bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of RIP2 enhancing stemness of glioma cells induces temozolomide resistance
Authors: Wang Xiao‐liang , Jiao Bao‐hua , Wu Jian‐liang , Yang Jian‐kai , Hu Yu‐hua , Cui Kai
Published: October 2022

Aims

We aimed to investigate the role of receptor‐interacting protein 2 (RIP2) in regulation of stemness of glioma cells and chemotherapy resistance.

Methods

Plasmid transfection was used to overexpress RIP2. Chemical inhibitors were used to inhibit RIP2 or NF‐κB activity. Cancer stemness of glioma cells was investigated by sphere formation assays, clone formation assays, and xenograft tumor formation assays. The expression of RIP2, p‐NF‐κB, IκBα, CD133, or SOX‐2 was detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of RIP2, CD133, and SOX‐2 in xenograft tumor tissue. The effect of the RIP2/NF‐κB pathway on temozolomide (TMZ) resistance was evaluated by xenograft tumor assay.

Results

Transfection with RIP2 plasmid enhanced the sphere formation capability of U251 cells, clone formation capability, and xenograft tumor formation capability. RIP2 could mediate TMZ resistance by upregulating the expression of CD133 and SOX‐2 by activating the NF‐κB pathway. Both RIP2 inhibitor GSK583 and the NF‐κB inhibitor SC75741 could reverse the resistance of U251 cells to TMZ.

Conclusion

RIP2 mediates TMZ resistance by regulating the maintenance of stemness in glioma cells through NF‐κB. Interventions targeting the RIP2/NF‐κB pathway may be a new strategy for TMZ‐resistant gliomas.
Diffusion along perivascular spaces provides evidence interlinking compromised glymphatic function with aging in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Cai Xin , Chen Zhenzhen , He Chentao , Zhang Piao , Nie Kun , Qiu Yihui , Wang Limin , Wang Lijuan , Jing Ping , Zhang Yuhu
Published: October 2022

Aims

The aim of the study was to evaluate the glymphatic function and its related factors in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and patients with PD of different ages using the diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI‐ALPS) method.

Methods

Medical records and imaging data of 93 patients with idiopathic PD and 42 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls (HCs) were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. The diffusivity along the perivascular spaces, projection fibers, and association fibers were calculated on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to acquire the analysis along the perivascular space (ALPS) index.

Results

PD patients exhibited a reduced ALPS index compared with the HCs. Negative correlations between the ALPS index and clinical information including age, age at disease onset, Parkinson's disease sleep scale 2nd version (PDSS‐2) scores, and history of diabetes mellitus were revealed in the PD group. Besides, a negative correlation between the ALPS index and the severity of motor symptoms was identified in the subgroup aged 65 and above, rather than in the younger ones.

Conclusions

The results demonstrate that reduced ALPS index, a potential noninvasive measure of compromised glymphatic activity, is involved in the pathophysiology of PD, especially in the aged ones and those with sleep disorders.
Infections with Herpes simplex and Varicella zoster virus
Authors: Wilms Larissa , Weßollek Katharina , Peeters Theresa Barbara , Yazdi Amir Sadegh
Published: October 2022

Human herpes viruses belong to the DNA viruses and are among the most common viral pathogens. Currently, eight human herpes viruses have been characterized. Primary infection is typically followed by virus latency. Viral reactivations are more often symptomatic than primary infections and lead more often to medical consultation. In daily practice, infections with herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) are the most common. If HSV primary infections become clinically manifest, they are often accompanied by systemic symptoms whereas manifest HSV reactivations are usually harmless, self‐limiting and present as grouped vesicles on an erythematous base (herpetiform). Primary VZV infection leads to the clinical picture of varicella (chickenpox). VZV reactivation manifests clinically as shingles and can be accompanied by severe acute neuralgiform pain. In immunosuppression, complicated (necrotizing, ulcerative, hemorrhagic, generalized) manifestations may occur.

The diagnosis is usually made clinically. Therapeutic options include topical agents and systemic antivirals. Adequate therapeutic management includes the recognition and treatment of complications such as the possible involvement of other organ systems and pain. Infection during pregnancy may result in transmission to the unborn child.
Change in pharmacodynamic variables following once‐weekly tirzepatide treatment versus dulaglutide in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS J‐mono substudy)
Authors: Yabe Daisuke , Kawamori Dan , Seino Yusuke , Oura Tomonori , Takeuchi Masakazu
Published: October 2022

Aim

To evaluate the pharmacodynamic effects of tirzepatide, a novel dual glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor and glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonist, compared with dulaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Materials and Methods

SURPASS J‐mono was a 52‐week, multicentre, randomized, double‐blind, parallel, active‐controlled, Phase 3 study, conducted in Japan. This substudy of SURPASS J‐mono evaluated postprandial metabolic variables and appetite after a meal tolerance test, and body composition measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis.

Results

Of 636 participants in SURPASS J‐mono, 48 were included in this substudy and assigned to tirzepatide 5 mg (n = 9), tirzepatide 10 mg (n = 11), tirzepatide 15 mg (n = 9), or dulaglutide 0.75 mg (n = 19). Participants had a mean (standard deviation) age of 58.6 (7.5) years, duration of diabetes of 6.0 (6.3) years, and body mass index of 27.5 (3.5) kg/m2. Mean glycated haemoglobin at baseline was 66 mmol/mol (8.22%). Following a standardized meal test, statistically significant differences in change from baseline in area under the concentration versus time curve from time zero to 6 h after dose for glucose, insulin, glucagon, C‐peptide and triglycerides were observed in all tirzepatide treatment arms, except triglycerides at 10 mg, compared with dulaglutide at Week 32. For body composition, tirzepatide 10 mg and 15 mg resulted in a significant reduction in body weight, and all doses of tirzepatide resulted in a significant reduction in body fat mass at Week 52.

Conclusions

Compared with dulaglutide, tirzepatide showed greater potential for normalizing metabolic factors after a standardized meal. Tirzepatide reduced body weight and body fat mass.
How do fiscal rules shape governments' spending behavior?
Authors: Vinturis Cezara
Published: October 2022

At odds with the large literature devoted to the fiscal discipline effects of fiscal rules, only few contributions investigate their impact on public spending. Estimations based on the entropy balancing method reveal the following causal effects: fiscal rules significantly reduce total public spending and public consumption, leave public investment mostly unaffected, and increase the public investment‐to‐public consumption ratio. Moreover, the type of fiscal rule and countries' level of economic development influence the way fiscal rules affect public spending. Lastly, fiscal rules' features are a major driving force of the way governments change public spending in the presence of fiscal rules.
Bupivacaine inhibits the TLR4‐ and TLR2‐Myd88/NF‐κB pathways in human leukocytes
Authors: Binczak Marie , Purenne Emilien , Beloeil Hélène , Benhamou Dan , Mazoit Jean Xavier
Published: October 2022

Local anesthetics have anti‐inflammatory effects. Because most previous experiments were performed with supra‐therapeutic concentrations, we measured the effects of clinically relevant concentrations of bupivacaine on the Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4)‐ and TLR2‐myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)‐nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cell (NF‐κB) pathways. We measured tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release, p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAP‐kinase) phosphorylation and translocation of NF‐κB in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) and human monocytes challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tripalmitoylated lipopeptide Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4) in the presence or absence of bupivacaine. Similarly, we measured the effect of bupivacaine on HEK293 cells expressing the hTLR4 and the hTLR2 genes and challenged with LPS or Pam3CSK4. Finally, molecular docking simulations of R(+)‐ and S(−)‐bupivacaine binding to the TLR4‐myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD‐2) complex and to the TLR2/TLR1 heterodimer were performed. In PBMCs, bupivacaine from 0.1 to 100 μM inhibited LPS‐induced TNF‐α and PGE2 secretion, phosphorylation of p38 and nuclear translocation of NF‐κB in monocytes. Bupivacaine similarly inhibited the effects of Pam3CSK4 on TNF‐α secretion. Bupivacaine inhibited the effect of LPS on HEK293 cells expressing the human TLR4 receptor and the effect of Pam3CSK4 on HEK293 cells expressing the human TLR2 receptor. Molecular docking showed that bupivacaine binds to the MD‐2 co‐receptor of TLR4 and to the TLR2 receptor. Contrary to numerous experiments performed with supratherapeutic doses, our results were obtained with concentrations of bupivacaine as low as 0.1 μM. We conclude that bupivacaine modulates the inflammatory reactions such as those observed after surgery or trauma, at least partly by inhibiting the TLR4‐ and TLR2‐NF‐κB pathways.
Thermometric investigations for the characterization of fatigue crack initiation and propagation in Wire and Arc Additively Manufactured parts with as‐built surfaces
Authors: Bercelli Lorenzo , Doudard Cédric , Calloch Sylvain , Le Saux Vincent , Beaudet Julien
Published: October 2022

Metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) allows for the fabrication of complex shapes with high added value at low costs. Indeed, as‐built structures are near net shape: they require few to no finishing operations. However, as‐built AM parts present significant roughness caused by the layer discretization. In the case of the Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) process, used for large‐scale structures, the as‐built roughness is estimated to several hundreds of micrometers. For complex geometries, a complete machining of the surfaces is not necessarily possible. In this study, an experimental method is proposed, relying on thermoelastic stress analysis, to characterize the effect of as‐built WAAM surface roughness on high‐cycle fatigue properties. Using an infrared camera, multiple cracks can be detected and monitored over a large surface on rough WAAM samples under cyclic bending. The collected data constitutes valuable information for the identification of a fatigue model dedicated to as‐built WAAM structures.
Microbially enhanced methane uptake under warming enlarges ecosystem carbon sink in a Tibetan alpine grassland
Authors: Qi Qi , Zhao Jianshu , Tian Renmao , Zeng Yufei , Xie Changyi , Gao Qun , Dai Tianjiao , Wang Hao , He Jin‐Sheng , Konstantinidis Konstantinos T. , Yang Yunfeng , Zhou Jizhong , Guo Xue
Published: October 2022

The alpine grasslands of the Tibetan Plateau store 23.2 Pg soil organic carbon, which becomes susceptible to microbial degradation with climate warming. However, accurate prediction of how the soil carbon stock changes under future climate warming is hampered by our limited understanding of belowground complex microbial communities. Here, we show that 4 years of warming strongly stimulated methane (CH4) uptake by 93.8% and aerobic respiration (CO2) by 11.3% in the soils of alpine grassland ecosystem. Due to no significant effects of warming on net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE), the warming‐stimulated CH4 uptake enlarged the carbon sink capacity of whole ecosystem. Furthermore, precipitation alternation did not alter such warming effects, despite the significant effects of precipitation on NEE and soil CH4 fluxes were observed. Metagenomic sequencing revealed that warming led to significant shifts in the overall microbial community structure and the abundances of functional genes, which contrasted to no detectable changes after 2 years of warming. Carbohydrate utilization genes were significantly increased by warming, corresponding with significant increases in soil aerobic respiration. Increased methanotrophic genes and decreased methanogenic genes were observed under warming, which significantly (R2 = .59, p < .001) correlated with warming‐enhanced CH4 uptakes. Furthermore, 212 metagenome‐assembled genomes were recovered, including many populations involved in the degradation of various organic matter and a highly abundant methylotrophic population of the Methyloceanibacter genus. Collectively, our results provide compelling evidence that specific microbial functional traits for CH4 and CO2 cycling processes respond to climate warming with differential effects on soil greenhouse gas emissions. Alpine grasslands may play huge roles in mitigating climate warming through such microbially enhanced CH4 uptake.
Liver‐related complications before and after successful treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in people with inherited bleeding disorders
Authors: Isfordink Cas J. , van Erpecum Karel J. , Fischer Kathelijn , van der Valk Paul R. , van Vulpen Lize F. D. , Schutgens Roger E. G. , Arends Joop E. , Mauser‐Bunschoten Evelien P.
Published: October 2022

Introduction

With availability of direct‐acting antivirals (DAA), most persons with inherited bleeding disorders are currently cured of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The risk of liver‐related complications following HCV cure has not been reported for this population.

Aim

Reporting liver‐related complications during long‐term chronic HCV infection and following sustained virological response (SVR) in this population.

Methods

Retrospective follow‐up of a prospective single‐centre cohort of HCV antibody‐positive persons with inherited bleeding disorders. Primary endpoint was liver‐related complications [hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), decompensated cirrhosis, bleeding gastroesophageal varices]. Liver‐related complications were reported separately during chronic HCV and following SVR, stratified for interferon‐based and DAA‐based SVR.

Results

In total 309/381 (81%) HCV antibody‐positive individuals developed chronic HCV infection. Median follow‐up was 44 years [interquartile range (IQR): 34–50]. Liver‐related complications occurred in 36/309 (12%) of individuals with chronic HCV infection after median 31 years of chronic infection. Of 199 individuals with SVR, 97 were cured with interferon‐based regimens and 102 with DAA after median infection durations of 29 and 45 years, respectively. At end of follow‐up, respectively, 21% and 42% had advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. Post‐SVR, seven (4%) individuals had a liver‐related complication, mainly HCC (n = 4). Incidence of liver‐related complications per 100 patient‐years post‐SVR follow‐up was .2 for interferon‐cured and 1.0 for DAA‐cured individuals (p = .01).

Conclusion

Successful HCV treatment does not eliminate the risk of liver‐related complications in persons with inherited bleeding disorders. Due to higher baseline risk, incidence was higher after DAA than interferon‐based SVR. We advise continuing HCC surveillance post‐SVR in all with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis.
Hybrid organization deconstructed: A bibliographic investigation into the origins, development, and future of the research domain
Authors: Kumar Hota Pradeep , Manoharan Bhupesh , Rakshit Krishanu , Panigrahi Padmanetri
Published: October 2022

Research on hybrid organization (HO) has grown rapidly over recent decades, yet the conceptualization and research structure remain fragmented. In this paper, we employ a combination of bibliometric analysis and a structured review of recent influential articles to evaluate the domain of HO. As part of the bibliometric analysis, we analysed 676 documents containing 51,014 references by applying citation, co‐citation, and social network analysis (SNA) techniques. Based on our analysis, we identified the 108 most influential works shaping the domain and explored the linkages between them to uncover the intellectual structure of the domain. Specifically, we observed five different clusters that depicted the intellectual structure of the HO domain. Our result further clarified the overall centrality features of the HO research network. Further, the structured review resulted in the identification of six different themes: impact of organizational actors on HO, impact of the external environment on HO, hybridization process and organizational response, organizational structure and governance, organizational strategy, and organizational performance. Building on our results, we propose a framework and explicate the gaps for future HO research.
Perceptions of candidate strength in job recruitment: Does candidate race moderate the attractiveness bias in White women?
Authors: Baker Georgia , Allen Mark S.
Published: October 2022

The attractiveness bias suggests that people who are more attractive will be positively favored across life outcomes. This study sought to test whether candidate attractiveness, sex, and race, affect perceptions of candidate strength in a job recruitment task. In total, 338 White women (Mage = 20.94 ± 5.65) were asked to make judgements of a potential candidate for an administrative job (resume with candidate photograph). The vignettes differed in terms of candidate ability (strong/weak), sex (male/female), race (Black/White), and attractiveness (attractive/less attractive). Participants rated perceived candidate strength and likelihood to invite for interview. Results showed no significant main effects for attractiveness. However, there was a significant interaction for target attractiveness and race, such that attractive/White candidates were more likely to be invited for interview than less attractive/White candidates. There was also a significant main effect for race such that Black candidates were rated as stronger and more likely to be interviewed. Sensitivity analyses (with nonheterosexual women removed from the sample) also showed a main effect for target sex such that female candidates were favored over male candidates. Overall, these findings provide evidence that attractiveness, sex, and race have important, albeit complex, effects on hiring decisions in the workplace.
CD8+ T cell exhaustion in anti‐tumour immunity: The new insights for cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Huang Yijin , Jia Anna , Wang Yufei , Liu Guangwei
Published: October 2022

CD8+ T cells play a crucial role in anti‐tumour immunity, but they often undergo exhaustion, which affects the anti‐tumour activity of CD8+ T cells. The effect and mechanism of exhausted CD8+ T cells have become the focus of anti‐tumour immunity research. Recently, a large number of studies have confirmed that long‐term antigen exposure can induce exhaustion. Cytokines previously have identified their effects (such as IL‐2 and IL‐10) may play a dual role in the exhaustion process of CD8+ T cells, suggesting a new mechanism of inducing exhaustion. This review just focuses our current understanding of the biology of exhausted CD8+ T cells, including differentiation pathways, cellular characteristics and signalling pathways involved in inducing exhaustion, and summarizes how these can be applied to tumour immunotherapy.
The role of life satisfaction in the association between problematic technology use and anxiety in children and adolescents during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Luengo‐González Raquel , Noriega‐Matanza Mª Concepción , Espín‐Lorite Ernesto J. , García‐Sastre Mª Montserrat , Rodríguez‐Rojo Inmaculada C. , Cuesta‐Lozano Daniel , Peñacoba‐Puente Cecilia
Published: October 2022

The main aim of this study is to explore problematic technology use among adolescents (Internet, video games, mobiles, and television) and its association with anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, we also analysed the possible moderating role of life satisfaction in this relationship during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Spain. A cross‐sectional survey of 4025 children and adolescents (52% females and 48% males) between 12 and 18 years old was carried out to explore problematic technology use and its correlation with anxiety and life satisfaction after pandemic lockdown. Four multivariate regressions containing the independent variable (problematic technology use), the moderator (life satisfaction), and their interaction were entered to predict the outcome (anxiety). The moderated models were examined using SPSS PROCESS macro software (Model 1). Analyses showed significant positive correlations with anxiety and negative correlations with life satisfaction regarding problematic technology use (mobile phone, television, and internet). Both gender and age had a significant direct effect on anxiety (showing that women and older participants had the greatest anxiety). In the moderation analysis, when life satisfaction was higher, the presence of anxiety symptoms depended to a greater extent on the problematic use of technology. Our results confirm that problematic technology use is related to higher levels of anxiety in adolescents, with differences by age and gender. The results also showed that life satisfaction mediated the relationship between technology abuse and anxiety, such that when life satisfaction was higher, the presence of anxiety symptoms was more dependent on problematic technology use. These findings have implications for health and education professionals.
An evaluation of documentation and follow‐up on the use of SBIRT in an outpatient behavioral health clinic through the use of the CRAFFT tool
Authors: Fernald Maria , Cassidy Brenda , Ren Dianxu , Mitchell Ann , Kameg Brayden
Published: October 2022

Background

Substance use among adolescents continues to present as a public health concern. Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) is an effective process that has been proven to identify, reduce, and prevent at‐risk use of substances when appropriately applied. The CRAFFT tool is an evidence‐based screen used to identify substance use in adolescents aged 12–21 years of age.

Purpose

The purpose of this project is to assess the rates of substance use in the adolescent population at a behavioral health clinic through the CRAFFT tool while also assessing for provider documentation compliance and overall revenue benefits of SBIRT.

Methodology

A retrospective chart review was used for this practice evaluation. Descriptive statistics were used through assessing frequencies and averages to gain insight not only on the rates of at‐risk substance use and documentation compliance, but also on psychiatric diagnoses and medication regimens.

Results

Three hundred and forty‐one patient encounters were reviewed over a 3‐month period. Of these 341 encounters, 63.6% of the visits were in‐person and 36.4% were conducted virtually. 72.4% of patient encounters had no documented CRAFFT screen, yet 31% of completed CRAFFT screens were positive for substance use or misuse. For those encounters with no completed CRAFFT screen documented, there was an estimated lost income for potential billings at a rate of $33.41 per encounter for a total of $8252.27.

Conclusions

Substance use and misuse in adolescents continues to exist as a public health concern. The CRAFFT tool can be a feasible means of screening for substance use in adolescents when consistently and longitudinally incorporated.
Toward an operational definition of shared decision making: A conceptual analysis
Authors: Chambers David W.
Published: October 2022

Rationale

Shared decision making has been widely advocated and evaluated in diverse ways for 4 decades.

Aims and Objectives

But there is scant evidence that it is commonly accepted by or has influence on practitioners' behaviour or that it positively affects patient health outcomes. This situation may be due in part to the absence of a commonly agreed operational definition of the construct. This is admitted in the literature and has led to multiple approaches to evaluation.

Method

An operational definition is proposed based on ethical parity among parties, sharing of mutually interacting expectations and analysis of decisions as commitment to action rather than information.

Results

Shared decision making occurs when two autonomous and uncoerced agents both commit to actions that neither has reason to want to change based on their understanding of anticipated outcomes given the situation at hand and of the intended actions of the other party.

Conclusion

It is a broader concept than providing information regarding treatment alternatives in the office.
Rasch‐built overall disability scale for POEMS syndrome (POEMS‐RODS)
Authors: Keh Ryan Yann Shern , Lilleker James B. , Lavin Tim , Sive Jonathan , D'Sa Shirley , Ramdharry Gita , Carr Aisling S. , Lunn Michael P.
Published: October 2022

Patient‐reported outcome measures engage patients in disease severity measurement and the metrics reported can be meaningful to their lives. The Polyneuropathy, Organomegaly, Endocrinopathy, Monoclonal protein and Skin changes syndrome (POEMS) is a complex multisystem disorder with disabling neuropathy which is distinct from other acquired inflammatory neuropathies. No current POEMS‐specific validated disability scales exist. To address this, we have produced a Rasch‐built overall disability scale (RODS) specific to POEMS. A 146‐item preliminary questionnaire containing relevant activity and participation items for neuropathic disability was applied to 49 clinically stable patients with POEMS from the UK national POEMS cohort. A total of 123 items not fulfilling Rasch model expectations were sequentially removed. The final 23‐item POEMS‐RODS fulfilled Rasch model expectations and showed acceptable test‐retest reliability. The 23‐item POEMS‐RODS is a disease‐specific patient‐reported outcome measure able to detect activity limitations within the range of ability demonstrated by the UK POEMS cohort. Larger international studies are needed to confirm the broader applicability and responsiveness of this scale in other countries.
Vulvovaginal candidiasis in Iranian women: Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern
Authors: Khaksar Baniasadi Ali , Ayatollahi Mosavi Seyyed Amin , Sharifi Iraj , Bamorovat Mehdi , Salari Samira , Ahmadi Atefeh , Amanizadeh Azam , Agha Kuchak Afshari Setareh
Published: October 2022

Aim

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), is a common fungal infection that remains a global concern. The objectives of this study were molecular identification and assessment of the antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida species, causing VVC in southeast Iran.

Methods

A cross‐sectional investigation was carried out on 119 nonpregnant females suspected of VVC between February 2019 and May 2021. Yeast samples were characterized to the species level by conventional and molecular methods. All Candida isolates were examined for in vitro susceptibility profile to six conventional antifungal drugs using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.

Results

Out of 119 subjects, 52 (43.7%) cases were affected by VVC, out of whom 11 (21.15%) cases had recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC). The species distribution was as follows; Candida albicans (n = 21; 40.4%), C. glabrata (n = 11; 21.2%), C. tropicalis (n = 9; 17.3%), C. parapsilosis (n = 5; 9.7%), C. africana (n = 3; 5.7%), C. famata (n = 1; 1.9%), C. lusitaniae (n = 1; 1.9%), and C. dubliniensis (n = 1; 1.9%). The resistance rate of Candida isolates to fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole were 15.38%, 11.5%, and 3.8%, respectively. Resistance to fluconazole was obtained in 46% (5/11) of RVVC cases but only in 7% (3/41) of VVC cases.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that the majority of VVC cases were caused by non‐albicans Candida species which also were resistant to some antifungal agents. Hence, our findings revealed the importance of conducting periodical epidemiological studies to determine changes in species distribution. Moreover, for effective management of treatment and infection, it is imperative to evaluate the susceptibility profiles of Candida species isolated from VVC patients.
Optimal gestational weight gain in Chinese pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A large retrospective cohort study
Authors: Fan Xiaoxiao , Dai Jiamiao , He Jing , Tian Ruixue , Xu Jingqi , Song Jiayang , Bai Jinbing , Liu Yanqun , Zou Zhijie , Chen Xiaoli
Published: October 2022

Aim

To examine the optimal gestational weight gain (GWG) for Chinese pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) based on the Chinese‐specific body mass index (BMI) classification.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the 2017–2020 data from pregnant women with GDM in a tertiary hospital. A quadratic function model and the total predicted probability of adverse pregnancy outcomes were developed to obtain the optimal GWG. Differences in the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes between our optimal GWG recommendations and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) 2009 GWG guidelines were also analyzed.

Results

A total of 8103 pregnant women with GDM were analyzed. Based on the Chinese‐specific BMI classification, the optimal GWG range was 11.0–17.5 kg for underweight women, 3.7–9.7 kg for normal‐weight women, −0.6 to 4.8 kg for overweight women, and − 9.8 to 4.2 kg for obese women. Excessive GWG had a higher risk of large for gestational age (LGA) (OR: 2.99, 95% CI: 2.42–3.70), macrosomia (OR: 2.35, 95% CI: 1.77–3.12), pre‐eclampsia (OR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.37–2.65), gestational hypertension (OR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.24–2.19), cesarean section (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.15–1.44), postpartum hemorrhage (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.02–1.64); insufficient GWG had a higher risk of small for gestational age (OR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.20–2.75). Compared to the IOM 2009 GWG guidelines, the prevalence of macrosomia, LGA, and postpartum hemorrhage were significantly lower in pregnant women following the implementation of our recommended GWG range (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Compared to the IOM 2009 GWG recommendations, our optimal GWG recommendations for Chinese pregnant women were more sensitive.
High‐resolution MRI to noninvasively characterize drainage around the carotid artery into the cervical lymph nodes
Authors: Keser Zafer , Smith Garrett , Cagil Emin , Tufan Fatih , Albayram Onder , Albayram Mehmet Sait
Published: October 2022

Background and Purpose

Previous studies have proposed multiple parallel channels for waste clearance from the brain, though many gaps remain in our understanding of these systems. In this study, we examined periarterial fluid drainage around intracranial and extracranial segments of the internal carotid arteries (ICAs) from the brain into the cervical lymph nodes using a noninvasive and clinical‐based method.

Methods

Eighty‐one subjects (45 females, aged 15‐80 years old) with nonlesioned epilepsy underwent high‐resolution 3‐dimensional T2‐weighted fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI. We utilized a noninvasive and clinical‐based method with a manual semiautomated approach to characterize the periarterial lymphatic system's maximum thickness and signal intensities along the ICAs using high‐resolution 3‐dimensional FLAIR imaging. We conducted group comparisons and correlation analyses to investigate sex‐ and age‐based trends. Results were corrected with Bonferroni's test for multiple comparisons, and we performed power analysis for sample size calculations.

Results

Using high‐resolution FLAIR images, we show evidence that fluid drainage emerges around the ICA petrous segment and joins lymphatic flow from cranial nerves in the upper neck, with this flow ultimately draining into the cervical lymph nodes bilaterally. Lymphatic signal at the petrous segment level was significantly thinner in females compared to males bilaterally (w = 413, p = .0001 on the right, w = 356, p < .0001 on the left). Lymphatic drainage around the petrous segments of the ICAs bilaterally was thicker with age in males but not in females.

Conclusions

We describe the in vivo high‐resolution imaging characteristics of periarterial fluid drainage along the vessel walls of ICAs. This represents a potentially major channel for brain waste clearance. We also report interesting sex‐ and age‐based trends in these structures within our cohort.
The impact of COVID‐19 and housing insecurity on lower‐income Black women
Authors: Versey H. Shellae , Russell Charity N.
Published: October 2022

During the COVID‐19 pandemic, multiple groups faced increased risks for negative health and mortality. Using an intersectional framework, the current study explores how the global pandemic impacted lower‐income women living in the United States through access to housing. Findings indicate several challenges  remaining stably housed during the pandemic. Major themes included: (1) High‐Risk Survival Economies, (2) Landlord Stress, Deception, and Exclusion, (3) Landlord Harassment, (4) Low Levels of Formal and Informal Support, (5) Housing as a Health Risk Factor, and (6) Resilience. These themes are explored through four in‐depth narrative accounts. Implications for health and policy are discussed. Future research that examines and engages with both direct (e.g., material scarcity) and indirect (e.g., discrimination) pathways that connect housing to health are strongly encouraged.
Association of cortical thickness and cognition with schizophrenia treatment resistance
Authors: Fan Fengmei , Huang Junchao , Tan Shuping , Wang Zhiren , Li Yanli , Chen Song , Li Hui , Hare Stephanie , Du Xiaoming , Yang Fude , Tian Baopeng , Kochunov Peter , Tan Yunlong , Hong L. Elliot
Published: October 2022

Aim

Approximately a third of patients with schizophrenia fail to adequately respond to antipsychotic medications, a condition known as treatment resistance (TR). We aimed to assess cognitive and cortical thickness deficits and their relationship to TR in schizophrenia.

Method

We recruited patients with schizophrenia (n = 127), including patients at treatment initiation (n = 45), treatment‐responsive patients (n = 40) and TR patients (n = 42), and healthy controls (n = 83). Clinical symptoms, neurocognitive function, and structural images were assessed. We performed group comparisons, and explored association of cortical thickness and cognition with TR.

Results

The TR patients showed significantly more severe clinical symptoms and cognitive impairment relative to the treatment‐responsive group. Compared to healthy controls, 56 of 68 brain regions showed significantly reduced cortical thickness in patients with schizophrenia. Reductions in five regions were significantly associated with TR (reduction in TR relative to treatment‐responsive patients), i.e. in the right caudal middle frontal gyrus, superior frontal cortex, fusiform gyrus, pars opercularis of the inferior frontal cortex, and supramarginal cortex. Cognition deficits were also significantly correlated with cortical thickness in these five regions in patients with schizophrenia. Cortical thickness of the right caudal middle frontal gyrus, superior frontal cortex and pars opercularis of the inferior frontal cortex also significantly mediated effects of cognitive deficits on TR.

Conclusion

Treatment resistance in schizophrenia was associated with reduced thickness in the right caudal middle frontal gyrus, superior frontal cortex, fusiform gyrus, pars opercularis of the inferior frontal cortex, and supramarginal cortex. Cortical abnormalities further mediate cognitive deficits known to be associated with TR.
Ideological Contestation on Twitter Over Diversity: Constructions of Diversity as Clashing Projects
Authors: Iatridis Tilemachos , Gkinopoulos Theofilos , Kadianaki Irini
Published: October 2022

The problematic of diversity today circulates a discourse on human differences and similarities which is also taken up by actors with controversial political agendas, notably right‐wing populist and neoconservative movements. Focusing on contestation over the meaning of “diversity” by lay actors in social media, we suggest here that different constructions of diversity may be seen as clashing projects largely shaping each other through their emphasis on differences or similarities among people. In a qualitative analysis on the tweets mentioning diversity in Greek over a year, constructions of diversity were mirror images of each other across two independent ideological tensions, with distinct social stakes. Individualist constructions of diversity praising individuals' differences clashed over the legitimation of power with majoritarianist constructions emphasizing social homogeneity, and universalist constructions of diversity advocating the fundamental similarities of individuals clashed over the legitimation of social identities with particularist constructions praising cultural differences. Those constructions converse with basic social psychological models of diversity, suggesting that the emphasis on difference or similarity across people may stem from a dynamic context of political confrontation. The findings also suggest that right‐wing populist representations may be channeled by the content of contestation and the positions held by the other side.
Freeze dehydration vs. supercooling of mesophyll cells: Impact of cell wall, cellular and tissue traits on the extent of water displacement
Authors: Stegner Matthias , Flörl Alexander , Lindner Jasmin , Plangger Sandra , Schaefernolte Tanja , Strasser Anna‐Lena , Thoma Viktoria , Walde Janette , Neuner Gilbert
Published: October 2022

The extent of freeze dehydration of mesophyll cells in response to extracellular ice varies from supercooling to severe freezing cytorrhysis. The structural factors involved are poorly understood. In a comparison of mesophyll cells of 11 species, the factors “cell wall”, “cellular” and “tissue” traits were investigated. The extent of freeze dehydration was quantified as reduction in the sectional area during controlled freezing in the presence of ice. The cell wall thickness, cell size, cell area and the relative area of intercellular spaces were determined. The modulus of elasticity was determined by psychrometry. To grasp the relationships between factors and with freeze dehydration, we applied a principal component analysis. The first two components explain 84% of the variance in the dataset. The first principal component correlated negatively with the extent of freeze dehydration and relative area of intercellular spaces, and positively with the squared cell wall thickness to cell size ratio, elasticity and cell wall thickness. The cell size parameters determined the second principal component. Supercooling appeared preferable in cells with a high squared cell wall thickness to cell size ratio and a low relative area of intercellular spaces. Such factors are hypothesised to affect the magnitude of negative turgor pressure being built up below the turgor loss point. Negative turgor pressure slows dehydration by reducing the water potential gradient to the extracellular ice. With high levels of freeze dehydration, sufficient intercellular spaces for extracellular ice accommodation are needed. The low relative area of intercellular spaces increases cell‐to‐cell contact area and could support tissue stability.
Longitudinal effects of prenatal exposure to plastic‐derived chemicals and their metabolites on asthma and lung function from childhood into adulthood
Authors: Foong Rachel E. , Franklin Peter , Sanna Francesca , Hall Graham L. , Sly Peter D. , Thorstensen Eric B. , Doherty Dorota A. , Keelan Jeffrey A. , Hart Roger J.
Published: October 2022

Background and Objective

Environmental exposure to phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA), chemicals used in the production of plastics, may increase risk for asthma and allergies. However, little is known about the long‐term effects of early life exposure to these compounds. We investigated if prenatal exposure to these compounds was associated with asthma, allergy and lung function outcomes from early childhood into adulthood in a cohort study.

Methods

Maternal serum samples collected from 846 pregnant women in the Raine Study were assayed for BPA and phthalate metabolites. The children of these women were followed up at 5, 13 and 22 years where spirometry and respiratory questionnaires were conducted to determine asthma and allergy status. Lung function trajectories were derived from longitudinal spirometry measurements. Multinomial logistic regression and weighted quantile sum regression was used to test associations of individual and chemical mixtures with asthma phenotypes and lung function trajectories.

Results

Effects of prenatal BPA and phthalates on asthma phenotypes were seen in male offspring, where BPA was associated with increased risk for persistent asthma, while mono‐iso‐butyl phthalate and mono‐iso‐decyl phthalate was associated with increased risk for adult asthma. Prenatal BPA had no effect on lung function trajectories, but prenatal phthalate exposure was associated with improved lung function.

Conclusion

Prenatal BPA exposure was associated with increased likelihood of persistent asthma in males, while prenatal phthalate exposure was associated with increased likelihood of adult asthma in males. Results suggest that prenatal exposure to prenatal BPA and phthalates affect asthma risk, particularly in males, however lung function was not adversely affected.
Frictional Behaviors of 3D-Printed Polylactic Acid Components With Spiral-Groove Surface Textures Under Oil Lubrication
Authors: Xu Jimin , Liu Ning , Zhang Fang , Du Jun , Zheng Cheng , Gao Xin , Liu Kun
Published: October 2022

With the rapid development in additive manufacturing technology, three-dimensional (3D) printing process has been extensively utilized for the prototype manufacturing of industrial components. It is becoming possible and fascinating to directly fabricate surface textures for tribological applications by 3D printing. In this study, a series of polylactic acid (PLA) components with spiral-groove surface textures for the application prospect in the field of mechanical seals were fabricated on a commercially available fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printer. The frictional behaviors of the printed components under oil lubrication were investigated on an end-face tribometer. The influence of spiral groove number, groove depth, and printing orientation on friction coefficients was discussed. The test results indicate that the frictional performance of linear-printed component with small groove depth is much better than that of homocentric-printed ones with large groove depth. The minimum average friction coefficient of linear-printed component is about 0.07 while the value is about 0.085 for the homocentric-printed ones. In final, a theoretical simulation based on the Reynolds lubricating regime was conducted to clarify the underlying mechanism of the experimental results, and the numerical results show that the hydrodynamic effect of the linear-printed components is more obvious due to the interaction between the linear printing clearances and the rotation of the counterpart.
Comments and illustrations of the WFUMB CEUS liver guidelines: rare congenital vascular pathology
Authors: Möller Kathleen , Tscheu Theresa , De Molo Chiara , Serra Carla , Cui Xin Wu , Dong Yi , Hocke Michael , Lim Adrian , Zadeh Ehsan Safai , Görg Christian , Srivastava David , Henning Stephan , Jenssen Christian , Berzigotti Annalisa , Jung Michael , Dietrich Christoph F
Published: October 2022

In this overview of vascular changes of the liver, variations in the liver vessels are discussed, in addition to congenital malformations such as Abernethy malformation, patent ductus venosus Arantii and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (OslerWeber-Rendu disease). Particular attention is paid to focal liver lesions, especially focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), but also other solid tumours that develop as a result of altered liver vascularisation. The article focuses on the ultrasonic appearances and changes of the liver, depicted in B-mode sonography, Doppler studies and in contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS). The clinical manifestations of these conditions associated with other organ systems are also highlighted.
Prediction model of crowd noise in large waiting halls
Authors: Liu Hongshan , Ma Hui , Wang Chao , Kang Jian
Published: October 2022

Crowd noise is usually the primary noise in large waiting halls, and it is difficult to predict because it is influenced by several factors such as room acoustics and crowd characteristics. This study developed a crowd noise prediction model based on the superposition of direct and reverberant sound energy using the factors of the spatial layout of waiting halls, number and distribution of crowds, behavior ratio (ratio of vocal passengers to the total number of passengers), and average crowd sound power. To verify the model, on-site measurements were conducted in two large waiting halls to obtain the necessary input parameters. The crowd noise levels in one of the waiting halls were obtained from 1-s noise level data after excluding broadcast periods. A method for determining an individual's average sound power based on the model was also presented and found to be approximately 70.6 dB. Finally, the model was verified using measured data, and it showed that the model could accurately predict the average crowd noise level and changing trend of crowd noise in temporal and spatial dimensions with an average R-square of approximately 0.55 and average difference of approximately 1.1 dBA between the predicted and measured results.
Intelligibility and detectability of speech measured diotically and dichotically in groups of listeners with, at most, “slight” hearing loss
Authors: Bernstein Leslie R. , Trahiotis Constantine
Published: October 2022

The purpose of this investigation was to determine if a group of listeners having thresholds at 4 kHz exceeding 7.5 dB HL, and no more than “slight” hearing loss, would exhibit degradations in performance when “target” stimuli were masked tokens of speech. Intelligibility thresholds and detection thresholds were measured separately for speech masked by flat-spectrum noise or speech-shaped noise. Both NoSo and NoSπ configurations were employed. Consistent with findings of earlier investigations, when maskers and speech tokens were broadband, NoSo and NoSπ detection thresholds were substantially lower than intelligibility thresholds. More importantly, for the small cohorts tested, mean thresholds obtained from the ≤7.5 dB and >7.5 dB groups were equivalent. When maskers and speech targets were high-pass filtered at 500 Hz and above, the mean intelligibility thresholds obtained from the >7.5 dB group were about 4 dB higher than those obtained from the ≤7.5 dB group, independent of masker type and interaural configuration of the stimuli. In real-world listening situations, such deficits may manifest themselves as substantially reduced speech intelligibility and, perhaps, increased “listening effort” for listeners whose thresholds at 4 kHz exceed 7.5 dB HL and who have no more than “slight” hearing loss.
Characterization of Clofazimine Metabolism in Human Liver Microsomal Incubation
In Vitro
Authors: Howlader Saurav , Kim Min-Jung , Jony M. Rasheduzzaman , Long Nguyen Phuoc , Cho Yong-Soon , Kim Dong-Hyun , Shin Jae-Gook
Published: October 2022

Clofazimine [N,5-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-3-[(propane-2-yl)rimino]-3,5-dihydrophenazin-2-amine] is an antimycobacterial agent used as a second-line antituberculosis (anti-TB) drug. Nonetheless, little information is known about the metabolic routes of clofazimine, and the enzymes involved in metabolism.
IL-15 Superagonist N-803 Enhances IFN-γ Production of MAIT Cells in SIV
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Macaques
Authors: Ellis-Connell Amy L. , Balgeman Alexis J. , Kannal Nadean M. , Hansen Chaimson Karigynn , Batchenkova Anna , Safrit Jeffrey T. , O’Connor Shelby L.
Published: October 2022

Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate T cells that recognize bacterial metabolites and secrete cytokines and cytolytic enzymes to destroy infected target cells. This makes MAIT cells promising targets for immunotherapy to combat bacterial infections.