bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of infertility in Sudan: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: A. A. Abdullah , Ahmed Musa , Oladokun Adesina
Published: November 2021

Background/aim: Infertility is defined as the inability of heterosexual couples to achieve a successful clinically recognizable pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse. Infertility estimations are very important to inform the healthcare policymakers and governments to implement appropriate social and economic policies. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of infertility (primary and secondary) and its etiologic factors in Sudan.

Methods: This study included all published and unpublished studies written in Arabic or English. Electronic sources (namely, PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov) and nonelectronic sources (direct Google search, Google Scholar, OpenGrey, OATD, WorldCat log, and university websites) were used from their inception to May 16, 2021. A total of 1955 studies were reviewed, of which only 20 studies were eligible for the meta-analysis. Studies were eligible if they provided the prevalence of infertility in Sudan. The Joanna Briggs Institute Quality Assessment Tool was used to evaluate each study. Data synthesis and statistical analysis were conducted using Jeffrey's Amazing Statistics Program version 0.14.1.0.

Results: The pooled prevalence of overall infertility, primary infertility, and secondary infertility in Sudan were 13% (I2 = 96.45, p < 0.001), 65% (I2 = 98.5, p < 0.001), and 35% (I2 = 98.5, p < 0.001), respectively, and the prevalence of infertility factors were 41%, 27%, 16%, and 17% for female, male, combined factors, and unexplained factors, respectively. Women with infertility were mainly present because of ovulatory disorders (ovulatory factors, 36%; polycystic ovary syndrome, 38%). By contrast, spermatic disorders such as azoospermia (37%), oligozoospermia (30%), and asthenozoospermia (30%) were the main causes of male infertility.

Conclusion: In Sudan, the prevalence of primary infertility is higher than that of secondary infertility. Female factors were the most common causes of infertility in Sudan, and this study found a high prevalence of unexplained factors. Polycystic ovary syndrome and azoospermia were the most common causes of female and male infertility in Sudan, respectively. The interpretation of these findings should take into consideration the presence of substantial heterogeneity between the included studies.
Prevalence and risk factors of gallbladder polyps in primary health care centers among patients examined by abdominal ultrasonography in Qatar: a case–control study
Authors: Ali Tamer A. , Abougazia Abdelwahed Samir , Alnuaimi Ahmed Sameer , Mohammed Mona A. M.
Published: November 2021

Background: Gallbladder (GB) polyps are raised lesions from the GB wall and projected into its lumen. The prevalence of GB polyps ranged between 4.3% and 12.3%. The clinical presentation of GB polypoid lesions vary, can be nonspecific and vague, and may be asymptomatic. Identifying malignant and premalignant polyps is important to provide treatment early and prevent cancer spread or development of malignancy. Ultrasonography (US) is the first imaging modality widely used in abdominal imaging. It is a noninvasive, rapid, painless, and safe imaging technique, with no radiation; thus, it is considered the best available examination with good sensitivity and specificity for GB polyps.

Aim of the work: This study aimed to determine the relative frequency of the GB polyps and its risk factors among patients who underwent abdominal US in Primary Health Care Corporation, Qatar.

Materials and methods: This was quantitative multicenter observational case–control study nested in a cross-sectional design. For the cross-sectional top-level study, the first step was to assess available abdominal ultrasound studies for the presence of GB polyps and stones. The second step was to perform a case–control study with three groups (a case group and two control groups; first, participants without GB stones and GB polyps; second, patients with GB stones but without GB polyps).

Results: The study evaluated the GB images of 7156 individuals. The overall prevalence of GB polyps was 7.4% in the study population. Specifically, the overall prevalence of solitary GB polyp was 4.2% and that of multiple GB polyps was 3.2%. Regarding the size distribution of GB polyps in positive cases, 89.4% were < 6 mm, 9.3% were 69 mm, and 1.3% were ≥ 10 mm. Prevalence rate of selected comorbidities were as follows: liver disease, 1.8%; diabetes mellitus, 25.5%; hypertension, 25.5%; and dyslipidemia, 29.8%. The prevalence in male and female patients was 7.7% and 7%, respectively. The prevalence of GB polyps was higher in south-eastern patients (21.4% of positive cases) and was the highest in the overweight group (8.8%). A higher prevalence was noted in the hypertensive group (hypertensive group, 9.8%; non-hypertensive group, 6.6%) and dyslipidemia group (dyslipidemia group, 7.8%; no dyslipidemia group, 7.2%). Moreover, a higher prevalence was noted in hepatitis B surface (HBS)-positive group (15%) than in the HBS-negative group (8.2%) and slightly higher in Helicobacter pylori antigen positive group than in the negative group.

Conclusion: Abdominal US is an important and commonly used imaging modality in the detection of GB polyps. In this study, the prevalence of GB polyps was approximately 7.4%, with higher prevalence in participants who were overweight and had diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.
Association of endometriosis with interstitial cystitis in chronic pelvic pain syndrome: Short narrative on prevalence, diagnostic limitations, and clinical implications
Authors: Al-Shaiji Tariq F. , Alshammaa Dalal H. , Al-Mansouri Mariam M. , Al-Terki Abdullatif E.
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge affecting women of all ages globally. The syndrome is not well understood, but the association of interstitial cystitis (IC) with endometriosis in causing CPP should not be overlooked in managing this cohort. Herein, we present a mini review of this association to evaluate the literature in determining the prevalence of endometriosis and IC concomitantly in patients with CPP, diagnostic limitations, and clinical implications.

Methods: A Medline search of the key words “evil twins’ syndrome,” “interstitial cystitis,” “bladder pain syndrome,” and “endometriosis” was conducted for full-text articles published in English over the past 20 years. The search yielded 40 articles, of which 21 were selected. Cross-referencing bibliographies of each publication yielded an additional 25 references.

Results: Both endometriosis and IC share a similar array of symptoms that are often exacerbated during the perimenstrual period. Multiple authors have reported the frequent coexistence of these two conditions. Over 80% of patients with CPP were found to have both conditions. The prevalence of endometriosis and IC coexistence was greater than that of each condition separately.

Conclusions: It is crucial to look beyond the traditionally diagnosed endometriosis as the cause of CPP. This is true especially in patients whose previous treatment was ineffective. Simultaneous assessment for both conditions is essential to avoid the frequently delayed diagnosis and prevent unsuccessful medical and surgical therapies.
Intravesical alprostadil as a promising agent in BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis: A report of a refractory case
Authors: Shamsian Shahin , Saffaei Ali , Malek Fatemeh , Khafafpour Zahra , Latifi Abtin , Karamat Mahdieh , Mirrahimi Bahador
Published: November 2021

Allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients are at risk of BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis. This condition causes a significant morbidity and worsens clinical outcomes. The standard cares for BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis are saline irrigation and forced diuresis. Notably, several beneficial roles are proposed for antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents against BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis. However, cases who are at risk of cystectomy remain refractory. Herein, we present a 13-year-old boy with severe hematuria by passing two months from his allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The laboratory work up showed high BK viremia >1.1 ×  10 copies/ml in this case's urine sample. The patient was treated with antiviral agents in combination with supportive care. Moreover, intravesical alum was administered, but no clinical benefits were achieved. Finally, intravesical alprostadil was prepared under the supervision of a pediatric clinical pharmacist. In this regard, an alprostadil solution was prepared by constitution of 250 μg alprostadil in 50 mL saline. After administrating the first dose of intravesical alprostadil, an acceptable clinical response was observed, and hematuria stopped. Of note, alprostadil induces platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction. Thus, bleeding can be controlled after the administration of intravesical alprostadil. This strategy may be associated with several side effects including bladder spasm. This study is the first report describing the special role of intravesical alprostadil in refractory cases of BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis. In such refractory cases, clinicians can use intravesical alprostadil rather than invasive therapies in the treatment of BK virus-hemorrhagic cystitis.
COVID-19 cases presenting to the Emergency Department predict Qatar National COVID-19 trends and numbers
Authors: Pathan Sameer A. , Moinudheen Jibin , Simon Katie , Thomas Stephen H.
Published: November 2021

In this short communication, we summarized the analyses, models, and interpretations of the corporate department of emergency medicine's (CDEM) COVID-19 numbers and their relationship to predict the national COVID-19 trends and numbers in Qatar. Data included in this analysis were obtained between March 1, 2020 and July 31, 2021. It included the number of COVID-19 cases that presented to four major EDs under the Hamad Medical Corporation CDEM umbrella and published data from the Qatar Ministry of public health (MoPH). On plotting weighted scatterplot smoothing (lowess) trend lines, there were striking similarities between CDEM and national COVID-19 n curves for overall trends and peaks. In conclusion, CDEM COVID-19 spike may be useful to predict national COVID-19 spike in 2–3 weeks.
COVID-19-related sudden sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Yaseen Nada Khaleel , Al-Ani Raid M. , Ali Rashid Rasheed
Published: November 2021

Background: Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) can be a feature of COVID-19. It may present alone or with other symptoms of the disease. However, there is little written in the literature about its occurrence. We aimed to evaluate the socio-clinical characteristics and outcome of confirmed mild- to moderate COVID-19 cases with SSNHL in Tikrit city, Iraq.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted at the Otolaryngology Department, Tikrit General Hospital, Tikrit city, Iraq. The period of the study was from December 1, 2020 to June 30, 2021.Mild and moderate COVID-19 subjects confirmed by real-time polymerase reaction were included in the study. Detailed demographic (age, gender, and smoking habit) and clinical characteristics (onset and duration of deafness, side, severity, associated ear, nose, and throat symptoms, and comorbidity) were recorded for every patient. Outcomes following the steroid treatment protocol were also registered.

Results: SSNHL was identified in 26 patients, of whom 20 (76.9%) were women, 20 (76.9%) were in the age group ≥ 30 years, and 21 (80.8%) were non-smokers. Around three-quarters of the subjects were identified within the first week of deafness occurrence. Bilateral (18/26) was more common than unilateral deafness (8/26); therefore, the total number of deaf ears was 44. Besides, bilateral symmetrical deafness (13/18) outnumbered the asymmetrical type (5/18). Around three-quarters were of moderate severity. The most common otological symptom was tinnitus (25/26). The most common nose and throat symptom was anosmia (6/26). The mean hearing threshold before and after treatment with oral steroids ± intratympanic steroids was 50.91 ± 11.777 dB and 40.24 ± 15.693, respectively. One patient with bilateral SSNHL was lost to follow-up; the remaining number of deaf ears was 42, and half of them were partially improved. The outcome of the treatment showed no statistically significant relation with the duration, side, and severity of SSNHL (p>0.05).

Conclusion: The majority of COVID-19-related SSNHL cases presented within one week of onset, with bilateral outnumbering unilateral cases. Tinnitus was the most common associated symptom. Treatment with steroids achieved partial improvement in half of the cases, and this outcome was not affected by the duration, side, and severity of deafness.
Pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic transmission of COVID-19: Implications for control measures in Qatar
Authors: Tawengi Abdelaziz M , Johnston Samantha , Albayat Soha Shawqi , Bansal Devendra , Ahmed Shazia , Sallam Mohamed A , Al-Romaihi Hamad Eid , Al-Thani Mohammed , Farag Elmoubasher , Emara Mohamed M.
Published: November 2021

Public health control measures for communicable diseases are often based on the identification of symptomatic cases. However, emerging epidemiological evidence demonstrates the role of pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic transmissions of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Understanding high-risk settings where transmissions can occur from infected individuals without symptoms has become critical for improving the response to the pandemic. In this review, we discussed the evidence on the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, its effect on control strategies, and lessons that can be applied in Qatar. Although Qatar has a small population, it has a distinct setting for COVID-19 control. It has a largely young population and is mostly composed of expatriates particularly from the Middle East and Asia that reside in Qatar for work. Further key considerations for Qatar and travel include population movement during extended religious holiday periods, screening and tracing of visitors and residents at entry points into the country, and expatriates living and working in high-density settings. We also consider how its international airport serves as a major transit destination for the region, as Qatar is expected to experience a rapid expansion of visitors while preparing to host the FIFA World Cup in 2022.
Mucormycosis with extensive cranial nerve involvement as the first presentation of diabetes mellitus: A case report
Authors: Al Saad Mouna , Rimawi Ahmad , Saadeh Ahmad , Shehadeh Amin
Published: November 2021

Mucormycosis, a rare fungal infection, mainly affects individuals with diabetes mellitus and those who were immunocompromised and has a high mortality rate. Its most common presentation is similar to that of acute bacterial sinusitis with symptoms of nasal congestion, headache, and fever. The involvement of multiple cranial nerves in mucormycosis was rarely reported in the literature and indicates severe disease. Herein, we report the case of a 56-year-old man who was referred to the ophthalmology outpatient clinic for facial nerve palsy. He was treated with systemic steroids for 10 days with no improvement. On examination, he had a loss of vision and a frozen orbit due to involvement of cranial nerves II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII. An extensive workup revealed a hemoglobin A1C of 10%. However, he was never diagnosed with diabetes mellitus previously and denied any of the classical symptoms of diabetes mellitus. He underwent ethmoidectomy, maxillectomy, and drainage of an intraorbital abscess after appropriate imaging studies. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of mucormycosis, and the patient was started on systemic amphotericin B. This case emphasizes the importance of screening for diabetes mellitus. Early recognition of underlying diabetes mellitus in this patient may have prevented the development of mucormycosis along with its devastating complications.
Are blood groups related to the distribution and severity of COVID-19? A cross-sectional study in a tertiary care hospital in South India
Authors: Pasangha Elaina , Dhali Arkadeep , D'Souza Christopher , Umesh Soumya
Published: November 2021

Background: Blood groups are inherited traits that affect the susceptibility/severity of a disease. A clear relationship between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and ABO blood groups is yet to be established in the Indian population. This study aimed to demonstrate an association of the distribution and severity of COVID-19 with ABO blood groups. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted after obtaining ethics approval (IEC 207/20) among hospitalized patients using in-patient records and analyzed on SPSS-25. Chi-square tests were used for the analysis of categorical data and independent sample t-test/Mann–Whitney U tests were used for continuous data. Results: The B blood group had the highest prevalence among COVID-19-positive patients. The AB blood group was significantly associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (p = 0.03), sepsis (p = 0.02), and septic shock (p = 0.02). The O blood group was associated with significantly lower rates of lymphopenia and leucocytosis. However, no significant clinical association was seen in the O blood group. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that blood groups have a similar distribution among patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the South Indian population. Additionally, it preludes to a possible association between the AB blood group and ARDS, sepsis, and septic shock. Further studies having a larger representation of AB blood groups, especially in patients hospitalized for critical COVID-19, with adjustment for possible covariates, are warranted to provide a reliable estimate of the risk in the South Indian population.
Bitkilerde Melatoninin Gün ve Yıl İçerisindeki Değişimi ve Yaşlanma Üzerine Etkisi
Authors: Karaca Aygül , Köklü Şebnem , Korkmaz Ahmet
Published: November 2021

Bugün varlığı hemen hemen tüm canlı organizmalarda kanıtlanan bir molekül olan melatonin (N-asetil-5-methoksitriptamin), ilk olarak 1958 yılında sığır beyin üstü bezinden izole edilen bir indolamindir. Son zamanlarda bitkisel bir hormon olarak kabul edilmesinin yanında reaktif oksijen ve azot türlerini ortamdan uzaklaştırma özelliğine sahip olmasından dolayı geniş spektrumlu antioksidan olarak bilinmektedir. Bitkilerde fotoperyodik düzenleyici veya 24 saatlik ritim düzenleyici olarak görev aldığı ifade edilen bu molekülün hayvanlarda ve insanlarda da günlük ve yıllık ritmi kontrol ettiği yapılan yoğun çalışmalar sonucunda bildirilmiştir. Ayrıca melatoninin türe göre değişmekle beraber miktarının özellikle gece veya karanlıkta arttığı ve bazı bitkilerde gün içerisinde ikince kez pik yaptığı da araştırmalar sonucu ortaya konmuştur. Melatoninin bitkilerin ve tohumların yaşlanma metabolizmasında sahip olduğu rol ise tam olarak anlaşılmış değildir. Ancak son araştırmalar melatoninin yaşlanma üzerine olumlu etkisinin, yaşlanmaya neden olan ve yaşlanmayı geciktiren fitohormonların etkisi ile yakından ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu derlemede bitki dokularındaki melatoninin gün ve yıl içerisindeki değişimi ve yaşlanma üzerine etkisi hakkında detaylı bilgi verilecektir.
Research on Occupational Injury Protection System for New Business Practitioners
Authors: Li Lin , Yang Kecheng
Published: November 2021

This paper analyzes the necessity of establishing the occupational injury security system for new forms of business and summarizes the pilot areas of the current occupational injury security sy stem, and then analyzes the problems existing in the current occupational injury security for new forms of business, including the difficulty in identifying labor relations and the mismatch between supply and demand of occupational injury security. Finally, the specific conception of occupational injury protection system for employees in the new form of business is put forward, including open insured objects, appropriate payment base, flexible identification of occupational injury, etc.
Influence of data burst collision on transmission of AWS data through satellite
Authors: MUTHURAMALINGAM E. , KUMAR SANJAY , VASHISTHA R. D.
Published: November 2021

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Automatic Weather Station (AWS) is a system consisting of  sensors, associated field sub-systems and communication equipment, which automatically and continuously measure real time surface weather conditions and sends three times the hourly observed meteorological parameters to the central station through  satellite link in a self timed pseudo random manner in its prescribed 10 minute time slot within the next 60 minutes before the next observation takes place.  Loss of AWS data is due to collision of data burst transmitted simultaneously by any two or more  AWS.  Generally, the  collision of AWS data  burst depends upon the transmission time or transmission baud rate, number of  AWS in a network and total number of bits in  AWS data burst. This paper  describes the influence of  data burst collision on  transmission of  AWS data  through satellite.
Relative contribution of synoptic systems to monsoon rainfall over Orissa
Authors: MOHAPATRA M.
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT. The low/depression over northwest (NW) Bay of Bengal is the largest contributor to seasonal monsoon rainfall over all stations in Orissa and Orissa as a whole. The Low Pressure Systems (LPS) and cyclonic circulation (cycir) extending upto 500 hPa level over NW Bay of Bengal alone contribute about 22% to the seasonal monsoon rainfall through about 12 days. The monsoon trough without any significant embedded systems over Orissa and adjoining regions contributes about 28% to seasonal rainfall through about 55 days. All types of LPS including low, depression and cyclonic storm yield maximum rainfall in their left forward (southwest) sectors. The maximum rainfall belt lies more southward due to a depression compared to that due to a low. The spatial distribution of rainfall due to cycir is less systematic. The interaction due to Eastern Ghat plays a significant role in spatial distribution of rainfall over western and eastern sides of the Eastern Ghat due to monsoon lows and depressions over Orissa and adjoining Bay and land regions. The orographic interaction due to Eastern Ghat with the cycirs over Orissa and adjoining Bay and land regions is significantly less leading to no significant difference in spatial distribution of rainfall over eastern and western sides of the Eastern Ghat.
Integrated water vapour from GPS
Authors: GIRI R. K. , MEENA L. R. , BHANDARI S. S. , BHATIA R. C.
Published: November 2021

Water vapour is highly variable in space and time, and plays a large role in atmospheric processes that act over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales on global climate to micrometeorology. This paper deals with a new approach to remotely sense the water vapour based on the Global Position System (GPS). The signal propagating from GPS satellites to ground based receivers is delayed by atmospheric water vapour. The delay is parameterized in terms of time varying Zenith-Wet Delay (ZWD), which is retrieved by stochastic filtering of GPS data. With the help of surface pressure and temperature readings at the GPS receiver, the retrieved ZWD can be transformed into Integrated Water Vapour (IWV) overlying at the receiver with little additional uncertainties. In this study the Zenith Total time Delay (ZTD) data without met package is retrieved using the GAMIT (King and Bock, 1997) GPS data processing software developed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for the period of January 2003 to February 2003 for two stations New Delhi and Bangalore .The IWV retrieved from GPS and its comparison with Limited Area Model (LAM) retrieved IWV shows fairly good agreement.
Optimization of multi-objective cropping pattern using linear and goal programming approaches
Authors: VIVEKANANDAN N. , VISWANATHAN K.
Published: November 2021

Irrigation planning and scheduling are essential components of water management in irrigated agriculture. For this purpose, optimal allocation of land and water is required for optimization of cropping pattern under a set of limitations. In this paper, an attempt was made to optimize the cropping pattern for Barna irrigation project using Linear and Goal Programming (LP and GP) approaches. Three different objectives such as maximization of net return, protein and calorie values were considered for optimization of cropping pattern. The factors like amount of net return, values of protein and calorie, and quantum of water utilized for irrigation by LP and GP were considered for selection of best approach for optimization of cropping pattern for the project. The paper presents the methodology adopted in optimizing the cropping pattern using LP and GP approaches and the results obtained from the study. GP approach was found to be best for optimization of cropping pattern for the project.
Interannual variability of the Arabian Sea warm pool intensity and its association with monsoon onset over Kerala
Authors: SINGH O. P.
Published: November 2021

In this paper the relationships between the Arabian Sea warm pool intensity, Southern Oscillation (SO) and the monsoon onset have been discussed. The results show that the peak intensity of the warm pool in the Lakshadweep Sea is significantly correlated with the monsoon onset date over Kerala. Warmer Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies in the warm pool region during April-May are associated with delayed monsoon onset over Kerala though the cause-and-effect relationship is not known. The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) of March can provide predictive indications of the peak intensity of the warm pool which, normally occurs during April.
Retrieval of TPW over ocean from locally received AMSU measurements
Authors: SINGH DEVENDRA , SINGH VIRENDRA , MALIK D. K.
Published: November 2021

Total Precipitable Water (TPW) in a column of atmosphere is one of the important parameters useful for a number of meteorological applications. In the present study, a neural network based algorithm has been developed for the retrieval of TPW using NOAA-16 AMSU measurements. The TPW has been derived experimentally using NOAA-16 AMSU measurements locally received from High Resolution Picture Transmission (HRPT) station at India Meteorological Department (IMD) separately over ocean only. The validation of TPW has been carried out against the TPW derived from Radiosonde (RAOB) data. The bias and rms errors against the RAOB derived TPW have been found to about 0.11 mm and 2.98 mm respectively. The inter comparisons of TPW derived using NOAA AMSU data have also been made with that of NOAA/NESDIS derived TPW. Further, case study for the potential use of TPW derived from NOAA AMSU data has been carried out. This case study has revealed that the concentration of maximum precipitable water values in conjunction with high Sea surface wind speed data from Quickscat Scatterometer were found very useful for forecasting the heavy to very heavy rainfall event along the west coast of India. Therefore, AMSU derived TPW could be used as an important parameter for the operational weather forecasting on a real time basis.
An account of fog over Chennai
Authors: SURESH R. , JANAKIRAMAYYA M. V. , SUKUMAR E. R.
Published: November 2021

Climatologically (based on 1951-1980) the annual fog frequency of Chennai airport is 4.3 days. But, the operational aviation meteorological forecasters often experienced more number of foggy days during the past decade. Hence the fog frequency has been critically analysed based on current weather observations made by aerodrome meteorological office, Chennai during 1981-2002 (barring 1984 for which data is not readily available). It has been found that the annual frequency based on the present study has shot up to 21.5 days. The most favourable period for fog over Chennai airport has been identified as January followed by February and March. The formation of fog has been mostly observed during 0000-0200 UTC although in good number of cases it was during 2200-2400 UTC. The most common duration of fog is 60-120 minutes albeit duration as high as 540-570 minutes are also probable. The low level (surface) nocturnal inversion frequency has alarmingly increased during 1990s and the inversion is almost a day-to-day phenomenon during 2000s. Rapid urbanisation, vehicular traffic and industrial growth could be the cause for the increased  atmospheric pollution which has  increased the nocturnal stability conditions as well the fog frequency. Visibility as low as zero had been recorded on a number of cases and their causes  have been analysed. Neutral or absolutely unstable stratification at 1200 UTC coupled with high relative humidity and high concentration of pollution cause the fog to form from 2200 UTC onwards and the nocturnal surface inversion / isotherm at 0000 UTC maintains the fog. Though the low level inversion maintains the fog once it is formed already, inversion alone is not a sufficient condition for the formation of fog.
Role of aerosols in deciding pH of rainwater
Authors: SHENDE R. R. , RAVINDRAN USHA , BHONDAVE S. D. , DESHMUKH A. R. KONDE
Published: November 2021

Nature of precipitation – alkaline or acidic – depends upon the concentration of major water soluble inorganic gaseous and soil derived particulates dissolved in it. If concentration of cations is higher than that of anions, the precipitation becomes alkaline and vise-a-versa.

pH is the main parameter indicating the nature of precipitation. If pH of the solution is < 5.65, it is acidic and               > 5.65, alkaline, in the pH scale ranging between 0  & 14.

Difference in the chemical composition of rainwater having pH in the alkaline range and acidic range has been studied in this paper. For this purpose, precipitation chemistry data of Allahabad, Jodhpur, Mohanbari and Nagpur for the period 1988-97 have been considered. APWM & S.D. have been worked out. Precipitation chemistry data considering APWM values in acidic range and in alkaline range have been separated and compared. Coefficients of correlation have been calculated in possible cation-anion combinations.

It is seen that the lowest pH values (monthly mean) have been recorded during 1997 – MHB (3.77), NGP (4.12), both in acidic range. % Frequency of occurrences of pH values in acidic range was the highest at Mohanbari (66%) in the study period. Jodhpur recorded all pH values in alkaline range indicating influence of soil derived alkaline particulates. Among cations Ca+² has shown its dominance over all cations. Jodhpur has recorded the highest APWM value of Ca+² (9.27mg/lit) in 1997.

Data have also been compared with WMO Laboratory simulated acid rain sample analysis data and other non-departmental data.

Results are discussed in the paper.
Strange attractor in earthquake swarms near Valsad (Gujarat), India
Authors: SRIVASTAVA H. N. , BHATTACHARYA S. N. , RAO D. T. , SRIVASTAVA S.
Published: November 2021

Valsad district in south Gujarat near the western coast of the peninsular India experienced earthquake swarms since early February 1986.  Seismic monitoring through a network of micro earthquake seismographs showed a well concentrated seismic activity over an area of 7 × 10 km2 with the depth of foci extending from 1 to 15 km.  A total number of 21,830 earthquakes were recorded during March 1986 to June 1988.  The daily frequency of earthquakes for this period was utilized to examine deterministic chaos through evaluation of dimension of strange attractor and Lyapunov exponent.  The low dimension of 2.1 for the strange attractor and positive value of the largest Lyapunov exponent suggest chaotic dynamics in Valsad earthquake swarms with at least 3 parameters for earthquake predictability.  The results indicate differences in the characteristics of deterministic chaos in intraplate and interplate regions of India.
Ağızların Dil-İçi ve Dil-Ötesi İşlevleri
Authors: SARI İsa
Published: November 2021

Birbirlerinden ses bilgisi, biçim bilgisi, sözvarlığı ve nadiren sözdizimi düzeylerinde farklılıklar gösteren, kodlanmış standart dile kıyasla etki alanları daha düşük bulunan kodlanmamış yerel veya bölgesel konuşma biçimleri niteliğindeki ağızlar, sadece dil araştırmaları için değil farklı disiplinler için de çok sayıda veri veya tanımlayıcı bilgi (meta veri) niteliğindeki hususları barındırmaktadır. Bunların yanı sıra ağızlar gerek toplumsal gerek kültürel katmanlarda birbirinden çok farklı işlevlere sahiptir. Bu çalışmada samimiyet ve aidiyet kurma, güldürü ve mizah, dil tarihinin yeniden kurulması gibi birbirinden farklı kategorilere ait işlevleri barındıran ağızların hem dile dair işlevlerine hem de dil-ötesi diğer işlevlerine değinilecek ve gerek sosyo-kültürel düzeyde gerek bu düzeylerin gerisinde başkaca ne tür işlevleri yerine getirebileceğine temas edilecektir.
Muslim Magomayev’s variety performance features
Authors:   The Hajibeyov Baku Academy of Music, Nezarov Ilham
Published: November 2021

A significant part of the work of the outstanding singer, People's artist of the USSR Muslim Magomayev is his work in the variety genre. M. Magomayev made a significant contribution to the development of variety music not only in Azerbaijan, but also in the USSR, enriching this genre with newer traditions. So, concerning the variety music of the 1960–1980 years of the last century, first of all, M.Magomayev is remembered. While on the subject of M. Magomayev's variety creative work from this point of view, it is not enough to mention only his song performance. It is also necessary to emphasize the trends introduced by him in this genre. The legendary musician raised Azerbaijan’s variety performance to an academic level. At the same time, M. Magomayev successfully created his own performing line in the song genre. He managed to expand the boundaries of the song genre and to introduce contrasting tricks.
Study of early symptoms of autism (literature review)
Authors:   Western Caspian University, Atik Ahmet
Published: November 2021

Autism is a disorder of psychological development that affects the areas of communication, social interaction and behavior. The interest in early diagnosis of autism is closely linked to the awareness of both professionals and families. The article presents a literature review on early symptoms and diagnosis of autism, review of early diagnosis tools, and the importance of early diagnosis.
Concept of will in the framework of psychological approaches
Authors:   Baku Slavic University, Orbeyi Sait
Published: November 2021

Will is one of the most difficult concepts in psychology. The will is viewed both as an independent psychic process, as an aspect of other important psychic phenomena, and as a unique ability of the individual to arbitrarily control one's behavior. Will is a mental function that literally permeates all aspects of a person's life. To go to the conversation about the differences in the will, you need to understand the very concept. The will, as you know, is the ability to choose the goal of the activity and the internal efforts necessary for its implementation. This is a specific act, not reducible to consciousness and activity as such. Not every conscious action, even connected with overcoming obstacles on the way to the goal, is volitional: the main thing in the volitional act is the awareness of the value characteristic of the goal of the action, its conformity to the principles and norms of the individual. In the article, we have analyzed the concept of will in the framework of psychological approaches.
Hungary and the European union in modern times: tensions of attitude and their causes
Authors:   Western Caspian University, Nuriyeva Zumrud
Published: November 2021

The article deal with changes in the political views of Hungary after the country became a member of the EU and reasons for their emergence. We study the desire to move away from the liberalism of a post-socialist country that aspired to democracy and the fact that this is the desire not only of the ruling elite but also a large part of the country's population.
BUMDES Management Training in Sei Bamban District Based on Cognitive Cointegration Method
Authors: L Lilinesia , Mariani Sinurat Yenni , Syafrizal Rodi , Nur Ilham Rico
Published: November 2021

Currently the government continues to strive to build and develop the economy of rural areas through community empowerment programs with the aim of increasing productivity, business diversity and regional potential with the aim of improving the economy and welfare of rural communities. One of the government programs is by providing a budget. Funds in the field of community empowerment are used to support capital for the formation of Village Owned Enterprises (BUMDes). Where in accordance with the objectives of BUMDes, namely optimizing the management of village assets and the potential of existing villages, to support the village economy, and improve the welfare of the village community. But unfortunately, until now the role and function of my BUMDes has not been effective and cannot be felt by the community. This is due to the incompetence and lack of professionalism of human resources managing BUMDes and the lack of integration of the businesses managed by BUMDes with the existing village potential so that it seems as if BUMDes stands only as a formality without supporting the economic potential of rural communities. The purpose of this study is to create a strategic concept in the management of BUMDes so that it runs more effectively and according to targets so that it can support the economy of rural communities through the development of human resource knowledge in managing BUMDes that is integrated with the economic potential of rural communities. So that BUMDes and Village Basic Pontesials are integrated in a business institution that supports the village economy for the welfare of the village community. This solution can help rural communities in strengthening their economy and provide knowledge views and open insight to BUMDes managers so that they can develop BUMDes into businesses that are in synergy with the community. This study uses primary data sourced from questionnaires and interviews aimed at BUMDes management employees to see the extent to which the abilities, expertise, and knowledge of BUMDes management employees can evaluate and innovate in the business.
Webinar Socialization of Presidential Regulations Related to Digital Transformation and Strengthening Economic Foundations in Digitalization Era
Authors: Khaddafi Muammar , Heikal Mohd. , F Falahuddin , Ichsan Ichsan , F Fuadi , D Damanhur , Fauzul Hakim Hasibuan Ahmad , M Munandar , Chalirafi Chalirafi , Nur Ilham Rico
Published: November 2021

The Industrial Revolution is indeed familiar, Indonesia has known that the 4.0 industrial revolution has existed since 2011 but has been implemented by the Indonesian government since 2019. Currently, Indonesia in terms of its economy often associates it with the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution is a change that occurs rapidly in the implementation of the production process or the way of making or increasing the use value of an item that originally used human power (traditional) to use machine tools (modern). The purpose of this community service is to help the community in implementing, being able to implement digitalization in everyday life and being able to develop it. People really need to know how important technology is in today's era. This activity is designed for 1 day starting with the socialization of presidential regulations on digital transformation, how to strengthen the economic foundation in the digitalization era and consumer behavior towards the digitalization era. The preparation for the socialization which was held through this webinar was preceded by coordination and communication with the Governor of the Riau Islands, the leadership of Bank Indonesia and the Head of the Doctoral Program in Human Resource Management at the University of Batam. The results of this activity are in line with what is expected, namely the activities carried out can help the community in preparing themselves and developing themselves in order to compete in the era of digitalization transformation. how to strengthen the economic foundation in the digitalization era and consumer behavior towards the digitalization era. The preparation for the socialization which was held through this webinar was preceded by coordination and communication with the Governor of the Riau Islands, the leadership of Bank Indonesia and the Head of the Doctoral Program in Human Resource Management at the University of Batam. The results of this activity are in line with what is expected, namely the activities carried out can help the community in preparing themselves and developing themselves in order to compete in the era of digitalization transformation. how to strengthen the economic foundation in the digitalization era and consumer behavior towards the digitalization era. The preparation for the socialization which was held through this webinar was preceded by coordination and communication with the Governor of the Riau Islands, the leadership of Bank Indonesia and the Head of the Doctoral Program in Human Resource Management at the University of Batam. The results of this activity are in line with what is expected, namely the activities carried out can help the community in preparing themselves and developing themselves in order to compete in the era of digitalization transformation.
Pentingnya Motivasi Dalam Menumbuhkan Minat Berwirausaha
Authors: Purwaningsih Dewi
Published: November 2021

Strong motivation in running a business is needed in addition to the intentions and enthusiasm that exist in an entrepreneur. With a strong motivation can encourage entrepreneurs to start a business well to achieve the target to be determined. This study aims to explain and explain the importance of motivation in growing interest in entrepreneurship. The method used in this study is a qualitative approach method with descriptive analytical and explanatory studies as well as data collection through literature studies, literature / and related documentation related to the importance of motivation in growing interest in entrepreneurship. High motivation in a person will encourage the entrepreneur to carry out all activities and activities in entrepreneurship. With the existing motivation will arise the will and interest of entrepreneurs to run their business in order to continue to grow and achieve the goals that have been set.
In Memoriam Jean Le Dû (1938–2020)
Authors: Manchec-German Gary
Published: November 2021

An obituary for the late Jean Le Dû, Professor Emeritus at the University of Western Brittany
Boris Denev as a Publicist. The Artist’s Feuilletons
Authors:   ", Denev Boris ,   St. Cyril and Methodius",   University of Veliko Tarnovo
Published: November 2021

Boris Denev (1883–1969), one of the most eminent Bulgarian artists is known to the general public not only with his art but with his interest in music and aviation too. It is known that in 1905 as a young teacher he published a paper entitled “Painting in primary school”. It laid the beginning of another study – publicity. The artist writes for the press, especially for two daily papers in the capital – “Zora“ and “Slovo’’ (1936–1943). These feuilletons cause his detention in 1944 and give an occasion for the artist’s interdiction to paint in open air as the artist himself writes in his autobiography. Essential subjects in Denev’s publications are all spheres of social life whereas the wars – passed and coming take important place. In his feuilletons he deals with all kinds of art. These materials are of great importance as historical evidence. There we discover the origin of problems that even today could not find resolve. The artist however leaves his vision about possible solutions. Based on understanding and tolerance it might be an example now that the great artist could belong to every age.
The Role of the Advisor for the Gallery Guggenheim Jeune Establishment in London (1938–1939). The Cultural Stage at London in the End of the 30th Years of the XX Century and the Place of Peggy Guggenheim in it
Authors:   National Art Academy, Bulgaria, Stareyshinska-Angelova Mila
Published: November 2021

The presented research aims to study the work of Peggy Guggenheim as a gallerist. In 1938, she opened her first art gallery named Guggenheim Jeune in London. The status of the gallery is private, commercial and independent. The gallery is inaugurated in January 1938 and closed in June 1939. For the short time the gallery has been operating, it has contributed to the development of the London modern art scene. The work of Peggy Guggenheim and the management of her gallery during this period were determined by her advisors, who played a key role in the formation of the gallery and the development of her career as a gallerist.
SOURCES OF GLOBAL SCALE SOIL MOISTURE MONITORING DATA BY SATELLITE BASED REMOTE SENSING OF EARTH’S SURFACE
Authors:   Brest State Technical University, Volchek A.A. , Petrov D.O. ,   Brest State Technical University
Published: November 2021

A review of modern tools of global monitoring of soil moisture by means of remote sensing of the Earth’s surface is presented. The characteristic features of the use of orbital radiometers and radars of C, X and L microwave bands for estimating the volumetric soil moisture at a depth of 5 cm and the root layer of vegetation are considered. A review of the capabilities of satellite gravimetry to assess the land water equivalent thickness is made. A number of sources have been proposed for obtaining estimates of soil water content from satellite based radiometric devices and orbital gravimetric systems. Based on the analysis of scientific research papers, the complexity of monitoring the level of fire danger indices in forests is shown, and the prospects of assessing soil moisture in agricultural regions using microwave orbital instruments are demonstrated, and the adequacy of calculating the moisture content in soil at a depth of up to one meter using satellite gravimetry is described.