bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultra‐strong phosphorescence with 48% quantum yield from grinding treated thermal annealed carbon dots and boric acid composite
Authors: Li Qijun , Zhao Zhenxiao , Meng Shuai , Li Yuchen , Zhao Yunyang , Zhang Bohan , Tang Zikang , Tan Jing , Qu Songnan
Published: November 2021

Metal‐free room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials are of great significance for many applications; however, they usually exhibit low efficiency and weak intensity. This article reports a new strategy for the preparation of a high‐efficiency and strong RTP materials from crystalline thermal‐annealed carbon dots (CDs) and boric acid (BA) composite (g‐t‐CD@BA) through grinding‐induced amorphous to crystallization transition. Amorphous thermal‐annealed CDs and BA composite (t‐CD@BA) is prepared following a thermal melting and super‐cooling route, where the CDs are fully dispersed in molten BA liquid and uniformly frozen in an amorphous thermal annealed BA matrix after super‐cooling to room temperature. Upon grinding treatment, the fracture and fragmentation caused by grinding promote the transformation of the high‐energy amorphous state to the lower energy crystalline counterparts. As a result, the CDs are uniformly in situ embedded in the BA crystal matrix. This method affords maximum uniform embedding of the CDs in the BA crystals, decreases nonradiative decay, and promotes intersystem crossing by restraining the free vibration of the CDs, thus producing strong RTP materials with the highest reported phosphorescence quantum yield (48%). Remarkably, RTP from g‐t‐CD@BA powder is strong enough to illuminate items with a delay time exceeding 9 s.
3D Atomic Structure of Supported Metallic Nanoparticles Estimated from 2D ADF STEM Images: A Combination of Atom‐Counting and a Local Minima Search Algorithm
Authors: Arslan Irmak Ece , Liu Pei , Bals Sara , Van Aert Sandra
Published: November 2021

Determining the 3D atomic structure of nanoparticles (NPs) is critical to understand their structure‐dependent properties. It is hereby important to perform such analyses under conditions relevant for the envisioned application. Here, the 3D structure of supported Au NPs at high temperature, which is of importance to understand their behavior during catalytic reactions, is investigated. To overcome limitations related to conventional high‐resolution electron tomography at high temperature, 3D characterization of NPs with atomic resolution has been performed by applying atom‐counting using atomic resolution annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF STEM) images followed by structural relaxation. However, at high temperatures, thermal displacements, which affect the ADF STEM intensities, should be taken into account. Moreover, it is very likely that the structure of an NP investigated at elevated temperature deviates from a ground state configuration, which is difficult to determine using purely computational energy minimization approaches. In this paper, an optimized approach is therefore proposed using an iterative local minima search algorithm followed by molecular dynamics structural relaxation of candidate structures associated with each local minimum. In this manner, it becomes possible to investigate the 3D atomic structure of supported NPs, which may deviate from their ground state configuration.
The effect of a student–teacher–scientist partnership program on high school students' science achievement and attitudes about scientists
Authors: Taylor Joseph A. , Adams Catrina T. , Westbrook Anne L. , Creasap Gee Jodi , Spybrook Jessaca K. , Kowalski Susan M. , Gardner April L. , Bloom Mark
Published: November 2021

This article describes the effects of a student–teacher–scientist partnership program on high school students' science outcomes. The design was a cluster‐randomized trial with an analytic sample of 36 teachers randomly assigned to teach a photosynthesis‐ and respiration‐focused module including student‐designed investigations supported by online mentoring from scientists. Forty‐nine teachers were randomly assigned to teach photosynthesis and respiration to students as they normally would. The core finding was that implementing the module in combination with the online mentoring resulted in significant effects on student achievement (effect size = 0.284) and attitudes toward scientists (effect size = 0.280). The study sample was highly representative, demographically, to the US population of high schools. Future research should replicate the current study design, with the current and other related interventions, while examining component‐specific costs and efficacy. Related studies should also examine the relationship between the quality of scientist–student dialogue and student outcomes.
Which Aspect of Firm Performance is Important for the Choice of Globalization Mode?
Authors: Jinji Naoto , Zhang Xingyuan , Haruna Shoji
Published: November 2021

The relationship between firm performance and the choice of globalization mode, such as exports, foreign direct investment (FDI), and foreign outsourcing (FO), has been extensively investigated. For example, Melitz (2003) theoretically predicts a premium in productivity for firms engaging in exporting goods, relative to those supplying goods only to their domestic markets.
Does Tobin’s q Matter for a Firm’s Choice of Globalization Mode?
Authors: Jinji Naoto , Zhang Xingyuan , Haruna Shoji
Published: November 2021

For the last two decades, sorting of firms by productivity into different modes of globalization has been well documented both theoretically and empirically in the trade literature. Melitz (2003) presents a model in which the most productive firms export goods to foreign markets, whereas less productive firms supply goods only to their domestic market.
Genome analysis suggests the bacterial family Acetobacteraceae is a source of undiscovered specialized metabolites
Authors: Guzman Juan , Vilcinskas Andreas
Published: November 2021

Acetobacteraceae is an economically important family of bacteria that is used for industrial fermentation in the food/feed sector and for the preparation of sorbose and bacterial cellulose. It comprises two major groups: acetous species (acetic acid bacteria) associated with flowers, fruits and insects, and acidophilic species, a phylogenetically basal and physiologically heterogeneous group inhabiting acid or hot springs, sludge, sewage and freshwater environments. Despite the biotechnological importance of the family Acetobacteraceae, the literature does not provide any information about its ability to produce specialized metabolites. We therefore constructed a phylogenomic tree based on concatenated protein sequences from 141 type strains of the family and predicted the presence of small-molecule biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) using the antiSMASH tool. This dual approach allowed us to associate certain biosynthetic pathways with particular taxonomic groups. We found that acidophilic and acetous species contain on average ~ 6.3 and ~ 3.4 BGCs per genome, respectively. All the Acetobacteraceae strains encoded proteins involved in hopanoid biosynthesis, with many also featuring genes encoding type-1 and type-3 polyketide and non-ribosomal peptide synthases, and enzymes for aryl polyene, lactone and ribosomal peptide biosynthesis. Our in silico analysis indicated that the family Acetobacteraceae is a potential source of many undiscovered bacterial metabolites and deserves more detailed experimental exploration.
A catalog of curated breast cancer genes
Authors: Bose Muthiah , Benada Jan , Thatte Jayashree Vijay , Kinalis Savvas , Ejlertsen Bent , Nielsen Finn Cilius , Sørensen Claus Storgaard , Rossing Maria
Published: November 2021

Purpose

Decades of research have identified multiple genetic variants associated with breast cancer etiology. However, there is no database that archives breast cancer genes and variants responsible for predisposition. We set out to build a dynamic repository of curated breast cancer genes.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed and Google Scholar, followed by data extraction and harmonization for downstream analysis.

Results

Using a subset of 345 studies, we cataloged 652 breast cancer-associated loci across the genome. A majority of these were present in the non-coding region (i.e., intergenic (101) and intronic (345)), whereas only 158 were located within an exon. Using the odds ratio, we identified 429 loci to increase the disease risk and 198 to confer protection against breast cancer, whereas 25 were identified to both increase disease risk and confer protection against breast cancer. Chromosomal ideogram analysis indicated that chromosomes 17 and 19 have the highest density of breast cancer loci. We manually annotated and collated breast cancer genes in which a previous association between rare-monogenic variant and breast cancer has been documented. Finally, network and functional enrichment analysis revealed that steroid metabolism and DNA repair pathways were predominant among breast cancer genes and variants.

Conclusions

We have built an online interactive catalog of curated breast cancer genes (https://cbcg.dk). This will expedite clinical diagnostics and support the ongoing efforts in managing breast cancer etiology. Moreover, the database will serve as an essential repository when designing new breast cancer multigene panels.
Using deep learning method to identify left ventricular hypertrophy on echocardiography
Authors: Yu Xiang , Yao Xinxia , Wu Bifeng , Zhou Hong , Xia Shudong , Su Wenwen , Wu Yuanyuan , Zheng Xiaoye
Published: November 2021

Background

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an independent prognostic factor for cardiovascular events and it can be detected by echocardiography in the early stage. In this study, we aim to develop a semi-automatic diagnostic network based on deep learning algorithms to detect LVH.

Methods

We retrospectively collected 1610 transthoracic echocardiograms, included 724 patients [189 hypertensive heart disease (HHD), 218 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and 58 cardiac amyloidosis (CA), along with 259 controls]. The diagnosis of LVH was defined by two experienced clinicians. For the deep learning architecture, we introduced ResNet and U-net++ to complete classification and segmentation tasks respectively. The models were trained and validated independently. Then, we connected the best-performing models to form the final framework and tested its capabilities.

Results

In terms of individual networks, the view classification model produced AUC = 1.0. The AUC of the LVH detection model was 0.98 (95% CI 0.94–0.99), with corresponding sensitivity and specificity of 94.0% (95% CI 85.3–98.7%) and 91.6% (95% CI 84.6–96.1%) respectively. For etiology identification, the independent model yielded good results with AUC = 0.90 (95% CI 0.82–0.95) for HCM, AUC = 0.94 (95% CI 0.88–0.98) for CA, and AUC = 0.88 (95% CI 0.80–0.93) for HHD. Finally, our final integrated framework automatically classified four conditions (Normal, HCM, CA, and HHD), which achieved an average of AUC 0.91, with an average sensitivity and specificity of 83.7% and 90.0%.

Conclusion

Deep learning architecture has the ability to detect LVH and even distinguish the latent etiology of LVH.
On the second largest eigenvalue of some Cayley graphs of the symmetric group
Authors: Siemons Johannes , Zalesski Alexandre
Published: November 2021

Let $$S_n$$

S
n

and $$A_{n}$$

A
n

denote the symmetric and alternating group on the set $$\{1,\ldots ,n\},$$

{
1
,
…
,
n
}
,

respectively. In this paper we are interested in the second largest eigenvalue $$\lambda _{2}(\Gamma )$$

λ
2

(
Γ
)

of the Cayley graph $$\Gamma =\mathrm{Cay}(G,H)$$

Γ
=
Cay
(
G
,
H
)

over $$G=S_{n}$$

G
=

S
n

or $$A_{n}$$

A
n

for certain connecting sets H. Let $$1<k\le n$$

1
<
k
≤
n

and denote the set of all k-cycles in $$S_{n}$$

S
n

by C(n, k). For $$H=C(n,n)$$

H
=
C
(
n
,
n
)

we prove that $$\lambda _{2}(\Gamma )=(n-2)!$$

λ
2

(
Γ
)

=

(
n
-
2
)

!

(when n is even) and $$\lambda _{2}(\Gamma )=2(n-3)!$$

λ
2

(
Γ
)

=
2

(
n
-
3
)

!

(when n is odd). Further, for $$H=C(n,n-1)$$

H
=
C
(
n
,
n
-
1
)

we have $$\lambda _{2}(\Gamma )=3(n-3)(n-5)!$$

λ
2

(
Γ
)

=
3

(
n
-
3
)

(
n
-
5
)

!

(when n is even) and $$\lambda _{2}(\Gamma )=2(n-2)(n-5) !$$

λ
2

(
Γ
)

=
2

(
n
-
2
)

(
n
-
5
)

!

(when n is odd). The case $$H=C(n,3)$$

H
=
C
(
n
,
3
)

has been considered in Huang and Huang (J Algebraic Combin 50:99–111, 2019). Let $$1\le r<k<n$$

1
≤
r
<
k
<
n

and let $$C(n,k;r) \subseteq C(n,k)$$

C
(
n
,
k
;
r
)
⊆
C
(
n
,
k
)

be set of all k-cycles in $$S_{n}$$

S
n

which move all the points in the set $$\{1,2,\ldots ,r\}.$$

{
1
,
2
,
…
,
r
}
.

That is to say, $$g=(i_{1},i_{2},\ldots ,i_{k})(i_{k+1})\dots (i_{n})\in C(n,k;r)$$

g
=

(

i
1

,

i
2

,
…
,

i
k

)

(

i

k
+
1

)

⋯

(

i
n

)

∈
C

(
n
,
k
;
r
)

if and only if $$\{1,2,\ldots ,r\}\subset \{i_{1},i_{2},\ldots ,i_{k}\}.$$

{
1
,
2
,
…
,
r
}

⊂

{

i
1

,

i
2

,
…
,

i
k

}

.

Our main result concerns $$\lambda _{2}(\Gamma )$$

λ
2

(
Γ
)

, where $$\Gamma =\mathrm{Cay}(G,H)$$

Γ
=
Cay
(
G
,
H
)

with $$H=C(n,k;r)$$

H
=
C
(
n
,
k
;
r
)

with $$1\le r<k<n$$

1
≤
r
<
k
<
n

when $$G=S_{n}$$

G
=

S
n

if k is even and $$G=A_{n}$$

G
=

A
n

if k is odd. Here we observe that $$\begin{aligned} \lambda _{2}(\Gamma )\ge (k-2)! {n-r \atopwithdelims ()k-r} \frac{1}{n-r} \big ((k-1)(n-k) - \frac{(k-r-1)(k-r)}{n-r-1}\big ). \end{aligned}$$

λ
2

(
Γ
)

≥

(
k
-
2
)

!

n
-
r

k
-
r

1

n
-
r

(

(
k
-
1
)

(
n
-
k
)

-

(
k
-
r
-
1
)
(
k
-
r
)

n
-
r
-
1

)

.

We prove that this bound is attained in the special case $$k=r+1$$

k
=
r
+
1

, giving $$\lambda _{2}(\Gamma )=r!(n-r-1)$$

λ
2

(
Γ
)

=
r
!

(
n
-
r
-
1
)

. The cases with $$H=C(n,3;1)$$

H
=
C
(
n
,
3
;
1
)

and $$H=C(n,3;2)$$

H
=
C
(
n
,
3
;
2
)

were considered earlier in [6].
An unified formulation of strong non-local elasticity with fractional order calculus
Authors: Alotta Gioacchino , Di Paola Mario , Pinnola Francesco Paolo
Published: November 2021

The research of a formulation to model non-local interactions in the mechanical behavior of matter is currently an open problem. In this context, a strong non-local formulation based on fractional calculus is provided in this paper. This formulation is derived from an analogy with long-memory viscoelastic models. Specifically, the same kind of power-law time-dependent kernel used in Boltzmann integral of viscoelastic stress-strain relation is used as kernel in the Fredholm non-local relation. This non-local formulation leads to stress-strain relation based on the space Riesz integral and derivative of fractional order. For unbounded domain, proposed model can be defined in stress- and in strain-driven formulation and in both cases the stress–strain relation represent a strong non-local model. Also, the proposed strain driven and stress driven formulations defined in terms of Riesz operators are proved to be fully consistent each another. Moreover, the proposed model posses a mechanical meaning and for unbounded non-local rod is described and discussed in detail.
Application of Electron Beam Welding Technique for Joining Ultrafine-Grained Aluminum Plates
Authors: Orłowska Marta , Pixner Florian , Majchrowicz Kamil , Enzinger Norbert , Olejnik Lech , Lewandowska Małgorzata
Published: November 2021

The present study is the first attempt to join ultrafine-grained materials by electron beam welding. The aim of the study was to check the feasibility and effectiveness of this type of welding for thermally unstable materials. The results obtained are of high interest, while the welding did cause a decline in mechanical properties, the results were comparable to those obtained using solid-state welding, but with a significant advantage of narrower fusion- and heat-affected zones.
The Unrealized Potential of National Human Rights Institutions in Business and Human Rights Regulation: Conditions for Effective Engagement and Proposal for Reform
Authors: Wolfsteller René
Published: November 2021

While National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) are widely regarded as particularly promising tools in the emerging transnational regime for the regulation of business and human rights, we still know little about their potential and actual contribution to this field. This article bridges the gap between business and human rights research and NHRI scholarship, proceeding in three steps: Firstly, I analyze the structural conditions for NHRIs to tackle business-related human rights abuses effectively, focusing on the key conditions of legitimacy and competences. Secondly, I examine the envisaged role and functions of NHRIs in business and human rights regulation according to the Paris Principles and the UN Guiding Principles. Thirdly, I reconstruct and critically assess NHRIs’ mandates and powers to address corporate human rights abuse, based on the analysis of surveys and reports. I argue that there is a significant mismatch between the essential structural conditions for effective NHRI engagement with business and human rights, the expected contribution of NHRIs to the prevention and remedy of corporate human rights abuses, and the limitations of their mandates and powers in practice. To overcome that misalignment and unlock NHRIs’ full potential, this article proposes a reform of the Paris Principles which would provide these institutions with a robust source of international legitimacy and increase the pressure on state governments to extend their powers.
Constant cycle and co-isotropic subvarieties in a Mukai system
Authors: Hellmann Isabell
Published: November 2021

Combining theorems of Voisin and Marian, Shen, Yin and Zhao, we compute the dimensions of the orbits under rational equivalence in the Mukai system of rank two and genus two. We produce several examples of algebraically coisotropic and constant cycle subvarieties.
A revision of Ziziphus (Rhamnaceae) in Borneo
Authors: Cahen Daniel , Rickenback Jessica , Utteridge Timothy M. A.
Published: November 2021

The genusZiziphus(Rhamnaceae) is revised for Borneo. 13 species are recognised using morphological evidence, including three new endemic species:Ziziphus cuspidata,Z. domatiataandZ. puberula. Borneo is therefore the island with the greatest known diversity ofZiziphusspecies. The area surrounding Mount Kinabalu is particularly diverse, with nine species occurring in Ranau. Two new varieties ofZ. borneensisare also described here,Z. borneensisvar.ranggamandZ. borneensisvar.velutina, five new synonyms are established, including the placement ofZ. elmerias a synonym ofColubrina beccariana. A taxonomic treatment, including a preliminary IUCN conservation status assessment, is presented for each species and variety.
Lebenssituation und Perspektiven junger Menschen ohne festen Wohnsitz
Authors: Beierle Sarah , Hoch Carolin
Published: November 2021

Der Beitrag stellt zentrale Ergebnisse einer Befragung vor, in der versucht wurde, die Lebenssituation von wohnungslosen oder obdachlosen Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen in drei deutschen Großstädten quantitativ zu erheben. Die Wohnsituation von „Straßenjugendlichen“ scheint dadurch, dass viele Betroffene zwischenzeitlich immer wieder bei Freunden oder Bekannten unterkommen, in erheblichem Maße durch Wohnungslosigkeit geprägt. Das Durchschnittsalter des Eintritts in eine Straßenkarriere liegt bei 16 bis 17 Jahren. Die befragten Jugendlichen sind von multiplen, insbesondere familiären Problemlagen betroffen, geben an, nicht freiwillig ohne festen Wohnsitz zu sein und sind mit ihrer Lebenssituation überwiegend unzufrieden. Dennoch sehen sie optimistisch in die Zukunft und glauben, mittelfristig ihre Wohnungs- bzw. Obdachlosigkeit überwinden zu können. Die Daten weisen außerdem darauf hin, dass junge volljährige Menschen ohne festen Wohnsitz vorwiegend mit dem Jobcenter in Kontakt stehen und das Jugendamt nicht mehr als relevantes Hilfesystem in Erscheinung tritt.
Unprecedented Impacts of Aviation Emissions on Global Environmental and Climate Change Scenario
Authors: Sher Farooq , Raore David , Klemeš Jiří Jaromír , Rafi-ul-Shan Piyya Muhammad , Khzouz Martin , Marintseva Kristina , Razmkhah Omid
Published: November 2021

There has been a continuously growing trend in international commercial air traffic, with the exception of COVID-19 crises; however, after the recovery, the trend is expected to even sharpen. The consequences of released emissions and by-products in the environment range from human health hazards, low air quality and global warming. This study is aimed to investigate the role of aviation emissions in global warming. For this purpose, data on different variables including global air traffic and growth rate, air traffic in different continents, total global CO2emissions of different airlines, direct and indirect emissions, air traffic in various UK airports and fuel-efficient aircraft was collected from various sources like EU member states, Statista, Eurostat, IATA, CAA and EUROCONTROL. The results indicated that in 2019, commercial airlines carried over 4.5 × 109passengers on scheduled flights. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the global number of passengers was reduced to 1.8 × 109, representing around a 60% reduction in air traffic. Germany was the largest contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) from the EU, releasing 927 kt of emissions in 3 years. In the UK, Heathrow airport had the highest number of passengers in 2019 with over 80 million, and the study of monthly aircraft movement revealed that Heathrow Airport also had the highest number of EU and International flights, while Edinburgh had the domestic flights in 2018. These research findings could be beneficial for airlines, policymakers and governments targeting the reduction of aircraft emissions.

Graphical abstract
Survey of water supply and assessment of groundwater quality in the suburban communes of Selembao and Kimbanseke, Kinshasa in Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Kapembo Michel L. , Mukeba Florent B. , Sivalingam Periyasamy , Mukoko Johnny B. , Bokolo Mathieu K. , Mulaji Crispin K. , Mpiana Pius T. , Poté John W.
Published: November 2021

In many suburban municipalities of developing countries, the household drinking water comes mainly from groundwater including, wells, streams and springs. These sources are vulnerable because poor hygienic conditions and sanitation prevail causing persistence and recurrent waterborne diseases. In this research, a survey study on water resource use and an epidemiological survey of waterborne diseases were conducted among users of water points and medical institutions in suburban communes of Selembao and Kimbanseke (Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo). In addition, physicochemical (temperature, pH, O2, electrical conductivity, and soluble ions: Na+, K+, PO43−, SO42−, NO3−, NO2−) and bacteriological (FIB: faecal indicator bacteria) analyses of water from 21 wells and springs were performed according to the seasonal variations. FIB included Escherichia coli (E. coli), Enterococcus and Total Coliforms. The survey results indicate that more than 75% of the patients admitted to local medical institutions between 2016 and 2019 are affected by waterborne diseases, including typhoid fever, amoebic dysentery, diarrhoea, gastroenteritis disorders and cholera. Except for NO3− in some sites, the water physicochemical parameter values are within WHO permissible limits for drinking/domestic water quality. On the contrary, the results revealed high FIB levels in water from unmanaged wells and springs during rainy and dry seasons. The microbiological pollution was significantly higher in the rainy season compared to the dry season. Interestingly, no FIB contamination was observed in water samples from managed/developed wells. The results from this study will guide local government decisions on improving water quality to prevent recurrent waterborne diseases.
Current experimental developments in 48 V-based CI-driven SUVs in response to expected future EU7 legislation
Authors: Kühberger Gabriel , Wancura Hannes , Nenning Lukas , Schutting Eberhard
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we describe experimental developments in an Exhaust Aftertreatment System (EAS) used in a four-cylinder Compression Ignition (CI) engine. To meet the carbon dioxide (CO$$_\mathrm {2}$$

2

) fleet limit values and to demonstrate a clean emission concept, the CI engine needs to be further developed in a hybridized, modern form before it can be included in the future fleet. In this work, the existing EAS was replaced by an Electrically Heated Catalyst (EHC) and a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) double-dosing system. We focused specifically on calibrating the heating modes in tandem with the electric exhaust heating, which enabled us to develop an ultra-fast light-off concept. The paper first outlines the development steps, which were subsequently validated using the Worldwide harmonized Light-duty vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC). Then, based on the defined calibration, a sensitivity analysis was conducted by performing various dynamic driving cycles. In particular, we identified emission species that may be limited in the future, such as laughing gas (N$$_\mathrm {2}$$

2

O), ammonia (NH$$_\mathrm {3}$$

3

), or formaldehyde (HCHO), and examined the effects of a general, additional decrease in the limit values, which may occur in the near future. This advanced emission concept can be applied when considering overall internal engine and external exhaust system measures. In our study, we demonstrate impressively low tailpipe (TP) emissions, but also clarify the system limits and the necessary framework conditions that ensure the applicability of this drivetrain concept in this sector.
Vorgehen zur Beschreibung von menschlichem Expertenwissen und kognitiven Prozessen beim Teach-in von Industrierobotern
Authors: Darnstaedt Daniel A. , Ahrens Antje , Richter-Trummer Valentin , Todtermuschke Marcel , Bocklisch Franziska
Published: November 2021

Der Erfahrungsaustausch über gute Praxis ist eine Grundvoraussetzung für das Verständnis zwischen Mensch und Technik, welches dabei hilft, dem Menschen als strategischen Entscheider und Nutzer eine optimale Unterstützung zukommen zu lassen. Um der Frage nachzugehen, was gute Praxis im Bereich der Roboterprogrammierung auszeichnet, haben die Autoren eine qualitative und deskriptive Studie mit einem Vergleich zwischenn = 2 Versuchspersonen durchgeführt. Ein Experte und ein Novize bearbeiteten dieselbe Aufgabe: das Programmieren einer Roboterbahn zum Fräsen eines Werkstückes. Mittels Eye-Tracking Analysen und videounterstützter retrospektiver Think-Aloud Interviews wurden die Vorgehensweisen beider Probanden extrahiert und das Vorgehen anschließend formalisiert beschrieben. Zusätzlich ist ein qualitativer Vergleich zwischen den Endergebnissen gezogen worden, bei dem der Experte erwartungsgemäß besser als der Novize abschnitt. Auf Basis der Think-Aloud Protokolle wurden kognitive Prozesse identifiziert, die in diesem Kontext von besonderem Interesse sein könnten. Weiterhin wurden Augenbewegungscharakteristiken zur näheren Beschreibung einiger der kognitiven Prozesse dargelegt.

Praktische Relevanz: Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt ein methodisches Vorgehen zur formalisierten Beschreibung und Abbildung von menschlichem Expertenwissen beim Teach-in von Industrierobotern. Sie bildet die Basis für verschiedene zukünftige Projekte, z. B. das Erstellen von Richtlinien zum praktischen und effizienten Einlernen von Anfängern oder das Umsetzen von nutzerspezifischer Assistenz im Bereich des Teach-ins von Industrierobotern.
Komplexität und der Testungseffekt: Die mögliche Bedeutung der Verständnissicherung für den Nutzen von Abrufübung bei komplexem Lernmaterial
Authors: Rummer Ralf , Schweppe Judith
Published: November 2021

Testung im Sinne eines aktiven Abrufs von Informationen aus dem Langzeitgedächtnis gilt als eine der effektivsten Möglichkeiten, Wissen zu konsolidieren und so nachhaltiges Lernen zu befördern. Der Testungseffekt gilt als robust und wurde für unterschiedlichste Personengruppen und Lernmaterialien gezeigt. Allerdings wird immer wieder kontrovers diskutiert, inwieweit der Testungseffekt auch bei komplexen Lernmaterialien auftritt. Der vorliegende Beitrag reflektiert diese Debatte. Dabei wird zunächst die theoretische Position derer nachvollzogen, die den Testungseffekt vor allem auf wenig komplexe Materialien beschränkt sehen. Diese Position wird anschließend anhand einer Problematisierung des Komplexitätsbegriffs und seiner Operationalisierung kritisch diskutiert. Schließlich wird eine alternative Erklärung für das potenzielle Fehlen des Testungseffekts bei komplexen Materialien skizziert, nach der das Auftreten des Testungseffekts nur indirekt von der Komplexität des Lernstoffs bzw. Lernmaterials abhängt. Gemäß dieser Annahme ist die Voraussetzung für das Auftreten des Testungseffekts, dass der Lernstoff während des initialen Lernens (also der Phase, die der Testung vorausgeht) hinreichend gut verstanden wurde und entsprechend Informationen im Langzeitgedächtnis enkodiert wurden, deren Abruf dann in einer Testungsphase geübt werden kann. Dies kann bei komplexen Materialien eine längere initiale Lernphase oder andere Maßnahmen der Verständnissicherung erfordern als bei einfachen Materialien. Abschließend wird skizziert, wie diese Annahme experimentell überprüft werden kann und welche praktischen Implikationen sich daraus für eine möglichst lernwirksame Umsetzung von Abrufübung selbst mit komplexen Lernmaterialien ergeben.
Epistemology of Experimental Physics
Authors: Boyd Nora Mills
Published: November 2021

This Element introduces major issues in the epistemology of experimental physics through discussion of canonical physics experiments and some that have not yet received much philosophical attention. The primary challenge is to make sense of how physicists justify crucial decisions made in the course of empirical research. Judging a result as epistemically significant or as calling for further technical scrutiny of the equipment is one important context of such decisions. Judging whether the instrument has been calibrated, and which data should be included in the analysis are others. To what extent is it possible to offer philosophical analysis, systematization, and prescriptions regarding such decisions? To what extent can there be explicit epistemic justification for them? The primary aim of this Element is to show how a nuanced understanding of science in practice informs an epistemology of experimental physics that avoids strong social constructivism.
The Austro-Hungarian Army and the First World War
Authors: Tunstall Graydon A.
Published: November 2021

This is a definitive account of the Austro-Hungarian Royal and Imperial Army during the First World War. Graydon A. Tunstall shows how Austria-Hungary entered the war woefully unprepared for the ordeal it would endure. When the war commenced, the Habsburg Army proved grossly under strengthen relative to trained officers and manpower, possessing obsolete weapons and equipment, and with the vast majority of its troops proved inadequately trained for modern warfare. Well over one million Habsburg troops mobilized creating an enormous logistical challenge of forging an army from the diverse cultures, languages, economic and educational backgrounds of the Empire's peoples. Graydon A. Tunstall shows how the army suffered from poor strategic direction and outdated tactics and facing a two-front offensive against both Russia and Serbia. He charts the army's performance on the battlefields of Galicia, Serbia, Romania, the Middle East and Italy through to its ultimate collapse in 1918.
It is more different than you think: Art libraries in Germany and the UK
Authors: Foden-Lenahan Erica
Published: November 2021

Firstly, it is an honour to be asked to contribute to this anniversary issue. AKMB is celebrating 25 years as an organization supporting and representing art and museum librarians and libraries (1). ARLIS/UK & Ireland celebrated 50 years in 2019 and the Art Libraries Journal (ALJ) celebrated 40 years in 2016, so I have spent a lot of my 7 years as editor of the ALJ reflecting on how far we have come. The past couple of generations have overseen tremendous achievements in the profession worldwide and these milestones are an opportunity to reflect on those changes and to look forward. This is a personal perspective and is intended to be (often) light-hearted, it also is limited to what I have observed within the limitations of having attained my education outside of Germany and of operating in a second language environment.
The Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Kunst- und Museumsbibliotheken (AKMB): a strong alliance of art and museum libraries
Authors: Döll Nicole
Published: November 2021

More than 25 years after the Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Kunst- und Museumsbibliotheken (AKMB) was founded – an eternity in the digital age – libraries and museums as institutions of public life are more than ever subject to fundamental transformation.

The AKMB has set itself the task of offering its affiliated institutions a platform for knowledge exchange and networking. Questions about standardization in librarianship, technical equipment, formal and subject indexing as well as possibilities of exchange and support in answering these questions are in focus. It is not - in the classic sense of a library - a physical place. Nevertheless, it forms simultaneously the basis and the opportunity for art and museum libraries to orient themselves to a digital future. In this regard, it also deals itself with structural changes and its challenges.
Critical transition to a non-chaotic regime in isotropic turbulence
Authors: Clark Daniel , Armua Andres , Ho Richard D.J.G. , Berera Arjun
Published: November 2021

We study the properties of homogeneous and isotropic turbulence in higher spatial dimensions through the lens of chaos and predictability using numerical simulations. We employ both direct numerical simulations and numerical calculations of the eddy damped quasi-normal Markovian closure approximation. Our closure results show a remarkable transition to a non-chaotic regime above the critical dimension,

$d_c$

, which is found to be approximately 5.88. We relate these results to the properties of the energy cascade as a function of spatial dimension in the context of the idea of a critical dimension for turbulence where Kolmogorov's 1941 theory becomes exact.
Measuring attitudes as a complex system
Authors: Mansell Jordan , Mock Steven , Rhea Carter , Tecza Adrienne , Piereder Jinelle
Published: November 2021

Abstract

We test a method for applying a network-based approach to the study of political attitudes. We use cognitive-affective mapping, an approach that visually represents attitudes as networks of concepts that an individual associates with a given issue. Using a software tool called Valence, we asked a sample of Canadians (n= 111) to draw a cognitive-affective map (CAM) of their views on the carbon tax. We treat these networks as a series of undirected graphs and examine the extent to which support for the tax can be predicted based on each graph’s emotional and structural properties. We find evidence that the emotional but not the structural properties significantly predict individuals’ attitudes toward the carbon tax. We also find associations between CAMs’ structural properties (density and centrality) and several measures of political interest. Our results provide preliminary evidence for the efficacy of CAMs as a tool for studying political attitudes. The study data are available athttps://osf.io/qwpvd/?view_only=6834a1c442224e72bf45e7641880a17f
Thomas Aquinas on Christ’s Unity: Revisiting the De Unione Debate
Authors: Nutt Roger W.
Published: November 2021

The claim that article four of Thomas Aquinas’s De unione verbi incarnati is a reversal of his consistently held single esse position is challenged in this paper. The article argues that reading all five articles of the De unione as a single-structured argument discloses a single esse understanding of the Incarnate Word. The very nature of the radically hypostatic union between God and man in Christ is at stake in this dispute. According to Thomas, positing a second esse in Christ not only contradicts the tradition, especially of the Christian East, that he appropriates, but it would also compromise the reality of the hypostatic union itself.
The image of the foreign squatter: British and Irish youths in the Dutch city of Leiden during the 1990s
Authors: van der Steen Bart , Nimanaj Blerina , Hendriks Elisa
Published: November 2021

Based on a systematic analysis of local mainstream and activist media, this article reconstructs conflicts over the framing of British and Irish squatters in Leiden during the 1990s. During this decade, several hundreds of English-speaking youths travelled to Leiden and surrounding villages to work as seasonal labourers. Often lacking access to regular housing, many of them resorted to squatting houses and as a result got involved in local urban development conflicts. While proprietors, neighbours, aldermen and the police all tried to gain support via the media, squatters also contacted media outlets to counter bad press. This article reconstructs the ensuing struggle over the image of the foreign squatter in Leiden's local media during the 1990s, and analyses the dynamics between the various groups that attempted to influence the squatters’ framing.
Flows and fixes: water, disease and housing in Bangalore, 1860–1915
Authors: Ramesh Aditya
Published: November 2021

Using the city of Bangalore as a specific instance, this article puts together the framework of metabolic cities and techno-spheres to show how ecology and infrastructure constituted colonial cities. Divided between the colonial cantonment governed by the British and the petah or native market town/village governed by the Mysore prince, colonial medics were concerned by numerous diseases affecting the city. Attempts to control the flows of water from the cantonment to the native town proved futile. Amidst famine like conditions from the 1870s, chronic water shortages affected the city. In the 1890s, the plague struck Bangalore. The plague affected the barracks, streets, neighbourhoods and homes. Together, the diseases and water shortages led to new piped water schemes drawn from outside the city and wholesale changes in housing. The article moves beyond the framework of ‘sanitary cities’, at the confluence of colonialism, the body, fixed infrastructures and micro and macro ecological phenomena.
Protocol for a quasi-experimental study examining the effect of a ball skills intervention on four domains of preschooler development
Authors: Wu Hua , Eungpinichpong Wichai , Ruan Hui , Zhang Xinding , Wang Sansan , Ding Caijin
Published: November 2021

Background:

Preschooler inactivity and insufficient motor development have serious long-term consequences. The Chinese Ministry of Education launched a nationwide football-focused pilot project aimed at kindergartens in 2019 and issued the policy “Notice on the Establishment of National Football Kindergartens” in 2020. However, the impact of fundamental movement skills (FMS) interventions on other aspects of child development is unclear.

Aim:

This study will evaluate the effects of ball skills physical education projects on the development of Chinese preschoolers’ physical, motor, cognitive, and social competencies and examine the influencing factors.

Method:

This is a quasi-experimental study evaluating how well the “Hello Sunshine” curriculum project promotes children’s development over 10 weeks. The trial will be conducted from September 2021 to November 2021 in 12 classes from 3 kindergartens with a total of 249 children aged 4 to 6 years in Haikou, China. Pre- and posttest analyses will include tests on participants’ physical fitness, FMS, cognitive self-regulation, and emotional competence. Participants’ background information will be collected through questionnaires answered by parents and teachers. The intervention will focus on game-based basic ball skills.

Findings:

If this intervention provides evidence that these skills improve children’s multidimensional development, it will support the promotion of similar programs in China. We will also outline the social-ecological factors affecting the intervention’s results, providing further information for improving pedagogical methods related to preschool ball skills.
A dimerization-dependent mechanism regulates enzymatic activation and nuclear entry of PLK1
Authors: Raab Monika , Matthess Yves , Raab Christopher A. , Gutfreund Niklas , Dötsch Volker , Becker Sven , Sanhaji Mourad , Strebhardt Klaus
Published: November 2021

Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a crucial regulator of cell cycle progression. It is established that the activation of PLK1 depends on the coordinated action of Aurora-A and Bora. Nevertheless, very little is known about the spatiotemporal regulation of PLK1 during G2, specifically, the mechanisms that keep cytoplasmic PLK1 inactive until shortly before mitosis onset. Here, we describe PLK1 dimerization as a new mechanism that controls PLK1 activation. During the early G2 phase, Bora supports transient PLK1 dimerization, thus fine-tuning the timely regulated activation of PLK1 and modulating its nuclear entry. At late G2, the phosphorylation of T210 by Aurora-A triggers dimer dissociation and generates active PLK1 monomers that support entry into mitosis. Interfering with this critical PLK1 dimer/monomer switch prevents the association of PLK1 with importins, limiting its nuclear shuttling, and causes nuclear PLK1 mislocalization during the G2-M transition. Our results suggest a novel conformational space for the design of a new generation of PLK1 inhibitors.
Roles and mechanisms of exosomal non-coding RNAs in human health and diseases
Authors: Li Chen , Ni Yu-Qing , Xu Hui , Xiang Qun-Yan , Zhao Yan , Zhan Jun-Kun , He Jie-Yu , Li Shuang , Liu You-Shuo
Published: November 2021

Exosomes play a role as mediators of cell-to-cell communication, thus exhibiting pleiotropic activities to homeostasis regulation. Exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), mainly microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are closely related to a variety of biological and functional aspects of human health. When the exosomal ncRNAs undergo tissue-specific changes due to diverse internal or external disorders, they can cause tissue dysfunction, aging, and diseases. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the underlying regulatory mechanisms of exosomes in human diseases. In addition, we explore the current knowledge on the roles of exosomal miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in human health and diseases, including cancers, metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases, to determine their potential implication in biomarker identification and therapeutic exploration.
Network-wise surface-based morphometric insight into the cortical neural circuitry underlying irritability in adolescents
Authors: Bajaj Sahil , Blair Karina S. , Bashford-Largo Johannah , Zhang Ru , Mathur Avantika , Schwartz Amanda , Elowsky Jaimie , Dobbertin Matthew , Hwang Soonjo , Leibenluft Ellen , Blair R. James R.
Published: November 2021

Previous studies examining structural brain correlates of irritability have taken a region-specific approach and have been relatively inconsistent. In a sample of adolescents with and without clinically impairing irritability, the current study examines: (i) cortical volume (CV) in canonical functional networks; (ii) the association between the CV of functional networks and severity of irritability; and (iii) the extent to which IQ mediates the association between structural abnormalities and severity of irritability. Structural MRI and IQ data were collected from 130 adolescents with high irritability (mean age = 15.54±1.83 years, 58 females, self-reported Affective Reactivity Index [ARI] ≥ 4) and 119 adolescents with low irritability (mean age = 15.10±1.93 years, 39 females, self-reported ARI < 4). Subject-specific network-wise CV was estimated after parcellating the whole brain into 17 previously reported functional networks. Our Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) revealed that adolescents with high irritability had significantly reduced CV of the bilateral control and default-mode networks (p < 0.05) relative to adolescents with low irritability. Multiple regression analyses showed a significant negative association between the control network CV and the severity of irritability. Mediation analysis showed that IQ partially mediated the association between the control network CV and the severity of irritability. Follow-up analysis on subcortical volume (SCV) showed that adolescents with high irritability had reduced bilateral SCV within the amygdala relative to adolescents with low irritability. Reduced CV within bilateral control and default networks and reduced SCV within bilateral amygdala may represent core features of the pathophysiology of irritability. The current data also indicate the potential importance of a patient’s IQ in determining how pathophysiology related to the control network is expressed.
A Fabry-Pérot cavity coupled surface plasmon photodiode for electrical biomolecular sensing
Authors: Allison Giles , Sana Amrita Kumar , Ogawa Yuta , Kato Hidemi , Ueno Kosei , Misawa Hiroaki , Hayashi Koki , Suzuki Hironori
Published: November 2021

Surface plasmon resonance is a well-established technology for real-time highly sensitive label-free detection and measurement of binding kinetics between biological samples. A common drawback, however, of surface plasmon resonance detection is the necessity for far field angular resolved measurement of specular reflection, which increases the size as well as requiring precise calibration of the optical apparatus. Here we present an alternative optoelectronic approach in which the plasmonic sensor is integrated within a photovoltaic cell. Incident light generates an electronic signal that is sensitive to the refractive index of a solution via interaction with the plasmon. The photogenerated current is enhanced due to the coupling of the plasmon mode with Fabry-Pérot modes in the absorbing layer of the photovoltaic cell. The near field electrical detection of surface plasmon resonance we demonstrate will enable a next generation of cheap, compact and high throughput biosensors.
Uncertainty in El Niño-like warming and California precipitation changes linked by the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation
Authors: Dong Lu , Leung L. Ruby , Song Fengfei , Lu Jian
Published: November 2021

Marked uncertainty in California (CA) precipitation projections challenges their use in adaptation planning in the region already experiencing severe water stress. Under global warming, a westerly jet extension in the North Pacific analogous to the El Niño-like teleconnection has been suggested as a key mechanism for CA winter precipitation changes. However, this teleconnection has not been reconciled with the well-known El Niño-like warming response or the controversial role of internal variability in the precipitation uncertainty. Here we find that internal variability contributes > 70% and > 50% of uncertainty in the CA precipitation changes and the El Niño-like warming, respectively, based on analysis of 318 climate simulations from several multi-model and large ensembles. The Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation plays a key role in each contribution and in connecting the two via the westerly jet extension. This unifying understanding of the role of internal variability in CA precipitation provides critical guidance for reducing and communicating uncertainty to inform adaptation planning.