bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Energy Reception Characteristics of Solar Aircraft in the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn
Authors: Sun Kangwen , Dong Jiaqi , Sun Xiaobo , Zhang Ziying , Sun Mou , Zhang Jian
Published: September 2018

This paper mainly aims at the energy reception characteristics of solar aircraft flying in the near space between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. Based on the solar radiation intensity calculation model, the energy reception characteristics including maximum solar radiation intensity, daytime average solar radiation intensity, total solar radiation energy received per day on the unit area., and daytime hours of solar aircraft was calculated varying with date, longitude, and latitude. By analyzing the corresponding calculation results, it can provide some reference value for the design of solar aircraft flying in this area.
An efficient and robust VUMAT implementation of elastoplastic constitutive laws in Abaqus/Explicit finite element code
Authors: Ming Lu , Pantalé Olivier
Published: September 2018

This paper describes the development of an efficient and robust numerical algorithm for the implementation of elastoplastic constitutive laws in the commercial non-linear finite element software Abaqus/Explicit through a VUMAT FORTRAN subroutine. In the present paper, while the Abaqus/Explicit uses an explicit time integration scheme, the implicit radial return mapping algorithm is used to compute the plastic strain, the plastic strain rate and the temperature at the end of each increment instead of the widely used forward Euler approach. This more complex process allows us to obtain more precise results with only a slight increase of the total computational time. Corrector term of the radial return scheme is obtained through the implementation of a safe and robust Newton–Raphson algorithm able to converge even when the piecewise defined hardening curve is not derivable everywhere. The complete method of how to implement a user-defined elastoplastic material model using the radial return mapping integration scheme is presented in details with the application to the widely used Johnson–Cook constitutive law. Five benchmark tests including one element tests, necking of a circular bar and 2D and 3D Taylor impact tests show the efficiency and robustness of the proposed algorithm and confirm the improved efficiency in terms of precision, stability and solution CPU time. Finally, three alternative constitutive laws (the TANH, modified TANH and Bäker laws) are presented, implemented through our VUMAT routine and tested.
Die Bedeutung des Fußes in der Sprache, in Symbolen und Mythen
Authors: Zwipp Hans
Published: September 2018

Der Fuß ist entwicklungsgeschichtlich unser jüngster Skelettabschnitt. Neben der Hand ist er so tief wie kaum ein anderes Organ unseres menschlichen Körpers in unserer Alltagssprache verwurzelt. Durch die anatomisch-biomechanische Metamorphose der Hinterhände zu Füßen unter Aufwerfung eines Quer- und Längsgewölbes mit stabilem adduzierten 1. Fußstrahl wurde der bipedale, aufrechte Gang des Menschen ermöglicht. Durch Erschließen neuer Lebensräume konnte aus anthropologischer Sicht nahezu synchron ein Wachstum des Telenzephalon, eine Sprachentwicklung und eine verbesserte Feinmotorik der Hände zur Fertigung von Instrumenten zum Fischen und Jagen einsetzen. Vielleicht ist deswegen die Hand, besonders aber der Fuß, nicht nur in gesprochenen oder geschriebenen Worten so dominant gegenwärtig, sondern auch in Symbolik, Metaphern und Mythen. Der Fuß steht für die Wanderung durchs Leben, das Leben selbst, für den Menschen als Pars pro Toto, für die Freiheit, Macht und Unterwerfung. Er ist aber auch essenzielles Symbol für die lebenserhaltende Fruchtbarkeit, Erotik und Sexualität. Er ist nicht zuletzt unbewusster Botschafter unserer Emotionen in der nonverbalen Kommunikation mit unserem Gegenüber. In unserem sozialen Umfeld ermöglicht es uns der Fuß, uns gegenseitig zu treten, zu jagen, zu unterwerfen, aber auch aufeinander zuzugehen, nicht nur im übertragenen, sondern auch im wirklichen Sinne.
The Less You Are, the More You Are Helped: Effect of Kinesio Tape on Temporal Coordination
Authors: Bravi Riccardo , Cohen Erez , Martinelli Alessio , Gottard Anna , Minciacchi Diego
Published: September 2018

We investigated whether a relationship exists between the inherent timing skill of subject and the magnitude of effect of KT on timing performance by expanding the examination of the dataset described in our previous work. Healthy subjects, tested with and without KT (NKT), performed sets of repetitive wrist's flexion-extensions (IWFEs) with the dominant limb (DL) and the non-dominant limb (NDL) in a synchronization-continuation task at two inter-onset intervals (IOIs): 550-ms and 800-ms. Standard deviation (SD) of IWFEs was used to measure the unevenness of performance. Different patterns of response to KT were observed based on the participant’s inherent precision. In the NDL the effect of KT was found significantly higher in the subgroups of individuals having SDNKT of IWFEs>38 ms (p=0.0024) in the 800-ms IOI or SDNKT of IWFEs>19 ms (p=0.0004) in the 550-ms IOI. In the DL the effect of KT was not influenced by the inherent timing skill. We propose KT to be tested for restoring motor control on subjects experiencing sensorimotor disorders associated with intense repetitive training. Also, our findings suggest that care should be taken when using groups of healthy subjects to test the effect of KT.
Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Meta-Analysis Comparing Semitendinosus Alone and Semitendinosus with Gracilis Tendon Autografts
Authors: Chin Brian Zhaojie , Wee Ian Jun Yan , Syn Nicholas Li-Xun , Krishna Lingaraj
Published: September 2018

The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to compare patient-reported outcomes and functional knee parameters of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery with semitendinosus (ST) and ST-gracilis (G) grafts. This study was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. All studies in PubMed and Embase that reported functional knee parameters and patient-reported outcomes after ACL reconstruction with ST and ST-G grafts independently were included in the review. Selected end points for random effects, pairwise meta-analysis included side-to-side deficit (%) in isokinetic peak torque, peak torque ratio (%), side-to-side difference (mm) in anterior laxity, and patient-reported outcome scores at minimum 2-year follow-up. A total of 15 primary references comprising 1,109 participants were identified. The ST group had decreased side-to-side deficit in isokinetic peak torque when compared with the ST-G group for flexion at 60 degrees/s (p = 0.02) and 180 degrees/s (p = 0.01) at 2-year follow-up. There were no significant differences in side-to-side difference in anterior laxity (p = 0.81), hamstring/quadriceps peak torque ratios at 60 degrees/s (p = 0.83) and 180 degrees/s (p = 0.36), and patient-reported outcomes in the International Knee Documentation Committee score (p = 0.06) and Lysholm score (p = 0.67). The addition of the gracilis tendon to the hamstring autograft in ACL reconstruction results in increased side-to-side deficits in isokinetic peak flexion torque. However, patient-reported outcome scores and knee laxity measurements are comparable with those of ST grafts.
Homeopathy Seen as Personalised Nanomedicine
Authors: Rajendran E. S.
Published: September 2018

Among all the discoveries of Hahnemann, potentisation was the most important, though controversial. The curative effect of individualised homeopathic potencies is empirical but inexplicable by the conventional principles of science. This paradox is a highly contentious topic of debate between rationalists and homeopaths. Recent discoveries relating to the nano-particulate nature of homeopathic ultra-high potencies and their potential effect on individual gene expression give new insights into this complex issue. It is concluded that homeopathy may be viewed as ‘personalised nanomedicine’.
The European Psychiatric Association: Mission, Structure and Perspectives
Authors: Gaebel W. , Falkai P.
Published: September 2018

The European Psychiatric Association (EPA) is an association of individual members and national psychiatric societies with the aim to improve mental health care in Europe. In the last years, EPA has developed from an association of individuals into a representative stakeholder for European psychiatry and European psychiatrists. EPA is well connected with other stakeholders in the field of European psychiatry. To make good use of the potential of experts and experiences in the EPA in order to improve mental health care in Europe will be a challenge for the next years.
The future role of psychiatry in Europe – The WHO European Mental Health Action Plan
Authors: Muijen M.
Published: September 2018

European Member States of the WHO requested the preparation of a European Mental Health Action Plan, to be implemented by 2020, and complementary to the Global Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan. This Plan covers activities to improve population well-being and reduce the burden of mental disorders; respect the rights of people with mental disorders; and strengthen or establish access to respectful, safe and effective services. It builds on the Helsinki Declaration of 2005. The plan sets a challenging agenda for governments, especially at a time when needs are high but public spending budgets restricted. It also proposes actions relevant to the roles and responsibilities of mental health services, psychiatrists and other staff.
Antisoziale Persönlichkeitsstörung
Authors: Mancke F. , Herpertz S. C.
Published: September 2018

Die Verknüpfung zwischen Persönlichkeitseigenschaften und antisozialen Verhaltensweisen kann anhand der Antisozialen Persönlichkeitsstörung (ASP) nach DSM-5, der Dissozialen Persönlichkeitsstörung nach ICD-10 oder dem Konstrukt der „Psychopathy“ nach Hare erfasst werden. Unterschiede zwischen diesen Konzepten finden sich vor allem in der Gewichtung affektiver und interpersoneller Persönlichkeitszüge. Zur Ätiopathogenese tragen genetische, weitere neurobiologische und multiple psychosoziale Faktoren (Erziehungsstil, Misshandlungen, sozioökonomischer Status etc.) sowie deren Wechselwirkungen bei. Befunde aus der Bildgebung weisen auf eine besondere Bedeutung präfrontaler und amygdalärer Strukturen hin. Testosteron und Vasopressin zeigen einen positiven Zusammenhang mit antisozialen Verhaltensweisen, wohingegen Serotonin, Kortisol und Oxytocin eine negative Assoziation aufweisen. Neurokognitive Defizite finden sich v.a. bei psychopathischen Individuen und beinhalten eine Einschränkung der emotionalen Empathie und des emotionalen Lernens. Psychotherapeutische Interventionen sollten hochstrukturiert und eher behavioral ausgerichtet sein. Psychopharmakologische Interventionen erfolgen „off-label“ und symptomorientiert
Historische Entwicklung, Diagnostik und Klassifikation der Somatoformen Störungen – Vergleich von ICD-10, DSM-IV-TR und DSM-5
Authors: Zaudig M.
Published: September 2018

Der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt die aktuellen diagnostischen Entwicklungen im Bereich der Somatoformen Störung unter Zugrundelegung der aktuellen S3-Leitlinien für „Nichtspezifische funktionelle und somatoforme Körperbeschwerden“ und der historischen Entwicklung der Somatoformen Störungen (einschließlich der Hypochondrie). Neben einem Vergleich von ICD-10 mit DSM-IV-TR und DSM-5 werden die neuen Kriterien für Somatic Symptom Disorder und Illness Anxiety Disorder (vormals Hypochondrie) nach DSM-5 vorgestellt und diskutiert.
Zwangsstörungen: Prävention und Versorgungssituation
Authors: Hauer M. , Voderholzer U.
Published: September 2018

Nach dem erst kürzlich durchgeführten Gesundheitssurvey des Robert Koch-Instituts sind Zwangsstörungen die vierthäufigste psychische Störung in Deutschland. Die Versorgungssituation ist gekennzeichnet durch lange Behandlungslatenzen und insgesamt eher niedrige Behandlungsraten sowie einen Mangel an spezialisierten Therapeuten. Die Datenlage zur Prävention ist insgesamt noch sehr gering. Präventionsstudien könnten auf frühere Erkennung und Behandlung, auf Awareness bezüglich spezifischer Behandlungsmöglichkeiten, sowie auf Rückfallprophylaxe nach erfolgreicher Therapie zielen.
Aggressivität und Schuldfähigkeit*
Authors: Maatz K. R.
Published: September 2018

Die beängstigende Zahl massivst gewalttätiger Übergriffe durch zumeist jugendliche oder junge (meist männliche) Täter im öffentlichen Raum auf Zufallsopfer, Übergriffe, die regelmäßig ohne jeden äußeren Anlass „vom Zaun gebrochen“ werden und ohne jede Hemmung ablaufen, zwingt zu einer öffentlichen Diskussion über Hintergründe und geeignete Präventionsmaßnahmen. In diesem Zusammenhang behandelt der vorliegende Beitrag die für die strafrechtliche Ahndung solcher Gewalttaten wesentlichen Aspekte. Gewaltausübung als „Ausfluss“ von sog. genuiner Aggressivität wirft vor allem die forensisch-psychiatrisch bedeutsame Frage nach der – vom Verfasser im Regelfall bejahten – (strafrechtlichen) Verantwortlichkeit der Täter auf, eine Frage, deren Beantwortung auch über die angemessene Sanktion (mit)entscheidet.
Polarization-independent one-way transmission of silicon annular photonic crystal heterojunctions
Authors: Liu Dan , Gao Yihua
Published: September 2018

To realize the one-way transmission is a key point in optical integration. As a step to this goal, heterojunctions composed of two 2D square-lattice silicon annular photonic crystals are constructed and expected to realize polarization-independent optical diodes. Band structures are calculated by the plane wave expansion method, and the transmission characteristics are analyzed using the finite-different time-domain method. The directional bandgap difference causes the one-way transmission behavior, and an overlapping one-way transmission frequency range for TE and TM modes is observed. Moreover, the transmission spectra, contrast ratio and field distributions for two polarizations demonstrate polarization-independent one-way transmission. The transmission performance is further enhanced and the equal forward transmittance for two polarizations reaches 45%.
Dynamic multiple-scattering treatment of X-ray absorption: Parameterization of a new molecular dynamics force field for myoglobin
Authors: Chillemi Giovanni , Anselmi Massimiliano , Sanna Nico , Padrin Cristiano , Balducci Lodovico , Cammarata Marco , Pace Elisabetta , Chergui Majed , Benfatto Maurizio
Published: September 2018

We present a detailed analysis of the X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) data on the Fe K-edge of CO Myoglobin based on a combined procedure of Molecular Dynamics (MD) calculations and MXAN (Minuit XANes) data analysis that we call D-MXAN. The ability of performing quantitative XANES data analysis allows us to refine classical force field MD parameters, thus obtaining a reliable tool for the atomic investigation of this important model system for biological macromolecules. The iterative procedure here applied corrects the greatest part of the structural discrepancy between classical MD sampling and experimental determinations. Our procedure, moreover, is able to discriminate between different heme conformational basins visited during the MD simulation, thus demonstrating the necessity of a sampling on the order of tens of nanoseconds, even for an application such X-ray absorption spectroscopy data analysis.
Energy harvesting from water flow in open channel with macro fiber composite
Authors: Sun Weipeng , Tan Ting , Yan Zhimiao , Zhao Daoli , Luo Xingqi , Huang Wenhu
Published: September 2018

Fluid-induced vibrational energy harvesting usually concerns small-scale wind energy extraction. A few efforts have been made into energy harnessing from low-velocity water flows. In this study, low-speed galloping and vortex induced vibration (VIV) are investigated for energy harvesting in an open channel via the macro fiber composite glued on the surface of a cantilever beam. A cylindrical or triangular-prism bluff body is attached at the free tip of the beam and fully immersed in the water. Beam’s deflection is perpendicular to the fluid flow. The flowrate of the water channel is measured by a built-in rectangular sharp-crested weir, and the average flow velocity is controlled by the inlet valve and weir plate. The fluid-structure interaction and electromechanical coupling at different flow velocities and load resistances are analyzed. At small flow velocities, the cylindrical bluff body exhibits better performance than the triangular-prism bluff body since it has been shown in previous work [So et al., J. Fluid Struct. 24, 481–495 (2008) and Daniels et al., J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod. 153, 13–25 (2016)] that for the same turbulence intensity the cylinder under VIV performs better than the triangular prism. As the flow velocity increases, the power of the triangular-prism case harvested from the interaction of low-speed galloping and VIV overtakes the power of the cylindrical case converted from the VIV motion that is usually smaller than the cylinder diameter. One dominant vibration frequency is noticed and associated with lock-in or wake capture, which increases with the flow velocity owing to the decreasing added mass. High efficient energy harvesting from the low-velocity water flow is realized via the integration of galloping and VIV.
Monte Carlo simulation of cylinders with short-range attractions
Authors: Hatch Harold W. , Mahynski Nathan A. , Murphy Ryan P. , Blanco Marco A. , Shen Vincent K.
Published: September 2018

Cylindrical or rod-like particles are promising materials for the applications of fillers in nanocomposite materials and additives to control rheological properties of colloidal suspensions. Recent advances in particle synthesis allows for cylinders to be manufactured with short-ranged attractions to study the gelation as a function of packing fraction, aspect ratio and attraction strength. In order to aid in the analysis of small-angle scattering experiments of rod-like particles, computer simulation methods were used to model these particles with specialized Monte Carlo algorithms and tabular superquadric potentials. The attractive interaction between neighboring rods increases with the amount of locally-accessible surface area, thus leading to patchy-like interactions. We characterize the clustering and percolation of cylinders as the attractive interaction increases from the homogenous fluid at relatively low attraction strength, for a variety of aspect ratios and packing fractions. Comparisons with the experimental scattering results are also presented, which are in agreement.
Elastic anomalies under magnetic fields in the heavy-fermion ferromagnet YbPtGe
Authors: Ishii I. , Xi X. , Noguchi Y. , Mizuno T. , Kumano S. , Araki K. , Katoh K. , Suzuki T.
Published: September 2018

The Yb-based compound YbPtGe with the orthorhombic ε-TiNiSi-type structure was reported as a heavy-fermion ferromagnet with the phase transition temperature, TC = 5.4 K. To investigate the magnetically ordered states in YbPtGe, we measured the elastic moduli under a magnetic field along the b-axis in addition to those along the a-axis previously reported. The temperature and field dependences of the elastic moduli show clear anomalies, indicating the phase transitions. From these results, we have drawn the magnetic phase diagram under magnetic fields along the b-axis and proposed a new phase boundary in addition to the phase boundary reported. The new phase boundary may arise from modulation of the magnetic structure.
Critical behavior of CrTe1-xSbx ferromagnet
Authors: Hamad M. Kh. , Ziq Kh. A.
Published: September 2018

The modified Arrott plots and Kouvel-Fisher analysis are used to investigate the critical behavior of CrTe1-xSbx ferromagnetic material near its transition temperature Tc. The Ferro–Paramagnetic transition is found to be a second-order phase transition. For x=0.2, the critical exponents closely follow the Mean Field Model with the estimated values of the exponents: β=0.60±0.03, γ=1.00±0.03 and δ=2.67±0.03. We also found with increasing Sb-concentrations, the critical exponents significantly deviate from the mean field values and gradually shift towards the 3-Dimensional behavior. The deviation may indicate changes in the spin configuration with increasing Sb concentrations.
Efficient Monte Carlo simulation of a dissipative Ising chain
Authors: Butcher Matthew W. , Pixley J. H. , Nevidomskyy Andriy H.
Published: September 2018

We numerically study the dissipative transverse field Ising model in a bosonic bath with Ohmic spectral density. We present Monte Carlo techniques for studying this model in previously inaccessible regimes of strong frustration. We then consider a well-studied limit of this model, infinite-separation, and further show that even for finite separations there is no magnetic ordering associated with the case of an infinite bath cutoff frequency. We discuss future applications for the Monte Carlo method.
Physical and hydraulic forces experienced by fish passing through three different low-head hydropower turbines
Authors: Boys Craig A. , Pflugrath Brett D. , Mueller Melanie , Pander Joachim , Deng Zhiqun D. , Geist Juergen
Published: September 2018

Knowing the kinds of physical stress experienced by fish passing through hydropower turbines can help optimise technologies and improve fish passage. This paper assesses the hydraulic conditions experienced through three different low-head turbines (a very low head (VLH), Archimedes screw and horizontal Kaplan turbine), taken using an autonomous sensor. In total, 127 Sensor Fish deployments were undertaken across all three turbines, generating 82 valid datasets. Decompression was rare at the VLH and screw turbines and rarely fell more than 10kPa below atmospheric pressure. In contrast, the Kaplan was capable of generating pressures as low as 55.5kPa (~45kPa below atmospheric pressure), over shorter periods of time. More severe ratios of pressure changes could, therefore, be expected for both surface- and depth-acclimated fish at the Kaplan than at the other turbines. Strike was another possible source of fish injury (detected in 69–100% of deployments), and although strike severity was highest at the Kaplan, strike was more likely to be encountered at the screw and VLH than the Kaplan turbine. Shear occurred only near the blades of the Kaplan, and not at severe levels. The results demonstrated that low-head hydropower facilities are not without their risks for downstream migrating fish.
A balance of deubiquitinating enzymes controls cell cycle entry
Authors: Mapa Claudine E. , Arsenault Heather E. , Conti Michelle M. , Poti Kristin E. , Benanti Jennifer A.
Published: September 2018

Protein degradation during the cell cycle is controlled by the opposing activities of ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). Although the functions of ubiquitin ligases in the cell cycle have been studied extensively, the roles of DUBs in this process are less well understood. Here, we used an overexpression screen to examine the specificities of each of the 21 DUBs in budding yeast for 37 cell cycle–regulated proteins. We find that DUBs up-regulate specific subsets of proteins, with five DUBs regulating the greatest number of targets. Overexpression of Ubp10 had the largest effect, stabilizing 15 targets and delaying cells in mitosis. Importantly, UBP10 deletion decreased the stability of the cell cycle regulator Dbf4, delayed the G1/S transition, and slowed proliferation. Remarkably, deletion of UBP10 together with deletion of four additional DUBs restored proliferation to near–wild-type levels. Among this group, deletion of the proteasome-associated DUB Ubp6 alone reversed the G1/S delay and restored the stability of Ubp10 targets in ubp10Δ cells. Similarly, deletion of UBP14, another DUB that promotes proteasomal activity, rescued the proliferation defect in ubp10Δ cells. Our results suggest that DUBs function through a complex genetic network in which their activities are coordinated to facilitate accurate cell cycle progression.
Breast Cancers With Magee Equation Score of Less Than 18, or 18-25 and Mitosis Score of 1, Do Not Require Oncotype DX Testing
Authors: Bhargava Rohit , Clark Beth Z , Dabbs David J
Published: September 2018

Objectives

To investigate use of Magee equations (MEs) to determine which breast cancer cases can be excluded from Oncotype DX testing.

Methods

A prospective value study was carried out using data from pathology reports.

Results

If all three MEs scores were less than 18 or 31 or higher, the cases were labeled do not send for testing. If any or all scores were 18 to 25, cases were labeled do not send if mitosis score was 1. Of the total 205 cases, 146 (71%) were labeled do not send; of these, the correct call was made in 143 (98%) cases. Two of the three discordant cases had associated nontumor factors, likely resulting in higher scores.

Conclusions

Cases with ME scores less than 18, or 18 to 25 and mitosis score 1, do not require Oncotype DX testing, an estimated saving of US$280,000 per 100 clinical requests.
Asymptotic Stability for Some Non positive Perturbations of the Camassa–Holm Peakon with Application to the Antipeakon–peakon Profile
Authors: Molinet Luc
Published: September 2018

We continue our investigation on the asymptotic stability of the peakon. In a 1st step we extend our asymptotic stability result [30] in the class of functions whose negative part of the momentum density is supported in $]-\infty ,x_0] $ and the positive part in $[x_0,+\infty [$ for some $ x_0\in{\mathbb{R}}$. In a 2nd step this enables us to prove the asymptotic stability of well-ordered train of antipeakons–peakons and, in particular, of the antipeakon–peakon profile. Finally, in the appendix we prove that in the case of a nonnegative momentum density the energy at the left of any given point decays to zero as time goes to $+\infty $. This leads to an improvement of the asymptotic stability result stated in [30].
SIN3B promotes integrin αV subunit gene transcription and cell migration of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Cai Qianqian , Liu Yuanyuan , Zhu Ping , Kang Chunlang , Xu Heyang , Qi Bing , Wang Rong , Dong Yiwei , Wu Xing Zhong
Published: September 2018

Paired amphipathic helix protein (SIN3B) is a transcription corepressor for many genes. Here we show a different regulation mechanism of integrin αV gene expression by SIN3B in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We first observed a close relationship between Integrin αV and SIN3B expressions in HCC patients and tumor cell lines with different metastatic potentials. Overexpression of SIN3B significantly accelerated the cell migration rate of SMMC-7721, but failed when integrin αV expression was silenced. Interestingly, SIN3B stimulated integrin αV subunit promoter activity only in the presence of sulfatide. Importantly, SIN3B was identified in the complex with sulfatide by mass spectrometry. Fat blot assay indicated that SIN3B specifically interacted with sulfatide. Molecular modeling suggested that sulfatide induced the conformational change of SIN3B from compacted α-helices to a relaxed β-sheet in PAH2 domain. The data of immunoprecipitation and ChIP assay indicated that altered SIN3B lost the binding affinity with MAD1 and HDAC2, which reduced the recruitment of HDAC2 on integrin αV gene promoter and prevented the deacetylation of the histone 3. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that SIN3B promoted the transcriptional activation of the integrin αV subunit gene promoter by reducing interaction with HDAC2.
The turbulent pressure support in galaxy clusters revisited
Authors: Vazza F , Angelinelli M , Jones T W , Eckert D , Brüggen M , Brunetti G , Gheller C
Published: September 2018

Due to their late formation in cosmic history, clusters of galaxies are not fully in hydrostatic equilibrium and the gravitational pull of their mass at a given radius is expected not to be entirely balanced by the thermal gas pressure. Turbulence may supply additional pressure, and recent (X-ray and SZ) hydrostatic mass reconstructions claim a pressure support of ${\sim } 5\!-\!15{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the total pressure at R200. In this work we show that, after carefully disentangling bulk from small-scale turbulent motions in high-resolution simulations of galaxy clusters, we can constrain which fraction of the gas kinetic energy effectively provides pressure support in the cluster’s gravitational potential. While the ubiquitous presence of radial inflows in the cluster can lead to significant bias in the estimate of the non-thermal pressure support, we report that only a part of this energy effectively acts as a source of pressure, providing a support of the order of ${\sim } 10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the total pressure at R200.
Clinical and Radiological Follow-up of Intraneural Perineuriomas
Authors: Wilson Thomas J , Amrami Kimberly K , Howe B Matthew , Spinner Robert J
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND

Management of intraneural perineuriomas remains controversial, largely due to the lack of knowledge regarding the natural history of these lesions.

OBJECTIVE

To describe the typical radiological growth pattern of intraneural perineuriomas and to determine how the pattern of growth relates to clinical progression.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective review of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies and serial clinical examinations of a cohort of patients with biopsy-proven intraneural perineuriomas who had 2 MRI studies at least 2 yr apart. The outcome of interest was radiological growth in length or width of the intraneural perineurioma. Radiological growth was tested for association with clinical progression.

RESULTS

Twenty patients were included in the study. By width, the lesions were on average larger on repeat imaging (P = .009). By absolute length, the lesions were on average longer on repeat imaging (P = .02). By lesion:landmark ratio, there was no difference in length of the lesions between sequential images (P = .09), with 10 (50%) lesions being shorter and 7 (35%) showing no change. No lesions grew to involve a new nerve or division of a nerve on sequential imaging. None of the variables tested were associated with clinical progression.

CONCLUSION

We found that intraneural perineuriomas only rarely grow in length, do not grow to involve new nerves or nerve divisions, and growth does not correlate with clinical progression. These findings have significant ramifications for management of these tumors.
Working Memory Impairment Across Psychotic disorders
Authors: Gold James M , Barch Deanna M , Feuerstahler Leah M , Carter Cameron S , MacDonald Angus W , Ragland J Daniel , Silverstein Steven M , Strauss Milton E , Luck Steven J
Published: September 2018

Background

Working memory (WM) has been a central focus of cognitive neuroscience research because WM is a resource that is involved in many different cognitive operations. The goal of this study was to evaluate the clinical utility of WM paradigms developed in the basic cognitive neuroscience literature, including methods designed to estimate storage capacity without contamination by lapses of attention.

Methods

A total of 61 people with schizophrenia, 49 with schizoaffective disorder, 47 with bipolar disorder with psychosis, and 59 healthy volunteers were recruited. Participants received multiple WM tasks, including two versions each of a multiple Change Detection paradigm, a visual Change Localization paradigm, and a Running Span task.

Results

Healthy volunteers performed better than the combined patient group on the visual Change Localization and running span measures. The multiple Change Detection tasks provided mixed evidence about WM capacity reduction in the patient groups, but a mathematical model of performance suggested that the patient groups differed from controls in their rate of attention lapsing. The 3 patient groups performed similarly on the WM tasks. Capacity estimates from the Change Detection and Localization tasks showed significant correlations with functional capacity and functional outcome.

Conclusions

The patient groups generally performed in a similarly impaired fashion across tasks, suggesting that WM impairment and attention lapsing are general features of psychotic disorders. Capacity estimates from the Change Localization and Detection tasks were related to functional capacity and outcome, suggesting that these methods may be useful in a clinical context.
The dynamic role of the ilio-sacral joint in jumping frogs
Authors: Richards Christopher T. , Eberhard Enrico A. , Collings Amber J.
Published: September 2018

A striking feature among jumping frogs is a sharp pelvic bend about the ilio-sacral (IS) joint, unique to anurans. Although this sagittal plane hinge has been interpreted as crucial for the evolution of jumping, its mechanical contribution has not been quantified. Using a model based on
Kassina maculata
and animated with kinematics from prior experiments, we solved the ground contact dynamics in MuJoCo enabling inverse dynamics without force plate measurements. We altered the magnitude, speed and direction of IS extension (leaving remaining kinematics unaltered) to determine its role in jumping. Ground reaction forces (GRFs) matched recorded data. Prior work postulated that IS rotation facilitates jumping by aligning the torso with the GRF. However, our simulations revealed that static torso orientation has little effect on GRF due to the close proximity of the IS joint with the COM, failing to support the ‘torso alignment’ hypothesis. Rather than a postural role, IS rotation has a dynamic function whereby angular acceleration (i) influences GRF direction to modulate jump direction and (ii) increases joint loading, particularly at the ankle and knee, perhaps increasing tendon elastic energy storage early in jumps. Findings suggest that the pelvic hinge mechanism is not obligatory for jumping, but rather crucial for the fine tuning of jump trajectory, particularly in complex habitats.
Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley OM. 22 November 1917—30 May 2012
Authors: Simmons Robert Malcolm
Published: September 2018

Andrew Huxley was a physiologist, possessing a combination of practical skill, invention and mathematical ability that has few parallels, and is famous for his contributions to the understanding of how nerve and muscle work. He came from an illustrious family: his paternal grandfather was Thomas Henry Huxley, and Julian Huxley and Aldous Huxley were his half-brothers. After completing his undergraduate degree in Cambridge in 1939, he joined Alan Hodgkin in his research on the squid giant axon and they made the first intracellular recording of a nerve action potential. Together, they used the voltage clamp technique to elucidate the ionic mechanism of the action potential; for this they were awarded a share of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1963. Turning to research on muscle, he elucidated the sliding filament mechanism of contraction (in parallel with Hugh Huxley), and went on to formulate a quantitative account of the steady state properties of muscle based on the interaction between myosin crossbridges and actin sites. Moving to University College London (UCL) in 1960 as Jodrell Professor of Physiology, he provided quantitative evidence for the sliding filament theory through a study of the length–tension relation. His final studies were on the transient mechanical properties of muscle, resulting in a theory of force-generation by crossbridges. During the war, Huxley was engaged in operational research on anti-aircraft artillery and naval gunnery. He was President of the Royal Society in 1980–85, and Master of Trinity College Cambridge in 1984–90.
Integrated human-virus metabolic stoichiometric modelling predicts host-based antiviral targets against Chikungunya, Dengue and Zika viruses
Authors: Aller Sean , Scott Andrew , Sarkar-Tyson Mitali , Soyer Orkun S.
Published: September 2018

Current and reoccurring viral epidemic outbreaks such as those caused by the Zika virus illustrate the need for rapid development of antivirals. Such development would be facilitated by computational approaches that can provide experimentally testable predictions for possible antiviral strategies. To this end, we focus here on the fact that viruses are directly dependent on their host metabolism for reproduction. We develop a stoichiometric, genome-scale metabolic model that integrates human macrophage cell metabolism with the biochemical demands arising from virus production and use it to determine the virus impact on host metabolism and vice versa. While this approach applies to any host–virus pair, we first apply it to currently epidemic viruses Chikungunya, Dengue and Zika in this study. We find that each of these viruses causes specific alterations in the host metabolic flux towards fulfilling their biochemical demands as predicted by their genome and capsid structure. Subsequent analysis of this integrated model allows us to predict a set of host reactions, which, when constrained, inhibit virus production. We show that this prediction recovers known targets of existing antiviral drugs, specifically those targeting nucleotide production, while highlighting a set of hitherto unexplored reactions involving both amino acid and nucleotide metabolic pathways, with either broad or virus-specific antiviral potential. Thus, this computational approach allows rapid generation of experimentally testable hypotheses for novel antiviral targets within a host.
Strategic decision making about travel during disease outbreaks: a game theoretical approach
Authors: Zhao Shi , Bauch Chris T. , He Daihai
Published: September 2018

Visitors can play an important role in the spread of infections. Here, we incorporate an epidemic model into a game theoretical framework to investigate the effects of travel strategies on infection control. Potential visitors must decide whether to travel to a destination that is at risk of infectious disease outbreaks. We compare the individually optimal (Nash equilibrium) strategy to the group optimal strategy that maximizes the overall population utility. Economic epidemiological models often find that individual and group optimal strategies are very different. By contrast, we find perfect agreement between individual and group optimal strategies across a wide parameter regime. For more limited regimes where disagreement does occur, the disagreement is (i) generally very extreme; (ii) highly sensitive to small changes in infection transmissibility and visitor costs/benefits; and (iii) can manifest either in a higher travel volume for individual optimal than group optimal strategies, or vice versa. The simulations show qualitative agreement with the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in Beijing, China. We conclude that a conflict between individual and group optimal visitor travel strategies during outbreaks may not generally be a problem, although extreme differences could emerge suddenly under certain changes in economic and epidemiological conditions.
Periodontal cell mechanotransduction
Authors: Chukkapalli Sasanka S. , Lele Tanmay P.
Published: September 2018

The periodontium is a structurally and functionally complex tissue that facilitates the anchorage of teeth in jaws. The periodontium consists of various cell types including stem cells, fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Cells of the periodontium are constantly exposed to mechanical stresses generated by biological processes such as the chewing motions of teeth, by flows generated by tongue motions and by forces generated by implants. Mechanical stresses modulate the function of cells in the periodontium, and may play a significant role in the development of periodontal disease. Here, we review the literature on the effect of mechanical forces on periodontal cells in health and disease with an emphasis on molecular and cellular mechanisms.
Thermal behaviour of walnut shells by thermogravimetry with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis
Authors: Fan Fangyu , Li Han , Xu Yuqiao , Liu Yun , Zheng Zhifeng , Kan Huan
Published: September 2018

The present study introduces thermogravimetry with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (TG-GC-MS) at four different heating rates to investigate the activation energy and thermal degradation behaviour of walnut shell pyrolysis. The distributed activation energy model (DAEM) was applied to investigate the activation energy. According to values of the activation energy and the correlation coefficient by the DAEM, the activation energy (98.69–267.75 kJ mol
−1
) and correlation coefficient (0.914–0.999) were determined for pyrolysis of walnut shells. GC-MS was performed to investigate the pyrolysis products from walnut shells at different critical temperature points. More than 20 different substances were identified at different temperatures from GC-MS results. With the increasing pyrolysis temperature, furan, furfural, benzene and long chain alkanes were successively identified in different GC-MS experimental results.
Optical quantum confinement and photocatalytic properties in two-, one- and zero-dimensional nanostructures
Authors: Edvinsson T.
Published: September 2018

Low-dimensional nanomaterials have been explored extensively in the last decades, partly fuelled by the new possibilities for tuning and controlling their electronic properties. In a broader perspective within catalysis, two-, one- and zero-dimensional (2D, 1D and 0D) inorganic nanomaterials represent a bridge between the selectivity of molecular catalysts and the high performance and stability of inorganic catalysts. As a consequence of the low dimensions, higher surface areas are obtained but also introduce new physics and increased tuneability of the electronic states in the nanostructured system. Herein, we derive the commonly used equations for optical transitions and carrier confinement in semiconductors and discuss their effect on the optical and photocatalytic properties of direct band and indirect band gap materials. In particular, the physical properties of the optical and photocatalytic properties of Fe
2
O
3
and ZnO will be used to exemplify the effects of the low dimensionality. Carrier confinement effects with changes in the density of states, band gap/shift of band edges will be outlined together with their effects on the tuneability of the material and their wider application as photocatalytic materials.
Optimization and kinetic study of methyl laurate synthesis using ionic liquid [Hnmp]HSO
4
as a catalyst
Authors: Han Benyong , Zhang Wudi , Yin Fang , Liu Shiqing , Zhao Xingling , Liu Jing , Wang Changmei , Yang Hong
Published: September 2018

Methyl laurate was synthesized from lauric acid (LA) and methanol via an esterification reaction using ionic liquids (ILs) as catalysts. The efficiencies of three different catalysts, 1-methylimidazole hydrogen sulfate ([Hmim]HSO
4
), 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidonium hydrogen sulfate ([Hnmp]HSO
4
) and H
2
SO
4
, were compared. The effect of the methanol/LA molar ratio, reaction temperature, reaction time and catalyst dosage on the esterification rate of LA was investigated by single-factor experiments. Based on the single-factor experiments, the esterification of LA and methanol was optimized using response surface methodology. The results showed that the most effective catalyst was the IL [Hnmp]HSO
4
. The optimal conditions were as follows: [Hnmp]HSO
4
dosage of 5.23%, methanol/LA molar ratio of 7.68 : 1, reaction time of 2.27 h and reaction temperature of 70°C. Under these conditions, the LA conversion of the esterification reached 98.58%. A kinetic study indicated that the esterification was a second-order reaction with an activation energy and a frequency factor of 68.45 kJ mol
−1
and 1.9189 × 10
9
min
−1
, respectively. The catalytic activity of [Hnmp]HSO
4
remained high after five cycles.
Preparation and characterization of molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction column coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography for selective determination of melamine
Authors: Zhou Q. , Tan X. C. , Guo X. J. , Huang Y. J. , Zhai H. Y.
Published: September 2018

We synthesized a selective molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MIP-SPE) column and established an extraction and enrichment method using this MIP-SPE column. By coupling with HPLC, we developed a new method to detect trace amounts of melamine in eggs. The MIP-SPE column was synthesized by
in situ
thermal-initiated polymerization using melamine as the template, methacrylic acid as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linker and azodiisobutyronitrile as the initiator. HPLC was used to evaluate the identification and enrichment capability of the MIP-SPE column and for the measurement of melamine in the sample. The melamine concentration exhibited an excellent linear relationship in the range of 0.1–25.0 µg ml
−1
(
r
= 0.9983). The identification capability of the MIP-SPE column was apparently superior to that of the non-imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction column; an average enrichment factor of 46.8-fold (RSD = 3.5%) was obtained for 0.4 µg ml
−1
melamine by the MIP-SPE column. When the MIP-SPE HPLC method was applied to the detection of melamine in eggs, an average recovery rate of 93.5–102.0% (RSD = 3.6–4.9%) and a limit of detection of 0.05 µg kg
−1
were obtained. This method is simple, fast and cost-effective; thus, it can greatly simplify the pre-treatment of complex samples and can be used in the detection of residual melamine in eggs and other products.
Reaction of quartz glass in lithium-containing alkaline solutions with or without Ca
Authors: Zhou Baofu , Mao Zhongyang , Deng Min
Published: September 2018

The exact role of lithium ions (Li
+
) in controlling alkali–silica reaction is still unclear. Thus, the effects of Li
+
on the reaction between reactive silica (quartz glass) and hydroxyl in alkaline solution with or without Ca were investigated by quartz glass powder or slice immersion experiments. When quartz glass was immersed in lithium-containing alkaline solutions, only Li
2
SiO
3
was produced with the absence of Ca, but Li
2
SiO
3
and calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) were formed with the presence of Ca. The quartz glass slice immersion experiment indicated that the mass loss of quartz slices was less than 1% only when Ca was present in the lithium-containing alkaline solution. This was because a dense, low-porosity and strongly bonded production layer mainly composed of CSH and Li
2
SiO
3
crystals was formed on the glass surface and served as a barrier against the diffusion of OH
−
and alkali ions to the substrate glass.
Halloween genes in panarthropods and the evolution of the early moulting pathway in Ecdysozoa
Authors: Schumann Isabell , Kenny Nathan , Hui Jerome , Hering Lars , Mayer Georg
Published: September 2018

Moulting is a characteristic feature of Ecdysozoa—the clade of moulting animals that includes the hyperdiverse arthropods and less speciose groups, such as onychophorans, tardigrades and nematodes. Moulting has been best analysed in arthropods, specifically in insects and crustaceans, in which a complex neuroendocrine system acts at the genomic level and initiates the transcription of genes responsible for moulting. The key moulting hormones, ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone, are subsequently synthesized from cholesterol ingested with food. Their biosynthesis is regulated by the Rieske-domain protein Neverland and cytochrome P450 enzymes encoded by the so-called ‘Halloween’ genes. Ecdysone is then released into the haemolymph and modified into 20-hydroxyecdysone, which binds to the nuclear receptor EcR/USP and initiates transcription of the Early genes. As little is known about the moulting pathway of other ecdysozoans, we examined the occurrence of genes involved in ecdysteroid biosynthesis and the early moulting cascade across ecdysozoan subgroups. Genomic and transcriptomic searches revealed no Halloween genes in cycloneuralians, whereas onlyshadow(CYP315A1) is present in onychophorans and tardigrades, suggesting that the Halloween genes evolved stepwise in panarthropods. These findings imply that the genes which were responsible for the ecdysteroid biosynthesis in the last common ancestor of Ecdysozoa are currently unknown.