bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal quantitative proteomics ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaein response to a nonlethal concentration of furfural
Authors: Lin Feng‐Ming , Tan Ying , Yuan Ying‐Jin
Published: October 2009

Furfural, one of the main inhibitory compounds in lignocellulosic hydrolytes, inhibits the growth and ethanol production rate of yeast. To get a global view of the dynamic expression pattern of proteins inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeduring the fermentation with the introduction of 8 g/L furfural, the protein samples were taken before the addition of furfural, during the initial phase of furfural conversion and immediately after the conversion of furfural for comparative proteomic analysis with iTRAQ on a LC‐ESI‐MS/MS instrument. A comparison of the temporal expression pattern of 107 proteins related to protein synthesis between the reference cultures and the furfural‐treated cultures showed that a temporal downregulation of these proteins was retarded after the addition of furfural. The expression levels of 20 enzymes in glucose fermentation and 5 enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle were reduced by furfural, with notably delayed temporal downregulations of Glk1p, Tdh1p, Eno1p and Aco1p, which is correlated to the reduced ethanol formation rate and glucose consumption rate by 66.7 and 60.4%, respectively. In the presence of furfural, proteins catalyzing the upper part of the super pathway of sulfur amino acid biosynthesis were repressed at all time points, which is related to the inhibited growth of furfural‐treated yeast. The expressions of 18 proteins related to stress response showed increased trends, including several highly induced heat shock proteins and proteins related to cellular signaling pathways.
Proteomic profiling in distinct cellular compartments of tumor cells reveals p53‐dependent upregulation of S100A6 upon induction of telomere dysfunction
Authors: Zimmermann Stefan , Biniossek Martin L. , Maurer Christian , Münzer Patrick , Pantic Milena , Veelken Hendrik , Martens Uwe M.
Published: October 2009

Telomere dysfunction is evoking a DNA damage response which leads to replicative senescence or apoptosis. Tumor cells feature telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein complex counteracting telomere shortening and proliferation limitation as a prerequisite of immortal cell growth. Recently, we demonstrated the effects of telomerase inhibition on the proteome of tumor cell clones in whole cell lysates by SELDI‐TOF‐MS profiling and MS/MS protein identification (Zimmermann et al., Proteomics 2009, 9, 521–534). We continued proteomic analyses of such clones after telomerase‐inhibition using fractionation of cellular compartments. Among the differentially expressed peaks found in different fractions, a cytoplasmic 10.1 kDa protein upregulated in telomerase‐inhibited clones (p<0.0001) was identified by nanoflow‐HPLC‐MS/MS as S100A6. S100A6 upregulation was confirmed by immunoblotting in telomerase‐inhibited HCT‐116, A‐549, and NCI‐H460 clones. S100A6 and other proteins involved in telomere dysfunction were further analyzed in derivative p53−/− and p21−/− HCT‐116 cell lines indicating an overall reduced number of significant changes in these lines compared to wild type HCT‐116 cells. In addition, post‐translational modification of S100A6 was demonstrated with a potential role in mediating the cellular response to telomere dysfunction. In conclusion, proteomic profiling in distinct cellular compartments led to the identification of a novel p53‐dependent biomarker of telomere dysfunction, S100A6.
LuMPIS – A modified luminescence‐based mammalian interactome mapping pull‐down assay for the investigation of protein–protein interactions encoded by GC‐low ORFs
Authors: Vizoso Pinto Maria Guadalupe , Villegas Josefina Maria , Peter Jan , Haase Rudolf , Haas Jürgen , Lotz Amelie Sophia , Muntau Ania Carolina , Baiker Armin
Published: October 2009

The GC content is highly variable among the genomes of different organisms. It has been shown that recombinant gene expression in mammalian cells is much more efficient when GC‐rich coding sequences of a certain protein are used. In order to study protein–protein interactions in Varicella zoster virus, a GC‐low herpesvirus, we have developed a novel luminescence‐based maltose‐binding protein pull‐down interaction screening system (LuMPIS) that is able to overcome the impaired protein expression levels of GC‐low ORFs in mammalian expression systems.
Identification of molecular targets for selective elimination of TRAIL‐resistant leukemia cells. From spots to in vitro assays using TOP15 charts
Authors: Petrak Jiri , Toman Ondrej , Simonova Tereza , Halada Petr , Cmejla Radek , Klener Pavel , Zivny Jan
Published: October 2009

The resistance of malignant cells to chemotherapy calls for the development of novel anti‐cancer drugs. TNF‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a pro‐apoptotic cytokine, which selectively induces apoptosis in malignant cells. We derived two TRAIL‐resistant HL‐60 subclones, HL‐60/P1 and HL‐60/P2, from a TRAIL‐sensitive HL‐60 acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line. To identify therapeutically exploitable “weaknesses” of the TRAIL‐resistant leukemia cells that could be used as molecular targets for their elimination, we performed proteomic (2‐DE) analysis and compared both TRAIL‐resistant subclones with the original TRAIL‐sensitive HL‐60 cells. We identified over 40 differentially expressed proteins. To significantly narrow the lists of candidate proteins, we excluded proteins that are known to be often differentially expressed, regardless of experiment type and tissue (the so‐called “TOP15” proteins). Decreased expression of DNA replication and maintenance proteins MCM7 and RPA32 in HL‐60/P1 cells, and the marked down‐regulation of enzyme adenosine deaminase in HL‐60/P2 cells, suggests increased sensitivity of these cells to DNA‐interfering drugs, and adenosine and its homologues, respectively. In a series of in vitro assays, we confirmed the increased toxicity of etoposide and cisplatin to TRAIL resistant HL‐60/P1 cells, and adenosine and vidarabine to HL‐60/P2, compared with TRAIL‐sensitive HL‐60 cells.
Improved method of phosphopeptides enrichment using biphasic phosphate‐binding tag/C18 tip for versatile analysis of phosphorylation dynamics
Authors: Nabetani Takuji , Kim Yeon‐Jeong , Watanabe Masaki , Ohashi Yoko , Kamiguchi Hiroyuki , Hirabayashi Yoshio
Published: October 2009

A number of factors including low stoichiometry of phosphorylation, ion suppression, and reduced peptide backbone fragmentation interfere with precise identification of proteins in phosphoproteomic analysis by MS. Therefore, enrichment of phosphopeptides is an important process for subsequent mass spectrometric analysis. Here, we have developed a simple and efficient method for phosphopeptides enrichment, which employs a biphasic phosphate‐binding tag (Phos‐tag)/C18 tip consisting of overlaid Phos‐tag on the C18 resin in a pipet tip. The improvement in selectivity for phosphopeptides was achieved by using a 40% ACN solution under the phosphopeptides binding conditions. We also assessed the adequacy of Phos‐tag/C18 tip for quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis using the iTRAQ technology. After protein digestion and subsequent iTRAQ labeling, interfering substances including excess iTRAQ reagent were directly removed by Phos‐tag/C18 tip in a single step. Applying this method, phosphoproteomic analysis of HeLa cells stimulated with tumor necrosis factor ‐α was rapidly and successfully achieved.
Epigenetics to proteomics: From yeast to brain
Authors: Bhargava Purnima
Published: October 2009

Brain is the most complex and least understood organ of the body. Recent research suggests that epigenetics of the brain may be behind the complex functions of this master organ. Yeast, the simplest eukaryote, had been the model for studying the complex physiology of higher eukaryotes, including humans. Current depth in understanding of mechanisms of gene regulation has been possible mainly because of the knowledge acquired by epigenetic studies on yeast while the research on the biochemistry and physiology of the brain has been tremendously benefitted by proteomic studies. The independent advances of research in both these fields are now converging. As the current understanding of epigenetics can be applied to understand the mysteries of normal brain function as well as various diseases, modern proteomic approaches can help find new therapeutic targets.
Proteomic DIGE analysis of the mitochondria‐enriched fraction from aged rat skeletal muscle
Authors: O'Connell Kathleen , Ohlendieck Kay
Published: October 2009

Skeletal muscle aging is associated with a loss in tissue mass and contractile strength, as well as fiber type shifting and bioenergetic adaptation processes. Since mitochondria represent the primary site for energy generation via oxidative phosphorylation, we investigated potential changes in the expression pattern of the mitochondrial proteome using the highly sensitive DIGE approach. The comparative analysis of the mitochondria‐enriched fraction from young adult versus aged muscle revealed an age‐related change in abundance for 39 protein species. MS technology identified the majority of altered proteins as constituents of muscle mitochondria. An age‐dependent increase was observed for NADH dehydrogenase, the mitochondrial inner membrane protein mitofilin, peroxiredoxin isoform PRX‐III, ATPase synthase, succinate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial fission protein Fis1, succinate‐coenzyme A ligase, acyl‐coenzyme A dehydrogenase, porin isoform VDAC2, ubiquinol‐cytochrome c reductase core I protein and prohibitin. Immunoblotting, enzyme testing and confocal microscopy were used to validate proteomic findings. The DIGE‐identified increase in key mitochondrial elements during aging agrees with the concept that sarcopenia is associated with a shift to a slower contractile phenotype and more pronounced aerobic‐oxidative metabolism. This suggests that mitochondrial markers are reliable candidates that should be included in the future establishment of a biomarker signature of skeletal muscle aging.
Fifty years of the integrated control concept: moving the model and implementation forward in Arizona
Authors: Naranjo Steven E , Ellsworth Peter C
Published: October 2009

Fifty years ago, Stern, Smith, van den Bosch and Hagen outlined a simple but sophisticated idea of pest control predicated on the complementary action of chemical and biological control. This integrated control concept has since been a driving force and conceptual foundation for all integrated pest management (IPM) programs. The four basic elements include thresholds for determining the need for control, sampling to determine critical densities, understanding and conserving the biological control capacity in the system and the use of selective insecticides or selective application methods, when needed, to augment biological control. Here we detail the development, evolution, validation and implementation of an integrated control (IC) program for whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), in the Arizona cotton system that provides a rare example of the vision of Stern and his colleagues. Economic thresholds derived from research‐based economic injury levels were developed and integrated with rapid and accurate sampling plans into validated decision tools widely adopted by consultants and growers. Extensive research that measured the interplay among pest population dynamics, biological control by indigenous natural enemies and selective insecticides using community ordination methods, predator:prey ratios, predator exclusion and demography validated the critical complementary roles played by chemical and biological control. The term ‘bioresidual’ was coined to describe the extended environmental resistance from biological control and other forces possible when selective insecticides are deployed. The tangible benefits have been a 70% reduction in foliar insecticides, a >$200 million saving in control costs and yield, along with enhanced utilization of ecosystem services over the last 14 years. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Research on nickel morphology of dependence on the microwave‐assisted polyol method
Authors: Xiansong Liu , Huamin Gao , Shixing Qiu , Luguo Chen , Yuxing Dend , Dan Zhou , Xiaobing Xu
Published: October 2009

The structures, morphology and magnetic properties of the ultrafine Ni nanoparticles prepared by microwave‐assisted polyol method was investigated, using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), respectively. The XRD results suggested that Ni nanoparticles with an fcc structure were successfully synthesized. It was interesting to note that the Ni nanoparticles are ideally spherical, which were examined by the TEM. As immersed in different solutions, we can get different shape nickel particles with different conditions. Especially, the experimental results indicated that nanohair nickel particles were ferromagnetic.
Boron, nitrogen and phosphorous substitutionally doped single‐wall carbon nanotubes studied by resonance Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Maciel I. O. , Campos‐Delgado J. , Pimenta M. A. , Terrones M. , Terrones H. , Rao A. M. , Jorio A.
Published: October 2009

Substitutional doping on single‐wall an on multi‐wall carbon nanotubes is possible by adding new atoms during the growing process. In this work we analyze the changes in the Raman spectra of SWNT samples substitutionaly doped with boron, nitrogen, and phosphorous. We find that small amounts of dopants are not enough to change the frequency of the tangential G mode, but there is a doping‐dependent shift in ωG when the P‐doped SWNTs are measured at high laser power, indicating that doping can change the thermal properties of SWNT bundles. This result seems to hold also for B‐doped samples, but not for N‐doped SWNTs, showing a different behavior for donors (P‐ and N‐ doping). The ID/IG ratio analysis to provide information about the doping level in the SWNT samples is also discussed.
Positron source Ge‐68 through copper and bronze irradiated by carbon ions
Authors: Srivastava Subodh , Agrawal Shweta , Singh M. , Vijay Y. K. , Bhagwat P. V. , Sharma S. C.
Published: October 2009

This communication reports on the formation of radioactive germanium isotope (G68) in copper (Cu) and bronze irradiated with Carbon ions (70MeV, 700 nA for 20 h) at the pelletron facility at TIFR, Mumbai. The irradiated targets were analyzed by gamma spectroscopy using HPGe detector and end point energy using GM counter. By analysis of gamma spectrum, it has been observed that Ge68 isotope along with some other isotopes like Se75 (119 days), Ge66 (2.26 days), Ga74 (8.12 minutes), As69 (15.2 minutes), Co60 (1925days), Zn65 (243days), Ga68 (67.7 minutes) were formed as estimated by PACE Code calculations. These results show that both Cu and bronze have contributed to Ge68 production but the irradiated bronze is found to form a good positron emitter in comparison to that of irradiated copper. The beta end point energy of Ge68 estimated by GM counter has been found to be 1.80 MeV. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Positron annihilation study of recrystallization behaviour in Zr2.5%Nb alloy
Authors: Mulki S. , Pujari P. K. , Srivastava D. , Samajdar I. , Dey G. K. , Hiwarkar V. D. , Sharma S.
Published: October 2009

In CANDU reactors Zr 2.5%Nb alloy is used as pressure tube material due to low neutron absorption cross section, a high resistance to corrosion in water, high strength and good creep resistance. The two phase alloy consists of α‐fcc and β‐bcc. The recrystallization behavior of Zr2.5Nb strongly depends on morphology and distribution of second phase. In this study, the material was deformed to 60% and then was recrystallized in α + β region for different duration (i.e. 2 minutes to 14 days at 700 °C). The recrystallized microstructure was characterized by Orientation Imaging Microscopy (OIM). The evolution of microstructure was examined by Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy and Doppler Broadening measurement for each heat treated samples. Results from positron annihilation studies and other microstructural examination have been used to rationalize the recrystallization aspects, defects and β‐phase distribution. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical resistivity peculiarities and positron lifetime in annealed CdO
Authors: Sarkar A. , Chattopadhyay S. , De Udayan
Published: October 2009

Differently heat‐treated polycrystalline cadmium oxide (CdO) samples have been studied using room temperature (RT) resistivity, positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) and ultraviolet visible (UV‐Vis) optical absorption measurements. A small increase of the resistivity for 275 °C annealing (with respect to the other samples) and a large reduction of the same for 810 °C annealing have been observed. PAL investigation shows presence of defects, presumably Cd+O divacancy (VCd+O) clusters, in all the samples. Gradual defect recovery takes place with increasing annealing temperature. A clear defect recovery stage has been found above 400 °C annealing from where drastic fall of resistivity occurs. The optical band gaps (direct and indirect) of the 125 °C annealed sample comes out to be 1.89 eV and 0.79 eV. The indirect band gaps of the samples show anomalous variation due to 275 °C annealing which is also consistent with resistivity anomaly. To our knowledge, this is the first positron spectroscopic investigation on the CdO system. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dance with the one that brought you? Venture capital firms and the retention of founder‐CEOs
Authors: Pollock Timothy G. , Fund Bret R. , Baker Ted
Published: October 2009

We consider how a venture capital firm's perceived uncertainty in new and uncertain industry environments affects its decisions to retain founder‐CEOs at companies they take public. We further consider how the human capital of the founder‐CEO, the overall experience of the venture capital firm (VCF), and the VCF's specific experience with the new industry moderate the relationship between industry‐based uncertainty and founder‐CEO retention. We explore these issues in the context of 340 venture capital firm investments in Internet sector start‐ups that went public from 1995 to 2000. We find evidence that industry‐based uncertainty decreases the likelihood of founder‐CEO retention, that founder‐CEO human capital and VCF Internet‐sector experience decreases the effects of these uncertainties on founder‐CEO retention for business‐to‐business (B2B) firms, but increases them for business‐to consumer (B2C) firms, and that VCF age further decreases the likelihood that the founder‐CEOs of B2C firms will be retained. Copyright © 2009 Strategic Management Society.
Understanding the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and strategic learning capability: an empirical investigation
Authors: Anderson Brian S. , Covin Jeffrey G. , Slevin Dennis P.
Published: October 2009

This research explores the relationship between strategic learning capability—a firm's proficiency at generating, and then acting on, strategic knowledge—and entrepreneurial orientation (EO). While theory posits the inevitably of building strategic learning capability from behaving entrepreneurially, there is little empirical research to validate this proposition and even less understanding of how and why EO contributes to strategic learning capability. Empirical results from 110 manufacturing firms confirm the direct effect of EO on strategic learning capability, and support is found for three constructs—structural organicity, market responsiveness, and strategy formation mode—that fully mediate the EO‐strategic learning capability relationship. Copyright © 2009 Strategic Management Society.
Endoscopic Cubital Tunnel Recurrence Rates
Authors: Cobb Tyson K. , Sterbank Patrick T. , Lemke Jon H.
Published: October 2009

Cubital tunnel syndrome is the second most common nerve entrapment in the upper extremity. There are no current publications concerning the recurrence rates after endoscopic cubital tunnel release. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the recurrence rate of endoscopic cubital tunnel release compared to published reports of recurrence following open cubital tunnel procedures. We reviewed 134 consecutive cases of endoscopic cubital tunnel release in 117 patients. There were 104 cases in 94 patients with greater than 3 months follow-up. The mean follow-up time was 736 days. They were grouped using Dellon's classification. Two literature control groups were used from published reports of recurrence rate following open cubital tunnel release. A recurrence was identified if the patient was symptom-free following surgery but had symptoms reappear 3 months or more after surgery as defined in the literature. Of the 104 cases, 92.31% had more than a 4-month follow-up. One case (0.96%) met the criteria for recurrence at 4 months postprocedure. Data were then compared to the literature control groups used from published reports of recurrence rates following open cubital tunnel release. Pooled, the combined controls had 22 of 180 cases (12.22%) with recurrences. The percentage of procedure recurrence varied significantly with p value equal to 0.0004. It is recognized that there is a lack of common classification and comparative analysis of these studies, but they do classify preoperative grading and recurrence similarly. We are 95% confident that our true recurrence rate is between 0.02% and 5.24% and that endoscopic cubital tunnel release has a recurrence rate, which is not higher than open cubital tunnel release literature controls.
Existence, uniqueness and stability of equilibrium states for non-uniformly expanding maps
Authors: Varandas Paulo , Viana Marcelo
Published: October 2009

We prove existence of finitely many ergodic equilibrium states for a large class of non-uniformly expanding local homeomorphisms on compact metric spaces and Hölder continuous potentials with not very large oscillation. No Markov structure is assumed. If the transformation is topologically mixing there is a unique equilibrium state, it is exact and satisfies a non-uniform Gibbs property. Under mild additional assumptions we also prove that the equilibrium states vary continuously with the dynamics and the potentials (statistical stability) and are also stable under stochastic perturbations of the transformation.

Nous prouvons l'existence d'un nombre fini d'états d' équilibre ergodiques pour une classe assez grande d'homéomorphismes locaux non-uniformément dilatants sur des espaces métriques compacts et pour les potentiels de Hölder continus à oscillation pas trop grande. Aucune structure de Markov n'est supposée. Si la transformation est topologiquement mélangeante alors il existe un unique état d' équilibre, il est une mesure exacte et vérifie une propriété de Gibbs non-uniforme. Avec quelques hypothèses supplémentaires, nous prouvons aussi que les états d' équilibre varient de façon continue avec la dynamique et le potentiel (stabilité statistique) et sont également stables sous des perturbations stochastiques de la transformation.
Childlessness and intergenerational transfers: what is at stake?
Authors: KOHLI MARTIN , ALBERTINI MARCO
Published: October 2009

In this introductory article for the special issue onChildlessness and Intergenerational Transfers, we first discuss the prior research literature and then overview the presented contributions. Up to now, childless older adults have been treated for the most part as both homogeneous and a problematic group. This does not do justice to the different pathways to childlessness: there are those who actively forgo having children, those who defer births so long that they involuntarily become childless, and those who are not fecund or lack a partner. It also neglects the changing social profile of the childless,e.g. the shift from less educated to more highly-educated women. Most importantly, it fails to recognise what childless older people give to others. The studies presented here aim to redress these two deficits in previous research. They examine how the consequences of childlessness are mediated by the pathways to and motivations for being childless and by factors such as gender, education and marital history, and they also examine what childless older adults provide to their families and to society at large. Such adults establish strong linkages with next-of-kin relatives, invest in non-family networks, and participate in voluntary and charitable activities, and broadly do so to a greater extent than older people with surviving children.
Separation of isotopes by laser-assisted retardation of condensation (SILARC)
Authors: Eerkens Jeff W.
Published: October 2009

Basic relations are presented to calculate isotope enrichment and depletion factors in a supercooled flow of gaseous QF6molecules mixed with Ar (or another carrier gas) that is coaxially or cross-wise illuminated with a laser beam. Isotope-selective laser excitation ofiQF6molecules retards their condensation on walls and during cluster growth. This yields an isotope-enriched gas and isotope-depleted wall deposits under subsonic flow conditions and coaxial laser irradiation. Similarly, enriched QF6gas and depleted particle clusters are formed in supercooled supersonic expansion flows that are coaxially or cross-wise irradiated. Measured isotope changes for32SF6/34SF6and235UF6/238UF6are shown to be in agreement with calculated values.
Recent progress and perspectives of laser–plasma accelerators
Authors: Ogata Atsushi , Nakajima Kazuhisa
Published: October 2009

Recent progress in laser-plasma accelerators has matured a concept of particle acceleration as a possible next-generation particle accelerator promising ultrahigh accelerating gradients in a compact size. Four major concepts of laser-plasma accelerators—the plasma beat wave accelerator, the laser wakefield accelerator, the self-modulated laser wakefield accelerator, and the plasma wakefield accelerator—are reviewed on accelerator physics issues and experiments demonstrating the basic mechanisms of their concepts. As a perspective to the future practical application, a design of 5-TeV linear colliders based on the laser wakefield accelerator is discussed.
Record of the thirteenth conference of the International Society of Anglo-Saxonists, at the Institute of English Studies, University of London, 30 July to 4 August 2007
Authors: Swan Mary
Published: October 2009

I The general theme of the conference was ‘Anglo-Saxon Traces: Her mon mæg giet gesion hiora swæð’. The conference was attended by 196 people.

The following papers were delivered:

Anton Scharer, ‘Objects of Royal Representation (in England and on the Continent)’

Jennifer O'Reilly ‘The Topography of Islands in Bede's Historia ecclesiastica’

Diarmuid Scully, ‘Among the Ruins: Bede and his Sources on the Geography and Built Environment of Roman Britain’

Joshua Westgard, ‘Traces of Bede?: the Moore Continuations and the Transmission of Bede's Historia ecclesiastica’

Richard North, ‘Revenue and Real Estate: Archbishop Wulfred and the Strange Case of Cynehelm’
The virtues of rhetoric: Alcuin's Disputatio de rhetorica et de uirtutibus
Authors: Kempshall Matthew S.
Published: October 2009

Alcuin's Disputatio de rhetorica et de uirtutibus has traditionally posed problems of interpretation in terms of both form (its apparently bipartite structure) and content (as a digest of the rules of rhetoric combined with an exposition of the four cardinal virtues). However, a close reading of the sources from which Alcuin was drawing his argument (Cicero, Julius Victor, Fortunatianus, Marius Victorinus, Cassiodorus and, above all, Augustine and Quintilian) suggests why he should have chosen to emphasize the connection between rhetoric and the virtues in this particular way.
Lost voices from Anglo-Saxon Lichfield
Authors: Charles-Edwards Gifford , McKee Helen
Published: October 2009

Several dry-point glosses were added to the Lichfield Gospels during the tenth or eleventh century, apparently recording the names of members of the pre-Conquest community at Lichfield. We consider the relationship of these glosses to the list of Anglo-Saxon names on p. 141 of the Gospels, and discuss parallels from elsewhere in the Insular world.
Viking invasions and marginal annotations in Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 162
Authors: Powell Kathryn
Published: October 2009

In the margins of Ӕlfric's ‘Ash-Wednesday’ homily in Cambridge Corpus Christi College 162, an early-eleventh-century annotator adds a remark specifying ‘invasions’ among various misfortunes afflicting the English on a daily basis. This article argues that this marginal annotation constitutes a contemporary reference to the viking raids of King Ӕthelred the Unready's reign. The article examines this marginal text in the context of Ӕlfric's homily and in relation to other marginalia possibly written by the same scribe, including a second comment on the viking incursions. Based on this evidence, it is suggested that the annotator is revising homilies in this manuscript for preaching, possibly at St Augustine's, Canterbury, in the years 1009–12.
Markets, Information, and Benevolence
Authors: Brennan Timothy J.
Published: October 2009

In the January 6, 1991, issue of theWashington Post Magazine, reporter Walt Harrington wrote a profile of Bryan Stevenson. Mr. Stevenson is a 31-year-old working-class African-American from Delaware who graduated from Harvard Law School and the Kennedy School of Government. Like the typical graduate of Harvard Law School, Mr. Stevenson had the opportunity to join the worlds of six-figure corporate law or high-visibility politics. Rather than follow his colleagues, however, Mr. Stevenson works seven-day, eighty-hour weeks as director of the Alabama Capital Representation Center. He appeals death sentences, handling twenty-four death-row cases himself, supervises five other lawyers who cover about thirty cases, and raises federal government and foundation funding. He does this living a Spartan existence on a salary of $24,000, refusing even the $50,000 directorship salary offered to him.
The First Pair (Yose ben Yoezer and Yose Ben Yohanan) or the Home of a Pharisee
Authors: Goldin Judah
Published: October 2009

InPirqei 'Avotsayings attributed to the First Pair (zug) of Pharisaic Sages, Yose ben Yoezer and Yose ben Yohanan, three things are to be noted:

First, that like the sayings attributed to teachers before and during the period of the fivezugotand afterward to the five famous disciples of Yohanan ben Zakkai, the sayings of the two Yoses are presented in stylized form, in three clauses or phrases or items—which suggests that they are components of essentially one chief emphasis, rather than three separate, independent exhortations. Second, that beginning with the First Pair down through Yohanan ben Zakkai's disciples, all (with one puzzling exception) formulate their statements as address in terms of second person singular—suggestive of a master's address to his disciples or to those who are his followers. Third, that to both members of the First Pair there is attributed a concern with the home, the kind of home their disciples or followers should create; but the home advocated by the former Yose differs from the home advocated by the latter Yose. Thus different expectations are reflected by the respective authors of the two sayings. The insistence that the home of those accepting rabbinic authority must combine the features of homebothYoses plead for, comes to us from the tannaite period, from the days of Simeon ben Yohai, though it may be a bit earlier too.

The analysis presented in the paper here is intended as continuation of the studies of PA teachings inProceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, Vol. 27,Studies and Texts III, ed. A. Altmann, and theHarry A. Wolfson Jubilee[Hebrew]Volume.
A Reevaluation of a Medieval Polemical Manuscript
Authors: Rembaum Joel E.
Published: October 2009

Fragment A2 of MS Or. 53 of the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale in Rome, though only five folios in length, provides the student of medieval Jewish history with fresh insights into the development of Jewish anti-Christian polemics. The manuscript appears to have been written in response to heightened anti-Jewish propaganda that emerged in Northern France as a result of the visit to that area by Paul Christian in 1269. The work is a compilation of arguments against Christianity drawn from the polemical traditions of Northern France, Germany and Provence. It also contains excerpts from the so-calledVikkuaḥ ha-RaMBaN, the Hebrew account of the debate on the Talmud held in Barcelona in 1263. Analysis of the material indicates that the manuscript does not contain the record of a face-to-face disputation between Paul Christian and a Jew named Menaḥem, as has been suggested. Arguments assumed to be related to such a meeting can be traced back to extant literary sources that predate the 1260s. Of particular interest are the passages from fragment A2 that were adapted from the Sefer ha-berit of Joseph Kimḥi, written about 1170, and the so-calledVikkuaḥ ha-RaDaQ, written in the early thirteenth century. MS 53 A2, written in the last third of the thirteenth century, represents the earliest extant evidence for use of the Kimḥi and the pseudo-Kimḥi material in later polemical literature. The appearance of the Provencal Kimḥi arguments in this Northern French manuscript also points to the movement of traditions from the south into the north and sheds new light on the geographic patterns of cultural development in thirteenth century France. Fragment A2 also contains almost verbatim parallels to anti-Christian criticism found inNizzachon vetus, including traces of German linguistic influence.
The Jewish Mercantile Settlement of Twelfth and Thirteenth Century Venice: Reality or Conjecture?
Authors: Ravid Benjamin
Published: October 2009

It has hitherto been generally accepted that the Jews played an active part in the overseas commerce of Venice during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, that they were present in the city not only as transients but also as residents, and that they were even confined to a special area. However, a closer investigation reveals that this view constitutes a highly questionable reconstruction of the course of events, based simultaneously on the clear misunderstanding of certain alleged data, and also on dubious philological arguments supported by unproven conjecture and expanded by undocumented speculation.
Maimonides and Thomas Aquinas: Natural or Divine Prophecy?
Authors: Altmann Alexander
Published: October 2009

The question whether prophecy is a natural phenomenon or a divine gift goes back to classical antiquity. A natural explanation of divination in sleep was first attempted by Democritus whose theory operates with the notion of ‘images’ (eidōla) that affect the soul in dreams and foretell the future. Whence these images emanate does not seem to be too clear from the sources at our disposal. Democritus is said to have described them as “great and gigantic … although not indestructible,” and from this we may, perhaps, infer that he associated the images with the statues of gods to which the ancients ascribed an odd assortment of capacities. The ‘images’ may therefore signify certain emanations from those statues, especially since Aristotle distinctly speaks of Democritus′ theory as one involving ‘images and emanations’ that derive from certain objects. The theory thus understood bears some resemblance to what Maimonides reports as the manner in which the Sabians explain prophecy: statues in temples and holy trees give prophetic revelation to people. Whatever the correct interpretation of Democritus' theory of dream visions, its intent was clearly scientific. This first effort to see divination in naturalistic terms—Cicero criticized it as far too crude—was to be superseded by Aristotle's more sophisticated theory in his small treatise On Divination in Sleep which forms part of the so-called Parva naturalia.
Gersonides on the Possibility of Conjunction with the Agent Intellect
Authors: Feldman Seymour
Published: October 2009

In De anima 3. 5 Aristotle distinguished two aspects in the activity of intellection or knowing: one active, the other passive. His remarks are notoriously obscure, and they have occasioned an enormous exegetical literature from antiquity to our own day. Besides laying the foundations of an epistemological edifice that remained intact for many centuries, Aristotle also suggested that the active factor in knowing is eternal and immortal. Thus, he retained in some form Plato's belief that there is a link between knowledge and immortality. Several of the leading ancient and medieval interpreters of Aristotle developed this suggestion into a complex doctrine of immortality, the main thesis of which was the idea that human perfection consists in union or conjunction with the active power in knowledge. This essay intends to examine Levi ben Gerson's (Gersonides) critique of the theory of immortality as conjunction. We begin with the psychological presuppositions of the theory.
A Sociological Portrait of German Jewish Immigrants in Boston: 1845–1861
Authors: Mostov Stephen G.
Published: October 2009

In the growing literature on the socioeconomic characteristics of the constituent immigrant groups of America's cities during the mid-nineteenth century, German Jews have been sadly neglected. The reasons are primarily practical ones. Because “Jewish” or “Hebrew” was neither a census nor immigration category during this period, German Jews are difficult to identify in public records. Furthermore, they generally comprised only a small minority of the total immigrant population in American urban centers prior to the 1880s. Even those specifically interested in American Jewish history have seldom gone beyond cursory analyses of the socioeconomic characteristics of the German Jews, reflecting both the traditional emphasis in Jewish communal histories on institutions and their leaders, and the focusing of attention in such social histories as do exist on the larger and seemingly more significant Eastern European Jewish immigration beginning in the 1880s.
“Meeting in Jerusalem”: Messianic Expectations in the Letters of the Cairo Geniza
Authors: Goitein Shelomo Dov
Published: October 2009

With the sure touch of the true historian (a rare gift) Gershom Scholem has opened up for us new avenues toward the understanding of Jewish messianism and, in particular, its most fateful manifestation after the catastrophic Bar Kokhba revolt: Sabbatianism. There are no pseudomessiahs, he teaches us. For any attempt to translate the idea of messianism into reality is doomed to end in failure, but failure is not its end. This is demonstrated by the movement connected with Sabbatai Sevi, or, if one may associate two such incongruous phenomena, the death of Christ on the cross.
The Meaning of 'Ein Lo Domehand Similar Phrases in Medieval Biblical Exegesis
Authors: Greenspahn Frederick E.
Published: October 2009

Medieval lexicographers and commentators frequently note unique words in the Bible. The descriptions they use for this purpose are regularly understood to be equivalent to the modern termhapax legomenon. One example of this is Joshua Blau's assertion that in “Hebrew literature hapax legomena are called’en lo ’ah, 'en lo haver, ’en lo re‘a ba-Miqra'.” Although there is not complete consensus as to the definition of the modern term, overall its meaning is clear and constant: ahapax legomenonis a word which occurs only once within a defined corpus; to identify a word as ahapax legomenonis to make an assertion about its frequency of use.
Observations on Three War Poems of Shmuel Ha-Nagid: A Study in Internal Poetic Cohesion
Authors: Segal David
Published: October 2009

If Shmuel ben Yosef ha-Levi ibn Nagrella, better known as Shmuel ha-Nagid (938–1055), has been variously praised by his contemporaries, later medieval litterateurs and moderns as an innovative and forceful writer, his poetry qua poetry has been subjected to little close scrutiny. Three short poems have been analyzed as wholes; individual stichs illustrative of typical figures and rhetorical devices in the Hebrew poetry of Spain have been cited; diverse features of a good many genres, including influences of Arabic models have been noted; and various insightful observations have been made.
Rabbinic Notes to Graeco-Coptica
Authors: Sperber Daniel
Published: October 2009

InLe muséon82 (1969): 85–86, and 89 (1976): 311–12 James Drescher, in a series entitled “Graeco-Coptica,” discussed the word(and, showing that in late Greek and in Coptic it bears the additional meaning of “alms, charity.” To his discussion should be added the remarks of Saul Lieberman, in an article entitled “, Charity, Alms,”Journal of Biblical Literature65 (1946): 69–72. There Lieberman brings considerable evidence forin this special usage in early Christian literature. He also shows there that a similar semantic development took place in the case of the Hebrew word(and its Aramaic equivalents), which came likewise to mean “alms, charity.” (See further his note apud Leviticus Rabba, ed. Mordecai Margulies [Jerusalem, 1958], pt. 4, p. 870 to line 56.)
The Household Table in Rabbinic Palestine
Authors: Tabory Joseph
Published: October 2009

D. Sperber has confirmed, from rabbinic sources, the argument of J. Drescher (Le muséon82 [1969]: 98—100) that τράπεζ was used to mean a “paten, tray, dish” in addition to its better known meaning of “table.” We shall here try, through the use of rabbinic sources, to show the real, archaeological background behind the semantic change from “table” to “tray” and to suggest that this background may have been a cause of that change.
Structure and Editing in the Homiletic Midrashim
Authors: Cohen Norman J.
Published: October 2009

Since Leopold Zunz's comments regarding the highly artistic form of the classic rabbinic homily, those involved in the critical study of midrash have concerned themselves with the structure of the derashah. Some nineteenth and early twentieth century scholars recognized that the individual pisqa'ot and parashiyyot of the homiletic midrashim contain a series of petiḥtot (sermonic proems), followed by interpretative comments upon the first few verses of the pericope texts. In addition, research into homiletic forms such as the peroration led other scholars closer to an understanding of the structural unity of the rabbinic homily.
An Advantage to Peculiarity? The Case of the Polish Commonwealth
Authors: Hundert Gershon
Published: October 2009

The investigation of the history of the Jews in the Polish Commonwealth requires not only research on specific topics but broader reflection as well. The special place and role of the Jews in Polish society and the distinguishing characteristics of the Jewish experience in Poland need to be rescued from unwarranted generalizations which may result in misrepresentation. 1 On the broadest level, this essay is an initial step in the direction of the development of a conceptual framework for the study of this subject. The particular concern will be to compare some aspects of the experience of the Jews with that of some of the other non-Polish nonautochthonous groups in Poland from around 1500 to the beginning of the eighteenth century.
Champion of Orthodoxy: The Emergence of Samson Raphael Hirsch as Religious Leader
Authors: Liberles Robert
Published: October 2009

When the second generation proponents of Reform in Germany initiated a wave of intellectual, liturgical, and communal activity in the mid-1830s, Samson Raphael Hirsch immediately appeared on the scene as defender of the Jewish legal tradition. While Michael Creizenach's Schulchan Aruch was initiated in 1833 and Abraham Geiger introduced his Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift fuer juedische Theologie in 1835, Hirsch's first book, The Nineteen Letters of Ben Uziel, appeared as early as 1836, and his precocious response left little doubt that he was to be Orthodoxy's champion in the strife just beginning.
Bilingualism and Poetic Modernism: The Yiddish Sources of the Hebrew Imagism of Gabriel Preil
Authors: Sagiv-Feldman Yael
Published: October 2009

There is something of the ironic in the attempt to render into English the unique effects of the Hebrew poetry of Gabriel Preil. Indeed, it is hardly possible. The fact is that Preils artistic achievements, as well as his poetic charm, stem—at least in part—from his surprising mastery of the new Israeli vernacular. And surprising it is indeed, because geographically speaking, the American resident Gabriel Preil was twice removed from Israeli soil. Born in Estonia in 1911 and having spent his childhood in Lithuania, he escaped postwar Europe with his mother and migrated to the United States in 1922. New York has been his home ever since, and New England, his favorite rural landscape.
Papal and Royal Attitudes Toward Jewish Lending in the Thirteenth Century
Authors: Stow Kenneth R.
Published: October 2009

The question of Jewish usury is usually perceived in straightforward terms. The Church unilaterally opposed Jewish lending, and the kings did all they could to promote it. In the long run, however, the utility of Jewish lending diminished, and the forces of the Church were thus able to prevail. The kings, too, soon began to outlaw Jewish lending.
Alexander the Great and Jaddus the High Priest According to Josephus
Authors: Cohen Shaye J. D.
Published: October 2009

Perhaps the most famous section of the second half of Josephus'sJewish Antiquitiesis the story of Alexander the Great and the Jews (AJ 11.302–47). It consists of three strands: a story about Manasses, Sanballat, and Alexander; a story about Jaddus and Alexander; and historical data about Philip II, Darius III, and Alexander the Great. In the first strand Manasses, a brother of the high priest Jaddus, marries the daughter of Sanballat, satrap of Samaria, and as a result is ejected from Jerusalem and flees to his father-in-law. Sanballat promises to build a new temple for him and his Jewish followers and intends to ask Darius to authorize the project. When Alexander is victorious, Sanballat transfers his allegiance to the Macedonian conqueror and receives permission from him to build a temple in Samaria. In the second strand, Alexander demands the submission of the Jews but Jaddus, the high priest, remains loyal to Darius.Furious at this rebuff, Alexander marches on Jerusalem. Encouraged by a dream, the high priest and the Jews greet Alexander outside the city. The conqueror of the world bows down before Jaddus and declares that it was Jaddus who had appeared to him in a dream three years earlier and had encouraged him to launch his expedition against Persia. Amidst general rejoicing, Alexander enters the temple, sacrifices to the God of Israel, and bestows gifts upon the Jews.
The Story as a Hermeneutic Device
Authors: Meir Ofra
Published: October 2009

The various versions of the story about the daughter of Nakdimon ben Gurion may be used to explain two phenomena: (a) the story as a hermeneutic device, by which the very act of presenting the verse as part of the story imparts to it a new meaning, which differs not only from the peshaf (plain meaning), but also from the other exegeses of the sages concerning this same verse and (b) the modification that results in this new meaning because of the diversities in the different versions of the story.
Analysis of an Exegetic Tradition in theMekhilta de-Rabbi Ishmael: The Meaning of 'Amanahin the Second and Third Centuries
Authors: Cohen Norman J.
Published: October 2009

In the past few years, a number of works have appeared which have tried to utilize different methods in the analysis of midrashic and aggadic texts. These recent efforts include the application of literary structural analysis, formula comparison, linguistic tools, and form and redaction criticism, in addition to concern for thesitz im lebenof particular passages, i.e., sociohistorical studies.