bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors for Decline in IQ in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes Over the 12 Years From Diagnosis/Illness Onset
Authors: Lin Ashleigh , Northam Elisabeth A. , Werther George A. , Cameron Fergus J.
Published: December 2014

OBJECTIVE

This study examined illness-related change in intelligence quotient (IQ) in a cohort of youth with type 1 diabetes studied prospectively from disease onset in childhood to follow-up 12 years later in late adolescence/early adulthood.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Participants included type 1 diabetes patients (n = 95; mean age at follow-up 21.3 years) and healthy control participants (HCs; n = 67; mean age at follow-up 21.0 years) from a cohort followed prospectively. Measures included Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, and Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence and prospective collection of data on metabolic control history.

RESULTS

Young people with type 1 diabetes showed greater decline in verbal IQ (VIQ) and full-scale IQ (FSIQ), but not performance IQ (PIQ), than HCs. Within the diabetes group, a younger age at diabetes onset was associated with a decline in PIQ and FSIQ (P ≤ 0.001). A history of hypoglycemic seizures was associated with a decline in VIQ (P = 0.002). Long-term metabolic control was not associated with changes in IQ. Interaction terms were not significant, suggesting no moderating effect of one diabetes-related variable over another.

CONCLUSIONS

The presence of diabetes may negatively influence some aspects of IQ over time. Specific illness risk factors, such as an earlier age of disease onset and a history of hypoglycemic seizures, appear to put the young person at greater risk. Academic progress of children identified as at risk should be monitored and educational supports provided if necessary.
Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV and Early Implantation Defect: Early Trophoblastic Involvement Associated with a New GBE1 Mutation
Authors: Dainese Linda , Adam Nicolas , Boudjemaa Sabah , Hadid Kamel , Rosenblatt Jonathan , Jouannic Jean-Marie , Heron Delphine , Froissart Roseline , Coulomb Aurore
Published: December 2014

A 29-year-old primigravida presented with a spontaneous miscarriage at 8 weeks of gestation. There was no consanguinity in the family. Aspiration was performed. Pathological examination showed immature villi with numerous slightly yellow intracytoplasmic inclusions within the early implantation stage cytotrophoblastic cells. Inclusions were periodic acid–Schiff and Alcian blue positive and partially positive with periodic acid–Schiff with amylase. Diagnosis of Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV) was made. Genetic analysis of glycogen branching enzyme 1 gene ( GBE1) was performed in parents and showed a novel deletion of 1 nucleotide, c.1937delT, affecting the mother and a mutation affecting a consensus splice site, c.691 +2T>C, in the father. At time of subsequent pregnancy, genetic counseling with GBE1 gene analysis was performed on throphoblastic biopsy and showed a mutated allele, c.1937delT, inherited from the mother. The mother gave birth to a healthy, unaffected female newborn. Our findings demonstrate that GSD IV may affect early pregnancies, leading to trophoblastic damage and early fetal loss. Diagnosis can accurately be made on pathological examination and should be further documented by genetic analysis.
BRAF Mutations are Also Associated with Neurocutaneous Melanocytosis and Large/Giant Congenital Melanocytic Nevi
Authors: Salgado Cláudia M. , Basu Dipanjan , Nikiforova Marina , Bauer Bruce S. , Johnson Donald , Rundell Veronica , Grunwaldt Lorelei J. , Reyes-Múgica Miguel
Published: December 2014

NRAS and BRAF mutations occur in congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN), but results are contradictory. Sixty-six prospectively collected CMN patients were analyzed for NRAS Q61 mutations using Sanger sequencing. Negative cases were evaluated for BRAF V600E mutation. NRAS Q61 mutations affected 51 patients (77.3%), and BRAF V600E was found in 5 (7.6%). NRAS Q61 mutation affected 29 (80.6%) of 36 giant, 16 (80.0%) of 20 large, and 5 (62.5%) of 8 medium-size CMN; BRAF mutation affected 1 (5%) of 20 large and 4 (11.4%) of 36 giant CMN. Compared to NRAS, BRAF-mutated nevi show scattered/extensive dermal and subcutaneous nodules (100% BRAF+ vs 34.8% NRAS+) ( P = 0.002). Neurocutaneous melanocytosis (NCM) affected 16 (24.2%) of 66 patients, with NRAS Q61 mutation in 12 (75.0%), and BRAF V600E in 2 (12.5%), P = 0.009. Two patients were negative for both mutations (12.5%). In conclusion, although NRAS Q61 mutations predominate, BRAF V600E mutation also affects patients with large/giant CMN (L/GCMN), and with NCM, a novel finding. BRAF V600E is also associated with increased dermal/subcutaneous nodules. These findings open the possibility of BRAF-targeted therapy in some L/GCMN and NCM cases.
Repair and manufacturing of single crystal Ni-based superalloys components by laser powder deposition—A review
Authors: Vilar R. , Almeida A.
Published: December 2014

Laser powder deposition is one of the most promising methods for the repairing of the single crystal Ni-based superalloys components used in the hot-section of gas turbine engines in order to extend their lifetime and reduce their overall cost. The microstructure of Ni-based superalloys deposited on single crystal substrates of similar materials depends mainly on the materials involved, on the orientation of the deposited tracks in relation to the substrate and on the deposition parameters. In the present paper these relations are discussed and illustrated for the case of single and multiple layer depositions of NiCrAlY and Rene N4 on (100) single crystal substrates of SRR99 and CMSX-4 Ni-based superalloys. On the other hand, when the aging treatment is applied directly to the solidification microstructure resulting from laser deposition, abnormal γ/γ′ microstructures may result, due to the inhomogeneity created by alloying elements partition during solidification. Performing a homogenization annealing before aging circumvents this difficulty. The homogenizing annealing also eliminates undesirable brittle phases present in the solidification microstructure, such as carbides and topologically close-packed compounds.
High-temperature oxidation performance and its mechanism of TiC/Inconel 625 composites prepared by laser metal deposition additive manufacturing
Authors: Hong Chen , Gu Dongdong , Dai Donghua , Cao Sainan , Alkhayat Moritz , Jia Qingbo , Gasser Andres , Weisheit Andreas , Kelbassa Ingomar , Zhong Minlin , Poprawe Reinhart
Published: December 2014

The laser metal deposition (LMD) additive manufacturing process was applied to produce TiC/Inconel 625 composite parts. The high-temperature oxidation performance of the LMD-processed parts and the underlying physical/chemical mechanisms were systematically studied. The incorporation of the TiC reinforcement in the Inconel 625 improved the oxidation resistance of the LMD-processed parts, and the improvement function became more significant with increasing the TiC addition from 2.5 wt. % to 5.0 wt. %. The mass gain after 100 h oxidation at 800 °C decreased from 1.4130 mg/cm2 for the LMD-processed Inconel 625 to 0.3233 mg/cm2 for the LMD-processed Inconel 625/5.0 wt. % TiC composites. The oxidized surface of the LMD-processed Inconel 625 parts was mainly consisted of Cr2O3. For the LMD-processed TiC/Inconel 625 composites, the oxidized surface was composed of Cr2O3 and TiO2. The incorporation of the TiC reinforcing particles favored the inherent grain refinement in the LMD-processed composites and, therefore, the composite parts possessed the sound surface integrity after oxidation compared with the Inconel 625 parts under the same oxidation conditions. The LMD-processed TiC/Inconel 625 composites exhibited the excellent oxidation resistance under the oxidation temperature of 800 °C. A further increase in the oxidation temperature to 1000 °C caused the severe oxidation attack on the composites, due to the unfavorable further oxidation of Cr2O3 to CrO3 at the elevated treatment temperatures.
Examination of Neural Systems Sub-Serving Facebook “Addiction”
Authors: Turel Ofir , He Qinghua , Xue Gui , Xiao Lin , Bechara Antoine
Published: December 2014

Because addictive behaviors typically result from violated homeostasis of the impulsive (amygdala-striatal) and inhibitory (prefrontal cortex) brain systems, this study examined whether these systems sub-serve a specific case of technology-related addiction, namely Facebook “addiction.” Using a go/no-go paradigm in functional MRI settings, the study examined how these brain systems in 20 Facebook users ( M age = 20.3 yr., SD = 1.3, range = 18–23) who completed a Facebook addiction questionnaire, responded to Facebook and less potent (traffic sign) stimuli. The findings indicated that at least at the examined levels of addiction-like symptoms, technology-related “addictions” share some neural features with substance and gambling addictions, but more importantly they also differ from such addictions in their brain etiology and possibly pathogenesis, as related to abnormal functioning of the inhibitory-control brain system.
Warm Waves in North-Western Spitsbergen
Authors: Tomczyk Arkadiusz Marek , Bednorz Ewa
Published: December 2014

In this study, weather conditions causing warm waves in north-western Spitsbergen, exemplified by Ny-Ålesund station, were analyzed. Between 1981 and 2010, 536 days with the maximum temperature exceeding 8.3°C (the value of 95 percentile) were selected. 37 warm waves, which altogether lasted 268 days, were identified. A typical feature of pressure pattern causing warm waves was the appearance of positive anomalies of both the sea level pressure and the height of isobaric surface 500 hPa in the Euro-Atlantic sector of the Arctic. This indicates a presence of high-pressure systems in this region. Extremely warm days appeared more often with the circulation from the eastern than the western sector. Longer and warmer heat waves occurring in the last decade of the analyzed period may be considered as a sign of climate warming, which has a significant impact on environment, i.e. reduction in area and thickness of glaciers, reduction of permafrost and snow cover, changes in biodiversity, etc. The increase in the air temperature and more fre-quent occurrence of heat waves may encourage development of tourism in polar areas, po-tentially causing further changes in the environment.
Basic Overview of Simulation Optimization
Authors: Hrčka Lukáš , Važan Pavel , Šutová Zuzana
Published: December 2014

The paper gives a basic overview of simulation optimization as a significant simulation technology. The computing requirements of simulation optimization cause that the practical usage of simulation optimization without software support is impossible. Therefore, the paper demonstrates typical software approach to simulation optimization and additionally presents the most important algorithms used in simulation optimization. The authors explain basic steps of implementing simulation optimization and present their own procedure. The advantages and disadvantages of simulation optimization are emphasized at the end of this paper.
The Art Of Interpretation – Chances And Risks On Interpretation In The Field Of Mobile Testing
Authors: Palatini Kerstin , Zischner Karsten
Published: December 2014

Carrying out a usability test is a demanding process per se. Mobile tests raise this claim because they are subject to real usage conditions and therefore unforeseeable factors. On the one hand there are the technical factors like tools, software and laboratory equipment, but on the other hand there are the human beeings with their knowledge and decision-making. They are taking the selection of tools, methods and data, and they decide in every situation of the process of testing. Using a mobile eye-tracking test, the authors will explain where the sources for interpretation are and when misinterpretation become an error. Technology philosophical considerations on interpretation and hermeneutics have to support the recognition of the potential of interpretation. As a result, misinterpretation can be minimized.
Specification-Based Testing Via Domain Specific Language
Authors: Sroka Michal , Nagy Roman , Fisch Dominik
Published: December 2014

The article presents tCF (testCaseFramework) - a domain specific language with corresponding toolchain for specification-based software testing of embedded software. tCF is designed for efficient preparation of maintainable and intelligible test cases and for testing process automation, as it allows to generate platform specific test cases for various testing levels. The article describes the essential parts of the tCF meta-model and the applied concept of platform specific test cases generators.
Facial Composite System Using Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Zahradníková Barbora , Duchovičová Soňa , Schreiber Peter
Published: December 2014

The article deals with genetic algorithms and their application in face identification. The purpose of the research is to develop a free and open-source facial composite system using evolutionary algorithms, primarily processes of selection and breeding. The initial testing proved higher quality of the final composites and massive reduction in the composites processing time. System requirements were specified and future research orientation was proposed in order to improve the results.
Removal Of Phenol From Wastewater By Using Low-Cost Catalyst From Metal Production
Authors: Galbičková Blanka , Soldán Maroš , Belčík Michal , Balog Karol
Published: December 2014

Utilization of AOPs (Advanced oxidation processes) as an emerging technology for removing of pollutants from wastewater is developed. In this paper, UV photodegradation was used for removing of phenol from wastewater. As a source of UV radiation medium pressure mercury lamp with output 400W was used. The influence of low-cost catalysts on this process was also monitored. Wastes from metal production, red mud and black nickel mud, were used as catalysts.
Removing 3,5-Dichlorophenol from Wastewater by Alternative Adsorbents
Authors: Kobetičová Hana , Galbičková Blanka , Ševčíková Janka , Soldán Maroš
Published: December 2014

The main objective of this paper is to evaluate an efficiency of 3,5 - dichlorophenol removal from wastewater by using alternative adsorbents. Chlorophenols are organic compounds consisting of a benzene ring, OH groups and also atoms of chlorine. Chlorophenols may have a huge isomere variety that means there are differences in their chemical and physical properties. Due to their toxicity it is necessary to remove them from waste water and in this paper an alternative way of such process is described.
Rotary Ultrasonic Machining of Poly-Crystalline Cubic Boron Nitride
Authors: Kuruc Marcel , Peterka Jozef
Published: December 2014

Poly-crystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) is one of the hardest material. Generally, so hard materials could not be machined by conventional machining methods. Therefore, for this purpose, advanced machining methods have been designed. Rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) is included among them. RUM is based on abrasive removing mechanism of ultrasonic vibrating diamond particles, which are bonded on active part of rotating tool. It is suitable especially for machining hard and brittle materials (such as glass and ceramics). This contribution investigates this advanced machining method during machining of PCBN.
Ways of Comparation of the Fibre Orientation in Injection Moulding Parts
Authors: Likavčan Lukáš , Martinkovič Maroš , Bílik Jozef , Košík Miroslav
Published: December 2014

The fibre orientation in short fibre reinforced thermoplastics depends on injection moulding technology parameters. The aim of this paper is to propose possibilities for comparing fibre orientation of the real sample and the result from simulation software. Fibre orientation of selected injection moulding part is simulated. In some selected points secondorder tensor of orientation was estimated. Stereological metallography was used for possibility of comparison these results with experimental ones. An experimental result of estimation of degree of fibre orientation is described. The use of stereological metallography allows very simple and effective experimental estimation of short glass fibre orientation, which can be used for experimental verification of numerical simulation model, which can be optimized to obtained coincidence with experiments.
Structural Characterization of (Re)Bco Layer Deposited by Pld and Mocvd Techniques
Authors: Mišík Jozef , Pekarčíková Marcela , Janovec Jozef
Published: December 2014

(RE)BCO thin films prepared by PLD and MOCVD techniques were investigated to characterize structural defects - outgrowths in thin film. For this purpose SEM, EDX analysis and LSCM were used. Outgrowths are often penetrating into the thin films. Evident differences in chemical heterogeneity, outgrowth morphology and outgrowths density between PLD and MOCVD thin films were proven in this study.
Identification of Precipitates in Cr-Mn-N Based Steel After Thermal Exposures
Authors: Ondruška Michal , Dománková Mária , Jáňa Miroslav , Marônek Milan
Published: December 2014

The paper deals with the identification of precipitates in the Cr-Mn-N steels after thermal exposure. The purpose of the study is to clarify the M2N precipitation by isothermal annealing at the temperatures of 750 and 900 °C with a holding time of 5, 10, 30 min, 1 hr. and 10 hrs. Microstructure of austenitic steel was characterised by the typical presence of annealing twins. Stepwise etching was observed at the holding time of 5 and 10 minutes, but at the holding time of 30 minutes, secondary particles were precipitated at the grain boundaries. Corrosion tests revealed that holding time significantly affected steel structure. M2N is the dominant precipitate, but the occurrence of σ-phase was occasionally observed especially at the interface of discontinuous precipitation and austenitic matrix. Slight increase of hardness at the grain boundaries was caused due to the precipitation of secondary phases during isothermal holding. The maximum hardness of 294 HV was measured on the sample isothermally annealed at 750 °C and holding for 10 hrs. The research provides theoretical basis for the heat affecting of steels, such as, for example, in welding.
Construction and Geometric Control of the Baluarte Cable-Stayed Bridge, Mexico
Authors: Guzman Leonardo , Sanchez Salvador , Reyes Eduardo , Robles Vicente , Patrón Alberto , Morales Ernesto
Published: December 2014

The Baluarte is the most remarkable bridge on the new Durango-Mazatlán highway, and was opened to traffic in October 2013. The bridge is cable-stayed with a total length of 1124 m, the main span is 520 m long. It is the highest cable-stayed bridge in the world, with a maximum drop of

402.5 m from the deck level to the bottom of the Baluarte river. The access viaducts have a concrete deck, and were built by the symmetrical cantilever method. The highest pile of the viaduct is 147.5 m high. The main deck is made of composite material (steel/concrete), and was erected by the cantilever method. The bridge’s site is very complex from the topographical and geotechnical points of view. It crosses the steepest part of the Sierra Madre Oriental in the north of Mexico. This region is also prone to high-speed winds caused by hurricanes. This paper presents the main characteristics of the bridge, the technical challenges and main stages of its construction. The erection methods and geometric control of its deck are also presented. And lastly, a comparison between the results of analytical models of staged construction, and the actual measurements of the bridge’s deflections, is made.
Fatigue Strength of Lamellae Joints in Steel and Composite Bridges
Authors: Kudla Konrad , Kuhlmann Ulrike
Published: December 2014

In a research project dealing with the improvement and the specification of the fatigue assessment for highway and railway steel bridges, the construction detail of a lamellae joint has been investigated. This joint represents a typical transverse butt weld realised on site at plated steel girders with flanges consisting of multiple lamellae. This detail is typical for German bridge design in practice, but almost unknown in other European countries. Therefore there is no fatigue detail category for the lamellae joint given in Eurocode 3 Part 1-9. The paper presents first research results which will allow the application of the construction detail of lamellae joint also in the context of Eurocode design.
Competitiveness and progress in application of incremental bridge launching
Authors: Mandić Ivanković Ana , Ilić Krešimir , Martinković Barbara
Published: December 2014

In this paper an overview and specificities of some Croatian bridges constructed with incremental launching method are presented. Competitiveness of incremental launching of bridges comparing to other traditional construction techniques (span by span method, semi-prefabricated construction, construction on fixed scaffold) are investigated. The possibilities of extending the application of this method in reconstruction of existing old bridges is to be further investigated
Bridge System
Authors: Tan Geem Eng , Ong Tai Boon , Ong Chong Yong , Choong Kok Keong
Published: December 2014

A new method of constructing open spandrel arch bridge has been developed for span ranges from 12m to 27m using precast concrete techniques. The buildability of this new system has been proven in a pilot project. It has also been proven to be an economically viable alternative to conventional bridge solution. Nonetheless, stocks of steel moulds catering for the full spectrum of span ranges have remained a costly logistic issue with many operational difficulties. The problem may become more acute especially for bridge market of relatively lower volume but with many geometrical variations. This paper presents a systematic approach to standardise the design and development process with great emphasis on the practical aspects of precasting and moulding requirements. Three sets of moulds for two types of geometrical framing, called M-Series and K-Series Open Spandrel Arch Bridge have been developed to cater for the targeted span segment.
Model Proposal for Flexural FRP Strengthening of Masonry Walls
Authors: Martinez de Mingo Sonia , Gutiérrez Jiménez José Pedro , García Alonso M. Dolores
Published: December 2014

Nowadays there is an increasing need of reusing/recycling existing means. This also occurs in construction field where numerous ageing buildings and infrastructures need to be upgraded. Externally bonded FRP (fiber reinforced polymer) laminates has been proven a useful technique for structural strengthening not only for reinforced concrete structures but for others like masonry ones.

An ultimate limit state method to design and check unreinforced masonry sections with externally bonded FRP strengthening subject to bending and compression has been developed.Different design formulations are proposed with the aim of covering all flexural failure modes. The work focuses on determinate a “bond reduction factor” to assess the value of FRP design strain. This factor must prevent intermediate FRP debonding failure. The proposed factor is obtained by means of an extensive bending test database. The method has also been checked with the help of this database.
Structural Engineering is Much More than Formulas: Introducing a New Course on Philosophy of Structures
Authors: Payá-Zaforteza Ignacio , Lázaro-Fernández Carlos
Published: December 2014

This paper presents the objectives, contents and teaching methodologies used in a new course on Philosophy of Structures developed at the School of Civil Engineering of the Universitat Politècnica de Valencia in Spain. The course combines the analysis of engineers’ writings, selected case studies, visual analysis of structures, graphic statics and field trips with the writing of a paper about a particular structure. In their paper, the students must comment on the technical data of the structure and on its authors, but they also have to delve into the links between structure, society, aesthetics and architecture. Results show that the course develops students’ structural intuition and creativity and fosters a passion for engineering.
Connection Failures in Concrete Construction
Authors: Duntemann John F. , Sfura Jon F.
Published: December 2014

The behavior of non-standard connections in concrete construction, particularly cast-in-place concrete construction, is often not as well-defined and sometimes not as well understood as other components of concrete construction. In situations such as these, a complete understanding of the connection mechanics is essential to analyze and design the connection. The lack of understanding can lead to underestimation of demand and/or overestimation of the capacity of a connection resulting in poor performance and/or failure. This paper examines the failure of two types of connections at expansion joints in concrete construction. In both cases, the failures of the connections compromised the structural performance.

The subject of the first case study is the failure of expansion joints on an automated people mover system, which occurred during commissioning of the system. The basic design flaw was that the statical behavior of the connection was misunderstood. This resulted in the incorrect resolution of forces and the underestimation of demand. In addition, two repairs were initially proposed after the failure based on the same misunderstanding. The analysis of the connection forces and the revised design of this connection will be discussed.

The subject of the second case study is the failure of a vertical expansion joint in a water treatment tank. The failure of this connection occurred after the tank was in-service for about five years. In this case, the underestimation of demand was the result of incorrect modeling of the joint behavior and the overestimation of capacity was the result of inappropriate application of design code provisions. The analysis and repair of the existing structure, as well as design recommendations will be discussed.
Accelerated Bridge Construction and Seismic Low-Damage Technologies for Short-Medium Span Bridges
Authors: Mashal Mustafa , White Sam , Palermo Alessandro
Published: December 2014

This paper presents construction technology, seismic design, experimental testing and results of two years research programme carried out at University of Canterbury. The four years New Zealand national founded project, named Advanced Bridge Construction and Design (ABCD), aims to provide seismic resistant connections for fully prefabricated short-medium span concrete bridges. The paper further discusses results of quasi-static cyclic uni and bi-directional testing on half-scale fully prefabricated and segmented single and multi-column bent specimens with two different emulative connection details at pier to foundation and pier to cap. This solution aims to emulate the traditional cast-in-place behaviour of bridge columns with formation of plastic hinges at the designated/detailed locations in the column. Thus, it is called High Damage solution here. The second solution is based on rocking concepts and control/localize the damage at the column to foundation interface. Therefore, it is called Controlled Damage solution. The third solution is using a combination of rocking and external dissipative fuses which prevents any structural damage in the columns. This solution is called Low Damage. The results clearly demonstrate that all the connections can be used in high seismic areas. The Controlled and Low Damage connections have a superior performance and are economical viable, especially if the post-earthquake costs are included in the overall life cycle cost analysis of the bridge.
Floating Meteorological Mast
Authors: Ramos Óscar Ramón , Diaz Manuel Ángel , Peña Juan , Gutierrez Miguel A. , Pantaleón Marcos J.
Published: December 2014

The floating meteorological mast is a floating spar buoy-type structure developed in order to monitor the environmental variables in deep water locations. Main actions over the structure are aerodynamic and hydrodynamic forces. Stability is a critical aspect of the structure, the design is performed by means of theoretical models, finite elements, CFD and laboratory tests with scaled models. Up to now three prototypes have been designed and developed, and are currently operative. Third prototype is nowadays under certification process in order to be completely commercial.
Pre-Designed Bridges
Authors: Guisasola Mario
Published: December 2014

6 prototypes of variable depth pre-designed bridges are shown, where the variation of the depth follows the diagram of the efforts. The spans vary between 12 and 75 meters. The models are adapted to the different boundary conditions (vertical wall, inclined or broken talus, asymmetry…).

The Monocontentio and Bicontentio models are an uncompensated two-or-three-span continuous beam. The two lateral box girder elevation follows the diagram of the bending moments. The monocontentio sinus and bicontentio sinus are a variation of the monocontentio and bicontentio models, adapted to a slightly different boundary condition.

The Von Mises Bridge is formed by two lateral simply supported box beams, which variation of the depth is based on the criterion of comparison of Von Mises. In order to provide permeability within the footbridge, some alveoli are practiced in the side-beams.
Burgoyne Bridge Designed to Respect History of Site and to Create a New Landmark
Authors: Anderson W. Victor , McCall Joanne M. , Marr Jason , DiPaolo Mike , Archibald Brent , Salib Sameh
Published: December 2014

The Region of Niagara is in the process of replacing the nearly 100-year-old Burgoyne Bridge in the City of St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. Two key factors were the desire to create an iconic or landmark bridge, and the necessity of maintaining traffic throughout construction. The paper discusses technical considerations including corridor selection, alignment, staging, detailed geometry, the integration of bridge construction and bridge demolition, the consideration of adjacent properties and businesses, and connections to local roadways. The development of the new bridge concept and preliminary design are also explored, including reference to inspirational projects elsewhere, and to the history of heritage bridges at the site. Finally the resulting 330m long twin structural steel box girder viaduct bridge, including a single 125m structural steel arch span, is put into context from technical, environmental, and stakeholder perspectives.
Study on system extension and mechanical performance of outer convex spoke tensile structure
Authors: Zhang Yueqiang , Ding Jiemin
Published: December 2014

Spoke tensile structure developed from bicycle wheel spokes based on spoke wheel principle, this system with beautiful shape and reasonable force is often used for large-span space structure.

According to different roof shapes, the spoke tensile structure is divided into inner concave-shaped and outer convex-shaped. Outer convex structures were proposed for a simplified theoretical calculation method to analyze the structure stress characteristics. Spoke tensile structures arrangement is flexible, through study on the outer convex structural system extension means , the structural forms is varied and expanded, and ultimately get dozens of forms such architecture.

Meanwhile, the structural members display architectural beauty, and achieve the perfect combination of architecture and structures. Outer convex structural system mechanical performance were theoretical derivation and numerical computation, and then study the force nature of such forms.
Development of mathematical model proposed for prediction of final deformation in bending of timber beams
Authors: Ozola Lilita , Brokans Aivars
Published: December 2014

This study is devoted to the development of the mathematical model applicable for prediction of final deformation of timber beams at the end of service life. The model presented in a new edition is based on the known Burger body concept. This is continued study by authors and deals with defining the limitations of numerical values for model’s constants representing the influencing factors mentioned above with purpose to assess the fitness for use of model in design. Numerical values of strain obtained by treatment of theoretical model proposed are compared with the corresponding estimates from experiments performed in longterm (approximately 1.5 years) static loading of softwood (European Redwood - Pinus Sylvestris) beams in a four point bending under natural environmental conditions at the Baltic Sea region. It has been proved that the model proposed may be acknowledged as appropriate for prediction of deformations in static bending.
Vulnerability of Infrastructures to Explosions and subsequent Progressive Collapse
Authors: Müllers Ingo , Fischer Kai , Nawabi Assad
Published: December 2014

Nowadays, terroristic attacks with explosive devices are no longer restricted to regions with open conflicts. One consequence is that security issues have become more and more important especially in cities. Therefore, urban planners have to think about security and consider this issue during their work. This was the starting point for the research project VITRUV. Within this project one important task is to analyse the structural safety of typical urban infrastructures during and directly after an explosion. The progress from the structural engineer´s point of view is that not only the direct effects due to an explosion will be calculated but also the consequences of a possible progressive collapse initiated by the explosion. The findings of the research work are twofold.

Firstly, urban planners will be qualified to design safer urban areas. Secondly, structural engineers will improve their knowledge regarding actions due to explosions and subsequent progressive collapse.
The influence of the abutment stiffness on the design of the new steel double track integral railway bridge in Mechelen
Authors: De Pauw Bart
Published: December 2014

In extending the existing railway infrastructure from Brussels to Antwerp, a new double track railway is foreseen in making a by-pass over the station in the city of Mechelen. In crossing a local canal a new railway bridge must be designed in front of historical steel Vierendeel bridges. The paper describes the final design of the new integral railway bridge contrasting in all aspects the Vierendeel bridges with revited bolt connections. The bridge consists of two lateral main girders with variable rectangular sections and is designed as an integral structure without bearings. The superstructure is fully welded and the main girder in box section near the abutments has a height of

3.65 m. The lower flange remains almost horizontal and is slightly twisted about a horizontal axis as it becomes wider at mid span. The upper flange decreases significantly and becomes smaller as it reaches mid span, obtaining less construction height of 1.65 m. This creates a waving pattern of the structure both in a horizontal plane as in the front view showing a contra bending referring to the arches of the Vierendeel bridges. The deck carrying both tracks consists of steel transverse girders with a concrete deck on top of it. The concept differs from a more classical integral bridge by totally stiff abutments. The paper describes the influence of the abutment stiffness as particular edge conditions in designing the main box sections taking all temperature effects. In addition, these abutments take part of a tunnel construction underneath the bridge. A parametric study of the abutment stiffness was needed. The advantage of the totally fixed portal structure has put into balance with the consequence of taking all temperature effects.
Izmit Bay Suspension Bridge: Structural Concrete
Authors: Gokce Ahmet , Tanaka Junichi , Yamamoto Yoshito , Takase Akihiko
Published: December 2014

The Izmit Bay Suspension Bridge will be the vital road connection between North and South coasts of the Marmara Sea. The safe, robust, reliable and durable design have been set for this mega infrastrucuture project to fulfil a minimum 100-year service life requirement under the severe environmental condition. The present paper deals with the design philosopy of the structural concrete developed for the construction of substructure components to achieve this challenging service life requirement and presents the controls performed from the stage of laboratory scale works to the field execution assuring long-term servicebility of the bridge structure. In order to comply with the design requirements, the highest attention has been paid to chloride induced corrosion risk and its mitigation measures, controlling early age crack ocurrance and temperature limits.
The Las Vegas High Roller: the world's largest observation wheel
Authors: Smith Rob , Crowther Adrian
Published: December 2014

The Vegas High Roller is the world’s tallest observation wheel, with a maximum height above ground of 167,6m. It also is the largest, based upon passenger numbers, being able to carry 28 cabins of 40 people – 1120 in total. The paper describes the structural design features, the drivers for the design and the analysis performed by the structural engineering team. The paper should be read with the companion papers [1] and [2]
Stability of Temporary Railway Trestle Crossing Deep Excavation
Authors: Jia Jian , Zhang Yu , Zhang Zhibin , Liu Chuanping , Xie Xiaolin
Published: December 2014

Ningbo high speed rail station located in the Southeast coastal area of china is one of the newest comprehensive transportation hub that integrates railway station, subway station and other transfer transportation tool. The foundation pit of the project stretches an area of 265m×124m and a depth of 24m. Soil in this area has unfavorable characteristics such as compressibility, sensitivity. A series of precautionary measures were adopted in design and construction which facilitated the unprecedented in china the non-phased massive excavation and building of the station house by temporarily adding a trestle spanning over the foundation pit. This creative technique not only saved nearly 1/3 of the construction period compared to the traditional way but also the project cost. In this article the impact on deformation, dynamic characteristic and the vehicle-bridge coupling vibration of the temporary trestle from soil upheaval due to unloading during excavation is studied.
Structural mechanization of giant observation wheels
Authors: Lyle John , Christie Nicholas
Published: December 2014

The innovative design required to mechanize any large movable structure creates a high profile for engineering and can inspire opportunities for increasingly more creative kinetic architecture in buildings, sports stadia and bridge engineering.

The Vegas High Roller is the latest in the evolution of modern observation wheels with the London Eye and Singapore Flyer being notable precursors. Located in Las Vegas, the High Roller is arguably the most innovative and, at 167,6m high, currently the largest observation wheel in the world. It also has the largest capacity of any observation wheel, carrying 1120 people per 30 minute revolution.

This paper discusses the Vegas High Roller‟s mechanization systems, and how they address the particular demands of the project. It covers the challenges of designing a large moving structure for the desert environment, the interface between moving and static elements, details of the bearing arrangement, and the use of factory based development testing. The paper also covers the procurement methodology.

The paper should be read with the companion papers [1] and [2].
Effects on Vortex Shedding of Bridges with Rotatable Wind Fence
Authors: Chun NakHyun , Kim Kyoungyoon , Lee Ho-Yeop , Oh Seungtaek , Lee Hak-Eun
Published: December 2014

Vortex shedding related with strouhal number cause to make inconvenience and fatigue problem. To improve these problems, rotatable wind fence is adopted. Rotatable wind fence breaks repeating of vortices caused by the unsteady separation of flow of a fluid around bridge girders. Rotatable wind fence works for reducing amplitude of vortex shedding.
Structural Materials as a Strategy to Mitigate Global Climate Change
Authors: Anderson John E.
Published: December 2014

Structural engineers can significantly reduce the embodied greenhouse gas emissions of buildings and infrastructure. Replacing cement with complementary cementitious materials, specifically fly ash, offers the greatest potential to reduce CO2 emissions. In addition to environmental benefits, complementary cementitious materials can improve the performance and durability of structural concrete. However, there is currently an absence of knowledge on whether cement replacement from fly ash is sufficient to address climate change objectives in the short- and long-term.

Determining potential CO2 reductions requires the analysis of cement demand, fly ash supply, fly ash use in concrete, and the comprehensive analysis of fly ash – a by-product from coal-generated electricity. Current challenges are increasing the use of available fly ash. Reducing CO2 in the long-term must address several challenges. First, fly ash is shown to decrease in supply compared to future cement demand, thereby reducing the replacement potential. Secondly, the usability of fly ash for concrete applications must be improved to increase utilization. Finally, fly ash supply is dependent on the continued use of CO2-intensive coal-generated electricity. The results of the research illustrate that cement replacement with fly ash is a strategic means to mitigate CO2 emissions in the short-term. However, long-term CO2 reductions for structures will require innovative new materials and design strategies – new challenges for practicing structural engineers in the coming decades.
Experimental Study on Bridge Strands Galvanized with Zn-Al Alloy
Authors: Jarwali Turki , Nakamura Shunichi
Published: December 2014

The strands consisting of 19 parallel steel wires galvanized with Zn (90%) and Al (10%) alloy are produced and corrosion acceleration tests have been conducted. The anti-corrosion performance is compared with the conventional strands galvanized with Zn. The strands are kept under three different corrosion environments: kept at a relative humidity (RH) of 60%, kept at a RH of 100%, and wrapped with wet gauze which simulates the wet condition. The strands are kept in the thermo- hygrostat at 40oC for 150 days. The mass loss due to corrosion of the strands galvanized with Zn- Al under the relative humidity of 60% and 100% is small and the strands have sufficient corrosion resistance. Under the wet condition, the corroded mass of the strands galvanized with Zn-Al is 15 times larger than that under the relative humidity of 100%. The strands galvanized with Zn-Al have smaller corrosion than those galvanized with Zn under the three environmental conditions.

Corroded mass is larger in the surface wire, the inside wire and the centre wire in this order. The cross section of corroded strands is investigated by an optical microscope showing that the corrosion product of Zn is loose and easy to exfoliate from the steel layer. On the contrary, the corrosion product of Zn-Al alloy is dense and hard to exfoliate from the steel layer. This difference is the reason of the superiority of the Zn-Al galvanized wires.
The evaluation of aerodynamic capacity for a bridge cross section applying a new type of fairing
Authors: Lee Ho-Yeop
Published: December 2014

In recent years, length of bridge is longer and longer according to develop new material and construction technology. To evaluate wind effect on a bridge has became main issue because bridge main span is longer. This study is to improve wind capacity of a bridge. As applying new type fairing, wind resistance of a bridge is improved.
Shear Strengthening with Textile Reinforced Concrete
Authors: Herbrand Martin , Reissen Karin , Teworte Frederik , Hegger Josef
Published: December 2014

A large part of existing bridges in Germany exhibits deficits in the shear capacity under static and cyclic loading according to the current design rules. More structures are expected to demand refurbishment and strengthening within the next years especially due to the current conditions of many older road bridges. Since a reconstruction of the respective bridges is not feasible in many cases, the assessment and development of effective strengthening methods becomes more important. The use of textile reinforced concrete (TRC) offers an innovative alternative to existing strengthening measures by combining the advantages of lightweight glued CFRP-stripes (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) and additional concrete layers. For the above reasons, full scale tests on strengthened and non-strengthened I-shaped prestressed concrete beams (h= 0,7 m,l= 6,5 m) under cyclic shear loading as well as single span reinforced concrete slab strips (b= 0,5 m,h= 0,28 m) under static shear loading were carried out at the Institute of Structural Concrete at RWTH Aachen University. The paper presents the test results with regard to the effectiveness, advantages and possible fields of application of this innovative strengthening method.
Prefabricated UHPFRC Slabs as a Strengthening Alternative for Ewijk Bridge
Authors: Gibson Rupert , Rus Laurent , Gration David , Vonk Edo , Hajar Ziad , Nagtegaal Gerland
Published: December 2014

In order to address orthotropic steel deck fatigue problems typically encountered in the Netherlands, such as longitudinal deck plate to trough cracks, in-situ poured High Strength Concrete (HSC) deck strengthening has recently been used. This method has been further developed by using an innovative Prefabricated Ultra High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete/Béton Spécial Industriel® (UHPFRC/BSI®) Slab solution.

The prefabricated slabs can be installed faster than pouring and curing concrete in-situ. Also, if a deck plate repair is required, it can be made post deck strengthening using traditional welding methods as the presented solution is less sensitive to heat than the in-situ HSC solution, which utilises a heat sensitive Epoxy-Bauxite bonding layer between the concrete and steel deck. The presented solution has been used by Eiffage on one bridge in France (Pont de Illzach, Alsace) and it has been developed for the Ewijk Bridge. This development, documented in this paper, constitutes a significant change in terms of bridge typology and loading.
Development and research on the innovative FRP girder for bridge application
Authors: Siwowski Tomasz , Poneta Pawel , Kulpa Maciej
Published: December 2014

The main goal of the research project, carried out by the science-business consortium, was to develop and demonstrate FRP composite members for bridges, including their concept design, material research, manufacturing technique selection and structural testing. The objective of the paper is the development and research on a new FRP bridge girder fabricated by VARTM manufacturing technique. The reduced scale prototype girder with the total length of 13,5 m was tested to evaluate its carrying capacity, modes of failure, basic dynamic parameters as well as overall behaviour under ultimate static load. The girder met the prescribed serviceability and safety criteria and is likely to be implemented on-site soon. The FEM model of the girder was validated against testing results and was further used for a prototype FRP bridge design. The output of the research project gives a very promising future for the FRP girder application in bridge engineering.