bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid and accurate energy models through calibration with IPMI and RAPL
Authors: Kavanagh Richard , Djemame Karim
Published: January 2019

Energy consumption in Cloud and High Performance Computing platforms is a significant issue and affects aspects such as the cost of energy and the cooling of the data center. Host level monitoring and prediction provides the groundwork for improving energy efficiency through the placement of workloads. Monitoring must be fast and efficient without unnecessary overhead, to enable scalability. This precludes the use of Watt meters attached per host, requiring alternative approaches such as integrated measurements and models. IPMI and RAPL are subject to error and partial measurement, which may be mitigated. Models allow for prediction and more responsive measures of power consumption, but require calibrating. The causes of calibration error are discussed, along with mitigation strategies, without overly complicating the underlying model. An outcome is a Watt meter emulator that provides hosts level power measurement along with estimated power consumption for a given workload, with an average error of 0.20W.
Edge/Defect‐Rich, Metallic, and Oxygen‐Heteroatom‐Doped WS2 Superstructure with Superior Electrocatalytic Performance for Green Solar Energy Conversion
Authors: Yin Jie , Wei Jiazhen , Guo Junxue , Shi Shaozhen , Chai Ning , Zhang Kaixuan , Xu Wenli , Yuan Cang , Liu Ting , Lin Weili , Zhang Qi , Zhou Huawei , Zhang Yingtian , Chen Baoli , Pu Xipeng , Li Wenzhi , Zhang Xianxi
Published: January 2019

Two‐dimensional tungsten sulfide is widely applied in electrocatalysis. However, WS2 possesses catalytic active sites located at the layer edge and an inert surface for catalysis. Therefore, increasing the exposure of active sites at the edge and effectively activating the inert sites on the surface is an important challenge. Here, an edge/defect‐rich and oxygen‐heteroatom‐doped WS2 (ED‐O‐WS2) superstructure was synthesized. The power‐conversion efficiency (PCE) of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) based on an ED‐O‐WS2 counter electrode reached 10.36 % (under 1 sun, AM 1.5, 100 mW cm−2) and 11.19 % (under 40 mW cm−2). These values are, to our knowledge, the highest reported efficiency for DSCs based on Pt‐free counter electrodes in I3−/I− electrolytes. Analysis of the micro/nano structure and the electrocatalytic mechanism indicate that ED‐O‐WS2 exhibits metallic properties in the electrolyte, and that abundant edges and defects as well as oxygen doping in ED‐O‐WS2 play an important role in improving the catalytic activity of WS2. Moreover, ED‐O‐WS2 displays better catalytic reversibility for I3−/I− electrolytes than Pt.
Metformin abuse: A novel and dangerous purging behavior in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Geer Bashir , Gibson Dennis , Grayeb Daniela , Benabe Jodie , Victory Shelby , Mehler Shoshanah , Mehler Philip
Published: January 2019

Objective

To report a case of severe multisystem illness, near death and permanent kidney failure in a woman with a history of anorexia nervosa‐binge purge type due to abuse of prescription metformin, an approved oral diabetes medication obtained surreptitiously via the internet.

Method

Psychiatric and medical records were reviewed from the medical care of this patient. A literature search was also performed on prescription medication abuse as a mode of purging.

Discussion

Metformin abuse in a patient with an eating disorder as a purging behavior is a rarely reported, albeit very dangerous entity. Clinicians treating eating disorders should increasingly be aware of the potential abuse of prescription medications, unapproved for weight loss but which have weight loss, as a reported side effect. This is particularly important as the ability to obtain prescription medications via the internet, without a prescription, becomes more ubiquitous.
18S rRNA metabarcoding diet analysis of a predatory fish community across seasonal changes in prey availability
Authors: Waraniak Justin M. , Marsh Terence L. , Scribner Kim T.
Published: January 2019

Predator–prey relationships are important ecological interactions, affecting biotic community composition and energy flow through a system, and are of interest to ecologists and managers. Morphological diet analysis has been the primary method used to quantify the diets of predators, but emerging molecular techniques using genetic data can provide more accurate estimates of relative diet composition. This study used sequences from the 18S V9 rRNA barcoding region to identify prey items in the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of predatory fishes. Predator GI samples were taken from the Black River, Cheboygan Co., MI, USA (n = 367 samples, 12 predator species) during periods of high prey availability, including the larval stage of regionally threatened lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque 1817) in late May/early June of 2015 and of relatively lower prey availability in early July of 2015. DNA was extracted and sequenced from 355 samples (96.7%), and prey DNA was identified in 286 of the 355 samples (80.6%). Prey were grouped into 33 ecologically significant taxonomic groups based on the lowest taxonomic level sequences that could be identified using sequences available on GenBank. Changes in the makeup of diet composition, dietary overlap, and predator preference were analyzed comparing the periods of high and low prey abundance. Some predator species exhibited significant seasonal changes in diet composition. Dietary overlap was slightly but significantly higher during the period of high prey abundance; however, there was little change in predator preference. This suggests that change in prey availability was the driving factor in changing predator diet composition and dietary overlap. This study demonstrates the utility of molecular diet analysis and how temporal variability in community composition adds complexity to predator–prey interactions.
Spatially structured statistical network models for landscape genetics
Authors: Peterson Erin E. , Hanks Ephraim M. , Hooten Mevin B. , Ver Hoef Jay M. , Fortin Marie‐Josée
Published: January 2019

A basic understanding of how the landscape impedes, or creates resistance to, the dispersal of organisms and hence gene flow is paramount for successful conservation science and management. Spatially structured ecological networks are often used to represent spatial landscape‐genetic relationships, where nodes represent individuals or populations and resistance to movement is represented using non‐binary edge weights. Weights are typically assigned or estimated by the user, rather than observed, and validating such weights is challenging. We provide a synthesis of current methods used to estimate edge weights and an overview of common model types, stressing the advantages and disadvantages of each approach and their ability to model landscape‐genetic data. We further explore a set of spatial‐statistical methods that provide ecologists with alternative approaches for modeling spatially explicit processes that may affect genetic structure. This includes an overview of spatial autoregressive models, with a particular focus on how correlation and partial correlation are used to represent neighborhood structure with the inverse of the covariance matrix (i.e., precision matrix). We then demonstrate how to model resistance by specifying an appropriate statistical model on the nodes, conditioned on the edge weights, through the precision matrix. This integration of network ecology and spatial statistics provides a practical analytical framework for landscape‐genetic studies. The results can be used to make statistical inferences about the relative importance of individual landscape characteristics, such as the vegetative cover, hillslope, or the presence of roads or rivers, on gene flow. In addition, the R code we include allows readers to explore landscape‐genetic structure in their own datasets, which will potentially provide new insights into the evolutionary processes that generated ecological networks, as well as valuable information about the optimal characteristics of conservation corridors.
Research on performance improvement of magnetostrictive vibration power generator by frame material
Authors: Minamitani Tamotsu , Ueno Toshiyuki
Published: January 2019

As the performance of modules improved and the Internet became widespread, various electric appliances in daily life became connected to the Internet. Along with this, related to the method of supplying power to the module, attention is being paid to energy harvesting such as vibrational power generator. A magnetostrictive vibration generator comprising a magnetostrictive material (Fe‐Ga alloy) and a vibrating material is a promising device capable of generating small size and high power. However, selection of the optimum vibration material and analysis of the magnetic circuit for the magnetic characteristics of the Fe‐Ga alloy were insufficient, and it was thought that the vibration power generation device could not fully demonstrate the performance. In this paper, magnetic properties of monocrystalline Fe‐Ga alloy and vibrating material are grasped and magnetic analysis using finite element method is carried out. In addition, actually samples were prepared and compared with the results of magnetic analysis. From this result, we examined the effect of combinations of materials on device performance.
Capacitance reduction of pulse voltage generator by using series voltage compensator
Authors: Takahashi Yuki , Iijima Ryuji , Isobe Takanori , Tadano Hiroshi , Yamazaki Choji , Hasegawa Chihiro
Published: January 2019

This paper proposes a new configuration of a pulse voltage generator, which can be applied to the klystron modulator for a large‐scale accelerator. The voltage generator consists of a conventional capacitor discharge type pulse voltage generator and series cascaded voltage compensators. By using the voltage compensators, higher voltage fluctuation of the bank capacitor is acceptable; therefore, its capacitance and the dimensions of the capacitors can be low. This paper discusses the control strategy of the voltage compensators and thyristors for DC voltage supply for the highly fluctuating capacitor voltage, and demonstrates this by a laboratory‐scale experimental setup.
Zwitterionic Systems Obtained by Condensation of Heteroaryl‐Boronic Acids and Rhodizonic Acid
Authors: Fornasari Luca , d'Agostino Simone , Braga Dario
Published: January 2019

The boronic acid derivatives 4‐pyridinylboronic acid (4‐pyBA) and pyrimidine‐5‐boronic acid (pyrBA) have been reacted with the oxocarbon rhodizonic acid or with sodium rhodizonate both in solution and in the solid state. Four novel condensation adducts have been isolated as hydrates, namely C16H16B2N2O12·xH2O (1a·xH2O; x = 2 or 4), C16H14B2N2O10·3H2O (2a·3H2O), C14H14B2N4O12·2.5H2O (1b·2.5H2O), and C14H12B2N4O10·3H2O (2b·3H2O), and fully characterized by X‐ray single crystal and powder diffraction. Their thermal stability and behavior upon dehydration have also been investigated by TGA and single‐crystal to single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction experiments. It has been shown that the boronic acid derivatives 4‐pyridinylboronic acid and pyrimidine‐5‐boronic acid react with rhodizonic acid in a similar way producing two distinct products, the so‐called “axle” compounds (1a and 1b) and “tweezer” compounds (2a and 2b), depending on the experimental conditions and preparation method. With both boronic acids, the “tweezer” compound is the only product of the mechanical mixing of the reactants. Both “axle” and “tweezer” compounds are in the zwitterionic form with the boronate ion being neutralized through protonation on the pyridinyl and pyrimidine N‐terminus.
Artificial Neural Networks for the Resolution of Dopamine and Serotonin Complex Mixtures Using a Graphene‐Modified Carbon Electrode
Authors: Bonet‐San‐Emeterio Marta , González‐Calabuig Andreu , del Valle Manel
Published: January 2019

This work explores an electrode modified with electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) for the voltammetric resolution of mixtures of neurotransmitters and its most common interferents. This enhanced sensitivity device coupled with advanced chemometric tools, such as artificial neural networks (ANNs), is able to resolve and quantify complex mixtures with overlapped signals. In this case, it has been applied to dopamine (DA), serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT) and its main physiologic interferents, ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA), which play a relevant role in human body. The results obtained for individual analysis make evident a higher sensitivity of the developed sensor than the unmodified electrode. Furthermore, it has been attained an ANN response model with good correlation ability allowing the separation and quantification of each compound with comparison slope of predicted vs. expected concentrations with correlation better than 0.974. In short, the developed ERGO‐modified sensor not only improved the signal but it also permitted resolving and quantifying each compound in complex mixtures when the proper chemometric treatment was used.
Minimally‐invasive Microneedle‐based Biosensor Array for Simultaneous Lactate and Glucose Monitoring in Artificial Interstitial Fluid
Authors: Bollella Paolo , Sharma Sanjiv , Cass Anthony Edward George , Antiochia Riccarda
Published: January 2019

Here we report the first mediated pain free microneedle‐based biosensor array for the continuous and simultaneous monitoring of lactate and glucose in artificial interstitial fluid (ISF). The gold surface of the microneedles has been modified by electrodeposition of Au‐multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and successively by electropolymerization of the redox mediator, methylene blue (MB). Functionalization of the Au‐MWCNTs/polyMB platform with the lactate oxidase (LOX) enzyme (working electrode 1) and with the FAD‐Glucose dehydrogenase (FADGDH) enzyme (working electrode 2) enabled the continuous monitoring of lactate and glucose in the artificial ISF. The lactate biosensor exhibited a high sensitivity (797.4±38.1 μA cm−2 mM−1), a good linear range (10–100 μM) with a detection limit of 3 μM. The performance of the glucose biosensor were also good with a sensitivity of 405.2±24.1 μA cm−2 mM−1, a linear range between 0.05 and 5 mM and a detection limit of 7 μM. The biosensor array was tested to detect the amount of lactate generated after 100 minutes of cycling exercise (12 mM) and of glucose after a normal meal for a healthy patient (10 mM). The results reveal that the new microneedles‐based biosensor array seems to be a promising tool for the development of real‐time wearable devices with a variety of sport medicine and clinical care applications.
Scaling behavior in on‐chip field‐amplified sample stacking
Authors: Dubey Kaushlendra , Gupta Amit , Bahga Supreet Singh
Published: January 2019

Field amplified sample stacking (FASS) uses differential electrophoretic velocity of analyte ions in the high‐conductivity background electrolyte zone and low conductivity sample zone for increasing the analyte concentration. The stacking rate of analyte ions in FASS is limited by molecular diffusion and convective dispersion due to nonuniform electroosmotic flow (EOF). We present a theoretical scaling analysis of stacking dynamics in FASS and its validation with a large set of on‐chip sample stacking experiments and numerical simulations. Through scaling analysis, we have identified two stacking regimes that are relevant for on‐chip FASS, depending upon whether the broadening of the stacked peak is dominated by axial diffusion or convective dispersion. We show that these two regimes are characterized by distinct length and time scales, based on which we obtain simplified nondimensional relations for the temporal growth of peak concentration and width in FASS. We first verify the theoretical scaling behavior in diffusion‐ and convection‐dominated regimes using numerical simulations. Thereafter, we show that the experimental data of temporal growth of peak concentration and width at varying electric fields, conductivity gradients, and EOF exhibit the theoretically predicted scaling behavior. The scaling behavior described in this work provides insights into the effect of varying experimental parameters, such as electric field, conductivity gradient, electroosmotic mobility, and electrophoretic mobility of the analyte on the dynamics of on‐chip FASS.
The impact of time after radiation treatment on dysphagia in patients with head and neck cancer enrolled in a swallowing therapy program
Authors: Van Daele Douglas J. , Langmore Susan E. , Krisciunas Gintas P. , Lazarus Cathy L. , Pauloski Barbara R. , McCulloch Timothy M. , Gramigna Gary D. , Messing Barbara P. , Wagner Cynthia W. , Mott Sarah L
Published: January 2019

Background

Swallowing dysfunction after radiotherapy (RT) for head and neck cancer can be devastating. A randomized control trial compared swallow exercises versus exercise plus neuromuscular electrical stimulation therapy and found no overall difference in outcomes.

Methods

Quality of life (QOL), diet, and swallowing variables collected at discrete intervals on 117 patients were reanalyzed to test the hypothesis that shorter time between the completion of radiotherapy and beginning of the swallowing therapy program yielded improved outcomes.

Results

At baseline, subjects < 1 year post radiation had significantly better function than subjects >2 years post RT in several measures. Over the therapy program, the early group showed significant improvement in diet and QOL. Swallowing physiologic variables showed no difference between groups.

Conclusion

Beginning a swallowing therapy program within 1 year of completion of radiotherapy demonstrates more consistent improvement in QOL and diet performance compared to later periods.
Patterns of recurrence and retreatment outcomes among clinical stage I and II head and neck melanoma patients
Authors: Namin Arya W. , Cornell Georgeanne E. , Thombs Lori A. , Zitsch Robert P.
Published: January 2019

Background

The objective of this study was to determine survival outcomes in patients who underwent retreatment of recurrent cases of cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck (CMHN).

Methods

Retrospective review of all patients who were treated for primary clinical stage I or II CMHN between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2015.

Results

Twenty percent (33/168) of the patients developed a recurrence. Sixty‐six percent (4/6) of patients who developed local recurrence first and 50% (3/6) of patients who developed regional recurrence first were alive without evidence (NED) of disease at last follow‐up, while 0% (0/21) of patients who developed distant or simultaneous recurrences first were NED at last follow‐up. Among the 7 patients who were NED, the mean time from recurrence to last follow‐up was 735 days.

Conclusions

Of patients with isolated local or regional recurrences, 58% (7/12) obtained durable curative treatment for recurrent melanoma.
Toxicity studies used in registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemicals (REACH): How accurately are they reported?
Authors: Ingre-Khans Ellen , Ågerstrand Marlene , Beronius Anna , Rudén Christina
Published: January 2019

Toxicity studies on chemicals registered under the European Union's Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation are provided as summaries instead of as a full study report. Because the registration data are used by regulatory agencies to identify chemicals of concern, the study summaries must accurately reflect the information in studies. A “study summary” should include sufficient information on the objectives, methods, results, and conclusions in the full study report in order for the relevance of the study to be determined. Sometimes a “robust study summary” is required, which should contain more detailed information to enable an independent assessment of the study. The aim of the present investigation is to examine how well published toxicity papers were reflected in study summaries submitted by registrants under REACH. Summaries of 20 published studies (peer-reviewed studies, including 1 abstract) were examined and broad categories of various types of observed differences were derived. The extent to which information in the published studies was reported, as well as how accurately the information was reflected, varied. How accurately the information was reflected also varied. Differences between the published studies and the summaries included simple typing errors, unclear and incomplete reporting, as well as the omission of information on, for example, study design, results, or interpretation of the results, which in some cases could be considered relevant for the risk assessment. This raises concerns regarding the accuracy of study summaries and their use for decision making. Moreover, the possibility for third parties to independently assess and scrutinize the summaries is limited. Considering that we rely on REACH registration data for chemical safety, all data used for risk assessment should be accessible for thorough examination and fully independent assessment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;00:000–000. © 2019 SETAC
The potential role of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in the further investigation of colorectal cancer patients with nonspecific findings on standard investigations
Authors: Wong Rachel , Tie Jeanne , Lee Margaret , Cohen Joshua , Wang Yuxuan , Li Lu , Ma Stephen , Christie Michael , Kosmider Suzanne , Tomasetti Cristian , Papadopoulos Nickolas , Kinzler Kenneth W. , Vogelstein Bert , Gibbs Peter
Published: January 2019

Early detection of metastatic colorectal cancer, at initial diagnosis or during routine surveillance, can improve survival outcomes. Current routine investigations, including CEA and CT, have limited sensitivity and specificity. Recent studies of colorectal cancer cohorts under post surgery surveillance indicate circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) evidence of recurrence can occur many months before clinical detection. Another possible role for ctDNA is in the further assessment of indeterminate findings on standard CEA or CT investigations. To further explore this potential, we undertook a prospective study. Further investigation, including FDG‐PET imaging, was at clinician discretion, blinded to ctDNA analysis. Forty‐nine patients were enrolled. Analyzed here are the 45 patients with an evaluable blood sample of whom 6 had an isolated elevated CEA, 30 had indeterminate CT findings, and 9 had both. FDG‐PET scans were performed in 30 patients. Fourteen of 45 patients (31%) had detectable ctDNA. At completion of the planned 2 year follow‐up, recurrence has occurred in 21 (47%) patients. Detectable ctDNA at study entry was associated with inferior relapse free survival (HR 4.85, p < 0.0001). Where FDG‐PET scan was normal/equivocal (n = 15, 50%) 1 of 1 with detectable ctDNA versus 3 of 14 with undetectable ctDNA ultimately had recurrence confirmed. In summary, for colorectal cancer patients with indeterminate findings on routine investigations, ctDNA detection increases the probability that the findings indicate metastatic disease, including in a nonpredefined subset that also underwent FDG‐PET imaging. Further studies of the value of ctDNA analysis during patient surveillance are warranted.
FAK alternative splice mRNA variants expression pattern in colorectal cancer
Authors: Devaud Christel , Tilkin‐Mariamé Anne‐Françoise , Vignolle‐Vidoni Alix , Souleres Philippine , Denadai‐Souza Alexandre , Rolland Corinne , Duthoit Christine , Blanpied Catherine , Chabot Sophie , Bouillé Pascale , Lluel Philippe , Vergnolle Nathalie , Racaud‐Sultan Claire , Ferrand Audrey
Published: January 2019

The Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a ubiquitous cytoplasmic tyrosine‐kinase promoting tumor progression and metastasis processes by acting in cancer cells and their tumor microenvironment partners. FAK overexpression in primary colon tumors and their metastasis is associated to poor colorectal cancer (CRC) patients’ outcome. Eight FAK mRNA alternative splice variants have been described and contribute to additional level of FAK activity regulation, some of them corresponding to overactivated FAK isoforms. To date, FAK mRNA alternative splice variants expression and implication in CRC processes remain unknown. Here, using different human CRC cells lines displaying differential invasive capacities in an in vivo murine model recapitulating the different steps of CRC development from primary tumors to liver and lung metastasis, we identified three out of the eight mRNA variants (namely FAK0, FAK28 and FAK6) differentially expressed along the CRC process and the tumor sites. Our results highlight an association between FAK0 and FAK6 expressions and the metastatic potential of the most aggressive cell lines HT29 and HCT116, suggesting that FAK0 and FAK6 could represent aggressiveness markers in CRC. Our findings also suggest a more specific role for FAK28 in the interactions between the tumors cells and their microenvironment. In conclusion, targeting FAK0, the common form of FAK, might not be a good strategy based on the numerous roles of this kinase in physiological processes. In contrast, FAK6 or FAK28 splice variants, or their corresponding protein isoforms, may putatively represent future therapeutic target candidates in the development of CRC primary tumors and metastasis.
Patterns of utilization and a case illustration of an interactive text‐based psychotherapy delivery system
Authors: Nitzburg George C. , Farber Barry A.
Published: January 2019

This paper provides data on the experiences of 267 patients, all with self‐reported symptoms of depression or anxiety, engaged in an interactive text‐based delivery system for psychotherapy. The paper also offers a case study that illustrates the use of this treatment, indicating ways in which such systems can be useful for patients who may not access or benefit from more traditional therapeutic models.
Whole exome sequencing for prenatal diagnosis in cases with fetal anomalies: Criteria to improve diagnostic yield
Authors: Yadava Stacy M. , Ashkinadze Elena
Published: January 2019

Whole exome sequencing (WES) for prenatal diagnosis has a reported diagnostic yield of 6.2%–57%. Our aim was to identify patients with a high likelihood of genetic diagnosis using WES in cases with fetal ultrasound anomalies. This is a series of five selected cases for prenatal WES at our institution. Pregnant couples were initially identified due to fetal ultrasound anomalies. Candidates for WES for fetal diagnosis had a normal fetal karyotype and negative microarray with at least one of the following: parental consanguinity, large regions of homozygosity on fetal microarray, or high likelihood of single gene disorder based on ultrasound findings. All trios underwent sequencing of parental and fetal samples. WES was diagnostic in four of the five cases (80%). We identified two recessive conditions and two de novo mutations. Four couples consented to secondary findings and in one case, the father was found to have an MSH2 mutation associated with Lynch syndrome. The use of specific selection criteria for WES increased diagnostic yield to 80%. This is higher than previously reported. Wide application of our criteria can help identify those who may benefit most from this testing in prenatal diagnosis.
Dynamics in HIV‐DNA levels over time in HIV controllers
Authors: Avettand‐Fenoel Véronique , Bayan Tatiana , Gardiennet Elise , Boufassa Faroudy , Lopez Pauline , Lecuroux Camille , Noel Nicolas , Trémeaux Pauline , Monceaux Valérie , Autran Brigitte , Meyer Laurence , Saez‐Cirion Asier , Lambotte Olivier , Rouzioux Christine ,   the CODEX ANRS Cohort Study Group
Published: January 2019

Introduction

HIV controllers (HIC) maintain viraemia at low levels without antiretroviral treatment and have small HIV reservoirs. Nevertheless, they are heterogeneous regarding their risk of infection progression. The study of reservoirs can help elucidate this control. This study aimed to explore the factors implicated in the pathogenesis of HIV infection that are potentially associated with HIV reservoirs and their dynamics in HIC.

Methods

Individuals living with HIV included in the ANRS‐CODEX cohort with at least two HIV‐DNA measurements between 2009 and 2016 were selected. The total HIV‐DNA levels had been quantified prospectively from blood samples. Mixed‐effect linear models estimated the HIV‐DNA dynamics over time.

Results

The median (interquartile range (IQR)) HIV‐DNA level was 1.5 (1.3 to 1.9) log copies/million peripheral blood mononuclear cells at inclusion (n = 202 individuals). These low levels showed heterogeneity among HIC. Lower levels were then associated with the protective HLA‐B*27/B*57 alleles and/or lower HIV‐RNA level at inclusion, negative hepatitis C virus serology, lower HIV‐suppressive capacity of specific CD8 T cells and lower levels of immune activation and inflammation. Interestingly, mathematical modelling of the dynamics of HIV‐DNA over time (840 measurements) showed that the number of infected cells decreased in 46% of HIC (follow‐up: 47.6 months) and increased in 54% of HIC. A multivariate analysis indicated that HLA‐B*27/B*57 alleles, a low level of HIV‐RNA and a low level of HIV‐DNA at inclusion were markers independently associated with this decrease.

Conclusions

These results offer new insights into the mechanisms of long‐term control in HIC. In half of HIC, the decrease in HIV‐DNA level could be linked to tighter viral control and progressive loss of infected cells. These findings allow the identification of HIC with a low risk of progression who may not need treatment.
Diurnal variability of cerebral metabolites in healthy human brain with 2D localized correlation spectroscopy (2D L‐COSY)
Authors: Arm Jameen , Al‐iedani Oun , Lea Rod , Lechner‐Scott Jeannette , Ramadan Saadallah
Published: January 2019

Background

Two‐dimensional localized correlation spectroscopy (2D L‐COSY) is a research tool that has been applied to evaluate in vivo metabolic activity in many neurological and oncological disorders. Circadian mediators such as brain temperature, hydration, and osmotic regulation have been claimed to change metabolic profiles.

Purpose

To evaluate the diurnal variability of neuro‐metabolites with 2D L‐COSY in healthy subjects using a 3 T scanner.

Study Type

Crossover.

Population/Phantom

Ten healthy subjects and magnetic resonance spectroscopy‐high definition (MRS‐HD) sphere or “Braino.” Field Strength/Sequence: 3 T/2D L‐COSY MRS.

Assessment

In vivo 2D L‐COSY measurements were performed on ten healthy subjects (5 M/5F, mean age 36.1 ± 7.7 years) repeatedly at three timepoints (0700, 1200, and 1700) on the same day. in vitro evaluations were performed in a similar fashion as in vivo on Braino containing selected brain metabolites at physiological concentrations and pH. 2D L‐COSY was acquired from a 27 cm3 voxel located in the posterior cingulate cortex. A total of 75 resonances were included in the analysis and spectral peak volumes were normalized to creatine.

Statistical Test

One‐way repeated measured analysis of variance with Bonferroni post‐hoc adjustment using SPSS software.

Results

In vitro data showed no statistically significant differences between different scans (P > 0.12). in vivo results showed statistically significant diurnal variations (P ≤ 0.05, F > 3.88) for 22 resonances. Bonferroni post‐hoc testing showed there was statistically significant increases in metabolite ratios between 0700 and 1700 and these include different moieties of N‐acetylaspartate, creatine, choline, myo‐inositol, lipids, fucose, glutathione, and homocarnosine.

Data Conclusion

2D L‐COSY can detect diurnal physiological variability in neuro‐metabolite levels. Thus, time of the day should be considered when planning MRS studies to avoid confounding results.

Level of Evidence: 1

Technical Efficacy Stage: 1

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:592–601.
Viscoelastic Behavior of Alkyl Ether Sulfate Systems Containing Nanosized Colloidal Silica
Authors: Adamy Steven T.
Published: January 2019

Surfactant systems incorporating wormlike micelles (WLM) are utilized in both industrial and consumer products. While the viscoelastic behavior of such systems provides for many desired end‐use properties, there is often a need to further modify the rheological properties of such systems. These WLM systems behave much like polymer systems. Furthermore, incorporation of nanosized particles results in interaction of nanoparticles with the large WLM structures altering the rheological behavior. While there are a number of studies that have focused on the effect of particles on the rheological behavior in cationic surfactant systems, fewer studies have been done on systems containing anionic surfactants. In this study, relaxation behaviors in systems containing sodium alkyl ether sulfate and sodium carbonate were studied. The anionic surfactant was an alkyl ether sulfate with an average chain length of 12 carbons and one ethoxy group. WLM behavior was achieved through the addition of sodium carbonate. Ludox TMA, a nanosized colloidal silica, was employed at different concentrations in the WLM systems. Temperature was varied between 5 and 45°C. While characterization of relaxation in terms of the Maxwell model adequately described data below the threshold of ωτ ~1, the model failed to adequately describe behavior at higher frequencies. A modified expression with an additional relaxation mode adequately described relaxation throughout the frequency range studied. It was also found that zero‐shear viscosities generally increased with an increase in silica concentration, and relaxation times decreased. Measurements of relaxation due to a compressive stress via ultrasonic attenuation measurements in the surfactant/particle systems are also discussed.
Colour profile analysis of Port wines by various instrumental and visual methods
Authors: Soares‐da‐Silva Francisco AG , Campos Francisco M , Ferreira Manuel L , Ribeiro Natália , Amaral Bento , Simões Tomás , Silva Cristina LM
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

Wine colour is an important quality parameter, being the first sensorial attribute evaluated during wine tasting. The perception of wine colour can be different depending on many factors, including the depth of the sample under observation. The main objectives of the present study were to measure the colour of Port wines using CIE L*, a*, b* parameters at different depths with various instrumental techniques (spectrophotometry and colorimetry), and to compare the obtained results with the sensory (visual) perception of colour samples.

RESULTS

Representative profiles of lightness (L*), hue (H*) and chroma (C*) at different depths were obtained using Port wine samples from various categories and ages. In general, relatively good correlations between the colorimetric and spectrophotometric methods were obtained for the L* and H* parameters. The results of the sensory tests also showed good correlations between the visually assessed hue scores and the colorimetric measurements of the H* parameter, particularly at the lower depths tested (up to 4.0 mm).

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the results indicate that the colorimetric method can be used for estimating wine colour parameters, providing useful information about the colour profile of wines at different depths. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantity assessment of polyphenols, glycoalkaloids and saponins in Solanum scabrum berries of different genetic sources and maturity by HPLC/UV–visible/MS methods
Authors: Yuan Bo , Byrnes David , Dinssa Fekadu F , Simon James E , Wu Qingli
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

Solanum scabrum berries in sub‐Saharan Africa are prolific but neglected as an agricultural resource. Recognition and application of such underutilized resources rely on systematic study of the relevant phytochemicals of commercial value.

RESULTS

The quantities of a total of 54 phytochemicals in Solanum scabrum berries were assessed using HPLC‐MS methods. Berries from eight different genetic sources were analyzed with two entries monitored across different maturation stages. There was a significant variation among mature berries in the accumulation of phenolic acids, 91.5–794 mg·100 g−1 dry weight (DW); flavonols, 76.3–897 mg·100 g−1 DW; anthocyanins, 178–4650 mg·100 g−1 DW; glycoalkaloids, 1.76–1630 mg·100 g−1 DW; and saponins, 82.2–606 mg·100 g−1 DW. Fruit development from immature to post‐frost harvest featured dynamic changes in phytochemical composition and, despite remarkable differences in the absolute magnitude of content, the trend of change was generally similar in different genetic sources.

CONCLUSIONS

The genotype‐dependent difference in toxic glycoalkaloids in mature berries may partially explain the consumption controversy as it reflects glycoalkaloid content. The analytical methods applied in this work should serve for quality control of glycoalkaloids thereby improving the safe utilization of this berry. In addition, the selection and breeding of new genotypes with low and safe levels of glycoalkaloids and saponins in the berry could be of value in sub‐Saharan Africa to increase nutrition and generate new income opportunities for growers. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Acacia, cherry and oak wood chips used for a short aging period of rosé wines: effects on general phenolic parameters, volatile composition and sensory profile
Authors: Santos Filipa , Correia Ana C , Ortega‐Heras Mirian , García‐Lomillo Javier , González‐SanJosé María L , Jordão António M , Ricardo‐da‐Silva Jorge M
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

There is a restricted knowledge about the potential impact of the use of different wood chip species on the rosé wine aging process. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the general phenolic parameters, aroma composition and sensory profile of rosé wines during a short maturation (20 aging days) in contact with wood chips from oak, acacia and cherry. In addition, the different wood chips were added to a rosé wine without a previous clarification process (unfined wine) and to a rosé wine submitted to a clarification process (fined wine).

RESULTS

For the brief maturation time considered, the use of different wood chips induced a tendency for an increase of phenolic content, in particular for unfined rosé wine aged in contact with acacia chips. For volatile composition, the differentiation was clearer for aldehyde compounds group. Regarding sensorial overall appreciation the panel test preferred the unfined rosé wine aged in contact with acacia wood chips.

CONCLUSIONS

The results show that, in general, the use of different wood chip species (acacia, cherry and oak) for a brief maturation time of rosé wines could play an important role in rosé wine characteristics, in particular in their phenolic composition. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Mineralisation of tubular bones is affected differently by low phosphorus supply in growing‐finishing pigs
Authors: Sørensen Kristina U , Shiguetomi‐Medina Juan M , Poulsen Hanne D
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

Phosphorus (P) supply is essential for bone mineralisation. Reduced P may result in osteopenia, whereas excessive P may result in environmental impacts. The objective was to study the long‐term effect of three dietary P levels on net bone mineralisation in growing‐finishing pigs. Eighteen female pigs were fed low P (LP (4.1)), medium P (MP (6.2)) or high P (HP (8.9 g P kg−1 DM)) from 39.7 until 110 kg. Trabecular, cortical and overall bone mineral density (BMD), ash, calcium (Ca) and P were determined after slaughter.

RESULTS

The LP diet generally reduced the BMD, ash, Ca and P in all bones, though all measures were markedly lowered in femur compared with humerus. The trabecular BMD in LP pigs was only different in the distal section compared to the MP‐fed pigs (P < 0.05). In addition, ash, Ca and P were lower in the proximal and distal sections. No significant effect of HP was seen. Conclusively, LP caused lower net bone mineralisation, mainly of femur. The trabecular tissue of the distal bones seems to be most metabolically active.

CONCLUSIONS

The MP level was sufficient for net bone mineralisation. Femur is recommended for studying bone fragility whereas humerus seems useful to study increased P retention. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Expert sampling of VR simulator metrics for automated assessment of mastoidectomy performance
Authors: Andersen Steven Arild Wuyts , Mikkelsen Peter Trier , Sørensen Mads Sølvsten
Published: January 2019

Objective

Often the assessment of mastoidectomy performance requires time‐consuming manual rating. Virtual reality (VR) simulators offer potentially useful automated assessment and feedback but should be supported by validity evidence. We aimed to investigate simulator metrics for automated assessment based on the expert performance approach, comparison with an established assessment tool, and the consequences of standard setting.

Methods

The performances of 11 experienced otosurgeons and 37 otorhinolaryngology residents. Participants performed three mastoidectomies in the Visible Ear Simulator. Nine residents contributed additional data on repeated practice in the simulator. One hundred and twenty‐nine different performance metrics were collected by the simulator and final‐product files were saved. These final products were analyzed using a modified Welling Scale by two blinded raters.

Results

Seventeen metrics could discriminate between resident and experienced surgeons’ performances. These metrics mainly expressed various aspects of efficiency: Experts demonstrated more goal‐directed behavior and less hesitancy, used less time, and selected large and sharp burrs more often. The combined metrics‐based score (MBS) demonstrated significant discriminative ability between experienced surgeons and residents with a mean difference of 16.4% (95% confidence interval [12.6–20.2], P << 0.001). A pass/fail score of 83.6% was established. The MBS correlated poorly with the final‐product score but excellently with the final‐product score per time.

Conclusion

The MBS mainly reflected efficiency components of the mastoidectomy procedure, and although it could have some uses in self‐directed training, it fails to measure and encourage safe routines. Supplemental approaches and feedback are therefore required in VR simulation training of mastoidectomy.

Level of Evidence

2b

Laryngoscope, 129:2170–2177, 2019
Palatal anatomy for sleep apnea surgery
Authors: Olszewska Ewa , Woodson B. Tucker
Published: January 2019

The goal of this review is to advance the understanding of the muscular and soft tissue palatal anatomy as it relates to palatal surgery for sleep apnea and the phenotypic variations that generate the shape and collapsibility of the retropalatal airway. Anatomically, the soft palate has both a proximal and distal segments separated by the palatal genu. The proximal palatal segment has a variable angle from the hard palate (ie, alpha angle) determined by the position and length of the levator veli palatini muscle. The palatopharyngeus muscle (PP) is a major defining element of the palate and lateral pharyngeal wall and forms the medial wall of the lateral palatal space. It is composed of two divisions: the longitudinal palatopharyngeus fasciculi which acts to elevate the pharynx and depress the soft palate and the transverse palatopharyngeus fascicle (Passavant's ridge) which function is a nasopharyngeal sphincter. The lateral palatal space incorporates the supra‐tonsilar fat, and is bounded by muscles that determine the structure of the palate and associated lateral pharyngeal walls. Understanding of palatal muscles and pharyngeal airway phenotypes provides insight into the steps and mechanisms of pharyngoplasty procedures.

Level of Evidence

N/A
Application of the Caputo‐Fabrizio and Atangana‐Baleanu fractional derivatives to mathematical model of cancer chemotherapy effect
Authors: Morales‐Delgado Victor Fabian , Gómez‐Aguilar José Francisco , Saad Khaled , Escobar Jiménez Ricardo Fabricio
Published: January 2019

In this paper, we obtain approximate‐analytical solutions of a cancer chemotherapy effect model involving fractional derivatives with exponential kernel and with general Mittag‐Leffler function. Laplace homotopy perturbation method and the modified homotopy analysis transform method were applied. The first method is based on a combination of the Laplace transform and homotopy methods, while the second method is an analytical technique based on homotopy polynomial. The cancer chemotherapy effect equations are solved numerically and analytically using the aforesaid methods. Illustrative examples are included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the presented technique with new fractional‐order derivatives with exponential decay law and with general Mittag‐Leffler law.
On a method for solving the inverse scattering problem on the line
Authors: Kravchenko Vladislav V.
Published: January 2019

A method for solving the inverse scattering problem on the line is proposed. It is based on a Fourier‐Laguerre series representation of the integral transmutation kernel. Substitution of the representation into the Gel'fand‐Levitan‐Marchenko equation leads to a linear algebraic system of equations and consequently to a simple algorithm for recovering the potential.
Milk Polar Lipids in a High‐Fat Diet Can Prevent Body Weight Gain: Modulated Abundance of Gut Bacteria in Relation with Fecal Loss of Specific Fatty Acids
Authors: Milard Marine , Laugerette Fabienne , Durand Annie , Buisson Charline , Meugnier Emmanuelle , Loizon Emmanuelle , Louche‐Pelissier Corinne , Sauvinet Valérie , Garnier Lorna , Viel Sébastien , Bertrand Karène , Joffre Florent , Cheillan David , Humbert Lydie , Rainteau Dominique , Plaisancié Pascale , Bindels Laure B. , Neyrinck Audrey M. , Delzenne Nathalie M. , Michalski Marie‐Caroline
Published: January 2019

Scope

Enhanced adiposity and metabolic inflammation are major features of obesity associated with altered gut microbiota and intestinal barrier. How these metabolic outcomes can be impacted by milk polar lipids (MPL), naturally containing 25% of sphingomyelin, is investigated in mice fed a mixed high‐fat (HF) diet .

Methods and results

Male C57Bl/6 mice receive a HF‐diet devoid of MPL (21% fat, mainly palm oil, in chow), or supplemented with 1.1% or 1.6% of MPL (HF‐MPL1; HF‐MPL2) via a total‐lipid extract from butterserum concentrate for 8 weeks. HF‐MPL2 mice gain less weight versus HF (p < 0.01). Diets do not impact plasma markers of inflammation but in the liver, HF‐MPL2 tends to decrease hepatic gene expression of macrophage marker F4/80 versus HF‐MPL1 (p = 0.06). Colonic crypt depth is the maximum in HF‐MPL2 (p < 0.05). In cecal microbiota, HF‐MPL1 increases Bifidobacterium animalis versus HF (p < 0.05). HF‐MPL2 decreases Lactobacillus reuteri (p < 0.05), which correlates negatively with the fecal loss of milk sphingomyelin‐specific fatty acids (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

In mice fed a mixed HF diet, MPL can limit HF‐induced body weight gain and modulate gut physiology and the abundance in microbiota of bacteria of metabolic interest. This supports further exploration of how residual unabsorbed lipids reaching the colon can impact HF‐induced metabolic disorders.