bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Who is who: areas of the brain associated with recognizing and naming famous faces
Authors: Giussani Carlo , Roux Franck-Emmanuel , Bello Lorenzo , Lauwers-Cances Valérie , Papagno Costanza , Gaini Sergio M. , Puel Michelle , Démonet Jean-François
Published: October 2008

Object

It has been hypothesized that specific brain regions involved in face naming may exist in the brain. To spare these areas and to gain a better understanding of their organization, the authors studied patients who underwent surgery by using direct electrical stimulation mapping for brain tumors, and they compared an object-naming task to a famous face–naming task.

Methods

Fifty-six patients with brain tumors (39 and 17 in the left and right hemispheres, respectively) and with no significant preoperative overall language deficit were prospectively studied over a 2-year period. Four patients who had a partially selective famous face anomia and 2 with prosopagnosia were not included in the final analysis.

Results

Face-naming interferences were exclusively localized in small cortical areas (< 1 cm2). Among 35 patients whose dominant left hemisphere was studied, 26 face-naming specific areas (that is, sites of interference in face naming only and not in object naming) were found. These face naming–specific sites were significantly detected in 2 regions: in the left frontal areas of the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri (p < 0.001) and in the anterior part of the superior and middle temporal gyri (p < 0.01). Variable patterns of interference were observed (speech arrest, anomia, phonemic, or semantic paraphasia) probably related to the different stages in famous face processing. Only 4 famous face–naming interferences were found in the right hemisphere.

Conclusions

Relative anatomical segregation of naming categories within language areas was detected. This study showed that famous face naming was preferentially processed in the left frontal and anterior temporal gyri. The authors think it is necessary to adapt naming tasks in neurosurgical patients to the brain region studied.
Milieu urbain et recherche d'une identité culturelle : les lycéens de Fort-Archambault et d'Abéché (Tchad).
Authors: Teissenrenc Pierre
Published: October 2008

P. Teisserenc — Urban Milieu and Search for Cultural Identity: High-School Students in Fort-Archambault and Abeche (Chad). Reactions of school-children, in the upper grades of secondary education, to the culture conflict created by modem, western-type, urban-oriented education. Reconciliation and/or conflicts in world-view and explanation of natural phenomena. Choice/refusal of value Systems. Influence of African social structure and religion (moslems v. christians/pagans).
L'Africain et la ville.
Authors: Bernard Guy
Published: October 2008

G. Bernard — The African and the City. Growth and development of Kinshasa, before and since independence, collective représentations of city life and urban problems, from résidents' interviews.
Un exemple d'urbanisation en Afrique occidentale : Dassa-Zoumé (Dahomey).
Authors: Morel Alain
Published: October 2008

A. Morel — Dassa-Zoumé (Central Dahomey) : An Exemple of Urbanization in West Africa. The Yoruba town of Igbo-Idasa (= Dassa-Zoumé on the French maps) has developed mainly in the last forty years. Despite the high proportion of farmers among its inhabitants (there is a farm belt spreading as far as 40 km from the city core), it has developed real urban functions in the economic, political and administrative fields, providing both trade and services for the neighbouring district.
Les débuts difficiles de la capitale de la République Centrafricaine. Bangui de 1889 à 1893.
Authors: Goutalier Régine
Published: October 2008

R. Goutalier — The Hard Beginnings of a Capital: Bangui, 1889-1893. The outstation which was to become eventually the capital of the Central African Republic was built on the wrong site, with the wrong climate and was for years a colonial hell-hole, maintained only to check Belgian competition on the other bank of the Ubangi river.
Un cas de passage collectif à l'islam en Basse Côte d'Ivoire : le village d'Ahua au début du siècle.
Authors: Triaud Jean-Louis
Published: October 2008

J.-L. Triaud — A Case of Collective Conversion to Islam in the Lower Ivory Coast: Ahua at the Beginning of the Present Century. Ahua, a Baule village on the Bandama river, lost most of its importance as a transfer point on the trade route to the North after the French occupation. The first individual conversions took place shortly before World War I. Massive conversions took place some time later, when the village headman obtained his release from a French gaol thanks, reputedly, to the supernatural intercession of a marabout.
The Income Tax, Indirect Rule and the Depression : the Gold Coast Riots of 1931.
Authors: Shaloff Stanley
Published: October 2008

S. Shaloff — Impôts sur le revenu, administration indirecte et crise économique : les émeutes de I931 en Gold Coast. Le projet d'introduction d'un impôt sur le revenu était, dans l'esprit du gouverneur Slater, destiné, entre autres, à fournir les ressources nécessaires aux Trésoreries indigènes qui constituaient une pièce essentielle du système d'administration indirecte approuvé par les chefs traditionnels. Ce projet suscita les protestations des « évolués », soutenus par certains Européens, d'autant plus que la crise économique mondiale avait fait tomber le cours des produits. Le gouverneur ayant refusé de tenir compte de ces avertissements, des émeutes populaires éclatèrent à Sekondi et Cape Coast, attribuées par l'administration à des « voyous ». Le gouverneur fut finalement contraint de renoncer à son projet.
Deux lignages au Kinyaga
Authors: Newbury Catharine
Published: October 2008

C. Newbury — Two Kinyaga lineages. Kinyaga, in S.W. Rwanda, did not corne under the direct authority of the mwami's administration before the end of the 19t.l1 cen-tury. This, as shown by the study of two lineages (one Tutsi, one Hutu), brought over some drastic changes in the kinship structure. Lineages lost their cohesion when their members shared the new roles and functions. The hierarchical cleavages lines eut through the kin groups, and a new vertical stratification took place between Tutsi and Hutu, later on to be strengthened by the colonial rulers whose basic aims were similar to those of the Tutsi.
Évolution des structures foncières au Rwanda : le cas d'un lignage hutu
Authors: Law Robin
Published: October 2008

L. Meschi — Evolution ofland holding structures in Rwanda: the case of a Hutu lineage. The study of the evolution of the land estate of a Hutu lineage from 1850 on explains the reasons behind the economic individualism of Rwandese peasants.
Le langage des imandwa au Rwanda
Authors: Bizimana Simon
Published: October 2008

S. Bizimana — The imandwa's language in Rwanda. Description of the lexicon of the secret language of the kubandwa rite. Most items are either borrowed from peripheral dialects or used in a metaphoric sense.
Lend-Lease and the Opening of French North and West Africa to Private Trade.
Authors: Dougherty James J.
Published: October 2008

J. J. Dougherty — Le prêt-bail et l'ouverture de l'Afrique du Nord et de l'Afrique Occidentale françaises au commerce privé américain. Après le débarquement allié en Afrique du Nord et en AOF (novembre 1942), les Etats-Unis ont utilisé le mécanisme du prêt-bail pour fournir une aide économique civile à ces territoires. Les programmes de prêt-bail se situaient au niveau des gouvernements et restreignaient l'activité commerciale privée. Il en résulta une controverse très vive avec les intérêts commerciaux privés américains qui réclamaient la suppression du prêt-bail et le rétablissement du commerce privé avec ces colonies. Les Français, de leur côté, craignant de perdre leur suprématie commerciale, s'opposèrent jusqu'en juillet 1945 au rétablissement du commerce privé : même l'effort de guerre commun n'avait pas suffi à faire disparaître une longue tradition de rivalité économique.
Un tsógó chez les Eton.
Authors: Laburthe-Tolra Philippe
Published: October 2008

P. Laburthe-Tolra — A Tsôgô Rite among the Eton. Description of one of the very few Beti/Fang purification rites to have survived Christian proselytization. Tsogo is linked with the family and kinship structure as symbolized by the blood taboo. In its present form, the rite seems to be far softer and less demanding than in former times, due to the general trend of social change and, more precisely, to Roman Catholic influence.
L'occupation des terres et la constitution des fermes au Transvaal (1835-1877).
Authors: Videcoq Patrick
Published: October 2008

P. Videcoq — On Land Occupation and Farm Registration in the Transvaal before the First British Occupation (1835-1877) . The need for more grazing lands played an important part in the genesis of the 1834 Great Trek. After the crossing of the Vaal and the defeat of Msilikazi, the Voortrekkers did not really settled down on strictly delimi-tated estates but went on with their former habits of semi-nomadic pastoralism. Land delimitation always remained rather vague and estates boundaries ill-defined, the official regulations about registration being applied in a haphazard fashion, even after the officiai recognition of the Republic (1852) and the Act Registration Ordinance of 1866. The failure of the Transvaal government in having their own laws efiectively applied was instrumental in the 1877 conflict.
Eugène Etienne et la tentative de rapprochement franco-allemand en 1907.
Authors: Grupp Peter
Published: October 2008

P. Grupp — Eugène Etienne and the Attempt at a French-German Rapprochement in 1907. At first sight Eugène Etienne's 1907 visit to Kiel and Berlin and the attempt he made towards a French-German rapprochement, if not a downright alliance for colonial matters may seem surprising. There is, however, a precedent in his career, when, in 1904, he changed his former hostility towards Britain to become a partisan of Entente Cordiale. This new attitude was motivated by his Moroccan policy and willingness to let Britain have her may in Egypt in exchange for letting France have hers in Morocco. Supported by French business circles, Eugene Etienne hoped to strike a similar bargain with Kaiser Wilhelm II. His hopes failed and his German journey was, finally, a faux-pas.
Un programme réformiste en 1919 : Maurice Delafosse et la « politique indigène » en AOF.
Authors: Michel Marc
Published: October 2008

M. Michel — A Reform Programme in 1919: Maurice Delafosse's 'Native Policy' for French West Africa. An unpublished memorandum submitted by the great administrator and scholar Maurice Delafosse to a French-British colonial conference convened by Union Coloniale Francaise. This text anticipates in many respects some of the political reforms put into efiect three decades later, and even to some extent many aspects of today's 'African authenticity' ideology.
Nigeria's Colonial Government and the Islamic Insurgency in French West Africa, 1914-1918.
Authors: Osuntokun Jide
Published: October 2008

J. Osuntokun — L'administration coloniale du Nigeria et l'insurrection musulmane en AOF, 1914-1918. L'alliance turco-allemande a soulevé des craintes quant au loyalisme des sujets coloniaux musulmans des Alliés. Les rébellions des musulmans d'Afrique occidentale contre la conscription ont, en conséquence, été attribuées à l'action d'agents turcs et allemands, provoquant une réaction disproportionnée des autorités coloniales. La rébellion, en 1916, des Touareg Oulliminden, en liaison avec la campagne senusi dans la région d'Agadès créa une situation sérieuse, menant à la formation d'un front saharien confié au général Laper-rine. La crainte, apparemment peu fondée, de la part de l'administration nigériane de voir les populations islamisées du Nord se joindre à leurs coreligionnaires d'AOF conduisit, en dépit de l'hostilité traditionnelle entre les deux administrations, à une coopération militaire qui joua un rôle important dans la pacification.
Principes d'un index des ruses
Authors: Bremond Claude
Published: October 2008

C. Bremond — Principles for an Index of Ruses. This article takes D. Paulme's typology (above, pp. 569-600) one degree deeper by attempting a formai analysis and classification of the trickster's stratagemes. These are considered as means towards ends, which differentiates the method from the Motif Index of Aarne & Thompson without contradicting it. The indexing code consists of a digital numeric group referring to the end of the ruse and a literal group referring to the means, the global code group representing the syntagmatic structure of the tale.
Interprétation symbolique d'un conte mosi
Authors: Pasquier Abel
Published: October 2008

A. Pasquier — A Symbolic Interprétation of a Mosi Folk-Tale. Starting from a simple and rather short taie—how Rooster, supported by the Winged People, got the better of Elephant, supported by the Four-Footed People, in a contest to win a bride—the author shows how the text cannot be fully interpreted and understood without full reference to the total social context and value System of the Mosi.
Mathématiques et mankala
Authors: Deshayes Patrick
Published: October 2008

P. Deshayes—Mathematics and Mankala. How the introduction of a mathematical component has revealed some of the non-essential aspects of the game concept.
Diversité des wari. Classification des différentes règles de jeu selon des critères techniques.
Authors: Deshayes Patrick , Gautheron Véronique , Popova Assia
Published: October 2008

P. Deshayes, V. Gautheron & A. Popova - The Diversity of Wari Games; A Classification of the Various Rules according to Technical Criteria. It is impossible to consider the many different rules of various wari-type games as variants on a simple common basic game. The criteria used in order to build up a provisional classification are the technical rules (pawn-taking, permitted tricks and strikes etc.), first because they are all important in the actual playing of any game, and then because they almost automatically imply other special characteristics. While these criteria are open to discussion they still are precise enough to enable a coherent allocation of the various particular games in the suggested table.
Exploration de l'espace du jeu avec de plus grosses machines.
Authors: Deledicq André , Deshayes Patrick
Published: October 2008

A. Deledicq & P. Deshayes—Exploration of the Game Space on Bigger Computers. A study is currently made of the simulation of formalized wari-class games, following the tree-pattern of possible games and defining the winning strategy for particular ones.
Histoire et développement.
Authors: Loucou Jean-Noël , Wondji Christophe
Published: October 2008

J.-N. Loucou & C. Wondji— History and Development. Has history, as a scientific discipline, a role to play in the development of contemporary African societies ? Yes, if development is considered as a global, total enterprise and not just as a combination of economie growth and technological modernisation. A study in depth of both African and universal history is a prerequisite to the formation of the kind of collective awareness urgently needed in the new nation-States in order to break away from colonial alienation and achieve a kind of African Renaissance', without which there is no possibility of a meaningful development.
Histoire sociale.
Authors: Moniot Henri
Published: October 2008

H. Moniot—Social History. Social history, considered as a constructive synthesis of the various approaches to History, is a true sign of maturity in the discipline. African history is reaching this stage—has reached it for some time among Anglo-Saxon specialists—where the old opposition between the historian and the anthropologist ceases to be significant. Yet some traditional historians still suspect, in social history, a tendency to projective ethnocentrism. This tendency may manifest itself as well in denying the relevance of social history to Africa.
L'histoire socio-économique des peuples baule : problèmes et perspectives de recherche.
Authors: Weiskel Timothy C.
Published: October 2008

T. C. Weiskel—The Socio-Economie History of the Baule Peoples : Research Problems and Perspectives. The pre-colonial history of the Baule peoples is difficult to reconstruct because of the lack of traditional documentary materials. Most formulations to date have depended heavily upon the oral traditions published initially by Maurice Delafosse in 1900. Recent anthropological and linguistic research suggests, however, that the themes of mass migration and military conquest which dominate these oral traditions may be mis-leading as a key to understanding the Baule past. A more flexible model which takes into account processes of linguistic expansion and socio-economic change is needed to understand the historical evolution of the pre-colonial Baule. A sketch chronology is presented, and several perspectives for future research are suggested.
Société baule précoloniale et modèle segmentaire. Le cas de la région de Kokumbo
Authors: Chauveau Jean-Pierre
Published: October 2008

J.-P. Chauveau—Precolonial Baule Society and the Seg-mentary Model. Most authors have described Baule social structure as segmentary and hardly hierarchized. This interpretation leads to the inclusion as primary data of facts which are rather a logical consequence of the model itself. An analysis of the actual working of the kinship system and of social unequality reveals phenomena at a deviance from the segmentary model, such as status groups and protoclasses, reproducing themselves according to a statistical pattern characteristic of complex, unequalitarian societies. Hence a new interpretation of Baule social structure starting from a well defined historical and economic context rather than from an attempt to explain the deviance of sortie segmentary ideology from the actual precolonial socio-economic situation. This may well lead to question the heuristic validity of the segmentary model, or of some of its implications.
Appartenance et dépendance. L'exemple du système de classes d'âge des Aïzi (basse Côte d'Ivoire)
Authors: Verdeaux François
Published: October 2008

F. Verdeaux—Belonging to/Depending from : the Age-Set System of the Aizi (Lower Ivory Coast). A reconsideration of the age-set and lineage systems and of their combination in a matrilineal society. The network of interpersonal relations of dependence is encoded in the age-set system which ensures the institutionalization of men's status as social seniors or juniors—otherwise exchangers/exchangees. If children, rather than women, are considered as the ultimate object of exchange, the 'wife-giver', in the Aizi example, becomes, so to speak, a descipient of descendants. The momentary dependence on the father under-scores the belonging to the MS's lineage: the two notions cannot be taken apart from each other.
Économie marchande et structures sociales : le cas des Bete de Côte d'Ivoire.
Authors: Dozon Jean-Pierre
Published: October 2008

J.-P. Dozon—Market Economy and Social Structures: the Bete of Ivory Coast. Economic change under the colonial rule has modified the rules of labour division among the Bete. Formerly agriculture was the province of women, the men confining themselves to the prestige activities of fighting and hunting. Nowadays both men and women take part in the plantation economy, male power being made manifest by the monopoly of sale. This may affect kinship and marriage relationships which, in some cases, are subordinated to the employer/employee relation. Male dominance is simultaneously perpetuated by the control of trade-crops and threatened by the disruption of lineage solidarity and the precariousness of marriage links.
Anthropology and the Study of Schism in Africa. A Re-examination of Some Anthropological Théories.
Authors: Manyoni Joseph R.
Published: October 2008

J. R. Manyoni — L'anthropologie et l'étude des schismes en Afrique : réexamen de quelques théories. L'approche ethnologique classique des mouvements religieux schismatiques en milieu colonial n'explique pas leur survie ou résurgence après les indépendances, probablement du fait qu'elle se concentre sur leurs aspects les moins permanents. L'auteur estime qu'au-delà de la variété d'aspects superficiels retenue par les études traditionnelles, tous ces mouvements peuvent être ramenés à une tendance unique, définie par une recherche du « soi » d'où découlent un retrait de l'univers du réel et un repli dans un cosmos idéal. L'objectif final est moins de changer le système environnant que de s'en dissocier en créant et en maintenant un réseau de fortes relations inter-personnelles — l'activité terrestre n'étant considérée que dans une perspective d'outre-monde.
Le fer en Angola.
Authors: Mesquitela Lima Augusto Guilhermo
Published: October 2008

A. G. Mesquitela Lima—Iron in Angola. A short description of metallurgy among the Angolan peoples. The southern Khoisan ignore or, possibly, have forgotten the art of extracting and working iron. Among the southern Bantu people, there is a close association between political structure, iron-working and matrimonial exchange circuits. It seems that the original population—smiths— was conquered and dominated by warriors, hunters, who stand on the receiving side of the matrimonial circuits. This organisation is reflected in the symbolic systems and the languages of the area.
Milho, Meixoeira and Other Foodstuffs of the Sofala Garrison, 1505-1525.
Authors: Hair Paul Edward Hedley
Published: October 2008

P. E. H. Haïr — Milho, meixoeira et autres aliments de la garnison de Sofala, 1505-1525. Les archives du comptoir portugais de Sofala nous éclairent quelque peu sur la nature des plantes alimentaires utilisées au XVIe siècle sur la côte orientale. Les termes milho et meixoeira paraissent désigner respectivement le sorgho et le pennisetum, plutôt que le sorgho et le maïs, comme on l'avait supposé d'abord. Il est certain qu'après 1800 meixoeira s'applique bien au pennisetum, et il y a de fortes présomptions pour que les références antérieures doivent être interprétées de même. Les références au milho dans les récits de naufrages au Natal doivent très probablement s'appliquer au sorgho. Les autres aliments mentionnés sont les haricots, les pois et pois de terre, et les huiles végétales locales.
Un Africain aux champs : leçons d'un stage. Jouy-le-Moutier, Val d'Oise, mars et mai 1975
Authors: Bagayogo Shaka
Published: October 2008

S. Bagayogo — African Afield: Lesson from a Session. The experience of an African anthropology student during a fieldwork training session in the French countryside, or Western anthropology in a mirror.
Femmes libres de Kigali.
Authors: Vandersypen Marijke
Published: October 2008

M. Vandersypen—'Free Women' in Kigali. 'Free women' are self-supporting single girls deriving their income, partly or totally, from the provision of company and sexual services. They can be divided into four categories, according to their haunts, the type of patrons the)' have, their age and social origin, etc. They are generally unpopular with other Rwanda women who feel threatened by their activities, and with the State authorities who try to curb or repress this kind of prostitution. On the whole, they tend to be more outward-looking and modern-oriented than the rest of the female population.
Postface à J.-F. Bayart : critiques.
Authors: Rey Pierre-Philippe
Published: October 2008

P.-P. Rey. Postface to J.-F. Bayart: Criticism. A marxist rejoinder to J.-F. B., criticizing chiefly his interpretation of Gramsci's approach.
French Reaction to the 'Disguised British Slave Trade' : France and British African Emigration Projects, 1840-1864.
Authors: Jennings Lawrence C.
Published: October 2008

L. C. Jennings. Les réactions françaises à la « traite déguisée » britannique : la France et les projets anglais d'émigration africaine, 1840-1844. Quand le gouvernement britannique, en 1840, autorisa le transport d'émigrants libres africains aux Antilles, les abolitionnistes exprimèrent la crainte de voir l'Angleterre taxée d'hypocrisie par les autres puissances coloniales, et spécialement la France. En fait, si cette prévision se vérifia bien à certaines époques, on vit, à d'autres, les Français approuver cette politique, parce qu'ils désiraient l'imiter. Les variations de l'attitude française à cet égard dépendaient à la fois des influences relatives des abolitionnistes et des intérêts coloniaux, et — principalement — de l'état général des relations franco-britanniques au moment considéré.
Thanatopsis.
Authors: Miller Joseph C.
Published: October 2008

J. C. Miller. Thanatopsie. Où l'auteur réplique à J. K. Thornton en critiquant la « théorie du vol d'oiseau », implicite dans trop de descriptions de migrations ou invasions africaines.
Femmes et pouvoir politique dans l'ancienne société anyi-ndenye (Côte d'Ivoire).
Authors: Perrot Claude-Hélène
Published: October 2008

C.-H. Perrot—Women and Political Power in the Old Anyi-Ndenye Society.

According to the Ndenye matrilineal System, women, even if they were the sole transmitters of political power, did not normally share in its actual exercise. How-ever traditional history shows that, in a number of emergencies, women took up the initiative from men and acted as efficient political agents in critical circum-stances. This checks with their present situation in Anyi society where a number of women are often as active independent economie entrepreneurs as men, if not more. [pp. 219-223]
Une femme et trois hommes.
Authors: Bekombo Manga
Published: October 2008

M. Bekombo-Priso—One Woman, Three Men.

A reconsideration of the theory of kinship terminology shifting the stress from the single husband/wife relationship to give equal weight to the mother/son and sister/ brother ones, integrating them into a four-term 'atomic' kinship pattern. The examples are taken from the patrilineal coastal Bantu of Cameroon and show how, through her marriage, a woman becomes implicated in a three-sided alliance with three men: her opposite-sex sibling, her non-kin husband, and her son. It is only through a global analysis of these three relationships that one can account in an exhaustive way for the meaning of matrimony, its mechanisms and its consequences, [pp. 299-313].
Morphologie d'un conte africain
Authors: Bremond Claude
Published: October 2008

C. Bremond—Morphology of an African Taie.

The first chapter of Denise Paulme's La mere devorante, entitled 'Morphology of the African taie', aims at setting up a typology of narrative forms. Summing up and criticizing her study, C. Bremond shows that a mechanical application of its theses is likely to lead into a dead-end. In fact, some of the standard taies, whose the-matic identity cannot be doubted, may be actually realized according to several typological contours. Denise Paulme's method of analysis nevertheless remains safe, precise and fruitful, provided the necessary precautions are taken to avoid possible misunderstandings. This discussion is illustrated by a taie, quite wide-spread in Africa, of which D. Paulme herself has collected about fifty versions, [pp. 485-499]
Quand on te donne un mari, ne le refuse pas.
Authors: Eschlimann Jean-Paul
Published: October 2008

J.-P. Eschlimann—Don't Refuse a Given Husband.

The ideology and lineage strategy of preferential marriage, far from being univer-sally accepted in Anyi society, corne under constant internai contention. The matrilineal dominancy prevailing in the socio-political System is imperilled by centrifugal forces resulting from the behaviour of some lineage heads and by the fact that there are youth more sensitive to the attraction of their partner, or of personal freedom, than by the raison de lignage. A corpus of taies gives a tentative explanation of this ever renewed tension between the ideological norm and the actual practice of marriage strategy. The storytellers harp on the disorder resulting from the incautiousness of girls, their defiance of elders, and so forth. They also denounce the erring ways of such men as condone such behaviour—and often forfeit their life in consequence. Finally they describe the lineage elders' reaction to the disorder thus introduced by women. Lest the lineage stool, its riches and its tmity be put in jeopardy, elders need be attentive to unmask Death as it enters the lineage under the disguise of a beautiful Stranger. [pp. 517-547]
La littérature orale africaine. Croissance et physionomie d'une discipline d'après un recensement bibliographique.
Authors: Görög Veronika , Karady Victor
Published: October 2008

V. Görög & V. Karady—African Oral Literature.

A presentation and interpretation of statistical data relating to researches on oral literature in Europe, Africa and the United States. The figures show a rapid growth since 1960, correlative with the professionalization of African studies and their integration into academie institutions. The study of oral literature tends to become a subject by itself, as distinguished from anthropology and linguistics. Comparative tables give data on dates, places and languages of publication, and on the genres described. [pp. 579-588]
Migrations, société et développement en pays Mossi
Authors: Sautter Gilles
Published: October 2008

G. Sautter—Migrations, Society, and Development in Mosiland.

A synthetic approach of Mosi migratory movements based upon a multidisciplinary enquiry conducted by the Office for Scientific and Technical Research Overseas (ORSTOM) between 1971 and 1975. The phenomenon is especially complex as it involves internai displacements (towards cities or rural areas where land is still available) and external ones (to foreign countries, chiefly the Ivory Coast). Demographie factors are ail-important yet cannot be isolated from traits pertaining to the social structure such as the kinship System and the relationships between generations. A number of previous stereotypes, concerning, for instance, bridewealth and financial support of the migrants' families, have been proven false. In fact, internai migrations toward 'free' land may well prove more significant, in a develop-mental perspective, than external ones. This confronts the Upper Volta govern-ment with a choice of policy-—between spontaneous and organized settlements— which remains to be decided upon.
Quelques réflexions sur la situation de la recherche africaniste en France
Authors: Morice Alain
Published: October 2008

A. Morice—Considerations on the Situation of African Studies Research in France.

A bitter criticism of the influence and action of the academie and scientific establishment, especially after the recent reforms of the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS).
Manioc, rente foncière et situation des femmes dans les environs de Brazzaville (République populaire du Congo).
Authors: Adam Michel
Published: October 2008

M. Adam —Cassava, Land-Rent and Women's Condition in the Neighbourhood of Brazzaville.

A detailed description of the cultivation and preparation of cassava in the Congo People's Republic, showing the sbift from a self-subsistence to a market economy and its efiect on social relationships. In spite of the fact that women have acquired control of the production and sale of the main staple food, their generai status has not very much improved up to now. On the other hand, the introduction of a land-rent has not resulted into the apparition of a real class structure. Even if, due to the progress of a money-based economy, the social control of the lineage on its junior members has been weakened, the elders and headmen do still wield power and prestige.
Ecologically Based Trade and the State in Precolonial West Africa.
Authors: Baier Stephen
Published: October 2008

S. Baier — Le commerce à fondement écologique et l'État en Afrique précoloniale.

Commentaire critique des articles de Lovejoy et Roberts publiés dans ce numéro, avec référence aux travaux, français notamment, influencés par le structuralisme et le marxisme.
Rejoinder
Authors: Lovejoy Paul E.
Published: October 2008

P. E. Lovejoy — Réplique.

Tout en faisant siennes plusieurs des observations et remarques des commentateurs de son article, l'auteur rejette certaines des critiques de Person, en ce qui concerne plus spécialement la situation des Kisi et l'extension de Vimperium ashanti.
Ecologically Specialized Trade and Economic Growth : A Reply.
Authors: Roberts Richard L.
Published: October 2008

R. Roberts — Commerce à spécialisation écologique et croissance économique : réponse.

Réponse aux commentaires de Baier, Amselle, Chauveau et Person. L'auteur admet le caractère mécaniste d'une explication trop strictement géographique (ou écologique) de la division du travail, mais maintient l'importance différentielle des contraintes de cet ordre. De même, en ce qui concerne les rapports entre économie marchande et organisation étatique, il souligne la nécessité d'une analyse contras-tive de l'économie de marché dans les formations étatisées et non étatisées.
Migration artisanale et solidarité villageoise : le cas de Kanèn Njob, au Sénégal.
Authors: Diouf Made B.
Published: October 2008

M. B. Diouf — Migrant Craftsmen and Village Solidarity: The Case of Kanen Njob (Senegal).

In the traditional West African context—-here among the Wolof-—-craftsmen belong to segregated endogamic groups, the so-called castes (neno), socially distinguished from, and kept apart by, the 'freemen' (geer). For a member of the geer the mere contact with a neno's clothes is considered impure. Yet, in the Colobane ward of Dakar, a group of migrants from the village of Kanen Njob lives and works together as a single economie unit, without consideration of the traditional separation. It consists of five smiths of the Thiam neno clan, who produce iron house implements, and eleven hawkers (bana bana), eight of whom belong to the Kane geer clan, another one being a Samb nobleman. Thus, in an urban setting, the caste distinctions still valid in the rural area are played down or ignored and replaced by a new group-solidarity based on common village origin, on age and on economie position.
Les perspectives d'accumulation dans la petite industrie de transformation. L'exemple de la menuiserie métallique à Maradi (Niger).
Authors: Grégoire Emmanuel
Published: October 2008

E. Gregoire—Accumulation Prospects in Small Scale Industries : The Case of Metallic Joinery-Shops in Maradi (Niger).

During the last few years a number of home-industries have been established in Third World towns. This study of joinery workshops in Maradi (Niger Republic) describes the genesis and growth of this type of small-scale enterprises in order to see whether their strategy and the conditions of production allow for the accumulation of a surplus. The analysis shows a heterogeneous economie situation, with a number of workshops unable to develop, while a minority are expanding due to a variety of social and economie factors.
Les métamorphoses urbaines d'un « double » villageois.
Authors: Dozon Jean-Pierre
Published: October 2008

J.-P. Dozon—-Urban Metamorphosis of a ' Wraith' Village.

A strange narrative describing in terms of witchcraft and supernatural concepts the metamorphosis into a city-state of a Bete village (mid-western Ivory Coast). A brief definition of some of these concepts, especially that of 'wraith' or 'double', is necessary in order to understand that this narrative, far from betraying an escape into the realm of phantasmatic imagination, does in fact shed a metaphoric light on the underlying dynamics of village life. Objective data relating to rural exodus, back-and-forth movements between town and village, investment in the school System, and strategies of social mobility orientated mainly toward the state apparatus tend to delineate a new reality. The village no longer pertains to rural patterns but rather shows a trend toward dissolution within the attraction spheres of Eburnean society, i.e. towns (chiefly Abidjan) and state. In dreamlike fashion the narrative operates a condensation of facts observable in real life (emigration, school attendance) in a kind of wish-fulfillment which constitutes a privileged approach.
La trypanosomiase humaine en Afrique occidentale. Racines géographiques d'une maladie.
Authors: Gilles Nadine , Ricossé Jean-Henri
Published: October 2008

N. Gilles & J.-H. Ricosse — Human Sleeping-Sickness in West Africa: Its Geographie Roots.

The last sleeping-sickness epidemie in West Africa ended around the middle of the present century after laying waste a wide area (over 200 000 patients in French West Africa in 1939). A few centres of infection subsist to this day. The ecology of its vector, the Glossina fly, makes it a riverine forest disease which appears whenever men, through their activities and because of the density of population, corne into close contact with the vector. The re-occupation] of formerly deserted valleys tends to bring about a rebirth of dangerous epidemiological situations.
Une maladie née de l'homme. La dracunculose en milieu sahélien.
Authors: Rémy Gérard
Published: October 2008

G. Remy — A Man-Borne Disease: Guinea-Worm in the Sahel.

Recent enquiries on the disease in the pre-Saharan belt of West Africa show a degree of differentiation in local endemicity, resulting in a diversity of clinical aspects according to the endemicity rate. Children's infection and polyparasitosis become important only when the endemicity level is rather high.
De l'idéo-logique au paganisme, ou Le malin génie et son maître.
Authors: Copans Jean
Published: October 2008

J. Copans — Front Ideo-Logic to Paganism, or The Malicious Imp and his M aster.

A criticism of Marc Auge's theses on the nature and fonction of pagan religion (as opposed to christianity rather than to monotheism in generai). Marc Auge's approach is blamed, inter alia, for its a-chronicity due to a systematic avoidance of any historical consideration, which leads to a somewhat idealistic-—or ideological rather than ideo-logical—view of 'pagan' societies.
Structures villageoises et caractères migratoires de la société baule-kode, dans la région de Béoumi (Côte d'Ivoire centrale).
Authors: Lassailly-Jacob Véronique
Published: October 2008

V. Lassailly-Jacob - Village Structure and Migratory Traits among the Baule-Kode of Beoumi (Central Ivory Coast).

Bauleland, with its old migratory tradition, still evidences a strong exodus movement. Baule migrants leave their homelands in search of employment in the capital and turn their back on the savannah to seek seasonal work or settle on forest plantations. Using a demographie survey of seven villages, the author looks into the original characteristics of Kode village structures and migrations with special emphasis on the influence of lake Kossou upon the migration.
Maîtres de la terre, maîtres de la guerre.
Authors: Latour Eliane de
Published: October 2008

E. de Latour — Landmasters and Warmasters.

There are two pre-eminent groups among the Mawri: the aboriginal Gubawa, owners of the land rights and keepers of the ancestors cuits, and the Arewa warriors, holders of the political power. Social order in the first group rests upon seniority and sacrifice, in the second one upon competition and strength-backed relations. A foundation myth accounts for the intergroup relationships in ternis of marriage: the dynasty springs from the union of the first warrior to visit the region with the daughter of one of the landholders. This suggests a compact, with land arfording legitimacy, weapons providing protection. This contract, reinforced by a set of rules, is put into effect through enthronement rites and war, but beyond these two main social experiments, each group keeps to its own representations. This leads to conflict concerning the management of arfairs, with the Gubawa claiming preeminence due to anteriority of occupation, while the Arewa try to use their military power to reign by themselves. When cohesion is on the rise and rules are Consolidated, there is a State in the offing. However concentration of power starts a process of segmentation: war, fission of princely lineages and group splitting. Yet this apparent frailty does not resuit into a de-stabilization of a power which thrives on the conflicts it generates.
Weddings in Lamu, Kenya : An Example of Social and Economic Change
Authors: Romero Curtin Patricia
Published: October 2008

P. R. Curtin — Mariages à Lamu (Kenya) : un cas de changement économique et social.

L'étude comparée des conditions et rites du mariage dans quatre des classes sociales de la société musulmane de Lamu souligne les tendances générales de l'évolution sociale et les relations entre les diverses strates : l'ancienne aristocratie arabo-bantu essaie de maintenir une tradition peu compatible avec son appauvrissement actuel ; elle reste le modèle imité par la classe montante des Hadrami, arrivés d'Arabie au cours du xxe siècle, et par les descendants de ses propres esclaves, avec qui elle constitue un sous-ensemble distinct de celui des Kore, immigrants récents de souche continentale, toujours considérés comme étrangers.
Le signe des génies
Authors: Gibbal Jean-Marie
Published: October 2008

J.-M. Gibbal—-Sign ofthe Genii.

In Western Mali Jine don is a possession cuit with therapeutic aims. The jinetigi recruit as new members people exhibiting the 'sign of the genii', that is psycho-somatic troubles due to a supposed aggression of the cuit genii. Due to the growth of Islam, family heads tend to be more and more reluctant to turn over their dependents—especially maie ones—to the cuit, which, as a consequence, is progres-sively feminized. Another factor is urbanization which induces an individualization of therapies. At any rate the jinetigi still plays a central role in the cure. He is the owner and master of the instruments and divination rites used in diagnosis. Through his experience of the disease he is able to estimate the chances of success in each case and to desist if he deems them insufficient.
The Ethnic Heart of Anthropology.
Authors: Southall Aidan
Published: October 2008

A. Southall — Le cœur ethnique de l'anthropologie.

Compte rendu de l'ouvrage collectif édité par J.-L. Amselle et E. M'Bokoio, sur la critique des notions de « tribu » ou d' « ethnie ». L'auteur loue ses collègues français de leur travail de déconstruction d'un concept largement artificiel et suscité, sciemment ou non, par le pouvoir colonial, tant politique que religieux.
Histoire de la Sénégambie du XVe au XVIIIe siècle : un bilan.
Authors: Becker Charles
Published: October 2008

C. Becker — The Precolonial Period in Senegambia, i^th to i8th Century.

A status artis of historical research on Senegambia: the problem of sources—archives, written documents, oral tradition, archaeology—; chronology and the division into significant periods and sub-periods; a survey of extant and potential materials, including economie, agricultural, commercial, linguistic, religious and, more generally, sociological data. A provisional and partial division into periods based upon the evolution of the slave trade is proposed and contrasted with one founded upon the decline and fall of native hegemonies. The paper ends with a catalogue of tasks which deserve to be given priority in order to produce a genuine Senegalese history.
Réponse à Claudine Vidal.
Authors: De Heusch Luc
Published: October 2008

L. de Heusch — An Answer to Claudine Vidal.

Answering C. V.'s critical review of his work in CEA 100, Luc de Heusch insists that, contrary to her opinion, he never mistook Rwandese dynastie narratives for factual historical traditions, but described them as a grand mythical fresco setting forth the ideological basis of kingship. Thus his approach does not pertain to the field of ethno-history but to that of structural anthropology.
Towards a Theory of Slavery.
Authors: Klein Martin A.
Published: October 2008

M. A. Klein — Vers une théorie de l'esclavage.

Compte rendu critique du livre de C. Meillassoux, Anthropologie de l'esclavage. Le ventre de fer et d'argent, avec réponse de l'auteur
The Uses of the Colonial Military History of Mozambique.
Authors: Beach David N.
Published: October 2008

D. N. Beach — Comment user de l'histoire militaire du Mozambique.

A partir d'une analyse de l'ouvrage de Pélissier sur la conquête portugaise et la guerre de libération au Mozambique et de celui de Serra sur l'art militaire traditionnel, l'auteur remet en cause les stéréotypes usuels concernant les guerres coloniales, en particulier celui de l'inégalité fatale et sempiternelle des forces en présence. Il pose, à partir de ces observations, le problème de la réaction militaire des gouvernement indépendants aux mouvements de rébellion (spécifiquement ici, la Renamo) .
Une anthropologie de la santé publique : l'ethnologue sorcier.
Authors: Fassin Didier
Published: October 2008

D. Fassin—An Anthropology of Public Health: The Ethnologist as a Witch. Follow-ed by The Preserves of Public Health (by B. Hours), and concluded by Anthropology' s Domains (D. F. again).

Reviewing L'Etat sorcier, a book on the public health organization in Cameroon, D. F. (a medical doctor) criticizes author B. H. (an anthropologist) for his interpretation of the patients' reactions to the shortcomings of the health service. According to B. H. these reactions are closely similar to witchcraft accusations in traditional society, the 'witch' in this case being no other than the State. In point of fact, according to D. F., the actual 'witches' in this case seem to be the nurses and medical orderlies rather than that vague and distant entity, the State. B. H., in turn, calls forth his informants' evidence to defend his thesis, his own—anthro-pological—approach diverging, per se, from that of the WHO and other medical experts. D. F.'s final answer insists upon the necessity of an open dialogue.
Anthropologie marxiste et recherche empirique.
Authors: Jewsiewicki Bogumil
Published: October 2008

B. Jewsiewicki — Marxist Anthropology and Empirical Research.

Based upon a collective work of the Amsterdam group of Marxist anthropologists, this paper offers a critical comparison of the Dutch and French Marxian (or post-Marxist, in Paris' case?) 'schools' of African studies.
Les recherches démographiques sur Madagascar au début de l'époque coloniale et les documents de « l'AMI »
Authors: Paillard Yvan-Georges
Published: October 2008

Y.-G. Paillard — Demographie Research on Madagascar at the Beginning of the Colonial Period and AMI Documents.

According to the estimates made at the end of the igth century, the population of Madagascar was then varying between two and eight million. When the island became part of the French territory in 1896, the colonial authorities proved most anxious to know the number of native taxpayers and the supply of labour force they could reasonably reckon on. Difficulties of ail kind, however, did not permit for a long time to collect reliable statistical data, and only that questionable information is available to historians. It is yet certain that the island was really sparsely populated, which considerably hampered its 'exploitation'. Hence a series of steps with a view to increasing the population as soon as Gallieni (1896-1905) came into power; the main initiative was the creation in 1899 of the AMI (Native Medical Assistance), a pioneering undertaking which was then repeated in other places, and the results of which proved quite significant. Thanks to these efforts, a large quantity of reports and publications is now available, the systematic exploitation of which, together with that of other sources of various kinds, should permit to have a better idea of the actual population of the island at the beginning of the 2oth century (between two and a half and three million?), to study its distribution, the changes in birth and death rates, the effects of epidemie diseases such as malaria, etc. The particularly large amount of documents on the capital, Tananarive, permits an in-depth analysis.