bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Speech assessment in dentistry
Authors: Kestenberg Jeffrey M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The difficulty of correctly assessing a patient's speech problems has been acknowledged for many years. The various types of speech tests such as spontaneous samples, imitative samples, samples by reading, and deep samples are discussed. The clinical application of speech tests in relation to dentistry is also outlined. A proposed speech articulation screening test for use in the dental surgery is suggested. The criteria to which the test was formulated are listed and an analysis of the test is provided. A protocol is required to use the test effectively in a standardized manner. It is recommended, for difficult cases, that a speech pathologist treat the patient in co‐operation with the dentist.
The compliant dental patient
Authors: Pettit P. W.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— This study offers an empirical evaluation of some of the attitudes of compliant and non‐compliant dental patients using the rationale of the Becker Health Belief Model. In the sample of 127 patients from the one practice investigated, the only difference established between those who attend regularly for re‐examination and those who do not was in the strength of their attitudes to the dentist/patient relationship and the inconvenience of attending for treatment.
The effect of early heating on the expansion of a phosphate bonded investment
Authors: Stevens L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The setting expansion of a phosphate bonded investment continued for more than six hours at room temperature. Specimens heated to about 100°C within six hours of mixing expanded rapidly, the degree of expansion increasing with reduction of time between mixing and heating and with increase in colloidal silica concentration of the liquid. The rapid expansion on heating was considered to be a combination of thermal and accelerated setting expansion. Time between mixing and heating could be an important variable with regard to obtaining optimal expansion.
On complete denture retention
Authors: Saung Htay
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Denture retention by atmospheric pressure is discussed. A potential space which is enclosed by a salivary meniscus exists between a denture base and the oral mucosa. When the denture is dislodged, this space is forced to expand and the meniscus recedes, but the recession is impeded by the viscosity of the saliva and a negative pressure is generated under the denture. During a momentary eccentric contact, the meniscus will not have moved far enough across the ridge to cause tilting on the balancing side and denture displacement can be considered to be essentially displacement of the meniscus.
Electrochemical etching of full crowns
Authors: Darveniza M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The orientation of full crowns in an electrolytic bath during electrochemical etching influences the amount of gold alloy removal. The etching was non‐uniform and the amount removed not proportional with time.
An anterior microfine filled resin crown
Authors: Carter R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— There is a real place for what might be called an ‘intermediate’ or ‘provisional’ crown. It is used where the cost of bonded crowns cannot be justified, on teeth with doubtful prognosis, in the aged where life expectancy is limited, in indigent and institutional patients.
An aid for sharpening periodontal instruments
Authors: Bower Robert C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A wooden device is described for fixing periodontal instruments during sharpening and ensures precise maintenance of their cutting edges. The angle formed by the cutting edge is critical for satisfactory instrumentation of root surfaces. The device enables the instrument to be positioned and sharpened at the correct angle and protects the surface on which sharpening is performed.
Dental education at The University of Adelaide: an evaluation
Authors: Cannon R. A. , Makinson O. F.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Dental students, staff, and practitioners participated in an evaluation of the dental curriculum at The University of Adelaide between 1978 and 1981. The need for curriculum reform was expressed by all three groups, especially with respect to the teaching of basic sciences, some biomedical subjects, behavioural science, and practice management. Dental staff and practitioners have also indicated serious misgivings about the quality of clinical skills of new graduates. Proposals for reform are directed to resolving these and other curriculum problems revealed in the evaluation.
The dental health of children eight and fifteen years of age living in Bunbury, Western Australia
Authors: Medcalf G. W. , O'Grady M. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The City of Bunbury (population 22 000) is the only major centre in Western Australia which is not fluoridated. Unsupplemented eight‐year‐old children had on average 2.7 more deciduous teeth affected by caries than students of the same age from fluoridated areas and those aged fifteen years had 2.2 more permanent surfaces affected.

Their restorative treatment need was 43 per cent greater than that of children of the same age living in fluoridated areas.
The effect of long‐wave ultraviolet radiation on gingival Langerhans cells
Authors: Hogarth Anne‐Maree , Newcomb Guy M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— This study shows that the use of ultraviolet light polymerizing devices in dentistry does have some affect upon the gingiva.

The labial gingiva and alveolar mucosa of albino rats were subjected to a single 5 min dose of radiation from either a polymerizing device which emits some ultraviolet irradiation or one which emits only visible light. In both cases a total dose of 20 J/cm2 was used. The tissue was then examined histologically at various time intervals after irradiation.

Negligible changes could be detected in H & E sections, however ATPase activity and Langerhans cell morphology were considerably altered in the Uvio‐Visio specimens in comparison to the Prisma and control specimens. The changes appeared to be reversible although they had not completely returned to normal after one week.

It is also shown in this study that the use of rubber dam reduced the exposure of the soft tissues to ultraviolet light by 90 per cent.
γ2 phase in conventional dental amalgams — discrete clumps or continuous network? A review
Authors: Bryant R. W.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Six different types of sources of evidence are examined to study the controversy of whether the γ2 phase in conventional dental amalgams occurs in discrete clumps or as a continuous network.

Evidence obtained from corrosion studies, volume‐fraction analysis studies and amalgam microstructure studies and evidence associated with the alloy type, the structure of the γ2 phase and manipulative techniques are investigated.

Although, under certain conditions, the γ2 phase may form a continuous network there is evidence to indicate that, using a conventional Ag3Sn‐based alloy and techniques providing adequate mercury removal, the γ2 phase occurs in discrete clumps.
The reaction of edentulous oral mucosa to prolonged denture retention
Authors: Goss A. N. , Chau K. K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Pre‐ and post‐treatment biopsies were obtained from the maxillary palatal alveolus of ten patients who had dentures wired‐in for long periods (median 32 weeks) as part of the jaw immobilization apparatus to limit eating in obese patients. Histological sections were examined in a random, masked manner, and assessed for evidence of inflammatory change. Four showed increased inflammatory change and four decreased inflammatory changes. Correlation was not observed between type of inflammatory change, duration of fixation, age and health of the patient contrary to expectations for prolonged and continuous denture wearing in unhealthy patients.
Intra‐coronal resorption of unerupted molars
Authors: Grundy G. E. , Pyle R. J. , Adkins K. F.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Histological and clinical evidence exists to show that external coronal resorption of unerupted molars does not extend to the pulp chamber. This paper recommends surgical exposure and restoration of these teeth before progression of the resorptive process weakens the coronal tissue to such an extent that a satisfactory restoration is difficult to achieve. Failure to eliminate the defect before eruption may result in microbial contamination, rapid destruction of the underlying dentine, pulpal and periapical pathosis and possibly loss of the tooth.
Dental management of cleido‐cranial dysostosis. Case report
Authors: Bishop R. G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Cleido‐cranial dysostosis may first be noted by the dentist because of delayed eruption of teeth. This and other dental abnormalities present a considerable challenge in planning treatment. The case which is reported here shows that a combined surgical and orthodontic approach can produce an optimum result. Because of the aesthetic problems experienced by the patient and the duration of the treatment, early dental diagnosis is paramount.
Fluoride tablets and dental health
Authors: Smyth J. S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— In a study comprising 306 children aged 4 to 12 years the use of fluoride tablets, in particular their daily intake, was found to be associated with reduced caries experience and increased utilization of dental services. However, because their use is evidently accompanied by improved oral hygiene and reduced consumption of cariogenic food, the caries reductions observed are probably not due solely to the tablets.
The hyperventilation (overbreathing) syndrome
Authors: Chapman P. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Hyperventilation is one of the most commonly encountered emergencies occurring in the dental surgery. This review emphasizes the clinical importance and management of this syndrome.
An intrapost‐core design for supragingival crown margin placement
Authors: Darveniza M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A clinical and laboratory technique that improves the retention and resistance form of a full veneer crown without subgingival margin placement is described, together with two case reports.
Resistance of calcium hydroxide materials to phosphoric acid
Authors: De Freitas J. F.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Two single and nine dual product calcium hydroxide materials were tested for their resistance to penetration by a typical dental enamel etchant, phosphoric acid, 50 per cent mass/mass. The tests used a specially made, all‐glass cell incorporating a standard specimen recess and a small constant head of phosphoric acid. The period taken for the acid to traverse the specimen and strongly decrease the pH value of water in contact with the opposite surface comprised the basis for assessing relative acid resistance. The results for the various materials showed substantial variation and reflect their chemical composition.
Dark‐field microscopy and patient education*
Authors: Cole A. M. , Newcomb G. M. , Nixon K. C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The use of dark‐field microscopy as an additional aid to inform patients about dental plaque as a means of improving oral hygiene habits indicated no significant difference between such patients and a similar group in which microscopy was not used.
Australian dental practice surveys 1961–1981
Authors: Barnard P. D.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The paper presents a summary of trends at intervals over the years 1961–1981 from information collected by surveys with mailed questionnaires of dental practice in Australia. Responses represented approximately 40 per cent of the membership of the Australian Dental Association.

The major trends have been an increase in the relative number of dentists, with a wider distribution in the community; increases in the proportions of women, of specialists, partnerships, or salaried dentists in private practice; decrease in the number of working hours and patient appointments per dentist; relative increases in practice expenses; and relative reduction of net incomes of dentists.
The utilization of dental hygienists' services in South Australia
Authors: McIntyre John M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Since their introduction to South Australia in 1971, there has been a steady increase in numbers of dental hygienists, resulting in 59 being registered with the Dental Board in 1980. The means whereby this auxiliary was progressively introduced into the local dental scene are discussed.

Dentists who employed hygienists, and the nine hygienists who graduated from the first local training course in 1976, were sent questionnaires designed to investigate the utilization of this auxiliary's skills, their level of job satisfaction, their influence on a practice, and factors influencing their employment.

Answers indicate that the introduction of hygienists to South Australia has proceeded very satisfactorily. Furthermore, it is considered that demand for this auxiliary will continue to rise over the next decade.
A mathematical model for the progression of approximal carious lesions through enamel
Authors: Darvell B. W. , Pitts N. B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Despite many previous studies, no satisfactory account for the progression of approximal enamel caries has been developed to date. A mathematical model is now presented which takes into account the age of the subject as well as the observation period in predicting the proportion of lesions remaining in the enamel. This was developed from an analysis of data from some earlier studies which used radiographic diagnoses.

The model has the form of a negative exponential, where the slope term is itself an exponential, second order in age. This fitted equation indices a ‘peak rate’ of progression around 11–13 years of age and an estimated half‐life of about 2.7 years at this peak rate.
Electron microprobe analysis of the γ2 phase in dental amalgam
Authors: Bryant R. W. , Wing G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The microstructure and composition of the γ2 phase in four conventional lathe‐cut or spherical amalgams were investigated using an electron microprobe.

In addition to its presence in the matrix, γ2 phase was found, in lathe‐cut amalgams, in contact with ε (Cu3Sn) phase, separated from γ (Ag‐Sn) phase by a thin band of γ1 phase and, rarely, in direct contact with γ phase, and, in spherical amalgams, within the relict of partly reacted spherical particles. Inclusions of γ, γ1 and Cu‐Sn phase were occasionally identified within regions of γ2 phase. The major element composition of the γ2 phase was similar in all amalgams (83.0 to 83.2 per cent Sn, 17.0 to 16.8 per cent Hg).
School canteen menus in metropolitan Adelaide
Authors: Dooland M. B. , Keily P.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— In 1981, 236 primary and secondary schools in metropolitan Adelaide were included in a telephone survey to determine the quality of the menu offered by their school canteen. In addition, the canteen supervisor was asked whether the canteen made a profit. The survey demonstrated a continued deterioration in canteen menus since 1973, with the primary school canteen menus being less dentally acceptable in those schools classified as low socio‐economic. The overwhelming majority of school canteens reported a profit, with no significant relationship apparent between menu quality and the reporting of a profit. While canteens in smaller schools were less likely to be profitable, no relationship was found between school size and the dental acceptability of the menu.
Cysts associated with deciduous molars following pulp therapy
Authors: Grundy G. E. , Adkins K. F. , Savage N. W.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The dental profession currently recognizes a number of techniques in the pulp therapy of deciduous molar teeth. Periapical cysts with characteristic features have been detected in association with some teeth in which either formocresol* Kri† or Caustinerf‡ have been used. This paper reports clinical, radiographic and histologic features of these cysts.
Physiotherapy in the management of temporomandibular disorders
Authors: Selby Alex
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  Physiotherapy is concerned with the relief of pain and the restoration of function in the musculoskeletal system following trauma, disease, and dysfunction. This paper presents a review of the different forms of physiotherapy and their application to temporomandibular problems.
Eagle Beak molar forceps: evolution and usage
Authors: Coombs Malcolm I.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The evolution and development in England of the design resulting in the production of the Eagle Beak forceps in 1956, together with a consideration of the principles of forceps action for the extraction of upper and lower molar teeth, are discussed.
Projected grid facial photography
Authors: Fricker John P.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A method of analysis of the face is presented incorporating a projected grid with bilateral illumination.

The subject is positioned using the natural head position. A mirror is used in front of the camera to establish the visual axis and the subject is then supported in this position using a specially designed head stabilizer.

The mirror is then swung away and a photograph taken: a contour photograph results.

This may then be used to quantify facial morphology in three dimensions.
Retarded skeletal development. Case report
Authors: Grave K. C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning should include an assessment of a child's skeletal development. A case history illustrates the futility of relying entirely on chronological age.
Interpositional bone‐grafting of the atrophic edentulous mandible. A review
Authors: Moloney Frank , Tideman Henk , Stoelinga Paul J. W. , de Koomen Hans A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A review is provided of the development of a surgical approach to the atrophic edentulous mandible by the interposition of bone graft from the iliac crest. Past and recent results are evaluated and current treatment protocols outlined. A co‐ordinated surgical and prosthodontic approach to the atrophic mandible is presented.
Prosthodontic implications of the adolescent cleft palate patient
Authors: Henry P. J. , Tan A. E. S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Possibilities in cleft palate prosthodontics have widened in scope in recent years with the advent of improved treatment procedures. With continuing development of specialization in medicine and dentistry, the interdisciplinary team management of the patient presents increased difficulties in management and logistics because of the increasing number of specialties involved. It is important that the prosthodontic implications of the multidisciplinary treatment plan are envisaged early in treatment so that adequate coordination can occur.
Asymmetry of caries attack on the occlusal surfaces of first permanent molar teeth
Authors: Wood P. F.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— In a retrospective study of the records of 510 final‐grade primary school children, caries experience in the occlusal surfaces of homologous right‐left pairs of first permanent molar teeth was analysed. It was 44.4 per cent of maxillary, and 32.6 per cent of mandibular pairs of surfaces showed unilateral caries experience.

The initial caries attack in pairs of surfaces with bilateral caries experience occurred at a significantly earlier age than in the group with unilateral caries experience (p<0.001). In addition, the interval following the initial attack during which the remaining tooth in each pair remained sound was analysed. Highly significant differences were found between the groups with unilateral and bilateral caries experience (p < 0.001). The findings have implications for the design of investigations using the half‐mouth technique.
Pattern of dental caries in 12‐year‐old Sydney schoolchildren
Authors: Craig Graham G. , Burton V. Jean
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A determination of the caries pattern in 178 children, 12 years of age, from two high schools in the Northern Metropolitan Health Region in Sydney was made from clinical and radiological examinations. The mean decayed and filled (DF) surfaces score for the group was 2.14 (SD 3.06). No children had teeth missing due to caries.

The intra‐oral distribution of DF surfaces was markedly influenced by the caries and restoration status of pits and fissures, particularly those in first permanent molars. When assessed on the basis of surfaces involved, pit and fissure lesions in first permanent molars alone represented 70 per cent of the total DF surfaces score, while pit and fissure lesions overall represented almost 76 per cent of the total.

The need for a greater emphasis on the prevention of pit and fissure lesions, including the wider use of pit and fissure sealants, is discussed.
Spectral distributions of dental colour‐matching lamps
Authors: Cook Wayne D. , Vryonis Peter
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The spectral distributions of eight colour‐matching lamps were measured and compared with those of normal fluorescent and dental operating lamps. The correlated colour temperatures of the former ranged from 3700 to 6900 K while the CIE colour rendering index ranged from 80 to 98. When compared with the spectral distributions of the daylight phases D48 and D65 the colour‐matching lamps generally had insufficient or excessive intensity in one or more regions of the visible and ultra‐violet spectra, but they are preferable to non‐daylight fluorescent or dental operatory lamps for ceramic shade selection.
Hepatitis B—a personal view
Authors: Booth David Robert
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A personal experience of Hepatitis B infection is described. The effects of the disease on the rest of the family are considered. Those who have not already done so are encouraged to consider immunization.
Infective endocarditis and the dentist
Authors: Ehrmann Ernst H.
Published: May 2009

This paper reviews the relationship between dental manipulation and infective endocarditis. Differing regimens for antibiotic prophylaxis are discussed and recommendations for the correct procedure are made. The dental management of the patient at risk is discussed.
Caries experience of Caucasian children in the Orana Region of New South Wales
Authors: Cooper M. H. , Schamschula R. G. , Craig G. G. , Wright N. T.
Published: May 2009

Three expressions of cumulative caries experience: DMFT, DMFS and SR, were assessed for 801 children, aged 5 to 14 years, resident in the predominantly non‐fluoridated Orana and Far West Health Region of New South Wales. The results indicate a decreasing trend of caries which is attributed to an intensive preventive programme and is in accord with world‐wide trends reported from several developed countries.
Treatment needs of high‐school students in northern Sydney
Authors: Burton Jean , Prike Lloyd , Rob Marilyn , Lawson James S.
Published: May 2009

In 1982, in two health areas of northern Sydney, 12 287 high‐school students were examined for caries. Thirty‐two per cent of students had zero DMFT, and 78 per cent had no current decay. The average DMFT was 2.6 and average DT 0.4. Both socio‐economic status and recency of visit to the dentist affected current decay — the higher the status and the more recent the visit, the less decay. The most serious unmet dental need of students was for orthodontic treatment, and again this was more pronounced amongst students from lower socioeconomic groups.
The reproducibility of the TMJ stereographic articulator
Authors: Baetz Keith , Klineberg Iven
Published: May 2009

Articulators are designed to reproduce interocclusal relationships extra‐orally. The more accurate instruments required for more complex prosthodontic procedures allow more refined adjustments of displacement characteristics of the condyles. However, accurate setting of these variables is often difficult and time‐consuming. The stereographic articulator system develops a fossa moulding that incorporates three‐dimensional movement details for each condyle, and thus overcomes the need for fine setting of condylar adjustments. The purpose of this study was to assess the reproducibility of this articulator system.
Root surface caries: a recurrent dilemma*
Authors: Mount G. J.
Published: May 2009

Root surface caries, as a separate entity, has been recognized for a long time. It appears to be related to an altered bacteriology where some actinomyces strains allow decalcification of the cementum and dentine at a higher pH than the Streptococcus mutans usually associated with active caries. The problem is generally associated with the ageing patient and the causes are outlined. Early recognition and preventive measures such as the application of topical fluoride or chlorhexidine as an oral lavage are stressed. Appropriate dental treatment is discussed including restoration using glass‐ionomer cements.
The nature of pain — with particular reference to oro‐facial pain*
Authors: Reade Peter C.
Published: May 2009

Pain, or the fear of pain, are the common reasons for seeking health care. Pain of long duration in particular can present a difficult diagnostic problem because of the numerous factors involved. Clinicians managing painful problems must have considerable insight into the nature of the symptom of pain if therapy is to be successful.
A study of the words used to describe pain
Authors: Gaffney T. J. , Foenander G. , Reade P. C. , Burrows G. D.
Published: May 2009

To gain information concerning the possible diagnostic value of the words used to describe pain, 260 consecutive patients suffering from an acute pain were asked (1) for personal data; (2) to select the words they would use to describe their pain from a list of 104 words; and (3) to complete a visual analogue scale. The words were not interpreted before grouping but the data from each questionnaire were submitted to factor analysis for grouping. The results showed that the grouping of words represented valid and reliable factors of pain and indicated thereby the possibility of developing some useful diagnostic criteria from such an approach.
Comparisons of psychological and social factors in patients with chronic oro‐facial pain and dental phobic disorders*
Authors: Gerschman Jack A. , Wright Janice L. , Hall Wayne D. , Reade Peter C. , Burrows Graham D. , Holwill Brendan J.
Published: May 2009

As part of a larger study conducted at the Oro‐Facial Pain Clinic, Department of Dental Medicine and Surgery, University of Melbourne, 130 patients with dental phobias and 368 patients with chronic orofacial pain were compared for psychological and social variables. Pain patients showed a greater burden of psychiatric disorders and were more likely to be older, married, have children, be migrants, be less educated, have poorer jobs and be more financially disadvantaged than phobic patients.
Selection for dental practice of chemical disinfectants and sterilants for hepatitis and AIDS
Authors: Cottone James A. , Molinari John A.
Published: May 2009

The advent of HIV infection, AIDS, and renewed interest in hepatitis B has prompted the dental profession to become more interested in good infection control practices. This article reviews parameters which must be considered in the selection of heat sterilization techniques (autoclave, chemiclave, or dry heat) and also chemicals for disinfection and sterilization (2 per cent glutaraldehyde, quaternary ammonium compounds, iodophors, alcohol, sodium hypochlorite, and synthetic phenols). The advantages and disadvantages of each of the chemicals is listed along with recommendations for immersion sterilants/dis‐infectants and surface disinfection.
Genetics and oral health*
Authors: Pearn John , Gage John
Published: May 2009

Genetic factors determine the potential of the final morphology of the teeth and jaws, and of the primary and secondary palates, the resistance to caries, and the composition of heritable components of saliva. Recent developments in chromosome analysis have augmented the interpretation of some genetic factors in dentistry, and have expanded concepts of simple Mendelian genetics, and of polygenic inheritance. This paper reviews some significant examples of monogenically‐determined dental disease, presents a check‐list of chromosome abnormalities with their related oro‐dental anomalies, and discusses the influence of polygenetically‐determined conditions in the maintenance of dental health.
Optimization of the mixing of dental amalgam using coherence time
Authors: Brockhurst P. J. , Culnane J. T.
Published: May 2009

The amount of mixing of dental amalgam is expressed as a multiple of the Darvell Coherence Time tc. Four alloys of different type (Katalloy, Caulk Spherical, Dispersalloy and Tytin) were mixed using a high speed and a low speed amalgamator respectively. The standard test properties were determined for mixing in the range 1–20 tc.

It is shown that amalgam mixing can be usefully expressed as multiples of coherence time, and that mixing for five times coherence time produces near to optimum test properties for the alloys tested.
Provisional coronal build‐up of posterior teeth for endodontic treatment. Case report
Authors: Bass E. V. , Kafalias M. C.
Published: May 2009

A technique using a glass‐cermet cement for preendodontic coronal build‐up of badly broken‐down teeth is described. This glass‐cermet cement fulfils the more specific requirements of a material used in coronal build‐ups of a less permanent nature without damage to existing tooth structure and satisfies the requirements of endodontic procedures. The technique allows for endodontic therapy to be commenced immediately and facilitates canal instrumentation.
The electromagnetic spectrum and the dentist. A biophysical review
Authors: Buch Brian , Touyz Louis Z. G.
Published: May 2009

Many benefits in contemporary society are frequently and widely derived from electromagnetic energy. Most practising dentists employ at least a few different modalities of electromagnetic energy while others are all used in everyday living. Explanations, guidance and advice are frequently sought from professionals who may be using electromagnetic energy in any form.

This review attempts to provide a brief biophysical overview of those aspects of electromagnetic energy which are relevant to clinicians. This may prove useful to dentists as a clear, orientating summary of the spectrum of energies used in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures and also for rendering some explanation aimed at allaying alarm, anxiety or concern from enquiring patients.
Three‐dimensional measurements of the occlusal surfaces of the upper molars in Australian Aboriginals
Authors: Ozaki T. , Kanazawa E. , Sekikawa M. , Akai J.
Published: May 2009

Occlusal features of the upper first molars of Australian Aboriginals were measured in three‐dimensions with the aid of moiré contourography. The heights of the three principal molar cusps in this population were greater than in Japanese (Mongoloid) but less than in Dutch (Caucasoid) populations. Intercuspal distances were considerably greater than in the two other populations, a reflection of the larger mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters in the Aboriginals. The observed racial differences in occlusal surface features are discussed in relation to general craniofacial morphology, dental occlusion and the mechanics of jaw movements during mastication.
Foreign bodies and gingival lesions
Authors: Arvier John , Tideman Henk , Vickers Peter
Published: May 2009

Rapid growth of a lesion or mass in the mouth demands prompt attention and investigation. Usually such lesions are inflammatory in nature, but occasionally they may be caused by foreign bodies. The destructive nature of misplaced orthodontic rubber bands is demonstrated.
A study of dentofacial morphology in South Australian twins
Authors: Brown T. , Townsend G. C. , Richards L. C. , Travan G. R.
Published: May 2009

A study of the dentofacial characteristics of South Australian twins commenced in 1983. Methods described include procedures for the acquisition, display and analysis of data in two and three dimensional formats. A preliminary account of facial asymmetry in a pair of monozygous twin boys revealed some interesting aspects of mirror‐imaging and demonstrated the application of a shape‐fitting routine to investigations of facial morphology.
Root resorption — an unusual presentation
Authors: Kingon Angus
Published: May 2009

An unusual case of root resorption in a mandibular second molar is presented. The literature is reviewed briefly and possible explanations of the pathogenesis are discussed.
Periodontal healing with citric acid and fibronectin treatment in cats
Authors: Ryan P. Clark , Waring C. , Seymour G. J.
Published: May 2009

The glycoprotein fibronectin is thought to act as a biological adhesive and may be useful in attaining fibrous reattachment following periodontal surgery. In the present study the effects of fibronectin, with and without citric acid preconditioning of the root surfaces, were studied following periodontal surgery in cats. The experimental procedures included treatment of exposed root surfaces with citric acid, citric acid and fibronectin together or fibronectin alone, while the control tooth was root planed only. The effects were assessed in the laboratory 24 to 28 days after surgery. When citric acid and fibronectin were applied together, no epithelial proliferation along the root surface occurred and there was evidence suggesting a new fibrous tissue reattachment. Citric acid alone resulted in some new attachment at the base of the defect but epithelium had proliferated along the root surface. When fibronectin was used alone, the epithelium proliferated but there was evidence of windows of connective tissue reattachment to the root surface. Root planing in control teeth was followed by epithelial proliferation to the extent of the root planing. These results suggest that fibronectin when used in combination with citric acid demineralization may lead to enhanced connective tissue reattachment.
The dental status of four‐year‐old children in the Brunswick Child Development Study
Authors: Calache H. , Wright F. A. C.
Published: May 2009

This dental survey was undertaken as part of the Brunswick Child Development Study to investigate the way in which family functioning affected infant health, growth and development in a poor socioeconomic, multi‐ethnic municipality of Melbourne. Two‐hundred‐and‐sixteen mothers were interviewed and 202 children (aged four years) were examined in 1982. Sixty‐two per cent of the children in the study were caries‐free. This appeared to be associated with the implementation of water fluoridation in Melbourne. Of the remaining 38 per cent, a high‐risk group was identified which appeared related to the ethnic background and educational level of the mothers. Children of Lebanese and/or Turkish mothers appeared to have the poorest oral health status and the highest restorative dental treatment needs. Gingival inflammation was of relatively high prevalence but low severity. It is suggested that the Bleeding Component of the Cowell Gingival Index appears to be a sensitive test for the detection of early inflammatory change of gingival tissues in children.
Attitudes to the training and utilization of dental auxiliaries in Western Australia*
Authors: Burman Neil T. C.
Published: May 2009

A postal survey was conducted amongst members of the Western Australian Branch of the Australian Dental Association, their dental therapists and chairside assistants. Information was sought on the utilization of auxiliaries, career fulfilment by auxiliaries, and the preferred types of auxiliary for private practice. Results showed a substantial under‐utilization of the operative capabilities of dental therapists and a high degree of lack of career fulfilment for therapists was evident.
The implementation of a problem‐oriented treatment plan
Authors: Käyser Arnd F. , Battistuzzi Pasquale G. F. C. M. , Snoek Peter A. , Plasmans Paul J. , Spanauf Adam J.
Published: May 2009

In this article the motives for, and the characteristics and the structure of the problem‐oriented approach in treatment planning are presented. The differences, compared with the traditional, morphologically‐oriented approach are shown. The strategy used in the problem‐oriented planning is described and demonstrated with a clinical case. Important advantages of this method are the objectivity of treatment planning and the elimination of overtreatment.
Posterior edentulousness and the prescription of partial dentures
Authors: Spratley M. H.
Published: May 2009

The data from a dental health survey of a sample of the Brisbane population have been analysed with respect to posterior edentulousness and the wearing and prescription of partial dentures. Results indicated posterior edentulousness to be far more common in the lower arch with only a small proportion of subjects wearing partial dentures. Prescription rates were low except in those cases of a partially edentulous lower arch opposing a complete maxillary denture. There were no discernible differences in the prescription pattern of dentists regardless of experience.
Professionally defined dental treatment needs of middle‐aged and older patients attending 21 general practitioners, as related to tooth retention
Authors: Mount Graham , Walker Brian , Roder David
Published: May 2009

Data from routine examinations of 497 45–89 year old patients attending 21 South Australian general dental practitioners showed a positive association of the degree of tooth retention with the frequency of dental visits, the seeking of care for a check‐up or preventive service (as opposed to a curative service) and professionally defined needs for prophylaxes and restorative care, particularly complex restorative care. Degree of tooth retention among dentate subjects was negatively related to the need for extractions, especially extractions for periodontal reasons, and to the need for denture services. The importance of using data from general dental practices as well as population‐based surveys when assessing workforce requirements and when reviewing the appropriate content of undergraduate and postgraduate education programmes has been emphasized.
Measures taken to reduce X‐ray exposure of the patient, operator, and staff
Authors: Monsour P. A. , Kruger B. J. , Barnes A. , Sainsbury A.
Published: May 2009

A survey of private general dental practitioners was conducted to determine the use of radiation safety measures to reduce X‐ray exposure of the patients, staff and operator. Data are presented on the use of lead aprons, thyroid protectors, fast films, film holders, and alternative methods to X‐rays for detecting dental caries, as well as information on the handling of pregnant patients and women of child‐bearing age, the position of the operator and staff in relation to the patient during X‐ray exposures, the use and construction of protective barriers, the use of monitoring badges, and the frequency with which radiographs are held by the operator during the exposure. Data are also presented on the number of intra‐oral and extra‐oral radiographs taken per week and the frequency of bite‐wing examinations. The relevance of the above practices to radiation hygiene is discussed.
Comparison of denture acrylic resins cured by boiling water and microwave energy
Authors: Truong V.‐T. , Thomasz F. G. V.
Published: May 2009

Transverse strength, hardness, water sorption, loss of mass by leaching and porosity were measured in accordance with Australian Standards on acrylic denture base resins cured by boiling water and microwave energy. The level of residual monomer measured by extraction in acetone and the degree of cross‐linking by immersion in chloroform were also studied. Results indicated similar physical properties and identical microstructures in the resins cured by the two methods. Using a previously recommended microwave curing programme, porosity was observed in thick specimens with a cross‐section of 14 mm × 10 mm. However, the microwave programme can be optimized to prevent porosity without prolonging the curing time or sacrificing the physical properties of the resins by starting the curing process at low wattage.
Dental health of children in Australia, 1977–1985
Authors: Carr L. M.
Published: May 2009

Dental caries and oral hygiene indices for school children aged four to 13 years have been determined each year since 1977. This report is based on 6 228 972 examinations. For children aged six to 13 years the mean DIMF indices declined by 59.3 per cent. For 12‐year‐old children the mean DIMF indices declined from 4.79 in 1977 to 2.13 in 1985; it is calculated that the DIMF index for this age group will be 1.5 in 1991. While a major decline in dental caries has been observed, a significant proportion of children continue to have a caries problem. Girls of all ages had lower mean oral hygiene indices than boys; the index for girls and boys combined declined by 26 per cent in the period 1977 to 1985.
A personal filing system for indexing reprints, documents, and other items
Authors: Brown T.
Published: May 2009

A personal filing system for storing and retrieving reprints or other documents according to author, category or year of publication is described. The system incorporates a master file of all items and secondary reference files sorted in order of authors or categories of information. Manual or computer‐based versions of the system permit speedy and reliable retrieval of items even from master files containing thousands of references.
Transmission illumination of teeth. A system for operative dentistry procedures
Authors: Hunt Diane R. , Makinson O. F.
Published: May 2009

In an in vitro trial, transillumination provided good, comfortable vision of an operating area both during cavity preparation and the insertion of adhesive restorative materials. Secondly, transillumination provided better differentiation of hard tissues and their condition than incident illumination; this was particularly noticeable in deciding on the presence of caries at the dentino‐enamel junction. The most suitable colour was in the green range of the spectrum and a variable intensity control was desirable. With refinement, this system could facilitate operative dentistry particularly for difficult situations.
A controlled comparison of effectiveness of bupivacaine for post‐operative pain control
Authors: Chapman P. J.
Published: May 2009

The advantages of using long‐acting local anaesthetics in oral surgery have been demonstrated in a limited number of clinical trials. The present study involved a double‐blind cross‐over trial of 20 patients who underwent surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar teeth on separate occasions. For one side lignocaine was used, for the other bupivacaine. Pain was assessed at 4, 8 and 12 hours post‐operatively and mean pain scores at these times were compared. The mean analgesic requirements over the first 12 hours were also compared. Results showed that there was a significant reduction in the amount of pain experienced with bupivacaine and a significant patient preference for that agent.
Interleukin‐1 stimulates proteoglycan and hyaluronic acid production by human gingival fibroblasts in vitro
Authors: Bartold P. Mark
Published: May 2009

The effect of recombinant interleukin 1β [IL‐1β] on proteoglycan and hyaluronic acid synthesis by human gingival fibroblasts has been investigated. It was found to stimulate gingival fibroblast proliferation in a dose dependent fashion with the midpoint of this response being in the 10−11 mol/L range. At a concentration of 10−11 mol/L, IL‐1β stimulated proteoglycan synthesis by 40 per cent. Although IL‐1β can stimulate cell proliferation and prostaglandin synthesis, its effect on proteoglycan synthesis was independent of these parameters. The kinetics of proteoglycan degradation in the presence or absence of IL‐1β was monitored by pulse chase experiments and were found not to differ between treated and untreated cultures. The molecular size and carbohydrate composition of the proteoglycans was not affected by IL‐1β. Additional studies revealed the synthesis of hyaluronic acid was also stimulated by IL‐1β. As for the proteoglycans, inhibition of cell proliferation did not affect the stimulatory effect of IL‐1β. However, blockage of prostaglandin synthesis abolished the stimulatory effect of IL‐1β on hyaluronic acid synthesis. The effect of IL‐1β on hyaluronic acid synthesis was found to be related to elevated levels of the enzyme hyaluronate synthetase. Molecular size analysis of newly synthesized hyaluronic acid revealed that cells treated with IL‐1β synthesized more large molecular mass hyaluronic acid. Taken together, these findings are considered to reflect the ability of gingival fibroblasts to respond to inflammatory mediators in a manner indicative of early tissue repair.
A technique for closing persistent open proximal contacts
Authors: Latcham Neil
Published: May 2009

A combined silver‐reinforced glass ionomer/ amalgam technique for closing open proximal contacts is described. Potential advantages of this technique are discussed in relation to other available techniques.
Interactions between plaque bacteria: final report on project*
Authors: Rogers A. H.
Published: May 2009

A study of the interactions between plaque bacteria in which the effect of environmental change is demonstrated as well as the investigation of the effects of potential antimicrobial agents and sugar substitutes is reported.
The reproducibility of gnathosonic recordings over time
Authors: Freer T. J. , Smith A.
Published: May 2009

Gnathosonic recordings are obtained on rapid closure of the teeth to occlusion. A general relationship between gnathosonic tracings and occlusal contact patterns has been demonstrated. Variation of gnathosonic recordings over time for the same individual has not been satisfactorily investigated. The present study suggests that recordings taken at the same sitting are relatively reproducible but reproducibility over time is not high. The series of recordings obtained in this study suggests caution when interpreting a single series of gnathosonic tracings.
Clinical requirements for a successful ‘sandwich’— dentine to glass ionomer cement to composite resin*
Authors: Mount G. J.
Published: May 2009

The composite resins are now being used extensively in restorative dentistry although there are still some problems remaining. Long‐term prevention of microleakage continues to be an area of controversy particularly in relation to the margins between dentine and composite resin. Chemical adhesion between glass ionomer cement and dentine is accepted as being a long‐term union and it has recently been shown that a mechanical union is possible between composite resin and glass ionomer cement. This has led to the development of the so‐called ‘sandwich technique’ where glass ionomer cement is used as a lining under composite resin restorations particularly where the cavo‐surface margin is in dentine.

This paper discusses the various levels of adhesion in the ‘sandwich’ and suggests the best methods of obtaining optimum results from the clinical application of the technique. Particular attention is drawn to the wide variation in the strength of the union depending on the materials used and the methods of handling.
Pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects of dentoalveolar resorption
Authors: Pierce Angela
Published: May 2009

Both physiological and pathological forms of bone and tooth resorption are seen in the dentoalveolar complex, and much of the non‐restorative component of a clinician's work is occupied by problems related to loss of bone or dentine. Bone resorption is also a feature of many systemic diseases, some of which can affect the alveolar bone. The aim of this report is to summarize some recent work in which the dentoalveolar complex has been used as a model system to study physiological, pathological and therapeutic aspects of resorption of bone and dentine.