bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A theoretical model of selective cyber incivility: Exploring the roles of perceived informality and perceived distance
Authors: Nag Devalina , Jones Kristen P. , Lindsey Alex P. , Robinson Ashley N. , Arena David F.
Published: October 2022

We develop and advance a theoretical model which proposes the antecedents of selective cyber incivility may be distinct from the predictors of face‐to‐face (F2F) incivility. Specifically, our model proposes the physical separation of the perpetrator from the target and lack of sociocultural norms in written cyber communications enhances a perpetrator's sense of perceived informality and perceived distance from the target. Drawing from the attributional ambiguity theory, we further explicate the ways in which selective cyber incivility may be more detrimental to employee outcomes than selective F2F incivility. In doing so, we argue that feelings of distress and rumination are further exacerbated in the case of selective cyber incivility given that it has higher levels of situational and contextual ambiguity than F2F communications. Finally, we posit that targets may be able to draw from their psychological capital and social support to buffer the detrimental impact of incivility experiences on important work‐ and health‐related outcomes. We present our conceptual model in the form of testable propositions to guide future research in this important domain.
Endoscopic, clinicopathological, and growth characteristics of minute gastric cancer
Authors: Liu Zhu Hui , Lu Shi Yuan , Li Xiao Bo , Chen Hui Min , Chen Hao Yan , Chen Xiao Yu , Fang Jing‐Yuan , Cui Yun
Published: October 2022

Objective

To clarify the endoscopic, clinicopathological, and growth characteristics of minute gastric cancer (MGC) and to improve its detection rate.

Methods

Patients with early gastric cancer who underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection from July 2012 to September 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. MGC was defined as gastric cancer of 5 mm or less in size. Preoperative and postoperative endoscopic and pathological data were collected and analyzed. Follow‐up information was collected until 9 April 2022.

Results

Eighty patients were enrolled, with 82 lesions observed under endoscopy and 87 diagnosed histopathologically. All patients received en bloc and curative resection. Compared with the time point when the last endoscopic examiniation prior to lesion deteciton was performed (t0), 64.29% of patients with MGC had disease progression at lesion detection (t1). However, 21.43% showed normal or only atrophic changes under white‐light endoscopy, and their lesions were diagnosed accidentally by random biopsy. The majority of MGC lesions presented as type IIc and reddish, and 95.00% of cases had well‐differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma. The mean growth rate of MGC was 0.0071 mm/day, and it took an average of 3.42 years to grow to 5 mm. There was no significant difference in the depth of invasion between the low cellular atypia group and the high cellular atypia group.

Conclusions

Type IIc and reddish appearance are main endoscopic features of MGC. For cases with no obvious endoscopic changes, multipoint biopsy is helpful. MGC is mostly well differentiated and grows relatively slowly; therefore, MGC can still have a chance to be identified and resected curatively if it is missed diagnosed.
Diagnostic accuracy of mac‐2‐binding protein glycosylation isomer for diagnosing hepatitis B‐related fibrosis: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Lian Ming Jian , Chen Zhi Qi , Wang Qian Ming , Zheng Gang Sen , Hong Guo Lin
Published: October 2022

Objectives

Mac‐2‐binding protein glycosylation isomer (M2BPGi) is a novel biomarker for liver fibrosis. The aim of this meta‐analysis was to evaluate the accuracy of M2BPGi for predicting hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐related liver fibrosis.

Methods

EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, SinoMED, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals databases were searched comprehensively for articles published up to March 2022. Quality assessment was carried out in accordance with the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies‐2 (QUADAS‐2). The pooled diagnostic estimates including sensitivity, specificity, the area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) were calculated. Before pooling the estimates, the threshold effect was assessed. Subgroup analysis was performed as well.

Results

In all, 11 studies including 1836 patients were included. None of the 11 studies met all the criteria of QUADAS‐2. The threshold effect was found (r = 0.757, P = 0.011) for predicting HBV‐related severe fibrosis. The sensitivity, specificity and AUROC of M2BPGi for the prediction of significant fibrosis were 0.68 (0.65–0.71), 0.67 (0.64–0.70) and 0.741, respectively, while those for predicting cirrhosis were 0.65 (0.57–0.72), 0.79 (0.77–0.81) and 0.792. Additionally, the AUROC of M2BPGi for predicting severe fibrosis reached 0.766. No publication bias was observed. The results of subgroup analyses were similar to the overall results.

Conclusions

M2BPGi has moderate diagnostic accuracy for predicting HBV‐related significant fibrosis, severe fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Further studies stratified by etiology, liver inflammation, treatment, etc, are urgently needed.
The Effect of Audit Partner Diversity on Audit Quality: Evidence from China
Authors: Koh Kevin , Li Li , Liu Xuejiao , Wang Chunfei
Published: October 2022

This study examines the effects of audit partner diversity on audit quality. Using a sample of Chinese listed companies from 2004–2018, we find that audit quality is positively associated with audit partner diversity in educational background, gender, and generational cohort. These findings suggest that diverse partner teams outperform homogenous teams and support the information perspective that audit partner diversity produces different viewpoints and perspectives, thus reducing judgement bias and leading to higher audit quality. Furthermore, we find that client information asymmetry, auditor task motivation, and task ability play a moderating role in reinforcing the positive effects of audit partner diversity on audit quality. Our findings have practical implications for audit firm personnel dispatching and team formation, and heighten the need to integrate team dynamics in the audit quality framework.
Evolving ESG Reporting Governance, Regime Theory, and Proactive Law: Predictions and Strategies
Authors: Sulkowski Adam , Jebe Ruth
Published: October 2022

Transparency on ESG (environmental, social, and governance) is an important, if imperfect, step in striving for sustainability. Because a constellation of nonprofit organizations created voluntary reporting frameworks with little government involvement, ESG reporting governance is institutionally dense and fragmented. Reporting companies and information users have both expressed dissatisfaction. In 2020, standard‐setting organizations indicated their intent to cooperate to simplify ESG reporting rules. In a different yet similar context, scholars utilize regime theory to understand institutional density and the potential for international cooperation, primarily among states. This article is the first to apply regime theory to ESG reporting governance architecture to better understand this unusual arena of rulemaking. It identifies key obstacles to global consolidation of ESG reporting governance and predicts that differences between the reporting philosophies in the European Union and the United States are among the factors that will prevent global consolidation of ESG reporting governance. This article concludes with advice for practitioners. It draws on law and strategy and proactive law literature to propose approaches for reporting companies navigating the complex landscape of ESG reporting governance.
The Faces of Securities Regulation and State Authority: A Comparison Between the United States and China
Authors: Zeng James Si
Published: October 2022

This article examines how the organizational structures and purposes of securities regulators affect securities law and its enforcement. Securities regulators in different jurisdictions can have either hierarchical or horizontal organizational structures, and their mission can be either policy‐implementing or dispute‐resolving. The securities regulators in China and the United States are two typical examples. The two countries can be roughly categorized as activist and reactive states, respectively. This article shows that the organizations of regulators and the disposition of governments affect the ends of securities regulation and provides some evidence that they also affect the means, which would explain the express differences in securities enforcement as well as those applied in practice. While a reactive state mainly seeks to protect investors and facilitate capital formation, an activist state tends to consider other state goals, including industrial policies and redistribution of wealth. Additionally, hierarchically organized securities regulators tend to focus more on technical rules and routines, whereas horizontally organized regulators employ more flexible standards and are better equipped to deliver substantive justice. This article contributes to the literature of law and finance and cautions against the “capital‐market‐centrist” view.
Above board? Interlocking directorates and corporate contagion in 1980s Australia
Authors: Wright Claire E. F.
Published: October 2022

The 1980s were an outrageous time in Australia's business history. This paper re‐examines this era of misconduct, assessing the role of interlocking directorates for corporate governance of diversified business groups. Professional interlocked executives—those with professional training, executive status and mobility between member firms—enabled the takeover culture of the time, and allowed managers to ignore promised strategic benefits and redirect associated firms towards speculative share ownership. These results demonstrate the importance of board independence for corporate governance, and the way that expertise has been weaponised within managerial capitalism to encourage trust in risky and exploitative corporate structures.
Effect of the timing of radiation therapy on the push‐out strength of resin cement to root dentine
Authors: Cancelier Patrícia da Agostim , Machado Renata Gondo , Savaris Júlia Menezes , Bortoluzzi Eduardo Antunes , Teixeira Cleonice da Silveira , Minamisako Mariana Comparotto , Rodrigues Paulo Marcelo , Netto Vicente Ribeiro , Dutra‐Horstmann Kamile Leonardi , Garcia Lucas da Fonseca Roberti
Published: October 2022

This study investigated the effect of radiation timing on the bond strength of resin cement to intraradicular dentine. Fifty human teeth were distributed into 5 groups (n = 10): Control (nonirradiated teeth), Before‐RCT (teeth irradiated before root canal treatment), After‐CH (teeth irradiated after canal preparation and placement of calcium hydroxide intracanal dressing), After‐RCT (teeth irradiated after completion of root canal treatment) and After‐FPL (teeth irradiated after luting of a glass fibre post). Each tooth received 70 Gy irradiation. The roots were sectioned for push‐out strength testing. After‐RCT and After‐FPL groups had significantly lower push‐out strength than the control at the middle third (p < 0.05). Control and After‐CH groups had a higher percentage of cohesive dentine failure. Radiotherapy after root canal obturation and post luting adversely affected the adhesiveness of resin cement to intraradicular dentine. Teeth irradiated before root canal treatment and after placement of calcium hydroxide had the best performance.
Experiences of co‐designing research about a rural Aboriginal well‐being program: Informing practice and policy
Authors: Urquhart Lisa , Roberts (Dunghutti) Karen , Gibbs (Muruwari) Clinton , Fisher Karin , Brown Leanne J. , Duncanson Kerith
Published: October 2022

Objective

The objective of this study was to explore data and Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal researchers' experiences and reflexivity in co‐designing research about a rural Aboriginal well‐being program to inform practice and policy.

Setting

Gumbaynggirr, Birpai, Kamilaroi and Awabakal countries located in regional and rural New South Wales, Australia.

Participants

Rural and regionally located research team who co‐designed processes to challenge the status quo about a critically framed, rural‐based Aboriginal well‐being research project.

Design

Researchers drew on data from a research project in an interpretive cycle of collaborative Yarning. Data included 90 published articles, 12 Yarning transcripts and 26 reflective journal text sets, as well as researcher experiences and reflexivity.

Results

The Duguula Gayirray (Yarning together), Yandaarray (walking together) and Duguula Nguraljili (sharing together) co‐design practice model was developed to represent key actions in the context of an Aboriginal well‐being program in a rural context. Actions were supported by seven interpersonal ways of being and were underpinned by respectful relationships between community and researchers.

Discussion

Duguula Gayirray, Yandaarray and Duguula Nguraljili are critical to co‐design practice and are grounded in respectful relationships. Our experiences led us to critique our perceptions of power sharing, equitable partnerships and collaborative knowledges towards opportunity for collective research co‐design.

Conclusion

Duguula Gayirray, Yandaarray and Duguula Nguraljili transformed our understanding of achieving liberation from dominant western research in the context of a rurally located Australian Aboriginal well‐being program. This study contributes to progression of Aboriginal health research practice and policy recommendations, enabling real cultural change in health care with rurally located Aboriginal communities.
Effect of COVID‐19 infection on the erectile function
Authors: Salar Remzi , Erbay Güven , Şanlı Ahmet , Yavuz Ufuk , Kandemir Emre , Turel Harun , FeratÖncel Halil
Published: October 2022

Objective

It has been understood that COVID‐19, which has become a global pandemic in a short time, is a disease affecting multiple organs and systems. Some of the organs and systems affected by the disease also play a role in the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction (ED), which led us to consider the possible effects of the disease on the erectile function. In this study, we aimed to evaluate changes in the erectile functions of patients with COVID‐19 among those that had previously diagnosed with mild and moderate ED in our urology outpatient clinic.

Material and methods

Eighty‐one patients aged 18–65 years who were confirmed to have COVID‐19 were included in the study. According to disease severity, these patients were divided into two groups as mild (non‐hospitalized, n = 60) and moderate (hospitalized but did not require intensive care, n = 21). The patients’ pre‐ and post‐disease scores in the five‐item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF‐5) ​​and hormone panel results were compared.

Results

The changes in the IIEF‐5 scores of the patients from the pre‐disease to the post‐disease period were statistically significant for both the mild and moderate groups (p < 0.05). When these changes were compared between the mild and moderate groups, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.156). There was also no statistically significant change in the testosterone, follicle‐stimulating, luteinizing, and prolactin hormone levels before and after the disease.

Conclusion

In this study, we determined that SARS‐CoV‐2 infection caused deterioration in existing ED in sexually active male individuals, regardless of the severity of the disease.
Exposure to ambient particulate matter affects semen quality: A case study in Wenzhou, China
Authors: Dai Xuchao , Chen Gang , Zhang Mengqi , Mei Kun , Liu Yanlong , Ding Cheng , Chang Yanxiang , Wu Zhigang , Huang Hong
Published: October 2022

Background

Particulate matter (PM), including PM2.5 (PM ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) and PM10 (PM ≤ 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter), is a component of air pollutants, which is linked to semen quality. However, the available evidence of association needs to be strengthened, and some studies have conflicting results.

Objectives

To evaluate the potential impacts of PM on semen quality during the full (0–90 days before semen examination) and three key sperm development windows (0–9, 10–14, and 70–90 days before semen examination).

Methods

We included 1494 infertile men in the main urban area in Wenzhou, China, who had undergone semen examinations for fertility between 2014 and 2019. The impacts were assessed by multivariable linear regression models.

Results

Overall, during the full sperm development window, PM2.5 and PM10 exposures were associated with declined progressive sperm motility (%) (β: −0.6; 95% confidence intervals (CIs): −1.07, −0.13 and −0.46; −0.59, −0.33) and total sperm motility (%) (−1.95; −2.67, −1.23 and −1.32; −1.82, −0.82), and associated with increased sperm concentration (106/ml) (0.02; 0.006, 0.023 and 0.007; 0.001, 0.013) and total sperm number (106) (0.02; 0.01, 0.03 and 0.011; 0.004, 0.017). Furthermore, only PM2.5 exposure during the 10–14 days window was significantly associated with declined progressive motility (%) (−0.207; −0.395, −0.023).

Conclusions

During the full sperm development window, PM exposure has an adverse impact on sperm motility and positive impacts on sperm concentration and total sperm number. The adverse impact was more severe in the 10–14 days window.
The cold‐sensing ion channel TRPM8 regulates central and peripheral clockwork and the circadian oscillations of body temperature
Authors: Reimúndez Alfonso , Fernández‐Peña Carlos , Ordás Purificación , Hernández‐Ortego Pablo , Gallego Rosalía , Morenilla‐Palao Cruz , Navarro Juan , Martín‐Cora Francisco , Pardo‐Vázquez José Luís , Schwarz Lindsay A. , Arce Victor , Viana Félix , Señarís Rosa
Published: October 2022

Aim

Physiological functions in mammals show circadian oscillations, synchronized by daily cycles of light and temperature. Central and peripheral clocks participate in this regulation. Since the ion channel TRPM8 is a critical cold sensor, we investigated its role in circadian function.

Methods

We used TRPM8 reporter mouse lines and TRPM8‐deficient mice. mRNA levels were determined by in situ hybridization or RT‐qPCR and protein levels by immunofluorescence. A telemetry system was used to measure core body temperature (Tc).

Results

TRPM8 is expressed in the retina, specifically in cholinergic amacrine interneurons and in a subset of melanopsin‐positive ganglion cells which project to the central pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. TRPM8‐positive fibres were also found innervating choroid and ciliary body vasculature, with a putative function in intraocular temperature, as shown in TRPM8‐deficient mice. Interestingly, Trpm8−/− animals displayed increased expression of the clock gene Per2 and vasopressin (AVP) in the SCN, suggesting a regulatory role of TRPM8 on the central oscillator. Since SCN AVP neurons control body temperature, we studied Tc in driven and free‐running conditions. TRPM8‐deficiency increased the amplitude of Tc oscillations and, under dim constant light, induced a greater phase delay and instability of Tc rhythmicity. Finally, TRPM8‐positive fibres innervate peripheral organs, like liver and white adipose tissue. Notably, Trpm8−/− mice displayed a dysregulated expression of Per2 mRNA in these metabolic tissues.

Conclusion

Our findings support a function of TRPM8 as a temperature sensor involved in the regulation of central and peripheral clocks and the circadian control of Tc.
Robot‐assisted laparoscopic surgery with a fluorescent near‐infrared ray ureteral catheter for a rectal cancer patient with pelvic kidney: A case report
Authors: Hasegawa Noboru , Takeyama Hiroshi , Suzuki Yozo , Noura Shingo , Ikenaga Masakazu , Odagiri Kazuki , Yanagimoto Yoshitomo , Yamashita Masafumi , Shimizu Junzo , Kawase Tomono , Imamura Hiroshi , Iwazawa Takashi , Tomita Naohiro , Dono Keizo
Published: October 2022

An 85‐year‐old woman presented with a stomachache after a meal and was admitted to the previous clinic. Multi‐detector computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen showed wall thickening in the rectum and right ectopic pelvic kidney. Colonoscopy revealed a mass at the rectum, and a biopsy showed adenocarcinoma. CT showed no lymphadenopathy or distant metastasis. Hartmann's procedure with fluorescent near‐infrared ray ureteral catheters was used to avoid causing urinary injury. Robotic surgery was performed while checking the route of the ureter in near‐infrared mode. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 14 without specific complications. This case appears to be the first of robot‐assisted laparoscopic surgery for a rectal cancer patient with pelvic kidney.
Immunopathology of terminal complement activation and complement C5 blockade creating a pro‐survival and organ‐protective phenotype in trauma
Authors: Yang Zhangsheng , Nunn Miles A. , Le Tuan D. , Simovic Milomir O. , Edsall Peter R. , Liu Bin , Barr Johnny L. , Lund Brian J. , Hill‐Pryor Crystal D. , Pusateri Anthony E. , Cancio Leopoldo C. , Li Yansong
Published: October 2022

Background and Purpose

Traumatic haemorrhage (TH) is the leading cause of potentially preventable deaths that occur during the prehospital phase of care. No effective pharmacological therapeutics are available for critical TH patients yet. Here, we identify terminal complement activation (TCA) as a therapeutic target in combat casualties and evaluate the efficacy of a TCA inhibitor (nomacopan) on organ damage and survival in vivo.

Experimental Approach

Complement activation products and cytokines were analysed in plasma from 54 combat casualties. The correlations between activated complement pathway(s) and the clinical outcomes in trauma patients were assessed. Nomacopan was administered to rats subjected to lethal TH (blast injury and haemorrhagic shock). Effects of nomacopan on TH were determined using survival rate, organ damage, physiological parameters, and laboratory profiles.

Key Results

Early TCA was associated with systemic inflammatory responses and clinical outcomes in this trauma cohort. Lethal TH in the untreated rats induced early TCA that correlated with the severity of tissue damage and mortality. The addition of nomacopan to a damage‐control resuscitation (DCR) protocol significantly inhibited TCA, decreased local and systemic inflammatory responses, improved haemodynamics and metabolism, attenuated tissue and organ damage, and increased survival.

Conclusion and Implications

Previous findings of our and other groups revealed that early TCA represents a rational therapeutic target for trauma patients. Nomacopan as a pro‐survival and organ‐protective drug, could emerge as a promising adjunct to DCR that may significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality in severe TH patients while awaiting transport to critical care facilities.
Prostaglandin EP3 receptor activation is antinociceptive in sensory neurons via PI3Kγ, AMPK and GRK2
Authors: König Christian , Ebersberger Andrea , Eitner Annett , Wetzker Reinhard , Schaible Hans‐Georg
Published: October 2022

Background and Purpose

Prostaglandin E2 is considered a major mediator of inflammatory pain, by acting on neuronal Gs protein‐coupled EP2 and EP4 receptors. However, the neuronal EP3 receptor, colocalized with EP2 and EP4 receptor, is Gi protein‐coupled and antagonizes the pronociceptive prostaglandin E2 effect. Here, we investigated the cellular signalling mechanisms by which the EP3 receptor reduces EP2 and EP4 receptor‐evoked pronociceptive effects in sensory neurons.

Experimental Approach

Experiments were performed on isolated and cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons from wild type, phosphoinositide 3‐kinase γ (PI3Kγ)−/−, and PI3Kγkinase dead (KD)/KD mice. For subtype‐specific stimulations, we used specific EP2, EP3, and EP4 receptor agonists from ONO Pharmaceuticals. As a functional readout, we recorded TTX‐resistant sodium currents in patch‐clamp experiments. Western blots were used to investigate the activation of intracellular signalling pathways. EP4 receptor internalization was measured using immunocytochemistry.

Key Results

Different pathways mediate the inhibition of EP2 and EP4 receptor‐dependent pronociceptive effects by EP3 receptor stimulation. Inhibition of EP2 receptor‐evoked pronociceptive effect critically depends on the kinase‐independent function of the signalling protein PI3Kγ, and adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) is involved. By contrast, inhibition of EP4 receptor‐evoked pronociceptive effect is independent on PI3Kγ and mediated through activation of G protein‐coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2), which enhances the internalization of the EP4 receptor after ligand binding.

Conclusion and Implications

Activation of neuronal PI3Kγ, AMPK, and GRK2 by EP3 receptor activation limits cAMP‐dependent pain generation by prostaglandin E2. These new insights hold the potential for a novel approach in pain therapy.
Shaking and splashing—A case study of far‐field effects of the Mjølnir asteroid impact on depositional environments in the Barents Sea
Authors: Bruhn Rikke , Nagy Jenő , Smelror Morten , Dypvik Henning , Glimsdal Sylfest , Pegrum Richard , Cavalli Carlo
Published: October 2022

The Mjølnir impact crater in the Norwegian Barents Sea features among the 20 largest impact craters listed in the Earth Impact Database. The impact is dated to 142 ± 2.6 Ma, corresponding closely to the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary in the Boreal stratigraphy. Multidisciplinary studies carried out over the last three decades have suggested that the up to 40 km wide crater was created by a 1–3 km diameter impactor colliding with a shallow epicontinental sea, causing regional havoc and a regional ecological crisis that followed in its wake. Only minor evidence for the consequences of the impact for the surrounding depositional basins has been documented so far. This study describes a large submarine slump penetrated by hydrocarbon exploration well 7121/9‐1, located in the southern Hammerfest Basin and approximately 350 km away from the impact site. The slump is dated by a black shale drape, which contains characteristic impact‐related biotic assemblages and potential ejecta material. This precise dating enables us to associate the slump with large‐scale fault movements and footwall collapse along the basin‐bounding Troms‐Finnmark Fault Complex, which we conclude were caused by shock waves from the Mjølnir impact and the passage of associated tsunami trains. The draping black shale is interpreted to represent significant reworking of material from the contemporary seabed by tsunamis and currents set up by the impact.
The importance of communal forests in carbon storage: Using and destabilizing carbon measurement in understanding Guatemala's payments for ecosystem services
Authors: vonHedemann Nicolena
Published: October 2022

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are a conservation initiative that offer payments to people who own or manage lands that provide desired ecosystem services. Utilizing mixed methods, I examine how PES in the form of government‐issued forestry incentives interact with land tenure to affect carbon storage in Guatemala's Western Highlands. Land tenure is a larger determining factor for carbon storage than payments, as communal forests managed by Indigenous Maya K'iche' communities have significantly higher carbon stocks than private landholdings in these same communities. No statistically significant differences were found in carbon stocks between incentivized and non‐incentivized plots, and participants enrolled only a fraction of their land, likely prioritizing enrollment of degraded plots. These results indicate the importance of using both social and physical science methods to understand the physical outcomes and social context of forest management. I also reflect on why carbon storage is often prioritized, drawing on a critical physical geography framework to analyze carbon accounting methods. Measuring carbon storage gives us the tools to describe the success of communal forest management, yet I also caution relying on the quantification of ecosystem services as a method for landscape valuation and suggest avoiding prioritizing carbon storage and sequestration.
Are there more women in the dentist workforce? Using an intersectionality lens to explore the feminization of the dentist workforce in the UK and US
Authors: Fleming Eleanor , Neville Patricia , Muirhead Vanessa Elaine
Published: October 2022

In this paper, we seek to understand feminization of the dentist workforce moving beyond previous research that has looked at gender in isolation. We contend that little consideration has been given to how gender interacts with other important social identities such as race/ethnicity to influence the opportunities and barriers that female dentists encounter during their dental career. We argue that the scholarly debate about the feminization of the dentistry has not acknowledged the intersectionality of women's lives. Intersectionality describes how multiple social identities (such as race/ethnicity, gender, and class) overlap and interact to inform outcomes, creating disadvantages and/or privileges. Our thesis is that the increasing feminization of the dentist workforce is complicated and paradoxical, creating both opportunities for women and gender imbalances and blockages within the profession. To support our thesis, we critically reviewed the literature on feminization and analysed UK and US workforce data. While the female dentist workforce in both the UK and the US has increased significantly over the past decade, the growth in the number of female dentists was not equal across all racial/ethnic groups. The largest increase in the number of female dentists was among White and Asian women. Viewing the feminization of the dentist workforce through an intersectionality lens exposes the multiple and complex experiences of women, as well as the power dynamics in dentistry. Feminization in dentistry demonstrates the importance of presence, privilege, and power. Based on our assessment of the dentist workforce, dentistry may be less inclusive, despite being perceived as more diverse. Further research should explore how power and privilege may operate in dentistry. Dentistry should embrace intersectionality to provide an inclusive evaluation of equity in the workforce.
Effects of diabetes/hyperglycemia on peri‐implant biomarkers and clinical and radiographic outcomes in patients with dental implant restorations: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lv Xiaolei , Zou Lilin , Zhang Xiaomeng , Zhang Xin , Lai Hongchang , Shi Junyu
Published: October 2022

Objective

The objective of this study is to systematically analyze the effects of diabetes mellitus/hyperglycemia (DM/HG) on peri‐implant biomarkers and clinical and radiographic outcomes in patients undergoing implant treatment.

Materials and Methods

PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched up to March 2022. Studies reporting on peri‐implant biomarkers, and clinical and radiographic outcomes in patients with different glycemic status levels (HbA1c) were included. Several analyses were conducted, such as meta‐analysis, sensitivity analysis, dose–response meta‐analysis (DRMA), and robust error meta‐regression (REMR).

Results

A total of 10 studies and 634 participants were included for analysis, with a maximum follow‐up of six years in function. The level of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PICF) was significantly higher in the DM/HG group than in the healthy group (p < .01). Subgroup analyses showed that a set of negative regulators of bone metabolism (including IL‐6, TNF‐α, IL‐8, and RANKL) were significantly higher in the DM/HG group (p = .01). Implant survival rate (100%) was not compromised in patients with an HbA1c level less than 10%. Outcomes of implant stability quotient (ISQ) values, bleeding on probing rate (BOP%), probing depth (PD), and marginal bone loss (MBL) in the DM/HG group were significantly worse than those in the healthy group (p = .04, <0.01, 0.01, <0.01, respectively). DRMA results showed AGE accumulation in PICF, PD, and MBL worsened in a dose–response dependent manner with elevated HbA1c levels (<6%, 6–8%, >8%; p = .04, 0.02, <0.01, respectively).

Conclusions

DM/HG can upregulate negative regulators of bone metabolism and compromise peri‐implant health. In addition, there are dose–response relationships between HbA1c levels and AGE accumulation in PICF, PD, and MBL.
Posterior nasal neurectomy for intractable rhinitis: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Lee Mun Leng , Chakravarty Patrick Daragh , Ellul David
Published: October 2022

Background

Rhinitis affects up to 40% of the population worldwide and can significantly reduce quality of life. Some patients remain symptomatic despite maximal medical therapy. In refractory cases, posterior nasal neurectomy (PNN—the endoscopic division of the intranasal nerve branches containing postganglionic parasympathetic fibres) is postulated to reduce symptom burden.

Objectives of Review

To establish whether PNN is effective and safe in the management of allergic and non‐allergic rhinitis.

Type of Review

Systematic review.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was undertaken using PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane. The inclusion criteria were: studies published in English, studies where PNN was performed either with or without additional procedures, and where measures of objective/subjective outcomes and/or complications were reported. Extracted data included study type, sample size, surgical technique, study population characteristics, follow‐up period, outcome measures, complications of surgery, and symptom outcomes.

Results

A total of 23 articles satisfied the inclusion criteria studying in total 2282 patients. Sample size ranged from 8 to 1056. There were 3 randomised controlled trials, 3 case‐control studies, and the remaining 17 were case series using both objective and subjective outcome measures. All but one study found improved patient‐reported outcomes following PNN. Complications were reported in 14 studies—epistaxis was the most common complication and was observed in 30 patients (1.5% of subjects).

Conclusions

PNN had a low rate of complications. Although most studies reported significant symptomatic improvement, their heterogeneity, level of evidence, study design, and/or quality was not sufficient to draw any firm conclusions on the effectiveness of the procedure. Larger, well‐designed studies are needed to clarify its role in the management of difficult‐to‐treat rhinitis.
Laryngopharyngeal symptoms and oesophageal disorder: The role of heterotopic gastric mucosa in upper oesophagus
Authors: Yu Xiaoyun , Wang Jiaqi , Jin Tian , Xiang Lizhi , Pan Xiaoli , Hou Xiaohua
Published: October 2022

Background

Heterotopic gastric mucosa in the upper oesophagus (HGMUE) was considered as geneogenous manifestation. However, its clinical characteristics may be beyond our knowledge if we focus on its extra‐oesophageal presentation. So the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between HGMUE and laryngopharyngeal symptoms.

Method

Eight hundred and eleven patients who had gastric endoscopy examination were enrolled in this study and the cervical oesophagus was examined for the patch during withdrawal of the endoscope. Questionnaire for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD‐Q) and Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) were completed by all the patients. Pathology feature and therapeutic effect of HGMUE patients were evaluated.

Result

About 34.53% of the patients undergoing the gastroduodenoscopy had laryngopharyngeal (LP) symptoms. The relevance rate of HGMUE in LP(+) group (10.69%) was higher than that in LP(−) group (2%). The LP symptoms were related to the histological type and expression of H+‐K+‐ATPase in the histological sample of HGMUE patients. The positive rate of H+‐K+‐ATPase was 100% in LP(+) group, and that in LP(−) group was 28.6%. PPI therapy was effective for improving the LP symptoms in HGMUE patients. The RSI score in LP(+) patients decreased from 8.12 ± 1.46 at baseline to 4 ± 0.74 at the end of 8 weeks after treatment of PPI.

Conclusion

HGMUE was an important cause of LP symptoms in patients, especially in those who had no evidence of GERD. The mechanism of HGMUE‐induced LP symptoms was due to its location and the function of acid secretion according to the endoscopic finding and histologic characteristics.
Can You Hear Me Now? Sensitive Comparisons of Human and Machine Perception
Authors: Lepori Michael A. , Firestone Chaz
Published: October 2022

The rise of machine‐learning systems that process sensory input has brought with it a rise in comparisons between human and machine perception. But such comparisons face a challenge: Whereas machine perception of some stimulus can often be probed through direct and explicit measures, much of human perceptual knowledge is latent, incomplete, or unavailable for explicit report. Here, we explore how this asymmetry can cause such comparisons to misestimate the overlap in human and machine perception. As a case study, we consider human perception of adversarial speech — synthetic audio commands that are recognized as valid messages by automated speech‐recognition systems but that human listeners reportedly hear as meaningless noise. In five experiments, we adapt task designs from the human psychophysics literature to show that even when subjects cannot freely transcribe such speech commands (the previous benchmark for human understanding), they can sometimes demonstrate other forms of understanding, including discriminating adversarial speech from closely matched nonspeech (Experiments 1 and 2), finishing common phrases begun in adversarial speech (Experiments 3 and 4), and solving simple math problems posed in adversarial speech (Experiment 5) — even for stimuli previously described as unintelligible to human listeners. We recommend the adoption of such “sensitive tests” when comparing human and machine perception, and we discuss the broader consequences of such approaches for assessing the overlap between systems.
How does a CIED presence influence chances and safety of haemodialysis access? Conclusions from over 3000 thoracic venografies
Authors: Czajkowski Marek , Polewczyk Anna , Jacheć Wojciech , Nowosielecka Dorota , Tułecki Łukasz , Stefańczyk Paweł , Kutarski Andrzej
Published: October 2022

Patients requiring temporal or permanent catheter or arterio‐venous fistula (AVF) for haemodialysis may be in challenging situation, if they are cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIED) carriers.

Materials and Methods

The authors analysed preoperative venogrphies of 3100 patients referred for transvenous lead extraction for a possible chance of safe haemodialysis catheter (HC) implantation or proper AVF function.

Results

A chance of safe catheter implantation parallel to existing leads reaches 68.8% ipsilaterally to CIED. Contraindications for implantation have been found in less than 2% of cases contralaterally. Ipsilaterally proper AVF function chance has been found in 50.3% of the cases and almost 98% contralaterally. A bilateral chest electrodes location require the special attention. Abandoned lead, lead burden, bilateral leads, additional lead implantation or abandonment, and implant duration may have a significant influence on HC insertion or proper function of arteriovenous fistula.

Conclusion

(1) Obstruction of prominent thoracic veins is a frequent finding in CIED carriers and may impede or disable implantation haemodialysis accesses. (2) Implantation of temporary or permanent HC may be questionable ipsilaterally to the CIED in 31.2% and contralaterally in 2.0% of patients. Proper function of AVF is uncertain in 49.7% ipsilaterally and 2.1% contralaterally to CIED. (3) Pacing history and leads dwell time influence chances of success haemodialysis access even on the free‐from CIED chest side. (4) Proper venous flow evaluation seems to be valuable in CIED carriers before an attempt of haemodialysis access formation, even contralaterally.
Controlled oxygenated rewarming as novel end‐ischemic therapy for cold stored liver grafts. A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Minor Thomas , von Horn Charlotte , Zlatev Hristo , Saner Fuat , Grawe Melanie , Lüer Bastian , Huessler Eva‐Maria , Kuklik Nils , Paul Andreas
Published: October 2022

Abrupt return to normothermia has been shown a genuine factor contributing to graft dysfunction after transplantation. This study tested the concept to mitigate reperfusion injury of liver grafts by gentle warming‐up using ex vivo machine perfusion prior to reperfusion. In a single center randomized controlled study, livers were assigned to conventional static cold storage (SCS) alone or to SCS followed by 90 min of ex vivo machine perfusion including controlled oxygenated rewarming (COR) by gentle and protracted elevation of the perfusate temperature from 10°C to 20°C. Primary outcome mean peak aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was 1371 U/L (SD 2871) after SCS versus 767 U/L (SD 1157) after COR (p = 0.273). Liver function test (LiMAx) on postoperative day 1 yielded 187 μg/kg/h (SD 121) after SCS, but rose to 294 μg/kg/h (SD 106) after COR (p = 0.006). Likewise, hepatic synthesis of coagulation factor V was significantly accelerated in the COR group immediately after transplantation (103% [SD 34] vs. 66% [SD 26]; p = 0.001). Fewer severe complications (Clavien‐Dindo grade ≥3b) were reported in the COR group (8) than in the SCS group (15). Rewarming/reperfusion injury of liver grafts can be safely and effectively mitigated by controlling of the rewarming kinetics prior to blood reperfusion using end‐ischemic ex vivo machine perfusion after cold storage.
Creating morphological diversity in reptilian temporal skull region: A review of potential developmental mechanisms
Authors: Tokita Masayoshi , Sato Hiromu
Published: October 2022

Reptilian skull morphology is highly diverse and broadly categorized into three categories based on the number and position of the temporal fenestrations: anapsid, synapsid, and diapsid. According to recent phylogenetic analysis, temporal fenestrations evolved twice independently in amniotes, once in Synapsida and once in Diapsida. Although functional aspects underlying the evolution of tetrapod temporal fenestrations have been well investigated, few studies have investigated the developmental mechanisms responsible for differences in the pattern of temporal skull region. To determine what these mechanisms might be, we first examined how the five temporal bones develop by comparing embryonic cranial osteogenesis between representative extant reptilian species. The pattern of temporal skull region may depend on differences in temporal bone growth rate and growth direction during ontogeny. Next, we compared the histogenesis patterns and the expression of two key osteogenic genes, Runx2 and Msx2, in the temporal region of the representative reptilian embryos. Our comparative analyses suggest that the embryonic histological condition of the domain where temporal fenestrations would form predicts temporal skull morphology in adults and regulatory modifications of Runx2 and Msx2 expression in osteogenic mesenchymal precursor cells are likely involved in generating morphological diversity in the temporal skull region of reptiles.
Faster accumulation and greater contribution of glomalin to the soil organic carbon pool than amino sugars do under tropical coastal forest restoration
Authors: Li Tengteng , Yuan Ye , Mou Zhijian , Li Yue , Kuang Luhui , Zhang Jing , Wu Wenjia , Wang Faming , Wang Jun , Lambers Hans , Sardans Jordi , Peñuelas Josep , Ren Hai , Liu Zhanfeng
Published: October 2022

Microbial metabolic products play a vital role in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality, such as soil physical structure and soil organic carbon (SOC) preservation. Afforestation is an effective strategy to restore degraded land. Glomalin‐related soil proteins (GRSP) and amino sugars are regarded as stable microbial‐derived C, and their distribution within soil aggregates affects soil structure stability and SOC sequestration. However, the information about how afforestation affects the microbial contribution to SOC pools within aggregates is poorly understood. We assessed the accumulation and contribution of GRSP and amino sugars within soil aggregates along a restoration chronosequence (Bare land, Eucalyptus exserta plantation, native species mixed forest, and native forest) in tropical coastal terraces. Amino sugars and GRSP concentrations increased, whereas their contributions to the SOC pool decreased along the restoration chronosequence. Although microaggregates harbored greater microbial abundances, amino sugars and GRSP concentrations were not significantly affected by aggregate sizes. Interestingly, the contributions of amino sugars and GRSP to SOC pools decreased with decreasing aggregate size which might be associated with increased accumulation of plant‐derived C. However, the relative change rate of GRSP was consistently greater in all restoration chronosequences than that of amino sugars. The accumulation of GRSP and amino sugars in SOC pools was closely associated with the dynamics of soil fertility and the microbial community. Our findings suggest that GRSP accumulates faster and contributes more to SOC pools during restoration than amino sugars did which was greatly affected by aggregate sizes. Afforestation substantially enhanced soil quality with native forest comprising species sequestering more SOC than the monoculture plantation did. Such information is invaluable for improving our mechanistic understanding of microbial control over SOC preservation during degraded ecosystem restoration. Our findings also show that plantations using arbuscular mycorrhizal plants can be an effective practice to sequester more soil carbon during restoration.
The response of alfalfa cultivars to mobile aluminum toxicity
Authors: Liatukienė Aurelija , Skuodienė Regina
Published: October 2022

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) as a perennial forage grass is widely adapted to favorable environmental conditions with wide range of soils including acid soils. The productivity traits of alfalfa in the soil without and with 1.8–14.7 mgAl/kg concentration of mobile Al were investigated. The study site was conducted at the Vėžaičiai Branch of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, 55°70 N lat., 21°49 E long. The experiment featuring 19 cultivars was established on a Balthygleyic Dystric Retisol in 2018. In 2019 and 2020, the productivity traits were evaluated: spring regrowth, plant height before flowering, stem number, seed yield, and fresh and dry matter yield. The mobile Al negatively influenced productivity traits of alfalfa in 2019 and 2020. Several cultivars of alfalfa were distinguished by tolerance to mobile Al and will be used for further selection for breeding. In 2020, the cultivar Europe from France was distinguished by spring regrowth, number of stems and fresh matter yield in the soil with mobile Al. The cultivar Ludelis from France differed by spring regrowth and height before flowering time in the soil with mobile Al in 2019–2020. The cultivar Skriveru from Latvia was the most yielding by seed yield in the soil without and with mobile Al in 2019. The Lithuanian cultivar Antanė was yielding by dry matter yield in the soil with and without mobile Al in 2019. The cultivar Žydrūnė from Lithuania was yielding by fresh and dry matter yield in the soil with and without mobile Al in 2020. This study on acid soils with and without mobile Al concentrations has revealed the differences of productivity traits under different environmental conditions of experimental years. Results of this study are important not only for Lithuania but also for the other lands of Europe where Retisol are prevails.