bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Education
Authors: Clark James G
Published: November 2023

The intellectual energy of Walsingham ‘s generation was generated in large part from the pursuit and propagation of education. The monks ‘ foremost concern was to instruct and train their own community, to serve the abbey, staff its dependencies, and administer its diverse resources. There was also an increasing awareness of the importance of educating men capable of serving the needs of the order as a whole, which was made only more acute because of their prominence in the Benedictine chapters. But this educational impulse was not only inward-looking. From the early fourteenth century the convent began to extend its provisions for lay education, supporting schoolboys, choristers, and even apprentices-at-law in their own precincts.
Public Issues
Authors: Clark James G
Published: November 2023

The intellectual interests of the St Albans monks were shaped not only by their experiences in the cloister and the schools, but also by their engagement with, and in some cases involvement in, the controversies and debates which raged in the world outside. Walsingham ‘s generation witnessed one of the most disturbed and disturbing periods of later medieval history. Against a background of demographic crisis and economic and social upheaval, there arose almost simultaneously a papal schism, a new threat of heresy in the Oxford schools and further afield, and profound political instability caused above all by a protracted foreign war. Like any large institution, St Albans could not escape the effects of these crises, and as a lively community of readers and writers, it was almost inevitable that the monks might be moved to comment upon them.
Philostratus Visualizes the Tragic: Some Ecphrastic and Pictorial Receptions of Greek Tragedy in the Roman Era*
Authors: Elsner Ja´s
Published: November 2023

The Elder Philostratus plays many games in the course of his series of ecphraseis of paintings purportedly on display in an elegant private gallery in early-third-century ce Naples.1 Among these is a wickedly ironic engagement with pictures illustrating (well-known) Greek tragedies.
Pulling the Other? Longus on Tragedy
Authors: Bowie Ewen
Published: November 2023

The Wve ‘ideal ‘ Greek novels that have been transmitted complete in a continuous manuscript tradition present as their major theme hetero- sexual desire, one sense of the term ‘pulling the other ‘ which my title (unashamedly intertextual) exploits. All five novels also include Attic tragedies of the classical period among the canonical texts that they evoke to achieve their own literary goals: this is most insistent and self-conscious in Heliodorus ‘ Theagenes and Charicleia,1 but the technique is already visible in our earliest novel, Chariton ‘s Chaereas and Callirhoe. This paper explores to what extent and with what possible purpose Attic tragedy is exploited by Longus in his miniature and pastoral novel, Daphnis and Chloe, and argues that a major objective is to stress how different is the presentation of læø< in Daphnis and Chloe and in its novelistic predecessors from that in Attic tragedy. I contribute it in the hope that its focus on generic boundaries, on tragedy, and on the novel will match our honorand ‘s interests.
Undiplomatic Statements: Censoring Spain
Authors: Mclellan Josie
Published: November 2023

The party, veterans, and the second generation gave such different accounts of the war, it is sometimes hard to imagine they were referring to the same events. It is even harder to imagine how these different interpretations coexisted in a dictatorship with a sophisticated censorship system. Those accounts which made it into the public sphere had to make their way through the labyrinthine censorship system first. What is surprising here is the room for manoeuvre available to canny writers. The authorities were, on occasion, open to negotiation. Once published, a precedent was set, and successive generations were able to stretch the boundaries of what could and could not be said about Spain. Although the SED was in the best possible position to enforce its own version of events, somehow, dissenting groups managed to voice their views. Of course, this often took place in private, in letters, around the kitchen table, or in samizdat circulated amongst a small circle of like—minded friends. This was a pale substitute for a robust public debate. But it does show just how resilient individual memories were—even those which directly contradicted the party line did not disappear altogether.
The Argument to Design
Authors: Mawson T J
Published: November 2023

Suppose that you and I happen to be walking across a heath one day and I pitch my foot on a stone. You ask me how I suppose that the stone happens to be there. I reply that it’s probably been there since this part of the world was formed and—unless you knew quite a bit about geology—you find it rather difficult to know whether or not I’m wrong. We walk on.
Against ‘Absolutely Everything’!
Authors: Hellman Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Does absolutely general quantification, totally unrestricted in domain or by context, even make sense? How could one possibly doubt it? According to Lewis (1991, 68), the skeptical position is undermined in its very voicing (i.e., in saying, ‘You cannot quantify over absolutely everything’, you are implying there is something you can’;t quantify ove).
Causation as Folk Science
Authors: Norton John D
Published: November 2023

Each of the individual sciences seeks to comprehend the processes of the natural world in some narrow domain—chemistry, the chemical processes, biology; Jiving processes, and so on. It is widely he]d, however, that all the sciences are unified at a deeper level in that natural processes are governed, at least in significant measure, by cause and effect. Their presence is routinely asserted in a law of causation or principle of causality—roughly that every effect is produced through lawfol necessity by a cause—and our accounts of the natural world are expected to conform to it.1
What Russell Got Right
Authors: Hitchcock Christopher
Published: November 2023

Bertrand Russell’s ‘On the Notion of Cause’ is now1 90 years old, yet its central claim still provokes.
Isolation and Folk Physics
Authors: Elga Adam
Published: November 2023

There is a huge chasm between the sort of lawful determination that figures in fundamental physics, and the sort of causal detennination that figures in the ‘folk physics’ of everyday objects. For example, consider a rock sitting on a desk. In everyday life, we think of the rock as having a fixed stock of dispositions—the disposition to slide on the desk when pushed, to shatter when struck by a sledgehammer, and so on. When a strong interaction comes the rock’s way, the rock’s dispositions detennine how it will respond. More generally, we think of the behavior of an ordinary object as being determined by a small set of conditions.
On Saying No to History of Philosophy
Authors: Sorell Tom
Published: November 2023

This paper grew out of a piece of gossip. Years ago, I heard about a sign pinned to an office door in Princeton, New Jersey. The office door was Gilbert Harman’s, and I was told the sign read, ‘Just say no to the history of philosophy’. ‘Just say no to the history of philosophy’—a clear echo of Nancy Reagan’s ‘Just say no to drugs’. When I was told this story, I believed it. I took it that Harman’s sign expressed one prominent analytic philosopher’s deep antagonism to the history of philosophy, and I wondered where that antagonism came from. Many analytic philosophers I knew were uninterested in or bored by the history of philosophy, but not usually hostile, and I wondered why Harman seemed to be more vehement. I doubted that Harman thought the history of philosophy so addictive that he had to warn people against it in the manner of Nancy Reagan, but apparently he did. I e-mailed Harman, saying that I gathered he was critical of the history of philosophy, and asking whether it was true that he had once put that notice on his door.
Introduction
Authors: Kassell Lauren
Published: November 2023

It was hard to summon the devil. On a stage in London in 1616 Fitz-dottrell lamented his inability to conjure the evil one. He had heard that even the most renowned astrologers and physicians, including Simon Forman, had failed ‘to shew a man the Divell in true sort ‘. This was an opening scene of Ben Jonson ‘s The Devil is an Ass, a satire recasting the story of Faust in which the devil visited London and found it so full of evil that there was no work for him to do. Forman died in 1611 and in 1615 he was retrospectively implicated in the great Jacobean scandal: the trials of Frances Howard, countess of Essex, and her lover, Robert Carr, Viscount Rochester, earl of Somerset, for the poisoning of Sir Thomas Overbury.
Gender, Authority, and Astrology
Authors: Kassell Lauren
Published: November 2023

‘ trust a woman by her wordes I thoughe she doth wepe and cry ‘. This was Forman ‘s advice to the reader of ‘Astrologicalle judgmentes ‘, a manual that explained an art predicated on a series of exchanges, whether written or spoken, between a physician and his patient. Speech was suspect, women ‘s speech doubly so; truth was recorded in the stars. Forman ‘s ideas about femininity and female physiology were typical of Elizabethan London, a world in which sex and marriage were at the centre of gender dynamics played out in the language of chastity and honour and in the settings of the household and the city. Throughout his writings, Forman framed the diseases of women according to notions of their sexual activity and moral accountability.
Icons gained and icons lost
Authors: Burling Robbins
Published: November 2023

Students of animal communication use the word “ritualization” for the evolutionary process by which signals, such as a dog’s retracted lip, are built in as stereotyped hereditary traits. Ritualization takes a long time and it leads to a signal that requires little learning. A much faster way for a signal to become established is by conventionalization. This is a social agreement that some action will have a particular meaning. As the differences among human languages show so clearly, human beings are ferocious conventionalizers. More modest conventionalizing can be found in apes.
‘Is Your Best Boy Wearing Khaki?’ Publishing and Propaganda
Authors: Potter Jane
Published: November 2023

The fine line between so-called ‘light-reading material’ and propaganda discernible in the texts highlighted in Chapter 1, is even more clearly evident in the writing of 1914—18. Writers and publishers adapted quickly to the new atmosphere of a society at war. Influential press barons like Lord Northcliffe realized the commercial possibilities the conflict offered and his newspapers became convenient and powerful vehicles for propaganda. The visual image, too, played its part in influencing literary responses as well as the attitudes and actions of the public. Posters, postcards, book and magazine illustrations, and pageants became as powerful vehicles of propaganda as words on a page. The ideology and iconography that the more obvious forms of propaganda sustained and transmitted find their way into the various literary genres that later chapters will examine.
Capitalist Urbanization and Subaltern Resistance
Authors: Hanssen Jens
Published: November 2023

As long as there exists a state power capable of maintaining a semblance of order, direct domination was less important. This changed with the predominance of capital exportation when much greater vested interests are at stake. When railways are built in a foreign country, when land is expropriated, when ports are constructed and mines are founded, the [investment] risk is far greater than buying and selling mere merchandise. Rudolph Hilferding was arguably one of the most influential Marxist theoreticians of the nexus between capitalism and colonialism and was in many ways the ‘missing link’ between Marx and Lenin. According to Hilferding, the sheer volume of financial capital moved around the globe and into the colonies by large investment companies raised the economic stakes of European imperialism. These higher stakes-so his analysis continued-inevitably led to ‘ever more pressing attempts to impose on [colonial] countries legal systems appropriate to capitalism, regardless of whether existing rulers are retained or destroyed’.
The Frege– Schlick View
Authors: Shoemaker Sydney
Published: November 2023

What I have called the Frege – Schlick view is the view that the relations of qualitative similarity, identity, and difference are well defined only for the intra subjective case— so, for example, my experience of red is neither qualitatively like yours nor, as the inverted spectrum hypothesis would have it, qualitatively like your experience of some other color. This view is suggested by things Frege says in ‘‘The Thought,’’ and by things Schlick says in ‘‘Positivism and Realism.’’ In the text of my ‘‘The Inverted Spectrum’’ (hereafter my 1981) I mentioned this view as one compatible with the functionalist account of qualitative similarity I offered there, but set it aside as unacceptably at variance with common sense.
Understanding Assertion
Authors: Soames Scott
Published: November 2023

In his ground breaking 1978 article, ‘‘Assertion,’’ Robert Stalnaker presents an elegant model of discourse designed to solve philosophical problems arising, in part, from his identification of propositions with functions from possible worldstates to truth values, and his restriction of the epistemically possible to the metaphysically possible. Among these problems are those posed by Kripkean examples of the necessary aposteriori. Being necessary, all such examples are seen by Stalnaker as semantically expressing the same trivial, universally known, apriori truth.
Acts of Giving
Authors: Davies Wendy
Published: November 2023

Acts of Giving examines the issues surrounding donation – the giving of property, usually landed property – in northern ‘Christian’ Spain in the tenth century, when written texts became very plentiful, allowing us to glimpse the working of local society. Wendy Davies explores who gives and who receives; what is given; reasons for giving; and the place of giving within the complex of social and economic relationships in society as a whole. People gave land for all kinds of reasons – because they were forced to do so, to meet debts or pay fines; because they wanted to gain material benefits in life, or to secure support in the short term or in old age. Giving pro anima, for the sake of the soul, was relatively limited; and gifts were made to lay persons as well as to the church. Family interests were strongly sustained across the tenth century and did not dwindle; family land was split and re-assembled, not fragmented. The gender and status of donors are key themes, along with commemoration: more men than women took steps to memorialize, in contrast to some parts of western Europe, and more aristocrats than peasants, which is less of a contrast. Donation as a type of transaction is also examined, as well as the insights into status afforded by the language and form of the records. Buying and selling, giving and receiving continued in the tenth-century as it had for centuries. However this period saw the volume of peasant donation to the church increasing enormously. It was this which set the conditions for substantial social and economic change.
Dividing and Sharing Property
Authors: Davies Wendy
Published: November 2023

The widespread occurrence of family churches and family monasteries is only one aspect of the distribution and exercise of property rights within and across families. There is plenty of evidence of shared family interests in all kinds of property in northern Spain at this time; this is demonstrated many times, in all parts, and from beginning to end of the century. For a flavour of this evidence, consider the following cases: four siblings together sold some of the Cea water meadows, on the meseta, to the monastery of Sahagún in 919; five brothers together sold some salt lands in Castile to Abbot Gomessano in 932; much farther to the west, in Galicia, a married couple sold Bishop Rosendo two ninths of their fisheries in the river Miño, one ninth inherited from a grandfather and the other from a grandmother, the text says; a man called Andreas, with his wife Ikilo and his wife’s sister Sarrazena, sold a portion of the hillside which had come to the two women from their late brother; and in 994 two brothers and their two cousins (one male and one female) sold Abbot Falconio (and his mother and sister) some arable inherited from their family.1
Men and Women
Authors: Davies Wendy
Published: November 2023

It would be relatively easy to make it appear that women had a special role in making donations to the church in tenth-century Spain. There are some notable examples. Ramiro II’s daughter Elvira made gifts to several churches in memory of her brother Sancho in the 970s; the woman Eldoara gave all the property she had inherited from her mother to the nunnery of Santiago in León, with the request that she be buried there herself; the sisters, and abbesses, Eilo and Goisenda, gave many properties in Galicia (including one villa their aunt had given them) to the monastery of Celanova, with a request for annual services for their own memorial; the widow Entregoto made grants of land near Oviedo in memory of her parents, her husband Lallino, and her ancestors, just as the widow Emilo Hamita gave property in Grajal to the monastery of Sahagún in memory of her husband Sendino; and so on.1
Peasant Society
Authors: Davies Wendy
Published: November 2023

It was the peasant couple which so often featured as the responsible household unit, and peasant behaviour has often been identified and differentiated in this book. What do we know of peasants and peasant society? What shape did a peasant property have, in contrast to the farms and estates of lesser and greater aristocracy?1 What were its constituent parts? Most of the material suggests that a household’s property would have consisted of a mixture of different plots scattered within a community territory.
Introduction
Authors: Bradley Laura
Published: November 2023

Bertolt Brecht argued that performance was the true test of any dramatic text. Ever the writer-director, he revised his plays during rehearsals and then evaluated their reception by the audience. He often incorporated the changes into subsequent editions of the published texts, which then functioned as the starting-point for his future productions. This practice enabled Brecht to tailor plays to his target audience and to address the political and social issues of the day. His development as a writer, director, and theorist of theatre can therefore be fully understood only in relation to performance. The importance that Brecht attached to performance reflects the fact that a dramatic text can only ever be provisional. This is because its interpretation is always contingent on the manner of its performance, when the set design, costumes, movement, gesture, and line delivery all interact with the words to produce meaning. Interpretations of a dramatic text also change in response to the performance context, which affects the theatre’s approach and the audience’s reactions. By examining the different ways in which a play has been staged, performance history foregrounds the impact of theatre aesthetics and context on the text’s interpretation.
Die Mutter and German Reunification, 1988– 2003
Authors: Bradley Laura
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 3, we saw how political theatre was being redefined in the early 1970s in both East and West Germany. During the next two decades, the movement away from agitation accelerated as even politically committed dramatists challenged the notion that theatre could communicate a clear message, a challenge that was spearheaded by Heiner Müller. After 1989 this literary and theatrical trend became even stronger, as conservative commentators like Ulrich Greiner and Frank Schirrmacher advocated an end to the politicized aesthetics of the Cold War. Even in the former GDR, socially committed theatres increasingly conveyed their concerns— as distinct from a coherent message— through the fragmented postmodern aesthetic that had become so fashionable in the West. At the Volksbühne in 1997, for instance, Frank Castor interrupted Hauptmann’s De Waber(The Weavers) with quotations from film, advertising, and such diverse artists as Brecht, Busch, Bob Marley, and Quentin Tarantino in order to invoke the themes of Western cultural imperialism, materialism, and the end of the Socialist Utopia.
Variations on a Theme by Yablo
Authors: Field Hartry
Published: November 2023

Natural assumptions about truth lead, in classical logic, to well-known paradoxes (such as the Liar paradox and the Curry paradox). One response to these paradoxes is (i) to weaken classical logic by restricting the law of excluded middle; and (ii) to adopt an account of the conditional according to which it is not de defined from negation and disjunction in the usual way, so that the biconditionals True( A ) A can be retained in the absence of excluded middle.
Do the Paradoxes Pose a Special Problem for Deflationism?
Authors: Gupta Anil
Published: November 2023

The Liar and other semantic paradoxes pose a diffcult problem for all theories of truth. Any theory that aims to improve our understanding of the concept of truth must, when fully stated, include an account of the paradoxes. Not only deflationism but also its competitors—for instance, correspondence and coherence theories—must ultimately address the paradoxes. The question that concerns me in this chapter is whether it is especially urgent for deflationism to do so. Are the paradoxes a special threat, a special problem, for deflationism? I will argue that they are not.
Policies for Agriculture
Authors: Griffiths Clare V J
Published: November 2023

The Labour Party’s early political and organizational absence from the countryside had long-term consequences for its approach to rural policy. Labour was widely assumed to have neither interest nor expertise in agricultural matters. By contrast, the Conservative Party prided itself on a ‘special understanding’ of agriculture. During the first Labour administration in 1924, the Conservative MP for Yeovil described it as ‘a matter of sincere regret to everyone interested in agriculture’ that so few Labour MPs had links with the rural constituencies or any first-hand knowledge of agriculture, meaning that the party was unable to consider the subject ‘in the way it ought to be considered’.
Food and Drink
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q
Published: November 2023

The topic of this chapter is hunger, the preparation and ingestion of food, and the limited evidence there is in Proto-Indo-European for various foods and drinks. Table 16.1 lists the vocabulary associated with hunger and the ingestion of food.
Art-and-Nature?
Authors: Cooper David E
Published: November 2023

A common Japanese name for garden, teien, derives from two terms meaning ‘wildness’ and ‘control’—’nature’ and ‘art’, one might almost say (Keane 1996: 14). The name, it seems, encapsulates a persistent and, some might say, obviously correct thought, to the effect that garden appreciation is a combination of art and nature appreciation. This is a thought, moreover, towards which we saw the symmetrical criticisms of the two assimilationist models of the previous chapter apparently tending. If the garden isn’t either art or nature, that’s because it’s both—art-and-nature.
The Meanings of Gardens
Authors: Cooper David E
Published: November 2023

A familiar complaint one hears these days is that, for all the modern explosion of interest in gardens, an older aspect of garden appreciation has been forgotten: that of the garden’s role as a bearer of meaning. The historian, John Dixon Hunt, associates the origins of this amnesia with eighteenth-century enthusiasm for gardens that aspired to look like natural landscapes instead of providing, as Renaissance gardeners did, ‘emblems’ of nature. ‘The major loss was an idea of the garden as representing in its own way the worlds of nature’, both ‘wild’ and agrarian (1998: 273).
Civilian Immunity, Forcing the Choice, and Collective Responsibility
Authors: Miller Seumas
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I explore the implications of notions of collective moral responsibility for civilian immunity in war. I do so in the context of a human rights-based just war theoretical account of the moral justification for waging war. Specifically, I argue that there are two neglected categories of civilians that ought not to enjoy civilian immunity in war. The first category consists of the members of civilian groups who have a share in the collective moral responsibility for non-life-threatening rights violations, yet are not morally responsible for the enforcement of these rights violations. Such persons are neither combatants nor their leaders; nor do they necessarily assist combatants qua combatants, as do, for example, munitions workers. The second category consists of members of civilian groups who are collectively morally responsible for culpably refraining from assisting those who have a moral right to assistance from them.
Civilian Immunity in the Precision-Guidance Age
Authors: White Hugh
Published: November 2023

The Allied strategic bombing of Germany and Japan in World War II still provides the key test cases for thinking about civilian immunity in war. For good reason: sixty years on, they are still the most sustained and most lethal campaigns ever waged on civilian populations by Western democratic states. They have been extensively studied, so we have a wealth of data and interpretation to draw on. And because we mostly agree about the justice— in the sense of jus ad bellum — of the Allies’ commitment to the wider war in which these campaigns took place, they offer a kind of laboratory situation in which questions of jus in bello can be isolated and explored with greater clarity.
Content and Justification
Authors: Boghossian Paul A
Published: November 2023

Content and Justification presents a series of essays by Paul Boghossian on the theory of content and on its relation to the phenomenon of a priori knowledge. Part one comprises essays on the nature of rule-following and its relation to the problem of mental content; on the intelligibility of eliminativist views of the mental; on the prospects for a naturalistic reduction of mental content; and on the currently influential view that meaning is a normative notion. Part two includes three widely discussed papers on the phenomenon of self-knowledge and its compatibility with externalist conceptions of mental content. Part three concerns the classical but ill-understood phenomenon of knowledge that is based upon knowledge of meaning or conceptual competence. Finally, part four turns its attention from general issues about mental content to an account of a specific class of mental contents. It contains two widely discussed papers on the nature of colour concepts, and colour properties.
The Status of Content
Authors: Boghossian Paul A
Published: November 2023

An irrealist conception of a given region of discourse is the view that no real properties answer to the central predicates of the region in question. Any such conception emerges, invariably, as the result of the interaction of two forces. An account of the meaning of the central predicates, along with a conception of the sorts of property the world may contain, conspire to show that, if the predicates of the region are taken to express properties, their extensions would have to be deemed uniformly empty. The question then becomes whether the predicates are best understood as expressing properties, and hence as founded on error, or whether they ought to be understood along non-factualist lines.
Is Meaning Normative?
Authors: Boghossian Paul A
Published: November 2023

The claim that meaning is a normative notion has become very ifluential in recent philosophy: in the work of many philosophers it plays a pivotal role. Although one can trace the idea of the normativity of meaning at least as far back as Kant, much of the credit for its recent influence must go to Saul Kripke who made the thesis a centerpiece of his much-admired treatment of Wittgenstein’s discussion of rule-following and private language.
Content and Self-Knowledge
Authors: Boghossian Paul A
Published: November 2023

1. This paper argues that, given a certain apparently inevitable thesis about content, we could not know our own minds. The thesis is that the content of a thought is determined by its relational properties.

The problem can be stated roughly, but intuitively, like this. We sometimes know our thoughts directly, without the benefit of inference from other beliefs. (Indeed, given a plausible internalism about justification, this claim is not merely true but necessary.) This implies that we know our thoughts either on the basis of some form of inner observation, or on the basis of nothing. But there is a difficulty either way. On the one hand, given that the content properties of thoughts are individuated in terms of their relational properties, we could not know what we think merely by looking inwards. What we would need to see, if we are to know by mere looking, is not there to be seen. And, on the other, there appear to be serious objections to the suggestion that we may know our thoughts on the basis of nothing.
The Primacy of God’s Will in Christian Ethics
Authors: Quinn Philip L , Miller Christian B
Published: November 2023

In this paper I argue that some form of theological voluntarism ought to be the ethical theory of choice for Christian moral philosophers. The audience I hope my argument will convince consists of Christians of a fairly traditional cast of mind, and so my assumptions are things I take to be widely shared in conservative Christian communities. They will not be shared by all communities of moral inquiry. Those who do not share them may be persuaded that they cohere well with theological voluntarism; they are not likely to be convinced of its truth by my argument. It should therefore be read as a contribution to a debate within a distinctively Christian tradition of moral reflection and as an attempt to promote progress internal to that tradition. It does not aim to convince the adherents of rival traditions that are not Christian.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Virginia
Published: November 2023

In our hall hangs a nineteenth-century framed handbill, handblocked in red and blue, printed by the ‘Inmates at the Prevention and Reformatory Institute, 237 Euston Rd, London’. It used to hang in the parlour of a farmhouse near Louth in Lincolnshire, close by the chair in which, according to family legend, John Wesley sat when he came to tea one memorable afternoon.
Will I have Tourette syndrome for ever?
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E
Published: November 2023

As we have seen, the generally accepted international diagnostic criteria for TS include multiple motor tics and one or more phonic (vocal) tics or noises, lasting longer than a year. In addition, the age at onset of TS ranges from 2 to 21 years. In the natural history of TS, the motor tics often begin 44 between the ages of 3 and 8 years, some years before the onset of the vocal or phonic tics or noises.
Which therapies are most useful for Tourette syndrome?
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E
Published: November 2023

Both counselling and medication have proved useful in treating people with TS. Explanation and reassurance may be sufficient for many adult patients with a mild form of the condition. Similarly, parents of mildly affected children may feel that the diagnosis and an explanation about the nature of TS, plus information about self-help groups and booklets for teachers, are sufficient. The management for severely affected patients, who may have the associated features of OCB, ADHD, self-injury, or aggressive behaviour, is more complex.
A Council For All Seasons: The Creation Of The Security Council And Its Relevance Today
Authors: Luck Edward C
Published: November 2023

It is commonplace to observe that the range of threats to international peace and security being addressed by the UN Security Council today is far broader than that envisioned by the founders of the world body at Dumbarton Oaks, Yalta, and San Francisco more than six decades ago. For instance, according to the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, ‘the issues and preoccupations of the 21st century present new and fundamentally different types of challenges from those that faced the world in 1945, when the United Nations was founded.’1 Likewise, the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change convened by Secretary- General KoW Annan contended that ‘the preoccupation of the United Nations founders was with State security.
The Security Council And The Great Powers
Authors: Krisch* Nico
Published: November 2023

International institutions and great powers often coexist in an ambivalent relationship. From the perspective of powerful states, institutions tend to appear as unwelcome constraints, as a ‘strategy of the weak’ intended to tie them down. For weak states, international institutions often represent precisely the opposite: tools of the powerful that are intended to conceal or even legitimate dominance. In a different form, these two perspectives are replicated in international relations scholarship, with realists (and Marxists) regarding institutions as mere reflections of the distribution of material power, and idealists (and to some extent constructivists) seeing in them civilizing forces in and through which fairness and justice can Xourish.
Grammatical Relations
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma
Published: November 2023

Understanding grammatical relations in Manambu is pivotal for understanding its grammar. A member of any major word class can head an intransitive predicate, or be a modifier in an NP. A verb as head of either transitive or intransitive predicate takes tense- and topicality-sensitive verbal cross-referencing suffixes, to mark subject (A/S) and non-subject. In contrast, if a member of most other classes is head in an intransitive predicate, it takes person-marking enclitics (§3.1). Grammatical relations are also marked by cases on nouns, on subject-non-subject basis (§3.2), and through a set of demonstratives, on an absolutive basis (§3.3).
Case Marking
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma
Published: November 2023

Manambu has a system of nine case forms. One can distinguish nine cases each corresponding to a form. By their functions and meanings, one can distinguish eighteen cases. At the end of this chapter, we argue for an intermediate solution. Core cases mark grammatical relations on a basic object–non-object principle (see §3.2). Table 3.5 summarizes the principles of dependent marking on nouns, and how these correlate with the cross-referencing of arguments on verbs as heads of predicates. All cases, except for the comitative, can only be marked once per NP.
Derivation and Compounding
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma
Published: November 2023

Fully productive action nominalizations are derived through full reduplication of the verb’s root. These are discussed in §9.1.1, in the light of other functions of reduplicated verbal root. Non-productive deverbal nominalizations and a partially productive adjectivizing derivation are addressed in §9.1.2. There are no morphological means for deriving a verb from a noun. One adjective, vyak@t ‘good, beautiful’, is related to a verb vyakanaku-‘correct, improve’ via a unique process. (Neither has cognates in other Ndu languages.)
Mood and Modality
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma
Published: November 2023

The imperative is the main means of marking directive speech acts, including orders and requests. The subject of the imperative is marked with affixes listed in Table 13.1. The resulting forms are partially inflected. Second person imperative is unusual in that it does not distinguish number or gender. As we will see in 13.3–5 below, number and gender meanings can be disambiguated through personal pronouns. First person imperative distinguishes three numbers, but no genders; and third person imperative distinguishes two genders in the singular and no genders in dual or plural, just as expected.
Verb Compounding
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma
Published: November 2023

Manambu has a wide variety of compound verbs which can consist of two or three roots. Their meanings include cause-effect, sequence of sub-events, and aktionsart. One or two components can undergo full reduplication (see §12.8.2). Verb compounds form one grammatical and one phonological word. Their components are strictly contiguous: no other element can intervene between them. The components cannot have separate value of tense, aspect, mood, action focus, modality, or polarity. A compound is marked just once for each of the appropriate categories. All compounds have fused argument structure: that is, they share all the core and peripheral arguments. Two identical verbs cannot occur in one compound. Compounds account for about 20 per cent of verbs in texts and conversations. The productivity of compounds varies, depending on their type. Components of a compound always occur in a fixed order. The only exception in the corpus is the pair taka-t@p-(put-close) ‘prevent (from seeing), block’ and t@p@-taka-(close-put) ‘cover (the surface of something); prevent from seeing’: these only partly overlap in their meanings (see §15.3 (A7 and A8) ).
Clause Types and Discourse-Pragmatic Devices
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma
Published: November 2023

A noun phrase in Manambu is composed of a head—usually, a noun—and one or more modifiers. If the noun head is omitted, a modifier can be used in headless noun phrases. Closed classes differ in terms of whether they can occur as NP heads—this is summarized in Table 10.11 in §10.7. If a noun phrase is headed by a pronoun, no further modifiers can be used. Inflected verbs within relative clauses, nouns, adjectives, and a number of closed classes (personal pronouns, indefinite pronoun n@k@-‘other, another’, quantifiers, and numbers) can all be modifiers in a noun phrase. We recall (§4.1.1) that prehead modifiers take a linker which is only partially predictable. The most frequent order of modifiers in a noun phrase is in Scheme 20.1.
Measuring habitat
Authors: Babbitt Kimberly J , Veysey Jessica S , Tanner George W
Published: November 2023

Understanding wildlife–habitat relations is fundamental to sound management and conservation and provides important basic information on species’ ecology. Obtaining accurate information on amphibian habitat associations can be challenging as many species have complex life cycles requiring very different habitat types during different life-history stages, and many species are highly cryptic during much of the year. However, numerous amphibian species are experiencing significant threats from habitat loss and degradation. Better information on habitat requirements and habitat use is necessary to understand how these changes affect habitat suitability for different species and to improve management targeted at enhancing amphibian habitat.
Physiological ecology: field methods and perspective
Authors: Lillywhite Harvey B
Published: November 2023

Both public and scientific awareness of the phenomenon of “amphibian declines” (Blaustein and Wake 1995) have focused the importance of understanding the physiological underpinnings of amphibian diversity, distribution, and survival in varied and challenging environments. Contributions to understanding of ecology have been important goals of physiologists and integrative biologists interested in the structure, function, and behavior of amphibians (Feder and Burggren 1992). Such studies are rich in history and possibilities considering the biological diversity and evolutionary responses of amphibians to varied and extensive environments. These range from caves and subterranean burrows to high tree canopies, from forests to scrub and deserts, and from tropical lowlands to mountain tops. For many species complex life cycles connect developmental stages with both aquatic and terrestrial environments.
Genetics in field ecology and conservation
Authors: Beebee Trevor J C
Published: November 2023

The genetic analysis of wild populations has become increasingly popular with the advent of techniques based on large-scale and non-destructive sampling. Nevertheless, using molecular methods remains one of the most expensive and time-consuming aspects of ecological research. It is therefore important to consider carefully when it is useful to acquire genetic data. Certainly there are such circumstances for amphibian researchers (Beebee 2005). Areas in which genetics can be invaluable include the following. Identification of cryptic species or life stages. There are many examples among the amphibia of difficulties with identification based on morphology alone. This can be true for adults, but is a more common problem with larvae. Molecular genetic markers permit species identification in virtually all situations.
Disease monitoring and biosecurity
Authors: Green D Earl , Gray Matthew J , Miller Debra L
Published: November 2023

Understanding and detecting diseases of amphibians has become vitally important in conservation and ecological studies in the twenty-first century. Disease is defined as the deviance from normal conditions in an organism. The etiologies (causes) of disease include infectious, toxic, traumatic, metabolic, and neoplastic agents. Thus, monitoring disease in nature can be complex. For amphibians, infectious, parasitic, and toxic etiologies have gained the most notoriety. Amphibian diseases have been linked to declining amphibian populations, are a constant threat to endangered species, and are frequently a hazard in captive breeding programs, translocations, and repatriations. For example, a group of viruses belonging to the genus Ranavirus and the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis are amphibian pathogens that are globally distributed and responsible for catastrophic population die-offs, with B. dendrobatidis causing known species extinctions (Daszak et al. 1999; Lips et al. 2006; Skerratt et al. 2007). Some infectious diseases of amphibians share similar pathological changes; thus, their detection, recognition, and correct diagnosis can be a challenge even by trained veterinary pathologists or experienced herpetologists.
Conservation and management
Authors: Dodd C Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Considering the large number of amphibian species and the diversity of life histories, potential conservation strategies are likewise diverse and may be complex. Beyond a few guiding principles, such as the need for planning and setting objectives, understanding life-history constraints, and protecting existing habitats and ecosystem function, there are no standardized approaches that will be applicable to all situations. In the brief discussion that follows, I outline some important considerations and various management approaches that have proved successful in particular instances, and I provide references that contain more extended discussions. Specific information on management options for amphibian conservation are available in Beebee (1996), Gent and Gibson (1998), Scoccianti (2001), Kingsbury and Gibson (2002), Semlitsch (2003), Bailey et al. (2006), and Mitchell et al. (2006).
The Use Of Callous-Unemotional Traits To Define Important Subtypes Of Antisocial And Violent Youth
Authors: Frick Paul J , Petitclerc Amelie
Published: November 2023

Research has consistently indicated that serious and violent adult offenders often show histories of antisocial and aggressive behaviour dating back to early childhood (Marshall & Cooke, 1999). Similarly, within juvenile samples, serious and violent offenders often show a history of conduct problems that pre-date their illegal acts (Vermeiren, 2003). Thus, understanding serious and violent offending is intertwined with understanding broader patterns of antisocial and aggressive behaviour in children and adolescents. Given their link to violence, it is not surprising that there is rather extensive research literature investigating the development, assessment, prevention, and treatment of serious of conduct problems in youth (Loeber & Farrington, 2000; Raine, 2002; Dodge & Pettit, 2003; Vermeiren, 2003; Frick, 2006).
Aggression In Young Children With Concurrent Callous-Unemotional Traits: Can The Neurosciences Inform Progress And Innovation In Treatment Approaches?
Authors: Dadds Mark R , Rhodes Tracy
Published: November 2023

Violence and antisocial behaviour (VAB) are a consistent and central feature of human history. Approaches to understanding their causes, manifestations, and remediation cover all aspects of human endeavour: religious, sociological, medical, legal, and ethological. The focus of this chapter is the use of the emerging tools of neuroscience and psychology to present a speculative discussion of one particular type of VAB: the individualistic type that characterizes the life histories of a small but significant number of people, usually males, in all societies. By this, we mean a chronic pattern of self-interested behaviour that offends the rights of and thus causes harm to other people, and society in general.
Effective Psychological Interventions For Child Conduct Problems: Current Evidence And New Directions
Authors: Mccrory Eamon , Farmer Elly
Published: November 2023

Conduct Disorder (CD) is a diagnostic category defined by a persistent pattern of antisocial and aggressive externalizing behaviours, including fighting, lying, stealing, cruelty, and a variety of violations of other people’s rights. Often, the disorder is preceded by the Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). This chapter uses the term conduct problems to span the array of child behaviour problems that might be regarded as ‘undercontrolled’ (Achenbach, 1985). The societal impact of CD is enormous. Children presenting with CD are often impaired across multiple domains, showing poor social skills, educational underachievement, and psychopathology (Frick, 1998). These personal costs occur alongside the significant economic costs to society in relation to residential care, policing, prosecution, and poor social, educational, and health outcomes (Scott et al., 2001). These factors do not take into account either lost productivity nor the emotional and psychological impact of antisocial behaviour on victims.
Diversity in languages, genes, and the language faculty
Authors: Hurford James R , Dediu Dan
Published: November 2023

In the literature on language evolution, one frequently finds phrases such as “ancestor language,” “the first human,” and “the language faculty.” The first two of these suggest the existence in the past of single unified entities from which modern languages or humans are descended in their entirety. The third expression, “the language faculty,” suggests a synchronic unity with the implication that it too could have had a single unified source. At the level of expository metaphor, such expressions may have their uses. Here, as a cautionary exercise, we argue that such metaphors widely circulating in both technical and popular scientific discourse are overused and project a too simplified perception of extremely complex phenomena. Our point is quite general, and can be appreciated without recourse to technical detail, although this does not mean that the technical details don’t support our case.