bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The other face of MUC1 protein in cancer progression – the role of MUC1-C subunit
Authors: Kmiecik Alicja M. , Dzięgiel Piotr , Ugorski Maciej
Published: January 2019

MUC1 is high-molecular-weight glycoprotein which is widely expressed on epithelial cell layers of various organs and is aberrantly overexpressed in most human carcinomas such as breast, ovarian or colon cancer. MUC1 contains three domains: short cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains, and a long extracellular domain. The protein is translated as a single polypeptide that undergoes auto-cleavage into two subunits: MUC1-N and MUC1-C, that form a stable noncovalent complex at the cell membrane. In normal epithelial cells, MUC1 expression is restricted to the apical side of the cells. During cancer transformation there is a loss of cell polarity and MUC1-C is found over the entire cell surface while MUC1-N is shed from the surface of carcinoma cells. As the result of depolarization, MUC1-C interacts with receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), such as EGFR and activates intracellular pathways which are important for cancer progression. Overexpression of MUC1 is also associated with the accumulation of MUC1-C in the cytoplasm and targeting of this subunit to the nucleus or mitochondria. Nuclear localization of MUC1-C is associated with activation of gene families involved in oncogenesis or cancer metabolism. Other results have shown that MUC1-C localizes to the mitochondrial outer membrane, where it blocks stress induced apoptosis. Recent studies have been directed at the MUC1-C subunit which reminds to be attractive target for the development of anti-cancer agents. In this review, the role of MUC1-C in cancer progression is discussed.
Adipocytedifferentiationimpairment as well as lipid metabolism and trasportproblems – major causes of geneticlipodystrophies
Authors: Dettlaff-Pokora Agnieszka
Published: January 2019

Lipodystrophies are heterogenic group of adipose tissue disorders with its general or partial atrophy. In case of congenital lipodystrophies disturbances of adipogenesis or/and alterations of adipocyte differentiation often occur leading to thermogenic adipocytes formation. Basic adipocyte functions can be perturbed, including improper synthesis of triacylglycerols and phospholipids of lipid droplet, but also impaired fatty acids release and intracellular lipid traffic. Lipodystrophy can result from weakening of adipose tissue structure, but also from improper function of both cytoskeleton and nuclear lamina leading to cell dysfunction. Lack of adipose tissue leads to a) increased plasma triacylglycerols level and ectopic fat accumulation in other tissues; b) total plasma cholesterol increase; c) plasma HDL-cholesterol decrease. Ectopic fat accumulation in liver can cause fatty liver and with time can lead to hepatomegaly and liver cirrhosis. Dysfunctionsare proportional to the extent of fat tissue loss with generalized lipodystrophies patients developing complications at early ages. Diabetes and insulin resistance are common comorbidities. Improvement of diagnostic methods of medical genetics allows precise determination of their genotypes and correct diagnosis of patients suffering from lipodystrophy. For that reason number of described cases increased in recent years, also in Poland. New lipodystrophy types were described. Therefore there is a need to bring lipodystrophy syndromes for the attention of primary care physicians, pediatricians and endocrinologists.
Towards an in-depth characterization of Symbiodiniaceae in tropical giant clams via metabarcoding of pooled multi-gene amplicons
Authors: Pochon Xavier , Wecker Patricia , Stat Michael , Berteaux-Lecellier Veronique , Lecellier Gael
Published: January 2019

High-throughput sequencing is revolutionizing our ability to comprehensively characterize free-living and symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae, a diverse dinoflagellate group that plays a critical role in coral reef ecosystems. Most studies however, focus on a single marker for metabarcoding Symbiodiniaceae, potentially missing important ecological traits that a combination of markers may capture. In this proof-of-concept study, we used a small set of symbiotic giant clam (Tridacna maxima) samples obtained from nine French Polynesian locations and tested a dual-index sequence library preparation method that pools and simultaneously sequences multiple Symbiodiniaceae gene amplicons per sample for in-depth biodiversity assessments. The rational for this approach was to allow the metabarcoding of multiple genes without extra costs associated with additional single amplicon dual indexing and library preparations. Our results showed that the technique effectively recovered very similar proportions of sequence reads and dominant Symbiodiniaceae clades among the three pooled gene amplicons investigated per sample, and captured varying levels of phylogenetic resolution enabling a more comprehensive assessment of the diversity present. The pooled Symbiodiniaceae multi-gene metabarcoding approach decribed here is readily scalable, offering considerable analytical cost savings while providing sufficient phylogenetic information and sequence coverage.
A citizen science approach to evaluating US cities for biotic homogenization
Authors: Leong Misha , Trautwein Michelle D
Published: January 2019

Background. Cities around the world have converged on structural and environmental characteristics that exert similar eco-evolutionary pressures on local communities. However, evaluating how urban biodiversity responds to urban intensification remains poorly understood because of the challenges in capturing the diversity of a range of taxa within and across multiple cities from different types of urbanization.

Methods. Here we utilize a growing resource—citizen science data. We analyzed 66,209 observations representing 5,209 species generated by the City Nature Challenge project on the iNaturalist platform, in conjunction with remote sensing (NLCD2011) environmental data, to test for urban homogenization at increasing levels of urban intensity across 14 metropolitan cities in the United States.

Results. Based on community composition analyses, we found that while urban homogenization occurs to an extent, urban biodiversity is often much more a reflection of the regional specificity of taxa. On the other hand, we also found that the most commonly observed species are often shared between cities and are non-endemic and/or have a distribution facilitated by humans. This study highlights the value of citizen science data in answering questions in urban ecology.
Atari Age
Authors: Newman Michael Z.
Published: January 2019

The cultural contradictions of early video games: a medium for family fun (but mainly for middle-class boys), an improvement over pinball and television (but possibly harmful)

Beginning with the release of the Magnavox Odyssey and Pong in 1972, video games, whether played in arcades and taverns or in family rec rooms, became part of popular culture, like television. In fact, video games were sometimes seen as an improvement on television because they spurred participation rather than passivity. These “space-age pinball machines” gave coin-operated games a high-tech and more respectable profile. In Atari Age, Michael Newman charts the emergence of video games in America from ball-and-paddle games to hits like Space Invaders and Pac-Man, describing their relationship to other amusements and technologies and showing how they came to be identified with the middle class, youth, and masculinity.

Newman shows that the “new media” of video games were understood in varied, even contradictory ways. They were family fun (but mainly for boys), better than television (but possibly harmful), and educational (but a waste of computer time). Drawing on a range of sources—including the games and their packaging; coverage in the popular, trade, and fan press; social science research of the time; advertising and store catalogs; and representations in movies and television—Newman describes the series of cultural contradictions through which the identity of the emerging medium worked itself out. Would video games embody middle-class respectability or suffer from the arcade's unsavory reputation? Would they foster family togetherness or allow boys to escape from domesticity? Would they make the new home computer a tool for education or just a glorified toy? Then, as now, many worried about the impact of video games on players, while others celebrated video games for familiarizing kids with technology essential for the information age.
Automatic Algorithm Recognition and Replacement
Authors: Metzger Robert , Wen Zhaofang
Published: January 2019

This book describes a fundamentally new theoretical framework for finding poor algorithms in an application program and replacing them with ones that parallelize the code.

Parallel computation will become the norm in the coming decades. Unfortunately, advances in parallel hardware have far outpaced parallel applications of software. There are currently two approaches to applying parallelism to applications. One is to write completely new applications in new languages. But abandoning applications that work is unacceptable to most nonacademic users of high-performance computers. The other approach is to convert existing applications to a parallel form. This can be done manually or automatically. Even partial success in doing the job automatically has obvious economic advantages. This book describes a fundamentally new theoretical framework for finding poor algorithms in an application program and replacing them with ones that parallelize the code.
Coherence in Natural Language
Authors: Wolf Florian , Gibson Edward A.
Published: January 2019

A discussion of coherence in natural language that develops criteria for descriptively adequate data structures and examines the influence of coherence on psycholinguistic processes and determining the relative importance of document segments.

In Coherence and Natural Language, Florian Wolf and Edward Gibson specify and evaluate criteria for descriptively adequate data structures for representing discourse coherence. They test the influence of discourse structure on pronoun processing, evaluate different approaches for determining the relative importance of document segments, and propose a new coherence-based algorithm to accomplish this task. Their book offers the first large-scale empirical evaluation of data structures for representing coherence and also includes novel psycholinguistic tests of existing information extraction and text summarization systems. Wolf and Gibson evaluate whether tree structures are descriptively adequate for representing discourse coherence and conclude that more powerful data structure is needed because there are many different kinds of crossed dependencies and nodes with multiple parents in the discourse structures of naturally occurring texts. They propose that connected, labeled chain graphs make a better representation of coherence. They find additionally that causal coherence relations affect people's strategies for pronoun processing, which points to the psychological validity of coherence relations. Finally, they evaluate word-based, layout-based, and coherence-based approaches for estimating the importance of document segments in a document and find that coherence-based methods that operate on chain graphs perform best. With its attention to empirical validation and psycholinguistic processing, the book raises issues that are relevant to cognitive science as well as natural language processing and information extraction.

Bradford Books imprint
The Economics of the World Trading System
Authors: Bagwell Kyle , Staiger Robert W.
Published: January 2019

World trade is governed by the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO sets rules of conduct for the international trade of goods and services and for intellectual property rights, provides a forum for multinational negotiations to resolve trade problems, and has a formal mechanism for dispute settlement. It is the primary institution working, through rule-based bargaining, at freeing trade.

In this book, Kyle Bagwell and Robert Staiger provide an economic analysis and justification for the purpose and design of the GATT/WTO. They summarize their own research, discuss the major features of the GATT agreement, and survey the literature on trade agreements. Their focus on the terms-of-trade externality is particularly original and ties the book together. Topics include the theory of trade agreements, the origin and design of the GATT and the WTO, the principles of reciprocity, the most favored nation principle, terms-of-trade theory, enforcement, preferential trade agreements, labor and environmental standards, competition policy, and agricultural export subsidies.
Environmental Leadership in Developing Countries
Authors: Steinberg Paul F.
Published: January 2019

In the absence of world government, effective national policy is essential to the success of international environmental initiatives. Yet research on global environmental cooperation has proceeded without models of policy change in developing countries, where most of the world's people, land, and species are found. In this book Paul Steinberg provides a theoretical framework to explain the domestic responses of developing countries to global environmental concerns. Drawing on extensive field research, he traces the evolution of public policies to protect biological diversity in Costa Rica and Bolivia over the past four decades, to understand how these countries emerged as leaders in tropical conservation and how international institutions might support similar outcomes in other countries.

Environmental Leadership in Developing Countries explodes the myth that developing countries are too preoccupied with short-term economic growth and material survival to devote attention to global environmental concerns. Instead it offers a nuanced account of complex, decades-long efforts to create effective institutions, and analyzes the relative roles of foreign and domestic actors in this process.
Parallel Algorithms for Regular Architectures
Authors: Miller Russ , Stout Quentin
Published: January 2019

Parallel Algorithms for Regular Architectures is the first book to concentrate exclusively on algorithms and paradigms for programming parallel computers such as the hypercube, mesh, pyramid, and mesh-of-trees. Algorithms are given to solve fundamental tasks such as sorting and matrix operations, as well as problems in the field of image processing, graph theory, and computational geometry. The first chapter defines the computer models, problems to be solved, and notation that will be used throughout the book. It also describes fundamental abstract data movement operations that serve as the foundation to many of the algorithms presented in the book. The remaining chapters describe efficient implementations of these operations for specific models of computation and present algorithms (with asymptotic analyses) that are often based on these operations.

The algorithms presented are the most efficient known, including a number of new algorithms for the hypercube and mesh-of-trees that are better than those that have previously appeared in the literature. The chapters may be read independently, allowing anyone interested in a specific model to read the introduction and then move directly to the chapter(s) devoted to the particular model of interest.

Parallel Algorithms for Regular Architectures is included in the Scientific Computation series, edited by Dennis Gannon.
Phrasal Movement and Its Kin
Authors: Pesetsky David
Published: January 2019

This study investigates the types of movement and movement-like relations that link positions in syntactic structure. David Pesetsky argues that there are three such relations. Besides overt phasal movement, there are two distinct types of movement without phonological effect: covert phrasal movement and feature movement. Focusing on wh-questions, he shows how his classification of movement-like relations allows us to understand the story behind wh-questions in which an otherwise inviolable property of movement—"Attract Closest"—appears to be violated. By demonstrating that more movement takes place in such configurations than previously suspected, he shows that Attract Closest is actually not violated at all in these cases. This conclusion draws on recent research in both syntax and semantics, and depends crucially on Pesetsky's expanded repertoire of movement-like relations.

Linguistic Inquiry Monograph No. 37
Comparisons between the ON- and OFF-edge motion pathways in the Drosophila brain
Authors: Shinomiya Kazunori , Huang Gary , Lu Zhiyuan , Parag Toufiq , Xu C Shan , Aniceto Roxanne , Ansari Namra , Cheatham Natasha , Lauchie Shirley , Neace Erika , Ogundeyi Omotara , Ordish Christopher , Peel David , Shinomiya Aya , Smith Claire , Takemura Satoko , Talebi Iris , Rivlin Patricia K , Nern Aljoscha , Scheffer Louis K , Plaza Stephen M , Meinertzhagen Ian A
Published: January 2019

Understanding the circuit mechanisms behind motion detection is a long-standing question in visual neuroscience. In Drosophila melanogaster, recently discovered synapse-level connectomes in the optic lobe, particularly in ON-pathway (T4) receptive-field circuits, in concert with physiological studies, suggest a motion model that is increasingly intricate when compared with the ubiquitous Hassenstein-Reichardt model. By contrast, our knowledge of OFF-pathway (T5) has been incomplete. Here, we present a conclusive and comprehensive connectome that, for the first time, integrates detailed connectivity information for inputs to both the T4 and T5 pathways in a single EM dataset covering the entire optic lobe. With novel reconstruction methods using automated synapse prediction suited to such a large connectome, we successfully corroborate previous findings in the T4 pathway and comprehensively identify inputs and receptive fields for T5. Although the two pathways are probably evolutionarily linked and exhibit many similarities, we uncover interesting differences and interactions that may underlie their distinct functional properties.
ALGUMAS CONSIDERAÇÕES SOBRE A MORFOSSINTAXE DE GÊNERO
Authors: Carvalho Danniel
Published: January 2019

Neste artigo, faz-se um esforço para definir gênero como uma categoria gramatical complexa. O principal objetivo do presente estudo é investigar sincronicamente forma e função de gênero a partir da hipótese de que a manifestação formal e functional de gênero no mundo real segue princípios universais na língua. Para tanto, o artigo discute propostas correntes sobre a manifestação formal e functional de gênero nos nomes e pronomes (e.g. AUDRING, 2014; KRAMER 2015), objetivando descrever seu comportamento e possíveis consequências para a sintaxe de línguas como o português brasileiro, língua que mostra algumas especificidades na concordância de gênero.
O PAPEL DA MORFOLOGIA APRECIATIVA NA CRIAÇÃO LEXICAL NA OBRA DE GUIMARÃES ROSA
Authors: Espadaro Mayara , Scher Ana Paula
Published: January 2019

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o comportamento da morfologia apreciativa nos neologismos criados por Guimarães Rosa, analisando os processos que o autor utiliza para inventar novas palavras semanticamente expressivas dentro do sistema gramatical do português brasileiro. O corpus compilado foi classificado em sete grupos de acordo com os processos de criação. Os dados demonstram que a literatura sobre os neologismos rosianos ainda tem espaço para discussões bastante instigantes, uma vez que foram detectados novos processos que não haviam sido descritos anteriormente, além de trazerem novas reflexões sobre a criatividade lexical na língua corrente e de suscitarem questões acerca do posicionamento dos sufixos apreciativos nas palavras
UMA CIDADE EM POESIA: DOIS POETAS CONTEMPORÂNEOS DE BELO HORIZONTE
Authors: Carmona Kaio Carvalho
Published: January 2019

O presente artigo aborda algumas discussões teórico-críticas sobre a poesia brasileira contemporânea, tendo em vista a passagem do século XX para o século XXI, e sua relação com as estéticas presentes no século XX, o Modernismo, o Concretismo, a Poesia Marginal. Para tanto, tomamos como análise e exemplo a poética de dois autores contemporâneos da cidade de Belo Horizonte: Maria Esther Maciel e Marcelo Dolabela.  

O presente artigo aborda algumas discussões teórico-críticas sobre a poesia brasileira contemporânea, tendo em vista a passagem do século XX para o século XXI, e sua relação com as estéticas presentes no século XX, o Modernismo, o Concretismo, a Poesia Marginal. Para tanto, tomamos como análise e exemplo a poética de dois autores contemporâneos da cidade de Belo Horizonte: Maria Esther Maciel e Marcelo Dolabela.  
IMAGENS DA DITADURA MILITAR BRASILEIRA EM CAIO FERNANDO ABREU
Authors: Magri Milena Mulatti
Published: January 2019

Este trabalho tem por objetivo investigar imagens da ditadura militar brasileira na obra do escritor Caio Fernando Abreu. As imagens da ditadura são recorrentes na obra do escritor durante os anos do regime militar. Seu romance Onde andará Dulce Veiga?, publicado após a abertura política, dá continuidade ao esforço de compreensão do que significou este período de nossa história recente. O romance apresenta imagens contrastantes desse passado, representado tanto na caracterização do personagem Saul, ex-guerrilheiro e preso durante o regime, quanto de Dulce Veiga, cujo desaparecimento é representativo de uma lacuna instaurada na experiência individual do protagonista
POESIA E ARTE URBANA: A CIDADE REESCRITA NO TRABALHO DO COLETIVO TRANSVERSO
Authors: Larissa Ramos de Freitas Albertti
Published: January 2019

O presente estudo pretende investigar a relação entre a poesia e a arte urbana no trabalho do Coletivo Transverso. Formado pelo poeta Cauê Novaes, pela poetiza e atriz Patrícia Del Rey e pela artista plástica Patrícia Bagniewski, o Coletivo atua desde 2011 em grandes cidades brasileiras pesquisando e desenvolvendo intervenções urbanas com a palavra, utilizando técnicas como o stencil, sticker e os lambe-lambes. Com a finalidade de refletir sobre potencial crítico de práticas da poesia contemporânea que experimentam os espaços da cidade como suporte para o poema, este trabalho visa à investigação de ações poéticas que agem como microrresistências no cotidiano.

 

 
O PROFESSOR E O MÉTODO: PAPÉIS, DIÁLOGOS E DILEMAS (The teacher and the method: roles, dialogues and dilemmas)
Authors: Amarante José
Published: January 2019

A imprecisão terminológica na área de ensino de línguas estrangeiras tem levado, desde a década de 60, à proposição de uma definição terminológica, cujo consenso, a nosso ver, está ainda em processo de negociação. Da obsessão pela busca do método perfeito, a partir da segunda metade do século XX, à constatação - do final da década de 90 até nossos dias - da impossibilidade de sucesso nessa busca e à definição de um ecletismo na formatação pedagógica, o terreno é ainda espinhoso. Merecem destaque nesse processo de definição conceitual as propostas de Anthony (1963) e de Richards & Rodgers (1986), com as quais queremos dialogar. Além disso, pretendemos discutir, a partir das dimensões da profissão docente, alguns aspectos: os papéis do professor na sua relação com métodos, as delicadezas conceituais do chamado ecletismo pedagógico, os diálogos possíveis entre as concepções do professor e as concepções implícitas ou explícitas dos materiais didáticos, e os dilemas decorrentes desse processo de “negociação”. Sua discussão desemboca na análise desses aspectos conceituais no contexto do ensino do latim, quando o autor defende, no papel do professor em relação ao uso de “métodos”, uma atitude de coautoria de materiais para o ensino.
ATIVIDADES PARA O ENSINO DE LATIM A PARTIR DE NOVOS APORTES METODOLÓGICOS (Activities for Latin teaching based on new methodological contributions)
Authors: Ambrosio Renato
Published: January 2019

Este artigo consiste em algumas propostas de atividades para o ensino de língua latina cujos fundamentos são as reflexões da linguística a respeito de conceitos como lexema, palavra, sintagma. Essas atividades visam, de modo particular, a tradução de textos latinos originais para o português. A ideia de desenvolver esses exercícios nasceu da leitura de algumas obras teóricas sobre a natureza da língua e sua descrição, que se utilizam dos conceitos citados acima; e, principalmente, do contato com uma nova proposta metodológica para o ensino da língua e da cultura latinas que tem como ponto de partida textos latinos originais, ou minimamente modificados pelo autor do método. Essa experiência didática com textos originais suscitou, e ao mesmo tempo facilitou, a elaboração e a utilização dos conceitos supracitados nas atividades e exercícios aqui apresentados.
Os efeitos político-culturais da tradução do queer na América Latina
Authors: Sutherland Juan Pablo
Published: January 2019

Neste artigo, Juan Pablo Sutherland, autor de Nación Marica e de A Corazón Abierto, analisa osurgimento e o primeiro impacto dos Estudos Queer na América Latina, as dificuldades de tradução dotermo ao espanhol, a importância dos estudos de Michel Foucault e de Judith Butler, além de trabalharcom a ideia de uma “cidade letrada queer” que serve à discussão das obras de autores como NéstorPerlongher e Pedro Lemebel.
A prática e a experiência etnográfica
Authors: Virgílio Jefferson
Published: January 2019

O presente trabalho pretexta por realizar breve comparação de costumes, práticas e valores observados em doiseventos sociais distintos. Tal comparação é realizada durante apresentação dos eventos, descritos por um estrangeiro aambos.
Dopamine compartmentalization, selective dopaminergic vulnerabilities in Parkinson's disease and therapeutic opportunities
Authors: Uhl George R.
Published: January 2019

Progressive depletion of selected dopamine neurons is central to much Parkinson's disease (PD) disability. Although symptomatic treatments can ameliorate the disabilities that this neuronal depletion causes, no current strategy is documented to slow these losses. There is substantial evidence that dopamine in intracytoplasmic/extravesicular neuronal compartments can be toxic. Here, I review evidence that supports roles for dopamine compartmentalization, mediated largely by serial actions of plasma membrane SLC6A3/DAT and vesicular SLC18A2/VMAT2 transporters, in the selective patterns of dopamine neuronal loss found in PD brains. This compartmentalization hypothesis for the dopamine cell type specificity of PD lesions nominates available drugs for amelioration of damage arising from miscompartmentalized dopamine and raises cautions in using other drugs.
Passivity‐based adaptive control of a 2‐DOF serial robot manipulator with temperature dependent joint frictions
Authors: Azizi Yaghoub , Yazdizadeh Alireza
Published: January 2019

Mechanical systems are always suffering from the effects of temperature dependent friction forces where the system is operated in a wide range of temperature. Temperature and its variation play an important role in friction force in mechanical systems. If it is not compensated, it will tend to unwanted consequences, including steady‐state errors, limit cycling, and hunting. Therefore, it is necessary to take the temperature effects into account. This has been a strong motivation for the researchers to work on temperature effects on joint friction. In this paper, an adaptive compensation (control) scheme is proposed and applied to a 2‐degree‐of‐freedom serial robot manipulator by taking the temperature effects into account on the joints friction. In the proposed control scheme, the temperature is not required to be sensed. In this paper, joint friction is described by LuGre dynamic model with temperature dependent parameters. These parameters are described by some functions with unknown temperature dependent terms. According to the mathematical and practical concepts, the temperature dependent friction is decomposed into a viscous term and a disturbance term. An adaptive controller is designed to compensate the friction effect and it is shown that the proposed controller relaxes the condition for a priori knowledge about the environment characteristics, including the upper and lower bounds of the environment temperature and the parameters of the functions, describing the temperature dependent joint frictions. The stability and convergence of the joint position and velocity are proved in the sense of Lyapunov and then the proposed method is confirmed by the simulations.
Transparent, Flexible, Penetrating Microelectrode Arrays with Capabilities of Single‐Unit Electrophysiology
Authors: Seo Kyung Jin , Artoni Pietro , Qiang Yi , Zhong Yiding , Han Xun , Shi Zhan , Yao Wenhao , Fagiolini Michela , Fang Hui
Published: January 2019

Accurately mapping neuronal activity across brain networks is critical to understand behaviors, yet it is very challenging due to the need of tools with both high spatial and temporal resolutions. Here, penetrating arrays of flexible microelectrodes made of low‐impedance nanomeshes are presented, which are capable of recording single‐unit electrophysiological neuronal activity and at the same time, transparent, allowing to bridge electrical and optical brain mapping modalities. These 32 transparent penetrating electrodes with site area, 225 µm2, have a low impedance of ≈149 kΩ at 1 kHz, an adequate charge injection limit of ≈0.76 mC cm−2, and up to 100% yield. Mechanical bending tests reveal that the array is robust up to 1000 bending cycles, and its high transmittance of 67% at 550 nm makes it suitable for combining with various optical methods. A temporary stiffening using polyethylene glycol allows the penetrating nanomesh arrays to be inserted into the brain minimally invasively, with in vivo validation of recordings of spontaneous and evoked single‐unit activity of neurons across layers of the mouse visual cortex. Together, these results establish a novel neurotechnology—transparent, flexible, penetrating microelectrode arrays—which possesses great potential for brain research.
Fabrication of Ultrathin 2D Cu‐BDC Nanosheets and the Derived Integrated MOF Nanocomposites
Authors: Zhan Guowu , Fan Longlong , Zhao Feigang , Huang Zhongliang , Chen Bin , Yang Xin , Zhou Shu‐feng
Published: January 2019

Freestanding 2D nanosheets with many unprecedented properties have been used in a myriad of applications. In this work, 2D copper‐bearing metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs; viz., Cu‐BDC) nanosheets are successfully fabricated via a facile and benign methodology through using Cu2O nanocubes (≈60 nm) as a confined metal ion source and 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylic acid (H2BDC) as an organic linker. The Cu2O nanocubes gradually release Cu+ ions which are further oxidized by the dissolved oxygen and serve as nutrients for construction of 2D frameworks. In contrast, the conventional solvothermal synthesis with copper salt exclusively yields bulk Cu‐BDC with edge dimensions of 2–10 µm. Interestingly, the as‐prepared Cu‐BDC nanosheets show ultrathin thickness, oriented growth, and excellent crystallinity, which can be exploited as a platform for the design of a series of 2D‐integrated nanocatalysts by loading various metal nanocrystals such as Au, Ag, Pt, and Ru, with 3‐mercaptopropionic acid as molecular link. In addition, it is found that Cu‐BDC/M composites with highly accessible active sites on the surface exhibit high catalytic activity in several condensation reactions between benzaldehyde and primary amines. The findings offer an alternative strategy for rational design and synthesis of 2D MOF nanosheets and the derived 2D nanocomposites for catalytic applications.
From Atoms to Lives: The Evolution of Nanoparticle Assemblies
Authors: Xue Zhenjie , Yan Cong , Wang Tie
Published: January 2019

Nanoparticle (NP) assemblies have been studied over the past several decades, and the field is advancing more quickly and reaching into more diverse fields. Reports issued from academic and industrial laboratories have driven these advances. Countless breakthroughs have been reported in widely different fields, including thermoelectronics, photoelectronics, catalysts, energy sources, and medical carriers. A “family tree” is clearly needed to accurately trace the developments in the study of NP assemblies. This review uses the unconventional approach of comparing the atomic and NP worlds to describe the development of NP research during the past several decades. The corresponding classifications, such as atoms and NPs, molecules and molecular‐type NP assemblies, crystals and crystalline‐type NP assemblies, biological organisms and analogous artificial assemblies, and biologically functional NP complex assemblies, are discussed in detail. It concludes with remarks concerning the trend from nonliving to living applications of NP assemblies.
Metamorphic Stretchable Touchpad
Authors: Biswas Shantonu , Reiprich Johannes , Pezoldt Joerg , Stauden Thomas , Jacobs Heiko O.
Published: January 2019

Conventional touchpads are an example of a common human–machine interface. They are rigid devices with a limited usability without any form of adaptability and conformity to different morphologies necessary for gaming and virtual reality applications. A metamorphic touchpad is an envisioned conceptual approach of shape changing electronics. To demonstrate this, a multipurpose touchpad able to serve as a flexible, 2D stretchable, and 3D metamorphic device is designed and fabricated. The approach replaces the rigid carrier and rigid interconnects by mechanically stretchable structures. The metamorphic touchpad can be wrapped around 3D shapes or undergo reversible topological changes from a conventional planar to a hemispheric shape.
Self‐Assembly of Colloidal Spheres toward Fabrication of Hierarchical and Periodic Nanostructures for Technological Applications
Authors: Liang Xiaoguang , Dong Ruoting , Ho Johnny C.
Published: January 2019

The current research status on the self‐assembly of colloidal spheres for the fabrication of various hierarchical and periodic nanostructures is summarized, in which these structures exhibit unique properties for different technological applications in plasmonics, surface‐enhanced Raman scattering, solar cells, and others. The fundamentals of colloidal self‐assembly are first introduced. After which, the functions of the obtained monolayer of colloidal spheres (e.g., nanosphere monolayer) to act as the patterned mask for the subsequent pattern transfer onto underlying substrates are thoroughly discussed. In employing these nanosphere lithography techniques and fabrication templates, the focus switches to the successive construction of numerous nanostructures and their promising utilizations in a wide range of application domains. Finally, the current challenges and future opportunities of colloidal self‐assembly are presented. This review not only aims to provide further insights for researchers to enable the ingenious designs of nanostructures, but also to facilitate the exciting research and development utilizing colloidal self‐assembly for future manufacturing technologies.
Engineering Tunable Broadband Near‐Infrared Emission in Transparent Rare‐Earth Doped Nanocrystals‐in‐Glass Composites via a Bottom‐Up Strategy
Authors: Pan Qiwen , Cai Zhenlu , Yang Yerong , Yang Dandan , Kang Shiliang , Chen Zhi , Qiu Jianrong , Zhan Qiuqiang , Dong Guoping
Published: January 2019

Applications of trivalent rare earth (RE3+)‐doped light sources in solid‐state laser technology, optical communications, biolabeling, and solar energy management have stimulated a growing demand for broadband emission with flexible tunability and high efficiency. Codoping is a conventional strategy for manipulating the photoluminescence of active RE3+ ions. However, energy transfer between sensitizers and activators usually induces nonradiative migration depletion that brings detrimental luminescent quenching. Here, a transparent framework is employed to assemble ordered RE3+‐doped emitters to extend the emission spectral range by extracting photons from a variety of RE3+ ions with sequential energy gradient. To block migration‐mediated depletion between different RE3+ ions, a nanoscopic heterogeneous architecture is constructed to spatially confine the RE3+ clusters via a “nanocrystals‐in‐glass composite” (NGC) structure. This bottom‐up strategy endows the obtained RE3+‐doped NGC with high emission intensity (nearly one order of magnitude enhancement) and broadband near‐infrared emission from 1300 to 1600 nm, which covers nearly the whole low‐loss optical communication window. Most crucially, NGC is a versatile approach to design tunable broadband emission for the potential applications in high‐performance photonic devices, which also provides new opportunities for engineering multifunctional materials by integration and manipulation of diverse functional building units in a nanoscopic region.
Gold‐catalyzed Rapid Construction of Nitrogen‐containing Heterocyclic Compound Library with Scaffold Diversity and Molecular Complexity
Authors: Qiao Jin , Jia Xiuwen , Li Pinyi , Liu Xiaoyan , Zhao Jingwei , Zhou Yu , Wang Jiang , Liu Hong , Zhao Fei
Published: January 2019

1,3‐unsubstituted 2‐(1H‐indol‐2‐yl)ethanamines were employed for the first time to react with alkynoic acids (AAs) to achieve gold‐catalyzed highly selective cascade reactions to furnish novel indole‐fused skeletons. Furthermore, with this powerful gold catalytic system, a library of indole/pyrrole/thiophene/benzene/naphthalene/pyridine‐based nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic compounds (NCHCs) with scaffold diversity and molecular complexity was constructed rapidly using various amine nucleophiles (ANs) and diverse AAs as the building blocks. This general protocol features excellent selectivity, extraordinarily broad substrate scope, readily available inputs, good to high yields, high bond‐forming efficiency, and step economy, thus providing a facile and efficient access to a variety of valuable nitrogen‐containing heterocycles.

magnified image
Selective C−H or N−H Imidoylative Annulation of 2‐(2‐Isocyanophenyl)‐1H‐indoles Leading to Diverse Indole‐fused Scaffolds
Authors: Teng Fan , Hu Weiming , Hu Huaanzi , Luo Shuang , Zhu Qiang
Published: January 2019

2‐(2‐Isocyanophenyl)‐1H‐indoles, a class of functionalized isocyanides containing both aromatic C−H and indolo N−H functionalities, are first applied in selective imidoylative annulation reactions. Scaffolds of 6‐aryl 11H‐indolo[3,2‐c]quinoline and 6‐aryl indolo[1,2‐c]quinazoline, both of which are of biological importance, are obtained selectively through capturing the imidoyl radical or imidoyl palladium intermediates by the C−H and N−H bonds, respectively.

magnified image
Metal‐Free Oxidation of Trichloroacetimidates to Aldehydes
Authors: Lou Ji‐Cong , Li Jian‐Ye , Sun Wen‐Wu , Wu Bin
Published: January 2019

A metal‐free oxidation reaction of trichloroacetimidates to aldehydes or ketones with DMSO as an oxidant is reported. The reaction exhibits a broad range of functional group tolerance. Detailed mechanistic studies were performed with the aid of NMR, in situ IR spectroscopy, GC‐MS analysis and 18O‐labeling experiments.
Does group size matter? Captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) behavior as a function of group size and composition
Authors: Neal Webb Sarah J. , Hau Jann , Schapiro Steven J.
Published: January 2019

The National Institutes of Health and the Association of Zoos and Aquariums recommend that captive chimpanzees be housed in multi‐male, multi‐female, age‐diverse groups of no less than seven individuals. These recommendations are rooted in the idea that captive chimpanzee groups should be modeled after free‐ranging, wild, fission‐fusion chimpanzee societies. However, captive chimpanzees do not face the environmental pressures faced by wild chimpanzees, including food scarcity, inter‐group competition, and predation. As such, it has been posited that wild, natural conditions may not be the most relevant metric for defining optimal captive chimpanzee group sizes and compositions. Additionally, captive housing poses a set of restrictions on group sizes and compositions, including the need to balance large, multi‐male groups with space per animal limitations and intra‐group aggression. In the present study, we examined the behavioral effects of group size, within‐group age range, and percentage of males in the group. We collected 713 hr of focal animal samples across 120 captive chimpanzees housed in social groups of 4–10 individuals using a 58‐behavior ethogram. Chimpanzees housed in groups with a large age range exhibited less inactivity and more locomotion than chimpanzees housed in groups with smaller age ranges. Additionally, chimpanzees in groups of ≥7 with less than half males showed the highest levels of locomotion. Lastly, chimpanzees in groups of ≥7 with at least half males showed the highest levels of affiliation. There were no other significant differences in behavior as a function of these variables or their interactions. These findings lend some support to the existing group size and composition recommendations, providing empirical evidence that there may be certain advantages to housing captive chimpanzees in larger groups with a more diverse age range and/or more males. These results also have practical implications for behavioral management programs across captive settings.
Das Zusammenspiel zwischen Wasserstoffbrücken und Präorganisation in der Entwicklung von selbstassemblierenden Systemen
Authors: Philips Divya S. , Kartha Kalathil K. , Politi Antiope T. , Krüger Timo , Albuquerque Rodrigo Q. , Fernández Gustavo
Published: January 2019

Kooperative π‐π‐Wechselwirkungen und Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen werden häufig in supramolekularen Polymerisationen genutzt. Nähere Untersuchungen zu deren Zusammenspiel wurden in der Vergangenheit jedoch weitestgehend vernachlässigt. In dieser Arbeit wird das Aggregationsverhalten einer Reihe von C2‐ und C3‐ symmetrischen Oligophenylenethinylenen, die sich in der Topologie des Amids (N‐ oder C‐zentriert) unterscheiden, verglichen. Diese geringe strukturelle Veränderung bewirkt drastische Unterschiede in den photophysikalischen und supramolekularen Eigenschaften. Somit wird der gegenseitige Einfluss von Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen und geometrischer Präorganisation auf den Assemblierungsprozess und dessen Endresultat in supramolekularen Systemen hervorgehoben.
Effects of the γ‐irradiation strength and basalt additive content on the mechanical performance and dielectric response of polypropylene films
Authors: Kılıç Mehmet , Özdemir Zeynep Güven , Alkan Ümit , Karabul Yaşar , İçelli Orhan
Published: January 2019

In this study, we investigated the effects of high‐dose γ‐ray irradiation on the mechanical and dielectric properties of polypropylene (PP)–basalt thick films. PP–basalt thick‐film composites with various basalt contents from 0.5 to 10.0% were prepared by a hot‐press method. The samples were exposed to γ radiation at different doses in the range 3–25 kGy. The mechanical properties of the samples, such as the Young's modulus, tensile strength, percentage strain at break, and energy at break, were examined in the context of the γ‐irradiation process. Although the maximum elasticity was obtained for the unirradiated 0.5% basalt‐added composite, the 6 kGy γ‐irradiated PP–1.0% basalt sample exhibited the highest elasticity properties among all of the composites. The best mechanical properties, including the ultimate tensile strength and energy at break values, were achieved for the 12 kGy γ‐irradiated neat PP. The dielectric properties of the PP–basalt composites were also investigated in the 100 Hz to 15 MHz frequency region at room temperature. According to the analysis of the dielectric properties, the 3 kGy γ‐irradiated neat PP may have potential for microelectronic device applications that require low dielectric constant and dielectric loss materials. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47414.
Effects of montmorillonite on structures and properties of injection‐molded polypropylene
Authors: Zhang Chunbo , Ma Yi , Feng Bo , Han Zhihua , Zhang Zhicheng , Liang Wenbin , Wang Ke
Published: January 2019

A nanocomposite of polypropylene with montmorillonite (PP‐MMT) was prepared via melt blending. The structures and properties of PP‐MMT were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). The orientation behaviors of both MMT and PP in an injection‐molded specimen were revealed by TEM and WAXD. The results indicate that the specimen displays a multilayer structure: in the inner layer, the long axes of MMT stacks are parallel to the transverse direction (TD) of the specimen and the b‐axes of PP crystallites are perpendicular to the TD; whereas in the outer layer, the long axes of MMT are perpendicular to the TD and the b‐axes of PP crystallites are parallel to the TD. The orientation of PP crystallites in PP‐MMT is much lower than that in pure PP, which results in lower molding shrinkage of PP‐MMT. Structure–property relationship of PP‐MMT was discussed with a conclusion that a moderate improvement in performances of PP‐MMT might be derived from the intercalated dispersion and special orientation of MMT stacks. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47442.
Dielectric property of modified barium titanate/polyamide 11 nanocomposites with different surfactants
Authors: Li WenMin , Chen Minzhang , Yang YunYun , Yuan Dandan , Ren Ying , Cai Xufu
Published: January 2019

Barium titanate/polyamide 11 (BT/PA11) nanocomposites were prepared by modifying BT nanoparticles with dry surface modification process, which had well dispersion, high dielectric constant, and low dielectric loss. Various methods were reported to improve dispersion and compatibility with complex process and high cost. Herein, three surfactants [
γ‐aminopropyl triethoxy silane (KH550), sorbitan monostearate (SP60), and octadecyl phosphate ester (OPE)] were chosen to modify BT nanoparticles. Then modified‐BT nanoparticles were blended with PA11. The structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscope, and wide angle X‐ray diffraction. Dielectric property was studied by broadband dielectric spectroscopy. The frequency dependence and temperature dependence of dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and dielectric modulus were analyzed. In general, dielectric property has strong frequency and temperature dependence. Furthermore, dielectric spectra shows that modified BT/PA11 nanocomposites have higher dielectric constant, lower dielectric loss, fewer interface polarization, and more dipole polarization. In contrast to three surfactants, OPE‐BT nanoparticles have better effects, whose dielectric constant increases from 19 to 28 at 1 Hz, and dielectric loss decreases from 0.36 to 0.23. Meanwhile, mechanical property was characterized by universal testing machine. In all, the work improves dispersion of BT nanoparticles and dielectric property with easy process and low cost. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47447.
Bio‐based polyurethane films using white dextrins
Authors: Konieczny Jakob , Loos Katja
Published: January 2019

Several new eco‐friendly materials have the potential to replace conventional petroleum‐derived materials and monomers. Among them are natural polysaccharides. The use of polysaccharides in polyurethane (PU) synthesis has not yet been studied extensively, even though as multihydroxyl compounds, they can easily serve as crosslinkers in PU synthesis. One naturally occurring (hyper‐)branched polymer is amylopectin, a component of starch. In this work, we report the PU synthesis and film‐forming capacity using the asymmetric cyclic aliphatic diisocyanate—isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) with acetylated and pristine partially hydrolyzed amylopectin/white dextrin (AVEDEX W80) as a crosslinker. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47454.