bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
War, Trauma, Displacement, Diaspora
Authors: Valkeakari Tuire
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines Toni Morrison’s and Caryl Phillips’s portraits of African American troops in World War I, World War II, and Vietnam. These authors’ stories of African American soldiers and veterans bring together two topic areas that may, at first glance, seem to have little to do with each other: war and diaspora. This chapter interrogates the complex relationship between diasporic subjectivity and national citizenship. Utilizing Caruthian trauma theory, it reveals how Morrison, in Sulaand Tar Baby, and Phillips, in Crossing the River, subtly link their narratives of temporary traumatic displacement on foreign battlefields with the historical ur-trauma of diasporic dislocation. In these novels, the wounds that the Middle Passage and slavery inflicted on black diasporic bodies and psyches metaphorically bleed into, and coalesce with, traumas and post-traumatic conditions resulting from black participation in modern warfare—participation that both Morrison and Phillips depict in terms of young black men being sent abroad to fight destructive and traumatizing wars that are not theirs to fight. The literal and metaphorical connections that Morrison and Phillips forge between war and diaspora in various ways call attention to the greed and large-scale violence that have all too often accompanied the Western project of modernity.
Working Groups and Fashion Signals
Authors: Fitts Mary Elizabeth
Published: January 2018

According to the model of coalescence discussed in chapter 4, the political process of merging previously distinct communities should result in the integration of labor and collective identities. In this chapter, mid-eighteenth-century Catawba pottery and items of personal adornment are enlisted to assess whether this was the case for the people living around Nation Ford. Ceramic analysis is used to delineate constellations of practice, thereby providing information about the size of the work groups making pottery as well as the character of interaction between them. Next, patterns in the distribution of artifacts associated with mid-eighteenth-century Catawba adornment, including glass beads and metal fasteners, are examined in an effort to determine if they were being used to communicate generalized Southeastern Indian identities, matrilocal community identities, or both.
Provisioning the Nation
Authors: Fitts Mary Elizabeth
Published: January 2018

Chapter 7 provides an examination of mid-eighteenth century Catawba foodways. As the primary producers of the plant food staples that sustained their communities, Catawba women dealt with the stresses to food security brought about by the Nation’s militarism. Archaeobotanical analysis (Archaeobotany) suggests that by the early eighteenth century, maize had replaced acorns as a source of starch in Catawba diets and that once this change occurred, agricultural intensification was preferred over acorn collection during periods of stress. However, it does appear that Charraw Town residents in particular incorporated more foraged fruits into their diets on a regular basis during the mid-eighteenth century, and also seem to have been processing less food at home. The implications of these patterns are considered with regard to the Charraw’s status as a refugee community within the Catawba Nation.
Maize and Mississippian Beginnings
Authors: Vanderwarker Amber M. , Bardolph Dana N. , Scarry C. Margaret
Published: January 2018

The adoption and intensification of maize (Zea mays) farming has long been a topic of interest in Mississippian archaeology. At various times throughout the development and definition of “Mississippian” as a cultural tradition, maize has been cast as a central feature of Mississippian adaptation, alongside a suite of other traits that include long-distance exchange, platform mound building, and the development of ranked social systems. In (re-)considering the topic of Mississippian beginnings, we continue to interrogate the nature of the relationship between maize farming and Mississippian origins. Our archaeological review of regional patterns of plant production (archaeobotanical results) and plant consumption (isotopic results) reveals that Mississippians throughout southeastern and midwestern North America produced and consumed maize, but varied significantly in their levels of production and consumption.
Amended diagnosis and redescription of Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger, 1900) (Amphibia: Craugastoridae), with a description of its advertisement call and notes on its breeding ecology and phylogenetic relationships
Authors: Kok Philippe J.R. , Dezfoulian Raheleh , Means D. Bruce , Fouquet Antoine , Barrio-Amorós César L.
Published: January 2018

The frog Pristimantis marmoratus was originally described as Hylodes marmoratus by George A. Boulenger in 1900 based on a single specimen reported to have been collected at the foot of Mount Roraima in Guyana in 1898. We herein discuss the exact location of the type locality of P. marmoratus and provide a redescription of the species based on new material from Kaieteur National Park and from the slopes of Maringma-tepui in Guyana. We also describe the previously unknown vocalization and breeding ecology of the species, and conducted an exploratory molecular analysis of the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Pristimantis represented by the members of the “unistrigatus species group” in the Guiana Shield. Pristimantis marmoratus is a small-sized species mainly distinguished from its known Guiana Shield congeners by the combination of F I < II, SVL ≤ 20.4 in males, presence of vocal slits in males, granular/pustulate dorsal skin with well-developed scapular ridges, basal webbing between fingers, fringes on fingers and toes, crossed iris, diffuse yellow or pale green wash on groin, and absence of flashy colour on axillary/pre-axillary region. The advertisement call consists of a single note repeated at a rate of ca 11 calls/min with a dominant frequency ranging from 2756 to 3101 Hz. Pristimantis marmoratus is primarily arboreal, exclusively active at dusk, and probably restricted to the pristine rainforests of the Pantepui uplands and highlands, east of the Gran Sabana between ca 600 and 1800 m above sea level. Preliminary molecular analyses recovered Pristimantis marmoratus as sister to an unnamed species from the Eastern Guiana Shield. On grounds of the newly established distributional extent we suggest maintaining the IUCN conservation status as Least Concern.
Respiratory syncytial virus infection in a selected sample of infants hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infection in Lithuania and Estonia
Authors: Drazdienė Nijolė , Laan Mari , Zaikauskienė Jolanta , Usonis Vytautas
Published: January 2018

Background. The study presents data on a sample of children under one year of age hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in Lithuania and Estonia.
Subjects and methods. This large, retrospective, cross-sectional, observational epidemiologic survey was conducted in 12 countries in Central and Eastern Europe. Eligible subjects were under one year of age, hospitalized for LRTIs, for whom RDT (Rapid Diagnostic Test) was performed. Physicians completed questionnaires at discharge or on the first check-up visit after hospitalization. To test for RSV, the immunochromatographic method was used in Lit­hua­nia, and immunofluorescense or the PCR methods were applied in Estonia.
Results. In two countries, 482 patients fulfilling the definition of a LRTI case (i.e., children below one year of age hospitalized with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis and/or pneumonia) were enrolled during two consecutive RSV seasons. Bronchiolitis was the most common diagnosis (84%). In Lithuania and Estonia, 36.6% and 83.3% of cases were conscious at admission. RSV was confirmed in 87.3% and 54.2% of tested LRTI cases in Estonia and Lithuania, respectively. Intensive care unit hospitalization was required for 9.1% of LRTI cases in Lithuania and for 3.1% of cases in Estonia. Supplemental oxygen was required for 23.2% and 31.6% in cases in Lithuania and Estonia, respectively. In Lithuania, complete recovery at discharge was assessed for 35.8% of LRTI cases and improvement in 62.2% of cases. In Estonia, all LRTI cases were improved at discharge and there were no complete recoveries.
Conclusion. RSV was prevalent among children hospitalized for LRTI in Lithuania and Estonia; bronchiolitis was the most common diagnosis in hospitalized patients.
Differentiating racism and sectarianism
Authors: Gilligan Chris
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the debate regarding whether or not sectarianism should be thought of as something distinct from racism. The author argues that there are many forms of racism – including anti-Semitism and Islamophobia – and that sectarianism is a form of racism. A common error in anti-racist theory and practice is to reduce racism to the oppression of Black people, rather than seeing skin colour as only one of a number of possible markers of difference. We should think in terms of racisms, plural, rather than racism, singular.
Hate crime
Authors: Gilligan Chris
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines ‘race hate crime’ policy as an expression of the decline of the emancipatory dynamic of the anti-racism of the 1960s and 1970s. The author makes the case for treating hate crimes as an example of authoritarian multicultural anti-racism that is concerned with social control, rather than human emancipation. The chapter highlights ways in which hate crime policy treats racialised minorities as victims who need state protection. The author argues that hate crime policy is part of the broader erosion of civil liberties that has seen the rise of the prison population in the USA and the creation of Anti-Social Behaviour Orders (ASBOs) and other forms of preventative policing in the UK.
Comparison: doing ethnography and thinking comparatively
Authors: Hearn Jonathan
Published: January 2018

This chapter is based on reflections on doing ethnographic research. It argues the centrality of comparisons of the ethnographer’s personal experiences with that of the setting in which they are researching. First it examines more closely a theme raised in earlier chapters, about how HBOS staff sometimes questioned the idea of Scottish/English differences by mobilising other axes of difference based on region, class, gender, and so on. It then looks especially at some of the similarities in institutional change going on in the university sector compared with the HBOS case, and uses this as a basis to speculate about more general trends of change in large organisations and society as a whole, in both commercial and non-commercial sectors.
The mental health impact of the Troubles, 1969–1999
Authors: Bolton David
Published: January 2018

This Chapter is the first of two that describe efforts to understand the mental health and related impacts of the conflict in Northern Ireland, often referred to as The Troubles. The Chapter covers the period from the outbreak of violence in the late 1960’s up until the period around the peace accord, the Belfast Agreement (or Good Friday Agreement) of April 1998. The early studies reveal little, if any, major effects on the wellbeing and mental health of the population, but as the years go by, evidence starts to build of the impact of the violence, particularly as the ceasefires of the early and mid 1990’s take hold. The developing understanding of the impact was due in part to the evolution of methods and approaches being used by researchers - which is discussed in more detail at the end of Chapter 5.
When health means illness: analysing mental health discourses and practices in Ireland
Authors: Chambers Derek
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the area of mental health policy as an arena in which expert systems, in the form of biomedical discourses and psychiatry, have played a central role in constituting mental health ‘subjects’. The analysis focuses on the discourses emerging from recent mental health policy documents, including Ireland’s main mental health strategy, A Vision for Change. Drawing on Dean’s ideas about fields of visibility and valued knowledge, this chapter suggests that despite a broadening of understanding of mental health beyond medicalised discourses, seen most recently in health promotion campaigns and suicide prevention strategies, in practice, the focus remains on the mental health service user, and the provision of services for those who are mentally ‘ill’. Attempts to reconfigure mental health as something which affects ‘all of us’, and moves beyond mental ‘illness’ – which, it is argued, may have the potential to open up less stigmatising modes of understanding about mental health – are hampered by the continuing dominance of the biomedical frameworks of understanding.
Neoliberal governmentality and public health policy in Ireland
Authors: Wilson Joanne , Prior Lindsay
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides an analysis of some of Ireland’s key public health policy documents since 1994 in the context of advanced liberal government. The analysis reveals how Irish public health strategies increasingly target the individual in terms of responsibilising behaviours, inculcating them to make healthy lifestyle choices and mitigate against health risks. Scrutinising the claims and arguments set out in three health documents-Shaping a healthier future (Department of Health, 1994), Quality and fairness – A health service for you(Department of Health and Children, 2001), and Healthy Ireland (Department of Health, 2013)-they note the increasing shift to a market-based model of healthcare, and of the role of the state as one amongst many actors in the health policy arena. Health policymaking, as they argue, has become an increasingly technocratic process, and their analysis raises significant questions about the implications of neoliberal modes of government in the context of the three documents’ acknowledgement of persistent health inequalities in the State.
Assessment of Need as a technology of government in Ireland’s Disability Act 2005
Authors: Edwards Claire
Published: January 2018

This chapter is concerned with exploring a specific governmental technology – the Assessment of Need (AoN) process in the Disability Act 2005 – which has initiated a new system of categorising children with disabilities in the Irish state. Subject to significant controversy, the AoN exposes not just the way in which governmental rationalities and strategies seek to bring new categories of individuals into being, but also how these projects are often incomplete and fraught with tension, insofar as they are played out within and across institutional and professional boundaries and forms of expertise. In particular, the chapter is concerned with documenting how those charged with working within the health system interpret, make sense and sometimes subvert, the categorisations and obligations which the AoN process places upon them, thereby pointing to the messy realities of governing which are sometimes absent from governmentality-inspired analyses of policy programmes.
Long-term care policy for older people in Ireland: a governmental analysis
Authors: O’Dwyer Ciara
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the long-term care policy for older people in Ireland. Taking a historical perspective, it demonstrates how the long-term care policy for older people bears all the hallmarks of neoliberal government, in which the state has ceded provision of services to the private home and residential care sector, whilst retaining a regulatory role through bodies such as the Health Information and Quality Authority. As the chapter argues, older people’s care increasingly hinges on the ability of older people to make the ‘right’ ageing choices, that is, to remain active and independent, and to act as citizen-consumers, which in turn, allows the state to relieve some of its own burden by shifting responsibility for care management onto older people themselves.
Conclusion: governmentality, health policy and the place of critical politics
Authors: Fernández Eluska , Edwards Claire
Published: January 2018

This chapter synthesises the main themes of the volume, and provide a broader discussion of the contribution that governmentality-inspired studies can make to our understanding of health and health policy.In particular, the chapter discusses where governmentality-based studies might take us in both methodological and theoretical terms. Cognisant of critiques of governmental analyses, it places a specific emphasis on exploring what, or how, governmentalty can contribute to those themes which have so often occupied critical social policy analysts, not least issues of inequality, the role of politics as social relations, and the place of contestation and resistance in policy processes. Thus, the chapter seeks to explore how we might write critical politics, and critical policy analysis, back into governmentality studies.
The making and shaping of Belfast: an emplaced approach
Authors: Leonard Madeleine
Published: January 2018

This chapter outlines the segregated nature of housing and education in Belfast and its impact on young people who grow up in segregated localities. These territorial and educational divisions mask the extent to which each community is internally heterogeneous by allowing sectarian identities to flourish and mingle with other identities so that being a Catholic or a Protestant teenager still fundamentally matters and impacts on spatial practices. The chapter critically unpacks policy attempts to deal with ongoing geographically specific territorial divisions through attempts to reimage the city through the concept of shared space and outlines the durability of divisions in that when young people leave and access areas outside immediate localities, they often do so in pre-established groups.
Marking and engaging bodies: everyday life in interface areas
Authors: Leonard Madeleine
Published: January 2018

This chapter turns attention to teenagers’ social relations within and between the localities in which they reside. The chapter commences by discussing young people’s perceptions and experiences of sectarianism including how, for some, telling who is a Catholic and who is a Protestant remains a practice engaged in by some teenagers from both communities. At times, these expressions of difference result in ‘recreational rioting’ at the boundaries of segregated areas and teenagers’ attitudes to and experiences of such rioting will be outlined. Teenagers’ knowledge of the ‘Troubles’ and how this knowledge is linked to the inter-generational transfer of memory is also outlined. The chapter concludes by examining young people’s experiences of boundary crossing.
Mutations
Authors: Vohnsen Nina Holm
Published: January 2018

Chapter 2 portrays Active – Back Sooner as ‘it’ starts to disintegrate. It shows how upon arrival in one of the municipal units charged with the implementation of the trial, the original project design is undermined and recreated by the multiple local concerns to which it must adapt or defer. Developing the analytical metaphor ‘vector of concern’ the chapter documents how contradictory decisions were being made from minute to minute, all generated by attempts to make the interventions sensible and purposeful. The chapter concludes that when implementation fails it does so because implementation is in fact a second planning phase characterised by a high degree of instability.
How implementation works
Authors: Vohnsen Nina Holm
Published: January 2018

The chapter returns to the questions raised in the beginning of the book: how might we understand the self-generative character of bureaucracy? And what might we learn about how implementation works in general based on a discussion of this specific ethnographic study? Building on the insights developed in the previous four chapters it sets out to chart the systematic ways in which policy implementation fails. The chapter presents seven theses on how implementation works which it suggests can be observed in most if not all cases of policy implementation – be that national policy or international development policy.
Bui Doi: the children of the Vietnam War
Authors: Lee Sabine
Published: January 2018

The chapter traces military-civilian relations during the Vietnam War and the challenges faced by Vietnamericans who remained in Vietnam compared with those who were evacuated in Operation Babylift of left Vietnam for the United States after the Amerasian Homecoming Act. Using historical and sociological approaches as well as psychological and psychiatric analyses, the investigation shines a light on how the three distinct groups experienced their upbringing and lifecourses in very different ways, depending on where geopolitical circumstances and foreign intervention placed them.The analysis zooms in on international and interracial adoption as one chosen avenue to ‘rescue’ children left behind by foreign troops – a policy found in the aftermath of many conflicts, but first practiced on a large scale in the aftermath of the Korean and Vietnam Wars.
Phenomenology and hermeneutics
Authors: Marinopoulou Anastasia
Published: January 2018

The aim of this chapter is to trace to what extent dialectics is an epistemological concern in Dilthey, Husserl, Simmel and Weber. Throughout the course of these thinkers’ work, it becomes clear that dialectics is not a concrete innovative element for the sciences but a peripheral method; Such concerns limit science to a. a deficit in normative theory and rational praxis, and, moreover, b. a lack of accountability criteria for science. The line of thought that begins with thinkers such as Dilthey, Husserl, Simmel and Weber, at the end of the nineteenth century and towards the beginning of the twentieth, extends to the ethnomethodology of the mid-twentieth century, and reveals itself as having had a major influence on Gadamer’s work on hermeneutics. The chapter traces the course of arguments that begin with Dilthey’s philosophy of a rigorous science, develop with Husserl’s phenomenology, Simmel’s and Weber’s interest in the scientific element within the social, and conclude with the ethnomethodological concerns on the everyday as a method of scientific advance.
Modernism and postmodernism
Authors: Marinopoulou Anastasia
Published: January 2018

Foucault attempted to introduce an approach which essentially rejected the nature of rationality, modernity and dialectics. Foucault argued that if epistemology wishes to get rid of normative theory, which functions as a scientific straightjacket for free thought and uncoerced arguments, it has to discard dialectics. However, the idea explored in this chapter is that by the use of such a course of reflection, science abandons its claims for rational praxis as well. The normativity of theory provides praxis with inner constitution and external accountability criteria because normativity is not a hypothetical construction but is formed according to the social function of dialectics. Science needs dialectics in order to be accountable to society. Structures, experience and systems seem inadequate for science to render itself socially accountable. Therefore, social praxis appears as a partial scientific and social concern where the critique that theory articulates through dialectics is missing, rendering science un-critical and, thus, pre-modern. Foucault’s opposition to modernity’s theorizing on the part of his theoretical contemporaries, such as Habermas, lies in two fundamental points: a) his concept of reason; and b) his understanding of critique.
What does it mean to be an “engaged citizen”?
Authors: Matto Elizabeth C.
Published: January 2018

This chapter begins the critical synthesis of the study of youth participation by considering the competing conceptual definitions that have been utilized to describe engagement and have served as the basis of contrasting theoretical frameworks of youth participation. This chapter charts how the concept of engagement has evolved from a "bulls-eye" approach focused on direct forms of political action, to one that differentiates these modes into quadrants or a "box-like" approach, to a broader "umbrella-like" depiction in which a number of activities both political and non-political fall under the category of engagement. This background leads to a discussion of the study of youth political participation and conclusions that have been drawn about its quality that are then plotted along a continuum ranging from "disengaged", to "engaged differently", to "better engaged".
The imbalance of power in 1991: collapse of the Soviet Union and allied victory in the Persian Gulf War
Authors: Peterson James W.
Published: January 2018

The two unrelated events of the break-up of the Soviet Union and the allied victory in the Persian Gulf War made the year 1991 a significant turning point for both Moscow and Washington. A full fifteen nations emerged from the shell of the former Soviet Union, while revolutions in the formerly communist managed states of East Europe led to the emergence of democratic forms in all of them. The resulting Russian state was much smaller and weaker than the Soviet state that it supplanted. In contrast, American power surged forth with the coordinated victory in the Persian Gulf War over Iraq, after its invasion of Kuwait, that restored U.S. military credibility after the quagmire of the War in Southeast Asia. New doctrinal formulations emerged on both sides with the new Russian Constitution of 1993 that paralled the rise of the Yeltsin government, and with the New World Order as articulated for a time by the George H.W. Bush administration. The resulting imbalance of power was a major change from the dynamics of the Cold War but also a prod to the ambitions of Russian leaders like Vladimir Putin. However, balance remained with the mutual negotiations that characterized START diplomacy.
Star
Authors: Chaplin Felicity
Published: January 2018

In cinema, theParisienne type is often overdetermined by the star incarnating the role, pointing to more extra-cinematic considerations in the construction of la Parisienne in cinema. Certain actors possess a Parisienne iconographical profile which develops out of intra-, inter-, and extra-cinematic considerations. In any Parisienne film, there are three possible ways la Parisienne can appear on screen: first, played by an actor who is not a star; second, played by an actor who is a star but who does not possess a Parisienne iconographical profile; and lastly, played by an actor who is a star and who also possesses a Parisienne iconographical profile. The self-fashioning aspect of Parisienne stars was in part facilitated by the absence of a rigorous star system in France during the 1950s and 1960s, which allowed French female stars in particular to take a more active role in the development of their personae. Certain stars in particular have contributed to the evolution of the type, including Brigitte Bardot’s coquettish ingénue, Jeanne Moreau’s cerebral and sensual mature woman, Anna Karina’s gamine and Charlotte Gainsbourg’s bourgeois bohemian.
Powerful encounters as seen from an interactionist perspective
Authors: Mik-Meyer Nanna
Published: January 2018

This chapter present the tradition of symbolic interactionism, that is, the interactionist approach to studying the in-between in human encounters and the study of how interacting individuals interpret the particular situation in which they are part and how this structures their interactions (as put forth by Goffman especially). The chapter furthermore discuss selected empirical studies of the encounter between welfare workers and citizens with particular attention to their respective roles and their relationship with one another. In addition, the chapter emphasises the soft power at play between citizens and welfare workers and exemplify how the structural elements and agency of the two parties frame the encounter. Thus, both welfare workers and citizens co-produce dominant norms in welfare work and this (re)production is an expression of soft power.
The psychology-inspired context: coach–coachee
Authors: Mik-Meyer Nanna
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces the third context which is key to this book’s analyses of present day welfare encounters, that is, the norms and values from the fields of psychology. This chapter addresses a range of both different and partly overlapping scholarly discussions regarding various ways of identifying the welfare state, such as therapeutic, psychological, maternal or pedagogised alongside discussions of the so-called personalisation and co-production approaches to welfare work. In doing so, the chapter especially draws on the work of Pykett. In emphasising the research on this context, the chapter shows how the roles of welfare workers such as facilitators, coaches and therapists are at play even in welfare areas, which are not traditionally associated with the so-called psy-disciplines (such as psychology, psychiatry, medicine, etc.). The chapter concludes by discussing the agency of welfare workers and citizens and how they each respond to this particular framing of the welfare work.
Introduction
Authors: Snelders Stephen
Published: January 2018

In the 2012 American animated comedy film The Pirates! Band of Misfits, the pirates attack and board a ship. To their horror, they are confronted with leprosy sufferers. One of the sufferers pulls off his arm and the pirates, aghast, beat a hasty retreat. Of course, this scene was not meant as a serious depiction of leprosy or Hansen’s disease, as it is called today. However, patients who had formerly had Hansen’s disease complained and the filmmakers hastily changed the leprosy ship into a plague ship. ...
Cave dwellers of Flanders: the First World War
Authors: Horrall Andrew
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that by the start of the First World War the cave man had become a global popular cultural character. During the war, propagandists, correspondents and men in uniform from throughout the empire and America used references to cave men to satirise their experiences and mitigate the horrors of modern warfare. Battlefields resembled ancient landscapes, while the humorous violence in cave man cartoons and films suggested that men might survive the trenches. Soldiers described new technologies like tanks as prehistoric monsters, depicted themselves as heroic cave men and their enemies as brutal, unevolved, simian missing links. Soldiers and civilians also watched cave man films by artists like Charlie Chaplin, while George Robey performed his prehistoric man character for a long-running London revue.
From insurrection to the ‘little republic of the home’
Authors: Scriven Tom
Published: January 2018

The third chapter will look at the impact of repression and imprisonment between 1839 and 1843 on Chartist leaders, and argues that this experience was the impetus for moral improvement to increasingly come to the forefront of the movement, as many imprisoned activists turned away from violence towards a longer-term strategy of movement building. A consequence of this was sexuality, satire, and violent acts and language losing their prominence, and a new counter-culture taking their place.
Communal self-improvement after the ‘disasters of the Strike’
Authors: Scriven Tom
Published: January 2018

The fifth chapter will expand upon chapter four by investigating how this politicisation of health and the body was allied to the desire within working-class movements during the 1840s to establish new communities that would be organised according to the supposed laws of nature, rather than the artifice represented by the aristocracy and industrial capitalism. In particular, it investigates how Chartist militancy collapsed after 1842, to be replaced by the reactionary, moralistic socialism of the ‘Land Plan’.
Medical Misadventure in an Age of Professionalisation, 1780-1890
Authors: Tomkins Alannah
Published: January 2018

This book examines the turbulent careers of medical practitioners who wanted to become full members of the profession but were held back from the fulfilment of their ambitions. They might have fallen bankrupt, or have been forced to take a post that did not live up to their expectations. Alternatively they might have been accused of neglecting or injuring patients. Another possibility was that they felt the pressures of professional practice so severely that they fell ill or committed suicide. This book tells the stories of the unfortunate, deceptive and desperate doctors who tried and failed to earn a living, or who overcame substantial setbacks to their careers. It moves beyond the well-known examples of medical heroes and villains to reveal startling, poignant and sometimes equivocal experiences that complicate our understanding of medical professionalisation. By the end of the nineteenth century, for example, the behaviour of professional doctors aspired to be entirely disinterested; yet the continued existence of a medical marketplace demanded attention to personal gain and fostered covert competition between practitioners. This is also the first book to consider the parameters of a specifically medical masculinity and pressure points for medical male identities. As such it will be essential reading for undergraduates working on the social history of medicine, and a research text for academic treatments of professionalisation in medicine.
Accident or on purpose? Neglect, incompetence, and unintentional killing
Authors: Tomkins Alannah
Published: January 2018

Practitioners have always been liable to accusations of incompetence or neglect, but the New Poor Law exacerbated the pressures on medical men at the same time that expectations for their performance of salaried service were being heightened. Therefore this chapter examines instances of neglect which resulted in patient deaths, and accusations of manslaughter leveled by coroners’ inquests. It also evaluates practitioners’ involvement in abortion, a procedure which inherently requires a death.
Cohering contradictions and manufacturing belief in Dreamfields’ ‘good empire’
Authors: Kulz Christy
Published: January 2018

This chapter shows how Dreamfields’ rigid discipline is made palatable and even welcomed by promoting a belief in the institution, its methods and its benefits to individual, aspirational futures. Repetition and morality tales are used to smooth over the various contradictions and ambiguities inherent in Dreamfields’ approach. Principal Culford assumes the combined role of saviour, hero, military commander and business executive in this rigidly hierarchical operation, leading a redemptive troupe of teachers-as-surrogate parents who assiduously labour to redeem a twenty-first century 'urban residuum'. Crafting 'appropriate' aesthetic appearances and reiterating Dreamfields’ superior position in the education market are also facets of this indoctrination process, offering powerful proof of institutional validity and providing a sweetener allowing the often unpleasant, tiring medicine of discipline to go down smoothly.
Students navigating and negotiating the conveyor belt: aspiration, loss, endurance and fantasy
Authors: Kulz Christy
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores how students navigate and negotiate Dreamfields’ demands from their situated positions. Unlike other research showing how masculinities are often built on displays of resistance towards school work, Dreamfields makes trying not only acceptable for both boys and girls, but a mandatory requirement. While 'liberation' may bring the benefits of good grades and future success, these benefits come at a cost. Throughout this process students are urged to regard themselves as commodities made better and more valuable through their training as market logic penetrates these young people's lives and their social relationships at an intensely personal level. There is little space for critical thinking, innovation or creativity in the neoliberal school; instead there is obedient reproduction where students, parents and teachers learn to accept that Dreamfields’ approach is the only option.
Introduction: the modern drive to emigrate
Authors: Hammerton A. James
Published: January 2018

The introduction canvasses key themes to emerge from migrant testimony: traditional sojourning and adventure migration, the casual adoption of global mobility and global identities from the 1960s, the conjuncture of geographical mobility with occupational and marital and family mobility, and the continuing importance of traditional ties of family alongside changes in migration practices and attitudes. An underlying theme is the complex interplay of change and continuity in migration history. It explores the social and economic contexts in Britain and beyond which set the stage for dramatic changes in migration practices like serial migration in and between developed countries. It argues the case for exploration of modern mobility through the experience of the British ‘diaspora’, and the value of oral testimony and life histories for exploring migrants’ mentalities at a time of heightened individualism and focus on personal desires. It stresses the importance of gender during a time of transformational social change and points to the impact of social mobility, in the population and among migrants, at a time when receiving countries were tightening visa qualifications.
The decline of British privilege: migrants of the 1970s
Authors: Hammerton A. James
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores key moments in the 1970s when migrant practice illustrates the transition from a migration of austerity to one of affluence, when couples and singles contemplated working holidays, seeking adventure and lifestyle change alongside material success, part of a revolution of rising expectations. But new migrants faced new challenges, some racial, stemming from rising levels of non-white immigration in Britain and receiving countries. New visa restrictions ended British privileged access to old Commonwealth countries, while there was a greater presence of British migrants of colour, who initially left former colonies, like India, then re-emigrated, potentially experiencing heightened discrimination. They were mostly deeply traditional in adhering to conventional family values, while unsettling conventional British migrant profiles. But, reflecting rising divorce rates in western countries, migrant testimony indicates the association of migration with marital and family stress and breakdown, alongside deep commitment to traditional family values. These values were tested further through the rise of serial expatriate work, in countries like Saudi Arabia, a potential spur to subsequent more stable family migration. The stories point to the 1970s as a period of transition in British migration history, in which patterns of change and continuity coexisted.
From Europe to Asia and beyond (1948–55)
Authors: Wieters Heike
Published: January 2018

Chapter 2 focuses on CARE’s expansion from a private relief organization delivering ten-in-one rations from citizens of the United States to recipients in Europe into a constantly growing organization focusing on diversified food relief parcels to recipients in dozens of countries in Europe and Asia. It takes a closer look at internal governance processes and conflicts accompanying CARE’s organizational growth and the enhancement of its humanitarian mission
In search of a new mission in Korea
Authors: Wieters Heike
Published: January 2018

Chapter 3 is a case study on CARE’s work in Korea during and after the Korean War. It traces CARE’s response to a presidential aid appeal in the United States, shows how American NGOs competed for donor dollars and media attention. In addition, it depicts the difficulties private humanitarian players encountered in a foreign setting involving a refugee crisis and a tight web of players with different stakes, meaning military players, Korean and United States government agencies, United Nations organizations as well as diverse foreign aid agencies.
From American relief to international development cooperation (1961–68)
Authors: Wieters Heike
Published: January 2018

Chapter 6 focuses on CARE’s ongoing professionalization and its ties to government agencies, international diplomats, corporate players and marketing firms. It sheds light on CARE’s first attempts at a further internationalization of the enterprise and its investment in external development and nutrition expertise. CARE merged with the NGO Medico Inc. fostered community organising activities and pushed for a more development-oriented approach in its hunger relief programming.
Ties to home
Authors: McCarthy Angela , Devine T.M.
Published: January 2018

For the most part, the majority of Scots as with the British in general who were drawn to Asia over much of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were young, single men who went out to make money, hopefully as quickly as possible, and then return home with their gains. Some migrants to the East like James Taylor, however, did spend their lives in the tropics while remaining deeply and intimately connected to their homeland. This chapter examines these emotional and practical connections to home with a particular focus on remittances, photographs, health, death, and neighbourhood ties.
Jurisdictional disputes
Authors: Brasher Sally Mayall
Published: January 2018

Chapter five examines the process of greater secularization in the management of the facilities and attempts by the church officials to reassert control and authority over these groups in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. The endemic conflict between and within cities, and with the institutional church and imperial powers, resulted in a politicization of all civic organizations, but in particular of the administration of the hospital. Institutional mismanagement and even corruption resulted as the pious impulse was politicized. Efforts by the ecclesiastical authorities to combat this degeneration were frustrated by their own inability keep a clean house. At the same time, civic authorities who, increasingly needed the social services offered by the hospital and hoped to profit from the income of the facilities, worked to appropriate control and authority over the institutions.
Reform and consolidation
Authors: Brasher Sally Mayall
Published: January 2018

Chapter six traces the reform efforts of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, which eventually led to the consolidation of small independent hospitals into large civic institutions that became increasingly medicalized. Health boards created after the Black Death led to secularization of health care and poor relief. These social service institutions evolved over the early decades of the century and were a gradual response to the evolving needs and challenges of the population and the end of the communal era. This unification and institutionalization of civic oriented hospital care, resulted in one large Ospedale Maggiore, which was duplicated in towns and cities throughout Italy in the mid fifteenth century. It signified the end of the small, independent hospital movement that had so transformed the landscape of urban society earlier in the Middle Ages. The process of centralization that swept hospitals up in its wake was a universal feature of Italian state-formation in the age of the Renaissance
Turbulent seas
Authors: Woodward Jude
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the South China Sea island disputes that have become the frontline in the US’s growing confrontation with China in Asia and the justification for a reinforced US military presence in the region. It particularly examines the role of the Philippines. While its neighbours have tried to soothe relations with China and keep on friendly terms with the US, the Philippines has placed itself at the head of a confrontation with China in the South China Sea. Its interventions since 2010, particularly its decision to refer the issues to the Arbitration court at the Hague have played a key role in turning the Sea into a global security hotspot. The chapter argues that it is primarily down to the Philippines that the US has been able to reestablish its presence and become a key actor in the South China Sea, justifying a stepped up US navy presence.
Tibet and the Sino-Indian borders
Authors: Woodward Jude
Published: January 2018

China and India’s long-standing border disputes have defied settlement and frequently disrupted their relations. This chapter considers the background to the disputes, and how India and China have gradually de-escalated the conflict since the Sino-Indian 1962 border war. In this context it also looks at how the sensitive issue of Tibet has been exploited by the US in creating problems for China since 1949. The chapter concludes that overall the issues that have been flagged for conflict between India and China – the borders, the Indian Ocean, India’s trade deficit with China – are better addressed through collaboration than conflict, leading India to stand aloof from the US’s new Cold War strategies towards China.
Conclusion: the sword or the spirit?
Authors: Woodward Jude
Published: January 2018

This book has considered the US decision to ‘pivot’ to Asia aiming to preserve its global primacy by containing China. Seeking to boost US influence among China’s neighbours, while painting China as a dangerous revisionist power and regional aggressor, its policy has parallels with the Cold War. But when the US embarked on its confrontation with the USSR it was at the height of its economic power. Today in courting Asian allies it has had little to offer but the power of its military machine. So while the US has made some progress in re-building its influence in the affairs of the region, it has been far from enough to stall China’s rise or to convince other Asian countries to break with China. Moreover on-going distractions in the Middle East, domestic opposition to the TPP, and other troubles mean it has not even been able to concentrate its resources on China, undermining confidence in the seriousness of its turn to Asia. As a result the US has failed to drive a decisive wedge between China and any neighbours apart from Japan and not been able to inflect its increased presence in the region into a more substantive advantage.
Charlotte Brontë on stage: 1930s biodrama and the archive/museum performed
Authors: Regis Amber K.
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores dramatic representations of the Brontës during the early 1930s in the broader context of heritage, tourism and scholarly editing. Following the public opening of the Parsonage Museum in 1928, and contemporary with the serial publication of the Shakespeare Head Brontë between 1931 and 1938, increasing numbers of playwrights and theatre makers turned their attention to the lives and work of the Brontë family. The resulting biodramas set their scene in the family home turned museum, filling their stages with prop replicas of personal possessions turned museum objects and weaving dialogue from lines extracted from the Brontë corpus. This chapter focuses upon two case studies(Alfred Sangster’s The Brontës and Rachel Ferguson’s Charlotte Brontë (to examine how biodrama engages with archival and curatorial evidence, exposing contingencies and exploring how textual and material remained are used to sustain biographical ‘myths’—traditions that supply a lack within, or counter the historical record. Biodrama is critical in its praxis: these plays dramatise the problems of performing the museum and archive, where objects and documents can be made to speak variously, sometimes falsely.