bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Modern Network Approach to Revisiting the Positive and Negative Affective Schedule (PANAS) Construct Validity
Authors: Flores-Kanter Pablo Ezequiel , Garrido Luis Eduardo , Moretti Luciana Sofia , Medrano Leonardo Adrian
Published: April 2021

The factor structure of the Positive and Negative Affective Scale (PANAS) is still a topic of debate. There are several reasons why using Exploratory Graph Analysis (EGA) for scale validation is advantageous and can help understand and resolve conflicting results in the factor-analytic literature. The main objective of the present study was to advance the knowledge regarding the factor structure underlying the PANAS scores by utilizing the different functionalities of the EGA method. EGA was used to: (1) estimate the dimensionality of the PANAS scores, (2) establish the stability of the dimensionality estimate and of the item assignments into the dimensions, and (3) assess the impact of potential redundancies across item pairs on the dimensionality and structure of the PANAS scores. This assessment was carried out across two studies that included two large samples of participants. In sum, the results are consistent with a two-factor oblique structure.
Speech and non-speech measures of audiovisual integration are not correlated
Authors: Wilbiks Jonathan , Strand Julia Feld , Brown Violet Aurora
Published: April 2021

Many natural events generate both visual and auditory signals, and humans are remarkably adept at integrating information from those sources. However, individuals appear to differ markedly in their ability or propensity to combine what they hear with what they see. Individual differences in audiovisual integration have been established using a range of materials including speech stimuli (seeing and hearing a talker) and simpler audiovisual stimuli (seeing flashes of light combined with tones). Although there are multiple tasks in the literature that are referred to as “measures of audiovisual integration,” the tasks themselves differ widely with respect to both the type of stimuli used (speech versus non-speech) and the nature of the tasks themselves (e.g., some tasks use conflicting auditory and visual stimuli whereas others use congruent stimuli). It is not clear whether these varied tasks are actually measuring the same underlying construct: audiovisual integration. This study tested the convergent validity of four commonly-used measures of audiovisual integration, two of which use speech stimuli (susceptibility to the McGurk effect and a measure of audiovisual benefit), and two of which use non-speech stimuli (the sound-induced flash illusion and audiovisual integration capacity). We replicated previous work showing large individual differences in each measure, but found no significant correlations between any of the measures. These results suggest that tasks that are commonly referred to as measures of audiovisual integration may not be tapping into the same underlying construct.
Racial Animosity and Black Financial Advisor Underrepresentation
Authors: DiBartolomeo Jeffrey A. , Kothakota Michael G. , Parks-Stamm Elizabeth , Tharp Derek
Published: April 2021

This study investigates whether racial animosity across metropolitan markets is associated with Black financial advisor underrepresentation. Using a dataset of all U.S. securities-licensed individuals (N = 642,543), we first estimate the racial and ethnic composition of the industry using an algorithm that accounts for name, gender, and location. Second, we use a dataset enhanced by a commercial vendor to restrict the analysis to only those identified as working as financial advisors (n = 237,435). Using racially charged Google search queries as a proxy for racial animosity, we find that greater racial animosity is associated with greater Black advisor underrepresentation. We estimate lower underrepresentation of 0.9 percentage points when comparing markets with the highest and lowest levels of animosity. For the average market with an estimated 11.4% Black advisor representation, an increase of 0.9 percentage points would represent a 7.9% increase in Black advisor representation.
Perang Semesta (Total War) Strategy for Preventing Terrorism Act (Study in Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport)
Authors: La Ode M. Hasyim  , Prakoso Lukman Yudho , Risman Helda
Published: April 2021

Total war is involving all national components such as citizens, territories and national resources in order to defend territorial integrity, sovereignty, and national security from any threats. One of these threats is the act of terrorism which endangers the unity, sovereignty and security of the nation. Acts of terrorism are carried out to create a terror with ideological, political and religious motives and are carried out in vital objects of the state, the environment, and public facilities. One of the vital objects of a country that is prone to acts of terrorism is an airport, which is a place for various activities such as the movement of aircraft, people and goods. Moreover, an airport is a very important infrastructure in supporting the national defense. In this study, the researcher took Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport, Makassar, as the research site considering that several large cases of terrorism and radicalism have occurred in the South Sulawesi region. The objective of this study is to analyze the total war strategy carried out in the Sultan Hasanuddin Airport area as an effort to prevent acts of terrorism at the airport as a vital national object. The research method used is qualitative. The data have been collected from interviews, observations and literature study. The results of this research are in preventing terrorism, a total war strategy that is implemented has three components, including the ‘ends,’ which could prevent the acts of terrorism in Sultan Hasanuddin Airport and strengthen the national defense. The ‘means’ which is manifested in all national components, both government and private agencies, military, police and civil society, as well as facilities and infrastructure. The ‘ways’ which is the intelligence operations, strengthening cooperation between the military and civilians, strengthening synergy between ministries / agencies, training, counseling, completing security tools to prevent acts of terrorism.
"Did you read about Berlin?" Terrorist attacks, online media reporting and support for refugees in Germany
Authors: Schmidt-Catran Alexander W. , Czymara Christian S.
Published: April 2021

We analyze whether the Islamist terror attack on the Christmas market in Berlin in 2016 had an impact on public opinion toward immigration in general and, since the attacker has entered Germany to apply for asylum, toward refugees in particular. An analysis of this natural experiment reveals a negative shift regarding the latter, while no differences are observed for the former. To shed more light on the driver of attitude change, we combine these findings with a quantitative content analysis of online media reporting about refugees before and after the attack. Mass media have long been considered to have an impact on exclusionary attitudes toward ethnic minorities. However, empirical evidence on this relationship remains largely anecdotal. We draw upon unsupervised machine learning to quantify the developments in reporting in three popular German online news websites. Results reveal that the attack had significant impact on media reporting on these websites. However, the strong focus on the attack was only short lived, quickly decreasing already in the second week after the attack. Linking media data to the public opinion data reveals no clear connection between reporting and attitudes. In contrast to theoretical expectations, descriptive evidence even shows that both follow almost opposite trends, since people changed their attitudes only weeks after the attack. We discuss potential explanations of these, at first sight, counterintuitive findings.
Elevation Dependency of Precipitation over Southern Slope of Central Himalaya
Authors: Sharma Shankar , Khadka Nitesh , Nepal Bikash , Ghimire Shravan Kumar , Luintel Nirajan , Hamal Kalpana
Published: April 2021

Precipitation plays vital roles in the global water cycle, knowledge of the spatial and temporal variation of the precipitation is essential to understanding extreme environmental phenomena such as floods, landslides, and drought. In this paper, the integrated characteristics of precipitation during 1980–2016 over Nepal along with the seasonal elevation dependency of precipitation were examined for three different regions over the country using Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) product. The spatial distribution of mean annual precipitation varies significantly with the highest (lowest) precipitation of ~5500 (~100) mm/year in the Arun valley (Manang and Mustang). The precipitation regime of the country is determined by the contribution of the monthly precipitation amount with distinct spatial gradients between the eastern and the western sides during pre-monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter seasons. On the contrary, the spatial distribution of monsoon precipitation tends to more heterogeneous with visible differences between the lowland, midland, and highlands as similar to the annual one. Further, elevation dependency of seasonal precipitation revealed that the winter and post-monsoon precipitation distribution in western and central are very similar, whereas post-monsoon precipitation was found slightly higher than winter season in the eastern region. The highest precipitation areas in eastern and central region are located between 2000-2500 m, which is between 500 and 1000 m in the western region of the country. Overall, the pre-monsoon, summer monsoon and annual precipitation increases gradually with elevation upto 2500 m and then decreases with increasing elevation, whereas winter and post-monsoon precipitation are almost identical to each elevation interval of 500 m.
Rainfall-runoff simulation of Bagmati River Basin, Nepal
Authors: Dhital Yam Prasad , Dawadi Binod , Kattel Dambaru Ballab , Devkota Krishna Chandra
Published: April 2021

Runoff simulation is a complex problem in mountain catchments due to high rainfall variability and rugged topography. In the lower parts of Nepal, river flooding is a serious disaster problem in July and August; sometimes it also occurs in September. In this context, Hydro-Informatic Modeling System (HIMS) was used for daily and monthly runoff simulation from the set of daily hydro-meteorological data (Maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall, and discharge) in the time series 1980 to 1989, 1990 to 1999, and 2000 to 2009, respectively. The model performed well for the monthly runoff simulation, whereas the efficiency coefficient and relative coefficient both were found a very good correlation between observed and simulated hydrographs, which varied between 0.883 to 0.940 and 0.889 to 0.945, respectively. However, the efficiency coefficient and relative coefficient both were found a very poor correlation between observed and simulated hydrographs for the daily runoff simulation, which averaged 0.342 and 0.348, respectively. The daily simulation result also might have been improved, if more number of uniformly distributed meteorological station data is available.
The Timing of Metamorphism, Magmatism, and Cooling in the Zanskar, Garhwal, and Nepal Himalaya
Authors: Searle M. P.
Published: April 2021

Following India-Asia collision, which is estimated at ca. 54-50 Ma in the Ladakh-southern Tibet area, crustal thickening and timing of peak metamorphism may have been diachronous both along the Himalaya (pre-40 Ma north Pakistan; pre-31 Ma Zanskar; pre-20 Ma east Kashmir, west Garhwal; 11-4 Ma Nanga Parbat) and cross the strike of the High Himalaya, propagating S (in Zanskar SW) with time. Thrusting along the base of the High Himalayan slab (Main Central Thrust active 21-19 Ma) was synchronous with N-S (in Zanskar NE-SW) extension along the top of the slab (South Tibet Detachment Zone). Kyanite and sillimanite gneisses in the footwall formed at pressure of 8-10 kbars and depths of burial of 28-35 km, 30- 21 Ma ago, whereas anchimetamorphic sediments along the hanging wall have never been buried below ca. 5-6 km. Peak temperatures may have reached 750 on the prograde part of the P-T path. Thermobarometers can be used to constrain depths of burial assuming a continental geothermal gradient of 28-30 °C/km and a lithostatic gradient of around 3.5-3.7 km/kbar (or 0.285 kbars/km). Timing of peak metamorphism cannot yet be constrained accurately. However, we can infer cooling histories derived from thermochronometers using radiogenic isotopic systems, and thereby exhumation rates. This paper reviews all the reliable geochronological data and infers cooling histories for the Himalayan zone in Zanskar, Garhwal, and Nepal. Exhumation rates have been far greater in the High Himalayan Zone (1.4-2.1 mm/year) and southern Karakoram (1.2-1.6 mm/year) than along the zone of collision (Indus suture) or along the north Indian plate margin. The High Himalayan leucogranites span 26-14 Ma in the central Himalaya, and anatexis occurred at 21-19 Ma in Zanskar, approximately 30 Ma after the collision. The cooling histories show that significant crustal thickening, widespread metamorphism, erosion and exhumation (and therefore, possibly significant topographic elevation) occurred during the early Miocene along the central and eastern Himalaya, before the strengthening of the Indian monsoon at ca. 8 Ma, before the major change in climate and vegetation, and before the onset of E-W extension on the Tibetan plateau. Exhumation, therefore, was primarily controlled by active thrusts and normal faults, not by external factors such as climate change.
Recent Tectonics in the Nepal Himalayas: A Synthesis
Authors: Kizaki K.
Published: April 2021

Geodetic surveys were earned out across the Main Central Thrust (MCT) at Dana (Kali Gandaki valley), and the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) near Kerabari (SW of Pokhara) to obtain quantitative data on the tectonic movements along these boundary thrusts. The results have revealed that the MCT is no longer active, although the surveyed area near the MCT showed a 6 mm tilting to the south in four years. At the same time the surveyed points moved 3-4 cm to the west, indicating that the maximum compressive strain around the MCT in the area surveyed is acting along the NE-SW direction instead of the commonly assumed N-S direction. The measurements across the MBT, on the other hand, showed that the MBT is still quite active with an upliftment of 3 mm in four years. A northward tilt of the area just to the south of the MBT was also recorded.

The study of river terraces in the Pokhara area indicated that the overlap of the older Ghachok Terrace by the younger Pokhara Terrace was due to tectonic movements and that the whole area between Pokhara and the upper reaches of the Seti River (north of Pokhara) has tilted to the south since the deposition of the Ghachok Formation or before. The study of river terraces along the Kali Gandaki valley showed that different parts of its N-S section were uplifted at different rates and the most upheaved sections of the terraces were found around Dana (near the MCT) and in the Mahabharat and Siwalik zones since the late Quaternary. The significance of the active faults in the understanding of Recent tectonics in the Nepal Himalayas is also discussed.
Paleomagnetism and Petrochemistry of the Dowar Khola Volcanics, Central Nepal Sub Himalaya
Authors: Gautam Pitambar , Upreti B. N. , Arita Kazunori
Published: April 2021

The doleritic volcanic rocks, which occur in the Sub-Himalaya in east central Nepal, are represented by metric to decimetric (in thickness) sill-like bodies at several stratigraphic levels showing concordant relationship with the predominantly red coloured sedimentary rocks of Pre-Siwalik age. Chemistry of the clinopyroxenes contained in these rocks suggests that they are poor in TiO2 compared to the alkalic rocks and belong to non-alkalic and non-orogenic group basalts (judging from discriminant diagrams: Ti vs. Ca+Na and Ti+Cr vs. Ca. Whole rock chemical analyses on major oxides, trace-elements and REE characteristics (P2O5 vs. Zr and TiO2 vs. Zr plots; rock/OIT, rock/MORB, rock/chondrite spidergrams) indicate affinity to the tholeiitic field and similarity with the within plate basalts (WPB). Spidergrams, Y/Nb (2.06-2.66) vs. Zr/Nb (12.42-13.77) plots and La/Nb (1.34-2.11) ratios for the Dowar Khola volcanics show similarity to the commonly known continental flood basalts (Snake-river plain, Parana and Deccan basalts).

Paleomagnetic study on the volcanic rocks reveals magnetite-based characteristic remanent directions, which have NE (SW) declinations with shallow downward (upward) inclinations after tilt-correction. The best inclination estimate of the primary thermo-remanent magnetisation yields a shallow northern paleolatitude (6.4±4.3°N) of acquisition implying the most probable age to be around 45 Ma (younger and older age limits of 35 and 50-52 Ma, respectively). Primary detrital remanent magnetisation with similar orientation is preserved in the red sandstones carried out mainly by haematite and partly by magnetite as well and indicates shallow near-equatorial northern latitudinal paleoposition of the area during the deposition of the sediments. Declination anomalies amount to 35-80° relative to the present day north and increase by an additional 15° if considered with respect to the expected Middle Eocene paleodeclination for the area suggesting a significant clockwise tectonic rotation. Considering the best defined remanence directions, the volcanic episodes and the deposition of associated sedimentary rocks took place sometimes in the lower Tertiary between the Eocene and Early Oligocene.
Siwalik Flora from Koilabas Area in the Nepal Himalaya and its Significance on Palaeoenvironment and Phytogeography
Authors: Prasad Mahesh
Published: April 2021

The plant fossil assemblages recovered from the Siwalik sediments of Koilabas area (Darwaja and Chorkholi) in the Western part of Nepal are described. An attempt has been made to deduce the palaeoclimate and phytogeography of the area during sedimentation. Based on available data, Low land mixed mesophytic forest communities of broad leaved semievergreen to evergreen trees appeared to be nourishing around Koilabas area during Siwalik period. Analysis of the present distribution of the modem equivalents of the fossils shows that about 80 percent of taxa have disappeared from the area and have got migrated to other suitable regions like northeast India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Malaya where they have found favourable condition for their longer survival. It indicates a positive change in the climate after Mio-Pliocene times. The study of physiognomic characters of the fossil leaves in relation to climate has been done and based on these characters a well as habit and habitat of comparable taxa, a tropical (warm humid) climate with plenty of rainfall has been deduced.
Late Quaternary Morphotectonics of the Hetauda Dun, Nepal Sub Himalaya
Authors: Kimura Kazuo
Published: April 2021

The Hetauda Dun, a tectonic valley in the Sub-Himalaya, is separated from the Gangetic plain by the Outer Churia Range. This range was upheaved in the late Pleistocene giving rise to the Dun valley. The tectonics of the area are characterised by fault propagation tectonics caused by the migration of the active front from the Central ChuriaThrust (CCT) to the Himalayan Front Thrust (HFT). After the closure of the Dun, another active anticlinal structure related to thrust imbrication has developed in the central part of the valley on the hanging wall of the CCT. The crustal movement continues under the same stress field of the prior tectonic phase, characterised by the shortening of the Sub-Himalaya along the NNW-SSE direction.
An overview of mineral resources of Pakistan
Authors: Mirza M. A.
Published: April 2021

Before independence only a few mineral commodities were mined in Pakistan. But at present, the Geological Survey of Pakistan has identified favourable areas of mineralization of aluminium, chromium, copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, iron, platinum and tungsten. Similarly, very large deposits of industrial minerals such as gypsum, anhydride, limestone, dolomite, building stones, rock salt, silica sand, barite, fuller's earth, industrial clays and soap stone and medium sized resources of magnesite, china clay, and bentonite occur in the country. Recent discovery of over 175 billion tonnes of good quality lignite in the Thar coal field has put Pakistan into 11th position in the world among the countries with large coal deposits. After exploitation of these resources Pakistan would be an important mineral producer in near future. This paper briefly presents the overview of mineral resources of Pakistan and also describes the status of metallic and non-metallic minerals.
Zinc-lead mineralisation in Ganesh Himal region, central Nepal
Authors: Ghimire J. R. , Khandka R. K. , Chakrabarti C. K.
Published: April 2021

Carbonate hosted zinc-lead sulphide mineralisation of economic significance occurs in the Ganesh Himal region, central Nepal. The area lies in between 4,000 m and 4,900 m above msl. The mineralised bodies are situated very close to the Main Central Thrust. The mineralisation occurs in crystalline saccharoidal dolomites within a repetitive sequences of garnetiferous mica schists, quartzites, calcareous schists and amphibolites. These rocks (along with the ore) are folded into an anticlinorium and a tight synclinorium, and have suffered metamorphism of almandine-amphibolite-facies and intense deformation during Himalayan orogeny. Discontinuous bands of graphitic schists occur below the mineralised crystalline dolomites. Confined to a single carbonate stratum, the Ganesh Himal zinc-lead ore appears to be of synsedimentary origin and subsequently suffered from metamorphism. Out of six zinc-lead occurrences, only one at Lari is explored extensively. Detail investigations have confirmed more than 1 million tonnes of ore reserve averaging about 16.4% zinc, 2.5% lead and 32 grammes per tonne silver. The ore is rather simple. It consists of sphalerite, abundant pyrite, subordinate galena and pyrrhotite, and rarely chalcopyrite. X-ray diffractometry suggests possible occurrence of pyrargyrite. Ore texture indicates that the recrystallisation of sulphides took place probably at moderate to high temperature condition. Zinc lead ratio is approximately 6.13:1, with recoverable silver and low cadmium (248 ppm in average). Trace element concentration is rather insignificant. This paper is a synthesis of data on the mineral composition and trace element distribution in the Ganesh Himal zinc-lead ore.
Late Quaternary climatic fluctuations and the depositional history of the Bengal basin
Authors: Monsur M. H. , Chowdhury M. M. M.
Published: April 2021

The peak of the last glaciation (18,000 years BP) was evidenced by dry climatic condition and a narrow palaeoriver system in the Bengal basin. At the end of the last glaciation (about 10,000 years BP), amplified monsoon water plus deglaciated melt water from the Himalayas enormously flowed through these palaeoriver systems. The rivers were overloaded and overflowed, deposited a series of gravel beds in north Bengal, and also caused the erosion of Madhupur, Barind and Chalanbil, leaving a north-south elongated landmass. Sea-level started rising, attained its maximum height at about 5,500 years BP. The lines drawn from Ganakghata to North Nalbila in the Maiskhali Island and also from Cox's Bazar to Teknaf (eastern extremities of salt marshes) represent such an elevated palaeobeach line. Holocene sea­ level rise changed the hydrodynamic condition of river system and the deeply incised valleys were filled up with unconsolidated sediments. Holocene sea-level drop resulted the aerial exposition of the Hatia, Kutubdia, Sandip and other near shore islands of the Bay of Bengal.
Preliminary geophysical study for groundwater exploration in the eastern region of Islamabad
Authors: Khan K. A.
Published: April 2021

Geophysical study was carried out in the area lying to the east of Islamabad to identify potential aquifers and to establish the relationship between the geoelectric and hydrogeologic parameters. Electrical resistivity survey using the Schlumberger electrode configuration was carried out at 32 stations. Data processing and interpretation were done using a PC based software. The true resistivity and thickness of various subsurface horizons were interpreted in terms of geological columns and cross-sections to reveal the presence of clay, sand, gravel and boulders as the subsurface lithology. The wide occurrence of gravels and boulders suggest that most of the regions in the project area represent the promising zone of groundwater. Both confined and unconfined aquifers have been encountered. The resistivity information was used to plot Dar-Zarrouk curves across selected profiles in order to determine the electrical behaviour of the aquifer. These curves show that the surficial layer is composed of material of high resistivity while the second layer constitutes the aquifer having high longitudinal conductance. Finally, statistical analyses involving linear regression were carried out to find out the relationship between electric and hydraulic properties of the aquifers. The results indicate that there is no significant relationship between the two parameters. All the results were compiled to demarcate promising groundwater drill sites.
Geological hazards in Pokhara Valley, western Nepal
Authors: Koirala A. , Rimal L. N.
Published: April 2021

The Pokhara Valley is mainly occupied by coarse grained sediments weakly to strongly cemented by calcareous cement. These sediments are the result of at least 3 major episodes of debris flow events along the Seti River originating from the Annapurna Region. They are named as the Tallakot, Ghachok and Pokhara formations (Yamanaka et al., 1982). The debris flow had dammed the tributary valleys (Gurung, 1970) during the corresponding period contributing the development of lacustrine environment (Fort, 1986), of which several examples can be cited. The material of the Tallakot debris flow episode, which is the oldest one, was also found about 3 km upstream of the Mardi Khola (a major tributary of the Seti river) diverting about 900 from its main flow course where it dammed the stream with the creation of lacustrine environment behind. Although the age of the different debris flow deposits giving rise to the corresponding formations in the Pokhara Valley has yet to be determined, the age dated for the latest event i.e., for the Pokhara glacio-fluvial event as 600-1100 years before present (Yamanaka et al., 1982, and Fort, 1987), is debatable because of lack of any historical evidence.

In all the debris flow events the material is dominated by calcareous sediments both in clasts and in matrix. Because of their high content of calcareous material the calc-rudites so deposited are suffering from karstification of different intensity producing solution channels, chimneys and pinnacles forming underground caves and cavities. Although the material deposited by the Tallakot debris flow event is also suffering from the karstification but the material deposited by the Ghachok debris flow event has been found to be most susceptible for karstification. The importance of the karstification in the Ghachok Formation is also increased because the city core area of Pokhara is underlain by this formation.

Geologic hazards in the Pokhara Valley can be divided into debris flow hazard, karst hazard and landslide hazard.
Tunneling in Khimti Hydropower Project, central Nepal
Authors: Sunuwar S. C. , O'Neill B.
Published: April 2021

The role of geology is very important in any underground excavation. Proper geological investigation reduces the overall cost of a project and saves time. It is important to understand and be able to predict the behaviour of a rock mass before designing the support system. In good quality rock, the self-supporting capacity of rock mass should be used to its maximum advantage and the amount of rock support kept to a minimum. In the Khimti Hydropower Project the tunnel support will be designed to take optimum advantage of the self-supporting capacity of rock mass and the correct choice of support systems. The rocks encountered in the tunnels at Khimti will be logged in accordance with the Q-classification system. The experience in desigining tunnel support that has been developed in Norway will be used to this project as well.
Depositional condition, provenance and tectonic framework of the Upper Tertiary sandstones of the Arunachal Himalaya, India
Authors: Hazarika I. M. , Das P. K.
Published: April 2021

The Upper Tertiary sandstones of the foothills of the Arunachal Himalaya, eastern India were studied to determine the depositional condition, provenance and tectonic framework of deposition of the sandstones. For this purpose, size analysis and mineralogical and basin configuration studies were carried out. The mineralogical composition of the sandstones indicates that the sandstones were mainly derived from the metamorphic and igneous rocks. The compositional study indicates that these immature sandstones were developed in the continental block provenance under humid climatic conditions affected by major tectonic disturbances. The sedimentological study shows that the sediments of the sandstones were waterlaid and deposited rapidly in the Arunachal basin, which was a shallow and fresh water basin and tectonically active at the time of sedimentation.
Source parameters estimation of the 1980 Bajhang Earthquake, far western Nepal
Authors: Khanal K. N.
Published: April 2021

The Bajhang earthquake of 1980 is one of the moderate magnitude earthquakes in the Himalaya that has been investigated by many researchers. The methods used by them for determining source parameters vary from the use of the first motion data to the waveform modeling. The ambiguity in focal mechanisms determined by different processes has been resolved by comparing the synthetic seismograms generated using wavenumber integration technique with those observed at the Global Digital Seismograph Networks (GDSN).The earthquake source parameters determined are found to be as follows: Dip=26°, Strike=290°, Rake=90°, Depth of focus=20±5 km and source time function=7 (2, 3, 2) seconds.
Weathering and erosional processes within the landslide deposit of Jarlang (Ganesh Himal), central Nepal
Authors: Uhlir C. F. , Schramm J. M.
Published: April 2021

Within the southern flanks of the Ganesh Himal in central Nepal, an area of complex landslides lies in the Jarlang area, situated at the southeastern slope of the Ankhu Khola valley. Slow rotational rockslide in deeply weathered micaceous quartzites interlayering with mica schists have destabilized the head scarp composed of augen gneiss. It caused rockslides from the main scarp generating big spread-out landslides. The landslides of Jarlang generated a stratified deposit (> 106 m3) of matrix-poor breccias with thin fine grained shear horizons.

The initial event for the biggest gully system in central Nepal was a gravitational slump owing to nine, day heavy rainfall in 1954. The recent processes within these colluvial deposits are torrential gully erosion accompanied by successive rotational and translational slides along the gully margins. The high activity within the Jarlang gully system can be explained by reactivation of the old Jarlang landslide's shear horizons. The slide grew from an original width of 300 m to 1.2 km at present, covering an area of 2.68 km2. The total volumetric loss by 1996 is l.46xl08 ml.

The triggering factor for rock slides and rock falls generating big spread out landslides and debris slides and slope undercutting is seismic events due to extremely high uplift of the Himalayan Orogeny. The strong influence of human activities on slope stability and mass wasting as proposed in the Himalayan Environmental Degradation Theory can not be validated.
Red and violet gahnite (spinel) occurrences in Ganesh Himal (central Nepal): their chemistry, inclusions and microthermometry
Authors: Uhlir C. F. , Hasenberger K. , Kirchner E. C.
Published: April 2021

The red and violet gahnites occur within dolomite marbles of medium grade amphibolite facies in the Ganesh Himal area, central Nepal. The dolomites are part of the Higher Midland Formation and lie at the northern limb's eastern end of the Kunchha-Gorkha anticline within the MCT zone of Le Fort (1975). Both gahnites (ZnAl2O4) show a chemical zonation with various contents of Cr, Mg and Fe. The red colour is most probably caused by chromium. The inclusions containing fluids have ideal negative crystal shapes or are irregular. Beside them, various solid inclusions are also found. The fluids of the two- or three-phase inclusions contain H2O and CO2 Two generations of inclusions varying in the content of CO2 indicate a trapping at different PT condition or a water loss of the high CO2 inclusions during some tectonic event.
Mesostructures and deformational history of the Central Crystallines: an example from Garhwal Himalaya, India
Authors: Singh V. K. , Singh S. P. , Saklani P. S. , Dubey C. S.
Published: April 2021

Structural analysis reveals that the Central Crystallines in the Garhwal region were subjected to four phases of deformations (D1 to D4). The D1 deformational phase is highly obliterated and usually found as F1 intrafolial (rootless) tight isoclinal folds in migmatites and gneisses. The D2 deformational phase produced strong pervasive S2 schistosity and asymmetric and open fold (F2) plunging 20-30° towards ENE-WSW. The L2 lineation plunge 5-10° towards east-west is well developed in medium grade metamorphic rocks. The D1 deformations were responsible for F3 folds reflected in large scale anticlinal and synclinal, overturned and recumbent folds, which have 10-40° plunges towards NW. The late D3 deformational stresses were responsible for shearing along the middle limbs of F1 folds and they ultimately initiated thrusting. The NNE­ SSW plunging mineral or stretching lineation (L3), S3 crenulation cleavage and S-C fabrics were developed during the dominant ductile shearing related to the late D3 deformation. The D4 phase characterised by brittle-ductile deformation (minor kinks, puckers, transverse/transcurrent faults, and S-C' fabrics) and extensive cataclasis along thrust- and fault-zones reflects the last episode of deformation. The structural and geochronological data indicate that D1 and D2 deformation episodes may be related to the Precambrian time while D3 and D4 are exclusively of the Tertiary age.
Geology and foundation treatment of Kulekhani dam, central Nepal
Authors: Thapa D. B.
Published: April 2021

The Kulekhani Hydroelectric Project is located in Bhimphedi group of Kathmandu complex. Kalitar formation, Chisapani quartzites and Kulekhani formations are the main rock types with Palung granite massif intruded in the middle part of the area. Alluvial deposits are widely developed in the Southern part.

The dam foundation consists of quartzites and schists of Kulekhani formation. The foundation rocks are weaker on both the banks. Core trench was excavated up to the level of sound rocks and foundation treatment done up to 100m depth rendering the foundation watertight.
Feasibility of ground water development in the mountain terrains of Nepal - A conceptual study
Authors: Rao G. Krishna
Published: April 2021

The mountain terrain of Nepal, particularly the Midland zone, acquired importance in view of its inhabitation, its population and utility of the entire hill slopes for agriculture. However, water resource has become a problem both for domestic and agriculture purposes on these higher altitudes.

The Midland zone which is composed of meta-sediments and gneisses become water bearing by virtue of fracture porosity due to intensive tectonic episodes and partly due to weathering. Presence of numerous springs and seepages in this zone bears testimony of this.

Conventional vertical bore wells  in  this  terrain  would  be  a  failure  as  the  water  table  in the mountain aquifers is generally steep following the hill  slopes.  Alternately, horizontal bore wells are suggested for ground water development from these mountain aquifers, cautious development and suitable methods of artificial recharge may qualify these aquifers as eternal reservoirs of ground water. Development of ground water from these hills may also reduce landslide hazards.
A Study on Subsidence Problem in Kusma Area, Parbat District
Authors: Shakya U.
Published: April 2021

The Kusma terrace is about 250 m high above the Kaligandaki River bed. It is composed of highly cemented conglomerate of unsorted subangular to rounded pebble to boulder sized rock fragments of metasandstone, limestone, quartzite, gneiss and phyllite. Owing to calcareous cementing matrix conglomerate is maturely karstified with formation of prominent features of tower karst, pinnacles, solution chimneys and fissures. Solution channels are filled up by slope wash deposit of recent age. The subsurface now through these channels scours the unconsolidated slope wash deposit and ultimately cause land subsidence and sink holes.
An Assessment of Different Tools used in Monitoring of Plant Clinics in Nepal
Authors: Adhikari S.R. , Pandit V. , Ali I. , Adhikari D.
Published: April 2021

Abstract available with the full text.
Biology of Pumpkin Fruit Fly, Zeugodacus Tau Walker (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Cucumber in Kathmandu Nepal
Authors: Sharma S. , Tiwari S.
Published: April 2021

Abstract available with the full text.
Invitro Evaluation of Fungicides and Botanicals against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense of Banana
Authors: Pant B. , Manandhar S. , Manandhar C. , Baidhya S.
Published: April 2021

Abstract available with full text.
Identification of Major Diseases of Tomato from Different Locations of Nepal
Authors: Manandhar C. , Baidya S. , Manandhar S. , Pant B. , Sharma P. , Magar P.B.
Published: April 2021

Abstract available with the full text.
Comparison of Life Table Characteristics of Myzus Persicae (Sulzer) (Aphididae: Hemiptera) Reared for Two Successive Generations on Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) under an Ambient Condition in Pokhara, Nepal
Authors: Baral S. , Thapa R.B. , Jha R.K. , Joshi S.L. , Aryal S.
Published: April 2021

Abstract available with the full text.
Analysis of Pesticide Residue on the Leaves and Curds of Cauliflower
Authors: Ghimire P. , Baral S. , Sharma J. , Ghimire A.
Published: April 2021

Abstract available with the full text.
Status, distribution and local initiatives taken to conserve river dolphin, Platanista gangetica at Prakashpur-Koshi Barrage section of Koshi River
Authors: Aryal M. , Shrestha T. K. , Sapkota R. P.
Published: April 2021

The Gangetic River Dolphin Platanista gangetica is an endangered species and this species has also been included under Appendix I of CITES. This study was based on direct count method by raft survey and multiplatform survey. In addition, questionnaire survey was also conducted with locals and fishermen of the study area to know their perceptions on dolphin. The water quality of the sites, where dolphin were seen, was analyzed using standard methods. Two dolphins were observed in the upper section of the Koshi Barrage and this is a very low number that could extinct in very future if no conservation measures are taken. Also, a rare sighting of the species has been reported by locals near irrigation canals and small tributaries of the Koshi River. Survey carried out below the Koshi Barrage revealed only four dolphins. According to local people, 10 to 15 dolphins used to appear in this section but because of change in the course by Koshi River due to the outburst of Koshi Dam, there was a low water level to support the dolphin habitat, so they might have migrated to the Ganges in India. The water quality of Koshi at the site of dolphins occurrence was determined to be normal. Accidental trapping and killing of dolphin with the use of fishing nets are identified as major threat. Various human activities like fishing, washing, transporting forest products, establishment of the ferry, construction of irrigation canals, high dams etc. ....
ASSESSMENT OF INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF TRANSPORT LOGISTICS
Authors: Abil Suleymanov
Published: April 2021

In the modern economy, the problems associated with transport logistics (TL) have become important. The strategic goal of the TS is to increase the level of competitiveness of firms in the market, as a result of which, TL is that special direction of the economy, which will contribute to the growth of its level of efficiency and lead to high commercial results. A consistent assessment of the effectiveness of the functioning of the enterprise's TL is a guide to its activities, since the results of the assessment help managers to identify complex components of the system and make optimal management decisions. All this leads to the need to develop assessment mechanisms that will help to calculate the level and degree of efficiency of the TL functioning, because modern assessment methods do not make it possible to identify the integral level of TL efficiency based on the TL efficiency levels. Consequently, the development of a systematic assessment of the effectiveness of TL, based on identifying the levels of efficiency of subsystems, plays a major role in finding its place in the market. A systematic approach to assessing the effectiveness of TL functioning is confirmed by a logistic approach to their management, as well as the properties they own. The significance of the research is confirmed by the fact that the development and improvement of methods for assessing the effectiveness of THB processes in a firm contributes to the implementation of specific use of theoretical provisions in the activities of commercial entities of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
PERBANDINGAN STRUKTUR MODAL INDUSTRI DASAR KIMIA DAN INDUSTRI BARANG KONSUMSI DI BEI
Authors: Setyawati Rema
Published: April 2021

Berdasarkancchasilccanalisisccdata dan pembahasan yang telahcdijelaskan pada bab sebelumnya, cmaka dapatccditarik beberapa kesimpulan bahwa untuk perusahaan sektor industri bahan dasar kimia variabel Profitabilitas (ROA) tidakcccberpengaruh terhadapcStrukturcModal, hasilccpenelitian ini didukung olehcpenelitiancDesmianti, Paulina, Johan (2017). VariabelcccLikuiditas (CR) berpengaruh terhadapccStruktur Modal, hasil penelitian ini didukung oleh penelitian Nadiah Felinsia, Listiana Sri Mulatsih, Rika Desiyanti (2019). Variabel Struktur Aset (SA) berpengaruhccterhadapccStruktur Modal hasil penelitiancccini didukungcccoleh penelitian Baharudin NovendaccPutra (2019). Variabel UkurancPerusahaan (FS) berpengaruh terhadap Struktur Modal, chasil penelitiancini didukung oleh penelitiancTessacFitriacWulandari (2020). VariabelccPertumbuhanccPenjualan (GS) tidak berpengaruhcterhadap StrukturcModal, hasil penelitian inicdidukungcoleh penelitian Nadiah Felinsia, cListianacSri Mulatsih, Rika Desiyanti (2019)Sedangkan pada perusahaan sektor industri barangckonsumsi variabel Profitabilitas (ROA) tidak berpengaruhcterhadap Struktur Modal, hasilccpenelitian ini didukung oleh penelitianccIntan Anggita P, Vaya Juliana D (2018). VariabelcLikuiditasc (CR) berpengaruh terhadap StrukturcModal, hasilcpenelitiancini didukungcoleh penelitiancInggrid Liang (2018). VariabelcStrukturcAset (SA) tidak berpengaruh terhadap Struktur Modal hasilcpenelitian ini didukung oleh penelitian Rika, Suhendro, Purnama (2020). VariabelcUkuran Perusahaan (FS) tidak berpengaruh terhadap Struktur Modal, hasilcpenelitian ini didukung oleh penelitian Liang Natsir (2019). Variabel Pertumbuhan Penjualan (GS) tidak berpengaruh terhadapcStrukturcModal, chasil penelitian ini didukung olehcpenelitian KhalimatuscSa’diyah (2019).
PENGARUH SANKSI PERPAJAKAN TERHADAP KEPATUHAN WAJIB PAJAK ORANG PRIBADI
Authors: Erica Denny
Published: April 2021

Pajak menjadi sumber pendapatan negara yang paling terbesar di Indonesia dan hal ini dapat terlihat di Anggaran Penerimaan dan Belanja Negara (APBN). Pajak merupakan salah satu sumber pendapatan dari APBN, yang dapat dipergunakan oleh negara untuk pembiayaan pembangunan nasional. Untuk meningkatkan sumber pendapatan negara dari sektor pajak, pemerintah mengeluarkan beberapa peraturan dan undang-undang yang terkait dengan sanksi pajak dengan harapan dapat mempengaruhi tingkat kepatuhan wajib pajak. Pada penelitian ini dilihat apakah ada pengaruh sanksi perpajakan terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak orang pribadi di Indonesia, dan hasil perhitungan Uji Hipotesis yaitu: Uji t dan Uji F dengan menggunakan SPSS Versi 23, dimana t hitung (16,009) > t tabel (1,677) dan F hitung (256,297) > F tabel (4,04), ada pengaruh  yang signifikan dari sanksi pajak terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak orang pribadi.
META-ANALISIS: VALIDITAS DAN PRAKTIKALITAS MODUL IPA BERBASIS SAINTIFIK
Authors: Zaputra Riki , Festiyed Festiyed , Adha Yuni , Yerimadesi Yerimadesi
Published: April 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat validitas dan praktikalitas pengembangan modul IPA berbasis saintifik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode meta analisis. Data dikumpulkan dengan acara mencari artikel jurnal dari internet. Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 20 artikel terkait dengan pengembangan modul IPA berbasis saintifik. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa tingkat validitas  pengembangan modul IPA berbasis saintifik pada aspaspek isi 0,86 kategori valid, apek penyajian  0,88 kategori valid, aspek bahasa 0,87 kategori valid, aspek grafic 0,86 kategori valid. Tingkat kepraktisan guru 0,86 kategori sangat tinggi dan praktikalitas aspek siswa 0,85 kategori tinggi. Modul IPA berbasis saintifik yang dikembangkan dapat dikategorikan sebagai valid dan praktis sehingga layak digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran IPA.
KEMELIMPAHAN FITOPLANKTON SEBAGAI BIOINDIKATOR DAN STATUS TROFIK DI ALIRANSUNGAI SIAK PEKANBARU
Authors: Ramadansur Rahmat , Dinata Marta
Published: April 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui (1) struktur komunitas fitoplankton di Aliran Sungai Siak Pekanbaru; (2) pengaruh faktor fisiko-kimia perairan terhadap kemelimpahan fitoplankton; (3) status trofik Sungai Siak Pekanbaru. Ditemukan 99 spesies fitoplankton di Sungai Siak dengan kemelimpahan 51.714 ind/l, dimana kemelimpahan berkurang dengan bertambahnya kedalaman. Struktur komuntas fitoplanktonterdiri dari 6 kelas, yaitu Chlorophyta pada kelas Chlorophyceae sebesar 53%, Euglenophycea pada kelas Euglenophyceae sebesar 6%, Rhodophyta pada kelas Florideophyceae, sebesar 6% Chrysophyta diwakili oleh kelas Xantophyceae sebesar 4%, Bacillariophyta pada kelas Bacillariophyceae sebesar 18%, Coscinodiseophyceae sebesar 8%, Struktur komunitas fitoplankton di Sungai Siak memiliki keanekaragaman yang tinggi, kemerataan cukup dan dominansi yang rendah.Faktor fisiko-kimia yang berpengaruh positif terhadap kemelimpahan fitoplankton yaitu, pH, suhu, turbiditas, kandungan fosfat, kandungan nitrat dan kecerahan, sedangkan yang memiliki pengaruh negatif yaitu BOD, COD, dan DO.Status trofik di Sungai Siak berkisar antara eutrofik sampai hipereutrofik yang berpotensi terjadi bloom alga sangat tinggi pada musim panas.