bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A prospective study to assess the adverse events following immunization in paediatric population
Authors: Gupta Ambrish , Maheshwari Prashant , Rao Y. K.
Published: November 2017

Background: The objective of current study was to analyse the pattern of adverse drug reactions due to different vaccines in paediatric patients.Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out in paediatric department of GSVM medical college Kanpur to monitor vaccine adverse event and its causal association with vaccine. Patients of 0-10 year age group of either sex, who developed adverse event following vaccination, were included in study. Vaccine adverse event were recorded in the suspected ADRs reporting form of Indian Pharmacopoeia commission. Causality was evaluated using WHO-UMC assessment scale, outcome and seriousness as per W.H.O. To classify type of ADRs, Expanded Rawlins- Thompson’s classification system was used.Results: Vaccine adverse reactions were more in female (53%) as compared to male (47%). Most common age group involved was 0-6 months; (79.41%) of total reactions. Fever (14.70 %) was most common reaction, followed by pain at inj. site (11.77%), and Convulsion (11.77). The causality of 67.65% vaccine adverse reactions was of possible type; 88.23 % reactions were of non-serious type. Type A reaction were more common and most of vaccine adverse reaction recovered (82.35%).Conclusions: Vaccines can also cause different types of adverse reactions in paediatric patients. This Study emphasizes the need for an effective vaccine adverse event monitoring system among paediatric patients in every hospital to ensure safety of vaccine. Hence more educational awareness program should be plotted and more similar studies are needed to be conducted.
A prospective non-comparative study to assess the effectiveness and safety of combination laxative therapy containing milk of magnesia, liquid paraffin and sodium picosulphate (Cremaffin-Plus®) in the management of constipation in patients with anal fissure/hemorrhoids/obstructive defecation syndrome
Authors: Patankar Roy , Mishra Ajeet
Published: November 2017

Background: Assess the effectiveness and safety of combination laxative therapy containing milk of magnesia, liquid paraffin and sodium picosulphate (Cremaffin-Plus®) in management of constipation, in patients with anal fissure/haemorrhoids/obstructive defecation syndrome (ODS).Methods: Patients visiting study site with complaints of constipation secondary to anal fissures/haemorrhoids/ODS, intended to receive combination laxative therapy (as per physicians’ discretion), were enrolled. Primary objectives were to assess the change in number of bowel movements per day and stool consistency; secondary objectives were to assess change in straining, physician global efficacy assessment, quality of life (PAC-QOL score), Constipation Symptoms (CSS), Fecal Incontinence Score (FIS), Patient Assessment of Constipation Symptoms (PAC-SYM) score, along with the Modified Longo Score (MODS) for ODS from baseline to end of 4 weeks. Safety, tolerability and treatment adherence were also assessed.Results: About 32 patients (anal fissure:19, haemorrhoids:5, ODS:8) met inclusion criteria. Significant improvement in stool frequency was observed in all patients pooled together (p=0.016); group wise, statistical significance was noted in patients of anal fissures. Stool consistency was improved in all patients pooled together (p<0.001); group wise, significant improvement was seen in patients of anal fissure and ODS. There was a significant improvement in straining noted in all patients pooled together (p=0.002). Significant reduction (p<0.001) was noted in all the symptom scores (CSS, FIS, PAC-SYM and PAC-QOL) from baseline to 4 weeks in all patients. About 51.44% reduction in MODS score was noted in patients with ODS.Conclusions: Improvement in stool frequency, consistency and straining was noted in all patients with constipation (with fissure/haemorrhoids/ODS) treated with Cremaffin-plus for 4-weeks, improving the quality of life. All patients showed good therapy adherence with better safety and tolerability profile.
Study of quality of life outcome after adenotonsillectomy in children with sleep disorderd breathing
Authors: Ali Arshed , Nisar Jasif , Ali Ihsan , Ahmad Rauf
Published: November 2017

Background: This prospective study was conducted in our department with the objective to study the quality of life outcome after adenotonsillectomy in children with sleep disorderd breathing. Sleep-disordered breathing, can lead to substantial morbidities, affecting the central nervous system (CNS), the cardiovascular and metabolic systems, and somatic growth, ultimately leading to reduced quality of life.

Methods: This prospective study was conducted in 47 patients in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Government Medical College and associated SMHS Hospital Srinagar. The study was included the patients with SDB in pediatric age group, who visited in our OPD.OSA-18 questionnaire was used pre-operatively, at 2 and 6 months after surgery.  

Results: Our study groups comprised of total 47 patients with majority of patients with in age group of 5-7 years, males were 29 (61.70%) and females were 18 (38.30%). In our study the OSA 18 scale used pre-operatively showed majority of patients 33 (70.21%) having score >80 score, with mean OSA-18 score of 84.15 showing that there was a major impact on quality of life and there was significant improvement in mean OSA-18 score in postoperative period from 30.49 to 26.85 at 2 and 6 months post- operatively and hence improvement in quality of life.

Conclusions: Based on the observation made in the study we concluded that there was a significant improvement in the disease specific postoperative quality of life after both adenotonsillectomy and tonsillectomy. We also concluded that polysomnography results matched with OSA 18 questionnaire scale score done preoperatively.
Estudo de Impacto de Vizinhança do Viaduto da Marginal Botafogo e Túnel da Avenida Araguaia, Goiânia-GO
Authors: Pasqualetto Antônio , Dassow Andréia Costa , Alves Obede Rodrigues , Bandeira Otniel Alencar
Published: November 2017

Resumo: macroprojetos como o Túnel da Avenida Araguaia e o Viaduto da Rua 88 com a Marginal Botafogo influenciam na qualidade de vida dos usuários, principalmente dos moradores da região, no impacto ao tráfego de veículos e no cotidiano dos moradores próximos e dos demais transeuntes. A partir dos dados coletados e da análise das informações, será gerado um formulário de medidas a serem sugeridos como parâmetros de análise de impacto de vizinhança e se relevantes, serem acrescentados à legislação, visto que muitos parâmetros e normas acabam por não serem considerados, ou não corretamente avaliados e monitorados pelos empreendedores ou não fiscalizados pelos órgãos gestores. Os elementos e instrumentos que regem essas diretrizes deverão assegurar o direito de cidades mais limpas e organizadas para as atuais e futuras gerações.Palavras-chave: Estudo de Impacto de Vizinhança. Desenvolvimento Urbano Sustentável. Minimização de impactos.
Influence of Phytohormones on Monosaccharide Composition of Polysaccharides from Wheat Suspension Culture
Authors: Bishimbayeva N. , Murtazina A. , McDougall G.
Published: November 2017

Plant polysaccharides with technical and physiologic traits attract researchers by their high physiological activity in regulation of the growth, development and protective reactions. Cell cultures allow to regulate chemical composition of synthesized substances by changing media composition and are widely used to enhance or change the biosynthesis of metabolites. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of phytohormones 2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4 –D) and abscisic acid (ABA) of culture medium on chemical composition of polysaccharides (PS), extracted from cells and extracellular liquid of wheat suspension culture. It was shown for the medium with ABA that monosaccharide composition of extracellular PS mainly represented by glucose (87%), whereas PS isolated from cells were rich for xylose and glucuronic acid. Monosaccharide composition of extracellular PS from media with 2,4-D showed 6-fold increase of arabinose, 8-fold ‒ of galactose, 5-fold ‒ of xylose and glucuronic acid, compared to extracellular PS from ABA medium. Composition of cellular PS from media with 2,4-D were mainly similar to ABA and differed by the increased amount of mannose (3-fold), and galacturonic acid (2,5-fold). Thus, regulative effect of the use of two different types of phytohormones was demonstrated on the biosynthesis of variously composed polysaccharides.
Energetic Compositions Application for the Reduction of the Environmental Pollution Because of Space Vehicle Launches
Authors: Trushlyakov V. , Lempert D. , Shu Yuan-Jie
Published: November 2017

Technogeneous impact of rocket and space activities on the environment is one of the most actual problems of practical cosmonautics. This technogeneous impact is not only the pollution of near Earth space with space debris (worked-off stages of space launch vehicle (SLV)), but also the pollution of significant areas on the Earth surface with worked-off lower stages of SLV, which fall down after having accomplished their mission. In OmSTU and IPCP RAS it was suggested to apply different self-burning compositions, generating hot gases for the evaporation of the unused residues of liquid propellant in tanks of SLV. Then the mixture of the evaporated compounds together with the gaseous combustion products from gas-generating compositions is used as propellant mixture for the autonomous gas rocket engine. Such a solution would decrease considerably the level of the environment pollution and additionally it increases the energetic characteristics of SLV. For example, in the case of the second stage of SLV «Soyuz-2.1.v» it increases the total velocity by 5%. Also it is proposed to use firing the pyrotechnic compositions like (thermites) for the fairings heating up to the temperature when the fairing material can be ignited in air. It would reduce considerably the amount and the mass of the separating parts of SLV that fall to the Earth.
FIDIC General Conditions / Payments Clause FIDIC refers to (Fédération Internationale Des Ingénieurs Conseils)
Authors: KOTB Moustafa , Razik Mohamed Ibrahim Abdel , Sabry Reda Abbass
Published: November 2017

For any international construction project, Contract is one of the major documents for construction industry. FIDIC General Conditions are the most common used all over the world. Payments term is very important clause and all the project team members need to be aware completely about it. Thus, this paper is considering illustrated payments clauses by flow chart technique to ensure that all the engineers are handling easily those terms.Without real understanding of those clauses usually the project will get cash flow tribbles.
Upper separated multifunctions in deterministic and stochastic optimal control
Authors: Motyl Jerzy
Published: November 2017

Let X be a Banach space while (Y,⪯) a Banach lattice. We consider the class of “upper separated” set-valued functions F : X → 2
Y
and investigate the problem of the existence of order-convex selections of F. First, we present results on the existence of the Carathéodory-convex type selections of upper separated multifunctions and apply them to investigation of the existence of solutions of differential and stochastic inclusions. We will discuss the applicability of obtained selection results to some deterministic and stochastic optimal control problems.
Challenging and Preventing Policies That Prohibit Local Civil Rights Protections for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer People
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L.
Published: November 2017

Discrimination causes health inequities for stigmatized groups. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals, in particular, are at significantly increased risk for disparate health outcomes when they reside in states that fail to extend equal protections to them or that actively deprive equal rights to them.

Several states and the federal government have proposed or enacted laws that permit residents to discriminate against LGBTQ individuals. One such law, Arkansas’s Intrastate Commerce Improvement Act of 2015, preempts or prohibits local governments from enacting civil rights protections for LGBTQ individuals that are also lacking at the state level.

State laws such as Arkansas’s undermine local control, damage the economy, and create injustices that harm LGBTQ people. I set forth 2 constitutional arguments to challenge such laws, and I provide information to help advocates support evidence-based policymaking and prevent the passage of similar laws in their states.
Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy in Highly Myopic Eyes with Elongated Axial Length
Authors: Kokame Gregg T. , Tom Elysse S. , Shantha Jessica G. , Kaneko Kyle N.
Published: November 2017

Purpose:

To retrospectively review the prevalence of myopia and elongated axial length in eyes with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) and to evaluate treatment response of PCV in highly myopic eyes. PCV has rarely been reported in myopic eyes.

Methods:

A retrospective review of all eyes diagnosed with PCV at the clinics of Retina Consultants of Hawaii and the Hawaii Macula and Retina Institute was performed between February of 2007 and April of 2017 to evaluate for eyes with significant myopia and elongated axial length.

Results:

A total of 282 eyes were diagnosed with PCV by ICG angiography. There were 144 males (59%) and 99 females (41%). 204 patients had unilateral PCV and 39 patients had bilateral PCV. A total of 3 patients with PCV had significant myopia less than -6 diopters or confirmed elongated axial length. One of these patients had bilateral PCV so there were 4 eyes noted with significant myopia and elongated axial length out of 282 eyes with PCV (1.4%). All 3 patients were Asian and presented with active leakage or bleeding related to PCV diagnosed on indocyanine green angiography and optical coherence tomography. Treatments typically used to treat PCV including intravitreal antiangiogenic medications and photodynamic therapy were utilized.

Conclusion and Importance:

High myopia is rare in eyes diagnosed with PCV, even though choroidal neovascularization is a common cause of vision loss in myopic macular degeneration. However, even in highly myopic eyes, PCV may show signs of resistance to antiangiogenic medications.
Acceptability and Usability Evaluation of Finger-Stick Whole Blood HIV Self-Test as An HIV Screening Tool Adapted to The General Public in The Central African Republic
Authors: Grésenguet Gérard , Longo Jean de Dieu , Tonen-Wolyec Serge , Bouassa Ralph-Sydney Mboumba , Belec Laurent
Published: November 2017

Background:

Opportunities for HIV testing could be enhanced by offering HIV self-testing (HIVST) in populations that fear stigma and discrimination when accessing conventional HIV counselling and testing. Field experience with HIVST was poorly reported in French-speaking African countries.

Objective:

To investigate the usability of HIVST in Bangui, Central African Republic.

Methods:

The prototype self-test Exacto® Test HIV (Biosynex, Strasbourg, France) was used to assess the usability of HIVST in 300 adults living in Bangui, according to WHO technical recommendations. Simplified and easy-to-read leaflet was translated in French and Sango.

Results:

Preliminary survey in 3,484 adult volunteers including students, men who have sex with men and female sex workers living in Bangui showed that previous HIV testing in conventional centres for HIV counselling and testing was relatively infrequent and that acceptability of HIVST was elevated, although high heterogeneity could be observed between groups. The notice in French and Sango of Exacto® Test HIV were chosen in 242/300 (80.6%) and 58/300 (19.4%), respectively. It was correctly understood in 273/300 (91.0%). The majority (275/300; 91.6%) correctly performed the HIV self-test; however, 71/300 (23.0%) asked for oral assistance. Most of the participants (273/300; 91.0%) found that performing of the self-test was very easy or easy, and less than Most of participants (273/300; 91.0%) found that performing of the self-test was very easy or easy and less than 1.0% (2/300) found it difficult. Overall the result were correctly interpreted in 96.9% (3,782/3,900), the reading/interpretion errors concerned the positive (96/1,800;5.3%), invalid (17/600;2.8%) and negative (5/1,500; 0.3%) self-test. The Cohen's coefficient κwas 0.94. The main obstacle for HIVST was the educational level, with interpretation difficulties in poorly educated people.

Conclusions:

Our observations on profane adults living in Central African Republic, demonstrate: (i) the need to adapt the notice of instruction to African public, including educational pictograms as well as notice in vernacular language(s); (ii) the frequent difficulties in understanding the notice with frequent misinterpretation of test results; (iii) and the generally good usability of the HIV self-test despite these latter pitfalls. More research on exploring the best strategy (i.e. supervised versus unsupervised strategies) for different high- and low- risk populations in resource-constrained settings remains needed.
Validity of evaluation instrument on the implementation of performance assessment to measure science process skills
Authors: Ramadani Marina , Supahar Supahar , Rosana Dadan
Published: November 2017

This study aims to develop an evaluation instrument CIPP (context, input, process, product) model that suitable at implementation of performance assessment instrument to measure students' science process skills of junior high school. Methods in this study are research and development (R & D) which is adopted by model Borg & Gall model. This evaluation instrument used one of evaluation CIPP model with context, input, process, and product components. The evaluation instrument is used to determine the implementation of performance assessment instrument to measure junior high school students' science process skills in excretion system topic. This development study involves some experts to give validation of the development of feasibility products. Experts involved, they are two lecturers of evaluation expert, two junior high school science teachers, and four peers. The validity of evaluation instruments was analyzed using V'aiken formula. The results of this study are evaluation instrument of CIPP model of the implementation of performance assessment to measure junior high school students' science process skills of grade VIII in excretion system topic. The results of the validity of this product indicates that this evaluation instruments are eligible in using with V'eiken coefficient of 0.86. It indicates that the evaluation instruments are valid in substance, construction, and language aspects.
THE IMPACT OF COUPLING THERMOELASTICITY EQUATIONS ON SETTLEMENT OF STRUCTURES ON FROZEN SOIL
Authors: Stepanov Roman N. , Kiselyov Fedor B. , Sergeyev Filipp V.
Published: November 2017

This paper seeks to propose a numeric model for the determination of structure’s settlement on frozen soil. The settlement is driven by the dead weight of the soil, weight of the erected building and thawing of the soil underneath the building due to its heating. A benchmark task was solved both in coupled and uncoupled problem settings. A special analysis is dedicated to the impact of thermoelasticity equations being coupled or independent.
CALCULATION OF THE FILTRATION PROBLEM AT THE FILTER INLET
Authors: Kuzmina Ludmila I. , Osipov Yuri V.
Published: November 2017

Filtration of the suspension in a porous medium with a geometric particle capture mechanism is con-sidered. The porous medium has an initial deposit unevenly distributed across the filter. The nonlinear model of deep bed filtration suggests that the porosity and permeability of the porous medium depend on the deposit. The asymptotics of the movable boundary of the two phases is determined. The asymptotic solution of the problem is constructed and calculated near the filter inlet.
ON COMPUTATIONAL DIFFERENCES OF CRITICAL POINTS ON EQUILIBRIUM CURVE
Authors: Manuylov Gaik A. , Kosytsyn Sergey B. , Begichev Maxim M.
Published: November 2017

In this paper, we discuss the features of investigating the type of the critical point on the equilibrium curve (bifurcation point or limit point). There are new ideas about the completion of the initial equilibrium at the limit point or bifurcation point. Examples as the Mises farm, a shallow arch and a shallow cylindrical panel show shows the features of the birth and movement of bifurcation points along the curve of equilibrium.
CRANE LOAD STATISTICAL MODELLING AND DESIGN COMBINATIONS OF THE INTERNAL FORCES
Authors: Perelmuter Anatoly V.
Published: November 2017

Attention has been paid to the fact that design load case combinations and design combinations of the internal forces caused by these loads have got a different probability of implementation. This fact has been is illustrated by the example of the crane loads, where the traditional calculation does not take into account such random factors as position of the crane bridge and position of the trolley on the crane bridge. Analysis has been performed using statistical modelling. Results of the modelling has been also presented. It has been suggested that there is a specific way to include load combination factors into the calculation formulas by which inclusion of temporary load in a design load case combination should be performed with combinational value of the loadcombination factor decreased when including each new temporary load.
GRAMMATICAL ERRORS COMMITED BY EIGHT GRADE STUDENTS IN WRITING RECOUNT TEXT
Authors: Fridayanthi N.P.T.M.E.
Published: November 2017

There are 2 purposes of conducting this study, (1) finding the errors commonly made in writing recount text by eighth grades students at SMPN 2 Seririt; and (2) finding the sources of the errors committed in writing recount text by eighth grades students at SMPN 2 Seririt. As a descriptive qualitative research, there were two main instruments used in this study, they were  the researcher and the sample of writing. After gaining the data, then descriptive analysis was conducted. From 30 students’ writing which were analyzed based on surface strategy taxonomy proposed by Dulay et al. (1982), it is found that there are 169 errors committed by the subject including 130 (77%) omission errors, 14 (8.28%) misordering errors, 13 (7.7%) misformation errors, and 12 (7.1%) addition errors. Omission error becomes the most frequent errors committed by the students. There are three types of errors sources found in this study, those are intralingual transfer (90.96%), interlingual transfer (7.22%), and context of learning (1.8%).
Contextualização Histórico-Filosófica de Orbitais Atômicos e Moleculares
Authors: Pereira Cássia Ferreira Coutinho , Da Rocha Alexandre Braga , Tamiasso-Martinhon Priscila , Rocha Angela Sanches , Sousa Célia
Published: November 2017

ResumoA compreensão do conceito de orbitais em átomos e moléculas é de grande importância para o aprendizado de química, principalmente no que concerne ao entendimento de ligações químicas, tipos de estruturas e propriedades de substâncias. Além disso, pode-se dizer que, de forma geral, estes conceitos embasam discussões qualitativas da área, o que ratifica a importância de se dominá-los. Nesta perspectiva, o presente trabalho, além de avaliar as implicações práticas dessa temática no cotidiano discente, desenvolve uma análise crítica das teorias utilizadas para descrever e ensinar orbitais. Explicitando e discutindo não apenas as suas mais relevantes teorias, mas também os autores por trás delas, o contexto histórico em que foram criadas e como este contexto afetou seu desenvolvimento, este trabalho busca apresentar uma visão mais abrangente dos conceitos de orbitais atômicos e moleculares. Palavras-chave: Orbitais; Ligação Química; História da Ciência.AbstractThe comprehension of the concept of orbitals in atoms and molecules has great importance to the learning of chemistry, especially in what concerns the understanding of chemical bonds, structure types and properties of substances. Besides, it can be said that, in general, these concepts are grounds for qualitative discussions in the field, which ratify the importance of mastering them. Under this perspective, the present work, in addition to evaluating the practical implications of this thematic in everyday life, performs a critical analysis of theories used to describe and teach orbitals. By explaining and discussing not only their most relevant theories but also the authors behind them, the historical context in which they were proposed and how that context affected their development, this work seeks to present a more comprehensive view of the concepts of orbitals in atoms and molecules.Keywords: Orbitals; Chemical Bonding; History of Science.
Replicação histórica das observações de Robert Hooke (1635 - 1703) em uma turma de 2º ano do Ensino Médio: mudanças na motivação para aprender Biologia
Authors: Araujo João Paulo Ferraro Turano de
Published: November 2017

ResumoA partir de pesquisa feita ao longo de um ano dentro do PIBID no subprojeto PIBID IB-USP, chamado “Sequências didáticas voltadas à replicação de experimentos históricos, modelos e simulações em intervenções de estágio de formação de professores de Ciências e Biologia”, foi construída coletivamente e aplicada, em uma turma de 2º ano do Ensino Médio, uma sequência didática que utiliza replicação de observações históricas de Robert Hooke no Ensino de Ciência. Demonstrou-se, através da aplicação de pré- e pós-teste com questionários com escala de Likert, um aumento na motivação dos alunos. Mesmo que discutível, esse resultado corrobora a visão social cognitiva apresentada por David Palmer de que as crenças motivacionais são influenciadas significativamente por aspectos do contexto da sala de aula e que, por isso, estratégias que influenciam o ambiente de aula podem ser usadas para aumentar a motivação dos estudantes. Palavras-chave: Motivação; Replicação histórica; Ensino de Ciência.AbstractThis article has its genesis in a one-year research from PIBID within the subproject PIBID IB-USP whose name is “Sequências didáticas voltadas à replicação de experimentos históricos, modelos e simulações em intervenções de estágio de formação de professores de Ciências e Biologia”. Whereon we collectively constructed and applied a teaching-learning sequence at a high school sophomore class. This sequence uses Robert Hooke historical observation replication in science education. Through a pre- and a post-test with Likert scale questions, the results indicated an enhancement in the students’ motivation. Even though it is debatable, this result corroborates the social cognitive view presented by David Palmer in which the motivational beliefs are significantly influenced by aspects of the classroom context and, because of this, strategies which influence the classroom environment could be used to enhance students’ motivation.Keywords: Motivation; Historic Replication; Science Education.
Economic Environments
Authors: Hansen Lars Peter , Sargent Thomas J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes an economic environment with five components: a sequence of information sets, laws of motion for taste and technology shocks, a technology for producing consumption goods, a technology for producing services from consumer durables and consumption purchases, and a preference ordering over consumption services. A particular economy is described by a set of matrices that characterize the motion of information sets and of taste and technology shocks; matrices that determine the technology for producing consumption goods; matrices that determine the technology for producing consumption services from consumer goods; and a scalar discount factor that helps determine the preference ordering over consumption services. The chapter describes and gives examples of each component of the economic environment.
Periodic Models of Seasonality
Authors: Hansen Lars Peter , Sargent Thomas J.
Published: November 2017

Until now, each of the matrices defining preferences, technologies, and information flows has been specified to be constant over time. This chapter relaxes this assumption and lets the matrices be strictly periodic functions of time. The aim is to apply and extend an idea of Denise Osborn (1988) and Richard Todd (1983, 1990) to arrive at a model of seasonality as a hidden periodicity. Seasonality can be characterized in terms of a spectral density. A variable is said to “have a seasonal” if its spectral density displays peaks at or in the vicinity of the frequencies commonly associated with the seasons of the year, for example, every 12 months for monthly data, every four quarters for quarterly data. Within a competitive equilibrium, it is possible to think of three ways of modeling seasonality. The first two ways can be represented within the time-invariant setup of our previous chapters, while the third way departs from the assumption that the matrices that define our economies are time invariant. The chapter focuses on a third model of seasonality following Todd. It specifies an economy in terms of matrices whose elements are periodic functions of time.
Guestworkers of the World, Unite!
Authors: Hahamovitch Cindy
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the first phase of the global history of guestworker programs, which began in the late nineteenth century and lasted until the Great Depression of the 1930s. Before that time, there were no guestworker programs because there were no immigration restrictions. Immigration restrictions led to guestworker programs as states sought to guarantee employers access to the immigrant workers that restrictionists were trying to deny them. Temporary immigration schemes—guestworker programs—were state-brokered compromises designed to placate employers' demands for labor and nativists' demands for restriction. Guestworker programs offered clear-cut distinctions between citizens and noncitizens, natives and aliens, insiders and outsiders, whites and nonwhites. This first phase in the history of guestworker programs thus reveals the essential features of the guestworker programs to come.
The Race to the Bottom
Authors: Hahamovitch Cindy
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes the guestworker situation in the postwar period. While many immigrants were barred from both sides of the Atlantic in the aftermath of the war, guestworker programs persisted, though the chapter primarily focuses on why the United States retained its wartime guestworker programs, particularly those in the agricultural sector. This chapter argues that farm labor scarcity was not the reason for this agricultural exceptionalism. Rather, the Mexican and Caribbean guestworker programs persisted after the war, not because there was a labor crisis in agriculture, but because farm employers had come to appreciate the certainty, flexibility, and authority that deportable workers afforded them. Employers of migrant and seasonal farmworkers—a tiny fraction of the nation's farmers—had become hooked on the nicotine of guestworkers. In addition, the chapter returns to the story of guestworker Leaford Williams, whose fragments of personal history have been thus far distributed throughout this volume.
How to Do Things with Books in Victorian Britain
Authors: Price Leah
Published: November 2017

This book asks how our culture came to frown on using books for any purpose other than reading. When did the coffee-table book become an object of scorn? Why did law courts forbid witnesses to kiss the Bible? What made Victorian cartoonists mock commuters who hid behind the newspaper, ladies who matched their books' binding to their dress, and servants who reduced newspapers to fish n' chips wrap? Shedding new light on novels by Thackeray, Dickens, the Brontës, Trollope, and Collins, as well as the urban sociology of Henry Mayhew, the book also uncovers the lives and afterlives of anonymous religious tracts and household manuals. From knickknacks to wastepaper, books mattered to the Victorians in ways that cannot be explained by their printed content alone. And whether displayed, defaced, exchanged, or discarded, printed matter participated, and still participates, in a range of transactions that stretches far beyond reading. Supplementing close readings with a sensitive reconstruction of how Victorians thought and felt about books, this book offers a new model for integrating literary theory with cultural history. The book reshapes our understanding of the interplay between words and objects in the nineteenth century and beyond.
Introduction
Authors: Price Leah
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of nineteenth-century understandings of, and feelings toward, the uses of printed matter. That books function both as trophies and as tools, that their use engages bodies as well as minds, and that printed matter connects readers not just with authors but with their owners and handlers—these facts troubled a genre busy puzzling over the proper relation of thoughts to things, in an age where more volumes entered into circulation than ever before. The chapter then explores the often contentious relation among three operations: reading (doing something with the words), handling (doing something with the object), and circulating (doing something to, or with, other persons by means of the book—whether cementing or severing relationships, whether by giving and receiving books or by withholding and rejecting them).
David Copperfield and the Absorbent Book
Authors: Price Leah
Published: November 2017

This chapter assesses what makes the novel associate printed matter with interruption in particular. It also asks what difference does it make that the act in which the characters are interrupted consists not of reading, but rather of using an unread book as a material prompt or alibi for inwardness and abstraction. The bait and switch that structures the midcentury bildungsroman sets readers up to expect a novel about an agent shaped by books, only to reveal the protagonist instead as an object compared to books. As the plot of David Copperfield turns a child who is acted upon into an adult who acts, its trope shifts from metaphor to metonymy. As a result, it turns only belatedly into a proto-Smilesian account of self-help. Its first debt is to an older genre that associates selfhood with helplessness and passivity—more specifically, that locates consciousness not in a person marked by books, but in a book marked by readers.
The Book as Waste: Henry Mayhew and the Fall of Paper Recycling
Authors: Price Leah
Published: November 2017

This chapter suggests that two phenomena that usually get explained in terms of the rise of electronic media in the late twentieth century—the dematerialization of the text and the disembodiment of the reader—have more to do with two much earlier developments. One is legal: the 1861 repeal of the taxes previously imposed on all paper except that used for printing bibles. The other is technological: the rise first of wood-pulp paper in the late nineteenth century and then of plastics in the twentieth. The chapter then looks at Henry Mayhew's London Labour and the London Poor (1861–62), the loose, baggy ethnography of the urban underclass that swelled out of a messy series of media. Mayhew's “cyclopaedia of the industry, the want, and the vice of the great Metropolis” so encyclopedically catalogs the uses to which used paper can be turned.
Bringing the Selection of House Officers into the Open
Authors: Jenkins Jeffery A. , Stewart Charles
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how viva voce voting raised the stakes in speakership elections and all House officer elections more generally. The move to a viva voce vote for House Speaker helped inaugurate an era of contentious fights over the speakership, even as the precipitating events that prompted the change had to do more with the position of the Printer and, to some degree, the Clerk. Thus, opening the choice of House officers to public scrutiny was significant not only to the organization of the chamber itself but also to the broader project of building national political parties. The chapter first considers how the issue of electing House officers was contested on the floor during the 23rd, 25th, 26th, and 27th Congresses before discussing the effects of viva voce voting on House officer nominations and speakership elections. It also highlights the ways in which viva voce voting interacted with region and party.
The Speakership and the Rise of the Republican Party
Authors: Jenkins Jeffery A. , Stewart Charles
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the Republican Party's efforts to organize the House of Representatives and build a lasting coalition following the election of Nathaniel Banks as Speaker in the 34th Congress. It first considers the organization of the 34th House, focusing on the election of House officers and the appointment of the standing committees, before discussing the Republicans' fortunes in the 35th Congress. It shows that the Republicans lost control of the chamber to the Democrats in the 35th Congress, but reemerged as the plurality party in the 36th Congress. In particular, it explores how the party weathered another extended speakership race in 1859–1860 before winning all major House officer positions, with the exception of the Sergeant at Arms and the Printer. The chapter suggests that the Republicans succeeded in organizing all aspects of the House by compromising with the Anti-Lecomptons and changing party nominees midstream when necessary.
Life at the Edge
Authors: Tyrrell Toby
Published: November 2017

This chapter begins by reviewing the most recent research on extremophiles. It then examines the suggestion that the suitability of the planetary environment for life is strong evidence in favor of Gaia. The evidence presented in this chapter suggests that only a much weaker claim is possible. The fact that the biosphere is comfortably attuned to the biota inhabiting it is to be expected just through evolution. Indeed, habitat commitment demonstrates that evolution alone will tend to produce a comfortable environment for the organisms inhabiting it, by adjusting the environmental preferences of the organisms. Nevertheless, the fact of the habitability of the Earth, and of the good fit between its organisms and environments, is fully compatible with Gaia. However, it is also at the same time equally compatible with the coevolutionary and geological hypotheses.
Conclusions
Authors: Tyrrell Toby
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter evaluates the Gaia hypothesis. Based on the evidence studied in this book, the chapter argues that the Gaia hypothesis is not a reasonable picture of how Earth and life interact with each other. There is no single body of facts or line of unimpeachable reasoning that sways the debate conclusively in favor of Gaia. The lack of any established bottom-up mechanism that can explain how Gaia is produced also weighs against it. No one has been able to explain convincingly how Gaia could emerge out of evolutionary or ecological dynamics. It is therefore perhaps not surprising that major evolutionary advances, such as the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis, or the first foresting of the land by sizeable trees, have been associated with environmental catastrophes.
Aspiring Feminist and Social Science Progressive, 1908–1912
Authors: Muncy Robyn
Published: November 2017

This chapter details events in Josephine Roche's life from 1908 to 1912. Shortly after graduating from Vassar, Roche pursued graduate study at Columbia University in New York City. Her courses and life experiences in New York built directly on the foundation laid by her undergraduate education. Her studies deepened her understanding of the social sciences and gave her feminism more specific shape as she sought explanations for prostitution and what scholars would later call the “gender wage gap.” The longing to be part of the rough and tumble of electoral politics perhaps also gave greater urgency to Roche's work for women's suffrage in New York. On behalf of the cause, she made speeches on street corners, marched in parades, and organized debates at Greenwich House.
At the Center of Power: Roche in the New Deal Government, 1934–1939
Authors: Muncy Robyn
Published: November 2017

This chapter details events in Josephine Roche's life from 1934 to 1939. Serving as assistant secretary of the treasury in the New Deal government carried Roche to the height of her renown and power. Between 1934 and 1938, her central responsibility was health policy, but the full range of her involvement in the New Deal went well beyond that core focus. She also shaped one of the most significant pieces of federal legislation in the twentieth century, the Social Security Act, and oversaw the implementation of such New Deal programs as the National Youth Administration, all the while pushing for more effective regulation of industry and the unionization of American workers. As she dashed from one New Deal initiative to another, Roche was celebrated as an icon of female achievement who represented the new level of power achieved by women in politics and government during the 1930s.
Becoming a Cold War Liberal, 1945–1948
Authors: Muncy Robyn
Published: November 2017

This chapter details events in Josephine Roche's life from 1945 to 1948. Between 1945 and 1948, Roche continued to reassess methods for diminishing inequality. Disaffected from politics, more wary of government, and no longer a progressive captain of industry, she sought new paths toward social justice. After 1945, her search proceeded in tandem with the emergence of the Cold War, which powerfully shaped her options. By the end of 1948 in fact, Cold War imperatives had moved Roche to disavow her former alliances with the Left, constricted her reform agenda, and lowered her expectations for social change. In these ways, Roche was very much back in sync with her cohort of New Deal progressives. Her journey in the late 1940s vividly illustrated the processes by which many New Dealers became Cold War liberals, a set of conversions that presaged the second temporary reversal in the Age of Reform.
Economic and Health Futures amid Hope and Despair
Authors: Fullwiley Duana
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter chronicles further developments in Senegal as well as on sickle cell anemia awareness in particular. It first discusses the shortcomings and successes of the sickle cell movement before pondering on the narrative “associations” families affected by sickle cell anemia make on the recent past. The chapter then explores some insights on Africa's place in the context of global interdependence and inequality, bringing to the fore the realities the Senegalese face from a political and economic standpoint. Finally, the chapter looks at the scope of African genetics and anthropology in the world today, particularly in the announcement of a new project for The Human Heredity and Health in Africa Project, designated as “H³ Africa.”
Public Risk Perceptions and the Preferences of Policy Makers
Authors: Vogel David
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores changes in public opinion regarding the transatlantic politics of risk regulation, as well as the preferences of influential policy makers. Both separately and by their interaction with one another, they have had a critical impact on shaping the divergence in transatlantic regulatory stringency. The chapter presents a broad historical overview of changes in public demands for more stringent risk regulations and the willingness of policy makers to address them. During the second half of the 1980s, the extent and intensity of public concerns about a wide range of health, safety, and environmental risks increased substantially on both sides of the Atlantic. These concerns played a role in a major expansion of consumer and environmental regulation in both the EU and the United States.
Conclusion
Authors: Mandel Maud S.
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter summarizes key arguments woven throughout the text. These are that in order to understand fully the way Muslim–Jewish political conversations have evolved in France, we must begin in North Africa in the decade and a half after World War II as France first tried to hold on to and then extricate itself from the region; disagreements over Middle Eastern war and the Israeli–Palestinian struggle cannot in and of themselves explain the evolution of Muslim–Jewish political conversations in France over the last fifty years; and that binary constructions of Muslim–Jewish interaction have worked to erase the more complex social terrain in which Muslims and Jews have interacted in late twentieth-century France.
Social Interactions and Human Capital Spillovers
Authors: Ioannides Yannis M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines social interactions in human capital spillovers by focusing on spatial patterns in productivity, wages, and incomes, with particular emphasis on whether spatial concentration causes higher productivity. It begins with a discussion of aggregative spatial measures, such as economic activity at the level of states, regions, and counties in comparison with the smaller scale of cities and their neighborhoods. It then considers the interdependence between spatial interactions and spatial economic activity, the implications of spatial equilibrium for the urban wage premium, and human capital spillovers in microneighborhoods and in synthetic neighborhoods. It also shows how differences in patterns of productivity across locations and at different scales of spatial aggregation may be rationalized in terms of simple models of social interactions.
Conclusion
Authors: Brighouse Harry , Swift Adam
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter points out some of the limitations of the arguments discussed in the preceding chapters. It concludes with three take-home messages. The first is that children come first. This is true despite our claims that the adult interest is in acting as a child's fiduciary, and that the weighty adult interest in a parent–child relationship is an interest in the kind of relationship that serves children's interests, can substantially reduce the practical significance of that aspect. Second, respect for the family is much less of an obstacle to egalitarian goals than is often claimed. Third, the present account of the family's value gives no fundamental significance to biological connection between parent and child.
Introduction
Authors: Brighouse Harry , Swift Adam
Published: November 2017

The family poses two challenges to any theory of social justice. The egalitarian challenge focuses on the distribution of goods and opportunities between children born into different families. We can conceive those goods in a variety of ways. Economists tend to focus on expected income over the life-course; sociologists investigate chances of social mobility; philosophers typically think in more abstract terms such as resources or opportunities for well-being. But however we frame or measure the inequality, it is clear that children born into different families face unequal prospects....
Introduction
Authors: Brighouse Harry , Swift Adam
Published: November 2017

This second part of the book seeks to justify the family—to explain why it is good that children be raised by parents. It’s obviously good that they be looked after by adults, but what would be wrong with a system in which they were under the charge of different adults at different ages—specialists in dealing with young babies being replaced by experts on toddlers, who in turn would cede authority to those with advanced qualifications on the development of four-to five-year-olds, and so on? Or if continuity of care is important, would there be a problem with requiring newborn babies to be handed over to state-run child-rearing institutions staffed by well-qualified professionals? Or would it be bad if groups of twenty or thirty adults lived together in communes and shared the tasks of child rearing, with no particular child being the particular responsibility of any particular adult? In none of these alternatives would children have ...