bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptation to Climate Change. Prioritizing Measures in the German Adaptation StrategyAnpassung an den Klimawandel. Priorisierung von Maßnahmen innerhalb der Deutschen Anpassungsstrategie
Authors: Vetter Andreas , Schauser Inke
Published: March 2017

The German Adaptation Strategy launched a process to assess the consequences of climate change and identify key areas of adaptation measures. For its effective and efficient implementation it is important to set priorities based on generally recognized criteria. This paper proposes
a cross-sectoral prioritization concept for asses sing and selecting federal adaptation measures. Based on a literature review, five key criteria could be distinguished (strategic importance, urgency, side-effects, no-regret, flexibility), which were supplemented with criteria to assess the
technical and socioeconomic feasibility (economical aspects, acceptance). The multi-criteria approach enhances transparency and traceability of decision making in the adaptation process. Taking account of climate impacts (path 1) and prioritizing adaptation measures using the multi-criteria
approach (path 2) constitute only a first step. Step 2 integrates the findings of path 1 and 2 to select appropriate measures for an Adaptation Action Plan.
Das 1950er Syndrom Die Epochenschwelle der Mensch-Umwelt-Beziehung zwischen Industriegesellschaft und Konsumgesellschaft
Authors: Pfister Christian
Published: March 2017

What are the historical roots of our environmental problems? Against the widely held opinion which considers the transition from renewable to non-renewable resources in the industrial revolution to be fundamental in this respect, it is argued that the transition from coal to cheap petroleum
from the 1950's was far more decisive. The classical coal-based industrial society in Europe was rather sustainable compared to the petroleum-based consumer society today, though the existence of islands of pollution in areas of heavy industry should not be overlooked. Before the 1950's,
agricultural production was mainly powered by biomass, urbanization was limited to areas opened up by public transportation, and food was bought in small retail shops within walking distance. The tradition of agricultural societies to curb consumption, to avoid the waste of energy and
to recycle waste material was still alive. After 1950 Western Europe became a “Fordist” consumer society within two decades following the example of the United States of America. This involved the mechanization of housework, the mushroom growth of residential areas in the suburbs,
and the rapid spread of automobiles: The large surplus of energy needed to sustain the rise of consumer societies outside the USA was mainly imported from the abundant oil-fields in the Gulf region, which had been discovered during World War Two. The energy transition led to a surge
of pollution and environmental degradation that is traced back at the global level. The term of “1950 Syndrom” was coined to denote the entirety of these changes. In the coal-based economies the price of energy had risen with the average cost of life, because underground coal
mining is labour-intensive. As a consequence it was profitable to steadily improve the energy efficiency in the production of goods and services. Due to the natural abundance of Middle East oil-fields, the low labour-intensity of petroleum production, and concessions favourable to multinational
oil companies the price of energy declined in the long term in relationship to wages and to the average cost of life. This shift led to the erosion of energy-saving standards of production and consumption, it promoted a road-oriented reallocation of economic activities and residential
patterns as well as long-distance leisure mobility. The constellation of interests resulting from this situation has blocked any attempts to make the life-style of Western societies more sustainable so far.
Wo speist man ökologischer? Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Ökobilanzen im Restaurant-Vergleich
Authors: Lang Beni , Lupi Claudio , Omlin Martin , Reinhardt Igor
Published: March 2017

Ecobalances are widely used tools to optimize processes and products ecologically. In the study “Ökobilanz zweier Restaurants” the emissions resulting from packaging, transport, dishes, energy and water consumption of a McDonald's and a similar restaurant have been
assessed and compared. The investigation shows that the use of one-way dishes in the McDonald's pollutes the environment about twice as much as the reusable dishes in the other restaurant if the whole life cycle (production, use and disposal) of the two types of dishes is considered. The
change from one-way dishes to reusable dishes reduces the total pollution by about 10 per cent, but the main part of the pollution – about 60 per cent – results from the energy consumption in the restaurants. Another study on the same subject made by Elektrowatt Ingenieuruntemehmung
AG (EWI) comes to the conclusion that a McDonald's restaurant with one-way dishes is less pollutive than a conventional restaurant. One principal reason for the differences between this study and the “Ökobilanz zweier Restaurants” is the neglection of production and disposal
of the one-way dishes in the EWI study. Moreover, the estimated number of guests used in the EWI study is much higher than the one counted directly in the restaurant. This leads to a much smaller pollution per guest in the EWI study. These differences show the crucial importance
of the determination of the system boundaries and the selection of the parameters. Until now, no generally accepted methods how to create an ecobalance are available.
Bewertungsmethoden in Ökobilanzen – ein Überblick
Authors: Hofstetter Patrick , Braunschweig Arthur
Published: March 2017

Life Cycle Assessment, in short LCA, is a tool aiming at examining the environmental consequences of a product – or a service unit – over its whole life cycle “from cradle to grave”, In German language, the term “Ökobilanz” (“Ecobalance”)
is used both for Product-LCA as well as for the environmental statement of a company. If used properly, LCA is a powerful but complex tool allowing for a better understanding, setting of priorities, choosing between product (or service) alternatives, and even integration into business management.
An LCA consists – according to today's understanding – of four major steps: Goal definition and scoping, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and finally an improvement assessment. For many years, the third step was at the same time considered crucial but was methodically
“postponed” by most practicioners. Recently, assessment methods used for valuing the different environmental interventions started to be developed. Invited by the Swiss Association for Environmentally Conscious Management, five developers of the most widely known and applied
impact assessment methods, coming from Sweden, Netherlands, Germany and Switzerland, were asked to present their approaches to one and the same problem. The present article argues shortly why assessment (by which is meant characterization and quantitative or qualitative valuation of different
environmental interventions) is necessary and gives an overview of the existing approaches. Described are three quantitative assessment methods: the method based on immission thresholds (also called “critical volumes approach”, first developed in the eighties in Switzerland), the
“critical flow method” (Bern/CH 1990), the impact-oriented assessment method (Leiden/NL 1992) – and in addition the Environmental Accounting method EPS (Goteborg/S 1992). Furthermore, two qualitative assessment approaches are discussed: the ABC-ranking method (Germany
1992) and an approach called “action-oriented ecobalance” (Switzerland 1992) which both have a slightly different scope but are often cited as alternatives. Finally the approaches are put into perspective, for instance, according to the criteria of completeness, objectivity
and practicabilily and a short outlook to future development is given.
Klimaforschung in der Tiefe der Jahre: «Expecting the Unexpected»
Authors: Oeschger Hans , Smrekar Otto , Weber Marce
Published: March 2017

Throughout the last few decades, scientists have generated a wealth of information from naturally occurring paleorecords of a wide spectrum of environmental and climate parameters which reflect evolution of Earth systems. A fundamental task of Global Change research is to disentangle
human-induced climate change from the natural climatic variability of the past 200 years. A second fundamental task of Global Change research is to describe Earth system processes in sufficient detail to allow the development of a reliable global climatic model which will enable the calculation
of scenarios of climatic and environmental change for given human forcings. To study the Earth system we rely on classical physical parameters, but new parameters reflecting the complex interplay of physical, chemical and biological processes also need to be analyzed in detail. An example
of a parameter which integrates a broad spectrum of Earth system processes is the atmospheric CO2 concentration and its variability over the globe. Its fluctuations reflect changes in the physical and chemical steering of the ocean's biological pump and the exchange with the terrestrial
biosphere and human activities such as CO2 production from fossil fuel use or human impact on the terrestrial biosphere. In the assessment of extreme events and their societal impacts the reference to similar events which happened in the past is essential. However, it is not the
search for exact analogies of present events in the past, but of the underlying processes which will lead to a fundamental process-understanding of on-going and potential future extreme events. Hans Oeschger, chairman of PAGES – a core project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere
Programme, gives his views on climate and environmental research and also the inherent dilemma of the scientists.
Reaktionskessel Erde: Ökoaudit unter globalen Aspekten
Authors: Ballschmiter Karlheinz
Published: March 2017

»Im Zeichen der Technologie aber hat es die Ethik mit Handlungen zu tun (...). die eine beispiellose kausale Reichweite in die Zukunft haben ... Dazu die schiere Größenordnung der Fernwirkungen und oft auch ihre Unumkehrbarkeit.«
Economy of Scale – Die Transportkosten und das Ökosystem
Authors: Knoflacher Hermann
Published: March 2017

The size of production units is growing and their number is decreasing. The transport energy for a mango fruit on the London market is 600 times its own energy content. In our system of market economy, the traffic system has been excluded. The effect is fast centralization on the
one side and extinction of all small elements of trade, workshops, agriculture, et cetera. Basic theory of economy describing growth effects has forgotten to take traffic cost into account in a realistic way.
Ufergehölze und die Lebensgemeinschaft des Baches
Authors: Imhof Alexander
Published: March 2017

In small to mid-size streams, forested riparian zones can moderate water temperature, provide important sources of organic matter (Ieaf litter, woods, and tree roots), and strongly influence the growth of algae, mosses and macrophytes by the degree of canopy cover. Furthermore they
reduce inputs of nu trients, other chemical substances, and sediments from agricultural uplands and stabilize stream banks. Therefore, the riparian forests are very important for the energy budget, the habitat complexity and the macroinvertebrate community of a stream system. The urban development
and the intensive management of agriculturallands during the last forty years has led to losses or reductions of riparian forest zones. The consequences of these human activities for the aquatic communities require restoration and protection measures for the residual riparian strips. non-point
pollution, primary production, restoration and management of riparian zones, riparian forests, water temperature
Lebensraumänderungen in Fließgewässern eine fischbiologische Perspektive
Authors: Peter Armin
Published: March 2017

Although fish show a high capacity for adaptation to almost all types of aquatic habitat, they are suffering worldwide from habitat alteration and habitat destruetion that inevitably results in species loss and reduced biodiversity. In Switzeriand, the number of streams capable of supporting
natural fish assemblages - populations that are products of a natural stream system - has been dwindling dramatically in the last decades. This is due to stream straightening, channelization, and intensive hydroelectric power generation. The main adverse effeets of these impacts on fish species
(Ioss of species, decline of population) are discussed in the present article. In this context the focus will be on longitudinal connectivity and related problems of fish migrationl dispersal. Fisheries management also influences the biodiversity of fish. Fish stocking of non-Iocal strains
results in negative effeets on genetic diversity of the loeal population, while the introduction of non-native species can displace native species. Such interrelations are iIIustrated for rivers in the Alpine Rhine valley.
Schlüsselprozesse im Energiehaushalt von Fließgewässern: Primärproduktion und Respiration
Authors: Uehlinger Urs , Naegeli Markus W. , Meyer Elisabeth I.
Published: March 2017

The energy budgets of many lotic ecosystems are strongly influenced by the adjacent terrestrial environment. The riparian vegetation is not onlyasource of energy but also controls the primary productivity. Under the closed canopy of riparian trees the growth of primary producers (algae,
mosses and macrophytes) is principally fimited by fight. Therefore, the energy turnover is domina ted by the processing of organic matter. Along the continuum of ariver the ratio of primary production to organic matter processing changes with channel width and depth. The temporary loss of
the autotrophic energy base caused by floods can be compensated by the pool of particulate organic matter, aresistant energy reservoir. Marginalization of the riparian tree vegetation, outfall of treated sewage and runoff from agricultural areas create optimal conditions for the growth of
algae and macrophytes. Such conditions offen result in weed and water quality problems. Size and orientation of a river limit the control of the primary production by restoring the riparian wood vegetation.
Diversity of Life in a Changing World
Authors: Weber Marcel , Körner Christian , Schmid Bernhard , Arber Werner
Published: March 2017

The current anthropogenic loss of biological diversity is expected to have widespread ecological and social consequences. In this introductory article, we review some major research topics in the rapidly growing field of biodiversity research. Our primary concern is to show the
tight connection of biodiversity with ecosystem and population processes. From this perspective, important questions concern the response of ecosystems to environmental change such as habitat fragmentation and increasing CO2 levels, the functions of biodiversity in ecosystem
processes, mechanisms generating genetic diversity, and the roles of genetic variability and environmental heterogeneity in the maintenance, generation and evolutionary changes of organismic diversity. While the future development of the biosphere will primarily depend on human behavior,
decisions leaning toward conservation and sustainable use of land and its resources will strongly be influenced by rigorous scientific understanding of ecosystems. With this aim in mind, an interdisciplinary research program is carried out in Switzerland, investigating various aspects of the
stability and the role of biodiversity in ecological systems as well as the social implications of the biodiversity issue.
Geoecosystems and Landscape Climate – The Approach to Biodiversity on Landscape Scale
Authors: Leser Hartmut , Schaub Daniel M.
Published: March 2017

In this article biodiversity is discussed from a geoecological point of view. Geoecology, a subdivision of landscape ecology, deals with the mass-energy budget of an environmental system (“geoecosystem”) in landscape scale dimensions. As an introduction same of the main
principles and approaches are reviewed. Within the Coordinated Project Biodiversity, the geoecological studies examine the role of environmental heterogeneity which mainly depends on the impact of abiotic ecosystem factors, as a driving force for triggering and maintaining biological diversity.
Thereby special emphasis is put on soil–plant relationships. Soils on the steep slopes of the Jurassic mountains have formed in parent material made up of three different quaternary periglacial deposits. This presence of lithological discontinuities accounts for the high spatial
variability of soil physical and chemical properties, entailing a scale-dependency of soil–plant interactions. First results from the test site Nenzlinger Weide seem to indicate that small-scale patterns of plant species distribution are mainly controlled by biologieal interactions
whereas large-scale patterns are greatly influenced by changing soil properties. Nitrogen was found to be the most sensitive element. Finally first steps are outlined onto a regional analysis of landscape diversity using soil respiration as an indicator.
Habitat Fragmentation and Habitat Alterations: Principal Threats to Most Animal and Plant Species
Authors: Baur Bruno , Erhardt Andreas
Published: March 2017

Many human activities, such as deforestation, urbanization, intensive agriculture, the building of roads and railways all reduce natural habitats to remnants of different size. In addition to the overall decrease in the area available for the organisms, the fragmentation of habitats
leads to a division of existing populations into isolated subpopulations of small size and changes in habitat characteristics in the fragments. It is generally assumed that habitat fragmentation contributes significantly to the local extinction of animal and plant species. Unfortunately,
inventories of animal and plant species in “natural” fragments do not allow a discrimination between different factors that cause local population extinction. This article outlines a long-term field experiment in which calcareous grassland in the Swiss Jura mountains is artificially
fragmented into patches of different size. The experiment allows the investigation of extinction and (re)colonization processes of selected species of plants and animals in the newly-created fragments with respect to demographic traits, population sizes, levels of genetic variation and differences
in mating systems.
Symbiosis and the Biodiversity of Natural Ecosystems
Authors: Sanders Lan R. , Boller Thomas , Wiemken Andres
Published: March 2017

Symbiosis is common among many plants, animals and microorganisms. Symbioses between plants and fungi are particularly widespread and the relationship between the symbionts can span the range between mutualism and parasitism. These symbioses have the potential to influence major ecological
processes and also be an important determinant of plant diversity in ecosystems, either by altering the species composition of plant communities or by changing the genetic structure of plant populations. In this manner, symbiotic fungi could influence the way that their plant hosts evolve.
Global environmental changes such as elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide or habitat fragmentation could alter the balance between symbiotic fungi and their partners and consequently alter the diversity or structure of natural plant communities and populations. A deeper insight into the functional
diversity of fungal symbionts is also important if they are to be considered in future sustainable agriculture practices.
Gesellschaftliche Wahrnehmung, Bewertung und Umsetzung von Biodiversität
Authors: Ritter Markus , Biber-Klemm Susette , Ickstadt Katja , Kocher Schmid Christin , Stettler Niklaus
Published: March 2017

The representations and values guiding people's perception of nature and possibly motivating action to preserve biological diversity are subject to historical change under specific social conditions. A historical case study of the process that led to the enactment of bird protection
measures in Central Europe reveals that substantial value shifts occurred in the period of approximately 1850–1930, which can be observed within various discourses. Whereas before that time birds had been mostly valued as game and knowledge of avian diversity was restricted to bird hunters,
birds became increasingly popular. New social stereotypes such as the bird-watcher emerged, and the knowledge and appreciation of natural diversity became not only socially acceptable, but were seen as virtues. Such value shifts were necessary for the establishment of bird protection measures
in legislation and elsewhere. Various public controversies driven by conflicting social interests accompanied this process. Social representations guiding people's actions in designing their environment can be studied in different social groups, for instance, people keeping gardens
in small allotments in peri-urban areas. A study of the plant species and varieties and their use in designing gardens revealed distinct preferences. These preferences seem to be the results of various esthetical norms, partly expressing people's discontent with urban development and
their own position within society, partly representing utopian images of a pre-industrial agricultural community. Value shifts and their effects can also be observed within the international scientific community. A study of the “biodiversity movement” originating in the 1980s
reveals that global concerns about human persistence put biological diversity back on scientists' research agenda. Finally, the legal status of international conventions and the effect of the Earth Summit 1992 on national conservation strategies are discussed.
Anfänge von Umweltrecht: Umweltrelevantes Recht in den frühen Hochkulturen und in der Antike
Authors: Kloepfer Michael
Published: March 2017

In the ancient world, environmentally relevant regulations were created in connection with increasing conflicts of utilization, which still today play an outstanding role, for instance, the (modified) actio negatoria. In the foreground of these regulations, one finds problems concerning
water law and immission control law, but already problems of waste law, too. On the one hand, these regulations aimed at the solution of conflicts, that emerged during a competing use of limited environmental goods and, on the other hand, at the defence against dangers to health and nuisance
for the people. However, the protection of environmental goods themselves was not yet subject of legal regulations. – This contribution is to support an historic understanding of environmental law, an understanding, which is not only useful to settle urgent crises.
Ein regionales Konzept nachhaltiger Entwicklung
Authors: Renn Ortwin , Kastenholz Hans G.
Published: March 2017

The term "sustainable development"is a prophetic combination of two words which unites both aspects - eeonomic progress and environmental quality - in one vision. The attractiveness of sueh a term has its price, however. It can become an empty phrase if it is not elearly defined
and conceptualized. The project of the Center of Technology Assessment in Baden-Württemberg with the title "Qualitative Growth as Prerequisite for Sustainable Development in Baden-Württemberg"is an attempt to accomplish this. The aim of the project is to develop a concept
of sustainable development on a regional scale by developing general guidelines and conversion strategies for the various players involved. Mit dem Begriff der nachhaltigen Entwicklung ist eine Wortkombination geglückt, bei der die beiden Aspekte wirtschaftliche Weiterentwicklung
und Vermeiden von Umweltbelastung in einer Vision vereint sind. Die Attraktivität dieses Begriffes hat aber auch ihren Preis:er kann zu einer leeren Worthülse verkommen, wenner nicht klar definiert und operationalisiert wird. Das Projekt der Akademie für Technikfolgenabschätzung
in Baden-Württemberg mit dem Titel "Qualitatives Wachstum als Voraussetzung für nachhaltige Entwicklung in Baden-Württemberg" versucht, diesem Anspruch gerecht zu werden. Es verfolgt das Ziel, auf regionaler Ebene ein operationales Konzept für nachhaltige Entwicklung
zu erarbeiten. Hierzu werden allgemeine Leitlinien und Umsetzungsstrategien für die mit dem Konzept ins Visier genommenen Zielebenen entwickelt.
Das Lebendige und das Tote in der Ökologie
Authors: Rey Lucienne
Published: March 2017

Diffus ist die Rolle der Gesellschaft und der Individuen in der Umweltproblematik: Sind die Menschen Beobachter eines Geschehens? Sind sie Täter oder Opfer? Wer ist was? Die gesellschaftliche Wertung der Dringlichkeit ökologischer Probleme ist entscheidend für die politische
Bereitschaft, ökologische Probleme zu thematisieren. Die Frage, ob die belebte Welt oder die Zusammensetzung der Geosphäre unser ökologisches Schicksal bestimmen wird, schlägt sich auch in finanziellen Entscheiden nieder, etwa bei den Spenden für Umweltorganisationen
oder bei der Zuteilung von Forschungsgeldern: Gibtes Geld für die Erhaltung der Wale oder für die Erforschung der Weltmeere?
"Umwelt für alle" in der Ausbildung zum Stand der Endogenisierung
Authors: Defila Rieo , Brandl Helmut , Frischknecht Peter , Schneider Gerhard , Vonmont Pascale
Published: March 2017

Mit der zunehmenden Bedeutung von Umweltfragen hat auch die Umweltlehre eine wesentliche Entwicklung erfahren. Die schweizerischen Hochschulen bieten verschiedene umweltwissenschaftliche Vollstudiengänge mit eigenen Abschlüssen an. Das soll aber nicht darüber hinwegtäuschen,
daß auch in Zukurift der überwiegende Teil der Studierenden Ausbildungsgänge ohne explizite Umwelt-Bezüge absolvieren wird. Auch diese Studierenden sollen jedoch angemessen auf die Herausforderung durch die Umweltproblematik vorbereitet werden. Diese Bemühungen werden
unter dem Begriff "umweltbezogene Endogenisierung" zusammengefaßt. Darunter fallen Maßnahmen auf der Ebene einzelner Lehrveranstaltungen bis hin zur Bereitstellung von interdisziplinär-ökologischen Nebenfachstudien. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick
über den Stand der Diskussion sowie über die Situation an den Universitäten Basel, Bem, Fribourg, Zürich und der Eidgenössischen Technischen Hochschule Zürich.
Selbstverpflichtungen im Umweltschutz: kein marktwirtschaftliches Instrument
Authors: Rennings Klaus , Brockmann Karl , Bergmann Heidi L.
Published: March 2017

Negotiated agreements are no free-market instrument of environmental poliey. - A trend towards "softer" regulation, especially in the form of negotiated environmental agreements,is observable in national and international environmental policies. Such agreements are controversial,
because there are fears that government will relinquish its responsibility for environmental protection. Topical German examples that have prompted public debates include the takeback agreement for cars finalized earlier this year, the voluntary agreement made bya number of industries ona
CO2 -emissions reduction by the year 2005, and the voluntary agreement made by the automobile industry on the development of energy-efficient cars. Against this background the Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW) examined voluntary agreements in a study commissioned by the German Ministry
of Economics. The findings of the study are presented in this paper. Proponents of voluntary agreements argue that this instrument provides incentives to the business sec tor for the development of efficient, innovative and environmentally-friendly solutions. However, it is hard to detect
such solutions in the examples mentioned above. These agreements are unlikely to produce results that go beyond what industry would have done in any case and they avoid using economic incentives. Agreements are non-binding and unenforceable, with the negotiating process leadingto a watering
down of the environmental goals government had originally aimed at. A preference for negotiated solutions on principle, as currently espoused by the Federal Government in Germany, is "counterproductive". If the government clearly signals its wil/ingness to refrain from using regulatory
or economic instruments in favour of industry agreements, it weakens its negotiating position. The government also limits its options should the implementation of the agreement prove unsatisfactory. Government needs to be "in control" in order to leave its choice of policy instruments
open and to be flexible.
Food Security for a Growing World Population – 200 Years After Malthus, Still an Unsolved Problem
Authors: Leisinger Klaus M.
Published: March 2017

While the world has been changing over the last 25 years politically and economically in unexpected and remarkable ways, food security remains an unfulfilled dream for currently more than 800 million people. Over the past 30 years, there has been progress on a global scale – but
not for all. There are good chances for continuing progress in the years to come – but, again, not for all and much more difficult to achieve: During the next 30 years, the increase in numbers of human beings will be in the same dimension as the total world population in 1950, that
is, about 2.4 billion people. We can realistically expect food security to be improved for an increasing number of people if sustained social and political reforms in the countries with deficits in food security are implemented. They can lead to eeonomic development that will also benefit
the lower strata of the poor nations. There are no technical solutions to social and political problems. This is why, new agricultural technologies can only contribute one stone to a complex mosaic. But it is an important stone: As resources are dwindling, securing the world's food supply
in the next decades is going to depend crucially on yield-increasing innovations. A number of signs point to the great importance of biotechnology and gene technology in increasing future yields.
Ökotoxikologie und Gefahrstoffregulierung – Perspektiven für ein interdisziplinäres Forschungsfeld
Authors: Mathes Karin , Weidemann Gerd
Published: March 2017

Gefahrstoffregulierung zum Schutz der Umwelt – und damit natürlich indirekt auch des Menschen – sollte auf der Grundlage wissenschaftlicher Risikoabschätzungen erfolgen. Die Realisierung dieser Konzeption stößt jedoch auf eine Vielzahl ungelöster
Probleme, die sich aus den Möglichkeiten und Grenzen naturwissenschaftlicher Risikobeurteilung und rechtlicher Entscheidungskompetenz ergeben. Unterschiedliche Auffassungen über die zu schützenden Güter, ihre Operationalisierung, die anzulegenden Bewertungsmaßstäbe
sowie die Frage nach geeigneten Verfahren der Regulierung auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene kennzeichnen die Situation. Der Schutz der Umwelt und die Annäherung an eine “Nachhaltige Entwicklung” erfordern eine transdisziplinäre Forschungsstrategie, deren Konturen
umrissen werden: Welchen Beitrag sollte die Wissenschaft erbringen und in welche Richtung ist die fächerübergreifende Orientierung auszubauen?
Wirtschafts- und Lebensweisen der Zukunft: Die aktuelle Diskussion im Brennspiegel der Humanökologie
Authors: Bruckmeier Karl
Published: March 2017

Die nächste Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Humanökologie vom 1.–3. Mai 1997 in Sommerhausen am Main ist zukunftsfähigen Wirtschafts- und Lebensweisen gewidmet. Dabei soll an die ökonomische und sozialwissenschaftliche Debatte über
nachhaltige oder zukunftsfähige Entwicklung angeknüpft werden. Zur Einstimmung auf das Programm der Tagung wird im folgenden skizziert, wie in der DGH eine humanökologische Auseinandersetzung über das Thema begonnen werden soll.
Science and Technology for Sustainable Development
Authors: Malaska Pentti , Kaivo-oja Jari
Published: March 2017

Welchen Herausforderungen müssen sich Wissenschaft und Technikentwicklung stellen, um den Weg für eine langfristig tragfähige, globale Entwicklung zu ebnen? Pentti Malaska vom Finnischen Zentrum für Zukunftsforschung hebt drei Kriterien für eine an der
Natur orientierte Technologie hervor: Geschlossene Materialkreisläufe, Exergieeffizienz und Entropietransformation beziehungsweise -abführung ins Weltall. Selbst wenn eine solche an der Natur orientierte Technologie entwickelt und realisiert werden könnte, wäre volle Nachhaltigkeit
(Sustainability) noch nicht sichergestellt. Die volle ökologische Sustainability der Koevolution von Kultur und Natur kann erst erreicht werden, wenn das Bevölkerungswachstum und das Wachstum des mittleren Pro-Kopf-Verbrauchs an natürlichen Ressourcen zum Stillstand kommt und
für eine Zeit sogar eine Abnahme eintritt.
Die Trennwirkung von Hauptstraßen Ein Beitrag zur Verkehrsplanung in hochfrequentierten städtischen Straßenräumen
Authors: Haefeli Ueli , Flury Manuel
Published: March 2017

Hauptstraßen durchschneiden innerorts Lebensräume, sie trennen eher, als daß sie verbinden. Durch Sanierungen und Umgestaltungen kann diese Trennwirkung signifikant reduziert werden. Eine Projektarbeit von Studierenden in Allgemeiner Ökologie weist nach, daß
neben dem Verkehrsaufkommen auch Querungshilfen wie Kreisel und Mittelinseln die Überquerbarkeit für Fußgängerinnen und Fußgänger entscheidend beeinflussen. Für die verkehrsplanerische Praxis haben die Studierenden zudem ein einfach handhabbares Instrumentarium
zur Bestimmung der Trennwirkung von Straßenräumen entwickelt.
Syndromes of Global Change
Authors: Schellnhuber Hans-Joachim , Block Arthur , Cassel-Gintz Martin , Kropp Jürgen , Lammel Gerhard , Lass Wiebke , Lienenkamp Roger , Loose Carsten , Lüdeke Matthias K.B. , Moldenhauer Oliver , Petschel-Held Gerhard , Plöchl Matthias , Reusswig Fritz
Published: March 2017

Global Change as a recently emerging, multidimensional problematique shows a variety of world-wide core problems like soil erosion, water scarcity or development disparities that threaten humankind and its future. Sustainability as the encompassing issue for this future is endangered
by negative trends and their reinforcements within the Earth System. The understanding of these trends and interactions driving Global Change is a difficult but necessary scientific task, demanding integrative, cross-sectoral research strategies. What are the key problems humankind is facing
today? How do they interact? What options do we have for future development, regarding natural boundary conditions and socio-economic constraints? Which types of actual developments might lead to catastrophes? In this article an integrative, transdisciplinary approach to analyze Global Change
is presented, which is supposed to provide a novel cognitive basis for politics and the general public to make decisions about the future management of planet Earth. Abstract & Keywords → p. 79
An Expansive Perspective of Riverine Landscapes: Pattern and Process Across Scales
Authors: Ward James V.
Published: March 2017

Rivers are highly dynamic systems with interactive pathways that operate across a wide range of spatio-temporal scales and hierarchical levels. This article focuses on pattern and process at the landscape scale and presents a holistic perspective that integrates flood plains and alluvial
groundwater aquifers into an expansive view of rivers. Natural disturbance from seasonal flooding interacts in predictable ways with catchment geochemistry, topography, climate, and vegetation to produce the shifting landscape mosaic of intact river ecosystems. Fluvial dynamics structure patterns
of biodiversity and productivity, sustain a diversity of successional stages, and maintain ecological connectivity between landscape elements. This expansive perspective of riverine landscapes has major implications for aquatic conservation (in particular, natural flood control and water purification).
Abstract & Keywords → p. 79
Ökologische Problemlösefähigkeit Eine Herausforderung für die Ausbildung von UmweltnaturwissenschaftlerInnen
Authors: Oberle Bruno M. , Scholz Roland W. , Frischknecht Peter M.
Published: March 2017

A special challenge when educating environmental scientists lies in transmitting a system-orientated way of thinking and working to the students, which means, that environmental spheres like anthroposphere, atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere and hydrosphere are considered. This should
enable students to analyze complex environmental problems, to produce possible solutions and to communicate with experts from different fields. With case studies as a fundament, educational elements have been developed at the department of environmental science at the Swiss Federal Institute
of Technology in Zurich. They allow an introduction to the ability of solving environmental problems already during the first year. During approximately 50 hours of theoretical lectures and seminars and another 40 hours of independent exercises, system-orientated structuring of environmental
problems, as well as the application of various different methods for integrated scientific analysis is taught.
Art, Design and Theory of Regional Revitalization within an Information Society: Mutual Benefit for People, Economy and Environment – A Case Study
Authors: Grossmann Wolf Dieter , Meiss Karl-Michael , Fränzle Stefan , Costello Donald F.
Published: March 2017

Some very general problems of present society are: Is destruction of nature an inevitable consequence of human development – which of course would lead to a disaster for humankind? Is the present shortage of jobs a natural and ongoing outcome of scientific and technological development?
Is it possible for societies to change voluntarily without huge pressures to avoid misery? Any information society offers a huge potential for environmentally and socially favorable as well as for disastrous options and behavior. Will these changes deteriorate or ameliorate the problems outlined
above? What is the nature of these changes and of the present options? These options affect living, economy, working, housing and the environment. They are changing cities of all sizes as well as the rural areas. Responsible use of this huge potential is only possible if people are directly
taught how to shape their own future and to understand and use new tools and approaches. Recent results from science show that success is only possible from cooperative approaches not from confrontational or competitive behavior. Hence, to get into a position which allows solutions it is necessary
to demonstrate to everybody who is beginning to enter an information society that isolated approaches do not work, for example, that aim only at new jobs. We think an integrated approach exists to simultaneously solve all of the above mentioned problems. For this goal we are working together
with citizens, companies, politicians and administrations to develop and implement an integrated future for living, economy, working, housing and the environment. This involves creativity, social cohesion, urban and landscape design of realistic dreams and humble consultance work. In particular,
after three years of work with a city many people understood how to create new jobs and to support an information-based economy in such a way that the managers became the ones to push for “an outstanding ecological revitalization of the landscape to make the city competitive in the information
society”. Thus, coalitions between economy and environmentalists are becoming reality which help to overcome economic problems. The end result is a theory and an implementation package for a viable future for people, economy and the environment applicable now. Abstract & Keywords
→ p. 159
Der Gutachterstreit – ein wissenschaftsethisches Problem?
Authors: Lübbe Weyma
Published: March 2017

Im Zuge der steigenden Angewiesenheit von Entscheidungsinstanzen auf den Sachverstand wissenschaftlicher Berater findet das Phänomen mangelnder Übereinstimmung mehrerer Gutachten zum selben Thema zunehmend Beachtung. Manche behandeln das Problem als ein wissenschaftsethisches:
Sie schließen vom Faktum divergierender Äußerungen auf die mangelnde Erfüllung von Normen intellektueller Redlichkeit durch mindestens einen der Beteiligten. Denn da von zwei einander widersprechenden Aussagen höchstens eine wahr sein kann, müsse mindestens
einer der Beteiligten mehr behauptet haben, als er wissenschaftlich beweisen könne. Hier wird dazu folgende, gegen rein moralisierende Kommentare gerichtete Position vertreten: Die steigende unmittelbar legitimatorische Bedeutung der Wissenschaften bietet zunehmend Anlaß zur Wahrnehmung
bisher unproblematisiert gebliebener pragmatischer (das heißt Entscheidungen involvierender) Aspekte in den Wissenschaften selbst - etwa bei der Eingrenzung einer Fragestellung, bel der Methodenwahl, bei der Wahl von Signifikanzkriterien oder bei anderen (zum Teil konventionalisierten,
aber nicht ergebnisneutralen) Wahlmomenten. Diese betreffen, wie an Debatten über die Aussagekraft toxikologischer Signifikanztests erläutert wird, auch den Beweisbegriff selbst. Die gegebenenfalls ungeheuren praktischen Folgen der wissenschaftlichen Geltung oder Nichtgeltung einer
Aussage verändern die Pragmatik der Forschung in eine Richtung, in der diese Wahlmomente nicht mehr durch die wissenschaftsintem üblichen Konventionalisierungen entproblematisiert werden können. Abstract & Keywords → p. 238
Der letzte Dreck Gründe für die gesellschaftliche Ignoranz der Tragweite der Bodendegradation
Authors: Held Martin
Published: March 2017

In vielerlei Hinsichten sind wir dabei, den Boden unter den Füßen zu verlieren. Obschon das Gefühl davon um sich greift, haben wir gesellschaftlich noch nicht verstanden, daß dies im ganz wörtlichen Sinne gilt: daß die Bodendegradation im Verhältnis
zur Bodenbildung beängstigend zugenommen hat und somit die Bodendegradation zu einer ernsten Bedrohung wird, die in der Größenordnung dem Klimawandel, dem Verlust an Biodiversität und der Gefährdung des Wassers gleicht. Das hat mit dem Bedeutungsverlust zu tun, der
Abwertung des Bodens und der Bodenfruchtbarkeit; aber auch damit, daß wir die Zeitskalen unserer Art zu Wirtschaften nicht mehr richtig verstehen und darüber die Zeit zum Gegensteuern immer knapper wird. Abstract & Keywords → p. 239
Alpine Research in Europe with specific considerations on Switzerland
Authors: Klötzli Frank
Published: March 2017

Alpine research hasa strong historical background. The development between the 16th and the 20th century is briefly outlined, depicting the steps that led to the first weil organized research program in the Alps, the "Man and Biosphere" (MAB) projects touching the whole alpine
area. The main characteristic results of the Swiss program are presented and discussed. After 1985 a new development took place. Especially under the guidance of the Swiss Academy of Sciences (SANW) and partly several other international institutions (e. g., ICALPE) alpine research was put
ona strongly interdisciplinary basis and regular national as weil as international meetings and symposia on the purely alpine and on an European scale were organized. At the same time the information systems were coordinated and should, in due time, be working together. The latest development
is presented by ALPNET (sponsored by the European Science Foundation) which is trying to collect and sythesize all inclusive old data on biodiversity. on old permanent plots, and on vegetation mapping and monitoring. There is ageneral tendency in coordinating efforts to assess Global Change
in the Alps depicted by vegetation shifts and invasion of thermophilous species. Finally. future research and monitoring needs are listed and discussed on the basis of Agenda 21 and the latest research symposia.
Gesucht: Indikatoren für die Qualität von Fließgewässern - Ein Beispiel zur Schaffung von Synergien zwischen Forschung und lehre
Authors: Burkhardt-Holm Patricia
Published: March 2017

Idyllische Flußlandschaften sind attraktive Erholungsgebiete. Ihr Wert als intakte Ökosysteme jedoch kann oft erst bei genauerer Betrachtung richtig eingeschätzt werden. So bietet beispielsweise das Naturschutzgebiet der Alten Aareim Kanton Bern reich strukturierte Lebensräume
für Flora und Fauna, dennoch sind die Fischpopulationen stark zurückgegangen. Die Frage nach den Ursachen liegt auf der Hand und ist Anlaß für eine interund transdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit zwischen Praxis und Universität.
Die Natur des Naturschutzes im landschaftlichen Kontext – Probleme und Konzeptideen
Authors: Ewald Klaus C.
Published: March 2017

Erfolgreiche Maßnahmen des Naturschutzes sind in der Landschaft sichtbar. Das Landschaftsbild ist Ausdruck des Naturraumes und dessen Überprägung oder Umgestaltung durch den Menschen. Das Lesen und Analysieren eines Landschaftsbildes setzt eine Sehschufung voraus. Diese
ermöglicht das Interpretieren des jeweiligen LandschaftsbIldes und sei er Entfernung vom naturräumlich vorgegebenen Zustand. Die Bildfolg in den Figuren 2 und 3 zeigt den Wandel der Landschaft, wie er in Mitt europa der Norm entspricht. Sogleich stellen sich Fragen: Ist Wandel vom
Antlitz der Landschaft zur Fratze zwingend? Muß Jede Augenweide zur ds hetischen Beleidigung "melioriert" oder "saniert" werden? Sind denn Natur- undL. sifdscha sschutzmaßnahmen fakultativ, obwohl in der Schweiz seit mehr als30 J8hr8n das B ndesgesetz über
den Natur- und HeimatschutzI1 21 und in Deutschland das Bundesnaturschutzgesetz seit über 20 Jahren in Kraft ist? 'Warum nutzen und verbrauch alle raum wirksamen Berufskafegorien wie Landwirtschaft, Flurbanlger bezieliungsweie Kuluringenieure, Forstwirtschaft, Hoch- und Tiefbau et cetera
Lanochaft und - Natur, ohne daß auch nur eine dieser Kategorien Schutz, Bewahrung und Pfleges LandschaftsbiIdes im Ptlichtenheft festgeschrieben hätte? Wie ist es zu erklären, daß noch heute die tradierte Territorialpolitik korrektivlos Urständ feiert, indem "ordnungsgemäße
Bodennutzung" exzessiv, das heißt Natur und Landschaft beschädigend betrieben werden darf?
Examining the ExaminationsAssessment of Undergraduate Examinations in the Department of Environmental Sciences, ETH Zürich
Authors: Alean-Kirkpatrick Pamela , Frischknecht Peter M. , Utelli Anna-Barbara
Published: March 2017

Jedermann kennt Prüfungssituationen aus seiner eigenen Schul- und Studienzeit. Gewisse hinterlassen eine Spur von Kuriosität, Tragik oder Absurdität und sind deshalb beliebter Stoff für vielerlei Anektoten. Leider bleiben Diskussionen um die Qualität von
Prüfungen auch in Fachgremien häufig auf dieser anektotischen Ebene stehen. Im Rahmen der Qualitäts-kontrolle der Ausbildung in Umweltnaturwissenschaften hat die Unterrichts-kommission des Departements deshalb beschlossen, das gesamte Prüfungswesen genauer zu durchleuchten.
Dabei sollten Antworten unter anderem auf folgende Fragen gefunden werden: Können die Dozentinnen und Dozenten die Anforderungen, welche an “gute” und faire Prüfungen gestellt werden, erfüllen? Garantieren die Prüfungen eine Selektion nach den Ausbildungszielen?
Wie weit stellen Unterricht und Prüfung eine didaktische Einheit dar?
Transdisziplinarität: Problemorientierung ohne Methodenzwang
Authors: Jaeger Jochen , Scheringer Martin
Published: March 2017

“Transdisziplinarität” erlebt zur Zeit einen stürmischen Aufschwung, in keiner wissenschaftspolitischen Debatte darf sie fehlen. In diesem Wort finden die vielfältigsten Hoffnungen auf eine neue und “bessere” Wissenschaft Ausdruck: Transdisziplinäre
Forschung, so bekommt man zu hören und zu lesen, sei integriert, übergreifend, ganzheitlich, handlungsorientiert, nutzungsbezogen, praxisnah und kommunikationsoffen, sie stimuliere Teamarbeit und überschreite die Grenzen der Fächer und Disziplinen. Mit dieser Diskussion
wird ein Begriff wiederbelebt, der aus den sechziger Jahren stammt. Wird der Transdisziplinarität das gleiche Schicksal beschieden sein wie der Interdisziplinarität - Euphorie am Anfang, doch am Ende Emüchterung über die inhaltlichen und die strukturellen Schwierigkeiten,
welche den hochgesteckten Zielen entegenstehen? Was sollte diesmal anders gemacht werden? Welche Ansprüche kann und soll der Begriff überhaupt erfüllen? Welche Neuerungen in Hochschulpolitik, Forschung und Lehre wären erforderlich? Abstract & Keywords → p. 79