bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generating Profits out of Passion: A Study of New Zealand Wineries
Authors:   , Sugand Juhie Navin
Published: November 2021

Lifestyle entrepreneurship is associated with entrepreneurs who operate businesses primarily for reasons associated with non-economic motives such as pursuit of passion, work-life balance, quality of life, and/or achieving other personal goals and objectives. Although non-economic motives are usually assumed to take precedence in such businesses, economic objectives are also important to lifestyle entrepreneurs, as they provide the means to sustain the business and support the lifestyle sought by the entrepreneur. This study aims to examine two key aspects of lifestyle entrepreneurship. Firstly, it investigates the challenges encountered by lifestyle entrepreneurs in their pursuit of economic and non-economic motivations simultaneously. And secondly, it looks at the strategies employed by lifestyle entrepreneurs to cope with those challenges.  Data for this study were collected qualitatively, through in-depth, semi-structured interviews. A set of open ended questions were used to explore the perceptions and experiences of entrepreneurs. All interviews were conducted face-to-face and were averaged 60 minutes in duration. The sample comprised of 14 lifestyle entrepreneurs from the wine industry of New Zealand, a sector which has been associated with lifestyle entrepreneurship in previous literature. The participants were purposefully selected from three wine regions, namely Nelson, Martinborough and Waiheke Island, to add to the generalizability of the findings depending on whether regional differences were apparent.  This study indicates that the main challenges encountered by the selected sample were issues pertaining to simultaneously growing the business, as well as their ability to achieve or maintain desired work-life balance. The strategies adopted by the respondents to cope with these challenges included maintaining their business small-scale, diversification of the business operations, addressing seasonality in business operations, personal engagement with the customers, delegating responsibility and re-prioritizing economic over non-economic objectives. More specifically, the respondents’ activities covered a range of business operations including grape growing, winemaking, domestic wine sales, international wine exports, cellar-door sales, providing accommodation on the vineyard (holiday house), and restaurant/cafe facilities. All wineries had achieved some form of growth over time, but most of them still remained small-scale. This was mainly due to reasons such as the desire to retain control and hands-on involvement. For a few wineries, the lifestyle orientation had changed over the course of time. Even though maintaining lifestyle objectives were still important to them, economic motivations now took precedence in their business. This was mainly due to factors such as having stimulated significant growth, changing market environment, increase in competition, or the need to ensure the viability of the business.
Mechanism-based design of bioactive cyclopropanated sugars
Authors:   , Davies Dylan
Published: November 2021

Carbohydrates are important feed stocks in synthesis of natural products and so attract the interest of many organic researchers throughout the world, most notably in the last 10 years. The work described within explores the manipulation of the glucose-derived glucal. The addition of a reactive substituted cyclopropane across the alkene has been employed synthetically for many years, the subsequent ring breaking/expansion has been identified in the lab as slow and needing the support of catalysts. We ask the question, “Will cyclopropanated carbohydrates undergo the slow ring breaking/expansion in the presence of proteins, and are we able to identify which of the two types of mechanisms the reaction is going through?” The cyclopropane will act as a warhead to bind to proteins through Ferrier like rearrangements, resulting in irreversible inhibition. To identify the potential of such compounds, a combination of techniques are used to identify potential pathways, protein targets and reactivity through structure activity relationships.  The key steps involved in finding out the potential of cyclopropanated carbohydrates are to determine biological activities through bio-assays, structure activity relationships, selective binding, chemical genetics and chemical proteomics. The bio-assays together with structure activity relationships provides evidence on which chemical mechanism is occurring when the biological target is interacting with the bioactive cyclopropanated carbohydrates. The most active compound, benzose (7), was subjected to chemical genetic analysis to determine the pathways and processes that are involved with the mode of action. The chemical genetic analysis was complimented by chemical proteomics to identify the direct biological target. Analogues of benzose were synthesised by the addition of azide groups to undergo a Huisgen Cyclisation within a cell lysate to facilitate binding to an alkyne-substituted matrix.
The legitimacy of spectral evidence during the Salem witchcraft trials
Authors:   , Eaton Rebecca Elise
Published: November 2021

This paper looks at the use of spectral evidence during the Salem witch trials and examines whether its use was legitimate and in accordance with the evidential standards of the time (1692). Ultimately this paper finds that the use of spectral evidence was legitimate as it followed the slim guidelines available at the time. The court followed a strong precedent and the limited statutory guidance and instructions that were available. However there was acknowledgement at the time that spectral evidence was limiting the rights of those accused and was leading to unjust convictions. As such these trials invoked an acknowledgement of more modern standards of evidence. Therefore spectral evidence was legitimately used given the guidelines of the time despite the unjust effect that it had.
To whom will ye liken me, and make me equal? Reformulating the role of the comparator in the identification of discrimination
Authors:   , Emanuel Asher Gabriel
Published: November 2021

The use of comparator groups has to date been central to establishing a breach of s 19 of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. The New Zealand courts’ approach to the formulation of comparator groups admits a lack of a clear methodology. This paper argues that, in the absence of a framework guiding the formulation of the comparator, the methodology permits arbitrary and inconsistent decision-making. The flexibility of the approach risks premature exclusion of claims in reliance on intuitive rather than analytical reasoning, limiting the transformative potential of nondiscrimination provisions. Of particular concern is the involvement of matters of justification at the comparator stage. The High Court judgment in B v Chief Executive of the Ministry of Social Development is emblematic of these concerns. Recent developments at the Court of Appeal in Ministry of Health v Atkinson and Child Poverty Action Group v Attorney-General have provided some guidance, but have not gone far enough. This paper recommends that the courts depart from requiring a comparator for claims under s 19. Where comparators are necessary, it is proposed that the courts defer to the claimant’s choice of comparator, and decouple the identification of differential treatment from questions of causation.
An evaluation of the Electronic Purchasing in Consortium database marketing at a New Zealand public library
Authors:   , Armour Andrew Wreford
Published: November 2021

Research problem The Electronic Purchasing in Consortium (EPIC) databases are a useful paid resource that some librarians consider to be underused. Marketing is a key means of increasing awareness and use of library resources, but research into EPIC database marketing is sparse. This study investigated ways of improving the efficiency of marketing at a New Zealand public library through conversations with library staff and a customer. Methodology Data was collected through five semi-structured face-to-face interviews and was qualitatively analysed with reference to the product, price, place and promotion of a public library’s EPIC databases. Results It was found that the library does not market its EPIC databases and that there is a connection between inadequate promotion, low customer awareness and low usage of the EPIC databases. EPIC database accessibility and staff training in database use were found to be areas in need of work. These issues were in part explained by the low priority the EPIC databases had at the library when compared with community outreach initiatives. Implications This study recommends market research be carried out, followed by targeted promotional efforts, further customer and staff training in the use of EPIC databases and more prominent web links to databases. It also recommends the library look into ways of using the EPIC databases in its customer outreach initiatives.
Leadership: Tertiary Libraries and the New Library Professional
Authors:   , Donaldson Denise
Published: November 2021

Research Problem: The library workforce is rapidly aging and many library leaders will be lost as they retire. This is exacerbated in tertiary libraries, which traditionally attract an older workforce. Libraries face constant change that requires leaders to negotiate. Doubts have been expressed about new library professionals’ willingness to take on leadership roles. To understand how problematic this situation is in New Zealand’s tertiary sector, this research examined the attitude of new library professionals’ toward leadership. Methodology: The research used a survey method incorporating quantitative and qualitative questions. For the purpose of this research a new library professional is defined as someone who began studying for a library qualification within the last five years, or who has completed a library qualification within the last five years. Results: 32 eligible participants took part. The results show a desire for access to mentoring and while the attitudes toward leadership are dependent on confidence, experience and involvement in development opportunities, most participants expressed a positive attitude to taking on a leadership role either now or in the future. Implications: Access to leadership development opportunities builds knowledge and confidence, and attitudes are negatively impacted without this. Mentoring is a key development opportunity that the majority of new librarians currently lack. These findings positively reinforce the leadership and mentoring opportunities currently offered by the LIANZA, although regular reminders to new professionals of these opportunities would help. The findings suggest the proposed changes to the MIS library curriculum of incorporating a practicum for all students is an additional development opportunity that will add to new professionals’ experience.
Content Replication and Placement Schemes for Wireless Mesh Networks
Authors:   , Al-Arnaout Zakwan
Published: November 2021

Recently, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have attracted much of interest from both academia and industry, due to their potential to provide an alternative broadband wireless Internet connectivity. However, due to different reasons such as multi-hop forwarding and the dynamic wireless link characteristics, the performance of current WMNs is rather low when clients are soliciting Web contents. Due to the evolution of advanced mobile computing devices; it is anticipated that the demand for bandwidth-onerous popular content (especially multimedia content) in WMNs will dramatically increase in the coming future.  Content replication is a popular approach for outsourcing content on behalf of the origin content provider. This area has been well explored in the context of the wired Internet, but has received comparatively less attention from the research community when it comes to WMNs. There are a number of replica placement algorithms that are specifically designed for the Internet. But they do not consider the special features of wireless networks such as insufficient bandwidth, low server capacity, contention to access the wireless medium, etc.  This thesis studies the technical challenges encountered when transforming the traditional model of multi-hop WMNs from an access network into a content network. We advance the thesis that support from packet relaying mesh routers to act as replica servers for popular content such as media streaming, results in significant performance improvement. Such support from infrastructure mesh routers benefits from knowledge of the underlying network topology (i.e., information about the physical connections between network nodes is available at mesh routers).  The utilization of cross-layer information from lower layers opens the door to developing efficient replication schemes that account for the specific features of WMNs (e.g., contention between the nodes to access the wireless medium and traffic interference). Moreover, this can benefit from the underutilized resources (e.g., storage and bandwidth) at mesh routers. This utilization enables those infrastructure nodes to participate in content distribution and play the role of replica servers.  In this thesis, our main contribution is the design of two lightweight, distributed, and scalable object replication schemes for WMNs. The first scheme follows a hierarchical approach, while the second scheme follows a flat one. The challenge is to replicate content as close as possible to the requesting clients and thus, reduce the access latency per object, while minimizing the number of replicas. The two schemes aim to address the questions of where and how many replicas should be placed in the WMN. In our schemes, we consider the underlying topology joint with link-quality metrics to improve the quality of experience. We show using simulation tests that the schemes significantly enhance the performance of a WMN in terms of reducing the access cost, bandwidth consumption and computation/communication cost.
Sentencing the killers of gay men since the abolition of provocation in New Zealand: Have the courts reflected community concerns?
Authors:   , O'Connor Annie
Published: November 2021

This paper discusses sentencing in New Zealand homicide cases in which the offence was prompted by a homosexual advance in light of the abolition of the partial defence of provocation. The author argues that, despite the concerns around sentencing in homosexual advance cases that partly led to the abolition of the partial defence, there has been no real change in the way these cases are being sentenced. This paper suggests that prejudice against homosexuals may be a significant contributing factor toward the low sentences that have continued to be given to offenders in unwanted homosexual advance cases.
Jurors on trial: Lawyers using the internet to research prospective jurors
Authors:   , O'Hagan Lydia
Published: November 2021

This paper examines a practice underpinning the exercise of the peremptory right whereby lawyers use the internet to research prospective jurors with a view to challenge. Although it is unclear how common the practice is in New Zealand, the increasing availability of personal information online means that lawyers have a plethora of personal information about prospective jurors at their fingertips. Currently peremptory challenges are exercised in a discriminatory fashion on the basis of broad stereotypes. It is argued that pretrial research by lawyers on prospective jurors could secure a more impartial jury by providing a mechanism for uncovering attitudinal biases or predispositions of prospective jurors, meaning they will be exercised on the basis of stereotypes alone less often. Pretrial research by lawyers could also remedy the disparity of resources between prosecution and defence by providing an independent vehicle for obtaining information. This paper discusses the benefits of pretrial research of prospective jurors and argues that any drawbacks are limited. Potential guidelines for lawyers conducting pretrial research around the collection, use, retention and disclosure of information are proposed before concluding. This paper concludes that pretrial research of prospective jurors serves to protect, rather than undermine, the fundamental right of all parties to a fair trial.
Comparative study of civil aviation de-licensing regimes in New Zealand, Australia and Canada
Authors:   , Parnell John
Published: November 2021

This paper looks at the civil aviation law for New Zealand, Australia, the USA and Canada in regards to the ‘de-licensing’ of participants in the aviation system. The comparative analysis is on each country’s ability to take administrative action against an aviation participant on an ‘on notice’ basis and, in cases where there is an imminent threat to aviation safety, on a ‘without notice’ basis. Issues looked at include:  (a) The process the regulator must adhere to in bringing administrative action. (b) The appeal or review rights available to the aviation participant. (c) The availability of a stay to the aviation participant while he or she waits a full hearing. (d) The availability of a specialist tribunal with aviation expertise to hear an appeal.  The issues are examined in order to determine what, if any, improvements could be made to the New Zealand system. The paper concludes that the New Zealand system could be improved by providing for a more streamlined appeal or review process; a unified transport tribunal dealing with land transport, maritime and civil cases and an ability, in limited circumstances, for the Director's decision to be stayed pending a full hearing.
Augmenting Jurisdiction
Authors:   , Pye Thomas
Published: November 2021

Augmenting jurisdiction is a hypothetical scenario I have created, to explore what impact Mixed Reality (MR) could have on the Environmental Court of Aotearoa (EVC A). This Thesis has two equal sides of exploration; Physical and Virtual. The ‘Physical’ in this instance is the hierarchy and organisation of the Environmental Courts of Aotearoa and the ‘Virtual’ are the components and concepts of Mixed Reality.  Stage One of the research is exploring the Physical - hierarchy, technological and organisational requirements of EVC A, as set of out by the Ministry of Justice and Courts NZ . Within this stage of research I explore the statutory bodies, resource management act and the compositional structure of the judicial system. I also explore the variable of the Virtual - the concept of MR, as set out by Prof. Paul Milgram, Ph.D., P.Eng. from the ETC lab at the University of Toronto. It explores technologies that are currently under research and development and are not necessarily available to the general public. However these products contain the possibilities for what I am proposing in this paper. Exploring the capabilities of MR delves into products such as “Google Glass” or other Head Mounted Displays (HMD), Heads Up Display (HUD), both material and immaterial video display and graphic simulated environments.  Stage Two is extrapolation and interpretation of the Physical and the Virtual constructs. The data from Stage One regulated how I approached the design. The model created in Stage Two is a direct result of the contraints colated in Stage One and the physical parameters of the old Ministry of Defense building, 15 -21 Stout St, Wellington. Stage Two was completed with computer aided design so" ware from companies such as Autodesk, Adobe and others.  Stage Three - Exogesis - reflection and evaluation. This stage was to culminate my ideas and research.  I would like to thank you for reading this thesis and hope you have a nice day :)>
New Zealand's Forgotten Appellate Court? The Native Affairs Committee, Petitions and Maori Land: 1871 to 1900
Authors:   , Finny Guy
Published: November 2021

The second half the 19th century witnessed one of the most complex and destructive chapters in New Zealand legal history. The Native Land Court, Land Laws and Crown purchase and confiscation policies combined to create confusion, uncertainty and grievance in Maori land ownership and transactions. In response, thousands of Maori, and some Europeans, petitioned Parliament. Around two thousand of these Maori land related petitions were referred to the Native Affairs Committee of the House of Representatives, many of which involved complex disputes and legal issues in relation to Maori land. In several respects, the petitioners were treating this Committee as a de-facto ’Maori Land Appellate Court’. However, the Committee was no such court. Instead, this paper argues the Committee was effectively operating as a ‘Maori Land Ombudsman’. Using petitions, Maori and Europeans would put their grievances and law reform suggestions before the Committee. In turn, the Committee would usually investigate and make recommendations for action. Although the Committee was ultimately unable to resolve many of the alleged grievances put before it, in a system where Maori had little political power, it fulfilled an important constitutional role as a check on judicial and government power in relation to Maori land interests.
Englacial hydrology of Annette Plateau, a temperate alpine glacier, Southern Alps, New Zealand
Authors:   , Schaller Kolja
Published: November 2021

The movement of water through temperate glaciers is important for understanding fundamental issues within glaciology. These include glacier induced floods, glacier dynamics and run-off prediction. Traditional englacial hydrology is thought to consist of interconnected tubular channels that merge down-glacier and drain through the glacier to the bed. However, englacial hydrology is much debated as the links between the glacier surface and bed are not well understood. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical tool that is well suited for studying glaciated areas. Recent ice coring attempts in New Zealand’s temperate alpine glaciers were not successful in coring to bedrock due to the interception of water at depth. This highlights the need for a better understanding of the englacial hydrology of temperate systems. This study investigates the englacial hydrology at Annette Plateau where on three occasions the interception of water has prevented successful coring to the glacier bed. Ground penetrating radar was used to conduct two high-resolution surveys on Annette Plateau in early spring 2011 and early summer 2011. Across-glacier profiles were acquired at 20 m spacing to enable tracking of englacial reflectors between profiles. Models of temperate englacial features were made to aid feature identification within radar profiles. Radar data is compared with density, stratigraphy and chemistry results from the 45 m ice core obtained at Annette Plateau in winter 2009. The early-summer survey indicates an increase in the glacier’s water content compared with the early-spring survey. Englacial reflectors show evidence of (a) spatially continuous englacial conduits, (b) the formation of a water table feature which shallows down glacier, and (c) detailed bedrock topography. Hydropotential surfaces, calculated for the water table and bedrock horizons, show the direction of water flow. Ice core chemistry shows a correlation between the depth of the water table and a significant hiatus indicated by tritium dating. We infer that an extensive water table has formed on an old melt surface where ice from approximately 1930-1991 has been removed. This water table responds to seasonal temperature changes and hydrological inputs.
News Media Regulation: A Mixed Membership Model Approach
Authors:   , Gajanayaka Mudalige Chamika
Published: November 2021

The traditional platform-centric approach to media regulation is no longer tenable with the distinct line between broadcast and print media being blurred by mainstream media combining text and video via the internet. To address platform convergence, the Law Commission recommends a universal news media regulator, the News Media Standards Authority, which encompasses broadcasters, the press and onlineonly providers. The Commission endorses a voluntary membership model with a range of incentives to entice entities to join. This paper will critique the efficacy of the Commission’s incentives before undertaking a first principles analysis of news media regulation to illustrate the need for an element of compulsion in the membership model of the News Media Standards Authority. This paper argues that a mixed membership model, whereby a matrix of factors is used to determine the entities that will be required to join, is more appropriate for the News Media Standards Authority.
Can't see the science for the solicitors: judicial review of scientific research in light of NIWA's case
Authors:   , Hardcastle Laura Jane
Published: November 2021

The existence of climate change remains an unjustifiably vexed issue worldwide. In New Zealand Climate Science Education Trust v National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd, sceptics’ attempts to challenge NIWA’s temperature records allowed the Court to extend its reach into the heart of the scientific research process. Whilst this paper supports Venning J’s determination that NIWA’s decisions were within the Court’s jurisdiction for review, his finding that individuals might suffer harm as a result of them is shown to be unjustified. Furthermore, the Court’s inherent unsuitability to addressing matters with high scientific contents, due to its adversarial nature and judges’ lack of scientific training, supports a finding of non- or partial justiciability. Non-justiciability is here rejected for allowing scientists behaving fraudulently to escape rebuke. The standard of deference Venning J attempts to introduce is similarly flawed as it allows unwary judges to unintentionally judge matters of science. Concerns are also raised that research might stagnate if scientists must worry about judicial scrutiny of their work. Thus, a standard of flagrant impropriety, or “fraud, corruption or bad faith”, is argued to be the ideal threshold for permitting judicial review of scientific research.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Core-shell Gold Nanoparticles
Authors:   , Cook Michelle Jane
Published: November 2021

Technology developed at Victoria University of Wellington by Professor James H. Johnston and Dr Kerstin Lucas allows for the colouring of high quality wool fibres using spherical gold nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles have interesting colours and optical properties due to surface plasmon resonance effects and, using this technology, a boutique range of colours can be imparted onto wool fibres. The colour of gold nanoparticles is determined by their size and shape, hence the colour range achievable using spherical nanoparticles is limited to those obtained by changing the particle diameter and degree of aggregation of these particles. This limitation can be overcome by using gold nanoparticles of different shapes in conjunction with other materials. This research details the synthesis and characterisation of gold nanoshells on spherical silica cores and their use for the colouring of wool. Silica cores were used in this research as they are reasonably chemically inert and so serve as a stable substrate for the gold shells. Silica spheres are also easily prepared in a manner that allows control over the final particle diameter.  Several syntheses of these core-shell particles have been previously devised however they are not suitable for commercial use. Such syntheses involve many time-consuming steps, high temperatures or light-sensitive reagents. Synthetic methods set out in this research involve a novel in-situ seeding of gold nanoparticles for the growth of the shells eliminating the step of growing gold nanoparticles ex-situ commonly involved in other synthetic schemes. The need for light-sensitive reducing agents is eliminated by the use of other reductants such as sodium borohydride and hydroxylamine. All steps of the synthetic schemes are carried out at less than 100 °C. Several methods of synthesising core-shell particles are outlined in this research, which achieved varying degrees of success. Many syntheses investigated successfully produced core-shell particles but also left many silica spheres without the desired gold shell coating. This was not a problem for the proposed application of colouring wool. As silica is easily dispersed in water and does not have the same affinity to bind to wool as gold does, the silica spheres without gold shells simply wash off after colouring. This allowed the core-shell particles synthesised in this research to be successfully used to colour wool fibres and achieve a shade of purple not previously obtained using the earlier methodologies.
An Exploration of the Factors Influencing Home Users' Cybersecurity Behaviours
Authors:   , Braun Nicole Kristine Henika
Published: November 2021

Cybersecurity has been a concern for businesses and governments since their initial uptake of the Internet in the 1970s. As more and more people started using the internet for personal use, cybersecurity has become an important concern for home users as well. However, most research on cybersecurity has been undertaken at an organisational rather than at the individual level. Individual behaviours online have became increasingly important as the line between home and business use has blurred and users’ actions on their home computers has begun to have more wide ranging implications. There appears to be a lack of agreement on how to approach the topic of internet security outside of an organisational perspective.  This research focuses on the individual home user perspective and seeks to (1) identify factors relate to users’ cybersecurity behaviours, and (2) examine how the identified factors relate to users' cybersecurity behaviours. A conceptual framework was developed based on the literature to guide the data collection.  To identify the relevant factors relating to home users’ security behaviours, a qualitative study comprised of three focus groups and 20 individual interviews was carried out. From the data, a revised model was developed. In the revised model, awareness threats was identified as a necessary first cybersecurity step before users can form opinions about the danger of threats. Awareness of threats was influenced by users' characteristics, opinions, and experiences as well as by factors in their external environments.  The combination of internal factors, external factors, and awareness led to users’ perceptions about the danger of threats online. This perception of danger led to users’ intentions to engage in protective behaviours. However, these intentions were strengthened or weakened based on users’ perceptions about the barriers to and enablers of security.  By applying the revised model, it was possible to identify different types of security users. Through the identification of these user types, eight factors emerged as being particularly important in influencing users' perceptions of threats and dangers: knowledge, perceived self-efficacy, trust, threat awareness, safeguard awareness, prior experience, reliance, and security orientation. These factors from the model are used as a starting point to understanding how users make decisions about what they will do to protect themselves online. Further, through the identification of these user types suggestions are made about how to promote security for different types of individuals.
Measuring Use of a Distance Library Service
Authors:   , Beckwith Jacinta Anne
Published: November 2021

As libraries strive and stride with new electronic resources and online services, providing at point of need and demonstrating value, it is necessary to build more comprehensive understanding of how changes might be impacting use of services and explore what this can tell us about library users. This research investigates use of a distance library service using the University of Otago Library in Dunedin, New Zealand as a case study. It examines the hard evidence of use of the service represented by requests received and processed by the Distance Library staff between 2007 and 2012. The analysis is made in light of growth in distance learning, advancing information and communications technology and escalation of resources being made available online. The study employs a retrospective quantitative approach and incorporates an analysis of qualification type, field of study and institution of requesters to provide a richer picture for the investigation. Results of the study provide information about the use of the Distance Library Service and its users revealing trends over time. Research implications of this investigation include better understanding of our information services and our users. Lessons learned from this study can help inform decision-making for future services, training of staff and comparison with other libraries.
GAF: A General Auction Framework for Secure Combinatorial Auctions
Authors:   , Thomson Wayne
Published: November 2021

Auctions are an economic mechanism for allocating goods to interested parties. There are many methods, each of which is an Auction Protocol. Some protocols are relatively simple such as English and Dutch auctions, but there are also more complicated auctions, for example combinatorial auctions which sell multiple goods at a time, and secure auctions which incorporate security solutions. Corresponding to the large number of protocols, there is a variety of purposes for which protocols are used. Each protocol has different properties and they differ between how applicable they are to a particular domain.  In this thesis, the protocols explored are privacy preserving secure combinatorial auctions which are particularly well suited to our target domain of computational grid system resource allocation. In grid resource allocation systems, goods are best sold in sets as bidders value different sets of goods differently. For example, when purchasing CPU cycles, memory is also required but a bidder may additionally require network bandwidth. In untrusted distributed systems such as a publicly accessible grid, security properties are paramount. The type of secure combinatorial auction protocols explored in this thesis are privacy preserving protocols which hide the bid values of losing bidder’s bids. These protocols allow bidders to place bids without fear of private information being leaked.  With the large number of permutations of different protocols and configurations, it is difficult to manage the idiosyncrasies of many different protocol implementations within an individual application. This thesis proposes a specification, design, and implementation for a General Auction Framework (GAF). GAF provides a consistent method of implementing different types of auction protocols from the standard English auction through to the more complicated combinatorial and secure auctions. The benefit of using GAF is the ability to easily leverage multiple protocols within a single application due to the consistent specification of protocol construction.  The framework has be tested with three different protocols: the Secure Polynomial auction protocol, the Secure Homomorphic auction protocol and the Secure Garbled Circuits auction protocol. These three protocols and a statistics collecting application is a proof of concept for the framework and provides the beginning of an analysis designed at determining suitable protocol candidates for grid systems.
Dotcom's mega mess: New Zealand's role in a foreign search warrant request
Authors:   , Sothieson Dhaxna
Published: November 2021

In January 2012, the United States requested the assistance of the New Zealand government under the Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters Act 1992 (MACMA) to execute a search warrant at Kim Dotcom’s residence. A few months later, the High Court held that this warrant was invalid and its execution unlawful. The case illustrates the importance of effective cooperation between two executive authorities. This article will build on the case and argue that the flexibility of MACMA provisions must be used by domestic authorities to ensure that a request accords with domestic law and fulfils the purpose of the Act. The flexibility of these provisions are even more important to utilise under the new landscape of the Search and Surveillance Act 2012, enacted after Dotcom v Attorney-General, to ensure that New Zealand can register and enforce a foreign search warrant request.
Responsible publication of criminal accusations in New Zealand – the case for change
Authors:   , Steel William
Published: November 2021

In 2000, a full Court of Appeal in Vickery v McLean excluded all generally published allegations of criminal conduct from the protection of Lange qualified privilege. Highlighting difficulties with the Court of Appeal’s reasoning, this paper argues that New Zealand’s current approach represents an unjustifiable limitation on the right to freedom of expression and is out of line with comparable jurisdictions. It suggests that adopting the principle from the recent UK Supreme Court decision in Flood v Times Newspapers Ltd, within the existing Lange framework, strikes a more appropriate balance between freedom of expression and the right to reputation. Doing so would allow Lange privilege to protect unproven, but verified, allegations of criminal impropriety whilst adequately safeguarding reputations and guarding against fears of trial by media.
The functions and failings of the Abortion Supervisory Committee: A Critique of the New Zealand Supreme Court Decision in Right to Life New Zealand Inc v The Abortion Supervisory Committee
Authors:   , Smith Emma Jane
Published: November 2021

In 2012 the Supreme Court of New Zealand ruled on Right to Life New Zealand Inc v The Abortion Supervisory Committee. The case was brought by way of application for judicial review, with Right to Life New Zealand Inc arguing that the Supervisory Committee had made an error of law in interpreting its functions under the Contraception, Sterilisation, and Abortion Act 1977. A majority of the Court held that the Supervisory Committee does not have the power to review decisions made by certifying consultants in individual cases. However, both the text and the purpose of the Act support the minority view, that the Supervisory Committee must seek information about individual cases in order to fulfil its functions under the Act. It appears that the majority judgment was motivated by policy concerns due to an arguable change in Parliamentary intent since 1977. The majority should have acknowledged the policy values that guided its decision or accorded with the minority view rather than straining the statutory wording. Either of those actions would have better prompted Parliament to reform the law to reflect modern circumstances.
Cultural intelligence predicts intercultural negotiation effectiveness
Authors:   , Ooi Yee-Wei
Published: November 2021

The current research project aims to replicate Imai and Gelfand’s (2010) study examining cultural intelligence (CQ) as a predictor of intercultural negotiation effectiveness in an experimental setting. Research on culture and negotiation to date has mainly focused on comparing negotiation processes and styles within mono-cultural teams across cultural boundaries rather than examining them in intercultural settings (with negotiators from different cultures interacting with each other). There is now evidence suggesting that negotiators behave differently in intra- and intercultural negotiation settings. Furthermore, outcomes for intercultural negotiations are generally suboptimal compared to intracultural negotiations. Correlational findings by Imai and Gelfand (2010) suggested that CQ functions as a predictor of intercultural negotiation outcomes. We hypothesise that CQ, an individual’s ability to adapt and perform effectively in intercultural situations, can predict intercultural negotiation effectiveness beyond individual characteristics that have been shown to predict intracultural negotiation effectiveness (i.e., cognitive ability, emotional intelligence, and the Big 5 personality traits). We experimentally manipulated group compositions to examine the effect of CQ on intercultural negotiation. Findings support the hypothesis that cultural intelligence predicts intercultural negotiation effectiveness, while controlling for cognitive ability, emotional intelligence, and personality. Examining the importance of individual CQ dimensions, we found overall CQ to drive intercultural negotiation outcomes rather than any one particular factor. Theoretical and applications implications are discussed.
The wrongful imprisonment of the Guildford Four: Who bears the blame?
Authors:   , Schoeller-Burke Tara
Published: November 2021

This paper discusses the wrongful imprisonment of the Guildford Four, and the reasons why this miscarriage of justice occurred. Contrary to popular opinion that the injustice arose due to police malpractice, this paper will conclude that the blame lies primarily with the judiciary for failing to reverse the 1975 decision even in the face of what seemed to be insurmountable contradictory evidence. This paper analyses the role each branch of government played, as well as discussing the role of public perceptions and societal fears of the time.
Unrewarded donors: The search for victims in the wake of Kapa
Authors:   , Saroz Ayla
Published: November 2021

This paper provides a critical analysis of the sentence of reparation in New Zealand, as set out by s 32 of the Sentencing Act 2002. The scope of the sentence is examined with particular regard to the recent Supreme Court decision, which limited reparation so that only victims of offences can benefit from the sentence. The definition of “victim”, as determined by the Sentencing Act, is confined to direct victims of criminal offending. Thus, any indirect victim suffering harm or loss from criminal offending cannot benefit from reparation. This paper questions whether that limitation gives reparation an appropriate scope, or whether some extension should be made so that the sentence is not restricted in its application to only benefit direct victims. In so doing, this paper argues that the criminal law is the suitable domain to address such issues of compensation and therefore, an extension of the reparation sentence is required. Alternative ways of limiting reparation to address this compensation issue are outlined. Ultimately it is proposed that an additional provision should be included within the definition of “victim”, for the purpose of s 32, so that indirect victims can also benefit from a sentence of reparation.
In Fact, It’s a Matter of Opinion: Determining a Distinction Between Fact and Opinion within the New Zealand Defence of Honest Opinion
Authors:   , Riseley Wendy J.
Published: November 2021

This paper discusses the distinction between fact and opinion within the defence of honest opinion. It is argued that the classic legal tests for determining that distinction are largely unhelpful and produce unpredictable results, which trigger a chilling effect on speech. This paper advocates for an adaptation of the four-factor totality of circumstances test, established in Ollman v Evans 750 F 2d 970 (DC Cir 1984), to be inserted into the New Zealand Defamation Act 1992. This would provide more clarity, consistency and predictability for the defence of honest opinion in New Zealand, thereby better supporting freedom of expression under s14 of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990.
A multi-method study of the IS impact of SAP in a large organization
Authors:   , Ali Azim
Published: November 2021

The latest Gartner report states that in 2012, the figure for global Information Technology (IT) spending amounted to US $3.6 trillion and a predicted $3.8 trillion in 2013. Achieving an effective measure of IS success and impact of information systems has been a goal for information systems researchers for decades.  Numerous methods exist for measuring the quality, value and impact of information systems in organizations, including benchmarking, ISO standards, and user surveys. However, typically, often due to restricted access to data, researchers only use one type of measure.  This study uses a single-organization case study investigating measures of the quality, value and impact of the SAP system in the largest telecommunications organization in New Zealand, using and comparing a range of methods and perspectives. The researcher also evaluates the best possible measures for organizations to adopt by comparing multiple methods.
Exposed Pedagogy: Architecture as (a) Medium (of communication)
Authors:   , Smith Michael
Published: November 2021

Architecture schools are often isolated from the profession and the public they serve both pedagogically and physically, and often this is justified. Schools are not typically very public. However, schools could play a much greater role in the stimulation of a public discourse around architecture. The intent of this thesis is to examine how architecture can stimulate that discussion and ultimately how architecture could frame that discourse. The thesis proposes that an architecture school can and should be a vehicle for public discourse by way of framing that discourse on the one hand and overtly stimulating it on the other. Specifically, an architecture school has the capacity to contribute to public discourse through the visual affects of form making and the social implications of that same form. The research is divided into three components that chronicle an argument from contextualisation, through investigation to application.
Software patents as such: Software patentability in New Zealand under the Patents Bill
Authors:   , Radcliffe Saadi
Published: November 2021

This paper examines the patentability of software under the Patents Bill. It attempts to determine how a New Zealand court will interpret the provisions of the Patents Bill that relate to the exclusion of software, and to what extent the “as such” exclusion will apply. It does this by looking at principles of statutory interpretation and the relevant English and European case law on the matter. It concludes that a New Zealand court will interpret the provision in accordance with UK precedent to give it a narrower interpretation than that given in Europe. The paper then examines the consistency of the provisions with the relevant international law before discussing some problems that may arise regarding market incentives and distributed systems. It proposes that the provision strikes an appropriate balance between protection and innovation in line with Parliament’s intent.
Invisible Barriers: Identifying restrictions affecting New Zealanders' access to the Internet
Authors:   , Esnaashari Shadi
Published: November 2021

The Internet is an important technology worldwide. People use the Internet for research, communication, shopping, entertainment, etc. In addition to these benefits, the Internet provides access to dangerous or illegal material. Because of this, some content and services may be blocked by governments, Internet Service Providers, organizations, or individuals. This blocking, whether for security or for network efficiency, has significant effects on people’s access to services and information, which may not be considered when implementing restrictions. Although studies have been conducted on Internet blocking in many countries, no one has yet examined what is being blocked in New Zealand. In this thesis, we measured the prevalence of Internet blocking in New Zealand and the reasons leading to a decision to block access to websites or Internet services. Although several different tools existed, they could not be used directly because they either concentrated on a narrow range of services or did not work in an environment where some services they depended upon were blocked. For this reason, we developed our own tool called WCMT based on the issues identified from previous tools. We conducted our study using WCMT in order to identify blocked websites and services in our quantitative analysis, complemented by interviews with key informants in our qualitative analysis.