bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality Assurance and Residue Avoidance
Authors: Kerschen Bob
Published: March 2023

Quality assurance or quality control programs have received a lot of attention in the last few years. The fed beef industry is making strides to keep abreast of the changing times. State feedlot organizations have moved forward with the help and guidance of groups such as the National Cattlemen's Association and the Academy of Veterinary Consultants. Colorado, Nebraska, and Texas have already initiated their own seminars and training programs. Monfort, Inc. has made a commitment to total food safety and intends to be second to none when it comes to producing a safe quality product. The basics for instituting a beef safety and quality assurance program at the feedlot level are the same whether your lot feeds 500 head or 500,000 head.
Quality Assurance & Residue Avoidance in Midwest Feedlots
Authors: Huston Patrick L.
Published: March 2023

Feedlot Drug Testing-Challenge of the 90's - Residues of drugs in food producing animals is presently one of the greatest challenges facing the cattle industry. While assessing the actual issue of drug residues as needs arise, a still larger task of addressing the perceived need of the consumer, as media misconception, and purposeful negativity by animal welfarists (of which the veterinary profession is an active part). Thus the ultimate goal of the beef industry, therefore, must be to make quality assurance & beef safety a "non-issue" by generating a positive image & maintaining consumer confidence.

In recent years the beef industry has generally been both aided & damaged by developments both internationally and at home.
Animal Welfare, Animal Rights, Agriculture, and Veterinary Medicine
Authors: Rollin Bernard E.
Published: March 2023

Many of you have been exposed to the idea of a clear dichotomy between animal welfare and animal rights, with animal rights being the perspective of radicals; extremists, and vegetarians alone, and animal welfare being the acceptable moderate and mainstream position. I want to suggest to you that this is greatly oversimplified, and that, while many extremists do identify themseleved with animal rights, a version of animal rights philosophy, which I will outline today, is becoming the mainstream approach to social thought about animals. According to a recent Parents Magazine survey, for example, over 80% of the public believes that animals have rights. Congress gets more letters on animal welfare/rights issues than any other issue. Thus you need to understand and assess for yourselves the thinking implicit in this new idea, not simply dismiss it out of hand.
Risk of an Altered Interestrus Interval Following Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Moore D. A. , Cullor J. , Bondurant R. H. , Sischo W. M.
Published: March 2023

Clinical mastitis and reproductive records from two southern California dairy herds were used in a cross-sectional study to determine the risk of an altered interestrus interval following clinical mastitis.
Incidence and Treatment of Abnormal Postpartum Ovarian Function in Dairy Cows
Authors: Archbald L. F. , Norman S. N. , Bliss E. L. , Tran T. , Lyle S. , Thomas P. G. A. , Rathwell A. C.
Published: March 2023

The objectives of this study were to determine 1) the incidence of abnormal postpartum ovarian function in a large dairy herd in North Central Florida and 2) the effectiveness of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) in treating this condition. The study was conducted from April 1988 to June 1989.
Production and Economic Effects of Johne's Disease in Dairy Cows
Authors: Hutchinson L. J. , Galligan D. , Whitlock R. H. , Spencer P. A. , Burns C. M.
Published: March 2023

Johne's disease (paratuberculosis) (JD) is a chronic progressive bacterial enteropathy. Infected animals have generally been exposed to the organism at a very young age. Clinical signs of weight loss and diarrhea are often preceded by a period of months or years during which M. paratuberculosis organisms are shed in feces. The effect of subclinical JD on production and economic parameters has not been well characterized.

A study of randomly selected cull dairy cows was conducted at a large plant slaughtering cull cows from throughout the northeastern U.S. Johne's positive cull cows weighed less, produced less milk during their lifetime and less milk during their last lactation than did Johne's negative cull cows.
Pharmacology in Neonatal Calves
Authors: Brown Scott A.
Published: March 2023

Although many of the same pathogens that invade the juvenile or adult bovine also can produce disease in the neonatal calf, several physiological differences in the neonate make it much different than just a "miniature cow". These physiological differences can alter the disposition of pharmaceutical agents (pharmacokinetics) in the neonate as well as alter the response of the neonate to a specific therapeutic agent (pharmacodynamics). After a brief overview of some terms used in pharmacokinetics, this paper will describe some physiological differences in neonates compared to adult cattle that are pertinent in drug disposition and response. Next, some specific examples of developmental changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics will be described. Finally, some recommendations for drug therapy in neonatal calves will be suggested.
Fatal Non-Responsive Diarrhea in Beef Calves 6 to 8 Weeks of Age
Authors: Radostits Otto M. , Booker Calvin W. , Shepherd Graham
Published: March 2023

This is a case presentation of an epidemic of fatal, non-responsive diarrhea in 6 to 8-week old beef calves on a Saskatchewan cow-calf farm in May, 1991.

Members of the audience are asked to read and consider the case history, the clinical descriptions of the affected calves, and answer the questions at the end of Part One. After the questions and differential diagnoses have been discussed, the diagnostic laboratory results will be given and discussed in Part Two.
Assessing Antimicrobial Efficacy
Authors: Mechor Gerald D.
Published: March 2023

An effective records system can be utilized in a variety of ways in most intensive animal husbandry systems. Individual animals can be tracked to assess diseases they have been treated for as well as the treatments provided to them. The information provided to us regarding disease frequency can guide decision making processes regarding vaccination protocols and prophylactic measures to reduce the impact of these diseases in the future. The records system should also provide us information regarding the antibiotics utilized for treatment of infectious diseases and the length of time the antibiotics were provided to the animal. Information regarding the type of antibiotic utilized and time it was administered to the animal is crucial information for determining if adequate withdrawal time has been achieved and the animal can be safely shipped for slaughter.
High Heels for Holsteins
Authors: Glore Reilly
Published: March 2023

The trend towards larger dairy herds which are confined on concrete surfaces for most of the cow's lactation has insured that bovine lameness treatment continues to be a significant part of most veterinarians' routine. A common practice to alleviate foot pain and encourage rapid recovery has been the application of various devices to the healthy claw, in an attempt to prevent the cow from bearing weight on the diseased claw until healing is complete. Published methods include attachment of a wooden block with acrylic adhesive,1 and building up the claw with a layer of plaster cast material.2 A plastic "elevator" slipper which is attached to the foot with nylon cord and tape which has a build up under the medial or lateral claw has been marketed.3
Spandex and The Dairy Scene
Authors: Pierce Kevin D.
Published: March 2023

In New York State, coveralls have long been the attire of choice for bovine practitioners. However, after only a few years in practice I had become disenchanted with cloth coveralls. They were too hot and heavy in the summer. My wife tired of constantly sewing rips and tears. Worst of all, laundry was a constant chore because both the coveralls and the clothes under them were dirty on a daily basis. After months of searching for a better alternative to coveralls, I was introduced to KOOL DRI RAINWEAR while visiting some veterinarians in Wisconsin. They weigh only 12 ounces yet are durable enough to survive veterinary work. While they block the wind in the winter they remain cool and breathable in the summer. Best of all, they are waterproof so manure, urine, blood, and uterine fluids do not soak through.
Water
Authors: Reid David A.
Published: March 2023

Water availability is taken for granted by most veterinarians. Adequate intake from a quality water source will improve dry matter intake and overall milk production. My definition of an adequate water supply is for every cow to have all the water she wants, whenever she wants it. Those of us who work in stanchion or tiestall barns where we have individual water cups assume that water is available for however long the cows are in the barn during the day. This is definitely not true.
Look at Computer Care and Maintenance
Authors: Ehrlich Jim
Published: March 2023

Paul called me up last February and asked me to tell you everything I know about computer maintenance, in five minutes. I'd have been more flattered if he'd asked for everything I know about cow maintenance. Anyhow, it's not hard to tell you about maintaining computers in four minutes, which will leave me a minute at the end, for cows.

Computer chips sometimes fail in the first few hundred hours of use due to manufacturing flaws. After that, the most common cause of computer failure is high voltage surges which occur regularly on both electrical power lines and telephone lines, especially during thunderstorms.
Uterine Lavage
Authors: Lazzarotto A. L.
Published: March 2023

For many years practitioners, including myself, have attempted to treat acute toxic metritis by flushing a variety of solutions into the uteruses of affected cows. We have relied primarily on the dilution effect of our solutions or their antibacterial activity to induce recovery. Frequently, the stress of adding additional pressure to the uterine lining as we pumped gallons of fluids into these cows was more than the animal's health could tolerate.

Over time our practice introduced many modifications including modifying the ends of the nasogastric tubes to minimize the trauma to the uterine wall, multiple ports for the discharge of water from the end of the tube, dual tubes (one input, one output) and even calf drenching kits.
Ibuprofen Therapy in Lactating Dairy Cows
Authors: DeGraves F. J. , Anderson K. L.
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties of ibuprofen in lactating dairy cows and then to study the clinical effect of ibuprofen during experimental endotoxin-induced mastitis.
Effect of Alkaloids Produced by Acremonium coenophialum in Fescue on Vascular Function in Cattle
Authors: Oliver Jack W. , Linnabary Robert D. , Abney L. Kim , Adair Henry S.
Published: March 2023

The purpose of our studies have been to evaulate the venoconstrictive potential in cattle of alkaloids found in toxic fescue, using an isolated vessel model (lateral saphenous vein and dorsal metatarsal artery). The method used in our studies previously has been described (Solomons, Oliver, and Linnabary, Am. J. Vet. Res., 50:235-238, 1989).
Projected Days Open
Authors: Hady Patrick J.
Published: March 2023

The study is designed to compare four reproductive indexes which attempt to evaluate "current" reproductive performance of the active breeding group by comparison to Actual Days Open. The four indexes are: (1) JMR/Projected Days Open (2) Michigan DHIA Average Days Open (3) Projected Minimum Days Open (4) Heat Detection/Conception Rate Average Days Open. Simple linear regression was used on a small data base to measure accuracy of the predictions versus Actual Days Open.
Impact of Treatment of Beef Cows with Ivermectin on Herd Productivity
Authors: Guichon P. T. , Jim G. K. , Jacobsen J. A. , Ryan W. G. , Bauck S. W. , Piché C. A.
Published: March 2023

Internal parasite control in commercial beef cow-calf operations in western Canada has, until recently, not been considered an important part of herd management. Recent epidemiological studies conducted in the region indicate however, that the cow is an important source of pasture contamination and hence infection for the calf (1). Studies conducted in North Dakota have demonstrated improved productivity and economic returns associated with treatment of the cow herd with ivermectin (2,3). Similar studies have not been published for western Canada.The objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity impact of a fall treatment with ivermectin of commercial beef cows. The effect of treatment was evaluated by monitoring the body condition and reproductive performance of cows and by measuring calf weight gains.
Studies on Efficacy of Copper Glycinate in Clinical Babesiosis in Crossbred Cattle
Authors: Randhawa S. S. , Randhawa C. S. , Sawhney S. M. S.
Published: March 2023

Bovine babesiosis, a tick borne infectious haemoprotozoan disease of cattle, has been reported to be prevalent in Europe, Africa, South America and Asia including India1,2. The disease is of immense importance in tropical and subtropical countries including India, causing heavy mortality and morbidity in exotic and crossbred animals. A large number of babesicidal compounds have been used effectively for treatment of bovine babesiosis1. Copper glycinate has been extensively used for the effective treatment of post-parturient haemoglobinuria (PPH) as well as for the treatment of certain copier responsive primary or secondary copper deficiency conditions3,4. However, results of preliminary clinical observations revealed its efficacy against bovine babesiosis5.

The haemoglobinuria in bovine babesiosis has been ascribed to increased intravascular destruction of red cells by the parasites with the release of free haemoglobin in urine6. It was reported that the degree of anaemia in clinical babesiosis was out of proportion to the degree of parasitaemia which could indicate that intravascular haemolysis was not only of parasitized red cells but also of some unparasitized red cells5. The present investigation was carried out to confirm the preliminary observations of the efficacy of copper glycinate against clinical bovine babesiosis and to elucidate the role of lipid peroxidation in the genesis of haemolysis in bovine babesiosis by measuring the levels of malondialdehyde in the red blood cells, plasma and urine of affected and healthy cattle. Malondialdehyde, being one of the product, is a sensitive indicator of the lipid peroxidation.
Morphological Investigations of the Forestomach in Cows Suffering From Hoflund Syndrome
Authors: Stockhofe-Zurwieden N. , Rehage J. , Yalcin E.
Published: March 2023

Since HOFLUND's explanation (1) of a functional stenosis of either the bovine forestomach or the pylorus due to damages of the vagal nerve in 1940, this hypothesis is discussed controversially. In addition disturbances of the beforementioned extrinsic nerve system, mechanical influences are discussed to be the origin of this disease (2,3). As an extrinsic control system the vagal nerves are responsible for a coordionated contraction of the ruminant forestomach. These nerves originating from the gastric centre in the medulla oblongata are consisting of predominantly afferent fibres and some efferent, preganglionic nerve fibres ( 4). The efferent fibres are communicating with intramurally located ganglia. Recently published data present that the intramural neurons, also named as intrinsic nerve system are able to initiate reticulo-ruminal contraction (9,10).

Purpose of this study was to evaluate morphological alterations ofvagal and intramural nerve fibres, intramural neurons and inflamamtory changes in the wall of the forestomachs and abomasum of cows suffering from HOFLUND's Syndrome.
La Fatigue Du Diaphragme
Authors: Desmecht D. , Linden A. , Amory H. , Lekeux P.
Published: March 2023

The effect of experimentally-induced pneumonia on diaphragmatic strength generation was studied in spontaneously breathing calves.

Five healthy male Friesian calves, 7 to 15 days old and weighing 44.5 ± 1.9 kg (mean± SE) were exposed to intratracheal instillation of 30 ml Pasteurella hemolityca Al broth (5.10 9 to 5.101° CFU/ml) in logarithmic phase of growth. The diaphragm was electrically stimulated via intracaval platinum electrodes mounted on a 12-gauge catheter introduced in the right jugular vein. The transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) generated at functional residual capacity against occluded airways during supramaximal (60 V) 2-sec stimulations applied over a frequency range of 10-100 Hz was measured using conventional balloon catheters systems. The procedure was repeated before, 3, 6 and 9 hours after inoculation.

Full article in French, English and German summaries in PDF.
Glycoprotein Vaccine Against IBR
Authors: Vandeputte J. , Brun A. , Lacoste F. , Saint-Marc B.
Published: March 2023

Five cattle were twice vaccinated. The interval between the vaccinations was 28 days.

Five cattle served as non-vaccinated controls. 348 days after the first vaccination, one non-vaccinated control animal was intranasally challenged with 5 .105 TCID50 of virulent BHV1 virus. It served as contact excreter animal for all the other non vaccinated controls and the vaccinates.

After challenge, the following treatments were performed:- three previously vaccinated animal, and two non-vaccinated controls received one dose of vaccine at day D 390 and day D 411 after challenge while the remaining five animals did not.- all the animals were treated with dexamethazone during 5 days at day D 455 after challenge (I.V. 1st day, I.M. 4 days).

Vaccination significantly reduced virus excretion and clinical signs after challenge. Some of the vaccinated animals (vaccination before challenge) were protected against recrudescence after dexamethazone treatment.

Detailed results will be presented and discussed in the context of control of BHV1.
How DNA Studies May Advance Knowledge of Pathogenesis and Immunity
Authors: Splitter Gary , Leary Tom , Gao Yi
Published: March 2023

No other health profession than veterinary medicine must understand the health needs and individual disease states of such a diverse number of animal species. How can the health care of domesticated animals be rapidly improved to provide a reliable food source without the age-old threat of epidemics or severe economic loss to producer groups? Several fruitful areas of investigation may produce the answers to improving the well-being of animals.
Use of Hydrogels to Vaccinate Calves Orally for Pneumonic Pasteurellosis
Authors: Bowersock T. L. , Shalaby W. S. W. , Samuels M. L. , White M. R. , Lalone R. , Levy M. , Ryker D. , Park K.
Published: March 2023

This study showed that hydrogels can deliver antigens orally to ruminants resulting in immunity at distant mucosal sites. Studies are underway to determine what other antigens can be loaded into hydrogels and retain their immunogenicity when released into the lower GIT. Hydrogels provide a practical, safe, economical way to deliver oral vaccines to a large number of animals to prevent diseases which begin at a mucosal surface.
Viral Infections and Respiratory Disease in Dairy-Bred Calves
Authors: Caldow G. L. , Edwards S. , Peters A. R.
Published: March 2023

After salmonellosis respiratory disease probably remains the most important condition of market purchased dairy bred calves. Treatment rates for respiratory disease have been found to exceed 30% during the first three months of the rearing phase (1) and this disease is therefore responsible for significant losses in terms of animal performance, veterinary costs and labour irrespective of the implications for the welfare of the young calf.

The association between respiratory virus infection and clinical respiratory disease has been demonstrated in weaned beef calves and in home reared dairy calves, but in calves less than three months of age there was little evidence of viral involvement (2 and 3). However disease monitoring on one calf rearing unit led to the observation that despite good response to antibiotic therapy, the outbreaks of sudden onset high morbidity respiratory disease seen in calves less than three months of age, had a possible viral aetiology. To explore this further the following study was carried out.
Bekämpfung der BHV-1- Infektionen des Rindes aus staatlicher Sicht
Authors: Bätza H. -J.
Published: March 2023

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) - infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV) is an infection with bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV1 ). Main organs in which the serologically and immunologically identical but biologically different virus strains become manifest are the respiratory tract (IBR) and the genital tract (IPV) (in bulls infectious balanoposthitis - IBP). One particular feature of this infectious disease is that infected animals, as a rule, carry the virus for the rest of their life.

As a venereal disease transmitted by mating IPV/IBP is subject to government control measures if breeding results are affected in a negative way or if there is concern about the disease having spread; IBR is not covered by any government control system as the criteria for general government control do not apply to this virus disease.

It is possible for producers to protect themselves from economic losses through vaccination; this is also true of long-distance transport of cattle from stocks which are under suspicion.

Studies available hitherto from the Federal Republic of Germany have shown that - with regional variations - there is a high percentage of herds that are serologically free from BHV1 antibodies.

Under these conditions it seemed helpful to issue guidelines for the protection of free cattle breeding herds as well as for the sanitation of infected ones on a voluntary basis (for example certain herds, regions or breeding associations).

These recommendations lay down the conditions under which- a cattle herd is to be considered as unsuspected of BHV1- this status can be maintained and- a herd can be freed from the disease by means of reactor removal or vaccination.For certification of unsuspected herds the guidelines recommend blood or milk testing.

Full article in German, English and French abstracts on PDF.
Efficacy of Danofloxacin in the Therapy of Acute Bacterial Pneumonia in Housed Beef Cattle
Authors: Tolling S. T. , Barthel H. , Giles C. J. , Isla M. , Mencarelli A. , Thomasson C.
Published: March 2023

Danofloxacin* is an antimicrobial of the fluoroquinolone class, and has shown potent in vitro activity against the major bacterial pathogens involved in respiratory disease, Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida(1). Pharmacokinetic studies with danofloxacin in cattle have demonstrated an attractive profile. The drug is rapidly absorbed and distributed to respiratory tract tissues and secretions following intramuscular or subcutaneous administration ( 2, 3) . This paper summarizes the results of 11 studies in beef cattle conducted in Europe. The efficacy of danofloxacin against naturally occurring outbreaks of acute pneumonia was evaluated in comparison with oxytetracycline and trimethoprim/sulpha.

Spanish and French summaries on PDF.
Veterinarian's Role in Wholesome Beef Production
Authors: Cowman Gary L. , Bennett Bill
Published: March 2023

Bovine practitioners have long been an essential part of the cattleindustry. In today's consumer-driven environment, however, the nature of thecattle business -- and the veterinarian's role in that business -- haveshifted. What has always been thought of as the "cattle industry" is now moreaccurately described as the "food industry." And no matter what aspect ofcattle practice you've chosen as your focus, you're really in the business ofproducing meat for the retail counter.
What Do We Mean By "Good Food Quality"
Authors: Forslund B. Kristina
Published: March 2023

This paper deals with three of the major topics of this conference: "Food Animal Products-- Human Food Safety and Nutritional Concepts, Handling and Housing Cattle-- Welfare Considerations and The Environment and Food Animal Production". The discussion centers on recent developments in Sweden, where a consumers' movement has led farmers to reconsider the definition of "good food quality" and how it may relate to the welfare of animals.
Comparison of "Metabolic Profiles" Between Dairy Herds With And Without Disturbed Reproductive Performance
Authors: Hoedemaker Martina , Mansfeld Rolf , Thiemann Elmar
Published: March 2023

The "metabolic profile" or "blood profile" has been defined as a set or combination of bloodconstituents analyzed together.1 Blood profiling in dairy cattle has been tested by many investigators with the goal of correlating the blood levels of biochemical parameters with nutrition, fertility and metabolic diseases. 2,3,4 However, the value of metabolic profile tests for monitoring the nutritional stage or identifying metabolic diseases which might have a negative effect on reproductive performance has been questioned, as 60 per cent of herds with no clinical or production problems also had abnormal metabolic profiles.5 The aim of the following study was to reevaluate the efficacy of metabolic profiling by comparing metabolic profiles of herds with and without reproductive disorders.
Linking the Laboratory and the Farm
Authors: Martin Wayne
Published: March 2023

Both holistic disciplines such as epidemiology, and reductionistic disciplines, typified herein under the category "biotechnology", have as a major goal the improvement of the health status of food animals, as well as the people and environment associated with the production of foods of animal origin. However the perspectives on how this goal should be attained differ widely between these groups. This paper describes, from the vantage of an epidemiologist, the merits of integrating epidemiologic and biotechnologic methods in the areas of ongoing disease control and food animal health research.
Integrated Resource Management Through Mathematical Optimization Techniques
Authors: Dargatz D. A. , Miller W. C.
Published: March 2023

Linear programming can be used to assess the economic impact of health issues and management for beef cattle operations. The current model shows that substantial increases in relative profit may be achieved by Increasing the ratio of cows per bull for breeding. A 3% increase in profit is projected by moving from a bull to cow ratio of 1 :25 to 1 :40. In addition, the distribution of calvings over the calving season can have dramatic effects on the profitability of the operation. A prolonged calving season (147 days) can result in an operation only 77% as profitable as an operation with a 63-day calving season. A calf death loss of 15% is projected to result in an operation only 87% as profitable as an operation with a 4% death loss.
ARGOS
Authors: Van Ranst B. , Baecke F. , Mattheeuws M. , Van Zeveren A. , Bouquet Y.
Published: March 2023

Since the beginning of the 1970's, one has striven for an increase in the herd milk production on the dairy herds in Western Europe. This was accomplished by investing and by specialising, making use of technological progress and economics of scale. Since the introduction of quota's in 1983, the number of dairy herds in Belgium is decreasing at a rate of 6% a year, and interest in beef cows (Figure 1) and other specialisations of intensive stock-farming is increasing. Along with increasing herd size (Figure 2) and increasing production costs, there is rising interest in the improvement of internal farm efficiency with emphasis on cost-management. Envirommental interests, too, exert an even larger influence on management methodes. It is in this framework that herd management systems must be situated.
Changing Pattern of Health Problems Since the Introduction of Milk Quotas
Authors: Kelly J. M. , Whitaker D. A. , Smith E. J.
Published: March 2023

During the past 30 years the UK dairy industry has undergone many changes. Among the more dramatic has been the marked increase in milk production from individual cows, whereas the number of dairy herds in the country has decreased significantly and the size of the herds has increased accordingly. As a result before the introduction of milk quotas in 1984 there were nearly the same number of cows producing more milk on a smaller number of more intensively farmed units.

Milk quotas have resulted on marked changes in the husbandry practices in many farms. Herd numbers are continuing to drop but cow numbers are also falling. The Dairy Herd Health and Productivity Service (DHHPS) (5) which over the past 15 years has involved some 300 veterinary practices and over 1000 dairy farms throughout the UK has provided regular information on disease occurrence and on the adequacy of nutrition and management in relation to health and productivity.
Secadera
Authors: Mullenax C. H. , Baumann L. E. , McDowell L. R. , Norman B. B.
Published: March 2023

Wasting diseases of nutritional origin in domestic livestock are infrequently seen under systems of modern management. They are seen, however, in animals grazed under extensive management systems, particularly in cattle maintained solely on tropical forages grown on low-fertility acidic soils. Secadera is one of the wasting diseases which occur in the South American tropics1,2,3,4. This report, which further characterizes the disease and its treatment, is based on research conducted in the oxisol savannas of the Altillanura, the least fertile area of the Llanos Orientales (Eastern Plains) of Colombia.
Bovine Reproductive Health in the 21st Century
Authors: BonDurant R. H.
Published: March 2023

Predicting the future is a skill that is not taught in most veterinary curricula, and not practiced by most learned veterinarians. It is an endeavor fraught with hazard, the greatest of which being that a small but wicked minority of those who hear one's predictions will remember them at an importune moment in the future.
Clinical Manifestations of Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
Authors: Gilbert Robert O.
Published: March 2023

Bovine granulocytopathy (now recognized as bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency or BLAD, a disease analogous to the human condition called leukocyte adhesion deficiency) was described in the U.S.A. in 1983 by Hagemoser et al.1 These authors described a Holstein heifer with a disease complex characterized by a generalized increase in susceptibility to infectious agents over the two year lifespan of the heifer. They documented impaired neutrophil function in this animal, which had persistent circulating neutrophilia, but seemed unable to mount a peripheral inflammatory response. Neutrophils appeared structurally normal when examined by electron microscopy (there were no lysosomal inclusions characteristic of Chediak-Higashi syndrome), but random migration, bacterial ingestion, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and iodination were depressed relative to normal controls. Antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity was not affected.
Transmission of Bovine Leukemia Virus By Rectal Palpation
Authors: Divers Thomas J.
Published: March 2023

Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV), a C-type retrovirus, is horizontally spread in cattle by infected lymphocytes.[1] Infection with the BLV is lifelong.

Several routine management procedures have been implicated in the transmission of BLV, especially manual dehoming and use of contaminated needles.[2,3) There are both questions and concern regarding the probability of transmitting BLV infections in cattle during rectal palpation.[4) This concern seems especially pertinent since almost all breeding-age cattle receive multiple rectal examinations to evaluate the reproductive tract, and rectal sleeves are often not changed when cattle in the same herd are being palpated. There have also been experiments which have shown that BLV infection in cattle can occur by transferring infected blood into the rectum.[5,6,7] In these studies, infective blood was either purposely infused into the rectum of cows and calves or was inoculated onto the rectal sleeve prior to palpating calves.

The intent of this study was to determine if bovine leukemia virus could be transmitted by more routine rectal examination of BLV-negative, breeding age, cattle.

German and French abstracts on PDF.
Accuracy of Repeated Pregnancy Diagnoses with a Battery-Operated Portable Ultrasonic Scanner in Dairy cattle
Authors: Szenci Otto , Piros Andras , Kovács Laszlo
Published: March 2023

One of the most suitable techniques for early pregnancy diagnosis on the farm is the B-mode ultrasonography. There are only a limited number of reports dealing with the examination of the same animals at different intervals after breeding1-4.Except for two studies2,3, the accuracy of their pregnancy diagnoses was not reported.

The present study was designed to determine the accuracy of repeated transrectal ultrasound scanning of the uterus, under field conditions, with a battery-operated, portable ultrasonic scanner.

German and Spanish summaries on PDF.
Penicillin Concentrations in Serum and Milk Following Administration of Procaine Penicillin G By Different Route at Different Dosage
Authors: Daigneault J. , Dubreuil P. , Couture Y. , Guay P. , Boudreau M. , Landry D.
Published: March 2023

The aim of the clinician when using antimicrobials is to provide effective treatment while minimizing residues in milk and meat. Among all antibiotics used in food animals,procaine penicillin G (PPG) is one of the oldest and is still one of the most widely used. Over the years, the recommended dosage has increased from 7, 500 IU /kg I. M. (the label dosage) to the recommended, but not approved dosage of 11,000 to 22,000 IU/kg administered I.M. or s.c. (1). The subcutaneous route is easier to use when large volumes need to be administered.

Because of the discrepancy between the approved dosage of PPG and the dosages currently used in clinical practice, the purposes of the present study were twofold: firstly to determine whether increasing doses of PPG would provide corresponding increases in efficacy, as measured by the peak serum concentration (Cmax) value and the length of time during which the serum concentration of PPG would exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC); secondly to determine whether the two routes of administration are comparable as true alternatives.

French and Spanish summaries on PDF
BVD Vaccines - Is There An Answer
Authors: Cortese Victor
Published: March 2023

Problems associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVD) infections seem to be increasing in the United States. I get many questions from veterinarians and investigate more and more BVD infected herds. Most of these herds do not exhibit any outward clinical signs of BVD infection but reproductive problems or underlying immune suppression are often seen.
BVD
Authors: Bolin Steven R.
Published: March 2023

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an ubiquitous viral pathogen of cattle that induces disease involving the respiratory, enteric,reproductive, lymphoid, and nervous systems. The diseases commonly associated with BVDV infections are termed acute BVD, mucosal disease, and chronic BVD. In North America, BVDV is a leading cause of economic loss in beef and dairy cattle. Two biotypes of BVDV exist, and these have cytopathic or noncytopathic characteristics in cell culture. The cytopathic virus kills susceptible cell cultures and the noncytopathic virus has little effect on cultured cells. However, there is no correlation between the effects of virus in cell culture and the effects in cattle. Certain noncytopathic BVDV are extremely virulent and kill adult cattle. Conversely, many cytopathic BVDV induce only mild disease in cattle.
BVD
Authors: Vickers Mary Lynne
Published: March 2023

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a ubiquitous virus that is the most frequently isolated viral pathogen of cattle in some areas. BVDV virus infection is often suspected because of the wide range of disease problems it causes. This variety of clinical signs has complicated the diagnosis of this viral infection because there are no simple answers. It is, however, essential that a definitive diagnosis be made before costly control measures are implemented.
Recent Calf Milk Replacer Research Update
Authors: Fowler Mike
Published: March 2023

The first calf milk replacer in the United States was developed and introduced in 1951 to dairy producers. Since the original calf milk replacer, there have been many nutritional advances in calf milk replacers and calf raising programs. During the last ten years, there has been less and less research information concerning the young calf occurring in scientific literature. Those researchers who consider themselves as primarily working in the area of calf nutrition and health are also fewer in number. For these reasons, this paper will present mainly primary source information rather than review information, in order to add to the scientific information base. This paper will discuss the key nutritional principles as it relates to milk replacer feeding and composition along with some of the newer calf milk replacer areas. The application of the information presented shall be limited to the herd replacement and dairy beef calf.

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Clotting Factor in Bovine Preruminant Nutrition
Authors: Thomkins Trevor , Drackley James K.
Published: March 2023

During the process of digestion in the preruminant calf, the casein protein in cows' milk clots in the abomasum due to the action of the enzymes pepsin and rennin (chymosin) and hydrochloric acid. The importance of this clotting mechanism has been studied, but the physiological implications are not fully understood. Today in the United States, many calves are raised very successfully on milk replacers that do not contain casein protein because skim milk powder, which is the main source of casein, is prohibitively expensive. Instead, whey proteins are the predominant source of milk proteins in calf milk replacers. Research indicates that whey proteins, which do not clot in the abomasum, are as efficacious as casein proteins in the diet of the preruminant calf.

The subject of "clotting" has become topical due to an attempt through the National Dairy Heifer Evaluation Program (which is a part of the National Animal Health Monitoring System) to evaluate milk replacers on farms by a rennet clotting test. This test was developed in Europe to determine the presence of heat denatured skim milk in calf milk replacers and has no relevance to milk replacers formulated on the basis of whey proteins.

This paper reviews the physiology of digestion in the calf, discusses the implications of milk clotting and addresses the issues of modern milk replacer formulations.
New Approach to Electrolyte Therapy
Authors: McGuirk Sheila M.
Published: March 2023

Oral electrolyte administration remains the mainstay of therapy of calf diarrhea. Solutions can effectively combat dehydration if they are administered in sufficient volume (6.5 to 8.5 L daily) alone or in combination with milk. Hypertonic oral electrolyte solutions are the most calorie dense of the oral electrolyte solutions and are superior to most isosmolar solutions in their ability to resolve metabolic acidosis and electrolyte derangements of the scouring calf. Continued milk feeding combined with administration of oral electrolyte solution for treatment of diarrhea can satisfactorily meet the calf's caloric requirements for maintenance and growth, increase weight gain, improve glucose homeostasis, and shorten the course of diarrhea. Provision of fiber and beneficial intestinal microflora in oral electrolyte solutions have potentially beneficial outcomes but remain to be tested in field studies.
Charging by Procedure Makes Our Practice Profitable
Authors: Overby A. Andrew
Published: March 2023

Our practice is a diversified, multiple man practice. We deal with dairy, cow/calf, feed lot, swine, small ruminants, equine and companion animals on a daily basis. Each veterinarian has an area of special interest, and each works at a different speed. However, all of us do daily routine work with all species. For this reason, we have found charging by procedure a very effective way to standardize our fees.
Getting Paid by the Hour Yields More Profits
Authors: Johnson Paul E.
Published: March 2023

Compensation for services rendered with an hourly fee has allowed many veterinarians the opportunity to boost their profitability. This type of fee structure affords the practitioner the ability to offer a broader range of services. In many instances, these services do not lend themselves to fee structures that depend upon animal units or procedures.
Contract Veterinary Services Are the Financial Answer
Authors: Ferry John W.
Published: March 2023

Equally challenging as establishing a production medicine practice, is establishing a fee structure satisfactory to all parties. A system working well for me is a monthly retainer fee. Each dairy is charged a monthly fee calculated from the number of cows on that month's DHI summary. The fee is charged on a regressive scale, creating larger per cow fees for small herds than for large dairies. This scale is limited by minimum and maximum fees.
Collecting Accounts
Authors: Gardner Charles E.
Published: March 2023

I have often heard that clients perceive us only as an expense when we work on sick animals but as an investment when we do production medicine or herd health work. This may be their perception, but the payback on a sick cow successfully treated is just as real and may even be realized faster. A successful operation for a displaced abomasum easily pays for itself within 1 month. Treating a sore foot gives a payback even faster. In emergency situations, such as dystocias and prolapses, we frequently save a cow's life and certainly save the client far more than our fee on a longterm basis.

The bottom line is this: Our clients will not request any procedure unless they believe they will benefit by it. They should know the cost involved, and once they elect to go ahead with a procedure, they should be prepared to pay the bill. We, on the other hand, should not be ashamed to insist on payment on a timely basis.
Special Elective Rotations as a Means of Teaching Dairy Production Medicine Skills to Veterinary Students
Authors: Nordlund Ken , Oetzel Garrett , Dahl John
Published: March 2023

A series of curriculum-driven clinical rotations in dairy production medicine has been developed at the University of Wisconsin for fourth year veterinary students. The courses emphasize dairy herd problem identification, mastitis problem solving, and applied dairy nutrition. Investigations of real dairy herds and problems provide case materials, and all courses make significant use of computers to analyze data. While participation in the rotations is elective, student enrollment has been substantial.
Development of Continuing Education Opportunities For Veterinarians in Dairy Health Management
Authors: Leslie Ken
Published: March 2023

Historically, regional and national veterinary associations have served a much needed role in the continuing education of the profession. This was done using focused one-topic seminars, as well as presentations covering a wide range of general topics. At species specialty group meetings, such as the American Association of Bovine Practitioners (AABP), pre-convention workshops from one to three days in length have been used to cover a broad range of important dairy health management topics. These seminars have provided the desired depth and intensity of subject coverage. However, with such meetings held only once per year, it has been difficult for an individual practitioner to develop the continuity of educational exposure necessary to build a complete slate of seminars (7). These continuing education programs have not offered a planned approach for the progression of courses. In addition, there is no accepted way to assess competency, nor respond to the on-going individual needs of the practitioners enroled. It would be difficult to document a significant change in overall dairy health management programs implemented by the majority of participating practitioners.
Application of Dairy Production Medicine in Practice
Authors: DeJong Gale A.
Published: March 2023

Definition: To assist management to develop, implement, evaluate and modify programs to maintain health and optimize production of the dairy unit.
Systematic Approach to Improve Productivity and Profitability of Beef Cattle Ranches
Authors: Toombs R. E.
Published: March 2023

Small producers of beef cattle are being taken over by large corporations that market the majority of cattle by contracting with feedlots and packers in vertical harmony.1 To survive and prosper under this transition, the food animal practitioner must adapt to the transformation.2 The public's perception of the veterinary medical profession must also change. To facilitate this change, the veterinarian must become a valuable asset to the producer by providing services beyond the scope of traditional veterinary care.

A recent national survey found that livestock producers perceived their veterinarian's knowledge of agribusiness/economics to be 19.4% less than that of producers', and 9% below that of Extension Agents'.3 The traditional veterinary educational process furnishes the new graduate with little training in economics, production, or management. In fact, training in the management of disease, the forte of the veterinary profession, is inadequate at most schools because it overwhelmingly concentrates on individuals rather than populations of animals.

To gain knowledge in agribusiness/economics, the veterinarian must rely upon extensive graduate work or gradually obtain the knowledge over a longer period of time through an "on-the-job" training process. If the veterinarian has the expertise to furnish producers with valuable information, the producers' perception of veterinarians will be favorably altered, and the veterinarian's area of specialization expanded so that the veterinarian can become actively involved in decisions that affect beef cattle production and profitability.
Preconditioning and Integrating Pre-Purchase Information
Authors: Thomson John U.
Published: March 2023

Practitioners, producers, and researchers have tried to evaluate the merits of bovine health management programs such as preconditioning for many years. Researchers have demonstrated varied results on the benefits of preconditioning. Most research has pointed out program deficiencies (1-6).

The definition of a preconditioned calf is frequently left to the principal investigator. A nutritionist may consider preconditioning as a vaccination program and a veterinarian may consider it as a total management program. This makes comparisons of studies difficult.

A decision making process in herd health and management programs can be implemented by defining the situation, considering the options, studying present knowledge of the options, selecting a strategy, and evaluating the outcome (7). Since the problem with many studies is defining the situation, maybe one should define a non-preconditioned calf.
Making Rational Product Choices
Authors: Smith Robert A.
Published: March 2023

Feedyard managers and feedyard veterinarians are faced with a wide array of health care products today. Most are detailed as the "product of choice" to prevent or treat diseases. Due to the large volume and the complexity of health care products used in a feedyard, the veterinarian must serve as an advisor to management to assess the value using various products.

Cost of health care products is always a consideration. However, cost must be evaluated in respect to risk of disease, cost of the disease and the impact of disease on production. Efficacy of the product in question must also be carefully evaluated.

It is important to remember that vaccines, bacterins, antibiotics and anthelmintics are only management tools. Commercial products will not eliminate or cure diseases by themselves, but instead must be critically implemented into a comprehensive, planned management program.

In this paper, considerations for making rational product choices will be discussed. The selection considerations for anthelmintics, antibiotics and vaccines will be emphasized.