bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Involvement of Hydrogen Sulfide in Endothelium-Derived Relaxing Factor-Mediated Responses in Rat Cerebral Arteries
Authors: Wang Mei , Hu Youyang , Fan Yifei , Guo Yan , Chen Fanglin , Chen Shuo , Li Qinglin , Chen Zhiwu
Published: October 2016

Background/Aim: H2S is a novel vasoactivator. To verify the hypothesis that H2S may act as an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) in the rat cerebrovasculature, the role of H2S in endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF)-mediated responses was investigated. Methods: Cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) was knocked down with an siRNA technique. Artery diameter, hyperpolarization and Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa) current were measured. Results: CSE knockdown was indicated by a decrease in protein and mRNA expression in the rat middle cerebral artery (MCA) and cerebral basilar artery (CBA). Acetylcholine (ACh) induced significant hyperpolarization and vasodilation in endothelium-intact MCA and CBA. Removal of the endothelium abolished these responses. The nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor L-NAME, but not the PGI2 production inhibitor indomethacin, significantly inhibited ACh-induced hyperpolarization and vasodilation in the CBA. In the presence of L-NAME and indomethacin, ACh-induced hyperpolarization and vasodilation in the MCA and CBA were attenuated. The non-NO/PGI2-mediated responses were abolished by the KCa channel blockers charybdotoxin and apamin. In the cerebral arteries from the CSE knockdown rat, non-NO/PGI2-mediated responses were significantly attenuated, and the remaining responses were abolished by charybdotoxin and apamin or the CSE inhibitor propargylglycine. CSE knockdown did not affect L-NAME-sensitive responses in the CBA. Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) augmented the KCa current in CBA vascular smooth muscle cells. Conclusion: EDHF-mediated responses in rat cerebral arteries were due to H2S activating the KCa channel.
Single-Agent Carboplatin for a Rare Case of Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma of the Spinal Cord in an Adult with Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Authors: Dunn-Pirio Anastasie M. , Howell Elizabeth , McLendon Roger E. , Peters Katherine B.
Published: October 2016

Introduction: Pilomyxoid astrocytoma (PMA) is a rare and more aggressive variant of pilocytic astrocytoma, which usually affects young children and is most often located in the hypothalamic/chiasmatic region. The association of PMA with underlying genetic disorders is not well known. Methods: We identified a 23-year-old woman with a PMA of the spinal cord who was simultaneously diagnosed with neurofibromatosis type 1. Diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 1 was made clinically and confirmed with genetic testing that revealed a heterozygous one-amino-acid deletion (c.2970–2972 delAAT) in exon 17 of the NF1 gene, which is correlated with a milder phenotype. The patient underwent a partial surgical resection of the spinal cord tumor followed by adjuvant carboplatin 560 mg/m2 every 4 weeks. Radiation was avoided due to risks associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. Results: At the 11-month follow-up, the patient maintained a partial radiographic response as well as complete resolution of her neurologic deficits. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of an adult patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 and a spinal cord PMA. Single-agent carboplatin was effective and well-tolerated.
Association between Ki67 Index and Clinicopathological Features in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Li Pan , Xiao Zhi-Tao , Braciak Todd A. , Ou Qing-Jan , Chen Gong , Oduncu Fuat S.
Published: October 2016

Background: Conflicting results have been reported about the association between the Ki67 labeling index (Ki67-Li) and clinical outcome in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Patients and Methods: Ki67 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 2,233 consecutive CRC cases. Results: We determined 992 cases to have a low and 1,241 cases to have a high Ki67-Li (representing an approximately 44-56% breakdown in distribution between low versus high patients designated by phenotype). Stage III patients with a high Ki67-Li had higher 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) than those with a low Ki67-Li (DFS 70 vs. 61%; p = 0.02 and OS 75 vs. 64%; p = 0.008). We also found significantly improved 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) for stage IV patients in the high versus the low Ki67-Li group (PFS 14 vs. 10%; p = 0.02). Yet, we found no statistical differences in prognosis for stage I and II patients and in OS for stage IV patients between high versus low Ki67-Li (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Our results suggest that high Ki67-Li can be an independent prognostic biomarker to aid the assessment of patient outcomes in both stage III and IV CRC.
Is Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy Really Safe in Long-Term Follow-Up? A Nationwide Retrospective 6-Year Age-Matched Non-Randomized Study
Authors: Lu Yen-Man , Chien Tsu-Ming , Chou Yii-Her , Wu Wen-Jeng , Huang Chun-Nung
Published: October 2016

Introduction: Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) is widely used. However, several studies have reported increased blood pressure immediately after SWL. Until now, the association between SWL and new-onset hypertension has been a topic of discussion. This study is aimed at determining whether SWL leads to new-onset hypertension. Methods: Data were sourced from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000 of Taiwan, Republic of China, which was compiled from 1996 to 2010 using National Health Insurance data. Patients who had undergone SWL were compared with controls that were matched for age, sex, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. Results: Patients who had undergone SWL had a higher incidence of new-onset hypertension compared to the control groups. Furthermore, new hypertension developed faster in the SWL group. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated that an association exists between nephrolithiasis patients who were treated with SWL and subsequent hypertension diagnosis. Patients who undergo SWL may need regular follow-up of blood pressure.
Canadian Registry of Implantable Electronic Device Outcomes
Authors: Parkash Ratika , Thibault Bernard , Mangat Iqwal , Coutu Benoit , Bennett Matthew , Healey Jeffrey , Verma Atul , Philippon Francois , Sandhu Roopinder , Cameron Douglas , Ayala-Paredes Felix , Sterns Laurence , Essebag Vidal , Kus Teresa , Nery Pablo , Stephenson Elizabeth , Yee Raymond , Exner Derek , Toal Satish , Birnie David , Wells George , Krahn Andrew
Published: October 2016

Background—

The Riata lead under advisory has posed a unique clinical scenario where inside-out abrasion results in externalization of conductor cables, with a higher risk of electrical failure. We developed a comprehensive registry to assist with clinical management of this lead.

Methods and Results—

This Canadian registry reports the findings of 3763 (74.2% of all Riata leads in Canada) Riata leads under advisory, with a mean follow-up time of 8.9±1.5 years. The overall electrical failure rate was 5.2% at 8 years, with no difference between 7-French and 8-French lead models. Cable externalization was found to be more common in the 8-French model (12.3% versus 5.2%,
P
<0.0001) and was associated with a higher risk of electrical failure. Predictors of electrical lead failure included cable externalization, higher left ventricular ejection fraction, younger age, higher body mass index, and a passive fixation lead. One patient died due to electrical failure, a further 2 patients survived an event where the device failed to deliver high-voltage therapy. Major complications because of lead extraction were higher when compared with lead abandonment, no difference among lead model observed. Two deaths occurred as a consequence of lead extraction, in the context of an underlying infection.

Conclusions—

The Riata lead under advisory has a steady electrical failure rate over time. There are identifiable predictors of lead failure that can assist with clinical decisions as to whether lead revision should be performed prophylactically.
Basal Left Ventricular Dilatation and Reduced Contraction in Patients With Mitral Valve Prolapse Can Be Secondary to Annular Dilatation
Authors: Fukuda Shota , Song Jae-Kwan , Mahara Keitaro , Kuwaki Hiroshi , Jang Jeong Yoon , Takeuchi Masaaki , Sun Byung Joo , Kim Yun Jeong , Miyamoto Tetsu , Oginosawa Yasushi , Sonoda Shinjo , Eto Masataka , Nishimura Yosuke , Takanashi Shuichiro , Levine Robert A. , Otsuji Yutaka
Published: October 2016

Background—

Prominent mitral valve (MV) annular dilatation with only modest left ventricular (LV) dilatation in patients with MV prolapse (MVP) suggests predominant dilatation in adjacent basal LV, which may augment regional wall tension and attenuate contraction by Laplace’s law. We hypothesized that MV annular dilatation in patients with MVP is associated with the basal predominance of LV dilatation and attenuated contraction, which can be altered by surgical MV plasty with annulus reduction.

Methods and Results—

Echocardiography with speckle-tracking analysis to assess regional cross-sectional short-axis area and longitudinal contraction (strain) of basal, middle, and apical LV was performed in 30 controls and 130 patients with MVP. The basal value/averaged middle and apical values (B/M·A ratio) of LV cross-sectional area and strain were obtained. Patients with MVP showed significantly greater MV annular area (6.4±1.6 versus 3.7±0.6 cm
2
/m
2
), increased B/M·A LV area ratio (2.4±0.5 versus 1.8±0.2), and reduced B/M·A LV strain ratio (0.83±0.14 versus 0.96±0.09) than controls (
P
<0.001). Multivariable analyses identified that MV annular dilatation was independently associated with increased B/M·A LV area ratio (β=0.60,
P
<0.001), which was associated with reduced B/M·A LV strain ratio (β=−0.32,
P
<0.001). In 35 patients with MVP, B/M·A LV area and strain ratio significantly altered after surgical MV plasty with annulus reduction (2.5±0.5–1.8±0.3 and 0.73±0.10–0.89±0.17,
P
<0.001, respectively).

Conclusions—

In patients with MVP, MV annular dilatation was associated with the basal predominance of LV dilatation and reduced contraction, which can be altered by surgical MV plasty with annulus reduction, suggesting unfavorable influence from MV annular dilatation on basal LV.
Effect of Sex Differences on the Association Between Stroke Risk and Left Atrial Anatomy or Mechanics in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Yoshida Kuniko , Obokata Masaru , Kurosawa Koji , Sorimachi Hidemi , Kurabayashi Masahiko , Negishi Kazuaki
Published: October 2016

Background—

Embolic stroke in atrial fibrillation is more prevalent in women than in men, yet the basis for this difference remains unclear. This study seeks to elucidate whether there are any sex differences in the relationships between stroke risk (CHADS
2
score, CHA
2
DS
2
-VASc score without a sex category, and estimated stroke rate) and left atrial (LA) anatomy or mechanics in patients with atrial fibrillation.

Methods and Results—

LA emptying fraction and global peak atrial longitudinal strain were assessed in 414 subjects with paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation (156 women and 258 men). Linear regression models with an interaction term were performed to test the effect of sex difference on associations between the embolic risk and LA function or anatomy. Sensitivity analyses were performed in 228 age, heart rate, and rhythm-matched subjects (114 women and men). Women were older and had larger LA volumes and lower LA mechanics than men. Significant negative association between the CHADS
2
score and LA emptying fraction was only demonstrated in women with a significant interaction between sexes. Similar significant interactions were found in global peak atrial longitudinal strain but not in LA volume. These findings were corroborated in the comparisons against CHA
2
DS
2
-VASc score without a sex category and the estimated stroke rate. Sensitivity analyses in the matched subgroup also confirmed the robustness of these sex differences in LA emptying fraction, but less so in global peak atrial longitudinal strain.

Conclusions—

Significant sex interactions on the association between global LA function and risk stratification schemes exist, which may be a reason for the higher prevalence of embolic stroke in women.
Reference Values of Aortic Root in Male and Female White Elite Athletes According to Sport
Authors: Boraita Araceli , Heras Maria-Eugenia , Morales Francisco , Marina-Breysse Manuel , Canda Alicia , Rabadan Manuel , Barriopedro Maria-Isabel , Varela Amai , de la Rosa Alejandro , Tuñón José
Published: October 2016

Background—

There is limited information regarding the aortic root upper physiological limits in all planes in elite athletes according to static and dynamic cardiovascular demands and sex.

Methods and Results—

A cross-sectional study was performed in 3281 healthy elite athletes (2039 men and 1242 women) aged 23.1±5.7 years, with body surface area of 1.9±0.2 m
2
and 8.9±4.9 years and 19.2±9.6 hours/week of training. Maximum end-diastolic aortic root diameters were measured in the parasternal long axis by 2-dimensional echocardiography. Age, left ventricular mass, and body surface area were the main predictors of aortic dimensions. Raw values were greater in males than in females (
P
<0.0001) at all aortic root levels. Dimensions corrected by body surface area were higher in men than in women at the aortic annulus (13.1±1.7 versus 12.9±1.7 mm/m
2
;
P
=0.007), without significant differences at the sinus of Valsalva (16.3±1.9 versus 16.3±1.9 mm/m
2
;
P
=0.797), and were smaller in men at the sinotubular junction (13.6±1.8 versus 13.8±1.8 mm/m
2
;
P
=0.008) and the proximal ascending aorta (13.8±1.9 versus 14.1±1.9 mm/m
2
;
P
=0.001). Only 1.8% of men and 1.5% of women had values >40 mm and 34 mm, respectively. Raw and corrected aortic measures at all levels were significantly greater in sports, with a high dynamic component in both sexes, except for corrected values of the sinotubular junction in women.

Conclusions—

Aortic root dimensions in healthy elite athletes are within the established limits for the general population. This study describes the normal dimensions for healthy elite athletes classified according to sex and dynamic and static components of their sports.
Injectable Shear-Thinning Hydrogels for Minimally Invasive Delivery to Infarcted Myocardium to Limit Left Ventricular Remodeling
Authors: Rodell Christopher B. , Lee Madonna E. , Wang Hua , Takebayashi Satoshi , Takayama Tetsushi , Kawamura Tomonori , Arkles Jeffrey S. , Dusaj Neville N. , Dorsey Shauna M. , Witschey Walter R.T. , Pilla James J. , Gorman Joseph H. , Wenk Jonathan F. , Burdick Jason A. , Gorman Robert C.
Published: October 2016

Background—

Injectable, acellular biomaterials hold promise to limit left ventricular remodeling and heart failure precipitated by infarction through bulking or stiffening the infarct region. A material with tunable properties (eg, mechanics, degradation) that can be delivered percutaneously has not yet been demonstrated. Catheter-deliverable soft hydrogels with in vivo stiffening to enhance therapeutic efficacy achieve these requirements.

Methods and Results—

We developed a hyaluronic acid hydrogel that uses a tandem crosslinking approach, where the first crosslinking (guest–host) enabled injection and localized retention of a soft (<1 kPa) hydrogel. A second crosslinking reaction (dual-crosslinking) stiffened the hydrogel (41.4±4.3 kPa) after injection. Posterolateral infarcts were investigated in an ovine model (n≥6 per group), with injection of saline (myocardial infarction control), guest–host hydrogels, or dual-crosslinking hydrogels. Computational (day 1), histological (1 day, 8 weeks), morphological, and functional (0, 2, and 8 weeks) outcomes were evaluated. Finite-element modeling projected myofiber stress reduction (>50%;
P
<0.001) with dual-crosslinking but not guest–host injection. Remodeling, assessed by infarct thickness and left ventricular volume, was mitigated by hydrogel treatment. Ejection fraction was improved, relative to myocardial infarction at 8 weeks, with dual-crosslinking (37% improvement;
P
=0.014) and guest–host (15% improvement;
P
=0.058) treatments. Percutaneous delivery via endocardial injection was investigated with fluoroscopic and echocardiographic guidance, with delivery visualized by magnetic resonance imaging.

Conclusions—

A percutaneous delivered hydrogel system was developed, and hydrogels with increased stiffness were found to be most effective in ameliorating left ventricular remodeling and preserving function. Ultimately, engineered systems such as these have the potential to provide effective clinical options to limit remodeling in patients after infarction.
Interleukin‐23 Secreted by Activated Macrophages Drives γδT Cell Production of Interleukin‐17 to Aggravate Secondary Injury After Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Zhong Qi , Zhou Kai , Liang Qiao‐Li , Lin Sen , Wang Yan‐Chun , Xiong Xiao‐Yi , Meng Zhao‐You , Zhao Ting , Zhu Wen‐Yao , Yang Yuan‐Rui , Liao Mao‐Fan , Gong Qiu‐Wen , Liu Liang , Xiong Ao , Hao Junwei , Wang Jian , Yang Qing‐Wu
Published: October 2016

Background

Neuroinflammation plays a key role in intracerebral hemorrhage (
ICH
)–induced secondary brain injury, but the specific roles of peripheral inflammatory cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to explore the roles of macrophages, T lymphocytes, and the cytokines they secrete as potential targets for treating secondary brain injury after
ICH
.

Methods and Results

Our results showed that peripheral macrophages and T lymphocytes successively infiltrated the brain, with macrophage counts peaking 1 day after
ICH
and T‐lymphocyte counts peaking after 4 days. These peaks in cellular infiltration corresponded to increases in interleukin (
IL
)‐23 and
IL
‐17 expression, respectively. We found that hemoglobin from the hematoma activated
IL
‐23 secretion by infiltrating macrophages by inducing the formation of toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2/4 heterodimer. This increased
IL
‐23 expression stimulated γδT‐cell production of
IL
‐17, which increased brain edema and neurologic deficits in the model mice as a proinflammatory factor. Finally, we found that sparstolonin B (SsnB) could ameliorate brain edema and neurologic deficits in
ICH
model mice via inhibition of
TLR
2/
TLR
4 heterodimer formation, and notably, SsnB interacted with myeloid differentiation factor 88 Arg196.

Conclusions

Together, our results reveal the importance of the
IL
‐23/
IL
‐17 inflammatory axis in secondary brain injury after
ICH
and thus provide a new therapeutic target for
ICH
treatment.
Antiphosphatidylserine Antibodies and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Bu Xiaoqing , Peng Hao , Zhong Chongke , Xu Tan , Xu Tian , Peng Yanbo , Chen Chung-Shiuan , Wang Jinchao , Ju Zhong , Li Qunwei , Geng Deqin , Sun Yingxian , Zhang Dongsheng , Zhang Jintao , Chen Jing , Zhang Yonghong , He Jiang
Published: October 2016

Background and Purpose—

Antiphosphatidylserine antibodies (aPS) have been associated with the risk of ischemic stroke. However, it remains unclear whether aPS will influence clinical outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Methods—

A total of 3013 patients with acute ischemic stroke recruited from 26 hospitals across China from August 2009 to May 2013 were included in the study The primary outcome was a combination of death and major disability (modified Rankin Scale score ≥3) at 3 months after stroke. Secondary outcomes included death, major disability, recurrent stroke, and vascular events.

Results—

Composite outcome of death and major disability rates were 29.1% versus 23.9% in aPS-positive and aPS-negative groups. Compared with aPS-negative, adjusted odds ratios or hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) associated with aPS-positive were 1.35 (1.07–1.71), 1.63 (0.99–2.69), and 1.25 (0.98–1.59) for composite outcome of death or major disability, death, and major disability, respectively. For 1 interquartile range increase of aPS, the adjusted odds ratios or hazard ratios were 1.10 (1.01–1.20), 1.19 (1.05–1.35), and 1.05 (0.96–1.14), respectively. Adding aPS status to a model containing conventional risk factors improved risk prediction for composite outcome of death or major disability (net reclassification improvement index=11.3%,
P
=0.006; integrated discrimination improvement=0.2%,
P
=0.04). There was no significant association between aPS and risks of recurrent stroke and vascular events.

Conclusions—

We found that positive aPS increased risks of death or major disability at 3 months after an acute ischemic stroke, suggesting that aPS might be a prognostic marker for ischemic stroke.
Association of Secondhand Smoke With Stroke Outcomes
Authors: Lin Michelle P. , Ovbiagele Bruce , Markovic Daniela , Towfighi Amytis
Published: October 2016

Background and Purpose—

Approximately half of never smokers are exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS). Smoking is a well-established stroke risk factor, yet associations between SHS, stroke, and poststroke mortality remain uncertain. We aimed to determine the prevalence of exposure to SHS among those with and without stroke and its impact on mortality.

Methods—

Data were obtained from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys for 27 836 never smokers with/without self-reported stroke aged ≥18 years, sampled from 1988 to 1994 and 1999 to 2012, with linked mortality through 2010. Household exposure to SHS was determined by self-report; exposure severity was quantified by serum cotinine level. Independent relationships between SHS and all-cause mortality were assessed using Cox regression models, before and after adjusting for sociodemographics and comorbidities.

Results—

From 1988 to 1994 to 1999 to 2012, age-adjusted prevalence of exposure to SHS declined from 11.5% to 6.6% among survivors of stroke (
P
=0.08), and 14.6% to 5.9% among persons without stroke (
P
<0.01). Factors associated with high exposure to SHS were male sex, black race, ≤12th-grade education, poverty income ratio ≤200%, high alcohol intake, and history of myocardial infarction (all
P
<0.05). High exposure to SHS was associated with higher odds of previous stroke (odds ratio, 1.46;
P
=0.026). There was a dose-dependent relationship between exposure to SHS and all-cause mortality after stroke.

Conclusions—

Individuals with previous stroke have 50% greater odds to have been exposed to SHS; SHS is associated with a 2-fold increase in mortality after stroke. This study highlights the importance of obtaining exposure to SHS history and counseling patients and their families on the potential impact of SHS on poststroke outcomes.
Species-specific diagnostics using a β-1,4-endoglucanase gene for Pratylenchus spp. occurring in the Pacific Northwest of North America
Authors: Peetz Amy B. , Zasada Inga A.
Published: October 2016

A PCR assay was designed and optimised to differentiate fourPratylenchusspecies commonly encountered in soil and root samples from the Pacific Northwest of North America. Species-specific primers were designed to accessions fromPratylenchusspecies deposited in GenBank which encoded aβ-1,4-endoglucanase gene. The optimisedβ-1,4-endoglucanase gene primer sets produced amplicons that were 380, 293, 528 and 364 bp fromP. crenatus,P. neglectus,P. penetransandP. thornei, respectively. Primer sets were tested successfully for functionality and specificity within each of the four species as well as against other species not commonly found in the Pacific Northwest. This method allowed for the identification of juveniles to species, thereby precluding the necessity of the presence of females in a sample for accurate diagnostics. Ultimately, this diagnostic PCR assay could be used as an efficient tool for rapid diagnostics of thesePratylenchusspecies recovered from soil and root samples in any laboratory equipped for PCR.
Rediscovery of Crotalaria rigida (Leguminosae)—Rare and endemic legume of Southern India, Tamil Nadu
Authors: DHATCHANAMOORTHY NARAYANASAMY , ARUMUGAM THANGAVEL , SENTHIL KUMAR PONNUSAMY
Published: October 2016

Crotalaria rigida (Leguminosae) is a rare and endemic species in southern India.  Original descriptions were based on the live specimen, illustration and this paper deals with recent recollection after 107 years from Tamil Nadu, India. A detailed taxonomic description along with illustration is provided to facilitate its easy and proper identification of Crotalaria rigida.
Two narrowly endemic new species of Siphocampylus (Campanulaceae) from Santa Catarina, southern Brazil
Authors: FUNEZ LUÍS ADRIANO , HASSEMER GUSTAVO
Published: October 2016

This contribution presents and describes Siphocampylus baccae and S. sevegnaniae, two narrowly endemic new species from waterfalls and rocky cliffs in Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil. We assess the conservation status of both species as critically endangered (CR) according to the IUCN criteria. We present descriptions, photographs, a distribution map and taxonomic comments on the new species along with an identification key to the species of Siphocampylus that occur in Santa Catarina.
Trichonectria calopadiicola sp. nov. (Hypocreales, Ascomycota): the second species of the family Bionectriaceae parasitic on foliicolous lichens discovered in Tanzania
Authors: FARKAS EDIT , FLAKUS ADAM
Published: October 2016

Trichonectria calopadiicola, a new lichenicolous fungus from tropical Africa is described. The species is the second member of nectrioid fungi known as parasitic on foliicolous lichens. It is characterized by often aggregated, dark reddish brown, subglobose, richly setose perithecia, covered by obtuse, septate, thick-walled setae, and by hyaline, narrowly fusiform, 1-septate ascospores. The mycoparasite causes evident damages in the ascomata of its host.
Tubaria keralensis, a new species of T. furfuracea complex from tropical India
Authors: LATHA K. P. DEEPNA , Paramban NEERAJA K. , MANIMOHAN PATINJAREVEETTIL
Published: October 2016

Tubaria keralensis sp. nov. is described from Kerala State, India based on morphology and molecular phylogeny. Comprehensive description, photographs, and comparisons with phenetically similar and phylogenetically related species are provided. Tubaria keralensis is characterized by its strongly intervenose lamellae with concolorous edges; a stipe with velar remnants and a white, strigose basal mycelium and broadly ellipsoid to ovoid basidiospores. Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (nrITS) and nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nrLSU) gene region were sequenced and analyzed. Maximum likelihood (ML) analysis of combined nrITS and nrLSU sequence data revealed the novelty of the species as well as its placement in the T. furfuracea complex. The present discovery of T. keralensis forms the second report of a new Tubaria species from Kerala.
Taxonomy of some little-understood North American ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: SHATTUCK STEVE , COVER STEFAN
Published: October 2016

The North American ant fauna has a long and detailed taxonomic history, and the fauna is relatively well characterized compared with those of many other regions. The vast majority of taxon names are clearly defined, being treated as either valid or invalid (primarily junior synonyms). Because of this, though considerable revisionary work will be necessary in the future, specimens collected from this region may often be placed with reasonable confidence either to species, or in some cases, to species complexes even if the status of the specific taxa involved are uncertain.
IgG4-Related Disease of Bilateral Temporal Bones
Authors: Li Lilun , Ward Bryan , Cocks Margaret , Kheradmand Amir , Francis Howard W.
Published: October 2016

Objective:

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is an idiopathic inflammatory condition that causes pseudotumor formation in single or multiple organs, including those of the head and neck. Temporal bone involvement is rare, with only 3 cases of unilateral temporal bone IgG4-RD described in the literature. We report the first known case of IgG4-RD of bilateral temporal bones and describe its clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.

Methods:

The patient was a 52-year-old man with latent tuberculosis (TB) who presented with a 10-year history of bilateral profound hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated bilateral labyrinthine destruction with invasion of the posterior fossa.

Results:

Immunoglobulin level testing showed elevated total serum IgG levels with normal IgG4 levels. Bilateral mastoidectomies were performed, with biopsy samples demonstrating IgG4 staining with IgG4-positive plasma cells up to 40/HPF (high power field) on the right and 20/HPF on the left, consistent with bilateral IgG4-RD.

Conclusion:

IgG4-RD of bilateral temporal bones presents with chronic and progressive bilateral hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. Clinical presentation and radiologic findings are nonspecific, and definitive diagnosis must be made with histopathology and immunostaining. Corticosteroids are therapeutic, but surgical resection may be necessary for temporal bone IgG4-RD to improve long-term remission.
Laboratory Monitoring of Children on Home Parenteral Nutrition: A Prospective Study
Authors: Smith Amber , Feuling Mary Beth , Larson‐Nath Catherine , Karls Catherine , Van Hoorn Megan , Walia Cassandra L. S. , Leon Carly , Danner Elaine , Opichka Pam , Duesing Lori , Martinez Alfonso , Goday Praveen S.
Published: October 2016

Background: The primary hypothesis of this article is that a team approach in creating a protocolized laboratory monitoring schedule for home parenteral nutrition (PN) patients improves patient safety by decreasing the occurrence of nutrition deficiencies and is cost‐effective. Methods: In this prospective cohort study of home PN patients, each patient followed an established protocol of laboratory monitoring and weekly review by an interdisciplinary team of dietitians, nurses, and physicians. Data collected included anthropometric measurements, laboratory results, deviations from laboratory protocols, laboratory charges, PN shortage information, and means of ameliorating such shortages. Cost‐effectiveness analysis was only performed for nonmicronutrient laboratory tests. Results: Fifteen children (male, n = 6) with a median age of 59 months (range, 19–216) were included in this study. Primary diagnoses included short bowel syndrome (47%) and intestinal pseudo‐obstruction (40%). Patients received PN mixtures from 6 different infusion companies and experienced 60 different shortages in the PN formulation requiring adjustments or substitutions (mean, 4 shortages per patient). All patients had appropriate growth and complete micronutrient monitoring. No patient experienced any clinical symptoms due to shortages. The median number of laboratory draws/patient per month was 2.9 preprotocol compared with 1.14 postprotocol (P = .003). The median per patient per month charges were $2014 (interquartile range [IQR], 1471–2780) preprotocol compared with $792 (IQR, 435–1140) postprotocol (P = .002). Conclusions: A structured team approach to laboratory monitoring of home PN patients can simplify PN management, significantly decrease monthly laboratory costs, and lead to fewer laboratory draws while improving micronutrient monitoring and preventing deficiencies.
Middle Ear Pressure Changes during Balloon Eustachian Tuboplasty
Authors: Smith Matthew E. , Tysome James R.
Published: October 2016

Objective

Balloon eustachian tuboplasty (BET) has entered clinical use as a treatment for eustachian tube dysfunction. Some surgeons perform myringotomy prior to BET due to concerns that the increase in middle ear (ME) pressure caused by BET may cause otic barotrauma. We investigated the ME pressure changes occurring during BET in cadavers.

Study design

Human cadaver investigation of a surgical technique

Setting

Laboratory study at a tertiary referral center.

Subjects and Methods

ME pressures were recorded from fresh‐frozen cadavers, and BET was performed with the Bielefeld balloon catheter inflated to 10 bar. Peak ME pressures were recorded during catheter insertion, inflation, deflation, and removal. A second pressure measurement was taken 15 seconds after each stage to assess the residual pressures. All BET procedures were repeated at least once. Where transmastoid recordings were made, BET was repeated, measuring pressure via a myringotomy to ensure equivalence.

Results

Data from 25 procedures in 13 ears (9 heads) were analyzed. A consistent pattern of ME pressure change was observed in all cases. Positive pressures occurred on insertion (maximum, 26 daPa) and inflation (maximum, 99 daPa) and negative pressures on deflation (maximum, –46 daPa) and removal (maximum, –42 daPa). There were no significant pressure differences between first and second procedures, except at 15 seconds after insertion (P =. 04).

Conclusion

In adult cadaveric specimens, BET induces ME pressures within the normal physiologic range. On this basis, routine myringotomy prior to BET in adults is not necessary.
Overlap Between Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Anterolateral Meniscal Root Insertions: A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study
Authors: Steineman Brett D. , Moulton Samuel G. , Haut Donahue Tammy L. , Fontboté Cristián A. , LaPrade Christopher M. , Cram Tyler R. , Dean Chase S. , LaPrade Robert F.
Published: October 2016

Background:

The anterolateral meniscal root (ALMR) has been reported to intricately insert underneath the tibial insertion of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Previous studies have begun to evaluate the relationship between the insertion areas and the risk of iatrogenic injuries; however, the overlap of the insertions has yet to be quantified in the sagittal and coronal planes.

Purpose:

To investigate the insertions of the human tibial ACL and ALMR using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and to quantify the overlap of the ALMR insertion in the coronal and sagittal planes.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Ten cadaveric knees were dissected to isolate the tibial ACL and ALMR insertions. Specimens were prepared and imaged in the coronal and sagittal planes. After imaging, fiber directions were examined to identify the insertions and used to calculate the percentage of the ACL that overlaps with the ALMR instead of inserting into bone.

Results:

Four-phase insertion fibers of the tibial ACL were identified directly medial to the ALMR insertion as they attached onto the tibial plateau. The mean percentage of ACL fibers overlapping the ALMR insertion instead of inserting into subchondral bone in the coronal and sagittal planes was 41.0% ± 8.9% and 53.9% ± 4.3%, respectively. The percentage of insertion overlap in the sagittal plane was significantly higher than in the coronal plane ( P = .02).

Conclusion:

This study is the first to quantify the ACL insertion overlap of the ALMR insertion in the coronal and sagittal planes, which supplements previous literature on the insertion area overlap and iatrogenic injuries of the ALMR insertion. Future studies should determine how much damage to the ALMR insertion is acceptable to properly restore ACL function without increasing the risk for tears of the ALMR.

Clinical Relevance:

Overlap of the insertion areas on the tibial plateau has been previously reported; however, the results of this study demonstrate significant overlap of the insertions superior to the insertion sites on the tibial plateau as well. These findings need to be considered when positioning for tibial tunnel creation in ACL reconstruction to avoid damage to the ALMR insertion.
Finite element modeling of micro-orthogonal cutting process with dead metal cap
Authors: Afsharhanaei Ali , Rebaioli Lara , Parenti Paolo , Annoni Massimiliano
Published: October 2016

Dead metal cap plays an important role in the microcutting process because target material piled up on the tool–chip–workpiece interface can alter the cutting geometry. The target of this study is to model and simulate the micro-orthogonal cutting process in the presence of dead metal cap in order to investigate the effects of this phenomenon on the micromachining process outputs (cutting force, thrust force and chip thickness) and stress distribution, equivalent plastic strain and temperature inside the workpiece shear zones. For this purpose, the finite element method with explicit dynamic solution and adiabatic heating effect along with arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian approach is used. It is shown that the finite element models with current state-of-the-art assumptions cannot take into account the dead metal cap by default. For this reason, dead metal cap is artificially introduced on the rounded tool edge in this study for carrying out a proper analysis. Several simulations with different dead metal cap geometries are performed and obtained results show that prediction of cutting force, thrust force and chip thickness are sensitive to the presence of dead metal cap and its geometry. Micro-orthogonal cutting experiments are carried out on tubular AISI 1045 workpieces for validating and interpreting simulated results. The error between predicted and experimental data is calculated, and it is shown that simulation performances can be improved by considering the dead metal cap into the process model. For example, it is possible to reduce the error to less than 5% in case of thrust force prediction. This study points out how the target material’s Von Mises stress, equivalent plastic strain and temperature distribution are sensitive to any alteration of the edge geometry due to the dead metal cap. The best dead metal cap configuration in terms of agreement with experiments is also the one introducing a more homogeneous distribution of these quantities along the shear plane.
Measurement and analysis for frequency domain error of ultra-precision spindle in a flycutting machine tool
Authors: Chen Guoda , Sun Yazhou , An Chenhui , Zhang Feihu , Sun Zhiji , Chen Wanqun
Published: October 2016

The ultra-precision spindle is the key component of ultra-precision machine tool, which largely influences the machining accuracy. Its frequency characteristics mainly affect the frequency domain error of the machined surface. In this article, the error measurement setup for the ultra-precision aerostatic spindle in a flycutting machine tool is established. The dynamic and multi-direction errors of the spindle are real-time measured under different rotation speeds. Then, frequency domain analysis is carried out to obtain its regularity characteristics based on the measurement result. Through the analysis, the main synchronous and asynchronous errors with relatively large amplitude of the spindle errors are found, and the amplitude change law of these main spindle errors is obtained. Besides, the cause of the main synchronous and asynchronous errors is also analyzed and indicated. This study deepens the understanding of ultra-precision spindle dynamic characteristics and plays the important role in the spindle frequency domain errors’ control, machining process planning, frequency characteristics analysis and oriented control of the machined surface errors.
On the segmentation-driven vibration in milling titanium alloy
Authors: Shi Jiahao , Song Qinghua , Liu Zhanqiang , Wan Yi
Published: October 2016

Numerous hard, brittle metals have been shown to form segmented chips during machining operations, which has been shown to be linked to high vibration levels in turning and milling processes. This article concerns quantitative comprehension of segmentation-driven vibration in end-milling process. First, dynamic model of milling process with impact of segmented chip is presented, and a periodic cutting force model related with segmented chip is proposed. Second, for experimental observation, a series of tests are carried out concerning modal test of cutting system; chip morphology, tool vibration during cutting, surface location error, and high-frequency sampling measurements of cutting force signal are realized. The method used for calculating the frequency of segmentation chip by oblique cutting is deduced. It is found that at low feed rate, the periodic cutting force is affected by the natural frequency of cutting system, segmentation chip, and tool vibration. Finally, amplitude–frequency response for quasi-single degree of freedom is employed to elaborate the relationship between segmentation frequency and natural modes of system. The results show that when the ratio (frequency of segmented chip to natural frequency of system) is a noninteger value or above 3, no significant vibrations of cutting system are observed in milling titanium alloy Ti6Al4V.
The generational brain: Introduction
Authors: Lux Vanessa , van Ommen Clifford
Published: October 2016

In contemporary society, the image of the “flexible brain” and the notion of neuroplasticity are increasingly replacing that of the static mature brain. Brains and neurons are considered to be constantly generated and regenerated. Age cohort comparisons and longitudinal studies introduce a developmental perspective to the field. However, these articulations and investigations occur within a sociopolitical field marked by vested interests and the celebration of all things neural. Utilizing the notion of “the generational brain,” we propose that it is fruitful to exploit the polysemity of the word “generation,” as well as the historicity of scientific concepts and methods, to interrogate and re/formulate questions currently addressed in developmental neuroscience in particular and neuroscience in general. This special issue’s contributions provide an early impression of what a “critical friendship” with developmental neuroscience, aware of its sociocultural and epistemological implications as well as the historicity of concepts, may look like.
Late glacial and Holocene history of the Penobscot River in the Penobscot Lowland, Maine
Authors: Hooke Roger LeB , Hanson Paul R , Belknap Daniel F , Kelley Alice R
Published: October 2016

When the Laurentide ice sheet retreated rapidly (~150 m/a) across the Penobscot Lowland between ~16 and ~15 ka, the area was isostatically depressed and became inundated by the sea. Silt and clay were deposited, but no significant moraines or deltas were formed. The Penobscot River was reborn at ~14 ka when ice retreated onto land in the upper reaches of the river’s East Branch. As isostatic rebound exceeded sea level rise from melting ice, the river extended itself southward. Between ~13.4 and 12.8 ka, it established a course across marine clay and underlying glacial till in the Lowland. Its gradient was low as differential rebound had not begun. Discharge, however, was higher and the river transported and deposited outwash gravel. During the cold, dry Younger Dryas, ~11 ka, eolian sand began to accumulate in dunes in the Lowland. Some of this sand, along with fluvial sediment from the headwaters, was redistributed into terraces along gentler stretches of the river and into a paleodelta in Penobscot Bay. Eolian activity continued to ~8 ka and aggradation in terraces until ~6 ka. The climate became wetter and warmer after ~6 ka, the dunes were stabilized by vegetation, the river began to downcut, and braiding became less intense. Pauses in the downcutting are reflected in discontinuous strath terraces. In due course, the river re-encountered the old outwash gravels, marine clay, glacial till, and, in a few places, bedrock. Its profile is now stepped, with gentle, gravel-bedded reaches between bedrock ribs that form rapids.
Indian Labour Markets and Returns to Education
Authors: Vatta Kamal , Sato Takahiro , Taneja Garima
Published: October 2016

The present study is an attempt to examine the trends in returns to education in the context of long-term economic growth in India during 1983 to 2009–2010. It outlines various forms of inequality issues prevalent in the Indian labour markets for male as well as female workers in the rural and the urban areas as regular and casual workers. The unit level data from six rounds of National Sample Survey during 1983, 1987–1988, 1993–1994, 1999–2000, 2004–2005 and 2009–2010 were used for this study. The Mincer wage function was estimated separately for male and female workers and also for regular and casual workers. To account for sample selection bias, the Heckman two-step procedure was used. The results reveal that returns to education were higher in casual labour market for rural and urban male workers till some intermediate levels. For female workers, the returns to education have not changed much in both the rural and the urban areas, with an increase in level of education over time. However, the returns to education have improved for regular workers, indicating towards higher wages for improved education over time, as a result of increased employment opportunities, especially in the tertiary sector, for better educated in India during the last decade of relatively faster economic growth.
Founding Resources and Intentional Exit Sales Strategies
Authors: Albert Lumina S. , DeTienne Dawn R.
Published: October 2016

The imprinting perspective suggests that the decisions made early in the life of a firm may have lasting impact on its ability to move in a strategic direction. Utilizing this perspective, we examine whether the initial strategic resources (human, financial, and technological) imprint ventures in regard to the existence of an exit sale strategy and with variations in three common exit sales strategies, namely, (a) sale of the firm’s share to the public market (initial public offering [IPO]), (b) sale to another firm (strategic acquisition), and (c) sale of the firm to another individual (private sale). Our results indicate that technological resources are related to the presence of an intended exit sale strategy. Furthermore, human, financial, and technological resources differentially impact the three sales strategies, and firm size moderates the imprinting effects of resources on exit outcomes differentially depending on the type of resource and exit strategy being considered. This work contributes to our limited understanding of exit sales strategies and demonstrates that different initial resources affect whether the firm has an exit sales strategy and imprint variations in the type of exit sale considered in unique ways. Furthermore, the article advances our understanding of the impact of size on exit sales strategies. Finally, this research adds to the imprinting literature by demonstrating (as many have proposed) that the start-up period is a sensitive period that imprints the firm with enduring consequences and outcomes.
Complete genome sequence of Methanoculleus bourgensis strain MAB1, the syntrophic partner of mesophilic acetate-oxidising bacteria (SAOB)
Authors: Manzoor Shahid , Schnürer Anna , Bongcam-Rudloff Erik , Müller Bettina
Published: October 2016

Methanoculleus bourgensis strain MAB1 has been identified as the hydrogenotrophic partner of mesophilic acetate-oxidising bacteria, a syntrophic relationship operating close to the thermodynamic equilibrium and of considerable importance in ammonia-rich engineered biogas processes. Methanoculleus bourgensis strain MAB1 belongs to the order Methanomicrobiales, family Methanomicrobiaceae, within the phylum Euryarchaeota. The genome shows a total size of 2,859,299 bp encoding 3450 predicted protein-encoding genes, of which only 1472 (43 %) have been assigned tentative functions. The genome encodes further 44 tRNA genes and three rRNA genes (5S, 16S and 23S rRNA). This study presents assembling and annotation features as well as genomic traits related to ammonia tolerance and methanogenesis.