bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Size and Diet in the Evolution of African Ape Craniodental Form
Authors: Shea Brian T.
Published: September 2008

Interspecific differences in craniodental morphology among Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes, and Gorilla gorilla are analyzed. These apes differ in both diet and body size, and thus present an excellent example in which to apply an allometric criterion of subtraction in order to determine morphological differences which might be related to divergent dietary specialization. The use of ontogenetic allometry in particular as a criterion of subtraction is discussed. Bivariate and multivariate results indicate that most of the variation in skull form among the species relates to the extension of a common growth trend to different sizes. Comparative analysis of growth trajectories reveals a number of differences, but none that appear to relate to a reorganization of skull proportions which might correspond to a dietary shift towards increased folivory. The dentition clearly exhibits non-allometric shape changes corresponding to the dietary differences, however. The meaning of these differences between cranial and dental patterns is discussed.
Structural Variability in Primate Vocalizations and Its Functional Significance: An Analysis of Squirrel Monkey Chuck Calls
Authors: Newman John D. , Smith Harriet J. , Talmage-Riggs Garland
Published: September 2008

Sound spectrograms of vocalizations recorded from ‘Gothic arch’ squirrel monkeys were examined for shared structural characteristics. A rapidly descending element, the ‘mast’, was found to be diagnostic for a group of variable but structurally similar vocalizations called chucks. In addition to the mast, a variable FM element (‘flag’) and a terminal noisy element (‘cackle’) formed a basic 3-element structural unit. A review of functional studies suggests that this flag-mast-cackle structure is used by the squirrel monkey and a variety of other New World primates in circumstances involving close social contact.
Females without Infants: Mating Strategies in Two Species of Captive Macaques
Authors: Small Meredith F.
Published: September 2008

Bonnet (Macaca radiata) and rhesus (Macaca mulatta) macaque females were observed during the breeding season to evaluate differences in mating strategies between females without infants and females with dependent offspring. Rhesus nonmothers participated in consortships earlier in the breeding season and initiated and received more approaches with adult males than rhesus mothers did. Bonnet nonmothers entered estrus earlier, began copulating earlier, and approached and presented to adult males more often than bonnet mothers did. Interacting with males frequently and early in the breeding season may improve nonmothers’ chances of conceiving and bringing offspring to term, with little competition from mother peers.
Use of the Forest Canopy by the Agile Gibbon
Authors: Gittins S.P.
Published: September 2008

Brachiation was the main form of locomotion and took place along branches and boughs in the upper canopy. The posture during feeding depended on the substrate, with the gibbons sitting on branches but hanging in twigs. During foraging the gibbons hung more, even on branches, but as only short stops were made this is probably to increase mobility. Feeding on fruit took place mainly in the middle canopy on small trees; feeding on leaves and foraging occurred evenly throughout the middle and upper canopies. Gibbons are light mobile animals with a rapid and direct form of locomotion that enables them to exploit dispersed food sources and to defend a large territory.
Introduction and Dominance Manipulations Involving Old Rhesus Males
Authors: Williams L.E. , Bernstein I.S.
Published: September 2008

Many investigators may feel that studies involving group manipulations involving older animals are untenable, fearing that such manipulations may harm or over-stress aged subjects. The present study demonstrates the safety of a technique which not only introduced aged rhesus monkeys into two groups, but resulted in their attaining planned dominance rank positions in each of the groups: one set of 4 as the highest ranking and the other set of 4 as the lowest ranking. The manipulation also effected the social behavior of the old animals isolating the high ranking males from social activity in their group.
Polymorphisme électrophorétique chez Erythrocebus patas
Authors: Lucotte G. , Dandieu S.
Published: September 2008

Variations were observed at the prealbumin-2, carbonic anhydrase-I, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase-II and adenylate kinase loci in Erythrocebus patas subspecies pynhonotus. But the level of heterozygosity was very low compared with those of the different African monkey species studied by the same electrophoretic analysis. The reasons for this low variation are discussed with regard to ethological and genetic structure characteristics of the group studied.
Karyotype of Saguinus labiatus labiatus (Red-Bellied Marmosets)
Authors: Marczynska B. , Peterson D.A. , Ogden J.D. , Wolfe L.G.
Published: September 2008

The karyotype of Saguinus labiatus labiatus was determined by the Giemsa-banding technique on leukocytes cultured from 10 marmosets. The diploid chromosome number (2n = 46) was the same and the chromosome complement similar to other marmosets of genus Saguinus. Small karyotypic differences were found between S. l. labiatus and white-lipped marmosets (Saguinus fuscicollis) in the size of the X chromosome and in the banding pattern of one pair of metacentric chromosomes. A karyotypic variant was detected in 1 S. l. labiatus, characterized by a diploid chromosome number of 45 with balanced autosomal translocation involving two pairs of acrocentric chromosomes (T 16/19).
Food Aversion Learning in Japanese Monkeys (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Matsuzawa Tetsuro , Hasegawa Yoshinori
Published: September 2008

Japanese monkeys consumed two kinds of food, the novel almonds and the familiar sweet potatoes, simultaneously, and then received a cyclophosphamide injection (20 mg/kg) intravenously. As the food-poison pairing was repeated, they first avoided the novel food completely, and then came to suppress eating the familiar one. During the subsequent extinction tests, the aversion to the familiar food was extinguished rapidly, whereas the aversion to the novel one was retained more than 2 months. In food aversion learning in a mixed situation, monkeys have a strategy to avoid a noxious food on the basis of the novelty of the food.
Learning Set Formation in Slow Lorises (Nycticebus coucang)
Authors: Ohta Hirohiko
Published: September 2008

In primates, learning set formation has been reported in various simian species, but in only few prosimian species. The formation of visual discrimination learning set was tested on a nocturnal prosimian species, slow lorises (Nycticebus coucang). Their performance was higher than that of some New World monkeys. This confirmed the suggestion from the data on black lemurs (Lemur macaco) that there is an overlap between prosimians and simians in learning set ability.
Alloparental Behavior in Wild Chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania
Authors: Nishida Toshisada
Published: September 2008

Handling of smaller infants by individuals other than the mothers was studied for wild chimpanzees. Nulliparous subadult females, who are related or unrelated to the infants, are most earnest caretakers, while parous females usually are indifferent to infants other than their own. Adult males also take care of infants, although more briefly than nulliparae. Mothers screen alloparental candidates by sex and kin relationship. ‘Learn-to-mother’ hypothesis is supported for alloparental behavior by nulliparae. Costs and benefits of alloparental behavior by various age/sex classes are discussed.
Daily Ranging Behavior of Red Colobus (Colobus badius tephrosceles) in Kibale Forest, Uganda
Authors: Isbell Lynne A.
Published: September 2008

Daily ranging behavior (DRB) of red colobus monkeys (Colobus badius tephrosceles) is examined to determine (1) what social and environmental variables are related to ranging patterns, and (2) how these variables are related to one another and to DRB. It is suggested that foraging constraints primarily determine variation in DRB but that other variables, i.e. rainfall and intra- and intergroup conflicts periodically influence DRB as well.
Upper Dentition of Ekgmowechashala (Omomyid Primate) from the John Day Formation, Oligo-Miocene of Oregon
Authors: Rose Kenneth D. , Rensberger John M.
Published: September 2008

A fragmentary maxilla of an omomyid primate, probably referable to Ekgmowechashala, is described from the John Day Formation of Oregon. Ekgmowechashala is otherwise known only from lower jaw fragments from South Dakota. Similarities between the John Day specimen and early Oligocene Rooneyia strengthen the probability that Ekgmowechashala evolved from a form closely related to Rooneyia.
Taste Thresholds for Tryptophan in Seven Nonhuman Primate Species
Authors: Hobi G. , Glaser D.
Published: September 2008

Behavioral-physiological investigations on the sense of taste in primates were carried out by means of two-bottle preference tests. In this pilot study for the first time ever the threshold concentrations of tryptophan were determined in nonhuman primates. The three forms of this amino acid produced only slight differences in performance, except for the remarkebly low sensitivity of Saimiri sciureus to L-tryptophan. The seven nonhuman primate species tested so far avoided L-tryptophan. For D-tryptophan the animals did not show a homogeneous behaviour. The two species of the South American Callitrichidae tested with the racemate preferred it.
The Banded Karyotypes of Macaca fuscata Compared with Cercocebus aterrimus
Authors: Stanyon R. , Ardito G. , Lamberti L. , Bigatti P.
Published: September 2008

The karyotypes of Macaca fuscata and Cercocebus aterrrimus are compared after G, C and AgNOR banding. Although it is often assumed that the 42-chromosome monkeys (species of the genera Macaca, Papio, and Cercocebus) are identical at the chromosomal level, a number of clear and consistent differences between the karyotypes of these two taxa are described. These differences include one pericentric inversion and differences in staining intensity, particularly in centromeric and pericentromeric areas. It is probable that high resolution chromosome techniques could reveal more differences between taxa in the 42-chromosome group than are now believed to exist. It is therefore probable that karyological data could provide insight into the phylogenetic relationships in this group of Old World monkeys.
Patterns of Range Use by the Green Monkey, Cercopithecus sabaeus, at Mt. Assirik, Senegal
Authors: Harrison Michael J.S.
Published: September 2008

Details of range use by one of Africa’s most common super-species of primate, Cercopithecus aethiops, are little publicised. This paper reports on the environmental and social influences on ranging behaviour in a single group of green monkeys, C. sabaeus, studied for 15 months in the Pare National du Niokolo-Koba, Senegal, West Africa. Various ranging parameters were measured, including daily travel distances, speeds of movement, monthly range sizes, and differential patterns of range use in both space and time. Range use is shown to have been determined by the availability and distribution of important species of fruit and flowers, water in the late dry season, habitat structure, sleeping sites, and by the presence of neighbouring groups competing for limited resources.
Body Weight Changes throughout Pregnancy in the Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus
Authors: Lunn S.F.
Published: September 2008

Adult female common marmosets were weighed weekly for periods of 6–30 months. Of 27 animals, 25 were pregnant at some stage of the investigation. Patterns of body weight change throughout singleton, twin and triplet pregnancies were obtained and compared. Maternal weight increase was dependent on the number of young in utero; however, little or no change in weight was observed during the first 13 weeks of gestation, irrespective of the number of offspring delivered subsequently. The overall maternal·fetal body weight ratio was 1.00:0.21, ranging from 1.00:0.11 for singleton to 1.00:0.26 for triplet pregnancies. Lactation had little or no effect on maternal body weight during the first 4 weeks postpartum.
A New Genus and Species of Adapid Primate from the Middle Eocene of Alsace, and a New Genus for ‘Adapis’ ruetimeyeri Stehlin, 1912
Authors: Tattersall Ian , Schwartz Jeffrey H.
Published: September 2008

A new primate genus and species, represented by isolated teeth, is described from the middle Eocene Alsatian site of Bouxwiller. This new form is closely related to Egerkingen ‘Adapis’ metimeyeri, for which a new genus is proposed because of the important distinctions from type Adapis present in its dentition. Nonetheless, both new genera are closely related to Adapis and Leptadapis.
New Primate Fossils from Late Oligocene (Colhuehuapian) Localities of Chubut Province, Argentina
Authors: Fleagle John G. , Bown Thomas M.
Published: September 2008

New primate fossils have been recovered from the late Oligocene (Colhuehuapian) localities of Gaiman and Sacanana in Patagonian Argentina. The new fossils are provisionally allocated to Dolichocebus gaimanensis and Tremacebus harringtoni, the only primates previously described from these localities. These new dental remains are more primitive than the teeth of any previously known platyrrhines, living or fossil, and conform extremely well with the hypothetical ancestral morphotype for New World monkeys suggested by several authors. They are also very similar to the teeth of Oligocene catarrhines from Egypt such as Aegyptopithecus zeuxis.
Quelques remarques à propos d’un humérus d’hominoïde pliocène provenant de Chemeron (bassin du lac Baringo, Kenya)
Authors: Senut Brigitte
Published: September 2008

Detailed study of a proximal fragment of a Pliocene left humerus and comparison with extant and fossil primates suggests that the specimen, although definitely hominoid, cannot be clearly associated with any known Plio-Pleistocene hominid or with any modern hominoids.
Timing of Birth, Female Reproductive Success and Infant Sex Ratio in Semifree-Ranging Barbary Macaques (Macaca sylvanus)
Authors: Paul Andreas , Thommen Dieter
Published: September 2008

Examined were 5 years of data on the reproduction of a semifree-ranging population of Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). In this seasonally breeding species – birth season: mid-March to beginning of August – primiparous 4-year-old females gave birth significantly later in the year than older primiparous and multiparous females, respectively. Multiparous females without an infant from the preceding season gave birth significantly earlier than females who had raised an infant. 88.4% of birth intervals were approximately 1 year, 11.6% about 2 years. Infant loss did not influence the length of the interbirth interval, but after the birth of the next surviving infant the interval was significantly longer. The interval following the 1st infant was significantly longer than after subsequent infants. After the birth of daughters primiparous females had markedly longer birth intervals than after the birth of sons. Infant mortality was 9.1%. Neonatal mortality was influenced by rank and parity of the mother and sex of the infant. Allomothering and aggression by older group members are thought to be the main causes of infant mortality. Female reproduction rates were not dependent on rank. High-ranking females, however, bore their 1st infant significantly earlier than low-ranking females. Low-ranking females had more daughters than sons, in high-ranking females the reverse was found. Differences from findings of other species are discussed with regard to differences in social organization and the reproductive strategies resulting from them.
Effects of Testosterone upon the Chest-Rubbing Behavior of Galago crassicaudatus umbrosus
Authors: Bullard S.C.
Published: September 2008

The chest-rubbing behavior of 8 male greater galagos was studied. Castration of 4 males resulted in a sharp decrease in chest-marking, while testosterone replacement therapy resulted in an increased frequency. The 4 male controls generally maintained a stable relationship between chest-rubbing frequency and serum testosterone levels. Results of the study indicate that while chest-rubbing frequency may initially vary individually in relation to testosterone levels, drastic fluctuations in serum testosterone are accompanied by a corresponding fluctuation in chest-rubbing behavior.
Primates of the Kilimi Area, Northwest Sierra Leone
Authors: Harding Robert S.O.
Published: September 2008

A census was conducted of the primates of the Kilimi region of northwest Sierra Leone, part of a proposed National Park, between November 1981 and June 1982. Although largely composed of savanna woodland, Kilimi included riverine forest along the Kolenten River as well as numerous small deciduous forest remnants, and these forests sustained populations of Cercocebus torquatus, Cercopithecus campbelli, Cercopithecus petaurista, Cercopithecus sabaeus, Colobus badius, Colobus polykomos, Papio papio, and Pan troglodytes. Swidden agriculturalists living in the area continued to exert severe pressure on the primates by felling these forests, however, leaving the future of the primate populations in doubt unless farming is controlled.
Energy Requirements of Captive Cotton-Top Tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus)
Authors: Kirkwood James K. , Underwood Susan J.
Published: September 2008

Food intake of captive cotton-top tamarins was measured at various stages of the life cycle and energy intake was calculated from the results. The intake of adults for maintenance was found to vary around 500 kj kg-¾ day-1 and to decrease with age. During the last 8 weeks of pregnancy, females increased in weight by about 2 g day-1 but energy intake did not show a marked rise above the maintenance range. During lactation, their energy intake appeared to double. Measurements of intake at various stages of growth were compared with a model of the energy requirements for growth which predicted intake quite closely. Compared with non-primate mammals of similar size, the growth rate of this species is slow, and because of this, the energy intake during growth and lactation is also comparatively low.
Genetic Markers of Immunoglobulins in the Two Orangutan Subspecies and Their Hybrids
Authors: Dugoujon J.M. , Blanc M. , McClure H.M. , Lockwood E.
Published: September 2008

Serum samples from 23 Pongo pygmaeus abelii, 4 Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus and 2 hybrids were tested for Gm(1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 24, 28) and for Km (1) allotypes. All samples were negative for Gm (2, 3, 5, 6, 14, 16, 21, 28), Km (1) and positive for Gm (1, 15, 17, 24). The allotypes G3m (10, 11, 13) were simultaneously absent in all of the Bornean orangutans and present in all of the Sumatran orangutans. Moreover, the analysis of 8 Bm allotypes has shown that all the P. pygmaeus abelii and their hybrids only possess one Bm marker and that all the 4 P. pygmaeus pygmaeus are negative for all the antigens.
A Demographic Model of Colonization by a Population of St. Kitts Vervets
Authors: Fedigan Linda M. , Fedigan Laurence , Chapman Colin , McGuire Michael T.
Published: September 2008

Two sets of censuses by enumeration (1971, 1981) of an isolated population of vervet monkeys on the island of St. Kitts were used to construct a model of the population history of the group. From a colonizing population, the best-fit model predicts a period of rapid expansion with high birth rates, then continued growth with slowly declining natality to the present population level. Several possible ‘futures’ for the population are projected.
Interbirth Intervals in a Captive Group of Japanese Macaques
Authors: Scucchi Stefano
Published: September 2008

Interbirth intervals in a captive group of Japanese macaques were found to be shortened and inconsistently affected by stillbirth and infant loss within 6 months of life. The reduction in the length of the interval between successive births was in all probability the result of shorter periods of lactation and larger amounts of body fat stored by the well-nourished females of the study group.
The Ooaa Duet of the Gibbon (Hylobates lar)
Authors: Raemaekers Jeremy J. , Raemaekers Patricia M.
Published: September 2008

Groups of monogamous, territorial gibbon apes (Hylobates spp.) are thought to interact through their loud calls, but there is little evidence that they do. We present evidence from observation of spontaneous calling and from playback experiments that an uncommon type of call bout produced by the lar gibbon (Hylobates lar), the ooaa duet, is highly infectious, triggering other groups to respond in kind.
Reassessment of Some Early Eocene Omomyidae, with Description of a New Genus and Three New Species
Authors: Bown Thomas M. , Rose Kenneth D.
Published: September 2008

Study of new and previously known specimens of omomyid primates from the early Eocene of Wyoming has resulted in a reevaluation of several genera and the description of new taxa. ‘Omomys’ vespertinus is placed in a new anaptomorphine genus, Steinius, which possesses some characters foreshadowing omomyines. ‘Omomys’ minutus is transferred to Loveina, a genus that likewise shows a combination of anaptomorphine and omomyine features. The new species Chlororhysis incomptus, Anemorhysis wortmani, and Anemorhysis pattersoni are described from the upper part of the Willwood Formation, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming.
Arboreality and Bipedality in the Hadar Hominids
Authors: Susman Randall L. , Stern Jack T. , Jungers William L.
Published: September 2008

Numerous studies of the locomotor skeleton of the Hadar hominids have revealed traits indicative of both arboreal climbing/suspension and terrestrial bipedalism. These earliest known hominids must have devoted part of their activities to feeding, sleeping and/or predator avoidance in trees, while also spending time on the ground where they moved bipedally. In this paper we offer new data on phalangeal length and curvature, moφhology of the tarsus and metatarsophalangeal joints, and body proportions that further strengthen the argument for arboreality in the Hadar hominids. We also provide additional evidence on limb and pedal proportions and on the functional anatomy of the hip, knee and foot, indicating that the bipedality practiced at Hadar differed from that of modern humans. Consideration of the ecology at Hadar, in conjunction with modern primate models, supports the notion of arboreality in these earliest australopithecines. We speculate that selection for terrestrial bipedality may have intensified through the Plio-Pleistocene as forests and woodland patches shrunk and the need arose to move increasingly longer distances on the ground. Only with Homo erectus might body size, culture and other factors have combined to ‘release’ hominids from their dependence on trees.
Phylogeny, Neoteny and Growth of the Cranial Base in Hominoids
Authors: Dean M.C. , Wood B.A.
Published: September 2008

This study tests the hypothesis that there is a general pattern in the growth of the cranial base of Homo sapiens that is ‘essentially neotenous’ [Gould, 1977]. Juvenile and adult crania of Homo sapiens, Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes and Pongo pygmaeus were studied and the cross-sectional growth curves for 10 measurements made on the cranial base (as viewed in norma basilaris) were compared. The results of this study suggest that relatively simple modifications to the timing or pattern of growth are insufficient to explain the observed morphological differences between the cranial base of modern Homo sapiens and the great apes.
The Nigerian Guenon, Cercopithecus erythrogaster: Ecological, Behavioral, Systematic and Historical Observations
Authors: Oates J.F.
Published: September 2008

Field observations and a study of museum skins showed that Cercopithecus erythrogaster is less variable than some accounts have suggested, and support its status as a valid species within the Cercopithecus cephus group. The species is still widespread in the lowland forest zone of southwest Nigeria, where it is most typically seen in dense, tangled growth below 15 m. Throughout the range of C erythrogaster, forests are being destroyed at a rapid rate and hunting for meat is intense, threatening the survival of the species. Alternative hypotheses for the existence of an endemic guenon in southwest Nigeria are discussed, and it is concluded that at present there is insufficient evidence to chose between them. ‘Cercopithecus signatus’ is shown not to be synonymous with C. erythrogaster; the signatus specimens may be hybrids.
Comparative Myology of the Hominoid Cranial Base
Authors: Dean M.C.
Published: September 2008

Detailed accounts of the muscular relations and attachments in the prevertebral and upper pharyngeal region of the cranial base of extant hominoids and fossil hominids are described in this paper. Marked differences exist in the cranial attachments of the longus capitis, superior constrictor, tensor palati and levator palati muscles between the three great apes and Homo sapiens. Many of the bony ridges and processes characteristic of the three great apes are also present in the ‘gracile’ australopithecines. Some of the differences between the muscle markings in this region of the cranial base in certain fossil hominids are discussed in the light of the findings of the dissection study of the three great apes and previous studies of the hominoid cranial base.
Copulation of Adolescent Male Chimpanzees, with Special Reference to the Influence of Adult Males, in the Mahale National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Hayaki Hitoshige
Published: September 2008

The mating patterns of adolescent male chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) of the Mahale National Park, Tanzania, were studied. Sequential events associated with their copulations were characterized as follows. (1) In encounter, the female tended to approach the male. (2) In precopulation stage, the male often gave courtship displays. (3) In postcopulation stage, the male often groomed the female. (4) In leaving, the female tended to leave first. In every stage, especially during copulation, adolescent males were sensitive to the presence of adult males. The presence of adult males seemed to be enough to prevent adolescent males from copulating with the female. Influences of adult males on copulation of adolescent males are discussed in relation to male-male bonding in chimpanzees.
Volume Comparisons in the Cerebellar Complex of Primates
Authors: Matano Shozo , Stephan Heinz , Baron Georg
Published: September 2008

Volumes of the ventral pons (VPo) were measured in 82 brains of primates, Scandentia, and Insectivora, and the relative size of the VPo was expressed by size indices. The reference line was through the prosimian average; the mean index of prosimians was set at 1. The taxonomic groups arranged in a sequence of ascending mean VPo indices were: Insectivora (0.04), prosimians (1.00), monkeys (2.55), apes (4.48) and man (9.44). Thus, the VPo of man is more than 9 times larger than that of isoponderous average prosimians, and more than 230 times larger than that of isoponderous ‘basal’ insectivores. The indices may reflect trends and extent of VPo evolution in primate phylogeny.
Lemur macaco flavifrons (Gray, 1867): a Rediscovered Subspecies of Primates
Authors: Koenders L. , Rumpler Y. , Ratsirarson J. , Peyrieras A.
Published: September 2008

In November 1983 an almost unknown subspecies of the genus Lemur was rediscovered in north-west Madagascar: Lemur macaco flavifrons (Gray, 1867). Because of its karyotype, geographical distribution and morphological distinctiveness, L. m. flavifrons should indeed be classified as an L. macaco subspecies.
Thermoregulation in the Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus)
Authors: Müller E.F. , Nieschalk U. , Meier B.
Published: September 2008

Thermoregulatory characteristics of slender lorises largely resemble those of other slow-moving Lorisidae: Body temperature is slightly below the normal mammalian level and basal metabolic heat production is only about half of the mass-specific standard. During cold exposure only a rather small body core is kept at a high temperature level whereas large parts of the body are allowed to cool. Contrary to the findings in other Lorisidae slender lorises are more tolerant against high environmental temperatures, largely due to the ability of considerably increasing evaporative cooling.
In Favor of the Necrolemur-Tarsier Hypothesis
Authors: Rosenberger Alfred L.
Published: September 2008

The traditional view that tarsiers are more closely related to middle Tertiary European microchoerines is supported by a new examination of the gross anatomy of the basicranium. Tarsius shares with Necrolemur and Microchoerus a suite of characters spanning several subsystems of the skull: the craniofacial junction, bony proportions of the basicranium, morphology of the pterygoids and the temporomandibular joint. Comparisons with other omomyids, adapids, plesiadapiforms and modern primates suggest that the states and combinations common to Tarsius, Necrolemur and Microchoerus are derived. Fewer components can be established in Tetonius, Pseudoloris and Nannopithex, whereas only primitive tarsiiform traits are evident in Rooneyia. Functional interpretations lend confidence to the inference that these phenetically very similar traits are homologous in Tarsius and its ‘necrolemur’ allies, and demonstrate their coordination with other synapomorphies of the cranium and postcranium. Necrolemurs appear to have undergone an adaptive transition to a crepuscular life-style, relying on insects significantly, using a powerful incisal killing bite, employing specialized auditory and optical prey detection techniques, and stealthy sit-and-wait foraging habits involving an important degree of leaping locomotion. These behaviors would have been preadaptive to the biology of tarsiers, and are built upon a homologous framework of derived tarsiiform characteristics.
How Stranger Encounters of Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus jacchus) Are Influenced by Family Members: the Quality of Behavior
Authors: Anzenberger Gustl
Published: September 2008

The initial confrontations of 33 previously unfamiliar pairs of common marmosets were observed. Four types of pairs were used (alpha males/alpha females; alpha males/subdominant females; alpha females/subdominant males; subdominant males/sub-dominant females). Each dyad was tested in five different experimental conditions: (1) isolation of both individuals from their families, unilateral encounters in which either the (2) male’s or the (3) female’s family was visible to the dyad through a one-way screen, and interactive encounters in which either the (4) male’s or the (5) female’s family was present behind a wire screen. Pairs which included alpha females exhibited no affiliative, practically no sexual, but high levels of aggressive behaviors. Pairs which included subdominant females exhibited affiliative, high levels of sexual, and practically no aggressive behaviors. Behavior was reduced qualitatively as well as quantitatively with increasing presence of the families. Possible functional aspects of the results are discussed.
Geographic Distributions of Karyotypes and Morphotypes within the Greater Galagines
Authors: Masters Judith
Published: September 2008

Evidence from previous studies indicating both a morphotypic and a karyotypic discontinuity within the greater galagines is summarized, and additional information is presented. This includes both a multivariate analysis of skull characters, and a karyological investigation of wild-caught animals from the southern African subregion. Geographic distributions of the morphotypes and karyotypes are compared. A distinct group of slightly larger G. garnettii animals requires investigation with regard to specific affinities.
Learning Set Formation in Thick-Tailed Bush Babies (Galago crassicaudatus) and Comparison of Learning Ability among Four Species
Authors: Ohta Hirohiko , Ishida Hidemi , Matano Shozo
Published: September 2008

Following the studies on Nycticebus coucang, Lemur catta and Tupaia glis, the Visual Discrimination Learning Set was tested on the nocturnal prosimian thick-tailed bush babies (Galago crassicaudatus). Their performance occupied a position between that of Lemur and Tupaia, and was almost the same as that of Nycticebus. The hypothesis behavior analysis was made on the performance of the 4 species. The species differences in performance showed a strong relationship with the degree of neocortex development and eco-ethological characteristics.
Banded Karyotypes of the 44-Chromosome Gibbons
Authors: Stanyon R. , Sineo L. , Chiarelli B. , Camperio-Ciani A. , Haimoff A.R. , Mootnick E.H. , Sutarman
Published: September 2008

A comparison of the 44-chromosome gibbons (27 animals from the taxa H. agilis, H. lar, H. klossii, H. muelleri, H. moloch and H. pileatus) shows that these species have a nearly identical, if not identical, G-banding pattern. Two chromosomes, No. 8 and the marker chromosome bearing the nucleolar organizing region, show intraspecific polymorphism. There are three forms of chromosome 8 (8a, 8b, 8c). Chromosome 8a can be derived from 8b by a single pericentric inversion while to derive chromosome 8c from 8b requires at least two pericentric inversions. Apparently, the 44-chromosome gibbons are chromosomally conservative or have only recently differentiated. The presence of a polymorphism of chromosome 8 in four of the six taxa studied in wild-caught animals makes it likely that this polymorphism occurs in natural populations and was the ancestral condition for all the taxa studied. However, the possible existence of natural karyomorphs has conservation implications because animals heterozygous for different forms of chromosome 8 may have lowered fertility due to the production of unbalanced gametes. The exact implications of these chromosomal polymorphisms could be further clarified by a population level study of animals of known provenance.
New Fossil Platyrrhines from Santa Cruz Province, Argentina
Authors: Fleagle John G. , Powers Dennis W. , Conroy Glenn C. , Watters John Paul
Published: September 2008

New platyrrhine fossils have been recovered from early Miocene deposits near the Pinturas River in Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. Soriacebus ameghinorum is a saki-sized monkey with a deep V-shaped mandible, large procumbent incisors and small marmoset-like cheek teeth. Several other primate taxa are represented by dental, cranial, and post-cranial remains from the same deposits. These fossils document the presence of a phyletically and adaptively diverse fauna of primates in southernmost Argentina during the early Miocene.
Weaning Variability in Semi-Free-Ranging Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Collinge Nancy E.
Published: September 2008

The purpose of this research was to investigate variability in the weaning behaviours of Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) mothers and their infants and to attempt to define factors contributing to this variability. The marked level of variability in maternal weaning behaviours was unrelated to traditional sociological factors, such as the rank, parity, age and number of immature offspring of the mother, and the sex of the infant. The only variability in the weaning behaviours of the infants occurred in the rates of distress and attempts at nipple contact, which were positively related to maternal rejection. The oestrous state of the mother was the one factor which could be used to predict a significant increase in the level of maternal rejection, and different behavioural tendencies in the infants.
Static Intraspecific Maxillofacial Allometry in the Chacma Baboon
Authors: Kieser Julius A. , Groeneveld H.T.
Published: September 2008

Adult static intraspecific allometry of jaw size and tooth area was evaluated in a sample of 104 Papio ursinus crania (52 male, 52 female). Tooth areas were calculated from mesiodistal and buccolingual measurements of all the teeth in both arcades and were scaled to four viscerocranial measurements: bimaxillary width, maxillo-alveolar length, mandibular length and bigonial width. Craniodental allometric analyses indicate that larger animals will tend to have proportionately shorter and narrower lower jaws. From the log-transformed interspecific analyses between P. ursinus and C. aethiops we conclude that males and females within each species share a common exponential value for jaw length. Hence increased sexual dimorphism for muzzle length in P. ursinus is attributable to increased divergence between the male and female slopes. Post-canine area was found to be significantly correlated to maxillary length and to canine size only in females, with exponential values similar to those reported for the same bivariate regressions in C. aethiops. A hypothesis of nutritional equivalence is advanced to account for these observations. Canine base area and the area of P3 were the only tooth areas that scaled in a positively allometric fashion to jaw size -but only in males. Hence the existence of a canine complex is confirmed in the male Chacma baboon, the size of which is related to jaw length.
The Anatomy of Adipose Tissue in Captive Macaca Monkeys and Its Implications for Human Biology
Authors: Pond Caroline M. , Mattacks Christine A.
Published: September 2008

In a sample of 31 sedentary, ad libitum-fed monkeys, most specimens had less than 5 % adipose tissue by weight. Total fatness correlated closely with the number of adipocytes per kilogram lean body mass, but not at all with mean adipocyte volume, except in specimens below 5 % fat. The total number of adipocytes per kilogram of lean body mass increased more than tenfold in the most obese specimens. These data suggest that, like humans but in contrast to laboratory rodents, adipocyte proliferation, not adipocyte enlargement, is the chief mechanism of adipose tissue expansion except in very lean monkeys. Adipose tissue was found in all the typical mammalian depots and in the superficial abdominal paunch, which enlarged disproportionately in obese specimens, forming an almost continuous layer over most of the body. Site-specific differences in the activities of some glycolytic enzymes were similar to those of other mammals. Adipocytes in the paunch depot showed biochemical properties in common with those in the groin depots. The distribution and cellularity of adipose tissue in normal humans were similar to those of exceptionally obese monkeys. Many of the interspecific and sex differences can be attributed to the much greater abundance of adipose tissue in humans, and may not be associated with hair reduction or aquatic habits. Some minor changes in the size or shape of certain adipose depots may have arisen recently under sexual selection. The relevance of laboratory rodents as animal models of human obesity is assessed from comparison of the cellular structure, anatomical distribution and enzyme profiles of adipose tissue in monkeys with those of human and other mammals.
Color Discrimination by the Cotton-Top Tamarin (Saguinus oedipus oedipus) and Its Relation to Fruit Coloration
Authors: Savage Anne , Dronzek Laura A. , Snowdon Charles T.
Published: September 2008

Old World monkeys and apes have been reported to differ from New World monkeys in their abilities to discriminate colors across the visible spectrum. Old World monkeys and apes (Macaca, Pan, Pongö) discriminate colors quite accurately, while some New World monkeys studied {Saimiri, Cebus) have shown lower sensitivity to and poorer discrimination of long wavelength light. This study examined the color discrimination ability of another New World primate, the cotton-top tamarin, Saguinus oedipus oedipus (family Callitrichidae). The tamarins were trained to discriminate a set of Munsell color chips, both within the same hue category and from the 2 hue categories on either side of the training hue. Results indicated that the cotton-top tamarin can make accurate discriminations across the visible spectrum. Human subjects were tested under similar conditions in order to compare their color discrimination abilities to those of the tamarins. The tamarins and human subjects had the most difficulty discriminating the same hues. The discrimination abilities of the monkeys were assessed in relation to the coloration of fruits eaten in a natural environment. A list of the species of fruits commonly eaten by various species of New World monkeys was compiled and the coloration of fruits at maturity was noted. It was found that most New World primate species eat fruits whose mature coloration ranges across most of the spectrum.
Mating Patterns in the Golden Lion Tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia): Continuous Receptivity and Concealed Estrus
Authors: Stribley Judy A. , French Jeffrey A. , Inglett Betty J.
Published: September 2008

Sociosexual behavior was monitored on a daily basis for 3 months in 5 pairs of golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia). Urine samples were collected daily from each female and urinary estrogen cycles were determined by radioimmunoassay. Mounts and copulations were observed during all phases of the estrogen cycle. Peaks or regular cycles in sexual behavior were not documented. There were no significant changes in affiliative behavior by females or males that were associated with changes in urinary estrogen values. A negative relationship between pair bond duration and frequency of sexual interactions was observed: newly established pairs exhibited 2–6 times more frequent sexual behavior than a long-established pair. The lack of a conspicuous sexual signal in female golden lion tamarins may be related to a pattern of continuous sexual receptivity. Both reproductive patterns, concealed estrus and continuous receptivity, are explicable in relation to either monogamous or polyandrous mating systems.
Habitat Use by Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri oerstedi) in Costa Rica
Authors: Boinski S.
Published: September 2008

This paper analyses movement patterns, habitat preferences, activity schedules, and dispersion of troop members in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedi) in relation to seasonal changes in food abundance in a Costa Rican tropical wet forest. Secondary forest was the preferred habitat and use of primary forest and late successional forest was limited primarily to seasons when food availability was low. Range area differed between seasons, varying from 79 to 110 ha, and totaling 176 ha over 11 months. The number of hectares used, hourly rate of group movement, and proportion of time spent foraging each season were all negatively related to relative food abundance. There was a tendency to spend less time in foraging activities in the middle of the day and to spend more time exclusively in travel at dawn and dusk. In all seasons dispersion was least when the troop was travelling and it was generally greatest during seasons of low food abundance. Measures of the allocation of time by the troop to food-related activities and the extent of troop dispersion each season were consistent with estimates based on behavior sampling of individuals.
Curvature of the Lumbar Spine as a Consequence of Mechanical Necessities in Japanese Macaques Trained for Bipedalism
Authors: Preuschoft H. , Hayama S. , Günther M.M.
Published: September 2008

If trained to walk bipedally at a juvenile age and over periods of some months or years, Japanese monkeys gradually acquire a pronounced lordosis of the lumbar spine. This lordosis persists even in the ‘normal’, pronograde posture of these animals. It is due to a relative increase of the ventral lengths of the vertebral bodies. This morphological change is clearly an adaptation to the mechanical necessities of the upright body posture. Our result is in complete accordance with the development of a lordosis in human children between 1 and 5 years, as described recently by others.
A Taxonomic Revision of the Small Catarrhine Primates from the Early Miocene of East Africa
Authors: Harrison Terry
Published: September 2008

This paper presents a detailed systematic revision of the small catarrhine primates from the early Miocene of East Africa, recovered from sites in Western Kenya and in Uganda dated at between 22 and 17 m.y. Revised diagnoses and amended hypodigms for each of the species are presented. In addition to the currently identified taxa, Limnopithecus legetet Hopwood, 1933, Dendropithecus macinnesi (Le Gros Clark and Leakey, 1950) and Micropithecus clarki Fleagle and Simons, 1978, two further species are recognized. Limnopithecus evansi (Maclnnes, 1943) is resurrected as a valid species, based primarily on previously described material from Songhor, and a new genus, Kalepithecus, is described here for the first time, in order to accommodate distinctive material from Songhor and Koru. The distribution of each species in time and space, and the phylogenetic relationships, are discussed in the light of this taxonomic revision.
Development of Social Grooming between Mother and Offspring in Wild Chimpanzees
Authors: Nishida Toshisada
Published: September 2008

Grooming between female chimpanzees and their offspring was studied in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. Infants under 2 years of age rarely groomed their mothers, and mostly groomed accessible parts of their mothers’ bodies, if they did so. Most older adolescents reciprocated grooming with their mothers almost equally. Daughters appeared to mature socially earlier than sons, judging from the earlier ages at which a female infant began to groom her mother, groom mutually with her, and groom others. Weaning infants groomed their mothers more when they were in oestrus than when they were not. Development of the use of grooming as a means of social manoeuvring is discussed.
Primate Play Vocalizations and Their Functional Significance
Authors: Masataka Nobuo , Kohda Masanori
Published: September 2008

It is well known that, among mammals, specific play vocalizations are produced exclusively by certain nonhuman primate species. In order to investigate the functional significance of these calls, we examined their phyletic distribution among New World and Old World monkeys. The results indicate that such calls are produced by species in which allomothering behaviour occurs. We propose a functional explanation of play vocalizations according to which they serve as a possible source of information for maternal retrieval of infants whenever necessary.
Olfactory Demarcation of Territorial but Not Home Range Boundaries by Lemur catta
Authors: Mertl-Millhollen Anne S.
Published: September 2008

Over 350 h of observations were collected using focal animal sampling of scent-marking behavior by 2 troops of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) in the field in Madagascar. Although they did not mark any branch species preferentially, they did have preferred marking sites. Significantly more scent marks were deposited in the area of home range overlap between troops than in the area of exclusive use. However, few marks were deposited at the periphery of the area of overlap. Instead, the majority of the marks were in a narrow band within the area of overlap that coincided with the positions of intertroop confrontations. Female genital marks and male arm marks, as well as the accompanying male shoulder rubs thus appear to demarcate territorial borders.