bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon-14-Labeled Diethylstilbestrol Synthesis by the McMurry Method: Concurrent Formation of Hexestrol
Authors: Feil V. , Aschbacher P. W. , Lamoureaux C. H. , Mansager E. R. , Ahern J. G. , Ary Istvan
Published: October 2006

Isotopically labeled diethylstilbestrol prepared from
p
-methoxypropiophenone by coupling with TiCl
3
-LiAlH
4
contained approximately 50 percent hexestrol. Nonlabeled preparations and a subsequent labeled preparation had less than 2 percent hexestrol in them. Initial examinations for purity by gas-liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and isotope dilution did not show the presence of hexestrol. Specific ion monitoring of a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination revealed the presence of the diethylstilbestrol-hexestrol mixture.
Visual Association Cortex and Vision in Man: Pattern-Evoked Occipital Potentials in a Blind Boy
Authors: Bodis-Wollner Ivan , Atkin Adam , Raab Edward , Wolkstein Murray
Published: October 2006

In a 6-year-old child who had been blind since the age of 2 years, occipital potentials of normal amplitude and waveform could be evoked not only by diffuse light flashes but also by alternating checkerboard and sinusoidal grating patterns of low spatial frequency. Computerized tomography demonstrated destruction of the occipital lobes except of the primary visual projection area. Thus, in man, destruction of visual association cortices may result in loss of vision with partial preservation of pattern-evoked occipital potentials.
The Autonomic Basis of Emotion
Authors: Gellhorn E. , Cortell R. , Feldman J.
Published: October 2006

(1) It is shown that hypothalamic stimulation in cats, with faradic currents eliciting the syndrome of sham rage, produces after the elimination of the sympathetico-adrenal system a hypoglycemia when the vagi are intact. After bilateral vagotomy the stimulation results in a slight and delayed rise in blood sugar.

(2) If in cats in which, due to a sectioning of the spinal cord at the sixth cervical segment, the effect of central discharges on the sympathetico-adrenal system is eliminated, a rage response is elicited by a barking dog it produces a fall in blood sugar. The sectioning of the vagi below the diaphragm abolishes this reaction.

From these experiments it is concluded that the normal emotional process as well as the sham rage reaction is characterized by a simultaneous discharge over the vago-insulin and sympathetico-adrenal system. The latter predominates in the normal animal and masks the effects on the former.
Radioimmunoassay for Colchicine in Plasma and Urine
Authors: Ertel Norman H. , Mittler James C. , Akgun Suat , Wallace Stanley L.
Published: October 2006

A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of colchicine (in quantities as small as 0.05 nanogram) in plasma and urine was developed with the use of an antibody from immunized rabbits. After the intravenous injection of 2 milligrams of colchicine in seven subjects, the calculated zero-time concentration in the plasma was 2.9 ± 1.5 micrograms per deciliter, and the mean half-time in the plasma was 58 ± 20 minutes. Declining, but measurable, amounts of colchicine could be detected in urine up to day 9 after the drug was administered.
Collodion Fixation: A New Immunological Reaction
Authors: Goodner Kenneth
Published: October 2006

Collodion fixation by immunological complexes presents a method of great delicacy—about 1,000 times that of any heretofore described reaction. This delicacy is of an order which may permit the
in vitro
identification of filterable viruses.
Experimental Air-Borne Infection with Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Faber Harold K. , Silverberg Rosalie J.
Published: October 2006

Infection has been obtained in both rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys by inhalation of poliomyelitis virus in the form of droplet nuclei. The olfactory route was excluded in part of the animals successfully infected. The gastrointestinal route is believed to have been excluded in the rhesus monkeys. It seems most probable that the portals of entry were the lower respiratory mucosa in the case of the rhesus monkeys and the oropharyngeal mucosa in the case of the cynomolgus monkeys. Fever and occasional mild symptoms in 8 other rhesus monkeys suggest that an abortive form of poliomyelitis may have resulted from inhalation, but this can not at present be considered as proved. The experiments open up the possibility that human poliomyelitis may, at least sometimes, be an air-borne infection and that the lungs may be a portal of entry. Neither of these aspects of the disease has hitherto, so far as we are aware, been studied experimentally. The presence of virus in the human nasopharynx, which has been repeatedly demonstrated, provides an obvious source of air contamination by patients and carriers; and direct contact has been traced during epidemics in a considerable fraction of cases, amounting to about one third in the report of Top and Vaughan. The relative importance of transmission by air and by ingested material remains to be determined. It would seem probable, however, that both modes of infection must be taken into account.
Polydipsia-Induced Alcohol Dependency in Rats: A Reexamination
Authors: Heintzelman M. E. , Best J. , Senter R. J.
Published: October 2006

Seven Holtzman rats were kept on a polydipsia-induced schedule of alcohol consumption for 3 months in a replication of a 1972 study by Falk and colleagues. Contrary to their results, there was no evidence of alcoholism.
An Inhibitor of Macrophage Chemotaxis Produced by Neoplasms
Authors: Snyderman Ralph , Pike Marilyn C.
Published: October 2006

The accumulation of macrophages at neoplastic sites may be an important event in immunologically mediated tumor killing. The implantation of syngeneic neoplasms in mice, however, was found to depress the animal's ability to localize macrophages at inflammatory sites. A low-molecular-weight (6,000 to 10,000) factor released by growing neoplasms that inhibits the accumulation of macrophages in vivo and chemotactic responsiveness in vitro was identified. The factor is active in the inhibition of macrophages and is ineffectual at retarding the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Neoplastic cells may thus abrogate immunosurveillance by releasing products that prevent potentially tumoricidal macrophages from accumulating at sites of developing malignancies.
Binding of [14
C
] Parathion in Soil: A Reassessment of Pesticide Persistence
Authors: Katan J. , Fuhremann T. W. , Lichtenstein E. P.
Published: October 2006

A steady decrease of extractable [
14
C]parathion residues in soils over a 1-month incubation period was accompanied by an increase of unextractable, bound
14
C-labeled residues, resulting finally in total recoveries of extracted plus bound residues of 80 to 87 percent of the applied radiocarbon. Soils containing bound residues were nontoxic to fruit flies. Binding of
14
C-labeled residues was related to the activity of soil microorganisms; soil sterilization resulted in a reduction of binding by 58 to 84 percent. Under flooded (anaerobic) conditions, the binding of compounds labeled with
14
C doubled, and parathion was reduced to aminoparathion. Reinoculation of sterilized flooded soil fully reinstated the binding capacity. [
14
C]Aminoparathion was preferentially bound to soil, since its binding within 2 hours was 30 times greater than that of [
14
C]parathion. Because of the existence of formerly "unseen," unextractable residues, the concept of "persistent" and "nonpersistent" pesticide residues might have to be reconsidered.
Cholesterogenesis: Derepression in Extrahepatic Tissues with 4-Aminopyrazolo [3,4-
d
]pyrimidine
Authors: Andersen John M. , Dietschy John M.
Published: October 2006

Administration of 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-
d
]pyrimidine decreased serum cholesterol levels in the rat to less than 5 milligrams per deciliter. Coincident with this change, there was a 2.1- to 16.0-fold increase in the rate of sterol synthesis in seven extrahepatic tissues. This suggests that cholesterol carried in serum lipoproteins plays a major role in regulating sterol synthesis in many extrahepatic tissues.
Cytochrome P-450 Induction by Phenobarbital and 3-Methylcholanthrene in Primary Cultures of Hepatocytes
Authors: Michalopoulos George , Sattler Carol A. , Sattler Gerald L. , Pitot Henry C.
Published: October 2006

The characteristic hepatocellular changes resulting from phenobarbital administration in vivo, namely an increase in the levels of cytochrome P-450 and proliferation of membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, have been demonstrated in primary cultures of nonreplicating hepatocytes on floating collagen membranes. Addition of methylcholanthrene to the medium resulted in an increase in cytochrome P-448 within 48 hours, whereas the phenobarbital induction of P-450 required 5 days. These results demonstrate that responses induced in adult liver cells in vivo by phenobarbital can be reproduced in cultured hepatocytes, contrary to previous reports.
The Problems of Aging and of Vascular Diseases
Authors: Simms Henry S.
Published: October 2006

The increase in death rate with increasing age over that at the age of ten accounts for over a million deaths each year in the United States. To what extent these deaths are due to the aging process remains to be determined, but the progressive loss of resistance to nearly all diseases appears to play a large role even in youth and middle life. Since loss of resistance to disease, as well as loss of ability, seems to result from an underlying aging process we may look upon aging as constituting our greatest medical problem.

Second in importance to the aging problem is that of the vascular and renal diseases, since these are involved in nearly 50 per cent. of the deaths after the age of ten (in addition to the effect of aging).

Until more is known about aging and vascular diseases we are not justified in predicting what can or can not be done about them. A new experimental method in which healthy animals of different ages are killed by a known measurable cause offers possibilities for determining the nature of the aging process.

Our two outstanding medical problems are being neglected largely because of the lack of funds to support both the long-term research and the raising of old animals needed for adequate investigation in this field. New endowments as well as changes in the policies of existing foundations are urgently needed.
Subjective Measurement of High-Order Aberrations of the Eye
Authors: Howland Bradford , Howland Howard C.
Published: October 2006

We used an apparatus similar to Tscherning's aberroscope, and analyzed subjects' drawings to obtain the wave aberration surfaces of 55 eyes. This analysis permitted a Taylor series representation of the wave aberrations to terms of the fourth order. The results revealed a wide variety in type and severity of high-order aberrations in which "cylindrical" aberrations were prominent and cases of classical spherical aberrations were rare. We computed the monochromatic modulation transfer function curves for the range of observations. The overall findings suggest a more prominent role for monochromatic high-order aberrations in degrading the visual image than has hitherto been assumed.
The Role of "Folic Acid" and Biotin in the Utilization of Pantothenic Acid by the Rat
Authors: Wright Lemuel D. , Welch Arnold D.
Published: October 2006

The addition of succinylsulfathiazole to
highly purified diets
containing all dietary factors known to be required by the rat, including pantothenic acid, results in the appearance of signs of severe pantothenic acid deficiency, including achromotrichia and porphyrin-caked whiskers. These changes are accompanied by a marked reduction in the pantothenic acid content of the liver, and are corrected by the inclusion in such diets of crystalline biotin and "folic acid" concentrates. The utilization of pantothenic acid by the rat appears to depend on the availability of biotin and "folic acid." Under normal conditions these are supplied by the diet and synthesized by intestinal bacteria.

A hypothesis is offered in explanation of the chromotrichial actions of "folic acid," biotin and p-aminobenzoic acid.
Ribosomal Genes of
Xenopus laevis
: Evidence of Nucleosomes in Transcriptionally Active Chromatin
Authors: Reeves Raymond
Published: October 2006

Most of the reiterated ribosomal genes in the somatic cells of larvae of a mutant of
Xenopus laevis
appear to be protected from short-term nuclease digestion by being packaged in the form of chromatin subunits or nucleosomes. Since these mutant animals probably require all of their ribosomal genes to be active in order to maintain viability, at least some of the transcriptionally active gene sequences are probably associated with chromatin subunits. Thus, association of DNA with nucleosomes may not necessarily preclude template activity, although such association is probably of a dynamic rather than a static nature.
Localization of Primate Calls by Old World Monkeys
Authors: Brown Charles H. , Beecher Michael D. , Moody David B. , Stebbins William C.
Published: October 2006

Monkeys (
Macaca
) were trained by operant conditioning techniques to report the minimum detectable change in location of a sound in space, and were tested with a series of recorded coo or clear call vocalizations. Acuity of localization varied from approximately 4° to 15° and was a function of the magnitude of the change in pitch (frequency modulation) of the different clear calls.
The Production of Folic Acid by Rat Liver in Vitro
Authors: Wright Lemuel D. , Welch Arnold D.
Published: October 2006

The occurrence in urine and in acid-autoclaved grass and liver extracts of a substance which appears to participate in the synthesis of folic acid by rat liver
in vitro
is described. A similar effect is produced by synthetic xanthopterin. The effect of these materials might be accomplished by (1) catalysis of the enzymatic synthesis of folic acid; (2) the release of folic acid not liberated by takadiastase from tissue complexes; or (3) their serving as substrate material for the enzymatic synthesis of folic acid. The data presented favor the last hypothesis and suggest that xanthopterin, or a substance derived from it, may constitute a portion of the folic acid molecule. The probable involvement of compounds related to xanthopterin in the formation of hemocytopoietic substances in several animal species is discussed.
Sodium Liquid Ion Exchanger Microelectrode Used to Measure Large Extracellular Sodium Transients
Authors: Kraig Richard P. , Nicholson Charles
Published: October 2006

A new liquid membrane microelectrode has been developed that is easily fabricated and can measure fast sodium transients in the presence of potassium interference. It responds to a sudden change in sodium activity within 1 second. The electrode has been used to provide the first direct evidence of large sodium transients in the extracellular space of the brain of the catfish.
Cannabinoid Induced Behavioral Convulsions in Rabbits
Authors: Martin Parthena , Consroe Paul
Published: October 2006

A population of New Zealand White rabbits has been found to exhibit behavioral convulsions when given low intravenous doses of psychoactive cannabinoids of marijuana. The behavioral convulsions decrease in severity and then disappear after the long-term administration of Δ
9
-tetrahydrocannabinol. The extreme sensitivity of these rabbits to the stimulant action of cannabinoids suggests that the population might serve as a model in studies of the stimulant action of cannabinoids.
Vaccination of Experimental Monkeys Against
Plasmodium falciparum
: A Possible Safe Adjuvant
Authors: Siddiqui Wasim A. , Taylor Diane W. , Kan Siu-Chow , Kramer Kenton , Richmond-Crum Suzanne M. , Kotani Shozo , Shiba Tetsuo , Kusumoto Shoichi
Published: October 2006

Owl monkeys (
Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra
) were effectively immunized against a human malaria parasite,
Plasmodium falciparum
. Two injections of antigen, primarily mature segmenters with fully developed merozoites, mixed with adjuvant (6-
O
-stearoyl-
N
-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine and liposomes) were administered intramuscularly at a 4-week interval. Approximately 2 weeks after the second vaccination, the monkeys were challenged with the homologous strain of
P. falciparum
. All immunized monkeys survived the challenge. The substitution of Freund's complete adjuvant is an encouraging step toward the development of an effective and safe vaccine for human malaria.
Age determination by magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist in adolescent male football players
Authors: Dvorak Jiri , George John , Junge Astrid , Hodler Juerg
Published: October 2006

Background:In football there are established age-related tournaments for males and females to guarantee equal chances within the game for all the different age groups. To prevent participation in the incorrect age group, and owing to the fact that in some Asian and African countries registration at birth is not compulsory, other methods of age determination need to be available. Standard radiographs of the left wrist have been used for assessment of skeletal age for many years. This is, however, not ethical in the sporting environment.

Aim:To study the possible use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which has no radiation risk, in estimating the age of healthy adolescent football players.

Methods:The examination protocol was applied in four countries using, their respective MRI equipment using a 1-T or 1.5-T magnet and a wrist coil. 496 healthy male adolescent football players between the ages of 14 and 19 years from Switzerland, Malaysia, Algeria and Argentina were selected for the study. The degree of fusion of the left distal radial physis was determined by three independent raters by a newly developed grading system which can be used in future MRI epiphysial fusion grading studies.

Results:The inter-rater reliability for grading was high (r = 0.91 and 0.92); all correlations were highly significant (p<0.001). The average age increased with a higher grading of fusion, and the correlation between age and grade of fusion was highly significant (r = 0.69, p<0.001). Only one player (0.8%) in the 16-year-old age group was graded as completely fused.

Conclusion:MRI of the wrist offers an alternative as a non-invasive method of age determination in 14–19-year-old male adolescents. The grading system presented here clearly identifies the skeletal maturity by complete fusion in all MRI slices, which eliminates any risk associated with standard radiographic rating as determined by the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Alloxan-induced diabetes reduces sarcolemmal Na+-K+ pump function in rabbit ventricular myocytes
Authors: Hansen Peter S. , Clarke Ronald J. , Buhagiar Kerrie A. , Hamilton Elisha , Garcia Alvaro , White Caroline , Rasmussen Helge H.
Published: October 2006

The effect of diabetes on sarcolemmal Na+-K+ pump function is important for our understanding of heart disease associated with diabetes and design of its treatment. We induced diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia but no other major metabolic disturbances in rabbits. Ventricular myocytes isolated from diabetic rabbits and controls were voltage clamped and internally perfused with the whole cell patch-clamp technique. Electrogenic Na+-K+ pump current ( Ip, arising from the 3:2 Na+-to-K+ exchange ratio) was identified as the shift in holding current induced by Na+-K+ pump blockade with 100 μmol/l ouabain in most experiments. There was no effect of diabetes on Ip recorded when myocytes were perfused with pipette solutions containing 80 mmol/l Na+ to nearly saturate intracellular Na+-K+ pump sites. However, diabetes was associated with a significant decrease in Ip measured when pipette solutions contained 10 mmol/l Na+. The decrease was independent of membrane voltage but dependent on the intracellular concentration of K+. There was no effect of diabetes on the sensitivity of Ip to extracellular K+. Pump inhibition was abolished by restoration of euglycemia or by in vivo angiotensin II receptor blockade with losartan. We conclude that diabetes induces sarcolemmal Na+-K+ pump inhibition that can be reversed with pharmacological intervention.
High-throughput assays of phagocytosis, phagosome maturation, and bacterial invasion
Authors: Steinberg Benjamin E. , Scott Cameron C. , Grinstein Sergio
Published: October 2006

Ingestion of foreign particles by macrophages and neutrophils and the fate of the vacuole that contains the ingested material are generally monitored by optical microscopy. Invasion of host cells by pathogenic bacteria and their intracellular proliferation are similarly studied by microscopy or by plating assays. These labor-intensive and time-consuming methods limit the number of assays that can be performed. The effort required to test multiple reagents or conditions can be prohibitive. We describe high-throughput assays of phagocytosis and of phagosomal maturation. An automated fluorescence microscope-based platform and associated analysis software were used to study Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized particles by cultured murine macrophages. Phagosomal acidification was measured as an index of maturation. The same platform was similarly used to implement high-throughput assays of invasion of mammalian cells by pathogenic bacteria. The invasion of HeLa cells by Salmonella and the subsequent intracellular proliferation of the bacteria were measured rapidly and reliably in large populations of cells. These high-throughput methods are ideally suited for the efficient screening of chemical libraries to select potential drugs and of small interference RNA libraries to identify essential molecules involved in critical steps of the immune response.
Differential sensitivities of cerebral and brachial blood flow to hypercapnia in humans
Authors: Vantanajal Jimmy S. , Ashmead Jon C. , Anderson Todd J. , Hepple Russell T. , Poulin Marc J.
Published: October 2006

Although it is known that the vasculatures of the brain and the forearm are sensitive to changes in arterial Pco2, previous investigations have not made direct comparisons of the sensitivities of cerebral blood flow (CBF) (middle cerebral artery blood velocity associated with maximum frequency of Doppler shift; V̄p) and brachial blood flow (BBF) to hypercapnia. We compared the sensitivities of V̄p and BBF to hypercapnia in humans. On the basis of the critical importance of the brain for the survival of the organism, we hypothesized that V̄p would be more sensitive than BBF to hypercapnia. Nine healthy males (30.1 ± 5.2 yr, mean ± SD) participated. Euoxic hypercapnia (end-tidal Po2 = 88 Torr, end-tidal Pco2 = 9 Torr above resting) was achieved by using the technique of dynamic end-tidal forcing. V̄p was measured by transcranial Doppler ultrasound as an index of CBF, whereas BBF was measured in the brachial artery by echo Doppler. V̄p and BBF were measured during two 60-min trials of hypercapnia, each trial separated by 60 min. Since no differences in the responses were found between trials, data from both trials were averaged to make comparisons between V̄p and BBF. During hypercapnia, V̄p and BBF increased by 34 ± 8 and 14 ± 8%, respectively. V̄p remained elevated throughout the hypercapnic period, but BBF returned to baseline levels by 60 min. The V̄p CO2 sensitivity was greater than BBF (4 ± 1 vs. 2 ± 1%/Torr; P < 0.05). Our findings confirm that V̄p has a greater sensitivity than BBF in response to hypercapnia and show an adaptive response of BBF that is not evident in V̄p.
Rationale and Design of the ‘F.I.R.E.’ Study
Authors: Atar Dan , Huber Kurt , Rupprecht Hans-Jürgen , Kopecky Stephen L. , Schwitter Jürg , Theek Carmen , Brandl Katherine , Henning Rainer , Geudelin Bernard
Published: October 2006

Immediate reopening of acutely occluded coronary arteries via primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the treatment of choice to salvage the ischemic myocardium in the setting of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, the sudden re-initiation of blood flow achieved with PCI can lead to a local acute inflammatory response with further endothelial and myocardial damage.This phenomenon, described as ‘reperfusion injury’, has been recognized for several decades, yet no pharmacologic intervention has so far succeeded in reducing myocardial damage linked to reperfusion. FX06 is a naturally occurring peptide derived from the neo-N-terminus of fibrin (Bβ15–42). It prevents leukocyte migration through the gap junctions of endothelial cells. Experimental studies have shown that FX06 inhibits the binding of the proinflammatory fibrin E1 fragment to VE-cadherin expressed in the adherence junction. It represents a novel approach to reducing local and systemic inflammation, including myocardial reperfusion injury, in the adherens junction. The present multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study is designed to test the hypothesis that FX06 injection during and immediately after primary PCI can reduce infarct size in patients with STEMI. The primary outcome measure of efficacy in this study is the degree of myocardial salvage calculated as the difference between the perfusion defect before and after PCI, determined by myocardial perfusion scintigraphy during rest. Further, infarct size at the end of the index hospitalization, as well as at 4 months, will be measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. The present position paper describes the rationale, design and the methods utilized in this trial.
Serum Ghrelin and Cholesterol Values in Suicide Attempters
Authors: Atmaca Murad , Tezcan Ertan , Parmaksiz Serap , Saribas Mehtap , Ozler Sinan , Ustundag Bilal
Published: October 2006

In our previous study, we demonstrated that suicide attempters had statistically significant lower leptin and cholesterol levels compared with healthy controls. In keeping with our previous report regarding lower serum cholesterol and leptin levels in suicide attempters compared with healthy controls, the relationship between cholesterol and leptin, and ghrelin, we aimed to evaluate serum total cholesterol and ghrelin levels in suicide attempters. In the present study, 30 patients with suicide attempts (aged 18–47 years) and the same number of healthy controls were compared with regard to serum total cholesterol and ghrelin levels. The mean cholesterol level of the patients was significantly lower than that of the controls. On the other hand, the suicide attempters had significantly higher ghrelin levels compared with the controls. The results suggest that suicide attempts seem to be associated with decreased serum cholesterol and higher ghrelin values.
Prednisone Blunts Airway Neutrophilic Inflammatory Response due to Ozone Exposure in Asthmatic Subjects
Authors: Vagaggini Barbara , Cianchetti Silvana , Bartoli Marialaura , Ricci Manrico , Bacci Elena , Dente Federico L. , Di Franco Antonella , Paggiaro Pierluigi
Published: October 2006

Background: The effect of corticosteroids on the ozone (O3)-induced airway inflammation is still debated. Objective: The aim of the study was to confirm the effect of a short-term treatment with oral glucocorticosteroids on O3-induced airway inflammation, detected by induced sputum analysis, and on functional response in glucocorticosteroid-naive subjects. Methods: A randomized, placebo-controlled study using oral prednisone (25 mg o.d. for 4 days) was carried out. Nine mild persistent asthmatics were exposed for 2 h, on separatedays, to 0.27 ppm O3 and to air in random order, after 4 days of treatment with prednisone (25 mg o.d.) and after 4 days of placebo.Before and after exposure, pulmonary function test was measured; 6 h afterexposure, sputum induction was done. Results: Oral glucorticosteroids did not prevent pulmonary function decrement due to O3. After placebo, the percentage of neutrophils in induced sputum was significantly higher after O3 than after air [52.1 (15.7–77.3) vs. 17.8 (1.7–58.4), p = 0.02, O3 vs. air]. This difference was lost after 4 days of treatment with prednisone [35.2% (10–96.2) vs. 30.9% (6.1–75.6), n.s., O3 vs. air]. Neutrophil elastase in sputum supernatant increased after O3 exposure in the sample obtained after placebo, but not after prednisone treatment. Conclusions: This study confirms that glucocorticosteroids reduce inflammatory airway response, but do not prevent the airway functional impairment after O3 exposure.
Supervision and Satisfaction Among School Psychologists
Authors: Thielking Monica , Moore Susan , Jimerson Shane R.
Published: October 2006

This study examined the supervision arrangements and job satisfaction among school psychologists in Victoria, Australia. Participation in professional supervision was explored in relation to the type of employment and job satisfaction. The results revealed that the frequency of participation in supervision activities was less than optimal, with many school psychologists reporting that they were unsatisfied with their supervision arrangements. Although school psychologists reported that they were generally satisfied with the nature of activities that make up their role, those in the Government school sector reported less satisfaction relative to those working in Catholic and Independent schools. Overall, more school psychologists working in Catholic schools reported that they participated in supervision than Government and Independent school psychologists. It is notable that many Catholic schools paid for supervision among school psychologists. Implications for practice and scholarship in the field of school psychology are discussed.
Comparative proteomic analysis of high cell density cultivations with two recombinant Bacillus megaterium strains for the production of a heterologous dextransucrase
Authors: Wang Wei , Hollmann Rajan , Deckwer Wolf-Dieter
Published: October 2006

High cell density cultivations were performed under identical conditions for two Bacillus megaterium strains (MS941 and WH320), both carrying a heterologous dextransucrase (dsrS) gene under the control of the xylA promoter. At characteristic points of the cultivations (end of batch, initial feeding, before and after induction) the proteome was analyzed based on two dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometric protein identification using the protein database "bmegMEC.v2" recently made available.

High expression but no secretion of DsrS was found for the chemical mutant WH320 whereas for MS 941, a defined protease deficient mutant of the same parent strain (DSM319), not even expression of DsrS could be detected. The proteomic analysis resulted in the identification of proteins involved in different cellular pathways such as in central carbon and overflow metabolism, in protein synthesis, protein secretion and degradation, in cell wall metabolism, in cell division and sporulation, in membrane transport and in stress responses.

The two strains exhibited considerable variations in expression levels of specific proteins during the different phases of the cultivation process, whereas induction of DsrS production had, in general, little effect. The largely differing behaviour of the two strains with regard to DsrS expression can be attributed, at least in part, to changes observed in the proteome which predominantly concern biosynthetic enzymes and proteins belonging to the membrane translocation system, which were strongly down-regulated at high cell densities in MS941 compared with WH320. At the same time a cell envelope-associated quality control protease and two peptidoglycan-binding proteins related to cell wall turnover were strongly expressed in MS941 but not found in WH320. However, to further explain the very different physiological responses of the two strains to the same cultivation conditions, it is necessary to identify the mutated genes in WH320 in addition to the known lacZ.

In view of the results of this proteomic study it seems that at high cell density conditions and hence low growth rates MS941, in contrast to WH320, does not maintain a vegetative growth which is essential for the expression of the foreign dsrS gene by using the xylA promoter. It is conceivable that applications of a promoter which is highly active under nutrient-limited cultivation conditions is necessary, at least for MS941, for the overexpression of recombinant genes in such B. megaterium fed-batch cultivation process. However to obtain a heterologous protein in secreted and properly folded form stills remains a big challenge.
Otitis media in children: A prospective study of aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology
Authors: Brook Itzhak
Published: October 2006

Tympanocentesis with aerobic and anaerobic cultivation of middle ear fluid was performed through one or both tympanic membranes of 186 children with acute otitis media. Aerobic bacteria alone, predominantly pneumococcus and Hemophilus influenzae, were isolated from 118 (63.4%) patients; and anaerobic organisms alone, most commonly Peptococcus, from 24 (12.9%). Twenty‐six (14%) yielded mixtures of aerobes and anaerobes, and several had multiple aerobic or anaerobic agents. No bacterial growth was noted in 18 (9.7%) patients. The isolation of anaerobic bacteria alone, supported in some patients by Gram‐stain observations of middle ear fluid, suggests that these bacteria, especially Peptococcus, may occasionally play a direct role in acute otitis media.
Issues for initiating interdisciplinary doctoral programmes
Authors: Kroelinger Michael
Published: October 2006

The initiation of a new Ph.D. programme in the twentyfirst-century university requires foresight, strategic planning and, often, a commitment to an interdisciplinary format which capitalizes on shared resources across related disciplines. This paper documents the challenges of initiating
and starting an interdisciplinary doctoral programme in environmental planning and design. Differences exist between the classic US doctorate and the UK model. A case study example is presented, based on the author's experiences in launching an interdisciplinary doctorate at Arizona State
University. This paper may be of value to multi-disciplinary, cross-disciplinary, or interdisciplinary colleges or schools that are developing, or considering developing, research-based interdisciplinary doctoral programmes in art and design.
Publication Review
Authors: Popovic Vesna , Franz Jill , Popov Lubomir
Published: October 2006

Issues in Postgraduate Supervision, Teaching and Management A series of consultative guides produced by the Society for Research into Higher Education Postgraduate Issues Network:

1. Supervising International Research Students
by Eunice Okorocha

2. Handling Common Dilemmas in Supervision by Pat Cryer

3. Developing Postgraduates' Key Skills edited by Pat Cryer

Issues in Postgraduate Supervision,
Teaching and Management A series of consultative guides produced by the Society for Research into Higher Education Postgraduate Issues Network:

6. Setting up Peer Mentoring with Postgraduate Research Students by Emma Coe and Carole
Keeling

Issues in Postgraduate Supervision, Teaching and Management A series of consultative guides produced by the Society for Research into Higher Education Postgraduate Issues Network:

7. Delivering
Core Training for Postgraduate Research Students over the Web by Sue Clegg and Margaret Alexander 
Research Report Review
Authors: Toner-Edgar Maggi
Published: October 2006

Studiospace: a virtual learning environment for teaching and learning in art and design January 2002 by Jenny Ure, Julian Malins and Lesley Cullan
Gangsta Rap, the War on Drugs and the Location of African-American Identity in Los Angeles, 198892
Authors: Grant Elizabeth
Published: October 2006

Using Los Angeles between 1988 and 1992 as a model, this article examines the possibility that the racial identities of popular culture forms such as hip hop are spatialized in the conception, perception and representation of the city and its inhabitants. Gangsta rap places images of
the black male already present in US/African-American popular culture within the spatial context of post-industrial Los Angeles. At the same time, LA's political and legislative structures absorb the gangsta as a representative of the city's black residents. Between 1988 and 1992, gangsta
rap and the Los Angeles municipal structure struggled to represent and effectively control LA's black communities through the image of the gangsta, a battle that eventually engaged real and imagined residents of LA with the very real force of the Los Angeles Police Department.
Le territoire lmentaire chez Aim Csaire dans Cadastre et Ferrements
Authors: Poitrasson Virginie
Published: October 2006

This article analyses the concept of territory in Aim Csaire's poetry specifically in his late books Cadastre and Ferrements. By definition, the concept of territory implies the ideas of identity and nation which are essential for a Caribbean poet. Aim Csaire always combined political
conscience with poetical conscience. By invoking the four elements, he invented a real cosmogony with flora and fauna. He also created a new poetical territory where images are subversive and political. This territory is not only re-created geographically but also linguistically. Aim Csaire
did not only reshape his own country, the island of Martinique, he also reshaped his adoptive language, metropolitan French. Therefore the poet disorientates the occidental reader with his exotic subversion of French, and he succeeds in appropriating his country and his actual identity.
Reclaiming the past, building the future. The Caribbean writer and the crisis of history
Authors: Lee Jane
Published: October 2006

The identity quest, an abiding motif of francophone literature, is one that takes on a particular urgency in writing from the French Caribbean, both because of the status of the constituent islands as politically dependent Dpartements d'Outre-Mer, and more particularly because of the
cultural dependence resulting from their particular history. The slave trade and the colonial history of the region have endowed it with a population that is severed from its origins and has been defined in relation to a dominant, alien regime or, more recently, a lost homeland. The identity
question the islands face is intimately bound up with the question of historical perspective. In effect, the choice of cultural allegiance dictates the historical narrative into which the island identity is inscribed and the role of the islands in that narrative. The temptation for the islands
to define themselves as liminal, the lost children of the African continent, or taking a walk-on part in the drama of the French republic, has been all the stronger in the absence of a coherent indigenous historical discourse. While the islands are now becoming increasingly aware of the inadequacy
of such definitions, for many thinkers and writers from the area the difficulty of finding a viable way forward to political independence springs in no small part from this lack of a unifying historical identity. The role of the creative artist in revealing and establishing an indigenous culture
is thus one of vital political importance.
N'zid de Malika Mokeddem ou la (re)-naissance d'un être féminin
Authors: Redouane Rabia
Published: October 2006

This article is a literary analysis of Malika Mokeddem's last novel N'Zid. Characterised by a history woven around the identical collection, N'zid evokes Algeria's recent tragedy, and an awareness of the plural identity of the novelist. Many elements such as individuals, places and
spaces contribute to the development of the memorial order by assuring the novelist not only of the construction but also the examination of her own space. For example, the sea is seen by the novelist as an ascent order in the memory and a dream, both as a movement of opening and revival.
This place of freedom on which the protagonist Nora roams in search of absolute or of neglect, succeeds in transcending the pain of the separation with the original place, Algeria. This latter whose maternity is a deep tear is the one who grows to a total detachment. For Malika Mokeddem being
in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea far from her soiled and bruised native land is felt as a revival – not as a death.
Revisiting Vietnam, locating home in Kim Lefevre's Retour à la saison des pluies
Authors: Ravi Srilata
Published: October 2006

The present study focuses on Kim Lefevre's sequel to Métisse Blanche (1989), Retour à la saison des pluies (1990). The text is centred around a diasporic migrant's 'travel project' to return to Vietnam. The sense of place as dwelling becomes an overpowering element in
a narrative that renews the theme of continual geographical dislocations characterizing Kim Lefevre's childhood and adolescence in Vietnam. This paper explores the migrant writer's predicament of displacement/emplacement in terms of the complexities that weave together issues relating to gender,
language, place and history. Retour à la saison des pluies, a self-consciously gendered narrative of return, demystifies the conventions that define 'home'. As a 'world author' writing in French, Kim Lefevre creates alternative paradigms that represent her geographical, linguistic and
cultural displacements through creative and self-reflexive literary techniques.
L'importance de l'axe vertical dans Chants d'ombre de Senghor
Authors: Scheiber Elizabeth
Published: October 2006

This article deals with both the aesthetics and the socio-political dimensions of Senghor's poetry and explores the relationship between the poetics of travel and ideas on action and political involvement. It examines the vertical axis, which represents the 'ideal' and allows the poet
to rise above life and men, and the horizontal axis, which symbolizes action and gives the poet a point of exit from the 'idealising' axis. The poet travels vertically through voyages on hills and in the sky and meditates on the meaning of life before returning to earth towards the plains
and men in order to carry out what he has learned. The voyage upwards equally represents the search for purity and purification, a necessary step for Senghor who attempts to establish his identity through association with an authentic Africa.
Notions of origin in Didier Van Cauwelaert's Un Aller simple: a child-narrator's political storytelling
Authors: Musselman Kristin Swenson
Published: October 2006

In Un Aller simple (1994), Didier Van Cauwelaert uses irony and storytelling to create a mirror image of political fictions about race, culture, and especially origin through the novel's child-narrator, Aziz. The novel theorizes a postmodern, post-ethnic remedy to the negative
implications of identity politics through a complicated questioning of cultural narrative, and an analysis of the ways in which stories of origin reflect equations of power, especially with reference to the anti-immigration 1993 Pasqua Laws in France. Un Aller simple can be read as a paradigm
of the use of narrative power in the political arena and, at the same time, resistance to that power through storytelling and flexible interpretation. Un Aller simple makes a clear case for a re-evaluation of storytelling through an ironic redistribution of the political consequences of perceived
narrative authority in the politics of culture.
Aleluya por Europa! Press treatment of the European Union in Spain and the United Kingdom
Authors: Cooper Terry
Published: October 2006

Spain's pro-Europeanism contrasts with Britain's ambivalence and scepticism towards the European Union. The anti-European press in Britain has no equivalent in Spain, and Spanish coverage of Europe often appears positive and in keeping with the accepted image of a Spain committed happily
to Europe. Bias is evident in the presentation of issues. It is here that much is revealed of national attitudes to Europe, and why electorates respond with comfort or discomfort to their country's European commitment. This study examines the contrasting presentation of European issues in
the Spanish and British press and attempts to determine to what extent coverage assists in understanding Spain's europesmo, and why Europe remains, in both countries, a question of national perspective.
Immigration, the Ley de Extranjera and the Labour Market in Spain
Authors: Corkill David
Published: October 2006

In less than a decade, immigration has forced itself to the top of the political agenda in Spain. It now vies with Basque terrorism and unemployment as the issue that most concerns the Spanish public. Formerly a labour exporter, Spain is now a receiver society targeted by migrants from
North and sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, Asia and Eastern Europe. Immigration presents multi-faceted problems and challenges, encompassing changing identities and cultural diversity, demography and population change, racism and discrimination, foreign policy, human rights, and labour market
integration among others. This article focuses on the tensions generated by the restriction and exclusion policies that have dominated the government's immigration management on the one hand, and the needs of the economy and employers on the other.
The Spanish Labour Market: the quest for flexibility
Authors: Rigby Mike , Lawlor Teresa
Published: October 2006

This article will look at flexibility in the Spanish labour market and why it has been high on the Government and Employers' agendas. It will examine the historical legacy, and compare the situation in Spain with that in the rest of the EU. There will then be a review of the principal
reforms that have been introduced to increase flexibility: those associated with the Estatuto de los Trabajadores, the measures introduced by the Socialist Administration and the approach of the PP since 1996. Finally there will be an evaluation of the impact of the approach to flexibility
on the overall shape of the contemporary labour market, on Spanish business and on the social dialogue.
The Catalan language and immigrants from outside the European Union
Authors: Gore Sarah
Published: October 2006

Catalan nationalism often takes the Catalan language as its core symbol: Catalan is Catalonia's fet diferencial (differentiating trait) which sets it apart from the rest of Spain. Catalan nationalists interpret the language as a key manifestation of the civic nature of Catalan nationalism.
Therefore, willingness to learn Catalan is seen by Catalans as the ultimate test for the desire of immigrants to integrate. There is extensive research regarding the relationship between Catalan and the historic immigration from other areas of Spain. However, little research has been done
regarding Catalan and the more recent immigration from outside the European Union. The paper is based on research with non-European Union immigrants in Barcelona and explores their attitudes towards Catalan and the role that it played regarding their adaptation to Catalonia. In spite of the
efforts made by the Generalitat, Catalan continues to be a means of excluding non-EU immigrants from core aspects of life in Catalonia.
Globalisation and Sustainable Development: a Southern African Perspective
Authors: Bhalla A. S
Published: October 2006

This paper examines a two-way relationship between globalisation, technology and sustainability. It traces the impact of globalisation on sustainable development while at the same time arguing that low sustainability in developing countries can thwart efforts towards their global integration.
The concept of globalisation is presented as being intensive and extensive in form, the former applying to developed and the latter to developing countries. Three different and often conflicting notions of sustainability are also examined, namely environmental, human and macroeconomic sustainability;
and the issues of globalisation and sustainable development are discussed with reference to the experiences of Botswana, Malawi and Zimbabwe, all of which are members of regional groupings in Southern Africa.
Book Reviews
Authors: Clark Norman , Madichie Nnamdi
Published: October 2006

Boru Douthwaite, Enabling Innovation: A Practical Guide to Understanding and Fostering Technological Change, Zed Books, 2002, xiv + 238 pp., notes, references, index, ISBN 1-85649-972-3 (paperback) 15.95, 1-85649-971-5 (hardback) 45.95

John Peterson and Margaret Sharp, Technology
Policy in the European Union, London: Macmillan Press, 1998, xviii + 260 pp., ISBN 0-333-65643-1 (paperback) 16.50