bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Mineral Nutrition on the Content of free Amino Acids and Amides in Tomato Plants II. A Study of the Effect of Molybdenum Nutrition
Authors: Possingham JV
Published: November 2018

Tomato plants which had been cultured in the absence of molybdenum were provided with molybdate, and the consequent changes in the relative amounts of the free amino acids and amides were followed over an experimental period of 4 days. The technique of quantitative paper chromatography was used to estimate the individual free amino acids and amides, and the results are .expressed on a dry weight basis.
Sulphur Analogues of Indoleacetic Acid: Synthesis and Biological Activity of some Thionaphthenacetic Acids
Authors: Kefford NP , M Kelso Judith
Published: November 2018

The thionaphthen�2�, �3-, -5-, -6�, and -7-acetic acids have been synthesized from the chlorides of the corresponding carboxylic acids by the Arndt-Eistert reaction and their plant growth-regulating activities, as indicated by their effects upon protoplasmic streaming, have been compared with those of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4�D). The thionaphthen-3- and -7- acetic acids and IAA have similar effects upon protoplasmic streaming, while the effects of the thionaphthen-2-, -5-, and �6-acetic acids differ from those of IAA and resemble in part those of 2, 4-D.
The Physiology of Sugar-Cane I. Studies on the Nutritional and Physiological Interrelationships of the Germinating Cutt`Ing
Authors: Glasziou KT
Published: November 2018

Nutritional and physiological relationships in germinating cuttings of sugarcane have been studied under conditions where all nutritional requirements of the growing regions were obtained from the cutting.
The Quantitative Determination of the Iodo-Amino Acids of Thyroid Tissue
Authors: Kennedy TH
Published: November 2018

The ability of three different pancreatin preparatiolls to liberate iodo-amino acids from thyroid tissue has been studied. Two of the pancreatin preparations, while freeing substantial amounts of the iodotyrosines, released only a part of the thyroxine.
Transient Bioelectric Potentials Produced by Electrically Stimulated Bean Roots
Authors: Jenkinson IS
Published: November 2018

It is shown that following electric stimulation, bean roots immersed in a weakly conducting salt solution produce transient bioelectric potentials characteristic of the type of electric stimulus applied.
Calcium in the Nitrogen Metabolism of Subterranean Clover
Authors: Loneragan JF
Published: November 2018

It has been shown that calcium has a specific effect upon nitrogen fixation by subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum. L.).
Physiology of Cereal Grain I. the Source of Carbon for the Developing Barley Kernel
Authors: Buttrose MS , May LH
Published: November 2018

Organic substrate for development of the barley kernel rises mainly from current assimilation of carbon dioxide. This paper describes a study of the relative importance of the several potential sources of substrate using ear shading, carbon-14 as tracer, and kernel-competition techniques. The application of the ear-shading technique to awnless, single-awned, and triple-awned varieties of barley led to significant reductions in yield of 9, 23, and 18 per cent. respectively, although the differences between the reductions themselves were not significant. Carbon-14 was supplied either to attached ears as 14C02 or to detached ears through the peduncle as 14C-sucrose. Whichever source of carbon-14 was supplied, radioactivity was incorporated in the kernel from anthesis through to maturity, and its subsequent distribution in the kernel was similar. Translocation following 14C02 feeding was also examined, and it is concluded that little movement occurred except at an early stage of ear development. Competition between kernels was not evident, although it was induced when carbohydrate supply was artificially depleted. A scheme to accommodate the results is discussed, and a new method for calculating the maximum contribution of photosynthesis within the ear to kernel yield is presented.
The Pre-Natal Development of Skin and hair in Cattle (Bos Taurus L.)
Authors: Lyne AG , J Heideman Margaret
Published: November 2018

A histological study has been made of the development of the skin and hair follicles in 33 foetuses, ranging in age from 68 to 274 days, and seven new-born specimens, of various breeds of Bos taurus L. Skin samples were taken from the mid-lateral region of the trunk, and both serial sections and whole mount preparations have been examined. Extensive use has been made of' counts of the follicle and hair population as well as skin and hair follicle measurements which hitherto have apparently received little attention in studies of this type.
The Electrophoretic Properties of S-Carboxymethylkerateines and S-Sulphokerateines from Wool
Authors: Woods EF
Published: November 2018

The most suitable conditions for the moving-boundary electrophoresis of S-carboxymethylkerateines were determined. The use of urea or sodium dodecyl sulphate to assist the extraction of soluble proteins from wool with alkaline thioglycollate did not alter the electrophoretic behaviour of the extracted proteins.
Uptake of Mannitol Into the Shoots of Intact Barley Plants
Authors: Groenewegen H , Mills JA
Published: November 2018

Barley plants grown in mannitol solutions wilted much more severely than those grown in sodium chloride solutions. Recovery from wilting after transference to a basal nutrient solution was rapid.
The Onset and Duration of Diapause in Eggs of Acheta Commodus (Walk.) (Orthoptera)
Authors: Hogan TW
Published: November 2018

The stage of morphogenesis at which diapause supervenes in eggs of the com� mon field cricket A. commodu8 was critically determined, and found to be the 46�hr stage in terms of the series described by Brookes (1952). The examination revealed a difference in morphology between diapause and non�diapause embryos.
Ionic Relations of Cells of Ohara Australis R.BR. IV. Membrane Potential Differences and Resistances
Authors: Hope AB , Walker NA
Published: November 2018

Experiments are described in which the electric potential difference and resistance between the cytoplasm and the external medium were measured in cells of Ohara australi8. The method was designed to eliminate the effect of the negatively charged Donnan system of the cell wall. Both the potential difference and the resistance are attributed to the outer cytoplasmic membrane. It is shown that they may be quantitatively explained by the passive diffusion of potassium and sodium ions across the membrane with permeabilities of the order of 10-5 and 10-8 cm sec-1 respectively. The resistance-voltage characteristic of the membrane is accurately predicted by the constant field equation of Goldman (1943). The ignificance of these findings is discussed.
A Thiamine-Requiring Mutant of The Tomato
Authors: Langridge J , Brock RD
Published: November 2018

A spontaneous, single-gene mutant of the tomato is shown to be unable to synthesize thiamine. The specific reaction lost is either the methylation of position 2 or the activation of position 5 of the pyrimidine ring.
Studies on Experimental Dermal Cysts in Sheep
Authors: Molyneux GS , Lyne AG
Published: November 2018

The growth of seven experimental dermal cysts in four sheep has been studied for periods of up to 83 weeks. The similar growth behaviour of all cysts indicates the reliability of the technique for producing standard epithelium-lined cysts. This has been emphasized by producing the cysts in animals of different genotype.
Ionic Relations of Cells of Chara Australis V. The Action Potential
Authors: Hope AB
Published: November 2018

The effect of various ions on the resting and action potential differences in single cells of the alga Ohara australis was studied. When the concentration of calcium ions in the external medium was changed by replacement with magnesium ions, keeping the total concentration constant, the peak level of the action potential changed reversibly. The change was about +29 mV per tenfold increase in calcium concentration, over a restricted range of the latter.
The Growth Of Rhizobium in Synthetic Media
Authors: Bergersen FJ
Published: November 2018

A chemically defined medium for the growth of Rhizobium is described in which populations of up to 5 x 109 cells/ml were obtained. For the six strains of bacteria studied the complete medium supported exponential growth for two to five generations. The concentrations of biotin giving best growth varied ith strain between 125 and 250 f'g/l when the nitrogen source was sodium glutamate. NHt, NOs, and other amino acids, singly or in combination, did not upport as good growth as did sodium glutamate.
A Morphological and Histochemical Study of the Bacterial Degradation of Wool Fibres in Vivo
Authors: Molyneux GS
Published: November 2018

It has been previously shown that a microorganism, isolated from the contents of dermal cysts artificially produced in a Merino sheep, was capable of degrading wool fibres in vitro. This paper considers the degradation of wool fibres in vivo and describes structural changes and distribution of sulphydryl groups demonstrated by histochemical technique. The fibres are arranged in order of degree of degradation which is characterized by two mechanisms; reduction of ~S~S~ cross-linkages and proteolysis. The degradation proceeds to disintegration of macrofibrils.
The Visual Pigment of an Isopod Crustacean
Authors: Briggs MH
Published: November 2018

Visual pigments have been isolated from only five crustacean species to date -Euphausia pacifica (Kampa 1955), Homarus americanus (Wald and Hubbard 1957), Meganyctiphanes norveg1:ca (Fisher and Goldie 1959), and HemigrapsuB edwardsii and Leptograpsus variegatus (Briggs 1961). This paper reports preliminary findings on the visual pigment of Porcellio Bcaber. This appears to be the first extraction of a visual pigment from the Isopoda.
The Control of Tillering in the Barley Plant 1. The Pattern of Tillering and its Relation to Nutrient Supply
Authors: Aspinall D
Published: November 2018

The tillering patterns of barley plants were followed from germination until grain maturity under a variety of nutrient regimes. Where nutrients were supplied solely before germination, tiller emergence was restricted to two periods in the development of the plants, and the extent and duration of tillering in the first phase was governed by nutrient supply. The period of non-tillering which followed was not due to the absence of tiller buds and could be terminated at any time by the application of nutrients; the recommencement of tillering late in the development of the plant was not directly related to the development of the early tillers.
Effects of Several Osmotic Substrates on the Water Relationships of Tomato
Authors: Slatyer RO
Published: November 2018

Osmotic substrates, comprising 5� and lO�atm concentrations of potassium nitrate, sodium chloride, mannitol, and sucrose were addEld to standard culture solutions in order to determine the effect on relative turgidity, DPD, osmotic poten. tial, transpiration, and growth of tomato plants. 14C-labelled mannitol and 38CI-labelled sodium chloride were incorporated into the high-concentration treatments to provide additional information on solute absorption.
Distribution of Growth and Enzyme Activity in the Developing Grain of Wheat
Authors: Rijven AHGC , Cohen R
Published: November 2018

Ears of field-grown wheat were harvested on 12 occasions between anthesis and ripeness. Fresh weight, dry weight, and total nitrogen content of selected grains were determined.
Chemical Changes in Wool Treated With Solutions of Iodine
Authors: Crewther WG , M Dowling L
Published: November 2018

The chemical changes in wool associated with iodination in various solvents have been investigated. In many solvents a large proportion of the tyrosine residues is iodinated but in others this modification is negligible. Oxidation of disulphide bonds occurs in all solvents.
Studies on Phytoalexins IV. the Antimicrobial Spectrum of Pisatin
Authors: Cruickshank IAM
Published: November 2018

Representative groups of microorganisms were assayed for sensitivity to pisatin in agar media. Detailed growth studies were carried out on a small number of filamentous fungi of special interest to the problem of disease resistance in plants. The following points were demonstrated.
The Kinetics of Ternary Enzyme Complexes
Authors: Jermyn MA
Published: November 2018

Equations have been derived for the kinetics of transferring enzymes on the assumption that the intermediate complex is ternary (enzyme-donor-acceptor) rather than binary (enzyme-donor). Deductions have been made from these equations which can be compared with the consequences of the most probable form of the binary-complex hypothesis. The two hypotheses lead to the expectation of quite different results in experiments using competing acceptors.
Acceptor Competition AsaMeans of Distinguishing Between Possible Enzymic Mechanisms Using the -Glucosidase of Stachybotrys Atra
Authors: Jermyn MA
Published: November 2018

The kinetics of acceptor competition for the f3.g1ucosidase of Stachybotrys atra are compatible with the "reciprocal complex formation" version of the ternary-complex hypothesis but not with the binary� complex hypothesis nor simpler versions of the ternary-complex hypot,hesis.
Infloresoenoe Initiation in Lolium Temulentum L. V. The Role of Auxins and Gibberellins
Authors: Evans LT
Published: November 2018

Single applications of auxins and gibberellins were made at various times during long-day induction in the hope that determination of the site and time of their greatest effect on inflorescence induction might indicate which of the component steps in the flowering process are under their influence. Some problems in this approach are considered.
Fatty Acid Components of Ovine Tissue Lipids During Rumen Development
Authors: Masters CJ
Published: November 2018

The lipids from the liver, depot fat, heart, kidney, and skeletal muscle of young lambs has been separated into cholesterol ester, triglyceride, free fatty acid, and phospholipid fractions. Weights of these fractions and the fatty acid components of these lipids have been determined in lambs of varying ages covering the period from birth to nutritional independence. Results have been compared to the changes OCCUlTing in ovina plasma under the same conditions, and the interrelationships between the changes in the levels of these fractions in the various tissues have been discussed in relation to lipid metabolism and 'the development of an active rumen.
Studies on Reduced Wool III. Starch-Gel Electrophoresis of Extracted Wool Proteins
Authors: Thompson EOP , O'donnell IJ
Published: November 2018

Starch-gel electrophoresis in 8M urea has been used to demonstrate the presence of many components in wool protein fractions extracted from reduced and alkylated wool. All preparations of low-sulphur wool proteins gave mUltiple bands on starch gel in 8M urea even though some of these had previously been fractionated to give a single peak using moving-boundary electrophoresis in the absence of 8M urea. The heterogeneity suggested by these results is in Rccord with that found by chromatography of the proteins on DEAE-cellulose in buffers containing 8M urea. With stepwise elution from DEAE-cellulose it is possible to obtain fractions responsible for various sections of the starch-gel electrophoretic pattern.
The Isolation and Properties of Some Soluble Proteins From Wool VIII. The Proteins of Copper-Deficient Wool
Authors: Gillespie JM
Published: November 2018

The proteins in wools obtained from copper.deficient sheep before and after supplementing the diet with copper have been solubilized with urea-potassium thioglycollate at pH II, alkylated with iodoacetate, and then separated into protein fractions of high- and low-sulphur content. The isolated proteins from these wools have been examined by moving boundary electrophoresis and the mobilities and relative proportions of the various components measured.
Effect of Benzoic Acid and its Derivatives on Plant Metabolism' VIII. Effect of Amino Derivatives of Benzoio Acid on Respiration of Starved and Suorosewfed Etiolated Barley Leaves
Authors: Nagutb MI
Published: November 2018

In a previous paper (Naguib 1962) the author reviewed the literature on the classification of benzoic acid derivatives into growthwinhihiting and growth-promoting substances. Salama (1959) discussed the effects of p.aminobenzoic acid on the respiration of the fungal mats of Rhizoctonia solani and concluded that very low concentrations of this substance (0�4 and 3� 2 p.p.m.) caused inhibition of respiration, despite the fact that this substance was regarded as a growth promoter for lower organisms and a constituent in the biological synthesis of folic acid (Hotson 1952).
The Uptake of Sucrose By Bean Leaf Tissue I. The General Nature of The Uptake
Authors: Parsons PA
Published: November 2018

Several techniques were evaluated and used to obtain general information on the nature of sucrose uptake. A simple, rapid method for the estimation of sucrose uptake by leaf tissue of Phaseolu8 vulgaris L., which reduces errors due to the length of the diffusion path and to poor aeration of the tissue, is described. The tissue took up sucrose from a 1 % (wjv) solution at first by a rapid osmotic process into the free space of the t,issue and then by a slower non-osmotic process into the osmotic volume. The rate of non-osmotic uptake, on a fresh weight basis, was independent of the physiological age of the tissue, within certain limits. The rate of non�osmotic uptake was decreased by storage for several days at 5�C in distilled water. The non� osmotic uptake was inhibited by cyanide, azide, 2,4-dinitrophenol, but not by phlorizin. About two� thirds of the sucrose taken up by the tissue over a period of {) hI' could be recovered; smaller proportions could be recovered as reducing sugars or accounted for by respiration.
The Growth and Composition of Wool II. The Effect of Casein, Gelatin, and Sulphur-Containing Amino Acids Given Per Abomasum
Authors: Reis PJ , Schinckel PG
Published: November 2018

Tbe effect on wool growth and the sulphur content of wool of aboma.sal supplements of casein, gelatin, and OfL�cysteine and DL-methionine added to the proteins has been examined. The supplements were administered as a continuous infusion over a period of 10-12 hr each day.
Sodium and Potassium Uptake by Seedlings of Hordeum Vulgare
Authors: Pitman MG
Published: November 2018

Uptake of potassium and sodium from culture solutions by barley seedlings under a range of experimental conditions has been determined. It was shown that both sodium and potassium transport to the shoot was due to an active process in the root which was limited by the plant's growth. This process was not available for uptake of divalent cations. Sodium uptake at higher concentrations showed some relation to transpiration and the resulting increase in sodium uptake with concentration reduced the selectivity in the plant for potassium to sodium. It was shown that potassium transport across the root was independent of water flow to the cytoplasm. The role of the cytoplasm in selective ion uptake to the shoot is discussed.
Variation in the Concentration of Lipids and Some Other Constituents in the Blood Plasma of Cows at Various Stages of Lactation
Authors: Hartmann PE , Lascelles AK
Published: November 2018

The variation in the concentration of protein, the various lipid fractions, volatile fatty acids, and glucose in plasma from the jugular vein was studied in 18 cows at different stages of lactation. The within-and between-cow values for the coefficients of variation and the results of the analysis of variance demonstrated that a large portion of the variation in the plasma concentration of triglycerides, free fatty acids, and glucose was due to diurnal variation within the individual cow. On the other hand the concentrations of protein, total fat, phospholipids, cholesterol esters, cholesterol, and ,B-carotene were relatively constant over a short period of time compared with the large variation between cows. The production of milk fat was positively correlated with the plasma concentration of total fat and cholesterol esters. The significance of these findings in relation to the contribution of the various plasma constituents to the synthesis of milk fat is discussed.
Interrelationships of Erythrocyte Characters and Other Characters of British and Zebu Crossbred Beef Cattle
Authors: Evans V , Turner HG
Published: November 2018

The following red cell characters were studied in a herd of 217 calves repre-senting Brahman cross, Africander cross, Grade Brahman, and British (Hereford X Shorthorn) breeding, and in their dams: packed cell volume, haemoglobin level, red cell count, fragility, potassium and sodium concentrations, catalase activity, and haemoglobin type. There were distinct breed differences. In some characters, e.g. packed cell volume and potassium concentration, Africander cross were inter-mediate between Brahman cross and British, whereas in others, e.g. fragility and catalase activity, they were indistinguishable from British. Within breeds, the characters showed highly repeatable differences between animals and high herita-bilities.
The Ultracentrifugation of Doughs Made from Wheat Flour
Authors: Mauritzen CM , Stewart PR
Published: November 2018

A new method for the fractionation of dough made from wheat flour is described. The method does not involve the use of diluents or extractants and consists simply of ultracentrifugation of the dough. With this method dough is resolved into from five to seven discrete layers, depending on the dough treatment. A study of the fractionation of doughs made from seven Australian flours is described together with the physical and chemical composition of the various layers.
Divalent Cation Absorption and Interaction in Atriplex
Authors: Osmond CB
Published: November 2018

The absorption of calcium and magnesium from solutions of chloride salts by Atriplex spp. and tomato was investigated. In Atriplex divalent cation uptake to leaves remained constant when external concentration was low (1-10 m-equiv/l) but thereafter uptake increased in proportion to� concentration. This response was in contrast to that of tomato where divalent cation uptake was saturated at relatively low concentrations (10-20 m-equiv/l).
The Oxidative Utilization of Fructose and Acetate by Washed Ram Spermatozoa in the Presence or Absence of Potassium and Magnesium
Authors: Wales RG , O'shea T
Published: November 2018

The oxidative utilization of fructose and acetate by washed ram spermatozoa has been studied during incubation in diluents containing varying levels of potassium and magnesium. Both ions stimulated metabolism, but the effects of a combination of the ions were less than would be expected from the sums of their separate effects. The effects of potassium were greater when acetate rather than fructose was the substrate.
The Fallopian Tube of the Sheep II. The Influence of Progesterone and Oestrogen on the Secretory Activities of the Fallopian Tube
Authors: Restall BJ
Published: November 2018

Secretion of fluid by the fallopian tubes was examined in normal ewes during their sexually active period and in ovariectomized ewes which were treated with progesterone and oestradiol benzoate. The normal ewes showed a cyclical variation in fluid secretion with a peak output of 0�98 ml/day in oestrus dropping to 0�37 ml/day in dioestrus. In ovariectomized animals oestradiol benzoate produced a cyclical variation similar to that seen in the normal ewe. The effect of progesterone was to shorten the response to oestrogen from 6 to 4 days. Progesterone given alone did not raise fluid secretion above that observed in untreated ovariectomized ewes.
Inflorescence Initiation in Lolium Temulentum L. X. Changes in 32p Incorporation into Nucleic Acids of the Shoot Apex at Induction
Authors: Rijven AHGC , Evans LT
Published: November 2018

Previous studies have shown an increase in RNA at the shoot apex of L. temulentum following floral induction, detectable chemically 2 days after induction, and by histochemical means after 1 day. Here, a transient increase in the incorporation of 32P, applied to leaves, into nucleic acids at the apex is shown to occur at about the time when the long-day stimulus is estimated to reach the shoot apex. The increased 32p incorporation due to the long-day exposure occurs throughout the apex, and is not confined to the summit region. Most of the 32p was incorporated into RNA.
The Effect of Water Stress on Translocation in Relation to Photosynthesis and Growth I. Effect During Grain Development in Wheat
Authors: Wardlaw IF
Published: November 2018

The rate of photosynthesis and the translocation of labelled assimilates were followed in wheat plants placed under water stress 15-20 days after anthesis.
Growth Changes of Subterranean Clover During Recovery from Phosphorus and Sulphur Stresses
Authors: Bouma D
Published: November 2018

Young subterranean clover plants (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Mt. Barker) were grown at several levels of phosphorus or sulphur supply and their growth changes examined and compared during a period of 7 days after transfer to complete nutrient solutions.
A Necrotrophic Reaction in Nicotiana Species induced by Peronospora Tabacina Adam
Authors: Shepherd CJ , Mandryk M
Published: November 2018

A necrotrophic reaction of Nicotiana species to infection by Peronospora tabacina Adam is described that is characterized by the rapid production of localized necrotic lesions involving one or a few cells.
Homothallism in Thanatephorus Cucumeris
Authors: M Stretton Helena , Flentje NT , Mckenzie AR
Published: November 2018

Evidence is given to support the claim made by seveml workers that T. cucumeris is homothallic. In some isolates the evidence for homothallism is conclusive. However, in other isolatos sterility factors prevent fruiting in otherwise self-fertile progeny and in still other isolates self-fertility of progeny can be accounted for by the frequency of binucleate spores in which both nuclei are immediate meiotic products. The importance of accompanying genetical studies with cytological information is therefore stressed.
New Data on Linkage Group III Markers in Neurospora Crassa
Authors: E Crawford Janet
Published: November 2018

Linkage data on eight loci in linkage group III of N eur08pora Cra88a have been obtained by analysing random segregants from two- and three-point crosses. The order of the loci is me-8, ad-4, leu-i, his-7, thi-2, ad-2, try-i, ro-2. The order of the closely linked loci, his-7, thi-2, ad-2, and try-l was previously unknown.
Succinlc Acid Production Y Rumen Bacteria I. Isolation and Metabolism of Ruminococcus Flavefaciens
Authors: Hopgood MF , Walker DJ
Published: November 2018

A strain of R. flavefaciens was isolated from the sheep rumen. Succinic acid was a major end� product of glucose fermentation by this organism when C02 was freely available, but in the absence of C02, the fermentation was nearly homolactic. The products of pyruvate fermentation were consistent with the proposition that pyruvate is an intermediate in the fermentation of glucose. Possible routes of the fermentation are discussed in the light of these findings.
Fungal Cellulases XX. Some Observations on the Induction and Inhibition of the Cellobiase of Stachybotrys Atra
Authors: Jermyn MA
Published: November 2018

The induction of cellobiase in washed suspensions of Stachybotrys atra mycelium harvested during the active phase of growth follows the classical pattern for induced protein synthesis, except that it does not appear to be dependent on continued growth of the organism. At 28�C under aerobic conditions there is no detectable lag period. Inducers are ,B.glucosides of polyhydroxylic aglycones, which may be another sugar residue or a chain of such residues. Such inducers are metabolizable by the mould; after their breakdown the enzyme rapidly disappears from the mycelium. Interference with RNA metabolism and information transfer depresses the induced synthesis of the enzyme; two amino acid analogues, ,B-chloroalanine and p-fiuorophenylalanine, also inhibit this induction. Inhibition is also observed when respirable substances are present, and the inhibitor appears to arise from the metabolism of pyruvate.
Studies on Tetanus Toxin and Toxoid I. Isolation of Tetanus Toxin using Deae-Cellulose
Authors: Dawson DJ , Mauritzen CM
Published: November 2018

Tetanus toxin has been extracted from culture filtrates by a single, cold methanol precipitation, followed by gradient elution on DEAE-cellulose. Immunoelectrophoretic evidence indicated that most of the bacterial protein was precipitated by the methanol. Selection of the toxin elution peak gave a product having only one immunoelectrophoresis precipitin line yet containing 50--60% of the Lf units applied to the column. The toxicity of this product was comparable to that found by other workers, using other methods of preparation. Sedimentation values of the concentrated pure toxin indicated heterogeneity in molecular aggregation and under conditions used no 4 S material could be found. Amino acid analysis of the tetanus protein is also reported.
Supply of Oxygen During Hatching of the Nematode Meloidogyne Javanica Under Non-Competitive Conditions
Authors: Collis-George N , Wallace HR
Published: November 2018

Variability in hatching of the root�knot nematode M. javanica was reduced by selection of egg sacs of uniform colour, size, and age. Oxygen consumption and hatching rates in a Warburg experiment were compared with hatching rates in dilute agar gel systems involving supply of oxygen by diffusion. Mathematical solutions of oxygen supply for the diffusion systems are possible. Analysis of experiment and of simplified theory suggests that the isolated nematode egg sac or egg has a floating oxygen potential at its surface. For the systems tested there is apparently a linear relationship between cumulative exposure to oxygen concentration and cumulative hatch in both experiment and theory.
Effect of Selection and Linkage on Inbreeding
Authors: Bogya TP , W Ting Shirley
Published: November 2018

Gill and Clemmer performed an inbreeding experiment by using Monte Carlo simulation techniques and reported that both selection and linkage significantly increased the rate of inbreeding in a population of a given size. The results could not be explained by the theoretical explanation that linkage should not affect in� breeding coefficient in the absence of selection. A programme was written to repeat Gill's and Clemmer's experiment ..
Absorption of Volatile Fatty Acids From the Reticulo-Rumen and Abomasum of Sheep
Authors: Williams VJ , Hutchings TR , Archer KA
Published: November 2018

Ten acute experiments were performed on sheep to study the relative rates of absorption of volatile fatty acids in acid solution from the reticulo-rumen and abomasum. When the solutions in the two organs were approximately the same in initial tonicity, pH, and volatile fatty acid concentration, the total volatile fatty acid was absorbed at about equal rates from both the reticulo-rumen and the abomasum. The individual volatile fatty acids were absorbed from the abomasum at different rates; the rate was faster the greater the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. Ammonia in acid solution was not absorbed from the reticulo-rumen or from the abomasum.
Determination of Uni-and Trifoliolate Leaf Form in Fenugreek
Authors: Rijven AHGC
Published: November 2018

The leaves of the Trifolieae are trifoliolate except for the first which usually is single (unifoliolate). Hereditary deviations from this pattern have recently been described by Bingham (1966).t He described Medicago 8ativa L. plants in which all leaves were unifoliolate, and others in which all leaves, including the first, were trifoliolate. This communication reports some observations on fenugreek, Trigonella foenum-graecum L., which bear on the physiological conditions favouring one or the other developmental pathway.
Bud Dormancy in Populus
Authors: Paton DM , Willing RR
Published: November 2018

This communication describes the photoperiod-temperature interaction which markedly affects bud dormancy in certain Populus genotypes. High temperatures qualitatively inhibit the normal short-day control of the onset of dormancy. This finding contrasts sharply with the general conclusion that light and temperature operate independently in the photo control of growth in woody plants (Downs 1962).
Crown Gall of Stone Fruit
Authors: Kerr A
Published: November 2018

Two distinct forms of tumour-inducing bacteria have been isolated_ One form, readily isolated when macerated galls were plated on Patel's medium, did not grow on Schroth's medium even when antibiotics and other bacterial inhibitors were omitted; nor did it produce 3-ketolactose when grown on lactose agar_ It is considered to be the primary cause of crown gall in at least one commercial nursery_
Effects of Artificial Selection on Rates of Inbreeding in Populations of Drosophila Melanogaster
Authors: Jones LP
Published: November 2018

Three lines from the Canberra base population were selected for increased abdominal bristle number for up to 28 generations with 10 pairs of parents and 20% selection intensity. The effective population size as measured by either variance of family contributions to the next generation or by the rate of inbreeding was gener-ally lowest when the lines were responding rapidly to selection. Consideration of the contributions of families in any generation to the lines five generations later showed that much of the genetic variation came from only few families in some generations.
Passage, Survival, and Fertility of Deep-Frozen Ram Semen in the Genital Tract of the Ewe
Authors: Mattner PE , Entwistle KW , Martin ICA
Published: November 2018

The distribution of spermatozoa in the genital tract was determined in ewes killed 4 hr or 24 hr after cervical insemination with 100 million live spermatozoa from either freshly ejaculated or deep.frozen ram semen. At 4 hr, greater numbers of spermatozoa were present in the cervices, uteri, and fallopian tubes in ewes inseminated with fresh semen than in ewes inseminated with frozen semen. At 24 hr, the numbers of spermatozoa in the uteri and fallopian tubes of ewes inseminated with fresh semen had increased relative to the numbers at 4 hr but no spermatozoa were present in the uterus and fallopian tubes in ewes inseminated with frozen semen.
Composition and Output of Lipid in the Thoracic Duct Lymph of the Newborn Calf
Authors: Shannon AD , Lascelles AK
Published: November 2018

The composition and output of lipid in thoracic duct lymph has been studied in unanaesthetized calves during the first 6 days after birth. Recirculating lymphatico-venous shunts were established in a total of six calves within 3 hr of birth. The calves recovered quickly from the operation and were able to suck strongly within 1-2 hr of its completion. The concentration of lipid in lymph collected from calves before the first feeding was very high, ranging from 164 to 694 mg/l00 ml. Triglyceride comprised 54% of this lipid with free fatty acid, phospholipid, free cholesterol, and esterified cholesterol comprising, respectively, 6'4, 25'6, 2'5, and 2�5%. Despite the very high output of triglyceride in lymph at this time (mean value O' 86 g/hr), there was no visual evidence of chylomicrons.
Chemical Characterization of a Non-Covalently Linked Peptide from Plakalbumin
Authors: Sleigh R , Hosken MB Smith R , Thompson EOP
Published: November 2018

A 33�residue peptide isolated from plakalbumin by dissociation with urea at pH 3 is shown to be derived from the a-terminal portion of ovalbumin. The yield of proline obtained on hydrazinolysis was the same as that from ovalbumin, whereas proline was not liberated from the protein component. The N�terminal sequence of this peptide was determined by the Edman degradative procedure to be Ser. V al.Ser .Glu.Glu.Phe.Arg.Ala.Asp.
Studies on Tetanus toxin and toxoid
Authors: Dawson DJ , Nichol LW
Published: November 2018

Tetanus toxin prepared from toxic filtrates of Clostridium tetani cultures has a weight-average molecular weight of 176,000�5,000 and exhibits no detectable heterogeneity with regard to size and shape. No marked change in sedimentation properties is observed on varying pH and temperature over a selected range, but the sedimentation coefficient increases on decreasing the ionic strength.
Hydrolysis of Plant Mannans by Rumen Protozoal Enzvmes
Authors: Bailey RW , DE Gaillard Blanche
Published: November 2018

Mannans or heteromannans (gluco-or galactoglucomannans) are commonly considered to be present in plants only in wood or associated with seeds. The present authors (Gaillard and Bailey 1968) have, however, recently isolated from the leaves and stems of red clover (Trifolium pratense) a polysaccharide fraction giving on hydrolysis galactose, glucose, mannose, and xylose (approximate ratios 1: 4�0: 2�0: 1�3), and which may, therefore, contain a mannan or heteromannan. This polysaccharide is designated "clover mannan" in the present work. Although apparently absent from grasses, such mannans may be common as minor constituents of pasture legume leaves and stems; for example, 1-2% of polymer mannose was reported present in lucerne (Hirst, MacKenzie, and Wylam 1959). Ivory nut (Phytelephas macrocarpa) mannan has been reported to be digested by ruminants (Beals and Lindsey 1916) and these pasture-plant mannans are probably also digested, presumably after hydrolysis by mannanases secreted by the rumen microflora. The only study of the action of rumen microorganisms on plant mannans appears to be that of Williams and Doetsch (1960), who isolated from the rumens of cows fed guaran (soluble galactomannan) several bacteria which could grow on this poly-saccharide and which secreted extracellular mannanase.
Physiology of Pea Fruits
Authors: Turner JF
Published: November 2018

Changes in UDPG pyrophosphorylase and ADPG pyrophosphorylase and a number of other constituents were followed during the growth of the pea seed. At all stages of development of the seed UDPG pyrophosphorylase activity was much higher than ADPG pyrophosphorylase activity. During the period of starch formation there was a similarity in the changes in starch and UDPG pyrophosphory-lase and ADPG pyrophosphorylase. The maximum rate of starch synthesis coincided with the maximum activity of ADPG pyrophosphorylase. The results are consistent with the biosynthesis of starch from ADPG but do not preclude the participation of UDPG as substrate in this process. It is suggested that UDPG pyrophosphorylase may provide a source of glucose I-phosphate from sucrose for ADPG formation.
Ionic Relations of Marine Algae I. Griffithsia: Membrane Electrical Properties
Authors: Findlay GP , Hope AB , Williams EJ
Published: November 2018

Several species of Griifithsia were studied as part of an investigation into the ionic movements and membrane properties in marine algal cells. Vacuolar potassium concentration was normally 500-600 mM, that of sodium 30--90 mM, and of chloride 600-650mM.
Studies on Tetanus Toxin and Toxoid IV. Interaction of Formaldehyde with Tetanus Toxin
Authors: Dawson DJ , Mauritzen CM
Published: November 2018

The binding of formaldehyde with tetanus toxin under mild detoxificatIOn conditions (0 �1M phosphate buffer, pH 7� 0, O� 005-0� 06M HCHO, 20-37�C) has been studied quantitatively by using [14C]formaldehyde. When detoxification was followed with time (0� 005M HCHO, 37�C) the toxin showed a characteristic immediate drop in lethality (~80%), followed by a slower detoxification, whereas the combination of the HCHO was a more gradual process. When a fixed time period was used (5 days, 20 and 37�C) at least O' 02M HCHO was required to destroy the lethality of the toxin towards mice, and at this concentration approximately 60 moles of HCHO were bound per mole of toxin. Fractionation of a partially detoxified toxin indicated the presence of a range of molecular species with varying formaldehyde binding and lethality.
The Prediction of Selection Response in A Self-Fertilizing Species II. Family Selection
Authors: Pederson DG
Published: November 2018

The response to between-and within-family selection is considered for self-fertilizing populations. For a general genetic model involving m alleles at each of k loci the expected responses are written as the sum of (1) the natural change in mean due to decreasing heterozygosity, and (2) a component which is a function of the genetic and environmental variances within an unselected population. A single-locus model is then considered and the expected responses are written in terms of para-meters of the base population. General expressions are given for the ultimate response following relaxation of selection and these are interpreted in terms of the single-locus model. In the final section the efficiencies of the various methods are investigated. In general, within-family selection is relatively inefficient while between-family selection is usually to be preferred over the selection of individuals or the more complex method of combined selection.
Ribonuclease Activity and Nucleic Acid and Protein Metabolism in the Testes of Zinc-Deficient Rats
Authors: Somers M , Underwood EJ
Published: November 2018

The growth, feed consumption, feed efficiency, testicular weight, and com-position of the testes of young rats fed a zinc-deficient (1�4 p.p.m.) diet over a 10-week period were studied and compared with those of two groups of control rats fed this diet supplemented with zinc to provide 90 p.p.m. zinc. The feed intake of one of the control groups was restricted to that of the zinc-deficient group, so that the effects of inanition and of zinc deficiency per se could be separated.
Effect of Time of Insemination on the Distribution of Spermatozoa in the Genital Tract in Ewes
Authors: Mattner PE , Braden AWH
Published: November 2018

Merino ewes were artificially inseminated during either early or late oestrus and were killed 4 or 24 hr after insemination. Insemination during late oestrus resulted in fewer spermatozoa in the cervix, the uterus, and the fallopian tubes and in a lower fertilization rate. Increased resistance of the cervical mucus to penetration by spermatozoa during late oestrus appeared to be responsible for these effects.
The Effeots of the Dipyridyl Diquat on the Metabolism of Chlorella Vulgaris I. Gas Exchange in the Light
Authors: Turner JS , Stokes DM , B Gilmore Lynnor
Published: November 2018

The effects of diquat on gas exchange in illuminated C. vUlgaris have been
studied by manometric procedures. Estimates of dark oxygen uptake were made by
transfer of treated cells to darkness. Analysis of the results indicates that on adding
diquat to C. vUlgariB there is a rapid fall in the rate of apparent photosynthesis.
This is due to an immediate and large increase in dark metabolism (C02 and O2
exchange) accompanied by irreversible inhibition of real photosynthesis firstly,
then of respiration. At some unspecified stage a light-dependent oxygen uptake begins,
rises to a maximum rate, and declines to a low value, continuing after the inhibition
of respiration. These results are discussed in relation to the known effects of diquat
on plastid reactions and to the hypothesis that in illuminated green tissue diquat
produces a toxic substance which damages both the photosynthetic and respiratory
apparatus.
Ultrastructure of Specialized Parenchyma Cells in the Leaf Blades of the Sensitive Plant Mimosa Pudica L
Authors: Van Steveninok RFM , E Van Steveninok Margaret
Published: November 2018

The ultrastructure of specialized parenchyma cells which are believed to
conduct an electrical stimulus as a membrane action potential is described for
M. pudica.
Cell Division in Oedogonium II. Nuclear Division in O. Cardiacum
Authors: Pickett-Heaps JD , Fowke LC
Published: November 2018

Nuclear division in O. cardiacum is described. Before division, the nucleus
enlarges considerably. At prophase, the nucleolus starts dispersing and kinetochores
appear on the condensing chromatin, situated and oriented apparently at random
in the nucleus. By prometaphase, the kinetochore pairs become aligned along the
spindle axis before moving into the metaphase-plate configuration; this supports
an earlier theory explaining metakinesis. During prophase and metaphase particularly,
the nuclear envelope at the poles forms channels that extend for some distance
into the cytoplasm; these may also bifurcate. The nucleolus disperses but remains in
the intranuclear spindle throughout division as a loosely knit skein of granular
material. The kinetochores have a complex structure, up to seven distinct layers
being detectable; the kinetochore pairs split, and then migrate polewards at anaphase
with the rest of the chromosome trailing behind. Large numbers of microtubules
run from the kinetochore into evaginations of the nuclear envelope which
increase in size during anaphase. The spindle grows in length considerably during
anaphase, this coinciding with a proliferation of interzonal microtubules, first seen
amongst the trailing chromosome arms. The nuclear envelope enclosing the spindle
becomes severely stretched at this stage; it contracts closely around each of the
daughter nuclei, isolating them from the rest of the spindle (including microtubules
and the remains of the nucleolus). The spindle then collapses; the nuclei come together
and then flatten against one another; between them, vesicles and other
components of the septum collect amongst a large number of transversely oriented
micro tubules.
Observations on the Relationship Between Mcoplasma-Like Bodies and Host Cells of Legume Little Leaf-Diseased Plants
Authors: Bowyer JW , Atherton JG
Published: November 2018

When seotions of the abnormal green petals and ovary of flowers from oowpea
[Vigna BinenBiB (L.) Savi ex Haask] affeoted by legume little leaf disease, were
examined byeleotron miorosoopy, numerous Mycoplasma-like bodies were observed
in oertain sieve tube elements. Beoause of the looation of some of the bodies in sieve
plate pores, it is suggested that they pass between sieve tube elements of the phloem
via the sieve pores. Presumably this movement is involved in the systemio infeotion
of the plant
Turtle Epidermis: Electron Microscopic Observations on a Granular Component of Malpighian Cells
Authors: Henrikson RC , Matoltsy AG
Published: November 2018

The structure of epidermis from snakes and lizards (order Squamata) has
recently received considerable attention (Ernst and Ruiba11966; Bryant, Breathnach,
and Bellairs 1967; Roth and Jones 1967; Flaxman et al. 1968; Maderson 1968).
Epidermis from these reptiles is characterized by periodic shedding of the horny layer.
Little attention has been given, however, to the epidermis of turtles (order Chelonia),
which is not renewed periodically but is replaced continuously (Spearman 1966). The
process of epidermal keratinization appears to be less complex in the turtle than in
snakes and lizards in which epidermis often is stratified by more than one generation
of epithelial cells.
The Pattern of Grain Set Within Ears of Wheat
Authors: Evans LT , Bingham J , Roskams MA
Published: November 2018

Experiments involving sterilization, or emasculation and delayed pollination, of the basal florets of central spikelets of wheat ears were carried out in the field, in England and maxico, and in the Australian phytotron, to investigate how grain set in those florets influences that elsewhere in the ear.
Electron Microscopy of Koongol Group Arboviruses
Authors: E Stevenson Anne , Holmes IH
Published: November 2018

Koongol and Wongal virions are isometric, enveloped, and 90-100 nm in diameter. They develop by budding into smooth-surfaced vesicles in or near the Golgi region of the cytoplasm of infected cells. In morphology and morphogenesis they thus resemble other members of the Bunyamwera supergroup of arboviruses.