bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Net Present Value
Authors: McAuliffe Robert E.
Published: January 2015

Net present value is explained.
Price Leadership
Authors: McAuliffe Robert E.
Published: January 2015

Price leadership is defined and applications are discussed.
Prisoner's Dilemma
Authors: McAuliffe Robert E.
Published: January 2015

The prisoner's dilemma is defined in applications are considered.
Producer Surplus
Authors: McAuliffe Robert E.
Published: January 2015

Producer surplus is defined.
Production Functions
Authors: McAuliffe Robert E.
Published: January 2015

Firm production functions are described and properties are discussed.
Quality
Authors: McAuliffe Robert E.
Published: January 2015

Variations in product quality introduce several issues concerning the performance of markets. These issues are discussed in this article.
Real Prices
Authors: McAuliffe Robert E.
Published: January 2015

Real, as opposed to nominal, prices are discussed.
Reservation Price
Authors: McAuliffe Robert E.
Published: January 2015

A consumer's reservation price is the highest price that the consumer would be willing to pay to purchase one unit of a product rather than forgo the purchase.
Search Costs
Authors: McAuliffe Robert E.
Published: January 2015

Search costs are the costs incurred by consumers as they try to find those products which best satisfy their needs.
Standard Deviation
Authors: McAuliffe Robert E.
Published: January 2015

The standard deviation of a random variable is the square root of the variance of that variable and it measures the dispersion of values around the expected value of that variable.
Standard Error of the Coefficient
Authors: McAuliffe Robert E.
Published: January 2015

In a linear regression this is the estimated standard error which is used to test hypotheses regarding the estimated coefficients.
Substitutes
Authors: McAuliffe Robert E.
Published: January 2015

When products or inputs are substitutes, one may be used instead of the other(s) to satisfy demand or meet production requirements.
Survivor Principle
Authors: McAuliffe Robert E.
Published: January 2015

An important question in economics and business is whether the firm size is optimal. In economics, typically cost functions are estimated for the firm or industry. The survivor principle offers an alternative method for determining optimal firm size.
Switching Costs
Authors: McAuliffe Robert E.
Published: January 2015

Switching costs occur when a potential consumer of a good finds a better product but does not purchase it because of higher costs that will arise.
Total Product
Authors: McAuliffe Robert E.
Published: January 2015

Total product refers to the output produced by varying the level of one input, holding the level of other inputs constant.
Variance
Authors: McAuliffe Robert E.
Published: January 2015

The variance, or second moment, of a random variable measures the dispersion of outcomes around that variable's expected value.
Herfindahl–Hirschman Index
Authors: McAuliffe Robert E.
Published: January 2015

The Herfindahl‐Hirschman index is a measure of industry concentration
that frequently appears in empirical studies of industries.
Risk Aversion
Authors: Majbouri Mahdi
Published: January 2015

A risk averse individual is an individual who prefers receiving the expected value of a lottery for sure to the lottery itself.
Risk Neutrality
Authors: Majbouri Mahdi
Published: January 2015

An individual is risk neutral if she is indifferent between the expected value of a lottery and the lottery itself.
Risk Premium
Authors: Majbouri Mahdi
Published: January 2015

Risk premium is the payment that makes a risk averse agent indifferent between taking a risky outcome or receiving its expected value for sure.
Intellectual Property
Authors: Petty Ross D.
Published: January 2015

Intellectual property is considered an important means for stimulating innovation by providing innovators to the exclusive rights to particular aspects of their innovations usually for a limited period of time. Trade secrets may protect confidential information such as future plans, product formula and production processes from misappropriation by others but they are not protected from reverse engineering or independent discovery. Patents disclose functional product and process innovations but protect them from copying for 20 years. Design protection complements patents' protection of functionality by protecting ornamental aspects of products and manufactured items. In contrast, copyrights protect original expression that has at least a minimum level of creativity and trademarks protect source designations s such as names, logos and other brand identifiers.
Oligopoly
Authors: Hussain Sayed A.
Published: January 2015

A review of basic models of oligopolistic competition including quantity competition (Cournot and Stackelberg) and price competition (Bertrand).
C
ournot Competition
Authors: Hussain Sayed A.
Published: January 2015

This article reviews Cournot oligopoly wherein firms compete principally on the basis of output (market share); compares the Cournot market structure with monopoly, cartel, and “perfect competition” market structures; includes discussion of Cournot oligopoly with product differentiation.
Excess Capacity
Authors: Hussain Sayed A.
Published: January 2015

The term “capacity” has multiple meanings in managerial economics: it can be interpreted as a firm's “physical capacity” (e.g., the maximum units of a product that can be produced in a month or the maximum number of customers/transactions that can be processed in an hour) or interpreted as that “quantity” in which the average cost (cost per unit) is minimized (in a long‐run context this capacity is also known as the “Minimum Efficient Scale”).
Game Theory
Authors: Hussain Sayed A.
Published: January 2015

Reviews basic elements of game theory such as Nash equilibrium,simultaneous and sequential move games, Prisoner's dilemma games, and pure and mixed strategies.
Inferior Good
Authors: Hussain Sayed A.
Published: January 2015

Reviews the properties of and conditions for “inferior goods” wherein consumption levels decline with income.
Multicollinearity
Authors: Hussain Sayed A.
Published: January 2015

This article reviews the consequences, diagnosis, and prescription for multicollinearity in regression analysis.
P
areto Optimal Allocation
Authors: Tsoulouhas Theofanis
Published: January 2015

A feasible allocation is Pareto optimal if there is no other feasible allocation that makes at least one of the agents in an economy strictly better off without making someone else worse
off.
R
2
Authors: Tsoulouhas Theofanis
Published: January 2015

R
2
denotes the coefficient of determination in Linear Regression.
Capital Asset Pricing Model
Authors: Tompkins James G.
Published: January 2015

The capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is an equation which specifically links the expected return of a security to its underlying risk.
Capital Budgeting
Authors: Bajtelsmit Vickie L.
Published: January 2015

The process of making investment decisions involving fixed assets is called capital budgeting. The firm's management estimates expected cash flows from a potential project and calculates the net present value to determine whether the project is worth undertaking.
Lemons Market
Authors: Bajtelsmit Vickie L.
Published: January 2015

A “lemons market” is a market in which sellers have an informational advantage over buyers regarding the quality of the product. Buyers are not willing to pay more than an average price for an item of uncertain quality and sellers of high quality products are unwilling to sell at the prevailing price. The result is that only low quality products (“lemons”) are available for sale. In the absence of credible signaling of quality, this will lead to market failure.
Moral Hazard
Authors: Gai Yunwei
Published: January 2015

Moral hazard occurs when parties involved in a transaction or other market activities (e.g., labor contracts) have different incentives and one party's action is unobservable or extremely costly to monitor. Moral hazard is a result of asymmetric information often in the context of principle–agent relationship with risk and uncertainty involved. In the insurance market, moral hazard causes individual patients incentive to control medical use as each person does not bear these costs. The total healthcare costs for the society as a whole increase and health insurance premium goes up as a result. For these reasons, moral hazard has long been understood to be a welfare decreasing effect of health insurance coverage. Although it is prevalent in insurance industry, moral hazard is common in other markets and industries such as financial markets, labor markets, and management.
Enhanced Specificity in Capturing and Restraining Circulating Tumor Cells with Dual Antibody–Dendrimer Conjugates
Authors: Xie Jingjing , Lu Yusheng , Dong Haiyan , Zhao Rongli , Chen Hongning , Shen Weiyu , Sinko Patrick J. , Zhu Yewei , Wang Jichuang , Shao Jingwei , Gao Yu , Xie Fangwei , Jia Lee
Published: January 2015

Specifically capturing and restraining residual circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in cancer patients are the sine qua non for safely and effectively preventing cancer metastasis, to which the current chemotherapy has been limited due to its toxicity. Moreover, because of CTCs’ rarity and low activity, the current technology for capturing CTCs based solely on a single surface biomarker has limited capacity and is used mainly for in vitro diagnosis. Here, it is possible to sequentially conjugate two CTCs antibodies (aEpCAM and aSlex) to the functionalized dendrimers to specifically capture human hepatocellular CTCs in both artificial and clinical patient blood samples, and restrain their activities. The molecular entities of the conjugates are demonstrated by various means. The dual antibody conjugate captured CTCs threefold more than the single counterparts from the high concentrations of interfering red blood cells or leukocytes, as well as from the blood of liver cancer patients, and exhibits the superiority to their single counterparts in down‐regulating the captured CTCs. These results collectively provide the strong evidence that two antibodies can be compatibly conjugated to a nanomaterial, resulting in an enhanced specificity in restraining CTCs in blood.
Biospecific Self‐Assembly of a Nanoparticle Coating for Targeted and Stimuli‐Responsive Drug Delivery
Authors: Li Jinyang , Qu Xue , Payne Gregory F. , Zhang Cheng , Zhang Yuxin , Li Jianbo , Ren Jie , Hong Hua , Liu Changsheng
Published: January 2015

Biology provides a range of materials, mechanisms, and insights to meet the diverse requirements of nanomedicine. Here, a biologically based nanoparticle coating system that offers three characteristic features is reported. First, the coating can be self‐assembled through a noncovalent biospecific interaction mechanism between a lectin protein (Concanavalin A) and the polysaccharide glycogen. This biospecific self‐assembly enables the coating to be applied simply without the generation of covalent bonds. Second, glycoprotein‐based biofunctionality can be incorporated into the coating through the same noncovalent biospecific interaction mechanism. Here, the glycoprotein transferrin is incorporated into the coating since this moiety is commonly used to target cancer cells through a receptor‐mediated endocytosis mechanism. Third, the coating can be triggered to disassemble in response to a reduction in pH that is characteristic of endosomal uptake. In a proof‐of‐concept study, comparing coated and uncoated nanoparticles, model drug‐loaded nanoparticles (doxorubicin‐loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles) are prepared and it is observed that the coated nanoparticle has enhanced cytotoxicity for cancer cell lines but attenuated cytotoxicity for noncancerous cell lines. These studies demonstrate that biology provides unique materials and mechanism appropriate to meet the needs for emerging applications in the medical and life sciences.
Traceable Self‐Assembly of Laser‐Triggered Cyanine‐Based Micelle for Synergistic Therapeutic Effect
Authors: Chen Yuan‐I , Peng Cheng‐Liang , Lee Pei‐Chi , Tsai Ming‐Hsien , Lin Chun‐Yen , Shih Ying‐Hsia , Wei Min‐Feng , Luo Tsai‐Yueh , Shieh Ming‐Jium
Published: January 2015

To track nanocarriers, many researches adopt nanocarriers labeled with radiotracers or encapsulating near‐infrared fluorescence (NIRF) dye. In this study, novel amphiphilic copolymers, methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG)‐cyanine‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) (mPEG‐Cy‐PCL) are synthesized. mPEG‐Cy‐PCL are capable of performing NIRF imaging, photothermal therapy (PTT) on cancer cells and self‐assembly nanocarriers. Cy‐based micelles can encapsulate doxorubicin (Doxo@Cy‐micelle) and achieve NIRF image‐guided drug delivery. Doxo@Cy‐micelles are nanosized micelles enhancing the accumulation of Doxo in tumor sites and decreasing side effects. Doxo@Cy‐micelles exhibit an excellent PTT and synergistic chemotherapy of cancer via laser‐triggered release of Doxo from micelles, eventually resulting in decreased cancer recurrence rates. The results show that Cy‐based micelles are excellent nanocarriers for NIRF imaging and synergistic photothermal‐chemotherapy of cancer.
Micropatterning of Flexible and Free Standing Polyvinylidene Difluoride (PVDF) Films for Enhanced Pyroelectric Energy Transformation
Authors: Zabek Daniel , Taylor John , Boulbar Emmanuel Le , Bowen Chris R.
Published: January 2015

In an effort to harvest thermal energy and exploit abundantly available waste heat the pyroelectric effect offers the opportunity to convert temperature fluctuations into useable electrical energy. Here, the micropatterning of the surface of a pyroelectric in order to enhance heat transfer and achieve faster and larger temperature fluctuations, which improve pyroelectric energy transformation, is reported. Methods for the fabrication of partially covered electrodes on polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) films are developed to investigate and quantify the benefits of such an electrode structure for pyroelectric energy harvesting. The micropattern consists of an array of holes that are etched into the upper aluminum electrodes of free standing ferroelectric PVDF films using a low cost photolithography and wet etching process. Under the application of infrared radiation heating, it is demonstrated that such microfeatures are able to significantly improve the open circuit voltage by 380% and the closed circuit current by 420% for an electrode area coverage of 45% when compared to a fully covered electrode design. Capacitance measurements show constant electric fields with microfeatures for electrode area coverages as low as 28%. A specific generator performance of 66.9 μJ cm−3 cycle−1 is presented at oscillation temperatures of 2.8 °C.
Menkes disease in affected females: The clinical disease spectrum
Authors: Smpokou Patroula , Samanta Monisha , Berry Gerard T. , Hecht Leah , Engle Elizabeth C. , Lichter‐Konecki Uta
Published: January 2015

Menkes disease (MD; OMIM 309400) is an X‐linked, neurodegenerative disorder resulting from deficient activity of copper‐dependent enzymes and caused by alterations in the APT7A gene. In its classic form, it manifests in boys with hypotonia, seizures, skin and joint laxity, hair twisting (pili torti), cerebrovascular tortuosity, and bladder diverticulae. Menkes disease phenotypes have been reported in females with X; autosome translocations‐ disrupting ATP7A gene function‐ or ATP7A gene alterations. Those females manifest variable clinical findings, some of which, such as pili torti, seizure presence and/or age of onset, cerebrovascular tortuosity, degree of intellectual disability, and bladder divericulae are largely under‐reported and under‐studied. Here, we report on three females with Menkes disease and variant phenotypes, sharing characteristic features, one with classic Menkes disease and two with Menkes disease variants. We conclude that Menkes disease in females manifests with a variable spectrum of clinical findings but a few are uniformly present such as neurodevelopmental disability, hypotonia, and connective tissue findings. Others, such as seizures, cerebral atrophy, and cerebrovascular tortuosity may be present but are under‐reported and under‐ studied. We propose that the diagnosis of Menkes disease or variants in females with suspicious clinical findings is an important one to consider as early treatment with parenteral copper may be considered. The effect of this treatment on the disease course in females with MD is unknown and remains to be seen. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mapping Conformational Heterogeneity of Mitochondrial Nucleotide Transporter in Uninhibited States
Authors: Sounier Remy , Bellot Gaetan , Chou James J.
Published: January 2015

One of the less well understood aspects of membrane transporters is the dynamic coupling between conformational change and substrate transport. NMR approaches are used herein to investigate conformational heterogeneity of the GTP/GDP carrier (GGC) from yeast mitochondria. NMR residual dipolar coupling (RDC) analysis of GGC in a DNA‐origami nanotube liquid crystal shows that several structured segments have different generalized degrees of order (GDO), thus indicating the presence of conformational heterogeneity. Complete GDO mapping reveals asymmetry between domains of the transporter and even within certain transmembrane helices. Nucleotide binding partially reduces local structural heterogeneity, and the substrate binds to multiple sites along the transport cavity. These observations suggest that mitochondrial carriers in the uninhibited states are intrinsically plastic and structural plasticity is asymmetrically distributed among the three homologous domains.
CH Functionalization of Phenols Using Combined Ruthenium and Photoredox Catalysis: In Situ Generation of the Oxidant
Authors: Fabry David C. , Ronge Meria A. , Zoller Jochen , Rueping Magnus
Published: January 2015

A combination of ruthenium and photoredox catalysis allowed the ortho olefination of phenols. Using visible light, the direct CH functionalization of o‐(2‐pyridyl)phenols occurred, and diverse phenol ethers were obtained in good yields. The regeneration of the ruthenium catalyst was accomplished by a photoredox‐catalyzed oxidative process.
Chip‐Based Free‐Flow Electrophoresis with Integrated Nanospray Mass‐Spectrometry
Authors: Benz Christian , Boomhoff Michael , Appun Johannes , Schneider Christoph , Belder Detlev
Published: January 2015

Free‐flow electrophoresis is an ideal tool for preparative separations in continuous microflow. With the approach presented herein for coupling free‐flow electrophoresis and mass spectrometry it is now also possible to trace non‐fluorescent compounds and identify them by means of mass spectrometry. The functionality of the method and its potential as an integrated separation unit for microflow synthesis is demonstrated by application to a multicomponent [3+2]‐cycloannulation.
The Biological Activity of Zeise’s Salt and its Derivatives
Authors: Meieranz Sandra , Stefanopoulou Maria , Rubner Gerhard , Bensdorf Kerstin , Kubutat Dominic , Sheldrick William S. , Gust Ronald
Published: January 2015

With the aim to design new biologically active bioinorganic drugs of aspirin, whose mode of action is based on the inhibition of the cyclooxygenase(COX) enzymes, derivatives of Zeise’s salt were synthesized in this structure–activity relationship study. Surprisingly, not only these Zeise–aspirin compounds but also Zeise’s salt itself showed high inhibitory potency against COX enzymes in in vitro assays. In contrast, potassium tetrachloroplatinate and cisplatin did not influence the enzyme activity at equimolar concentrations. It was demonstrated by LC‐ESI tandem‐mass spectrometry that Zeise’s salt platinates the essential amino acids Tyr385 (active site of the enzyme) and Ser516 (will be acetylated by aspirin) of COX‐1, thereby strongly impairing the function of the enzyme. This finding demonstrates for the first time that Zeise’s salt is pharmacologically active and is a potent enzyme inhibitor.
Filigrane Bauwerke aus Textilbeton
Authors: Rempel Sergej , Will Norbert , Hegger Josef , Beul Patrick
Published: January 2015

Der innovative Verbundwerkstoff textilbewehrter Beton (kurz: Textilbeton) eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten für den Betonbau und bietet besondere Vorteile in vielen Bereichen des Bauwesens. Im Gegensatz zur Stahlbewehrung sind die Textilien nicht korrosionsgefährdet, sodass die Betondeckung auf wenige Millimeter reduziert werden kann. Damit sind architektonisch anspruchsvolle Betonkonstruktionen möglich, die sich vor allem in der Schlankheit und den geschmackvollen Sichtoberflächen widerspiegeln. Zusätzlich bieten sie ökologische und ökonomische Vorteile. Das Potenzial lässt sich in den realisierten Anwendungsprojekten erkennen. Der Beitrag stellt ausgewählte filigrane Bauwerke vor, die nur durch den Einsatz des Textilbetons entstehen konnten. Dabei wird sowohl auf selbsttragende als auch tragende Baustrukturen eingegangen.

Filigree Textile‐Reinforced‐Concrete constructions

The innovative composite material Textile‐Reinforced‐Concrete (TRC) enables new possibilities for concrete constructions and offers the building industry many advantages. In contrast to steel reinforcement the technical textiles are not vulnerable to corrosion. The consequence is the minimization of the concrete cover. The results of the remaining millimeters are architectonical challenging concrete constructions, which stand out through slenderness and elegant surfaces. Additionally TRC structures provide ecological and economic efficiency. The realized projects prove the potential of TRC. The paper introduces filigree constructions, which only could be fulfilled with Textile Reinforced Concrete. Especially the self‐supporting and bearing structures will be presented.
Improve behavioral intervention, threat assessment efforts
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: January 2015

How do you determine if a student who assigns numbers to everyone they meet on campus is a threat? With a behavioral intervention or threat assessment team, of course. But in order to work effectively, your team will need all the right components.
Understand how CASAct, HALT Act could impact you
Authors: Gomez Cynthia
Published: January 2015

Last month's Legislative Watch feature introduced you to the Campus Accountability and Safety Act — dubbed CASAct — and the Hold Accountable and Lend Transparency on Campus Sexual Violence Act — or HALT Act. Here, we delve deeper into what these bills call for and what they would mean for you should they pass.
Legislative Watch: State Legislative Bills
Authors: Gomez Cynthia
Published: January 2015

Calif. law lets people keep guns from relatives

New Hampshire considers affirmative‐consent bill
Changes in signal molecules and maturation promoting factor levels associate with spontaneous resumption of meiosis in rat oocytes
Authors: Prasad Shilpa , Tiwari Meenakshi , Tripathi Anima , Pandey Ashutosh N. , Chaube Shail K.
Published: January 2015

The present study was aimed to find out changes in signal molecules and maturation promoting factor (MPF) levels during meiotic cell cycle progression from diplotene and metaphase‐II (M‐II) arrest, a period during which oocyte achieves meiotic competency. Data suggest that high levels of adenosine 3′‐5′‐cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), guanosine 3′‐5′‐cyclic monophosphate (cGMP), and nitric oxide (NO) are associated with diplotene arrest, while reduction in their levels correlates with reduced MPF level and meiotic resumption from diplotene arrest. On the other hand, increased intracellular NO, calcium (Ca2+) as well as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels correlate with decreased cAMP, Thr‐161 phosphorylated cyclin‐dependent kinase‐1 (Cdk1) as well as cyclin B1 levels. The decreased Thr‐161 phosphorylated Cdk1 and cyclin B1 level reduce MPF level leading to exit from M‐II arrest in oocytes cultured in vitro. These data suggest that the decrease of cAMP level and increase of cytosolic free Ca2+ as well as H2O2 levels associate with the reduced MPF level and meiotic resumption from diplotene arrest. On the other hand, increase of NO, cGMP, Ca2+ as well as H2O2 levels are associated with reduced MPF and spontaneous exit from M‐II arrest in rat oocytes cultured in vitro.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Allylic Substitution in the Presence of Monodentate Furanoside Phosphoramidites
Authors: Majdecki Maciej , Jurczak Janusz , Bauer Tomasz
Published: January 2015

A library of monodentate furanoside phosphoramidites, easily synthesized from inexpensive D‐xylose and optically pure 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol (BINOL), was used as ligands for the palladium‐catalyzed allylic alkylation and amination. The matched pair was formed from D‐xylose‐derivatives and (S)‐BINOL. The asymmetric induction depends strongly on the substituent at the C5 of the carbohydrate backbone; both bulky 5‐O‐pivaloyl and 5‐deoxy derivatives gave excellent results, whereas ligands with trityl protection at position C5 induced low ee values with reversal of configuration. The solvent used for the addition is also of great importance with highest enantioselectivities observed in diethyl ether. The best results for both alkylation and amination, up to 98–99 % ee, were obtained for sterically demanding allylic acetates.
Discrete Modeling of Growth of Hairy Roots in a Mist Bioreactor
Authors: Ranjan Ritu , Katuri Sambasiva Rao , Khanna Rajesh
Published: January 2015

Hairy root culture is a promising route for large‐scale secondary metabolite production. A discrete model is developed to study the kinetic growth of these valuable roots in a reactor. The growth process is defined to occur in three sequential phases. The elongation rate is modeled as exponential growth with the growth coefficient being dependent on mass transfer coefficient, nutrient concentration difference, and distribution of nutrients in growth and sustenance requirements. Results indicate that the primary root growth is reduced by one‐fifth of its initial growth rate due to the branching process, and the growth of new branches is significantly faster than its primary root growth due to internal transport of nutrients. The model is successfully validated against experimental findings. Its integration with spatio‐temporal variation of nutrients in a reactor will be a crucial input to large‐scale production of hairy roots.
Bed Expansion and Particle Classification in Liquid Fluidized Beds with Structured Internals
Authors: Piovano Stella , Salierno Gabriel L. , Montmany Emiliano , D'Agostino Mauro , Maestri Mauricio , Cassanello Miryan
Published: January 2015

The inclusion of a structured packing as internal in a liquid‐solid fluidized bed allows expansion of the liquid velocity operation range before elutriation, promoting the liquid solid contact and mixing. The bed expansion of liquid‐solid fluidized beds provided with structured packing as internals is examined, for solids denser than the liquid phase and within a wide range of operating conditions. A correlation to estimate the bed expansion in liquid‐solid fluidized beds using structured packing as internals is developed. In addition, the feasibility of employing structured packing as internals for favoring classification of different density particles is demonstrated by analyzing the mass elutriated from the column at different liquid velocities for single particles or binary mixtures.
A Metalloenzyme‐Like Catalytic System for the Chemoselective Oxidative Cross‐Coupling of Primary Amines to Imines under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Largeron Martine , Fleury Maurice‐Bernard
Published: January 2015

The direct oxidative cross‐coupling of primary amines is a challenging transformation as homocoupling is usually preferred. We report herein the chemoselective preparation of cross‐coupled imines through the synergistic combination of low loadings of CuII metal‐catalyst and o‐iminoquinone organocatalyst under ambient conditions. This homogeneous cooperative catalytic system has been inspired by the reaction of copper amine oxidases, a family of metalloenzymes with quinone organic cofactors that mediate the selective oxidation of primary amines to aldehydes. After optimization, the desired cross‐coupled imines are obtained in high yields with broad substrate scope through a transamination process that leads to the homocoupled imine intermediate, followed by dynamic transimination. The ability to carry out the reactions at room temperature and with ambient air, rather than molecular oxygen as the oxidant, and equimolar amounts of each coupling partner is particularly attractive from an environmentally viewpoint.
Asymmetric Conjugate Additions and Allylic Alkylations Using Nucleophiles Generated by Hydro‐ or Carbometallation
Authors: Maksymowicz Rebecca M. , Bissette Andrew J. , Fletcher Stephen P.
Published: January 2015

This Minireview discusses catalytic asymmetric conjugate addition and allylic alkylation reactions where the nucleophiles were generated in situ by hydrometallation or carbometallation. This exciting recent trend in asymmetric catalysis promises to expand the range of transformations available for the rapid and selective assembly of complex, functional molecules for both academic and industrial research. This Minireview aims to serve as a reference for studies reported to date and discusses the current state‐of‐the‐art, scope and limitations of these processes.
Deprotonation of Coordinated Phosphanes in a Rhenium Complex: CC Coupling with Diimine Coligands
Authors: Arévalo Rebeca , Pérez Julio , Riera Lucía
Published: January 2015

The reaction of fac‐[Re(bipy)(CO)3(PMe3)][OTf] (bipy=2,2′‐bipyridine) with KN(SiMe3)2 affords two neutral products: cis,trans‐[Re(bipy)(CO)2(CN)(PMe3)], and a thermally unstable compound, which features a new CC bond between a P‐bonded methylene group (from methyl group deprotonation) and the C6 position of bipy. The solid‐state structures of more stable 1,2‐bis[(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene analogs, resulting from the deprotonation of PMe3, PPhMe2, and PPh2Me ligands, are determined by X‐ray diffraction.
General and Mild Ni0‐Catalyzed α‐Arylation of Ketones Using Aryl Chlorides
Authors: Fernández‐Salas José A. , Marelli Enrico , Cordes David B. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Nolan Steven P.
Published: January 2015

A general methodology for the α‐arylation of ketones using a nickel catalyst has been developed. The new well‐defined [Ni(IPr*)(cin)Cl] (1 c) pre‐catalyst showed great efficiency for this transformation, allowing the coupling of a wide range of ketones, including acetophenone derivatives, with various functionalised aryl chlorides. This cinnamyl‐based Ni–N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complex has demonstrated a different behaviour to previously reported NHC‐Ni catalysts. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest a Ni0/NiII catalytic cycle to be at play.
Paclitaxel/carboplatin with or without belinostat as empiric first‐line treatment for patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site: A randomized, phase 2 trial
Authors: Hainsworth John D. , Daugaard Gedske , Lesimple Thierry , Hübner Gerdt , Greco F. Anthony , Stahl Michael J. , Büschenfelde Christian Meyer Zum , Allouache Djelila , Penel Nicolas , Knoblauch Poul , Fizazi Karim S.
Published: January 2015

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of belinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, when added to paclitaxel/carboplatin in the empiric first‐line treatment of patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site (CUP).

METHODS

In this randomized phase 2 trial, previously untreated patients with CUP were randomized to receive belinostat plus paclitaxel/carboplatin (group A) or paclitaxel/carboplatin alone (group B) repeated every 21 days. Patients were re‐evaluated every 2 cycles, and those without disease progression continued treatment for 6 cycles. Patients in group A then continued receiving single‐agent belinostat, whereas patients in group B stopped treatment. The primary endpoint was progression‐free survival (PFS): The authors postulated that the addition of belinostat would improve PFS from 5 months (expected with paclitaxel/carboplatin) to 8 months.

RESULTS

In total, 89 patients were randomized (group A, n = 44; group B, n = 45), and the demographics and disease characteristics were balanced between the 2 groups. The addition of belinostat to paclitaxel/carboplatin did not improve PFS (group A, 5.4 months [95% confidence interval, 3.0‐6.0 months]; group B, 5.3 months [95% confidence interval, 2.8‐6.6 months]; P = .85). Overall survival was 12.4 months for group A versus 9.1 months for group B (P = .20). The response rate favored the belinostat group (45% vs 21%; P = .02). Belinostat resulted in a modest increase in treatment toxicity.

CONCLUSIONS

The addition of belinostat to paclitaxel/carboplatin did not improve the PFS of patients with CUP who were receiving first‐line therapy, although the patients who received belinostat had a higher investigator‐assessed response rate. Future trials in CUP should focus on specific subsets, defined either by the predicted tissue of origin or by the identification of targetable molecular abnormalities. Cancer 2015;121:1654–1661. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Double‐Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell with a Non‐Platinum‐Group Metal Fe–N–C Cathode Catalyst
Authors: Santoro Carlo , Serov Alexey , Narvaez Villarrubia Claudia W. , Stariha Sarah , Babanova Sofia , Schuler Andrew J. , Artyushkova Kateryna , Atanassov Plamen
Published: January 2015

Non‐Pt‐group metal (non‐PGM) materials based on transition metal–nitrogen–carbon (M–N–C) and derived from iron salt and aminoantipyrine (Fe‐AAPyr) of mebendazole (Fe‐MBZ) were studied for the first time as cathode catalysts in double‐chamber microbial fuel cells (DCMFCs). The pH value of the cathode chamber was varied from 6 to 11 to elucidate the activity of those catalysts in acidic to basic conditions. The Fe‐AAPyr‐ and Fe‐MBZ‐based cathodes were compared to a Pt‐based cathode used as a baseline. Pt cathodes performed better at pH 6–7.5 and had similar performances at pH 9 and a substantially lower performance at pH 11 at which Fe‐AAPyr and Fe‐MBZ demonstrated their best electrocatalytic activity. The power density achieved with Pt constantly decreased from 94–99 μW cm−2 at pH 6 to 55–57 μW cm−2 at pH 11. In contrast, the power densities of DCMFs using Fe‐AAPyr and Fe‐MBZ were 61–68 μW cm−2 at pH 6, decreased to 51–58 μW cm−2 at pH 7.5, increased to 65–75 μW cm−2 at pH 9, and the highest power density was achieved at pH 11 (68–80 μW cm−2). Non‐PGM cathode catalysts can be manufactured at the fraction of the cost of the Pt‐based ones. The higher performance and lower cost indicates that non‐PGM catalysts may be a viable materials choice in large‐scale microbial fuel cells.
Iron‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Bicarbonates and Carbon Dioxide to Formates
Authors: Zhu Fengxiang , Zhu‐Ge Ling , Yang Guangfu , Zhou Shaolin
Published: January 2015

The catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate to formate has been explored extensively. The vast majority of the known active catalyst systems are based on precious metals. Herein, we describe an effective, phosphine‐free, air‐ and moisture‐tolerant catalyst system based on Knölker’s iron complex for the hydrogenation of bicarbonate and carbon dioxide to formate. The catalyst system can hydrogenate bicarbonate at remarkably low hydrogen pressures (1–5 bar).
Atypical presentation of calvarial metastasis of renal cell carcinoma in an adolescent: A rare case diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology with literature review
Authors: Gaur Kavita , Mandal Shramana , Gondal Ranjana , Singh Daljit
Published: January 2015

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a complex and challenging neoplasm both in terms of treatment as well as diagnosis. Its unpredictable biological behavior and many deceptive appearances can sometimes bewilder the pathologist. We hereby report a rare case of a 17 year old girl presenting with an occipital swelling and importantly no prior documents at the time of aspiration. Fine needle aspiration cytology showed features of metastatic carcinoma with the following possibilities; metastatic RCC, melanoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Further detailed history of the patient and investigations were advised. Intraoperative squash smears also showed similar features. Histopathology of the lesion showed features of metastatic RCC.

This case highlights the fact that a skull lesion in rare cases may be the presenting sign of an underlying malignancy. In the absence of key documents, providing the correct diagnosis may become very challenging and cytomorphology alone can be extremely helpful. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:412–415. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comorbidity Between Lifetime Eating Problems and Mood and Anxiety Disorders: Results from the Canadian Community Health Survey of Mental Health and Well‐being
Authors: Meng Xiangfei , D'Arcy Carl
Published: January 2015

This study was to examine profiles of eating problems (EPs), mood and anxiety disorders and their comorbidities; explore risk patterns for these disorders; and document differences in health service utilization in a national population. Data were from the Canadian Community Health Survey of Mental Health and Well‐being. The lifetime prevalence of EPs was 1.70% among Canadians, compared with 13.25% for mood disorder, 11.27% for anxiety disorder and 20.16% for any mood or anxiety disorder. Almost half of those with EPs also suffered with mood or anxiety disorders. A similar pattern in depressive symptoms was found among individuals with major depression and EPs, but individuals with EPs reported fewer symptoms. Factors associated with the comorbidity of EPs and mood and anxiety disorders were identified. Individuals with EPs reported more unmet needs. Patients with EPs should be concomitantly investigated for mood and anxiety disorders, as similar interventions may be effective for both. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Combined solar heat and power with microgrid storage and layered smartgrid control toward supplying off‐grid rural villages
Authors: Prinsloo Gerro , Dobson Robert
Published: January 2015

A project has been initiated in South Africa to design, model, build, and evaluate an easy to install solar fueled combined heat and power (micro‐CHP) system to supply off‐grid rural villages and eco‐estate communities. This study describes the design of a model that offers a combined 3 kW peak electrical, 12 kW peak thermal, stand‐alone solar power technology solution with microgrid storage to deliver power, and heat when the sun is shining and after sunset (at night time). The CHP demand side management system manages power and heat distribution to individual households in a small rural village based on a proposed smart microgrid technology solution. The solution aims to balance the heat/power demand side requirements based on digital feedback on heat/power utilization patterns and user demand. Aspects of the micro‐CHP system microgrid control are discussed while a modular smartgrid solution is selected for smart microgrid applications.
Managers’ Work Experience, Ambidexterity, and Performance: The Contingency Role of the Work Context
Authors: Mom Tom J. M. , Fourné Sebastian P. L. , Jansen Justin J. P.
Published: January 2015

Scholars have suggested that we need a better understanding about the drivers and performance implications of managers’ ambidexterity. By building a human resource management perspective on managers’ ambidexterity, this article not only examines organizational and functional tenure as important antecedents, but also provides novel insights into the contextual conditions under which the ambidextrous behavior of managers contributes to individual performance. Based on survey research among managers of two large firms, our results indicate that while organizational tenure contributes to managers’ ambidextrous behavior, functional tenure actually limits such complex behavior. Our study also reveals how managers’ performance results from the interaction between their ambidextrous behavior and the uncertainty as well as the interdependence of their work context. Results indicate that managers’ ambidexterity contributes to individual performance in more uncertain and interdependent work contexts. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Calcium and phosphate release from resin‐based materials containing different calcium orthophosphate nanoparticles
Authors: Rodrigues Marcela C. , Natale Livia C. , Arana‐Chaves Victor E. , Braga Roberto R.
Published: January 2015

The study compared ion release from resin‐based materials containing calcium orthophosphates. Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA), dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), and tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) nanoparticles were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and surface area (nitrogen adsorption isotherms, BET method). Nanoparticles were added to a dimethacrylate‐based resin and materials were tested for degree of conversion (DC) and calcium/phosphate release up to 28 days under pH 5.5 and 7.0. Data were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey test (alpha: 0.05).The crystallinity of DCPA, DCPD, and β‐TCP were confirmed, as well as the ACP amorphous nature. DCPD and β‐TCP presented larger agglomerates than DCPA and ACP. The surface area of ACP was 5–11 times higher than those of the other nanoparticles. Materials showed similar DC. The material containing ACP released significantly more ions than the others, which released similar amounts of calcium and, in most cases, phosphate. Ion release was not affected by pH. Calcium release decreased between 7 and 21 days, while phosphate levels remained constant after 14 days. In conclusion, ACP higher ion release can be ascribed to its high surface area. DCPA, DCPD, and β‐TCP had similar performances as ion‐releasing fillers. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 1670–1678, 2015.
Macroscopic, histochemical, and immunohistochemical comparison of hysterorrhaphy using catgut and chitosan suture wires
Authors: Huaixan Lucio N. , Arruda Silvana S. B. , Leonardo André S. , Viana Janiny C. , Barreto‐Vianna André R. C. , Ximenes Fábio H. B. , Agreste Fernanda R. , Godoy Roberta F. , Lima Eduardo M. M.
Published: January 2015

The objective of the current article was to compare the quality of the healing process after hysterorrhaphy with catgut and chitosan suture wires via macroscopic, histochemical, and immunohistochemical evaluations. Seven ewes were submitted to a video‐assisted laparotomy. A hysterectomy was performed with subsequent catgut and chitosan hysterorrhaphy in both horns. Then, macroscopic evaluation and biopsies of the hysterorrhaphy and control areas were carried out after 30 days. Although postoperative adhesion was observed in five animals of the catgut group, no adhesions were detected in the chitosan one. Additionally, there was a significant difference in increasing collagen type III and connective tissue for the chitosan group when compared to the control and catgut groups. A larger amount of blood vessels was also observed in the control group in comparison with the catgut and chitosan groups. Collagen type I and vascular endothelial growth factor‐A (VEGF‐A) were significantly different among groups. Thus, chitosan promoted a preventive effect on postoperative adhesion formation in the hysterorrhaphy areas, with increasing collagen type III deposition during tissue mending, which granted an enhanced healing process. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 50–57, 2016.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Docking Evaluations of New Derivatives of Pyrimido[4,5‐c]pyridazine as Potential Human AKT1 Inhibitors
Authors: Hazrathoseyni Ayla , Seyedi Seyed Mohammad , Eshghi Hossein , Shiri Ali , Saadatmandzadeh Mohammad , Berenji Ali Reza
Published: January 2015

A number of new derivatives of pyrimido[4,5‐c]pyridazine have been synthesized from the treatment of 6‐acetyl‐3‐amino‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2,5‐dihydropyridazine‐4‐carbonitrile (1) as precursor with various reactants obtained quantitatively the desired products (2), (5), (7), and (9a, 9b, 9c, 9d, 9e). The structures of all the synthesized products have been elucidated thoroughly. The potential AKT1 inhibitory activities of these new synthesized compounds have also been studied by docking calculations, which have been performed in Gold 5.2 software using Genetic algorithm.
The effect of therapeutic vaccination for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Lee Yun Bin , Lee Jeong‐Hoon , Kim Yoon Jun , Yoon Jung‐Hwan , Lee Hyo‐Suk
Published: January 2015

Although oral nucleos(t)ide analogues can lead to suppression of serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA to undetectable levels efficiently, they usually fail to achieve seroclearance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), which indicates eradication of HBV infection. In this study, the efficacy of therapeutic vaccination in patients with chronic HBV infection was evaluated by comparing to the control patients. Patients who had achieved complete virologic response following oral nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment for at least 6 months were included. Vaccinated patients were given three intramuscular injections of hepatitis B vaccine that each contains 20 µg of HBsAg. The efficacy of vaccination was assessed by testing for HBsAg seroclearance. A total of 32 consecutive patients were analyzed, which included 15 vaccinated patients and 17 control patients. At month 6, 1 out of 15 vaccinated patients (6.7%) and 1 out of 17 control patients (5.9%) were determined to clear HBsAg from their sera (P = 1.000). A baseline HBsAg titer of ≤100 IU/mL tended to be predictive of HBsAg seroclearance, but the relationship was not significant (P = 0.097). During the follow‐up period, virologic relapse occurred in 29 patients, and 9 patients developed hepatitis flare. The cumulative incidences of virologic relapse and hepatitis flare were similar between the vaccinated and control patients (P = 0.077 and P = 0.667, respectively). In conclusion, therapeutic HBV vaccination in patients who had stopped nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment showed limited efficacy for HBsAg seroclearance. To enhance the efficacy and safety of therapeutic HBV vaccination, rational patient selection and novel therapeutic approaches are needed. J. Med. Virol. 87:575–582, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of trypsinization and mineralization on intrasynovial tendon allograft healing to bone
Authors: Qu Jin , van Alphen Nick A. , Thoreson Andrew R. , Chen Qingshan , An Kai‐Nan , Amadio Peter C. , Schmid Thomas M. , Zhao Chunfeng
Published: January 2015

The purpose of the current study was to develop a novel technology to enhance tendon‐to‐bone interface healing by trypsinizing and mineralizing (TM) an intrasynovial tendon allograft in a rabbit bone tunnel model. Eight rabbit flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendons were used to optimize the trypsinization process. An additional 24 FDP tendons were stratified into control and TM groups; in each group, 4 tendons were used for in vitro evaluation of TM and 8 were transplanted into proximal tibial bone tunnels in rabbits. The samples were evaluated histologically and with mechanical testing at postoperative week 8. Maximum failure strength and linear stiffness were not significantly different between the control and TM tendons. A thin fibrous band of scar tissue formed at the graft‐to‐bone interface in the control group. However, only the TM group showed obvious new bone formation inside the tendon graft and a visible fibrocartilage layer at the bone tunnel entrance. This study is the first to explore effects of TM on the intrasynovial allograft healing to a bone tunnel. TM showed beneficial effects on chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and integration of the intrasynovial tendon graft, but mechanical strength was the same as the control tendons in this short‐term in vivo study. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:468–474, 2015.
Innovations in Microfinance: Examining New Product Development Process in Indian MFIs
Authors: Sinha Gaurav
Published: January 2015

Since the microfinance sector is comparatively new relative to other sectors, MFIs follow an intuitive process (and not strategic) for any kind of innovation.