bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On critical parameters in homogenization of perforated domains by thin tubes with nonlinear flux and related spectral problems
Authors: Gómez D. , Lobo M. , Pérez M. E. , Shaposhnikova T. A. , Zubova M. N.
Published: August 2014

Let uϵ be the solution of the Poisson equation in a domain
perforated by thin tubes with a nonlinear Robin‐type boundary condition on the boundary of the tubes (the flux here being β(ϵ)σ(x,uϵ)), and with a Dirichlet condition on the rest of the boundary of Ω. ϵ is a small parameter that we shall make to go to zero; it denotes the period of a grid on a plane where the tubes/cylinders have their bases; the size of the transversal section of the tubes is O(aϵ) with aϵ≪ϵ. A certain nonperiodicity is allowed for the distribution of the thin tubes, although the perimeter is a fixed number a. Here,
is a strictly monotonic function of the second argument, and the adsorption parameter β(ϵ) > 0 can converge toward infinity. Depending on the relations between the three parameters ϵ, aϵ, and β(ϵ), the effective equations in volume are obtained. Among the multiple possible relations, we provide critical relations, which imply different averages of the process ranging from linear to nonlinear. All this allows us to derive spectral convergence as ϵ→0 for the associated spectral problems in the case of σ a linear function of uϵ. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single acquisition electrical property mapping based on relative coil sensitivities: A proof‐of‐concept demonstration
Authors: Marques José P. , Sodickson Daniel K. , Ipek Ozlem , Collins Christopher M. , Gruetter Rolf
Published: August 2014

Purpose

All methods presented to date to map both conductivity and permittivity rely on multiple acquisitions to compute quantitatively the magnitude of radiofrequency transmit fields,
. In this work, we propose a method to compute both conductivity and permittivity based solely on relative receive coil sensitivities (
) that can be obtained in one single measurement without the need to neither explicitly perform transmit/receive phase separation nor make assumptions regarding those phases.

Theory and Methods

To demonstrate the validity and the noise sensitivity of our method we used electromagnetic finite differences simulations of a 16‐channel transceiver array. To experimentally validate our methodology at 7 Tesla, multi compartment phantom data was acquired using a standard 32‐channel receive coil system and two‐dimensional (2D) and 3D gradient echo acquisition. The reconstructed electric properties were correlated to those measured using dielectric probes.

Results

The method was demonstrated both in simulations and in phantom data with correlations to both the modeled and bench measurements being close to identity. The noise properties were modeled and understood.

Conclusion

The proposed methodology allows to quantitatively determine the electrical properties of a sample using any MR contrast, with the only constraint being the need to have 4 or more receive coils and high SNR. Magn Reson Med 74:185–195, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Several iterative schemes for the stationary natural convection equations at different Rayleigh numbers
Authors: Huang Pengzhan , Li Wenqiang , Si Zhiyong
Published: August 2014

Several iterative schemes based on finite element discretization with triangulation for solving two‐dimensional natural convection equations are studied in this article. We establish some reference points for evaluation of the possible impact from three kinds of schemes with respect to Rayleigh numbers. In case of , all schemes are stable and convergent. Moreover, in case of , Schemes I and II can run well. Finally, in case of , only Scheme I is still stable and convergent. Numerical experiment is presented and discussed for testing of the performances of the proposed schemes, which confirms the theoretic analysis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 31: 761–776, 2015
DESIGNING EFFECTIVE CIVIL SERVICE REFORM LESSONS FROM PAST EXPERIENCE
Authors: Repucci Sarah
Published: August 2014

Civil service reform is one of the most intractable yet important challenges for governments and their supporters today. However, civil service reform thus far has largely failed. On the basis of a review of existing literature, this article presents principles for donors, governments and advocates to help them design more effective reform programmes. Although the current understanding of how best to promote civil service reform has advanced, it remains broadly incomplete because of a combination of the complexity of the subject, disagreement on the objectives, and a failure of practitioners to reflect on their experiences and then disseminate the results. Recommendations are presented separately for reform designers and reform funders. © 2014 The Authors. Public Administration and Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semisynthesis and optimization of G protein‐coupled receptor mimics
Authors: Abel Sabine , Geltinger Bernhard , Heinrich Nadja , Michl Dagmar , Klose Annerose , Beyermann Michael , Schwarzer Dirk
Published: August 2014

We have recently developed a soluble mimic of the corticotropin‐releasing factor receptor type 1 (CRF1), a membrane‐spanning G protein‐coupled receptor, which allowed investigations on receptor–ligand interactions. The CRF1 mimic consists of the receptor N‐terminus and three synthetic extracellular loops (ECL1–3), which constitute the extracellular receptor domains (ECDs) of CRF1, coupled to a linear peptide template. Here, we report the synthesis of a modified CRF1 mimic, which is more similar to the native receptor possessing a cyclic template that displays the ECDs in a more physiological conformation compared with the initial linear design. In order to facilitate detailed biophysical investigations on CRF1 mimics, we have further established a cost‐efficient access to the CRF1 mimic, which is suitable for isotopic labeling for NMR spectroscopy. To this end, the loop‐mimicking cyclic peptide of the ECL2 of CRF1 was produced recombinantly and cyclized by expressed protein ligation. Cyclic ECL2 was obtained in milligram scale, and CRF1 mimics synthesized from this material displayed the same binding properties as synthetic CRF1 constructs. Copyright © 2014 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication of Reproducible, Integration‐Compatible Hybrid Molecular/Si Electronics
Authors: Yu Xi , Lovrinčić Robert , Kraynis Olga , Man Gabriel , Ely Tal , Zohar Arava , Toledano Tal , Cahen David , Vilan Ayelet
Published: August 2014

Reproducible molecular junctions can be integrated within standard CMOS technology. Metal–molecule–semiconductor junctions are fabricated by direct Si–C binding of hexadecane or methyl‐styrene onto oxide‐free H‐Si(111) surfaces, with the lateral size of the junctions defined by an etched SiO2 well and with evaporated Pb as the top contact. The current density, J, is highly reproducible with a standard deviation in log(J) of 0.2 over a junction diameter change from 3 to 100 μm. Reproducibility over such a large range indicates that transport is truly across the molecules and does not result from artifacts like edge effects or defects in the molecular monolayer. Device fabrication is tested for two n‐Si doping levels. With highly doped Si, transport is dominated by tunneling and reveals sharp conductance onsets at room temperature. Using the temperature dependence of current across medium‐doped n‐Si, the molecular tunneling barrier can be separated from the Si‐Schottky one, which is a 0.47 eV, in agreement with the molecular‐modified surface dipole and quite different from the bare Si–H junction. This indicates that Pb evaporation does not cause significant chemical changes to the molecules. The ability to manufacture reliable devices constitutes important progress toward possible future hybrid Si‐based molecular electronics.
Loading and Release Mechanism of Red Clover Necrotic Mosaic Virus Derived Plant Viral Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery of Doxorubicin
Authors: Cao Jing , Guenther Richard H. , Sit Tim L. , Opperman Charles H. , Lommel Steven A. , Willoughby Julie A.
Published: August 2014

Loading and release mechanisms of Red clover necrotic mosaicvirus (RCNMV) derived plant viral nanoparticle (PVN) are shown for controlled delivery of the anticancer drug, doxorubicin (Dox). Previous studies demonstrate that RCNMV's structure and unique response to divalent cation depletion and re‐addition enables Dox infusion to the viral capsid through a pore formation mechanism. However, by controlling the net charge of RCNMV outer surface and accessibility of RCNMV interior cavity, tunable release of PVN is possible via manipulation of the Dox loading capacity and binding locations (external surface‐binding or internal capsid‐encapsulation) with the RCNMV capsid. Bimodal release kinetics is achieved via a rapid release of surface‐Dox followed by a slow release of encapsulated Dox. Moreover, the rate of Dox release and the amount of released Dox increases with an increase in environmental pH or a decrease in concentration of divalent cations. This pH‐responsive Dox release from PVN is controlled by Fickian diffusion kinetics where the release rate is dependent on the location of the bound or loaded active molecule. In summary, controllable release of Dox‐loaded PVNs is imparted by 1) formulation conditions and 2) driven by the capsid's pH‐ and ion‐ responsive functions in a given environment.
Preoperative prediction of lymph node metastasis and deep stromal invasion in women with invasive cervical cancer: prospective multicenter study using 2D and 3D ultrasound
Authors: Pálsdóttir K. , Fischerova D. , Franchi D. , Testa A. , Di Legge A. , Epstein E.
Published: August 2014

Objectives

To determine how various objective two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound parameters allow prediction of deep stromal tumor invasion and lymph node involvement, in comparison to subjective ultrasound assessment, in women scheduled for surgery for cervical cancer.

Methods

This was a prospective multicenter trial including 104 women with cervical cancer at FIGO Stages IA2–IIB, verified histologically. Patients scheduled for surgery underwent a preoperative ultrasound examination. The value of various 2D (size, color score) and 3D (volume, vascular indices) ultrasound parameters was compared to that of subjective assessment in the prediction of deep stromal tumor invasion and lymph node involvement. Histology obtained from radical hysterectomy or trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy was considered as the gold standard for assessment.

Results

All women underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy, with 99 (95%) undergoing subsequent radical surgery; five underwent only pelvic lymphadenectomy because of the presence of a positive sentinel lymph node. Women with deep stromal invasion or lymph node involvement had significantly larger tumors (diameter and volume) but there was no correlation with vascular indices measured on 3D ultrasound. Subjective evaluation was superior (AUC, 0.93; sensitivity, 90.5%; specificity, 97.2%) in the prediction of deep stromal invasion when compared to any objective measurement technique, with maximal tumor diameter at 20.5‐mm cut‐off (AUC, 0.83; sensitivity, 90.5%; specificity, 61.1%) and 3D tumor volume at 9.1‐mm3 cut‐off (AUC, 0.85; sensitivity, 79.4%; specificity, 83.3%) providing the best performance among the objective parameters. Both subjective assessment and objective measurements were poorly predictive of lymph node involvement.

Conclusions

In women with cervical cancer, subjective ultrasound evaluation allowed better prediction of deep stromal invasion than did objective measurements; however, neither subjective evaluation nor objective parameters were adequate to predict lymph node involvement. 3D vascular indices were ineffective in the prediction of advanced stages of the disease. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Study of effect of old corrugated cardboard in properties of polypropylene composites: Study of mechanical properties, thermal behavior, and morphological properties
Authors: Chibani Nacera , Djidjelli Hocine , Dufresne Alain , Boukerrou Amar , Nedjma Samira
Published: August 2014

The investigation of the economical use of lignocellulose waste, which is one of the environmental problems facing nations, is ongoing. In this study, waste cardboard paper fiber reinforcing polypropylene (PP) composites was developed. In order to modify the PP matrix maleated PP (MA‐g‐PP) a 5 wt% and a grafting rate of 1 and 2 wt% was used as a compatibilizer. The effects of fiber and compatibilizer content as well as graft content are evaluated by mechanical, thermal property measurements, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The compatibilizer improved all mechanical properties significantly. Thus, the tensile strength of MA‐g‐PP‐containing composites increases compared to PP/cardboard composites paper content increases. However, the tensile modulus of a PP‐based composite increases with an increase in paper fiber with the compatibilizer having little effect. SEM revealed that the addition of MA‐g‐PP generates strong interactions between a PP matrix and paper fibers. However, the addition of the MA‐g‐PP compatibilizing agent gives a significant improvement on the crystallization of the composites, whereas the compatibilized PP/old corrugated cardboard (OCC) composites have higher crystallinity (Xc) than uncompatibilized PP/OCC composites. The MA‐g‐PP also diminished the water absorption in the composites. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 22:231–238, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
The Mindfulness‐enhanced Strengthening Families Program: Integrating brief mindfulness activities and parent training within an evidence‐based prevention program
Authors: Coatsworth J. Douglas , Duncan Larissa G. , Berrena Elaine , Bamberger Katharine T. , Loeschinger Daniel , Greenberg Mark T. , Nix Robert L.
Published: August 2014

Teaching mindfulness to parents as well as adolescents through a family‐centered intervention approach can have a positive impact on the parent–youth relationship. In mindful parenting, caretakers are aware of their own feelings and emotions, and interact with their adolescents in a mindful way by demonstrating emotional awareness, attentive listening, nonjudgment, self‐regulation, and compassion. This chapter discusses the need for family‐centered mindfulness approaches in adolescence. It introduces the Mindfulness‐enhanced Strengthening Families Program, describes specific program activities and their theoretical rationale, and presents initial empirical evidence from pilot studies of the intervention.
Mindfulness in practice: Considerations for implementation of mindfulness‐based programming for adolescents in school contexts
Authors: Lawlor Molly Steward
Published: August 2014

Schools are considered one of the primary settings in which prevention and intervention initiatives can be implemented successfully, reaching a large number of young people. Especially when promoting social and emotional learning (SEL), many adolescents benefit from universal programs implemented in the school context. This chapter embeds mindfulness programs within the context of SEL. The author formulates initial recommendations for successful school‐based implementation of mindfulness, drawing from previous empirical evidence for successful SEL programming. Practical resources and recommendations for finding, choosing, and successfully implementing and sustaining a mindfulness program in an educational context are provided.
Quantitative analysis of morphological changes in yeast colonies growing on solid medium: the eccentricity and Fourier indices
Authors: Gil de Prado Elena , Rivas Eva‐María , de Silóniz María‐Isabel , Diezma Belén , Barreiro Pilar , Peinado José M.
Published: August 2014

The colony shape of four yeast species growing on agar medium was measured for 116 days by image analysis. Initially, all the colonies are circular, with regular edges. The loss of circularity can be quantitatively estimated by the eccentricity index, Ei, calculated as the ratio between their orthogonal vertical and horizontal diameters. Ei can increase from 1 (complete circularity) to a maximum of 1.17–1.30, depending on the species. One colony inhibits its neighbour only when it has reached a threshold area. Then, Ei of the inhibited colony increases proportionally to the area of the inhibitory colony. The initial distance between colonies affects those threshold values but not the proportionality, Ei/area; this inhibition affects the shape but not the total surface of the colony. The appearance of irregularities in the edges is associated, in all the species, not with age but with nutrient exhaustion. The edge irregularity can be quantified by the Fourier index, Fi, calculated by the minimum number of Fourier coefficients that are needed to describe the colony contour with 99% fitness. An ad hoc function has been developed in Matlab v. 7.0 to automate the computation of the Fourier coefficients. In young colonies, Fi has a value between 2 (circumference) and 3 (ellipse). These values are maintained in mature colonies of Debaryomyces, but can reach values up to 14 in Saccharomyces. All the species studied showed the inhibition of growth in facing colony edges, but only three species showed edge irregularities associated with substrate exhaustion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
QTL for chlorophyll fluorescence of barley plants grown at low oxygen concentration in hydroponics to simulate waterlogging
Authors: Bertholdsson N-O , Holefors A. , Macaulay M. , Crespo-Herrera L. A.
Published: August 2014

Waterlogging is a major factor limiting barley grain yield worldwide. Climate change will likely increase this water stress in Northern Europe. Breeding for waterlogging tolerance (WLT), as for other abiotic stresses, is difficult, but identification of genetic markers linked to genes affecting WLT could facilitate the breeding process. To identify a suitable marker population, parents of 14 double-haploid (DH) barley populations were tested for segregation of biomass growth reduction in waterlogged soil. The most interesting was found in the offspring from crossing cv. Psaknon and breeding line (SLUdt1398 × Mona4). Hence, 120 DH-lines derived from this cross were phenotyped for the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter quantum yield (QY) of electron transport of PSII from leaves of hypoxia-stressed plants and further genotyped with 384-SNP Illumina GoldenGate Bead Array. Five quantitative trait loci (QTL) for QY, with a narrow sense heritability of 0.87, were identified on chromosomes 4, 6 and 7H. They had additive effects ranging from 0.74 to 1.35 % with LOD scores from 3 to 12 and explained variance from 6 to 29 %. The major alleles for high QY were from cv. Psaknon; i.e., QY was low if the alleles from cv. Psaknon were not present. Based on leaf necrosis and residual biomass data, the four most interesting QTL may be also in two other populations with completely different progeny, which shows a certain stability of these QTL. The possibility of using marker assistant selection for WLT is discussed, as is possible concurrent improvement of drought tolerance and grain yield.
How General is the Vale–Maurelli Simulation Approach?
Authors: Foldnes Njål , Grønneberg Steffen
Published: August 2014

The Vale–Maurelli (VM) approach to generating non-normal multivariate data involves the use of Fleishman polynomials applied to an underlying Gaussian random vector. This method has been extensively used in Monte Carlo studies during the last three decades to investigate the finite-sample performance of estimators under non-Gaussian conditions. The validity of conclusions drawn from these studies clearly depends on the range of distributions obtainable with the VM method. We deduce the distribution and the copula for a vector generated by a generalized VM transformation, and show that it is fundamentally linked to the underlying Gaussian distribution and copula. In the process we derive the distribution of the Fleishman polynomial in full generality. While data generated with the VM approach appears to be highly non-normal, its truly multivariate properties are close to the Gaussian case. A Monte Carlo study illustrates that generating data with a different copula than that implied by the VM approach severely weakens the performance of normal-theory based ML estimates.
Kinetic Analysis of the Ozonation Process of the Surfactant LAS Considering the Simultaneous Foaming Effect
Authors: Rodríguez Cristina , de Luis Ana , Lombraña José I. , Sanz Josu
Published: August 2014

Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are able to degrade pollutants into harmless substances. To demonstrate the successful application of AOP to real, polluted effluents, ozonation has been applied for the removal of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), a surfactant mixture commonly used in detergent formulation. LAS can be identified in a wide range of concentrations, i.e., in domestic wastewater or in the raw effluent of detergent‐processing plants. The strongly tensoactive nature of LAS results in a foaming effect that eventually discourages AOP application, especially in the case of ozonation. The primary goal of this research is to analyze the LAS ozonation kinetics, considering the simultaneous effect of foam formation, by the development of a semiempirical model that is mainly based on the foaming phenomenon. Along with foaming, the proposed model also considers LAS removal by ozonation and the inverse phenomenon of LAS formation by redissolution of LAS. To the best of our knowledge, such a finding has not been previously reported. The proposed foaming model has been developed within various pH and LAS concentration values, primarily examining the initial pH value of the effluent due to its significant effect on foaming. The developed model adequately predicts the LAS concentration profiles measured in the liquid during ozonation. Moreover, this approach makes it possible to quantify the incidence of foaming and LAS redissolution during ozonation comparatively, leading to being able to propose the most desirable operating conditions for LAS removal.
Evaluation of Some Nonionic Surfactants Derived from Tannic Acid as Additives for Water‐Based Mud
Authors: Negm Nabel A. , Tawfik Salah M. , Abdou Mahmoud I. , Badr Emad A. , Ghuiba Ferial M.
Published: August 2014

Water‐based mud is the most‐used mud for oil and gas exploration and is generally considered to be more environmentally friendly than oil‐based or synthetic‐based mud. Therefore in this study we focused on water‐based mud and a series of nonionic surfactants derived from tannic acid was evaluated as additives for water‐based muds. The rheological properties for formulated water‐based muds contain nonionic additives at different temperatures were investigated including: apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity, yield point, gel strength, thixotropy and filtration properties. In addition to the relation between shear stress and shear rate were presented at different temperatures. The results of the studied nonionic surfactant showed improvements in the rheological properties when used as additives for water‐based mud formulation.
Distribution and analysis of the mechanisms of resistance of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) to imidazolinone and quinclorac herbicides
Authors: MATZENBACHER F. O. , BORTOLY E. D. , KALSING A. , MEROTTO A.
Published: August 2014

The lack of control of barnyardgrass in flooded rice cultivated with imidazolinone-resistant rice cultivars is challenging the utilization of this system, which is continuously expanding for new rice areas worldwide. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the frequency, distribution and mechanisms of imidazolinone resistance in barnyardgrass to establish the best practices to control and prevent this problem. The distribution of resistance was evaluated in 624 populations collected in Southern Brazil. The frequency of imidazolinone-herbicide resistance was 0·81, broadly distributed in all sampled regions. Resistance to quinclorac was also found in 0·19 of the populations, but all of the evaluated populations were susceptible to cyhalofop-butyl. Further studies were conducted in six populations. The enhanced metabolism was assessed with the metabolic inhibitors that reversed the resistance to quinclorac from 0·54 to 1·00 in two populations and the resistance to imazethapyr from 0·15 to 0·41 in three populations. The acetolactase synthase (ALS) enzyme activity also indicated the occurrence of altered target site resistance in two populations caused by the ALS gene mutations Trp574Leu and Ser653Asn, which is a novel finding in this species. The herbicide resistance in barnyardgrass in Southern Brazil presented a complex basis of resistance because it is associated with resistance to multiple herbicides due to multiple mechanisms and with multiple mutations of the ALS gene. This indicates that it is necessary to adopt specific measures to prevent and control the evolution of multiple herbicide resistance in this species.
Aggregate Earnings and Market Returns: International Evidence
Authors: He Wen , Hu Maggie (Rong)
Published: August 2014

Kothari, Lewellen, and Warner (2006) document that aggregate earnings changes in the United States arenegativelyrelated to contemporaneous market returns. In this study we show that this negative aggregate earnings-returns relation is unique to the United States. In 28 non-U.S. markets, aggregate earnings changes arepositivelyassociated with contemporaneous market returns. Further evidence shows that the aggregate earnings-returns relation becomes less positive in countries with more transparent financial disclosure that helps investors forecast earnings more precisely. Our result supports Sadka and Sadka’s (2009) argument that predictability of aggregate earnings leads to the negative relation between aggregate earnings and market returns in the United States.
Calypso® 4D Localization System: a review
Authors: Silva C. , Mateus D. , Eiras M. , Vieira S.
Published: August 2014

Purpose

Calypso® 4D Localization System is a system based on electromagnetic transponders detection enabling precise 3D localisation and continuous tracking of tumour target. This review intended to provide information in order to (1) show how Calypso® 4D Localization System works, (2) to present advantages and disadvantages of this system, (3) to gather information from several clinical studies and, finally, (4) to refer Calypso® System as a tool in dynamic multileaf collimator studies for target motion compensation.

Methods

A structured search was carried out on B-On platform. The key words used in this research were ‘Calypso’, ‘Transponder’, ‘Electromagnetic Localization’, ‘Electromagnetic Tracking’, ‘Target Localization’, ‘Intrafraction Motion’ and ‘DMLC’.

Review

Treatment the implanted transponders are excited by an electromagnetic field and resonate back. These frequencies are detected and Calypso® software calculates the position of the transponders. If the movement detected is larger than the limits previously defined, irradiation can be stopped. The system has been proven to be submillimetre accurate.

Discussion

Calypso® System has been presented as an accurate tool in prostate radiotherapy treatments. The application of this system to other clinical sites is being developed.

Conclusion

The Calypso® System allows real-time localisation and monitoring of the target, without additional ionising radiation administration. It has been a very useful tool in prostate cancer treatment.
Analysis of Adolescent Profiles by Gender: Strengths, Attitudes toward Violence and Sexism
Authors: Ferragut Marta , Blanca Maria J. , Ortiz-Tallo Margarita
Published: August 2014

The present study analyzes the profiles of boys and girls, considering gender, in the early stages of adolescence in the variables of character strengths, attitudes toward diversity and violence, and sexism. The aim is to explore the gender differences, whether the variables in each set differ from one another and whether these differences are maintained in profiles for boys and girls. The participants were 527 students (mean age = 12.21 andSD= 0.53) from the city of Málaga (Spain). Profile analysis was used to analyze data. The results, using an alpha of 0.0021 for each contrast, indicate that boys and girls differ in their character strengths, particularly in the case of girls, whose prominent strengths relate to pro-social behavior and peer relationships, where Cohen´sdare higher than .30. Moreover, boys justify attitudes of violence to a greater extent (Cohen´sdfrom .44 to .81) and show greater agreement with sexist beliefs (d= .63). The research suggests that it would be of interest to encourage advancement in character strengths at this age.
Temperature induced Spin Switching in SmFeO3 Single Crystal
Authors: Cao Shixun , Zhao Huazhi , Kang Baojuan , Zhang Jincang , Ren Wei
Published: August 2014

The prospect of controlling the magnetization (M) of a material is of great importance from the viewpoints of fundamental physics and future applications of emerging spintronics. A class of rare-earth orthoferrites RFeO3 (R is rare-earth element) materials exhibit striking physical properties of spin switching and magnetization reversal induced by temperature and/or applied magnetic field. Furthermore, due to the novel magnetic, magneto-optic and multiferroic properties etc., RFeO3 materials are attracting more and more interests in recent years. We have prepared and investigated a prototype of RFeO3 materials, namely SmFeO3 single-crystal. And we report magnetic measurements upon both field cooling (FC) and zero-field cooling (ZFC) of the sample, as a function of temperature and applied magnetic field. The central findings of this study include that the magnetization of single-crystal SmFeO3 can be switched by temperature and tuning the magnitude of applied magnetic field allows us to realize such spin switching even at room temperature.
Ascorbic acid functionalized gold nanoparticles as a probe for colorimetric and visual read-out determination of dichlorvos in environmental samples
Authors: D'souza Stephanie L. , Pati Ranjan Kumar , Kailasa Suresh Kumar
Published: August 2014

Schematic representation of the analytical process for detecting dichlorvos using AA–Au NPs as a colorimetric probe.
Label-free silver nanoparticles for visual colorimetric detection of etimicin
Authors: Li Nan , Gu Yu , Gao Mengmeng , Wang Zilu , Xiao Deli , Li Yun , Wang Jing , He Hua
Published: August 2014

Schematic diagram of visual detection of etimicin based on the citrate-capped AgNPs aggregation.
Intermolecular interactions and charge transfer transitions in aromatic hydrocarbon–tetracyanoethylene complexes
Authors: Aquino Adélia A. J. , Borges Itamar , Nieman Reed , Köhn Andreas , Lischka Hans
Published: August 2014

ADC(2) calculations accurately describe charge transfer transitions in complexes of the tetracyanoethylene electron acceptor and three distinct aromatic donors.
Structural roles of amphiphilic peptide tails on silica biomineralization
Authors: Huang Zhehao , Jin Haiying , Che Shunai
Published: August 2014

By changing the tails of amphiphilic peptides, the nanostructures after silica biomineralization were varied due to the conformation changes.
Computed ligand effects on the oxidative addition of phenyl halides to phosphine supported palladium(0) catalysts
Authors: McMullin Claire L. , Fey Natalie , Harvey Jeremy N.
Published: August 2014

Reaction pathways for oxidative addition of phenyl halides to palladium complexes have been investigated computationally for L = PCy3, PPh3, PtBu3 and SPhos.
Bacterio-plankton transformation of diazepam and 2-amino-5-chlorobenzophenone in river waters
Authors: Tappin Alan D. , Loughnane J. Paul , McCarthy Alan J. , Fitzsimons Mark F.
Published: August 2014

Benzodiazepines, including diazepam, are a large class of commonly-prescribed drugs used to treat a variety of clinical disorders.
Binding free energy based structural dynamics analysis of HIV-1 RT RNase H–inhibitor complexes
Authors: Poongavanam Vasanthanathan , Olsen Jógvan Magnus Haugaard , Kongsted Jacob
Published: August 2014

The binding free energy based models have been used to study the structural dynamics of HIV-1 RT RNase H–inhibitor complexes.
Miniature all-solid-state heterostructure nanowire Li-ion batteries as a tool for engineering and structural diagnostics of nanoscale electrochemical processes
Authors: Oleshko Vladimir P. , Lam Thomas , Ruzmetov Dmitry , Haney Paul , Lezec Henri J. , Davydov Albert V. , Krylyuk Sergiy , Cumings John , Talin A. Alec
Published: August 2014

We have revealed the 3D structure of Li-ion batteries composed of LiCoO2cathode, LiPON electrolyte and Si anode deposited around Si nanowires as a scaffolding core.
Large-scale generation of cell-derived nanovesicles
Authors: Jo W. , Kim J. , Yoon J. , Jeong D. , Cho S. , Jeong H. , Yoon Y. J. , Kim S. C. , Gho Y. S. , Park J.
Published: August 2014

We introduce a device that uses centrifugal force and a filter with micro-sized pores to generate a large quantity of cell-derived nanovesicles.
Scalable alignment and transfer of nanowires in a spinning Langmuir film
Authors: Zhu Ren , Lai Yicong , Nguyen Vu , Yang Rusen
Published: August 2014

Nanowires are aligned in a spinning Langmuir film under the shear from the central rotating rod.
Direct evidence for an interdiffused intermediate layer in bi-magnetic core–shell nanoparticles
Authors: Juhin Amélie , López-Ortega Alberto , Sikora Marcin , Carvallo Claire , Estrader Marta , Estradé Sònia , Peiró Francesca , Baró Maria Dolors , Sainctavit Philippe , Glatzel Pieter , Nogués Josep
Published: August 2014

RIXS-MCD spectroscopy gives direct insight into the nature of the buried interface in nominally γ-Fe2O3–Mn3O4core–shell nanoparticles.
Graphene-based nanocomposite anodes for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Sun Weiwei , Wang Yong
Published: August 2014

Graphene-based nanocomposite anodes are reviewed with emphasis on the structure matching and interaction between graphene and the second-phase component and their Li-ion storage performances.
Two dimensional dipolar coupling in monolayers of silver and gold nanoparticles on a dielectric substrate
Authors: Liu Yu , Begin-Colin Sylvie , Pichon Benoît P. , Leuvrey Cedric , Ihiawakrim Dris , Rastei Mircea , Schmerber Guy , Vomir Mircea , Bigot Jean Yves
Published: August 2014

This work reports about nanoparticle dipolar effects and substrate to nanoparticle interaction by modeling the surface plasmon scattering cross-section on experimental two dimensional monolayers versus three dimensional randomly distributed assemblies.
Magnetic nanoparticle-based therapeutic agents for thermo-chemotherapy treatment of cancer
Authors: Hervault Aziliz , Thanh Nguyễn Thị Kim
Published: August 2014

Magnetic nanoparticles have great potential as mediators of localised heat as well as vehicles for drug delivery to have synergistic effect of thermo-chemotherapy for cancer treatment.
Triangular Ag–Pd alloy nanoprisms: rational synthesis with high-efficiency for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction
Authors: Xu Lin , Luo Zhimin , Fan Zhanxi , Zhang Xiao , Tan Chaoliang , Li Hai , Zhang Hua , Xue Can
Published: August 2014

Triangular Ag–Pd alloy nanoprisms are generated by using Ag nanoprisms as templates through galvanic replacement and co-reduction of Ag+/Pd2+. These Ag–Pd nanoprisms exhibit superior electrocatalytic activity due to the alloyed Ag–Pd composition and dominant {111} facets.
Modular synthesis of bis- and tris-1,2,3-triazoles by permutable sequential azide–aryne and azide–alkyne cycloadditions
Authors: Yoshida Suguru , Nonaka Takako , Morita Takamoto , Hosoya Takamitsu
Published: August 2014

A new method for aryne generation enabled facile synthesis of diverse bis- and tris-1,2,3-triazoles.
The importance of crystallographic texture in the use of titanium as an orthopedic biomaterial
Authors: Bahl Sumit , Suwas Satyam , Chatterjee Kaushik
Published: August 2014

Crystallographic texture can be used for enhancing the performance of orthopedic biomaterials by tuning bulk mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, cell proliferation and osteogenesis.
Novel photofunctional hybrid materials (alumina and titania) functionalized with both MOF and lanthanide complexes through coordination bonds
Authors: Xu X. Y. , Yan B.
Published: August 2014

Multi-component sol–gel derived alumina and titania hybrid materials are assembled by the functionalization of both lanthanide complexes and a special metal organic framework compound: Al-MIL-53-COOH through coordination bonds. Multi-color luminescence and white colored light can be tuned by controlling the different units in the hybrid system.
Pinning mechanism of advancing sessile droplet on superhydrophobic surfaces
Authors: Wu Jun , Xia Jun , Lei Wei , Wang Bao-ping
Published: August 2014

The evolution of the “local triple-phase contact line” with increasing droplet volume on a micropillared superhydrophobic surface, from (a) the initial contacting stage to (b) the pinning stage to (c) the depinning stage. (d) The sketch of the evolutionary process of local contact angles.
Facile assembly of a polystyrene microsphere/graphene oxide/porphyrin composite with core–shell structure
Authors: Zhang Meijuan , Li Xiangqing , Kang Shi-zhao , Qin Lixia , Li Guodong , Mu Jin
Published: August 2014

A new type of ternary composite with a core–shell structure was easily assembled, which showed high UV stability and thermostability.
DNA nanoparticles with core–shell morphology
Authors: Chandran Preethi L. , Dimitriadis Emilios K. , Lisziewicz Julianna , Speransky Vlad , Horkay Ferenc
Published: August 2014

Nanoparticles of DNA condensed with polyethylenimine (PEI) and mannobiosylated-PEI were indented in AFM. Homogenous and shell–core structures were observed, that have the stiffness of polymer latex particles.
Light controlled friction at a liquid crystal polymer coating with switchable patterning
Authors: Liu Danqing , Broer Dirk J.
Published: August 2014

The friction at the coating surfaces can be modulated by light. It is based on reversible switching of the surface topographical patterns of the coating. The samples are brought from a static state into motion just by changing the light conditions.
Three-dimensional self-branching anatase TiO2 nanorods: morphology control, growth mechanism and dye-sensitized solar cell application
Authors: Yang Weiguang , Xu Yueyang , Tang Ying , Wang Chen , Hu Yajing , Huang Lu , Liu Jin , Luo Jun , Guo Haibo , Chen Yigang , Shi Weimin , Wang Yali
Published: August 2014

Three-dimensional self-branching anatase TiO2 was prepared by a facile, one-step hydrothermal method for high-performance dye-sensitized solar cells.
Porous LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4sphere as 5 V cathode material for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Wang Jing , Lin Weiqing , Wu Bihe , Zhao Jinbao
Published: August 2014

A new type of microsized porous spherical LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4(LNMO-Air) cathode material for a lithium ion secondary battery has been synthesized by an impregnation method using highly reactive nanocupule MnO2spheres as the manganese source. These LNMO-Air spheres are aggregates of nanosized polyhedron particles with well-defined cubic spinel structure. They showed excellent rate capability and cycle stability, compared with other microspheres of LNMO.
Ordered mesoporous C/TiO2 composites as advanced sonocatalysts
Authors: Qiu Pengpeng , Li Wei , Kang Kyounglim , Park Beomguk , Luo Wei , Zhao Dongyuan , Khim Jeehyeong
Published: August 2014

Ordered mesoporous C/TiO2 composites have been fabricated via an evaporation induced co-assembly method, and demonstrated as a highly efficient sonocatalyst.
A Psychometric Review of Norm-Referenced Tests Used to Assess Phonological Error Patterns
Authors: Kirk Cecilia , Vigeland Laura
Published: August 2014

Purpose

The authors provide a review of the psychometric properties of 6 norm-referenced tests designed to measure children's phonological error patterns. Three aspects of the tests' psychometric adequacy were evaluated: the normative sample, reliability, and validity.

Method

The specific criteria used for determining the psychometric adequacy of these tests were based on current recommendations in the literature. Test manuals and response forms were reviewed for psychometric adequacy according to these criteria.

Results

The tests included in this review failed to exhibit many of the psychometric properties required of well-designed norm-referenced tests. Of particular concern was lack of adequate sample size, poor evidence of construct validity, and lack of information about diagnostic accuracy.

Conclusions

To ensure that clinicians have access to valid and reliable tests, test developers must make a greater effort to establish that the tests they design have adequate psychometric properties. The authors hope that this review will help clinicians and other professionals to be more aware of some of the limitations of using these tests to make educational decisions.
Webcam Delivery of the Camperdown Program for Adolescents Who Stutter: A Phase II Trial
Authors: Carey Brenda , O'Brian Sue , Lowe Robyn , Onslow Mark
Published: August 2014

Purpose

This Phase II clinical trial examined stuttering adolescents' responsiveness to the Webcam-delivered Camperdown Program.

Method

Sixteen adolescents were treated by Webcam with no clinic attendance. Primary outcome was percentage of syllables stuttered (%SS). Secondary outcomes were number of sessions, weeks and hours to maintenance, self-reported stuttering severity, speech satisfaction, speech naturalness, self-reported anxiety, self-reported situation avoidance, self-reported impact of stuttering, and satisfaction with Webcam treatment delivery. Data were collected before treatment and up to 12 months after entry into maintenance.

Results

Fourteen participants completed the treatment. Group mean stuttering frequency was 6.1 %SS (range, 0.7–14.7) pretreatment and 2.8 %SS (range, 0–12.2) 12 months after entry into maintenance, with half the participants stuttering at 1.2 %SS or lower at this time. Treatment was completed in a mean of 25 sessions (15.5 hr). Self-reported stuttering severity ratings, self-reported stuttering impact, and speech satisfaction scores supported %SS outcomes. Minimal anxiety was evident either pre- or post-treatment. Individual responsiveness to the treatment varied, with half the participants showing little reduction in avoidance of speech situations.

Conclusions

The Webcam service delivery model was appealing to participants, although it was efficacious and efficient for only half. Suggestions for future stuttering treatment development for adolescents are discussed.
Formation of cyanopolyyne anions in the interstellar medium: The possible role of permanent dipoles
Authors: Carelli F. , Gianturco F. A. , Wester R. , Satta M.
Published: August 2014

The possibility of attaching near-threshold electrons to N-terminated carbon chains, like those observed in the outer envelopes of carbon-rich stars, is examined via accurate quantum chemistry orbital structures evaluation and quantum scattering analysis of the corresponding extra-electron wavefunctions at meV energies. It is shown that the differences in the signs and sizes of the permanent dipole moments which exist for both the neutral and anionic species of the CnN series of molecules play a significant role in suggesting or excluding possible energy paths to permanent anion formations of cyanopolyynes, for which the cases with n from 1 to 7 are examined in more detail.
Photosensitive response of azobenzene containing films towards pure intensity or polarization interference patterns
Authors: Yadavalli Nataraja Sekhar , Saphiannikova Marina , Santer Svetlana
Published: August 2014

In this paper, we report on differences in the response of photosensitive azobenzene containing films upon irradiation with the intensity or polarization interference patterns. Two materials are studied differing in the molecular weight: an azobenzene-containing polymer and a molecular glass formed from a much smaller molecule consisting of three connected azobenzene units. Topography changes occurring along with the changes in irradiation conditions are recorded using a homemade set-up combining an optical part for generation and shaping of interference patterns and an atomic force microscope for acquiring the kinetics of film deformation. In this way, we could reveal the unique behavior of photosensitive materials during the first few minutes of irradiation: the change in topography is initially driven by an increase in the azobenzene free volume along with the trans-cis isomerization, followed by the mass transport finally resulting in the surface relief grating. This study demonstrates the great potential of our setup to experimentally highlight puzzling processes governing the formation of surface relief gratings.
Origin of the anomalous temperature dependence of coercivity in soft ferromagnets
Authors: Moubah R. , Ahlberg M. , Zamani A. , Olsson A. , Shi S. , Sun Z. , Carlson S. , Hallén A. , Hjörvarsson B. , Jönsson P. E.
Published: August 2014

We report on the origin of the anomalous temperature dependence of coercivity observed in some soft ferromagnets by studying the magnetic and electronic properties of FeZr films doped using ion implantation by H, He, B, C, and N. The anomalous increase of the coercivity with temperature was observed only in the C- and B-doped samples. Using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we show that the anomalous behavior of the coercivity coincides with the occurrence of an electron charge transfer for those implanted samples. The origin of the anomaly is discussed in terms of (i) magnetic softness, (ii) nature of the Fe-C and -B covalent bonds, and (iii) large charge transfer.
Thermal and soft magnetic properties of Co40Fe22Ta8B30 glassy particles: In-situ X-ray diffraction and magnetometry studies
Authors: Taghvaei Amir Hossein , Stoica Mihai , Kaban Ivan , Bednarčik Jozef , Eckert Jürgen
Published: August 2014

The structural evolution of Co40Fe22Ta8B30 glassy particles has been studied by in-situ high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) upon isochronal annealing. The changes in position, intensity, and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the first and second diffuse maxima of the XRD patterns suggest the occurrence of irreversible structural relaxation upon the first heating up to a temperature close to the glass transition temperature Tg. The variations in reduced pair correlation functions upon annealing are discussed in the frame of the topological fluctuation theory for structural relaxation. Isochronal annealing of the Co40Fe22Ta8B30 glassy particles improves their soft magnetic properties through decreasing the coercivity and increasing the magnetic susceptibility, saturation magnetization, and Curie temperature.
The future of spectroscopic life detection on exoplanets
Authors: Seager Sara
Published: August 2014

The discovery and characterization of exoplanets have the potential to offer the world one of the most impactful findings ever in the history of astronomy—the identification of life beyond Earth. Life can be inferred by the presence of atmospheric biosignature gases—gases produced by life that can accumulate to detectable levels in an exoplanet atmosphere. Detection will be made by remote sensing by sophisticated space telescopes. The conviction that biosignature gases will actually be detected in the future is moderated by lessons learned from the dozens of exoplanet atmospheres studied in last decade, namely the difficulty in robustly identifying molecules, the possible interference of clouds, and the permanent limitations from a spectrum of spatially unresolved and globally mixed gases without direct surface observations. The vision for the path to assess the presence of life beyond Earth is being established.