bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generation and physiological characterization of genome-edited Nicotiana benthamiana plants containing zeaxanthin as the only leaf xanthophyll
Authors: Sulli Maria , Dall’Osto Luca , Ferrante Paola , Guardini Zeno , Gomez Rodrigo Lionel , Mini Paola , Demurtas Olivia Costantina , Aprea Giuseppe , Nicolia Alessandro , Bassi Roberto , Giuliano Giovanni
Published: October 2023

Main conclusion

Simultaneous genome editing of the two homeologousLCYeandZEPgenes ofNicotiana benthamianaresults in plants in which all xanthophylls are replaced by zeaxanthin.

Plant carotenoids act both as photoreceptors and photoprotectants in photosynthesis and as precursors of apocarotenoids, which include signaling molecules such as abscisic acid (ABA). As dietary components, the xanthophylls lutein and zeaxanthin have photoprotective functions in the human macula. We developed transient and stable combinatorial genome editing methods, followed by direct LC–MS screening for zeaxanthin accumulation, for the simultaneous genome editing of the two homeologous Lycopene Epsilon Cyclase (LCYe) and the two Zeaxanthin Epoxidase (ZEP) genes present in the allopolyploid Nicotiana benthamiana genome. Editing of the four genes resulted in plants in which all leaf xanthophylls were substituted by zeaxanthin, but with different ABA levels and growth habits, depending on the severity of the ZEP1 mutation. In high-zeaxanthin lines, the abundance of the major photosystem II antenna LHCII was reduced with respect to wild-type plants and the LHCII trimeric state became unstable upon thylakoid solubilization. Consistent with the depletion in LHCII, edited plants underwent a compensatory increase in PSII/PSI ratios and a loss of the large-size PSII supercomplexes, while the level of PSI-LHCI supercomplex was unaffected. Reduced activity of the photoprotective mechanism NPQ was shown in high-zeaxanthin plants, while PSII photoinhibition was similar for all genotypes upon exposure to excess light, consistent with the antioxidant and photoprotective role of zeaxanthin in vivo.
Modeling heterothermic fitness landscapes in a marsupial hibernator using changes in body composition
Authors: Abarzúa Tamara , Camus Isidora , Ortiz Felipe , Ñunque Abel , Cubillos Francisco A. , Sabat Pablo , Nespolo Roberto F.
Published: October 2023

Hibernation is an adaptive strategy that allows animals to enter a hypometabolic state, conserving energy and enhancing their fitness by surviving harsh environmental conditions. However, addressing the adaptive value of hibernation, at the individual level and in natural populations, has been challenging. Here, we applied a non-invasive technique, body composition analysis by quantitative magnetic resonance (qMR), to calculate energy savings by hibernation in a population of hibernating marsupials (Dromiciops gliroides). Using outdoor enclosures installed in a temperate rainforest, and measuring qMR periodically, we determined the amount of fat and lean mass consumed during a whole hibernation cycle. With this information, we estimated the daily energy expenditure of hibernation (DEEH) at the individual level and related to previous fat accumulation. Using model selection approaches and phenotypic selection analysis, we calculated linear (directional, β), quadratic (stabilizing or disruptive, γ) and correlational (ρ) coefficients for DEEH and fat accumulation. We found significant, negative directional selection for DEEH (βDEEH = − 0.58 ± 0.09), a positive value for fat accumulation (βFAT = 0.34 ± 0.07), and positive correlational selection between both traits (ρDEEH × FAT = 0.24 ± 0.07). Then, individuals maximizing previous fat accumulation and minimizing DEEH were promoted by selection, which is visualized by a bi-variate selection surface estimated by generalized additive models. At the comparative level, results fall within the isometric allometry known for hibernation metabolic rate in mammals. Thus, by a combination of a non-invasive technique for body composition analysis and semi-natural enclosures, we were characterized the heterothermic fitness landscape in a semi-natural population of hibernators.
Thromboembolic prophylaxis in neurosurgical practice: a systematic review
Authors: Zhang Zhaoyuan , Cai Husule , Vleggeert-Lankamp Carmen L. A.
Published: October 2023

Background

In neurosurgical patients, the risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE) is high due to the relatively long duration of surgical interventions, usually long immobilization time after surgery, and possible neurological deficits which can negatively influence mobility. In neurosurgical clinical practice, there is lack of consensus on optimal prophylaxis against VTE, mechanical or pharmacological.

Objective

To systematically review available literature on the incidence of VTE in neurosurgical interventions and to establish an optimum prevention strategy.

Methods

A literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and EmCare, based on a sensitive search string combination. Studies were selected by predefined selection criteria, and risk of bias was assessed by Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale and Cochrane risk of bias.

Results

Twenty-five studies were included, half of which had low risk of bias (21 case series, 3 comparative studies, 1 RCT). VTE was substantially higher if the evaluation was done by duplex ultrasound (DUS), or another systematic screening method, in comparison to clinical evaluation (clin). Without prophylaxis DVT, incidence varied from 4 (clin) to 10% (DUS), studies providing low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) reported an incidence of 2 (clin) to 31% (DUS), providing LMWH and compression stockings (CS) reported an incidence of 6.4% (clin) to 29.8% (DUS), and providing LMWH and intermittent pneumatic compression devices (IPC) reported an incidence of 3 (clin) to 22.3% (DUS). Due to a lack of data, VTE incidence could not meaningfully be compared between patients with intracranial and spine surgery. The reported incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE) was 0 to 7.9%.

Conclusion

Low molecular weight heparin, compression stockings, and intermittent pneumatic compression devices were all evaluated to give reduction in VTE, but data were too widely varying to establish an optimum prevention strategy. Systematic screening for DVT reveals much higher incidence percentages in comparison to screening solely on clinical grounds and is recommended in follow-up of neurosurgical procedures with an increased risk for DVT development in order to prevent occurrence of PE.
Minimally invasive approaches in pancreatic cancer surgery
Authors: Deichmann Steffen , Wellner Ulrich , Bolm Louisa , Honselmann Kim , Braun Rüdiger , Abdalla Thaer , Keck Tobias
Published: October 2023

This literature review reflects the present evidence on minimally invasive pancreatic surgery, differentiating between distal pancreatic resection and pancreatoduodenectomy for pancreatic cancer. The review analyzed studies comparing minimally invasive and open pancreatic surgery in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and the WHO Trial Register according to the following MeSH search strategy: MeSH items: pancreatic surgery, minimally invasive surgery, robotic surgery, laparoscopic surgery, pancreatoduodenectomy, and distal pancreatic resection. In systematic reviews and meta-analysis, minimally invasive distal pancreatectomy (MI-DP) has been shown to result in shorter hospital stays, less blood loss, and better quality of life than open distal resection (ODP) with similar morbidity and mortality. Meta-analyses have suggested similar oncological outcomes between the two approaches. Minimally invasive pancreatoduodenectomy (MI-PD) has been shown to offer advantages over open surgery, including shorter length of stay and less blood loss, by expert surgeons in several studies. However, these studies also reported longer operative times. As the procedure is technically demanding, only highly experienced pancreatic surgeons have performed MI-PD in most studies, so far limiting widespread recommendations. In addition, selection of cases for minimally invasive operations might currently influence the results. Registry studies from dedicated groups such as the European Consortium on Minimally Invasive Pancreatic Surgery (E-MIPS) and randomized controlled trials currently recruiting (DIPLOMA‑1 and 2, DISPACT-2) will bring more reliable data in the coming years. In conclusion, both MI-DP and MI-PD have shown some advantages over open surgery in terms of shorter hospital stays and reduced blood loss, but their effectiveness in terms of oncological outcomes is uncertain due to limited evidence. The study highlights the need for further randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes and registry studies to further evaluate the safety, efficacy, and oncological outcomes of minimally invasive pancreatic resections.
‘They Yell and I Yell Back’ Pre-schoolers’ Descriptions of Conflict Laden Interactions at Home
Authors: Dahlberg Anton , Sarkadi Anna , Fängström Karin
Published: October 2023

Over the past 50 years, extensive research has been published on the parent–child relationship and parenting. However, there are very few examples where young children are at the centre of attention for describing family dynamics, relationships and conflicts. This study aimed at addressing this research and knowledge gap through exploring the emotional and relational experiences of preschool children whose parents attended a universal parenting programme. Seventeen preschool children aged 3–6 were interviewed, using an emotion-focused, pictorial-based computer assisted interview method. The children’s descriptions of their family relationships were analysed using qualitative content analysis. The children described negative interplay within the families in rich detail, especially experiences where conflicts with parents escalated and were left unresolved. Moments of positive family interactions were described as well, but they were heavily overshadowed by the narratives containing negative parenting. The children also described compensatory behaviours, such as looking for comfort from siblings or pets. The narratives in this study gave a unique insight into the emotional and relational domestic context of children in families seeking universally offered parenting support. Given adequate tools and support, children as young as 3 or 4 years old could provide extensive information about their lives. We urge future research examining parenting or family interventions to include the children’s perspectives.
Committee Preferences and Information Acquisition
Authors: Arve Malin , Desrieux Claudine
Published: October 2023

We study committees whose task is to make a binary decision where the correct decision depends on the state of the world that is imperfectly known. Committee members can exert effort to learn about the true state of the world, and their efforts are linked in a team production function. This allows to explore the externalities between the committee members’ efforts in the search for the truth and the different interactions between them. We compare committees made up of neutral members (neutral committees) to committees including biased members (polarized committees). We show that polarized committees may be more efficient than neutral committees when members’ efforts to acquire information are strategic substitutes, but not when efforts are strategic complements. Qualitatively, our results still hold when biased members have mixed preferences, i.e., they have a bias for one decision outcome but also care about matching the decision to the true state of the world. Our results have implications, for instance, for the rules governing committees in international arbitration and allow us to better understand how the committee composition affects the committee’s efficiency.
Thermodynamic and kinetic assessments in Co–Cr–Mn system using diffusion data
Authors: Pendem Sri Pragna , Haoge Li , Ueshima Nobufumi , Oikawa Katsunari , Tsukada Yuhki , Koyama Toshiyuki
Published: October 2023

Atomic mobility and thermodynamic assessments of the fcc Co–Cr–Mn system were performed using the ternary diffusion data. Diffusion couples in the Co–rich region of the ternary fcc Co–Cr–Mn system were prepared and annealed at 900, 1050, and 1150 °C. The concentration profiles across the joint interface were measured using an electron probe microstructure analysis technique. The interdiffusivities were evaluated using the Whittle–Green method, and the atomic mobility parameters of the fcc phase were evaluated via numerical analysis of the diffusional flux. The thermodynamic parameters of the binary fcc Cr–Mn alloy were also determined using the CALPHAD method during the assessment of the mobility parameters in the Co–Cr–Mn system. The atomic mobility and thermodynamic descriptions obtained in this study were used to simulate the ternary concentration profiles. The excellent agreement between the experimental and simulated diffusion data validates the atomic mobility and thermodynamic parameters evaluated in this study.

Graphical Abstract
Opinions and experiences on the provision of care to people with mental illnesses: a qualitative study with Doctor of Pharmacy graduates after a rotation in psychiatry
Authors: Zolezzi Monica , Ghanem Rawan , Elamin Shahd , Eltorki Yassin
Published: October 2023

Background

Pharmacists are vital to optimizing therapy of people with mental illnesses. Limited knowledge, lack of confidence, and mental health-related stigma can lead to pharmacists’ reluctance in the provision of pharmaceutical care to this population. Advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPE) in mental health have been reported as valuable learning opportunities to overcome these challenges.

Aim

This study aimed to explore PharmD graduates’ perceived preparedness, attitudes, beliefs, and opinions on influencing factors for the provision of pharmaceutical care to people with mental illnesses after completing an APPE rotation in psychiatry.

Method

All PharmD graduates who had completed a rotation in psychiatry were invited to participate in semi-structured interviews. An interview guide was developed based on a literature review. A total of 11 PharmD graduates agreed to participate in the interviews, which were recorded, transcribed, and analysed inductively using thematic analysis and following a phenomenological approach.

Results

Five themes were identified: Prior familiarity to mental health, opinions on the rotation, views on stigma, rotation’s areas of improvement, and the positive impact of the rotation on practice. Although participants started the psychiatric rotation with low confidence and a sense of apprehension, they described their experience as unique, eye-opening, and insightful. Familiarity with mental health conditions before the rotation were perceived as a challenge to achieving full confidence in mental health care provision.

Conclusion

For the most part, the APPE in psychiatry was viewed as a positive opportunity for enhancing the PharmD graduates’ insight, knowledge, and skills for pharmaceutical care provision to people with mental illnesses.
Morus alba L. Leaves (WML) Modulate Sweet (TAS1R) and Bitter (TAS2R) Taste in the Studies on Human Receptors – A New Perspective on the Utilization of White Mulberry Leaves in Food Production?
Authors: Przeor Monika , Jokiel Maria
Published: October 2023

From the nutritional perspective, the main direction of the utilization of white mulberry (Morus alba L.) parts so far has been to produce dietary supplements or functional foods for individuals with diabetes or over-weight. Its leaves are widely known as a valuable source of bioactive compounds responsible for its antioxidant and antidiabetic effects, both in animals and humans. The authors found that processed leaves can also be investigated as potential bitter and/or sweet taste modulators—an important property of new functional foods. The study aimed to validate the inhibitory effect of Morus alba L. on the TAS2R3 and TAS2R13 bitter taste and TSA1R2/TSA1R3 receptors and determine the changes that the conditioning process caused in such receptors. The effect on the receptors was evaluated in specially transfected HEK293T cells, and the inhibition ratio was measured using the calcium release test. Moreover, the stability of phenolics in the simulated intestinal in vitro digestion process was determined. Results showed that the Morus alba leaf extracts were rich in gallic, chlorogenic and caffeic acids together with rutin and quercetin 3-(6-malonyl)-glucoside, while the conditioning process positively affected their amount. Most identified phenolics were reduced during in vitro digestion. In the taste receptors test, it was found that the phytochemicals from conditioned Morus alba leaf extract enhanced sweet taste, together with a reduction of bitter taste receptor activity in some cases. To conclude, the study has found that Morus alba, especially when conditioned for 4 h, seems to be a valuable modulator of taste, which should be considered in future research as a crucial reason for its new utilization.
Urbanisation threats to dairy cattle health: Insights from Greater Bengaluru, India
Authors: Alam Md Shahin , Velayudhan Silpa Mullakkalparambil , Dey Debpriyo Kumar , Adilieme Chiamaka , Malik Pradeep Kumar , Bhatta Raghavendra , König Sven , Schlecht Eva
Published: October 2023

Complex urbanisation dynamics, on the one hand, create a high demand for animal products, and on the other hand put enormous pressure on arable land with negative consequences for animal feed production. To explore the impact of accelerated urbanisation on dairy cattle health in urban farming systems, 151 farmers from different parts of the Greater Bengaluru metropolitan area in India were individually interviewed on aspects addressing cattle management and cattle health. In addition, 97 samples of forages from the shores of 10 different lakes, and vegetable leftovers used in cattle feeding were collected for nutritional analysis. Along with the use of cultivated forages, crop residues, and concentrate feed, 47% and 77% of the farmers occasionally or frequently used lake fodder and food leftovers, respectively. Nutritionally, lake fodder corresponded to high-quality pasture vegetation, but 43% of the samples contained toxic heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead above official critical threshold levels. Therefore, lake fodder may affect cows’ health if consumed regularly; however, heavy metal concentrations varied between lakes (P < 0.05), but not between fodder types (P > 0.05). Although 60% of the interviewed farmers believed that their cows were in good health, logit model applications revealed that insufficient drinking water supply and the use of lake fodder negatively impacted cattle health (P < 0.05). While it remains unknown if regular feeding of lake fodder results in heavy metal accumulation in animal products, farmers and farm advisors must address this and other urbanization-related challenges to protect cattle health.

Graphical abstract
Amine-Functionalized MWCNTs for the Removal of Mordant Black 11 Dye
Authors: Qazi Raina Aman , Ullah Nabi , Bibi Naheed , Khattak Rozina , Jamila Nargis , Begum Bushra , Aman Nargis , Rahayu Farida , Karami Abdulnasser M.
Published: October 2023

In this study, amine-functionalized MWCNTs (f-MWCNTs) have been investigated as potential material for the removal of Mordant black dye 11 (MBD 11). To evaluate the optimal condition and adsorption capability of the adsorbents (f-MWCNTs), the effect of temperature, pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time on adsorption rate are examined. The study shows a stronger interaction between the dye and f-MWCNTs. The highest removal efficiency is observed in acidic medium (pH 2) with an initial dye concentration of 50 mg L−1, where 99% of the dye is adsorbed from the medium in 40 min using 0.05 g of f-MWCNTs. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies reveal that adsorption occurs by the Langmuir adsorption model and pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics. According to the thermodynamic parameters, the adsorption exhibits endothermic and spontaneous behavior.

Graphical Abstract
Quantitative evaluation of forest communities and effects of oak wilt in a secondary forest in western Japan
Authors: Yoshioka Takahiko , Okuyama Souta , Kogire Taketo , Taniuchi Ren , Hotta Kana K. , Tochimoto Daisuke , Ishii H. Roaki
Published: October 2023

In Japan, secondary forests associated with agriculture (satoyama) had been maintained traditionally by small-scale clearcutting and short-rotation coppice forestry. After forest management was discontinued due to modernization, shade-intolerant, deciduous trees such as Q. serrata and Q. variabilis have become dominant in many secondary forests of southwestern Japan. In recent years, however, tree death from Japanese oak wilt has become wide-spread. To identify forest communities that will be most affected by oak wilt, we investigated stand structure and species composition in a 64-ha unmanaged secondary forest in Kobe, Japan. We identified three forest communities using cluster analysis of 27 survey plots. We then analyzed and visualized vegetation similarity among the communities using non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS). In secondary forests, Pinus densiflora–Rhododendron macrosepalum and Quercus serrata–Quercus variabilis communities, which established after pine wilt were identified. We also found communities dominated by Cryptomeria japonica, a plantation species. We predicted that Quercus serrata–Quercus variabilis communities will experience significant vegetation change after oak wilt and become low-statured, evergreen-deciduous forests. These communities, therefore, should be prioritized for active management by small-scale clear cutting to prevent further spread of oak wilt and subsequent biodiversity decline.
Software is Policy: Electronic Health Record Governance and the Implications of Clinical Standardization
Authors: Brunner Julian , Cannedy Shay , McCoy Matthew , Hamilton Alison B. , Shelton Jeremy
Published: October 2023

Background

Electronic health record (EHR) implementations, whether replacing paper or electronic systems, are major social and organizational transformations. Yet studies of EHR-to-EHR transitions have largely neglected to elucidate accompanying social and organizational changes. One such underexplored change is the standardization of clinical practice in the context of EHR transitions.

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has begun a decade-long process of replacing the approximately 130 separate versions of its homegrown EHR with a single commercial EHR system. This provides an opportunity to explore the standardization of clinical practice amidst an EHR transition.

Objective

To identify, in the context of a large-scale EHR transition, (1) the scope and content of clinical standardization and (2) the anticipated implications of such standardization.

Design

Qualitative study.

Participants

Twenty-nine members of VA councils established for the EHR transition.

Approach

We conducted semi-structured interviews, which were professionally transcribed, and analyzed first using rapid analysis methods, followed by coding and content analysis.

Key Results

Clinical standardization across facilities was a central goal of the EHR transition, encompassing computerized recommendations, order sets, professional roles/permissions, and clinical documentation. The anticipated implications of this standardization include (i) potential efficiency gains, with less duplicated effort across facilities; (ii) expanded bureaucracy; and (iii) increased uniformity, reducing both wanted and unwanted variation in care.

Conclusions

EHR systems shape a wide range of clinical processes, particularly in a large organization like VA with a long history of EHR use. This makes standardization of EHR content a powerful mechanism for standardizing clinical practice itself, which can bring dramatic collateral consequences. Organizations undergoing EHR transitions need to recognize the important role that clinical standardization plays by treating EHR transitions as major organizational transformations in the governance of clinical practice.
Generalized Cramér’s coefficient via f-divergence for contingency tables
Authors: Urasaki Wataru , Nakagawa Tomoyuki , Momozaki Tomotaka , Tomizawa Sadao
Published: October 2023

Various measures in two-way contingency table analysis have been proposed to express the strength of association between row and column variables in contingency tables. Tomizawa et al. (2004) proposed more general measures, including Cramér’s coefficient, using the power-divergence. In this paper, we propose measures using the f-divergence that has a wider class than the power-divergence. Unlike statistical hypothesis tests, these measures provide quantification of the association structure in contingency tables. The contribution of our study is proving that a measure applying a function that satisfies the condition of the f-divergence has desirable properties for measuring the strength of association in contingency tables. With this contribution, we can easily construct a new measure using a divergence that has essential properties for the analyst. For example, we conducted numerical experiments with a measure applying the $$\theta$$
θ
-divergence. Furthermore, we can give further interpretation of the association between the row and column variables in the contingency table, which could not be obtained with the conventional one. We also show a relationship between our proposed measures and the correlation coefficient in a bivariate normal distribution of latent variables in the contingency tables.
Efficacy and safety of metformin during pregnancy: an update
Authors: Paschou Stavroula A. , Shalit Almog , Gerontiti Eleni , Athanasiadou Kleoniki I. , Kalampokas Theodoros , Psaltopoulou Theodora , Lambrinoudaki Irene , Anastasiou Eleni , Wolffenbuttel Bruce H. R. , Goulis Dimitrios G.
Published: October 2023

During the last decades, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) prevalence has been on the rise. While insulin remains the gold standard treatment for GDM, metformin use during pregnancy is controversial. This review aimed to comprehensively assess the available data on the efficacy and safety of metformin during pregnancy, both for the mother and the offspring. Metformin has been validated for maternal efficacy and safety, achieving comparable glycemic control with insulin. Additionally, it reduces maternal weight gain and possibly the occurrence of hypertensive disorders. During the early neonatal period, metformin administration does not increase the risk of congenital anomalies or other major adverse effects, including lower APGAR score at 5 min, neonatal intensive care unit admissions, and respiratory distress syndrome. Several studies have demonstrated a reduction in neonatal hypoglycemia. Metformin has been associated with an increase in preterm births and lower birth weight, although this effect is controversial and depends on the indication for which it was administered. Evidence indicates possible altered fetal programming and predisposition to childhood obesity and metabolic syndrome during adulthood after use of metformin in pregnancy. With critical questions still requiring a final verdict, ongoing research on the field must be conducted.
Towards statistical analysis of predictive parameters in competitive speed climbing
Authors: Pandurevic Dominik , Sutor Alexander , Hochradel Klaus
Published: October 2023

Competitive sport climbing progressed massively within the last quarter century. Development of technology enabling qualitative and quantitative analysis is required to withstand the challenges for athletes and trainers. This paper deals with the statistical study of a data set generated by the application of several image processing algorithms and neural networks on competition recordings. Therefore, calculated parameters are combined with random variables for the implementation of a linear mixed effect model. The resulting model enables the prediction of the end time of different athletes and the determination of its correlation with the input variables. Furthermore, analysis of velocity and path of the centre of gravity in different wall sections is done for all available speed climbing athletes. The observed data set consists of 297 runs in total divided into two subsets of 202 observations of 47 male and 95 of 25 female athletes. Among others, the statistical model was used for the validation of the measured parameters and the review and impact of proven techniques like the Tomoa skip in the start section. Likewise interesting is the high influence of the parameters, measured especially in the middle section of the wall, on the end time.
Data-driven approaches for sustainable agri-food: coping with sustainability and interpretability
Authors: Tomasiello Stefania , Uzair Muhammad , Liu Yang , Loit Evelin
Published: October 2023

Motivated by the increasing interest in machine learning algorithms for data-driven applications in agri-food addressing sustainability issues and by the ongoing discussion on the interpretability and sustainability of such algorithms, we compare congruently the performance of some state-of-the-art techniques and a new version (here proposed for the first time) of Co-Active Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System, equipped with fractional regularization (CANFIS-T for short). To this end, we consider two case studies retrieved from the literature and dealing with two approaches for sustainability development, i.e. ex-ante Life Cycle Assessment and Supply Chain Operations Reference in the agri-food context. Such approaches are set in a data-driven framework and completed by the above-mentioned machine learning techniques. The state-of-the-art techniques from the relevant literature are the ensemble ANFIS, Radial Basis Function Network and Decision Tree. The techniques are compared from the computational, interpretability and energy standpoints. From a formal perspective, we prove what negatively affects the accuracy of ensemble ANFIS. On the basis of the performed experiments, we notice that except for the ensemble ANFIS, all the approaches can be regarded as sustainable, with energy savings over 99%, while only CANFIS-T keeps both good accuracy and interpretability (with up to 4 rules) when the number of input and output variables gets large.
Leveraging off higher plant phylogenetic insights for antiplasmodial drug discovery
Authors: Moyo Phanankosi , Invernizzi Luke , Mianda Sephora M. , Rudolph Wiehan , Andayi Warren A. , Wang Mingxun , Crouch Neil R. , Maharaj Vinesh J.
Published: October 2023

The antimalarial drug-resistance conundrum which threatens to reverse the great strides taken to curb the malaria scourge warrants an urgent need to find novel chemical scaffolds to serve as templates for the development of new antimalarial drugs. Plants represent a viable alternative source for the discovery of unique potential antiplasmodial chemical scaffolds. To expedite the discovery of new antiplasmodial compounds from plants, the aim of this study was to use phylogenetic analysis to identify higher plant orders and families that can be rationally prioritised for antimalarial drug discovery. We queried the PubMed database for publications documenting antiplasmodial properties of natural compounds isolated from higher plants. Thereafter, we manually collated compounds reported along with plant species of origin and relevant pharmacological data. We systematically assigned antiplasmodial-associated plant species into recognised families and orders, and then computed the resistance index, selectivity index and physicochemical properties of the compounds from each taxonomic group. Correlating the generated phylogenetic trees and the biological data of each clade allowed for the identification of 3 ‘hot’ plant orders and families. The top 3 ranked plant orders were the (i) Caryophyllales, (ii) Buxales, and (iii) Chloranthales. The top 3 ranked plant families were the (i) Ancistrocladaceae, (ii) Simaroubaceae, and (iii) Buxaceae. The highly active natural compounds (IC50 ≤ 1 µM) isolated from these plant orders and families are structurally unique to the ‘legacy’ antimalarial drugs. Our study was able to identify the most prolific taxa at order and family rank that we propose be prioritised in the search for potent, safe and drug-like antimalarial molecules.
Revisiting the Definition of Bullying in the Context of Higher Education
Authors: Tay Emmanuel Mensah Kormla
Published: October 2023

This study used a qualitative method to verify the interpersonal interactions that students consider to constitute bullying in higher education. The data came from 58 semi-structured interviews with students and administrators from two public universities in Ghana and one in Norway to show how national differences influence bullying. The broad range of behaviours identified highlighted themes like “inconveniencing”, “exclusion”, “intimidation”, “shaming”, “booing, gossiping, and teasing”, “sexual harassment and unwanted touching, fondling, and kissing”, and “ignoring or facing hostile reactions”. The study found that behaviours students identified as bullying are subtler and are intertwined with everyday interpersonal encounters, making identifying, reporting, and redressing them elusive. Students identified their limited awareness of anti-bullying structures, insufficient deterrence due to a lack of transparency in rule implementation, and noncommitment by authorities as favouring bullying. The study suggests the use of communication about behaviour expectations and a commitment to creating consciousness against bullying to ensure a positive psychosocial learning environment.
Active Vibration Control of a Rotating Machine with Voltage-Driven Electrodynamic Actuators Between Machine Feet and Steel Frame Foundation Under Multiple Base Excitations
Authors: Werner Ulrich
Published: October 2023

Purpose

In the paper, a theoretical analysis—based on a 2D multibody model—is presented regarding active vibration control of a rotating machine with voltage-driven electrodynamic actuators between machine feet and steel frame foundation under multiple base excitations.

Methods

Mathematical formulations are derived in the time domain and then transferred into the Laplace domain, where a state space formulation is used to describe the controlled vibration system. With this mathematical formulations, it is possible to analyze separately the two different kinds of actuator forces—the actuator forces, caused by the motion-induced voltage and the actuator forces caused by the control system—and their influence on the vibration behavior. Afterward, the mathematical formulations are transferred into the Fourier domain, for considering harmonic excitations of the base. Also a numerical example is presented, where different cases regarding machine mounting and operation conditions are investigated and compared to each other.

Results

It could be clearly demonstrated that with the presented control system, most of the resonance peaks in the frequency responses could be strongly damped.

Conclusions

With the presented mathematical formulations, the controlled vibration system can be well described, considering separately the two different kinds of electrodynamic actuator forces and their influence.
Characterisation of unsteady separation in a turbulent boundary layer: Reynolds stresses and flow dynamics
Authors: Ambrogi Francesco , Piomelli Ugo , Rival David E.
Published: October 2023

The large-eddy simulation technique was used to investigate the dynamics of unsteady flow separation on a flat-plate turbulent boundary layer. The unsteadiness was generated by imposing an oscillating, wall-normal velocity profile at the top of the computational domain, and a range of reduced frequencies (

$k$

), from a very rapid flutter-like motion to a slow quasi-steady oscillation, was studied. Ambrogi et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 945, 2022, A10) showed that the reduced frequency greatly affects the transient separation process, and at a frequency

$k=1$

, the separation region became unstable and was advected periodically out of the domain. In this paper, we discuss the causes of the observed advection process and the effects of the unsteadiness on the second moments. The time evolution of turbulent kinetic energy, for instance, reveals that an advection-like phenomenon is also present at a very low reduced frequency, but its dynamic behaviour is completely different from that of the intermediate frequency (

$k=1$

). At the intermediate frequency the entire recirculation region is advected downstream, keeping its shape. The advected structure is rotational in nature, and moves at constant speed. In contrast, in the low-frequency case the advected fluid originates at the reattachment point, and the structure is shear-dominated. Particle pathlines reflect the fact that the flow at the low frequency is quasi-steady-state, but show peculiar differences at the intermediate frequency, in which the flow response to the freestream forcing depends on the particle positions in the wall-normal direction.
A Behavioral Account of Opportunistic Diversification: Evidence from Non-Real-Estate Firms’ Investment in Real Estate
Authors: Shi Wei , Cai Wenjing , Wajda Dennis , Jiang Fuxiu
Published: October 2023

This study provides a behavioral account of opportunistic diversification. We argue that top executives’ social comparison with peer firms based on business segment performance can lead them to increase their investments in high-profitability new businesses (i.e., opportunistic diversification). Specifically, when the performance of a firm's main business relative to its peer firms’ high-profitability business segment falls short of their aspirations, the firm's top executives will engage in problemistic search and subsequently increase opportunistic diversification. This effect is stronger when the firm is similar to peer firms along key firm characteristics and when top executives of the firm are underpaid. Although opportunistic diversification helps improve a firm's short-term accounting performance, it may weaken its long-term performance. Using Chinese non-real-estate firms’ diversification investment in real estate as our empirical context, we find support for our arguments.
After the Gang: Desistance, Violence and Occupational Options in Nicaragua
Authors: Rodgers Dennis
Published: October 2023

Gangs are widely considered major contributors to the high levels of violence afflicting Latin America, including in particular Central America. At the same time, however, the vast majority of individuals who join a gang will also leave it and, it is assumed, become less violent. Having said this, the mechanisms underlying this ‘desistance’ process are not well understood, and nor are the determinants of individuals’ post-gang trajectories, partly because gang desistance tends to be seen as an event rather than a process. Drawing on long-term ethnographic research carried out in barrio Luis Fanor Hernández, a poor neighbourhood in Nicaragua's capital city Managua, and more specifically a set of ‘archetypal’ gang member life histories that illustrate the occupational options open to former gang members, this article offers a longitudinal perspective on desistance and its consequences, with specific reference to the determinants of individuals’ continued engagement with violence (or not).
Xenotransplantation Clinical Trials and Equitable Patient Selection
Authors: Bobier Christopher , Rodger Daniel
Published: October 2023

Xenotransplant patient selection recommendations restrict clinical trial participation to seriously ill patients for whom alternative therapies are unavailable or who will likely die while waiting for an allotransplant. Despite a scholarly consensus that this is advisable, we propose to examine this restriction. We offer three lines of criticism: (1) The risk–benefit calculation may well be unfavorable for seriously ill patients and society; (2) the guidelines conflict with criteria for equitable patient selection; and (3) the selection of seriously ill patients may compromise informed consent. We conclude by highlighting how the current guidance reveals a tension between the societal values of justice and beneficence.
Can fiscal incentives to saving alleviate looming old-age poverty?
Authors: Tyrowicz Joanna , Makarski Krzysztof , Rutkowski Artur
Published: October 2023

We develop a general equilibrium overlapping generations framework with incompletely rational individuals to study old-age saving incentives. Such incentives are used worldwide to help achieve the high savings rate required to sustain sufficient consumption in old age. We show that they raise the welfare of financially illiterate individuals and those with a high degree of time inconsistency. They also reduce the incidence of poverty in old age. We further quantify the fiscal cost, crowd-out, and ability to target the transfers to individuals who need the most. Given the high prevalence of these schemes, our paper has broad policy implications.
A whispering-gallery scanning microprobe for Raman spectroscopy and imaging
Authors: Mao Wenbo , Li Yihang , Jiang Xuefeng , Liu Zhiwen , Yang Lan
Published: October 2023

Optical whispering-gallery-mode microsensors are a promising platform for many applications, such as biomedical monitoring, magnetic sensing, and vibration detection. However, like many other micro/nanosensors, they cannot simultaneously have two critical properties – ultrahigh sensitivity and large detection area, which are desired for most sensing applications. Here, we report a novel scanning whispering-gallery-mode microprobe optimized for both features and demonstrate enhanced Raman spectroscopy, providing high-specificity information on molecular fingerprints that are important for numerous sensing applications. Combining the superiorities of whispering-gallery modes and nanoplasmonics, the microprobe exhibits a two-orders-of-magnitude sensitivity improvement over traditional plasmonics-only enhancement; this leads to molecular detection demonstrated with stronger target signals but less optical power required than surface-enhanced-Raman-spectroscopy substrates. Furthermore, the scanning microprobe greatly expands the effective detection area and realizes two-dimensional micron-resolution Raman imaging of molecular distribution. The versatile and ultrasensitive scanning microprobe configuration will thus benefit material characterization, chemical imaging, and quantum-enhanced sensing.
Anxiolytic effect of antidiabetic metformin is mediated by AMPK activation in mPFC inhibitory neurons
Authors: Zhang Yong-mei , Zong Hai-chao , Qi Ying-bei , Chang Liu-liu , Gao Ya-nan , Zhou Ting , Yin Tao , Liu Meng , Pan Kai-jun , Chen Wen-gang , Guo Hao-ran , Guo Fei , Peng Yan-min , Wang Min , Feng Lin-yin , Zang Yi , Li Yang , Li Jia
Published: October 2023

Diabetic patients receiving the antidiabetic drug metformin have been observed to exhibit a lower prevalence of anxiety disorders, yet the precise mechanism behind this phenomenon is unclear. In our study, we found that anxiety induces a region-specific reduction in AMPK activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Concurrently, transgenic mice with brain-specific AMPK knockout displayed abnormal anxiety-like behaviors. Treatment with metformin or the overexpression of AMPK restored normal AMPK activity in the mPFC and mitigated social stress-induced anxiety-like behaviors. Furthermore, the specific genetic deletion of AMPK in the mPFC not only instigated anxiety in mice but also nullified the anxiolytic effects of metformin. Brain slice recordings revealed that GABAergic excitation and the resulting inhibitory inputs to mPFC pyramidal neurons were selectively diminished in stressed mice. This reduction led to an excitation-inhibition imbalance, which was effectively reversed by metformin treatment or AMPK overexpression. Moreover, the genetic deletion of AMPK in the mPFC resulted in a similar defect in GABAergic inhibitory transmission and a consequent hypo-inhibition of mPFC pyramidal neurons. We also generated a mouse model with AMPK knockout specific to GABAergic neurons. The anxiety-like behaviors in this transgenic mouse demonstrated the unique role of AMPK in the GABAergic system in relation to anxiety. Therefore, our findings suggest that the activation of AMPK in mPFC inhibitory neurons underlies the anxiolytic effects of metformin, highlighting the potential of this primary antidiabetic drug as a therapeutic option for treating anxiety disorders.
Factors associated with visual field or structure progression occurring first in a prospective study on patients with untreated open-angle glaucoma with normal intraocular pressure
Authors: Sakata Rei , Araie Makoto , Yoshitomi Takeshi ,   for lower normal pressure glaucoma study members in Japan Glaucoma Society, Yoshitomi Takeshi , Ishikawa Makoto , Abe Haruki , Fukuchi Takeo , Sugiyama Kazuhisa , Ohkubo Shinji , Nitta Koji , Araie Makoto , Tomidokoro Atsuo , Hirasawa Hiroyo , Yoshikawa Keiji , Iwase Aiko , Negi Akira , Yamada Yuko , Tanihara Hidenobu , Inatani Masaru , Inoue Toshihiro , Takihara Yuji , Ohhira Saori , Kojima Sachi , Naitou Chika , Shirakashi Motohiro , Higashide Tomomi , Matsumoto Chota , Takada Sonoko , Aihara Makoto , Saito Hitomi
Published: October 2023

Background/Objectives

To identify factors associated with disc/retina deterioration in stereo fundus photographs preceding that of the visual field (VF), as determined with a Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) (Structure First deterioration) and factors associated with the latter preceding the former (Field First deterioration) in open-angle glaucoma (OAG) with lower normal intraocular pressure (IOP).

Subjects/Methods

Prospective cohort study. Ninety eyes of 90 patients with OAG and a baseline IOP < 15 mmHg participated in a 5-year prospective study without treatment. IOP measurements and HFA 24-2 Swedish Interactive Test Algorithm Standard tests were performed every 3 months, and fundus photographs were obtained every 6 months. VF deterioration was determined by Guided Progression Analysis and deterioration of disc/retina was determined on stereophotographs by an independent committee. A multivariable Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify factors associated with Structure First deterioration, and with Field First deterioration.

Results

The average baseline age and mean deviation were 53.9 ± 9.8 years and −2.8 ± 2.8 dB, respectively. During the 5-year follow-up, the probability of Field First deterioration was 49% ± 6.6% (standard error) and that of Structure First deterioration was 33% ± 6.4% (P = 0.062, log-rank test). Disc hemorrhage (DH) prior to the event (P = 0.006) was associated with Structure First deterioration, and older age was associated with Field First deterioration (P = 0.040).

Conclusions

In OAG eyes with lower normal IOP, DH was significantly associated with Structure First deterioration, and age was significantly associated with Field First deterioration.
Yeast Rad52 is a homodecamer and possesses BRCA2-like bipartite Rad51 binding modes
Authors: Deveryshetty Jaigeeth , Chadda Rahul , Mattice Jenna R. , Karunakaran Simrithaa , Rau Michael J. , Basore Katherine , Pokhrel Nilisha , Englander Noah , Fitzpatrick James A. J. , Bothner Brian , Antony Edwin
Published: October 2023

Homologous recombination (HR) is an essential double-stranded DNA break repair pathway. In HR, Rad52 facilitates the formation of Rad51 nucleoprotein filaments on RPA-coated ssDNA. Here, we decipher how Rad52 functions using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy and biophysical approaches. We report that Rad52 is a homodecameric ring and each subunit possesses an ordered N-terminal and disordered C-terminal half. An intrinsic structural asymmetry is observed where a few of the C-terminal halves interact with the ordered ring. We describe two conserved charged patches in the C-terminal half that harbor Rad51 and RPA interacting motifs. Interactions between these patches regulate ssDNA binding. Surprisingly, Rad51 interacts with Rad52 at two different bindings sites: one within the positive patch in the disordered C-terminus and the other in the ordered ring. We propose that these features drive Rad51 nucleation onto a single position on the DNA to promote formation of uniform pre-synaptic Rad51 filaments in HR.