bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of current capabilities of modelling low-frequency climate variability
Authors: Järvinen Heikki , Seitola Teija , Silén Johan , Räisänen Jouni
Published: March 2016

Abstract. A crucial performance test of Earth system models is their ability to simulate the climate mean state and variability. Here we concentrate on representation of inter-annual to multi-decadal variability in 12 CMIP5 climate model simulations. Reference climate is provided by two 20th century reanalysis data sets of monthly mean near-surface air temperature. The spectral decomposition is based on Randomised Multi-Channel Singular Spectrum Analysis (RMSSA). The main results are as follows. First, the total spectra for the two reanalysis data sets are remarkably similar in all time scales, except that spectral power of decadal variability (10–30 yr) differ in these data by about 30 %. Second, none of the 12 coupled climate models closely reproduce all aspects of the reference spectra, although some models represent many aspects well. For instance, the IPSL-CM5B-LR model is close to reanalyses but has too little multi-decadal variability, and the HadGEM2-ES model is close to reanalyses except the notable over-activity at periods at and around 10 yr.
Calculating structural and geometrical parameters by laboratory measurements and X-ray microtomography: a comparative study applied to a limestone sample before and after a dissolution experiment
Authors: Luquot Linda , Hebert Vanessa , Rodriguez Olivier
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The aim of this study is to compare the structural, geometrical and transport parameters of a limestone rock sample determined by X-ray microtomography (XMT) images and laboratory experiments. Total and effective porosity, pore-size distribution, tortuosity, and effective diffusion coefficient have been estimated. Sensitivity analyses of the segmentation parameters have been performed. The limestone rock sample studied here has been characterized using both approaches before and after a reactive percolation experiment. Strong dissolution process occurred during the percolation, promoting a wormhole formation. This strong heterogeneity formed after the percolation step allows us to apply our methodology to two different samples and enhance the use of experimental techniques or XMT images depending on the rock heterogeneity. We established that for most of the parameters calculated here, the values obtained by computing XMT images are in agreement with the classical laboratory measurements. We demonstrated that the computational porosity is more informative than the laboratory measurement. We observed that pore-size distributions obtained by XMT images and laboratory experiments are slightly different but complementary. Regarding the effective diffusion coefficient, we concluded that both approaches are valuable and give similar results. Nevertheless, we concluded that computing XMT images to determine transport, geometrical, and petrophysical parameters provide similar results to those measured at the laboratory but with much shorter durations.
A Retrospective, Iterative, Geometry-Based (RIGB) tilt-correction method for radiation observed by automatic weather stations on snow-covered surfaces: application to Greenland
Authors: Wang Wenshan , Zender Charles S. , van As Dirk , Smeets Paul C. J. P. , van den Broeke Michiel R.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Surface melt and mass loss of the Greenland Ice Sheet may play crucial roles in global climate change due to their positive feedbacks and large fresh-water storage. With few other regular meteorological observations available in this extreme environment, measurements from automatic weather stations (AWS) are the primary data source for studying surface energy budgets, and for validating satellite observations and model simulations. Station tilt, due to irregular surface melt, compaction and glacier dynamics, causes considerable biases in the AWS shortwave radiation measurements. In this study, we identify tilt-induced biases in the climatology of surface shortwave radiative flux and albedo, and retrospectively correct these by iterative application of solar geometric principles. We found, over all the AWS from the Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net), the Kangerlussuaq transect (K-transect) and the Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE) networks, insolation on fewer than 40 % of clear days peaks within ±0.5 h of solar noon time, with the largest shift exceeding 3 h due to tilt. Hourly absolute biases in the magnitude of surface insolation can reach up to 200 W m−2, with respect to the well-understood clear-day insolation. We estimate the tilt angles and their directions based on the solar geometric relationship between the simulated insolation at a horizontal surface and the observed insolation by these tilted AWS under clear-sky conditions. Our adjustment reduces the root mean square error (RMSE) against references from both satellite observation and reanalysis by 16 W m−2 (24 %), and raises the correlation coefficients with them to above 0.95. Averaged over the whole Greenland Ice Sheet in the melt season, the adjustment in insolation to compensate station tilt is  ∼  11 W m−2, enough to melt 0.24 m of snow water equivalent. The adjusted diurnal cycles of albedo are smoother, with consistent semi-smiling patterns. The seasonal cycles and inter-annual variabilities of albedo agree better with previous studies. This tilt-corrected shortwave radiation data set derived using the Retrospective, Iterative, Geometry-Based (RIGB) method provide more accurate observations and validations for surface energy budgets studies on the Greenland Ice Sheet, including albedo variations, surface melt simulations and cloud radiative forcing estimates.
An assessment of two automated snow water equivalent instruments during the WMO Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment
Authors: Smith Craig D. , Kontu Anna , Laffin Richard , Pomeroy John
Published: March 2016

Abstract. During the WMO Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment (SPICE), automated measurements of snow water equivalent (SWE) were made at the Sodankylä (Finland) and Caribou Creek (Canada) SPICE sites during the northern hemisphere winters of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. Supplementary intercomparison measurements were made at Fortress Mountain (Kananaskis, Canada) during the 2013/2014 winter. The objectives of this analysis are to assess automated SWE measurements against a reference, comment on their performance, and make recommendations on how to best use the instrument and interpret its measurements. Sodankylä, Caribou Creek and Fortress Mountain hosted a Campbell Scientific CS725 passive gamma radiation SWE sensor. Sodankylä also hosted a Sommer Messtechnik SSG1000 snow scale. The CS725 measurement principle is based on measuring the attenuation of soil emitted gamma radiation by the snowpack and relating the attenuation to SWE. The SSG1000 measures the mass of the overlying snowpack directly by using a weighing platform and load cell. Manual SWE measurements were obtained at the SPICE sites on a bi-weekly basis over the accumulation/melt periods using bulk density samplers. These manual measurements are considered to be the reference for the intercomparison. Results from Sodankylӓ and Caribou Creek showed that the CS725 generally overestimates SWE as compared to manual measurements by roughly 30 to 35 % with correlations (r2) as high as 0.99 for Sodankylӓ and 0.90 for Caribou Creek. The RMSE varies from 30 to 43 mm water equivalent (w.e.) and 18 to 25 mm w.e. at Sodankylӓ and Caribou Creek respectively. The correlation at Fortress Mountain was 0.94 (RMSE of 48 mm w.e.) with no systematic overestimation. The SSG1000 snow scale, having a different measurement principle, agreed quite closely with the manual measurements at Sodankylӓ throughout the intercomparison periods (r2 as high as 0.99 and RMSE from 8 to 24 mm w.e.). When the SSG1000 is compared to the CS725, the agreement is linear until the start of seasonal melt when the positive bias in the CS725 increases substantially relative to the SSG1000. Since both Caribou Creek and Sodankylӓ have sandy soil, water from the snowpack readily infiltrates into the soil during melt but the CS725 does not differentiate this water from the un-melted snow. This issue can be identified, at least during the spring melt, with soil moisture and temperature observations like those measured at Caribou Creek. With a less permeable soil and surface runoff, the increase in the instrument bias during melt is not as significant, as shown by the Fortress Mountain intercomparison.
Gender, Modernity, and the End of the Fil-Hispanic World
Authors: Arighi William
Published: March 2016

“Gender, Modernity, and the End of the Fil-Hispanic World” examines how modern social life was imagined by the early twentieth-century Filipino writer, Jesús Balmori, who was thirteen years old when Spain sold the Philippines to the United States. As a famed poet, journalist, and novelist, Balmori adapted Latin American “modernista” writings to criticize life under the new imperial regime. Balmori's first novel, Bancarrota de almas, draws on a worldly Hispanic tradition that produces no possibilities for the future of the Spanish-speaking elite within the Pacific Archipelago. This is, in part, because Bancarrota de almas represents the incursion of North American modernity as a threat to Filipino masculinity produced through the bodies of Filipina women. Balmori's turn to a pan-Hispanic worldview thus depends on the segregation and re-domestication of women, and abandons the potentially liberationist politics of the nation for the repressive politics of the home. By exploring Hispanic culture between nonmetropolitan sites, this article opens new ways of thinking about South–South relations in literary studies, as well as how gender conditioned the transition from Spanish-language literature in the Philippines to a literature based in English and the indigenous languages, such as Tagalog.
Did World War I Foster Distinctly “Spectatorial” Attitudes in Writers?
Authors: West Michael
Published: March 2016

In Exile's Return, Malcolm Cowley noted that before the United States entered World War I, many American writers volunteered for noncombatant service with Allied forces. Motivated by a sense of adventure more than by patriotic commitment, such service “instilled into us what might be called a spectatorial attitude.” Current literary history relies on Cowley's thesis to characterize much American writing of the postwar decade. But however one defines such “spectatorial” attitudes, can they be distinguished from the detached stances cultivated by European writers whose wartime experience involved more patriotic and political commitment? Many English, French, German, Italian, and Russian authors who saw combat cultivated observers' poses perhaps even more assiduously. Among their motives were speculations about perception, a deeper appreciation of the visual arts and their relation to literature, a sense of theatricality, experience with trench warfare, and the tendency of men in close combat to distance themselves psychologically from the brutal realities of their position. A comparatist perspective suggests that it is unsound literary history to invoke national exceptionalism like American volunteers' greater aloofness in combat as the chief explanation for whatever tendencies to detached spectatorial observation American writers of the 1920s shared with their European counterparts.
A Dissonance of Discourses: Literary Theory, Ideology, and Translation in Mo Yan and Chinese Literary Studies
Authors: Klein Lucas
Published: March 2016

Mo Yan's 2012 Nobel Prize for Literature quickly turned into the most controversial international literary prize of recent memory. The controversy took place largely in English, and largely on the American Internet, where as much as Mo Yan was honored as being an important literary voice from a country whose contemporary cultural products are often neglected, he was criticized for supporting the Chinese Communist Party and its government. Defenders have pointed out that the politics in his fiction are neither as simple nor as straightforward as his party membership might otherwise indicate, but critics have said he writes a “daft hilarity” in a “diseased language,” calling his works in translation “superior to the original in their aesthetic unity and sureness.” Taking a detailed look at the controversy and debate, I examine the theoretical assumptions and stakes at work in the reading of Mo Yan and his Nobel, with attention to their ideological underpinnings, followed with a discussion on the importance of considering translation and the relationship between literary reading and politics. I close with a look toward a broadly applicable model of internationalist reading I call translational.
What Makes Our Tongues Twist?: Computational Analysis of Croatian Tongue-Twisters
Authors: Nikolić Davor , Bakarić Nikola
Published: March 2016

Croatian tongue-twisters are defined by the lack of euphony, and the abundance of sound patterns that lead to speech errors. The major feature that contributes to this anti-euphonious patterning is the significant presence of consonant clusters in the syllable onset. This research combines a phonostylistic approach, computational analysis, and statistical methods in order to detect and differentiate sound patterning and its effect on euphony in tongue-twisters. The paper presents the results from research that focuses on the computational analysis of these features and their comparison with other similar folklore genres (counting-out rhymes, lyric and epic poetry, proverbs, and narratives).
The Role of Work Teams’ Empowerment in Crisis Management: A Case Study of Jordanian Electricity Distribution Company- Karak Governorate
Authors: AL Qatawneh Aymn Sulieman Zamel
Published: March 2016

This study aimed to identify the impact of work teams’ empowerment in crisis management in Jordanian Electricity Distribution Company where the population of the study is consisted of 142 workers distributed into 17 work teams. A questionnaire was developed to collect data. The important results concluded by this study could be summarized as follows:

1. There is a statistically significant impact of the dimensions of work team’s empowerment as a whole in crisis management.

2. The perception of the respondents of the level of work team’s empowerment was high.

3. The perception of the respondents of the level of crisis management was high.

In the light of the presented results, the study has recommended the followings: it is necessary to promote work teams through skill development and to improve employee morale through financial and non-financial incentives that are provided to the team not individually but as a whole.
A Case Study on Performance Implications of Hybrid Strategy in Automotive Supplier Industry
Authors: Ozdemir Eren Durmus , Mecikoglu Saime
Published: March 2016

The aim of this study is to explore the impact of hybrid strategy on firm performance in a wire harness firm operating in the automotive supplier industry at Antalya Free Trade Zone in Turkey. It was the gap in literature concerning this relationship between hybrid strategy and firm performance under conditions of environment turbulence in the automotive supplier industry that motivated this study. The research question was pursued through in depth interviews with top-level managers of the firm. Data obtained from the interviews, observations and documents were analysed using NVivo software. The findings show that hybrid strategy influenced firm performance positively. Furthermore, the existence of environment turbulence positively influences hybrid strategy, whereas stable environment has a negative influence. Environment turbulence does not exert a direct influence on performance, but an indirect one, through hybrid strategy.
These Books Are Not Quiet Bebop, Blues, Swing, and Soul: Jazz in Children’s Books
Authors: Henderson Darwin L. , Dales Brenda , Young Teresa
Published: March 2016

Pages seem to pulse as they fill the senses with rhythm, setting, and pattern. Reflecting attitude and time, young readers and listeners are inducted into the world of . . . jazz. Music and musicians are represented in visual and textual styles that mix and balance, amplify, and absorb, like the sounds that jazz makes.
Teaming Up for Success: The ALSC Mentoring Program
Authors: Kozikowski Marybeth , Sharpe Rachel
Published: March 2016

Librarians are the most generous people I’ve ever worked with. Perhaps I noticed it because this is my second career; I was forty-three when I landed my first part-time librarian position. Painfully aware of all I had yet to learn, I was grateful for the guidance and encouragement I received from more experienced librarians. Fast forward to 2014: when I heard about ALSC’s Mentoring Program, I saw my chance to “pay it forward” and learn a few things for myself, too.
Everyday Advocacy: Top Ten Advocacy Myths–Busted!
Authors: Nemec-Loise Jenna
Published: March 2016

This past November, I packed my bags and a big box of ALSC loot so I could take the Everyday Advocacy show on the road. Sure, I’d already presented oodles of times at ALA conferences and the 2014 ALSC Institute, but bringing workshops to front-line youth services librarians in their home states was a new thing for me.
Every Child Ready to Read: Supercharge Your Storytimes: Using Intentionality, Interactivity, and Community
Authors: Campana Kathleen , Mills J. Elizabeth , Ghoting Saroj , Nelson Judy
Published: March 2016

Talking, reading, singing, playing, and writing—the five Every Child Ready to Read, 2nd Edition (ECRR2) practices—are important parts of a child’s early literacy development. All of you who provide storytimes are using at least a few of these practices in your storytimes, but do you ever think about HOW you use them?
Teachers’ pedagogical power – A community school study
Authors: Stoyanova Stanislava , Ivantchev Nikolay
Published: March 2016

Aim

The aim of our work was to study the types of power preferred by teachers and students of pedagogical specialties.

Method

Ivanov’s questionnaire “Teacher’s pedagogical power” was used to study the pedagogical power including Reward, Coercive, Legitimate, Expert and Referent powers. In 2012 and 2013, 46 secondary school teachers and 40 students of pedagogical specialties were part of a study in Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria.

Results

The results indicated that teachers and students of pedagogical specialties preferred making use syncretic power, more than one power. The most frequent types of power were Legitimate and Reward. The rarest was Referent power. The teachers used the different types of power less than students of pedagogical specialties did, confirming Adler’s view that humans striving for power over others was inversely proportional to the degree of education. Female teachers preferred to use Legitimate power more compared to male teachers.

Conclusions

The study of teachers’ pedagogical power could contribute to clarify teachers and students’ views of the teacher’s role in schoolar education. The studied teachers and students of pedagogical specialties perceived the teacher mainly as a regulating (rewarding or coercive) legitimate figure of pedagogical power.
Mental health workers’ views about their suicide prevention role
Authors: Ross Virginia , Sankaranarayanan Anoop , Lewin Terry J. , Hunter Mick
Published: March 2016

Aim

Mental Health workers bear responsibility for preventing suicide in their client group. Survey studies have indicated that staff can be seriously adversely affected when a client suicides. The aim of the current study is to describe and evaluate the effects on mental health (MH) workers of their ongoing role in managing suicidal behaviours and to identify the thoughts and feelings associated with this role.

Method

A survey was administered to 135 MH workers via an on-line self-report vehicle. The survey comprised standardised measures of anxiety and burnout as well as a questionnaire developed for this study concerning perceptions and attitudes to suicide and suicide prevention.

Results

Factor analysis of 12 retained items of the questionnaire identified three factors: 1) preventability beliefs (beliefs about suicide being always and/or permanently preventable); 2) associated distress (stress/anxiety about managing suicidal behaviour); and 3) the prevention role (covering views about personal roles and responsibilities in preventing suicidal behaviours). Analysis of these factors found that many MH workers experience an elevation of stress/anxiety in relation to their role in managing suicidal behaviours. This distress was associated with the emotional exhaustion component of burnout. Measures showed adverse responses were higher for outpatient than inpatient workers; for those who had received generic training in suicide prevention: and for those who had experienced a workplace related client suicide.

Conclusion

There is a need for the development of appropriate self-care strategies to alleviate stress in MH workers exposed to suicide.
Sensitive red protein calcium indicators for imaging neural activity
Authors: Dana Hod , Mohar Boaz , Sun Yi , Narayan Sujatha , Gordus Andrew , Hasseman Jeremy P , Tsegaye Getahun , Holt Graham T , Hu Amy , Walpita Deepika , Patel Ronak , Macklin John J , Bargmann Cornelia I , Ahrens Misha B , Schreiter Eric R , Jayaraman Vivek , Looger Loren L , Svoboda Karel , Kim Douglas S
Published: March 2016

Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) allow measurement of activity in large populations of neurons and in small neuronal compartments, over times of milliseconds to months. Although GFP-based GECIs are widely used for in vivo neurophysiology, GECIs with red-shifted excitation and emission spectra have advantages for in vivo imaging because of reduced scattering and absorption in tissue, and a consequent reduction in phototoxicity. However, current red GECIs are inferior to the state-of-the-art GFP-based GCaMP6 indicators for detecting and quantifying neural activity. Here we present improved red GECIs based on mRuby (jRCaMP1a, b) and mApple (jRGECO1a), with sensitivity comparable to GCaMP6. We characterized the performance of the new red GECIs in cultured neurons and in mouse, Drosophila, zebrafish and C. elegans in vivo. Red GECIs facilitate deep-tissue imaging, dual-color imaging together with GFP-based reporters, and the use of optogenetics in combination with calcium imaging.
Transient liquid-phase sintering using silver and tin powder mixture for die bonding
Authors: Fujino Masahisa , Narusawa Hirozumi , Kuramochi Yuzuru , Higurashi Eiji , Suga Tadatomo , Shiratori Toshiyuki , Mizukoshi Masataka
Published: March 2016

In this research, we develop transient liquid-phase bonding by uniaxial pressing using a Ag–Sn system. The Ag–Sn system was fabricated using Ag and Sn fine powder paste at optimized the proportions. The die bonding was performed for Cu substrates and metalized Si chips, and the sintering process was analyzed by cross-sectional observation. Die shear strength of bonded specimens was also measured. As a result, Ag–Sn completely formed a solid solution, also, Sn and Cu from substrates formed an intermetallic compound. The die shear strength was approximately 40 MPa obtained at 50 wt % Ag proportion of paste at 260, 280, and 300 °C sintering.
Low power switching of Si-doped Ta2O5 resistive random access memory for high density memory application
Authors: Kim Beom Yong , Lee Kee Jeung , Chung Su Ock , Kim Soo Gil , Ko Young Seok , Kim Hyeong Soo
Published: March 2016

We report, for the first time, the resistive switching properties of Si-doped Ta2O5 grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD). The reduced switching current, improved on/off current ratio, and excellent endurance property are demonstrated in the Si-doped Ta2O5 resistive random access memory (ReRAM) devices of 50 nm tech node. The switching mechanism for the Si-doped Ta2O5 resistor is discussed. Si dopants enable switching layer to have conformal distribution of oxygen vacancy and easily form conductive filament. This leads to higher on/off current ratio at even low operation current of 5–10 µA. Finally, one selector–one resistor (1S1R) ReRAM was developed for large cell array application. For the optimized 1S1R stack, 0.2 µA of off current and 5.0 of on/off current ratio were successfully achieved at 10 µA of low operation current.
Suspended germanium cross-shaped microstructures for enhancing biaxial tensile strain
Authors: Ishida Satomi , Kako Satoshi , Oda Katsuya , Ido Tatemi , Iwamoto Satoshi , Arakawa Yasuhiko
Published: March 2016

We fabricate a suspended germanium cross-shaped microstructure to biaxially enhance residual tensile strain using a germanium epilayer directly grown on a silicon-on-insulator substrate. Such a suspended germanium system with enhanced biaxial tensile strain will be a promising platform for incorporating optical cavities toward the realization of germanium lasers. We demonstrate systematic control over biaxial tensile strain and photoluminescence peaks by changing structural geometry. The photoluminescence peaks corresponding to the direct recombination between the conduction Γ valley and two strain-induced separated valence bands have been clearly assigned. A maximum biaxial strain of 0.8% has been achieved, which is almost half of that required to transform germanium into a direct band-gap semiconductor.
Characteristics of highly stacked InAs quantum-dot laser grown on vicinal (001)InP substrate
Authors: Akahane Kouichi , Umezawa Toshimasa , Matsumoto Atsushi , Yamamoto Naokatsu , Kawanishi Tetsuya
Published: March 2016

We fabricate broad-area laser diodes consisting of 30-layer stacks of InAs quantum dots by using a strain-compensation technique on a vicinal (001)InP substrate. These laser diodes exhibit ground-state lasing at 1576 nm in the pulsed mode with a high characteristic temperature of 111 K at around room temperature (20–80 °C).
Behavior of the potential-induced degradation of photovoltaic modules fabricated using flat mono-crystalline silicon cells with different surface orientations
Authors: Yamaguchi Seira , Masuda Atsushi , Ohdaira Keisuke
Published: March 2016

This paper deals with the dependence of the potential-induced degradation (PID) of flat, p-type mono-crystalline silicon solar cell modules on the surface orientation of solar cells. The investigated modules were fabricated from p-type mono-crystalline silicon cells with a (100) or (111) surface orientation using a module laminator. PID tests were performed by applying a voltage of −1000 V to shorted module interconnector ribbons with respect to an Al plate placed on the cover glass of the modules at 85 °C. A decrease in the parallel resistance of the (100)-oriented cell modules is more significant than that of the (111)-oriented cell modules. Hence, the performance of the (100)-oriented-cell modules drastically deteriorates, compared with that of the (111)-oriented-cell modules. This implies that (111)-oriented cells offer a higher PID resistance.
Spatiotemporal distribution of caudal-type homeobox proteins during development of the hindgut and anorectum in human embryos
Authors: Tang Xiao Bing , Zhang Tao , Wang Wei Lin , Yuan Zheng Wei , Bai Yu Zuo
Published: March 2016

Background.The objectives of this study were to determine the spatiotemporal distribution of human caudal-type homeobox proteins CDX1, CDX2 and CDX4 during development of the hindgut and anorectum in the embryo and to explore the possible roles of CDX genes during morphogenesis of the hindgut and anorectum.

Methods.Embryos (89) were cut into sections serially and sagittally. From gestation weeks 4–9, CDX1, CDX2 and CDX4 proteins were detected on the caudal midline by immunohistochemical staining.

Results.During week 4, extensive immunoreactivity of CDX1, CDX2 and CDX4 was detected in the dorsal urorectal septum, urogenital sinus and hindgut. From weeks 5–7, CDX1-, CDX2- and CDX4- positive cells were detected mainly in the mesenchyme of the urorectal septum and hindgut. The levels of CDX2 and CDX4 immunoreactivity were lower compared to CDX1. During weeks 8 and 9, the anorectal epithelium stained positive for CDX1 and CDX4, and the anal epithelium was positive for CDX2.

Conclusions.The CDX proteins are constantly distributed during development of the hindgut and anorectum and exhibit overlapping distribution patterns in the cloaca/hindgut, suggesting they are important in the morphogenesis of the human hindgut and anorectum. CDX genes might be involved in development of the anorectal epithelium after the rectum has separated from the urorectal septum.
Development and characterization of 26 novel microsatellite loci for the trochid gastropodGibbula divaricata(Linnaeus, 1758), using IlluminaMiSeqnext generation sequencing technology
Authors: López-Márquez Violeta , García-Jiménez Ricardo , Templado José , Machordom Annie
Published: March 2016

In the present study we used the high-throughput sequencing technology Illumina MiSeq to develop 26 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the marine snailGibbula divaricata. Four to 32 alleles were detected per locus across 30 samples analyzed. Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.130 to 0.933 and from 0.294 to 0.956, respectively. No significant linkage disequilibrium existed. Seven loci deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium that could not totally be explained by the presence of null alleles. Sympatric distribution with other species of the genusGibbula, asG. rarilineataandG. varia, lead us to test the cross utility of the developed markers in these two species, which could be useful to test common biogeographic patterns or potential hybridization phenomena, since morphological intermediate specimens were found.
Factor structure of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) in adult women with fibromyalgia from Southern Spain: the al-Ándalus project
Authors: Estévez-López Fernando , Pulido-Martos Manuel , Armitage Christopher J. , Wearden Alison , Álvarez-Gallardo Inmaculada C. , Arrayás-Grajera Manuel Javier , Girela-Rejón María J. , Carbonell-Baeza Ana , Aparicio Virginia A. , Geenen Rinie , Delgado-Fernández Manuel , Segura-Jiménez Víctor
Published: March 2016

Background:Fibromyalgia is a syndrome characterized by the presence of widespread chronic pain. People with fibromyalgia report lower levels of Positive Affect and higher levels of Negative Affect than non-fibromyalgia peers. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)–a widely used questionnaire to assess two core domains of affect; namely ‘Positive Affect’ and ‘Negative Affect’ –has a controversial factor structure varying across studies. The internal structure of a measurement instrument has an impact on the meaning and validity of its score. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the structural construct validity of the PANAS in adult women with fibromyalgia.Methods:This population-based cross-sectional study included 442 adult women with fibromyalgia (age: 51.3 ± 7.4 years old) from Andalusia (Southern Spain). Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to test the factor structure of the PANAS.Results:A structure with two correlated factors (Positive Affect and Negative Affect) obtained the best fit; S-B χ2= 288.49,df= 155,p< .001; RMSEA = .04; 90% CI of RMSEA = (.036, .052); the best fit SRMR = .05; CFI = .96; CAIC = −810.66, respectively.Conclusions:The present study demonstrates that both Positive Affect and Negative Affect are core dimensions of affect in adult women with fibromyalgia. A structure with two correlated factors of the PANAS emerged from our sample of women with fibromyalgia from Andalusia (Southern Spain). In this model, the amount of variance shared by Positive Affect and Negative Affect was small. Therefore, our findings support to use and interpret the Positive Affect and Negative Affect subscales of the PANAS as separate factors that are associated but distinctive as well.
Non-adaptive territory selection by a bird with exceptionally long parental care
Authors: Włodarczyk Radosław , Minias Piotr
Published: March 2016

High-quality territories are expected to provide greater fitness return for breeding individuals and, thus, are likely to have higher long-term occupation rate in comparison to low-quality territories. However, if environmental and ecological cues used for territory selection cannot reliably predict true territory quality, a mismatch between preferences and fitness may occur. We suggest that this kind of non-adaptive territory selection is more likely in species with long reproductive cycles, as a long time interval between territory establishment and young fledgling should reduce predictability of conditions during the critical stages of brood care. In this study, we investigated adaptiveness of territory selection in a migratory bird with exceptionally long parental care, the mute swanCygnus olor, which requires over four months to complete the entire reproductive cycle from egg laying to young fledging. For this purpose, we collected information on the long-term (10–19 years) occupancy of 222 swan breeding territories and correlated it with reproductive performance (n = 1,345 breeding attempts) and body condition of breeding adults. We found that long-term occupancy positively correlated with the timing of breeding, suggesting that individuals settled earlier in the attractive, frequently occupied territories. By contrast, we found no relationship between territory occupancy and reproductive output (hatching and fledging success) or adult body condition. The results indicate that at the time of territory selection swans might not be able to reliably assess territory quality, likely due to: (1) exceptionally long period of parental care, which reduces temporal correlation between the conditions at the time of territory selection and conditions during chick rearing; and (2) unpredictability of human-related activities that had a major impact on reproductive output of swan pairs in our population.
Role of genome guardian proteins in transcriptional elongation
Authors: Bunch Heeyoun
Published: March 2016

Maintaining genomic integrity is vital for cell survival and homeostasis. Mutations in critical genes in germ‐line and somatic cells are often implicated with the onset or progression of diseases. DNA repair enzymes thus take important roles as guardians of the genome in the cell. Besides the known function to repair DNA damage, recent findings indicate that DNA repair enzymes regulate the transcription of protein‐coding and noncoding RNA genes. In particular, a novel role of DNA damage response signaling has been identified in the regulation of transcriptional elongation. Topoisomerases‐mediated DNA breaks appear important for the regulation. In this review, recent findings of these DNA break‐ and repair‐associated enzymes in transcription and potential roles of transcriptional activation‐coupled DNA breaks are discussed.
Correlative light and electron microscopy methods for the study of virus–cell interactions
Authors: Bykov Yury S. , Cortese Mirko , Briggs John A. G. , Bartenschlager Ralf
Published: March 2016

Electron microscopy (EM) is an invaluable tool to study the interactions of viruses with cells, and the ultrastructural changes induced in host cells by virus infection. Light microscopy (LM) is a complementary tool with the potential to locate rare events, label specific components, and obtain dynamic information. The combination of LM and EM in correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) is particularly powerful. It can be used to complement a static EM image with dynamic data from live imaging, identify the ultrastructure observed in LM, or, conversely, provide molecular specificity data for a known ultrastructure. Here, we describe methods and strategies for CLEM, discuss their advantages and limitations, and review applications of CLEM to study virus–host interactions.
Diffuse venting at the ASHES hydrothermal field: Heat flux and tidally modulated flow variability derived from in situ time‐series measurements
Authors: Mittelstaedt Eric , Fornari Daniel J. , Crone Timothy J. , Kinsey James , Kelley Deborah , Elend Mitch
Published: March 2016

Time‐series measurements of diffuse exit‐fluid temperature and velocity collected with a new, deep‐sea camera, and temperature measurement system, the Diffuse Effluent Measurement System (DEMS), were examined from a fracture network within the ASHES hydrothermal field located in the caldera of Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge. The DEMS was installed using the HOV Alvin above a fracture near the Phoenix vent. The system collected 20 s of 20 Hz video imagery and 24 s of 1 Hz temperature measurements each hour between 22 July and 2 August 2014. Fluid velocities were calculated using the Diffuse Fluid Velocimetry (DFV) technique. Over the ∼12 day deployment, median upwelling rates and mean fluid temperature anomalies ranged from 0.5 to 6 cm/s and 0°C to ∼6.5°C above ambient, yielding a heat flux of 0.29 ± 0.22 MW m−2 and heat output of 3.1± 2.5 kW. Using a photo mosaic to measure fracture dimensions, the total diffuse heat output from cracks across ASHES field is estimated to be 2.05 ± 1.95 MW. Variability in temperatures and velocities are strongest at semidiurnal periods and show significant coherence with tidal height variations. These data indicate that periodic variability near Phoenix vent is modulated both by tidally controlled bottom currents and seafloor pressure, with seafloor pressures being the dominant influence. These results emphasize the importance of local permeability on diffuse hydrothermal venting at mid‐ocean ridges and the need to better quantify heat flux associated with young oceanic crust.
Fluid inclusion petrology and microthermometry of the Cocos Ridge hydrothermal system, IODP Expedition 344 (CRISP 2), Site U1414
Authors: Brandstätter Jennifer , Kurz Walter , Krenn Kurt , Micheuz Peter
Published: March 2016

In this study, we present new data from microthermometry of fluid inclusions entrapped in hydrothermal veins along the Cocos Ridge from the IODP Expedition 344 Site U1414. The results of our study concern a primary task of IODP Expedition 344 to evaluate fluid/rock interaction linked with the tectonic evolution of the incoming Cocos Plate from the Early Miocene up to recent times. Aqueous, low saline fluids are concentrated within veins from both the Cocos Ridge basalt and the overlying lithified sediments of Unit III. Mineralization and crosscutting relationships give constraints for different vein generations. Isochores from primary, reequilibrated, and secondary fluid inclusions crossed with litho/hydrostatic pressures indicate an anticlockwise PT evolution during vein precipitation and modification by isobaric heating and subsequent cooling at pressures between ∼210 and 350 bar. Internal over and underpressures in the inclusions enabled decrepitation and reequilibration of early inclusions but also modification of vein generations in the Cocos Ridge basalt and in the lithified sediments. We propose that lithification of the sediments was accompanied with a first stage of vein development (VU1 and VC1) that resulted from Galapagos hotspot activity in the Middle Miocene. Heat advection, either related to the Cocos‐Nazca spreading center or to hotspot activity closer to the Middle America Trench, led to subsequent vein modification (VC2, VU2/3) related to isobaric heating. The latest mineralization (VC3, VU3) within aragonite and calcite veins and some vesicles of the Cocos Ridge basalt occurred during crustal cooling up to recent times. Fluid inclusion analyses and published isotope data show evidence for communication with deeper sourced, high‐temperature hydrothermal fluids within the Cocos Plate. The fluid source of the hydrothermal veins reflects aqueous low saline pore water mixed with invaded seawater.
Nucleation of frictional instability caused by fluid pressurization in subducted blueschist
Authors: Sawai Michiyo , Niemeijer André R. , Plümper Oliver , Hirose Takehiro , Spiers Christopher J.
Published: March 2016

Pore pressure is an important factor in controlling the slip instability of faults and thus the generation of earthquakes. Particularly slow earthquakes are widespread in subduction zones and usually linked to the occurrence of high pore pressure. Yet the influence of fluid pressure and effective stress on the mechanics of earthquakes is poorly understood. Therefore, we performed shear experiments on blueschist fault rocks, which likely exist at depth in cold and old subduction zones, to investigate the influence of effective stress on frictional behavior. Our results show potentially unstable behavior at temperatures characterizing the seismogenic zone, as well as a transition from stable to unstable behavior with decreasing effective normal stress, which is mechanically equivalent to increasing fluid pressure. This transition is a prerequisite for generating slow earthquakes. Our results imply that high pore pressures are a key factor for nucleating slip leading to both megathrust and slow earthquakes.
EMVIM: An empirical model for the magnetic field configuration near Venus
Authors: He Maosheng , Vogt Joachim , Zhang Tielong , Rong Zhaojin
Published: March 2016

More than 2000 orbits of Venus Express magnetic field measurements are condensed into Empirical Model of Venusian Induced Magnetic fields (EMVIM), an empirical model to quantify the magnetic configuration in the Venusian magnetosphere at low altitude (<500 km) as a function of the upstream solar wind magnetic field (IMF components) and the solar activity index F10.7 as control variables. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is used to construct a set of data‐derived basis functions that are associated with different fundamental magnetospheric processes. The most important basis function represents the magnetic draping configuration of the IMFz component while the second important one represents the draping of the IMFy component. Solar wind‐magnetosphere interactions are quantified through regression analysis of EOF amplitudes and the control variables. Combining the basis functions with regression coefficients results in a model with a determination coefficient R2 of 0.29. As an applicational example, the model is used to quantify the density of the terminator end of the tail current JE in terms of cross‐flow IMF component and F10.7 as
, showing that the current strength is anticorrelated with solar activity.
Latitudinal variation of the specific local time of postmidnight enhancement peaks inFlayer electron density at low latitudes: A case study
Authors: Jiang Chunhua , Deng Chi , Yang Guobin , Liu Jing , Zhu Peng , Yokoyama Tatsuhiro , Song Huan , Lan Ting , Zhou Chen , Wu Xiongbin , Zhang Yuannong , Zhao Zhengyu , Komolmis Tharadol , Supnithi Pornchai , Yatini Clara Y.
Published: March 2016

Ionospheric nighttime enhancements are manifested in an increase of the electron density at nighttime. This paper studies the latitudinal variation of the specific local time of postmidnight enhancement peaks using ionosondes distributed at low latitudes. To obtain the parameters of the ionosphere, we manually extracted ionograms recorded by ionosondes. Cases show that there are significant latitudinal variations in the observed local time of the postmidnight enhancement peaks. Results show that the lower the geomagnetic latitude, the earlier the enhancement peak occurred in the geomagnetic northern hemisphere. Additionally, the enhancement peaks occurred earlier in the geomagnetic southern hemisphere than that in the geomagnetic northern hemisphere for these present cases. We suggest that the combined effect of the geomagnetic inclination and transequatorial meridional wind might be the main driving force for latitudinal variation of the local time of the occurrence.
Seismic moment tensors and estimated uncertainties in southern Alaska
Authors: Silwal Vipul , Tape Carl
Published: March 2016

We present a moment tensor catalog of 106 earthquakes in southern Alaska, and we perform a conceptually based uncertainty analysis for 21 of them. For each earthquake, we use both body waves and surface waves to do a grid search over double couple moment tensors and source depths in order to find the minimum of the misfit function. Our uncertainty parameter or, rather, our confidence parameter is the average value of the curve
, where
is the posterior probability as a function of the fractional volume V of moment tensor space surrounding the minimum misfit moment tensor. As a supplemental means for characterizing and visualizing uncertainties, we generate moment tensor samples of the posterior probability. We perform a series of inversion tests to quantify the impact of certain decisions made within moment tensor inversions and to make comparisons with existing catalogs. For example, using an L1 norm in the misfit function provides more reliable solutions than an L2 norm, especially in cases when all available waveforms are used. Using body waves in addition to surface waves, as well as using more stations, leads to the most accurate moment tensor solutions.
Attenuation coefficient of usable solar radiation of the global oceans
Authors: Lin Junfang , Lee Zhongping , Ondrusek Michael , Kahru Mati
Published: March 2016

Usable solar radiation (USR) represents spectrally integrated solar energy in the spectral range of 400–560 nm, a domain where photons penetrate the most in oceanic waters and thus contribute to photosynthesis and heating at deeper depths. Through purely numerical simulations, it was found that the diffuse attenuation coefficient of downwelling USR (Kd(USR), m−1) is nearly a constant vertically in the upper water column for clear waters and most turbid waters. Subsequently an empirical model was developed to estimate Kd(USR) based on the diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm (Kd(490), m−1). We here evaluate this relationship using data collected from a wide range of oceanic and coastal environments and found that the relationship between Kd(490) and Kd(USR) developed via the numerical simulation is quite robust. We further refined this relationship to extend the applicability to “clearest” natural waters. This refined relationship was then used to produce sample distribution of Kd(USR) of global oceans. As expected, extremely low Kd(USR) (∼0.02 m−1) was observed in ocean gyres, while significantly higher Kd(USR) (∼5.2 m−1) was found in very turbid coastal regions. A useful application of Kd(USR) is to easily and accurately propagate surface USR to deeper depths, potentially to significantly improve the estimation of basin scale primary production and heat fluxes in the upper water column.