bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health Professionals Caring for Chronically Ill Adolescents: Adolescents' Perspectives
Authors: Woodgate Roberta L.
Published: February 2007

purpose. To describe chronically ill adolescents' perceptions of how health professionals can best care for chronically ill adolescents.

design. A qualitative study with tenets from grounded theory, including theoretical sampling and the constant comparison of data.

setting. Participants' homes or private hospital offices.

participants. Twenty‐three adolescents, 13 to 16 years of age, who were diagnosed with either diabetes, asthma, arthritis, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis.

main outcome measures. Open‐ended, in‐depth interview method.

results. Eight themes emerged: (1) treat me like a person; (2) try to understand; (3) don't treat me differently; (4) give me some encouragement; (5) don't force me; (6) give me options; (7) have a sense of humor; and (8) know what you are doing.

conclusions. Health professionals need to adopt an overall approach described as careful maneuvering when caring for adolescents with chronic illness. This approach involves the health professional having sound knowledge and the ability to guide adolescents confidently and sensitively in the management of their illness.
Varicella Zoster Infection in the Immunocompromised Child
Authors: Pawlik Kathleen M.
Published: February 2007

purpose. To describe varicella zoster virus infection in the immunocompromised child and provide guidelines to decrease the risk of infection and complications for these children.

population. Children infected with varicella zoster virus, particularly those with a compromised immune system.

conclusions. Varicella zoster virus infection can have serious consequences for children with malignancies and infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, as well as children on chronic steroid therapy.

practice implications. The advanced practice nurse often is responsible for identifying those children at increased risk for VZV infection and its complications and for planning and implementing interventions to decrease the risks to the immunocompromised child.
Welfare Reform: Loss of Supplemental Security Income (SSI) for Children With Disabilities
Authors: Doolittle Dorothy K.
Published: February 2007

Purpose.To describe the changes the new welfare reform legislation, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, makes in children's eligibility for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and the implications of the changes for low‐income children with disabilities and their families.

POPULATION.Low‐income children and youth, 18 years of age and younger, who have one or more limitations in physical or mental function in performing age‐appropriate skills.

CONCLUSIONS.The tightened federal standards for determining whether children are disabled place thousands of children at risk for losing SSI cash benefits. This loss of necessary financial support has the potential to adversely affect the physical and psychological health of low‐income children with disabilities and their families. The new law represents a step backward from the long awaited gains the 1990 Zebley v. Sullivan U.S. Supreme Court decision legislated for children with disabilities.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.Knowledge of the legal changes in children's SSI enables nurses to implement interventions that help low‐income families maintain SSI eligibility for their children with disabilities and to advocate with the public and policymakers on behalf of this vulnerable population.
Stress and Coping Behaviors of Substance‐Abusing Mothers
Authors: Kelley Susan J.
Published: February 2007

purpose. To examine parenting stress and coping behaviors in substance‐abusing and non‐substance‐abusing mothers.

design. A comparative descriptive design.

setting. Pediatric primary care clinic.

participants. Low‐income, predominantly African‐American mothers (N = 60) of young children recruited from a pediatric primary care clinic. Thirty mothers were known substance abusers and 30 had no known history of substance abuse.

main outcome measures. Parenting Stress Index/Short Form (PSI/SF) and Child Protective Service (CPS) validation of abuse or neglect.

results. Substance‐abusing mothers scored significantly higher than comparison mothers on total stress and the three subscales of the PSI/SF: parent‐child dysfunctional interaction, difficult child, and parental distress. Forty‐seven percent of substance‐abusing mothers scored in the clinical range on total stress compared with only 3.3% of non‐substance‐abusing mothers. Proportionately more substance‐abusing mothers than comparisons demonstrated maladaptive parenting behaviors as evidenced by CPS‐confirmed abuse or neglect of their youngest child.

conclusions. Substance‐abusing mothers of young children are at increased risk for increased levels of stress and maladaptive coping behaviors. Substance‐abusing mothers need support and monitoring in the parenting role and referrals to substance‐abuse and parenting programs.
Challenges of Recruiting Minority Populations for Research
Authors: Sterling Yvonne M. , Peterson Jane W. , Curley Martha , Sterling Yvonne M. , Peterson Jane W.
Published: February 2007

Scientific Inquiry Provides a forum to facilitate the ongoing process of questioning and evaluating practice, presents informed practice based on available data, and innovates new practices through research and experimental learning.
Disclosing the Diagnosis of Pediatric HIV Infection: Mothers' Views
Authors: Nehring Wendy M. , Lashley Felissa R. , Malm Kay
Published: February 2007

ISSUES AND PURPOSE. The stigma of HIV infection creates barriers to disclosure. The purpose of this study was to identify to whom biological and foster mothers disclose the diagnosis of HIV infection, discuss their rationale, and describe the recipient's reactions.

DESIGN AND METHODS. A descriptive, qualitative study included biological (n = 9) and foster (n = 11) mothers of children with HIV infection.

RESULTS. Three themes emerged from the data: Telling for support, determining who should know, and telling children. These themes were present for both biological and foster mothers.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. It is important for nurses to realize that parental disclosure of the diagnosis of HIV infection is a long‐term, age‐appropriate process that will take place over many discussions and time, and should have the support of the interdisciplinary team. Additional psychological support also should be available.
Topics of Conflict Between Parents and Young Adolescents
Authors: Riesch Susan K. , Bush Loretta , Nelson Catherine J. , Ohm Bonnie J. , Portz Patricia A. , Abell Barbara , Wightman Malissa R. , Jenkins Patricia
Published: February 2007

ISSUES AND PURPOSE. Parents often examine and question interactions with their young teen and may ask the advice of healthcare professionals. Topics, frequency, and intensity of conflicts between young adolescents and parents were therefore examined.

DESIGN AND METHODS. A descriptive survey using the 44‐item Issues Checklist (Robin, 1975) with 163 parent and young adolescent (ages 11–14) dyads.

RESULTS. Parents and teens were congruent about their reports of the topics, frequency, and intensity of conflict. Discussion of the topics generally was not angry. Mothers reported the greatest quantity of issues. Potentially sensitive topics such as substance use, dating, and sex were rarely approached by either parent or young adolescent. Sociodemographic characteristics did not distinguish or were not associated with IC scores.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Conflict is a common component of the parent‐young adolescent relationship. Families with children entering adolescence can expect conflict about issues that recur but usually are not that “hot.“ Anticipating topics may put conflict in perspective. Nurses help families resolve conflicts associated with day‐to‐day conflicts as a first step toward opening up larger, potentially sensitive topics.
Using Distraction to Reduce Reported Pain, Fear, and Behavioral Distress in Children and Adolescents: A Multisite Study
Authors: Carlson Karen L. , Broome Marion , Vessey Judith A.
Published: February 2007

ISSUES AND PURPOSE. Distraction during painful procedures has been shown to be effective in previous studies, yet this simple intervention is not used routinely. This study examined the effectiveness and feasibility of distraction in reducing behavioral distress, pain, and fear during venipuncture or intravenous insertion.

DESIGN AND METHODS. A two‐group randomized design with 384 children in 13 children's hospitals.

RESULTS. Age was a significant factor in observed behavioral distress, reports of fear, and self‐reported pain. The use of a kaleidoscope, however, did not significantly reduce pain or distress during venipuncture or IV insertion.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Failure of the distraction intervention to reach statistical significance in this study is puzzling, given anecdotal reports of clinical efficacy. Methodological issues may have obscured actual differences between experimental and control groups.
Playground Injuries in Children: A Review and Pennsylvania Trauma Center Experience
Authors: Bernardo Lisa Marie , Gardner Mary Jane , Seibel Karin
Published: February 2007

ISSUES AND PURPOSE. To describe patient demographics, injury characteristics, and circumstances of playground injuries in children admitted to Pennsylvania trauma centers and to identify injury prevention strategies.

DESIGN AND METHODS. Retrospective, descriptive study of 234 children ages 1 to 18 years sustaining playground‐related injuries and whose hospital data were entered into the Pennsylvania Trauma Outcome Study.

RESULTS. Most of the injuries occurred between April and September (77%), and noon to 6 P.M. (69%). Falls from playground equipment constituted the highest proportion of incidents (73%). Of 421 injuries (M = 1.8/patient), most were upper extremity (n = 117) and head (n = 110) injuries.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Nurses can advocate for playground safety by teaching children to play safely and recommending age‐appropriate equipment and protective surfacing.
Eliminating Health Disparities for Racial and Ethnic Minorities: A Nursing Agenda for Children
Authors: Villarruel Antonia M.
Published: February 2007

Scientific Inquiry provides a forum to facilitate the ongoing process of questioning and evaluating practice, presents informed practice based on available data, and innovates new practices through research and experimental learning.
British Paediatric and American Pediatric Nurses: How Well Do We Know Each Other?
Authors: Feeg Veronica D. , Hunter Judith
Published: February 2007

ISSUES AND PURPOSE. To identify the similarities and differences between pediatric nurses in the United States and Britain, and to compare knowledge of each other's healthcare systems.

DESIGN AND METHODS. A descriptive comparative study of 55 U.S. pediatric nurses and 37 U.K. paediatric nurses. Knowledge tests were constructed as parallel forms of items about each healthcare system. “Self‐knowledge“ and “other‐knowledge“ scores were compared.

RESULTS. British nurses' scores were higher for self and other than were U.S. nurses' scores. Individual items suggested that U.K. nurses were more aware of U.S. systems than U.S. nurses were of U.K. systems.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. The U.S. and U.K. health systems are equally progressive, yet fundamentally different. To collaborate effectively, we must understand the similarities and differences.
Evaluating Health Web Sites for Research and Practice
Authors: Wilkas Lenore R. , Villarruel Antonia M.
Published: February 2007

Scientific Inquiry provides a forum to facilitate the ongoing process of questioning and evaluating practice, presents informed practice based on available data, and innovates new practices through research and experimental learning.
Bioterrorism
Authors: Manning Mary Lou , Henretig Fred M. , Kuntz Kathleen Ryan
Published: February 2007

Collaborative Practice provides a forum for healthcare professionals to share expertise and enhance communication.
Utilization of Research Via the Internet
Authors: Montgomery Kristen S. , Villarruel Antonia M.
Published: February 2007

Scientific Inquiry provides a forum to facilitate the ongoing process of questioning and evaluating practice, informs practice based on available data, and guides new practices through research and experimental learning.
Mothers'Experiences Raising Young Children With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Sullivan‐Bolyai Susan , Deatrick Janet , Gruppuso Philip , Tamborlane William , Grey Margaret
Published: February 2007

issues and purpose.
To examine the day‐to‐day experiences of mothers raising children 4 years of age and younger with type 1 diabetes.

design and methods.
The descriptive design compared mothers of children with (n = 25) and without diabetes (n = 25). Mother‐child observations were completed for children with diabetes.

results.
Mothers of children with diabetes are very skilled in reading their children's behavioral cues. Mothers'concerns included the fear of hypoglycemia and seizure activity, access to daycare centers, and babysitting services capable of caring for their children's condition. These responses significantly differed from the control group mothers.

practice implications.
Nurses can affirm that hypoglycemia‐related fears are normal and help mothers identify community resources that might ease the burden of care required, especially during the early postdiagnosis period.
Promoting Normalization in Families With Preschool Children With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: McDougal Janice
Published: February 2007

issues and purpose.
The family environment is the most important influence on child adaptation to type 1 diabetes. A plan of care assists parental adaptation in families with a preschool child with type 1 diabetes.

conclusions.
The family environment is affected by the family's progress toward normalcy. Normalization can be facilitated by nursing interventions that promote parental mutuality in management and the development of a parental support system.

practice implications.
Nurses can provide education about Type 1 diabetes and its management in preschool children to fathers, other family members, and family friends to encourage their involvement in caregiving. Parental mutuality in management and an adequate parental instrumental support system facilitates normalization and affects the family environment, thus promoting child adaptation.
PLACING PEER RATINGS IN CONTEXT: SYSTEMATIC INFLUENCES BEYOND RATEE PERFORMANCE
Authors: DIERDORFF ERICH C. , SURFACE ERIC A.
Published: February 2007

Performance evaluation research indicates that variance in ratings may be attributable to systematic sources beyond the actual performance of the ratee. However, the majority of prior work compares ratings across sources and uses ratings from a single rating event. Using confirmatory factor analysis and multivariate latent growth modeling (MLGM), we specifically examine peer ratings from 740 participants on 5 performance dimensions across 3 distinct performance situations for systematic sources of variance beyond ratee performance. Results demonstrate that both ratee performance and the performance context have systematic effects, with contextual effects varying by how “strong” or “weak” the situation is for a given performance dimension. Furthermore, MLGM results suggest that the influence of performance dynamism is only meaningfully interpreted when contextual effects are modeled.
UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF TEST VALIDITY AND BIAS ON SELECTION ERRORS AND ADVERSE IMPACT IN HUMAN RESOURCE SELECTION
Authors: AGUINIS HERMAN , SMITH MARLENE A.
Published: February 2007

We propose an integrative framework for understanding the relationship among 4 closely related issues in human resource (HR) selection: test validity, test bias, selection errors, and adverse impact. One byproduct of our integrative approach is the concept of a previously undocumented source of selection errors we call bias‐based selection errors (i.e., errors that arise from using a biased test as if it were unbiased). Our integrative framework provides researchers and practitioners with a unique tool that generates numerical answers to questions such as the following: What are the anticipated consequences for bias‐based selection errors of various degrees of test validity and test bias? What are the anticipated consequences for adverse impact of various degrees of test validity and test bias? From a theory point of view, our framework provides a more complete picture of the selection process by integrating 4 key concepts that have not been examined simultaneously thus far. From a practical point of view, our framework provides test developers, employers, and policy makers a broader perspective and new insights regarding practical consequences associated with various selection systems that vary on their degree of validity and bias. We present a computer program available online to perform all needed calculations.
Laboratory Simulation of Fly Ash as an Amendment to Pyrite‐Rich Tailings
Authors: Sonderegger John L. , Donovan Joseph J.
Published: February 2007

Column leaching experiments show that fly ash Interlayered with sulfide‐rich tailings can reduce the vertical permeability of tailings by at least three orders of magnitude. Chemical reactions between the fluid, alkaline fly ash from Western coal and pyritic tailings result in a one to three order of magnitude reduction in the dissolved metals content of the effluent solution. Metal precipitation, which produces the dissolved metals reduction, is a significant element in the permeability reduction. The combined factors reduce the metals flux from the tailings by four to six orders of magnitude. We believe that tailings ponds with fly ash layers as amendments can greatiy reduce ground water contamination from pyritic tailings. In addition, concentrated application of fly ash layers near the end of mining should act to restrict infiltration and access of oxygen, thereby enhancing reclamation. Similar results maybe obtainable using other amendments with lower base capacity (lime, crushed limestone, trona).
Monitoring Hydrogeologlcal Conditions in Fractured Rock at the Site of Canada's Underground Research Laboratory
Authors: Davison C.C.
Published: February 2007

Atomic Energy of Canada Limited is constructing an Underground Research Laboratory (URL) at a depth of 250m in a plutonic rock body near Lac du Bonnet, Manitoba. The facility is being constructed to carry out a variety of in situ geotechnical experiments as part of the Canadian Nuclear Fuel Waste Management Program.

A unique feature of the URL, in comparison to other similar facilities such as the Stripa Mine in Sweden, is that it is to be constructed below the ground water table in a previously undisturbed plutonic rock body. One of the main research objectives of the project is to develop and validate comprehensive three‐dimensional models of the hydrogeology of the rock mass encompassing the URL site. These models will be used, before excavation of the URL shaft begins, to predict the hydrogeological perturbation that will be created by the excavation of the shaft and the horizontal working levels below the ground water table. As a model‐validation exercise, these drawdown predictions will be compared with actual hydrogeological perturbations that will be monitored at the study area over the next several years by an extensive network of instrumented boreholes.

Measurements made in an array of boreholes extending to depths of 1,000m on the 4.8 km2 study area have established that the permeability distribution in three major extensive subhorizontal fracture zones controls the movement of ground water within the rock mass. Several types of multiple‐interval completion systems have been installed in the boreholes to monitor the three‐dimensional, physico‐chemical hydrogeological conditions within the fractured rock mass. These include conventional piezometer nests and water‐table wells that have been installed in shallow holes (less than 30m deep), and multiple‐packer/ multiple‐standpipe piezometers and multiple‐interval casing systems installed in deeper holes (30 to 1,000m deep). An automated, electronic, piezometric pressure‐monitoring system has been designed to collect continuous measurements from 75 isolated hydrogeological monitoring positions within the rock mass. Another 200 positions are being monitored frequently using a variety of techniques. Piezometric data have been collected from this monitoring network to establish baseline conditions prior to any excavation into the rock mass. These data have also been used to determine the steady‐state, three‐dimensional ground water flow regimes that exist at the URL site under natural conditions.
A New System for Ground Water Monitoring
Authors: Torstensson Bengt‐Arne
Published: February 2007

This paper describes a new system for ground water monitoring, “the BAT System,” which includes the following functions: (a) sampling of ground water in most types of soils, (b) measurement of pore water pressure, and (c) in situ measurement of hydraulic conductivity. The system can also be used for tracer tests. The system utilizes a permanently installed filter tip attached to a steel or PVC pipe. Installation is normally performed by pushing the tip down to the desired depth. The filter tip can also be buried beneath a landfill. The primary feature of the new system is that the filter tip contains a self‐sealing quick coupling unit, which makes it possible to temporarily connect the filter tip to adapters for various functions, e.g. water sampling and for measurement of pore pressure and hydraulic conductivity. The new technique makes sampling of both pressurized water and gas possible. Samples are obtained directly in hermetically sealed, pre‐sterilized sample cylinders. Sampling of ground water and measurement of pore pressure can be repeated over a long period of time with undiminished accuracy. This technique is also well‐adapted for taking water samples from different strata in a soil profile, in both the saturated and unsaturated zones. Actual installations range from 0.5 to 60m depth.
Testing and Sampling of Deep Brine Aquifers in the Palo Duro Basin, West Texas
Authors: Deyling Michael A.
Published: February 2007

The U.S. Department of Energy is investigating the Palo Duro Basin of West Texas along with locations in Nevada, Washington, Utah, Mississippi and Louisiana as potential sites for storage of high‐level nuclear waste. Ten wells have been drilled to depths between 3,000 and 8,300 feet. Short‐term testing has included conventional oil‐field‐type drill stem tests and drill stem equipment with surface pressure readout. Long‐term testing has consisted of a series of production and recovery tests.

Fluid sampling was performed in two stages. The first was at the well head under an imposed pressure of several hundred psi. The second fluid samples were collected downhole at the production zone under pressures close to ambient pressure. The geochemical data and hydrologic data can be used as independent checks on each other in many cases. Test results from the well along with examination of recovered core provided maximum data from each well.
An Overview of Computer Technology Used in Ground Water Field Studies: Part I: Basics
Authors: Ritchey Joseph D. , Collins Mark A.
Published: February 2007

There are many electronic tools available for ground water field studies including a wide variety of computer equipment. Consideration should be given to the use of computers when planning field studies. A foundation for determining the appropriate use of computers in field studies is presented in two parts. Part One includes a brief description of the components that comprise a computer and is intended to clarify terminology and illustrate the general characteristics of these machines. Related and frequently‐used computer equipment is described in detail. Topics of special concern will be presented in Part Two, which will appear in the Spring 1984 issue, to alert the reader to common misconceptions and problems. This is illustrated by the description of two field studies.
Selected Waste Site Puzzles and Solutions
Authors: Popkin Barney P.
Published: February 2007

A dozen case histories of actual waste site puzzles or apparent anomalies, which are initially counterintuitive, are presented. The article emphasizes practical needs for multiple hypotheses, multidisciplinary analyses and open‐minded approaches to solve the puzzles. The article recounts how solutions were found to the selected puzzles and provides the solutions.
Potential Effects on Ground Water of a Hypothetical Surface Coal Mine in Indiana
Authors: Banaszak Konrad J.
Published: February 2007

The possible mine will remove a gently, less than 50 feet per mile, westerly dipping Springfield coal from an area covered by glacial till and some channel sands and gravel. The area is flat, with less than 20 feet of relief in a square mile. The channel sands and gravels, the till and the bedrock are capable of yielding ground water at 5 to 75,3 to 10, and 1 to 10 gallons per minute (gpm), respectively. The ground water in the drift and the shallow bedrock is calcium‐bicarbonate type, contrasting with the sodium‐bicarbonate type in the deep bedrock. The surface mine will feature selective handling of overburden. The probable hydrologic consequences of the mine will be 1) a short‐term, areally limited dewatering, 2) an increase in dissolved solids, 3) a change in ground water chemistry in some areas to a calcium‐bicarbonate sulfate water, 4) an increase in ground water storage, and 5) a new integrated surface water system. The proposed ground water monitoring system will include seven monitoring wells in the glacial material and one in the bedrock. The primary effort in ground water monitoring to the west of the mine will be to detect changes in the quality of the ground water, whereas to the east, changes in both quality and quantity will need to be monitored intensively.
Investigations at Sites Contaminated with Dense, Non‐Aqueous Phase Liquids (NAPLs)
Authors: Villaume James F.
Published: February 2007

Increasingly, ground water supplies are being found to be contaminated with organic substances. Depending on the nature of these substances and the method by which they were introduced into the environment, they may form a second, dense liquid phase. Several such cases have been reported in the recent literature. In other cases, such a second phase might have actually been present but was not found because the principles governing its distribution were not understood and no effort was made to look for it. In this case, the undetected material could continue to migrate and act as a source of dissolved organics.

This article reviews the general principles governing the behavior of dense, immiscible second‐phase organic liquids in both the unsaturated and saturated zones, based primarily on the petroleum industry literature for primary hydrocarbon migration and on the oil spill literature. This specialized knowledge can be used to conduct a meaningful and efficient investigation of such contamination sites and can also be used to select and implement successful remedial measures. Several actual case studies applying the principles of multi‐phase flow are also presented.
Operational Ranges for Suction Lysimeters
Authors: Everett Lome G. , McMillion Leslie G.
Published: February 2007

Four questions relative to suction lysimeter performance have been raised by operators of land treatment systems. These questions deal with plugging of the porous segments of the lysimeters, soil suction operational ranges, adsorption onto and screening by the materials comprising the various lysimeter parts, and loss of volatile organics under negative pressures. This article first describes the physical operation of a lysimeter, the characteristics of the lysimeters tested (high‐ and low‐flow lysimeters with porous ceramic cups and lysimeters with porous PTFE (polytetrafluo‐roethylene) cups, and procedures followed in preparing them for testing. The results of experiments dealing with the first two questions plugging and operational ranges are then discussed. It was found that the intake rate of suction lysimeters placed in the vadose zone, in most types of soils, will initially drop off rapidly, but will stabilize after about 15 liters of moisture have been drawn through the porous cups. Packing a crystalline silica flour slurry around the cups of PTFE lysimeters negates most of the plugging associated with finer particles in soils. The effective operating range of ceramic lysimeters is between 0 and 60 centibars of suction independent of the use of silica flour. The operating range of PTFE lysimeters without silica flour is extremely narrow, but with the use of silica flour is extended to about 7 centibars of suction. The testing program indicates that all lysimeters should be checked for leaks using pressure techniques before field installation and that lysimeters have “dead” spaces, or reservoirs of from 34 to 80 mL of moisture that cannot be extracted from the cups, which must be taken into account when determining moisture collection rates. Information gathered in the test program is planned for inclusion in an EPA guidance document entitled “Unsaturated Zone Monitoring at Hazardous Waste Land Treatment Units.”
The Use of Industrial Hygiene Samplers for Soil‐Gas Surveying
Authors: Kerfoot Henry B. , Mayer Cynthia L.
Published: February 2007

Soil‐gas surveying by the use of a passive sampler which allows quantitative determination of concentrations of volatile organic compounds and remote analysis of samples is described. The results of a survey using the sampler above a chloroform ground water plume are compared to ground water analysis results and to results from a previous soil‐gas study above the same plume. Chloroform concentrations measured with passive samplers correlate well (r = 0.79, n = 6; r = 0.93, n = 7) with the other two techniques. The short‐range variability of the technique is characterized by a coefficiet of variation of 12 percent over a 27‐foot distance for nine samplers, and compares favorably with grab‐sample results at the same location.
A Method for Simultaneous In Situ Measurement in the Vadose Zone of Field‐Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity, Sorptivity and the Conductivity‐Pressure Head Relationship
Authors: Reynolds W. Daniel , Elrick David E.
Published: February 2007

The Guelph Permeameter (GP) method for simultaneous, in situ measurement in the vadose zone of field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity (KfS), sorptivity (S) and the conductivity‐pressure head relationship [K(Ψ)] is described and discussed.

The method involves measuring the steady‐state liquid recharge, Q, necessary to maintain a constant depth of water, H, in an uncased, cylindrical well of radius, a, finished above the water table. An “in‐hole” Mariotte bottle device is used to maintain H and to measure Q.

Step‐by‐step procedures with example calculations are given for obtaining KfS, S and K(Ψ). Techniques for assessing the results are also given.

Although detailed field verification of the GP method is still incomplete, the studies conducted so far are quite encouraging.

Theoretical and practical advantages afforded by the GP method make it a desirable and cost‐effective means for in situ measurement of Kfs, S and K(Ψ), which are three of the most important parameters governing the flow of water and other wetting liquids in the vadose zone.
A New Valved and Air‐Vented Surge Plunger for Developing Small‐Diameter Monitor Wells
Authors: Schalla Ronald , Landick Robert W.
Published: February 2007

To properly develop 2‐inch diameter monitor wells, large volumes of water, drilling fluids and fine‐grained materials must be removed from the sandpack and surrounding formation over short periods of time. A valved and air‐vented surge plunger has been designed which can be used to effectively develop 2‐inch diameter wells. The valving and air‐venting concepts for surge plungers are not new, but the design concepts had to be refined to facilitate their efficient use in 2‐inch diameter wells.

Prototypes of the surge plunger have been field tested. The tests indicate that the design is both effective and durable as a result of its dimensions, configurations and materials. Important features of the surge plunger include: the dimensions and weight of the surge block; the thickness, layering, diameter and material of the valves and parts; and the method of attachment and design of the air‐venting ports. This device is an important addition to the growing arsenal of equipment and tools for 2‐inch diameter, standpipe monitoring wells.
A Waste Treatment/Disposal Site Evaluation Process for Areas Underlain by Carbonate Aquifers
Authors: Magner J.A. , Book P.R. , Alexander E.C.
Published: February 2007

Fractured carbonate or karst aquifers are highly susceptible to contamination. In Minnesota, the areas underlain by karst aquifers are often characterized by thin soil cover, poorly cased wells and/or collapse features. When coupled with improper land use decisions these aquifers have become extensively contaminated.

Evaluation of existing or potentially contaminated sites has required development of unique site evaluation techniques or combinations of techniques. Shallow geophysics have been used successfully to determine subsurface karst features, pinpoint locations for additional investigations and evaluate pump‐test data. Soil texture, density and relative moisture content have been closely examined and criteria established to evaluate subsurface erosion susceptibility. Percent rock core recovery, mechanical response of drilling and drilling fluid loss have been used to characterize the secondary porosity and potential contamination susceptibility of the carbonate rock. Dye tracing via surface sinks and well injection have determined primary flow paths and have been useful in estimating flow times.

These techniques used solely or in conjunction have been very useful in evaluating contamination existing in the aquifers and as a predictive tool to evaluate the proposed land uses impacts.
A Comparison of Ground Water Monitoring Data from CERCLA and RCRA Sites
Authors: Plumb Russell H.
Published: February 2007

Ground water quality data generated during the investigation of 334 hazardous waste disposal sites were used to contrast the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and Comprehensive Emergency Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) monitoring. programs. The minimum RCRA‐required network of four wells was equaled or exceeded at 94 percent of the 156 RCRA sites and 70 percent of the 178 CERCLA sites in the data base. A sampling frequency of four events per year or more was used at 60 percent of the RCRA sites compared to only 24 percent at the CERCLA sites. CERCLA records compiled to date indicate that 480 compounds have been detected and another 220 compounds have been tentatively identified in ground water in the vicinity of hazardous waste disposal sites. However, the composite data from 123 RCRA site monitoring programs only indicates the presence of 100 chemical substances. The most significant discrepancy in the RCRA detection monitoring program is that it only generates data on three of the 20 organic contaminants that have been most frequently detected during the CERCLA hazardous waste disposal site investigations. Modification of the current RCRA program to include routine analysis for volatile organic compounds would correct this weakness.
Minimizing Interpretation Ambiguities Through Joint Inversion of Surface Electrical Data
Authors: Gustafson Edward P. , McEuen Robert B.
Published: February 2007

Joint inversion is an extension of standard least‐squares inversion techniques. With this approach, it is possible to construct a model that is simultaneously consistent with surface observations made using more than one geophysical method. Specifically, discussion focuses on applications to the Schlumberger and audiomagnetotelluric sounding methods, although the technique is not limited to these.

The authors have found that the non‐uniqueness problems that often plague the interpretation of electrical sounding data can be substantially reduced if the model is required to be consistent with more than one set of surface measurements. If geological ground truth is available to further constrain the model, the chances of arriving at the true physical property distribution of the subsurface are far better than if a single data set is interpreted.

To demonstrate the power of joint inversion, the authors present a study using synthetic data obtained from a three‐layer resistivity model. Finally, two case histories are presented to demonstrate that a much better representation of the true earth can be obtained with joint inversion than with standard interpretation methods.
Interceptor Trenches for Positive Ground Water Control
Authors: Gilbert Seward G. , Gress James J.
Published: February 2007

Interceptor trenches are an effective ground water control method at waste management sites. Trenches may be installed without disturbing the wastes, and the withdrawal of ground water recovers contaminants that have left the waste management perimeter. The rapid and steep depression of the piezometric surface on both sides of the trench is positive proof of a barrier to horizontal flow across the trench in the affected permeable units.

Historically, the construction of interceptor trenches has been very difficult. A new and efficient installation method has been developed and successfully utilized for several applications at a petrochemical facility on the Texas coastal plain. Rapid and cost‐effective installation is made possible by innovations in sump and trench construction and the tie‐in between the two.

The sump is constructed first using standard well construction techniques to drill a 96‐inch diameter hole to contain the 42‐inch diameter polyethylene pipe sump. A European designed and fabricated trenching machine then excavates the trench, inserts the drainage pipe and backfills with sand and/or gravel in one operation. A specially designed perforated pipe entry door built into the side of the sump barrel provides for efficient and safe connection of the drainage pipe to the specially designed collection sump. The effectiveness of interceptor trenches has been confirmed in full scale applications through the reversal of flow gradients and the prevention of continued horizontal migration of ground water contaminants.
A Comparison of Office‐Derived vs. Field‐Derived Water Table Maps for a Sandy Unconfined Aquifer
Authors: Blanchard Margaret C. , Bradbury Kenneth R.
Published: February 2007

This study compares the accuracy of two types of water table maps both of which were constructed with the object of optimizing future mapping efforts in similar environments. The. first type of map is based solely on office information, with no field verification. The second type of map is based on careful field mapping using numerous measurement points.

The office‐derived maps were based on topography, surface water features, existing reports, maps and data in the files of the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey; the data were not field‐verified. The field‐derived maps used a dense network of 236 piezometers at 176 sites in an area of approximately 170 square miles. The field project was much more expensive and labor‐intensive than was the construction of office‐derived maps for the same area.

The two methods produce water table maps which agree to an appreciable extent, the greatest agreement being in areas having ground water‐fed streams. Differences in water table elevations indicated by the two methods range from negligible to approximately 5 feet. Thus, depending upon the availability of existing information, relatively accurate water table elevations can be delineated in similar sandy unconfined aquifers without time‐consuming and expensive field work that drilling and piezometer installation entails.

Preliminary construction of office‐derived water table maps enables researchers to use their resources efficiently. In some situations, expensive installation of wells and piezometers for a regional monitoring network may add little accuracy to the regional map. For localized problems, collection of additional field data will always be necessary, but can be guided by the office‐derived maps. The authors caution that this technique may only be applicable to sandy, unconfined aquifers in humid climates.
Interim Private Water Well Remediation Using Carbon Adsorption
Authors: Hall Daniel W. , Mumford Robert L.
Published: February 2007

Gasoline spills or underground tank leaks can cause ground water contamination that affects nearby private wells. The volatile organic constituents of gasoline can render the well water unfit for consumption, based on recommended health advisory limits for benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene and xylenes. Ground water investigations and remedial actions can become prolonged situations, during which the well owner may not be able to use his well. Carbon adsorption can be used as an interim remedial action to remove volatile organics and normalize use to well owners, until long‐term solutions can be implemented. Small‐scale carbon units are adaptable to private well plumbing.

Contamination of private wells by a gasoline station near Wausau, Wisconsin, provided the opportunity to test the ability of carbon adsorption to effectively treat well water. The gasoline contamination is an isolated problem within an area of Wausau that is the subject of a state‐led Environmental Repair Fund (ERF) investigation. Long‐term solutions to the gasoline problem have been delayed until completion of present investigations. Carbon adsorption was recommended as an interim remedial measure at two private wells affected by the gasoline contamination.

The concentrations and types of organic compounds in the water determine the cost‐effectiveness of using carbon adsorption as an interim remedial measure. Each organic compound has a characteristic affinity for a particular carbon, which ultimately determines the life of the carbon adsorption unit before carbon replacement is necessary. Water quality testing for volatile organics at the private water supply wells indicated the type and concentration of gasoline‐related contaminants.

The data were used to conservatively estimate the expected life of the carbon adsorption unit. Continued periodic water quality analyses determine the actual carbon tank life.

Data collected as part of the study indicate that the carbon adsorption systems initially functioned beyond their estimated capacities and successfully removed organics from the affected water supplies. One well required additional treatment to optimize effective carbon system performance, and to solve an iron discoloration and taste problem. This well also experienced carbon system breakthrough by volatile organics, which required lowering the carbon tank change interval.
Ground Water Quality Monitaring: The Arkansas Approach
Authors: Desmarais Ralph
Published: February 2007

Monitoring ground water quality on a statewide basis is a challenge being faced by a number of state and federal agencies involved with water quality. Many of these agencies have come forth with publications that are of some use to those who are engaged in developing monitoring networks. A review of this literature could save those involved much time and money by providing insight into what can be accomplished and/or avoided. Ultimately, each monitoring system has to be designed to meet the purposes and conditions for which it is created, no two situations ever being exactly alike. However, there are approaches and methods that can be borrowed and profitably utilized where both the problems confronted and the geology in which they are found are similar. It was the attempt to resolve these two conflicting tenets, situational uniqueness and methodological transferability, that impelled the state of Arkansas to develop the prototype approach that is to be described, along with some of the more important documents that were of use in the development of that approach.

Figure I highlights the main tenets of the prototype approach and Figure II locates each prototype within the state of Arkansas.
Drill‐Through Casing Driver Drilling Method for Construction of Monitoring Wells in Coarse, Unconsolidated Sediments
Authors: Woessner William W.
Published: February 2007

Hole stability problems occurring during construction of monitoring wells in coarse, unconsolidated alluvium can be overcome by using a drill‐through casing driver mounted on a standard top‐head drive rotary rig. Steel casing is driven contemporaneously with drilling, providing continuous hole stability. Samples of aquifer material and ground water can be taken at discrete depths as drilling proceeds. Monitoring well completion is accomplished by: (1) using the steel casing as an open‐ended piezometer; (2) installing a telescoping well screen; (3) plugging the casing end and perforating desired intervals, (4) installing one or more smaller diameter wells, and then (5) pulling back the steel casing. Advantages of this drilling method include maintenance of hole stability during drilling and well completion, faster borehole construction time than traditional methods in coarse alluvial deposits and other poorly sorted formations, and collection of representative samples of the geologic formations and ground water; additionally, drilling fluids are not required.
Ground Water Monitoring in the U.S.S.R.
Authors: Zaltsberg E.
Published: February 2007

Ground water monitoring is considered to be a significant component of the geological service in the U.S.S.R. Currently, the total number of ground water monitoring wells exceeds 30,000. They are divided into two categories, which are the first class, or basic observation wells, and the second class, or auxiliary observation wells. The main objectives of both monitoring networks are briefly described. The general scheme of ground water monitoring organization is also presented.
Vadose Zone Monitoring: An Early Warning System
Authors: Kirschner Frederick E. , Bloomsburg George L.
Published: February 2007

Currently, vadose zone monitoring is required under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) only at land treatment facilities. Contaminant leak detection through ground water monitoring is very important, but it is considered to be after the fact. Remedial action costs can be reduced considerably by monitoring the vadose zone for compounds that exhibit high rates of movement. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exhibit this property and are present at many municipal landfills, recycling facilities, and treatment storage and disposal facilities (TSDFs). Through the authors’personal experience, it has been noted that gaseous phase transport of VOCs through the vadose zone is at least an order of magnitude greater than advective transport of VOCs in ground water. Therefore, VOCs in soil gas are an effective early warning leak detection parameter. Downward movement of leachate can be intercepted by porous cup lysimeters. Attenuation in the vadose zone slows the apparent movement of contaminants; however, it is only a matter of time before leachate reaches the water table. The authors believe that soil‐gas and pore‐water monitoring should and eventually will be required at all RCRA sites. If vadose zone monitoring becomes an additional requirement under RCRA, both the facility owner and the taxpayer will benefit. During the interim, facility owners can benefit by employing vadose zone monitoring techniques coupled with either qualitative or quantitative chemical analyses.