bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EpCAM+ Liver Cancer Stem-Like Cells Exhibiting Autocrine Wnt Signaling Potentially Originate in Cirrhotic Patients
Authors: Khosla Ritu , Rastogi Archana , Ramakrishna Gayatri , Pamecha Viniyendra , Mukhopadhyay Ashok , Vasudevan Madavan , Sarin Shiv Kumar , Trehanpati Nirupma
Published: February 2017

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is believed to originate from cancer stem cells (CSCs). While epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a marker of normal hepatic stem cells (HSCs), EpCAM+ cells from HCC behave like CSCs. Since HCC mostly develops on a cirrhotic background, we sought to determine whether CSC-like EpCAM+ cells exist in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Both flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry showed that frequency of EpCAM+ cells in advanced cirrhosis was increased as compared to control. To determine whether increased EpCAM population in advanced cirrhosis harbors any CSC-like cells, we compared molecular and functional features of EpCAM+ cells from advanced cirrhosis (Ep+CIR; n = 20) with EpCAM+ cells from both HCC (Ep+HCC; n = 20) and noncancerous/noncirrhotic (control) (Ep+NSC; n = 7) liver tissues. Ep+CIRs displayed similarity with Ep+HCC cells including upregulated expression of stemness and Notch pathway genes, enhanced self-renewal in serial spheroid assay and generation of subcutaneous tumors in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Moreover, transcriptome and miRNome of Ep+CIRs appeared closer to that of Ep+HCC cells than Ep+NSCs. Interestingly, more than 50% micro RNAs (miRNAs) and transcripts specifically expressed in Ep+HCCs were also expressed in Ep+CIRs. However, none of Ep+NSC specific miRNAs and only 7% Ep+NSC specific transcripts were expressed in Ep+CIRs. Further, according to gene expression and in vitro Wnt inhibition analysis, autocrine Wnt signaling appeared to be a distinct feature of Ep+CIR and Ep+HCC cells, which was absent from Ep+NSCs. EpCAM+ cells in advanced cirrhosis possibly include a population of CSC-like cells which can be explored for early diagnosis of HCC development.
In–situ Synthesizing and Optimizing the Surface Structure of Nanoporous PtBi Electrocatalysts for Formic Acid Electro–oxidation
Authors: Yang Yanfei , Yin Huiming , He Meifeng , Pan Deng
Published: February 2017

Aiming at the effect mechanism of bismuth species on Pt in formic acid oxidation reaction, different coverages of Bi adatoms on nanoporous Pt electrocatalyst surfaces are controllably prepared under the protection of hydrogen gas. Owing to Bi dissolution, in‐situ potential cycling in formic acid solution can successively increase surface Pt/Bi molar ratios, and hence influence the electrocatalytic activity towards formic acid oxidation. In particular, the optimized PtBi electrocatalyst shows about 100 times higher catalytic activity than that of commercial Pt/C catalyst. By integrating the results from electrochemical detection, this enhancement is ascribed to “third body” effect.
Polymer Brush‐Modified Microring Resonators for Partition‐Enhanced Small Molecule Chemical Detection
Authors: Stanton Alexandria L. D. , Miller Kali A. , Braun Paul V. , Bailey Ryan C.
Published: February 2017

Silicon photonic microring resonators have emerged as a promising technology for the sensitive detection of biological macromolecules, including proteins and nucleic acids. However, not all species of interest are large biologics that can be targeted by highly specific capture agents. For smaller organic chemicals, including many toxic and regulated species, a general approach to improving sensitivity would be desirable. By functionalizing the surface of silicon photonic microring resonators with polymer brushes, small molecules can selectively partition into the surface‐confined sensing region of the optical resonators. This in turn leads to response enhancements in excess of 1000% percent, relative to non‐functionalized sensors, for representative targets including 4‐methylumbelliferyl phosphate, a simulant for highly toxic organophosphates, Bisphenol A, an industrial pollutant, as well as other small organic analytes of interest. There are many polymer brush chemistries compatible with silicon resonators, making this a general strategy towards tuning sensor selectivity and specificity by optimizing interactions between the agent(s) of interest and the polymer construct.
Classification of acute phase febrile upper respiratory tract infection: Retrospective chart review
Authors: Yoshino Tetsuhiro , Takada Tetsuya , Horiba Yuko , Watanabe Kenji
Published: February 2017

Aim

Acute upper respiratory tract infections (URI) are a common problem in primary care settings. In traditional East Asian medicine, URI are categorized into three major disorders: influenza‐like; common cold; and warmth disorders. The categorization of acute febrile URI, however, is yet to be ascertained. Here, we conducted a single‐center retrospective chart review and classification of the various symptoms of acute phase febrile URI.

Methods

A retrospective chart review between December 2013 and May 2015 was performed. We included febrile (≥38°C) patients with upper respiratory symptoms within 48 h from the onset of fever. Patient profile and symptoms were investigated at the first consultation and clusters were constructed based on symptoms.

Results

The study included 135 patients. Patients were divided into two groups, day 1 and day 2, according to the time from fever onset. The incidence rate of symptoms, such as general fatigue and muscle pain, were higher in day 1 visitors. Local symptoms, including cough, sore throat, and nasal symptoms, were more frequent in day 2 visitors. Three clusters were observed: chills without sweating (60.0%); chills with sweating (23.0%); and without chills (17.0%).

Conclusion

Symptoms in acute fever vary. The present three clusters observed suggest that the classical classification of febrile disease is still true. Further studies are necessary to confirm the course of febrile URI described in classical textbooks.
Quantitative total reflection X‐ray fluorescence analysis of directly collected aerosol samples
Authors: Prost J. , Wobrauschek P. , Streli C.
Published: February 2017

In this paper, the results of a feasibility study, investigating a new quantification method of directly collected aerosol samples, are shown. As sampling substrates, quartz reflectors suitable for total reflection X‐ray fluorescence analysis were used, and the spot patterns produced by a three‐stage Dekati impactor were considered. For calibration, the mentioned spot patterns were simulated on the surface of quartz reflectors using a self‐developed nanoliter deposition unit and multielement standard solutions. A droplet containing 5 ng of Y was applied in the center of each reflector and served as internal standard. Calibration standards and aerosol samples were prepared and analyzed in the same way. Linear calibration curves and good recovery rates were obtained. Aerosol samples were collected at the Atominstitut on quartz reflectors greased with petroleum jelly (‘Vaseline’). The Vaseline layer is removed by cold‐plasma ashing, and afterwards, the internal standard is added. The samples can be then analyzed directly by total reflection X‐ray fluorescence without any further chemical pretreatment steps. As an application of the described method, two indoor and two outdoor samplings were carried out. In the investigated size range (>1 μm), mostly crustal elements were found and Ca values exceeded 100 ng/m3 in the size fractions below 10 μm. Detection limits of around 10 pg/m3 were achieved for medium Z elements (Fe to Sr) in the largest size fraction, whereas values for the two smaller stages typically lie between 30 and 100 pg/m3. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surfing Economics
Authors: Dixon Huw David
Published: February 2017

Surfing Economics is a collection of essays by one of Europe's leading young economists. These essays are written to bring to life in a non-technical manner some of the fundamental ideas and concepts in contemporary economics, including new Keynesian economics, the natural rate, bounded rationality, social learning and the meaning of economics. Whilst primarily written for the undergraduate student, these essays will entertain and enlighten economists of all ages. Above all, the essays convey the enthusiasm and excitement of Huw Dixon for economics along with his valuable insights into the subject. Just the thing to brighten up your reading lists.
Beyond a Moral Obligation: A Legal Framework for Emergency and Essential Surgical Care and Anesthesia
Authors: Chawla Kashmira S. , Rutkow Lainie , Garber Kent , Kushner Adam L. , Stewart Barclay T.
Published: February 2017

Background

Access to quality and timely emergency and essential surgical care and anesthesia (EESCA) is an integral component of the right to health as reinforced by the ratification of the World Health Assembly Resolution 68.15. However, this resolution is merely a guideline and has not been able to bolster the necessary political will to promote EESCA. Our objective was to evaluate international treaties, which carry legal obligations, for EESCA‐related text, and develop a human rights‐based framework to support EESCA advancement and advocacy.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive review of all the UN Treaty Collection—Certified True Copies (CTCs) of multilateral treaties database from December 2015 to April 2016. The relevant text was manually searched to abstract and analyze to identify major themes supporting a human rights‐based approach to EESCA.

Results

Multiple treaties in the UN database addressed EESCA in the areas of human rights, refugees and stateless persons, health, penal matters, and disarmament. A total of 13 treaties containing 23 articles had language that endorsed aspects of EESCA. The three major themes, supported by the phraseology in the treaties, included: (1) equal access to EESCA (eight articles); (2) timely care of injured and those with emergency surgical conditions (eight articles); and (3) protection, rehabilitation, psychosocial support, and social security (seven articles).

Conclusions

A number of United Nations multilateral treaties support available and equitable EESCA. These findings can be used to galvanize support and encourage signatory Member States to promote and implement EESCA development initiatives.
Emotional Variation and Fertility Behavior
Authors: Axinn William G. , Ghimire Dirgha J. , Smith-Greenaway Emily
Published: February 2017

Emotional influences on fertility behaviors are an understudied topic that may offer a clear explanation of why many couples choose to have children even when childbearing is not economically rational. With setting-specific measures of the husband-wife emotional bond appropriate for large-scale population research matched with data from a long-term panel study, we have the empirical tools to provide a test of the influence of emotional factors on contraceptive use to limit fertility. This article presents those tests. We use long-term, multilevel community and family panel data to demonstrate that the variance in levels of husband-wife emotional bond is significantly associated with their subsequent use of contraception to avert births. We discuss the wide-ranging implications of this intriguing new result.
Wronging Sempronia
Authors: Beness J. Lea , Hillard Tom
Published: February 2017

In 133 BC, when Scipio Aemilianus heard of the violent death of his cousin and brother-in-law, Ti. Gracchus, he uttered a line from Homer: ‘Thus perish all who attempt such.’ In effect, this endorsed the lynching of Gracchus. At a deeper level, it cast Gracchus (in the Homeric context of that quotation) as the tyrant Aegisthus. It may also have suggested an image of moral turpitude, Aegisthus having debauched his cousin Agamemnon’s wife. By analogy (if intended), that would have suggested an adulterous union between Gracchus and his sister Sempronia. It is further suggested that gossip arising from this extraordinary insinuation might have prompted a special reading of the claimscirca102 BC of L. Equitius to be the bastard son of Gracchus.
The Methods of Normativity
Authors: Hass Binesh
Published: February 2017

This essay is an examination of the relationship between phenomenology and analytic method in the philosophy of law. It proceeds by way of a case study, the requirement of compliance in Raz’s theory of mandatory norms. Proceeding in this way provides a degree of specificity that is otherwise neglected in the relevant literature on method. Drawing on insights from the philosophy of art and cognitive neuroscience, it is argued that the requirement of compliance is beset by a range of epistemological difficulties. The implications of these difficulties are then reviewed for method and normativity in practical reason. A topology of normativity emerges nearer the end of the paper, followed by a brief examination of how certain normative categories must satisfy distinct burdens of proof.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Pleocytosis in Critical Care Patients With Seizures
Authors: Scramstad Carly , Jackson Alan C.
Published: February 2017

Objectives: To assess the etiology of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis in critical care patients with seizure(s) or status epilepticus (SE). Many previous studies, some performed decades ago, concluded that CSF pleocytosis may be entirely attributable to seizure activity. Methods: We undertook a retrospective chart review of adult patients with an admitting or acquired diagnosis of seizure(s) or SE in critical care units at the Winnipeg Health Sciences Centre between 2009 and 2012. Patients were identified through a critical care information database at a tertiary care center. We limited our study to patients who had lumbar punctures at our center within 5 days of seizure(s) or SE. Results: Of 426 patients with seizures in critical care units, 51 met the inclusion criteria. Seizure subtypes included focal seizures (5 or 10%), generalized seizures (14 or 27%), and SE (32 or 63%). Twelve (seven with SE) of the 51 (24%) were found to have CSF pleocytosis. A probable etiological cause for the CSF pleocytosis was identified in all 12 cases. Conclusions: We conclude that seizures do not directly induce a CSF pleocytosis. Instead, the CSF pleocytosis more likely reflects the underlying acute or chronic brain process responsible for the seizure(s). This was not readily apparent in early studies without magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and currently available laboratory investigations. An etiological cause of CSF pleocytosis must always be sought when patients present with seizures and it should never be assumed that seizures are the cause.
Air-levitated platelets: from take off to motion
Authors: Soto Dan , de Maleprade Hélène , Clanet Christophe , Quéré David
Published: February 2017

A plate placed above a porous substrate through which air is blown can levitate if the airflow is strong enough. We first model the flow needed for taking off, and then examine how an asymmetric texture etched on the porous surface induces directional motion of the hovercraft. We discuss how the texture design impacts the propelling efficiency, and how it can be used to manipulate these frictionless objects both in translation and in rotation.
On ladder height densities and Laguerre series in the study of stochastic functionals. II. Exponential functionals of brownian motion and asian option values
Authors: Schröder Michael
Published: February 2017

In this paper we develop a constructive structure theory for a class of exponential functionals of Brownian motion which includes Asian option values. This is done in two stages of differing natures. As a first step, the functionals are represented as Laguerre reduction series obtained from main results of Schröder (2006), this paper's companion paper. These reduction series are new and given in terms of the negative moments of the integral of geometric Brownian motion, whose structure theory is developed in a second step. Providing a new angle on these processes, this is done by establishing connections with theta functions. Integral representations and computable formulae for the negative moments are thus derived and then shown to furnish highly efficient ways for computing the negative moments. Application of this paper's Laguerre reduction series in numerical examples suggests that one of the most efficient methods for the explicit valuation of Asian options is obtained. The paper also provides mathematical background results referred to in Schröder (2005c).
Rate of convergence for the ‘square root formula’ in the Internet transmission control protocol
Authors: Ott Teunis J.
Published: February 2017

The ‘square root formula’ in the Internet transmission control protocol (TCP) states that if the probability p of packet loss becomes small and there is independence between packets, then the stationary distribution of the congestion window W is such that the distribution of W√p is almost independent of p and is completely characterizable. This paper gives an elementary proof of the convergence of the stationary distributions for a much wider class of processes that includes classical TCP as well as T. Kelly's ‘scalable TCP’. This paper also gives stochastic dominance results that translate to a rate of convergence.
Sample path behaviour of Χ
2 surfaces at extrema
Authors: Aronowich Michael , Adler Robert J.
Published: February 2017

We study the sample path properties of χ
2 random surfaces, in particular in the neighbourhood of their extrema. We show that, as is the case for their Gaussian counterparts, χ
2 surfaces at high levels follow the form of certain deterministic paraboloids, but that, unlike their Gaussian counterparts, at low levels their form is much more random. This has a number of interesting implications in the modelling of rough surfaces and the study of the ‘robustness' of Gaussian field models. The general approach of the paper is the study of extrema via the ‘Slepian model process', which, for χ
2 fields, is tractable only at asymptotically high or low levels.
The Vincennes Competitions
Authors: Bruce Helen Auxilium
Published: February 2017

“The first French balloon voyage to Russia, a distance of 1,300 kilometres in 21 hours.”

Comte Henri de la Vaulx communicates to the Aero-Club the synopsis of his voyage to Russia in the balloon 'Centaur' of 1,600 cubic metres. Starting alone in his balloon, as did also the Comte de Castillon de St. Victor and M. Jacques Faure in the balloons 'L'Orient' and 'L'Aero-Club,' he found his pressure of 15 millimetres and 18 millimetres of water. The diameter of these valves is 20 centimetres. Then there is another lower valve of the same diameter which automatically regulates the outflow of air from the inner air chamber at a pressure of 9 millimetres of water. The air is driven into the air chamber by means of a fan worked by the motor. The presence of this inner balloon secures the retention of the shape of the balloon by keeping up a normal tension of the envelope. This preservation of the shape of the balloon is considered essential, as it facilitates the motion of the balloon through the air.
Design of formation control laws for manoeuvred flight
Authors: Campa G. , Wan S. , Napolitano M. R. , Seanor B. , Fravolini M. L.
Published: February 2017

This paper presents identification, control synthesis and simulation results for an YF-22 aircraft model designed, built, and instrumented at West Virginia University. The ultimate goal of the project is the experimental demonstration of formation flight for a set of 3 of the above models. In the planned flight configuration, a pilot on the ground maintains controls of the leader aircraft while a wingman aircraft is required to maintain a pre-defined position and orientation with respect to the leader. The identification of both a linear model and a nonlinear model of the aircraft from flight data is discussed first. Then, the design of the control scheme is presented and discussed with an emphasis on the amount of information, relative to the leader aircraft, needed by the wingman to maintain formation. Using the developed nonlinear model, the control laws for a maneuvered flight of the formation are then simulated with Simulink® and displayed with the Virtual Reality Toolbox®. Simulation studies have been performed to evaluate the effects of specific parameters and the system robustness to atmospheric turbulence. The conclusions from this analysis have allowed the formulation of specific guidelines for the design of the electronic payload for formation flight.
Neighborhood Structure and Fear of Crime in Urban China: Disorder As a Neighborhood Process
Authors: Liu Jianhong
Published: February 2017

Fear of crime has always been a major topic in the popular media and for public policy. Consequences of fear of crime are salient for citizens' and the community's quality of life. Since the late 1970s, there has been a much scholarly attention paid to the role of disorder in producing fear of crime and further producing adverse community consequences. Particularly influential works were Wilson and Kelling's paper (1982) and Skogan's work (1990); these works greatly influenced public policy in the late 1980s and early 1990s (Greene and Taylor 1988; Ferraro 1994). The salient feature of this research is its emphasis on the role of community context, analyzing how disorder generates fear of crime and leads to community decline at the street block and neighborhood level. The impact of fear of crime extends beyond the victims of the crimes, and indicates the salience of the social aspect of fear of crime. Therefore, neighborhood effects are highly relevant to the understanding of fear of crime. Scholars have recognized that individuals' fear is better understood within a neighborhood or community context. The purpose of the present study is to build upon prior work to address critical questions of neighborhood effects on fear of crime under context of contemporary urban China. Using multilevel analyses of data from Tianjing, China, this paper found that neighborhood context variables have effect on fear of crime independent of individual characteristics.
La justice pînale des mineurs en europe: évolutions et enjeux
Authors: Cartuyvels Yves , Bailleau Francis
Published: February 2017

Tout au long du XXesiècle, la justice des mineurs en Europe s'est développée selon un modèle de justice spécifique, parfois qualifié de « tutélaire » ou de « protectionnel ». Avec des caractéristiques propres et selon des rythmes spécifiques à chaque pays, un même idéal de justice individualisée se déploie, qui trahit l'influence du discoursWelfarepropre à l'Etat social.

Depuis la fin du XXesiècle, ce modèle de justice spécifique est largement remis en question. Oscillant entre résistance du « penal welfarism », avancées punitives et logiques managériales, la justice des mineurs se cherche entre différentes logiques parfois complémentaires, parfois contradictoires. Dans cet article, nous cherchons à expliquer cette évolution en mettant l'accent sur le rôle joué par quelques facteurs essentiels: le rôle des médias, la place des droits de l'homme, la montée du processus de victimisation et l'inflexion managériale en contexte de gestion des risques.
The Dualistic Model of Juvenile Justice System in China: In & Beyond Criminal Justice
Authors: Mingyue Su
Published: February 2017

In October 1984, Shanghai Changning district people's court established the first collegial panel of our country specializing in juvenile criminal cases; and it marks the beginning of the juvenile justice reform in China. After 30 years of development, the philosophy of juvenile justice has changed; juvenile judicial institutions are growing and juvenile justice system has gradually formed. Different from the practices of juvenile court in Western countries such as the U. S., Japan, and Germany, juvenile delinquency or deviant behavior that does not violate the criminal law would not enter the judicial process, but rather, would be handled by administrative agencies such as the police, and subject to coercive measures including educational measures, protective measures, and punitive measures in China. Among these measures, education through Custody as a strict administrative punishment can deprive the personal liberty of the juvenile delinquents for as long as four years. Instead of ruling by court through the due process in accordance with the law, decisions of education through custody are made by the administrative organs in practice. This practice is probably unique in the world.
TheQuestionof Public Criminology: Seeking Resources of Hope for a Better Politics of Crime
Authors: Loader Ian , Sparks Richard
Published: February 2017

This paper develops an argument lightly sketched in our bookPublic Criminology?(2010). There we posed the question of what it would take for criminology to make a substantial contribution to the search for “a better politics of crime”. We were of course well aware of what some of our critics then informed us, namely that this was just a suggestion in need of much fuller articulation.

Here we begin by summarizing the position outlined in that book and some subsequent papers. We argue that criminology has indeed made some salient contributions to the search for a better politics, but the scale of that contribution has also been limited by some intellectual tendencies that draw energy and attention away from the kind of reconstruction that we propose.

In particular, the tone of some of the leading accounts of recent penal politics is grim — not without reason, as we freely acknowledge. If the trends with which we have become so familiar in some parts of the world — chronically high levels of incarceration, racial disproportion, demotic symbolic politics — flow either from core features of ‘late modernity’ or from inherent logics of neoliberal globalization, as some key contributors have insisted, then the prospects for changing these in any substantial and purposeful way, any time soon, seem rather slim. There have of course been reversals in the unremitting rise of mass incarceration recently. Are these more than temporary, reversible fluctuations? Are some of those who celebrate them clutching at straws?

It is not necessary to share such (perhaps premature) optimism to wish to promote a somewhat different and more hopeful form of analysis and engagement. Is there perhaps also an opposite tendency to depict some of these problems as so massive and intractable — the tendency that we here call ‘hype’ — as to deter us from practical intervention? This paper seeks to identify some resources that could contribute to the task of reconstructing our approaches to theorizing our institutions and practices of crime control. If criminology is to contribute more effectively to thinking about how we draw limits to state coercion and demand strict scrutiny over the threats to individual rights, human development, and civic dignity posed by institutionalized exclusion and stigmatization it will need access to a certain range of perspectives and to build (or re-build) some alliances. What kind of criminology is best suited to the challenge of developing penal practices and institutions fit for democratic societies?
RECONFIGURING THE “MIXED TOWN”: URBAN TRANSFORMATIONS OF ETHNONATIONAL RELATIONS IN PALESTINE AND ISRAEL
Authors: Rabinowitz Dan , Monterescu Daniel
Published: February 2017

Identifying ethnonational mixed towns as an analytical and comparative category, we show how in Palestine and Israel such towns underwent six major historical transformations and how their history under Ottoman, British, and Israeli rule displays an emergent and bifurcated sociospatial configuration. On one level, they personify the political conflict over space and identity as it evolved from millet-based confessional communities to modernist nation-based collectives shaped by milestones of the Palestinian–Israeli conflict. On another level, they form political and cultural arenas that defy the binary logic of ethnonationalism and urban colonialism. Avoiding the restrictive Manichaean conceptualizations of the colonial, the divided, and the dual city, we show how such towns embody segregation and exclusion while actively resisting them. Scrutinizing demographic diversification, cultural expansion, intercommunal relations, and the secularizing, modernizing effect urbanity has had in the region, our analysis, which emphasizes relationality, reconfigures the sociospatial history of Jewish–Arab mixed towns.
AFRICAN COSMOPOLITANISM IN THE EARLY MODERN MEDITERRANEAN: THE DIASPORIC LIFE OF YOHANNES, THE ETHIOPIAN PILGRIM WHO BECAME A COUNTER-REFORMATION BISHOP
Authors: SALVADORE MATTEO
Published: February 2017

The article chronicles the diasporic life of the Cyprus-born Ethiopian priest Yoḥannǝs (1509–65), who, after traveling far and wide across Europe and to Portuguese India, eventually settled in Rome and served the papacy for over two decades. Rare language skills and a cosmopolitan coming of age enabled his remarkable ecclesiastical career as an agent of the Counter-Reformation. Shortly before an untimely death, Yoḥannǝs became the second black bishop and the first black nuncio in the history of the Roman Church, rare appointments that would not be accessible to black Africans again until the 20th century. His unique experience represents a significant addition to the available historiography on blacks in early modern Europe and calls into question some commonly held assumptions in African diaspora studies.
E. P. THOMPSON, ‘SOCIAL HISTORY’, AND SOUTH AFRICAN HISTORIOGRAPHY, 1970–90
Authors: DELIUS PETER
Published: February 2017

It is often suggested that the work of E. P. Thomson played a pivotal role in shaping South African historical writing and provided the foundations for a new school of social history. Thompson's writings – often refracted through many other texts – were one influence amongst many. This article, drawing on my own experiences of key moments of individuals and institutions, argues that the decisive and central role that is ascribed to his work does not accord with much more complex and localised realities. The article touches on numerous other influences that shaped the research and writing of succeeding cohorts of historians. It also suggests that whileThe Poverty of Theorywas an influential publication, it did not initiate new forms of research and writing, but rather contributed to debates that were already well underway. In conclusion, the usefulness of the category of social history is disputed, as in the South African context it lends to a lazy lumping together of a very diverse selection of historians and needs to be rethought or replaced.
On a property of finite-state birth and death processes
Authors: Branford A. J.
Published: February 2017

A simple proof is given of the result that the ‘overflow' from a finite-state birth and death process is a renewal stream characterized by hyperexponential inter-event times. Our structure is utilized to give a converse result that any hyperexponential renewal stream can be so produced as the overflow from a finite-state birth and death process.
Mixing properties of harris chains and autoregressive processes
Authors: Athreya Krishna B. , Pantula Sastry G.
Published: February 2017

Let {Yn: n ≧ 1} be a Harris-recurrent Markov chain on a general state space. It is shown that {Yn
} is strong mixing, provided there exists a stationary probability distribution π (·) for {Yn
}. Necessary and sufficient conditions for an autoregressive process to be uniform mixing are given.
Normal approximations to discrete unimodal distributions
Authors: Quinn B. G. , MacGillivray H. L.
Published: February 2017

Sufficient conditions are presented for the limiting normality of sequences of discrete random variables possessing unimodal distributions. The conditions are applied to obtain normal approximations directly for the hypergeometric distribution and the stationary distribution of a special birth-death process.
Discrimination between monotonic trends and long-range dependence
Authors: Künsch H.
Published: February 2017

We show that the periodogram behaves differently for a weakly dependent process with a small monotonic trend and a stationary strongly dependent process. In the former case it has a non-central-distribution with noncentrality parameter tending to 0 uniformly outside intervals. In the latter case it has λα−1times a central-distribution, 0 <α< 1.
Some results involving HNBUE distributions
Authors: Basu A. P. , Kirmani S. N. U. A.
Published: February 2017

A characterization of the exponential distribution in the class of all distributions which are HNBUE or HNWUE is proved. An upper (a lower) bound is obtained on the renewal function of a renewal process when the underlying distribution is HNBUE (HNWUE).
‘Lithuanians’, ‘Foreigners’ and Ecclesiastical Office: Law and Practice in the Sixteenth-Century Grand Duchy Of Lithuania
Authors: PAWLIKOWSKA-BUTTERWICK WIOLETTA
Published: February 2017

The distinction between ‘Lithuanians’ and ‘foreigners’ made by the law of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with regard to eligibility for senior offices was less clear in practice. The protracted dispute, between 1591 and 1600, over the royal nomination of a ‘Pole’ as bishop of Vilna, has traditionally been presented as an expression of Lithuanian particularism after the 1569 union between Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. Using neglected capitular sources, this article re-examines the crucial, but underappreciated role played by the Vilna cathedral chapter in this cause célèbre. The motives for the chapter's opposition to the royal nominee cast doubt on the allegedly overwhelming importance of the defence of Lithuanian ‘sovereignty’. Instead, the case demonstrates the significance of material interests in the actions of early modern ecclesiastical corporations.
Calculation of Mass Balance of Glaciers by Remote-Sensing Imagery Using Similarity of Accumulation and Ablation Isoline Patterns
Authors: Krenke A.N , Menshutin V.M
Published: February 2017

An investigation of the combined heat, ice, and water balances was carried out in the Marukh glacier basin (west Caucasus) in 1966–67 to 1976–77, according to the International Hydrological Decade programme. Averaged glacier mass balance for these 11 years appears to be −55 g cm−2 year−1 according to stake measurements, and −51 g cm−2 year−1 according to geodetic measurements. The variability of accumulation is estimated as C
v = 0.15 and of ablation as C
v = 0.11. Thus, the variation in accumulation governs the oscillations in glacier balance. The inner nourishment of the glacier was also taken into account. The glacier mass balance is closely related to the relation between the accumulation and ablation areas. The “transient” values of both figures during the whole period of ablation can be used for this relation. The forms of the accumulation and ablation fields are similar from year to year and from one 10 day period to another. The areas of the accumulation and ablation zones are very different from one year to another. On the contrary, the average specific balance for each zone changes very little. One can use these features for the construction of accumulation, ablation, and specific mass-balance maps from satellite imagery. Mean values for the mass-balance terms occur in the vicinity of the equilibrium line. They can be calculated by using the air temperatures. Deviations from the means in different areas of the glacier determine the typical fields of the mass-balance terms.
Infrared Spectra of the Ices at ≈4 K and the Interpretation of the v
OD(D2O) Bands of Ices II and IX
Authors: Bates F. E. , Jacobs S. M. , Bertie J. E.
Published: February 2017

We have studied the infrared absorption by the OD stretching, v
OD(D2O), and D2O rotational, v
R(D2O), vibrations of fully deuterated ice II and ice IX at lo K, and the absorption by OD stretching vibrations, v
OD (HDO), of HDO molecules isolated in ices Ih, II, and IX at 10 K. Calculations of the frequencies and relative intensities of the zero-wave-vector normal v
OD(D2O) vibrations of ices II and IX have allowed the v
OD(D2O) absorption to be assigned. Each component of the band is broad, even at 10 K, most probably because of Fermi resonance between the fundamental OD stretching vibrational states and the isoenergetic continuum of high-order overtone and combination states of the lattice modes. This work has yielded the most complete interpretation yet achieved of an infrared band due to the OH or OD stretching vibrations of a phase of ice.

The far-infrared absorption by the translational vibrations of H2O and D2O ices Ih and Ic at 4.3 K has been measured, and has revealed differences between the spectra of ices III and Ic for the first time.

Papers describing this work in full have been published in Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 67, No. 4, 1977, p. 1311-18, and Vol. 67, No. 6, 1977, p. 2445-48.
The Lures of Akrasia
Authors: Rorty Amelie Oksenberg
Published: February 2017

There is more to akrasia than meets the eye: it can occur in speech and perception, cognitively and emotionally as well as between decision and action. But because it is over-determined and because it occurs in opaque intentional contexts, its attribution remains highly fallible. The lures of akrasia are the same as those that are exercised in ordinary psychological and cognitive inferential contexts.
Is Ultimate Moral Responsibility Metaphysically Impossible? A Bergsonian Critique of Galen Strawson's Argument
Authors: Robson Mark Ian Thomas
Published: February 2017

What I want to do in this essay is examine a notorious argument put forward by Galen Strawson. He advocates what he describes as ana prioriargument against the possibility of ultimate (moral) responsibility. There have been many attempts at answering Strawson, but whether they have been successful is debatable. I attempt to employ Henri Bergson's approach to the free will debate and assess whether what he says has any purchase in terms of criticism of Strawson's position. I conclude that Bergson's views offer a serious alternative in debates about free will.
Internal Reflecting Horizons in Spitsbergen Glaciers
Authors: Bamber J. L.
Published: February 2017

A single pronounced internal reflecting horizon has been observed on radio echo-sounding from over 30 glaciers in Spitsbergen. They are often present along the entire length of the glacier, remaining at a fairly constant depth (100–200 m) below the ice surface. Echo-strength data from radio echo-sounding have been used to obtain reflection coefficients, for these horizons, of between -15 and -25 dB. Combined with results of ice-core studies, the possible causes of this internal layer are investigated. The presence of water is found to be the most likely explanation, indicating the existence, at depth, of a layer of temperate ice.
Microearthquakes Under and Alongside Ice Stream B, Antarctica. Detected By A New Passive Seismic Array
Authors: Blankenship D.D. , Anandakrishnan S. , Kempf J.L. , Bentley C.R.
Published: February 2017

A new seismographic array with a band width of 500 Hz per channel and a dynamic range of 96 dB was developed for detecting natural events on glaciers. It was first deployed on ice stream B during the 1985–86 austral summer. The network consists of nine solar-powered seismographs, each monitoring three components of ground motion. Each of the seismographs is connected by up to 4 km of fiber-optic cable to a central node where seismic events are both detected and recorded. During 85 h of passive seismic monitoring on ice stream B, 25 microearthquakes were observed. Sixteen of these events were associated with shallow crevassing, mostly near the margins, although not within the zones of extreme shearing that bound the ice streams. Nine microearthquakes were associated with low-angle thrusting near the base of the ice stream. The principal initial result of these passive seismic studies is the demonstration that virtually none of the energy dissipated beneath ice stream B takes place through brittle fracture near the base. Nevertheless, fracture associated with microearthquakes may play a significant role in sub-glacial erosion.
Interface Tracking in Digitally Recorded Glaciological Data
Authors: Cooper A.P.R.
Published: February 2017

As more data are recorded in digital form the importance of automatically extracting parameters of glaciological significance increases. This paper addresses the problem, with particular reference to tracking bedrock or internal reflectors in digitally recorded Radio Echo Sounding (RES) data. It has been found that the simplest solution to this problem is a “supervised” system, where operator decisions may be added interactively, either on operator command or upon loss of track. Increasing internal decision making within the program may reduce the number of operator interventions required, but is unlikely to eliminate them completely.

Algorithms are presented and discussed for determining the position of the interface, for predicting the position of the interface in successive records, for determining the loss of track condition, and for re-acquiring track after loss of track.
Comparison of the Surface Conditions of the Inland Ice Sheet, Dronning Maud Land. Antarctica. Derived from Noaa AVHRR Data with Ground Observation
Authors: Fujii Yoshiyuki , Yamanouchi Takashi , Suzuki Kazuya , Tanaka Shinya
Published: February 2017

The surface conditions of the inland ice sheet in east Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, are derived from the NOAA-7 AVHRR data received at Syowa Station and then compared with the ground observations which were collected in November 1984 along a 243 km long traverse route at altitudes ranging from 2700 to 3400 m a.s.l. The variations in the AVHRR data are well related to the distribution of glazed surfaces. The areas with lower albedo, higher surface temperature, lower ratio of channel 2/channel 1, and lower T4-T5 coincide with the areas where a glazed surface has developed. This result is attributed to the fact that the glazed surface is composed of a multi-layered ice crust and that its radiative and thermal properties are closer to ice than to snow. The present study shows that the NOAA AVHRR data are useful for distinguishing bare ice, glazed surfaces, and snow surfaces of the Antarctic ice sheet.
Pattern Recognition of Air Photographs for Estimation of Snow Reserves
Authors: Good W. , Martinec J.
Published: February 2017

A certain snow-covered area determined from air photographs in different years can contain different volumes of snow. The pattern recognition of snow fields reveals whether the snow reserves are relatively high or low for the given snow coverage. It also signals a short terra increase of the snow-covered area by summer snowfall.
Snow Mapping and Classification from Landsat Thematic Mapper Data
Authors: Dozier Jeff , Marks Danny
Published: February 2017

Use of satellite multi-spectral remote-sensing data to map snow and estimate snow characteristics over remote and inaccessible areas requires that we distinguish snow from other surface cover and from clouds, and compensate for the effects of the atmosphere and rugged terrain. Because our space-borne radiometers typically measure reflectance in a few wavelength bands, for climate modeling we must use inferences of snow grain-size and contaminant amount to estimate snow albedo throughout the solar spectrum. Although digital elevation data may be used to simulate typical conditions for a satellite image, precise registration of an elevation data set with satellite data is usually impossible. Instead, an atmospheric model simulates combinations of Thematic Mapper (TM) band radiances for snow of various grain-sizes and contaminant amounts. These can be recognized in TM images and snow can automatically be distinguished from other surfaces and classified into clean new snow, older metamorphosed snow, or snow mixed with vegetation.
Comparison of Observed and Modeled Ice Motion in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Zwally H. Jay , Walsh John E.
Published: February 2017

Daily maps of multiyear ice concentration, derived from Nimbus-7 SMMR passive microwave data, are analyzed to obtain the displacement of the multiyear ice edge and information on the convergence/divergence within the pack. The dynamic—thermodynamic sea-ice model of Hibler (1979) is run with daily time steps and with forcing by the interannually varying fields of geostrophic wind and temperature-derived thermodynamic fluxes. Model-data comparisons are made for the net drift during the months of November through January of the 1978—79, 1979—80, and 1980—81 seasons, and for the shorter-term drift during a 52 day period. Both the model and the data-based drifts for the 25 November 1978 to 28 January 1979 period differ from the classical Beaufort-gyre pattern exhibited in the other two winters. For the 52 day period of November—December 1978, both the model and the data show an eastward drift followed by a westward drift of the ice edges in the Laptev Sea, and for the 25 November 1978 to 28 January 1979 period, a net westward drift of about 250 km. Overall, the model and the data exhibit the same patterns of ice movement with marked month-to-month and large interannual variations in the drift. Good agreement is found in most regions of the central Arctic, but pronounced discrepancies occur near the edge of the total ice pack in the East Greenland Sea. During a short period of large changes in multiyear ice concentration in the central Arctic around 2 December 1980, the divergence implied by the changes in multiyear concentration is qualitatively compared with the divergence computed from the modeled velocity fields. Both the microwave data and the model results indicate similar temporal characteristics of pack-ice response during this major deformation event.
Mass Balance of South-East Alaska and North-West British Columbia Glaciers from 1976 to 1984: Methods and Results
Authors: Pelto M.S.
Published: February 2017

The annual surface mass balance for 1983 and 1984 and the 10 year cumulative mass balances for 1975–85 were calculated for 60 south-east Alaskan and north-west British Columbia glaciers. At present, the mass balance is positive on nine, at equilibrium on nine, and negative on 42 glaciers. The ratio of glaciers with positive and equilibrium mass balance to glaciers with negative mass-balance has not changed significantly since 1946; however, the magnitude of negative balances has declined on 39 of the 42 glaciers.

The annual mass balance of south-east Alaska and north-west British Columbia glaciers cannot be measured on more than a few glaciers. This paper presents the methods and results for a mass-balance model using as input local weather records, Juneau Icefield field studies, and satellite imagery. The primary variable in mass balance from one glacier to another is the budget gradient. The budget gradient varies predictably according to three parameters: ocean proximity, surface slope, and valley width-valley height. The annual fluctuation of the budget gradient can be determined by examination of local weather records, determination of activity indexes, and delineation of the equilibrium-line gradient from the maritime to the continental part of each icefield. The latter two variables are determined using largely satellite imagery, keyed to topographic maps.

This procedure, where applicable, yielded mass-balance errors of ±0.16–0.22 m and 10 year cumulative mass-balance errors of ±0.08–0.15 m.
Use of Remote-Sensing Data in Modelling Run-Off from the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Thomsen H.H. , Braithwaite R.J.
Published: February 2017

Run-off modelling is needed in Greenland to extend the short series of measurements. However, the delineation of hydrological basins on the Greenland ice sheet is difficult because of the lack of information about surface and subglacial drainage patterns. Low Sun-angle Landsat data have been used for mapping local surface features which has led to an improvement in basin delineations and thereby run-off simulations. Work is now in progress to map subglacial topography by electromagnetic reflection (EMR) from a helicopter. This information will be used for calculating hydraulic potentials within the basin and to assess the possibilities of future changes in drainage-basin delineation.