bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Color Chart for Japanese Pear (Pyrus serotina var. culta Rehder)1
Authors: Kajiura I. , Suzuki K. , Yamazaki T.
Published: September 2022

Ground color chart for Japanese pear was made both to study the maturation and to judge time of harvest. The chart value correlated with both the soluble solids content and firmness. During the harvest period, the cultivar difference was found in yellowing at the stem end. The calyx end was the best position to evaluate ground color.
Growth Regulators Increase Yield and Reduce Length of Harvest of Highbush Blueberries1
Authors: Doughty C. C. , Scheer W. P. A.
Published: September 2022

Applications of potassium gibberellate (KGA3) combined with 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) or 2.4.5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid (2,4,5-TP) increased fruit set, reduced the number of aborted berries, increased yield, and shortened length of harvest period when applied at full bloom to ‘Dixi’ blueberry plants (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). Compared with untreated ‘Jersey’ blueberry plants, succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) applied 2 weeks before full bloom reduced yield in comparison to SADH applied 2 weeks after full bloom but had no effect on fruit size or time of harvest.
A Greenhouse Method to Evaluate High Temperature Setting Ability in the Tomato1
Authors: Stoner Allan K. , Otto Brian E.
Published: September 2022

A screening method is proposed to select for high temperature fruit setting ability in the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill) on the basis of fruit set under high summer temperature in the greenhouse.
‘Sir Prize’ Apple1
Authors: Williams E. B. , Janick Jules , Emerson F. H. , Dayton D. F. , Mowry J. B. , Hough L. F. , Bailey C. H.
Published: September 2022

‘Sir Prize’ is a yellow, russet-free apple with immunity to apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint. The fruit is large and ripens along with ‘Golden Delicious’. It is released as a home garden cultivar.
Stoning a Sacred Cow
Authors: Smock R. M.
Published: September 2022

The retirement years may aggravate natural irrascibility or just give time to write down some gripes.
Bud Opening of Chrysanthemums after Long Term Storage1
Authors: Kofranek Anton M. , Halevy Abraham H. , Kubota John
Published: September 2022

Buds of standard chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cvs. Albatross and Fred Shoesmith) from 5 to 12 cm in diameter were cut with 60 cm stems and stored at low temperatures (−0.5 to 1.5°C) for up to 5 weeks. Flower buds were opened in sucrose solutions containing 25 ppm silver nitrate and 75 ppm citric acid. Small size buds developed flat heads when stored over 2 weeks; the disc florets failed to develop fully. Leaves which are normally free of necrosis when opened in sugar solutions developed desiccation injury after long storage. The flat shape of the inflorescence can be prevented by storing large buds (10-12 cm); however, botrytis becomes a major problem on the exposed ray florets.
Studies on the Reduction of Seed Number in Mandarins1
Authors: Feinstein B. , Monselise S. P. , Goren R.
Published: September 2022

Studies of pollen germination, stigmatic treatments and a field experiment were conducted in an attempt to decrease seed number of mandarin-type fruits (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Dancy and C. reticulata Blanco cv. Temple). Gibberellin (GA3) in the medium inhibited germination only above 250 ppm; cycloheximide inhibited it at 0.1 ppm. Treatments of the above and other compounds applied to stigmatic surfaces decreased either set or yield. Field treatments with 20 ppm GA at early- or mid-bloom or 150 ppm naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) applied when fruitlets were 5 or 10 mm in diameter alone or in combinations, decreased seed number to 72% for ‘Dancy’ and 82% for ‘Temple’. Effects of NAA were greater than for GA. Neither treatment caused thinning. Instead, fruit number and yields increased, while fruit size decreased slightly. Bioassays of NAA-treated fruitlets showed residual active NAA 25 days after spraying as well as an increase in native gibberellin-like activity which was highest in NAA + GA-treated fruitlets.
Air Flow Rates Influence CO2 Production of Apple Fruits, Potato Tubers and Onion Bulbs1
Authors: Lougheed E. C. , Franklin E. W.
Published: September 2022

CO2 production of apple fruits, potato tubers, and onion bulbs was consistently higher at flow rates of 150 or 75 ml/minute than at 15 ml/minute with production at the 2 higher rates being similar.
Aluminum Mulch Increases Quality and Yield of ‘Orleans’ Apples1
Authors: Moreshet S. , Stanhill G. , Fuchs M.
Published: September 2022

Covering the ground between the hedge rows of an ‘Orleans’ apple orchard with a laminated plastic film vacuum-coated with aluminum significantly increased the average weight, diameter, color and sugar content of fruit harvested from the lower half of the canopy. The total weight of fruit harvested per tree was not affected until the following season when a large increase was recorded.
A Rapid Method for Assessing Pine Vole Control in Orchards1
Authors: Byers R. E.
Published: September 2022

A rapid method for assessing the presence of pine voles (Microtus pinetorum LeConte) in experimental plots was based on an apple activity test. This test was easily adapted to surveying the effect of grower applied treatments.

Chlorophacinone (CPN) was superior to Endrin ground sprays for pine vole control in an orchard where Endrin had been used annually for over 10 years. Low levels of CPN at 0.112, 0.056, and 0.028 kg/ha (0.1, 0.5, 0.025 lb./acre) did not give adequate control of pine voles, and 0.224 kg/ha (0.2 lb/acre) appeared to be the lowest possible dosage level for control.
Evaluating Resistance of Apple Fruits to Four Insect Pests1
Authors: Goonewardene Hilary F. , Kwolek W. F. , Dolphin R. E. , Williams E. B.
Published: September 2022

Methods of evaluating resistance of apple fruit to 4 insect pests were established by modifying existing rearing procedures. When ‘Jonathan’ was used as the check cultivar and an adjustment was made for variation between trays among checks, it was possible to separate selections that were significantly more resistant from randomly selected samples of apple genotypes. We found 9.7 22.9, 32.3, and 17.0% of the selections tested against the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), and redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), respectively, had significantly less damage than the check.
Influence of Wounding and Chilling on Rooting of Pear Cuttings1
Authors: Young M. J. , Westwood M. N.
Published: September 2022

Disbudded ‘Old Home’ × ‘Farmingdale’ (OH × F) pear (Pyrus communis L.) cuttings rooted 96% before sufficient chilling to break rest and 84% after chilling. Rooting mass (as rated on a scale of 0 to 3) for disbudded cuttings was also less for chilled (1.22) than for nonchilled (1.94) cuttings. Disbudding of chilled cuttings reduced rooting significantly. Intemodal wounding failed to alter % rooting but reduced rooting masses for both nonchilled and chilled cuttings, relative to non-wounded controls. The rooting mass of nodally wounded chilled cuttings was suppressed even further.
Resistance to the Common Peach Tree Borer (Sanninoidea exitiosa Say) in Seedlings of ‘Rutgers Red Leaf’ Peach1
Authors: Chaplin C. E. , Schneider G. W.
Published: September 2022

Seedlings of ‘Rutgers Red Leaf peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) exhibited more resistance to the common peach tree borer than seedlings of ‘Siberian C’, ‘Harrow Blood’ and ‘New’.
Assessment of Some Red Raspberry Cultivars and Selections as Parents for Resistance to Spur Blight1
Authors: Daubeny Hugh A. , Pepin H. S.
Published: September 2022

‘Haida’ was the most effective of 15 red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivars or selections in transmitting spur blight (Didymella applanata (Niessl) Sac.) resistance to progeny. Inheritance of the resistance reaction was quantitative and predominantly additive in nature.
Ethylene-induced Ripening in Attached rin Fruits, a Non-ripening Mutant of Tomato1
Authors: Mizrahi Yosef , Dostal Herbert C. , Cherry Joe H.
Published: September 2022

Application of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) or ethylene gas to attached rin fruit of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) induced ripening as measured by lycopene development, fruit softening, increased total soluble solids, and promotion of normal tomato flavor.
Response of Brussels Sprouts to Chemical Pinching with Fatty Alcohols and Methyl Esters of Fatty Acids1
Authors: Vereecke M.
Published: September 2022

Three commercial formulations containing methyl esters of fatty acids or fatty alcohols were applied to field grown Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea L. Gemmifera group) to determine if manual topping could be eliminated. The most effective material was Emgard 2077, a combination of methyl esters of fatty acids (4% C8, 94% C9, 2% C10). Topscore plants treated once with 24% Emgard 2077 when the first 5-6 sprouts were 0.5 cm in diameter were taller, produced fewer sprouts but had much higher yields with no significant difference in percentage of waste compared to plants manually topped.
‘Sunlite’ Nectarine1
Authors: Sharpe R. H. , Sherman W. B.
Published: September 2022

‘Sunlite’, a yellow-fleshed, freestone nectarine (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch), is adapted to areas with relatively mild winters. It has been tested and liked by growers. Fruit shipments have been well received on the Northeastern U.S. markets.
Environmental Horticulture in Illinois
Authors: Meyer Martin M.
Published: September 2022

Illinois with over 11 million people (83% urban) is the population leader and leading consumer of environmental plants in the Midwest. Illinois' considerable wealth is derived from a diversified industrial and agricultural base of which environmental horticulture plays an important role. The Illinois Department of Agriculture Bureau of Plant and Apiary Protection lists over 900 certified plant nurseries with about 10,000 ha in production and over 2500 certified dealers in nursery stock. The production nurseries are widely distributed but tend to cluster around highly populated areas (see map). Many of the nurseries range in size from 0.1 to 10 ha and grow and sell for local consumption, but several are retail and wholesale establishments of 100-500 ha and sell nationally as well as locally. Illinois requires diverse landscape plant materials for its 384 miles from Wisconsin to Kentucky. This large geographic area results in a diversity of climate and soil types which means specialty crops do well in certain areas.
4-H Horticulture in Maryland
Authors: Gouin Francis R.
Published: September 2022

It is said that only horns, teats, feathers, and manes can attract 4-H’ers. This may be true in some states, but in Maryland, 4-H’ers are attracted to thorns, milkweed, eggplants, and horsenettle as well as apples, tulips, and peas. To many, this may seem hard to believe, but horticulture is now one of the most popular activities in our 4-H program.
Propagation of Tall Bearded Irises by Tissue Culture1
Authors: Meyer M. M. , Fuchigami L. H. , Roberts A. N.
Published: September 2022

Inflorescence slices of tall bearded iris (Iris sp.) regenerated callus in vitro on a modified Murashige-Skoog high salt medium supplemented with 2.5 mg/liter napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.5 mg/liter kinetin. Callus pieces transferred to light initiated plantlets at their periphery and produced fuU-sized, true-to-type flowering plants when transplanted to soil.
Calcium Oxalate Variability in Dieffenbachia Seedlings1
Authors: Zettler F. W. , Rhodes B. B.
Published: September 2022

Significant differences in oxalate levels were obtained with hybrid progeny of Dieffenbachia picta (Schott) ‘Exotica’ which indicate a potential for selection for low oxalate levels.
Air Monitoring
Authors: Shenfeld L.
Published: September 2022

Air quality monitoring is carried out in Canada and the United States by air pollution control agencies in order to:

provide information on the quality of the ambient air and determine long-term trends;

identify pollutants and their sources, and determine the effects of emission controls on air quality levels;

control episodes brought on by unique weather conditions by obtaining data on a real time basis and ordering emergency shutdowns of sources of pollution. Air pollution episodes during which hazardous air quality levels are reached may thus be prevented;

determine background levels to assist in determining the transport diffusion and fate of the pollutants emitted, and the chemical reactions which take place in the atmosphere;

research the effects of pollutants on health, property, and vegetation to enable the agencies to set meaningful air quality criteria and standards.
Experimental Exposures and Crop Monitors to Confirm Air Pollution
Authors: Ormrod D. P. , Adedipe N. O.
Published: September 2022

Observation of vegetation injury induced by exposure to air pollutants provides a simple and low cost means of monitoring pollutant emissions from a particular source as well as for determining the distribution of pollutants over a wide area. This use of plants has long been accepted and has been extensively reported (2, 7, 8, 14). However, many other environmental factors may also cause plant injury and their effects are often difficult to distinguish from pollution-induced damage (13). In addition, factors such as temperature, humidity, wind velocity, light, nutrition, water supply, and the presence of pesticides and other chemicals have all been shown to markedly influence plant sensitivity to air pollutants.
Monitoring, Detecting, and Effects of Air Pollutants on Horticultural Crops: Sensitivity of Genera and Species
Authors: Reinert Richard A.
Published: September 2022

Air pollutants influence the growth, yield and quality of many horticultural crops. It is difficult to determine and evaluate the impact of air pollution on the horticulture industry for the following reasons: The variable environments in which horticultural crops are grown markedly influence the amount of foliar injury caused by air pollutants. The large number of cultivars within horticultural crop species contribute to the magnitude of understanding necessary to evaluate pollutant effects. Genetic, morphological and physiological differences among species and cultivars within species also influence foliar injury and plant sensitivity. The amount of economic loss in horticultural crops due to air pollutants varies from year to year. This variation is probably most directly related to daily and seasonal variations in ambient concentrations of air pollutants. Horticultural crops may be subjected to high pollutant concentrations at different stages of plant maturity. These different stages of growth and development may be differentially affected by pollutant concentration and thus influence yield. Past estimates of crop yield losses have been based primarily on assessment of visual injury. Presently, there is a lack of suitable methodology to assess air pollution impacts under field conditions. Open-top chambers (40, 60) are an improvement but better techniques are needed. Finally, air pollution research is published in a variety of scientific journals and some of these references may not come to the attention of horticultural scientists.
Synthetic N-releasing Biodegradable Soil Conditioners1
Authors: Ennis D. M. , Kramer A. , Mazzocchi P. H. , Jameson C. W. , Bailey W.
Published: September 2022

Hexamethylenediamine adipate and the half amide of glutaric acid and hexamethylenediamine are biodegradable N-containing compounds with soil flocculating properties. Hexamethylenediamine adipate added to soil medium prior to sowing improved germination of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Manapal.)
Starch Content of Roots of ‘Kinnow’ Mandarin Trees Bearing Fruit in Alternate Years1
Authors: Jones W. W. , Embleton T. W. , Coggins C. W.
Published: September 2022

Starch in the roots of mandarin trees (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Kinnow) was drastically reduced by an “on” crop. This was related to prolonged bud dormancy, delayed spring growth and an “off’ crop the following year.
SADH-Cycloheximide Effects on Orange Fruit Abscission1
Authors: Rasmussen G. K.
Published: September 2022

‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ sweet orange fruit [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] explants responded to cycloheximide [CHI = 3-[2-(3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl)-2-hydroxyethyl] glutarimide] by increased ethylene and cellulase production, which decreased fruit removal force (FRF). Succinic acid-2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (SADH) applied with CHI increased ethylene production in ‘Valencia’ but not ‘Hamlin’ oranges. Cellulase and FRF remained unchanged when ethylene was removed by reduced atmospheric pressure. Partially regreened ‘Valencia’ oranges responded to SADH plus CHI with increased ethylene production. This possibly indicated that more CHI penetrated the rind when SADH was applied. Mature ‘Pineapple’ sweet oranges sprayed with CHI did not respond to SADH treatments with increased ethylene production.
Concentration and Content of 14 Elements in Fruit of Pecan1
Authors: Sparks Darrell
Published: September 2022

Concentration and content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, B, Cu, Zn, Al, Mo, Sr, and Ba in fruit of pecan (Carya illinoensis Koch) differed among kernel, shell, and shuck tissue. Relative to fruits harvested from other tree crops, element removal by nut harvest (21.0 to 22.5 kg/1200 kg dry wt of nuts per ha) was small. Potassium comprised about 58% of the total elemental content of the fruit. Approximately 70% of the total elemental content of the fruit is returned to the soil through the shuck.
Mineral Content and Iron Chlorosis of ‘Redhaven’ Peach Trees as Affected by Iron Source and Rate1
Authors: Rogers Ewell
Published: September 2022

Sodium ferric ethylenediamine di-(o-hydroxyphenylacetate) containing 6% metallic Fe (FeEDDHA) and hydrogen ferric ethylene bis (a-amino-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenylacetate) containing 6% metallic Fe (157HFe) increased Fe and decreased Mn concentration in leaves of ‘Redhaven’ peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch). Both chelates reduced Fe chlorosis, depressed leaf N concentration, and increased fruit size. FeEDDHA at 227 g per tree increased fruit yield. The two chelates reduced the leaf Mn:Fe ratio. There was no discernible treatment effect on P, K, or Zn concentration in the peach leaves or on trunk and shoot growth.
An Improved Exotherm Method for Measuring Cold Hardiness of Peach Flower Buds1
Authors: Quamme H. A. , Layne R. E. C. , Jackson H. O. , Spearman G. A.
Published: September 2022

A method of exotherm analysis is described for determining the cold hardiness of dormant peach flower buds (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch). Twig pieces with intact flower buds were placed into thermos bottles and cooled at a constant rate in a programmed cold chamber. A thermocouple was inserted in the node of each twig piece to measure the temperature at which sudden heat release occurred. Thermocouples connected in series made it possible to record exotherms of 5 twig pieces from a cultivar on a single channel of a multipoint recorder. The exotherm method was compared to the LT50 method (the temperature at which 50% of the flower buds are killed) using 10 cultivars on one collection date. The mean temperatures at which the exotherms were initiated were significantly correlated with the LT50 (r = +.880). In addition, the mean temperatures at which exotherms were initiated and the LT50 for these cultivars were significantly correlated with the percentage of flower bud mortality averaged over 4 winters (r = −.667 and −.797, respectively). The exotherm method gives a direct measurement of the temperature at which peach flower buds are killed and offers an opportunity for studying the cold hardiness of individual flower buds not possible with other methods.
‘Hardired’ Nectarine1
Authors: Layne R. E. C.
Published: September 2022

‘Hardired’ is an exceptionally cold hardy nectarine [Prunus persica var. nectarina (Ait.) Maxim.] that ripens 9 days after ‘Nectared 2’ and 2 days before ‘Nectared 4’. It is an attractive, yellow-fleshed, freestone that is similar in most respects to ‘Harko’ but ripens 4 or 5 days later. It was released in 1974 to extend the season of ‘Harko’, and to extend the areas of nectarine culture in Ontario. ‘Hardired’ in natural and controlled freezing tests exceeds the cold hardiness of all nectarine cultivars and advanced selections in the Harrow collection (16 cultivars, 9 selections) and compares with ‘Reliance’ and ‘Babygold 8’ peach in bud hardiness.
Improving Food Values of Vegetables1
Authors: Kelly J. F.
Published: September 2022

Dietitians and nutritionists have included vegetables among 4 of the 7 basic food groups used in planning meals. Because of the variety and quantity of vegetables we are able to furnish in this country, either fresh or processed, it is an easy task to prepare a well-balanced diet without too much concern for the differences in composition among vegetable types. It is no wonder, then that until very recently little attention has been directed to the differences which exist within vegetable types.
Plant Introductions in the Improvement of Vegetable Cultivars1
Authors: Peterson C. E.
Published: September 2022

One cannot review the history of vegetable breeding without being impressed by the extent to which some of our crops are dependent on a relatively few characteristics originally derived from introduced material. Several important vegetable crops would not exist as they do today without the introduction of disease resistance and horticultural characteristics from distant parts of the world.
A High-density Peach Orchard1
Authors: Phillips J. H. H. , Weaver G. M.
Published: September 2022

Peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) at 1157 and 868 trees per ha and trained as either palmette or hedgerow produced nearly twice as much fruit in the first 5 years as did trees trained to a modified central leader at 397 trees per ha at Jordan Station, Ontario, Canada. In addition to dormant pruning to shape the trees and restrict their size, the palmette and hedgerow plantings were pruned each year in midsummer when about half of the current year's growth was removed. Insects and mites were no greater problem, and brown rot was significantly less in the high- than in the low-density planting.
Weed Control in a Fruit Tree Nursery with Herbicide-Impregnated String1
Authors: Hamill A. S. , Layne R. E. C. , von Stryk F. G.
Published: September 2022

String impregnated with simazine, atrazine, and diuron (6.6%, 2.2%, and 2.2% by weight) controlled weeds in rows of 8 month-old peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) and apricot (P. armeniaca L.) seedling nursery stock. A single strand of herbicide-impregnated string controlled all weed growth in a band 30.5 cm wide when placed at the base of the seedlings on the surface of a Fox sandy loam soil. Complete weed control was obtained from the fall of 1973 to the fall of 1974. Placement of the string at various heights above the soil surface gave less satisfactory weed control than surface placement, permitted less release of herbicide and caused injury to young leaves which came in constant contact with the string. A wheat bioassay of the nursery soil after seedling removal indicated no phytotoxic residues. Chemical analysis of the string at the end of the experiment showed that 88% of the herbicide was released when one strand of string was placed on the soil surface. This resulted in a concentration of 4.05, 1.35 and 1.35 kg/ha of simazine, atrazine and diuron, respectively, in the treated area. No phytotoxicity from the soil surface string placement was observed on peach or apricot nursery trees.
Carotenoids of Pecan Nutmeats1
Authors: Senter S. D.
Published: September 2022

Pecans (Carya illinoinensis (Wang.) K. Koch) including new and standard cultivars, were quantitatively analyzed for carotenoid content. The concentration of dihydroxy xanthophylls, differed significantly among cultivars.
Foliar Element Levels of Chrysanthemum and Tomato Grown in Insolubilized Poly (ethylene oxide) Amended Media1
Authors: Chan M. , Staby G. L.
Published: September 2022

Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. Bright Golden Anne and Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Ohio M-R 13 plants were grown in media amended with insolubilized poly(ethylene oxide) (VITERRA Hydrogel) and foliar element levels determined. Results showed that VITERRA Hydrogel did not consistently alter foliar element levels.
Rooting of Cuttings from Tops and Stumps of American Elm1
Authors: Schreiber L. R. , Kawase M.
Published: September 2022

Rooting of secondary softwood cuttings from 12-year-old American elm (Ulmus americana L.) was 38% from tops, 64% from stumps 2.0-2.5 m high, and 83% from stumps 0.3 m high.
The Effect of Ethephon on Onion Seedstalk Height and Seed Production Characteristics1
Authors: Corgan J. N.
Published: September 2022

(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) applied to onions (Allium cepa L. cv. Excel) at 5% seedstalk emergence at 2500, 5000, or 10,000 ppm reduced seedstalk height from 94 to 68, 62, and 54 cm, respectively. Lodging at seed harvest was reduced from 53% to 10%. The 2500 and 5000 ppm treatments had no effects on seed yield, but the 10,000 ppm treatment tended to lower it. Seed weight and seed germination were not affected by treatment.
Stimulation of Pepper Seed Germination by Sodium Hypochlorite Treatment1
Authors: Fieldhouse D. J. , Sasser M.
Published: September 2022

Seed of pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Early Calwonder) receiving a sodium hypochlorite treatment germinated faster and showed more rapid early growth than seed treated with water alone or with sodium hypochlorite followed by an acid rinse.
CR 17-1-34, Cercospora Leaf Spot Resistant Southernpea Germplasm1
Authors: Fery R. L. , Dukes P. D. , Cuthbert F. P.
Published: September 2022

Cercospora leaf spot, a disease incited by Cercospora cruenta Sacc., is one of the major foliage diseases of southernpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in several important U.S. production areas3. The disease is frequently a problem on fall crops where severe losses are occasionally observed. Cercospora leaf spot spreads very rapidly on susceptible cultivars, resulting in premature defoliation and reduced yields. Schneider4 reported that C. cruenta caused yield reductions of 42% in Nigeria. Accessions of V. unguiculata resistant to C. cruenta have been reported by Verma and Patel (3) and Vakin4. Schneider (3) used resistant cultivars in his work. The lack of information about the inheritance of resistance and the agronomic or exotic nature of many of these lines limit their value as sources of Cercospora leaf spot resistances in horticultural breeding programs. The breeding line CR 17-1-34 has been released for use as a resistant parent in such programs. It is a horticultural type that carries one of the genes reported by Fery et al. (2) to condition a high level of resistance to Cercospora leaf spot.
CR17-1-13, CR 18-13-1, CR 22-2-21, Cowpea Curculio Resistant Southernpea Germplasm1
Authors: Cuthbert F. P. , Fery R. L.
Published: September 2022

The cowpea curculio, Chalcodermus aeneus Boehman, is the principal insect pest of southernpeas, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., in the southeastern United States. The insect is of considerable economic importance to the processing industry because the insect damage and contamination make the processed product unacceptable for human consumption. Curculio feeding scars also provide an entry point for much of the pod rot, caused by Choanephora cucurbitarum (Berk. & Rev.) Thaxt., in field plantings (3, 5). Cuthbert and Davis (2) and Chalfant et al. (1) delineated several factors that contribute to increased genetic resistance in V. unguiculata to the curculio. Subsequently, Cuthbert et al. (4) showed that these factors were complementary in effect. They suggested that the two factors which offered the greatest potential for use in development of resistant cultivars were non-preference and a pod factor that inhibits penetration through the pod wall by the adult insect. The breeding lines CR 17-1-13, CR 18-13-1, and CR 22-2-21 have been released for use as resistant parents in such programs. All are horticultural types with nonpreference or pod factor resistance to the cowpea curculio.
Blossom-end Rot and the Uniform-ripe Fruit Trait in Tomato1
Authors: Trinklein D. H. , Lambeth V. N.
Published: September 2022

A 6-parent diallel was used to investigate the relationship between blossom-end rot (BER) and the uniform-ripe fruiting trait of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Three parents possessed the uniform-ripe character (uu), and 3 parents bore green-shouldered fruit (UU). Data were collected during 6 harvests for both BER incidence (%) and severity (lesion size). Significant differences existed among the F1 genotypes UU, Uu, and uu for BER incidence (P=5%) and severity (P=l%). BER incidence tended to increase as the u allele increased from 0 to 2.
Effect of Length of Growing Season on Protein Content of Sweet Potato Cultivars1
Authors: Purcell Albert E. , Pope Daniel T. , Walter William M.
Published: September 2022

Protein and dry matter contents were determined for 16 cultivars of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) planted May 28 and harvested on 4 different dates. Means of protein contents of cultivars differed significantly and ranged from 4.17% to 6.51%, dry basis. Protein content decreased at the rate of 0.0067% per day and dry matter decreased at the rate of 23% per day.
Relationship between Yield and Mannitol Content during the Crop Cycle of Cultivated Mushrooms1
Authors: Parrish G. K. , Beelman R. B. , Kneebone L. R.
Published: September 2022

The yield and mannitol content varied considerably during the crop cycle of 4 strains of the cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing., grown under controlled conditions. A direct relationship was observed between fluctuation in yield and mannitol content.
Leaf Compost for Container-grown Plants1
Authors: Sawhney B. L.
Published: September 2022

Analyses of a number of leaf composts showed that the composts generally contain excessive salts. Greenhouse and laboratory observations suggest that when leaf compost is used in large proportions in a soil mix for container-grown plants, salts may damage young seedlings transplanted in the mix. Excess salts can be removed by leaching with liberal quantities of water before transplanting. Leaf compost is well-buffered at about pH 7, which is considered optimal for most plants. However, since leaf compost tends to resist acidification, it may cause the pH of mixes containing large amounts of compost to remain higher than that considered suitable for such plants as azalea, rhododendron and laurel.
Tissue Culture Propagation of the Double Petunia1
Authors: Daykin Marilyn , Langhans R. W. , Earle E. D.
Published: September 2022

Leaf pieces of pistil-sterile double petunias (Petunia hybrida Hort.) placed on a Linsmaier-Skoog (LS) medium containing 0.2 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA) produced shoots after 4 weeks which rooted within a week when the cut ends were dipped into an LS medium containing 1.0 mg/liter naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and then placed in a hormone-free medium. Plantlets grew rapidly after transfer to soil and had similar growth and flower type as the source clone.
Chemical Removal of Lateral Buds of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat1
Authors: Zacharioudakis John N. , Larson Roy A.
Published: September 2022

2,3-Dihydro-5-6-diphenyl-l,4-oxanthin (UNI-P293), was used to determine its effectiveness as a disbudding agent of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. May Shoesmith. Concentrations of 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0% were applied on the 18th, 21st and 24th short day (SD). The optimum concentration on the 18th SD was 0.5% and 1.00% on the 21st SD. There was no difference among concentration levels on the 24th SD. Flower size and date of anthesis were not adversely affected when manual disbudding was used as a supplement to chemical treatment, but smaller flowers and delayed anthesis usually occurred when only the chemical was used for disbudding. All treated plants were shorter than untreated plants.
Carbohydrate and Dry Matter Changes in Organs of Tulipa gesneriana L. during Low Temperature Treatment1
Authors: Aung L. H. , Wright R. D. , De Hertogh A. A.
Published: September 2022

Determination of carbohydrates in different organs of 3 tulip cultivars stored at 4°C showed that sucrose and starch constituted 95% of the bulb carbohydrates with reducing sugars constituting 5%. Dry storage at 4° in the dark for 7 or 14 weeks resulted in an increase in total carbohydrates in all cultivars. Starch content of ‘Edith Eddy’, ‘Bellona’ and ‘Schoon-oord’ was increased 28%, 116%, and 270% respectively following 14 weeks of 4°C storage. Changes in sucrose and reducing sugars varied with cultivar and duration of 4° treatment. On a μg/mg dry weight basis, carbohydrate concentrations were generally higher in the shoot, developing bulblets and basalplate than in the storage scales. Dry matter loss was higher in ‘Edith Eddy’ than in ‘Schoonoord’ and ‘Bellona’. The loss of dry matter during 4° storage was reflected by cumulative losses in each of the organs.
Sampling Procedure for Foliar Analysis of Forcing Azalea1
Authors: Nelson Paul V. , Mingis Nancy C. , Krauskopf Dean M.
Published: September 2022

Forcing azalea (Rhododendron sp. cvs. Redwing, Mission Bells and Gloria were subjected to sufficient and low levels of N, K, and Ca, and the difference in concentration of these nutrients was measured and termed “differential”. Immature, recently mature, and old leaves were sampled periodically from current shoots during development. Ca differential was not related to sample position. N differential was exhibited in a similar manner but was best expressed in older leaf tissue during late growth. The magnitude of the K differential was related to both sample position and sample date; the largest expression occurred in young leaf tissue during early growth and on older leaf tissue during late shoot development. The best single sample position for foliar analysis of these nutrients was the most recently mature leaves on current shoots.
6-Benzylaminopurine Promotes Axillary Shoots in Ilex crenata Thunb.1
Authors: Wright R. D.
Published: September 2022

Foliar application of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) to Ilex crenata cvs. Helleri and Rotundifolia increased the number of axillary shoots per plant. ‘Helleri’ axillary shoot number was increased 4 times by 500 ppm BA whereas axillary shoot number of Rotundifolia was increased 1.5 and 3 times by 100 and 500 ppm respectively. Leaf size and shoot length were significantly reduced by 500 ppm BA.
The Effects of Night-lighting on Growth and Pigmentation in Greenhouse-grown Tropical Ornamentals1
Authors: Seibert Michael
Published: September 2022

Interruption of the night period with levels of light as low as 3 to 10μW/cm2 during the winter months increased stem elongation and anthocyanin pigmentation of Cordyline terminalis Kunth and runner production in Saxifraga sarmentosa L. cv. Tri-color compared with control plants.
The Influence of Washing Procedures on Surface Removal and Leaching of Certain Elements from Pecan Leaflets1
Authors: Smith Morris W. , Storey J. Benton
Published: September 2022

Nutrient spray residue can be removed from leaflets of pecan (Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch for nutrient absorption measurement. The residue can be removed by washing the leaflets in 0.1% Alconox, rinsed in running tap water followed by a 7 liter 1% HCl rinse and three separate 7 liter demineralized distilled water baths. The elimination of some of the solutions resulted in erroneously high results in adsorption of the nutrients. Young leaflets absorbed more zinc than did the old leaflets. Nutrient sprayed pecan leaflets washed in 0.1% Alconox, rinsed in running tap water, 7 liters 1% HCl, and three separate 7 liter demineralized distilled water baths prior to tissue analysis gave more consistent and reliable data than leaflets washed by any other method. This leaf washing procedure does not remove biologically significant amounts of any of the elements analyzed.
Temperature Sensitivity of a “Genetic Disorder” in Clonally Propagated Cultivars of Almond1
Authors: Kester D. E. , Hellali R. , Asay R. N.
Published: September 2022

Exposure of growing shoots to high temperature resulted in symptom expression of noninfectious bud-failure, a “genetic disorder” in almond Prunus amygdalus Batsch, whereas lower temperature prevented expression. Exposure of the normal phase of the disorder to high temperature gradually induced symptom expression.
Ethephon Influence on Storage Quality of ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Hammett Larry K.
Published: September 2022

Summer application of succinic acid-2,2,dimethylhydrazide (SADH) followed by an (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) application 1 month before normal harvest to ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ trees resulted in highly-colored, firm fruits with storage quality for 28 weeks if harvested 20 days after ethephon application. Ethephon application to ‘Golden Delicious’ trees 1 month before normal harvest resulted in soft, over-ripe fruits when harvested 10, 20 or 30 days after treatment. Firmness of ethephon-treated ‘Golden Delicious’ fruits rapidly declined in storage.
‘Crimson’, ‘Purple’, and ‘Homeside’ Plums1
Authors: Norton Joseph D.
Published: September 2022

‘Crimson’, ‘Purple’, and ‘Homeside’ are new plum cultivars developed for Alabama (Fig. 1). ‘Crimson’ and ‘Purple’ are adapted where 850 hr of chilling below 7.2°C (45°F) occur; they consistently produced good yields of high quality fruit in Central and North Alabama (1, 2). ‘Homeside’ is adapted where sufficient chilling of 700 hr below 7.2°C (45°F) occurs; it has consistently produced good yields of high quality fruit in central and south Alabama (3).
‘Flordablue’ Blueberry
Authors: Sharpe R. H. , Sherman W. B.
Published: September 2022

‘Flordablue’ (Fig. 1) has been released by the University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences Fruit Crops Department to fill the need for a blueberry with fruit quality and earliness of northern highbush cultivars and adaptation to the climate of central Florida.
‘Sharpblue’ Blueberry1
Authors: Sharpe R. H. , Sherman W. B.
Published: September 2022

‘Sharpblue’ (Fig. 1) has been released by the University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Fruit Crops Department to fill the need for a blueberry with fruit quality and earliness of northern highbush cultivars and adaptation to the climate of central Florida.
Field Performance of Cold-stored Plants of Strawberry Cultivars and Selections in the Pacific Northwest1
Authors: Daubeny Hugh A. , Freeman Jack A. , Pepin H. S.
Published: September 2022

Survival and vigor, after −1°C storage, of Totem strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) plants dug at 8 different dates, from November 15, 1973 to April 1, 1974, was affected adversely only when dug April 1. Predigging treatment with Methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazolecarbamate(benomyl) did not affect survival or vigor from any of the dates. In 1975, digging date (March 1 vs April 1) did not affect the survival of plants of 4 cultivars or 6 selections. However, plants of ‘Totem’ and ‘Northwest’ and 2 selections dug April 1 showed reduced vigor compared to those dug March 1.
Herbicide Performance on Transplanted Annual Bedding Plants1
Authors: Fretz Thomas A.
Published: September 2022

Alachlor (2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)-acetanilide), diphenamid (N,N- dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide) and napropamide (2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide) provided excellent broadleaf and grass weed control. Alachlor significantly injured the ‘St. John's Fire’ Salvai while diphenamid caused moderate injury to ‘Golden Torch’ Celosia. Both trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) and DCPA (dimethyl tetra-chloroterephthalate) provided less than acceptable control of broadleaf weeds at the rates employed, but neither caused significant injury to any of the 15 cultivars of transplanted annual bedding plants used in this study.
Control of Sprouts on Topworked Avocado Stumps with NAA Formulations1
Authors: Boswell S. B. , Bergh B. O. , Whitsell R. H.
Published: September 2022

A 1% ethyl ester or sodium salt formulation of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in 30% aqueous solution of white latex paint sprayed below the grafts effectively controlled trunk sprouts in topworked avocados (Persea americana Mill). Regrowth was suppressed over a 7-month growing period with no adverse effects on the grafts.
Effect of Reduced Ethylene Levels in Storage Atmospheres on Lemon Keeping Quality1
Authors: Wild B. L. , McGlasson W. B. , Lee T. H.
Published: September 2022

Lemons (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.) were stored for up to 27 weeks at 10°C in air and in an atmosphere of 3 to 5% O2 and 0.1 to 0.2% CO2, with and without an ethylene absorbent. Mold incidence was high in controlled atmosphere (CA) storage where ethylene accumulated, but removal of ethylene reduced its development. CA storage improved retention of green color in lemons.
Photosynthesis and Transpiration of Citrus Seedlings under Flooded Conditions1
Authors: Phung H. T. , Knipling E. B.
Published: September 2022

Photosynthesis and transpiration rates of seedlings of 4 citrus rootstocks under flooded conditions were measured over a 10-day period. For all rootstocks photosynthesis and transpiration decreased, but photosynthesis decreased relatively less than transpiration. Stomatal closure is inferred to account in part for the reductions observed.

Flooding did not increase ethanol concentration in either tops or roots, suggesting that ethanol is not an end-product of. anaerobic respiration in citrus seedlings. Only in the neutral soil was rough lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm. f.) found to be more tolerant to short-term flooding than ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.). Tolerance to flood injury was greater at a soil pH of 7 than 4.5.
Strip Cultivation of the Area Wetted by Drip Irrigation in the Arava Desert1
Authors: Goldberg S. Dan , Uzrad M.
Published: September 2022

Corn (Zea mays L.) grown in the Arava desert of Israel developed more rapidly and produced a higher yield when planted in soil strips which had previously been used for drip-irrigated melons, than when grown in the spaces between strips. Leaching with sprinklers before planting had no effect on the corn grown on the previously drip-irrigated strips, but did significantly effect plant weight and weight of Grade A ears in the area between the previously cultivated strips. Plantings which diagonally intersected the drip-irrigated strips and the spaces between resulted in uneven growth, with better development where the strips were intercepted.
Preference Differences of Egg Laying European Corn Borer Adults among Maize Genotypes1
Authors: Andrew R. H. , Carlson J. R.
Published: September 2022

Six homozygous lines each of sweet- and pop-corn (Zea mays L) were covered with cages when in the whorl stage of development and exposed to egg-laying European com borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn) adults. Differences among lines in regard to egg masses per plant were highly significant, with sweet, nonpubescent, and early lines showing fewer egg masses per plant.
Inheritance of Seven Characters in Raphanus sativus L.1
Authors: Humaydan H. S. , Williams P. H.
Published: September 2022

The inheritance of 7 characters in Raphanus sativus L. was studied. Resistant reaction to Albugo Candida race 1, Ac1, pink pigmentation in plants, Pi, and purple colored pods in R. sativus var. caudatus. Pu, are controlled by single dominant genes, Ac1 and Pi are linked and 3.28 map units apart. Male sterility, ms1, yellow-green leaves, yg, and cream pollen, cp, are all controlled by separate, single recessive genes. Digenic recessives, gf1gf2, control green flecking on leaves. No linkage could be detected between Ac1 and ms1 or between ms1 and yg.
Quality Deterioration of Southernpeas in Commercial Operations1
Authors: Smittle D. A. , Kays S. J.
Published: September 2022

Mechanically harvested southernpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp cv. Purple Hull Pink Eye lost substantial green color within 2 – 3 hours after harvest. Color loss was greater at higher temperature. Color changes were more closely related to O2, CO2, acetaldehyde and ethanol concentration in the load atmosphere than to endogenous ethylene concentrations. Solids and total sugar content decreased after harvest and were not affected by product temperature within the range studied. Flavor and off-flavor acceptability ratings were closely related to time from harvest, product temperature and load atmosphere O2 and CO2 concentrations, but were not closely associated with ethylene, acetaldehyde or ethanol concentrations.
Ethephon Aids Harvest of Red Kidney Beans1
Authors: Pisarczyk James M. , Splittstoesser Walter E. , Vandemark Joseph S.
Published: September 2022

(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) was applied to Red Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. California Light Red) at rates of 0.14 to 0.56 kg/ha to determine its effectiveness in defoliating the plants and conditioning them for harvest, without a reduction in yield. Ethephon (0.14 kg/ha) reduced yield of beans 25% when applied 18 days before the normal harvest date, but when applied 7 days before the normal harvest date no yield reduction occurred even at high rates; and low rates produced 90% defoliation. When temperatures were 10°C or below, poor defoliation occurred even at high rates of ethephon. Surfactants with ethephon did not affect defoliation or yield.
Growth of Chrysanthemums Fertilized with Liquid Sewage Sludge1
Authors: Kirkham M. B. , Emino E. R.
Published: September 2022

Chrysanthemum plants (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. Bright Golden Anne) were grown for 84 days in plastic pots containing 6 different media treated with inorganic fertilizers or liquid digested sewage sludge at 50, 100, and 200 ml/week. Plants grown in 1 soil: 1 sand: 1 peat, 1 soil: 1 sand, and 1 soil: 1 peat were similar to each other in size, and larger than plants grown in 1 sand:1 peat, all sand, or all peat. Peat-grown plants were smallest. Plant size and flower diameter decreased with increasing rates of sludge application. Plants fertilized with inorganic sources of fertilizer looked the same as those grown with 50 ml/week sludge (6 mm), except the sludge-treated plants were shorter and had a smaller dry weight. Plants treated with 50 ml/week sludge had flowers with a diameter and dry weight equal to those of flowers grown with liquid or pelletized inorganic fertilizer.
Economic Feasibility of Once-over Bud Harvest of Standard Chrysanthemums1
Authors: Robertson J. L. , Staby G. L.
Published: September 2022

Traditional methods of harvesting were compared to a once-over bud harvest of standard chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. May Shoesmith). Despite greater direct labor and material requirements, once-over bud harvesting resulted in net returns that were 11 to 17% greater than that for traditional flower harvesting. The economic feasibility of bud harvesting was more dependent on potential productivity increases rather than the additional labor and opening area requirements necessary for bud harvesting.
Preliminary Survey of Cold Hardiness Levels of Several Bulbous Ornamental Plant Species1
Authors: Lundquist Victoria , Pellett Harold
Published: September 2022

Cold hardiness levels determined for 23 species of plants with bulbs or other specialized underground structures showed great differences in hardiness; Ixia sp., Ranunculus sp., and Sparaxis tricolor were killed at −2°C, while Ixiolirion montanum was first injured at −18°C. In most species of bulbs, the basal plant and roots were the least hardy tissues. Results of this study do not agree with hardiness zone ratings found in the literature for many of the plants tested.
Pressure Points on Horticultural Research1
Authors: Naegele John A.
Published: September 2022

The future direction of horticultural research will be some extrusion from a series of formative pressures that are now having an initial impact on research in the U.S.