bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Convergent and Discriminant Validity of a Naturalistic Observational Assessment of Children's Hand Skills
Authors: Chien Chi-Wen , Brown Ted , McDonald Rachael , Rodger Sylvia
Published: January 2012

Objective/Background

This study sought to investigate the convergent and discriminant validity of a new naturalistic observational Assessment of Children's Hand Skills (ACHS) in children with and without disabilities.

Methods

The participants were 134 children aged 2–-12 years in Taiwan, and 70 had known disabilities. Outcome measures included the ACHS, one daily living skills questionnaire, and three instruments related to hand skills. Discriminant validity was assessed by comparing the ACHS scores between children with and without disabilities. Convergent validity was examined using a correlation analysis between the ACHS and daily living and hand skills measures.

Results

Children with disabilities had significantly lower ACHS scores than typically developing children. The ACHS correlated moderately to highly with the daily living skills questionnaire and demonstrated a varied range of correlations with the three related instruments.

Conclusion

Preliminary evidence for the convergent and discriminant validity of the ACHS was established. The findings indicate that the ACHS can be used with confidence in measuring and differentiating children's hand skill performance in real-life contexts.
Analysis of case management programs for patients with dementia: A systematic review
Authors: Somme Dominique , Trouve Hélène , Dramé Moustapha , Gagnon Dominique , Couturier Yves , Saint‐Jean Olivier
Published: January 2012

Background

People suffering from dementia are particularly vulnerable to the gaps between the health and social service systems. Case management is a professional field that seeks to fill in these gaps and remedy this fragmentation.

Methods

We report the results of a systematic literature review of the impact of case management programs on clinical outcomes and the utilization of resources by persons with dementia. We focused on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and attempted to identify the factors that might contribute to greater program efficacy. Because the evaluation methods in these studies varied, we used the effect size method to estimate the magnitude of the statistically significant effects reported.

Results

Our search strategy identified 17 references relating to six RCTs. Four of these six RCTs reported moderately statistically significant effects (effect size, 0.2–0.8) on their primary end point: the clinical outcome in three and resource utilization in one. Two of the RCTs reported weak or no effects (effect size, <0.2) on their primary end point. Because of the wide variety of the end points used, an overall effect size could not be calculated. Parameters that appear to be related to greater case management efficacy are the integration level between the health and social service organizations and the intensity of the case management.

Conclusions

Integration and case management intensity seem to determine the magnitude of the clinical effects in this new professional field. Further studies are needed to clarify the economic impact.
Bewegungsförderung und Gesundheit im Alter Gunnar Geuter
Authors: Geuter Gunnar
Published: January 2012

Einleitung

„Ich sollte mich mehr bewegen“ so oder ähnlich antworten Menschen häufig auf die Frage, wie sie ihre Gesundheit verbessern können. Das Wissen über den positiven Zusammenhang regelmäßiger körperlicher Aktivität mit der Gesundheit zählt zum Allgemeingut eines großen Teils der Bevölkerung und ist auch in der Wissenschaft auf einer breiten Evidenzbasis abgesichert (Geuter und Hollederer, i.E.a; LIGA.NRW, 2011a; zusammenfassend: USDHHS, 2008). Gerade für ältere Menschen ist regelmäßige gesundheitswirksame körperliche Aktivität ein zentraler Faktor für den Erhalt und die Förderung der Gesundheit und der Alltagskompetenzen.
RNA therapy for polyglutamine neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Watson Lauren M. , Wood Matthew J. A.
Published: January 2012

Polyglutamine neurodegenerative diseases result from the expansion of a trinucleotide CAG repeat, encoding a polyglutamine tract in the disease-causing protein. The process by which each polyglutamine protein exerts its toxicity is complex, involving a variety of mechanisms including transcriptional dysregulation, proteasome impairment and mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, the most effective and widely applicable therapies are likely to be those designed to eliminate production of the mutant protein upstream of these deleterious effects. RNA-based approaches represent promising therapeutic strategies for polyglutamine diseases, offering the potential to suppress gene expression in a sequence-specific manner at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In particular, gene silencing therapies capable of discrimination between mutant and wildtype alleles, based on disease-linked polymorphisms or CAG repeat length, might prove crucial in cases where a loss of wild type function is deleterious. Novel methods, such as gene knockdown and replacement, seek to eliminate the technical difficulties associated with allele-specific silencing by avoiding the need to target specific mutations. With a variety of RNA technologies currently being developed to target multiple facets of polyglutamine pathogenesis, the emergence of an effective therapy seems imminent. However, numerous technical obstacles associated with design, discrimination and delivery must be overcome before RNA therapy can be effectively applied in the clinical setting.
Francis Bacon and the ‘vexations of art’: experimentation as intervention
Authors: MERCHANT CAROLYN
Published: January 2012

Francis Bacon's concept of the ‘vexations of art’ (vexationes artium) entailed experimentation as an intervention into nature for the purpose of extracting its secrets. Although the standard edition of Bacon's works by Spedding, Ellis and Heath and the new Oxford edition by Graham Rees translate the phrasevexationes artiumas the ‘vexations of art’, a significant number of scholars, translators and editors from the seventeenth century to the present have read Bacon's Latin as the ‘torment’ or ‘tortures of art’. Here I discuss these latter interpretations and speculate on the reasons for their association of the term with experimentation. While it may not be possible to say with certainty what Bacon meant by ‘vexation’, the context of his thought, the rich set of metaphors on which he drew and the interpretations of dozens of scholars over four centuries would seem to favour assigning a robust, interventionist meaning tovexare.
Amelioration of alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity by the administration of ethanolic extract ofSida cordifoliaLinn.
Authors: Rejitha S. , Prathibha P. , Indira M.
Published: January 2012

Sida cordifoliaLinn. (Malvaceae) is a plant used in folk medicine for the treatment of the inflammation of oral mucosa, asthmatic bronchitis, nasal congestion and rheumatism. We studied the hepatoprotective activity of 50 % ethanolic extract ofS. cordifoliaLinn. against alcohol intoxication. The duration of the experiment was 90 d. The substantially elevated levels of toxicity markers such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and γ-glutamyl transferase due to the alcohol treatment were significantly lowered in the extract-treated groups. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione content, which was lowered due to alcohol toxicity, was increased to a near-normal level in the co-administered group. Lipid peroxidation products, protein carbonyls, total collagen and hydroxyproline, which were increased in the alcohol-treated group, were reduced in the co-administered group. The mRNA levels of cytochrome P450 2E1, NF-κB, TNF-α and transforming growth factor-β1 were found to be increased in the alcohol-treated rats, and their expressions were found to be decreased in the co-administered group. These observations were reinforced by histopathological analysis. Thus, the present study clearly indicates that 50 % ethanolic extract of the roots ofS. cordifoliaLinn. has a potent hepatoprotective action against alcohol-induced toxicity, which was mediated by lowering oxidative stress and by down-regulating the transcription factors.
The modification of the muscle fatty acid profile by dietary supplementation withAspergillus awamoriin broiler chickens
Authors: Saleh Ahmed A. , Eid Yahya Z. , Ebeid Tarek A. , Ohtsuka Akira , Hioki Kumiko , Yamamoto Masahiro , Hayashi Kunioki
Published: January 2012

The present study was conducted to show that dietary supplementation with a fungus,Aspergillus awamori, modifies muscle fatty acid profiles in broiler chickens. A total of thirty chicks, selected from a group of 100 chicks aged 15 d, were divided into a control group and two treatment groups (ten birds per treatment). The control group was fed a basal diet, and the treatment groups were fed basal diets supplemented withA. awamoriat levels of 0·05 and 0·2 %. From the start of the study at 15 d, the birds were raised for an additional 12 d, and growth and the muscle fatty acid profile were evaluated. Although feed intake was decreased by the fungus, body-weight gain and breast muscle weight were increased, and thus, feed efficiency was improved. Abdominal fat and plasma cholesterol and TAG were decreased, while plasma HDL-cholesterol and breast muscle fat content were increased. Interestingly, muscle α-tocopherol content was increased and muscle thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were decreased byA. awamori. Furthermore, there was an observed decrease in SFA and an increase in unsaturated fatty acids in the muscle fat due to the fungus feeding. The mRNA of fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and Δ-6 desaturase in the muscle were all increased, while the mRNA of 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A were decreased by the fungus. In conclusion, the present study clearly shows that the muscle lipid profile could be modified by the addition ofA. awamorito the diet.
The recent history of Finnish winter navigation in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Lépy Élise
Published: January 2012

The Baltic Sea is one of the major maritime highway. During the middle ages, many of its southern ports belonged to the Hanseatic League. Since then, maritime traffic in the Baltic Sea has grown, having its trading activities internationalised through the diffusion of new shipping technologies. In 2007, the volume of cargo handled in Baltic ports was approximately 850 million tons. Moreover, the Baltic has an excellent network for passenger transportation: approximately 30 million people travel every year by ferry.

Nowadays, its winter traffic represents about one quarter of the annual traffic. Nevertheless winter navigation is relatively recent in the extremities of the gulfs of Bothnia and Finland. Indeed, at the beginning of maritime transportation, the activity was seasonal and occurred only in open water, threatening to stop completely in winter due to sea ice formation. But for over a century, the evolution of materials and shipping techniques has allowed continuous maritime navigation. Despite the fact that sea ice conditions require the assistance of icebreakers, adapted port infrastructures, the introduction of ice classes and winter restrictions to the navigation, harsh winter conditions inevitably induce an increase in maritime incidents. There is the question of the future of winter navigation in the context of global warming and a possible significant reduction of sea ice.
Reciprocity: Weak or strong? What punishment experiments do (and do not) demonstrate
Authors: Guala Francesco
Published: January 2012

Economists and biologists have proposed a distinction between two mechanisms – “strong” and “weak” reciprocity – that may explain the evolution of human sociality. Weak reciprocity theorists emphasize the benefits of long-term cooperation and the use of low-cost strategies to deter free-riders. Strong reciprocity theorists, in contrast, claim that cooperation in social dilemma games can be sustained by costly punishment mechanisms, even in one-shot and finitely repeated games. To support this claim, they have generated a large body of evidence concerning the willingness of experimental subjects to punish uncooperative free-riders at a cost to themselves. In this article, I distinguish between a “narrow” and a “wide” reading of the experimental evidence. Under the narrow reading, punishment experiments are just useful devices to measure psychological propensities in controlled laboratory conditions. Under the wide reading, they replicate a mechanism that supports cooperation also in “real-world” situations outside the laboratory. I argue that the wide interpretation must be tested using a combination of laboratory data and evidence about cooperation “in the wild.” In spite of some often-repeated claims, there is no evidence that cooperation in the small egalitarian societies studied by anthropologists is enforced by means of costly punishment. Moreover, studies by economic and social historians show that social dilemmas in the wild are typically solved by institutions that coordinate punishment, reduce its cost, and extend the horizon of cooperation. The lack of field evidence for costly punishment suggests important constraints about what forms of cooperation can or cannot be sustained by means of decentralised policing.
Time allocation, religious observance, and illness in Mayan horticulturalists
Authors: Waynforth David
Published: January 2012

Analysis of individual differences in religious observance in a Belizean community showed that the most religious (pastors and church workers) reported more illnesses, and that there was no tendency for the religiously observant to restrict their interactions to family or extended family. Instead, the most religiously observant tended to have community roles that widened their social contact: religion did not aid isolation – thus violating a key assumption of the parasite-stress theory of sociality.
In medio stat virtus: Theoretical and methodological extremes regarding reciprocity will not explain complex social behaviors
Authors: Civai Claudia , Langus Alan
Published: January 2012

Guala contests the validity of strong reciprocity as a key element in shaping social behavior by contrasting evidence from experimental games to that of natural and historic data. He suggests that in order to understand the evolution of social behavior researchers should focus on natural data and weak reciprocity. We disagree with Guala's proposal to shift the focus of the study from one extreme of the spectrum (strong reciprocity) to the other extreme (weak reciprocity). We argue that the study of the evolution of social behavior must be comparative in nature, and we point out experimental evidence that shows that social behavior is not cooperation determined by a set of fixed factors. We argue for a model that sees social behavior as a dynamic interaction of genetic and environmental factors.
Examining punishment at different explanatory levels
Authors: dos Santos Miguel , Wedekind Claus
Published: January 2012

Experimental studies on punishment have sometimes been over-interpreted not only for the reasons Guala lists, but also because of a frequent conflation of proximate and ultimate explanatory levels that Guala's review perpetuates. Moreover, for future analyses we may need a clearer classification of different kinds of punishment.
XVII. Anonymous Letter to Mr. John Stanhope, Treasurer of the Chamber to Queen Elizabeth, reporting the dispersion of the Spanish Armada. Communicated by the Right Hon. the Earl Stanhope, President; together with remarks on the same by Robert Lemon, Esq., F.S.A. In Letters addressed to Augustus W. Franks, Esq. M.A., Director
Authors: Stanhope Earl , Lemon Robert
Published: January 2012

Among several MS. Letters which I purchased at the recent sale of Mr. Dawson Turner's Library, there is one which I think may have some interest for the Society of Antiquaries, and which I therefore take leave to send you for exhibition. You will perceive that it is addressed to one of my family, John Stanhope, who was created in 1605 Lord Stanhope of Harrington. At the time when this letter was written he was Treasurer of the Chamber to Queen Elizabeth; and the letter is evidently designed for the information of the Government.

Being written from France in time of war, the letter is expressed with great caution and mystery, and it bears neither signature nor date of year. But it plainly appears I think to have been written in 1588, on the dispersion of the Spanish Armada.
XVIII. On Vestiges of Ortholithic Remains in North Africa, and their place in Primeval Archæology
Authors: Rhind A. Henry
Published: January 2012

The countries washed by the Mediterranean have necessarily been the great field of research for investigating the remains of the older historic civilizations with which they are strewn; and I cannot doubt that the same shores, which, from their physical peculiarities, have ever been the seat of a large and active population, retain still for us most significant illustrations of that early substratum, the pre-classical culture, the widely spread relics of which are the elements of our primeval archaeology. To some of those elements I have on other occasions adverted; and here I propose chiefly to direct attention to another—a very remarkable group of cromlechs in Algeria, which I have had recently an opportunity of visiting and examining.
XIV.—Copy of a Letter to Mary Queen of Scots, and a Bond of Secretary Maitland
Authors: Almack Richard , Milman Henry Salusbury
Published: January 2012

It may be considered improbable that any new light can be thrown on the history of Mary Queen of Scots; but the interest in her romantic story never ceases. I have in my possession a document which relates to an important event in her life. I am inclined to make it known to the public in consequence of the recent publication by the Society of Antiquaries of the interesting communication by the Rev. R. S. Ellis, respecting the imprisonment, death, and burial in Denmark of the Earl of Bothwell (see Archaeologia, vol. XXXVIII).
XXVII.—On a Latin Note to the Bodleian MS. of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle concerning the Origin of the Æra Dionysiana
Authors: Nichols Robert Cradock
Published: January 2012

In a note to the communication of Dr. Gustav Oppert, on the Origin of the Æra Dionysiana (Archaeologia, vol. XLIV. p. 347), you paid me the compliment of mentioning a suggestion I had made for the correction of the Latin note to the year A.D. 625, which is found in the MS. of the Saxon Chronicle in the Bodleian MS. Laud, 636, and which, as it stands, is, as you observed, unintelligible. It runs thus: “Hic Cyclus Dionysii quinque decennovenalibus constans, hoc est, xcv. annis: sumitque exordium a xxx. anno Incarnationis Domini, et desinit in DCXXVI. anno.”
IX.—Remarks on a new Torso of a Youthful Dionysos
Authors: Spratt T.A.B.
Published: January 2012

The Torso of Dionysos, shown in the accompanying plate from two photographs by Mr. Robinson of Tunbridge Wells, is of much interest, both from its state of preservation and character, and, also, from being an entirely new representation of the god; but more particularly from its possessing such decided characteristics of the Praxitelean schcol as to lead to the inference that it must be a copy of some celebrated statue of the god by this great master, of which no other copy or description has come down to us, or any representation on coin, or vase, as far as I have been able to ascertain.
XI.—On a Copy of Albertus Magnus' De Secretis Mulierum, printed by Machlinia
Authors: Ferguson John
Published: January 2012

When collecting materials for the third part of my Bibliographical Notes on Histories of Inventions and Books of Secrets, I observed in the sale catalogue of the duke of Hamilton's library a copy of the well-known tract, De Secretis Mulierum, usually ascribed to Albertus Magnus. The following description of it was there given:

“Alberti Magni Secreta Mulierum, wants A 1 (a blank leaf) and several leaves mended, sold therefore with all faults, red morocco extra, borders of gold, gilt edges, by J. Mackenzie, sm. 4to. s. l. & a.
XIV.—The Palace of the Greek Emperors of Nicaea at Nymphio
Authors: Freshfield Edwin
Published: January 2012

The map on the next page will show (1) the position of the gulf of Smyrna, and how the mountains on either side of it close in with mount Sipylus on the north and mount Tactalu on the south; (2) how the two ranges of mountains meet at the east of the gulf, where there is a pass leading from the plain of Smyrna to the plain beyond, which in its turn leads to the plain of the Hermos at Cassaba. There is a bridle-path over this pass which leads to Cassaba, Sardis, and Philadelphia. About fifteen miles or thereabouts from Smyrna, a little to the right of the high road on the northern slope of Tactalu, is a village called by the Greeks Nymphio; this was at all times a favourite picnic-ing place for the Smyrniotes during the periods that the neighbouring country was free from brigands; afterwards it became a place often visited by strangers wishing to see the rock-cut figure, supposed to be the work of Sesostris, which is carved on a rock by the side of a stream a few hours distant from Nymphio.
XV.—On the Camp at Ardoch, in Perthshire
Authors: Hughes T. McKenny
Published: January 2012

We may accept as a fact that the Komans did advance in force, at any rate as far as the Graupian or Grampian Hills, and we may feel sure that they constructed camps, and strong camps too, along their line of march.
XVII.—Notes upon two Egyptian Portrait Mummy Coverings or Shrouds, belonging to the First Century A.D.
Authors: Price F. G. Hilton
Published: January 2012

The finest collection of ancient portraits from Egypt that has found its way to England is undoubtedly that brought over by Professor Flinders Petrie in 1889, and exhibited by him in that year at the Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly. It had been found during the previous winter months in the cemetery of Hawara, in the Fayyum. This fine series of portraits, for such they evidently were, had been painted in wax upon wooden panels, and, according to the opinion of Professor Petrie, had been done after death. They are mostly to be seen in the British Museum and National Gallery, but some are in private hands.
XX.—On a MS. Psalter formerly belonging to the Abbey of Bury St. Edmund's
Authors: Dewick E. S.
Published: January 2012

The MS. Psalter, which is exhibited by our Fellow the Rev. Canon Cooke, by the kind permission of the Governors of the Grammar School of Bury St. Edmund's, is a fine example of an English monastic service-book, and is of interest because it can be shown by internal evidence to have belonged to the great abbey of St. Edmund.
The Difference of Performance as Research
Authors: FLEISHMAN MARK
Published: January 2012

This article considers the proposition that performance as research is a series of embodied repetitions in time, on both micro (bodies, movements, sounds, improvisations, moments) and macro (events, productions, projects, installations) levels, in search of a series of differences. It investigates the proposition in terms of Bergson's notion of ‘creative evolution’ and Deleuze's engagement with it, and is concerned with questions such as: what nature of differences does performance as research give rise to? Where do the differences lie, in the repetitions or in the spaces in between? And is there a point at which the unleashing of differences is exhausted, a point at which, perhaps, the evolution becomes an involution, either a shrinkage of difference, an inverted return to the same, or, in the Deleuzian sense, a new production no longer dependent on differentiation but on transversal modes of becoming?
Language, Multiplicity, Void: The Radical Politics of the Beckettian Subject
Authors: JOHNSON NICHOLAS E.
Published: January 2012

This article re-examines the legacy of modernist aesthetics, with special focus on Samuel Beckett and his radical critique of subjectivity, language and ontology. The problem of language as a fundamental agent of difference pervades both the content and form of literary modernism. Beyond conventional semantic and aesthetic function, language acts in Beckett's works to construct a subject that is at once multiple in expression and voided at its core. Drawing on performance and philosophy to explore an ethical dimension of Beckett's praxis already sensed by Theodor Adorno and Alain Badiou, this study recalls the political implications of what are sometimes dismissed as ‘mere’ aesthetic questions, by looking deeper into the modernist attitude toward language, subjectivity, and void. This research suggests that the full radicality of the Beckettian subject has yet to be fully absorbed in philosophy and culture, devastating as it is to the postmodern focus on identity and difference.
Identity Politics Then and Now
Authors: DIAMOND ELIN
Published: January 2012

Identity politics, or collective activism based on embodied experiences of gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity or nationality, existed before the late twentieth century, but the term was coined in the 1970s and widely circulated in the 1980s as a response to social injustice, widespread prejudice and even assault borne by members of specific minority groups. For lesbians, gays and transsexuals, for ethnic minorities like Native Americans in the US or First Nations in Canada, for women in many Western countries, identity politics has meant working proactively for full legal and social recognition. Feminism often flies under the banner of identity politics with the argument that gender equality is still far from the norm in Western societies and even less so in many Asian and African societies, and in those of the Arab world.
Identity Politics Forum
Authors: DIAMOND ELIN , ANAN NOBUKO , VARNEY DENISE , SIEG KATRIN , DUTT BISHNUPRIYA , ROSENBERG TIINA
Published: January 2012

Introduced, compiled and edited by Elin Diamond, this forum brings together feminist theatre/performance scholars to revisit the question of identity politics. Does it still have currency? Does it still matter for feminists today? In what theatre and performance contexts do we still discuss identity politics? Following an overview (from a US perspective) of past and present concerns by Elin Diamond, the forum voices a range of international views as contributors consider identity politics, theatre and performance in their countries of origin: Nobuko Anan (Japan), Denise Varney (Australia), Katrin Sieg (Germany), Bishnupriya Dutt (India) and Tiina Rosenberg (Sweden).
Infants' responsiveness, attachment, and indiscriminate friendliness after international adoption from institutions or foster care in China: Application of Emotional Availability Scales to adoptive families
Authors: Van Den Dries Linda , Juffer Femmie , Van Ijzendoorn Marinus H. , Bakermans-Kranenburg Marian J. , Alink Lenneke R. A.
Published: January 2012

In a short-term longitudinal design we investigated maternal sensitivity, child responsiveness, attachment, and indiscriminate friendliness in families with children internationally adopted from institutions or foster care in China. Ninety-two families with 50 postinstitutionalized and 42 formerly fostered girls, aged 11–16 months on arrival, were studied 2 and 6 months after adoption. Maternal sensitivity and child responsiveness were observed with the Emotional Availability Scales, attachment was assessed with the Strange Situation procedure, and mothers reported on children's indiscriminate friendliness. The postinstitutionalized children showed less secure attachment, whereas the former foster children did not differ from the normative distribution of attachment security. However, at both assessments the two groups of adopted children showed more disorganized attachments compared to normative data. Adoptive mothers of postinstitutionalized and former foster children were equally sensitive and their sensitivity did not change over time. Postinstitutionalized and former foster children did not differ on indiscriminate friendliness, but children with more sensitive adoptive mothers showed less indiscriminate friendliness. The former foster children showed a larger increase in responsiveness over time than the postinstitutionalized children, suggesting that children's responsiveness is more sensitive to change than attachment, and that preadoption foster care is more beneficial for the development of children's responsiveness after adoptive placement than preadoption institutional care.
Developmental correlates and predictors of emotional availability in mother–child interaction: A longitudinal study from infancy to middle childhood
Authors: Easterbrooks M. Ann , Bureau Jean-Francois , Lyons-Ruth Karlen
Published: January 2012

In this investigation we examined the developmental correlates and predictors of maternal emotional availability in interactions with their 7-year-old children among a sample of families at psychosocial risk. We found developmental coherence in maternal interactive behavior, and in the relations between maternal emotional availability and children's functioning in middle childhood. Mothers and children were observed at home and in a laboratory playroom in infancy to assess maternal interactive behavior and child attachment security. When children were 7 years of age, dyads were observed in the lab; maternal emotional availability was coded using the Emotional Availability Scales, and children's disorganized and controlling attachment behavior was assessed. Classroom teachers reported on children's behavior problems; at age 8, children reported on their depressive symptoms. Results showed that aspects of maternal emotional availability (sensitivity, nonhostility, nonintrusiveness [passive/withdrawn behavior]) were associated with children's functioning in middle childhood: (a) controlling and disorganized attachment behavior, (b) behavior problems in school, and (c) self-reported depressive symptoms. Maternal emotional availability in childhood was predicted by early mother–infant relationship dysfunction (maternal hostility, disrupted communication, and infant attachment insecurity).
The quality of the mother–child relationship in high-risk dyads: Application of the Emotional Availability Scales in an intergenerational, longitudinal study
Authors: Stack Dale M. , Serbin Lisa A. , Girouard Nadine , Enns Leah N. , Bentley Vivianne M. N. , Ledingham Jane E. , Schwartzman Alex E.
Published: January 2012

The present research examined how family psychosocial risk may be associated with emotional availability (EA) across age and time in two longitudinal, intergenerational studies with high-risk, disadvantaged mother–child dyads. Study 1 examined dyads during preschool and middle childhood. Study 2 examined a different sample of dyads, tested intensively at five time points (6, 12, and 18 months; preschool; and school age). Across studies, maternal childhood histories of aggression and social withdrawal predicted negative EA (higher levels of maternal hostility) during mother–child interactions at preschool age. In Study 1, mothers with higher levels of social withdrawal during childhood had preschoolers who were less appropriately responsive to and involving of their mothers during interactions. In Study 2, higher levels of observed appropriate maternal structuring predicted child responsiveness while observed maternal sensitivity (and structuring) predicted observed child involvement. More maternal social support and better home environment combined with lower stress predicted better mother–child relationship quality. Findings contribute to the burgeoning literature on EA by focusing on a high-risk community sample across time and generations. Results are interpreted in light of the developmental psychopathology framework, and have implications for a broader understanding of how EA is related to parental history and personal characteristics, as well as ongoing family and environmental context.
The influence of five monoamine genes on trajectories of depressive symptoms across adolescence and young adulthood
Authors: Adkins Daniel E. , Daw Jonathan K. , McClay Joseph L. , van den Oord Edwin J. C. G.
Published: January 2012

The influence of five monoamine candidate genes on depressive symptom trajectories in adolescence and young adulthood were examined in the Add Health genetic sample. Results indicated that, for all respondents, carriers of the dopamine receptor D4 5-repeat allele were characterized by distinct depressive symptom trajectories across adolescence and early adulthood. Similarly, for males, individuals with the monoamine oxidase A 3.5-repeat allele exhibited unique depressive symptom trajectories. Specifically, the trajectories of those with the dopamine receptor D4 5-repeat allele were characterized by rising levels in the transition to adulthood, while their peers were experiencing a normative drop in depressive symptom frequency. Conversely, males with the monoamine oxidase A 3.5-repeat allele were shown to experience increased distress in late adolescence. An empirical method for examining a wide array of allelic combinations was employed, and false discovery rate methods were used to control the risk of false positives due to multiple testing. Special attention was given to thoroughly interrogate the robustness of the putative genetic effects. These results demonstrate the value of combining dynamic developmental perspectives with statistical genetic methods to optimize the search for genetic influences on psychopathology across the life course.
Engaging older people in decisions about their healthcare: the case for shared decision making
Authors: Lally Joanne , Tullo Ellen
Published: January 2012

Shared decision making in clinical practice involves both the healthcare professional, an expert in the clinical condition and the patient who is an expert in what is important to them. A consultation involving shared decision making enables an examination of the options available, consideration of the risks and benefits whilst incorporating the values of the patient into the decision making process. A decision is aimed at, which is both clinically appropriate and is congruent with the patient's values.

Older people have been shown to value involvement, to varying degrees, in decisions about their care and treatment. The case of atrial fibrillation shows the opportunities for, and benefits of, sharing with older people decision making about their healthcare.
Multinationals and environmental regulation: are foreign firms harmful?
Authors: Dardati Evangelina , Saygili Meryem
Published: January 2012

The rise of globalization has directed the attention of economists to the effect of trade and multinational production on the environment. We explore whether multinational firms, frequently the target of environmentalists, are harmful for a host country's environment. We introduce environmental regulation in a two-country model of heterogeneous firms with monopolistic competition. Using plant-level data from Chile, we test the model implications. We find that foreign firms are cleaner than domestic plants even after controlling for productivity that is likely to be negatively correlated with emissions. We also show that increasing the stringency of environmental regulations in a previously unregulated market affects the domestic firms more than the multinationals.
Radiocarbon and stable‐isotope geochemistry of organic and inorganic carbon in Lake Superior
Authors: Zigah Prosper K. , Minor Elizabeth C. , Werne Josef P.
Published: January 2012

We present a lake‐wide investigation of Lake Superior carbon and organic matter biogeochemistry using radiocarbon, stable isotope, and carbon concentrations. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) abundance in the lake was 121–122 Tg C, with offshore concentration andδ13C values being laterally homogenous and tightly coupled to the physical and thermal regime and biochemical processes. Offshore Δ14C of DIC (50–65‰) exhibited lateral homogeneity and was more 14C enriched than co‐occurring atmospheric CO2 (∼38‰); nearshore Δ14C of DIC (36–38‰) was similar to atmospheric CO2. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) abundance was 14.2–16.4 Tg C. DOC's concentration and δ13C were homogenous in June (mixed lake), but varied laterally during August (stratification) possibly due to spatial differences in lake productivity. Throughout sampling, DOC had modern radiocarbon values (14–58‰) indicating a semilabile nature with a turnover time of ≤60 years. Lake particulate organic carbon (POC, 0.9–1.3 Tg C) was consistently 13C depleted relative to DOC. The δ15N of epilimnetic particulate organic nitrogen shifted to more negative values during stratification possibly indicating greater use of nitrate (rather than ammonium) by phytoplankton in August. POC's radiocarbon was spatially heterogeneous (Δ14C range: 58‰ to −303‰), and generally 14C depleted relative to DOC and DIC. POC 14C depletion could not be accounted for by black carbon in the lake but, because of its spatial and temporal distribution, is attributed to sediment resuspension. The presence of old POC within the epilimnion of the open lake indicates possible benthic‐pelagic coupling in the lake's organic carbon cycle; the ultimate fate of this old POC bears further investigation.
Compositional diversity of Mauna Kea shield lavas recovered by the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project: Inferences on source lithology, magma supply, and the role of multiple volcanoes
Authors: Rhodes J. Michael , Huang Shichun , Frey Frederick A. , Pringle Malcolm , Xu Guangping
Published: January 2012

The final Stage (Phase‐2) of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project (HSDP) recovered 408 m of basaltic core (3098–3506 mbsl) attributed to Mauna Kea volcano. We determined the major and trace element composition of 40 samples from this core. Our results show that the incompatible element ratios, such as Zr/Nb, which are correlated with Pb isotopic ratios, are more variable in the lower 408 m of Mauna Kea shield lavas than in the overlying 2855 m (∼450 ka). We argue that this geochemical diversity was present in the mantle source of Mauna Kea shield lavas and does not require the inter‐fingering of lavas from adjacent volcanoes. Because of uncertainties in Ni partitioning between olivine and melt and the wide range of Ni contents in peridotites, we show that all Mauna Kea lavas may have been derived from a peridotite source. We also obtained major and trace element compositions for 24 whole‐rock clasts and hyaloclastites and 7 glasses from HSDP Phase‐1 core between 1767 and 1808 mbs. These enigmatic lavas, previously recognized by the distinctive high CaO and K2O contents of their glasses, are also relatively enriched in highly incompatible trace elements. We show that this group of lavas have affinities with post‐shield lavas and argue that they are a consequence of lower degrees of melting (∼a factor of two) than other Mauna Kea shield lavas, thereby providing evidence that magma supply varied significantly during the growth of the Mauna Kea shield.
Deuterium‐hydrogen exchange in olivine: Implications for point defects and electrical conductivity
Authors: Du Frane Wyatt L. , Tyburczy James A.
Published: January 2012

Knowledge about hydrogen self diffusion (DH) is critical for determining mantle hydrogen distribution and understanding point defects. Also, chemical diffusion of hydrogen in olivine, such as redox exchange with polarons (DRedox), depends on DH. In this study deuterium 2H was exchanged into hydrogen 1H saturated single crystals of San Carlos olivine between 750 and 900°C at 2 GPa. We measured and fit the resulting 2H profiles to obtain DH,[100] = 10(−4.9±1.4)*e(−140±30kJ/mol)/(RT) m2/s, which is ∼1 log unit lower than DRedox,[100], with similar activation enthalpy Ha. By comparing these two diffusion coefficients, we estimate the small polaron diffusion coefficient. Additionally, we estimate DH in the [010] and [001] orientations, demonstrating that DH is highly anisotropic in olivine. These DHvalues were used with the Nernst‐Einstein relation to estimate the electrical conductivity by hydrogen in olivine (σH = 101.1*e(−130kJ/mol)/(RT) S/m for 10−2 wt % H2O) that is lower in magnitude than previous measurements. Our results suggest that hydrogen alone cannot account for high electrical conductivity anomalies observed at asthenospheric depths (∼10−2 to ∼10−1 S/m). The maximum anisotropic variation of DH and σHin olivine is ∼2 log units between 750 and 900°C and increases when extrapolated to higher temperature (∼3.3 at 1400°C). Anisotropy observed in the mantle may indicate substantial amounts of hydrogen in olivine with lattice‐preferred orientation.
Dehydration‐induced damage and deformation in gypsum and implications for subduction zone processes
Authors: Brantut N. , Schubnel A. , David E. C. , Héripré E. , Guéguen Y. , Dimanov A.
Published: January 2012

Experimental heating tests were performed on Volterra gypsum to study the micromechanical consequences of the dehydration reaction. The experimental conditions were drained at 5 MPa fluid pressure and confining pressures ranging from 15 to 55 MPa. One test was performed with a constantly applied differential stress of 30 MPa. The reaction is marked by (1) a porosity increase and homogeneous compaction, (2) a swarm of acoustic emissions, (3) a large decrease in P and S wave velocities, and (4) a decrease in VP/VS ratio. Wave velocity data are interpreted in terms of crack density and pore aspect ratio, which, modeling pores as spheroids, is estimated at around 0.05 (crack‐like spheroid). Complementary tests performed in an environmental scanning electron microscope indicate that cracks first form inside the gypsum grains and are oriented preferentially along the crystal structure of gypsum. Most of the visible porosity appears at later stages when grains shrink and grain boundaries open. Extrapolation of our data to serpentinites in subduction zones suggest that the signature of dehydrating rocks in seismic tomography could be a low apparent Poisson's ratio, although this interpretation may be masked by anisotropy development due to preexisting crystal preferred orientation and/or deformation‐induced cracking. The large compaction and the absence of strain localization in the deformation test suggests that dehydrating rocks maybe seen as soft inclusions and could thus induce ruptures in the surrounding, nonreacting rocks.
Use of vertical temperature gradients for prediction of tidal flat sediment characteristics
Authors: Miselis Jennifer L. , Holland K. Todd , Reed Allen H. , Abelev Andrei
Published: January 2012

Sediment characteristics largely govern tidal flat morphologic evolution; however, conventional methods of investigating spatial variability in lithology on tidal flats are difficult to employ in these highly dynamic regions. In response, a series of laboratory experiments was designed to investigate the use of temperature diffusion toward sediment characterization. A vertical thermistor array was used to quantify temperature gradients in simulated tidal flat sediments of varying compositions. Thermal conductivity estimates derived from these arrays were similar to measurements from a standard heated needle probe, which substantiates the thermistor methodology. While the thermal diffusivities of dry homogeneous sediments were similar, diffusivities for saturated homogeneous sediments ranged approximately one order of magnitude. The thermal diffusivity of saturated sand was five times the thermal diffusivity of saturated kaolin and more than eight times the thermal diffusivity of saturated bentonite. This suggests that vertical temperature gradients can be used for distinguishing homogeneous saturated sands from homogeneous saturated clays and perhaps even between homogeneous saturated clay types. However, experiments with more realistic tidal flat mixtures were less discriminating. Relationships between thermal diffusivity and percent fines for saturated mixtures varied depending upon clay composition, indicating that clay hydration and/or water content controls thermal gradients. Furthermore, existing models for the bulk conductivity of sediment mixtures were improved only through the use of calibrated estimates of homogeneous end‐member conductivity and water content values. Our findings suggest that remotely sensed observations of water content and thermal diffusivity could only be used to qualitatively estimate tidal flat sediment characteristics.
Seasonality of coastal upwelling off central and northern California: New insights, including temporal and spatial variability
Authors: García‐Reyes M. , Largier J. L.
Published: January 2012

The coastal ocean environment off California is largely determined by wind‐driven coastal upwelling, with an ecosystem that is tightly coupled to seasonality in this upwelling. Three decades of data measured over the California shelf at NOAA buoys are used to describe the seasonal variability of the winds that force upwelling and the response of the coastal ocean in terms of sea temperature. Moreover, seasonal patterns in surface chlorophyll and alongshore currents are determined from one decade of data. In addition to clear seasonality, all these data exhibit distinct spatial and non‐seasonal temporal variability in upwelling. Based on alongshore wind stress characteristics in central and north California, three seasons are defined: Upwelling Season (April‐June) with strong upwelling‐favorable winds and large standard deviation due to frequent reversals; Relaxation Season (July‐September) with weak equatorward winds and low variability; and Storm Season (December‐February) characterized by weak mean wind stress but large variability. The remaining months are transitional, falling into one or other season in different years. In addition to large‐scale latitudinal differences in wind stress, spatial differences are associated with coastal topography ‐ specifically the acceleration of wind downstream of capes. Latitudinal differences in sea surface temperature depend on wind stress, both local and large‐scale, but also on surface heating and offshore influences. Intra‐annual and inter‐annual anomalies in wind and sea surface temperature are associated with variability in coastal winds, large‐scale winds, and offshore basin‐scale ocean conditions. Satellite chlorophyll concentration shows an optimal window relation with upwelling forcing, allowing maximum concentrations during moderate winds and minimal during poor or strong winds.
Wind‐driven modification of the Alaskan coastal current
Authors: Shroyer E. L. , Plueddemann A. J.
Published: January 2012

Across‐shelf transects over the eastern flank of Barrow Canyon were obtained in August 2005 with an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). Here, the shelf topography creates a “choke” point in which a substantial portion of Pacific inflow from the Bering Strait is concentrated within 30 km of the coast, providing an ideal setup for monitoring the flow with the AUV. Four transects, extending ∼10 km offshore of Barrow, Alaska, inshore of the ∼80 m isobath, were used in conjunction with a process‐oriented numerical model to diagnose the wind‐driven modification of the Alaskan coastal current. Poleward transports of 0.12 Sv were consistent among all sections, although the transport‐weighted temperature was about 1°C colder in the transect obtained during peak winds. An idealized numerical model reproduces the observed hydrographic structure and across‐shelf circulation reasonably well in that (1) winds were not sufficient to reverse the poleward flow, (2) upwelling was most pronounced in the nearshore, and (3) the onshore return flow occurred throughout the interior as opposed to the bottom boundary layer. The across‐shelf circulation provides a possible mechanism for a meltwater intrusion observed on the offshore side of the AUV transect made during peak winds. Also of interest is that the observed anticyclonic shear was much stronger (∣∂u/∂y∣ > f) than previously measured in the region.