bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gaseous pollutants in Beijing urban area during the heating period 2007–2008: variability, sources, meteorological and chemical impacts
Authors: Lin W. , Xu X. , Ge B. , Liu X.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Gaseous pollutants, NOy/NOx, SO2, CO, and O3, were measured at an urban site in Beijing from 17 November 2007 to 15 March 2008. The average concentrations (with ±1σ) of NO, NO2, NOx, NOy, CO, SO2 and O3 were 29.0±2.7 ppb, 33.7±1.4 ppb, 62.7±4.0 ppb, 72.8±4.5 ppb, 1.99±0.13 ppm, 31.9±2.0 ppb and 11.9±0.8 ppb, respectively, with hourly maxima of 200.7 ppb, 113.5 ppb, 303.9 ppb, 323.2 ppb, 15.06 ppm, 147.3 ppb and 69.7 ppb, respectively. The concentrations of the pollutants show "saw-toothed" patterns, which are attributable mainly to changes in wind direction and speed. The frequency distributions of the hourly mean concentrations of NOy, SO2, CO, and O3 can all be decomposed in the two Lorentz curves, with their peak concentrations representing background levels under different conditions. During the observation period, the average ratio NOx/NOy was 0.86±0.10, suggesting that the gaseous pollutants in Beijing in winter are mainly from local emissions. Data of O3, NOz, and NOx/NOy indicate that photochemistry can take place in Beijing even in the cold winter period. Based on the measurements of O3, NOx, and NOy, ozone production efficiency (OPE) is estimated to be 0.76 for the winter 2007–2008 in Beijing. This low OPE would cause a photochemical O3 source of 4 ppb/day, which is small but significant for surface O3 in winter in Beijing. Downward transport of O3-rich air from the free troposphere is the more important factor for the enhancement of the O3 level in the surface layer, while high NO level for the destruction of O3. The concentrations of SO2, CO, and NOx are strongly correlated among each other, indicating that they are emitted by some common sources. Multiple linear regression analysis is applied to the concentrations of NOy, SO2, and CO and empirical equations are obtained for the NOy concentration. Based the equations, the relative contributions from mobile and point sources to NOy is estimated to be 66±30% and 40±16%, respectively, suggesting that even in the heating period, mobile sources in Beijing contribute more to NOy than point sources.
Trace gas and particle emissions from open biomass burning in Mexico
Authors: Yokelson R. J. , Burling I. R. , Urbanski S. P. , Atlas E. L. , Adachi K. , Buseck P. R. , Wiedinmyer C. , Akagi S. K. , Toohey D. W. , Wold C. E.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. We report airborne measurements of emission factors (EF) for trace gases and PM2.5 made in southern Mexico in March of 2006 on 6 crop residue fires, 3 tropical dry forest fires, 8 savanna fires, 1 garbage fire, and 7 mountain pine-oak forest fires. The savanna fire EF were measured early in the local dry season and when compared to EF measured late in the African dry season they were at least 1.7 times larger for NOx, NH3, H2, and most non-methane organic compounds. Our measurements suggest that urban deposition and high windspeed may also be associated with significantly elevated NOx EF. When considering all fires sampled, the percentage of particles containing soot increased from 15 to 60% as the modified combustion efficiency increased from 0.88 to 0.98. We estimate that about 175 Tg of fuel was consumed by open burning of biomass and garbage and as biofuel (mainly wood cooking fires) in Mexico in 2006. Combining the fuel consumption estimates with our EF measurements suggests that the above combustion sources account for a large fraction of the reactive trace gases and more than 90% of the total primary, fine carbonaceous particles emitted by all combustion sources in Mexico.
Volatility and hygroscopicity of aging secondary organic aerosol in a smog chamber
Authors: Tritscher T. , Dommen J. , DeCarlo P. F. , Barmet P. B. , Praplan A. P. , Weingartner E. , Gysel M. , Prévôt A. S. H. , Riipinen I. , Donahue N. M. , Baltensperger U.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. The evolution of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) during (photo-)chemical aging processes was investigated in a smog chamber. SOA from 10–40 ppb α-pinene was formed during ozonolysis followed by aging with OH radicals. The particles' volatility and hygroscopicity (expressed as volume fraction remaining (VFR) and hygroscopicity parameter κ) were measured with a volatility and hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (V/H-TDMA). These measurements were used as sensitive physical parameters to reveal the possible mechanisms responsible for the chemical changes in the SOA composition during aging: A change of VFR and/or κ during processing of atmospheric aerosol may occur either by addition of SOA mass (by condensation) or by an exchange of molecules in the SOA by other molecules with different properties. The former process increases the SOA mass by definition, while the latter keeps the SOA mass roughly constant and may occur either by heterogeneous reactions on the surface of the SOA particles, by homogeneous reactions like oligomerization or by an evaporation – gas-phase oxidation – recondensation cycle. Thus, when there is a substantial change in the aerosol mass with time, the condensation mechanism may be assumed to be dominant, while, when the mass stays roughly constant the exchange mechanism is likely to be dominant, a process termed ripening here. Depending on the phase of the experiment, an O3 mediated condensation, O3 mediated ripening, OH mediated condensation, and OH mediated ripening could be distinguished. During the O3 mediated condensation the particles volatility decreased (increasing VFR) while the hygroscopicity increased. Thereafter, in the course of O3 mediated ripening volatility continued to decrease, but hygroscopicity stayed roughly constant. After exposing the SOA to OH radicals an OH mediated condensation started with a significant increase of SOA mass. Concurrently, hygroscopicity and volatility increased. This phase was then followed by an OH mediated ripening with a decrease of volatility.
Flash flood detection through a multi-stage probabilistic warning system for heavy precipitation events
Authors: Alfieri L. , Velasco D. , Thielen J.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. The deadly combination of short to no warning lead times and the vulnerability of urbanized areas makes flash flood events extremely dangerous for the modern society. This paper contributes to flash flood early warning by proposing a multi-stage warning system for heavy precipitation events based on threshold exceedances within a probabilistic framework. It makes use of meteorological products at different resolutions, namely, numerical weather predictions (NWP), radar-NWP blending, and radar nowcasting. The system is composed by two main modules. First, a European Precipitation Index based on a simulated Climatology (EPIC) and probabilistic weather forecasts is calculated to pinpoint catchments at risk of upcoming heavy precipitation. Then, a Probabilistic Flash Flood Guidance System (PFFGS) is activated at the regional scale and uses more accurate input data to reduce the estimation uncertainty. The system is tested for a high flow event occurred in Catalonia (Spain) in November 2008 and results from the different meteorological input data are compared and discussed. The strength of coupling the two systems is shown in its ability to detect areas potentially at risk of severe meteorological conditions and then monitoring the evolution by providing more accurate information with higher spatial-temporal resolution as the event approaches.
The use of MOGREPS ensemble rainfall forecasts in operational flood forecasting systems across England and Wales
Authors: Schellekens J. , Weerts A. H. , Moore R. J. , Pierce C. E. , Hildon S.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Operational flood forecasting systems share a fundamental challenge: forecast uncertainty which needs to be considered when making a flood warning decision. One way of representing this uncertainty is through employing an ensemble approach. This paper presents research funded by the Environment Agency in which ensemble rainfall forecasts are utilised and tested for operational use. The form of ensemble rainfall forecast used is the Met Office short-range product called MOGREPS. It is tested for operational use within the Environment Agency's National Flood Forecasting System (NFFS) for England and Wales. Currently, the NFFS uses deterministic forecasts only. The operational configuration of the NFFS for Thames Region is extended to trial the use of the new ensemble rainfall forecasts in support of probabilistic flood forecasting. Evaluation includes considering issues of model performance, configuration (how to fit the ensemble forecasts within the current configurations), data volumes, run times and options for displaying probabilistic forecasts. Although ensemble rainfall forecasts available from MOGREPS are not extensive enough to fully verify product performance, it is concluded that their use within current Environment Agency regional flood forecasting systems can provide better information to the forecaster than use of the deterministic forecasts alone. Of note are the small number of false alarms of river flow exceedance generated when using MOGREPS as input and that small flow events are also forecasted rather well, notwithstanding the rather coarse resolution of the MOGREPS grid (24 km) compared to the studied catchments. In addition, it is concluded that, with careful configuration in NFFS, MOGREPS can be used in existing systems without a significant increase in system load.
An over-land aerosol optical depth data set for data assimilation by filtering, correction, and aggregation of MODIS Collection 5 optical depth retrievals
Authors: Hyer E. J. , Reid J. S. , Zhang J.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. MODIS Collection 5 retrieved aerosol optical depth (AOD) over land (MOD04/MYD04) was evaluated using 4 years of matching AERONET observations, to assess its suitability for aerosol data assimilation in numerical weather prediction models. Examination of errors revealed important sources of variation in random errors (e.g., atmospheric path length, scattering angle "hot spot"), and systematic biases (e.g., snow and cloud contamination, surface albedo bias). A set of quality assurance (QA) filters was developed to avoid conditions with potential for significant AOD error. An empirical correction for surface boundary condition using the MODIS 16-day albedo product captured 25% of the variability in the site mean bias at low AOD. A correction for regional microphysical bias using the AERONET fine/coarse partitioning information increased the global correlation between MODIS and AERONET from r2 = 0.62–0.65 to r2 = 0.71–0.73. Application of these filters and corrections improved the global fraction of MODIS AOD within (0.05 ± 20%) of AERONET to 77%, up from 67% using only built-in MODIS QA. The compliant fraction in individual regions was improved by as much as 20% (South America). An aggregated Level 3 product for use in a data assimilation system is described, along with a prognostic error model to estimate uncertainties on a per-observation basis. The new filtered and corrected Level 3 product has improved performance over built-in MODIS QA with less than a 15% reduction in overall data available for data assimilation.
CO2-gradient measurements using a parallel multi-analyzer setup
Authors: Siebicke L. , Steinfeld G. , Foken T.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Accurate CO2 concentration gradient measurements are needed for the computation of advective flux terms, which are part of the full Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) budget equation. A typical draw back of current gradient measurement designs in advection research is the inadequate sampling of complex flow phenomena using too few observation points in space and time. To overcome this draw back, a new measurement design is presented which allows the parallel measurement of several sampling points at a high frequency. Due to the multi-analyzer nature of the design, inter-instrument bias becomes more of a concern compared to conventional setups. Therefore a statistical approach is presented which allows for accurate observations of concentration gradients, which are typically small in relation to analyzer accuracy, to be obtained. This bias correction approach applies a conditional, time dependent signal correction. The correction depends on a mixing index based on cross correlation analysis, which characterizes the degree of mixing of the atmosphere between individual sample points. The approach assumes statistical properties of probability density functions (pdf) of concentration differences between a sample point and the field average which are common to the pdf's from several sample points. The applicability of the assumptions made was tested by Large Eddy Simulation (LES) using the model PALM and could be verified for a test case of well mixed conditions. The study presents concentration time series before and after correction, measured at a 2 m height in the sub-canopy at the FLUXNET spruce forest site Waldstein-Weiden\\-brunnen (DE-Bay), analyzes the dependence of statistical parameters of pdf's from atmospheric parameters such as stratification, quantifies the errors and evaluates the performance of the bias correction approach. The improvements that are achieved by applying the bias correction approach are one order of magnitude larger than possible errors associated with it, which is a strong incentive to use the correction approach. In conclusion, the presented bias correction approach is well suited for – but not limited to – horizontal gradient measurements in a multi-analyzer setup, which would not have been reliable without this approach. Finally, possible future improvements of the bias correction approach are outlined and further fields of application indicated.
Reconstruction of internal gravity wave parameters from radio occultation retrievals of vertical temperature profiles in the Earth atmosphere
Authors: Gubenko V. N. , Pavelyev A. G. , Salimzyanov R. R. , Pavelyev A. A.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. The new method for the reconstruction of internal gravity wave (IGW) parameters from a single vertical temperature profile measurement in the Earth atmosphere has been developed. This method does not require any additional information not contained in the profile and may be used for the analysis of profiles measured by various techniques. The criterion for the IGW identification has been formulated and argued. In the case when this criterion is satisfied, then analyzed temperature fluctuations can be considered as wave-induced. The method is based on the analysis of relative amplitude thresholds of the temperature wave field and on the linear IGW saturation theory in which amplitude thresholds are restricted by dynamical (shear) instability processes in the atmosphere. When the amplitude of an internal gravity wave reaches the shear instability limit, energy is assumed to be dissipated in such a way that the amplitude is maintained at the instability limit as the wave propagates upwards. In order to approbate the method we have used in situ data of simultaneous balloon high-resolution measurements of the temperature and wind velocity in the Earth stratosphere (France) where a long-period inertia-gravity wave has been detected. Using the temperature data only, we have reconstructed all the measured wave parameters with uncertainties not larger than 30%. An application of the method to the radio occultation data has given the possibility to identify the IGWs in the Earth stratosphere and to determine the magnitudes of key wave parameters such as the intrinsic frequency, amplitudes of vertical and horizontal perturbations of the wind velocity, vertical and horizontal wavelengths, intrinsic vertical and horizontal phase (and group) speeds, kinetic and potential energy, vertical fluxes of the wave energy and horizontal momentum. The obtained results of internal wave studies in the Earth stratosphere deduced from the COSMIC and CHAMP GPS occultation temperature profiles have been presented and discussed.
Predicting storm-time thermospheric mass density variations at CHAMP and GRACE altitudes
Authors: Liu R. , Ma S.-Y. , Lühr H.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Orbit-averaged mass density measurements derived from the satellites CHAMP and GRACE are used to investigate the storm-time prediction model developed by Liu et al. (2010) at different altitudes. This model uses as input only the solar wind merging electric field. From 2002 to 2005 in total 31 major geomagnetic storms with minimum Dst
An application of ensemble/multi model approach for wind power production forecasting
Authors: Alessandrini S. , Pinson P. , Hagedorn R. , Decimi G. , Sperati S.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. The wind power forecasts of the 3 days ahead period are becoming always more useful and important in reducing the problem of grid integration and energy price trading due to the increasing wind power penetration. Therefore it's clear that the accuracy of this forecast is one of the most important requirements for a successful application. The wind power forecast applied in this study is based on meteorological models that provide the 3 days ahead wind data. A Model Output Statistic correction is then performed to reduce systematic error caused, for instance, by a wrong representation of surface roughness or topography in the meteorological models. For this purpose a training of a Neural Network (NN) to link directly the forecasted meteorological data and the power data has been performed. One wind farm has been examined located in a mountain area in the south of Italy (Sicily). First we compare the performances of a prediction based on meteorological data coming from a single model with those obtained by the combination of models (RAMS, ECMWF deterministic, LAMI). It is shown that the multi models approach reduces the day-ahead normalized RMSE forecast error (normalized by nominal power) of at least 1% compared to the singles models approach. Finally we have focused on the possibility of using the ensemble model system (EPS by ECMWF) to estimate the hourly, three days ahead, power forecast accuracy. Contingency diagram between RMSE of the deterministic power forecast and the ensemble members spread of wind forecast have been produced. From this first analysis it seems that ensemble spread could be used as an indicator of the forecast's accuracy at least for the first three days ahead period.
Near-ubiquity of ice-edge blooms in the Arctic
Authors: Perrette M. , Yool A. , Quartly G. D. , Popova E. E.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Ice-edge blooms are significant features of Arctic primary production, yet have received relatively little attention. Here we combine satellite ocean colour and sea-ice data in a pan-Arctic study. Ice-edge blooms occur in all seasonally ice-covered areas and from spring to late summer, being observed in 77–89% of locations for which adequate data exist, and usually peaking within 20 days of ice retreat. They sometimes form long belts along the ice-edge (greater than 100 km), although smaller structures were also found. The bloom peak is on average more than 1 mg m−3, with major blooms more than 10 mg m−3, and is usually located close to the ice-edge, though not always. Some propagate behind the receding ice-edge over hundreds of kilometres and over several months, while others remain stationary. The strong connection between ice retreat and productivity suggests that the ongoing changes in Arctic sea-ice may have a significant impact on higher trophic levels and local fish stocks.
Seasonal and interannual variability of sedimentation and organic matter distribution in the Buor Khaya Gulf – the primary recipient of input from Lena River and coastal erosion in the SE Laptev Sea
Authors: Charkin A. N. , Dudarev O. V. , Semiletov I. P. , Kruhmalev A. V. , Vonk J. E. , Sánchez-García L. , Karlsson E. , Gustafsson Ö.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Climate warming is amplified in the land-sea system of the East Siberian Arctic, which also holds large pools of vulnerable carbon in permafrost. This coastal area is strongly influenced by sediment and carbon transport from both its large rivers and extensive erosion of Pleistocene permafrost along its coastline. This study is investigating the coastal fate of the sediment and organic carbon delivered to the Buor-Khaya Gulf, which is the first recipient of the 16 overwhelming fluvial discharge from the Lena River and is additionally receiving large input from extensive erosion of the coastal ice-complex (permafrost a.k.a. Yedoma; loess soil with high organic carbon content). Both water column suspended particulate matter (SPM) and surface sediments were sampled at about 250 oceanographic stations in the Gulf in this multiyear effort, including one winter campaign, and analyzed for the distribution and sorting of sediment size, organic carbon content, and stable carbon isotope signals. The composition of the surface sediment suggests an overwhelmingly terrestrial contribution from both river and coastal erosion. Based on data collected during several years in the period 2000–2008, two different sedimentation regimes were revealed for the Buor-Khaya Gulf, the relative importance of each at a given time depend on hydrometeorological conditions, the Lena River water discharge and sea-ice regime: Type 1 erosion-accumulation and Type 2 accumulation. The Type 1 erosion-accumulation sedimentation regime is typical (2000–2006) for the ice-free period of the year (here considered in detail for August 2005). Under such conditions terrigenous sources of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and particulate organic carbon (POC) stem predominantly from river discharge, thermal erosion of coastal ice-complex and remobilized bottom sediments. The Type 2 accumulation sedimentation regime develops under ice-covered conditions, and only occasionally during the ice-free period (August 2008). In Type 2 winter, combined terrigenous and marine-biogenic SPM and POC sources are dominating due to relatively low overall terrigenous input (April 2007). In Type 2 summer, river alluvium becomes the major SPM and POC source (August 2008). The water column SPM and POC loadings vary by more than a factor of two between the two regimes. This study underscores the necessity of multi-year investigations to better understand the functioning of the primary recipient of terrestrially expulsed matter in the East Siberian Arctic.
Variations of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in control and transient simulations of the last millennium
Authors: Hofer D. , Raible C. C. , Stocker T. F.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. The variability of the Atlantic meridional overturing circulation (AMOC) strength is investigated in control experiments and in transient simulations of up to the last millennium using the low-resolution Community Climate System Model version 3. In the transient simulations the AMOC exhibits enhanced low-frequency variability that is mainly caused by infrequent transitions between two semi-stable circulation states which amount to a 10 percent change of the maximum overturning. One transition is also found in a control experiment, but the time-varying external forcing significantly increases the probability of the occurrence of such events though not having a direct, linear impact on the AMOC. The transition from a high to a low AMOC state starts with a reduction of the convection in the Labrador and Irminger Seas and goes along with a changed barotropic circulation of both gyres in the North Atlantic and a gradual strengthening of the convection in the Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian (GIN) Seas. In contrast, the transition from a weak to a strong overturning is induced by decreased mixing in the GIN Seas. As a consequence of the transition, regional sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are found in the midlatitude North Atlantic and in the convection regions with an amplitude of up to 3 K. The atmospheric response to the SST forcing associated with the transition indicates a significant impact on the Scandinavian surface air temperature (SAT) in the order of 1 K. Thus, the changes of the ocean circulation make a major contribution to the Scandinavian SAT variability in the last millennium.
Are paleoclimate model ensembles consistent with the MARGO data synthesis?
Authors: Hargreaves J. C. , Paul A. , Ohgaito R. , Abe-Ouchi A. , Annan J. D.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. We investigate the consistency of various ensembles of model simulations with the Multiproxy Approach for the Reconstruction of the Glacial Ocean Surface (MARGO) sea surface temperature data synthesis. We discover that while two multi-model ensembles, created through the Paleoclimate Model Intercomparison Projects (PMIP and PMIP2), pass our simple tests of reliability, an ensemble based on parameter variation in a single model does not perform so well. We show that accounting for observational uncertainty in the MARGO database is of prime importance for correctly evaluating the ensembles. Perhaps surprisingly, the inclusion of a coupled dynamical ocean (compared to the use of a slab ocean) does not appear to cause a wider spread in the sea surface temperature anomalies, but rather causes systematic changes with more heat transported north in the Atlantic. There is weak evidence that the sea surface temperature data may be more consistent with meridional overturning in the North Atlantic being similar for the LGM and the present day, however, the small size of the PMIP2 ensemble prevents any statistically significant results from being obtained.
Geologic constraints on earth system sensitivity to CO2 during the Cretaceous and early Paleogene
Authors: Royer D. L. , Pagani M. , Beerling D. J.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Earth system sensitivity (ESS) is the long-term (>103 yr) equilibrium temperature response to doubled CO2. ESS has climate policy implications because global temperatures are not expected to decline appreciably for at least 103 yr, even if anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions drop to zero. We report quantitative ESS estimates of 3 °C or higher for much of the Cretaceous and early Paleogene based on paleo-reconstructions of CO2 and temperature. These estimates are generally higher than climate sensitivities simulated from global climate models for the same ancient periods (~3 °C). We conclude that climate models do not capture the full suite of positive climate feedbacks during greenhouse worlds. These absent feedbacks are probably related to clouds, trace greenhouse gases, seasonal snow cover, and/or vegetation, especially in polar regions. Continued warming in the coming decades as anthropogenic greenhouse gases accumulate in the atmosphere ensures that characterizing and quantifying these positive climate feedbacks will become a scientific challenge of increasing priority.
A new coupled ice sheet/climate model: description and sensitivity to model physics under Eemian, Last Glacial Maximum, late Holocene and modern climate conditions
Authors: Fyke J. G. , Weaver A. J. , Pollard D. , Eby M. , Carter L. , Mackintosh A.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. The need to better understand long-term climate/ice sheet feedback loops is motivating efforts to couple ice sheet models into Earth System models which are capable of long-timescale simulations. In this paper we describe a coupled model that consists of the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model (UVic ESCM) and the Pennsylvania State University Ice model (PSUI). The climate model generates a surface mass balance (SMB) field via a sub-gridded surface energy/moisture balance model that resolves narrow ice sheet ablation zones. The ice model returns revised elevation, surface albedo and ice area fields, plus coastal fluxes of heat and moisture. An arbitrary number of ice sheets can be simulated, each on their own high-resolution grid and each capable of synchronous or asynchronous coupling with the overlying climate model. The model is designed to conserve global heat and moisture. In the process of improving model performance we developed a procedure to account for modelled surface air temperature (SAT) biases within the energy/moisture balance surface model and improved the UVic ESCM snow surface scheme through addition of variable albedos and refreezing over the ice sheet. A number of simulations for late Holocene, Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and Eemian climate boundary conditions were carried out to explore the sensitivity of the coupled model and identify model configurations that best represented these climate states. The modelled SAT bias was found to play a significant role in long-term ice sheet evolution, as was the effect of refreezing meltwater and surface albedo. The bias-corrected model was able to reasonably capture important aspects of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, including modern SMB and ice distribution. The simulated northern Greenland ice sheet was found to be prone to ice margin retreat at radiative forcings corresponding closely to those of the Eemian or the present-day.
A new method of rainfall temporal downscaling: a case study on sanmenxia station in the Yellow River Basin
Authors: Chen G. F. , Qin D. Y. , Ye R. , Guo Y. X. , Wang H.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Distributed hydrological models are effective tools for Predictions in Ungauged Basins (PUB). The rainfall input uncertainty is an important source of hydrological model uncertainty. With the improvement of hydrological model accuracy, the requirements of the accuracy of input data are correspondingly improved. Daily rainfall data is the most common data that the researchers can get, however this cannot satisfy the requirement of hydrological simulation. Therefore, researches of daily rainfall temporal downscaling method is focus in distributed hydrological models. In the Yellow River Basin, the random distribution method, the sinusoidal distribution method and the normal distribution method all underestimate the maximum rainfall intensity. This paper raises a new daily rainfall downscaling method called proportional method based on the rainfall hyetograph of 28 years. This method significantly improves the accuracy of the maximum rainfall intensity simulation and the rainfall process curves, so this method can improve the accuracy of modeling the hydrology process and reducing the input uncertainty of the rainfall data.
A study on distribution of chlorophyll-a in the coastal waters of Anzali Port, south Caspian Sea
Authors: Jamshidi S. , Bin Abu Bakar N.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Phytoplankton as chlorophyll-containing organisms is the first step of production in most marine processes and food chains. Nutrient enhancement in the seawater due to the discharge of agricultural, industrial, and urban wastes threatens the Caspian Sea environment. Increasing concentrations of chlorophyll-a in seawater, in reaction to the elevation of nutrient supply can have severely damaging effects on the marine environment of the Caspian. In this research, seasonal variability of the chlorophyll-a concentrations in the western part of the southern coastal waters of the Caspian Sea near Iranian coast was examined using field observations. The data showed that the most chlorophyll-a was found below the sea surface. The thermal stratification in water column and outflow of the Anzali Lagoon affect the chlorophyll-a concentrations in the region. Concentrations of chlorophyll-a were recorded in midsummer in a range of 0.2–3.4 mg m−3.
A multi-decadal meridional displacement of the Subpolar Front in the Newfoundland Basin
Authors: Núñez-Riboni I. , Bersch M. , Haak H. , Jungclaus J. H.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Observations since the 1950s show a multi-decadal cycle of a meridional displacement of the Subpolar Front (SPF) in the Newfoundland Basin (NFB) in the North Atlantic. The SPF displacement is associated with corresponding variations in the path of the North Atlantic Current. We use the ocean general circulation model MPIOM with enhanced horizontal and vertical resolutions and forced with NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data to study the relation of the SPF displacement to Labrador Sea Water (LSW) volume, atmospheric forcing and intensities of the Subpolar Gyre (SPG) and Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC). The simulations indicate that the SPF displacement is associated with a circulation anomaly between the SPG and the subtropical gyre (STG), an inter-gyre gyre with a multi-decadal time scale. Contributions of wind stress curl (WSC) and LSW volume changes to the inter-gyre gyre are similar between 35 and 55° N (excluding the western boundary current). An anticyclonic inter-gyre gyre is related to negative WSC and LSW anomalies and to a SPF north of its climatological position, indicating an expanding STG. A cyclonic inter-gyre gyre is related to positive WSC and LSW anomalies and a SPF south of its climatological position, indicating an expanding SPG. Therefore, the mean latitudinal position of the SPF in the NFB could be an indicator of the amount of LSW in the inter-gyre region. Spreading of LSW anomalies intensifies the MOC, suggesting our SPF index as predictor of the MOC intensity at multi-decadal time scales. The meridional displacement of the SPF has a pronounced influence on the meridional heat transport, both on its gyre and overturning components.
Luc Ferry & Alain Renaut, Pourquoi nous ne sommes pas nietzscheens
Authors: Rockmore Tom
Published: March 2011

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Les arbres de la connaissance
Authors: Douailler Stephane
Published: March 2011

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La phénoménologie des valeurs et le probléme du sacrifice chez Sartre
Authors: Raynova Yvanka
Published: March 2011

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Michel Foucault: The Last Great French Humanist
Authors: Wood Philip R.
Published: March 2011

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Etienne Balibar, La Philosophie de Marx
Authors: Goux Jean-Joseph
Published: March 2011

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Vient de paraitre
Authors: Editors The
Published: March 2011

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Technologies of the Self: Truth, Asceticism, and Autonomy
Authors: Ramos Alice
Published: March 2011

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The Phenomena of Trusting and Relational Ontologies
Authors: Godfrey S.J Joseph J
Published: March 2011

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Secondary Reflection as Interpretation
Authors: Busch Thomas W.
Published: March 2011

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Le probleme de l'autre dans la philosophie francaise du vingtieme siecle
Authors: Raynova Yvanka
Published: March 2011

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Christopher Johnson, System and Writing in the Philosophy of Jacques Derrida
Authors: Editors The
Published: March 2011

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Michel Foucault, L'hermeneutique et la critique des lumieres
Authors: Racevskis Karlis
Published: March 2011

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Auguste Comte, John Stuart Mill, et l'economie politique
Authors: Weirich Paul
Published: March 2011

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L'etendue et l'espace chez Descartes
Authors: Gabaude Jean-Marc
Published: March 2011

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Philosophy and Inspiration: Chalier's Levinas
Authors: Smith Michael B.
Published: March 2011

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L'education du citoyen
Authors: Canivez Patrice
Published: March 2011

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L'idealisme allemand et la franc-maçonnerie de Lessing à Hegel
Authors: D'Hondt Jacques
Published: March 2011

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Les ruptures dans la traditions philosophique europeenne
Authors: D'Hondt Jacques
Published: March 2011

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L'homme de Diderot
Authors: D'Hondt Jacques
Published: March 2011

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Penser DéPenser
Authors: Vergnioux Alain
Published: March 2011

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L'autre existe-t-il?
Authors: Molnar Thomas
Published: March 2011

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Geneviève Rodis-Lewis, Descartes: His Life and Thoughts
Authors: Editors The
Published: March 2011

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Joachim Wilke, Jean-Marc Gabaude & Michel Vadee (sous la direction de). Les chemins de a raison
Authors: Editors The
Published: March 2011

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Introduction: VIolence: And Postmodernity
Authors: Bourgeois Patrick L.
Published: March 2011

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Instrumentalism, conflict and the temporality of consciousness in Sartre's philosophy
Authors: White Roger
Published: March 2011

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Etre matérialiste poétiquement
Authors: Saison Maryvonne
Published: March 2011

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Jacques D'Hondt, Hegel: Biographie
Authors: Editors The
Published: March 2011

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Reprendre le deuxième sexe
Authors: Engel Sabine
Published: March 2011

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Failed Friendship, Forgotten Genealogies: Simone de Beuvoir and Luce Irigaray
Authors: Bergoffen Debra
Published: March 2011

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Philosophy, Literature, and Everyday Life in The Second Sex: The Current Beauvoir Revival
Authors: McBride William
Published: March 2011

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Outside the Second Sex: Beauvoir's "Pensée du dehors"
Authors: Alexander Anna
Published: March 2011

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The Possibility of the Im-possible: Heidegger and Derrida on Responsibility
Authors: Raffoul François
Published: March 2011

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Jean-Luc Marion, The Crossing of the Visible
Authors: Dahl Darren E.
Published: March 2011

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Nietzsche, Polytheism and Parody
Authors: Klossowski Pierre
Published: March 2011

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Ronald Aronson, Camus and Sarter: The Story of a Friendship and the Quarrel that Ended It. Sartre and Camus: A Historic Confrontation (Edit and Trans)
Authors: Eshleman Matthew
Published: March 2011

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Leonard Lawlor, Thinking through French Philosophy: The Being of the Question
Authors: Al-Saji Alia
Published: March 2011

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A comfortable witness is a good witness: rapport‐building and susceptibility to misinformation in an investigative mock‐crime interview
Authors: Vallano Jonathan P. , Compo Nadja Schreiber
Published: March 2011

Major investigative interviewing protocols such as the Cognitive Interview recommend that investigators build rapport with cooperative adult witnesses at the beginning of a police interview. Although research substantiates the benefits of rapport‐building on the accuracy of child witness reports, few studies have examined whether similar benefits apply to adult witnesses. The present study investigated whether verbal rapport‐building techniques increase adult witness report accuracy and decrease their susceptibility to post‐event misinformation. One‐hundred eleven college adults viewed a videotaped mock‐crime, received post‐event misinformation (or correct information) about the crime, and were subsequently interviewed by a research assistant who built rapport (or did not build rapport) before recalling the mock‐crime. Results indicated that rapport‐building increased the quality of witness recall by decreasing the percentage of inaccurate and misinformation reported, particularly in response to open‐ended questions. We discuss implications and recommendations for law enforcement. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soft Nanolithography by Polymer Fibers
Authors: Tu Deyu , Pagliara Stefano , Camposeo Andrea , Potente Giovanni , Mele Elisa , Cingolani Roberto , Pisignano Dario
Published: March 2011

We report on the use of polymer fibers for large‐area soft nanolithography on organic and inorganic surfaces with 50 nm resolution. The morphology of fibers and of the corresponding patterned gap is investigated, demonstrating a lateral dimension downscaling of up to nine times, which greatly increases the achieved resolution during pattern transfer. In this way, we realize poly­mer field effect transistors with channel length and width as low as 250 nm that are expected to show transistor transition frequency up to a few MHz, and are thus exploitable as low‐cost radio‐frequency identification devices.
Charge Transport and Recombination in Polyspirobifluorene Blue Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Nicolai Herman T. , Hof André , Oosthoek Jasper L. M. , Blom Paul W. M.
Published: March 2011

The charge transport in blue light‐emitting polyspirobifluorene is investigated by both steady‐state current‐voltage measurements and transient electroluminescence. Both measurement techniques yield consistent results and show that the hole transport is space‐charge limited. The electron current is found to be governed by a high intrinsic mobility in combination with electron traps. Numerical simulations on light‐emitting diodes reveal a shift in the recombination zone from the cathode to the anode with increasing bias.
Packing of Emulsion Droplets: Structural and Functional Motifs for Multi‐Cored Microcapsules
Authors: Kim Shin‐Hyun , Hwang Hyerim , Lim Che Ho , Shim Jae Won , Yang Seung‐Man
Published: March 2011

Advances in microfluidic emulsification have enabled the creation of multiphase emulsion drops, which have emerged as promising templates for producing functional microcapsules. However, most previous micro‐encapsulation methods have limitations in terms of capsule stability, functionality, and simplicity of fabrication procedures. Here, we report a simple single‐step encapsulation technique that uses an optofluidic platform to efficiently and precisely encapsulate a specific number of emulsion droplets in photocurable shell droplets. In particular, we show, for the first time, that densely confined core droplets within an oily shell droplet rearrange into a unique configuration that minimizes the interfacial energy, as confirmed here from theory. These structures are then consolidated into multi‐cored microcapsules with structural and mechanical stability through in situ photopolymerization of the shell in a continuous mode, which are capable of isolating active materials and releasing them in a controlled manner using well‐defined nanohole arrays or nanoscopic silver architectures on thin membranes.
Incidence of airflow limitation among employees in Norwegian smelters
Authors: Søyseth Vidar , Johnsen Helle Laier , Bugge Merete Drevvatne , Hetland Siri Merete , Kongerud Johny
Published: March 2011

We have investigated the association between the incidence of airflow limitation and occupational exposure.

The employees (n = 3,924) were investigated annually during five years (n = 16,570) using spirometry. Exposure was classified using job category and a job exposure matrix. Airflow limitation was expressed using two indices: (i) as forced expiratory volume in one second/force vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) <0.7 and (ii) lower limit of normal (LLN).

The incidence of airflow limitation was 21.2/1000 years−1 and 15.1/1000 years−1 using the fixed limit (0.7) and the LLN criterion, respectively. We found a dose–response relationship between the incidence of airflow limitation and tobacco consumption and with job‐category in non‐smokers. The associations between airflow limitation and covariates were independent of how airflow limitation was defined.

The incidence of airflow limitation defined as FEVl/FVC <0.7 yielded higher incidence rates of airflow limitation than LLN. We found a significant association between the incidence of airflow limitation and occupational exposure in non‐smokers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:707–713, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, characterization, and application of amberlite XAD‐2‐ salicylic acid‐ iminodiacetic acid for lead removal from human plasma and environmental samples
Authors: Panahi Homayon Ahmad , Mottaghinejad Enayatollah , Badr Ali Rezaii , Moniri Elham
Published: March 2011

A new chelating resin is prepared by coup‐ling Amberlite XAD‐2 with salicylic acid (SAL) through an azo spacer. Then the polymer support was coupled with iminodiacetic acid (IDA). The resulting sorbent has been characterized by FT‐IR, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and studied for the preconcentration and determination of trace Pb (II) ion from human biological fluid and environmental water samples. The optimum pH value for sorption of the metal ion was 5. The sorption capacity of functionalized resin is 67 mg g−1. The chelating sorbent can be reused for 20 cycles of sorption–desorption without any significant change in sorption capacity. A recovery of 95% was obtained for the metal ion with 0.5M nitric acid as eluting agent. The profile of lead uptake on this sorbent reflects good accessibility of the chelating sites in the Amberlite XAD‐2‐SAL/IDA. Scatchard analysis revealed that the homogeneous binding sites were formed in the polymers. The equilibrium adsorption data of Pb (II) on modified resin were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Redlich‐Peterson models. Based on equili‐brium adsorption data the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin constants were determined 0.428, 20.99, and 7 × 10−12 at pH 5 and 20°C. The method was successfully applied for determination of lead ions in human plasma and sea water sample. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effect of carbon black loading on curing characteristics and mechanical properties of waste tyre dust/carbon black hybrid filler filled natural rubber compounds
Authors: Ismail H. , Omar N. F. , Othman N.
Published: March 2011

Curing characteristics, tensile properties, fatigue life, swelling behavior, and morphology of waste tire dust (WTD)/carbon black (CB) hybrid filler filled natural rubber (NR) compounds were studied. The WTD/CB hybrid filler filled NR compounds were compounded at 30 phr hybrid filler loading with increasing partial replacement of CB at 0, 10, 15, 20, and 30 phr. The curing characteristics such as scorch time, t2 and cure time, t90 decreased and increased with increment of CB loading in hybrid filler (30 phr content), respectively. Whereas maximum torque (MHR) and minimum torque (ML) increased with increasing CB loading. The tensile properties such as tensile strength, elongation at break, and tensile modulus of WTD/CB hybrid filler filled NR compounds showed steady increment as CB loading increased. The fatigue test showed that fatigue life increased with increment of CB loading. Rubber–filler interaction, Qf/Qg indicated that the NR compounds with the highest CB loading exhibited the highest rubber–filler interactions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of tensile and fatigue fractured surfaces and rubber–filler interaction study supported the observed result on tensile properties and fatigue life. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis, exchange reactions, and biological activity of poly(8‐methacryloxyquinoline)
Authors: Khalil A. A.
Published: March 2011

8‐Methacryloxyquinoline (MAQ) was prepared through the reaction of 8‐hydroxyquinoline with either methacryloyl chloride or methacrylic acid in the presence of triethylamine or N,N‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, respectively. MAQ was polymerized in dimethylformamide with 2,2‐azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator. The reactions of the resulting polymers with hydroxyl and amino compounds were studied. The polymers were characterized with IR, 1H‐NMR, and mass spectroscopy. Some of the synthesized polymers were tested for their antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi. Generally, all the polymers were effective against the tested microorganisms, but their growth‐inhibition effects varied. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Grafting biodegradable polyesters onto cellulose
Authors: Samain Xavier , Langlois Valérie , Renard Estelle , Lorang Gérard
Published: March 2011

To increase the compatibility between cellulose fibers and polyester matrix an original method for grafting hydrophobic oligoesters onto cellulose was proposed. Two kinds of cellulose substrates were employed as cellulose films and microcrystalline cellulose powder. Different oligoesters containing reactive end groups based on poly(DL‐lactic acid) PDL‐LA, poly(ε‐caprolactone) PCL and poly(3‐hydroxyalkanoate)s PHA were first prepared and characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The carboxylic end groups of the polyesters were activated using thionyl chloride (SOCl2) to increase the esterification reaction with the hydroxyl groups of the cellulose. The esterification was realized in a heterogenous medium without any catalyst by deposition of chloride oligoesters in solution (2–100 g L−1) onto cellulose film at different temperatures (25–105°C) during 1–12 h. The successful grafting on the various substrates was confirmed on the basis of FTIR spectroscopy, contact angle measurement, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In particular, it is shown that a small quantity of grafted oligoesters led to a significant increase of the hydrophobic character of the cellulose with a contact angle near 130°. The increase of hydrophobicity of cellulose is independent of the nature and length of grafting oligoesters. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011