bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Will, Desire and Experience: Etiology and Ideology in the German and Austrian Medical Discourse on War Neuroses, 1914–1922
Authors: Brunner Jos…
Published: March 2007

During World War I, German and Austro-Hungarian army doctors maintained that even the most dreadful experiences in the trenches could not, by themselves, generate the neurotic symptoms from which so many soldiers suffered. At first, it was argued that intrusive sound waves, not experience, were the crucial pathogenic agents. Psychogenic etiologies of trauma then became preponderant, but it was claimed that the symptoms stemming from experiences were transient and easily curable. Treatmentresistant symptoms were declared to be the result of the soldiers’ lack of will to fight and attributed to the influence of countervailing unconscious ideas and desires. The main aim of such etiologies was to stigmatize neurotic soldiers as cowards and weaklings, prevent them from leaving military service and block the payment of compensation for the work disability generated by the symptoms. In addition, these etiologies also legitimized the use of therapeutic violence against soldiers. After the war, some neuropsychiatrists continued to discuss the war neuroses within a radically nationalist outlook. Sigmund Freud took a different stance and criticized the nationalist commitment of army doctors. His post-war work sparked a new etiological discourse on war neuroses, which portrayed traumatized soldiers as victims of the war.
Psychopharmacology in a Globalizing World: The Use of Antidepressants in Japan
Authors: Kirmayer Laurence J.
Published: March 2007

Despite the great popularity of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants in North America and Europe, most of these medications have not yet been introduced in Japan. This reflects the difficulty in obtaining government approval for new drugs in Japan, as well as specific social and cultural issues. The majority of patients with depression or dysphoric mood in Japan are seen in specialty medical care, complain of physical symptoms, and are treated with anxiolytic medications. Sadness and depression may be given positive social meanings as yielding enhanced awareness of the transient nature of the world. This article explores the relevance for bioethics of cultural variations in the use of antidepressants at three different levels of analysis: (i) the varieties of depressive experience as they unfold in specific cultural worlds and value systems; (ii) the narrative construction of the self; and (iii) the political economic context of the pharmacological treatment of depression. The strong interconnections of values framed at one level with those at other levels means that there are likely to be unavoidable tradeoffs between different values or desirable short and long-term outcomes such as energy, efficiency, happiness, maturation, depth of personality, and responsiveness to social and moral predicaments. These tradeoffs challenge the assumption of universalism in biomedicine and raise questions about the consequences of our willingness to use medications to treat the myriad forms of distress that may signal fundamental problems with our way of life.
‘How Do You Feel?’: A Self-Rating Scale for Measuring Well-Being in Refugees
Authors: Hermansson Ann-Charlotte , Timpka Toomas
Published: March 2007

This study describes the construction and evaluation of an instrument for measuring psychological well-being in refugees. A 16-item scale, ‘How do you feel?’, for concurrent measurement of present and previous well-being was constructed and translated into five languages. Male war-wounded refugees were tested during hospitalization shortly after arrival ( n= 60) and after two years ( n= 53). The group was culturally heterogenous. The reliability was acceptable (0.78–0.92). Construct validation yielded acceptable validity. Back-translations indicated minor ambiguities. A revised 10-item version is suggested for future use. The scale is easily administered and provides a potentially useful screening instrument to complement medical examinations. It can also be used for evaluating prevention programs and for research purposes.
Review : Thermal injuries in children - nursing and related care
Authors: Orr Jan
Published: March 2007

■ Children with thermal injuries are cared for in many settings within the health service

■ To promote excellence of care, knowledge of their extensive and holistic needs are required

■ A multi-disciplinary team approach is vital to ensure adequate and effective care is given during throughout the child's recovery

■ Family-centred partnerships in care are essential ingredients in caring for the thermally injured child
Review : Best interests versus autonomy: a model for advocacy in child health care
Authors: Rose Pat
Published: March 2007

■ Decisions about children are often justified as being in the child's best interests

■ Health care professionals must ensure that the views of children are considered when planning their care

■ Decisions about a child's care should reflect the child's wishes and the family's value system

■ To do this, the health care professional needs knowledge of child development and family dynamics, assessment skills, and interpersonal skills

■ Children's autonomy can be preserved if they participate in making decisions with those seeking their long term good
Mothers' understanding of their children's bodies
Authors: Littlewood Jenny
Published: March 2007

■ Children under 6 months, brought to the accident and emergency department (A&E) are distressed by problems often related to digestion

■ Parental knowledge of their children's bodies showed relatively little differentiation between structures

■ They made clear distinctions between the quality of their baby's crying and the problem

■ Parents made decisions to seek help on the basis of the quality of their child's crying and thereby its associated disorder

■ Telephone advice for parents may be the way forward in service provision, and will therefore require more exacting knowledge from the parents

■ The research approach used in the study - cognitive mapping - appeared to be acceptable to the mothers, as a way of eliciting representations
Shifting spaces, shifting identities
Authors: Cantell Timo
Published: March 2007

The 'Total Balalaika Show', a rock concert of extraordinary proportions, was held in Helsinki in 1993. The audience numbered 80,000. This concert is analysed by reference to Bakhtin's explorations of carnival, highlighting the ambivalent nature of the event. Both the performers and the venue of the concert (the historical Senate Square in the centre of Helsinki) are characterized by the uncertainty of temporal and spatial categories. The concert is also interpreted as constituting an integral part of the new cultural situation in Finland: a situation in which this small country and its comparatively homogenous culture will increasingly have to see questions of identity pushed into the domains of reflexivity and uncertainty. The concert also provided an opportunity to negotiate the history of Finnish—Soviet relations and the problems involved in those relations.
Popular journalism with Chinese characteristics
Authors: Li Zhurun
Published: March 2007

This paper is an interpretative attempt to explore the rise of what the author calls 'popular journalism with Chinese characteristics'. Inspired by the concept of 'popular journalism' discussed in numerous European works, the author uses this term for a new kind of market-driven, readership-oriented journalism that has emerged in the People's Republic of China along with the country's shift from the Soviet-style planned economy to a 'socialist market economy'. Like popular journalism of the Western brand, 'popular journalism with Chinese characteristics' caters to reader interest and needs. Nevertheless, it is government-bound, and has to follow the Chinese Communist Party's political line and policies. For this reason, its role in politics is limited to promoting the Party's cause. Popular journalism with Chinese characteristics is an unintended social consequence in the reform era, not a result of a planned move for political reforms. Despite that, no student of Chinese affairs can afford to make light of its influence on Chinese society even though such influence is often imperceptible.-
Perceived Criticality and Contributions in Public Good Dilemmas: A Matter of Feeling Responsible to all?
Authors: De Cremer David , van Dijk Eric
Published: March 2007

The present research examined the assumption that the higher the probability that decision-makers perceive their contribution to be critical to the group outcome the higher the chance that they will contribute. Contrary to the widely accepted view that highly critical people contribute more because it is in their self-interest to do so, the authors argue that this criticality effect may also be explained, at least partly, in terms of decision-makers’ focus on the consequences of own behavior on other’s outcomes. In line with this, it was hypothesized that high perceived criticality activates feelings of social responsibility (which includes an other-oriented approach) and in turn influences contributions. Across three studies, using a linear public good dilemma, a step-level dilemma with different monetary endowments, and a sequential step-level dilemma, supportive evidence for this hypothesis was found. These results suggest that the self-interest explanation is too limited to fully account for the criticality effect.
A Comparison of the Experiences of Dominant and Minority Group Members during an Intergroup Encounter
Authors: Hyers Lauri L. , Swim Janet K.
Published: March 2007

Focusing on the immediate effects of the intergroup situation on participants' anxiety, affect, cognitions, and task involvement, comparisons were made between the experiences of minority group members (African-Americans) and dominant group members (European-Americans) during intergroup encounters of varied group composition (i.e. participants held either solo or non-solo status). The group composition manipulation had very little effect overall. However, regardless of group composition, European-American participants were more adversely affected than African-American participants, as evidenced by cognitive and task involvement variables. African-American participants' experiences may have been less adverse due to their greater intergroup experience and more effective use of intergroup coping strategies such as mindfulness.
The Impact of a Passing Reference to Race on Perceptions of Out-Group Differentiation: `If You've Seen One...'
Authors: Henderson-King Eaaron I.
Published: March 2007

Although a considerable amount of attention has been given to the cognitive origins, and the resulting consequences, of out-group variability effects, little research has examined the extent to which perceptions of variability are influenced by social interactions. In the current study, participants heard about a person who was assaulted by either a Black or a White assailant. They then completed a group differentiation measure. As expected, participants in the Black assailant condition perceived Blacks in a less differentiated manner than participants in either the control or the White assailant conditions.
Memory Unbound
Authors: Levy Daniel , Sznaider Natan
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the distinctive forms that collective memories take in the age of globalization. It studies the transition from national to cosmopolitan memory cultures. Cosmopolitanism refers to a process of `internal globalization' through which global concerns become part of local experiences of an increasing number of people. Global media representations, among others, create new cosmopolitan memories, providing new epistemological vantage points and emerging moral-political interdependencies. The article traces the historical roots of this transformation and outlines the theoretical foundations for the emergence of cosmopolitan memories through an examination of how the Holocaust has been remembered in Germany, Israel and the USA in the course of the last fifty years. It is precisely the abstract nature of `good and evil' that symbolizes the Holocaust, which contributes to the extra-territorial quality of cosmopolitan memory. As such, memories of the Holocaust contribute to the creation of a common European cultural memory.
A Tale of Two Sociologies
Authors: Bénatouïl Thomas
Published: March 2007

This paper draws a parallel between two contemporary French conceptions of sociology. Each is first considered in terms of the principles and strategies of its sociological method. Through an analogy with Marx's philosophy of social science, critical sociology is shown to make an heuristic use for the analysis of cultures and social structures of the resistance to sociology that the sociologist encounters in the social objects, whereas pragmatic sociology adopts a pluralistic and descriptive strategy towards actions, actors and things. The paper then tries to show how common interests or trading zones could allow both critical and pragmatic sociology to profit from their competitive relation by taking each other as objects of sociological analysis.
South Asian Monetary Integration in Light of the Optimum Currency Area Criterion of Patterns of Shocks†
Authors: Maskay Nephil Matangi
Published: March 2007

This article discusses South Asian monetary integration in light of the Optimum Currency Area criterion of patterns of shocks. Patterns of shocks indicate the cost resulting from adjustment to balance of payments disequilibrium due to pursuing a fixed or a flexible exchange rate strategy. Empirical results suggest that SAARC is not an optimum currency area. In other words, there will be significant costs of immediately implementing the extreme form of monetary integration, that is, monetary union such as that in Europe. Thus, SAARC should not pursue a single currency at this time.
Commonsense Morality Across Cultures: Notions of Fairness, Justice, Honor and Equity
Authors: FINKEL NORMAN J. , HARRÉ ROM , LOPEZ JOSÉ-LUIS RODRIGUEZ
Published: March 2007

Two college-age samples, one from the United States (Washington, DC) and one from Spain (Madrid), were studied with mixed methods, phenomenological (with qualitative analyses) and traditional experimental (with quantitative analyses) - regarding the alleged foundational topic of `unfairness'. Participants gave their instantiations of `It's not fair!' (`No es justo'), which were deconstructed and qualitatively analyzed to find and compare the essential types of unfairness. Using traditional experimental methods, unfairness vignettes were rated by severity and quantitatively analyzed, to see whether the two cultural groups make similar or different distinctions among the concepts of `unfairness', `injustice' and `misfortune'. From qualitative analyses, the fairness principles of `equity' and `equality' appeared in both groups, but `honor and dignity' violations were much more frequent in the Spanish group, as different fairness principles interacted in complex ways. From the quantitative analyses, `unfairness' was the broadest of the three concepts, extending beyond `injustice' and both cultural groups viewed `misfortunes' as `unfairnesses'. Implications for a commonsense morality across cultures are discussed.
Grace: The Logogenesis of Freedom
Authors: MARTIN J. R.
Published: March 2007

In this article I consider a two-page autobiographical recount which appears at the end of Nelson Mandela's book Long Walk to Freedom as a summary of his life and what he has learned from it. My aim is to illustrate the role of a detailed analysis of single texts in the field of discourse analysis, as opposed to studies of selected variables across a corpus of texts. The analysis is conducted within the general theoretical framework of systemic functional linguistics, with special attention to transitivity, mood, theme, grammatical metaphor, lexical relations, conjunction, tense, phase, process type, hierarchy of periodicity, polarity, continuity, elaboration, extension and the analysis of images in multimodal text. Through these procedures I show the way in which Mandela reconciles the linear unfolding of his life history with the deepening understanding of freedom that gives meaning to his life - by means of a spiral texture (evoking the oral tradition of his native tongue) which returns again and again to the meaning of freedom at different levels of abstraction. The effect, I think, is inspirational - with no tinge of bitterness or betrayal; rather a message of hope and wisdom - grace personified. The approach exemplifies a positive style of discourse analysis that focuses on hope and change, by way of complementing the deconstructive exposé associated with critical discourse analysis.
A Register Perspective on Grammar and Discourse: Variability in the Form and Use of English Complement Clauses
Authors: BIBER DOUGLAS
Published: March 2007

This article explores the importance of register variation for analyses of grammar and discourse. The general theme is illustrated through consideration of variability in the form and use of English complement clauses. First, the patterns of use for four related grammatical constructions are considered: that-clauses and to-clauses, headed by verbs and by nouns. The differing discourse functions of each construction type are explored by considering their lexico-grammatical associations (i.e. the verbs or nouns most commonly occurring as the head of each type). However, it is shown that the characteristic uses of each type are conditioned by register. That is, each construction type has a different distribution across spoken and written registers, with a different set of associated lexical heads. A second study provides an even more striking illustration of this interaction between grammar, discourse, and register: the contextual factors conditioning the retention vs omission of the complementizer that. In this case, it is shown that each register has an overall norm, and that contextual factors are influential only when they work in opposition to that register norm. These case studies are presented to make the general point that analyses of grammar and discourse are often inadequate and misleading when they disregard register differences. Instead, a register perspective is required to capture the range of variability associated with grammatical patterns of use.
Only an Agenda Setter?
Authors: Schmidt Susanne K.
Published: March 2007

What is the scope for autonomous action of the European Commission? Its independence is much more contentious than that of the European Court of Justice, which is generally considered quite autonomous. While the literature on the Commission focuses predominantly on its ability to use its agenda-setting powers, the Commission's other means to influence European integration have been less well established. In this paper, I demonstrate how the Commission can use its role as a guardian of the Treaty to coax the Council of Ministers into action. In addition to agenda setting, the Commission can manipulate the Council's default condition, or change the preferences of some of its member states. Thereby the Commission may achieve decisions from the Council that would not have come about had the Commission only agenda-setting powers at its disposal. Effectively, the Commission here uses the greater autonomy of the European Court strategically for its own ends.
The Two Sides of Euroscepticism
Authors: Kopecký Petr , Mudde Cas
Published: March 2007

This article aims to make a three-fold contribution to the study of Euroscepticism in the wider Europe. First, it presents a two-dimensional conceptualization of party positions on European integration in general, and of Euroscepticism in particular, distinguishing between diffuse and specific support for European integration (i.e. `support for the ideas of European integration' and `support for the EU'). Second, it analyses the location, type, and electoral strength of party-based Euroscepticism in the four candidate countries of East Central Europe - the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia. Third, it contributes to the ideology vs. strategy debate, showing that ideology is the dominant explanation for both types of support, although strategy at times plays a role in explaining specific support.
`So: Ragged Woman'
Authors: Desjarlais Robert
Published: March 2007

This article inquires into the aesthetics and ethics of skilled talk and action among Nepal's Yolmo people, especially as they related to life history research I conducted in the late 1990s with Kisang Omu, an elderly Yolmo woman who resided then in Kathmandu, Nepal. In talking with Kisang about various aspects of her life, it became clear to me that she was greatly concerned about the quality of her talk, whether it was `good' or `not good'. Other Yolmo people, she well knew, might hear and evaluate her words as recorded by me, and convey thoughts on how `skillful' their speaker was. At work here was a set of politically charged cultural discourses that helped to determine what this elderly woman thought of her words and her social and moral worth in general. These same discourses have shaped my own actions as well, for I too was expected to act in skillful, morally responsible ways when putting her words into print. Such reflections point to the ways in which life history research is an ethical act, with few easy answers to the issues they raise.
Readmissions to Learning Disability Hospitals
Authors: Seager Marian , Bell Gillian , O’Brien Gregory
Published: March 2007

A total of 154 people with learning disabilities who were discharged from hospital to community care were studied (using information from care staff and case-notes) with a view to establishing the number of readmissions and exploring the reasons for these readmissions. A readmission rate of 8.4 percent was found, which was broadly in line with previous studies in this area. As expected, and as previously reported, severe problem behaviour was a prominent reason for hospital readmission, with physical aggression to staff and peers being a factor in each of these cases. Relapsing mental illness was thought to be a factor in a number of the admissions precipitated by physical aggression. Physical deterioration figured highly as a cause of readmission to the learning disability hospitals, demonstrating their continuing role in providing physical health care for a group of patients who were not being provided for by generic services.
Helping, Attributions, Emotions and Coping Style in Response to People with Learning Disabilities and Challenging Behaviour
Authors: Hill Chris , Dagnan Dave
Published: March 2007

This study examines the role of coping style, attributions and emotions in response to challenging behaviour in predicting the helping behaviour of support staff of people with learning disabilities. Thirty-three staff completed questionnaires identifying their attributions of controllability, internality, stability and globality, their emotional response (anger and sympathy) and their likelihood of offering further help in response to challenging behaviour. Staff also completed a short measure of coping style. Coping styles of practical problem solving and wishful thinking and attributions of controllability and internality were independent and significant predictors of effort in helping. The results are discussed in the context of theories of stress and attribution models of helping. Clinical implications for staff training and support are discussed.
How the Emphasis on ‘Original’ Empirical Marketing Research Impedes Knowledge Development
Authors: Hubbard Raymond , Lindsay R. Murray
Published: March 2007

Empirical research in marketing should focus on the development of empirical generalizations. Marketers do a huge amount of empirical research, but have little in the way of empirical generalizations. This is primarily because most empirical research consists of ‘original’ or ‘novel’ works looking for significant differences, rather than significant sameness, in unrelated data sets, thus exemplifying the ‘cult of the isolated study’. As a result, the marketing literature is made up largely of uncorroborated, fragmented, ‘one-off’ results. Such results are of little use to marketing practitioners or academicians. We discuss a number of impediments to the development of empirical generalizations – preoccupation with the hypotheticodeductive conception of science, preoccupation with ‘statistical’ rather than ‘empirical’ generalization, the ‘publish or perish’ syndrome in academia, and denigration of replication-with-extension research. We conclude that replication-with-extension research must be championed as the vehicle for discovering empirical generalizations.
Cross Cultural Adjustment
Authors: Taveggia Thomas C. , Santos Lourdes Nieves Gibboney
Published: March 2007

This research reports the results of a cross-sectional, correlational study of expatriate adjustment encompassing 181 United States' embassy employees working in Canada, Chile, and Mexico. The impact on these expatriates' affective adjustment experiences of several factors derived from the `uncertainty reduction principle' of cross cultural adjustment was investigated, as were the impacts of posited moderating or contingency variables. It was found that, for this sample, the uncertainty reduction principle held little explanatory power. Most notably, uncertainty reduction factors of prior international experience, quantity and types of cross cultural training, and host country tenure did not appear to facilitate expatriates' affective adjustment to their host countries. This article concludes by suggesting that future thinking and research into expatriates' affective adjustment experiences might profitably consider constructs in addition to uncertainty reduction, notably the concept of equivocality.
Aims, Roles, and Structures for Human Resource Development
Authors: Watkins Karen E.
Published: March 2007

The Problem and the Solution. Practitioners often find themselves admonished to draw heavily on sound theory to inform their work, yet this theory is often inconsistent. In this chapter I outline my key beliefs regarding human resource development (HRD) and discuss the implications of these beliefs for a theory of H RD.
Research Methods for Advancing Performance Improvement
Authors: Russ-Eft Darlene
Published: March 2007

The Problem and the Solution. To make significant gains in performance improvement, we will require better methods and models for improving performance The best way to advance performance improvement methods is through research This chapter looks at research methods best suited for advancing performance improvement This knowledge also serves to make professionals better consumers of performance improvement research
Case Studies in Performance Improvement
Authors: Mulder Martin
Published: March 2007

The Problem and the Solution. Studying performance improvement in complex and dynamic organizations is challenging As a result, studies are limited and authors often do not report them in the literature for fear of being criticized Much knowledge is lost Case studies examine organizational life as it exists They describe organizations and the behavior of people as they occur and provide a deeper understanding of what is actually going on They allow us to learn through the experience of other organizations so we can avoid the uncertainty of trying to improve performance through trial and error
A Conceptual Framework for the Impact of Traumatic Experiences
Authors: CARLSON EVE B. , DALENBERG CONSTANCE J.
Published: March 2007

This conceptual framework for the effects of traumatic experiences addresses what makes an experience traumatic, what psychological responses are expected following such events, and why symptoms persist after the traumatic experience is over. Three elements are considered necessary for an event to be traumatizing: The event must be experienced as extremely negative, uncontrollable, and sudden. The initial core responses to trauma include reexperiencing and avoidance symptoms that occur across four modes of experience. Explanations of how each response is theoretically linked to traumatic events are offered to clarify how the responses reflect the natural human response to uncontrollable, negative, and sudden events. The framework delineates the behavioral learning and cognitive processes that elucidate the persistence of the initial response to trauma. Five factors are proposed that influence the response to trauma, including biological factors, developmental level at the time of trauma, severity of the stressor, social context, and prior and subsequent life events. Finally, secondary and associated responses to trauma are discussed that are common across many types of traumatic experience. These include depression, aggression, substance abuse, physical illnesses, low self-esteem, identity confusion, difficulties in interpersonal relationships, and guilt and shame.
Protective Factors Associated with Children's Emotional Responses to Chronic Community Violence Exposure
Authors: MORRISON JULIE A.
Published: March 2007

The goal of this literature review is to identify protective factors associated with children's emotional responses to chronic community violence exposure for purposes of designing preventive interventions. After a brief description of the prevalence and impact of children's exposure to chronic community violence, protective factors are identified. Community violence is then conceptualized as one of many cumulative environmental risk factors to which children living in impoverished urban areas are likely to be exposed. Examples of how various aspects of social support and coping, the protective factors associated with exposure to community violence and neighborhood disadvantage, might be integrated into preventive intervention are presented. Finally, suggestions are made with regard to future research efforts, which might address some of the methodological problems that are evident in the present literature.
Role of Senate Congressional Committees in Health Legislation
Authors: Hart Sara , Phillips Sally
Published: March 2007

Several thousand pieces of legislation are referred to committees during each Congress, however only a small percentage will be given consideration. This creates a powerful role for committees in determining legislative agendas. For this reason, it is important to monitor the activity of committees that have jurisdiction over issues relating to health care and health professions. In addition, it is valuable to develop and maintain a relationship with members of these committees and their staff.
Tennessee: The TennCare Crisis
Authors: Conway-Welch Colleen , Nixon Betty
Published: March 2007

TennCare was created in 1994 to cover the 800,000 Tennessean Medicaid population, whose expenses for care were rapidly escalating. To receive a waiver from the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) to accomplish this, TennCare also included another 500,000 citizens who were uninsured, underinsured, or uninsurable. Therein lies the problem! Providers are dropping out and patients are experiencing difficulty in obtaining access to care, particularly subspecialty care. The fundamental basis of the crisis is that there is not enough money in TennCare to fund the system as it is designed. It is widely accepted that TennCare is so severely underfunded that without resolving the funding problem, no other reforms, however good they may be, will fix TennCare.
The Evolution of a Crisis: Nursing in America
Authors: Kimball Bobbi , O’Neil Edward
Published: March 2007

Nursing workforce has become a priority for health care leaders, policy makers and the nursing profession. The confluence of demography, a changing health care system, social values, and work climate has created the overwhelming nature of today’s nursing crisis. These drivers represent a complexity that render past responses inadequate and serve to shape new ways in which health providers, education, government, labor, and professional groups must respond. Activities underway at the national, state, and institutional levels by various sectors range from short-term fixes to long-term interventions, which address structural issues that underlie the current shortage. Actions being taken are sequenced into four stages along a continuum, exploring the evolutionary roles of professionalism, interdependency, technology, diversity, leadership, and consumer need. Each stage represents a step toward nursing’s movement from a work force commodity to a vital strategic asset, necessary to ensure the long-term viability and success of any health care institution or system.
An Educational Model to Build the Future Nursing Workforce
Authors: Thompson Linda S. , Young Anthony F. , Heller Barbara R. , Farrow A. Cathlyn
Published: March 2007

The current nursing shortage is one of the most significant challenges facing health care organizations in the United States today. Policy makers suggest that this shortage will be longer and more protracted than previous shortages. Therefore, schools of nursing must develop innovative strategies to attract young people into the profession and retain them. This article describes efforts by the University of Maryland School of Nursing to address the nursing shortage by developing a partnership with the local school system, the health care industry, and a local foundation to design and implement a pre- nursing career academy within a local school district. The authors believe that such partnerships are essential to attracting and preparing young people to enter into a professional career in nursing.
Quality Outcome Measures at an Academic Rural Nurse-Managed Center: A Core Safety Net Provider
Authors: Anderko Laura , Uscian Mary
Published: March 2007

As the number of medically underserved people continues to swell, core safety net providers, such as nursing centers, are finding it increasingly difficult to provide quality care and remain financially viable. The purpose of this article is to highlight the successful implementation of a quality improvement plan at one rural nursing center. Outcome measurement has been conducted since 1994 in several areas, including client, nursing, and student satisfaction, as well as a variety of measures to evaluate access to health care and its effectiveness in improving client health. The need for nursing centers to measure and publish quality outcome data is discussed, including recommendations for national health policy initiatives to support nursing centers as one of the few options remaining for the underserved in our nation.
Speaking with a Unified Voice: Recommendations for the Collection of Aggregated Outcome Data in NurseManaged Centers
Authors: Anderko Laura , Kinion Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

Although nurse-managed centers have been instrumental in serving the underserved since the 1800s, little is known about their capacity to serve as effective primary health care providers. Nurse-managed centers also provide unique clinical opportunities for nursing students to learn about serving vulnerable populations, with an emphasis on attaining cultural competency. As more Americans seek their services, it is imperative that nurse-managed centers become more visible and pragmatic in their approaches to document their successes in improving health care access to those in most need. This article describes a meeting with representatives from nurse-managed centers throughout the United States, in an effort to recommend a uniform set of aggregate outcome data. This outcome data will provide policy makers and the general public with information that clearly supports nurse-managed centers as key safety net providers of accessible and effective primary health care.
Redressing Policy in Cancer Genetics: Moving toward Transdisciplinary Teams
Authors: Greco Karen , Anderson Gwen
Published: March 2007

Cancer genetics involves bringing together a team of health care providers with expertise in both oncology and genetics in which advanced practice nurses play a critical role. Cancer genetic risk counseling programs are exemplary models for future risk assessment clinics in other clinical specialties such as neurology, cardiology, oncology, endocrinology, pediatrics, or gerontology, just to name a few. The authors claim that cancer genetics programs, as the forerunner of genetic science in all clinical settings, need to clearly articulate how teams of health care professionals can collaborate across disciplinary boundaries and avoid hierarchical power imbalances in unidisciplinary, multidisciplinary, and interdisciplinary models of practice. They examine potential pitfalls when a traditionally hierarchical ‘old genetics’ model is used in a setting in which the new genetics requires a comprehensive transdisciplinary team approach to practice.
Development of Coating Double Layer Fabric for Air Inflatable Structures
Authors: Mcgrath John
Published: March 2007

A shaped, double walled segment was woven as a three- dimensional fluted core fabric. Coating of such a non-planar structure could not be accomplished by conventional means, but when coated with a paint roll, it was successfully inflated. The feasibility of this approach to the production of a double walled inflatable structure has been demon strated. Better coating methods need to be developed.
Wet Coagulation Films Cast from PEG/PBA Mixed Polyurethane Resins for Potential Textile Application
Authors: Yen Meng-Shung , Cheng Kun-Lin
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACI: This paper reports on a study of the various aspects of the mixed resins of PEG-containing PBA-based polyurethane resins blended with the regular PBA-based polyurethane resins. The results revealed that the films obtained by blending PEG-containing PBA-based polyurethane resins ( H12MDI-based) has more pore sites; thus it possesses higher water vapor permeability values. Blending higher- molecular-weight PEG/PBA series polyurethanes with PBA-based polyurethanes could significantly increase the films' water vapor permeability. For resins obtained from polyols added in different sequence to the reaction mixture, the samples dis played better water vapor permeability.
Uncertainty and Candidate Personality Traits
Authors: GLASGOW GARRETT , ALVAREZ R. MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

Due to the high level of uncertainty in the electorate about candidate issue positions, many scholars believe that voters instead use simpler cues such as personality traits to evaluate candidates. However, information about candidate personality traits is also subject to uncertainty. Using a new direct survey measure of uncertainty included in the 1995 and 1996 National Election Studies, we examine the effect of trait opinions on candidate evaluations and test the effect that uncertainty about those opinions has on the use of traits in an evaluation. We find that uncertainty about a candidate's personality traits reduces both the use of opinions about that candidate's traits in evaluations of that candidate and the overall evaluations of that candidate.
Lifting the Hood on the Straight-talk Express
Authors: PAOLINO PHILIP , SHAW DARON R.
Published: March 2007

As Arizona Senator John McCain emerged to win the New Hampshire and Michigan Republican primaries, much was made of his distinctive campaign tactics. Most notably, the press pointed to his willingness to open himself up to the media and voters. The authors argue that McCain's success was less tactical and idiosyncratic than has been suggested. McCain's rise was fueled by a confluence of circumstances. First, there was a latent pool of support for an antiestablishment, reformist candidate. Second, several high profile competitors departed right as McCain began his book tour and the New Hampshire primary started receiving attention. Third, for a variety of reasons, McCain was able to use subsequent free media attention to increase his support in New Hampshire and other primary states. Finally, the structure of the initial contests—open primaries in New Hampshire, South Carolina, and Michigan—allowed reformist-minded independents to vote alongside registered Republicans.
Psychological Origins of Adolescent Political Attitudes
Authors: Carmines Edward G.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence that psychological predisposi tions have on political attitudes. In particular, the study focuses on the linkage between self-esteem and the political attitudes of adolescents. It is hypothesized that adolescents' self-esteem should influence their awareness and comprehension of political stimuli, their level of political cynicism and political efficacy, and their mode of participation in the political process. It is also hypothesized that these relationships will be substantially stronger among those adolescents for whom politics is salient than among those who have little interest in political affairs. The empirical findings are generally congruent with these theoretical expectations. It is concluded that self-esteem has a significant, independent influence on the political attitudes of those adolescents who perceive politics to be a salient aspect of their life-space.
Municipal Reform and the Changing Pattern of Urban Party Politics
Authors: Dutton William H. , Northrop Alana
Published: March 2007

This study discusses the contribution of municipal reform structures to the decline of old-style party politics and to the rise of group politics. Through an analysis of a nation wide survey of chief executives in American cities 50,000 and over in population, a typol ogy permits us to speculate, first, on the decline of old-style politics and the relative emergence of alternative political styles predicted in the local government literature: nonpluralist, group, or coalition politics. Second, the typology permits us to assess the relative contribution of municipal reform structures as compared with national reforms, ethos, socioeconomic, and regional factors in shaping the distribution of com munity group influence.
Checkbook Democrats and Their Copartisans
Authors: Costantini Edmond , King Joel
Published: March 2007

This study tests the notion that those who contribute substantial sums of money to their party and its candidates are distinctive in ways above and beyond the extent of their largess when compared to other party leaders and that they have had declining importance in their party's elite over the past two decades. The data analyzed derive from questionnaires submitted to California Democratic party leaders at four year intervals beginning in 1964. They demonstrate that regulatory changes in the 1970s have substantially achieved the goal of removing big contributors from places of political prominence. Further, they demonstrate support for certain popular images of big contributors, that is, the "socioeconomic elite" image, the "self-serving" image, and the "ideological conservative" image. A fourth image-the "sporadic interventionist" image-is not supported by the present data.
Repeat Challengers in Congressional Elections
Authors: Squire Peverill , Smith Eric R.A.N.
Published: March 2007

The incidence and success rate of repeat challengers in congressional elections from 1960 to 1980 are analyzed by year, party, type of election, and campaign expenditures. Overall, repeat challengers are not very successful. The chance of a repeat challenger defeating an incumbent is no different from that of two first time challengers over two elections. A second race for an open seat is much more likely to be successful. Repeat challengers who do win gained more than 40% of the vote in their first race. This is due, in part, to the fact that the vote in the first election has a greater impact on the repeater's subsequent spending than on the incumbent's expenditures, and the challenger's second race spending has a greater impact on the vote than does the incumbent's spending.
Congressional Voting On the Nuclear Freeze Resolutions
Authors: McCormick James M.
Published: March 2007

This study compares the relative utility of ideology, party, presidential support, and regionalism in understanding congressional voting on several nuclear freeze proposals in 1982 and 1983. Both ideology and presidential support provide good explanations for freeze voting over these years, whereas region and party prove to be relatively less important. Because both types of models are so closely related, and because both seem to be tapping an underlying ideological dimension, it is difficult to distinguish fully between them. Nevertheless, this analysis suggests that the ideological models (as measured by ADA scores) prove to be more parsimonious than the presidential support models (as measured by support for President Reagan). On balance, this research provides additional evidence for the importance of ideology in understanding critical American foreign policy decisions.
Policy Moderation or Conflicting Expectations?
Authors: Alvarez R.Michael , Schousen Matthew M.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors examine two models of the electoral origins of divided government. One model is the policy-moderation model, advocated originally by Fiorina. The other model (proposed by Jacobson) focuses on the different expectations voters have concerning the legislative and executive branches of government, as well as the different electoral contexts in which voters make decisions. Using individual-level survey data, the authors test various hypotheses derived from each model. The empirical results give little support to the policy-moderation model. However, the second model has strong empirical support. The authors conclude with a discussion of their results in relation to empirical and normative studies of divided control of government.
Racism, Cynicism, Economics, and David Duke
Authors: Howell Susan E.
Published: March 2007

In this article, a model is proposed and tested that explains support for David Duke in three statewide Louisiana elections. The model, which is tested at the individual level, includes independent variables to reflect the impact of racism, cynicism toward government, economic factors, and a variety of demographic characteristics. Symbolic racial attitudes were by far the most influential factor in explaining Duke support in all three contests. This held true even when Duke faced conservative opponents and in the fact of controls for ideology and other confounding factors. The notion of the Duke vote as being a protest vote or an expression of antigovernment feelings was only borne out in the campaign against the incumbent. Modest economic effects were also observed.
The Political Economy of Growth Management
Authors: Feiock Richard C.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the economic impact of local growth management policy is examined based upon a market model of local demand for growth. This model provides the foundation for this inquiry and also a general theoretical framework to integrate previous analysis of residential growth and growth management with studies of economic development. The core assumption of this model is that local growth management actions have adverse consequences for economic growth, particularly for local housing markets. After reviewing the evidence regarding the economic consequences of growth management, a pooled time series regression technique was used to test this assumption by examining the effects of the implementation of Florida's Growth Management Act (GMA) on residential housing development from 1986 to 1991. The results suggest a negative relationship between growth management and development.