bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metacognition, public health compliance, and vaccination willingness
Authors: Fischer Helen , Huff Markus , Anders Gerrit , Said Nadia
Published: October 2023

Metacognition, our ability to reflect on our own beliefs, manifests itself in the confidence we have in these beliefs, and helps us guide our behavior in complex and uncertain environments. Here, we provide empirical tests of the importance of metacognition during the pandemic. Bayesian and frequentist analyses demonstrate that citizens with higher metacognitive sensitivity—where confidence differentiates correct from incorrect COVID-19 beliefs—reported higher willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19, and higher compliance with recommended public health measures. Notably, this benefit of accurate introspection held controlling for the accuracy of COVID-19 beliefs. By demonstrating how vaccination willingness and compliance may relate to insight into the varying accuracy of beliefs, rather than only the accuracy of the beliefs themselves, this research highlights the critical role of metacognitive ability in times of crisis. However, we do not find sufficient evidence to conclude that citizens with higher metacognitive sensitivity were more likely to comply with recommended public health measures when controlling for the absolute level of the confidence citizens had in their COVID-19 beliefs.
Deconstructing magnetization noise: Degeneracies, phases, and mobile fractionalized excitations in tetris artificial spin ice
Authors: Goryca Mateusz , Zhang Xiaoyu , Ramberger Justin , Watts Justin D. , Nisoli Cristiano , Leighton Chris , Schiffer Peter , Crooker Scott A.
Published: October 2023

Direct detection of spontaneous spin fluctuations, or “magnetization noise,” is emerging as a powerful means of revealing and studying magnetic excitations in both natural and artificial frustrated magnets. Depending on the lattice and nature of the frustration, these excitations can often be described as fractionalized quasiparticles possessing an effective magnetic charge. Here, by combining ultrasensitive optical detection of thermodynamic magnetization noise with Monte Carlo simulations, we reveal emergent regimes of magnetic excitations in artificial “tetris ice.” A marked increase of the intrinsic noise at certain applied magnetic fields heralds the spontaneous proliferation of fractionalized excitations, which can diffuse independently, without cost in energy, along specific quasi-1D spin chains in the tetris ice lattice.
Light Verb Constructions as a testing ground for the Gravitational Pull Hypothesis
Authors: Marco Josep , Bracho Lapiedra Llum
Published: October 2023

This study aims to test out the Gravitational Pull Hypothesis (GPH) on Light Verb Constructions (LVCs) conveying emotional states and dynamic events in a number of language combinations, with English and French as source and Catalan and Spanish as target languages. It draws on the corresponding sub-corpora of the COVALT translation corpus. The GPH posits three cognitive causes of translational effects: source or target language salience and connectivity. Different configurations of these causes are expected to result in over- or under-representation of target language features. This study attempts to push the theory forward by formulating hypotheses at the more abstract level of LVC types rather than individual LVCs. The effects predicted (under-representation of LVCs conveying emotional states and no significant differences for those conveying dynamic events) are confirmed in five out of the eight situations at the intersections of LVC types and language pairs.
Reporting direct speech in Spanish and German
Authors: Molés-Cases Teresa
Published: October 2023

This chapter focuses on the translation of manner-of-speaking expressions in a Spanish to German translation corpus of narrative texts, the translation unit examined being reporting verbs introducing direct speech. It aims, first, to identify translation techniques and, second, to explore whether there are any differences in translators’ behavior when facing the domains of motion and speech in written narratives. The results suggest, on the one hand, that manner-of-speaking is mostly maintained in the translation process. On the other hand, in the case of the general verb
decir
|say, inclusion of several frame elements has been identified in translated versions (mainly intention, but also manner and turns in fictional dialogue). I conclude that the consequences for the translation of manner in narrative texts are different for motion and speech events.
“Ich bekomme es erklärt”
Authors: Sánchez Nieto M. Teresa
Published: October 2023

Spanish lacks a construction that parallels the German dative passive, which presents the process from the recipient perspective while often leaving the agent implicit. The main aim of this chapter is to elucidate as to what extent the recipient perspective is maintained, and which voice resources (
genus verbi
) and translation techniques are involved in the translation of German passive constructions between German and Spanish. The evidence for the study is taken from the Parallel Corpus of German and Spanish (PaGeS). When translating sentences which include the
bekommen/kriegen
variants of the dative passive, translators into Spanish do not maintain the recipient perspective, but opt for, mainly, the agent perspective in about 40% of the examples under scrutiny. In these cases, simplification comes into play as a translation technique.
Domain-adapting and evaluating machine translation for institutional German in South Tyrol
Authors: Contarino Antonio Giovanni , De Camillis Flavia
Published: October 2023

Building on a prior small-scale study on machine translation adaptation in the same language pair and domain (De Camillis 2021), this chapter reports on a (i) domain-adaptation, (ii) quality assessment, and (iii)
automatic legal terminology evaluation experiment for legal South Tyrolean German. After collecting, sentence-aligning, and cleaning the
LEXB parallel corpus, we used this bilingual resource to domain-adapt a ModernMT engine. Performance improvements were measured in terms
of automatic quality metrics. The machine-translation of South Tyrolean legal terms was evaluated using an
ad hoc
automatic terminology evaluation tool. We observed a
significant boost in performance and term accuracy in the output of the ModernMT adapted engine, but the improvement in legal terminology
translation was deemed unsatisfactory.
Word alignment in the Russian-Chinese parallel corpus
Authors: Politova Anastasia , Bonetskaya Olga , Dolgov Dmitry , Frolova Maria , Pyrkova Anna
Published: October 2023

The Russian-Chinese parallel corpus (RuZhCorp) was created in 2016 by sinologists and computational linguists. So
far, it has accumulated 1 074 texts and over 4.6 million words that are aligned on a sentence level. To produce word alignment for the
entire corpus, we used deep neural networks trained both on the whole RuZhCorp and on a manually aligned at a word level gold dataset.
Using the principles presented in previous publications, we compiled the first word-to-word alignment guideline for the Russian-Chinese
language pair, which makes the manual alignment process less ambiguous and more consistent. The joint fine-tuning of the LaBSE deep
learning model on RuZhCorp and the gold dataset achieved the best AER of 18.9%.
Building corpus-based writing aids from Spanish into English
Authors: Ortego-Antón María Teresa
Published: October 2023

The internationalization of the agri-food sector in Spain has led to an exponential increase in writing and
translation services from Spanish to English. In this socio-economic context, the methodology used to develop GEFEM is described. GEFEM is
a corpus-based tool that assists translators and technical writers in producing dried meat product cards in English. The output offered to
users is based on quantitative and qualitative corpora analysis of dried meat product cards. This corpus-based writing aid includes the
prototypical rhetorical structure with the most frequent moves and steps, the main model lines, the lexicogrammatical patterns, and a
bilingual terminological database.
The forced migration from Ukraine after the full scale Russian invasion: dynamics and decision making drivers
Authors: Maidanik Iryna
Published: October 2023

The Russian invasion into Ukraine prompted a large-scale population exodus. The data reveal fluctuating cross-border movements characterized by an initial outflow (February–April 2022), followed by a period of return and stabilization (May–September 2022), then a renewed outflow caused by missile attacks on civilians (October 2022–February 2023), and oscillating migrations during Spring 2023. These oscillations during Spring 2023 are possibly linked to refugees visiting Ukraine for Easter and the activation of border crossings due to the high holiday season that began in late spring. This essay reviews several data sources to address decisions of Ukrainians to relocate. It argues that immobility perspective is crucial to understand the dynamics of migration in Ukraine.
JNK regulates ciliogenesis through the interflagellar transport complex and actin networks
Authors: Chatzifrangkeskou Maria , Kouis Panayiotis , Skourides Paris A.
Published: October 2023

The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) regulates various important physiological processes. Although the JNK pathway has been under intense investigation for over 20 yr, its complexity is still perplexing, with multiple protein partners underlying the diversity of its activity. We show that JNK is associated with the basal bodies in both primary and motile cilia. Loss of JNK disrupts basal body migration and docking and leads to severe ciliogenesis defects. JNK’s involvement in ciliogenesis stems from a dual role in the regulation of the actin networks of multiciliated cells (MCCs) and the establishment of the intraflagellar transport-B core complex. JNK signaling is also critical for the maintenance of the actin networks and ciliary function in mature MCCs. JNK is implicated in the development of diabetes, neurodegeneration, and liver disease, all of which have been linked to ciliary dysfunction. Our work uncovers a novel role of JNK in ciliogenesis and ciliary function that could have important implications for JNK’s role in the disease.
A three-dimensional adaptive rational interpolation algorithm for removing TMS-EEG pulse artifacts
Authors: Xiong Hui , Di Yajun , Liu Jinzhen , Han Yuqing , Zheng Yu
Published: October 2023

Objective. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in combination with electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) has been widely used to study the reactivity and connectivity of brain regions. In order to efficiently and fast solve the pulse artifacts problem caused by TMS electromagnetic pulses, a three-dimensional adaptive rational quadratic Hermite interpolation algorithm is proposed. Approach. Firstly, a three-dimensional signal matrix is obtained by a signal recombination algorithm, where the removed window is automatically obtained by a derivative threshold. Secondly, the adaptive rational quartic Hermite interpolation algorithm is used to interpolate the removed window. Finally, the performance of the algorithm is verified using simulated and public database data. Main results. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm improves the SNR by 23.88%–47.60%, reduces the RMSE by 46.52%–81.11%, reduces the average MAE by 47.83%–58.33%, and reduces the time consumption of the proposed algorithm by 45.90% compared with the piecewise cubic Hermite interpolation algorithm. Significance. Therefore, TMS-EEG pulse artifacts can be removed effectively and quickly with the proposed algorithm.
Validity and reliability of the DANU sports system for walking and running gait assessment
Authors: Mason Rachel , Barry Gillian , Robinson Hugh , O’Callaghan Ben , Lennon Oisin , Godfrey Alan , Stuart Samuel
Published: October 2023

Objective. Gait assessments have traditionally been analysed in laboratory settings, but this may not reflect natural gait. Wearable technology may offer an alternative due to its versatility. The purpose of the study was to establish the validity and reliability of temporal gait outcomes calculated by the DANU sports system, against a 3D motion capture reference system. Approach. Forty-one healthy adults (26 M, 15 F, age 36.4 ± 11.8 years) completed a series of overground walking and jogging trials and 60 s treadmill walking and running trials at various speeds (8–14 km hr−1), participants returned for a second testing session to repeat the same testing. Main results. For validity, 1406 steps and 613 trials during overground and across all treadmill trials were analysed respectively. Temporal outcomes generated by the DANU sports system included ground contact time, swing time and stride time all demonstrated excellent agreement compared to the laboratory reference (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) > 0.900), aside from ground contact time during overground jogging which had good agreement (ICC = 0.778). For reliability, 666 overground and 511 treadmill trials across all speeds were examined. Test re-test agreement was excellent for all outcomes across treadmill trials (ICC > 0.900), except for swing time during treadmill walking which had good agreement (ICC = 0.886). Overground trials demonstrated moderate to good test re-test agreement (ICC = 0.672–0.750), which may be due to inherent variability of self-selected (rather than treadmill set) pacing between sessions. Significance. Overall, this study showed that temporal gait outcomes from the DANU Sports System had good to excellent validity and moderate to excellent reliability in healthy adults compared to an established laboratory reference.
Measurement of electron energetics in the equatorial and polar planes of a compact dipole plasma driven at steady state
Authors: Hunjan Sargam , Bhattacharjee Sudeep
Published: October 2023

The electron energy distribution function (EEDF) is investigated in a plasma driven at steady state and confined by a single permanent dipole magnet, employing electron cyclotron resonance heating using microwaves of 2.45 GHz. Directional retarding field energy analyzers are used to explore the EEDF in the equatorial and polar planes of the dipole magnetic field. The plasma confined in the magnetic field is found to be Maxwellian in most of the available space. Electrons have higher values of average energy (

<
E
>

) in the direction parallel to the magnetic field for both the equatorial and polar planes. The energetic electron rich regions are found at specific locations (r = 9 cm in the equatorial plane, and r = 5 cm and near the boundary region around r = 17 cm in the polar plane). The process rates such as electron neutral collisions and ionization show anisotropic variation in the polar plane of the dipole plasma.
A high load capacity and efficient-transporting inchworm-like crawling robot with bistable structure and pneumatic networks actuator
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Nan Ruyi , Shen Hongcheng , Pan Baisong , Zhang Guang , Sun Min , Chai Hao , Jiang Shaofei
Published: October 2023

Although pneumatic soft crawling robots have made great progress, there are still several difficulties hindering their practical progress, the most important of which is the insufficient stiffness and the insufficient load capacity under large deformations. An inchworm-like soft crawling robot with load capacity and deformability is proposed in this paper. Bistable composite structures are typically smart morphing variable stiffness structures with lightweight, good stiffness under large deformations and possessing two stable configurations. Instead of traditional materials with high Young’s modular, the inchworm-like crawling robot, which consists of a stiffness-enhancing hybrid actuator integrating a bistable shell with a soft pneumatic actuator for the main body and two bristle structures for the feet, has lightweight, flexibility, and high stiffness under large deformations. By controlling the stiffness-enhanced hybrid actuator, the robot is capable of achieving crawling and reversing motions like an inchworm. Experimental results show that the tip output force of the inchworm-like deformed trunk was five times larger than a single pneumatic actuator, which means that the inchworm-like robot owns excellent driving performance and flexibility. The collapse of an inchworm-like deformed trunk with 100 g load is less than the collapse of a single pneumatic networks actuator. This also demonstrates that the bistable structure exactly improves the load capacity of the crawling robot. The periodic bending-flattening motion of the actuator is transformed into the unidirectional crawling motion of the robot by installing feet on both sides of the actuator. The crawling robot also can perform well in environments with different angles, heights, and surfaces, which is verified by experiments. The inchworm-like crawling robot provides a method to improve the load capacity while maintaining the flexibility of soft robots and demonstrating huge practicability in field exploration and goods transportation.
Shock induced variable density flows in the vacuum microchannel: I. medium laser fluence
Authors: Lugomer Stjepan
Published: October 2023

Laser-matter interactions with metal target cause plasma explosion and shock accelerated variable density flow instabilities in the Semiconfined Configuration (SCC). Their study gives deeper insight into the flow instabilities present in all microchannel devices. Blast wave motion along the SCC microchanel causes the Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability and formation of vortex filaments for the critical Reynolds number. Appearing in all shear layers—it affects the fluid transport efficiency. Shear layer acceleration causes a Raleigh-Taylor instability (RTI). Oriented bubble growth by discrete merging indicates anisotropic RTI mixing. Similar RTI flame instability appears in the conversion of chemical energy into electricity affecting microcombustion efficiency. Another case of anisotropic RTI is the flow boiling for cooling of chips and microelectronic devices. The RTI boiling which appears for the critical heat flux is based on rising surface vapor columns (oriented bubble growth) with liquid counterflow (spike prominences) for the critical wavelength at density interface. The RT bubble merging graph trees determine turbulent mixing which affects the heat transfer rates. Bottom-wall turbulent flow in the SCC microchannel causes streaks of the low momentum fluid and formation of hairpin vortex packets with lattice organization. This makes possible to quantify parameters responsible for the evolution of hairpin vortex packets in the microchannel devices. Appearing from the low to the high Reynolds numbers they affect the transport properties, control of the fluid motion, enhancement of mixing, or the separation of fluids. Fluid particle ejecta—thin supersonic jets - evolve into long needle-like jets which start spiraling, helical pairing and swirling in the field of thermal gradients. Such instabilities appear in the microcombustion flame instability and in the space micropropulsion systems. Oscillating and spiral flames appear in the presence of thermal gradient in the microchannel, due to the combined effects of thermal gradient fields and the mixture flow rates.
Investigation of shear creep experiments and modelling of mud-shale under dry-wet cycles of rainfall
Authors: Zhong Zhuoxi , Sheng Jianlong , Hu Bin , Li Jing , Wang Zeqi
Published: October 2023

The analysis of the creep mechanical properties and the failure mechanisms of mud-shale in response to dry-wet cycles of rainfall are important for the slope stability of Permian limestone with carbonaceous mud-shale. In this paper, shear creep experiments were performed on mud-shale under different dry-wet cycles of rainfall. The classical viscoelastic-plastic creep model was improved and a modified creep model was developed to account for the damage of dry-wet cycles. The results showed that the creep deformation and the long-term strength of the mud-shale degraded with dry-wet cycles and promoted mud-shale failure. According to the macroscopic continuum damage theory, the viscoelastic-plastic model was modified considering the damage of dry-wet cycles, which fitted the mud-shale creep curve well. It was found that there was a good consistency between theoretical predictions of the VEPD model and the experimental dates, and the viscoelastic parameters exponentially decreased with dry-wet cycles in the VEPD model, especially G
1, η
1. The VEPD model could predict the complete creep process in mud-shale, which provided a great demonstration of the effect of dry-wet cycles on creep behavior. The model therefore enables a deeper understanding of the long-term stability of slope engineering projects.
Elastic scattering and total reaction cross sections of 6Li examined via a microscopic continuum discretized coupled-channels model*
Authors: Chen 陈 Wendi 文棣 , Pang 庞 Danyang 丹阳 , Guo 郭 Hairui 海瑞 , Ye 叶 Tao 涛 , Sun 孙 Weili 伟力 , Ying 应 Yangjun 阳君
Published: October 2023

We present a systematic study of 6Li elastic scattering and total reaction cross sections at incident energies around the Coulomb barrier within the continuum discretized coupled-channels (CDCC) framework, where 6Li is treated in an α+d two-body model. Collisions with 27Al, 64Zn, 138Ba, and 208Pa are analyzed. The microscopic optical potentials (MOP) based on Skyrme nucleon-nucleon interaction for α and d are adopted in CDCC calculations and satisfactory agreement with the experimental data is obtained without any adjustment on MOPs. For comparison, α and d global phenomenological optical potentials (GOP) are also used in CDCC analysis and a reduction of no less than 50% on the surface imaginary part of deuteron GOP is required for describing the data. In all cases, the 6Li breakup effect is significant and provides repulsive correction to the folding model potential. The reduction on the surface imaginary part of GOP of deuteron reveals a strong suppression of the reaction probability of deuteron as a component of 6Li when compared with that of a free deuteron. Further investigation is performed by considering the d breakup process equivalently within the dynamic polarization potential approach, and the results show that d behaves in a manner similar to a tightly bound nucleus in 6Li induced reactions.
Pressure-dependent electronic, optical, and mechanical properties of antiperovskite X3NP (X = Ca, Mg): A first-principles study
Authors: Feng Chunbao , Wu Changhe , Luo Xin , Hu Tao , Chen Fanchuan , Li Shichang , Duan Shengnan , Hou Wenjie , Li Dengfeng , Tang Gang , Zhang Gang
Published: October 2023

Hydrostatic pressure provides an efficient way to tune and optimize the properties of solid materials without changing their composition. In this work, we investigate the electronic, optical, and mechanical properties of antiperovskite X3NP (X2+ = Ca, Mg) upon compression by first-principles calculations. Our results reveal that the system is anisotropic, and the lattice constant a of X3NP exhibits the fastest rate of decrease upon compression among the three directions, which is different from the typical Pnma phase of halide and chalcogenide perovskites. Meanwhile, Ca3NP has higher compressibility than Mg3NP due to its small bulk modulus. The electronic and optical properties of Mg3NP show small fluctuations upon compression, but those of Ca3NP are more sensitive to pressure due to its higher compressibility and lower unoccupied 3d orbital energy. For example, the band gap, lattice dielectric constant, and exciton binding energy of Ca3NP decrease rapidly as the pressure increases. In addition, the increase in pressure significantly improves the optical absorption and theoretical conversion efficiency of Ca3NP. Finally, the mechanical properties of X3NP are also increased upon compression due to the reduction in bond length, while inducing a brittle-to-ductile transition. Our research provides theoretical guidance and insights for future experimental tuning of the physical properties of antiperovskite semiconductors by pressure.
GaAs-based resonant tunneling diode: Device aspects from design, manufacturing, characterization and applications
Authors: Samanta Swagata
Published: October 2023

This review article discusses the development of gallium arsenide (GaAs)-based resonant tunneling diodes (RTD) since the 1970s. To the best of my knowledge, this article is the first review of GaAs RTD technology which covers different epitaxial-structure design, fabrication techniques, and characterizations for various application areas. It is expected that the details presented here will help the readers to gain a perspective on the previous accomplishments, as well as have an outlook on the current trends and future developments in GaAs RTD research.
Reply to Comment on ‘On the dimension of angles and their units’
Authors: Mohr Peter J , Shirley Eric , Phillips William D , Trott Michael
Published: October 2023

We reply to a Comment on our paper ‘On the dimension of angles and their units’ by addressing concerns expressed in it about the topic of frequencies.
Experimental determination of the three components of toroidal momentum transport in the core of a tokamak plasma
Authors: Zimmermann C.F.B. , McDermott R.M. , Angioni C. , Duval B.P. , Dux R. , Fable E. , Luda T. , Salmi A. , Stroth U. , Tala T. , Tardini G. , Pütterich T. ,   the ASDEX Upgrade Team
Published: October 2023

A new approach to infer the momentum transport in tokamak core plasmas via perturbation experiments is presented. For the first time, the analysis self-consistently includes all momentum transport components and their time dependencies, which are essential to separate the momentum fluxes and closely match the experiment. The quantitative agreement between the experimentally inferred transport coefficients and the gyrokinetic predictions provides an unprecedented validation. This work shows that the new methodology and gyrokinetic predictions can now be utilized on the route to physics-based prediction of momentum transport in future reactor plasmas.
Sediment biogeochemistry and relationship with arsenic in the Kuitun River Basin, Xinjiang, China: influences of microbial community structure and characteristics on arsenic migration
Authors: Yang Jingru , Li Qiao , Tao Hongfei , Jiang Youwei , Zhang Yanjiao , Aihemaiti Mahemujiang , Yang WenXin
Published: October 2023

The microorganisms in sediments play a significant role in Arsenic (As) migration in groundwater systems. However, the impact mechanisms of microbial community structure on As release and enrichment are not completely clear. In this study, the community structure and characteristics of microorganisms in sediments of the Kuitun River Basin were first investigated through field investigation, high-throughput sequencing, and microbial analysis. The obtained results showed that Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla in the sediments, accounting for 30.23%–87.87%, 3.280%–65.22%, 1.71%–14.37%, and 0.46%–16.67%, respectively. Whereas, Arthrobacter, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, and Hydrogenophaga were the main genera in the collected sediments from the Kuitun River Basin, accounting for 1.81%–60.13%, 0.70%–77.24%, 0.21%–35.5%, and 0.38%–26.27%, respectively. Arthrobacter can increase the As contents in the sediments. In contrast, Acinetobacter can both inhibit and promote the release of As from the sediments, while Pseudomonas and Hydrogenophaga can only inhibit the release of As from the sediments. The Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) suggested that Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, and As were highly correlated with each other. The distance-based redundancy analysis (Db-RDA) analysis demonstrated significant influences of the sediment chemical properties on the microbial activity and community structure in the sediments, according to the following order: Ca > Cu > Mn > Mg > As. Ca2+ and Mn2+ in the environment can influence the growth and metabolism of microorganisms, thus affecting the redox environment and As release from sediments. This study confirmed the interaction that may exist between microorganisms and As. Moreover, this study not only confirmed the interaction between microorganisms and As, but also provided a comprehensive understanding of the effects of the microbial community on the chemical cycle of the groundwater system in the Kuitun River basin. The analysis of the influences of the microbial community on sediment As provided further insights into As release from sediments and As enrichment in groundwater in the study area.
The stochastic digital human is now enrolling for in silico imaging trials—methods and tools for generating digital cohorts
Authors: Badano A , Lago M A , Sizikova E , Delfino J G , Guan S , Anastasio M A , Sahiner B
Published: October 2023

Randomized clinical trials, while often viewed as the highest evidentiary bar by which to judge the quality of a medical intervention, are far from perfect. In silico imaging trials are computational studies that seek to ascertain the performance of a medical device by collecting this information entirely via computer simulations. The benefits of in silico trials for evaluating new technology include significant resource and time savings, minimization of subject risk, the ability to study devices that are not achievable in the physical world, allow for the rapid and effective investigation of new technologies and ensure representation from all relevant subgroups. To conduct in silico trials, digital representations of humans are needed. We review the latest developments in methods and tools for obtaining digital humans for in silico imaging studies. First, we introduce terminology and a classification of digital human models. Second, we survey available methodologies for generating digital humans with healthy and diseased status and examine briefly the role of augmentation methods. Finally, we discuss the trade-offs of four approaches for sampling digital cohorts and the associated potential for study bias with selecting specific patient distributions.
Simulation-based inference for model parameterization on analog neuromorphic hardware
Authors: Kaiser Jakob , Stock Raphael , Müller Eric , Schemmel Johannes , Schmitt Sebastian
Published: October 2023

The BrainScaleS-2 (BSS-2) system implements physical models of neurons as well as synapses and aims for an energy-efficient and fast emulation of biological neurons. When replicating neuroscientific experiments on BSS-2, a major challenge is finding suitable model parameters. This study investigates the suitability of the sequential neural posterior estimation (SNPE) algorithm for parameterizing a multi-compartmental neuron model emulated on the BSS-2 analog neuromorphic system. The SNPE algorithm belongs to the class of simulation-based inference methods and estimates the posterior distribution of the model parameters; access to the posterior allows quantifying the confidence in parameter estimations and unveiling correlation between model parameters. For our multi-compartmental model, we show that the approximated posterior agrees with experimental observations and that the identified correlation between parameters fits theoretical expectations. Furthermore, as already shown for software simulations, the algorithm can deal with high-dimensional observations and parameter spaces when the data is generated by emulations on BSS-2. These results suggest that the SNPE algorithm is a promising approach for automating the parameterization and the analyzation of complex models, especially when dealing with characteristic properties of analog neuromorphic substrates, such as trial-to-trial variations or limited parameter ranges.
Ideal solutions in the Prouhet–Tarry–Escott problem
Authors: Coppersmith Don , Mossinghoff Michael , Scheinerman Danny , VanderKam Jeffrey
Published: October 2023

For given positive integers

m
m

and

n
n

with

m
>
n

m>n

, the Prouhet–Tarry–Escott problem asks if there exist two disjoint multisets of integers of size

n
n

having identical

k
k

th moments for

1
≤
k
≤
m

1\leq k\leq m

; in the ideal case one requires

m
=
n
−
1

m=n-1

, which is maximal. We describe some searches for ideal solutions to the Prouhet–Tarry–Escott problem, especially solutions possessing a particular symmetry, both over

Z

\mathbb {Z}

and over the ring of integers of several imaginary quadratic number fields. Over

Z

\mathbb {Z}

, we significantly extend searches for symmetric ideal solutions at sizes

9
9

,

10
10

,

11
11

, and

12
12

, and we conduct extensive searches for the first time at larger sizes up to

16
16

. For the quadratic number field case, we find new ideal solutions of sizes

10
10

and

12
12

in the Gaussian integers, of size

9
9

in

Z

[
i

2

]

\mathbb {Z}[i\sqrt {2}]

, and of sizes

9
9

and

12
12

in the Eisenstein integers.
A polynomial analogue of Berggren’s theorem on Pythagorean triples
Authors: Cha Byungchul , Conceição Ricardo
Published: October 2023

Say that

(
x
,
y
,
z
)

(x, y, z)

is a positive primitive integral Pythagorean triple if

x
,
y
,
z

x, y, z

are positive integers without common factors satisfying

x
2

+

y
2

=

z
2

x^2 + y^2 = z^2

. An old theorem of Berggren gives three integral invertible linear transformations whose semi-group actions on

(
3
,
4
,
5
)

(3, 4, 5)

and

(
4
,
3
,
5
)

(4, 3, 5)

generate all positive primitive Pythagorean triples in a unique manner. We establish an analogue of Berggren’s theorem in the context of a one-variable polynomial ring over a field of characteristic

≠
2

\neq 2

. As its corollaries, we obtain some structure theorems regarding the orthogonal group with respect to the Pythagorean quadratic form over the polynomial ring.
A mathematical overview and some applications of gear design
Authors: Matsumoto Elisabetta , Segerman Henry
Published: October 2023

In this paper we give a brief overview of the geometry of involute gears, from a mathematical more than an engineering perspective. We also list some of the many variant geared mechanisms and discuss some of our 3D printed mechanisms.
Mathematics of floating\index{floating/flotation} 3D printed objects
Authors: Anderson Daniel , Barreto-Rosa Brandon , Calvano Joshua , Nsair Lujain , Sander Evelyn
Published: October 2023

We explore the stability of floating objects through mathematical modeling and experimentation. Our models are based on standard ideas of center of gravity, center of buoyancy, and Archimedes’ Principle. We investigate a variety of floating shapes with two-dimensional cross sections and identify analytically and/or computationally a potential energy landscape that helps identify stable and unstable floating orientations. We compare our analyses and computations to experiments on floating objects designed and created through 3D printing. In addition to our results, we provide code for testing the floating configurations for new shapes, as well as giving details of the methods for 3D printing the objects. The paper includes conjectures and open problems for further study.
A 3D printed Arduino-powered interactive Barth Sextic
Authors: amethyst silviana , Maurer Samantha , O’Brien William
Published: October 2023

3D printing is a wonderful way to illustrate mathematics, producing tangible objects and bringing opportunities for engagement beyond digital and print media. By augmenting such objects with additional features, we can make our pieces interactive. This paper describes the techniques and tools used to make a series of 3D prints of the Barth Sextic, a projective surface of degree six, with various features for interactivity. The major electronic additions to our snap-together plastic model are rainbow LED pixels driven by a pair of student-programmed Arduino Pro Mini development boards to visualize the dodecahedral symmetry group.
Some mathematical problems motivated by 3D printing
Authors: Trnkova Maria , Yarmola Andrew
Published: October 2023

3D printing is a rapidly developing technology in industry with deep connections to engineering, mathematics, and computer sciences. This survey will describe the mathematical nature of several problems arising from 3D model design, printing and 4D printing, while providing resources for work done in these directions. It might be of interest to mathematicians looking for new research projects.
Some rigidity results for compact initial data sets
Authors: Galloway Gregory , Mendes Abraão
Published: October 2023

In this paper, we prove several rigidity results for compact initial data sets, in both the boundary and no boundary cases. In particular, under natural energy, boundary, and topological conditions, we obtain a global version of the main result by Galloway and Mendes [Comm. Anal. Geom. 26 (2018), pp. 63–83]. We also obtain some extensions of results by Eichmair, Galloway, and Mendes [Comm. Math. Phys. 386 (2021), pp. 253–268]. A number of examples are given in order to illustrate some of the results presented in this paper.
A Korean family with RHD*DNT only detectable after anti-D alloimmunization
Authors: Shin Dong Woo , Lee Gun-Hyuk , Kim Hanah , So Kyeong A , Hong Yun Ji , Hur Mina , Park Kyoung Un
Published: October 2023

Objectives

Identification of DNT, a rare partial D, can be challenging, as it is difficult to distinguish from D+. This study aimed to identify DNT individuals by analyzing the DNT proband’s family members, characterize DNT, and propose management strategies.

Methods

Family members of the first Korean DNT proband were recruited. RHD genotyping was conducted, and weak D tests were carried out using several anti-D reagents.

Results

Three DNT individuals were identified among 6 family members, including 1 with an anti-D alloantibody. As DNT red cells exhibited strong reactivity with all anti-D clones, DNT was serologically indistinguishable from D+. Moreover, unusual serologic findings in DNT individuals only became apparent after anti-D alloimmunization.

Conclusions

We recommend DNT individuals as candidates for Rh immune globulin prophylaxis during the perinatal period and transfusions with D– blood components. An anticipatory RHD genotyping is suggested for partial D family members to prevent potential partial D individuals from becoming alloimmunized.
Spontaneous quantity discrimination in the Australian sleepy lizard (Tiliqua rugosa)
Authors: Szabo Birgit , Holmes Madeleine L , Ashton Benjamin J , Whiting Martin J
Published: October 2023

Animals employ quantitative abilities to gauge crucial aspects of their environment, such as food or predator density in a given area or the number of eggs in a nest. These quantitative skills hold ecological implications and can impact an animal’s fitness. However, our comprehension of how these abilities intersect with environmental challenges remains limited. We tested for spontaneous quantity discrimination in the sleepy lizard (Tiliqua rugosa), a long-lived species known for forming life-long pair bonds in which pairs come together for the breeding season. We subjected lizards to a Y-maze experiment presenting both discrete (comparisons involving two vs. four, two vs. six, two vs. eight, four vs. six, four vs. eight, and six vs. eight pieces) and equivalent continuous combinations (single pieces differing in size) of pumpkin pieces. Our findings revealed that sleepy lizards exhibited spontaneous quantity discrimination, favoring the larger quantity in three discrete comparisons (eight vs. two, two vs. six, four vs. six) and two continuous comparisons (eight vs. two, eight vs. four). However, low accuracy may be attributable to difficulty in visual acuity exacerbated by difficulty discriminating quantities at small ratios. Furthermore, we found no evidence for a speed-accuracy trade-off in their decision-making process. Our results suggest that sleepy lizards likely employ multiple cues to estimate quantity accurately. Considering these results in the context of previous studies on various lizard species, it becomes apparent that lizards, as a group, offer a valuable model for unraveling the evolution of cognition, given their diverse ecology and sociobiology.
A prediction model for blood-brain barrier penetrating peptides based on masked peptide transformers with dynamic routing
Authors: Ma Chunwei , Wolfinger Russ
Published: October 2023

Blood-brain barrier penetrating peptides (BBBPs) are short peptide sequences that possess the ability to traverse the selective blood-brain interface, making them valuable drug candidates or carriers for various payloads. However, the in vivo or in vitro validation of BBBPs is resource-intensive and time-consuming, driving the need for accurate in silico prediction methods. Unfortunately, the scarcity of experimentally validated BBBPs hinders the efficacy of current machine-learning approaches in generating reliable predictions. In this paper, we present DeepB3P3, a novel framework for BBBPs prediction. Our contribution encompasses four key aspects. Firstly, we propose a novel deep learning model consisting of a transformer encoder layer, a convolutional network backbone, and a capsule network classification head. This integrated architecture effectively learns representative features from peptide sequences. Secondly, we introduce masked peptides as a powerful data augmentation technique to compensate for small training set sizes in BBBP prediction. Thirdly, we develop a novel threshold-tuning method to handle imbalanced data by approximating the optimal decision threshold using the training set. Lastly, DeepB3P3 provides an accurate estimation of the uncertainty level associated with each prediction. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that DeepB3P3 achieves state-of-the-art accuracy of up to 98.31% on a benchmarking dataset, solidifying its potential as a promising computational tool for the prediction and discovery of BBBPs.
Epidemiology of alopecia areata and population-wide comorbidities in Germany: analysis of longitudinal claims data
Authors: Augustin Matthias , Ben-Anaya Nesrine , Müller Katharina , Hagenström Kristina
Published: October 2023

Background

Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic, immune-mediated disease characterized by acute-onset hair loss. The hair loss can range from small, circumscribed hairless areas on the scalp to complete loss of hair on the head and body hair. However, data on the epidemiology of AA are limited. Current evaluations are lacking in Germany. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology and comorbidity of AA in Germany based on claims data.

Methods

A representative 40% sample of all adults who were insured with a German statutory health insurance company (DAK-Gesundheit) between 2016 and 2020 was evaluated (n = 2.88 million). Based on at least one relevant outpatient or inpatient diagnosis of International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 L63, the annual AA prevalence and incidence (ICD-10 L63) were calculated for 2016 to 2020. Different case definitions were used for diagnosis validation. In addition, the occurrence of comorbidities in patients with AA was investigated.

Results

In 2020, AA prevalence was 210 cases per 100 000 and incidence 72 cases per 100 000. Compared with persons without AA, those with AA significantly more often had atopic dermatitis [rate ratio (RR) 2.9], pruritus (RR 2.7), lupus erythematosus (RR 2.4), urticaria (RR 2.3) and psoriasis (RR 2.2). Women were affected slightly more often than men (0.2% vs. 0.1%). On a regional level, higher prevalence and incidence rates were found in Brandenburg (prevalence 332 cases per 100 000; incidence 116 cases per 100 000), Hesse (prevalence 344 cases per 100 000; incidence 124 cases per 100 000) and Mecklenburg–Western Pomerania (prevalence 303 cases per 100 000; incidence 111 per 100 000).

Conclusions

AA is a common immune-mediated skin condition with marked regional variations in Germany. For a complete understanding of epidemiology, complementary population-based studies including clinical characteristics of AA are useful.
Acute flaccid myelitis: not uncommon in rural Uganda?
Authors: Olum Sam , Scolding Charlotte , Omona Venice , Jackson Kansiime , Scolding Neil
Published: October 2023

Acute Flaccid Myelitis is a paralytic illness with significant similarities to poliomyelitis, and which affects predominantly children. It was first fully delineated only in 2014 in the USA, occurring in epidemic clusters with a likely overall increasing incidence. It has subsequently rapidly been identified in Europe, the UK, and Australasia and the Far East, confirming it to be an emerging, global, infectious neurological disease. It has, however, been very little studied in low- and middle-income countries—reflecting partly of the global imbalance in science and medical research, and partly the extremely low provision of neurological care in most low- and middle-income countries: Uganda currently has no specialized neurology services outside the capital Kampala. During extended visits over a 2-year period with involvement in acute adult and paediatric internal medicine, one of us (NS) encountered at least six new patients with acute flaccid myelitis, suggesting that both the geographical reach and the frequency of the disorder may be significantly greater than previously thought. Here, these cases are described together with their clinical features and, where available, course and (limited) investigation results. These observations have significant implications concerning the current, and potentially the future geographical spread of the disease, and its clinical phenomenology. In addition, they highlight serious problems concerning the global applicability of the current Acute Flaccid Myelitis diagnostic criteria.
Factors that influence the selection of conservative management for end-stage renal disease – a systematic review
Authors: Sakthivel Pavithra , Mostafa Alyaa , Aiyegbusi Olalekan Lee
Published: October 2023

Background

Most patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are managed with dialysis and less commonly kidney transplantation. However, not all are suitable for or desire either of these renal replacement therapies. Conservative management (CM) is an option. However, the selection of CM is often not easy for patients and clinicians. The aim of this systematic review is to identify the key factors that influence the selection of CM for ESRD.

Methods

Medline, Embase, PsychINFO, and CINAHL Plus were systematically searched from inception to 10 September 2021. Titles/abstracts and full texts were independently screened by two reviewers. Reference lists of included articles were searched. An update search via PubMed was conducted on 10 August 2023. A narrative synthesis of review findings was conducted.

Results

At the end of the screening process, 15 qualitative and 8 survey articles were selected. Reference checking yielded no additional relevant studies. Main themes were: (i) Patient-specific factors; (ii) Clinician-specific factors; (iii) Organisational factors; and (iv) National and international factors. Patient-specific factors were awareness and perceptions of CM and dialysis, beliefs about survival, preferred treatment outcomes and influence of family/caregivers and clinicians. Clinician-specific factors included perceptions of CM as ‘non-intervention’, perceptions of clinician role in the decision-making process, and confidence and ability to initiate sensitive treatment discussions. Relationships with and involvement of other healthcare professionals, time constraints, and limited clinical guidance were also important factors.

Conclusions

An improvement in the provision of education regarding CM for patients, caregivers, and clinicians is essential. Robust studies are required to generate crucial evidence for the development of stronger recommendations and guidance for clinicians.