bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exchange rate changes, banking competition and enterprise innovation output Evidence of listed companies in strategic emerging industries
Authors: Jiang Yuezhu
Published: May 2021

Taking the listed companies in strategic emerging industries and selected the companies that constitute the Shanghai Stock Exchange China Strategic Emerging Industry Composite Index as samples, this paper uses provincial panel data from 2012 to 2016 to assess the impact of banking competition and exchange rate changes on the innovative products of strategic emerging companies, and tests the relationship out. The results show that banking competition and exchange rate changes have a significant positive impact on the innovation output of enterprises. From the perspective of enterprise scale, increased competition in the banking industry is more conducive to the innovation output of large enterprises. The smaller the enterprise scale, the more sensitive its innovation output is to exchange rate changes.
Analysis of Dandong 99 strawberry market competitiveness Based on Porter's five forces model
Authors: Kun Qian , Yuenan Lv , Yingxue Li
Published: May 2021

In this paper, using the potter five models, from the buyers bargaining power, the bargaining power of suppliers, the threat of potential entrants, the threat of substitutes and industry competition ability five aspects of current competitors within the market competitiveness of dandong 99 strawberry is analyzed, on the basis of the existing problems and put forward the corresponding countermeasures and Suggestions, in order to enhance the competitiveness of the dandong 99 strawberry play a role in promoting.
Cross-border Supply Chain Changes, Opportunities and Countermeasures
Authors: Zeng Shihua
Published: May 2021

This paper compares the changes and development trend of cross-border supply chain in the context of Belt and Road, and proposes a strategy of cross-border supply chain development based on the advantages of platform, technology, market and cluster.
Research on the establishment and operation management of flexible organization
Authors: Qu Weidong , Niu Hongyan
Published: May 2021

This paper puts forward the necessity of establishing flexible organization for enterprises to cope with external challenges, analyzes the characteristics and main problems of flexible organization, and probes into some suggestions on the establishment and operation management of flexible organization. In order to realize the flexible management of the project organization, it is necessary to explore the continuous improvement in practice, so as to achieve its role in effectively invigorating the stock and efficiently integrating resources.
Sustainable development of the dual-class share structure in China
Authors: Dongjuan Lyu , Kailei Zhu
Published: May 2021

Sustainable development is a goal shared by all nations across the globe in the 21st century. Companies with a dual-class share structure in China face problems in their pursuit of sustainable development, such as unclear definition of laws and regulations, increased costs of agencies, defective supervision mechanisms, and insufficient information disclosure. Therefore, it is necessary to identify rules, optimize corporate governance, strengthen the supervision mechanism, and improve information disclosure to safeguard the investors’ legitimate rights, maintain market stability, and secure economic sustainability.
Design and Implementation of Training Standards for Outstanding Talents under the Background of "Educational Informatization"
Authors: Jie Sun , Xiaoqian Zhang
Published: May 2021

Educational informatization means that colleges and universities use abundant information resources to help their teaching work. On April 13, 2018, the Ministry of Education officially released the Action Plan for Educational Informatization 2.0. Through the analysis of the training of outstanding talents under the background of "education informatization" in China, this paper finds out the problems faced by the training of outstanding talents in China, namely: in the context of internationalization and informatization, the gap between the undergraduate graduates and the international standards and industry needs is large, lack of exploration and innovation; the professional education activities in college personnel training need to be improved in terms of professionalism and lack of systematicness and flexibility. Talent training mode is lack of diversity and adaptability; and the ideological and moral education in the process of talent cultivation is insufficient. In addition, this paper further conclude the importance and urgency of building great talent training standard, from ideological and ethical standards, professional knowledge and ability, innovation ability three aspects to establish excellent talent training standards, and that excellence in the talent training standards by school learning and create "" excellence initiative" summer/winter camp "to concrete practice.
Nuclear data assimilation, scientific basis and current status
Authors: Ivanov Evgeny , De Saint-Jean Cyrille , Sobes Vladimir
Published: May 2021

The use of Data Assimilation methodologies, known also as a data adjustment, liaises the results of theoretical and experimental studies improving an accuracy of simulation models and giving a confidence to designers and regulation bodies. From the mathematical point of view, it approaches an optimized fit to experimental data revealing unknown causes by known consequences that would be crucial for data calibration and validation. Data assimilation adds value in a ND evaluation process, adjusting nuclear data to particular application providing so-called optimized design-oriented library, calibrating nuclear data involving IEs since all theories and differential experiments provide the only relative values, and providing an evidence-based background for validation of Nuclear data libraries substantiating the UQ process. Similarly, it valorizes experimental data and the experiments, as such involving them in a scientific turnover extracting essential information inherently contained in legacy and newly set up experiments, and prioritizing dedicated basic experimental programs. Given that a number of popular algorithms, including deterministic like Generalized Linear Least Square methodology and stochastic ones like Backward and Hierarchic or Total Monte-Carlo, Hierarchic Monte-Carlo, etc., being different in terms of particular numerical formalism are, though, commonly grounded on the Bayesian theoretical basis. They demonstrated sufficient maturity, providing optimized design-oriented data libraries or evidence-based backgrounds for a science-driven validation of general-purpose libraries in a wide range of practical applications.
Load analysis and deformation research of the flexible bearing based on a three-force ring superposition method
Authors: Yu Yang , Zhu En , Chen Xiaoyang , Wang Yang
Published: May 2021

The flexible bearing is a key component of harmonic reducer enabling the flexspline to generate a controllable elastic deformation. Its performance and life will significantly affect the normal operation of harmonic reducer. In order to improve the life and the working performance of the flexible bearing, the calculation of its load distribution is necessary. Based on the theory of thin-walled ring, the relationship between radial deformation and load of three-force ring was derived. Then a superposition model of three-force ring was developed to calculate rapidly the load distribution of flexible bearings with elliptical cams in harmonic reducers. The validity of the proposed model was proved by comparing with a static analysis model. In this paper, the influences of ball number and external load on the load distribution, radial deformation and bending normal stress of outer ring were investigated by three-force ring superposition method. Based on the deformation of three-force ring, the deformation characteristics and bending normal stress distribution of outer ring of the flexible bearing were analyzed, and several regular results were found.
Retraction notice to: An agile high-frequency radar used for ionospheric research
Authors:   The Editors-in-Chief and the Publisher
Published: May 2021

Refers to RETRACTED: An agile high-frequency radar used for ionospheric research, Jingye Yan, Ailan Lan, Xiang Deng, Jiaojiao Zhang, Chi Wang, and Hongbin Qiu, J. Space Weather Space Clim., Volume 11, Article Number 25, 2021, Published online: 23 March 2021 https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2021010

This article is retracted at the request of the Editors-in-Chief and the Publisher. The paper “An agile high-frequency radar used for ionospheric research” published in the Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate (https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2021010) has overlapping content with papers published in Polar Science (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2020.100595) and Radio Science (https://doi-org.insu.bib.cnrs.fr/10.1029/2020RS007138).
Verstorben an oder mit Demenz? Die Beziehung zwischen demenzieller Erkrankung und Todesursache
Authors: Küppers Lisa , Ritz-Timme Stefanie , Hartung Benno
Published: May 2021

Die Angabe einer konkreten Todesursache oder einer entsprechenden Kausalkette in der Todesbescheinigung kann bei hochbetagten, multimorbiden Verstorbenen eine Herausforderung sein.

Die deutsche Todesursachenstatistik suggeriert, dass psychische, einschließlich demenzieller, Erkrankungen zu den häufigsten Todesursachen gehören. Bei Analyse von Todesbescheinigungen mit Todesursachen im Kontext einer Demenz fallen jedoch oft gravierende Informationslücken auf. Nicht selten stellt sich die Frage nach der Plausibilität der angegebenen Kausalketten.

In diesem Beitrag werden Empfehlungen zur korrekten Benennung von Todesursache und Grundleiden bei demenzerkrankten Verstorbenen gegeben. Diese Empfehlungen sind nicht vor einem rein akademischen Hintergrund zu sehen. Die richtige Erfassung von Demenzerkrankungen und deren Folgeerscheinungen in der Todesursachenstatistik kann Grundlage gesundheitspolitischer Entscheidungen sein und liegt damit im Interesse einer optimalen Patientenversorgung.
Praktische Ausbildung im Kreißsaal aus der Perspektive der Lernenden
Authors: Polleit Heike
Published: May 2021

Am 1. Januar 2020 ist das neue Hebammengesetz (HebG) in Kraft getreten. Angehende Hebammen werden zukünftig in einem dualen Hochschulstudium ausgebildet. Eine Forschungsarbeit aus Berlin evaluierte die Erwartungen der Studierenden an die praktische Ausbildung.
Results of a tri-national online survey on the current status of sports injury prevention among members of the German-Speaking Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Society (GOTS)
Authors: Lutter Christoph , Seil R , Best R , Gokeler A , Patt T , Krutsch W , Grim C , Tischer T
Published: May 2021

Objectives To assess the current opinions and state of knowledge in primary sports injury prevention among members of the German-Speaking Society for Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Sports Medicine (GOTS).

Methods On 21 August 2019, a web-based questionnaire was sent to the members of the tri-national society GOTS (Austria, Germany and Switzerland). The survey was online until 21 November 2019 and included twenty-two questions, which were divided into five sections: 1) general importance of prevention (n = 4), 2) specifications of the study population (n = 3), 3) implementation of prevention (n = 8), 4) improvement opportunities in prevention (n = 4) and 5) future research areas (n = 3).

Results A total of 272 participants completed the survey, representing a total survey participation of 17.7 % of all members. The study population consisted of orthopaedic surgeons (55 % with surgical and 21 % with non-operative orientation), medical students (10 %), physical therapists (8 %) and sports scientists (4 %). Ninety-four percent of all participants stated that they considered the importance of sports injury prevention to be “very high” (68 %) or “high” (26 %). However, almost 70 % of all participants stated that they spend less than one hour per week on injury prevention work. The term “prevention” was clearly defined and practicable for only 40 %, understandable but difficult to implement for 51 %, and unclear and difficult to implement for 9 % of the participants. Seventy-two percent of respondents were aware of existing prevention programs such as “Stop-X” or “FIFA 11 +”, whereas 28 % of participants were uninformed regarding these programs.

Conclusions A strong divergence was identified between participants’ perception of the importance of sports injury prevention and the existing implementation of preventive measures. Future funding of prevention programs, expansion of research strategies for injury prevention and better financial reimbursement are of utmost importance.
Mind the Gap Reloaded – der Psychosomatikkongress 2021 findet online statt!
Authors: Köllner Volker
Published: May 2021

Mehr als ein Jahr ist es jetzt (Anfang April 2021) her, dass wir den Psychosomatikkongress „Mind the Gap“ wegen der Corona-Pandemie recht kurzfristig absagen mussten. Als wir als Berlin/Brandenburger Kongressteam im April 2020 recht spontan zusagten, den Kongress „eben ein Jahr später“ auszurichten, hatten wir noch die Illusion, den Kongress quasi nur verschieben zu können. Inzwischen zeigt sich aber, dass die Covid-19-Pandemie unser Leben stärker und nachhaltiger beeinflusst, als wir damals wahrhaben wollten.
13C NMR Dereplication Using MixONat Software: A Practical Guide to Decipher Natural Products Mixtures
Authors: Bruguière Antoine , Derbré Séverine , Bréard Dimitri , Tomi Félix , Nuzillard Jean-Marc , Richomme Pascal
Published: May 2021

The growing use of herbal medicines worldwide requires ensuring their quality, safety, and efficiency to consumers and patients. Quality controls of vegetal extracts are usually undertaken according to pharmacopeial monographs. Analyses may range from simple chemical experiments to more sophisticated but more accurate methods. Nowadays, metabolomic analyses allow a fast characterization of complex mixtures. In the field, besides mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) has gained importance in the direct identification of natural products in complex herbal extracts. For a decade, automated dereplication processes based on 13C-NMR have been emerging to efficiently identify known major compounds in mixtures. Though less sensitive than MS, 13C-NMR has the advantage of being appropriate to discriminate stereoisomers. Since NMR spectrometers nowadays provide useful datasets in a reasonable time frame, we have recently made
available MixONat, a software that processes 13C as well as distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT)-135 and -90 data, allowing carbon multiplicity (i.e., CH3, CH2, CH, and C) filtering as a critical step. MixONat requires experimental or predicted chemical shifts (δ
C) databases and displays interactive results that can be refined based on the userʼs phytochemical knowledge. The present article provides step-by-step instructions to use MixONat starting from database creation with freely available and/or marketed δ
C datasets. Then, for training purposes, the reader is led through a 30 – 60 min procedure consisting of the 13C-NMR based dereplication of a peppermint essential oil.
A Proposal Towards a Rational Classification of the Antimicrobial Activity of Acetone Tree Leaf Extracts in a Search for New Antimicrobials
Authors: Eloff Jacobus Nicolaas
Published: May 2021

Many scientists investigate the potential of finding new antibiotics from plants, leading to more than a thousand publications per year. Many different minimum inhibitory concentrations of extracts have been proposed to decide if an extract has interesting activity that could lead to the discovery of a new antibiotic. To date, no rational explanation has been given for the selection criteria different authors have used. The cumulative percentage of plant extracts with different activities from a large experiment determining the activity of 714 acetone tree leaf extracts of 537 different South African tree species against 4 nosocomial pathogenic bacteria and 2 yeasts was calculated using a widely accepted serial dilution microplate method with p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet as indicator of growth. All the extracts were active at a concentration of 2.5 mg/mL. The formula, % of active extracts = 439 × minimum inhibitory concentration in mg/mL1.5385,
describes the results for minimum inhibitory concentrations below 0.16 mg/mL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998. A rational approach could be to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the most active 1, 3, 9, 25, 50, and > 50% of a large number of plant extracts investigated against these six important microbial pathogens. Starting with an extract concentration of 10 mg/mL, I propose the following classification based on minimum inhibitory concentrations:

outstanding activity < 0.02 mg/mL,

excellent activity 0.021 – 0.04 mg/mL,

very good activity 041 – 0.08 mg/mL,

good activity 0.081 – 0.16 mg/mL,

average activity 0.161 – 0.32 mg/mL, and

weak activity > 0.32 mg/mL. Higher minimum inhibitory concentrations may still be effective in ethnopharmacological studies.
Liver Transplantation Selection and Allocation Criteria for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A European Perspective
Authors: Moeckli Beat , Majno Pietro , Orci Lorenzo A. , Peloso Andrea , Toso Christian
Published: May 2021

For patients with early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), liver transplantation offers the best chance of cure. Over the past two decades, selection criteria to determine eligibility for liver transplantation have been constantly refined but a fair allocation strategy of liver grafts to HCC patients remains challenging. In Europe, over a dozen transplantation networks apply different liver transplantation criteria for HCC patients. In this review, we explore and compare candidate selection and liver graft allocation strategies for patients with HCC with a European perspective and discuss the ethical and technical challenges involved. In addition, we suggest possible paths for future improvement such as transitioning from fixed selection and allocation criteria to a more flexible model of benefit, which includes criteria concerning the graft, response to treatment, the biology of the tumor, and other relevant recipient factors.
The translational lag narrative in policy discourse in the United States and the European Union: a comparative study
Authors: Aarden Erik , Marelli Luca , Blasimme Alessandro
Published: May 2021

Whilst basic science rapidly produces new insights into the biological determinants of human health and disease, clinical innovation is often said to lag behind, as it fails to rapidly turn such knowledge into new tools for innovative patient care. This view of biomedical innovation constitutes a ‘translational lag narrative’, which is widely present in current research policy. This paper presents a qualitative content analysis of a corpus of documents (n = 28) issued by key policy actors in the domain of clinical translation between 2000 and 2018 in the United States and the European Union. The aim is to reconstruct how policy discourse articulates the translational lag narrative, and to analyze how the latter relates to specific sociotechnical imaginaries of progress and of the role of policymaking in their realization. The article identifies key impediments to clinical translation and highlights salient differences in the sociotechnical imaginaries of translation in the US and the EU. In the US, policy discourse around translation is mostly driven by the perceived need to re-instate linearity in the transition from knowledge-production to clinical innovation. In the European context, instead, the driving imaginary of the policy discourse around clinical translation has to do with constructing a distinctly European model of economic growth centered around the idea of a knowledge-based economy, thereby connecting policy stimuli for translation with broader political imaginations. This analysis elucidates how publicly staged narratives about science and technology in the biomedical field simultaneously contain state-specific visions of progress and statecraft.
Co-producing knowledge in health and social care research: reflections on the challenges and ways to enable more equal relationships
Authors: Farr Michelle , Davies Philippa , Andrews Heidi , Bagnall Darren , Brangan Emer , Davies Rosemary
Published: May 2021

Researchers are increasingly encouraged to co-produce research, involving members of the public, service users, policy makers and practitioners in more equal relationships throughout a research project. The sharing of power is often highlighted as a key principle when co-producing research. However, health and social care research, as with many other academic disciplines, is carried out within embedded hierarchies and structural inequalities in universities, public service institutions, and research funding systems—as well as in society more broadly. This poses significant challenges to ambitions for co-production. This article explores the difficulties that are faced when trying to put ideal co-production principles into practice. A reflective account is provided of an interdisciplinary project that aimed to better understand how to reduce power differentials within co-produced research. The project facilitated five workshops, involving researchers from different disciplines, health, social care and community development staff and public contributors, who all had experience in co-production within research. In the workshops, people discussed how they had attempted to enable more equal relationships and shared ideas that supported more effective and equitable co-produced research. Shared interdisciplinary learning helped the project team to iteratively develop a training course, a map of resources and reflective questions to support co-produced research. The gap between co-production principles and practice is challenging. The article examines the constraints that exist when trying to share power, informed by multidisciplinary theories of power. To bring co-production principles into practice, changes are needed within research practices, cultures and structures; in understandings of what knowledge is and how different forms of knowledge are valued. The article outlines challenges and tensions when co-producing research and describes potential ideas and resources that may help to put co-production principles into practice. We highlight that trying to maintain all principles of co-production within the real-world of structural inequalities and uneven distribution of resources is a constant challenge, often remaining for now in the realm of aspiration.
Interpersonal relationships drive successful team science: an exemplary case-based study
Authors: Love Hannah B. , Cross Jennifer E. , Fosdick Bailey , Crooks Kevin R. , VandeWoude Susan , Fisher Ellen R.
Published: May 2021

Scientists are increasingly charged with solving complex societal, health, and environmental problems. These systemic problems require teams of expert scientists to tackle research questions through collaboration, coordination, creation of shared terminology, and complex social and intellectual processes. Despite the essential need for such interdisciplinary interactions, little research has examined the impact of scientific team support measures like training, facilitation, team building, and expertise. The literature is clear that solving complex problems requires more than contributory expertise, expertise required to contribute to a field or discipline. It also requires interactional expertise, socialised knowledge that includes socialisation into the practices of an expert group. These forms of expertise are often tacit and therefore difficult to access, and studies about how they are intertwined are nearly non-existent. Most of the published work in this area utilises archival data analysis, not individual team behaviour and assessment. This study addresses the call of numerous studies to use mixed-methods and social network analysis to investigate scientific team formation and success. This longitudinal case-based study evaluates the following question: How are scientific productivity, advice, and mentoring networks intertwined on a successful interdisciplinary scientific team? This study used applied social network surveys, participant observation, focus groups, interviews, and historical social network data to assess this specific team and assessed processes and practices to train new scientists over a 15-year period. Four major implications arose from our analysis: (1) interactional expertise and contributory expertise are intertwined in the process of scientific discovery; (2) team size and interdisciplinary knowledge effectively and efficiently train early career scientists; (3) integration of teaching/training, research/discovery, and extension/engagement enhances outcomes; and, (4) interdisciplinary scientific progress benefits significantly when interpersonal relationships among scientists from diverse disciplines are formed. This case-based study increases understanding of the development and processes of an exemplary team and provides valuable insights about interactions that enhance scientific expertise to train interdisciplinary scientists.
The zero-Hopf bifurcations of a four-dimensional hyperchaotic system
Authors: Llibre Jaume , Tian Yuzhou
Published: May 2021

We consider the four-dimensional hyperchaotic system ẋ=a(y−x), ẏ=bx+u−y−xz, ż=xy−cz, and u̇=−du−jx+exz, where a, b, c, d, j, and e are real parameters. This system extends the famous Lorenz system to four dimensions and was introduced in Zhou et al., Int. J. Bifurcation Chaos Appl. Sci. Eng. 27, 1750021 (2017). We characterize the values of the parameters for which their equilibrium points are zero-Hopf points. Using the averaging theory, we obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of periodic orbits bifurcating from these zero-Hopf equilibria and give some examples to illustrate the conclusions. Moreover, the stability conditions of these periodic orbits are given using the Routh–Hurwitz criterion.
Hybrid x-ray laser-plasma/laser-synchrotron facility for pump–probe studies of the extreme state of matter at NRC “Kurchatov Institute”
Authors: Potemkin Fedor V. , Mareev Evgeny I. , Garmatina Alena A. , Nazarov Maxim M. , Fomin Evgeniy A. , Stirin Alexander I. , Korchuganov Vladimir N. , Kvardakov Vladimir V. , Gordienko Viacheslav M. , Panchenko Vladislav Ya. , Kovalchuk Mikhail M.
Published: May 2021

We developed a hybrid optical pump–x-ray probe facility based on the “Kurchatov’s synchrotron radiation source” and terawatt (TW) femtosecond laser. The bright x-ray photon source is based on either synchrotron radiation [up to 6 × 1014 photons/(s mm2 mrad2 0.1% bandwidth)] or laser-plasma generators (up to 108 photons/sr/pulse). The terawatt (TW) femtosecond laser pulse initiated phase transitions and a non-stationary “extreme” state of matter, while the delayed x-ray pulse acts as a probe. The synchronization between synchrotron radiation and laser pulses is achieved at 60.3 MHz using an intelligent field-programmable gate array-based phased locked loop. The timing jitter of the system is less than 30 ps. In laser-plasma sources, the x-ray and laser pulses are automatically synchronized because they are produced by using the same laser source (TW laser system). We have reached an x-ray yield of about 106 photons/sr/pulse with 6-mJ sub-ps laser pulses and using helium as a local gas medium. Under vacuum conditions, the laser energy increase up to 40 mJ leads to the enhancement of the x-ray yield of up to 108 photons/sr/pulse. The developed hybrid facility paves the way for a new class of time-resolved x-ray optical pump–probe experiments in the time interval from femtoseconds to microseconds and the energy spectrum from 3 to 30 keV.
Maximum Ti concentrations in Si quantified with atom probe tomography (APT)
Authors: Akey Austin J. , Mathews Jay , Warrender Jeffrey M.
Published: May 2021

Atom Probe Tomography (APT) is used to explore Si into which a high concentration of Ti has been incorporated through ion implantation and pulsed laser melting. Ti shows abundant segregation out of the Si, with regions near the surface showing evidence of the classic “cellular breakdown” morphology characteristic of constitutional supercooling. Ti concentrations in excess of the nominal Mott limit have previously been reported, but these concentrations have relied on secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) measurements, which are susceptible to artifacts. The APT method provides improvements over the SIMS method and shows that Ti concentrations are below the Mott limit everywhere outside of the broken-down regions below the surface SiO layer. The data confirm that Ti behaves as would be expected under a conventional rapid solidification theory. This has implications for how Ti in Si concentration data produced by non-atomistic techniques are interpreted and also indicates that the use of the conventional solidification apparatus can be used to predict Ti concentrations that may be achievable using implantation and laser melting techniques.
Low-force elastocaloric refrigeration via bending
Authors: Sharar Darin J. , Radice Joshua , Warzoha Ronald , Hanrahan Brendan , Smith Andrew
Published: May 2021

Elastocaloric cooling has been identified as a promising alternative to high global warming potential vapor compression cooling. Two key bottlenecks to adoption are the need for bulky/expensive actuators to provide sufficient uniaxial stress and inadequate elastocaloric material fatigue life. This paper defines the physics that govern the performance of axisymmetric flexural bending for use as an emerging low-force and low-fatigue elastocaloric heating and cooling mechanisms and further demonstrates a continuous rotary-driven cooling prototype using polycrystalline Ni50.75Ti48.74. Elastocaloric material performance is determined using infrared thermography during uniaxial-tension and four-point bending thermomechanical testing. A systematic study reveals the effects of strain rate (from 0.001 to 0.025 s−1), maximum strain (from 2 to 8%), and strain mode on the temperature evolution, mechanical response, and coefficient of performance. Four-point bending experiments demonstrate a temperature reduction of up to 11.3 °C, material coefficients of performance between 2.31 and 21.71, and a 6.09- to 7.75-fold reduction in the required actuation force compared to uniaxial tension. The absence of localized macroscopic martensite domains and reduced mechanical dissipation during flexure represent reduced microstructure degradation and improved fatigue life. The rotary-based elastocaloric cooling prototype is shown to provide similar thermomechanical performance with the added benefit of discrete hot and cold zones, continuous cooling, inexpensive rotary actuation, and scalability, which represents a significant advancement for compact, long lifetime, and inexpensive elastocaloric cooling.
Multichannel gas electron multiplier based soft x-ray field-programmable gate array measurement system for W-Environment in Steady-state Tokamak (WEST): Hardware, installation, and first plasma acquisition
Authors: Wojenski A. , Linczuk P. , Kasprowicz G. , Poźniak K. T. , Chernyshova M. , Mazon D. , Czarski T. , Krawczyk R. D. , Malard P. , Malinowski K. , Kolasinski P. , Gąska M. ,   WEST Team
Published: May 2021

The work describes a novel approach to the design of a fast, multichannel measurement system for plasma diagnostics [A. Wojenski et al., Fusion Eng. Des. 123, 727 (2016)]. Its main scope is to provide measurements of soft X-ray (SXR) emission during plasma phenomena at the W-Environment in Steady-state Tokamak (WEST), especially for monitoring and tracing tungsten impurities. This paper describes the vertical Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) camera installed at the WEST [M. Chernyshova et al., J. Instrument. 10, P10022 (2015)]. The designed GEM detector readout board has more than 100 channels, resulting in high-performance requirements for the data acquisition and processing system. The novel system construction approach is that the unit works on the raw signals providing a high quality of the data, especially in the scope of pileup effect analysis. In the case of doubtful results, the source data can be easily reviewed offline. The data selection and transmission are done in Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) on the custom boards with the custom Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)-Express Gen2 switch that allows us to register signals from multiple FPGAs and then process the data by complex algorithms [G. Kasprowicz et al., J. Fusion Energy 38, 480 (2019)]. The firmware is replaceable and different working modes can be applied (some under verification): global trigger mode, high-speed data serialization, and extended signal registration. Low level optimized central processing unit software for data readout was also designed [P. Linczuk et al., J. Instrum. 14, C05001 (2019)]. The installation of the system is described due to complex system components’ distribution. The first results of the successful acquisition of the plasma at the WEST are discussed. The corresponding SXR energy and topology spectra were computed. Those are the first technical measurements of the system to ensure verification of data quality.
Benchmarking binding energy calculations for organic structure-directing agents in pure-silica zeolites
Authors: Schwalbe-Koda Daniel , Gómez-Bombarelli Rafael
Published: May 2021

Molecular modeling plays an important role in the discovery of organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs) for zeolites. By quantifying the intensity of host–guest interactions, it is possible to select cost-effective molecules that maximize binding toward a given zeolite framework. Over the last few decades, a variety of methods and levels of theory have been used to calculate these binding energies. Nevertheless, there is no consensus on the best calculation strategy for high-throughput virtual screening undertakings. In this work, we compare binding affinities from density functional theory (DFT) and Dreiding force field calculations for 272 zeolite–OSDA pairs obtained from static and time-averaged simulations. Enabled by automation software, we show that Dreiding binding energies from the frozen pose method correlate best with DFT energies. They are also less sensitive to the choice of initial lattice parameters and optimization algorithms, as well as less computationally expensive than their time-averaged counterparts. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a broader exploration of the conformation space from molecular dynamics simulations does not provide significant improvements in binding energy trends over the frozen pose method despite being orders of magnitude more expensive. The code and benchmark data are open-sourced and provide robust and computationally efficient guidelines to calculating binding energies in zeolite–OSDA pairs.
Engineering interaction dynamics in active resonant photonic structures
Authors: Liu Yuzhou G. N. , Hemmatyar Omid , Hassan Absar U. , Jung Pawel S. , Choi Jae-Hyuck , Christodoulides Demetrios N. , Khajavikhan Mercedeh
Published: May 2021

The collective response of a system is profoundly shaped by the interaction dynamics between its constituent elements. In physics, tailoring these interactions can enable the observation of unusual phenomena that are otherwise inaccessible in standard settings, ranging from the possibility of a Kramer’s degeneracy even in the absence of spin to the breakdown of the bulk-boundary correspondence. Here, we show how tailored asymmetric coupling terms can be realized in photonic integrated platforms by exploiting non-Hermitian concepts. In this regard, we introduce a generalized photonic molecule composed of a pair of microring resonators with internal S-bends connected via two directional couplers and a link waveguide. By judiciously designing the parameters of this system, namely, the length of the links and the power division ratio of the directional couplers, we experimentally show the emergence of Hermitian and non-Hermitian-type exchange interactions. The ramifications of such coupling dynamics are then studied in 1D chain and ring-type active lattices. Our findings establish the proposed structure as a promising building block for the realization of a variety of phenomena, especially those associated with phase locking in laser arrays and non-Hermitian topological lattices.
Operando characterization of interfacial charge transfer processes
Authors: Baeumer Christoph
Published: May 2021

Interface science has become a key aspect for fundamental research questions and for the understanding, design, and optimization of urgently needed energy and information technologies. As the interface properties change during operation, e.g., under applied electrochemical stimulus, and because multiple bulk and interface processes coexist and compete, detailed operando characterization is needed. In this Perspective, I present an overview of the state-of-the-art and challenges in selected x-ray spectroscopic techniques, concluding that among others, interface-sensitivity remains a major concern in the available techniques. I propose and discuss a new method to extract interface information from nominally bulk-sensitive techniques and critically evaluate the selection of x-ray energies for the recently developed meniscus x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, a promising operando tool to characterize the solid–liquid interface. I expect that these advancements along with further developments in time and spatial resolution will expand our ability to probe the interface electronic and molecular structure with sub-nm depth resolution and complete our understanding of charge transfer processes during operation.
Modeling proton interactions with magnetodynamic targets for electromagnetic field mapping
Authors: Zellner M. B. , Freeman M. S. , Neukirch L. P. , Uhlig W. C. , Berning P. R. , Doney R. L. , Phillips D.
Published: May 2021

Proton radiography’s utilization of positively charged probing particles makes it susceptible to potential influences from electromagnetic forces generated at the target object. In this work, we investigate how the 800 MeV proton radiography system of Los Alamos National Laboratory would respond to such influences with intentions to develop proton radiography/deflectometry diagnostics capable of probing electromagnetic fields inside dynamically changing objects. To understand how the proton radiography system responds to object-generated electromagnetic fields, a series of simulations were performed, which map proton trajectories through the system. This leads to an understanding of how the radiographic images, normally dominated by multiple Coulomb scattering, would be modified. The simulations also highlight novel ways in which additional data could be collected to glean more information about electromagnetic influences within and around the target object.
Statistical properties of a model of a turbulent patch arising from a breaking internal wave
Authors: Katagiri T. , Watanabe T. , Nagata K.
Published: May 2021

The turbulent patch arising from internal gravity wave breaking is investigated with direct numerical simulation of a stably stratified flow over a two-dimensional hill. The turbulent patch is distinguished from the non-turbulent wave region with potential vorticity. The turbulent patch is highly intermittent, and its location fluctuates with space and time. The buoyancy Reynolds number slowly decays with time in the turbulent patch and the mixing efficiency stays around 0.2. The turbulent patch is separated from the non-turbulent wave region by a turbulent/non-turbulent interfacial (TNTI) layer, whose thickness is about five times the Kolmogorov scale. The kinetic energy dissipation rate also sharply decreases from the turbulent to the wave region while the potential energy dissipation rate has a large peak within the TNTI layer. Both shear and stable stratification are strong in the upper area of the turbulent patch. On the other hand, the lower area has a small mean density gradient, i.e., weak stratification, which is related to the strong intermittency of the turbulent patch in the lower area. Furthermore, weak stratification in the lower area results in a low gradient Richardson number, which is below the critical value for the shear instability, and the roller vortex appears. The outer edge of the turbulent patch aligns with the perimeter of the roller vortex, and the vortex affects the spatial distribution of the turbulent patch.
An efficient deep learning framework to reconstruct the flow field sequences of the supersonic cascade channel
Authors: Li Yunfei , Chang Juntao , Wang Ziao , Kong Chen
Published: May 2021

Accurate and comprehensive flow field reconstruction is essential for promptly monitoring the flow state of the supersonic cascade. This paper proposes a novel data-driven method for reconstructing the slices of the two-dimensional (2D) pressure field in three-dimensional (3D) flow of the supersonic cascade by using deep neural networks. Considering the complicated spatial effects of 2D pressure field slices, the architecture embeds the convolution into the long short-term memory (LSTM) network to realize the purpose of using the upstream pressure to reconstruct downstream pressure. Numerical simulations of the supersonic cascade under different back pressures are performed to establish the database capturing the complex relationship between the upstream and downstream flow. The pressure of different upstream slices can be used as a spatial-dependent sequence as the input of the model to reconstruct the pressure of different downstream slices. A deep neural network including special convolutional LSTM layers and convolutional layers is designed. The trained model is then tested under different back pressures. The reconstruction results are in good agreement with the computational fluid dynamics, especially for the identification of shock wave position changes and the recognition of complex curved shock waves in 3D flow with high accuracy. Moreover, analyzing the frequency distribution of reconstructed pressure at different positions can clearly distinguish the flow separated zone, which will further improve the accuracy of the state monitoring. Specifically, it is of great significance for identifying the stall of the flow field promptly.
Growth of barchan dunes of bidispersed granular mixtures
Authors: Alvarez Carlos A. , Cúñez Fernando David , Franklin Erick M.
Published: May 2021

Barchans are dunes of crescentic shape found on Earth, Mars, and other celestial bodies, growing usually on polydisperse granular beds. In this Letter, we investigate experimentally the growth of subaqueous barchans consisting of bidisperse grains. We found that the grain distribution within the dune changes with the employed pair, and that a transient stripe appears on the dune surface. We propose that observed patterns result from the competition between fluid entrainment and easiness of rolling for each grain type, and that grains segregate with a diffusion-like mechanism. Our results provide new insights into barchan structures found in other environments.
Theory of nanoscale surface ripple formation during oblique-incidence thin film deposition
Authors: Bradley R. Mark , Sharath Tejas
Published: May 2021

We develop a theory of surface ripples that can emerge spontaneously when an amorphous thin film is grown by oblique-incidence sputter deposition. For simplicity, we consider the case in which two diametrically opposed, broad atomic beams are simultaneously incident on the substrate and focus on the angles of incidence just above the threshold angle for ripple formation. At early times, the ripples are roughly sinusoidal in form, but as time passes, they become increasingly faceted as their wavelength and amplitude grow. The facet slopes and the form of the ripple crests and troughs are found analytically at long times, and these predictions are in good agreement with our simulations. Ultimately, the ripples become highly ordered in the transverse direction and few dislocations remain. However, because the ripple wavelength and the amplitude vary in the longitudinal direction, the ripples are not perfectly ordered, even at long times.
Furan monomers and polymers from renewable plant biomass
Authors: Kashparova Vera P. , Chernysheva Daria V. , Klushin Victor A. , Andreeva Veronika E. , Kravchenko Oleg A. , Smirnova Nina V.
Published: May 2021

Plant biomass is considered the main source of renewable carbon raw materials, which is a viable alternative to crude oil and natural gas and provides compounds with a low carbon footprint. The most promising direction for the conversion of biomass is the synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, which is regarded as a platform chemical, the basis for the synthesis of valuable compounds, including monomers and polymers. The move of the polymer industry to renewable plant materials will contribute to solving global environmental problems and ensure the sustainability and environmental safety of plastics production. This review analyzes recent advances in the preparation of key C6-furan platform chemicals, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, 2,5-diformylfuran, 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan, levulinic acid, and their use for the production of monomers and polymers based on renewable plant biomass. Production processes of widely known furan polyesters and polyamides, such as polyethylene-, polypropylene-, polybutylene furanoates, polyhexamethylene furanamide, are considered, as well as developments towards novel promising materials that are furan copolymers and polymer mixtures. For the first time, studies have been systematized aimed at converting liquid and solid wastes of the synthesis of platform chemicals, known as humins, into a range of value-added products, including organic compounds, porous carbon materials, thermosetting binders, and anticorrosive coatings that can replace similar materials based on fossil raw materials. Economic and environmental prospects and problems of production and consumption of furan polymers are considered.

The bibliography includes 275 references.
Elimination of nurse cell nuclei that shuttle into oocytes during oogenesis
Authors: Ali-Murthy Zehra , Fetter Richard D. , Wang Wanpeng , Yang Bin , Royer Loic A. , Kornberg Thomas B.
Published: May 2021

Drosophila oocytes develop together with 15 sister germline nurse cells (NCs), which pass products to the oocyte through intercellular bridges. The NCs are completely eliminated during stages 12–14, but we discovered that at stage 10B, two specific NCs fuse with the oocyte and extrude their nuclei through a channel that opens in the anterior face of the oocyte. These nuclei extinguish in the ooplasm, leaving 2 enucleated and 13 nucleated NCs. At stage 11, the cell boundaries of the oocyte are mostly restored. Oocytes in egg chambers that fail to eliminate NC nuclei at stage 10B develop with abnormal morphology. These findings show that stage 10B NCs are distinguished by position and identity, and that NC elimination proceeds in two stages: first at stage 10B and later at stages 12–14.
Isotropic FMR frequency enhancement in thin Py/FeMn bilayers under strong magnetic proximity effect
Authors: Polishchuk D M , Polek T I , Borynskyi V Yu , Kravets A F , Tovstolytkin A I , Korenivski V
Published: May 2021

Exchange biasing in ferromagnet/antiferromagnet bilayers is known to enhance the material’s ferromagnetic resonance frequency and make it strongly angle dependent due to the unidirectional anisotropy induced at the interface. We observe a ten-fold enhancement in frequency and angle-independent ferromagnetic resonance in bilayers of Py/FeMn with ultrathin FeMn, accompanied by a significantly enhanced magnetic moment. The observed isotropic frequency enhancement is consistent with rotatable rather than unidirectional magnetic anisotropy and the induced magnetic moment links this anisotropy with the ferromagnet-proximity effect. The estimated effective anisotropy field acting on the proximity-induced moment in ultrathin FeMn can be as high as 0.5 T at room temperature. Our results show the potential of the ferromagnetic proximity effect combined with the inherent exchange anisotropy in antiferromagnets for high-speed spintronic applications.