bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical composition and larvicidal activity against Aedes mosquitoes of essential oils from Arisaema fargesii
Authors: Huang Yuting , Lin Mengya , Jia Mengmeng , Hu Junpeng , Zhu Liang
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

Dengue fever is caused by the spread of dengue virus by Aedes mosquito vectors. Currently, the most effective way to control dengue is by preventing mosquitoes from spreading the disease. Arisaema fargesii is a Chinese herbal medicine commonly used to repel mosquitoes. In our laboratory, anti‐mosquito chemical components were extracted from A. fargesii, and the effects of these substances on mosquito larvae were examined.

RESULTS

In total, 48 compounds corresponding to 98.79% of the total oil were identified and the major compounds identified were linalool (12.38%), carvacrol (8.27%), eugenol (5.21%), and β‐selinene (5.36%). Essential oil had larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus with LC50 values of 40.49 mg/L, 47.01 mg/L, respectively. The LC50 values of carvacrol, eugenol, linalool and β‐selinene were 32.78, 56.34, 70.56, 136.03 mg/L against Ae. aegypti larvae, and 39.08, 52.07, 82.34, 151.74 mg/L, respectively, against Ae. albopictus larvae. Biochemical assays of Aedes larvae showed that the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), monooxygenases (MO), glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST), p‐Nitrophenyl acetate (p‐NPA) esterase, α‐esterase and β‐esterase were significantly affected by carvacrol. Essential oil induced the detoxification mechanism for the action of GST and MO.

CONCLUSION

The result indicates that essential oil of A. fargesii and its isolated constituent have good inhibitory effects on the defense enzymes of Aedes mosquito larvae. A. fargesii essential oil can be used to control Aedes mosquito larvae to prevent the spread of dengue fever. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Limiting Defects in n‐Type Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cells
Authors: Schubert Martin C. , Schindler Florian , Schön Jonas , Kwapil Wolfram , Benick Jan , Müller Ralph , Heinz Friedemann D. , Fell Andreas , Riepe Stephan , Morishige Ashley
Published: July 2019

Multicrystalline (mc) solar cells made from n‐type silicon feedstock have shown record efficiencies of 22.3% in a tunnel‐oxide passivating contact (TOPCon) cell structure. Still, material‐related carrier recombination limits the attainable efficiency. Herein, the findings of metallic impurity and structural defect concentration present in n‐type mc silicon are summarized, and their limiting properties on carrier lifetime and cell performance are elaborated. Applying a dedicated model for carrier recombination at precipitate–silicon interfaces, it is demonstrated that carrier recombination at metallic precipitates may dominate in the analyzed material. Direct evidence of the recombination activity of iron precipitates in n‐type silicon is given by an analysis of intentionally grown iron precipitates: From a comparison of micro X‐ray fluorescence (μXRF) analyses of differently sized iron precipitates and local carrier recombination from micro‐photoluminescence (μPL), a direct correlation with enhanced carrier recombination is found. From these results, it is concluded that the high‐performance n‐type mc silicon is limited by recombination at (decorated) structural defects, namely, dislocation clusters and grain boundaries, whereas defects in the inner grains are not limiting the efficiency potential. Finally, cell degradation under illumination and elevated temperature for n‐type mc‐silicon solar cells are discussed.
Improving the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells using a Polyphosphazene Interfacing Layer
Authors: Hailegnaw Bekele , Poscher Vanessa , Ulbricht Christoph , Seelajaroen Hathaichanok , Teasdale Ian , Salinas Yolanda , Sariciftci Niyazi Serdar , Scharber Markus Clark
Published: July 2019

Herein, the impact of thin layer of polyphosphazene derivatives, as a buffer layer between the electron‐transporting layer and the back metal‐contact in mixed‐cation mixed‐halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs), is explored. PSCs with a poly[bis(allylamino)phosphazene] (PPz) interlayer exhibit enhanced rectification in the photo‐induced current density–voltage (J–V) curves, which show improved photovoltaic performance and photostability with reduced hysteresis. The thickness of the interlayer is optimized and the optimized PSCs with PPz buffer layer shows an average open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of ≈1.05 V, a short‐circuit current density (JSC) of around 23.5 mA cm−2, a fill factor of ≈72%, and a power conversion efficiency of about 17.3% for the forward and reverse scans under simulated AM1.5G illumination. Moreover, the application of PPz as an electron‐transporting interlayer in organic solar cells reveals that PPz interfacial layer improves the electron extraction at the cathode. The merit of applying PPz interlayer extends to the possibility of using different metals (such as aluminum, gold, copper, and silver) as the top contact in the prepared PCSs. In general, these experiments reveal a very promising approach to tackle the issue of interfacing, and to improve the performance and stability of PSCs.
Tracheobronchial calcification on bronchoscopy in a patient with end stage renal failure: an unusual cause of chronic cough
Authors: Sawka Alice , Crawford April , Peh Chen Au , Nguyen Phan
Published: July 2019

Pulmonary calcification can develop as a complication of end‐stage renal failure. Most patients are asymptomatic, with characteristic parenchymal changes incidentally detected on computed tomography (CT) imaging and a clinical course that is usually benign. In this report, we describe a 64‐year‐old female with a history of inadequate peritoneal dialysis who presented with severe chronic cough, a symptom that persisted despite treatment for respiratory tract infection. On follow‐up bronchoscopic examination, white nodular tracheobronchial mucosal changes persisted. The presence of calcium deposits within these nodules was histologically confirmed, although CT imaging had not suggested the presence of calcific tracheobronchial changes. We believe that the bronchoscopic findings represent a highly unusual presentation of metastatic pulmonary calcification and an uncommon cause of chronic cough amongst patients with end‐stage renal failure.
A general dissipativity constraint for feedback system design, with emphasis on MPC
Authors: Tran Tri , Maciejowski Jan , Ling K‐V.
Published: July 2019

A “general dissipativity constraint” (GDC) is introduced to facilitate the design of stable feedback systems. A primary application is to MPC controllers when it is preferred to avoid the use of “stabilising ingredients” such as terminal constraint sets or long prediction horizons. Some very general convergence results are proved under mild conditions. The use of quadratic functions, replacing GDC by “quadratic dissipativity constraint” (QDC), is introduced to allow implementation using linear matrix inequalities. The use of QDC is illustrated for several scenarios: state feedback for a linear time‐invariant system, MPC of a linear system, MPC of an input‐affine system, and MPC with persistent disturbances. The stability that is guaranteed by GDC is weaker than Lyapunov stability, being “Lagrange stability plus convergence.” Input‐to‐state stability is obtained if the control law is continuous in the state. An example involving an open‐loop unstable helicopter illustrates the efficacy of the approach in practice.
Necessary and sufficient conditions of risk‐sensitive optimal control and differential games for stochastic differential delayed equations
Authors: Moon Jun
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we consider risk‐sensitive optimal control and differential games for stochastic differential delayed equations driven by Brownian motion. The problems are related to robust stochastic optimization with delay due to the inherent feature of the risk‐sensitive objective functional. For both problems, by using the logarithmic transformation of the associated risk‐neutral problem, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the risk‐sensitive maximum principle are obtained. We show that these conditions are characterized in terms of the variational inequality and the coupled anticipated backward stochastic differential equations (ABSDEs). The coupled ABSDEs consist of the first‐order adjoint equation and an additional scalar ABSDE, where the latter is induced due to the nonsmooth nonlinear transformation of the adjoint process of the associated risk‐neutral problem. For applications, we consider the risk‐sensitive linear‐quadratic control and game problems with delay, and the optimal consumption and production game, for which we obtain explicit optimal solutions.
On the weight distribution of random binary linear codes
Authors: Linial Nati , Mosheiff Jonathan
Published: July 2019

We investigate the weight distribution of random binary linear codes. For 0 < λ < 1 and n→∞ pick uniformly at random λn vectors in and let be the orthogonal complement of their span. Given 0 < γ < 1/2 with 0 < λ < h(γ) let X be the random variable that counts the number of words in C of Hamming weight γn. In this paper we determine the asymptotics of the moments of X of all orders .
P value functions: An underused method to present research results and to promote quantitative reasoning
Authors: Infanger Denis , Schmidt‐Trucksäss Arno
Published: July 2019

Null hypothesis significance testing has received a great amount of attention in recent years in the light of the reproducibility crisis of science. Recently, there have been calls to retire the dichotomization of study results into “significant” or “not significant” depending on whether the P value crosses some threshold or not. Ways of improving the interpretation of P values and confidence intervals are therefore needed. We illustrate the use of P value functions, which display confidence limits and P values for any confidence level for a parameter. P value functions accessibly display a wealth of information: point estimate for the parameter, one‐sided and two‐sided confidence limits at any level, and one‐sided and two‐sided P values for any null and non‐null value and the counternull value. Presenting several recent examples from the literature, we show how P value functions can be applied to present evidence and to make informed statistical inferences without resorting to dichotomization. We argue that P value functions are more informative than commonly used summaries of study results such as single P values or confidence intervals. P value functions require minimal retraining, are easily interpreted, and show potential to fix many of the common misinterpretation of P values and confidence intervals. To facilitate the adoption of P value functions, we released an R package for creating P value functions for several commonly used estimates.
Demineralisation of Municipal Biowaste Hydrolysates
Authors: Montoneri Enzo , Nisticò Roberto , Francavilla Matteo
Published: July 2019

This work reports the demineralisation of soluble biorganic hyrolysates (SBOs) obtained from three materials sampled from a municipal biowaste treatment plant. The SBOs contain mineral and organic matter. They are promising bio‐based multipurpose products due to their properties as biosurfactants, chemicals for the manufacture of plastics, and fertilizers for plant growth. Demineralisation of SBOs was carried out by HCl ion exchange and HF washing to assess its effect on the pristine product chemical composition and properties. The demineralized products (SBOs‐DM) were characterized by elemental analysis, potentiometric titration, 13C‐NMR spectroscopy and surface tension measurements. They were compared with pristine SBOs. The following results were obtained: ash content 0.2‐1.1% in SBOs‐DM vs. 15–28% in pristine SBOs; lower aliphatic/aromatic C ratio in SBOs‐DM (0.8‐2.0) than in pristine SBOs (1.3‐3.4); higher critical (mineral free) micellar concentration for SBOs‐DM (1‐2.7 g L−1) than for pristine SBOs (1‐2.3 g L−1). The potential applications of SBOs‐DM and pristine SBOs are discussed.
Rotation Barriers of 1‐Adamantyl‐Csp3 Bonds Measured with Dynamic NMR
Authors: Mazzanti Andrea , Drakopoulos Antonios , Christina Tzitzoglaki , Kolocouris Antonios
Published: July 2019

Adamantane is a lipophilic symmetrical hydrocarbon cage, which has been successfully used as a valuable fragment in drug design. The bond rotations of the 1‐adamantyl group in Ad‐CEt2OH (11) and Ad‐CEt2Cl (12) were investigated, and the bond rotation barriers were compared with energy values from similar compounds measured previously. Exchange rate constants were estimated from lineshape fitting of low temperature 13C NMR data for compound 11, and used to estimate the free energy of the 1‐adamantyl group‘s single bond rotation at 8.8 kcal mol−1. Spectra analyses for compound 12 were hampered by impurities, and only an estimate of the respective rate constant was possible from a single coalescence point. The free energy for bond rotation of 1‐adamantyl group in 12 was found to be ∼ 10 kcal mol−1, based on decoalescence of signals at −100 οC. The barrier for 12 is comparable with the single bond rotation barrier of Ad‐CMe2Cl (2) (9.3 kcal mol−1), or the analogous barrier of tBu‐CMe2Cl (1) (10.4 kcal mol−1). As previously suggested, single bond rotational barriers Csp3‐Csp3 were found lower than expected when one Csp3 is included in a bulky but rigid tertiary residue (e. g. 1‐adamantyl), compared to a smaller but more flexible residue (e. g. tert‐butyl).
Two Series of CuII‐Substituted Sandwich‐Type Polyoxotungstates Constructed from Trivacant Germanotungstate Fragments
Authors: Zhang Zhong , Sun Ke‐Ning , Yang Guo‐Yu
Published: July 2019

Under hydrothermal conditions, two families of new CuII‐substituted sandwich‐type germanotungstates (GTs): Cu6‐GTs (enH2)2[Cu(en)2]2[Cu6(en)2(H2O)2(B‐α‐GeW9O34)2]⋅4H2O (1), H4[Cu(deta)(H2O)]2[Cu6(en)2(H2O)2(B‐GeW9O34)2]⋅8H2O (2), [Cu(en)(H2O)2]2[Cu(en)2]2[Cu6(en)2(H2O)2(B‐α‐GeW9O34)2]⋅8H2O (3) (en=ethylenediamine, deta=diethylenetriamine) and Cu4‐GTs H4[Cu(H2O)4]2[Cu(H2O)5]2[Cu4(H2O)2(B‐α‐GeW9O34)2]⋅8H2O (4), H10[Cu(H2O)3(Cl)]2[Cu4(B‐α‐GeW9O34)2]⋅8H2O (5), H8[Na(H2O)4]2[Cu(H2O)3(Cl)]2[Cu4(B‐α‐GeW9O34)2]⋅8H2O (6) have been made and characterized. Single‐crystal structural analyses indicate that 1–3 contain a belt‐like hexa‐CuII substituted sandwich‐type [Cu6(en)2(H2O)2(B‐α‐GeW9O34)2]8+ unit. Notably, 1–3 are rare organic‐inorganic hybrid polyoxometalates with [Cu6(en)2(H2O)2(B‐α‐GeW9O34)2]8− subunits, displaying the assembly from 1‐D chain to 3‐D framework by the [Cu(en)2]2+ or [Cu(deta)2(H2O)]2+ linkers. 4–6 contain rhomb‐like tetra‐CuII substituted sandwich‐type [Cu4(H2O)n(B‐α‐GeW9O34)2]12− (n=2, 0) units linked by [Cu(H2O)4]2+ or [Cu2(H2O)6Cl2]+ clusters to from 1‐D chain. Magnetic measurements performed on 3 indicate the occurrence of ferromagnetic interactions within the copper ions. Furthermore, the electrochemical and electro‐catalysis properties of 3 have been studied in 0.02 M H2SO4 + 0.5 M Na2SO4 solution, and show good electro‐catalytic activity to the reduction of nitrite.
Nitrogen‐doped Porous Carbon Obtained from Silk Cocoon for High Performance Li‐O2 Batteries
Authors: Liu Jiuqing , Zhao Haijun , Zhu Fangfang , Yu Wanjing , Li Jie , Li Qihou , Wang Cheng
Published: July 2019

Nitrogen‐doped porous carbon obtained from silk cocoon (NCFC) was first used as cathodes for Li‐O2 batteries with ionic liquid in this paper. NCFC is made up of irregular bending slices and has a high specific discharge product of most Li‐O2 surface area of 2142.0 m2 g−1 which means numerous active sites for electrochemical reactions. The results show that NCFC based Li‐O2 battery has good cycle stability and high energy efficiency under different current density. In particular, NCFC based Li‐O2 batteries can work more than 400 cycles (500 mAh g−1 at 0.20 mA cm−2) with the maximum overpotential less than 0.92 V, which is much better than super P based Li‐O2 batteries (188 cycles with overpotential up to 1.88 V) and many reported Li‐O2 batteries. The results show that NCFC is a very promising material for Li‐O2 batteries.
Sensitive Naked‐eye and Fluorescence Determination of Acetylcholinesterase Activity using Cu/Ag Nanoclusters Based on Inner Filter Effect
Authors: Li Yanyue , Hu Yanling , He Yu , Ge Yili , Song Gongwu , Zhou Jiangang
Published: July 2019

In this work, a novel naked eye and fluorescence sensor for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) determination based on copper/silver nanoclusters (Cu/Ag NCs) was developed. L‐Histidine protected Cu/Ag NCs were prepared and exhibited superior properties compared with copper nanoclusters, with the quantum yield increased from 4.3% to 13.2%. The fluorescence of Cu/Ag NCs can be easily quenched by 2‐nitro‐5‐thiobenzoate anion (TNB) owing to the inner filter effect. TNB is the product between 5′‐Dithiobis‐(2‐nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) and thiols. However, AChE can specially catalyze acetylthiocholine (ATCh) to hydrolyze and release biothiols (TCh). Based on this, the determination of AChE was achieved by introducing DTNB. A naked eye sensor was also constructed owing to the color change.
Teaching Students to Write Opinion Pieces Using a Dialogic Approach
Authors: Reina Laura , Clark Sarah K.
Published: July 2019

Are you looking for ways to enhance and strengthen how you teach your students to write effective opinion pieces as outlined in the English Language Arts Common Core State Standards? In this teaching tip, the authors describe an innovative and dialogic approach that elementary school teachers can use and adapt as needed to strengthen students’ reading, writing, speaking, and listening abilities while teaching them to write opinion pieces effectively.
Damage model for plastic materials at finite strains
Authors: Melching David , Scala Riccardo , Zeman Jan
Published: July 2019

We introduce a model for elastoplasticity at finite strains coupled with damage. The internal energy of the deformed elastoplastic body depends on the deformation, the plastic strain, and the unidirectional isotropic damage. The main novelty is a dissipation distance allowing the description of coupled dissipative behavior of damage and plastic strain. Moving from time‐discretization, we prove the existence of energetic solutions to the quasistatic evolution problem.
Climate-Smart Maize
Authors: Reay Dave
Published: July 2019

In the US alone, over 85 million maize tortillas are eaten each year in everything from wraps and sandwiches to pizzas and lasagnes, and that’s before all our snacking on tortilla chips is added in. While Central America is its birthplace, the US, China and Brazil are now the big maize producers—together they produce two-thirds of the global harvest. One snack bag of tortilla chips has a climate footprint of around 50 grams of greenhouse gas emissions. Even with transatlantic shipping, this footprint largely comes from growing the maize in the first place. In the UK each year we throw away an estimated 23,000 tonnes of savoury snacks, including tortilla chips. Water, too much of it and especially not enough of it, embodies the climate threat to maize production. Attack by pests and diseases may increase, with a particular concern being a rise in fungal toxins, like aflatoxin, in human and livestock food. Improved plant health through soil water management, irrigation and new varieties can each give greater resilience. Supporting maize types and cultivation practices that are specifically aligned with local contexts emerges as a core requirement of climate-smart practice.
Twisted indices of 3d $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 gauge theories and enumerative geometry of quasi-maps
Authors: Bullimore Mathew , Ferrari Andrea , Kim Heeyeon
Published: July 2019

Abstract

We explore the geometric interpretation of the twisted index of 3d

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 4 gauge theories on S
1 × Σ where Σ is a closed Riemann surface. We focus on a rich class of supersymmetric quiver gauge theories that have isolated vacua under generic mass and FI parameter deformations. We show that the path integral localises to a moduli space of solutions to generalised vortex equations on Σ, which can be understood algebraically as quasi-maps to the Higgs branch. We show that the twisted index reproduces the virtual Euler characteristic of the moduli spaces of twisted quasi-maps and demonstrate that this agrees with the contour integral representation introduced in previous work. Finally, we investigate 3d

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 4 mirror symmetry in this context, which implies an equality of enumerative invariants associated to mirror pairs of Higgs branches under the exchange of equivariant and degree counting parameters.
A fuzzy bipolar celestial sphere
Authors: Alessio Francesco , Arzano Michele
Published: July 2019

Abstract

We introduce a non-commutative deformation of the algebra of bipolar spherical harmonics supporting the action of the full Lorentz algebra. Our construction is close in spirit to the one of the non-commutative spherical harmonics associated to the fuzzy sphere and, as such, it leads to a maximal value of the angular momentum. We derive the action of Lorentz boost generators on such non-commutative spherical harmonics and show that it is compatible with the existence of a maximal angular momentum.
Refined swampland distance conjecture and exotic hybrid Calabi-Yaus
Authors: Erkinger David , Knapp Johanna
Published: July 2019

Abstract

We test the refined swampland distance conjecture in the Kähler moduli space of exotic one-parameter Calabi-Yaus. We focus on examples with pseudo-hybrid points. These points, whose properties are not well-understood, are at finite distance in the moduli space. We explicitly compute the lengths of geodesics from such points to the large volume regime and show that the refined swampland distance conjecture holds. To compute the metric we use the sphere partition function of the gauged linear sigma model. We discuss several examples in detail, including one example associated to a gauged linear sigma model with non-abelian gauge group.
Greatest surprise reduction semantics: an information theoretic solution to misrepresentation and disjunction
Authors: Weissglass D. E.
Published: July 2019

Causal theories of content, a popular family of approaches to defining the content of mental states, commonly run afoul of two related and serious problems that prevent them from providing an adequate theory of mental content—the misrepresentation problem and the disjunction problem. In this paper, I present a causal theory of content, built on information theoretic tools, that solves these problems and provides a viable model of mental content. This is the greatest surprise reduction theory of content, which identifies the content of a signal as the event the surprisal of which is most reduced by that signal. Conceptually, this amounts to the claim that the content of a signal is the event the probability of which has increased by the largest proportion, or the event that the signal makes the most less surprising to us. I develop the greatest surprise reduction theory of content in four stages. First, I introduce the general project of causal theories of content, and the challenges presented to this project by the misrepresentation and disjunction problems. Next, I review two recent and prominent causal theories of content and demonstrate the serious challenges faced by these approaches, both clarifying the need for a solution to the misrepresentation and disjunction problems and providing a conceptual background for the greatest surprise reduction theory. Then, I develop the greatest surprise reduction theory of content, demonstrate its ability to resolve the misrepresentation and disjunction problems, and explore some additional applications it may have. Finally, I conclude with a discussion of a particularly difficult challenge that remains to be addressed—the partition problem—and sketch a path to a potential solution.
Lymphoma survivors’ experience of participation in a home-based intervention post-chemotherapy
Authors: Hathiramani Suchita , Pettengell R. , Moir H. , Younis A.
Published: July 2019

Purpose

Further research on patient experience and involvement is recommended in order to develop evidence-based and meaningful care pathways for lymphoma survivors. This study aims to explore the experience of a sample of lymphoma survivors participating in a home-based intervention following chemotherapy.

Methods

Eligible participants who completed a 12-week home-based intervention were invited to complete the End of Study Questionnaire designed to explore perceptions, preferences and barriers to participation. Content analysis was used to generate codes, describe frequencies and identify themes.

Results

Participating in a home-based intervention post-treatment was a positive experience overall, and aided recovery in this sample of lymphoma survivors (n = 35). Participants felt the programme provided structure, motivation and liked contact with the researcher. Participants highlighted their need for advice on healthy lifestyle, diet in particular.

Conclusions

Lymphoma survivors in this study reported participation in a home-based intervention following treatment beneficial and aided recovery.

Implications for cancer survivors

A large proportion of lymphoma survivors would benefit from a rehabilitation intervention post-chemotherapy. Intervention programmes should include follow-ups to monitor progress and provide support and motivation. Health professionals should recommend healthy lifestyle guidelines to survivors on completion of treatment or refer patients to appropriate services for rehabilitation and advice.
Analyzing student teachers’ use of theory in their reflections on mathematics teaching practice
Authors: Oonk Wil , Verloop Nico , Gravemeijer Koeno P. E.
Published: July 2019

This study was conducted among 269 student teachers at 11 primary teacher training colleges in the Netherlands. To investigate their competence in integrating theory and practice in their reflections on mathematics teaching, a learning environment was designed to evoke theory use in reflections on practice. To be able to systematically describe the use of theory, we distinguished two dimensions, which we called thenatureandlevelof theory use. A Reflection Analysis Instrument was used to univocally code the nature and level of the student teachers’ theory use in the reflective notes of their final assessments into 1740 meaningful units. We found that nearly all student teachers used theory. However, they differed markedly in the way they linked theory and practice and with which depth they used theoretical concepts in their reflections. A remarkable finding of the study was the important influence of prior mathematics education on the nature and level of theory use, especially the low results of the third-year student teachers in their level of theory use. The outcome may have consequences for the design of the teacher education curricula and for the intake of first-year student teachers.
Nonsuicidal self-injury among adolescents in south-east Serbia
Authors: Kostić Jelena , Žikić Olivera , Stankovic Miodrag , Nikolić Gordana
Published: July 2019

Background

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) refers to the deliberate, self-inflicted destruction of body tissue without suicidal intent and for purposes not socially sanctioned. The aim of this study was to explore the variety of self-injury behaviors as well as the function of NSSI among adolescents in South-East Serbia.

Methods

The study included 50 adolescents of both sexes, aged 13–18 years, who had deliberately engaged in self-injury at least once. A general socio-demographic questionnaire and the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS) were used in the study.

Results

The average age of the respondents was 15 (1.17); the most common NSSI methods were cutting (60%), followed by biting and severe scratching (14%); the average age of onset was 14.12 (0.77); the majority confirmed experiencing pain during self-injury (42%); the respondents more commonly performed NSSI when they were alone (68,0%); in 90% of the cases, the time elapsed between sensing the urge to self-injury and acting on it was less than 1 h; the majority of the respondents stated that they did not want to stop self-injuring (56%). In terms of the NSSI function, the obtained scores were the highest for affect regulation 3.36 (1.47), self-punishment 1.90 (1.39) and marking distress 1.72 (1.26). In terms of gender, there was a statistically significant difference for the antidissociation (P = .043), interpersonal influence (P = .004) and revenge (P = .019).

Conclusion

The results may have practical implications when it comes to taking preventive and therapeutic measures in the vulnerable adolescent population.
Analyzing the Browsing Basket: A Latent Interests-Based Segmentation Tool
Authors: Schröder Nadine , Falke Andreas , Hruschka Harald , Reutterer Thomas
Published: July 2019

The increasing importance of online distribution channels is paralleled by a rising interest in gaining insights into the customer journey to online purchases. In this paper we propose an easy-to-implement two-step procedure that enables online marketing managers to disentangle the complex interrelationships hidden behind observed Internet browsing behavior across websites. Utilizing the procedure allows managers to gain a better understanding why Internet users are visiting their website(s) and how these visits are related to purchases. In the first step, the procedure uncovers latent interests underlying online users’ browsing behavior. In the second step, we segment the online users based on their uncovered latent interests. This way, online marketers may understand how segment-specific combinations of latent interests are linked to purchase behavior. We apply the procedure to ComScore clickstream data across 472 websites. We show that there is considerable heterogeneity among online users both regarding online browsing habits, combinations of latent interests, and their conversion into online purchases. For example, some users are interested in apparel and travel service opposed to users who are interested in entertainment tickets. Our empirical analysis confirms that a relatively small fraction of online users realize 70% of online spending. In addition, we detect substantial segment-specific differences of shopping behavior across categories, the most important product categories being apparel as well as food & beverages. Our descriptive perspective comes up with surprising associations among the websites which can be interesting for online marketers.
Numerical simulation – a critical part of R&D providing customer and company value
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: July 2019

Design work that is applied to complicated systems generally involves computation with complex geometries and challenging material/interaction behaviour. Analytical calculations are usually only possible for simple geometries and system behaviour, but it becomes essential to apply numerical modelling and simulation for applications where quantitative assessment is required. In this month's technology focus, Saint-Gobain Seals – a strategic business unit under Saint-Gobain's High Performance Solutions, Engineered Components’ sector of activity – looks at the important role numerical simulation plays in R&D in providing customer and company value.
Engaging Local Health Departments in Disaster Research: A Washington State Survey
Authors: Everhart Ali , Patel Resham , Errett Nicole A.
Published: July 2019

Objective:

Disaster research can inform effective, efficient, and evidence-based public health practices and decision making; identify and address knowledge gaps in current disaster preparedness and response efforts; and evaluate disaster response strategies. This study aimed to identify challenges and opportunities experienced by Washington State local health departments (LHDs) regarding engagement in disaster research activities.

Methods:

An online survey was disseminated to the emergency preparedness representative for the 35 LHDs in Washington State. Survey questions sought to assess familiarity and experience with disaster research, as well as identify facilitators and barriers to their involvement. The survey was first piloted with 7 local and state public health emergency preparedness practitioners.

Results:

A total of 82.9% of Washington’s 35 LHDs responded to our survey. Only 17.2% of respondents had previous experience with disaster research. Frequently reported barriers to engaging in disaster research included funding availability, competing everyday priorities, staff capacity, and competing priorities during disaster response.

Conclusions:

These findings can inform efforts to support disaster research partnerships with Washington State LHDs and facilitate future collaboration. Researchers and public health practitioners should develop relationships and work to incorporate disaster research into LHD planning, training, and exercises to foster practice-based disaster research capacity.
Is Banning Enough? The Intricacy Inherent to Marine Mammal Conservation
Authors: Pavone Ilja Richard
Published: July 2019

Declining populations of marine mammals have led to growing concern about their conservation. As a result, a series of specific conservation measures have been put in place (bans on hunting and trading, establishment of protected marine areas). Such rules, although restoring the populations of some species of marine mammals, have nevertheless failed to protect them from the most challenging threat to their survival: the bycatch of non-target species. Accordingly, this Article highlights gaps within fisheries law, clarifying the efficacy of existing norms on the protection of the most endangered marine species of marine mammals, with a particular focus on cetaceans, from over-exploitation.

To this aim, the Article explores the peculiar norms developed by treaties of global and regional scope and the European Union (EU) with reference to specific species, including whales, seals, small cetaceans—referred to as direct protection. The Article then proceeds to an analysis of fisheries law that addresses, in an incidental manner, marine mammal protection—referred to as indirect protection.

The Article is based on the assumption that measures simply banning hunting or fishing, as envisaged by wildlife law, must necessarily be complemented by fisheries law—that is, Inter-regime linkages. Paradoxically, indirect protection can have a major impact in terms of improvement of both fish welfare and conservation; the problem lies in the fact that current fisheries law fails to provide an adequate response to bycatch. This Article proposes methods to improve fisheries law and also discusses whether the emerging concept of fish welfare can be an asset if included in fisheries rules; the Article ultimately contends that welfare issues must necessarily be part of future legal developments.
Constitutions—Their Role Through the Ages: Notes on the 59th Meeting of German-Speaking Public Law Assistants in Frankfurt am Main
Authors: Keesen Jan , Ulrich Jacob
Published: July 2019

Once a year, the German-speaking public law assistants meet to discuss recent developments in their working areas. This year, the anniversary of several enactments of constitutions, such as the Grundgesetz, suggested to discuss issues with regard to the role of constitutions for the democratic state, constitutional change, and the relevance of constitutions for societal cohabitation. During the lively discussions, one could observe a trend towards interdisciplinary research in the work of young public law scholars.
Swimming sheet in a density-stratified fluid
Authors: Dandekar Rajat , Shaik Vaseem A. , Ardekani Arezoo M.
Published: July 2019

In this work, we theoretically investigate the swimming velocity of a Taylor swimming sheet immersed in a linearly density-stratified fluid. We use a regular perturbation expansion approach to estimate the swimming velocity up to second order in wave amplitude. We divide our analysis into two regimes of low ($\ll O(1)$) and finite Reynolds numbers. We use our solution to understand the effect of stratification on the swimming behaviour of organisms. We find that stratification significantly influences motility characteristics of the swimmer such as the swimming speed, hydrodynamic power expenditure, swimming efficiency and the induced mixing, quantified by mixing efficiency and diapycnal eddy diffusivity. We explore this dependence in detail for both low and finite Reynolds number and elucidate the fundamental insights obtained. We expect our work to shed some light on the importance of stratification in the locomotion of organisms living in density-stratified aquatic environments.
THE ERROR AESTHETIC: THE OPPORTUNITY TO UNDERSTAND SYSTEMS VIA FRACTURES IN CODING
Authors: Schubert Alexander
Published: July 2019

The aesthetic of fault, failure, breaking off or breaking down is a diverse phenomenon pervading a multitude of areas in daily life, art in general, and medial contemporary music in particular. In addition to its destructive element, an error always allows the opportunity to look behind the façade and to comprehend mechanisms in systems. As soon as a function is impaired or defective we learn more about the operations of that system – be it biology, psychology, informatics or any other branch of science – and this holds especially true for medially conveyed, digital content. In a reality increasingly capitalising on digitally transported content this viewpoint gains growing social as well as artistic poignancy. This article explores the conception and connotation of error in general and, specifically, in the field of digital media before discuss resulting implications for the arts and giving examples of how to harness their attributes. Finally, it also reflects on the author's motivation in approaching the principle of error, and reflects upon how this subject is substantially influencing my own current pieces.
ECLAT 2019, Stuttgart, Germany
Authors: Tidrow Thierry
Published: July 2019

ECLAT, Stuttgart's ever-expanding midwinter Festival, has grown to be one of the most promising German happenings of the scene by focusing on fresh blood and gender parity. This year's specifically marketed ambition was to push the boundaries in terms of concert setting, audience participation and politics. While this attempt was more curious than successful, the festival generally managed to present interesting works while avoiding any cataclysmic failures – a feat of sorts for a festival presenting 37 premieres.
Baseline incidence of adverse birth outcomes and infant influenza and pertussis hospitalisations prior to the introduction of influenza and pertussis vaccination in pregnancy: a data linkage study of 78 382 mother–infant pairs, Northern Territory, Australia, 1994–2015
Authors: McHugh L. , Andrews R.M. , Leckning B. , Snelling T. , Binks M.J.
Published: July 2019

We conducted probabilistic data linkage of three population datasets for the Northern Territory (NT), Australia, to describe the incidence of preterm births, stillbirths, low birthweight and small for gestational age (SGA) per 1000 NT births; and influenza and pertussis hospitalisations per 1 00 000 NT births in infants <7 months of age, in a pre-maternal vaccination era. The Perinatal Trends dataset (1994–2014) formed the cohort of 78 382 births. Aboriginal mother–infant pairs (37%) had disproportionately higher average annual rates (AR) for all adverse birth outcomes compared to their non-Aboriginal counterparts; rate ratios: preterm births 2.2 (AR 142.4 vs. 64.7); stillbirths 2.3 (AR 10.8 vs. 4.6); low birthweight 2.9 (AR 54 vs. 19); and SGA 1.7 (AR 187 vs. 111). Hospitalisation (2000–2015) and Immunisation Register datasets (1994–2015), showed that influenza hospitalisations (n = 53) and rates were 42.3 times higher in Aboriginal infants (AR 254 vs. 6); and that pertussis hospitalisations (n = 37) were 7.1 times higher in Aboriginal infants (AR 142.5 vs. 20.2) compared to non-Aboriginal infants. These baseline data are essential to assess the safety and effectiveness of influenza and pertussis vaccinations in pregnant women from the NT. Remote living Aboriginal women and infants stand to benefit the most from these vaccines.
Regulation of bodily parts: understanding bodily parts as a duplex
Authors: Nwabueze Remigius N.
Published: July 2019

The current law in England and Wales adopts a no-property approach to cadavers and separated bodily parts; paradoxically, it affords proprietary protection to tissue users at the expense of tissue sources. Non-proprietary frameworks hardly offer effective legal redress to tissue sources. Potentially, the law could offer tissue sources a mix of proprietary and non-proprietary remedies. Drawing from the work of the famous anthropologist, Marilyn Strathern, I argue that such a flexible and eclectic approach might be facilitated by the concept ofduplex, an analytical tool that promotes divergent thinking and paradoxical conceptions of a given issue. I argue that while the no-property rule reflects a duplex on bodily parts, the duplex is narrow and ought to be conceptualised more broadly to cover the claims of tissue sources.
An evaluation of predictors of dropout from an Emotional Coping Skills programme in a community mental health service
Authors: Raman Shalini , Richardson Thomas
Published: July 2019

Drop-out from mental health services is a significant problem, leading to inefficient use of resources and poorer outcomes for clients. Adapted dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT), often termed Emotional Coping Skills (ECS) programmes, show some of the highest rates of drop-out from therapy recorded in the literature. The present study aimed to add to the evidence base, by evaluating predictors of drop-out from an ECS programme in a UK-based Community Mental Health Team (CMHT). An existing data set of 49 clients, consisting of clients’ responses on a number of questionnaires, was evaluated for predictors of drop-out. Predictors of drop-out included symptom severity, substance use and client demographics. Independent-samples t-tests and chi-square cross tabs analyses revealed no significant differences between drop-outs and completers of therapy on any of the variables. This suggests that contrary to common assumptions and previous findings, clients using substances, who are highly anxious, or who experience a greater degree of emotion dysregulation, are not more likely to drop out from ECS programmes compared with other individuals. The clinical implications of these findings and future research are discussed within the wider context of the evidence base.

Key learning aims

(1)

To be familiar with common predictors of drop-out from psychological therapies, as indicated by the literature.

(2)

To understand the theories underlying factors that impact drop-out and the associated consequences for mental health services.

(3)

To understand the potential impact of staff assumptions of factors that affect drop-out on client retention.

(4)

To have an understanding of initiatives and strategies that may improve client-retention and engagement in services.
Emergence of a lymphoma imitating an infectious infiltration	surrounding the infrarenal aorta after EVAR
Authors: Vajda Milan , Raupach Jan , Krajina Antonín , Hoffmann Petr , Hůlek Michal , Živný Ondřej , Malý Radovan , Vršanská Veronika , Belada David
Published: July 2019

Summary. Primary retroperitoneal localization of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is rare but should be considered, even if the circumstances surrounding its emergence point to other direction. We present a case of an appearance of periaortic infiltration after successful endovascular treatment which turned out to be of malignant origin.
Interventionsprogramme bei psychischen Belastungen von Kindern von Militärangehörigen in den USA
Authors: Cunitz Katrin , Bühler Antje , Willmund Gerd-Dieter , Ziegenhain Ute , Fegert Jörg M. , Zimmermann Peter , Kölch Michael G.
Published: July 2019

Zusammenfassung. Kinder von Eltern, die beruflich erhöhten Risiken ausgesetzt sind, haben auch selbst ein erhöhtes Risiko, psychische Probleme auszubilden. Ziel der vorliegenden systematischen Literaturübersicht war es, Interventionsprogramme für Kinder von Militärangehörigen in den USA hinsichtlich ihrer Evidenz, der Art und der Adressatinnen und Adressaten sowie ihrer Übertragbarkeit auf die Situation Bundeswehrangehöriger zu überprüfen. In die aktuelle Übersicht wurden 27 Programme eingeschlossen. Dabei handelte es sich um Programme zu spezifischen Präventionsansätzen, die direkt oder indirekt auf die Bedürfnisse der Kinder im Rahmen des sogenannten „emotional cycle of deployment“ (Vorbereitung, Trennungsphase, Rückkehrphase) zugeschnitten waren. Inhaltlich wurden folgende Programmschwerpunkte identifiziert: allgemeine und spezifische (Erziehungs-)Fähigkeiten der Eltern, Stressreaktionen, Bewältigungsstrategien sowie Zusammengehörigkeitsgefühl. Die Prävention erfolgte jeweils zu 40 % durch universelle oder selektive Maßnahmen und zu 20 % indiziert. Erste positive Effekte ließen sich für neun Interventionen im Rahmen von randomisiert kontrollierten oder nichtexperimentellen Studien finden. Die Qualität der Evaluation schwankte beträchtlich, sodass insgesamt die Evidenz der Programme begrenzt ist. Hinsichtlich der Übertragbarkeit lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass es sinnvoll ist, einzelne Elemente der Programme, abgestimmt auf das deutsche Gesundheits- und Sozialsystem, zu integrieren. Dies betrifft vor allem spezifische Inhalte aufgrund der Lebenssituation der Familien und systematische Screenings hinsichtlich möglicher Belastungen und psychischer Störungen. Darüber hinaus zeigte sich, dass weniger der Aufbau von Parallelstrukturen notwendig ist als die Qualifikation der Mitarbeiter in den Regelsystemen.
Earth's Bow Shock: A New Three‐Dimensional Asymmetric Model With Dipole Tilt Effects
Authors: Lu J. Y. , Zhou Y. , Ma X. , Wang M. , Kabin K. , Yuan H. Z.
Published: July 2019

Using the bow shock crossing events from four spacecraft: IMP 8, Geotail, Magion‐4, and Cluster 1, a new three‐dimensional asymmetric bow shock model is constructed. The model is parameterized by the solar wind dynamic pressure, the interplanetary magnetic field, magnetosonic Mach number, solar windβ, and the Earth's dipole tilt angle. It is shown that the shape and size of bow shock are both affected by the dipole tilt angle. The dipole tilt angle causes asymmetries in the meridional plane: (1) the bow shock subsolar standoff distance and the north‐south asymmetry increase with the dipole tilt angle; (2) as the dipole tilt angle increases, the shock flaring angle in the equatorial plane is slightly reduced, while in the meridional plane the flaring angle obviously decreases in Southern Hemisphere and keeps almost unchanged in the Northern Hemisphere. The flaring angle in the Northern Hemisphere is larger than in the Southern Hemisphere; (3) the effects of negative dipole tilt angle on shock flaring are just the opposite of those for positive tilt, and the effects of dipole tilt angle on the shape of the bow shock are north‐south symmetric. The model results are also validated by comparing with one previous empirical model and with observational crossings, and it is demonstrated that the new model is able to predict the observed crossings more accurately and can better describe the rotational asymmetry and north‐south asymmetry of the Earth's bow shock.