bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Microneedles for High-Molecular-Weight Dextran Penetration Across the Buccal Mucosa
Authors: Fantini Adriana , Delledonne Andrea , Casula Luca , Nicoli Sara , Pescina Silvia , Cardia Maria Cristina , Lai Francesco , Sissa Cristina , Santi Patrizia , Padula Cristina
Published: January 2025

Objectives: This work aimed at investigating the effect of different microneedle-based strategies on the permeation of high-molecular-weight model molecules (fluorescently labeled dextrans (FDs), 70 and 150 kDa) across the buccal mucosa. Methods: Two different approaches were evaluated: (1) stainless steel microneedles (MNs) of 500 µm height used for tissue pre-treatment; and (2) soluble microneedles of different lengths (150, 500, and 800 µm), made of polyvinylpyrrolidone and FDs, prepared using the solvent casting technique. Porcine esophageal epithelium was used as a model for the buccal mucosa. Results: The application of soluble MNs promoted high-molecular-weight dextran transport across pig esophageal epithelium. The transport was proportional to MN length, with a minimum of 500 µm, regardless of the molecular weight of the FDs. The use of solid MNs of the same length to pre-treat the tissue, followed by the application of a solution of the permeant, did not produce the same effect in terms of onset of permeation, which was found to be much slower. Conclusions: The results obtained show that by applying soluble MNs of appropriate length (500 and 800 µm), the transport of high-molecular-weight dextrans (70 and 150 kDa) across and into the mucosal tissue occurs very rapidly. The multiphoton microscopy analysis confirmed the presence of holes in the tissue and the presence of fluorescein-labeled dextrans.
Development and Blood–Brain Barrier Penetration of Nanovesicles Loaded with Cannabidiol
Authors: Grifoni Lucia , Landucci Elisa , Pieraccini Giuseppe , Mazzantini Costanza , Bergonzi Maria Camilla , Pellegrini-Giampietro Domenico E. , Bilia Anna Rita
Published: January 2025

Background: Cannabidiol (CBD) is a highly lipophilic compound with potential therapeutic applications in neurological disorders. However, its poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability, coupled with instability in physiological conditions, significantly limit its clinical use. Objectives: This study aimed to develop and characterize nanovesicles incorporating Tween 20 to enhance CBD encapsulation, stability, and the performance across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Methods: Nanovesicles were prepared via thin-film hydration followed by sonication and optimized for size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. Stability studies were conducted under physiological conditions and during storage at 4 °C. In vitro release studies employed the dialysis bag method, while permeability across the BBB was assessed using PAMPA-BBB and the hCMEC/D3-BBB cell line, characterized for brain endothelial phenotype and largely employed as a model of human blood–brain barrier (BBB) function. Cytotoxicity was evaluated via MTT and LDH assays. Results: The quantification of CBD was carried out by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS/MS. Nanovesicles with Tween 20 (VS-CBD) exhibited smaller size (65.27 ± 1.27 nm vs. 90.7 ± 0.2), lower polydispersity (0.230 ± 0.005 vs. 0.295 ± 0.003), and higher stability compared to conventional liposomes (L-CBD). VS-CBD achieved high encapsulation efficiency (96.80 ± 0.96%) and recovery (99.89 ± 0.52%). Release studies showed sustained CBD release with Higuchi model fitting (R2 = 0.9901). Both PAMPA-BBB and hCMEC/D3-BBB cell lines demonstrated an improved controlled permeability of the formulation compared to free CBD. Cytotoxicity tests confirmed the good biocompatibility of VS-CBD formulations. The addition of Tween 20 to nanovesicles enhanced CBD encapsulation, stability, and controlled release. Conclusions: These nanovesicles represent a promising strategy to improve CBD delivery to the brain, offering sustained therapeutic effects and reduced dosing frequency, potentially benefiting the treatment of neurological disorders.
Intranasal Human-Recombinant Nerve Growth Factor Enhances Motor and Cognitive Function Recovery in a Child with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Di Sarno Lorenzo , Capossela Lavinia , Ferretti Serena , Manni Luigi , Soligo Marzia , Staccioli Susanna , Napoli Eleonora , Burattini Riccardo , Gatto Antonio , Chiaretti Antonio
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in pediatric population is responsible for significant mortality and morbidity, particularly among children aged 0–4 and young adults aged 15–24. The developing brain’s unique characteristics may increase vulnerability to injuries, potentially leading to long-term cognitive and motor deficits. Current therapeutic options for neuronal regeneration post-TBI are limited, although neurotrophins, especially nerve growth factor (NGF), show promise in enhancing recovery. NGF can mitigate excitotoxicity and promote neuroprotection, particularly by intranasal administration, which is attractive because of its non-invasive nature. Case Presentation: A three-year-old boy suffered from severe TBI due to a car accident, leading to multiple complications, including a basilar skull fracture and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Initial assessments revealed significant neurological impairments. After intensive care and rehabilitation, the child exhibited gradual improvements in consciousness and motor functions but continued to face challenges, particularly with left-sided hemiparesis. Nine months post-injury, he began intranasal administration of human-recombinant NGF (hr-NGF) as part of a clinical trial. Discussion: Following hr-NGF treatment, the child demonstrated notable advancements in motor function, achieving independent standing and walking. Cognitive assessments indicated improvements in various domains, including verbal comprehension and executive functioning. EEG results showed reduced epileptiform activity. These findings suggest that hr-NGF may facilitate recovery in pediatric TBI cases by enhancing both motor and cognitive outcomes. Conclusions: This case highlights the potential role of intranasal hr-NGF administration as a therapeutic strategy for improving neurological recovery in children with severe TBI. The positive clinical outcomes support further exploration of NGF as a viable treatment option to mitigate long-term sequelae associated with pediatric brain injuries.
Bioconjugation of Podophyllotoxin and Nanosystems: Approaches for Boosting Its Biopharmaceutical and Antitumoral Profile
Authors: Miranda-Vera Carolina , Hernández Ángela-Patricia , García-García Pilar , Díez David , García Pablo A. , Castro María Ángeles
Published: January 2025

Podophyllotoxin is a natural compound belonging to the lignan family and is well-known for its great antitumor activity. However, it shows several limitations, such as severe side effects and some pharmacokinetics problems, including low water solubility, which hinders its application as an anticancer agent. Over the past few years, antitumor research has been focused on developing nanotechnology-based medicines or nanomedicines which allow researchers to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of anticancer compounds. Following this trend, podophyllotoxin nanoconjugates have been obtained to overcome its biopharmaceutical drawbacks and to enhance its antitumor properties. The objective of this review is to highlight the advances made over the past few years (2017–2023) regarding the inclusion of podophyllotoxin in different nanosystems. Among the huge variety of nanoconjugates of diverse nature, drug delivery systems bearing podophyllotoxin as cytotoxic payload are organic nanoparticles mainly based on polymer carriers, micelles, and liposomes. Along with the description of their pharmacological properties as antitumorals and the advantages compared to the free drug in terms of biocompatibility, solubility, and selectivity, we also provide insight into the synthetic procedures developed to obtain those podophyllotoxin-nanocarriers. Typical procedures in this regard are self-assembly techniques, nanoprecipitations, or ionic gelation methods among others. This comprehensive perspective aims to enlighten the medicinal chemistry community about the tendencies followed in the design of new podophyllotoxin-based drug delivery systems, their features and applications.
Coffea arabica: An Emerging Active Ingredient in Dermato-Cosmetic Applications
Authors: Ruse Grațiana , Jîjie Alex-Robert , Moacă Elena-Alina , Pătrașcu Dalia , Ardelean Florina , Jojic Alina-Arabela , Ardelean Simona , Tchiakpe-Antal Diana-Simona
Published: January 2025

Background: Coffea arabica, commonly known as Arabica coffee, has garnered attention in recent years for its potential applications in dermato-cosmetic formulations. This review aims to critically evaluate the emerging role of Coffea arabica as an active ingredient in skin care products, focusing on its bioactive compounds derived from both the leaves and beans, mechanisms of action, and efficacy in dermatological applications. A comparative analysis between the bioactive profiles of the leaves and beans is also presented to elucidate their respective contributions to dermato-cosmetic efficacy. Results: This review synthesizes findings from various studies that highlight the presence of key bioactive compounds in Coffea arabica, including caffeine, chlorogenic acids, and flavonoids. Notably, the leaves exhibit a higher concentration of certain phenolic compounds compared to the beans, suggesting unique properties that may enhance skin health. These compounds have demonstrated significant anticellulite, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, photoprotective, anti-aging, antibacterial, and moisturizing properties. Discussion: This article delves into the biochemical pathways through which bioactive compounds derived from both the leaves and beans of Coffea arabica exert their beneficial effects on skin and hair health. Furthermore, this review highlights the growing trend of incorporating natural ingredients in cosmetic formulations and the consumer demand for products with scientifically substantiated benefits. Conclusions: The findings of this review underscore the potential of Coffea arabica as a valuable active ingredient in dermato-cosmetic applications. Its multifaceted bioactivity suggests that it can contribute significantly to skin health and cosmetic efficacy. Future research should focus on clinical trials to further validate these benefits and explore optimal formulation strategies for enhanced delivery and stability in cosmetic products.
Acid-Neutralizing Omeprazole Formulation for Rapid Release and Absorption
Authors: Ramesh Sreela , Zvoníček Vít , Pěček Daniel , Pišlová Markéta , Beránek Josef , Hofmann Jiří , Dumicic Aleksandra
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Omeprazole undergoes degradation in acidic conditions, which makes it unstable in low pHs found in the gastric environment. The vast majority of already marketed omeprazole formulations use enteric polymer coatings to protect the drug from exposure to acidic pH in the stomach, allowing for drug release in the small intestine where the pH is higher. This study aimed to explore the technical aspects of using stomach acid neutralizers as an alternative to polymeric coatings for omeprazole. Methods: After evaluating various neutralizers, magnesium oxide and sodium bicarbonate were chosen to be incorporated into capsules containing omeprazole, which then underwent in vitro dissolution testing to assess their ability to maintain optimal pH levels and ensure appropriate dissolution kinetics. Hygroscopicity and chemical stability of the selected formulation were tested to prove pharmaceutical quality of the product. An in vivo pharmacokinetic study was conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of the omeprazole–sodium bicarbonate formulation in providing faster absorption in humans. Results: Sodium bicarbonate was selected as the most suitable antacid for ensuring omeprazole stabilization. Its quantity was optimized to effectively neutralize stomach acid, facilitating the rapid release and absorption of omeprazole. In vitro studies demonstrated the ability of the formulation to neutralize gastric acid within five minutes. In vivo studies indicated that maximum concentrations of omeprazole were achieved within half an hour. The product met the requirements of pharmaceutical quality. Conclusions: An easily manufacturable, fast-absorbing oral formulation was developed as an alternative to enteric-coated omeprazole.
Bioactive Hydrogel Supplemented with Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Enhance Wound Healing
Authors: Galbiati Matteo , Maiullari Fabio , Ceraolo Maria Grazia , Bousselmi Salma , Fratini Nicole , Gega Klajdi , Recchia Sandro , Ferretti Anna Maria , Scala Giovanni , Costantini Marco , Sciarra Tommaso , Rizzi Roberto , Bearzi Claudia
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Skin regeneration is a rapidly advancing field with significant implications for regenerative medicine, particularly in treating wounds and burns. This study explores the potential of hydrogels functionalized with fibroblast-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) to enhance skin regeneration in vivo. Being immunoprivileged, EVs minimize immune rejection, offering an attractive alternative to whole-cell therapies by replicating fibroblasts’ key roles in tissue repair. Methods: To promote EVs’ versatility and effective application across different conditions, a lyophilization method with lyoprotectants was optimized. Then, EVs were used to functionalize a hydrogel to perform experiments on murine cutaneous wound models. Results: Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) was selected as the polymeric hydrogel due to its biocompatibility, tunable mechanical properties, and ability to support wound healing. Mechanical tests confirmed GelMA’s strength and elasticity for this application. Fibroblast-derived EVs were characterized using Western blot, Transmission Electron Microscopy, and NanoSight analysis, proving their integrity, size distribution, and stability. miRNome profiling identified enriched biological pathways related to cell migration, differentiation, and angiogenesis, emphasizing the critical role of EV cargo in promoting wound repair. In a murine model, hydrogels loaded with fibroblast-derived EVs significantly accelerated wound healing compared to controls (mean wound area 0.62 mm2 and 4.4 mm2, respectively), with faster closure, enhanced epithelialization, increased vascularization, and reduced fibrosis. Notably, the lyoprotectants successfully preserved the EVs’ structure and bioactivity during freeze-drying, reducing EVs loss by 35% compared to the control group and underscoring the feasibility of this approach for long-term storage and clinical application. Conclusions: This study introduces a novel scalable and adaptable strategy for regenerative medicine by combining fibroblast-derived EVs with GelMA, optimizing EVs’ stability and functionality for enhanced wound healing in clinical settings, even in challenging contexts such as combat zones or large-scale natural disasters.
Experimental Investigation into the Design, Optimization, Toxicity, and Anti-Viral Efficacy of Proliposomes Loaded with Ivermectin Against Infectious Bronchitis Virus Using an Embryonated Chicken Egg Model
Authors: Alyami Mohammad H. , Alyami Hamad S. , Abdo Asmaa M. , A. Sabry Shereen , Mansour Shimaa M. G. , El-Nahas Hanan M. , Ayoub Margrit M.
Published: January 2025

Background: Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes a significant illness in birds, making it a leading source of financial loss in the poultry business. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of proliposomes (PLs) containing ivermectin (IVM) against IBV using embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs). Methods: A three-factor, two-level (23) full factorial design was employed; carrier/lipid phase ratio (A), stearyl glycyrrhetinate amount (B), and phospholipid type (C) were studied as independent variables, while product yield (PY), entrapment efficiency (EE), particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), and cumulative percentage of drug released after 6 h (Q6h) were characterized. The selected formulations (PL2 and PL6) were subjected to further characterizations, including IVM toxicity and anti-viral activity. Results: The PY% ranged from 88.6 ± 2.19% to 98.8 ± 0.45%, EE% was from 71.8 ± 2.01% to 96.1 ± 0.51%, PS was from 330.1 ± 55.65 nm to 1801.6 ± 45.61 nm, PDI was from 0.205 ± 0.06 to 0.603 ± 0.03, ZP was from −18.2 ± 0.60 mV to −50.1 ± 1.80 mV, and Q6h was from 80.95 ± 1.36% to 88.79 ± 2.03%. IVM-loaded PLs had lower toxicity in ECEs than pure IVM; the mortality rate was substantially reduced in IBV-infected ECEs injected with PL2 rather than pure IVM. As further evidence of IVM’s anti-viral action against IBV, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed that the PL2-treated group exhibited further reduction in IBV’s copies in comparison with the pure IVM-treated group. Conclusions: PLs loaded with IVM are an innovative and potentially effective way to inhibit IBV.
IR813-Induced Photothermal Therapy: Leveraging Immunogenic Cell Death for Cancer Treatment
Authors: Jiang Guangwei , Huang Rong , Qian Min , Hu Wenjuan , Huang Rongqin
Published: January 2025

Background: Photothermal therapy has the potential to enhance the precision and safety of oncological treatments. However, applicable photothermal agents associated with its photothermal activated immunogenic cell death remain exploiting. Methods: This study evaluates the effectiveness of IR813, a photothermal agent, combined with near-infrared (NIR) light for cancer treatment. In vitro, 4T1 cancer cells were treated with IR813 (5 μg/mL) and exposed to NIR irradiation (1 W/cm2) for 5 min. In vivo, after the tumor-bearing mice administered with IR813 (1 mg/kg) and exposed to NIR irradiation (1 W/cm2) for 10 min, the tumor volume, survival and immune activation were evaluated. Results: IR813 significantly increased the cytotoxicity of 4T1 cancer cells following near-infrared irradiation, resulting in the release of damage-associated molecular patterns and immunogenic cell death. Specifically, the cell viability was reduced to 5% compared to the control group. In vivo, irradiating the accumulation of IR813 at the tumor site had the potential to mediate substantial photothermal tumor suppression, improved mouse survival, and reduced metastasis, with minimal adverse reactions. Furthermore, the immune responses stimulated by IR813-induced photothermal therapy were evidenced by increased mature dendritic cell and cytotoxic T lymphocyte counts and a decrease in regulatory T cells in the spleen, tumor, and lymph nodes. Conclusions: These findings suggest that IR813-induced photothermal therapy is a promising approach for enhancing immunotherapy, directly inhibiting tumors while boosting systemic anti-cancer immunity.
Emulgel Containing Metronidazole and Clindamycin for the Treatment of Rosacea
Authors: De Grau-Bassal Guillermo , Calpena-Campmany Ana Cristina , Silva-Abreu Marcelle , Suñer-Carbó Joaquim , Mallandrich-Miret Mireia , Martínez-Ruiz Sergio , Cordero Cecilia , Del Pozo Alfonso , Febrer Núria Bozal-de
Published: January 2025

Rosacea is a common skin condition with quite a relevance. It currently affects at least 10% of the European population at some point after the age of 30. It is a chronic disorder that mainly affects the skin on the face and is characterized by outbreaks and remissions. Under normal circumstances, the skin face presents a wide range of commensal organisms, such as Staphylococcus epidermidis or Demodex folliculorum, but dysbiosis of the skin flora plays a relevant role in inflammatory processes and the development of the disease. Metronidazole (MD) is one of the main treatments indicated to reduce redness on the cheeks, nose, chin, or forehead and also to treat flushing, erythema, pimples, and other symptoms due in part to its anti-inflammatory action. On the other hand, clindamycin (CM) is another antibiotic used for rosacea, especially for its action against anaerobic and Gram-positive bacteria. Background/Objectives: This study aimed to develop an emulgel formulation that includes MD and CM, using excipients with non-comedogenic and non-irritating properties. Methods: The formulation was characterised physiochemically, rheological measurements were made, and short-term stability studies were carried out. In vitro release, permeation studies, toxicity an in vitro inflammation model were evaluated in a HaCaT cell model. To determine the interaction between the antibiotics, the minimum inhibitory concentration was determined separately and together using the broth microdilution method. To determine the formulation’s antimicrobial activity, an agar diffusion method was used. Results: The MD-CM-gel droplet size was measured by laser diffraction and the diameter obtained was less than 2.68 ± 0.18 µm in 50% of the particles. Suitable results was observed for the short-term stability. Release and permeation data revealed sustained drug release and adequate permeation through human skin. Non-toxicity was detected and the MD showed an anti-inflammatory effect with non-interference of CM. Also, there is no antagonism between the two antibiotics and the MD-CM-gel shows better results when compared to the formulations with the antibiotics separately and to commercial formulations. Conclusions: It is suggested that, following detailed preclinical and clinical studies, MD-CM-gel could be considered as an alternative for treating rosacea.
Transcriptomic Response of White Lupin Roots to Short-Term Sucrose Treatment
Authors: Roy Proyasha , Sethi Shrey , New James , Lorilla Kristina Mae , Maleski Karen , Ancheta Allan , Uhde-Stone Claudia
Published: January 2025

White lupin (Lupinus albus) has become a model plant for understanding plant adaptations to phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) deficiency, two major limiting factors for plant productivity. In response to both nutrient deficiencies, white lupin forms cluster roots, bottle-brush-like root structures that aid in P and Fe acquisition from soil. While the cluster root function is well-studied, not much is known about the signaling pathways involved in sensing and responding to a P and Fe deficiency. Sucrose has been identified as a long-distance signal sent in increased concentrations from shoot to root in response to both a P and Fe deficiency. Thus, sucrose plays a dual role both as a signal and as a major source of energy for the root. To unravel the responses to sucrose as a signal, we performed an Illumina paired-end cDNA sequencing of white lupin roots treated with sucrose for 20, 40 or 80 min, compared to untreated controls (0 min). We identified 634 up-regulated and 956 down-regulated genes in response to sucrose. Twenty minutes of sucrose treatment showed the most responses, with the ethylene-activated signaling pathway as the most enriched Gene Ontology (GO) category. The number of up-regulated genes decreased at 40 min and 80 min, and protein dephosphorylation became the most enriched category. Taken together, our findings indicate active responses to sucrose as a signal at 20 min after a sucrose addition, but fewer responses and a potential resetting of signal transduction pathways by the dephosphorylation of proteins at 40 and 80 min.
Mechanical Properties and Constitutive Model of High-Mass-Fraction Pressed Tungsten Powder/Polytetrafluoroethylene-Based Composites
Authors: Li Weihang , Yao Wenjin , Zhu Wei , Li Wenbin , Hong Bihui , Wang Xinbo
Published: January 2025

Heavy metal powders driven by explosions can enhance the near-field lethality of explosive warheads by forming a quasi-pressure field while reducing collateral damage at medium and long ranges. Incorporating polymers into high-content metal powders prevents powder sintering under explosive high pressure, enhancing dispersion uniformity and making them promising for controllable warhead applications. To describe the mechanical behavior of materials under impact loading, this paper investigates the dynamic and static mechanical properties and constitutive modeling of tungsten powder/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites. Quasi-static compression tests and split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) dynamic tests were conducted on composites with varying tungsten contents (0 wt%, 70 wt%, 80 wt%, and 90 wt%) and particle sizes (200 μm, 400 μm, and 600 μm), obtaining compressive stress–strain curves over a strain rate range of 0.001 to 3610 s−1. The compressive strength of the composites slightly decreased with increasing tungsten particle size but increased with higher tungsten content. Under quasi-static compression, the compressive strength of the composites with 70 wt% and 80 wt% tungsten was lower than that of pure PTFE. This was due to the bonding strength between the tungsten particles and the resin being weaker than the cohesion within the resin. Additionally, the random distribution of the tungsten particles in the matrix led to shear cracks propagating along the phase interfaces, reducing the compressive strength. The compressive strength of the composites with 90 wt% tungsten exceeded that of pure PTFE, as the packed arrangement of the tungsten particles increased the material strength through particle extrusion and friction during compression. Under dynamic impact, the compressive strength of the composites was higher than that of pure PTFE, primarily due to particle extrusion and friction effects. The composites exhibited significant strain rate sensitivity, with both the compressive strength and critical strain increasing quasi-linearly with the strain rate. Based on the experimental data, a damage-modified Zhu–Wang–Tang (ZWT) viscoelastic model was employed to fit the data, effectively characterizing the uniaxial compressive constitutive behavior of tungsten powder/PTFE composites.
Ballistic and Electromagnetic Shielding Properties of Epoxy Resin Reinforced with Carbon Black and Jute Fabric
Authors: Reis Raphael Henrique Morais , Lima Roberto da Costa , Monteiro Sergio Neves , Figueiredo André Ben-Hur da Silva , Santos Clara Luz de Souza , Nascimento Lúcio Fábio Cassiano
Published: January 2025

This study explores the development of a multifunctional composite material by incorporating carbon black (CB) into an epoxy matrix reinforced with 30 vol.% jute fabric. The objective was to evaluate the impact of CB on the composite’s tensile properties, ballistic performance, and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (SE) within the X-band frequency range (8.2–12.4 GHz). The epoxy composite with 30 vol.% jute and 5 vol.% CB (EJ30/CB5) exhibited 15% improvements in its tensile strength and elastic modulus compared to the epoxy composite with 30 vol.% jute (EJ30) only. Ballistics tests indicated no significant increases in absorbed energy or limit velocity, which may be attributed to the structural rigidity introduced by the CB. An electromagnetic shielding analysis revealed that the CB addition significantly enhanced the SE from ~2 dB in neat epoxy to 5–8 dB in EJ30/CB5, with absorption emerging as the primary shielding mechanism. The findings highlight the potential of CB- and jute-reinforced epoxy composites for applications requiring both mechanical robustness and electromagnetic interference shielding.
Theoretical Modelling, Experimental Testing and Simulation Analysis of Thermal Properties for Green Building-Insulation Materials
Authors: Balo Figen
Published: January 2025

In this study, 45 alternative green materials for building walls were experimentally produced, utilizing renewable (epoxidized sesame oil), natural (clay), and waste (Seyitömer fly ash) resources. These materials were evaluated based on key technical properties such as mass, tensile-compressive strength, and thermal conductivity, all of which are essential for construction and insulation applications. Subsequently, theoretical modeling was conducted for the material coded SE45, which demonstrated the lowest thermal conductivity. Through mathematical calculations, the theoretical thermal conductivity value was determined with a deviation of +5.88%. Furthermore, 48 alternative scenarios were designed for three different building envelope types (internally insulated, externally insulated, and sandwich), using commonly used building insulation materials alongside the sesame oil-based green material with the lowest thermal conductivity (SE45). Energy performance evaluations were conducted by analyzing temperature distributions along the walls of all designed scenarios using ANSYS simulations under the climatic conditions of Ankara, Turkey.
A Machine Learning-Based Risk Assessment Study of Unsafe Behavior of Workers in Nuclear Power Plants Under Construction
Authors: Shan Xueqiang , Yang Weibo , Liu Xia , Yu Kai , Cui Hui
Published: January 2025

Most accidents during the construction of nuclear power plants are caused by human unsafe behavior. How to scientifically determine the risk management priority of human unsafe behaviors is the basis for effectively preventing accidents in under-construction nuclear power plants. Although employees are adopted for control in under-construction nuclear power plants, the records of unsafe behaviors are mostly recorded by inspectors, and the records of behaviors may have missing values. To overcome the above problems, this paper applies machine learning algorithms to construct an employee behavioral risk assessment model. Firstly, by analyzing the influencing factors of unsafe behaviors, the assessment indexes are proposed, then the Random Forest algorithm is used to obtain the characteristic importance of the proposed indexes and exclude those with smaller characteristic importance. Finally, the harmony search (HS) algorithm is used to optimize the back propagation (BP) neural network to construct an assessment model and compare with the BP evaluation model. The results show that the HS-BP model is more accurate and efficient. The results show that the method can comprehensively and effectively analyze workers‘ unsafe behaviors, and the BP neural network is optimized to construct the assessment model using the Harmonic Search algorithm, which is more accurate than the original model. The use of the machine learning method to assess workers’ behaviors can objectively output the risk level and overcome the one-sidedness and subjectivity of the traditional expert evaluation method.
Zonal Planning for a Large-Scale Distribution Network Considering Reliability
Authors: Shi Zhiwei , You Guangzeng , Miu Linfu , Sun Ning , Duan Lei , Yu Qianqian , Xiao Chuanliang , Zhao Ke
Published: January 2025

To achieve the optimal planning of grid resource storage for a large-scale distribution network (DN), a cluster partition-based zonal planning method for the DN, considering reliability, is proposed. Firstly, a comprehensive clustering partition index is proposed, which includes the modularity index, power balance index, and node affiliation index. A hybrid genetic–simulated annealing algorithm is employed to perform the cluster partition. Secondly, a three-layer joint expansion planning model based on cluster partitioning is proposed. At the upper level, a route planning model is established to optimize the routing of the cluster. At the intermediate level, a location and capacity planning model for distributed photovoltaics and energy storage is formulated, taking uncertainties into account. By introducing uncertainty parameters, the range of uncertainty for sources and loads is characterized. At the lower level, reliability indices within the clusters are calculated to ensure operational reliability while reducing the conservatism of the optimization outcomes. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a real distribution network in China, demonstrating its effectiveness in improving the economic efficiency of DN planning.
Exploring the Role of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence
Authors: Teixeira Lívia C. R. , Luizon Marcelo R. , Gomes Karina B.
Published: January 2025

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), including dulaglutide, liraglutide, semaglutide, and exenatide, are effective treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. These agents mimic the action of the endogenous incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) by enhancing insulin secretion, inhibiting glucagon release, and promoting weight loss through appetite suppression. GLP-1RAs have recently been suggested to have neuroprotective effects, suggesting their potential as treatment for neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD and T2DM share several common pathophysiological mechanisms, including insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These shared mechanisms suggest that therapeutic agents targeting metabolic dysfunction may also be beneficial for neurodegenerative conditions. Preclinical studies on GLP-1RAs in AD models, both in vitro and in vivo, have demonstrated promising neuroprotective effects, including reductions in amyloid-beta accumulation, decreased tau hyperphosphorylation, improved synaptic plasticity, and enhanced neuronal survival. Despite the encouraging results from preclinical models, several challenges need to be addressed before GLP-1RAs can be widely used for AD treatment. Ongoing clinical trials are investigating the potential cognitive benefits of GLP-1RAs in AD patients, aiming to establish their role as a therapeutic option for AD. This review aimed to examine the current literature on preclinical and clinical studies investigating GLP-1 receptor agonists as potential therapeutic agents for AD.
Beyond Energy Access: How Renewable Energy Fosters Resilience in Island Communities
Authors: Prasad Ravita D. , Chand Devesh A. , Lata Semaan S. S. L. , Kumar Rayash S.
Published: January 2025

People, communities, and economies in small island developing states are extremely vulnerable to climate change, disasters, and other crises. Renewable energy can play an important part in building the resilience of these communities. Three case studies were conducted in Fiji (i.e., a grid-connected secondary school with roof-top solar PV and biogas, an off-grid community with solar home systems, and a farm that uses solar PV for irrigation) to demonstrate how renewable energy initiatives build community resilience. This study used the community resilience framework, RETScreen tool, information gathered from key informants’ interviews, and secondary data sources to conduct qualitative and quantitative analyses. It found that seven community assets, i.e., human, social, cultural, financial, natural, built, and political assets, are enhanced, leading to an increase in absorptive, adaptive, and transformative capacities for these communities. Furthermore, current research shows that human capital is one of the key instruments in the adoption of new innovative technologies. The results from this study can be used by decisionmakers to promote and implement similar technologies in communities, which not only provide clean electricity and clean cooking energy for climate change mitigation but also build community resilience.
Near Time-Optimal Trajectories with ISO Standard Constraints for Human–Robot Collaboration in Fabric Co-Transportation
Authors: Kermenov Renat , Di Biase Alessandro , Pellicani Ilaria , Longhi Sauro , Bonci Andrea
Published: January 2025

Enabling robots to work safely close to humans requires both adherence to safety standards and the development of appropriate strategies to plan and control robot movements in accordance with human movements. Collaboration between humans and robots in a shared environment is a joint activity aimed at completing specific tasks, requiring coordination, synchronisation, and sometimes physical contact, in which each party contributes its own skills and resources. Among the most challenging tasks of human–robot cooperation is the co-transport of deformable materials such as fabrics. This paper proposes a method for generating the trajectory of a collaborative manipulator. The method is designed for the co-transport of materials such as fabrics. It combines a near time-optimal control strategy that ensures responsiveness in following human actions while simultaneously guaranteeing compliance with the safety limits imposed by current regulations. The combination of these two elements results in a viable co-transport solution which preserves the safety of human operators. This is achieved by constraining the path of the robot trajectory with prescribed velocities and accelerations while simultaneously ensuring a near time-optimal control strategy. In short, the robot movement is generated in such a way as to ensure both the tracking of humans in the co-transportation task and compliance with safety limits. As a first attempt to adopt the proposed approach to integrate time-optimal strategies into human–robot interaction, the simulations and preliminary experimental result obtained are promising.
On-Satellite Implementation of Real-Time Multi-Object Moving Vehicle Tracking with Complex Moving Backgrounds
Authors: Yu Jingyi , Wei Siyuan , Wen Yuxiao , Zhou Danshu , Dou Runjiang , Wang Xiuyu , Xu Jiangtao , Liu Jian , Wu Nanjian , Liu Liyuan
Published: January 2025

On-satellite information processing enables all-weather target tracking. The background of videos from satellite sensors exhibits an affine transformation due to their motion relative to the Earth. In complex moving backgrounds, moving vehicles have a small number of pixels and weak texture features. At the same time, the resources and performance of on-satellite equipment are limited. To address these issues, we propose a multi-object tracking (MOT) algorithm with a detection–association framework for moving vehicles in complex moving backgrounds and implement the algorithm on a satellite to achieve real-time MOT. We use feature matching to effectively eliminate the effects of background motion and use the neighborhood pixel difference method to extract moving vehicle targets in the detection stage. The accurate extraction of motion targets ensures the effectiveness of target association to achieve MOT of moving vehicles in complex moving backgrounds. Additionally, we use a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) to implement the algorithm completely on a satellite. We propose a pixel-level stream processing mode and a cache access processing mode, given the characteristics of on-satellite equipment and sensors. According to the experimental results, the prototype on-satellite implementation method proposed in this paper can achieve real-time processing at 1024 × 1024 px@47 fps.
Effect of Washing Process on the Release of Microplastics from Polyester Fabrics
Authors: Pušić Tanja , Dimitrov Nino , Šaravanja Ana , Vidić Štrac Ivona , Dekanić Tihana
Published: January 2025

Microplastics (MP), consisting of particles under 5 mm in size, and fibrous microplastics (FMPs), which originate from textiles and are shed during the washing process, are acknowledged as a new and expanding category of pollutants. This study aimed to conduct an analytical evaluation of the defragmentation process of polyester fabrics featuring a prominent tri-color pile surface. The evaluation involved washing the fabrics with detergent and water and employing various methods to assess the fabric, wastewater, and filter cake both prior to, and following, cryogenization. The specificity of a pile polyester fabric provided a baseline for evaluating the detergent and water system. Subjecting the polyester fabric to five cycles of washing in a detergent solution and water resulted in a measurable loss of mass. The pristine polyester fabric was analyzed microscopically and by FTIR, while the fabrics before and after washing were subjected to gravimetric analysis. The physico–chemical characteristics of the wastewater, such as the conductivity, turbidity, and chemical oxygen demand, were impacted by the composition of the washing bath. The application of pyrolysis, combined with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), on the filter cake demonstrated the value of using blank samples. The results indicated that both the detergent and the water significantly affected the release of FMPs during the washing process. Polyester fabric sample 1, which was washed in a detergent solution for five cycles, exhibited a mass loss of 1619 mg kg−1. In contrast, sample 2, consisting of a polyester fabric washed solely in water, showed a mass loss of 1707 mg kg−1 over the same number of cycles.
Techno-Economic and Feasibility Assessment of Membrane-Based Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in the Automotive Industry
Authors: Carvalho Sara , Eusébio Mário , Velizarov Svetlozar
Published: January 2025

The gradual increase in water scarcity due to depletion and/or inadequate use of water resources has affected the automotive sector. In this context, possibilities for water reuse in the pre-treatment tunnel in an automotive painting process were studied and compared with the primary goal of finding the most appropriate and economically viable water recovery solutions, considering a circular economy metric approach. To this end, an experimental campaign of aqueous effluent characterization, with determinations of most relevant chemical and physical parameters, was conducted in a company in the automotive industry sector. To reduce alkalinity and remove surfactants from the effluent of the washing phase, a cation exchange on a weak-acid-based resin was proposed along with a microfiltration membrane system with a recovery efficiency of 88%. The inclusion of subsequent ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis steps proved to be the most suitable for removing salts and biocides from the water of the cooling towers, treating approximately 68% of the water. The techno-economic feasibility was comprehensively evaluated according to the type of treatment used. A cost of EUR 245 thousand was estimated for the treatment of water from the degreasing washing phase (EUR 1.06 per manufactured car), and a cost of EUR 582 thousand was estimated for the treatment of the cooling towers’ water (EUR 2.52 per car). The estimated water income after the treatment systems’ implementation was estimated to be equal to EUR 0.07 per car for the washing stage and EUR 0.13 per car for the cooling towers. Ultimately, this study clearly demonstrated the beneficial contribution of using membrane treatment in the automotive sector’s environmental policy, leading to water reuse and much lower effluent discharge according to the principles of the circular economy.
The Effect of Perceptions of Professional Competence of Preschool Teachers on Their Professional Burnout During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Kunduracı Yağmur , Dağal Asude Balaban , Ramazan Oya
Published: January 2025

The aim of the research was to examine the effect of preschool teachers’ perception of professional competence on their professional burnout in Türkiye. A total of 157 teachers composed the study group. In this research, The Burnout Measure, Short Version, Teacher Professional Competence Scale and Personal Information Form prepared by the researchers were used as data collection tools. According to the regression results, the sub-dimensions of teachers’ professional competence, managing teaching and learning processes, and personal and professional development negatively affected the level of professional burnout. The findings indicate that teachers with a bachelor’s or postgraduate degree were less burned out compared to those who graduated from high school or associate’s degree programs. Teachers who graduated from a preschool education departments were less burned out compared to those from child development or other departments. Teachers working in public schools were more burned out compared to those working in private schools. Teachers aged 31 and above scored higher in the sub-dimension of planning education and educating. Additionally, it was observed that teachers working in private schools perceived higher competency levels in overall professional competence as well as in the sub-dimensions of subject matter knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, legislative knowledge, managing teaching and learning processes, and assessment and evaluation compared to teachers working in public schools. As a result, undergraduate and graduate preschool teachers in Türkiye usually work in public schools. These teachers may have higher expectations from themselves. Not being able to meet their expectations during the pandemic may have caused these teachers to feel more burnout. In this case, it would be appropriate to provide these teachers with appropriate environments and adequate psychological support.
Assessment and Examination of Emergency Management Capabilities in Chinese Rural Areas from a Machine Learning Perspective
Authors: Wang Jing , Vansant Elara
Published: January 2025

The Chinese government’s rural rejuvenation program depends on improving the national Rural Emergency Management Capability (REMC). To increase the resilience of Chinese rural areas against external dangers, REMC and its driving elements must be effectively categorized and evaluated. This study examines the variations in REMC levels and driving factors across different cities and regions, revealing the spatial distribution patterns and underlying mechanisms. To improve REMC in Chinese rural areas, this research employs the Projection Pursuit Method to assess REMC in 280 cities from 2006 to 2020. Additionally, we identify 22 driving factors and use the Random Forest algorithm from machine learning to analyze their impact on REMC. The analysis is conducted at both national and city levels to compare the influence of various driving factors in different regions. The findings show that China’s REMC levels have improved over time, driven by economic growth and the formation of urban clusters. Notably, some underdeveloped regions demonstrate higher REMC levels than more developed areas. The four most significant driving factors identified are rural road density, rural Internet penetration, per capita investment in fixed assets, and the density of township health centers. At the city level, rural Internet penetration and the e-commerce turnover of agricultural products have particularly strong driving effects. Moreover, the importance of driving factors varies across regions due to local conditions. This study offers valuable insights for the Chinese government to enhance REMC through region-specific strategies tailored to local circumstances.
Assessment of the Sustainable Supply Chain Finance Factors
Authors: Slavinskaitė Neringa , Čižiūnienė Kristina , Bundonytė Vytautė
Published: January 2025

In a scientific context, the main focus of sustainable supply chain management is on the creation and optimization of product and information flows; however, the management of financial flows receives insufficient attention. All effectively developed supply chain activities may collapse as a result of inadequate management of sustainable supply chain financial processes. In order to successfully develop systematically functioning processes of the international supply chain, it is necessary to analyze how to apply financing instruments in a targeted and effective manner. Adequate financing of the sustainable supply chain is the effect of great prospects and competitive advantage not only on a national scale but also in international markets. The aim of this research was to assess the importance of financing instruments used in international sustainable supply chain finance. Correlation-regression analysis was chosen for the research, which was designed to assess the factors of financial instruments of the dairy industry sustainable supply chain using the example of a company. The results showed that the key factor in the supply chain processes of the dairy products production company was the turnover ratio of buyers’ debts; therefore, in order for the company to improve the indicators of the sustainable supply chain, it should allocate more financing specifically to the turnover ratio of buyers’ debts.