bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Book Review Section (Commentary, Reviews, Recent Publications)
Authors: Bernstein Mary , Fitzgerald Tom , Murray Stephen O.
Published: March 2006

The Gay and Lesbian Liberation Movement, by Margaret Cruikshank. (New York: Routledge, 1992.)

The Taste of Blood: Spirit Possession in Brazilian Candomble. by Jim Wafer. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991).

Games of Venus: An Anthology of Greek and Roman Erotic Verse from Sappho to Ovid edited by Peter Bing and Rip Cohen (New York: Routledge, 1991. 279 pp. $28.95 hb.) and Homosexual Desire in Shakespeare's England:. Cultural Poetics by Bruce R. Smith. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.) 329+xii pp.$29.95 hb.
The Book Review Section (Commentary, Reviews, Recent Publications)
Authors: Burg B.R. , Murray Stephen O. , Khan Baduddrin , De Danaan LLyn , Donovan James M.
Published: March 2006

Barrack Buddies and Soldier Lovers: Dialogues with Gay Young Men in the U.S. Military. By Steven Zeeland. With. foreword by Allan Berube. Binghampton, N. Y.: Harrington Park Press, 1993. Pp. xii+293. $14.95 (paper).

The Dove Coos: Gay Experiences by the Men of Thailand, edited by Eric AUyn. (Bangkok: Bua Luang, 1992; distributed by Orchid House, 2215‐R Market St., San Francisco, CA 94114). $11.95 pb. 134 pp.

Lotus of Another Color: An unfolding of the South Asian Gay and Lesbian Experience, edited by Rakesh Ratti. (Boston: Alyson).

What. Lesbian Looks Like: Writings by Lesbians on their Lives and Lifestyles. National Lesbian and Gay Survey. London:Routledge. 1992. 166 pp. (paper)

If You Seduce. Straight Person, Can You Make Them Gay?: Issues in Biological Essentialism versus Social Constructionism in Gay and Lesbian Identities, edited by John P. DeCecco and John P. Elia. (New York: Harrington Park Press.) 1993. xvi, 266, index.
Book Reviews
Authors: De Danaan LLyn , Murray Stephen O.
Published: March 2006

Modern Homosexualities: Fragments of Lesbian and Gay Experience, edited by Ken Plummer (London and New York: Routledge, 1992) 281 pages, paperback.

Growing Up Before Stonewall: life Stories of Some Gay Men by Peter M. Nardi. David Sanders. and Judd Marmor. New York: Routledge, 1994. 177+ix pp. $16.95 paperback.
Book Review Section
Authors: Murray Stephen O.
Published: March 2006

Male Colors, by Gary P. Leupp (1995, University of California Press.) 310+viii pages, $35 hb
Photoionization Thresholds of Melanins Obtained from Free Electron Laser‐Photoelectron Emission Microscopy, Femtosecond Transient Absorption Spectroscopy and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Measurements of Oxygen Photoconsumption
Authors: Ye Tong , Hong Lian , Garguilo Jacob , Pawlak Anna , Edwards Glenn S. , Nemanich Robert J. , Sarna Tadeusz , Simon John D.
Published: March 2006

Free electron laser‐photoelectron emission microscopy (FEL‐PEEM), femtosecond absorption spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements of oxygen photoconsumption were used to probe the threshold potential for ionization of eumelanosomes and pheomelanosomes isolated from human hair. FEL‐PEEM data show that both pigments are characterized by an ionization threshold at 282 nm. However, pheomelanosomes exhibit a second ionization threshold at 326 nm, which is interpreted to be reflective of the benzothiazine structural motif present in pheomelanin and absent in eumelanin. The lower ionization threshold for pheomelanin is supported by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Unlike photolysis at 350 nm, following excitation of solubalized synthetic pheomelanin at 303 nm, the transient spectrum observed between 500 and 700 nm matches that for the solvated electron, indicating the photoionization threshold for the solubalized pigment is between 350 and 303 nm. For the same synthetic pheomelanin, EPR oximetry experiments reveal an increased rate of oxygen uptake between 338 nm and 323 nm, narrowing the threshold for photoionization to sit between these two wavelengths. These results on the solubalized synthetic pigment are consistent with the FEL‐PEEM results on the human melanosomes. The lower ionization potential observed for pheomelanin could be an important part of the explanation for the greater incidence rate of UV‐induced skin cancers in red‐haired individuals.
5‐Aminolevulinic Acid Derivatives in Photomedicine: Characteristics, Application and Perspectives
Authors: Fotinos Nicolas , Campo Marino A. , Popowycz Florence , Gurny Robert , Lange Norbert
Published: March 2006

The introduction of lipophilic derivatives of the naturally occurring heme precursor 5‐aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA) into photomedicine has led to a true revival of this research area. 5‐ALA‐mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) and fluorescence photodetection (FD) of neoplastic disease is probably one of the most selective cancer treatments currently known in oncology. To date, this method has been assessed experimentally for the treatment of various medical indications. However, the limited local bioavailability of 5‐ALA has widely prevented its use in daily clinical practice. Although researchers were already aware of this drawback early during the development of 5‐ALA‐mediated PDT, only recently have well‐established concepts in pharmaceutical science been adapted to investigate ways to overcome this drawback. Recently, two derivatives of 5‐ALA, methylaminolevulinate (MAL) and hexylaminolevulinate (HAL), gained marketing authorization from the regulatory offices in Europe and Australia. MAL is marketed under the trade name Metvix for the treatment of actinic keratosis and difficult‐to‐treat basal cell carcinoma. HAL has recently been launched under the trade name Hexvix to improve the detection of superficial bladder cancer in Europe. This review will first present the fundamental concepts underlying the use of 5‐ALA derivatives in PDT and FD from a chemical, biochemical and pharmaceutical point of view. Experimental evidences from preclinical data on the improvements and limits observed with 5‐ALA derivatives will then be introduced. The state‐of‐the‐art from clinical studies with 5‐ALA esters will be discussed, with special emphasis placed on the process that led to the development of MAL in dermatology and to HAL in urology. Finally, we will discuss promising medical fields in which use of 5‐ALA derivatives might potentially lead to further use of this methodology in photomedicine.
Phytochrome‐dependent Photomovement Responses Mediated by Phototropin Family Proteins in Cryptogam Plants†
Authors: Suetsugu Noriyuki , Wada Masamitsu
Published: March 2006

In this review, we describe the regulation of photomovement responses by phototropin and phytochrome photoreceptors. The blue light receptor phototropin mediates various photomovement responses such as phototropism, chloroplast movement and stomatal opening. In cryptogamic plants including ferns, mosses and green alga, red as well as blue light mediates phototropism and chloroplast movement. The red/far‐red light reversibility suggests the involvement of phytochrome in these responses. Thereby, plant growth is presumably promoted by coordinating these photomovements to capture efficiently light for photosynthesis.
Dynamic consolidation of a saturated plastic clayey fill
Authors: Perucho A. , Olalla C.
Published: March 2006

Dynamic consolidation has been used to improve a plastic clayey fill in a port area reclaimed from the sea, with the blows from a 140 kN hammer dropped from heights ranging from 7 to 10 m onto a grid of impact points. The improvement achieved was evaluated on the basis of laboratory test results (dry density, moisture content, void ratio and oedometric tests) and field tests (standard penetration tests, continuous heavy dynamic penetration, static penetration and pressuremeter tests) conducted before and after the improvement. On the basis of the test results the interpreted improvements obtained can be regarded as satisfactory.

Nous avons utilisé la consolidation dynamique afin d'améliorer un remblai argileux plastique dans une zone portuaire récupérée sur la mer, consolidation réalisée avec les frappes d'un marteau de 140 kN tombant de hauteurs allant de 7 à 10 m sur un réseau de points d'impact. Nous avonsé valué l'amélioration ainsi obtenue en nous basant sur les résultats de tests en laboratoire (densité sèche, teneur en eau, taux de pore et essais à l'oedomètre) et d'essais sur le terrain (SPT, pénétration dynamique lourde en continu, pénétration statique et essais au pressiomètre) menés avant et après l'amélioration. Sur la base des résultats de ces essais, les améliorations obtenues, une fois interprétées, peuvent ê tre considérées comme satisfaisantes.
Effectiveness of cement on hydraulic conductivity of compacted soil–cement mixtures
Authors: Bellezza I. , Fratalocchi E.
Published: March 2006

The paper presents the results of an experimental study on the hydraulic conductivity of compacted soil-cement mixtures. The effectiveness of 5% cement addition is evaluated by the permeability value at 28 days' curing and by the ratio of the hydraulic conductivity of the untreated soil to that of the mixture, both compacted wet of optimum with a Proctor Standard effort. Laboratory compaction and permeability tests were performed on 15 soils of different grain size (sandy to clayey soils) and mineralogy. For all the investigated soil-cement mixtures hydraulic conductivity values lower than 2 × 10−7 cm/s have been achieved after the cement addition. A statistical analysis was developed in order to evaluate relationships between hydraulic conductivity and soil compositional and compaction variables. Prediction models for all soil types and for fine-grained soils are given. In particular, for fine-grained soils a regression equation is proposed that can be used to reliably predict the hydraulic conductivity of compacted soil-cement mixture as a function of clay fraction, fine fraction and liquid limit. Practical applications of the proposed prediction models and the precautions for using them are discussed.

Cet exposé présente les résultats d'uneé tude expérimentale sur la conductivité hydraulique de mixtures sol-ciment compactées. L'efficacité de l'adjonction de ciment esté valueé à 5% en utilisant la valeur de perméabilité après 28 jours de cuisson et en utilisant le rapport entre la perméabilité du sol non traité et celle de la mixture, dans les deux cas sous compactage mouillé optimum avec un effort Proctor Standard. Le compactage en laboratoire et les essais de perméabilité onté té effectués sur 15 sols avec différentes tailles de grains (sableux à argileux) et différentes minéralogies. Pour toutes les mixtures sol-cimenté tudiées, des valeurs de conductivité hydraulique inférieures à 2 3 1027 cm/s onté té obtenues après adjonction de ciment. Nous avons développé une analyse statistique pouré valuer les relations entre la conductivité hydraulique et les variantes quant à la composition du sol et au compactage. Nous donnons des modèles de prédiction pour tous les types de sol et pour les sols àgrains fins. Pour les sols à grains fins en particulier, nous proposons uneé quation de régression qui peut être utilisée pour prédire avec fiabilité la conductivité hydraulique de mixtures sol-ciment compactées comme fonction de la fraction argileuse, de la fraction fine et de la limite liquide. Nous discutons des applications pratiques des modèles de prédiction proposés ainsi que des précautions à prendre pour les utiliser.
Kinetic Studies of Adsorption of Lead(II) from Aqueous Solution by Wine‐Processing Waste Sludge
Authors: Li Yuan‐shen , Liu Cheng‐chung , Chiou Chyow‐san
Published: March 2006

A waste sludge produced from a wine‐processing wastewater treatment process was used as an adsorbent to removal of heavy metal‐lead(II) from aqueous solution. Results of kinetic experiments demonstrated that the adsorption was effective and rapid. Four different kinds of adsorption kinetic models (i.e., pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order, and two intraparticular mass diffusion models) were used to investigate the adsorption mechanisms. A normalized standard deviation was used to find the best adsorption kinetic model for the removal of lead(II) by the sludge. The comparison shows that the kinetic adsorption data can be well‐described by the pseudo‐second‐order adsorption model and that sorption might be a rate‐limiting control. The adsorption‐rate constant and adsorption capacity of pseudo‐second‐order adsorption equation were calculated. The parameters (initial lead(II) concentration, sludge‐particle size, and sludge dosages), which affect the adsorption capacity of sludge, were discussed by using the pseudo‐second‐order adsorption equation.
Municipal‐Wastewater Treatment Using Upflow‐Anaerobic Filters
Authors: Manariotis Ioannis D. , Grigoropoulos Sotirios G.
Published: March 2006

Three 12.5‐L upflow‐anaerobic filters (AF), with ceramic‐saddle, plastic‐ring, and crushed‐stone packing, were used to evaluate the sustained treatment of municipal wastewater. The reactors were initially fed dogfood‐fortified wastewater and then raw municipal wastewater, and operated at 25.4°C (32 months) and 15.5°C (2 months). During 23 months, the AF units treated municipal wastewater (mean chemical oxygen demand [COD] 442 mg/L and total suspended solids [TSS] 247 mg/L), the hydraulic retention time (HRT) ranged from 3.1 to 0.30 d (empty bed), and the organic loading rate ranged from 0.115 to 1.82 kg COD/m 3·d. At the higher temperature and an HRT (void volume) of 1.0 d, COD and TSS removals ranged from 74 to 79% and 95 to 96%, respectively; however, efficiencies declined substantially at HRT values less than 0.4 d. Reactor performance, under the same hydraulic and organic loadings, deteriorated with time and was adversely affected by lower temperature.
Cycling of Volatile Organic Sulfur Compounds in Anaerobically Digested Biosolids and its Implications for Odors
Authors: Higgins Matthew J. , Chen Yen‐Chih , Yarosz Douglas P. , Murthy Sudhir N. , Maas Nick A. , Glindemann Dietmar , Novak John T.
Published: March 2006

The objectives of this research were to elucidate the mechanisms for production and degradation of volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs), key odor causing compounds produced by biosolids. These compounds included methanethiol (MT), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS). A series of experiments were used to probe various pathways hypothesized to produce and degrade these VOSCs. The production of MT was found to mainly occur from degradation of methionine and the methylation of hydrogen sulfide. DMS was formed through the methylation of MT. DMDS was formed by MT oxidation. All three of the VOSCs were readily degraded by methanogens and a cyclic pathway was proposed to describe the production and degradation of VOSCs. The research demonstrated that the main source of VOSCs was the biodegradation of protein within the biosolids and the results provided a framework for understanding the production of odor from anaerobically digested sludges before and after dewatering.
Transformation of Molecular Weight Distributions of Dissolved Organic Carbon and UV‐Absorbing Compounds at Full‐Scale Wastewater‐Treatment Plants
Authors: Esparza‐Soto Mario , Fox Peter , Westerhoff Paul
Published: March 2006

The molecular‐weight distribution (MWD) of wastewater dissolved‐organic carbon (DOC) was determined in samples from seven full‐scale wastewater‐treatment plants (WWTPs) that use different biological treatments (air activated sludge [air‐AS], pure‐oxygen AS [O 2‐AS], and trickling filters). The research objective was to determine how different biological treatments influenced the MWD of wastewater DOC. Primary sedimentation effluent DOC from most of the WWTPs exhibited a skewed distribution toward the low‐molecular‐weight fraction (MWF) (40 to 50%, <0.5 K Daltons [KDa]). The Air‐AS effluent DOC exhibited a centrally clustered distribution, with the majority of DOC in the intermediate MWF (0.5 to 3 KDa). The O 2‐AS effluent DOC exhibited a skewed distribution toward the high MWF (>3 KDa). The removal of DOC by air‐ and O 2‐AS bacteria followed trends predicted by a macromolecule degradation model. Trickling‐filter effluent DOC exhibited a skewed distribution toward the high MWF (50% DOC, >3 KDa).
Optimal Design of Predenitrification Systems
Authors: Fabbricino Massimiliano , Pirozzi Francesco
Published: March 2006

A coupled model of biological and settling phases aimed at optimal design of predenitrification systems is presented. Each unknown is obtained in explicit form, and is expressed as a function of the system's required performance. A model, taking into account both suspended and dissolved substrates, is adopted for the biological phase, while the limiting solid flux theory is assumed for the design of the settling phase. Finally, a relationship correlating the two phases is obtained expressing opportunely the sludge recycle flow and the sludge waste flow, without recourse to empirical parameters. The effect of different influent and effluent wastewater characteristics on the model's results is also analyzed.
Ultraviolet Disinfection of Fecal Coliform in Municipal Wastewater: Effects of Particle Size
Authors: Madge Bethany A. , Jensen James N.
Published: March 2006

Suspended solids interfere with the efficiency of disinfection using UV radiation by decreasing the rate of disinfection and inducing tailing. However, conventional measures of solids (total suspended solids, turbidity, and UV transmittance) do not adequately predict the presence or degree of these effects. Bacteria and viruses can become associated with particles in wastewater. A fractionation technique was developed to separate particle‐associated bacteria into three fractions, based on particle size. The results show that the degree to which particles interfere with UV disinfection efficiency is dependent on particle size. The small size fraction (<5 μm) consistently produced a statistically significant faster disinfection rate than the large fraction (>20 μm), with the unfiltered sample and the medium fraction (particles >5 μm, but <20 μm) between the two extremes. Tailing also was observed only in the large fraction. Correlations between the disinfection rate constant and the percentage of large fraction bacteria of a sample were good.
Professional Teacher Learning in Virtual Environments
Authors: Pachler Norbert , Daly Caroline
Published: March 2006

This article is based on qualitative empirical research into the ways in which teachers view their experiences as learners in the context of an online tutor group who are studying for the mixed-mode Master of Teaching degree at the Institute of Education, University of London. Data collected from a stratified sample of teacher participants is analysed according to themes which focus on the social and psychological dimensions of the e-learning experience. Embracing the collaborative potential of electronic discussion groups emerges as potentially problematic, and bringing about change in participants' perception of the medium to facilitate their own learning and the learning of others emerges as a complex process. The teachers offer multiple and contradictory accounts of their online activities, and polarised conceptions of ‘autonomous’ and ‘collaborative’ learning are inadequate to describe their experiences. Conclusions indicate that participants adopt various degrees of (sub)conscious adaptation and resistance to the collaborative learning context. By drawing on Schwienhorst's classification of learning perspectives in computer-assisted foreign language learning, the authors propose that participants exhibit ‘learning trajectories’ which can be identified in in terms of the differing relations that exist between the individual, the online texts they engage with and electronic peer discourse.
‘Sending Messages to a Machine’: Articulating Ethe-Real Selves in Blended Teaching (and Learning)
Authors: McShane Kim
Published: March 2006

Teaching and learning online is one of several risky practices in higher education today that threaten to disfigure academics' work and identity. For many academics, accustomed to the tempo and practices of face-to-face teaching, it threatens disorientation. In this article the author examines the teaching beliefs of a computer science lecturer, via the lens of his self-ascribed teaching metaphor (the Performer). Seb and other participants in the author's research are grappling with new modes of pedagogical being – ‘blended teaching and learning’ – the structures and practices of which straddle the imprecise boundaries of live and asynchronous pedagogies. Why does the hybrid, blended academic choose and value ‘traditional’, on-campus face-to-face lectures and/or seminars over online modes? The prospect of becoming a machine – a cyborg academic, a tech(no)body teacher clearly troubles him. An early adopter and technology enthusiast, Seb nevertheless prefers the embodied riskiness of ‘real’ face-to-face teaching over the ‘ethereal’ uncertainty of online pedagogy.
Paraverbal indicators of deception: a meta‐analytic synthesis
Authors: Sporer Siegfried Ludwig , Schwandt Barbara
Published: March 2006

This meta‐analysis provides a quantitative synthesis of paraverbal indicators of deception as a function of different moderator variables. Of nine different speech behaviours analysed only two were reliably associated with deception in the weighted, and four in the analysis unweighted by sample size. Pitch, response latency and speech errors were positively, message duration negatively related to deception. As most effect sizes were found to be heterogeneous, analyses of moderator variables revealed that many of the observed relationships varied as a function of content, preparation, motivation, sanctioning of the lie, experimental design and operationalization. Of different theoretical approaches reviewed, a working memory model of lie production may best account for the findings. Because of the small effect sizes, and the heterogeneity in findings, practitioners must be cautioned to use such indicators in assessing the truthfulness of reports but nonetheless practical implications for different types of situations are outlined. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of cholesterol in human hair using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Ryu Hye Kyung , Jung Byung Hwa , Kim Kyung Mee , Yoo Eun Ah , Woo Jeong‐Taek , Chung Bong Chul
Published: March 2006

This work describes a sensitive method for determining cholesterol in human hair using GC‐MS. In this study, we used a very small amount of hair, only 1 mg, to quantify cholesterol. We also can achieve more effective purification and a good recovery over 92% with solid‐phase extraction using an Oasis HLB cartridge. The intra‐day and inter‐day precision and accuracy values were less than 7.08%. Cholesterol was determined to be in the range of 355–1693 µg/g in healthy human hair. We tested the concentration correlation between the serum and hair to examine the feasibility of using the hair cholesterol level as an index of the serum cholesterol level. The correlation between the serum cholesterol was 0.86 (r‐value) in patients with hypercholesterolemia. This finding indicates that, in the clinical field, hair could replace serum in cholesterol level measurement. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Results of a prospective minimal disseminated disease study in human rhabdomyosarcoma using three different molecular markers
Authors: Sartori Francesca , Alaggio Rita , Zanazzo Giulio , Garaventa Alberto , Di Cataldo Andrea , Carli Modesto , Rosolen Angelo
Published: March 2006

BACKGROUND

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) has 2 major histologic subtypes: alveolar (ARMS) and embryonal (ERMS). ARMS is more aggressive and prone to distant tumor dissemination, whereas ERMS tends to expand and recur locally. Little information is available on bone marrow involvement by RMS.

METHODS

We determined the sensitivity and specificity of MyoD1, myogenin, and PAX‐FKHR transcripts as RMS markers and used them to study prospectively by reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) a series of consecutive unselected RMS patients enrolled in the Italian Association of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology national trial. Prevalence of minimal disseminated disease (MDD) and its response kinetics to chemotherapy were assessed.

RESULTS

MyoD1 and myogenin were specifically associated with RMS, independently of histologic subtype, whereas PAX3/7‐FKHR transcripts were expressed only in ARMS. Sensitivity was higher for MyoD1 compared with myogenin and PAX‐FKHR. Out of a cohort of 40 patients, MDD positivity was limited to ARMS, with the sole exception of 1 ERMS. Prevalence of MDD positivity increased when a real‐time polymerase chain reaction approach was used on a subgroup of patients. RT‐PCR was more sensitive than microscopic examination of bone marrow biopsies. The study of the response kinetics of MDD showed that in approximately half of the cases, bone marrow was cleared of disease after 1 cycle of chemotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS

MyoD1 and myogenin transcripts can be used as tumor markers for MDD assessment in virtually all RMS cases, whereas PAX‐FKHR is specific for ARMS. Sensitivity of RT‐PCR methods was superior compared with standard morphologic assays. Our study suggests that bone marrow involvement is more common in ARMS compared with ERMS, and that MDD can be often cleared by the initial chemotherapy cycles. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Response measurement after intraarterial chemoradiation in advanced head and neck carcinoma
Authors: van den Broek Guido B. , Rasch Coen R. N. , Pameijer Frank A. , Peter Ellen , van den Brekel Michiel W. M. , Balm Alfons J. M.
Published: March 2006

BACKGROUND

The objectives of this prospective trial were to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and predictive value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to use MRI evaluation under general anesthesia (EGA) 6 to 8 weeks after chemoradiation to determine local control.

METHODS

Eighty‐two consecutive patients with advanced‐stage squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, or supraglottic larynx were treated with selective targeted chemoradiation. All patients who completed treatment and survived had a minimum follow‐up of 3 years. MRI and EGA were performed from 6 to 8 weeks after treatment. Posttreatment MRI findings were compared with pretreatment MRI findings and were graded for risk of local recurrence/residual disease on a 4‐point scale. The diagnosis of treatment failure was based on tissue biopsies, which were obtained during EGA or later during follow‐up. The predictive value of MRI was analyzed by using a Cox proportional hazards model.

RESULTS

Only 1 patient with MRI Grade 0 or 1 findings (discrete mass < 10 mm;n= 62 patients) had residual disease 6 to 8 weeks after treatment that was detected during EGA. In 5 patients with MRI findings of Grade 2a and 2b (mass > 10 mm;n= 20 patients), residual disease was detected. After 2 years, 23 patients had a local failure (28%). Twelve local failures were found among 62 patients who had MRI findings of Grade 0 and 1. Posttreatment MRI emerged as an independent predictive factor (hazard ratio, 3.0;P= .014) for local control.

CONCLUSIONS

Posttreatment MRI studies provided predictive information on local control in addition to pretreatment predictors. In patients with focal masses < 10 mm, the combination of response evaluation under general anesthesia and posttreatment MRI from 6 to 8 weeks after chemoradiation hardly provided more information on the local control than posttreatment MRI alone. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Androgen‐deprivation therapy as primary treatment for localized prostate cancer
Authors: Kawakami Jun , Cowan Janet E. , Elkin Eric P. , Latini David M. , DuChane Janeen , Carroll Peter R.
Published: March 2006

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer is largely an androgen‐sensitive disease. Androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT) generally has been used for patients with advanced disease. However, ADT is used increasingly as monotherapy for patients with clinically localized disease. The objective of the current report was to describe the characteristics of patients who underwent ADT for the management of localized disease.

METHODS

Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Endeavor (CaPSURE), which is a national disease registry of men with prostate cancer, was screened to identify patients who received treatment with primary ADT (PADT) between 1989 and 2002 for clinically localized disease (T1‐T3,Nx/N0,Mx/M0). Clinical data (including Gleason score, prostate‐specific antigen [PSA] level, and T classification) and sociodemographic data (including age, race, education, income, and insurance coverage) were analyzed with chi‐square statistical tests. Time to failure data were analyzed using log‐rank tests, the Kaplan–Meier method, and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses.

RESULTS

Of 7045 men, 993 patients (14.1%) with clinically localized disease received primary ADT. Compared with patients who underwent standard treatment, patients who received PADT had higher risk disease (as defined by PSA level, T classification, and Gleason score) and had more comorbidities. Patients who underwent PADT were older, less educated, had lower income, and were more likely to have Medicare than private insurance. The dominant forms of hormone therapy were luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LHRH) monotherapy (48.6%) and combined androgen blockade (LHRH agonist and antiandrogens; 38.8%). At 5 years after the initiation of PADT, 67.3% of patients still were receiving treatment with only androgen deprivation, 103 patients (13.8%) had gone on to receive definitive second treatment (radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy, or cryotherapy), 27 patients (3.9%) underwent second‐line therapy (chemotherapy or alternative hormone‐deprivation therapy), 22 patients (4.1%) died of prostate cancer, and 146 patients (19%) died of all causes.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of PADT therapy appeared to control disease in the majority of patients who received it, at least for an intermediate period. However, such patients appeared to be unique based on sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidity status, and risk factors compared with patients who received other forms of therapy. The impact of PADT on quality of life needs to be compared with standard therapy, and its long‐term durability should be assessed better in patients with prostate cancer. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Comparison of the effects of cisplatin and a novel platinum polymer conjugate on the production of reactive oxygen species by human neutrophils in vitro
Authors: Smit T. , Neuse E. W. , Becker P. , Anderson R. , van Rensburg C. E. J.
Published: March 2006

We have investigated the effects of cisplatin and 2 novel, water‐soluble platinum (Pt) polymer conjugates, Pt‐6 and Pt‐7, on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by unstimulated human neutrophils, as well as by cells activated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Production of ROS was measured using a lucigenin‐enhanced chemiluminescence (LECL) procedure. Addition of cisplatin to neutrophils resulted in an abrupt, dose‐related, but small increase in the spontaneous generation of ROS by the cells, whereas the PMA‐activated responses were substantially increased by pretreatment of neutrophils with the antineoplastic agent. Importantly, neither the spontaneous nor the PMA‐activated LECL responses of neutrophils were altered after treatment with either Pt‐6 or Pt‐7. Taken together with their impressive and selective anti‐proliferative effects on tumor cells, the absence of pro‐oxidative interactions of Pt‐6 and Pt‐7 with human neutrophils further underscores the clinical potential of these novel anticancer agents. Drug Dev. Res. 66:204–209, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
OX40 (CD134) engagement drives differentiationof CD4+ T cells to effector cells
Authors: Huddleston Cortny A. , Weinberg Andrew D. , Parker David C.
Published: March 2006

Naive, CD4+ T cells proliferate extensively but fail to differentiate when they are transferred into unirradiated recipients that express alloantigen or transgenic antigen on all MHC class II+ cells. Addition of an agonist antibody to OX40 (CD134), a costimulatory TNF receptor family member expressed on activated CD4+ T cells, enables the proliferating T cells to accumulate as differentiated effector cells and kill the host animals. The donor T cells from anti‐OX40‐treated animals express high levels of IL‐2Rα (CD25) and acquire the ability to secrete IFN‐γ when stimulated with IL‐12 and IL‐18. OX40 promotes differentiation by 48 h in T cell priming, before changes in Bcl‐2 expression or cell recovery become apparent. We found that a Bcl‐2 transgene or deficiency in Fas or TNFR1 failed to influence accumulation of differentiated donor cells, and found larger changes in expression of cytokine and cytokine receptor genes than in survival genes. Accumulation of differentiated CD4+ effector T cells is initiated directly through OX40, but some OX40‐deficient donor cells can gain effector function as bystanders to OX40+/+ cells. Taken together, these data suggest that CD4+ T cell differentiation to effector function is an important effect of OX40 engagement under conditions of ubiquitous antigen presentation.
Toll‐like receptor stimulation as a third signal required for activation of human naive B cells
Authors: Ruprecht Claudia R. , Lanzavecchia Antonio
Published: March 2006

According to the current model, naive B cell activation is dependent on the sequential integration of two signals: B cell receptor (BCR) cross‐linking by antigen, followed by cognate interaction with helper T cells through an immunological synapse. Using an improved method to purify human naive B cells we found that BCR stimulation and T cell help induced initial cell division but were not sufficient to promote survival and differentiation thus leading to abortive proliferation of naive B cells. Extensive B cell proliferation, isotypic switch and differentiation to immunoglobulin (Ig)‐secreting cells was induced by addition of microbial products that trigger any of the Toll‐like receptors (TLR) that are up‐regulated in naive B cells upon BCR triggering. TLR agonists acted directly on B cells and were required irrespective of the nature of the T helper cells present. Supernatants of dendritic cells (DC) stimulated by DC‐specific TLR agonists were also capable of enhancing B cell responses although to a much lower and variable extent. These results indicate that human naive B cell activation is critically dependent on innate stimuli acting optimally on TLR expressed by B cells. The coupling of BCR stimulation to TLR expression endows the human system with a high degree of specificity since it allows focusing of innate signals only on antigen‐stimulated B cells.

See accompanying commentary http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636040
Binuclear Mixed Valence Oxovanadium(IV/V) Complexes Containing a [OVIV(μ‐Ooxo)(μ‐Ophen)VVO]2+ Core: Synthesis, EPR Spectra, Molecular and Electronic Structure
Authors: Mondal Amrita , Basak Sucharita , Sarkar Sumana , Chopra Deepak , Das Ranjan , Rajak Kajal Krishna
Published: March 2006

Binuclear mixed valence oxovanadium(IV/v) complexes of general formula [V2O3L] containing a [OVIV(μ‐Ooxo)(μ‐Ophen)VVO]2+ core have been synthesised using conformationally labile N4O3‐coordinating heptadentate ligands (H3L). The X‐ray structure of one complex has been examined. Solution EPR spectra revealed that the unpaired electron of the complexes is delocalised between the two vanadium centres. The simulated EPR spectrum of one complex confirms this experimental observation. DFT studies have been performed using crystallographic coordinates in order to obtain further insight into the electronic structure of this type of molecule. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Binding of an Oxo‐Bridged Dinuclear Iron(III) Complex{[Fe(phen)(H2O)3]2O}(SO4)2 to DNA and Its Recognition of Single‐ and Double‐Stranded DNA As Determined by Electrochemical Studies
Authors: Wang Qing Xiang , Jiao Kui , Sun Wei , Jian Fang Fang , Hu Xuan
Published: March 2006

An oxo‐bridged dinuclear iron(III) complex, {[Fe(phen)(H2O)3]2O}(SO4)2, was synthesized and the molecular structure was determined by X‐ray crystallography. Cyclic voltammetry shows that the complex has a cathodic peak at +0.325 V and a pair of redox peaks at +1.011 V and +0.811 V, respectively, which can be explained by an EC–C–EC mechanism. The binding property of the complex to fish‐sperm DNA was investigated by electronic absorption spectrophotometry and electrochemical methods. The change in the electrochemical behavior of the complex after treatment with DNA shows that the oxo‐bridged diiron(III) complex interacts with DNA mainly through electrostatic binding, while the electrochemical and chemical (EC–C) process product interacts mainly by intercalation. This result is further supported by experiments examining the influence of ionic strength. The difference in the binding modes of {[Fe(phen)(H2O)3]2O}(SO4)2 and its EC–C product, namely a mononuclear phen‐ligated ferrous complex, to DNA implies that this strategy can be used to distinguish single‐stranded (ss‐) and double‐stranded (ds‐) DNA. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis of Polyamines from Ethylenediamine and Their Platinum(II) Complexes, Potential Antitumor Agents
Authors: Couri Mara Rubia Costa , de Almeida Mauro Vieira , Fontes Ana Paula Soares , D’Arc Souza Chaves Joana , Cesar Eloi Teixeira , Alves Ricardo José , Pereira‐Maia Elene Cristina , Garnier‐Suillerot Arlette
Published: March 2006

This work describes the synthesis and characterization of five new amine ligands and also the preparation and characterization of their respective platinum(II) complexes by reaction with K2PtCl4in water. These ligands were obtained by treatment of different halides or epoxides with ethylenediamine. Cytotoxic activity and cellular accumulation of three complexes were investigated in a human small‐cell lung carcinoma cell line and its cisplatin resistant subline. The introduction of a spacer (cycle) between the two platinum atoms leads to a significant decrease in cytotoxic activity. At equitoxic doses, the intracellular platinum concentrations found for compounds12and15were significantly higher than those found for the reference compounds, cisplatin, carboplatin, or compound9. This fact suggests that the formation of adducts between compounds12and15and the putative pharmacological target, DNA, is less favored. If these compounds bind more slowly to DNA, interaction with other intracellular ligands such as sulfur‐containing molecules will become relevant and it may be the reason for the elevated intracellular platinum concentrations. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
An Efficient and Enantioselective Synthesis of Suitably Protected β‐[1‐(4‐Malonyl)naphthyl]‐L‐alanine and β‐[1‐(4‐Malonylmethyl)naphthyl]‐L‐alanine: Novel Fluorescent and Non‐Hydrolysable Phosphotyrosine Mimetics
Authors: Chen Huixiong , Luzy Jean‐Philippe , Gresh Nohad , Garbay Christiane
Published: March 2006

Molecular dynamics simulations based on the structure of the Grb7 SH2 domain in complex with the ErbB2 phosphorylated peptide pTyr1139 have suggested that β‐[1‐(4‐malonyl)naphthyl]‐L‐alanine (L‐mNal) may be accommodated in the pTyr binding pocket and offer additional beneficial interactions. Therefore, this compound and its analog β‐[1‐(4‐malonylmethyl)naphthyl]‐L‐alanine (L‐mmNal), which are newnon‐hydrolysable phosphotyrosine mimetics, have been prepared by the catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation of the corresponding prochiral enamides with excellent enantioselectivities. These compounds and their dehydro derivatives show interesting fluorescent properties. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Rapid Microwave‐Promoted Catalyst‐ and Base‐Free Suzuki‐Type Coupling Reaction in Water
Authors: Yan Jie , Zhu Min , Zhou Zhongshi
Published: March 2006

Catalyst‐ and base‐free Suzuki coupling of sodium tetraphenylborate with hypervalent iodonium salts and iodanes was achieved with the aid of microwave irradiation in water, providing a convenient method for the formation of carbon–carbon bonds in good yields in short times. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis of Chiloscyphones and the Biological Activities of Their Synthetic Intermediates Against Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Authors: Shiina Junichi , Obata Rika , Tomoda Hiroshi , Nishiyama Shigeru
Published: March 2006

The total syntheses of chiloscyphone (1) and isochiloscyphone (2) have been achieved. Furthermore, the synthetic intermediate 5 shows biological activity against methicillin‐resistant Staphyrococcus aureus, and compounds 5, 17, and 18, display imipenem‐type activity. The tricyclic lactone framework, which includes an α,β‐unsaturated ketone moiety, might play a crucial role in the anti‐MRSA activity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A New Approach to the Synthesis of N‐Alkylated 2‐Substituted Azetidin‐3‐ones
Authors: Gérard Stéphane , Raoul Marion , Sapi Janos
Published: March 2006

We report a one‐pot methodology for the synthesis of N‐alkylated 2‐substituted azetidin‐3‐ones based on a tandem nucleophilic substitution followed by intramolecular Michael reaction of primary amines with alkyl 5‐bromo‐4‐oxopent‐2‐enoates, obtained in turn in three steps from levulinic acid. A mechanistic interpretation of these reactions and an attempted enantioselective approach are also described. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Gold‐Catalyzed C‐3‐Alkylation of 7‐Azaindoles Through Michael‐Type Addition to α,β‐Enones
Authors: Alfonsi Maria , Arcadi Antonio , Bianchi Gabriele , Marinelli Fabio , Nardini Antonella
Published: March 2006

The AuIII‐catalyzed reactions of 7‐azaindole derivatives with α,β‐enones are described. Factors that can direct the C‐3‐ versus N‐1‐alkylation reaction on the 7‐azaindole nucleus are explored. The AuIII‐catalyzed reaction of 7‐azaindole with β‐unsubstituted α,β‐enones afforded 1‐substituted7‐azaindoles through an aza‐Michael‐type reaction. Incontrast, 6‐substituted 7‐azaindoles underwent regioselective C‐3‐alkylation through a Na[AuCl4]·2H2O‐catalyzed conjugate addition‐type reaction. Analogously, the Na[AuCl4]·2H2O‐catalyzed reaction of 7‐azaindole derivatives with β‐aryl‐substituted α,β‐enones gave 3‐substituted 7‐azaindoles in moderate‐to‐satisfactory yields. Moreover, the Na[AuCl4]·2H2O‐catalyzed reaction of 1‐substituted 7‐azaindoles with α,β‐enones allowed an easy entry to 1,3‐disubstituted 7‐azaindoles in moderate‐to‐high yields. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Dynamic Modelling of Nickel Complexation in Xylem Sap of Quercus ilex: A Voltammetric Study
Authors: dos Santos Margarida Maria Correia , Alves Sheila , de Lurdes SimõesGonçalves Maria , Nabais Cristina
Published: March 2006

Holm oak (Quercus ilex) is the dominant tree growing on serpentine soils of northeast Portugal, characterized by elevated soil concentrations of Ni and Mg, combined with low Ca concentrations. Apparently Q. ilex does not suffer from excessive concentrations of Ni in the soil. In this work we report a complexation study of nickel by the relevant ligands present in xylem sap: histidine, aspartic acid, oxalic and citric acids, at 0.10 M ionic strength and pH 5.5. Single and mixed complexes were characterized. To validate the proposed complexation model, diluted solutions of Q. ilex xylem sap were titrated with nickel. All studies were done using square‐wave voltammetry (SWV) at a hanging mercury drop electrode. Due to the dynamic nature of SWV, it is possible to obtain the conditional stability constants of the complexes formed but also to have knowledge on the kinetics of the interconversion of the species present.
The Use of the Bismuth Film Electrode for the Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Tin
Authors: Prior Chad , Walker G. Stewart
Published: March 2006

Bismuth coated glassy carbon electrodes have been applied to the square‐wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) of trace concentrations of tin. Optimization of Bismuth Film Electrode (BFE) performance was conducted after initial comparison with the more traditional mercury electrode. Simultaneous deposition of tin and bismuth at −1.3 V for 2 minutes in a supporting electrolyte of 2.5 M sodium bromide utilizing a square‐wave stripping step, allowed analysis of tin at the μg L−1 level. Parameters, such as deposition potential and time, bismuth concentration, square‐waveform settings including amplitude, step height and frequency were studied and optimized. The dependence of stripping current on deposition time indicates that using longer deposition time should facilitate sub μg L−1 analysis. Tin was analyzed simultaneously with cadmium and either indium or thallium; Where as lead and copper were not resolved from the stripping peaks of tin and bismuth respectively. Finally, the method was applied to the analysis of tin in fruit juice.
On the Electrochemical Oxidation of Resveratrol
Authors: Corduneanu Oana , Janeiro Patricia , Brett Ana Maria Oliveira
Published: March 2006

Resveratrol (3,5,4′‐trihydroxystilbene) is an organic metabolite produced by plants in response to fungal infection. It is found in various plant fruits and is abundant in the skins of unripe grapes and related products. This photosensitive molecule exists in two isomeric forms, trans and cis‐resveratrol. The antioxidant activity of resveratrol, both trans and cis forms, was evaluated by means of cyclic, differential pulse and square‐wave voltammetry over a wide pH range, using a glassy carbon electrode. Voltammograms of resveratrol presented two oxidation peaks; the first oxidation peak corresponds to the oxidation of the phenol group and was shown to undergo an irreversible oxidation reaction. The second oxidation peak corresponds to the oxidation of the resorcinol moiety and is also irreversible. The influence of pH on the electrochemical oxidation process of resveratrol was investigated.
Theoretical analysis for achieving high‐order spatial accuracy in Lagrangian/Eulerian source terms
Authors: Schmidt David P.
Published: March 2006

In a fully coupled Lagrangian/Eulerian two‐phase calculation, the source terms from computational particles must be agglomerated to nearby gas‐phase nodes. Existing methods are capable of accomplishing this particle‐to‐gas coupling with second‐order accuracy. However, higher‐order methods would be useful for applications such as two‐phase direct numerical simulation and large eddy simulation. A theoretical basis is provided for producing high spatial accuracy in particle‐to‐gas source terms with low computational cost. The present work derives fourth‐ and sixth‐order accurate methods, and the procedure for even higher accuracy is discussed. The theory is also expanded to include two‐ and three‐dimensional calculations. One‐ and two‐dimensional tests are used to demonstrate the convergence of this method and to highlight problems with statistical noise. Finally, the potential for application in computational fluid dynamics codes is discussed. It is concluded that high‐order kernels have practical benefits only under limited ranges of statistical and spatial resolution. Additionally, convergence demonstrations with full CFD codes will be extremely difficult due to the worsening of statistical errors with increasing mesh resolution. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An adaptive discretization of shallow‐water equations based on discontinuous Galerkin methods
Authors: Remacle Jean‐François , Frazão Sandra Soares , Li Xiangrong , Shephard Mark S.
Published: March 2006

In this paper, we present a discontinuous Galerkin formulation of the shallow‐water equations. An orthogonal basis is used for the spatial discretization and an explicit Runge–Kutta scheme is used for time discretization. Some results of second‐order anisotropic adaptive calculations are presented for dam breaking problems. The adaptive procedure uses an error indicator that concentrates the computational effort near discontinuities like hydraulic jumps. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.