bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A non-destructive method to quantify leaf starch content in red clover
Authors: Frey Lea Antonia , Baumann Philipp , Aasen Helge , Studer Bruno , Kölliker Roland
Published: January 2020

Background Grassland-based ruminant livestock production provides a sustainable alternative to intensive production systems relying on concentrated feeds. However, grassland-based roughage often lacks the energy content required to meet the productivity potential of modern livestock breeds. Forage legumes, such as red clover, with increased starch content could partly replace maize and cereal supplements. However, breeding for increased starch content requires efficient phenotyping methods. This study is unique in evaluating a non-destructive hyperspectral imaging approach to estimate leaf starch content in red clover for enabling efficient development of high starch red clover genotypes.Results We assessed prediction performance of partial least square regression models (PLSR) and validated model performance with an independent test set. Starch content of the training set ranged from 0.1 to 120.3 mg g -1 DW. The best cross-validated PLSR model explained 56% of the measured variation and yielded a root mean square error (RMSE) of 17 mg g -1 DW. Model performance decreased when applied to the independent test set (RMSE = 29 mg g -1 DW, R 2 = 0.36). Different filtering methods did not increase model performance.Conclusion The non-destructive spectral method presented here, provides a tool to detect large differences in leaf starch content of red clover. Breeding material can be sampled and selected according to their starch content without destroying the plant.
Ecological trait differences are associated with gene expression in the primary visual cortex of primates
Authors: Zintel Trisha Marie , Ely John J. , Raghanti Mary Ann , Hopkins William D. , Hof Patrick R. , Sherwood Chet C. , Kamilar Jason M. , Bauernfeind Amy L. , Babbitt Courtney C.
Published: January 2020

Background : Primate species differ drastically from most other mammals in how they visually perceive their environments, which is important for foraging, predator avoidance, and detection of social cues. Although it is well established that primates display diversity in color vision and various ecological specializations, it is not understood how visual system characteristics and ecological adaptations may be associated with gene expression levels within the primary visual cortex (V1). Results : We performed RNA-Seq on V1 tissue samples from 28 individuals, representing 13 species of anthropoid primates, including hominoids, cercopithecoids, and platyrrhines. We explored trait-dependent differential expression (DE) by contrasting species with different visual system phenotypes and ecological traits. Between 4-25% of genes were determined to be differentially expressed in primates that varied in type of color vision (trichromatic or polymorphic di/trichromatic), habitat use (arboreal or terrestrial), group size (large or small), and primary diet (frugivorous, folivorous, or omnivorous). DE analyses revealed that humans and chimpanzees showed the most marked differences between any two species, despite the fact that they are only separated by 6-8 million years of independent evolution. Pathway enrichment analyses of DE genes demonstrated that changes in cellular metabolic pathways (e.g. glycolysis) contribute to altered gene expression in primate V1 more than neuron-specific processes (e.g. synaptic signaling). The exception to this trend is between human and chimpanzee, which exhibited DE for a number of processes related to cholinergic and GABAergic synaptic signaling. Conclusions : Our data significantly expand the number of primate species for which V1 expression data exists. These results show a combination of species-specific and trait-dependent differences in the evolution of gene expression in primate V1. We also show that human-specific changes in brain gene expression extend to the primary visual cortex in a manner similar to that reported of other brain regions.
Symptomatic treatment (using NSAIDS) versus antibiotics in uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Lopez Albert Macaire Chua Ong , Tan Charles Jeffrey L. , II Antonio S. Yabon , Masbang Armin N.
Published: January 2020

Background: Current guidelines recommend empiric antibiotics as first-line treatment for uncomplicated UTI. Despite proven benefits in treatment, antibiotic resistance rates still rise. Objectives: This meta-analysis aims to determine whether NSAIDs can serve as an effective and safe option in the treatment of uncomplicated lower UTI among non-pregnant women compared to antibiotics. Data Sources: PUBMED,MEDLINE,EMBASE,CENTRAL,ACP databases and other grey literature sources from inception to June 2019 were sought in the relevant search. Study Eligibility Criteria, Participants and Intervention: Randomized controlled trials that compare the use of NSAIDs versus antibiotics in non-pregnant women ≥ 18 years old with uncomplicated urinary tract infection. Methods: Primary outcomes were symptom resolution of UTI at Day 3 or 4 of intervention,and upper UTI complications. Secondary outcomes include persistence of positive urine culture despite treatment and need for another rescue antibiotic. Random and fixed-effects model for dichotomous data using Mantel-Haenszel and Peto odds method were reported at 95% CI followed by sensitivity analysis with substantial heterogeneity. Results: The probability of having a symptom resolution by Day 3 or 4 with NSAID use is only less than three-fourths of that with antibiotic treatment(RR: 0.69; 95% CIs [0.55, 0.86], I 2 =73).The odds of developing upper UTI complications with use of NSAIDs are 6.49 to 1 for antibiotics (Peto OR: 6.49, 95% CIs [3.02, 13.92], I 2 =0%).Secondary analysis showed that the NSAID group is 2.77x more likely to have persistence of a positive microbiologic urine culture than the antibiotic group (RR: 2.77; 95% CIs [1.95, 3.94], I 2 =36%).Treatment with NSAIDs are three times more likely to use a secondary or rescue antibiotic due to persistent or worsening symptoms as compared to antibiotics (RR: 3.10; 95% Cis [2.17, 4.43], I 2 =53%). Conclusion: This meta-analysis could not prove non-inferiority of NSAIDs over antibiotics. However,the authors would still recommend maintaining the use of empiric antibiotic therapy as the primary treatment for UTI because of limited NSAID benefits with complication risks.
Parental smoking status affects substance use by adolescents: A national cross-sectional study conducted in Korea
Authors: Lee Jinhee , Kwan Yunna , Min Seongho , Kim Min-Hyuk , Chun Ka Hye , Choi Sungwon , Ahn Joung-Sook
Published: January 2020

Background: In the present study, we investigated the association between substance use by adolescents and parental smoking status based on data from the 2016 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey, a national school-based survey. Methods: Data from a nationally representative sample of Korean adolescents aged 12–18 years (n = 65,528) were analyzed, and the risk of substance use according to the parental smoking status was investigated. Results: We found that smoking by both parents was a greater risk factor for substance use by adolescents than smoking by any one parent. Moreover, maternal smoking was a greater risk for substance use by adolescents than paternal smoking. We also investigated sex differences in the risk of substance use as a result of the parental smoking status. The differences in the substance use status according to the sex of both parents and children were also identified after adjustment for second-hand smoking. Conclusions: Accurate evaluation of the family smoking environment and whole-family interventions are necessary for preventing and intervening in substance use by adolescents.
Multi-method appraisal of clinical quality indicators for the Emergency Medical Services in the Low- and Middle-Income Setting: The South African Perspective
Authors: Howard Ian , Cameron Peter , Castrén Maaret , Wallis Lee , Lindström Veronica
Published: January 2020

Background: Quality Indicator (QI) appraisal protocols are a novel methodology that combine multiple appraisal methods in order to comprehensively assess the “appropriateness” of QIs for a particular healthcare setting. However, they remain inadequately explored compared to the single appraisal method approach. The aim of this paper was to describe and test a QI appraisal protocol versus the single method approach, against a series of QIs potentially relevant to the South African Prehospital Emergency Care setting. Methods: An appraisal protocol was developed consisting of two categorical-based appraisal methods, the Qualify tool and Rand/Appropriateness method, combined with the qualitative analysis of the discussion generated during the consensus application of each method, by a QI Appraisal Working Group. Inter-rater reliability of each individual method was assessed prior to group consensus rating. Variation in the number of non-valid QIs identified between each method and the proportion of non-valid QIs identified between each method and the protocol were compared and assessed. Results: There was mixed inter-rater reliability of the individual methods prior to the group consensus. There was similarly poor to moderate correlation of the results obtained between the individual methods (Spearman’s rank correlation = 0.42, p<0.001). From a series of 104 QIs, 11 were identified that were shared between the appraisal methods. A further 19 QIs were identified and not shared by each method, highlighting the benefits of a multimethod approach. There was little evidence to support a difference in the proportion of non-valid QIs identified between individual methods (difference=-0.03); between the Quality tool and the protocol (difference=-0.05); or between the Rand method and the protocol (difference=-0.02). The outcomes were additionally evident in the group discussion analysis, which in and of itself added further input towards understanding and appraising the appropriateness of the QIs that would not have otherwise been captured or understood by the individual methods alone. Conclusion: The utilisation of a multi-method appraisal protocol offers multiple benefits, when compared to the single appraisal approach, and can provide the confidence that the outcomes of the appraisal will ensure a strong foundation on which the measurement framework can be QI successfully implemented and employed.
Language Learning Strategies in English Language Learning: A Survey Study
Authors: Hapsari Astri
Published: January 2020

Strategic competence involves a number of learning and communication strategies which can be learned by language learners. These behaviors and thinking process can help second language learners to accelerate their target language learning. Teachers’ knowledge on these strategies will help language learners in overcoming the problems of their learning process. This survey study aims to describe students’ profile of strategic competence by mapping their language learning strategies. The participants were 106 students of Department of English Language Education in academic year 2014/2015. The instrument used was Oxford’s (1989) Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) Worksheet, Version 7.0 for Speakers of Other Languages Learning English. Students’ profile of strategic competence in academic year 2014/2015 is: memory strategy (3.20), affective strategy (3.38), cognitive strategy (3.45), compensation strategy (3.46), social strategy (3.46), and metacognitive strategy (3.63). Therefore, the only strategy who has achieved high profile is metacognitive strategy (3.63). The other strategies are still on medium profile, which means all the students sometimes use the strategies. For the whole SILL strategies, students of Department of English Language Education, Universitas Islam Indonesia in academic year 2014/2015 get mean score 3.43, which also means on medium profile of strategic competence. From the result, it is recommended that the students need to develop the other five strategies from medium to high profile. Keywords: strategic competence, language learning strategies, survey study
“Digging Deep”: Using the Task Involvement Load Hypothesis to analyse textbooks for vocabulary learning potential
Authors: Ruegg Rachael , Brown Cherie
Published: January 2020

In the process of vocabulary acquisition, the extent to which tasks require depth of processing, termed ‘task-induced involvement’ by Laufer and Hulstijn (2001), and the potential effects of this on subsequent vocabulary retention, deserve greater attention. Laufer and Hulstijn (2001) claim that when ‘need’, ‘search’ and ‘evaluation’ are required in order to complete a task, learners engage with words more deeply, thus optimizing potential for successful vocabulary retention. This study was designed to ascertain the extent to which tasks, in commonly used reading textbooks and integrated skills course books, induce ‘deep’ involvement with vocabulary, thus facilitating vocabulary retention. Tasks in 10 reading textbooks and 10 integrated skills course books were analysed in terms of the elements identified by Laufer and Hulstijn (2001). The results were then compared between the two types of textbooks in order to determine whether one is more effective than the other for vocabulary retention.  The study found that the frequency of exposure to target vocabulary was insufficient for vocabulary acquisition. It was also found that many of the vocabulary activities investigated required little task-induced involvement, and more specifically, very few productive activities were found. Keywords: task-induced involvement, depth of processing, vocabulary acquisition, vocabulary retention, vocabulary learning
Syntactical Errors in Students’ Writing: A case study of multilingual classrooms in India
Authors: Hellystia Devi
Published: January 2020

English is widely used as a tool for academic interaction in multilingual countries like India, however teaching English becomes very challenging particularly writing. Teachers have to face a heterogeneous group of students with a multilingual and multicultural background and they tend to bring their local languages and cultures which may affect their ability in English writing. There is an indication that the students insert patterns in their mother tongues when they are involved in writing activities. This paper deals with the syntactical errors found among multilingual learners from an Engineering college in Bhubaneswar, India. The tests were conducted for the undergraduate students who belonged to the 2nd and 4th semester. Written tests were conducted for 130 students in the form of passage and a written essay.  The research finding showed that misordering is the highest error rate committed by students with a total percentage of 48%. It is followed by other findings they are, 24% of misformation, 8,2% of omission, and 20% of addition.   Keywords: syntactical error, multilingual classrooms, multicultural
The Influence of Teachers’ Teaching Skills and School Organizational Culture on Students’Achievement
Authors: Anisah Anisah , Widyantoro Agus
Published: January 2020

This research aims to investigate the effect of the teachers’ teaching skills and school organizational culture on the students’ learning achievement in English. The research was ex-post facto quantitative. The population comprised all Year VIII students of six SMPN’s in the District of Sintang. A sample of 260 students from six schools based on Krejcie and Morgan formula  was established using the cluster sampling technique. The data were collected through Likert-scale questionnaires. The validity of the instrument was assessed in terms of content validity. The data were analyzed using the multiple linier regression analysis with two independent variables, anova test, and test of multiple linier regression analysis prerequisites (test of multicolinearity, heteroscedasticity, normality, and linierity). The results of the regression testing on the variable of teachers’ teaching skills show the coefficient β = 0.030, p <0.0001 (significant). The variable of school organizational culture shows the coefficient β = 0.014, p < 0.0001 (significant). The effect of these two variables together showsR² = 0.155, Ftest = 23.593, p < 0.0001 (significant). It is concluded that both teachers’ teaching skills and school organizational culture collectively have a significant effect on the English learning achievement. Keywords: teachers’ teaching skills, school organizational culture, English learning achievement
The Effectiveness of Using CIRC and CTL in Teaching and Learning Reading Comprehension
Authors: Ismawati Dian , Sugirin Sugirin
Published: January 2020

Teaching reading in secondary level is aimed at teaching for comprehension. Comprehension occurs when the reader extracts and integrates various information from the text and combines it with what is already known. Reading comprehension is an intentional, active, interactive process that occurs before, during and after a person reads a particular piece of writing. When a person reads a text, he engages in a complex array of cognitive processes. In the teaching and learning process in SMP Negeri 1 Pecangaan, the teachers still dominate the activities. It emphasis on reading the text and then answers the questions based on the text and discussion to determine the correct answer. This is known as “Baca-Soal-Diskusi” technique (BSD). Concerned about the technique, the researcher thinks that the technique is not good enough. It can be seen that the students’ ability in understanding the text is not satisfactory enough. This research was aimed at describing(1) the difference of effectiveness between CIRC, CTLand conventional techniques and (2) which one is the most effective technique – CIRC, CTL, or conventional – in teaching and learning reading comprehension of grade VIII students of SMPN 1 Pecangaan.. This quasi experimental research used pretest posttest nonequivalent group design with teaching techniques as the independent variable and students’ reading comprehension as the dependent variable. The population of the research was the students of grade VIII of SMPN 1 Pecangaan in the academic year 2013/2014 with three classes were randomly chosen as the research sample. The data were gathered through pretest and posttest of students’ reading comprehension which were analyzed using Ancova continued by Scheffe test with the significance level of 0.05. The research results show that (1) There is a significant difference in the reading comprehension of the students taught using CIRC, that of those taught using the CTL, and that of those taught using the conventional technique with F = 3.68 and p = 0.03 (2) CIRC is the most effective technique among them with the sequence of effectiveness is CIRC followed by CTL and conventional technique. Keywords: CIRC technique, CTL technique, reading comprehension
An Analysis on Reading Strategies based on Metacognitive Awareness and Gender
Authors: Fauzi Chandra , Ashadi Ashadi
Published: January 2020

This article is based on survey research which sought to identify the reading strategies used by the first-semester graduate students and to reveal the most dominant strategies used by stu­dents of different gender. The participants of this study were first-semester graduate students (N = 43) of a state teacher college. A five-point Likert Scale questionnaire named SORS (Sur­vey of Reading Strategies) was deployed to collect the data concerning the use of reading strate­gies. The findings demonstrated that the first-semester students were greatly conversant in reading strategies with overall mean score of 3.82 which means a high level of awareness. The first-semester students consecutively preferred Problem Solving Strategies to Global Read­ing Strategies or Support Reading Strategies eventhough all of these three subscales fell into highly-used strategy. Female students were found to use the strategies more frequently that their male counterparts did. Also, the results of individual reading strategies use revealed that both genders tended to reread the text and to circle or underline information in the text to help them understand what they read. However, pedagogical implications on the use of metacogni­tive strategies that would help students activate their higher order thinking skills in reading needs to be given attention. Keywords: reading strategies, metacognitive awareness, gender
واقع إدارة الخدمات المصرفية الإلكترونية والتحديات التي تواجهها في إقليم كوردستان العراق
Authors: Arif Ibrahim Mahdi , Rostam Kawa Mohammed
Published: January 2020

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على واقع تطبيق الخدمات المصرفية الإلكترونية لدى لبنوك العاملة في محافظة السليمانية، وذلك من كيفية إدارة هذه الخدمات والصعوبات التي تواجه هذه البنوك في تطبيقها، وقد قام الباحثان باستخدام المنهج الوصفي التحليلي في البحث، حيث تمثلت عينة الدراسة عدد من البنوك العاملة في محافظة السليمانية والمتمثلة في (بنك هولير، بنك كوردستان الدولي، بنك دجلة والفرات، بنك الشمال، بنك الموصل) والتي بدأت بتطبيق هذه الخدمات لزبائنــها في محافظة السليمانية، وذلك من خلال توزيع استمارة الاستبيان لهذا الغرض على الموظفين في الإدارات العليا والوسطى والدنيا متمثلة في( المدراء، ومسؤولي الشعب والوحدات والموظفين)، واستخدم الباحثان طريقة العينة العشوائية بتوزيع (65) استبانة، وكانت نسبة الاسترداد منها(59) استبانة بنسبة(90,76%).

وقد خلصت الدراسة إلى أن هناك بدايات لتطبيق الخدمات الإلكترونية لدى البنوك العاملة في محافظة السليمانية.
أزمة الرهن العقاري وانعكاساتها في اقتصاديات الدول العربية وطرق علاجها
Authors: Dawd Aljarcwse Sara Salm , Muhammad Laila Abdulkarim
Published: January 2020

The foundations of financial engineering emanating from the capitalist economic thought free a significant impact in a financial crisis, the impact of this geometry appeared as a bubble shows here and there but in the end, rolling like a snowball larger than stretching long distances and become impact bigger and more and agreed that the financial crisis global in 2008 began in the mortgage sector in the United States of America real estate values ​​dropped, which led to weak bank's ability to repay its obligations to other financial institutions and the weakness of the ability of individuals to repay debts to the banks. But the truth is greater than this and are described in two sections deals with the first part, the causes of the mortgage bubble bursting in 2008 and defined the root causes and how to shift the mortgage crisis into a liquidity crisis and a crisis of inability to repay debt and benefits.

‫‪The‬‬ ‫‪second‬‬ ‫‪topic‬‬ ‫‪dealt‬‬ ‫‪with‬‬ ‫‪the‬‬ ‫‪impact‬‬ ‫‪of‬‬ ‫‪this‬‬ ‫‪crisis‬‬ ‫‪in‬‬ ‫‪the‬‬ ‫‪economies‬‬ ‫‪of‬‬ ‫‪some‬‬ ‫‪Arab‬‬ ‫‪countries,‬‬‫‪including‬‬ ‫‪oil‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫‪non-oil‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫‪their‬‬ ‫‪impact‬‬ ‫‪on‬‬ ‫‪certain‬‬ ‫‪economic‬‬ ‫‪variables‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫‪financial‬‬ ‫‪markets‬‬ ‫‪of‬‬‫‪these‬‬ ‫‪countries,‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫‪through‬‬ ‫‪the‬‬ ‫‪whole‬‬ ‫‪what‬‬ ‫‪has‬‬ ‫‪been‬‬ ‫‪presented‬‬ ‫‪research‬‬ ‫‪was‬‬ ‫‪to‬‬ ‫‪reach‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪set‬‬ ‫‪of‬‬‫‪conclusions‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫‪proposals‬‬ ‫‪notably‬‬ ‫‪that‬‬ ‫‪the‬‬ ‫‪main‬‬ ‫‪reason‬‬ ‫‪for‬‬ ‫‪the‬‬ ‫‪explosion‬‬ ‫‪of‬‬ ‫‪the‬‬ ‫‪financial‬‬ ‫‪bubble‬‬ ‫‪is‬‬‫‪the‬‬ ‫‪wrong‬‬ ‫‪use‬‬ ‫‪financial‬‬ ‫‪derivatives,‬‬ ‫‪expansion‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫‪over-the‬‬ ‫‪granting‬‬ ‫‪of‬‬ ‫‪mortgage‬‬ ‫‪loans‬‬ ‫‪to‬‬‫‪individuals‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫‪companies‬‬ ‫‪to‬‬ ‫‪meet‬‬ ‫‪with‬‬ ‫‪banking‬‬ ‫‪facilities‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫‪failure‬‬ ‫‪to‬‬ ‫‪diversify‬‬ ‫‪in‬‬ ‫‪guarantees‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪focus‬‬ ‫‪on‬‬ ‫‪real‬‬ ‫‪estate‬‬ ‫‪collateral‬‬ ‫‪by‬‬ ‫‪US‬‬ ‫‪banks,‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫‪is‬‬ ‫‪reflected‬‬ ‫‪in‬‬ ‫‪the‬‬ ‫‪research‬‬ ‫‪to‬‬ ‫‪reach‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬‫‪recommendation‬‬ ‫‪that‬‬ ‫‪the‬‬ ‫‪adoption‬‬ ‫‪of‬‬ ‫‪the‬‬ ‫‪early‬‬ ‫‪warning‬‬ ‫‪indicators‬‬ ‫‪to‬‬ ‫‪monitor‬‬ ‫‪the‬‬ ‫‪internal‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬‫‪external‬‬ ‫‪environment‬‬ ‫‪to‬‬ ‫‪be‬‬ ‫‪able‬‬ ‫‪to‬‬ ‫‪detect‬‬ ‫‪the‬‬ ‫‪crisis‬‬ ‫‪in‬‬ ‫‪the‬‬ ‫‪beginning‬‬ ‫‪of‬‬ ‫‪the‬‬ ‫‪composition.‬‬
The role of administrative judiciary in the implementation of judicial decisions by the public official
Authors: Hama Zana Rauf , Husein Sakar Kakamad
Published: January 2020

Since the court ruling is the title of fact, the implementation serve as the transfer of that fact from stillness to movement and transfer it from theoretical to the practical reality where the administrative judge in the administrative area arbiter between two unequal sides, namely administration and personnel.The administration's failure to implement judicial rulings is a serious breach of the principle of separation of powers, and when it is said that the power of the state lies in the power of jurisdiction, the power of the judiciary lies in the implementation of its provisions and resolutions. So the administrative judge must activate his role and find a special legislative texts to address the problem of non- implementing the provisions of the judiciary and fill the legislative deficiencies and not to stay in imitation of the legal system of French and Egypt but the quest to develop the administrative judiciary in Iraq because the administration's respect for the freedom of the provisions issued by the administrative court is a legal obligation imposed on them otherwise, it leads to create chaos and regarded as violation of the law requiring (civil and criminal) blame. The phenomenon of refraining from carrying out judicial and administrative provisions by the administration is one of the problems experienced by much of the world, because the legislation often did not give this problem a deal of importance, so the legislature's task is to stand against this phenomenon and reduce it through strict laws so that the management cannot circumvent it.
Kuwaiti EFL Students’ Perceptions of the Effectiveness of the Remedial English Course 099 at the College of Technological Studies
Authors: Aldaihani Hussein A. , Almutairi Mohammad A. , Alqahtani Abdulrahman H. , Alshammari Habib S.
Published: January 2020

The study aims to evaluate the English remedial course 099 taught in the College of Technological Studies (PAAET) as part of the English program which disseminates English Language Skills to EFL students studying at this college. This study is expected to provide sufficient information to policymakers and educators involved with this program at all levels, with the intention to help them evaluate this course and make useful decisions to improve English Language Teaching in order to combat the deficiency in the English language suffered by college students in Kuwait. A number of 155 students participated in a questionnaire of 15 statements divided into four areas: reading, grammar, writing, and speaking skills. The findings of the study showed that most EFL students benefited from the English course 099, and their language skills were improved. However, there were some drawbacks and weaknesses of the program in terms of learners’ assessments and follow up. The significance of the study arises from the fact that it would enable decision-makers and course evaluators to pinpoint the strengths and weaknesses of the course and hence find ways to improve it.
The Grammatical Forms Connection between Writing and Speaking from EFL Perspectives
Authors: Naser Mohammad , Azmi Mohd Nazri Latiff , Yunus Kamariah , Alderaan Hadir
Published: January 2020

The goal of this research is to examine whether Saudi undergraduates who use certain grammatical forms in their writing are able to reproduce the same forms with similar accuracy in their speaking. The sample of the study comprised 180 EFL undergraduates’ (male/female) at the undergraduate level from the Institute of languages at the University of Tabuk. The researchers used varied research instruments including Holistic Proficiency Scores and grammatical Use and Accuracy. The data was analyzed using Pearson Product-Moment Correlation, and SPSS. The findings of the research showed that there is a strong relationship between writing and speaking at varied proficiency levels (intermediate and advanced) but the beginners level revealed a noticeable difference in terms of writing and speaking proficiencies’ development in which some of these learners indicated better improvement in writing compared to speaking and vice versa. In relevance to the explicit existence of grammatical items and their use by beginner learners; they were shown to use a considerable number of these grammatical items in their writing, but revealed comparable accuracy in both writing and speaking. This study recommended that further future research should include a similar longitudinal study looking at how the relationship between speaking and writing may change over time for each individual learner, a finding that is merely hypothesized in the present study. Also, the present study investigates this problem through holistic proficiency assessment and grammatical use and accuracy.
Good Language Teachers: Divergent Perspectives between University Language Teachers and learners
Authors: Chang Dr. Lilian Ya-Hui
Published: January 2020

Teachers assume several key roles in the language classroom: as educators transmitting knowledge, as facilitators assisting students with their learning, and as motivators inspiring students to achieve their language goals, to name a few. As any one teacher is unlikely to possess the full range of characteristics suggested in the literature, it seems important to explore what individual class groups of learners believe are the characteristics most beneficial to their language learning. In addition, how about these language learning group teachers’ perspectives? Do language learners and their teachers hold similar views? Are there any discrepancies in their viewpoints? If so, would these discrepancies affect learning effectiveness? These are some questions this research project aims to answer.9 language teachers and their class groups (a total of 10 groups, 287 students) from a language university in southern Taiwan participated in this study. Questionnaire results from student questionnaire were collated with data from their language teachers to discover points of agreement and divergence. The result shows that both language learners and their teachers believe in the importance of good command of L2. However, language learners care more about their relationship with the teachers (e.g., whether they are treated fairly, with respect), whereas language teachers believe that their professional teaching knowledge and the ability to update and reflect most important. This gap in the viewpoints may cause unmet expectations which ultimately affect learning effectiveness. This research ends with some practical suggestions for language teachers in the classroom.
THE ESP LECTURERS’ SELF-DEVELOPMENT COMPETENCE IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL CONTEXT
Authors: Kniazian Marianna , Khromchenko Olena
Published: January 2020

The article is devoted to the problem of preparing of future ESP teachers in the context of higher education. Taking into account the necessity of solving the problem of acquiring not only purely theoretical and applied linguistic knowledge, but also knowledge from a certain professional area (for example, medicine, pharmacy, economics, law, engineering), the role of the formation of self-development competence as a means of expanding and deepening of vocational training gained at the university is presented. Self-development competence of the ESP teacher is the ability to evaluate one’s professional achievements, to choose the ways of optimizing personal level of intelligence aimed at self-improvement, to practically embody personality changes, control efficiency,  adjust the conditions for self-change. The crucial components of this process are: self-analysis of knowledge, skills and know-hows, that can ensure full inclusion of the individual into professional and pedagogical activity at its highest innovative-creative level; designing ways of their development; selection and realization of corresponding receptions in all spheres of vital functions of the ESP teacher as a carrier and creator of humanistic values in society; self-control and self-correction. Self-development competence provides individuals with a promising opportunity to resolve problems characterized by increasing complexity, gradually expand their professionally important knowledge, master new creative opportunities.
MULTIMODALITY IN TEACHING ACADEMIC RESEARCH SKILLS: THE COGNITIVE CREATIVE METHODOLOGY CASE OF CRITICAL ASSESSMENT COMPETENCE SHAPING
Authors: Ubozhenko Irina , Zhang Zihao
Published: January 2020

In the proposed case study the authors show, how the original methodological algorithm may be used to creatively teach basic academic research skills and shape the fundamental research competence of professional literature critical assessment. The didactic technique of key concepts mind-mapping and presenting critical thinking reports by means of cognitive comprehensive reading professional academic literature is going to be demonstrated in the current paper as a creative tool of training analytical skills of critical evaluation, necessary for post graduate students involved in their early research activities.
TRANSLATION PECULIARITIES IN OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY
Authors: Timofeeva Lilia , Potapova Tamara
Published: January 2020

The article focuses on the actual issues of translation problems in the oil and gas industry, in particular on finding adequate equivalents to highly technical terms in both languages, the translation of abbreviations and the application of technical normative documentation (GOST[1]). The research is based on the engineering documents developed in English and Russian for the major oil and gas projects to be implemented in Russia 2006-2009.[1] Russian National Standard
Acción y gestión colectiva del agua en los valles de Moche y Virú en la costa peruana
Authors: Muñoz Portugal Ismael
Published: January 2020

Se analizan los factores de sostenibilidad de la acción colectiva en la gestión del agua de riego en los valles de Moche y Virú, situados en la costa de Perú. Utilizando un modelo de panel de efectos aleatorios, el análisis econométrico encontró que las variables relevantes para la sostenibilidad de la acción colectiva son diferentes en cada valle. El resultado económico se mide por la eficacia en el cobro de la tarifa de agua deriego, capacidad transferida por el Estado a las Juntas de Usuarios. Destaca, además, la importancia del proyecto de irrigación Chavimochic, que amplió la disponibilidad de agua en forma permanente, pero que enfrenta también los efectos del cambio climático...
Pembentukan Citra Merek Minimarket Melalui Viral Marketing (Studi Kasus Minimarket 212)
Authors: Putri Yulia Hamdaini , Yunita Dessy , Rosa Aslamia
Published: January 2020

Brand image is one of the important aspects of marketing, this also happens to the 212 minimarkets which is being discussed lately. The aims of this study are to understand the role of viral marketing on the formation of brand images and interest in shopping at minimarket 212. This study is qualitative using questi0nonaire as the method of data collection. The population of this research is the general population of Palembang aged 16-69 years who have sufficient knowledge of 212 minimarkets. The result of this study, are as follows: first, that viral marketing has a significant effect on the brand image (Est: 0.426; SE: 0.033; CR: 0.033; P: 000). Second, that viral marketing has a significant effect on behavioral intentions (Est: 0.261; SE: 0.040; CR: 6.538; P: 0.000). Third, that brand image has a significant effect on behavioral intentions (Est: 1,187; SE: 0,067; CR: 17,708; P: 0,000). Thus, the effect of viral marketing on shopping interest in a 212 minimarket has the smallest influence value among other variables which is only 0.26 point. However, with the brand image variable as an intervening variable, the effect is greater up to 0.50 point, this means that brand image which formed through viral marketing get a good response from the public to increase the willingness to shop.
Seedling Performance of Cocoa Genotypes (Theobroma cacao L.) in Drought Stress Condition.
Authors: Susilo Agung Wahyu , Sobir Sobir , Wuriandani Adinda , Wirnas Desta
Published: January 2020

Drought stress can affect changes in physiological, morphological, biochemical,and molecular of plant. Plant in drought stress showed slower growthand development than in normal condition. This research aimed to determine the response of cocoa genotypes in seedling phase to drought stress in morphological and stomata character. This research conducted with split-plot design with main plot were water regimes (25% and 100% available water content). Eleven genotypes were used in this research consisted of six genotypes crosses and five genotypes parents. Variables observed were stem diameter, root volume, root length, leaf area, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, root/shoot ratio, and stomatal conductance. Drought stress decreased values associated with all observed morphological characters and stomata characters. Root/shoot ratio and stomatal conductance can be used to determine genotype with tolerance to drought. Sulawesi 3 x ICCRI 09 showed heighest in root/shoot ratio and stomatal conductance. Sulawesi 3 x ICCRI 09 can be used as candidate of plant material tolerant to drought.
Changes of leaf anatomical profile of cocoa clones seedlings in response to drought.
Authors: Zakariyya Fakhrusy , Indradewa Didik , Santoso Teguh Iman
Published: January 2020

Cocoa is a plant that is very sensitive to drought during its growth and development phase, which causes changes up to the anatomical and morphologicallevel. This research is aimed to examine the changes on several leaf anatomical characteristics of three cocoa clones under the drought stress. This research was conducted in a greenhouse of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, Jember, East Java, Indonesia in January – December 2017. The research was designedusing randomized complete block design with two factors including clones and watering time interval, with three replications. The clone factor comprised of ICS 60,KW 641, and Sulawesi 1. The result showed that the clones of Sulawesi 1 and KW 641 cocoa had a higher mesophyll thickness, lower stomatal density, narrowerstomatal opening, thicker abaxial and adaxial epidermis, and higher relative water content compared to ICS 60 clone. The 8-day watering interval caused a decreasein mesophyll thickness, leaf thickness, increase in stomatal density, stomatal closure, decrease in abaxial epidermis thickness, and decrease in water status within the plant tissue. The thicker the leaf mesophyll tissue, the higher the leaf water content was. This showed that the water status within a plant leaf tissue determined bythe leaf mesophyll thickness.
International Dimension of Contemporary U.S. Energy Policy: Challenges for Russia and the World
Authors: Borovsky Yury Viktorovich
Published: January 2020

Since the mid-2000s, the American energy industry has undergone profound changes. Having made the so-called shale revolution and achieved impressive results in the field of energy efficiency and renewable energy, the United States of America has not only radically reduced its dependence on imported hydrocarbons, but has begun to increase exports of these commodities. Given the economic weight of the U.S., such changes have significantly transformed the global energy market, requiring leading oil and gas exporters (including Russia) to take non-standard steps (for example, the OPEC+ deal). They also created serious prerequisites for Washington’s revision of its traditional energy policy in the international arena. The author makes a conclusion that the United States has not yet come out of the paradigm of net oil importer, which was formed after the first world oil crisis of 1973-1974. This means that Washington is still committed to the traditional principles of it’s foreign energy policy: diversification of oil import sources; promotion of free trade in world energy; special relations with oil exporters in the Persian Gulf and the strategic importance of the Middle East; reliance on energy suppliers from the Western hemisphere, etc. However, having radically reduced oil and gas imports and having got the opportunity to export them, the United States could not help but bring something new to its energy policy. While still prioritizing security of energy supply, the U.S. under B. Obama has started talking about the American energy independence, and D. Trump has proclaimed the global energy dominance as a new key American goal. The author assumes that global energy dominance implies Washington’s aggressive promotion of the American energy exporters, as well as its intention to turn the U.S. into a technological leader and a key regulator in the global energy market. Moreover, the U.S. has become freer in the matter of sanctions and other pressure on major oil and gas exporters, guided by its geopolitical and economic interests. Due to the growth of the American oil and gas export potential, the confrontation between Moscow and Washington in the energy sector, which began during the Cold war, has now acquired an additional economic dimension. Previously, the United States has tried to restrain the development of the Soviet, later Russian energy industry, but acted purely in the logic of political rivalry, not economic competition. Thus, in the foreseeable future the United States is unlikely to abandon its attempts to politicize and discredit Russia as an energy supplier to Europe and other regions of the world.
Construction of Nuclear Power Plants in the Middle East with the Participation of Russian Companies in the Context of Improving the Region’s Energy Security
Authors: Anikeev Viktor Vladimirovich , Bazavluk Sergey Viktorovich
Published: January 2020

This article examines the current state of nuclear power in the Middle East. The construction of nuclear power plants is closely related to the issues of energy security in the region. The necessity and prerequisites for diversification of the energy balance in the countries of the region, as well as the need for a reliable source of electricity, which will completely solve the problem of growing demand, are analyzed. The authors analyze the role of the Russian Federation in the development of nuclear energy in the Middle East and assess the prospects in the market of services in this sector, consider cooperation in the nuclear sector with all states of the region, identify the advantages and prospects of Russia’s possible participation in the implementation of nuclear power plant construction projects in the Middle East. The most promising direction for the development of nuclear energy today is the use of fast neutron technology and a closed cycle that allows the processing of spent nuclear fuel. The possession of such technologies has a significant potential for export and international cooperation and is a significant technological advantage of Russia. Rosatom group has competitive advantages in the market of nuclear technologies, including in the Middle East, as it has competencies in all parts of the production and technological chain of nuclear energy. The Russian Federation participates in many projects related to the construction of nuclear power plants and related infrastructure and plays a significant role in the development of nuclear energy in the Middle East, cooperates with all countries in the region that are promising for cooperation in this direction, having intergovernmental agreements, which include the construction of nuclear power plants with such States as Egypt, Jordan, Iran, UAE, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and memorandums of cooperation with Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman.
Students’ International Academic Mobility in the Context of Internationalization of Higher Education (RUDN University Case)
Authors: Imankulova Nazym Bakytzhanovna , Moshlyak Gabriel Alekseevna
Published: January 2020

The relevance of the research topic is due to the growing role of student mobility as a form of internationalization of higher education in Russia. In recent years higher education has become more widespread and available, influenced by the development and distribution of educational services export and its transformation into a global educational market. In the context of “mass” higher education the special role of Russian education is of special interest for practitioners and researchers in the field of international educational cooperation. The article focuses on academic mobility in the field of higher education based on the experience of RUDN University. The aim of the study is to identify the effective participation of Russia in the global process of education on the example of international academic mobility of students on the basis of a comparative analysis of the works of Russian and foreign researchers. The objectives of the research are to study the best practices and implement the best developments in Russian conditions; to form the infrastructure and institutional basis for the mobility of students and researchers at all levels. Obviously, mobility is an integrative and determinative part of integration processes in the educational field. The article describes the experience of implementing academic mobility on the example of RUDN University using the comparative analysis of statistical data. All-inclusive academic mobility strategy serves as a tool for internationalization of higher education. The problem of competitiveness of Russian higher education in the dimension of internationalization is thoroughly discussed.
Intelligible Character and Revelation of Person: F.W.J. Schelling “Psychological Scheme”
Authors: Rezvykh P. V.
Published: January 2020

This article focuses on analysis of a handwritten fragment by F. W. J. Schelling “Psychological scheme” (1837-1839), which is a study of main principles of philosophical anthropology. The article reconstructs the circumstances of creating the mentioned text, which are connected with the trusting relationship between Schelling and Bavarian Crown Prince Maximilian; it also highlights the parallels between the text and the earlier Schelling's works exploring philosophical-anthropological problematic: “Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom” (1809) and “Stuttgart Seminars” (1810). In the course of terminological analysis of the fragment author displays that the the main source of influence was the work by I. Kant “Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone”. Major problem, considered by Schelling's anthropology, is defining the correlation between intelligible and empirical human character, the main resolving instrument being Schelling’s doctrine of potencies as ontological modalities developed in 1820-1830.
Pina 3D e a força sensível do cinema
Authors: Vieira Vladimir
Published: January 2020

Esse artigo discute a força sensível do cinema a partir de uma análise do documentário Pina 3D, de Win Wenders, sobre a coreógrafa Pina Bausch. Sugiro, inicialmente, que a questão acerca do status ontológico das imagens no cinema é central para a obra de Wenders desde que o cineasta conquistou o Leão de Ouro em Veneza com o filme O estado das coisas, em 1982. Em seguida, discuto a possibilidade de compreender as imagens cinematográficas como um desafio ao debate acerca da representação tal como ele se desenvolveu no período inicial da filosofia moderna: por um lado, elas são criadas arbitrariamente, tais como aquelas que são produzidas pelo uso da imaginação; por outro, assemelham-se aos dados sensíveis mais fortes e involuntários que tomamos ordinariamente como cópias das coisas tais como existem no mundo fora da mente. Nesse sentido, poder-se-ia dizer, em termos humeanos, que tais imagens contém propriedades tanto de ideias da imaginação quanto de impressões dos sentidos. Por fim, argumento que o emprego da tecnologia 3D em Pina representa um ataque ao paradigma representacional no cinema, na medida em que o filme de Wenders pressupõe que o cinema obtém a sua qualidade estética não do fato de copiar a “realidade”, mas antes da força sensível das próprias imagens.
Sobre a realidade aumentada do cinema de Wim Wenders: um debate com Vladimir Vieira
Authors: Gonçalves Márcia
Published: January 2020

Esse artigo é uma réplica ao texto de Vladimir Vieira intitulado "Pina 3D e a força sensível do cinema".