bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phytochemical, Biochemical and Biological Evaluation of Five Herbal Bitters Sold in Pharmacy Shops in Eastern Nigeria
Authors: Onugwu S. O. , Ezugwu C. O. , Odoh U. E. , Onugwu A. L.
Published: November 2021

Aim: This study investigated the phytochemical constituents, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of five herbal bitters and their potential effect on body weight, lipid profile, hematology, liver and kidney functions of albino rats.

Methods: Five brands of herbal bitters (Goko Cleanser®, Ruzu Bitter®, Yoyo Bitter®, Swedish Bitter® and Beta Cleanser®) were tested for the presence of phytochemical constituents. Antimicrobial activity was evaluatedby agar diffusion method. The weights of the animals were taken before treatment, and on day 7, 14, 21 and 28 post treatments with the herbal bitters. Blood levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, PCV, haemoglobin, AST, ALT, ALP, urea and creatinine were measured.

Results: Glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, steroid, saponins, phenolic compounds were present while reducing sugar, amino acid and hydrogen cyanide were absent in the five bitters. All the five bitters showed moderate to potent antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in body weight and a significant increase in catalase, SOD and glutathione peroxidase activities. There was also a significant reduction in total cholesterol and an increase in HDL. The PCV of the treated animals increased significantly while the haemoglobin was not affected significantly. The liver and kidney functions were not significantly altered.

Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, Goko Cleanser®, Ruzu Bitter®, Yoyo Bitter®, Swedish Bitter® and Beta Cleanser® possess antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and may help to reduce body weight and hypercholesterolemia.
Land Pollution Assessment from Slaughterhouses Waste Discharge in Port Harcourt
Authors: Daniel Ogbebor , N. John Ugbebor , L. Yusuf Momoh O. , Onyedikachukwu Ndekwu B.
Published: November 2021

Aim: The study aimed at evaluating pollutants present in soil due to slaughterhouse wastewater discharge into surrounding land mass as well as comparing land deposition as an alternative means of discharge.

Study Design: The study design was based on Investigative Survey Research Approach (ISRA). The ISRA for obtaining data entailed schedule of series of visits to slaughterhouse facilities. The tasks accomplished during such visits included the following: Inspection and witnessing processing operations within and around the sampled slaughterhouses; interviewing relevant and competent staff of the slaughterhouses and residents living in areas close to the slaughterhouses; Collection of soil samples at specified depth intervals within the discharge points of selected land based slaughterhouses for laboratory analysis.

Methodology: A total of twelve composite samples were collected from three different land discharged locations. Three composite samples each were collected from the sampling locations at a depth of 0 to 10 cm, 10 to 20 cm, 20 to 30 cm and 30 to 40 cm. Four composite samples each were collected for analysis from the three sampling locations on specified sampling dates. The samples were then placed in sterile polythene bags and transported to the laboratory for processing.

Results: A high build-up of heavy metal concentration was observed in soil samples from all the sampled locations across their examined depths. Mn had the highest average concentration across the depths followed by Zn, Pb and Cd as shown from sampled results of LA1, LA2 and LA3. The average concentrations of Mn, Zn, Pb, and Mn decreased across the depths for all examined sites except for a truncated build-up of Zn and Mn at depths 30-40cm and 10-20 cm respectively.

Conclusion: From the results obtained therefore, it was revealed that effluent/solid wastes generated from the slaughterhouse is highly polluted and has a huge effect in nutrient build-up, hence, there is an urgent need for basic treatment of wastes before discharge to land.
Ontological Insecurity and Decision-Making during Black Swan and Dragon King Events, and COVID-19
Authors: Nash Susan Smith
Published: November 2021

The tremendously disruptive global pandemic of COVID-19 has had a destabilizing effect on individuals and groups as it triggered a profound uncertainty about the ability of nations, organizations, and individuals to survive. Under such conditions, decision-making was affected in a number of ways which has a profound implication for leaders and policymakers. This paper presents new theoretical lenses that incorporate literary and cultural narratives to consider the various potential classifications of COVID-19 as a “Black Swan” or “Dragon King” event, and how the disruption has precipitated psychological distress. Further, the paper discusses the notion that Dragon King extreme events may be precursors to catastrophic transition. In this analysis, we look at concepts such as R. D. Laing’s The Divided Self, and the psychological concept of ontological insecurity.  While the concept is a psychological one, it has been applied to the analysis of literature, with very illuminating results.  Likewise, the concept could be applied to the factors going into thinking about reality, one’s relationships with others, and then, decision-making. When combined with techniques to develop self-awareness, such as the Johari window, even more insight is achievable. The overall purpose of the paper is to analyze the relatively hidden or unacknowledged literary narratives that constitute driving mechanisms in decision-making in psychological and ontologically destabilizing Black Swan and Dragon King events.
Evaluation of Different WQI Methods for Drinking Water Assessment with a Case Study of Groundwater from Vizianagaram District, AP, India
Authors: Reddy A. G. S. , Sastry K. S. , Raghavendra Guru
Published: November 2021

Application of Water Quality Index (WQI) to assess the water quality for drinking water suitability and intensity of contamination is in practice worldwide. Many WQI methods have been in use since their conceptualization, and some are country-specific or use-specific. A generalized and widely acceptable method that can project ground truths in non-dimensional numerical form to evaluate the water quality, especially for drinking uses, is lacking. Complexity and disagreement among different methods are adding to incongruence among the scientists. The concept and a simple calculation method of WQI are deliberated. Five different WQI methods using water chemistry results of Vizianagarm District are discussed. The WQI output obtained from these methods displays discrepancies in the proper projection of water quality. Some samples show similarities in WQI values obtained from two to four methods. However, the suitability status of water for drinking purposes could not be precisely ascertained from these indices. Since the water chemistry results and WQI values are incompatible, the output from these methods could be red herring. Few issues are identified among the studied methods which need improvisation. The use of ideal value in the weighted arithmetic index method and arbitration in assigning Weight for each parameter gives scope for speculation. Non-uniformity in the categorization of water and the suitability statuses of drinking water are discouraging factors. The WQI is an effective tool in screening the vast database for identifying and addressing the issues in water quality. Since drinking water standards and water supply are government-sponsored, an institutional intervention is required to standardize the WQI computation procedure. Such an initiative is necessary for the practical application of water quality data to contain water-borne diseases.
Evaluation and Comparison of Functional and Aesthetic Outcomes of McGregor and Stepped Lower Lip-Split Incisions for Extirpation of Primary Tumor in Cases of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Oral Cavity (SCCOC)
Authors: Gupta Chetan , Bhola Nitin , Jadhav Anendd , Sharma Akhil
Published: November 2021

Background: Clear surgical margins are of utmost importance in surgical oncological procedures. Secondary consideration includes the functional and aesthetic outcomes of the patients after the procedure. The recognised surgical approach to the posteriorly located oral cavity and oropharyngeal tumors involves the splitting of the lower lip with or without mandibulectomy. In order to perk up postoperative function and aesthetics, quite a lot of modiﬁcations of the unique midline lower lip-splitting incision have been projected by various authors till date. A stepped ladder lower lip split incision (LLSI) helps in improved functional and aesthetic outcomes.

Objectives: The prime accent of the study is to compare the McGregor LLSI and the stepped LLSI with respect to functional and aesthetic outcomes in tumors ablation for SCCOC.

Methodology: The study population (n=22) is assigned randomly in two equal groups as a subject in the ratio of 1:1. Systemically healthy histologically diagnosed patients of SCCOC requiring LLSI for the tumours ablation will be included. In Group A- McGregor LLSI will be performed and in Group B- a Stepped LLSI would performed. Post-operative assessment of functional and aesthetic outcomes will be done.

Expected Results: A stepped ladder LLSI used for tumours ablation will be effective in preserving post-operative lip movement, lip competency and cosmesis.

Conclusion: Utility of a Stepped ladder LLSI for accessibility and ablation of posterior oral and oropharyngealtumors would be undoubtfully beneficial for improving post-operative functional and aesthetic outcomes and could be executed in routine oncologic surgery.
Sculpting in Dentistry – Requirements, Methods and Limitations in Aesthetic Dentistry: A Minireview
Authors: Hegde N. , Sadananda V. , Hegde M. N. , Mathew R. , Priya .
Published: November 2021

The skill of sculpting is an interesting and important part of restorative and esthetic dentistry. This review article will help achieve an understanding on what we know about this art, the hurdles we have faced, advances achieved, the limitations we still face and would help to gain knowledge and information on how to further advance in the art of manipulation and sculpting of dental restorations. This article aimed to review available literature on manipulation techniques, to summarize the importance of sculpting and to identify methods to face the current limitations of the art.
A Study of Anxiety on Experimental Epileptic Rat Models using Dark Light Box
Authors: Praba A. Mary Antony , Venkatramanaiah C. , Jayakumari S. , Murugaperumal Ganesan
Published: November 2021

The word neurodegeneration refers to defects in neuronal structure and consequently its function. The main characteristics of these disorders are relentless progression and cognitive declination. Epilepsy is one of the neurodegenerative disorders, around 50 million people in the world are affected with. Though it is one of the major health problems in the present society, there are several gaps in understanding the consequences related to neurological disorders. As research works related to neurodegeneration is very much limited in India we have planned one as an initiative.

We segregated 8 animal groups, each with 6 animals for this work. The animal groups are LC, CO, AC15, AC25, AC35, BA10, BA15 and BA20. This study was conducted on 10th day after the lesion by considering the day of lesion as day ‘1’ and the next day as day 2nd. All the animals were recovered completely within these 10 days and were put in the dark light box to analyse the anxiety level of the animals, so as to analyse the effect of the drug employed. This particular study clearly supported the efficacy of the drug as the drug group animals were less anxious or even behaved normal. Both the crude extract and the selected active principle have proved their efficacy by the study.
Clinico-Radiological Profile of Abdominal Pain in Children Admitted in a Tertiary Care Centre-A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Paramasivam Jai Durairaj , Manasa Thangella , Srinath Melpakkam Venkatesan , Prasaadh Hari
Published: November 2021

Background and Aim: Mesenteric lymphadenitis in pediatric population usually presents with abdominal pain mimicking appendicitis mounting a challenging task for physicians to diagnose. It is a self-limiting inflammatory process and resolves spontaneously. In addition to clinical features, ultrasonography is the primary diagnostic modality. We aimed to evaluate the clinico-radiological characteristics of mesenteric adenitis in patients presenting with abdominal pain. Materials and Methods: A total of 108 patients attending paediatric out-patient and paediatric surgery clinic in Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, between January 2018 and December 2020 with abdominal pain for several aetiologies were included in this study. The clinical presentation, laboratory parameters and the ultrasonographic findings were noted. Data summarized as numbers, percentages and Mean ± Standard Deviation (SD).

Results: Peak prevalence was found to be at around 8 [range 6-10] years. Clinically, 58.3% had fever, 40.7% had dysuria and 36.1% had diarrhoea. Laboratory parameters were non-specific for this condition. Majority of the enlarged lymph nodes were found in the right lower quadrant (81.5%) followed by (10.2%) in the para-umbilical region and (8.3%) in left lower quadrant.

Conclusions: Mesenteric lymphadenitis as an individual clinical entity is a very challenging task for the paediatricians to evaluate and diagnose due to several possible variations in the clinical presentation. Although mesenteric lymphadenitis is usually a self limiting entity, a cohort of children warrant medical interventions.
Effect of Nigella sativa on Testosterone Level in Albino Rats Treated with Doxorubicin
Authors: Kumar Ashok , Sundus Sadia , . Ata-Ur-Rehman , Fatmee Sarwat , Imran Muhammad , Naz Safia
Published: November 2021

Objective: To measure the influence of Nigella sativa on testosterone level of albino rats treated with doxorubicin

Study Design: Investigational study.

Place of Study: Animal House, JPMC, Karachi,

Materials and Methods: This study was accompanied on 3-4 months old, 40 albino rats, in the animal house of BMSI, Anatomy department, Karachi for 5 weeks were taken for this study and distributed into 4 groups, A1, A2, A3 &A4. A1 served as control, A2 receive Doxorubicin 3 mg/kg /week intraperitonealy, A3 receive extract of Nigella sativa 1000mg/kg daily orally along with Doxorubicin 3 mg / kg /week intraperitonealy and A4 receive extract of Nigella sativa 1000mg/kg daily orally. At completion of study, animals were sacrifice and tissues were preserved for staining.

Time of Study: The time of study was 35 days.

Results: In A2 serum Testosterone was markedly decreased, i.e 3.093+0.091 ng/ml as compared to A1 though serum levels were extremely substantial raise in A3 when compared with A2. This shows amended role of Nigella sativa on Doxorubicin induced kidney.

Conclusion: This study reveals that Nigella sativa amended the serum levels of testosterone of doxorubicin induced kidney.
Risk of Postoperative Sensitivity and Pulpal Complications in Respect of: Amount of Reduction, Temporization, Cement Type
Authors: Prabhu Namdeo , S. Albulayhid Amjad Abdulrahman , Abdolah Y. Althari Abdulaziz , Q. Alruwaili Talal Eid
Published: November 2021

Fixed partial dentures (FPDs) made of metal ceramic are a popular treatment option for missing teeth. Studies have shown that posterior abutments of FPDs had a higher pulp survival rate than anterior abutments. Postoperative sensitivity following the cementation of a fixed prosthesis is a frequent symptom, especially when the abutments include important pulp. Dentinal hypersensitivity affects between 4 and 74 percent of people. Females are found to have a somewhat greater DH incidence than males. While DH can affect individuals of any age, there have been several theories on what causes abutment sensitivity after tooth preparation and cementation. In this review we included some of it. Also, we discussed methods of management of postoperative sensitivity and Management of fractured abutment screw.
Deep Learning-based Models of Molecular Phenotypes for Predicting the Overall Survival in Cancer
Authors: Cazzato Gerardo , Oak Anjali , Khan Asim Mustafa , Jayesh .
Published: November 2021

Aims: The aim of the study is to justify the need of deep learning predictive model in obtaining molecular phenotypes of overall cancer survival.

Study Design: The study is based on the secondary qualitative data analysis through usage of systematic review.

Methodology: A qualitative study has been conducted to analyse the necessity of deep learning.  It also includes the need for deep learning models to obtain the imaging of the cancer cells. In the study, a detailed discussion on deep learning has been made. The analysis of the primary sources has been obtained by evaluating the quality of the resources in the study. The study also comprises of a thematic analysis that enlightens the benefits of deep learning. The study is based on the analysis of 14 primary research-based articles out of 112 quantitative articles and structuring of a systematic review from the collected data.

Results: The morphological and physiological changes that occur in the cancerous cells have been clearly evaluated in the research. The result signifies the prediction can be made by implementing deep learning in terms of cancer survival. Advancements in terms of technology in the medical field can thus be improved with the help of the deep learning process. It states the advancements of the deep learning models that are helpful in predicting the model of cancer to determine survival rate.

Conclusion: Deep learning is a process that is considered to be a subset of artificial intelligence. Deep learning programmes are meant to be performed for complex learning models. Although there is difference in the concept of deep learning and image processing still artificial intelligence brings both together so as to ensure better performance in image processing. The need for deep learning models has become invasive, and it helps to build a strong ground for cancer survival.
The enamelled baldric of Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray (c 1280–1332)
Authors: Cherry John
Published: November 2021

The baldric of Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray (died 1332), a companion in arms of King Robert I, was made in the first half of the 14th century and taken to England before 1604, since which time it has been attached to the Savernake horn, now in the British Museum. It is elaborately decorated with champlevé and translucent enamel, and bears the arms of argent three cushions gules within a royal tressure, which were adopted by Thomas Randolph after he was created Earl of Moray in 1312. The baldric shows Scottish heraldry and ownership, and so appears to be an example of Scottish enamelling. This article examines both the enamel decoration and the life of Thomas Randolph and suggests that there is a greater probability that it was made in France, possibly Paris or Avignon, rather than Scotland.
Professor John Morton Coles
Authors: Sheridan Alison
Published: November 2021

Professor John Coles, who died on 14 October 2020 aged 90, had a long and distinguished career as a prehistorian, experimental archaeologist and wetland archaeologist, and he made substantial contributions to Scottish archaeology, as well as to European and world archaeology more generally.
Secreted acid phosphatases maintain replicative lifespan via inositol polyphosphate metabolism in budding yeast
Authors: Nakajima Toshio , Hosoyamada Shun , Kobayashi Takehiko , Mukai Yukio
Published: November 2021

Secreted acid phosphatases (APases) dephosphorylate extracellular organic phosphate compounds to supply inorganic phosphate (Pi) to maintain cellular functions. Here, we show that APases are necessary to maintain a normal replicative lifespan in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Deletion of all four APase genes shortened the lifespan in yeast strains on synthetic media (irrespective of the concentrations of Pi in the media), but it did not affect the intracellular ortho‐ and polyphosphate levels. Deletion of inositol‐pentakisphosphate 2‐kinase (IPK1), which encodes inositol‐pentakisphosphate 2‐kinase, restored the lifespan in APase‐null mutants, and IPK1 overexpression shortened the lifespan in wild‐type strains. Overexpression of inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) and heptakisphosphate kinases, KCS1 and VIP1, recovered the lifespan in APase‐null mutants. Thus, yeast APases modulate the replicative lifespan, probably through dephosphorylation of intracellular IP6.
Varian ethos online adaptive radiotherapy for prostate cancer: Early results of contouring accuracy, treatment plan quality, and treatment time
Authors: Byrne Mikel , Archibald‐Heeren Ben , Hu Yunfei , Teh Amy , Beserminji Rhea , Cai Emma , Liu Guilin , Yates Angela , Rijken James , Collett Nick , Aland Trent
Published: November 2021

The Varian Ethos system allows for online adaptive treatments through the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) and deformable image registration which automates large parts of the anatomical contouring and plan optimization process. In this study, treatments of intact prostate and prostate bed, with and without nodes, were simulated for 182 online adaptive fractions, and then a further 184 clinical fractions were delivered on the Ethos system. Frequency and magnitude of contour edits were recorded, as well as a range of plan quality metrics. From the fractions analyzed, 11% of AI generated contours, known as influencer contours, required no change, and 81% required minor edits in any given fraction. The frequency of target and noninfluencer organs at risk (OAR) contour editing varied substantially between different targets and noninfluencer OARs, although across all targets 72% of cases required no edits. The adaptive plan was the preference in 95% of fractions. The adaptive plan met more goals than the scheduled plan in 78% of fractions, while in 15% of fractions the number of goals met was the same. The online adaptive recontouring and replanning process was carried out in 19 min on average. Significant improvements in dosimetry are possible with the Ethos online adaptive system in prostate radiotherapy.
Room‐Temperature Nonvolatile Molecular Memory Based on Partially Unzipped Nanotube
Authors: Peng Zhisheng , Deng Ya , Wei Haonan , Peng Kang , Liu Hui , Jin Jiyou , Wang Zhongpu , Chu Weiguo , Zhang Jian , Li Yong Jun , Liu Zheng , Sun Lianfeng
Published: November 2021

Nonvolatile memories have attracted a lot of interest because they retain the data when the power is interrupted. Smaller size and improved performance of nonvolatile memories are pursued both for basic research and applications. In this work, a molecular wire made of seamless junctions between semiconducting single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and partially unzipped segments of the SWNTs are reported. This novel nanostructure is demonstrated to be a nonvolatile memory, which works at room temperature under atmospheric conditions. The characteristics of the device are measured with a four‐terminal configuration and a non‐local voltage (Vnon‐local) is used as the storage signal. An electrical hysteresis of Vnon‐local is observed, wherein two states with different Vnon‐local can be switched by the application of an electric field through an insulating gate device structure, exhibiting nonvolatile characteristics. Vnon‐local can be modulated with external magnetic fields and the mechanism of the electrical hysteresis is attributed to the magnetic moments at the partially unzipped SWNT. The smaller size of SWNT and high working temperature may lead to the development of molecular nanomagnets as nonvolatile memory devices for practical applications.
Conversion of 2D MXene to Multi‐Low‐Dimensional GerMXene Superlattice Heterostructure
Authors: Rafieerad Alireza , Amiri Ahmad , Yan Weiang , Eshghi Hossein , Dhingra Sanjiv
Published: November 2021

Integration of 2D structures into other low‐dimensional materials results in the development of distinct van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHSs) with enhanced properties. However, obtaining 2D–1D–0D vdWHSs of technologically useful next generation materials, transition‐metal carbide MXene and monoelemental Xene nanosheets in a single superlattice heterostructure is still challenging. Here, the fabrication of a new multidimensional superlattice heterostructure “GerMXene” from exfoliated M3X2Tx MXene and hydrogenated germanane (GeH) crystals, is reported. Direct experimental evidence for conversion of hydrothermally activated titanium carbide MXene (A‐MXene) to GerMXene heterostructure through the rapid and spontaneous formation of titanium germanide (TiGe2 and Ti6Ge5) bonds, is provided. The obtained GerMXene heterostructure possesses enhanced surface properties, aqueous dispersibility, and Dirac signature of embedded GeH nanosheets as well as quantum dots. GerMXene exhibits functional bioactivity, electrical conductivity, and negative surface charge, paving ways for its applications in biomedical field, electronics, and energy storage.
Critical Review, Recent Updates on Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework‐67 (ZIF‐67) and Its Derivatives for Electrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Jadhav Harsharaj S. , Bandal Harshad A. , Ramakrishna Seeram , Kim Hern
Published: November 2021

Design and construction of low‐cost electrocatalysts with high catalytic activity and long‐term stability is a challenging task in the field of catalysis. Metal‐organic frameworks (MOF) are promising candidates as precursor materials in the development of highly efficient electrocatalysts for energy conversion and storage applications. This review starts with a summary of basic concepts and key evaluation parameters involved in the electrochemical water‐splitting reaction. Then, different synthesis approaches reported for the cobalt‐based Zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF‐67) and its derivatives are critically reviewed. Additionally, several strategies employed to enhance the electrocatalytic activity and stability of ZIF‐67‐based electrocatalysts are discussed in detail. The present review provides a succinct insight into the ZIF‐67 and its derivatives (oxides, hydroxides, sulfides, selenides, phosphide, nitrides, telluride, heteroatom/metal‐doped carbon, noble metal‐supported ZIF‐67 derivatives) reported for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and overall water splitting applications. Finally, this review concludes with the associated challenges and the perspectives on developing the best economic, durable electrocatalytic materials.
Phase engineering of metal‐organic frameworks
Authors: Ma Chen , Zheng Long , Wang Gang , Guo Jun , Li Liuxiao , He Qiyuan , Chen Ye , Zhang Hua
Published: November 2021

As an important category of porous crystalline materials, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted extensive research interests owing to their unique structural features such as tunable pore structure and enormous surface area. Besides controlling the size, dimensionality, and composition of MOFs, further exploring the crystal‐phase‐dependent physicochemical properties is essential to improve their performances in various applications. Recently, great progress has been achieved in the phase engineering of nanomaterials (PEN), which provides an effective strategy to tune the functional properties of nanomaterials by modulating the arrangement of atoms. In this review, we adopt “phase” instead of “topology” to describe the crystal structure of MOFs and summarize the recent advances in phase engineering of MOFs. The two main strategies used to control the phase of MOFs, that is, phase‐controlled synthesis and phase transformation of MOFs, will be highlighted. The roles of various reaction parameters in controlling the crystal phase of MOFs are discussed. Then, the phase dependence of MOFs in various applications including luminescence, adsorption, and catalysis are introduced. Finally, some personal perspectives about the challenges and opportunities in this emerging field are presented.
Parental perceptions of bladder dysfunction in children with symptomatic joint hypermobility
Authors: Veriki Marianna , Coomer Annette , V. Simmonds Jane
Published: November 2021

Children with symptomatic joint hypermobility (SJH) report chronic pain, fatigue, and joint instability as their main symptoms. Symptoms can extend beyond musculoskeletal and include lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). There are no studies exploring parent‐perceived quality of life (QoL) in children with LUTD, or strategies used to manage symptoms in this population. Our online cross‐sectional survey assessed parents of 6–18‐year‐olds via two UK charitable organizations. It included the Pediatric Incontinence Questionnaire (PinQ), the Dysfunctional Voiding Symptom Score, and questions exploring treatments and efficacy. Sixty‐seven parental questionnaires were analyzed. The majority of children were white females (95%, n = 64). Urgency (97%, n = 65) and enuresis (41.7%, n = 28) were the most frequently reported symptoms. The PinQ questionnaire showed that children were emotionally distressed by LUTD. Twenty‐nine parents (43%, n = 29) reported pharmacotherapy as the most effective treatment. Few had accessed other treatments such as physiotherapy (16%, n = 18). Most parents reported that overall treatment did not meet their expectations. This study highlights that parents perceive LUTD as having a great impact on their child's QoL. There is need for education among clinicians about LUTD and hypermobility‐related disorders, and for development and evaluation of treatments.
Clinical Issues—December 2021
Authors: deKay Karen
Published: November 2021

THIS MONTH

Moldin the OR

Key words:Aspergillus, mold, fungal infection, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, neutropenia.

Removingmold in the OR

Key words:remediation,source, removal, containment, mold.

Cesareandelivery surgical site prep

Key words:cesarean delivery, umbilicus, surgical skin antisepsis, transverse Pfannenstiel incision, vertical incision.

Commerciallyavailable premoistened single‐use mop pad use in an ambulatory surgery center

Key words:Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)–registered disinfectant, hospital‐grade disinfectant, environmental cleaning, mopping, between‐procedure turnover.
Synthesis and characterization of high fluorine‐containing polyimides with low‐dielectric constant
Authors: Wu Xueliang , Cai Jing , Cheng Yuanrong
Published: November 2021

Aromatic polyimides (PI) with low‐dielectric constant are becoming more and more important with the continuous development of high‐speed communication technology. Herein, high fluorine‐containing PI with low‐dielectric constant was prepared. First, a novel aromatic diamine monomer 4,4′‐(3,3′‐bis[trifluoromethyl]biphenyl‐4,4′‐diyl)bis(oxy)bis(3‐[trifluoromethyl]aniline) bearing multi‐trifluoromethyl groups (12FDA) was synthesized and characterized. Subsequently, a series of PI with high‐fluorine content (HFPI) were obtained by two‐step polymerization of 12FDA with three commercial dianhydrides. The polymer films cured at a maximum temperature of 310°C showed excellent thermal and mechanical properties with high‐glass transition temperatures (>250°C) and high‐storage modulus (> = 2.0 GPa). The 5% weight loss temperatures of HFPIs were all above 500°C, which indicated that HFPIs exhibited excellent thermostability. Meanwhile, HFPI exhibited low‐water absorption (<0.3%) and low‐dielectric constant (2.40–2.68 at 1 MHz). The excellent thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties make it a promising dielectric material in electronics and communication industry.
Plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings: Effects of polyamide additive on injection molding part quality
Authors: Xie Pengcheng , Chen Junxiang , Ye Bading , Wang Ruixue , Dang Kaifang , Yang Weimin , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken)
Published: November 2021

A simple and economic atmospheric plasma spraying method for thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) preparation on the mold cavity was developed to improve the injection parts properties. 7 wt% yttria stabilized zirconia was used as spray material with polyamide 11 (PA 11) as pore‐forming agents to improve the coating properties. The effect of PA 11 powder contents on the microstructure, thermal conductivity, bonding strength and hardness of TBCs were studied. The results show that the thermal conductivity of TBCs decreased with the addition of PA 11, and the bonding strength reached maximum of 21.38 MPa with 10% PA 11 addition. Further studies confirm that TBCs were able to maintain a high and stable temperature in the mold cavity due to its low thermal conductivity, validated by the elimination of the welding line. With TBCs, the average tensile strength and elongation at yield of the injection parts increased by 25.6% and 128%, respectively.
Microwave‐Assisted Ruthenium‐ and Rhodium‐Catalyzed Couplings of α‐Amino Acid Ester‐Derived Phosphinamides with Alkynes
Authors: Li Xue‐Hong , Gong Jun‐Fang , Song Mao‐Ping
Published: November 2021

Two different types of new phosphinamide α‐amino ester derivatives have been prepared in moderate to high yields via ruthenium(II) and rhodium(III)‐catalyzed ortho‐C−H functionalization under microwave irradiation. Specifically, the ortho‐alkenylated phosphinamides were produced through coupling of phosphinamides containing an α‐substituted or α,α‐disubstituted α‐amino ester with internal alkynes under ruthenium catalysis. In contrast, Ru and the more effective Rh‐catalyzed coupling of the α‐unsubstituted glycine ester phosphinamide with alkynes resulted in formation of oxidative annulation products, phosphaisoquinolin‐1‐ones. The developed methods feature the use of easily accessible starting materials, short reaction time, exclusive E‐stereoselectivity (for ortho‐alkenylation) and good functional group tolerance. The alkenylation reaction was readily scaled up to gram scale. Furthermore, the obtained alkenylated phosphinamide could be transformed into P‐containing dipeptides through hydrolysis of the ester group in the catalysis product and subsequent condensation with an α‐amino ester.
It happens because I'm watching it: Observing an uncertain event can affect subjective probability judgments
Authors: Attari Amin , Chatterjee Promothesh , Cabano Frank G.
Published: November 2021

A longstanding body of research has investigated various factors that bias subjective probability judgments. The current research explores a novel bias in judgments of probability—that observing an event affects probability estimation of the event's outcome. Our findings from multiple online and laboratory experiments demonstrate that individuals overestimate the likelihood of a positive outcome occurring when they observe (vs. do not observe) the uncertain event unfolding in front of them. Study 1 explores the effect of watching on probability estimation using a random card draw conducted in an auditorium. Studies 2 and 3 use an online procedure to further demonstrate the effect. In Study 4 we manipulated an illusory sense of control followed by a football game scenario and in Study 5 we used a live versus previously recorded urn game to further investigate the watching effect. We suggest that illusion of control, wishful thinking, and availability are among the possible explanations for this effect.
Incidence and relative risk of metachronous second primary cancers for 16 cancer sites, Osaka, Japan, 2000–2015: Population‐based analysis
Authors: Odani Satomi , Tabuchi Takahiro , Nakata Kayo , Morishima Toshitaka , Kuwabara Yoshihiro , Koyama Shihoko , Kudo Haruka , Kato Mizuki , Miyashiro Isao
Published: November 2021

Background

An increasing number of cancer survivors have developed multiple primaries. This study aims to describe the incidence and risk patterns of metachronous second primary cancers (SPCs) in Osaka, Japan.

Methods

Data were obtained from the Osaka Cancer Registry, a population‐based database of all cancers diagnosed in Osaka. The study subjects were individuals who were first diagnosed with invasive cancers in 16 major cancer sites during 2000–2014, aged 15–79 years, survived at least 3 months, and were followed up for 10 years. We measured incidence rates, cumulative risks, and standardized incidence ratios (SIRs: with the Osaka general population as the referent) of developing SPCs during 3 months to 10 years after the first diagnosis.

Results

During 2000–2015, among 418,791 cancer survivors, 24,368 (5.8%) developed SPCs within 10 years of first diagnosis. Males had higher incidence rates than females except among young‐onset survivors (aged 15–39 years). 10‐year cumulative risks among survivors aged 70–79 years (the most dominant age group) were 24.0% (male) and 11.8% (female). 10‐year SIRs were 1.38 (95% CI, 1.36–1.40; male) and 1.44 (95% CI, 1.41–1.48; female) with higher estimates among younger survivors in both sexes. Strong bidirectional associations were observed between oral/pharyngeal, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers. Survivors of any smoking‐related cancers had elevated SIRs of developing smoking‐related SPCs. Similar results were observed for alcohol‐related cancers.

Conclusions

Cancer survivors are at excess risk of developing SPCs compared to the general population. Continued surveillance is warranted to inform survivorship care through risk‐based long‐term care planning and lifestyle‐changing efforts to prevent new cancers.
Risks of late mortality and morbidity among survivors of childhood acute leukemia with Down syndrome: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Gupta Sumit , Sutradhar Rinku , Pequeno Priscila , Hitzler Johann K. , Liu Ning , Nathan Paul C.
Published: November 2021

Background

Children with leukemia and Down syndrome (DS) are at higher risk of acute treatment toxicities than those without DS. Whether late toxicity risks are also elevated is unknown.

Methods

The authors identified all patients diagnosed with leukemia before the age of 18 years in Ontario, Canada between 1987 and 2013 and who survived greater than 5 years since their last pediatric cancer event. Survivors were divided into those with and without DS, matched by birth year, sex, leukemia type, and receipt of radiation. DS survivors were matched to individuals with DS without childhood cancer (DS controls) in a 1:10 ratio. Outcomes were identified through linkage to population‐based health services databases.

Results

DS survivors (n = 79) experienced inferior overall survival compared to non‐DS survivors (n = 231) (20‐year overall survival, 81.7% ± 6.8% vs 98.3% ± 1.2%; hazard ratio [HR], 12.8; P < .0001) and to DS controls (n = 790; 96.3% ± 1.2%; HR, 5.4 P < .0001). Pulmonary and infectious deaths were noted among DS survivors. There was no difference in the incidence of congestive heart failure between DS survivors and either control cohort, nor of hearing loss or dementia between DS survivors and DS controls.

Conclusions

DS survivors were at substantially higher risk of late mortality than non‐DS survivors or DS controls. This excess risk was not attributable to cardiac‐ or subsequent malignant neoplasm‐related late effects, historically main causes of premature death among non‐DS survivors. Chronic morbidities associated with DS were not increased compared to DS controls. DS‐specific surveillance guidelines may be warranted.
Efficient Extraction of Energetic Charge Carriers from an Engineered Plasmonic Nanocomposite to Perform Cascade Reactions
Authors: Ahlawat Monika , Roy Abhijit , Govind Rao Vishal
Published: November 2021

The realization of plasmon‐generated hot charge carriers presents tremendous opportunities for light‐harvesting in the field of photocatalysis. However, extracting the energetic charge carriers while competing with their recombination tendency is still a major bottleneck for efficient plasmonic photocatalysis. Therefore, strategic changes in the design principles of hybrid plasmonic nanocomposites to generate highly localized charge carriers at the catalytic site are imperative for hot electrons (holes) transfer to short‐lived reaction intermediates. Here, we engineered Au−Pt core‐shell nanostructures with only a few monolayers of epitaxially grown Pt onto Au nanocubes. The finite element method (FEM) simulations for optical properties of Au−Pt system support the design and hypothesis of selective funneling of plasmonic energy/charge carriers from Au core to Pt shell and their potential extraction for activating chemical bonds on Au−Pt nanocubes (Au−Pt NCs) surface. Further, investigating Au−Pt NCs as plasmonic catalysts, we show direct, visual evidence of plasmon‐assisted cascade reduction of nonfluorescent resazurin (Rz) dye to nonfluorescent dihydroresorufin (DHRf) via a highly fluorescent resorufin (Rf) intermediate form. In the excitation wavelength‐dependent study, the maximum apparent quantum efficiency of 48% (Rz to Rf conversion) and 8.4% (Rf to DHRf conversion) at 561 nm laser excitation demonstrates the plasmon assisted charge carrier driven cascade reduction on Au−Pt NCs surface. Control experiments carried out with only Au nanocubes (Au NCs) or Pt seed nanoparticles under the same reaction conditions show no significant cascade reduction of Rz, highlighting the synergistic effect of the plasmonic core and ultrathin catalytic shell.
Peripheral innate and adaptive immune cells during COVID‐19: Functional neutrophils, pro‐inflammatory monocytes, and half‐dead lymphocytes
Authors: Ekşioğlu‐Demiralp Emel , Alan Servet , Sili Uluhan , Bakan Dilek , Ocak İlhan , Yürekli Rayfe , Alpay Nadir , Görçin Serpil , Yıldız Alaattin
Published: November 2021

Background

A better understanding of innate and adaptive cells in COVID‐19 is necessary for the development of effective treatment methods and vaccines.

Methods

We studied phenotypic features of innate and adaptive immune cells, oxidative burst, phagocytosis, and apoptosis. One hundred and three patients with COVID‐19 were grouped according to their clinical features into the categories of mild (35%), moderate (40.8%), and severe (24.3%).

Results

Monocytes were CD16+ pro‐inflammatory monocytes and tended to shed their HLA‐DR, especially in severe cases (p < 0.01). Neutrophils were mature and functional, although a decline of their CD10 and CD16 was observed (p < 0.01). No defect was found in the reactive oxygen species production and their apoptosis. The percentage of natural killer cells was in the normal range, whereas the percentages of CD8+NK and CD56+T lymphocytes were found to be high (p < 0.01). Although the absolute numbers of all lymphocyte subsets were low and showed a tendency for a gradual decrease in accordance with the disease progression, the most decreased absolute number was that of B lymphocytes, followed by CD4+ T cells in the severe cases. The percentages of double‐negative T cells; HLA‐DR+CD3+ and CD28−CD8+ subsets were found to be significantly increased. Importantly, we demonstrated the increased baseline activation of caspase‐3 and increased lymphocyte apoptosis.

Conclusion

We suggest that SARS‐CoV‐2 primarily affects the lymphocytes and not the innate cells. The increased baseline activation of Caspase‐3 could make the COVID‐19 lymphocytes more vulnerable to cell death. Therefore, this may interrupt the crosstalk between the adaptive and innate immune systems.
The potential role of stimulants in treating eating disorders
Authors: Keshen Aaron , Bartel Sara , Frank Guido K.W. , Svedlund Nils Erik , Nunes Abraham , Dixon Laura , Ali Sarrah I. , Kaplan Allan S. , Hay Phillipa , Touyz Stephan , Romo‐Nava Francisco , McElroy Susan L.
Published: November 2021

Background

Many individuals with eating disorders remain symptomatic after a course of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy; therefore, the development of innovative treatments is essential.

Method

To learn more about the current evidence for treating eating disorders with stimulants, we searched for original articles and reviews published up to April 29, 2021 in PubMed and MEDLINE using the following search terms: eating disorders, anorexia, bulimia, binge eating, stimulants, amphetamine, lisdexamfetamine, methylphenidate, and phentermine.

Results

We propose that stimulant medications represent a novel avenue for future research based on the following: (a) the relationship between eating disorders and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); (b) a neurobiological rationale; and (c) the current (but limited) evidence for stimulants as treatments for some eating disorders. Despite the possible benefits of such medications, there are also risks to consider such as medication misuse, adverse cardiovascular events, and reduction of appetite and pathological weight loss. With those risks in mind, we propose several directions for future research including: (a) randomized controlled trials to study stimulant treatment in those with bulimia nervosa (with guidance on strategies to mitigate risk); (b) examining stimulant treatment in conjunction with psychotherapy; (c) investigating the impact of stimulants on “loss of control” eating in youth with ADHD; and (d) exploring relevant neurobiological mechanisms. We also propose specific directions for exploring mediators and moderators in future clinical trials.

Discussion

Although this line of investigation may be viewed as controversial by some in the field, we believe that the topic warrants careful consideration for future research.
Viviparous mothers impose stronger glucocorticoid‐mediated maternal stress effects on their offspring than oviparous mothers
Authors: MacLeod Kirsty J. , While Geoffrey M. , Uller Tobias
Published: November 2021

Maternal stress during gestation has the potential to affect offspring development via changes in maternal physiology, such as increases in circulating levels of glucocorticoid hormones that are typical after exposure to a stressor. While the effects of elevated maternal glucocorticoids on offspring phenotype (i.e., “glucocorticoid‐mediated maternal effects”) have been relatively well established in laboratory studies, it remains poorly understood how strong and consistent such effects are in natural populations. Using a meta‐analysis of studies of wild mammals, birds, and reptiles, we investigate the evidence for effects of elevated maternal glucocorticoids on offspring phenotype and investigate key moderators that might influence the strength and direction of these effects. In particular, we investigate the potential importance of reproductive mode (viviparity vs. oviparity). We show that glucocorticoid‐mediated maternal effects are stronger, and likely more deleterious, in mammals and viviparous squamate reptiles compared with birds, turtles, and oviparous squamates. Effects on offspring traits were more strongly negative when measured at or close to birth; no other moderators (timing and type of manipulation, or type of trait measured) were significant predictors of the strength or direction of the phenotypic effects on offspring. These results provide evidence that the evolution of a prolonged physiological association between embryo and mother sets the stage for maladaptive, or adaptive, prenatal stress effects in vertebrates driven by glucocorticoid elevation.