bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On some Formulas for Approximate Summation
Authors: Hardy G. F.
Published: June 2019

Before proceeding to a description of the formulas which form the main subject of this paper, it will be worth while to notice some points in connection with the celebrated “Summation Formula” of Maclaurin, the application of which to life contingencies we owe to Mr. Woolhouse. As Mr. Sutton has shown (J.I.A. xv, p. 307), the formula in question may be very simply established by symbolical methods. Thus, putting D for , we have

If we transpose the quantities ∑Ux and ∫uxdx, we get an expression for the value of the integral in terms of the sum of the function; and inserting the limits of integration, we obtain

Assuming, as in life calculations, that everything vanishes at the upper limit, we have

This important formula, which in practice is very powerful, is usually, at first, rapidly convergent, but ultimately becomes divergent. It has been shown, however, that the convergent portion will always give approximate numerical results. The main reason for reproducing the above demonstration, which will be familiar to most readers, is to show how, by a similar method, we may arrive at another summation formula, slightly more convergent than (1).
On a Formula for returning to the Assured their Contributions to the Surplus, compared by Numerical Examples with the Results shown by some of the Methods in use
Authors: Harvey Charles James
Published: June 2019

Some interesting statistics, based on the returns of 77 offices, and showing the sources from which profit is derived, are given by Mr. Archibald Hewat, in a paper read before the Actuarial Society of Edinburgh, entitled, Bonuses—how Earned and how Distributed, an abridged reprint of which appears in the Institute Journal, vol. xxii, pp. 286–292. Therein it is stated that £2,285,000 of hard cash is on the average annually divided among the policyholders by way of bonuses, such sum being made up from

These statistics afford a practical demonstration of the important
bearing which interest—or, perhaps, more appropriately speaking, the surplus interest,—has on the profits earned. We see that no less than 45·50 per-cent of the profits of each year, or, if the profit on investments be included, that fully one-half of the surplus proceeds from this source; the remainder being principally contributed by the loading.
Fire Insurance: A Theory of Statistics
Authors: Miller Thomas
Published: June 2019

A Number of suggestions made at various times by different persons for subjecting Fire Insurance Statistics to systematic treatment were reviewed by Mr. Cornelius Walford some time since in an Article “On the scientific application of Data to the purpose of deducing Rates of Premium for Fire Insurance”, which is published in the April 1878 number of the Assurance Magazine. The present paper is an attempt to lead the investigation into another course, and its purpose is to enunciate a Theory of Statistics in dependence on which algebraic formulae may be constructed and arithmetical calculations made of the values of risks. The particular line it will take is that of averaging quantities, but it could be developed in other directions if that were desirable.

Proceeding, without further preface, to the consideration of the subject, we observe :—

That the readiness with which materials can be ignited by any particular agency varies—

1. In consequence of their constituents being different, as Wool contrasted with Cotton.

2. From the same kinds of substance being in different forms, as timber in logs, deals, shavings, sawdust, or splinters.

3. From substances existing in different states, as flax lying loose in repose, and flax tossed about and being cleaned in a heckling-house.
Notes on the Practical Applications of Mr. Makeham’s Formula to the Graduation of Mortality Tables
Authors: King George , Hardy George F.
Published: June 2019

This paper had its origin a year or two ago in an investigation entered upon with an object which has since fallen into abeyance. At that time, it being desired to obtain a thoroughly well-graduated table of mortality giving a favourable view of human life, attention was directed to the Carlisle Table, and sundry attempts were made to remove its irregularities.

Many of the experiments then tried would not now be of any public interest, but the effort to use Mr. Makeham's formula brought out a few facts which it is perhaps worth while to record; and, at any rate, whatever may be thought of the present notes, the authors do not consider themselves to be guilty of any impropriety in bringing forward for discussion once more the practical employment of Mr. Makeham's expression for the law of human mortality.

They are the more emboldened to suggest this subject for debate, in that Mr. Walford, at a late meeting, announced that the formula was found in America to give perfectly satisfactory results when applied to a table formed from the experience of assured lives on that continent.

The first step in the original investigation was to graduate the Carlisle Table (as published by Mr. Milne) by means of Mr. Woolhouse's formula; and as the resulting curve was not entirely free from roughness, the process was repeated. The changes introduced by the second graduation were insignificant, but the table produced was one of very great smoothness, although there was a wave-like form observable in the succession of the values of some of the functions.
On the Tradition Question in Probabilities
Authors: Macfarlane Alexander
Published: June 2019

In a book entitled Principles of the Algebra of Logic, which deals with the Sciences of Necessity and Probability as one whole, I have considered as an example the question in probabilities discussed in vol. xxi (p. 204) of this Journal, namely—“ A says “ that B says that a certain event took place : required the pro- “ bability that the event did take place, p1 and p2 being A’s and “ B’s respective probabilities of speaking the truth.”
Note on the Probability that a Marriage entered into by a Man above Forty will be Fruitful
Authors: Sprague Thomas Bond
Published: June 2019

When it is desired to disentail a landed estate, it is necessary for the heir in possession, after obtaining the consent of the first substitute heir, to pay to the second and third heirs the estimated value of their expectancy or interest in the estate. In the calculations that have to be made for the purpose of ascertaining this value, the actuary has often to take into account not only the probabilities of life, but the probabilities of marriage and of leaving issue.
On the Mortality observed amongst the various Classes of Bonus Policies in the British Empire Mutual Assurance Company
Authors: Hardy George F.
Published: June 2019

The object of the present paper is simply to bring to the notice of the members of the Institute the results of an investigation into the mortality prevailing amongst the different classes of bonus policyholders in the above-named Company, and to point out what appears to be the practical bearing of these results. There are also one or two points in connection with the collecting of the experience which may be worth mentioning.

In the company in question (in common, I believe, with many societies) an option is given to the policyholders, on the occasion of the first division of profits in which they are to participate, of receiving the value of their bonus in one of three ways:—

I. Cash.

II. Reversionary Additions.

III. Reduction of future Premiums (either for life or for three years).

The selection has usually been understood to be made once for all, but, as a matter of fact, the option has been occasionally allowed at subsequent distributions.

There appeared to be some reason for anticipating a difference in the relative mortality of these three classes of policyholders in consequence of the exercise of this option. This seemed at least a point worth testing by an appeal to actual experience; and it was mainly with the view of instituting such a test that the investigation referred to was commenced.
On the Rates of Fatal Accidents in various Occupations
Authors: Whittall William J. H.
Published: June 2019

The rapid growth of Accident Assurance, the passing of the Employers' Liability Act, and the periodically recurring discussions respecting schemes for a National Accident Fund, have created a demand for statistics on the subject of accidents, which cannot be said to have been satisfied.

The Tables given in this paper are believed to be unique as regards this country. The object of their compilation was to show the Rates of Fatal Accidents in various occupations. They are based upon a comparison of the male population in each occupation in England and Wales, as enumerated at the Census of 1871, with the average of the number of the violent deaths occurring to male persons following that occupation in England and Wales during the three years, 1870, 1871 and 1872. For the extraction of the particulars relating to these deaths from the records of the General Register Office, special permission was obtained by Dr. Farr; and it is with his cordial approval that the facts are now laid before the members of the Institute.

The Census of 1871 was taken on the 3rd April of that year. The population enumerated was therefore slightly in excess of the mean population to which the average of the deaths for the years 1870, 1871 and 1872 would have reference. The difference would, however, be slight; and for the present purpose it was thought that the population as enumerated might be considered suitable.
On the Rates of Mortality in Victoria, and on the Construction of Mortality Tables from Census Returns by the Graphical Method of Graduation
Authors: Burridge Arthur Fras.
Published: June 2019

The records of the Colony of Victoria afford a field for scientific enquiry in many directions, and questions of interest to the physician, the economist, or the actuary, are to be found therein. Its separate existence is but of thirty years' duration, as it was on 1 July 1851 that the Queen's proclamation was issued erecting it into a separate colony, to be called after her Majesty's name.

Many social and economic questions concerning the colony have already been considered; and no longer ago than 1879, the present Government Statist, Mr. Henry Heylyn Hayter, read an exhaustive paper before the Statistical Society. The object of the present enquiry, however, has, so far as I am aware, not received previous attention; and as it is one of strictly professional and scientific interest, it is hoped that it may be appropriately considered by the members of this Institute.

That object is to deduce from the registered vital statistics of the colony a mortality table exhibiting the actual rate of mortality which has been experienced ; and to compare that table with other standard tables, in order to note the effect of the different conditions of life prevalent in Victoria. For it is to be expected that a colony, whose geographical extent is only slightly inferior to that of Great Britain, whose difference of temperature between summer and winter varies less than that of Lisbon or the favoured Riviera, and whose population is far greater than any other Australasian colony, would possess special characteristics calculated to mark their effect on the rate of mortality of the people.
On the construction of Models of Policy-values, and on a new method of comparing the Reserves for Policies, according to different Tables of Mortality and Rates of Interest
Authors: Chisholm James
Published: June 2019

There is no subject of greater importance in the conduct of the business of Life Assurance than that of the valuation of policies. It is a matter which comes before the actuary from day to day and from year to year, whether in the form of fixing the amount to be returned to an individual policyholder on the cancelment of his contract, or in that of estimating what reserve should be made in the aggregate for a mass of policies existing at the close of a valuation period. Both of these questions have been discussed before the Institute on many previous occasions, and it is not necessary to enter into them now. The task I have set before myself is the humbler one of dealing with results already arrived at. I do not propose to enquire what are the reasons for preferring one mortality table or rate of interest to another, or on what principle of calculation the surrender-value of a policy should be based. I accept the results brought out by the use of any mortality table or rate of interest agreed on, and I propose to consider how these results may be represented by means of diagrams and models, and whether by this means we can arrive at any clearer understanding of the relation to one another of the reserves brought out by different standards of valuation.
Aluminium Alloys for Aeroplane Engines
Authors: Lea F. C.
Published: June 2019

In the early days of the war the desirabilitv of reducing the weight of aeroplane engines to a minimum, consistent with reliability and efficiency, very soon led designers to consider the advisability of using alloys considerably lighter than cast iron or steel for all possible parts of aero engines. Aluminium alloy crank cases had been used for some years in connection with motor car engines, and it was natural, therefore, that such alloys should come into use for the crank cases of aeroplane engines. Alloys of aluminium suitable for this purpose can be made, having a specific gravity not more than three, and having an ultimate breaking strength very nearly equal to that of cast iron. It was only necessary, therefore, to overcome foundry difficulties in order that such alloys should be generally used.
Statistical Study of Electron Bunching in Auroral Langmuir Waves
Authors: Dombrowski Micah P. , LaBelle Jim , Kletzing Craig A. , Bounds Scott R. , Cairns Iver H. , Kaeppler Stephen R.
Published: June 2019

Langmuir waves are a fundamental consequence of electron beam‐plasma interactions in space physics. Wave‐particle correlator experiments have proven to be an effective way to probe the physics of Langmuir wave growth, damping, and particle trapping, but previous experiments were limited mainly to special cases. The CHARM‐II rocket flown into active nighttime aurora included a correlator and encountered Langmuir waves along much of its trajectory. Careful consideration of the data yields 57 events in which significant correlations were detected between electrons and Langmuir wave phases. The majority of the selected correlations indicated energy exchange slightly dominant over particle trapping. Examination of the component of the correlation resulting from energy exchange reveals a striking relationship between electron beam dynamics and the nature of the wave‐particle correlation: Whenever the beam flux at the measured electron energy was increasing with time, the phase of the resistive component of the electron bunching implied energy transfer from the beam particles to the wave field, and when the electron beam flux was decreasing, the reverse occurred. Two possible explanations for this effect are the time variation in the interaction of a given energy with the waves in a beam, which is time‐varying due to dispersion effects, and short‐term enhancements in wave growth or damping on a time‐varying beam due to time‐of‐flight effects on the particle distribution. The latter mechanism is investigated and found plausible using a numerical test‐particle simulation.
Statistical Analysis on Plasmatrough Exohiss Waves From the Van Allen Probes
Authors: Zhu Hui , Gu Wenyao , Chen Lunjin
Published: June 2019

In this study using Van Allen Probe wave observations we investigate the statistical properties of exohiss waves, which are structureless whistler mode waves observed outside the plasmapause. The exohiss waves are identified based on the cold electron number density, frequency distribution, ellipticity, and wave normal angle. The statistical analysis on exohiss wave properties shows that exohiss waves prefer to occur over 3<L<6 from dawnside to noon and duskside during geomagnetic quiet times, and their wave power is larger at smaller values of L shell. The frequency of exohiss mainly ranges from 200 to 300 Hz and is almost independent of L shell. The median values of ellipticity and electromagnetic planarity of exohiss waves are 0.91 and 0.54, respectively. Furthermore, the equatorward Poynting flux is comparable to the poleward Poynting flux at the equator and it becomes dominant at the absolute value of the magnetic latitude |λ|∼20°. Our observation results reveal the statistical features of exohiss waves for the first time and support the exohiss formation mechanism that exohiss originates from plasmaspheric hiss leakage. The results demonstrate exohiss as an important energy dissipation route for plasmaspheric hiss and significantly improve the understanding of plasmaspheric hiss evolution in the radiation belt region.
National Academy Can Now Expel Scientists in Cases of Misconduct
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: June 2019

Members of the National Academy of Sciences recently voted that membership in the 156-year-old institution can be revoked in cases of “egregious violations” of its Code of Conduct.
Numerical Modeling of the Generation of Tertiary Gravity Waves in the Mesosphere and Thermosphere During Strong Mountain Wave Events Over the Southern Andes
Authors: Vadas Sharon L. , Becker Erich
Published: June 2019

We investigate the effects on the mesosphere and thermosphere from a strong mountain wave (MW) event over the wintertime Southern Andes using a gravity wave (GW)‐resolving global circulation model. During this event, MWs break and attenuate at z∼50–80 km, thereby creating local body forces that generate large‐scale secondary GWs having concentric ring structure with horizontal wavelengths λH=500–2,000 km, horizontal phase speeds cH=70–100 m/s, and periods τr∼3–10 hr. These secondary GWs dissipate in the upper mesosphere and thermosphere, thereby creating local body forces. These forces have horizontal sizes of 180–800 km, depending on the constructive/destructive interference between wave packets and the overall sizes of the wave packets. The largest body force is at z=80–130 km, has an amplitude of ∼2,400 m/s/day, and is located ∼1,000 km east of the Southern Andes. This force excites medium‐ and large‐scale “tertiary GWs” having concentric ring structure, with λH increasing with radius from the centers of the rings. Near the Southern Andes, these tertiary GWs have cH=120–160 m/s, λH=350–2,000 km, and τr∼4–9 hr. Some of the larger‐λH tertiary GWs propagate to the west coast of Africa with very large phase speeds of cH≃420 m/s. The GW potential energy density increases exponentially at z∼95–115 km, decreases at z∼115–125 km where most of the secondary GWs dissipate, and increases again at z>125 km from the tertiary GWs. Thus, strong MW events result in the generation of medium‐ to large‐scale fast tertiary GWs in the mesosphere and thermosphere via this multistep vertical coupling mechanism.
SuperDARN Observations During Geomagnetic Storms, Geomagnetically Active Times, and Enhanced Solar Wind Driving
Authors: Walach M.‐T. , Grocott A.
Published: June 2019

The Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) was built to study ionospheric convection at Earth and has in recent years been expanded to lower latitudes to observe ionospheric flows over a larger latitude range. This enables us to study extreme space weather events, such as geomagnetic storms, which are a global phenomenon, on a large scale (from the pole to magnetic latitudes of 40°). We study the backscatter observations from the SuperDARN radars during all geomagnetic storm phases from the most recent solar cycle and compare them to other active times to understand radar backscatter and ionospheric convection characteristics during extreme conditions and to discern differences specific to geomagnetic storms and other geomagnetically active times. We show that there are clear differences in the number of measurements the radars make, the maximum flow speeds observed, and the locations where they are observed during the initial, main, and recovery phase. We show that these differences are linked to different levels of solar wind driving. We also show that when studying ionospheric convection during geomagnetically active times, it is crucial to consider data at midlatitudes, as we find that during 19% of storm time the equatorward boundary of the convection is located below 50° of magnetic latitude.
A Model for the Thermophysical Properties of Lunar Regolith at Low Temperatures
Authors: Woods‐Robinson Rachel , Siegler Matthew A. , Paige David A.
Published: June 2019

The thermophysical properties of lunar regolith have been thoroughly investigated for temperatures higher than 100 K. For the near‐equatorial thermal measurements of the Apollo era, this temperature range was sufficient to generate appropriate models. However, recent measurements from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment have revealed polar temperatures as low as 20 K, with apparently lower thermal inertia than explainable by existing theory. In the absence of comprehensive laboratory measurements of regolith thermal properties at low temperatures (<100 K), we investigate solid state theory and fits to lunar simulant materials to derive a semiempirical model of specific heat and thermal conductivity in lunar regolith in the full range 20–400 K. The primary distinctions between these previous models are (1) the temperature dependence of the solid conduction component of thermal conductivity at low temperatures, (2) the focus on regolith bulk density as the primary variable, and (3) the concept that the composition and modal petrology of grains could significantly influence thermal properties of the bulk regolith. This model predicts that at low temperatures, thermal conductivity is as much as an order of magnitude lower and specific heat is likely higher than expected from current models. The thermal conductivity at low temperature should vary depending on the constituent grain materials, their crystallinity, contributions from phonon scattering modes, bulk porosity, and density. To demonstrate the impact of our finding, we extrapolate the effects of our conductivity model on temperature variations in permanently shadowed regions on the Moon. This work motivates experimental confirmation of thermophysical properties of lunar regolith at low temperature.
Modeling the Sources and Chemistry of Polar Tropospheric Halogens (Cl, Br, and I) Using the CAM‐Chem Global Chemistry‐Climate Model
Authors: Fernandez Rafael P. , Carmona‐Balea Antía , Cuevas Carlos A. , Barrera Javier A. , Kinnison Douglas E. , Lamarque Jean‐Francois , Blaszczak‐Boxe Christopher , Kim Kitae , Choi Wonyong , Hay Timothy , Blechschmidt Anne‐Marlene , Schönhardt Anja , Burrows John P. , Saiz‐Lopez Alfonso
Published: June 2019

Current chemistry climate models do not include polar emissions and chemistry of halogens. This work presents the first implementation of an interactive polar module into the very short‐lived (VSL) halogen version of the Community Atmosphere Model with Chemistry (CAM‐Chem) model. The polar module includes photochemical release of molecular bromine, chlorine, and interhalogens from the sea‐ice surface, and brine diffusion of iodine biologically produced underneath and within porous sea‐ice. It also includes heterogeneous recycling of inorganic halogen reservoirs deposited over fresh sea‐ice surfaces and snow‐covered regions. The polar emission of chlorine, bromine, and iodine reach approximately 32, 250, and 39 Gg/year for Antarctica and 33, 271, and 4 Gg/year for the Arctic, respectively, with a marked seasonal cycle mainly driven by sunlight and sea‐ice coverage. Model results are validated against polar boundary layer measurements of ClO, BrO, and IO, and satellite BrO and IO columns. This validation includes satellite observations of IO over inner Antarctica for which an iodine “leapfrog” mechanism is proposed to transport active iodine from coastal source regions to the interior of the continent. The modeled chlorine and bromine polar sources represent up to 45% and 80% of the global biogenic VSLCl and VSLBr emissions, respectively, while the Antarctic sea‐ice iodine flux is ~10 times larger than that from the Southern Ocean. We present the first estimate of the contribution of polar halogen emissions to the global tropospheric halogen budget. CAM‐Chem includes now a complete representation of halogen sources and chemistry from pole‐to‐pole and from the Earth's surface up to the stratopause.
Minimum Hydraulic Resistance Uncertainty and the Development of a Connectivity‐Based Iterative Sampling Strategy
Authors: Rizzo Calogero B. , de Barros Felipe P. J.
Published: June 2019

The presence of well‐connected paths is commonly observed in spatially heterogeneous porous formations. Channels consisting of high hydraulic conductivity (K) values strongly affect fate and transport of dissolved species in the subsurface environment. Several studies have established a correlation between connectivity properties of the spatially variable K‐field and solute first arrival times. However, due to limited knowledge of the spatial structure of the K‐field, connectivity metrics are subject to uncertainty. In this work, we utilize the concept of the minimum hydraulic resistance and least resistance path to evaluate the connectivity of a K‐field in a stochastic framework. We employ a fast graph theory‐based algorithm to alleviate the computational burden associated with stochastic computations in order to investigate both the impact of the hydrogeological structural conceptualization and domain dimensionality (2‐D vs. 3‐D) on the uncertainty of the minimum hydraulic resistance. Finally, we propose an iterative data acquisition strategy that can be utilized to identify the least resistance path (which is linked to preferential flow channels) in real sites. A synthetic benchmark test is presented, showing the advantages of the proposed sampling strategy when compared to a regular sampling strategy. By using the iterative data sampling strategy, we were able to reduce first arrival time uncertainty by 47% (when compared to the regular sampling strategy), while maintaining site characterization efforts constant.
Depolarization of multidomain ferroelectric materials
Authors: Zhao Dong , Lenz Thomas , Gelinck Gerwin H. , Groen Pim , Damjanovic Dragan , de Leeuw Dago M. , Katsouras Ilias
Published: June 2019

Depolarization in ferroelectric materials has been studied since the 1970s, albeit quasi-statically. The dynamics are described by the empirical Merz law, which gives the polarization switching time as a function of electric field, normalized to the so-called activation field. The Merz law has been used for decades; its origin as domain-wall depinning has recently been corroborated by molecular dynamics simulations. Here we experimentally investigate domain-wall depinning by measuring the dynamics of depolarization. We find that the boundary between thermodynamically stable and depolarizing regimes can be described by a single constant,Pr/ε0εferroEc. Among different multidomain ferroelectric materials the values of coercive field,Ec, dielectric constant,εferro, and remanent polarization,Pr, vary by orders of magnitude; the value forPr/ε0εferroEchowever is comparable, about 15. Using this extracted universal value, we show that the depolarization field is similar to the activation field, which corresponds to the transition from creep to domain-wall flow.
Layer-by-layer self-assembly of pillared two-dimensional multilayers
Authors: Tian Weiqian , VahidMohammadi Armin , Wang Zhen , Ouyang Liangqi , Beidaghi Majid , Hamedi Mahiar M.
Published: June 2019

We report Layer-by-Layer (LbL) self-assembly of pillared two-dimensional (2D) multilayers, from water, onto a wide range of substrates. This LbL method uses a small molecule, tris(2-aminoethyl) amine (TAEA), and a colloidal dispersion of Ti3C2Tx MXene to LbL self-assemble (MXene/TAEA)n multilayers, where n denotes the number of bilayers. Assembly with TAEA results in highly ordered (MXene/TAEA)n multilayers where the TAEA expands the interlayer spacing of MXene flakes by only ~ 1 Å and reinforces the interconnection between them. The TAEA-pillared MXene multilayers show the highest electronic conductivity of 7.3 × 104 S m−1 compared with all reported MXene multilayers fabricated by LbL technique. The (MXene/TAEA)n multilayers could be used as electrodes for flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors delivering a high volumetric capacitance of 583 F cm−3 and high energy and power densities of 3.0 Wh L−1 and 4400 W L−1, respectively. This strategy enables large-scale fabrication of highly conductive pillared MXene multilayers, and potentially fabrication of other 2D heterostructures.
Author Correction: The temporal dynamics and infectiousness of subpatent Plasmodium falciparum infections in relation to parasite density
Authors: Slater Hannah C. , Ross Amanda , Felger Ingrid , Hofmann Natalie E. , Robinson Leanne , Cook Jackie , Gonçalves Bronner P. , Björkman Anders , Ouedraogo Andre Lin , Morris Ulrika , Msellem Mwinyi , Koepfli Cristian , Mueller Ivo , Tadesse Fitsum , Gadisa Endalamaw , Das Smita , Domingo Gonzalo , Kapulu Melissa , Midega Janet , Owusu-Agyei Seth , Nabet Cécile , Piarroux Renaud , Doumbo Ogobara , Doumbo Safiatou Niare , Koram Kwadwo , Lucchi Naomi , Udhayakumar Venkatachalam , Mosha Jacklin , Tiono Alfred , Chandramohan Daniel , Gosling Roly , Mwingira Felista , Sauerwein Robert , Paul Richard , Riley Eleanor M , White Nicholas J , Nosten Francois , Imwong Mallika , Bousema Teun , Drakeley Chris , Okell Lucy C
Published: June 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Lycium barbarum polysaccharides extend the mean lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Tang Rui , Chen Xiaoyi , Dang Tiantian , Deng Yangni , Zou Zihua , Liu Qian , Gong Guiping , Song Shuang , Ma Fangli , Huang Linjuan , Wang Zhongfu
Published: June 2019

The fruits of Lycium barbarum are considered medicinal foods with high nutritional value and bioactivity.
Salt reduction in liquid/semi-solid foods based on the mucopenetration ability of gum arabic
Authors: Li Yanlei , Wan Zhili , Yang Xiaoquan
Published: June 2019

Gum arabic enhances the saltiness perception of liquid/semi-solid foods via a mucopenetration effect.
Correction: Enhanced luminescence and tunable magnetic properties of lanthanide coordination polymers based on fluorine substitution and phenanthroline ligand
Authors: Feng Xun , Shang Yapei , Zhang Heng , Li Rongfang , Wang Weizhou , Zhang Daoming , Wang Liya , Li Zhongjun
Published: June 2019

Correction for ‘Enhanced luminescence and tunable magnetic properties of lanthanide coordination polymers based on fluorine substitution and phenanthroline ligand’ by Xun Feng et al., RSC Adv., 2019, 9, 16328–16338.
Strategies based on metal-based nanoparticles for hypoxic-tumor radiotherapy
Authors: Zhang Chenyang , Yan Liang , Gu Zhanjun , Zhao Yuliang
Published: June 2019

Strategies based on metal-based nanoparticles with O2-elevating ability or diminished dependence on oxygen for hypoxic-tumor radiotherapy.
Mild synthesis of diboryldiborenes by diboration of B–B triple bonds
Authors: Brückner Tobias , Dewhurst Rian D. , Dellermann Theresa , Müller Marcel , Braunschweig Holger
Published: June 2019

A set of diboryldiborenes are prepared by the mild, catalyst-free, room-temperature diboration of the B–B triple bonds of doubly base-stabilized diborynes.
Terahertz spectroscopic characterization of Ge2Sb2Te5 phase change materials for photonics applications
Authors: Makino Kotaro , Kato Kosaku , Saito Yuta , Fons Paul , Kolobov Alexander V. , Tominaga Junji , Nakano Takashi , Nakajima Makoto
Published: June 2019

Ge–Sb–Te (GST) phase change materials exhibit a metal-to-insulator transition and therefore are expected to be useful for a variety of terahertz wave applications in addition to their primary application in optical and electrical memory devices.
Proposal of a compact magnetically levitated transverse flux permanent magnet linear synchronous motor as a 6‐DOF transport carrier
Authors: Ahmed Salman , Koseki Takafumi , Kim Houng‐Joong
Published: June 2019

In this study, a novel 6‐degree of freedom compact carrier using magnetically levitated transverse flux permanent magnet linear synchronous motor is proposed and initial design characteristics are analysed. Motor structure is compact with magnetic iron cores for thrust and levitation, arranged orthogonally. This allows reduced magnetic coupling between linear synchronous motor (LSM) and electromagnets despite their close proximity. Such configuration also ensures independent design for propulsion and suspension. Furthermore, by virtue of the proposed configuration, yaw and lateral motion are inherently stable, leaving the required active actuators to merely four for thrust, pitch, roll, and heave active control. Preliminary characteristics are analysed using 3D finite element method and performance considerations for the simultaneous design of LSM and electromagnets are discussed thoroughly.
Optimisation of hybrid energy systems for maritime vessels
Authors: Tang Wenshuo , Dickie Ross , Roman Darius , Robu Valentin , Flynn David
Published: June 2019

The decarbonisation agenda in maritime transport requires that asset owners and operators adopt greener technologies within their existing and new vessels. The primary drivers within this agenda relate to improved environmental metrics, efficient energy performance, and improved asset management. However, the integration of new technologies always presents technical and financial risks. Here, utilising energy and environmental monitoring from real vessels, the authors propose an energy system optimisation architecture, hybrid fusion energy management system (HyFES), that optimises the key performance indicators of energy performance, reduction of diesel engine nitrogen oxide (NOx), and particulate matter (PM), and prognostic state of health assessment of energy storage technologies. Using state of the art machine‐learning techniques, the authors are able to determine the on‐board lithium‐ion and lead acid batteries' state of health with accuracy > 8 and 4%, respectively. Dependent on the mode of operation, optimisation of energy performance indicates fuel saving of between 70 and 80% for the vessel operator. Future research will focus on the integration of more assets into the optimisation architecture and increased vessel journey use cases.
Feuer
Authors: Schmid Eva C.
Published: June 2019

In dieser Ausgabe beschäftigen sich alle Prüfungsfragen mit dem Heftthema Feuer.
Diabetes und Herzinsuffizienz
Authors: Baldia Philipp H. , Marx Nikolaus , Schütt Katharina A.
Published: June 2019

Diabetes mellitus is a very important comorbidity in patients with heart failure, as the common presence of both diseases significantly worsens the prognosis of patients. In order to improve the outcome of these patients, it is essential to diagnose both diseases at an early stage and to treat them in accordance with guidelines. In particular, a differentiated medication plays a crucial role. The therapy of heart failure does not differ in patients with diabetes and patients without diabetes. In the treatment of diabetes mellitus, however, it is very important to choose substances that have a positive effect on the cardiovascular outcome of patients. First-line treatment of diabetes in patients with cardiovascular diseases should be metformin, followed by a SGLT-2 inhibitor or GLP-1 receptor agonist with proven cardiac benefit. A rigorous adjustment of risk factors according to current guidelines reduces cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization rates. Glitazones and saxagliptin are associated with increased hospitalization rates and should be avoided in heart failure.
Roadmap for Routine Pharmacogenetic Testing in a Psychiatric
University Hospital
Authors: Menke Andreas , Weber Heike , Deckert Jürgen
Published: June 2019

Major depressive disorder (MDD) implicates a huge burden for patients and
society. Although currently available antidepressants are effective treatment
options, more than 50% of the patients do not respond to the first
administered antidepressant. In addition, in more than 25% with
antidepressants-treated patients, adverse effects occur. Currently, the
selection of treatment does not reflect objectively measurable data from
neurobiological and behavioral systems. However, in the last decades, the
understanding of the impact of genetic variants on clinical features such as
drug metabolism has grown and can be used to develop tests that enable a
patient-tailored individual treatment. In fact, robust evidence was found that
genetic variants of CYP450 enzymes such as CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 can be surrogate
markers for the metabolism of certain drugs. This article describes a pilot
study design aimed to combine clinical variables such as therapeutic drug
monitoring, inflammatory and stress markers with static and variable genetic
information of depressed patients to develop an algorithm that predicts
treatment response, and tolerability using machine learning algorithms.
Psychometric evaluation covers the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the
Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and adverse drug reactions. An in-depth
(epi-)genetic assessment combines genome-wide gene association data with DNA
methylation patterns of genes coding CYP enzymes along with a pharmacogenetic
battery focusing on CYP enzymes. Using these measures to stratify depressed
patients, this approach should contribute to a data-driven assessment and
management of MDD, which can be referred to as precision medicine or
high-definition medicine.
Disease Activity May Not Affect the Prognosis of Coexisting Thyroid
Cancer in Acromegalic Patients
Authors: Dogansen Sema Ciftci , Gul Nurdan , Soyluk Ozlem , Kurtulmus Neslihan , Yarman Sema
Published: June 2019

Acromegaly is known to be associated with high incidence of malignancies
probably due to the mitogenic effects of IGF-1. Differentiated thyroid
cancer (DTC) is reported to be one of the most frequent malignancies
associated with acromegaly. But there is no data about the clinical course
of DTC in acromegalic patients. In this study, we evaluated the course of
DTC in 14 acromegalic patients retrospectively. Fourteen papillary thyroid
cancer patients without acromegaly, who were matched with the acromegalic
patient group for age, gender and properties of thyroid cancer, were
investigated as the control group. We identified no change in the course and
treatment responses of DTC in association with the acromegaly activity,
gender, age and disease duration, and all patients were found to be in
remission for DTC at the time of investigation. Retrospective analysis of
this cohort suggests that the activity of acromegaly may not affect the
treatment responses and prognosis of coexisting DTC.
Surgical Revascularization of Chronically Occluded Coronary Arteries—What You See Is What You Get?
Authors: Lagemann Doreen , Mellert Fritz , Gestrich Christopher , Duerr Georg Daniel , Konrad Nicole , Sinning Jan-Malte
Published: June 2019

Background Revascularization strategy in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery usually depends on coronary dimension and stenosis severity. Little is known about the relation of preoperative evaluation of scarcely or invisibly chronic occluded coronary arteries (chronic total occlusion [CTO]) and revascularization rate or anastomosis quality. We aimed to evaluate the success rates of CTO revascularization in CABG surgery and determine the influence of coronary lumen visibility and collateralization in preoperative angiograms on revascularization rates, bypass blood flow, and target vessel diameter.

Method Preoperative coronary angiograms were evaluated for 938 consecutive patients who underwent isolated CABG surgery between 2014 and 2016 and screened for occluded coronary arteries. The occluded vessels were scored for visibility using the Rentrop grading of collateral filling. Intraoperatively, dimensions of the occluded arteries were measured using conventional vessel probes, and anastomosis quality was assessed by transit time flow measurement.

Results A total of 404 (43.1%) patients were identified with at least one CTO. Revascularization rates differed from 96.2% in the left anterior descending artery, to 85.0% in left circumflex artery-dependent vessels, and 78.8% in right coronary artery territory. Coronary visibility and grade of collateralization in the preoperative angiogram had no influence on intraoperatively measured coronary diameter. Bypass blood flow in grafts revascularizing CTOs lacking collateralization were not significantly lower than those grafts leading to CTOs with higher Rentrop scores.

Conclusion Preoperative coronary assessment often differs from intraoperative findings. Our study confirms that even patients with scarcely collateralized CTOs and impaired visibility in the coronary angiogram have a high chance of complete revascularization during CABG surgery.
Potassium translocation combined with specific root uptake is responsible for the high potassium efficiency in vegetable soybean
Authors: Liu Changkai , Tu Bingjie , Wang Xue , Jin Jian , Li Yansheng , Zhang Qiuying , Liu Xiaobing , Ma Baoluo
Published: June 2019

Uptake of potassium (K) in crops depends mainly on the root system. Field, pot and hydroponic experiments were carried out to characterise root morphological traits and examine their roles in K uptake and utilisation of vegetable soybean (edamame) (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Of 40 genotypes, two high K-efficiency (HKE) and two low K-efficiency (LKE) genotypes were identified and compared at two levels of K application: nil or 120 kg K2SO4 ha–1. HKE genotypes had shorter total root length and smaller root surface area and root volume than LKE genotypes, but responded earlier to low-K conditions by adjusting root architecture. In plants receiving nil K, total root length was increased by 10.4–21.8% for HKE genotypes but decreased by 5.5–9.5% for LKE genotypes at the V4 stage relative to plants receiving applied K. HKE genotypes were more efficient in redistributing K from source to sink tissue, especially from leaf. Of the total K in vegetative tissues, 35.0–46.4% was redistributed to seed in HKE genotypes, whereas only 19.7–28.2% was redistributed in LKE genotypes. HKE genotypes also had a higher specific K uptake rate (K uptake per unit root length), 1.6–1.7 times higher than LKE genotypes at the R5 stage. This indirectly indicated a stronger root K acquisition in HKE genotypes. This study suggests that future vegetable soybean improvement with greater K efficiency should be focused on the selection of higher K-redistribution rate and specific K-uptake rate.
New neural activity patterns emerge with long-term learning
Authors: Oby Emily R. , Golub Matthew D. , Hennig Jay A. , Degenhart Alan D. , Tyler-Kabara Elizabeth C. , Yu Byron M. , Chase Steven M. , Batista Aaron P.
Published: June 2019

Significance

Consider a skill you would like to learn, like playing the piano. How do you progress from “Chopsticks” to Chopin? As you learn to do something new with your hands, does the brain also do something new? We found that monkeys learned new skilled behavior by generating new neural activity patterns. We used a brain–computer interface (BCI), which directly links neural activity to movement of a computer cursor, to encourage animals to generate new neural activity patterns. Over several days, the animals began to exhibit new patterns of neural activity that enabled them to control the BCI cursor. This suggests that learning to play the piano and other skills might also involve the generation of new neural activity patterns.
Are internal load measures associated with injuries in male adolescent Gaelic football players?
Authors: O'Keeffe Sinéad , O'Connor Siobhán , Ní Chéilleachair Niamh
Published: June 2019

This study aimed to examine internal loads in male adolescent Gaelic footballers and their association with musculoskeletal injury. Written training diaries were completed by 97 male adolescent Gaelic footballers weekly and injuries, defined as any injury sustained during training or competition causing restricted performance or time lost from play, were assessed by a Certified Athletic Therapist. Daily load was determined for each player (session rating of perceived exertion by session duration) and summed to give weekly load. Univariate and multiple logistic regressions were conducted to determine the association with injury. Twenty‐two injuries were recorded with match injuries significantly more common than training injuries. Periodic variations in weekly load and injuries were evident throughout the season. Univariate analysis identified weekly load (OR = 2.75; 95%CI = 1.00–7.59), monotony (OR = 4.17; 95%CI = 1.48–11.72) and absolute change in load (OR = 3.27; 95%CI = 1.15–9.32) greater than the team average were significant injury risk factors. Multiple logistic regression with 2‐weekly and 3‐weekly cumulative loads, absolute change, monotony, strain, ACWR and age as independent variables identified internal load measures (monotony, strain and absolute change) were associated with injury with high specificity (96.0%) but low sensitivity (25.0%). The findings highlight the need to monitor team and individual loads to avoid sudden week‐to‐week changes or excessive weekly loads. Open communication between players, parents, coaches and sports medicine clinicians enables effective load monitoring that can reduce injury risk and may subsequently minimise dropout, improve team success and overall sport enjoyment and promote life‐long sports participation.
Sensory Force, Sublime Impact, and Beautiful Form
Authors: Lichtenstein Eli I
Published: June 2019

Can a basic sensory property like a bare colour or tone be beautiful? Some, like Kant, say no. But Heidegger suggests, plausibly, that colours ‘glow’ and tones ‘sing’ in artworks. These claims can be productively synthesized: ‘glowing’ colours (etc.) are not beautiful; but they are sensory forces—not mere ‘matter’, contra Kant—with real aesthetic impact. To the extent that it inheres in sensible properties, beauty is plausibly restricted to structures of sensory force. Kant correspondingly misrepresents the relation of beautiful wholes to their parts. Beautiful form is not extrinsic to sensory force. Sensible beauty is just the holistic impact of agonistically-interacting sensory forces. When sensory forces interact hierarchically, their collective impact is closer to the sublime, in quality if not degree. The simplest sensory experience of sublimity is just the impact of radically intensified sensory forces, similar in kind if not degree to the individual ‘singing’ tones in a beautiful melody.
Evidence against Imposing Restrictions on Hurdle Models as a Test for Simultaneous versus Sequential Decision Making
Authors: Burke William J.
Published: June 2019

Agricultural economists frequently employ hurdle models to estimate the determinants of truncated outcomes such as market participation and adoption. A pervasive belief is that restrictions can be placed on hurdle models to test whether the decisions made in the underlying data‐generating process occurred sequentially or simultaneously. This article argues against the ability to draw this conclusion and further submits there is a negative correlation between failing to reject these restrictions and sample size. Evidence to support both proposals comes from data collected in a natural setting, as well as simulated data with a known data‐generating mechanism.