bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transformation of Rules of Origin Dispute Settlement In Free Trade Agreement Scheme Through Mutual Agreement Procedure
Authors: Ardiansyah Ardiansyah
Published: January 2023

Dispute resolution has been regulated in a free trade agreement (FTA) so the dispute resolution procedure should follow the dispute resolution procedure established by the FTA (das sollen). However, FTA dispute settlement procedures are not widely used to resolve disputes between importers, exporters, and state authorities related to import duty rates on imported goods in the FTA scheme. Litigation procedures in each country are the only option (das sein). Normative juridical law research methods use a statute approach to FTAs ​​and a comparative approach to dispute settlement in the field of international tax law. Research proves the weakness of FTA dispute resolution, namely the private sector and the business world as the main stakeholders in FTA schemes do not get the right to justice in disputes (access to justice) so that disputes are resolved through domestic litigation in each country. As a result, exporters and authorities of the exporting country who are not involved in the litigation process may be disadvantaged in court decisions in the importing country. Transformation of dispute resolution in FTA agreements through the mutual agreement procedure (MAP) as in international tax law (tax treaty) must be made to provide an opportunity for parties from both countries in FTA agreements, both the private sector and the competent authorities to submit objections.
Implementasi Flipped Classroom Menggunakan Media Mind Mapping pada Asesmen Pembelajaran Kimia
Authors: M Munawwarah , Alqadri Zulqifli
Published: January 2023

One of the learning models that is in line with the transition of the curriculum from teacher-centered to student-centered, namely the flipped classroom model. This study aims to determine the effect of the flipped classroom model with mind mapping media on student learning outcomes in the chemistry learning assessment subject. The type of research used is quasi-experimental with a control-group post test only design. The research sample is chemistry education students in the fifth semester. A total of 33 students in the experimental class and 33 students in the control class. The experimental class uses the flipped classroom model with Mind mapping media. The control class uses a direct learning model with the discussion method. The instrument used is in the form of essay questions on the Mid Semester Examination and the Final Semester Examination. The data obtained were analyzed by Independent sample t-test using Microsoft Excel. The results obtained are t-stat > t-critical (t-stat = 4.29, t-critical = 1.67). The results of the analysis show that students who go through the learning process using the flipped classroom model with Mind mapping media have higher learning outcomes compared to students who use the direct learning model with the discussion method.
De silencios, apropiaciones y desplazamientos: el decadentismo mexicano en la prensa finisecular
Authors: Zavala Díaz Ana Laura
Published: January 2023

A partir de una amplia revisión de publicaciones periódicas de las dos últimas décadas del siglo XIX, en el presente artículo se analizan algunos ejemplos de los comentarios críticos que generó en el medio literario mexicano la introducción del decadentismo de cuño francés. En específico, se busca no solo datar las primeras apariciones de este término en la prensa nacional, sino, sobre todo, identificar los objetos en juego y las tensiones culturales que se avizoran en esas menciones y en las discusiones desarrolladas alrededor de tal influjo literario en la prensa capitalina. Cartografiar estas narrativas permitirá visibilizar algunos de los mecanismos empleados por los autores mexicanos para silenciar, resignificar y normalizar el archivo decadente europeo, con el fin de autoconstituirse en clave afectiva como escritores modernos.
DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL COMIC LEARNING MEDIA IN ECONOMIC SUBJECTS FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE 10
Authors: Salsabila Shafira Salwa , Permatasari Carolina Lita
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT
This study aims to produce digital learning media in the form of digital comics for economics subjects in senior high school grade 10 and equivalent to Demand and Supply subjects. The type of this research is development research. The research procedure uses the ADDIE model, which consists of five stages, including identification (analysis) stage, design stage, development stage, implementation stage, and evaluation stage. The software used in the development of digital comic media is Canva. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that economics learning, especially Demand and Supply materials based on digital comics is considered interesting and feasible to apply. This is proven by the results of the validation test of material experts, technological experts, and trials to 40 students who are in the good category. The average on the material expert validation test shows a good category with a score of 4.25. Technological experts indicate the category is quite good with a score of 3.75 while the trials on students were in the good category with a score of 4.0.

 

 BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan media pembelajaran digital berupa komik digital untuk mata pelajaran ekonomi kelas 10 SMA dan setara dengan mata pelajaran Permintaan dan Penawaran. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian pengembangan. Prosedur penelitian menggunakan model ADDIE yang terdiridari lima tahap, meliputi tahap identifikasi (analisis), tahap desain, tahap pengembangan, tahap implementasi, dan tahap evaluasi. Perangkat lunak yang digunakan dalam pengembangan media komik digital adalah Canva. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pembelajaran ekonomi khususnya materi Permintaan dan Penawaran berbasis komik digital dinilai menarik dan layak untuk diterapkan. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan hasil uji validasi ahli materi, ahli teknologi, dan uji coba kepada 40 siswa yang berada pada kategori baik. Rata-rata pada uji validasi ahli materi menunjukkan kategori baik dengan skor 4,25. Pakar teknologi menunjukkan kategori cukup baik dengan skor 3,75, sedangkan uji coba pada siswa berada pada kategori baik dengan skor 4.0.
IMPLEMENTASI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN THINK TALK WRITE (TTW) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN DISPOSISI MATEMATIS SISWA [IMPLEMENTATION OF THINK TALK WRITE (TTW) LEARNING MODEL TO IMPROVE STUDENTS' MATHEMATICAL DISPOSITION ABILITY]
Authors: Mahmudati Rina
Published: January 2023

Abstract

The quality of the nation's life is reflected in the quality of education which includes mathematical abilities, one of which is mathematical soft skills, namely mathematical disposition. The purpose of this study is to describe the implementation of the TTW learning model to improve the mathematical disposition of students at SDN 2 Banyukembar which is the target school of the Class 4 Teaching Campus Program. This classroom action research was conducted in August-October 2022 in two cycles with each cycle consisting of 5 meetings. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of the TTW learning model in mathematics learning has increased students' mathematical disposition abilities, which is indicated by an increase in the achievement of students' mathematical disposition abilities by 71.4% at the end of the second cycle.

Bahasa Indonesia Abstrak 

Kualitas kehidupan bangsa tercermin dari kualitas pendidikan yang didalamnya memuat kemampuan matematis, salah satunya softskill bermatematika adalah disposisi matematis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan implementasi model pembelajaran TTW untuk meningkatkan kemampuan disposisi matematis siswa SDN 2 Banyukembar yang merupakan sekolah sasaran Program Kampus Mengajar Angkatan 4. Penelitian tindakan kelas ini dilakukan Agustus-Oktober 2022 dalam dua siklus dengan masing-masing siklus terdiri dari 5 pertemuan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa implementasi model pembelajaran TTW pada pembelajaran matematika telah meningkatkan kemampuan disposisi matematis siswa yang ditunjukkan dengan adanya peningkatan capaian kemampuan disposisi matematis siswa sebesar 71,4% di akhir siklus II.

 
Penandatanganan Akta Notariil Diluar Kantor Notaris Yang Masuk Dalam Lingkup Wilayah Jabatannya
Authors: Eskanugraha Andika Putra
Published: January 2023

The notary has a domicile, namely the regency / city where the office is located covering area within a province from his domicile. This authority is limited by the prohibition of a notary to conduct their duties outside of the covering area. The signing of a notarial deed outside of the office is not prohibited by the Notary Law as long as it is within the scope of the domicile and the territory of the office (covering areas). The notarial code of ethics requires notaries to perform the notarial position in their offices, except for certain reasons. These reasons are not further elaborated in the code of ethics and there is no normalization of articles in the Notary Law which regulates this specific matter. Therefore, because of this, it is necessary to normalize articles in the laws and regulations to regulate the procedures for signing notarial deeds in order to maintain the values and dignity of the notary profession. This is due to notaries are officials who support the business climate by providing fast services in term of the deed preparation, providing legal certainty and signing notarial deeds that can be performed outside of their offices but still maintaining the values of the notary as an official not a deed trader.
Perluasan Kewenangan Pelaporan Majelis Pengawas Notaris
Authors: Yunita Fenny Tria , Kurniawan Malik Wahyu
Published: January 2023

This paper aims to examine the new authority of the notary supervisory board in reporting an ethic and performance violations which committed by notary and its relation to the principles of certainty and justice. According to the Regulation issued by Minister of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia number 15 of 2020 concerning The Procedures for Examination of the Notary Supervisory Board (MPN), the authority of MPN has being enlarged. This regulation give a bigger authority for MPN to report and make a report as the result of the implementation of notary’s occupation, so that the MPN can examine and make decisions according to their own report. Otherwise, the Notary Act (UUJN) only gives MPN an authority to examine and make decisions based on reports of people who have been violated by Notary. This can be seen in Article 73 paragraph (1) of the UUJN which states that "The Regional Supervisory Council is authorized to hold sessions to examine and make decisions on public reports that can be submitted through the Regional Supervisory Council". Through a normative legal research, this paper consist on two central issues. First, the legal reasoning of new authority of MPN and its consistence with Notary Act. Second, the discourse of this new authority obtained by MPN with the principle of certainty and substantive justice.
Kepastian Hukum Pengaturan Publisitas Pada Program Pendaftaran Tanah Sistematis Lengkap (PTSL)
Authors: Adi Putra Restu , Rato Dominikus , Ochtorina Susanti Dyah
Published: January 2023

The Publicity Principle in the Complete Systematic Land Registration Program is the principle that provides juridical data about who is the subject of their rights, what are the names of their rights, and how are their transitions and encumbrances taking place. The principle of publicity in PTSL regulated by article 24 paragraph (2) Permen. ATR/Ka. BPN Nuumber 6 Tahun 2018 governs announcement of physical data and juridical data is foor 14 working days. This is different from the time provisions for the announcement of physical data and juridical data governed by article 26 paragraph (1) PP. Number 24 tahun 1997 regulating the period off announcement of physical and juridical data is 30 working days. The formulation of the problem in this thesis paper consists of three problem formulations.First, is the Publicity Principle in the Complete Systematic Land Registration Program in accordance with the Principle of Legal Certainly at Land Registration in Indonesia, second How the legal remedies of the Certificate from the Registraton Program Compelete Systematic Land, third What are future arrangements for the Systematic Complete Land Registration Program to ensure legal certainly of land rights in Indonesia. The methodology used in writing this thessis is the statute approach, the conceptual approach, and the historical approach. The Publicity Principle of the PTSL program which is regulated differently from PP Number 24 of 1997 provides space for legal uncertainly in the community. This is because the community as seekers of guarantee of land rights can be disadvantaged by reducing the time for submitting anobjection in the PTSL program for 14 working days which PP Number 24 of 1997 is set for30 days. If it is examined with the basic legal principle, namely the principle of lex superior derogat lex inferior, there is also a  clear devitation from this principle. Legal uncertainly on the principle of publicity is even clearer if it is reviewed based on the principles of legal certainly that must be contained for a certain rule. There are some elements which cannot be fullfilled by Permen ATR/Ka. BPN Number 8 of 2018 so that in daily practice in society still problems can be found in this publicity principle. The conclusion of this paper is first, the principle of publicity of the PTSL program does not meet the principle of legal certainly. Second, there are two legal actions that can be dealt with by the public if they have objections due to the issuance of the PTSL certifivcate. Third, the Goverment needs to synchronize/ harmonize Permen ATR/Ka. BPN number 6 of 2018 in order to guarantee legal certainly to holders of land rights.
Prinsip Keadilan Pengenaan Pajak Terhadap Perseroan Terbatas Yang Dinyatakan Pailit
Authors: Purnamasari Mega , Setyawan Fendi , Jayus Jayus
Published: January 2023

Perseroan Terbatas merupakan badan usaha yang berbadan hukum, sehingga Perseroan Terbatas termasuk dalam subjek pajak. Pengaturan terkait pajak dalam Perseroan Terbatas sudah ditetapkan dan sesuai dengan kententuan peraturan yang ada. Pajak Perseroan Terbatas dihitung dari jumlah pendapatan yang diperoleh Perseroan Terbatas tersebut dalam satu tahun operasi. Pengenaan pajak dalam usaha Perseroan Terbatas harus dilaksanakan dalam perolehan dan juga pendapatan Perseroan Terbatas terdapat Pajak yang harus dikeluarkan yang merupakan termasuk dalam kepentingan Perseroan Terbatas tersebut juga. Kewajiban perpajakan bagi perusahaan yang telah dinyatakan pailit telah diatur dalam ketentuan Peraturan Perundang-undangan, berdasarkan pada  Pasal 32 Ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 1983 tentang Ketentuan Umum dan Tata Cara Perpajakan. Perseroan Terbatas yang dinyatakan Pailit dalam kepengurusannya telah dihentikan, maka dengan sendirinya Perseroan Terbatas tersebut tidak lagi dapat melakukan kegiatan usaha untuk dapat menghasilkan sebuah keuntungan yang menjadi sumber kewajiban pajak dari Perseroan tersebut. Perseroan sebagai badan hukum tidak lagi dapat dibebani pajak, terkecuali tetap membayar pajak yang masih terutang sebelum dinyatakan pailit.
Peralihan Hak Atas Tanah dengan Kuitansi Jual Beli
Authors: Setyawan Citra Adityana , Wati Antiko
Published: January 2023

The transfer of land rights is more often done through buying and selling. In this study, the sale and purchase in question is the sale and purchase of land, with the aim that the buyer can use the land legally. Since the enactment of Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles (UUPA), the sale and purchase of land, which is further regulated in Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration, stipulates that the sale and purchase of land must be proven by a deed made by the land before the PPAT. However, buying and selling land without a PPAT deed or an authorized official is still carried out. The objectives to be achieved in this study are as follows to determine the legal force of the transfer of land rights with payment receipts in accordance with applicable legal provisions, namely from the point of view of agrarian law. to find out the form of dispute resolution due to the sale and purchase of land with receipts. The research method in writing this thesis uses normative juridical, which finds conformity between legal regulations or orders with the reality on the ground. The approach used is a statutory approach, a conceptual approach, and a case approach. The legal materials used in this study consisted of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The results explain that the receipt is categorized as an underhand deed that does not have binding legal force so the buyer does not get legal certainty on his land. The government through has a role in assisting the resolution of land disputes based regulations.
Kedudukan Hukum Badan Bank Tanah Dalam Pengadaan Tanah Untuk Kepentingan Umum
Authors: Mahardika Rahadiyan Veda , Suyanto Gatot
Published: January 2023

The provisions in the Omnibus Law of the Job Creation Law Number 11 of 2020 regulates one of them regarding land. This land regulates the authority of the state in regulating the designation, use and management of land which is manifested by the Government Regulation Number 64 of 2021 concerning the Land Bank Agency. The Land Bank Agency has the authority to prepare master plans, help provide ease of Business Licensing/approval, carry out land acquisition, and determine service rates. In practice, Land Banks generally have advantages and disadvantages that have an impact on national land law. This study aims to describe and explain the Land Bank regulation in the Job Creation Act and the Government Regulation concerning the Land Bank Agency and the implications for the national land law.
Keabsahan Akta Yang Dibuat Oleh Calon Notaris Yang Sedang Magang Di Kantor Notaris
Authors: Dewi Milinia Mutiara Yusshinta , Permana Bayu Indra
Published: January 2023

Notary is a public official who has the authority to make authentic deeds, who is appointed and dismissed by the government, namely by the Minister of Law and Human Rights and the Notary at the time of appointment by the Minister was not holding another position. Notaries in carrying out their state duties make a deed, namely in the form of a minuta deed (original deed). UUJN not only regulates the duties of a Notary, but also regulates authority, obligations and other matters within the scope of notary law. The law does not only regulate notaries but also regulates prospective notaries who are currently apprenticing at a notary's office. From the provisions in Article 15 paragraph (1) of the UUJN it is explained that a Notary has the authority to make authentic deeds, in this case causing problems with the provisions of Article 16A paragraph (2) of the UUJN that a notary candidate who is currently an apprentice at a notary's office and has the obligation to keep confidential matters matters in the process of making the deed he made. So, it can be concluded that the candidate notary who is currently an apprentice at the office of an apprentice notary and has the authority to make a deed, even though the prospective notary who is currently an apprentice at the notary office who is currently an apprentice has not been appointed as a notary official. The discrepancy between these articles causes problems in the form of unclear norms regarding the meaning of the deed drawn up by a notary candidate who is currently an apprentice at the notary apprentice's office in Article 16A paragraph (2) of the Law on the position of notary public. how is the validity of the deed made by the prospective notary who is currently an apprentice at the notary's office who is an apprentice, and how is the application of sanctions if it violates Article 16 UUJN for prospective notaries who are doing internships at the apprentice notary's office.
Kepastian Hukum Pensertipikatan Tanah Secara Massal Melalui Proyek Operasi Nasional Agraria
Authors: Febyanti Dinda Suryo
Published: January 2023

The land registration problems, the government organized the operation of national agrarian (prona) pensertipikatan land as mass and the land is strategic. The land registration program through either prona is the land registration program devoted to low income households. In this, prona the process of certificate Iand cuItivated in a very short, but must not forget about great precision and precision in the handing. Because if there is a fauIt or negIigence wiII cause the aborted purpose, who want to be achieved nameIy IegaI certainty about. On the ground Understanding that, faiIed particuIarIy regarding registration administration aspect the Iand itseIf, Iike: a ) resuIts is not good cIearIy visibIe and cannot be known for certain the 2 breadth of, b ) research on who owns it Iess than perfect sparking Iawsuits later on: c ) of administrati0n for not perfect, Iand registration Iike the certificate incompIete, stuffing not fiIIed as it shouId. Intent purpose and function of this project is prona 1 ) do program prona, said the ground en masse across indonesia, 2 ) finish holistically land disputes that are strategic. Related to this problem, land registration the government to carry out of the land prona masse and resolution of disputes that are strategic. The registration program prona land through this form of the land registration devoted to low income households. The implementation of this area was a continuation and implementation of article UUPA 19 verse ( 1 ).
Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Origin in Children: Two Cases in a Portuguese Hospital
Authors: Craveiro Costa Ricardo , Schrempp Esteves Catarina , Flores Pedro , Varandas Luís
Published: January 2023

Several cases of paediatric acute hepatitis of an unknown aetiology have been described in these last few months and in several countries worldwide. We present two patients, a 7-month-old girl and an 8-year-old boy, with gastrointestinal symptoms and lethargy, associated with elevation of transaminase levels. Serologies for hepatitis A-E virus and PCR test to SARS-CoV-2 were all negative. In the first case, an adenovirus serotype C could be isolated in a respiratory sample as well as cytomegalovirus (CMV) in the blood (100 copies/mL). In both children, there was a progressive decrease in the hepatic markers and symptomatic resolution, compatible with a good prognosis, also seen globally in most cases. To date, infection remains the most plausible cause to consider, especially when it is presumed to be linked to adenovirus. Other potential agents and causes are still being evaluated, thus emphasizing the importance of continuous epidemiological surveillance, notification, and detailed study of all hepatitis cases.
Hard to Be Left: Foreign Policy Strategies of the New “Pink Tide” Governments in Latin America
Authors: Vorotnikova T.
Published: January 2023

The article reviews main principles and imperatives of the foreign policy provided by actual left-wing governments in Latin America. In a big number of countries in the region, politicians with leftist views have recently come to power. Among them there are the presidents of Argentina, Mexico, Bolivia, Peru, Honduras, Chile and Colombia. The scale of the new “Pink tide” suggests analogies to the “Left turn” that took place in the beginning of the 21st century. However, accents in the current agenda vary and nuances make the difference. The analysis of narrative and political practice of the left leaders shows that traditional commitment to the principles of anti-Americanism and anti-neoliberalism stay relevant. Idea of multipolarity and search for an alternative to US hegemony remain key issues to the international positioning of Latin American states. At the same time, they no longer intend to question liberal international order and global economic conditions. Problem of human rights and combat climate change are getting more important for Latin American countries. A special kind of vision on these global concerns can contribute to their diplomatic ambitions and increase their international status. The challenge of balancing between the two global powers, US and China, push to strengthen ties with the non-region states that belong to the “Global south”. Another attribute of the modern regional configuration is lack of an apparent locomotive in the current South American integration system. Too explicit dissimilarities in the strategies of left-wing governments do not give reasons for the emergence of a strong collective platform. The ideology of regionalism that appealed to the great united motherland, is being replaced today by a new configuration where the former interconnectivity between Latin American left regimes is not displayed and mini-lateral cooperation matters. Their realignment and new alliances will be fundamental to the regional balance.
Public-Private Partnerships in Science and Technology Sector
Authors: Bogacheva O. , Smorodinov O.
Published: January 2023

The article discusses characteristic features of public-private partnerships (PPPs) as an instrument of public management of innovative development. It is noted that after the global financial crisis of 2008–2009, strategic PPPs play an increasingly important role in the implementation of large-scale research and technical programs and projects. They are characterized by a focus on solving long-term issues of innovative and socio-economic development, long implementation periods and significant scale, an emphasis on the development of critical technologies, complexity and expansion of functions of a public partner, as well as high risks of research and development. There are two types of such partnerships – institutional (Joint Technology Initiatives) and contractual. Both of these types are formed based on the European Technology Platforms, however, institutional partnerships involve formation of a legal entity, and contractual PPPs are formed based on agreements between the European Commission and industry associations. It is argued that a variety of forms and types of PPPs, in which public entities and corporations, research and educational institutions, and innovative small and medium-sized companies participate, can contribute to solving the priority tasks of Russia’s innovative development. To do this, first of all, it is necessary to amend the current legislation, which lacks norms regulating general principles and rules for the formation and functioning of PPPs in science and technology sectors. Russia’s regulations contain an extremely narrow definition of the purpose and objects of PPP agreements. The goals are not related to the public innovation policy, and the objects are represented by a closed list of 21 objects, which, with the exception of computer programs and databases, belong to technological complexes of real estate and transport infrastructure. According to the authors, adoption of such a legal act will contribute to implementation of the key national programs, projects and initiatives and boost innovation development of the country.
Russia in American Climate Strategies
Authors: Golub Y. , Shenin S.
Published: January 2023

The article is devoted to the study of the role of the Russian Federation in American plans to combat global warming. In the context of the Soviet and Russian participation in solving environmental problems, the possibility of using the potential of interaction between Moscow and Washington, previously developed in the climate sphere, to initiate constructive relations is analyzed. It is indicated that since the beginning of the 21st century, the Russian Federation has shifted its focus in this area from reducing carbon emissions to neutralizing them, as well as adapting to changes. The administration of J. Biden criticized this approach because it sought to draw Russia into the United States’ anti-Chinese climate plans based on a general reduction in emissions. However, in the ranks of the American political class, the administration’s approach did not have full support. Within the Democratic Party, a group of centrists believed that Moscow had chosen the right climate strategy for itself, and therefore, the administration’s “separate” policy could be quite effective. Their fellow party members from the progressive camp denied the “separate” approach and talked about the possibility of serious strategic concessions to Russia for climate cooperation. In the Republican Party, “moderate realists” argued that Russia’s climate strategy has more minuses than pluses for the country, and the West should have chosen a policy of combining pressure on the Russian Federation with incentives for regional cooperation. Experts from the conservative group feared that in the context of the radical “green transit” of the Biden administration, Russia’s climate policy could give Moscow a military and geopolitical advantage. In general, most political groups in the United States are confident that Russia, although it does not agree with Western methods of combating warming, will not get off the green trajectory. It is concluded that in the previous period, a fairly solid foundation of the climate dialogue between the United States and Russia had been formed, and the beginning of the special military operation in Ukraine only preserved it, but did not destroy.
Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism of the European Union: a New Tool of Global Governance
Authors: Varnavskii V.
Published: January 2023

In 2021, the European Union presented unilaterally and without agreement with international community partners a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). It includes a system own monitoring and control of production processes in third country companies in relation to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The article attempts to analyze CBAM as a new, emerging phenomenon of global governance, and offer recommendations for improvement its concept. It is shown that CBAM is a global in its scope, but its legitimacy is in serious doubt. The EU has no legitimate grounds for making requirements for environmental cleanliness and carbon footprint of goods produced abroad. The right to make such demands is not enshrined in fundamental international environmental documents such as the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement. EU importers do not have any information about the volumes of greenhouse gas emissions embodied in imported products. Only foreign manufacturers have such data. The European Union control for foreign manufacturers proposed in CBAM undermines the exclusive right of a third-country governments to control and regulate national enterprises including greenhouse gas emissions. The EU does not have a mandate established by both international community and external to the Union countries to monitor and control the “carbon footprint” in companies of foreign jurisdiction. It is concluded that CBAM has all the signs of discrimination, protectionism, restrictions on competition in the environmental and industrial sphere in relation to exporters from third countries. It is necessary to work out a better proposal and make political and diplomatic efforts to avoid CBAM creating unnecessary conflicts with other countries. Any new rules of global climate policy and regulation should be formulated only under the auspices of the UN.
Russian “Security Matrix” in Syria
Authors: Matveev I.
Published: January 2023

The article reviews importance of seeking new formats and modalities (political-military, social, economic, and ideological) to achieve a long-term solution to the Syrian conflict. Until now, Russia remaining a major ally of official Damascus has not fully used its potential to create favorable conditions for the post-conflict recovery of Syria. By the Syrian case, the author puts forward a hypothesis about genesis of the “security matrix” which is embodied by regiments of the Russian military police deployed across the country. In addition to routine security functions, those people – often at risk to their lives – have been performing peacekeeping, humanitarian, economic, and diplomatic tasks. Such activities including facilitation of local reconciliations create new post-conflict realities of social life. Absence of a notion of the “security matrix” in political economy and diplomacy explains the novelty of the present research. The article also contains an attempt to present both a schematic image and description of the “security matrix” as a pattern of behavior whereas multiple functions carried out by the Russian military contribute to launching national mini-dialogues, strengthening public order and security as well as to improving the humanitarian and economic situation. A SWOT-analysis serves as the optimal proof of the mentioned hypothesis. In conclusion, the author outlines continued dependency of the “security matrix” on internal and external factors. At the same time, he speaks about perspective use of the Syrian experience in formulating Russian peace-building strategies to resolve other conflicts. This in turn might contribute to strengthening Russia’s role in international relations.
Cooperation Between Iran and Russia in the Fight Against International Terrorism: the Current State, Opportunities and Prospects
Authors: Jabbarinasir H.
Published: January 2023

The expansion of terrorism in the Middle East in the context of the Arab Spring has become a factor of unprecedented military-political rapprochement between Iran and Russia. This article studies the anti-terrorist cooperation between the two states. The author argues that the new level of cooperation between Tehran and Moscow is a consequence of structural conditions of the international environment, which has come under pressure of international terrorism. To combat terrorism, Iran and Russia are trying to use instruments of not only “hard” but also “soft” power by creating platforms for intercultural and interreligious dialogue. In this regard, the legal foundations of anti-terrorist cooperation between Iran and Russia, its forms and levels are explored. The paper also assesses the possibilities and prospects of cooperation between the two states in the fight against terrorism. The author predicts functional and geographical expansion of the interaction of the two sides in the context of their anti-terrorist strategy. In this context, Central Asia, a significant channel of trafficking of Afghan opiates, and the radical ideology of jihadists, is identified as an important vector of cooperation. The author notes that if Iran intensifies its participation within SCO and CSTO, the potential of these institutions in the fight against non-traditional threats will increase and possibilities of joint participation of Iran and Russia in the settlement of the Afghan conflict will expand. An increase in cooperation between Tehran and Moscow in the field of cyber terrorism is expected against the background of the signing of an agreement between the two states on ensuring information security. The article concludes that the threat of terrorism to the security of Iran and Russia creates many options for joint fight against this destructive phenomenon, but the use of those opportunities remains limited.
Use of unripe grape wine as a tool for reducing alcohol content and improving the quality and oenological characteristics of red wines
Authors: Martínez-Moreno Alejandro , Martínez-Pérez Pilar , Bautista-Ortín Ana Belén , Gómez-Plaza Encarna
Published: January 2023

In Mediterranean viticulture, climatic conditions are the main factors that determine grape composition and wine quality. Global warming is causing an increase in the accumulation of soluble solids in grapes, leading to early harvests that result in wines with high alcohol and low phenolic content and colour intensity. The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of mixing wines vinified from grapes with different maturation degrees from two consecutive vintages (2018 and 2019) in order to obtain wines with lower pH, lower alcohol content and higher phenolic compound concentration. The wine obtained after mixing wine from unripe grapes (URG) with second harvest (H2) wines significantly improved the physicochemical, chromatic and phenolic characteristics compared to the first harvest (H1) wine. On the other hand, the URGH2 wine had significantly lower alcohol content and pH and higher titratable acidity than the H2 wine. URGH2 maintained its colour intensity in both years and similar values of anthocyanin and tannin in 2018 compared to H2. All the wines were subjected to sensory analysis and the panelists were able to differentiate the wines in a triangle sensory test; the URGH2 wine was preferred in both years. These results show that the blend of unripe grape with wines from technologically mature grapes to reduce alcohol content and improve wine colour could be a useful tool for mitigating the problems caused by global warming in a warm and semiarid Mediterranean climate.
The Concept Of Licensing Authority Of The Architectural Work Modification Of Cultural Heritage Buildings
Authors: Sumiarni M.G. Endang , Sharaningtyas Yustina Niken , Sefriani Sefriani , Pudyatmoko Y. Sri
Published: January 2023

This research aims to identify the licensing authority over architectural works and modification of designated Cultural Heritages. In addition, this research examines the antinomy of legal concepts, including the antinomy of the legal concept of a licensing authority, the antinomy of the legal concept of modification of creation, and the antinomy of the legal concept of cultural heritage. With normative research, this study reveals that there is no legal certainty, between the local and central government, concerning licensing authority to cultural heritage building adaptation. There is no such a unitary system or firm and clear SOPs, which has resulted in the demolition and destruction of cultural heritage buildings. There are differences of opinion regarding the authority to permit the alteration of architectural works of cultural heritage buildings that have been stipulated. Permits for the restoration of cultural heritage buildings are obtained not through a building permit but through BPPM DIY (Licensing and Investment Service). These permits include restoration permits, adaptation permits, and development permits, especially for revitalization and utilization. There is no balance between moral and economic rights of the owner of the cultural heritage building. The preservation is more likely to emphasize moral rights but still overlooking the economic rights of the creator/owner.
Cyclic Voltammogram Analysis of the Environmental Aspects of the Use of Ferrocenyl Carbinols
Authors: alkhawaldeh ahmad
Published: January 2023

Ferrocene and its derivatives have ecologically effective antidetane properties. In this regard, ferrocene reacts with cyclic ketones and ferrosenylcarbinols are synthesized. It should be noted that ferrocene enters into electrophilic reactions and the process takes place in an acidic environment. In addition, the yield of the new product was small compared to the reactions of ferrocene with non-cyclic ketones. This is due to the spatial structures of molecules. The elemental analysis of obtained compounds was carried out; the structures were researched by cyclic voltammograms and Chronoamperometric.
The Dirac Fermion of a Monopole Pair (MP) Model
Authors: Yuguru Samuel
Published: January 2023

The electron of magnetic spin −1/2 is a Dirac fermion of a complex four-component spinor field. Though it is effectively addressed by relativistic quantum field theory, an intuitive form of the fermion still remains lacking. In this novel undertaking, the fermion is examined within the boundary posed by a recently proposed MP model of a hydrogen atom into 4D space-time. Such unorthodox process conceptually transforms the electron to the four-component spinor of non-abelian in both Euclidean and Minkowski space-times with gravity included. Supplemented by several postulates, the fermion relationships to both relativistic and non-relativistic aspects of the atom are intuitively explored. The outcomes have important implications towards defining the fundamental state of matter from an alternative perspective using quantum field theory. Such findings, if considered could consolidate properly the Standard Model and pave the paths to explore physics beyond and they warrant further investigations.
Universe as a Graph (Ramsey Approach to Analysis of Physical Systems)
Authors: Shvalb Nir , Frenkel Mark , Shoval Shraga , Bormashenko Edward
Published: January 2023

Application of the Ramsey graph theory to the analysis of physical systems is reported. Physical interactions may be very generally classified as attractive and repulsive. This classification creates the premises for the application of the Ramsey theory to the analysis of physical systems built of electrical charges, electric and magnetic dipoles. The notions of mathematical logic, such as transitivity and intransitivity relations, become crucial for understanding of the behavior of physical systems. The Ramsey theory explains why nature prefers cubic lattices over hexagonal ones for systems built of electric or magnetic dipoles. The Ramsey approach may be applied to the analysis of mechanical systems when actual and virtual paths between the states in the configurational space are considered. Irreversible mechanical and thermodynamic processes are seen within the reported approach as directed graphs. Chains of irreversible processes appear as transitive tournaments. These tournaments are acyclic; the transitive tournaments necessarily contain the Hamiltonian path. The set of states in the phase space of the physical system, between which irreversible processes are possible, is considered. The Hamiltonian path of the tournament emerging from the graph uniting these states is a relativistic invariant. Applications of the Ramsey theory to the general relativity become possible when the discrete changes in the metric tensor are assumed. Reconsideration of the concept of “simultaneity” within the Ramsey approach is reported.
Anti-Inflammatory Effects, Protection of Gut Barrier Integrity and Stimulation of Phagocytosis of postbiotic combination ABB C1®
Authors: Tintoré Maria , Cuñé Jordi , Vetvicka Vaclav , De Lecea Carlos
Published: January 2023

This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects, protection of gut barrier integrity, and stimulation of phagocytosis in peripheral cells of a nutritional supplement based on a synergistic combination of yeast-based ingredients with a unique 1,3/1,6-glucan complex and a consortium of postbiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae rich in selenium and zinc. The anti-inflammatory effect in Caco-2 cells in the presence and absence of a pro-inflammatory challenge (tumour necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]/interferon gamma [IFN-ɣ]) showed statistically significant reductions of IFN-ɣ induced protein-10 (IP-10), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) levels vs. controls (p < 0.001). Disruption of the gut integrity in the presence or absence of Escherichia coli (ETEC H10407) showed transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values higher in the ABB C1® group after 6 hours of testing. Spontaneous build-up of the gut epithelium monolayer over 22 days was also greater in the ABB C1® condition vs. a negative control. ABB C1® showed a significantly higher capacity to stimulate phagocytosis as compared with controls of algae β-1,3-glucan and yeast β-1,3/1,6 glucan (p < 0.001). This study supports the mechanism of action by which ABB C1® may improve the immune response and be useful to prevent infection and allergy in clinical practice.
The Role of Mu Opioid Receptors in High Fat Diet-induced Reward and Potentiation of the Rewarding Effect of Oxycodone
Authors: Iqbal Asif , Hamid Abdul , Ahmad Syed Muzzammil , Lutfy Kabirullah
Published: January 2023

Excessive high fat diet (HFD) consumption can induce food addiction which is believed to involve the communication between the hypothalamus and mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons, originating in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and projecting to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). These brain regions are densely populated with opioid receptors, raising the possibility that these receptors, and particularly mu opioid receptors (MORs), are involved in mediating reward induced by palatable foods. This study sought to investigate the involvement of MORs in high fat diet (HFD)-induced reward and if there is any difference between male and female subjects in this response. We also assessed if exposure to HFD would potentiate the rewarding action of oxycodone, a relatively selective MOR agonist. The place conditioning paradigm was used to determine if conditioning for a short time (STC, 2 h) or long time (LTC, 16 h) with HFD induces reward or alters the rewarding action of oxycodone. Male and female C57BL/6J mice as well as MOR knockout and wildtype mice of both sexes were tested for basal place preference on day 1 and then conditioned with HFD in one chamber and regular chow diet (RCD) in another chamber and tested for place preference again after three sets of STC and again after a set of LTC. Each set consisted of two conditioning with RCD and two conditioning with HFD. Controls were conditioned with RCD in both conditioning chambers. Following the last place preference test, mice were treated with oxycodone and conditioned in the HFD-paired chamber and saline in the RCD-paired chamber for one hour once a day to explore the possibility if the HFD could alter oxycodone reward. The result showed that HFD induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in both male and female subjects following the LTC. This response was further potentiated after oxycodone conditioning. The latter response was mediated via MORs, as it was blunted in MOR knockout mice. However, HFD-induced CPP was observed following LTC in only female MOR knockout mice, suggesting for sexual dimorphism in this response.
Rise and Fall of Caribbean Mangroves
Authors: Rull Valenti
Published: January 2023

Tropical mangroves, one of the most important blue-carbon ecosystems, are among the world’s most threatened ecosystems and are in danger of disappearing within the next century, which may have a significant impact on coastal ecology and biodiversity, and also on the global capacity of climate change mitigation. The Caribbean region is one of the main mangrove hotspots on Earth. This paper is a thorough updated synthesis on the origin, evolutionary turnover, diversification and historical decline of the Caribbean mangroves, in relation to tectonic, climatic, eustatic and anthropogenic shifts. Neotropical mangroves originated in the Caribbean during the Middle Eocene, after the emergence of the first known mangrove-forming tree (Pelliciera). The abrupt cooling and sea-level fall of the Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT) would have facilitated the replacement of the primeval mangroves by others dominated by Rhizophora. This was a major evolutionary disruption and gave rise to the modern Neotropical mangrove forests, still dominated by Rhizophora, with Pelliciera restricted to a relictual equatorial patch. The other extant mangrove-forming trees (Avicennia, Pelliciera) appeared in the Mio-Pliocene and the main diversification burst occurred in the Plio-Pleistocene, when 80% of extant genera emerged, with no extinctions documented. Pleistocene climatic and eustatic glacial cycles promoted recurrent spatial and compositional reorganizations. Natural drivers were the most influential until the Middle Holocene, when Amerindian cultures settled the whole Caribbean region and began to modify mangrove communities for agriculture and other activities using fire. During the last decades, deforestation has accelerated and the Caribbean mangrove cover has been reduced by >30%. A variety of conservation actions have been undertaken, but paleoecological and evolutionary knowledge remains to be fully incorporated into mangrove preservation. It is hoped that contributions like the present will help raising awareness on the importance of past records for conservation purposes.