bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sufren Los Niños: Exploring the Impact of Unauthorized Immigration Status on Children's Well‐Being
Authors: Chavez Jorge M. , Lopez Anayeli , Englebrecht Christine M. , Viramontez Anguiano Ruben P.
Published: October 2012

The present study examines the effect of unauthorized immigration status on child well‐being at a time of elevated immigration rates, economic decline, and unprecedented local lawmaking related to immigration. Immigrant families today are likely to differ from those of the past in that they are more likely to be from Latin America or the Caribbean and include unprecedented numbers of unauthorized immigrants. In addition, they are settling in destinations that have not historically had immigrant populations. The present study draws on interviews with 40 families from an emerging immigrant destination in north central Indiana to help illuminate the ways in which unauthorized immigration status influences child well‐being. Results illustrate that unauthorized status extends beyond the individual to families and that mixed‐status family situations create unique challenges for these families. More specifically, these results show the ways in which unauthorized immigrant status may impact family stress and uncertainty, health outcomes, and educational attainment and may result in increased social isolation for children in immigrant families.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:

Unauthorized immigration status is typically defined as an individual characteristics, however there are likely to be large numbers of families with authorized and unauthorized status family members. These “mixed‐status families” create unique challenges for families and children.

This article informs practitioners about the ways in which recent state policies targeting unauthorized immigrants, in addition to existing federal policy, create barriers and negatively impact child and family well‐being for Latino immigrants, regardless individual immigration status.

Unauthorized immigration status may impact family stress and uncertainty, health outcomes, educational attainment, and may result in increased social isolation for children in immigrant families.
The Struggle Begins Early: Head Start and the Mississippi Freedom Movement
Authors: Hale Jon N.
Published: October 2012

Floree Smith, a teacher in Marion County, Mississippi remembered that participating in the Head Start program “made a difference in our lives, our home lives, our church lives, and it made it so beautiful and it was a help for the children and it was a help to us too.” The program etched in Mrs. Smith's memory involves Mississippi teachers, sharecroppers, store clerks, preachers, landowners, civil rights activists, and other local people who galvanized the Freedom Movement and democratized the field of education by organizing 280 Head Start centers that served 21,000 children across the state of Mississippi during the summer of 1965. This article examines the history of Head Start, a federally funded program, whose conceptualization emerged in earlier phases of the Civil Rights Movement in order to provide education, nourishing meals, medical services, and a positive social environment for children about to enter the first grade. While Head Start was implemented in states other than Mississippi, a focus on the development of Head Start in Mississippi is particularly significant because it illuminates the ways in which local people placed equitable educational access and opportunity at the center of the broader Civil Rights Movement and broadens our understanding of how local people used, and in several cases essentially created, federal programs to address deeply contextual issues. Furthermore, by illuminating the significance of Head Start and thus federal programs within the Civil Rights Movement, this article demonstrates how the rise of the New Right in the mid and late 1960s was a reaction to a racialized “Welfare State” and the programs like Head Start associated with it.
Retrospective analysis of bottlenose dolphin foraging: A legacy of anthropogenic ecosystem disturbance
Authors: Rossman Sam , Barros Nélio B. , Ostrom Peggy H. , Stricker Craig A. , Hohn Aleta A. , Gandhi Hasand , Wells Randall S.
Published: October 2012

We used stable isotope analysis to investigate the foraging ecology of coastal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in relation to a series of anthropogenic disturbances. We first demonstrated that stable isotopes are a faithful indicator of habitat use by comparing muscle isotope values to behavioral foraging data from the same individuals. δ13C values increased, while δ34S and δ15N values decreased with the percentage of feeding observations in seagrass habitat. We then utilized stable isotope values of muscle to assess temporal variation in foraging habitat from 1991 to 2010 and collagen from tooth crown tips to assess the time period 1944 to 2007. From 1991 to 2010, δ13C values of muscle decreased while δ34S values increased indicating reduced utilization of seagrass habitat. From 1944 to 1989 δ13C values of the crown tip declined significantly, likely due to a reduction in the coverage of seagrass habitat and δ15N values significantly increased, a trend we attribute to nutrient loading from a rapidly increasing human population. Our results demonstrate the utility of using marine mammal foraging habits to retrospectively assess the extent to which anthropogenic disturbance impacts coastal food webs.
Geopolitics of Home
Authors: Brickell Katherine
Published: October 2012

This paper reviews both established and emerging literatures that problematize conceptual divisions (once) held between the public arena of geopolitics on the one hand, and the so‐called ‘private sphere’ of everyday life on the other. Tying into current concerns in critical and feminist geopolitics, I aim to understand how the home has been theorized and empirically researched as a material and ideological entity of geopolitical significance. The paper covers the themes of modern warfare; home(land) and nation; and the domestic worlds of ordinary, dissident and elite geopolitical actors. It argues that while a rich source of scholarship has coalesced around the influence of geopolitics on the home at different spatial scales, more research should explore how geopolitics is influenced by, and emerges from, the home. In exposing this inequitable, yet ultimately untenable binary division, the paper calls for geographers to ‘make space’ for home in geopolitics.
Production of trans‐Free Margarine with Stearidonic Acid Soybean and High‐Stearate Soybean Oils‐Based Structured Lipid
Authors: Pande Garima , Akoh Casimir C. , Shewfelt Robert L.
Published: October 2012

Abstract:  Omega‐3 fatty acids (n‐3 FAs) have been positively associated with prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Intake of high amounts of trans fatty acids (TFAs) is correlated with increased risk of coronary heart disease, inflammation, and cancer. Structured lipid (SL) was synthesized using stearidonic acid (SDA) soybean oil and high‐stearate soybean oil catalyzed by Lipozyme® TLIM lipase. The SL was compared to extracted fat (EF) from a commercial brand for FA profile, sn‐2 positional FAs, triacylglycerol (TAG) profile, polymorphism, thermal behavior, oxidative stability, and solid fat content (SFC). Both SL and EF had similar saturated FA (about 31 mol%) and unsaturated FA (about 68 mol%), but SL had a much lower n‐6/n‐3 ratio (1.1) than EF (5.8). SL had 10.5 mol% SDA. After short‐path distillation, a loss of 53.9% was observed in the total tocopherol content of SL. The tocopherols were lost as free tocopherols. SL and EF had similar melting profile, β’ polymorph, and oxidative stability. Margarine was formulated using SL (SLM) and EF (RCM, reformulated commercial margarine). No sensory difference was observed between the 2 margarines. The SL synthesized in this study contained no TFA and possessed desirable polymorphism, thermal properties, and SFC for formulation of soft margarine. The margarine produced with this SL was trans‐free and SDA‐enriched.

Practical Application:  The current research increases the food applications of stearidonic acid (SDA) soybean oil. trans‐Free SDA containing SL was synthesized with desirable polymorph, thermal properties, and SFC for formulation of soft margarine. The margarine produced with this SL had no trans fat and had a low n‐6/n‐3 ratio. This may help in reducing trans fat intake in our diet while increasing n‐3 FA intake.
Iowa dentists’ involvement in care for patients who are homebound
Authors: Watkins Catherine , Ettinger Ronald L. , Cowen Howard , Qian Fang , Dawson Deborah V.
Published: October 2012

This study investigated the frequency of Iowa dentists’ provision of in‐office and out‐of‐office dental care for people who are homebound, as well as comparing the practice and educational characteristics among dentists who did and did not provide care for patients who were homebound. The authors mailed a survey form to all licensed dentists on the Iowa State Health Professional license database (n = 1,168), excluding pediatric dentists and orthodontists. A second mailing was sent to all nonrespondents four months later, resulting in 638 returned forms for a 54.6% response rate. The questionnaire included two outcome responses associated with the treatment in the dentist's office or in the patient's home for patients who are homebound. About 40% of Iowa dentists reported providing care in the office to patients who are homebound, but care outside of the office was provided by fewer dentists (6%) who had more years of practice experience. These results suggest an increased sense of professional or community responsibility among these older Iowa dentists. Education efforts may increase homebound care and more involvement of younger dentists.
Interdisciplinary approach to the management of Ewing sarcoma: a case report
Authors: Gomes Mônica Fernandes , Martins Luana Galvão , Alves Mônica Ghislaine Oliveira , de Morais Gouvêa Lima Gabriela , de Cássia Araújo Rocha Rita , das Graças Vilela Goulart Maria
Published: October 2012

Ewing sarcoma is a common primary bone malignancy occurring in childhood and adolescence. This case report describes a 4‐year‐old female patient who had Ewing sarcoma in the left clavicular region. The patient underwent total excision of the left clavicle and subsequently developed periodontitis and multiple carious lesions after chemotherapy. Caries risk and salivary flow rate tests were performed, followed by periodontal treatment, topical fluoride application, restoration of caries, and oral hygiene instruction. The care of this patient demonstrates that an interdisciplinary approach is essential to eliminate all foci of infection, minimize morbidity, and improve the patient's general health before, during, and after oncological treatment.
Percutaneous endoscopic translaminar approach for herniated nucleus pulposus in the hidden zone of the lumbar spine
Authors: Dezawa Akira , Mikami Hiroto , Sairyo Koichi
Published: October 2012

Introduction

Percutaneous endoscopic discectomy (PED) is the least invasive surgery for lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP). Most HNP can be removed through traditional PED approaches, but the challenging case is an HNP that has migrated into the hidden zone. We have established a percutaneous endoscopic translaminar approach (PETA) using the PED system to address such cases.

Materials and Surgical Technique

Under fluoroscopy, an 8‐mm skin incision is made 5 mm lateral to the midline. The PED cannula is placed on the lamina percutaneously. With a specially made high‐speed drill with a diameter of 3.2 mm, a 4‐mm bone hole is made. Through the bone hole, an HNP in the hidden zone can be detected. With a rongeur for PED, the HNP can be removed and then the decompressed nerve root is verified. We have treated nine cases of hidden‐zone HNP. In all cases, the HNP was successfully removed, as confirmed by postoperative MRI. Clinical outcomes were acceptable: five showed excellent recovery and the remaining four were good.

Discussion

We have introduced the PETA technique to safely access the hidden zone with the PED system. This approach is the least invasive technique for managing hidden‐zone HNP.
Pancreaticojejunostomy with closure of the pancreatic stump by endoscopic linear stapler in laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy: A reliable technique and benefits for pancreatic resection
Authors: Nakamura Yoshiharu , Matsumoto Satoshi , Matsushita Akira , Yoshioka Masato , Shimizu Tetsuya , Yamahatsu Kazuya , Uchida Eiji
Published: October 2012

Introduction

We introduce a technique for pancreaticojejunostomy with closure of the pancreatic stump by endoscopic linear stapler as a reliable intervention with benefits for pancreatic resection in laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (Lap‐PD).

Materials and Surgical Technique

Following laparoscopic resection, we perform pancreaticojejunostomy under direct visualization. We employ the same method as in open surgery and enter via a 4–5‐cm incision, the minimum size feasible for easy removal of resected material from the body, positioned directly above the stump of the distal pancreas. In January 2011, we began using endoscopic linear stapler when cutting the pancreas during Lap‐PD in order to reduce the leakage of pancreatic juice, which may contain tumor cells from the neoplastic lesion. Since then, we have used this procedure in 12 subjects undergoing Lap‐PD and 5 subjects undergoing laparoscopic central pancreatectomy. We have observed postoperative complication in only one of the laparoscopic central pancreatectomy cases, involving grade B/C pancreatic fistula, and in none of the Lap‐PD cases.

Discussion

Our pancreaticojejunostomy with closure of the pancreatic stump by endoscopic linear stapler is a feasible procedure in Lap‐PD and has produced positive results over a short time frame.
Ovarian vein thrombosis following total laparoscopic hysterectomy
Authors: Tanaka Yusuke , Kato Hiroyasu , Hosoi Ayako , Isobe Masanori , Koyama Shinsuke , Shiki Yasuhiko
Published: October 2012

Ovarian vein thrombosis usually occurs in pregnant patients, especially during the postpartum period. However, it is a rare complication following laparoscopic surgery in gynecology. The risk of a thromboembolic event is not well defined, and evidence‐based guidelines regarding deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis in gynecological laparoscopic surgery are still lacking. Herein we report a rare case of ovarian vein thrombosis following total laparoscopic hysterectomy in a 35‐year‐old woman who developed a fever of unknown origin on postoperative day 3. A complete fever work‐up was done. Her urine, vaginal stump and blood culture were all negative, and her white blood cell count was normal. CT revealed left ovarian vein thrombosis. The patient responded well to anticoagulation in conjunction with antibiotic therapy.
Thoracoscopic resection for a pulmonary nodule with the infiltrate of IgG4‐positive plasma cells
Authors: Odaka Makoto , Mori Shohei , Asano Hisatoshi , Yamashita Makoto , Kamiya Noriki , Morikawa Toshiaki
Published: October 2012

This report describes a rare case of IgG4‐related lung disease that was difficult to distinguish from lung cancer. CT revealed a well‐demarcated round tumor in S10 of the right lung of a 56‐year‐old man suspected of having lung cancer. PET revealed high fluorodeoxyglucose uptake with a maximum standardized uptake value of 14.0. Because primary lung cancer was strongly suspected, lower lobectomy was performed via the thoracoscopic approach without mini‐thoracotomy. Histopathology showed lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. Immunostaining revealed numerous IgG4‐positive plasma cells diffusely infiltrating the tumor. Serum IgG4 levels increased, thereby confirming the diagnosis of IgG4‐related lung disease.
Single‐incision laparoscopic surgery for small bowel resection with an intraumbilical arcuate incision in children
Authors: Hattori Kengo , Sato Masahito , Miyauchi Yuya
Published: October 2012

Single‐incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) has been performed on children for various procedures. However, few reports are available about SILS for small bowel resection, particularly involving conventional instruments in the pediatric population. Herein, we report four cases of small bowel resection with single umbilical incision and a three‐trocar approach. From October 2010 to September 2011, we performed small bowel resection with SILS on four cases, including a boy with an intestinal duplication cyst and three children with Meckel's diverticulum. An intraumbilical arcuate incision was made to expose the abdominal wall fascia, and one 5‐mm and two 3.5‐mm trocars were inserted. It was not necessary to extend the initial incision to exteriorize the lesion except in one case in which we applied the so‐called Y‐V closure plasty. All procedures were successful and did not require conversion, and all patients recovered smoothly without any complications. Small bowel resection using the SILS approach is suitable for these diseases.
Laryngeal rhabdomyoma in a dog
Authors: Dunbar Mark D. , Ginn Pamela , Winter Matthew , Miller Karri Barabas , Craft William
Published: October 2012

A 3‐year‐old, female spayed Australian Shepherd dog was presented to Veterinary Healthcare Associates in Winter Haven, FL with a history of respiratory stridor, difficulty swallowing, and a change in bark for approximately 3 months. Radiographs revealed a soft tissue mass caudal to the epiglottis. Oral and computerized tomographic (CT) examinations were performed under general anesthesia and revealed a small firm mass in the caudal larynx on the right side. Cytologic evaluation of a fine‐needle aspirate of the mass revealed cells consistent with a rhabdomyoma, oncocytoma, or granular cell tumor. Histopathologic interpretation was rhabdomyoma or oncocytoma. Histochemical staining with periodic acid‐Schiff was mostly negative with a low number of weakly positive cells and with phosphotungstic acid‐hematoxylin was strongly positive with visible cross striations. Tumor cells did not express pancytokeratin AE1/AE3, were strongly immunoreactive for myoglobin and muscle‐specific actin, and did not express vimentin except for a low number of weakly immunoreactive cells. These findings confirmed a diagnosis of rhabdomyoma. Primary neoplasia of the larynx is rare, and widely varying types of neoplasms have been documented in this location. Due to the cytologic and histologic similarities between rhabdomyoma, oncocytoma, and granular cell tumor, these neoplasms should be differentiated using histochemical staining and immunohistochemical analysis.
Populating the asteroid belt from two parent source regions due to the migration of giant planets—“The Grand Tack”
Authors: WALSH Kevin J. , MORBIDELLI A. , RAYMOND S. N. , O’BRIEN D. P. , MANDELL A. M.
Published: October 2012

Abstract– The asteroid belt is found today in a dramatically different state than that immediately following its formation. It is estimated that it has been depleted in total mass by a factor of at least 1000 since its formation, and that the asteroids’ orbits evolved from having near‐zero eccentricity and inclination to the complex distributions we find today. The asteroid belt also hosts a wide range of compositions, with the inner regions dominated by S‐type and other water‐poor asteroids and the outer regions dominated by C‐type and other primitive asteroids. We discuss a model of early inner solar system evolution whereby the gas‐driven migration of Jupiter and Saturn brings them inwards to 1.5 AU, truncating the disk of planetesimals in the terrestrial planet region, before migrating outwards toward their current locations. This model, informally titled “The Grand Tack,” examines the planetary dynamics of the solar system bodies during the final million years of the gaseous solar nebula lifetime—a few million years (Myr) after the formation of the first solids, but 20–80 Myr before the final accretion of Earth, and approximately 400–600 Myr before the Late Heavy Bombardment of the inner solar system. The Grand Tack attempts to solve some outstanding problems for terrestrial planet formation, by reproducing the size of Mars, but also has important implications for the asteroid population. The migration of Jupiter causes a very early depletion of the asteroid belt region, and this region is then repopulated from two distinct source regions, one inside the formation region of Jupiter and one between and beyond the giant planets. The scattered material reforms the asteroid belt, producing a population the appropriate mass, orbits, and with overlapping distributions of material from each parent source region.
Who are we made to think we are? Contextual variation in organizational, workgroup and career foci of identification
Authors: Millward Lynne J. , Haslam S. Alexander
Published: October 2012

An online survey‐based study (N = 314) combining experimental and quasi‐experimental elements was conducted to examine variation in employees' group identification in organizational contexts. The study measured three foci of identification (organization, workgroup, career) under three conditions of identity fit (organizational, workgroup, career) in two healthcare organizations (one public sector, one private sector) that had distinct organizational cultures (collectivist, individualist, respectively). Whilst workgroup identification was generally higher than organizational identification, this difference was moderated both by sector and by the interaction between sector and identity fit. This meant (1) that when the fit manipulation made workgroup identity salient, workgroup identification was only higher than organizational and career identification in the public‐sector organization and (2) that when the fit manipulation made career identity salient, career identification was only higher than organizational and workgroup identification in the private‐sector organization. These findings are consistent with hypotheses derived from self‐categorization theory, which suggests that the salience of organizational identities defined at different levels of abstraction varies as a function of their accessibility and fit and hence is determined by their localized meaning. They are also inconsistent with assumptions that workgroup identity will always be preferred to more inclusive categorizations. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

Practitioner Points

employees' organizational, workgroup and career identities are determined both by organizational cultural values (which affect identity accessibility) and by the way that these identities are locally framed (which affects identity fit).

The fact that employee identification is affected by organizational culture and context suggests that this can be shaped through processes of leadership.

Organizational researchers need to be aware of the language they use in research rubric when seeking to understand employee perceptions and reactions and be sensitive to ways in which this can affect the salience of different identities.
Volume Stability of Calcium Sulfoaluminate Phases
Authors: Khoshnazar Rahil , Beaudoin James J. , Alizadeh Rouhollah , Raki Laila
Published: October 2012

The volume stability of calcium sulfoaluminate phases exposed to water, lime, and gypsum environments was investigated. The length changes of compacted specimens of synthetic monosulfate and ettringite were monitored in distilled water, lime‐saturated water, gypsum‐saturated water, and saturated water vapor. The X‐ray diffraction analysis was also performed on the samples to assess the changes in the crystalline structure of each phase. Evidence was provided in support of the significant role of dissolution of monosulfate and ettringite, and the leaching of their constituent ions, on the expansion of these phases.
Central Hemodynamics in Prehypertension: Effect of the β‐Adrenergic Antagonist Nebivolol
Authors: Davis Jason T. , Pasha Dalal N. , Khandrika Srikrishna , Fung Maple M. , Milic Milos , O’Connor Daniel T.
Published: October 2012

The aim of the current study was to characterize the effects of the novel β‐adrenergic antagonist nebivolol on central aortic blood pressures, arterial properties, and nitroxidergic activity in individuals with prehypertension. Prehypertension is emerging as a major risk factor for several adverse cardiovascular consequences. Increased pulse wave velocity, aortic augmentation index, and aortic blood pressures have been linked with augmented risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. While the effects of antihypertensive drugs on these parameters in hypertensive patients have been studied, there are limited data so far in prehypertension. Fifty individuals with prehypertension were randomized to either nebivolol (5 mg per day) or placebo in a double‐blind clinical trial. Patients underwent measurement of pulse wave velocity as well as aortic blood pressure and aortic augmentation index via pulse wave analysis at baseline and 8 weeks. Patients also had blood and urine biochemistries done at each visit. Nebivolol achieved significant reductions in central aortic systolic (P=.011), diastolic (P=.009), and mean arterial blood pressure (P=.002). Pulse wave velocity trended toward improvement but did not achieve significance (P=.088). Nitric oxide production, measured as urinary nitrite/nitrite excretion, also rose substantially in the nebivolol group (by approximately 60%, P=.030). Central blood pressures can be effectively lowered by β‐blockade while patients are still in the prehypertension phase, and the effects may be coupled to improve nitric oxide release by the drug.
Long‐pulsed 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser improves hypertrophic port‐wine stains
Authors: van Drooge A.M. , Bosveld B. , van der Veen J.P.W. , de Rie M.A. , Wolkerstorfer A.
Published: October 2012

Background  Hypertrophic port‐wine stains (PWS) usually respond poorly to pulsed dye laser treatment. The long‐pulsed 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser can target deeper situated vessels and may therefore be more effective.

Objective  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the Nd:YAG laser for the treatment of hypertrophic PWS.

Methods  In a retrospective cohort study, all hypertrophic PWS patients treated with the Nd:YAG laser between 2005 and 2011 were invited for follow‐up. Clinical improvement was assessed using Physician Global Assessment (PhGA) and Patient Global Assessment (PGA).

Results  Assessment was obtained in 32 of 44 eligible patients (mean age 51.4 years), after a mean of 2.8 (SD ± 2.1) Nd:YAG laser treatments. Good or excellent improvement of hypertrophy was found in a majority of patients, both by PhGA (91%) and PGA (93%). Good or excellent improvement of colour was found in 63% of patients by PhGA, and in 87% by PGA. Recurrence of hypertrophy was seen in three patients. All but two patients would recommend Nd:YAG treatment to other patients. Mild to moderate scars were seen in seven patients, hypopigmentation in 14 patients.

Conclusion  The 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser is highly effective in the treatment of hypertrophic PWS with only a few treatments needed. Mostly mild side effects were seen in half of all patients. Hypertrophy seems to respond better than colour. To further improve colour, a combination with pulsed dye laser treatment is advisory. Observation of immediate clinical endpoints is important when using the Nd:YAG laser, to optimize outcomes and reduce side effects.
Quantifying the uncertainty in the Soil Conservation Service flood hydrographs: a case study in the Azores Islands
Authors: Leandro J. , Leitão J.P. , de Lima J.L.M.P.
Published: October 2012

Flash flooding is characterised by a rapid flooding phenomenon caused by intense rainfall. Despite being an extreme event with high uncertainty, the rainfall‐run‐off process is often regarded as deterministic (rather than stochastic). In this paper, the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) flood hydrograph uncertainty is quantified based on the Total Error Framework (TEF), and introduced into the model by applying perturbation in the input data and model parameters. The random perturbation component is stochastically modelled. A sensitivity analysis was carried out on the stochastic model parameters, using a real case study in the Azores (Portugal). The results showed that the flood hydrograph uncertainty varies over time, with its largest deviations occurring at the beginning of the flooding because of the uncertainty associated with the SCS method curve number parameter (correlation coefficient R2 of 0.86). Rainfall uncertainty was responsible for the uncertainty in the hydrograph peaks' magnitude (R2 = 0.93) while uncertainty in the propagation velocity was responsible for the uncertainty in the peaks' time (R2 = 0.97).
Risk stratification for hepatitis B virus related hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Lin Chih‐Lin , Kao Jia‐Horng
Published: October 2012

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the major cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide, especially in the Asia–Pacific region. Several hepatitis B viral factors predictive of clinical outcomes in HBV carriers have been identified. The Risk Evaluation of Viral Load Elevation and Associated Liver Disease/Cancer‐HBV (REVEAL‐HBV) study from Taiwan illustrated the strong association between HBV‐DNA level at study entry and risk of HCC over time. In this community‐based cohort study, male gender, older age, high serum alanine aminotransferase level, positive hepatitis B e antigen, higher HBV‐DNA level, HBV genotype C infection, and core promoter mutation are independently associated with a higher risk of HCC. Another large hospital‐based Elucidation of Risk Factors for Disease Control or Advancement in Taiwanese Hepatitis B Carriers cohort of Taiwanese patients further validated the findings of REVEAL‐HBV. The risk of HCC started to increase when HBV‐DNA level was higher than 2000 IU/mL. Both HBV‐DNA and HBsAg levels were shown to be associated with HCC development. While HBV‐DNA level had better predictive accuracy than HBsAg level, when investigating the overall cohort in patients with HBV‐DNA level < 2000 IU/mL, HBsAg level ≥ 1000 IU/mL was identified as a new independent risk factor for HCC. With the results from REVEAL‐HBV, a risk calculation for predicting HCC in non‐cirrhotic patients has been developed and validated by independent cohorts (Risk Estimation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis B).Taken together, ample evidence indicates that HBsAg level can complement HBV‐DNA level in predicting HCC development, especially in HBV carriers with low viral load. In conclusion, HBV treatment guidelines should include the risk stratification of HCC to individualize the management of HBV carriers with different levels of HCC risk.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Asia: A story of growth
Authors: Wong Vincent Wai‐Sun
Published: October 2012

Ten years ago, few if any researchers in Asia showed interest in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Today, NAFLD is increasingly recognized as a major chronic liver disease not only in Western countries but also in Asia. Its importance is exemplified by its high prevalence, disease progression, and association with major medical disorders. In Asia, 15–30% of the general adult population suffers from NAFLD. In patients with diabetes and metabolic syndrome, the reported prevalence is typically over 50%. Patients with the active form of NAFLD, namely steatohepatitis (NASH), may have fibrosis progression and eventually develop cirrhosis. Patients with NASH‐related cirrhosis have similar mortality to those with other causes of cirrhosis, and they have a high risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma up to 2–3% per year. In addition, NAFLD patients have a high prevalence of cardiovascular disease and colorectal neoplasm. One major challenge for practicing clinicians is how to identify patients with significant liver disease among many who are found to have NAFLD. While liver biopsy is traditionally considered the gold standard for disease staging, it is invasive and unpleasant, and is an impractical tool for a disease that affects a quarter of the general population. To this end, new developments in transient elastography and biomarkers such as cytokeratin‐18 fragments can help exclude significant liver fibrosis and NASH, respectively. This article summarizes a young researcher's journey through this exciting area of research and what he has learned from amazing people all around the world.
Behavioral and monoamine changes following severe vitamin C deficiency
Authors: Ward Margaret S. , Lamb Jonathan , May James M. , Harrison Fiona E.
Published: October 2012

Severe vitamin C deficiency (ascorbic acid; AA) was induced in gulo−/− mice incapable of synthesizing their own AA. A number of behavioral measures were studied before and during the deprivation period, including a scorbutic period, during which weight loss was observed in the mice. Mice were then resuscitated with AA supplements. During the scorbutic period, gulo−/− mice showed decreased voluntary locomotor activity, diminished physical strength, and increased preference for a highly palatable sucrose reward. These behaviors all returned to control levels following resuscitation. Altered trial times in subordinate mice in the tube test for social dominance in the AA‐deprived mice persisted following resuscitation and may signify a depressive‐like behavior in these mice. Biochemical analyses were undertaken following a second deprivation period. AA deficiency was accompanied by decreased blood glucose levels, oxidative damage to lipids and proteins in the cortex, and decreases in dopamine and serotonin metabolites in both the cortex and striatum. Given the reasonably high proportions of the population that do not consume sufficient AA in the diet, these data have important implications for physical and psychological function in the general population.
Effect of different advancement positions on the maximum retrusive force of the mandible
Authors: Al‐kalaly A. A. , Dyson J. E. , Wong R. W. K. , Schätzle M. , Cheung L. K. , Rabie A. B. M.
Published: October 2012

Al‐kalaly A. A., Dyson J. E., Wong R. W. K., Schätzle M., Cheung L. K, Rabie A. B. M. Effect of different advancement positions on the maximum retrusive force of the mandible  Orthod Craniofac Res 2013; 16:56–64. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Structured Abstract

Introduction –  Functional appliances lead, in different degrees, to loss of anchorage in the lower arch. By anchoring them to the mandibular bone, any dental side effects may be avoided and the skeletal effect enhanced. Stability of bone‐borne fixation would be affected by forces created by the pull of the masticatory muscles. We aimed to identify mean maximum forces produced by mandibular retrusive muscles, at different degrees of advancement.

Subjects and methods –  Eighteen healthy adult volunteers participated in the study. Maximum retrusive force was measured using a splint/load cell system. Readings of the maximum forces of retrusion were taken from five mandibular positions: unstrained retruded position, and 4, 5, 6, and 7 mm anterior to the unstrained position. Data were presented as means ± SD and anova was performed to examine statistical significant differences between means of the maximum retrusion force.

Results –  Mean maximum retrusion force ranged between 63.3 and 198.2 newtons at the unstrained and 7 mm positions, respectively. It increased as the distance of advancement increased, being statistically significantly (p < 0.05) less at unstrained position compared with all advancement distances, 4 mm of advancement than 6 and 7 mm advancement, 5 mm of advancement than at 7 mm advancement.

Conclusion –  Magnitude of the forces exerted by muscles during voluntary maximum retrusion movement from different advancement positions increased proportionately as the retrusion distance increased up to 7 mm. Such range of high forces might be important to consider when designing a bone‐borne functional appliance.
Ultrasound Imaging of Embedded Shrapnel Facilitates Diagnosis and Management of Myofascial Pain Syndrome
Authors: Shankar Hariharan , Cummings Craig
Published: October 2012

Trigger points can result from a variety of inciting events including muscle overuse, trauma, mechanical overload, and psychological stress. When the myofascial trigger points occur in cervical musculature, they have been known to cause headaches. Ultrasound imaging is being increasingly used for the diagnosis and interventional management of various painful conditions.

A veteran was referred to the pain clinic for management of his severe headache following a gunshot wound to the neck with shrapnel embedded in the neck muscles a few years prior to presentation. He had no other comorbid conditions. Physical examination revealed a taut band in the neck. An ultrasound imaging of the neck over the taut band revealed the deformed shrapnel located within the levator scapulae muscle along with an associated trigger point in the same muscle. Ultrasound guided trigger point injection, followed by physical therapy resolved his symptoms.

This is a unique report of embedded shrapnel and coexisting myofascial pain syndrome revealed by ultrasound imaging. The association between shrapnel and myofascial pain syndrome requires further investigation.
Pharmacokinetics of anti‐tuberculosis drugs in Venezuelan children younger than 16 years of age: supportive evidence for the implementation of revised WHO dosing recommendations
Authors: Verhagen L. M. , López D. , Hermans P. W. M. , Warris A. , de Groot R. , García J. F. , de Waard J. H. , Aarnoutse R. E.
Published: October 2012

Objectives  The World Health Organization (WHO) recently issued revised first‐line antituberculosis (anti‐TB) drug dose recommendations for children, with dose increases proposed for each drug. No pharmacokinetic data are available from South American children. We examined the need for implementation of these revised guidelines in Venezuela.

Methods  Plasma isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol concentrations were assessed prior to and at 2, 4 and 8 h after intake of TB drugs by 30 TB patients aged 1–15 years. The effects of dose in mg/kg, age, sex, body weight, malnutrition and acetylator phenotype on maximum plasma drug concentrations (Cmax) and exposure (AUC0‐24) were determined.

Results  25 patients (83%) had an isoniazid Cmax below 3 mg/l and 23 patients (77%) had a rifampicin Cmax below 8 mg/l. One patient (3%) had a pyrazinamide Cmax below 20 mg/l. The low number of patients on ethambutol (n = 5) precluded firm conclusions. Cmax and AUC0‐24 of all four drugs were significantly and positively correlated with age and body weight. Patients aged 1–4 years had significantly lower Cmax and AUC0‐24 values for isoniazid and rifampicin and a trend to lower values for pyrazinamide compared to those aged 5–15 years. The geometric mean AUC0‐24 for isoniazid was much lower in fast acetylators than in slow acetylators (5.2 vs. 12.0, P < 0.01).

Conclusion  We provide supportive evidence for the implementation of the revised WHO pediatric TB drug dose recommendations in Venezuela. Follow‐up studies are needed to describe the corresponding plasma levels that are achieved by the recommended increased doses of TB drugs.
Dose reduction of antiretrovirals: a feasible and testable approach to expand HIV treatment in developing countries
Authors: Vento Sandro , Lanzafame Massimiliano , Lattuada Emanuela , Cainelli Francesca , Restelli Umberto , Foglia Emanuela
Published: October 2012

Il est très improbable que les systèmes de santé dans les pays en développement soient toujours en mesure d'inscrire de nouveaux patients et de maintenir les patients sous traitement antirétroviral dans le long terme. Cela à cause de la crise économique mondiale, les orientations des bailleurs de fonds en fonction des priorités pour la santé mondiale et les changements dans les nouvelles recommandations de l’OMS pour commencer les antirétroviraux à un seuil de 350 cellules CD4/mm3, qui influeront tous sur la disponibilité de l'aide pour la thérapie antirétrovirale. Nous proposons d'explorer de toute urgence la réduction de la dose des différents antirétroviraux comme une des options possibles pour aider et maintenir le traitement antirétrovirale dans les pays en développement. Des doses plus faibles de stavudine, éfavirenz, atazanavir, darunavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, ténofovir sont à l’étude ou sont à explorer et pourraient réduire les coûts et permettre un accès plus étendu à la thérapie anti‐VIH pour les populations dans le besoin. La réduction de la dose pourrait également diminuer les effets indésirables, améliorer la tolérance et l'observance du traitement sans compromettre l'efficacité. Il est urgent de mettre en œuvre des essais de non‐infériorité assez larges, bien suivis, comparant des doses plus faibles d'antirétroviraux à celles actuellement utilisées.
The Effect of Air Injection Method on the Airlift Pump Performance
Authors: Hu Dong , Tang Chuan-Lin , Cai Shu-Peng , Zhang Feng-Hua
Published: October 2012

With simple structure, excellent reliability, low cost, no restriction at depth of water, and easy control and operation, airlift pumps have special advantage in borehole hydraulic jet mining, river dredging and deep sea mining. To clarify the mechanism and process of action of air injection methods on air lift performance, and to enhance lifting capacity, the pump performance of a small airlift system in transporting river sands is investigated experimentally in the present study. The results are as the follows. The influences of air exit ports on water volume flow rate, mass flow rate of solids and lifting efficiency are studied and found to be very low when the number of air exit ports exceeds 3. The pump design show best pumping capability for water and solids at higher air flow rates, but the lifting efficiency is then very low. In addition, a dimensionless equation which describes the flows in the pipe is presented based on the Bernoulli equation, and compared with measurement results in the dimensionless form, which are nearly in good agreement with each other for all the arrangements of air exit ports and are basically contained within ±18% of the theoretical curve. The results are important for understanding the mechanism of airlift pumps and enriching multiphase flow theory.
Passive Control of Transonic Cavity Aeroacoustics
Authors: Roberts David A. , MacManus David G.
Published: October 2012

In recent years the continuing trend for the internalization of stores within an aircraft fuselage has led to a renewed interest in the field of cavity aeroacoustics. Open cavities exposed to transonic flow exhibit large pressure fluctuations which can result in damage to stores or components carried within the cavity. This study investigates the use of a passive resonant absorber based on Helmholtz resonators to attenuate the unsteady pressure fluctuations that arise in such cavity flows. The arrays are expected to remove energy from the high intensity cavity oscillations at the frequency to which they are tuned and therefore, to reduce the cavity noise. Six resonant arrays were designed to target individual Rossiter modes within a cavity. The arrays were tested in a small scale wind tunnel at both Mach 0.8 and Mach 0.9. The performance of the arrays were tested individually at both the front and rear wall of the cavity as well as in a combined arrangement. A peak attenuation of 14 dB was measured for an array at the front wall at Mach 0.9. A smaller attenuation of 8 dB was achieved when the same array was tested at Mach 0.8. Combined resonator installations at both the front and rear walls of the cavity further increased the peak sound pressure level (SPL) attenuation up to 18 dB at Mach 0.9. The investigation shows that passive resonant absorbers are a promising palliative method for the reduction of cavity acoustic modes at high subsonic speeds.
Force on a Small Particle Attached to a Plane Wall in a Hiemenz Straining Flow
Authors: Maynard A. B. , Marshall J. S.
Published: October 2012

The force acting on a spherical particle fixed to a wall and immersed in an axisymmetric straining flow is examined for small Reynolds numbers. The steady, incompressible flow field is computed using an axisymmetric finite-volume method over conditions spanning five decades in the Reynolds number. The flow is characterized by the formation of a vortex ring structure in the wedge region formed between the particle lower surface and the plane wall. A power law expression for the dimensionless particle force is obtained as a function of the Reynolds number, which is found to hold with excellent accuracy for Reynolds numbers below about 0.1.
Microfluidic System for Rapid Enumeration and Detection of Microparticles
Authors: Sen A. K. , Bhardwaj P.
Published: October 2012

A microfluidic system for rapid concentration, enumeration, and size based detection of microparticles is presented. The system includes a micro flow cytometer chip together with fluidics, optics and control on a single platform. The micro flow cytometer chip was designed, fabricated, and integrated with fluidics and optical fibers. The flow microchannel employs chevron structures at the top and bottom surfaces of the channel to achieve two-dimensional flow focusing. The system employs a cross-flow filter for sample concentration thus enabling enumeration and detection of microparticles even at low concentration levels (∼1.1 × 104/ml). A flow stabilizer chip based on the concept of a fluid chamber with a flexible membrane as the top wall was used to reduce flow pulsations within the fluidic system thus improving measurement accuracy. The excitation optical fiber is connected to a laser source and the collection fibers are connected to photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) for signal manipulation and conversion. Labview was used for data acquisition through a PC interface. The ability of the system for enumeration and size-based detection of microparticles was demonstrated using polystyrene microbeads suspended in PBS as the sample.
Fabrication and magnetic properties of 100-nm-scaled permalloy nanotube arrays
Authors: Huang Yu-Chen , Kuo Cheng-Yi , Shyu Jia-Hong , Lee Ching-Ming , Horng Lance , Wu Jong-Ching
Published: October 2012

Fabrication and magnetization characteristics of permalloy nanotube arrays that are in 100-nm-scale have been demonstrated. Permalloy nanotube array is made by using a standard electron-beam lithography combining with an ion-beam milling process. Geometric parameters of individual permalloy nanotube are fixed to be 300/20 nm for outer diameter/wall thickness, and the heights are varied from 180 to 600 nm. Height dependent magnetization reversal behaviors are investigated by using longitudinal magneto-optical Kerr effect with the external field applied perpendicular to the tubular axis. Micromagnetic simulations are performed to scrutinize the micromagnetization configurations. Up to two pairs of head-to-head and tail-to-tail domain walls on both tubular ends and vortex structure motion on the sidewall are identified during the magnetization reversal.
Response to Comment on “Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Blast-Exposed Military Veterans and a Blast Neurotrauma Mouse Model”
Authors: Goldstein Lee E. , McKee Ann C.
Published: October 2012

Goldstein and McKee respond to points raised in two letters about their study of tau neuropathology in postmortem brain tissue samples from blast-exposed military veterans with traumatic brain injury.
Lupus Antibody Tops Cancer Cells
Authors: Ford James M.
Published: October 2012

A lupus causing anti-DNA antibody penetrates living cells and targets DNA repair for therapeutic advantage in human cancer cells.
To Catch a Fish
Authors: Calfee Carolyn S.
Published: October 2012

A gene highly expressed in malignant mesothelioma, a deadly consequence of asbestos exposure, shows promise as a plasma biomarker of disease.