bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DESMIDS BIODIVERSITY IN FRESHWATER PONDS OF DISTRICT NAGAUR, WESTERN RAJASTHAN INDIA: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
Authors:   Department of Botany, M. L. B. Government College, Nokha (Bikaner), Rajasthan, India, Choudhary Abhilasha , Mali Moolchand ,   Department of Botany, M. L. B. Government College, Nokha (Bikaner), Rajasthan, India, Singh Ranveer ,   Department of Chemistry,  M. L. B. Government College, Nokha (Bikaner) Rajasthan, India, Singh Dinesh Kumar ,   Department of Botany, Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India
Published: June 2021

The present study was carried out to investigate the desmids biodiversity in traditional freshwater reservoirs of Nagaur district, Western Rajasthan, India. The samples were collected in January 2021 from the freshwater small ponds which harvests rainwater located in and around Nagaur city. These samples were analyzed by following the standard method prescribed by A.P.H.A for assessing the various physicochemical parameters such as pH, TDS, Fluoride, Nitrate, Chloride, total alkalinity, and total hardness to check drinking water quality and for ecological assessment. Furthermore desmids species-level identification and description have been done with the help of standard literatures and monographs. Results of physicochemical parameters indicate the deteriorating drinking water quality of all four sampling sites. In the present study total of 16 species belong to 5 genera i.e. Netrium, Closterium, Cosmerium, Staurastrum, and Eustrum of desmids have been recorded for the first time from the freshwater ponds located in or around the Nagaur city. The higher biodiversity of Closterium and Cosmarium species at Jhada talab confirm its significant relationship with high calcium and nutrient-rich water quality. While low biodiversity of desmids at remaining all village ponds indicates that high pH and oligotrophic quality decreases the desmids biodiversity. Results of this study might be helpful to assess the geographic distribution of desmids flora of Nagaur district and establish water quality of protected freshwater habitats as well as in updating the list of current species of desmids in this sub-region.
La nacionalidad de las personas nacidas en el antiguo Sahara español
Authors: Martínez Escribano Celia
Published: June 2021

La descolonización de la antigua provincia del Sahara Occidental requería dar una respuesta al problema de la nacionalidad de las personas que hasta ese momento se habían encontrado bajo la tutela del Estado español. Pero lo cierto es que todavía hoy muchos naturales del Sahara no tienen reconocida una nacionalidad. Quienes en otro tiempo estuvieron en posesión de documentación expedida por las autoridades españolas han obtenido en ocasiones, en vía judicial, el reconocimiento de su nacionalidad española. Pero el último pronunciamiento relevante en la materia, la STS del Pleno de la Sala Primera 207/2020, de 29 de mayo, niega la posibilidad de ser considerados españoles de origen a los nacidos en el antiguo Sahara español. Con esta sentencia se vuelve a poner de actualidad un tema que constituye uno de los episodios peor resueltos de nuestro pasado colonial. Al análisis del problema y sus posibles soluciones se dedica el presente estudio.
Overview on Bioconversion of Domestic Wastewater Sewage Sludge into Green Energy: Biogas and Hydrogen
Authors:   Mangosuthu University of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Durban, Umlazi, 4001, South Africa, Bwapwa Joseph K.
Published: June 2021

Municipal wastewater treatment plants generate large amounts of sludge after a set of unit processes. The sewage sludge is an important resource for energy production because of its high level of biodegradability. Sewage sludges are generally made of non-toxic and biodegradable organic compounds mixed with a small fraction of non-toxic and toxic inorganic compounds having a very low biodegradability. The large fraction of biodegradable matter constitutes a pool for green/clean energy to be used for industrial and domestic applications. The generated energy can also be used in the wastewater treatment plant. Currently, fossil fuels are leading the energy world, however, they are being depleted and are considered to be among the main causes contributing to climate change and global warming. Domestic sewage sludge can be converted sustainably into bio-hydrogen and bio- methane. This conversion is achievable through anaerobic digestion, combustion, pyrolysis and gasification. With regard to the last three conversion processes, the organic and inorganic toxic compounds are eliminated. Production of biogas from sewage sludge is being undertaken worldwide on small, medium, and large scales. However, hydrogen production from sludge is still developing. There is an existence of substantial knowledge in this field, the production of hydrogen and biogas from sewage sludge is gaining interest. This study analyses various possibilities of sewage sludge conversion into clean energy. The analysis focuses on the technology strengths, weaknesses and gaps to be improved in future studies.
Vlog: A New Communication Practice in Post Pandemic
Authors: Liu Hong Lin
Published: June 2021

The COVID-19 epidemic has triggered a large-scale global transmission event, and Vlog has emerged from many transmission media. It quickly adapts to the new trend of online social media during the epidemic, and represents the new trend of video-based social media. Based on the theoretical basis of user production, this article sorts out the development history of Vlog, lists typical cases of vlog during the epidemic, analyzes the new thinking of social interaction brought about by the spread of vlog, and analyzes the new communication practice in post pandemic.
The Digital Heritage of Covid-19 's Governance: How to Upgrade and Use the "Health Code" in the Post-Epidemic Era
Authors: Siqi Wu , Yi Wu
Published: June 2021

The outbreak of Covid-19 accelerated the practice of digital survival, and the "health code" launched based on the needs of epidemic prevention and control has become the representative of digital survival media, which is jointly built by science and technology enterprises and government departments. it has realized the full-state use in China, and accumulated long-term digital survival experience for the country, enterprises and individuals. At the same time, there are some media ethical problems in the use of Health Code, such as distinguishing users, leaking information, imprisoning the body and leading to the lack of subjects. In order to resolve the risk, we should re-examine the relationship between people and the media from the perspective of the subject, treat "health code" as a digital projection of personal health, and regain the service principle of digital technology. Humanize the "health code" and other digital media.
Turn Threats into “Treatments”? Social Bots’ Possible Applications in Health Communication during Pandemics
Authors: Sun Zhenling
Published: June 2021

COVID-19 pandemic is a global Crisis, social media platforms have been a significant site of getting information and arouse discussions. However, social bots have risen on the online social networks, social bots are applications that existing in cyber space merely and they can mimic human users to interact with you following their own logic, there are the features of “Intangible”、“personate” and “automatic”. Evidence suggests that social bots did harm to the Health Communication during COVID-19 pandemic, researchers found that social bots contributed to diffuse political issues stir negative emotions, spread rumor. Social bots often have a negative association, but there are many bots which perform benign tasks. This study analysis the reasons bots performed badly in COVID-19 pandemic first, then discuss about how to turn the “threats” to “treatments”, proving that social bots can act as a positive role in different periods of Health Emergencies.
Pengaruh Loan to Deposit Ratio, Net Profit Margin, dan Dept to Equity Ratio terhadap Profitabilitas (Studi kasus pada Bank Umum Syariah yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode tahun 2015-2019)
Authors: Margarita Yossi , Kholis Nur
Published: June 2021

Latar Belakang: Bank bisa dikatakan sebagai tempat transaksi yang berhubungan dengan keuangan misalnya untuk melakukan investasi, pengiriman uang dan tempat mengamankan uang. Otoritas Jasa Keuangan mencatat pertumbuhan aset keuangan syariah di Indonesia terus melaju. Per Januari 2021, total aset keuangan syariah Indonesia (tidak termasuk saham syariah) mencapai Rp1.823,13 triliun. Jumlah tersebut tumbuh 24,54% secara year on year.Tujuan:Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menguji secara empiris dan menganalisis pengaruh Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), Net Profit Margin (NPM) dan Dept to Equity Ratio (DER) terhadap profitabilitas pada Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia. Metode Penelitian Sampel yang digunakan Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia yaitu Laporan Keuangan Perusahaan Perbankan umum syariah yang terdaftar di BEI periode tahun 2015-2019. Sumber data tersebut diunduh dari web resmi IDX. Menggunakan persamaan regresi linear berganda dan program SPSS 26.Keterbatasan Penelitian : Keterbatasan penelitian ini variabel bebas yang digunakan hanya 3 variabel yaitu (LDR) Loan to Deposit Ratio, (NPM) Net Profit Margin dan (DER) Dept to Equity Ratio. Jumlah sampel 33 selama pengamatan 5 tahun. Keaslian / Novetly Penelitian :Penelitian yang terkait dengan pengaruh NPM, LDR dan DER terhadap profitabilitas terus mengalami perkembangan. Penelitian ini dapat memberikan informasi yang baru tentang perusahaan Perbankan Syariah Indonesia, sejauh mana profitabilitas perusahaan tersebut terukur dengan baik atau tidak.
Pengaruh Sosialisasi Perpajakan, Religiusitas Wajib Pajak dan Sanksi Pajak terhadap Kemauan untuk Membayar Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor (Studi Empiris Wajib Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor di Kabupaten Solok Selatan)
Authors: Welyus Try Setiawan , Saputra R. Gati Reditya
Published: June 2021

Latar Belakang:Sistem perpajakan di Indonesia menganut Self Assessment System. Dimana di dalam sistem perpajakan ini, Negara memberi kepercayaan sepenuhnya kepada Wajib Pajak untuk mendaftar, menghitung, membayar dan melaporkan kewajiban pajaknya secara mandiri. Artinya, pelaksanaan perpajakan sangat ditentukan oleh kemauan Wajib Pajak dalam membayar kewajiban pajaknya.Tujuan:Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh Sosialisasi Perpajakan, Religiusitas Wajib Pajak dan Sanksi Pajak terhadap Kemauan Untuk Membayar Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor. Subjek penelitian ini adalah Wajib Pajak kendaraan bermotor di Kabupaten Solok Selatan.Metode Penelitian:Metode pengambilan sampel menggunakan accidental sampling. Jumlah sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 63 responden. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode kuesioner dan diolah menggunakan SPSS.Hasil Penelitian:Berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan diperoleh hasil bahwa Sosialisasi Perpajakan, berpengaruh positif namun tidak signifikan terhadap Kemauan untuk membayar Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor, sedangkan Religiusitas Wajib Pajak dan Sanksi Pajak berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kemauan untuk membayar pajak kendaraan bermotor.Keterbatasan:Penelitian ini tidak dapat mewakili Wajib Pajak di wilayah lain di luar pada daerah penelitian.
Ética na avaliação de línguas adicionais: da postura docente ao instrumento avaliativo
Authors: Quevedo-Camargo Gladys , Pinheiro Luzia Alessandra
Published: June 2021

Este é um artigo reflexivo e propositivo que se debruça sobre a articulação entre uma perspectiva ética e a avaliação de línguas adicionais. Discorremos sobre os termos ética e moral, e situamos o desenvolvimento da avaliação ao longo dos séculos para entendermos seu relativismo histórico. Contextualizamos o surgimento de códigos de ética e diretrizes de boas práticas para a avaliação e, na tentativa de ir além das concepções filosóficas e comportamentais da ética e da justiça, buscamos concretizar tais concepções por meio da observância de princípios básicos da avaliação na elaboração e/ou utilização de instrumentos avaliativos em salas de aula por professores de línguas adicionais.
Comparative evaluation of marginal adaptation of two root end filling materials in root end preparation done with diamond points and ultrasonics - An in vitro SEM study
Authors: Vanti Amulya , Vagarali Hemanth , Patil Chetan
Published: June 2021

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the marginal adaptation of two bioceramic root end filling materials in root end preparation done with diamond points and ultrasonics under scanning electron microscope.

: 56 single rooted extracted human teeth were collected and decoronated to create a standardized length of 14mm and were then endodontically treated. The treated tooth were resected 3mm from the apex at 90 degree angle to long axis of the tooth.

The samples were then randomly divided into two groups, group I and group II of 28 samples each. Group I and group II were further divided into subgroup A and subgroup B of 14 samples each. Root end preparations in subgroup A of both the groups were done using ultrasonic tips and in subgroup B of both the groups root end preparations were done using diamond points and In Group I all the root end preparation were filled with MTA(Angelus) and in group II with Biodentine.

The apical portions of the roots were then sectioned to obtain 1mm thick transversal sections, scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the adaptations of the root end filling materials with the dentin. Two way Anova and Tukeys Multiple Posthoc test was used for statistical data analysis.

: Lowest mean marginal gap of 0.46 micron meter seen with Group II (a) and highest marginal gap of 0.83micron meter seen with Group I (b), which were statistically significant (P<0.05).

: Biodentine group, root end preparation done using ultrasonics showed best marginal adaptation than all the other tested groups.
Comparative evaluation of shaping ability of trunatomy and protaper gold files in curved canals using cone?beam computed tomography: An invitro study
Authors: Krutika Kiran Kadam , Hemant Vagarali , Madhu A Pujar , Aishwarya S Tamase , Umesh Sahana
Published: June 2021

This study aimed to compare the canal transportation and canal centering ability in the preparation of curved root canals after instrumentation with TruNatomy (TN) (TN; Dentsply Sirona, Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and ProTaper Gold (PG) (PG; Dentsply, Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, OK, USA) files using cone‑beam computed tomography (CBCT).

30 Single rooted extracted human teeth with root curvature ranging from 20-30° according to Schneider’s method were selected. Teeth with any visible cracks or fractures, calcifications, previous root canal treatments were excluded. The teeth were randomly assigned into two groups i.e. Group 1-TN and Group 2-PG (n = 15 each). The teeth were instrumented according to manufacturer’s guidelines for both the groups. Canals were scanned using a CBCT scanner before and after preparation to evaluate the transportation and centering ratio at 3 mm, 5 mm, and 7 mm from the apex. The data analysis was done using SPSS software and the test used was independent sample t test for comparison between the 2 groups.

Data obtained suggested that TN group presented lesser canal transportation at the middle third of the root. The PG group showed better centering abitily at apical third of the root canal when both the groups were compared.

TN resulted in less transportation than PG at the middle third, and PG showed better centering ability at the apical third. Overall, both systems safely prepared root canals, causing minimal errors.
Ocular disorders associated with obstructive sleep apnea: A review
Authors: Maurya Rajendra P , Manisha  , Singh Vibha , Gupta Ashish , Agarwal Sushil Kumar , Singh Virendra P , Singh Mahendra K , Srivastav G N , Mehbub Ul Kadir Syeed
Published: June 2021

Recently there has been upsurge in the cases of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) with increased prevalence of obesity in the general population. It has been continuously proved that OSA and metabolic syndrome go hand in hand and hence OSA predisposes an individual to a series of cardio-vascular disorders like ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia etc. In this article we have emphasized the possibility of ocular involvement in OSA patients. Several studies have shown ocular associations like floppy eye lid syndrome, glaucoma, dry eye syndrome, papilledema, keratoconus, non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy etc. Through this review, we would like to highlight the ophthalmological associations of OSA, their pathogenesis and outcome with the treatment of OSA.
Ophthalmic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)
Authors: Garg Aastha , Ramachandra Sandhya
Published: June 2021

The world has been dealing with the pandemic of COVID-19 since December 2019. The systemic manifestations of the disease are well known. Our study aims to evaluate the ocular manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19).

This cross-sectional observational study comprised of 60 subjects that tested positive for COVID-19 by RT-PCR, and admitted to the general wards of a tertiary care hospital of South India. Relevant medical history, ocular history, symptoms, signs and blood investigations data were obtained by communicating directly with the subjects and patient files. Ocular examination was done using diffuse torch light.

15% patients presented with conjunctivitis in association with increased conjunctival secretion, tearing and burning sensation. 3.33% patients presented with dry eye disease and orbital cellulitis each. 1.67% patients developed epiphora, cavernous sinus thrombosis and orbital cellulitis with retinal detachment each. A statistically significant correlation was found between the provisional diagnosis and C-reactive protein (CRP) values.

Conjunctival congestion can be one of the ocular symptoms of COVID-19. Asymptomatic COVID-19 patients may primarily present to an ophthalmologist with red eye, thus universal precautions must be taken while examining such cases. Evaluation of symptomatic patients with orbital cellulitis and cavernous sinus thrombosis can further aid in understanding the ophthalmic implications, pathogenesis and systemic involvement of this disease.
Evaluation of knowledge, attitude and practice of guidelines towards the novel covid 19 among eye care professionals of a government medical college in north India
Authors: Venugopal Aswathi , Kumar Sunil , Sinha Sony
Published: June 2021

The novel COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS CoV- 2 virus, has led to widespread public health concerns across the globe. Ophthalmology professionals may be susceptible to infection due to close patient proximity during slit lamp examination and the potential contamination of instruments. The knowledge, attitude, practice (KAP)study can provide an insight of ECPs’(eye care practitioners) knowledge, methods of practice and attitude during this pandemic. This helps to reduce their risk, and that of their family, of contracting the virus, reduce morbidity and mortality associated with being infected.Data and results obtained from this study can also be used to make emergency policies and implement them to stop the spread and impact of a similar outbreak in future.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of guidelines amongst the Eye care professionals towards the novel Covid-19. The demographic characteristics and infection rate of Covid-19 among the professionals during practice was also recorded and analyzed.

In this hospital based cross-sectional study, total 67 eye care professionals including nurses, optometrist participated in the study with their due consent. Among total 67 participants, 60 (89.5%) were doctors, 4 (5.97%) were nurses and 3 (4.477) were optometrists All the participants including doctors, nurses and optometrists achieved a mean of 97.8% in the knowledge section of questionnaire.100% of the participants wear mask and maintain social distancing while all of them have received training regarding practice and management of patients during Covid19 and all the participants have a positive attitude towards the measure taken to combat Covid-19 pandemic.

The eye care professionals participated in this study shows a good knowledge, positive attitude and practice of guidelines by the government of India are followed for the pandemic of Covid-19.
Comparative study of optical coherence tomographic analysis of macula in preoperative and postoperative diabetic patients undergoing small incision cataract surgery
Authors: Marati Shruthi , Vallabha K
Published: June 2021

The clinical evaluation of macular edema has been difficult to characterize, but evaluation has become more precise with the help of optical coherence tomography (OCT). This study is undertaken to evaluate the quantitative changes in macular thickness using spectral domain OCT in diabetic patients undergoing cataract surgery pre and post operatively and its relation with diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Study participants included 65 diabetic patients irrespective of presence or absence of retinopathy who underwent cataract surgery. Each eye underwent fundus examination with indirect ophthalmoscopy and OCT of macula i.e.,preoperatively and at postoperatively at day 1, 1 week, 4 weeks and at 12 weeks. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was recorded at each visit.

The central subfield macular thickness (CSMT) increased in all patients irrespective of presence or absence of diabetic retinopathy of about 17.4±25.3µm and 29µm±38.8 at 1 month and 3 month follow up.

There was a statistically significant increase seen in CSMT after cataract surgery especially in patients with preoperatively diagnosed macular edema. Associated retinopathy also acts as a risk factor. But there was no statistically significant increase in mild and moderate NPDR preoperatively and also in postoperative period after uncomplicated small incision cataract surgery.
Ocular manifestation in human immunodeficiency virus patients presenting to tertiary eye care centre in rural area
Authors: Mohata Nehal Nareshkumar , Deshmukh Saud Gafur , Pendke Sudhir Sudhakar , Padgilwar Akshay Rajeshwar , Dokhale Sunil Devrao
Published: June 2021

The ocular manifestations of HIV/AIDS may lead to visual impairment or blindness. The need of hour is an understating of ocular sequelae of HIV infection leading to an early diagnosis of AIDS so that we can start early and effective treatment as per conditions.

1. To study the prevalence of ocular manifestations in HIV patients; 2. To study relation of CD4 T Cell count with ocular diseases.

The study concluded that HIV/AIDS is a significant cause of ocular disease. Almost around 39% patients having HIV/AIDS have eye disease. HIV Retinopathy is most common in posterior segment and lens involvement is most common in anterior segment manifestations.

Usually, early presentation of ocular manifestations in HIV/AIDS patients is asymptomatic or with very less symptoms, which leads to delay in diagnosis and treatment.
Assessment of efficacy and safety of intravitreal ranibizumab in patients with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion
Authors: Shinde Kaumudi K , Gohil Neepa , Solanki Yash
Published: June 2021

The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy and safety of individualized repeated injection of intravitreal anti-VEGF ranibizumab for preserving or improving vision (BCVA) and central foveal thickness (CFT) in macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO).

25 eyes of 25 patients with RVO were included. General and systemic examination was done. IOP measurement, slit lamp, fundus examination, BCVA assessment and OCT was done. CFT was measured to assess macular edema. Injection intravitreal ranibizumab (0.5mg/0.05ml) was given in the affected eye, every 6 weeks, till week 18, if CFT>250 µm. Total 3 injections were given in each patient. Final follow-up visit was at week 36.

Hypertension (72%), DM (20%) and altered lipid profile (16%) were associated comorbidities. There was significant reduction in mean CFT from baseline visit (516.08±35.21) to week 18 visit (203.32±4.97) with P<0.0001. There was no significant statistical difference between week 18 CFT and week 36 CFT (P=0.44). There was significant reduction in mean CFT from baseline visit (516.08±35.21) to week 36(251.60±23.17) with P<0.0001.

There was significant improvement in mean BCVA from baseline visit (0.87±0.03) to week 18 visit (0.27±0.03). There was no significant statistical difference between week 18 BCVA and week 36 BCVA (P=0.76). There was a significant reduction in mean BCVA from baseline visit (0.87±0.03) to week 36(0.35±0.05) with P<0.0001.At week 36 follow up visit, 4 patients had recurrence of macular edema. 2 had uncontrolled hypertension, 2 had combined uncontrolled hypertension and DM. 21(84%) patients had stable CFT and BCVA. No significant ocular or systemic side-effects were seen.

Individualized repeated intravitreal injection of ranibizumab showed improvement in BCVA and CFT in patients with macular edema secondary to RVO. For long term maintenance, control of systemic comorbidities is essential.
Retro-pupillary iris fixated intraocular lens: A boon to aphakia
Authors: Giliyar Subramanya K , Bypareddy Ravi , Moger Kamakshi N , Kulkarni Vinutha Mohan , Bekal Deeksha , Rathod B L Sujatha
Published: June 2021

To evaluate post operative visual outcomes and complications of retro-pupillary iris fixated Intracoular lens (IOL) in aphakia.

This is a prospective interventional case study conducted at our tertiary eye care centre from March 2018 to February 2019. All monocular aphakias secondary to any cause with no capsular support, good iris diaphragm support and BCVA of better than 6/60 were included. Patients who required combined procedures like trabeculectomy and retinal procedure were excluded. Patients with poor endothelial count/ corneal decompensation, any posterior segment pathologies, pre existing glaucoma and any form of uveitis were also excluded from the study. Pre operative visual acuity, slit lamp examination and fundus examination were carried out. Anterior vitrectomy and retropupillary fixation of iris claw lens were done. The primary outcome was to assess the post operative visual acuity and secondary outcome was to analyse post operative complications at various intervals up to 6 months after surgery.

Our study comprised of thirty eyes of 30 aphakic patients. Retropupillary Iris fixated IOL was inserted as primary intraocular lens in 18 patients (60%) and secondary intraocular lens in 12 patients (40%). Baseline best corrected visual acuity was 0.831±0.66 logMAR. Four patients had light perception at baseline. The mean best corrected visual acuity was 0.77±0.35 logMAR at month 1, 0.64±0.36logMAR at month 3 and 0.53±0.33logMAR at month 6. Mean intraocular pressure at baseline was 16mmHg. Mean intraocular pressure at month 1, 3 and 6 were 17mmHg, 16mmHg, and 16mmHg respectively. Among the complications, twelve eyes (40%) had significant ovalisation of pupil at post operative month 1 which persisted at month 6, two eyes(6.66%) had transient ocular hypertension (OHT), and none of the eyes progressed to glaucoma. Choroidal detachment was noted in 2 eyes (6.66%), CME in 3 eyes (9.99%), 1 eye (3.33%) had retinal detachment and 2 eyes (6.66%) had one haptic disenclavation. Among the complications, ovalisation of pupil was the most common observed one.

Retro-pupillary Iris fixated IOL is an effective, safe and simple procedure for management of aphakia in eyes with no posterior capsular support.
Study on visual function comparison between ametropes and emmetropes after visual correction
Authors: Lali L K , Sundari R Abirama , Shankar R
Published: June 2021

Studies had also shown that 86% of children with refractive error living in rural area are without correction as many are unaware of their problem. Refractive error by itself plays a significant role on one’s quality of life and literature had also proven it.

To study the visual functions in ametropes with 6/6 BCVA and compare it with emmetropes.

: A cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of one year. All the 200 subjects were tested for refractive error using auto refractor, distance and near visual acuity was assessed with the ETDRS chart, contrast sensitivity was assessed using LEA symbol chart, color vision was assessed using FM 15 online test and field vision was tested using Bjerrum tangent screen, stereopsis was examined using TNO cards, morphometric measurements was done by measuring the axial length using A scan and the K reading was obtained using auto keratometer and finally the functional assessment was analysed using the reading and writing speed.

A total of 200 subjects with 100 ametropes and 100 emmetropes were included in our study. Colour vision, near point accommodation, near point convergence, axial length were significantly altered in ametropes. Contrast sensitivity, steropsis and reading speed were significantly reduced in ametropes compared to emmetropes. There was no significant difference in visual functions between different types refractive error subjects like myopia, hypermetropia and astigmatism.

The present study proves that visual acuity alone is not an indicator for assessing the quality of vision instead the complete visual functions has to be screened on all patients reporting with refractive error.
Juvenile open angle glaucoma –A case series study
Authors: Noman Shams Mohammed
Published: June 2021

Juvenile open angle glaucoma is a rare form of glaucoma that differs from primary open angle glaucoma in its age of onset and magnitude of intraocular pressure.

Juvenile open angle glaucoma has its onset between 3-40 years of age with relatively high intraocular pressure.

For the documentation and describe clinical manifestations management and outcome of management of the patients diagnosed as Juvenile open-angle glaucoma at the glaucoma department, CEITC, Chittagong, Bangladesh.

This is a hospital based prospective observational case series review. 20 patients who were diagnosed as Juvenile open-angle glaucoma from November 2010 to December 2011 were included in this study.

Patient particulars history with main causes of hospital presentations were recorded. Ophthalmic examinations and management given were documented. Similar relevant details were recorded for different follow-up periods.

40 eyes of 20 patients were included in this study. There were 16 male and 4 female. All cases were bilateral. Age more than 18yrs. (18-35) in 16 patients and below 18yrs. (5-18) in 4 patients. 15 patients came from rural area and 5 patients from urban. Pretreatment average IOP in the both eyes was 32±3mmhg, which was 15±1mmhg after treatment. 24 of 40 eyes were presented with advance field defects. 85% (17 patients) had myopic refractive error. In 18eyes pre treatment presenting visual acuity was <6/60 and >6/60 in the rest of the eyes. Visual acuity was improved after treatment. In 21 patients (53%) IOP was controlled with 2-3 medications. In 19 eyes (48%) IOP was controlled with filtration surgery.

As Juvenile open-angle glaucoma presented with high IOP and advance field defect, early diagnosis, appropriate investigations and medical or surgical management is mandatory to stabilize IOP and to prevent progression of field defects.
Análisis de políticas agropecuarias en Bolivia
Authors: Alcaraz Rivero Andrea , Muñoz Gonzalo , Egas Juan José , De Salvo Carmine Paolo , Lima Eirivelthon
Published: June 2021

El sector agropecuario es de gran relevancia económica y social en Bolivia y tuvo una participación en el Producto Interno Bruto del 10.6% en promedio (2006-2019). Desde el 2017 ha sido el sector con mayor crecimiento (6.6%). Asimismo, el sector es una fuente de divisas ya que contó con una participación promedio del 5.8% en el total de exportaciones (2006-2019). En el ámbito social, se estima que el sector empleó al 26.1% de la población económicamente activa (2019). El presente documento realiza un análisis cuantitativo de las políticas agropecuarias en Bolivia para el periodo 2006-2018. Para esto, actualiza y amplía la serie de indicadores ya realizada para Bolivia en el periodo 2006-2009 en el marco de la iniciativa Agrimonitor del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. El Gobierno boliviano ha implementado una variedad de políticas públicas en el sector mediante apoyos presupuestarios y políticas que han afectado los precios. Durante el periodo analizado, el apoyo total a los productores agropecuarios ha sido negativo hasta 2012, implicando un apoyo a los consumidores de productos agropecuarios. Posteriormente el apoyo a los productores fue positivo, se incrementó hasta 2016 y luego disminuyó al 2.3% del PIB en 2018. Este comportamiento ha sido conducido principalmente por medidas que afectan a los precios, como las políticas de comercio exterior. Específicamente, los apoyos a productores individuales promediaron el 13.8% de los ingresos de los productores en los tres últimos años con datos disponibles, porcentaje similar a otros países de América Latina y el Caribe como Colombia y Guyana. Por otra parte, los apoyos a los productores en forma de servicios generales representaron el 15.1% del total de los apoyos. A nivel de producto, los apoyos han sido positivos para los productores de cereales y negativos para los productores de soya, azúcar y productos pecuarios. Incrementar la participación de políticas poco distorsionantes como los apoyos a servicios generales y fortalecer a las instituciones que los proveen son las principales conclusiones del análisis.
Introduction to 2020-4
Authors: Buch Anders
Published: June 2021

This issue of Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies collects six research articles from the Nordic countries. The first article, Reconceptualizing Job Control in Participatory Interventions – Collective Sensemaking as a Missing Link, authored by Esben Langager Olsen, Christian Dyrlund Wåhlin-Jacobsen, and Johan Simonsen Abildgaard, investigates the connection between participatory organizational-level interventions (POLIs) and job control. The literature on this topic leaves many uncertainties on the effectiveness of POLIs in increasing job control. Through a qualitative study of a POLI in a Danish pharmaceutical company, the authors focus on the collective sensemaking processes in relation to the POLI and demonstrate the intricate contingencies that appear as participants are engaged in sensemaking processes in arranged action-planning workshops. It is concluded that studying the link between POLIs and job control as a sensemaking process has advantages in highlighting the stable aspects of the job and the dynamic properties of the situations involved in enacting job control (...)
Transformation of the Ghent System in Sweden: Silent Institutionalization of Complementary ­Unemployment­ Benefits
Authors: Lindellee Jayeon
Published: June 2021

The Swedish public unemployment insurance program is characterized by its governance structure involving union-linked insurance funds, famously known as the Ghent system. This paper argues that the unions’ strongly entrenched interest in the provision of unemployment benefits has continued to shape the establishment and expansion of complementary benefits for the unemployed in multiple forms, including bilateral Employment Transition Agreements between employers’ organizations and unions (occupational pillar) and privately provided complementary income insurance benefits mediated by unions (private pillar). The paper accounts for this multi-pillarization process of the Swedish unemployment benefit provision system and how the unions’ involvement has come to take multiple forms. The paper also discusses distributive implication of this union-led development of the complementary pillars, which reinforces the differences in risk protection between different occupational groups and sectors.
Meaningfulness and Coherence? Experiences Among Young Soldiers in the Swedish Armed Forces
Authors: Gillberg Gunnar , Kadefors Roland , Holmer Jan , Östebo Anders
Published: June 2021

The twofold aim of the present study was to try to understand why young recruits to the Swedish Armed Forces chose a military career rather than a civilian one, and how their expectations were met when confronted with the realities of life as a soldier or marine. The study material consisted of 57 interviews with 37 young recruits; the interviews were carried out at units representing different branches of the Armed Forces. The interviews were semi-structured, transcribed, and categorized. It was found that the desire to remain employed as a soldier or marine in the Swedish Armed Forces is based on a set of individual and organizational factors: the selection process, the sense of meaningfulness and organizational coherence, the safety offered, and the salutogenic nature of military working life. The recruits are part of a system that offers good work conditions in return for taxing and stressful work assignments.
Introduction to 2021-1
Authors: Buch Anders
Published: June 2021

In this first issue of Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies in 2021, we have compiled six articles and one book review. The first article, Leading the Way? State Empoyers’ Engagement with a Disability Employment Policy, by Kaja Larsen Østerud, investigates governmental labor market attempts to integrate persons with disabilities in Norway. Specifically, the study addresses policy documents and analyzes interviews with state employers to investigate their engagement with the policy. Østerud concludes that even though the employers recognize the importance of the policy, their engagement to enact it is passive and forged with obstacles. Mainly, the New Public Management discourse of productivity standards and cost-cutting, combined with an apparent lack of disabled applicants, makes state employers reluctant to actively promote the implementation of the policy (...)
Working Environment Activities in Hospitals: Expansion of Scope and Decentralization of Responsibility
Authors: Borgen Per-Christian , Lunde Bente Vibecke
Published: June 2021

This article analyzes how two development traits in the regulatory requirements for Working Environment (WE) activities – an expansion of scope and a decentralization of responsibility – are understood and handled over time by actors responsible for WE activities in Norwegian hospitals. The expanded scope of WE activities is studied based on the requirements outlined in The Working Environment Act, public health science theory, and the WE challenges in hospitals. The decentralized responsibility for WE activities is studied based on Internal Control (IC) reform and other hospital reforms inspired by New Public Management (NPM). The final section of the article discusses the effects of the two development traits, and how these enlarge the line manager’s area of responsibility. The article is based on a qualitative, longitudinal study conducted in three Norwegian hospitals in 1998-1999 and 2013.
Social Class, Union Strategies, and Preference in Wage Outcomes in Norway
Authors: Bergene Ann Cecilie , Drange Ida
Published: June 2021

This article explores a potential socialization effect of unions on member preferences in wage outcomes and bargaining structures. This challenges notions of union wage policies simply reflecting the material self-interest of their constituency.  In their formative role, unions can either propagate more redistribution in society, that is, increasing equality, or increasing societal inequalities, arguing instead for equity. However, equity could be measured either individually or collectively, where the latter would mean increasing societal wage inequalities while favouring intra-union equality. By putting perspectives on worker preferences and political economic theories in dialogue with the literature on the role of unions in constructing notions of equality/equity, we discuss on union strategy as it relates to their socialization effects and members’ attitudes towards income inequality and bargaining structures. Analysing survey data, we find that socioeconomic status has greater influence on preferred wage outcomes, while union membership has more influence over bargaining structure.
Grounded Theory Analysis of Work-based TVET and Intersectional Challenges Between Construction Workers
Authors: Lensjø Marit
Published: June 2021

In this study, I examine training in the work-based part of Norwegian technical vocational education and training (TVET). The TVET model includes two years in school followed by two years of apprenticeship at an authorized training enterprise. The empirical findings are based on one year of fieldwork combined with interviews, while following communities of plumbers and apprentices on construction sites and at a training agency. The article describes how work tasks and training on the construction site are continued and elaborated at the training agency, where technical theory and drawing are intertwined in practical plumbing. Over the past two decades, Norway has welcomed a significant number of eastern European migrant workers. Construction is among the industries most affected. This study explores how plumbers negotiate work and training at the intersection with dominant groups of foreign construction workers.
Kelâmda Mereoloji Arazlardan Hareketle Kurulan Hudûs Delilinin Yeni Bir Okuması
Authors: SHIHADEH Ayman
Published: June 2021

Bu makalenin amacı iki yönlüdür. Makale ilk olarak orta çağ İslam kelâmındaki mereolojiyi,** özellikle de kelâmcıların, bütünün, parçalarına özdeş olduğu ve buna göre en azından parçalar arasında ortak olan bazı sıfatların dolayısıyla bütünün de sıfatları olması gerektiği, iddiasını incelemektedir. Bu iddia, filozoflar ve on birinci yüzyıldan itibaren sayıları gittikçe artan kelâmcılar tarafından reddedilmiştir. İkinci olarak, makale; yoktan yaratma için merkezi bir mesele olan arazlardan elde edilen standart kelâmî delilin yeni bir yorumunu teklif etmektedir. Erken, mütekaddim ve müteahhir döneme ait kelâmî ve felsefî çok sayıda kaynağa başvurulmuştur.
Analisis Peran Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Dalam Pengelolaan Desa Wisata Religi Terhadap Kehidupan Sosial-Ekonomi (Studi Pada Situs Makam K.H. Siradj Payaman, Kecamatan Secang, Kabupaten Magelang)
Authors: Zakaria Alif Muhammad , Rachmat Mauliyana
Published: June 2021

Empowerment and management of religious tourism villages is one alternative to overcome the still high economic and social security in Indonesia, given that the village is the frontline in regional economic development, it is necessary to empower communities to advance the economy and prosperity. This study aims to analyze how the role of empowerment and management of religious tourism villages for the socio-economic life of local communities, this research is qualitative with descriptive analysis methods, while the data from this study are divided into two (2) types, namely primary and secondary. The results of this study indicate that the impact caused is an increase in local community income through MSMEs and increased mutual respect, social service, and mutual cooperation.Keywords: Village, Religious Tourism, Community Empowerment
Pengaruh Pelatihan “Baturaja Risk Containment” Terhadap Kompetensi Dan Kinerja Karyawan PT.Semen Baturaja (Persero) Tbk. (Studi pada Karyawan Division Produksi)
Authors: Udin Safar
Published: June 2021

This study aims to describe various analyzes on the implementation of training activities entitled "Baturaja Risk Containment" which includes aspects of training methods and training materials on changes in competence and changes in employee performance at PT Semen Baturaja (Persero) Tbk, especially in the operating division work unit. Partially this research will describe various analyzes among research variables, among others; describes the analysis of the effect of training methods on employee competencies; describes the analysis of the effect of training materials on employee competencies; describes the analysis of the effect of training methods on employee performance: training materials on employee performance, and describes the analysis of the influence of competence on employee performance. This research is an explanatory research carried out in the operations division. With primary data obtained from questionnaires distributed to employees totaling 58 people. This study applies data analysis methods in the form of descriptive statistical analysis methods and path analysis methods. The results of the analysis in this study show that there is a partially significant effect between 1) training methods and 2) training materials on employee competencies; Furthermore, the analysis in this study also shows that there is a partially significant effect: between 1) training methods, 2) training materials 3) competence on employee performance.
Pengaruh Pendidikan Vokasi Terhadap Motivasi Belajar Dan Keterampilan Bekerja Calon Karyawan Pada PT.Semen Baturaja (Persero) Tbk
Authors: Safaruddin Safaruddin
Published: June 2021

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah agar diketahui tentang seberapa besar pengaruh pendidikan vokasi terhadap motivasi belajar, selanjutnya agar diketahui pula besarnya pengaruh pendidikan vokasi terhadap keterampilan bekerja calon karyawan PT.Semen Baturaja (Persero) Tbk.  Pendekatan yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kuantitatif, dengan metode penjabaranya bersifat asosiatif kausal. Pendidikan vokasi ditetapkan sebagai variabel independen sedangkan motivasi belajar dan keterampilan bekerja ditetapkan sebagai variabel dependen, penghimpunan data dilaksanakan dengan teknik random sampling, dimana sejumlah 38 orang calon karyawan (mangement trainee angkatan 2018) kelas vokasi selaku samplenya. Sedangkan dalam menganalisis data dipakai analisis regresi sederhana. Penelitian ini menunjukkan hasil berupa adanya pengaruh positif – signifikan dari pendidikan vokasi terhadap motivasi belajar dan keterampilan bekerja para calon karyawan PT.Semen Baturaja (Persero) Tbk.
Cross-border Life in an American Exclave: Point Roberts and the Canada–US Border
Authors: Beylier Pierre-Alexandre
Published: June 2021

By applying a theoretical framework based on different models proposed in border studies literature, this article analyzes the morphological, functional, institutional and identity characteristics that make Point Roberts—an American exclave in the Pacific Northwest—a “cross-border town”. Using an online survey and face-to-face interviews, the author combines both quantitative and qualitative research methods in order to examine the forces that link Point Roberts and the Canadian city of Delta that lies across the Canada–US border. This paper highlights the specificities of this unique geographic configuration as well the challenges that the border represents.
Unsustainable Borders: Globalization in a Climate-Disrupted World
Authors: Dalby Simon
Published: June 2021

Climate change and the responses to it reveal starkly different assumptions about borders, security and the ethical communities for whom politicians and activists speak. Starting with the contrasting perspectives of international activist Greta Thunberg and United States President Donald Trump on climate change this essay highlights the diverse political assumptions implicit in debates about contemporary globalization. Rapidly rising greenhouse gas emissions and increasingly severe climate change impacts and accelerating extinctions are the new context for scholarly work in the Anthropocene. Incorporating insights from earth system sciences and the emerging perspectives of planetary politics suggests a novel contextualization for contemporary social science which now needs to take non-stationarity and mobility as the appropriate context for investigating contemporary transformations. The challenge for social scientists and borders scholars is to think through how to link politics, ethics and bordering practices in ways that facilitate sustainability, while taking seriously the urgency of dealing with the rapidly changing material context that globalization has wrought.
Special Poetry Section – A World Anthology of Border Poetry: Blurred & Political
Authors: Sardzoska Natasha , Brunet-Jailly Emmanuel
Published: June 2021

Special Poetry Section with a co-authored introduction and a collection featuring 39 poets from around the world.