bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immigrant Women in Los Angeles
Authors: Morales Rebecca , Ong Paul
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we analyze the changing industrial structure, nature of job opportunities and income among Latin American immigrants in Los Angeles to illustrate their shifting employment position within the economy. Using regression analysis of secondary data, we conclude that the extent of stable employment is growing and increasingly filled by immigrant women. This trend is contributing to a nation-wide trend toward the bifurcation of income and employment evident since the late 1970s. The Los Angeles example is suggestive of how flexibility is achieved in an increasingly global economy, and demonstrates the centrality of female immigrant labor to this process.
The Change-Oriented Cooperative: Concept and Practice Issues
Authors: Levi Yair
Published: March 2007

Using an additive model, this paper distinguishes between the 'pseudo-cooperative', the 'self-centered' cooperative and the 'change-oriented' cooperative. It is argued that the first two types constitute 'deviant' cases whose frequent recurrence may distort the image of the normative cooperative pattern and undermine proclaimed objectives of participatory development.
Worker Resistance: An Underdeveloped Concept in the Sociology of Work
Authors: Hodson Randy
Published: March 2007

Resistance, struggle and effort bargaining are important components of everyday life at the workplace. Yet the topic of worker resistance has been given a very limited role in our theoretical models of the workplace. As a result, the study of worker resistance has remained conceptually underdeveloped. In this paper, I develop a model of worker resistance which conceptualizes four basic agendas of resistance: deflecting abuse, regulating the amount and intensity of work, defending autonomy and expanding worker control through worker participation schemes. I argue that these four agendas of worker resistance parallel forms of the organization of the labor process as characterized by Edwards (1979) and others, with deflecting abuse being most typical of direct control, regulating the amount and intensity of work being most typical of technical control, defending autonomy being most typical of bureaucratic control, and manipulating participation opportunities being most typical of worker resistance under modern participative organizations of work. Agendas of worker resistance, however, are not reducible to forms of the organization of control at the workplace and each agenda may emerge, to differing degrees, under any given form of labor control. The proposed parallelism between agendas of resistance and forms of labor control allow the development of hypotheses about both current and future developments in labor control and worker resistance.
Teamwork and Internal Labour Markets: A Study of a Canadian Aluminium Smelter
Authors: Belanger Jacques , Dumas Martin
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to explain the difficulties of introducing and benefiting from teamwork in North American unionized settings. Detailed observation and interviews in an aluminium smelter reveal that the potential of more flexible and collective work arrangements was limited by institutional constraints. Some recurring tensions relate to the interplay between the system of rules already in place, which govern the internal labour market, and the new pattern of work which management seeks to implement.
Constructing European Collective Bargaining
Authors: Kim Haknoh
Published: March 2007

Most students of European integration expect that organized labour and business are not likely to develop collective bargaining at the EU level. By analysing the interactions between the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) and the Union of Industrial and Employers' Confederations of Europe (UNICE) since Maastricht, this article challenges this reigning pessimistic view about the prospects for building European collective bargaining. The article's analysis of the emerging collective bargaining practices and relations at the EU level supports Bercusson's prediction of the development of collective 'bargaining in the shadow of law' after Maastricht. It also shows that unlike the dominant view, the labour side is not necessarily underprivileged vis-a-vis the employer side at the EU level, as witnessed in the European Works Council (EWC) case. I also try to make some strategic suggestions for the further development of European collective bargaining, particularly with regard to pay in the context of European Monetary Union (EMU).
Respiratory Biofeedback-Assisted Therapy in Panic Disorder
Authors: Meuret Alicia E. , Wilhelm Frank H. , Roth Walton T.
Published: March 2007

The authors describe a new methodologically improved behavioral treatment for panic patients using respiratory biofeedback from a handheld capnometry device. The treatment rationale is based on the assumption that sustained hypocapnia resulting from hyperventilation is a key mechanism in the production and maintenance of panic. The brief 4-week biofeedback therapy is aimed at voluntarily increasing self-monitored end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) and reducing respiratory rate and instability through breathing exercises in patients’ environment. Preliminary results from 4 patients indicate that the therapy was successful in reducing panic symptoms and other psychological characteristics associated with panic disorder. Physiological data obtained from home training, 24-hour ambulatory monitoring pretherapy and posttherapy, and laboratory assessment at follow-up indicate that patients started out with low resting PCO2 levels, increased those levels during therapy, and maintained those levels at posttherapy and/or follow-up. Partial dissociation between PCO2 and respiratory rate questions whether respiratory rate should be the main focus of breathing training in panic disorder.
Health Service Appointment Keeping
Authors: Frankel Bruce S. , Hovell Melbourne F.
Published: March 2007

Appointment keeping was described as a chain of behavior which results in a health service client attending an appointment. The environmental cues and consequences, both aversive and reinforcing, which might impact each behavior in this chain were illustrated and described as either strengthening or weakening appointment keeping. Appointment keeping surveys and experimental research were reviewed in the context of this behavioral profile, as well as methodological soundness. Survey studies broadened our understanding of appointment keeping by pinpointing populations in special need, but few changeable variables (e.g., behavior of health care team or delivery system, physical environment, and so on) were found to be related to appointment keeping. A number of intervention studies showed increased appointment adherence coincidental with the use of reminders and reinforcing consequences. Thus, it was concluded that a behavioral profile could focus investigators' attention on potentially changeable variables which might improve adherence to health service appointments. Suggestions for future research are made.
Assessing Dissemination Capability
Authors: Mathews R. Mark , Fawcett Stephen B.
Published: March 2007

Disseminating packaged behavioral intervention programs appears to be an increasingly important objective in the field of applied behavior analysis. An exportable training package, designed to teach helping skills to community service workers, was evaluated with two social service agencies. The package was mailed to a community proctor who administered the materials without direct instructional contact with the experimenters. The results showed that the percentage of specified trainee target behaviors increased after the training package was introduced. Ratings of trainee performance by independent community service workers correlated with behavior observations of trainee performance. This study illustrates a method for assessing the effectiveness of behavioral interventions to be disseminated to potential consumers.
Social Skills Training for Highly Aggressive Children
Authors: Bornstein Mitchell , Bellack Alan S. , Hersen Michel
Published: March 2007

Four highly aggressive children who were inpatients in a psychiatric hospital were treated with social skills training. Treatment was applied to each child in multiple baseline fashion across behaviors. Results indicated that the treatment was highly effective for each child. However, generalization and maintenance patterns varied substantially across subjects. The results were discussed in regard to the idiosyncratic deficits and treatment needs typically found in clinical populations. The need for individualized treatment planning was highlighted, along with the role of the therapeutic relationship.
Mands for Verbalization
Authors: Rogers-Warren Ann , Warren Steven F.
Published: March 2007

Verbalization rates of three children exhibiting moderate to severe language delays were increased through the systematic use of adults' instructions for verbalizations, models for verbalizations, and contingent positive consequences following utterances. Daily samples of each child's speech were collected during freeplay periods in a classroom for language-deficient preschool children. In a multiple-baseline design across children, teachers prompted language usage and provided materials and services following requests and descriptions. The results of the study showed that children's verbalization rates doubled to tripled from their baseline levels when the intervention was introduced. The subjects' vocabulary and complexity of utterances increased, as indicated by cumulative rates of novel words and novel word combinations. The classroom display of newly trained words and grammatical structures also increased.
Interactions of Behaviorally Handicapped Children
Authors: Hendrickson Jo M. , Strain Phillip S. , Tremblay Ann , Shores Richard E.
Published: March 2007

The two experiments described in this article represent an attempt to functionally analyze the effects of specific peer social initiations on the behavior of withdrawn, handicapped children. The following social approach behaviors were previously found to set the occasion for positive, reciprocal interaction among normally developing preschool children: play organizers, shares, and physical assists. In Experiment 1, a normally functioning preschool child was trained to emit these specific initiations toward three withdrawn preschool boys. Experiment 2 provides a systematic replication with two important modifications. First, the peer helper was himself behaviorally handicapped and had a history of negative interaction with peers. Also, the three target children were substantially more limited in their appropriate behavior repertoire than Experiment I children. Both intervention and maintenance/generalization data from the withdrawal of treatment design closely matched Experiment I outcomes with some qualifications.
Interpersonal Adjustment of a Homosexual Adult
Authors: St. Lawrence Janet S. , Bradlyn Andrew S. , Kelly Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2007

In this study, a homosexual adult male received social skills training consisting of modeling, instruction, and behavior rehearsal in controlled multiple baseline fashion to increase his ability to deal with the positive and negative behavior of other gay persons with whom he interacted. Additionally, the subject made detailed recordings of his in vivo interactions with others before and following the intervention to assess generalization from training. Treatment resulted in: (1) improvement in objective behavioral components of social skills during roleplayed interactions in the clinic setting, (2) substantial increases in the frequency and quality of his in vivo interactions pre- and posttraining, and (3) more favorable self-reports of social skill. Issues related to social skills training for certain homosexual clients are discussed.
Recent Technological Advancements in the Treatment of Enuresis
Authors: Mountjoy Paul T. , Ruben Douglas H. , Bradford Terry S.
Published: March 2007

Antienuretic devices sold commercially symbolize the progression in technological improvements from historical to modem treatment approaches. Underlying these advancements are theoretical changes in operant psychology, through whose applications the science in psychophysiology has become prominent. This article traces the treatment of enuresis through its early developmental stages, identifying psychophysiology as a cognitive problem, to modem inventions of mechanical devices and the shifts in operant paradigms to accommodate them. Implications for criteria in selecting effective antienuretic devices are also reviewed, as are problems engendered with the competitive market.
Assessing Cognitive Aspects of Anxiety
Authors: Last Cynthia G. , Barlow David H. , O'Brien Gerald T.
Published: March 2007

Four agoraphobics were assessed repeatedly with three different cognitive measures-in vivo cognitive assessment, imaginal cognitive assessment, and thought-listing procedure-to evaluate the stability and congruence of the measures. Results showed all three measures to have an unstable course across assessment sessions. In addition, several subjects evinced marked cognitive improvement across assessments, suggesting that these measures may be "reactive" in some cases. Finally, the congruence or one-to-one correspondence between two of the cognitive measures, administered in the same situation, was only modest.
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: Garner David M. , Fairburn Christopher G. , Davis Ron
Published: March 2007

Specific distorted attitudes toward weight and shape have been identified as important in the development and maintenance of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Cognitive-behavioral (CB) treatment methods have been proposed for these eating disorders and preliminary reports of their efficacy with bulimia nervosa are reviewed. Although the results are encouraging, several conceptual and methodological issues must be addressed in the interpretation of findings. Inadequate and inconsistent definitions of CB methods are common in the current literature. Few studies depend on manuals to operationalize interventions. In some, recruitment has depended on advertisement, whereas in others it has depended on clinical referrals. In some studies, experienced therapists have been used and in others graduate students have been employed as therapists. Despite the lack of comparability among studies, there is evidence that CB intervention leads to a marked reduction in bingeing and vomiting as well as associated psychopathology. Evaluation of the proportion of patients abstinent from bingeing and vomiting at follow-up leads to a less optimistic view of success. Individual therapy appears to be somewhat more effective than group treatment in minimizing attrition and alleviating symptoms. Future studies must be aimed at a more systematic evaluation of active components in treatment and at demonstrating durability of change.
Blood Glucose Discrimination in Insulin-Dependent Diabetics
Authors: Roales-Nieto Jesus Gil
Published: March 2007

Three insulin-dependent diabetic patients estimated their blood glucose levels twice daily. Following baseline two interventions were implemented: (1) In the feedback procedure (F) subjects received immediate feedback regarding the accuracy of their estimation; (2) In the feedback plus external cues procedure (FEC) subjects were told to take into account a list of "external cues" related to blood glucose levels before estimating their level and receiving feedback. The FEC procedure resulted in a larger increase in accuracy of blood glucose level estimation than the feedback-only procedure. The FEC procedure also resulted in more important decreases in the percentage of hyperglycemic assessments and in the percentage of nonestimated hyperglycemias than the feedback procedure.
A Peer-Mediated Intervention with Clinic-Referred Socially Isolated Girls
Authors: Guevremont David C. , Macmillan Virginia M. , Shawchuck Carita R. , Hansen David J.
Published: March 2007

Peermediated interventions have been widely employed with seriously impairedautistic and handicapped children to modify social withdrawal. This study extendsthe literature by examining the impact of a peer intervention on the interactions ofdevelopmentally normal, socially isolated girls. Two to three actual classroompeers were trained to serve as helpers to initiate and maintain interactions with thesubjects. The intervention was introduced sequentially across 2 girls in a multiple-baseline design, and a within subject ABA withdrawal design was used to assessmaintenance. Behavioral observations during recess periods indicated that bothchildren's positive social interactions with peer helpers and other classmates wereincreased significantly during intervention and were maintained in return to-baseline conditions and at 4-month follow-up. Increases in positive socialinteractions of both subjects generalized to a second recess setting, in whichintervention was not introduced. Subjects' interactions in both recess settingsreached levels comparable to those of social comparison groups of peers. Teacherand self report ratings suggested that both girls had fewer social problems andexperienced less loneliness and dysphoria as a result of the intervention.
Severe Problem Behaviors Related to Social Interaction
Authors: Taylor Jill Chapman , Carr Edward G.
Published: March 2007

Studies concerning the functional analysis of severe problem behaviors have suggested that it is important to identify the different categories of stimuli that control problem behavior because each has unique treatment implications. The present study explored the differential effects of adult attention on the severe problem behaviors of two groups of children with developmental disabilities. A third group of nonproblem children was examined for comparison purposes. Children participated in three experimental conditions in which the level of adult attention was manipulated: noncontingent high attention, noncontingent low attention, and contingent attention. Results validated the existence of two groups of children who differed as to their social orientation: (a) One group of children commonly initiated social interactions and was most likely to exhibit problem behaviors under conditions of low adult attention, and (b) the other group of children rarely initiated social interactions and exhibited frequent problem behaviors under conditions of high adult attention. Implications of these data for escape and attention theories of child problem behavior are discussed, as are the applied implications for reinforcer assessment and teaching strategies.
Use of the Nonparametric Smoother for Examination of Data from a Single-Subject Design
Authors: Janosky Janine E.
Published: March 2007

A number of descriptive and inferential statistical procedures have been presented previously for examining data from a single-subject design. The statistical analysis of data from a single-subject design, however, remains somewhat controversial. As a complement to the visual inspection of the observed data, the nonparametric smoother is presented as a possibly appropriate and useful technique for the examination of data from a single-subject research paradigm. T'wo working examples are presented.
The Role of Motor Excess and Instrumented Activity Measurement in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Tryon Warren W.
Published: March 2007

Motor excess was once recognized as a primary aspect of childhood behavior disorder but has been largely discounted by current investigators despite consistent reference to hyperactivity in titles of articles, chapters, and books. The presumed minor relevance of hyperactivity to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is based on analogue assessment procedures that remain to be validated. Results of content-valid instrumented behavioral measurements show that ADHD children are pervasively hyperactive. These findings are consistent with recent research showing activity to be an important aspect of temperament and a well-documented factor of externalizing disorders of childhood. Theoretical analyses of the relationship between hyperactivity and ADHD disorder are presented.
Differential Effects of Methylphenidate and Self-Reinforcement on Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Ajibola Olatunji , Clement Paul W.
Published: March 2007

Six boys aged 9 to 12 years attended a tutoring class focusing on reading for 30 minutes each morning. The investigators employed a modified Latin-square design in which each child began with a 5-day baseline phase followed by six 10-day treatment phases that used drug placebo, noncontingent reinforcers, 0.3 mg/kg methylphenidate, 0.7 mg/kg methylphenidate, and self-re-inforcement in various combinations. Amount of academic performance was the major measure of outcome and the target behavior of self-reinforcement. Drug placebo and noncontingent reinforcers had no systematic impact. Methylphenidate had differential effects across the recorded behaviors. Self-reinforcement improved the target behavior; the mean effect size for self-reinforcement was 2.66. The combined effects of methylphenidate and self-reinforcement on academic performance were greater than either of the treatments given alone (mean effect size = 2.89).
Cognitive Restructuring in the Treatment of Social Phobia
Authors: Taylor Steven , Woody Sheila , Koch William J. , Mclean Peter , Paterson Randy J. , Anderson Kent W.
Published: March 2007

Cognitive restructuring (CR) is commonly used to treat social phobia, although its contribution to treatment efficacy has not been established. CR requires the person to think about and discuss feared social events with his or her therapist and thus entails some degree of exposure to social stimuli. CR also is thought to enhance the efficacy of therapeutic exposure exercises (EXP). Four predictions were tested based on this model: Relative to a control intervention matched for the exposure inherent in CR, CR is more effective in (1) reducing social phobia, (2) reducing negative social cognitions, (3) increasing positive cognitions, and (4) enhancing the effects of subsequent EXP. People with generalized social phobia (N= 60) were randomly assigned to CR followed by EXP or to a control intervention followed by EXP. Support was found for predictions 1 to 3, but not 4.
The Effects of Noncontingent and Contingent Attention for Self-Injury, Manding, and Collateral Responses
Authors: Derby K. Mark , Fisher Wayne W. , Piazza Cathleen C. , Wilke Arthur E. , Johnson Whitney
Published: March 2007

To date, most functional analysis studies have focused on the effects of treatment contingencies on specific targeted aberrant and altemative responses. In the current investigation, the main and collateral effects of the assessment and treatment of attention-maintained self-injury were assessed. Specifically, we evaluated the effects of noncontingent and contingent social attention on four categories of behavior: self-injury, a novel mand, preexisting prosocial responses (e.g., babbling and reaching out), and other aberrant responses (i.e., aggression and destruction). Results suggested that self-injury, prosocial responses, and other aberrant behaviors were within the same fmctional response class. Possible impact of these results when selecting mands for functional communication training is discussed.
Behavioral Treatment of Pulsatile Tinnitus and Headache Following Traumatic Head Injury
Authors: Hegel Mark T. , Martin John B.
Published: March 2007

Pulsatile tinnitus is a disorder that can be extremely disabling. Nonetheless, it has not been well-researched in the fields of psychology or behavioral therapy. This article describes the evaluation and behavioral treatment of a gentleman with pulsatile tinnitus. The evaluation included polygraphic assessment of vasomotor and electromyographic function both before and after treatment. The results show that the combination of lifestyle modifications and specific behavioral interventions were successful in modifying not only self-report indices of functioning, but also the underlying physiology related to the disorder. The potential role of the various treatment components and the value of including polygraphic assessment for informing treatment and evaluating outcome are discussed.
The Mere Exposure Effect: An Uncertainty Reduction Explanation Revisited
Authors: Lee Angela Y.
Published: March 2007

A misattribution explanation for the mere exposure effect posits that individuals misattribute perceptual fluency to liking when they are not aware that the fluency comes from prior exposure. The uncertainty reduction explanation posits that individuals prefer stimuli that are familiar and is consistent with findings that stimuli judged old were preferred to those judged new. The present research provides evidence to support an uncertainty reduction account of the mere exposure effect. The results of Experiment 1 show that three different operationalizations of uncertainty reduction—prior exposure, subjective familiarity, and confidence—all led to enhanced affect. The results in Experiment 2 show that participants corrected their cognitive responses but not their affective responses at higher levels of exposure frequency, suggesting that misattribution may be accountable for exposure effects in cognitive judgments but not in affective judgments.
An Attribution-Value Model of Prejudice: Anti-Fat Attitudes in Six Nations
Authors: Crandall Christian S. , D’Anello Silvana , Sakalli Nuray , Lazarus Eleana , Nejtardt Grazyna Wieczorkowska , Feather N. T.
Published: March 2007

The authors propose an Attribution-Value model of prejudice, which hypothesizes that people are prejudiced against groups that they feel have some negative attribute for which they are held responsible. The structure of prejudice against fat people was compared in six nations: Australia, India, Poland, Turkey, the United States of America, and Venezuela. Both a negative cultural value for fatness and a tendency to hold people responsible predicts anti-fat prejudice. Most important, a multiplicative hypothesis was supported—people with both a negative value for fatness and a tendency to hold people responsible were more anti-fat than could be predicted from cultural value and attributions alone. These effects were more pronounced in individualist cultures. The authors develop the Attribution-Value model of prejudice that can apply to prejudice of many sorts across many cultures.
Media Images and Women’s Self-Evaluations: Social Context and Importance of Attractiveness as Moderators
Authors: Henderson-King Donna , Henderson-King Eaaron , Hoffmann Lisa
Published: March 2007

The current research examines the effects of exposure to ideal images on women’s self-evaluations, taking into account the moderating influence of social contextual and individual difference factors. In Study 1, women were exposed to either ideal images of women or neutral images. Participants viewed these images in a context in which (a) men were not present, (b) men were present, or (c) men were present and made comments about some of the images. Results indicated that participants’ weight-esteem was negatively affected in the ideal image/men present condition but that those in the ideal image/men comment condition actually exhibited higher levels of weight-esteem. A second study replicated the results of Study 1 and also showed that the importance participants placed on physical attractiveness influenced the effects of viewing ideal images.
Conscientiousness and the Theory of Planned Behavior: Toward a more Complete Model of the Antecedents of Intentions and Behavior
Authors: Conner Mark , Abraham Charles
Published: March 2007

Two studies explored the relationship between past behavior, personality traits, intentions, and behavior. Study 1 (N = 181) considered intentions to engage in goal-directed activity (health protection). Cognitions specified by the Theory of Planned Behavior were examined as mediators of the relationship between past behavior, personality, and intentions. The effect of conscientiousness on intention was partially mediated by cognitions, whereas the effect of past behavior was partially mediated by cognitions and conscientiousness. Study 2 (N = 123) examined predictions of intentions and self-reported behavior in relation to both health protection and exercise, a more specific behavior. In both cases, the effect of conscientiousness on intention was totally mediated, whereas the effect on behavior was partially mediated. Similarly, the effects of past behavior on intentions were totally mediated, whereas the effects on behavior were partially mediated by cognitions and conscientiousness. Thus, combining personality traits and cognitions provided a more sufficient account of the determinants of intentions and behavior.
Scarcity Claims Elicit Extreme Responding to Persuasive Messages: Role of Cognitive Elaboration
Authors: Brannon Laura A. , Brock Timothy C.
Published: March 2007

Opposing accounts of the persuasiveness of messages accompanied by scarcity information (rarity) were compared: heuristic-reduced thinking versus elaborative-increased thinking. In two experiments, 275 college students identified themselves as having a novel attribute (picture-mindedness [PM]/situationmindedness or situation-mindedness [SM]) that was designated as rare or common and that persuasive messages portrayed as either positive or negative. The results replicated Ditto and Jemmott—rarity led to more extreme attitudes toward the focal attribute. However, thought-listings and path analyses favored elaborative rather than heuristic processing. In further demonstration that extreme attitudinal responding to scarcity information was mediated by thoughtful processing, Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1 under low, but not high, cognitive load.
Ingroup Identification as the Inclusion of Ingroup in the Self
Authors: Tropp Linda R. , Wright Stephen C.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a basic conceptualization of ingroup identification as the degree to which the ingroup is included in the self and introduces the Inclusion of Ingroup in the Self (IIS) measure to reflect this conceptualization. Using responses from samples of women and ethnic minority groups, four studies demonstrate the utility of this conceptualization of ingroup identification and provide support for the IIS. Results from these studies establish construct validity, concurrent and discriminant validity, and high degrees of test-retest reliability for the IIS. Reaction time evidence also is provided, supporting the use of the IIS as a measure of ingroup identification. Particular strengths of this conceptualization of ingroup identification and potential uses for the IIS are discussed.
Automatic Stereotyping: Category, Trait, and Behavioral Activations
Authors: Kawakami Kerry , Young Heather , Dovidio John F.
Published: March 2007

On the basis of theorizing that proposes that category representations include a variety of associations and not simply trait information, two studies investigated whether the automatic activation of stereotypic traits following category priming is a necessary mediator of automatic social behavior. The results across both studies demonstrated an automatic behavior effect; participants primed with the elderly responded more slowly to general lexical decisions than participants not primed with the elderly. The results also provide evidence for automatic stereotypic trait activation; participants primed with the elderly responded faster to stereotypic than nonstereotypic traits. Moreover, consistent with the view that stereotypes are multicomponential, category priming predicted automatic social behavior in ways independent of mediation-by-trait activation.
Cultural Practices Emphasize Influence in the United States and Adjustment in Japan
Authors: Morling Beth , Kitayama Shinobu , Miyamoto Yuri
Published: March 2007

People have the capacity both to influence their environment and to adjust to it, but the United States and Japan are said to emphasize these processes differently. The authors suggest that Americans and Japanese develop distinct psychological characteristics, which are attuned to social practices that emphasize influence (in the United States) and adjustment (in Japan). American participants could remember more, and more recent, situations that involve influence, and Japanese respondents could remember more, and more recent, situations that involve adjustment. Second, American-made influence situations evoked stronger feelings of efficacy, whereas Japanese-made adjustment situations evoked stronger feelings of relatedness. Third, Americans reported more efficacy than Japanese, especially when responding to influence situations. Japanese felt more interpersonally close than Americans, especially when responding to adjustment situations. Surprisingly, U.S. influence situations also made people feel close to others, perhaps because they involved influencing other people.
Narcissism, Self-Esteem, and the Positivity of Self-Views: Two Portraits of Self-Love
Authors: Campbell W. Keith , Rudich Eric A. , Sedikides Constantine
Published: March 2007

The authors hypothesized that both narcissism and high self-esteem are associated with positive self-views but each is associated with positivity in different domains of the self. Narcissists perceive themselves as better than average on traits reflecting an agentic orientation (e.g., intellectual skills, extraversion) but not on those reflecting a communal orientation (e.g., agreeableness, morality). In contrast, high-self-esteem individuals perceive themselves as better than average both on agentic and communal traits. Three studies confirmed the hypothesis. In Study 1, narcissists rated themselves as extraverted and open to experience but not as more agreeable or emotionally stable. High-self-esteem individuals rated themselves highly on all of these traits except openness. In Study 2, narcissists (but not high-self-esteem individuals) rated themselves as better than their romantic partners. In Study 3, narcissists rated themselves as more intelligent, but not more moral, than the average person. In contrast, high-self-esteem individuals viewed themselves as more moral and more intelligent.
Repressive Coping and Threat-Avoidance: An Idiographic Stroop Study
Authors: Newman Leonard S. , McKinney Lori C.
Published: March 2007

It has been found that people unintentionally direct attention to threatening stimuli, but it has been suggested that people with a repressive coping style can inhibit that automatic response. Support for this hypothesis is mixed, however. Consistent with other investigations of this issue, the two studies reported here used a variant of the Stroop procedure. Unlike past studies, though, threatening stimuli were identified idiographically. In line with the assumption that repressive coping is motivated by self-protection, self-concept threats were assessed separately for each participant. Repressors and control participants were presented with these threatening personality traits (i.e., traits they would least want to possess) and also with unfavorable but nonthreatening traits (some other participant’s threatening traits). They named the word colors as quickly as possible. In both studies, only repressors failed to display Stroop interference effects when presented with threatening stimuli. Results indicate that repressors selectively avoid attending to threat-related stimuli.
Narcissism and Commitment in Romantic Relationships: An Investment Model Analysis
Authors: Campbell W. Keith , Foster Craig A.
Published: March 2007

Two studies examined narcissism and commitment in ongoing romantic relationships. In Study 1, narcissism was found to be negatively related to commitment. Mediational analyses further revealed that this was primarily a result of narcissists’ perception of alternatives to their current relationship. Study 2 replicated these findings with an additional measure of alternatives. Again, narcissists reported less commitment to their ongoing romantic relationship. This link was mediated by both perception of alternatives and attention to alternative dating partners. The utility of an interdependence approach to understanding the role of personality in romantic relationships is discussed.
The Internal and External Causal Loci of Attributions to Prejudice
Authors: Schmitt Michael T. , Branscombe Nyla R.
Published: March 2007

In two studies, the authors examined the causal loci of attributions to prejudice. Participants were asked to consider a situation in which they were rejected. Whether the rejection was attributable to an exclusively external cause or attributable to bias against one’s gender group was manipulated. In contrast to the existing view that attributions to prejudice are external, results from both studies supported the prediction that attributions to prejudice also have a substantial internal component. In Study 2, the authors examined the affective consequences of attributions for rejection and found that for women, attributions to prejudice were more harmful than an exclusively external attribution. For men, however, attributions to prejudice were less harmful than an exclusively external attribution. Results are discussed in terms of the ways in which attributions to prejudice differ from purely external attributions.
Time Perception as a Function of Locus of Control
Authors: Stewart John E. , Moore Kevin P.
Published: March 2007

The present study investigated the joint effects of locus of control (as measured by Rotter's IE scale) and external cues on subjects' estimation of time passage, using (counterbalanced) 15, 30, 45, and 55-second intervals. Forty-four volunteer subjects were employed in a mixed factorial design with two levels of locus of control (Internal/External), with repeated measures on four blocks of time intervals, and on two levels of cues (cue/no cue). Cues were presented ten seconds before the end of each time interval. It was hypothesized that internals would estimate the time intervals more accurately than would externals, when cues were present, while externals' estimates of time were expected to correspond to the cues. Results confirmed the predicted (Locus of Control x Cue) interaction (p <.001). The findings imply that the internal's conception of time is more dynamic and autonomous than is the external's.
Effects of Sex-of-Observer on Female Actors' Causal Attributions for Success and Failure
Authors: Sherrod Drury R. , Goodman Carol Linda
Published: March 2007

Female actors succeeded or failed at a laboratory task in the presence of male observers, female observers, or in a control group by themselves. As predicted, actors attributed responsibility for both success and failure more dispositionally before male observers than female observers. All observers attributed responsibility more dispositionally than did actors themselves.
Comment on "Anderson's Personality Trait Words: Has Their Meaning Changed?"
Authors: McKillip Jack
Published: March 2007

Examined differences in liking ratings of personality trait words for two scalings conducted 10 years apart. Results revealed that the minor differences which existed were probable due to statistical regression rather than meaning change.
A Field Study of Interpersonal Distance in Early Childhood
Authors: Smetana J. , Bridgeman D. L. , Bridgeman B.
Published: March 2007

Interpersonal distance behavior was observed in children ages two to five and a half in four nursery school environments. Children of all ages exhibited consistent spacing behavior with a small increase in distance with age (3.9 cm/yr). Opposite-sex pairs interacted less frequently than same-sex pairs, and most interactions occurred between children within six months of each other in age. Implications for the origin and development of interpersonal distance are discussed.
A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Experimental Social Psychology
Authors: Jahoda Gustav
Published: March 2007

Theories of experimental social psychology and related research findings are usually presented in a manner suggesting that they apply to humans everywhere. It is argued that this is misleading, since it can be shown that many of the theories have built-in assumptions that are not met in a wide range of traditional cultures.
Levels of Disconfirmability and Social Psychological Theory: A Response to Greenwald
Authors: Leary Mark R.
Published: March 2007

Greenwald (Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1975, 11, 490-499) has proposed that social psychologists' failure to unequivocally decide between dissonance and selfperception in the area of counterattitudinal advocacy may be traced to the fact that, because operational definitions within the area are not well-established, the theories are only operationally, but not conceptually disconfirmable. According to Greenwald, operationally disconfirmable theories are not necessarily disconfirmed by negative empirical evidence and can not be subjected to test in crucial experiments. An examination of this notion in light of the philosophy of science reveals it to be unfounded. It is concluded that a stalemate between competing theoretical orientations can not be accounted for in terms of the disconfirmability-level of the theories involved.
Self-Serving Biases in Implicit Evaluations
Authors: Green Susan K. , Gross Alan E.
Published: March 2007

Ninety subjects read one of eight paragraphs describing an encounter between a same-sex actor and a target person. The Actor's implied evaluation of the target (positive or negative) and whether the subject or another person of the same sex was identified as the target were varied. When subjects allocated attribution points to target, actor, and circumstances, both selfenhancing and self-protective biases were demonstrated; i.e., when subjects themselves were target persons, most attributions to the self and least to circumstances were made in the positive evaluation condition and fewest attributions to the self and most to circumstances were made in the negative evaluation condition. No sex differences were found. Discrepancies with an open-ended measure were discussed. Previous studies have shown that self-serving biases affect attributions about one's own behavior; this study demonstrates that these biases also affect perceptions of another person's behavior.
Three Into Two Doesn't Go: A Follow-up on the Effects of Overcrowded Dormitory Rooms
Authors: Karlin Robert A. , Rosen Leslie S. , Epstein Yakov M.
Published: March 2007

A follow-up study of students who, during their freshman year, were either placed two to a room or three to a room in a room designed for two persons was conducted two years later. In comparison to their performance during their sophomore and junior years, grade point averages of tripled students, but not of doubled students, were significantly depressed during their freshman year. Additionally, tripled students were less satisfied and more unhappy with their living conditions as freshmen than were doubled students. During their later college careers, all students, regardless of their freshman room assignment, were equally well adjusted to college, equally satisfied with college and performed equally well in their courses.
Crime Intervention
Authors: DeJong William , Marber Scott , Shaver Robert
Published: March 2007

A field study examined the effects of a theft victim's behavior on by stander intervention. Users of a college library saw an experimenter drop a 10-dollar bill which was then snatched up b, a thief. The victim's behavior indicated the he was either aware or unaware of his loss. Subjects were more likely to notify the victim of the theft when he appeared to know he was missing the 10 dollars. It is argued that the victim's actions in that case served to more clearly define the situation as a theft for the subjects.
Buying a Gift
Authors: Warshaw Paul R.
Published: March 2007

The present study examines correlations of attitudinal and social normative variables with intentions to purchase gift items varying in price (perceptually expensive and inexpensive). Subjects were 57 undergraduate students (60% male). Twenty-two were randomly selected and chose the experimental products. Thirty-five subjects, via semantic differential scales, indicated purchase attitudes, normative perceptions, and purchase intentions for two inexpensive and two expensive gifts. Results showed attitudes and norms were equally correlated with intentions to purchase inexpensive gifts, while attitudes dominated norms for expensive items. As price increased, intentions converged with attitudes, normative considerations becoming less germane.
Observer and Incentive Effects on Word Association Responding
Authors: Blank Thomas O.
Published: March 2007

A mere presence drive model of social presence effects and a self-presentation one were compared using a word association task in which Observation and Incentive were varied as between-subjects factors. Also, the word list contained two within-subjects factors-type of word, including censorable as well as neutral words, and commonality of the stimulus. Speed, commonness, and objectionable quality of responses, and self-reports of affect were dependent measures. Incentive, but not Observation, significantly increased speed, while Observation, but not Incentive, resulted in a significantly lower number of objectionable responses. Differences on these and other measures are contrary to an explanation framed in mere presence drive terms, but are consonant with a self-presentation model, especially in a revised, information-processing version.
The Experimenter's Foot-in-the-Door
Authors: Wagener J. John , Laird James D.
Published: March 2007

Subjects induced to perform a small favor, filling out a questionnaire, were more likely than subjects who did not fill out the questionnaire to perform a subsequent larger favor, volunteering for an experiment. However, as predicted by a self-perception analysis of the probable process, this result was observed only in normal weight subjects and not in overweights.
The Meager Voice of Empiricist Affirmation
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J.
Published: March 2007

In the initial argument for generative theory an antiempiricist gauntlet was thrown in the hope that a confrontation with fundamental assumptions in social psychology might ensue. Yet, the Shaeffer, Francis, and Ruback critique fails to confront the central arguments raised by the initial paper. Its avoidance of the critical issues suggests that the long standing empiricist assumptions currently function in social psychology as talismans. So long as these assumptions remain unexamined they fend against the rising specter of doubt.
Male Sexual Schemata and Responses to Male Homosexuality
Authors: Wright Rex A. , Storms Michael D.
Published: March 2007

College students were led to focus on schemata which emphasized either the "heterosexual" or "carnal" nature of male sexuality, and were or were not led to consider the sexual orientation implications of these schemata for the general male population. Subjects then responded to a written account of an instance of male homosexual behavior. When not directly confronted with sexual orientation implications, heterosexual schema subjects reported the target's behavior to be more unusual, indicative of homosexuality, and negative than did carnal schema subjects. When general sexual orientation implications were made salient, carnal schema subjects reacted more negatively than heterosexual schema subjects. These results are discussed in terms of attitudes toward homosexuality, personal threat, and schematic processing.