bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxigenación en músculos respiratorios y locomotores durante el ejercicio máximo en dos corredores de maratón
Authors: Contreras-Briceño Felipe , Espinosa-Ramirez. Maximiliano , Cerda Francisco , Carrasco Miguel , Henríquez Diego , Hevia Gonzalo , Araneda Oscar , Viscor Ginés
Published: June 2023

Un elevado trabajo respiratorio (work of breathing, WOB) asociado a la hiperventilación pulmonar durante el ejercicio físico puede limitar el rendimiento deportivo en corredores de maratón. Evaluar los cambios del WOB durante el ejercicio físico máximo, como es la prueba de consumo de oxígeno (VO2-máx), permite conocer la intensidad de ejercicio a la cual el WOB limita la entrega de nutrientes y oxígeno en músculos periféricos implicados en la locomoción. La evaluación no invasiva de la saturación de oxígeno a nivel muscular (SmO2) por medio de la interpretación de ondas cercanas al rango infrarrojo (Near Infrared Spectroscopy, NIRS) es una método novedoso y útil para cuantificar el trabajo muscular, aplicable tanto en musculatura intercostal (SmO2-m.intercostales) para el WOB, como en musculatura locomotora (SmO2-m.vastus laterallis) para la carga periférica. Así, a medida que aumenta la intensidad del esfuerzo físico es esperable una mayor disminución en SmO2; sin embargo, se desconoce como la estrategia ventilatoria usada para alcanzar la hiperventilación pulmonar afecta la SmO2 de estos grupos musculares, cuyo trabajo muscular los afecta recíprocamente a través del reflejo metabólico. Como caso clínico, presentamos los cambios en SmO2-m.intercostales (WOB) y locomotora (SmO2-m.vastus laterallis) durante la prueba de VO2-máx. en dos corredores competitivos demaratón de similares características antropométricas, capacidad física, régimen de entrenamiento e historial deportivo. El objetivo es entregar nueva información que muestre cómo la estrategia ventilatoria adoptada durante el ejercicio puede limitar el trabajo muscular periférico realizado.
Estudio observacional de lesiones relacionadas con el deporte en esquiadores alpinos de categoría masters
Authors: Ramírez M. Constanza , Ibáñez L. Angélica , Walbaum G. Benjamín , Bustos S. Tomás , Alemany V. Camila
Published: June 2023

Introducción: El esquí alpino es un deporte que se realiza a grandes velocidades, por lo que se asocia a lesiones potencialmente graves. Hay pocos estudios que caractericen las lesiones que ocurren en corredores de esquí categoría masters.
Objetivo: Describir el perfil deportivo y epidemiología de las lesiones ocurridas durante la práctica deportiva en corredores de esquí de la categoría masters en Chile.Material y Método: Encuesta online a corredores y corredoras de categoría masters del circuito nacional chileno, solicitando información sobre prácticas deportivas y lesiones, vía encuesta online, enviada a sus correos electrónicos.
Resultados: 42 corredores de esquí masters respondieron la encuesta, 81% hombres y un 19% mujeres, promedio edad de 50 ± 9 años. Hubo un total de 77 lesiones descritas donde un 81% ha sufrido al menos una lesión, con un máximo de 6 lesiones por persona. La lesión más frecuente son las fracturas con un 20% del total, seguido de esguinces (16%) y lesiones de Ligamento Cruzado Anterior (LCA) (12%). Un 51% de las lesiones ocurrieron durante la práctica de otros deportes y sólo un 13% ocurrieron en competencias de esquí. Las lesiones más graves se asocian al esquí con un 60% de las fracturas, 71% de las luxaciones y 100% de las lesiones de LCA.
La mayoría de las lesiones fueron tratadas con kinesioterapia o inmovilización, mientras que un 16% requirió algún tipo de cirugía. Los tiempos de recuperación varían desde 1 mes hasta 2 años.
Discusión: Las lesiones asociadas a la práctica deportiva en los corredores masters de esquí son frecuentes con un importante número de lesiones graves que derivan en importante pérdida de tiempo de entrenamiento y competencia. Mayores estudios son necesarios para comprender los factores de riesgo para lesión en esta población e implementar medidas de prevención.
Is physical exercise a protective agent against the way we currently age? A narrative review.
Authors: Jofré S. Emilio , Villalobos G Álvaro , Ferrero H. Paloma , Farías V. Claudio , Ea G Gemma
Published: June 2023

Aging is an inherent process to living beings that involves a deterioration of homeostatic regulation and functional reserve. Currently, the aging population has high levels of physical inactivity that aggravates muscle disuse, which in turn drastically affects functional capacity and quality of life. The aim of this narrative review is to present aging conditions and the protective role of physical exercise in functional reserve and capacity in relation to how we currently age. The regular practice of physical exercise provokes several favorable responses to the preservation of neuromuscular and cardiorespiratory function, which has a direct impact on physical capacity, even benefiting cognitive function. Physical exercise has been shown to have a protective effect on different systems, apart from contributing to the preservation of functionality and self-efficacy, which is why it is essential for healthy aging, since it favors a better resolution to stressful events such as falls and/or diseases. In conclusion, even though physical exercise does not prevent the deleterious conditions of aging, its effects are positively related to the maintenance of systemic functional reserve and capacity, which translates into greater autonomy, independence and quality of life related to health in the last stage of the life cycle.
Autoconcepto Físico en practicantes de Calistenia de la Región Metropolitana
Authors: Castro F. Matías , Gallardo N. Ignacio
Published: June 2023

Esta investigación tiene por objetivo describir el Autoconcepto Físico e información sociodemográfica de los practicantes de Calistenia mayores de 18 años en la Región Metropolitana. Se hipotetiza que tanto la trayectoria como el género de los practicantes influye la autopercepción física. Se utilizó la adaptación española del cuestionario de perfil de autopercepción física de Fox y Corbin, en donde participaron 213 practicantes de Calistenia mediante la divulgación por redes sociales de un cuestionario que contenía un consentimiento informado, un cuestionario sociodemográfico y el instrumento para medir el Autoconcepto Físico.

Dentro de los hallazgos de esta investigación, cabe mencionar que la muestra de estudio de practicantes de Calistenia en su mayoría son hombres jóvenes con una media de 23 ± 4.78 años. Por otra parte, respecto del Autoconcepto Físico, se registró que, el tiempo de práctica influye en las dimensiones de condición física, apariencia, competencia percibida, fuerza y autoestima. Se concluye que la práctica sostenida de Calistenia es una óptima herramienta promotora de salud por su influencia en el autoconcepto físico y su adherencia y mantención en la práctica. Finalmente, una de las limitaciones de este estudio fue la cantidad de participantes y, a su vez, que esta muestra excluye a aquellos practicantes de Calistenia que pueden no estar conectados a redes sociales.
Design. Where did it all go so terribly wrong?
Authors: Treska-Siwoń Anna
Published: June 2023

Graphic design has been an ambassador of modernity for the past 1000 years, leading us to a new, brighter future. In the time of the Entropocene, we are convinced the future will not be bright. Indeed, we are not sure if there is a future for humankind. As creativity and designing things are one of the oldest human activities, we have to ask ourselves the question: what is the role of design in the creation of such chaos we observe now? Many designers and thinkers now explain that the role of design in creating the human environment is crucial. Hence, we are afraid that many problems of planet Earth from postcolonial injustices to a destroyed environment are strictly connected with design activities. A lot has happened since humans designed the first tools and the first infographic on cave walls, and nowadays we have tons of trash in the oceans, climate emergency, and drastic social injustices. Why does this happen when we have many proofs of the usefulness of design objects? Driving without road signs would be very dangerous. But why are some symbols just the first letters of English words when the meaning of those words is not recognisable in other countries, even those who use the Latin alphabet? Or let’s look at how useful smartphones are! But why are they not for all? Why can’t I put an iPhone in my pocket when it hardly fits into my hand – also, is this smallest model? Something has gone wrong and there is a possibility that the mistake is deeply ingrained in our way of design evaluation. In this article I investigate the tools for the evaluation of graphic design. First, I look at different proposals for new assessment criteria. Next, I explore the usefulness of visualisation in judging design projects, and then I look at the connection between taste and symbolic violence. Finally, I propose my tool, which could be helpful in such considerations.
Political entropy – the problem of social inequality and the rising global wave of populism
Authors: Rembowski Piotr
Published: June 2023

This paper is about the connection between the rising wave of populism around the world and social inequality. From resulting political entropy, international relations shaped after the end of the Cold War are changing, and not in a predictable way like before. International law and institutions no longer have an impact and are not respected by the actors. The first part of paper answers questions of what populism and social inequality are. The second part is about the connection between increasing inequality and populism around the world, with three examples: the United States of America, Brazil, and Poland. In the third part, there is a discussion about the impact of inequality and populism on international relations, law, and peace, and how the new political situation – ‘modern political entropy’ – is created. The fourth part presents the remedy on how to develop more equal societies and a healthy political system based on politicians who believe in true democracy and respect minorities.
Opioid and Methadone Use for Infants With Surgically Treated Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Authors: Keane Olivia A. , Zamora Abigail K. , Ourshalimian Shadassa , Mahdi Elaa M. , Song Ashley Y. , Kim Eugene , Lakshmanan Ashwini , Kim Eugene S. , Kelley-Quon Lorraine I.
Published: June 2023

Importance

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) requiring surgical intervention is the most common reason for surgical procedures in preterm neonates. Opioids are used to manage postoperative pain, with some infants requiring methadone to treat physiologic opioid dependence or wean from nonmethadone opioid treatment during recovery.

Objective

To describe postoperative opioid use and methadone treatment for infants with surgically treated NEC and evaluate postoperative outcomes.

Design, Setting, and Participants

A cohort study of infants with surgically treated NEC admitted from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2022, to 48 Children’s Hospital Association hospitals contributing data to the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) was performed. Infants who received methadone preoperatively, were aged 14 days or less at the time of the operation, had a congenital heart disease–related operation, or died within 90 days of the operation were excluded. Mixed-effects multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate thresholds for duration of opioid use after the operation associated with methadone treatment and clinical outcomes associated with methadone use were enumerated.

Exposure

Postoperative administration of nonmethadone opioids.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Methadone use and postoperative length of stay, ventilator days, and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) days.

Results

Of the 2037 infants with surgically treated NEC identified, the median birth weight was 920 (IQR, 700.0-1479.5) g; 1204 were male (59.1%), 911 were White (44.7%), and 343 were Hispanic (16.8%). Infants received nonmethadone opioids for a median of 15 (IQR, 6-30) days after the operation and 231 received methadone (11.3%). The median first day of methadone use was postoperative day 18 (IQR, days 9-64) and continued for 28 days (IQR, 14-73). Compared with infants who received nonmethadone opioids for 1 to 5 days, infants receiving 16 to 21 days of opioids were most likely to receive methadone treatment (odds ratio, 11.45; 95% CI, 6.31-20.77). Methadone use was associated with 21.41 (95% CI, 10.81-32.02) more days of postoperative length of stay, 10.80 (95% CI, 3.63-17.98) more ventilator days, and 16.21 (95% CI, 6.34-26.10) more TPN days.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of infants with surgically treated NEC, prolonged use of nonmethadone opioids after the operation was associated with an increased likelihood of methadone treatment and increased postoperative length of stay, ventilation, and TPN use. Optimizing postoperative pain management for infants requiring an operation may decrease the need for methadone treatment and improve health care use.
Opioid Overprescription and Underprescription to Patients After Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
Authors: Kuo Jessica , Langnas Erica , Zhang Lingyi , Seth Rahul , Guan Zhonghui
Published: June 2023

This cohort study examines the extent of mismatched opioid prescribing between hospitalization and discharge after otolaryngology–head and neck surgery.
A cognitive architecture theory of anticipatory thinking
Authors: Jones Steven J. , Laird John E.
Published: June 2023

We theorize that anticipatory thinking (AT) uses the same computational infrastructure as general cognition as described in the Common Model of Cognition. We extend the Common Model with results from research on event cognition. Using these building blocks, we present a five‐step process model of AT as realized in cognitive architecture components. We then revisit simplifying assumptions underlying our model and expand our theory in response. Finally, we make predictions that are entailed by our account of AT, focusing on how computational limits in both natural and artificial cognitive systems can impact support for AT.
Biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis phenotypes
Authors: Zhou Jinxia , Zeng Qianqian , Liao Qiao , Niu Qi , Gu Wenping , Su Dandan , Li Sizhuo , Xiao Bo , Bi Fangfang
Published: June 2023

Objective

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease involving both upper and lower motor neurons. The motor phenotypes of ALS are highly clinically heterogeneous, and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood.

Methods

A comparative proteomic analysis was performed in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of bulbar‐onset (BO) and spinal‐onset (SO) ALS patients and controls (n = 14). Five biomarker candidates were selected from a differentially regulated protein pool, and further validation was performed in a larger independent cohort (n = 92) using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results

A total of 1732 CSF proteins were identified, and 78 differentially expressed proteins were found among BO‐ALS patients, SO‐ALS patients, and controls. Five promising biomarker candidates were selected for further validation, and lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein (LBP) and HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain (HLA‐DRA) were validated. CSF LBP levels were increased in ALS patients compared with controls and higher in BO‐ALS versus SO‐ALS. The increased CSF LBP levels were correlated with the revised ALS Functional Scale (ALSFRS‐R) score. CSF HLA‐DRA levels were specifically elevated in BO‐ALS patients, and there was no significant difference between SO‐ALS patients and controls. Increased HLA‐DRA expression was correlated with decreased survival.

Interpretation

Our data shows that elevated CSF LBP is a good biomarker for ALS and correlates with clinical severity, and increased HLA‐DRA is a specific biomarker for BO‐ALS and may predict short survival. It also suggests that the microglial pathway and HLA‐II‐related adaptive immunity may be differentially involved in ALS phenotypes and may be new therapeutic targets for ALS.
Regional white matter hyperintensity volume in Parkinson's disease and associations with the motor signs
Authors: Wu Haoting , Hong Hui , Wu Chenqing , Qin Jianmei , Zhou Cheng , Tan Sijia , DuanMu Xiaojie , Guan Xiaojun , Bai Xueqin , Guo Tao , Wu Jingjing , Chen Jingwen , Wen Jiaqi , Cao Zhengye , Gao Ting , Gu Luyan , Huang Peiyu , Xu Xiaojun , Zhang Baorong , Zhang Minming
Published: June 2023

Objective

To determine whether white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volumes in specific regions are associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) compared to non‐PD controls, and to assess their impact on motor signs through cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses.

Methods

A total of 50 PD participants and 47 age‐ and gender‐matched controls were enrolled. All PD participants were followed up for at least 2 years. To detect regions of greater WMH in the PD, the WMH volume of each region was compared with the corresponding region in the control group. Linear regression and linear mixed effects models were respectively used for cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses of the impact of increases in WMH volume on motor signs.

Results

The PD group had greater WMH volume in the occipital region compared with the control group. Cross‐sectional analyses only detected a significant correlation between occipital WMH volume and motor function in PD. Occipital WMH volume positively correlated with the severity of tremor, and gait and posture impairments, in the PD group. During the follow‐up period, the participants' motor signs progressed and the WMH volumes remained stable, no longitudinal association was detected between them. The baseline occipital WMH volume cannot predict the progression of signs after adjustment for baseline disease duration and the presence of vascular risk factors.

Interpretation

PD participants in this study were characterized by greater WMH at the occipital region, and greater occipital WMH volume had cross‐sectional associations with worse motor signs, while its longitudinal impact on motor signs progression was limited.
Effective Thermal Conductivity and Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Series of Ceramic Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Lattice Structure
Authors: Zhou Ziyuan , Chen Laiming , Wang Weiqu , Xing Bohang , Tian Jindan , Zhao Zhe
Published: June 2023

Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures with high surface area, high porosity, complex pore channels, and pore size distribution have great potential for application in thermal metamaterials and thermal engineering applications. To demonstrate the possibility of the use of TPMS structures as thermal metamaterials, the thermal insulation properties and heat transfer mechanisms of TPMS structures are investigated in detail. The results show that modulation of the volume fraction to within 15% by a rational geometric design indicates the possibility to obtain excellent lightweight properties. The effective thermal conductivity is within 0.25 W m−1 K−1, which is much lower than this component, indicating that the TPMS structure is designed to reduce the effective thermal conductivity and provide a lightweight design. However, in a high‐temperature environment, reasonable structural parameters can shield the cavity radiation in the TPMS structure and play an effective role to provide high‐temperature thermal insulation. Finally, based on the relationship between structural parameters and thermal insulation performance, a dynamic density TPMS‐graded structure is proposed, which exhibits a better thermal insulation performance than the conventional TPMS structure both at room temperature and at high temperature.
Cutting Performance and Wear Mechanism of Multilayer Diamond‐Coated Tools
Authors: Yan Guangyu , Sun Yubin , Cristea Daniel , Wu Yuhou , Liu Lusheng , Wang He , Zhao Jinbao
Published: June 2023

Monolayer and multilayer diamond films are deposited on WC‐Co cemented carbide by hot‐filament chemical vapor deposition. The growth characteristics of diamond coatings are analyzed. Cutting performance characteristics such as tool life and the stability of machining process in the machining of presintered ZrO2 are compared based on the variation of cutting speed and resultant cutting force, and workpiece surface roughness. For the monolayer diamond coatings, as the concentration of CH4 increases from 1% to 5%, the diamond crystal is transformed from micron columnar crystal to nanocluster crystal. The multilayer diamond coatings combine the advantages of micron‐ and nanocrystalline structures. The multilayer diamond‐coated tool exhibits longer service life and better machining quality. Because of the appearance of the brittle–plastic conversion mechanism, the surface integrity of ZrO2 processed by multilayer diamond‐coated tool is relatively high. As for the uncoated tool, the workpiece is mainly machined by brittle spalling. The interfacial stratified fracture system between the interlayers is proposed to be the toughening mechanism of the multilayer structure.
Effective Superelastic Domains of Schwarz Primitive Shape Memory Alloy Lattices Subjected to Cyclic Loading
Authors: Cebrian Carcavilla Adriano , Zaki Wael
Published: June 2023

This work investigates the evolution of effective phase transformation thresholds in superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA) lattice architectures subjected to cyclic loading. The investigation is carried out by means of finite element analysis and numerical homogenization methods, considering Schwarz primitive triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) SMA unit cells subjected to periodic boundary conditions. The results are reported for relative densities between 10% and 50%. It is shown that, in all the cases considered, the loading surfaces governing both forward and reverse phase transformations have an ellipsoidal shape that can be reasonably well represented using an extended Hill's criterion that accounts for the influence of hydrostatic pressure. Moreover, by considering polynomial expressions of the coefficients of Hill's criterion in terms of martensite volume fraction and cumulated fraction, the evolution of the loading surfaces as a consequence of functional fatigue is reasonably well approximated. The results suggest that an extended Hill's criterion with variable coefficients can well be used to simulate effective phase transformation and functional fatigue in architected TPMS SMAs.
Guanidine and Galactose Decorated Nanophotosensitizer with Oxygen Self‐Sufficient Capability for the Localized Ablation of Oral Biofilm
Authors: Wang Wenbo , Hu Yuqing , Chen Zeyuan , Yu Lihua , Huang Siyuan , Zhang Yufei , Li Jie , Xue Yun , Li Anran , Wang Yuxia , Wu Zhongming , Zhang Xinge
Published: June 2023

Dental caries is a common disease caused by plaque biofilms, which are important pathogenic factors in many diseases. When hosts are overexposed to dietary sugars, pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and other cariogenic bacteria, metabolically assemble an extracellular matrix rich in exopolysaccharides to form a disease‐causing biofilm, in which the microenvironment is characterized by regional hypoxia, low pH, and nutritional deprivation. Current antimicrobials with inadequate penetration and a lack of pathogens targeting the biofilm do not degrade the protective matrix within the biofilm. In this study, a guanidine and galactose decorated nanophotosensitizer with oxygen self‐sufficient capability, p(GF/GEF)‐I, is developed to enhance the permeability of biofilms by positively charging the particle surface and easily binding to the bacteria within the membrane through electrostatic interactions. 90% of the biofilm on enamel surface is eliminated after treatment with p(GF/GEF)‐I under laser irradiation. Notably, the nanophotosensitizer inhibits the recolonization of dental biofilms by S. mutans, preventing secondary infections. Furthermore, dental caries in a rodent model are reduced with exposure to nanophotosensitizer. p(GF/GEF)‐I is a significantly higher efficacy without damaging the surrounding soft tissue. With further development and optimization, p(GF/GEF)‐I shows significant potential as a phototherapeutic agent for the treatment of biofilm‐induced diseases.
The Electrode‐Ferroelectric Interface as the Primary Constraint on Endurance and Retention in HZO‐Based Ferroelectric Capacitors
Authors: Alcala Ruben , Materano Monica , Lomenzo Patrick D. , Vishnumurthy Pramoda , Hamouda Wassim , Dubourdieu Catherine , Kersch Alfred , Barrett Nicolas , Mikolajick Thomas , Schroeder Uwe
Published: June 2023

Ferroelectric hafnium‐zirconium oxide is one of the most relevant CMOS‐compatible materials for next‐generation, non‐volatile memory devices. Nevertheless, performance reliability remains an issue. With TiN electrodes (the most reported electrode material), Hf‐Zr‐based ferroelectric capacitors struggle to provide reliable retention due to electrode‐ferroelectric interface interactions. Although Hf‐Zr‐based ferroelectric capacitors are fabricated with other electrodes, the focus is predominantly directed toward obtaining a large ferroelectric response. The impact of the electrodes on data retention for these ferroelectrics remains underreported and greater insight is needed to improve device reliability. Here, a comprehensive set of electrodes are evaluated with emphasis on the core ferroelectric memory reliability metrics of endurance, retention, and imprint. Metal‐ferroelectric‐metal capacitors comprised of a Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 layer deposited between different combinations of nitride (TiN, TiAlN, and NbN), pure metal (W), and oxide (MoO2, RuO2, and IrO2) top and bottom electrodes are fabricated for the investigation. From the electrical, physical, and structural analysis, the low reactivity of the electrode with the ferroelectric is found to be key for improved reliability of the ferroelectric capacitor. This understanding of interface properties provides necessary insight for the broad implementation of Hf‐Zr‐based ferroelectrics in memory technology and, overall, boosts the development of next‐generation memories.
Membranes in Solar‐Driven Evaporation: Design Principles and Applications
Authors: Yang Hao‐Cheng , Lu Feng , Li Hao‐Nan , Zhang Chao , Darling Seth B. , Xu Zhi‐Kang
Published: June 2023

Solar‐driven evaporation process brings exciting opportunities to recover clean water and resources in a sustainable way from diverse sources like seawater and wastewater. Separation membranes, as a vital material in many environmental and energy applications, can contribute significantly to this process owing to their structural features. However, the unique roles of membranes in solar evaporator construction and process design are seldom recognized and not summarized yet from scientific principles and application demands, which forms the motivation of this review. Herein, the roles of membranes in different processes based on solar‐driven evaporation are focused and the design principles of membrane materials and devices to meet the requirements of these applications are discussed. Fabrication strategies for photothermal membranes are introduced primarily, followed by a discussion on how to design membrane materials, devices, and processes to pursue optimal performance and realize advanced functions accompanied by evaporation. Furthermore, the future of this field is forecast with both challenges and opportunities.
In Vivo Implantable Strain Sensor for Real‐Time and Precise Pathophysiological Monitoring of Contractile Living Organs
Authors: Ryu Bokyeong , Kim C‐Yoon , Park Se-Pill , Lee Keel Yong , Lee Sunghun
Published: June 2023

Early diagnosis based on precise monitoring of the vital organs in real‐time can provide the opportunity for subsequent curative treatments and medical decisions. Here, it is reported that the instantaneous monitoring of physiological responses in contractile living organs such as the heart, lung, and urinary bladder using a vertical graphene strain sensor (VGS), which possesses remarkable sensitivity and stability. The electrical resistance of VGS (i.e., sensitivity) corresponding to the minute contractile motion of living organs is monitored, which displacement in organs is less than a few mm in scale. For pathological diagnosis, it is compared normal and damage rodent models, including models of myocardial infarction, pulmonary fibrosis, and spinal cord injury, highlighting the capability of the VGS sensor to discern symptoms and guide medical decisions based on the lesions. The results suggest that the VGS could be useful in implantable biocompatible applications and may be a promising component of in vivo diagnostic platforms.
2D Ferroionics: Conductive Switching Mechanisms and Transition Boundaries in Van der Waals Layered Material CuInP2S6
Authors: Zhou Jiachao , Chen Anzhe , Zhang Yishu , Pu Dong , Qiao Baoshi , Hu Jiayang , Li Hanxi , Zhong Shuai , Zhao Rong , Xue Fei , Xu Yang , Loh Kian Ping , Wang Hua , Yu Bin
Published: June 2023

The recently unfolded ferroionic phenomena in 2D van der Waals (vdW) copper–indium–thiophosphate (CuInP2S6 or CIPS) have received widespread interest as they allow for dynamic control of conductive switching properties, which are appealing in the paradigm‐shift computing. The intricate couplings between ferroelectric polarization and ionic conduction in 2D vdW CIPS facilitate the manipulation and dynamic control of conductive behaviors. However, the complex interplays and underlying mechanisms are not yet fully explored and understood. Here, by investigating polarization switching and ionic conduction in the temperature and applied electric field domains, it is discovered that the conducting mechanisms of CIPS can be divided into four distinctive states (or modes) with transitional boundaries, depending on the dynamics of Cu ions in the material. Further, it demonstrates that dynamically‐tunable synaptic responsive behavior can be well implemented by governing the working‐state transition. This research provides an in‐depth, quantitative understanding of the complex phenomena of conductive switching in 2D vdW CIPS with coexisting ferroelectric order and ionic disorder. The developed insights in this work lay the ground for implementing high‐performance, function‐enriched devices for information processing, data storage, and neuromorphic computing based on the 2D ferroionic material systems.
Tunable, Wide‐Temperature, and Macroscale Superlubricity Enabled by Nanoscale Van Der Waals Heterojunction‐to‐Homojunction Transformation
Authors: Yang Xing , Li Ruiyun , Wang Yongfu , Zhang Junyan
Published: June 2023

Achieving macroscale superlubricity of van der Waals (vdW) nanopowders is particularly challenging, due to the difficulty in forming ordered junctions before friction and the friction‐induced complex contact restructuration among multiple nanometer‐sized junctions. Here, a facile way is reported to achieve vdW nanopowder‐to‐heterojunction conversion by graphene edge‐oxygen (GEO) incorporation. The GEO effectively weakens the out‐of‐plane edge–edge and in‐plane plane–edge states of the vdW nanopowder, leading to a coexistent structure of nanoscale homojunctions and heterojunctions on the grinding balls. When sliding on diamond‐like carbon surfaces, the ball‐supported structure governs macroscale superlubricity by heterojunction‐to‐homojunction transformation among the countless nanoscale junctions. Furthermore, the transformation guides the tunable design of superlubricity, achieving superlubricity (µ ≈ 0.005) at wide ranges of load, velocity, and temperature (−200 to 300 °C). Atomistic simulations reveal the GEO‐enhanced conversion of vdW nanopowder to heterojunctions and demonstrate the heterojunction‐to‐homojunction transformation superlubricity mechanism. The findings are of significance for the macroscopic scale‐up and engineering application of structural superlubricity.
Self‐Assembly of Platelet Lysates Proteins into Microparticles by Unnatural Disulfide Bonds for Bottom‐Up Tissue Engineering
Authors: Gomes Maria C. , Pinho Ana Rita , Custódio Catarina , Mano João F.
Published: June 2023

There is a demand to design microparticles holding surface topography while presenting inherent bioactive cues for applications in the biomedical and biotechnological fields. Using the pool of proteins present in human‐derived platelet lysates (PLs), the production of protein‐based microparticles via a simple and cost‐effective method is reported, exploring the prone redox behavior of cysteine (Cy‐SH) amino acid residues. The forced formation of new intermolecular disulfide bonds results in the precipitation of the proteins as spherical, pompom‐like microparticles with adjustable sizes (15–50 µm in diameter) and surface topography consisting of grooves and ridges. These PL microparticles exhibit extraordinary cytocompatibility, allowing cell‐guided microaggregates to form, while also working as injectable systems for cell support. Early studies also suggest that the surface topography provided by these PL microparticles can support osteogenic behavior. Consequently, these PL microparticles may find use to create live tissues via bottom‐up procedures or injectable tissue‐defect fillers, particularly for bone regeneration, with the prospect of working under xeno‐free conditions.
Computer‐Aided Engineering of Stretchable Hollow Fibers to Enable Wearable Microfluidics
Authors: Hossain Kazi Zihan , Khan M. Rashed
Published: June 2023

Melt‐extruded hollow thermoplastic fibers are a new class of materials for advanced applications, i.e., robotic clothes, stretchable touch and twist sensors, and programmable knitted textiles. Under large mechanical deformation (strain), such materials exhibit hyperelasticity. However, fundamental knowledge of strain‐energy density harnessing integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) has remained untapped for hollow fibers. Due to this key knowledge gap, most emerging applications demand iterative and costly approaches to producing and studying hollow fibers. Herein, a data‐driven pathway harnessing the ICME is introduced to study, predict, and optimize the hyperelastic behavior of hollow fibers. MCalibration software is used to calibrate the material properties of the fibers utilizing the Three‐Network Model (TNM) and emulated experimental stress–strain behavior in a finite‐element‐based multiphysics environment (COMSOL) with 99.99% confidence. The feasibility of predicting strain‐energy density is shown to modulate shape and geometries for new understandings without running cost‐incurring melt extrusions or experiments. Furthermore, the strain‐energy density is leveraged as a tool to attach fibers on fabrics that otherwise need iterations. As a proof‐of‐concept, fibers to fabrics are attached for wearable microfluidic demonstrations. This ICME approach can be extended to design the next generation of pre‐programmed, undiscovered functional devices fabricated from hyperelastic hollow fibers.
Layer‐Dependent Optical Modulation and Field‐Effect‐Transistor in Two‐Dimensional 4H‐SnS2 Layers
Authors: Peheliwa Vincent M. , Lu Kuan‐Cheng , Hasibuan Denny Pratama , Saragih Clara Sinta , Maria Carlo C. Sta. , Chen Yen‐Rui , Patil Ranjit A. , Lai Chien‐Chih , Jian Wen‐Bin , Wu Maw‐Kuen , Ma Yuan‐Ron
Published: June 2023

Two–dimensional (2D) 4H‐polytype tin disulfide (SnS2) flakes are synthesized using the chemical vapor transport technique. The weak Van der Waals force between the 2D SnS2 layers offers an easy exfoliation of flakes down to a bilayer of thickness ≈2.02 (±0.1) nm using a mechanical exfoliation technique. The optical and field effect transistor (FET) characteristics of the exfoliated 2D 4H‐SnS2 layers are studied. The exfoliated layers are used to fabricate the ≈13‐layered SnS2 FET. The 4H‐SnS2 exhibits a high on/off ratio of ≈106 and mobility ≈1–4 cm2 V−1 s−1. The low mobility of the 4H‐SnS2 FET devices shows an insulating state concordant with the 2D Motts variable range hopping mechanism at varying temperatures. Moreover, it is found that the optical bandgap of the 2D SnS2 single‐crystal layers is largely widened for the bilayers and tri‐layers. The optical bandgap energies vary in the range of 2.56–1.99 eV. The significant alteration in bandgap energies of ≈0.57 eV offers downscaling of the 2D nanoscale semiconducting devices. Such layer‐sensitive changes in optical transmittance, absorbance, and bandgap energies are reflected in Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity, showing the distinct color of transmittance through various 2D 4H‐SnS2 layers.
Ligand‐Tuned Perylene Diimide‐Based Versatile Coordination Polymers for Photoluminescent Sensing and Optoelectronics
Authors: Shang Xiaobo , Song Inho , Lee Jeong Hyeon , Kim Jin Chul , Ohtsu Hiroyoshi , Choi Wanuk , Ahn Jaeyong , Gao Ke , Zhang Mingming , Kawano Masaki , Kwak Sang Kyu , Oh Joon Hak
Published: June 2023

Chiral self‐sorting is essential for the establishment of structures in nature and chemistry. Owing to similarities among recognition sites of enantiomers and shared conformational labilities, high‐fidelity chiral self‐sorting constitutes a substantial challenge. Coordination polymers (CPs) with a high surface area and chemical tunability have potential applications in luminescent probes and optoelectronics. However, it is difficult to synthesize micro‐/nano‐scale CPs with high conductivity for optoelectronics. Here, a series of perylene diimide (PDI)‐based CPs with large π‐planes is synthesized by tuning ligands for use in various sensors. A cadmium (Cd)‐based coordination polymer with leucine (LeuPDI‐Cd) exhibits a unique chiral self‐recognition phenomenon when two enantiomeric ligands are mixed with the metal source because homochiral CPs are thermodynamically more stable than their heterochiral analogs. In addition, photoluminescent (PL) LeuPDI‐Cd CPs can detect ethylenediamine with high sensitivity and selectivity. Micro‐/nano‐sized CPs with methionine (MetPDI‐Cd) are used in photodetectors and chemiresistive sensors for the detection of toxic phenylhydrazine. Theoretical calculations reveal that the enhanced conductivity is related to the reduced energy gap, which occurs after adsorption of phenylhydrazine onto the CP surface. These results demonstrate the feasibility and versatility of PDI‐based CPs for applications in PL sensing and optoelectronics through the tuning of PDI ligands.
Dual Mechanism WS2‐WSe2 Lateral Monolayer Heterojunction Photodetector and Its Photoresponse Enhancement by Hybridizing with CsPbBr3 QDs
Authors: Qiao Shuang , Liu Jihong , Wang Ruining , Guo Linjuan , Wang Shufang , Pan Anlian , Pan Caofeng
Published: June 2023

Monolayer 2D lateral heterostructures with high interface qualities and well‐defined structures are particularly promising in novel electronic and optoelectronic applications. However, the photoelectric responses are still very low, and the working and modulating mechanisms urgently need exploration. Here, a lateral monolayer heterojunction of WS2‐WSe2 is successfully prepared with an atomically sharp interface and a band alignment of type‐II structure. Intriguingly, this heterojunction photodetector (PD) achieves outstanding characteristics of photocurrent generation in both photovoltaic and photoconductive modes with responsivities (Rs) of 60.2/3.0 A W−1, detectivities (D*s) of 1.81/0.98 × 1012 Jones, and response times of 32.2/28.5 and 39.5/32.1 ms, respectively. Moreover, all‐inorganic CsPbBr3 quantum dots are introduced to substantially promote the photoelectric responses. Because of the favorable band alignment and large absorption of the CsPbBr3, and efficient carrier transfer, the Rs and D*s are substantially improved to 1307/141.3 A W−1 and 1.16/2.94 × 1013 Jones, respectively, with fantastic external quantum efficiencies of 3.59/0.388 × 105% and also shortened response times of 12.5/13.2 and 17.4/15.8 ms. In addition, the ambient stability is remarkably enhanced. This study demonstrates that the combination of 2D lateral heterojunction with all‐inorganic perovskite may bring up promising opportunities for developing high‐performance PDs.
High‐Sensitivity Adjustable Operating Modes Multifunctional Detector Based on InSe/VO2 Heterojunction for Light and Electric Field Perception
Authors: Wang Lin , Deng Menghan , Xu Xionghu , Hou Zhangchen , Li Ming , Chen Li , Cui Anyang , Jiang Kai , Shang Liyan , Chu Junhao , Hu Zhigao
Published: June 2023

High‐performance and versatile multifunctional photodetection devices are essential for various applications, but they often face severe challenges, such as limited operating modes and low detection sensitivity. In this study, a multifunctional detector based on InSe/VO2 heterojunction that integrates light and electric field perceiving capabilities and can dynamically switch operating modes is presented. The device can serve as a self‐powered photodetector, logic gates, and an artificial nociceptor, showcasing its versatility and potential for various applications. The unique metal‐insulator transition (MIT) of VO2 enables the device to dynamically switch between self‐powered photovoltaic and photoconductive modes. A significant advance over traditional photodetectors that can only operate in a single mode has been realized. The device exhibits high detectivity up to 2.09 × 1013 Jones and excellent responsivity of 6.15 A W−1, making it a reliable and accurate tool for photodetection. In addition, it functions as “AND” and “OR” logic gates, providing opportunities for signal processing and communication. Moreover, by adding electric pulses to the InSe/VO2 heterojunction, the device can also function as an artificial nociceptor, with potential implications for medical applications and prosthetics. This work presents remarkable progress toward intelligent sensors and systems, with transformative potential for electronic and photonic devices.
Highly Stable Microcapsules of Colloidal Photonic Ink in Nonpolar Medium for Full Color E‐Skin Device
Authors: Kim Jungmin , Park Shin Geun , Kim Minseok , Lee Hyunjung , Kim Young‐Seok , Lee Wonmok
Published: June 2023

The colloidal dispersion in a nonpolar medium is an essential material for electrophoretic displays (EPD) with low‐power consumption. A uniform‐sized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) is a promising candidate for EPD, which exhibits tunable structural color by Bragg diffraction. In this study, the surface of SPION is charged in a nonpolar medium by inverse micelles of Solsperse‐17k, an oil‐soluble polymeric surfactant. A photonic ink of SPION dispersion exhibits simultaneous magnetochromism and electrochromism. The photonic ink is encapsulated via a complex coacervation process, in which double layers of gelatin/gum Arabic form a stable shell for µ‐capsule. The µ‐capsules show tunable structural colors, which depends upon the size of SPION in photonic ink. The increased surfactant content in photonic ink brings about a decrease in µ‐capsule size due to a reduced surface tension. A lowered gelatin concentration during coacervation results in a smaller µ‐capsule, which exhibits an electrical color tunability. Optical characterization using a confocal microscopy enables 3D visualization of the inner structure of µ‐capsules and the formation of particle chain structure of SPION in H‐field. The encapsulated photonic ink exhibits magnetochromism for 1 year, illuminating the long‐term stability of µ‐capsules developed in this study.
A Multilevel Magnetic Synapse Based on Voltage‐Tuneable Magnetism by Nitrogen Ion Migration
Authors: Monalisha P. , Ma Zheng , Pellicer Eva , Menéndez Enric , Sort Jordi
Published: June 2023

Advanced synaptic devices with simultaneous memory and processor capabilities are envisaged as core elements of neuromorphic computing (NC) for low‐power artificial intelligence. So far, most synaptic devices are based on resistive memories, where the device resistance is tuned with applied voltage or current. However, the use of electric current in such resistive devices causes significant power dissipation due to Joule heating. Higher energy efficiency has been reported in materials exhibiting voltage control of magnetism (VCM). In particular, voltage‐driven ion motion to modulate magnetism (magneto‐ionics) is an emerging VCM mechanism that can offer new prospects for low‐power implementation of NC. In the present work, voltage‐driven nitrogen ion motion is exploited in transition metal nitride (CoFeN) thin films (i.e., nitrogen magneto‐ionics) to emulate biological synapses. In the proposed device, distinct multilevel non‐volatile magnetic states for analog computing and multi‐state storage are realized. Moreover, essential synaptic functionalities of the human brain are successfully simulated. The device exhibits an excellent synapse with a remarkable retention time (≈6 months), high switching ratio and large endurance (≈103), for hardware implementation of NC. This research provides new insight into exploiting magneto‐ionic‐based synaptic devices for spin‐based neuromorphic systems.
The influence of clinical coaching teams on quality of entrustable professional activity assessments
Authors: Singh Simranjeet , Cheung Warren J. , Dewhirst Sebastian , Wood Timothy J. , Landreville Jeffrey M.
Published: June 2023

Background

Coaching is an important component of workplace‐based assessment in competency‐based medical education. Longitudinal coaching relationships have been proposed to enhance the trainee–supervisor relationship and promote high‐quality assessment.

Objective

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of longitudinal coaching relationships on the quality of entrustable professional activity (EPA) assessments.

Methods

EPAs (n = 174) completed by emergency medicine (EM) supervisors between July 2020 and June 2021 were extracted and divided into two groups; one group consisted of EPAs completed by supervisors when a longitudinal coaching relationship existed (n = 87) and the other group consisted of EPAs completed by the same supervisors when no coaching relationship existed (n = 87). Three physicians were recruited to rate the EPAs using the Quality of Assessment and Learning (QuAL) score, a previously published measure of EPA quality. An analysis of variance was performed to compare mean QuAL scores between the groups. Linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between trainee performance (EPA rating) and EPA assessment quality (QuAL score).

Results

All raters completed the survey. The mean ± SD QuAL score in the coaching relationship group (3.63 ± 0.91) was higher than the no coaching relationship group (3.51 ± 1.10) but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.40). Supervisor was a significant predictor of QuAL score (p = 0.012) and supervisor alone accounted for 26% of the variability in QuAL scores (R2 = 0.26). There was no significant relationship between trainee performance and EPA assessment quality.

Conclusions

The presence of a longitudinal coaching relationship did not influence the quality of EPA assessments.