bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Taste of Success
Authors: Curtis Cathy
Published: July 2019

In 1956, Nell joined the new Poindexter Gallery. Reviewers praised her first show. The following year, she was awarded a residency at Yaddo (the artists’ colony in Saratoga Springs, New York), meeting poets Jane Mayhall and May Swenson. Afterward, she traveled to Mexico City and Oaxaca, where she worked at night by the light of an oil lamp. On her return, she spent several weeks at the MacDowell Colony in New Hampshire, followed by another stay at Yaddo in December, when her fellow residents were poets Barbara Guest and Jean Garrigue. Nell spent the summer of 1958 in a rented studio in Gloucester. It was there that ARTnews writer Lawrence Campbell visited her to write a major piece about her work on Harbor and Green Cloth, illustrated with photographs by her friend Rudy Burckhardt. A second version of this painting was purchased by the Whitney Museum of American Art.
Love and Work
Authors: Curtis Cathy
Published: July 2019

In her new elevator-equipped apartment, Nell dedicated herself to regaining her painting skills. She was still very much a part of the art world, included in gallery exhibitions and in a magazine article about successful women artists. However, decades before the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act, it was extremely difficult for her to travel around New York to see art and visit friends. An invitation to Yaddo for another stay involved the practical difficulties facing an artist in a wheelchair. On the bright side, Dilys Evans (considered to be an aide) was allowed to stay in her room, despite rules forbidding artists to bring intimates with them. But she had overstayed her visa extension and was obliged to leave the country. Although a well-placed friend had caused a bill to be circulated in Congress stipulating that she be granted permanent residence, the women decided to leave for Europe.
Alive Still
Authors: Curtis Cathy
Published: July 2019

Nell’s fiftieth solo exhibition opened at the Fischbach Gallery in 1991. Her late-life projects ranged from illustrating a book of poetry by the late Marge Piercy to calling the governor of Virginia in an effort to stay the execution of a convicted rapist and murderer. During the 1990s, Nell’s health problems included eye disease and breast cancer as well as postpolio syndrome. The increasing curvature in her back tired her and made sitting at an easel painful. But she carried on anyway, often painting flower still lifes. This chapter briefly discusses her style with reference to flower paintings by other twentieth-century artists, including Mondrian, Hartley, Bonnard, Monet, Ellsworth Kelly, and Georgia O’Keeffe. Her last Gloucester painting, Rock Shadows (1995), hints at closure while embodying a sense of the continuous rhythms of life. Nell died on November 14, 1996. The following January, artist and writer friends gathered at her memorial.
Introductory Remarks
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: July 2019

As the last and final portion of this book, part three begins with an overview of twentieth-century developments in Ottoman Turkey, Egypt, and Southern Soviet republics. The balance of part three provides a bird’s-eye view of similar developments in Islamic criminal law in fourteen other Muslim countries, each in a brief chapter.
Qanun Jinayat of Aceh, Indonesia
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: July 2019

The Qanun Jinayat in Aceh bears certain similarities to the developments in Malaysia. Yet a point of difference between them is that unlike Malaysia, which is a federal state, Indonesia is a centralised administration, and only Aceh has been granted a special autonomous status. The constitution of Indonesia 1945 also states that Indonesia is a secular state, but the national parliament in Jakarta in 2003 passed legislation that allowed shariah to be implemented in Aceh.
Shariah Punishments in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: July 2019

Ḥudūd punishments were traditionally applied in courts of justice of Afghanistan and that is still, at least theoretically, the case. The Penal Code 1976 does not legislate on ḥudūd but instead provides that the code serves to regulate crimes and punishments in the taʿzīr category only. The overall effect of this is that most of the ḥudūd penalties are converted into prison sentences. It is further provided that no punishment may violate basic human dignity.
Shariah Punishments in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: July 2019

The ḥudūd narrative in Pakistan took a new lease of life under the late General Zia ul Haq’s famed Hudood Ordinances in 1979. The subsequent controversies that beset the legal system have yet to find satisfactory solutions. Constitutional issues, the Federal Shariat Court interventions, and subsequent legislation under Zia’s successors constitute the main themes of this chapter.
Functions of Indeterminacy
Authors: Lanius David
Published: July 2019

This chaptersheds light on the potential use of linguistic indeterminacy. It identifies conditions under which indeterminacy in general (if not semantic vagueness) can be strategically used.The negative results of this examination are that most arguments for the value of semantic vagueness are unsound and that even our best game theoretic models of vagueness only show that some form of indeterminacy is beneficial under some conditions. On the positive side, the examination provides evidence based on formal models of signalling games for the possibility to strategically use conversational vagueness, ambiguity, and pragmatic indeterminacy - at least for certain conditions: for example, if there is a conflict of interests. Thus, while most forms of linguistic indeterminacy arguably can have a positive function, there is considerable doubt about any potential value of semantic vagueness.
Hong Kong and Taiwan
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R. , Vaidyanathan Brandon , Matthews Kirstin R. W. , Lewis Steven W. , Thomson Robert A. , Di Di
Published: July 2019

The idea of science and religion in conflict does not pervade Taiwan and Hong Kong as it often does in the West. Instead, there is often free expression of religion within the workplace. Scientists in Taiwan and Hong Kong actually mirror the public in terms of religiosity, perhaps because there is little tension between science and religion in these societies. In Hong Kong the history of Christianity comes up in the scientific workplace through the practices of Christian scientists; and in Taiwan the presence of folk religion can be felt within the scientific workplace, though it is subtler than in Hong Kong.
An Integrated Global Science and Religion
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R. , Vaidyanathan Brandon , Matthews Kirstin R. W. , Lewis Steven W. , Thomson Robert A. , Di Di
Published: July 2019

In the countries and regions featured in this book, there are more religious scientists than we might think. There are varieties of atheism that exist among scientists in these Western and Eastern contexts. In contrast to the “warfare thesis” that science and religion are inherently in conflict with one another, the conflict perspective on science and religion is primarily promulgated by those in the West. The popular notion of science and religion as “nonoverlapping magisteria”—that science and religion are domains of human experience that do not overlap, with science the realm of natural facts and religion the realm of values—is only partially true. There are many ways forward for dialogue.
The Doxastic Problem
Authors: Manis R. Zachary
Published: July 2019

Unlike the problem of justice and the problem of love, which aim to reveal some inner tension or implicit contradiction between the doctrine of hell and other parts of orthodox theism, there is a different kind of problem that stems from individual and collective belief in the doctrine: this the author terms the doxastic problem of hell. The general problem here is that thoroughgoing belief in hell seems prima facie incompatible with other beliefs, actions, and attitudes that are fundamental to the Christian faith. This chapter develops the problem in numerous forms, addressing various difficulties that arise concerning moral and religious motivation, love for God and neighbor, freedom, coercion, and despair. What these problems seem to demonstrate, individually and collectively, is that belief in hell is unedifying and perhaps even epistemically self-defeating. An adequate solution to the problem of hell, therefore, must somehow address these issues.
Objections, Replies, and Further Refinements
Authors: Manis R. Zachary
Published: July 2019

With the initial philosophical and theological case for the divine presence model in place, the author considers some objections, most of which the model can handle in the form introduced in the previous chapter, but one of which reveals the need for an additional component. First, the author considers the way that the divine presence model handles the biggest problems faced by its closest competitors, traditionalism and the choice model. He then turns to some challenges that are specific to the divine presence model’s way of understanding hell. In closing, he develops a variety of different hybrid views, which combine key elements of the divine presence model with other elements that are constitutive of one or more of the standard views. A number of such hybrid views are found in an inchoate form in the existing literature; the chapter briefly evaluates these, giving special attention to Talbott’s hybrid universalist model.
“Guns Plus Interest”
Authors: Biberman Yelena
Published: July 2019

This chapter shows that the principal factors driving the state-nonstate alliances in Kashmir (1989–2003) were the local balance of power and actors’ interests. It was only when the Indian army demonstrated force employment prowess through a string of military victories that it was able to attract opportunists. These were former rebels seeking local power, profit, and security. The proxies—most notably the Ikhwan-ul-Muslimoon in the north, as well as the Jammu and Kashmir Ikhwan and Muslim Mujahideen in the south of the Kashmir Valley—helped to shift the balance of power in India’s favor. This prompted the insurgency to move to the mountainous Jammu region. There, the security forces turned to local activists. These, mostly Hindu, villagers formed the so-called Village Defense Committees.
Tribal “Awakenings” in Pakistan and India
Authors: Biberman Yelena
Published: July 2019

This chapter presents two little-known but highly consequential rebellions in Pakistan and India, and the state-nonstate alliances forged to combat them. In Pakistan, what led to the alliance was the local tribes’ desire to take back their land from the Taliban, and the state’s willingness to collaborate with the tribes in order to prevent the further spread of the anti-Pakistan Taliban outside the tribal areas. Islamabad was not prepared to enforce full sovereignty over the region, and so its alliance with the tribes was weak. The Naxalite insurgency enjoyed free reign over a region that remained for many decades a backwater to the Indian government. But, when the insurgency gained serious steam and private companies developed plans to exploit the area’s mineral deposits, the government stepped in. After achieving a rough balance of local power, it allied with opportunists, who formed a civilian-manned counterinsurgency outfit known as the Salwa Judum.
Young Adulthood and Religion
Authors: Clydesdale Tim , Garces-Foley Kathleen
Published: July 2019

The story of Ted, a World War II sailor for the U.S. Navy, and his teenage bride, Dottie, opens the chapter, setting up the contrast with emerging adulthood today. Their early marriage, five children, and Ted’s living wage from work for the electric company represent an era long gone. Financial independence today requires dual incomes and years of preparation, pushing back marriage and parenthood nearly a decade. Despite these changes, the religious lives of American twentysomethings demonstrate stability more than change. Survey analysis of the project’s National Study of American Twentysomethings (2013) and the National Science Foundation’s General Social Survey (1972–2016) demonstrate a stable proportion of religious committed young adults—about 1 in 4, and a rise in religiously unaffiliated young adults —from the ranks of the semi-religious. Widespread prayer, participation in worship, favorable attitudes toward congregations, and frustration with angry “religious people” are among the chapter’s notable findings.
Catholics
Authors: Clydesdale Tim , Garces-Foley Kathleen
Published: July 2019

Two out of 5 Catholic twentysomethings, or 3.2 million American young adults, attend worship a couple of times monthly or more. If all 3.2 million were to gather in the same place, they would become America’s third-largest city. This chapter focuses on these religiously Active Catholics, drawing from ethnographies of a multigenerational mega-parish, a Catholic student center at a non-Catholic university, and two diocesan young adult ministries. This chapter describes how religiously active twentysomethings find these congregations and ministries, and what participation means to these young adult Catholics. This chapter also describes what characteristics these congregations and ministries have that most engages young adults, and how these engagements differ between college and post-college twentysomethings. The chapter closes with results from its National Study of American Twentysomethings, applying an active, nominal, and estranged typology to understand Catholic young adults, and offering a prediction about Catholic affiliation in the United States.
Opting for the Best
Authors: Portmore Douglas W.
Published: July 2019

The book concerns what is, perhaps, the least controversial normative principle concerning action: you ought to perform your best option—best, that is, in terms of whatever ultimately matters. The book sets aside the question of what ultimately matters so as to focus on the following questions. What are our options? Which options do we assess directly in terms of their own goodness and which do we assess in terms of the goodness of the more encompassing options of which they’re a proper part? What do we hold fixed when assessing how good an option is? Do we, for instance, hold fixed the agent’s present beliefs, desires, and intentions? And do we hold fixed the agent’s predictable future misbehavior? The book argues that addressing these sorts of questions is the key to solving certain puzzles concerning what we ought to do, including those involving supererogation, indeterminate outcomes, overdetermined outcomes, and predictable future misbehavior. One of the book’s more controversial theses is that we have obligations not only to voluntarily perform certain actions, but also to nonvoluntarily form certain reasons-responsive attitudes (e.g., desires, beliefs, and intentions). This is important because what effect an act will have on the world depends not only on which acts the agent will simultaneously and subsequently be performing but also on which attitudes she will simultaneously and subsequently be forming.
What Are Our Options?
Authors: Portmore Douglas W.
Published: July 2019

This chapter argues that whereas any event can be good or bad, only certain events can be obligatory. This, it’s argued, is because obligations have two additional roles to play beyond mere evaluation. One of these additional roles is a directive one. Obligations, unlike mere evaluations, must direct us to respond in certain ways, and for these directives to have any point at all, they must direct us to respond only in those ways that we have the option of responding. The other role that obligations play is an inculpatory one. For there is a conceptual connection between failing to abide by an obligation and being accountable for so failing—at least, absent some suitable excuse. And since it’s inappropriate to hold subjects to account for events over which they lacked control, we must restrict a subject’s options to those events over which she exerted the relevant sort of control.
Utilitarianism
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn
Published: July 2019

Utilitarianism (with or without a prioritarian amendment) is applied in real medical life. The general result, in relation to any welfare state assuming its global obligations, is that more resources should be directed to the care and cure of people suffering from mental illness; less should be spent on marginal life extension (especially among elderly patients). The argument is that mental illness robs people of happiness in a very direct manner. Mental illness often has an onset at young age and it tends to destroy entire lives. The problem with old age is not, from the point of view of happiness, that it is a bad thing as such; quite to the contrary. However, old age is typically associated with those problems that are most conspicuously conducive to loss of happiness. Old age brings loss of close ones, loneliness, bad health, and, in particular, bad mental health. The fact that subjective time is what matters to the utilitarian calculus, together with the observation that subjective time speeds up when you grow older, contributes to the conclusion that marginal life extension among old people is in many cases a waste of scarce recourses. Investment in mental health, on the other hand, makes good utilitarian sense.
International Religious Freedom
Authors: Bettiza Gregorio
Published: July 2019

The chapter identifies the constellation of desecularizing actors embedded in postsecular processes responsible for the institutionalization and evolution of the International Religious Freedom regime since the late 1990s. It then investigates the main institutions and practices of the regime and their evolution over time. The chapter suggests that processes of desecularization that underpin this regime are opening up greater spaces for the organized and sustained inclusion, reification, positive essentialization, and normative accommodation of religion in US foreign policy. In terms of global effects, the IRF regime advances a radically pluralist cum Protestant particularist understanding of what constitutes religion and religious freedom; contributes to the religionization of world politics through mechanisms of elevation and categorization; and promotes the adoption of similar policies around the world. The conclusion summarizes the main findings and reflects on developments taking place under President Trump.
Muslim and Islamic Interventions
Authors: Bettiza Gregorio
Published: July 2019

The chapter identifies the constellation of desecularizing actors embedded in postsecular modes of thinking responsible for the emergence and evolution of the Muslim and Islamic Interventions regime in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 (9/11). It highlights the multiple desecularizing processes taking place in American foreign policy as this has sought to increasingly target, pacify, and reform Muslim politics and Islamic traditions in the context of the war on terror. In terms of global effects, the chapter argues that the regime is potentially shaping the lives and religiosity of Muslims around the world along American interests and values; that it is contributing to religionizing world politics through processes of categorization and elevation; and that it is central to wider global policy networks seeking to promote moderate Muslims and Islam. The conclusion compares the Muslim and Islamic Interventions regime with the regimes examined in previous chapters, and considers developments taking place under President Trump.
Conclusion
Authors: Bettiza Gregorio
Published: July 2019

The conclusion has two main objectives. The first is to show how the International Religious Freedom, Faith-Based Foreign Aid, Muslim and Islamic Interventions, and Religious Engagement regimes form a broader American foreign policy regime complex on religion. The second objective is to reflect on the book’s wider implications for the study of religion in international relations and highlight areas for further research. This includes assessing the strength of the book’s theoretical framework in light of ongoing developments under the Trump administration; understanding better the changes occurring to the religious traditions and actors that America draws from and intervenes in around the world; investigating further how the American experience with the operationalization of religion in foreign policy relates and compares to similar policy changes taking place elsewhere; and reflecting more broadly on the implications for international order of the growing systematic attempt by the United States to manage and mobilize religion in twenty-first-century world politics.
On the Cusp of Colonial Modernity
Authors: Metcalf Barbara D.
Published: July 2019

The chapter discusses the exceptional case of the mid–19th-century Muslim woman ruler Sikandar Begum in the princely state of Bhopal in central India, whose mother had also been the regent of Bhopal state and whose daughter followed her as ruler. The author depicts this as transition from an earlier local form of Islamic statecraft that did not shy away from the use of force and relied on a decentralized structure, to a new mode of more centralized administration following the British model. Instead of engaging in Sufism or in reformist Islam, Sikandar Begum personally practised what the author calls a protestant-style Islam, without, however, attempting to curb other denominational observances. There was no idea yet of a distinct ‘Muslim world’, rather a fusion of traditional and what was considered modern (administrative) practices from the top down, appropriating Mughal paraphernalia, without raising the issue of religious identity in any emphatic sense.
Whither Pluralities and Differences?
Authors: Dalmia Vasudha
Published: July 2019

The chapter explores the turn to the twentieth century as a watershed in the formation of modern Hinduism. It compares two core texts, Dayanand’s Satyarth Prakash (1875) and the catechism Sanatana Dharma: An Elementary Textbook of Hindu Religion and Ethics of Annie Besant and Bhagawan Das (1903). The significant point of difference lies in how the two texts deal with religious difference and pluralities. While in the earlier mode of reformulation of Hinduism, other Hinduistic belief systems and practices were dealt with by denying their validity, but engaging with them, the new mode was one of claiming overarching validity for a singular belief system by subsuming difference, without engaging with the other forms. The other, non-Hinduistic religions were now put strictly outside the Hindu fold. Differences between Hindu traditions were glossed over and the attempt was made to close ranks between even radically different Hindu formations. At the same time, varnashramadharma was confirmed.
Configuring Community in Colonial and Precolonial Imaginaries
Authors: Murphy Anne
Published: July 2019

Addressing the question of the formation of a religious community by way of discussion of religious property regimes, the chapter follows the Sikh case over consecutive stages, concluding with the Gurdwara Reform Act of 1925, which recognized a central representative body of Sikhs, the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, as possessing the rightful interest in Sikh religious sites. The author shows that colonial governance drew on pre-existing cultural, economic, and political forms, even as they transformed them. She discusses cases of earlier religious grants, documented especially by the Khalsa Darbar dharmarth records of the kingdom of Lahore. The tensions between individual and corporate control over gurdwaras and the lands associated with them were finally resolved in favour of the community with the Gurdwara Reform. In this new model, not only a community was tied to property, but also the idea of a singular Sikh community, and thus a new political form of community was instituted.
The Crucible of Peace
Authors: Bigelow Anna
Published: July 2019

This chapter presents an example of successful religious coexistence, the case of the Punjabi princely state of Malerkotla, which between 1923 and 1940 encountered a series of disputes concerning the audibility of Hindu and Muslim rituals: the arati–katha–namaz disputes. It seems that no one died in Partition-related violence in Malerkotla, and a large majority of the local Muslim population remained there rather than migrate to Pakistan. The chapter discusses Malerkotla’s complex history of conflict, going back to the state’s foundation in the mid-fifteenth century. The agreement in 1940 between local Hindu and Muslim leaders that resolved the arati–katha–namaz conflict was not to interfere in future in the practices of the other community. In the aftermath, even while Malerkotla too experienced several cases of communal stress, a mode of disciplining dissent seems to have been in place that helped to avert major clashes between Hindus and Muslims.
Dalit Liberative Identity as Amalgam
Authors: Oommen George
Published: July 2019

The chapter discusses post-conversion experiences and struggles of Dalits who had opted for Christianity, taking the case of Pulayas in Kerala, who had become members of the Anglican Church during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The change of religion led to new self-assessment and identity-seeking. Pulayas had major conflicts with Syrian Christians, including Christian landlords. Many Pulayas had then still the status of bonded labourers or even slaves (adiyan). After covering the early twentieth-century agitations to overcome their social degradation and exclusion from public spaces, the author focuses on the later involvement of Christian Pulayas with the Communist mobilization. Communist activists accepted water and food from the Pulayas. Finally, the chapter discusses the push of Pulaya Christians for a distinctive depressed-class administration within the Anglican Church, ending with the break-away of a large section of Dalit Christians from the Anglican Church and the start of a new church, the CMS Church, in 1968.
Understanding satellite remote sensing
Authors: Pettorelli Nathalie
Published: July 2019

This chapter seeks to provide a quick introduction to satellite remote sensing. It starts with a set of definitions, thereby to explain the differences between Earth observations, remote sensing, and satellite remote sensing. It then goes on to describe how satellite remote sensing works, and what the differences between passive and active sensors are. An introduction to the main sensors currently on board active civilian Earth observation satellites is provided, together with details on their key specifications. The complex nature of satellite data, as well as the tools required to manipulate and analyse them are discussed. The chapter ends with a presentation of the main issues to be aware of when dealing with satellite data, and a look at the coming sensors and datasets that will soon expand opportunities for satellite data to inform environmental management.
Satellite remote sensing and anthropogenic pressures on biodiversity
Authors: Pettorelli Nathalie
Published: July 2019

This chapter explores how satellite remote sensing can be employed to monitor a wide range of anthropogenic pressures which affect species and ecosystems, in both terrestrial and marine systems. First, it reviews the literature on the use of satellite data to monitor deforestation and forest degradation. It then explores how these data can be used to monitor fragmentation, which is another form of habitat degradation that can represent an important threat to the preservation of biological diversity. This is followed by a review of the use of satellite remote sensing information to monitor urbanisation, night-time light pollution, oil exploration and exploitation, mineral extraction activities, oil spills and run-off, and illegal fishing. The chapter concludes by discussing opportunities for satellite remote sensing to monitor and predict the impact of climate change on biodiversity.
Satellite remote sensing and the management of wild species and habitats
Authors: Pettorelli Nathalie
Published: July 2019

This chapter discusses how satellite remote sensing may support efforts to re-establish functional ecosystems worldwide, by exploring how this technology can support the implementation of various actions linked to this specific environmental management goal. The first part of this chapter explores how satellite information can be used to inform translocation programmes: for example, by helping to identify suitable habitats where individuals can be moved. The second section discusses satellite imagery in the context of site selection for restoration projects and the monitoring of restoration target. The third section of this chapter focuses on the identification of corridors using satellite remote sensing techniques.
Introduction
Authors: Allain Jean
Published: July 2019

This Introduction by Jean Allain to the English-language translation of the 1803 first edition of Joseph-Mathias Gérard de Rayneval’s Institutions de droit de la nature and des gens places the text in context. The Introduction provides the reader with an understanding of the author and his motivations and situates the text within the annals of the history of international law. The Introduction details the evolution of the man who is effectively the last legal advisor to the French foreign office of the Ancien Régime, and speaks to a book which is drafted in the shadow of both the French Revolution and the coming to power of Napoleon Bonaparte. While the Institutions is Rayneval’s contemporary legacy, the Introduction shows a man at the centre of European diplomatic relations who was fundamental to the shaping the peace of Paris of 1783. To provide further insight into Rayneval and his perspective on the Law of Nations, the 1832 ‘Biographical Note of Mr. Rayneval’ which appeared in the third edition of Institutions de droit de la nature and des gens has also been translated and follows on from this Introduction.
The Chivalric Turn
Authors: Crouch David
Published: July 2019

This is a book about the medieval obsession with defining and practising superior conduct and the social consequences that followed from it. It is also a book about how historians since the seventeenth century have understood medieval conduct, because in many ways we still see it through the eyes of the writers of the Enlightenment. This is nowhere more so in its defining of superior conduct on the figure of the knight, and categorizing it as Chivalry. Using for the first time the full range of the considerable twelfth- and thirteenth-century literature on conduct in the European vernaculars and in Latin, the book describes and defines what superior lay conduct was in European society before Chivalry, and maps how Chivalry emerged and redefined superior conduct in the last generation of the twelfth century, and suggests how and why it did. The emergence of Chivalry was, however, only one part of a major social change, because it also made necessary a new and narrower definition and understanding of what Nobility was, which had consequences for the medieval understanding of gender, social class, violence, and the limits of law. The book tackles social change on a European scale and in the emerging understanding that twelfth- and thirteenth-century elite society was a predominantly literate one. Indeed, the majority of the many male and female writers on conduct used here (mostly for the first time in a social history book) were not churchmen, but lay people giving their opinion on their own society and its problems.
The Disruptive Knight
Authors: Crouch David
Published: July 2019

The centuries-long debate over the origins and status of ‘knight’ produced in several national historiographies the view that the European knight rose in status to become a noble during the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The twentieth century challenged this view, suggesting that knights were not a coherent social group and that we have misunderstood what it meant to be knighted. It is argued here that knights up till the thirteenth century may well have formed an economic continuum in European societies, with most of them being salaried employees in households and not automatically of noble standing. What defined them as a social group was their dependency on the noble magnates who employed them and with whom they associated. There is also evidence of a military and civil ethos of knighthood which was their property, not that of the noble magnates.
Questions about the Nature and Value of Reasoning
Authors: Jackson Magdalena Balcerak , Jackson Brendan Balcerak
Published: July 2019

This chapter provides a brief and informal introduction to some of the central philosophical questions about reasoning. Among the questions discussed are: What distinguishes reasoning from other mental processes, such as free association or daydreaming? Does reasoning require a recognition that one’s premises support one’s conclusion? Is reasoning something that we do, and as such, something that we can be held responsible for? If so, how should we understand the role that sub-personal information processing plays in much of our ordinary reasoning? How can we characterize the difference between good reasoning and bad, or between correct and incorrect reasoning? Are there rules for correct reasoning? If so, do they go beyond minimal coherence constraints, such as the constraint against believing contradictions? How should we understand reasoning that departs from the paradigm of deductive reasoning? Do the same rules apply to all of us? Can two thinkers reason well from the same premises and yet arrive at incompatible conclusions? This introductory chapter provides a brief overview of how the essays in this collection address these and other questions about reasoning.
Attitudes in Active Reasoning
Authors: Staffel Julia
Published: July 2019

Active reasoning is the kind of reasoning that we do deliberately and consciously. In characterizing the nature of active reasoning and the norms it should obey, the question arises which attitudes we can reason with. Many authors take outright beliefs to be the attitudes we reason with. Others assume that we can reason with both outright beliefs and degrees of belief. Some think that we reason only with degrees of belief. This chapter approaches the question of what kinds of beliefs can participate in reasoning by using the following method: it takes the default position to be maximally permissive—that both graded and outright beliefs can participate in reasoning. It then identifies some features of active reasoning that appear at first glance to favor a more restrictive position about which types of belief we can reason with. It argues that the arguments based on these features ultimately fail.
Is Reasoning a Form of Agency?
Authors: Richard Mark
Published: July 2019

On the one hand, we hold reasoners responsible for their conclusions, and responsibility is usually taken to be a mark of agency. On the other hand, much reasoning seems to be subpersonal, something that it is implausible that we “do.” One can be responsible for something even if it’s not the result of one’s direct or indirect agency—so, at least, this chapter argues. So, responsibility for inference doesn’t show that inference is not by and large a matter of quick, more or less automatic processes that we may review but not directly control. This runs counter to the idea that essential to inference is that an agent take one thing to follow from some others. Careful consideration of humdrum inference, the chapter argues, shows that there’s little reason to endorse the taking requirement. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of how far down in phylogenesis or ontogenesis one might find processes that deserve to be called reasoning.
Isolating Correct Reasoning
Authors: Worsnip Alex
Published: July 2019

This chapter tries to do three things. First, it argues that rules of correct reasoning do not always preserve justification: if you begin with a justified attitude, and reason correctly from it, it can nevertheless happen that you’ll arrive at an unjustified attitude. Second, it argues that rules of correct reasoning do not even correspond to permissions of “structural rationality”: it is not always structurally permissible to base an attitude on other attitudes from which it follows by correct reasoning. Third, from these observations it tries to build a somewhat positive account of correct reasoning as a more sui generis notion irreducible to either justification or structural rationality. This account vindicates an important unity of theoretical and practical reasoning as well as a qualified version of the thesis that deductive logic supplies rules of correct reasoning.
Introduction
Authors: Malik Adeel , Atiyas Izak , Diwan Ishac
Published: July 2019

The popular Arab uprisings in 2011 that overthrew dictators in North Africa (which became known as “the Arab Spring”) were not just a revolt against dictatorships. They were also a rebuke to crony capitalism—against insider businessmen who were connected to the ruling circle and ended up monopolizing all economic opportunities. As the curtain of authoritarianism fell, stories of insider privilege became public knowledge. In Egypt, leading businessmen, such as the steel magnate Ahmed Ezz, became the subject of public resentment due to their close connections with Mubarak. But the circle of privilege was wider, including a narrow clique of businessmen associated with the National Democratic Party that supported Mubarak’s rule and derived all kinds of economic privileges denied to unconnected firms. In Tunisia, the president Ben Ali, his wife, and extended family were believed to have owned about 220 firms in some of the most lucrative sectors of the economy....
Political Connections and Public Procurement in Turkey
Authors: Gürakar Esra Çviker , Bircan Tuba
Published: July 2019

Using a unique dataset of 17,937 high-value public work construction procurements made between 2004 and 2011 and 5945 firms that won the auctions of these state procurements, this chapter provides systematic evidence of favoritism in public procurement in Turkey. While the yearly total of high-value construction procurements has tripled in 8Â?years, the share of procurements that are made through less competitive procurement methods increased due to various legal amendments that increased state discretion in the public procurement contract award processes. The chapter shows how politically connected firms enjoyed high levels of government discretion and higher contract prices in public procurements compared with non-connected firms. The probability of a politically connected firm winning a procurement contract increases, among other things, when less competitive award procedures are used. Procurements that are conducted through less competitive methods cost more to the public. The use of public procurement for rent creation and distribution was extensive particularly for projects that cost more than TL 10 million and for projects initiated by the public housing agency (TOKİ).
The impact of musical structure on enjoyment and absorptive listening states in trance music
Authors: Agres Kat , Bigo Louis , Herremans Dorien
Published: July 2019

The act of listening to music to reach altered states of consciousness is common across many different cultures around the world, ranging from tribal settings in Central Java, Indonesia, to EDM (electronic dance music) dance clubs in the Western world. Despite the widespread listenership to trance music, we lack a comprehensive, scientific account of how features of the musical surface and structure map onto the psychophysiological experience of music. This chapter provides an overview of existing research that connects the phenomenology of trancing to psychological and neurophysiological findings. It highlights two recent empirical studies that investigate how listeners’ enjoyment and self-reported altered states of consciousness are influenced by harmonic repetition and complexity in uplifting trance (UT) pieces. This leads to a discussion of the connection between the structural properties of trance music and their impact on listeners’ enjoyment and on altered states of consciousness.
Word order and parameter change in Romanian
Authors: Nicolae Alexandru
Published: July 2019

This chapter introduces the phenomena to be studied in detail in the monograph (verb–auxiliary inversion; pronominal enclisis; scrambling; interpolation; the low definite article; changes in the position and linearization of adjectives; hyperbaton; demonstrative specialization; emergence of the freestanding determiner cel) and the theoretical framework adopted; presents the methodology and methodological difficulties, the periodization of Romanian, and the corpus; and discusses the issue of ‘foreign’ syntactic features in the syntax of old Romanian.
Discontiguous linearizations in the sentential core
Authors: Nicolae Alexandru
Published: July 2019

This chapter analyses two distinct phenomena found in old and modern Romance varieties, namely ‘interpolation’ and ‘scrambling’, against the data of old Romanian. Unified by the non-adjacency between higher functional elements (clitics and auxiliary verbs) and the lexical verb, interpolation and scrambling are discussed under the blanket term ‘discontiguous linearizations in the sentential core’ and are shown to be derived in old Romanian through lower verb movement along the clausal spine. The existence of lower verb movement in old Romanian supports an important aspect of the diachrony of V-raising in Romanian and in the Romance languages: generalized V-to-I movement is not attained only through the reanalysis of a relaxed V2 grammar (specific to matrix clauses), but also through a gradual process of V-raising to the left along the clausal spine (characterizing embedded clauses). Discontiguous linearizations involving higher functional elements and modal complex predicates bring evidence for the analysis of interpolation and scrambling.
Diachronic features of Romanian in a broader comparative setting
Authors: Nicolae Alexandru
Published: July 2019

Chapter 6 highlights the novel theoretical and empirical facts brought about by the word order changes that occurring in the passage from old to modern Romanian, showing how the diachrony of Romanian may contribute to a better understanding of the history of the Romance languages and of the Balkan Sprachbund, as well as to syntactic theory and syntactic change in general. One important dimension of diachronic variation and change is the height of nouns and verbs along their extended projections (lower vs higher V- and N-movement). The two perspectives from which language contact proves relevant in the diachronic development of word order in Romanian, language contact by means of translation and areal language contact, are discussed. The chapter also addresses the issue of surface analogy vs deep structural properties; once again, Romanian emerges as a Romance language in a Balkan suit, as Romance deep structural properties are instantiated by means of Balkan word order patterns.
Measuring adolescents’ emotional responses to music: Approaches, challenges, and opportunities
Authors: Chin Tan-Chyuan
Published: July 2019

Contemporary challenges facing researchers and practitioners in measuring and understanding the various components of emotional responses to music need to be balanced with informed, active participation from young people. For researchers, measurement can encompass both process and outcome indicators that provide the capacity to monitor change over time and examine the impact of music-based interventions on mental health and wellbeing. For practitioners, measurement forms a fundamental aspect of the needs analysis so that therapeutic sessions can be tailored to suit individuals’ needs. This chapter presents information about the types of methods and factors that need to be considered for future work measuring emotional responses to music in young people. The benefits and challenges of utilizing mixed-methods approaches will also be considered. This chapter concludes that a considered, integrative approach of measurement will provide richer insight into research on the role of music in the lives of young people.
Humanitarianism, refugees, human rights, and health
Authors: Kneebone Susan
Published: July 2019

In this chapter, the author explains the legal concepts of refugees and asylum seekers, the term ‘humanitarianism’, and the human rights principles that apply to them. The chapter then explores some critical issues. The conflicted roles of doctors and other health workers in receiving countries, using the offshore and onshore detention of refugees in Australia are employed as an example. The particular vulnerability of urban refugees in some countries and their lack of legal protection is highlighted. An analysis of the human right to health is presented to highlight gaps in the human rights frameworks which states can exploit to limit refugee protection and access to health.
The Political Economy of Macroeconomic Policy in Resource-Rich Arab Economies
Authors: Malik Adeel
Published: July 2019

Revisiting the macroeconomic policies and outcomes of Arab resource-rich economies (RREs), this chapter synthesizes the political economy considerations that underpin policy choices. It argues that, in the context of Arab RREs, fiscal policies play a particularly important role in absorbing natural resource rents. Even where monetary policy has greater room to operate, existing policy frameworks are not geared toward domestic targets, such as inflation and unemployment. I argue that the political objective function is essential for understanding these macroeconomic arrangements. With weak productive constituencies and few institutional constraints, macroeconomic policy involves limited feedback from the private sector and upholds the interest of the sovereign. In this milieu, institutional constraints on fiscal policy are more important than central bank independence (CBI). The chapter also discusses the stability implications of current macroeconomic arrangements, arguing that such stability is almost entirely predicated on the uninterrupted flow of oil rents rather than resilient institutional structures.
Does Central Bank Independence in Arab Oil Exporters Matter?
Authors: Selim Hoda
Published: July 2019

This chapter shows that central banks in Arab oil exporters are not independent. Low independence reflects institutional arrangements that allow the executive branch to influence, interfere, even dominate central bank operations. In a context of weak institutions, central bank independence (CBI) has not always mattered for macroeconomic policy outcomes. Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) central banks delivered a better macroeconomic policy performance than those of the populous group because the credible peg discouraged discretion. Soft peg arrangements in the populous economies, in a context of weak institutions and discretionary policymaking and no de facto independent central bank, led to disappointing monetary policy outcomes. As oil exporters adapt to a new normal of low oil prices, the sustainability of fixed exchange rate regimes may not be guaranteed without sound macroeconomic institutions. Stronger institutions and effective accountability mechanisms are needed to insulate central banks from political pressures. In the short term, a rules-based framework could help.