bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PRINCIPLES OF STATE REGULATION OF THE ACTIVITIES OF BODIES OF THE STATE EXECUTIVE SERVICE AND PRIVATE EXECUTORS
Authors: Kulava Mariіa Konstantinovna
Published: September 2018

Within the presented article, taking into account already existing achievements of scientists, the concept, the main features of the principles of state administration of the executive system of Ukraine are defined. The principles of activity of executive bodies bodies according to the current legislation of Ukraine are determined. A brief description of the principles is presented, namely: the rule of law, legality, compulsory, independence, justice, impartiality and objectivity, discretion, transparency and openness of executive proceedings and its fixation by technical means, the reasonableness of the time limits for enforcement proceedings, the proportionality of enforcement measures and the amount of claims for decisions, the right to appeal decisions, actions or omissions of state executives, private performers. It is established that in general the principles of executive proceedings in the investigated normative acts are duplicated, in addition to the principles of independence and the right to appeal decisions, actions or inaction of state executives, private performers. The actual vision of the principles of public administration of the executive system of Ukraine is determined. The opinion on the need to supplement the list of principles with the following: the principle of equal competition between state and private performers through the balance between them; the principle of responsibility of the executive system bodies, their officials and private executors for damage caused as a result of violations of regulatory requirements; the principle of introducing effective incentives for voluntary implementation of decisions; the principle of professionalism and competence. Also, within the submitted article, it is stated that the use of the terms “principles” and “principles” in the Laws of Ukraine “On Bodies and Officials Performing Enforcement of Court Decisions and Decisions of Other Bodies”, “On Enforcement Proceedings”, which are adopted simultaneously and regulated, are unjustified, identical social relations.
EXPERIENCE OF ADVANCED COUNTRIES IN APPLICATION OF PRE-TRIAL SETTLEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION
Authors: Marusheva Oleksandra Anatoliivna
Published: September 2018

The paper highlights the practice of pre-trial settlements in the sphere of construction in advanced countries of the world. Specific features of scientific theoretical approaches to dispute settlement in construction works have been substantiated. The international experience of advanced countries in application of the mechanisms for alternative dispute resolution has been analyzed, and a comprehensive research into international legal acts has been conducted. The vector of priority directions and ways to introduce the alternative mechanisms in the conditions of the Ukrainian state are determined. It is proposed to achieve the desired results by applying the discussed forms under administrative system reform. It is noted that today the Ukrainian state is only at the stage of creating an alternative dispute resolution model in construction. It is noted that the idea of introducing this practice in the domestic legal system is supported by a wide range of specialists. Such an interest corresponds to the desire of Ukraine to harmonize national legislation. It is grounded that the definition of priority directions and ways of introducing alternative mechanisms in the field of construction in Ukraine is to apply foreign experience in the context of reforming the modern political system, namely decentralization. It is the application of the proposed model that should be implemented at the state, regional and local levels, legally consolidate it and solve urgent problems. Such a systematization, in my opinion, will lead to a more objective and perfect settlement of disputes over a short period of time. It is noted that nowadays there is a considerable scientific interest in this issue, the expediency of using alternative mechanisms in the Ukrainian state is solved. However, this is a rather controversial issue, so there is a need for a comprehensive study of experience in foreign countries and the identification of priority areas and ways of applying experience in modern conditions in Ukraine.
SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT OF RISKS TO THE REAL PROPERTY UNDER CONSTRUCTION AND IN USE: PURSUIT AND ACHIEVEMENTS
Authors: Nepomnyashchyi Oleksandr Mykhailovych , Diegtiar Oleg Andriyovych
Published: September 2018

The article is devoted to the actual issues of the introduction of European standards in the construction industry. One of the most important areas is the development of a system of engineer consultants that works efficiently abroad and can contribute to the development of the construction industry in Ukraine. At the current stage of economic development, the construction industry requires the creation of effective integrated management systems that can ensure its competitiveness not only within the framework of Ukraine but also in European markets. In conditions of transformation of the economic system to European standards of business, special attention is needed to create scientifically grounded prerequisites for the development of the construction industry. In this aspect, the development of a scientific risk management school in the construction and operation of real estate is of particular relevance. The article gives a theoretical definition of the concept “scientific school”, conducted a retrospective analysis of the definition of the conceptual foundations of the development of scientific schools in Ukraine and abroad. On the basis of the analysis carried out, the main characteristics of scientific schools and the prospects for further development of research and development in the field of construction and operation of buildings and structures are indicated. The purpose of the article is to determine the further ways of developing the school of science, to provide effective practical solutions to the actual problems of risk management at the macro level and macro levels. The Scientific School of Risk Management in the construction and operation of real estate objects is an analysis of the processes of risk management of construction projects and the operation of real estate objects throughout the life cycle of the construction project (pre-investment stage, design, construction, commissioning, operation, repair, reconstruction, demolition and utilization of materials and waste). That is, approaches to the research work of the School of Risk Management in the construction and operation of real estate objects are complex and systemic, and the issues that it considers may be relevant to solving problems of various stages of the implementation of construction projects, which emphasizes the great importance of the development of scientific areas school. In order to ensure the further development of a scientific risk management school in the construction and operation of real estate objects, priority tasks and future directions of further development have been identified.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF THE INFLUENCE OF TISSUE RESPIRATION ENZYMES ON THE MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C
Authors: Bagmut I.Y. , Gramatiuk S.M.
Published: September 2018

Studies conducted over several decades in the field of pathophysiological mechanisms of hepatocyte mitochondria have usually been directed to functional studies of isolated mitochondria in the absence of ADP. In many cases, researchers used data to calculate parameters, including the respiratory rate or the amount of ADP consumed for each amount of oxygen used. However, so far, little is known about how the virus can survive in a highly oxidizing environment, given that oxidative stress is such an outstanding clinical feature that is associated with infection with the hepatitis C virus. In our opinion, adaptation to oxidative stress is a pathophysiological mechanism for the survival of the virus. The objective is to research mechanisms of energy supply disturbance as a mechanism of damage to cells in patients with chronic viral hepatitis C. The 62 HCV+ patients and 24 healthy controls were enrolled in the present cross-sectional study.  The patients were selected on the basis of their stable clinical condition over the past 3 months. The HCV infection was diagnosed by the positivity of anti-HCV and HCV-RNA for at least 6 months of period. Mitochondrial integrity was assessed by cytochrome C release using a commercial kit (Cytochrome C Oxidase Assay Kit, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis) indicating a mean of 96% intact mitochondria. Intrinsic NADH fluorescence was monitored in isolated mitochondria as a marker of the mitochondrial NADH redox state. Mitochondrial division is a key determinant of mitochondrial quality control, and HCV modulates these key processes in the adaptation to cellular physiological perturbations associated with infection to promote viral persistence. Mitochondrial division is not invariably associated with cell death but can also protect cells from death induced by oxidative stress and Ca2+-dependent apoptotic stimuli. The mechanism by which enzymes for energy metabolism suppress the replication of the hepatitis C virus is not yet clear, but it probably includes calcium and dissociation of the mammalian replication complex. A detailed understanding of the mechanism by which energy enzymes suppress the replication of HCV infection require additional research.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF DEHISCENCE OF ANASTOMOSE SUTURES IN PATIENTS WITH ONCOPATHOLOGY
Authors: Movchan O.V. , Titkova A.V.
Published: September 2018

It should be recognized that the creation of optimal conditions for healing of intestinal sutures is the main reserve for improving the results of surgical intervention on the organs of the gastrointestinal tract. The urgent issues of pathophysiology associated with oncopathology remain the inability of seams of anastomosis and stomaty. The purpose of the work is to determine the pathophysiological mechanisms and criterion-significant indicators of inability to sew anastomosis. In the study of this issue, an analysis of the immediate results of treatment of 74 patients, which was a test group, which operative treatment was performed in a radical volume. Patients were divided into two groups according to the anastomosis failure: Group Іa - patients who had been operated on for gastric cancer and who had anastomosis failure - 16 patients, II group 58 patients - who had been surgically inoperative and had not been diagnosed insolvency The patients of each group were divided into four subgroups, depending on the presence of instability of microsatellites in the locuses of the VAT-25, VAT-26. The presence of Streptococcus Bovis stomach cancer patients may be an early marker of disease progression. The leading metabolic profile of microbiocenosis in the development of stomach cancer is the significant accumulation of biogenic amines. The analysis of the results of the study shows that the failure of anastomosis in patients with gastric cancer is accompanied by profound disorders of the metabolism of connective tissue and is confirmed by increased activity of elastase, collagenolithic activity of blood serum and its content of glycosaminoglycans. The activity of elastase and glycosaminoglycans may be a prognostic criterion for insufficiency of seams in the course of treatment.
A clinical application of dynamic contrast-enhanced CT (DCE-CT) in patients with variously differentiated breast ductal carcinoma
Authors: Ma Zhong-Bin , Ge Fang-Qing , Wang Wei-Xia , Sun Zong-Qiong
Published: September 2018

PURPOSE:

To explore the hemodynamic characteristics of variously differentiated breast ductal carcinoma (BDC) using the dynamic contrast-enhanced CT (DCE-CT) based CT perfusion imaging (CTPI), including the specific perfusion parameter values, and to identify potential clinical applications in the cell differentiation degree of BDC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Forty patients with breast ductal carcinoma confirmed by needle puncture biopsy were studied prospectively using CTPI on a 64-slice spiral CT scanner. The acquired volume data were used for calculations, mapping, and analysis by using a tumor perfusion protocol in the CT perfusion software package to measure 4 parameters namely, blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV), mean transit time (MTT), and the permeability surface (PS) area product. The different differentiated BDC with CT perfusion parameters were divided into 3 groups of high, moderate and poor differentiation. The comparison among these groups were then made using statistical data analysis software.

RESULTS:

The patients were categorized into three groups of 12, 13, and 15 highly, moderately and poorly differentiated ductal carcinoma cases, respectively. Comparing the perfusion parameters values of the three groups, BF, BV, and PS values increased from highly to poorly differentiated BDC cases. Differences between the highly and moderately or poorly differentiated groups were all statistically significant for BF, BV, and PS values ( p < 0.05), while MTT value showed no statistical difference among the three groups ( p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION:

CTPI is a functional imaging technology from the perspective of hemodynamics with potential clinical applications. Three parameters of BF, BV and PS values have potential to serve as indicators of the cell differentiation degree of the breast ductal carcinoma.
ANALISIS PENANGANAN SAMPAH OLEH IBU RUMAH TANGGA DI PULAU SAPULI KABUPATEN PANGKEP
Authors: Erlani Erlani
Published: September 2018

Banyaknya sampah merupakan tujuan penelitian mengetahui kepemilikan wadah sampah , mengetahui pemilahan, pengumpulan, pengangkutan, dan pengolahan sampah, dan  mengetahui faktor-faktor  yang mempengaruhi ibu rumah tangga dalam penanganan sampah di Pulau Sapuli. Desain atau jenis  yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah   deskriptif  dengan analisis kualitatif dan kuantitatif, yaitu untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi   ibu rumah tangga dalam penanganan sampah di pulau Sapuli Kabupaten Pangkep. Hasil penelitian diperoleh wadah atau sarana untuk penanganan sampah yang dimiliki ibu rumah tangga berjumlah 43  (31%). Penanganan sampah yang meliputi pemilahan, pengumpulan, pengangkutan, pengolahan, dan  pemrosesan akhir sampah,  diperoleh data  sebanyak  90 ( 65,69%)  responden  tidak menangani sampahnya. Faktor-faktor  yang mempengaruhi penanganan sampah oleh ibu rumah tangga meliputi; penyuluhan, sarana prasarana, peran serta masyarakat, perilaku (pengetahuan, sikap, dan tindakan). Uji regresi logistik dengan  korelasi bersama dengan variabel lainnya terhadap penanganan sampah (korelasi majemuk) dengan teknik Chi-Square didapat nilai Chi-Square 70,600 dengan nilai Sig 0.000 < 0.05 berarti secara bersama-sama penyuluhan, peran serta masyarakat, sarana prasarana, pengetahuan, sikap, dan tindakan berhubungan dengan penanganan sampah. Adapun koefisien determinan regresi logistik yakni 0,556 sehingga dapat dikatakan kontribusi variabel penyuluhan, peran serta masyarakat, sarana prasarana, pengetahuan, sikap, dan tindakan terhadap penanganan sampah adalah sebesar 56%.
The Lingbao Fast of the Three Primes and the Daoist Middle Prime Festival: A Critical Study of the Taishang Dongxuan Lingbao Sanyuan Pinjie Jing
Authors: Pengzhi Lü
Published: September 2018

Scindé en deux textes distincts (DZ 456, Gongde qingzhong et DZ 417, Xiezui shangfa) dans le canon taoïste des Ming, le Taishang dongxuan lingbao sanyuan pinjie jing était originellement un des textes du Lingbao ancien inventoriés par Lu Xiujing dans son Lingbao jing mu compilé en 437 de notre ère. Ce texte traite largement du rituel de confession célébré aux jours dits des Trois origines (à savoir le 15 du 1er, du 7e et du 10e mois lunaire), qui n'est autre que le jeûne des Trois origines mentionné par Lu. Ayant pour but de sauver les ancêtres défunts et les fantômes affamés, la fête taoïste d'origine médiane est un rituel d'offrande pure adressé aux saints des dix directions et aux prêtres taoïstes le 15e jour du 7e mois lunaire. Tant par la forme que par l'intention, cette fête s'inspire du Fo shuo Yulan pen jing (T 685), un texte bouddhique chinois. Le déroulement de la fête est également étroitement lié au Sanyuan pinjie. Sous le nom de Grande offrande d'origine médiane, ce rituel est calqué sur la Grande offrande des Trois origines préservée dans le Xuandu daxian jing daté d'entre 400 et 624 de notre ère. Mélangeant les éléments du Yulanpen jing avec ceux du Sanyuan pinjie, chacune des deux offrandes est typique d'un rituel bouddho-taoïste de l'époque médiévale.
The Daoist Identity of the Yellow Register Retreat in the Southern Song: A Case Study of Jin Yunzhong's Great Rites of Lingbao
Authors: Lai Chi Tim
Published: September 2018

Le Huanglu zhai, ou Jeûne du Registre jaune, est le service liturgique taoïste le plus répandu de la période Tang (618-907) à la période Song (960-1279). Le Jeûne du Registre jaune élargi est la grande synthèse liturgique de ce service par la nouvelle école des Grands rites du Lingbao de la lignée de Gezao shan (Jiangxi). L'introduction des Grands rites du Lingbao a modifié la nature et l'intention des rituels effectués pour le repos des morts au sein de la liturgie Lingbao classique. Dans le cadre de la thématique spécifique abordée dans cet article, une approche limitée à l'influence bouddhiste ou à l'imitation taoïste du Jeûne de l'eau et de la terre (Shuilu zhai) nous semblerait réductrice et omettrait des éléments importants de la construction de l'identité taoïste du rituel du Jeûne du Registre jaune, tel qu'il a été transmis pendant la période de Song aux prêtres taoïstes au sein de l'école des Grands rites du Lingbao. Cet article étudie le Jeûne du Registre jaune taoïste en se référant principalement à un recueil liturgique de Lingbao très influent, les Grands rites du Shangqing et du Lingbao (Shangqing lingbao dafa) de Jin Yunzhong (fl. 1224-1225). L'étude souligne le fait que le Jeûne du Registre jaune, pour le repos des morts célébré pendant la période Song, et jusqu'à nos jours, se fonde sur une structure rituelle taoïste et un programme « bureaucratique » cohérents au sein de son univers symbolique. Les prêtres taoïstes célébrant le Jeûne du Registre jaune ont bien conscience que ces éléments liturgiques ne sont pas interchangeables avec ceux utilisés par les moines bouddhistes officiant lors du Jeûne de l'eau et de la terre.
The Early Lingbao Scriptures and the Origins of Daoist Monasticism
Authors: Bokenkamp Stephen R.
Published: September 2018

Les débuts du monachisme taoïste ainsi que l'émergence des daoguan (abbayes, belvédères ou monastères), comme résidences et lieux de culte pour cette nouvelle catégorie de pratiquants, remonteraient à la deuxième moitié du cinquième siècle. Cette institution trouve certes son origine dans le bouddhisme chinois, mais son développement ultérieur s'inspire autant de la pensée taoïste. Cet article tente d'évaluer dans quelle mesure le monachisme a été sciemment encouragé par les auteurs des « anciennes écritures du Lingbao », ainsi que par Lu Xiujing (406-477), leur plus ancien promulgateur connu. L'auteur procède en examinant de près la représentation de la fonction ecclésiastique du maître du Rituel, apparue pour la première fois au sein du taoïsme dans les textes Lingbao. Par la suite, il analyse l'ordination, l'apparence physique, les résidences et les responsabilités attribuées à ces maîtres.
Continuités et transformations de la société locale : le fait coutumier dans le village de Wakasugi
Authors: Suzuki Masataka
Published: September 2018

This study examines the historical transformation of Wakasugi village in Sasaguri, Fukuoka Prefecture, from the standpoint of cultural anthropology. In addition, the process of continuity and transformation of this particular folk society is discussed from viewpoints both inside and outside of the village. Wakasugi village has preserved its customs and habits through a tradition in which such knowledge is transmitted orally from one generation to the next. Folk societies that follow these customs have a long history of acquiring knowledge through typology and repetition. However, even though this society has recently become challenged by the infusion of modern thought, the market economy, and the power of media, it still maintains the social function of continuity. The reason for such continuity is its spiritual connection with Mt. Wakasugi, sacred mountain and New Shikoku reijō, eighty-eight

pilgrimage sites located in Sasaguri. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate four overall aspects: 1) the strong continuous power and thought of the village, which is supported by the socio-religious system in the region; 2) the origins of mountain worship and the reconstruction of holy days surrounding the shrine and temple festivals, based on historical documents, discourses, and practices; 3) the transformation of annual festivals and new trends after the Meiji period, especially in regard to the separation of Buddhism and Shintō; and 4) the tradition and modernization of folk society based on interactions and negotiations from inside and outside of the village. Finally, although Wakasugi village has managed to sustain its everyday-life autonomy, it must be noticed that it has gradually lost its social cohesion and cultural uniqueness. Therefore, this study also clarifies the sustainable process and illuminates the character of cultural transmission through interpretative descriptions of local context and social history of imagination.
Les rapports communautaires aux espaces forestiers entre politiques du dehors et stratégies du dedans : les montagnes-forêts de Sasaguri
Authors: Bouchy Anne
Published: September 2018

In the context of the present research program, this essay focuses on the relation and interrelation between the local society of Sasaguri and the forest and mountain spaces which occupy more than 60 % of the municipality's surface. In examining how the modalities of this interrelation were constructed and continue to be constructed, the author attempts to stress the complex dynamics that presided over the transformations of the natural environment and the local community, in the middle of political, social and economic evolution on the national and international levels, that informed and overwhelmed its "internal" and "external" dimensions. This survey allows us also to better understand how and why forest in Sasaguri could be labelled as "nature" and "cultural heritage" at the same time.

For this purpose, the author first situates Sasaguri's land in the topographic and social context of the area, in order to show how it was open and prone to circulation. In a short presentation, she describes also the conceptual and disciplinary framework of Japanese ethnology and social anthropology, in which this approach takes its place. After having showed the diversity of the local vegetal environment, in the second section, she summarizes the usage of the term "forest-mountain" (sanrin), as folk resources which were overwhelmed by various policies and recent economical breakdowns, and points out the structural impact of the transformation of property systems. The main issues are at the same time the collective dispositions of managements, exploitation, and also the relation toward this "heritage" which is at the same time material, cultural and social, known as the "village-mountain" (sato-yama); and in a more general perspective, the eco-system constituted by these forested spaces. In the third section, several types of communal managements are analyzed, among which forest cooperatives, and the "forest of which the benefit is shared" (bunshū-rin) between several administrative and social entities. These analysis allow us to shed light on the modern evolution of the practice of "common lands" (iri.ai-chi) and their contemporary reevaluation, in local context as well as in the human sciences. The emblematic case of Mount Wakasugi and its village will let us integrate all these dynamics and to situate it in regard to the problem of the role of religious elements as a determinant operator in the relation of society with the forest. The national label of "therapy forest" that Sasaguri succeeded in obtaining in 2009 seems to be the most recent form of the interrelations around which the local identity is constructed.
Le mont Wakasugi, son sanctuaire et le shugen dans l'histoire de Kyūshū et de l'Asie de l'Est
Authors: Mori Hiroko
Published: September 2018

From the geographical standpoint, the northern region of Kyūshū is closer to the Korean peninsula and China, so that in antiquity, a governmental office taking charge of foreign affairs called Dazaifu was established there. The greatest megalopolis of Kyūshū nowadays, Fukuoka, developed on the basis of the port of Dazaifu, Hakata. Mount Wakasugi is one of the peaks belonging to the mountain range of Sangun extending to the north from Mount Hōman of Dazaifu, that is seen at the front as a beautiful mountain when ships are entering in Hakata port from the open sea. The kami of this mountain, named "Taiso gongen", is not an indigenous god of the inside, but one which came from the outside, across the sea. When, in the later 13th century, Mongols attempted to invade Japan, facing this "greater outside", this god, allied with the protecting god of Japan, Hachiman, and transformed itself as an original form of the god Izanagi, under the name of Taiso gongen. Diverse powers

of the inside, facing the outside, intermingled with each other, and formed a new entity of greater power.

Impoverished by the wars toward the end of Middle Ages, Mount Wakasugi was restored at the beginning of the Early Modern period by the new settlement of Sekisen-ji Ishii-bō, by Kame.ishi-bō from Mount Hōman. In the Shugen organization of Mount Hōman, Ishii-bō was a simple subaltern under the Twenty-five bō of Hōman (Hōman niju-go bō), but at the same time, he was responsible (furegashira) for the eastern region of Hōman Shugen, having under its order all the yamabushi of the counties of Munakata and Kasuya. He was thus an object of respect for villages of these counties, as was the priest (and administrator, bettō) of the regional god (sōbyō) of Kasuya county, Taiso gū. The dynamics between inside and outside

that surrounded Ishii-bō were very complex.

The present article attempts to analyze according to the sources the dynamics of inside and outside that governed the Shugen who were evolving in Mount Wakasugi.
A Tibetan by Any Other Name: The Case of Muslim Tibetans and Ambiguous Ethno-religious Identities
Authors: Atwill David G.
Published: September 2018

Les Tibétains musulmans (khache) sont une partie intégrante de la société tibétaine depuis plus de trois cents ans. La confusion sur la terminologie employée pour désigner les Tibétains musulmans en tibétain, en anglais et en chinois, combinée avec la croyance tenace que musulmans et Tibétains sont des catégories mutuellement exclusives, a entraîné un nombre prodigieux de termes, ainsi que fausses divisions et distinctions. Il y eut sans aucun doute des commerçants musulmans venus d'Asie centrale, d'Inde et même de Chine, qui de tout temps voyagèrent pour rejoindre les principaux marchés du Tibet, mais ce ne sont pas ceux-ci que nous examinerons dans cet article. « Khache » est un terme qui pouvait désigner tout musulman, et auquel étaient associés des marqueurs pour en préciser la spécificité. Le plus souvent les Khache étaient connus soit par leur lieu d'origine, soit par le quartier où ils vivaient. La confusion provient largement de l'usage interchangeable, par des non-Tibétains, des termes Khache, Cachemiri, Ladakhi, ou musulmans, puis plus récemment, dans les sources chinoises où la catégorie Hui reste très ambiguë, en particulier avec l'émergence du terme Zang-Hui ou « Hui tibétain » dans la dernière décennie. Malgré cette confusion externe, il n'y avait absolument pas de doute quant aux différences entre les termes (ou du moins pas plus que dans les autres catégories en jeu dans le Tibet du XXe siècle), et en ce qui concerne les groupes considérés comme des membres à part entière de la société tibétaine. Cet article explique à la fois la généalogie des termes ainsi que les efforts souvent délibérés pour marginaliser les musulmans Tibétains comme allochtones perpétuels.
Devenirs identitaires dans les confins sino-tibétains : contextes et transformations
Authors: Gros Stéphane
Published: September 2018

This article discusses the fluidity of ethnic categorization in the context of changing ethnic relations, based on a diachronic and regional approach. It is argued that such an approach is needed to understand identity trajectories of peoples of the Sino-Tibetan borderlands. While studies on minorities in China are often limited to one ethnic group, the perspective defended here considers the interactions between several groups in specific contexts, and at different scales, which contribute to determine shifts in identity. The analysis focuses on the Sino-Tibetan borderlands of today's Sichuan and Yunnan provinces, and the diverse and often Tibetanized groups located in these mountains. Taking into account the changing socio-political environment, mainly from the late Qing to the People's Republic of China, helps us to uncover a number of factors determining the identity formation of the groups under consideration, and the persistence of a form of genealogical thinking. A range of cases is considered to provide comparative data at the regional level, supporting the degree of generality of the lability of ethnic categorization as well as identity changes, and the disjunctions between assigned categories, culture, language, and local identity.
“Only Kingly Deeds”: Zhang Tselpa and the Symbolism of Kingship
Authors: Yamamoto Carl
Published: September 2018

Le XIIe siècle fut pour le Tibet central un âge de restauration culturelle après le bouleversement qui suivit l’éclatement de l’Empire tibétain. Cette période de reconstruction, au cours de laquelle différentes configurations sociales fondées sur des nouvelles institutions bouddhiques apparurent, n’avait pourtant pas complètement rompu avec le passé. L’une des pierres angulaires de ce nouvel ordre social était l’image des « rois du dharma » (chögyel ; Wylie : chos rgyal) de la période impériale. Parmi les figures les plus importantes de cette période, Zhang Tselpa (Zhang Tshal pa) et les Tselpa Kagyüpa (Tshal pa Bka’ brgyud pa) constituèrent la première organisation politique post-impériale durable dans la région de Lhasa ; de la sorte, ils contribuèrent de manière significative à l’histoire nationale / religieuse et fournirent un modèle qui fut dûment suivi par leurs successeurs. L’hégémonie des Tselpa Kagyüpa reposait sur la conception de la royauté qui était centrée sur Zhang Tselpa en personne et le reliait directement à des figures puissantes de la période impériale. Cet essai examine les détails de cette conception et suggère de quelles façons le symbolisme de la royauté a contribué au succès des Tselpa Kagyüpa dans leur siècle et demi de domination de la région de Lhasa. L’accent est mis sur deux rencontres visionnaires survenues dans le temple de Lhasa Trülnang (’Phrul snang ; aussi Tsuklakhang [Gtsug lag khang]) et qui donnent un premier aperçu de la manière de construire la tradition qui a souvent été associée au Cinquième Dalai Lama. Cette construction considérait les images de Songtsen Gampo et d’autres rois du Dharma comme les éléments centraux d’un récit qui liait directement la direction spirituelle et politique post-impériale à l’ancienne gloire des rois tibétains.
Pakpa’s Verses on Governance in Advice to Prince Jibik Temür: A Jewel Rosary
Authors: Krug Adam C.
Published: September 2018

La relation entre Pakpa (’Gro mgon ’Phags pa Blo gros rgyal mtshan ; 1235−1280), patriarche des Sakya (Sa skya), Qubilai Qa’an (1215−1294) et la cour des Yuan occupe une place unique dans les travaux historiques prémodernes tibétains et mongols et parmi les érudits modernes de l’histoire politique et religieuse du Tibet, de la Mongolie et de la Chine. Conseils au Prince Jibik Temür : un chapelet joyau contient ce qui est probablement le premier ouvrage littéraire de Pakpa sur le concept des deux systèmes (tsül nyi ; Wylie : tshul gnyis), une théorie politico-religieuse qui souligne les dynamiques de la relation tibétaine yönchö (yon mchod), appelée aussi « relation de maître spirituel à protecteur laïc » que les récits historiques tibétains et mongols considèrent souvent comme ayant été officiellement codifiée lorsque Pakpa était précepteur impérial de Qubilai Qa’an. Cet article commence par fournir des données historiques sur Jibik Temür (né c. 1246) en identifiant sa place dans la lignée ainsi que son rôle dans les années de formation de l’empire Yuan. Il se poursuit par une analyse du tsül nyi qui est le thème principal du Conseils au Prince Jibik Temür et par une clarification des usages de ce terme par Pakpa dans son texte. Cette recherche détermine plusieurs sources canoniques des vers de Pakpa sur l’éthique du gouvernement et, finalement, appelle à considérer l’importance de ce texte en tant qu’exemple d’éthique appliquée au lieu de le lire comme un ouvrage général sur l’éthique bouddhique normative. Placés dans leur contexte historique, plusieurs des vers de Pakpa portant sur les instructions de gouvernance paraissent directement aborder les problèmes auxquels le prince était confronté quand le texte fut composé, pendant l’été 1266. Cette analyse se conclut sur des considérations plus larges concernant les dynamiques de la relation entre Pakpa et Jibik Temür. Les écrits de Pakpa adressés à Jibik Temür révèlent que le rôle de Pakpa, en tant que précepteur du prince, était simultanément religieux, politique et personnel. C’était à la fois une relation de nature personnelle et religieuse qui fut intégrée dans une structure politique plus formelle et institutionnalisée.
Servant-like Lords and Heavenly Kings: Jangchup Gyeltsen and the Fifth Dalai Lama on Governance and Kingship
Authors: Gamble Ruth , Yangmotso
Published: September 2018

Au moment du déclin du pouvoir de l’Empire Mongol au Tibet Central, au début du XIVe siècle, Jangchup Gyeltsen (Byang chub rgyal mtshan ; 1302-1364) devint le premier souverain tibétain autochtone à unifier la région après cinq cents ans. En tant que tel, Jangchup Gyeltsen joue donc un rôle fondamental dans l’histoire du Tibet et, ainsi que d’autres héros nationaux, ses représentations sont souvent récupérées dans les projets politiques et sociaux de ceux qui ont conté son histoire. L’histoire de Jangchup Gyeltsen la plus connue est celle rédigée par le Cinquième Dalai Lama, Ngawang Losang Gyatso (Ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtsho ; 1617-1682), dans son histoire tibétaine, le Chant de la Reine du Printemps (Dpyid kyi rgyal mo’i glu

dbyangs). Dans cet ouvrage, le Cinquième Dalai Lama donne à voir Jangchup Gyeltsen comme un souverain exemplaire, comme le vainqueur qui a établi l’ordre administratif, légal et social au Tibet et le met en avant en tant que modèle de royauté. Dans son ouvrage autobiographique, Jangchup Gyeltsen se présente comme un souverain idéal mais très différent de celui décrit par le Cinquième Dalai Lama. Les conseils qu’il offre, à travers son récit de vie, sur la façon de gouverner, contrastent avec le paradigme de royauté proposé par le Cinquième Dalai Lama. Les indications que Jangchup Gyeltsen donne sont peu communes dans la littérature historique tibétaine dans le sens où elles ne se concentrent pas sur la royauté, les lois ou les cosmologies bouddhiques. Au contraire, ses conseils concernent les relations entre les souverains (khri dpon) et les serviteurs (g.yog) : selon Jangchup Gyeltsen, pour que le royaume prospère, les souverains devraient apprendre à être comme des serviteurs et leurs serviteurs devraient savoir de quelle façon bien gouverner. Dans cet article, nous comparons les paradigmes du pouvoir et du gouvernement de ces deux auteurs, Jangchup Gyeltsen et le Cinquième Dalai Lama et, à travers leurs analyses, soulignons les différentes descriptions des structures sociales tibétaines.
The Dalai Lama as the cakravarti-rāja as Manifested by the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara
Authors: 石濱 裕美子
Published: September 2018

En 1637, le Cinquième Dalai Lama, Ngawang Losang Gyatso (Ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtsho ; 1617-1682), octroya le titre de « Dharmarāja, Détenteur de l’enseignement » (bstan ’ǳ in chos rgyal), au Torobaiqu (1583-1655), un prince Oyirad. En 1642, Torobaiqu (mieux connu sous le nom de Güshri Qan), à son tour, offrit les terres du Tibet central au Dalai Lama. Cette année-là, trois personnes gouvernaient le Tibet : le Cinquième Dalai Lama, son régent Sönam Rapten et Güshri Qan. Après le décès de Sönam Rapten, le Cinquième Dalai Lama nomma quatre régents et, après la disparition de Torobaiqu, il donna le titre de « Roi » (bstan ’ǳin khan ou rgyal po) aux descendants directs de Güshri Qan. Ainsi, cinq régents et quatre qans furent nommés sous les règnes des Cinquième et Sixième Dalai Lamas (1642-1705). Cet article explique de quelle façon le Dalai Lama, les régents et la famille de Güshri Qan s’estimaient mutuellement et se considéraient eux-mêmes. Il montre aussi que, jusqu’en 1697, tous ceux qui étaient au pouvoir croyaient qu’au Tibet, le chef de l’église et de l’état était le cakravarti-rāja, manifestation du bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara, et que le Dalai Lama incarnait cet être.
Yes, Multi-periodic Dwarfs in Upper Scorpius Are Binaries
Authors: Tokovinin Andrei , Briceño Cesar
Published: September 2018

We found that multi-periodic low-mass stars discovered by Kepler K2 in the Upper Scorpius association are close binaries with typical separations of the order of 10 au and large mass ratios. These stars were surveyed by speckle interferometry at the SOAR telescope with spatial resolution of 0.″04. Out of 129 observed targets, we resolved 70 pairs (including 16 previously known ones and three new triple systems). The distribution of projected separations of binaries with primary stars less massive than the Sun corresponds to a log-normal with median of 11.6 au and logarithmic dispersion of 0.60 dex, similar to M dwarfs in the field. Future orbits of newly discovered binaries will provide accurate measurements of masses to calibrate pre-main-sequence evolutionary tracks; a tentative orbit of one previously known binary is determined here.
Dissection of the Collisional and Collisionless Mass Components in a Mini Sample of CLASH and HFF Massive Galaxy Clusters at z ≈ 0.4
Authors: Bonamigo M. , Grillo C. , Ettori S. , Caminha G. B. , Rosati P. , Mercurio A. , Munari E. , Annunziatella M. , Balestra I. , Lombardi M.
Published: September 2018

We present a multiwavelength study of the massive (

M

200
c

≈
(
1
–
2
)
×

10

15

M

⊙

) galaxy clusters RXC J2248.7−4431, MACS J0416.1−2403, and MACS J1206.2−0847 at z ≈ 0.4. Using the X-ray surface brightness of the clusters from the deep Chandra data to model their hot gas, we are able to disentangle this mass term from the diffuse dark matter (DM) in our new strong-lensing analysis, with approximately 50–100 secure multiple images per cluster, effectively separating the collisional and collisionless mass components of the clusters. At a radial distance of 10% of R
200c (approximately 200 kpc), we measure a projected total mass of (0.129 ± 0.001), (0.131 ± 0.001) and (0.137 ± 0.001) × M
200c, for RXC J2248, MACS J0416 and MACS J1206, respectively. These values are surprisingly similar considering the large differences in the merging configurations and, consequently, in the mass models of the clusters. Interestingly, at the same radii, the hot gas over total mass fractions differ substantially, ranging from 0.082 ± 0.001 to 0.133 ± 0.001, which reflects the various dynamical states of the clusters. Moreover, we do not find a statistically significant offset between the positions of the peak of the diffuse DM component and of the BCG in the more complex clusters of the sample. We extend the previous findings of a number of massive sub-halos that are higher than in numerical simulations to this sample of clusters. Our results highlight the importance of a proper separation of the different mass components to study the properties of DM in galaxy clusters in detail.
Constraining the Anomalous Microwave Emission Mechanism in the S140 Star-forming Region with Spectroscopic Observations between 4 and 8 GHz at the Green Bank Telescope
Authors: Abitbol Maximilian H. , Johnson Bradley R. , Jones Glenn , Dickinson Clive , Harper Stuart
Published: September 2018

Anomalous microwave emission (AME) is a category of Galactic signals that cannot be explained by synchrotron, thermal dust, or optically thin free–free radiation. Spinning dust is one variety of AME that could be partially polarized and is therefore relevant for cosmic microwave background polarization studies. The Planck satellite mission identified candidate AME regions in approximately 1° patches that were found to have spectra generally consistent with spinning dust grain models. The spectra for one of these regions, G107.2+5.2, was also consistent with optically thick free–free emission because of a lack of measurements between 2 and 20 GHz. Follow-up observations were needed. Therefore, we used the C-band receiver and the Versatile Green Bank Telescope (GBT) Astronomical Spectrometer at the GBT to constrain the AME mechanism. For the study described in this paper, we produced three band-averaged maps at 4.575, 5.625, and 6.125 GHz and used aperture photometry to measure the spectral flux density in the region relative to the background. We found that if the spinning dust description is correct, then the spinning dust signal peaks at 30.9 ± 1.4 GHz, and it explains the excess emission. The morphology and spectrum together suggest the spinning dust grains are concentrated near S140, which is a star-forming region inside our chosen photometry aperture. If the AME is sourced by optically thick free–free radiation, then the region would have to contain H ii with an emission measure of

and a physical extent of

pc. This result suggests the H ii would have to be ultra- or hyper-compact to remain an AME candidate.
The QUEST–La Silla AGN Variability Survey: Connection between AGN Variability and Black Hole Physical Properties
Authors: Sánchez-Sáez P. , Lira P. , Mejía-Restrepo J. , Ho L. C. , Arévalo P. , Kim M. , Cartier R. , Coppi P.
Published: September 2018

We present our statistical analysis of the connection between active galactic nucleus (AGN) variability and physical properties of the central supermassive black hole (SMBH). We constructed optical light curves using data from the QUEST–La Silla AGN variability survey. To model the variability, we used the structure function, among the excess variance and the amplitude from Damp Random Walk (DRW) modeling. For the measurement of SMBH physical properties, we used public spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Our analysis is based on an original sample of 2345 sources detected in both SDSS and QUEST–La Silla. For 1473 of these sources we could perform a proper measurement of the spectral and variability properties, and 1348 of these sources were classified as variable (91.5%). We found that the amplitude of the variability (A) depends solely on the rest-frame emission wavelength and the Eddington ratio, where A anticorrelates with both λ
rest and L/L
Edd. This suggests that AGN variability does not evolve over cosmic time, and its amplitude is inversely related to the accretion rate. We found that the logarithmic gradient of the variability (γ) does not correlate significantly with any SMBH physical parameter, since there is no statistically significant linear regression model with an absolute value of the slope higher than 0.1. Finally, we found that the general distribution of γ measured for our sample differs from the distribution of γ obtained for light curves simulated from a DRW process. For 20.6% of the variable sources in our sample, a DRW model is not appropriate to describe the variability, since γ differs considerably from the expected value of 0.5.
The Co-evolution of Disks and Stars in Embedded Stages: The Case of the Very-low-mass Protostar IRAS 15398–3359
Authors: Okoda Yuki , Oya Yoko , Sakai Nami , Watanabe Yoshimasa , Jørgensen Jes K. , Van Dishoeck Ewine F. , Yamamoto Satoshi
Published: September 2018

We have observed the CCH (N = 3–2, J = 7/2–5/2, F = 4–3 and 3–2) and SO (67–56) emission at a 0.″2 angular resolution toward the low-mass Class 0 protostellar source IRAS 15398–3359 with ALMA. The CCH emission traces the infalling-rotating envelope near the protostar with the outflow cavity extended along the northeast–southwest axis. On the other hand, the SO emission has a compact distribution around the protostar. The CCH emission is relatively weak at the continuum peak position, while the SO emission has a sharp peak there. Although the maximum velocity shift of the CCH emission is about 1 km s−1 from the systemic velocity, a velocity shift higher than 2 km s−1 is seen for the SO emission. This high-velocity component is most likely associated with the Keplerian rotation around the protostar. The protostellar mass is estimated to be

from the velocity profile of the SO emission. With this protostellar mass, the velocity structure of the CCH emission can be explained by the model of the infalling-rotating envelope, where the radius of the centrifugal barrier is estimated to be 40 au from the comparison with the model. The disk mass evaluated from the dust continuum emission by assuming the dust temperature of 20–100 K is 0.1–0.9 times the stellar mass, resulting in the Toomre Q parameter of 0.4–5. Hence, the disk structure may be partly unstable. All these results suggest that a rotationally supported disk can form in the earliest stages of the protostellar evolution.
Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with pines infected by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Monochamus alternatus in China, including three new species
Authors: Wang HuiMin , Lun YingYing , Lu Quan , Liu HuiXiang , Decock Cony , Zhang XingYao
Published: September 2018

The activity of the pine wood nematodeBursaphelenchusxylophilusleads to extremely serious economic, ecological and social losses in East Asia. The nematode causes pine wilt disease, which is currently regarded as the most important forest disease in China. The pathogenic nematode feeds on dendrocola fungi to complete its cycle of infection. As the vector of the nematode, the Japanese pine sawyer (Monochamusalternatus) also carries dendrocola fungi. Pine woods, infected byB.xylophilusand tunnelled byM.alternatus, are also inhabited by ophiostomatoid fungi. These fungi are well known for their association with many bark and ambrosia beetles. They can cause sapstain and other serious tree diseases. The aims of our study were to investigate and identify the ophiostomatoid communities associated with the epidemic pine wood nematode and the pine sawyer inPinusmassonianaandP.thunbergiiforests, which are the main hosts of the pine wood nematode in China. Two hundred and forty strains of ophiostomatoid fungi were isolated from nematode and sawyer–infected trees in the coastal Shandong and Zhejiang Provinces, representing newly and historically infected areas, respectively. Six ophiostomatoid species were identified on the basis of morphological, physiological and molecular data. For the latter, DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1–5.8S–ITS2) region and partial b-tubulin gene were examined. The ophiostomatoid species included one known species,Ophiostomaips, three novel species, viz.Ophiostomaalbumsp. nov.,Ophiostomamassonianasp. nov.andSporothrixzhejiangensissp. nov.and two species whose identities are still uncertain, Ophiostomacf.deltoideosporum and Graphilbumcf.rectangulosporium, due to the paucity of the materials obtained. The ophiostomatoid community was dominated byO.ips. This study revealed that a relatively high species diversity of ophiostomatoid fungi are associated with pine infected byB.xylophilusandM.alternatusin China.