bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of dietary copper supplementation on serum and biochemical and histopathology of pubertal boars
Authors: Adu O. A. , Egbunike G. N.
Published: February 2021

The effects of dietary copper on some biochemistry and histopathology of organs of pubertal pigs were assessed using 32 large white male weanling pigs of 8-9 weeks of age in a 6-months feeding trial. The animals were randomly assigned to four diets containing 0, 100, 200 and 300ppm Cu/kg as the control diet (diet 1), diets 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The feeding trial was divided into 3 growth phases (weanling, pre-pubertal and pubertal) corresponding to 8, 18 and 24 weeks of life respectively. At the end of the feeding trial, all the animals were sacrificed by stunning, bled, decapacitated followed by blood collection and careful evisceration to obtain the kidney, liver, spleen and testes and samples of the small intestine. Selected organs and tissues collected from sacrificed animals were processed for histology. Results showed that dietary copper did not significantly (P>0.05) influence the blood serum biochemical composition and the histomorphology of the organs and tissues examined. The boars exposed to the diet containing the highest copper supplementation (diet 4) did not have severe splenic atrophy and/or lymphoid depletion, liver necrosis and/or lesions, intestinal mucosal erosion and testicular necrosis and/or sertoli cells degeneration as compared to those fed the control. There was no intestinal mucosal erosion with increased dietary copper in this study because the maximum level of copper that was used in this study was not above 500ppm; hence all the tissues studied did not show degeneration of any form.
Response of albino rats fed varying levels of enzyme supplemented tigernut meal based diets.
Authors: Omoikhoje S. O. , Bamgbose A. M. , Muhammad A. S. , Saulawa A. , Obasoyo D. O. , Ehebha E.T.E. , Bello A. F. , Abioye S. A.
Published: February 2021

A 21-day feeding trial to assess the effect of replacing 0,10,20,30 and 40% maize with enzyme supplemented tigernut meal on the performance, nutrient digestibility, haematological traits, serum chemistry and carcass yield of one hundred and eight albino rats of the wistar strain was conducted in a complete randomised design. Nine experimental diets (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9) were formulated in all. Diet 1 contained 40% maize + 0% tigernut meal without enzyme supplementation. Diets 2,3,4.5 and 6,7,8,9 were constituted by replacing maize at 10.20,30 and 40% levels with tigernut meal supplemented with 0.05% roxzyineG® and enzyme extract respectively. The results revealed that of all the parameters considered, only the gut characteristics were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. Diets 5 and 9 (40% enzyme supplemented tigernut ineal) proved to be the best by having the best performance and nutrient digestibility coefficients. It was then concluded that 40% inclusion level of enzyme supplemented tigernut meal as a replacement for maize proved to be better in rats than dicts that contained 0, 10, 20 and 30% levels of enzyme supplemented tigernul meal based diets.
Influence of monensin on intake of some anti-nutritive components in diets fed to West African dwarf (WAD) goats
Authors: Aderinboye R. Y. , Onwuka C. F. I.
Published: February 2021

Sixteen (16) West African dwarf goats weighing an average of 73 kg +1.2 were used in a completely randomized experimental design to determine the influence of feeding monensin on intake of some anti-nutritive components contained in the diet. Results showed that animals placed on monensin supplemented diets at levels of 15, 30 and 45 mg/kg DM had significantly (P<0.05) reduced intakes of tannin, oxalate, saponin and nitrate compared to those placed on the control diet (0 mg monensin/ kg DM). No significant difference (P>0.05) occurred amongst the monensin-supplemented groups. Fecal concentrations of tannin, oxalate, saponin and nitrate were similarly observed to reduced (P<0.05) with monensin inclusion. However, the percentage disappearance of each of the anti nutritive components was not altered (P>0.05). Reductions in total dry matter intake were observed in response to monensin supplementation at 15, 30 and 45 mg/kg DM relative to the control but dry matter digestibility and weight gain in animals were not altered. The reductions in the intake of dry matter with monensin feeding were assumed to have consequently caused the reductions in the intake of anti-nutritive components from the diet. This reduction caused by monensin would be of benefit, in a bid to lessen some of the nutritional problems usually encountered when animals consume large quantities of these components in the diet. Monensin inclusion at levels between 15 and 45mg/kg DM could therefore be recommended to alleviate toxicity problems commonly associated with intake of anti-nutritive substances in feed.
Evaluation of environmental lead exposure in snails from four contaminated sites at abandoned battery factory in Niger Delta, Nigeria
Authors: Ebenso I. E. , Ologhobo A. D.
Published: February 2021

The evaluation of environmental lead exposure in snails from four contaminated sites of entrance, storage, dried effluent and waste dump respectively, at abandoned battery factory (Niger Delta, Nigeria) were investigated Results indicated significant (P<0.05) depressed weights of foot, shell, and offal at elevated lead contamination. The exposure of Achatina achatina snail to lead pollution indicates a pollution warning signal. Contaminated snails are critical pathway for transport of lead along the food chain.
Incidence of sperm Abnormalities in Ejaculates of Breeder cocks fed Rations Containing Different Levels of Cottonseed Meal
Authors: Abdulrashid M. , Akinpelumi O. P. , Akpa G. N. , Muhammad I. R.
Published: February 2021

A seven week study was conducted to determine the effect of three dietary levels of cottonseed meal (0%, 15%,30%) on the occurrence of spermatozoa morphological abnormalities in mature Rhode Island White (RIW) breeder cocks. Abnormalities of the acrosome, sperm head, cytoplasmic droplets and mid piece and sperm tail were investigated in 180 ejaculates collected between October and November. All types of abnormalities were variable between treatments and between extent of feeding (weeks). The values (2.90,5.30 and 8.63) on sperm head abnormalities were significantly different (P<0.01) between treatments and increased linearly with higher levels of cottonseed meal (CSM) in the diets. Abnormalities of the sperm tail were significantly variable (P<0.05) within treatment weeks with a linear increase from baseline value (2.00) lo about the 3r week post feeding (5.00). The mean total sperm morphological abnormalities in the treatment groups significantly increased linearly (P<0.01) as duration of feeding increased. It is suggested that breeder cocks should not be fed rations containing more than 15%CSM
Growth Performance and Egg Quality of Layers Fed Graded Levels of Palm Oil Supplemented with Vitamin E
Authors: Ezeokeke C. T. , Adeyemo O. A. , Amaechi S. , Uchegbu M. C. , Akor T. E. , Durunna C. S. , Mgbemere E.
Published: February 2021

Test diets (2-5) for layers were prepared using graded levels of 5, 8, 10 and 12% levels of inclusion of palm oil supplemented with 0.11, 0.17, 0.22 and 0.27g, respectively, of vitamin E/Kg of feed. The control diet for the layers had no palm oil and vitamin E inclusions. The experimental diets were used to feed 75 Nera brown layers that were 24wks old. The birds were distributed to the diets using completely randomized design. There were five treatments and each treatment had three replicates of five birds per replicate. The experiment lasted for 12 weeks. Results of the experiment showed that the average body weight significantly increased (P<0.05) for the birds on the test diets (2-5) than those on the control diet, birds on diet 2 (1.91 kg) weighed the heaviest. For the egg quality parameters, averages of egg weight, hen day egg production, albumen height, albumen width and index, shell thickness, yolk heighi varied significantly (P<0.05) among the treatments. In many yurd sticks the graded levels of palm oil inclusion supplemented with vitamin E enhanced performance und egg quality of layers'
Observation on the growth of hubbard parent stock broilers raised for 20 weeks by manipulating the feed supply under restricted feeding regime
Authors: Abeke F. O. , Sekoni A. A. , Adeyinka A. I. , Igbozurike C. A. , Ubani E. O. , Otu M.
Published: February 2021

A study was carried out to monitor the effect of feed manipulation on the growth and development of male and female line Hubbard broiler parent stock reared under tropical open sided poultry house without any form of cooling system or any temperature regulating mechanism. A total of 255 females and 105 males for the male line and 360 females and 150 males for the female line were used. The birds were fed a normal soya cake/groundnut cake and maize based broiler starter ration of 2900kcal/kg ME and 20% CP and a grower ration containing 2650kcal/kg ME with 16% CP as stipulated by the Hubbard rearing guide. The birds were fed ad libitum for the first 2 weeks and thereafter placed on restricted feeding in line with the standard rearing guideline provided by the Hubbard breeding company for optimum growth and development. It was observed that the body weights of the birds did not differ much from the standard body weight expected at 20 weeks even though they were reared in the normal tropical open sided poultry house without sophisticated modern facilities. This shows that feed manipulation can be used to achieve desired weight in broiler parent stock rearing
Effect of Processing Method on Composition and Consumer Acceptability of Camel (Camelus dromedarious) Meat and Beef.
Authors: Muhammad B.F. , Mahmud A.B. , Mustapha A.
Published: February 2021

The study was carried out to investigate the chemical composition and sensorycharacteristic of processed camel meat and beef. Fresh meat from hindlimb Longissimus dorsi of camel and bull were processed into kilishi, balangu, and soye. The unprocessed meat was used as control. The meat and meat products were subjected chemical analysis to determine moisture, protein, fat, and mineral contents (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe and Zn). The results showed that raw camel meat had significantly (p<0.05) higher moisture content (76.77%) than beef (71.29%). Similarly, camel meat processed into balangu had higher moisture content (73.94%) than that of beef (62.27%). The kilishi of beef and camel meat had the lowest moisture of 9.89% and 10.30%, respectively. Processing method significantly (p<0.05) affected protein contents of raw beef from 18.88% to 20.26% in balangu, 19.69% in kilishi and 24.78% in soye. Protein content of raw camel meat was increased significantly (p<0.05) from 15.16% to 20.57% in balangu, 17.56% in kilishi and 18.10% in soye. The fat content of camel meat (19.33%) differ significantly (p<0.05) from that of beef (15.37%); and the processed meat products showed significantly (p<0.05) higher fat contents than raw meat. The ash contents of both beef (4.20%) and camel meat (4.70%) kilishi were significantly (p<0.05) higher compared to other products. Camel meat products contain more minerals than beef except for Cu (5.15 mg/g) and Fe (1.43 mg/g). The colour and flavour of beef and camel meat soye were rated very good significantly (p<0.05) higher than kilishi and balangu rated between good and satisfactory. The overall acceptability ratings of beef kilishi (7.1) and balangu (7.4) were significantly (p<0.05) higher than camel meat kilishi (6.6) and balangu (4.7). However the overall acceptability of soye from both species was rated same and excellent. It could be concluded that beef and camel meat compare favourably in nutrients and consumer acceptability ratings. It was recommended that camel meat be adopted for use in soye, kilishi and balangu making at small scale and commercial production levels.
Multipurpose uses of forage species, estimation of availability and distribution of grass species, and effect of location on the crude fibre and ash contents of common browse species in Nsukka, Nigeria
Authors: Onyeonagu C. C. , Asiegbu J. E. , Nweke A. R. , Akagha C. S.
Published: February 2021

A study of multipurpose browse and grass species from four rural communities of Nsukka Local Government Area of Enugu State was conducted between 2005 and 2006. Structured questionnaires were administered to farmers in the four communities. A total of 38 plant species belonging to 24 plant families were identified as multipurpose browse species. A greater number of the plant species are used for fuel wood (22 species), for fruits and leaves as vegetables (20 species) and for human and veterinary medicine (16 species). Twenty seven species of these browse plants from 2 communities were subjected to nutritional evaluation of their ash and crude fibre contents. The percentage crude fibre content of Icancina trichantha (73. 8%) was highest compared with the other browse species. Browse species from Edemani community gave significantly (P < 0.05) higher crude fibre contents than those from Obukpa community. Elaeis guineensis had significantly (P < 0.05) the highest ash content (23.5%). Plants from Edemani had higher ash content (11.4%) than those from Obukpa community (8.1%). Location and species interaction significantly (P < 0.05) affected the ash contents of the browse plants. A total of 6 plants were identified as multipurpose grass species. A greater number of the grass species are used for soil fertility enrichment (4 species), for lighting (2 species) and as roofing materials (2 species). The most frequently used grass species (with mean usage = 15%) across all sampled communities include: Andropogon gayanus and Anthephora ampulaceae. All the grass species identified are moderately available in the area of study.
Effect of coat colour on heat stress among West African Dwarf sheep
Authors: Sanusi A. O. , Peters S. O. , Sonibare A. O. , Ozojie M. O .
Published: February 2021

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of coat colour on heat stress among West African Dwarf sheep. A total number of twenty-four West African Dwarf sheep with different coat colour types were used for the experiment. Rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR) and pulse rate(PR) were taken on each animal before sunrise and when they returned from grazing in the afternoon during late dry season ( January-March) and early rainy season (April June ). Blood samples were collected for evaluation of packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), plasma sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+). Coat colour had significant (P<0.01) effect on PT, RR, PR and heat stress index (HI).Animals with black coat colour (aaB-SS) had the highest mean value for all parameters followed by brown mouflon and brown with extensive white, while the badger face coloured sheep(A-B-ss) had the least mean value. There were significant (P<0.01) differences between males and female in RT (38.69± 0.02 and 38.83± 0.02oC), RR (56.09± 0.58 and 59.94± 0.65 breaths/min), PR (74.67 ±0.39 and 77.92± 0.46 beats/min) and HI (1.60±0 0.19 and 1.63± 0.02) respectively. Season had significant (P<0.01) effect on RT, RR, PR, HI. Coat colour also had significant (P< 0.05) effect on RBC, WBC, Na + and K+. There + +were appreciable difference between female and male in RBC, WBC, Na and K . Seasonal variation also significantly affected these blood parameters. However, PCV was not significantly (P>0.05) affected by variation in coat colour, sex and season. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that coat colour type had significant effect on heat stress in WestAfrican Dwarf sheep.
Changes in serum cortisol concentrations in West African Dwarf (WAD) bucks during electroejaculation
Authors: Daramola J. O , Adeloye A. A , Balogun I. A , Yousuf M. B , Olatunde A. O. , Abiona J. A
Published: February 2021

Changes in the concentration of serum cortisol in blood samples of twenty healthy West African Dwarf (WAD) bucks were determined during electro-ejaculation. The animals were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. Group I consisted of bucks that had rectal probe inserted but were not electroejaculated (NEE), and group II consisted of bucks that were electroejaculated (EE) in the morning (0900hr), afternoon (1400hr) and late afternoon (1800hr). The results showed that serum cortisol values found in both groups were similar (P>0.05). Increase in cortisol levels were observed (P<0.05) in the afternoon in both EE and NEE animals in comparison with morning and late afternoon. The findings of this study indicate that the increase observed in cortisol concentrations in the afternoon in both groups reflects stress stimuli due to slight increase in ambient temperature.
Influence of level of groundnut haulms and feeding system on performance of growing rabbits
Authors: Iyeghe-Erakpotobor G. T , Tudunwada I. K , Tijjani A. , Muhammad I. R
Published: February 2021

Forty crossbred weaner rabbits were used in a factorial experiment involving three levels (15, 30 and 45%) of groundnut haulms(GHM) and two feeding systems (separate and mixed). Ratios of concentrate to groundnut haulms or groundnut haulmsmeal were: 1) 85% concentrate plus 15% GHM, 2) 70% concentrate plus 30% GHM and 3) 55% concentrate plus 45% GHM. For separate feeding system, concentrate and groundnut haulms were offered in separate feeders while for mixed feeding system, groundnut haulms meal was incorporated into the concentrate as complete diets. The control rabbits were placed on concentrate alone. Total feed offered was 100g/rabbit/day. Final weight, feed intake and total weight gain increased quadratically with increase in level of groundnut forage. Weight gain and feed conversion ratio were not affected by level of groundnut forage. Feed cost and cost/kg gain decreased with increase in groundnut haulms level. Savings/kg gain increased with increase in level of groundnut haulms from ₦7.9 to ₦107.6. Feeding groundnut haulms separately or mixed increased daily feed intake of rabbits than sole concentrate. ADG was higher for separate feeding than mixed and sole concentrate. Feed cost was significantly higher for sole concentrate than separate and mixed feeding. Savings/kg gain was ₦450 - ₦300 for separate and mixed feeding compared with sole concentrate. Feed intake was higher for separate at 15 and 45% GHM, while for 30% GHM, mixed feeding had higher intake than separate system. ADG was higher for separate than mixed feeding for all levels of groundnut forage. Feed conversion ratio was similar for separate and mixed feeding system irrespective of groundnut haulms level. Feed cost was lower for separate feeding system at all GHM levels except for 30% GHM level where it was higher for mixed than separate feeding. Feed cost/kg gain was higher for mixed feeding at 15 and 45% GH and lowest for separate at 45% GHM. It is concluded that rabbits can be offered up to 45% GHM while, separate feeding was better than mixed feeding.
Weight for weight replacement of wheat offal with cassava root sievate in growing rabbit diet
Authors: Egbeyale L. T , Idowu O. M. O. , Sogunle O. M , Amole T. A. , Ogundipe B. O , Adeleye O. O.
Published: February 2021

A ten week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the dietary effect of Cassava Root Sievate (CRS) based diet on the performance, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters and carcass characteristics of weaner rabbits. Forty-eight (48) crossbred, 7 weeks old weaner rabbits were used in the feeding trial in a completely randomized design. The CRS replaced wheat offal at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%, respectively resulting in seven dietary treatments, respectively. No significant (P>0.05) difference was observed between the rabbits fed the CRS and control diets in all the performance indices except the daily and final body weight. Weight gain however decreased significantly (P<0.05) as the CRS level increased in the diet. The treatment effect was significant (P<0.05) with the highest crude protein, crude fibre and dry matter digestibility values recorded for the rabbit in the control group. Daily energy intake and retained, digestible energy, metabolizable energy and gross energy were similar (P>0.05) across treatments. Biological value and apparent nitrogen digestibility were significantly (P<0.05) decreased with increased CRS level. Blood serum metabolites of the rabbits were also positively (P<0.05) influenced by the treatments. The carcass characteristics showed significance (P<0.05) in terms of carcass yield percentage with 20% CRS treatment group having the highest carcass yield percentage. It was concluded in this study that CRS could be included in weaner rabbit diets up to 20% without compromising performance, carcass yield, digestibility and nutrient utilization.
Performance, haematology and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens given water from different sources
Authors: Folorunso O. R , Laseinde E. A. O. , Onibi G. E.
Published: February 2021

n eight week study was conducted to assess the performance, carcass characteristics and haematological indices of broiler chickens provided water from different sources. One hundred and fifty day - old broiler chicks (Arbor acre) were randomly allocated to five treatment groups (rain, stream, pipe borne water, well and borehole water respectively) in a completely randomized experimental design. The borehole water was obtained from a residential building, about 500 m to the experimental site (Federal College of Agriculture (FECA), Akure, Nigeria). Rainwater was harvested when it rained and was stored in plastic containers before it was used. It was not stored for more than three days before use. Stream water was obtained from a stream that flowed close to the students' residential area of FECA. It is sometimes drunk and is typical of streams that flow in a typical village community. Well water was obtained from a well sunk within the premises of the FECA. It was a well from where people fetched water for domestic use and was provided to the birds without prior treatment. Pipe borne water was obtained from the Water Corporation Mains that supplies FECA and Ijapo Estate, Akure. Results from the experiment revealed that there were no significant (P>0.05) differences among the treatments in terms of water intake, feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass characteristics, relative weight of some organs, muscle dimensions and haematological parameters. Pipe borne water had the highest numerical values (P>0.05) for most of the performance and carcass characteristic indices measured, such as daily water intake (181.53±14.6), cumulative water intake (8.90±.71), daily feed intake (106.27±4.15), cumulative feed intake (5.21±0.20), daily weight gain (38.53±2.38), total weight gain (1.89±0.12), final weight gain (1.98±0.12), percent dressed weight (97.11±0.16%), percent eviscerated weight (81.86±3.26%), relative weights of drumstick (99.37±5.43g/kg), wings (89.10±9.69g/kg), chest (170.08±6.59g/kg) and back (159.40±18.90g/kg live weight) respectively. Water from different sources (rain, well, pipe borne water, borehole and stream) had no significant (P>0.05) effect on the performance indices, considered in the study for broiler chickens. This implies that the aforementioned water sources can be used to raise broiler chickens provided such water is free from any contaminants that could impair the health of the birds.
Effect of â-mannanase supplementation and feed presentation on carcass characteristics and macro-mineral digestibility of growing rabbits fed palm kernel based diets
Authors: Abu O. A. , Tanimowo D. A.
Published: February 2021

The influence of â -mannanase supplementation and feed presentation of palm kernel cake (PKC) based diets were assessed on grower rabbits. Twenty crossbred grower rabbits (757.5 ± 65g) of mixed sex aged between eight to ten weeks old were used during the trial in 2 X 2 factorial design conducted in a completely randomized experimental design giving four treatment interactions with five replicates of one rabbit per replicate. The treatments were; T1- diet in mash form without enzyme; T2- diet in pellet form without enzyme; T3- diet in mash form with â-mannanase (0.5g/kg) and T4- diet in pellet form with mannanase (0.5g/kg). The trial lasted for six weeks. The animals were weighed individually at the beginning of the study and weekly thereafter. At the end of the study period the feacal samples were collected and animals were slaughtered and measurements taken from the carcasses. The carcass yield showed no interaction, though full GIT weights (g) were significantly influenced (T1-23.04, T2-17.67, T3-19.99 and T4- 18.74. Enzyme inclusion and feed form elicited significant effects on carcass characteristics, with varying improvements observed. Enzyme inclusion on the mash diet gave lower organ weights compared to other diets. Feed form and enzyme inclusion influenced lengths of the segments of the GIT, with rabbit on Diet 3 having the longest length. Pelleting influenced ileum lengths positively. Rabbits fed pelleted or mash diets whether supplemented or non-supplemented with â-mannanase digested dry matter, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the same level. In conclusion, supplementation of diets with â-mannanase and pelleting of diets improved phosphorus digestibility in palm kernel cake based diets. In addition, rabbits feed mash and pelleted rations with addition of â-mannanase had improved loins as opposed to those fed mash and non-supplemented rabbits while other carcass and visceral organ characteristics were not significantly affected.
Biometric measurements of body and internal organ traits of indigenous chickens on free range in South-Eastern Nigeria
Authors: Okoro V. M. O. , Ejiogu G. E. , Okoli I. C. , Anyanwu, G. A. , Ezeokeke C. T. , Okoro C. L.
Published: February 2021

A biometric study of the body conformation and internal organs of the indigenous chickens on free range in rural areas of Imo State in South-Eastern Nigeria was conducted using 5 Local Government Areas. It was observed that the predominant plumage colours were black (51.25%) and brown (36.25%) for the hens while the cocks were predominantly black (30.36%) and red (25.01%). The dressed colour of the birds was majorly yellow and white comprising of (70.68%) and (29.32%) for the hens and (77.75%) and (22.25%) for the cocks, respectively. Shank colour was black (95.4%) and white (4.65%) for the hens, while the cocks were (54.24%) black and (46.76%) white respectively. The mean shank length, neck length and back length of 6.725±0.09 cm, 11.11±0.20 cm and 17.77±0.29 cm were estimated for the hens, while the cocks had mean shank length, neck length and back length of 7.79±0.13 cm, 11.35±0.30 cm and 18.29±0.44 cm, respectively. The mean body weights of the hens and cocks were 868.48±21.18 g, and 1032±57.84 g, respectively with cocks being significantly (P<0.05) higher in body weight and back length than hens. The mean biometric and internal organ measures of chickens per Local Government Area (LGA) were also investigated with no significant (P>0.05) differences among chickens in the five LGAs except for weight of proventriculus and full intestine. Regression equations for the prediction of body weight using the biometric and internal organ measurements were obtained under two functional forms (linear and semi-log) which showed a weak coefficient of determination (R2) ranging between 7.5 to 24.3% for biometric measurements, and a strong coefficient of determination (R2) ranging between 21.4 to 98.89% for internal organs. There was no significant correlation coefficient (r) between the biometric measurements taken, but strong and significant correlation (r) was shown between internal organs and body weight. Therefore, indigenous chickens of South-Eastern Nigeria exhibit wide variability among phenotypes in terms of physical appearance, biometric measurement and internal organ characteristics. More so, the internal organs can be predicted more effectively than biometric measurements by the body weight, using regression models of the two functional forms; and significant indirect selection can be made to improve internal organs like gizzard weight using the bodyweight, due to significant correlation coefficient established.
Performance, carcass and blood indices of broiler chickens fed graded levels of sundried raw wild cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) corms as partial substitutes for maize
Authors: Olajide R.
Published: February 2021

The suitability of graded levels of sun-dried raw wild cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) corms as partial replacement for maize in the diet of finishing broiler chickens was carried out in a feeding trial that lasted for four weeks. One hundred and twenty (120) four weeks old broilers were used. . The birds were assigned into four dietary treatments of three replicates each. The experiment was carried out using the completely randomized design. Each diet represented a treatment. Diet 1 as the control treatment was devoid of the test ingredient. The remaining three (3) diets were formulated on 10, 20 and 30% substitution levels of raw wild cocoyam corms for maize on a weight for weight basis. The diets and clean drinking water were provided ad libitum throughout the period of the study. Data were collected on performance, carcass, haematology, serum metabolites, and economy of production. Results revealed that the weight gain, feed conversion ratio, cost per kilogramme feed and carcass characteristics were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the dietary treatments. Among the serum metabolites and haematological parameters monitored, only cholesterol was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the graded levels of the test ingredients in the diets. It was concluded that maize can be replaced with 20% of raw wild cocoyam corms without deleterious effects on performance, carcass, serum biochemistry and haematology of broiler chickens.
Technical efficiency of local dairy milk processing in Kwara State, North Central, Nigeria.
Authors: Olorunsanya E. O. , Daramola A. M.
Published: February 2021

This study examined the profitability and technical efficiency of local dairy milk processing in Kwara State using budgetary analysis and stochastic frontier model. Data set for the study was obtained through a randomly selected one hundred nomadic households in the state. The results of the budgetary analysis showed that local dairy milk processing was profitable in the study area with a net farm income of N683.25 per day. Results of the stochastic frontier efficiency model revealed the percentage efficiency to be 50-95 per cent with a mean of 76 per cent. The level of education of the nomadic household heads, the household size, as well as the years of experience in milk processing significantly reduced the inefficiency of local dairy milk processing in the study area. Improvement in the level of education of the milk processors will have positive implication on their technical efficiency.
Quality characteristics of chevon obtained from goat fed melon (Colocynthis citrillus) husk and palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil slurry
Authors: Sanwo K. A , Iposu S. O. , Adegbite J. A. , Abiola S. S. , Fanimo A. O. , Oyewole O. B.
Published: February 2021

A study was undertaken to determine effect of nutritional value of melon (Colocynthis citrillus) husk (MH) and palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil slurry (POS) on quality of chevon obtained from West African Dwarf (WAD) goats finished on four diets viz. diet 1 (0% MH, 0% POS); diet 2 (50% MH, 0% POS); diet 3 (0% MH, 50% POS) and diet 4 (50% MH, 50% POS). All animals were fed a basal diet of Panicum maximum ad libitum. After sixty days, eight goats (two goats per treatment) were slaughtered and muscles obtained from their forelegs. A sample of the raw meats was taken for pH measurement and Fatty acid analyses while the remaining was cooked by boiling and used for proximate analysis, cooking and refrigerated losses, and sensory evaluation. Data were subjected to one – way analysis of variance in a completely randomized design. Percent dry matter of the experimental diets ranged from 89.53% to 89.81%. The cooking weight loss for chevon showed no significant (P>0.05) difference but refrigerated weight loss (drip loss) showed significant (P<0.05)difference due to diets; lowest values were recorded on diets 2 (0.96g) and 4 (0.91g), respectively. Chevon obtained from animals fed diet 3 had the lowest percent crude protein content (21.51%) and highest cooking and refrigeration losses of 4.44% and 23.51%, respectively. Chevon obtained from all the diets fed gave significant (P<0.05) lower percentage values for linolenic acid compare with the control, while chevon from goats fed diet 3 gave a reduced percentage value of saturated fatty acids. In all the parameters considered for sensory evaluation, only flavour and saltiness showed significant (P<0.05) difference. It was concluded that Melon husk and palm oil slurry can be added at the various inclusion rates in this study depending on consumer preferences for either nutrient qualities or sensory properties of meat.
Availability and estimation of crop by-product yields for small ruminant production in Cross River State, Nigeria
Authors: Kalio G. A. , Agunwobi L. N. , Ayuk A. A. , Eneji C. A.
Published: February 2021

A study was carried out in some Local Government Areas of Cross River State of Nigeria to identify and ascertain the availability, level of production and the yields of crop by-products derived from commonly cultivated crops that can serve as feed for small ruminants. The results show that the various staple crops commonly grown in Cross River State produce the following crop by-products in a decreasing order of yields- cassava peels> yam peels> corn cobs> maize sheaths> plantain peels> maize offal> rice offal> cassava sievets> banana peels> fried garri sievets> groundnut haulms> sweet potato peels. The annual yield of crop by-products per Local Government Area is estimated as follows: cassava peels 89,226.40, yam peels 32,318.80, maize sheaths and offal 358,050.00, rice 0ffal 37,140.00, cowpea haulms 34,064.00, groundnut haulms 41,872.00, banana peels and rejects 18,420.00, plantain peels 7,598.40, cocoyam peels 11,944.00, sweet potato peels and rejects 8,024.00 tonnes per selected LGA.The total amount of crop by-products (638,657.60 tonnes) generated each year from the staple food crops will go a long way in solving the problem of feed scarcity for ruminants during dry season.
Effect of sole maize and maize –lablab silage on the ruminal volatile fatty acids (VFAS) of grazing calves in the dry season
Authors: Amole T. A. , Oduguwa B. O. , Onifade O. S. , Arigbede O. M. , Jolaosho A. O.
Published: February 2021

Silages of sole maize and mixtures of maize-lablab were made at harvest in plastic bags. The experimental Unit consists of twelve cross-bred yearling bulls (White Fulani x N’dama) calves weighing 71-72kg and were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments: Grazing + sole maize silage, Grazing + mixtures of maize-lablab silage and Unsupplemented grazing as control. The experimental design was a completely randomized design and lasted 84days. Silage diets were given between 07:30 and 11:00 hours daily before grazing. Rumen fluid was collected at the end of the study to evaluate the co-efficient of ruminal fluid. The crude protein content in sole maize silage was half of that in mixture of maize-lablab silage. Inclusion of lablab in maize stover silage increased the mineral content as well as the lignin fraction. The mean pH value of sole maize silage (3.80) was less (P < 0.05) than 4.25 obtained with addition of lablab. The buffering capacity (5.37%) of sole maize silage significantly (P < 0.05) increased to 5.71% in mixture of maize-lablab silage. Lactic acid contents differed was influenced significantly (P < 0.05) with a mean value of 8.4% and 8.5% respectively in the sole maize silage and with lablab inclusion. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) ranged from 56.7 μmoles/ml in calves without supplementation to 95.2 μmoles/ml in the calves fed mixture of maize-lablab silage. Mixture of Maize-lablab silage had the highest values for all the minerals determined in the feed materials while sole maize had the least. It was concluded from this trial, that forage legumes are relatively good sources of degradable nitrogen and fermentable energy, so their inclusion in the diet is likely to increase the rumen population of cellulolytic microbes and also proves that, mixture of maize-lablab silage could be used as supplement to enhance the growth and survival of calves during the dry season, when animal feeds are relatively scarce.
Unethical evidence against cattle dignity during loading, transportation and off-loading by livestock marketers in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria
Authors: Akinyemi P. L. , Babayemi O. J. , Abu O. A. , Bamikole M. K.
Published: February 2021

Some activities that showed unethical practices against cattle during loading, transportation and off-loading were considered in this paper. Three major cattle market centres (Akinyele, Bodija and Oranyan) in Ibadan metropolis were used. Eighty (80) structured questionnaires were randomly administered to the cattle] handlers to collect] data on systems of loading, transportation and off-loading of the animals. Visual] observations, head counting and image capturing of the animals on board were made. Cattle were transported by road (100%) using different kinds of vehicle including open] roofed trailer, truck, saloon cars and buses with different capacities. Cattle were] arranged to stand for days under sun and rain until the final destination. Over 94% of] respondents transported their animals in 1-3 days. Also, 60% parked breeds, different] sizes, horned and polled cattle together in the same truck during transportation. 3.75%,] 5%, 7.5% and 83.75% of handlers respectively transported their cattle in the morning,] afternoon evening and at any time of the day. Cattle were loaded and off-loaded by] dragging, pulling and pushing. It is concluded that there were no standard systems no transportation, loading and off-loading of cattle as animals were exposed to inclement weather and hardship.
Assessment of market performance of cat fish farmers in Sagamu local government area of Ogun State Nigeria
Authors: Oladoja M. A. , Adeokun O. A.
Published: February 2021

The study was conducted to assess the market performance of catfish farmers in Sagamu Local Government area of Ogun State, Nigeria. A stage random technique was used to select 106 fish farmers from the study area and an interview schedule was used to elicit information. Results of the study indicated that 44.3 percent were within the age category of 31-40 years. Majority (52.8%), were males and over half of respondents (60.0%) had primary education. Majority (80.4%), were married, (70.0%) were Christians and 47.2 percent had been in the business with 5-10 years of experience. The result of the analysis indicated that fish production was profitable (the net income is N78,838.00. A higher percentage of the respondents access credit for fish farming from the bank (37.7%) and 36.8 percent of the respondents sold to consumers, retailers and wholesalers. Hypothesis testing indicated no significant relationship between] sex(X2=0.863, P>0.05),religion (X2=0.134, P>0.05) and the market performance but a significant relationship between age (X2=17.966, P>0.05), marital status(X2=51.293 P>0.05),educational level(X2=37.6468, P>0.05),year of experience (X2=27.883, P>0.05), main occupation (X2=32.670, P>0.05) and the market performance. It was founded that most of the farmers are males with little education. Government should organize an enlightenment programme that will educate and improve the knowledge and skills of both males and female fish farmers which will shed more light on fish production.
Bioinformatic analyses of kappa casein gene in mammalian livestock species
Authors: Adenaike A. S. , Peters S. O. , Fafiolu A. O. , Lawal R. A. , Wheto M. , Ikeobi C. O. N
Published: February 2021

Kappa casein (CSN3) gene is a variant of the milk protein highly conserved in mammalian species. Genetic variations in CSN3 gene of six mammalian livestock species were investigated using bioinformatics approach. A total of twenty-seven CSN3 gene sequences with corresponding amino acids belonging to the six species studied were retrieved from GenBank. Using a comparative genomic approach, we obtained 1797 bp of the CSN3 sequences from cattle, goat, horse, pig, rabbit and sheep. Alignment of twenty-seven sequences within the region of 1713 bp and containing gaps was carried out using Clustal W. The sequence alignment revealed high polymorphisms of CSN3 sequences among the six species. The percent identity and similarity between species were determined by conducting pair-wise comparisons of the sequences. Results revealed high level of identity and similarity among the ruminant animals (84-97% and 86-99%) which implied the gene is conserved in all the ruminants. However, percent identity and similarity between pig and rabbit were relatively low (45%, 61%). This revealed that CSN3 protein from them might be functionally different and divergence between them is more ancient. Higher polymorphism of amino acids was observed among the species than within species. Four non-synonymous mutations occurred in cattle, six in goat, four in horse, three in rabbit and seven in sheep. The results of DnaSP analysis indicated that the selected region (1-1797 bp) of the twenty-seven sequences from all the species had 1298 nucleotide sites excluding sites with gaps (499). There are invariable and variable sites that include 185 singleton variable sites and 56 parsimony informative sites. The nucleotide diversity (ð= 0.212) and average number of nucleotide diversity (k = 94.84) for all sequences which were lower than the highest values in rabbit (ð = 0.557, k = 229) were estimated. Divergence of the species could be inferred from high genetic diversity of the CSN3 gene. The haplotype diversity was 1.00 in goat, horse and sheep indicating abundant genetic diversity in those species. Close relationship between goat and sheep was observed in phylogenetic tree of CSN3 gene which showed that the comparability of CSN3 gene sequences was highest between the goat and sheep and they evolved from a most recent common ancestor. A more detailed study involving more divergent taxa and complete amino acid sequence will help to delineate how the mutations affect the functions of the gene.
Effect of maturity stage and processing on chemical composition, in vitro gas production and preference of Panicum maximum and Pennisetum purpureum
Authors: Amole T. A. , Oduguwa B. O. , Adepoju O. A , Adenuga O. , Adegunwa O.
Published: February 2021

The trials arranged in 2 x 2 x 2 factorial completely randomized design to evaluated the selection preference of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) and Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum ) of four and eight weeks regrowth served either fresh green chop or pelleted using 12 intact Muturu calves in a 15 min cafeteria. The diets were served to animals either individual or in group. The CP content of the grasses ranged from 105 to 133 g/kg DM with pelleted panicum at 8 weeks old having the highest CP. Pelleted grasses of 4 week old had the lowest (P<0.05) NDF in the trial. Panicum pelleted at 4 weeks old recorded the highest (P < 0.05) sequential in vitro gas volume of 5.25 ml/200g while the volume of gas produced by pelleted grasses was higher (P < 0.01) than the fresh grasses. Pennisetum pelleted at 8 weeks old had the highest (P<0.05) ME of 6.18 MJ/kg DM. Age at harvest influenced preference as forages harvested at 4 weeks old had higher intake. Group feeding also influenced forage preference. Correlation analysis showed that DM, SCFA, and ash contents have poor (P> 0.01) capacity to preference of forages. Forage preference considered in terms of intake rate indicated that growing calves preferred fresh P. maximum 4 week old to the other samples used in this study. It is concluded that in order to optimize DM intake farmers should consider the type of grasses and their age at harvest particularly for Muturu. Pelleting improves acceptability of forages when rejected by animal as fresh forage form due to advanced age.
Effects of alphamune G on the performance, serum and haematological parameters of Escherichia coli challenged turkey poults
Authors: Bolu S. A. , Adelakun M. T.
Published: February 2021

A study was conducted to determine the response of Turkey poults to graded levels of Alphamune G (0.00+, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06 and 0.00 %-) when challenged with Escherichia coli orally for 7 days. The graded levels were the treatments viz 0.00%+ (positive control), Alphamune G at 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06% and 0.00%- (negative control; infected without Alphamune G supplementation). Each treatment was allotted 3 replicates of 6 poults. The experiment which was conducted for 56 days employed a completely randomized design. E. coli was isolated from the intestinal digesta of a colisepticaemic chicken. 108 turkey poults were used in this study. Poults were infected with E.coli for 7 days through the drinking water and given the treatment. The performance parameters of Alphamune G supplementation were significantly affected. The cumulative weight, Feed intake and weight gain were highest for turkey poults fed 0.06% Alphamune G supplementation. These values were also directly proportional to the supplementation levels of Alphamune G. The birds given the negative treatment (0.00 %-) had relatively poor performance compared to the other treatments. The specific enzymes studied were significantly affected (p<0.05) by the treatments. ALT and AST were significantly highest for turkey poults fed the negative control. Enzyme values became optimum at 0.05% Alphamune G supplementation. At 0.06% of Alphamune G supplementation, cellular mitigations of the effects of E. coli was measurable. Urea and creatinine were not significantly (p>0.05) influenced by the treatments. Haematological indices such as WBC and specific differential counts (lymphocytes and neutrophils) were affected significantly (P<0.05) by supplemental levels of Alphamune G The Inclusion of Alphamune G at 0.06% in the diets improved performance of turkey poults when challenged with Escherichia coli.
Comparative developmental trajectory of four strains of chicken embryo during incubation and their post-hatch growth
Authors: Oke O. E. , Obanla L. O. , Onagbesan O. M. , Daramola J. O.
Published: February 2021

This study evaluated egg traits, embryonic growth, and early growth rate in four strains of chicken. A total of 1200 hatching eggs, 300 each from four strains of chicken were used for this study. The strains included Nigerian indigenous chicken (NIC), Arbor acre, Hubbard, and Marshall broiler strains. Embryonic weights, yolk and albumen utilization were monitored throughout the incubation period. The chicks were randomly distributed into four rearing pens for a 28-day assessment of growth rate. Blood samples were collected at hatch (day-old), week 1, 2, 3 and 4 posthatch for thyroxine (T ) level determination. This study showed that the embryos 4 percentage weight gains were similar in the NIC and the broiler strains at embryonic (ED) 18. There was no difference (P>0.05) in the rate of albumen utilization among the strains. At hatching, there was no difference ((P>0.05) in the metabolic rate among the strains of chicken as shown by the levels of plasma T until later in the 4 growth phase. The day-old chick weight and the weights in subsequent weeks posthatch were smaller in the NIC than the broiler strains possibly as a result of low hatching weight and growth rate of the NIC in the first two weeks post-hatch. The early growth difference could not be explained by physiological parameters such as T . However, the differences in post-hatch physiological and metabolic parameters 4 may be due partly to genetic differences. It was concluded that embryonic development in the broiler strain was not superior to that of the NIC.