bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: neuroimaging in hepatitis C chronic infection
Authors: Oriolo G. , Egmond E. , Mariño Z. , Cavero M. , Navines R. , Zamarrenho L. , Solà R. , Pujol J. , Bargallo N. , Forns X. , Martin‐Santos R.
Published: March 2018

Background

Chronic hepatitis C is considered a systemic disease because of extra‐hepatic manifestations. Neuroimaging has been employed in hepatitis C virus‐infected patients to find in vivo evidence of central nervous system alterations.

Aims

Systematic review and meta‐analysis of neuroimaging research in chronic hepatitis C treatment naive patients, or patients previously treated without sustained viral response, to study structural and functional brain impact of hepatitis C.

Methods

Using PRISMA guidelines a database search was conducted from inception up until 1 May 2017 for peer‐reviewed studies on structural or functional neuroimaging assessment of chronic hepatitis C patients without cirrhosis or encephalopathy, with control group. Meta‐analyses were performed when possible.

Results

The final sample comprised 25 studies (magnetic resonance spectroscopy [N = 12], perfusion weighted imaging [N = 1], positron emission tomography [N = 3], single‐photon emission computed tomography [N = 4], functional connectivity in resting state [N = 1], diffusion tensor imaging [N = 2] and structural magnetic resonance imaging [N = 2]). The whole sample was of 509 chronic hepatitis C patients, with an average age of 41.5 years old and mild liver disease. A meta‐analysis of magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies showed increased levels of choline/creatine ratio (mean difference [MD] 0.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.06‐0.18), creatine (MD 0.85, 95% CI 0.42‐1.27) and glutamate plus glutamine (MD 1.67, 95% CI 0.39‐2.96) in basal ganglia and increased levels of choline/creatine ratio in centrum semiovale white matter (MD 0.13, 95% CI 0.07‐0.19) in chronic hepatitis C patients compared with healthy controls. Photon emission tomography studies meta‐analyses did not find significant differences in PK11195 binding potential in cortical and subcortical regions of chronic hepatitis C patients compared with controls. Correlations were observed between various neuroimaging alterations and neurocognitive impairment, fatigue and depressive symptoms in some studies.

Conclusions

Patients with chronic hepatitis C exhibit cerebral metabolite alterations and structural or functional neuroimaging abnormalities, which sustain the hypothesis of hepatitis C virus involvement in brain disturbances.
The screams all sound the same: The music of Of Monsters and Men and the Icelandic imaginary as geographical discourse
Authors: Tweed Fiona , Watson Allan
Published: March 2018

Over the last two decades, a substantial body of geographical research has emerged examining the mutually generative relations between music, space, place, landscape, identity and locality. This work has revealed the complex ways in which specific geographical identities and imaginaries can be reinforced and created through differences in sound, through lyrics, and through the acts and meanings of making music. Yet, these identities and imaginaries can also perform important economic functions, representing geographical discourses that musicians can employ to develop distinctiveness to make themselves marketable, particularly in the context of a heavily‐saturated contemporary global music market. In this paper, we examine this with specific relation to the Icelandic band, Of Monsters and Men. We provide an account of how references to landscape and folklore in the band's music, lyrics and imagery represent not only expressions of intimate connections with local landscape, cultural identity and lived experience, but also embody awareness of a pre‐existing Icelandic imaginary. The use of folk music instruments, cultural references and motifs, we argue, acts to legitimise the band's use of this imaginary. Further, we highlight explicit attempts to brand Icelandic music under a single “label” as representative of the way in which this Icelandic imaginary comes to represent a powerful, if potentially homogenising, geographical discourse to mark out Icelandic music in a crowded global music market.
Occurrence of reproductive disorders in pig herds with and withoutChlamydia suisinfection – statistical analysis of breeding parameters
Authors: Rypuła Krzysztof , Kumala Aleksandra , Płoneczka‐Janeczko Katarzyna , Lis Paweł , Karuga‐Kuźniewska Ewa , Dudek Krzysztof , Całkosiński Ireneusz , Kuźnik Patrycja , Chorbiński Paweł
Published: March 2018

Chlamydiaeare frequently encountered Gram‐negative intracellular eubacteria that can cause clear manifestations or clinically asymptomatic disorders.C. suisand other chlamydia are primarily isolated in cases of reproductive disorders. This study was performed to estimate the impact ofChlamydia suisinfection on reproduction in sows by analyzing reproduction rates and breeding parameters. The test was conducted on first generation (F1) pigs from Polish Landrace (PL) × Polish Large White (PLW). Sixty‐four herds were investigated and 500 vaginal swabs were collected. Isolation ofDNAwas carried out directly from the swabs. All samples were analyzed forChlamydia suisby real‐timePCRwith a locked nucleic acid (LNA)‐containing probe. To analyze the impact of chlamydia infection on reproductive parameters, evaluation questionnaires were used. Reproductive problems were found in 77.3% of the farms tested. The receiver operating characteristic curve indicated that in the farms with 10 up to 120 sows, there were higher reproductive problems with chlamydia infection than in smaller and bigger pig farms. The most common problems were estrus repetition, which was reported by 57.81% of the surveyed farms, and the birth of dead piglets, which was reported by 31.25% of the investigated pig farms. Abortions, which were reported by 28.12% of the surveyed farms, were the least common reproductive disorders.
A Group Sequential Test for Treatment Effect Based on the Fine–Gray Model
Authors: Martens Michael J. , Logan Brent R.
Published: March 2018

Competing risks endpoints arise when patients can fail therapy from several causes. Analyzing these outcomes allows one to assess directly the benefit of treatment on a primary cause of failure in a clinical trial setting. Regression models can be used in clinical trials to adjust for residual imbalances in patient characteristics, improving the power to detect treatment differences. But, none of the competing risks methods currently available for use in group sequential trials adjust for covariates. We propose a group sequential test for treatment effect that, because it is based on the Fine–Gray model, permits adjustment for covariates. Our derivations show that its sequence of test statistics has an asymptotic distribution with an independent increments structure, which allows standard techniques such as O'Brien–Fleming designs and error spending functions to be employed to meet type I error rate and power specifications. We demonstrate the test in a reanalysis of BMT CTN 0402, a phase III clinical trial that evaluated an experimental treatment for the prevention of adverse outcomes following blood and marrow transplant. Moreover, using a simulation study of randomized group sequential trials, we demonstrate that the proposed method preserves the type I error rate and power at their nominal levels in the presence of influential covariates.
Risk and protective factors for obstetric anal sphincter injuries: A retrospective nationwide study
Authors: Marschalek Marie‐Louise , Worda Christof , Kuessel Lorenz , Koelbl Heinz , Oberaigner Willi , Leitner Hermann , Marschalek Julian , Husslein Heinrich
Published: March 2018

Background

In view of the reported increase in obstetric anal sphincter injuries, the objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of such injuries over time and the associated risk and protective factors.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study from a national database of 168 137 primiparous women with term, singleton, cephalic, vaginal delivery between 2008 and 2014. The main outcome measure was obstetric anal sphincter injury. A multivariate regression model was used to identify risk and protective factors.

Results

Age >19 years, birthweight >4000 g, and operative vaginal delivery were independent risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter injuries. Mediolateral episiotomy increased the risk for obstetric anal sphincter injuries in spontaneous vaginal birth (number needed to harm 333), whereas it was protective in vacuum delivery (number needed to treat 50). From 2008 to 2014, there was an increase in the rate of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (2.1% vs 3.1%, P < .01), vacuum deliveries (12.1% vs 12.8%, P < .01), and cesarean delivery after labor (17.1% vs 19.4%, P < .01), while forceps deliveries (0.4% vs 0.1%, P < .01) and episiotomy rate decreased (35.9% vs 26.4%, P < .01).

Conclusions

Episiotomy may be a risk or protective factor depending on the type of episiotomy and the clinical setting in which it is used. Our study supports a restrictive use of mediolateral episiotomy in spontaneous vaginal deliveries. In vacuum deliveries mediolateral episiotomy may help prevent obstetric anal sphincter injuries.
Efficiency of the modified Sims maternal position in the rotation of persistent occiput posterior position during labor: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Bueno‐Lopez Vanessa , Fuentelsaz‐Gallego Carmen , Casellas‐Caro Manel , Falgueras‐Serrano Ana Maria , Crespo‐Berros Silvia , Silvano‐Cocinero Ana Maria , Alcaine‐Guisado Carolina , Zamoro Fuentes Manuela , Carreras Elena , Terré‐Rull Carmen
Published: March 2018

Background

Fetal occiput posterior position in labor is associated with more painful and prolonged labor, and an increase in both maternal and fetal morbidity. The aim of this study is to assess whether the modified Sims position on the side of the fetal spine increases the rotation to occiput anterior position in women with epidural analgesia and a fetus in persistent occiput posterior (POP) position.

Methods

This is an open, randomized controlled, clinical trial. One hundred and twenty women in labor with fetuses in POP position were included. The diagnosis was performed through digital vaginal examination and confirmed with an ultrasound scan. Women were randomized into the free position group or the modified Sims on the side of the fetal spine. The primary outcome was rotation to occiput anterior, and secondary outcomes were type of delivery, postpartum perineal condition, perinatal results, and maternal satisfaction.

Results

In pregnant women undergoing labor in the Sims position, fetuses in POP rotated to occiput anterior in 50.8% of cases, whilst in the free position group, the rotation occurred in 21.7% (P = .001). The rate of vaginal deliveries was higher in the Sims group compared with the free position group (84.7% vs 68.3%, P = .035).

Discussion

The modified Sims position is a maternal posture intervention efficient in POP rotation, which decreases cesarean delivery rate. It is a simple and noninvasive intervention, reproducible, and well tolerated by pregnant women.
Development of a clinical prediction model for an international normalised ratio ≥ 4·5 in hospitalised patients using vitamin K antagonists
Authors: Dreijer Albert R. , Biedermann Joseph S. , Diepstraten Jeroen , Lindemans Anouk D. , Kruip Marieke J. H. A. , van den Bemt Patricia M. L. A. , Vergouwe Yvonne
Published: March 2018

Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) used for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disease, increase the risk of bleeding complications. We developed and validated a model to predict the risk of an international normalised ratio (INR) ≥ 4·5 during a hospital stay. Adult patients admitted to a tertiary hospital and treated with VKAs between 2006 and 2010 were analysed. Bleeding risk was operationalised as an INR value ≥4·5. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between potential predictors and an INR ≥ 4·5 and validated in an independent cohort of patients from the same hospital between 2011 and 2014. We identified 8996 admissions of patients treated with VKAs, of which 1507 (17%) involved an INR ≥ 4·5. The final model included the following predictors: gender, age, concomitant medication and several biochemical parameters. Temporal validation showed a c statistic of 0·71. We developed and validated a clinical prediction model for an INR ≥ 4·5 in VKA‐treated patients admitted to our hospital. The model includes factors that are collected during routine care and are extractable from electronic patient records, enabling easy use of this model to predict an increased bleeding risk in clinical practice.
The relationship between visual search and categorization of own‐ and other‐age faces
Authors: Craig Belinda M. , Lipp Ottmar V.
Published: March 2018

Young adult participants are faster to detect young adult faces in crowds of infant and child faces than vice versa. These findings have been interpreted as evidence for more efficient attentional capture by own‐age than other‐age faces, but could alternatively reflect faster rejection of other‐age than own‐age distractors, consistent with the previously reported other‐age categorization advantage: faster categorization of other‐age than own‐age faces. Participants searched for own‐age faces in other‐age backgrounds or vice versa. Extending the finding to different other‐age groups, young adult participants were faster to detect young adult faces in both early adolescent (Experiment 1) and older adult backgrounds (Experiment 2). To investigate whether the own‐age detection advantage could be explained by faster categorization and rejection of other‐age background faces, participants in experiments 3 and 4 also completed an age categorization task. Relatively faster categorization of other‐age faces was related to relatively faster search through other‐age backgrounds on target absent trials but not target present trials. These results confirm that other‐age faces are more quickly categorized and searched through and that categorization and search processes are related; however, this correlational approach could not confirm or reject the contribution of background face processing to the own‐age detection advantage.
Robot‐assisted transvesical partial prostatectomy using a purpose‐built single‐port robotic system
Authors: Kaouk Jihad H. , Sagalovich Daniel , Garisto Juan
Published: March 2018

Objectives

To evaluate the feasibility of robot‐assisted single‐port (SP) transvesical partial prostatectomy (TVPP) using a novel purpose‐built SP surgical platform in a pre‐clinical model.

Methods

The cadavers were placed in the lithotomy position. A 3‐cm midline incision was made in the suprapubic area 4‐cm from the symphisis pubis. After opening the Retzius space, an access mini device (GelPOINT; Applied Medical, Rancho Margarita, CA, USA) was introduced percutaneously directly into the bladder. The da Vinci SP1098 robotic platform (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) was docked to the GelPOINT by inserting a novel SP cannula through the GelSeal Cap. The surgical steps for en bloc anterior prostatectomy were performed in the following order: (i) antegrade dissection of the transition zone at the bladder neck; (ii) lateral excision of the peripheral zone; and (iii) urethrovesical anastomosis. Primary outcomes, such as intra‐operative complications, rate of conversion to standard techniques and operating times, were recorded.

Results

The SP‐TVPP procedure was technically completed in three male cadavers. All cases were completed successfully using the da Vinci SP1098 surgical system without conversion or the need for additional ports. There were no intra‐operative complications. The mean total operating time was 49.3 min.

Conclusion

Robot‐assisted TVPP is feasible using a novel purpose‐built SP surgical platform in a cadaver model. Future clinical evaluation in humans is needed for assessment on patients with anterior localized prostate cancer. Prospective comparison with other surgical platforms and standard techniques is warranted.
Repeat prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) test before prostate biopsy: a 20% decrease in PSA values is associated with a reduced risk of cancer and particularly of high‐grade cancer
Authors: De Nunzio Cosimo , Lombardo Riccardo , Nacchia Antonio , Tema Giorgia , Tubaro Andrea
Published: March 2018

Objectives

To analyse the impact of repeating a prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level assessment on prostate biopsy decision in a cohort of men undergoing prostate biopsy.

Patients and Methods

From 2015 onwards, we consecutively enrolled, at a single institution in Italy, men undergoing 12‐core transrectal ultrasonography‐guided prostate needle biopsy. Indication for prostate biopsy was a PSA level of ≥4 ng/mL. Demographic, clinical, and histopathological data were collected. The PSA level was tested at enrolment (PSA1) and 4 weeks later on the day before biopsy (PSA2). Variations in PSA level were defined as: stable PSA2 within a 10% variation, stable PSA2 within a 20% variation, PSA2 decreased by ≥10%, PSA2 decreased by ≥20%, PSA2 increased by ≥10%, PSA2 increased by ≥20%, and PSA2 <4 ng/mL. Percentages and multinomial logistic regression were used to analyse biopsy outcomes. High‐grade cancer was defined as Grade group ≥3.

Results

Overall, 331 patients were enrolled. Prostate cancer was diagnosed in 153/331 (46%) patients and of them 80/153 (52%) had high‐grade disease. When compared to the rest of the population, patients with a stable PSA within 20% variation had a higher risk of prostate cancer (odds ratio [OR] 1.80, P < 0.05) and high grade disease (OR 2.56, P < 0.05), patients with a PSA2 decreased by ≥20% had a lower risk of prostate cancer (OR 0.37, P < 0.05) and high grade disease (OR 0.13, P < 0.05), whilst patients with a PSA2 increased by ≥10% had an increased risk of high‐grade prostate cancer (OR 1.93, P < 0.05). When PSA returned to normal values (<4 ng/mL) both risks of prostate cancer and high‐grade disease were reduced (OR 0.33 and 0.01, respectively, P = 0.001).

Conclusion

In a cohort of Italian men undergoing prostate biopsy, a reduction of ≥20% in PSA levels significantly reduced the risk of high‐grade prostate cancer. Further multicentre studies should validate our present results.
Mesoscopic characterization of prostate cancer using Raman spectroscopy: potential for diagnostics and therapeutics
Authors: Aubertin Kelly , Trinh Vincent Quoc , Jermyn Michael , Baksic Paul , Grosset Andrée‐Anne , Desroches Joannie , St‐Arnaud Karl , Birlea Mirela , Vladoiu Maria Claudia , Latour Mathieu , Albadine Roula , Saad Fred , Leblond Frédéric , Trudel Dominique
Published: March 2018

Objective

To test if Raman spectroscopy (RS) is an appropriate tool for the diagnosis and possibly grading of prostate cancer (PCa).

Patients and Methods

Between 20 and 50 Raman spectra were acquired from 32 fresh and non‐processed post‐prostatectomy specimens using a macroscopic handheld RS probe. Each measured area was characterized and categorized according to histopathological criteria: tissue type (extraprostatic or prostatic); tissue malignancy (benign or malignant); cancer grade (Grade Groups [GGs] 1–5); and tissue glandular level. The data were analysed using machine‐learning classification with neural network.

Results

The RS technique was able to distinguish prostate from extraprostatic tissue with a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 83% and benign from malignant tissue with a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 86%. In an exploratory fashion, RS differentiated benign from GG1 in 726/801 spectra (91%; sensitivity 80%, specificity 91%), from GG2 in 588/805 spectra (73%; sensitivity 76%, specificity 73%), from GG3 in 670/797 spectra (84%; sensitivity 86%, specificity 84%), from GG4 in 711/802 spectra (88%; sensitivity 77%, specificity 89%) and from GG5 in 729/818 spectra (89%; sensitivity 90%, specificity 89%).

Conclusion

Current diagnostic approaches of PCa using needle biopsies have suboptimal cancer detection rates and a significant risk of infection. Standard non‐targeted random sampling results in false‐negative biopsies in 15–30% of patients, which affects clinical management. RS, a non‐destructive tissue interrogation technique providing vibrational molecular information, resolved the highly complex architecture of the prostate and detect cancer with high accuracy using a fibre optic probe to interrogate radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens from 32 patients (947 spectra). This proof‐of‐principle paves the way for the development of in vivo tumour targeting spectroscopy tools for informed biopsy collection to address the clinical need for accurate PCa diagnosis and possibly to improve surgical resection during RP as a complement to histopathological analysis.
Extramitochondrial energy production in platelets
Authors: Ravera Silvia , Signorello Maria Grazia , Bartolucci Martina , Ferrando Sara , Manni Lucia , Caicci Federico , Calzia Daniela , Panfoli Isabella , Morelli Alessandro , Leoncini Giuliana
Published: March 2018

Background Information

Energy demand in human platelets is very high, to carry out their functions. As for most human cells, the aerobic metabolism represents the primary energy source in platelets, even though mitochondria are negligibly represented. Following the hypothesis that other structures could be involved in chemical energy production, in this work, we have investigated the functional expression of an extramitochondrial aerobic metabolism in platelets.

Results

Oximetric and luminometric analyses showed that platelets consume large amounts of oxygen and produce ATP in the presence of common respiring substrates, such as pyruvate + malate or succinate, although morphological electron microscopy analysis showed that these contain few mitochondria. However, evaluation of the anaerobic glycolytic metabolism showed that only 13% of consumed glucose was converted to lactate. Interestingly, the highest OXPHOS activity was observed in the presence of NADH, not a readily permeant respiring substrate for mitochondria. Also, oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis fuelled by NADH were not affected by atractyloside, an inhibitor of the adenine nucleotide translocase, suggesting that these processes may not be ascribed to mitochondria. Functional data were confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blot analyses, showing a consistent expression of the β subunit of F1Fo‐ATP synthase and COXII, a subunit of Complex IV, but a low signal of translocase of the inner mitochondrial membrane (a protein not involved in OXPHOS metabolism). Interestingly, the NADH‐stimulated oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis increased in the presence of the physiological platelets agonists, thrombin or collagen.

Conclusions

Data suggest that in platelets, aerobic energy production is mainly driven by an extramitochondrial OXPHOS machinery, originated inside the megakaryocyte, and that this metabolism plays a pivotal role in platelet activation.

Significance

This work represents a further example of the existence of an extramitochondrial aerobic metabolism, which can contribute to the cellular energy balance.
Heat shock protein‐27 and sex‐selective regulation of muscarinic and proteinase‐activated receptor 2‐mediated vasodilatation: differential sensitivity to endothelial NOS inhibition
Authors: Pulakazhi Venu Vivek Krishna , Saifeddine Mahmoud , Mihara Koichiro , El‐Daly Mahmoud , Belke Darrell , Dean Jonathan L E , O'Brien Edward R , Hirota Simon A , Hollenberg Morley D
Published: March 2018

Background and Purpose

Previously, we demonstrated that exogenous heat shock protein 27 (HSP27/gene, HSPB1) treatment of human endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) increases the synthesis and secretion of VEGF, improves EPC‐migration/re‐endothelialization and decreases neo‐intima formation, suggesting a role for HSPB1 in regulating EPC function. We hypothesized that HSPB1 also affects mature endothelial cells (ECs) to alter EC‐mediated vasoreactivity in vivo. Our work focused on endothelial NOS (eNOS)/NO‐dependent relaxation induced by ACh and the coagulation pathway‐activated receptor, proteinase‐activated receptor 2 (PAR2).

Experimental Approach

Aorta rings from male and female wild‐type, HSPB1‐null and HSPB1 overexpressing (HSPB1o/e) mice were contracted with phenylephrine, and NOS‐dependent relaxation responses to ACh and PAR2 agonist, 2‐furoyl‐LIGRLO‐NH2, were measured without and with L‐NAME and ODQ, either alone or in combination to block NO synthesis/action. Tissues from female HSPB1‐null mice were treated in vitro with recombinant HSP27 and then used for bioassay as above. Furthermore, oestrogen‐specific effects were evaluated using a bioassay of aorta isolated from ovariectomized mice.

Key Results

Relative to males, HSPB1‐null female mice exhibited an increased L‐NAME‐resistant relaxation induced by activation of either PAR2 or muscarinic ACh receptors that was blocked in the concurrent presence of both L‐NAME and ODQ. mRNAs (qPCR) for eNOS and ODQ‐sensitive guanylyl‐cyclase were increased in females versus males. Treatment of isolated aorta tissue with HSPB1 improved tissue responsiveness in the presence of L‐NAME. Ovariectomy did not affect NO sensitivity, supporting an oestrogen‐independent role for HSPB1.

Conclusions and Implications

HSPB1 can regulate intact vascular endothelial function to affect NO‐mediated vascular relaxation, especially in females.
Identification of NQO1 and ferrochelatase as interaction partners for neuroprotective N‐{[2‐(4‐phenyl‐piperazin‐1‐yl)‐ethyl]‐phenyl}‐arylamides
Authors: Rajacic Sladjana‐Kostic , Schwall Gerhard , Penjisevic Jelena , Andric Deana , Sukalovic Vladimir , Soskic Vukic
Published: March 2018

Affinity chromatography was used to identify potential cellular targets that are responsible for neuroprotective activity of N‐{[2‐(4‐phenyl‐piperazin‐1‐yl)‐ethyl]‐phenyl}‐arylamides. Active and inactive representatives of N‐{[2‐(4‐phenyl‐piperazin‐1‐yl)‐ethyl]‐phenyl}‐arylamides bearing an extended linker were synthesized and immobilized on an agarose‐based matrix. This was followed by the identification of specifically bound proteins isolated out of the whole rat brain extract. Inducible flavoprotein NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) was identified as candidates for cellular targets.
Familial campomelic dysplasia due to maternal germinal mosaicism
Authors: Higeta Daisuke , Yamaguchi Rie , Takagi Takeshi , Nishimura Gen , Sameshima Kiyoko , Saito Kayoko , Minegishi Takashi
Published: March 2018

Campomelic dysplasia is an autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia caused by heterozygousSOX9mutations. Most patients are sporadic due to ade novomutation. Familial campomelic dysplasia is very rare. We report on a familial campomelic dysplasia caused by maternal germinal mosaicism. Two siblings showed the classic campomelic dysplasia phenotype with a novelSOX9mutation (NM_000346.3: c.441delC, p.(Asn147Lysfs*36)). Radiological examination of the mother showed mild skeletal changes. Then, her somatic mosaicism of the mutation was ascertained. This is the first report of molecularly confirmed maternal germinal mosaicism for aSOX9mutation. We suggest that a meticulous clinical examination of the parents, even if they are superficially healthy, is needed to avoid overlooking germinal mosaicism ofSOX9mutations.
Present and future biodiversity risks from fossil fuel exploitation
Authors: Harfoot Michael B. J. , Tittensor Derek P. , Knight Sarah , Arnell Andrew P. , Blyth Simon , Brooks Sharon , Butchart Stuart H. M. , Hutton Jon , Jones Matthew I. , Kapos Valerie , Scharlemann Jӧrn P.W. , Burgess Neil D.
Published: March 2018

Currently, human society is predominantly powered by fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—yet also ultimately depends on goods and services provided by biodiversity. Fossil fuel extraction impacts biodiversity indirectly through climate change and by increasing accessibility, and directly through habitat loss and pollution. In contrast to the indirect effects, quantification of the direct impacts has been relatively neglected. To address this, we analyze the potential threat to >37,000 species and >190,000 protected areas globally from the locations of present and future fossil fuel extraction in marine and terrestrial environments. Sites that are currently exploited have higher species richness and endemism than unexploited sites, whereas known future hydrocarbon activities will predominantly move into less biodiverse locations. We identify 181 “high‐risk” locations where oil or gas extraction suitability coincides with biodiversity importance, making conflicts between extraction and conservation probable. In total, protected areas are located on $3‐15 trillion of unexploited hydrocarbon reserves, posing challenges and potentially opportunities for protected area management and sustainable financing.
Intention to kill: Tolerance and illegal persecution of Sumatran tigers and sympatric species
Authors: St. John Freya A. V. , Linkie Matthew , Martyr Deborah J. , Milliyanawati Betty , McKay Jeanne E. , Mangunjaya Fachruddin M. , Leader‐Williams Nigel , Struebig Matthew J.
Published: March 2018

Tolerance may lessen when wildlife adversely impacts people. Models from psychology can help elucidate how people make judgments, why they act accordingly, and whether beliefs and norms influence support for policy and intervention. Working in a globally important region for tigers, we estimated hunting prevalence for this endangered species and three sympatric taxa using methods for asking sensitive questions. We also investigated the relative strength of ethnicity and social‐psychological predictors in influencing intention to hunt. Men's behavioral intention and perceptions differed by species: proconservation values were most prevalent for tiger, weakest for wild boar. Perceived behavioral control was the strongest predictor of hunting‐intention; affect and injunctive norms were also important. The prominence of affect in determining intention suggests increasing environmental knowledge is unlikely to curb hunting. However, existing norms could be leveraged to incentivize behaviorchange. Integrating behavior‐change models into conservation science is crucial where strategies require changes in people's actions.
Adaptive comanagement to achieve climate‐ready fisheries
Authors: Wilson Jono R. , Lomonico Serena , Bradley Darcy , Sievanen Leila , Dempsey Tom , Bell Michael , McAfee Skyli , Costello Christopher , Szuwalski Cody , McGonigal Huff , Fitzgerald Sean , Gleason Mary
Published: March 2018

Climate‐related impacts to marine ecosystems threaten the biological, social, and economic resilience of the U.S. fishing industry. Changes in ocean conditions and variability in fisheries productivity have stimulated an effort to integrate climate information into fisheries science and management processes to inform more responsive decision‐making. However, institutional, capacity, and budget constraints within U.S. federal and state fisheries management agencies may hinder the potential to deliver climate‐ready strategies for many fisheries. We examine whether adaptive comanagement as a governance approach can enhance capacity and advance climate‐ready fisheries objectives. Adaptive comanagement may improve the quality of science and decision‐making needed to prepare for and respond to impacts of climate change in fisheries by taking advantage of skills, technology, and funding often not optimally utilized under the current governance system. We focus on the potential to improve information flows as a means to achieve climate‐ready fisheries via adaptive comanagement, but suggest that a greater level of partnership in the management process may be possible in the future after a period of formal experimentation and learning.
Low prevalence of diabetes distress following total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation
Authors: Lane Audrey , Hodges James S. , Ptacek Peggy , Louise Berry K. , Beilman Gregory J. , Dunn Ty B. , Pruett Timothy L. , Chinnakotla Srinath , Kuzmak Barbara , Bellin Melena D.
Published: March 2018

Diabetes distress (DD), or psychological fatigue associated with diabetes management, is common in type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus and is associated with poor glycemic control. Diabetes distress has never been evaluated in patients undergoing total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplant (TPIAT) for chronic pancreatitis. We analyzed DD after TPIAT in 260 patients (average age 34.3 [standard deviation 15], 75.5% F) undergoing TPIAT between 2006 and 2014. Each patient completed 1 or more diabetes distress scale (DDS) questionnaires from 1 to 7 years post‐TPIAT (631 total). We examined changes in DD over 7 years and also patient characteristics associated with DD 1 year post‐TPIAT (n = 189). One year after TPIAT, 151 of 189 (80%) reported no or low distress (DD<2). Diabetes distress increased over time by an average of 0.084 (SE 0.017) points per year, an average 0.59 point increase from years 1 to 7 (P < .0001). Insulin‐dependent patients had significantly greater DD 1 year post‐TPIAT compared to insulin‐independent patients (P < .0001). Higher DD was associated with poorer glycemic control as indicated by HbA1c (P < .0001). Prevalence of DD is low but increases over time after TPIAT. Insulin dependence and poorer glycemic control are associated with higher levels of DD.
Travelling without a helmet: tourists' vulnerabilities and responses to disasters in Indonesia
Authors: Rindrasih Erda , Hartmann Thomas , Witte Patrick , Spit Tejo , Zoomers Annelies
Published: March 2018

Tourists are particularly vulnerable when natural disasters occur in regions that they are visiting. It is assumed that they lack awareness and understanding of the actions that they need to take in such circumstances. This study examines the responses of tourists in times of disaster, building on empirical data collected through large‐scale surveys conducted in Bali and Yogyakarta, Indonesia, in 2015. Both are important tourist destinations in the country that have suffered major disasters in recent years. The different types of responses to these events are framed using a grid/group analysis stemming from cultural theory. The study resulted in three key findings: (i) current disaster management planning largely follows a single rationale; (ii) tourists are not a homogeneous group, but rather a complex, diverse, and dynamic body of stakeholders; and (iii) the focus of disaster management planning should shift from a single rationale to a polyrational methodology. Disaster managers need to consider, therefore, these different aspects in the context of preparedness.
Power mobility skill progression for children and adolescents: a systematic review of measures and their clinical application
Authors: Field Debra A , Livingstone Roslyn W
Published: March 2018

Aim

To identify and critically appraise standardized measures of power mobility skill used with children (18y or younger) with mobility limitations and explore the measures’ application for ‘exploratory’, ‘operational’, and ‘functional’ learners.

Method

Five electronic databases were searched along with hand‐searching for peer‐reviewed articles published in English to July 2017 (updated 31st August 2017). Key terms included power(ed) mobility, power(ed) wheelchair, and database‐specific terms. Studies included at least one child with a disability, and a detailed description of the measure of power mobility skill. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) statement was followed with inclusion criteria set a priori. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full‐text articles.

Results

Of 96 titles, 24 articles met inclusion criteria, describing nine measures of power mobility skill. The Wheelchair Skills Checklist, the Powered Mobility Program (PMP), and the Power Mobility Training Tool were augmented by three adaptations of the PMP. Two additional measures were further developed to create a third, the Assessment of Learning Powered mobility use. Validity evidence related primarily to content development while reliability evidence was reported on only two measures.

Interpretation

All measures are in the initial stages of development and testing. Research investigating the measures’ appropriateness for different types of learners and environments is warranted.

What this paper adds

There are four distinct measures of paediatric power mobility skill: three task‐based, one process‐based.

Power mobility learners may be divided into three groups: exploratory, operational, and functional.

Application of measures of power mobility skill differs for these three groups.
Respiratory morbidity in Rett syndrome: an observational study
Authors: MacKay Jessica , Leonard Helen , Wong Kingsley , Wilson Andrew , Downs Jenny
Published: March 2018

Aim

Respiratory illness is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Rett syndrome. This study investigated respiratory morbidity and relationships with age, mutation type, feeding, and walking status.

Method

Families registered with the InterRett database (n=399) provided data on the health of their child with Rett syndrome (age 2–57y). Hospital admissions because of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) over a 5‐year exposure period were investigated by age, mutation type, enteral feeding, and walking status.

Results

A hospital admission for LRTI over the previous 5 years was reported for slightly more than one‐fifth (21.4%) of individuals. Age and mutation groups did not seem to influence hospital admissions for LRTI but there was nearly twice the risk of an admission with enteral feeding (adjusted relative risk 1.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21–2.65). Compared with independent walking, being unable to walk was associated with a sixfold increased risk (adjusted relative risk 6.73, 95% CI 3.42–13.25), with assisted walking associated with an intermediate risk.

Interpretation

Beyond the influence of mutation type, walking seems to have protective effects on respiratory health. Further studies of exercise physiology in Rett syndrome and how this can be influenced by increasing activity levels are indicated.

What this paper adds

Rett syndrome is associated with increased vulnerability to lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) requiring hospitalization.

Enteral feeding is associated with a higher risk of hospital admission for LRTI.

Assisted walking mitigates the risk of hospital admission for LRTI for those unable to walk independently.
Effects of intranasal insulin on endogenous glucose production in insulin‐resistant men
Authors: Xiao Changting , Dash Satya , Stahel Priska , Lewis Gary F.
Published: March 2018

The effects of intranasal insulin on the regulation of endogenous glucose production (EGP) in individuals with insulin resistance were assessed in a single‐blind, crossover study. Overweight or obese insulin‐resistant men (n = 7; body mass index 35.4 ± 4.4 kg/m2, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance 5.6 ± 1.6) received intranasal spray of either 40 IU insulin lispro or placebo in 2 randomized visits. Acute systemic spillover of intranasal insulin into the circulation was matched with a 30‐minute intravenous infusion of insulin lispro in the nasal placebo arm. EGP was assessed under conditions of a pancreatic clamp with a primed, constant infusion of glucose tracer. Under these experimental conditions, compared with placebo, intranasal administration of insulin did not significantly affect plasma glucose concentrations, EGP or glucose disposal in overweight/obese, insulin‐resistant men, in contrast to our previous study, in which an equivalent dose of intranasal insulin significantly suppressed EGP in lean, insulin‐sensitive men. Insulin resistance is probably associated with impairment in centrally mediated insulin suppression of EGP.
Mechanisms and disease relevance of neutrophil extracellular trap formation
Authors: Van Avondt Kristof , Hartl Dominik
Published: March 2018

While the microscopic appearance of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) has fascinated basic researchers since its discovery, the (patho)physiological mechanisms triggering NET release, the disease relevance and clinical translatability of this unconventional cellular mechanism remained poorly understood. Here, we summarize and discuss current concepts of the mechanisms and disease relevance of NET formation.
Modeling epidemiological disturbances in LANDIS‐II
Authors: Tonini Francesco , Jones Chris , Miranda Brian R. , Cobb Richard C. , Sturtevant Brian R. , Meentemeyer Ross K.
Published: March 2018

Forest landscape simulation models (FLSMs) – often used to understand and project forest dynamics over space and time in response to environmental disturbance – have rarely included realistic epidemiological processes of plant disease transmission and impacts. Landscape epidemiological models, by contrast, frequently treat forest ecosystems as static or make simple assumptions regarding ecosystem change following disease. Here we present the Base Epidemiological Disturbance Agent (EDA) extension that allows users of the LANDIS‐II FLSM to simulate forest pathogen spread and host mortality within a spatially explicit forest simulation. EDA enables users to investigate forest pathogen spread and impacts over large landscapes (> 105 ha) and long time periods. We evaluate the model extension using Phytophthora ramorum as a case study of an invasive plant pathogen causing emerging infectious disease and considerable tree mortality in California. EDA will advance the utility of LANDIS‐II and forest disease modeling in general.
The effect of cathepsin K inhibitor surface treatment on delayed tooth replantation in dogs
Authors: Kwon Youngil , Ko Hyunjung , Kim Soojung , Kim Miri
Published: March 2018

Background/Aim

Continuous research efforts have been focusing on promoting healing of delayed replantation of avulsed teeth. The aim of this in vivo study was to assess the effect of cathepsin K inhibitor surface treatment on delayed tooth replantation.

Materials and Methods

Thirty‐four premolar roots of 4 beagle dogs were extracted, and conventional root canal treatment was performed. The canals were filled with gutta‐percha and cement. All extracted teeth were air‐dried for 1 hour. Teeth were divided into 2 groups according to the root surface treatment prior to replantation: control (n = 13) and cathepsin K inhibitor (n = 21). Treated teeth were replanted in their original sockets and stabilized with a resin‐wire splint for 1 week. After 12 weeks, the dogs were euthanized and micro‐computed tomography was performed. Tissues were then further processed as resin‐embedded specimens stained with hematoxylin and eosin. In each evaluation, data were analyzed using the Mann‐Whitney U test (P < .05).

Results

In the micro‐computed tomography evaluation, inflammation scores of both groups were not statistically different (P > .05). In the histological evaluation, the mean proportions of inflammatory resorption and replacement resorption in the control group were similar to those in the cathepsin K inhibitor group (P > .05).

Conclusions

Cathepsin K inhibitor did not demonstrate significant inhibitory effects on root resorption after delayed replantation in vivo.
Oviposition preference of three lepidopteran species is not affected by previous aphid infestation in wild cabbage
Authors: Li Yehua , Meijer Davy , Dicke Marcel , Gols Rieta
Published: March 2018

Several studies have shown that pre‐infestation with aphids can improve plant quality for herbivorous caterpillars. This effect is often explained by the negative crosstalk between specific plant defence, signal‐transduction pathways induced by aphids and caterpillars, respectively. However, in these studies caterpillars are introduced on the plants by the researcher, whereas in nature, the adult mother often chooses the food plants for her offspring. According to the preference–performance hypothesis adult females should choose oviposition sites that result in optimal performance and survival of their offspring. In this study, we investigated whether three lepidopteran species–Pieris brassicae (L.) (Pieridae), Plutella xylostella L. (Plutellidae) and Mamestra brassicae L. (Noctuidae)–prefer aphid‐infested over clean plants. Adult females of the three species was given the choice between wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea L., Brassicaceae) plants infested with aphids, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) for 3, 7, or 14 days vs. non‐infested clean plants. Pieris brassicae females was also given the choice between plants dually infested with B. brassicae aphids and P. xylostella caterpillars when the order of infestation was varied. For oviposition, adult females of all three species did not discriminate between aphid‐infested and clean plants, irrespective of the duration of aphid infestation. Also, P. brassicae females did not discriminate between sets of dually infested plants, irrespective of the order of infestation. Several mechanisms are discussed that could explain this lack of preference.
A synthesis for managing invasions and pest risks simultaneously for tephritid fruit flies in South Africa
Authors: Karsten Minette , Barton Madeleine , Addison Pia , Addison Matthew F. , Terblanche John S.
Published: March 2018

Developing a general management framework for monitoring and reporting biological invasions in agricultural contexts is crucial to assist in the planning and execution of intervention and control strategies. Here we make use of a diverse range of data sets for economically significant South African agricultural fruit fly pests to offer several potential intervention strategies and present a general management framework that unifies different but related fields of research (invasion science and pest management). We review the status ofTephritidae (Diptera) inSouthAfrica with a strong focus on the highly invasiveBactrocera dorsalis(Hendel) and touch on the use of population genetics in pest or invasion management. Integrated modelling of landscape friction from population genetics is undertaken to test for any intrinsic resistance to pest movement across the landscape (e.g., natural or agricultural barriers). Based on the novel analyses presented here, clearly defined landscape management units can be allocated. AcrossSouthAfrica, control and intervention strategies for managing both invasions of new Tephritidae and existing pest species can be unified into a common framework. Finally, we illustrate the concepts outlined above in a conceptual management decision tree for integrating pest management and invasion management simultaneously. Promoting awareness among growers and the public about fruit fly invasions and impacts is a priority to prevent future incursions of fruit flies, whereas managingTephritidae as distinct landscape units should facilitate prevention of movement of emerging and existing pests.
Do higher summer temperatures restrict the dissemination of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus in France?
Authors: Grosdidier M. , Ioos R. , Marçais B.
Published: March 2018

Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is an invasive pathogen that severely affects European ashes, jeopardizing the use of this species in forestry. However, even aggressive invasive pathogens require environmental conditions conducive to disease development. Hence, H. fraxineus survival at temperatures above 35°C is limited, which could reduce its impact in southern Europe. This study examined the effect of environmental conditions, mainly summer temperatures, on ash dieback development in southeast France between 2015 and 2016. Fourteen sites were selected according to altitudinal and longitudinal gradients covering a wide range of mean summer temperatures. Disease severity, density of infected and healthy rachises in the litter and quantity of apothecia produced on infected rachises were measured. Results point to limited disease severity in this area because of the occurrence of high summer temperatures that are unfavourable to the pathogen. In a context of global warming, increases in temperatures could have a positive impact on ashes by limiting ash dieback development.