bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pour une compréhension des espaces ruraux : représentations du paysage de territoires français et québécois
Authors: Gamache Nicolas , Domon Gérald , Jean Yves
Published: March 2022

Understanding rural areas : an approach of territories through landscape in France and Québec

Landscape reveals present day conception of space. And this will continue as landscape is strongly influenced by government policy in regard to territory. In certain rural areas, the landscape can counter the decline as a result of intensive agriculture and the changes in landscape over the past fifty years. While focusing on the relationship between the social, spacial and cultural aspects of landscape, we will use two examples, the Haut Saint-Laurent in Québec and Gâtine poitevine in France. We see how landscape has being mutated as a result of the industrialisation of agriculture and its subsequent consequences. It deals with the characteristics of these basic processes, i. e. the sudden change that followed the industrialization of agriculture and the consequences it implied. The effects on the landscape are varied and touch the heritage elements and that of the landscape imagined : that is the landscape resulting from social perceptions and representations – for example the hedges and the scrap-metal which are constantly losing ground in Gâtine. Or the agricultural demise on the plateau of the Haut Saint-Laurent easily witnessed through greater uncultivated and abandoned land left to waste to the benefit of intensive agriculture on the more fertile land of the plain. The question then arises which is the basis of our reflection : what link can one establish between changes in landscape and the territorial representations ? These problems were approached through a in-depth survey carried out on the two territories. The preliminary results presented in the following article invite us, through comparison of the two experiments, to revisit the concepts of landscape, cultural identity, territoriality and should provide us with the raw material to elaborate a theoretical structure of the relationship between society and place. We will explore the strains exerted on the landscape, and those between social groups, the direction of these reports/ ratios, all with the goal of giving a greater understanding of the organizational relationship social/ actions, collectivities/ impacts on the social ground and the objective sphere of the landscape.
La construction socio-juridique de la traçabilité des viandes bovines, entre politique sanitaire et organisation du marché (1960-2002)
Authors: Piet Laetitia
Published: March 2022

Cet article propose d’étudier la construction socio-juridique de la traçabilité dans le secteur de la viande bovine, selon une perspective historique attentive aux motifs complémentaires et parfois contradictoires qui prévalent à la mise en oeuvre des systèmes d’identification et de suivi des animaux et des viandes depuis les années 1960. Si une perspective socio-historique conduit à souligner la continuité des règles de suivi, le regard posé sur le droit, comme dispositif ouvert aux mobilisations différentielles des acteurs professionnels et institutionnels, permet aussi de rendre compte des inflexions qu’elles connaissent. En confrontant plusieurs facteurs déterminants dans la construction des normes, il apparaît que la dynamique de la traçabilité s’inscrit à la croisée de l’évolution des relations commerciales, des formes d’organisation du marché et des différents modes de représentation de la qualité sanitaire de la viande.
Appropriation et identification des territoires du vin : la lutte entre grands et petits propriétaires du «Corton »
Authors: Jacquet Olivier , Laferté Gilles
Published: March 2022

A partir d’une analyse de cas, les conflits autour de la délimitation de l’appellation du vin Corton en Bourgogne dans l’entre-deux-guerres, le texte distingue deux modes de construction du territoire : l’identification, processus de désignation par l’Etat et l’appropriation, processus de revendication par les intéressés eux-mêmes. Face à l’impossible identification légitime des territoires viticoles par l’Etat, la loi de 1919 sur les appellations d’origine impose le recours à la voie judiciaire pour régler les différends. Les acteurs en conflit s’affrontent alors sur des appropriations et définitions divergentes du territoire. Chacun revendique des registres de justification différents pour tenter d’imposer son territoire. Le territoire n’est nullement un héritage naturel, mais le fruit d’un affrontement social. Si les grands propriétaires jouent d’arguments économiques et historiques pour fonder leur revendication à une zone d’appellation restrictive, les petits propriétaires, nouveaux entrants de l’appellation et de l’économie viticole de luxe, avancent eux des arguments politiques, républicains, pour séduire les tribunaux de la IIIe République. La définition du territoire et les règles du marché dépendent d’un jeu qui dépasse largement la lutte strictement économique variant selon les contextes politiques et les rapports de forces sociaux.
Travail et territoire : du bon usage de la nation. À propos de l’enquête de 1848 sur le travail agricole et industriel
Authors: Bleton-Ruget Annie
Published: March 2022

Labor and localities : for the good of the Nation. The inquiry of 1848 on agricultural and industrial work

This contribution is based on a re-reading of the inquiry approved in May 1848 by the National Constituent Assembly. It examines the context in which the project took shape as substitute for creating a Ministry of Labor as demanded by the Parisian socialists, showing the specific circumstances of its emergence the day after the protests of 15 May 1848. It analyzes the conceptions of labor operating in the proposed questionnaire, the expected results of the survey’s completion by justices of the peace in each canton and the idea eventually adopted of establishing mixed committees of employers and workers in each cantonal seat (chef-lieu) with the aims to take into account the views of workers and to diffuse social conflict. Examining the debates surrounding the execution of this inquiry shows that far from being unintentional the reports of labor in localities comprised representations of work and of hopes for social reform that were attached to the inquiry. The study also reveals evidence of political and social divisions that arose in the Assembly between the Notables elected by restricted franchise, republican reformers, and partisans of a social order organized by the State, together with the modes of administration that each group wanted to put in practice. In the end, the decision, contrary to Parisian demands, to extend the inquiry to the whole territory of France and to retain the canton as the local constituency likely to facilitate social mediation helped displace the initial aims of the project. Industrial work found itself submerged in the sea of rural France, supporters of which rural world were devoted to defending a conception of agricultural labor that had little to do with wage labor per se, while the urban domain of work and business refused to accept the initiative.
Un licenciement collectif et ses contrecoups
Authors: Renahy Nicolas , Detang-Dessendre Cécile , Gojard Séverine
Published: March 2022

A mass redundancy and its repercussions

The consequences of industrial firm close-down on the local training system are not really well-known. This paper goes back over a mass redundancy in a worker village of the East of France in 1981. A family company of around 300 employees succeeded its development based on the settling process of the workers’ families, who accessed to the labour market through a familiar way. Beyond the parents’ unemployment, the rough stop of industrial activities in the village handicaps children to obtain a first professional experience. Then, a family spreading of unemployment acts, of which we detail the mechanisms, using quantitative data and ethnographic survey. We measure the impact of belonging to a family on the labour market access, by the way of a job in a firm, or failing that, by the way of unemployment institutions.
Du concept à la fiabilité de la méthode du transfert en économie de l’environnement : un état de l’art
Authors: Genty Aurélien
Published: March 2022

From the concept to the reliability of the transfer method in environmental economics : the state of the art

The transfer method aims to value environmental goods in a fast and cheap way. The principle is to reuse previous results from similar goods valuation and to adapt them in another context. In this paper, the different approaches of transfer are reviewed and formalized. Next it focuses on the transfer reliability assessment methodology. In particular, it analyses empirical results on validity transfer, the only part of reliability considered at this point. In conclusion, neither transfer validity (unbiased method hypothesis) nor the theoretical superiority of model transfer on value transfer have been clearly showed yet. Nevertheless testing process used in most cases was not well adapted to study bias transfer. Moreover model transfers in general were not optimal.
Le droit d’épandage a-t-il un prix? Mesure sur le marché foncier
Authors: Le Goffe Philippe , Salanié Julien
Published: March 2022

Pricing manure spreading rights : Measure from the land market

This paper deals with manure spreading market in France. We focalize on the capitalization of manure spreading rent in the land market. First, the paper summarizes the literature on land prices. Then we develop a theoretical model based on farm profit maximization for a cattle breeder and a crop grower. It leads to (i) supply and demand for manure spreading rights and (ii) to the integration of the spreading rent in farmland prices. We then provide an hedonic application dealing with 7 000 individual transactions from the land market of Brittany (western France). Land price is explained by land quality and specialization, cereal and milk yields. Land price rises when animal concentration increases. Pig density gets the best results. We conclude making a comparison with the manure market in the Netherlands and dealing with future research.
Productivité agricole et rattrapage technologique : le cas des exploitations de grandes cultures du Nord-Pas-de-Calais
Authors: Blancard Stéphane , Boussemart Jean Philippe
Published: March 2022

Catching-up effect in agricultural productivity : The case of arable farms in Nord-Pas-de-Calais

One of the principal objectives of successive reforms of the CAP has been to increase the exposure of European agriculture to market forces. As a result, the search for competitiveness has become a major preoccupation for farmers. The poorest performers must catch up with the most efficient ones through the progressive adoption of best practice. Our research sought to reveal and measure these possible convergence phenomena in a study of 178 arable farms in the same region (Nord-Pas-de-Calais). The study analyses data from 1994 to 2001, a period encompassing the Mac Sharry reform and the first measures of Agenda 2000. From estimates of total factor productivity based on a distance function, our results clearly indicate evidence of catch up between the farms, through increased technical and scale efficiencies.
On the performance of unitary models of household labor supply estimated on "collective" data with taxation
Authors: Beninger Denis , Laisney François
Published: March 2022

Performance des modèles unitaires d’offre de travail des ménages estimés sur la base de données «collectives » en présence de taxation

Cet article compare les modèles unitaire et collectif sur la base de données collectives simulées en présence de divers types de taxation des revenus. Nous distinguons en particulier un système d’imposition individuelle et un système d’imposition jointe. En spécifiant un modèle unitaire flexible, du type de ceux utilisés dans la littérature empirique, nous obtenons des estimations assez différentes selon le régime fiscal utilisé pour simuler les données. Nous trouvons aussi des différences substantielles dans les ajustements de l’offre de travail prédits à la suite d’un changement de régime fiscal. Nos résultats illustrent également le fait que le calibrage des paramètres d’une réforme fiscale peut être lui-même fortement affecté par l’utilisation d’un modèle unitaire lorsque les données sont générées par un modèle collectif. Enfin, nous discutons les distorsions qui affectent l’analyse de réformes fiscales en termes de bien-être dans une telle situation. Les résultats suggèrent que des efforts accrus devraient être consacrés à la recherche sur l’estimation de modèles collectifs dans les situations complexes auxquelles on est confronté lors de l’analyse de réformes fiscales. Ceci inclut des contraintes budgétaires donnant naissance à des ensembles de budget non convexes, ainsi que la modélisation de solutions en coin pour les offres de travail des conjoints.
Confiance, justification et controverse sur les OGM en Europe
Authors: Chaklatti Samira , Rousselière Damien
Published: March 2022

L’apparition des plantes génétiquement modifiées, en Europe, a donné lieu à des débats importants. Cette controverse concernant les OGM apparaît comme le résultat de la confrontation entre les intérêts des différents acteurs (mouvement associatif, lobby industriel, expert et scientifique, représentant politique) organisés en groupes de pression, s’appuyant chacun sur leur propre registre de justification des bienfaits ou des inconvénients supposés des biotechnologies agricoles. Les données d’une enquête européenne menée sur les sentiments des Européens vis-à-vis de la science (Eurobaromètre 58.0 de 2002) permettent de préciser l’importance de la confiance dans les différentes parties prenantes et l’intérêt des différents registres de justification pour le positionnement dans le débat public de la part des «citoyens ordinaires » . En conclusion sont discutés les principaux faits stylisés ainsi caractérisés.
Évolution des comportements alimentaires : le rôle des générations
Authors: Recours Fanette , Hébel Pascale
Published: March 2022

In order to evaluate the changes in French eating habits and to anticipate future changes, this article proposes to record and analyse consumption through a model named Age-Period-Cohort. This model correlates aging and/ or cohort effects with income, urban area size and kind of the household. In conclusion, there seems to be a trend towards meals being prepared more hastily and they are therefore more simplistic in content : Generally two course meals. We can not speak about breakdown of the meals composition, rather, it is the overall change in type and style of consumption. Overall, there is one trend in particular that has been detected through the use of the Age-Period-Cohort model, it shows that younger generations are much less likely to take dinner at a regular fixed time compared to predecessors.
Relations entre alimentation et santé dans la famille et leur construction dans les espaces intergénérationnels. Quels enjeux pour les mères de famille?
Authors: Fernandez Guillaume
Published: March 2022

In this article we study the social and generational conditions in which mothers can manage the relation between food and health. Our analysis is based on two imbricate types of explanatory factors : the plurality of norms that can affect food behaviour and the processes of familiar transmission of food practices, knowledge and abilities. Mothers try to regulate the effects of these two factors and to acquire skills of symbolic and practice management of the relation between food and health. We propose to consider three groups of mothers. The mothers of the first group are of humble origin and live in contexts of action structured by opposition between an individualisation of food practices and their family heritages that perpetuate the legitimacy of the collective controls on the person. The relations between food and health are more uncertain because of the implicit coexistence of this double base of norms. The mothers of the second group are of middle class and live in contexts of unified actions. They have a larger skill ability of relation between food and health. The third group socially heterogeneous is composed of mothers that are highly reflexive, thus frequently reconsider theirs practices of food.
Vieillissement et délégation alimentaire aux aides à domicile : entre subordination, complémentarité et substitution
Authors: Cardon Philippe
Published: March 2022

The elderly way of life can be affected by the intervention of professional home help. One less known aspect of these transformations is related to food. This article is based on the interviews of elderly persons, of professional home helps and on an investigation in associations of help services. It gives some clues to analyse the effects of these interventions on food behaviour. At first, we study the professional practices of home helps that are emerging between their cooking knowledge and dietary recommendations coming from associations of help services (capacity of diagnosis, capacity of instructions). Then the article analyses how the elderly integrate (or not) dietary recommendations into their food practices (resistance, negotiation and acculturation). Finally, we propose a typology of food delegation (subordination, complementarity and substitution) and of its effects on food behaviour of the elderly (conservation or transformation). This typology is based on the analysis of interactions between the different actors.
La méthode des choix multi-attributs appliquée aux Monts d'Arrée
Authors: Dachary-Bernard Jeanne
Published: March 2022

Rural areas produce landscape amenities that improve users’ welfare. Because people’s demand for such amenities is growing, public decision makers have to deal with it. Knowing the benefits of landscape changes is useful for decision makers in order to help them in their decision process. Economic valuation of landscape changes is implemented in this article with the choice experiment method. This technique asks respondents what they prefer between different hypothetical landscape scenarios, each of them illustrating the landscape that would be if a particular political measure is taken. We apply this approach to the Monts d’Arrée landscape in Finistère where landscape changes are particularly interesting and decision makers have to take into account such landscape issues in their debate. The economic model used gives the implicit prices of the landscape attributes of the study. From them, it calculates the consumer surplus derived from different landscape hypothetical programs since a landscape measure usually deals with more than one attribute.
Paysages patrimoniaux en Wallonie (Belgique), analyse par approche des paysages témoins
Authors: Droeven Emilie , Dubois Catherine , Feltz Claude
Published: March 2022

In 2000, the Walloon Region (Belgium) has initiated a research program at the Standing Conference on Territorial Development (CPDT) in order to address the European Landscape Convention requirements. The research concentrated at first on the identification and the typology of Walloon macrolandscapes at a regional scale. Then the research focussed on the landscapes characterisation at a scale of 1/ 20 000 and their patrimonial qualification. The paper traces the research progress (definition of the concepts of landscape and patrimonial landscape, the adopted procedure) and presents the elaborated method to appreciate the landscapes scientific values, called the method of the “ witness landscape”. It also presents the difficulties met during its application on the field. The method is iterative and combines the observation on the field, the review of both historic and present cartographies, the interpretation of aerial photographs and the mobilisation of the available bibliography. Reading, analysing, understanding and documenting the landscape in order to highlight the meaningful landscapes’ configurations and components, such was one of the research team contributions to the landscape management.
L'impact de la réforme de 1990 sur les décisions de départ à la retraite des exploitants agricoles.
Authors: Fall Madior , Roger Muriel
Published: March 2022

La réforme des prestations de sécurité sociale de 1990 a induit, pour les exploitants agricoles, un transfert progressif de l'assiette des cotisations sociales d'une assiette cadastral à une assiette constituée par les revenus professionnels. L'impact de ce changement sur les transitions vers la retraite est, a priori, ambigu. En effet, selon les niveaux de revenus cadastraux et professionnels, la modification de l'assiette a un effet différent sur le rapport coût sur droits acquis. Une hausse de ce rapport conduit à une augmentation des transitions vers la retraite. Compte tenu de la proportion d'exploitants pour qui la réforme a conduit à une hausse de ce rapport, une des conséquences de cette réforme semble donc avoir été une incitation au départ à la retraite plus précoce. L'absence d'information sur la carrière complète des exploitants agricoles ainsi que la petite taille de notre échantillon ne nous permet toutefois pas de conclure de façon définitive.
Environmental good production in the optimum activities portfolio of a risk averse-farmer
Authors: Havlik Petr , Enjolras Geoffroy , Boisson Jean-Marie , Jacquet Florence , Lherm Michel , Veysset Patrick
Published: March 2022

Production de biens environnementaux dans une gestion optimale d’un portefeuille d’activités d’un agriculteur avec aversion au risque Résumé – Cet article propose un cadre d’analyse de la production de biens environnementaux par des agriculteurs en situation d’incertitude sur les prix. La production de biens environnementaux contractée par des mesures agri-environnementales est considérée comme une activité sans risque dans le portefeuille d’activités d’un agriculteur. Nous montrons que l’adoption d’une mesure agri-environnementale favorable à la biodiversité au détriment de la production bovine favorise l’intensification de cette dernière production, tandis que l’effet du niveau des paiements pour ce type de contrat sur le nombre d’hectares souscrits est ambigu. Nous montrons aussi qu’une augmentation de la variabilité de prix des outputs, et/ ou une baisse du niveau d’une aide découplée, aura un effet positif (négatif) sur le nombre d’hectares dédié à la production de biodiversité en concurrence (complémentaire) avec la production bovine. Ces résultats sont illustrés à l’aide de frontières d’efficacité en mobilisant un modèle de programmation mathématique appliqué aux élevages allaitants des Monts du Cantal, en France.
La sélection des produits agricoles sensibles : le cas européen
Authors: Gohin Alexandre
Published: March 2022

The selection of WTO sensitive farm products : The European case

Multilateral negotiations under the auspice of the World Trade Organization (WTO) are still stalemated over agricultural trade. The European Union (UE) is under pressure to substantially decrease its agricultural import tariffs while the EU fears that this would seriously attack its strategic farm sector. In the meantime, the EU adopts voluntary directive to increase the production and consumption of bio-fuels in transport activities. This will represent new outlets for farm products and thus will support farm incomes. The main objective of this paper is to empirically evaluate the impacts of these policies in order to know if a WTO agreement may be more acceptable for EU farmers with a significant development of bio-fuels. We run computable general equilibrium simulations to perform these assessments. As expected our simulation results show significant farm income gains with the bio-fuel policy and significant farm income loss with a WTO agreement. More interestingly the positive effects are of lower magnitude than the negative ones. We furthermore reveal the highly contrasted effects between farm sectors. Finally our simulation results show that the selection of sensitive products in the WTO negotiations is a very tricky issue. The EU farm sector will gain by including the bio-ethanol product in the list of sensitive products.
Localisation rurale des activités industrielles. Que nous enseigne l’économie géographique ?
Authors: Gaigné Carl , Goffette-Nagot Florence
Published: March 2022

L’objectif de ce papier est de mettre en évidence les résultats des nouvelles théories de la localisation qui sont susceptibles d’expliquer les localisations industrielles en zones rurales. Une revue orientée de la littérature récente d’économie géographique est présentée, dans laquelle sont mis en évidence les termes de l’arbitrage réalisé par les firmes entre une localisation urbaine et une localisation dans un espace à faible densité de population. Il convient de tenir compte du fait que coexistent deux grands types d’espaces dits ruraux : des zones rurales sous influence urbaine et des zones rurales autonomes. Dans le premier cas, ce sont essentiellement les mécanismes à l’oeuvre sur les marchés fonciers qui agissent sur la localisation des activités non agricoles, alors que c’est au travers du fonctionnement des marchés locaux du travail que l’on peut appréhender l’industrialisation dans le cas des zones rurales hors influence urbaine.
La résilience en débat : quel devenir pour les agriculteurs en difficulté ?
Authors: Lallau Benoît , Thibaut Estelle
Published: March 2022

Cet article se fonde sur l'évaluation des activités d'une association apportant un appui aux agriculteurs en difficulté de la région Nord-Pas-de-Calais, une évaluation qui conduit à interroger la portée de la notion de résilience pour une analyse des difficultés en agriculture. Cette notion est définie en référence à un cadre conceptuel dérivé de l'approche des capacités, puis appliquée grâce à une analyse multicritères. De telles options conceptuelles et méthodologiques permettent l'analyse des données, essentiellement qualitatives, recueillies auprès de 49 exploitants ayant bénéficié du suivi de l'association. Cette application conduit à esquisser une typologie fondée sur la résilience, et, sur cette base, à formuler quelques implications normatives quant à l'appui à apporter aux «agridifs ».
Relations de pouvoir et régulations extra-locales dans l'adaptation des systèmes agroalimentaires au contexte de mondialisation. Une étude de cas France/Espagne
Authors: Gallego-Bono Juan R. , Lamanthe Annie
Published: March 2022

L'article s'intéresse aux dynamiques des systèmes agroalimentaires d'implantation ancienne, c'est-à-dire installés de longue date sur leur territoire et caractérisés par la permanence de leurs activités et formes d'organisation initiales. La question de leur adaptation dans le contexte de mondialisation se pose de façon spécifique. En s'appuyant sur l'étude de deux cas, la production de fruits et légumes de la basse vallée du Rhône en France et le système agrumicole valencien en Espagne, l'article montre en effet que les ressources spécifiques qui ont été au cœur de leur réussite économique dans le passé posent aujourd'hui problème. En privilégiant l'histoire longue et la mise en perspective de systèmes situés dans des contextes nationaux différents, l'article permet d'insister sur le rôle de deux facteurs qui orientent les voies et conditions de leur adaptation - les relations de pouvoir entre acteurs, les facteurs institutionnels de niveau extra-local - facteurs généralement minorés dans la littérature spécialisée.
Les bouleversements de la profession vétérinaire. Lorsque la recherche d'une nouvelle légitimité sociale coïncide avec l'arrivée des femmes
Authors: Surdez Muriel
Published: March 2022

The dynamics of change in the veterinary profession. When the process of feminization concurs with the pursuit of a new social legitimacy .

In examining the current situation of the veterinary profession in Switzerland, this paper focuses on the reframing of identity that takes place when the foundations of a profession, the core of its activities and even its prestige are called into question. It deals with the increase in the number of women practicing veterinary medicine, a high qualified and mostly independent profession. The profession is now facing two parallel changes : women are entering and establishing themselves in the veterinary profession at a time when segments and specializations are redefining their social utility, the livestock specialization being challenged by the expansion and the attraction of the pet specialization. It will be noted that the correlation between these dynamics of change is not a simple one, because theirs causes and effects are intertwined. Sociologically, the issue of interest is how the feminization process in the veterinary profession is particular compared with other professions. Does this actually represent a situation in which livestock specialization, with its masculine image, is supplanted by the growing legitimacy of the pet sector, where women are numerous ? In this context, women and the whole profession have not yet successfully value the care of «little animals», but perhaps they will succeed in the near future. The paper shows that all vets, men and women, are confronted by the issues emanating both from the need to refashion the profession's legitimacy and the current reshuffling in the hierarchy of specializations.
On the impact of trust on consumer willingness to purchase GM food: Evidence from a European survey
Authors: Rousselière Damien , Rousselière Samira
Published: March 2022

De nombreux chercheurs se sont intéressés à expliquer l'acceptation ou l'opposition des consommateurs aux : organismes génétiquement modifiés (OGM) à partir de différents facteurs sociaux dans le cadre de modèles de «causalité directe » ou «jointe » . Ce dernier (également appelé « modèle associationniste » ) considère les attitudes envers la nourriture génétiquement modifiée comme déterminées conjointement par la confiance et la perception du risque. A partir des données d'une enquête européenne (l'Eurobaromètre 64.3 de 2005), nous développons un modèle récursif à réponse mixte pour établir l'importance de la confiance dans les différentes organisations impliquées dans le débat public sur l''acceptation des aliments génériquement modifiés de la parc des « citoyens ordinaires » . Nous discutons par la suite ce portrait des citoyens européens qui les montre de plus en plus optimistes envers les biotechnologies, bien que largement divisés sur la question. Nous montrons enfin que la pertinence empirique des modèles de causalité directe ou jointe dépend du type d'organisations concernées.
An option on the average European futures prices for an efficient hog producer risk management
Authors: Phélippé-Guinvarc’h Martial , Cordier Jean
Published: March 2022

The volatility of hog prices is high compared to most agricultural commodities. However, European hog producers do not benefit from any agricultural policy support. Through the continuous production process and induced selling activity on spot markets, producers benefit from a natural moving average product pricing. In addition, asymmetric price risk management is able to increase the expected utility of risk adverse hog producers. But, if there is a futures contract at the European Exchange (EUREX), there is no option market and as a consequence no derivative contracts on the European hog market. The article is presenting how financial intermediaries could offer an innovative derivative contract to complement the “ naturall ” steady price of the French hog producers.
Measures of store loyalty in French food retailing
Authors: Bergès Fabian , Orozco Valérie
Published: March 2022

La fidélité à l'enseigne est un sujet important pour les distributeurs, car cela permet d'appréhender l'attachement des consommateurs aux distributeurs. La mesure d'un tel critère n'est cependant pas unidimensionnelle. Après un survol rapide de la littérature marketing traitant des indices de la fidélité à l'enseigne, nous calculons plusieurs indices en utilisant des données d'achats de panel sur 9 000 ménages, couplées avec des données sur les enseignes afin de contrôler l'importance d'accès aux enseignes pour chaque ménage. Nous montrons que la fidélité à l'enseigne, calculée sur la base de plus de 250 produits, diffère grandement d'un groupe à l'autre. De plus, l'augmentation de la part de marché d'une enseigne pour un ménage ne signifie pas nécessairement qu'il devient fortement fidèle à cette enseigne. Nous mettons également à jour une relation non-linéaire entre la fidélité à l'enseigne et la propension du ménage à acheter des marques de distributeurs. Les résultats montrent qu'une plus forte propension à acheter des marques de distributeurs ne se traduit pas par une plus importante fidélité à l'enseigne (tous indices confondus).
Risques sanitaires globaux et politiques nationales : la gestion de la grippe aviaire au Vietnam
Authors: Figuié Muriel , Fournier Tristan
Published: March 2022

Nos sociétés sont actuellement confrontées à des risques sanitaires, souvent d'origine animale, qui amènent les organisations internationales telles que l' OIE, l'OMS et la FAO à promouvoir nouvelle gouvernance mondiale. Nous examinons ici la question des spécificités nationales dans ce projet de gouvernance. Notre analyse est basée sur une étude menée en 2008 au Vietnam sur 1 epizootie de aviaire (H5N1). Nous distinguons, sur la période étudiée allant de 2003 à 2008, deux phases dans gestion de ce risque par les autorités vietnamiennes : une première phase basée sur l'expérience nationale passée, notamment celle du SRAS, et répondant à des enjeux de légitimation interne du pouvoir central ; une deuxième phase plus conforme aux approches des organisations internationales et répondant à des enjeux de diplomatie internationale, liés en particulier au projet d'adhésion du pays à l'OMC. analyse montre que le projet de gouvernance sanitaire mondiale ne doit pas sous-estimer les complexités niveau local, que la considération des cultures nationales ne doit pas amener à négliger les dynamiques locales et que les contraintes ne doivent masquer les opportunités indissociablement liées aux risques.
L’envers de la « ville aymara ». Migration rurale, mobilité intra urbaine et mobilisations politiques à El Alto (Bolivie)
Authors: Poupeau Franck
Published: March 2022

L’entrée en politique du monde rural en Bolivie est souvent analysée au prisme de la ville de El Alto, incarnation de la «ville rebelle » , qui serait peuplée de migrants issus des communautés aymaras de l’Altiplano. Cette vision d’un monde rural transposant en milieu urbain ses traditions de lutte et ses formes collectives d’organisation ne sert pas seulement à expliquer l’explosion démographique de la ville, mais aussi les mobilisations politiques contre la privatisation des ressources naturelles et des services de base qui y ont eu lieu. Cet article vise à questionner le schéma interprétatif de la migration rurale. L’argumentation s’appuiera sur une enquête menée à propos des inégalités d’accès à l’eau à El Alto, qui révèlent des aspirations urbaines en termes de styles de vie. Cette analyse des inégalités socio-spatiales d’accès à l’eau, combinant ethnographie des quartiers populaires, cartographie des données statistiques et diffusion d’un questionnaire auprès d’un échantillon représentatif des résidents des zones périphériques, permettra de mettre en évidence l’importance des stratégies familiales d’installation dans les zones périphériques en expansion. Il s’agira de développer une perspective sociologique sur les transformations récentes de l’espace urbain, en montrant les effets des transformations morphologiques sur les rapports sociaux et, en particulier, sur les positionnements identitaires et politiques. L’enquête révèle alors l’envers de la «ville aymara » à travers l’importance des principes d’identification territoriaux, des aspirations urbaines et des mobilisations pour les services de base qu’elles sont susceptibles de générer.
Willingness-to-pay in terms of price: an application to organic beef during and after the “mad cow” crisis
Authors: Corsi Alessandro , Novelli Silvia
Published: March 2022

This paper aims at assessing consumers’ attitudes and willingness to pay for organic beef, an obvious alternative to regular beef in terms of safety, both immediately and at a longer term after the BSE crisis. It is based on two random telephone surveys in an Italian region, the first one conducted in 2001 (few months after the BSE crisis) and the second one in 2003. The analysis is based on an innovative methodology of contingent valuation, keeping into account the possibility for consumers to decide the quantity of their purchase when a price is proposed. The results show that though the effect of the BSE crisis weakened along with time distance, it left some permanent signs in consumers’ behaviour. The main conclusion is that the demand for organic beef reduced, but that in the meantime it became more inelastic.
Normalisation du travail d’élevage et vulnérabilité sociale des éleveurs de porcs
Authors: Nicourt Christian
Published: March 2022

L’article vise à montrer comment l’organisation du travail des éleveurs de porcs les a vulnérabilisés au travers d’un demi-siècle de politiques publiques. Pour suivre et interpréter de quelle manière le travail a joué ce rôle de désintégration sociale, nous analysons les prescriptions qui le normalisent. Cette normalisation met en évidence le passage d’un travail construit dans des situations collectives où prédominent les pairs à des situations d’isolement. En nous appuyant sur des enquêtes de terrain auprès d’éleveurs, nous retraçons la construction d’un modèle du métier qui repose sur une transformation des relations entre pairs. Nous décrivons ensuite comment la spécialisation modifie les manières de travailler en déliant les collectifs. Nous analysons enfin de quelle façon, dans un espace rural recomposé où les éleveurs sont critiqués, ces déliaisons peuvent renforcer leur vulnérabilité sociale.
Nuisible ou gibier? Une analyse économique de la chasse des grands animaux en France
Authors: Ropars-Collet Carole , Le Goffe Philippe
Published: March 2022

Pest or game ? An economic analysis of big animals hunting in France

Increasing populations of big game in France, including wild boar, has resulted in an increase in collective damages. However, this species is not only regarded as harmful as it is valued by the practice of hunting. The article aims to characterize the social optimum by engaging natural resource economics. The optimum density of game populations is defined from a bio-economic model that takes into account all the costs and profits relating to hunting and the presence of game. It is compared to that corresponding to the hunters’ optimum and to the “ tragedy of the commons”. The analytical framework allows an economic interpretation of the evolution of hunting in France and of the institutional and legislative context, while focusing on issues of property rights and externalities. The model developed is then used to discuss game management policies and recommendations on economic tools for these policies.
FINANCIAL ASPECT OF THE USING THE ASPHALT GRANULATE IN MIXTURES DESIGNED FOR ROAD SUBSTRUCTURES
Authors: Ołdakowska Ewa , Ołdakowski Jakub
Published: March 2022

Asphalt granulate is a valuable building material suitable for the production of asphalt mixtures. Its use in modern road building is profitable not only for environmental reasons but also because of the economic aspect of saving natural aggregates and asphalt and saving road pavement construction costs. The purpose of the cost analyses was to determine the financial benefits resulting from using the asphalt granulate in asphalt mixtures. The cost calculations concerned the basic components of asphalt mixtures and the costs of constructing the pavement structure layer for which the mixtures had been intended. The analyses covered asphalt mixtures of asphalt concrete type AC 22P with different content of asphalt granulate purchased at different prices, intended for road pavement substructure layers loaded with traffic of KR3 and KR4 categories.
THE SHARING ECONOMY IN THE OPINION OF POLISH CONSUMERS
Authors: Kłos Lidia
Published: March 2022

This article is devoted to the issue of the sharing economy. In Poland, the sharing economy is a relatively new area but with high development dynamics. Therefore, the paper aims to answer the question: „is Polish society ready to adopt the sharing economy concept?”In Poland, there is a research gap in the context of the sharing economy. The phenomenon of collective consumption concerning Polish consumers is a relatively new area that requires careful research . For this purpose, a pilot study was used with the use of the diagnostic survey method using the questionnaire survey technique.The presented research results show that 39.7% of the respondents have come across the sharing economy concept. However, ignorance of the concept does not mean that the respondents did not use services based on the assumptions of the sharing economy. 56.7% of respondents used at least one service provided by the sharing economy. There is a visible relationship between the respondents’ age and education and their awareness of the sharing economy. The highest knowledge of the sharing economy was found in the age group under 36 and among respondents with higher education. Most of the respondents support the directions of activities presented by the sharing economy and use its services.The conducted research is of a pilot nature. However, it allows drawing attention to an important issue in the acceptance of new solutions related to the application of the sharing economy by the older generation of Polish consumers. This is a field for further research on a much wider research sample.
THE FIELD OF STUDY AS A FACTOR DIFFERENTIATING STUDENTS’ LEVEL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS
Authors: Bernaciak Arnold , Bernaciak Anna , Janicka Martyna
Published: March 2022

The aim of the research presented in this paper was to identify differences in environmental awareness among students of degree programmes in various fields of study. A research hypothesis was adopted stating that the field of science within which a given field of study is conducted influences students’ perception of environmental problems. Based on surveys conducted using an original questionnaire among 418 students representing 106 fields of the study carried out at 44 Polish universities, within the framework of all fields of science, a number of regularities were revealed. It was shown that each of the distinguished groups of students has its own, separate characteristics. The greatest similarities can be found between the students of medical, natural and social sciences. Students of the humanities and technical sciences differ significantly from them.
REMOTE STUDY AND DECONSUMPTION – SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY VERSUS (UN)NECESSARY UNIVESITY COMMUTING
Authors: Paradowska Monika
Published: March 2022

The remote study was one of the many restrictions implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic. It resulted in a deconsumption of university commuting which, together with telecommuting, could be considered as a means to implement a sustainable mobility policy. Within this context, this paper investigates student's perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of daily travel before online learning started with a focus on the resultant satisfaction from the use of given means of transport. In this context, we examined the potential for developing more sustainable mobility and possibilities for further deconsumption of transport processes. This was based on the results of a preliminary survey the author conducted online among students of two public universities in Poland. The results obtained, revealed that the respondents associated commuting to university with more advantages than disadvantages. However, these perceptions differed dependent on the most frequently used transport mode. Car users hardly benefited from commuting compared to other transport users and were the group least likely to resign from individual motorisation. Pedestrians and cyclists perceived the most benefits and were most satisfied. In general, students expected to continue commuting using the transport modes they used prior to the pandemic. Nevertheless, when students were asked about their “dream transport mode” which enabled the possibility for deconsumption of commuting by way of cheap and commonly available teleportation, the private car turned out to be a better option than teleportation among students commuting either by car or by urban public transport. In such a hypothetical situation, only car users and active commuters were not prepared to change their transport behaviour.
ECO-INNOVATION MEASURING IN EUROPEAN AND ASIAN COUNTRIES
Authors: Urbaniec Maria , Tomala Justyna
Published: March 2022

The development of eco-innovation is driven by globalisation processes, technological progress and climate change. It is also directly related to the pursuit of sustainable development, as well as to the reduction of negative impacts on the environment and the efficient use of natural resources. Monitoring progress towards sustainable development requires the systematic measurement of eco-innovation. An important theoretical and practical challenge is to develop methods and indicators to measure eco-innovation. Currently, there are different systems for measuring eco-innovation, which makes international comparative analysis difficult. The purpose of this article is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of measuring eco-innovation in selected European and Asian countries. The study uses a critical literature review as well as a comparative analysis and synthesis method based on the ASEM Eco-Innovation Index. The study provides evidence that there are a number of differences in eco-innovation between European and Asian countries. Measuring eco-innovation is particularly important in planning and implementing instruments to stimulate environmental innovation across countries.
The reasons for choosing a leisure destination in the rural areas of the Bug river valley as per tourists` opinion
Authors: Dąbrowski Dominik , Jalinik Mikołaj , Sokół Janusz Leszek , Radwańska Katarzyna , Szwedo Janusz
Published: March 2022

The aim of the study was to identify factors that may determine the choice of leisure destination as a form of tourism in the rural areas of the Bug River Valley. The analysis of these factors also considered the nationality of the people surveyed. A total of 148 people took part in the study: 73 of Polish nationality (45 women and 18 men) and 75 foreigners, mainly Belarusians (51 women and 24 men). It was found that Polish tourists most often chose to spend leisure time in guesthouses/hotels or the houses of friends and family, while international tourists rest mainly in the houses of friends and family. Regardless of their nationality, the majority of tourists were satisfied with their stay in selected facilities, highly rating the communication, accommodation, catering and cycling routes and trails. The factors determining the choice of their place of stay, irrespective of nationality, were peace and quiet, attractive surroundings and convenient location. Respondents rested most frequently with family or friends. Polish tourists preferably used catering from the owners of holiday facilities, while foreigners cooked their own meals.