bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parallel solvers for discrete‐time algebric Riccati equations
Authors: Mayo Rafael , Quintana‐Ortí Enrique S. , Quintana‐Ortí Gregorio , Hernández Vicente
Published: September 2002

We investigate the numerical solution of discrete‐time algebraic Riccati equations on a parallel distributed architecture. Our solvers obtain an initial solution of the Riccati equation via the disc function method, and then refine this solution using Newton's method. The Smith iteration is employed to solve the Stein equation that arises at each step of Newton's method. The numerical experiments on an Intel Pentium‐II cluster, connected via a Myrinet switch, report the performance and scalability of the new algorithms. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finding performance bugs with the TNO HPF benchmark suite
Authors: Denissen Will , Sips Henk J.
Published: September 2002

High‐Performance Fortran (HPF) has been designed to provide portable performance on distributed memory machines. An important aspect of portable performance is the behavior of the available HPF compilers. Ideally, a programmer may expect comparable performance between different HPF compilers, given the same program and the same machine.

To test the performance portability between compilers, we have designed a special benchmark suite, called the TNO HPF benchmark suite. It consists of a set of HPF programs that test various aspects of efficient parallel code generation. The benchmark suite consists of a number of template programs that are used to generate test programs with different array sizes, alignments, distributions, and iteration spaces. It ranges from very simple assignments to more complex assignments such as triangular iteration spaces, convex iteration spaces, coupled subscripts, and indirection arrays.

We have run the TNO HPF benchmark suite on three compilers: the PREPARE prototype compiler, the PGI‐HPF compiler, and the GMD Adaptor HPF compiler. Results show performance differences that can be quite large (up to two orders of magnitude for the same test program). Closer inspection reveals that the origin of most of the differences in performance is due to differences in local enumeration and storage of distributed array elements. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Techniques for compiling and implementing all NAS parallel benchmarks in HPF
Authors: Nishitani Yasunori , Negishi Kiyoshi , Ohta Hiroshi , Nunohiro Eiji
Published: September 2002

The NAS parallel benchmarks (NPB) are a well‐known benchmark set for high‐performance machines. Much effort has been made to implement them in High‐Performance Fortran (HPF). In previous attempts, however, the HPF versions did not include the complete set of benchmarks, and the performance was not always good. In this study, we implement all eight benchmarks of the NPB in HPF, and parallelize them using an HPF compiler that we have developed. This report describes the implementation techniques and compiler features necessary to achieve good performance. We evaluate the HPF version on the Hitachi SR2201, a distributed‐memory parallel machine. With 16 processors, the execution time of the HPF version is within a factor of 1.5 of the hand‐parallelized version of the NPB 2.3 beta. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topical application of oxifulvic acid suppresses the cutaneous immune response in mice
Authors: Van Rensburg Constance E.J. , Malfeld Susan C.K. , Dekker Johan
Published: September 2002

The antiinflammatory activity of topically applied coal‐derived fulvic acids (called oxifulvic acid) at 4.5% and 9% was compared with that of diclofene sodium at 1% and betamethasone at 0.1% in a murine model of contact hypersensitivity. Mice were sensitised with dinitrofluorobenzene and challenged 6 days later by application to the dorsal surface of the right ear. The inflamed ears of the mice were then treated topically, and the thickness of the ears was measured daily. Oxifulvic acid at both concentrations compared favourably with both diclofene sodium and betamethasone in suppressing the cutaneous inflammatory response. Oxifulvic acid possesses antiinflammatory properties and may be of clinical benefit in the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions in humans. Drug Dev. Res. 53:29–32, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression and regulation of mouse Mtsh1 during limb and branchial arch development
Authors: Long Qiaoming , Park Byung Keon , Ekker Marc
Published: September 2002

The mouse genome contains at least two genes, Mtsh1 and Mtsh2, related in sequence to the Drosophila homeotic gene teashirt (tsh). In this paper, we report the characterization of Mtsh1 expression in the developing branchial arches and forelimbs during mouse embryogenesis. Mtsh1 was found predominantly transcribed in the mesenchymal tissue of branchial arches and forelimbs. Surgical removal of the epithelium of both forelimb and branchial arch significantly decreased the expression of Mtsh1 in the mesenchymal cells of these tissues. Upon implantation of FGF8‐soaked beads into arches and limbs, Mtsh1 transcription was up‐regulated. In contrast, when BMP4‐soaked beads were implanted, Mtsh1 expression was inhibited. Together, these results suggest that mouse Mtsh1 gene may be involved in the outgrowth of limbs and arches and may be functioning downstream of BMP and FGF signaling pathways. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of slit‐2 and slit‐3 during chick development
Authors: Holmes Greg , Niswander Lee
Published: September 2002

The Drosophila and vertebrate slit proteins have been characterized as secreted chemorepellents recognized by the robo receptor proteins that function principally for the guidance of neuronal axons and neurons. slit genes are also expressed in the limb. To provide a basis for the determination of slit functions in the limb we have isolated and characterized the expression of chick slit‐2 and slit‐3 in the developing limb and other tissues of the chick embryo. Both genes share similar expression profiles in the chick embryo when compared to that of their mammalian homologues, particularly in the neural tube. In the limb, their expression patterns suggest their involvement in many aspects of limb development. In the early limb bud, slit‐2 is expressed in the peripheral mesenchyme and invading muscle precursors, while slit‐3 expression is restricted to the future chondrogenic core of the limb bud. At later stages, both slit genes are expressed in interdigital mesenchyme, in inner periosteal cells, and in mesenchyme immediately radial to the periosteum and under the epidermis. slit‐3 is also expressed in proliferating chondrocytes during cartilage development, while slit‐2 is expressed in later muscle masses and peripherally to joints in the autopod. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of AMH, SF1, and SOX9 in gonads of genetic female chickens during sex reversal induced by an aromatase inhibitor
Authors: Vaillant Séverine , Magre Solange , Dorizzi Mireille , Pieau Claude , Richard‐Mercier Noëlle
Published: September 2002

Aromatase inhibitors administered prior to histological signs of gonadal sex differentiation can induce sex reversal of genetic female chickens. Under the effects of Fadrozole (CGS 16949A), a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor, the right gonad generally becomes a testis, and the left gonad a testis or an ovotestis. We have compared the expression pattern of the genes encoding AMH (the anti‐Müllerian hormone), SF1 (steroidogenic factor 1), and SOX9 (a transcription factor related to SRY) in these sex‐reversed gonads with that in control testes and ovaries, using in situ hybridization with riboprobes on gonadal sections. In control males, the three genes are expressed in Sertoli cells of testicular cords; however, only SOX9 is male specific, since as observed previously AMH and SF1 but not SOX9 are expressed in the control female gonads. In addition to testicular‐like cords, sex‐reversed gonads present many lacunae with a composite, thick and flat epithelium. We show that during embryonic and postnatal development, AMH, SF1 and SOX9 are expressed in the epithelium of testicular‐like cords and in the thickened part but not in the flattened part of the epithelium of composite lacunae. AMH and SF1 but not SOX9 are expressed in follicular cells of ovotestes. Coexpression of the three genes, of which SOX9 is a specific Sertoli‐cell marker, provides strong evidence for the transdifferentiation of ovarian into testicular epithelium in gonads of female chickens treated with Fadrozole. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subtyping binge eating‐disordered women along dieting and negative affect dimensions
Authors: Stice Eric , Agras W. Stewart , Telch Christy F. , Halmi Katherine A. , Mitchell James E. , Wilson Terrance
Published: September 2002

Objective

Because etiologic and maintenance models of binge eating center around dieting and affect regulation, this study tested whether binge eating‐disordered (BED) individuals could be subtyped along dieting and negative affect dimensions and whether subtypes differed in eating pathology, social functioning, psychiatric comorbidity, and response to treatment.

Method

Three independent samples of interviewer‐diagnosed BED women (N = 218) were subtyped along dieting and negative affect dimensions using cluster analysis and compared on the outcomes of interest.

Results

Cluster analyses replicated across the three independent samples and revealed a dietary subtype (63%) and a dietary‐depressive subtype (37%). The latter subtype reported greater eating and weight obsessions, social maladjustment, higher lifetime rates of mood, anxiety, and personality disorders, and poorer response to treatment than did the dietary subtype.

Discussion

Results suggest that moderate dieting is a central feature of BED and that affective disturbances occur in only a subset of cases. However, the confluence of dieting and negative affect signals a more severe variant of the disorder marked by elevated psychopathology, impaired social functioning, and a poorer treatment response. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 11–27, 2001.
Test generation for sequential circuits using state transition diagram and test generation for combinatorial circuit part
Authors: Hasegawa Tetsu , Miura Kyoko , Ohmameuda Toshiaki , Ito Hideo
Published: September 2002

This study deals with single stuck‐at faults in sequential circuits; in particular, a test generation method featuring low generation complexity and short test sequences. With the proposed method, short test sequences are generated using shortest local connections between activation vector set found for combinatorial circuit part at gate level, and state transitions found from state transition diagram at functional level. Generated test sequences are input sequences composed of subsequences referred to as single test sequences. Single test sequences are composed of state control sequences that control activation vectors and their states, and UIO (Unique Input/Output) sequences that confirm states after applying activation vectors. Test sequences are generated so as to locally minimize total length of state control sequences and UIO sequences in connected single test sequences, which results in shorter test sequences as compared to previous generation methods. Evaluation experiments using MCNC benchmarks proved that test sequences generated by the proposed method were shorter by up to 28.8% as compared to previous methods while fault coverage was above 98% on the average. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 84(8): 20–28, 2001
Optical measurement of electric field vector distribution in a liquid insulator using simultaneous three‐direction optical measurement system
Authors: Ihori Haruo , Tanino Kotaro , Kawasaki Takao , Fujii Masaharu , Arii Kiyomitsu
Published: September 2002

We have already reported on reconstructions of the symmetrical and nonsymmetrical electric field vector distribution using the Kerr electrooptic effect and our unique reconstruction method, a modified computed tomography technique. This reconstruction technique gives an electric field map, that is, the strength and the direction of the electric field vector, on any plane. For the reconstruction of one field vector distribution, it was necessary to measure the light intensity twice while changing the optical axis of optical wedges. Moreover, the intensity measurement must be carried out at many points around the electrode system. Therefore, considerable time was required to measure the electric field distribution. We therefore developed a simultaneous three‐direction optical measurement system with three optical systems combined with the two‐beam method. Using the new measurement system, we measured the electric field distribution on planes in a sphere‐to‐sphere electrode system. It took about 0.1 second to measure the light intensity data for the reconstruction. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 139(1): 9–15, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.1141
Modeling of a power electronic converter for EMC in the conduction emission frequency band
Authors: Kato Toshiji , Lee Seishun , Takeya Kenichi
Published: September 2002

With the advancement of high‐frequency switching devices, electromagnetic interferences (EMI) have become problems in power electronic converter designs. It is necessary for an electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) design to prospect and consider its possible EMI levels. This paper describes how to compute effects from a power converter to an object point to reduce conduction EMI noises effectively by an appropriate design. Modeling techniques for converter elements are discussed for a model in the conduction emission frequency band by the parameter tuning method and for line constants by an analytical derivation. Then a derived model is simulated for harmonic distributions of loop currents and their magnetic fields. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 139(1): 44–50, 2002: DOI 10.1002/eej.1145
Short‐current pulse‐based adaptive maximum‐power‐point tracking for a photovoltaic power generation system
Authors: Noguchi Toshihiko , Togashi Shigenori , Nakamoto Ryo
Published: September 2002

This paper focuses on a maximum‐power‐point tracking method of photovoltaics via use of the short‐current pulse. It has been reported that the optimum operating current is proportional to the short current and that maximum‐power‐point tracking can be performed by detecting the short current. The proposed method utilizes the intermittent short‐current pulse to estimate the optimum operating current and its operating characteristics have experimentally been verified. Also, an adaptive mechanism to identify the parameter between the optimum current and the short current is discussed. A prototype of the controller has been set up and the experimental results have demonstrated excellent performance, proving the feasibility of the system. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 139(1): 65–72, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.1147
Doing what the mob do: priming effects on conformity
Authors: Pendry Louise , Carrick Rachael
Published: September 2002

This study considered whether participants' tendency to conform to a group norm could be influenced by priming them with categories associated with either conformity or anarchy. Participants were primed with one of two categories: ‘accountant prime’, ‘punk prime’ (plus a baseline ‘no prime’). They then participated in a variant of the Asch (1951) conformity paradigm. Results indicated that ‘punk’‐primed participants conformed significantly less than did ‘accountant’‐primed participants, with the mean for the ‘no‐prime’ condition lying in between the two. ‘Accountant’‐primed participants conformed to the group norm more than did the ‘no‐prime’ participants. In addition, the performance of ‘punk’‐primed participants was comparable to that of participants who performed the judgment task in isolation (‘solo’ condition). This indicates that conformity pressures did not affect estimates for ‘punk’‐primed participants. Implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐linear response analyses of rectangular rigid bodies subjected to horizontal and vertical ground motion
Authors: Taniguchi Tomoyo
Published: September 2002

This investigation deals with non‐linear seismic responses of free‐standing rectangular rigid bodies on horizontally and vertically accelerating rigid foundations. The responses are classified into two initial responses and four subsequent responses, accordingly the equations of motion governing the liftoff, slip and liftoff–slip interaction motions and boundary conditions corresponding to commencement and termination of the motions are defined.

The time histories of responses presented herein show that the body is sensitive to small changes in the friction coefficient and slenderness, and to the wave properties and intensity of ground motions. Systematic trends are observed: the bodies on the low‐grip foundation avoid overturning while they are allowed to slip regardless of details of ground motions; the long period earthquakes tend to make the body overturn and slip largely. In contrast, the timing when liftoff and slip commences and terminates and their directions do not directly correspond with intensity of ground motions. Moreover, the vertical ground motion adds irregularities on the responses, since it excites or damps the responses.

It is concluded that governing equations of motion and boundary conditions in view of discontinuous non‐linear systems are necessary to analyse actual motions of the rectangular rigid bodies subjected to horizontal and vertical ground motion. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of the maximum credible ground motion in Singapore due to a great Sumatran subduction earthquake: the worst‐case scenario
Authors: Megawati Kusnowidjaja , Pan Tso‐Chien
Published: September 2002

Although Singapore is located in a low‐seismicity region, huge but infrequent Sumatran subduction earthquakes might pose structural problems to medium‐ and high‐rise buildings in the city. Based on a series of ground motion simulations of potential earthquakes that may affect Singapore, the 1833 Sumatran subduction earthquake (Mw=9.0) has been identified to be the worst‐case scenario earthquake. Bedrock motions in Singapore due to the hypothesized earthquake are simulated using an extended reflectivity method, taking into account uncertainties in source rupture process. Random rupture models, considering the uncertainties in rupture directivity, slip distribution, presence of asperities, rupture velocity and dislocation rise time, are made based on a range of seismologically possible models. The simulated bedrock motions have a very long duration of about 250 s with a predominant period between 1.8 and 2.5 s, which coincides with the natural periods of medium‐ and high‐rise buildings widely found in Singapore. The 90‐percentile horizontal peak ground acceleration is estimated to be 33 gal and the 90‐percentile horizontal spectral acceleration with 5% damping ratio is 100 gal within the predominant period range. The 90‐percentile bedrock motion would generate base shear force higher than that required by the current design code, where seismic design has yet to be considered. This has not taken into account effects of local soil response that might further amplify the bedrock motion. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A recursive decomposition algorithm for network seismic reliability evaluation
Authors: Li Jie , He Jun
Published: September 2002

A new probabilistic analytical approach to evaluate seismic system reliability of large lifeline systems is presented in this paper. The algorithm takes the shortest path from the source to the terminal of a node weight or edge weight network as decomposition policy, using the Boolean laws of set operation and probabilistic operation principal, a recursive decomposition process then could be constructed. For a general weight network, the modified Torrieri method (NTR/T method) is introduced to combine with the suggested algorithm. Therefore, the recursive decomposition algorithm may be applied to evaluate the seismic reliability of general lifeline systems. A series of case studies, including a practical district electric power network system and a large urban water supply system, show that the suggested algorithm supplies a useful probabilistic analysis means for the seismic reliability evaluation of large lifeline systems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of structural response under high‐frequency ground excitation
Authors: Lu Yong , Hao Hong , Ma Guowei , Zhou Yingxin
Published: September 2002

The structural response to high‐frequency ground motions is complicated due to the involvement of local‐mode vibration. At present such a characteristic is not well recognized and this can cause confusion over the analytical and experimental modelling of the corresponding response and damage. The fact that most existing regulatory guides for limits on allowable construction vibrations are necessarily simplified for administrative reasons calls upon the derivation of more sophisticated approaches for special cases. This requires accumulation of pertinent experimental evidence. This paper attempts to provide some insights into the local‐mode dynamic response characteristics, with emphasis on appropriate modelling techniques and experimental measurements. A preliminary testing program is reported, in which efforts were made to reproduce high‐frequency response with a reduced scale reinforced concrete model with shaking table facilities. The results demonstrate the dependence of the response amplitudes with the excitation frequency. On a ppv‐basis, the current test results indicate that a substantial increase of the allowable ppv value from those specified by various standards may be considered for structural damage to reinforced concrete building structures. More analytical and experimental data are needed for further evaluation of the local‐mode effects and to quantify their impact on the structural damage process. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The family and anorexia nervosa: examining parent–child boundary problems†
Authors: Rowa Karen , Kerig Patricia K. , Geller Josie
Published: September 2002

Objective

To examine parent–child boundary dissolution in anorexia nervosa using a measure that treats boundary phenomena as multidimensional and distinct from highly cohesive relationships.

Method

30 women with anorexia were recruited from an eating disorders programme and compared with 65 control women on reports of intergenerational boundary problems using the Parent‐Child Boundaries Scale. This measure conceptualizes boundaries as multidimensional and can address both mother–daughter and father–daughter relations. Family cohesion was also measured using the FACES III. A subset of parents completed these measures.

Results

Women with anorexia reported more boundary problems with mothers and fathers than did control women, both in terms of global and some specific violations. However, parents of anorexic women did not endorse more boundary problems with their daughters.

Discussion

Daughters' views suggest that boundary violations are problematic in anorexia. Results suggest that boundary problems can be treated as multidimensional and should be viewed as distinct from high levels of familial cohesion. These results also suggest that it is important to ascertain individual family members' viewpoints on family dynamics. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Dieting and health in young Australian women*
Authors: Kenardy Justin , Brown Wendy J , Vogt Emma
Published: September 2002

This paper examines the prevalence of dieting behaviours and correlates with physical and mental health in young Australian women who are participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health. A total of 14 686 women aged 18–23 years, randomly selected from the National Medicare database, with over‐sampling from rural and remote areas, responded to a questionnaire seeking dieting and health information. The results showed that 66.5 percent of the women had a BMI within the healthy weight range (18– < 25 kg/m2). However only 21.6 percent of these women were happy with their weight and almost half (46 percent) had dieted to lose weight in the last year (also one in five who had a BMI < 18.5 kg/m2). High frequency of dieting (rather than dieting per se) and earlier dieting onset were associated with poorer physical and mental health (including depression), more disordered eating (bingeing and purging), extreme weight and shape dissatisfaction and more frequent general health problems. The results suggest that there is a need for programmes that will enhance self esteem and weight/shape acceptance and promote more appropriate strategies for maintenance of healthy weight. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Compliance with a self‐care manual in guided self‐change for bulimia nervosa
Authors: Thiels Cornelia , Schmidt Ulrike , Troop Nicholas , Treasure Janet , Garthe Rolf
Published: September 2002

Objective:

To investigate the effect of compliance and its predictors on outcome.

Method:

Sixty‐two patients with DSM‐III‐R bulimia nervosa (BN) were randomly assigned to a self‐care manual plus eight fortnightly sessions of guided self‐change or 16 sessions of weekly cognitive behavioral therapy.

Results:

At the end of treatment, the group of high compliers had not achieved higher abstinence rates than low compliers regarding BN symptoms. At follow‐up on average 43 weeks (SD = 26 weeks) after the end of therapy, those who had completed more exercises were more likely than low compliers to be abstinent from bingeing and vomiting. Those with a high frequency of vomiting at the beginning of therapy were less likely to use the manual while those with a longer duration of illness and higher levels of restraint were more likely to use the manual.

Discussion:

Exercises seem to be particularly important. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Effects of wet meadow riparian vegetation on streambank erosion. 2. Measurements of vegetated bank strength and consequences for failure mechanics
Authors: Micheli E. R. , Kirchner J. W.
Published: September 2002

We measured the effect of wet meadow vegetation on the bank strength and failure mechanics of a meandering montane meadow stream, the South Fork of the Kern River at Monache Meadow, in California's Sierra Nevada. Streambanks colonized by ‘wet’ graminoid meadow vegetation were on average five times stronger than those colonized by ‘dry’ xeric meadow and scrub vegetation. Our measurements show that strength is correlated with vegetation density indicators, including stem counts, standing biomass per unit area, and the ratio of root mass to soil mass. Rushes appear better than sedges at stabilizing coarse bar surfaces, while sedges are far more effective at stabilizing actively eroding cut banks.

Wet meadow floodplain vegetation creates a composite cut bank configuration (a cohesive layer overlying cohesionless materials) that erodes via cantilever failure. Field measurements and a geotechnical model of cantilever stability show that by increasing bank strength, wet meadow vegetation increases the thickness, width, and cohesiveness of a bank cantilever, which, in turn, increases the amount of time required to undermine, detach, and remove bank failure blocks. At Monache Meadow, it takes approximately four years to produce and remove a 1 m wide wet meadow bank block. Wet meadow vegetation limits bank migration rates by increasing bank strength, altering bank failure modes, and reducing bank failure frequency. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Processes and forms of an unstable alluvial system with resistant, cohesive streambeds
Authors: Simon Andrew , Thomas Robert E.
Published: September 2002

As a response to channelization projects undertaken near the turn of the 20th century and in the late 1960s, upstream reaches and tributaries of the Yalobusha River, Mississippi, USA, have been rejuvenated by upstream‐migrating knickpoints. Sediment and woody vegetation delivered to the channels by mass failure of streambanks has been transported downstream to form a large sediment/debris plug where the downstream end of the channelized reach joins an unmodified sinuous reach. Classification within a model of channel evolution and analysis of thalweg elevations and channel slopes indicates that downstream reaches have equilibrated but that upstream reaches are actively degrading.

The beds of degrading reaches are characterized by firm, cohesive clays of two formations of Palaeocene age. The erodibility of these clay beds was determined with a jet‐test device and related to critical shear stresses and erosion rates. Repeated surveys indicated that knickpoint migration rates in these clays varied from 0·7 to 12 m a−1, and that these rates and migration processes are highly dependent upon the bed substrate. Resistant clay beds of the Porters Creek Clay formation have restricted advancement of knickpoints in certain reaches and have caused a shift in channel adjustment processes towards bank failures and channel widening. Channel bank material accounts for at least 85 per cent of the material derived from the channel boundaries of the Yalobusha River system.

Strategies to reduce downstream flooding problems while preventing upstream erosion and land loss are being contemplated by action agencies. One such proposal involves removal of the sediment/debris plug. Bank stability analyses that account for pore‐water and confining pressures have been conducted for a range of hydrologic conditions to aid in predicting future channel response. If the sediment/debris plug is removed to improve downstream drainage, care should be taken to provide sufficient time for drainage of groundwater from the channel banks so as not to induce accelerated bank failures. Published in 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
26Al and 10Be dating of late pleistocene and holocene fill terraces: a record of fluvial deposition and incision, Colorado front range
Authors: Schildgen Taylor , Dethier David P. , Bierman Paul , Caffee Marc
Published: September 2002

Cosmogenic 26Al, 10Be, and 14C dating of fluvial fill terraces in steep canyons of the Colorado Front Range provides a temporal framework for analysing episodic aggradation and incision. Results from Boulder Canyon show that terrace heights above the modern channel (grade) can be divided into: (1) Bull Lake (≳100 ka; 20–15 m above grade); (2) Pinedale (32–10 ka; 15–4 m above grade); and (3) Holocene age (<4 m above grade). No pre‐Bull Lake deposits are preserved along Boulder Canyon, and only three small remnants >15 m above grade record Bull Lake deposition. Well‐preserved terraces of Pinedale age suggest that the range of terrace height above grade reflects short‐term fluctuations in the river profile during periods of rapidly changing stream load and power. Net river incision apparently occurred during transitions to interglacial periods. Soil development and stratigraphic position, along with limited cosmogenic and 14C dating, suggest that ∼130 ka terraces in Boulder Canyon correlate with the Louviers Alluvium, and that 32 to 10 ka fills in the canyon correlate with the Broadway Alluvium on the adjacent High Plains. Late Pleistocene incision rates (∼0·15 m ka−1) along Boulder Canyon exceed pre‐late Pleistocene incision rates, and are higher than middle to late Pleistocene incision rates (∼0·04 m ka−1) on the High Plains. This study provides an example of how modern geochronologic techniques allow us to understand better rivers that drain glaciated catchments. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preventing Perinatal Transmission of HIV: Target Programs, Not People
Authors: Stoto Michael
Published: September 2002

This chapter presents evaluation findings based on cost‐effectiveness analyses that dramatically changed perinatal HIV prevention policies across the nation.
How Memories of School Experiences Can Enrich Educational Evaluations
Authors: Pillemer David
Published: September 2002

State legislatures increasingly are mandating standardized tests that students must pass to graduate. This chapter suggests that an evaluative technique, autobiographical memory research using narrative reports from students, can help teachers enrich instructionand learning.
Evaluation Models
Authors: Stufflebeam Daniel
Published: September 2002

In entering a new millennium, it is a good time for evaluators to critically appraise their program evaluation approaches and decide which ones are most worthy of continued application and further development. It is equally important to decide which approaches are best abandoned. In this spirit, this monograph identifies and assesses twenty‐two approaches often employed to evaluate programs. These approaches, in varying degrees, are unique and cover most program evaluation efforts. Two of the approaches, reflecting the political realities of evaluation, are often used illegitimately to falsely characterize a program's value and are labeled pseudo‐evaluations. The remaining twenty approaches are typically used legitimately to judge programs and are divided into questions/methods‐oriented approaches, improvement/accountability approaches, and social agenda/advocacy approaches. The best and most applicable of the program evaluation approaches appear to be Client‐Centered/Responsive, Utilization‐Focused, Decision/Accountability, Consumer‐Oriented, Constructivist, Case Study, Outcome/Value‐Added Assessment, and Accreditation, with the new Deliberative Democratic approach showing promise. The approaches judged indefensible or least useful were Politically Controlled, Public Relations, Accountability (especially payment by results), Clarification Hearing, and Program Theory‐Based. The rest including Objectives‐Based, Experimental Studies, Management Information Systems, Criticism and Connoisseurship, Mixed Methods, Benefit‐Cost analysis, Performance Testing, and Objective Testing Programs were judged to have restricted though beneficial use in program evaluation. All legitimate approaches are enhanced when keyed to and assessed against professional standards for evaluations.
Portable double‐focusing mass‐spectrometer system for field gas monitoring
Authors: Diaz Jorge A. , Giese Clayton F. , Gentry W. Ronald
Published: September 2002

Traditional mass‐spectrometry (MS) instruments have been confined to laboratory usage because of their large size, power and high‐vacuum requirements, which make them unsuitable for use in most field environments. Developments in mass spectrometers and small vacuum pump systems have now made possible the development of transportable mass‐spectrometer instruments. A portable MS device based on a miniature double‐focusing (ExB) sector‐field mass spectrometer has been developed for in situ gas analysis and monitoring applications. The device (acronym Portable‐CDFMS) uses a 1.1‐Tesla NdFeB permanent magnet, a lithographically defined electric sector, a molecular‐flow frit inlet, a spiral filament in a closed ion source, and a miniature channeltron detector. The high vacuum is provided with the use of a very compact hybrid turbomolecular and diaphragm pump combination. This MS system weighs 18 lb., is able to detect atmospheric species at the part‐per‐million (ppm) level, and has a mass range up to 200 amu, which makes this miniature mass spectrometer well suited for field applications. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 156–167, 2001
Application of a one‐dimensional thermal flame spread model on predicting the rate of heat release in the SBI test
Authors: Hakkarainen Tuula , Kokkala Matti A.
Published: September 2002

A one‐dimensional thermal flame spread model was applied to predict the rate of heat release in the single burning item (SBI) test on the basis of the cone calorimeter data. The input parameters were selected according to the features of the SBI test and using particle board as a model tuning material. The features of the measured and calculated rate of heat release curves were compared for a series of 33 building products. The fire growth rate (FIGRA) indices were calculated to predict the classification in the forthcoming Euroclass system. The model gave correct classification for 90% of the products studied. An essential feature of the model is that only one cone calorimeter test at the exposure level of 50 kW m−2 is needed. The model, therefore, provides a practical tool for product development and quality control. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil composition of Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) distilled under different pressures and temperatures
Authors: Babu Kiran G. D. , Singh Bikram , Joshi Virendra P. , Singh Virendra
Published: September 2002

Experiments were conducted on field distillation unit to distil rose oil and rose water from the fresh flowers of Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) under different pressures and temperatures to study and compare the essential oil composition by GC–FID. The monoterpene hydrocarbons and esters were found to be in traces, and stearoptene content was found to be higher in the oil distilled under high pressure, as compared to oil produced under atmospheric pressure. In general, the percentage of total alcohols (55.25–83.41%) in rose oil increased with the increase in pressure and temperature of the distillation. Physicochemical properties of rose oil distilled at varying level of temperatures and pressures are discussed. A comparative study was also conducted of rose oil constituents from dichloromethane‐extracted rose water and redistilled rose water under atmospheric and higher pressure. At higher pressure early‐eluting components in the GC column were present in traces and decrease in total alcoholic content was observed. It can be concluded that distillation conducted under pressure does not yield good quality oil. However, dichloromethane‐extracted rose oil from rose water carries a higher amount of 2‐phenylethyl alcohol. The total rose alcohol content present in rose water was higher than in rose oil. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil composition of Curcuma longa L. cv. Roma from the plains of northern India
Authors: Raina V. K. , Srivastava S. K. , Jain Neetu , Ahmad A. , Syamasundar K. V. , Aggarwal K. K.
Published: September 2002

Plants of Curcuma longa L. cv. Roma were grown in the agroclimatic conditions of the north Indian plains at Lucknow. The rhizomes and leaves, on hydrodistillation, each gave 2.2% of oils, which were analysed by GC and GC–MS. The rhizome oil contained 84 constituents, comprising 100% of the oil, of which the major ones were 1,8‐cineole (11.2%), α‐turmerone (11.1%), β‐caryophyllene (9.8%), ar‐turmerone (7.3%) and β‐sesquiphellandrene (7.1%). The leaf oil contained 83 components, comprising 97.4% of the total oil, of which the main constituents were terpipolene (26.4%), 1,8‐cineole (9.5%), α‐phellandrene (8%) and terpinen‐4‐ol (7.4%). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil composition of three Artemisia spp. from Iran
Authors: Sefidkon F. , Jalili A. , Mirhaji T.
Published: September 2002

The essential oils were isolated by steam distillation from the aerial parts of A. aucheri Boiss., A. santolina Schrenk and A. sieberi Besser. The oils were analyzed by capillary GC and GC–MS. The highest oil yield was obtained from A. sieberi (1.02%). The main constituents of the oils were as follows: A. aucheri, verbenone (21.5%), camphor (21.0%) 1,8‐cineole (8.3%) and trans‐verbenol (8.1%); A. santolina, neryl acetate (13.4%), bornyl acetate (10.9%), trans‐verbenol (9.9%), lavendulol (8.8%), linalool (6.9%) and 1,8‐cineole (6.5%); A. sieberi, camphor (49.3%), 1,8‐cineole (11.1%) and bornyl acetate (5.8%). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil of Salvia officinalis L. from Serbia and Montenegro
Authors: Couladis Maria , Tzakou Olga , Mimica‐Dukić Neda , Jančić Radiša , Stojanović Danilo
Published: September 2002

The content and composition of essential oil in the leaves and flowers of 11 populations of Salvia officinalis L. native in Montenegro (nine populations) and Serbia (two populations) have been studied. The yield of oils was generally higher in the leaves than the flowers. The Serbian populations proved to be the richest in leaf oil (average content 1.66%). Montenegro speciments showed significant interpopulation variation and the yields averaged 1.41% for the leaves and 1.13% for the flowers. The main compounds in the leaves were oxygenated monoterpenes: α‐thujone (15.79 ± 4.9%), β‐thujone (3.49 ± 1.21%), 1.8‐cineol (12.09 ± 3.5%), camphor (11.49 ± 7.69%), borneol (4.17 ± 2.23%) and bornyl acetate (2.19 ± 1.22%). Among the dominant sesquiterpenes were: α‐humulene (7.70 ± 3.12%), viridiflorol (13.19 ± 5.17%) and manool (7.67 ± 2.98%). In the flowers, percentages of α‐thujone and camphor were significantly lower than in the leaves and averaged 9.97 ± 1.49% and 5.82 ± 5.6%, respectively, whereas the ratios of borneol (6.35 ± 2.47%) and sesquiterpenes, particularly manool (13.48 ± 3.56%), were higher. Great variation was found in the proportions of the major compounds between the populations examined. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constituents of the essential oil of six Helichrysum species from Madagascar
Authors: Cavalli Jean‐François , Ranarivelo Lalasoa , Ratsimbason Michel , Bernardini Antoine‐François , Casanova Joseph
Published: September 2002

The essential oils of six Helichrysum species from Madagascar were investigated and 46 components were identified by GC, GC–MS and 13C‐NMR spectrometry. The main constituents were 1,8‐cineole for H. gymnocephalum (59.7%) and H. bracteiferum (27.3%); β‐pinene for H. selaginifolium (38.2%); (E)‐caryophyllene for H. cordifolium (55.6%), H. faradifani (34.6%) and H. hypnoides (34.0%). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Headspace–SPME analysis of volatiles of the ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula) and bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) flowers
Authors: Fernando L. N. , Grün I. U.
Published: September 2002

The headspace (HS) volatile compounds of the flowers of ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula) and bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) were analysed by solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In the ridge gourd, 16 volatiles were positively identified and nine were tentatively identified, while in the bitter gourd 13 compounds were positively identified and six were tentatively identified. Typical compounds that are found in essential oils and fragrances such as terpenes, hydrocarbons and oxygenated terpenes were successfully identified. For the ridge gourd, the results showed that with more than 90% of the headspace, the most abundant volatile compound of the flower is trans‐β‐ocimene. For the bitter gourd flower, the four most abundant compounds were identified as linalool (5% of total headspace), 2‐aminobenzaldehyde (27% of total headspace), 1H‐indole (33% of total headspace) and methyl anthranilate (32% of total headspace), accounting for over 95% of the headspace volatiles of the flower. These results indicate that SPME coupled with GC–MS is a potential alternative for the effective extraction and analysis of odours of rare, exotic, delicate flowers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical computations of supersonic inlet flow
Authors: Gokhale S. S. , Kumar Venkat Ramana
Published: September 2002

Air‐breathing propulsion systems for high‐speed space travel applications are studied. Ramjets and scramjets have been identified as potential candidates. The flow inlets of such systems are modelled with a simulation that can predict all complex inlet flow features, including shock due to forebody, multiple shock reflections, normal shock, shock–boundary layer interaction and associated separation for two‐dimensional and axisymmetric inlets. Computed values are in good agreement with experimental data. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved linear interpolation practice for finite‐volume schemes on complex grids
Authors: Lehnhäuser T. , Schäfer M.
Published: September 2002

Methods for the computation of flow problems based on finite‐volume discretizations and pressure‐correction methods frequently require the interpolation of control volume face values from nodal values. The simple, often employed central differencing scheme (CDS) leads to a significant loss in accuracy when the numerical grid is non‐regular as it is usual when modelling complex geometries. An alternative technique based on a multi‐dimensional Taylor series expansion (TSE) is proposed, which preserves the CDS‐like sparsity pattern of the discrete system. While the TSE scheme computationally is only slightly more expensive than the CDS approach, it results in a significantly higher accuracy, where the difference increases with the grid irregularity. The method is investigated and compared to the CDS approach for some representative test cases. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of pressure‐tooling wire‐coating flow with Phan‐Thien/Tanner models
Authors: Ngamaramvaranggul V. , Webster M. F.
Published: September 2002

Annular pressure‐tooling extrusion is simulated for a low density polymer melt using a Taylor–Petrov–Galerkin finite element scheme. This represents industrial‐scale wire‐coating. Viscoelastic fluids are modeled via three forms of Phan‐Thien/Tanner (PTT) constitutive laws employed for short‐die and full specification pressure‐tooling. Effects of variation in Weissenberg number (We) and polymeric viscosity are investigated. Particular attention is paid to mesh refinement to predict accurate results. The impact of variation in shear‐thinning and strain‐softening properties is considered upon the modelling predictions. For the short‐die flow, the influence of the lack of strain softening is identified. For the full‐die flow and more severe deformation rates, the linear PTT model failed to converge. In contrast, the exponential PTT model is found to be more stable numerically and to adequately reflect the material response. Comparing short‐die and full‐die pressure‐tooling results, shear rates increase 10‐fold, while strain rates increase one hundred times. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large‐scale organization of moist convection in idealized aquaplanet simulations
Authors: Grabowski Wojciech W.
Published: September 2002

This paper discusses results from idealized simulations using a non‐hydrostatic general circulation model with Cloud‐Resolving Convection Parameterization (CRCP, the ‘super parameterization’) pertinent to the large‐scale organization of tropical convection. The essence of tropical dynamics is the intricate balance between large‐scale processes—such as radiative transfer, large‐scale waves, monsoons, Hadley and Walker circulations—and the convective dynamics. Traditional approaches to this problem consider either large‐scale models using convection parameterization or cloud‐resolving models in which large‐scale effects are prescribed. The CRCP merges the two approaches. It uses a 2D cloud‐resolving model to represent the impact of cloud‐scale processes—such as convective motions, precipitation formation and fallout, interaction of clouds with radiative and surface processes—in every column of a large‐scale or global model. The global CRCP model is applied to the idealized problem of a rotating constant‐SST aquaplanet in convective–radiative equilibrium. The aquaplanet has the size and rate of rotation of the Earth. The global CRCP simulations feature pronounced large‐scale organization of convection within the equatorial waveguide. Prominent equatorial ‘super cloud clusters’ spontaneously develop in CRCP global simulations and bear a strong resemblance to the Madden–Julian Oscillation observed in the terrestrial tropics. Model results suggest that convective transport of zonal momentum, supposedly due to the impact of organized convection, plays a significant role in the large‐scale organization of tropical deep convection. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.