bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Large‐Area Vertically Aligned Bismuthene Nanosheet Arrays from Galvanic Replacement Reaction for Efficient Electrochemical CO2 Conversion
Authors: Fan Jia , Zhao Xuan , Mao Xinnan , Xu Jie , Han Na , Yang Hao , Pan Binbin , Li Yongshen , Wang Lu , Li Yanguang
Published: July 2021

There is a lack of straightforward methods to prepare high‐quality bismuthene nanosheets, or, even more challengingly, to grow their arrays due to the low melting point and high oxophilicity of bismuth. This synthetic obstacle has hindered their potential applications. In this work, it is demonstrated that the galvanic replacement reaction can do the trick. Under well‐controlled conditions, large‐area vertically aligned bismuthene nanosheet arrays are grown on Cu substrates of various shapes and sizes. The product features small nanosheet thickness of two to three atomic layers, large surface areas, and abundant porosity between nanosheets. Most remarkably, bismuthene nanosheet arrays grown on Cu foam can enable efficient CO2 reduction to formate with high Faradaic efficiency of >90%, large current density of 50 mA cm−2, and great stability.
Interfacial Embedding of Laser‐Manufactured Fluorinated Gold Clusters Enabling Stable Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency Over 24%
Authors: Guo Pengfei , Zhu Hongfu , Zhao Wenhao , Liu Chen , Zhu Liguo , Ye Qian , Jia Ning , Wang Hongyue , Zhang Xiuhai , Huang Wanxia , Vinokurov Vladimir A. , Ivanov Evgenii , Shchukin Dmitry , Harvey Daniel , Ulloa Jose María , Hierro Adrian , Wang Hongqiang
Published: July 2021

Tackling the interfacial loss in emerged perovskite‐based solar cells (PSCs) to address synchronously the carrier dynamics and the environmental stability, has been of fundamental and viable importance, while technological hurdles remain in not only creating such interfacial mediator, but the subsequent interfacial embedding in the active layer. This article reports a strategy of interfacial embedding of hydrophobic fluorinated‐gold‐clusters (FGCs) for highly efficient and stable PSCs. The p‐type semiconducting feature enables the FGC efficient interfacial mediator to improve the carrier dynamics by reducing the interfacial carrier transfer barrier and boosting the charge extraction at grain boundaries. The hydrophobic tails of the gold clusters and the hydrogen bonding between fluorine groups and perovskite favor the enhancement of environmental stability. Benefiting from these merits, highly efficient formamidinium lead iodide PSCs (champion efficiency up to 24.02%) with enhanced phase stability under varied relative humidity (RH) from 40% to 95%, as well as highly efficient mixed‐cation PSCs with moisture stability (RH of 75%) over 10 000 h are achieved. It is thus inspiring to advance the development of highly efficient and stable PSCs via interfacial embedding laser‐generated additives for improved charge transfer/extraction and environmental stability.
2D Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskite with Ordered Phase Distribution for High‐Performance Self‐Powered Photodetectors
Authors: Min Liangliang , Tian Wei , Cao Fengren , Guo Jun , Li Liang
Published: July 2021

2D Ruddlesden–Popper perovskites exhibit great potential in optoelectronic devices for superior stability compared with their 3D counterparts. However, to achieve a high level of device performance, it is crucial but challenging to regulate the phase distribution of 2D perovskites to facilitate charge carrier transfer. Herein, using a solvent additive method (adding a small amount of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF)) combined with a hot‐casting process, the phase distribution of (PEA)2MA3Pb4I13 (PEA+ = C6H5CH2CH2NH3+, MA+ = CH3NH3+) perovskite can be well controlled and the Fermi level of perovskites along the film thickness direction can achieve gradient distribution. The increased built‐in potential, oriented crystal, and improved crystal quality jointly contribute to the high photoresponse of devices in the entire response spectrum range. The optimum device exhibits a characteristic detection peak at 570 nm with large responsivity/detectivity (0.44 A W−1/3.38 × 1012 Jones), ultrafast response speed with a rise/fall time of 20.8/20.6 µs, and improved stability. This work suggests the possibility of manipulating the ordered phase distribution of 2D perovskites toward high‐performance and stable optoelectronic conversion devices.
An Ultra‐Low‐Temperature Elastomer with Excellent Mechanical Performance and Solvent Resistance
Authors: Ma Qiang , Liao Shenglong , Ma Yingchao , Chu Yanji , Wang Yapei
Published: July 2021

Elastomers presenting good elasticity, ductility, and chemical resistance at low temperatures can serve as superior performers for explorations in extremely cold environments. However, no commercially available elastomer to date can comprehensively fulfill those demands. Here, a perfluoropolyether (PFPE)‐based network crosslinked by dynamic urethane chemistry is demonstrated, which may satisfy the demands of application in ultracold environments. As the crucial constitute in such a crosslinked network, PFPE provides the elastomer with excellent elasticity at a temperature down to −110 °C and outstanding ductility within the cryogenic temperature range. Importantly, the high proportion of fluorocarbon segment also provides wonderful compatibility to most organic solvents, accounting for the low‐swelling characteristics of the elastomer in sealing applications. Furthermore, the dynamic crosslinking feature allows the cured elastomer to be reprocessed like thermoplastic polymers, which affords great promise to recycle and reuse the elastomer after its disposal. Inherently, this elastomer would inspire a worldwide interest in the design of elastic devices that are adaptable to extremely low temperature.
Significant Improvements in Dielectric Constant and Energy Density of Ferroelectric Polymer Nanocomposites Enabled by Ultralow Contents of Nanofillers
Authors: Li Li , Cheng Jingsai , Cheng Yunyun , Han Ting , Liu Yang , Zhou Yao , Zhao Guanghui , Zhao Yan , Xiong Chuanxi , Dong Lijie , Wang Qing
Published: July 2021

Polymer dielectrics with excellent processability and high breakdown strength (Eb) enable the development of high‐energy‐density capacitors. Although the improvement of dielectric constant (K) of polymer dielectric has been realized by adding high‐K inorganic fillers with high contents (>10 vol%), this approach faces significant challenges in scalable film processing. Here, the incorporation of ultralow ratios (<1 vol%) of low‐K Cd1−xZnxSe1−ySy nanodots into a ferroelectric polymer is reported. The polymer composites exhibit substantial and concurrent increase in both K and Eb, yielding a discharged energy density of 26.0 J cm−3, outperforming the current dielectric polymers and nanocomposites measured at ≤600 MV m−1. The observed unconventional dielectric enhancement is attributed to the structural changes induced by the nanodot fillers, including transformation of polymer chain conformation and induced interfacial dipoles, which have been confirmed by density function theory calculations. The dielectric model established in this work addresses the limitations of the current volume‐average models on the polymer composites with low filler contents and gives excellent agreement to the experimental results. This work provides a new experimental route to scalable high‐energy‐density polymer dielectrics and also advances the fundamental understanding of the dielectric behavior of polymer nanocomposites at atomistic scales.
Precipitation Hardening in Ferroelectric Ceramics
Authors: Zhao Changhao , Gao Shuang , Yang Tiannan , Scherer Michael , Schultheiß Jan , Meier Dennis , Tan Xiaoli , Kleebe Hans‐Joachim , Chen Long‐Qing , Koruza Jurij , Rödel Jürgen
Published: July 2021

Domain wall motion in ferroics, similar to dislocation motion in metals, can be tuned by well‐concepted microstructural elements. In demanding high‐power applications of piezoelectric materials, the domain wall motion is considered as a lossy hysteretic mechanism that should be restricted. Current applications for so‐called hard piezoelectrics are abundant and hinge on the use of an acceptor‐doping scheme. However, this mechanism features severe limitations due to enhanced mobility of oxygen vacancies at moderate temperatures. By analogy with metal technology, the authors present here a new solution for electroceramics, where precipitates are utilized to pin domain walls and improve piezoelectric properties. Through a sequence of sintering, nucleation, and precipitate growth, intragranular precipitates leading to a fine domain structure are developed as shown by transmission electron microscopy, piezoresponse force microscopy, and phase‐field simulation. This structure impedes the domain wall motion as elucidated by electromechanical characterization. As a result, the mechanical quality factor is increased by ≈50% and the hysteresis in electrostrain is suppressed considerably. This is even achieved with slightly increased piezoelectric coefficient and electromechanical coupling factor. This novel process can be smoothly implemented in industrial production processes and is accessible to simple laboratory experimentation for microstructure optimization and implementation in various ferroelectric systems.
Ordered Macroporous Carbonous Frameworks Implanted with CdS Quantum Dots for Efficient Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Wang Fengliang , Hou Tingting , Zhao Xin , Yao Wen , Fang Ruiqi , Shen Kui , Li Yingwei
Published: July 2021

Solar‐driven photocatalytic CO2 reduction is regarded as a promising way to simultaneously mitigate the energy crisis and CO2 pollution. However, achieving high efficiency of photocatalytic CO2 reduction, especially without the assistance of sacrifice reagents or extra alkaline additives, remains a critical issue. Herein, a photocatalyst of 3D ordered macroporous N‐doped carbon (NC) supported CdS quantum dots (3DOM CdSQD/NC) is successfully fabricated toward photocatalytic CO2 reduction via an in situ transformation strategy. Additionally, an amines oxidation reaction is introduced to replace the H2O oxidation process to further boost the photocatalytic CO2 reduction efficiency. Impressively, 3DOM CdSQD/NC exhibits superior activity and selectivity in photocatalytic CO2 reduction coupled with amines oxidation, affording a CO production rate as high as 5210 µmol g−1 h−1 in the absence of any sacrificial agents and alkaline additives. Moreover, 3DOM CdSQD/NC achieves an apparent quantum efficiency of 2.9% at 450 nm. Mechanism studies indicate that the 3D ordered macropores in the NC matrix are beneficial to the transfer of photogenerated carriers. Furthermore, the highly dispersed CdS QDs on the NC skeleton are able to significantly promote the adsorption of both CO2 and amine molecules and depress the CO2 activation energy barriers by stabilizing the *COOH intermediate, directly contributing to the high activity.
Molecular Alignment of Homoleptic Iridium Phosphors in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Jung Moon Chul , Facendola John , Kim Jongchan , Muthiah Ravinson Daniel Sylvinson , Djurovich Peter I. , Forrest Stephen R. , Thompson Mark E.
Published: July 2021

The orientation of facial (fac) tris‐cyclometalated iridium complexes in doped films prepared by vacuum deposition is investigated by altering the physical shape and electronic asymmetry in the molecular structure. Angle‐dependent photoluminescence spectroscopy and Fourier‐plane imaging microscopy show that the orientation of roughly spherical fac‐tris(2‐phenylpyridyl)iridium (Ir(ppy)3) is isotropic, whereas complexes that are oblate spheroids, fac‐tris(mesityl‐2‐phenyl‐1H‐imidazole)iridium (Ir(mi)3) and fac‐tris((3,5‐dimethyl‐[1,1′‐biphenyl]‐4‐yl)‐2‐phenyl‐1H‐imidazole)iridium (Ir(mip)3), have a net horizontal alignment of their transition dipole moments. Optical anisotropy factors of 0.26 and 0.15, respectively, are obtained from the latter complexes when doped into tris(4‐(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)phenyl)amine host thin films. The horizontal alignment is attributed to the favorable van der Waals interaction between the oblate Ir complexes and host material. Trifluoromethyl groups substituted on one polar face of the Ir(ppy)3 and Ir(mi)3 complexes introduce chemical asymmetries in the molecules at the expense of their oblate shapes. The anisotropy factors of films doped with these substituted derivatives are lower relative to the parent complexes, indicating that the fluorinated patches reinforce horizontal alignment during deposition. High efficiencies obtained from organic light emitting diodes prepared using the Ir dopants is attributed, in part, to improved outcoupling of electroluminescence brought about by molecular alignment.
High‐Resolution Imaging of Human Viruses in Liquid Droplets
Authors: Jonaid GM , Dearnaley William J. , Casasanta Michael A. , Kaylor Liam , Berry Samantha , Dukes Madeline J. , Spilman Michael S. , Gray Jennifer L. , Kelly Deborah F.
Published: July 2021

Liquid‐phase electron microscopy (LP‐EM) is an exciting new area in the materials imaging field, providing unprecedented views of molecular processes. Time‐resolved insights from LP‐EM studies are a strong complement to the remarkable results achievable with other high‐resolution techniques. Here, the opportunities to expand LP‐EM technology beyond 2D temporal assessments and into the 3D regime are described. The results show new structures and dynamic insights of human viruses contained in minute volumes of liquid while acquired in a rapid timeframe. To develop this strategy, adeno‐associated virus (AAV) is used as a model system. AAV is a well‐known gene therapy vehicle with current applications involving drug delivery and vaccine development for COVID‐19. Improving the understanding of the physical properties of biological entities in a liquid state, as maintained in the human body, has broad societal implications for human health and disease.
Titania‐Supported Ni2P/Ni Catalysts for Selective Solar‐Driven CO Hydrogenation
Authors: Li Zhenhua , Zhang Xin , Liu Jinjia , Shi Run , Waterhouse Geoffrey I.N. , Wen Xiao‐Dong , Zhang Tierui
Published: July 2021

Solar‐driven Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) holds great potential for the sustainable production of fuels from syngas and solar energy. However, the selectivity toward multi‐carbon products (C2+) is often hampered by the difficulty in the regulation of transition metals acting as both light absorption units and active sites. Herein, a partial phosphidation strategy to prepare titania supported Ni2P/Ni catalysts for photothermal FTS is demonstrated. Under Xenon lamp or concentrated sunlight irradiation, the optimized catalyst shows a C2+ selectivity of 70% at a CO conversion of >20%. Conversely, nickel metal in the absence of Ni2P delivers negligible C2+ products (≈1%) with methane being the major product (>90%). Structural characterization and density functional theory calculation reveal that the partial phosphidation allows exposed metallic Ni to be active for CO adsorption and activation, while the existence of Ni2P/Ni interface is responsible to inhibit CO methanation and promote C–C coupling of adsorbed *CH intermediates. This work introduces a novel phosphidation strategy for nickel‐based photothermal catalysts in efficiently harnessing solar energy, and regulating the reaction pathways for CO hydrogenation to deliver high value products.
The impact of different soil water levels on nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake, photosynthetic performance, and sugar distribution of sago palm seedlings
Authors: Azhar Aidil , Audia Fitri , Asano Koki , Makihara Daigo , Naito Hitoshi , Sugiura Daisuke , Ehara Hiroshi
Published: July 2021

Under high soil water levels, an imbalance occurs in the utilization of photosynthate between supporting vegetative growth and storage as starch. This results in a reduction in the density of dry matter in the stem and increased plant size. On the other hand, biomass yield and starch yield are considered to be low. This study examined the response of sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) seedlings to 50 and 80% soil water levels. To determine the response of the plant, several parameters were observed during the experiment: N, P, and K uptake, leaf photosynthesis, plant morphological growth, and sugar content in plants. It was found that the sago palm was able to show good growth performance under both 50 and 80% soil water levels. However, 50% soil water level is preferable due to trends in N, P, and K uptake, leaf photosynthetic rate, morphological growth performance, and also because no loss of starch is evident in the petiole or root.
Thermodynamic measurement and modeling of hydrate dissociation for CO2/refrigerant + sucrose/fructose/glucose solutions
Authors: Doubra Parisa , Hassanalizadeh Rasoul , Naidoo Paramespri , Ramjugernath Deresh
Published: July 2021

Hydrate dissociation conditions were studied for the CO2/refrigerant + sucrose/fructose/glucose solution systems as a continuation of previous work into alternate separation technologies for the sugar manufacturing industries. Experimental data were measured following the isochoric pressure method for the CO2 + sucrose/fructose solution systems. The refrigerants studied for the modeling purpose were R410a, R507, R134a, and R22 using literature data. The pressure and temperature ranges for the experimental data measured here were (1.80–4.10) MPa and (276.6–282.6) K, respectively, with solutions measured in the composition range between 0 to 0.40 mass fraction sucrose and fructose. Several models following the Van der Waals–Platteeuw solid solution theory were developed to predict the hydrate dissociation conditions of CO2/fluorinated refrigerant in the presence of sucrose/fructose/glucose solutions. The modeling results provide a satisfactory representation of the experimental data, with AARD(P) % model errors in the overall range between 0.03% and 4.40%.
Psychiatric phenotypes associated with hyperprolinemia: A systematic review
Authors: Namavar Yasmin , Duineveld Denise Joanne , Both Geertje Ingena Angelique , Fiksinski Ania Maria , Vorstman Jacob Abraham Schrey , Verhoeven‐Duif Nanda Margriet , Zinkstok Janneke Rozemarijn
Published: July 2021

Hyperprolinemia Type I and II are genetic metabolic disorders caused by disrupted proline degradation. It has been suggested that hyperprolinemia is associated with increased risk of developmental and mental disorders but detailed information on the psychiatric phenotype in hyperprolinemic patients is limited. Following PRISMA guidelines, we carried out a systematic review to clarify psychiatric phenotypes in patients with hyperprolinemia. We screened 1753 studies and included 35 for analysis, including 20 case reports and 15 case–control and cohort studies. From these studies, a common psychiatric phenotype is observed with a high prevalence of developmental delay, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, and psychosis spectrum disorders. In most cases, a genetic cause of hyperprolinemia was known, these included mutations in thePRODHandALDH4A1genes and deletions of chromosome 22q11.2. No evidence for a biochemical phenotype‐clinical phenotype correlation was found; that is, no association between higher proline levels and specific psychiatric phenotypes was observed. This suggests that genomic and environmental factors are likely to contribute to clinical outcomes. More studies are needed to clarify whether hyperprolinemia is a primary causal factor underlying the increased risk of developing psychiatric disorders seen in patients with hyperprolinemia, or whether hyperprolinemia and psychiatric disorders are both consequences of a shared underlying mechanism.
An Efficient Approach to Access 2,2‐Diarylanilines via Visible‐Light‐Promoted Decarboxylative Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Luo Cong , Zhou Tongyao , Wang Wei , Han Pan , Jing Linhai
Published: July 2021

A straightforward protocol for the visible‐light‐promoted decarboxylative 1,6‐conjugate addition of N‐aryl glycines to para‐quinone methides under transition‐metal‐free conditions is disclosed. This method provides scalable and efficient access to 2,2‐diarylanilines with biological and pharmacologic potential in good to excellent yields (39 examples, up to 97% yield). The synthetic utility of this work has been illustrated in the efficient synthesis of 3‐substituted indoline.
Retro‐odontoid pseudotumor with uncommon presentation of cervical spine injury
Authors: Kikuta Shota , Ishihara Satoshi , Yagata Yukihisa , Matsuyama Shigenari , Nakayama Shinichi
Published: July 2021

Background

We report the first case of retro‐odontoid pseudotumor with an isolated symptom of C2–C3 dysesthesia triggered by a traumatic event.

Case Presentation

An 86‐year‐old man, who was a wood craftsman for more than 50 years, presented to the emergency room with sudden‐onset severe posterior head and neck dysesthesia after accidentally falling backward. No neurological impairment of the extremities was noted. Computed tomography revealed a C2–C7 osteophyte formation, mainly in front of the vertebral bodies. Moreover, magnetic resonance imaging showed cervical spinal cord compression by a soft tissue mass posterior to the odontoid process of the axis. Therefore, we diagnosed a cervical spine injury with an isolated symptom of C2–C3 dysesthesia due to a retro‐odontoid pseudotumor. He did not undergo surgical intervention and was transferred to a rehabilitation hospital on day 11 for pain control.

Conclusion

Our report could be useful to emergency physicians dealing with similar cases of cervical symptoms following trauma.
Epidemiology of anaphylaxis and biphasic reaction in Japanese children
Authors: Ikegawa Kento , Morikawa Emi , Nigo Ayako , Hataya Hiroshi , Akasawa Akira
Published: July 2021

Aim

Anaphylaxis is common, but can sometimes be fatal. However, data on the epidemiology and characteristics of anaphylaxis are limited. Although 0.9%–14.7% of anaphylactic reactions in children are biphasic, it is unclear what the characteristics of biphasic reaction are and how long patients with this reaction should be observed. The present study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of anaphylaxis and biphasic reactions and identify the characteristics of the latter.

Methods

We conducted an observational study of patients who visited the pediatric emergency department (PED) and were hospitalized for anaphylaxis between March 2010 and March 2017.

Results

Of the 264,689 children who visited our PED, 353 (1.3 per 1,000 patient) were hospitalized for anaphylaxis, and six (1.7%) had a biphasic reaction. Of the patients with a biphasic reaction, the median time from initial anaphylaxis to the biphasic reaction was 5.9 (interquartile range [IQR] = 3.3–7.6) hours. Symptoms of the initial episode and the biphasic reaction varied. One (0.3%) of the 353 patients developed a clinically important biphasic reaction that required epinephrine administration.

Conclusions

The rate of biphasic reactions was 1.7%, and that of clinically important biphasic reactions was 0.3%. Patients with anaphylaxis need to be carefully monitored because of the regular occurrence of biphasic reactions.
Chirality Switching in Ferromagnetic Nanostructures Via Nanosecond Electric Pulses
Authors: Aldulaimi W. A. S. , Akaoglu C. , Sendur K. , Okatan M. B. , Misirlioglu I. B.
Published: July 2021

The stability of magnetism in reduced dimensions has become a major scientific agenda in the pursuit of implementing magnetic nanostructures as functional components in spintronic devices. Methods to probe and control magnetization states of such structures in a deterministic manner include use of spin polarized currents, photon absorption, and relatively recently, electric fields that tailor magnetoelectric coupling in multiferroic based structures. In theory, a short electric pulse is able to generate localized magnetic fields that can couple to the local magnetic dipoles electrodynamically. Here, using the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert formalism of magnetism dynamics combined with continuum Maxwell relations, the response of a ferromagnetic permalloy nanodisc to nanosecond electric field pulses is studied. The dynamics of the magnetic order of the nanodiscs during this process are examined and discussed. Ferromagnet nanodiscs, when below a critical size and in the absence of any external field, relax to a vortex phase as the ground state due to the demagnetizing field. Simulations demonstrate that the planar chirality of such a ferromagnet nanodisc can be switched via a time‐wise asymmetric electric field pulse on the order of a few ns duration that generates radially varying tangential magnetic fields. These fields couple to the vortex state of the nanodisc ferromagnet electrodynamically, revealing an effective and robust method to control chirality.
Helmholtz‐Resonator Metasurface Based High‐Efficiency Acoustic Focusing Lens
Authors: Liu Hongjun , Zheng Ying , Lu Yu , Kang Qianlong , Guo Kai , Guo Zhongyi
Published: July 2021

The high‐efficiency transmitted acoustic focusing lenses based on the Helmholtz resonator (HR) metasurface is reported. The proposed lenses demonstrate superior focusing performances, which can provide deep‐subwavelength resolution. The proposed lenses demonstrate superior focusing performances, in which the performances of acoustic focusing metasurface is investigated in details and the bandwidth of the metasurface with hybrid resonant structures is broadened. For the former, the effects of different numerical apertures, different focusing distances, and different incidence angles are investigated. At the same time, off‐axis focusing and spherical wave focusing lenses are also demonstrated. For the latter, by spacing the HR elements with different resonant frequencies, a broad‐band acoustic lens is also designed and achieved, in which the favorable focusing performance can be realized in a relative wider frequency range. The proposed designs provide great potential applications in many scenarios, such as nondestructive testing, ultrasonic medical treatment and so on.
A new flame‐retardant medium density fiberboard with no formaldehyde release: Wood fiber cell walls template zeolite via in situ thermocompression
Authors: Li Ran , Feng Lifei , Liang Yuxin , Gao Jie , Yang Wenbin
Published: July 2021

Fiberboard which is not flame retardant and releases formaldehyde is widely used in residents' life, which brings serious problems. Now, we use water glass and Al2(SO4)3 to form zeolite precursor, and use UP as adhesive to prepare zeolite‐based flame retardant formaldehyde‐free medium density fiberboard in situ within a few minutes. The molecular sieve structure was characterized by SEM, TEM, BET, and XRD. At the same time, we put forward the possible mechanism of zeolite formation according to the internal temperature and pressure test during fiberboard production. Wood fiber is coated with zeolite, which separates pyrolysis gas from air and avoids further combustion, resulting in low heat release, low smoke and toxic carbon monoxide emission, high residue, and good flame retardant performance. Furthermore, the formaldehyde emission of the formaldehyde‐free flame retardant board is 0.047 mg/L, which proves that it does not contain formaldehyde.
Some factors affecting pore size in the synthesis of rigid polymer monoliths: Theory and its applicability
Authors: Korzhikova‐Vlakh Evgenia G. , Tennikova Tatiana B.
Published: July 2021

Macroporous monoliths represent now widely used materials whose successful application strongly depends on their characteristics. Among those the average pore size is one of the key parameters. In this paper, we consider the applicability of theoretical calculations for the selection of appropriate porogens to generate the materials with required average pore size. A set of macroporous poly(meth)acrylate monoliths was synthesized via thermo‐ and photo‐initiated free radical polymerization and characterized in regards to their average pore size. Additionally, the difference in solubility parameters as well as Hansen's solubility parameter distance between monomers and porogens were calculated for each polymerization mixture using Hildebrand's and Hansen's solubility theories. The theoretical predications and experimental data were compared and analyzed to establish the applicability of theoretical calculations to previse average pore size for different systems. It was found that Hildebrand's theory seems to be poorly appropriate as universal tool, while Hansen's theoretical approach explained better the efficiency of solvents as porogens. The application of oligomers and polymer solutions due to the increase of viscosity as well as the variation of crosslinker amount in the monomer system can be singled out as Hansen's theory limitations at the prediction of the average pore size.
Cooperative Photocatalysis with 4‐Amino‐TEMPO for Selective Aerobic Oxidation of Amines over TiO2 Nanotubes
Authors: Wang Yuexin , Zhou Jun , Ma Xiaoming , Li Xia , Lang Xianjun
Published: July 2021

Attaching π‐conjugated molecules onto TiO2 can form surface complexes that could capture visible light. However, to make these TiO2 surface complexes durable, integrating 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO) or its analogues as a redox mediator with photocatalysis is the key to constructing selective chemical transformations. Herein, sodium 6,7‐dihydroxynaphthalene‐2‐sulfonate (DHNS) was obtained by extending the π‐conjugated system of catechol by adding a benzene ring and a substituent sodium sulfonate (−SO3−Na+). The DHNS−TiO2 showed the best photocatalytic activity towards the blue light‐induced selective aerobic oxidation of benzylamine. Compared to TEMPO, 4‐amino‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (4‐amino‐TEMPO) could rise above 70% in conversion of benzylamine over the DHNS−TiO2 photocatalyst. Eventually, a wide range of amines could be selectively oxidized into imines with atmospheric O2 by cooperative photocatalysis of DHNS−TiO2 with 4‐amino‐TEMPO. Notably, superoxide (O2•−) is crucial in coupling the photocatalytic cycle of DHNS−TiO2 and the redox cycle of 4‐amino‐TEMPO. This work underscores the design of surface ligands for semiconductors and the selection of a redox mediator in visible light photocatalysis for selective chemical transformations.
Galileis Verbrechen: Kepler, Galilei und das crimen laesae humanitatis
Authors: Kleinert Andreas
Published: July 2021

Johannes Kepler is often cited as a witness to scholars’ resistance to the shift from Latin to vernacular languages in the scientific literature in the early 17th century. Allegedly he was unable to read Italian, and reacted to Galileo's transition from Latin to Italian by accusing him of committing a crimen laesae humanitatis, with the double sense of “crime against humanity” and “crime against classical scholarship”. The paper shows that this claim is groundless. The arguments are as follows: 1. Kepler's alledged remark about Galileo is not documented in Kepler's works. 2. Kepler was very well able to read Italian books. 3. The expression crimen laesae humanitatis is not attested in the neo‐Latin literature of the 17th century 4. All the references of this statement can be traced back to a book by the Heidelberg professor of Romance Studies Leonardo Olschki of 1922, who did not mark the expression as a quotation and who did not give any source reference. 5. Kepler himself published scientific texts in his native German and contributed to the development of a German astronomical terminology.
Dynamic regulation of membrane integrity to enhance l‐malate stress tolerance in Candida glabrata
Authors: Liang Guangjie , Zhou Pei , Lu Jiaxin , Liu Hui , Qi Yanli , Gao Cong , Guo Liang , Hu Guipeng , Chen Xiulai , Liu Liming
Published: July 2021

Microbial cell factories provide a sustainable and economical way to produce chemicals from renewable feedstocks. However, the accumulation of targeted chemicals can reduce the robustness of the industrial strains and affect the production performance. Here, the physiological functions of Mediator tail subunit CgMed16 at l‐malate stress were investigated. Deletion of CgMed16 decreased the survival, biomass, and half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) by 40.4%, 34.0%, and 30.6%, respectively, at 25 g/L l‐malate stress. Transcriptome analysis showed that this growth defect was attributable to changes in the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. In addition, tolerance transcription factors CgUSV1 and CgYAP3 were found to interact with CgMed16 to regulate sterol biosynthesis and glycerophospholipid metabolism, respectively, ultimately endowing strains with excellent membrane integrity to resist l‐malate stress. Furthermore, a dynamic tolerance system (DTS) was constructed based on CgUSV1, CgYAP3, and an l‐malate‐driven promoter Pcgr‐10 to improve the robustness and productive capacity of Candida glabrata. As a result, the biomass, survival, and membrane integrity of C. glabrata 012 (with DTS) increased by 22.6%, 31.3%, and 53.8%, respectively, compared with those of strain 011 (without DTS). Therefore, at shake‐flask scale, strain 012 accumulated 35.5 g/L l‐malate, and the titer and productivity of l‐malate increased by 32.5% and 32.1%, respectively, compared with those of strain 011. This study provides a novel strategy for the rational design and construction of DTS for dynamically enhancing the robustness of industrial strains.
Two New Halogenated Compounds from the Marine Red Alga Laurencia nipponica Yamada from the Kunashiri and Etorofu Islands
Authors: Sato Kosuke , Kaneko Kensuke , Kamekawa Tsuyoshi , Taba Kanako , Ishigami Shinnosuke , Wada Masahiro , Ishii Takahiro , Abe Tsuyoshi , Kamada Takashi , Suzuki Minoru
Published: July 2021

The red alga Laurencia nipponica comprises various chemical races distributed relative to the ocean current in Japanese coastal areas. We investigated the chemical compositions and chemical races of L. nipponica distributed from the Kunashiri and Etorofu Islands, the confluence of the Soya warm current and Oya‐shio cold current. Two new halogenated secondary metabolites, deacetylneonipponallene (1) and neopacifenol (2), along with four known compounds, deoxyprepacifenol (3), pacifenol (4), halo‐chamigrene diether (5), and isolaurallene (6) were isolated from L. nipponica collected at Chikappunai, Kunashiri Island, while Zaimokuiwa (Kunashiri Island) and Sana (Etorofu Island) populations contained 3, 7‐hydroxylaurene (7), 2,10‐dibromo‐3‐chloro‐9‐hydroxy‐α‐chamigrene (8), and (3Z)‐laurefucin (9). The structures of 1 and 2 were established using spectroscopic methods. The chemical races of L. nipponica distributed in this area were divided into 6‐ and 9‐producing races. Interestingly, both races contained 4 as an additional race‐index, as well as its derivatives, 2 and 5. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a race comprising a mixture of two race‐index compounds, suggesting that the convergence of two currents causes the production of new and diverse chemical races in this species.
Peptide Cyclization Mediated by Metal‐Free S‐Arylation: S‐Protected Cysteine Sulfoxide as an Umpolung of the Cysteine Nucleophile
Authors: Kobayashi Daishiro , Kohmura Yutaka , Sugiki Toshihiko , Kuraoka Eisuke , Denda Masaya , Fujiwara Toshimichi , Otaka Akira
Published: July 2021

Covalent linking of side chains provides a method to produce cyclic or stapled peptides that are important in developing peptide‐based drugs. A variety of crosslinking formats contribute to fixing the active conformer and prolonging its biological activity under physiological conditions. One format uses the cysteine thiol to participate in crosslinking through nucleophilic thiolate anions or thiyl radicals to form thioether and disulfide bonds. Removal of the S‐protection from an S‐protected Cys derivative generates the thiol, which functions as a nucleophile. S‐Oxidation of a protected Cys allows the formation of a sulfoxide that operates as an umpolung electrophile. Herein, the applicability of S‐p‐methoxybenzyl Cys sulfoxide (Cys(MBzl)(O)) to the formation of a thioether linkage between tryptophan and Cys has been investigated. The reaction of peptides containing Cys(MBzl)(O) and Trp with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFMSA) or methanesulfonic acid (MSA) in TFA in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride (Gn ⋅ HCl) proceeded to give cyclic or stapled peptides possessing the Cys‐Trp thioether linkage. In this reaction, strong acids such as TFMSA or MSA are necessary to activate the sulfoxide. Additionally, Gn ⋅ HCl plays a critical role in producing an electrophilic Cys derivative that combines with the indole by aromatic electrophilic substitution. The findings led us to conclude that the less‐electrophilic Cys(MBzl)(O) serves as an acid‐activated umpolung of a Cys nucleophile and is useful for S‐arylation‐mediated peptide cyclization.
Numerical simulation of nanofluids forced convection in a corrugated double‐pipe heat exchanger
Authors: Ding Zi , Qi Cong , Luo Tao , Wang Yuxing , Tu Jianglin , Wang Chengchao
Published: July 2021

In this study, the heat transfer and flow characteristics of TiO2‐H2O nanofluids with TiO2 mass fractions of 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 wt.% in corrugated and smooth double‐pipe heat exchangers were compared using numerical simulations. The results demonstrated that TiO2‐H2O nanofluids effectively enhanced the heat transfer compared to deionized water, and that the heat exchange capacity gradually increased with the TiO2 mass fraction. The corrugated pipe heat exchanger disturbed the fluid flow on both the shell side and pipe side, breaking the boundary layer and creating vortices in the corrugated zone. This provided a higher heat transfer capability than the smooth double‐pipe heat exchanger, but also increased the fluid flow resistance in the pipe. In general, the use of nanofluids and corrugated pipes was found to significantly improve the heat transfer efficiency of the double‐pipe heat exchanger.
MW‐assisted hydrothermal liquefaction of spent coffee grounds
Authors: Yang Jie , Niu Haibo , Corscadden Kenneth , He Quan , Zhou Ningning
Published: July 2021

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is an attractive technology to process biomass to biocrude and hydrochar, and most studies have been using batch, tube, or continuous reactors with conventional heating. Attempts on microwave (MW)‐assisted HTL (MW‐HTL) is limited, and the effect of the heating rate on product distribution remains unexplored. There is also a lack of information on the MW effect in HTL processes. This study focused on the HTL of spent coffee grounds (SCG, most of which are currently disposed of in landfills) under MW irradiation. The investigation on the effect of heating rate revealed that increasing heating rate from 4.5 to 13.5°C/min promoted the biocrude formation and reduced the amount of solid residue. A low feedstock concentration of 8.3 wt.% was favourable for MW‐HTL of SCG compared to 14.3 wt.%. At a reaction temperature of 270°C, the biocrude yield gradually increased from 20.9 to 30.1 wt.% in response to an increase in reaction time from 0 to 20 min. In terms of the quality of products derived from MW‐HTL, the biocrude exhibited a satisfactory higher heating value (31.3 MJ/kg), and the solid residue, hydrochar, had a high specific surface area of 247.5 m2/g. As for the MW effect, MW and conventional heating resulted in comparable biocrude yield (27.8 vs. 25.7 wt.%, respectively). The characterization of biocrude, hydrochar, and aqueous phase also suggested that MW irradiation had no significant promotion effect on HTL under the experimental conditions in the study.
Effects of rivaroxaban and warfarin on the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Jiang Hongcheng , Jiang Yue , Ma Haotian , Zeng Hesong , Lv Jiagao
Published: July 2021

To assess the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) after the use of rivaroxaban or warfarin. To investigate the effects of rivaroxaban and warfarin on gastrointestinal and intracranial hemorrhage in patients with AF, we searched PubMed, Embase, and Medline from the establishment of databases up to 2020. We finally included 38 observational studies involving 1 312 609 patients for the assessment of intracranial hemorrhage, and 33 observational studies involving 1 332 956 patients for the assessment of gastrointestinal bleeding. The rates of intracranial hemorrhage were 0.55% in the rivaroxaban group versus 0.91% in the warfarin group (OR 0.59; 95% CI 0.53–0.66; p < .00001, I2 = 78%). The rates of gastrointestinal bleeding were 2.63% in patients with rivaroxaban versus 2.48% in those with warfarin (OR 1.06; 95% CI 0.96–1.17; p < .00001, I2 = 94%). Rivaroxaban could significantly reduce the risk of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with AF than warfarin, but the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding remained controversy due to no statistical significant difference. Notably, a subgroup analysis demonstrated that patients in rivaroxaban group with severe chronic renal diseases or undergoing hemodialysis exposed to less gastrointestinal hemorrhage risk than the group from warfarin.
Outcome of alcohol septal ablation in mildly symptomatic patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: A comparison with medical therapy
Authors: Li Peijin , Xue Yuguo , Sun Jiejun , Chen Maolin , Yu Xianpeng , Zhao Hua , Gao Yuechun , Zhang Xiaoling , Jiang Tengyong , He Jiqiang
Published: July 2021

Objective

The aim of this study was primarily to determine efficacy after alcohol septal ablation (ASA) in mildly symptomatic patients (NYHA class II) with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), as compared to medical therapy.

Methods

This retrospective study included 163 mildly symptomatic patients with HOCM evaluated in Beijing Anzhen Hospital between March 2001 and August 2019, consisting of the medical group (n = 105) and the ASA group (n = 58). All‐cause mortality and HCM‐related death were mainly observed.

Results

Follow‐up was completed in 161 patients and the median follow‐up was 6.0 years. Compared to medically treated patients, patients post‐ASA had comparable survival free of all‐cause mortality (98.3% and 95.1% vs. 93.0% and 83.1% at 5 and 10 years, respectively; p = 0.374). Survival free of HCM‐related death was also similar between ASA and medical groups (98.3% and 95.1% vs. 94.3% and 86.2% at 5 and 10 years, respectively; p = 0.608). However, compared to medical therapy, ASA had advantages on the improvement of NYHA class (1.4 ± 0.6 vs. 2.1 ± 0.5, p = .000) and lower occurrence of new‐onset atrial fibrillation (AF) (7.8% vs. 20.4%, p = .048). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that resting LVOT gradient at the last clinical check‐up was an independent predictor of all‐cause mortality (HR = 1.021, 95%CI 1.002–1.040, p = .027).

Conclusion

This registry suggests that mildly symptomatic patients with HOCM treated with ASA have comparable survival to that of medically treated patients, with the improvement of NYHA class and lower occurrence of new‐onset AF. All‐cause mortality is independently associated with resting LVOT gradient at the last clinical check‐up.
Multi‐objective design optimization of dental implant geometrical parameters
Authors: Moradi Hamidreza , Beh Aein Roozbeh , Youssef George
Published: July 2021

In‐silico investigations are becoming an integral part of the development of novel biomedical devices, including dental implants. Using computer simulations can streamline the process by tuning different geometrical and structural features, emphasizing the osseointegration of the implant design a priori, leading to the optimal designs in preparation for in‐vivo trails. This research aims to elucidate the interrelationship between 12 geometrical variables that holistically define the shape of the implant. The approach to achieve optimality hinged on coupling the finite element analysis results with the fractional factorial design method. The latter was used to determine the most influential variables during the screening process, followed by the parameter optimization process using the response surface method, regarding four different objectives, namely: bone‐implant contact area, volume of trabecular bone dead cells, volume of cortical bone dead cells, and axial displacement. This resulted in reducing the number of virtual experiments and substantially decreasing the computational cost without compromising the accuracy of the solution. It was found that the optimized values improved the performance significantly. The validity of all models was verified by comparing optimized responses with simulation results. A sensitivity analysis was performed on all five optimized models to address the effect of friction coefficient on the implant‐bone joint interaction. It was shown that the mechanical behavior of implant‐bone would be independent in higher friction coefficients. The significance of this study is demonstrated in determining the most effective and optimized values of all possible geometrical parameters considering their singular or interactive effects.
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Formulation of Liver‐Distributed Farnesoid X‐Receptor Agonist TERN‐101 in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Wang Yujin , Crittenden Daria B. , Eng Clarence , Zhang Qiong , Guo Pengfei , Chung Diana , Fenaux Martijn , Klucher Kevin , Jones Christopher , Jin Feng , Quirk Erin , Charlton Michael R.
Published: July 2021

TERN‐101 is a nonsteroidal farnesoid X‐receptor agonist being developed for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We assessed the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of TERN‐101 capsule and tablet formulations in healthy volunteers. In a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study, 38 participants were enrolled and randomized to receive placebo or 25‐, 75‐, or 150‐mg TERN‐101 capsules orally once daily for 7 days. In a separate open‐label PK and formulation‐bridging study, 16 participants received single doses of TERN‐101 tablets (5 and 25 mg) or capsules (25 mg). TERN‐101 was overall well‐tolerated in this healthy volunteer population; no pruritus was reported. TERN‐101 capsule administration over 7 days resulted in decreases in serum 7α‐hydroxy‐4‐cholesten‐3‐one that were sustained for 24 hours after the last dose (maximum suppression 91% from baseline), indicating target engagement in the liver. TERN‐101 capsules exhibited less than dose‐proportional PK. Relative to capsules, TERN‐101 tablets showed increased bioavailability, with 24‐hour plasma exposure of the 5‐mg tablet similar to that of the 25‐mg capsule. There was no significant effect of food on exposure. The overall safety, PK, and PD profiles of TERN‐101 support its further evaluation for the treatment of NASH.