bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Wolves of Mount McKinley
Authors: Murie Adolph
Published: November 2023

Adolph Murie (1899-1974), the son of Norwegian immigrants and a graduate of Concordia College in Moor-head, Minnesota, arrived in Alaska in September 1922 to assist his older stepbrother Glaus Murie in a study of caribou. Adolph Murie, or “Ade” as he was known to friends and family, fell in love with the far north, and, after completing doctoral work at the University of Michigan, returned often to Alaska.
Sheenjek
Authors: Brower Kenneth
Published: November 2023

In 1967 Kenneth Brower (1944-), the son of conservationist David Brower, John Milton, and Steve Pearson made an historic 300-mile back-packing trip over the

Brooks Range from south to north. John Milton wrote of this adventure in his book Nameless Valleys, Shining Mountains (Meredith, 1970) and Kenneth Brower told of the same trip in his format-series book Earth and the Great Weather, The Brooks Range (Friends of the Earth, 1973).
The Subsistence Cycle
Authors: Nelson Richard
Published: November 2023

Anthropologist Richard Nelson (1941-) received his doctorate from the University of California, Santa Barbara, and has subsequently devoted his life to living with and studying the native peoples of Alaska. He has authored numerous works of cultural anthropology, including Hunters of the Northern Forest (University of Chicago, 1973), which documents the cultural ecology of the Kutchin Indians near Ft. Yukon, Alaska, and Make Prayers to the Raven (University of Chicago, 19B3), which examines the boreal lifestyle of the Koyukon Athabaskan Indians of Huslia, Alaska.
“A Most Scientific Institution”
Authors: Fitzpatrick Ellen
Published: November 2023

When Katharine Bement Davis became superintendent of the Bedford Hills, New York, Reformatory for Women in 1901, she arrived with few credentials other than an advanced degree in political economy. Her years at Philadelphia’s College Settlement had exposed Davis to the problem of urban crime, but she was in no sense an expert in criminology or an experienced penologist. Neither were most other prison wardens of the day. Yet American prisons, and indeed, the criminal justice system as a whole, were undergoing a metamorphosis during the Progressive era.
“The School Is Yours”
Authors: Fitzpatrick Ellen
Published: November 2023

The struggle to balance social inquiry with social activism attained one of its most lasting expressions in the work of Edith Abbott and Sophonisba Breckinridge. Unlike their two contemporaries, Abbott and Breckinridge maintained close ties with academia while pursuing their many interests in reform. They held faculty appointments, conducted scholarly research, and published in academic journals. Yet their success in blending careers as social scientists and social activists was a measure of their professional ingenuity rather than their adherence to any predetermined avenue of advancement.
The Reorganization of Poor Relief, 1786-1788
Authors: Lindemann Mary
Published: November 2023

During the 1770s and 1780s no social issue excited more debate than poverty, and no topic was more vigorously discussed in Hamburg than poor relief reform. If at first few people envisioned more than a belated tinkering with the existing system of poor relief, by the late 1780s most of those involved acknowledged the futility of stopgap measures and admitted, sometimes be-grudgingly, the need for a total refurbishing. The truly momentous expansion of commerce, the quickened economic tempo, the narrowing gap separating the working poor from indigence
The General Poor Relief, 1799–1830: Decline and Rebirth?
Authors: Lindemann Mary
Published: November 2023

As the eighteenth century drew to a close, Hamburg stood at the very zenith of its power. The harbor was jammed with ships, warehouses bulged with the goods of five continents, and merchants coolly calculated the profits to be reaped from a war-torn Europe. Not all the signs were auspicious, of course. The conflict between republican France and Great Britain threatened to disrupt or even break the cycle of European and world trade that had so richly rewarded Hamburg. Some men, perhaps more prescient than the rest, worried that the widening European conflict would eventually sweep northward and feared that Hamburg might suffer the same terrible fate as Antwerp and Amsterdam.
Sergei Prokofiev
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Prokofiev, a much-cosseted only child ( two sisters had died before he was born), began composing at five, and before he was out of his teens he had written four operas, two symphonies, and a stack of piano music. His mother, a cultivated player, was his first piano teacher, and in 1902 the composer Reinhold Gliere was brought into the household as musical tutor to the eleven-year-old Sergei Sergeievich.
Dmitri Shostakovich
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

When a good life-and-works of Shostakovich at last appearsone, that is, based on thorough study of sources, free of political parti pris, and written by someone of musical and human sensibility―we shall have one of the most gripping of all artistic biographies. The subject is a critic ‘s and historian ‘s dream: a composer who added essential works to the repertory, a man who could not commit himself to heroism or to moral and intellectual slavery, one whose actions and statements cover the gamut from the noble to the base, whose music exhibits staggering divergence between public and private works, whose achievement is so uneven, not just between compositions but within them, who functioned in a society tyrannically demanding of its artists, and whose every anguished photograph screams for an answer to the question “Who is this man? “ The scores exist and are open to our scrutiny. It is hard, though, to think of another composer whose work is so intensely, so immediately, so drastically affected by life―his own, but also that of the world in which and for which he wrote.
Jean Sibelius
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Sibelius began his Symphony No. 1 in the last week of April 1898 and completed it early the following year. On 26 April 1899, Sibelius himself conducted the Helsinki Philharmonic in the first performance. In March 1900, he revised the orchestration somewhat, and this new and final version was first played on 4 July 1900 in Stockholm at the start of a Helsinki Philharmonic tour. This time Robert Kajanus conducted.
Ancient Theories of the Simple Tenses
Authors: Binnick Robert I
Published: November 2023

As with so many other things, our most basic ideas about the verb go back to the ancient Greeks. Plato defines the verb as that word which denotes action, and it is still often called the “action word.”But for Aristotle, “a verb is a composite sound with a meaning, indicative of time”; it is tense which is its essential feature.
Traditional Theories of the Complex Tenses
Authors: Binnick Robert I
Published: November 2023

Graeco-Roman grammars attempted to categorize verbal forms in terms of their meanings. Expressions such as verbs were viewed as signs expressing mental “affections.” As the mind presumably apprehended in reality three segments of time (past, present, and future), so language, as a reflection of ideas in the mind, must have three tenses to convey this distinction.
Formal Semantics of Tense and Aspect
Authors: Binnick Robert I
Published: November 2023

The problem with much earlier research into tense and aspect is the lack of any objective theory against which the ideas of individual theorists can be judged. What Konig has to say regarding the literature on the English progressive can well be extended to all the earlier discussion on tense and aspect: “The most serious shortcoming of the older analyses is that they have not been made precise to such a degree that they are falsifiable.“1 An adequate semantic theory of tense and aspect must be an objective and explicit semantics.
Beyond the Semantics of Tense and Aspect
Authors: Binnick Robert I
Published: November 2023

The first person to seriously study these sequence-of-tense (SOT) phenomena was Reichenbach (1947). Reichenbach seemingly interpreted these phenomena as reflecting constraints on sequences of tenses (“certain rules which the grammarians call the rules for the sequence of tenses”), although he refers to them as reflecting some kind of “adjustment” of tenses to one another within a “com­ pound” sentence.He interprets these rules as the principle of the permanence of the reference point: “although the events referred to in the clauses may occupy different time points, the reference point should be the same for all clauses.”
Cognition
Authors: Trzepacz Paula T , Baker Robert W
Published: November 2023

Cognition is the ability to know and think, using intellect, logic, reasoning, memory, and all of the higher cortical functions. Intact cognition allows humans to appreciate their inner and outer worlds, and to interact with others and negotiate daily life. Thus, appropriate communication and comprehension depend not only on speech and language abilities (Chapter 4) and the absence of a thought disorder (Chapter 5), but also on other brain functions that relate to cognition and intellect. These functions should be indirectly and directly assessed during the MSE interview. In contrast to the other portions of the MSE, cognition is tested in a structured fashion. Specific assessment of a variety of cognitive functions should be completed during patient examination.

In many cases, it is useful to administer one of any number of standardized screening cognitive tests so that the patient’s performance can be compared to normative data from a larger population of persons. The use of standardized tests allows a comparison to the patient’s performance at a different time or when tested by a different examiner. Test scores can be recorded in the chart and graphed over time. Standardized tests range from cognitive screening tests to be used at the bedside or in the office to formal neuropsychologic testing. Screening tests can be administered in a brief period and are usually comprised of a small number of items that assess different cognitive and language abilities. One of the most widely used screening tests is the Mini-Mental state exam (see Folstein, Folstein, and McHugh, 1975), which superficially assesses a variety of cognitive functions. Screening tests can then be supplemented with more sensitive tests of specific areas of cognition.
Invasion and Armistice
Authors: Roshwald Aviel
Published: November 2023

Throughout the tortuous course of Vichy’s relations with Germany since the Armistice, there had existed the possibility of broad cooperation between the two states based on an active French contribution to the war effort against Britain in return for a significant alleviation of the armistice terms. The dismissal of Laval in December 1940 had destroyed the hopes of the more ardent collaborationists in the Petain regime, but only temporarily. The appointment of Admiral Darlan to the vice-presidency of the council in February 1941 marked Vichy’s reversion to a more active pursuit of military cooperation and diplomatic reconciliation with Germany. After a number of feelers had been extended by Darlan without much success, the events of May in Iraq suddenly created a new climate for cooperation.
Conclusion
Authors: Roshwald Aviel
Published: November 2023

Regarded through the lens of hindsight, the wartime events in Syria and Lebanon seem like scenes from a low-budget stage production of a dusty, old period piece. While the future of mankind hinged on the outcome of the monumental struggle between the Axis powers and the Allies, the Levant witnessed an anachronistic game of colonial rivalry, quaintly reminiscent of the nineteenth-century imperial contest in Africa.
Epilogue: A Measure of Civilization
Authors: Barth Gunther
Published: November 2023

FoR THREE CENTURIES, the European invaders of North America sought to master nature in the New World. They were eager to use the resources and people of the continent for their own purposes, and their efforts to control nature overshadowed the brief moments of concord between nature and culture experienced by some of the newcomers. The most venturesome among the European conquerors led the way in the onslaught against nature. Unaware of the enormous size of the geographic obstacle in their road to the riches of the Far East, they charged into the heart of the continent, with Spaniards, Frenchmen, and Englishmen in the forefront.
Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Manuel Peter
Published: November 2023

Latin American and Caribbean popular musics have exerted remarkable influence worldwide, exceeded in this respect only by modern Afro American pop styles. Their development has been a complex and on¬ going process of synthesis of styles and features from disparate regions and classes, and as such it constitutes a particularly challenging and rewarding field of cultural ethnological study.
The Evolution of Zionist Rescue Policy
Authors: ofer Dalia
Published: November 2023

The dilemmas of illegal immigration brought Zionist leaders to an impasse by 1942. Although the political strategy that was to have saved the Struma demonstrably failed, there was no far-reaching critique of overall Zionist policy. Instead, as in 1941, the leadership banked on passivity. Spontaneous attempts to reach Palestine were even hailed, but this was a far cry from leaders taking the initiative in planning immigration operations.
Fertility Curtailment: Selected Issues
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody
Published: November 2023

The term fertility derives from the Latin ferre meaning “to bear” or “carry.” Sterility is its opposite-the inability to bear. Despite the fact that women alone are capable of childbearing, both terms are used for men as well as women in the context of reproduction. Elective means of fertility curtailment include contraception, sterilization, and abortion. In this chapter, I focus on selected aspects of each of these types of interventions. Although contraception is relatively uncontroversial for most people, I briefly consider the natural law argument against it. With regard to sterilization, I examine the special case of the retarded as a possible example of discrimination against disabled persons. Preconceptive and postconceptive genetic counseling are considered in the context of sex selection, and fetal reduction in multiple gestation is also discussed. A number of these issues illustrate the fact that decisions about fertility curtailment and decisions about fertility enhancement are sometimes intertwined.
Transport of Stone
Authors: Arnold Dieter
Published: November 2023

Building material such as sand, gravel, mud, bricks, timber (fig. 3.1), and stones often had to be transported overland for long distances from canals and harbors up to the desert edge or through the fields to the construction site. The simplest method, and the traditional one, was to carry these materials on the shoulders of men or on the backs of donkeys. Representations of this kind of transport are frequent.
Other Building Activities
Authors: Arnold Dieter
Published: November 2023

Digging shafts and tunnels in the bedrock was routine work for the Egyptian workmen, who were experienced with cutting underground tombs or quarrying stone from underground quarries since the Second Dynasty. Because working in sandstone and limestone presented no difficulties for Egyptian masons and all known tombs and shafts were dug in these relatively soft stones, the problem was actually not cutting the stone but preventing its collapse due to cracks or the presence of softer strata of desert conglomerate, shales, or even sand. In order to penetrate these dangerous strata, the upper sections of tomb shafts or entrance corridors had to be cased with brick walls and vaults.
Violence Against the Elderly
Authors: Pillemer Karl , Frankel Susan
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a comprehensive review of research on domestic elder abuse. First, definitional problems are reviewed, and it is asserted that no widely accepted definition of the problem exists. For the purpose of clarity, this chapter focuses on physical violence against the elderly by family members. Second, existing data sources about elder abuse are described. Sources fall into three major categories: surveys, case-control studies, and other sources. Third, a theoretical framework is proposed that stresses five potential causes of elder abuse: intraindividual dynamics, intergenerational transmission of violent behavior, dependency and exchange relations between abuser and abused, external stress, and social isolation. Fourth, consequences of elder abuse are discussed; lack of data, however, prevents specification of the nature and extent of such effects.
Introduction
Authors: Epstein Samuel David
Published: November 2023

Within an X' theory of phrase structure, each lexical category X (= noun, verb, adjective, preposition) is immediately dominated by a category X' that is, in turn, immediately dominated by a category X". We refer to X as the “head” of the “projections” X' and X". The X' projection of the head X consists of X and its complements. The X" projection, the “maximal projection” of X, consists of X' and the Specifier of X'. This schema thus defines the dominance relations of phrase structure representations. The order of constituents can be assumed to follow from properly formulated specifications of certain principles and parameters, including those governing Case assignment and theta assignment, and perhaps also from a principle that independently determines head-complement order.
Deriving Asymmetries in Gamma Assignment*
Authors: Epstein Samuel David
Published: November 2023

In this section we will eliminate (1), deriving its effects from independently motivated principles of grammar. In the resulting system there is no asymmetry with respect to the level at which argument and nonargument traces are g-assigned. Rather, at every level of representation each trace present is g-assigned. Before deriving (1), we will review the general features of the ECP as proposed by L&S, including the motivation for principle (1).
Martin Luther King and the Meanings of Freedom
Authors: King Richard H
Published: November 2023

As the 1960s recede in time, the public stature of Martin Luther King has grown apace. The observance of his birthday as a national holiday (the first non-president so honored) and the presence of his bust in the U.S. Capitol (the first black person so honored) indicate the degree to which King has become a member in good standing of the American pantheon. While such monumentalization of King makes it more difficult to express blind hostility toward him, it also tends to blunt efforts to probe more deeply into his thought without being accused of outright hostility. As a result, King runs the risk of being “overpraised but undervalued.”
Exploration, Imperialism, and Anthropology
Authors: Smith Woodruff D
Published: November 2023

Thus far, we have focused primarily on the development of the cultural sciences in Germany in the context of German intellectual life, politics, and society. It would, perhaps, have been more traditional, at least with respect to anthropology, to have concentrated also on the experience of Europeans who were in contact with the rest of the world’s cultures as another source of interest in the systematic study of culture. According to one standard interpretation of the history of anthropology, the impetus to scientific ethnology arose mainly out of an eighteenth-and early-nineteenth-century enthusiasm for exotic peoples that accompanied a flood of information into Europe about them at that time. Explorers were led to go out and procure even more information, and intellectuals began to see the need to classify and analyze the data thus acquired more systematically than the dilettantes of the past had done. The scientific ethnology that grew from these roots received, in the last third of the nineteenth century, a sudden and decisive boost from the “New Imperialism”: the rapid establishment of bureaucratic colonial administrations in European countries’ vast and newly acquired overseas possessions. The requirements of colonial administration are held to have been the main influences on the development of anthropological theory and organization at the end of the nineteenth century and during the first three decades or so of the twentieth.
Baltimore
Authors: Crunden Robert M
Published: November 2023

Unlike the other incubators of American modernism, Baltimore produced no identifiable group that brought gifted people from different families together in pursuit of new artistic achievements. It had no tradition of innovative cultural activity. But Baltimore had two advantages when it came to producing modernist sensibilities. It had a substantial, established bourgeoisie not based on ideals which were exclusively British or Protestant in origin; and it had a private university which drew talented graduate students from all over the country.
HIV Infection and Obstetric Care
Authors: Repke John T , Johnson Timothy R B
Published: November 2023

As noted throughout this volume, the decision to screen for HIV in a pregnant population must take account of numerous social, legal, and ethical considerations, as well as more practical medical concerns. The purpose of this chapter is to explore those medical concerns that arise in obstetrics and prenatal care. Specifically, we examine five sets of issues: vertical transmission and obstetric management; the impact of HIV on pregnancy and the impact of pregnancy on HIV; counseling and education; risk of transmission of HIV to obstetric workers; and HIV screening in the obstetric context, including past and current screening policies of our prenatal clinical service.
Legal Issues in Voluntary Screening for HIV Infection in Pregnant Women
Authors: King Patricia A
Published: November 2023

Second, HIV infection has social, psychological, and ethical dimensions that extend far beyond those found elsewhere in medicine, with the possible exception of medical genetics. As a result, the legal precedents are of especially limited value in the HIV context. For example, the prevalence of HIV infection varies dramatically from one part of the country to another, thus putting at issue the question of whether the legal standard will be applied in a manner that takes account of the national prevalence of HIV infection or some prevalence of infection based on smaller geographical units.
Reproductive Decision Making in the Context of HIV: The Case for Nondirective Coun
Authors: Kass Nancy E
Published: November 2023

For thousands of years, women have been counseled, instructed, persuaded, or forced to follow certain behaviors while pregnant, either for their own benefit or for the benefit of the fetus. Beliefs about how directive these interactions ought to be have changed over time. Consistent with a general trend in medical ethics in the United Sates during the past several decades toward increased respect for patient autonomy, the model of counseling most often endorsed in recent years advocates • providing patients with complete information but allowing them to make their own decisions based on their own values and preferences. This emphasis on respect for patient autonomy has been particularly pronounced in the areas of genetic testing and reproductive decisions.
The Neogrammarian Hypothesis and Pandemic Irregularity
Authors: Blust Robert
Published: November 2023

The formulation of a principle that sound change is inherently exceptionless, even when appearances may suggest otherwise, is commonly attributed to the Junggram matiker or ‘Neogrammarians’-a group of Indo-European comparativists who worked at the University of Leipzig in the 1870s. In this historical context it is clear that the Neogrammarian hypothesis was inspired by the then recent successes of Hermann Grassmann (1863) and Karl Verner (1876) in explaining phonological changes which had long appeared to be exceptions to Grimm’s Law. According to Lehmann (1967: 197) ‘the central axiom, that sound laws have no exceptions, was first published by the oldest of the group, August Leskien in Die Deklination im Slavisch-litauischen und Germanischen (1876).’ Two years later, in the preface to a new journal founded by Hermann Osthoff and Karl Brugmann, Brugmann wrote (and both founders signed) a statement of philosophical position which can, with some justification, be called the ‘N eogrammarian manifesto’.
Black
Authors: Rorabaugh W J
Published: November 2023

Late in the last century, Oakland became a working terminus for the Southern Pacific Railroad and a crew change point for the Pullman Company, which employed large numbers of blacks as porters on its passenger cars. Because Pullman porters often received large tips, jobs with the Pullman Company were among the best that a black man could find. Some porters married and settled down to raise families in a small black community that grew near the railroad yards. In this community porters remained an elite until the waning of passenger trains in the mid-twentieth century.
Green
Authors: Rorabaugh W J
Published: November 2023

In the years after World War II, when the country underwent anticommunist hysteria and turned against the Left, a tide of regimented conformism all but submerged the American tradition of individualism. This trend dominated not only politics but also the arts. Architects turned to the functional, barren Bauhaus school with its cold, hard look. The style echoed; although few Americans knew it, the aesthetics not only of the Weimar Republic but also of Mussolini and Hitler. On the Berkeley campus both Sproul Hall and Dwindle Hall were built with balconies in the fascist manner. Painters moved from the social realism of the thirties to an unprecedented use of the abstract.
Human Evolution
Authors: Corballis Michael C
Published: November 2023

So Said Benjamin Disraeli. It has become clear, however, that the rest of us surely share a common ancestry with the apes. We belong, in fact, to the order of creatures known as primates-in the biological rather than the ecclesiastical meaning of the term. The primates, in turn, are considered the highest order of the class known as mammals, so called because they suckle their young. Modern primates include lemurs, monkeys, anthropoid apes, and, of course, ourselves. It is convenient to begin the story of human evolution not with the primates themselves but with an extinct species, the dinosaur.
The Evolution of Language
Authors: Corballis Michael C
Published: November 2023

No Such Doubts appear to have dissuaded Noam Chomsky from his Cartesian view that human language is unique, although it must be said that recent research has rather neglected the pig. In his 1966 book Cartesian Linguistics, Chomsky wrote of the difference be tween human language and other forms of animal communication as follows: The unboundedness of human speech, as an expression of limitless thought, is an entirely different matter [from animal communication], because of the freedom from stimulus control and the appropriateness to new situations Modern studies of animal communication so far offer no counterevidence to the Cartesian assumption that human language is based on an entirely different principle.
Demographic Applications
Authors: Carey James R
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to fourfold. First, to apply some of the basic demographic principles to specific problems in population analysis. For example, I show how stable theory can be used to estimate growth rate in field populations. Second, to interrelate some of the standard tools in applied biology (e.g., probit analysis) to conventional demography (e.g., life table). Third, to show four different approaches to fitting curves that are common in biology and demography. Fourth, to demonstrate applications of demography to practical problems of insect mass rearing.
Introduction
Authors: Drake Ellen Tan
Published: November 2023

The few geologists who have read Robert Hooke’s Discourse of Earthquakes have been astonished by his almost clairvoyant postulations concerning the formation of geomorphological features, the origin and usefulness of fossils, biological evolution, and all the dynamic changes that constantly take place on this planet. Hooke’s ideas have been shown to reach beyond those of his contemporary, the Dane Nicholas Steno (1638-1686), who is widely hailed as a founder of geology. There is also evidence that James Hutton (1726-1797), who had some knowledge of Hooke’s hypothesis of the terraqueous globe, incorporated much of what Hooke pronounced into his own theory, a theory that laid the foundation of modern geology. Hooke was therefore important in the history of Earth science, as he was in the development of many other fields of scientific and technological endeavour. The purpose of this volume is not to engage in a search for Hutton’s precursors but to present the ideas of Robert Hooke concerning the Earth and to analyze them in light of the prevailing knowledge in the 17th century, placing the man in historical context and revealing his vital role in the development of the science of geology.
Hooke’s Theory of Evolution and Attitude toward God and Time
Authors: Drake Ellen Tan
Published: November 2023

Over the thirty years during which Hooke discoursed on “Earthquakes,” he never wavered from his fundamental concepts on (1) the origin of fossils, (2) petrifaction, (3) evolution, (4) the shape of the Earth, (5) polar wandering. (6) universal gravitation, (7) cyclicity of many terrestrial processes and (8) that subtcrrancous eruptions and earthquakes cause changes to the terrestrial surface and the exchange of land and sea areas. What crept into his later discourses was a need to bring God into his picture of the system of the Earth-not to show the presence of God’s hand in all phenomena hut to show that natural causes, and natural explanations, do not gainsay God. From the start he questioned the validity of the narration in Genesis and asserted that Noah’s flood was nothing special, not because he was a disbeliever hut because he distrusted the truthfulness and accuracy of the biblical account, which, after all, he reasoned, was written by men about things that happened before the invention of writing. Still, God and the Bible entered into his lectures as the general political and religious climate of England became more steeped in ecclesiastical doctrines around the time of the ascension to the throne by William III of Orange and hi wife Mary II in 1689.
Plagiarism or Paranoia?
Authors: Drake Ellen Tan
Published: November 2023

Hooke has been singled out among all the great scientists of the 17th century and characterized by some writers as “cantankerous” in his claims of priority and disputes over ideas. Yet if one studies the intellectual milieu of the time, the controversies and rivalries of the type in which he was involved seem almost to be the rule rather than the exception, And Hooke’s reaction to such controversy involving his own discoveries and inventions seems mild in comparison to the behavior of some of his contemporaries. Because Hooke was involved in more experiments and observations and articulated more hypotheses than many, it follows that perhaps more of these controversie5 surrounded his person than they did others. But I have shown several notable incidents involving friends and colleagues such as Boyle and Mayow in which Hooke clearly had priority, but he never disputed their claim. His attempts to defend himself against his detractors or those who pirated his ideas, however, have earned him the labels “paranoid,” “suspicious,” “jealous,’· and “unusually vitriolic” by modern writers. Furthermore, his behavior is sometimes considered “notorious.” As unfair as these labels seem to me, it is the argument that his behavior associated with these disputes is “antithetic to genteel values” of the time and that such quarrels are more associated with tradesmen than intellectuals (Shapin, 1989, p. 276) that is a matter of debate.
Final Assessment
Authors: Drake Ellen Tan
Published: November 2023

As sociologist Robert Merton (1970) noted, it was not so much a sudden biologic emergence of gifted people in the 17th century that caused the flowering of science but rather the interest of extraordinary people in the same things. Hooke was not alone in his scientific interests and pursuits. The spectrum of his interests was so broad, in fact, that his activities converged with those of many others. His colleagues in the Royal Society devoted much thought and debate to geology, especially to the question of the origin of fossils. Scholars on the continent were also interested in geology. Historian Rachel Laudan (1987) argues eloquently that geology as a science actually developed from the European (continental) tradition of the Wernerian School at Preiberg, which emphasized a chemical-mineralogical approach to the study of the Earth, while the British tradition, centering on the general principle of plutonism, was insular, isolated, and of lesser importance. It is perhaps true that English-speaking geologists have long ignored the European, continental development, but what they consider the mainstream, the British tradition, was neither minor nor insular. The spread of knowledge was quite effective even in the 17th century, as evidenced in the correspondence of the Royal Society of London. By the 18th century such communication between Britain and the continent had become routine among the ever-increasing numbers of learned societies all over Europe. British ideas, therefore, were central to the intellectual debate of the time.
The sentient forager
Authors: Roughgarden Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Suppose you awake tomorrow morning to discover you’ve become an anole. Will you know what to do? Will you live or die? Well, if you’ve watched enough anoles, you could imitate what you’ve seen. But it would clearly be better to know why an anole does what it does. Then you could adjust to new circumstances, including those you hadn’t encountered before. This chapter is about how to prosper as an anole. It’s not about all there is to an anole’s life, but an important part-what to eat, how what you eat affects how fast you grow, and when to stop growing and to start reproducing.
Introduction: On Psychohistorical Method
Authors: Loewenberg Peter
Published: November 2023

Psychohistory is often defined as an “auxiliary science” like numismatics or statistics, which may, with profit, be “applied” to history. I propose something more radical and ambitious-a dual discipline and a dual career-that is not subordinate but integral at the point of contact be tween the subject (the researcher or clinician) and his or her data (documents and texts or analysands).
The inner world of vladimir zhirinovsky: the self-presentation of a “hero”
Authors: Loewenberg Peter
Published: November 2023

This is a psychopolitical evaluation and analysis of the autobiography of the radical-right Russian leader V. V. Zhirinovsky, Last Dash to the South.1 The utilization of psychoanalysis in political policy studies has a heritage that goes back at least to the distinguished work of Harold Lasswell, Nathan Leites, and Alexander George. The most famous case was the wartime study of Hitler done for the OSS in 1943 by Walter Langer, Henry Murray, Ernst Kris, and Bertram Lewin, which was later declassified and published.2 I view this paper as a contribution to that tradition of scholarship.
The Psychodynamics Of Nationalism
Authors: Loewenberg Peter
Published: November 2023

Nationalism constitutes the most powerful historical force as an agent of change in the twentieth century. No movement has succeeded against it; no movement has achieved anything without it. Nationalism’s ability to inspire dedicated action in history has been equaled in earlier times only by religion.
Book VIII
Authors: Lawrence T E
Published: November 2023

At the first show of Dawn, great Alcinous left his couch, as did that ravager of cities, Odysseus, kinsman of Zeus. The anointed King led him to the formal meeting place of the Phaeacians, where it had been contrived amongst the shipping. There they sat them down side by side on benches of polished stone: while Pallas Athene in the guise of the King’s herald went up and down the city furthering her scheme for getting brave Odysseus home.
Book XII
Authors: Lawrence T E
Published: November 2023

From Ocean’s pouring stream our ship measured the open rolling seas even to . Æaea, the isle of sunrise where Dawn the fore-runner has her house and dancing-floor: there we grounded the ship among the sand-banks and went out upon the beach, to sleep and wait for day. When the light came I sent a party up to Circe’s house to bring down dead Elpenor’s body.
Aging as a Worldwide Phenomenon
Authors: Miles Toni P , Brody Jacob A
Published: November 2023

For the first time in the history of humanity, large numbers of persons are surviving to older and older ages. This dramatic shift in the age structure of human populations is a process which is now occurring almost universally in countries across the globe. The process of population aging is best studied using mortality and survival statistics. Each country has similarities and differences in these statistics, which make it possible for us to measure rates of population aging. For students of biological anthropology and human population biology, it is the variation in the details of these events that is of particular interest. The goal of this chapter is to illustrate the occurrence of aging worldwide and to familiarize the reader with associated trends in causes of death and health status.
Human Population Biology and the Evolution of Aging
Authors: Wood James W , Weeks Stephen C , Bentley Gillian R , Weiss Kenneth M
Published: November 2023

With some oversimplification, most current ideas about the mechanisms of human aging can be dichotomized into two contrasting positions, which we will call the gerontological (GR) and the epidemiological (EP) points of view. In the extreme GR view, the various aspects of aging reflect a single unitary process that is programmed in a central way. We call this position “geronto logical” because it has been a dominant paradigm within the field of gerontology, at least until very recently (Finch, 1990). According to that paradigm, it is meaningful to think of the life span as a single measurable phenotype and to treat age patterns of fertility and mortality during the later segments of life as controlled by one underlying mechanism that has evolved and can be compared across species. Researchers who adopt this view spend much of their time searching for common biological factors that may explain several aspects of aging at once. From this perspective, linkages among life-span events and processes (e.g., similar accelerations in risk with age among different senescent diseases, or parallel declines in fertility and survival with age) are a foregone conclusion.
Aging and Adaptation to the Environment
Authors: Beall Cynthia M
Published: November 2023

Human adaptation to environmental stressors such as heat, cold, and high altitude has been studied for decades, but nearly all work has focussed on young adults and, to a lesser extent, on children (e.g,. Dill, 1964; Baker and Weiner, 1966; Damon, 1975; Frisancho, 1985). This reflects the theoretical paradigm that evolutionary processes enhancing genetic fitness result in well-adapted individuals of reproductive age. In this context, a logical focus of enquiry to identify the results of evolutionary processes was to examine the group with the highest fertility and their offspring. However, the worldwide demographic aging transition in the past few decades has led to the realization that significant proportions of human populations can and do live past the usual reproductive years. This has raised theoretical and empirical questions regarding the evolution and biology of the late reproductive and postre productive human life span.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome among Grocery Store Workers
Authors: Osorio Ana
Published: November 2023

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) involves entrapment of the median nerve in the region of the wrist and is associated with forceful and repetitive wrist motion. Studies of various occupational groups have demonstrated an increased prevalence of CTS: car seat sewers, aircraft engine assemblers, and butchers (Armstrong, 1979; Cannon, 1981; Falck, 1983).
Cytogenetic Study of Workers Exposed to Ethylene Dibromide
Authors: Steenland Kyle
Published: November 2023

Ethylene dibromide (EDB) is a colorless gas that has been widely used until recently as a pesticide to fumigate grain, treat soil, and fumigate fruit. EDB has been shown to be highly mutagenic, and carcinogenic at multiple sites in animals. Two mortality studies have been conducted among small cohorts of chemical workers exposed to EDB, but there have been inconclusive regarding cancer due to very small sample sizes and uncertainty regarding the actual exposures of the workers (Ter Haar, 1980; Ott et al., 1980). EDB has also been shown to have toxic effects on sperm in animals.
Triste Amérique: Atala and the Postrevolutionary Construction of Woman
Authors: Schor Naomi
Published: November 2023

Historians and art historians have in recent years begun to recognize the extraordinary significance of the prevalence of feminine civic allegory in the iconography produced by the French Revolution. As Lynn Hunt writes: “The appearance of feminine allegorization was momentous for it became associated with the Republic ever after.” Though, as Hunt beautifully documents, the figure of Marianne, emblem of Liberty and of the French Republic, did not immediately impose itself as the unique, consensual icon of national sovereignty, from the time of its first appearance in 1792 it became an increasingly powerful visual source of legitimation for the successive revolutionary regimes that ruled France and eventually, after periods of eclipse and contestation, the official symbol of the state.
Being René, Buying Atala: Alienated Subjects and Decorative Objects in Postrevolutionary France
Authors: Waller Margaret
Published: November 2023

The canon of nineteenth-century French literature begins with a strange coupling. At the turn of the century, Frarnçois-René de Chateaubriand published his first two novels separately, only to pair them a few years later. Together, the two works form a diptych in which men exchange stories about the dead women who had loved them. In Atala, a half-civilized American Indian, Chactas, tells how his lover, Atala, died to save her virginity.
The United States, Japan, And The Vietnam War, 1964-68
Authors: Schaller Michael
Published: November 2023

The Vietnam War, fought, in part, for and from Japan, had nearly as dramatic an impact on Japanese-American relations as the Korean conflict did. In addition to its military and political consequences, the war hastened Japan’s emergence as a global economic power. Japan’s role as a logistic base and tacit ally in the war revived a massive anti-American protest movement, compelled the Johnson administration to make numerous concessions on issues such as trade, China, and Okinawa, and contributed to a dramatic transformation in the relationship between the two allies.
“A Revolutionary, Not a Politician”
Authors: Gordon Joel
Published: November 2023

In 1954 the CCR succeeded in consolidating its authority over the country and established itself as the only viable alternative to the old regime. The pivotal moment was the March crisis, when the CCR faced the combined opposition of the old political parties, the Muslim Brotherhood, the Left, much of the independent intelligentsia, and significant units within the armed forces. The extent and scope of this opposition underlined for the officers the immentsity of their failure to silence active antagonists, and impressed upon them their failure to capture public support for their revolution, either the reforms or the purges. The call of the March opposition, sparked by the dismissal of Muhammad Nagib, resounded loudly and clearly: power must return to civilian hands, the officers must return to the barracks, the revolution must end.
“Stability, in Whatever Guise”
Authors: Gordon Joel
Published: November 2023

Reeling from the shock of street demonstrations and the threat of mutiny in the armor barracks, the CCR on March 5, 1954, announced steps to end the period of transitional rule and facilitate the return of parliamentary life. Along with the decree, the CCR proclaimed an immediate end to all press censorship effective the following day. From March 6 to 28, when the officers reasserted full authority over the country, Egypt experienced a brief renaissance of open political discourse. During these three weeks, debate on the future of the country, constrained since the CCR’s assumption of direct military rule in January 1953, flourished in an atmosphere of hope, expecta-tion, and no small degree of reckless bravado.
“Each of You Shall Be Carnal”
Authors: Gordon Joel
Published: November 2023

In the third year of their rule the Free Officers’ revolution finally began to take form. Prior to March 1954 the officers denned their revolution primarily in terms of internal political struggles. Out of those struggles was born the will to rule Egypt, reinforced by the belief that only the CCR could prevent the country from reverting to the “party politics” of the old regime. Following the March crisis the officers conclusively abandoned plans to restore democratic life in the near future. An indefatigable opposition, communist and Muslim Brother led, conditioned their consolidation of power.
Vibration Of Strings And Bars
Authors: Fletcher Neville H
Published: November 2023

Synopsis. A perfectly flexible string stretched between two fixed points is the simplest example of an extended system, and by studying it we can understand many of the properties of more complex systems. The behavior of the string is described by a wave equation according to which any disturbance of the position of the string moves with a characteristic velocity Cs as shown in Fig. 3.2. We defer detailed discussion of such wave-like behavior to a later chapter. The stretched string can vibrate only in patterns that are combinations of certain characteristic vibrations or normal modes, sometimes referred to pictorially as standing waves, and known mathematically as eigenfunctions. The first four normal modes for a stretched string are shown in Fig. 3.3. The points on the string at which the amplitude of a normal mode is zero remain fixed when the string vibrates in that mode, and are known as nodes of the motion. The frequencies of the normal modes of a string are integer multiples n = 2, 3, 4, ... of the frequency of the first mode or fundamental. Such a sequence is called a harmonic series, though this term properly refers to the wavelengths on the string, which vary as 1/n.
Cotton and Evangelical Christianity
Authors: Ford Lacy K
Published: November 2023

During the halcyon years of the Age of Exploration, Christopher Columbus purportedly declared that ‘‘the best thing in the world is gold . . . it can even send souls to heaven.” Three hundred and fifty years later, when James Henry Hammond rose to defend his native South before the United States Senate, the eloquent South Carolinian claimed only sovereignty, not divinity, for cotton. ‘‘No, you dare not make war on cotton. No power on earth dares to make war upon it,” Hammond declared. “Cotton is King.”1 Tendentious as their claims appear at first glance, probably neither Columbus nor Hammond was guilty of anything more than slight metaphoric exaggeration. The mercantilist lust for gold bullion certainly saved no souls, and probably damned more than a few, but the precious metal provided the foundation for an unparalleled expansion of world commerce and international trade during the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. Later, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the cotton trade became the mainstay of the burgeoning industrial revolution in Great Britain and the catalyst for a smaller industrial boom in the northern United States. “The traditional view which has seen the history of the British Industrial Revolution primarily in terms of cotton is correct,” argues Eric Hobsbawm. “If cotton flourished, the economy flourished, if it slumped so did the economy. “2