bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study of Mortar Compressive Strength with Anadara Granosa Powder as a Substitute for Partial Use of Cement
Authors: Sandjaya A , Tavio  , Christianto D
Published: October 2019

Making cement produces carbon dioxide (CO2) gas which results in the greenhouse effect. To reduce the use of cement, alternative materials are examined. One of the raw materials for making cement is limestone. Limestone is a sedimentary rock mainly composed of calcium carbonate. Blood clams (Anadara Granosa) are tried to replace cement because they have a high calcium carbonate mineral composition. Blood clams are crushed into powder and filtered using No.325 filter. Cement is replaced by weight by 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Mortar specimens in the form of cubes with a size of 5 cm. Mortar compressive strength test was carried out at 7 and 28 days. Anadara Granosa powder reacts very weakly with water and increases the initial compressive strength of the mortar. The results of Anadara Granosa mortar compressive strength test at 7 days were higher than normal mortar. The most efficient composition is indicated by cement replacement of 20%.
A distribution strategy using a two-step optimization to maximize blood services considering stochastic travel times
Authors: Nurprihatin Filscha , Elnathan Refael , Rumawan Ruth Elisa , Regina Tasya
Published: October 2019

The blood service is a health service that utilizes human blood as basic material with humanitarian purposes, not for commercial one. Indonesian hospital ability in blood transfusions is generally still low, especially in terms of blood supply adequacy. In fact, there are still some provinces that experience excess blood supply while many other provinces experience a shortage of blood supply. The Blood Bank in Jakarta has the highest excess blood supply. Therefore, the blood can be transferred evenly from one province to another nearby province. The aim of this paper is to determine the allocation and the route of blood distribution to achieve the minimum travel times. Some variations in travel time are difficult to predict, so we take into account the stochastic properties of them. The effectiveness of blood distribution is very dependent on the accuracy of the target number of beneficiaries and the accuracy of the number of blood bags received in distribution activities. Meanwhile, the efficiency of blood bag distribution is measured by distribution routes that are directly related to transportation costs. This study uses a two-step optimization model to reach optimality. The first step is utilizing the transportation model to make sure the destination points are only the fastest to arrive. The second step is making use of the capacitated vehicle routing problem to ensure the routing is global optimal. This model successfully creates better blood demand fulfillment while minimizing transportation cost.
The role of scrap rubber size against the characteristics of ballast layer
Authors: Rosyidi S A P , Setiawan D M , Budiyantoro C , Bintari L N
Published: October 2019

This research utilizes scrap rubber from motorcycle tires as a ballast layer mixture component. A compression test method was used with three test samples: ballast (sample I), ballast with 10% uniform graded scrap rubber (sample II) and ballast with 10% continuous graded scrap rubber (sample III). This research aims to analyze the elastic modulus, durability and vertical deformation of the ballast layer. It can be concluded that the elastic modulus of sample I, II, and III was 14.28 MPa, 8.53 MPa, and 3.10 MPa, respectively. Moreover, the abrasion of sample I, II, and III was 162.1 gr (3.24%), 54.2 gr (1.08%), and 50.1 gr (1%). Furthermore, at the same number of vertical deformation (5 mm), the sample I was able to receive the most considerable load that is 1980.9 Kg, followed by sample II by 1252.2 Kg and sample III by 443.7 Kg.
Evaluation of Technical Specifications of Gradation Course Base Subdrain Layer Structure on Road
Authors: Hutasoit E O , Prastyanto C A , Lasminto U
Published: October 2019

Subdrain layer is a type of pavement that can reduce excess water from rainwater so that it can seep into the ground. The purpose of this research is to find the relationship between the optimal water velocity to pass through the base layer and maximum carrying capacity. Sieve analysis was carried out to obtain aggregate gradation variations by modifying the Bina Marga Standards 2010. There are 5 different types of gradations used based on the reduction in the percentage of filler specifications of 8%, 5%, 4%, 3%, and 0%. Calculation of fillers is used to find out the weight of aggregate each sieve size. In addition, the compaction test was carried out on ASTM D Modified 1883 - 87 to obtain optimum water content by using from the maximum dry density curve. The results of compaction the maximum dry density varies with the range 1,911-1,981 gr/cm3. The results of the maximum dry density show that the optimum water content varies between 9-10%. Next, the test sample is reused for CBR testing which aims to determine the carrying capacity of the test sample. Results tend to decrease when the filler is reduced. Obtained CBR test results is in the range of 62-74%. The sample is reused for the infiltration test to find the speed of the water capable of passing the test sample. Based on the results of the infiltration test, the constant infiltration rate varies from 3.143 to 6.750 mm/minute. The constant speed tends to increase when the percentage of filler decreases.
Assessment of the quality of well water in the spatial terraces of river code in Yogyakarta Indonesia
Authors: Sriyono E , Sardi  , Kresnanto N C
Published: October 2019

Many residents live on the banks of the Yogyakarta Code River. Some of them are still there who dispose of liquid waste directly into the river so that it has the potential to pollute the environment. Pollution also occurs in population wells. In general the condition of the riverbank is terraced, so that liquid waste originating from terrace 1 (the top) will flow to terrace 2 (the middle part), then flow to terrace 3 (bottom), and finally enter the river. The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of well water on the banks of the River Code, based on DO parameters, pH, DHL, Temperature, TDS, and E-Coli bacteria and to ascertain whether there was a direct correlation of pollution accumulation from high elevation to low elevation. The methods used include: identification of wells, measurement of the position of the well with GPS, plotting the location of wells to maps, sampling of well water, analyzing the quality of well water in the laboratory, and assessing the spatial water pollution of the well. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that there is a decrease in the quality of well water from high elevation to low elevation so that the quality of well water at low elevations is worse than the quality of well water at higher elevations. So that there is a direct correlation of accumulated pollution from well water at high elevations to lower elevations in the terraces of the Code River banks.
Study of suspended sediment transport discharge of Serayu River, Central Java, Indonesia in laboratory
Authors: Pranoto W A , Johan J , Reynaldo
Published: October 2019

Sedimentation is a natural phenomena that occurs in rivers in Indonesia, including Serayu River in Central of Java, Indonesia. The sedimentation will result in siltation on the riverbed that reducing river function. Suspended load is one of the main factor that cause of sedimentation, therefore research is needed to to determine the amount of sedimentation. knowledge about suspended sediment transport has been developed by several experts in the water sector. This research is done by creating a simulation of the flow of water so that made a susoended load drift. This research was done by using the sediment that pass sieve No.200. The result from the research is knowing the correlation between water discharge and suspended sediment discharge. The result from laboratory then will be compared with Enstein’s; Chang, Simon and Richardson’s; and Lane and Kalinske’s approach.
Study of Sediment Transport Discharges of Citarum River, West Java In Laboratory
Authors: Pranoto Wati A. , Subari dan Marvin
Published: October 2019

Citarum River is one of the longest and largest rivers in Indonesia located in West Java with a length of 300 km. The Citarum River carries the sediment in the water stream from the erosion. This study focused on bed load sediment transport. The study of sediment transport is still a few, but some experts have proposed the formula to calculate the amount of sediment transport such as Einstein, Shields, and Schoklitsch. A research in Hydraulics Laboratory and Soil Mechanics Laboratory is conducted to examine the bed load transport from the Citarum River. The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare the result of discharge obtained from the laboratory with the Einstein, Shields, and Schoklitsch approach.
Distribution fitting on rainfall data in Jakarta
Authors: Kurniawan V
Published: October 2019

The estimation of design flood or rainfall for various return periods is not easy due to the difficulty in finding the fitting distribution for the corresponding data. This study focuses on selecting the best distribution in representing rainfall data from Kemayoran rain gauge (Jakarta, Indonesia) for the last 20 years. The objective is to probe the most fitting distribution for Jakarta. This study applies goodness of fit tests to Kemayoran rainfall data. The result is quite unexpected as the best fitting distributions are not commonly used in flood frequency analysis (FFA) subject and most of them are distributions with three parameters. The referred distributions in Indonesia national standard for flood estimation (SNI 2415:2016) produce mixed results. The classic distributions in FFA e.g. Lognormal 3P and Log-Pearson 3 show good compatibility to the corresponding data while the less prevalent distributions such as Lognormal and Normal are not as compatible.
Sediment Characteristics of Bed Load Transport in Downstream of Progo River, Indonesia
Authors: Ikhsan J , Wardhana C , Widiyarto D K
Published: October 2019

Progo River is one of the rivers that has a sediment supply from volcanic and non-volcanic areas. Sediment transport, especially the bed load transport, it is very influential on the phenomenon of river degradation and aggradation. Therefore, a study to determine the characteristics of bed load transport is needed and important. The research was carried out in the downstream part of Progo River. Sampling locations were taking in four locations, namely Ancol Bridge, Kebon Agung II Bridge, Kebon Agung I Bridge and Bantar Bridge. The bed load transport measurement tool was used Helley Smith (WMO, 1980) equipment. Every river cross section is taken three times. The results showed that the sediment type of bed load transports is silty sand, with specific gravity values of 2.67 to 2.70. The average diameter values (D50) of the bed load transports vary greatly from 0.129 mm to 0.454 mm. The values of bed load transports vary greatly and are influenced by the values of the discharges. The correlation between bed load transport and discharge is linear, with R values are 0.85 to 0.99.
Tensile and flexural behaviour of a graphene/epoxy composite: experiments and simulation
Authors: Manta Asimina , Gresil Matthieu , Soutis Constantinos
Published: October 2019

The tensile and flexural behaviour of a graphene nanoplatelet (GnP) reinforced polymer, Grade M25 GnP / Araldite LY564 is experimentally investigated. This is followed by a multi-scale finite element model to simulate the tensile response as the most critical loading case. The approach is based on the multi-scale method and consists of a unit cell and a representative volume element (RVE). At the unit cell level, the material nanocharacteristics (filler geometry, phase mechanical properties, interfacial properties) are used to calculate the local tensile response. The material architecture is simulated at the RVE level by distributing the locally obtained unit cell mechanical properties, using periodic boundary conditions. A statistical sample was studied and the average mechanical characteristics were compared to the macroscopic measured stress–strain data. Finally, the simulation methodology was validated by comparisons between the effective experimental and numerical results.
Cohomologie 𝑝-adique de la tour de Drinfeld: le cas de la dimension 1
Authors: Colmez Pierre , Dospinescu Gabriel , Nizioł Wiesława
Published: October 2019

We compute the

p
p

-adic geometric étale cohomology of the coverings of the Drinfeld half-plane, and we show that, if the base field is

Q

p

\mathbf {Q}_p

, this cohomology encodes the

p
p

-adic local Langlands correspondence for

2
2

-dimensional de Rham representations (of weight

0
0

and

1
1

).
A dimension-free Hermite–Hadamard inequality via gradient estimates for the torsion function
Authors: Lu Jianfeng , Steinerberger Stefan
Published: October 2019

Let

Ω
⊂

R

n

\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^n

be a convex domain, and let

f
:
Ω
→

R

f:\Omega \rightarrow \mathbb {R}

be a subharmonic function,

Δ
f
≥
0

\Delta f \geq 0

, which satisfies

f
≥
0

f \geq 0

on the boundary

∂
Ω

\partial \Omega

. Then
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="integral Underscript normal upper Omega Endscripts f d x less-than-or-equal-to StartAbsoluteValue normal upper Omega EndAbsoluteValue Superscript StartFraction 1 Over n EndFraction Baseline integral Underscript partial-differential normal upper Omega Endscripts f d sigma period">

∫

Ω

f
 
d
x

≤

|

Ω

|

1
n

∫

∂
Ω

f
 
d
σ

.

\begin{equation*} \int _{\Omega }{f ~dx} \leq |\Omega |^{\frac {1}{n}} \int _{\partial \Omega }{f ~d\sigma }. \end{equation*}

Our proof is based on a new gradient estimate for the torsion function,

Δ
u
=
−
1

\Delta u = -1

with Dirichlet boundary conditions, which is of independent interest.
2-co-lacunary sequences in noncommutative symmetric Banach spaces
Authors: Sukochev Fedor , Zhou Dejian
Published: October 2019

We characterize noncommutative symmetric Banach spaces for which every bounded sequence admits either a convergent subsequence, or a

2
2

-co-lacunary subsequence. This extends the classical characterization, due to Räbiger.
Transcendental holomorphic maps between real algebraic manifolds in a complex space
Authors: Rond Guillaume
Published: October 2019

We give an example of a real algebraic manifold embedded in a complex space that does not satisfy the Nash-Artin approximation property. This Nash-Artin approximation property is closely related to the problem of determining when the biholomorphic equivalence for germs of real algebraic manifolds coincides with the algebraic equivalence. This example is an elliptic Bishop surface, and its construction is based on the functional equation satisfied by the generating series of some walks restricted to the quarter plane.
Graded topological spaces
Authors: Koppensteiner Clemens
Published: October 2019

We introduce the notion of a “graded topological space”: a topological space endowed with a sheaf of abelian groups which we think of as a sheaf of gradings. Any object living on a graded topological space will be graded by this sheaf of abelian groups. We work out the fundamentals of sheaf theory and Poincaré–Verdier duality for such spaces.
Bounded contractions for affine buildings
Authors: Bestvina Mladen , Savin Gordan
Published: October 2019

We consider affine buildings with refined chamber structure. For each vertex

x
x

we construct a contraction, based at

x
x

, that is used to prove exactness of Schneider-Stuhler resolutions of arbitrary depth.
On free subgroups in division rings
Authors: Bell Jason , Gonçalves Jairo
Published: October 2019

Let

K
K

be a field, let

σ
\sigma

be an automorphism, and let

δ
\delta

be a

σ
\sigma

-derivation of

K
K

. We show that the multiplicative group of nonzero elements of the division ring

D
=
K
(
x
;
σ
,
δ
)

D=K(x;\sigma ,\delta )

contains a free noncyclic subgroup unless

D
D

is commutative, answering a special case of a conjecture of Lichtman. As an application, we show that division algebras formed by taking the Goldie ring of quotients of group algebras of torsion-free nonabelian solvable-by-finite groups always contain free noncyclic subgroups.
Virtual links which are equivalent as twisted links
Authors: Kamada Naoko , Kamada Seiichi
Published: October 2019

A virtual link is a generalization of a classical link that is defined as an equivalence class of certain diagrams, called virtual link diagrams. It is further generalized to a twisted link. Twisted links are in one-to-one correspondence with stable equivalence classes of links in oriented thickenings of (possibly nonorientable) closed surfaces. By definition, equivalent virtual links are also equivalent as twisted links. In this paper, we discuss when two virtual links are equivalent as twisted links, and give a necessary and sufficient condition for this to be the case.
Vanishing of Tor over fiber products
Authors: Freitas T. , Pérez V. , Wiegand R. , Wiegand S.
Published: October 2019

Let

(
S
,

m

,
k
)

(S,\mathfrak {m},k)

and

(
T
,

n

,
k
)

(T,\mathfrak {n},k)

be local rings, and let

R
R

denote their fiber product over their common residue field

k
k

. Inspired by work of Nasseh and Sather-Wagstaff, we explore consequences of the vanishing of

T
o
r

m
R

(
M
,
N
)

\mathrm {Tor}^R_m(M,N)

for various values of

m
m

, where

M
M

and

N
N

are finitely generated

R
R

-modules.
Erratum to “The ergodicity of weak Hilbert spaces”
Authors: Anisca Razvan
Published: October 2019

This note contains a corrected proof of the main result (which remains unchanged) from [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 138 (2010), pp. 1405–1413]. It was recently observed that an argument has a gap, which now requires a more careful choice of the reduction map.
Mixed Bohr radius in several variables
Authors: Galicer Daniel , Mansilla Martín , Muro Santiago
Published: October 2019

Let

K
(

B

ℓ
p
n

,

B

ℓ
q
n

)

K(B_{\ell _p^n},B_{\ell _q^n})

be the

n
n

-dimensional

(
p
,
q
)

(p,q)

-Bohr radius for holomorphic functions on

C

n

\mathbb {C}^n

. That is,

K
(

B

ℓ
p
n

,

B

ℓ
q
n

)

K(B_{\ell _p^n},B_{\ell _q^n})

denotes the greatest number

r
≥
0

r\geq 0

such that for every entire function

f
(
z
)
=

∑

α

a

α

z

α

f(z)=\sum _{\alpha } a_{\alpha } z^{\alpha }

in

n
n

-complex variables, we have the following (mixed) Bohr-type inequality:
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="sup Underscript z element-of r dot upper B Subscript script l Sub Subscript q Sub Superscript n Subscript Baseline Endscripts sigma-summation Underscript alpha Endscripts StartAbsoluteValue a Subscript alpha Baseline z Superscript alpha Baseline EndAbsoluteValue less-than-or-equal-to sup Underscript z element-of upper B Subscript script l Sub Subscript p Sub Superscript n Subscript Baseline Endscripts StartAbsoluteValue f left-parenthesis z right-parenthesis EndAbsoluteValue comma">

sup

z
∈
r
⋅

B

ℓ
q
n

∑

α

|

a

α

z

α

|
≤

sup

z
∈

B

ℓ
p
n

|
f
(
z
)
|
,

\begin{equation*} \sup _{z \in r \cdot B_{\ell _q^n}} \sum _{\alpha } \vert a_{\alpha } z^{\alpha } \vert \leq \sup _{z \in B_{\ell _p^n}} \vert f(z) \vert , \end{equation*}

where

B

ℓ
r
n

B_{\ell _r^n}

denotes the closed unit ball of the

n
n

-dimensional sequence space 

ℓ
r
n

\ell _r^n

.

For every

1
≤
p
,
q
≤
∞

1 \leq p, q \leq \infty

, we exhibit the exact asymptotic growth of the

(
p
,
q
)

(p,q)

-Bohr radius as

n
n

(the number of variables) goes to infinity.
On certain isogenies between K3 surfaces
Authors: Camere Chiara , Garbagnati Alice
Published: October 2019

We will prove that there are infinitely many families of K3 surfaces which both admit a finite symplectic automorphism and are (desingularizations of) quotients of other K3 surfaces by a symplectic automorphism. These families have an unexpectedly high dimension. We apply this result to construct “special” isogenies between K3 surfaces which are not Galois covers between K3 surfaces but are obtained by composing cyclic Galois covers. In the case of involutions, for any

n
∈

N

>
0

n\in \mathbb {N}_{>0}

we determine the transcendental lattices of the K3 surfaces which are

2
n

:
1

2^n:1

isogenous (by the mentioned “special” isogeny) to other K3 surfaces.
Grotesque
Authors: Graulund Rune
Published: October 2019

Defining the grotesque in a concise and objective manner is notoriously difficult. When researching the term for his classic study On the Grotesque: Strategies of Contradiction in Art and Literature (1982), Geoffrey Galt Harpham observed that the grotesque is hard to pin down because it is defined as being in opposition to something rather than possessing any defining quality in and of itself. Any attempt to identify specific grotesque characteristics outside of a specific context is therefore challenging for two reasons. First, because the grotesque is that which transgresses and challenges what is considered normal, bounded, and stable, meaning that one of the few universal and fundamental qualities of the grotesque is that it is abnormal, unbounded, and unstable. Second, since even the most rigid norms and boundaries shift over time, that which is defined in terms of opposition and transgression will naturally change as well, meaning that the term grotesque meant very different things in different historical eras. For instance, as Olli Lagerspetz points out in A Philosophy of Dust (2018), while 16th-century aristocrats in France may routinely have received guests while sitting on their night stools, similar behavior exhibited today would surely be interpreted not only as out of the ordinary, but as grotesque. Likewise, perceptions of the normal and the abnormal vary widely even within the same time period, depending on one’s class, gender, race, profession, sexual orientation, cultural background, and so on.
Casal, Lourdes
Authors: Lomas Laura
Published: October 2019

Lourdes Casal (1936–1981), award-winning poet, fiction writer, editor, social psychologist, and activist, contributed to the articulation of multiple interdisciplinary fields including Cuban studies, Latina/o, Latin American, black, and women’s studies, yet her work has not received the attention it deserves because she published different kinds of writing in two languages, each directed to disparate, sometimes conflicting or overlapping, audiences. Alternatively, it could be said that her writing addresses an emergent readership more visible today decades after her death, who see—as she did—the need for dialogue across disciplinary, linguistic, and political divisions. Although Casal has remained in print primarily in Latina/o literary anthologies, Casal made her living as a social scientist and a psychology professor, and she remained engaged with Cuba through editorial work and what scholars call today “publicly engaged scholarship.” Casal’s work exemplifies a transnational attention to both homeland (Cuba) and residence (New York) that has become a distinguishing quality of Latina/o literature.

In 1978, Lourdes Casal defined herself in “Memories of a Black Cuban Childhood” as learning to assert herself as an “Hispanic Black” (p. 62). In an interview with Margaret Randall that prefaces translations of her poetry into English, she defines herself as a “Latina,” and she asserts her claim to speak as a Cuban, despite living outside the island. During the Cold War, this combination of identifiers constituted a paradox, which Casal asserted both against the mainstream of the Cuban exile community and against heteronormative cultural nationalisms. Casal’s bilingualism and skillful diplomacy provided her with the salvoconducto to weave across multiple borders, despite the walls that became almost impossible to scale after the United States broke off diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1961 and Cuba began relocating people to the Military Units to Aid Production (UMAP) camps in the mid-1960s. A queer feminist of African, Chinese, and European descent, Casal’s writings and editorial projects map the participation of a diverse group of Cuban exiles in the articulation of latinidad; yet even as she becomes legible in certain ways, she remains largely illegible, precisely because she ventured into uncharted, sometimes life-threatening, border spaces, in step with an unexpected ideological itinerary.
Asian American Detective Fiction
Authors: McMillin Calvin
Published: October 2019

Asian American detective fiction is an eclectic body of literature that encompasses works from a variety of 20th- and 21st-century Asian American authors. Prior to the emergence of these writers in the late 1990s and early 2000s, depictions of Asians and Asian Americans in the mystery genre were primarily the domain of white authors like Earl Derr Biggers and John P. Marquand. During the pre-World War II era, “Oriental detectives” like Charlie Chan and Mr. Moto enjoyed varying degrees of popularity in literature and film before gradually fading into obscurity. Meanwhile, the few U.S. writers of Asian descent working in the detective genre often refrained from portraying Asian American characters in their works, focusing instead on stories involving white protagonists. However, a sea change occurred when a wave of Asian American authors arrived on the crime fiction scene: Henry Chang, Leonard Chang, Dale Furutani, Naomi Hirahara, and Ed Lin are representative examples. Differentiating themselves from their Asian American predecessors, these writers focused their mysteries not only on detectives of Asian descent but on the specific ethnic communities in which they were born. Using the detective genre’s focus on “Whodunit” as a literary imperative, these works explore contemporary anxieties about Asian American identity in relation to issues of race, gender, sexuality, and national belonging. As a result, many Asian American writers of detective fiction have chosen to reframe Asian American identity through the use of the detective genre, a vehicle through which the racist stereotypes of the past are addressed, combatted, and symbolically defeated. Whether a genre, subgenre, or school of literature, Asian American detective fiction is a rich and ever-evolving form of literary expression that continues to both expand upon and complicate earlier discourses on race, gender, and sexuality within the realms of U.S. crime fiction and contemporary Asian American literature.
Corporate Ethics
Authors: Donaldson Thomas , Robertson Diana C.
Published: October 2019

Serious research into corporate ethics is nearly half a century old. Two approaches have dominated research; one is normative, the other empirical. The former, the normative approach, develops theories and norms that are prescriptive, that is, ones that are designed to guide corporate behavior. The latter, the empirical approach, investigates the character and causes of corporate behavior by examining corporate governance structures, policies, corporate relationships, and managerial behavior with the aim of explaining and predicting corporate behavior. Normative research has been led by scholars in the fields of moral philosophy, theology and legal theory. Empirical research has been led by scholars in the fields of sociology, psychology, economics, marketing, finance, and management.

While utilizing distinct methods, the two approaches are symbiotic. Ethical and legal theory are irrelevant without factual context. Similarly, empirical theories are sterile unless translated into corporate guidance. The following description of the history of research in corporate ethics demonstrates that normative research methods are indispensable tools for empirical inquiry, even as empirical methods are indispensable tools for normative inquiry.
Diversity Climate in Organizations
Authors: Perry Elissa L. , Li Aitong
Published: October 2019

Although defined in numerous and sometimes inconsistent ways in the literature, diversity climate can be described as employees’ shared perceptions of the extent to which their organization values diversity as reflected in the policies, practices, and procedures that the organization rewards, supports, and expects. Diversity climate studied at the individual level (individual perceptions of the impact of the work environment on the individual’s own well-being) is referred to as psychological climate. When it is conceived of and studied at the group or organization level (employees’ shared perceptions of their work environment aggregated to the unit level), it is referred to as group- or organizational-level climate. Two consistent criticisms raised in recent reviews continue to plague diversity climate research. These can most simply be stated as a lack of clarity about what diversity climate is and is not, and inconsistency in how diversity climate is measured and aligns (or does not) with how it has been conceptualized. Despite these criticisms, there is evidence that diversity climate can positively impact individuals’ (especially minority group members’) work-related attitudes (e.g., organizational commitment, satisfaction) and unit-level outcomes (e.g., performance). As a result, diversity climate is both practically relevant to organizations and conceptually meaningful to researchers.
The Future of Alpine Glaciers and Beyond
Authors: Haeberli Wilfried , Oerlemans Johannes , Zemp Michael
Published: October 2019

Like many comparable mountain ranges at lower latitudes, the European Alps are increasingly losing their glaciers. Following roughly 10,000 years of limited climate and glacier variability, with a slight trend of increasing glacier sizes to Holocene maximum extents of the Little Ice Age, glaciers in the Alps started to generally retreat after 1850. Long-term observations with a monitoring network of unique density document this development. Strong acceleration of mass losses started to take place after 1980 as related to accelerating atmospheric temperature rise. Model calculations, using simple to high-complexity approaches and relating to individual glaciers as well as to large samples of glaciers, provide robust results concerning scenarios for the future: under the influence of greenhouse-gas forced global warming, glaciers in the Alps will largely disappear within the 21st century. Anticipating and modeling new landscapes and land-forming processes in de-glaciating areas is an emerging research field based on modeled glacier-bed topographies that are likely to become future surface topographies. Such analyses provide a knowledge basis to early planning of sustainable adaptation strategies, for example, concerning opportunities and risks related to the formation of glacial lakes in over-deepened parts of presently still ice-covered glacier beds.
Voting in European Union Politics
Authors: Mühlböck Monika
Published: October 2019

Together, the European Parliament (EP) and the Council of the European Union form the bicameral legislature of the European Union (EU). However, as the analysis of voting behavior shows, decision-making is structured differently in the two institutions. In the EP, competition takes place between European party groups along a left-right and a rising pro-anti EU integration dimension. In the Council, ideology and party politics play a minor role. Voting behavior of ministers is determined by different national interests on an issue-by-issue basis. Furthermore, voting in the Council is dominated by the so-called culture of consensus. Despite the extension of qualified majority voting (QMV) to most areas of EU decision-making, many legislative proposals are adopted unanimously. Even if there is dissent, it is usually only one or two member states voting against the proposal. This makes it difficult to discover patterns of conflict and coalition formation through Council voting data. At the same time, consensus-seeking is something the Council and the EP have in common. In the EP, voting cohesion is high not only within groups but also in the EP plenary as a whole, with a grand coalition between Social Democrats and Conservatives forming frequently, often including the Liberals as well as parties on the left side of the political spectrum. Notwithstanding signs of a decline in consensual decision-making in the wake of the financial and the migration crisis, voting cohesion dominates within the Council and the EP, as well as across institutions in bicameral decision-making.
The European Neighbourhood Policy
Authors: Müftüler-Baç Meltem
Published: October 2019

The European Union (EU), following its 2004 big bang enlargement toward the central and eastern European countries Cyprus and Malta found itself facing a new group of neighboring countries (i.e., new borders). In response, the EU devised a new policy, the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), adopted in 2004, which encompasses two different geographical regions for the EU’s 16 neighbors: Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Belarus in the East and Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Palestine, Syria, and Tunisia in the South Mediterranean. The ENP aimed to promote political and economic transformation in the EU’s periphery and stabilize the European borders with its key instruments. To do so, Association Agreements together with Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreements, Action Plans, Partnership Priorities, and Single Support Frameworks were adopted. The ENP was revised twice, in 2011 and in 2015, to respond to the ongoing challenges that the EU and its neighboring countries face.

The ENP’s evolution included multicountry, regional plans, the Union for the Mediterranean and the Eastern Partnership, adopted in 2008 and 2009, respectively. The ENP’s effectiveness could be assessed in terms of its ability to stabilize the EU’s neighbouring countries, as well as in promoting political, economic, and governance-related reforms. The ENP’s revisions with the “more for more/less for principle” in 2011 and a stronger EU presence in the region in 2015 with the emphasis on building “resilience” rather than diffusion of European norms and rules were all adopted to enable the realization of its main objectives. However, the variation among the partner countries, the domestic scope conditions, and scope conditions such as the EU’s vertical and horizontal policy incoherence, coupled with the presence of other international actors, constrained the ENP’s effectiveness. The ENP as an attempt to create a “ring of friends” around the EU failed to realize its objectives, and instead the EU is surrounded now with a “ring of fire.”
France and the European Union
Authors: Lequesne Christian , Behal Avtansh
Published: October 2019

The European Union (EU) is a multilevel governance whose dynamics of change cannot be understood outside the perspective of each member state. France has contributed to the politics and policies of the EU, but the EU has also had an impact on French domestic politics and policies. As a founding member state of the European Communities (EC), France has played since the 1950s a major role in the development of European institutions, policies, and reforms leading to the EU. France has also, however, always had a paradoxical position regarding the institutional design of the EU. On one side, France has supported the principle of supranationality in the economic areas of EU integration (market and monetary policy). On the other side, it has preferred the intergovernmental method for foreign policy and defense. France’s influence in the EU was for a long time exercised in co-leadership with Germany. The return of Germany to full sovereignty after its reunification, the enlargements of the EU toward the East, and a growing asymmetry between French and German economies made the Franco-German partnership less central in the 1990s. France’s influence on Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) has diminished to the benefit of Germany, while it has remained central for the definition of a EU foreign and security policy. Like most of the EU member states, France has also to cope domestically with a growing politicization of the EU issue in the domestic context since the middle of the 1990s. Opposition to the EU has arisen among French public opinion and has restrained the autonomy of the French executive (president of the republic and government) in the EU negotiations. The dominant narrative in France about EU membership has four main components: being a founding member state, being a big member state, co-leading the EU with Germany, and making sure that the EU maximizes the French national interest. The relationships of the main French institutional actors with the EU focus on the president of the Republic, the prime minister, and the National Parliament, as well as major national courts and interest groups. The political debates on the EU in the French public sphere involve the mainstream political parties, the rise of Euroskepticism, the referendum campaigns on EU issues, and general trends in the public opinion. France’s contributions to the main EU policies include membership in the EMU, the commitment to the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the attitudes toward the enlargement processes, and the future of the EU institutional reforms.
Secularism in Political Philosophy
Authors: Zala Miklos
Published: October 2019

In the previous centuries, religion had been losing its prominent role in society, but its relationship to the modern democratic state is still among the most fundamental questions of political philosophy. Secularism is commonly described with label of “the separation of Church and state,” but the idea of the state disconnectedness from religion is a much more complex a phenomenon than this term suggests. A secular state must “manage” the relationship between religion and state institutions in a way that makes religion both subject to specific disabilities and singling out for special treatment.

Modern secularism has several different faces: Political secularism, economic secularism, educational secularism, ethical secularism, scientific secularism, and religious criticism are all different modes of secularism. Political secularism is the key mode among these, because it is a precondition of the pursuit of the other modes.

Political secularism has three essential elements: politics, religion, and their separation. Consequently, different conceptions of secularism will provide different and rival versions of the core concept, political secularism, depending on how they define politics, religion, and separation.

Secularism can refer to different levels of the state: to its ends (a theocracy is the exact opposite of a secular state in this regard); its institutions (the connectedness/disconnectedness of the state’s institutions with that of the Church); its laws/public policies (the state’s regulation of religion and religious activities); its source of legitimacy (what is the final source of the legitimacy of the state); the justification of its public policies/laws (what justification is given to state laws/public policies); the level of power and jurisdiction (whether the state is the only sovereign on its territory or sovereignty is shared with the Church); and its symbolic dimension (whether the state symbolically supports any religious groups).

The function of political secularism is to prevent at least four different kinds of problems: It must protect the religious freedom of believers on its territory, and religion must be protected from politics, but the state must be also protected from religion. In addition, there is a possible problem on the symbolic level, with the state’s official endorsement of religion.

Political secularism must also satisfy important normative principles. The most important of these are freedom of conscience and the principle of state neutrality. To satisfy these principles/normative requirements, the secular state must manage religion in a way that it keeps a principled distance on the aforementioned levels, but it must also protect and accommodate religion so it does not suffer unfair disadvantages. The upshot is that a secular state will be incompatible with either full religious establishment and the radical separation of Church and state—regimes that satisfy political secularism will take place somewhere between these two poles.
Arctic Policy in the European Union
Authors: Wegge Njord , Merticaru Cristina-Elena
Published: October 2019

The EU’s Arctic policy process represents and exemplifies a process of foreign-policy formation where forces from the Union’s internal dimension, involving tensions between member-state and community-level interests, have interplayed with influences from external actors and impacts from the system level in global politics. Going back to challenges with its relationship to Greenland, following the Kingdom of Denmark joining the EU in 1973, the Union’s Arctic relations have often been complex and challenging. The difficulties have ranged from the need to acquire better knowledge of the geographic and cultural properties of the Arctic, understanding the role of indigenous lifestyles and cultures; to comprehending the dynamics within and the roles of key regimes in the region, such as United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the Arctic Council. After a decade of gradual policy development, it appears that the EU, with the European Parliament’s resolution of March 16, 2017, on an “Integrated European Union Policy for the Arctic,” has achieved striking a more appropriate balance between the role as passive observer and as proactive actor in the High North.
Adoption and Evolution of Cash Transfer Programs in Latin America
Authors: Borges Fabián A.
Published: October 2019

The last two decades witnessed an unprecedented decline in poverty across the developing world, a decline partly explained by the adoption of social cash transfer programs. Ironically, Latin America, traditionally the world’s most unequal region, has been a global trendsetter in this regard. Beginning in the late 1990s, governments across the region and across the ideological spectrum began adopting conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs, which award poor families regular stipends conditional on their children attending school and/or getting regular medical check-ups, and non-contributory pension (NCP) schemes for low-income and/or uncovered seniors.

There is robust evidence that CCT programs achieve their short-term goals of reducing poverty while increasing school attendance and usage of health services. However, they do not improve learning and appear to be failing at their long-term goal of breaking the intergenerational transmission of poverty. Likely as a result of low-quality education, long-term CCT beneficiaries do not have significantly better economic prospects than comparable non-beneficiaries. CCTs also have electoral effects—there is robust evidence from across the region that they increase support for incumbent presidential candidates.

CCTs were a response to the two big transformations the region underwent during the 1980s: the debt crisis and subsequent lost decade and the transition of most countries to democracy. Increased economic insecurity following the crisis and subsequent neoliberal reforms represented both a threat to the survival of newly elected governments and an opportunity for politicians to win over voters through increased social assistance. Pioneered by Mexico and Brazil in the mid-1990s, CCTs were by far the most effective policies to emerge from that context. They quickly diffused across the region, often with support from international financial institutions. Counterintuitively, adoption appears to be unrelated to the ascendance of left-wing governments in the region during the 2000s. The politics of CCT design are less understood. The myriad ways in which design can be conceptualized and measured, combined with the relative newness of this literature, have limited the accumulation of knowledge. It does appear that left-wing governments adopt more expansive CCTs and de-emphasize conditionality enforcement.

Whereas their initial adoption and expansion, which coincided with the 2000s economic boom, proved politically easy, further reductions in poverty will require politically difficult choices, namely, raising taxes and/or redirecting funds away from programs benefiting the better-off. Improving the long-term effectiveness of CCTs will require improving education quality, which in turn will require challenging the region’s powerful teachers’ unions.
Information and Communication Technology in Crisis and Disaster Management
Authors: Bennett Deedee
Published: October 2019

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) cover a wide range of telecommunication devices and applications, which facilitate the flow of information. Within crisis and disaster management, these devices and applications may be used explicitly for hazards or crisis detection, information management, communication, situational awareness, search and rescue efforts, and decision support systems. Everything from cell phones and social media to unmanned aerial vehicles and weather stations are used to collect, disseminate, and monitor various types of information and data to provide a common operating picture. ICTs are continually evolving, with new features developed and deployed at a rapid pace. This development has had a unique impact on crisis and disaster management, allowing for real-time communication and situational awareness, as well as novel approaches to simulations and training.

With the near-ubiquitous use of some devices, information is also no longer held solely by government or private sector officials; ordinary citizens are also able to contribute to and disseminate information during and after crises. For some segments of the population, this ability to meaningfully contribute is not only empowering but necessary to highlight unmet needs. Throughout the evolution of ICTs, new research and practical concerns have highlighted persistent unmet needs of more vulnerable populations due to growing interdependence and integration across jurisdictional boundaries worldwide. The continued expansion of ICTs will most likely have a profound impact on this field in the future.