bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intraocular lens implantation in the treatment of combat ocular trauma
Authors:   Department of Ophthalmology, S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Kulikov A.N. , Dzilikhov A.A. ,   Department of Ophthalmology, S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Danilenko E.V. ,   Department of Ophthalmology, S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg
Published: February 2025

Purpose. The aim is to determine the type of intraocular lens in patients with combat ocular trauma and the reasons for not implanting it.

Material and methods. The biometry data of 70 patients (71 eyes) aged 31.62 ± 4.42 years, operated on in the clinic of ophthalmology named after V.V. Volkov of the Kirov Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov were analyzed. All patients underwent standard ophthalmologic examination and special methods of research for IOL calculation, assessment of lens and posterior segment damage.

Results. In the study group, there was a prevalence of open eye trauma (82 %) over closed ocular trauma (18 %). Patients were divided into 2 groups with and without intraocular lens implantation. Among the comorbid conditions in the groups, hemophthalmos and intraocular foreign bodies (IOFB) remained the leading positions. There was a statistically significant difference in the number of traumatic cataract in patients with IOL implantation (54 %) and without it (74 %), corneal damage — 31 and 65 %, respectively. The mean time before IOL implantation was 14 days, and in most cases a monobloc IOL (SA60AT) was implanted — 89.5 %.

Conclusions. In cases where IOL placement is appropriate, the modern approach and surgical technique allow implantation of monobloc flexible IOLs into the capsular bag in the prevailing percentage of cases (89.5 %) in patients with combat ocular trauma.

Keywords: intraocular lens (IOL), combat ocular trauma, phacoemulsification
Clinical case of effective surgical treatment of chronic capsular block syndrome
Authors:   The S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, the Khabarovsk Branch, Khabarovsk, Russian Federation, Samokhvalov N.V. , Vasiliev A.V. ,   The S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, the Khabarovsk Branch, Khabarovsk, Russian Federation
Published: February 2025

The article provides an analysis of effective surgical treatment of chronic capsular block syndrome, which developed in a patient more than 10 years after phacoemulsification of age-related cataracts with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. The patient underwent sequential separation of the anterior capsule from the IOL, followed by removal of the contents of the capsular bag using an irrigation-aspiration system. Thanks to the treatment, high visual acuity was achieved and optimal contact of the IOL with the posterior capsule of the lens was formed during an unreactive course of the postoperative period.

Keywords: chronic capsular block syndrome, phacoemulsification, age-related cataract, intraocular lens
Study of Post-Conflict Disintegration of The Malayu-Madura Ethnic In Sambas, West Kalimantan
Authors: Emita Emita , Dewantara Jagad Aditya , Zakso Amrazi
Published: February 2025

The research describes the aftermath of the Malayu-Madura ethnic conflict which refers to disintegration in Sambas, West Kalimantan. Through this research, it is hoped to find out what happened after the Malay ethnic conflict today. The method used in the research uses a qualitative approach with a case study research design. The data sources in this research focus on post-Malayu-Madura ethnic conflict phenomena. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis techniques use data reduction analysis, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this research found social changes caused by the conflict between the Malayu ethnic group and the Madura ethnic group, as evidenced by the social shift between the Malayu ethnic group and the Madura ethnic group, which initially had good integration, but with the conflict, changes occurred which referred to disintegration. The occurrence of societal changes in the form of increasingly complex social differentiation, as a result of the conflict between the Malayu ethnic group and the Madura ethnic group, has had a major impact so that the Malayu and Madura ethnic groups have not been able to live side by side in Sambas, West Kalimantan. The causal factor that refers to disintegration is due to an agreement by the previous older generation that they would not accept the Madura ethnic group back, then this was continued by the generation below. This is supported by the existence of trauma from the older generation, but the generation below does not have any trauma.
Household Living Strategy As An Economic Contribution Of Women Vegetable Traders In Traditional Markets
Authors: Pitri Oktia Aninia , Irwan Irwan , Yuhelna Yuhelna
Published: February 2025

This research was motivated by the low income of vegetable traders at Bancah Kapeh Market. The income of vegetable traders is not even equal to the monthly household expenses they intend to spend. Household expenses are getting bigger. Likewise, if we trace the 2024 South Solok UMK, the income of vegetable traders is still insufficient and is still below the UMK. This research aims to describe the household characteristics and household livelihood strategies of women vegetable traders as an economic contribution at the Bancah Kapeh Traditional Market, Nagari Lubuk Malako, Sangir Jujuan District, South Solok Regency. The theory used is the livelihood strategy theory put forward by Scoones. The approach used is a qualitative approach with a descriptive type. The data collection technique used was purposive sampling technique. The types of data are primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques were carried out using document study, observation and in-depth interviews. The analysis used is data analysis developed by Miles and Huberman. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that women vegetable traders continue to fulfill household needs even though their economic conditions can only cover food and clothing. The household livelihood strategy for women vegetable traders is to carry out strategies for engineering sources of livelihood and dual income patterns. A form of livelihood engineering strategy carried out by vegetable traders is by expanding the types of merchandise, adding workers and increasing working hours. Meanwhile, the form of a double livelihood strategy is by utilizing trading skills to meet household needs and utilizing farming skills for household needs. This strategy is carried out by female vegetable traders so that they can increase household income.
Efforts to Counter Radicalism in Sukabumi Regency High Schools
Authors: Imanulyaqin Muhammad Nur
Published: February 2025

Vulnerability to exposure to radical ideology at the high school age level is increasingly widespread with various strategies that are difficult to detect. Therefore, every effort made to counter radical ideology is very important and valuable. The purpose of writing this article is to describe the counter-radicalism strategies carried out by high schools in Sukabumi district. The approach used in this research is qualitative with a descriptive method. The research was conducted in 5 high schools in 5 parts of Sukabumi Regency. The research was conducted for 6 months, namely from March to August 2023. The data collection techniques used were interviews, observation and documentation studies. The data analysis techniques used are data reduction, data display, and drawing conclusions and verification. Research findings show that there are various efforts made by senior high schools in Sukabumi district, although these efforts are still universal and have not focused on specific strategies to counter radicalism. These efforts include optimizing child-friendly schools, optimizing student activities at school, religious habituation and strengthening, optimizing P5, training and coaching deputy principals for student affairs, counter-radicalism programs from parties outside the school, insertion through learning, and encouraging students. towards activities related to counter radicalism outside of school.
The Preservation and Adaptation of Betang Culture in Central Borneo in the Era of Globalization
Authors: Mau Daniel Pandu , Mau Yesarela Pandu , Kurniansah Rizal , Ariawan I Wayan Adi Putra
Published: February 2025

The purpose of the research was to examine the Dayak community in Central Kalimantan, aiming to explore the impact of globalization on the traditional values of Betang that reflect their social, legal, and economic structures. The methodology employed an ethnographic approach, utilizing participatory observation and in-depth interviews with customary leaders, youth, and local officials. The findings indicated that the Betang serves not only as a communal house but also embodies a complex social system characterized by values of togetherness, honesty, and egalitarianism. The Dayak community practiced the principles of hapahari (brotherhood) and handep (mutual cooperation) as central to their social interactions and conflict resolution, while also upholding customary laws. Furthermore, the cooperative-based system facilitated equitable resource management. In conclusion, despite influences from modernization, the values associated with Betang remained fundamental to the lives of the Dayak people, showcasing their ability to balance cultural preservation with adaptation to change. The research underscores the importance of preserving traditional values in rapid social change, highlighting that such preservation is essential for maintaining cultural identity, especially in the evolving era of globalization.
The Existence of Local Culture of the Indigenous People of Negeri Lohiatala in the Era of Modernization
Authors: Titaley Elsina , R. Alfons Christwyn
Published: February 2025

Negeri is a territorial area of Indigenous peoples who built an everyday life long ago to form an identity kinship relationship. This research aimed to analyze the local culture of the indigenous people of Negeri Lohiatala-Seram Island in the era of modernization. The reality shows that the knowledge of indigenous peoples about the local traditions of indigenous peoples has relatively disappeared in the indigenous lands in Maluku. It is seen in the need forty's lack of knowledge, especially the current generation, of various traditions and customs of local communities created by ancestors in the past. Identifying, and finding the problem of low knowledge of local traditions and customs is a solution step currently being taken to maintain the local values of indigenous peoples in the archipelago in the era of modernization. Indeed, the effort aims to maintain the existence of the rich local cultures of indigenous peoples in the islands. The location determined to conduct an exploration described above was Negeri Lohiatala in the West Seram Regency administrative area. The method used is qualitative research. It is expected that by using this method, the data search process can be optimized in depth so that phenomena related to the problem under study can be revealed. The results of this research are expected to try to maintain the local traditions of the Indigenous people of Negeri Lohiatala and become a file project for other Indigenous Negeri in the archipelago of Maluku in particular and Indonesia in general.
Multicultural Education at SDN 36 Cakranegara (Post-Conflict Study of Two Villages in Mataram City)
Authors: Wadi Hairil , Junaidi Eka
Published: February 2025

This research is descriptive qualitative research which is motivated by the emergence of various conflicts that occur in society. The aim of the research is to find out how multicultural education and multicultural values are implemented at SDN 36 Cakarnegara after the conflict between two villages in Mataram City. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach by collecting data through interviews, observation and documentation. Meanwhile, data analysis is done by reducing data, presenting data and providing conclusions. The research results show that: post-conflict multicultural education in 36 Cakranegara is carried out through: visits, creating an atmosphere of harmony, modeling, introducing other people's cultures; invite students to imtak activities that apply multicultural values after the conflict at SDN 36 Cakranegara, namely: Values of harmony, cooperation, concord, appreciation, respect, compassion, tolerance, love of the homeland.
Geometry optimization of novel Ga-HBED complex isomers: insights into inorganic synthesis
Authors: CUEVA BENAVIDES JOSEMAR
Published: February 2025

HBED-Ga complexes can form three octahedral geometrical isomers, but predicting their preferred form remains challenging. This study uses xTB geometry optimization and DFT single-point calculations to evaluate the relative stabilities of these isomers. Based on trends observed for previously studied complexes, this methodology serves as a tool for predicting their likelihood of formation.
EFFECT OF INORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON SOIL FERTILITY AND MICROBIAL BIOMASS IN THE RHIZOSPHERE OF SOYBEAN
Authors: Aberagi Fidelis Vershima , Okebalama Chinyere Blessing , Asadu Charles Livinus Anija
Published: February 2025

Soil microbial biomass is an important source of nutrients for crops. However, the response of microbial biomass- C (MBC) and -N (MBN) to various inorganic fertilizers in legume cultivation is lacking. A two-year impact of inorganic fertilizers [urea, single superphosphate (SSP), N15P15K15] addition on soil fertility and microbial biomass was determined in the rhizosphere of soybean (Glycine max) grown in an Ultisol. Treatments were laid out in randomized complete block design in triplicates. Rhizosphere soils from soybean plants was collected at 30, 60, and 90 days after sowing (DAS). Results showed that the soil had a sandy loam texture, moderately acid (pH 5.2), low in organic matter, total nitrogen, exchangeable bases and CEC, but moderate in available phosphorus. In both cropping years, the retention of these soil chemical parameters was significantly (p < 0.05) increased, apart from/expect total N in the second cropping year. Furthermore, there was improvement in soil MBC at 30, 60 and 90 DAS in both cropping years and an improvement in MBN at 60 and 90 DAS in the first year and at 90 DAS in the second year due to fertilizer treatment. This positive effect was highest with N15P15K15 compared to the individual addition of SSP and Urea. Study result showed that the contribution of rhizo-C to microbial biomass depends on the fertilizer-induced changes on soil pH, organic matter and NPK nutrients reserves in the study soil. These results will benefit farmers in the study area and similar study soils in selecting inorganic fertilizers to maintain soil biochemical fertility.
A REVIEW ON PASTURE UNTILIATION AND MANAGEMENT
Authors: Poudel Avishek
Published: February 2025

Pasture, comprising mainly grasses with interspersed legumes and forbs, serves as a vital resource for cattle nutrition. However, improper management practices, such as overgrazing and traditional methods like burning, have led to the degradation of pasturelands in Nepal. This article delves into the challenges faced in pasture utilization and management in Nepal, examining factors affecting utilization, grazing management strategies, and the socio-economic and environmental implications. By analyzing existing literature and studies, the article aims to highlight the need for sustainable pasture management practices to enhance livestock productivity, preserve biodiversity, and support rural livelihoods. Moreover, it explores the significance of factors like rotational grazing systems, weed control, fertilization, and stocking rates in improving pasture quality and utilization efficiency. Ultimately, the study emphasizes the interdependence of pasture utilization and management, address the challenges faced in Nepal’s pastoral ecosystems.
EXAMINING THE IMPACT OF DIVERSE BIOFERTILIZER SOURCES ON VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS IN MAIZE
Authors: Neupane Sushma , Chaudhary Manisha , Yadav Puja Kumari , Mishra Susmita , Rajbanshi Romita , Acharya Ravi
Published: February 2025

Nepal’s efforts to achieve sustainable food production and improve rural livelihoods are increasingly challenged by environmental pressures. Maize (Zea mays L.), essential to Nepalese agriculture, requires innovative strategies to enhance productivity while minimizing environmental impact. This study, conducted at the G.P. Koirala College of Agriculture and Research Centre in Sundarharaicha, Morang, Nepal, from February to May 2024, investigates the efficacy of various bio-fertilizers on maize growth and development to identify sustainable alternatives to chemical fertilizers. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with seven treatments replicated three times was used, including the recommended NPK dosage and various biofertilizer sources. Observations were made on plant height, leaf number, cob length, cob diameter, number of rows per cob, number of grains per cob, days to 50% tasselling, days to 50% silking, Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD), anthesis-silking interval, test weight, and yield. Statistical analysis revealed significant variations among treatments. NPK treatment significantly outperformed others, resulting in the tallest plants (238.13 cm at 90 DAS), the highest leaf number (18.16 leaves at 90 DAS), and superior reproductive traits, including cob length (21.35 cm), cob diameter (6.13 cm), and grain yield (7.99 t/ha). Organic fertilizers like poultry manure and mustard seed cake, although slower in initial impact due to gradual nutrient release, demonstrated competitive results in cob characteristics and yield. The study underscores the importance of balanced nutrient management in optimizing maize growth and productivity. Future research should explore integrating organic and chemical fertilizers to enhance soil health and sustainability while maintaining high crop yields.
EFFECT OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER DERIVED FROM FOOD MARKET WASTE ON CASHEW SEEDLINGS GROWTH IN THE NURSERY
Authors: Oyediran Uthman Oyewole , Salisu Umar , Aremu-Dele Olufemi , Agboluaje Aduragbemi Oladayo , Shuaib Taye
Published: February 2025

The shift towards effective organic waste management and organic fertilizers is gaining attention due to concerns about environmental sustainability and raising healthy crops respectively. This study evaluates the effect of a processed market source waste: Aleshinloye Grade B Organic Fertilizer (AOF) on cashew seedlings growth in the nursery. A 3-month nursery trial was established at the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria’s nursery Ibadan, Nigeria. The experiment is a 2 factorial experiment with fertilizer rate (200t/ha and 100t/ha) and application method (Top-dressing and Soil-mixed). The treatments arranged in a Complete Randomized Design are Top-dressed AOF at 200t/ha (T1TD), Soil-mixed AOF at 200t/ha (T1M), Top-dressed AOF at 100t/ha (T2TD), Soil-mixed AOF 100t/ha (T2M) and the control treatment (NF) with no fertilizer. Morphological and destructive samples data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and treatment means were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at a 0.05% probability. Results showed that T1M improved cashew seedling number of leaves at 3 months after sowing while other morphological traits and destructive samples were not significant when the fertilizer treatments were compared with NF. Either of the two application rates and methods of application did not improve cashew seedling growth in the nursery. However, notable improvement was only observed in the number of leaves when 200t/ha of AOF was applied as topsoil-mixed. For notable improvement in cashew seedlings, it is therefore recommended that the period of observation be extended as organic fertilizers slowly release their nutrients in the soil.
APPRAISAL OF FLOOD-PRONE LITHO-STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS VIA GEO-ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Udosen Ndifreke I. , Ekanem Aniekan M. , George Nyakno J.
Published: February 2025

Geo-electrostratigraphic assessments of flood-laden lithological units within a coastal region in Southern Nigeria were undertaken with the use of geophysical surveys. The region has challenges of extreme flooding, especially during periods of high precipitation, leading to intensive water-logging and its associated problems. Integrated surveys employing vertical electrical soundings and electrical resistivity tomography were undertaken at twenty locations with the use of Schlumberger and Wenner array configurations. Hydro-geophysical findings indicate that the region comprises comprises four of four geo-electric layers: motley topsoil, sandy clay, fine sand, and coarse sand. Interpretation of the geo-stratigraphic data delineated degrees of geo-anisotropy based on measures of the longitudinal conductance, transverse resistance, longitudinal conductivity, transverse conductivity, anisotropic co-efficient, and the reflection coefficient. Via use of Dar-Zarrouk parameters, the water retention capacity assessments show that the region has a generally good retentive capacity, leading to an increased susceptibility to extreme flooding. Results obtained from 2D resistivity tomography surveys corroborated the results obtained from vertical electrical sounding data interpretations. The results showed that area is highly anisotropic, and that the presence of argillaceous sequences intercalated with arenaceous stratigraphic units is the leading cause of the high water retentive capacity of the region, leading to flooding during periods of high precipitation.
GEOSPATIAL CROP YIELD MODELLING IN FUTA FARM
Authors: Tomilola Elufisan Paul , Kayode Aroge Sunday , Gbenga Odeyemi Felix , Samuel Titilade Adedeji , Ridwan Ajetunmobi
Published: February 2025

This research aims to geospatially model crop yield in a FUTA farm to enhance productivity and management practices. Primary and secondary data were collected for seven planting seasons (2014-2021), including maize seeds, NPK fertilizers, urea used, harvesting dates, and yield measurements. GNSS observation was used to determine planting boundaries, while satellite imagery and climate records were used for secondary data. The study examined the vegetation indices (NDVI and GCI) of the farm between 2012 and 2022. Then, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was used to model crop yield in the study area using the primary and secondary data and the NDVI, and GCI values. Result showed that Vegetative indices (NDVI and GCI) showed an increase between 2014 and 2016, while between 2017 and 2019, there was a decrease. In 2021, there was an increase in vegetative indices values, indicating healthier crops. The decline in crop yield between 2017 and 2019 was not coincidental, but it is believed that the decline in crop health is responsible for the corresponding reduction. The ANN model had a regression coefficient of 0.73282, and the coefficient of determination was 0.5176. The maximum and minimum crop yield values were 24.7 and 25.26 in 2016, and 5 and 4.01 in 2018, respectively. It was observed from that the minimum value of difference is -9.883708757 while the maximum value of difference is 1.451557122. The root means square error (RMSE) and the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) are 0.4296 and 0.2947, respectively. Modelled crop yield values were close to actual yield values, except for 2017 when a large difference was observed due to herdsmen invasion into the school farm. Since, the model showed close correlations with actual yield values, making it a recommended model for predicting crop yield in the study area.
CONSUMPTION OF PLANT PROTEIN FOODS: INSIGHT FROM THE COVID-19 ERA
Authors: Ojedokun Ajibola Olajide , Osho Toyin Beatrice
Published: February 2025

This study was conducted in Lagos State, Nigeria during December, 2021 – January, 2022 to understand the consumption of plant protein foods, with focus on the COVID-19 era. Primary data was collected from a total of 600 households in 6 Local Government Areas of Lagos State using multistage sampling technique. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The result concluded that households mostly consumed cowpea and groundnut at least twice a week. It also concluded that households only allocated 8% of their total household budget share to plant protein foods. In addition, the study concluded that the years of household head education, household size and total expenditure (a proxy for total household income) influenced the consumption of plant protein foods. The study therefore recommended that since the plant protein foods were income-elastic, the income of households during the periods of crisis should be protected. Also, since the study established that households allocated only a fraction of their total food expenditure share on plant protein foods, efforts should be made at orientating households on the need to consume plant protein foods as this might help households fight nutritional deficiencies.
ASSESSMENT OF TRICHODERMA ASPERELLUM ISOLATE MBCT10 FOR SCLEROTIUM FOOT AND ROOT ROT CONTROL IN LEGUME CROPS: LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATIONS
Authors: Naznin Sonia , Monjil Mohammad Shahjahan
Published: February 2025

Legume crops such as lentils, chickpeas, and soybeans are vital for human nutrition and soil fertility, particularly in regions like Bangladesh. However, the yield of these crops is frequently impacted by diseases, with foot and root rot, attributed to Sclerotium rolfsii, being a prominent concern. Conventional control measures have limitations, prompting the exploration of alternative strategies. This study evaluated the efficacy of Trichoderma asperellum, focusing on a native isolate MBCT10, in controlling foot and root rot in lentils, chickpeas, and soybeans. Laboratory experiments demonstrated MBCT10’s ability to suppress the radial mycelial growth of S. rolfsii, confirmed through molecular characterization. Field experiments revealed that T. asperellum treatment significantly increased seed germination rates over control conditions for foot and root rot susceptible three legumes varieties, viz. Lentil var. Binamasur-6 by 6.50%, Chickpea var. Binachola-3 by 10.17%, and Soybean var. Binasoybean-2 by 64.79%, respectively. Additionally, T. asperellum decreased foot and root rot incidence compared to control at 60 days after sowing (DAS) by 26.42% for Binamasur-6, 49.80% for Binachola-3, and 34.84% for Binasoybean-2. Treated plots exhibited higher plant height, pods per plant, seed weight per plant, and dry plant weight per plant for all three crops. These findings underscore the potential of T. asperellum isolate MBCT10 as a sustainable and effective biocontrol agent for managing fungal diseases in legume crops, thereby promoting environmentally friendly agricultural practices.
SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF TROPICAL SEAWEED BASED BIOSTIMULANT WITH HUMIC PRODUCTS ON GRAIN YIELD OF MAIZE (VAR. SYNGENTA NK-6240) FARMED UNDER SEMI-ARID REGION
Authors: . Gopi Krishna R , Munisamy Shanmugam
Published: February 2025

Synergism of seaweed extract with humic acid was evaluated by in-vitro bioassay where the root development of green gram seedling was assessed by Win Rhizo root analyser. At 100ppm treatment level concentrated seaweed extract and humic acid (1:1.6 ratio) increased the total root length by 1.82 times whereas it was only 0.77 times in concentrated seaweed extract alone with same dosage level as compared to nutrient control (LANS). A field experiment in semi-arid zone on maize crop was conducted during 2021, concentrated seaweed extract (CSW) standalone and in combination with humic acid at different ratio were applied through foliar on maize at its different growth stages. Plant treated with CSW and humic acid at 1:1.6 (i.e. 0.25% + 0.4%) produced 41.93% grain yield significant (p = 0.001) increase (8570 kg/ha) followed by 37.50% by plant applied with CSW and humic acid at 1:0.8 (i.e. 0.25% + 0.20%) – 8302 kg/ha and pure seaweed extracts alone at same dosage level (0.25%) recorded 18.84% increase over control plants (6038 kg/ha). Higher stover biomass (9663 kg/ha – 32.18% increase) and improved vegetative growth of maize crop was also recorded in the present studies. Therefore, the results suggest seaweed extract may be used in conjunction with humic acid to increase the crop yield and stover of maize.
EVALUATION OF HEAVY METALS IN A SELECTION OF DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN VEGETABLES COLLECTED AT THE ERBIL MARKET
Authors: Ahmed Tablo Abdulrahim
Published: February 2025

Three varieties of local and imported vegetables—eggplant, pepper, and tomatoes—were gathered in Erbil. The heavy metals in vegetables, such as lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd), as well as the health risks they pose in Erbil, were examined using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF). The FAO/WHO safe limits for the concentration of heavy metals in vegetables were exceeded by the local and imported vegetables, with mean values mg kg-1 ranging from 40-122, 12-32, 15-55, and 3-8, respectively. The majority of the heavy metals under investigation exceed the FAO/WHO acceptable limit values. Estimates of the daily intake of the four main heavy metals (pb, Mn, Zn, and Cd) showed that imported and locally grown vegetables had high Cd consumption (7 and 8 mg kg-1). This study recommends that the Kurdistan region of Iraq and society as a whole be made aware of this issue and that its effects on the environment and public health be taken into consideration.
THE IMPLICATIONS OF BIOCHAR AMENDMENT AND PLANTING ON SANDY LOAM SOIL PROPERTIES UNDER HUMID LOWLAND TROPICAL AGROCLIMATIC CONDITIONS
Authors: Temai Serah , Erain Aniyo , Shong Gim , Wiap Gideon , Michael Patrick S.
Published: February 2025

Climate change affects agricultural productivity because it impacts agroclimatic factors such as soil physical, chemical, and biological properties, rainfall, temperature, irradiation, and carbon dioxide concentrations. Climate change’s adverse impacts warrant studies showing how these factors influencing crop productivity can be sustainably managed in an altered climate. This study tested the effectiveness of biochar obtained from pyrolyzed sugarcane leaves collected from the field following mechanical harvesting. The biochar was applied in the soil alone or in combination with NPK fertilizer and planted with Oryza longstaminata. Farmyard manure was included as a common soil amendment to compare the results. Eight treatments were replicated four times and set up in a completely randomized design (CRD) under greenhouse conditions. Watering was done twice daily, and soil samples were taken after four months. During sampling, soil from only three replicates were removed, placed on a canvas and homogenized, and a 500 g each was taken for processing. The samples from the three replicates were mixed again and air-dried for two days, and triplicate (n=3) samples were taken again, placed in separate paper bags per replicate and sent to the laboratory for analysis and measurements using standard analytical procedures. The data from the replicates of the treatments were pooled, averages taken, and analyzed statistically. The results showed biochar application had no significant effect on soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, and carbon stock even when planted, compared to the effects on water holding capacity, bulk density, and total porosity. Consequently, there was no significant effect on soil nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, and the calcium contents. The results were the opposite when co-application with the chemical NPK fertilizer was made. To a large extent, our results showed biochar interaction is quite effective when co-application is made with another nutrient source, and the findings have implications for the management of sandy loam soil under humid lowland tropical climatic conditions.
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNICAL MEANS FOR PREPARING A FIELD FOR MACHINE HARVESTING OF RAW COTTON
Authors: Shаymardanov Baxtiyor
Published: February 2025

The article presents the results of research on the development of technology for growing cotton on a ridge with targeted and uniform moistening of the root system of plants, which together contributed to the creation of optimal conditions for machine harvesting of raw cotton by ensuring early maturation (for 2-3 weeks), smooth movement of the machine and high yield. One of the main requirements when preparing a cotton field for machine harvesting is its alignment, which ensures smooth movement of the machine and a stable position of the harvesting machines relative to the treated cotton bushes. To use the developed technology and the sowing unit in farms using drip irrigation systems with the laying of flexible perforated irrigation tapes in the upper part of the ridge along its entire length, comb formation and sowing of cotton seeds are performed simultaneously, which allows leveling the initial sowing on the ridge of the alignment of rows to prepare the field for machine harvesting.
POST-HARVEST LOSSES ASSESSMENT IN THE WATERMELON CHANNEL DISTRIBUTION DURING COVID-19 RECOVERY PHASE IN MALAYSIA
Authors: Safari Suhana , Chuang Teoh Chin , Sairi Masniza , Shafie Zainun Mohd , Razali Nur Azlin
Published: February 2025

The pandemic has profoundly disrupted the stability of the agri-food supply chain, primarily due to the inconsistent supply reaching the market caused by movement restrictions. This economic downturn is influenced by losses along the business supply chain and has prompted a closer examination in this study. The focus is on the specifics of post-harvest losses of watermelons, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID-19 recovery phase. The watermelon is selected for scrutiny due to its status as the second-largest high-value crop in SSL after papaya (increasing by 142.3% in 2022). This choice indicates that the local production sufficiently satisfies domestic demand and is also available for export. The study reveals that losses contribute to almost 69.4%, resulting in a reduction of 2.0 metric tonnes from the pre-pandemic situation, where losses were around 1.0 to 1.2 metric tonnes. These losses are attributed to delays in distribution, especially at the farm level, due to distribution restrictions and a shortage of labour for harvesting. Overall, these findings aim to provide insights for industry players on how to handle future crises by developing backup plans to reduce losses.
Traduzir o écart ou por que não confiar na fidelidade
Authors: Stradioto-Casolato Ana Magda , Julien François
Published: February 2025

O filósofo, helenista e sinólogo francês François Jullien desenvolveu um método de sondar algumas das noções chaves do pensamento europeu-ocidental ao adotar uma outra perspectiva para examiná-las, a do pensamento chinês-oriental.  Ele propõe uma forma de “de- e re- categorização de um conceito”, ou seja, sem ficar paralisado em nenhum destes dois pontos de vista, mas se libertando de um por meio do outro e assim permitir que se interpretem. É com este exercício que ele aborda a tradução. Ele elabora a sua reflexão sobre o tema valendo-se de certas proposições desenvolvidas e dispersas em várias de suas obras. A questão que o filósofo se coloca é: como a tradução, bem como o próprio pensamento europeu-ocidental pode ser renovado e, até mesmo modificado, ao se traduzir uma língua que não pertence à família linguística do indo-europeu, como o chinês que, além disso, é o único idioma existente atualmente cuja escrita não é fonética, mas ideográfica. Para responder a esta indagação, ele faz estremecer alguns dos constructos base do pensamento helenista que reverberam no que chama de “trabalho da tradução” como as categorias de Aristóteles e Kant, ou ainda, o Ser, Deus, a liberdade, etc. Criticando expressões que usualmente são empregadas no debate acerca da tradução, como “perda”, “traição”, “fidelidade”, “luto”, “diferença”, “equivalência”, “comparáveis”, Jullien ilustra as suas proposições com exemplos práticos de traduções do chinês para o francês e vice-versa. Ele pensa a tradução em termos de écart e entre. Écart é o fenômeno responsável pela abertura de uma distância que faz surgir o entre, o espaço onde o Outro – a língua e culturas de partida – é colocado e mantido em relação. A tradução se opera neste entre aberto pelo écart. Traduzir, segundo Jullien, é, em um primeiro momento, assimilar para, a seguir, desassimilar e, no entre, deixar passar o Outro, sem obliterar a alteridade. Em suma, écart e entre promovem a partilha que é a tradução.
A importância da pesquisa colaborativa na pedagogia da tradução
Authors: Echeverri Álvaro , D'Avila Rodrigo , Costa Patrícia Rodrigues
Published: February 2025

Nos últimos vinte anos, autores como Delisle (1988) e Kiraly (2000) manifestaram sua preocupação com a falta de consenso acerca das metodologias usadas para ministrar cursos práticos de tradução. Neste artigo, primeiramente, revisamos o conceito de comunidade nos Estudos de Tradução. Em segundo lugar, ecoamos as críticas de Delisle quanto a falta de inovação nas metodologias de ensino nos cursos de prática de tradução. E, por fim, apresentamos dois exemplos de pesquisa que podem ser realizadas em aulas de tradução. Tais iniciativas visam encorajar a pesquisa colaborativa em tradução e, sobretudo, em ressaltar a importância da sala de aula como o local por excelência para a produção de dados empíricos que permitam fundamentar uma metodologia de ensino de tradução.
Microstructure and transport properties of lithium hexafluorophosphate solutions in binary mixture of dimethyl carbonate with ethylene carbonate from molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Dudariev Dmytro , Holubenko Yevhenii , Jallah Rebie , Kalugin Oleg
Published: February 2025

Solutions of Li+ salts in many non-aqueous solvents used in Li-ion batteries have a maximum conductivity curve depending on the electrolyte concentration. For the microscopic interpretation of this phenomenon for one of the most popular electrolytes, LiPF6 solutions in a binary mixture of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) / ethylene carbonate (EC) (1:1), molecular dynamics simulations of the corresponding systems with a salt content of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 M were performed. The potential models for DMC and EC molecules were developed as the combination of two different force fields: OPLS-AA and GAFF in order to properly reproduce the diffusion coefficients of pure solvents. The structure has been analyzed in terms of radial distribution functions (RDFs) and running co-ordination numbers (RCNs). The results show that Li+ cation can form contact ion pairs (CIPs) and solvent shared ion pairs (SSIPs) in the solutions. The total coordination number of the cation remains the same at around 5.5-6.0 for all concentrations. Also, EC molecules and PF6- anions are competing for the position in the first coordination shell of the cation. The aggregate analysis with two different distance criteria was performed: minima on the RDFs and the minima on the second derivative of the RCNs. The diffusion coefficients for all components of the solutions and viscosity of simulated systems were also obtained. The diffusion coefficients for all components are decreasing and viscosity values are non-linearly increasing with the salt concentration increase. The conductivity values were obtained with the diffusion coefficient values of ions via Nernst-Einstein relation. These findings and the drastic viscosity increase at 1.0 M and at higher concentrations of LiPF6 are in agreement with the calculated experimental conductivity values.
Computing ionization free energies of indicator dyes in micelles with fast growth alchemical transformation
Authors: Farafonov Volodymyr
Published: February 2025

The problem of calculating free energy change in a process using molecular dynamic simulation has wide practical application, but is non-trivial. The developed methods are classified into equilibrium and non-equilibrium ones. In general, equilibrium methods have lower systematic error but require longer simulation time. This contributes to the interest in non-equilibrium methods, in particular the fast growth method. Here, this method is applied to the process of ionization of acid-base indicators bound by micelles of ionic surfactants. The alchemical transformation approach was utilized, where the interactions of the indicator's acidic proton with the rest of the system are coupled to coupling parameter λ ranged from 0 in the acidic form to 1 in the basic form. The values ​​of deprotonation free energy of the typical indicator dye 4-n-dodecyl-2,6-dinitrophenol in water and micellar solutions of two common cationic and anionic surfactants were estimated and compared with the results of the equilibrium method. A simulation procedure allowing minimize the effect of non-equivalent sampling between the two methods was employed. It is noted that for the studied systems the method can provide the discrepancy within 2% while requiring significantly shorter total simulation time. Specifically, the duration of simulating non-physical intermediate states drastically reduces. The optimal duration of the fast growth runs is 20 ps in this case, ​​while both shortening and prolonging the runs increase the error. The optimal number of fast growth runs can be found as one per each 100 ps of simulation of acidic or basic form. Reducing the number of runs also increases the discrepancy with the equilibrium method. The obtained results show the promise of the fast growth method for calculating shifts of the dissociation constants of acid-base indicators in micellar solutions with the perspective of further estimating the surface electrostatic potential of micelles.
Pengaruh Aging Population terhadap Efektivitas Kebijakan Fiskal dan Kebijakan Moneter di Indonesia
Authors: Daviana Andrea
Published: February 2025

Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh aging population terhadap efektivitas kebijakan fiskal dan moneter di Indonesia. Data yang digunakan adalah data tahunan periode 2000-2022. Data diolah menggunakan sistem persamaan Ordinary Least Square (OLS). Studi ini menemukan bahwa aging population melemahkan efektivitas kebijakan fiskal dan kebijakan moneter.
Pengaruh Investasi Publik Terhadap Keberlanjutan Utang
Authors: Lianawaty Navita
Published: February 2025

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak anggaran belanja investasi publik terhadap keberlanjutan utang di Indonesia menggunakan metode Error Correction Model (ECM) pada data kuartalan 2005Q1–2023Q4. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa dalam jangka pendek, belanja investasi publik meningkatkan pembiayaan utang, sementara inflasi yang terkendali mengurangi beban utang nominal. Namun, dalam jangka panjang, investasi publik belum berdampak signifikan pada keberlanjutan utang, dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi menjadi faktor utama dalam memperkuat kondisi fiskal. Berdasarkan hasil estimasi, nilai ECT mengindikasikan bahwa utang pemerintah berada dalam kondisi tidak keberlanjutan, dengan pola penyesuaian menjauhi steady state dan meningkatkan risiko ketidakseimbangan ekonomi di masa depan. Penelitian ini menyoroti pentingnya efektivitas pengelolaan investasi publik melalui perencanaan anggaran strategis dan manajemen proyek. Implikasinya, pemerintah perlu mengalokasikan belanja publik secara efisien untuk menciptakan manfaat ekonomi jangka panjang tanpa membebani utang secara berlebihan.
KOMUNIKASI SOSIAL BERBENTUK MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN ZOOM, E- LEARNING DALAM PEMBELAJARAN DARING
Authors: Maharani Alyya Haliza
Published: February 2025

Pada situasi saat ini, dengan perkembangan yang semakin cepat dan maju membuat segala kebutuhan dapat dilakukan secara online. Apalagi pada saat ini, di saat pandemi COVID-19 masih berlangsung ini membuat semua aktivitas dilakukan di rumah. Kegiatan belajar mengajar, bisnis semua dilakukan melalui online menggunakan jaringan internet. Dalam bidang pendidikan. Saat ini lembaga pendidikan diwajibkan untuk menerapkan kegiatan pembelajaran secara online atau tidak bertatap muka. Melalui aplikasi Zoom Meeting dan E- Learning yang disediakan dapat dapat dijadikan sebagai media komunikasi sosial dan mendukung kegiatan pembelajaran secara online. Pada hakekatnya penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat sejauh mana efektifitas pembelajaran jarak jauh dengan menggunakan aplikasi Zoom Meeting dan E-Learning dalam pembelajaran daring.
Study on the optimal span-to-depth ratio for two-span post-tensioned prestressed concrete box girder bridges
Authors: Muskan Soudagar , Shreedhar R. , Shradha Hiremath
Published: February 2025

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of a two-span post-tensioned prestressed concrete cellular box girder bridge deck, focusing on the effects of dead load, moving load, and prestressing across various span lengths (30m, 40m, 50m, 60m, and 70m) and different span-to-depth (L/D) ratios of 23, 24, 25, 26, and 27. This study follows the limit state method as per IRC 112-2011 guidelines. Key parameters analyzed include bending moments, shear forces, and top fiber stresses. This study aims to identify the optimal L/D ratio that balances structural efficiency and material usage. The results indicate that an L/D ratio of 25 provides the most balanced design, achieving the best combination of structural performance, material efficiency, and economic viability. This ratio minimizes material usage while maintaining adequate structural integrity and avoiding excessive prestressing forces. This paper also includes a detailed comparison of manual versus software-based calculations for bending moments, shear forces, and deflections. The findings show that while software calculations tend to predict lower deflections and higher shear forces for both shorter and longer spans, the manual calculations align closely with the software results for intermediate spans. The top fiber stress analysis further confirms that all designs remain within permissible limits, ensuring safety and compliance with relevant standards. This study reinforces the suitability of the L/D ratio of 25 as the optimal choice for designing two-span prestressed concrete box girder bridge decks, offering a robust framework for future design considerations.
Efficient use of manufactured sand and mineral admixtures in high-strength concrete
Authors: Syed Afzal Basha , Jayarami Reddy B.
Published: February 2025

The increasing demand for cement cannot be adequately met by relying solely on Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). To address this demand while ensuring the durability of eco-friendly concrete, it has become essential to incorporate mineral additives and by-products as substitutes, enhancing performance without compromising quality. In the construction industry, OPC and river sand are critical materials, yet they are increasingly scarce and limited in availability. Moreover, cement is a significant contributor to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Consequently, the partial replacement of cement and natural sand in concrete with waste materials or by-products has become imperative, ensuring the quality of the final product remains uncompromised. The partial substitution of OPC with Metakaolin (MK) and Silica Fume (SF), along with the use of 100% manufactured sand (MS) as a replacement for natural sand, has been implemented successfully. Utilizing 100% MS in combination with OPC and SF has produced more durable concrete with reduced chloride ingress and improved performance compared to concrete made with 100% river sand. In addition to cost benefits, this study mitigates river sand depletion and addresses environmental and sustainability concerns, making a significant contribution to the advancement of green concrete.