bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insegurança alimentar e emergência climática: sindemia global e um desafio de saúde pública na América Latina
Authors: Brandão Ana Laura , Casemiro Juliana Pereira , Peres Frederico
Published: July 2024

As interfaces entre a insegurança alimentar e a crise climática são diversas, imbricadas e, cada vez mais, se posicionam na centralidade dos debates e dos desafios para a Saúde Pública global, especialmente por produzirem impactos mais evidentes em países e regiões onde as desigualdades históricas e estruturais são mais evidentes, como na América Latina. Uma complexa situação que pode ser melhor compreendida através do conceito de sindemia, que se refere à interação entre múltiplas epidemias que afetam uma população, ao mesmo tempo e no mesmo local, alimentando-se, agravando-se e criando um cenário desafiador para os serviços, programas e sistemas de saúde nos níveis local, regional e/ou global. Compreender as interfaces entre as crises alimentar e climática em um quadro sindêmico global centra a atenção na escala e na urgência de enfrentar estes desafios, de forma abrangente e articulada, enfatizando a necessidade de organizar esforços em torno de soluções comuns, contribuindo para o fortalecimento de capacidades locais, comprometidas com a garantia da segurança e da soberania alimentar e regidas pelos princípios inegociáveis da dignidade humana e do respeito às pessoas e a sua sabedoria. Motivados pela necessidade de gerar evidências dessa “crise de crises”, com o objetivo de subsidiar estratégias de enfrentamento de suas consequências junto a setores de governo e da sociedade civil organizada, um grupo de especialistas de diversas áreas do saber que, atualmente, conta com 86 pesquisadores, vinculados a 30 instituições acadêmicas com sede em 11 países da América Latina, decidiu se unir para criar o Grupo de Estudos sobre Sistemas Alimentares Latino-americanos no marco da Mudança Global – SALA Global. A primeira iniciativa do grupo foi elaborar um panorama das crises alimentar e climática na região, resultando na edição em espanhol do presente livro, lançada em setembro de 2023. A presente edição cumpre o papel de registrar este esforço inicial do Grupo SALA-Global em português, ampliando o acesso às informações, atualizadas e contextualizadas nacional e regionalmente, sobre as distintas implicações da sindemia global na Saúde Pública Latino-americana.
Protective and anti-inflammatory effects of a dermocosmetic formulation containing a combination of vitamins
Authors: Maia Campos Patrícia , Noronha Favaro Laura , Kakuda Letícia , Monteiro Rodrigues Luís
Published: July 2024

The exposome accelerates the skin aging process, highlighting the need to use cosmetics capable of repairing the damage and maintaining the skin's physiological conditions. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory and protective action of a dermocosmetic formulation combination of vitamins. For this, a gel-cream formulation added or not with 3% of ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate and 1% of D-panthenol was developed. The stability and sensory properties of these formulations were evaluated. In addition, a short-term clinical efficacy study of the formulations was carried out for 7 days. After this period, measurements were taken in terms of transepidermal water loss and blood microcirculation by Laser Doppler at the initial time and after the application of methyl nicotinate. The results showed that the formulations remained stable during the study period and showed pseudoplastic non-Newtonian behavior. In addition, the association of vitamins was effective in the protection of the skin against the effects of methyl nicotinate by reducing blood microcirculation, which suggests that the active substances in combination can have an anti-inflammatory and protective action on the skin barrier function.
Limits of Viability: Perspectives of Portuguese Neonatologists and Obstetricians
Authors: Pais-Cunha Inês , Peixoto Sara , Soares Henrique , Costa Sandra
Published: July 2024

Introduction: Advances in neonatal care have improved the prognosis in extremely preterm infants. The gestational age considered for active treatment has decreased globally. Despite implemented guidelines, several studies show variability in practice. The aim of this study was to understand theperspectives of Portuguese neonatologists and obstetricians regarding the management of extremely preterm infants.Methods: An online survey was sent through the Portuguese Neonatology Society and the Portuguese Society of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine from August to September 2023.Results: We obtained 117 responses: 53% neonatologists, 18% pediatricians, and 29% obstetricians, with 62% having more than 10 years of experience. The majority (80%) were familiar with the Portuguese Neonatology Society consensus on the limits of viability and 46% used it in practice; 62% were unaware of Portuguese morbidity-mortality statistics associated with extremely preterm infants. Most (91%) informed parents about morbiditymortality concerning the gestational age more frequently upon admission (64%) and considered their opinion in the limit of viability situations (95%). At 22 weeks gestational age, 71% proposed only comfort care, while at 25 and 26 weeks, the majority suggested active care (80% and 96%, respectively). Less consensus was observed at 23 and 24 weeks. At 24 weeks, most obstetricians offered active care with the option of comfort care by parental choice (59%), while the neonatology group provided active care (65%), p < 0.001. Regarding the lower limit of gestational age for in utero transfer, corticosteroid administration, cesarean section for fetal indication, neonatologist presence during delivery, and endotracheal intubation; neonatologists considered a lower gestational age than obstetricians (23 vs 24 weeks; p = 0.036; p < 0.001; p < 0.001; p = 0.021; p < 0.001, respectively).Conclusion: Differences in perspectives between obstetricians and neonatologists in limits of viability situations were identified. Neonatologists considered a lower gestational age in various scenarios and proposed active care earlier. Standardized counseling for extremely preterm infants is crucial to avoid ambiguity, parental confusion, and conflicts in perinatal care.
Strategy for Developing Pedagogical Competence of Islamic Education Teachers at SMA Darul Hikmah Pagutan Mataram
Authors: Rahman Zidan Fitrayadi Rahman , Muhtar Fathurrahman , Maujud Fathul , Dimyati Muhamad
Published: July 2024

This study analyses the strategies employed by the principal to enhance the pedagogical competence of Islamic Education and Character Education (PAI) teachers at SMA Darul Hikmah Pagutan Mataram, particularly regarding teaching abilities and curriculum development. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach, gathering data through observations, interviews, and documentation. The findings reveal that the principal has implemented various strategies for development, both individually and in groups, including classroom visits, mentoring, and subject-teacher forums (MGMP). However, time constraints and limited resources present significant challenges to optimal implementation of teacher development. The study concludes that the role of the principal as a supervisor is crucial in improving the quality of PAI instruction.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini menganalisis strategi yang digunakan oleh kepala sekolah untuk meningkatkan kompetensi pedagogik guru Pendidikan Agama Islam dan Budi Pekerti (PAI) di SMA Darul Hikmah Pagutan Mataram, khususnya dalam hal kemampuan mengajar dan pengembangan kurikulum. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif, penelitian ini mengumpulkan data melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kepala sekolah telah menerapkan berbagai strategi pembinaan, baik secara individu maupun kelompok, seperti kunjungan kelas, pendampingan, dan forum Musyawarah Guru Mata Pelajaran (MGMP). Namun, keterbatasan waktu dan sumber daya yang terbatas menjadi tantangan yang cukup besar dalam pelaksanaan pembinaan yang optimal. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa peran kepala sekolah sebagai supervisor sangat penting dalam meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran PAI.
Empowering adolescent cadres for promoting oral health behavior: A persuasive communication training pilot study in Indonesia
Authors: Setiawan Arlette Suzy , Pratidina Naninda Berliana , Budiarto Arief , Sukmasari Susi
Published: August 2024

Background: Adolescents are considered good cadres to be able to socialize with this healthy dental behavior. Therefore, designing a dental health education program is necessary to prepare adolescents to socialize with dental health behavior. Purpose: This study evaluates the pilot training for trainers using persuasive communication to socialize dental health behavior. Methods: Thirty-five participants (13-16 years old) are trained by a persuasive communication coach and practice the skills with a simulated client”this one-day training has a two-phase structure; lectures and practicum. The evaluation is done through three out of four-level methods from Kirkpatrick (1959). The data analysis used for the reaction evaluation is descriptive statistics, calculating the average score per category of training support assessment items (curriculum, facilitator, accommodation, and overall score). The learning outcome analysis resulted from an analysis of the pre-post test results using the N-Gain value and paired T-test. Behavior outcomes were also analyzed descriptively by calculating the average score of all participants in every timeline (baseline and two weeks after the training). Results: evaluation of this training revealed that "reaction” has an average total score was 4.02, which shows that the participants were satisfied with the training, "learning” has an N-Gain acquisition of 48.28%, and "behavior” level shows a good outcome as an increased in points from 3.4 to 4.2. Conclusion: The training program produced thirty cadres ready to implement the program in the community.
Evaluation of physical properties of glass ionomer cement modified by ethanolic extract of propolis
Authors: Pratiwi Deviyanti , Salim Richentya Feiby , Putri Tansza Permata Setiana , Hasan Akhmad Endang Zainal
Published: August 2024

Background: Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is a dental material often used in clinical practice. However, its use is limited due to its drawbacks. Natural resources such as propolis have been used to mainly enhance GIC’s antibacterial properties, but other properties attributed to this enhancement also require evaluation. Purpose: The study aims to evaluate the surface hardness, the surface roughness, and the water absorption of GIC containing ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) from Trigona spp. Methods: Samples in this study were divided into four groups: GIC (control group); GIC + 25% EEP; GIC + 30% EEP; and GIC + 35% EEP. Surface roughness was measured using a surface roughness tester. Surface hardness was measured using a micro-Vickers hardness tester. Water absorption was measured by weighing the samples before and after immersion in distilled water. Surface characterization was carried out using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data was statistically analyzed using the Shapiro–Wilk normality test and one-way variance analysis along with the post-hoc Tukey’s test to determine significant differences between all four samples. Results: The statistical test showed significant differences in surface hardness and surface roughness between the control group and the GIC + EEP group. However, the test demonstrated no significant differences in water absorption between the control group and the GIC + EEP group. Conclusion: The addition of EEP to conventional GIC can affect its physical properties.
Comparison of the antibacterial effect of experimental primary tooth canal pastes containing octenidine dihydrochloride and calcium hydroxide: An in vitro study
Authors: Orhan Ayşegül , Botsalı Murat Selim , Yavşan Zeynep Şeyda
Published: August 2024

Background: Octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) has been used as a canal irrigation agent. However, no research has been done on its use as a primary root canal paste mixed with calcium hydroxide in primary teeth. Purpose: This study aims to determine the in vitro antibacterial effect of an experimental canal sealer prepared using OCT and calcium hydroxide (CaOH) on primary root canal pathogens and compare them to zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) and iodoform paste (IP). Methods: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Streprococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Enteroccus faecalis (E. faecalis) were used as microorganisms to determine their antibacterial effect. A disc diffusion test was applied to the strains of impregnated discs with canal sealer. The number of bacteria was standardized and incubated into the Mueller–Hinton growth medium. At the end of the incubation period, the inhibition zones around the discs were measured in millimeters and recorded. Results: When the diameters of the inhibition zones were compared, the experimental canal paste obtained by mixing OCT and CaOH at a ratio of 2:1 was found to have the highest antibacterial effect against S. aureus, S. mutans and E. faecalis, and the primary tooth canal paste containing iodoform, which is used routinely in clinical practice, had the lowest antibacterial effect. Conclusion: As a result of this study, the antibacterial effect of experimental canal sealer containing OCT–CaOH on S. mutans, S. aureus and E. faecalis was found to be considerably higher than the root canal sealer containing eugenol and iodoform.
Enhancing pediatric endodontic treatment: Intraosseous anesthesia with computer-controlled delivery system
Authors: Suciati Khomsah , Indriyanti Ratna , Gunawan Kirana Lina
Published: August 2024

Background: Pain control during endodontic treatment is essential but challenging, particularly in pediatric dentistry. Intraosseous anesthesia (IO) ensures adequate areas are anesthetized for endodontic treatment of the primary tooth with only a single injection site and a small amount of anesthetic solution required. Anesthesia should be delivered slowly to enhance the success rate, minimize pain and, for the IO technique, minimize risk of osteonecrosis. The IO anesthesia delivery system that meets such criteria is computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery (CCLAD). Purpose: To describe the enhancement of pediatric endodontic treatment with minimum risk intraosseous anesthesia using CCLAD. Case: An 8-year-old male patient came to the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic at Padjadjaran University Dental Hospital reporting pain on the lower right second molar deciduous teeth, indicated for vital pulpectomy. Case Management: The procedure of vital pulpectomy was done under local anesthesia. Patient was given intraosseous injection with CCLAD prior to opening access. The point of injection was at two mm apical from distal interdental papillae of the lower right second molar deciduous teeth. The patient remained calm throughout the local injection and vital pulpectomy procedure. Conclusion: Intraosseous anesthesia is beneficial when used for pain control during pediatric endodontic therapy. The use of CCLAD gives comfort to the patient while lowering the risk of necrotizing alveolar bone.
La participation dans un territoire hydrosocial : entre impératif et réalité. Le cas de la Bande rhénane française
Authors: OSORIO Angela
Published: August 2024

La participation est à l’heure actuelle, un sujet central, voire un impératif, dans les sphères académiques, politiques et institutionnelles liées à la conservation de la nature et, plus spécifiquement, à la gestion des territoires hydrosociaux. Cet article examine la place de la participation dans le territoire hydrosocial de la Bande rhénane française, à partir d'une analyse des approches et des dispositifs utilisés pour mettre en œuvre des processus participatifs sur ce territoire. Pour ce faire, les documents de gestion ont été examinés et des entretiens semi-directifs ont été menés auprès des acteurs impliqués dans la gestion de ce territoire. Les résultats montrent que, bien que les programmes de gestion au niveau de la Bande rhénane et au niveau européen promeuvent la participation, celle-ci n'est pas pleinement intégrée dans la pratique par les acteurs de terrain. En effet, il y a très peu de démarches qui intègrent les différentes parties prenantes, et la plupart d'entre elles ne garantissent pas que les parties prenantes aient une influence sur la prise de décision. De plus, les approches dites « participatives » sont principalement adoptées dans le but d'éviter le « blocage » des projets, révélant ainsi une tendance à instrumentaliser la participation. Enfin, certaines démarches incluent les parties prenantes mais seulement dans la phase de mise en œuvre des actions et non pas dans les phases de prise de décision, ce qui peut conduire à une faible compréhension des enjeux et des décisions moins adaptées au contexte rhénan. À partir d'une identification des principales difficultés rencontrées par les acteurs de terrain en matière de participation, des pistes seront proposées pour la mise en œuvre de processus participatifs dans le contexte rhénan et plus largement dans les territoires hydrosociaux.
Academic and Demographic Profile of Orthopaedic Vice Chairs of Research
Authors: Aribindi Seetha , Leucht Philipp , Hsu Wellington K. , Mesfin Addisu
Published: August 2024

Background:

Vice chairs (VCs) of research play an integral role in orthopaedic departments at academic medical centers; they strategically lead research efforts and support the research careers of faculty and trainees. To our knowledge, no analysis of orthopaedic VCs of research exists in the literature, and no similar analyses have been completed in other medical specialties. We aimed to investigate the academic and demographic characteristics of orthopaedic VCs of research.

Methods:

Doximity was used to identify orthopaedic residencies in the U.S. Personal and program websites were queried to identify VCs of research and collect academic and demographic characteristics. The Scopus database, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) RePORTER, and Google Scholar were used to obtain each investigator’s Hirsch index (h-index) and the number and type of NIH grants awarded, respectively.

Results:

Of the 207 orthopaedic residency programs identified, 71 (34%) had a named VC of research in the orthopaedic department. Of the top 50 medical schools, 42 were affiliated with such programs. Most VCs were men (89%). The racial and/or ethnic background of the majority of VCs was White (85%), followed by Asian (14%), and Black (1%). Most held the rank of professor (78%), followed by associate professor (18%), and assistant professor (4%). Over half were PhDs (55%), followed by MDs (37%) and MD/PhDs (8%). On average, the VCs had an h-index of 40.5. Furthermore, 65% had been awarded at least 1 NIH grant for their research, with 43% awarded at least 1 R01 grant.

Conclusions:

VCs of research develop research opportunities and shape the brand recognition of academic orthopaedic programs. Most orthopaedic VCs of research are men (89%); 85% each are White and have a rank of professor. Nearly half have been awarded at least 1 R01 grant from the NIH.

Clinical Relevance:

This study outlines important academic and demographic characteristics among orthopaedic surgery VCs of research. Considering the mentorship aspect of their role, VCs of research have an opportunity to influence the diversity of incoming trainees in the field of academic orthopaedics.
Assessment of spatio-temporal waterline changes of a reservoir: A case study of Ujjani wetland, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Ramanuj Pooja , Laware Shankar , Karmalkar Nitin
Published: July 2024

The Ujjani reservoir is an artificial inland wetland and a potential Ramsar site in Maharashtra, India. The present study investigates the changes in the surface water area over time using remote sensing imageries (LANDSAT, LISS-III, Sentinel 2 series) for four decades (1981 to 2021) and the normalized difference water index (NDWI). The study reveals that the overall mean amount and rate of decrease in the surface water area are estimated at 20.50% (44.31 + 30.38 km2) and 0.75% year-1 (1.62 + 1.36 km2year-1), respectively. Furthermore, multiple correlation matrix analysis shows a strong positive correlation between surface water area and rainfall while a weak negative correlation with mean annual temperature (TMAX). Thus, indicating rainfall as the principal factor in inducing changes to the surface water area of the Ujjani wetland. However, the study also finds that the impact of the dramatic rise in population growth and anthropogenic activities in the form of overexploitation and land encroachments for agriculture are gradual but significant cursors to wetland degradation. Hence, the study recommends periodic monitoring, management, and conservation of wetlands, by employing stringent policies and effective technological measures.
A GIS-based study on the changing course of the River Jiadhal in the Dhemaji district, India
Authors: Gogoi Pranamee
Published: July 2024

River bank-erosion, deposition and channel-shifting are considered most dynamic and significant geomorphological processes formed by complex geological, hydrological, and anthropogenic factors. In the present study, river Jiadhal is one of the main sub-tributary of the River Brahmaputra in the Dhemaji district of Assam that changes its channel course frequently due to bank-erosion and sediment-deposition in the intermediate part and lower course of the channel. A study on the changing course of the river Jiadhal was carried out using satellite imageries for the years 1987, 1997, 2007 and 2017. The study found that the changes in the river vary from time to time and the bank-erosion and sediment-deposition fluctuate from place to place. The total area of bank-erosion is 13.34 km2 from 1987 to 2017 and the total area of sediment-deposition is 14.59 km2 from 1987 to 2017. This paper evaluates how the shape, size and position of the Jiadhal River have changed from the years 1987 to 2017 using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The study is also necessary for effective management along the side of the river Jiadhal to control bank erosion and to mitigate the adverse impact of erosion and channel-shifting.
Developing a strategy of data collection and pre-processing to assess bike-sharing system station placements with the help of GIS
Authors: Veres Tamás Mihály
Published: July 2024

Our research presents a methodological framework for analyzing bicycle-sharing systems, using the self-service bike operations of JCDecaux in Toulouse as a case study. The objective was to identify a method for obtaining a cleansed and structured attribute list that could be useful in evaluating and optimizing the placement of bicycle rental docks. Utilizing open data, our approach involves developing a Python script within QGIS to create new layers around each of the 288 studied bicycle rental stations, based on a selected 100-meter buffer. This buffer size is chosen to reduce data overlap in dense urban settings. The script is designed to collect urban features within these buffers that register as multipolygons (mainly buildings) or points (amenities, transportation features), moreover it applies categorization of data, such as identifying and marking the different building types. The method includes a basic visualization of potential data in QGIS using OpenStreetMap.
Rainfall Dependency and Water quality Assessment of springs of three villages of Rudraprayag District: An analysis of veins of Uttarakhand Himalaya
Authors: Chauhan Neha , Naik Anjali , Negi Mahavir Singh
Published: July 2024

A spring is a crevice in the substrate that forms naturally and allows water to pour out directly from the earths subsurface. Every major river in the country has a system of springs that serve as a symbolic representation of its source. But this very fundamental source of many resources is in peril. The problem is mainly related with the reduced discharge rate of water from the spring. The reason of truncate discharge rate is variability in the rainfall pattern in the recharge area due to the climate change over the years.To ensure the quality and security of the public's water supply, regular quality assessments of drinking water sources are required. In consequence, this study not only analyse the rainfall dependency of springs but also evaluated the spring water quality for drinking, using water quality index, in three villages located in Jakholi block of Rudraparayag district, Uttarakhand. The ten foremost physiochemical elements that regulate water quality—Nitrate, Fluoride, Iron, pH, Turbidity, Chloride, Residual Chlorine, Magnesium, sulphate, and Hardness—were investigated to ensure compliance with guidelines defined by the Bureau of Indian Standards IS: 12500:2012. After examining the data, it became apparent that all of the indicators pointed to acceptable water quality, making it ideal for drinking. However, because of its low discharge and great reliance on rainfall, its position is getting more detrimental.
Mcm5 mutation leads to silencing of Stat1-bcl2 which accelerating apoptosis of immature T lymphocytes with DNA damage
Authors: Huang Sizhou , Liu Min , Li Yuanyuan , Deng Zhilin , Zhang Ke , Huang Shuying , Xia Jiamin , Feng Yi , Liang Yundan , Sun Chengfu , Liu Xindong , Li Shurong , Su Binying , Dong Yong
Published: August 2024

Mutation of genes involved in DNA replication continuously disrupts DNA replication and gives rise to genomic instability, which is a critical oncogenic driver. To avoid leukemia, immature T lymphocytes with genomic instability tend to undergo rapid cell death during development. However, the mechanism how immature T lymphocytes undergo rapid cell death upon genomic instability has been enigmatic. Here we showed that zebrafish mcm5 mutation leads to DNA damage in immature T lymphocytes and the immature T cells sensitively undergo rapid cell death. Detailed analyses demonstrated that the immature T lymphocytes undergo rapid apoptosis via upregulation of tp53 and downregulation of bcl2 transcription in mcm5 mutants. Mechanistically, Mcm5 directly binds to Stat1a and facilitates its phosphorylation to enhance bcl2a expression under conditions of DNA replication stress; however, in mcm5 mutants, the absence of the Mcm5-Stat1 complex decreases Stat1 phosphorylation and subsequent bcl2a transcription, accelerating apoptosis of immature T lymphocytes with genomic instability. Furthermore, our study shows that the role of Mcm5 in T-cell development is conserved in mice. In conclusion, our work identifies a role of Mcm5 in regulating T cell development via Stat1-Bcl2 cascade besides its role in DNA replication, providing a mechanism by which immature T cells with gene mutation-induced DNA damage are rapidly cleared during T lymphocyte development.
Deformation of Mauna Loa volcano before, during, and after its 2022 eruption
Authors: Ellis Andria P , Johanson Ingrid A. , Poland Michael P.
Published: August 2024

Mauna Loa volcano on the Island of Hawaiʻi erupted on 27 November 2022, marking the end of decades-long volcanic unrest since its last eruption in 1984. Here we briefly describe the evolution of the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory’s geodetic monitoring network and show patterns of deformation as measured by Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), and borehole tilt in the years leading up the 2022 eruption. We highlight the long-term buildup as well as the imminent pre-eruptive geodetic signals, including subtle changes observed in early 2021 that suggested an eruption might be near, and the significant ramp up of activity in September 2022 that provided strong evidence of likely impending eruptive activity. Of particular importance are the first borehole tilt excursions related to magma movement measured at Mauna Loa’s summit, which began in 2021 and were accompanied by increased rates of seismicity. In addition to describing the evolution of surface displacements, we also model the co-eruption deformation, which can be fit by dike opening that matches the geometry of the surface eruptive fissures. Geodetic data associated with Mauna Loa’s pre-, co-, and post-eruptive phases provide opportunities for exploring questions related to the volcano’s history and magmatic system. How does the 2022 eruption compare to previous eruptions in 1975 and 1984? What geodetic tools are best suited for tracking volcanic unrest at Mauna Loa? How does caldera faulting relate to eruption timing? What, if any, are the relations between Mauna Loa and neighboring volcano, Kīlauea, which paused in its own eruptive activity as the Mauna Loa eruption waned? The comprehensive and advanced geodetic data from before, during, and after the volcano’s 2022 eruption, unavailable during prior eruptions, offer a means of addressing these questions, which are vital to better understanding and anticipating future eruptive activity and impacts.
Latin American adults who regularly use macrodoses of psychedelics: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Véliz-García Oscar , Domic Marcos
Published: August 2024

Psychedelics have a complex history marked by traditional use among indigenous cultures, early scientific interest, and subsequent prohibition. Despite their classification as controlled substances, recent decades have witnessed a resurgence of research into their therapeutic potential for various mental health conditions. However, most studies have focused on controlled clinical settings, leaving a significant gap in understanding how these substances are used in naturalistic contexts, particularly in Latin America. This study investigates the regular use of macrodoses of psychedelics among Latin American adults. We aimed to characterize the sociodemographic profiles, consumption practices, and subjective effects experienced by individuals who use psychedelics regularly. Data were collected via an online survey from 4,270 participants across several Latin American countries. Results indicated a diverse user base with varied motivations, predominantly psychological and spiritual well-being. The most frequently used substance was psilocybin mushrooms, with significant associations found between demographic variables and specific psychedelics used. The study provides new insights into the naturalistic use of psychedelics in Latin America, highlighting the need for informed, safe, and legal use frameworks.
Determining the Burden of Dysmenorrhea on Women's Quality of Life: The Dysmenorrhea Symptom Interference Scale
Authors: Jahangeer S. M. Ashraf , Fatima Meerab , Iqbal Hifza , Sheikh Areeba
Published: July 2024

OBJECTIVE: Dysmenorrhea negatively impacts a woman's quality of life. The lack of proper awareness results in poor coping mechanisms in females. This study aims to determine the association of dysmenorrhea with quality of life using the Dysmenorrhea Symptom Interference (DSI) Scale and the management choices of females.
STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study was conducted among females studying at various universities in Karachi from March 2023 to May 2023. The calculated sample size was 270. A non-probability, convenience sampling technique was applied. A web-based, structured, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data.
RESULTS: 278 females completed the survey. The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) score (1–10) indicated the degree of dysmenorrhea. The majority of the females, 40.6% (n=113), had moderate dysmenorrhea. Quality of life was measured according to the DSI Score (maximum score=5). The mean DSI score recorded was 2.75. Most participants (27%; n=75) were found in the mood component of DSI. Most of the females used lifestyle modifications, followed by home remedies and medications. A significant positive correlation between the NRS score and the DSI score (p<0.001) suggests that an increased degree of dysmenorrhea led to a significant decline in the quality of life.
CONCLUSION: We conclude that dysmenorrhea is associated with a decreased quality of life and the DSI Scale is a valid tool for assessing its impact on quality of life. There is a general lack of knowledge about adequate pain management.
Association Between Sleep And Depression In Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study From The ELSI-Brazil Cohort
Authors: Vivanco Ricardo A. ,   Universidad Católica Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador, Ramos-Orosco Elizabeth J. , Teo Tessa , Vargas-Ruiz Ariana ,   Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States,   Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health - ECPE - PPCR Program, Boston, MA, United States,   School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru,   Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health - ECPE - PPCR Program, Boston, MA, United States,   Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health - ECPE - PPCR Program, Boston, MA, United States
Published: July 2024

Background: The relationship between depression and sleep is bidirectional, but sleep disturbances may precede depressive episodes. Joo et al. (2022) found that men and women from a Korean population with poor sleep quality are seven times more likely to be depressed. This study aims to replicate the previous model in the ELSI-Brazil population considering potential cross-cultural differences. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of Wave 2 of ELSI-Brazil (2019–2021) was performed including 6365 participants aged 50 or older. Demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related characteristics were described. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the association between depression and poor sleep quality. Results: The prevalence of poor sleep quality in this elderly population was 15.6%. Patients with poor sleep quality were four times more likely to be depressed. A significant interaction was found between sex and sleep quality in the association with depression (p=0.04). The adjusted model stratified by sex found that men and women with poor sleep quality were three (OR = 3.11 [95% CI 2.39–4.05]) and four (OR = 4.39 [95% CI 3.60–5.35]) times more likely to be depressed respectively. Conclusion: We found a significant sleep-depression association among Brazilian elders, particularly impacting women. Gender-specific interventions for sleep-related mental health are crucial. Despite limitations, the study provides valuable insights emphasizing the need for tailored public health measures, especially in nursing homes, to prevent depression and improve the quality of life in this vulnerable group.
Managing Generative AI Innovation: The Impact of Proactive Personality and LMX on Work Outcomes
Authors: Smothers Jack , Viktora-Jones Magdalena , Ferreira Fernando , Jankuhn Nicolas
Published: August 2024

This study uses leader-member exchange (LMX) theory to examine the interplay between proactive personality, LMX, generative AI innovation (GenAI innovation), and affective employee perceptions. Data collected from 378 working adults were tested with mediated-moderation analyses to examine the extent to which the relationship between proactive personality and employee perceptions varied as a function of LMX while working through GenAI innovation. The results indicated that LMX positively moderated (i.e., strengthened) the relationship between proactive personality and GenAI innovation. Furthermore, GenAI innovation mediated the relationship between the interaction (i.e., proactive personality X LMX) and three affective perceptions, namely organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions. Support for this mediated-moderation model empirically validates the interactive influence between individual characteristics and relational factors in the organizational environment. These findings pose beneficial managerial and conceptual insights to improve organizational performance by facilitating innovation and retaining engaged employees.
Male And Female Teachers’ Perspectives on Gender Roles In Early Childhood Education
Authors: Putri Pipin Afindra , Adriany Vina , Yulindrasari Hani , Dahlan Tina
Published: July 2024

This study aimed to explore male and female teachers’ perspectives on gender roles in early childhood education and care settings (ECCE). ECCE is often regarded as one of the most gendered spaces that perpetuate binaries between boys and girls. This research adopted a case study approach conducted in a kindergarten in Padang, Indonesia. The study involved two ECCE teachers as participants, one male and one female. This study's results indicate that teachers understand the importance of gender equality in children. However, they still perceive gender as something biological, limiting seeing children as girls and boys. Teachers seem to be confused about the fluidity of gender roles, and hence, it results in resistance to teaching gender-flexible pedagogy
Classification of Patients’ Judgments of Their Physicians in Web-Based Written Reviews Using Natural Language Processing: Algorithm Development and Validation (Preprint)
Authors: Madanay Farrah , Tu Karissa , Campagna Ada , Davis J Kelly , Doerstling Steven S , Chen Felicia , Ubel Peter A
Published: August 2024

BACKGROUND

Patients increasingly rely on web-based physician reviews to choose a physician and share their experiences. However, the unstructured text of these written reviews presents a challenge for researchers seeking to make inferences about patients’ judgments. Methods previously used to identify patient judgments within reviews, such as hand-coding and dictionary-based approaches, have posed limitations to sample size and classification accuracy. Advanced natural language processing methods can help overcome these limitations and promote further analysis of physician reviews on these popular platforms.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to train, test, and validate an advanced natural language processing algorithm for classifying the presence and valence of 2 dimensions of patient judgments in web-based physician reviews: interpersonal manner and technical competence.

METHODS

We sampled 345,053 reviews for 167,150 physicians across the United States from Healthgrades.com, a commercial web-based physician rating and review website. We hand-coded 2000 written reviews and used those reviews to train and test a transformer classification algorithm called the Robustly Optimized BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) Pretraining Approach (RoBERTa). The 2 fine-tuned models coded the reviews for the presence and positive or negative valence of patients’ interpersonal manner or technical competence judgments of their physicians. We evaluated the performance of the 2 models against 200 hand-coded reviews and validated the models using the full sample of 345,053 RoBERTa-coded reviews.

RESULTS

The interpersonal manner model was 90% accurate with precision of 0.89, recall of 0.90, and weighted F1-score of 0.89. The technical competence model was 90% accurate with precision of 0.91, recall of 0.90, and weighted F1-score of 0.90. Positive-valence judgments were associated with higher review star ratings whereas negative-valence judgments were associated with lower star ratings. Analysis of the data by review rating and physician gender corresponded with findings in prior literature.

CONCLUSIONS

Our 2 classification models coded interpersonal manner and technical competence judgments with high precision, recall, and accuracy. These models were validated using review star ratings and results from previous research. RoBERTa can accurately classify unstructured, web-based review text at scale. Future work could explore the use of this algorithm with other textual data, such as social media posts and electronic health records.
Automated Behavioral Coding to Enhance the Effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing in a Chat-Based Suicide Prevention Helpline: Secondary Analysis of a Clinical Trial (Preprint)
Authors: Pellemans Mathijs , Salmi Salim , Mérelle Saskia , Janssen Wilco , van der Mei Rob
Published: August 2024

BACKGROUND

With the rise of computer science and artificial intelligence, analyzing large data sets promises enormous potential in gaining insights for developing and improving evidence-based health interventions. One such intervention is the counseling strategy motivational interviewing (MI), which has been found effective in improving a wide range of health-related behaviors. Despite the simplicity of its principles, MI can be a challenging skill to learn and requires expertise to apply effectively.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the performance of artificial intelligence models in classifying MI behavior and explore the feasibility of using these models in online helplines for mental health as an automated support tool for counselors in clinical practice.

METHODS

We used a coded data set of 253 MI counseling chat sessions from the 113 Suicide Prevention helpline. With 23,982 messages coded with the MI Sequential Code for Observing Process Exchanges codebook, we trained and evaluated 4 machine learning models and 1 deep learning model to classify client- and counselor MI behavior based on language use.

RESULTS

The deep learning model BERTje outperformed all machine learning models, accurately predicting counselor behavior (accuracy=0.72, area under the curve [AUC]=0.95, Cohen κ=0.69). It differentiated MI congruent and incongruent counselor behavior (AUC=0.92, κ=0.65) and evocative and nonevocative language (AUC=0.92, κ=0.66). For client behavior, the model achieved an accuracy of 0.70 (AUC=0.89, κ=0.55). The model’s interpretable predictions discerned client change talk and sustain talk, counselor affirmations, and reflection types, facilitating valuable counselor feedback.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study demonstrate that artificial intelligence techniques can accurately classify MI behavior, indicating their potential as a valuable tool for enhancing MI proficiency in online helplines for mental health. Provided that the data set size is sufficiently large with enough training samples for each behavioral code, these methods can be trained and applied to other domains and languages, offering a scalable and cost-effective way to evaluate MI adherence, accelerate behavioral coding, and provide therapists with personalized, quick, and objective feedback.
Harnessing the Power of Technology to Transform Delirium Severity Measurement in the ICU: Protocol for a Prospective Cohort Study (Preprint)
Authors: Raghu Roshini , Nalaie Keivan , Ayala Ivan , Morales Behaine Juan Jose , Garcia-Mendez Juan Pablo , Friesen Hannah , Leistikow Kathleen , Bhattacharyya Anirban , Jayaraman Arun , Franco Pablo Moreno , Rabinstein Alejandro , Chlan Linda L , Boustani Malaz , Herasevich Vitaly , Lindroth Heidi
Published: August 2024

BACKGROUND

Delirium, an acute brain dysfunction, is a complication in up to 50% of intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Measuring and mitigating delirium severity can reduce associated morbidity and improve long-term health outcomes post-discharge. However, the
perceived complexity of the available delirium detection tools and clinical workload limits the routine assessment of delirium severity. Developing a passive digital marker for delirium severity combining routine electronic health record (EHR) and computer
vision technology data could be an implementable, scalable, and sustainable approach.

OBJECTIVE

The primary objective is to develop a passive digital marker for delirium severity (PDM-DS) and examine its performance in comparison to validated delirium severity tools (aim 1 and 2). The secondary objective is to evaluate the acceptability and usability of the PDM-DS by patients, families, and clinicians (aim 3).

METHODS

A prospective, longitudinal cohort study will be conducted to develop a PDM-DS using computer vision data and routinely collected EHR data. Following informed consent, the study team will collect image data through continuous digital video recordings of adult patients (>/= 50 years) in their ICU room, routine EHR data(demographic and clinical variables), and administer delirium severity assessments (4 x daily) until ICU discharge or death. The usability and acceptability of the developed PDM-DS will be evaluated by patients, families, and direct care clinicians in a pilot randomized controlled clinical trial (aim 3). Descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, medians, interquartile ranges, frequencies) and statistical differences between study instruments will be examined. Convolutional neural networks and machine learning will inform model development, testing, and validation. Model performance statistics including accuracy, precision, recall, and the F1 score will be reported.

RESULTS

Recruitment and data collection are ongoing. As of July 2024, 1,990 patients were screened (31% eligible, n=613), 306 approached (50%), and 71 participants were enrolled (23% enrollment rate). Among the 71 patients, the median age was 67 years (IQR 61-74), 65% male, and 93% Caucasian.

CONCLUSIONS

The PDM-DS could provide real-time, actionable feedback to direct care clinicians on the brain health of ICU patients. Early mitigation of delirium severity may decrease the risk of mortality, future Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementia, and length of hospital stay.

CLINICALTRIAL

NCT06172491
Comparative Analysis of Diagnostic Performance: Differential Diagnosis Lists by LLaMA3 Versus LLaMA2 for Case Reports (Preprint)
Authors: Hirosawa Takanobu , Harada Yukinori , Tokumasu Kazuki , Shiraishi Tatsuya , Suzuki Tomoharu , Shimizu Taro
Published: August 2024

BACKGROUND

Generative artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in the form of large language models, has rapidly developed. The LLaMA series are popular and recently updated from LLaMA2 to LLaMA3. However, the impacts of the update on diagnostic performance have not been well documented.

OBJECTIVE

We conducted a comparative evaluation of the diagnostic performance in differential diagnosis lists generated by LLaMA3 and LLaMA2 for case reports.

METHODS

We analyzed case reports published in the American Journal of Case Reports from 2022 to 2023. After excluding nondiagnostic and pediatric cases, we input the remaining cases into LLaMA3 and LLaMA2 using the same prompt and the same adjustable parameters. Diagnostic performance was defined by whether the differential diagnosis lists included the final diagnosis. Multiple physicians independently evaluated whether the final diagnosis was included in the top 10 differentials generated by LLaMA3 and LLaMA2.

RESULTS

In our comparative evaluation of the diagnostic performance between LLaMA3 and LLaMA2, we analyzed differential diagnosis lists for 392 case reports. The final diagnosis was included in the top 10 differentials generated by LLaMA3 in 79.6% (312/392) of the cases, compared to 49.7% (195/392) for LLaMA2, indicating a statistically significant improvement (P<.001). Additionally, LLaMA3 showed higher performance in including the final diagnosis in the top 5 differentials, observed in 63% (247/392) of cases, compared to LLaMA2’s 38% (149/392, P<.001). Furthermore, the top diagnosis was accurately identified by LLaMA3 in 33.9% (133/392) of cases, significantly higher than the 22.7% (89/392) achieved by LLaMA2 (P<.001). The analysis across various medical specialties revealed variations in diagnostic performance with LLaMA3 consistently outperforming LLaMA2.

CONCLUSIONS

The results reveal that the LLaMA3 model significantly outperforms LLaMA2 per diagnostic performance, with a higher percentage of case reports having the final diagnosis listed within the top 10, top 5, and as the top diagnosis. Overall diagnostic performance improved almost 1.5 times from LLaMA2 to LLaMA3. These findings support the rapid development and continuous refinement of generative AI systems to enhance diagnostic processes in medicine. However, these findings should be carefully interpreted for clinical application, as generative AI, including the LLaMA series, has not been approved for medical applications such as AI-enhanced diagnostics.