bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microalgal Biodiesel: A Challenging Route toward a Sustainable Aviation Fuel
Authors: Sharma Vikas , Hossain Abul Kalam , Duraisamy Ganesh , Griffiths Gareth
Published: October 2023

By 2050, aviation-related carbon emissions are expected to quadruple to over 3000 million tonnes of carbon dioxide, so finding sustainable alternative solutions to minimise pollution is a key scientific challenge. Aviation gasoline and kerosene are currently used to power most jet engines. While battery-powered planes and planes that could utilise a cleaner fuel, such as hydrogen, are possible, the time scale required to improve and implement these technologies is distant, with air fleet turnover taking some 30 years. Existing jet engines could be modified to run on biodiesel, and considering the close similarity in fuel density to kerosene, could be a less disruptive approach to the industry. The sheer volume of biodiesel required remains a challenge, and certainly, using plant-derived oils grown on arable land is not acceptable, as it competes with food production. However, high-lipid-yielding microalgae (where productivity is an order of magnitude greater than oilseeds), grown on marginal land, such as desert or semi-desert areas of the world, could be possible. Indeed, to replace 30% of fossil fuel with algal-derived biodiesel would require 11,345 km2 of land. Biodiesel preparation is well understood, but what is lacking is proven technology aimed at optimising microalgal production of oil at a much larger scale. Here, a synergic review of the current state-of-the-art in algal production, that includes strain selection, possible production sites, culturing costs, and harvesting to identify the bottlenecks in meeting the ASTM specifications for the aviation industry, is presented.
Modeling the Production of Microalgal Biomass in Large Water Resource Recovery Facilities and Its Processing into Various Commodity Bioproducts
Authors: Pierson James , Makkena Gopi Raju , Kumar Sandeep , Kumar Vinod , Vivekanand Vivekanand , Husain Hasan , Ayser Muhammad , Balan Venkatesh
Published: October 2023

Algae are capable of sequestering nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates from wastewater in the presence of sunlight and carbon dioxide (CO2) to build up their body mass and help combat climate change. In the current study, we carried out different case studies to estimate the volume of algal biomass that could be produced annually using the rotating algal biofilm (RAB) method in three large-scale water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) in Texas: Fort Worth, Dallas, and Houston. We calculated the total amount of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins that could be fractionated from the algal biomass while using the hydrothermal flash hydrolysis process, followed by converting these biomolecules into commodity products via reported methods and yields. In the first case study, we estimated the amount of biogas and electricity produced in anaerobic digesters when the algal biomass and sludge generated in large-scale WRRFs are co-digested. Using this approach, electricity generation in a large-scale WRRF could be increased by 23% and CO2 emissions could be further reduced when using biogas combustion exhaust gases as a carbon source for the RAB system. In the second case study, it was estimated that 988 MT mixed alcohol or 1144 MT non-isocyanate polyurethane could be produced annually from the protein fraction in the WRRF in Fort Worth, Texas. In the third case study, it was estimated that 702 MT bio-succinic acid or 520 MT bioethanol could be produced annually using the carbohydrate fraction. In the fourth case study, it was estimated that 1040 MT biodiesel or 528 MT biocrude could be produced annually using the lipid fraction. Producing renewable commodity fuels and chemicals using the algal biomass generated in a WRRF will help to displace fossil fuel-derived products, generate new jobs, and benefit the environment.
Flying Watchdog-Based Guard Patrol with Check Point Data Verification
Authors: Kuantama Endrowednes , Seth Avishkar , James Alice , Zhang Yihao
Published: October 2023

The effectiveness of human security-based guard patrol systems often faces challenges related to the consistency of perimeter checks regarding timing and patterns. Some solutions use autonomous drones for monitoring assistance but primarily optimize their camera-based object detection capabilities for favorable lighting conditions. This research introduces an innovative approach to address these limitations—a flying watchdog designed to augment patrol operations with predetermined flight patterns, enabling checkpoint identification and position verification through vision-based methods. The system has a laser-based data transmitter to relay real-time location and timing information to a receiver. The proposed system consists of drone and ground checkpoints with distinctive shapes and colored lights, further enhanced by solar panels serving as laser data receivers. The result demonstrates the drone’s ability to detect four white dot LEDs with square configurations at distances ranging from 18 to 20 m, even under deficient light conditions based on the OpenCV detection algorithm. Notably, the study underscores the significance of achieving an even distribution of light shapes to mitigate light scattering effects on readings while also confirming that ambient light levels up to a maximum of 390 Lux have no adverse impact on the performance of the sensing device.
Influence of Hydrothermal Treatment of Brewer’s Spent Grain on the Concentration and Molecular Weight Distribution of 1,3-1,4-β-D-Glucan and Arabinoxylan
Authors: Steiner Julia , Kupetz Michael , Becker Thomas
Published: October 2023

Brewer’s spent grain (BSG) is the most abundant residual in the brewing process. Non-starch polysaccharides such as 1,3-1,4-β-D-glucan (β-glucan) and arabinoxylan (AX) with proven beneficial effects on human health remain in this by-product in high amounts. Incorporating the valuable dietary fiber into the food industry could contribute to a healthy diet. However, a major challenge is extracting these dietary fibers (i.e., β-glucan and AX) from the solid residue. In this study, hydrothermal treatment (HT) was applied to dissolve the remaining water-insoluble carbohydrates from BSG with the aim to extract high amounts of β-glucan and AX. Particular focus was placed on the molecular weight (MW) range above 50 kDa and 20 kDa, respectively, as these are considered to have health-promoting effects. Different treatment temperatures, reaction times, and internal reactor pressures were tested to determine the best process settings to achieve high yields of β-glucan and AX and to examine the influence on their molecular weight distribution (MWD). Overall, 85.1% β-glucan and 77.3% AX were extracted corresponding to 6.3 g per kg BSG at 160 °C and 178.3 g kg−1 at 170 °C, respectively. However, less than 20% of both fiber substances were in the desirable MW range above 50 kDa and 20 kDa, respectively. When lower temperatures of 140 and 150 °C were applied, yields of only 3.0 g kg−1 β-glucan and 128.8 g kg−1 AX were obtained, whereby the proportion of desirable fiber fractions increased up to 45%. Further investigations focused on the heat-induced degradation of monosaccharides and the formation of undesirable by-products (i.e., HMF and furfural) that might pose a health risk.
Impacts of Ultrasonic Treatment for Black Soybean Okara Culture Medium Containing Choline Chloride on the β-Glucosidase Activity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BCRC 10357
Authors: Wu Chia-Min , Yang Chun-Yao
Published: October 2023

The effects of ultrasonic treatment for the culture medium of solid black soybean okara with choline chloride (ChCl) on the survival and β-glucosidase activity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BCRC 10357 (Lp-BCRC10357) were investigated. A mixture of 3% dried black soybean okara in de Man–Rogosa–Sharpe (w/v) was used as the Oka medium. With ultrasonic treatment (40 kHz/300 W) of the Oka medium at 60 °C for 3 h before inoculation, the β-glucosidase activity of Lp-BCRC10357 at 12 h and 24 h of incubation amounted to 13.35 and 15.50 U/mL, respectively, which was significantly larger than that (12.58 U/mL at 12 h and 2.86 U/mL at 24 h) without ultrasonic treatment of the medium. This indicated that ultrasonic treatment could cause the microstructure of the solid black soybean okara to be broken, facilitating the transport of ingredients and Lp-BCRC10357 into the internal structure of the okara for utilization. For the effect of ChCl (1, 3, or 5%) added to the Oka medium (w/v) with ultrasonic treatment before inoculation, using 1% ChCl in the Oka medium could stimulate the best response of Lp-BCRC10357 with the highest β-glucosidase activity of 19.47 U/mL in 12 h of incubation, showing that Lp-BCRC10357 had a positive response when confronting the extra ChCl that acted as an osmoprotectant and nano-crowder in the extracellular environment. Furthermore, the Oka medium containing 1% ChCl with ultrasonic treatment led to higher β-glucosidase activity of Lp-BCRC10357 than that without ultrasonic treatment, demonstrating that the ultrasonic treatment could enhance the contact of ChCl and Lp-BCRC10357 to regulate the physiological behavior for the release of enzymes. In addition, the analysis of the isoflavone content and antioxidant activity of the fermented product revealed that the addition of 1% ChCl in the Oka medium with ultrasonic treatment before inoculation allowed a higher enhancement ratio for the biotransformation of isoflavone glycosides to their aglycones, with a slight enhancement in the antioxidant activity at 24 h of fermentation. This study developed a methodology by combining ultrasonic treatment with a limited amount of ChCl to allow the culture medium to acclimate Lp-BCRC10357 and release high levels of β-glucosidase, and this approach has the potential to be used in the fermentation of okara-related products as nutritional supplements in foods.
Grain Storage: Theory, Technology and Equipment
Authors: Zhao Yan , Lv Haoxin , Li Yanfei
Published: October 2023

Grain is the basic material that guarantees human survival, and its security is inextricably linked to the sustainable development and future destiny of humanity [...]
Visualizing the Distribution of Jujube Metabolites at Different Maturity Stages Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging
Authors: Lu Dongye , Wu Yang , Zhang Junmin , Qi Yuanyong , Zhang Yuping , Pan Qinghua
Published: October 2023

Chinese jujube (also called Chinese date, Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is an economically important tree in China and provides a rich source of sugars, vitamins, and bioactive components, all of which are indispensable and essential for the composition and participation in life processes of the human body. However, the location of these metabolites in jujube fruits has not been determined. This study applied matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) to investigate the spatial distribution of sugars, organic acids, and other key components in jujube fruits at different developmental periods. Soluble sugars such as hexoses and sucrose/maltose significantly increase with fruit ripening, while organic acids show an overall trend of initially increasing and then decreasing. Procyanidins and rutin exhibit specific distributions in the fruit periphery and peel. These findings suggest that MALDI-MSI can be used to study the spatial distribution of nutritional components in jujube fruits, providing insights into the changes and spatial distribution of substances during jujube fruit development. This technique offers a scientific basis for jujube breeding, utilization, and production.
A Fractional-Order Fidelity-Based Total Generalized Variation Model for Image Deblurring
Authors: Gao Juanjuan , Sun Jiebao , Guo Zhichang , Yao Wenjuan
Published: October 2023

Image deblurring is a fundamental image processing task, and research for efficient image deblurring methods is still a great challenge. Most of the currently existing methods are focused on TV-based models and regularization term construction; little efforts are paid to model proposal and correlated algorithms for the fidelity term in fractional-order derivative space. In this paper, we propose a novel fractional-order variational model for image deblurring, which can efficiently address three different blur kernels. The objective functional contains a fractional-order gradient fidelity term and a total generalized variation (TGV) regularization term, and it highlights the ability to preserve details and eliminate the staircase effect. To solve the problem efficiently, we provide two numerical algorithms based on the Chambolle-Pock primal-dual method (PD) and the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). A series of experiments show that the proposed method achieves a good balance between detail preservation and deblurring compared with several existing advanced models.
An H1-Galerkin Space-Time Mixed Finite Element Method for Semilinear Convection–Diffusion–Reaction Equations
Authors: Ren Xuehui , He Siriguleng , Li Hong
Published: October 2023

In this paper, the semilinear convection–diffusion–reaction equation is split into a lower-order system by introducing the auxiliary variable q=a(x)ux. An H1-Galerkin space-time mixed finite element method for the lower-order system is then constructed. The proposed method applies the finite element method to discretize the time and space directions simultaneously and does not require checking the Ladyzhenskaya–Babusˇka–Brezzi (LBB) compatibility constraints, which differs from the traditional mixed finite element method. The uniqueness of the approximate solutions u and q are proven. The L2(L2) norm optimal order error estimates of the approximate solution u and q are derived by introducing the space-time projection operator. The numerical experiment is presented to verify the theoretical results. Furthermore, by comparing with the classical H1-Galerkin mixed finite element scheme, the proposed scheme can easily improve computational accuracy and time convergence order by changing the basis function.
The Preparation of Electrolyte Hydrogels with the Water Solubilization of Polybenzoxazine
Authors: Ohsedo Yutaka , Kaneizumi Ami
Published: October 2023

Polybenzoxazine (PBZ) exhibits excellent heat resistance, and PBZ derivatives have been designed and synthesized to achieve high performance. However, the application range of PBZ is limited by the strong interactions between molecular chains and its low solubility in organic solvents, thereby limiting its processability. This study focused on the benzoxazine structure as the molecular backbone of new hydrogel materials that can be applied as electrolyte materials and prepared functional gel materials. Here, we prepared hydrogels by water-solubilizing PBZ derivatives, which typically exhibit low solubility in organic solvents. Although studies on the hydrophilization of PBZ and its complexation with hydrophilic polymers have been conducted, no studies have been performed on the hydrogelation of PBZ. First, the phenol in the organic solvent-insoluble PBZ thin film obtained after the thermal ring-opening polymerization of the monomer was transformed into sodium phenoxide by immersion in a NaOH aqueous solution to water-solubilize it and obtain a hydrogel thin film. Although the hydrogel thin film exhibited low mechanical strength, a free-standing hydrogel film with improved strength was obtained through the double network gelation method with an acrylamide monomer system. The physical properties of the polymer composite hydrogel thin film were evaluated. The ionic conductivity of the hydrogel thin films was in the order of 10−4 S cm−1, indicating the potential of PBZ as an electrolyte hydrogel material. However, improving its ionic conductivity will be undertaken in future studies.
The Human Microbiome and Its Role in Musculoskeletal Disorders
Authors: Aboushaala Khaled , Wong Arnold Y. L. , Barajas Juan Nicolas , Lim Perry , Al-Harthi Lena , Chee Ana , Forsyth Christopher B. , Oh Chun-do , Toro Sheila J. , Williams Frances M. K. , An Howard S. , Samartzis Dino
Published: October 2023

Musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) are characterized as injuries and illnesses that affect the musculoskeletal system. MSDs affect every population worldwide and are associated with substantial global burden. Variations in the makeup of the gut microbiota may be related to chronic MSDs. There is growing interest in exploring potential connections between chronic MSDs and variations in the composition of gut microbiota. The human microbiota is a complex community consisting of viruses, archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes, both inside and outside of the human body. These microorganisms play crucial roles in influencing human physiology, impacting metabolic and immunological systems in health and disease. Different body areas host specific types of microorganisms, with facultative anaerobes dominating the gastrointestinal tract (able to thrive with or without oxygen), while strict aerobes prevail in the nasal cavity, respiratory tract, and skin surfaces (requiring oxygen for development). Together with the immune system, these bacteria have coevolved throughout time, forming complex biological relationships. Changes in the microbial ecology of the gut may have a big impact on health and can help illnesses develop. These changes are frequently impacted by lifestyle choices and underlying medical disorders. The potential for safety, expenses, and efficacy of microbiota-based medicines, even with occasional delivery, has attracted interest. They are, therefore, a desirable candidate for treating MSDs that are chronic and that may have variable progression patterns. As such, the following is a narrative review to address the role of the human microbiome as it relates to MSDs.
Li-Cs-Na-Rich Beryl from Beryl-Bearing Pegmatite Dike No. 7 of the Shongui Deposit, Kola Province, Russia
Authors: Morozova Lyudmila N. , Skublov Sergey G. , Zozulya Dmitry R. , Serov Pavel A. , Borisenko Elena S. , Solovjova Anna N. , Gavrilchik Alexandra K.
Published: October 2023

Beryl is both an accessory and a rock-forming mineral in pegmatites that contain beryl, making it a major source of Be. Beryl-bearing pegmatites of the Shongui deposit, located in the Kola province of the Northeastern Fennoscandian Shield, hold beryl with a yellowish-greenish color. An investigation into the chemical composition of this beryl from pegmatite dike No. 7 has been performed for the first time via the secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) technique, and the chemical composition of the beryl-bearing pegmatites has been analyzed for the first time by the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. These pegmatites have high concentrations (ppm) of Be (11.8), Li (30.9), Rb (482), Nb (50.3), Ta (14.6), Cs (66.8), and Mn (283) and low concentrations of Sr, Y, Ba, rare earth elements (REE), Zr, and Th. In the Shongui pegmatite field, concentrations of Be, Li, Rb, Cs, Nb, Ta, and Mn increase from barren to beryl-bearing pegmatites, whereas concentrations of Ba, Sr, Y, and REE decline. Rb/Ba, Rb/Sr, and Zr/Hf ratios, showing the fractionation degree, change from the barren to beryl-bearing pegmatites: Rb/Ba and Rb/Sr increase from 111 and 0.46 to 1365 and 8.06, respectively, and Zr/Hf decreases from 18.9 to 14.5. The chemical composition of beryl from the Shongui deposit is unique. This mineral has a concentration of 25,300 ppm of alkalis (Li, Cs, K, Rb, Na) and the average Li, Ce, and Na content is 4430, 5000, and 15,400 ppm, respectively. According to its chemical composition, the Shongui beryl belongs to the Li-Cs-Na type, a type that is not recognized in the available classifications. It is supposed that this beryl was mainly crystallized in the magmatic stage rather than in any hydrothermal and metasomatic stages. Two beryl groups have been distinguished in beryl-bearing pegmatite dike No. 7: beryl from the intermediate zone (Brl-I) and beryl from the core zone (Brl-II). These beryls are concluded to have crystallized in the following order: Brl-I and then Brl-II. Compared with Brl-I, Brl-II is depleted in Cs, Na, Cl, and H2O and is enriched in Fe and Mn. The Fe/Mn ratio varies from 9.18 to 16.50 in these beryls and their yellowish-greenish shades are thought to be driven by a large amount of Fe compared to Mn.
Influence of Weather, Soil Variability, and Vegetation on Seasonal Ground Movement: A Field Study
Authors: Cameron Donald , Karim Md Rajibul , Johnson Tim , Rahman Md Mizanur
Published: October 2023

Expansive soils change volume due to changes in moisture content, which results in ground movement. Lightweight shallow-depth structures such as pavements, residential footings, and pipelines can suffer distress as they face additional stresses from the moving ground. The soil reactivity (the ability of soil to expand or contract due to change in moisture content) and the interactions at the soil-atmosphere-vegetation boundary are two of the major contributing factors to the ground movement. The current methodology used in design to account for ground movement is based on limited field and laboratory observations. Aiming at a better understanding of the interaction at the soil-atmosphere-vegetation boundary and its correlation with ground movement, this paper presents results from a field study. The research site was located in a semi-arid climate area and consisted of moderately to highly reactive clay soils. Part of the site was vegetated with mature trees, and part was occupied by grass. The order of 10 s of mm difference was observed in the magnitude of movement across the site owing to site soil variability as well as differences in vegetation. The areas with large trees showed relatively lower ground movement over the study period compared to the area occupied by grass, which was attributed to the microclimate created by the tree canopy and the already established deeper drying of the soil near the trees.
The Vagina, the Ear, and the Eye: Bodily Orifices and Sight in Miguel de Cervantes’s “El Celoso Extremeño”
Authors: Arroyo Silvia
Published: October 2023

The complex mythological web of Miguel de Cervantes’s novella “El celoso extremeño” has been extensively explored by scholars. However, despite the fact that most conducting myths referenced in the novel revolve around themes of vigilance, clandestine gaze, and visual deceit, these topics have not been systematically addressed yet. This present essay intends to bridge this analytical gap by exploring the ways in which mythological parables in “El celoso extremeño” connect with contemporary scientific preoccupations regarding perception, optical illusions, the nature of images and sounds and the ways the human eye and ear perceive them.
Hidden and Understaffed: Exploring Canadian Medical Laboratory Technologists’ Pandemic Stressors and Lessons Learned
Authors: Dignos Patricia Nicole , Khan Ayesha , Gardiner-Davis Michael , Papadopoulos Andrew , Nowrouzi-Kia Behdin , Sivanthan Myuri , Gohar Basem
Published: October 2023

(1) Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the critical role of medical laboratory technologists (MLTs) in the healthcare system. Little is known about the challenges MLTs faced in keeping up with the unprecedented demands posed by the pandemic, which contributed to the notable staff shortage in the profession. This study aims to identify and understand the stressors of MLTs in Canada and the lessons learned through their lived experiences during the pandemic. (2) Methods: In this descriptive qualitative study, we conducted five semi-structured focus groups with MLTs working during the pandemic. The focus group sessions were audio-recorded and then transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was used to inductively code data and identify themes. (3) Results: A total of 27 MLTs across Canada participated in the study. Findings highlighted four key themes: (i) unexpected challenges navigating through the uncertainties of an ever-evolving pandemic; (ii) implications of staff shortage for the well-being of MLTs and quality of patient care; (iii) revealing the realities of the hidden, yet indispensable role of MLTs in predominantly non-patient-facing roles; and (iv) leveraging insights from the COVID-19 pandemic to enhance healthcare practices and preparedness. (4) Conclusion: The study provides in-depth insight into the experiences of MLTs across Canada during the pandemic. Based on our findings, we provide recommendations to enhance the sustainability of the laboratory workforce and ensure preparedness and resiliency among MLTs for future public health emergencies, as well as considerations as to combating the critical staff shortage.
Assessments of and Attitudes towards Specialist Teleconsultations among Nephrology and Posttransplant Outpatients during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Edyko Krzysztof , Edyko Paweł , Nowicka Maja , Kurnatowska Ilona
Published: October 2023

In Poland, teleconsultations (TCs) were not legally regulated or even conducted until the COVID-19 pandemic, which necessitated their abrupt implementation and posed a challenge to patients and doctors. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of TCs and the satisfaction with this mode of consultation among nephrology and kidney transplant outpatients with a high risk of severe courses of SARS-CoV-2 infection. A self-designed questionnaire regarding patients’ demographics; digital fluency; and participation in, satisfaction with, and attitude towards TCs was distributed among patients in the nephrology and posttransplant outpatient clinics at two hospitals in central Poland. The questionnaires were completed by 294 adult patients, of whom 72.1% (n = 212) had participated in TCs at one of the abovementioned clinics. Almost all (96.7%) of the TCs were conducted via phone, and in 94.8% of cases, they fulfilled the purpose of the consultation. The most commonly reported advantages were not having to leave home and the reduced risk of infection. Only a few patients felt that TCs offer no advantages. The patients’ profiles and demographic data had no significant effect on their assessments of teleconsultations. Despite the overall positive rating given to TCs, patients unhesitatingly indicated that a face-to-face visit would be a preferable way to contact a specialist.
Methotrexate-Induced Subacute Combined Degeneration in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with CNS Relapse May Be Reversible
Authors: Dukenik David Bared , Soong Deborah , Li Wenhui , Madarang Ellen , Watts Justin , Taylor Justin
Published: October 2023

We describe a case of a female patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with high-dose systemic methotrexate and intrathecal methotrexate for leukemic relapse of the central nervous system. She developed complete bilateral lower-limb paralysis that was not attributable to any other cause. She was treated with folic acid, vitamin B12, methionine, S-adenosylmethionine, leucovorin, and dextromethorphan. After a 3-month period of paraplegia, she began to slowly recover motor function. She can now ambulate with assistance and continues to improve. There is a paucity of literature on methotrexate-induced subacute combined degeneration, which is typically described as irreversible. In addition to reporting our unique case, we review the published literature and call for more awareness and research in this area.
Metabolome Profiling in the Plasma of Dogs with Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Multiplatform Mass-Spectrometry-Based Approach
Authors: Rubić Ivana , Weidt Stefan , Burchmore Richard , Kovačević Alan , Kuleš Josipa , Eckersall Peter David , Torti Marin , Jović Ines , Kovačić Mislav , Gotić Jelena , Barić Rafaj Renata , Novak Predrag , Samardžija Marko , Mrljak Vladimir
Published: October 2023

Dilated cardiomyopathy is one of the important diseases in dogs and humans. The second most common cause of heart failure in dogs is idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (iDCM), which results in heart failure or sudden cardiac death due to arrhythmia. This study aimed to determine changes in the plasma metabolome of dogs with iDCM compared to healthy dogs. For that purpose, a multiplatform mass-spectrometry-based approach was used. In this study, we included two groups of dogs: 12 dogs with iDCM and 8 healthy dogs. A total of 272 metabolites were detected in the plasma samples of dogs by combining three approaches but four MS-based platforms (GC-MS, LC-MS (untargeted), LC-MS (targeted), and FIA-MS (targeted) methods). Our findings demonstrated changes in the canine plasma metabolome involved in the development of iDCM, including the different concentrations of amino acids, biogenic amines, acylcarnitines, triglycerides and diglycerides, sphingomyelins, and organic acids. The results of this study will enable the detection and monitoring of pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of iDCM in the future.
A Novel Tri-Hydroxy-Methylated Chalcone Isolated from Chromolaena tacotana with Anti-Cancer Potential Targeting Pro-Survival Proteins
Authors: Mendez-Callejas Gina , Piñeros-Avila Marco , Yosa-Reyes Juvenal , Pestana-Nobles Roberto , Torrenegra Ruben , Camargo-Ubate María F. , Bello-Castro Andrea E. , Celis Crispin A.
Published: October 2023

Chromolaena tacotana (Klatt) R. M. King and H. Rob (Ch. tacotana) contains bioactive flavonoids that may have antioxidant and/or anti-cancer properties. This study investigated the potential anti-cancer properties of a newly identified chalcone isolated from the inflorescences of the plant Chromolaena tacotana (Klatt) R. M. King and H. Rob (Ch. tacotana). The chalcone structure was determined using HPLC/MS (QTOF), UV, and NMR spectroscopy. The compound cytotoxicity and selectivity were evaluated on prostate, cervical, and breast cancer cell lines using the MTT assay. Apoptosis and autophagy induction were assessed through flow cytometry by detecting annexin V/7-AAD, active Casp3/7, and LC3B proteins. These results were supported by Western blot analysis. Mitochondrial effects on membrane potential, as well as levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins were analyzed using flow cytometry, fluorescent microscopy, and Western blot analysis specifically on a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line. Furthermore, molecular docking (MD) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to evaluate the interaction between the compounds and pro-survival proteins. The compound identified as 2′,3,4-trihydroxy-4′,6′-dimethoxy chalcone inhibited the cancer cell line proliferation and induced apoptosis and autophagy. MDA-MB-231, a TNBC cell line, exhibited the highest sensitivity to the compound with good selectivity. This activity was associated with the regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of the pro-apoptotic proteins, and reduction of anti-apoptotic proteins, thereby triggering the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The chalcone consistently interacted with anti-apoptotic proteins, particularly the Bcl-2 protein, throughout the simulation period. However, there was a noticeable conformational shift observed with the negative autophagy regulator mTOR protein. Future studies should focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer potential of the new chalcone and other flavonoids from Ch. tacotana, particularly against predominant cancer cell types.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Promotes the Expression of TNF-α in THP-1 Cells by Mechanisms Involving ROS/CHOP/HIF-1α and MAPK/NF-κB Pathways
Authors: Akhter Nadeem , Wilson Ajit , Arefanian Hossein , Thomas Reeby , Kochumon Shihab , Al-Rashed Fatema , Abu-Farha Mohamed , Al-Madhoun Ashraf , Al-Mulla Fahd , Ahmad Rasheed , Sindhu Sardar
Published: October 2023

Obesity and metabolic syndrome involve chronic low-grade inflammation called metabolic inflammation as well as metabolic derangements from increased endotoxin and free fatty acids. It is debated whether the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in monocytic cells can contribute to amplify metabolic inflammation; if so, by which mechanism(s). To test this, metabolic stress was induced in THP-1 cells and primary human monocytes by treatments with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), palmitic acid (PA), or oleic acid (OA), in the presence or absence of the ER stressor thapsigargin (TG). Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and markers of ER/oxidative stress were determined by qRT-PCR, TNF-α protein by ELISA, reactive oxygen species (ROS) by DCFH-DA assay, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1,2, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) phosphorylation by immunoblotting, and insulin sensitivity by glucose-uptake assay. Regarding clinical analyses, adipose TNF-α was assessed using qRT-PCR/IHC and plasma TNF-α, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA), and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OX-LDL) via ELISA. We found that the cooperative interaction between metabolic and ER stresses promoted TNF-α, ROS, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) expression (p ≤ 0.0183),. However, glucose uptake was not impaired. TNF-α amplification was dependent on HIF-1α stabilization and p38 MAPK/p65 NF-κB phosphorylation, while the MAPK/NF-κB pathway inhibitors and antioxidants/ROS scavengers such as curcumin, allopurinol, and apocynin attenuated the TNF-α production (p ≤ 0.05). Individuals with obesity displayed increased adipose TNF-α gene/protein expression as well as elevated plasma levels of TNF-α, CRP, MDA, and OX-LDL (p ≤ 0.05). Our findings support a metabolic–ER stress cooperativity model, favoring inflammation by triggering TNF-α production via the ROS/CHOP/HIF-1α and MAPK/NF-κB dependent mechanisms. This study also highlights the therapeutic potential of antioxidants in inflammatory conditions involving metabolic/ER stresses.
Common Variable Immunodeficiency and Selective IgA Deficiency: Focus on Autoimmune Manifestations and Their Pathogenesis
Authors: Sircana Marta Chiara , Vidili Gianpaolo , Gidaro Antonio , Delitala Alessandro Palmerio , Filigheddu Fabiana , Castelli Roberto , Manetti Roberto
Published: October 2023

Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are multifaced diseases which can present with a variety of phenotypes, ranging from infections to autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, and neoplasms. In recent decades, research has investigated the relationship between autoimmunity and IEI. Autoimmunity is more prevalent in primary humoral immunodeficiencies than in most other IEI and it can even be their first manifestation. Among these, the two most common primary immunodeficiencies are selective IgA deficiency and common variable immunodeficiency. More than half of the patients with these conditions develop non-infectious complications due to immune dysregulation: autoimmune, autoinflammatory, allergic disorders, and malignancies. Around 30% of these patients present with autoimmune phenomena, such as cytopenia, gastrointestinal and respiratory complications, and endocrine and dermatologic features. Complex alterations of the central and peripheral mechanisms of tolerance are involved, affecting mainly B lymphocytes but also T cells and cytokines. Not only the immunophenotype but also advances in genetics allow us to diagnose monogenic variants of these diseases and to investigate the pathogenetic basis of the immune dysregulation. The diagnosis and therapy of the primary humoral immunodeficiencies has been mostly focused on the infectious complications, while patients with predominant features of immune dysregulation and autoimmunity still present a challenge for the clinician and an opportunity for pathogenetic and therapeutic research.
Review of the Narrow-Banded Hawkmoth, Neogurelca montana (Rothschild & Jordan, 1915) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) in China, with Morphological and Phylogenetic Analysis
Authors: Xu Zhen-Bang , He Ji-Bai , Yang Nan , Kitching Ian J. , Hu Shao-Ji
Published: October 2023

Neogurelca montana (Rothschild & Jordan, 1915) is a species of the genus Neogurelca Hogenes & Treadaway, 1993, that was previously known from Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet, China. Recently, however, this species was also found in Beijing and Hebei. These populations differ from those in southwest China in body colour and the shape of the yellow patches of the hindwing—a paler body colour and triangular patches in the former and darker body colour and fan-like patches in the latter. Wing morphology, male and female genitalia, and molecular evidence (DNA barcodes) were analysed for the different localities of this species and three other Neogurelca species—N. hyas, N. himachala, and N. masuriensis. Our molecular data support the Beijing population of montana as a valid subspecies, which we describe as N. montana taihangensis ssp. nov. Wing and genital morphology confirm the molecular conclusions. We also collected larvae of the new subspecies in the Beijing suburbs and describe its life history and larval hosts and compare them with those of N. himachala.
The Diagnostic Value of Human Neutrophilic Peptides 1-3 in Acute Pediatric Febrile Illness
Authors: Kassem Eiass , Shapira Maanit , Sussan Miral , Mahamid Loay , Amsalem Naama , Abu Fanne Rami
Published: October 2023

Background: It is prudent to develop biomarkers that enhance the differentiation between viral and bacterial infection in order to support expeditious and judicious antimicrobial implementation in emergency department admissions. Human neutrophilic peptides 1-3 (HNP1-3) are the major neutrophilic peptides with potent antimicrobial activity. Methods: We tested the performance of the plasma HNP1-3 test in a prospective observational cohort of children admitted to the emergency department for fever. We validated this test with traditionally used biomarkers and final diagnoses. An expert panel reviewed the patient’s data and gave a final diagnosis. The final diagnosis was classified as definite, probable, or possible. Results: A total of 111 children (98 with fever and 13 control) were recruited: 55% male, mean age 6.3 years. Plasma HNP1-3 levels were higher with bacterial infections: 10,428 (5789–14,866) vs. 7352 (3762–10,672) pg/mL, p = 0.007. HNP1-3 were negatively correlated with age: r = −0.207, p = 0.029. Of the different categorical variables tested, only c-reactive protein (CRP) (≥42.3 mg/dL), neutrophil count (≥10.2), and age (odds ratio = 1.185, p = 0.013 and 95%CI = 1.037–1.354) had significant diagnostic capability for bacterial disease prediction. Conclusions: Due to its low diagnostic value in febrile patients, the HNP1-3 value is not currently recommended to support pathogen differentiation in children in an emergency setting. Further studies are needed to support its clinical use.
Three-Dimensional Printing and Bioprinting in Renal Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine: Current Perspectives
Authors: Christou Chrysanthos D. , Vasileiadou Stella , Sotiroudis Georgios , Tsoulfas Georgios
Published: October 2023

For patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), renal transplantation is the treatment of choice, constituting the most common solid organ transplantation. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review regarding the application of three-dimensional (3D) printing and bioprinting in renal transplantation and regenerative medicine. Specifically, we present studies where 3D-printed models were used in the training of surgeons through renal transplantation simulations, in patient education where patients acquire a higher understanding of their disease and the proposed operation, in the preoperative planning to facilitate decision-making, and in fabricating customized, tools and devices. Three-dimensional-printed models could transform how surgeons train by providing surgical rehearsal platforms across all surgical specialties, enabling training with tissue realism and anatomic precision. The use of 3D-printed models in renal transplantations has shown a positive impact on surgical outcomes, including the duration of the operation and the intraoperative blood loss. Regarding 3D bioprinting, the technique has shown promising results, especially in the field of microfluidic devices, with the development of tissue demonstrating proximal tubules, glomerulus, and tubuloinerstitium function, and in renal organoid development. Such models can be applied for renal disease modeling, drug development, and renal regenerative medicine.
Ten Issues to Update in Nosocomial or Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: An Expert Review
Authors: Candel Francisco Javier , Salavert Miguel , Estella Angel , Ferrer Miquel , Ferrer Ricard , Gamazo Julio Javier , García-Vidal Carolina , del Castillo Juan González , González-Ramallo Víctor José , Gordo Federico , Mirón-Rubio Manuel , Pérez-Pallarés Javier , Pitart Cristina , del Pozo José Luís , Ramírez Paula , Rascado Pedro , Reyes Soledad , Ruiz-Garbajosa Patricia , Suberviola Borja , Vidal Pablo , Zaragoza Rafael
Published: October 2023

Nosocomial pneumonia, or hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are important health problems worldwide, with both being associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. HAP is currently the main cause of death from nosocomial infection in critically ill patients. Although guidelines for the approach to this infection model are widely implemented in international health systems and clinical teams, information continually emerges that generates debate or requires updating in its management. This scientific manuscript, written by a multidisciplinary team of specialists, reviews the most important issues in the approach to this important infectious respiratory syndrome, and it updates various topics, such as a renewed etiological perspective for updating the use of new molecular platforms or imaging techniques, including the microbiological diagnostic stewardship in different clinical settings and using appropriate rapid techniques on invasive respiratory specimens. It also reviews both Intensive Care Unit admission criteria and those of clinical stability to discharge, as well as those of therapeutic failure and rescue treatment options. An update on antibiotic therapy in the context of bacterial multiresistance, in aerosol inhaled treatment options, oxygen therapy, or ventilatory support, is presented. It also analyzes the out-of-hospital management of nosocomial pneumonia requiring complete antibiotic therapy externally on an outpatient basis, as well as the main factors for readmission and an approach to management in the emergency department. Finally, the main strategies for prevention and prophylactic measures, many of them still controversial, on fragile and vulnerable hosts are reviewed.
Efficacy of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor in Acute on Chronic Liver Failure: A Systematic Review and Survival Meta-Analysis
Authors: Konstantis Georgios , Tsaousi Georgia , Pourzitaki Chryssa , Kitsikidou Elisavet , Magouliotis Dimitrios E. , Wiener Sebastian , Zeller Amos Cornelius , Willuweit Katharina , Schmidt Hartmut H. , Rashidi-Alavijeh Jassin
Published: October 2023

Background: Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) mostly occurs when there is an acute insult to the liver in patients with pre-existing liver disease, and it is characterized by a high mortality rate. Various therapeutic approaches have been used thus far, with orthotopic liver transplantation being the only definitive cure. Clinical trials and meta-analyses have investigated the use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize bone marrow-derived stem cells. Some studies have suggested that G-CSF may have a significant role in the management and survival of patients with ACLF. However, the results are conflicting, and the efficacy of G-CSF still needs to be confirmed. Aim: The aim was to assess the efficacy of G-CSF in patients with ACLF. Methods: Electronic databases were searched until May 2023 for randomized controlled trials investigating the use of G-CSF in adult patients with ACLF. Outcome measures were the effects of G-CSF on overall survival, changes in liver disease severity scores, complications of cirrhosis, other G-CSF-related adverse effects, and all-cause mortality. The study’s protocol has been registered with Prospero (CRD42023420273). Results: Five double-blind randomized controlled trials involving a total of 421 participants met the inclusion criteria. The use of G-CSF demonstrated a significant effect on overall survival (HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.95, and I2 48%), leading to a decreased mortality (LogOR-0.97, 95% CI −1.57 to −0.37, and I2 37.6%) and improved Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores (SMD −0.87, 95% CI −1.62 to −0.13, and I2 87.3%). There was no correlation between the improvement of the Child–Pugh score and the use of G-CSF(SMD −2.47, 95% CI −5.78 to 0.83, and I2 98.1%). The incidence of complications of cirrhosis did not decrease significantly with G-CSF treatment (rate ratio 0.51, 95% CI 0.26 to 1.01, and I2 90%). A qualitative synthesis showed that the use of G-CSF is safe. Conclusions: The administration of G-CSF has demonstrated a positive impact on overall survival, liver function, and the MELD score. The presence of heterogeneity in the included studies prohibits conclusive recommendations.
Effect of Body Mass Index on the Prognostic Value of Atherogenic Index of Plasma in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Kan Yi , Sun Yan , Shen Hua , Liu Xiaoli , Liu Yuyang , Shi Dongmei , Ma Xiaoteng , Zhou Yujie
Published: October 2023

(1) Background: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the prognostic value of the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) for adverse cardiovascular events in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) varied across different BMI groups. (2) Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of a prospective registry involving 1725 ACS patients undergoing PCI. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause death, non-fatal ischemic stroke, non-fatal spontaneous myocardial infarction (MI), and unplanned repeat revascularization. (3) Results: The study population finally consisted of 526 patients with BMI < 24 kg/m2 (age 62 ± 10 years; male 64.3%), 827 patients with 24 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 28 kg/m2 (age 60 ± 10 years; male 81.8%), and 372 patients with BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2 (age 57 ± 11 years; male 81.2%). The AIP as a continuous variable increased the risk for the primary endpoint in ACS patients undergoing PCI with BMI < 24 kg/m2 (HR 2.506; 95% CI 1.285–4.885; p = 0.007), while it did not increase the risk in patients with BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2 (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.747; 95% CI 0.921–3.316; p = 0.088 for patients with 24 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 28 kg/m2; and HR: 2.096; 95% CI 0.835–5.261; p = 0.115 for patients with BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2, respectively). Compared with the lowest AIP tertile, the top AIP tertile was associated with a significantly increased risk of the primary endpoint in BMI < 24 kg/m2 group (HR: 1.772, 95% CI: 1.110 to 2.828, p = 0.016). (4) Conclusions: The AIP was significantly associated with an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events in ACS patients undergoing PCI with BMI < 24 kg/m2, but not in the patients with BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2.