bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postmortem chondrocyte viability in porcine articular cartilage: Influence of time, temperature, and burial under winter conditions
Authors: Cvetko Marko , Knific Tanja , Frangež Robert , Motaln Helena , Rogelj Boris , Alibegović Armin , Gombač Mitja
Published: March 2024

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of time, temperature, and burial in a natural environment on the viability of chondrocytes in porcine femoral condyles using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Hind trotters from 10 pigs were buried or left unburied. Samples were collected daily and stained with a combination of vital dyes (calcein‐AM and ethidium homodimer‐1). The chondrocytes showed an intense staining corresponding to their vitality. In the first 3 days, viability decreased slowly and showed no statistical difference between buried and unburied samples. After the first 3 days, it decreased rapidly, with the viability of the buried samples being 66% on day 4, decreasing to 25% on day 8 and to 16% on day 10, while in the unburied samples it decreased to 43% on day 4, 13% on day 8 and 5% on day 10. Our results indicate a time, temperature, and burial dependent decrease in chondrocyte viability and suggest the use of chondrocyte viability as a marker for estimating PMI in both the natural environment and in animals, as well as its potential use in humans.
Development research of latent fingermarks based on aggregation‐induced emission technique
Authors: Liang Shuai , Gao Shu‐hui
Published: March 2024

Fingerprints hold evidential value for individual identification; a sensitive, efficient, and convenient method for visualizing latent fingermarks (LFMs) is of great importance in the field of crime scene investigation. In this study, we proposed an aggregation‐induced emission atomization technique (AIE‐AT) to obtain high‐quality fingermark images. Six volunteers made over 1566 fingerprint samples on 17 different objects. The quality of fingermark development was evaluated using grayscale analysis for quantitative assessment, combining the fluency of fingermark ridges and the degree of level 2 and level 3 features. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed to explore the effectiveness of AIE molecule C27H19N3SO in developing fingermarks, its applicability to objects, and its individual selectivity. Additionally, the stability of the AIE molecule was examined. Comparative experimental results demonstrated the high stability of the AIE molecule, making it suitable for long‐term preservation. The grayscale ratio of the ridges and furrows was at least 2, with high brightness contrast, the level 2 and level 3 features were clearly observable. The AIE‐AT proved to be effective for developing fingermarks on nonporous, porous, and semiporous objects. It exhibited low selectivity on suspects who leave fingermarks and showed better development effects on challenging objects, as well as efficient extraction capability for in situ fingermarks. In summary, AIE‐AT can efficiently develop latent fingermarks on common objects and even challenging ones. It locates the latent fingermarks for further accurate extraction of touch exfoliated cells in situ, providing technical support for the visualization of fingermarks and the localization for extraction of touch DNA.
An evaluation of the cannabinoid content of the liquid and thermal degradation analysis of cannabis‐labeled vape liquids
Authors: Moreno Sara , Trouten‐Ebert Ashley , Richards‐Waugh Lauren L. , Quiñones Rosalynn
Published: March 2024

Cannabidiol (CBD) vape pen usage has been on the rise given the changing political and scientific climate as well as the promotion of these delivery systems as a more accessible and lower‐risk option for consumers. Despite being marketed as a safer way to use cannabis, CBD vape liquids are sold without restrictions or meticulous quality control procedures such as toxicological and clinical assessment, standards for product preservation, or investigative degradation analyses. Nine CBD‐labeled vape liquid samples purchased and manufactured in the United States were evaluated and assessed for cannabinoid content. Quantification and validation of cannabinoids and matrix components was accomplished using gas and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis (GC–MS and LC–MS/MS) following liquid–liquid extraction with methanol. Samples degraded by temperature (analyzed by GC–MS) showed a greater disparity from the labeled CBD content compared with samples analyzed as purchased (by LC–MS/MS). Thermal degradation of the vape liquids showed increased levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Also, extended time and temperature degradation were evaluated in vape liquids by storing them for 15 months and then varying temperature conditions before analysis, which indicated CBD transformed into other cannabinoids leading to different cannabinoid content within the vape samples. Evaluation conducted on these vape liquids indicated the route of exposure, storage conditions, and length of storage could expose consumers to unintended cannabinoids and showed a concerning level of disagreement between the products' labeled cannabinoid content and the results generated by these analyses.
The influence of altitude on the abundance and occurrence of species of the family Calliphoridae (Diptera) in corpses in a Mediterranean area
Authors: Pérez‐Marcos María , Ruiz‐Franco Laura , García Mª Dolores , López‐Gallego Elena , Arnaldos Mª Isabel
Published: March 2024

A carcass is defined as a temporary resource that can support high levels of diversity compared to other resources. The level of diversity often depends on the environmental conditions in which the corpse is found. Calliphoridae (Diptera) are the most important necrophagous insects used in forensic investigations because this family is common, widespread, abundant, and usually the first to colonize a corpse. However, understanding the processes responsible for variation in calliphorid species abundance and richness along gradients in ecology remains a key challenge. In this study, we analyzed the influence of altitude on the abundance and diversity of Calliphoridae species in corpses at three different altitudes (400, 900, and 1500 m a.s.l.) in a mountainous area of southeastern Spain. The results revealed a gradient of decreasing abundance with increasing altitude. An altitudinal substitution of species was observed, with Chrysomya albiceps being found at the lowest altitude and Calliphora vicina at the highest altitude. Seasonal variation was also noted, with Ch. albiceps being the dominant species in the warmer months and C. vicina being the dominant species in winter. Our results confirm the importance of Calliphorids as seasonal, altitudinal, and environmental indicators, given the wide distribution and abundance of this family. This information is of great interest on the interpretation of data in forensic practice.
Sensory attributes of fine flavor cocoa beans and chocolate: A systematic literature review
Authors: Putri Desiana Nuriza , De Steur Hans , Juvinal Joel G. , Gellynck Xavier , Schouteten Joachim J.
Published: March 2024

Fine flavor cocoa (FFC) is known for its unique flavor and aroma characteristics, which vary by region. However, a comprehensive overview of the common sensory attributes used to describe FFC beans and chocolate is lacking. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to analyze existing literature and identify the most commonly used sensory attributes to describe FFC beans and chocolate. A systematic search of the Web of Science and Scopus databases was conducted in May 2023, and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed to ensure transparency and reproducibility. This review summarizes the origins of cocoa and explores their unique flavor profiles, encompassing caramel, fruity, floral, malty, nutty, and spicy notes. Although some origins may exhibit similar unique flavors, they are often described using more specific terms. Another main finding is that although differences in sensory attributes are anticipated at each production stage, discrepancies also arise between liquor and chocolate. Interestingly, fine chocolate as the final product does not consistently retain the distinctive flavors found in the liquor. These findings emphasize the need for precise descriptors in sensory evaluation to capture flavor profiles of each origin. As such, the exploration of attributes from bean to bar holds the potential to empower FFC farmers and chocolate producers to effectively maintain quality control.
Improving fried burger quality and modulating acrylamide formation by active coating containing Rosa canina L. extract nanoemulsions
Authors: Ashrafi Azam , Ahari Hamed , Asadi Gholamhassan , Nafchi Abdorreza Mohammadi
Published: March 2024

During the frying of foods, undesirable reactions such as protein denaturation, acrylamide formation, and so on occur in the product, which has confirmed carcinogenic effects. The use of antioxidants has been proposed as an effective solution to reduce the formation of these compounds during the process. The current study aimed to assess the impact of an edible coating holding within chia seed gum (CSG) and Rosa canina L. extract (RCE) nanoemulsions on the physicochemical properties, oil uptake, acrylamide formation, 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furfural (HMF) content, and sensory characteristics of beef–turkey burgers. The RCE‐loaded nanoemulsions were prepared using the ultrasonic homogenization method, and different concentrations (i.e., 10%, 20%, and 40% w/w) were added to the CSG solutions; these active coatings were used to cover the burgers. CSG‐based coatings, especially coatings containing the highest concentration of nanoemulsions (40%), caused a significant decrease in the oil uptake and moisture retention, acrylamide content, and HMF content of fried burgers. The texture of coated burgers was softer than that of uncoated samples; they also had a higher color brightness and a lower browning index. Field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that RCE concentration less than 40% should be used in CSG coatings because it will cause minor cracks, which is an obvious possibility of failure of coating performance. Coating significantly (4–10 times) increased the antioxidant activity of burgers compared to the control. In conclusion, it is suggested to use the active coating produced in this study to improve fried burger quality and modulate acrylamide formation.
Involvement of nucleus accumbens SERCA2b in methamphetamine‐induced conditioned place preference
Authors: Wang Yujing , Duan Fan , Li Junda , Li Xiangyu , Xia Lingling , Zhao Wei , Wang Ze , Song Xun , Chen Juan , Wang Jingjing , Wang Yue , Zhang Jing , Zhang Xiaochu , Jiao Dongliang
Published: March 2024

Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive psycho‐stimulant that induces addictive behaviour by stimulating increased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion transport ATPases (SERCA or ATP2A) is a calcium ion (Ca2+) pump in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. SERCA2b is a SERCA subtype mainly distributed in the central nervous system. This study used conditioned place preference (CPP), a translational drug reward model, to observe the effects of SERCA and SERCA2b on METH‐CPP in mice. Result suggested that the activity of SERCA was significantly decreased in NAc after METH‐CPP. Intraperitoneal SERCA agonist CDN1163 injection or bilateral CDN1163 microinjection in the NAc inhibited METH‐CPP formation. SERCA2b overexpression by the Adeno‐associated virus can reduce the DA release of NAc and inhibit METH‐CPP formation. Although microinjection of SERCA inhibitor thapsigargin in the bilateral NAc did not significantly aggravate METH‐CPP, interference with SERCA2b expression in NAc by adeno‐associated virus increased DA release and promoted METH‐CPP formation. METH reduced the SERCA ability to transport Ca2+ into the ER in SHSY5Y cells in vitro, which was reversed by CDN1163. This study revealed that METH dysregulates intracellular calcium balance by downregulating SERCA2b function, increasing DA release in NAc and inducing METH‐CPP formation. Drugs that target SERCA2b may have the potential to treat METH addiction.
Influence of soil properties on woody vegetation structure, diversity and seasonality in Neotropical savannas
Authors: Veríssimo Arthur Aires , Silvério Divino Vicente , Abadia Ana Clara , Carrijo Daielle , da Silveira‐Filho Ricardo Rodrigues , Santos‐Silva Domingos Lucas , Vergara Fagundes Marina , Martins Jhany , Gonçalves Lorrayne Aparecida , Lenza Eddie
Published: March 2024

Understanding how savanna soil properties influence vegetation diversity and function is a major challenge in ecological studies. We investigated the effects of soil properties on woody species density, richness, composition, and vegetative phenology (inferred by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)) in two alluvial and two interfluvial savanna sites (1 block of 10 plots of 20 × 50 m in each site), in the Brazilian Cerrado. We showed that plots in alluvial savannas present less fertile soils and have lower plant densities and species richness and higher seasonality of NDVI than plots in the interfluvial savannas. The species composition of the sites was associated with the P, Fe, K, and Mn content of the soil. Soil K, Fe, and Ca contents were the main variables associated with plant density in a linear mixed model (LMM) that explained 79% of data variability (r2c = 0.79%), and K, Fe, and Al were the main predictors to explain species richness (r2c = 0.81%). Soil K, pH, and Silt were the best predictors of the seasonality in NDVI (r2c = 0.14%). We highlight the all‐encompassing effect of K soil content on species density, richness, composition, and NDVI and argue that this macronutrient and a few other soil properties (e.g., P, Fe, Al, and Silt) are the main factors mediating plant responses to water and nutrient stress in woody savanna communities occurring in the Cerrado–Amazônia transition.
Revision of the Neotropical tribe Alvarengiini Frey, 1975 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Bento Matheus , Jameson Mary Liz , Grossi Paschoal , da Fonseca Claudio Ruy Vasconcelos
Published: March 2024

The leaf chafer tribe Alvarengiini Frey, a long‐neglected taxon that has been overlooked in the biodiversity literature from its inception, is revised for the first time. As a result of this research, the tribe is composed of two species in two genera distributed from Bahia, Brazil (in the north), to Paraná, Brazil (in the south), and Paraguay. Two synonyms are proposed: Alvarengius silphoides Frey, syn. nov. for Ottokelleria dispar (Burmeister) and Alvarengius Frey, syn. nov. for Ottokelleria D'Andretta & Martínez. A new genus is described, Carinochilus, gen. nov., and includes one species: Carinochilus marginatus (Burmeister), comb. nov. The lectotype for O. dispar and a neotype for C. marginatus are designated. We provide an identification key to the tribes of Rutelinae (in English and Portuguese) and incorporate classification changes in the subfamily. A key for the identification of Alvarengiini genera and species is also provided. All taxa are circumscribed and illustrated, and distributional data are synthesised in maps.
TRACK_9: Testosterone replacement assessment: Classical vs. functional hypogonadism‐knowledge from a 9‐year study
Authors: Zitzmann Michael , Cremers Jann‐Frederik , Krallmann Claudia , Soave Armin , Kliesch Sabine
Published: March 2024

Background and objective

The longitudinal efficacy and clinical utility of Testosterone Therapy (TTh) in ameliorating functional hypogonadism (FH) remain contentious, with long‐term data being scarce. To address this lacuna, a comprehensive long‐term registry study, stratifying patients across a spectrum of hypogonadal etiologies, offers a robust investigative paradigm.

Materials and methods

This 9‐year registry, encompassing 650 patients (equivalent to 4,362 cumulative years of treatment), included 188 patients diagnosed with FH (mean age 42.3 ± 11.3 years) and 462 individuals with classical hypogonadism (CH). The cohort segregated into 266 men with primary hypogonadism (PH, mean age 34.0 ± 11.7 years) and 196 with secondary hypogonadism (SH, mean age 31.9 ± 12.0 years). Uniform treatment across the cohort involved intramuscular administration of testosterone undecanoate (1,000 mg). A comparative analysis was conducted focusing on anthropometric, metabolic, and safety parameters.

Results

Serum testosterone levels increased from 6.6 ± 2.4 to 19.3 ± 2.9 nmol/L (p < 0.001). TTh was linked with weight reduction and decreased waist circumference (WC) in both CH and FH cohorts (both p < 0.001). Cox regression and Kaplan–Meier analyses delineated disparities: men with FH demonstrated a higher propensity for losing > 10% body weight and > 5% WC compared to CH (hazard ratio [HR] 1.3 [1.1–1.4], p = 0.008 and HR 1.4 [1.3–1.5], p = 0.001). Increases in hematocrit > 50% were uniform across groups, albeit amelioration of anemia was more pronounced in FH versus CH (p = 0.002). Increments of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels were more likely to occur in FH (HR 1.3 [1.1–1.6], p = 0.003). FH patients exhibited pronounced improvements in metabolic parameters and in aging male symptom score (AMS) and IIEF‐EF questionnaire scores. These effects were markedly modulated by age and initial weight. Subgroup analysis of age‐matched obese patients revealed an accentuated impact of TTh in CH compared to FH.

Discussion and conclusion

The therapeutic outcomes of TTh across distinct hypogonadal populations demonstrate heterogeneous responses, significantly influenced by diagnostic categorization, age, and baseline risk factor profiles.
Enhanced recovery after surgery for oncological breast surgery reduces length of stay in a resource limited setting
Authors: Mui Jasmine , Cheng Ernest , Salindera Shehnarz
Published: March 2024

Background

Early recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols in breast surgery optimizes resources and reduces healthcare costs by facilitating early discharges. These protocols are well established in tertiary centres, but not commonly adopted in regional centres. ERAS implementation potentially impacts smaller hospitals significantly, where resources are limited and persistent bed shortages with mounting waitlist pressures exist. Our study evaluates the feasibility of early discharge with the application of our ERAS protocol to mastectomies in a resource‐constrained and rural setting.

Methods

Breast cancer patients who underwent mastectomies with or without reconstruction between January 2017 and July 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. From January 2022, we implemented a standardized ERAS protocol for patients undergoing mastectomy. This incorporated a combination of pre‐, intra‐ and post‐operative elements to enhance patient readiness for discharge. Our study compared these patients (post‐ERAS group) with the outcomes of mastectomies performed prior to January 2022 (pre‐ERAS group).

Results

104 patients were identified. In the post‐ERAS group, 74.4% were discharged within 24 h compared to 23.1% in the pre‐ERAS group. Length of stay was reduced from 2.26 to 1.42 days. There were no differences in unplanned clinician reviews or early representation to the emergency department between the two groups.

Conclusion

Reducing the length of stay without increased complications can be achieved in a resource‐limited environment with our protocolized ERAS principals. Our protocol has been instrumental in allowing safe discharges within 24 h. Other regional centres may benefit in adopting strategies implemented by us for their own ERAS protocols in breast cancer surgery.
3D visualization systems improve operator efficiency during difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a retrospective blinded review of surgical videos
Authors: Patel Meet , Tranter‐Entwistle Isaac , Sirimanna Pramudith , Hugh Thomas J
Published: March 2024

Background

3D visualization systems in laparoscopic surgery have been proposed to improve manual task handling compared to 2D, however, few studies have compared the intra‐operative efficacy in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). The aim of this study is to determine if there is a benefit in intra‐operative efficiency when using a 3D visualization system in difficult LC compared to traditional 2D visualization systems.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of ‘difficult’ LCs (Grades 3 or 4) was completed. The assessor was blinded as all cases were recorded and viewed in 2D only. Variables collected included time to complete steps, missed hook diathermy attempts, failed grasp attempts, missed clip attempts and preparation steps for intra‐operative cholangiogram (IOC). Multiple linear regression was undertaken for time variables, Poisson regression or negative binomial regression was completed for continuous variables.

Results

Fifty‐two operative videos of ‘difficult’ LC were reviewed. 3D systems were associated with reduced operative times, although this was not statistically significant (CI: −2.93–14.93, P‐value = 0.183). Dissection of the anterior fold to achieve the critical view of safety was significantly faster by 3.55 min (CI: 1.215–9.206, P‐value = 0.002), and with considerably fewer errors when using 3D systems. Fewer IOC preparation errors were observed with a 3D system compared with a 2D system.

Conclusions

3D systems appear to enhance operator efficiency, allowing faster completion of critical steps with fewer errors. This pilot study underscores the utility of video annotation for intra‐operative assessment and suggests that, in larger multi‐centre studies, 3D systems may demonstrate superior intra‐operative efficiency over 2D systems during a ‘difficult’ LC.
Use of medication in pregnancy on the rise: Study on 1.4 million Danish pregnancies from 1998 to 2018
Authors: Thunbo Mette Østergaard , Vendelbo Julie Hauer , Witte Daniel R. , Larsen Agnete , Pedersen Lars Henning
Published: March 2024

Introduction

Maternal demographics have evolved, and more women than ever enter pregnancy with preexisting comorbidity and with potentially complex medication exposure, including polypharmacy (concomitant intake of multiple medications). This study aims to describe the evolution of medication use in pregnancy in Denmark from 1998 to 2018 with special focus on polypharmacy, patterns of use, and underlying demographics.

Material and methods

A Danish nationwide historical registry study based on all clinically recognized pregnancies with a gestation ≥10 weeks between 1998 and 2018. Medication use was estimated by redemption of prescriptions during pregnancy.

Results

Among a total of 1 402 327 clinically recognized pregnancies, redemption of at least one prescription medication during pregnancy increased from 56.9% in 1998 to 63.3% in 2018, coinciding with an increased use of polypharmacy (from 24.8% in 1998 to 35.2% in 2018). The prevalence of pregnant women who used medications for chronic conditions increased more than the prevalence of women treated for occasional or short‐time conditions. Redemption of one or multiple prescription medications during pregnancy was mostly seen among pregnant women ≥35 years of age. However, pregnant women <25 years old exhibited the largest increase in medication use during the study period.

Conclusions

Medication use in general, and polypharmacy in particular, increased from 1998 to 2008, possibly as the result of an increased prevalence of pregnant women with chronic conditions requiring pharmacological treatment. Notably, a marked maternal age‐based discrepancy in usage pattern was observed, highlighting the need for further research in this area. The rise in the prevalence of polypharmacy during pregnancy underscores the need for pharmacovigilance to monitor adverse effects. Future studies should investigate the patterns of polypharmacy and the accompanying maternal and fetal risks.
Impact of non‐tariff measures on the survival of China's fresh fruit exports
Authors: Peng Shiguang , Wang Le , Xu Lei
Published: March 2024

Using data at the HS‐6 product level, this study presents evidence on the export survival of China's fresh fruit during the period 2002–2019, and identifies the impact of non‐tariff measures (NTMs) on the hazard rate of trade disruption. The results show that the average length of 2239 trade spells is 5.16 years. Notably, 67.04 per cent of these spells are no more than three years long, whereas only 7.95 per cent are more than 18 years long. Compared with major fruit‐exporting countries, the trade spell distribution of China's fresh fruit exports lacks advantages. The hazard rate can reach 0.41 in the first year of export and is negatively duration dependent. The implementation of NTMs by importing countries has significantly increased the hazard rate. The positive effect of NTMs on the hazard rate is primarily driven by non‐technical measures. Notably, technical barriers to trade measures decrease the export hazard rate of China's fresh fruits with comparative advantages, because these measures focus on product quality. Meanwhile, non‐technical measures increase the export hazard rate of such fruits; this may be because of the possible shock on the relevant fruit industry in the destination market.
Unraveling the crosstalk between renin‐angiotensin system receptors
Authors: Gironacci Mariela M. , Bruna‐Haupt Ezequiel
Published: March 2024

The renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) plays a key role in blood pressure regulation. The RAS is a complex interconnected system composed of two axes with opposite effects. The pressor arm, represented by angiotensin (Ang) II and the AT1 receptor (AT1R), mediates the vasoconstrictor, proliferative, hypertensive, oxidative, and pro‐inflammatory effects of the RAS, while the depressor/protective arm, represented by Ang‐(1–7), its Mas receptor (MasR) and the AT2 receptor (AT2R), opposes the actions elicited by the pressor arm. The AT1R, AT2R, and MasR belong to the G‐protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) family. GPCRs operate not only as monomers, but they can also function in dimeric (homo and hetero) or higher‐order oligomeric states. Due to the interaction with other receptors, GPCR properties may change: receptor affinity, trafficking, signaling, and its biological function may be altered. Thus, heteromerization provides a newly recognized means of modulation of receptor function, as well as crosstalk between GPCRs. This review is focused on angiotensin receptors, and how their properties are influenced by crosstalk with other receptors, adding more complexity to an already complex system and potentially opening up new therapeutic approaches.
Caring for the river‐border: Struggles and opportunities along the Salween River‐border
Authors: Lamb Vanessa
Published: March 2024

Geographers have shown how borders rely on the enactment of state power and violence to reinforce territorial integrity and sovereign authority, or even perpetuate the destruction of nature. Moving away from an emphasis on violence, in this paper, I take an approach to borders and bordering that emphasises the opportunities of the border when it is also a river to understand borders as a resource and site of engagement with the state by a range of actors, including variants of care. To illustrate this, I draw on longstanding research along the Salween River, the 120 km stretch where the river forms the Thai–Myanmar (Burma) border, to reveal the ways in which borders as rivers can provide new insights into socio‐natural bordering processes. In particular, I illustrate a range of ways local residents are caring for a river‐border, and how even an ‘exploding’ or ‘hungry’ river‐border can be a fragile space for care and for non‐state actors to enact the border ‘differently’ in everyday life.
Men's experience in masculine contest cultures
Authors: Detjen Jodi , MacLean Tammy , Webber Sheila Simsarian
Published: March 2024

Research clearly shows that increasing the number of women in leadership positions yields financial benefits for the organization. Despite this, there has been limited upward movement in the percentage of women in senior leadership positions. Few studies have examined the linkage between masculine culture and the implications for men. Using a mixed methods approach with two studies, this research focused on four aspects of masculine contest cultural norms and how they impact male identity and perceptions of career advancement. Study 1 used a qualitative interview study of 10 male executives and found that masculine contest culture norms were evident but were being perpetuated and reinforced by organizational culture instead of individual masculine identities. In addition, Study 1 demonstrated a shift in masculine contest culture norms reducing the emphasis on the strong male archetype. Study 2 examines the relationship between masculine contest culture attributes impacting perceived opportunities for career development and promotion. We evaluated these relationships through a large‐scale survey study and found that at higher levels of masculine contest culture norms, men's perceptions of procedural justice for career development and promotion were lower compared with women. Broadly, the findings suggest that masculine archetypes of leadership negatively affect men and women.
Assessment and evaluation of prescribing competences: A systematic review and recommendations
Authors: McLachlan John C. , Auta Asa , Ajiboye Aderonke
Published: March 2024

Aims

Since assessment of prescribing competence is a key promoter of student learning and achievement, we aim to summarize existing national‐level approaches, provide a systematic review of current literature, indicate the frequency of various methodologies, and make recommendations to promote and extend existing practice.

Methods

Regulatory body websites were accessed for details of national examinations. PubMed, Embase, the Allied and Complementary Medicine, and CINAHL databases were systematically searched in August 2023 for studies in English from Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand reporting assessment of prescribing competencies among students/practitioners. Additional articles were identified through citation tracking.

Results

National approaches are described for several jurisdictions. A total of 20 514 articles were retrieved, of which 54 met the inclusion criteria. Most articles came from the UK, with medical students and qualified doctors most frequently featured. Multiple choice formats were most common, with short answer questions, calculations and scenario‐based skills tests also featured. Direct observations of skills through Objective Structured Clinical Examinations and similar methods were less commonly described. Test reliability generally employed Classical Test Theory. Costs of developing and delivering assessments, differential attainment by demographics, and predictive validity were not indicated.

Conclusion

We recommend measurement of the predictive validity of prescribing competence assessments, the routine inclusion of performance by demographic characteristics, extension of competence assessments to professions other than medicine, and structured reporting of methods and findings, including costs and cost‐effectiveness. Situational judgement tests would be a valuable addition to assessment practices.
Real‐time field‐programmable gate array‐based closed‐loop deep brain stimulation platform targeting cerebellar circuitry rescues motor deficits in a mouse model of cerebellar ataxia
Authors: Kumar Gajendra , Zhou Zhanhong , Wang Zhihua , Kwan Kin Ming , Tin Chung , Ma Chi Him Eddie
Published: March 2024

Aims

The open‐loop nature of conventional deep brain stimulation (DBS) produces continuous and excessive stimulation to patients which contributes largely to increased prevalence of adverse side effects. Cerebellar ataxia is characterized by abnormal Purkinje cells (PCs) dendritic arborization, loss of PCs and motor coordination, and muscle weakness with no effective treatment. We aim to develop a real‐time field‐programmable gate array (FPGA) prototype targeting the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) to close the loop for ataxia using conditional double knockout mice with deletion of PC‐specific LIM homeobox (Lhx)1 and Lhx5, resulting in abnormal dendritic arborization and motor deficits.

Methods

We implanted multielectrode array in the DCN and muscles of ataxia mice. The beneficial effect of open‐loop DCN‐DBS or closed‐loop DCN‐DBS was compared by motor behavioral assessments, electromyography (EMG), and neural activities (neurospike and electroencephalogram) in freely moving mice. FPGA board, which performed complex real‐time computation, was used for closed‐loop DCN‐DBS system.

Results

Closed‐loop DCN‐DBS was triggered only when symptomatic muscle EMG was detected in a real‐time manner, which restored motor activities, electroencephalogram activities and neurospike properties completely in ataxia mice. Closed‐loop DCN‐DBS was more effective than an open‐loop paradigm as it reduced the frequency of DBS.

Conclusion

Our real‐time FPGA‐based DCN‐DBS system could be a potential clinical strategy for alleviating cerebellar ataxia and other movement disorders.
Erythropoietin‐derived peptide ARA290 mediates brain tissue protection through the β‐common receptor in mice with cerebral ischemic stroke
Authors: Wang Rong‐Liang , Yang Zhen‐Hong , Huang Yu‐You , Hu Yue , Wang Yi‐Lin , Yan Feng , Zheng Yang‐Min , Han Zi‐Ping , Fan Jun‐Fen , Tao Zhen , Zhao Hai‐Ping , Li Si‐Jie , Luo Yu‐Min
Published: March 2024

Aim

To explore the neuroprotective effects of ARA290 and the role of β‐common receptor (βCR) in a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).

Methods

This study included male C57BL/6J mice that underwent MCAO and reperfusion. The neuroprotective effect of ARA290 on MCAO‐induced brain injury was investigated using neurological function tests (Longa and modified neurological severity score). Cerebral infarction was examined by 2, 3, 5‐triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, neuronal apoptosis was assessed by immunofluorescence staining, blood parameters were measured using a flow cytometry‐based automated hematology analyzer, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify the serum metabolomics signature, inflammatory cytokines and liver index were detected by commercially available kits, and the protein levels of the erythropoietin (EPO) receptor and βCR were measured by western blot.

Results

ARA290 exerted a qualitatively similar neuroprotective effect after MCAO as EPO. ARA290 significantly reduced neuronal apoptosis and the level of inflammatory cytokines in the brain tissue. However, ARA290's neuroprotective effect was significantly suppressed following the injection of siRNA against βCR.

Conclusion

ARA290 provided a neuroprotective effect via βCR in cerebral ischemic mice without causing erythropoiesis. This study provides novel insights into the role of ARA290 in ischemic stroke intervention.
The scope of empowerment for conservation and communities
Authors: Petriello Michael A. , Redmore Lauren , Sène Aby L. , Katju Dhananjaya , Barraclough Lilian , Boyd Sara , Madge Carly , Papadopoulos Anastasia , Yalamala Reddi S.
Published: March 2024

Conservationists increasingly position conservation that is mutually beneficial to people and biodiversity on the promise of empowerment of people through participatory discourse, metrics, processes, and outcomes. Empowerment represents multidimensional concepts and theories that permeate the interlinking levels of power, from the psychological to the political, and social scales in which conservation operates. The multifaceted nature of empowerment makes it challenging to understand, pursue, and evaluate as a central philosophical commitment and goal‐oriented practice in conservation. Moreover, definitional and methodological uncertainty may disempower interested and affected groups because they can foster conceptual assumptions that reinforce institutionalized barriers to systemic changes. Despite these complexities, there are no targeted reviews of empowerment in conservation. We conducted a scoping review of the conservation literature to synthesize the meanings and uses of empowerment in the field. We reviewed 121 of the most cited conservation articles that invoked or assessed empowerment from 1992 to 2017 to document geographic, conceptual, and methodological trends in the scales and theories of empowerment deployed by conservationists. Research claiming or assessing empowerment through conservation often focused on communities in the Global South. Most studies relied on qualitative and mixed methods (78%) collected largely from male or non‐Indigenous participants. Few studies (30%) defined the 20 types of empowerment they referenced. Fewer studies (3%) applied empowerment theories in their work. Our findings show that empowerment discourse of local and Indigenous communities permeates the discourse of people‐centered conservation. Yet, overreliance on empowerment's rhetorical promise and minimal engagement with theory (e.g., postcolonial theory) risks disempowering people by obscuring empowerment's foundational value to conservation and communities and oversimplifying the complex realities of people‐centered conservation. Lasting change could come from more meaningful engagement with empowerment, including coproducing definitions and measures with and for disempowered social groups to tackle widespread power disparities in conservation today.
Lipidomic changes in a novel sepsis outcome‐based analysis reveals potent pro‐inflammatory and pro‐resolving signaling lipids
Authors: Sulaiman Dawoud , Wu Dongyuan , Black Lauren Page , Williams Kevin J. , Graim Kiley , Datta Susmita , Reddy Srinivasa T. , Guirgis Faheem W.
Published: March 2024

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the lipidome of patients with sepsis to identify signaling lipids associated with poor outcomes that could be linked to future therapies. Adult patients with sepsis were enrolled within 24h of sepsis recognition. Patients meeting Sepsis‐3 criteria were enrolled from the emergency department or intensive care unit and blood samples were obtained. Clinical data were collected and outcomes of rapid recovery, chronic critical illness (CCI), or early death were adjudicated by clinicians. Lipidomic analysis was performed on two platforms, the Sciex™ 5500 device to perform a lipidomic screen of 1450 lipid species and a targeted signaling lipid panel using liquid‐chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. For the lipidomic screen, there were 274 patients with sepsis: 192 with rapid recovery, 47 with CCI, and 35 with early deaths. CCI and early death patients were grouped together for analysis. Fatty acid (FA) 12:0 was decreased in CCI/early death, whereas FA 17:0 and 20:1 were elevated in CCI/early death, compared to rapid recovery patients. For the signaling lipid panel analysis, there were 262 patients with sepsis: 189 with rapid recovery, 45 with CCI, and 28 with early death. Pro‐inflammatory signaling lipids from ω‐6 poly‐unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including 15‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (HETE), 12‐HETE, and 11‐HETE (oxidation products of arachidonic acid [AA]) were elevated in CCI/early death patients compared to rapid recovery. The pro‐resolving lipid mediator from ω‐3 PUFAs, 14(S)‐hydroxy docosahexaenoic acid (14S‐HDHA), was also elevated in CCI/early death compared to rapid recovery. Signaling lipids of the AA pathway were elevated in poor‐outcome patients with sepsis and may serve as targets for future therapies.
Evaluating optimal bilateral biliary stenting in endoscopic reintervention after initial plastic stent dysfunction for unresectable malignant hilar biliary obstruction: Retrospective cross‐sectional study
Authors: Okuno Mitsuru , Iwata Keisuke , Iwashita Takuji , Mukai Tsuyoshi , Shimojo Kota , Ohashi Yosuke , Iwasa Yuhei , Senju Akihiko , Iwata Shota , Tezuka Ryuichi , Ichikawa Hironao , Mita Naoki , Uemura Shinya , Yoshida Kensaku , Maruta Akinori , Tomita Eiichi , Yasuda Ichiro , Shimizu Masahito
Published: March 2024

Objectives

The placement of plastic stents (PS), including intraductal PS (IS), is useful in patients with unresectable malignant hilar biliary obstruction (UMHBO) because of patency and ease of endoscopic reintervention (ERI). However, the optimal stent replacement method for PS remains unclear.

Methods

This retrospective study included 322 patients with UMHBO. Among them, 146 received PS placement as initial drainage (across‐the‐papilla PS [aPS], 54; IS, 92), whereas 75 required ERI. Eight bilateral aPS, 21 bilateral IS, and 17 bilateral self‐expandable metallic stent (SEMS) placements met the inclusion criteria. Rates of technical and clinical success, adverse events, recurrent biliary obstruction (RBO), time to RBO (TRBO), overall survival, and secondary ERI were compared.

Results

There were no significant intergroup differences in rates of technical or clinical success, adverse events, RBO occurrence, or overall survival. The median TRBO was significantly shorter in the aPS group (47 days) than IS (91 days; P = 0.0196) and SEMS (143 days; P < 0.01) groups. Median TRBO did not differ significantly between the IS and SEMS groups (P = 0.44). On Cox multivariate analysis, the aPS group had the shortest stent patency (hazard ratio 2.67 [95% confidence interval 1.05–6.76], P = 0.038). For secondary ERI, the median endoscopic procedure time was significantly shorter in the IS (22 min) vs. SEMS (40 min) group (P = 0.034).

Conclusions

Bilateral IS and SEMS placement featured prolonged patency after first ERI. Because bilateral IS placement is faster than SEMS placement and IS can be removed during secondary ERI, it may be a good option for first ERI.
Clinical features and outcomes in children with seronegative autoimmune encephalitis
Authors: Madani Jihan , Yea Carmen , Mahjoub Areej , Brna Paula , Jones Kevin , Longoni Giulia , Nouri Maryam Nabavi , Rizk Tamer , Stewart Wendy A. , Wilbur Colin , Yeh E. Ann
Published: March 2024

Aim

To characterize the presenting features and outcomes in children with seronegative autoimmune encephalitis, and to evaluate whether scores at nadir for the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and Clinical Assessment Scale for Autoimmune Encephalitis (CASE) or its paediatric‐specific modification (ped‐CASE) are predictive of outcomes.

Method

This observational study included children younger than 18 years of age with seronegative autoimmune encephalitis. Demographics and clinical data were collected. The mRS and CASE/ped‐CASE scores were used to evaluate disease severity. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used for data analysis and to evaluate associations between scale scores and outcomes.

Results

Sixty‐three children were included (39 [62%] females, median age 7 years, interquartile range [IQR] 4 years 1 months–11 years 6 months), with follow‐up available for 56 out of 63 patients (median follow‐up 12.2 months, IQR 13.4–17.8). The most frequent presenting neurological manifestation was encephalopathy (81%). Median CASE/ped‐CASE and mRS scores at nadir were 12.0 (IQR 7.0–17.0) and 1.0 (IQR 0–2.0) respectively. Thirty‐three patients (59%) had persistent neurological deficits at follow‐up. Both scoring systems suggested good functional recovery (mRS score ≤2, 95%; CASE/ped‐CASE score <5, 91%). CASE/ped‐CASE score was more likely than mRS to distinguish children with worse outcomes.

Interpretation

Children with seronegative autoimmune encephalitis are likely to have neurological deficits at follow‐up. CASE/ped‐CASE is more likely to distinguish children with worse outcomes than MRS.

What this paper adds

Encephalopathy was the most common reason for presentation in children with seronegative autoimmune encephalitis.

Children with seronegative autoimmune encephalitis are likely to have neurological deficits at follow‐up.

The Clinical Assessment Scale for Autoimmune Encephalitis or its paeditric version at nadir was better at distinguishing children with poor outcomes than the Modified Rankin Scale.
Common data elements for arthrogryposis multiplex congenita: An international framework
Authors: Nematollahi Shahrzad , Dieterich Klaus , Filges Isabel , De Vries Johanna I. P. , Van Bosse Harold , Natera de Benito Daniel , Hall Judith G. , Sawatzky Bonita , Bedard Tanya , Sanchez Victoria Castillo , Navalon‐Martinez Carolina , Pan Tony , Hilton Coleman , Dahan‐Oliel Noémi
Published: March 2024

Aim

To facilitate multisite studies and international clinical research, this study aimed to identify consensus‐based, standardized common data elements (CDEs) for arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC).

Method

A mixed‐methods study comprising of several focus group discussions and three rounds of modified Delphi surveys to achieve consensus using two tiered‐rating scales were conducted.

Results

Overall, 45 clinical experts and adults with lived experience (including 12 members of an AMC consortium) participated in this study from 11 countries in North America, Europe, and Australia. The CDEs include 321 data elements and 19 standardized measures across various domains from fetal development to adulthood. Data elements pertaining to AMC phenotypic traits were mapped according to the Human Phenotype Ontology. A universal governance structure, local operating protocols, and sustainability plans were identified as the main facilitators, whereas limited capacity for data sharing and the need for a federated informatics infrastructure were the main barriers.

Interpretation

Collection of systematic data on AMC using CDEs will allow investigations on etiological pathways, describe epidemiological profile, and establish genotype–phenotype correlations in a standardized manner. The proposed CDEs will facilitate international multidisciplinary collaborations by improving large‐scale studies and opportunities for data sharing, knowledge translation, and dissemination.

What this paper adds

The common data elements (CDEs) for arthrogryposis multiplex congenita include 321 data elements from perinatal period to adulthood.

A universal governance structure, partner‐specific operating protocols, and sustainability plans will facilitate multi‐institutional implementation of CDEs.

Inconsistent electronic infrastructure, different terminologies for databases, and feasibility issues are the main barriers for international implementation of CDEs.