bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Galvanic Deposition of Au on Paperlike Cu Fiber for High‐Efficiency, Low‐Temperature Gas‐Phase Oxidation of Alcohols
Authors: Zhao Guofeng , Hu Huanyun , Deng Miaomiao , Lu Yong
Published: August 2011

The highly active and selective gold‐on‐copper fiber catalysts with excellent heat conductivity were successfully prepared for high‐efficiency gas‐phase selective oxidation of various alcohols. The Au/Cu‐fiber catalysts were obtained by conducting galvanic deposition of Au onto a thin‐sheet microfibrous structure that consisted of 5 vol % Cu‐fiber (8 μm diameter), and 95 vol % voidage. The best catalyst was Au‐3/Cu‐fiber‐200 (Au loading: 3 wt %; calcined at 200 °C in air), which was effective for acyclic, benzylic, and polynary alcohols using a high weight hourly space velocity of 20 h−1. Benzyl alcohol conversion of 86 % was obtained with 99 % selectivity to benzaldehyde at 220 °C. Cyclopropanemethanol could be transformed to cyclopropanecarboxaldehyde, with conversion of 91 % and selectivity of 95 % at 250 °C. 1,2‐Propanediol demonstrated a high conversion of 92 %, with a medium selectivity of 74 % at 340 °C. An oxidation of volatile unsaturated alcohols, such as crotyl alcohol and 3‐methyl‐2‐butenol, could also proceed highly selectively with good conversions at 280 °C. A low ΔT of less than 10 °C between the catalyst bed and the external wall of the reactor was observed in the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol owing to the enhanced heat‐transfer ability that permits rapid dissipation of large quantities of the reaction heat. Special AuCu(alloy)–Cu2O active composites were formed during the reaction, and their cooperative effect contributed to increasing the low‐temperature activity. By nature, the AuCu alloy can catalyze the oxidation of Cu2O–H species with O2 to release active Cu2O sites.
Plasticity of tyrosine hydroxylase and serotonergic systems in the regenerating spinal cord of adult zebrafish
Authors: Kuscha Veronika , Barreiro‐Iglesias Antón , Becker Catherina G. , Becker Thomas
Published: August 2011

Monoaminergic innervation of the spinal cord has important modulatory functions for locomotion. Here we performed a quantitative study to determine the plastic changes of tyrosine hydroxylase‐positive (TH1+; mainly dopaminergic), and serotonergic (5‐HT+) terminals and cells during successful spinal cord regeneration in adult zebrafish. TH1+ innervation in the spinal cord is derived from the brain. After spinal cord transection, TH1+ immunoreactivity is completely lost from the caudal spinal cord. Terminal varicosities increase in density rostral to the lesion site compared with unlesioned controls and are re‐established in the caudal spinal cord at 6 weeks post lesion. Interestingly, axons mostly fail to re‐innervate more caudal levels of the spinal cord even after prolonged survival times. However, densities of terminal varicosities correlate with recovery of swimming behavior, which is completely lost again after re‐lesion of the spinal cord. Similar observations were made for terminals derived from descending 5‐HT+ axons from the brain. In addition, spinal 5‐HT+ neurons were newly generated after a lesion and transiently increased in number up to fivefold, which depended in part on hedgehog signaling. Overall, TH1+ and 5‐HT+ innervation is massively altered in the successfully regenerated spinal cord of adult zebrafish. Despite these changes in TH and 5‐HT systems, a remarkable recovery of swimming capability is achieved, suggesting significant plasticity of the adult spinal network during regeneration. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:933–951, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Projections from Gudden's tegmental nuclei to the mammillary body region in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Saunders Richard C. , Vann Seralynne D. , Aggleton John P.
Published: August 2011

Gudden's tegmental nuclei provide major inputs to the rodent mammillary bodies, where they are thought to be important for learning and navigation. Comparable projections have yet to be described in the primate brain, where part of the problem has been in effectively delineating these nuclei. Immunohistochemical staining of tissue from a series of macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta) showed that cells in the region of both the ventral and dorsal tegmental nuclei selectively stain for parvalbumin, thus helping to reveal these nuclei. These same tegmental nuclei were not selectively revealed when tissue was stained for SMI32, acetylcholinesterase, calbindin, or calretinin. In a parallel study, horseradish peroxidase was injected into the mammillary bodies of five cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Retrogradely labeled neurons were consistently found in the three subdivisions of the ventral tegmental nucleus of Gudden, which are located immediately below, within, and above the medial longitudinal fasciculus. Further projections to the mammillary body region arose from cells in the anterior tegmental nucleus, which appears to be a rostral continuation of the infrafascicular part of the ventral tegmental nucleus. In the dorsal tegmental nucleus of Gudden, labeled cells were most evident when the tracer injection was more laterally placed in the mammillary bodies, consistent with a projection to the lateral mammillary nucleus. The present study not only demonstrates that the primate mammillary bodies receive parallel inputs from the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei of Gudden, but also helps to confirm the extent of these poorly distinguished nuclei in the monkey brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1128–1145, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling a semi‐flexible filament in cellular Stokes flow using regularized Stokeslets
Authors: Bouzarth Elizabeth L. , Layton Anita T. , Young Yuan‐Nan
Published: August 2011

Many physical and biological systems involve inextensible fibers immersed in a fluid; examples include cilia, polymer suspensions, and actin filament transport. In such systems, the dynamics of the immersed fibers may play a significant role in the observed macroscale fluid dynamics. In this study, we simulate the dynamics of an approximately inextensible semi‐flexible fiber immersed in a two‐dimensional cellular background flow. The system is modeled as an immersed boundary problem with the fluid dynamics described using the Stokes equations. The motion of the immersed fiber is computed by means of the method of regularized Stokeslets, which allows one to calculate fluid velocity, pressure, and stress in the Stokes fluid flow regime because of a collection of regularized point forces without computing fluid velocities on an underlying grid. Simulation results show that, for some parameter values, the fiber may buckle when approaching a stagnation point. These results provide insight into the stretch–coil transition and macroscale random walk behavior that have been reported in mathematical and experimental literature. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of the Nature and Length of the π‐Conjugated Bridge on the Second‐Order Nonlinear Optical Responses of Push–Pull Molecules Including 4,5‐Dicyanoimidazole and Their Protonated Forms
Authors: Plaquet Aurélie , Champagne Benoît , Kulhánek Jiří , Bureš Filip , Bogdan Elena , Castet Frédéric , Ducasse Laurent , Rodriguez Vincent
Published: August 2011

Theoretical and experimental methods of characterization have been employed to investigate a series of six push–pull molecules containing a 4,5‐dicyanoimidazole acceptor (A) unit, a N,N‐dimethylamino donor (D) group, and systematically enlarged π‐conjugated linkers (π) with the view of assessing their first hyperpolarizabilities (β) as well as their variations upon protonation. The results demonstrated that protonation occurred at the N,N‐dimethylamino function, which led to disruption of the electronic charge‐transfer delocalization: the A–π–D pattern of the neutral species with large β values was transformed into an A–π–A′ pattern, which displayed much smaller β values. This feature makes these systems applicable as pH‐triggered nonlinear optics (NLO) switches. In particular, protonation led to a decrease of the hyper‐Rayleigh scattering first hyperpolarizabilities by at least one order of magnitude as well as to a decrease of the depolarization ratio, from about five for neutral species, which also supported the 1D‐like NLO‐phore nature, to about two for the protonated ones.
Optical Sensing of Current Dynamics in Organic Light‐Emitting Devices at the Nanometer Scale
Authors: Nothaft Maximilian , Höhla Steffen , Nicolet Aurélien , Jelezko Fedor , Frühauf Norbert , Pflaum Jens , Wrachtrup Jörg
Published: August 2011

Photoluminescence quenching of single dibenzoterrylene (DBT) dye molecules in a polymeric organic light‐emitting diode was utilized to analyze the current dynamics at nanometer resolution. The quenching mechanism of single DBT molecules results from an increase in the triplet‐state population induced by charge carrier recombination on individual guest molecules. As a consequence of the long triplet‐state relaxation time, its population results in a reduced photoluminescence of the dispersed fluorescent dyes. From the decrease in photoluminescence together with photon correlation measurements, we could quantify the local current density and its time‐dependent evolution in the vicinity of the single‐molecule probe. This optical technique establishes a non‐invasive approach to map the time‐resolved current density in organic light‐emitting diodes on the nanometer scale.
Iron‐Based Superconductors with Extended FeX4 (X = As and Se) Tetrahedra
Authors: Ganguli Ashok K. , Prakash Jai
Published: August 2011

Intermetallic compounds have been investigated over several decades for their interesting structural and physical properties, including magnetism and superconductivity. Among these, metal pnictides and chalcogenides of transition metals show diversity of bonding ranging from appreciable covalency to metal–metal bonds, which makes these compounds highly complex. ZrCuSiAs and ThCr2Si2 are of interest, because they provide an opportunity to design interesting intermetallics with tetrahedral layers exhibiting quasi‐two‐dimensional behavior. However, these metal pnictides and chalcogenides were not well known for their superconducting properties. The recent discovery of superconductivity at 26 K in a ZrCuSiAs‐related structure (LaO/FFeAs) created huge excitement in the field of metal pnictide and chalcogenide superconductors. The role of the FeX4 tetrahedra is significant for superconductivity. Distortion of the tetrahedra lowers the superconducting transition temperature (Tc) in these Fe‐based superconductors. This article discusses the structural aspects of various new (2008–2011) families of Fe‐based superconductors containing FeX4 tetrahedra (X = As and Se) that act as charge carrier layers in these superconductors.
Synthesis and Structural Diversity of Mono‐, Di‐ and Trinuclear Complexes with N,N′‐Bis[(2‐diphenylphosphanyl)phenyl]formamidine
Authors: Son Kyung‐sun , Pearson David M. , Jeon Sang‐Jin , Waymouth Robert M.
Published: August 2011

The synthesis, characterization, and coordination chemistry of a series of mono‐, di‐, and trinuclear homo‐/heterometallic complexes with the dinucleating ligand, N,N′‐bis[(2‐diphenyl‐phosphanyl)phenyl]formamidine (pnnp)1 are reported. Treatment of (pnnp)PdMe (1) with NiCl2(dme) forms the heterobimetallic (pnnp)PdMe(μ‐Cl)NiCl (3) complex, whereas reaction of 1 with Cu(CH3CN)4+PF6– yields the Pd···Cu···Pd heterometallic trinuclear complex (pnnp)Pd(Me)CuPd(Me)(pnnp)·PF6 (8). The reaction of pnnp with NiCl2(dme) (dme = 1,2‐dimethoxyethane) produces the Ni dimer [(pnnp)NiCl(μ‐Cl)]2 (5) or the dinuclear (pnnp)NiCl(μ‐X)NiCl (X = Cl or OH) (4) complexes, depending upon the stoichiometry. The reaction of pnnp with CoII or FeII ions leads to the monometallic complexes (pnnp)CoCl2 (6) or (pnnp)FeCl2 (7), respectively. The dinuclear (pnnp)PdMe(μ‐Cl)NiCl (3) and (pnnp)NiCl(μ‐X)NiCl (X = Cl or OH) (4) complexes adopt A‐frame structures with two square‐planar d8 metal complexes hinged by the bridging ligand; the angles between the square planes correlate to the covalent radii, in which the smaller homo‐bimetallic Ni complex adopts a more coplanar arrangement of the two Ni square planes. The heterometallic trinuclear complex (pnnp)Pd(Me)CuPd(Me)(pnnp)·PF6 (8) adopts an unusual structure around the Cu center, suggestive of a weak d8–d10 interaction between the Pd and Cu atoms. All complexes have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X‐ray crystallography, and their structural diversity is discussed.
A Dy6 Cluster Displays Slow Magnetic Relaxation with an Edge‐to‐Edge Arrangement of Two Dy3 Triangles
Authors: Ke Hongshan , Zhao Lang , Guo Yang , Tang Jinkui
Published: August 2011

A new dysprosium(III) cluster, namely [Dy6III(L)4(μ3‐OH)4(CH3OH)2(NO3)2]·6CH3CN (1), has been synthesized from the Schiff base ligand 1,3‐bis(salicylideneamino)‐2‐propanol and dysprosium nitrate. A single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction study reveals that the core of 1 consists of an edge‐to‐edge arrangement of two Dy3 triangles. Both static (dc) and dynamic (ac) magnetic properties of 1 have been studied. The results show that slow magnetic relaxation is operating in compound 1.
Intrapopulation Variability in the Terpene Metabolism of the Antarctic Opisthobranch Mollusc Austrodoris kerguelenensis
Authors: Cutignano Adele , Zhang Wen , Avila Conxita , Cimino Guido , Fontana Angelo
Published: August 2011

Austrodoris kerguelenensis is an Antarctic marine mollusc possessing a wide array of deterrent terpene glycerides. The occurrence of these compounds has been studied in individuals of a sample of 21 specimens from two different geographical sites. NMR spectroscopy and liquid chromatography (LC)–MS/MS analysis revealed seven glycerides (1–7) based on four diterpene skeletons in these animals. Among the new compounds 4–7, the glyceride 7 shows a rare 9‐epi‐labdane skeleton. The interindividual variability of these compounds indicates several chemotypes in the same population and suggests the presence of terpene synthase variants involved in the biosynthesis of these defensive molecules.
Diastereoselective Access to Tri‐ and Pentacyclic Spiro‐γ‐lactam‐oxindole Cores through a Tandem Aza‐Michael Initiated Ring Closure Sequence
Authors: Allous Iyad , Comesse Sébastien , Sanselme Morgane , Daïch Adam
Published: August 2011

Herein, we present a new development of the previously described aza‐Michael‐initiated ring closure (MIRC) process to access spirooxindole cores. The key spiro‐cyclization step between various α‐bromoacetamides and methyleneindolinones was efficient and tolerant of a wide range of functional groups. Yields and diastereoselectivities for the spirocyclization were usually high and furnished original spiro[oxindole‐3,3′‐γ‐lactam] derivatives. The utility of these novel building blocks for the preparation of more sophisticated derivatives was demonstrated by the preparation of four pentacyclic spirooxindoles.
Mars Global Digital Dune Database (MGD3): north polar region (MC‐1) distribution, applications, and volume estimates
Authors: Hayward Rosalyn K.
Published: August 2011

The Mars Global Digital Dune Database (MGD3) now extends from 90°N to 65°S. The recently released north polar portion (MC‐1) of MGD3 adds ~844 000 km2 of moderate‐ to large‐size dark dunes to the previously released equatorial portion (MC‐2 to MC‐29) of the database. The database, available in GIS‐ and tabular‐format in USGS Open‐File Reports, makes it possible to examine global dune distribution patterns and to compare dunes with other global data sets (e.g. atmospheric models). MGD3 can also be used by researchers to identify areas suitable for more focused studies. The utility of MGD3 is demonstrated through three example applications. First, the uneven geographic distribution of the dunes is discussed and described. Second, dune‐derived wind direction and its role as ground truth for atmospheric models is reviewed. Comparisons between dune‐derived winds and global and mesoscale atmospheric models suggest that local topography may have an important influence on dune‐forming winds. Third, the methods used here to estimate north polar dune volume are presented and these methods and estimates (1130 km3 to 3250 km3) are compared with those of previous researchers (1158 km3 to 15 000 km3). In the near future, MGD3 will be extended to include the south polar region. Published in 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Purinergic signaling in the cerebellum: Bergmann glial cells express functional ionotropic P2X7 receptors
Authors: Habbas Samia , Ango Fabrice , Daniel Hervé , Galante Micaela
Published: August 2011

Astrocytes constitute active networks of intercommunicating cells that support the metabolism and the development of neurons and affect synaptic functions via multiple pathways. ATP is one of the major neurotransmitters mediating signaling between neurons and astrocytes. Potentially acting through both purinergic metabotropic P2Y receptors (P2YRs) and ionotropic P2X receptors (P2XRs), up until now ATP has only been shown to activate P2YRs in Bergmann cells, the radial glia of the cerebellar cortex that envelopes Purkinje cell afferent synapses. In this study, using multiple experimental approaches in acute cerebellar slices we demonstrate the existence of functional P2XRs on Bergmann cells. In particular, we show here that Bergmann cells express uniquely P2X7R subtypes: (i) immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of P2X7Rs on Bergmann cell processes, (ii) in whole cell recordings P2XR pharmacological agonists induced depolarizing currents that were blocked by specific antagonists of P2X7Rs, and could not be elicited in slices from P2X7R‐deficient mice and finally, (iii) calcium imaging experiments revealed two distinct calcium signals triggered by application of exogenous ATP: a transient signal deriving from release of calcium from intracellular stores, and a persistent one following activation of P2X7Rs. Our data thus reveal a new pathway by which extracellular ATP may affect glial cell function, thus broadening our knowledge on purinergic signaling in the cerebellum. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of processing nonsymbolic number: An event‐related potential source localization study
Authors: Hyde Daniel C. , Spelke Elizabeth S.
Published: August 2011

Coordinated studies with adults, infants, and nonhuman animals provide evidence for two distinct systems of nonverbal number representation. The “parallel individuation” (PI) system selects and retains information about one to three individual entities and the “numerical magnitude” system establishes representations of the approximate cardinal value of a group. Recent event‐related potential (ERP) work has demonstrated that these systems reliably evoke functionally and temporally distinct patterns of brain response that correspond to established behavioral signatures. However, relatively little is known about the neural generators of these ERP signatures. To address this question, we targeted known ERP signatures of these systems, by contrasting processing of small versus large nonsymbolic numbers, and used a source localization algorithm (LORETA) to identify their cortical origins. Early processing of small numbers, showing the signature effects of PI on the N1 (∼150 ms), was localized primarily to extrastriate visual regions. In contrast, qualitatively and temporally distinct processing of large numbers, showing the signatures of approximate number representation on the mid‐latency P2p (∼200–250 ms), was localized primarily to right intraparietal regions. In comparison, mid‐latency small number processing was localized to the right temporal–parietal junction and left‐lateralized intraparietal regions. These results add spatial information to the emerging ERP literature documenting the process by which we represent number. Furthermore, these results substantiate recent claims that early attentional processes determine whether a collection of objects will be represented through PI or as an approximate numerical magnitude by providing evidence that downstream processing diverges to distinct cortical regions. Hum Brain Mapp 33:2189–2203, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unbiased comparison of sample size estimates from longitudinal structural measures in ADNI
Authors: Holland Dominic , McEvoy Linda K. , Dale Anders M. ,   the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: August 2011

Structural changes in neuroanatomical subregions can be measured using serial magnetic resonance imaging scans, and provide powerful biomarkers for detecting and monitoring Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) has made a large database of longitudinal scans available, with one of its primary goals being to explore the utility of structural change measures for assessing treatment effects in clinical trials of putative disease‐modifying therapies. Several ADNI‐funded research laboratories have calculated such measures from the ADNI database and made their results publicly available. Here, using sample size estimates, we present a comparative analysis of the overall results that come from the application of each laboratory's extensive processing stream to the ADNI database. Obtaining accurate measures of change requires correcting for potential bias due to the measurement methods themselves; and obtaining realistic sample size estimates for treatment response, based on longitudinal imaging measures from natural history studies such as ADNI, requires calibrating measured change in patient cohorts with respect to longitudinal anatomical changes inherent to normal aging. We present results showing that significant longitudinal change is present in healthy control subjects who test negative for amyloid‐β pathology. Therefore, sample size estimates as commonly reported from power calculations based on total structural change in patients, rather than change in patients relative to change in healthy controls, are likely to be unrealistically low for treatments targeting amyloid‐related pathology. Of all the measures publicly available in ADNI, thinning of the entorhinal cortex quantified with the Quarc methodology provides the most powerful change biomarker. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
N‐heterocyclic carbenes. IV.1synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical imidazolium salts with abietane moiety
Authors: Glushkov V. A. , Arapov K. A. , Kotelev M. S. , Rudowsky K. S. , Suponitsky K. Yu. , Gorbunov A. A. , Maiorova O. A. , Slepukhin P. A.
Published: August 2011

Methyl 12‐chloromethyl‐dehydroabie‐tate reacts with 1‐benzyl‐ and 1‐arylimidazoles to give unsymmetrically substituted imidazolium chlorides (1a–i), with abietane moiety. Starting from methyl 12‐aminodehydroabietate, symmetrically substituted diterpene‐based salts of imidazolinium (4) and imidazolium (5) were synthesized. Anion exchange afforded corresponding (1e·BF4) and (1e·PF6). The new compounds were tested as ligands for a Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki‐Miyaura reaction. The molecular structure of (1e) is reported. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 23:5–15, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20745
Synthesis of mono‐ and bisorganophosphorus substituted amides of unsaturated carboxylic acids with PCHNC(O) and antioxidant fragments
Authors: Prishchenko Andrey A. , Livantsov Mikhail V. , Novikova Olga P. , Livantsova Ludmila I. , Petrosyan Valery S.
Published: August 2011

The convenient methods for the synthesis of new mono‐ and bisorganophosphorus substituted amides of unsaturated carboxylic acids with PCHNC(O) and antioxidant fragments, starting from Arbuzov reaction of the highly reactive adducts of corresponding imines and acyl chlorides with trimethylsilyl phosphites are proposed. Some properties of the new synthesized mono‐ and bisorganophosphorus substituted amides are presented. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 23:27–31, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/.20748
The firing rate of hippocampal CA1 place cells is modulated with a circadian period
Authors: Munn Robert G.K. , Bilkey David K.
Published: August 2011

The accurate recall of an event is usually dependent on a memory trace that encodes three pieces of information; what happened, when the event happened, and where. The established phenomenology of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons could reflect mechanisms via which some of this information (where and what) is encoded; but so far there has been little evidence for a mechanism by which these cells might represent “when.” It was therefore of interest to examine the activity of CA1 neurons over a substantial temporal duration. Forty‐eight CA1 neurons were recorded once an hour during long (24–48 h) exposures to a single, stable environment where minimal time‐of‐day cues were available. Only data from the first 25 h of recording was analyzed quantitatively. We found that the mean ensemble firing rate of these cells changed predictably such that it was closely correlated (r = 0.707) to a reference sine wave with a 25‐h period and a positive peak at recording start. This relationship was not explained by changes in the animal's running speed or amount of the recording environment covered in each recording session. When data were referenced to the onset or offset of the normal light‐on period, the correlation with the sinusoid was abolished. At an individual cell level, the majority of neurons (n = 31) had significant correlations (P < 0.05) with the reference sine. We conclude that the firing rate of a large proportion of cells in area CA1 of the hippocampus are modulated over a circadian period but that this modulation is not entrained to light. Rather, entry into the environment and the associated food availability appear to be the entraining factors. We hypothesize that these neurons may be part of the putative food‐entrainable oscillator. Such a system could enable an animal to discriminate between spatial representations on a temporal dimension with reference to the time of food availability. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
QTc prolongation: is clozapine safe? Study of 82 cases before and after clozapine treatment
Authors: Grande Iria , Pons Alexandre , Baeza Immaculada , Torras Ángela , Bernardo Miguel
Published: August 2011

Objective

The most feared cardiological consequence of clozapine is sudden cardiac death. A potential marker of it is QTc interval (QTc) prolongation. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of QTc prolongation in patients before and after 18 weeks of clozapine treatment and to detect predictors of QTc prolongation.

Methods

Patients undergoing treatment with clozapine who had been given an electrocardiogram prior to the treatment and had their electrocardiogram, serum clozapine and norclozapine levels taken on the 18th week were selected. Exclusion criteria were thioridazine, pimozide, diuretics or beta‐blocker treatment, electrolytic alteration, heart diseases and substance misuse diagnosis. Prolonged QTc was defined as >450 ms in men and >470 ms in women.

Results

No significant differences were detected in prevalence of prolonged QTc or mean QTc before and after 18 weeks of clozapine treatment (p = 0.15, p = 0.32, respectively). Age, heart rate at 18th week and QTc prior to clozapine treatment had significant effects on QTc at follow‐up. Prolonged QTc during previous treatment and heart rate >95 beats/min at 18 weeks were found to be predictors of QTc prolongation.

Conclusion

No significant differences were detected in prevalence of QTc prolongation or mean QTc among patients before and after 18 weeks on clozapine. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social Anxiety and Content Specificity of Interpretation and Judgemental Bias in Children
Authors: Vassilopoulos Stephanos P. , Banerjee Robin
Published: August 2011

Previous research with adult samples has demonstrated that social anxiety disorder is associated with content‐specific interpretation and judgemental biases. The present study extends our understanding of the specificity of cognitive biases in childhood social anxiety. A sample of non‐clinical children aged 11–12 years completed social anxiety and depression scales and was presented with scenarios depicting hypothetical events varying along two dimensions: relevance to self (event occurs to self or to other) and domain of activity (event is social or non‐social). Partial support for the content‐specificity hypothesis was found. Children's social anxiety symptoms were positively associated with negative interpretation ratings for ambiguous self‐referent and other‐referent events, but only when these events were in the social domain. Further, children's social anxiety symptoms were positively associated with emotional cost judgements for ambiguous social and non‐social events, but only when these events referred to the self. Both patterns of results remained significant even after controlling for concurrent depressive symptoms. Implications of the results for our understanding of maintaining factors in childhood social anxiety are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supramolecular Capsules Derived from Resorcin[4]arenes by H‐Bonding and Metal Coordination: Synthesis, Characterization, and Single‐Molecule Force Spectroscopy
Authors: Schröder Tobias , Sahu Satya Narayan , Anselmetti Dario , Mattay Jochen
Published: August 2011

Self‐assembly by H‐bonding and by metal‐coordination of functionalized calix[4]arenes and cavitands to large supramolecular capsules is described. In addition, a new method of analyzing supramolecular recognition processes at the single molecule level is discussed. By measuring interaction forces in a hydrogen‐bonded assembly using single‐molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS), the dynamics of the self‐assembly process can be evaluated. In the future, consequent application of this new technique will influence supramolecular design principles and the use of non‐covalent interactions as construction elements in the field of nanotechnology.
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and adenosine receptors modulate prostaglandin E2 and cytokine release in human osteoarthritic synovial fibroblasts
Authors: Ongaro A. , Varani K. , Masieri F.F. , Pellati A. , Massari L. , Cadossi R. , Vincenzi F. , Borea P.A. , Fini M. , Caruso A. , De Mattei M.
Published: August 2011

Synovial fibroblasts (SFs) contribute to the development of osteoarthritis (OA) by the secretion of a wide range of pro‐inflammatory mediators, including cytokines and lipid mediators of inflammation. Previous studies suggest that electromagnetic fields (EMFs) may represent a potential therapeutic approach to limit cartilage degradation and control inflammation associated to OA, and that they may act through the adenosine pathway. Therefore, we investigated whether EMFs might modulate inflammatory activities of human SFs from OA patients (OASFs) treated with interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and the possible involvement of adenosine receptors (ARs) in mediating EMF effects. EMF exposure induced a selective increase in A2A and A3 ARs. These increases were associated to changes in cAMP levels, indicating that ARs were functionally active also in EMF‐exposed cells. Functional data obtained in the presence of selective A2A and A3 adenosine agonists and antagonists showed that EMFs inhibit the release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), while stimulating the release of interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), an antinflammatory cytokine. These effects seem to be mediated by the EMF‐induced upregulation of A2A and A3 ARs. No effects of EMFs or ARs have been observed on matrix degrading enzyme production. In conclusion, this study shows that EMFs display anti‐inflammatory effects in human OASFs, and that these EMF‐induced effects are in part mediated by the adenosine pathway, specifically by the A2A and A3 AR activation. Taken together, these results open new clinical perspectives to the control of inflammation associated to joint diseases. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 2461–2469, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional role of an islet transcription factor, INSM1/IA‐1, on pancreatic acinar cell trans‐differentiation
Authors: Zhang Tao , Saunee Nicolle A. , Breslin Mary B. , Song Kejing , Lan Michael S.
Published: August 2011

In this study, the functional role of INSM1 is examined with an AR42J acinar cell model for trans‐differentiation into insulin‐positive cells. Islet transcription factors (ITFs: INSM1, Pdx‐1, and NeuroD1) are over‐expressed in AR42J cells using adenoviral vectors. Addition of Ad‐INSM1 alone or the combination of three ITFs to the AR42J cells triggers cellular trans‐differentiation. Ectopic expression of INSM1 directly induces insulin, Pax6, and Nkx6.1 expression, whereas Pdx‐1 and NeuroD1 were slightly suppressed by INSM1. Addition of Pdx‐1 and NeuroD1 with INSM1 further enhances endocrine trans‐differentiation by increasing both the numbers and intensity of the insulin–positive cells with simultaneous activation of ITFs, Ngn3 and MafA. INSM1 expression alone partially inhibits dexamethasone‐induced exocrine amylase expression. The combination of the three ITFs completely inhibits amylase expression and concomitantly induces greater acinar cell trans‐differentiation into endocrine cells. Also, addition of the three ITFs promotes EGF and TGFβ receptors expression. Stimulation by the three ITFs along with the EGF/TGFβ growth factors strongly promotes insulin gene expression. The combination of the three ITFs and EGF/TGFβ growth factors with the primary cultured pancreatic acini also facilitates exocrine to endocrine cell differentiation. Taken together, both the AR42J cell line and the primary cultured mouse acinar cells support INSM1 induced acini trans‐differentiation model. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 2470–2479, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human mesenchymal stem cells seeded on extracellular matrix‐scaffold: Viability and osteogenic potential
Authors: Penolazzi Letizia , Mazzitelli Stefania , Vecchiatini Renata , Torreggiani Elena , Lambertini Elisabetta , Johnson Scott , Badylak Stephen F. , Piva Roberta , Nastruzzi Claudio
Published: August 2011

The development and the optimization of novel culture systems of mesenchymal osteoprogenitors are some of the most important challenges in the field of bone tissue engineering (TE). A new combination between cells and extracellular matrix (ECM)‐scaffold, containing ECM has here been analyzed. As source for osteoprogenitors, mesenchymal stem cells obtained from human umbilical cord Wharton's Jelly (hWJMSCs), were used. As ECM‐scaffold, a powder form of isolated and purified porcine urinary bladder matrix (pUBM), was employed. The goals of the current work were: (1) the characterization of the in vitro hWJMSCs behavior, in terms of viability, proliferation, and adhesion to ECM‐scaffold; (2) the effectiveness of ECM‐scaffold to induce/modulate the osteoblastic differentiation; and (3) the proposal for a possible application of cells/ECM‐scaffold construct to the field of cell/TE. In this respect, the properties of the pUBM‐scaffold in promoting and guiding the in vitro adhesion, proliferation, and three‐dimensional colonization of hWJMSCs, without altering viability and morphological characteristics of the cells, are here described. Finally, we have also demonstrated that pUBM‐scaffolds positively affect the expression of typical osteoblastic markers in hWJMSCs. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 857–866, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphogenesis and molecular mechanisms involved in human kidney development
Authors: Faa Gavino , Gerosa Clara , Fanni Daniela , Monga Giudo , Zaffanello Marco , Van Eyken Peter , Fanos Vassilios
Published: August 2011

The development of the human kidney is a complex process that requires interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal cells, eventually leading to the coordinated growth and differentiation of multiple highly specialized stromal, vascular, and epithelial cell types. The application of molecular biology and immunocytochemistry to the study of cell types involved in renal morphogenesis is leading to a better understanding of nephrogenesis, which requires a fine balance of many factors that can be disturbed by various prenatal events in humans. The aim of this paper is to review human kidney organogenesis, with particular emphasis on the sequence of morphological events, on the immunohistochemical peculiarities of nephron progenitor populations and on the molecular pathways regulating the process of mesenchymal to epithelial transition. Kidney development can be subdivided into five steps: (i) the primary ureteric bud (UB); (ii) the cap mesenchyme; (iii) the mesenchymal–epithelial transition; (iv) glomerulogenesis and tubulogenesis; (v) the interstitial cells. Complex correlations between morphological and molecular events from the origin of the UB and its branching to the metanephric mesenchyme, ending with the maturation of nephrons, have been reported in different animals, including mammals. Marked differences, observed among different species in the origin and the duration of nephrogenesis, suggest that morphological and molecular events may be different in different animal species and mammals. Further studies must be carried out in humans to verify at the morphological, immunohistochemical, and molecular levels if the outcome in humans parallels that previously described in other species. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 1257–1268, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
POVERTY REDUCTION THROUGH PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOODS: IMPLICATIONS FOR MARGINAL DRYLANDS
Authors: Adhikari Bhim
Published: August 2011

Land degradation has become a most pressing issue in drylands. Although crop and livestock production have been the dominant sources of income, there is an increasing realisation that alternative livelihood options need to be explored to ensure both environmental and economic sustainability. This paper provides a systematic review of alternative livelihood strategies currently adopted for improving livelihood conditions of dryland dwellers in different parts of the world. Although drylands encompass a vast social and geographic terrain and represent a heterogeneous socio‐economic environment, this paper has been able to document some general lessons applicable to rural drylands for diversifying livelihood opportunities and promoting rural development while minimising the pressure from intensive land‐based activities. The paper concludes with a discussion on how international development policies can move forward in the fight against land degradation and in helping achieve poverty reduction through investments in sustainable land management and alternative livelihood strategies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid modelling and emulation of mem‐systems
Authors: Kolka Zdeněk , Biolek Dalibor , Biolková Viera
Published: August 2011

The recently published memristor emulator is based on a digital potentiometer, which is controlled by a microprocessor according to a programmed algorithm. After completing the emulator with suitable mutators, it is possible to emulate also memcapacitors and meminductors. This paper describes a novel approach to the modelling and emulation of general mem‐systems without the necessity of utilizing a digital potentiometer and additional mutators. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable Cellulose Nanospheres for Cellular Uptake
Authors: Liebert Tim , Kostag Marc , Wotschadlo Jana , Heinze Thomas
Published: August 2011

Pure, perfectly spherical cellulose nanoparticles with sizes of ≈80–260 nm can be prepared by dialysis starting from trimethylsilylcellulose (TMSC). The aqueous suspensions obtained are storable for several months. Subsequent covalent labeling of the cellulose nanoparticles with FITC has no influence on particle size, shape, and stability. The particles can be sterilized and suspended in biological media without structural changes. Incorporation of FITC‐labeled cellulose nanoparticles into living human fibroblasts is studied using confocal LSM. In contrast to cellulose nanocrystals, fast cellular uptake is found for the nanospheres without transfection reagents or attachment of a receptor molecule. This suggests an influence of the geometry of biocompatible nanomaterials on endocytosis.

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Amylose's Recognition of Chirality in Polylactides on Formation of Inclusion Complexes in Vine‐Twining Polymerization
Authors: Kaneko Yoshiro , Ueno Koji , Yui Toshifumi , Nakahara Keisuke , Kadokawa Jun‐ichi
Published: August 2011

Amylose selectively includes poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) among the poly(lactide)s (PLAs) to produce an inclusion complex when the phosphorylase‐catalyzed polymerization of α‐D‐glucose 1‐phosphate is performed in the presence of PLLA, poly(D‐lactide) (PDLA), or poly(DL‐lactide) (PDLLA) (vine‐twining polymerization). This result indicates that amylose recognizes the chirality in PLAs on the formation of an inclusion complex in vine‐twining polymerization. Modeling calculations support the amylose's chiral recognition in favor of PLLA and the atomistic details of the inclusion complex which involved the preferred orientation of the constituent molecular chains with respect to their fiber axis is proposed.

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A Collagen Peptide‐Based Physical Hydrogel for Cell Encapsulation
Authors: Rubert Pérez Charles M. , Panitch Alyssa , Chmielewski Jean
Published: August 2011

Collagen peptide‐based hydrogels are prepared and characterized for application in 3D cell growth. Physical hydrogels are formed by covalently linking a collagen‐based peptide to an 8‐arm poly(ethylene glycol) star polymer. The resulting viscoelastic hydrogels have the ability to melt into a liquid‐like state near the melting temperature of the collagen triple helix and reform back into an elastic‐state at room temperature, adding a thermoresponsive feature to the material. In addition, the hydrogels possess desirable stiffness, as well as a highly cross‐linked network of pores where cells are found to reside, making the hydrogels promising scaffolds for the culture of hMSCs.

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Synthesis and passivation behavior of electroless Ni–P‐CNT composite coating
Authors: Alishahi M. , Hosseini S. M. , Monirvaghefi S. M. , Saatchi A.
Published: August 2011

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have high chemical stability, unique hollow nanotube structure, and are believed to be ideal materials for fabricating composites. In this study, Ni–P and Ni–P‐CNT composite coatings were fabricated by electroless plating. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the coatings. The corrosion behavior of Ni–P and Ni–P‐CNT coated samples were evaluated by polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 3.5 wt% NaCl and 0.1 M H2SO4 aqueous solutions at room temperature. The results indicated that incorporation of CNTs in the coating significantly increased corrosion resistance. The role of CNTs in improvement of corrosion resistance of the coating was also discussed.
Effect of alkyl chain length on inhibition performance of imidazoline derivatives investigated by molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Yu L. J. , Zhang J. , Qiao G. M. , Yan Y. G. , Ti Y. , Zhang Y.
Published: August 2011

In this article, the inhibition efficiency of imidazoline derivatives with different alkyl chain was investigated from aspect of diffusion using molecular dynamics method. The diffusion coefficient of three corrosive ions in the inhibitor membrane was proposed to evaluate the inhibition efficiency, and three related parameters, fractional free volume of membrane, interaction energy between membrane and particle, mobility of inhibitor membrane, were also discussed to illuminate the diffusion performance of corrosive particles in inhibitor membrane at length. These researches provide one more reasonable theoretical method to evaluate the inhibition efficiency, and may have important significance for the filtration of inhibitor.
Effect of surface treatments based on self‐assembling molecules and cerium coatings on the AA3003 alloy corrosion resistance
Authors: Banczek E. P. , Moraes S. R. , Assis S. L. , Costa I. , Motheo A. J.
Published: August 2011

This work presents the effects of a cerium conversion coating, self‐assembling molecules (SAM) treatment, and a combination of these two treatments on the corrosion resistance of the AA3003 alloy. The results were compared to that of a conversion coating treatment with hexavalent chromium (Cr VI). The corrosion resistance of the surface‐treated AA3003 alloy samples was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and anodic polarization curves in 0.5 mol/L sodium sulfate solution with pH adjusted to 4.0. The results showed that the SAM treatment offered better corrosion protection for the AA3003 alloy than that provided by cerium conversion coating. The combination of cerium conversion and SAM treatments improved the corrosion resistance of the AA3003 alloy due to SAM adsorption on the alloy substrate exposed at the defects in the cerium conversion layer.
Corrosion of high‐velocity oxy‐fuel (HVOF) sprayed iron‐based amorphous metallic coatings for marine pump in sodium chloride solutions
Authors: Wang Y. , Zheng Y. G. , Ke W. , Sun W. H. , Wang J. Q.
Published: August 2011

FeCrMoMnWBCSi amorphous metallic coatings (AMCs) were deposited onto the 304 stainless steel (base material of pump impeller operated in sand‐containing seawater) by high‐velocity oxygen‐fuel (HVOF) thermal spray. The preparation, microstructural characteristics, and static corrosion behavior of the AMCs were presented. The microstructure and corrosion behavior of the AMCs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and electrochemical methods. Melt‐spun ribbon and 304 stainless steel were also used for comparison purposes. The results indicated that the AMCs can spontaneously passivate with a wide passive region, and much higher ability to withstand pitting corrosion than that of the 304 stainless steel for the high pitting resistance equivalent value. The passive current density of the AMCs was at least two orders of magnitude higher than the counterpart ribbon, which showed a slightly decreased uniform corrosion resistance of the AMCs due to the incompact structure and porosity. The corrosion resistance of the AMCs increased with the coating thickness and decreased with the concentration of NaCl solution. A stable passivation ability held in the AMCs endowed them suitably used in marine environments.
A new theory for the negative difference effect in magnesium corrosion
Authors: Bender S. , Goellner J. , Heyn A. , Schmigalla S.
Published: August 2011

An unusual feature known as the negative difference effect (NDE) can be observed in magnesium when recording corrosion current density–potential curves. More hydrogen is evolved at a more positive potential which does not occur in conventional metals. Several models have been proposed in the literature in order to explain the phenomenon of NDE. They succeed in explaining some effects, and fail to deal with others. A new model, which explains the NDE by two electron consuming processes, is presented in this paper. By potentiostatic investigations of magnesium in a chloride electrolyte, measurements of hydrogen evolution and chemical analysis of the electrolyte the new model was experimentally verified.
Influence of dual‐RRA temper on the exfoliation corrosion and electrochemical behavior of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy
Authors: Peng G.‐S. , Chen K.‐H. , Chen S.‐Y. , Fang H.‐C.
Published: August 2011

Influence of dual‐retrogression and reaging (dual‐RRA) temper on the exfoliation corrosion (EC) and electrochemical behavior of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy has been investigated by means of transmission electron microscope, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, tensile test, polarization curve, and EIS. Dual‐RRA temper not only kept the strength similar to retrogression and reaging temper, but also improved EC resistance compared to T76 temper, being attributed to coarser and sparser grain boundary precipitates as well as higher Cu and lower Zn content. Obtained polarization curves and EIS are in good agreement with EC rating sequence.