bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multivariate Analysis of the California Test of Mental Maturity, Primary Forms
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Novack Harry S. , Bonaventura Elisa
Published: September 2011

The test-retest reliability of the profile yielded by the four subscores of the California Test of Mental Maturity was determined. Subjects were 716 pupils in Grades K, 1, and 2 who were tested twice within 8 mo. Canonical correlational analysis gave four statistically significant interprofile correlations, each based on a successively weaker canonical variate. These canonical correlations ranged from a high of .688 to a low of .167, raising some doubts regarding the stability of the test profile. The test-retest correlations between individual subscores ranged between .43 and .56, further attesting to the questionable reliability of these measures, at least for the lower levels of the test. Principal components analysis suggests the existence of a single general factor which, however, accounts for only a little more than half the total variance yielded by the battery.
Effects of Subject-Generated and Experimenter-Supplied Associations at Time of Storage on Free Recall of High and Low Verbal Associators
Authors: Ley Ronald , Dean Jeffrey
Published: September 2011

Undergraduates were classified on the basis of the average number of associations they could produce in response to a standard set of verbal units (associative ability). 28 high and 28 low associators instructed to make an association (subject-generated) to each verbal unit (CVCVC) of a list of to-be-recalled units did not differ in recall. High associators supplied with an association (experimenter-supplied) to each verbal unit of the same list of to-be-recalled units recalled more units than high associators under the subject-generated condition; whereas, low associators supplied with an association to each verbal unit of the list recalled fewer units than low associators under the subject-generated condition. Short-latency high-meaningfulness associative reaction time units were recalled more frequently than long-latency high-meaningfulness units under the experimenter-supplied condition, results consistent with findings of previous studies.
Attitudes of Mental Patients and Mental Health Professionals about Mental Illness
Authors: Morrison James K. , Nevid Jeffrey S.
Published: September 2011

In support of the construct validity of the Client Attitude Questionnaire, 16 psychologists and 25 social workers reported attitudes more characteristic of the controversial psychosocial position about “mental illness” than 20 psychiatrists, 23 psychiatric nurses, or 40 previously hospitalized psychiatric outpatients.
Dimensions of Rosenburg's Self-Esteem Scale
Authors: Hensley Wayne E. , Roberts Mary K.
Published: September 2011

The dimensions of Rosenburg's scale of self-esteem (1965) were investigated via principal components and oblique factor analysis. Data from 479 students in a basic speech course yielded a two-factor solution. As the two factors appeared to identify only a response set, it was concluded the scale was unidimensional.
Sex of Model and Motivation to Change Behavior as Factors in Modeling
Authors: O'sullivan Michael J. , Gilner Frank H.
Published: September 2011

80 female subjects were randomly assigned to eight cells of a 2×2×2 factorial design. The study investigated the effects of modeling, sex of the model and subject's desire to change snake-avoidant behavior. The results indicated that the behavior being modeled, the sex of the model and the subject's motivation to change were all significant influences on post-treatment approach behavior to a live snake. Further findings suggested that perceived role consonance between the subject and the model significantly contributed to subjects changing their behaviors.
Analysis of Data from Pre- and Posttest Designs: A Comment
Authors: Humphreys Lloyd G.
Published: September 2011

The three methods of analysis of pretest-posttest data discussed by Huck and McLean (1975) are translated into correlational terms. This translation adds depth to their discussion. Their conclusion that gain-score analysis is preferred to the analysis of variance of repeated measures is modified, but their preference for the analysis of covariance is reinforced.
Further Evidence for Impairment in Abstract Conceptualization in Schizophrenia
Authors: Wright David M.
Published: September 2011

Oltmanns and Neale (1975) have claimed that impairment in abstract conceptualization has not been demonstrated to represent a differential deficit in schizophrenia and that sorting-test measures of impairment exhibit inadequate discriminant validity. Contrary to Oltmanns and Neale's impression, evidence supporting impairment in abstract conceptualization as a differential deficit is found in the studies of Feldman and Drasgow (1951) and Drasgow and Feldman (1957). Furthermore, examination of the relevant evidence suggests that the discriminant validity of sorting-test indices of impairment is adequate and superior to that of proverbs-test measures.
Defensive Compensation as a Response to Ego Threat: A Replication
Authors: Chalus Gary Anton
Published: September 2011

An effort was made to replicate the results of an experiment by Holmes which demonstrated the operation of compensation, an important yet under-studied defense mechanism, as well as to provide data on the validity of the measure he used to study it. Compensatory behavior was elicited in that male subjects whose masculinity was threatened elected to perform more physical exercise demonstrating their strength than subjects who were not threatened. In addition, evidence was obtained suggesting that preference for exercise was an unbiased measure of compensatory behavior in this ego-threatening situation. Further research is suggested to determine under what conditions compensation so measured will occur.
Prediction of Success in Elementary Statistics: Three Replications
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C. , Perkins Mark L.
Published: September 2011

Validity of 3 prognosis tests to predict success in elementary statistics was determined for 3 separate classes. The criterion was a composite test of 100 concepts, problems, and open-ended exercises. In all 3 classes, competence in algebra and in the ability to grasp and use meanings of newly defined symbols gave the optimum regression equations. Computational estimation ability had no predictive power.
Reliability and Stability of the Comrey Personality Scales
Authors: Norton Richard S. , Booth Richard F.
Published: September 2011

Split-half and retest reliabilities were computed on Comrey Personality Scales administered to 153 Navy Hospital Corpsmen on two occasions separated by about 5 mo. Corrected split-half reliabilities for the 8 personality trait scales were between .66 and .94, with an average of .87, on the first administration and between .68 and .94, with an average of .85, on the second administration. Retest reliabilities for these eight scales were between .59 and .74, with an average of .66. t tests comparing scale means for each administration yielded significant differences on seven of the eight personality trait scales, the Validity Check scale, and the Response Bias scale. On all of these scales, except the Validity Check, the first administration means were higher than the second administration means.
On the Distinction between Psychological and Physical Stressors
Authors: Lamb Douglas H.
Published: September 2011

20 high and 20 low A-Trait Ss were exposed to dental treatment and measures of A-State were obtained before, during, and after treatment. While high scorers had higher absolute levels of A-State anxiety in this stress situation, the amount of increase was not different for the two levels of trait anxiety. The results supported trait-state anxiety theory which predicts that measures of A-State vary with the situational stress and that high- and low-trait anxious Ss do not differ in the amount of change in A-State during physical danger.
Beliefs of Native Teacher Trainees
Authors: Morris G. Barry
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the psychological health of Native teacher trainees, based upon the Rational-Emotive theory of Albert Ellis. The Adult Irrational Ideas Inventory was administered to 33 Native teacher trainees and 25 non-Native teacher trainees. The Native group functioned from more irrational beliefs than the non-Native group. Implications for further research were presented.
Psychological Reaction to Infertility
Authors: Wiehe Vernon R.
Published: September 2011

44 individuals (22 couples) who unsuccessfully had sought medical assistance for infertility and had made application to adopt were tested for their psychological reactions to infertility. On a specially designed version of the Semantic Differential subjects' reaction to infertility was neutral or a strong positive or negative evaluation was absent. Data from the Adjective Check List indicated subjects characterized themselves as not intraceptive and defensive. Earlier literature on the psychological reactions to infertility indicated subjects react overtly with feelings of disappointment and despair. Discrepancy in findings between this writer's data and earlier findings appears to be related to the lapse of time between subjects' discovering their infertility and their response to research questionnaires. An initial reaction to infertility may be so painful for individuals wanting children that a denial of these feelings occurs. After parenthood has been achieved such as through adoption, subjects often are able to recognize the intensity of their initial feelings and the way in which they handled their reactions.
Evaluation of Feminine Professional Competence as a Function of Level of Accomplishment
Authors: Panek Paul E. , Deitchman Robert , Burkholder Joel H. , Speroff Ted , Haude Richard H.
Published: September 2011

This study extended prior work. 57 female and 39 male college students were given booklets containing articles from fields of traditional male, female, and neutral sexual association for evaluation. Authors of the articles were portrayed as either males or females, and as either students (attempting to accomplish) or holders of advanced degrees (accomplished). The main effect of traditional sexual association of the field and interaction between level of accomplishment and association of the field were significant. Female authors were evaluated more positively in female fields than in male fields, while male authors in female fields were evaluated more positively than males in male fields, by subjects of both sexes. In addition, contrary to the findings of Pheterson, et al. (1971), the work of females attempting to accomplish was evaluated more favorably than that of females who had accomplished.
Effect of Mnemonic Encoding Techniques on Immediate and Delayed Serial Learning
Authors: Borges Marilyn A. , Arnold Rodney C. , McClure Virginia L.
Published: September 2011

60 undergraduates participated in a serial learning task comparing three instructional strategies: the story and pegword mnemonic techniques (which both stress order relationships between test items) and an uninstructed control group using subject-determined, idiosyncratic study and rehearsal methods. All subjects learned four 10-item lists followed by an immediate recall after each list presentation and a delayed recall after completion of all four lists. Results showed no significant differences between the three strategies on immediate recall. However, by the delayed retention test, recall by the story-technique group had decreased 12%, recall by the control group had decreased 28%, but recall by the pegword group had decreased 52%. Differences in retention were related to the underlying organizational structures of the mnemonic techniques. Thus, this study showed the story technique to be the most effective mnemonic strategy when retention of ordered items is desired.
Ratings by High- and Low-Achieving Students of Teaching Qualities of College Professors
Authors: Sachdeva Darshan
Published: September 2011

Qualities of college professors on 10 statements as viewed by 270 high-achieving and 210 low-achieving students were described. Most of the students attribute greatest importance to the teaching role of their professors. The high-achieving students would like their professors to guide them toward independent thinking whereas the low achievers seem to be more concerned with the course organization, presentation of subject matter, and the grading procedures of their professors.
Reversal following Errorless Discrimination Learning
Authors: McCoy James F. , Pratt Merrill E.
Published: September 2011

Pigeons were trained on a successive red-green discrimination by either a Late-Constant or Early-Progressive procedure. Following training on the original discrimination, the stimuli were reversed after which there was a return to the original discrimination. All three of the Late-Constant pigeons learned the discrimination with errors and two of the three Early-Progressive pigeons learned the discrimination errorlessly. Responding to the reversed negative stimulus occurred at essentially the same rate for Late-Constant and Early-Progressive subjects, with the exception of one Early-Progressive subject that took substantially more exposure. These results indicate that negative stimulus after errorless learning retards development of responding more than the negative stimulus following errorful learning.
Comparison of WISC and WISC-R Using a Sample of Highly Intelligent Children
Authors: Larrabee Glenn J. , Holroyd R. G.
Published: September 2011

A sample of 19 male and 19 female 5th graders from a private school were tested on the 1949 WISC and the 1974 revised edition (WISC-R). Tests were administered in a partially counterbalanced order. Correlation coefficients for Verbal, Performance and Full Scale IQs were all very high as expected. On average, students scored 9.6 points higher on the WISC Verbal Scale and 8.4 points higher on the Performance Scale. Results for this small sample suggest the need for more frequent restandardization.
Effects of 2, 5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine (DOM, STP) on Successive Sensory Discrimination Behavior Maintained by Electrical Stimulation of the Brain Reinforcement in the Rat
Authors: Vincent John H. , Lenzer Irmingard I.
Published: September 2011

The effects of DOM (2, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine) on behavior reinforced by electrical stimulation of the brain were observed in five male Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were trained on a successive discrimination task: the SD interval lasted as long as it took the animal to make one lever-press; the SΔ interval was variable, with a mean duration of 60 sec. Following DOM administration, response latencies to the SD were longer during the first 75 min. and SΔ responding was augmented over the 2-hr. session. Gross behavioral effects such as hypokinesia and ataxia were observed for a large part of the session. While increased response latencies may be attributed to hypokinesia and ataxia, increases in SΔ responding reflect a breakdown of discrimination itself. Severe behavioral depression was not observed, suggesting that electrical stimulation of the brain may have counteracted the depressive effect of the amphetamine.
Comparative Levels of Creative Ability among Students with and without Behavior Problems
Authors: Glover John A. , Tramel Samuel
Published: September 2011

A review of the literature about creativity led to the hypothesis that there might be differences in creative ability of students with behavioral problems and those without. Students without behavioral problems were identified at two comprehensive high schools and a random sample of these students enrolled in normal classrooms were compared to the population of students with behavioral problems at both schools and in normal classrooms. The Unusual Uses subtest of the Torrance tests was administered to both groups, yielding component scores of fluency, flexibility, elaboration and originality. Students with behavioral problems obtained statistically significantly higher scores on flexibility and originality, while there were no significant differences on the other two measures.
The Gender Factor in Six- to Ten-Year-Old Children's Views of Occupational Roles
Authors: Scheresky Ruth
Published: September 2011

Differences in children's acceptance of occupational roles that are traditionally sex-typed by society were explored for a sample of 270 elementary school children, 135 boys and 135 girls. The degree of sex-typing was high among all subjects. Children viewed occupations as the role of one sex or the other, according to traditional sex-typed views.
Therapists' Expectancies and Treatment Outcome: Some Overlooked Factors
Authors: Lindsey Carole J. , Martin Paul J. , Moore Joseph E.
Published: September 2011

A recent study found factored measures of therapists' expectancies significantly correlated with 8 of 15 objective measures of treatment outcome for hospitalized patients. A subsequent study of the same relationships using unfactored expectancy measures with a diagnostically homogeneous sample of patients showed therapists' expectancies significantly correlated with 14 of 15 measures. This study reexamined the initial expectancy-outcome data using unfactored expectancy measures. The over-all results showed that characteristics of samples of subjects and the adequacy of expectancy measures both significantly influenced the results of tests of the expectancy-outcome relationship.
Attraction as a Function of Boasting, Self-Apology, and Credibility of an Actor
Authors: Levine Robert V. , West Laurie J.
Published: September 2011

76 male and 91 female undergraduates rated the attractiveness and personality characteristics of an actor in a taped conversation. In one condition the actor boasted throughout and then apologized for boasting at the end of the conversation. In a second condition the actor boasted but did not apologize for his behavior. In the third condition the actor did not boast. The credibility (high or low) of boasting was varied in each condition. Results indicated that boasting in all cases was seen as unattractive; that credibility was more salient for attractiveness in business-type, as opposed to social-type, roles; and that self-apology to some degree compensated for unattractive boasting behavior. Implications of these findings were discussed.
Congruent Self-Concepts and Psychological Health of College Students
Authors: Doyle James A.
Published: September 2011

Several personality theorists suggest a positive relation between self-ideal congruency and psychological health. The present study found for 53 undergraduates evidence of a small to moderate positive relationship between measures of self-ideal congruency and psychological health qua self-actualization.
Differences in Creativity among Homogeneous Groups of Pupils Using Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking
Authors: Kaltsounis Bill
Published: September 2011

4 groups of students in Grade 8 ( N = 245) grouped by ability on the Stanford Achievement Test were given Torrance Tests of Thinking Creatively With Pictures, Form A to assess creativity. Children above average in ability scored higher on fluency and flexibility than low, average, and superior groups.
Effects of Self-Monitoring and Self-Recording on Ecological Acts
Authors: Hoon Peter W.
Published: September 2011

22 high school students enrolled in an ecology course volunteered to self-monitor and record ecological acts. Relative to baselines which appeared to be non-reactive, time-series statistical analysis indicated that only 7 (32%) showed significant increases in ecological acts. Further, only 4 (19%) sustained these increases during follow-up assessment. Self-monitoring and recording appear ineffective in changing behavior of macro-social significance. Future research may be aimed at evaluating self-applied and externally mediated consequences and response prevention.
Castration, Testosterone Replacement Therapy and Spacing Patterns in Laboratory Mice (Mus Musculus)
Authors: Miley William M.
Published: September 2011

15 animals in each group of Swiss-Webster male mice (Alus musculus) were either castrated on Day 1, on Day 50, or received sham operations on Day 1, or on Day 50. Five mice from each group were paired with five mice from each other group and tested for inter-male aggressiveness. The sum of attacks for all groups suggested that early and late castration suppressed attacks, and exogenous testosterone propionate increased attacks in the Late Castrates, but not the Early Castrates. Locations of attacks by animals in this experiment were not equally distributed over the experimental apparatus. Before injections (testosterone replacement or distilled water) the Early Shams and Late Shams attacked Early and Late Castrates in the castrates' experimental space. After injections, Early Shams, Late Shams, and Late Castrates attacked Early Castrates in their experimental space. Attacks did not occur in the attacking animals' experimental space.
Conservation, Seriation, Classification and Mathematics Achievement in Nigerian Children
Authors: Omotoso Helen , Shapiro Bernard
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship among the acquisition of mathematics achievement and the abilities of conservation, seriation, and classification. Native Nigerian children, ages 4 to 8 yr. ( N = 120), were subjects. Data showed (a) moderate to high relationships of mathematics achievement and conservation, seriation, and classification abilities, (b) few sex differences either on the mathematics achievement test or on the performance of the various Piagetian tasks, and (c) that the operational stage is attained around the age 8 rather than somewhat earlier as we expected.
Completion or Termination of Alcoholism Treatment: Toward the Development of a Predictive Index
Authors: Heinemann E. , Moore B. , Gurel M.
Published: September 2011

Four factors, self-concept, social support system, socioeconomic status, and physical well-being of 184 clients with alcohol problems, were examined as possible indicators for predicting whether these clients would or would not complete their treatment programs. The last two factors had significant bearing upon clients' behaviors.
Indirect Effects of Footshock Stress and Coping on Alcohol Consumption of Food-Deprived and Non-Deprived Rats
Authors: Gill John H. , McDonough John H. , Nielson Harold C.
Published: September 2011

Rats that lived in activity wheels were either food deprived or not food deprived and either allowed control or no control over footshock in a conditioning chamber. Measures of consumption of alcohol across successive phases of the experiment where footshock was administered or discontinued showed no direct effect of the footshock experiences on alcohol consumption. Food and water intake, body weight, and running-wheel activity were measured also, and direct effects of footshock on these measures were observed. Alcohol consumption was related to variables that reflected changes in caloric requirement. The possibility was discussed that footshocks and coping stresses affected a general food consumption or metabolic factor and any effect of the footshock procedures on alcohol intake was related to these factors primarily and to footshock only indirectly.
Readings in Abnormal Behavior: Another Visit with an Old Friend
Authors: Leunes Arnold
Published: September 2011

76 beginning graduate students in a proseminar on abnormal behavior read five books from a list of 31 chosen as “softer” but supplemental. Prior to the section, each student was asked to mark those of the 31 he had already read. A list of the most popular 15 titles was drawn up based on the prior readership and reading during the course.
Contingency-Managed College Instruction: Effects of Weekly Quizzes on Performance on Examination
Authors: Geiger O. Glenn , Bostow Darrel E.
Published: September 2011

Students from a 10-wk. undergraduate course in educational psychology were randomly divided into two groups containing 25 and 24 students respectively. The two groups attended class together, experienced the same lecture-discussion sessions, and were required to take mid-term and final examinations over assigned content. However, one group was required to take weekly quizzes immediately prior to class sessions. Differences in performance of the two groups on the mid-term and final examinations were statistically significant and educationally important, the weekly quiz group scoring an average of approximately one letter grade better on both examinations.
Category Length and Retroactive Inhibition in Cued Recall
Authors: Sowder Calvin D.
Published: September 2011

Effects of variation in category size upon retroactive inhibition under cued-recall conditions were examined. Category size was a within-subject variable (4, 8, or 16 items/category) in a design involving 72 subjects. For 36 subjects a second list of dissimilar categories was learned. Retroactive inhibition was observed relative to the single-list control, with retroactive inhibition being of greater magnitude for larger categories. The retroactive inhibition resulted from fewer words per category recalled rather than from a decrement in category recall since category recall was uniformly high, i.e., constant, under all conditions.
Coping with Occupational Stress among Royal Air Force Personnel on Isolated Island Bases
Authors: Cooper Cary L. , Green Martin D.
Published: September 2011

This study assessed the demographic and psychometric characteristics that may be related to task performance, supervisory skills, personal skills and conduct during a period of relative isolation and confinement among Air Force personnel. A number of Cattell's 16 PF source traits and certain demographic factors predicted the effectiveness of work performance and conduct of these 64 RAF personnel under these conditions.
Development of a Motivation and Potential for Adoptive Parenthood Scale
Authors: Lindholm Byron W. , Touliatos John
Published: September 2011

Purpose of the present study was to construct a motivation and potential for adoptive parenthood scale using the basic principles of psychometric theory. The sample consisted of 530 adoptive families who were served by 67 adoption agencies and 265 adoption workers. The procedure used to construct the scale was described, the distribution of the scores and the reliability of the scale were reported, and possible uses of the scale were suggested.
School Phobia: A Discussion of Aetiology, Treatment and Evaluation
Authors: Gordon David A. , Young Richard D.
Published: September 2011

A discussion of the literature dealing with childhood school phobia has been delineated into five main areas: definition of school phobia and its frequency, aetiology, treatment, follow-up, and methodological appraisal. Throughout the discussion critical comments are offered to illustrate both theoretical and research findings that need greater clarification. Though dynamic theory predominates aetiological concerns, principles of learning theory seem to contribute greatly toward treatment. The basis for both orientations, however, is largely clinical experiences based on case histories. The discussion emphasizes the need to go beyond hypothesis generation and to direct empirical validation.
Dimensionality of Creativity
Authors: Hocevar Dennis
Published: September 2011

For 239 college students positive correlations of low to moderate magnitude were obtained among indices of creativity in fine arts, crafts, performing arts, math-science, literature, and music. More values reached statistical significance for the males than for the females.
Internality vs Externality and Personal Adjustment: A Factor Analytic Study
Authors: Lambert Michael J. , De Julio Steven S. , Cole Allen M.
Published: September 2011

This study compared three tests to determine the degree to which they might be measuring a single construct: Rotter's Internal-External Reinforcement Scale, Rest's adaptation of Kohlberg's test of moral development, and selected scales from Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory. All three scales were expected to show positive relationships with a measure of personal adjustment, the Tennessee Self-concept Scale. Numerous significant correlations were found among these instruments, suggesting some commonality in the personality dimensions being measured. There were enough differences to suggest continued refinement and to mitigate against substitution of one test for another without loss of information.
Sex Differences in Coping with Death Anxiety
Authors: Chiappetta William , Floyd H. Hugh , McSeveney Dennis R.
Published: September 2011

97 female college students tended to manifest higher death anxiety than did 43 males. Data suggest that persons with high death anxiety may tend to cope with this anxiety through cognitive manipulation of their ideal and real or anticipated ages at death.
Dumber by the Dozen? Not Necessarily!
Authors: McCutcheon Lynn E.
Published: September 2011

Little support for the confluence model as an explanation of effects of birth order was found in a study of 152 male and 139 female college students, given Factor B of the 16 PF as a measure of ability. The model may have limited application.
Suicide Motives: Comparison of Assignment of Motives by Coroners and Psychologists
Authors: Andress Vern R. , Corey David M.
Published: September 2011

The accuracy of information contained in coroners' records of suicide obviously affects the validity of data reported in ex post facto suicide studies. The reliability of coroner-assigned suicide motives has been questioned by Shneidman and Farberow (1961) on the basis that coroners' investigators lack sophistication in behavioral research methodology. Andress (1976) suggested that coroners tend to over-assign the motive of Depression/Despondency because they view suicide as a symptom of depression. The present study compared coroner- and psychologist-assigned motives in 166 suicides committed in Riverside County, California between January, 1973 and June, 1974. A Spearman's rank-order correlation of .81 between motives assigned by coroners and psychologists was obtained. Depression was assigned by coroners significantly more often than by the psychologists. The psychologists assigned marital difficulties and sexual problems significantly more often than did coroners. Because of a high percentage of interobserver agreement, it is suggested that more confidence in coroner-assigned motives may be warranted.
Free Recall and Subjective Organization in Performance of Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Wilson Barry J.
Published: September 2011

16 learning disabled elementary school children were compared with 16 normally achieving classmates on a 12-item free-recall task administered over 12 learning trials. Learning disabled children were expected to exhibit deficit in recall and deficient organization of the material. A slight deficit in recall was noted with virtually identical scores on subjective organization. Results are inconsistent with previous research using categorical clustering as an index of organization.
Social Class and Test Performance: Comparative Validity of the Peabody with the WISC and WISC-R for Two Socioeconomic Groups
Authors: Appelbaum Alan S. , Tuma June M.
Published: September 2011

Comparability of IQs yielded by the Peabody and the revised Wechsler scale, the WISC-R, is important to interpret IQ estimates obtained from these two scales. In the present study, 40 normal 10-yr.-old children (20 male and 20 female, half of whom were from high and half from low socioeconomic status) were compared for performance on the Peabody, the WISC and the WISC-R. IQs obtained on Forms A and B of the Peabody correlate highly and, thus, the two Peabody forms are essentially parallel and equivalent forms. Concurrent validity coefficients ranging from .71 to .83 were obtained between the Peabody IQs and Verbal and Full Scale IQs of the WISC and the WISC-R. Much lower validity coefficients were obtained between the Peabody and Performance IQs of the WISC and the WISC-R. Large differences in IQ between children from low socioeconomic backgrounds and those from high socioeconomic backgrounds were obtained on all four tests. The Peabody IQs were closer in magnitude to the WISC-R IQs than to the WISC in the low socioeconomic group. The results support administering the Peabody to children for obtaining valid IQ estimates. Interpretations of Peabody scores in relation to the WISC-R should be somewhat different from those of the Peabody and the WISC, however, in view of the effects of socioeconomic status (and therefore ability level) on estimates of IQ.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Canadian Self-Esteem Inventory for Children
Authors: Battle James
Published: September 2011

110 boys and girls enrolled in Grades 3 through 6 participated in a test-retest reliability study of the Canadian Self-esteem Inventory for Children, Form B. Test-retest correlations for the total sample, boys and girls, were .84, .80, and .87 respectively.
Composition and Orientation Effects on Group Cohesion
Authors: Bugen Larry A.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of homogeneous composition and orientation upon the development of cohesion in growth groups. Eight groups, each composed of seven members, were homogeneously composed on the basis of inclusion need using Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior. Members were graduate students enrolled in a group procedures course in counseling psychology. Two high-inclusion, two high-moderate, two low-moderate, and two low-inclusion groups were formed. One group from each of these levels was then randomly selected to receive either a cohesion or general-orientation message. Cohesion was measured by a questionnaire developed by Yalom and was assessed at three intervals. Results indicated that the two low-moderate inclusion groups surpassed the other groups in the development of cohesion; most work toward the establishment of cohesion was completed by Session 15 or mid-way period; and the effects of orientation were negligible.
Immediate vs Delayed Retaliation in Male and Female Adults
Authors: Sapolsky Barry S. , Stocking S. Holly , Zillmann Dolf
Published: September 2011

20 male and 20 female undergraduates were provoked and provided with an opportunity to retaliate (a) immediately following provocation vs (b) after waiting in solitude. Waiting did not reliably affect level of retaliatory activities, and there were no appreciable sex differences in such activities. However, waiting produced significant decrements in sympathetic excitation for females but not for males. Waiting furthered pre-retaliatory feelings of depression in females. Waiting also furthered post-retaliatory feelings of disturbance in both sexes, and post-retaliatory feelings of agitation in males.
Changing Values over the Last Half-Century: The Story of Thurstone's Crime Scales
Authors: Krus David J. , Sherman Jay L. , Krus Patricia H.
Published: September 2011

The present article is a follow-up of Thurstone's study, published 50 yr. ago, concerning the perceived seriousness of crimes. Comparisons were also made with Coomb's follow-up study from the mid-sixties. The continuing trend toward the judgment of sex offenses as less serious and offenses against the person as more serious was observed. The obtained scale also showed heightened sensitivity of subjects to offenses such as burglary, libel, counterfeiting, and forgery, reflecting the prevailing public opinion during the political trials of the mid-seventies.
Current Sex Stereotypes of 25 Occupations
Authors: Panek Paul E. , Rush Michael C. , Greenawalt James P.
Published: September 2011

To investigate current sex stereotyping of various occupations, a list of 25 occupations was given to 89 male and 73 female college students. Results indicate that certain occupations are still considered as “male” or “female” occupations. These findings suggest progress must still be made in changing traditional societal attitudes toward women entering several occupations.
Effects of Incarceration on Philosophies of Human Nature
Authors: Littlepage Glenn E. , Boyett Barbara F.
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to determine whether the extent of incarceration is related to Children's Philosophies of Human Nature Scale scores among male adolescents. The Children's Philosophies of Human Nature Scale was administered to 113 incarcerated male adolescents. Their scores on the 3 subscales, trustworthiness, strength of will and rationality, and complexity, were unrelated to the length of time they had served in the present incarceration. However, number of previous incarcerations was negatively related to the complexity subscale. These results suggest that incarceration does not exert a consistent influence on their scores. This is consistent with previous suggestions that such attitudes develop prior to adolescence and are relatively stable thereafter.
Study Habits and Attitudes Characteristic of Sex and Locus-of-Control Groups
Authors: Goldston John , Zimmermann Marc , Seni Christine , Gadzella Bernadette M.
Published: September 2011

Perceptions of study habits and attitudes were analyzed for sex and internally and externally oriented groups comprising 239 subjects enrolled in undergraduate psychology classes. The scores on the Rotter I-E Scale were used to identify the internally and externally oriented subjects. The Brown and Holtzman Survey of Study Habits and Attitudes inventory, administered at three different times during the semester to detect possible variations among the groups over time, yields four primary scale and two subscale scores, and a total score. Trend analyses showed significant differences among the groups on all scale scores and trials on three scales, displaying downward trend effects.
WISC Full Scale IQ Mean Differences of Black Children and White Children Aged 6 through 15 and Having Problems in School
Authors: Covin Theron M. , Hatch Gary
Published: September 2011

Differences in Full Scale WISC IQ for 300 black and 300 white southern children from families of low income and aged 6 through 15 yr., who were referred for psychometric assessment, are reported, and three distinct trends observed. The difference between IQs of these blacks and whites tended to increase from Ages 6 through 15 yr. The black children tended generally to decrease in IQ from Ages 6 through 15, while the white children tended to increase in IQ from Ages 6 to 12 and then decrease through Age 15.
Increased Verbal Interaction via Group Techniques with Regressed Schizophrenics
Authors: Beal Don , Duckro Paul , Elias Jeff , Hecht Elizabeth
Published: September 2011

Verbal interaction on the tenth 50-min. session of remotivation therapy for 8 hospitalized male chronic schizophrenics ( Mage = 57.87) increased significantly over the level for 8 comparable schizophrenic patients who served as controls. Increased verbal interaction appeared on both a structured and an unstructured task. Although individual differences were marked, the efficacy of remotivation therapy with chronic schizophrenics is suggested.
Relationships among Measures of Locus of Control for Black and White Students
Authors: Hall Eleanor R. , Joesting Joan , Woods Michael J.
Published: September 2011

Past research has involved various measures of locus of control. In the present study, Rotter's Internal-External (I-E) Scale, Levenson's Internal, Power, and Chance scales and some items from Coleman's study of equality of educational opportunity were administered to northern white and southern black college students. In general, the relationships between the measures did not vary by race or sex. Multiple regression analyses showed that Rotter's I-E Scale was significantly related to Levenson's Chance and Internal scales; Power did not contribute to the multiple R. The correlations of the Coleman items with the Rotter and Levenson scales were low but in the expected direction.
Effects of Skewness of Initial Choices on the Risky Shift: An Experimental Test with the Use of Consumer Stimuli
Authors: Reingen Peter H.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that the risky shift phenomenon can be accounted for by skewed distributions of the subjects' initial risk-taking choices was investigated with the use of consumer stimuli. Skewness, manipulated in four experimental conditions, significantly affected group decisions and shifts. However, contrary to a majority-rule interpretation, significant cautious shifts did not occur when the distributions were negatively skewed.
Effects of Depression, Feedback, and Gender on Selective Exposure to Information about the Self
Authors: Hammen Constance L.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis of benign reactions to the self following a success experience, supported by data from Mischel, Ebbesen, and Zeiss (1973), was tested with 71 depressed and 38 nondepressed students, using a social rather than an intellectual task. Theoretical propositions from Aaron Beck's approach to depression were used as a basis for the prediction that depressed subjects would selectively attend to negative information about themselves. The results were complex but clearly differed from the Mischel, et al.'s results and implicated the nature of the task as an important situational determinant which limited the generalizability of previous findings. Hypotheses about cognitive functioning in depression were partially supported, and gender appears to be a factor requiring further study with respect to depression.
Maternal Behavior in Handled and Nonhandled Mice and its Relation to Later Pup's Behavior
Authors: Deitchman Robert , Kapusinski David , Burkholder Joel
Published: September 2011

12 C31 female mice were either handled or nonhandled during 21 days of pregnancy, and the offspring fostered or cross-fostered to mothers of the same or opposite treatment condition. Maternal behaviors of Lying Alone, Lying with Pups, Grooming, Sustenance Behavior, Nesting, Locomotion, and Neonatal Grooming were recorded for the first 3 wk. postpartum. Both prenatal treatment and postnatal maternal care altered open-field behavior of the offspring at 30 days. Neonatal grooming is considered a possible mediating mechanism because of its importance for infant physiological development and later sexual behavior.
Relationship between Intelligence and Preferences to Work for Delayed Rewards
Authors: Le Sure G. Evelyn
Published: September 2011

After receiving information about either success or failure on performing a task, 61 subjects in Grades 4 and 5 made choices between immediate, smaller rewards and delayed, larger rewards which were contingent upon successful performance on a task. A positive relationship between intelligence and preference to delay for groups given both success and failure was noted.
Positive Incentive Contrast as a Function of Age and Length of Training in Rats
Authors: Weinstein Lawrence
Published: September 2011

Exp. I demonstrated that positive incentive contrast effects in an operant conditioning chamber produced by an increase in the concentration of a saccharine solution in 30 180-day-old rats (older animals) are not found in 30 25-day-old rats (younger rats). Exp. II indicated that the probability of obtaining positive contrast with 60 male albino rats is a positive function of the length of the preshift period.
Experimental Analysis of Prey Selection: Comment on Methodology
Authors: Ruggiero L. F. , Walls S. J. , Cheney C. D.
Published: September 2011

Factors controlling predatory attack are not well understood. Research has implicated pelage-substrate contrast, movement, proximity, etc. The present study illustrates the divergence of results when all combinations of two pelage and two substrates are used in a predator-prey study. Locating a white mouse on a light-colored substrate required about 6 times as long as other color/substrate combinations.
Ego-Building: An Aspect of the Treatment of Psychopaths
Authors: Draughon Margaret
Published: September 2011

An ego-building approach to the treatment of psychopaths is based on the hypothesis that an overly narrow view of “superego” contributes to the despair of therapists in treating psychopaths. That is, when specified modifications in the concepts of “ego” and “superego” are made, treatment modalities emerge which may make psychopaths “treatable.” The term “psychopath” is used only to help place the discussion of these issues in an historical context. An example illustrating the principles involved in this treatment approach is provided.
Sex Differences, Repression-Sensitization, and Self-Disclosure: A Behavioral Look
Authors: Chelune Gordon J.
Published: September 2011

Sex differences in the relationship between three classes of verbal self-references and repression-sensitization were examined in behavioral samples from male and female disclosures to a same-sexed and an opposite-sexed interviewer. Subjects made a significantly greater proportion of negative self-references to a same-sexed interviewer than either positive or neutral self-references. There was a significant interaction between sex, repression-sensitization, and type of self-reference in the analysis of data for the opposite-sexed interviewer. Further examination of this interaction indicated that sex and repression-sensitization interacted for the percentage of negative self-references only. Results re-emphasize the need to examine the relationship between personality variables and self-disclosure not only within the context of specific relationships and settings but also in terms of relevant verbal dimensions.
Effects of N-Length Sequence and Predictability of Nonreward on Resistance to Extinction in the Rat
Authors: Cogan Dennis C. , Nicholls Richard J. , Duch Victor , Van Dyke Bill
Published: September 2011

6 groups of 8 rats each were trained in a runway under conditions factorially combining three N-length sequences (increasing, random and decreasing) with signalled or unsignalled nonreinforcement. No acquisition differences were found, and in extinction only subjects in the increasing-unsignalled condition were more resistant to extinction than subjects in the companion groups. Results were interpreted as supporting a frustration, rather than a sequential, explanation of the partial reinforcement extinction effect.
Relationship of State and Trait Anxiety to Grades in Educational Psychology
Authors: Joesting Joan , Whitehead George I.
Published: September 2011

101 undergraduate students in educational psychology were assigned the writing of their own examination items. The best and worst of these items were used to compose two forms of a classroom test. The students were administered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory before and after taking both forms of this test. Students tended to score higher on the good items ( p < .05) and the more State Anxious students tended to have lower course grades.
Effective and Inexpensive Method of Obtaining Attitude and Opinion Data from “Hard to Sample” Populations
Authors: Owens Walton H. , Capel William C.
Published: September 2011

A method using congruent, inexpensive, and immediately gratifying rewards was used to obtain quantifiable data on the attitudes and opinions of frequenters of white, working-class beer taverns in a Southern state. The results were compared, controlling for race, income, and occupation, with those of studies using the same items in differing locales, time frames, and collection methods. There was no evidence that the tavern setting introduced significant biases on any of the comparisons. Costs were low, rate of return was high, and acceptance by participants was enthusiastic, leading to the conclusion that variations of this reward model could become a valuable tool for social surveyors with limited resources.