bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of ortho substituent effect in alkaline hydrolysis of phenyl esters of substituted benzoic acids in aqueous acetonitrile
Authors: Nummert Vilve , Piirsalu Mare , Koppel Ilmar
Published: September 2013

The second-order rate constants k for the alkaline hydrolysis of phenyl esters of meta-, para- and ortho-substituted benzoic acids, X-C6H4CO2C6H5, in aqueous 50.9% acetonitrile have been measured spectrophotometrically at 25°C. The log k values for meta and para derivatives correlated well with the Hammett σm,p substituent constants. The log k values for ortho-substituted phenyl benzoates showed good correlations with the Charton equation, containing the inductive, σI, resonance, σ○
R, and steric, E
s
B, and Charton υ substituent constants. For ortho derivatives the predicted (log k
X)calc values were calculated with equation (log k
ortho)calc = (log k
H
AN)exp + 0.059 + 2.19σI + 0.304σ○
R + 2.79E
s
B − 0.0164ΔEσI — 0.0854ΔEσ○
R, where DE is the solvent electrophilicity, ΔE = E
AN — E
H20 = −5.84 for aqueous 50.9% acetonitrile. The predicted (log k
X)calc values for phenyl ortho-, meta- and para-substituted benzoates in aqueous 50.9% acetonitrile at 25°C precisely coincided with the experimental log k values determined in the present work.

The substituent effects from the benzoyl moiety and aryl moiety were compared by correlating the log k values for the alkaline hydrolysis of phenyl esters of substituted benzoic acids, X-C6H4CO2C6H5, in various media with the corresponding log k values for substituted phenyl benzoates, C6H5CO2C6H4-X.
Chemometric estimation of the RP TLC retention behaviour of some estrane derivatives by using multivariate regression methods
Authors: Kovačević Strahinja , Jevrić Lidija , Podunavac Kuzmanović Sanja , Lončar Eva
Published: September 2013

Quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) was developed for a series of estrane derivatives, on the basis of their retention data, obtained in reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography (RP TLC), and in silico molecular descriptors. Physicochemical and topological descriptors, as well as molecular bulkiness descriptors, were calculated from the optimized molecular structures. Full geometry optimization was achieved by using Austin Model 1 (AM1) semi-empirical molecular orbital method. In the present study, QSRR analysis was based on principal component analysis (PCA), multiple linear regression (MLR) and partial least squares (PLS) method. PCA was applied in order to reveal similarities or dissimilarities between analytes, and MLR and PLS regression methods were carried out in order to identify the most important in silico molecular descriptors and quantify their influence on the retention behaviour of studied compounds. Physically meaningful and statistically significant structure-retention relationships were established.
Shape memory polyurethanes based on recycled polyvinyl butyral. I. Synthesis and morphology
Authors: Tsonev Tsvetomir , Herzog Michael , Nenkova Sanchi
Published: September 2013

Shape memory polyurethanes (SMPUs) were synthesized by 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), hexane-1,6-diol (HD), polypropylene glycol (PPG), and recycled polyvinyl butyral (PVB). Dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transformation infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy was used to characterize the poly (vinylbutyral-urethanes). Micro-phase domain separation of hard and soft segments and phase inversion were investigated. Increasing the hard segment content, i.e., average hard segment molecular weight, leads to an increase in the degree of micro-phase separation, hard domain order and crystallinity. The crystalline hard segment structures combined with the elastic nature of soft segment matrix provide enough physical and chemical crosslinks to have shape memory effect.
Assessment of elemental contamination in the bottom sediments from a dam reservoir using a sequential extraction technique and chemometric analysis
Authors: Dabioch Marzena , Kita Andrzej , Zerzucha Piotr , Pytlakowska Katarzyna
Published: September 2013

The concentration of elements in sediments is an important aspect of the quality of water ecosystems. The element concentrations in bottom sediments from Goczalkowice Reservoir, Poland, were investigated to determine the levels, accumulation and distribution of elements; to understand the contamination and potential toxicity of elements; and to trace the possible source of pollution. Sediments were collected from 8 sampling points. The functional speciation, mobility and bioavailability of elements were evaluated by means of modified Tessier sequential extraction. The element contents were measured by optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. The experimental results were analyzed using chemometric methods such as principal component analysis and cluster analysis to elucidate the metal distributions, correlations and associations. The highest concentrations of most elements were found at the center of the reservoir. The distribution of metals in the individual fractions was varied. To assess the extent of anthropogenic impact indices, contamination factor, degree of contamination, metal pollution index and risk assessment code were applied. The calculated factors showed the highest contamination factor and the ability of chromium to be released from sediments. The degree of contamination showed that the area is characterized by a very high contamination. Strontium and manganese showed high potential ecological risk for sediments.
Synthesis, characterization and bioevaluation of irinotecan-collagen hybrid materials for biomedical applications as drug delivery systems in tumoral treatments
Authors: Voicu Georgeta , Geanaliu Ruxandra , Ghiţulică Cristina , Ficai Anton , Grumezescu Alexandru , Bleotu Coralia
Published: September 2013

The purpose of the present study is the preparation and characterization of collagen/antitumor drug hybrids as drug delivery systems. Materials used for obtaining collagen-based drug delivery systems were collagen type I (Coll) as matrix and irinotecan (I) as hydrophilic active substances. After incorporation of I into Coll in differing ratios, the obtained hybrid materials (Coll/I) could be used according to our results as potential drug delivery systems in medicine for the topical (local) treatment of cancerous tissues or bone. The released amount of I varies with amount of Coll from hybrid materials: the higher, the slower the release amount of irinotecan transferred is in the first 6 hours. The in vitro citotoxicity demonstrates an antitumoral activity of the obtained hybrid materials and their potential use for biomedical applications as drug delivery systems in tumoral treatments.
Landowners and Urban Society in Eighteenth-Century Scotland
Authors: Harris Bob
Published: September 2013

This paper challenges the idea that eighteenth-century Scotland was simply, as T. C. Smout once described it, ‘a landowners' world’. It does so by examining the relationships between landowners and a sample of medium-sized and smaller burghs. To some extent, the case made here – that historians have by and large not properly appreciated the degree of independence and influence of the burghs – is suggestive. Partly, it derives from a particular view of the nature of ‘urban community’ and civic identity in this period. However, the bulk of the case rests on the close analysis of a series of issues which tended to bring towns and landowners into conflict and draws heavily on one particular case study – Kirkcudbright in the later Georgian period. Very modest in size, and with a single local dominant landowner – the earls of Selkirk – whose properties surrounded the burgh, Kirkcudbright provides a lens through which to view a relationship between town and landowner which was far from one-sided. As the case of Kirkcudbright illustrates very clearly, even where a landowner exercised significant and close influence, burgh elites took very seriously the task of stewardship of burgh interests and privileges, and they did so, so far as we can tell, with considerable support from the urban population.
Role of Arthropods in Maintaining Soil Fertility
Authors: Culliney Thomas
Published: September 2013

In terms of species richness, arthropods may represent as much as 85% of the soil fauna. They comprise a large proportion of the meso- and macrofauna of the soil. Within the litter/soil system, five groups are chiefly represented: Isopoda, Myriapoda, Insecta, Acari, and Collembola, the latter two being by far the most abundant and diverse. Arthropods function on two of the three broad levels of organization of the soil food web: they are plant litter transformers or ecosystem engineers. Litter transformers fragment, or comminute, and humidify ingested plant debris, which is deposited in feces for further decomposition by micro-organisms, and foster the growth and dispersal of microbial populations. Large quantities of annual litter input may be processed (e.g., up to 60% by termites). The comminuted plant matter in feces presents an increased surface area to attack by micro-organisms, which, through the process of mineralization, convert its organic nutrients into simpler, inorganic compounds available to plants. Ecosystem engineers alter soil structure, mineral and organic matter composition, and hydrology. The burrowing by arthropods, particularly the subterranean network of tunnels and galleries that comprise termite and ant nests, improves soil porosity to provide adequate aeration and water-holding capacity below ground, facilitate root penetration, and prevent surface crusting and erosion of topsoil. Also, the movement of particles from lower horizons to the surface by ants and termites aids in mixing the organic and mineral fractions of the soil. The feces of arthropods are the basis for the formation of soil aggregates and humus, which physically stabilize the soil and increase its capacity to store nutrients.
Molecular Identification and Historic Demography of the Marine Tucuxi (Sotalia guianensis) at the Amazon River’s Mouth by Means of Mitochondrial Control Region Gene Sequences and Implications for Conservation
Authors: Ruiz-García Manuel , Mejia David , Escobar-Armel Pablo , Tejada-Martínez Daniela , Shostell Joseph
Published: September 2013

In 2005, three fishermen, with artisan fishing vessels and drift gillnets, accidentally captured around 200 dolphins between Vigia and Salinópolis in the Amazon River estuary. The dolphins died and they then prepared their vaginas and penises in order to sell them in the Ver-ao-Peso market in the city of Belem within the Brazilian state of Pará. We randomly sampled a minimal quantity of tissue of these sexual organs from 78 of these 200 dolphins and we determined the following results after sequencing 689 base pairs (bp) from the mitochondrial control region gene: (1) 96.15% (75/78) of these dolphins belonged to the species Sotalia guianensis. The other species detected were Steno brenadensis, Stenella coeruleoalba and Tursiops truncatus; (2) The levels of gene diversity found in this sample of S. guianensis were high (33 haplotypes, haplotype diversity of 0.917 and nucleotide diversity of 0.0045) compared to gene diversities found in other Brazilian S. guianensis locations; (3) All the population genetics methods employed indicated a clear population expansion in this population. This population expansion could have begun 400,000 years ago; (4) The haplotype divergence within this population could have begun around 2.1 millions of years ago (MYA), with posterior splits around 2.0–1.8 MYA, 1.7–1.8 MYA, 1–1.5 MYA, 0.6–0.8 MYA, 0.4–0.2 MYA and 0.16–0.02 MYA, all during the Pleistocene.
Navigating the Chemical Space of HCN Polymerization and Hydrolysis: Guiding Graph Grammars by Mass Spectrometry Data
Authors: Andersen Jakob , Andersen Tommy , Flamm Christoph , Hanczyc Martin , Merkle Daniel , Stadler Peter
Published: September 2013

Polymers of hydrogen cyanide and their hydrolysis products constitute a plausible, but still poorly understood proposal for early prebiotic chemistry on Earth. HCN polymers are generated by the interplay of more than a dozen distinctive reaction mechanisms and form a highly complex mixture. Here we use a computational model based on graph grammars as a means of exploring the chemical spaces of HCN polymerization and hydrolysis. A fundamental issue is to understand the combinatorial explosion inherent in large, complex chemical systems. We demonstrate that experimental data, here obtained by mass spectrometry, and computationally predicted free energies together can be used to guide the exploration of the chemical space and makes it feasible to investigate likely pathways and chemical motifs even in potentially open-ended chemical systems.
Intelligent Control of Battery Energy Storage for Multi-Agent Based Microgrid Energy Management
Authors: Yoo Cheol-Hee , Chung Il-Yop , Lee Hak-Ju , Hong Sung-Soo
Published: September 2013

Microgrids can be considered as controllable units from the utility point of view because the entities of microgrids such as distributed energy resources and controllable loads can effectively control the amount of power consumption or generation. Therefore, microgrids can make various contracts with utility companies such as demand response program or ancillary services. Another advantage of microgrids is to integrate renewable energy resources to low-voltage distribution networks. Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) can effectively compensate the intermittent output of renewable energy resources. This paper presents intelligent control schemes for BESSs and autonomous energy management schemes of microgrids based on the concept of multi-agent systems. The proposed control scheme consists of two layers of decision-making procedures. In the bottom layer, intelligent agents decide the optimal operation strategies of individual microgrid entities such as BESSs, backup generators and loads. In the upper layer, the central microgrid coordinator (MGCC) coordinates multiple agents so that the overall microgrid can match the load reduction requested by the grid operator. The proposed control scheme is applied to Korea Power Exchange’s Intelligent Demand Response Program.
Ambiguity in Timber Trade Regarding Efforts to Combat Illegal Logging: Potential Impacts on Trade between South-East Asia and Europe
Authors: Giurca Alexandru , Jonsson Ragnar , Rinaldi Francesca , Priyadi Hari
Published: September 2013

Raised public concern in the European Union (EU) about the legality of its timber imports has pushed the European Commission to raise its standards and legality demands for wood imports. Combining literature reviews, structured interviews and trade data analyses, this study assesses the potential influence from Forest Law Enforcement Governance and Trade (FLEGT) (with its Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VPA) system and new legislation EU Timber Regulation (EUTR)), and third party verification schemes on the timber trade between tropical countries and Europe. These instruments have the potential to reduce the amount of illegally sourced timber being placed on the market, and they seem to have resulted in both increasing support of legality verification and certification uptake. However, there are signs of increased ambiguity in trade that could originate as a side effect of the transition towards a stricter regulation for tropical timber. Such ambiguity is explicitly taken into account here. Possible consequences from increased ambiguity are substitution of oak lumber for tropical hardwood lumber, and a diversion of exports of tropical timber to destinations with a less stringent regulatory framework than the EU. Evidence of these trade patterns in the literature reviews, interviews, and trade data analyses seems to confirm that ambiguity in international trade markets has actually increased since the introduction of these instruments.
Can Probiotics Improve the Environmental Microbiome and Resistome of Commercial Poultry Production?
Authors: Pedroso Adriana , Hurley-Bacon Anne , Zedek Andrea , Kwan Tiffany , Jordan Andrea , Avellaneda Gloria , Hofacre Charles , Oakley Brian , Collett Stephen , Maurer John , Lee Margie
Published: September 2013

Food animal production systems have become more consolidated and integrated, producing large, concentrated animal populations and significant amounts of fecal waste. Increasing use of manure and litter as a more “natural” and affordable source of fertilizer may be contributing to contamination of fruits and vegetables with foodborne pathogens. In addition, human and animal manure have been identified as a significant source of antibiotic resistance genes thereby serving as a disseminator of resistance to soil and waterways. Therefore, identifying methods to remediate human and animal waste is critical in developing strategies to improve food safety and minimize the dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria. In this study, we sought to determine whether withdrawing antibiotic growth promoters or using alternatives to antibiotics would reduce the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes or prevalence of pathogens in poultry litter. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) paired with high throughput sequencing was used to evaluate the bacterial community composition of litter from broiler chickens that were treated with streptogramin growth-promoting antibiotics, probiotics, or prebiotics. The prevalence of resistance genes and pathogens was determined from sequencing results or PCR screens of litter community DNA. Streptogramin antibiotic usage did not elicit statistically significant differences in Shannon diversity indices or correlation coefficients among the flocks. However, T-RFLP revealed that there were inter-farm differences in the litter composition that was independent of antibiotic usage. The litter from all farms, regardless of antibiotic usage, contained streptogramin resistance genes (vatA, vatB, and vatE), macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance genes (ermA and ermB), the tetracycline resistance gene tetM and class 1 integrons. There was inter-farm variability in the distribution of vatA and vatE with no statistically significant differences with regards to usage. Bacterial diversity was higher in litter when probiotics or prebiotics were administered to flocks but as the litter aged, diversity decreased. No statistically signficant differences were detected in the abundance of class 1 integrons where 3%–5% of the community was estimated to harbor a copy. Abundance of pathogenic Clostridium species increased in aging litter despite the treatment while the abundance of tetracycline-resistant coliforms was unaffected by treatment. However some treatments decreased the prevalence of Salmonella. These findings suggest that withdrawing antibiotics or administering alternatives to antibiotics can change the litter bacterial community and reduce the prevalence of some pathogenic bacteria, but may not immediately impact the prevalence of antibiotic resistance.
EGFR-Ras-Raf Signaling in Epidermal Stem Cells: Roles in Hair Follicle Development, Regeneration, Tissue Remodeling and Epidermal Cancers
Authors: Doma Eszter , Rupp Christian , Baccarini Manuela
Published: September 2013

The mammalian skin is the largest organ of the body and its outermost layer, the epidermis, undergoes dynamic lifetime renewal through the activity of somatic stem cell populations. The EGFR-Ras-Raf pathway has a well-described role in skin development and tumor formation. While research mainly focuses on its role in cutaneous tumor initiation and maintenance, much less is known about Ras signaling in the epidermal stem cells, which are the main targets of skin carcinogenesis. In this review, we briefly discuss the properties of the epidermal stem cells and review the role of EGFR-Ras-Raf signaling in keratinocyte stem cells during homeostatic and pathological conditions.
A Highly Sensitive Telomerase Activity Assay that Eliminates False-Negative Results Caused by PCR Inhibitors
Authors: Yaku Hidenobu , Murashima Takashi , Miyoshi Daisuke , Sugimoto Naoki
Published: September 2013

An assay for telomerase activity based on asymmetric polymerase chain reaction (A-PCR) on magnetic beads (MBs) and subsequent application of cycling probe technology (CPT) is described. In this assay, the telomerase reaction products are immobilized on MBs, which are then washed to remove PCR inhibitors that are commonly found in clinical samples. The guanine-rich sequences (5'-(TTAGGG)n-3') of the telomerase reaction products are then preferentially amplified by A-PCR, and the amplified products are subsequently detected via CPT, where a probe RNA with a fluorophore at the 5' end and a quencher at the 3' end is hydrolyzed by RNase H in the presence of the target DNA. The catalyst-mediated cleavage of the probe RNA enhances fluorescence from the 5' end of the probe. The assay allowed us to successfully detect HeLa cells selectively over normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells. Importantly, this selectivity produced identical results with regard to detection of HeLa cells in the absence and presence of excess NHDF cells; therefore, this assay can be used for practical clinical applications. The lower limit of detection for HeLa cells was 50 cells, which is lower than that achieved with a conventional telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay. Our assay also eliminated false-negative results caused by PCR inhibitors. Furthermore, we show that this assay is appropriate for screening among G-quadruplex ligands to find those that inhibit telomerase activity.
Improved Quality Control Method for Prescriptions of Polygonum capitatum through Simultaneous Determination of Nine Major Constituents by HPLC Coupled with Triple Quadruple Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Kai-Xia , Wang Yue-Sheng , Jing Wen-Guang , Zhang Jun , Liu An
Published: September 2013

As a traditional Miao-nationality medicinal plant, Polygonum capitatum has been used in clinical practice for several thousand years. Its prescriptions, including three dosage forms: granules, capsule and tablet are known by the brand name Relinqing® and have played an indispensable role in the treatment of urinary system infection, pyelonephritis and kidney stones. However, no study about the comprehensive quality evaluation of Relinqing® has been reported. In the present paper, a method for the simultaneous determination of nine major compounds in three dosage forms of Relinqing® using HPLC coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-QQQ MS) was established to comprehensively evaluate their quality. The nine compounds, including four phenolic acids, four flavonoids and a lignin, were analyzed with acceptable linear regression relationship (r2, 0.9923–0.9992), precision (RSD, 1.25%–2.78%), repeatability (RSD, 2.05%%–3.47%), stability (RSD, 1.84%–3.72%) and recovery (93.60%–108.54%, RSD ≤ 3.67%). The present study fills the gap in the multivariate quality control of Relinqing® and provides a valuable reference for quality standards and dosage reforming of this traditional Chinese medicine.
Addressing the Issue of Chronic, Inappropriate Benzodiazepine Use: How Can Pharmacists Play a Role?
Authors: Gallagher Helen
Published: September 2013

Prescribing guidelines do not recommend the long-term use of benzodiazepines since their effectiveness with chronic use is out-weighed by risks including dependence, memory and cognitive impairment, hip fractures and traffic accidents. Despite these guidelines, historical data points to an increasing proportion of inappropriate, repeat prescribing of benzodiazepines in Ireland and elsewhere, with up to 33% of patients who use these drugs doing so long-term. The typical long-term benzodiazepine user is an older, socio-economically disadvantaged patient who has been prescribed these medicines by their general practitioner (GP) and dispensed them by their community pharmacist. Misuse of benzodiazepines in nursing homes and psychiatric institutions is also of concern, with one Irish study indicating that almost half of all admissions to a psychiatric hospital were prescribed these drugs, usually despite a lack of clear clinical need. Discontinuation of benzodiazepines has proven to be of benefit, as it is followed by improvements in cognitive and psychomotor function, particularly in elderly patients. It is obvious that an inter-professional effort, focusing on the primary care setting, is required to address benzodiazepine misuse and to ensure appropriate pharmaceutical care. Pharmacists must be an integral part of this inter-professional effort, not least because they are uniquely positioned as the health professional with most frequent patient contact. There is already some supporting evidence that pharmacists’ involvement in interventions to reduce benzodiazepine use can have positive effects on patient outcomes. Here, this evidence is reviewed and the potential for pharmacists to play an expanded role in ensuring the appropriate use of benzodiazepines is discussed.
Satellite Angular Velocity Estimation Based on Star Images and Optical Flow Techniques
Authors: Fasano Giancarmine , Rufino Giancarlo , Accardo Domenico , Grassi Michele
Published: September 2013

An optical flow-based technique is proposed to estimate spacecraft angular velocity based on sequences of star-field images. It does not require star identification and can be thus used to also deliver angular rate information when attitude determination is not possible, as during platform de tumbling or slewing. Region-based optical flow calculation is carried out on successive star images preprocessed to remove background. Sensor calibration parameters, Poisson equation, and a least-squares method are then used to estimate the angular velocity vector components in the sensor rotating frame. A theoretical error budget is developed to estimate the expected angular rate accuracy as a function of camera parameters and star distribution in the field of view. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is tested by using star field scenes generated by a hardware-in-the-loop testing facility and acquired by a commercial-off-the shelf camera sensor. Simulated cases comprise rotations at different rates. Experimental results are presented which are consistent with theoretical estimates. In particular, very accurate angular velocity estimates are generated at lower slew rates, while in all cases the achievable accuracy in the estimation of the angular velocity component along boresight is about one order of magnitude worse than the other two components.
3D Multi-Spectrum Sensor System with Face Recognition
Authors: Kim Joongrock , Yu Sunjin , Kim Ig-Jae , Lee Sangyoun
Published: September 2013

This paper presents a novel three-dimensional (3D) multi-spectrum sensor system, which combines a 3D depth sensor and multiple optical sensors for different wavelengths. Various image sensors, such as visible, infrared (IR) and 3D sensors, have been introduced into the commercial market. Since each sensor has its own advantages under various environmental conditions, the performance of an application depends highly on selecting the correct sensor or combination of sensors. In this paper, a sensor system, which we will refer to as a 3D multi-spectrum sensor system, which comprises three types of sensors, visible, thermal-IR and time-of-flight (ToF), is proposed. Since the proposed system integrates information from each sensor into one calibrated framework, the optimal sensor combination for an application can be easily selected, taking into account all combinations of sensors information. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system, a face recognition system with light and pose variation is designed. With the proposed sensor system, the optimal sensor combination, which provides new effectively fused features for a face recognition system, is obtained.
Degradation of Bacterial Quorum Sensing Signaling Molecules by the Microscopic Yeast Trichosporon loubieri Isolated from Tropical Wetland Waters
Authors: Wong Cheng-Siang , Koh Chong-Lek , Sam Choon-Kook , Chen Jian , Chong Yee , Yin Wai-Fong , Chan Kok-Gan
Published: September 2013

Proteobacteria produce N-acylhomoserine lactones as signaling molecules, which will bind to their cognate receptor and activate quorum sensing-mediated phenotypes in a population-dependent manner. Although quorum sensing signaling molecules can be degraded by bacteria or fungi, there is no reported work on the degradation of such molecules by basidiomycetous yeast. By using a minimal growth medium containing N-3-oxohexanoylhomoserine lactone as the sole source of carbon, a wetland water sample from Malaysia was enriched for microbial strains that can degrade N-acylhomoserine lactones, and consequently, a basidiomycetous yeast strain WW1C was isolated. Morphological phenotype and molecular analyses confirmed that WW1C was a strain of Trichosporon loubieri. We showed that WW1C degraded AHLs with N-acyl side chains ranging from 4 to 10 carbons in length, with or without oxo group substitutions at the C3 position. Re-lactonisation bioassays revealed that WW1C degraded AHLs via a lactonase activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of degradation of N-acyl-homoserine lactones and utilization of N-3-oxohexanoylhomoserine as carbon and nitrogen source for growth by basidiomycetous yeast from tropical wetland water; and the degradation of bacterial quorum sensing molecules by an eukaryotic yeast.
Un processus révolutionnaire méconnu: l'adoption des formes représentatives modernes en Espagne et en Amérique (1808-1810)
Authors: Demélas-Bohy Marie-Danielle , Guerra François-Xavier
Published: September 2013

De la resistencia española contra la ocupación del ejército francés (1808-1814) resultaron varias olas de elecciones generales — ciertas al sufragio casi universal — para dar a la nación en lucha una representación que asociaba a las provincias americanas. Este artículo estudia cómo est proceso electoral se volvió revolucionario, cuál fue la actitud de la ciudad de Cadix donde se reunieron las Cortés elegidas de una manera inaudita, y cómo estas elecciones que prometían la igualdad entre la metrópoli y América condujeron hacia la guerra de independencia americana.
Tintes de subjetividad en las coplas de amor
Authors: Barriga Villanueva Rebeca
Published: September 2013

El tema amoroso es el gran pivote del Cancionero Folklórico de México . Las coplas de Amor feliz y las del Amor desdichado llenan una a una las páginas del Cancionero , en donde el cantante va de la pasión al desencanto, de la alegría a la desolación. Cada uno de los elementos lingüísticos analizados en estas coplas es portador de la subjetividad y de ellas emanan toda la emotividad, la expresividad y la afectividad del lenguaje como han señalado Baily y Vossler. Una misma interjección, una misma palabra repetida, un mismo diminutivo usados en distintos contextos imprimen en la copla los rasgos distintivos que le dan su pertenencia a lo feliz o a lo desdichado.
Un exemple d'utilisation de l'histoire par Ernesto Cardenal : El estrecho dudoso
Authors: Minard Évelyne
Published: September 2013

Dans El estrecho dudoso, Ernesto Cardenal s'inspire des chroniques du XVIème siècle, qui narrent la recherche d'un détroit permettant le passage vers le Pacifique. A partir d'une étude comparative du premier poème du recueil et de la lettre de la Jamaïque de Christophe Colomb, qui raconte son quatrième voyage en Amérique centrale, l'auteur de l'article réfléchit sur la finalité du poète et sur sa technique, qui parvient à concilier fidélité et re-création de l'inter-texte.
Endothelial Progenitor Cells Enhance Islet Engraftment, Influence β-Cell Function, and Modulate Islet Connexin 36 Expression
Authors: Penko Daniella , Rojas-Canales Darling , Mohanasundaram Daisy , Peiris Heshan S. , Sun Wai Y. , Drogemuller Christopher J. , Keating Damien J. , Coates P. Toby H. , Bonder Claudine S. , Jessup Claire F.
Published: September 2013

The success of pancreatic islet transplantation is limited by delayed engraftment and suboptimal function in the longer term. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) represent a potential cellular therapy that may improve the engraftment of transplanted pancreatic islets. In addition, EPCs may directly affect the function of pancreatic β-cells. The objective of this study was to examine the ability of EPCs to enhance pancreatic islet transplantation in a murine syngeneic marginal mass transplant model and to examine the mechanisms through which this occurs. We found that cotransplanted EPCs improved the cure rate and initial glycemic control of transplanted islets. Gene expression data indicate that EPCs, or their soluble products, modulate the expression of the β-cell surface molecule connexin 36 and affect glucose-stimulated insulin release in vitro. In conclusion, EPCs are a promising candidate for improving outcomes in islet transplantation, and their mechanisms of action warrant further study.
Intercultural User Interface Design
Authors: Heimgärtner Rüdiger
Published: September 2013

This chapter starts with an introduction illuminating the theoretical background necessary for taking culture into account in Human Computer Interaction (HCI) design. Definitions of concepts used are provided followed by a historical overview on taking culture into account in HCI design. Subsequently, a glimpse of the current state of research in culture-centered HCI design is derived from secondary literature providing the gist of the structures, processes, methods, models, and theoretic approaches concerning the relationship between culture and HCI design. Controversies and challenges are also mentioned. A short discussion of results from empirical studies and design recommendations for culture-centered HCI design lead to implications and trends in future intercultural user interface design research.
Icon Metaphors for Global Cultures
Authors: Bezuayehu Lulit , Stilan Eric , Peesapati S. Tejaswi
Published: September 2013

Developing icons has always been challenging, from the first appearance of icons on desktop computers to the current day mobile and tablet platforms. Many of the same challenges apply when designing icons for global enterprise software. Icons can easily be misinterpreted when the designer and user have differing cultural backgrounds. The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate the various cultural implications of icon interpretations and misinterpretations by users in various regions around the world. The authors conducted several studies to understand the roles cultures play when icons are viewed and interpreted by users. By deploying global surveys and conducting focus groups with users from around the world, they collected data to help them understand some of the variations in understanding and interpretations of icons. The authors also looked into various cultures that might find certain icons culturally insensitive or even offensive. After extensive research, they found that some of their initial assumptions regarding taboos and cultural standards were skewed by antiquated research, and now, their more recent research data shows that there is a more accepting global view of iconic metaphors and graphical imagery.
Studying Natural Interaction in Multimodal, Multi-Surface, Multiuser Scenarios
Authors: Duarte Carlos , Ribeiro Andreia , Nunes Rafael
Published: September 2013

Current technological apparati have made it possible for natural input systems to reach our homes, businesses, and learning sites. However, and despite some of these systems being already commercialized, there is still a pressing need to better understand how people interact with these apparati, given the whole array of intervening contextual factors. This chapter presents two studies of how people interact with systems supporting gesture and speech on different interaction surfaces: one supporting touch, the other pointing. The naturally occurring commands for both modalities and both surfaces have been identified in these studies. Furthermore, the studies show how surfaces are used, and which modalities are employed based on factors such as the number of people collaborating in the tasks and the placement of appearing objects in the system, thus contributing to the future design of such systems.
Reporting a User Study on a Visual Editor to Compose Rules in Active Documents
Authors: Cabitza Federico , Gesso Iade
Published: September 2013

In the last years, researchers are exploring the feasibility of visual language editors in domain-specific domains where their alleged user-friendliness can be exploited to involve end-users in configuring their artifacts. In this chapter, the authors present an experimental user study conducted to validate the hypothesis that adopting a visual language could help prospective end-users of an electronic medical record define their own document-related local rules. This study allows them to claim that their visual rule editor based on the OpenBlocks framework can be used with no particular training as proficiently as with specific training, and it was found user-friendly by the user panel involved. Although the conclusions of this study cannot be broadly generalized, the findings are a preliminary contribution to show the importance of visual languages in domain-specific rule definition by end-users with no particular IT skills, like medical doctors are supposed to represent.
The Gamification Experience
Authors: Marache-Francisco Cathie , Brangier Eric
Published: September 2013

Through this chapter, the authors aim at describing Gamification—the use of game elements in non-ludic environments—to identify its limits and lacks as well as its assets. Indeed, it has been developed to answer a need that arouses out of the Human Computer Interaction (HCI) field evolutions, and it could be valuable in that scope. The authors propose a definition of Gamification according to several different dimensions that are part of the HCI design field. They suggest it as a first step towards a guiding design framework aimed at designers. They mention future research directions that would help in going further and enriching the framework, leading to the creation of a design model for user experience design through Gamification. The authors finally raise some ethical concerns about the meaning of Gamification itself.
Adapting Chatterbots’ Interaction for Use in Children’s Education
Authors: Jacob Antonio F. L. , da Mata Eulália C. , Santana Ádamo L. , Francês Carlos R. L. , Costa João C. W. A. , Barros Flávia de A.
Published: September 2013

The Web is providing greater freedom for users to create and obtain information in a more dynamic and appropriate way. One means of obtaining information on this platform, which complements or replaces other forms, is the use of conversation robots or Chatterbots. Several factors must be taken into account for the effective use of this technology; the first of which is the need to employ a team of professionals from various fields to build the knowledge base of the system and be provided with a wide range of responses, i.e. interactions. It is a multidisciplinary task to ensure that the use of this system can be targeted to children. In this context, this chapter carries out a study of the technology of Chatterbots and shows some of the changes that have been implemented for the effective use of this technology for children. It also highlights the need for a shift away from traditional methods of interaction so that an affective computing model can be implemented.
A Framework for Designing Interactive Digital Learning Environments for Young People
Authors: Souto Virgínia Tiradentes
Published: September 2013

In this chapter a descriptive framework for designing interactive digital learning environments for young people is proposed. The proposed framework aims to analyse and compare interactive digital learning environments. This framework may be useful to guide the design of digital learning environments for young people and also to provide a structure for understanding the interface characteristics of such environments and how users interact with them. Young people’s characteristics are briefly discussed in relation to the learning process. The approach to creating the framework is presented with the related literature. The framework is described and consists of three main components: learning, user interaction, and visual. Finally, conclusions on the design of interactive digital learning environments are drawn.
Playful Interfaces for Scientific Image Data
Authors: Kallergi Amalia , Verbeek Fons J.
Published: September 2013

Recent developments in the field of HCI draw our attention to the potential of playful interfaces, play, and games. This chapter identifies a new but relevant application domain for playful interfaces (i.e. scientific practice involving image data). Given the thesis that play and playfulness are relevant for a researcher's interaction with scientific images, the question remains: How do we design playful interfaces that support meaningful ways to playfully engage with scientific images? This chapter introduces, investigates, and implements storytelling with scientific images as a worthwhile instance of playful interaction with scientific images. To better understand and further exemplify the potential of storytelling with scientific images, the chapter contributes both a review of utilitarian usages of storytelling with images and findings from a case study storytelling game.
T Cell Transcription Factors and Their Impact on HIV Expression
Authors: Kaczmarek Katarzyna , Morales Ayana , Henderson Andrew J.
Published: September 2013

By targeting CD4+ effector T cells, HIV has a dramatic impact on the depletion, expansion and function of the different polarized T cell subsets. The maturation of T cell lineages is in part driven by intrinsic transcription factors that potentially influence how efficiently HIV replicates. In this review, we explore whether transcription factors that are required for polarizing T cells influence HIV replication. In particular, we examine provirus transcription as well as the establishment and maintenance of HIV latency. Furthermore, it is suggested these factors may provide novel cell-specific therapeutic strategies for targeting the HIV latent reservoir.
The Learners' Perceptions Survey—Primary Care: Assessing Resident Perceptions of Internal Medicine Continuity Clinics and Patient-Centered Care
Authors: Byrne John M. , Chang Barbara K. , Gilman Stuart C. , Keitz Sheri A. , Kaminetzky Catherine P. , Aron David C. , Baz Sam , Cannon Grant W. , Zeiss Robert A. , Holland Gloria J. , Kashner T. Michael
Published: September 2013

Background

In 2010, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) implemented a national patient-centered care initiative that organized primary care into interdisciplinary teams of health care professionals to provide patient-centered, continuous, and coordinated care.

Objective

We assessed the discriminate validity of the Learners' Perceptions Survey—Primary Care (LPS-PC), a tool designed to measure residents' perceptions about their primary and patient-centered care experiences.

Methods

Between October 2010 and June 2011, the LPS-PC was administered to Loma Linda University Medical Center internal medicine residents assigned to continuity clinics at the VA Loma Linda Healthcare System (VALLHCS), a university setting, or the county hospital. Adjusted differences in satisfaction ratings across settings and over domains (patient- and family-centered care, faculty and preceptors, learning, clinical, work and physical environments, and personal experience) were computed using a generalized linear model.

Results

Our response rate was 86% (77 of 90). Residents were more satisfied with patient- and family-centered care at the VALLHCS than at either the university or county (P < .001). However, faculty and preceptors (odds ratio [OR]  =  1.53), physical (OR  =  1.29), and learning (OR  =  1.28) environments had more impact on overall resident satisfaction than patient- and family-centered care (OR  =  1.08).

Conclusions

The LPS-PC demonstrated discriminate validity to assess residents' perceptions of their patient-centered clinical training experience across outpatient primary care settings at an internal medicine residency program. The largest difference in scores was the patient- and family-centered care domain, in which residents rated the VALLHCS much higher than the university or county sites.
ABOUT THE APPLICATIONS OF UNMIXING-BASED DENOISING FOR HYPERSPECTRAL DATA
Authors: Cerra D. , Müller R. , Reinartz P.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Unmixing-based Denoising is a recently defined method which exploits spectral unmixing to recover bands characterized by a low Signal-to-Noise Ratio in a hyperspectral scene. The output of the unmixing process, which aims at decomposing each image element in signals typically related to pure materials, is inferred into the pixelwise reconstruction of a given band, ignoring the residual vector which is mainly characterized by undesired atmospheric influences and sensor-induced noise. The reconstructed images exhibit both high visual quality and reduced spectral distortions. This paper analyses the main problems that must be taken into account when applying this technique to real data. Special attention is given to the reference spectra used in the linear mixing model, which should be selected in order to keep the informational content of a given band unaltered in the reconstruction step.
ADAPTIVE EDGE DETECTION USING ADJUSTED ANT COLONY OPTIMIZATION
Authors: Davoodianidaliki M. , Abedini A. , Shankayi M.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Edges contain important information in image and edge detection can be considered a low level process in image processing. Among different methods developed for this purpose traditional methods are simple and rather efficient. In Swarm Intelligent methods developed in last decade, ACO is more capable in this process. This paper uses traditional edge detection operators such as Sobel and Canny as input to ACO and turns overall process adaptive to application. Magnitude matrix or edge image can be used for initial pheromone and ant distribution. Image size reduction is proposed as an efficient smoothing method. A few parameters such as area and diameter of travelled path by ants are converted into rules in pheromone update process. All rules are normalized and final value is acquired by averaging.
THREE PRE-PROCESSING STEPS TO INCREASE THE QUALITY OF KINECT RANGE DATA
Authors: Davoodianidaliki M. , Saadatseresht M.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. By developing technology with current rate, and increase in usage of active sensors in Close-Range Photogrammetry and Computer Vision, Range Images are the main extra data which has been added to the collection of present ones. Though main output of these data is point cloud, Range Images themselves can be considered important pieces of information. Being a bridge between 2D and 3D data enables it to hold unique and important attributes. There are 3 following properties that are taken advantage of in this study. First attribute to be considered is "Neighborhood of Null pixels" which will add a new field about accuracy of parameters into point cloud. This new field can be used later for data registration and integration. When there is a conflict between points of different stations we can abandon those with lower accuracy field. Next, polynomial fitting to known plane regions is applied. This step can help to soften final point cloud and just applies to some applications. Classification and region tracking in a series of images is needed for this process to be applicable. Finally, there is break-line created by errors of data transfer software. The break-line is caused by loss of some pixels in data transfer and store, and Image will shift along break-line. This error occurs usually when camera moves fast and processor can't handle transfer process entirely. The proposed method performs based on Edge Detection where horizontal lines are used to recognize break-line and near-vertical lines are used to determine shift value.