bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Relative Age Effect in the Best Track and Field Athletes Aged 10 to 15 Years Old
Authors: Bezuglov Eduard , Shoshorina Maria , Emanov Anton , Semenyuk Nadezhda , Shagiakhmetova Larisa , Cherkashin Alexandr , Pirmakhanov Bekzhan , Morgans Ryland
Published: June 2022

(1) The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of the relative age effect (RAE) in the best young (10 to 15 years old) track and field athletes. (2) Hypothesis: The prevalence of the RAE in the best young track and field athletes of both genders will be evident in all age groups from 10 to 15 years old, which may be associated with the significant relationship between biological maturity, chronological age, and the development of physical qualities. (3) Materials and methods: In total, 1778 athletes volunteered for this study. The sample was based on the results of the best young athletes who participated in the final tournaments of the national competition “Shipovka Yunykh”(“Running spikes for young athletes”), which have been held since 1981. The sample group consisted of male and female athletes classified into specific age groups: 10 to 11 years old (n = 579), 12 to 13 years old (n = 600), and 14 to 15 years old (n = 599). Analysis was performed using Jamovi 1.8.1. The Chi-square test was used to compare the RAE between different groups. (4) Results: A wide distribution of the RAE was revealed both in the general sample and in boys and girls. The percentage of “early-born” athletes was 37.6% while only 12.3% were “late-born” athletes. The difference in the severity of the RAE may reflect the small sample of athletes from the fourth quartile, which was significantly less than the sample of boys from the fourth quartile (p = 0.04, OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.02–2.78). The RAE was also evident in all age groups of boys and girls, without any statistically significant differences in the severity (p > 0.05, Chi = 2.135, V = 0.02). In the 14- to 15-year-old male athletes group, the number of early-born compared to late-born athletes peaked. The RAE was most common amongst the most successful track and field athletes. Among the competition medalists during the analyzed time period, more than 50% of athletes were born in the first quarter and no athletes were born in the fourth quarter.
Design and Implementation of Quantity Calculation Method Based on BIM Data
Authors: Chen Binjin , Jiang Shaohua , Qi Ligang , Su Yawu , Mao Yufeng , Wang Meng , Cha Hee Sung
Published: June 2022

Manual quantity takeoff using two-dimensional (2D) drawings and personal knowledge is error-prone and time-consuming. Theoretically, quantity can be automatically calculated from building information model more quickly and reliably by extracting geometric data and semantic attributes of building elements. Specific construction classification systems embedded in mainstream modeling software for building information modeling (BIM) make it difficult for countries adopting different systems to calculate quantity directly. This paper proposes a BIM-based quantity takeoff code mapping (BQTCM) method to solve the above issue, and develops a quantity takeoff code mapping plug-in (QTCMP) on a BIM modeling software based on the proposed BQTCM method to obtain an accurate bill of quantities directly and efficiently. Moreover, by conducting a statistical analysis and examining a case study, this paper verifies the accuracy and efficiency of quantity takeoff attained from the proposed BQTCM method and QTCMP.
Earthworms Effect on Microbial Population and Soil Fertility as Well as Their Interaction with Agriculture Practices
Authors: Ahmed Nazeer , Al-Mutairi Khalid Awadh
Published: June 2022

Earthworms mix soil layers and bind the soil with organic matter. This combination allows organic matter to disperse through the soil and also allows plants to access the nutrients they retains and enhance the soil’s fertility. Earthworms improve the soil’s biological, chemical, and physical characteristics and serve as soil conditioners. They do so by dissolution, aeration, soil organic breakdown, the release of plant nutrients, and their role in the fastening of nitrogen due to plant growth hormone secretion. However, a variety of soil and environmental factors influence the soil population. Furthermore, it remains uncertain how soil worms modify soil microbial communities’ composition and how they impact the soil’s microbial process. By feeding on microorganisms or selecting and stimulating specific microbial groups, earthworms reduce microbes’ activity and abundance. Earthworms directly impact the plant’s growth and recycling of nutrients but are mainly mediated by indirect microbial community change. Agricultural practices, including the use of pesticides, also contribute to the reduction in soil earthworms. There are no systematic associations among the abundance of earthworms, crop production, and contradictory influence on yield. Earthworms contain hormone-like substances, which encourage the health and growth of plants. This review presents the interaction of earthworms with soil fertility and different agricultural practices, including factors affecting earthworms’ population dynamics in all contexts that enable the adoption of acceptable environmental and earthworms-friendly farming practices for an optimum earthworm, productive, and fertile soil behavior.
Resilience Evaluation of High-Speed Railway Subgrade Construction Systems in Goaf Sites
Authors: Wang Hui , Zhou Jing , Dun Zhiyuan , Cheng Jianhua , Li Hujun , Dun Zhilin
Published: June 2022

When the high-speed railway construction project passes through goaf sites, the uncertain impacts from internal and external environments faced by the system are gradually characterized by complexity and variability, and the disastrous consequences are becoming increasingly prominent. The risk resistance ability and accident recovery ability of the high-speed railway subgrade construction system are crucial for improving the safety management level of the construction site. Based on the concept of resilience, this paper discusses the connotation of resilience applicable to the construction system of high-speed railway foundations in goaf sites, and an evaluation index system including 25 indicators is constructed. Then, the resilience evaluation model is constructed by ANP, entropy weight method and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Taking the construction system of Taijiao high-speed railway subgrade in the underlying goaf as an example, this model is verified. The verification results show that the grade of construction system is II (high resilience). The evaluation result is consistent with the actual engineering situation, and the evaluation model is effective. It can be used as a theoretical basis for safety management of high-speed railway construction projects, and a full process analysis method based on resilience theory is established.
Evolutionary Game Analysis of Enterprise Green Innovation and Green Financing in Platform Supply Chain
Authors: Liu Ling , Peng Qiaoyu
Published: June 2022

In view of the financing dilemma of green innovation of manufacturers in the e-commerce supply chain, we build a strategy evolution game model between manufacturers and e-commerce platforms and describe the dynamic evolution law of manufacturers choosing green innovation and platforms choosing green financing. Combined with numerical simulation, the factors affecting green innovation and green financing decisions are analyzed and strategic suggestions are put forward. The conclusions are as follows: (1) There is a unique evolutionary equilibrium strategy for dynamic behavioral decision-making between manufacturers and e-commerce platforms; (2) Green innovation and green financing are beneficial to both players of the game; (3) Whether the platform provides green financing services for manufacturers is affected by factors such as commissions, additional benefits brought by green innovation or green financing, and financing amounts. This paper enriches the research on green strategies for e-commerce supply chains, provides suggestions for green innovation and financing cooperation between e-commerce platforms and manufacturers, and further promotes the green development of the manufacturing industry.
Synergizing Microbial Enriched Municipal Solid Waste Compost and Mineral Gypsum for Optimizing Rice-Wheat Productivity in Sodic Soils
Authors: Singh Yash P. , Arora Sanjay , Mishra Vinay K. , Singh Atul K.
Published: June 2022

Municipal solid waste management and poor fertility status of sodic soils are two important issues experienced by all developing nations including India. Disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) being produced in huge amounts is a challenging task for researchers and policy makers. Reclamation of salt affected soils with chemical amendments is a costly affair for resource-poor farmers. Composting of MSW and its enrichment with microbes is one of the options for its recycling and utilization for the reclamation of salt-affected soils. A field experiment was conducted in sodic soil to study the performance of microbial enriched municipal solid waste compost (EMSWC) alone and in combination with a reduced dose of gypsum on growth, yield, nutrient uptake, and grain quality of rice and wheat. The experiment was conducted for three consecutive years from 2018 to 2019 and 2020 to 2021 at ICAR Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Research farm, Shivri, Lucknow, India, in sodic soil having pH 9.2, electrical conductivity (EC) 1.14 dSm−1, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) 48, and organic carbon 0.30%. There were six treatments consisting of control, recommended dose of gypsum (50% GR), and enriched and un-enriched MSW compost with reduced dose of gypsum (25% GR). Based on the results pertaining to plant growth, yield-attributing characters, and yields, the treatment T6 (application of microbial enriched MSW compost @ 10 t ha−1 in conjunction with gypsum @25% GR) performed the best. Grain yield of rice and wheat (5.45 and 3.92 t ha−1) with treatment T6 was 29.45% and 110.75% higher over control (T1) and 29.45% and 110.06% over the recommended dose of gypsum (T2). Maximum nutrient content and N, P, and K uptake in rice-wheat grain and straw was observed with the treatment T6 (MSW compost plus gypsum @ 25 GR). However, the highest Na content and Na: K ratio in plant parts were recorded in treatment T2. The highest positive net return and benefit to cost (B/C) ratio were observed in treatment T6 followed by T5 and the lowest in treatment T1 (control), whereas negative return was calculated in treatment of gypsum alone (T2). This shows that the cost of sodic soil reclamation with application of gypsum was not recovered until the second year of cultivation. The results of this study showed significant impacts in MSW management for regaining the productivity potential of sodic soils.
Sustainable Design for CFS Structures: Experimental Data and Numerical Models of Hinged Connections
Authors: Taranu George , Venghiac Vasile-Mircea , Olteanu-Dontov Ioana , Rotaru Ancuta , Toma Ionut-Ovidiu
Published: June 2022

Cold-formed steel structures represent a suitable alternative to classical, by now, structural solutions considering the recycling/reuse tendency worldwide as part of the circular economy paradigm. The paper presents a new design approach for CFS profile joints to accurately predict their realistic behavior, based on experimental and numerical investigation of two types of connectors frequently used in the construction industry for manufacturing joints made of CFS profiles: steel-steel pop-rivets (SSPR) and self-tapping screws (STS). The experiments carried out in the case of T-joints subjected to tensile forces tested both solutions. Another significant parameter of the research was the thickness of the steel sheet used to make the CFS profiles. A number of 20 specimens of T-joints made of Cold-Formed Steel (CFS) profiles in total were tested. These consist of five specimens for each of two types of steel sheet thicknesses. The results are relevant for designers because they provide relevant data concerning the limited axial rigidity of T-joints, which are an important instrument in numerical models for achieving the optimum design of the structural system in terms of strength and overall rigidity. Experimental tests calibrate the numerical model that accounts for the axial stiffness of the hinged joints between the CFS profiles. The main parameters of the research are the thickness of the steel sheet and the connector type. The calibrated numerical model used in a case study highlights the advantages of the new approach compared to the classical design procedure based on a conventional hinged connection. Based on the results, the conclusion is that, besides the geometry of the joint and the connector type, the joint stiffness plays a crucial role in the overall behavior of the structural system and should be accounted for in the design process.
Analysis of the Sustainability of Long-Term Detraining Caused by COVID-19 Lockdown: Impact on the Maximal Aerobic Speed of Under-16 Soccer Players
Authors: Silva Ana Filipa , Clemente Filipe Manuel , Badicu Georgian , Zangla Daniele , Silva Rui , Greco Gianpiero , Ceylan Halil Ibrahim , Alves João , Fischetti Francesco , Cataldi Stefania
Published: June 2022

This retrospective cohort study aimed to analyze the effect of a 9-week detraining caused by COVID-19 lock-down on the maximal aerobic speed (MAS) of youth soccer players. The study included twenty-two under-16 male players competing at the national league level (15.4 ± 0.7 years old) who were analyzed pre and post the detraining period. The MAS was estimated using the Bronco’s test. Moreover, the self-regulated physical exercise performed by the players during the lockdown was monitored using a questionnaire. Considering the training volume per week, the players were grouped into those working more (>180 min/week) and those working less (<180 min/week) during the lockdown. Within-group changes revealed no significant differences (p = 0.122; d = 0.381) in the group that self-trained less than 180 min/week started (pre-lockdown) at 3.97 ± 0.29 m/s and ended (post-lockdown) at 3.85 ± 0.34 m/s, corresponding to a decrease of 3.02%. For those who self-trained more than 180 min/week during the lockdown, they started with 4.33 ± 0.28 m/s and decreased by 1.62% for 4.26 ± 0.28 m/s (p = 0.319; d = 0.250). The team as a whole (pooled data, all players included) decreased 2.27% from 4.15 ± 0.34 to 4.06 ± 0.37 m/s (p = 0.077; d = 0.321). Between group analysis revealed that the group of players that trained more than 180 min/weeks were significantly better than players working below 180 min/week in both pre-lockdown moment (+9.01%; p = 0.007; d = 1.263) and post-lockdown moment (10.6%; p = 0.006; d = 1.323). Home-based training can be a good strategy to mitigate the detraining effects caused by a lockdown.
Deep Placement of Compost into Vineyard Soil Affecting Physical Properties of Soils, Yield and Quality of Grapes
Authors: Badalíková Barbora , Burg Patrik , Mašán Vladimír , Prudil Jakub , Jobbágy Ján , Čížková Alice , Krištof Koloman , Vašinka Martin
Published: June 2022

In recent years, research has focused on verifying various ways of dosing organic matter into the soil in Central European conditions. The main reason for this is to search for the optimal management methods for soils with permanent vegetation. In this article, we state and evaluate the results of experiments carried out at the Lednice experimental site (Sauvignon Blanc variety) and the Velké Bílovice experimental site (Pinot Gris variety) between 2018 and 2020. The experiments evaluated the deep placement of compost and compost enriched with lignohumax at a rate of 30 t·ha−1 in the areas around vineyard tree trunks on the basic physical properties of the soil and the yield and quality of grapes. Results proved the positive effect of compost heaps and compost combined with the applied lignohumax on improving soil density (2–10% difference compared with the unfertilized reference variant) and porosity, which ultimately resulted in improved soil moisture conditions at both experimental sites (8–25% difference compared with the unfertilized reference variant). At the same time, the results demonstrated the positive effect of the applied compost and the chosen method of application on the yield and quality of grapes. In the case of Sauvignon Blanc, the increase in yield in the fertilized variants was 12–34%, while, in the case of Pinot Gris, it ranged from 24 to 33%. Among qualitative indicators, the grapes of both varieties were evaluated for sugar content, total acidity, pH, and amount of yeast assimilable nitrogen. In this case, results were not unambiguous in favor of fertilized variants; however, in most cases, fertilization had a positive effect.
Efficient Nitrate Adsorption from Groundwater by Biochar-Supported Al-Substituted Goethite
Authors: Wang Li , Liu Siyuan , Xuan Wendi , Li Shaopeng , Wei Anlei
Published: June 2022

Groundwater nitrate contamination is challenging and requires efficient solutions for nitrate removal. This study aims to investigate nitrate removal using a novel adsorbent, biochar-supported aluminum-substituted goethite (BAG). The results showed that an increase in the initial Al/(Al + Fe) atomic ratio for BAGs from 0 to 20% decreased the specific surface area from 115.2 to 75.7 m2/g, but enhanced the surface charge density from 0.0180 to 0.0843 C/m2. By comparison, 10% of Al/(Al + Fe) led to the optimal adsorbent for nitrate removal. The adsorbent’s adsorption capacity was effective with a wide pH range (4–8), and decreased with increasing ionic strength. The descending order of nitrate adsorption inhibition by co-existing anions was SO42−, HCO3−, PO43−, and Cl−. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms agreed well with the pseudo-first-order equation and Langmuir model, respectively. The theoretical maximum adsorption capacity was 96.1469 mg/g. Thermodynamic analysis showed that the nitrate adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. After 10-cycle regeneration, the BAG still kept 92.6% of its original adsorption capacity for synthetic nitrate-contaminated groundwater. Moreover, the main adsorption mechanism was attributed to electrostatic attraction due to the enhancement of surface charge density by Al substitution. Accordingly, the BAG adsorbent is a potential solution to remove nitrate from groundwater.
Cognitive-Emotional Benefits of Weekly Exposure to Nature: A Taiwanese Study on Young Adults
Authors: Yeung Yin-Yan , Yu Chia-Pin
Published: June 2022

Empirical evidence of nature’s benefits to cognitive and emotional well-being is emerging. In this study, 48 Taiwanese young adults (24 indoors and 24 outdoors in urban greenspace) completed four weekly 45 min exposure sessions. The study explores whether the outdoor group surpasses the indoor group in cognitive and emotional well-being and nature connectedness. There were no significant differences for the indoor group across different measurements of rumination and connectedness to nature. However, the outdoor group displayed a significant reduction in rumination post-test compared to the one week prior and the first session. Similarly, for sessions two, three, and four and one month post-test, the outdoor group’s connectedness to nature was significantly higher than pre-test. Specific autobiographical memory was enhanced while overgeneral autobiographic memory was reduced during the third and fourth sessions, though these changes were not sustained at one-month follow-up. Surprisingly, both groups yielded similar results in decreased depression, anxiety, and stress. A significantly higher number of outdoor group participants had employed nature exposure for coping with stress or emotions after the program. We discuss the implications of this for counseling services for young adults and highlight future research possibilities, including formulating a nature-exposure protocol and a program evaluation for consolidating evidence-based nature prescription.
A Proposed Strategy Based on Instructional Design Models through an LMS to Develop Online Learning in Higher Education Considering the Lockdown Period of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Aldosari Aljawharah M. , Eid Hala F. , Chen Yi-Ping Phoebe
Published: June 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has left more than 1.6 billion children and young people in 161 countries, nearly 80% of students enrolled in education systems globally, out of school. Many countries have resorted to online learning to reduce the repercussions of this shutdown. Many challenges have emerged, the most important of which are infrastructure and communication, and the knowledge of teachers and administrators of the necessary tools and processes are also key factors in providing online learning. In fact, nationwide lockdowns could have been an opportunity to test technological interventions for distance learning. Unfortunately, few systems have reached this point and are ready for implementation. The current study aimed to propose a strategy for distance education using the focus group method to gather the opinions of experts in the field of learning technologies and analyze their responses using text analysis software considering the McKinsey 7S Framework. The study found that the proposed strategy based on instructional design models that use OERs, i.e., blogs, audio recordings, and other resources, can improve the quality and efficiency of learning, provide students with skills, and achieve sustainable development goals in education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Development and Optimization of Geopolymers Made with Desert Dune Sand and Blast Furnace Slag
Authors: El-Mir Abdulkader , El-Hassan Hilal , El-Dieb Amr , Alsallamin Abdelrahman
Published: June 2022

This study assesses the effect of mix design parameters on the fresh and hardened properties, cost, and carbon footprint of geopolymer mortar made with desert dune fines (DDF) and blast furnace slag (BFS). Taguchi method was employed in designing the experiments. Four factors were considered, each having three levels, leading to a total of nine geopolymer mortar mixes. The factors comprised the DDF replacement percentage, alkali-activator solution to binder ratio (AAS/B), sodium silicate-to-sodium hydroxide ratio (SS/SH), and sodium hydroxide (SH) molarity. Ten performance criteria were evaluated, including the flowability, final setting time, hardened density, 1, 7, and 28-day compressive strengths, water absorption, sorptivity, cost, and carbon footprint. ANOVA was carried out to estimate the contribution of each factor towards the response criteria. Further, TOPSIS analysis was utilized to optimize the mixture proportions of DDF-BFS blended geopolymer mortar. Experimental results showed that up to 25% DDF replacement enhanced the density, strength, and durability of the geopolymers with minor impact on the flowability and setting time. Higher replacement percentages had a detrimental impact on the performance but could still be utilized in specific mortar construction applications. The other factors had more limited contributions to the performance, evidenced by the ANOVA. TOPSIS method revealed the optimum mix to be made with DDF replacement of 25%, AAS/B of 0.5, SS/SH of 1.5, and SH molarity of 10 M. Different multivariable regression models were also developed to predict the fresh and hardened properties of the DDF-BFS geopolymer mortars using the mix design parameters.
From Galactic Bars to the Hubble Tension: Weighing Up the Astrophysical Evidence for Milgromian Gravity
Authors: Banik Indranil , Zhao Hongsheng
Published: June 2022

Astronomical observations reveal a major deficiency in our understanding of physics—the detectable mass is insufficient to explain the observed motions in a huge variety of systems given our current understanding of gravity, Einstein’s General theory of Relativity (GR). This missing gravity problem may indicate a breakdown of GR at low accelerations, as postulated by Milgromian dynamics (MOND). We review the MOND theory and its consequences, including in a cosmological context where we advocate a hybrid approach involving light sterile neutrinos to address MOND’s cluster-scale issues. We then test the novel predictions of MOND using evidence from galaxies, galaxy groups, galaxy clusters, and the large-scale structure of the universe. We also consider whether the standard cosmological paradigm (ΛCDM) can explain the observations and review several previously published highly significant falsifications of it. Our overall assessment considers both the extent to which the data agree with each theory and how much flexibility each has when accommodating the data, with the gold standard being a clear a priori prediction not informed by the data in question. Our conclusion is that MOND is favoured by a wealth of data across a huge range of astrophysical scales, ranging from the kpc scales of galactic bars to the Gpc scale of the local supervoid and the Hubble tension, which is alleviated in MOND through enhanced cosmic variance. We also consider several future tests, mostly at scales much smaller than galaxies.
Changes of Atherosclerotic Plaque in Cerebral Artery Stenosis According to High-Resolution MR Imaging
Authors: Baek Min Soo , Lee Kang Hoon , Cho Seong Yoon , Im Yong-Jin , Shin Byoung-Soo , Kang Hyun Goo
Published: June 2022

Atherosclerosis can affect multiple arteries, and result in stroke and heart disease. Clinical and conventional imaging is insufficient to predict the progression of atherosclerosis. This study investigates risk factors that rely on high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI). Patients with cerebral artery stenosis who had undergone HR-MRI at least twice were included. The demographics, risk factors, and proportion of patients with cerebral artery stenosis were investigated. The association between atherosclerotic plaque characteristics and the progression or regression of artery stenosis was also analyzed. A total of 42 patients were analyzed, with a median follow-up of 16.88 ± 12.53 months. The mean age of all subjects was 63.1 ± 9.15 years, and 83.3% of them were male. The incidences of stenosis of the basilar, proximal internal carotid, and middle cerebral arteries were 21.4%, 61.9%, and 16.7%, respectively. Intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) was detected in 20 (47.6%) patients. Multivariate analysis showed that age (odds ratio (OR), 0.87; p = 0.014), smoking (OR, 0.11; p = 0.033), and IPH regression (OR, 10.13; p = 0.027) were associated with stenosis regression. The progression of IPH (OR, 115.80; p = 0.007) was associated with stenosis progression. Results suggest that IPH on HR-MRI is associated with changes in cerebral atherosclerotic stenosis.
The Statistical Similarity of Repeating and Non-Repeating Fast Radio Bursts
Authors: Zhang Kongjun , Li Longbiao , Zhang Zhibin , Li Qinmei , Luo Juanjuan , Jiang Min
Published: June 2022

In this paper, we present a sample of 21 repeating fast radio bursts (FRBs) detected by different radio instruments before September 2021. Using the Anderson–Darling test, we compared the distributions of extra-Galactic dispersion measure (DME) of non-repeating FRBs, repeating FRBs and all FRBs. It was found that the DME values of three sub-samples are log-normally distributed. The DME of repeaters and non-repeaters were drawn from a different distribution on basis of the Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test. In addition, assuming that the non-repeating FRBs identified currently may be potentially repeators, i.e., the repeating FRBs to be universal and representative, one can utilize the averaged fluence of repeating FRBs as an indication from which to derive an apparent intensity distribution function (IDF) with a power-law index of a1=1.10±0.14 (a2=1.01±0.16, the observed fluence as a statistical variant), which is in good agreement with the previous IDF of 16 non-repeating FRBs found by Li et al. Based on the above statistics of repeating and non-repeating FRBs, we propose that both types of FRBs may have different cosmological origins, spatial distributions and circum-burst environments. Interestingly, the differential luminosity distributions of repeating and non-repeating FRBs can also be well described by a broken power-law function with the same power-law index of −1.4.
The Past and Future of Mid-Infrared Studies of AGN
Authors: Sajina Anna , Lacy Mark , Pope Alexandra
Published: June 2022

Observational studies of AGN in the mid-infrared regime are crucial to our understanding of AGN and their role in the evolution of galaxies. Mid-IR-based selection of AGN is complementary to more traditional techniques allowing for a more complete census of AGN activity across cosmic time. Mid-IR observations including time variability and spatially resolved imaging have given us unique insights into the nature of the obscuring structures around AGN. The wealth of fine structure, molecular, and dust features in the mid-IR allow us to simultaneously probe multiple components of the ISM allowing us to explore in detail the impact on the host galaxy by the presence of an AGN—a crucial step toward understanding galaxy-SMBH co-evolution. This review gives a broad overview of this wide range of studies. It also aims to show the evolution of this field starting with its nascency in the 1960s, through major advances thanks to several generations of space-based and ground-based facilities, as well as the promise of upcoming facilities such as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
Successful Management of and Recovery from Multiple Cranial Nerve Palsies following Surgical Ventral Stabilization in a Dog with Atlantoaxial Subluxation
Authors: Song Joong-Hyun , Hwang Tae-Sung , Jung Dong-In , Jeong Hee-Jun , Huh Chan
Published: June 2022

A 4-year-old spayed female miniature poodle dog presented with a 1-week history of acute tetraparesis. A neurological examination revealed severe neck pain and non-ambulatory tetraparesis. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed hypoplastic dens with moderate compression of the spinal cord at C1–C2. The atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS) was surgically stabilized using ventral pins and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement. On the second postoperative day, the patient showed significant dyspnea, and aspiration pneumonia was identified on radiography. The patient exhibited dysphagia with abnormal food prehension and an inability to protrude the tongue, with no gag reflex. We tentatively diagnosed the patient with multiple cranial nerve (CN) palsies involving the 9th, 10th, and 12th CNs following surgical ventral stabilization. The protruding cranial part of the implanted PMMA cement, which could mechanically contribute to the corresponding CNs dysfunction, was surgically removed. The symptoms gradually improved, and the patient showed normal tongue movement 1 month after revision surgery. In conclusion, we report herein a canine case of multiple CN palsies following ventral stabilization surgery for AAS. The experience gained from this case suggests an optimized management plan for postoperative neurological complications associated with ventral stabilization.
Monitoring of Multi-Aspect Drought Severity and Socio-Economic Status in the Semi-Arid Regions of Eastern Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Ravichandran Venkatesh , Kantamaneni Komali , Periasamy Thilagaraj , Roy Priyadarsi D. , Killivalavan Jothiramalingam , Sundar Sajimol , Chokkalingam Lakshumanan , Palanisamy Masilamani
Published: June 2022

A framework was set up to monitor drought in the semi-arid regions of eastern Tamil Nadu, southern India, for the period of 2014–2018 CE with the application of the standardized precipitation index (SPI), the scaled drought-condition index (SDCI), and the standardized water-level index (SWI). The results emphasized that this region had a negative precipitation anomaly and vegetative stress, both of which triggered meteorological and agricultural droughts and caused significant losses in the farming sector. The distributions of extreme and high-level hydrological droughts were at their maximum in 2017 CE. The multi-drought severity index (MDSI), implemented to assess the combined impact and highlighting the gradient of affected areas, illustrated that the eastern region (i.e., Jayankondam block) was the most extremely affected, followed by the northern and southern regions (i.e., T.Palur and Andimadam), which were moderately affected by droughts. The extremely affected eastern region has less of an ability to overcome droughts due to its socio-economic vulnerability, with its greater population and household density leading to the over-exploitation of potential resources. Therefore, the focus of this study is on the monitoring of drought severity in micro-administrative units to suggest an appropriate management plan. Hence, the extreme-drought-prone block (Jayankondam) should be given high priority in monitoring and implementing long-term management practices for its conservation and resilience against the effects of severe droughts.
Searching for Sustainable-Irrigation Issues of Clementine Orchards in the Syrian Akkar Plain: Effects of Irrigation Method and Canopy Size on Crop Coefficients, Transpiration, and Water Use with SIMDualKc Model
Authors: Darouich Hanaa , Karfoul Razan , Ramos Tiago B. , Moustafa Ali , Pereira Luis S.
Published: June 2022

Citrus is one of the most valuable crops in Syria, with the largest production areas in the Tartus and Latakia provinces. Water-saving policies have been adopted to modernize the irrigation systems and increase water productivity. Following dedicated research, this study aimed to evaluate the water balance in clementine trees irrigated with diverse methods and schedules using the SIMDualKc software model. Two experiments are reported: one with 10–14 years old trees irrigated with different methods (2007−2011) and the other with the same trees but now 18−20 years old, irrigated with different schedules (2015−2019). The SIMDualKc model successfully simulated the soil water contents measured in the various field plots, with root mean square error values lower than 0.004 m3 m−3 and modeling efficiencies up to 0.83. The model-calibrated standard basal crop coefficients (Kcb) were approximately constant throughout all growing stages, assuming values of 0.54−0.55 for the mature trees having smaller height (h) and fraction of ground cover (fc), and 0.64 for older trees with larger canopies, i.e., larger h and fc. With drip irrigation, single Kc had a higher value (1.14) at the end, non-growing, and initial stages, and a lower value (0.75–0.76) during mid-season (Kc mid), because precipitation was lesser then, contributing less to soil evaporation. On the other hand, Kc values were nearly constant with micro-sprinkler and surface irrigation techniques because the ground was fully wetted. The Kcb values derived from the fraction of ground cover and height (A&P approach) were similar to those obtained from the model, thus showing that the A&P approach represents a practical alternative to estimate Kcb in the practice of irrigation management. The soil water balance further revealed a large weight of the terms corresponding to the non-beneficial water consumption and non-consumptive water use when the fraction wetted was large and the application efficiencies were low. These terms were reduced, namely, evaporation losses when drip irrigation was used. This study, thus, provides a valuable tool for improving the irrigation management, water saving, and water productivity of Syrian citrus production systems.
Random Forest Model Has the Potential for Runoff Simulation and Attribution
Authors: Liu Xia , Zhang Xiaolong , Kong Xiaole , Shen Yan-Jun
Published: June 2022

Quantifying the impact of climate change and human activities on runoff changes is beneficial for developing sustainable water-management strategies within the local ecosystem. Machine-learning models were widely used in scientific research; yet, whether it is applicable for quantifying the contribution of climate change and human activities to runoff changes is not well understood. To provide a new pathway, we quantified the contribution of climate change and human activities to runoff changes using a machine-learning method (random forest model) in two semi-humid basins in this study. Results show that the random forest model provides good performances for runoff simulation; the contributions of climate change and human activities to runoff changes from 1982 to 2014 were found between 6–9% and 91–94% in the Zijinguan basin, and 31–44% and 56–69% in the Daomaguan basin, respectively. Furthermore, the model performances were also compared with those of well-known elasticity-based and double-mass curve methods, and the results of these models are approximate in the investigated basins, which implies that the random forest model has the potential for runoff simulation and for quantifying the impact of climate change and human activities on runoff changes. This study provides a new methodology for studying the impact of climate change and human activities on runoff changes, and the limited numbers of parameters make this methodology important for further applications to other basins elsewhere. Nevertheless, the physical interpretation should be made with caution and more comprehensive comparison work must be performed to assess the model’s applicability.
Phytoplankton and Bacterial Communities’ Patterns in a Highly Dynamic Ecosystem (Central Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Caroppo Carmela , Azzaro Filippo , Bergamasco Alessandro , Caruso Gabriella , Decembrini Franco
Published: June 2022

The Straits of Messina (Southern Italy, Mediterranean Sea) are a very complex area: they connect two basins (Tyrrhenian and Ionian) with different hydrographic features and is characterised by upwelling and mixing phenomena. The aim of the study was to evaluate if and how the physical and chemical water conditions and hydrodynamics influenced the phytoplankton and bacterial patterns and the functioning of this ecosystem. During a late winter survey, size-fractionated phytoplankton (from 0.2 to 200 μm) biomass (chlorophyll a), cell densities and species composition as well as total picoplankton abundances, morphotype composition, and activity levels of the enzymes leucine aminopeptidase, β-glucosidase, and alkaline phosphatase were investigated. The obtained results showed a marked diversification among the water masses identified within the Straits area. The analyses of the phytoplankton diversity indices, particularly those based on phylogenetic relationships between species (indices of taxonomic diversity and distinctness), confirmed our findings. In conclusion, the patterns of phytoplankton and bacterial communities provide a suitable approach to evaluate how microbial communities respond to changing environmental scenarios. This tool could be applied to other temperate Mediterranean ecosystems.
“Social Media Makes It Inevitable to Feel Bad about Your Body”: Examining Self-Presentation and Body Image of Young Collegiate Females
Authors: Young Georgia , Smith Matt , Batten John
Published: June 2022

The current study explored how young females who compete in aesthetic sports adopt self-presentation strategies on social media. Data from semi-structured interviews with 10 collegiate female trampolinists (aged 19–24 years) were analyzed through reflective thematic analysis, and six themes were generated; self-analysis, the best you, emotional consequences, judgment, social media perceptions, and acceptance. Framed around these themes, creative nonfiction techniques were employed to present the results as an ethnodrama. Findings illustrated how participants demonstrated a high need to present their “best self”, as failure to do so results in fear of judgment, extreme self-criticism, and, subsequently, post-prevention. Moreover, participants used upward social comparisons, and when they felt they did not match the ‘thin ideal’, often made negative associations between weight gain and attractiveness. This study contributes to body image literature by demonstrating a more detailed understanding of how social media influences one’s need to alter their self-presentation to fit in with highly pressured societal ideals. In addition, the ethnodrama provides an educational tool to stimulate reflection about the extremity of this issue in today’s modern world.
Investigation of the Economic Dimensions of Choir Festivals-Festivities in Terms of Participating Choirs and Organizations: “Choral Tourism”
Authors: TÜRKMEN Emel Funda , GÖKÇE Mete
Published: June 2022

Choirs constitute an important role in increasing the artistic, social, and academic quality. Choir festivals, in which choirs perform their works, have become widespread in Turkiye over the last ten years, and it is observed that the choirs not only participate in these festivals but also in festivals abroad. These festivals and events are important for choir members and conductors, as they provide opportunities for choirs to take stage outside their own environment. Choirs from all over the world participate in national-international festivals held in Turkiye and exhibit their works, and benefit from this as a social and touristic trip. Based on these views, choral festivals' economic dimensions were examined in terms of choirs and organizations. This research is a descriptive study in which data is collected through unstructured interview which constituted a small group. The main purpose of the research is to draw attention to "choral tourism".In this research, a study was conducted on the expenditures of 3 choirs and 4 organizations in order to address choral festivals' economic dimension. The participation processes of the three choirs in festivals held in different cities were discussed, and what kind of expenditures a choir had was tried to be determined, based on their expenditures during the process. Therefore, it is desired that choir educators and conductors who participate in festivals will be informed regarding expenditures. Based on this research, it is concluded that choral festivals contribute to international cultural exchanges and increase tourism revenues.
Colombia: desafíos para un nuevo gobierno
Authors: Rodríguez Érika
Published: June 2022

El 19 de junio Colombia abrió la puerta a un gobierno de izquierda. Gustavo Petro, líder del partido Pacto Histórico, y un político con más de 30 años de experiencia, marcado por su pasado guerrillero, estará al frente del país por cuatro años. En un país con un gran miedo a la izquierda, su elección desata temores en una parte del electorado y de los empresarios, mientras suscita una enorme esperanza para muchos que, por primera vez, se sienten representados, no solo por Petro, sino muy especialmente por su vicepresidenta, Francia Márquez. Este artículo analiza el miedo a la izquierda y las claves de la segunda vuelta electoral. También se centra en las tres áreas en las que el nuevo presidente afronta grandes desafíos: el descontento social; la desigualdad y el crecimiento económico; y la seguridad y la paz. En las conclusiones se reseñan algunos aspectos positivos del proceso electoral, entre ellos, el papel determinante del Acuerdo de Paz en la ampliación y reconfiguración de la democracia. Finalmente, se plantean los dilemas de la acción del presidente y la responsabilidad compartida con otros sectores
COMPRENDER LA TRANSFORMACIÓN DIGITAL DESDE UNA PERSPECTIVA DE CAPACIDADES DINÁMICAS BASADAS EN LO DIGITAL: UN ESTUDIO DE CASO DE LA INDUSTRIA DE SEGUROS DE VIDA DE INDONESIA
Authors: Tobing Agustinus Nicholas , Tampil Purba John , Hariandja Evo , Parani Rizaldi
Published: June 2022

Este estudio cualitativo tuvo como objetivo explorar el estado actual de las experiencias de transformación digital de las compañías de seguros de vida de Indonesia y sus capacidades dinámicas para adaptarse a la industria de seguros de vida de Indonesia a través de la tecnología digital. El estudio examinó específicamente las experiencias de transformación digital del equipo de liderazgo en seguros de vida de Indonesia. La unidad de análisis fue a nivel de las compañías de seguros de vida, teniendo como informantes objetivo a los directores generales y al directorio (BOD). Este estudio identificó tres temas críticos asociados con las capacidades relevantes: desarrollar el viaje óptimo del cliente, ganarse la confianza y los desafíos críticos como factores de éxito esenciales para desarrollar y ejercer las capacidades mencionadas anteriormente. El estudio identificó un debate entre dos grandes grupos de alta gerencia con respecto a las ventajas y desventajas de utilizar un enfoque de estilo de vida como estrategia de participación para mejorar la relación transaccional entre los clientes y las compañías de seguros. Este estudio ha contribuido al campo proporcionando a los investigadores información útil. La transformación digital no solo es imprescindible en la industria de seguros de vida de Indonesia, sino que también demuestra la importancia de promover los seguros de vida, no como un producto, sino tratando los seguros como un concepto de vida y protección. El estudio demuestra la importancia de ganarse la confianza que aporta la profesionalidad de las fuerzas de venta, la seguridad del proceso digital y el customer journey positivo. Este estudio destacó la necesidad de que el regulador colabore con la industria con respecto a la alfabetización, la supervisión y los desafíos clave. Finalmente, este estudio identificó más oportunidades de investigación sobre la estrategia de estilo de vida correcta y la replicación de este concepto en otras industrias.
The Association of Pre-Transplant C-Peptide Level with the Development of Post-Transplant Diabetes: A Cohort Study
Authors: Vinson Amanda J. , Thanamayooran Aran , Kiberd Bryce A. , West Kenneth , Siddiqi Ferhan S. , Gunaratnam Lakshman , Tennankore Karthik K.
Published: June 2022

Key Points

A pretransplant fasting C-peptide level ≥3000 pmol/L was associated with a nearly 20-fold increased odds of post-transplant diabetes mellitus at 1 year post kidney transplantation.

In a restricted cohort with a body mass index between 20 and 35 kg/m2, a pretransplant C-peptide ≥3000 pmol/L was the only factor independently associated with post-transplant diabetes mellitus.

Hemoglobin A1c at 1 year post kidney transplant was significantly higher (5.9% versus 5.5%, [P=0.02]) in those with a high versus low pretransplant C-peptide levels.

Background

Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is an important complication after kidney transplantation that results in reduced patient and allograft survival. Although there are established risk factors for PTDM, whether pretransplant C-peptide levels associate with PTDM is unknown. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to examine the association of pretransplant C-peptide levels with PTDM.

Methods

This was a cohort study of nondiabetic adult patients who underwent kidney transplant in Nova Scotia, Canada, between January 1, 2016, and March 31, 2021, with fasting C-peptide levels measured before transplant. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association of pretransplant C-peptide (dichotomized around the median) with PTDM at 1 year post transplant. Given the known association between pretransplant obesity and PTDM, we repeated our primary analysis in a cohort restricted to a BMI of 20–35 kg/m2.

Results

The median C-peptide value was 3251 (Q1 2480, Q3 4724); pretransplant C-peptide level was dichotomized at 3000 pmol/L. PTDM occurred in 25 (19%) individuals. Thirty percent of patients in the high and only 2% of patients in the low C-peptide groups developed PTDM (P<0.001). A C-peptide level ≥3000 pmol/L was strongly associated with PTDM in multivariable analysis (OR=18.9, 95% CI, 2.06 to 174.2). In a restricted cohort with a BMI of 20–35 kg/m2, an elevated pretransplant C-peptide remained independently associated with the risk of PTDM (OR=15.7, 95% CI, 1.64 to 150.3). C-peptide was the only factor independently associated with PTDM in this restricted BMI cohort.

Conclusions

A pretransplant C-peptide level ≥3000 pmol/L was associated with a nearly 20-fold increased odds of PTDM at 1 year post kidney transplantation. Identifying patients with high pretransplant C-peptide levels may therefore help identify those at risk for PTDM who may benefit from focused preventative and therapeutic interventions and support.