bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TINJAUAN SISTEMATIK: KECEMASAN PASIEN PENYAKIT GINJAL KRONIK DENGAN TINDAKAN HEMODIALISIS
Authors: Santoso May Dwi Yuri
Published: August 2019

The action of hemodialysis in patients with chronic kidney disease can trigger anxiety due to situational crisis, death threat and not know the final result of hemodialysis action. The purpose of this systematic review is to gain an understanding of the anxiety of patients with chronic kidney disease with hemodialysis action. The results of a review of 15 journals that have been selected suggest that patients with chronic kidney disease with hemodialysis actions mostly experience anxiety. The most widely used instruments are (HADS) Hospital Anxiety And Depression Scale (n = 5). Factors affecting anxiety of chronic kidney disease patients with hemodialysis action are social demographic factors such as sex, age, occupation, duration of hemodialysis and education. Other factors are psychological, social perception, non pharmacological action (progressive muscular), (aroma therapy) and spiritual intelligence. The conclusion that anxiety disorder is very important, and appropriate Instrument will affect patient objective anxiety results. The need for a team collaborative approach to reduce anxiety of patients with chronic kidney disease by hemodialysis. Keywords : Anxiety, Chronic Kidney Disease, Hemodialysis
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN TEH DAUN TIN (Ficus Carica) DOSIS DUA KALI SEHARI TERHADAP KADAR TOTAL KOLESTEROL PADA MAHASISWA OBESITAS DI POLTEKKES RS dr. SOEPRAOEN MALANG
Authors: Laksono Bayu Budi , Jamil Mokhtar
Published: August 2019

Hypercholesterolemia is a condition when cholesterol levels exceed normal range. Hypercolesterolemia  associated with an increased risk of cardio vascular diseases such as Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) and Cerebro Vascullar Accident. It is estimated that more than 6 million people suffer from hypercholesterolemia worldwide. College students are a population at risk of suffering from hypercholesterolemia due to an irregular lifestyle accompanied by a lack of physical activity. Tin leaf (Ficus Carica) tea can be used to control cholesterol levels. This research used Quasi experiment design with Repeated measurement (pretest and posttest) design approach. Research Sample were 23 students with obesity who were divided into 2 groups  Repeated ANOVA analysis show there are significant differences between groups (p = 0.017). Bonferoni Post Hoc analysis shows that there are significant differences between Pretest and post test data in the first week (p = o.011). Flavonoids and pectin in the tin leaf (Ficus carica) play an important role in cholesterol regulation. Flavonoids can increase the expression of HDL-C (good cholesterol), whereas pectin increases the secretion of sterols in Cecal metabolism. Consumption of  twice daily tin leave tea  was proven in reduce blood cholesterol levels in respondents. It can be conclude there were significant differences of total cholesterol levels before treatment, 1 week after and 2 weeks after administration of Tin (ficus carica)  tea  leaf with a dose twice a day in Obese College students at the Poltekkes Rumah sakit dr. Soepraoen Malang. Key Words: Cholesterol, College Student, Obesity,Tin (ficus carica)
Hajong- A Study in Relation to Assamese and Bengali
Authors: Choudhury GM Al Kafil
Published: August 2019

Hajong is a language used by the ethnic tribe called Hajong
living in the states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and West
Bengal in India and the Mymensing district in Bangladesh. The Hajong
language belongs to the Indo Aryan (IA) family of language. As per the
Ethnologue, Hajong is classified as Indo-European > Indo- Iranian > Indo-
Aryan > Eastern zone > Bengali- Assamese. The Hajong language used by
the Hajong people today may be considered as a mixture of Assamese and Bengali (involving different dialects of these languages). The Hajongs of Assam are seen to use a mixture of Kamrupi and Goalparia dialects of the Assamese language in their conversation. However, Ratan Kumar Ray Hajong (1982) holds that the Hajongs had their own language in the distant past and it disappeared in course of time the certain reasons for which are known to nobody. Our study reveals that Hajong as spoken in the present day has affinity with Assamese and Bengali as well as it has some unique features of its own. “Hajong is classified as an Indo-Aryan language. It has some degree of similarity with Assamese and Bengali, the two IA languages spoken in the region” (Guts 2012). The paper tries to introduce this tribal language and analyze how it has affinity with Assamese and Bengali.It also tries to discuss about its linguistic features along with its present status concerning its development.
DEMAND FOR AUTONOMY AND STATEHOOD IN CONTEMPORARY ASSAM
Authors: Bora Mayuri
Published: August 2019

The subject taken up for discussion here is the continuous demand for autonomy and statehood in contemporary Assam. Assam is inhabited by a multiplicity of ethno linguistic groups, both tribal and non tribal, has witnessed many separatist movements regarding ethnicity and autonomy. This resulted in the formation of new states carved out from the hill areas of the earlier composite state of Assam. As a process of change in development results in serious dislocation in the society and raising these issues continuously. The expansion of ethnic identity has captured political institutions and social movements. In the present context, the Bodos, Karbis, Koch Rajbongshis and Dimasas have given impetus to separate statehood and the Bodos have continuously focused on their demands. Among these the paper will focus only on the Bodo movement for separate statehood.
Latest Trends in Higher Education in India: A Study
Authors: Kakati Mantu
Published: August 2019

Higher Education is undergoing continuous changes in the process of Globalization as it brings rapid development in the technology and communication skills through changes in the learning system across the world. Higher Education is a vital sector for economic growth and development of a nation. The report of the Education Commission (1964-66) under the chairmanship of Dr. D.S. Kothari symbolized the symbiotic relationship between education and national development. The capitalist economy strongly focused in free trade, “Due to this increasing free trade around the Globe, that end protection of many sectors so that there is more competition and privatization of education is increasingly being drawn into this Global capitalist competition. A study done by Dr. Pulkit Agarwal, Miss. Taiba Ahmad and Miss. Dalgindar Kaur, has analyzed that India has a low rate of enrolment in Higher Education at only 18% compared with 26% in China and 36% in Brazil. There is enormous unmet demand and supply gap for Higher Education. By 2020 the Government aims to achieve 30% gross enrolment which will mean providing 40 million University places an increase of 14 million in six years. India is currently at the stage of demographic transition population. Government of India aimed to increase 25.2% by 2017-18 and reach the target of 30% by GER 2020-21. To achieve this, the enrolments need to be substantially revised in Universities / Colleges to reach the target by 2017-18. The paper will concentrate on the analysis of this matter.
The Local Fabrication of School Statistics
Authors: Fichtner Sarah
Published: August 2019

Based on 12 months of ethnographic research in a primary school in rural Benin in 2012/13 and 2014, this paper focuses on the “little arrangements” organised around the local fabrication of school statistics which arise from the interaction between demands at international level, and strategies given room for manoeuvre at local level. Based on two key variables central to international policies of Education For All, namely school enrolment and repetition rates, this study shows how the actors involved in the school arena represent, govern and “do the school” through the production of these numbers. The data demonstrates that school statistics reflect the results of micro-political strategies to enhance budget allocation and school reputation, and reflect the bureaucratic (self) control of the actors involved, rather than being reliable instruments that can inform or measure macro policies of development.
Le service public d’électricité dans la périphérie de Kinshasa : entre régulation de contrôle et régulation autonome
Authors: Mpiana Tshitenge Jean-Pierre
Published: August 2019

Kinshasa, capitale de la république démocratique du Congo, connaît une précarité électrique aiguë. Le service public de l’électricité assuré par la Société nationale d’électricité y est défaillant. Ainsi, sur l’ensemble de la ville, l’accès théorique de la population à l’électricité est estimé à 44,1 % tandis qu’il serait de 3 % dans la périphérie. Face à ces défaillances, les agents de la Société nationale d’électricité et les usagers développent des modes alternatifs de délivrance et d’accès à l’électricité. Cette forme de délivrance palliative du service public d’électricité instaure un espace de régulation conjointe où s’articulent régulation de contrôle et régulation autonome.
Chronique d’une réforme foncière dans la trajectoire politique du Mali
Authors: Bertrand Monique
Published: August 2019

La réforme de la gestion domaniale et foncière lancée au Mali en 2014 fait suite à la crise qui vient de secouer le pays tout en renouant avec des révisions juridiques quasi-décennales sur ce sujet. La restauration du crédit de l’État est en jeu, mais elle maintient une référence ambiguë au régime qui est précisément tombé en 2012 : à la fois modèle d’expertise à suivre pour que convergent, autour du Cadastre, la nécessaire révision de la gestion publique et la résolution des problèmes fonciers, et exemple repoussoir de spéculation et de prédation dont l’administration malienne est complice. Ce texte interroge les conditions de mise en agenda politique de la réforme durant le mandat « post-crise ». Si son impulsion et ses financements sont liés à une plus générale circulation de modèles internationaux, il convient de les relier aussi aux contraintes endogènes de légitimation et de traduction de l’action. Trois niveaux d’intervention sont envisagés – format institutionnel, style ministériel, ordinaire bureaucratique –, chacun avec sa ligne de bénéfice politique recherché.
La construction des politiques pharmaceutiques nationales à l’épreuve des programmes de santé globale
Authors: Pourraz Jessica , Baxerres Carine , Cassier Maurice
Published: August 2019

Le Ghana et le Bénin dépendent des subventions internationales pour approvisionner en médicaments antipaludiques leurs secteurs publics - et pour une partie le secteur privé ghanéen à partir de 2010. Les acteurs transnationaux construisent des réseaux d’approvisionnement qui entrent en concurrence avec les dispositifs nationaux existants. La multiplication de ces circuits engendre une fragmentation du système d’approvisionnement qui conduit à des dysfonctionnements dans la gestion des médicaments au niveau national. Les acteurs transnationaux cherchent alors à impulser certaines formes d’appropriation auprès des États afin de répondre aux problèmes d’inefficacité des systèmes d’approvisionnement qu’ils ont générés. Le Ghana, disposant d’un important tissu industriel, tente de développer une production locale d’anti-paludiques, alors que le Bénin envisage des moyens pour reprendre le contrôle sur les importations. Cet article interroge le concept d’appropriation des politiques de développement par le prisme des politiques de mise à disposition des antipaludiques au Bénin et au Ghana. En analysant des dispositifs institutionnels nationaux mis en œuvre par les pays avec le soutien des acteurs transnationaux, cette contribution éclaire les relations de pouvoir et le degré de contrôle qu’exercent les institutions nationales sur la définition et la mise en œuvre de leur politique, qui restent largement dominées par les acteurs transnationaux.
Assessing the resilience of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa economies following the global financial crisis
Authors: Hess Aurelio , Campos Celso , Moloi Tankiso
Published: August 2019

Orientation: Productivity is known as a good predictor of living standards, able to indicate well-being of the population and efficiency of the economy.Research purpose: To examine how the global financial crisis affected the total factor productivity (TFP) of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) economies.Motivation for the study: Productivity of BRICS is far below the G-7 and EU-28 countries, even though the economies of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa together are very representative of both the world gross domestic product (GDP) and population.Research design, approach and method: Observational study of a cross country panel data of five countries throughout 14 years, including the period of the 2008 crisis. Based on the Penn World Table (PWT) 9.0 database, we compared BRICS countries, from 2001 to 2014, before and after the financial crisis. Descriptive statistics, tests with Fisher–Snedecor (F) distribution, and a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), may bring robust evidence to construct conclusions.Main findings: Findings suggest that the TFP average growth was negatively affected. The special situation of ‘B’ and ‘S’ (Brazil and South Africa) deserves attention, with negative average growth before and after the financial crisis for Brazil, and a dramatic loss of average growth for South Africa. The global crisis seems to have separated BRICS into RIC-BS in the aftermath. Not all the TFP average growths were equal, either before or after the financial crisis.Practical/managerial implications: The TFP average growth, which is essential to economic development of the nation, is the result of managerial behaviour of companies and governments on a day to day basis. Decision makers and policymakers need to know how productivity was affected by the financial crisis.Contribution/value-add: There is a gap in economic literature about the productivity of BRICS compared, restraining the assessment of the homogeneity of the BRICS economic development, especially as an aftermath of the crisis. The main contribution to the field of business and economics is giving evidence-based information to policymakers and decision makers of the BRICS about the extension of the 2008 financial crisis’ impact, offering a new perception of the block’s resilience both individually and combined.
Evaluation2 – Evaluating the national evaluation system in South Africa: What has been achieved in the first 5 years?
Authors: Goldman Ian , Deliwe Carol N. , Taylor Stephen , Ishmail Zeenat , Smith Laila , Masangu Thokozile , Adams Christopher , Wilson Gillian , Fraser Dugan , Griessel Annette , Waller Cara , Dumisa Siphesihle , Wyatt Alyna , Robertsen Jamie
Published: August 2019

Background: South Africa has pioneered national evaluation systems (NESs) along with Canada, Mexico, Colombia, Chile, Uganda and Benin. South Africa’s National Evaluation Policy Framework (NEPF) was approved by Cabinet in November 2011. An evaluation of the NES started in September 2016.Objectives: The purpose of the evaluation was to assess whether the NES had had an impact on the programmes and policies evaluated, the departments involved and other key stakeholders; and to determine how the system needs to be strengthened.Method: The evaluation used a theory-based approach, including international benchmarking, five national and four provincial case studies, 112 key informant interviews, a survey with 86 responses and a cost-benefit analysis of a sample of evaluations.Results: Since 2011, 67 national evaluations have been completed or are underway within the NES, covering over $10 billion of government expenditure. Seven of South Africa’s nine provinces have provincial evaluation plans and 68 of 155 national and provincial departments have departmental evaluation plans. Hence, the system has spread widely but there are issues of quality and the time it takes to do evaluations. It was difficult to assess use but from the case studies it did appear that instrumental and process use were widespread. There appears to be a high return on evaluations of between R7 and R10 per rand invested.Conclusion: The NES evaluation recommendations on strengthening the system ranged from legislation to strengthen the mandate, greater resources for the NES, strengthening capacity development, communication and the tracking of use.
Preliminary demographics for patients with keratoconus attending a university-based clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa
Authors: Chetty Elizabeth , Rubin Alan
Published: August 2019

Background: Keratoconus (KC) is a visually debilitating disease if left undiagnosed and untreated. Early intervention is necessary to ensure a good quality of life for those afflicted by the disease. Although much research has been done in other parts of the world, there is a paucity in the literature that describes the disease from a South African perspective.Aim: The aim of this study was to provide the demographics of KC patients attending a university-based contact lens clinic between January 2007 and December 2017.Setting: Patients diagnosed with KC (N = 206) at a university-based contact lens clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa, were included in this analysis.Methods: A retrospective analysis of clinical records of 206 KC patients was conducted. Demographic data on race, gender, age and severity of disease were analysed and presented.Results: The majority of patients with KC that attended the clinic were female (53%), of mainly African (74%) descent and in their second decade of life. The average age at first visit was 24.0 ± 8.53 and 22.9 ± 7.46 years for males and females, respectively. There was no significant difference in average age between male and female patients (p 0.05). Patients in the first and second decade of life presented at first visit with a greater severity of disease when compared with those in the third decade or older.Conclusion: There is a dire need for larger epidemiological studies to be conducted on South African patients with KC so that early intervention becomes possible. This would greatly influence the quality of life for these patients and positively impact the socio-economic status of the country.
Examining the overarching factors of clients’ loyalty based on the mobile insurance typology
Authors: Ampaw Enock M. , Chai Junwu , Frempong Joseph
Published: August 2019

Background: The mobile insurance industry plays a crucial role in the insurance ecosystem of developing countries, yet the overarching factors that impinge on and shape clients’ behavioural intentions towards service providers have not been given the necessary attention they deserve.Objectives: This study explores the role of corporate identity, clients’ satisfaction, Service Quality (SERQUAL) and institutional-based trust in shaping clients’ loyalty (CL) towards mobile insurance (M-insurance) service providers.Method: Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to analyse a total of 334 questionnaires obtained from clients of selected M-insurance service points in Accra, Ghana.Results: Our results indicate that SERQUAL, institutional-based trust, satisfaction and corporate identity, corroboratively, impact positively on CL within the M-insurance ecosystem, albeit in varied proportions. The results also demonstrate a high degree of causality among SERQUAL, institutional-based trust and corporate identity.Conclusion: SERQUAL has both direct and indirect significant positive relationships with CL. Thus, in order for M-insurance service providers to attract and retain clients, the former must pay a great deal of attention to SERQUAL owing to its striking halo effects.
Método para elaborar un plan de mercadotecnia: Una herramienta de gestión del conocimiento para emprendedores
Authors: Sapién Aguilar Alma Lilia , Piñón Howlet Laura Cristina , Gutiérrez Diéz María del Carmen , Carrera Ramos Mario , Sepúlveda López Rolando Gerardo
Published: August 2019

Las microempresas son parte importante del sector de servicios y tienen grandes oportunidades de crecimiento si se cuenta con el apoyo y conocimientos necesarios para lograrlo. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue proponer un método para elaborar un plan de mercadotecnia para el inicio de un nuevo negocio del sector servicios en la ciudad de Chihuahua. El enfoque de la investigación fue de naturaleza cuantitativa, el diseño fue no experimental y transeccional descriptivo, el muestreo fue no probabilístico. Se describió la situación actual de las microempresas específicamente con temas relacionados con el área de mercadotecnia. Se descubrió una falta de estructura y procedimientos en esta área, por lo que se propuso un método para elaborar un plan de mercadotecnia para el inicio de un nuevo negocio del sector servicios en la ciudad de Chihuahua. Por medio método Delphi se concluyó que es viable la aplicación de dicho método gracias a los expertos que participaron.
Atmospheric Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stainless Steel Rock Climbing Anchors, Part 2: Laboratory Experiments
Authors: Prošek Tomáš , Lieberzeit Jiří , Jarvis Alan , Kiener Lionel
Published: August 2019

Atmospherically-induced stress corrosion cracking (AISCC) in the presence of chloride deposits has been responsible for considerable incidents of rock climbing anchors breaking under minimal loads in seaside locations, putting climbers lives at stake. However, to date, failures due to AISCC have only been documented in anchors made of Type 304/304L and similar, and no rigorously documented failures have been shown to occur to Type 316/316L anchors. In order to support preparation of a new standard classifying anchors according to their corrosion resistance, the influence of environmental parameters such as periodic washing of chloride deposits, electrolyte pH, and type of rock on AISCC initiation and crack growth rate was studied in laboratory conditions by exposing U-bent specimens of stainless steel Types 321, 304, and 316L with MgCl2 deposits in air at 40°C to 50°C and at 35% to 45% relative humidity. The type of rock and electrolyte pH were not critical parameters for AISCC. Alkaline conditions only slightly prolonged stable crack initiation period and decreased the crack growth rate. Periodic washing in sufficiently short intervals was capable of significantly retarding or even arresting AISCC. The crack growth rate in Type 316L stainless steel was 2- to 3-fold slower than in the molybdenum-free Types 304 and 321. These last two effects are quite likely responsible for the lack of failures observed in Type 316/316L. In view of the lifetime expectancy of rock climbing anchors and other safety-relevant members, the crack growth rate was unacceptably high in all studied materials and their installation should be avoided in vulnerable seaside regions.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, Vol. 8 No. 3
Authors: Young Jenny
Published: August 2019

Environmental Management and Sustainable Development (EMSD) would like to thank the following reviewers for reviewing manuscripts from May 1, 2019, to August 1, 2019. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Many authors, regardless of whether EMSD publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Macrothink Institute appreciates the following reviewers’ rigorous and conscientious efforts for this journal. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review during this period. Anna Rita Bernadette Cammerino, University of Foggia, ItalyChristiane do Nascimento Monte, Universidade Federal Fluminense, BrazilDaniel Badulescu, University of Oradea, RomaniaFarhaoui Mohamed, National Office of Electricity and Drinking Water, MoroccoGiacomo Chiesa, Politecnico di Torino – Department of Architecture and Design, ItalyHayssam Mohamed Ali, King Saud University, EgyptHebin Lin, International Environmental Management Services Ltd (IEMS), USAHengky Halim, Universiti Utara Malaysia, MalaysiaJephias Mapuva, Bindura University, ZimbabweMona M. Amin Abdel-Fatah, National Research Center in Egypt, EgyptRocsana Tonis (Bucea-Manea), Spiru Haret University, Romania
Transition of Space Propulsion and Challenge to the Future -Breakthrough of Propulsion Technology
Authors: Minami Yoshinari
Published: August 2019

The distance to a stellar system is very immense, therefore the travel to the fixed star nearest to the Earth using the present propulsion technology will require tens of thousands years. In order to overcome such a limit of the space travel between fixed stars, research and development of a new propulsion theory and navigation theory are indispensable.This paper describes the historical transition and future prospects of space propulsion technology, that is, new space propulsion and space navigation concept (Laser thruster, Continuum mechanics of Space-Time, Space drive propulsion, Hyper-Space navigation etc.) based on the published article so far by author. The prospects of various applications of laser thruster, ion thruster as electric propulsion and solar sail are introduced. A field propulsion which surpasses conventional propulsion is then discussed as well as the possibility of realistic interstellar travel by applying field propulsion to navigation theory.Space propulsion physics such as propulsion theory and navigation theory give us a concrete theoretical method toward galaxy exploration.
Discourses of Sustainable Finance Implementation in Islamic Bank (Cases Studies in Bank Mandiri Syariah 2018)
Authors: Nugroho Lucky , Badawi Ahmad , Hidayah Nurul
Published: August 2019

The execution of sustainable finance (SF) in Islamic Bank (Sharia Bank) should be fused with financial products and services due to the compatibility of SF programs with Sharia rules. This article points to define the progress of SF implementation in the Bank Mandiri Syariah before the mandatory to implement regulation from financial Services Authority No. 1/POJK. 3/2017. The method used is qualitative and confined with the following research question (1) What is the precedence of the Government in implementing sustainable finance by regulation No. 51/POJK. 03/2017? (2) How is the progress of sustainable financial implementation on sharia banks during the period 2017 to 2018?. According to the results of the study through secondary data from financial statements, annual reports, and the company's internal data. The Bank Mandiri Syariah has implemented SF during 2018 with the well-presented portion of SF financing ratio from total financing amounting to 29.56%. Beside of that Bank Mandiri Syariah also already established the sustainable finance plan for five years (2019-2014). Nevertheless, to increase the community trust in Sharia banks regarding the suitable implement of SF in the future. The Islamic Bank need to ensure the commit from all stakeholders to make sharia products and services that implant in the SF program.
De provinciale verordening
Authors: van Helden A.J.
Published: August 2019

De provinciale verordening. Heeft de centrale wetgever voldoende oog voor de decentrale wetgever?

Vanuit het gezichtspunt van de wetgevingsjurist wordt gekeken naar de provinciale verordeningen en de wettelijke grondslagen voor die decentrale verordeningen. Bij de formulering van die grondslagen worden enkele kritische kanttekeningen geplaatst. Vervolgens worden suggesties gedaan voor de Aanwijzingen voor de regelgeving om deze wettelijke grondslagen te verduidelijken. Een belangrijke conclusie is dat de nationale wetgever via die Aanwijzingen voor de regelgeving te weinig aandacht heeft voor de digitale aspecten van de provinciale planologische verordening en de aanstaande omgevingsverordening.
Milieuzones: leiden alle wegen nog naar Rome?
Authors: Groothuijse F.A.G. , Landman K.M. , Zorg W.S.
Published: August 2019

Milieuzones: leiden alle wegen nog naar Rome?

In dit artikel gaan auteurs in op de opkomst van milieuzones en een aantal daarmee gepaard gaande juridische knelpunten. De op handen zijnde harmonisering van milieuzones, de verhouding tussen decentralisatie en harmonisatie, de (beperkte) democratische legitimering van milieuzones en de (toetsing van de) evenredigheid van verkeersbesluiten passeren hierbij de revue. Afsluitend komen ook de Omgevingswet, en de eventuele gevolgen van deze wet voor het instellen van milieuzones en de gesignaleerde knelpunten aan bod.
Dicta in adviezen over initiatiefvoorstellen
Authors: Nap M.
Published: August 2019

Dicta in adviezen over initiatiefvoorstellen

Sinds enige tijd werkt de Afdeling advisering van de Raad van State met aangescherpte dicta, en worden ook adviezen over initiatiefvoorstellen met een dictum afgesloten. In deze aflevering van RegelMaat worden de eerste adviezen nieuwe stijl onder de loep genomen.
De koninklijke boodschap
Authors: Borman T.C.
Published: August 2019

De koninklijke boodschap

Aan de hand van enige casuïstiek worden enkele aspecten belicht van een stuk dat in het wetgevingsproces weinig aandacht trekt, maar waarover toch wel wat te zeggen valt: de koninklijke boodschap ten geleide van de indiening van een wetsvoorstel bij de Tweede Kamer. Al sinds 1840 bevat de koninklijke boodschap een vaste formule, bestaande uit drie zinnen. In de loop der jaren zijn kleine wijzigingen aangebracht. Enkele jaren geleden zwengelde D66-fractievoorzitter Pechtold een discussie aan over de laatste zin, waarin de naam van God wordt genoemd. Bijzonder is dat de koninklijke boodschap alleen de handtekening draagt van de Koning en niet wordt gecontrasigneerd. Thorbecke vond al dat dat staatsrechtelijk eigenlijk niet klopte, maar tilde er niet zwaar aan, omdat wel de memorie van toelichting door de verantwoordelijke minister(s) wordt ondertekend. Zo wordt er in de staatsrechtelijke doctrine nog steeds tegen aangekeken. Hoewel de koninklijke boodschap alleen de handtekening van de Koning draagt, wordt er ministeriële verantwoordelijkheid gedragen voor de inhoud ervan.
De uitwerking van de Dienstenrichtlijn in het Nederlandse stelsel van ruimtelijke ordening
Authors: Botman M.R. (Marleen) , Roelands-Fransen D.S.P. (Daniëlle)
Published: August 2019

De uitwerking van de Dienstenrichtlijn in het Nederlandse stelsel van ruimtelijke ordening

Auteurs gaan in op recente jurisprudentie van met name de Afdeling bestuursrechtspraak van de Raad van State over de vraag of de haar voorgelegde ruimtelijke voorschriften die economische activiteiten reguleren in overeenstemming zijn met de regels van het vrij verkeer, meer specifiek de vrijheid van vestiging en de Europese Dienstenrichtlijn 2006/123/EG. Zij gaan met name in op de vraag in hoeverre ruimtelijke voorschriften de vestiging van detailhandel kunnen reguleren door middel van brancheringsregelingen (de zaak Appingedam had namelijk betrekking op een brancheringsregeling voor de vestiging van detailhandel). Aan het slot van hun artikel geven zij een doorkijkje naar de toets aan de Dienstenrichtlijn onder het systeem van de Omgevingswet.
Evaluatie PKB Ruimte voor de Rivier: juridisch-bestuurlijke lessen voor toekomstige grootschalige infrastructurele overheidsprojecten
Authors: Boeve M.N. (Marlon) , van den Broek G.M. (Berthy) , Groothuijse F.A.G. (Frank) , Keessen A. (Andrea) , van Rijswick H.F.M.W. (Marleen)
Published: August 2019

Evaluatie PKB Ruimte voor de Rivier: juridisch-bestuurlijke lessen voor toekomstige grootschalige infrastructurele overheidsprojecten

Auteurs bespreken de planologische kernbeslissing Ruimte voor de Rivier (PKB RvR) en geven antwoord op de vraag welke juridisch-bestuurlijke lessen voor toekomstige grootschalige infrastructurele overheidsprojecten getrokken kunnen worden. De PKB RvR is – anders dan vele andere door de overheid uitgevoerde grootschalige en ingrijpende infrastructurele projecten – vrijwel tijdig met het bereiken van de voorgenomen doelstellingen en binnen het oorspronkelijk budget uitgevoerd. Onderzocht zijn welke juridisch-bestuurlijke aspecten daaraan hebben bijgedragen. Auteurs gaan in op een zestal aspecten: decentralisatie en interbestuurlijke vormgeving, integraliteit van besluitvorming, participatie van burgers en marktpartijen, projectorganisatie, snelheid en coördinatie van besluitvorming, flexibiliteit in besluitvorming en kwaliteit van besluitvorming.

De lessen zijn in de eerste plaats van belang voor toekomstige infrastructurele projecten ten behoeve van het overstromingsrisicobeheer, maar kunnen ook van belang zijn voor andere grote (infrastructurele) projecten, die bijvoorbeeld moeten worden uitgevoerd in het kader van de energietransitie, zoals de aanleg van windparken en zonnevelden en bijbehorende kabels en leidingen, of in het kader van de mobiliteit, zoals de aanleg en aanpassing van (spoor)wegen.
O efeito da alteração nas entradas pedológicas no modelo de SWAT: estudo de caso na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Tapajós
Authors: Correa Edinelson Saldanha
Published: August 2019

As mudanças no uso e ocupação do solo tem causado modificações de sistemas hidrológicos. Dessa forma, o conhecimento prévio do efeito das variações nos usos do solo sobre a dinâmica das águas em bacias hidrográficas é importante para prever, mitigar e/ou eliminar atividades e intervenções que geram impactos negativos. Neste contexto, os modelos hidrológicos são importantes ferramentas para essas previsões. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo demostrar se a modelagem em SWAT é capaz de simular, de forma satisfatória, as vazões na bacia do Rio Tapajós, comparando os dados das vazões simuladas com as vazões observadas para o período de 1999 a 2002; avaliou-se, ainda, como diferentes entradas de parâmetros pedológicos afetam as vazões em simulações. Nas entradas da modelagem, foram usados três pontos fluviométricos: Acará do Tapajós, Fazenda Tratex e Jardim do Ouro; duas entradas pedológicas: uma da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) e outra da Organização das Nações Unidas para a Alimentação e a Agricultura (FAO). Quanto ao uso e ocupação do solo os resultados foram alcançados por meio da classificação supervisionada de 17 imagens Landsat (Janeiro/2001 a dezembro/2001); já no Modelo Digital de Elevação (MDT) foram utilizadas imagens do Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) e quanto aos parâmetros climáticos, foram usadas as do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET). Na simulação usando dados climáticos INMET-EMBRAPA, obteve-se os valores de COE (0.81, 0.86 e 0.79), isso nos três pontos fluviométricos observados: Acará dos Tapajós, Fazenda Tratex e Jardim do Ouro, considerados muito bons e superiores, quando comparados com os resultados das simulações usando entradas pedológica da FAO, demostrando assim, que o modelo possui boa correlação com os dados reais, representando, desse modo, o comportamento hidrológico da bacia do Rio Tapajós.
Legislação ambiental e economia do crime na BR-163 e PA-370: análise do mercado madeireiro ilegal
Authors: Carvalho Abner Vilhena de , Silva Fabiane Miranda da , Carvalho Rhayza Alves Figueiredo de , Guimarães Jarsen Luis Castro , Carvalho André Cutrim , Almeida Rodolfo Maduro , Filho Mario Tanaka , Santos Filho Manoel Bentes dos
Published: August 2019

O estado do Pará abriga uma parcela significativa de vegetação regional, e isso abre o olhar econômico voltado para a lucratividade - lícita e ilícita, que a floresta pode gerar através da atividade madeireira. A Lei de Crimes Ambientais foi criada para combater e punir ilícitos ambientais, como a exploração de madeira ilegal. Neste sentido, o objetivo geral é realizar a análise econômico ambiental acerca da apreensão de madeira ilegal de processos tramitados/julgados e finalizados sob a jurisdição do arquivo do Fórum de Santarém (PA), registrados nos anos de 2006-2016. Os dados são provenientes de catalogação realizados no arquivo do Fórum de Santarém, tabulando: o ano de infração; o tipo de pessoa que cometeu o crime; o tipo da carga apreendida - identificando a volumetria e a(s) espécie(s); assim também como a multa aplicada pelos agentes ambientais e a multa final paga. A partir disso, através de programas estatísticos, aplicou-se a técnica metodológicas da estimação do custo-benefício do mercado madeireiro ilegal, o qual fez-se a comparação do valor estimado da carga - perda econômica ambiental, com a multa que foi paga pelo infrator após a deliberação final dado pelo juiz. A análise dos resultados baseou-se na especificidade da Lei 9.605/98 quanto à exploração ilegal madeireira e, na teoria econômica de Gary Becker, voltada para análise das atividades criminosas. Em suma, foi observado nos resultados que o valor estimado da carga apreendida, em quase a totalidade dos casos foi maior que a multa aplicada, este último podendo ainda ser pago de forma parcelada, fazendo com que a recomposição ambiental seja mínima. Evidencia-se que, caso fosse aplicado a pena inicial, a margem de lucro média do infrator seria de, aproximadamente, 31,74% em relação ao benefício potencial o que, conforme a teoria de Becker, manteria a atividade ilegal em pleno emprego de funcionamento. Contudo, os resultados apontam que, em média, aquela margem de lucro do valor do benefício potencial do crime é de, aproximadamente 67%, o que torna a atividade madeireira ilegalmente atrativa e compensadora, pois o ‘benefício potencial’ da atividade tem sido bastante superior aos custos econômicos das penalidades. Portanto, faz-se necessário a aplicabilidade com mais eficiência na Lei de crimes ambientais, além de atividades de governança em relação a contratação de mais agentes ambientais para prevenção, combate e apreensão de cargas que se encontram fora da ilegalidade, como também maior atividade do judiciário no julgamento dos processos.
Valoração econômica contingente dos recursos ambientais do ecossistema manguezal em São Caetano de Odivelas (PA)
Authors: Carvalho Abner Vilhena de , Bastos Maria de Nazaré do Carmo , Gurgel Ely Simone Cajueiro , Harada Ana Yoshi , Nascimento Maria Ivete Herculano do , Marceliano Maria Luiza Videira , Silva Maria das Graças Santana da , Gomes Andreza de Lourdes Souza
Published: August 2019

A importância dos recursos ambientais e naturais para vida humana está cada vez mais evidente. O(s) ecossistema(s) dos manguezais são importantes para o equilíbrio do meio ambiente, além de ser considerado o mais rico ecossistema marinho, depois dos recifes de corais. Eles são importantes não apenas para a vida marinha e a qualidade da água do mar, mas também para inúmeros outros organismos que dependem dele no seu ciclo de vida. Além disso, o mangue, através de suas copas, sequestra dióxido de carbono (CO2) da atmosfera, amenizando o efeito estufa, além de servirem como ‘barreiras naturais’ contra a erosão. Contudo, a extração descontrolada da vida marinha, como acontece nas RESEX (unidade de conservação), o uso da madeira para lenha e outros fins, o aterramento para a construção de casas de veraneio, marinas, portos, etc. e ainda a construção de fazendas marinhas, como as que criam camarão estão cada vez mais extirpando o(s) mangue(s) para, em seu lugar, criarem tanques de reprodução. Outra ameaça é a agricultura próxima ao manguezal, pois a água que cai das chuvas ‘lava’ o chão, levando agrotóxicos até o mangue. A poluição, de forma geral, é outra causa da perda de mangues no Brasil e no mundo. Diante da preocupação com a sustentabilidade deste ecossistema, a valoração econômica ambiental apresenta-se como uma ferramenta fundamental na formulação e avaliação de políticas públicas orientadas ao desenvolvimento sustentável e a preservação dos recursos ambientais (naturais) daquele ecossistema. A ‘criação’ do mercado hipotético envolvendo os usos e valores diretos e indiretos e os não usos de opção e existência do manguezal, respectivamente, foi concebido com a finalidade de propor a constituição de uma política visando preservar o ecossistema manguezal em sua totalidade, o qual se instituiria numa transferência de renda na forma de compensatória ambiental, para as famílias que deixariam de ter acesso aos recursos do manguezal. Esta remuneração deveria ser correspondente ao valor consultivo de usos direto e indireto e de não uso – opção e existência, mínimo obtido dos manguezais. Adicionalmente, as famílias deveriam se comprometer a preservar os manguezais, tornando-se os fiscais dos manguezais de sua localidade. O estudo comprovou que, apesar do conhecimento empírico local acerca dos serviços ecossistêmicos, a junção daquele com o conhecimento científico proporciona melhor elicitação na estimação dos valores econômicos de uso e, sobretudo, de não uso dos recursos ambientais, o que gera uma estimativa mais significante em termos do VERA.
Ilha de calor urbana: diagnóstico como ferramenta de gestão ambiental urbana para a cidade de Santarém (PA)
Authors: Oliveira Leidiane Leão de , Sousa Clodoaldo de , Barreto Naurinete de Jesus da Costa , Santos Gedinara Paiva dos , Almeida Rodolfo Maduro
Published: August 2019

Estudos sobre o clima urbano nem sempre estão presentes nos instrumentos legais de planejamento, limitando-se, muitas vezes, à climatologia regional. É o caso do Plano Diretor e de arborização de Santarém, que não leva em consideração dados meteorológicos. A hipótese central deste trabalho é que, com a expansão da malha urbana na região Santarém-Curuá-Una e Santarém-Alter do Chão, o gradiente de temperatura entre a área urbanizada e seus entornos tendem a aumentar, provocando a formação/intensificação de Ilhas de Calor Urbana e impactos no conforto ambiental da população. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar as variações microclimáticas na escala espaço-temporal e a identificação de Ilhas de Calor Urbana – ICU, usando dados de superfície, em Santarém (PA). Esta cidade é a terceira maior do estado, tanto em dimensões territoriais, quanto em população. A temperatura e a umidade do ar foram medidas ao longo de dois transectos, utilizando-se de termo-higrômetro digital, totalizando 31 pontos de coleta. As medições foram efetuadas nos dias 28 e 29 de janeiro de 2016, entre 9h e 21h. O estudo concluiu que Santarém apresenta elevadas temperaturas ao longo do dia e diferenças significativas de temperatura entre locais com diferentes concentrações de construções e pavimentação, ficando comprovada a formação de Ilhas de Calor. Também podemos destacar que o padrão de variação espacial de temperatura do ar e de umidade relativa evidencia que a cidade de Santarém já configura variação termo-higrométrica de centros urbanos, mesmo tendo proximidade com rios, igarapés e florestas. Na região de Santarém-Alter do Chão, a temperatura da área rural foi menor quando comparada à urbana, o que resulta em formação de Ilha de Calor Urbana, com intensidade forte e muito forte em todos os horários analisados. Isso implica em uma maior atenção de políticas públicas voltadas para esta área, visto que na Minuta do Projeto de Lei de Revisão do Plano Diretor de Santarém (2017) esta área é de expansão urbana. Recomenda-se que sejam desenvolvidas políticas públicas de arborização e que as licenças para novos loteamentos e ordenamentos insiram áreas verdes em seus projetos, assim como políticas voltadas à manutenção e à remediação das áreas de proteção permanente ao longo dos igarapés e dos lagos inseridos nesta área. Há grandes chances de que a intensidade da Ilha de Calor Urbana aumente e impacte negativamente o conforto ambiental da população.
Controle e prevenção de pulgas em cães e gatos: análise das ações dos tutores
Authors: Freitas Karla Thaiza Silva , Barros Jucyele Barbosa , Carvalho Aluísio Vasconcelos de
Published: August 2019

As pulgas são insetos achatados lateralmente, sem asas, pertencentes ao Filo Arthropoda, à classe Insecta e à ordem Siphonaptera. Na medicina veterinária, as pulgas são habitualmente encontradas em cães e gatos, porém, elas também vivem em uma variedade de outros animais domésticos e pequenos selvagens. A subespécie predominante que parasita cães e gatos é a Ctenocephalides felis felis, conhecida como pulga do gato, causando no animal ação irritativa e inflamatória, além de transmitir patógenos, onde estas causam perturbação e estresse aos animais, provocados pelas suas picadas e movimentos. A pesquisa foi realizada com tutores de animais de estimação, residentes em duas avenidas do Setor Pestana, em Guaraí Tocantins. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de questionários aplicados a todos os tutores de animais e continha seis perguntas fechadas de múltiplas escolhas. Acerca do questionário sobre o método de prevenção e controle de pulgas nos animais, foi constatado que 54% dos responsáveis utilizam medicamentos oriundos de farmácias. Com isso, conclui-se que prevalece o número de donos de animais que tem consciência dos danos a saúde que as pulgas podem causar a seus animais bem como o impacto econômico.
A lipid-leakage model for Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Rudge Jonathan D
Published: August 2019

This paper describes a potential new explanation for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), referred to here as the lipid-leakage model. It proposes that AD is caused by the influx of lipids following the breakdown of the blood brain barrier (BBB). The model argues that a principle role of the BBB is to protect the brain from external lipid access. When the BBB is damaged, it allows a mass influx of (mainly albumin-bound) free fatty acids (FFAs) and lipid-rich lipoproteins to the brain, which in turn causes neurodegeneration, amyloidosis, tau tangles and other AD characteristics. The model also argues that, whilst β-amyloid causes neurodegeneration, as is widely argued, its principal role in the disease lies in damaging the BBB. It is the external lipids, entering as a consequence, that are the primary drivers of neurodegeneration in AD., especially FFAs, which induce oxidative stress, stimulate microglia-driven neuroinflammation, and inhibit neurogenesis. Simultaneously, the larger, more lipid-laden lipoproteins, characteristic of the external plasma but not the CNS, cause endosomal-lysosomal abnormalities, amyloidosis and the formation of tau tangles, all characteristic of AD. In most cases (certainly in late-onset, noninherited forms of the disease) amyloidosis and tau tangle formation are consequences of this external lipid invasion, and in many ways more symptomatic of the disease than causative. In support of this, it is argued that the pattern of damage caused by the influx of FFAs into the brain is likely to resemble the neurodegeneration seen in alcohol-related brain damage (ARBD), a disease that shows many similarities to AD, including the areas of the brain it affects. The fact that neurodegeneration is far more pronounced in AD than in ARBD most likely results from the greater heterogeneity of the lipid assault in AD compared with ethanol alone. The lipid-leakage model, described here, arguably provides the first cohesive, multi-factorial explanation of AD that best accounts for all currently known major risk factors, and credibly explains all AD-associated pathologies, including those, such as endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction and excessive lipid droplet formation, that have been too readily overlooked by other accounts of this disease.