bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of self-efficacy on healthy eating depends on normative support: a prospective study of long-haul truck drivers
Authors: Hamilton Kyra , Hagger Martin S
Published: July 2018

Purpose. Fruit and vegetable intake (FV) is insufficient in industrialized nations and there is excess of discretionary food choices (DC; foods high in fat, sugar, and salt). Long-haul truck drivers are considered a particularly at-risk group given the limited food choices and normatively-reinforced eating habits at truck rest-stops. Self-efficacy and normative support are key determinants of eating behavior yet the processes underlying their effects on behavior are not well understood. We tested the direct and interactive effects of self-efficacy and normative support on healthy eating behaviors in long-haul truck drivers in a prospective correlational study. Methods. Long-haul truck drivers (N = 82) completed an initial survey containing self-report measures of behavioral intentions, perceived normative support, and self-efficacy for their FV and DC behaviors. Participants completed a follow-up survey one-week later in which they self-reported their FV and DC behavior. Results. A mediated moderation analysis identified an interactive effect of self-efficacy and normative support on behavior mediated by intention for FV and DC behavior. Specifically, we confirmed a compensation effect in which self-efficacy was more likely to have an effect on FV and DC behavior through intentions in participants with low normative support. Conclusion. Results indicate the importance of self-efficacy in predicting FV and DC intentions and behavior in the absence of a supportive normative environment. The compensatory effect of self-efficacy beliefs on behavior through intentions when normative support is low should be confirmed using experimental methods.
The emotive nature of conflict monitoring in the medial prefrontal cortex
Authors: Saunders Blair , Lin Hause , Milyavskaya Marina , Inzlicht Michael
Published: July 2018

The detection of conflict between incompatible impulses, thoughts, and actions is a ubiquitous source of motivation across theories of goal-directed action. In this overview, we explore the hypothesis that conflict is emotive, integrating perspectives from affective science and cognitive neuroscience. Initially, we review evidence suggesting that the mental and biological processes that monitor for information processing conflict—particularly those generated by the anterior midcingulate cortex—track the affective significance of conflict and use this signal to motivate increased control. In this sense, variation in control resembles a form of affect regulation in which control implementation counteracts the aversive experience of conflict. We also highlight emerging evidence proposing that states and dispositions associated with acceptance facilitate control by tuning individuals to the emotive nature of conflict, before proposing avenues for future research, including investigating the role of affect in reinforcement learning and decision making.
The structural relationship among occupational dysfunction, stress coping, and occupational participation for healthcare workers in Japan
Authors: Teraoka Mutsumi , Kyougoku Makoto
Published: July 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the structural relationship among occupational dysfunction, stress coping, and occupational participation in healthcare workers.Method: This cross-sectional study included 601 subjects. Personal characteristics (such as age, gender, job category, opportunities for refreshment, time spent on leisure activities, and work relationships) were obtained. The Classification and Assessment of Occupational Dysfunction (CAOD), Coping Scale (CS), and Self-completed Occupational Performance Index (SOPI) were used for measurements. Descriptive statistics were analyzed, and item analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), correlation analysis, and path analysis using a structural equation modeling (SEM) were performed. CFA was performed to determine the factor structure for CAOD, CS, and SOPI. Correlation analysis was performed to determine the correlation among the factor scores of CAOD, CS, and SOPI. Path analysis was performed to examine the structural relationship among CS, SOPI, and CAOD. Results: CFA of CAOD, CS, and SOPI indicated a good fit to the predicted models. Correlation analysis of CAOD and SOPI showed a strong negative correlation and a moderate negative correlation. CAOD and emotion-focused coping showed a weak negative correlation. Path analysis suggested that SOPI (self-care, leisure, and productivity) and CS (emotion-focused coping) had a negative structural relationship with occupational dysfunction (RMSEA = 0.053, CFI = 0.958, and TLI = 0.954, χ2 = 1808.032, df = 677, p = 0.000). Conclusion: Occupational participation and stress coping can decrease occupational dysfunction. Occupational therapists can contribute to the reduction of occupational dysfunction in healthcare workers by instigating preventive occupational therapy.
Framing Psychology as a Discipline (1950–1999): A Large-Scale Term Co-Occurrence Analysis of Scientific Literature in Psychology
Authors: Flis Ivan , van Eck Nees Jan
Published: July 2018

This study investigated the structure of psychological literature as represented by a corpus of 676,393 articles in the period from 1950 to 1999. The corpus was extracted from 1269 journals indexed by PsycINFO. The data in our analysis consists of the relevant terms mined from the titles and abstracts of all of the articles in the corpus. Based on the co-occurrences of these terms, we developed a series of chronological visualizations using a bibliometric software tool called VOSviewer. These visualizations produced a stable structure through the five decades under analysis, and this structure was analyzed as a data-mined proxy for the disciplinary formation of scientific psychology in the second part of the 20th century. Considering the stable structure uncovered by our term co-occurrence analysis and its visualization, we discuss it in the context of Lee Cronbach’s “two disciplines of scientific psychology” and conventional history of 20th century psychology’s disciplinary formation and history of methods. Our aim was to provide a comprehensive digital humanities perspective on the large-scale structural development of research in English-language psychology from 1950 to 1999.
A Neuroeconomic Framework for Creative Cognition
Authors: Lin Hause , Vartanian Oshin
Published: July 2018

Neuroeconomics is the study of the neurobiological bases of subjective preferences and choices. We present a novel framework that synthesizes findings from the literatures on neuroeconomics and creativity to provide a neurobiological description of creative cognition. It proposes that value-based decision-making processes and activity in the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) neuromodulatory system underlie creative cognition, as well as the large-scale brain network dynamics shown to be associated with creativity. This framework allows us to re-conceptualize creative cognition as driven by value-based decision making, in the process providing several falsifiable hypotheses that can further our understanding of creativity, decision making, and brain network dynamics.
Events and the Ontology of Individuals: Verbs as a Source of Individuating Mass and Count Nouns
Authors: Barner David , Wagner Laura , Snedeker Jesse
Published: July 2018

What does mass–count syntax contribute to the interpretation of noun phrases(NPs), and how much of NP meaning is contributed by lexical items alone?Many have argued that count syntax specifies reference to countableindividuals (e.g., cats) while mass syntax specifies reference tounindividuated entities (e.g., water). We evaluated this claim using thequantity judgment method, and tested the interpretation of words used inmass and count syntax that described either protracted, “durative” events(e.g., mass: some dancing; count: a dance), or instantaneous, “punctual”events (e.g., mass: some jumping; count: a jump). For durative words,participants judged, for example, that six brief dances are more dances butless dancing than two long dances, thus showing a significant difference intheir interpretation of the count and mass usages. However, for punctualwords, participants judged, for example, that six small jumps are both morejumps and more jumping than two long jumps, resulting in no difference dueto mass–count syntax. Further, when asked which dimensions are importantfor comparing quantities of durative and punctual events, participantsranked number as first in importance for durative and punctual wordspresented in count syntax, but also for punctual words presented in masssyntax. These results indicate that names for punctual events individuatewhen used in either mass or count syntax, and thus provide evidence againstthe idea that mass syntax forces an unindividuated construal. They alsoindicate that event punctuality as encoded by verbs is importantly linkedto the individuation of NPs, and may access a common underlying ontology ofindividuals.
The anchoring bias reflects rational use of cognitive resources
Authors: Lieder Falk , Griffiths Tom , Huys Quentin J.M. , Goodman Noah D.
Published: July 2018

Cognitive biases, such as the anchoring bias, pose a serious challenge to rational accounts of human cognition. We investigate whether rational theories can meet this challenge by taking into account the mind’s bounded cognitive resources. We asked what reasoning under uncertainty would look like if people made rational use of their finite time and limited cognitive resources. To answer this question, we applied a mathematical theory of bounded rationality to the problem of numerical estimation. Our analysis led to a rational process model that can be interpreted in terms of anchoring-and-adjustment. This model provided a unifying explanation for ten anchoring phenomena including the differential effect of accuracy motivation on the bias towards provided versus self-generated anchors. Our results illustrate the potential of resource-rational analysis to provide formal theories that can unify a wide range of empirical results and reconcile the impressive capacities of the human mind with its apparently irrational cognitive biases.
Accent modulates access to word meaning: Evidence for a speaker-model account of spoken word recognition
Authors: Cai Zhenguang Garry , Gilbert Rebecca Anne , Davis Matthew H. , Gaskell M. Gareth , Farrar Lauren , Adler Sarah , Rodd Jennifer M
Published: July 2018

Speech carries accent information relevant to determining the speaker’s linguistic and social background. A series of web-based experiments demonstrate that accent cues can modulate access to word meaning. In Experiments 1-3, British participants were more likely to retrieve the American dominant meaning (e.g., hat meaning of “bonnet”) in a word association task if they heard the words in an American than a British accent. In addition, results from a speeded semantic decision task (Experiment 4) and sentence comprehension task (Experiment 5) confirm that accent modulates on-line meaning retrieval such that comprehension of ambiguous words is easier when the relevant word meaning is dominant in the speaker’s dialect. Critically, neutral-accent speech items, created by morphing British- and American-accented recordings, were interpreted in a similar way to accented words when embedded in a context of accented words (Experiment 2). This finding indicates that listeners do not use accent to guide meaning retrieval on a word-by-word basis; instead they use accent information to determine the dialectic identity of a speaker and then use their experience of that dialect to guide meaning access for all words spoken by that person. These results motivate a speaker-model account of spoken word recognition in which comprehenders determine key characteristics of their interlocutor and use this knowledge to guide word meaning access.
The role of perceptual access in infants' third party evaluations of imitation
Authors: Powell Lindsey J , Spelke Elizabeth
Published: July 2018

Previous research has demonstrated that preverbal infants have a preference for individuals who imitate their social partners over those who do not. It is unknown, however, if this preference is dependent upon infants’ inference that the imitation reflected an intentional response to the imitator’s social partner. The current experiment addresses this question by asking if infants only prefer individuals who copy their social partner to those who do not when these responding individuals had perceptual access to the partner’s initial behavior. Consistent with this hypothesis, infants were more likely to reach for an imitator than a non-imitator when both had perceptual access to the movements of the social partner to whom they were responding, whereas preferential reaching to the imitator over the non-imitator did not differ from chance when the responders’ access to the partner’s initial behavior was blocked. However, the likelihood of reaching to the imitator did not reliably differ between the two conditions, so the experiment fell short of providing strong evidence that the imitator’s perceptual access to its social partner affects the elicitation of infants’ preferences. We discuss reasons for this potential weakness and ways to remedy it in future experiments.
With a Little Help from Our Friends: The Impact of Cross-group Friendship on Acculturation Preferences
Authors: Hässler Tabea , Gonzalez Roberto , Lay Siugmin , Lickel Brian , Zagefka Hanna , Tropp Linda , Brown Rupert , Astudillo Jorge Manzi , Bernardino Michelle , Kim Adam Y , Stogianni Maria
Published: July 2018

Despite extensive research on intergroup contact and acculturation, our understanding of howcontact affects receiving society members' preferences for acculturation orientation ofimmigrants over time is still relatively rudimentary. This longitudinal study examined howperceived group similarity and outgroup trust mediate the effects of cross-group friendship onacculturation preferences (culture maintenance and culture adoption) of the receiving society. Itwas predicted that cross-group friendship would affect acculturation preferences over time, andthat these relationships would be partly mediated by outgroup trust and perceived groupsimilarity. A three-wave full longitudinal sample (N = 467 Chilean school students) wasanalyzed using structural equation modeling. Results confirmed that cross-group friendshiplongitudinally predicted majority members’ support for the adoption of Chilean culture (viaperceived group similarity) and Peruvian culture maintenance (via outgroup trust). Conceptualand practical implications are discussed.
Remembering 'primed' words: The effect of prime encoding demands
Authors: Collins Robert N. , Rosner Tamara M , Milliken Bruce
Published: July 2018

Rosner, Lopez-Benitez, D’Angelo, Thomson, and Milliken (2017) reported a novel recognition memory effect using an immediate repetition method during the study phase. During each trial of an incidental study phase, participants named a target word that followed a prime word that had the same identity (repeated trials) or a different identity (not-repeated trials). Recognition in the following test phase was better for the not-repeated trials. In the present study, we examined the influence of prime encoding demands on this counter-intuitive effect. In Experiment 1, we instructed one group to simply ignore the prime, as in the original study. A second group completed a divided attention task on prime presentation. Recognition memory was better for not-repeated than repeated words in both groups. In Experiment 2, encoding of the prime varied across three groups: one group named each prime, a second group counted the vowels in each prime, and a third group made a semantic discrimination for each prime. Recognition was better for repeated than for not-repeated words in the semantic group and did not differ across conditions for the other two groups. Finally, in Experiment 3, we assessed memory for not-repeated primes in addition to memory for targets (as in Experiments 1 and 2). The results confirmed that poor memory for the primes plays a significant role in producing the previously described effects. The results are discussed in relation to transient processing adaptations that affect memory encoding.
A Reanalysis of the Survey-based Navigation Strategy Scale based on Item Response Theory
Authors: Zhong Jimmy Y.
Published: July 2018

Focusing on 12 allocentric/survey-based strategy items of the Navigation Strategy Questionnaire (Zhong & Kozhevnikov, 2016), the current study applied item response theory-based analysis to determine whether a bidimensional model could better describe the latent structure of the survey-based strategy. Results from item and model fit diagnostics, categorical response and item information curves showed that an item with the lowest rotated component loading (.27) [SURVEY12], could be considered for exclusion in future studies; and that a bidimensional model with three preference-related items constituting a content factor offered a better representation of the latent structure than a unidimensional model per se. Mean scores from these three items also correlated significantly with a pointing-to-landmarks task to the same relative magnitude as the mean scores from all items, and all items excluding SURVEY12. These findings gave early evidence suggesting that the three preference-related items could constitute a subscale for deriving quick estimates of large-scale allocentric spatial processing in healthy adults in both experimental and clinical settings. Potential cognitive and brain mechanisms were discussed, followed by calls for future studies to gather greater evidence confirming the predictive validity of the full and sub scales, along with the design of new items focusing on environmental familiarity. [COPYRIGHT CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 J. Y. ZHONG 2018]. AUTHOR'S NOTE: Officially published as "Reanalysis of an Allocentric Navigation Strategy Scale based on Item Response Theory"
Making an unknown unknown a known unknown: Missing data in longitudinal neuroimaging studies
Authors: Matta Tyler , Flournoy John Coleman , Byrne Michelle L
Published: July 2018

The analysis of longitudinal neuroimaging data within the massively univariate framework provides the opportunity to study empirical questions about neurodevelopment. Missing outcome data are an all-too-common feature of any longitudinal study, a feature that, if handled improperly, can reduce statistical power and lead to biased parameter estimates. The goal of this paper is to provide conceptual clarity of the issues and non-issues that arise from analyzing incomplete data in longitudinal studies with particular focus on neuroimaging data. This paper begins with a review of the hierarchy of missing data mechanisms and their relationship to likelihood-based methods, a review that is necessary not just for likelihood-based methods, but also for multiple-imputation methods. Next, the paper provides a series of simulation studies with designs common in longitudinal neuroimaging studies to help illustrate missing data concepts regardless of interpretation. Finally, two applied examples are used to demonstrate the sensitivity of inferences under different missing data assumptions and how this may change the substantive interpretation. The paper concludes with a set of guidelines for analyzing incomplete longitudinal data that can improve the validity of research findings in developmental neuroimaging research.
Self-Competence Increases the Willingness to Pay for Social Influence
Authors: Hertz Uri , Bahrami Bahador
Published: July 2018

Theoretical works in social psychology have proposed that social rewards such as status and prestige have intrinsic value. Neuroscientific evidence of social rewards processing has supported this view, predicting that people would spend material and social capital to promote their capabilities and gain influence. To test this hypothesis, we asked whether, and under what conditions, people are willing to forgo monetary reward purely for the sake of influencing others’ decisions. In four experiments, participants competed with a rival for influence over a client. We examined participants’ willingness to pay for influence on a trial-by-trial basis. Most participants sacrificed some of their real-life financial reward to increase their chance of being selected over their rival within the experiment. Participants did not pay to gloss over inaccurate advice; instead they paid to promote their competence after having given good advice that was ignored by the client.
Employee engagement and Emotional Exhaustion of Fly-In-Fly-Out Workers: A Diary Study
Authors: Albrecht Simon , Anglim Jeromy
Published: July 2018

Objective: Although Fly-in-Fly-Out (FIFO) work practices are widely used, little is known about their impact on the motivation and wellbeing of FIFO workers across the course of their work cycles. Drawing from the Job Demands-Resources model, we aimed to test for the within-person effects of time of work cycle, job demands, and job resources on emotional exhaustion and employee engagement at three day-intervals. Method: Fifty-two FIFO workers filled out three or more on-line diary surveys after every three days of their on-site work roster. The survey consisted of items drawn from previously validated scales. Bayesian hierarchical modeling of the day-level data was conducted. Results: Workers, on average, showed a decline in engagement and supervisor support, and an increase in emotional demand over the course of the work cycle. The results of the hierarchical modeling showed that day-level autonomy predicted day-level engagement and that day-level workload and emotional demands predicted emotional exhaustion. Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of managing FIFO employees' day-to-day experiences of job demands and job resources because of their influence on employee engagement and emotional exhaustion. To best protect FIFO worker day-level wellbeing, employing organisations should ensure optimal levels of job autonomy, workload, and emotional demands. Practical implications, study limitations and areas for future research are outlined.
Individual differences in individualism and collectivism predict ratings of virtual cities’ liveability and environmental quality.
Authors: Rubin Mark
Published: July 2018

The present research investigated individual differences in individualism and collectivism as predictors of people’s reactions to cities. Psychology undergraduate students (N = 148) took virtual guided tours around historical cities. They then evaluated the cities’ liveability and environmental quality and completed measures of individualism and collectivism. Mediation analyses showed that people who scored high in self-responsibility (individualism) rated the cities as more liveable because they perceived them to be richer and better resourced. In contrast, people who scored high in collectivism rated the cities as having a better environmental quality because they perceived them to (a) provide a greater potential for community and social life and (b) allow people to express themselves. These results indicate that people’s evaluations of virtual cities are based on the degree to which certain aspects of the cities are perceived to be consistent with individualist and collectivist values.
Quantifying idiosyncratic and shared contributions to judgment
Authors: Martinez Joel Eduardo , Funk Friederike , Todorov Alexander
Published: July 2018

Identifying relative idiosyncratic and shared contributions to judgments is a fundamental challenge to the study of human behavior, yet there is no established method for estimating these contributions. Using edge cases of stimuli varying in intra-rater reliability and inter-rater agreement – faces (high on both), objects (high on the former, low on the latter), and complex patterns (low on both) – we show that variance component analyses (VCAs) accurately captured the psychometric properties of the data (Study 1). Simulations showed the VCA generalizes to any arbitrary continuous rating and both sample and stimulus set size affect estimate precision (Study 2). Generally, a minimum of 60 raters and 30 stimuli provided reasonable estimates within our simulations. Furthermore, VCA estimates stabilized given more than two repeated measures, consistent with the finding that both intra-rater reliability and inter-rater agreement increased nonlinearly with repeated measures (Study 3). The VCA provides a rigorous examination of where variance lies in the data, can be implement using mixed models with crossed random effects, and is general enough to be useful in any judgment domain where agreement and disagreement are important to quantify and multiple raters independently rate multiple stimuli.
Why Grit Requires Perseverance AND Passion to Positively Predict Performance
Authors: Jachimowicz Jon , Wihler Andreas , Bailey Erica , Galinsky Adam
Published: July 2018

Grit has captured the public imagination and crept into educational policy throughout the United States. However, because prior studies linking grit and performance are beset by contradictory evidence, commentators increasingly state that grit is over-hyped. We propose that the inconsistency between grit's initial promise and its subsequent lack of empirical support has occurred because grit's measurement has not matched its definition. Although grit is defined as the combination of perseverance and passion, its measurement has focused on perseverance and has not adequately captured passion. In a meta-analysis of 127 studies and two field studies, we show that passion is a key component of grit. The current theory and results suggest that perseverance without passion isn't grit, but merely a grind.
Is Virginia for Lovers? Geographic variation in adult attachment orientation
Authors: Chopik William J. , Motyl Matt
Published: July 2018

People often use relationships to characterize and describe places. Yet, little research examines whether people’s relationships and relational style vary across geography. The current study examined geographic variation in adult attachment orientation in a sample of 127,070 adults from the 50 United States. The states that were highest in attachment anxiety tended to be in the mid-Atlantic and Northeast region of the United States. The states that were highest in attachment avoidance tended to be in the frontier region of the United States. State-level avoidance was related to state-level indicators of relationship status, social networks, and volunteering behavior. The findings are discussed in the context of the mechanisms that may give rise to regional variation in relational behavior.
An Examination of the Processes by Which Construal Level Affects the Implicit Evaluation of Goal Relevant Stimuli
Authors: Rees Heather
Published: July 2018

Previous research has found that construal level—how abstractly or concretely people represent events—can impact implicit evaluations. Abstract high-level construal (vs. concrete low-level construal) promotes evaluative responses consistent with global (strongly held, long-term) rather than local (short-term, situational) goals. It remains unclear by what cognitive process(es) this occurs. In this paper, we examine two possibilities. High-level construal might enhance the unintended influence of activated evaluative associations or facilitate the detection and implementation of intentional responses. To examine these possibilities, the current study applies a multinomial processing tree model to data from Fujita and Han (2009). Results suggest that high-level construal facilitates goal-consistent evaluations by increasing both the unintentional influence of activated goal-consistent positive associations and the intentional detection of and implementation of accurate responding to goal-relevant stimuli. These findings extend our understanding of how construal level promotes goal consistent evaluations.
The Personality Context of Adolescent Gambling: Better Explained by the Big Five or Sensation-Seeking?
Authors: Reardon Kathleen Wade , Wang Meggie , Tackett Jennifer L , Neighbors Clayton
Published: July 2018

Adolescent gambling is a serious and increasingly common problem. Studies in adults have found several within- and between-person associations between personality and gambling. We aim to extend these findings to a sample of adolescents selected for gambling behavior. Participants consisted of a racially diverse sample of adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17 (n = 227). We collected self-reported information on normal-range personality traits, sensation-seeking, and gambling frequency, severity, and motives in an online survey. Normal-range personality traits were not correlated with gambling, but trait sensation-seeking was positively correlated with gambling. Latent class analyses showed that classes of adolescent gamblers may be differentiated based on personality trait patterns, although these classes were not differentiated on gambling severity or frequency. Finally, in hierarchical analyses, six homogeneous components representing the five normal-range personality traits and sensation-seeking accounted for maximum variance in gambling outcomes. In this model, components representing sensation-seeking and conscientiousness were the only significant unique predictors of gambling-related outcomes. Our findings suggest that subgroups of adolescent gamblers may be distinguished based on personality trait patterns before the emergence of problematic gambling. In other words, personality differences may reflect an early predisposition to divergent pathways to adolescent gambling. Our findings concur with previous work and underscore the importance of sensation-seeking as a particularly important risk factor of initiation and escalation of adolescent gambling.
Changing Behaviour Using Mental Imagery Manual
Authors: Hagger Martin S
Published: July 2018

This manual focuses on the use of imagery particularly mental simulations as a specific form of imagery and a means to change health behaviour. Imagery refers to a set of techniques that have been used in interventions to change behaviour in multiple contexts, including health. This manual will provide detail on the background and theory behind the use of imagery to change behaviour, introduce mental simulations as one form of imagery, outline how mental simulation interventions work, and provide a step-by-step guide on how to develop, implement, and evaluate an imagery behaviour-change intervention.
Bayesian Meta-Analysis with Weakly Informative Prior Distributions
Authors: Williams Donald Ray , Rast Philippe , Bürkner Paul - Christian
Published: July 2018

Developing meta-analytic methods is an important goal for psychological science. When there are few studies in particular, commonly used methods have several limitations, most notably of which is underestimating between-study variability. Although Bayesian methods are often recommended for small sample situations, their performance has not been thoroughly examined in the context of meta-analysis. Here, we characterize and apply weakly informativepriors for estimating meta-analytic models and demonstrate with extensive simulations that fully Bayesian methods overcome boundary estimates of exactly zero between-study variance, better maintain error rates, and have lower frequentist risk according toKullback-Leibler divergence. While our results show that combining evidence with few studiesis non-trivial, we argue that this is an important goal that deserves further considerationin psychology. Further, we suggest that frequentist properties can provide importantinformation for Bayesian modeling. We conclude with meta-analytic guidelines for appliedresearchers that can be implemented with the provided computer code.
Incidental learning and long-term retention of new word meanings from stories: The effect of number of exposures
Authors: Hulme Rachael Catherine , Barsky Daria , Rodd Jennifer M
Published: July 2018

This study used a web-based naturalistic story-reading paradigm to investigate the impact of number of exposures on incidental acquisition and long-term retention of new meanings for known words in the native language (L1). Participants read one of four custom-written stories in which they encountered novel meanings (e.g., “a safe concealed within a piece of furniture”) for familiar words (e.g., “foam”). These meanings appeared two, four, six, or eight times in the narrative. The results showed reasonably good memory (assessed by cued recall of (i) novel meanings and (ii) word forms) after only two exposures, emphasising the importance of initial encounters. Accuracy in cued recall of novel meanings showed a linear, incremental increase with more exposures. Interestingly, there was no significant forgetting after one week, regardless of the number of exposures during training. This demonstrates the efficiency with which adults acquire new word meanings in L1 incidentally through reading and retain them well over time.
People learn other people's preferences through inverse decision-making
Authors: Jern Alan , Lucas Christopher , Kemp Charles
Published: July 2018

People are capable of learning other people's preferences by observing the choices they make. We propose that this learning relies on inverse decision-making -- inverting a decision-making model to infer the preferences that led to an observed choice. In Experiment 1, participants observed 47 choices made by others and ranked them by how strongly each choice suggested that the decision maker had a preference for a specific item. An inverse decision-making model generated predictions that were in accordance with participants' inferences. Experiment 2 replicated and extended a previous study by Newtson (1974) in which participants observed pairs of choices and made judgments about which choice provided stronger evidence for a preference. Inverse decision-making again predicted the results, including a result that previous accounts could not explain. Experiment 3 used the same method as Experiment 2 and found that participants did not expect decision makers to be perfect utility-maximizers.
Using network analysis to examine links between individual depression symptoms, inflammatory markers, and covariates
Authors: Fried Eiko I , Haslbeck Jonas M B
Published: July 2018

Background. Studies investigating the link between depressive symptoms and inflammation have yielded inconsistent results, which may be due to two factors. First, studies differed regarding the specific inflammatory markers studied and covariates accounted for. Second, specific depressive symptoms may be differentially related to inflammation. We address both challenges using network psychometrics.Methods. We estimated seven regularized mixed graphical models in the NESDA data (N=2321) to explore shared variances among 1) depression severity, modeled via depression sum-score, 9 DSM-5 symptoms, or 28 individual depressive symptoms; 2) inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α); 3) before and after adjusting for sex, age, body mass index (BMI), exercise, smoking, alcohol, and chronic diseases.Results. The depression sum-score was related to both IL-6 and CRP before, and only to IL-6 after covariate adjustment. When modeling the DSM-5 symptoms and CRP in a conceptual replication of Jokela et al. (2016), CRP was associated with ‘sleep problems’, ‘energy level’, and ‘weight/appetite changes’; only the first two links survived covariate adjustment. In a conservative model with all 38 variables, symptoms and markers were unrelated. Following recent psychometric work, we re-estimated the full model without regularization: the depressive symptoms ‘insomnia, ‘hypersomnia’, and ‘aches and pain’ showed unique positive relations to all inflammatory markers.Conclusions. We found evidence for differential relations between markers, depressive symptoms, and covariates. Associations between symptoms and markers were attenuated after covariate adjustment; BMI and sex consistently showed strong relations with inflammatory markers.
Event perception: From event boundaries to ongoing events
Authors: Huff Markus , Papenmeier Frank
Published: July 2018

This is a commentary to a target article in the Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition.
Knowledge-based interventions are more likely to reduce legal disparities than are implicit bias interventions
Authors: Forscher Patrick S. , Devine Patricia G.
Published: July 2018

Scholars and activists alike have expressed concern over ongoing disparities in legal outcomes between social groups. Based on evidence that measures of implicit bias are correlated with some discriminatory behaviors, many of these scholars and activists have concluded that implicit bias causes these disparities. We argue that studies of the correlation between implicit measures and behavior are cannot speak strongly to cause. The studies that can speak more strongly to cause suggest that experimentally-induced changes in implicit bias are ephemeral and do not generalize to behavior. We argue that knowledge-based interventions are more likely than implicit bias interventions to fruitfully address legal disparities and illustrate this point with an example, the prejudice habit-breaking intervention.
Embodied social robots trigger gaze following in real-time
Authors: Wiese Eva , Weis Patrick P. , Lofaro Daniel
Published: July 2018

In human-human interaction, we use information from gestures, facial expressions and gaze direction to make inferences about what interaction partners think, feel or intend to do next. Observing changes in gaze direction triggers shifts of attention to gazed-at locations and helps establish shared attention between gazer and observer - a prerequisite for more complex social skills like mentalizing, action understanding and joint action. The ability to follow others’ gaze develops early in life and being able to process gaze signals is a crucial milestone in human development. While human gaze signals are so essential for social interactions that we automatically follow them, it is unclear whether robot gaze cues are followed to similar degrees, and whether they have the ability to establish shared attention between human and robot. Furthermore, most studies on social attention in human-robot-interaction (HRI) use robot images and videos in controlled laboratory settings, which makes it necessary to determine whether gaze following can also be observed in social interactions with embodied robot platforms in real- time. In the current experiment, we use the humanoid robot Meka to examine whether gaze following can be induced in realistic interactions with social robots. The results indicate that Meka’s gaze cues were reliably followed, and that they were able to establish shared attention in HRI. Implications of this finding for social robotics are discussed.
A Preregistered Validation Study of the Taylor Aggression Paradigm
Authors: Chester David
Published: July 2018

The Taylor Aggression Paradigm (TAP) is a frequently-used laboratory measure of aggressive behavior. However, the flexibility inherent in its implementation and analysis can undermine its validity. To test whether the TAP was a valid aggression measure irrespective of this flexibility, I conducted a preregistered study of a 25-trial version of the TAP using a single scoring approach with 160 diverse undergraduate participants. TAP scores showed agreement with other laboratory aggression measures and were magnified by an experimental provocation manipulation. Mixed evidence was found for associations with aggressive dispositions and real-world violence. These results provide preliminary support for this approach to the TAP to measure state-level aggressive behavior. However, more evidence is needed to assess the TAP’s external validity and ability to measure dispositional forms of aggression. Using preregistered designs, researchers should validate specific variants of their behavioral tasks in order to optimize the veridicality and reproducibility of psychological science.
The anatomy of an insult: Popular derogatory terms connote important individual differences in externalizing behavior
Authors: Hyatt Courtland , Maples-Keller Jessica L. , Sleep Chelsea , Lynam Donald , Miller Josh
Published: July 2018

In the current series of studies, we investigate the psychosocial connotations of common insults. In Studies 1 and 2, we investigated the most frequently used insults to denigrate men and women (asshole, dick, bitch), and generated trait profiles that can be considered prototypical of each insult. In Studies 3 and 4, we examined how these insults are relevant to other key indicators of interpersonal functioning, including aggression, social information processing, personality disorders, and substance use. We also gathered thin-slice and informant reports. Each of the insults was associated with trait Antagonism, as well as other behaviors that comprise Antagonism’s nomological network (e.g., bullying, psychopathy, etc.). Results are discussed in terms of the importance of everyday language to psychological research.
The behavioral and neural basis of empathic blame
Authors: Patil Indrajeet , Calo Marta , fFornasier Federico , Cushman Fiery Andrews , Silani Giorgia
Published: July 2018

Mature moral judgments rely both on a perpetrator’s intent to cause harm, and also on the actual harm caused—even when unintended. Much prior research asks how intent information is represented neurally, but little asks how even unintended harms influence judgment. We interrogate the psychological and neural basis of this process, focusing especially on the role of empathy for the victim of a harmful act. Using fMRI, we found that the ‘empathy for pain’ network was involved in encoding harmful outcomes and integrating harmfulness information for different types of moral judgments, and individual differences in the extent to which this network was active during encoding and integration of harmfulness information determined severity of moral judgments. Additionally, activity in the network was down-regulated for acceptability, but not blame, judgments for accidental harm condition, suggesting that these two types of moral evaluations are neurobiologically dissociable. These results support a model of “empathic blame”, whereby the perceived suffering of a victim colors moral judgment of an accidental harmdoer.
The Burden of Online Friends: The Effects of Giving Up Facebook on Stress and Well-Being
Authors: Vanman Eric John , Baker Rosemary , Tobin Stephanie J.
Published: July 2018

People occasionally choose to cut themselves off from their online social network by taking extended breaks from Facebook. This study investigated whether abstaining from Facebook reduces stress but also reduces subjective well-being because of the resulting social disconnection. Participants (138 active Facebook users) were assigned to either a condition in which they were instructed to give up Facebook for five days or continue to use Facebook as normal. Perceived stress and well-being, as well as salivary cortisol, were measured before and after the test period. Relative to those in the Facebook Normal condition, those in the No Facebook condition experienced lower levels of cortisol and life satisfaction. Our results suggest that the typical Facebook user may occasionally find the large amount of social information available taxing, and Facebook vacations could ameliorate this stress—at least in the short-term.
"Let's Talk about Talks" - Supporting Knowledge Exchange Processes on Wiki Discussion Pages
Authors: Heimbuch Sven , Bodemer Daniel
Published: July 2018

Complex knowledge exchange processes in collaborative knowledge building settings within wikis can be either supported by providing guidance in form of cognitive group awareness information or by explicitly guiding learners with the help of collaboration scripts. Potentials of analyzing and supporting discussants' knowledge building processes focused on the level of talk pages have still been rarely researched. Our research project comprises a series of three experimental studies and one qualitative study to determine which kind of support is most beneficial for varying types of learners working with wikis. For this research different fields of computer-supported collaborative learning are integrated and both quantitative and qualitative methods are applied to provide comprehensive analyses in order to provide opportunities for other related research. Presenting and discussing aspects of our research and first results could be beneficial for future research. Our findings suggest that wiki talk page users can benefit from additional structuring aids.
Principle of Care and Giving to Help People in Need
Authors: Bekkers Rene , Ottoni-Wilhelm Mark
Published: July 2018

Theories of moral development posit that an internalized moral value that one should help those in need—the principle of care—evokes helping behaviour in situations where empathic concern does not. Examples of such situations are helping behaviours that involve cognitive deliberation and planning, that benefit others who are known only in the abstract, and who are out-group members. Charitable giving to help people in need is an important helping behaviour that has these characteristics. Therefore we hypothesized that the principle of care would be positively associated with charitable giving to help people in need, and that the principle of care would mediate the empathic concern–giving relationship. The two hypotheses were tested across four studies. The studies used four different samples, including three nationally representative samples from the American and Dutch populations, and included both self-reports of giving (Studies 1–3), giving observed in a survey experiment (Study 3), and giving observed in a laboratory experiment (Study 4). The evidence from these studies indicated that a moral principle to care for others was associated with charitable giving to help people in need and mediated the empathic concern–giving relationship.
What next for scientific communication? A large scale survey of psychologists on problems and potential solutions.
Authors: Buttliere Brett , Wicherts Jelte M.
Published: July 2018

Despite much discussion concerning problems with, and potential changes to, the psychological publishing system, there has been little data gathered concerning psychologists’opinions about whether, or what, change needs to occur. Here we surveyed psychologists about: the literature in their subfield, the current publication system,the prevalence of problems in review, how helpful potential changes to the communication system might be, and their behavioral engagement in current change initiatives. While over half of psychologists agreed to being generally satisfied, most also agreed there is room to improve the communication system and indicated that several potential changes would be helpful. Unfortunately, the majority of psychologists also indicated not yet engaging behaviorally with current change initiatives. Sensible problem and change components were drawn from the data and were correlated to, for instance, how much trust the psychologist had in the literature of their subfield and how many papers they had published.