bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Características fermentativas y nutricionales del ensilaje de rastrojo de piña (Ananas comosus)
Authors: López Herrera Michael , WingChing-Jones Rodolfo , Rojas-Bourrillón Augusto
Published: May 2024

Se determinó la composición nutricional y características fermentativas de los rastrojos de piña antes del proceso de ensilaje y en el material ensilado. Los microsilos fueron preparados en bolsas de polietileno de 1 kg, al rastrojo se le adicionó 0, 5, 10, 15, y 20% de pulpa de cítricos deshidratada (PCD) en base fresca y 3% de melaza también en base fresca e inóculo bacterial (1,0 l.t-1) dependiendo del tratamiento. El contenido de PC, FDN, FDA, lignina, cenizas, N-NH3.N-total-1, capacidad buffer y pH se redujo al incrementar los niveles de carbohidratos. En cambio, el contenido de MS, EE, DIVMS y CNF del forraje, se concentró al aumentar la inclusión de PCD. La densidad energética de los ensilados se incrementó de acuerdo a la adición de carbohidratos. Se determinó, mediante simulación, que los ensilados de rastrojos de piña (20% PCD), sin restricción por consumo de proteína, pueden suplir los requerimientos energéticos de bovinos de 350 kg de peso vivo con una ganancia máxima de 500 g.día-1 y una producción láctea menor a 25 kg.día-1 con una concentración de 4% de grasa en vacas lecheras de 450 kg de peso vivo, sin tomar en cuenta la tasa de pasaje del alimento a nivel ruminal. Además, el costo del kilo de MS del ensilaje de rastrojo de piña con o sin aditivos fluctuó entre ¢3,95 y ¢20,84. Los rastrojos de piña son una alternativa para la suplementación de rumiantes por su perfil nutricional y costo de elaboración.
Capacidad de suministro de N, P y K de cuatro abonos orgánicos
Authors: Castro Andrina , Henríquez Carlos , Bertsch Floria
Published: May 2024

Se estudió la capacidad de suplemento de N, P y K de 4 abonos orgánicos. Se utilizó 3 análisis: concentración total de nutrimentos, bioensayo microbiano, y extracción de nutrimentos en invernadero. Este último se realizó con los abonos puros y mezclados suelo: abono 4:1. Los materiales fueron 1 vermicomposte (estiércol de ganado vacuno) y 3 compostes (cachaza de caña de azúcar, broza de café y pulpa de naranja). Las concentraciones totales oscilaron entre 0,90-2,12% para N, 0,36-3,02% para P y 0,94-2,21% para K. Con el bioensayo microbiano la disponibilidad a 3 meses plazo fue 12-30% para N, 6-23% para P y 5-9% para K. Se considera que esta metodología subestima la disponibilidad para este último elemento, aunque parece predecir adecuadamente la disponibilidad de N y P a corto plazo. Con la extracción de nutrimentos en invernadero con los abonos puros, la disponibilidad varió de 4-15% para N, 1-4% para P y 6-49% para K. Se encontró una alta correlación entre las metodologías de análisis de totales y el bioensayo microbiano y una buena correlación entre estos 2 métodos y el ensayo de extracción en invernadero, con los abonos orgánicos mezclados con suelo, pero no con materiales puros. Este trabajo aporta evidencia cuantitativa de la disponibilidad de N, P y K a partir de abonos orgánicos, quesin pretender ser definitiva, presenta valores que podrían ser utilizados como referencia para futuros trabajos.
Efecto del vermicompostaje sobre las poblaciones de Colletotrichum acutatum y Pectobacterium carotovorum presentes en residuos de plantas
Authors: Uribe Lidieth , Arauz Luis Felipe , Mata Moisés , Meneses Guiselle , Castro Leida
Published: May 2024

Se evaluó el efecto del vermicompostaje en la eliminación del hongo Colletotrichum acutatum presente en residuos del helecho hoja de cuero (Rumohra adiantiformis) y de la bacteria Pectobacterium carotovorum inoculada en residuos de papa (Solanum tuberosum). En ambos ensayos se utilizaron cajas de madera divididas en 3 compartimentos, en la sección central se colocó sustrato con lombrices (Eisenia foetida) y en las secciones laterales el material infectado respectivo. Los compartimentos se dividieron con mallas que permitieron el paso de las lombrices al tratamiento de vermicompostaje pero no al testigo. Se determinó la presencia de C. acutatum en los residuos de helecho mediante recuentos semanales de conidias durante 70 días. La población de P. carotovorum en los residuos de papa se evaluó utilizando la técnica de recuento en plato en medios específicos a los 26 y a los 41 días, y por la técnica de número más probable (NMP) al día 54. Si bien el número de esporas de C. acutatum disminuyó en ambos tratamientos, a partir del día 35, se observó una mayor reducción en el tratamiento con lombrices que en el tratamiento testigo. Hacia el final del experimento, el número de conidias se redujo 100 veces con respecto a la población original en el tratamiento vermicompostaje y 10 veces en el tratamiento testigo. En el caso de los desechos de papa, al día 41 la disminución en la población de P. carotovorum fue 100 veces mayor en el tratamiento de vermicompostaje que en el control, no detectándose la bacteria al día 54 en el tratamiento con lombrices. La reducción de las poblaciones de patógenos en el tratamiento de vermicompostaje se atribuye al efecto directo (degradación), e indirecto (cambios en pH, efecto cualitativo sobre poblaciones de microorganismos) que la lombriz roja ejerce sobre los residuos infectados.
Valor nutricional del ensilaje de maíz cultivado en asocio con vigna (Vigna radiata)
Authors: Castillo Jiménez Marianela , Rojas-Bourrillon Augusto , WingChing-Jones Rodolfo
Published: May 2024

Se cuantificó la fermentabilidad y valor nutricional del ensilaje de maíz cultivado en asocio con vigna (Vigna radiata) mediante la técnica de microsilos. Se trabajó con 2 densidades de siembra de maíz y vigna (70:30 y 60:40), 3 niveles de melaza (0, 2 y 4% p/p) e inóculo bacterial (con o sin). El material se cosechó a 85 días de sembrado. Al material antes de ensilar y ensilado se le determinó materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC), extracto etéreo (EE), digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS), cenizas (Ce), fibra detergente neutro (FDN), fibra detergente ácido (FDA), capacidad buffer (CB), pH, nitrógeno amoniacal (N-NH3.N-total-1) y lignina. Al mejor tratamiento, se le fraccionó la PC y se estimó el contenido energético. La asociación maíz-vigna presentó un contenido de humedad, digestibilidad y Ce alto; PC y EE aceptables y contenidos de FDN y FDA bajos. En el material ensilado, la densidad de siembra afectó la MS, Ce, PC, EE, FDN, FDA, lignina, N-NH3.N-total-1, CB y pH. La melaza modificó la composición nutricional y las características fermentativas de los tratamientos, excepto el pH. El inóculo bacterial afectó la PC, CB y pH del material. La densidad de siembra 70:30, con adición de 2% de melaza y sin inóculo bacterial presentó valores de DIVMS y PC altos, porcentajes de FDN y FDA bajos, N-NH3 bajo y un pH inferior a 4,2. En este ensilaje se estimó un valor de NDT (1X) de 63,9% y de ED, EM, ENm, ENg y ENl de 2,8, 2,3, 1,4, 0,8 y 1,4 Mcal.kg-1 MS, respectivamente. La fracción proteica se separó en A, B1, B2, B3 y C con valores de 2,3, 0,2, 2,6, 2,4 y 1,9% PC, respectivamente, donde el 24,4% de la PC es degradable en el rumen, lo cual podría limitar la síntesis de proteína microbial.
Factibilidad del establecimiento de un sistema de producción de engorde de búfalos en pastoreo
Authors: Díaz Gutiérrez Carlos , WingChing-Jones Rodolfo , Rosales Rodríguez Rodrigo
Published: May 2024

Se evaluó la viabilidad técnica, financiera y el análisis de riesgo para el establecimiento de un sistema de producción de engorde de búfalos en pastoreo. Se contó, con 10 animales con 250 kg de peso inicial y 500 kg a los 12 meses. La evaluación del sistema se basó en la metodología de presupuesto de capital, que considera flujos de caja nominales y aplica los indicadores de rentabilidad financiera: tasa interna de retorno (TIR), valor actual neto (VAN), relación costo/ beneficio (C/B), y período de recuperación de la inversión (PRI). El análisis de sensibilidad se realizó mediante la técnica de Hertz o de Análisis Multidimensional; para medir TIR y VAN se evaluó el costo operativo por animal, ganancia de peso diaria, peso final a la venta, y cantidad de animales producidos al año. La evaluación del riesgo se efectúo mediante una simulación de Monte Carlo o Método de Ensayos Estadísticos; se usó ganancia de peso, precio de compra y venta de los animales, y costo de capital. Se obtuvo una TIR de 10,9%, un VAN de -¢356.556, así como un período de recuperación de 8,4 años; lo cual hace no viable esta explotación, tanto por la falta de rentabilidad como por la mínima liquidez generada. La variable ganancia de peso diario, es la que presenta la influencia mayor sobre la probabilidad de obtener un VAN positivo.
Evaluación del fosfito como fuente fertilizante de fósforo vía radical y foliar
Authors: Bertsch Floria , Ramírez Floria , Henríquez Carlos
Published: May 2024

Se estudió la capacidad del fosfito para suplir la necesidad de P en lechuga, tomate y banano. Se comparó la efectividad relativa del fosfito con respecto al fosfato como fuente de P vía raíz, a través del crecimiento y la absorción del elemento por los 3 cultivos, en condiciones de invernadero en soluciones nutritivas sin P, con fosfito, con fosfato y con ambos. En las mismas condiciones, pero con soluciones nutritivas sin P, se comparó el suplemento de P vía foliar a partir de 4 fuentes comerciales y 2 de calidad reactivo, una de fosfito y otra de fosfato. En el ensayo de absorción vía raíz, los resultados demuestran que el P en forma de fosfito, calidad reactivo, a la solución nutritiva, no es utilizable por la planta para llenar sus necesidades de P, y tiende a causar daño. La combinación de fosfito más fosfato vía raíz, tendió a promover una mayor absorción total de P; sin embargo, en este experimento no se pudo identificar la forma química en que se encuentra ese P dentro de la planta. En el segundo ensayo se demuestra que resulta imposible llenar las necesidades de P de un cultivo con suplemento estrictamente foliar. En condiciones de carencia del elemento vía raíz, los productos comerciales no contribuyeron al crecimiento de los cultivos; tampoco atenuaron la expresión de deficiencia del elemento, ni mejoraron la absorción de este nutrimento en el follaje, más bien, intensificaron el deterioro del follaje y la raíz. El efecto sinergístico de la aplicación vía raíz de fosfatos y fosfitos, así como la respuesta a los fosfitos foliares con un suplemento adecuado de fosfato vía raíz, ya sea aportado por una solución nutritiva en condiciones hidropónicas o por medio del suelo, merecen ser estudiados con mayor profundidad.
Sistema de visión computarizada y herramientas de diseño gráfico para la obtención de imágenes de muestras de alimentos segmentadas y promediadas en coordenadas CIE-L*a*b*
Authors: Padrón Pereira Carlos Alberto
Published: May 2024

Para obtener imágenes de muestras de alimentos segmentadas y promediadas en coordenadas CIE-L*a*b* se realizó el montaje de un escenario de iluminación. Se seleccionó una cámara digital CCD y se establecieron condiciones para la captación de imágenes. Se determinó el color de 23 muestras de alimentos. Se emplearon técnicas de preprocesamiento, segmentación por regiones y promediado de imágenes, mediante el software Adobe® Photoshop® CS3 Extended y se compararon con un instrumento de referencia. Se determinó coincidencias y diferencias entre las imágenes obtenidas, las apreciaciones de los observadores y valores de coordenadas de color señaladas en la literatura en lo relativo a la luminosidad y el carácter negativo o positivo de las coordenadas a* y b*. El procedimiento utilizado permitió la obtención de imágenes de muestras de alimentos uniformes y no uniformes de colores claros y oscuros, promediadas en coordenadas CIE-L*a*b*; presentó aplicaciones en la comparación de variaciones de color entre muestras distintas o no de un mismo alimento, en la evaluación de estados de maduración de cultivos, en la transformación de resultados de coordenadas de color de otros estudios a imágenes y puede ser implementado en la determinación de características físicas de calidad en muestras de alimentos.
Indução de brotações epicórmicas ortotrópicas para a propagação vegetativa de árvores adultas de Araucaria angustifolia
Authors: Wendling Ivar , Dutra Leonardo F. , Hoffmann Harry A. , Bettio Guilherme , Hansel Fabrício
Published: May 2024

This study evaluated 4 epicormic (lateral sprouts) sprout-induction methods with adult ( > 20-year-old) araucaria trees: a) branch pruning up to 2/3 total height and leaving 3 different branch sizes in the stem (2-3 cm, 20 cm, and 50 cm); b) 50-cm long cuttings from branches with 30-60 mm diameter and placed in greenhouse or under shade; c) sprouts from stumps; and d) top pruning. It was observed that branches pruned at 20-50 cm long produced more sprouts. Cuttings 50 cm long under shade registered more sprouts than those placed in the greenhouse. Stumps produced 60% sprouts 5-37 cm long, varying from 7-59 single sprouts per stump. One year later, 50% of top-pruned trees produced enough sprouts ( > 5 cm long) to be harvested. It is concluded that branches pruned at 20 to 50 cm long, and basal stumps, were the most efficient sprout producers, especially with orthotropic growth. Meanwhile, long cuttings were not efficient due to high mortality and low sprout induction. Top pruning has a potential, especially for grafting purposes, but still showing low sprout production.
Processing alcoholism eeg signals using neural networks
Authors:   Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, Yakovleva Tatyana , Krysko Anton
Published: May 2024

Alcoholism is one of the most common diseases, which creates problems for contemporary society. To date, there are still no standardized methods and tests to detect this disease. This study presents a new methodology based on an integrated approach to the study of Electroencephalography (EEG) signals, using a combination of nonlinear dynamics and machine learning methods. We applied signal encoding in the form of a 16-channel image, which was fed into the ResNet20 and GoogLeNet models for training. Wavelet transforms and fast Fourier transforms were considered for data preprocessing. In addition to the application of neural networks, the study of EEG signals was carried out by computing Lyapunov exponents and multiscale entropy. The question of choosing the most effective maternal wavelet was previously investigated. The wavelet transformations of Morlet, Meyer, Mexican Hat, Daubechies, and Gauss were studied. A spectrum of five Lyapunov exponents was calculated using the Sano – Savada method. To confirm the reliability of the results, the senior Lyapunov exponent was previously calculated by three more methods: Wolf, Kantz, Rosenstein. Previously, the methods were tested on such classical problems as the hyperchaotic Hénon map, logistic map, Rössler attractor and Lorenz attractor. The use of several approaches for the analysis of EEG signals confirmed the reliability of the results. The study demonstrates that the GoogLeNet model is more efficient than ResNet50. The experiment results showed that, based on the developed methodology, the GoogLeNet model is more efficient than ResNet50. The results of the experiment show that the wavelet transform, compared to the Fourier transform, gives higher accuracy for the analysis of EEG signals of patients with alcoholism.
Research of fresh/salt water in Upper-middle Pleistocene (qp\(_{2–3}\)) in Bac Lieu Province
Authors: Trinh Hoai Thu , Tran Thi Thuy Huong , Pham Ba Quyen , Le Duc Anh , Mai Duc Dong , Nguyen Manh Khai , Tran Thi Minh Hang , Nguyen Huyen Trang
Published: May 2024

This study identified the relationship between Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Electrical Conductivity (EC) with the TDS = 0.6628*EC = 0.1706 correlation, in which the correlation coefficient is r = 0.984 and the Standard Error (±%) is 2.78%. The TDS content is determined by small relative error and a high correlation coefficient of the conductivity, which applies to calculate the TDS content of other groundwater samples in Bac Lieu Province. Also, the temperature difference in the electrical conductivity measurement affects the TDS content; thus, the study has determined that the temperature compensated constant between the electrical conductivity on the field and those at 25oC is 0.002953. According to the data and the analysis of the TDS content, the fresh-salt water distribution map of the qp2–3  aquifers has been established, and its boundary has been more detailed and standardized than in  the previous study. In particular, TDS values range from 0.437 g/L to 2.0 g/L. The areas that contain brackish and salt water are distributed discontinuously, forming the saline zones in Loc Ninh, Phuoc Long communes in Hong Dan district; Phuoc Long, Hung Phu communes in Phuoc Long district; Vinh Hau, Vinh Binh communes in Hoa Binh district, and Thuan Hoa commune in Bac Lieu city. The saltwater area of the qp2–3  aquifers is about 398 km2, accounting for 16% of the study’s total area. The results fresh-salt water distributed mapping provide the environmental management institution with a comprehensive view of the distribution of fresh-salt water to propose effective groundwater exploitation policies.
Lay persons in catechesis. Experience and challenges in the case of Slovenia
Authors: Stegu Tadej
Published: May 2024

Unlike in most other countries, religious education did not return to public schools in Slovenia after the fall of communism. The Catholic Church intensively introduced and developed catechesis in parishes. The new Slovenian Catechetical Plan opens the door to consider the various forms of catechesis already taking place in parish communities and to a lifelong model of catechesis that is not confined to the period of childhood and adolescence. The article analyses the development of the field of catechesis in Slovenia and the role of lay catechists. It highlights the main trends and challenges in catechesis and some of the existing solutions that no longer look only at the age of candidates but take into account their maturity and readiness when preparing to receive the sacraments of initiation. The analytical research is further illuminated by the author’s personal experience as a layperson involved in catechesis.
Obchody liturgiczne Wielkiego Tygodnia w świetle współczesnych badań nad wydarzeniami paschalnymi
Authors: Drzyżdżyk Szymon , Rachwał Karolina
Published: May 2024

Holy Week, crowned by the Resurrection from the dead, has for centuries been the most important liturgical event of the year. In terms of importance, it can only be compared to the Lord’s Day — Sunday. Both celebrations have their origins in Judaism, where the Sabbath and Passover were treated similarly. The Sabbath was a day for the Lord, and Passover was the most important festival. The saving events are conditioned by historical time, as recorded by the Evangelists. Unfortunately, despite the accuracy of the Gospel authors, it is still difficult to establish a precise chronology, or even to indicate the year in which the crucifixion took place. In the following article, the formation of the Holy Week tradition is presented together with a historical reference as well as three contemporary proposals of dating the Passion. The initial stage was the so-called dispute over the date of Easter and it has also been presented first. Then the dynamic development of the tradition of Holy Week in the fourth century, and finally the most recent historical research covering the chronology of the Paschal events.
Siti Walidah, Gender Equality and Modernist Islamic Women's Movement in Indonesia: A Critical History
Authors: Huda Lailatul , Susanto Dwi
Published: May 2024

This study delves into Siti Walidah’s journey as a gender equality pioneer within the ‘Aisyiyah movement, utilizing four research methods: heuristic research for source collection, source criticism for source validation, interpretation employing sociological and anthropological approaches, and historiography for systematic reporting. Findings reveal that Walidah’s family and marriage to Ahmad Dahlan strongly influenced her commitment to gender equality. Dahlan played a significant role in forming views and experiences that gave birth to ideas and tangible actions in the gender equality movement. Walidah pioneered the gender equality movement by establishing places of education: launching the Sapa Tresna association (1914), ‘Aisyiyah (1917), Internaat (1919), Musholla ‘Aisyiyah (1922) which became tools for building gender equality by providing opportunities and programmes for women to obtain equal educational rights as men. She played a pioneering role in empowering women within ‘Aisyiyah, leading its congresses, and departed from religious values to advocate for gender equality through the ‘Aisyiyah organization formed in 1917, solidifying her legacy as Indonesia’s first gender equality advocate.
Inclusive and Exclusive Dynamics in Local Community Wedding Tradition in East Java and West Nusa Tenggara
Authors: Setiyani Wiwik , Saprudin Saprudin , Nurhairunnisa Nurhairunnisa
Published: May 2024

Local tradition is a pride that creates identity. Each region has their own identity in strengthening the uniqueness of its traditions. Inclusive versus exclusive has a different sense, but both of them have the same sense of preserving, caring, and sustaining local traditions. There are two important things that must be explored in this study; 1), how the wedding traditions in Kediri, East Java, and Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, are comparable? 2), how the uniqueness of each region’s wedding traditi-ons is in realizing inclusive and exclusive local traditions? Based on the wedding traditions comparison, it was found that 1), each region possesses a variety of historical values. 2), the Siman and Wetu Telu community have their own dynamic in responding and sustaining wedding traditions. Blummer’s symbolic theory helps to analyze and deepen the harmonization of the dialectics of local marriage traditions. Community dignity is maintained by preserving the values of local wisdom as a symbol of regional pride in East Java and West Nusa Tenggara. The dialectic through the symbol of marriage is a social fact to maintain the integrity of communal morals, which are framed in communal norms.
Confiscation of Assets as ‘Uqūbah Mālīyah in the Shāfi‘ī Madhhab
Authors: Junaidy Abd. Basith , Najib M. Ainun , Yanda Gatralina Sekar Harum Ael
Published: May 2024

Asset confiscation is currently a hot topic of discussion in the international space. Many countries are trying to make new rules regarding asset confiscation, such as Indonesia and the Netherlands. This initiative cannot be separated from the United Nations Against Corruption (UNCAC) international convention, which requires all state parties to make their positive law. Islamic law also recognizes the confiscation of assets, especially in the Shāfi‘ī school of thought, which is known to be strict in its determination. Therefore, the main question in this research is how Islamic law, especially the Shāfi‘ī school of thought, views this phenomenon as a law in Islam. This research is normative legal research that focuses on analyzing and interpreting Islamic legal norms to explain the phenome-non of asset confiscation. The results of this study indicate that asset confiscation has begun to be used as the primary punishment in criminal and civil forfeiture models. The Shāfi‘ī school stipulates asset confiscation as ‘uqūbah mālīyah, which can be applied both in violation of God’s rights and human’s rights.
Government Policy in Handling Rohingya Refugees Based on Maṣlaḥah Mursalah Perspective
Authors: Risfina Almirah Meida , Haqi Amirul , Rosyad Hafidhuddin
Published: May 2024

This research aims to analyze the Indonesian government's policy towards Rohingya refugees based on the maslahah mursalah perspective. Various polemics that occurred due to the continuous influx of refugees, giving rise to a negative stigma in society. This research uses a descriptive analysis method based on data sources in the literature review. The result shows that the Indonesian government's policy towards Rohingya refugees is appropriate based on the maṣlaḥah mursalah perspective. Therefore, efforts that Indonesia can make are to fulfill the rights of the Rohingya people only when they become refugees or asylum seekers in Indonesia. Rights that can be fulfilled as maṣlaḥah include: 1) freedom of religion, the right to live and be free from fear (maintenance person) in this case Indonesia has built an Integrated Community Shelter as a place to live for Rohingya refugees and built a mosque or place of worship for Rohingya ethnic Muslims named the Arakan’s mosque; 2) Fulfilling the guarantee of safety, guaranteeing human honor; 3) The right to maintain one's tribe or ethnicity, the right to marriage to raise offspring; 4) The right to education (maintenance of mind); 5) The right to obtain a decent living by being given the opportunity to earn a living (property maintenance).
Persepsi Guru Matematika terhadap Literasi Numerasi dan Pengaruhnya pada Pembelajaran di SMA
Authors: Sugianto Rahmad , Hasanah Niswatun , Syaifuddin Mohammad
Published: May 2024

This study aims to determine the mathematics teacher's perception and its effect on literacy numeracy in high school. This research is descriptive qualitative. The population in this study were high school mathematics teachers. The sampling technique used is total sampling. A total of 30 teachers were sample correspondents spread across several high schools in Malang City. The data collection technique used was a questionnaire consisting of multiple choice, complex multiple-choice, and questions with yes or no answers, which aim to determine the mathematics teachers’ perception of literacy numeracy and its effect on learning in high school. Techniques for presenting data in descriptive statistics include tables and percentage calculations. The study’s results on the perception of mathematics teachers on literacy numeracy in high school showed an average of 67.58% with a positive interpretation level. Also, the effect of mathematics teachers' perceptions of literacy numeracy on learning in high school shows an overall average of 75.6% with a positive interpretation level.
Etnomatematika pada Kain Tenun Ikat Oba Agi Oba Pete dalam Masyarakat Nagekeo Nusa Tenggara Timur
Authors: Baidawi Muhammad , Khasanah Fitria , Una Angela Merici Wea
Published: May 2024

The purpose of this study is to describe the ethnomathematics contained in the oba agi oba pete woven cloth and its buying and selling transactions in the Nagekeo community. This research is qualitative research with the type of ethnographic research. The subjects in this study were the Nagekeo people who work as weavers and sellers of woven woven fabrics. The results of the study found that the history of woven cloth is not known with certainty, there are flat wake concepts in the form of squares, rectangles, triangles, and rhombuses in the woven cloth motifs. In the buying and selling transactions of woven woven fabrics, the Nagekeo community used to use addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division strategies. The Nagekeo people in buying and selling transactions use the barter system. The community measures woven fabrics using fathoms and spans.
Evaluación de la actividad antibacteriana in vitro y en invernadero de extractos de Salvia amarissima contra Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis
Authors: Rodríguez González Elda Mireya , López Muraira Irma Guadalupe , Bautista Redonda Francisco Elihú , Flores Martínez Héctor , Isaac  , Farías Cervantes Vania Sbeyde , Silos Espino Héctor , Alpuche Solís Ángel Gabriel
Published: May 2024

El chancro bacteriano causado por Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), representa una de las amenazas más devastadoras para el cultivo de tomate. En este estudio se investigó la eficacia antimicrobiana de la fracción de acetato de etilo obtenida a partir del extracto soluble en acetona de hojas y flores de Salvia amarissima (EC-SA), así como de los diterpenoides amarissinina A (STJ-3) y amarissinina C (STJ-1), como posibles tratamientos biorracionales para el control de Cmm, comparándolos con un control químico tradicional. Mediante ensayos de inhibición in vitro, se observó que el diterpenoide STJ-1 de Salvia amarissima mostró la mayor actividad antimicrobiana de todos los tratamientos, a una concentración de 25 μg/mL. En condiciones de invernadero, el tratamiento con 25 μg/mL de STJ-1 de S. amarissima redujo en un 30% la incidencia y un 42% el índice promedio de la severidad del cáncer bacteriano en plantas de tomate respecto al testigo positivo. Los resultados indican que los extractos de S. amarissima, en particular el diterpenoide STJ-1, representan una alternativa biorracional prometedora para el control de Cmm en los cultivos de tomate. Estos extractos exhiben una eficacia superior a la proporcionada por los productos químicos tradicionales, ofreciendo una solución sostenible y efectiva en la lucha contra esta enfermedad.
A novelty in local electrochemical analysis with a pressing sensor cell (a review)
Authors:   Samara State Technical University, Stifatov B. M. , Moshchenskaya E. Y. ,   Samara State Technical University, Rublinetskaya Yu. V. ,   Samara State Technical University
Published: May 2024

Local electrochemical analysis (LEA) with a pressure cell-sensor (CSC) is based on electrodecrystallization of the material studied (metal, alloy, powder composition, semiconductor structures, etc.) in an area limited by the size of the hole in the graphite CSC filled with the appropriate electrolyte, and recording the dissolution current strength. The selected surface of the analyzed material or product is the working electrode, and the graphite body of the cell or a special electrode inserted into the inert body of the cell is the counter electrode. Choice of the electrolyte and dissolution mode determines the possibility of using LEA with CSC for studying thickness of the layer, surface composition or the distribution of the composition over the thickness of the material layer in the controlled area, with a diameter of 1–2 mm. Design of the CSC and methods of its application were developed in the 60s of the last century by a team of authors from Kuibyshev Polytechnical Institute (now SamSTU) for coulometric control of monolayer metal coatings on watch cases, which resulted in the corresponding requirements to the size of the cell body and its contact hole. Subsequent studies showed possibility of using LEA with CSC for controlling thickness of multilayer metal coatings with individual metals on various products, composition of binary alloy coatings by selective dissolution of their components in a potentiodynamic mode, as well as powders and powder compositions pressed into a pellet electrode, control of the distribution profile of the alloying impurity in silicon epitaxial structures, thickness of oxide films, phase composition of metal alloy samples and a number of other application parameters. The present work provides an overview of advances in the development of theory, methodology, tools and practical applications of local electrochemical analysis over the last decade.
Improving the survivability of a railway bridge with damage to a truss members
Authors: Bikova Natalya , Baranov Timofey , Zabiyaka Andrey
Published: May 2024

In the modern era, accidents and damage to individual structural elements of bridges are frequently recorded, so the issue of bridges survivability, as the ability to pass the transport load with damaged elements, is becoming more and more relevant. The timeliness is confirmed by the inclusion of new requirements for survivability testing in modern bridge design standards.

The article gives a publications review in the field of survivability theory development, identifies the methods of its increase in relation to transport structures and conducts research on increasing the railway bridges survivability.

The research review in the field of assessment and increase of structures survivability as applied to transport structures allowed to single out the methods of survivability increase by providing bearing capacity of structures key elements, optimisation of spatial performance of a building structure and development of special organisational measures of emergency situation exclusion.

With regard to the superstructure with through main trusses of a railway bridge with a design length of 66 m, numerical methods have been used to investigate the possibilities of increasing the reliability by increasing the bearing capacity of key elements. It has been established that the positive effect of increasing the survivability by excluding the bottom chord member and struts from operation gives an increase in the bearing capacity of the bottom lateral bracing and struts, respectively. It is revealed that the most dangerous is the exclusion from operation of the upper chord truss members, and the bearing capacity increase of the key lateral bracing elements, as well as the increase of the degree of static indeterminacy of the lattice of links is ineffective.

Organisational measures in case of damage and failure of the span truss element are proposed.
The Arithmetic of Machine Decision : How to Find the Symmetries of Complete Chaos
Authors: Bartheye Olivier , Chaudron Laurent
Published: May 2024

This present work is deliberately placed in the context capable of defining the requirements expressed by machine decision-making calculations. The informational nature of
a decision requires abandoning any invariant preserving the structure but on the contrary switching into total chaos, a necessary and sufficient condition for exploiting the symmetries
allowing the calculation to converge. Decision arithmetic is the best way to precisely define the nature of these symmetries.
Shaped-Charge Architecture for Neuro-Symbolic Systems
Authors: Galitsky Boris
Published: May 2024

In spite of the great progress of large language models (LLMs) in recent years, there is a popular belief that their limitations need to be addressed “from outside”, by building hybrid neurosymbolic systems which add robustness, explainability, perplexity and verification done at a symbolic level. We propose shape-charged learning in the form of Meta-learning/DNN - kNN that enables the above features by integrating LMM with explainable nearest neighbor learning (kNN) to form the object-level, having deductive reasoning-based metalevel control learning processes, performing validation and correction of predictions in a way that is more interpretable by humans.
Responsible Integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Navy Operational Plan Generation
Authors: Kapiamba Simon , Fouad Hesham , Moskowitz Ira S.
Published: May 2024

This paper outlines an approach for assessing and quantifying
the risks associated with integrating Large Language Models
(LLMs) in generating naval operational plans. It aims to explore
the potential benefits and challenges of LLMs in this
context and to suggest a methodology for a comprehensive
risk assessment framework.
Accounting for Human Engagement Behavior to Enhance AI-Assisted Decision Making
Authors: Yin Ming
Published: May 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have been increasingly integrated into human workflows. For example, the usage of AI-based decision aids in human decision-making processes has resulted in a new paradigm of AI-assisted decision making---that is, the AI-based decision aid provides a decision recommendation to the human decision makers, while humans make the final decision. The increasing prevalence of human-AI collaborative decision making highlights the need to understand how humans engage with the AI-based decision aid in these decision-making processes, and how to promote the effectiveness of the human-AI team in decision making. In this talk, I'll discuss a few examples illustrating that when AI is used to assist humans---both an individual decision maker or a group of decision makers---in decision making, people's engagement with the AI assistance is largely subject to their heuristics and biases, rather than careful deliberation of the respective strengths and limitations of AI and themselves. I'll then describe how to enhance AI-assisted decision making by accounting for human engagement behavior in the designs of AI-based decision aids. For example, AI recommendations can be presented to decision makers in a way that promotes their appropriate trust and reliance on AI by leveraging or mitigating human biases, informed by the analysis of human competence in decision making. Alternatively, AI-assisted decision making can be improved by developing AI models that can anticipate and adapt to the engagement behavior of human decision makers.
LLMs in Automated Essay Evaluation: A Case Study
Authors: Kostic Milan , Witschel Hans Friedrich , Hinkelmann Knut , Spahic-Bogdanovic Maja
Published: May 2024

This study delves into the application of large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT-4, for the automated evaluation of student essays, with a focus on a case study conducted at the Swiss Institute of Business Administration. It explores the effectiveness of LLMs in assessing German-language student transfer assignments, and contrasts their performance with traditional evaluations by human lecturers. The primary findings highlight the challenges faced by LLMs in terms of accurately grading complex texts according to predefined categories and providing detailed feedback. This research illuminates the gap between the capabilities of LLMs and the nuanced requirements of student essay evaluation. The conclusion emphasizes the necessity for ongoing research and development in the area of LLM technology to improve the accuracy, reliability, and consistency of automated essay assessments in educational contexts.
An LLM-Aided Enterprise Knowledge Graph (EKG) Engineering Process
Authors: Laurenzi Emanuele , Mathys Adrian , Martin Andreas
Published: May 2024

Conventional knowledge engineering approaches aiming to create Enterprise Knowledge Graphs (EKG) still require a high level of manual effort and high ontology expertise, which hinder their adoption across industries. To tackle this issue, we explored the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) for the creation of EKGs through the lens of a design-science approach. Findings from the literature and from expert interviews led to the creation of the proposed artefact, which takes the form of a six-step process for EKG development. Scenarios on how to use LLMs are proposed and implemented for each of the six steps. The process is then evaluated with an anonymised data set from a large Swiss company. Results demonstrate that LLMs can support the creation of EKGs, offering themselves as a new aid for knowledge engineers.
ASMR: Aggregated Semantic Matching Retrieval Unleashing Commonsense Ability of LLM through Open-Ended Question Answering
Authors: Lin Pei-Ying , Chandra Erick , Hsu Jane Yung-jen
Published: May 2024

Commonsense reasoning refers to the ability to make inferences, draw conclusions, and understand the world based on general knowledge and commonsense. Whether Large Language Models (LLMs) have commonsense reasoning ability remains a topic of debate among researchers and experts. When confronted with multiple-choice commonsense reasoning tasks, humans typically rely on their prior knowledge and commonsense to formulate a preliminary answer in mind. Subsequently, they compare this preliminary answer to the provided choices, and select the most likely choice as the final answer. We introduce Aggregated Semantic Matching Retrieval (ASMR) as a solution for multiple-choice commonsense reasoning tasks. To mimic the process of humans solving commonsense reasoning tasks with multiple choices, we leverage the capabilities of LLMs to first generate the preliminary possible answers through open-ended question which aids in enhancing the process of retrieving relevant answers to the question from the given choices. Our experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of ASMR on popular commonsense reasoning benchmark datasets, including CSQA, SIQA, and ARC (Easy and Challenge). ASMR achieves state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance with a peak of +15.3% accuracy improvement over the previous SOTA on SIQA dataset.
Empowering Large Language Models in Hybrid Intelligence Systems through Data-Centric Process Models
Authors: Maletzki Carsten , Rietzke Eric , Bergmann Ralph
Published: May 2024

Hybrid intelligence systems aim to leverage synergies in closely collaborating teams of humans and artificial intelligence (AI). To guide the realization of such teams, recent research proposed design patterns that capture role-based knowledge on human-AI collaborations. Building on these patterns requires hybrid intelligence systems to provide mechanisms that orchestrate human and AI contributions accordingly. So far, it is unclear if such mechanisms can be provided based on shared representations of the required knowledge. In this regard, we expect ontology-based data-centric process modeling to be a promising direction for hybrid intelligence systems that aim to support knowledge-intensive processes (KiPs). We illustrate this through exemplary process models (realized with our ontology- and data-driven business process model -- ODD-BP) that reflect the team design patterns for hybrid intelligence systems. We point out that relying on such process models enables multiple actors to fulfill roles jointly and allows them to address individual shortcomings. This is examined by discussing integrating large language models (LLMs) into the process models and describing how complementary AI actors could help to empower LLMs to fulfill their role in human-AI collaboration more comprehensively. Future work will extend the provided concepts while their evaluation initially focuses on the KiP of medical emergency call handling.
Multi-Modal Instruction-Tuning Small-Scale Language-and-Vision Assistant for Semiconductor Electron Micrograph Analysis
Authors: Sakhinana Sagar Srinivas , Sannidhi Geethan , Runkana Venkataramana
Published: May 2024

We present a novel framework for analyzing and interpreting electron microscopy images in semiconductor manufacturing using vision-language instruction tuning. The framework employs a unique teacher-student approach, leveraging pretrained multimodal large language models such as GPT-4 to generate instruction-following data for zero-shot visual question answering (VQA) and classification tasks, customizing smaller multimodal models (SMMs) for microscopy image analysis, resulting in an instruction tuned language-and-vision assistant. Our framework merges knowledge engineering with machine learning to integrate domain-specific expertise from larger to smaller multimodal models within this specialized field, greatly reducing the need for extensive human labeling. Our study presents a secure, cost-effective, and customizable approach for analyzing microscopy images, addressing the challenges of adopting proprietary models in semiconductor manufacturing.
Exploring Alternative Approaches to Language Modeling for Learning from Data and Knowledge
Authors: Zi Yuxin , Roy Kaushik , Narayanan Vignesh , Sheth Amit
Published: May 2024

Despite their extensive application in language understanding tasks, large language models (LLMs) still encounter challenges including hallucinations - occasional fabrication of information - and alignment issues - lack of associations with human-curated world models (e.g., intuitive physics or common-sense knowledge). Moreover, the black-box nature of LLMs presents significant obstacles in training them effectively to achieve desired behaviors. In particular, modifying the concept embedding spaces of LLMs can be highly intractable. This process involves analyzing the implicit impact of such adjustments on the myriad parameters within LLMs and the resulting inductive biases. We propose a novel architecture that wraps powerful function approximation architectures within an outer, interpretable read-out layer. This read-out layer can be scrutinized to explicitly observe the effects of concept modeling during the training of the LLM. Our method stands in contrast with gradient-based implicit mechanisms, which depend solely on adjustments to the LLM parameters and thus evade scrutiny. By conducting extensive experiments across both generative and discriminative language modeling tasks, we evaluate the capabilities of our proposed architecture relative to state-of-the-art LLMs of similar sizes. Additionally, we offer a qualitative examination of the interpretable read-out layer and visualize the concepts it captures. The results demonstrate the potential of our approach for effectively controlling LLM hallucinations and enhancing the alignment with human expectations.
Advancing Federated Learning by Addressing Data and System Heterogeneity
Authors: Chen Yiran
Published: May 2024

In the emerging field of federated learning (FL), the challenge of heterogeneity, both in data and systems, presents significant obstacles to efficient and effective model training. This talk focuses on the latest advancements and solutions addressing these challenges.

The first part of the talk delves into data heterogeneity, a core issue in FL, where data distributions across different clients vary widely and affect FL convergence. We will introduce the FedCor framework addressing this by modeling loss correlations between clients using Gaussian Process and reducing expected global loss. External covariate shift in FL is uncovered, demonstrating that normalization layers are crucial, and layer normalization proves effective. Additionally, class imbalance in FL degrades performance, but our proposed Federated Class-balanced Sampling (Fed-CBS) mechanism reduces this imbalance by employing homomorphic encryption for privacy preservation.

The second part of the talk shifts focus to system heterogeneity, an equally critical challenge in FL. System heterogeneity involves the varying computational capabilities, network speeds, and other resource-related constraints of participating devices in FL. To address this, we introduce FedSEA, which is a semi-asynchronous FL framework that addresses accuracy drops by balancing aggregation frequency and predicting local update arrival. Additionally, we discuss FedRepre, a framework specifically designed to enhance FL in real-world environments by addressing challenges including unbalanced local dataset distributions, uneven computational capabilities, and fluctuating network speeds. By introducing a client selection mechanism and a specialized server architecture, FedRepre notably improves the efficiency, scalability, and performance of FL systems.

Our talk aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research and advancements in tackling both data and system heterogeneity in federated learning. We hope to highlight the path forward for FL, underlining its potential in diverse real-world applications while maintaining data privacy and optimizing resource usage.
Operational Environments at the Extreme Tactical Edge
Authors: Gerken Mark J.
Published: May 2024

You can’t get more “on the tactical edge” than in space. No
other operational domain suffers from the combinations of
distance from the operator, harsh environments, unreachable
assets with aging hardware, and increadably long communications
as space systems. The complexity of developing and
deploying AI solutions in satellites and probes is far more
difficult than deploying similar AI on Earth. This talk explores
some of the considerations involved in deploying AI
and machine learning (ML) in the space domain.