bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Doppler Sonography of Renal Obstruction
Authors: Oktar Suna Özhan , Yücel Cem , Özdemir Hakan , Karaosmanoglu Devrim
Published: January 2017

Objective. Arterial resistive index values have poor sensitivity and specificity for alterations in renal perfusion induced by collecting system obstruction. We aimed to determine whether the intrarenal venous impedance index values could be useful in evaluating renal parenchymal compliance in cases of obstruction and in differentiating acute obstruction from chronic cases. Methods. Fifteen patients with acute renal colic having unilateral stone disease and another 15 patients having unilateral chronic obstruction due to various causes were evaluated sonographically. The diagnosis was confirmed either by computed tomography or intravenous urography in all cases. Fifteen subjects with normal kidneys were investigated as a control group. All patients were examined prospectively by conventional and Doppler sonography. The impedance indices and peak flow signals of the interlobar arteries and veins of both kidneys were calculated from spectral Doppler waveforms in all 3 groups. Results. The mean venous impedance index on the acutely obstructed side was lower than the index on the unobstructed side: 0.25 ± 0.07 and 0.53 ± 0.3 (mean ± SD), respectively (P = .005). The mean venous impedance index on the acutely obstructed side was less than the indices both on the chronically obstructed side and in the control subjects (P > .0001). In acute cases, the mean arterial resistive index on the obstructed side was higher than the index on the unobstructed side: 0.62 ± 0.06 and 0.57 ± 0.06, respectively (P = .001). No statistically significant difference was detected between other parameters evaluated for the test and control groups. Conclusions. Renal venous impedance index values may be helpful in evaluating renal hemodynamics in obstruction and in differentiating acute obstruction from chronic cases when used in conjunction with the arterial resistive index.
What Does 2‐Dimensional Imaging Add to 3‐ and 4‐Dimensional Obstetric Ultrasonography?
Authors: Gonçalves Luís F. , Nien Jyh Kae , Espinoza Jimmy , Kusanovic Juan Pedro , Lee Wesley , Swope Betsy , Soto Eleazar , Treadwell Marjorie C. , Romero Roberto
Published: January 2017

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine whether 2‐dimensional (2D) ultrasonography adds diagnostic information to that provided by the examination of 3‐dimensional/4‐dimensional (3D/4D) volume data sets alone. Methods. Ninety‐nine fetuses were examined by 3D/4D volume ultrasonography. Volume data sets were evaluated by a blinded independent examiner who, after establishing an initial diagnostic impression by 3D/4D ultrasonography, performed a 2D ultrasonographic examination. The frequency of agreement and diagnostic accuracy of each modality to detect congenital anomalies were calculated and compared. Results. Fifty‐four fetuses with no abnormalities and 45 fetuses with 82 anomalies diagnosed by 2D ultrasonography were examined. Agreement between 3D/4D and 2D ultrasonography occurred for 90.4% of the findings (123/136; intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.834; 95% confidence interval, 0.774–0.879). Six anomalies were missed by 3D/4D ultrasonography when compared to 2D ultrasonography (ventricular septal defect [n = 2], interrupted inferior vena cava with azygous continuation [n = 1], tetralogy of Fallot [n = 1], horseshoe kidney [n = 1], and cystic adenomatoid malformation [n = 1]). There were 2 discordant diagnoses: transposition of the great arteries diagnosed as a double‐outlet right ventricle and pulmonary atresia misinterpreted as tricuspid atresia on 3D/4D ultrasonography. One case of occult spinal dysraphism was suspected on 3D ultrasonography but not confirmed by 2D ultrasonography. When compared to diagnoses performed after delivery (n = 106), the sensitivity and specificity of 3D/4D ultrasonography (92.2% [47/51] and 76.4% [42/55], respectively) and 2D ultrasonography (96.1% [49/51] and 72.7% [40/55]) were not significantly different (P = .233). Conclusions. Information provided by 2D ultrasonography is consistent, in most cases, with information provided by the examination of 3D/4D volume data sets alone.
Basic Versus Detailed Sonography
Authors: Chasen Stephen T. , Kalish Robin B. , Chervenak Frank A.
Published: January 2017

Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of restrictive versus routine use of “detailed” second‐trimester sonography. Methods. Records of singleton pregnancies undergoing evaluation from 2004 to 2008 were reviewed. A detailed examination (Current Procedural Terminology [CPT] code 76811) was routinely performed on all patients. Major structural abnormalities were categorized on the basis of whether the structure would be included in a “basic” examination (CPT code 76805). Risk factors for anomalies were identified. The Fisher exact test and Student t test were used for statistical comparison. Results. Major anomalies were identified in 218 patients, 75 of whom elected to undergo abortion. In 88 patients (40.4%), the abnormal structure would not be included in a basic examination. Risk factors were not more prevalent in those with anomalies requiring a detailed examination for diagnosis or in those patients who chose to undergo abortion. Conclusions. Restricting detailed evaluation to those with risk factors would have prevented detection of a substantial proportion of anomalies.
First‐Trimester Diagnosis of Body Stalk Anomaly Using 2‐ and 3‐Dimensional Sonography
Authors: Murphy Aisling , Platt Lawrence D.
Published: January 2017

To determine the sonographic features of body stalk anomaly in the first trimester using 2‐dimensional (2D) and 3‐dimensional (3D) sonography, we conducted a retrospective analysis of all nuchal translucency sonographic examinations performed between January 1, 2006, and January 1, 2010, at our institution. From a total of 6952 nuchal translucency sonographic examinations, 4 cases of body stalk anomaly were identified. All cases were characterized by an absent umbilical cord and a large ventral wall defect with herniation of the abdominal contents into the extraembryonic coelom. Associated features included kyphoscoliosis, limb defects, and enlarged nuchal translucency measurements. Three‐dimensional sonography was a useful adjunct to 2D techniques in determining the precise relationship of fetal structures to the amniotic cavity. Our case series emphasizes the importance of a thorough anatomic survey at the time of nuchal translucency screening and the value of 3D sonography in the delineation of first‐trimester anomalies.
Inter‐Reader Differences in Common Carotid Artery Intima‐Media Thickness
Authors: Polak Joseph F. , Funk Laurie C. , O'Leary Daniel H.
Published: January 2017

Objectives

Far wall common carotid artery intima‐media thickness, a surrogate measure of atherosclerosis, requires the tracing of two carotid wall interfaces on ultrasound images: the lumen‐intima and media‐adventitia. Vascular age is derived from intima‐media thickness measurements. We studied how tracing the wall interfaces affects intima‐media thickness measurements and estimates of vascular age.

Methods

Five readers made far‐wall common carotid intima‐media thickness measurements on 26 carotid artery images. Each reader traced lines at the lumen‐intima and media‐adventitia interfaces. An observer, blinded to reader identity and intima‐media thickness values, reviewed the images and estimated the relative location of these lines compared to his judgment of the interface location: +1 for 1 pixel above the interface, 0 at the interface, and −1 if below. The significance of differences was evaluated by analysis of variance.

Results

Mean intima‐media thickness measurements ranged between 0.57 and 0.78 mm and showed significant differences between readers (P < .009). Differences in carotid intima‐media thickness measurements made by the readers were significantly associated with the location of the media‐adventitia interfaces (P < .0001) but not the lumen‐intima interfaces (P = .07). The intima‐media thickness differences corresponded to mean differences in estimated vascular age ranging from 14 to 21 years.

Conclusions

Inter‐reader differences in common carotid intima‐media thickness measurements are mostly seen for the media‐adventitia wall interface and are detectable by an experienced observer. These inter‐reader differences affect the use of intima‐media thickness measurements for cardiovascular risk evaluation, can cause substantial errors in vascular age estimates, and might be correctable by performing replicate readings of standard image sets.
A Triple‐Targeted Ultrasound Contrast Agent Provides Improved Localization to Tumor Vasculature
Authors: Warram Jason M. , Sorace Anna G. , Saini Reshu , Umphrey Heidi R. , Zinn Kurt R. , Hoyt Kenneth
Published: January 2017

Objectives

Actively targeting ultrasound contrast agents to tumor vasculature improves contrast‐enhanced sonography of tumor angiogenesis. This report summarizes an evaluation of multitargeted microbubbles, comparing single‐, dual‐, and triple‐targeted motifs.

Methods

Microbubbles were avidin‐biotin linked to antibodies against mouse αVβ3‐integrin, P‐selectin, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2. These receptors are constitutively overexpressed in tumor vasculature. Binding comparisons between targeted microbubble groups were evaluated on mouse SVR angiosarcoma endothelial cells. Levels of the targeted receptors were characterized with flow cytometry. Targeted microbubble groups were administered to human MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer tumor‐bearing mice (n = 3) followed by contrast‐enhanced sonography in a microbubble‐sensitive harmonic imaging mode implemented on an ultrasound scanner equipped with a linear array transducer (5 MHz transmit and 10 MHz receive) to evaluate differences in microbubble accumulation in the tumor vasculature.

Results

In vitro analysis showed a 50% increase (P < .001) in triple‐targeted microbubble binding over dual‐targeted microbubble groups in mouse SVR cells. Mice bearing MDA‐MB‐231 tumors showed a 40% increase in tumor image intensity after dosing with triple‐targeted microbubbles compared with single‐ and dual‐targeted microbubbles (P = .006). Histologic staining confirmed the presence of αVβ3‐integrin, P‐selectin, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 in the tumors.

Conclusions

Microbubble accumulation in the tumor vasculature was improved using a triple‐targeted microbubble approach.
Solid Pseudopapillary Tumors of the Pancreas
Authors: Tang Shao Shan , Huang Li Ping , Wang Yao , Ma Ying
Published: January 2017

Objectives

The aims of this study were to determine the features of solid pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas on contrast‐enhanced sonography and correlate them with pathologic findings.

Methods

Five patients with solid pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas underwent conventional sonographic, color Doppler flow imaging, and contrast‐enhanced sonographic examinations. Time‐intensity curves were used to calculate the contrast enhancement times, wash‐out times, and enhancement patterns of the lesions. Three of the 5 patients also underwent contrast‐enhanced computed tomography. All cases were confirmed by surgery and pathologic examination.

Results

The study included 3 women and 2 men. Tumor diameters ranged from 4.4 to 13.0 cm. Sonography revealed round well‐defined encapsulated tumors. Two appeared as mixed cystic‐solid and 3 as solid masses on conventional sonography. One mass had a macrocalcification. Some areas of blood flow were seen in 3 of the masses on color Doppler flow imaging. On contrast‐enhanced sonography, the peripheral rims of the tumors showed isoenhancement during the early arterial phase, and the interiors of the masses showed heterogeneous enhancement consisting of regions of isoenhancement, hypoenhancement, and nonenhancement. Progressive wash‐out of the contrast agent during venous phases revealed hypoenhancement compared with normal adjacent pancreatic parenchyma. Pathologic findings showed that each tumor was completely encapsulated and had varying degrees of internal hemorrhage and necrosis.

Conclusions

Solid pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas have characteristic findings on contrast‐enhanced sonography, including peripheral rim isoenhancement and internal heterogeneous enhancement with nonenhanced portions; these features may help differentiate solid pseudopapillary tumors from other pancreatic neoplasms.
Bathymetry of the Amundsen Sea Embayment sector of West Antarctica from Operation IceBridge gravity and other data
Authors: Millan Romain , Rignot Eric , Bernier Vincent , Morlighem Mathieu , Dutrieux Pierre
Published: January 2017

We employ airborne gravity data from NASA's Operation IceBridge collected in 2009–2014 to infer the bathymetry of sub–ice shelf cavities in front of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica. We use a three‐dimensional inversion constrained by multibeam echo sounding data offshore and bed topography from a mass conservation reconstruction on land. The seamless bed elevation data refine details of the Pine Island sub–ice shelf cavity, a slightly thinner cavity beneath Thwaites, and previously unknown deep (>1200 m) channels beneath the Crosson and Dotson ice shelves that shallow (500 m and 750 m, respectively) near the ice shelf fronts. These sub–ice shelf channels define the natural pathways for warm, circumpolar deep water to reach the glacier grounding lines, melt the ice shelves from below, and constrain the pattern of past and future glacial retreat.
A numerical method for reorientation of rotating tidally deformed viscoelastic bodies
Authors: Hu H. , van der Wal W. , Vermeersen L. L. A.
Published: January 2017

Existing approaches for simulating the true polar wander (TPW) of a viscoelastic body can be divided into three categories: (i) a linear dynamic approach which uses the linearized Liouville equation (e.g., Wu and Peltier (1984) and Mitrovica et al. (2005)); (ii) a nonlinear dynamic approach which is based on the quasi‐fluid approximation (e.g., Sabadini and Peltier (1981), Ricard et al. (1993), and Cambiotti et al. (2011)); and (iii) a long‐term limit approach which only considers the fluid limit of a reorientation (e.g., Matsuyama and Nimmo (2007)). Several limitations of these approaches have not been studied: the range for which the linear approach is accurate, the validity of the quasi‐fluid approximation, and the dynamic solution for TPW of a tidally deformed rotating body. We establish a numerical procedure which is able to determine the large‐angle reorientation of a viscoelastic celestial body that can be both centrifugally and tidally deformed. We show that the linear approach leads to significant errors for loadings near the poles or the equator. Second, we show that slow relaxation modes can have a significant effect on large‐angle TPW of Earth or other planets. Finally, we show that reorientation of a tidally deformed body driven by a positive mass anomaly near the poles has a preference for rotating around the tidal axis instead of toward it. At a tidally deformed body which does not have a remnant bulge, positive mass anomalies are more likely to be found near the equator and the plane perpendicular to the tidal axis, while negative mass anomalies tend to be near the great circle that contains the tidal and rotational axes.
Decreasing net primary production due to drought and slight decreases in solar radiation in China from 2000 to 2012
Authors: Wang J. , Dong J. , Yi Y. , Lu G. , Oyler J. , Smith W. K. , Zhao M. , Liu J. , Running S.
Published: January 2017

Terrestrial ecosystems have continued to provide the critical service of slowing the atmospheric CO2growth rate. Terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP) is thought to be a major contributing factor to this trend. Yet our ability to estimate NPP at the regional scale remains limited due to large uncertainties in the response of NPP to multiple interacting climate factors and uncertainties in the driver data sets needed to estimate NPP. In this study, we introduced an improved NPP algorithm that used local driver data sets and parameters in China. We found that bias decreased by 30% for gross primary production (GPP) and 17% for NPP compared with the widely used global GPP and NPP products, respectively. From 2000 to 2012, a pixel‐level analysis of our improved NPP for the region of China showed an overall decreasing NPP trend of 4.65 Tg C a−1. Reductions in NPP were largest for the southern forests of China (−5.38 Tg C a−1), whereas minor increases in NPP were found for North China (0.65 Tg C a−1). Surprisingly, reductions in NPP were largely due to decreases in solar radiation (82%), rather than the more commonly expected effects of drought (18%). This was because for southern China, the interannual variability of NPP was more sensitive to solar radiation (R2in 0.29–0.59) relative to precipitation (R2 < 0.13). These findings update our previous knowledge of carbon uptake responses to climate change in terrestrial ecosystems of China and highlight the importance of shortwave radiation in driving vegetation productivity for the region, especially for tropical forests.
Insights into hydrologic and hydrochemical processes based on concentration‐discharge and end‐member mixing analyses in the mid‐Merced River Basin, Sierra Nevada, California
Authors: Liu Fengjing , Conklin Martha H. , Shaw Glenn D.
Published: January 2017

Both concentration‐discharge relation and end‐member mixing analysis were explored to elucidate the connectivity of hydrologic and hydrochemical processes using chemical data collected during 2006–2008 at Happy Isles (468 km2), Pohono Bridge (833 km2), and Briceburg (1873 km2) in the snowmelt‐fed mid‐Merced River basin, augmented by chemical data collected by the USGS during 1990–2014 at Happy Isles. Concentration‐discharge (C‐Q) in streamflow was dominated by a well‐defined power law relation, with the magnitude of exponent (0.02–0.6) and R2 values (p < 0.001) lower on rising than falling limbs. Concentrations of conservative solutes in streamflow resulted from mixing of two end‐members at Happy Isles and Pohono Bridge and three at Briceburg, with relatively constant solute concentrations in end‐members. The fractional contribution of groundwater was higher on rising than falling limbs at all basin scales. The relationship between the fractional contributions of subsurface flow and groundwater and streamflow (F‐Q) followed the same relation as C‐Q as a result of end‐member mixing. The F‐Q relation was used as a simple model to simulate subsurface flow and groundwater discharges to Happy Isles from 1990 to 2014 and was successfully validated by solute concentrations measured by the USGS. It was also demonstrated that the consistency of F‐Q and C‐Q relations is applicable to other catchments where end‐members and the C‐Q relationships are well defined, suggesting hydrologic and hydrochemical processes are strongly coupled and mutually predictable. Combining concentration‐discharge and end‐member mixing analyses could be used as a diagnostic tool to understand streamflow generation and hydrochemical controls in catchment hydrologic studies.
Distribution of Honors Grades Across Fourth‐year Emergency Medicine Clerkships
Authors: Hall Matthew M. , Dubosh Nicole M. , Ullman Edward
Published: January 2017

Background

Medical student grades during emergency medicine (EM) rotations are a key factor in resident selection. The variability in grading among EM clerkships is not well understood.

Objective

The objective was to describe the current grade distribution of fourth‐year EM clerkships.

Methods

This was an observational study at an EM residency program. We identified grade distributions by reviewing the standard letter of evaluation from individuals applying to our residency program for the 2016 match. Descriptive statistics of proportions, standard deviations (SDs), and p‐values were calculated.

Results

A total of 1,075 applications from 236 individual clerkships were reviewed. Thirty‐four programs did not give an honors grade during the previous year. Four of these programs distributed a highest grade of “high pass” and 30 gave only “pass” and/or “fail.” Of the remaining 202 programs, the percentage of grades that were given as honors ranged from 1% to 87% with a mean (±SD) of 25% (±17.2%). Of the 202 programs that granted honors grades, 63 (31.2%) sites gave between 1 and 14.9% honors grades, 69 (34.2%) gave 15% to 29.9% honors grades, 27 (13.4%) gave 30% to 44.9% honors grades, and 24 (11.9%) programs granted honors to greater than 45% of their students. Medical schools required an EM rotation at 82 (40.6%) sites. Among these programs, honors grades were given to 24% (±16.7%) of students with a range of 4% to 85% while programs that did not require clerkships gave a mean (±SD) of 26% (±17.5%) with a range of 1% to 87% and a p‐value of 0.54.

Conclusions

Honor grade distribution varies markedly across U.S. fourth‐year EM clerkship sites. Requiring EM clerkships does not affect honor percentages. A minority of sites only give pass/fail grades. Program directors should consider this marked variation in grades when reviewing EM residency applications.
A Synthetic Hybrid Molecule for the Selective Removal of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells from Cell Mixtures
Authors: Mao Di , Ando Shin , Sato Shin‐ichi , Qin Ying , Hirata Nao , Katsuda Yousuke , Kawase Eihachiro , Kuo Ting‐Fang , Minami Itsunari , Shiba Yuji , Ueda Kazumitsu , Nakatsuji Norio , Uesugi Motonari
Published: January 2017

A major hurdle in stem cell therapy is the tumorigenic risk of residual undifferentiated stem cells. This report describes the design and evaluation of synthetic hybrid molecules that efficiently reduce the number of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in cell mixtures. The design takes advantage of Kyoto probe 1 (KP‐1), a fluorescent chemical probe for hiPSCs, and clinically used anticancer drugs. Among the KP‐1–drug conjugates we synthesized, we found an exceptionally selective, chemically tractable molecule that induced the death of hiPSCs. Mechanistic analysis suggested that the high selectivity originates from the synergistic combination of transporter‐mediated efflux and the cytotoxicity mode of action. The present study offers a chemical and mechanistic rationale for designing selective, safe, and simple reagents for the preparation of non‐tumorigenic clinical samples.
5,5′‐Diazaisoindigo: an Electron‐Deficient Building Block for Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Lu Yang , Liu Yi , Dai Ya‐Zhong , Yang Chi‐Yuan , Un Hio‐Ieng , Liu Si‐Wei , Shi Ke , Wang Jie‐Yu , Pei Jian
Published: January 2017

A novel electron‐deficient building block, 5,5′‐diazaisoindigo (5DNIID), was synthesized through a facile method in good yield. As a derivative of isoindigo, 5DNIID shows an ultra‐low LUMO level of −3.92 eV after incorporation of two electron‐deficient nitrogen atoms into the para‐position of the amine groups in the isoindigo π skeleton. Modified polymerization conditions were applied to efficiently afford the donor–acceptor (D–A) conjugated polymer 5DNIID‐2T, which exhibited a p‐type charge transport property.
The effect of glutamate on ghrelin release in mice
Authors: Chacrabati Rakhi , Gong Zhi , Ikenoya Chika , Kondo Daisuke , Zigman Jeffrey M. , Sakai Takafumi , Sakata Ichiro
Published: January 2017

Ghrelin is abundantly produced in the stomach. Here, we found that glutamate decreased ghrelin expression and release in ghrelin‐producing cells, and decreased levels of food intake and plasma acyl‐ghrelin in mice. Treatment with siRNA of G protein‐coupled receptor, family C, group 5, member B (GPRC5B) in ghrelin‐producing cell lines completely blocked the effect of glutamate‐induced ghrelin suppression. In addition, glutamate inhibited ghrelin release via the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) activity pathway, and stimulated CREB2 mRNA expression in ghrelin‐producing cell lines. These results suggest that glutamate inhibits ghrelin release via ERK‐CREB2 pathway. These results suggest that the GPRC5B‐ERK‐CREB2 pathway is involved in the inhibition of ghrelin expression and secretion in ghrelin cells.
Selective Oxidation of Methane to Methanol over ZSM‐5 Catalysts in Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide: Role of Formaldehyde
Authors: Al‐Shihri Saeed , Richard Christian J. , Chadwick David
Published: January 2017

The selective oxidation of methane in aqueous hydrogen peroxide over ZSM‐5 catalysts with different Si/Al ratios has been investigated. Methyl hydroperoxide was confirmed as the initial product of methane oxidation by a study of product distribution versus reaction time in agreement with previous work. Formaldehyde was identified as an intermediate in the oxidation reaction pathway from MeOOH to formic acid and ultimately CO2. Hydrogen evolution during the oxidation of methane is reported for the first time. Oxidation of the HCHO intermediate to formic acid was demonstrated to be the source of the evolved hydrogen. HCHO appeared to be the source of low levels of soluble polyoxomethylene. Higher productivity of liquid oxygenated products is reported compared to previous work.
σ‐Alkyl‐PdII Species for Remote C−H Functionalization
Authors: Mehta Vaibhav P. , García‐López José‐Antonio
Published: January 2017

The transition‐metal‐directed C−H activation processes have traditionally required the installation of suitable coordinating groups to place the metal in close proximity to an specific neighboring or remote C(sp2)‐H or C(sp3)‐H moiety of the molecular structure. Alternatively, substitution of C−H bonds at positions previously thought inaccessible are now performed through domino processes via in situ generated σ‐alkyl‐PdII species. This Concept article highlights on recent developments which utilize these σ‐alky‐PdII‐species for remote C−H functionalization to reinvigorate new C−C bond formation in cascade fashion via use of catalytic palladium metal.
Electrophoretic Deposition of MnOx@Carbon Nanotubes Film with Nest‐Like Structure as High‐Performance Anode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Jiaqi , Yang Yang , Wang Jing , Zhang Peng , Zhao Jinbao
Published: January 2017

A binder‐free nest‐like structured MnOx@carbon nanotubes anode for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) was prepared through a facile electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method. Through the EPD process, both MnO2 nanowires and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as starting materials, were interwoven tightly to form a uniform co‐deposited film, possessing a nest‐like architecture. After annealing the film under an inert atmosphere, the MnO2 nanowires transformed into Mn3O4 and MnO, as confirmed by the X‐ray diffraction patterns. The nest‐like electrode formed a porous and integrated conductive framework and provided the buffer space for the volume change of manganese oxides during cycling processes. As a result, this MnOx@CNTs electrode exhibited excellent cycling performance with a reversible capacity of 1152.1 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 and a superior cycling stability with 88.0 % capacity retention at 1 A g−1 after 200 cycles.
“Trojan Horse” Effect in Photocatalysis–How Anionic Silver Impurities Influence Apparent Catalytic Activity
Authors: Kaufhold Simon , Petermann Lydia , Sorsche Dieter , Rau Sven
Published: January 2017

The problematic consequences of using silver carbene precursors for the synthesis of NHC‐complexes is elucidated with the example of dinuclear Ru–Rh/Ir photocatalysts. The presence of silver in the products is proven and an alternative silver‐free synthetic approach successfully implemented. A significant difference in performance in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions of catalysts generated by the different strategies is observed.
Form Matters: Stable Helical Foldamers Preferentially Target Human Monocytes and Granulocytes
Authors: Del Secco Benedetta , Malachin Giulia , Milli Lorenzo , Zanna Nicola , Papini Emanuele , Cornia Andrea , Tavano Regina , Tomasini Claudia
Published: January 2017

Some hybrid foldamers of various length, all containing the (4R,5S)‐4‐carboxy‐5‐methyloxazolidin‐2‐one (d‐Oxd) moiety alternating with an l‐amino acid (l‐Val, l‐Lys, or l‐Ala), were prepared in order to study their preferred conformations and to evaluate their biological activity. Surprisingly, only the longer oligomers containing l‐Ala fold into well‐established helices, whereas all the other oligomers give partially unfolded turn structures. Nevertheless, they all show good biocompatibility, with no detrimental effects up to 64 μm. After equipping some selected foldamers with the fluorescent tag rhodamine B, a quantitative analysis was performed by dose– and time–response fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) assays with human HeLa cells and primary blood lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes. Among the cell types analyzed, the oligomers associated with monocytes and granulocytes with greatest efficacy, still visible after 24 h incubation. This effect is even more pronounced for foldamers that are able to form stable helices.
Sensation loss after superficial parotidectomy: A prospective controlled multicenter trial
Authors: Grosheva Maria , Shabli Sami , Volk Gerd Fabian , Sommer Barbara , Ludwig Laura , Finkensieper Mira , Wittekindt Claus , Klussmann Jens Peter , Guntinas–Lichius Orlando , Beutner Dirk
Published: January 2017

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of hypoesthesia after superficial parotidectomy depending on preservation of posterior branch of the great auricular nerve (GAN).

Methods

This prospective, controlled, double blind, multicenter trial included 130 patients. The posterior branch was preserved in 93 patients (GAN group), and ligated in 33 patients (non‐GAN group). In 4 patients, GAN status was unknown. Included patients underwent sensory testing (TouchTest) and subjective evaluation at 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery.

Results

Better improvement of sensation was present in the GAN group. After 12 months, 59% of the patients in the GAN‐group showed positive test results in the lobule, versus 24% of the non‐GAN group (p = .013). Additionally, after 24 months, 71% of the patients in the GAN‐group showed a positive test in the antitragus, versus 31% in the non‐GAN group (p = .045). Hypoesthesia equally limited quality of life in both groups (all p > .05).

Conclusion

Preservation of the posterior branch of the GAN led to significantly better improvement of sensation in the lobule and antitragus, and should be recommended during parotidectomy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 520–526, 2017
Fatal Pulmonary Embolism in Puerperal Ovarian Vein Thrombophlebitis
Authors: Caterini Herik , Pelosi Marco , Sama Jahir , Langer Alvin , Devanesan Mona
Published: January 2017

Caterini, H., Pelosi, M., Sama, J., Langer, A. and Devanesan, M. (Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New Jersey Medical School, 65 Bergen Street, Newark, N.J., USA).
Observations on Structural Alterations of Terminal Hairs in Hirsute Women
Authors: Bercovici B. , Nebel L.
Published: January 2017

Bercovici, B. and Nebel, L. (Dept. of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hebrew University – Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, and Dept. of Embryology & Teratology, Tel‐Aviv University Faculty of Medicine, “SHEBA” Medical Center, Tel‐Hashomer, Israel).
Laparoscopic Sterilization in the Puerperium: A Review of International Experience
Authors: Keith Louis
Published: January 2017

Keith, L. (Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill. and the Prentice Women's Hospital and Maternity Center, Chicago, Ill., USA). Laparoscopic sterilization in the Puerperium: a review of international experience.

Int J Gynaecol Obstet 14: 407–410, 1976.

The feasibility of using laparoscopic techniques for puerperal sterilization has been demonstrated on three continents. While the operation is not suggested to replace all other methods of puerperal sterilization, it is advantageous in selected situations.
Contraceptive Efficacy of Two Different Metals Using a Modified Seven Vector
Authors: Medel Mario , Zipper Jaime , Dabancens Alfredo , Thomas Michael
Published: January 2017

Medel, M., Zipper, J., Dabancens, A. and Thomas, M. (Dept. of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, and Dept. of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Sotero del Rio Hospital, Puente Alto, Chile, and International Fertility Research program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA). Contraceptive efficacy of two different metals using a modified seven vector.

Int J Gynaecol Obstet 14:494–498, 1976.

Early studies with copper suggested that few improvements in overall IUD performance could be obtained with the use of more than 200 mm2 of copper. Thus, the use of other metals paired with copper has been investigated. This report of two studies of the small Copper‐7, one with zinc and the other with copper alone, suggests that the addition of zinc in the superior position of the small Cu‐7 decreases the incidence of pregnancy and that the small Cu‐7 may be associated with higher retention rates than the standard Cu‐7.
Fetal Heart Rate and Fetal Movements
Authors: Yaffe Haim , Beyth Yoram , Laufer Neri , Sadovsky Eliahu
Published: January 2017

Yaffe, H., Beyth, Y., Laufer, N. and Sadovsky, E. (Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah‐University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel). Fetal heart rate and fetal movements.

Int J Gynaecol Obstet 14: 525–528, 1976.

Fetal Heart Rate (F.H.R.) in association with fetal movement was evaluated in 141 normal and pathological pregnancies. In the normal cases only 31 % showed an acceleration of F.H.R. in association with fetal movement. The majority of the normal cases, 62%, did not demonstrate changes in F.H.R. in association with fetal movement. In the pathological pregnancies there were no characteristic changes in F.H.R. associated with fetal movement. It appears that F.H.R. acceleration associated with fetal movement cannot be used as an index for fetal well being.
Serum Naphthylamidase Isoenzymes during Hormonal Treatment
Authors: Beckman G. , Beckman L. , Damber M.‐G. , Helgason S. , Lundgren E. , von Schoultz B.
Published: January 2017

Beckman, G., Beckman, L., Damber, M.‐G., Helgason, S., Lundgren, E. and von Schoultz, B. (Departments of Medical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Pathology, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden). Serum naphthylamidase isoenzymes during hormonal treatment. Electrophoretic and quantitative studies.

Int J Gynaecol Obstet 14: 550–552, 1976.

Alterations in serum naphthylamidase isoenzymes were studied by electrophoretic and quantitative methods in women treated with oral contraceptives and women treated with naturally occurring conjugated estrogens for climacteric symptoms. In women treated with oral contraceptives the appearance of extra isoenzyme components was accompanied by a distinct and significant increase in the total serum naphthylamidase activity, whereas in treatment with conjugated estrogens no such increase was found. The result suggests that combined oral contraceptives and natural estrogens affect the serum naphthylamidase pattern in different ways.
Hysteroscopic Sterilization
Authors: Quiñones Rodolfo , Alvarado Alberto , Ley Eligio
Published: January 2017

This report describes and evaluates the techniques of tubal electrocoagulation and the instillation of quinacrine into the uterine cavity performed under hysteroscopic control. The technique of hysteroscopic electrocoagulation is simple and is performed as an outpatient procedure. Patients usually leave the clinic 20 min after the procedure and can resume their normal activities the same day. In a series of 930 hysteroscopic electrocoagulation procedures, tubal occlusion was obtained in 82.7% of the patients after the first electrocoagulation and in an additional 15.5% of the patients after a second electrocoagulation. Methods of cervical dilatation, uterine distension, techniques of electrocoagulation, and the importance of continuing an additional contraceptive method until tubal occlusion can be demonstrated are discussed. The use of quinacrine for tubal occlusion has not been successful and the procedure has been discontinued. Problems with quinacrine instillation are presented and the possibilities for successful modification of the procedure are discussed.
The Aging of Gametes, Heteroploidy, and Embryonic Death
Authors: Bomsel‐Helmreich Ondine
Published: January 2017

Experimental evidence obtained from amphibians as well as from mammals reveals what role the aging process of gametes plays in the pathogenesis of reproductive wastage in virtually all animals. The data indicate that senescence may affect gametes of both sexes and that it may occur both before and after ovulation and ejaculation respectively. A wide range of reproductive abnormalities may be caused by time‐related phenomena including fetal developmental and chromosome defects, twinning, abortion and possibly others. The pathological mechanism of these anomalies, as reflected in the experimental findings, is discussed in some detail.
Long‐term Use Effectiveness of the CU‐7‐200 IUD
Authors: Zipper J. , Medel M. , Osorio A. , Goldschmith A. , Edelman D. A.
Published: January 2017

Copper‐containing IUDs have been demonstrated to be as good, if not better, than other presently used inert devices. There is, however, no consensus on the duration of contraceptive effectiveness of copper‐containing IUDs. The long‐term contraceptive effectiveness of one copper‐containing IUD, the CU‐7‐200 Gravigard®, is evaluated in this report on 514 patients. IUDs were inserted in the intermenstrual period and patients were followed up for as long as 63 months. The probability of pregnancy, expulsion, or removal for medical reasons did not increase with increasing duration of IUD use, but instead appeared to slightly decrease with increasing duration of IUD use. The results of this study indicate that the CU‐7‐200 continues to be an effective contraceptive for at least five years after insertion.
Oral Pyogenic Granuloma as a Complication of Pregnancy and the Use of Hormonal Contraceptives
Authors: Mussalli N. G. , Hopps Rosamund M. , Johnson N. W.
Published: January 2017

Ten examples of oral pyogenic granuloma occurring during pregnancy and oral contraceptive therapy are presented in order to illustrate the effects on oral tissues of altered levels of female sex hormones. The mechanisms of these effects are discussed and it is concluded that pyogenic granulomata represent an exaggerated response to local irritants, especially dental plaque, which can in most cases be controlled by adequate oral hygiene procedures.
Amniotic Fluid Embolism: A Review of the Literature with Two Case Reports
Authors: Lalos Othon , von Schoultz Bo
Published: January 2017

Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare but dramatic obstetric complication. In this study, the pathogenesis of AFE and the disorders of coagulation and fibrinolysis and postmortem gross pathologic and histologic findings resulting from it are reviewed.

The 2 case histories examined in this report exemplify different clinical courses of amniotic fluid embolism. In the first case, there was a predominant activation of the coagulation system, with a fatal outcome. In the second case, generalized fibrinolysis dominated, and the woman survived. Finally, the authors wish to emphasize that the administration of fibrinogen is an incorrect approach to the management of this syndrome. A combination of Macrodex® and heparin might be effective in preventing the formation of microthrombi, but increased fibrinolysis has to be treated by a sufficiently high dose of fibrinolytic inhibitors.
The Risk of Post‐Pill Amenorrhea: A Preliminary Report from the Menstruation and Reproduction History Research Program
Authors: Berger Gary S. , Taylor Robert N. , Treloar Alan E.
Published: January 2017

Menstrual cycle lengths prior to and after oral contraceptive use were prospectively recorded for 245 women. In this preliminary study, a difference in the distributions in the pre‐ and post‐pill cycle lengths was observed. An increase of 5 days in the median cycle length occurred after oral contraceptive use had been discontinued. Although there was an approximately twofold relative risk of amenorrhea of 90 days' duration or more after discontinuing pill use, the differences in the rates of amenorrhea between the pre‐pill and post‐pill cycles were not statistically significant.
The Association Between Oral Contraception and Hepatocellular Adenoma — A Preliminary Report
Authors: Rooks Judith Bourne , Ory Howard W. , Ishak Kamal G. , Strauss Lilo T. , Greenspan Joel R. , Tyler Carl W.
Published: January 2017

Women with long‐term use of oral contraception (OC) are at increased risk of developing a serious, though nonmalignant, liver tumor—hepatocellular adenoma (HCA)—according to a case‐control study conducted by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) in collaboration with the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP). The tumor is sometimes fatal, deaths usually being due to sudden rupture and hemorrhage. This study suggests that, in addition to long‐term OC use, a woman's age and the hormonal potency of the OC she uses affect her chances of developing HCA. Women 27 years old and older who have used OC with high hormonal potency for 7 or more years are at the greatest risk.
The Inhibitory Effect of Amniotic Fluid on the Growth of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Koumentakou E. , Prevedourakis C. , Zolotas J. , Xygakis A. , Kotoulas I. , Tzigounis V.
Published: January 2017

In the late 1940s, some researchers found that amniotic fluid had an inhibitory effect on bacterial growth due, they believed, to the presence of lysozymes. Later other authorities asserted that amniotic fluid facilitates bacterial growth. More recently, studies have indicated that liquor amnii has a remarkable antibacterial activity. To further examine this antibacterial action, the present study of the effect of amniotic fluid on Staphylococcus aureus was undertaken.
A New Modification of Colpocleisis for Treatment of Total Procidentia in Old Age
Authors: Ardekany M. Sadegh , Rafee Rahmatollah
Published: January 2017

A new approach for treating uterine prolapse in old age is presented. Fifteen patients underwent this operation during our 5‐year study. The procedure is simple and brief and can be performed, using a local anesthetic, on patients whose general condition is poor. The patients in our series had no immediate postoperative complications, and those who attended our follow‐up clinic had no recurrence of the disease.
Extramembranous Pregnancy: A Case Report
Authors: Panayiotis Georghiou , Grünstein Stephan , Pevzner Shamai
Published: January 2017

A rare case of extramembranous pregnancy is reported. It was associated with intermittent loss of liquor and bloody discharge beginning at about the 25th week of gestation. An anencephalic infant was delivered alive from a breech presentation during the 31st week of gestation. The placenta was markedly circumvallate, with short, thick membranes which did not cover more than 10% of the infant. The course of the pregnancy and the examination of the infant and placenta are discussed, and the pertinent literature is reviewed.
Training Physicians of Developing Nations in Female Surgical Contraception
Authors: Benchakan Vilai , Rattakul Pramote , Osathanondh Vitoon , Chaturachinda Kamheang
Published: January 2017

The majority of developing nations in the Third World (including Thailand) face similar medicosocioeconomic situations arising from uncontrolled population growth which outstrips developmental planning. One of the most effective medical means of combating these problems is surgical contraception. This study describes how the Ramathibodi National Training Program was developed and implemented in Thailand to increase the availability of sterilization services by training local physicians to perform the necessary operations. The success of this program is measured by the increase in the number of service delivery stations (182) and in the number of sterilization procedures performed (24 436 in a 32‐month period).
The Water and Nitrogen Composition of the Placenta in Anemic Women
Authors: Agboola A. , Roluga I. A.
Published: January 2017

A study was conducted to determine the water and nitrogen content of the placentae from anemic and nonanemic Nigerian women. The mean water content values were 84.9% and 85.3%, respectively, and this difference was not statistically significant. Placental nitrogen values were higher in anemic women than they were in nonanemic women, but the difference was not statistically significant. The results of this study indicate that placental hypertrophy which is associated with anemia is not due to water retention by the placenta.
Carcinomain situCervicis Uteri: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis
Authors: Liukko P. , Punnonen R. , Grönroos M.
Published: January 2017

A total of 252 patients with carcinomain situcolli uteri were treated at the Women's Clinic at Turku University between 1964 and 1971. Seventy‐seven percent of the patients came to the clinic for treatment after they had participated in a mass screening program (cytodiagnosis, colposcopy). Extrafascial hysterectomy was performed most often on women in the older age groups, while most of the younger patients were treated by conization. Patients were followed up for a minimum of 5 years years. There was a 1.0% recurrence of invasive carcinoma and a 4.0% recurrence of noninvasive carcinoma. All invasive recurrences occurred after hysterectomy. None of the patients died from complications of carcinoma.
The Prevalence and Persistence of Group B Streptococcal Colonization Among Hospital Personnel
Authors: Green Stephen L. , Nodell Carolyn C. , Porter Carol Q.
Published: January 2017

A prospective study was performed to determine the prevalence and persistence of group B streptococcal colonization among obstetric (high‐risk) and nonobstetric (low‐risk) personnel. Seventy‐four individuals participated in the study and the following sites were sampled: throat, rectum, vagina (females) and anterior urethra (males). The overall colonization rate was 32.4% and no statistical difference was found between high‐ and low‐risk groups. The most frequently recovered serotypes were type III (37.5%) and type II/Ic (33.3%). Individuals older than 30 years were more likely to carry type II/Ic, whereas personnel in their twenties were most frequently colonized with type III. The rectum was the most frequently colonized site (83.3%). The vagina/urethra was colonized in 62.5% and the throat in 8.4% of carriers. Twenty‐three culture‐positive individuals were recultured from all sites three to six months later and persistent colonization was found in 56.5%. There was no statistical difference in persistence between the high‐ and low‐risk groups. Type III carriers tended to become culture‐negative, whereas type II/Ic carriers were significantly more likely to remain colonized with group B streptococci.
The Effectiveness of Obligatory Lymphadenectomy in Treating Carcinoma of the Cervix
Authors: Tulzer H. , Kupka S.
Published: January 2017

For the past 20 years, obligatory lymphadenectomy has been performed with the Wertheim's operation for carcinoma of the cervix at the First University Women's Clinic in Vienna. Formerly, selective lymphadenectomy was performed with the radical operation, with only nodes suspected of metastasis being removed. The theoretical advantages and disadvantages of each system are discussed, and several previous reports are analyzed and criticized. Our experience at the First University Women's Clinic shows that rates of mortality from recurrence were higher for a group of patients who underwent selective lymphadenectomy from 1946 to 1949 than for two more recent series who were treated with obligatory lymphadenectomy. Thus, the effectiveness of performing the latter procedure with the Wertheim's operation to reduce mortality from recurrence is confirmed.