bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Exercise on Perceived Barriers and Benefits of Exercise by Cancer Survivors Post Treatment
Authors: Marshall Timothy F. , Andzel Walter , Spaccarotella Kim
Published: December 2016

Exercise may be used to attenuate cancer treatment-related side effects. However, the majority of cancer survivors do not participate in regular exercise.

Purpose: This study examined changes in fitness parameters as well as perceived exercise benefits and barriers held by post-treatment adult cancer survivors, who participated in a 12-week structured exercise program.

Methods: This study used a randomized controlled trial design. Participants were 24 post-treatment adult cancer survivors with various cancer diagnoses. The Exercise Benefits /Barriers Subscale (EBBS) questionnaire was used to evaluate perceived exercise benefits and barriers. Data was analyzed using a mixed-between-within ANOVA.

Results: There were no significant differences in the total EBBS score (128.7 ± 23.2 v. 142.6 ± 17.8; p=.20) or the benefits (86.4 ± 17.2 v. 96.3 ± 12.9; p=.31) and barriers subscales (42.3 ± 7.8 v. 46.5 ± 6.1; p=.14). However, those in the exercise group were significantly more likely to respond that exercise participation would not cause fatigue (2.42 ±.90 v. 3.25 ± .45; p=0.04), but may decrease fatigue (3.0 ± .60 v. 3.17 ±.58; p=.03).

Conclusion: Among cancer survivors, exercise participation may strengthen the perception that exercise reduces, rather than causes, fatigue.
Looking Back on the Lessons of “Higher Education and Developing Countries: Peril and Promise”— Perspectives on China and India
Authors: Bloom David E , Altbach Philip G , Rosovsky Henry
Published: December 2016

In 2000, the independent Task Force on Higher Education and Society published “Higher Education in Developing Countries: Peril and Promise” with the support of the World Bank and UNESCO. The report highlighted the actual and potential contribution of quality higher education to social, economic, and political development. It identified key obstacles to realizing that potential, and various strategies and tools for circumventing those obstacles. “Peril and Promise”’s most important contribution was to relegitimize higher education in the development dialogue—at a time when donor and governments attention and funding focused primarily on primary and secondary education: “Education for All.” It articulated several key recommendations to the higher education sector in developing countries, faced with dramatic massification. This article aims to revisit the main messages of the report, through the lens of a comparative case study of recent changes in higher education in China and India.---En 2000, le groupe indépendant de travail sur l’Enseignement Supérieur et la Société publia « L’Enseignement supérieur dans les pays en voie de développement : Péril et promesse » avec le soutien de la Banque Mondiale et de l’UNESCO. Le rapport mit en valeur la véritable contribution qu’un enseignement supérieur de qualité pourrait apporter au développement social, économique et politique. Ses auteurs identifièrent les obstacles majeurs à la réalisation de ce potentiel, et les stratégies variées ainsi que les outils nécessaires pour contourner ces obstacles. La plus importante contribution de « Péril et Promesse » fut de légitimer à nouveau la place de l’enseignement supérieur au sein du discours sur le développement, à une époque où l’attention des donateurs et des gouvernements, ainsi que les financements, se dirigeaient essentiellement vers l’enseignement primaire et secondaire, à l’instar du projet « Education pour tous ». Le rapport articulait plusieurs recommandations clés pour le secteur de l’enseignement supérieur dans les pays en voie de développement, en proie à une massification dramatique. Cet article a pour objectif de revisiter les principaux messages de ce rapport à travers le prisme d’une étude de cas comparative des récents changements observés dans l’enseignement supérieur en Chine et en Inde.
Ric-8A, a G protein chaperone with nucleotide exchange activity induces long-range secondary structure changes in Gα
Authors: Kant Ravi , Zeng Baisen , Thomas Celestine J , Bothner Brian , Sprang Stephen R
Published: December 2016

Cytosolic Ric-8A has guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity and is a chaperone for several classes of heterotrimeric G protein α subunits in vertebrates. Using Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange-Mass Spectrometry (HDX-MS) we show that Ric-8A disrupts the secondary structure of the Gα Ras-like domain that girds the guanine nucleotide-binding site, and destabilizes the interface between the Gαi1 Ras and helical domains, allowing domain separation and nucleotide release. These changes are largely reversed upon binding GTP and dissociation of Ric-8A. HDX-MS identifies a potential Gα interaction site in Ric-8A. Alanine scanning reveals residues crucial for GEF activity within that sequence. HDX confirms that, like G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), Ric-8A binds the C-terminus of Gα. In contrast to GPCRs, Ric-8A interacts with Switches I and II of Gα and possibly at the Gα domain interface. These extensive interactions provide both allosteric and direct catalysis of GDP unbinding and release and GTP binding.
Simplified large African carnivore density estimators from track indices
Authors: Winterbach Christiaan W. , Ferreira Sam M. , Funston Paul J. , Somers Michael J.
Published: December 2016

Background

The range, population size and trend of large carnivores are important parameters to assess their status globally and to plan conservation strategies. One can use linear models to assess population size and trends of large carnivores from track-based surveys on suitable substrates. The conventional approach of a linear model with intercept may not intercept at zero, but may fit the data better than linear model through the origin. We assess whether a linear regression through the origin is more appropriate than a linear regression with intercept to model large African carnivore densities and track indices.

Methods

We did simple linear regression with intercept analysis and simple linear regression through the origin and used the confidence interval for ß in the linear modely = αx + ß, Standard Error of Estimate, Mean Squares Residual and Akaike Information Criteria to evaluate the models.

Results

The Lion on Clay and Low Density on Sand models with intercept were not significant (P > 0.05). The other four models with intercept and the six models thorough origin were all significant (P < 0.05). The models using linear regression with intercept all included zero in the confidence interval for ß and the null hypothesis that ß = 0 could not be rejected. All models showed that the linear model through the origin provided a better fit than the linear model with intercept, as indicated by the Standard Error of Estimate and Mean Square Residuals. Akaike Information Criteria showed that linear models through the origin were better and that none of the linear models with intercept had substantial support.

Discussion

Our results showed that linear regression through the origin is justified over the more typical linear regression with intercept for all models we tested. A general model can be used to estimate large carnivore densities from track densities across species and study areas. The formulaobserved track density = 3.26 × carnivore densitycan be used to estimate densities of large African carnivores using track counts on sandy substrates in areas where carnivore densities are 0.27 carnivores/100 km2or higher. To improve the current models, we need independent data to validate the models and data to test for non-linear relationship between track indices and true density at low densities.
Network-based analysis of differentially expressed genes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood reveals new candidate genes for multiple sclerosis
Authors: Safari-Alighiarloo Nahid , Rezaei-Tavirani Mostafa , Taghizadeh Mohammad , Tabatabaei Seyyed Mohammad , Namaki Saeed
Published: December 2016

Background

The involvement of multiple genes and missing heritability, which are dominant in complex diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), entail using network biology to better elucidate their molecular basis and genetic factors. We therefore aimed to integrate interactome (protein–protein interaction (PPI)) and transcriptomes data to construct and analyze PPI networks for MS disease.

Methods

Gene expression profiles in paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) samples from MS patients, sampled in relapse or remission and controls, were analyzed. Differentially expressed genes which determined only in CSF (MSvs.control) and PBMCs (relapsevs.remission) separately integrated with PPI data to construct the Query-Query PPI (QQPPI) networks. The networks were further analyzed to investigate more central genes, functional modules and complexes involved in MS progression.

Results

The networks were analyzed and high centrality genes were identified. Exploration of functional modules and complexes showed that the majority of high centrality genes incorporated in biological pathways driving MS pathogenesis. Proteasome and spliceosome were also noticeable in enriched pathways in PBMCs (relapsevs.remission) which were identified by both modularity and clique analyses. Finally, STK4, RB1, CDKN1A, CDK1, RAC1, EZH2, SDCBP genes in CSF (MSvs.control) and CDC37, MAP3K3, MYC genes in PBMCs (relapsevs.remission) were identified as potential candidate genes for MS, which were the more central genes involved in biological pathways.

Discussion

This study showed that network-based analysis could explicate the complex interplay between biological processes underlying MS. Furthermore, an experimental validation of candidate genes can lead to identification of potential therapeutic targets.
Comparison between Mother, ActiGraph wGT3X-BT, and a hand tally for measuring steps at various walking speeds under controlled conditions
Authors: Riel Henrik , Rathleff Camilla Rams , Kalstrup Pernille Møller , Madsen Niels Kragh , Pedersen Elena Selmar , Pape-Haugaard Louise Bilenberg , Villumsen Morten
Published: December 2016

Introduction

Walking is endorsed as health enhancing and is the most common type of physical activity among older adults. Accelerometers are superior to self-reports when measuring steps, however, if they are to be used by clinicians the validity is of great importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the criterion validity of Mother and ActiGraph wGT3X-BT in measuring steps by comparing the devices to a hand tally under controlled conditions in healthy participants.

Methods

Thirty healthy participants were fitted with a belt containing the sensor of Mother (Motion Cookie) and ActiGraph. Participants walked on a treadmill for two minutes at each of the following speeds; 3.2, 4.8, and 6.4 km/h. The treadmill walking was video recorded and actual steps were subsequently determined by using a hand tally. Wilcoxon’s signed ranks test was used to determine whether Mother and ActiGraph measured an identical number of steps compared to the hand tally. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationship and Root Mean Square error was calculated to investigate the average error between the devices and the hand tally. Percent differences (PD) were calculated for between-instrument agreement (Mother vs. the hand tally and ActiGraph vs. the hand tally) and PDs below 3% were interpreted as acceptable and clinically irrelevant.

Results

Mother and ActiGraph under-counted steps significantly compared to the hand tally at all walking speeds (p < 0.001). Mother had a median of total differences of 9.5 steps (IQR = 10) and ActiGraph 59 steps (IQR = 77). Mother had smaller PDs at all speeds especially at 3.2 km/h (2.5% compared to 26.7%). Mother showed excellent ICC values ≥0.88 (0.51–0.96) at all speeds whilst ActiGraph had poor and fair to good ICC values ranging from 0.03 (−0.09–0.21) at a speed of 3.2 km/h to 0.64 (0.16–0.84) at a speed of 6.4 km/h.

Conclusion

Mother provides valid measures of steps at walking speeds of 3.2, 4.8, and 6.4 km/h with clinically irrelevant deviations compared to a hand tally while ActiGraph only provides valid measurements at 6.4 km/h based on the 3% criterion. These results have significant potential for valid objective measurements of low walking speeds. However, further research should investigate the validity of Mother in patients at even slower walking speeds and in free-living conditions.
Impacts of land-use management on ecosystem services and biodiversity: an agent-based modelling approach
Authors: Habib Thomas J. , Heckbert Scott , Wilson Jeffrey J. , Vandenbroeck Andrew J. K. , Cranston Jerome , Farr Daniel R.
Published: December 2016

The science of ecosystem service (ES) mapping has become increasingly sophisticated over the past 20 years, and examples of successfully integrating ES into management decisions at national and sub-national scales have begun to emerge. However, increasing model sophistication and accuracy—and therefore complexity—may trade-off with ease of use and applicability to real-world decision-making contexts, so it is vital to incorporate the lessons learned from implementation efforts into new model development. Using successful implementation efforts for guidance, we developed an integrated ES modelling system to quantify several ecosystem services: forest timber production and carbon storage, water purification, pollination, and biodiversity. The system is designed to facilitate uptake of ES information into land-use decisions through three principal considerations: (1) using relatively straightforward models that can be readily deployed and interpreted without specialized expertise; (2) using an agent-based modelling framework to enable the incorporation of human decision-making directly within the model; and (3) integration among all ES models to simultaneously demonstrate the effects of a single land-use decision on multiple ES. We present an implementation of the model for a major watershed in Alberta, Canada, and highlight the system’s capabilities to assess a suite of ES under future management decisions, including forestry activities under two alternative timber harvest strategies, and through a scenario modelling analysis exploring different intensities of hypothetical agricultural expansion. By using a modular approach, the modelling system can be readily expanded to evaluate additional ecosystem services or management questions of interest in order to guide land-use decisions to achieve socioeconomic and environmental objectives.
Changes in understory species occurrence of a secondary broadleaved forest after mass mortality of oak trees under deer foraging pressure
Authors: Itô Hiroki
Published: December 2016

The epidemic of mass mortality of oak trees by Japanese oak wilt has affected secondary deciduous broadleaved forests that have been used as coppices in Japan. The dieback of oak trees formed gaps in the crown that would be expected to enhance the regeneration of shade-intolerant pioneer species. However, foraging by sika deerCervus nipponhas also affected forest vegetation, and the compound effects of both on forest regeneration should be considered when they simultaneously occur. A field study was conducted in Kyôto City, Japan to investigate how these compound effects affected the vegetation of the understory layer of these forests. The presence/absence of seedlings and saplings was observed for 200 quadrats sized 5 m ×5 m for each species in 1992, before the mass mortality and deer encroachment, and in 2014 after these effects. A hierarchical Bayesian model was constructed to explain the occurrence, survival, and colonization of each species with their responses to the gaps that were created, expanded, or affected by the mass mortality ofQuercus serratatrees. The species that occurred most frequently in 1992,Eurya japonica,Quercus glauca, andCleyera japonica, also had the highest survival probabilities. Deer-unpalatable species such asSymplocos prunifoliaandTriadica sebiferahad higher colonization rates in the gaps, while the deer-palatable speciesAucuba japonicahad the smallest survival probability. The gaps thus promoted the colonization of deer-unpalatable plant species such asSymplocos prunifoliaandTriadica sebifera. In the future, such deer-unpalatable species may dominate gaps that were created, expanded, or affected by the mass mortality of oak trees.
Effects of wind energy generation and white-nose syndrome on the viability of the Indiana bat
Authors: Erickson Richard A. , Thogmartin Wayne E. , Diffendorfer Jay E. , Russell Robin E. , Szymanski Jennifer A.
Published: December 2016

Wind energy generation holds the potential to adversely affect wildlife populations. Species-wide effects are difficult to study and few, if any, studies examine effects of wind energy generation on any species across its entire range. One species that may be affected by wind energy generation is the endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis), which is found in the eastern and midwestern United States. In addition to mortality from wind energy generation, the species also faces range-wide threats from the emerging infectious fungal disease, white-nose syndrome (WNS). White-nose syndrome, caused byPseudogymnoascus destructans, disturbs hibernating bats leading to high levels of mortality. We used a spatially explicit full-annual-cycle model to investigate how wind turbine mortality and WNS may singly and then together affect population dynamics of this species. In the simulation, wind turbine mortality impacted the metapopulation dynamics of the species by causing extirpation of some of the smaller winter colonies. In general, effects of wind turbines were localized and focused on specific spatial subpopulations. Conversely, WNS had a depressive effect on the species across its range. Wind turbine mortality interacted with WNS and together these stressors had a larger impact than would be expected from either alone, principally because these stressors together act to reduce species abundance across the spectrum of population sizes. Our findings illustrate the importance of not only prioritizing the protection of large winter colonies as is currently done, but also of protecting metapopulation dynamics and migratory connectivity.
Exploring the cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) fecal microbiome, bacterial inhabitants of a worldwide pet
Authors: Alcaraz Luis David , Hernández Apolinar M. , Peimbert Mariana
Published: December 2016

Background

Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) were originally endemic to Australia; now, they are popular pets with a global distribution. It is now possible to conduct detailed molecular studies on cultivable and uncultivable bacteria that are part of the intestinal microbiome of healthy animals. These studies show that bacteria are an essential part of the metabolic capacity of animals. There are few studies on bird microbiomes, and, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the cockatiel microbiome.

Methods

In this paper, we analyzed the gut microbiome from fecal samples of three healthy adult cockatiels by massive sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Additionally, we compared the cockatiel fecal microbiomes with those of other bird species, including poultry and wild birds.

Results

The vast majority of the bacteria found in cockatiels wereFirmicutes, whileProteobacteriaandBacteroideteswere poorly represented. A total of 19,280 different OTUs were detected, of which 8,072 belonged to theErysipelotrichaceaefamily.

Discussion

It is relevant to study cockatiel the microbiomes of cockatiels owing to their wide geographic distribution and close human contact. This study serves as a reference for cockatiel bacterial diversity. Despite the large OTU numbers, the diversity is not even and is dominated byFirmicutesof theErysipelotrichaceaefamily. Cockatiels and other wild birds are almost depleted ofBacteroidetes, which happen to be abundant in poultry-related birds, and this is probably associated with the intensive human manipulation of poultry bird diets. Some probable pathogenic bacteria, such asClostridiumandSerratia,appeared to be frequent inhabitants of the fecal microbiome of cockatiels, whereas other potential pathogens were not detected.
Extension of the prognostic model of sea surface temperature to rain‐induced cool and fresh lenses
Authors: Bellenger Hugo , Drushka Kyla , Asher William , Reverdin Gilles , Katsumata Masaki , Watanabe Michio
Published: December 2016

The Zeng and Beljaars (2005) sea surface temperature prognostic scheme, developed to represent diurnal warming, is extended to represent rain‐induced freshening and cooling. Effects of rain on salinity and temperature in the molecular skin layer (first few hundred micrometers) and the near‐surface turbulent layer (first few meters) are separately parameterized by taking into account rain‐induced fluxes of sensible heat and freshwater, surface stress, and mixing induced by droplets penetrating the water surface. Numerical results from this scheme are compared to observational data from two field studies of near‐surface ocean stratifications caused by rain, to surface drifter observations and to previous computations with an idealized ocean mixed layer model, demonstrating that the scheme produces temperature variations consistent with in situ observations and model results. It reproduces the dependency of salinity on wind and rainfall rate and the lifetime of fresh lenses. In addition, the scheme reproduces the observed lag between temperature and salinity minimum at low wind speed and is sensitive to the peak rain rate for a given amount of rain. Finally, a first assessment of the impact of these fresh lenses on ocean surface variability is given for the near‐equatorial western Pacific. In particular, the variability due to the mean rain‐induced cooling is comparable to the variability due to the diurnal warming so that they both impact large‐scale horizontal surface temperature gradients. The present parameterization can be used in a variety of models to study the impact of rain‐induced fresh and cool lenses at different spatial and temporal scales.
Heatwaves and urban heat islands: A comparative analysis of multiple cities
Authors: Ramamurthy P. , Bou‐Zeid E.
Published: December 2016

The recent International Panel on Climate Change report predicts the highly urbanized Northeastern U.S. to be at high risk to heat waves. Since urban residents and infrastructure are known to be highly vulnerable to extreme heat, the goal of this paper is to understand the interaction between the synoptic‐scale heat wave and the city‐scale urban heat island (UHI) effects. The study also qualitatively analyzes the primary factors that contribute to UHIs by comparing their intensities in different cities with distinct geo‐physical characteristics. Our results, generated by using the Weather Research and Forecasting model augmented with advanced urban surface parameterizations, confirm that the amplitude of UHI is related to the physical size of the city. However, the results suggest that cities of comparabale sizes might interact differently with heat waves: in New York City; Washington, DC; and Baltimore (but not in Philadelphia) the regular UHI was amplified more strongly during heat waves compared to smaller cities. The results also establish that the pattern of UHI in different cities, its variability, and its interaction with heat waves are inherently linked to dynamic factors.
Dynamics and predictability of secondary eyewall formation in sheared tropical cyclones
Authors: Zhang Fuqing , Tao Dandan , Sun Y. Qiang , Kepert Jeffrey D.
Published: December 2016

This study examines the predictability and dynamics of tropical cyclone (TC) secondary eyewall formation (SEF), eyewall replacement cycles (ERC), and intensity changes under moderate environmental shear through convection‐permitting ensemble simulations. Even with the same environmental shear, the TC intensity changes during formation, rapid intensification, and SEF/ERC can be extremely sensitive to small, unobservable, random initial condition uncertainties, or computer's truncation error due to the chaotic nature of moist convection. Through composite analysis of five ensemble members with similar clear SEF/ERC and diagnostics with a nonlinear boundary layer (BL) model, we identify several key factors in the SEF/ERC process: (1) fast expansion of outer wind fields and changing inertial stability through shear‐induced peripheral convection outside of the primary eyewall, (2) downward building and axisymmetrization of the primary (outer) rainband due to enhanced inertial stability and positive feedback between BL and outer convection, (3) establishment of the secondary eyewall along with moat formation that is facilitated by compensating subsidence from the primary eyewall, and (4) weakening and eventual replacement of the original primary eyewall by the strengthening secondary eyewall. It is also seen from the partial ERC cases that the preexisting rainband can be of great importance to the later development of SEF. Diagnosis with the nonlinear BL model shows that the location and relative strengths of the diagnosed frictional updrafts closely match those in the ensemble simulation of the ERC case, suggesting that the boundary layer convergence substantially influences the location of the convection in both eyewalls there.
Water storage in a changing environment: The impact of allocation institutions on value
Authors: Maas Alexander , Dozier Andre , Manning Dale T. , Goemans Christopher
Published: December 2016

As populations increase in arid regions of the world, investment in water infrastructure improves resource management by increasing control over the location and timing of water allocation. Many studies have explored freer trade as a substitute for additional infrastructure investment. We instead quantify how water allocation institutions, reservoir management objectives, and storage capacity influence the value derived from a reservoir system. We develop a stochastic dynamic programming model of a reservoir system that faces within‐year variation in weather‐dependent water demand as well as stochastic semiannual inflows. We parameterize the model using the Colorado‐Big Thompson system, which transports stored water from the West Slope of the Rocky Mountains to the East Slope. We then evaluate the performance of the system under five institutional settings. Our results suggest that rigid allocation mechanisms and inefficient management objectives result in a decrease of up to 13% in the value generated from stored water when compared to a free trade scenario, an impact on par with predicted losses associated with climate‐change‐induced inflow reductions. We also find that under biased management objectives, increasing storage capacity can decrease the social value obtained from stored water.
High frequency measurements of reach scale nitrogen uptake in a fourth order river with contrasting hydromorphology and variable water chemistry (Weiße Elster, Germany)
Authors: Kunz Julia Vanessa , Hensley Robert , Brase Lisa , Borchardt Dietrich , Rode Michael
Published: December 2016

River networks exhibit a globally important capacity to retain and process nitrogen. However direct measurement of in‐stream removal in higher order streams and rivers has been extremely limited. The recent advent of automated sensors has allowed high frequency measurements, and the development of new passive methods of quantifying nitrogen uptake which are scalable across river size. Here we extend these methods to higher order streams with anthropogenically elevated nitrogen levels, substantial tributaries, complex input signals, and multiple N species. We use a combination of two station time‐series and longitudinal profiling of nitrate to assess differences in nitrogen processing dynamics in a natural versus a channelized impounded reach with WWTP effluent impacted water chemistry. Our results suggest that net mass removal rates of nitrate were markedly higher in the unmodified reach. Additionally, seasonal variations in temperature and insolation affected the relative contribution of assimilatory versus dissimilatory uptake processes, with the latter exhibiting a stronger positive dependence on temperature. From a methodological perspective, we demonstrate that a mass balance approach based on high frequency data can be useful in deriving quantitative uptake estimates, even under dynamic inputs and lateral tributary inflow. However, uncertainty in diffuse groundwater inputs and more importantly the effects of alternative nitrogen species, in this case ammonium, pose considerable challenges to this method.
A hierarchical Bayesian model for regionalized seasonal forecasts: Application to low flows in the northeastern United States
Authors: Ahn Kuk‐Hyun , Palmer Richard , Steinschneider Scott
Published: December 2016

This study presents a regional, probabilistic framework for seasonal forecasts of extreme low summer flows in the northeastern United States conditioned on antecedent climate and hydrologic conditions. The model is developed to explore three innovations in hierarchical modeling for seasonal forecasting at ungaged sites: (1) predictive climate teleconnections are inferred directly from ocean fields instead of predefined climate indices, (2) a parsimonious modeling structure is introduced to allow climate teleconnections to vary spatially across streamflow gages, and (3) climate teleconnections and antecedent hydrologic conditions are considered jointly for regional forecast development. The proposed model is developed and calibrated in a hierarchical Bayesian framework to pool regional information across sites and enhance regionalization skill. The model is validated in a cross‐validation framework along with five simpler nested formulations to test specific hypotheses embedded in the full model structure. Results indicate that each of the three innovations improve out‐of‐sample summer low‐flow forecasts, with the greatest benefits derived from the spatially heterogeneous effect of climate teleconnections. We conclude with a discussion of possible model improvements from a better representation of antecedent hydrologic conditions at ungaged sites.
Interviewing Preschoolers: Response Biases to Yes–No Questions
Authors: B. Mehrani Mehdi , Peterson Carole
Published: December 2016

In the present study we examined the influence of question format and age on Iranian children's responses to various types of yes–no questions, to assess potential response biases. The participants were 177 2‐to 6‐year old native speakers of Persian who were asked both positively and negatively formulated yes–no questions about eight household objects. The results showed that children of different ages are influenced differently by the way questions are formulated. The findings also suggest that children display a compliance tendency when asked yes–no questions. That is, they tend to respond to yes–no questions in the direction implied by the question: ‘yes’ to positively worded questions and ‘no’ to negatively worded questions. This tendency, however, seems to grow weaker as children get older. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intracellular Microreactors as Artificial Organelles to Conduct Multiple Enzymatic Reactions Simultaneously
Authors: Godoy‐Gallardo María , Labay Cédric , Jansman Michelle M. T. , Ek Pramod K. , Hosta‐Rigau Leticia
Published: December 2016

The creation of artificial organelles is a new paradigm in medical therapy that aims to substitute for missing cellular function by replenishing a specific cellular task. Artificial organelles tackle the challenge of mimicking metabolism, which is the set of chemical reactions that occur within a cell, mainly catalyzed by enzymes. So far, the few reported carriers able to conduct enzymatic reactions intracellularly are based on single‐compartment carriers. However, cell organelles outperform by conducting multiple reactions simultaneously within confined sub‐compartments. Here, the field of artificial organelles is advanced by reporting the assembly of a microreactor consisting of polymer capsules entrapping gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) and liposomes as sub‐compartments. The fluorescence properties of AuNCs are employed to monitor the microreactors uptake by macrophages. Encapsulation is demonstrated and functionality of microreactors with trypsin (TRP) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)‐loaded liposomes is preserved. Multiple enzymatic reactions taking place simultaneously is demonstrated by exposing macrophages with the internalized microreactors to bis‐(benzyloxycarbonyl‐Ile‐Pro‐Arg)‐Rho‐110 and Amplex Red substrates, which are specific for TRP and HRP, respectively. Conversion of the substrates into the respective fluorescent products is observed. This report on the first microreactor conducting multiple enzymatic reactions simultaneously inside a cell is a considerable step in the field of artificial organelles.
Nanoporous Platinum Doped Cerium Oxides Thin Films Grown on Silicon Substrates: Ionic Platinum Localization and Stability
Authors: Simon Pardis , Zanfoni Nicolas , Avril Ludovic , Li Zheshen , Potin Valérie , Domenichini Bruno , Bourgeois Sylvie
Published: December 2016

In this study, the characterization of nanostructured Pt‐doped CeO2 films with low platinum content and porous structure is reported, deposited on silicon substrate by direct liquid injection chemical vapor deposition. The platinum localization and concentration in the nanocomposite are determined by scanning transmission electron microscopy associated with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Films are made of ≈3 nm diameter CeO2 particles and platinum is homogeneously dispersed through the layers. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) also shows that platinum is mainly in an ionic Pt2+ state. After diffusion through the preformed porous structure of ceria films, the platinum precursor decomposes at the surface of each ceria particle forming the films, producing a homogeneous platinum‐doped CeO2 nanocomposite. This result is supported by synchrotron radiation XPS experiment, where the measured relative Pt concentration demonstrates that platinum is decomposed only at the surface of ceria particles. Finally, when the saturation of Pt2+ sites at the surface of ceria particles is reached, metallic nanoclusters are formed from platinum excess.
Fluorination‐Oxidation of 2‐Hydroxymethylindole Using Selectfluor
Authors: Jiang Xiaojian , Zhang Feng , Yang Junjie , Yu Pei , Yi Peng , Sun Yewei , Wang Yuqiang
Published: December 2016

An unexpected fluorination‐oxidation of 2‐hydroxymethylindole using selectfluor under mild condi‐tions without a catalyst is described. This new chemistry allows for efficient and rapid synthesis of various 3‐fluoroindole‐2‐aldehydes and novel quaternary 3‐fluoro‐3‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐oxindoles with up to 86% isolated yield.

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Gold Particles Supported on Amino‐Functionalized Silica Catalyze Transfer Hydrogenation of N‐Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Vilhanová Beáta , van Bokhoven Jeroen A. , Ranocchiari Marco
Published: December 2016

In this work we demonstrate that exceptionally small gold particles (d=0.6±0.2 nm) supported on amino‐functionalized mesoporous silicate SBA‐15 are highly active in transfer hydrogenation of structurally diverse unsaturated N‐heterocyclic compounds. The heterocyclic ring is reduced selectively. The gold particles aggregate to a diameter of 4–5 nm in the presence of formic acid/triethylamine (hydrogen donor) during the first catalytic run. In subsequent cycles the nanoparticles maintain their size, yielding a very stable catalytic system that was recycled more than five times. In contrast, analogous SBA catalysts featuring larger (∼5–35 nm) gold particles are not active. Excess formic acid also leads to the formation of formamide derivatives of the products of hydrogenation, which can be deformylated quantitatively. Fifteen structurally different substrates, including the scaffolds of quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, acridine, phenanthroline, quinazoline, and phenanthridine are hydrogenated and deformylated to give the amine products in >90% overall yield. Deuterium labeling experiments indicate that 1,2‐addition with subsequent disproportionation of the formed intermediate is the preferred reaction path over the 1,4‐addition one, suggesting the participation of a gold hydride species.

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1,1,3,3‐Tetratriflylpropen (TTP): eine starke, allylische C‐H‐Säure für die Brønsted‐ und Lewis‐Säure‐Katalyse
Authors: Höfler Denis , van Gemmeren Manuel , Wedemann Petra , Kaupmees Karl , Leito Ivo , Leutzsch Markus , Lingnau Julia B. , List Benjamin
Published: December 2016

Tetratriflylpropen (TTP) wurde als äußerst acide, allylische C‐H‐Säure für die Brønsted‐ und Lewis‐Säure‐Katalyse entwickelt. TTP ist leicht in zwei Synthesestufen zugänglich und zeigt außergewöhnliche katalytische Aktivitäten in Mukaiyama‐Aldol‐, Hosomi‐Sakurai‐ und Friedel‐Crafts‐Acylierungsreaktionen. Röntgenstrukturanalysen von TTP und dessen Salzen bestätigen die konzipierte allylische Struktur, welche die negative Ladung über vier Triflylgruppen delokalisiert. NMR‐Experimente, Aciditätsmessungen sowie theoretische Studien liefern weitere Erkenntnisse zur Rationalisierung der bemerkenswerten Reaktivität des TTP.
Chiral Self‐Sorting of [2+3] Salicylimine Cage Compounds
Authors: Beaudoin Daniel , Rominger Frank , Mastalerz Michael
Published: December 2016

An inherently chiral C3‐symmetric triaminotribenzotriquinacene was condensed in racemic and enantiomerically pure form with a bis(salicylaldehyde) to form [2+3] salicylimine cage compounds. Investigations on the chiral self‐sorting revealed that while entropy favors narcissistic self‐sorting in solution, selective social self‐sorting can be achieved by exploiting the difference in solubility between the homochiral and heterochiral cages. Gas sorption measurements further showed that seemingly small structural differences can have a significant impact on the surface area of microporous covalent cage compounds.
Working in the present moment: The impact of mindfulness on trainee psychotherapists’ experience of relational depth
Authors: Baker Stuart
Published: December 2016

Aim

To explore the lived experience and impact of a brief mindfulness meditation training intervention on trainee psychological therapists, in particular their experiences of relational depth, the cultivation of therapeutic qualities and their use of the self in the therapeutic relationship.

Method

Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to investigate participants’ lived experience of mindfulness. Fifteen participants completed an eight‐week MBSR/MBCT mindfulness training, contextualised for therapists, and eight were interviewed four months later.

Findings

Participants experienced a range of positive outcomes and meaningful effects at both a personal and professional level, with mindfulness appearing to facilitate ‘being versus doing’ qualities and the potential for enhanced relational depth.

Discussion

The findings indicate the potential of mindfulness as a complementary clinical training and were suggestive of a process model, where ‘therapist intrapersonal attunement’ facilitates ‘therapist‐client interpersonal attunement’ that in turn promotes ‘client self‐attunement’, in a ‘co‐created co‐meditation space’.
Synchronicity in the therapeutic setting: A survey of practitioners
Authors: Roxburgh Elizabeth C. , Ridgway Sophie , Roe Chris A.
Published: December 2016

Aims

In this study, we intended to explore whether there are any differences between counsellors, psychologists and psychotherapists in the reporting and interpretation of synchronicity experiences (SEs) in the therapeutic setting. SEs are defined as psychologically meaningful connections between inner events (such as a thought, vision or feeling) and one or more external events occurring simultaneously or at a future point in time.

Design

An online survey link was emailed to a random sample of counsellors, psychologists and psychotherapists drawn from membership lists of the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP), British Psychological Society (BPS) and the United Kingdom Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). The survey was designed to investigate the following research questions: do practitioners report SEs in the therapeutic setting? Are there any differences between types of practitioners in terms of explanations for SEs? Were SEs believed to be more likely to occur at certain points in therapy?

Results

A total of 226 respondents completed the survey. One hundred respondents (44%) reported that they had experienced synchronicity in the therapeutic setting, of whom 55 were psychotherapists, 21 counsellors and 24 psychologists. The majority of respondents (67%) felt that SEs could be useful for therapy. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between practitioner types in their interpretation of SEs but no differences in perception of when synchronicity events were likely to occur.

Conclusion

Findings have important implications for how practitioners may respond to clients who report SEs and are discussed alongside suggestions for future research.
Accessing psychological therapies: Homeless young people's views on barriers and facilitators
Authors: Chaturvedi Surabhi
Published: December 2016

Aim

Homeless young people have historically been regarded as hard to reach in the provision of counselling services. However, they are under‐represented in research that seeks to understand clients’ views on accessing counselling. This study aimed to bridge this gap by asking young, homeless people who had accessed counselling what they thought were the main barriers to counselling and how they could be overcome.

Method

A qualitative methodology was adopted due to the aim of understanding participants’ experiences in depth. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with six participants residing in hostels, and these were analysed using thematic analysis.

Findings

The barriers to counselling included resistance to opening up, stigma, denial about needing help, past experiences of help‐seeking and lack of familiarity with therapy. Facilitating factors included patience and consistency of offer, simple explanations and demystifying and normalising counselling to make it seem less threatening.

Implications

The findings overlap with previous research on barriers and facilitators with non‐homeless adolescents. In addition to this, by drawing on literature on homelessness, this article considers how some of these factors are further compounded for those who are also homeless. Some implications are considered for practitioners hoping to improve their engagement of young, homeless people in counselling. These are mainly in the areas of reframing the language in which counselling is promoted, greater flexibility, and providing opportunities to interact with counsellors. It also makes the case for a change in practitioner attitudes.
Consumer segments in social commerce: A latent class approach
Authors: Nadeem Waqar , Juntunen Mari , Juntunen Jouni
Published: December 2016

Social commerce is thriving; therefore, it becomes essential to recognize different types of social commerce shopper. In this study, we assume that social networking sites such as Facebook contain differently behaving consumer segments. Based on the assumption that the majority of social commerce shoppers are young adults, we are interested in identifying unobservable shopper segments that the young group may contain. A conceptual model has been tested that incorporates the psychological factor (trust), the unified theory of acceptance and the use of technology (UTAUT2), and behavioral aspects using mixture modeling techniques to reveal the unobservable consumer segments who have searched for clothing items through Facebook when shopping (n = 309). Three segments were found: social patrons (n = 219), wary explorers (n = 72), and sporadic explorers (n = 18). The study is a rare attempt to specifically categorize social commerce shopper segments by using mixture modeling techniques. The study offers further research avenues. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fine‐Tuning of the Carbon Dioxide Capture Capability of Diamine‐Grafted Metal–Organic Framework Adsorbents Through Amine Functionalization
Authors: Jo Hyuna , Lee Woo Ram , Kim Nam Woo , Jung Hyun , Lim Kwang Soo , Kim Jeong Eun , Kang Dong Won , Lee Hanyeong , Hiremath Vishwanath , Seo Jeong Gil , Jin Hailian , Moon Dohyun , Han Sang Soo , Hong Chang Seop
Published: December 2016

A combined sonication and microwave irradiation procedure provides the most effective functionalization of ethylenediamine (en) and branched primary diamines of 1‐methylethylenediamine (men) and 1,1‐dimethylethylenediamine (den) onto the open metal sites of Mg2(dobpdc) (1). The CO2 capacities of the advanced adsorbents 1‐en and 1‐men under simulated flue gas conditions are 19 wt % and 17.4 wt %, respectively, which are the highest values reported among amine‐functionalized metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) to date. Moreover, 1‐den exhibits both a significant working capacity (12.2 wt %) and superb CO2 uptake (11 wt %) at 3 % CO2. Additionally, this framework showcases the superior recyclability; ultrahigh stability after exposure to O2, moisture, and SO2; and exceptional CO2 adsorption capacity under humid conditions, which are unprecedented among MOFs. We also elucidate that the performance of CO2 adsorption can be controlled by the structure of the diamine ligands grafted such as the number of amine end groups or the presence of side groups, which provides the first systematic and comprehensive demonstration of fine‐tuning of CO2 uptake capability using different amines.
Revisited generalized substitution theorem and its consequences for circuit analysis
Authors: Fontana Giuseppe
Published: December 2016

The Substitution Theorem (ST) is generally perceived as a mere theoretical curiosity. In this paper, a formerly derived generalized ST (GST) is carefully revised, which leads to both a Weak Revisited GST (RGST) and a Strong RGST (characterized by noticeably relaxed hypotheses with respect to the GST). Then, despite the common opinion about the ST, such RGSTs are showed to be powerful analytical tools to generalize, make rigorous and rigorously prove several classic results of Circuit Theory, namely: the Substitution Theorem for Multiterminal Circuits, the Source‐Shift Theorem, the Thévenin–Norton Theorem, the Miller Theorem alongside its Dual, and the Augmentation Principle. More specifically, the Substitution Theorem for Multiterminal Circuits is extended to an arbitrary set of sources, possibly including nullors. The Source‐Shift Theorem is rigorously derived, and possible related ambiguities are removed. Also, all possible hybrid forms of the Thévenin–Norton Theorem for multiports are individuated, and a precise operative procedure for calculating the relevant entities is provided for all cases. Furthermore, the Miller Theorem and its Dual are extended to an arbitrary number of variables and to multiports. As to the Augmentation Principle, the constraint regarding the linearity of the augmenting resistors is removed. Finally, thoroughly worked examples are given in which the aforementioned noteworthy consequences of the RGSTs are proved to be efficient tools for analysis by inspection of linear and nonlinear circuits. Among the other things, systematic pencil‐and‐paper procedures for DC‐point and input‐output (or driving‐point) characteristic calculation in nonlinear networks are derived and applied to circuits with considerably complex topology. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.