bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taking a Language Detour: How International Migrants Speaking a Minority Language Seek COVID-Related Information in Their Host Countries
Authors: Gao Ge , Zheng Jian , Choe Eun Kyoung , Yamashita Naomi
Published: November 2022

Information seeking is crucial for people's self-care and wellbeing in times of public crises. Extensive research has investigated empirical understandings as well as technical solutions to facilitate information seeking by domestic citizens of affected regions. However, limited knowledge is established to support international migrants who need to survive a crisis in their host countries. The current paper presents an interview study with two cohorts of Chinese migrants living in Japan (N=14) and the United States (N=14). Participants reflected on their information seeking experiences during the COVID pandemic. The reflection was supplemented by two weeks of self-tracking where participants maintained records of their COVID-related information seeking practice. Our data indicated that participants often took language detours, or visits to Mandarin resources for information about the COVID outbreak in their host countries. They also made strategic use of the Mandarin information to perform selective reading, cross-checking, and contextualized interpretation of COVID-related information in Japanese or English. While such practices enhanced participants' perceived effectiveness of COVID-related information gathering and sensemaking, they disadvantaged people through sometimes incognizant ways. Further, participants lacked the awareness or preference to review migrant-oriented information that was issued by the host country's public authorities despite its availability. Building upon these findings, we discussed solutions to improve international migrants' COVID-related information seeking in their non-native language and cultural environment. We advocated inclusive crisis infrastructures that would engage people with diverse levels of local language fluency, information literacy, and experience in leveraging public services.
Tourgether360: Collaborative Exploration of 360° Videos using Pseudo-Spatial Navigation
Authors: Kumar Kartikaeya , Poretski Lev , Li Jiannan , Tang Anthony
Published: November 2022

Collaborative exploration of 360 videos with contemporary interfaces is challenging because collaborators do not have awareness of one another's viewing activities. Tourgether360 enhances social exploration of 360° tour videos using a pseudo-spatial navigation technique that provides both an overhead "context" view of the environment as a minimap, as well as a shared pseudo-3D environment for exploring the video. Collaborators are embodied as avatars along a track depending on their position in the video timeline and can point and synchronize their playback. We evaluated the Tourgether360 concept through two studies: first, a comparative study with a simplified version of Tourgether360 with collaborator embodiments and a minimap versus a conventional interface; second, an exploratory study where we studied how collaborators used Tourgether360 to navigate and explore 360° environments together. We found that participants adopted the Tourgether360 approach with ease and enjoyed the shared social aspects of the experience. Participants reported finding the experience similar to an interactive social video game.
Understanding How to Administer Voice Surveys through Smart Speakers
Authors: Wei Jing , Jiang Weiwei , Wang Chaofan , Yu Difeng , Goncalves Jorge , Dingler Tilman , Kostakos Vassilis
Published: November 2022

Smart speakers have become exceedingly popular and entered many people's homes due to their ability to engage users with natural conversations. Researchers have also looked into using smart speakers as an interface to collect self-reported health data through conversations. Responding to surveys prompted by smart speakers requires users to listen to questions and answer in voice without any visual stimuli. Compared to traditional web-based surveys, where users can see questions and answers visually, voice surveys may be more cognitively challenging. Therefore, to collect reliable survey data, it is important to understand what types of questions are suitable to be administered by smart speakers. We selected five common survey questionnaires and deployed them as voice surveys and web surveys in a within-subject study. Our 24 participants answered questions using voice and web questionnaires in one session. They then repeated the same study session after 1 week to provide a "retest'' response. Our results suggest that voice surveys have comparable reliability to web surveys. We find that, when using 5-point or 7-point scales, voice surveys take about twice as long as web surveys. Based on objective measurements, such as response agreement and test-retest reliability, and subjective evaluations of user experience, we recommend that researchers consider adopting the binary scale and 5-point numerical scales for voice surveys on smart speakers.
Usability, Accessibility and Social Entanglements in Advanced Tool Use by Vision Impaired Graduate Students
Authors: Shinohara Kristen , Tamjeed Murtaza , McQuaid Michael , Barkins Dymen A.
Published: November 2022

Despite increasing work investigating the accessibility of research tools, most accessibility research has traditionally focused on popular, mainstream, or web technologies. We investigated barriers and workarounds blind and low vision doctoral students in computing-intensive disciplines experienced and engaged, respectively, when using advanced technical tools for research tasks. We conducted an observation and interview study with eight current and former Ph.D. students, closely analyzing the accessibility of specific tasks. Our findings contextualize how inaccessible tools complicate research tasks, adding time and effort, and exacerbating social entanglements in collaborative relationships. This work contributes empirical data that extricates how in/accessibility of advanced technical tools used in research influences productivity and collegial efforts.
Digital Technologies in Orientation and Mobility Instruction for People Who are Blind or Have Low Vision
Authors: Dove Graham , Fernando Adelle , Hertz Kim , Kim Jin , Rizzo John-Ross , Seiple William H. , Nov Oded
Published: November 2022

This paper investigates the tools and practices used by Orientation and Mobility (O&M) specialists in instructing people who are blind or have low vision in concepts, skills, and techniques for safe and independent travel. Based on interviews with experienced instructors who practice in different O&M settings we find that a shortage of qualified specialists and restrictions on in-person activities during COVID-19 has accelerated interest in remote instruction and assessment, while widespread adoption of smartphones with accessibility support has driven interest in assistive apps. This presents both opportunities and challenges for a practice that is traditionally conducted in-person and assessed through qualitative observations. In response we identify multiple opportunities for HCI research in service of O&M, including: supporting a 'physician's assistant' model of remote O&M instruction and assessment, matching O&M instructors' clients with guide dogs, highlighting clients' progress towards O&M goals, and collaboratively planning routes and monitoring clients' independent travel progress.
Documenting Data Production Processes
Authors: Miceli Milagros , Yang Tianling , Alvarado Garcia Adriana , Posada Julian , Wang Sonja Mei , Pohl Marc , Hanna Alex
Published: November 2022

The opacity of machine learning data is a significant threat to ethical data work and intelligible systems. Previous research has addressed this issue by proposing standardized checklists to document datasets. This paper expands that field of inquiry by proposing a shift of perspective: from documenting datasets towards documenting data production. We draw on participatory design and collaborate with data workers at two companies located in Bulgaria and Argentina, where the collection and annotation of data for machine learning are outsourced. Our investigation comprises 2.5 years of research, including 33 semi-structured interviews, five co-design workshops, the development of prototypes, and several feedback instances with participants. We identify key challenges and requirements related to the integration of documentation practices in real-world data production scenarios. Our findings comprise important design considerations and highlight the value of designing data documentation based on the needs of data workers. We argue that a view of documentation as a boundary object, i.e., an object that can be used differently across organizations and teams but holds enough immutable content to maintain integrity, can be useful when designing documentation to retrieve heterogeneous, often distributed, contexts of data production.
Exploring Team-Sourced Hyperlinks to Address Navigation Challenges for Low-Vision Readers of Scientific Papers
Authors: Park Soya , Bragg Jonathan , Chang Michael , Larson Kevin , Bragg Danielle
Published: November 2022

Reading academic papers is a fundamental part of higher education and research, but navigating these information-dense texts can be challenging. In particular, low-vision readers using magnification encounter additional barriers to quickly skimming and visually locating information. In this work, we explored the design of interfaces to enable readers to: 1) navigate papers more easily, and 2) input the required navigation hooks that AI cannot currently automate. To explore this design space, we ran two exploratory studies. The first focused on current practices of low-vision paper readers, the challenges they encounter, and the interfaces they desire. During this study, low-vision participants were interviewed, and tried out four new paper navigation prototypes. Results from this study grounded the design of our end-to-end system prototype Ocean, which provides an accessible front-end for low-vision readers, and enables all readers to contribute to the backend by leaving traces of their reading paths for others to leverage. Our second study used this exploratory interface in a field study with groups of low-vision and sighted readers to probe the user experience of reading and creating traces. Our findings suggest that it may be possible for readers of all abilities to organically leave traces in papers, and that these traces can be used to facilitate navigation tasks, in particular for low-vision readers. Based on our findings, we present design considerations for creating future paper-reading tools that improve access, and organically source the required data from readers.
Towards Transparency in Dermatology Image Datasets with Skin Tone Annotations by Experts, Crowds, and an Algorithm
Authors: Groh Matthew , Harris Caleb , Daneshjou Roxana , Badri Omar , Koochek Arash
Published: November 2022

While artificial intelligence (AI) holds promise for supporting healthcare providers and improving the accuracy of medical diagnoses, a lack of transparency in the composition of datasets exposes AI models to the possibility of unintentional and avoidable mistakes. In particular, public and private image datasets of dermatological conditions rarely include information on skin color. As a start towards increasing transparency, AI researchers have appropriated the use of the Fitzpatrick skin type (FST) from a measure of patient photosensitivity to a measure for estimating skin tone in algorithmic audits of computer vision applications including facial recognition and dermatology diagnosis. In order to understand the variability of estimated FST annotations on images, we compare several FST annotation methods on a diverse set of 460 images of skin conditions from both textbooks and online dermatology atlases. These methods include expert annotation by board-certified dermatologists, algorithmic annotation via the Individual Typology Angle algorithm, which is then converted to estimated FST (ITA-FST), and two crowd-sourced, dynamic consensus protocols for annotating estimated FSTs. We find the inter-rater reliability between three board-certified dermatologists is comparable to the inter-rater reliability between the board-certified dermatologists and either of the crowdsourcing methods. In contrast, we find that the ITA-FST method produces annotations that are significantly less correlated with the experts' annotations than the experts' annotations are correlated with each other. These results demonstrate that algorithms based on ITA-FST are not reliable for annotating large-scale image datasets, but human-centered, crowd-based protocols can reliably add skin type transparency to dermatology datasets. Furthermore, we introduce the concept of dynamic consensus protocols with tunable parameters including expert review that increase the visibility of crowdwork and provide guidance for future crowdsourced annotations of large image datasets.
Intimate Narratives: An Assets-Based Approach to Develop Holistic Perspectives of Student Mothers' Lives and Their Use of Technology in Parenting
Authors: Bhatti Neelma , Mbakwe Amarachi Blessing , Nnadi Sandra , Clarke Geetha Saarunya , Gautam Aakash , McCrickard D. Scott , Kelliher Aisling
Published: November 2022

This paper details our collaborative approach in capturing a holistic understanding of parental technology use through an assets-based framework. We steer the focus away from the design of technology as the central force of technological innovation, and instead support participants to reflect and describe intimate details that highlight specific use-contexts of technology in their lives. We leverage a group of foreign graduate student mothers' self-described unique strengths to gain an in-depth account of their lived experiences with technology. As research participants and co-authors, our collaborators elicit intimate narratives about meaningful events in their lives, bringing social and cultural aspects of their lived experience to the forefront, and thus providing broader context of their use of technology. We detail and reflect upon our approach of promoting user agency by creating an affinity group, fostering a safe and intimate space for research engagement, and describe the implications of using our adapted research methodology in intimate settings. We conclude by highlighting the various ways in which technology facilitates foreign student parenting, as well as the ways in which it serves as a temporary band-aid solution, prompting consideration of larger social issues.
It's All Relative! A Method to Counter Human Bias in Crowdsourced Stance Detection of News Articles
Authors: Haq Ehsan-Ul , Lu Yang K. , Hui Pan
Published: November 2022

Using human intelligence to identify news articles' political stances is common in research and practical applications. But human judgement can be biased and prone to errors stemming from the comprehension of tasks and political alignment. This paper proposes a relative rating method based on news articles' stances relative to raters' own stances to avoid comprehension inconsistency and to control for human bias in crowdsourced stance detection of news articles. We also show how to use the relative ratings to construct a measure for raters' stances on a political topic and to identify raters whose ratings are of higher quality than others. We implement our proposed methods in an online experiment that recruits Amazon Mechanical Turk users as raters for news articles on Gun Control. Using the data from the experiment, we find evidence that raters' own stances on Gun Control significantly impact ratings of related news articles, both at the individual levels and at the aggregate levels. We also present evidence that our relative-rating-based stance measure captures more information about raters' actual stances than their self-reported stance does.
Practitioners Versus Users: A Value-Sensitive Evaluation of Current Industrial Recommender System Design
Authors: Chen Zhilong , Piao Jinghua , Lan Xiaochong , Cao Hancheng , Gao Chen , Lu Zhicong , Li Yong
Published: November 2022

Recommender systems are playing an increasingly important role in alleviating information overload and supporting users' various needs, e.g., consumption, socialization, and entertainment. However, limited research focuses on how values should be extensively considered in industrial deployments of recommender systems, the ignorance of which can be problematic. To fill this gap, in this paper, we adopt Value Sensitive Design to comprehensively explore how practitioners and users recognize different values of current industrial recommender systems. Based on conceptual and empirical investigations, we focus on five values: recommendation quality, privacy, transparency, fairness, and trustworthiness. We further conduct in-depth qualitative interviews with 20 users and 10 practitioners to delve into their opinions about these values. Our results reveal the existence and sources of tensions between practitioners and users in terms of value interpretation, evaluation, and practice, which provide novel implications for designing more human-centric and value-sensitive recommender systems.
Protecting The Vulnerable
Authors: Coles-Kemp Lizzie , Robinson Nick , Heath Claude P. R.
Published: November 2022

A successful digital society is, in part, predicated on people having secure access to digitally-delivered services when they need it. It has long been recognised that parts of society are not able to access digital services without assistance, often as a result of economic precarity. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of third and voluntary sector organisations in providing assisted digital access has come to the fore. As access to essential everyday services moved to digital-only and family and friendship networks of support became disrupted by the pandemic, for many, voluntary and third sector organisations were the source of digital assistance to claim welfare, pay bills, take part in education and purchase food. Our study explores the types of assisted digital access that voluntary and third sector organisations have provided thus far during the COVID-19 pandemic. We capture the dimensions of this assistance and evaluate the steps such organisations take to ensure that this access is safe for both the assister and assisted. From these findings we set out a security strategy with supporting design principles that combines digital security with human security in a security approach we term 'positive-first'.
Romancing the Algorithm
Authors: Sharma Vishal , Bray Kirsten E. , Kumar Neha , Grinter Rebecca E.
Published: November 2022

Many romance novelists have shifted to self-publishing mediated through online technologies, such as online retailer platforms for selling novels and social media for marketing. However, engagement with such complex algorithmic systems has posed challenges, including understanding continually changing algorithms, frequently changing silently, impacting novelists' successful professionalization and monetization. We conducted surveys and interviews with romance novelists to examine how they experience, interpret, and navigate algorithms. Our findings detail interviewees' efforts to comprehend algorithms, both individually and collectively, and leverage that comprehension to navigate and manipulate algorithms. We discuss how our interviewees constructed literacy of precarious algorithms on their work platforms, suggesting implications for designing algorithmic systems supporting digital work.
SnapPI: Understanding Everyday Use of Personal Informatics Data Stickers on Ephemeral Social Media
Authors: Wang Dennis , Chheang Marawin , Ji Siyun , Mohta Ryan , Epstein Daniel A.
Published: November 2022

Sharing personal informatics data can support accountability, connectedness, and self-expression, but people often find their data too trivial to share on social media. Ephemeral social platforms like Snapchat and Story features have emerged as spaces for sharing more trivial life events, presenting an opportunity to incorporate self-tracked data into sharing. Past work suggests that including data-driven stickers on these platforms can help add additional context to what people share, but little is known about the benefits and challenges of people's everyday experiences with this concept. To understand people's everyday use of data-driven stickers, we designed and developed SnapPI, an app for flexibly incorporating data into stickers for Snapchat. We deployed SnapPI to 21 participants for two weeks, finding that participants value aligning data sharing with Snapchat's communication and stylistic norms. Perceiving Snapchat as a playful platform, participants connected data stickers with various visual components of their Snaps. Stickers were used to incorporate personal informatics data into their existing conversations, and were edited to align with different audience needs or to be expressive. We discuss recommendations for personal data sharing, suggesting supporting flexibility in presentation and aligning with the norms of existing platforms.
Building a Personalized Model for Social Media Textual Content Censorship
Authors: Liu Baoxi , Zhang Peng , Shu Yubo , Guan Zhengqing , Lu Tun , Gu Hansu , Gu Ning
Published: November 2022

Social media users often suffer from the problem of content over-disclosure. Most existing studies attempt to solve this problem by recommending proper audiences for users when sharing content. However, the audience management strategy cannot filter out sensitive information from the post and narrow the scope of content permeation. On the contrary, this paper conducts research from the content perspective and aims to design a content censorship model to help users evaluate the publicity of a post and find the sensitive information from it. The user can revise the content accordingly to achieve goals of sensitive information protection and broader content permeation. For this intention, we first built a dataset to explore the factors related to the public level of a post and the sensitive information. Based on the findings, a novel personalized multi-task content censorship model was built using several state-of-the-art deep learning techniques such as Seq2Seq and Co-training. We also implemented a prototype, i.e. a Browser plugin-based content censorship tool, by utilizing Weibo as a research site. Our model and its prototype were evaluated through automatic and human evaluations. The automatic evaluation suggests that our model outperforms the baseline methods on several metrics including precision, recall, and F1-score. The human evaluation also reveals that our model and prototype play an important role in helping users identify sensitive information. Based on these results, we proposed several insights for the future design of the social media content censorship system.
Toward a More Inclusive Gig Economy: Risks and Opportunities for Workers with Disabilities
Authors: Sannon Shruti , Cosley Dan
Published: November 2022

Little is known about whether and how workers with disabilities participate in the many on-demand labor platforms that make up the growing gig economy. Understanding disabled gig workers' experiences is a vital step toward developing inclusive and equitable labor platforms. Through interviews with 24 disabled gig workers and observational fieldwork, we present a rich, in-depth picture of the opportunities and challenges presented by four main types of gig work (ridesharing, delivery, crowdwork, and freelancing) for workers with a wide range of disabilities. We identify a key tension: gig work can be a vital source of needed income for workers who have been excluded from traditional workplaces, but at the same time, the structure of gig platforms present workers with a host of new disability-related challenges, including around algorithmic control and performance evaluation. We discuss how this tension plays out in terms of how workers engage in gig work and protect themselves from risk. We also call attention to how many workers can face complicated, intersectional challenges based on multiple marginalized identities in addition to disability, such as race, gender, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status. Our work contributes to research on the gig economy by centering the perspectives of workers who are marginalized based on disability and other identities. We show how workers face several penalties based on disability, including shouldering extensive invisible labor to mitigate the challenges they face. Based on our interviews, we suggest several ways that on-demand labor platforms can be designed to be more inclusive of disability, including how to improve the accessibility of various tasks while mitigating the discrimination and negative interactions faced by disabled workers.
Understanding the Behavior, Challenges, and Privacy Risks in Digital Technology Use by Nursing Professionals
Authors: Shrestha Ankit , Graham Danielle M. , Dumaru Prakriti , Paudel Rizu , Searle Kristin A. , Al-Ameen Mahdi Nasrullah
Published: November 2022

With the growing adoption of digital technology in healthcare organizations, it is important to understand nursing professionals' behavior and challenges, and the corresponding privacy implications around digital technology use. To this end, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 21 participants (16 nursing professionals, and five nursing faculties) in the USA. In our study with nursing professionals, we explored how they used digital technology and protected sensitive health data at their workplace. We investigated their understanding of privacy breaches and possible consequences, the challenges they encountered to maintaining privacy, and their workarounds to deal with such issues. We looked into the support that professional nurses receive in the form of organizational training, and how they collaborate with the IT department at their institution to address technical issues. In addition, we shed light on the gap between their academic preparation and professional needs in the context of digital technology use and privacy protection, where we also interviewed five nursing faculties to get more in-depth understanding of this issue from the point of view of academia. Overall, our findings provide valuable insights for the CSCW community to better understand the challenges and privacy risks in digital technology use by nursing professionals, and lead to our recommendations to address these issues.
Unpacking Stitching between Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons: Barriers to Cross-Platform Collaboration
Authors: Yu Yihan , McDonald David W.
Published: November 2022

The study of work practices across two or more collaborative platforms is relatively rare. Participants and researchers have to be competent, or even experts, in both just to begin to make sense of what is happening. With the growing popularity of peer-production systems, the integration of resources across various platforms is more and more common. The framework of stitching is one analytical stance that has been used to describe the cross-platform work to build and highlight informational and social networks. Through a qualitative study with 32 participants who have different foci on Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons, we reveal their practices in three essential stitching processes, production, curation, and dynamic integration. We highlight how their practices enact stitching and extend the conceptual framework to explain barriers that inhibit effective stitching across platforms. We further discuss implications for research in cross-platform work and design to facilitate Wikipedia-Commons collaboration.
What Do You Get from Turning on Your Video? Effects of Videoconferencing Affordances on Remote Class Experience During COVID-19
Authors: Wu Yanting , Sun Yuan , Sundar S. Shyam
Published: November 2022

The outbreak of COVID-19 forced schools to swiftly transition from in-person classes to online or remote offerings, making educators and learners alike rely on online videoconferencing platforms. Platforms like Zoom offer audio-visual channels of communication and include features that are designed to approximate the classroom experience. However, it is not clear how students' learning experiences are affected by affordances of the videoconferencing platforms or what underlying factors explain the differential effects of these affordances on class experiences of engagement, interaction, and satisfaction. In order to find out, we conducted two online survey studies: Study 1 (N = 176) investigated the effects of three types of videoconferencing affordances (i.e., modality, interactivity, and agency affordances) on class experience during the first two months after the transition to online learning. Results showed that usage of the three kinds of affordances was positively correlated with students' class engagement, interaction, and satisfaction. Perceived anonymity, nonverbal cues, and comfort level were found to be key mediators. In addition, students' usage of video cameras in class was influenced by their classmates. Study 2 (N = 256) tested the proposed relationships at a later stage of the pandemic and found similar results, thus serving as a constructive replication. This paper focuses on reporting the results of Study 1 since it captures the timely reactions from students when they first went online, and the second study plays a supplementary role in verifying Study 1 and thereby extending its external validity. Together, the two studies provide insights for instructors on how to leverage different videoconferencing affordances to enhance the virtual learning experience. Design implications for digital tools in online education are also discussed.
Why Users Hack: Conflicting Interests and the Political Economy of Software
Authors: Brown Barry , Vigren Minna , Rostami Asreen , Glöss Mareike
Published: November 2022

It is often assumed that the interests of users and developers coincide, sharing a common goal of good design. Yet users often desire functionality that goes beyond what designers, and the organisations they work in, are willing to supply. Analysing online forums, complemented with interviews, we document how users, hackers and software developers worked together to discover and apply system exploits in hardware and software. We cover four cases: users of CPAP breathing assistance machines getting access to their own sleep data, 'hacking' the Nintendo switch game console to run non-authorised software, end-users building their own insulin supply system, and farmers repairing their own agriculture equipment against suppliers terms and conditions. We propose the concept of the 'gulf of interests' to understand how differing interests can create conflicts between end-users, designers, and the organisations they work in. This points us in the direction of researching further the political and economic situations of technology development and use.
Women's Perspectives on Harm and Justice after Online Harassment
Authors: Im Jane , Schoenebeck Sarita , Iriarte Marilyn , Grill Gabriel , Wilkinson Daricia , Batool Amna , Alharbi Rahaf , Funwie Audrey , Gankhuu Tergel , Gilbert Eric , Naseem Mustafa
Published: November 2022

Social media platforms aspire to create online experiences where users can participate safely and equitably. However, women around the world experience widespread online harassment, including insults, stalking, aggression, threats, and non-consensual sharing of sexual photos. This article describes women's perceptions of harm associated with online harassment and preferred platform responses to that harm. We conducted a survey in 14 geographic regions around the world (N = 3,993), focusing on regions whose perspectives have been insufficiently elevated in social media governance decisions (e.g. Mongolia, Cameroon). Results show that, on average, women perceive greater harm associated with online harassment than men, especially for non-consensual image sharing. Women also prefer most platform responses compared to men, especially removing content and banning users; however, women are less favorable towards payment as a response. Addressing global gender-based violence online requires understanding how women experience online harms and how they wish for it to be addressed. This is especially important given that the people who build and govern technology are not typically those who are most likely to experience online harms.
Understanding Older Adults' Participation in Online Social Activities
Authors: Zhao Wei , Kelly Ryan M. , Rogerson Melissa J. , Waycott Jenny
Published: November 2022

Restrictions arising from the COVID-19 pandemic have limited opportunities for older people to participate in face-to-face organised social activities. Many organisations moved these activities online, but little is known about older adults' experiences of participating in those activities. This paper reports an investigation of older adults' experiences of participating in social activities that they used to attend in-person, but which were moved online because of strict lockdown restrictions. We conducted in-depth interviews with 40 older adults living independently (alone or with others). Findings from a reflexive thematic analysis show that online social activities were important during the pandemic for not only staying connected to other people but also helping older adults stay engaged in meaningful activities, including arts, sports, cultural, and civic events. Online activities provided older adults with opportunities to connect with like-minded people; share care, encouragement, and support; participate in civic agendas; learn knowledge and develop new skills; and experience entertainment, distraction, and mental stimulation. Our participants had diverse perceptions of the transition from in-person to online social activities. Based on the findings, we present a taxonomy of multi-layered meaningful activities for older adults' digital social participation and highlight implications for future technology design.
Unveiling High-speed Follow-up Consultation for Chronic Disease Treatment: A Pediatric Hospital Case in China
Authors: Fu Jiaojiao , Zhou Yangfan , Wang Xin
Published: November 2022

In developing countries suffering from a severe shortage of physicians, the follow-up clinical consultation of long-term chronic care becomes a high-speed collaborative work, which has to be conducted in a few minutes. Although much existing work studies how time factors affect physicians' workflows and requirements for information systems, high-speed chronic care is yet to be well investigated. This work bridges the gap by presenting a case of a pediatric hospital in China. We focus on the processes of follow-up consultations, the factors enabling physicians to complete consultation in several minutes, as well as the challenges faced by physicians and patients. Through observations and interviews, we find that physicians conduct multiple tasks (information acquisition, patient-provider communication, and medical data documentation) simultaneously to reduce the consultation duration. Adopting an information summary alternative is the key to fast information acquisition. Templates and references in EMR contribute to rapid documentation and prescription. However, multitasking brings physicians a heavy cognitive load. It also severely compresses the duration of patient-provider communication. As a result, some of the patients' needs, especially emotional ones, are neglected. Based on these findings, we discuss the characteristics and requirements of high-speed chronic care and accordingly propose design suggestions.
“I Just Wanted to Triple Check… They were all Vaccinated”: Supporting Risk Negotiation in the Context of COVID-19
Authors: Morris Margaret E. , Brown Jennifer , S. nurius Paula , Yee Savanna , Mankoff Jennifer C. , Consolvo Sunny
Published: November 2022

During the COVID-19 pandemic, risk negotiation became an important precursor to in-person contact. For young adults, social planning generally occurs through computer-mediated communication. Given the importance of social connectedness for mental health and academic engagement, we sought to understand how young adults plan in-person meetups over computer-mediated communication in the context of the pandemic. We present a qualitative study that explores young adults’ risk negotiation during the COVID-19 pandemic, a period of conflicting public health guidance. Inspired by cultural probe studies, we invited participants to express their preferred precautions for one week as they planned in-person meetups. We interviewed and surveyed participants about their experiences. Through qualitative analysis, we identify strategies for risk negotiation, social complexities that impede risk negotiation, and emotional consequences of risk negotiation. Our findings have implications for AI-mediated support for risk negotiation and assertive communication more generally. We explore tensions between risks and potential benefits of such systems.
Graph Neural Networks for High-Level Synthesis Design Space Exploration
Authors: Ferretti Lorenzo , Cini Andrea , Zacharopoulos Georgios , Alippi Cesare , Pozzi Laura
Published: November 2022

High-level Synthesis (HLS) Design-Space Exploration (DSE) aims at identifying Pareto-optimal synthesis configurations whose exhaustive search is unfeasible due to the design-space dimensionality and the prohibitive computational cost of the synthesis process. Within this framework, we address the design automation problem by proposing graph neural networks that jointly predict acceleration performance and hardware costs of a synthesized behavioral specification given optimization directives. Learned models can be used to rapidly approach the Pareto curve by guiding the DSE, taking into account performance and cost estimates. The proposed method outperforms traditional HLS-driven DSE approaches, by accounting for the arbitrary length of computer programs and the invariant properties of the input. We propose a novel hybrid control and dataflow graph representation that enables training the graph neural network on specifications of different hardware accelerators. Our approach achieves prediction accuracy comparable with that of state-of-the-art simulators without having access to analytical models of the HLS compiler. Finally, the learned representation can be exploited for DSE in unexplored configuration spaces by fine-tuning on a small number of samples from the new target domain. The outcome of the empirical evaluation of this transfer learning shows strong results against state-of-the-art baselines in relevant benchmarks.
Study of Potentiometry for Monitoring Activity of GdCl3 in Molten LiCl-KCl Salt
Authors: Cao Guoping , Herrmann Steven , Fredrickson Guy , Hoover Robert
Published: November 2022

In pyroprocessing spent nuclear fuels by electrorefining in molten LiCl-KCl salt, it is desired to monitor in real time the UCl3 concentration in the salt for safeguards purposes. Current chemical analysis of the highly radioactive salt for electrorefining by an inductively coupled plasma technique is inconvenient and usually time-consuming in generating the salt composition results. In this paper, we evaluated whether a simple potentiometry approach can be used for real-time monitoring the concentration of GdCl3, which was used as a surrogate for UCl3, in LiCl-KCl-GdCl3 salt by measuring the open circuit potential of a Gd metal electrode with respect to a Ag/AgCl reference electrode (RE) when GdCl3 salt was incrementally added to the LiCl-KCl salt. Additions of LaCl3, CeCl3 and NdCl3 salts were used for evaluating the effects of other chloride salts on the selectivity of the Gd metal electrode vs Ag/AgCl RE. While using potentiometry to determine GdCl3 concentrations, Gd metal was unexpectedly observed to be unstable and dissolved in LiCl-KCl salt when GdCl3 is present.
Vasomotor symptoms of menopause, autonomic dysfunction, and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Lee Emma , Anselmo Miguel , Tahsin Chowdhury Tasnova , Vanden Noven Marnie , Stokes William , Carter Jason R. , Keller-Ross Manda L.
Published: November 2022

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death among US adults, is more prevalent in menopausal females compared with age-matched males. Vasomotor symptoms of menopause (VMS; hot flashes/flushes and night sweats) are common among females undergoing menopausal transition and have been associated with elevated blood pressure (BP) and increased CVD risk. Autonomic dysregulation of BP has been posited as a contributing factor to the elevated CVD risk in menopausal females with VMS. This review includes 1) a brief overview of the relationship between VMS and CVD, 2) mechanisms of hot flushes and their potential impact on short- and long-term BP regulation, and 3) how the disruption of autonomic function associated with VMS might provide a mechanistic pathway to CVD development. Finally, this review will highlight knowledge gaps and future directions toward better understanding of hot flush physiology and VMS contributions to CVD.
Habituation attenuates the sex-specific associations between ischemic pain, blood pressure, and arterial stiffness in young adults
Authors: Lincoln Zoe R. , Blumenburg Wesley T. , Cross Brett L. , Vondrasek Joseph D. , Watso Joseph C. , Flatt Andrew A. , Linder Braxton , Robinson Austin T. , Grosicki Gregory J.
Published: November 2022

We demonstrate sex differences in the association between pain perception and cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) during ischemic pain. We also demonstrate habituation to pain and reduced CVR during repeated exposure in a sex-independent manner. Accounting for sex differences and habituation may improve the prognostic utility of CVR.
PPEFL: An Edge Federated Learning Architecture with Privacy-Preserving Mechanism
Authors: Liu Zhenpeng , Gao Zilin , Wang Jingyi , Liu Qiannan , Wei Jianhang
Published: November 2022

The emergence of federal learning makes up for some shortcomings of machine learning, and its distributed machine learning paradigm can effectively solve the problem of data islands, allowing users to collaboratively model without sharing data. Clients only need to train locally and upload model parameters. However, the computational power and resources of local users are frequently restricted, and ML consumes a large amount of computer resources and generates enormous communication consumption. Edge computing is characterized by low latency and low bandwidth, which makes it possible to offload complicated computing tasks from mobile devices and to execute them by the edge server. This paper is dedicated to reducing the communication cost of federation learning, improving the communication efficiency, and providing some privacy protection for it. An edge federation learning architecture with a privacy protection mechanism is proposed, which is named PPEFL. Through the cooperation of the cloud server, the edge server, and the edge device, there are two stages: the edge device and the edge server cooperate to complete the training and update of the local model, perform several lightweight local aggregations at the edge server, and upload to the cloud server and the cloud server aggregates the uploaded parameters and updates the global model until the model converges. The experimental results show that the architecture has good performance in terms of model accuracy and communication consumption and can well protect the privacy of edge federated learning.
Application of 24 h Dynamic Electrocardiography in the Diagnosis of Asymptomatic Myocardial Ischemia with Arrhythmia in Elderly Patients with Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Chen Zongwei , Tan Hong , Liu Xuemei , Tang Minghua
Published: November 2022

Objective. To investigate the application effect of 24 h dynamic electrocardiogram in the diagnosis of asymptomatic myocardial ischemia with arrhythmia in elderly patients with coronary heart disease. Methods. A total of 206 elderly patients suspected of coronary heart disease (CHD) with asymptomatic myocardial ischemia and arrhythmia were selected as the research subjects. 24 h dynamic electrocardiogram and conventional electrocardiogram examinations were conducted. Coronary angiography was used as the gold standard to observe the performance of the two examination methods in the diagnosis of asymptomatic myocardial ischemia with arrhythmia in elderly patients with CHD. Results. Coronary angiography showed 174 positive cases and 32 negative cases among the 206 patients. The diagnostic results of a conventional electrocardiogram showed 150 positive cases and 20 negative cases. Its sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 86.21%, 62.50%, 82.52%, 92.59%, and 45.45%, respectively. The diagnostic results of 24 h dynamic electrocardiograms showed 168 positive cases and 29 negative cases. Its sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 96.55%, 96.63%, 95.63%, 98.25%, and 82.86%, respectively. The above results indicated that 24 h dynamic electrocardiogram was significantly better (

P
<
0.05

). The detection rate of arrhythmia types by 24-hour dynamic electrocardiogram was significantly higher than that of conventional electrocardiogram (

P
<
0.05

). Conclusion. 24 h dynamic electrocardiogram is helpful for the diagnosis of asymptomatic myocardial ischemia with arrhythmia in elderly patients with CHD and can improve the detection rate, thereby providing a basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Reduced Expression of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Beta 2 Restores Neuronal Injury and Improves Cognitive Dysfunction Induced by Aβ1-42
Authors: Li Shan , Yan Guo-Ji , Tan Ya-Xin , Xue Lu-Lu , Wang Ting-Hua , Zhao Hao-Ran , Lu Min-Nan , Zhang Hui-Xiang , Mei Rong , Dong Xiao-Han , Liu Li-Na , Wang Dan , Xiyang Yan-Bin
Published: November 2022

Voltage-gated sodium channel beta 2 (Nav2.2 or Navβ2, coded by SCN2B mRNA), a gene involved in maintaining normal physiological functions of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, might be associated with prefrontal cortex aging and memory decline. This study investigated the effects of Navβ2 in amyloid-β 1-42- (Aβ1-42-) induced neural injury model and the potential underlying molecular mechanism. The results showed that Navβ2 knockdown restored neuronal viability of Aβ1-42-induced injury in neurons; increased the contents of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), enzyme neprilysin (NEP) protein, and NEP enzyme activity; and effectively altered the proportions of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolites including Aβ42, sAPPα, and sAPPβ, thus ameliorating cognitive dysfunction. This may be achieved through regulating NEP transcription and APP metabolism, accelerating Aβ degradation, alleviating neuronal impairment, and regulating BDNF-related signal pathways to repair neuronal synaptic efficiency. This study provides novel evidence indicating that Navβ2 plays crucial roles in the repair of neuronal injury induced by Aβ1-42 both in vivo and in vitro.