bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time-to-pregnancy and risk of cardiovascular disease among men and women
Authors: Magnus Maria C. , Fraser Abigail , Rich-Edwards Janet W. , Magnus Per , Lawlor Deborah A. , Håberg Siri E.
Published: January 2021

A few studies indicate that women with prolonged time-to-pregnancy (TTP) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This has not been studied in men. We evaluated CVD risk by self-reported TTP among parous women (n = 64,064) and men (n = 50,533) participating in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. TTP was categorized as 0–3 (reference), 4–12 and > 12 months. CVD diagnosed between 2008 and 2017 were available from the national patient and general practitioner databases. Risk of CVD by TTP was estimated using Cox regression adjusting for baseline age, education, BMI, smoking, diabetes, and number of offspring in both sexes, and history of endometriosis, ovarian cysts, preterm birth and pre-eclampsia for women. Mean age was 33 for women and 35 for men at baseline (years). The rate of any CVD was 24 per 1000 person years among women and 22 per 1000 person years among men. Longer TTP was associated with increased rate of CVD among women, with adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.07 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.09) for TTP 4–12 months and 1.14 (1.08, 1.20) for TTP > 12 months. Among men, respective HRs for CVD were 1.06 (1.00, 1.10) for TTP 4–12 months and 1.07 (1.01, 1.14) for TTP > 12 months. We observed sex-differences in the relationship with CVD subtypes but none were statistically significant. In conclusion, both men and women with a prolonged TTP had a small increased risk of CVD, clinical significance of which is unclear. Further studies are necessary to investigate in detail what underlying causes of prolonged TTP might be reflected in the increased risk of CVD. Longer follow-up is required to confirm these preliminary findings.
Micromachining and Characterisation of Folded Waveguide Structure at 0.22THz
Authors: Bhardwaj Rakesh Kumar , Sudhamani H. S. , Dutta V. P. , Bhatnagar Naresh
Published: January 2021

The demand of high-speed wireless communication has increased, which need the data rate to be in the order of Terabyte per second (Tbps) in the near future. Terahertz (THz) band communication is a key wireless communication technology to satisfy this future demand. This would also reduce the spectrum scarcity and capacity limitation of current wireless systems. Microfabricated Folded Waveguide TWTs are the potential compact sources of wide band and high-power terahertz radiation. This study primarily focuses on machining technology for THz waveguide components requiring ultra-high precision micromachining. Rectangular waveguides, especially Folded Waveguides (FW), are even more difficult to manufacture using conventional machining techniques due to their small size and very tight tolerances. The criticalities in micromachining of FW for 0.22 THz have been addressed in this article. Half hard free cutting Brass IS 319-H2 was used as a work material due to its electrical and mechanical properties. Waveguide size of 0.852 × 0.12 mm was machined within ± 3–5 μm linear tolerances, surface roughness in the order of 45 nm Ra, and flatness less than half of wavelength (< λ/2). The split top and bottom blocks of the folded waveguide were aligned by dowel pins which matched within a tolerance of ± 5 μm. The perpendicularity and parallelism were maintained within 5 μm tolerance. This work explored and established the application of micromilling as reasonably suitable for the THz waveguides followed by ultrasonic cleaning as deburring. It also investigated the measured folded waveguide losses which were close to simulated values.
Preparation and characterisation of uranium and plutonium quality control samples for isotope dilution mass spectrometry measurements and uncertainty estimation
Authors: Venchiarutti Célia , Jakopič Rožle , Hennessy Carmel , Toth Kalman
Published: January 2021

This paper presents the preparation, characterisation and validation of two quality control (QC) samples for the measurement of plutonium and uranium contents by isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS). These two QC samples were then used at the JRC-Geel G.2′s laboratory to monitor the performance of IDMS measurement results in line with the ISO 17025 and ISO 17034. The QC samples were prepared from two certified reference materials, namely the NBL-126 (Pu) and CRM 116-A (U). The values for the 235U and 239Pu amount contents of the QC samples were assigned based on the gravimetric preparation of the solutions and verified by independent IDMS measurements. Their use as part of a broader in-house spike inter-calibration campaign, notably during participations in proficiency tests, is also highlighted. Finally, using these two IDMS QC samples, a detailed approach to the IDMS uncertainty evaluation, according to the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM, 2008) is presented on various examples.
Fodor’s guide to the Humean mind
Authors: Demeter Tamás
Published: January 2021

For Jerry Fodor, Hume’sTreatise of Human Natureis “the foundational document of cognitive science” whose significance transcends mere historical interest: it is a source of theoretical inspiration in cognitive psychology. Here I am going to argue that those reading Hume along Fodor’s lines rely on a problematic, albeit inspiring, construction of Hume’s science of mind. My strategy in this paper is to contrast Fodor’s understanding of the Humean mind (consonant with the widely received view of Hume in both cognitive science and much of Hume scholarship) with an alternative understanding that I propose. I thereby intend to show that the received view of Hume’s science of mind can be fruitfully revised while critically engaging with Fodor’s contemporary appropriation. Consequently, I use this occasion to put forward a rather unorthodox interpretation of Hume’s theory in dialogue with Fodor as my guide.
High-yield fabrication of perpendicularly magnetised synthetic antiferromagnetic nanodiscs
Authors: Welbourne Emma N. , Vemulkar Tarun , Cowburn Russell P.
Published: January 2021

Synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) particles with perpendicular anisotropy display a number of desirable characteristics for applications in biological and other fluid environments. We present an efficient and effective method for the patterning of ultrathin Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yoshida coupled, perpendicularly magnetised SAFs using a combination of nanosphere lithography and ion milling. A Ge sacrificial layer is utilised, which provides a clean and simple lift-off process, as well as maintaining the key magnetic properties that are beneficial to target applications. We demonstrate that the method is capable of producing a particularly high yield of well-defined, thin film based nanoparticles.
Nutzen Auszubildende bei der Bearbeitung berufsfeldbezogener Mathematikaufgaben ihr Wissen aus der Schule? Eine qualitative Untersuchung mit angehenden Industriekaufleuten
Authors: von Hering Robert , Rietenberg Anja , Heinze Aiso , Lindmeier Anke
Published: January 2021

Mathematischen Kompetenzen wird eine wichtige Rolle für den erfolgreichen Übergang von der allgemeinbildenden Schule in die berufliche Erstausbildung zugesprochen. Wie in der Schule erworbene mathematische Kompetenzen beim Übergang in der beruflichen Ausbildung Wirkung zeigen, ist bis auf statistische Zusammenhänge allerdings wenig untersucht. Erschwert wird die Forschung u. a. dadurch, dass auf beiden Seiten grundsätzlich verschiedene und nicht unmittelbar anschlussfähige Kompetenzbegriffe genutzt werden. Während Anforderungen im Mathematikunterricht der allgemeinbildenden Schule allgemeinbildende mathematische Kompetenzen adressieren und diese eher an einer Wissensbildung orientiert sind, werden berufliche Kompetenzen zur Bewältigung realer beruflicher Anforderungen benötigt und sind somit eher handlungsorientiert zu verstehen. In der Forschung wurde das Konstruktberufsfeldbezogene mathematische Kompetenzenals eine vermittelnde Größe zwischen den verschiedenen Kompetenzkonstrukten vorgeschlagen, das als Ansatzpunkt für wissenschaftliche Studien zum Übergang Schule – Beruf genutzt werden kann. Darauf aufbauend untersuchen wir in der vorliegenden empirischen Studie, inwiefern sich solche berufsfeldbezogenen mathematischen Kompetenzen von allgemeinbildenden mathematischen Kompetenzen abgrenzen lassen. Aufgrund der inhaltlichen Nähe zum Unterrichtsfach Mathematik haben wir exemplarisch das Berufsfeld der Industriekaufleute gewählt. Für eine Stimulated-Recall-Interviewstudie wurden Aufgabenpaare entwickelt, die bei mathematisch-inhaltlicher Parallelität die unterschiedlichen Grade an beruflicher Anforderung widerspiegeln. Die Auswertung von Interviews mit 18 Auszubildenden zeigt, dass die Mathematikaufgaben mit berufsbezogenem bzw. allgemeinbildendem Kontext tatsächlich unterschiedliche kognitive Bearbeitungsprozesse hervorrufen. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich als qualitative Unterschiede zwischen allgemeinbildenden mathematischen und berufsfeldbezogenen mathematischen Kompetenzen interpretieren. Mögliche Implikationen für die Forschung und die Schulpraxis werden diskutiert.
Genetic past, present, and future of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) in the United States of America
Authors: Carpenter Madeline H. , Harpur Brock A.
Published: January 2021

Humans have domesticated hundreds of animal and plant species for thousands of years. Artwork, archeological finds, recorded accounts, and other primary sources can provide glimpses into the historic management practices used over the course of a given species’ domestication history. Pairing historic data with newly available genomic data can allow us to identify where and how species were moved out of their native ranges, how gene flow may have occurred between distantly related populations, and quantify how selection and drift each contributed to levels of genetic diversity. Intersecting these approaches has greatly improved our understanding of many managed species; however, there has yet to be a thorough review in a managed insect. Here, we review the archival and genetic history of honey bees introduced to the mainland United States to reconstruct a comprehensive importation history. We find that since 1622, at least nine honey bee subspecies were imported from four of the five honey bee lineages and distributed en masse across the country. Many imported genotypes have genetic evidence of persisting today and may segregate non-randomly across the country. However, honey bee population genetic comparisons on the nationwide scale are not yet feasible because of gaps in genetic and archival records. We conclude by suggesting future avenues of research in both fields.
New insights into vitamin D regulation: is there a role for alkaline phosphatase?
Authors: Bellastella G. , Scappaticcio L. , Longo M. , Carotenuto R. , Carbone C. , Caruso P. , Maio A. , Paglionico V. A. , Vietri M. T. , Maiorino M. I. , Esposito K.
Published: January 2021

Purpose

The diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency is based on the determination of total plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) concentrations, but the regulation of vitamin D 25-hydroxylation is not a major consideration and very little information is available on this activity.

To check what factors could interfere with the activity of vitamin D-25-hydroxylase and thus alter the 25-OHD concentrations, we looked for potential correlations between 25-OHD and results of liver function tests in healthy adults.

Methods

This single-centre study was retrospective and consisted of evaluating the correlations between 25-OHD and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) in 349 healthy subjects aged from 18 to 65 years. In particular, in Group 1 (n = 119), we looked for correlations between 25OHD and all liver function tests and in Group 2 (n = 230) the correlation between 25OHD and BALP.

Results

In Group 1, we found no correlation between 25OHD and AST (r =  − 0.03; p = 0.8), ALT (r =  − 0.02; p = 0.91), GGT (r =  − 0.08; p = 0.68), direct bilirubin (r =  − 0.02; p = 0.89), indirect bilirubin (r =  − 0.24; p = 0.21), and total bilirubin (r =  − 0.24; p = 0.21) but one between 25OHD and ALP (r =  − 0.2; p = 0.007); in Group 2, we found a significant negative correlation between 25-OHD and BALP (r =  − 0.2; p = 0.0008).

Conclusions

The correlations that we found suggest that ALP and BALP might be involved in the regulation of vitamin D-25-hydroxylase activity, but further studies are mandatory to confirm our assumptions.
Glass-paper-laminates: examination of manufacturing methods, properties and discussion of potentials
Authors: Götzinger Robert , Hill Maximillian , Schabel Samuel , Schneider Jens
Published: January 2021

This paper examines various ways of combining paper and glass as a laminate and the effects on transparency. Laminate in this context means a layer of paper sandwiched in between layers of glass held together with an adhesive. Different kinds of papers and adhesives were used to study the potentials of glass-paper-laminates as related to transparency and translucency. These laminates may find applications in building construction, safety glass, printed electronics and more. Utilizing a variety of adhesives and papers, qualitative evidence found that epoxy achieves the best with regards to transparency and adheres most effectively.
Empirical Analyses of Nonlinear Effects of Reserve Prices on Ending Prices in Online Auctions
Authors: Han Jidong , Popkowski Leszczyc Peter T.L. , Zhang Zelin
Published: January 2021

Empirical results about the effect of open reserve price on ending prices in auctions are mixed, with some researchers finding a positive effect on ending price and others reporting a negative or no effect. The objective of this research is to propose a new theoretical framework. First, without an open reserve price, auctions attract more bidders, resulting in increased competition and higher ending prices—a so-called competition effect. Second, a high open reserve price may serve as a price floor or a reference price, influencing bidders’ valuations and increasing ending prices.

Quantile regression is used, which has the advantage of providing robust parameter estimates of the effect of open reserve prices on ending prices for different levels of the reserve price. Estimates of a longitudinal data set for four products collected over a period of one year show an u-shaped relationship between open reserve prices and ending prices, where either no reserves or high reserves results in higher ending prices. By comparing ending prices of auctions with an open reserve versus a secret reserve, it is shown that open reserve prices have a reference-price effect rather than a price-floor effect.
Plague and Contagion in the Islamic Mediterranean
Authors: Varlik Nükhet
Published: January 2021

This book discusses diseases that affected human and non-human populations in areas stretching from the Red Sea and Egypt to Anatolia, the Balkans, and the Black Sea, in the early modern and modern eras. It tackles various questions of historiography and sources, tests new interdisciplinary methodologies, and asks new questions while revisiting older ones. It contributes to Ottoman studies, the history of medicine, Mediterranean and European history, as well as global studies on the role of epidemics in history.
Le temps du crédit : Endettement et stratification sociale en Illinois dans les années 1910
Authors: Bittmann Simon
Published: January 2021

Le temps du crédit : Endettement et stratification sociale en Illinois dans les années 1910

Cet article étudie les pratiques d’agences offrant aux travailleurs américains la possibilité d’accéder à des liquidités sur la base de leurs futurs revenus. L’historiographie a tour à tour associé ces prêts aux classes moyennes naissantes et à un crédit « moderne » ou à la classe ouvrière, associant la dette à la gestion d’urgences. Les données analysées, qui portent sur l’Illinois des années 1910, mettent plutôt en évidence trois types d’attitudes à l’égard du temps économique : à celui contraint des dettes pressantes s’oppose celui de la gestion budgétaire quotidienne et, enfin, celui de l’investissement. Loin de faire du crédit le marqueur d’une appartenance de classe et de dispositions économiques a priori, l’auteur considère l’attribution du crédit comme une épreuve de stratification. Ce prisme permet de dégager trois pôles au sein de l’espace social : un groupe modal et deux groupes extrêmes. Le premier est constitué d’ouvriers qualifiés, d’artisans et de salariés du public pour qui ces prêts représentent un substitut liquide et contractualisé au crédit affecté ou interpersonnel ; le deuxième est associé aux manœuvres et aux domestiques, à des faibles montants et à une forme d’instabilité salariale ; le troisième fait apparaître un crédit commercial, d’investissement ou destiné à couvrir des imprévus, octroyé à des salariés supérieurs et à des propriétaires de commerce. Cependant, ces trois groupes ne peuvent être statistiquement associés aux attitudes temporelles mises en exergue, ce qui souligne la coexistence d’horizons économiques différents au sein de chaque classe d’emprunteurs.
Le jardin aux cartes qui bifurquent : La mer Caspienne vue de Venise et de Goa au xvie siècle
Authors: Biedermann Zoltán
Published: January 2021

Le jardin aux cartes qui bifurquent: La mer Caspienne vue de Venise et de Goa au xvie siècle

Cet article compare les représentations cartographiques de la région caspienne produites vers 1560 à Goa et à Venise, en faisant aussi référence à d’autres centres de cartographie tels que Lisbonne, Séville et Anvers. Il explore les logiques scientifiques, culturelles, techniques et commerciales qui ont conduit à des cartographies profondément dissemblables de la mer Caspienne et de ses environs dans différents lieux de production de cartes à la même époque. Il examine également les contrastes entre les cartographies maritime et terrestre à la Renaissance ainsi que les langages cartographiques associés à chacun de ces modes cartographiques. L’habitus des cartographes maritimes de Goa, Lisbonne et Séville différait profondément de celui des cartographes d’Italie, en particulier vénitiens, qui visaient une intégration de toutes les données disponibles dans le cadre d’une tradition de commentaires sur Ptolémée et entendaient produire des cartes imprimées hautement désirables pour un public de consommateurs de plus en plus nombreux. L’article propose ainsi une approche comparative des cartes tout en critiquant l’hypothèse selon laquelle les connaissances « circulent » entre les régions. Il défend une « histoire (dis)connectée » de la production et de la consommation des connaissances, éclairant des facteurs rarement étudiés qui furent à l’origine de la révolution de l’imprimerie cartographique.
Prenatal Genetic Screening, Epistemic Justice, and Reproductive Autonomy
Authors: Knight Amber , Miller Joshua
Published: January 2021

Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) promises to enhance women's reproductive autonomy by providing genetic information about the fetus, especially in the detection of genetic impairments like Down syndrome (DS). In practice, however, NIPT provides opportunities for intensified manipulation and control over women's reproductive decisions. Applying Miranda Fricker's concept ofepistemic injusticeto prenatal screening, this article analyzes how medical professionals impair reproductive decision-making by perpetuating testimonial injustice. They do so by discrediting positive parental testimony about what it is like to raise a child with DS. We argue that this testimonial injustice constitutes a twofold harm: (1) people with DS and their family members who claim that parenting a child with DS may be a rewarding and joyous experience are harmed when they are systematically silenced, disbelieved, and/or denied epistemic credibility by medical professionals, and (2) pregnant women are harmed since they might make poorly informed choices without access to all relevant information. The broader implication of the analysis is that epistemic justice is a precondition of reproductive autonomy. We conclude by calling for federal oversight of the acquisition and dissemination of information that prospective parents receive following a positive diagnosis of DS to ensure that it is comprehensive and up to date.
Wave-averaged balance: a simple example
Authors: Kafiabad Hossein A. , Vanneste Jacques , Young William R.
Published: January 2021

In the presence of inertia-gravity waves, the geostrophic and hydrostatic balance that characterises the slow dynamics of rapidly rotating, strongly stratified flows holds in a time-averaged sense and applies to the Lagrangian-mean velocity and buoyancy. We give an elementary derivation of this wave-averaged balance and illustrate its accuracy in numerical solutions of the three-dimensional Boussinesq equations, using a simple configuration in which vertically planar near-inertial waves interact with a barotropic anticylonic vortex. We further use the conservation of the wave-averaged potential vorticity to predict the change in the barotropic vortex induced by the waves.
Spectroscopic flat-fields can be used for precision CCD gain and noise tests
Authors: Robertson J. Gordon
Published: January 2021

One of the basic parameters of a charge coupled device (CCD) camera is its gain, that is, the number of detected electrons per output Analogue to Digital Unit (ADU). This is normally determined by finding the statistical variances from a series of flat-field exposures with nearly constant levels over substantial areas, and making use of the fact that photon (Poisson) noise has variance equal to the mean. However, when a CCD has been installed in a spectroscopic instrument fed by numerous optical fibres, or with an echelle format, it is no longer possible to obtain illumination that is constant over large areas. Instead of making do with selected small areas, it is shown here that the wide variation of signal level in a spectroscopic ‘flat-field’ can be used to obtain accurate values of the CCD gain, needing only a matched pair of exposures (that differ in their realisation of the noise). Once the gain is known, the CCD readout noise (in electrons) is easily found from a pair of bias frames. Spatial stability of the image in the two flat-fields is important, although correction of minor shifts is shown to be possible, at the expense of further analysis.
When Unfamiliarity Breeds Contempt: How Partisan Selective Exposure Sustains Oppositional Media Hostility
Authors: PETERSON ERIK , KAGALWALA ALI
Published: January 2021

Partisans hold unfavorable views of media they associate with the other party. They also avoid out-party news sources. We link these developments and argue that partisans assess out-party media based on negative and inaccurate stereotypes. This means cross-cutting exposure that challenges these misperceptions can improve assessments of out-party media. To support this argument, we use survey-linked web browsing data to show that the public has hostile views of out-party news sources they rarely encounter. We conduct three survey experiments that demonstrate cross-cutting exposure to nonpolitical or neutral political stories, forms of news widely available from online partisan sources, reduces oppositional media hostility. This explains how perceptions of rampant bias from out-party media coexist with more modest differences in the online content of major partisan news outlets. More broadly, we illustrate how negative misperceptions can sustain animus towards an out-group when people avoid encounters with them.
Mitigating Servility: Policies of Egalitarian Self-Relations
Authors: Hojlund Anne-Sofie Greisen
Published: January 2021

How should inequalities generated in part by people's self-devaluing attitudes be understood, and what can be done politically to counteract them? Building on central elements of relational egalitarianism, this article scrutinizes the case of servility as an instance of failure to relate to oneself as an equal, attitudinally and behaviorally speaking. From this perspective, servility as well as the adverse distributive consequences it gives rise to should be considered objectionable and in need of mitigation. Considering the case of political voice, the article points to certain paternalistic policies as a means of altering servility by inducing people to make their claims heard. Indeed, such policies may serve as particularly apt instruments since they directly target attitudinal barriers to relational equality in the political sphere. The novel claim is that paternalism, by altering servile attitudes as well as behavioral patterns, may effectively help make people relate to themselves in a more egalitarian manner.
ON THE UNIFORM CONVERGENCE OF DECONVOLUTION ESTIMATORS FROM REPEATED MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Kurisu Daisuke , Otsu Taisuke
Published: January 2021

This paper studies the uniform convergence rates of Li and Vuong’s (1998, Journal of Multivariate Analysis 65, 139–165; hereafter LV) nonparametric deconvolution estimator and its regularized version by Comte and Kappus (2015, Journal of Multivariate Analysis 140, 31–46) for the classical measurement error model, where repeated noisy measurements on the error-free variable of interest are available. In contrast to LV, our assumptions allow unbounded supports for the error-free variable and measurement errors. Compared to Bonhomme and Robin (2010, Review of Economic Studies 77, 491–533) specialized to the measurement error model, our assumptions do not require existence of the moment generating functions of the square and product of repeated measurements. Furthermore, by utilizing a maximal inequality for the multivariate normalized empirical characteristic function process, we derive uniform convergence rates that are faster than the ones derived in these papers under such weaker conditions.
Blending Powers: Hamilton, FDR, and the Backlash That Shaped Modern Congress
Authors: FARLEY BILL
Published: January 2021

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt shaped the role of the modern president in part with his relentless pursuit of grand policies and his ability to marshal historic legislation through Congress. In this article, I focus on one legislative tactic employed by FDR that has received little attention—the detailing of Executive Branch staff to select Senate committees. This tactic, effectively a blending of legislative powers, was used to implement FDR’s ambitious postwar domestic agenda as detailed in his Second Bill of Rights. I find that the tactic, used late in FDR’s presidency, was moderately effective, served as a substitute for the personal energy FDR applied to the presidency in his first term, and created a backlash that contributed to the adoption of the Legislative Reform Act of 1946. With these findings I conclude that FDR deserves credit as a transitionary figure for the modernity of Congress, as well as the presidency.
The Four-Decade Quest for an “Energy Independence” Policy: Chasing a Trope Through Time
Authors: GROSSMAN PETER Z.
Published: January 2021

Since the presidency of Richard Nixon, policymakers have sought “energy independence” as the goal of energy policy. But that goal, unclear to begin with, has grown more opaque over time. “Energy independence” has meant different things at different times with no clear definition. Nevertheless, the goal is evocative, with symbolism that draws on key narratives from American history. This article argues that the idea of “energy independence” has become a trope and as such a major component of the energy-policy discourse. It describes the shifting (often only apparent) definitions of the trope both in energy-policy rhetoric and in energy legislation, and also explains how the discourse has shifted in recent years due to resource development and the realities of climate change.
Prospective longitudinal associations between harsh parenting and corticolimbic function during adolescence
Authors: Gard Arianna M. , Hein Tyler C. , Mitchell Colter , Brooks-Gunn Jeanne , McLanahan Sarah S. , Monk Christopher S. , Hyde Luke W.
Published: January 2021

Childhood adversity is thought to undermine youth socioemotional development via altered neural function within regions that support emotion processing. These effects are hypothesized to be developmentally specific, with adversity in early childhood sculpting subcortical structures (e.g., amygdala) and adversity during adolescence impacting later-developing structures (e.g., prefrontal cortex; PFC). However, little work has tested these theories directly in humans. Using prospectively collected longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) (N = 4,144) and neuroimaging data from a subsample of families recruited in adolescence (N = 162), the current study investigated the trajectory of harsh parenting across childhood (i.e., ages 3 to 9) and how initial levels versus changes in harsh parenting across childhood were associated with corticolimbic activation and connectivity during socioemotional processing. Harsh parenting in early childhood (indexed by the intercept term from a linear growth curve model) was associated with less amygdala, but not PFC, reactivity to angry facial expressions. In contrast, change in harsh parenting across childhood (indexed by the slope term) was associated with less PFC, but not amygdala, activation to angry faces. Increases in, but not initial levels of, harsh parenting were also associated with stronger positive amygdala–PFC connectivity during angry face processing.
Hypertension masquerading as Pediatric Cardiomyopathy: an exercise in cognitive biases
Authors: Al Balushi Asim , Cunningham Chentel , Gowrishankar Manjula , Conway Jennifer , Khoury Michael
Published: January 2021

Heuristics and cognitive biases constantly influence clinical decision-making and often facilitate judgements under uncertainty. They can frequently, however, lead to diagnostic errors and adverse outcomes, particularly when considering rare disease processes that have common, masquerading presentations. Herein, we present two such cases of newborn infants with hypertensive renal disorders that were initially thought to have cardiomyopathy.
Assessing the Renaissance of Individuals in International Relations Theory
Authors: Holmes Marcus , Jordan Richard , Parajon Eric
Published: January 2021

The study of microfoundations, especially individuals, is enjoying a renaissance in international relations (IR) scholarship. Yet, this rise is more difficult to find in publication data. Using the Teaching, Research, and International Policy (TRIP) journal-article database, we show that only 13.7% of IR articles in 12 leading journals use the first image. This proportion remains approximately the same from 1980 through 2018. Interrogating the data, we show that this distribution does not stem from epistemological or methodological commitments, such as positivism, quantitative analysis, or formal modeling. We suggest several reasons for this apparent disjuncture between qualitative assessments of the rebirth of first-image theorizing and the quantitative data that imply a slower or perhaps more limited return.
GLOBAL BANK RISK AND MONETARY POLICY IN AN EMERGING ECONOMY
Authors: Luk Paul
Published: January 2021

The global financial crisis was characterized by heightened financial risk in the USA, which spread to the rest of the world, including emerging economies. This paper constructs a core–periphery model with a global banking network and financial frictions. Due to a common-lender effect, when global banks lend to an emerging economy, heightened financial risk in the center depresses cross-border lending to the emerging economy, reducing real activities, and exacerbating monetary policy trade-offs. As financial markets become more integrated, exchange rate flexibility becomes less welfare enhancing and active capital account policy becomes more welfare enhancing.
SFT COMPUTATIONS AND INTERSECTION THEORY IN HIGHER-DIMENSIONAL CONTACT MANIFOLDS
Authors: Moreno Agustin
Published: January 2021

I construct infinitely many nondiffeomorphic examples of
$5$
-dimensional contact manifolds which are tight, admit no strong fillings and do not have Giroux torsion. I obtain obstruction results for symplectic cobordisms, for which I give a proof not relying on the polyfold abstract perturbation scheme for Symplectic Field Theory (SFT). These results are part of my PhD thesis [23], and are the first applications of higher-dimensional Siefring intersection theory for holomorphic curves and hypersurfaces, as outlined in [23, 24], as a prequel to [30].
THÉORIE DE BRUHAT-TITS POUR LES GROUPES QUASI-RÉDUCTIFS
Authors: Lourenço João
Published: January 2021

Soient K un corps discrètement valué et hensélien,

${\mathcal {O}}$
son anneau d’entiers supposé excellent,

$\kappa $
son corps résiduel supposé parfait et G un K-groupe quasi-réductif, c’est-à-dire lisse, affine, connexe et à radical unipotent déployé trivial. On construit l’immeuble de Bruhat-Tits

${\mathcal {I}}(G, K)$
pour

$G(K)$
de façon canonique, améliorant les constructions moins canoniques de M. Solleveld sur les corps locaux, et l’on associe un

${\mathcal {O}}$
-modèle en groupes

${\mathcal {G}}_{\Omega }$
de G à chaque partie non vide et bornée

$\Omega $
contenue dans un appartement de

${\mathcal {I}}(G,K)$
. On montre que les groupes parahoriques

${\mathcal {G}}_{\textbf {f}}$
attachés aux facettes peuvent être caractérisés en fonction de la géométrie de leurs grassmanniennes affines, ainsi que dans la thèse de T. Richarz. Ces résultats sont appliqués ailleurs à l’étude des grassmanniennes affines tordues entières.
IHARA LEMMA AND LEVEL RAISING IN HIGHER DIMENSION
Authors: Boyer Pascal
Published: January 2021

A key ingredient in the Taylor–Wiles proof of Fermat’s last theorem is the classical Ihara lemma, which is used to raise the modularity property between some congruent Galois representations. In their work on Sato and Tate, Clozel, Harris and Taylor proposed a generalisation of the Ihara lemma in higher dimension for some similitude groups. The main aim of this paper is to prove some new instances of this generalised Ihara lemma by considering some particular non-pseudo-Eisenstein maximal ideals of unramified Hecke algebras. As a consequence, we prove a level-raising statement.
FDI and Dispute Settlement Arrangements in Bangladesh: Issues and Challenges
Authors: HOSSAIN Mohammad Belayet , YEON Asmah Laili Bt , AZIZ Ahmad Shamsul Bin Abd.
Published: January 2021

For any foreign investor, protection of their investment is a primary concern in host states. National legislations and BITs usually provide legal security to them so that they can exercise their desired economic freedom in host countries. Without legal safeguards for their investments, they will not be motivated to invest their capital further. Like other host states, generally, the national laws and BITs of Bangladesh provide significant investment protection guarantees. This paper will discuss how far the protection through judicial or arbitral settlement is established in the legal framework and BITs of Bangladesh. Dispute settlement mechanisms in Bangladesh, various ICSID cases involving Bangladesh, and conflicts between Bangladesh and foreign investors are discussed. The paper also covers the issues and challenges of judicial arrangements in Bangladesh, and findings show that dispute settlement arrangements in Bangladesh are not up to international standards and require significant development. Last, recommendations are provided for consideration.
Fluid Accumulation, Migration and Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane Along a Major Splay Fault at the Hikurangi Subduction Margin (New Zealand): A Magnetic Approach
Authors: Greve Annika , Kars Myriam , Dekkers Mark J.
Published: January 2021

Understanding the locus of fluid flow along thrust and splay faults is important to understand the hydraulic properties of accretionary systems and fault mechanics. Here, we use rock magnetic techniques in combination with backscattered electron imaging to depict the locus of enhanced magnetic mineral alteration within the Pāpaku fault, an active splay fault of the subduction interface at the northern Hikurangi Margin. The Pāpaku fault was cored at Site U1518 during Expedition 375 of the International Ocean Discovery Program and we report room temperature magnetic parameters, complemented by first‐order reversal and thermomagnetic curves in the depth interval 250–400 m below seafloor (mbsf). The ∼60‐m wide Pāpaku fault zone comprises two main slip zones, referred to as the upper main brittle (304–321 mbsf) and lower subsidiary (351–361 mbsf) fault zones, and an intervening zoned, termed the lower ductile deformation zone. Two narrow zones, at the top of the main brittle fault zone, and one in a sand‐rich interval above the subsidiary fault zone, experienced enhanced magnetic mineral diagenesis, which resulted in the recrystallization of ferrimagnetic greigite to paramagnetic pyrite. We propose that secondary magnetic mineral diagenesis was driven by anaerobic methane oxidation within these intervals, which occurs in the presence of methane and sulfate. We relate the observed changes to the fault parallel transport of fluids which is restricted to two damage zones. Overlying compacted and clay‐rich sediments likely act as a barrier to upward advective flow through the fault zone and into the hanging wall.
Participant mothers’ attitudes toward genetic analysis in a birth cohort study
Authors: Yamamoto Midori , Sakurai Kenichi , Mori Chisato , Hata Akira
Published: January 2021

To conduct a long-term birth cohort study that includes genetic analysis, it is crucial to understand the attitudes of participants to genetic analysis and then take appropriate approaches for addressing their ambiguous and negative attitudes. This study aimed to explore participants’ attitudes toward genetic analysis and associated background factors among mothers who were enrolled in a large Japanese birth cohort. A questionnaire was sent to participants’ households, and the responses of 1762 mothers (34.0%) were used for the study. The majority of mothers recognized genetic analysis for themselves and their children and sharing of genetic data as beneficial. A low knowledge level of genomic terminology was associated with ambiguous attitudes toward genetic analysis and data sharing. Education level was positively associated with the recognition of the benefits of genetic analysis. Concern about handling genetic information was associated with the unacceptability of data sharing. Trust was associated with the approval of genetic analysis. Most mothers preferred that genetic analysis results be returned. These findings suggest the need for multiple efforts to maximize participants’ acceptance of genetic analysis, such as utilizing an educational approach to encourage familiarity with genetics/genomics, optimizing explanations for different educational levels, and explicitly disclosing the handling policy for genetic information.
Genome-wide SNP data of Izumo and Makurazaki populations support inner-dual structure model for origin of Yamato people
Authors: Jinam Timothy , Kawai Yosuke , Kamatani Yoichiro , Sonoda Shunro , Makisumi Kanro , Sameshima Hideya , Tokunaga Katsushi , Saitou Naruya
Published: January 2021

The “Dual Structure” model on the formation of the modern Japanese population assumes that the indigenous hunter-gathering population (symbolized as Jomon people) admixed with rice-farming population (symbolized as Yayoi people) who migrated from the Asian continent after the Yayoi period started. The Jomon component remained high both in Ainu and Okinawa people who mainly reside in northern and southern Japan, respectively, while the Yayoi component is higher in the mainland Japanese (Yamato people). The model has been well supported by genetic data, but the Yamato population was mostly represented by people from Tokyo area. We generated new genome-wide SNP data using Japonica Array for 45 individuals in Izumo City of Shimane Prefecture and for 72 individuals in Makurazaki City of Kagoshima Prefecture in Southern Kyushu, and compared these data with those of other human populations in East Asia, including BioBank Japan data. Using principal component analysis, phylogenetic network, and f4 tests, we found that Izumo, Makurazaki, and Tohoku populations are slightly differentiated from Kanto (including Tokyo), Tokai, and Kinki regions. These results suggest the substructure within Mainland Japanese maybe caused by multiple migration events from the Asian continent following the Jomon period, and we propose a modified version of “Dual Structure” model called the “Inner-Dual Structure” model.
Alternate therapeutic pathways for PARP inhibitors and potential mechanisms of resistance
Authors: Kim Dae-Seok , Camacho Cristel V. , Kraus W. Lee
Published: January 2021

Homologous recombination (HR) repair deficiency impairs the proper maintenance of genomic stability, thus rendering cancer cells vulnerable to loss or inhibition of DNA repair proteins, such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Inhibitors of nuclear PARPs are effective therapeutics for a number of different types of cancers. Here we review key concepts and current progress on the therapeutic use of PARP inhibitors (PARPi). PARPi selectively induce synthetic lethality in cancer cells with homologous recombination deficiencies (HRDs), the most notable being cancer cells harboring mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Recent clinical evidence, however, shows that PARPi can be effective as cancer therapeutics regardless of BRCA1/2 or HRD status, suggesting that a broader population of patients might benefit from PARPi therapy. Currently, four PARPi have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of advanced ovarian and breast cancer with deleterious BRCA mutations. Although PARPi have been shown to improve progression-free survival, cancer cells inevitably develop resistance, which poses a significant obstacle to the prolonged use of PARP inhibitors. For example, somatic BRCA1/2 reversion mutations are often identified in patients with BRCA1/2-mutated cancers after treatment with platinum-based therapy, causing restoration of HR capacity and thus conferring PARPi resistance. Accordingly, PARPi have been studied in combination with other targeted therapies to overcome PARPi resistance, enhance PARPi efficacy, and sensitize tumors to PARP inhibition. Moreover, multiple clinical trials are now actively underway to evaluate novel combinations of PARPi with other anticancer therapies for the treatment of PARPi-resistant cancer. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms of action of PARP inhibitors with or without BRCA1/2 defects and provide an overview of the ongoing clinical trials of PARPi. We also review the current progress on PARPi-based combination strategies and PARP inhibitor resistance.
Single-cell long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) transcriptome implicates MALAT1 in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: Shaath Hibah , Vishnubalaji Radhakrishnan , Elango Ramesh , Khattak Shahryar , Alajez Nehad M.
Published: January 2021

Cumulative evidence suggests added benefit for neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in a subset of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. Herein we identified the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) transcriptional landscape associated with TNBC resistance to NAC, employing 1758 single cells from three extinction and three persistence TNBC patients. Using Iterative Clustering and Guide-gene Selection (ICGS) and uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) dimensionality reduction analysis, we observed single cells derived from each patient to largely cluster together. Comparing the lncRNA transcriptome from single cells through the course of NAC treatment revealed minimal overlap based on lncRNA transcriptome, suggesting substantial effects of NAC on lncRNA transcription. The differential analysis revealed upregulation of 202 and downregulation of 19 lncRNAs in the persistence group, including upregulation of five different transcripts encoding for the MALAT1 lncRNA. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated MALAT1 promoter deletion in BT-549 TNBC model enhanced sensitivity to paclitaxel and doxorubicin, suggesting a role for MALAT1 in conferring resistance. Mechanistically, whole transcriptome analysis of MALAT1-KO cells revealed multiple affected mechanistic networks as well as oxidative phosphorylation canonical and angiogenesis functional category. Interestingly, lncRNA profiling of MALAT1-depleted TNBC also revealed a number of altered lncRNAs in response to MALAT1 deletion, suggesting a reciprocal relationship between MALAT1 and a number of lncRNAs, including NEAT1, USP3-AS1, and LINC-PINT, in TNBC. Elevated expression of MALAT1, USP3-AS1, and LINC-PINT correlated with worse clinical outcomes in BC patients. Our data revealed the lncRNA transactional portrait and highlighted a complex regulatory network orchestrated by MALAT1 in the context of TNBC resistance to NAC therapy.
Computing conditional entropies for quantum correlations
Authors: Brown Peter , Fawzi Hamza , Fawzi Omar
Published: January 2021

The rates of quantum cryptographic protocols are usually expressed in terms of a conditional entropy minimized over a certain set of quantum states. In particular, in the device-independent setting, the minimization is over all the quantum states jointly held by the adversary and the parties that are consistent with the statistics that are seen by the parties. Here, we introduce a method to approximate such entropic quantities. Applied to the setting of device-independent randomness generation and quantum key distribution, we obtain improvements on protocol rates in various settings. In particular, we find new upper bounds on the minimal global detection efficiency required to perform device-independent quantum key distribution without additional preprocessing. Furthermore, we show that our construction can be readily combined with the entropy accumulation theorem in order to establish full finite-key security proofs for these protocols.
A co-design framework of neural networks and quantum circuits towards quantum advantage
Authors: Jiang Weiwen , Xiong Jinjun , Shi Yiyu
Published: January 2021

Despite the pursuit of quantum advantages in various applications, the power of quantum computers in executing neural network has mostly remained unknown, primarily due to a missing tool that effectively designs a neural network suitable for quantum circuit. Here, we present a neural network and quantum circuit co-design framework, namely QuantumFlow, to address the issue. In QuantumFlow, we represent data as unitary matrices to exploit quantum power by encoding n = 2k inputs into k qubits and representing data as random variables to seamlessly connect layers without measurement. Coupled with a novel algorithm, the cost complexity of the unitary matrices-based neural computation can be reduced from O(n) in classical computing to O(polylog(n)) in quantum computing. Results show that on MNIST dataset, QuantumFlow can achieve an accuracy of 94.09% with a cost reduction of 10.85 × against the classical computer. All these results demonstrate the potential for QuantumFlow to achieve the quantum advantage.