bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic advantages of using vegetable protein products in Scandinavia
Authors: Willner Percy
Published: July 2007

Sweden is a small country with different habits and traditions compared to the rest of Europe and even to the rest of Scandinavia. Numerous special conditions important for the economics of using vegetable protein are reviewed. Sweden is outside the EEC and has a protectionist agriculture policy. The food standards are rather special. Since 1973 government subsidies have been made for some important base foods like milk, cheese, meat and processed meat products. This has meant an increasing per capita consumption for these products as well as increasing problems of selling protein for substitution of meat or milk protein. A hesitancy to use vegetable proteins is due to, among other things, bad marketing and inferior products in the beginning of the 1970s. By tradition recombined meat products contain a lot of dry ingredients as, for instance, potato starch and rusks. The water content is high and the meat and fat contents are rather low. The process economy of using soy protein isolate lies very much in the possibility of better yield control. According to a Delfi Study, the future will bring an increasing usage of vegetable proteins in Sweden, While the total protein consumption, however, will not increase.
Functional properties of soy proteins
Authors: Kinsella John E.
Published: July 2007

Soy protein ingredients must possess appropriate functional properties for food applications and consumer acceptability. these are the intrinsic physicochemical characteristics which affect the behavior of protein in food systems during processing, manufacturing, storage and preparation, e.g., sorption, solubility, gelation, surfactancy, ligand‐binding, and film formation. These properties reflect the composition and conformation of the proteins, their interactions with other food components, and they are affected by processing treatments and the environment. Because functional properties are influenced by the composition, structure and conformation of ingredient proteins, systematic elucidation of the physical properties of component protein is expedient for understanding the mechanism of particular functional traints. The composition and properties of the major components of soy proteins are summarized, and the functional properties of soy proteins of importance in current applications (e.g., hydration, gelation, emulsifying, foaming and flavorbinding characteristics) are briefly reviewed.
Flavor problems of vegetable food proteins
Authors: Rackis J. J. , Sessa D. J. , Honig D. H.
Published: July 2007

Flavor is a major factor that limits the use of many vegetable proteins in foods. In high quality whole cereal grains, flavor and flavor stability present little or no problem; but when some cereals are further processed into protein concentrates and isolates, objectionable flavors can arise from oxidative deteri‐oriation of unsaturated fatty esters in protein‐bound lipids. However, degermed wheat and corn flours (endosperm products) have little or no flavor. Raw legumes and oilseeds enriched with respect to lipoxygenases and other metallo‐proteins possess lipid‐derived, objectionable flavor compounds. Lipoxygenase‐mediated conversion of lipids to lipohydroperoxides and their subsequent degradation form volatile and nonvolatile constituents responsible for off‐flavors. n‐Hexanal, 3‐cis‐hexenal, n‐pentylfuran, 2(1‐pentenyl)furan, and ethyl vinyl ketone are major contributors to grassy‐beany and green flavors. Higher 2,4‐alkadienals have oxidized painty, rancid flavors sometimes noted in residual lipids. Geosmin, an oxygenated hydrocarbon, is responsible for the musty, moldy, earthy flavor of dry beans. This compound may contribute to similar flavors noted in soy and corn protein isolates. Thermally degraded phenolic acids account for some of the objectionable cooked odors of soy products that have been subjected to high temperature treatment such as retorting, autoclaving, and sterilization. Oxidized phosphatidylcholine most likely accounts for the bitter taste of soy products. Oxygenated fatty acids, including the bittertasting trihydroxy octadecenoic acids, have been identified in the bitter phosphatidylcholines isolated from soybeans. Oxidized lipids appear to be associatted with the bitter, astringent, and rancid flavors of protein isolates prepared from wet‐milled corn germ flour. Grassy‐beany, bitter flavor compounds preexist in the maturing soybean and are also generated during processing. In some legumes development of off‐flavors can be readily controlled by rapid inactivation of lipoxygenase with heat, alcohol, or acid treatment. Legume powders of acceptable flavor quality can be prepared by wet‐milling whole seeds in aqueous alcohols. Extraction of meals with hydrogen bond‐breaking solvents, such as alcohols or azeotropic mixtures of hexane and alcohol, effectively removes protein‐bound lipids to yield concentrates with greatly improved flavors. Soy protein concentrates approaching the blandness of wheat flour have been prepared by a combination of azeotrope extraction and steaming. Similar processes can also be used to greatly improve flavor scores of corn germ protein isolates. Based on our present knowledge about the identity of off‐flavor constituents and how they are derived, much progress has been made to effectively remove or modify them. These developments should result in new emerging technology that would be applicable to the manufacture of highly acceptable protein products from various vegetable sources.
Yield and functional properties of air‐classified protein and starch fractions from eight legume flours
Authors: Sosulski F. , Youngs C. G.
Published: July 2007

Eight legumes were pin‐milled and air‐classified into protein (fine) and starch (coarse) fractions and their functional properties compared with those of soybean and lupine flours. The fine material which represented 22.5 to 29% of the original flours contained from 29 to 66% protein as well as a high proportion of the flour lipids and ash. The coarse material contained 51 to 68% starch and much of the crude fiber which was dense and concentrated in the starch fraction. Generally legumes which showed highly efficient starch fractionation gave lower recoveries of protein in the fine material. High values for oil absorption, oil emulsification, whippability and foam stability were characteristics of the protein fractions, while starch fractions gave high water absorptions, peak and cold viscosities. Gelation occurred in both air‐classified fractions. Pea and northern bean, chickpea and lima bean flours, and airclassified fractions gave generally higher values in the functional property tests, while fababean, field pea, mung bean and lentil gave high protein fractionation in the air classification process.
Designing vegetable proteins to fit market needs
Authors: Casey J. F.
Published: July 2007

The needs and wants of the market are discussed as well as the regulatory practices that frequently inhibit the fulfillment of the market's requirements. The advantages and short comings of the various types of protein ingredients are described, and appeals are made to the soy protein‐producing industry to protect the integrity of traditional products by recommending extension of meat and other products in such a manner as to preserve their traditional character. Improved technical service offered to the food processors can bring added assurance to the consumer of a continuing supply of quality traditional products. The soy protein industry must continue the development of their own products so that broader application is possible. The inherent nutritional and functional values of soy proteins are such as to make a new generation of textured products, and improvement in the functional properties of concentrates and isolates a very realistic goal. Compatibilities of soy proteins with other proteins and ingredients are discussed; suggestions are made that the inherent synergism in many of these combinations is an untapped developmental area that will enable us to design protein ingredients for specific applications and thus benefit the consuming public, as well as the food processing industry.
Launching a successful product on the consumer market
Authors: Cummings W. A. W.
Published: July 2007

Essential steps in the development of a new product are reviewed. Consideration is given to background research on the target market area and the development of the marketing concept. Emphasis is placed on the essential close relationship between the marketing department and the research and development department in matching this concept with physical products. Various techniques of using market research for concept, in‐hall, and in‐home tests are considered. The use of market research findings by research and development in product refinement to achieve an optimum product is discussed. The marketing strategy including market positioning, advertising and the decision between test market and national launch is reviewed. Post‐launch support and maintenance of consumer interest, for example by line extensions, is examined, and the effect of competitors’ activities is discussed.
Food uses of sunflower proteins
Authors: Sosulski F.
Published: July 2007

Commerical use of sunflower meal as a food product is dependent on the development of low chlorogenic acid cultivars and efficient procedures for dehulling the high oil cultivars and hybrids. Laboratory defatted sunflower flours have high protein contents, bland flavors, white colors at acid pH levels, and contain no antinutritive factors. Functional test data show that sunflower flours and protein concentrates have high salt solubility, oil absorption and oil emulsification. In rat feeding trials, the low lysine level in sunflower proteins has resulted in low protein efficiency ratios for sunflower diets and blends with cereals including bakery products. High weight gains are obtained for sunflower blends with legume and animal proteins, suggesting applications in milk and meat extenders and in soybean‐based infant, formulas. Heat treatments, mechanical agitation, and emulsifiers were effective in solubilizing 80% of sunflower proteins in extended milk formulations, and the product was given high ratings in taste panel evaluations. Sunflower flour slurries show excellent whippability and foam stability, comparable to that of soybean protein isolate, but lack the ability to form a firm gel. Wieners supplemented with sunflower products have low shrinkage and cooking losses, but rate poorly in organoleptic tests. Texturization of sunflower flour by extrusion cooking gave fibrous chunks which were greyish in appearance, but had a chewy texture, a meat‐like flavor, and gave low cooking losses in beef pattie formulations. Spun sunflower protein/casein (1:1) blends are superior to other vegetable proteins in shear strength, swellability and firmness. Sunflower flours are particularly deleterious to bread loaf characteristics. This effect can be partially overcome by autoclaving the flour, concentration of the protein, or addition of gluten, but the protein nutritive value of the supplemented bread is only marginally improved.
Uses of defatted and partially defatted peanut flours
Authors: Spadaro James J.
Published: July 2007

Defatted peanut flour produced by direct solvent extraction and partially defatted peanut flours produced by mechanical pressing have many potential uses in foods. The defatted peanut flour has a high protein solubility and is light colored, practically tasteless, and odor free. The defatted peanut flour has been evaluated as: an additive to increase the protein content of foods such as bread and other baked goods, macaroni, pancakes, and puddings; an extender in meats such as meat loaf and frankfurters; and an aid in preparing skim and full‐fat (fat added) milk‐like drinks and ice creams. The characteristics of this flour also make it useful in the preparation of protein concentrates (by air classification) and protein isolates. The partially defatted flour, with about 55% oil removed, is ideal for preparing full‐fat, milk like drinks and can also be used in baked goods, ice cream, meats, and so forth. This flour can also be toasted to different degrees for use in foods such as baked goods, in which a nutty flavor may be desired. The “over roasted” flour has potential for use as a cocoa diluent.
Chemical constituents and protein food processing of rapeseed
Authors: Rutkowski A. , Kozlowska H.
Published: July 2007

In rapeseed, as in other oilseeds, there are some substances that adversely affect nutritional value. By application of appropriate technological processes, the antinutritive factors are removed and the final protein products appear to have high nutritive value. Compared with the soybean, rapeseed presents some unique problems. When processing rapeseed into protein foods, it is necessary to take into account high losses of nitrogen substances (nonprotein nitrogen), and higher costs of removing glucosinolates and their derivates, as well as phenolic compounds. Technically and economically feasible methods of reducing cellulose and phytate contents should be developed. In view of the presence of many constituents which lower the nutritional value of rapeseed protein products, it would appear that rapeseed is presently not a suitable raw material for production of food grade protein flour and grits. On the contrary, rapeseed protein concentrates and their texturates have satisfactory nutritional quality and feature good functional properties. Rapeseed isolates, except for poorer spinning properties, have similar characteristics to those of soybean isolates, but, as a result of low protein yields, their production is uneconomical. Recent progress in the breeding of glucosinolate‐free and low fiber rapeseed varieties offers a new approach for development of processing methods for useful protein products based on this raw material.
Taking prophets in soybean oil
Authors: Bartholomew David M.
Published: July 2007

Conclusion

It's a tough year on farmers as well as on industries that use farm products. It is no simple matter for the analyst either. “Prophettering” can be dangerous to your health, as Jonah and others before and since this time have learned.

What was the final chapter in the experience of Jonah? He finally got to Nineveh and made his prophecy about the coming destruction of the city if the citizens did not repent. They did change their ways and the city was saved. Consequently Jonah felt that the was a failure since the city was not destroyed. Well, it can happen to all of us.
Occurrence of cyclic fatty acid monomers in frying oils used for fast foods
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Smith L. M. , Hamblin C. L. , Creveling R. K. , Clifford A. J.
Published: July 2007

Cyclic fatty acid monomers were analyzed by gas chromatography in commercial frying oils, obtained in this country and in the Middle East. Samples were obtained from food outlets in California and Illinois after varying periods of usage. The samples from Egypt and Israel were collected from street vendors frying vegetable patties (known as “fallafel”) in open‐air stands. The United States samples ranged from 0.1 to 0.5% cyclic monomers, and from 1 to 8% polar +noneluted thermal oxidation materials. The Middle Eastern samples showed significantly more heat abuse, with values for cyclic monomers from 0.2 to 0.7% and polar materials ranging from 2 to 22%.
Relative esterifiability of the primary and secondary hydroxyl groups of glycerol
Authors: Brandner J. D. , Birkmeier R. L.
Published: July 2007

A method has been devised for determining the relative esterifiability of the primary and secondary hydroxyl groups of glycerol. Contrary to the theory previously advanced by Feuge and Bailey, the primary and secondary hydroxyls are not equally esterifiable. The equilibrium constant favoring esterification of primary hydroxyl over secondary isca. 2.3 at reaction temperature (200°C.) and between 6 and 10 at room temperature. Since the equilibrium constant is substantially different at room temperature from that at reaction temperature, monoglycerides as customarily prepared are not at equilibrium at room temperature and undergo intramolecular migration of acyl groups frombeta toalpha hydroxyl positions. The rate of migration depends on the physical form of the ester and is accelerated by basic catalysts. In the vicinity of room temperature intermolecular rearrangement occurs only over very prolonged periods. The method of calculating relative esterifiability of primary and secondary hydroxyls should be applicable to other polyols.
The reaction of divinyl sulfone withalpha‐eleostearic acid
Authors: Placek Lida L. , Bickford W. G.
Published: July 2007

The reaction of divinyl sulfone withalpha‐eleostearic acid has been studied. The reaction product was found to be monomeric, consisting of only one divinyl sulfone and one eleostearic moiety. Contrary to expectations, the adduct contained only two ethylenic linkages rather than three and the addition product is considered to be a transannular sulfone.
Densitometric equipment for rapid quantitation of aflatoxins on thin layer chromatograms 1
Authors: Dickens J. W. , Whitaker T. B. , Mcclure W. F.
Published: July 2007

A densitometric instrument (Spotmeter) has been designed for rapid measurement of aflatoxin on thin layer chromatographic plates. The Spotmeter measures the total amount of fluorescence of the aflatoxin spot and thus eliminates the need for scanning mecha‐nisms, plotters and integrators incorporated into most commercially available densitometers used for aflatoxin analyses. In comparison with a Schoeffel SD 3000 Spectrodensitometer, the Spotmeter was more accurate in one test and at least equally accurate in another test. The Spotmeter made measurements in 1/4 the time required for the Spectrodensitometer and would cost about 1/6 as much as commercially available densitometers suitable for aflatoxin analyses.
Unavoidable low level aflatoxin contamination of peanuts
Authors: Wilson D. M. , Flowers R. A.
Published: July 2007

A major portion of aflatoxin contamination of peanuts probably occurs when decayed or discolored peanuts are incompletely removed by sorting. Quality control measures have been instituted in the United States to insure that unavoidable aflatoxins in consumer peanuts and peanut products do not exceed 20 μg/kg. However, low level aflatoxin contamination, from trace amounts to about 50 μg/kg in sound mature unblemished peanuts, can occur before peanuts are dug. This low level contamination is not related to high levels of Aspergillus flavus infection or to current production practices. Low level aflatoxin contamination of peanuts may be endemic, and current sorting procedures may not be effective in removing unblemished contaminated peanuts.
Properties of 2‐hydroxyethylamine acylimide aqueous solution — unusual clouding phenomenon
Authors: Ikeda Isao , Katsura Tadashi , Okahara Mitsuo
Published: July 2007

Surface active and solution properties of 2‐hydroxyethylamine acylimides, such as dimethyl‐2‐hydroxyethylamine acylimides, bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) methylamine acylimides, and tris(2‐hydroxyethyl) amine acylimides were investigated. An unusual clouding phenomenon, which depends upon time after dissolving, concentration of aminimide, as well as temperature of the aqueous solution is discussed. The phenomenon may be explained by slow protonation to the negative center of the aminimide and slow rate to attain the equilibration of hydration by strong hydrogen bonding between a negative center and a hydroxyl group of the aminimide. The facts that the aminimide can exist in different forms in solid state as well as in solution, and that the forms are reversible by treating them with water or a nonpolar solvent, may also be explained by strong hydrogen bonding.
Tofu and tempeh as potential protein sources in the western diet
Authors: Wang Hwa L.
Published: July 2007

In recent years, a growing interest in foods of plant origin, especially plant protein foods, has become evident. A large number of low‐technology, Oriental soybean foods have appeared on the American market outside the Oriental community. The most popular one is tofu. Tempeh, another soybean protein food, also has attracted a lot of attention. Tempeh has not yet been accepted to the extent that tofu has, but it is becoming a hamburger‐alternative for vegetarians, now numbering 10–15 million in the United States. According to information published by the Soyfoods Center of California, the number of tofu producers in North America rose from 50 in 1975 to 182 in 1983, and annual production has increased from 13,250 tons in 1979 to 27,500 tons in 1983. The annual tempeh production was estimated at 500 tons in 1982. Changes in the perceptions of soybean foods as they pertain to health and social status seem to be the determining factors behind the momentous expansion of Oriental soybean foods. Therefore, the growth trend is expected to be continuing for some time into the future. Tofu is made by curdling the protein with a calcium or magnesium salt from a water extract of whole soybeans. It is a highly hydrated, gelatinous product with a soft, smooth texture and a bland taste. Therefore, tofu can be easily incorporated with other foodstuffs and used in nearly every culinary context, from salad to dessert and from breakfast foods to burgers. Tempeh is made by fermenting boiled soybeans withRhizopus oligosporus. After 20–24 hr at 30 C, the beans are covered with white mycelium that binds the beans together to form a firm cake. It can be seasoned, and cooked by frying, roasting or baking — just like meat.
Expanded newborn screening in Europe 2007
Authors: Bodamer O. A. , Hoffmann G. F. , Lindner M.
Published: July 2007

By January 2007 seven European countries had expanded, and more are considering the expansion of their newborn screening programmes by inclusion of ESI tandem mass spectrometry. We present an overview of the current status of expanded newborn screening programmes in Europe. While the first pilot programmes were initiated in 1998 in Germany, most countries started within the last 3 years. The number of disorders screened for by MS/MS ranges from two disorders (phenylketonuria and medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency) in some countries to 20 in others. The number of live births investigated per screening centre varies from 18 000 to 77 000. Few programmes have reported the number of positively identified cases and technical data, although many participate in quality assurance and proficiency test schemes. Given the relatively common genetic background of most European populations and similar health care systems, the reasons for the differences observed appear arbitrary and contrary to the optimal benefit of this important preventive health measure. Harmonization of disease screening panels, spectrum of metabolites analysed, sizes of screening laboratories, analytical procedures, follow‐up management and proficiency and quality testing is urgently warranted on the European level. This will hopefully occur before screening by novel applications of tandem mass spectrometry for additional groups of disorders including lysosomal storage disorders and X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy are implemented.
Hypertension in aging: physical activity as primary prevention
Authors: Ben-Sira D. , Oliveira J. M. F.
Published: July 2007

In most physiologic systems, there is considerable evidence that the normal aging processes do not result in significant impairment or dysfunction in the absence of pathology and under resting conditions. However, in response to a stress, the age-related reduction in physiologic reserves causes a loss of regulatory or homeostatic balance. This happens before an individual notices that something is wrong. An additional consequence of age-related changes is an increased perception of effort associated with submaximal work. Thus, a vicious cycle is set up, leading to decreasing exercise capacity, resulting in an elevated perception of effort, subsequently causing avoidance of activity, and finally feeding back to exacerbation of the age-related declines secondary to disuse. Sedentary behavior is an important risk factor for chronic disease morbidity and mortality in aging. However, there is a limited amount of information on the type and amount of activity needed to promote optimal health and function in older people [19]. The purpose of this review is to discuss the important role of exercise training as a primary prevention tool to hypertension. In addition, this review will address the topic of the recommended amount of physical activity required for health promotion along with the current exercise guidelines.
Empirically supported psychological interventions for social phobia in adults: a qualitative review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Ponniah K. , Hollon S. D.
Published: July 2007

Background

Social phobia is a chronic disorder that results in substantial impairment. We conducted a qualitative review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of psychological interventions for social phobia.

Method

Articles were identified through searches of electronic databases and manual searches of reference lists. They were classified by psychological interventions evaluated. Data regarding treatment, participants and results were then extracted and tabulated. We identified which psychological interventions are empirically supported, using the scheme proposed by Chambless & Hollon (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1998, 66, 7–18).

Results

Thirty studies evaluating the efficacy of social skills training (SST), exposure therapy and/or cognitive treatments were identified. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), involving cognitive restructuring and exposure to feared and avoided social situations or behavioral experiments, was found to be an efficacious and specific treatment for social phobia. Exposure therapy was found to be an efficacious treatment since most of the evidence of its efficacy was from comparisons with no treatment. There were mixed findings regarding the relative efficacy of CBT and in vivo exposure. Some studies reported that the interventions were equivalent, while others found that patients treated with CBT had a better outcome. There was little evidence to support the use of SST.

Conclusions

CBT is the psychological intervention of choice for social phobia. The findings of this review are compared to those of other major reviews and limitations are discussed.
North American dynamics and western U.S. tectonics
Authors: Humphreys Eugene D. , Coblentz David D.
Published: July 2007

Interest and controversy exist on the origin of forces that move and tectonically deform plates, especially regarding the relative importance of loads applied to the plate margins and base and those created internally (e.g., by elevated potential energy in uplifted regions). To quantify these loads, we evaluate predicted interplate stress through two‐dimensional finite element analysis of the North American plate, finding that boundary loads are most important, followed by internal and basal loads. Craton root basal drag of ∼4 MPa opposes absolute plate motion, compared to basal tractions elsewhere that average ∼0.4 MPa, suggesting that North America is separated from a relatively static deep Earth mantle by a weak asthenosphere. San Andreas shear (∼1.5 TN/m), gravitational collapse, and southern Cascadia pull all contribute importantly to western U.S. deformation; the region also is relatively weak. Important future work includes incorporating three‐dimensional plate structure onto global flow calculations and including the global set of plates.
Burial and exhumation in a subduction wedge: Mutual constraints from thermomechanical modeling and natural P‐T‐t data (Schistes Lustrés, western Alps)
Authors: Yamato P. , Agard P. , Burov E. , Le Pourhiet L. , Jolivet L. , Tiberi C.
Published: July 2007

The dynamic processes leading to synconvergent exhumation of high‐pressure low‐temperature (HP‐LT) rocks at oceanic accretionary margins, as well as the mechanisms maintaining nearly steady state regime in most accretion prisms, remain poorly understood. The present study aims at getting better constraints on the rheology, thermal conductivity, and chemical properties of the sediments in subduction zones. To reach that goal, oceanic subduction is modeled using a forward visco‐elasto‐plastic thermomechanical code (PARA(O)VOZ‐FLAC algorithm), and synthetic pressure‐temperature‐time (P‐T‐t) paths, predicted from numerical experiments, are compared with natural P‐T‐t paths. The study is focused on the well constrained Schistes Lustrés complex (SL: western Alps) which is thought to represent the fossil accretionary wedge of the Liguro‐Piemontese Ocean. For convergence rates comparable to Alpine subduction rates (∼3 cm yr−1), the best‐fitting results are obtained for high‐viscosity, low‐density wedge sediments and/or a strong lower continental crust. After a transition period of 3–5 Ma the modeled accretionary wedges reach a steady state which lasts over 20 Ma. Over that time span a significant proportion (∼35%) of sediments entering the wedge undergoes P‐T conditions typical of the SL complex (∼15–20 kbar; 350–450°C) with similar P‐T loops. Computed exhumation rates (<6 mm yr−1) are in agreement with observations (1–5 mm yr−1). In presence of a serpentinite layer below the oceanic crust, exhumation of oceanic material takes place at rates approaching 3 mm yr−1. In all experiments the total pressure in the accretionary wedge never deviated by more than ±10% from the lithostatic component.
Synoptic controls on summertime surface ozone in the northeastern United States
Authors: Hegarty Jennifer , Mao Huiting , Talbot Robert
Published: July 2007

The relationship between synoptic‐scale circulation patterns and surface ozone (O3) across the northeastern United States was investigated for summers 2000–2004. Observational data consisted of 1200 UT sea level pressure fields obtained from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Final Analysis and O3 measurements from 474 Environmental Protection Agency and five AIRMAP monitoring sites. The five most common circulation patterns, or map types (I–V), were identified with a correlation‐based synoptic categorization technique, which persisted on 65% of the days during the study period. Map type I, characterized by stagnant warm conditions throughout the northeast, occurred most frequently (21%) with associated episodes of high O3. Interannual variability in O3 varied regionally from a seasonally averaged daily maximum value of 64 ppbv in 2002 to a minimum of 52 ppbv in 2004. By considering both the sea level pressure system intensity and frequency of each map type, 46% of the interannual variability in summertime O3 was reproduced with intensity being the dominant factor. The remaining interannual variability was possibly due to nonlinear relationships between climate and biogenic emissions and/or recent reductions of power plant emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) over the eastern United States. The storm track of cyclones in the eastern United States was a key determinate of the intensity of circulation patterns.
Till characteristics, genesis and transport beneath Antarctic paleo‐ice streams
Authors: Ó Cofaigh Colm , Evans Jeffrey , Dowdeswell Julian A. , Larter Rob D.
Published: July 2007

Marine geophysical data from the Antarctic continental shelf indicate the former presence of ice streams that drained through bathymetric troughs during the last glacial cycle. Streaming flow is recorded by elongate subglacial bedforms, formed in the upper part of an acoustically transparent sediment layer. Cores from the layer demonstrate that it is a weak and porous subglacial till (“soft till”). Shear within the soft till was concentrated in zones that were 0.1–0.9 m thick. The soft till is a “hybrid” till, formed by a combination of subglacial sediment deformation and lodgment. The base of the soft till is marked by a strong reflector which represents the top of a denser and stronger “stiff till.” The form of this reflector ranges from flat and continuous to deeply grooved and irregular, implying the operation of different mechanisms of sediment mobilization and incorporation into the soft till layer. The irregular form of the basal reflector is consistent with grooving, whereas the flat and continuous form is more consistent with sediment mobilization as a subglacial traction carpet related to changes in basal effective stress. Geophysical evidence for large‐scale advection of the soft till, combined with evidence for deformation partitioning into relatively thin layers up to 0.9 m thick, indicates that localized shear zones integrated to transport significant volumes of sediment beneath Antarctic paleo‐ice streams.
Importance of seasonality and small streams for the landscape regulation of dissolved organic carbon export
Authors: Ågren A. , Buffam I. , Jansson M. , Laudon H.
Published: July 2007

The regulation of the spatial and seasonal variation in terrestrial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) exports was studied in a 68 km2 boreal stream system in northern Sweden. A total of 1213 DOC samples were collected in 15 subcatchments over a 3 year period (2003–2005). The mean annual DOC exports from the 15 subcatchments (0.03–21.72 km2) ranged from 14.8 to 99.1 kg ha−1 yr−1. Many catchment characteristics determined the spatial variation in DOC exports. The relative importance of the different catchment characteristics varied greatly between seasons because of differing hydrological conditions. During winter base flow the spatial variation was linked to patterns in wetland coverage. During snowmelt in spring the spatial variation was connected to characteristics describing size and location, i.e., median stream size, silty sediment distribution, stream order, altitude, and proportion of catchment above highest postglacial coastline (HC). During the snow‐free season the spatial variation in DOC exports was regulated by the amount of wetlands and forests, particularly forests made up of Norway spruce (Picea abies). Median stream size also influenced the exports during this season. A striking result in this study was the effect of size implying that small headwaters may be the largest contributor to the terrestrial DOC export, per unit area.
Impact of instantaneous sea ice removal in a coupled general circulation model
Authors: Schröder D. , Connolley W. M.
Published: July 2007

The impact of extreme sea ice initial conditions on modelled climate is analysed for a fully coupled atmosphere ocean sea ice general circulation model, the Hadley Centre climate model HadCM3. A control run is chosen as reference experiment with greenhouse gas concentration fixed at pre‐industrial conditions. Sensitivity experiments show an almost complete recovery from total removal or strong increase of sea ice after four years. Thus, uncertainties in initial sea ice conditions seem to be unimportant for climate modelling on decadal or longer time scales. When the initial conditions of the ocean mixed layer were adjusted to ice‐free conditions, a few substantial differences remained for more than 15 model years. But these differences are clearly smaller than the uncertainty of the HadCM3 run and all the other 19 IPCC fourth assessment report climate model pre‐industrial runs. It is an important task to improve climate models in simulating the past sea ice variability to enable them to make reliable projections for the 21st century.
A comparison of 103–105 year uplift rates on the South Alkyonides Fault, central Greece: Holocene climate stability and the formation of coastal notches
Authors: Cooper Frances J. , Roberts Gerald P. , Underwood Charlie J.
Published: July 2007

Measurements of Holocene coastal notch sequences exposed in the footwall of the active South Alkyonides normal fault, Greece, reveal 3 Holocene paleoshorelines near the lateral fault tip, rising in elevation eastward toward the center of the fault, where a 4th paleoshoreline appears. The implied eastward increase in Holocene uplift rate mirrors that for an uplifted Quaternary marine terrace (0.29 mm/yr–0.55 mm/yr from west to east). Assuming these uplift rates were constant through the Holocene, notch elevations predict ages of 650, 1900, 3700 and 6500 years B.P., comparable with published 14C ages on notch fauna, and well correlated with periods of relatively stable Holocene climate. We propose that the notch sequences formed when post‐glacial sea level rise became outpaced by the coastal uplift rate, whilst individual notches formed when stable climate facilitated sustained erosion. The parity of the Holocene and Quaternary uplift rates suggests that notch sequences could be used to characterize long‐term patterns of uplift, slip‐rate and seismic hazards on active normal faults, if 6500 years is long enough to fully characterize temporal variation in the seismic cycle.
Immunological competence of patients in remission from acute leukaemia: apparently normal T cell function but defective pokeweed mitogen‐driven immunoglobulin synthesis
Authors: Ashman Leonie K , Drew Paul A , Toogood Ian RG , Juttner Christopher A
Published: July 2007

Immunological function of 62 patients in remission from acute leukaemia has been evaluated using peripheral blood mononuclear cells in in vitro assays. T cell function, as indicated by proliferation in response to polyclonal activation (by phytohaemagglutinin) and antigen‐specific stimulation (allogeneic cells), was normal in these patients. In contrast, pokeweed mitogen‐driven Ig synthesis was significantly decreased for all immunoglobulin classes measured (IgM, IgG and IgA) in the case of adult and childhood acute lymphocytic leukaemia patients, and for IgA in the case of adult acute non‐lymphocytic leukaemia patients. The defects in humoral immunological responses may contribute to the increased susceptibility to infection of these patients.
Effect of chloroquine on cellular immune responses of normal andP. knowlesi‐infected rhesus monkeys
Authors: Prasad RN , Mahajan RC , Ganguly NK
Published: July 2007

The immunopharmacokinetics of chloroquine were studied inPlasmodium knowlesi‐infected and uninfected rhesus monkeys. In control monkeys, chloroquine depressed the percentage of lymphocyte subpopulation and their proliferative response after the third dose of drug administration. The effect was maximum during day 6 to 10 after initiation of treatment. During this period the plasma level of chloroquine was high. The drug was slowly excreted and recovery in immune functions was noticed by the 20th day of treatment. On the other hand, the drug caused an irreversible effect on the proliferative response of normal lymphocytes followingin vitroexposure of cells.

Interestingly, while the drug depressed the immune functions of normal animals. It reversed the immunosuppression caused by malarial parasites in infected animals. The probable mechanism of action of the drug has been discussed.
Specificity of a mouse monoclonal antibody raised against acute myeloid leukaemia cells for mast cells in human mucosal and connective tissues
Authors: Mayrhofer G , Gadd SJ , Spargo LDJ , Ashman LK
Published: July 2007

A mouse monoclonal antibody raised against acute myeloid leukaemia cells (YB5.B8 monoclonal antibody; Gadd. S. J. and Ashman, L. K. (1985): Leukaemia Res. 9, 1329–1336) has been found by an indirect immunoperoxidase technique to bind to scattered cells in frozen sections from a number of human tissues. They have been identified as mast cells in fixed sections of skin, tonsil and duodenum by simultaneous staining of glycosaminoglycan with Alcian blue in 0.7 N HCl. The antibody does not distinguish mast cells in mucosal tissues from those in connective tissue, although the level of expression by cells al both sites appears to be heterogeneous. With the exception of tow affinity binding to B lymphocytes, no other bone marrow‐derived cells were found to bind the antibody. In particular, basophils and eosinophils were not stained, suggesting that they are not related closely to masi cells and that the antigen detected by YB5.B8 monoclonal antibody is not an IgE Fc receptor. Therefore, among all mature haemopoietic lineages, the antibody is specific for mast cells.
Enhancement of neutrophil‐mediated phagocytosis by human granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor demonstrated using a novel mathematical model
Authors: Williamson D James , Brown Timothy C
Published: July 2007

A mathematical model is presented which may be applied to describe and analyse data from microscopic phagocytosis assays. The method has been used to investigate the phagocytosis of opsonized yeast by peripheral blood neutrophils treated with purified recombinant human granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (rH GM‐CSF) in vitro. Under limiting conditions of serum opsonization, rH GM‐CSF decreased the proportion of non‐phagocytic cells and increased the mean number of ingested yeast per cell. Stimulation of phagocytosis was dose‐dependent and occurred with concentrations of rH GM‐CSF in the range 10–320 units/ml. The effect was dependent on a heat‐labile component in serum and was not attributable to endotoxin contamination of the preparation.
Effects of low or high doses of short wavelength ultraviolet light (UVB) on Langerhans cells and skin allograft survival
Authors: Odling Katharine A , Halliday Gary M , Muller H Konrad
Published: July 2007

Since Langerhans cells (LC) are normally the only cells within the epidermis to express the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) transplantation antigens, depletion of LC could be expected to prolong skin allograft survival by reducing the antigenic disparity between host and recipient. To assess this hypothesis, donor C57BL mouse shaved dorsal trunk or tail skin was exposed to high (200 mJ/cm2) or low (40 mJ/cm2) doses of short wavelength ultraviolet light (UVB) before grafting on to the thorax of BALB/c mouse recipients of the same sex. These strains have different major and minor transplantation antigens. The effects of UVB treatments on LC were determined by electronmicroscopy. Skin grafted 1–14 days following a single high dose of UVB irradiation was ultrastructurally depleted of LC and survived significantly longer than unirradiated skin before being rejected. After a 21‐day interval between exposure and grafting when LC were again present in the epidermis there was no significant difference between treated and control graft survival. Exposure to low dose UVB irradiation only significantly increased graft survival for skin transplanted 1–3 days after irradiation; skin grafted 4 days following irradiation survived for a similar period to unirradiated control skin grafts. Electronmicroscopy showed that the low UVB dose did not deplete LC from the epidermis. We conclude that after low dose UVB treatment the class II MHC antigens on the LC plasma membrane were lost temporarily, thus prolonging graft survival, but when the plasma membrane antigens were re‐expressed graft survival returned to normal. In contrast, high‐dose UVB irradiation prolonged graft survival by depleting LC from the epidermis, with graft survival only returning to control values as LC repopulated the epidermis.
Effect of dextran sulphate on IgG subclass of antibody in efferent popliteal lymph of sheep
Authors: Kerlin RL , Watson DL
Published: July 2007

IgG1 and lgG2 participation in anti‐hapten, anti‐carrier and immunoglobulin‐containing cell (Ig‐cc) responses was studied in sheep immunised with killed Staphylococcus aureus‐Dinitrophenyl (DNP) conjugates. The antigen was given with or without the polyanionic adjuvant dextran sulphate (DXS). Animals were immunised intracutaneously on the lateral hock of one hind leg with 1 × 109 S. aureus‐DNP with or without 20 mg DXS. Six weeks later, primed sheep underwent surgery to cannulate an efferent popliteal lymphatic vessel in the immunised leg. Forty‐eight hours after surgery, each sheep was given a further intracutaneous injection of 1 × 109 S. aureus‐DNP with or without 20 mg DXS adjacent to the primary injection site. IgG1‐cc and IgG2‐cc in lymph were counted using indirect immunofluorescence. Total IgG1 and IgG2 anti‐staphylococcal and anti‐DNP antibody output in lymph was determined using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA's). DXS markedly increased antibody responses to S. aureus‐DNP in the popliteal lymph node of sheep and was shown to strongly enhance immunological memory. The ratios of IgG2‐cc:IgG1‐cc and lgG2:IgG1 anti‐staphylococcal antibody in lymph‐draining popliteal lymph nodes of sheep stimulated with DXS and S. aureus‐DNP was significantly greater than the same ratios in animals given antigen alone. The IgG subclass‐specific immunomodulatory effects of DXS were exerted whether the adjuvant was given with primary and/or secondary inoculations. There was no difference in the ratio of IgG2:IgG1 anti‐DNP antibody in lymph from animals given S. aureus‐DNP with and without DXS.
Carbonic anhydrase—a marker for particles shed from the epithelium to the lymphoid follicles of the ileal Peyer's patch in goat kids and lambs
Authors: Landsverk T , Jansson A , Nicander L , Pløent L
Published: July 2007

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) was found to be a marker for 50 nanometer membrane‐bounded particles shed from the lateral cell border of follicle‐associated epithelial cells (FAE) in the ileal Peyer's patch (PP) of pre‐ and post‐natal lambs and goat kids. The CA‐positive particles seemed to filter into the underlying lymphoid tissue where they formed part of the matrix embedding the cells of the follicle centre.
Analysis of the genetic control of lymphocyte positioning
Authors: Brenan M , Parish CR
Published: July 2007

A possible role for the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the localization of lymphocytes in different lymphoid organs was investigated using inbred mouse strains. Lymphocytes labelled with the intracellular fluorochrome Hoechst 33342 (H33342) were transfused intravenously (IV) into unimmunized mice and the distribution of these labelled lymphocytes examined. In some combinations (e.g. C57BL/6‐ CBA) 2 h after injection allogeneic lymphocytes accumulated in the region between the marginal zones and outer aspects of the white pulp of the spleen. In contrast, in syngeneic controls (e.g. CBA ‐ CBA) the lymphocytes migrated normally into the while pulp. Similar results were obtained in Peyer's patches. Mapping studies in the spleen indicated that the failure to migrate normally is predominantly controlled by the MHC complex, although some non MHC genes may play a role. In the case of the MHC the most definitive combination was BALB/c‐H‐2dm2 (H‐2L deletion mutant) lymphocytes transfused into BALB/c recipients, the mutant lymphocytes failing to migrate normally and, therefore, implicating the H‐2L region in the phenomenon. No differences in the viability of labelled lymphocytes at 6 and 24 h after injection into either syngeneic or allogeneic recipients suggests that the inability of cells to passage through lymphoid organs may represent inappropriate receptors rather than elimination of the allogeneic lymphocytes by natural killer cells (NK) as previously proposed.