bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Dyslipidemia in Periodontitis
Authors: Bitencourt Fernando Valentim , Nascimento Gustavo G. , Costa Susilena Arouche , Orrico Silvana Regina Perez , Ribeiro Cecilia Claudia Costa , Leite Fábio Renato Manzolli
Published: January 2023

Studies have suggested an important role of dyslipidemia, a condition with alterations in blood lipid levels, in promoting an additional effect on periodontal breakdown. Thus, this study aimed to explore the theoretical pathways associated with dyslipidemia and periodontitis. We used data from 11,917 US adults with complete periodontal examinations participating in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Our hypothesis was tested using structural equation modelling (SEM). Dyslipidemia was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP-ATP III) and periodontitis as a latent variable reflecting the shared variance of the number of surfaces with periodontal pocket depth [PPD] = 4 mm, PPD = 5 mm, PPD ≥ 6 mm, clinical attachment level [CAL] = 4 mm, CAL = 5mm, CAL ≥ 6 mm, and furcation involvement. The model also considered distal determinants (age, sex, and socioeconomic status) and proximal determinants (HbA1c, smoking and alcohol consumption, and obesity). The model showed sufficient global fit (Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation = 0.04, 90%CI = 0.04–0.05, Tucker–Lewis Index = 0.93, Comparative Fit Index = 0.95). Age, sex, socioeconomic status, obesity, and smoking were directly associated with periodontitis (p < 0.01). Dyslipidemia revealed a significant direct effect on periodontitis (standardized coefficient [SC] = 0.086, SE 0.027; p < 0.01), also mediated via an indirect pathway through HbA1c (SC = 0.021; SE 0.010; p = 0.02) and obesity (SC = 0.036; SE 0.012; p < 0.01) and resulted in a total effect on periodontitis. Dyslipidemia was associated with periodontitis through a direct pathway and indirectly through HbA1c and obesity in the US population. These results support the need for a multi-professional approach to tackling oral and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), directed at their common risk factors.
Fresh Beef and Lamb Consumption in Relation to Nutrient Intakes and Markers of Nutrition and Health Status among the Population Aged 5–90 Years in Ireland
Authors: Kehoe Laura , O’Sullivan Emma , Cocking Chris , McNulty Breige A. , Nugent Anne P. , Cashman Kevin D. , Flynn Albert , Walton Janette
Published: January 2023

The dietary role of meat is under scrutiny for health and environmental reasons, yet a growing body of evidence proposes that advice to limit red meat consumption is unnecessarily restrictive. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ‘fresh beef and lamb’ in the diet of the population (5–90 years) in Ireland and its association with markers of nutrition and health status. Analyses are based on data from three nationally representative dietary surveys in the Republic of Ireland. Dietary intake data were estimated using food records, and nutrient intakes were estimated based on UK and Irish food composition tables. Biochemical samples were collected and analysed using standard procedures. ‘Fresh beef and lamb’ (defined as beef/lamb that had not undergone any preserving process other than chilling/freezing/quick-freezing) was consumed by 68–84% of the population and intakes ranged from 19 to 43 g/d across age groups. It made important contributions to intakes of protein, monounsaturated fat, vitamins D, B12, niacin, iron and zinc while also contributing relatively small proportions of total fat, saturated fat and salt. Higher consumption of ‘fresh beef and lamb’ was associated with higher intakes of protein, niacin, vitamins B6, B12, zinc and potassium (but also total fat) and lower intakes of carbohydrate and total sugars (but also dietary fibre). In adults, older adults and WCBA, higher consumption of ‘fresh beef and lamb’ was not associated with increased risk factors of cardio-metabolic diseases nor was it associated with better or poorer nutritional status for vitamins D, B12 or iron. This study adds to the evidence base on the contribution of ‘fresh beef and lamb’ in the diet and may be useful to policymakers updating guidance for healthy diets from sustainable food systems.
Fecal and Tissue Microbiota Are Associated with Tumor T-Cell Infiltration and Mesenteric Lymph Node Involvement in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Luu Kayti , Ye Jason Y. , Lagishetty Venu , Liang Fengting , Hauer Megan , Sedighian Farzaneh , Kwaan Mary R. , Kazanjian Kevork K. , Hecht J. Randolph , Lin Anne Y. , Jacobs Jonathan P.
Published: January 2023

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with alterations of the fecal and tissue-associated microbiome. Preclinical models support a pathogenic role of the microbiome in CRC, including in promoting metastasis and modulating antitumor immune responses. To investigate whether the microbiome is associated with lymph node metastasis and T cell infiltration in human CRC, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of feces, tumor core, tumor surface, and healthy adjacent tissue collected from 34 CRC patients undergoing surgery (28 fecal samples and 39 tissue samples). Tissue microbiome profiles—including increased Fusobacterium—were significantly associated with mesenteric lymph node (MLN) involvement. Fecal microbes were also associated with MLN involvement and accurately classified CRC patients into those with or without MLN involvement. Tumor T cell infiltration was assessed by immunohistochemical staining of CD3 and CD8 in tumor tissue sections. Tumor core microbiota, including members of the Blautia and Faecalibacterium genera, were significantly associated with tumor T cell infiltration. Abundance of specific fecal microbes including a member of the Roseburia genus predicted high vs. low total and cytotoxic T cell infiltration in random forests classifiers. These findings support a link between the microbiome and antitumor immune responses that may influence prognosis of locally advanced CRC.
Phytoestrogens and Health Effects
Authors: Canivenc-Lavier Marie-Chantal , Bennetau-Pelissero Catherine
Published: January 2023

Phytoestrogens are literally estrogenic substances of plant origin. Although these substances are useful for plants in many aspects, their estrogenic properties are essentially relevant to their predators. As such, phytoestrogens can be considered to be substances potentially dedicated to plant–predator interaction. Therefore, it is not surprising to note that the word phytoestrogen comes from the early discovery of estrogenic effects in grazing animals and humans. Here, several compounds whose activities have been discovered at nutritional concentrations in animals and humans are examined. The substances analyzed belong to several chemical families, i.e., the flavanones, the coumestans, the resorcylic acid lactones, the isoflavones, and the enterolignans. Following their definition and the evocation of their role in plants, their metabolic transformations and bioavailabilities are discussed. A point is then made regarding their health effects, which can either be beneficial or adverse depending on the subject studied, the sex, the age, and the physiological status. Toxicological information is given based on official data. The effects are first presented in humans. Animal models are evoked when no data are available in humans. The effects are presented with a constant reference to doses and plausible exposure.
Estimated Impact of Achieving the Australian National Sodium Reduction Targets on Blood Pressure, Chronic Kidney Disease Burden and Healthcare Costs: A Modelling Study
Authors: Aminde Leopold Ndemnge , Wanjau Mary Njeri , Cobiac Linda J. , Veerman J. Lennert
Published: January 2023

Excess sodium intake raises blood pressure which increases the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We aimed to estimate the impact of reduced sodium intake on future CKD burden in Australia. A multi-cohort proportional multistate lifetable model was developed to estimate the potential impact on CKD burden and health expenditure if the Australian Suggested Dietary Target (SDT) and the National Preventive Health Strategy 2021–2030 (NPHS) sodium target were achieved. Outcomes were projected to 2030 and over the lifetime of adults alive in 2019. Achieving the SDT and NPHS targets could lower population mean systolic blood pressure by 2.1 mmHg and 1.7 mmHg, respectively. Compared to normal routines, attaining the SDT and NPHS target by 2030 could prevent 59,220 (95% UI, 53,140–65,500) and 49,890 (44,377–55,569) incident CKD events, respectively, while postponing 568 (479–652) and 511 (426–590) CKD deaths, respectively. Over the lifetime, this generated 199,488 health-adjusted life years (HALYs) and AUD 644 million in CKD healthcare savings for the SDT and 170,425 HALYs and AUD 514 million for the NPHS. CKD due to hypertension and CKD due to other/unspecified causes were the principal contributors to the HALY gains. Lowering sodium consumption in Australia could deliver substantial CKD health and economic benefits.
Association between Dietary Zinc Intake, Serum Zinc Level and Multiple Comorbidities in Older Adults
Authors: Ruangritchankul Sirasa , Sumananusorn Chutima , Sirivarasai Jintana , Monsuwan Wutarak , Sritara Piyamitr
Published: January 2023

Zinc is one of the essential micronutrients in the geriatric population, but the importance of zinc status and dietary zinc intake has been poorly characterized. We aimed to explore the relationships among dietary zinc intake, serum zinc concentrations and multimorbidity in a cross-sectional study of 300 employees of Electric Generating Authority of Thailand aged ≥ 60 years. Comprehensive questionnaires were completed, and clinical and laboratory assessments were performed. Factors associated with low serum zinc concentrations were identified using multivariate multinomial logistic regression analyses. The mean serum zinc level was 80.5 (12.8) µg/dL. After adjustment for baseline characteristics, being female and having been in education for ≤12 years were independent risk factors for the lowest tertile (T1) of serum zinc. After additional adjustment for clinical and biochemical parameters, there was a significant association between depression (Thai Geriatric Depression Scale-15 score > 5) and low serum zinc levels (T1 vs. T3, odds ratio (OR): 2.24; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06–4.77). Furthermore, as serum albumin increased, serum zinc concentration substantially increased (T1 vs. T3, OR: 0.01; 95% CI: 0.002–0.070). Therefore, the early detection of risk factors and the further management of depression and low serum albumin may assist physicians in preventing low serum concentrations.
Nutritional and Exercise-Focused Lifestyle Interventions and Glycemic Control in Women with Diabetes in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials
Authors: Dingena Cassy F. , Arofikina Daria , Campbell Matthew D. , Holmes Melvin J. , Scott Eleanor M. , Zulyniak Michael A.
Published: January 2023

Diabetes disrupts one in six pregnancies, bestowing immediate and long-term health risks to mother and child. Diet and exercise are commonly prescribed to control dysglycemia, but their effectiveness across sub-populations and types of diabetes (type-1; type-2; or gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM) is uncertain. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of diet and/or exercise on glycemia in pregnant women with diabetes was conducted. Random effects models were used to evaluate effect sizes across studies and anticipated confounders (e.g., age, ethnicity, BMI). Of the 4845 records retrieved, 26 studies (8 nutritional supplements, 12 dietary, and 6 exercise interventions) were included. All studies were conducted in patients with GDM. Overall, supplement- and exercise-based interventions reduced fasting glucose (−0.30 mmol/L; 95% CI = −0.55, −0.06; p = 0.02; and 0.10 mmol/L; 95% CI = −0.20, −0.01; p = 0.04); and supplement- and diet-based interventions reduced HOMA-IR (−0.40; 95% CI = −0.58, −0.22; p < 0.001; and −1.15; 95% CI = −2.12, −0.17; p = 0.02). Subgroup analysis by confounders only confirmed marginal changed effect sizes. Our results suggest a favorable role of certain nutritional supplements, diet, and exercise practices on glycemia in women with GDM and underline a lack of evidence in ~20% of other diabetes-related pregnancies (i.e., women with pre-existing diabetes).
A Simple Estimate of Visceral Fat Area by Multifrequency Bioimpedance Analysis Is Associated with Multiple Biomarkers of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Disease: A Pilot Study
Authors: Vella Chantal A. , Nelson Megan C.
Published: January 2023

There is a need for identifying whether simple techniques for estimating visceral fat can accurately predict inflammatory and cardiometabolic disease (CMD) biomarkers in various populations. We aimed to determine whether a simple estimate of visceral fat area by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MFBIA) was independently associated with multiple biomarkers of inflammation and CMD. Seventy-eight men and women (mean ± SD: age 52.0 ± 10.8 y; visceral fat area 105.6 ± 55.0 cm2) self-reported their medical histories and activity levels. Visceral fat area was estimated with MFBIA, CMD and inflammatory biomarkers were measured by fasting blood draw, and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Associations were assessed using multivariable linear regression. With adjustment for age, sex, height, race/ethnicity, family history of diabetes, and smoking, a 1-standard deviation (1-SD) increase in visceral fat (55 cm2) was associated with higher levels of insulin (60.4%), triglycerides (43.6%), C-reactive protein (38.7%), interleukin-6 (33.9%), leptin (77.9%), and HOMA-IR (51.8%, p < 0.01 for all). These associations were attenuated but remained significant when physical activity and sedentary behavior were entered into the model (p ≤ 0.01). These findings suggest that a simple estimate of visceral fat area by MFBIA may be a good indicator of increased CMD risk and may be useful in clinical practice.
Identification and Characterization of New Seedborne Pathogens in Phaseolus vulgaris Landraces of Southern Italy
Authors: Dell’Olmo Eliana , Zaccardelli Massimo , Basile Boris , Corrado Giandomenico , Sigillo Loredana
Published: January 2023

The diagnostic survey of seedborne fungal pathogens is fundamental for symptomless material stored in gene banks to avoid the diffusion of pathogens by germplasm distribution and propagation. In this work, seeds of Southern Italian landraces of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) belonging to the gene bank at CREA (Italy) were inspected to assess their phytosanitary status. The phytopathological analysis revealed the presence of the most common pathogens associated with common bean seeds such as Fusarium spp., Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and Diaporthe/Phomopsis complex. However, new fungi able to completely inhibit seed germination were also observed. The most aggressive were isolated, and the morpho-pathological characterization, DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis allowed us to define the strains as Botryosphaeria dothidea CREA OF 360.4 and Diplodia mutila CREA OF 420.36. These two plant pathogens are generally associated with grapevines and other fruit trees. Pathogenicity tests were carried out along with a transmissibility test in which the transmission of the pathogens to the seedlings was proven. Host range experiments revealed the ability of these pathogens to infect crops such as pepper and melon. To our knowledge, this is the first time that B. dothidea and D. mutila were detected on the common bean.
Stabilization of Acne Vulgaris-Associated Microbial Dysbiosis with 2% Supramolecular Salicylic Acid
Authors: Bilal Hazrat , Xiao Yuanyuan , Khan Muhammad Nadeem , Chen Jinyu , Wang Qian , Zeng Yuebin , Lin Xinyu
Published: January 2023

Facial microbiota dysbiosis is an important factor in causing acne vulgaris. The present study aimed to analyze the effect of 2% Supramolecular Salicylic Acid (SSA) on acne-associated facial bacteria. In the current study, 30 acne vulgaris patients (treated with 2% SSA for eight weeks) and ten volunteers with no facial acne were selected. Samples from acne patients (before and after treatment) and volunteers (not treated) were analyzed via high throughput sequencing, Deblur algorithm, and R microbiome package. After treatment with 2% SSA, the total lesion count and global acne grading system (GAGS) score reduced significantly (p < 0.001). Metagenomic sequencing analysis revealed that the pre-treated acne group had low α and deviated β diversity compared to the control and post-treated acne groups. Due to the treatment with 2% SSA, α diversity index was increased and β diversity was stabilized significantly (p < 0.001). The relative abundance of bacterial genera in the pre-treated acne group was uneven and had a high proportion of Staphylococcus, Ralstonia, and Streptococcus. The proportion of these three genera was significantly decreased in the post-treated group, and overall bacteria genera distribution tends toward the healthy individual. It is concluded that 2% SSA normalizes the microbial communities associated with the skin.
Patients’ Perception in Japan Regarding the Appropriate Use of Antimicrobial Drugs: A Questionnaire Survey
Authors: Matsui Hikaru , Abe Shinya , Obara Taku , Sato Tasuku , Yoshimachi Shouko , Nomura Kazuhiko
Published: January 2023

This study sought to investigate the actual status of awareness regarding the appropriate use of antimicrobial drugs among patients of a wide age range who visit dispensing pharmacies in order to explore more effective intervention methods for improving awareness of the appropriate use of antimicrobial drugs for patients. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 1301 patients who visited different Tsuruha Holdings-operated pharmacies between 1 September 2018 and 31 October 2018. Using multiple regression analysis, we calculated scores based on the patients’ answers regarding their knowledge of antimicrobial drugs and antimicrobial resistance and examined factors related to these scores. Of the 1185 respondents who successfully completed the survey (mean age ± SD, 52.5 ± 18.2 years), 37.2% were 60 years old or older, 13.2% had never or were not sure whether they had taken antimicrobial drugs, and 73.2% did not understand the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Older age, the non-usage of drugs and self-reports of the “lack” of knowledge of antimicrobial resistance were identified as the group that needs education regarding the appropriate use of antimicrobial drugs. Intervention studies should be conducted to examine the efficacy of interventions based on these factors.
Orthogonally Polarized Dual-Wavelength Gain-Switched Ho:LuLiF4 Pulse Laser
Authors: Hu Guanqu , Cui Jinhui , Tian Fengjun , Gao Zhengxin , Yan Shixiong , Liu Sichen , Zhang Xinlu , Li Li
Published: January 2023

A compact, orthogonally polarized, gain-switched a-cut Ho:LuLiF4 laser with intra-cavity pumping by a self-Q-switched Tm:YAP laser is demonstrated here for the first time. The π-polarization laser at 2052 nm and σ-polarization laser at 2066 nm were experimentally observed with the maximum output power values of 299 mW and 126 mW, respectively, and the two polarization directions were always kept mutually orthogonal as the pump power increased. The ratio of the output power between the two orthogonal polarization lasers was nearly 1:1 at a pump power of 18.4 W. The minimum pulse width of the Ho:LLF laser was 326 ns, the maximum repetition rate was 24 kHz, and the maximum average energy was 28 μJ.
Structural Color of Multi-Order Fabry–Perot Resonator Based on Sc0.2Sb2Te3 Enhanced Saturated Reflection Color
Authors: Lian Yangbo , Zhang Yongzhi , Liu Furong , Chen Qingyuan , Zhang Lulu , Yin Boshuo
Published: January 2023

The structural color based on the Fabry–Perot (F–P) resonator has been extensively applied lithography-free and tunable color displays. Conventional F–P cavity-based structural color technology exhibits a wide half maximum full width (fwhm), thus causing low color saturation. In this study, a Sc0.2Sb2Te3(SST) based structure of multi-order F–P cavity resonance was proposed to obtain high-saturation colors. The surface absorber of the multi-order F–P resonator structure was coated with an SST film, such that the reflection effect at nonresonant wavelengths was reduced. Moreover, ITO layer stacking served as F–P cavity resonance for multi-level modulation, and only a resonant wavelength was allowed to reflect. On that basis, the fwhm of nearly 25 nm and a peak reflectance of 90 was achieved. With the above structure, the color saturation can be dynamically regulated by the phase state of the SST. It is noteworthy that 60% sRGB color gamut space and 50% aRGB color gamut space can be currently achieved. The proposed modulation subsurface is expected to expand the color range of high-level and micro-nano display technology.
Genetic Diversity and Geographic Distribution of Cucurbit-Infecting Begomoviruses in the Philippines
Authors: Neoh Zhuan Yi , Lai Hsuan-Chun , Lin Chung-Cheng , Suwor Patcharaporn , Tsai Wen-Shi
Published: January 2023

Cucurbits are important economic crops worldwide. However, the cucurbit leaf curl disease (CuLCD), caused by whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses constrains their production. In Southeast Asia, three major begomoviruses, Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), Squash leaf curl China virus (SLCCNV) and Squash leaf curl Philippines virus (SLCuPV) are associated with CuLCD. SLCuPV and SLCCNV were identified in Luzon, the Philippines. Here, the genetic diversity and geographic distribution of CuLCD-associated begomoviruses in the Philippines were studied based on 103 begomovirus detected out of 249 cucurbit samples collected from 60 locations throughout the country in 2018 and 2019. The presence of SLCCNV and SLCuPV throughout the Philippines were confirmed by begomovirus PCR detection and viral DNA sequence analysis. SLCuPV was determined as a predominant CuLCD-associated begomovirus and grouped into two strains. Interestingly, SLCCNV was detected in pumpkin and bottle gourd without associated viral DNA-B and mixed-infected with SLCuPV. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of selected isolates of SLCCNV and SLCuPV was confirmed. The results provide virus genetic diversity associated with CuLCD for further disease management, especially in developing the disease-resistant cultivars in the Philippines as well as Southeast Asia.
Use of Yucca (Yucca schidigera) Extracts as Biostimulants to Promote Germination and Early Vigor and as Natural Fungicides
Authors: Benito Patricia , Ligorio Daniele , Bellón Javier , Yenush Lynne , Mulet José M.
Published: January 2023

Climate change is increasing drought and salinity in many cultivated areas, therefore threatening food production. There is a great demand for novel agricultural inputs able to maintain yield under the conditions imposed by the anthropogenic global warming. Biostimulants have been proposed as a useful tool to achieve this objective. We have investigated the biostimulant effect of different yucca (Yucca schidigera) extracts on plant growth at different stages of development under different abiotic stress conditions. The extracts were tested in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and in three different crops; tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var microtom), broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa var romana). We have found that the investigated extracts are able to promote germination and early vigor under drought/osmotic and salt stress induced either by sodium chloride or lithium chloride. This effect is particularly strong in Arabidopsis thaliana and in the Brassicaceae broccoli. We have also determined using antibiograms against the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that the evaluated extracts may be used also as a natural fungicide. The results in this report show that yucca extracts may be used to enhance early vigor in some crops and as a natural fungicide, providing a new and useful tool for farmers.
Novel Tetraploid Triticale (Einkorn Wheat × Rye)—A Source of Stem Rust Resistance
Authors: Kwiatek Michał T. , Noweiska Aleksandra , Bobrowska Roksana , Czapiewska Adrianna , Aygün Mert , Munyamahoro Francois d’Assise , Mikołajczyk Sylwia , Tomkowiak Agnieszka , Kurasiak-Popowska Danuta , Poślednik Paweł
Published: January 2023

Among cereals, triticale (×Trititcoseale Wittmack ex A. Camus) represents a number of advantages such as high grain yield even in marginal environments, tolerance to drought, cold and acid soils, as well as lower production costs. Together with high biomass of grain and straw, triticale is also considered as an industrial energy crop. As an artificial hybrid, it has not evolved naturally, which is reflected in narrow genetic diversity causing a resistance collapse in recent years. Here, we describe a novel, synthetic tetraploid triticale, which was developed by the crossing of rye (Secale cereale L.) with einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum spp. monococcum), which possess Sr35 stem rust resistance gene. Three subsequent generations of alloploids were obtained by chromosome doubling followed by self-pollination. The cytogenetic analyses revealed that the amphiploids possess a set of 28 chromosomes (14 of Am-genome and 14 of R-genome). The values of the most important yield-shaping traits for these tetraploid triticale form, including thousand-grain weight, plant height and stem length were higher compared to parental genotypes, as well as standard hexaploid triticale cultivars. This study shows that this tetraploid triticale genetic stock can be an interesting pre-breeding germplasm for triticale improvement or can be developed as a new alternative crop.
Combination of Biochar and Functional Bacteria Drives the Ecological Improvement of Saline–Alkali Soil
Authors: Liang Shuang , Wang Sheng-Nan , Zhou Lu-Lu , Sun Shuo , Zhang Jian , Zhuang Lin-Lan
Published: January 2023

The addition of functional bacteria (FB) is low-cost and is widely applied in saline–alkali soil remediation, which may gradually become ineffective due to inter-specific competition with indigenous bacteria. To improve the adaptability of FB, the target FB strains were isolated from local saline–alkali soil, and the combined effects of FB and biochar were explored. The results showed that FB isolated from local soil showed better growth than the purchased strains under high saline–alkali conditions. However, the indigenous community still weakened the function of added FB. Biochar addition provided a specific niche and increased the relative abundance of FB, especially for Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota. As a result, the co-addition of 10% biochar and FB significantly increased the soil available phosphorus (AP) by 74.85% and available nitrogen (AN) by 114.53%. Zea Mays’s growth (in terms of height) was enhanced by 87.92% due to the decreased salinity stress and extra nutrients provided.
The Role of Nanoparticles in Response of Plants to Abiotic Stress at Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Levels
Authors: Al-Khayri Jameel Mohammed , Rashmi Ramakrishnan , Surya Ulhas Rutwick , Sudheer Wudali N. , Banadka Akshatha , Nagella Praveen , Aldaej Mohammed Ibrahim , Rezk Adel Abdel-Sabour , Shehata Wael Fathi , Almaghasla Mustafa Ibrahim
Published: January 2023

In recent years, the global agricultural system has been unfavorably impacted by adverse environmental changes. These changes in the climate, in turn, have altered the abiotic conditions of plants, affecting plant growth, physiology and production. Abiotic stress in plants is one of the main obstacles to global agricultural production and food security. Therefore, there is a need for the development of novel approaches to overcome these problems and achieve sustainability. Nanotechnology has emerged as one such novel approach to improve crop production, through the utilization of nanoscale products, such as nanofertilizer, nanofungicides, nanoherbicides and nanopesticides. Their ability to cross cellular barriers makes nanoparticles suitable for their application in agriculture. Since they are easily soluble, smaller, and effective for uptake by plants, nanoparticles are widely used as a modern agricultural tool. The implementation of nanoparticles has been found to be effective in improving the qualitative and quantitative aspects of crop production under various biotic and abiotic stress conditions. This review discusses various abiotic stresses to which plants are susceptible and highlights the importance of the application of nanoparticles in combating abiotic stress, in addition to the major physiological, biochemical and molecular-induced changes that can help plants tolerate stress conditions. It also addresses the potential environmental and health impacts as a result of the extensive use of nanoparticles.
Characterization of the Epidermis and Cuticle of the Cashew Pseudofruit during Its Development and Maturation
Authors: Tessmer Magda Andréia , Ribeiro Bruno Geraldelli , Kluge Ricardo Alfredo , Salvador Alejandra , Appezzato-da-Glória Beatriz
Published: January 2023

The epidermis and cuticle play an important role in reducing dehydration and protecting the cashew pseudofruit in both the production environment and the postharvest stage. This study analyzes the alterations on the epidermis and cuticle of CCP 76 cashew pseudofruits harvested in five developmental and maturation stages (S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5). The epidermis and cuticle of the samples were analyzed under light microscopy (LM) (quantitative analysis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The epidermal cells at S3 reached maximum outer periclinal wall thickness, which reduced during ripening (S4 and S5), while the cuticle increased in thickness during the same period. These changes coincided with the rapid initial growth of the cashew pseudofruit when the epidermis and cuticle need to accompany the expansion of internal tissues. At the ultrastructural level, lipid material is transported via vesicles through the cell wall to the cuticle, increasing its thickness. Epicuticular waxes, previously deposited as plates and globules, began to develop an amorphous shape during maturation. This process possibly occurs due to changes in wax composition that can be related to the development of greasiness on the fruit skin. These findings provide a better understanding of cashew pseudofruit skin, which will aid future studies and strategies to preserve quality during the postharvest stage.
Rosmarinic Acid Production from Origanum dictamnus L. Root Liquid Cultures In Vitro
Authors: Sarropoulou Virginia , Paloukopoulou Charikleia , Karioti Anastasia , Maloupa Eleni , Grigoriadou Katerina
Published: January 2023

In the present work Origanum dictamnus L. was studied as a suitable in vitro adventitious root culture system for the production of important bioactive molecules, such as rosmarinic acid (RA). Callus culture was initiated from leaf, petiole and root explants on solid MS medium supplemented with either 5 μM NAA + 5 μM kinetin (ODK3) or 5 μM NAA + 0.5 μM kinetin (ODK4). New roots formed from leaf, petiole and root calluses were aseptically transferred into Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 mL liquid medium and shaken at 120 rpm in the dark. The liquid medium used was the MS supplemented either with 35 μM IBA + 2.5 μM kinetin (ODY1) or 5 μM NAA + 0.5 μM kinetin (ODY2). Biomass production parameters, RA content (%) and yield index (YI) were recorded for each treatment explant type, medium composition and incubation period. Results showed, in every case, the production of RA in vitro. Between the two liquid media (ODY1, ODY2) and the different culture periods, the ODY1 medium and the longest 200-day-culture period were more effective for RA and biomass production, regardless of the initial explant type used. The combination of ODK4-ODY1 resulted in higher RA (5.1% and 4.7%), fresh biomass production (19.0 g and 11.6 g), mean YI (93.7 mg and 51.4 mg) and YI per explant (3.75 mg and 2.06 mg) for roots derived from leaf calluses and root calluses, respectively. However, the solid ODK3 (200 days)–liquid ODY1 (40 days) transition treatment was more beneficial for roots derived from petiole calluses leading to an 18.8-fold increase in fresh biomass growth rate. RA accumulation and YIs were also significantly influenced by explant type, with the highest value produced from root petiole calluses (6.6% RA dry weight, 115.3 mg mean YI and 4.61 mg YI per explant) after 240 days.
Poly (Methyl Methacrylate)-Containing Silver-Phosphate Glass Exhibits Potent Antimicrobial Activity without Deteriorating the Mechanical and Biological Properties of Dental Prostheses
Authors: Yang Song-Yi , Lee Myung-Jin
Published: January 2023

Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a commonly used denture material with poor antimicrobial effects. This study investigated the antimicrobial effects of PMMA-containing silver-phosphate glass. We fabricated a novel material comprising PMMA-containing silver-phosphate glass. Then, microhardness, flexural strength, and gloss unit were analyzed. Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans was investigated. Colony-forming units were counted, and antimicrobial rates were measured. Biocompatibility tests were performed using a colorimetric MTT assay for evaluating cell metabolic activity. The microhardness, flexural strength, and gloss unit of the experimental groups (with silver-phosphate glass) were not significantly different from those of the control group (no silver-phosphate glass) (P > 0.05), which showed clinically valid values. With increasing proportions of silver-phosphate glass, the antimicrobial activity against the two microorganisms increased (P < 0.05). Furthermore, S. mutans showed more than 50% antimicrobial activity in 4%, 6%, and 8% experimental groups, C. albicans showed more than 50% antimicrobial activity in 6% and 8% groups, and a statistically significant difference in antimicrobial activity was observed compared to the control (P < 0.05). The cell viability of the experimental groups was not significantly different from that of the control group (P > 0.05). Both control and experimental groups showed approximately 100% cell viability. These results suggest that silver-phosphate glass is a promising antimicrobial material in dentistry.
Preparation and Mechanism of Toughened and Flame-Retardant Bio-Based Polylactic Acid Composites
Authors: Xu Kai , Yan Chentao , Du Chunlin , Xu Yue , Li Bin , Liu Lubin
Published: January 2023

As a biodegradable thermoplastic, polylactic acid (PLA) shows great potential to replace petroleum-based plastics. Nevertheless, the flammability and brittleness of PLA seriously limits its use in emerging applications. This work is focused on simultaneously improving the flame-retardancy and toughness of PLA at a low additive load via a simple strategy. The PLA/MKF/NTPA biocomposites were prepared by incorporating alkali-treated, lightweight, renewable kapok fiber (MKF) and high-efficiency, phosphorus-nitrogenous flame retardant (NTPA) into the PLA matrix based on the extrusion–injection molding method. When the additive loads of MKF and NTPA were 0.5 and 3.0 wt%, respectively, the PLA/MKF/NTPA biocomposites (PLA3.0) achieved a rating of UL-94 V-0 with an LOI value of 28.3%, and its impact strength (4.43 kJ·m−2) was improved by 18.8% compared to that of pure PLA. Moreover, the cone calorimetry results confirmed a 9.7% reduction in the average effective heat of combustion (av-EHC) and a 0.5-fold increase in the flame retardancy index (FRI) compared to the neat PLA. NTPA not only exerted a gas-phase flame-retardant role, but also a condensed-phase barrier effect during the combustion process of the PLA/MKF/NTPA biocomposites. Moreover, MKF acted as an energy absorber to enhance the toughness of the PLA/MKF/NTPA biocomposites. This work provides a simple way to prepare PLA biocomposites with excellent flame-retardancy and toughness at a low additive load, which is of great importance for expanding the application range of PLA biocomposites.
Phase Morphology, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Calcium Carbonate-Reinforced Poly(L-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lactide) Bioplastics
Authors: Srihanam Prasong , Thongsomboon Wiriya , Baimark Yodthong
Published: January 2023

Poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) is a promising candidate as a bioplastic because of its non-toxicity and biodegradability. However, the low flexibility of PLLA limits its use in many applications. Poly(L-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lactide) (PLLA-b-PEG-b-PLLA) block copolymer is of interest for bioplastic applications due to its superior flexibility compared to PLLA. The aim of this work is to modify PLLA-b-PEG-b-PLLA using a low-cost calcium carbonate (CaCO3) filler to improve material properties compared to PLLA/CaCO3 composites. The addition of CaCO3 enhanced the crystallinity and thermal stability for the PLLA-b-PEG-b-PLLA matrix but not for the PLLA matrix, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Phase morphology investigation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the interfacial adhesion between PLLA-b-PEG-b-PLLA and CaCO3 was stronger than between PLLA and CaCO3. Additionally, tensile testing was carried out to determine the mechanical properties of the composites. With the addition of CaCO3, the tensile stress and Young’s modulus of the PLLA-b-PEG-b-PLLA matrix were increased, whereas these properties of the PLLA matrix were significantly decreased. Thus, CaCO3 shows great promise as an inexpensive filler that can induce nucleation and reinforcing effects for PLLA-b-PEG-b-PLLA bioplastics.
Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Polymerisation of D-Limonene and Its Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Masood Asad , Ahmed Naeem , Razip Wee M. F. Mohd , Patra Anuttam , Mahmoudi Ebrahim , Siow Kim S.
Published: January 2023

Antibacterial coating is necessary to prevent biofilm-forming bacteria from colonising medical tools causing infection and sepsis in patients. The recent coating strategies such as immobilisation of antimicrobial materials and low-pressure plasma polymerisation may require multiple processing steps involving a high-vacuum system and time-consuming process. Some of those have limited efficacy and durability. Here, we report a rapid and one-step atmospheric pressure plasma polymerisation (APPP) of D-limonene to produce nano-thin films with hydrophobic-like properties for antibacterial applications. The influence of plasma polymerisation time on the thickness, surface characteristic, and chemical composition of the plasma-polymerised films was systematically investigated. Results showed that the nano-thin films deposited at 1 min on glass substrate are optically transparent and homogenous, with a thickness of 44.3 ± 4.8 nm, a smooth surface with an average roughness of 0.23 ± 0.02 nm. For its antimicrobial activity, the biofilm assay evaluation revealed a significant 94% decrease in the number of Escherichia coli (E. coli) compared to the control sample. More importantly, the resultant nano-thin films exhibited a potent bactericidal effect that can distort and rupture the membrane of the treated bacteria. These findings provide important insights into the development of bacteria-resistant and biocompatible coatings on the arbitrary substrate in a straightforward and cost-effective route at atmospheric pressure.
Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash-Slag Based Geopolymer for Repair of Road Subgrade Diseases
Authors: Li Jia , Dang Xiaotian , Zhang Jingwei , Yi Peng , Li Yongming
Published: January 2023

Fly ash-slag-based geopolymer is a grouting material with good fluidity and excellent mechanical and eco-friendly properties. The geopolymer can react chemically with the inert minerals of road subgrade under alkali excitation to form a good interfacial bond between road subgrade; therefore, it is suitable for the repair of weak road sections. In order to solve the problems such as the difficulty to store and transport the liquid activator of existing geopolymer grouting materials and to study the unclear mechanism of the influence factors on the fluidity and mechanical properties of geopolymer; the research on the mechanical properties of fly ash-slag based geopolymer was carried out in this paper. Experiments on the preparation of geopolymer and research on different ash-slag ratios under solid alkali excitation were studied. The influence of slag content and solid alkali content (NaOH, Na2SiO3) on the fluidity, compressive and flexural strength of fly ash-slag-based grouting materials was also researched on the basis of single-factor gradient tests. The results showed that the slurry fluidity decreased but the compressive strength gradually increased when the content of slag was increased from 20% to 50%. With the increase in alkali content (NaOH: 2–5%; sodium silicate: 0–6%), the slurry fluidity decreased and the compressive strength increased and then decreased. Combined with the analysis of the test results of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the microscopic structures of mechanical properties of geopolymer were investigated. Lastly based on ridge regression theory, a regression model was established to predict the mechanical properties of fly ash-slag-based geopolymer. The results indicate that fly ash-slag-based geopolymer has good mechanical properties and fluidity with proper contents of slag and alkali activator, which provide a reference for experiment research and engineering application.
Self-Sustained Euler Buckling of an Optically Responsive Rod with Different Boundary Constraints
Authors: Ge Dali , Dai Yuntong , Li Kai
Published: January 2023

Self-sustained oscillations can directly absorb energy from the constant environment to maintain its periodic motion by self-regulating. As a classical mechanical instability phenomenon, the Euler compression rod can rapidly release elastic strain energy and undergo large displacement during buckling. In addition, its boundary configuration is usually easy to be modulated. In this paper, we develop a self-sustained Euler buckling system based on optically responsive liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) rod with different boundary constraints. The buckling of LCE rod results from the light-induced expansion and compressive force, and the self-buckling is maintained by the energy competition between the damping dissipation and the net work done by the effective elastic force. Based on the dynamic LCE model, the governing equations for dynamic Euler buckling of the LCE rod is formulated, and the approximate admissible trigonometric functions and Runge-Kutta method are used to solve the dynamic Euler buckling. Under different illumination parameters, there exists two motion modes of the Euler rod: the static mode and the self-buckling mode, including alternating and unilateral self-buckling modes. The triggering conditions, frequency, and amplitude of the self-sustained Euler buckling can be modulated by several system parameters and boundary constraints. Results indicate that strengthening the boundary constraint can increase the frequency and reduce the amplitude. It is anticipated that this system may open new avenues for energy harvesters, signal sensors, mechano-logistic devices, and autonomous robots.
Anti-Fouling and Anti-Biofilm Performance of Self-Polishing Waterborne Polyurethane with Gemini Quaternary Ammonium Salts
Authors: Zhang Yi , Ge Tao , Li Yifan , Lu Jinlin , Du Hao , Yan Ling , Tan Hong , Li Jiehua , Yin Yansheng
Published: January 2023

Biofilms are known to be difficult to eradicate and control, complicating human infections and marine biofouling. In this study, self-polishing and anti-fouling waterborne polyurethane coatings synthesized from gemini quaternary ammonium salts (GQAS), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and polycaprolactone diol (PCL) demonstrate excellent antibiofilm efficacy. Their anti-fouling and anti-biofilm performance was confirmed by a culture-based method in broth media, with the biofilm formation factor against Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative bacterial strains (E. coli) for 2 days. The results indicate that polyurethane coatings have excellent anti-biofilm activity when the content of GQAS reached 8.5 wt% against S. aureus, and 15.8 wt% against E. coli. The resulting waterborne polyurethane coatings demonstrate both hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation, and the surface erosion enzymatic degradation mechanism enables them with good self-polishing capability. The extracts cyto-toxicity of these polyurethane coatings and degradation liquids was also systematically studied; they could be degraded to non-toxic or low toxic compositions. This study shows the possibility to achieve potent self-polishing and anti-biofilm efficacy by integrating antibacterial GQAS, PEG, and PCL into waterborne polyurethane coatings.
Selective and Effective Gold Recovery from Printed Circuit Boards and Gold Slag Using Amino-Acid-Functionalized Cellulose Microspheres
Authors: Hao Fulai , Du Jifu , Peng Lifang , Zhang Manman , Dong Zhen , Shen Yanbai , Zhao Long
Published: January 2023

The hydrometallurgical recovery of gold from electronic waste and gold slag is a hot research topic. To develop a cost-effective and environmentally friendly adsorbent for gold recovery, four types of amino-acid (arginine, histidine, methionine, and cysteine)-functionalized cellulose microspheres were prepared via a radiation technique. The adsorption performance of the amino acid resins toward Au(III) ions was systematically investigated by batch experiments. The amino acid resins could absorb Au(III) ions at a wide pH range. The adsorption process was followed by the pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir model. The theoretical maximum adsorption capacity was calculated as 396.83 mg/g, 769.23 mg/g, 549.45 mg/g, and 636.94 mg/g for ArgR, HisR, MetR, and CysR, respectively. The amino acid resins could effectively and selectively recover trace Au(III) ions from the leaching solutions of printed circuit board and gold slag waste. Lastly, the mechanism underlying amino acid resin’s Au(III) ion recovery capability was investigated by FTIR, XRD, and XPS analyses. This work describes a series of cost-effective gold adsorbents with excellent selectivity and adsorption capacity to boost their practical application.
Block Copolymers in 3D/4D Printing: Advances and Applications as Biomaterials
Authors: Politakos Nikolaos
Published: January 2023

3D printing is a manufacturing technique in constant evolution. Day by day, new materials and methods are discovered, making 3D printing continually develop. 3D printers are also evolving, giving us objects with better resolution, faster, and in mass production. One of the areas in 3D printing that has excellent potential is 4D printing. It is a technique involving materials that can react to an environmental stimulus (pH, heat, magnetism, humidity, electricity, and light), causing an alteration in their physical or chemical state and performing another function. Lately, 3D/4D printing has been increasingly used for fabricating materials aiming at drug delivery, scaffolds, bioinks, tissue engineering (soft and hard), synthetic organs, and even printed cells. The majority of the materials used in 3D printing are polymeric. These materials can be of natural origin or synthetic ones of different architectures and combinations. The use of block copolymers can combine the exemplary properties of both blocks to have better mechanics, processability, biocompatibility, and possible stimulus behavior via tunable structures. This review has gathered fundamental aspects of 3D/4D printing for biomaterials, and it shows the advances and applications of block copolymers in the field of biomaterials over the last years.