bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Codoping on the Optical Properties of ZnO Thin Films Synthesized on Glass Substrate by Chemical Bath Deposition Method
Authors: Shanmuganathan G. , Banu I. B. Shameem
Published: August 2014

Fe and K simultaneously doped ZnO thin films Zn0.99K0.01(Fe)xO (x=1, 2, 3, and 4%) were synthesized by chemical bath deposition method. The XRD investigation reveals that all the doped ZnO thin films are in hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure without impurity phases. With increase in Fe concentration, the growth of thin films alongcaxis is evident from the XRD which indicates the increase in intensity along (002) direction. The same is visible from the surface morphology which shows the formation of hexagonal structure for higher Fe concentration. The topography shows gradual variation with Fe incorporation. The optical energy band gap obtained from the transmittance spectrum decreases from 3.42 to 3.06 eV with increase in Fe concentration indicating the red shift and this trend is consistent with the earlier experimental results. The UV emission is centered around 3.59 eV. The optical constants such as refractive index, extinction coefficient, and absorption coefficient which are essential for the optoelectronic applications were also determined.
The Improvement of the Resistance toCandida albicansandTrichophyton interdigitaleof Some Woven Fabrics Based on Cotton
Authors: Surdu Lilioara , Stelescu Maria Daniela , Manaila Elena , Nicula Gheorghe , Iordache Ovidiu , Dinca Laurentiu Christian , Berechet Mariana-Daniela , Vamesu Mariana , Gurau Dana
Published: September 2014

This paper presents the improvement of the antimicrobial character of woven fabrics based on cotton. The woven fabrics were cleaned in oxygen plasma and treated by padding with silver chloride and titanium dioxide particles. The existence of silver and titanium on woven fabrics was evidenced by electronic microscope images (SEM, EDAX) and by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The antimicrobial tests were performed with two fungi:Candida albicansandTrichophyton interdigitale. The obtained antimicrobial effect was considerably higher compared to the raw fabrics. Treatment of dyed fabrics with a colloidal solution based on silver chloride and titanium dioxide particles does not considerably influence colour resistance of dyes.
Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze Extract Ameliorates Chronic Ethanol‐Induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats
Authors: Lodhi Poonam , Tandan Neeraj , Singh Neera , Kumar Divyansh , Kumar Monu
Published: August 2014

The goal of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of aqueous extract of Camellia sinensis or green tea extract (AQGTE) in chronic ethanol‐induced albino rats. All animals were divided into 4 groups in the study for a 5‐week duration. 50% ethanol was given orally to the rats with two doses (5 mg/kg bw and 10 mg/kg bw) of AQGTE. Ethanol administration caused a significant increase in the levels of plasma and serum enzymatic markers, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and nonenzymatic markers (cholesterol and triglycerides), lipid peroxidation contents, malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST), and decreased the activities of total proteins, albumin, and cellular antioxidant defense enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD). The elevation and reduction in these biochemical enzymes caused the damage in hepatocytes histologically due to the high production of ROS, which retards the antioxidant defense capacity of cell. AQGTE was capable of recovering the level of these markers and the damaged hepatocytes to their normal structures. These results support the suggestion that AQGTE was able to enhance hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects in vivo against ethanol‐induced toxicity.
On the Spectrum and Spectral Norms of r-Circulant Matrices with Generalized k-Horadam Numbers Entries
Authors: Liu Lele
Published: August 2014

This work is concerned with the spectrum and spectral norms of r-circulant matrices with generalized k-Horadam numbers entries. By using Abel transformation and some identities we obtain an explicit formula for the eigenvalues of them. In addition, a sufficient condition for an r-circulant matrix to be normal is presented. Based on the results we obtain the precise value for spectral norms of normal r-circulant matrix with generalized k-Horadam numbers, which generalize and improve the known results.
Formal and Executable Specification of Random Waypoint Mobility Model Using Timed Coloured Petri Nets for WMN
Authors: Akhtar Khan Naeem , Ahmad Farooq , Khan Sher Afzal
Published: August 2014

The wireless mesh network (WMN) is an emerging and cost-effective alternative paradigm for the next generation wireless networks in many diverse applications. In the performance evaluation of routing protocol for the WMN, it is essential that it should be evaluated under realistic conditions. The usefulness of specific mobility protocol can be determined by selection of mobility model. This paper introduces a coloured Petri nets (CP-nets) based formal model for implementation, simulation, and analysis of most widely used random waypoint (RWP) mobility model for WMNs. The formal semantics of hierarchical timed CP-nets allow us to investigate the terminating behavior of the transitions using state space analysis techniques. The proposed implementation improves the RWP mobility model by removing the “border effect” and resolves the “speed decay” problem.
Implementation of Paste Backfill Mining Technology in Chinese Coal Mines
Authors: Chang Qingliang , Chen Jianhang , Zhou Huaqiang , Bai Jianbiao
Published: August 2014

Implementation of clean mining technology at coal mines is crucial to protect the environment and maintain balance among energy resources, consumption, and ecology. After reviewing present coal clean mining technology, we introduce the technology principles and technological process of paste backfill mining in coal mines and discuss the components and features of backfill materials, the constitution of the backfill system, and the backfill process. Specific implementation of this technology and its application are analyzed for paste backfill mining in Daizhuang Coal Mine; a practical implementation shows that paste backfill mining can improve the safety and excavation rate of coal mining, which can effectively resolve surface subsidence problems caused by underground mining activities, by utilizing solid waste such as coal gangues as a resource. Therefore, paste backfill mining is an effective clean coal mining technology, which has widespread application.
A Decomposition-Based Approach for the Multiperiod Multiproduct Distribution Planning Problem
Authors: Hosseini S. Ahmad , Şahin Güvenç , Ünlüyurt Tonguç
Published: August 2014

We address the most general case of multiperiod, multiproduct network planning problems, where we allow spoilage on arcs and storage at nodes. In our models, all network parameters change over time and products. The minimum-cost flow problem in the discrete-time model with varying network parameters is investigated when we allow storage and/or spoilage, and some reformulation techniques employing polyhedrals are developed to obtain optimal solutions for a predefined horizon. Our methods rely on appropriate definitions of polyhedrals and matrices that lead to LP problems comprising a set of sparse subproblems with special structures. Knowing that computational expenses of solving such a large-scale planning problem can be decreased by using decomposition techniques, the special structure of polyhedrals is utilized to develop algorithmic approaches based on decomposition techniques to handle the global problem aiming to save computational resources.
Effects of Microbubble Size on Ultrasound-Mediated Gene Transfection in Auditory Cells
Authors: Liao Ai-Ho , Hsieh Yi-Lei , Ho Hsin-Chiao , Chen Hang-Kang , Lin Yi-Chun , Shih Cheng-Ping , Chen Hsin-Chien , Kuo Chao-Yin , Lu Ying-Jui , Wang Chih-Hung
Published: August 2014

Gene therapy for sensorineural hearing loss has recently been used to insert genes encoding functional proteins to preserve, protect, or even regenerate hair cells in the inner ear. Our previous study demonstrated a microbubble- (MB-)facilitated ultrasound (US) technique for delivering therapeutic medication to the inner ear. The present study investigated whether MB-US techniques help to enhance the efficiency of gene transfection by means of cationic liposomes on HEI-OC1 auditory cells and whether MBs of different sizes affect such efficiency. Our results demonstrated that the size of MBs was proportional to the concentration of albumin or dextrose. At a constant US power density, using 0.66, 1.32, and 2.83 μm albumin-shelled MBs increased the transfection rate as compared to the control by 30.6%, 54.1%, and 84.7%, respectively; likewise, using 1.39, 2.12, and 3.47 μm albumin-dextrose-shelled MBs increased the transfection rates by 15.9%, 34.3%, and 82.7%, respectively. The results indicate that MB-US is an effective technique to facilitate gene transfer on auditory cellsin vitro. Such size-dependent MB oscillation behavior in the presence of US plays a role in enhancing gene transfer, and by manipulating the concentration of albumin or dextrose, MBs of different sizes can be produced.
Effects and Mechanisms of Transcutaneous Electroacupuncture on Chemotherapy‐Induced Nausea and Vomiting
Authors: Zhang Xing , Jin Hai-feng , Fan Yi-hong , LU Bin , Meng Li-na , Chen Jiande D. Z.
Published: August 2014

Nausea and vomiting are one of the major complications of chemotherapy for cancers. The aim of this study is to investigate the emetic effects and mechanisms involving serotonin and dopamine of needleless transcutaneous electroacupuncture (TEA) at Neiguan (PC6) and Jianshi (PC5) on chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting in patients with cancers. Seventy‐two patients with chemotherapy were randomly divided into sham‐TEA group (sham‐TEA, n = 34) and TEA group (n = 38). TEA was performed at PC 6 and PC 5 (1 h, bid) in combination with granisetron. Sham‐TEA was delivered at nonacupoints using the same parameters. We found the following. (1) In the acute phase, the conventional antiemetic therapy using Ondansetron effectively reduced nausea and vomiting; the addition of TEA did not show any additive effects. In the delayed phase, however, TEA significantly increased the rate of complete control (P < 0.01) and reduced the nausea score (P < 0.05), compared with sham‐TEA. (2) TEA significantly reduced serum levels of 5‐HT and dopamine in comparison with sham‐TEA. Those results demonstrate that needleless transcutaneous electroacupuncture at PC6 using a watch‐size digital stimulator improves emesis and reduces nausea in the delayed phase of chemotherapy in patients with cancers. This antiemetic effect is possibly mediated via mechanisms involving serotonin and dopamine.
Autophagy: A Multifaceted Partner in Liver Fibrosis
Authors: Mallat Ariane , Lodder Jasper , Teixeira-Clerc Fatima , Moreau Richard , Codogno Patrice , Lotersztajn Sophie
Published: August 2014

Liver fibrosis is a common wound healing response to chronic liver injury of all causes, and its end-stage cirrhosis is responsible for high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Fibrosis results from prolonged parenchymal cell apoptosis and necrosis associated with an inflammatory reaction that leads to recruitment of immune cells, activation and accumulation of fibrogenic cells, and extracellular matrix accumulation. The fibrogenic process is driven by hepatic myofibroblasts, that mainly derive from hepatic stellate cells undergoing a transdifferentiation from a quiescent, lipid-rich into a fibrogenic myofibroblastic phenotype, in response to paracrine/autocrine signals produced by neighbouring inflammatory and parenchymal cells. Autophagy is an important regulator of liver homeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions. This review focuses on recent findings showing that autophagy is a novel, but complex, regulatory pathway in liver fibrosis, with profibrogenic effects relying on its direct contribution to the process of hepatic stellate cell activation, but with antifibrogenic properties via indirect hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, cell-specific delivery of drugs that exploit autophagic pathways is a prerequisite to further consider autophagy as a potential target for antifibrotic therapy.
On Perturbation Solutions for Axisymmetric Bending Boundary Values of a Deep Thin Spherical Shell
Authors: Xiao Rong , Dan Danhui , Cheng Wei
Published: August 2014

On the basis of the general theory of elastic thin shells and the Kirchhoff‐Love hypothesis, a fundamental equation for a thin shell under the moment theory is established. In this study, the author derives Reissner’s equation with a transverse shear force Q1 and the displacement component w. These basic unknown quantities are derived considering the axisymmetry of the deep, thin spherical shell and manage to constitute a boundary value question of axisymmetric bending of the deep thin spherical shell under boundary conditions. The asymptotic solution is obtained by the composite expansion method. At the end of this paper, to prove the correctness and accuracy of the derivation, an example is given to compare the numerical solution by ANSYS and the perturbation solution. Meanwhile, the effects of material and geometric parameters on the nonlinear response of axisymmetric deep thin spherical shell under uniform external pressure are also analyzed in this paper.
CFD and Experimental Analysis of a Falling Film outside Smooth and Helically Grooved Tubes
Authors: Onan Cenk , Ozkan Derya Burcu , Erdem Serkan
Published: August 2014

Simultaneous heat and mass transfer are investigated in a falling film outside grooved and smooth tubes. A numerical analysis of the helically trapezoidal-grooved and reference smooth tube was performed in the computational fluid dynamics program “Ansys Fluent 14.” The three-dimensional model drawings in the x, y, and z coordinates are used, and the effects of the falling film outside the helically grooved tube on the surface temperature and surface heat transfer coefficient are determined. The average surface temperature, heat transfer coefficient, and Nu values are determined experimentally for a constant heat flux. An uncertainty analysis and Nu correlation for the grooved tube are also provided in this study. The Reynolds number varied between 50 and 350 for the falling film and between 1500 and 3500 for air. Using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis for the reference smooth tube, the experimental results are validated within 2–12% difference. The experimental results are also within 6–13% of the grooved tubes.
Handover Performance over a Coordinated Contiguous Carrier Aggregation Deployment Scenario in the LTE-Advanced System
Authors: Shayea Ibraheem , Ismail Mahamod , Nordin Rosdiadee , Mohamad Hafizal
Published: August 2014

Although various carrier aggregation deployment scenarios (CADSs) have been introduced in the LTE-Advanced system, issues related to insufficient eNB coverage that leads to low throughput and high drop call have yet to be solved. This paper proposes a new deployment scenario called coordinated contiguous-CADS (CC-CADS), which utilizes two-component carriers (CCs) that operate on two frequencies located in a contiguous band. Each CC antenna is directed to a cell boundary of the other CC. The handover performance of users with various mobility speeds under CC-CADS has been investigated and compared with various deployment scenarios proposed by 3GPP. Simulation results show that the received signal reference power (RSRP) enhancement and performed handover, ping-pong, drop call, and outage probabilities reductions in CC-CADS outperformed the 3GPP’s CADSs, thus leading to reduced interruption time, improved spectral efficiency, and seamless handover.
Weight Distribution of Periodic Errors and Optimal/Anti-Optimal Linear Codes
Authors: Das Pankaj Kumar
Published: August 2014

The paper discusses weight distribution of periodic errors and then the optimal case on bounds of parity check digits for (n=n1+n2,k) linear codes overGF(q)that corrects all periodic errors of orderrin the first block of lengthn1and all periodic errors of ordersin the second block of lengthn2and no others. Further, we extend the study to the case when the errors are in the form of periodic errors of orderr(ands) or more in the two subblocks.
Os Centros de Atenção Psicossocial como espaços promotores de vida: relatos da desinstitucionalização em Alagoas
Authors: Ribeiro Mara Cristina
Published: September 2014

Este trabalho é recorte de uma investigação que buscou traçar a trajetória de construção do novo modelo de cuidado em saúde mental no estado de Alagoas. Tendo como referencial teórico a desinstitucionalização, o artigo trata da passagem do cuidado realizado nos hospitais psiquiátricos para o cuidado realizado no território, por meio dos CAPS, na perspectiva de seus usuários, familiares e trabalhadores. Utilizou-se a metodologia qualitativa para abordar o tema, na modalidade História Oral Temática, guiada por entrevistas para a produção dos dados e análise temática para a discussão dos seus resultados. A pesquisa aponta, entre outros resultados, que a criação desses serviços trouxe para os sujeitos, que antes só tinham a internação como experiência de cuidado, uma nova perspectiva. As relações constituídas a partir dessa nova forma de cuidado não mais se limitam às relações do tratamento biomédico ou das tão limitadas ações psiquiátricas, mas são relações constituídas no compromisso social do coletivo para que se possa garantir um novo lugar social para as pessoas em sofrimento psíquico.
Concepções sobre trabalho elaboradas por usuários de saúde mental envolvidos em projetos de inserção laboral
Authors: Lussi Isabela Aparecida de Oliveira , Pereira Maria Alice Ornellas
Published: September 2014

O presente estudo elegeu como foco de investigação o trabalho desenvolvido por usuários de serviços de saúde mental em oficinas de geração de renda ou em cooperativas sociais. Objetivou-se identificar as concepções acerca do trabalho elaboradas pelos mesmos. Participaram do estudo quinze usuários. Para a coleta de material, utilizou-se a técnica da observação livre, entrevista semi-estruturada e busca documental. O material empírico foi submetido à Análise Temática. A análise do material foi subsidiada pelos pressupostos teóricos da Desinstitucionalização e da Economia Solidária. Os resultados mostraram que na concepção dos participantes o trabalho é uma importante ferramenta para a emancipação social das pessoas e um recurso que promove o autoconhecimento e a auto-realização. Aponta-se a importância de se considerar a opinião dos atores sociais diretamente comprometidos com a inserção laboral.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Is Associated With Future Subclinical Carotid Artery Disease
Authors: Gunnarsson Sverrir I. , Peppard Paul E. , Korcarz Claudia E. , Barnet Jodi H. , Aeschlimann Susan E. , Hagen Erika W. , Young Terry , Hla K. Mae , Stein James H.
Published: September 2014

Objective—

To determine the longitudinal associations between obstructive sleep apnea, carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), and plaque.

Approach and Results—

This is a population-based, prospective cohort study conducted from July, 1989, to November, 2012, on 790 randomly selected Wisconsin residents who completed a mean of 3.5 (range, 1–6) polysomnograms during the study period. Obstructive sleep apnea was characterized by the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI, events/h). Common carotid artery IMT and plaque were assessed by B-mode ultrasound. The mean (SD) time from the first polysomnograms to carotid ultrasound was 13.5 (3.6) years. Multivariable regression models were created to estimate the independent associations of baseline and cumulative obstructive sleep apnea exposure with subsequent carotid IMT and plaque. At baseline, the mean age of participants was 47.6 (7.7) years (55% men, 97% white). AHI was 4.4 (9.0) events/h (range, 0–97); 7% had AHI >15 events/h. Carotid IMT was 0.755 (0.161) mm; 63% had plaque. Adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, smoking, and use of lipid-lowering, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic medications, baseline AHI independently predicted future carotid IMT (β=0.027 mm/unit log
10
[AHI+1];
P
=0.049), plaque presence (odds ratio, 1.55 [95% confidence intervals, 1.02–2.35];
P
=0.041) and plaque score (odds ratio, 1.30 [1.05–1.61];
P
=0.018). In cumulative risk factor–adjusted models, AHI independently predicted future carotid plaque presence (
P
=0.012) and score (
P
=0.039), but not IMT (
P
=0.608).

Conclusions—

Prevalent obstructive sleep apnea is independently associated with increased carotid IMT and plaque more than a decade later, indicating increased future cardiovascular disease risk.
Test Accuracy of Cognitive Screening Tests for Diagnosis of Dementia and Multidomain Cognitive Impairment in Stroke
Authors: Lees Rosalind , Selvarajah Johann , Fenton Candida , Pendlebury Sarah T. , Langhorne Peter , Stott David J. , Quinn Terence J.
Published: September 2014

Background and Purpose—

Guidelines recommend screening stroke-survivors for cognitive impairments. We sought to collate published data on test accuracy of cognitive screening tools.

Methods—

Index test was any direct, cognitive screening assessment compared against reference standard diagnosis of (undifferentiated) multidomain cognitive impairment/dementia. We used a sensitive search statement to search multiple, cross-disciplinary databases from inception to January 2014. Titles, abstracts, and articles were screened by independent researchers. We described risk of bias using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool and reporting quality using Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy guidance. Where data allowed, we pooled test accuracy using bivariate methods.

Results—

From 19 182 titles, we reviewed 241 articles, 35 suitable for inclusion. There was substantial heterogeneity: 25 differing screening tests; differing stroke settings (acute stroke, n=11 articles), and reference standards used (neuropsychological battery, n=21 articles). One article was graded low risk of bias; common issues were case–control methodology (n=7 articles) and missing data (n=22). We pooled data for 4 tests at various screen positive thresholds: Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised (<88/100): sensitivity 0.96, specificity 0.70 (2 studies); Mini Mental State Examination (<27/30): sensitivity 0.71, specificity 0.85 (12 studies); Montreal Cognitive Assessment (<26/30): sensitivity 0.95, specificity 0.45 (4 studies); MoCA (<22/30): sensitivity 0.84, specificity 0.78 (6 studies); Rotterdam-CAMCOG (<33/49): sensitivity 0.57, specificity 0.92 (2 studies).

Conclusions—

Commonly used cognitive screening tools have similar accuracy for detection of dementia/multidomain impairment with no clearly superior test and no evidence that screening tools with longer administration times perform better. MoCA at usual threshold offers short assessment time with high sensitivity but at cost of specificity; adapted cutoffs have improved specificity without sacrificing sensitivity. Our results must be interpreted in the context of modest study numbers: heterogeneity and potential bias.
Potassium Intake and Risk of Stroke in Women With Hypertension and Nonhypertension in the Women’s Health Initiative
Authors: Seth Arjun , Mossavar-Rahmani Yasmin , Kamensky Victor , Silver Brian , Lakshminarayan Kamakshi , Prentice Ross , Van Horn Linda , Wassertheil-Smoller Sylvia
Published: September 2014

Background and Purpose—

Dietary potassium has been associated with lower risk of stroke, but there are little data on dietary potassium effects on different stroke subtypes or in older women with hypertension and nonhypertension.

Methods—

The study population consisted of 90 137 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 at enrollment, free of stroke history at baseline, followed up prospectively for an average of 11 years. Outcome variables were total, ischemic, and hemorrhagic stroke, and all-cause mortality. Incidence was compared across quartiles of dietary potassium intake, and hazard ratios were obtained from Cox proportional hazards models after adjusting for potential confounding variables, and in women with hypertension and nonhypertension separately.

Results—

Mean dietary potassium intake was 2611 mg/d. Highest quartile of potassium intake was associated with lower incidence of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and total mortality. Multivariate analyses comparing highest to lowest quartile of potassium intake indicated a hazard ratio of 0.90 (95% confidence interval, 0.85–0.95) for all-cause mortality, 0.88 (95% confidence interval, 0.79–0.98) for all stroke, and 0.84 (95% confidence interval, 0.74–0.96) for ischemic stroke. The effect on ischemic stroke was more apparent in women with nonhypertension among whom there was a 27% lower risk with hazard ratio of 0.73 (95% confidence interval, 0.60–0.88), interaction
P
<0.10. There was no association with hemorrhagic stroke.

Conclusions—

High potassium intake is associated with a lower risk of all stroke and ischemic stroke, as well as all-cause mortality in older women, particularly those who are not hypertensive.
A new entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema bifurcatum n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Fayyaz Shahina , Yan Xun , Qiu Lihong , Han Richou , Gulsher Mehreen , Khanum Tabassum Ara , Javed Salma
Published: September 2014

A new species of Steinernema is described herein as S. bifurcatum n. sp. It is characterised by the presence of a male gubernaculum that is bifurcate at both proximal and distal ends, a key diagnostic feature. Steinernema bifurcatum n. sp. belongs to the bicornutum group by having two horn-like structures on the labial region of the infective juvenile (IJ). It can be recognised by IJ body diam. = 22 (20-24) μm, pharynx = 114 (102-134) μm, ratio a = 24 (22-25) and D% = 39.7 (33-47). The new species can be further recognised by the male characters of D% = 48 (42-58), and genital papillae = 23 (22 + 1) in number and, for the first generation female, excretory pore = 75.7 (60-108) μm, pharynx = 174 (158-200) μm and tail length = 43.2 (38-60) μm. Steinernema bifurcatum n. sp. is distinguished from all other members of the bicornutum group by the presence of a gubernaculum which is bifurcated at both proximal and distal ends in first generation males. On the basis of genital papillae number (22 + 1) it is close to S. abbasi, S. ceratophorum and S. pakistanense, but can be distinguished by morphometrics of IJ and adults. IJ of S. bifurcatum n. sp. can be differentiated from those of S. ceratophorum and S. pakistanense by the smaller body length of 460-590 μm. Steinernema bifurcatum n. sp. differs from S. abbasi by morphological characters of IJ, male and female stages. The IJ can be distinguished by D% (33-47), body diam. (20-24) μm, b value (3.8-5.6) and pharynx length (102-134) μm. The second generation male differs by GS ratio (0.29-0.45) and the mucronate tail. The first generation female is distinguished by a protruding vulva and no postanal swelling. Analysis of ITS rDNA (824 bp), D2-D3 (880 bp) and mt DNA region (507 bp) sequences confirm that the studied nematode isolate represents a valid new species, the combination of molecular and morphological features indicating that it belongs to Clade IV, the bicornutum group.
“Mission and Evangelism” (1982) and “Together Towards Life” (2013)
Authors: Jongeneel Jan A.B.
Published: September 2014

Since its establishment in 1948 the World Council of Churches (wcc) has produced and approved two position statements on mission and evangelism: Mission and Evangelism: An Ecumenical Affirmation (1982); and Together towards Life: Mission and Evangelism in Changing Landscapes (2012). This article compares and analyses these documents. It deals with six selected topics: vocabulary; (primary) sources; the connection between world history and mission and church history; systematic mission theology (especially the doctrine of the Trinity); mission spirituality; and the encounter with the adherents of other religions and beliefs. Both documents make the World Council and its member churches more aware of the missionary obligation. The main difference between the documents is the shift from a Christ-centered to a Spirit-centered view on mission and evangelism.
Freshwater ascomycetes: Lophiostoma vaginatispora comb. nov. (Dothideomycetes, Pleosporales, Lophiostomaceae) based on morphological and molecular data
Authors: Zhang Huang , Hyde Kevin D. , Zhao Yongchang , MCKENZIE ERIC H.C. , Zhou Dequn
Published: September 2014

Lophiostoma vaginatispora comb. nov. was collected from submerged wood in a stream in Northern Thailand. The species is characteristic by immersed to erumpent ascomata, with slot-like ostioles, with long, branched and numerous periphyses, an unequally thick peridium where the upper part is narrower than the lower part, and 1-septate, narrowly fusiform ascospores with a thick surrounding papilionaceous sheath. The placement of this species in Lophiostoma is based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses of the partial nuclear ribosomal 18S small subunit and 28S large subunit DNA sequence data. Lophiostoma vaginatispora is distinguished from other Lophiostoma species in possessing a wide papilionaceous sheath.
A new genus and three new species of hysteriaceous ascomycetes from the semiarid region of Brazil
Authors: DE ALMEIDA DAVI AUGUSTO CARNEIRO , GUSMÃO LUÍS FERNANDO PASCHOLATI , MILLER ANDREW NICHOLAS
Published: September 2014

During an inventory of ascomycetes in the semi-arid region of Brazil, one new genus and three new species of hysteriaceous ascomycetes were found. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear ribosomal 28S large subunit were performed to investigate the placement of the new taxa within the class Dothideomycetes. Anteaglonium brasiliense is described as a new species within the order Pleosporales, and Graphyllium caracolinense is described as a new species nested inside Hysteriales. Morphological and molecular data support Hysterodifractum as a new monotypic genus in the Hysteriaceae. The type species, H. partisporum, is characterized by navicular, carbonaceous, gregarious hysterothecia and pigmented, fusiform ascospores that disarticulate into 16 ovoid or obovoid, septate, part-spores. This is the first report of a hysteriaceous fungus producing part-spores.
Phylogenetic placement of Bahusandhika, Cancellidium and Pseudoepicoccum (asexual Ascomycota)
Authors: PRATIBHA J. , PRABHUGAONKAR A. , HYDE K.D. , Bhat D.J.
Published: September 2014

Most hyphomycetous conidial fungi cannot be presently placed in a natural classification. They need recollecting and sequencing so that phylogenetic analysis can resolve their taxonomic affinities. The type species of the asexual genera, Bahusandhika, Cancellidium and Pseudoepicoccum were recollected, isolated in culture, and the ITS and LSU gene regions sequenced. The sequence data were analysed with reference data obtained through GenBank. The DNA sequence analyses shows that Bahusandhika indica has a close relationship with Berkleasmium in the order Pleosporales and Pseudoepicoccum cocos with Piedraia in Capnodiales; both are members of Dothideomycetes. Cancellidium applanatum forms a distinct lineage in the Sordariomycetes.
Stellarioides littoralis (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a distinct new species from eastern South Africa
Authors: Crouch Neil R. , Martínez-Azorín Mario , Beaumont Angela J. , Styles David
Published: September 2014

A new South African endemic species, Stellarioides littoralis is described and illustrated, with data provided on morphology, ecology and distribution. The species appears to be closely related to S. longibracteata and whilst it shares in common an epigeal habit of the bulb with the latter species, several reproductive and vegetative morphological features clearly distinguish it. The affinities and divergences with other close allies are also discussed.
Kieslingia chilensis (Asteraceae: Astereae), a new genus and species from northern Chile
Authors: Saldivia Patricio , FAÚNDEZ LUIS , MARTICORENA ALICIA , PANERO JOSÉ L.
Published: September 2014

Kieslingia chilensis, a new genus and species of tribe Astereae (Asteraceae) from northern Chile restricted to the Huasco river basin of the Andes pre-mountain Range in the Atacama region is described and illustrated. The combination of its diagnostic characters including discoid homogamous capitula, alveolate epaleate receptacles, and deeply trifid leaves, is not found in any other species of South American Astereae.  An ITS phylogenic analysis placed Kieslingia chilensis within subtribe Hinterhuberinae, and sister to the genus Guynesomia, also endemic to Chile.  The morphological characteristics of Kieslingia chilensis are compared and contrasted to sister taxa as identified by the molecular phylogenetic studies and the environmental features of the area where the species is found are discussed.  A key to distinguish Kieslingia from other Astereae genera of northern Chile is given.  Based on IUCN criteria and categories we assign the Endangered (EN) category to Kieslingia chilensis.
Moczariella, a bizarre new genus of Mesitiinae (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Arab Peninsula
Authors: BARBOSA DIEGO N. , AZEVEDO CELSO O.
Published: September 2014

Mesitiinae include 203 species classified in 22 genera and four tribes. In this work we proposed a new genus. Moczariella centenaria Barbosa & Azevedo gen. et sp. nov. are described from United Arab Emirates. The main diagnostic characteristics is body wholly unfoveolate, clypeus without lateral lobes, post-occipital depression present, propodeum with discal carinae incomplete, and without posterior one, propodeal spiracle placed laterally, claws single, and genital basal ring with dorsal half distinctly longer than ventral one.
Cyclone Center: Can Citizen Scientists Improve Tropical Cyclone Intensity Records?
Authors: Hennon Christopher C. , Knapp Kenneth R. , Schreck Carl J. , Stevens Scott E. , Kossin James P. , Thorne Peter W. , Hennon Paula A. , Kruk Michael C. , Rennie Jared , Gadéa Jean-Maurice , Striegl Maximilian , Carley Ian
Published: September 2014

The global tropical cyclone (TC) intensity record, even in modern times, is uncertain because the vast majority of storms are only observed remotely. Forecasters determine the maximum wind speed using a patchwork of sporadic observations and remotely sensed data. A popular tool that aids forecasters is the Dvorak technique—a procedural system that estimates the maximum wind based on cloud features in IR and/or visible satellite imagery. Inherently, the application of the Dvorak procedure is open to subjectivity. Heterogeneities are also introduced into the historical record with the evolution of operational procedures, personnel, and observing platforms. These uncertainties impede our ability to identify the relationship between tropical cyclone intensities and, for example, recent climate change.

A global reanalysis of TC intensity using experts is difficult because of the large number of storms. We will show that it is possible to effectively reanalyze the global record using crowdsourcing. Through modifying the Dvorak technique into a series of simple questions that amateurs (“citizen scientists”) can answer on a website, we are working toward developing a new TC dataset that resolves intensity discrepancies in several recent TCs. Preliminary results suggest that the performance of human classifiers in some cases exceeds that of an automated Dvorak technique applied to the same data for times when the storm is transitioning into a hurricane.
Characteristics of Arctic Sea-Ice Thickness Variability in GCMs
Authors: Blanchard-Wrigglesworth Edward , Bitz Cecilia M.
Published: September 2014

Skillful Arctic sea ice forecasts may be possible for lead times of months or even years owing to the persistence of thickness anomalies. In this study sea ice thickness variability is characterized in fully coupled GCMs and sea ice–ocean-only models (IOMs) that are forced with an estimate of observations derived from atmospheric reanalysis and satellite measurements. Overall, variance in sea ice thickness is greatest along Arctic Ocean coastlines. Sea ice thickness anomalies have a typical time scale of about 6–20 months, a time scale that lengthens about a season when accounting for ice transport, and a typical length scale of about 500–1000 km. The range of these scales across GCMs implies that an estimate of the number of thickness monitoring locations needed to characterize the full Arctic basin sea ice thickness variability field is model dependent and would vary between 3 and 14. Models with a thinner mean ice state tend to have ice-thickness anomalies that are generally shorter lived and smaller in amplitude but have larger spatial scales. Additionally, sea ice thickness variability in IOMs is damped relative to GCMs in part due to strong negative coupling between the dynamic and thermodynamic processes that affect sea ice thickness. The significance for designing prediction systems is discussed.
Surface Pressure Tide Climatologies Deduced from a Quality-Controlled Network of Barometric Observations*
Authors: Schindelegger Michael , Ray Richard D.
Published: September 2014

Global “ground truth” knowledge of solar diurnal S1 and semidiurnal S2 surface pressure tides as furnished by barometric in situ observations represents a valuable standard for wide-ranging geophysical and meteorological applications. This study attempts to aid validations of the air pressure tide signature in current climate or atmospheric analysis models by developing a new global assembly of nearly 6900 mean annual S1 and S2 estimates on the basis of station and marine barometric reports from the International Surface Pressure Databank, version 2 (ISPDv2), for a principal time span of 1990–2010. Previously published tidal compilations have been limited by inadequate spatial coverage or by internal inconsistencies and outliers from suspect tidal analyses; here, these problems are mostly overcome through 1) automated data filtering under ISPDv2’s quality-control framework and 2) a meticulously conducted visual inspection of station harmonic decompositions. The quality of the resulting compilation is sufficient to support global interpolation onto a reasonably fine mesh of 1° horizontal spacing. A multiquadric interpolation algorithm, with parameters fine-tuned by frequency and for land or ocean regions, is employed. Global charts of the gridded surface pressure climatologies are presented, and these are mapped to a wavenumber versus latitude spectrum for comparison with long-term means of S1 and S2 from four present-day atmospheric analysis systems. This cross verification, shown to be feasible even for the minor stationary modes of the tides, reveals a small but probably significant overestimation of up to 18% for peak semidiurnal amplitudes as predicted by global analysis models.
Sufism as Medium and Method of Translation
Authors: Nair Shankar
Published: September 2014

During the height of the Mughal Empire in pre-colonial South Asia (16th–17th century CE), Muslim nobles facilitated the translation of numerous Hindu Sanskrit texts into the Persian language. While this “translation movement” (Ernst, 2003: 173) had long been attributed to the reputedly liberal, tolerant, and enlightened personal inclinations of the Mughal emperors, scholars in recent decades have begun to re-evaluate the phenomenon, arguing instead that practical socio-political considerations and quotidian cultural processes best explain the nature of the translation movement. What such analyses lack, however, is a sustained consideration of how the Islamic – and, in particular, Sufi – worldview(s) of the nobles in question shaped the inner workings of, and motivations behind, the movement. In this essay, I take up one such translation from the Mughal period – Mir Findiriski’s Muntakhab-i Jug Basisht, a translation of the Sanskrit Laghu-Yoga-Vasistha – examining not only its content in relation to the Sanskrit original, but also the manner in which Sufi thought and metaphysics informed the very process of translation itself.
Understanding the Effect of Changes to Natural Turf Hardness on Lower Extremity Loading
Authors: Low Daniel C , Dixon Sharon J
Published: September 2014

This investigation measures the biomechanical response of four soccer players (age 24 (standard deviation: 0.82) years, weight 74.6 (standard deviation: 6.9) kg, footwear size 10) to the seasonal changes that occur to a natural turf playing surface. The surface was tested on two occasions where participants wore a pair of soccer boots with six screw-in studs (metal cleat) and a pair with 15 rubber moulded studs (moulded cleat) in a 2 × 2 surface-footwear design. While running (3.0 m/s ± 5%) and performing a 180° turn (consistent self-selected ± 5%), data were collected using Footscan pressure insoles (500 Hz, (RSscan, Belgium)). These data included peak impact force, peak impact force loading rate and the peak pressures and peak pressure loading rate at the medial and lateral heel and first and fifth metatarsals. Multiple two-way repeated measures analyses of variance were conducted on the data and p-values, effect size and confidence intervals determined. Intraclass correlation coefficients were also used to determine the reliability of data during the turning movement. Study findings demonstrate that greater pressure magnitudes were experienced on the harder turf surfaces when running (p < 0.05) which may contribute to the greater risk of injury seen in the literature. The study results also show that the reliability of selected data collected during the 180° turning motion was good to excellent. For some measures of loading, particularly during turning, a larger confirmatory investigation is needed with sufficient statistical power to support these findings.
Time and Power in the European Commission
Authors: Goetz Klaus H.
Published: September 2014

Major recent studies of the European Commission have emphasised the growing politicisation and centralisation as important trends transforming its organisation. The present article analyses the role that time rules and temporal practices that structure the operation of the Commission have played in these trends. It finds a clear temporal subtext to politicisation and centralisation. This becomes evident when one examines two key time-sensitive relationships: between the political level – the College of Commissioners – and the administrative level; and between central coordination units – notably the Secretariat-General – and line units. Political time-setting, monitoring and enforcement have assumed greater prominence, reducing the temporal discretion of the administration; central ‘keepers of the clock’ have acquired greater power; and traditional bureaucratic advantages in time budgets and time horizons have diminished.
On the analog and radio frequency performance of Junctionless Single Metal Gate cylindrical surround gate metal-oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors
Authors: Gupta Santosh Kumar , Baishya Srimanta
Published: September 2014

In this paper a comprehensive study of Junctionless Single Metal cylindrical surround gate (JLSM CSG) metal-oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) characteristics have been presented and compared with a conventional CSG MOSFET of identical dimensions. The variations of different analog and radio frequency performance parameters have been studied by varying the gate length, channel diameter, and metal gate workfunction using three-dimensional numerical simulations in terms of transconductance, transconductance generation factor, early voltage, unity gain cutoff frequency, maximum frequency of oscillation, etc. The JLSM CSG MOSFETs are found to exhibit superior characteristics compared to the conventional CSG MOSFETs.
“They Are All Organizations”: The Cultural Roots of Blurring Between the Nonprofit, Business, and Government Sectors
Authors: Bromley Patricia , Meyer John W.
Published: September 2014

An important transformation is reshaping once-distinct social structures, such as charitable and religious groups, family firms, and government agencies, into more analogous units called organizations. We use the ideas of sociological institutionalism to build a cultural explanation for the blurring between traditional sectors. In contrast to mainstream theories of power or functionality, we argue that it is increasingly difficult to distinguish between these historically separate entities because of global cultural shifts characterized by a growing emphasis on science, which renders the world subject to systematic principles, and the expansion of individual rights, responsibilities, and capacities. Focusing mainly on nonprofits, our approach explains two important features of contemporary blurring that are overlooked in current explanations: that the practices associated with becoming more like business or government in the nonprofit sector spread beyond known instrumental utility and the demands of funders or clients, and that sector blurring is not simply a transfer of new practices into the world of nonprofits and government. All sectors are changing in similar ways in the current period.
Adaptive Disengagement Buffers Self-Esteem From Negative Social Feedback
Authors: Leitner Jordan B. , Hehman Eric , Deegan Matthew P. , Jones James M.
Published: September 2014

The degree to which self-esteem hinges on feedback in a domain is known as a contingency of self-worth, or engagement. Although previous research has conceptualized engagement as stable, it would be advantageous for individuals to dynamically regulate engagement. The current research examined whether the tendency to disengage from negative feedback accounts for variability in self-esteem. We created the Adaptive Disengagement Scale (ADS) to capture individual differences in the tendency to disengage self-esteem from negative outcomes. Results demonstrated that the ADS is reliable and valid (Studies 1 and 2). Furthermore, in response to negative social feedback, higher scores on the ADS predicted greater state self-esteem (Study 3), and this relationship was mediated by disengagement (Study 4). These findings demonstrate that adaptive disengagement protects self-esteem from negative outcomes and that the ADS is a valid measure of individual differences in the implementation of this process.
Backscatter Coefficient Estimation Using Tapers with Gaps
Authors: Luchies Adam C. , Oelze Michael L.
Published: September 2014

When using the backscatter coefficient (BSC) to estimate quantitative ultrasound parameters such as the effective scatterer diameter (ESD) and the effective acoustic concentration (EAC), it is necessary to assume that the interrogated medium contains diffuse scatterers. Structures that invalidate this assumption can affect the estimated BSC parameters in terms of increased bias and variance and decrease performance when classifying disease. In this work, a method was developed to mitigate the effects of echoes from structures that invalidate the assumption of diffuse scattering, while preserving as much signal as possible for obtaining diffuse scatterer property estimates. Backscattered signal sections that contained nondiffuse signals were identified and a windowing technique was used to provide BSC estimates for diffuse echoes only. Experiments from physical phantoms were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed BSC estimation methods. Tradeoffs associated with effective mitigation of specular scatterers and bias and variance introduced into the estimates were quantified. Analysis of the results suggested that discrete prolate spheroidal (PR) tapers with gaps provided the best performance for minimizing BSC error. Specifically, the mean square error for BSC between measured and theoretical had an average value of approximately 1.0 and 0.2 when using a Hanning taper and PR taper respectively, with six gaps. The BSC error due to amplitude bias was smallest for PR (Nω = 1) tapers. The BSC error due to shape bias was smallest for PR (Nω = 4) tapers. These results suggest using different taper types for estimating ESD versus EAC.