bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnitude of Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Bacteria Isolated from Urinary Catheterized Inpatients of Jimma University Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia
Authors: Awoke Netsanet , Kassa Tesfaye , Teshager Lule
Published: February 2019

Biofilm formation is one of the features of most bacteria. Catheterization in medicine is a source of highly resistant bacterial infections, and those bacteria respond poorly to antimicrobial therapy. Bacterial biofilm features were not described from catheterized inpatients in Ethiopia as its formation is known to afford antimicrobial resistance and challenge patient management. The aim of this study was to isolate catheter-associated urinary bacterial pathogens, their biofilm formation, and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among inpatients of Jimma University Medical Center (JUMC) in Southwest Ethiopia. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among urinary catheterized inpatients of JUMC from February to August 2016. A total of 143 study participants were enrolled consecutively in this study. Urine samples were collected from catheterized patients and processed using a standard bacteriological protocol for isolation and identification. Evaluation ofin vitrobiofilm formation and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of uropathogenic bacteria was done using microtiter plates and disk diffusion method, respectively. Data were cleaned, coded, and entered into SPSS version 20 for analysis. All statistical test values ofp<0.05were considered statistically significant. From all study participants, mean age was 44 years. Sixty bacterial strains were recovered from 57 urinary catheterized inpatients among which 54 of them were monomicrobial (94.7%). The remaining six bacterial strains were recovered from three study participants each with two bacterial isolates. The predominant bacterial isolates were Gram-negative bacteria withE. coliturning out first. About 80% of bacterial isolates were biofilm formers. The majority of the bacteria were resistant to commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents. In conclusion, the majority of bacterial uropathogen isolates were Gram-negative, biofilm formers, and resistant to commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents. Relatively ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, and amikacin were highly effective against most isolated bacteria.
Robust Performance and Observer Based Control for Periodic Discrete‐Time Uncertain Systems
Authors: Keles Natália A. , Lacerda Márcio J. , Agulhari Cristiano M.
Published: February 2019

This paper presents an approach for the synthesis of observer‐based controllers for discrete‐time periodic linear systems. The performance criterion has been employed to design both the observer and the controller. For the periodic observer design, two conditions in the form of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs) are proposed, which stem from the Lyapunov Theory applied over the dynamics of the estimation error. The LMI condition obtained for the periodic state‐feedback controller results from the application of the duality principle over the periodic system, under the assumption that only the estimated states are available to be used in the state‐feedback compensation. Numerical experiments illustrate the potential of the proposed observer‐based control technique.
Our Experience with Iatrogenic Ureteric Injuries among Women Presenting to University College Hospital, Ibadan: A Call to Action on Trigger Factors
Authors: Lawal Olatunji , Bello Oluwasomidoyin , Morhason-Bello Imran , Abdus-salam Rukiyat , Ojengbede Oladosu
Published: February 2019

Background. Ureteric injuries leading to ureterovaginal fistula (UVF) is less common than vesicovaginal fistula, as a cause of urinary incontinence. Recently, there is a surge in the number of UVF cases presenting to University College Hospital (UCH) following a caesarean delivery. The urogynaecology unit at UCH is at the forefront of providing surgical repair for women with all forms of genitourinary fistulas. We describe our experience with managing UVF arising from ureteric injury. Methods. A retrospective data collection of UVF cases managed from January 2012–December 2017 at UCH is presented. Information on sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics, presenting complaints, antecedent surgery, treatment received, findings at surgery, and postoperative complications were obtained with a structured proforma. Results. Eighteen cases of UVFs due to iatrogenic ureteric injury were managed. Majority (N=11; 61.1%) of the women suffered the injury following the emergency caesarean section (EMCS). Abdominal hysterectomy operation accounted for four (22.2%) cases, and one case each (5.6%) was due to vaginal hysterectomy and destructive operations. Prolonged obstructed labour (POL) (81.8%) was the most common indication for the EMCS, while 18.2% had surgery on account of lower uterine segment fibroid. Most of the ureteric injuries were on the left side. Postoperative complications documented were haemorrhage, urinary tract infection, wound infection, and injury to the neighbouring structure. Conclusion. Caesarean section being one of the most performed surgical operations in Nigeria was surprisingly found to be the most common cause of ureteric injury ahead of hysterectomy. It is a pointer that the surgeons might not have properly learnt the art of the caesarean delivery well. We recommend adequate surgical training of medical officers/surgeons that are involved.
Biochemical and Clinical Features of Insulinoma in a Patient with Turner Syndrome
Authors: Schneider Darius A. , Zare M. , Behnia F. , Matesan M. , Tylee T.
Published: February 2019

Turner syndrome (TS), i.e., mosaic or nonmosaic states with only one normal X chromosome in females, is characterized by a wide spectrum of somatic, hormonal, and metabolic features. Here we report an unusual case of recurrent hypoglycemia in a 53-year-old woman with TS. Biochemical work-up following a 72h fast revealed detectable, inappropriate for low glucose insulin levels and elevated proinsulin and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) levels. MR and multiphase CT showed a solid 2.5 cm pancreatic tail mass with absent uptake in the 111In-pentetreotide (Octreoscan) scan. Subsequent hepatic vein blood sampling after intra-arterial calcium stimulation showed sharp increase in insulin and modest increase in proinsulin levels. The patient underwent excision of the mass with resolution of symptoms. Histopathologic examination confirmed the neuroendocrine etiology of the tumor. This is, to our knowledge, the third report of TS and concomitant insulinoma. Impaired counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia in patients with TS may result in symptomatic hypoglycemia with only mild insulin elevation and elevated proinsulin in setting of hypoglycemia may be the only indication of insulinoma in these patients. BOHB levels should not be used for ruling out EHH in patients with TS.
The Calculation of Roughness Uncertainty by Fitting B‐Spline Filter Assessment Middle Lines
Authors: He Gaiyun , Liu Chenhui , Sang Yicun , Sun Xiaochen
Published: February 2019

The roughness and uncertainty are important parameters of surface morphology. The least square middle line method is often used to estimate the roughness and its uncertainty. However, the roughness and its uncertainty obtained by the least square middle line method are inaccurate. This paper proposes a method to calculate exactly the roughness and its uncertainty by piecewise fitting the smooth B‐spline filter assessment middle lines. A B‐spline smoothing filter is selected to determine the assessment middle line of roughness. The B‐spline filter can not only give the accurate roughness, but also obtain the smooth assessment middle line. The model of roughness uncertainty is proposed by piecewise fitting B‐spline filter middle lines as the quadratic curves. The S‐shaped test part is used to verify the model of roughness uncertainty.
Neonatal Immunity toBordetella pertussisInfection and Current Prevention Strategies
Authors: Argondizo-Correia Carolina , Rodrigues Ana Kelly Sousa , de Brito Cyro Alves
Published: February 2019

Bordetella pertussisis the bacterial agent of whooping cough, an infectious disease that is reemerging despite high vaccine coverage. Newborn children are the most affected, not only because they are too young to be vaccinated but also due to qualitative and quantitative differences in their immune system, which makes them more susceptible to infection and severe manifestations, leading to a higher mortality rate comparing to other groups. Until recently, prevention consisted of vaccinating children in the first year of life and the herd vaccination of people directly in touch with them, but the increase in cases demands more effective strategies that can overcome the developing immune response in early life and induce protection while children are most vulnerable.
A Signal Recovery Method Based on Bayesian Compressive Sensing
Authors: Zhanjun Hao , Beibei Li , Xiaochao Dang
Published: February 2019

In a precise positioning system, weak signal errors caused by the influence of a human body on signal transmission in complex environments are a main cause of the reduced reliability of communication and positioning accuracy. Therefore, eliminating the influence of interference from human crawling waves on signal transmissions in complex environments is an important task in improving positioning systems. To conclude, an experimental environment is designed in this paper and a method using the Ultra‐Wideband (UWB) Local Positioning System II (UWB LPS), called Bayesian Compressed Sensing‐Crawling Waves (BCS‐CW), is proposed to eliminate the impact of crawling waves using Bayesian compressive sensing. First, analyse the transmission law for crawling waves on the human body. Second, Bayesian compressive sensing is used to recover the UWB crawling wave signal. Then, the algorithm is combined with the maximum likelihood estimation and iterative approximation algorithms to determine the label position. Finally, through experimental verification, the positioning accuracy of this method is shown to be greatly improved compared to that of other algorithms.
Jiles‐Atherton Based Hysteresis Identification of Shape Memory Alloy‐Actuating Compliant Mechanism via Modified Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm
Authors: Chen Le , Feng Ying , Li Rui , Chen Xinkai , Jiang Hui
Published: February 2019

Shape memory alloy‐ (SMA‐) based actuators are widely applied in the compliant actuating systems. However, the measured data of the SMA‐based compliant actuating system reveal the input‐output hysteresis behavior, and the actuating precision of the compliant actuating system could be degraded by such hysteresis nonlinearities. To characterize such nonlinearities in the SMA‐based compliant actuator precisely, a Jiles‐Atherton model is adopted in this paper, and a modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) algorithm is proposed to identify the parameters in the Jiles‐Atherton model, which is a combination of several differential nonlinear equations. Compared with the basic PSO identification algorithm, the designed MPSO algorithm can reduce the local optimum problem so that the Jiles‐Atherton model with the identified parameters can show good agreements with the measured experimental data. The good capture ability of the proposed identification algorithm is also examined through the comparisons with Jiles‐Atherton model using the basic PSO identification algorithm.
Evaluation of the Molecular State of Piperine in Cyclodextrin Complexes by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Solid-State Fluorescence Measurements
Authors: Ezawa Toshinari , Inoue Yutaka , Murata Isamu , Takao Koichi , Sugita Yoshiaki , Kanamoto Ikuo
Published: February 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical properties of piperine (PP) in ground mixtures (GMs) of PP with α-, β-, or γ-cyclodextrin (CD) under conditions of humidity, heat, and humidity-heat. In solid-state fluorescence measurements, the fluorescence maxima for GM (PP/αCD = 1/2), GM (PP/βCD = 1/1), and GM (PP/γCD = 1/1) were observed at 463, 472, and 469 nm, respectively. On the other hand, the humidified GMs exhibited maxima at 454, 460, and 465 nm, while the humidified-heated samples displayed fluorescence maxima at 455, 455, and 469 nm, respectively. Therefore, the molecular behavior of PP with α, β, and γCD was concluded to vary upon the coordination of water molecules. NIR and solid-state fluorescence measurements revealed that the molecular behavior of PP inside the α, β, and γCD cavity changed by water and heat factors depends on the mobility of the methylenedioxyphenyl group.
Tinidazole Delivery Improved by Nanosized Minicells Originated fromLeuconostoc mesenteroides
Authors: Vu Kinh Luan , Nguyen Anh Dung , Romero Jovel Santa , Nguyen Hoang Khue Tu
Published: February 2019

A nanoparticle originating from natural products used as a drug delivery is considered as one of the indispensable issues in the pharmaceutical field. Increasing the bioavailability of a drug and prolonging the effect of the drug are important. Tinidazole is an antifungal agent that has absorption interfered by food. This study reported the ability ofLeuconostoc mesenteroidesVTCC B-871 in producing nanosized minicells used as drug delivery for tinidazole to improve the passage to the eaten mouse intestinal membrane. By using a scanning electron microscope and a transmission electron microscope, the morphology of the minicell loading drug was observed. The spherical shape and size (400 nm) of minicells did not change over time when kept in buffered saline gelatin and packaged with tinidazole. Based on Box-Behnken design, the optimal conditions were selected for actual encapsulation. Minicells could encapsulate tinidazole approximately to 90% which was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The maximal concentration of tinidazole released from minicells was 70% at pH 3.4 and 55% at pH 7.2, respectively. The absorption ability of tinidazole packaging minicells was quantified in mice. Tinidazole loading minicells could be absorbed faster than tinidazole alone in fed mice via oral administration. The study assessed that the absorption of water-insoluble tinidazole could be improved byLeuconostocminicells without inhibition by food effects.
New Exponential and Complex Traveling Wave Solutions to the Konopelchenko-Dubrovsky Model
Authors: Dusunceli Faruk
Published: February 2019

The Konopelchenko-Dubrovsky (KD) system is presented by the application of the improved Bernoulli subequation function method (IBSEFM). First, The KD system being Nonlinear partial differential equations system is transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equation by using a wave transformation. Last, the resulting equation is successfully explored for new explicit exact solutions including singular soliton, kink, and periodic wave solutions. All the obtained solutions in this study satisfy the Konopelchenko-Dubrovsky model. Under suitable choice of the parameter values, interesting two- and three-dimensional graphs of all the obtained solutions are plotted.
Seizures and Blurred Vision as Initial Presentation of Intracerebral Schwannoma: A Rare Tumor of the Brain
Authors: Alayyaf Mohammad , Taher Nasir Nour
Published: February 2019

Schwannomas are the most common tumor of peripheral nerves which are arising from Schwann cells and are benign in their nature. Intracranial schwannoma accounts for between 5 and 8% of intracranial tumors, whereas intracerebral schwannoma, a rare disease, accounts for <1% of intracranial schwannomas. Intracerebral schwannoma has no specific clinical manifestation, and it is not classified by age. Here, we are reporting a case of an 18-year-old male who presented with attacks of seizures. MR imaging studies were done and showed right parieto-occipital cortical and subcortical mass lesion with intense enhancement and significant vasogenic oedema with mass effect on the subjacent sulci. The tumor was surgically removed through a right occipital craniotomy. Histological findings confirmed the diagnosis of schwannoma.
Recyclable Xanthan/TiO2 Composite Cryogels towards the Photodegradation of Cr(VI) Ions and Methylene Blue Dye
Authors: Toledo Paulo V. O. , Marques Leandro R. , Petri Denise F. S.
Published: February 2019

Composite cryogels were prepared from xanthan gum (XG) precursor gels at 20 g L-1 containing TiO2 load at 5, 10, and 20 wt% and citric acid, as crosslinker. The effect of the pH over precursor gel on the properties of the resulting cryogels was evaluated. The characterization of the XG/TiO2 cryogels comprised compression tests, swelling degree (SD) determination, Fourier transform infrared vibrational spectroscopy in the attenuated total reflectance mode (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray microtomography (CT) analyses. The largest compressive modulus (E) was observed for XG/TiO2 10% cryogels prepared at pH 4.0, which amounted to 100±7 kPa, whereas the E value determined for bare XG cryogels was 29±3 kPa. XG/TiO2 10% cryogels presented larger pores and thicker walls than bare XG cryogels, as evidenced by SEM and CT analyses. FTIR-ATR spectra evidenced the ester bonds stemming from the esterification among carboxylic acid groups and/or XG hydroxyl groups. XG/TiO2 10% cryogels presented SD of (61±2) gwater/gcryogel, long-term stability in water, and outstanding photocatalytic properties in the presence of Cr(VI) ions and methylene blue (MB). The photocatalytic processes for the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and for the photobleaching of MB fitted the first-order kinetic model, yielding rate constants of 0.019 varying min-1 and 0.0096 min-1, respectively. For both processes, the XG/TiO2 10% cryogels could be recycled five times without losing shape or efficiency.
Usnea Acid as Multidrug Resistance (MDR) Reversing Agent against Human Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia K562/ADR Cells via an ROS Dependent Apoptosis
Authors: Wang Wenjing , Niu Shubin , Qiao Luxin , Wei Feili , Yin Jiming , Wang Shanshan , Ouyang Yabo , Chen Dexi
Published: February 2019

Purpose. Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major obstacle in chemotherapy of leukemia treatments. In this paper, we investigated Usnea Acid (UA) as MDR reversal agent on hematologic K562/ADR cells via ROS dependent apoptosis. Methods. CCK8 assay was used to measure cell viability rate of K562/ADR. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, cell cycle distribution, cell apoptosis were measured with flow cytometry, respectively. Proteins related to apoptosis were measured by Western blot. Intracellular Adriamycin accumulation was observed by confocal microscopy and measured by flow cytometry. Results. In vitro study showed intracellular Adriamycin accumulation was remarkably increased by UA. Cell viability treated with Adr (4 μM) was decreased from 89.8%  ± 4.7 to 32%  ± 8.9 by combined with UA (4 μM). Adr-induced apoptosis and G1/G0 phase cell cycle arrest were remarkably increased by UA, as well as, intracellular ROS level. However, MDR reversing activity of UA was inhibited by N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger. Conclusion. These data provide compelling evidence that UA is a promising agent against MDR in leukemia cell line and suggest a promising therapeutic approach for leukemia.
Eccentric Connectivity Index of t-Polyacenic Nanotubes
Authors: Liu Jia-Bao , Shaker Hani , Nadeem Imran , Farahani Mohammad Reza
Published: February 2019

The eccentric connectivity index ECI is a chemical structure descriptor that is currently being used for the modeling of biological activities of a chemical compound. This index has been proved to provide a high degree of predictability as compared to some other well-known indices in case of anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic activities. The ECI of an infinite class of 1-polyacenic (phenylenic) nanotubes has been recently studied. In this article, we extend this study to generalized polyacenic nanotubes and find ECI of t-polyacenic nanotubes for t>1.
Intrarectal Foreign Body Detected at CT Scanner Investigating an Abdominal Syndrome
Authors: Popa Florina , Grigoroiu Madalina , Georgescu Monica Elia
Published: February 2019

The field of general surgery offers many different pathologies, cases, and situations for which the general surgeons should be competent in diagnosis as well as treatment and management, including operative intervention. Most situations are complicated by delayed admission to the hospital due to the embarrassment of patient and inability to obtain satisfactory anamnesis. This article reviews the use of computed tomography as a problem-solving tool in the identification, localization, and presurgical planning for extracting the rectal foreign object.
Milking of the Umbilical Cord in Term and Late Preterm Infants
Authors: Basile Stefano , Pinelli Sara , Micelli Elisabetta , Caretto Marta , Benedetti Panici Pierluigi
Published: February 2019

Introduction. Umbilical cord milking is a procedure in which clamped or unclamped umbilical cord is grasped, and blood is pushed (“stripped”) two to four times towards the newborn, in a rapid time frame, usually within 20 seconds. The target of umbilical cord milking is to provide infants with their whole potential blood volume—of which they are deprived when early cord clamping is carried out—completing placental transfusion in a shorter time than delayed cord clamping. The aim of this narrative review is to analyse the literature regarding umbilical cord milking in term and late-preterm infants and to assess all possible benefits and limits of this procedure in clinical practice, especially in comparison to immediate and delayed cord clamping.Methods. We analysed literature data concerning maternal, as well as neonatal, outcomes for term and late-preterm (gestational age ≥ 34 weeks) newborns who received umbilical cord milking.Results. Most studies show comparable benefits for both umbilical cord milking and delayed cord clamping, especially in terms of haematological parameters when compared to immediate cord clamping. Umbilical cord milking may be a feasible procedure also for newborns requiring resuscitation.Conclusions. Literature data concerning positive effects of umbilical cord milking are encouraging and suggest that umbilical cord milking may be a quick and effective method to provide placental transfusions to depressed infants. However, the lack of standardised procedures and the variation in evaluated outcomes as well as the limited number of patients enrolled in trials, along with the retrospective nature of some of them, prevent recommending umbilical cord milking as a routine procedure.
Calcium Titanate from Food Waste: Combustion Synthesis, Sintering, Characterization, and Properties
Authors: Cherdchom Siriluk , Rattanaphan Thitiwat , Chanadee Tawat
Published: February 2019

Calcium titanate (CaTiO3) was combustion synthesized from a calcium source of waste duck eggshell, anatase titanium dioxide (A-TiO2), and magnesium (Mg). The eggshell and A-TiO2 were milled for 30 min in either a high-energy planetary mill or a conventional ball mill. These powders were then separately mixed with Mg in a ball mill. After synthesis, the combustion products were leached and then sintered to produce CaTiO3 ceramic. Analytical characterization of the as-leached combustion products revealed that the product of the combustion synthesis of duck eggshell + A-TiO2 that had been high-energy-milled for 30 min before synthesis comprised a single perovskite phase of CaTiO3. The high-energy milling of the reactant powder had generated a large reactive surface area and induced structural defects, both of which drove the completion of the combustion reaction and the phase conversion of the reactants into the product. A calcium titanate ceramic, fabricated by sintering as-leached powdered combustion product at 1350°C for 180 min, achieved a maximum density of 3.65 g/cm3 and a minimum porosity of 0.54%. The same fabricated calcium titanate ceramic product also exhibited the highest dielectric constant (∼78) and the lowest dielectric loss (∼0.02), which resulted from the simplified charge polarization process.
Blow-Up Rate Estimates for a System of Reaction-Diffusion Equations with Gradient Terms
Authors: Rasheed Maan A. , Al-Dujaly Hassan Abd Salman , Aldhlki Talat Jassim
Published: February 2019

This paper is concerned with the blow-up properties of Cauchy and Dirichlet problems of a coupled system of Reaction-Diffusion equations with gradient terms. The main goal is to study the influence of the gradient terms on the blow-up profile. Namely, under some conditions on this system, we consider the upper blow-up rate estimates for its blow-up solutions and for the gradients.
Optimization of an In Vitro Transcription/Translation System Based on Sulfolobus solfataricus Cell Lysate
Authors: Lo Gullo Giada , Mattossovich Rosanna , Perugino Giuseppe , La Teana Anna , Londei Paola , Benelli Dario
Published: February 2019

A system is described which permits the efficient synthesis of proteins in vitro at high temperature. It is based on the use of an unfractionated cell lysate (S30) from Sulfolobus solfataricus previously well characterized in our laboratory for translation of pretranscribed mRNAs, and now adapted to perform coupled transcription and translation. The essential element in this expression system is a strong promoter derived from the S. solfataricus 16S/23S rRNA-encoding gene, from which specific mRNAs may be transcribed with high efficiency. The synthesis of two different proteins is reported, including the S. solfataricus DNA-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyl-transferase protein (SsOGT), which is shown to be successfully labeled with appropriate fluorescent substrates and visualized in cell extracts. The simplicity of the experimental procedure and specific activity of the proteins offer a number of possibilities for the study of structure-function relationships of proteins.
Eye Tracking, Spatial Biases and Normative Spectatorship in Museums
Authors: Tymkiw Michael , Foulsham Tom
Published: February 2019

This study examines the viewing behavior of museum spectators during three eye-tracking experiments, the participants in which included wheelchair and non–chair users. The study pays particular attention to the spatial biases of spectators, such as the tendency to scan artworks from left to right or top to bottom. These spatial biases, the authors suggest, enhance our understanding of “normative spectatorship,” both by demonstrating how normative ideas about spectators' bodies shape exhibition display practices and by revealing how display practices contribute to fostering normative viewing behavior.
Three new species of the fern genus Arachniodes (Dryopteridaceae) from Vietnam
Authors: LU NGAN THI , ZHANG LIANG , ZHOU XIN-MAO , GAO XIN-FEN , ZHANG LI-BING
Published: February 2019

Three new species of the fern genus Arachniodes (Dryopteridaceae) are described from Vietnam: A. daklakensis, A. longicaudata, and A. quangnamensis. The first two occur in Central Highlands and Central Vietnam, respectively, while the last is found in the north (Bavi, Langson and Tamdao) as well as in the central Vietnam (Nghean, Quangbinh, Quangtri).
On the nomenclature of Chenopodium pallidum and Atriplex schugnanica (Chenopodiaceae / Amaranthaceae sensu APG) and the perils of epitypification
Authors: MOSYAKIN SERGEI L. , MCNEILL JOHN
Published: February 2019

In 2014 Sukhorukov & Kushunina taxonomically restored the forgotten name Chenopodium pallidum applicable to a Himalayan taxon and designated its lectotype (a specimen in P) and also an epitype (in MW). However, in 2015 they published a correction to their article and demonstrated that the lectotype of C. pallidum in fact belongs to Atriplex and is most probably conspecific with A. schugnanica. The new combination Atriplex pallida was proposed, with A. schugnanica cited in its synonymy. The species of Chenopodium accepted by Sukhorukov & Kushunina in 2014 as C. pallidum was described in 2015 as C. harae Sukhor. (as “harai”), with its holotype in MW being the same specimen as the epitype of C. pallidum. However, when introducing these nomenclatural novelties, the authors did not apply properly the provisions of the ICN, according to which the rejection of an epitype (as long as its supported type retains its status) is extremely complicated, or almost impossible without conservation. Moreover, the application of a name is ultimately established by its epitype, not by the type the epitype supports (in this case, the lectotype). Following the relevant articles of the ICN, it is concluded that (1) Chenopodium pallidum, by its epitypification (but not lectotypification), is the correct name for a Himalayan species of Chenopodium (despite the fact that its lectotype in P belongs to Atriplex), (2) C. harae and Atriplex pallida are homotypic synonyms of C. pallidum; and (3) Atriplex schugnanica (if taxonomically accepted) is the correct name for a species of Atriplex from the Pamir, Karakoram, and Himalayas. It is concluded that plant taxonomists, in order to avoid nomenclatural confusion, should be extremely careful with epitypifications and should not propose epitypes without the utmost necessity. A proposal to amend the Code aimed at better regulation of the existing procedure of epitypification is desirable.
Closed loop control of voltage source converters during faults in high voltage DC transmission system
Authors: Ramesh P , Kirubakaran D , Suresh A , Rashmi MR
Published: February 2019

High voltage DC transmission is very cost effective alternate solution for high voltage AC transmission. High voltage DC transmission towers occupy less space and poles carry more current compared to high voltage AC system. High voltage DC transmission lines are emerging as an alternate solution for flexible AC transmissions (FACTS) technology. Earlier either thyristor valves or mercury valves were used in converters. Voltage source converter has replaced conventional converter in high voltage DC system because of their flexible control, black start capability, and they can work with weak AC system. Switching at higher frequency is also an added advantage. In voltage source converter-based high voltage DC transmission, both real and reactive power transmitted can be controlled whereas in conventional line commutated converter-based high voltage DC transmission system, only the real power transmitted was controlled. There may be chances of grid faults in sending end and receiving end stations. The typical faults are single line fault, double line to ground fault and three phase fault. The faults in one high voltage DC station should not affect the other end station. Necessary control should be initiated to take care of AC faults on both the sides that are before rectification in the sending end station and after inversion in the receiving end station. To handle such faults, the voltage source converters should be controlled to regulate the power transmitted through the line in such a way that the fault in one grid will not affect the parameters of the other grid. This paper presents closed loop control of both voltage source converters to take care of line to ground fault. The controller uses PQ theory. The behavior of high voltage DC system during fault without and with controller is presented in this paper. This simulation study is used to educate electrical transmission and faults detection to the trainees, they can easily understand.
Electrospinning of nonwoven aerogel-polyethene terephthalate composite fiber mats by pneumatic transport
Authors: Christiansen Lasse , Jensen Lars R , Fojan Peter
Published: February 2019

The use of fiber materials includes construction-, automotive-, textile industry, to filters for water and air cleaning as well as hydroponic growth media. Different applications demand different fiber types and properties. This study presents a new production method for a composite fiber material composed of a dry aerogel particle and a polymer. The production method combines the electrospinning process with pneumatic transport of aerogel particles and creates aerogel–polymer composite fibers. The fibers are characterised through scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and tensile testing. They are compared to reference fibers made of pure polymer. The experiments yielded an aerogel–polymer composite fiber material, which contained aerogel particles. This fiber material did not contain excess solvent, and supported the aerogel particles. The strain to failure and the maximum force per weight were found to be lower for the aerogel–polymer composite fibers compared to reference fibers without aerogel.
Perceived Social Support, Problematic Drug Use Behaviors, and Depression Among Prescription Drugs-Misusing Young Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: Kecojevic Aleksandar , Basch Corey H. , Kernan William D. , Montalvo Yesenia , Lankenau Stephen E.
Published: February 2019

This study examined the relationship of perceived social support with problematic drug use behaviors and depression among young men who have sex with men (YMSM). A diverse sample of 191 substance-using YMSM (aged 18-29 years) reported on perceived social support, high-risk drug use behaviors (i.e., polydrug use and use of drugs before sex in the past 6 months, and lifetime injection drug use), and depression. Associations were examined using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression. Participants receiving higher levels of family social support were at lower odds of reporting polydrug use, drug use before sex, and depressive symptomology. Individuals with higher levels of friends’ social support were at lower odds of reporting polydrug use, drug use before sex, and depression. Participants receiving higher levels of support from a special other were at lower odds of reporting depression. Intervention efforts should address YMSM’s capacity to build supportive relationships and obtain adequate social support.
Flying Under the Radar: Low-Profile Drug Dealers in a Mexico City Neighborhood
Authors: Chomczyński Piotr A. , Guy Roger
Published: February 2019

This study examines a relatively obscure group who occupy a unique position in the overall structure of drug distribution: low-level independent dealers. Using ethnographic methods, fieldwork, and interviews in several Mexico City neighborhoods, we discuss the activities, strategies, and characteristics of what we designate as low-profile drug dealers. Working as freelancers, they exploit their community connections to operate relatively autonomously. They are socialized to function on a subterranean level of narcotrafficking avoiding the attention of drug trafficking organizations and law enforcement. They manage licit (front businesses) and illicit (back businesses), and tend to be in their late twenties with past experience in riskier criminal pursuits. Because their proceeds from the sale of drugs supplement household income, their activities expand and contract according to financial need.
Comparison of polyglycolic acid acupoint catgut embedding therapy monofilaments for a juvenile pseudo-myopia surface modified by two processing methods
Authors: Fu Shaoju , Lu Yao , Zhang Peihua
Published: February 2019

Polyglycolic acid (PGA) acupoint catgut embedding therapy (ACET) monofilament has been heavily used for juvenile pseudopia in the recent years. However, poor hydrophilicity and cytocompatibility have limited its development and wide practical application. In this context, this work is aimed to develop ACET materials with good comprehensive properties by surface modifications.

 Two different methods, namely ultrasound and plasma technologies, were selected to modify the surface property of PGA monofilaments to improve their wetting and compatibility with tissues, while minimizing degradation of the fibers. Moreover, the effects of these two processing methods on the structure, mechanical and in vitro properties of PGA were fully characterized.

 Both the ultrasound and plasma modified samples were observed to have a larger surface roughness, and their weights and diameters were decreased. Samples P-PGA1 (76.2° ± 1.4°) and P-PGA2 (73.5° ± 1.9°) exhibited the smallest contact angle values among their groups, respectively. The tensile properties and bending stiffness values of modified PGA decreased slightly, while their swelling ratios were greatly improved. All the prepared samples presented no toxicity (more than 75% cells being viable), and their cell attachment ratios (cultured for 48 h) were also enhanced.

 In summary, plasma and ultrasound modified PGA showed better hydrophilicity and in vitro properties compared to that of unmodified samples, while retaining the other excellent characteristics. These findings illustrated that the two processing methods were feasible and warrant further study in the application of ACET materials.
The Presidentialization of Japan's LDP Politics: Analyzing Its Causes, Limits, and Perils
Authors: Mishima Ko
Published: February 2019

This article examines the elevated status of the prime minister in the Japanese Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) government through the lens of Poguntke and Webb's presidentialization thesis. There are two distinctive characteristics in the Japanese case. First, its presidentialization does not occur as the evolution of the Westminster model and instead follows a unique path. Second, the reinforced position of the Japanese premiership is in essence the product of institutional reforms that the Japanese political class has enacted in the last two decades for the renewal of national strategies, which in turn means that the Japanese presidentialization is taking place by design at its core. Furthermore, the latter fact implies its potential risks—most importantly, the progress of presidentialization under the LDP's continued dominance can undermine check‐and‐balance functions in Japanese democracy to a hazardous degree.
Language assessment literacy in university admission policies, or the dialogue that isn’t
Authors: Deygers Bart , Malone Margaret E.
Published: February 2019

Research in the field of Language Assessment Literacy (LAL) shows that university admission officers and policy makers are not generally well-versed in matters of LAL. Only very few studies to date have traced why this may be the case, however, and in the field of language testing few studies to date have reported on how university admission language requirements are set. Nevertheless, because of the impact of test use on university admissions, developing such knowledge is essential to the progress of LAL as a discipline. This paper reports on a qualitative study that includes all university admission policy makers in one context (Flanders, Belgium). The analyses of the interviews show that the concerns and ideas of LAL scholars and those of university admission policy makers may differ substantially. Real-world policy is determined by pragmatism and compromise and policy makers, even at universities, may fail to consider empirical findings. Because this study shows that the view of policy makers can be quite dissimilar from the traditional approach taken in the LAL literature, the authors argue that it may be as beneficial to encourage policy literacy among language testing professionals, as to expect LAL from policy makers.
High Plantar Force Loading After Achilles Tendon Rupture Repair With Early Functional Mobilization
Authors: Aufwerber Susanna , Heijne Annette , Grävare Silbernagel Karin , Ackermann Paul W.
Published: February 2019

Background:

Mechanical loading is essential for tendon healing and may explain variability in patient outcomes after Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) repair. However, there is no consensus regarding the optimal postoperative regimen, and the actual amount of loading during orthosis immobilization is unknown.

Purpose:

The primary aim of this study was to assess the number of steps and the amount of loading in a weightbearing orthosis during the first 6 weeks after surgical ATR repair. A secondary purpose was to investigate if the amount of loading was correlated to fear of movement and/or experience of pain.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Thirty-four patients (mean ± SD age, 38.8 ± 8.7 years) with ATR repair were included. Early functional mobilization was allowed postoperatively in an orthosis with adjustable ankle range of motion. During the first postoperative 2 weeks, patient-reported loading and pain were assessed with a visual analog scale and step counts with a pedometer. At the 2- and 6-week follow-up, a mobile force sensor was used for measuring plantar force loading, and the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia was used to examine fear of movement.

Results:

Between the first and second weeks, there was a significant increase in the mean number of daily steps taken (from 2025 to 2753, P < .001) as well as an increase in self-reported loading (from 20% to 53%, P < .001). Patient self-reported loading was significantly associated with the plantar force measurement (rho = 0.719, P < .001). At 6 weeks, loading was 88.2% on the injured limb versus the uninjured limb. Fear of movement was not correlated with pedometer data, subjective loading, pain, or force data. Patients with less pain during activity, however, reported significantly higher subjective load and took more steps ( P < .05).

Conclusion:

This is the first study to demonstrate the actual loading patterns during postoperative functional mobilization among patients with surgically repaired ATR. The quick improvements in loading magnitude and frequency observed may reflect improved tendon loading essential for healing. Pain, rather than fear of movement, was associated with the high variability in loading parameters. The data of this study may be used to improve ATR rehabilitation protocols for future studies.

Registration:

NCT02318472 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
Caregiving, Recovery, and Death After Incident ADL/IADL Disability Among Older Adults in the United States
Authors: Ankuda Claire K. , Levine Deborah A. , Langa Kenneth M. , Ornstein Katherine A. , Kelley Amy S.
Published: February 2019

This study assesses patterns of caregiving, death, and recovery after incident disability in older adults. We used the Health and Retirement Study to follow of a cohort of adults age ≥65 years in the United States with incident disability in activities of daily living (ADLs) or instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs; n = 8,713). Rates of care and function state were assessed biennially: deceased, nursing home dwelling, at home with paid help, at home with both paid and unpaid help, at home with unpaid help, at home with no assistance and recovered. In the 2 years after incident disability, 22.1% recovered and 46.8% died. Transitions between care and function states occurred frequently, with more than 20% of the cohort living at home with no assistance despite disability at least once. This study demonstrates the high levels of care and function state fluctuation and unmet needs after functional disability.
Communication that Develops: Clarity of Process on Transformational Leadership through Study of Effective Communication of Emotional Intelligence
Authors: Momeny Leonard Scott , Gourgues Michael
Published: February 2019

Transformational leadership was once thought of as a trait-based approach to leadership rather than something that could be taught and learned, and that the process itself somehow lacked clarity. This essay sets out to demonstrate both points to be false, all the while identifying the value of educating Christian leaders on the essence and process of transformational leadership. The Momeny communication process theory explains process clarity as it relates to transformational leadership, its communication, and education.
Immobilization of bone morphogenetic protein-2 to gelatin/avidin-modified hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone regeneration
Authors: Cheng Cheng-Hsin , Lai Yi-Hui , Chen Yi-Wen , Yao Chun-Hsu , Chen Kuo-Yu
Published: February 2019

Bone scaffold surface characterization is important for improving cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation. In this study, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) was immobilized to the surface of the gelatin/hydroxyapatite composite using avidin–biotin binding system to produce a bone-tissue engineering scaffold. Firstly, hydroxyapatite particles reacted with hexamethylene diisocyanate and then the terminal group was converted into a primary amine group. Avidin was then immobilized on the surfaces of hydroxyapatite particles using N-ethyl-N′-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl) carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide as coupling agents. Gelatin was blended with avidin-modified hydroxyapatite and pure hydroxyapatite to obtain gelain/hydroxyapatite composite. The composite was then cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. Finally, biotin-conjugated BMP-2 was immobilized on the surface of the composite via avidin–biotin binding. In vitro study indicated that BMP-2-immobilized composite film had a higher ALP activity than that composite film without BMP-2. The composite scaffolds were then implanted into rabbit skulls to check bone-tissue regeneration. Ultrasound and micro-CT scans demonstrated that neovascularization and new bone formation in the BMP-2-immobilized composite scaffolds were higher than those in composite scaffolds without BMP-2. Histological evaluation result was similar to that of the micro-CT. Therefore, the surface immobilization of BMP-2 could effectively improve osteogenesis in the gelatin/hydroxyapatite composite scaffold.
Holding Court: The Social Regulation of Masculinity in University Pickup Basketball
Authors: Rogers Nick
Published: February 2019

“Inclusive masculinity,” in which manhood is performed in a way that accepts, rather than stigmatizes, deviations from hegemonic ideals, has been analyzed in a variety of settings. Most commonly, these environments have been quasi-familial, predominantly white, and governed by formal norms. It has been underexplored in other contexts. In university pickup basketball, participants tend to be racially diverse strangers, in an inherently adversarial situation, with no supervision. Yet despite this, hostility is rare and comradery pervasive. Through interviews and participant observation at two large university recreation centers, I find a masculinity that is both traditional and flexible enough to welcome difference. An unwritten “Code of the Courts” is evident, which is rooted in interpersonal respect, accommodation of diversity, and a utilitarian sense of community.
Understanding Respondents’ Attitudes Toward Web Paradata Use
Authors: Kunz Tanja , Gummer Tobias
Published: February 2019

The collection and use of paradata is gaining in importance, especially in web surveys. From a research ethics’ perspective, respondents should be asked for their consent to the collection and use of web paradata. In this context, a positive attitude toward paradata use has been deemed to be a prerequisite for respondents’ willingness to share their paradata. The present study aimed to identify factors affecting respondents’ attitudes toward paradata use. Our findings revealed that adequately informing survey respondents about what paradata are and why they are used was an important determinant of their attitudes toward paradata use. Moreover, we found that respondents with a positive attitude toward the survey were more likely to have a favorable opinion of paradata use. Our findings suggest that a thorough understanding of the factors that contribute to a positive attitude toward paradata use provides the basis for improved paradata consent procedures, which in turn will increase rates of consent to paradata use and help attenuate the risk of consent bias in web surveys.