bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highway travel time information system based on cumulative count curves and new tracking technologies
Authors: Martínez-Díaz Margarita , Soriguera Martí Francesc , Pérez Pérez Ignacio
Published: October 2016

Travel time is probably the most important indicator of the level of service of a highway, and it is also the most appreciated information for its users. Administrations and private companies make increasing efforts to improve its real time estimation. The appearance of new technologies makes the precise measurement of travel times easier than never before. However, direct measurements of travel time are, by nature, outdated in real time, and lack of the desired forecasting capabilities. This paper introduces a new methodology to improve the real time estimation of travel times by using the equipment usually present in most highways, i.e., loop detectors, in combination with Automatic Vehicle Identification or Tracking Technologies. One of the most important features of the method is the usage of cumulative counts at detectors as an input, avoiding the drawbacks of common spot-speed methodologies. Cumulative count curves have great potential for freeway travel time information systems, as they provide spatial measurements and thus allow the calculation of instantaneous travel times. In addition, they exhibit predictive capabilities. Nevertheless, they have not been used extensively mainly because of the error introduced by the accumulation of the detector drift. The proposed methodology solves this problem by correcting the deviations using direct travel time measurements. The method results highly beneficial for its accuracy as well as for its low implementation cost.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3209
Herramienta SIG para el análisis de los efectos de las actuaciones en infraestructuras de transporte sobre la accesibilidad territorial
Authors: García Palomares Juan Carlos
Published: October 2016

En esta ponencia se presenta una herramienta creada en un Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG) para el análisis de los efectos de infraestructuras de transporte mediante indicadores de accesibilidad. La herramienta está integrada en el módulo ArcMap de ArcGIS 10.3. Permite calcular cuatro indicadores de accesibilidad (tiempo medio ponderado, indicador de potencial, indicador de eficiencia de la red y oportunidades disponibles). Se han implementado diferentes elementos a considerar en el cálculo de la accesibilidad, como la calibración del autopotencial o la sensibilidad a la velocidad “ideal” en el caso del indicador de eficiencia de la red. Esta herramienta es fruto de un proyecto de investigación para la Junta de Andalucía financiado por fondos FEDER, y ha sido testada con ejemplos que permiten analizar los impactos territoriales en Andalucía de distintas actuaciones en materia de transportes.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3216
ELECTRONIC TRAFFIC SIGNS: REFLECTING UPON ITS TRANSITION
Authors: Lucas Alba Antonio , Arbaiza Martin Alberto E. , Hernando Mazón Ana , Blanch Micó María Teresa
Published: October 2016

In our days we face a fundamental issue concerning road signs. We may display contents in vertical and horizontal format (static signs, variable message signs, road markings), either on a post, a gantry or a dashboard. And we foresee a coming age where the excellent matrix resolution of painted signs will be truly approached by the resolution of full matrix displays. But we also risk a babel context threatening the universal approach encouraged by international catalogues as the 1968 Convention (ECE/TRANS/196, 2007). And the fundamental risk comes from our decisions regarding how the transition from the contents and formats displayed on static message signs to the ones displayed on electronic signs (in gantries or dashboards) should be. Our work explores this issue specifically, considering the transition from Advance Direction Signs (static message signs, class G, 1 in the 1968 Convention) to what could be termed Advance Location Signs (signs concerning the location of variable events with regards to certain landmarks) developed as an adaptation of the G, 1 class to electronic traffic signs.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3217
3iBS: no solo de tecnología se alimenta la eficiencia
Authors: López-Lambas María Eugenia , Jiménez Rocío Cascajo
Published: October 2016

A pesar de los grandes avances en materia de calidad experimentados por los sistemas de autobús en los últimos años, sigue arraigada la creencia de que se trata de un medio de transporte de escasa fiabilidad y peor imagen. Sin embargo, la continua innovación que se viene aplicando tanto a los vehículos como a las infraestructuras y a la propia operación, ha mejorado notablemente la eficiencia de los distintos sistemas, incidiendo tanto en el nivel como en la calidad de servicio.El proyecto europeo 3iBS ha permitido que, a través de una serie de indicadores, aplicados a los tres aspectos mencionados, se analicen distintos casos de estudio en España, Francia, Italia y Reino Unido, al objeto de averiguar cuáles son los principales factores que dificultan o favorecen la calidad y el nivel de servicio. Dichos factores afectan a cuestiones regulatorias, técnicas, financieras y otras más difusas como la imagen o la mercadotecnia. La elaboración de unas fichas previas, con datos generales y exhaustivos de cada sistema examinado, ha permitido establecer los criterios utilizados para medir los diferentes niveles de servicio y calidad de cada sistema considerado.Finalmente, y tras el análisis de cinco casos de estudio, se han extraído algunas recomendaciones y buenas prácticas para mejorar la eficiencia y la competitividad de los autobuses, aumentando y perfeccionando su papel dentro de la movilidad urbana.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3230
Investment in public transport projects in cities: What do citizens think about it?
Authors: Calvo Poyo Francisco Javier , Ferri García Ramón , Fernández Medina Javier
Published: October 2016

In recent years, important public transport infrastructures projects have been carried out in Andalusia (Spain), some of them having an important impact on life in the metropolitan areas. Nevertheless, no studies have been done to know the citizens’ opinion concerning these projects. This article presents an analysis about the citizens’ perception on this matter, based on a 2015 survey with a sample of 1,200 individuals living in the Andalusian capital cities. Citizens’ perceptions about public transport infrastructures are analyzed, based on citizens’ mobility preferences, on their opinion about transport infrastructures’ social impact and about their adequation to the city they live in. Results indicate that people living in cities which already have underground have a larger preference for underground means of transport than those who live in cities that only have transit on surface. In addition, it is proved that light rail is the most unpopular transport mode among citizens.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3240
Corporative Trends in Urban Distribution of Goods in Mexico City
Authors: Antun Juan Pablo
Published: October 2016

The Logistics processes in urban-metropolitan distribution are constantly changing, both technological support and technical implementation in the processes themselves and in the management of these. It is necessary to monitor the substantive changes outlined in the metropolitan urban-physical distribution of goods, because they contribute to a better competitive position of companies in the market, and also to a better development of city life. It is a professional scientific and technical task that contributes, by its impact on "benchmarking", the improvement of engineering practices in the professional community of executives in logistics and supply chains. Based on three extensive field research (ANTÚN, JP; LOZANO, A; HERNÁNDEZ, R; ALARCÓN, R et al 2007; ANTÚN, JP; LOZANO, A; MAGALLANES, R; ALARCÓN, R; GRANADOS, F 2009, ANTUN JP ALARCON R; 2014) on Logistics Distribution of Goods in Mexico City, this article presents and discusses major corporate trends on a set of key logistics processes, and bring examples from Case Studies.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3257
ALGORITHM FOR MODELLING THE REMOVAL OF SNOW FROM STRECHES OF THE MANOEUVRING AERA OF AN AIRPORT
Authors: Marín Fernández César , Gómez Comendador Víctor Fernando , Arnaldo Valdés Rosa María
Published: October 2016

This article presents an algorithm and a structured methodology to address the issue of the optimisation of resources when clearing snow from stretches of the manoeuvring area of an airport. This overall issue is how to best utilise limited resources to remove snow from taxiways and runways so as to leave surfaces in an acceptable state for aircraft operations. To achieve this the airfield is divided into subsets of significant stretches for the purpose of operations and target times are set at which these are to be open to aircraft traffic. The manoeuvring area is also divided into zones, with the condition that the subsets of significant stretches lie within just one of these zones. The mathematical model contains operating restrictions with regard to the fulfilment of partial operational targets applied to the subsets of significant stretches, and also concerning the snow-clearing machines. The problem is solved by an iterative optimisation process based on linear programming applied successively to the zones that make up the manoeuvring area during each iteration. The method is particularised for the case of the manoeuvring area of Adolfo Suarez Madrid - Barajas Airport.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3271
CARONTE project: Creating an Agenda for Research on Transportation Security
Authors: Leon Bello Jorge , Gonzalez Viosca Emilio
Published: October 2016

Europe’s prosperity relies on effective transport systems. Any attacks and disturbances to land freight and passenger transport would have significant impact on economic growth, territorial cohesion, social development and the environment. Unfortunately, there are weaknesses in the land transport security.The objective of CARONTE project is define a future research agenda for security in land transport that focuses on core gaps caused by emerging risks while avoiding any doubling-up of research elsewhere. Its research agenda will cover all threats, including cyber-crime, and security aspects across all modes of land transportation. At the same time, it will respect the fundamental human rights and privacy of European citizens. The step-by-step method of CARONTE’s consortium has analyzed the state of the art and emerging risks; has identified gaps, analyses and assessments of potential solutions; and has produced an overall research agenda for the future. CARONTE’s results will answer the following questions among others: Which existing research projects merit a follow up and extension?Where are the combinations or synergy effects to be attended?Which themes and topics should be elaborated in new research projects?Who should be involved and integrated in future research projects (stakeholders, authorities, etc.)? The CARONTE consortium includes universities and research institutes, companies, and end-users providing with experience in research and consultancy in transportation, logistics, infrastructure management, security and communications. ITENE - Instituto Tecnológico del Embalaje, Transporte y Logística-  has been one of the Project partners among a total of 11 members from eight different countries in the European Union which have also been supported via a High Level Advisory Board.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3272
Modelling electric trains energy consumption using Neural Networks
Authors: Martínez Fernández Pablo , García Román Carla , Insa Franco Ricardo
Published: October 2016

Nowadays there is an evident concern regarding the efficiency and sustainability of the transport sector due to both the threat of climate change and the current financial crisis. This concern explains the growth of railways over the last years as they present an inherent efficiency compared to other transport means. However, in order to further expand their role, it is necessary to optimise their energy consumption so as to increase their competitiveness. Improving railways energy efficiency requires both reliable data and modelling tools that will allow the study of different variables and alternatives. With this need in mind, this paper presents the development of consumption models based on neural networks that calculate the energy consumption of electric trains. These networks have been trained based on an extensive set of consumption data measured in line 1 of the Valencia Metro Network. Once trained, the neural networks provide a reliable estimation of the vehicles consumption along a specific route when fed with input data such as train speed, acceleration or track longitudinal slope. These networks represent a useful modelling tool that may allow a deeper study of railway lines in terms of energy expenditure with the objective of reducing the costs and environmental impact associated to railways.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3273
ELECTRONIC TRAFFIC SIGNS: THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN HYBRID AND FULL MATRIX E-SIGNS
Authors: Lucas-Alba Antonio , Hernando Mazón Ana , Blanch Micó María Teresa , Gutiérrez Pérez Diego , Echeverría Villaspí José Ignacio , Landa Tejero-Garcés Nicolás
Published: October 2016

Road signs constitute a complex and growing communication system where different elements (pictograms, shapes, texts, etc.) are combined following different strategies. In this paper we have confronted drivers with a number of messages (congestion or road works, before, between, after location/s) developed as an adaptation of Advance Location Signs (class G, 1c in the 1968 Convention) to electronic displays. We manipulate two main factors a) the reading strategy (top-down vs. bottom-up) and the type of matrix display (hybrid, dissociating pictogram and text, vs. full matrix), in a repeated measures experimental design. The time taken to answer and the response given (correct, incorrect) was measured for each of the 24 message-blocks. Results show that the organization of the elements displayed is a key determinant for driver comprehension. Further thoughts on the need to understand the interplay between the formats adopted by static vs electronic message signs are provided.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3327
Auditorías de seguridad vial como políticas para mejorar la seguridad del transporte en la provincia de Chimborazo-Ecuador
Authors: Paredes García Angel Edmundo
Published: October 2016

La provincia de Chimborazo localizada en el centro del país se encuentra atravesada por una de las principales carreteras denominadas Troncal de la Sierra, la misma que conecta Colombia, Ecuador y Perú. Una auditoría de seguridad vial es un análisis formal que pretende garantizar que un camino, en nuestro caso existente, cumpla con criterios óptimos de seguridad. Dichas auditorías deben ser llevadas a cabo por un equipo de profesionales, cuyos miembros sean independientes del proyecto de la vía. En los últimos dos años la Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, con sus estudiantes de pregrado, ha realizado Auditorías de Seguridad Vial en las principales vías que ingresan a la provincia de Chimborazo con el fin de reducir los accidentes en dichas carreteras. Gracias a los resultados obtenidos en base a una lista de chequeos realizados en cada vía, se pudo establecer que pese al alto porcentaje de seguridad presente en las vías,  existen todavía puntos conflictivos, los mismos que deben ser intervenidos inmediatamente para disminuir el índice de accidentabilidad en nuestras carreteras. Las soluciones más comunes resultado de las auditorías realizadas son: instalación correcta de la señalización, diseño de taludes, iluminación y, de ser necesario,   rediseño de la vía. Además se pudo establecer parámetros para determinar las políticas o futuros planes de acción con el fin de mejorar la seguridad en las vías y por ende la seguridad en el transporte.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3386
Financial Feasibility of Public Bike Rental Systems in Spain
Authors: Hernández-Díaz Alfredo G. , Sastre Julián , López-Sánchez Ana D. , Cuello María , Molina Julián
Published: October 2016

In recent years, many public bike rental systems have proliferated in Spain. Unfortunately, many have had to close because of their poor financial feasibility. The aim of this paper is twofold. On the one hand, a benchmarking of the main public bicycle systems in Spain is conducted, analysing the growth in the last decades, with special emphasis on successful systems and on the recently failed. In addition, the financial feasibility of some successful systems in Spain is analysed: Seville, Valencia and Barcelona. Thus, major factors directly related to the viability of such systems are discussed. A proper and correct knowledge of these factors is essential when making decisions in mobility policies. The main factors on which the management company may decide are: pricing policy (annual and weekly rate), advertising rates, and system dimensions (number of docking stations, anchors and bicycles). There are other external factors not directly controlled by the company (subscribers, occupancy rate of advertising space and system maintenance cost) but which are crucial to their feasibility. To achieve the aforementioned objectives, mobility studies in Seville (1400 surveys) and Barcelona (1000 surveys) were conducted in order to achieve more accurate parameter values (time cycling, distances, used rate, frequencies, etc.). Despite the similarities between the systems in Valencia and Seville, they have shown very different profitability. The high profitability in Valencia and Barcelona is highlighted in contrast to the case of the Seville system.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3383
Methodological proposal for the implementation of shared bicycle applied to the Brazilian context
Authors: ESPANA JUAN PABLO , BARBOSA PHILIPPE
Published: October 2016

The main objective of this study is to analyze the bicycle rental system in the Federal District "Bike Brasilia". It aims to identify guidelines that supported the application process and consensus, disagreements and guidelines established by the Institute for Policies and Development in Transportation - ITDP and relate those listed by Zhang regarding rented bikes systems. This is an exploratory study based on the strategy of document analysis and its secondary sources: institutional documents, basic design, procurement and other official documents made exclusively for this study. To support the discussion, a systematic literature review of the rules describing specially: sustainability, transport, urban mobility, bicycle rental and environment. The results reveal that while some of the parameters and indicators of efficiency are met on time, the bicycle sharing system of the city of Brasilia, has weaknesses that can lead to inefficiency and impracticality of maintaining and expanding such services. On the other hand, Bike Brasilia partially fulfills the principles enumerated by Zhang and lacks improvement in the steps for the successful operation of the systemDOI http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3404
Gender differences in commuting behavior: Women's greater sensitivity
Authors: Olmo Sánchez María Isabel , Maeso González Elvira
Published: October 2016

Women's greater sensitivity to changes in their environment is one of the most distinguishing features between both genders. This article raises women's greater sensitivity to the different variables which influence their commuting modal choice. In order to do this, gender gaps detected in the choice of means of transport in commuting trips with respect to the decision factors such as age, education level, driver's license, private transport access; location, household size and net income, are quantified.The results show a greater female sensitivity to the different variables that affect their modal choice, which helps to better understand the different mobility patterns and it is useful for planning measures favoring sustainable mobility policies and equity.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3405
EVALUACIÓN DE LOS COSTOS DE VEHÍCULOS DE PROPULSIÓN ELÉCTRICA Y A GASOLINA
Authors: Gomez Juan Pablo Espana
Published: October 2016

El inminente agotamiento de las fuentes de energía primaria, principalmente por la dependencia energética del petróleo trae como resultado la inversión en nuevos modelos de energía para la movilidad destinados a mejorar la calidad de vida de la población, buscando nuevas formas de reducir el uso de combustibles fósiles como fuente de energía. El sistema de transporte ha sufrido muchas críticas por ser responsable del consumo de gran parte de estos combustibles, por lo cual, desde hace algunas décadas se está incentivando a la reducción del transporte individual y uso de vehículos no motorizados, además del uso de fuentes alternativas de energía que incluyen vehículos propulsados por energías renovables. Europa emerge en la integración de los Vehículos Eléctricos (VE) en su flota con el fin de disminuir las emisiones de Gases Efecto Invernadero (GEI). Ya en Brasil, esta tecnología aún se encuentra tímida debido a las restricciones al uso del VE, la principal, sus costos marginales. El objetivo de esta investigación consiste en comparar los costos marginales de dos vehículos con sistemas de propulsión diferentes (gasolina y energía eléctrica). El resultado del estudio permitió analizar los pros y los contras de introducir el VE en Brasil. El método adoptado se divide en dos etapas, la primera considera una revisión bibliográfica mundial y local, seguido del análisis del costo marginal, teniendo en cuenta valores relacionados con los costos de adquisición, mantenimiento e inspección en un período de 100 mil kilómetros, además de la autonomía y valores de impuestos. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que, incluso si se adoptaran políticas de incentivos en Brasil para el uso del VE en el corto plazo, éstos podrían convertirse en inviable si no se contemplan los componentes más caros. Por lo tanto, el uso intensivo del VE en Brasil es todavía una realidad lejana.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3408
SISTEMA MECÁNICO DESTINADO A LA COMPENSACIÓN PASIVA DE ACELERACIONES PARA EL TRANSPORTE DE CARGAS DELICADAS EN VEHÍCULOS DE CARRETERA
Authors: Fernández-Concellón Pedro-José , Baselga-Ariño Santiago
Published: October 2016

Los sistemas pasivos para compensar aceleraciones vienen utilizándose en vehículos terrestres desde mediados del siglo XX. Su aplicación y evolución se ha dado principalmente en el transporte ferroviario de pasajeros, pero también han sido aplicados a vehículos de carretera destinados al transporte de mercancías y a otros dispositivos mecánicos empleados en la vida diaria. En esta ponencia se presenta un sistema de mecánico, alternativo a los existentes, que permite compensar de forma pasiva las aceleraciones a que se ven sometidas las cargas transportadas en el habitáculo de carga de un vehículo terrestre. Se trata de un sistema mecánico pasivo que permite que las cargas transportadas con él puedan oscilar tanto longitudinal como transversalmente, teniendo como limitaciones de su movimiento al propio habitáculo de carga, la disposición de los sus componentes y el tipo de uniones empleadas entre estos. La posibilidad de variar el tipo de uniones del sistema permite que éste adapte su comportamiento al movimiento más predominante del vehículo o a la dirección en que se desea proteger principalmente a la carga transportada. Su aplicación se ha orientado al transporte de cargas delicadas y al transporte de pacientes, dado que se ha detectado que en este último campo no existe tal aplicación y podría ser beneficioso para el estado de salud de estos. Se ha planteado y resuelto el modelo matemático de su comportamiento dinámico y existe un prototipo sobre el que se están llevando a cabo pruebas experimentales para contrastar los resultados teóricos con los reales. Su efectividad ha sido comprobada mediante simulación por ordenador y actualmente se está trabajando en la fase experimental.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3416
DRIVER COMPETENCE PERFORMANCE INDICATORS USING OTMR
Authors: EL Rashidy Rawia Ahmed Hassan
Published: October 2016

The current practice for assessing driver competence performance is in-cab riding by driver managers. However, this paper investigates whether real-world driving data extracted from on-train monitoring recorders data (OTMR) can be used to assess the driver performance. A number of indicators were used to evaluate the drivers’ performance. These include: their use of the emergency bypass switch, the driver's reminder appliance as well as the driver’s reaction time. A study case illustrated the applicability of OTMR data to estimate the proposed indicators, which suggests that the indicators can be useful in the driver management system in addition to the current indicators. Furthermore, the proposed indicators could be used to tailor the driver training schemes up to their individual needs and evaluate their effectiveness. They could even be used for improving driver competence performance and reducing crash involvement by revealing potentially detrimental driving performance.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3417
LA CONFIANZA EN EL TRANSPORTE PÚBLICO EN RELACIÓN CON LA OFERTA, LA DEMANDA Y LA PERCEPCIÓN DE LA CALIDAD DEL SERVICIO
Authors: SANZ BONDÍA ANTONIO
Published: October 2016

Las grandes ciudades presentan importantes problemas de congestión y contaminación. Desplazar la demanda del vehículo privado hacia modos más sostenibles pertenecientes a las redes de transporte público es una tarea compleja, pero factible mediante criterios técnicos, económicos, medioambientales y de calidad, tanto desde el punto de vista de los operadores como de los usuarios. La posibilidad de que la ciudadanía valore las ventajas del transporte colectivo, en comparación con las características del vehículo privado, precisa un incremento de la confianza en el primero, desarrollando políticas conjuntas en los distintos modos que aumenten y aproximen la calidad ofertada a la calidad percibida por los clientes. Esa confianza de la población se fundamenta en conceptos diversos como una planificación adecuada de la oferta ajustada a la demanda; una estructura organizativa capaz de recuperar la eficiencia en caso de incidencias; un mantenimiento continuo de las infraestructuras, instalaciones y material móvil; y una correcta gestión de la información a los usuarios mediante los medios tradicionales y las nuevas tecnologías.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3420
Effects of Economic Recession on Road Safety Indexes
Authors: ROJO MARTA , GONZALO-ORDEN HERNÁN , LINARES ALAITZ , DELL'OLIO LUIGI
Published: October 2016

During the last years, the investment in both construction and conservation of transportinfrastructures has been considerably reduced in several countries, as Spain. After anumber of years in which economic circumstances have forced Governments to reducebudgets earmarked for the maintenance and creation of new ways, it is interesting toanalyze whether this has taken a toll on accident rates.The paper evaluates if there are significant changes in the road safety through these yearsin Spain, comparing the annual statistics concerning investment in infrastructure andaccidents. Thus, the classical risk, mortality and severity indexes have been analyzed tounderstand their real trends. Finally, through linear regression techniques, it is shown howthese trends are related to the budgets invested each year, in order to draw interestingconclusions about the effect of their reduction.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3427
Probabilistic Safety Analysis of High Speed and Conventional Lines Using Bayesian Networks
Authors: Grande Andrade Zacarias , Castillo Ron Enrique , O'Connor Alan , Nogal Maria
Published: October 2016

A Bayesian network approach is presented for probabilistic safety analysis (PSA) of railway lines. The idea consists of identifying and reproducing all the elements that the train encounters when circulating along a railway line, such as light and speed limit signals, tunnel or viaduct entries or exits, cuttings and embankments, acoustic sounds received in the cabin, curves, switches, etc. In addition, since the human error is very relevant for safety evaluation, the automatic train protection (ATP) systems and the driver behavior and its time evolution are modelled and taken into account to determine the probabilities of human errors. The nodes of the Bayesian network, their links and the associated probability tables are automatically constructed based on the line data that need to be carefully given. The conditional probability tables are reproduced by closed formulas, which facilitate the modelling and the sensitivity analysis. A sorted list of the most dangerous elements in the line is obtained, which permits making decisions about the line safety and programming maintenance operations in order to optimize them and reduce the maintenance costs substantially. The proposed methodology is illustrated by its application to several cases that include real lines such as the Palencia-Santander and the Dublin-Belfast lines.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3428
Assessing CO2 emissions of electric vehicles for e-sharing and home care. Two cases developed at Valencian region
Authors: Lo Iacono Ferreira Vanesa Gladys , Torregrosa López Juan Ignacio , Colomer Ferrándiz José Vicente
Published: October 2016

Assessing the environmental impact of transport has been an issue over the last decade. The general framework is established and the followings factors must be considered to obtain results as accurate as possible. Among others (a) the study should considered the entire life cycle if possible: building & materials, usage phase and waste treatment and (b) usage phase assessment must be developed under real conditions in addition to lab tests. When the object of study is urban private transport, some extra lines can be taken into account considering the high impact that environmental initiatives makes in society. The information that local authorities and community receives about the initiative is as relevant as the environmental benefits obtain of the implementation of the project. In this paper, we present the methodology developed to assess CO2 emissions of electric vehicles intendent to car-sharing and home care; two projects developed at Valencian region. We deepen in the relevance and type of information obtain and manage for both studies with a life cycle vision. As a result of usage phase assessment, field test proves to be revealing giving a more realistic vision of the benefits of the project. Theoretical assessments were useful to consider the implementation of a certain project and the necessary support complementing the entity of the study. Resources needed to develop field test might skew results by biasing the study. Attention need to be paid in order to manage resources to set up field tests and avoid setting up field tests due to available resources. Bibliographic studies have shown building, materials and waste treatment depends on available data. Life cycle assessment seems to be the most adequate tool to obtain accurate results although the cost of the assessment is high and might not show significant differences between cars of similar characteristics.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3430
ANÁLISIS DE LA SEGURIDAD ACTIVA EN AUTOBUSES MEDIANTE LA REALIZACIÓN DE ENSAYOS VIRTUALES
Authors: Luque Rodríguez Pablo
Published: October 2016

La seguridad activa de los vehículos se ve afectada por las variaciones de las condiciones de operación y por la degradación de los diferentes sistemas (suspensión, dirección, neumáticos, etc.).Una de la variables de operación que más afecta a la seguridad es la carga y su distribución el en vehículo. En el caso de los vehículos para el transporte colectivo de personas, por razones obvias, las condiciones de carga son muy variable al igual que la distribución de la misma.Este trabajo evalúa la sensibilidad de la respuesta dinámica de este tipo de vehículos, con ello de la seguridad activa, ante diferentes condiciones de operación. Para ello, mediante la utilización de un modelo virtual de autobús, desarrollado en el software de simulación dinámica multicuerpo MSC Admas®, se simularán los ensayos dinámicos propuestos en por la normativa ISO. Se analiza la respuesta del vehículo ante diferentes condiciones operativas (estados de carga, velocidad, etc). En base a estos análisis se identifica la sensibilidad de las condiciones de seguridad, sirviendo de base para proponer soluciones que permitan minimizar o identificar o predecir las situaciones de riesgo en la circulación de este tipo de vehículos.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3436
Identificación de corredores prioritarios de carreteras para la aplicación de estrategias de reducción de emisiones GEI. Caso de España.
Authors: Sobrino Vázquez Natalia , Monzón de Cáceres Andrés
Published: October 2016

Lograr un transporte bajo en carbono es crucial en la planificación y gestión del transporte por carretera. Existen diversas acciones para la reducción de emisiones del transporte por carretera: sobre la demanda, la tecnología del vehículo, la gestión del tráfico, etc. Pero, antes de realizar cualquier actuación, es necesario identificar cuáles son los puntos de la red que necesitan una acción prioritaria. Este trabajo describe un índice para la identificación de tramos y corredores prioritarios para hacer frente a los problemas de emisiones GEI. La herramienta HERA de evaluación del consumo de energía y emisiones del tráfico, es utilizada para estimar los parámetros del Índice Prioritario de Emisiones (IPE) y para evaluar diferentes estrategias de gestión y diseño de carreteras. El IPE identifica la prioridad de acción en un tramo o corredor en base a las emisiones totales del tráfico y a la alta intensidad de emisiones unitarias del tramo, es decir, la ineficiencia. La Red de Carreteras del Estado (2012) se toma como caso de estudio, y los resultados se muestran en mapas ayudados por un SIG. Se identifican siete corredores prioritarios, que representan el 25% de la red y contribuyen con el 52% de las emisiones GEI totales de la red en 2012. Los corredores más ineficientes corresponden a aquellos con una alta proporción de vehículos pesados, altas velocidades de vehículos ligeros y aquellos que presentan pendientes pronunciadas. Sobre los corredores prioritarios han sido aplicadas una serie de estrategias de reducción de emisiones. La estrategia más efectiva –aparte de la integración de varias estrategias- es la reducción de la velocidad de los vehículos ligeros. Una reducción de velocidad de -10km/h podría producir un 3,85% de ahorro anual de emisiones sobre dichos corredores, llegando a ahorrar 566 KtCO2eq anuales.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3441
Validación de un simulador de conducción de bajo coste para el diseño de carreteras convencionales
Authors: Llopis-Castelló David , Camacho-Torregrosa Francisco Javier , Marín-Morales Javier , Pérez-Zuriaga Ana María , García Alfredo , Dols Juan Francisco
Published: October 2016

La cantidad de estudios de seguridad vial basados en simuladores de conducción está en continuo crecimiento. En este sentido, la Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) ha desarrollado un simulador de conducción de bajo coste: SE2RCO (Simulador para la Evaluación, Entrenamiento y Rehabilitación de Conductores). El principal objetivo de la investigación es la validación de este simulador, con el fin de desarrollar estudios relacionados con la seguridad vial y el diseño geométrico de carreteras incorporando el factor humano. Dicha validación se ha realizado a partir de la observación en campo de los perfiles continuos de velocidad desarrollados por 28 voluntarios conduciendo su propio vehículo en un tramo de carretera convencional de 30 km. Los mismos voluntarios condujeron posteriormente en el simulador de conducción ese mismo tramo de carretera reconstruido en un entorno virtual. Un total de 79 curvas y 52 rectas fueron objeto de análisis. La comparación entre las velocidades desarrolladas en la realidad y las observadas durante la simulación permitieron llevar a cabo la validez objetiva del simulador de conducción. Los resultados mostraron que la velocidad media en el simulador y en la realidad era similar cuando la velocidad simulada era inferior a 87.3 km/h. En caso de ser superior, la velocidad media en la realidad era menor que en el simulador. En cuanto a la velocidad de operación, se observó que la velocidad real era aproximadamente 5 km/h menor que la simulada. Finalmente, estos resultados estuvieron apoyados por la percepción de los conductores, ya que la mayoría de ellos evaluaron la calidad del entorno simulado y el grado de similitud entre la tarea de conducción real y simulada como medio o alto, consiguiendo de esta manera la validez subjetiva del simulador de conducción.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3444
Performance of Low-Volume Roads with Wearing Course Layer of Silty Sandy Soil Modified with Rice Husk Ash and Lime
Authors: Musso Laespiga Marcos , Behak Katz Leonardo
Published: October 2016

Rice husk ash (RHA) is a by-product of rice milling. Its use as soil stabilizer is a way to replace the final disposal with environmental benefit. However, RHA is not cementitious itself but when mixed with lime forms cements which improve the soil properties. A research of performance of a silty sandy soil modified with RHA and lime as wearing course layer of low-volume roads was conducted through two full-scale test sections with different pavements built in Artigas, northern Uruguay. The alkaline reactivity of RHA is low because the husk burning is not controlled. The soil-RHA-lime mix design was conducted according to the Thompson’s Method. The pavement test sections were monitored through deflection measures by Benkelman beam and observations of surface condition. The deflections decreased over time in both test sections due to the development of cementation of the study materials. After one year, the dust emission was reduced, the wet skid resistance of pavement surfaces improved and there was not rutting. The researched pavements have had a good performance under the existing traffic and environmental conditions, demonstrating that wearing course layer of silty sand modified with RHA and lime is an alternative to improve the condition of low-volume roads and to replace the final disposal of RHA, with environmental, social and economic benefits.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3451
Economic crisis and its influences on the interaction between land use and transport in Madrid Region
Authors: Wang Yang
Published: October 2016

The road transport system is closely linked to the land-use system. The road system connects territories at all spatial scale, on the other hand, passengers and freight travel behavior are strongly influenced both by land-use and the road transport system. Hence, research in the field of the interactions between land-use and the road transport system is still less, particular the influence of the economic crisis. This paper aims to find out if the statistical analysis of land use and mobility can help to answer the question of what happens during economic crisis on both land use and transport system, and unveiling key spatial relationships between them. The methodology for the analysis was developed accordingly with the data and resources available. First, an exploratory data analysis (EDA) is performed in order to identify the land use and mobility pattern during the last decade. This analysis focuses on six aspects, which are distribution of population and dwellings, employment and jobs, GDP, motorization and modal split. The second aspect consists on crossing the spatial patterns of the different aspects in order to find some explanatory relationships that indicate the presence of the key characteristics. The analysis is based on the case of Madrid Region. The land-use and transport data presented in this analysis are from 2004 to 2014, which are collected from the national statistical institute, the regional government database and two urban mobility surveys of Madrid. Through the exploration analysis, we find that there is close relationship between the land-use system and travel behavior in Madrid Region. With an increasing of new dwellings constructed in the outer periphery of Madrid Region, it leads longer trips distance and more travel cost particularly by car mode. Moreover, during the economic crisis, we also find the motorization level of Madrid keeps the same, as a result of the decreasing GDP and relatively decreasing household income.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3452
THE ANALYSIS OF THE SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY LEVEL IN SELECTED EUROPEAN CITIES
Authors: Ciaston-Ciulkin Aleksandra
Published: October 2016

Transport needs have to be met through efficient and integrated usage of existing transport infrastructure and urban space together with actions taken in order to reduce traffic congestion by reducing the number and length of travels by car and reducing the demand for the travelling. The expected effect of these actions is the less noise, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The article presents the proposal of the indicator for measuring the degree of sustainable mobility based on the example of European Union cities. The presented method for determining the level of sustainable mobility has been inspired by different researches and it is based on a study of different sub-indicators used for measuring the degree of sustainability of the modal split.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3455
PLANNING THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN MUCAT (OMAN)
Authors: Hitado Hernández Eva , Gonzalez Jiménez Juan , Sanz Pecharromán Carolina
Published: October 2016

In Muscat, the capital of Oman with over one million inhabitants, urban public transport practically does not exist and the use of private cars is dramatically increasing. As a result, accident rates and traffic congestion, two particularly pressing concerns in the urban area of the capital, have both risen. This situation has focused the concern of public administrations and has led to the urgent need of developing a Public Transport System in the city In order to develop this system in an integrated manner, the plan proposes to unify and organize regulation and management of public transport by creating a public transport authority, headed by the Ministry of Transport and with a very strong involvement of Muscat Municipality. By 2015 only two urban bus lines operate in Muscat, covering a small area of the city–Wadi Adei, Wadi Kabir and Ruwi. Therefore, the plan adopts a conservative approach by proposing the implementation of a comprehensive urban bus network –composed by trunk and feeder lines adapted to the low density of the city- before establishing other high capacity solutions, such as BRT or LRT. A key element of the system is the number of 13,400 taxis and microbuses that represent the only alternative to the 317,000 cars of Muscat. The plan suggests the reorganization and further regulation of the sector to achieve the professionalization of the taxi services and the migration of existing users, part of them to the professionalised taxi services and the other part to the implemented public transport services.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3457
International benchmark and best practices on national infrastructure plans. Application to Spanish strategic planning
Authors: Pino Hernández Eva María , Delgado Quiralte Cristina
Published: October 2016

The need for planning regarding investment in infrastructures is recognised and supported by most governments around the world. Planning helps to take effective and correct decisions, provides a basis for monitoring its impacts and also facilitates further developments. However it requires a high level of organization, coordination among stakeholders and anticipation of transport needs. There are some different methodological approaches for strategic planning. This paper examines the importance of infrastructure planning and how it is undertaken in different countries from Europe and other continents. It is based on a benchmarking about planning procedures of 7 reference countries (UK, France, the Netherlands, Poland, Germany, Japan and USA), in addition to others whose strategic plans are being developed at the present moment such as Croatia or Romania. This benchmarking aims to extract and compare best practices carried out in this field and to define the optimal formulation of strategic planning. In this regard, the benchmarking is focused on some key aspects: firstly, on the plan structure and its main contents. There are a lot of differences about how each country defines the future needs for transport and how it establishes the objectives and the strategies to be followed. Secondly, on the characterisation of the authorities which are responsible of the plan development (level of dependence from the government, know-how…) along with the time frame and final validity of the plans. And finally, the level of detail of the proposed actions and budgetary commitments provided by the strategic plans. Throughout the comparative analysis, the knowledge generated by this benchmarking has allowed setting a series of specific recommendations in strategic planning which can be applied as innovative solutions and best practices in future planning processes in Spain.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3459
Modelización de costes en el transporte fluvial de mercancías. Aplicación al caso brasileño.
Authors: Maroto Fernández José Andrés , Delgado Marón Carlos
Published: October 2016

El transporte fluvial de mercancías presenta ventajas comparativas respecto a otros modos debido a las importantes economías de escala que permite obtener para la movilización de grandes flujos en largas distancias. Su promoción resulta por lo tanto socialmente deseable en muchos contextos. Sin embargo, la correcta evaluación económica de actuaciones en este sistema de transportes (ya sean proyectos de mejora de las infraestructuras o de aplicación de políticas de transporte) requiere disponer de herramientas de análisis en profundidad de sus costes de producción. El proyecto ha consistido en el desarrollo de un modelo de evaluación de costes para este modo de transporte en el que se consideran, entre otros, los efectos de las diferentes condiciones físicas de los canales de navegación y las características de las mercancías transportadas. La herramienta diseñada contempla una alta descomposición de los elementos de coste con el fin de permitir particularizar el cálculo a una amplia variedad de situaciones así como facilitar el análisis de sensibilidad respecto a distintos factores. El modelo se estructuró en función de cuatro procesos que permiten la agrupación de centros de coste conceptual y funcionalmente homogéneos: Proceso canal: Donde se definieron los costes asociados a los canales de navegación (costes de capital, mantenimiento y gestión). Proceso esclusas: Evaluación de los costes de capital, mantenimiento y operación de las esclusas. Proceso transporte: Costes asociados a la operación de los servicios de transporte (empresas de navegación: capital, mantenimiento y operación). Proceso puertos: Costes de capital, mantenimiento y operación necesarios para el intercambio modal. La estructura de los cálculos modelizados es homogénea para todos los procesos y su formulación sistemática. La herramienta desarrollada se ha aplicado a la estimación de los costes de producción del transporte fluvial en distintos ríos brasileños y para diferentes flujos de mercancías: gráneles sólidos, líquidos y tráfico ro-ro.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3460