF in human dermal fibroblasts is regulated, which in turn may have implications for the pathogenesis of fibrotic conditions involving the skin. J. Cell. Biochem. 110: 1226–1233, 2010. Published 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Placental specializations of the mountain spiny lizard Sceloporus jarrovi
Authors: Blackburn Daniel G. , Gavelis Gregory S. , Anderson Kristie E. , Johnson Amy R. , Dunlap Kent D.
Published: June 2010

The lizard Sceloporus jarrovi (Phrynosomatidae) is one of the most widely studied viviparous reptiles of North America. Past research has assumed that placentation in this species is relatively simple and functions mainly in gas exchange. Our examination of the late stage placenta via transmission electron microscopy reveals that S. jarrovi has a unique combination of placental characteristics, with unusual specializations for secretion and absorption. In the chorioallantoic placenta, chorionic and uterine tissues are directly apposed through eggshell loss, and their epithelia are greatly attenuated, enhancing gas exchange; this placenta shows evidence of both nutrient transfer and endocrine function. Contrary to past inferences, a yolk sac placenta forms from the avascular omphalopleure and persists through the end of gestation. The uterine epithelium is enlarged and secretory, and the fetal omphalopleure shows branching absorptive channels and other specializations for uptake. Elsewhere, the omphalopleure develops elongated folds that protrude into a coagulum of degenerating shell membrane and other organic material. Uterine tissue in this region shows specializations for absorption. Placental features in S. jarrovi have unexpected functional implications, and challenge assumptions that specializations for nutrient transfer are confined to matrotrophic species. J. Morphol. 271:1153–1175, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of primary bond scissions by mass spectrometric analysis of ultrasonic degradation products of poly(ethylene oxide‐block‐propylene oxide) copolymers
Authors: Watanabe Takehiro , Okabayashi Masanori , Kurokawa Daisuke , Nishimoto Yukari , Ozawa Tomoyuki , Kawasaki Hideya , Arakawa Ryuichi
Published: June 2010

Ultrasonic degradation of poly(ethylene oxide‐block‐propylene oxide) copolymers consisting of a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic portion was studied with the aim to determine the location of bonds involved in the initial scission of the copolymers. LC–APCI‐IT‐MS and LC–APCI‐orbitrap‐MS were used for the detailed structural analysis of degradation products. The results indicated that initial bond scissions occurred principally at the boundary regions between backbones of polyethylene oxide (PEO) and polypropylene oxide (PPO) chains. Further structural analysis revealed the presence of oxygen adducts in the degradation products. Comparison with a thermal degradation carried out in helium atmosphere, one can conclude that the oxygen adducts are formed by radical reaction with water or dissolving oxygen molecules. The study demonstrated that chemical reactions as well as physical bond stress scissions are involved in the ultrasonic degradation of the copolymers. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modulation of the spinal excitability by muscle metabosensitive afferent fibers
Authors: Laurin Jérôme , Dousset Erick , Decherchi Patrick
Published: June 2010

The aim of this study was to identify the effect of chemical activation of muscle metabosensitive afferent fibers from groups III and IV on Hoffmann (H‐) reflex modulation in the vastus medialis muscle. The experiment was conducted in rats and was divided into two experiments. The first experiment consisted of recording the metabosensitive afferent activity from femoral nerve in rats in response to KCl intraarterial injections in nontreated adults and adults treated neonatally with capsaicin. Thus, the dose‐response curve was determined. The second experiment consisted of eliciting the H‐ and M‐waves before and after KCl injection in nontreated adult animals and those treated neonatally with capsaicin. Thus, the Hmax/Mmax ratio was measured. Results indicated that, 1) in nontreated animals, afferent fibers peak discharge was found after 10 mM KCl injection; 2) no significant increase in afferent discharge rate was found in capsaicin‐treated animal after KCl injections, confirming that capsaicin is an excitotoxic agent that had destroyed the thin metabosensitive nerve fibers; 3) in nontreated animals, Hmax/Mmax ratio was significantly attenuated after a 10 mM KCl injection activating metabosensitive afferent fibers; and 4) in capsaicin‐treated animals, no significant change in Hmax/Mmax ratio was observed after the KCl injection. These results reinforce the hypothesis that the spinal reflex response was influenced by metabosensitive muscle fibers and provide direct evidence that activation of these fibers could partially explain the reported decrease in H‐reflex when metabolites are released in muscle. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Altered sensitivity to excitotoxic cell death and glutamate receptor expression between two commonly studied mouse strains
Authors: Finn Rozzy , Kovács Attila D. , Pearce David A.
Published: June 2010

Alterations in glutamatergic synapse function have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many different neurological disorders, including ischemia, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. While studying glutamate receptor function in juvenile Batten disease on the C57BL/6J and 129S6/SvEvmouse backgrounds, we noticed differences unlikely to be due to mutation difference alone. We report here that primary cerebellar granule cell cultures from C57BL/6J mice are more sensitive to N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA)‐mediated cell death. Moreover, sensitivity to AMPA‐mediated excitotoxicity is more variable and is dependent on the treatment conditions and age of the cultures. Glutamate receptor surface expression levels examined in vitro by in situ ELISA and in vivo by Western blot in surface cross‐linked cerebellar samples indicated that these differences in sensitivity likely are due to strain‐dependent differences in cell surface receptor expression levels. We propose that differences in glutamate receptor expression and in excitotoxic vulnerability should be taken into consideration in the context of characterizing disease models on the C57BL/6J and 129S6/SvEvmouse backgrounds. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Involvement of nerve injury and activation of peripheral glial cells in tetanic sciatic stimulation‐induced persistent pain in rats
Authors: Liang Lingli , Wang Zhiyong , Lü Ning , Yang Jiale , Zhang Yuqiu , Zhao Zhiqi
Published: June 2010

Tetanic stimulation of the sciatic nerve (TSS) produces long‐lasting pain hypersensitivity in rats. Long‐term potentiation (LTP) of C‐ and A‐fiber‐evoked field potentials in the spinal cord has been explored as contributing to central sensitization in pain pathways. However, the peripheral mechanism underlying TSS‐induced pain hypersensitivity remains largely unknown. We investigated the effect of TSS on peripheral nerve and the expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) as a marker of neuronal injury. TSS induced a mechanical allodynia for at least 35 days and induced ATF3 expression in the ipsilateral DRG. ATF3 is colocalized with NF200‐labeled myelinated DRG neurons or CGRP‐ and IB4‐labeled unmyelinated ones. Furthermore, we found that TSS induced Wallerian degeneration of sciatic nerve at the level of myelinisation by S100 protein (to label Schwann cells) immunohistochemistry, luxol fast blue staining, and electron microscopy. TSS also elicited the activation of satellite glial cells (SGCs) and enhanced the colocalization of GFAP and P2X7 receptors. Repeated local treatment with tetrodotoxin decreased GFAP expression in SGCs and behavioral allodynia induced by TSS. Furthermore, reactive microglia and astrocytes were found in the spinal dorsal horn after TSS. These results suggest that TSS‐induced nerve injury and glial activation in the DRG and spinal dorsal horn may be involved in cellular mechanisms underlying the development of persistent pain after TSS and that TSS‐induced nerve injury may be used as a novel neuropathic pain model. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker can preserve endothelial function and attenuate brain ischemic damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Oyama Naoki , Yagita Yoshiki , Sasaki Tsutomu , Omura‐Matsuoka Emi , Terasaki Yasukazu , Sugiyama Yukio , Sakoda Saburo , Kitagawa Kazuo
Published: June 2010

Hypertension reduces endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and leads to endothelial dysfunction. However, few studies have demonstrated the influences of hypertension on eNOS function in the cerebral cortex. The present study investigates the influences of hypertension on endothelial function in the cerebral cortex and the protective effects of antihypertensive agents against brain ischemia through the preservation of endothelial function. Five‐ and ten‐week‐old male Wistar rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were used for experiments. Five‐week‐old SHR received olmesartan, hydralazine, or vehicle for 5 weeks in drinking water. eNOS activation in the cerebral cortex was evaluated by analyzing levels of total and Ser1177‐phosphorylated eNOS protein by Western blot. Blood pressure of 10‐week‐old SHR without treatment was clearly high, and the ratio of phospho‐eNOS/total eNOS protein was significantly low. Five‐week treatment with olmesartan or hydralazine suppressed the elevation of blood pressure and the reduction of phosphorylated eNOS‐Ser1177 in SHR, and olmesartan was more effective in maintaining phosphorylation of eNOS‐Ser1177 than hydralazine. To assess the contribution of eNOS to maintaining cerebral blood flow (CBF), we monitored CBF by laser‐Doppler flowmetry after L‐N5‐(1‐iminoethyl)ornithine (L‐NIO) infusion. CBF response to L‐NIO was preserved in olmesartan‐treated SHR but not in hydralazine‐treated SHR. Furthermore, infarct volume 48 hr after transient focal brain ischemia in olmesartan‐treated SHR was significantly reduced compared with vehicle‐treated SHR. These findings indicate that chronic prehypertensive treatment with olmesartan could attenuate brain ischemic injury through the maintenance of endothelial function in the cerebral cortex in SHR. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.