bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comunicação organizacional, microcefalia e estéticas da diferença: análise de 2 (dois) anos de discursos do governo federal frente à epidemia do vírus Zika,
Authors: Freitas Adriana Helena de Almeida , Mafra Rennan Lanna Martins
Published: September 2021

Resumo Este artigo objetiva analisar formas de afetação da diferença presentes na comunicação organizacional do governo federal em meio ao contexto do aumento do número de nascimentos de crianças com microcefalia no Brasil, durante a epidemia do vírus Zika, entre novembro de 2015 e novembro de 2017. Suas bases conceituais discutem a comunicação e o regime estético das/nas organizações, diante da aparição pública da microcefalia, que afeta discursos oficiais a partir de estéticas da diferença, reveladoras de cenários de vulnerabilidade. A metodologia pautou-se por uma análise interpretativa do discurso organizacional, tendo como suporte empírico publicações sobre a microcefalia no Blog da Saúde, do Ministério da Saúde. Como resultados, os tratamentos discursivos sinalizam, progressivamente, posturas de: impassibilidade (em relação a mulheres/crianças); erradicação do vetor (prioridade da ação pública); confissão (admissão circunscrita de um desafio de saúde pública); admissão expandida; atribuição de aparência (naturalidade); e atrofiamento (microcefalia associada unicamente à erradicação do vetor). Conclui-se que, à exceção dos tratamentos de admissão expandida e atribuição de aparência, todos os outros revelam abordagens que podem colaborar com o apagamento da existência de seres humanos, com visíveis marcas sociais de vulnerabilidade, por apostas discursivas que, ironicamente, reforçam uma personificação do vetor transmissor do Zika.
Energy-efficient design protocol for sustainable pitched roof modification from flat roof
Authors: Li Yonghui , Wang Chen , Yap Jeffrey Boon Hui , Li Heng , Jiang Hao
Published: September 2021

Modification of a pitched roof from a flat roof transforms the flat roofs of multi-storey buildings into pitched roofs to improve the building function and landscape effect, provided that the building structures and the foundation bearing capacity meet the requirements; it normally improves the thermal insulation performance of the top layer and solves problems such as leakage of the top layer. This study developed an optimal efficient design protocol for pitched roof modification from a flat roof through comparative analysis. The case study was conducted in an existing building in Hangzhou city, China. In the process of energy consumption simulation on pitched roof modification from a flat roof, control variables were used to keep the building materials, building environments and meteorological conditions consistent. The indoor environment of the building top floor with different gradient settings was simulated in groups, and the hourly temperature, monthly heat gains and losses, and energy consumption of each model were analysed. The results showed a consistent trend in building energy performance of the different models. With an increase in the slope gradient, the building energy performance is higher. This study provides an important reference for modification of pitched roofs from flat roofs in future in terms of building energy efficiency.
Feministička epistemologija: mogućnosti postmoderne feminističke teorije stajališta
Authors: Krce-Ivančić Matko
Published: September 2021

Ovaj članak istražuje mogućnosti postmoderne feminističke teorije stajališta kao jedne od prominentnijih feminističkih epistemologija. Iznosimo kontekst ove epistemologije, ističući važnost uspostave klasifikacije feminističke epistemologije koja prepoznaje postmodernizam kao integralni dio feminističkog empirizma i feminističke teorije stajališta. Analiziramo osnovne teze feminističke teorije stajališta iz postmoderne perspektive, naglašavajući diskurzivnu narav društvene stvarnosti. Istražujemo političke mogućnosti ove epistemologije, ukazujući na potrebu drugačijeg shvaćanja političkog subjekta. Subjekt razumijevamo kao konstituiran, ali ne i determiniran, diskursom. Sukladno tome, propitujemo važnost zadržavanja različitih preddiskurzivnih uporišta feminističke politike. Postmoderno feminističko stajalište shvaćamo kao određenu vrstu diskursa, pri čemu ističemo manjkavost razlikovanja između diskursa i materijalne stvarnosti. Razumijevanje vlastite društvene smještenosti identificiramo kao glavni cilj postmoderne feminističke teorije stajališta.
Stools for Stools-combining a multi-disciplinary approach with conservative measures to reduce constipation in the elderly inpatient population
Authors: Noam Roth , Claudia Moore-Gillon , Nada Khalil , David James , Louis John Koizia , Cerys Morgan
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Constipation is a common cause of morbidity in the elderly. Its management is particularly challenging in the inpatient population where many factors exacerbate constipation. We describe a Quality Improvement Project to reduce constipation in a Care of the Elderly ward, including conservative measures to complement medical treatment. Aims: To increase bowel motion frequency to at least once every two days in elderly inpatients, and to increase bowel chart documentation. Methods: Weekly monitoring of ward inpatients. Measurements taken were: days since last bowel motion, laxatives prescribed, documentation on bowel charts and ward rounds, and episodes of diarrhea. A new intervention was introduced every two weeks, over a total of 10 weeks. Interventions: The 4 interventions introduced were: 1) Recording bowel motions at the daily ‘Board Round’ Multi-Disciplinary Meeting. 2) Ward staff education sessions. 3) Footstools for use with commodes and toilets. 4) High-fibre foods for patients with constipation. Results: Bowel motion frequency improved, with 100% of patients moving bowels every 2 days from a baseline of 66.6%. Ward round and bowel chart documentation improved to 100% and 92.9% (from 41.6% and 33.3%). Laxative prescriptions increased from 50% to 78.6%, with no increase in episodes of diarrhea. Conclusions: Constipation improved with our interventions but was accompanied by increased laxative prescriptions, which carry a risk of side effects. Our next steps will be to optimize our conservative measures to reduce laxative prescriptions, and to this end, we have developed high-fiber snack boxes to aid constipation in elderly patients.
CHANGING PERCEPTION OF HOUSING DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: EVALUATIONS OF INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE STUDENTS
Authors: NALÇAKAN Meral , KOYUNCU Şeyma , AĞAOĞLU ÇOBANLAR Gül , ACIRLI Zeynep
Published: September 2021

Aim: Pandemics have posed a threat to people and affected life throughout history. This study focuses on the experiences of the third and fourth year students of the Department of Interior Architecture and the common use area stakeholders regarding the pre-Covid-19 pandemic and the pandemic process. The aim of the study is to observe whether the future designers' awareness of the changing spatial usage priorities of the house, the spatial problems that arise at different scales, and their professional sensitivities and predictions for the future of housing design. Method: Online face-to-face interviews were conducted with 25 participants selected from among the third and fourth year students of Eskişehir Technical University, Istanbul Technical University, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Marmara University and Hacettepe University Interior Architecture Departments. Case study, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the study. All data collected through interviews and sketches were evaluated with descriptive analysis and five themes were created. Findings: In line with the opinions of the participants, it was understood that they saw the house as a "home" or "shelter" to which they were attached with a sense of belonging and trust. In addition, it has been observed that they need to reconsider the elements that affect the housing design and the relations with the immediate environment in a different way. Conclusion: It was concluded that the awareness of the interior architecture students, who are the designers of the future, about the changing spatial relations in the house, the spatial problems that emerged during the pandemic process, and their professional sensitivities and predictions for the future of housing design.
Multiplex Real-Time PCR for genotyping Glutathione S-Transferase deletion polymorphisms v1
Authors: Pereira Dantas de Oliveira Rayana , de Faria Santos Kamilla , Cançado Flores Menezes Wandelisa , da Silva Santos Rodrigo , Adamski da Silva Reis Angela
Published: September 2021

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are enzymes that act in the conjugation of reactive metabolites to the reduced glutathione. The GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletion polymorphisms promote a detriment in the metabolic detoxification process of xenobiotics, due to present a non-functional null allele, causing oxidative stress, may be related to the pathophysiology of various diseases. Genetic association case-control studies usually determine whether a statistical association exists between the disease trait and the genetic marker, such as GST deletion polymorphism. Therefore, techniques to genotyping these polymorphisms through multiplex PCR are highly desired and of wider interest. This method allows for the detection of genotypes for genetic association studies in molecular pathology and it is more cost-effective than hybridization probes.
Utilizing the Public GenomeTrakr Database for Foodborne Pathogen Traceback v1
Authors: Timme Ruth , Sanchez Maria , Allard Marc
Published: September 2021

This protocol outlines the all the steps necessary to become a GenomeTrakr data contributor. GenomeTrakr is an international genomic reference database of mostly food and environmental isolates from foodborne pathogens. The data and analyses are housed at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), which is a database freely available to anyone in the world. The Pathogen Detection browser at NCBI computes daily cluster results adding the newly submitted data to the existing phylogenetic clusters of closely related genomes. Contributors to this database can see how their new isolates are related to the real-time foodborne pathogen surveillance program established in the USA and a few other countries, and at the same time adding valuable new data to the reference database. ------ Although originally published as a Chapter in Methods and Protocols, Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens, the protocol has since been adapted and split into four separate protocols all of which are contained in this collection.
MODELING OF THERMAL INSTALLATIONS BASED ON THERMODYNAMIC APPROACHES
Authors: Voloshchuk V. , Nikiforovich Eu.
Published: September 2021

The most widespread approaches to the study of thermal systems involve the iterative implementation of the following steps: thermodynamics, heat and mass transfer, hydrodynamics, economics and ecology. Such methodology cannot combine economic, environmental and thermodynamic aspects from the beginning of the analysis. It does not provide information concerning not only external, but also internal, caused by thermodynamic inefficiencies of system components, impact factors on economic and ecological characteristics. Modeling methods based on the combined application of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics (methods of entropy and exergetic analysis), and their combination with economic and environmental assessment make it possible to identify the location, magnitude, causes, costs and environmental impact of thermodynamic inefficiencies in an energy conversion system. The paper proposes the improvement of methods for modeling thermal systems on the base of exergy analysis. It has been shown that combining exergetic, economic and ecological assessment can significantly simplify tasks of finding parameters and structure of the studied system. Examples of implementation of such studies have been presented.
Determining of Aircraft Engine Greenhouse Gas (CO2, CH4 and N2O) Emissions from the Landing and Take-Off Operations Around the Airport Area
Authors: AKDENİZ Halil Yalcin
Published: September 2021

Recently, environmental concerns arising from aviation activities have increased, and studies on the environmental aspect of aircraft operations within the concept of sustainable and cleaner aviation have become one of the important research topics. In this study, the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions, namely CO2, CH4 and N2O pollutants emitted to the environment during the landing and take-off operations in the International Eskisehir Hasan Polatkan Airport (LTBY) of aircraft engines were analyzed with the help of predictive approaches. Additionally, the average jet-fuel consumptions of these aircraft were determined. Calculations were performed in point of the method of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and performed with the Tier-2 predictive approach. According to results, it has been obtained that the Airbus 321 (A-321) series aircraft has the highest pollution with a value of 762495 kg/ year of GHG. Furthermore, it has been observed that approximately 1127 tons/year of CO2, 48.14 kg/year of CH4 and 39.77 kg/year of N2O were released into the environment. On the other hand, the total value of jet-fuel consumption during the landing and take-off operations of these aircraft is calculated to be an average of 357 tons/year. On the other hand, it has been determined that the Boeing B767-300 series aircraft (B763) is the most inefficient type of aircraft depending on the fuel consumption by performing a correlation between the parameters of average Jet-fuel consumption and total Landing and Take-off count.
Earthquake locations by 3-D finite-difference travel times
Authors: Nelson Glenn D. , Vidale John E.
Published: September 2021

We present a new method for locating earthquakes in a region with arbitrarily complex three-dimensional velocity structure, called QUAKE3D. Our method searches a gridded volume and finds the global minimum travel-time residual location within the volume. Any minimization criterion may be employed. The L1 criterion, which minimizes the sum of the absolute values of travel-time residuals, is especially useful when the station coverage is sparse and is more robust than the L2 criterion (which minimizes the RMS sum) employed by most earthquake location programs. On a UNIX workstation with 8 Mbytes memory, travel-time grids of size 150 by 150 by 50 are reasonably employed, with the actual geographic coverage dependent on the grid spacing. Location precision is finer than the grid spacing. Earthquake recordings at six stations in Bear Valley are located as an example, using various layered and laterally varying velocity models. Locations with QUAKE3D are nearly identical to HYPOINVERSE locations when the same flat-layered velocity model is used. For the examples presented, the computation time per event is approximately 4 times slower than HYPOINVERSE, but the computation time for QUAKE3D is dependent only on the grid size and number of stations, and independent of the velocity model complexity.

Using QUAKE3D with a laterally varying velocity model results in locations that are physically more plausible and statistically more precise. Compared to flat-layered solutions, the earthquakes are more closely aligned with the surface fault trace, are more uniform in depth distribution, and the event and station travel-time residuals are much smaller. Hypocentral error bars computed by QUAKE3D are more realistic in that the trade-off of depth versus origin time is implicit in our error estimation, but ignored by HYPOINVERSE.
A detailed seismicity study of the Middle Mountain zone at Parkfield, California
Authors: Nishioka Gail K. , Michael Andrew J.
Published: September 2021

In order to better understand the preparation zone of the predicted Parkfield earthquake, a detailed study of the seismicity at middle Mountain in the Parkfield, California, area was made using 71 digitally recorded earthquakes that located within, or close to, the Middle Mountain alert box. These earthquakes were retimed on an interactive graphics system. Based on these new arrival times, new station corrections were developed; however the data did not support changing the velocity model developed from refraction and 1966 aftershock data. The process of retiming the earthquakes and using the new station corrections reduced the rms travel-time residuals by 70 per cent to 0.025 sec, halved the location errors, and clustered the earthquakes closer to the surface trace of the San Andreas fault. The seismicity can be approximated by a plane on the scale of several kilometers, but at finer scales two clusters were discovered that show demonstrable width to the seismogenic zone. Previous workers had proposed a 5° bend in the fault at the hypocenter of the 1966 main shock on the basis of patterns in the first motion data in the 1966 aftershocks. We find that this pattern also exists in the first-motion data from 1969 to 1987, but the 5° bend was not evident in the hypocentral distribution. This suggests that a more complicated explanation is needed to explain the first-motion data. Fault plane solutions were determined for the 71 events and 69 of these were compatible with strike-slip motion on a vertical San Andreas fault. An event located in the north end of the study area co-locates with the strike-slip solutions and may be a thrust or oblique solution. The other earthquake, located 2½ kilometers northeast of the fault, has a thrust or NNE-SSW striking right lateral solution but can not be explained by a San Andreas style mechanism. Both possible solutions can be explained by structures observed in the geology.
Yield estimation using regional mb(Pn)
Authors: Vergino Eileen S. , Mensing Richard W.
Published: September 2021

Seismic yield estimation at regional distances will become increasingly important in monitoring a Low-Yield Threshold Test Ban (LYTTB). In order to investigate seismic yield estimation using regional data, we have examined regional mb(Pn) values for a large population of Nevada Test Site (NTS) underground nuclear explosions that occurred in widely varying geologic media with a range of yields from less than 1 kt to 300 kt. Magnitude-yield relationships were developed using data from a set of pre-1985 events (calibration set). To obtain an independent estimate of the uncertainty in estimating yields of events at NTS using mb(Pn) alone, the calibrated relationships were applied to a set of post-1984 events (prediction set). We found that the average uncertainty in the yield estimate, based on a weighted combination of the yield estimates from the four Livermore NTS Network (LNN) seismic stations, is about 1.8 (at the 2σ level). If data are available from all four LNN stations, the uncertainty is about 1.7 (at the 2σ level).

By including a term for the gas-filled porosity of the rock near the working point in the magnitude-yield relationship, we were able to develop a single relationship valid for events both above and below the water table, as well as those in alluvium and tuff. We have found, however, systematic differences in the relationships for events in Yucca Flat, Pahute Mesa, and Rainier Mesa.
Shear-wave anisotropy in the Parkfield Varian well VSP
Authors: Daley T. M. , McEvilly T. V.
Published: September 2021

A vertical seismic profile (VSP) survey was run to 1334 m depth in the instrumented Varian well, 1.4 km from the San Andreas fault trace at Parkfield, California, to test the sensor string shortly after its permanent installation. The cable subsequently failed near the 1000 m level, so the test survey represents the deepest data acquired in the study. A shear-wave vibrator source was used at three ofsets and two orthogonal orientations, and the data have been processed for P- and S-wave velocities and for S-wave velocity anisotropy. Velocities are well-determined (3.3 and 1.9 km/sec, respectively, at the deeper levels), and the S waves are seen clearly to be split by anisotropy below about 400 m. Some 8 per cent velocity difference is apparent between polarizations parallel to and perpendicular to the San Andreas fault (faster and slower, respectively), and the difference seems to decrease with distance from the fault, suggesting that the cause may be the fabric of the fault zone. Repeated surveys at the 1000 m depth are being conducted as part of the Parkfield monitoring program.
The Prince George, British Columbia, earthquake of 21 March 1986
Authors: Rogers Garry C. , Cassidy John F. , Ellis Robert M.
Published: September 2021

On 21 March 1986 a widely felt earthquake occurred near 54°N, 122°W adjacent to the Rocky Mountains in east central British Columbia in an area of low historic seismicity. The earthquake had a body-wave magnitude of 5.4, a surface-wave magnitude of 5.2, and a seismic moment of 2.4 × 1024 dyne-cm. The stress drop is estimated as 3 bars from the aftershock area. The epicentral region is sparsely populated and only minor damage occurred although the earthquake was felt strongly (Modified Mercalli intensity of V) in the nearby city of Prince George. Within 48 hours of the main shock, portable short-period seismographs began to be deployed in the epicentral region and were maintained there for eight days. Few aftershocks were recorded. They were confined to a depth range of 9 to 16 km and the largest was magnitude 2.5. No foreshocks were detected by the Canadian Seismograph Network. The focal mechanism of the earthquake was thrust faulting on a northwest-southeast plane dipping about 40° to the southwest. This is similar to the structural trends mapped in the region. The occurrence of this earthquake and several other moderate to large earthquakes in the Foreland Fold and Thrust Belt raises the question of whether there is a potential seismic hazard along the entire eastern margin of the Canadian Cordillera. The lower than expected attenuation for seismic waves observed for this earthquake also has implications for seismic hazard assessment in the Cordillera.
Depth-dependent seismic attenuation in the Granada zone (Southern Spain)
Authors: Ibáñez J. M. , Del Pezzo E. , De Miguel F. , Herraiz M. , Alguacil G. , Morales J.
Published: September 2021

Coda-Q estimates for the Granada Basin (Southern Spain) are obtained by analyzing earthquakes occurring within or close to the borders of this area. The data set is composed of 54 earthquakes with local magnitudes ranging between 2.2 and 4.0 and with epicentral distances to the nearest station smaller than 10 km. A single-scattering process is assumed. Coda-Q values obtained show a clear dependence on frequency according to the relationship Q = Qofn, where n ranges from 0.81 to 0.89. After removing the main site effects and discussing the possible multiple-scattering influence, the lapse-time dependence is interpreted as due to attenuation variations with depth. This result agrees with the variation of coda Q obtained by using different sets of events with increasing hypocentral depth ranges.
Azimuthal anomalies of short-periodP-wave arrivals from Nahanni aftershocks, Northwest Territories, Canada, and effects of surface topography
Authors: Buchbinder Goetz G. R. , Haddon R. A. W.
Published: September 2021

Following two large earthquakes in the Northwest Territories of Canada in 1985 and one in 1988, four field surveys were undertaken to study the extensive aftershock activity. Some of the seismographs employed recorded three-component digital data, which allowed the directions of approach of short-period P-wave arrivals to be analyzed. At three stations, observed azimuthal deviations reached as much as 40° from theoretically expected azimuths as computed from the inferred hypocenters for the events. Theoretical results are presented that support the hypothesis that the observed azimuthal deviations are caused principally by local topographic slopes in the vicinity of the recording instruments. Similar theoretical results indicate that effects of local surface topography on arrival azimuths of SH and SV waves are nearly an order of magnitude less than for P waves, so that such effects will generally be unimportant in shear wave splitting studies.
The solution of Cagniard's problem for anSHline source in elastic and anelastic media, calculated using ω —kintegrals
Authors: Abramovici Flavian , Le Lawrence H. T. , Kanasewich Ernest R.
Published: September 2021

Computations have been performed using an improper ω — k double integral representing the response to an SH pulse generated by a line source, acting in a model consisting of two homogeneous isotropic elastic or linear viscoelastic half-spaces separated by a plane boundary. The advantage of this method is its universality: complete seismograms for relevant time and frequency windows are produced by the program. The calculated synthetic seismograms are accurate enough even for a small number of frequencies and compare well with exact results for elastic models obtained using Cagniard's method.

For the simple models of two anelastic or one elastic and one anelastic half-space in welded contact considered here, all the arrivals that are predicted by elasticity theory, including the incident, reflected, head, transmitted, and evanescent waves, are present. It seems that attenuation does not radically change the physical picture seen in the elastic case but rather modifies it: there is continuous variation with dispersion and attenuation. For viscoelastic media, the seismograms present features due to the nonplanar wavefronts propagating from a line source. Such features cannot be explained by the inhomogeneous plane wave theory.
Stability of earthquake ground motion synthesized by using different small-event records as empirical Green's functions
Authors: Dan K. , Watanabe T. , Tanaka T. , Sato R.
Published: September 2021

The semi-empirical method, in which small-event records are used as Green's functions to synthesize strong ground motions from a large earthquake, has become one of the most practical methods for generating the input ground motion for earthquake-resistant design of structures. The stability of the synthesized ground motions was examined in the applicability for engineering purposes. The accelerograms from the 1980 Izu-Hanto-Toho-Oki, Japan, earthquake with a magnitude of 6.7 were simulated by using the records from 17 foreshocks and aftershocks with magnitudes of 3.4 to 4.9. The syntheses were carried out for each small-event record and 17 results are obtained. The coefficients of variation (percentages of the standard deviations to the mean values) of the ratios of the synthesized PGA, PGV and SI to the observed ones were found to be 40 to 80 per cent, which consisted of 20 to 30 per cent caused by our synthesis procedure itself, 30 to 40 per cent caused by the approximation of the source spectrum for each small event by the ω-square model, and 0 to 70 per cent caused by the similarity relations used to obtain the source parameters (L, W, D, and σe from the magnitude. Consequently, in order to minimize the variation caused by the modeling of the source spectrum and the similarity relations, we proposed a new synthesis procedure, in which the small-event records were normalized with regard to the source size and then chosen randomly as Green's functions for each element of the fault plane of the main shock. The coefficients of variation of the results by the present new procedure became 15 to 25 per cent much more stable.
Seismogram synthesis for multi-layered media with irregular interfaces by global generalized reflection/transmission matrices method. I. Theory of two-dimensionalSHcase
Authors: Chen Xiao-fei
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we present a new method of seismogram synthesis for multi-layered media with irregular interfaces due to an arbitrary source. This method can be viewed as either an extension of the T matrix method for an inclusion to multi-layered media by introducing the global generalized R/T matrices, or an extension of the generalized R/T coefficients method for horizontally layered media to irregular layered ones by incorporating the T matrix method. The formulation obtained in this paper is expressed in terms of the global generalized R/T matrices. These global generalized R/T matrices can be determined from integrals along each interface and integral over source area via a recursive relation. This formulation provides an efficient scheme of computation, especially when the number of layers increases. Also, this formulation can be applied to any finite frequency, although for higher frequency it needs more computation time than for lower frequency. As examples, we give solutions of three specific problems, namely, horizontally layered media, irregular topography, and an irregular layer over a half-space.
Correlation of waveforms from closely spaced regional events
Authors: Israelsson Hans
Published: September 2021

We studied the similarity of waveforms recorded at the high frequency element of the NORESS array from 137 events (ML = 0.8 to 2.1) in or near the mining districts of Central Sweden. Waveform correlations based on the covariance matrices of three component recordings and on maximum amplitudes were calculated from traces filtered between 2.5 and 4.0 Hz, in which band the signal-to-noise ratio consistently peaked for the waveforms. A cutoff value for the correlations to separate waveforms with poor and good correlation values could be defined from the statistical uncertainty in back azimuth estimates of NORESS. More than 80 per cent of the events could be grouped with hierarchical clustering into one large group of 98 events and five smaller groups. The NORESS epicenters of the events in the large group were scattered over an area of 20 × 75 km. An exponential decay of the waveform correlation with event separation (d in km) could be fitted to the data of this group (exp(−d/8), taking NORESS epicenter uncertainties into account. A procedure for location of close events based on correlation values is defined. When applied to the large event group it limits the event epicenters to be within an area of about 4 km. For one small event group, high correlation values were obtained above 15 Hz. These frequencies are significantly higher than those reported in other studies, and the so called quarter wavelength argument constrains the event epicenters to within 0.1 km.
Geometrical spreading and Q of Pn waves: An investigative study in eastern Canada
Authors: Zhu Tianfei , Chun Kin-Yip , West Gordon F.
Published: September 2021

Station site effects, uncertainties in seismic source spectrum, and instrument response errors are among the well-known frequency-dependent contaminating factors that limit the reliability of short-period Q measurements of regional phases. For the Pn wave, a regional phase of importance for both magnitude determination and nuclear test ban verification, the problem is made worse by the added uncertainty of its geometric spreading function. For realistic earth models, the Pn geometric spreading function is likely to depart drastically from that expected of canonical head waves. The extent of this departure is sensitively dependent upon the regional crust/mantle structure, making geometric spreading assumption a conspicuous source of disagreement among the published Pn attenuation (QPn) estimates.

We describe a technique, referred to here as the extended reversed two-station method (RTSM), for simultaneous determination of QPn and geometrical spreading function. The formulation, being designed to bring about direct cancellation of the contaminating source, station and instrument effects, is a reliable tool for mapping the Pn propagation characteristics over continental paths, long and short.

The extended RTSM has been tested using Pn spectral amplitude data derived from seismic records of the Eastern Canada Telemetered Network (ECTN). We find the spreading rate coefficient n in the power-law representation of the geometric spreading (d−n, d being epicentral distance) to be frequency dependent, increasing from 1.11 at 1 Hz to 1.77 at 20 Hz. Our QPn model in eastern Canada takes the form of QPn = 189f0.87. The results from eastern Canada suggest that: (a) there exists a significant positive velocity gradient in the uppermost mantle (≧ 0.0037 sec−1); (b) the regionally recorded Pn waves are dominated by the superposition of a series of interfering diving waves bent by the velocity gradient and internally reflected at the underside of the Moho discontinuity; and (c) the very strong frequency-dependence of QPn we found in this study region may not be unique among low-attenuating shield and platform regions.
Spectral yield estimation of NTS explosions
Authors: Taylor Steven R. , Dowla Farid U.
Published: September 2021

The yields of 299 NTS explosions have been estimated from Pn, Pg and Lg spectra (between 0.1 and 10 Hz) at four regional seismic stations. A spectral template matching technique is used where the spectra from an explosion of unknown yield are compared with the spectra of explosions of known yield. A matching function is defined that is a scaled inverse of the difference between the spectra from the known and unknown explosions. The yields from the seven closest matching explosions are then averaged to estimate the yield of the unknown event. The spectral matching technique appears to perform as well as standard regression techniques utilizing mb(Pn) and mb(Lg) measurements except that no geologic information (such as gas-filled porosity) is required. However, the spectral matching technique is only applicable to very well-calibrated test sites. The key to spectral matching is that the spectral shape is sensitive to the near-source geology. In addition to affecting the absolute spectral levels (i.e., coupling), the dynamic response of the near source material to the radiated shock wave is a major factor controlling the shape of the radiated spectra. The spectral shape can therefore be used as an indicator for predicting the coupling of an explosion, which can be subsequently used to predict its yield.
On the accuracy of some approximate antiplane half-space stiffnesses
Authors: Maeda Toshiro , Kausel Eduardo
Published: September 2021

The modeling with discrete methods of elastic media of infinite extent that are subjected to dynamic loads normally calls for the use of special transmitting (or nonreflecting) boundaries. One such discrete method is the thin layer method, which allows efficient computation of the Green's functions for layered soils of finite depth; its application to elastic half-spaces, however, requires that the infinite medium be represented by means of approximations that are analogous to transmitting boundaries. In this article, we explore the accuracy of two of these approximations in the context of the Green's functions for antiplane (or SH) line loads. We find that the paraxial approximation of Engquist - Majda gives good results, provided that a “buffer layer” with the same material properties as the half-space separates the computational domain from the transmitting boundary. While these results were studied from the point of view of the thin layer method, they apply equally well to models with finite elements or finite differences.
The G-calibration: A new method for an absolute in situ calibration of long-period accelerometers, tested on the Streckeisen instruments of the GEOSCOPE network
Authors: Bernard P. , Karczewski J.-F. , Morand M. , Dole B. , Romanowicz B.
Published: September 2021

The sensitivity of the Streckeisen's very broadband (VBB) accelerometers is routinely measured on tilt tables by the manufacturer, with an announced accuracy of about 1 per cent. Nevertheless, the transportation of the station or different in situ environmental conditions may modify the sensitivity. As one may expect that a high accuracy in the wave amplitude will be required in the future by seismologists, we developed and tested an in situ absolute calibration method, which does not require the seismometers to be moved. Its principle is simple: A mass is moving in the vicinity of the force-balance accelerometer, and the perturbation of the gravitational field is measured. This calibration method, because it requires the use of G, the gravitational constant, is termed the G-calibration. At a distance of 0.5 m, the gravitational field of a 30 kg mass is 8 × 10−9 m.sec−2, which is 2 order of magnitude greater than the instrumental noise. At the test station of SBB, this acceleration is still 50 times above the seismic noise level for the vertical component, but little above the seismic horizontal noise. The calibration system consists into a small telescope platform (diameter 0.5 m) supporting a horizontal bar of 1 m. Two metallic cylinders of equal mass (about 30 kg) are placed at the two ends of the bar, symmetrically with respect to the vertical rotation axis of the platform. The rotation velocity of the system is controlled with a high accuracy. The accelerometers are located at less than 1 m from the system axis. For the vertical component, we measured the sensitivity at various periods between 2000 and 50 sec, and the result was within 10 per cent of the specified sensitivity; this difference was of the same order as the expected accuracy. For the horizontal component, a slight asymmetry of the two masses with respect to the rotation center and an irregular coupling of the platform to the ground induced a periodic variation of the tilt, dominating over the gravitational signal of the masses at the frequencies of interest, which made the sensitivity measurement less accurate. Nevertheless, the result was still close to the announced sensitivity. We expect that an improved version of our calibration system will allow an accuracy of 1 per cent for the vertical, with a few hours of calibration. This will require an accuracy of a few millimeters in the geometry of the calibration system. Improving the results for the horizontal component will require a careful installation in order to eliminate the tilt perturbation and should lead to an accuracy of a few per cent.
Rupture history of the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake
Authors: Steidl Jamison H. , Archuleta Ralph J. , Hartzell Stephen H.
Published: September 2021

Strong motion records of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake are inverted to determine a model of the rupture history. Uncorrected horizontal and vertical accelerograms are integrated to particle velocity time histories for 38 stations within an epicentral range of 75 km. The time histories are bandpassed filtered with corners at 0.05 and 1.0 Hz. These bandpassed time histories are inverted using a nonlinear method to solve for the distribution of slip amplitudes and rupture times at specified locations on the fault plane. The fault plane is specified a priori: 38 km long and 17 km wide, extending from 3 to 19 km depth at a constant dip of 70°. Starting models have rupture times based on constant rupture velocities of 2.5, 2.8, and 3.0 km/sec and uniform slip with rise times of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 3.0 sec.

The waveform inversion results show the strike-slip displacement is concentrated at the southern end of the rupture (rake = 156°) and the dip-slip displacement is concentrated at the northern end of the rupture (rake = 115°). The average total slip is partitioned almost equally between strike slip and dip slip (rake = 137°). The hypocentral area has an unusually small amount of slip with almost no slip in a region just to the north and up dip from the hypocenter. The rupture front is complex, propagating up dip to the south faster than it propagates to the north. The region of maximum strike slip to the southeast radiates simultaneously with the region of maximum dip slip to the northwest. The average rupture velocity is 3.0 km/sec, approximately 0.83 times the local shear wave speed. The calculated seismic moment is 3.5 ± 0.5 × 1026 dyne-cm.
Aftershock sequence of the 3 December 1988 Pasadena earthquake
Authors: Ma Kuo-Fong , Kanamori Hiroo
Published: September 2021

The Pasadena earthquake (ML = 4.9) of 3 December 1988 occurred at a depth of 16 km, probably on the Santa Monica - Raymond fault, which is recognized as one of the most important faults in the Los Angeles basin for its potential seismic hazard. Prior to this event, no earthquake larger than magnitude 4 had been recorded since 1930 in this area. High-quality seismograms were recorded with the Pasadena very broadband (VBB) system (IRIS-TERRAscope station) not only for the mainshock but also for the aftershocks at epicentral distances of 3 to 4 km. We determined the focal mechanisms of 9 aftershocks using these data; for most of the aftershocks, the first-motion data are too sparse to determine the mechanism. We combined the first-motion data and the waveform data of P, SV, and SH waves recorded with the VBB instrument to determine the mechanism and seismic moment of nine aftershocks. The average orientations of the P and T axes of the aftershocks are consistent with the strike of the Raymond fault. The ratio of the logarithm of cumulative seismic moment of aftershocks to that of the seismic moment of the mainshock is significantly smaller than commonly observed.
Robust Control Based Stability Analysis and Trajectory Tracking of Triple Link Robot Manipulator
Authors: Gupta Mukul Kumar , Kumar Roushan , Verma Varnita , Sharma Abhinav
Published: September 2021

In this paper the stability and tracking control for robot manipulator subjected to known parameters is proposed using robust control technique. The modelling of robot manipulator is obtained using Euler- Lagrange technique. Three link manipulators have been taken for the study of robust control techniques. Lyapunov based approach is used for stability analysis of triple link robot manipulator. The Ultimate upper bound parameter (UUBP) is estimated by the worst-case uncertainties subject to bounded conditions. The proposed robust control is also compared with computer torque control to show the superiority of the proposed control law.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RETAINED PLACENTA AND BODY CONDITION CHANGES DURING THE TRANSITION PERIOD IN HOLSTEIN DAIRY COWS IN NORTH-EASTERN ALGERIA
Authors:   Department of veterinary sciences, Faculty of nature and life sciences, University Chadli Bendjedid- El Tarf, , El Tarf, Algeria, Hadef Ahmed , Miroud Kamel , Sebihi Hocine
Published: September 2021

Retained placenta (RP) is a common complication of bovine parturition. It is a multifactorial reproductive disorder that predisposes to infection and hence, to infertility. The impact of body condition changes during the transition period on the risk of RP appearance was evaluated in 12 Holstein dairy cows calving from October to January in north-eastern Algeria. The animals were body condition scored (BCS) 3 weeks antepartum and two weeks postpartum to assess the peripartum body fat loss (BCS loss). The statistical analysis involving variables related to BCS and parity was performed using the principal component analysis (PCA). An RP critical occurrence of 41.66% exceeding significantly the threshold prevalence of 10% (p<0.05) was recorded. This could be related to the BCS loss that exceeded one unit over the transition period (r=0.84, p<0.01), expressing the high body fat mobilisation in response to stressor factors such as negative energy balance, feed availability and climatic condition. Scoring the body condition, particularly around the peripartum, may serve as a tool to monitor the risk factors related to the energetic status of dairy cows.
PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF GENETICALLY DIFFERENT HEN CROSSBREEDS IN PERUVIAN ANDES
Authors:   Facultad de Ingeniería en Ciencias Pecuarias de la Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Perú, Paredes Manuel , Raico Fani
Published: September 2021

Three hundred laying hens of two commercial and one experimental crossbreed were evaluated in Peruvian Andes. The Commercial crossbreeds were Babcock Brown and Improved Creole ISAMISA (CM), and local experimental crossbreed (CE). The experimental crossbreed was obtained from Naked Neck Creole Hens, legs feather Creole Hens and Babcock Brown (BB) commercial layer. The females were reared to 52 wk. of age, and recorded data included body weight, feed intake, egg number, and egg weight, allowing the calculation of egg mass and feed conversion ratio. The economic value of each crossbreed was determined by overall egg production and body weight at 52-wk old. The highest laying rate was exhibited by Babcock (76.9%) and CE (58.9%), followed by CM (53.1%). The crossbreeds differed in feed intake and in females’ feed conversion, with BB leading (2.55) followed by CE (3.49) and CM (4.32). In egg production, BB were the best, as expected from specialized tableegg crossbreeds. In summary, BB was the best egg-producing crossbreed, but poor in meat production. Better choice for dual-purpose production would be CE, ranked second in egg production. CM was the best meat-producing crossbreed and were second in egg-mass production. Hence, CE might be the best dual-purpose hybrid with better feed efficiency than CM and the consumers prefer large eggs and birds.
Competencia económica en mercados digitales: la experiencia en México
Authors: García Santos Coy Luis Gerardo , Kargl Pavía Jorge , Esparza Fregoso Regina
Published: September 2021

Las plataformas digitales están cambiando el mundo, desde la forma en que nos comunicamos hasta la manera de comercializar bienes y servicios. Los reguladores de competencia económica se enfrentan a nuevos retos al analizar mercados totalmente novedosos con reglas y dinámicas propias. En México, las dos autoridades en materia de competencia económica en México (Comisión Federal de Competencia Económica e Instituto Federal de Telecomunicaciones) han sostenido distintas interpretaciones en relación con la jurisdicción para analizar asuntos relacionados con los mercados digitales, al grado en que se ha requerido la intervención del Poder Judicial de la Federación. Las particularidades de los mercados de múltiples lados, el papel del big data, los efectos indirectos de red, el multi-homing y la distinta concepción del poder de mercado en los mercados digitales requieren una nueva aproximación por parte de las autoridades en materia de competencia, tanto para el control de concentraciones, como para la investigación y persecución de prácticas anticompetitivas.
La muerte digna bajo la jurisprudencia del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos
Authors: Miró Quesada Gayoso Josefina
Published: September 2021

El derecho a morir dignamente ha ganado relevancia en el debate público en el Perú a partir del caso de Ana Estrada. Se trata de la primera peruana que solicita al Estado reconocer este derecho y evitar la criminalización de una de sus formas: la eutanasia. Por encima del marco jurídico interno, se aprecian importantes contribuciones desde el derecho internacional en la delimitación de este derecho.El presente artículo analiza los alcances, y el contenido de los derechos humanos que fundamentan al acceso a una muerte digna por parte de una persona consciente y en plenas facultades mentales, que solicita el cese de su vida debido a dolores intolerables que padece como resultado de una enfermedad incurable. A partir del estudio de instrumentos internacionales de protección de derechos humanos, así como la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, la autora sostiene que la facultad de cada quien de intervenir sobre su proceso de muerte no solo no constituye una vulneración a las obligaciones internacionales de Estados Parte de tratados como la Convención Americana, sino que representa el respeto y garantía de tales derechos.